Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of recent Antarctic sea ice variability

Trends in the satellite‐derived Antarctic sea ice concentrations (1979–2002) show pronounced increase (decrease) in the central Pacific sector (Bellingshausen/western Weddell sector) by ∼4–10% per decade. Confidence levels for these regional trends exceed 95%. Positive polarities of the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) lead to more (less) ice in the eastern Ross/Amundsen sector (Bellingshausen/northern Weddell sector), which are qualitatively opposite to the impacts of positive polarities of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The mechanisms responsible for the covariability between the ice and the (a) AAO and (b) ENSO are demonstrated. Over the last 24 years, a positive AAO trend and a slightly negative ENSO trend produce a spatial pattern of ice changes similar to the regional ice trends. However, the magnitude of the ice changes associated with the AAO and ENSO is much smaller than the regional ice trends. More local (or less understood large) scale processes should be investigated for the explanations.
Awake Nonhuman Primate Brain PET Imaging with Minimal Head Restraint: Evaluation of GABAA-Benzodiazepine Binding with 11C-Flumazenil in Awake and Anesthetized Animals

Neuroreceptor imaging in the nonhuman primate (NHP) is valuable for translational research approaches in humans. However, most NHP studies are conducted under anesthesia, which affects the interpretability of receptor binding measures. The aims of this study were to develop awake NHP imaging with minimal head restraint and to compare in vivo binding of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-benzodiazepine radiotracer 11C-flumazenil under anesthetized and awake conditions. We hypothesized that 11C-flumazenil binding potential (BPND) would be higher in isoflurane-anesthetized monkeys. Methods: The small animal PET scanner was fitted to a mechanical device that raised and tilted the scanner 45° while the awake NHP was tilted back 35° in a custom chair for optimal brain positioning, which required acclimation of the animals to the chair, touch-screen tasks, intravenous catheter insertion, and tilting. For PET studies, the bolus–plus–constant infusion method was used for 11C-flumazenil administration. Two rhesus monkeys were scanned under the awake (n = 6 scans) and isoflurane-anesthetized (n = 4 scans) conditions. An infrared camera was used to track head motion during PET scans. Under the awake condition, emission and head motion-tracking data were acquired for 40–75 min after injection. Anesthetized monkeys were scanned for 90 min. Cortisol measurements were acquired during awake and anesthetized scans. Equilibrium analysis was used for both the anesthetized (n = 4) and the awake (n = 5) datasets to compute mean BPND images in NHP template space, using the pons as a reference region. The percentage change per minute in radioactivity concentration was calculated in high- and low-binding regions to assess the quality of equilibrium. Results: The monkeys acclimated to procedures in the NHP chair necessary to perform awake PET imaging. Image quality was comparable between awake and anesthetized conditions. The relationship between awake and anesthetized values was BPND (awake) = 0.94 BPND (anesthetized) + 0.36 (r2 = 0.95). Cortisol levels were significantly higher under the awake condition (P < 0.05). Conclusion: We successfully performed awake NHP imaging with minimal head restraint. There was close agreement in 11C-flumazenil BPND values between awake and anesthetized conditions.
Is superior visual search in autism due to memory in search

and there is no evidence for memory for rejected distractors in either group Our goal was to test the last hypothesis, using the randomized search method (Horowitz & Wolfe, 1998) to test for memory for rejected distractors. Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in communication and social interaction, as well as repetitive behaviors and interests. Individuals with autism also exhibit attentional anomalies. Recent studies (O’Riordan & Plaisted, 2001; O’Riordan, Plaisted, Driver, & Baron-Cohen, 2001; Plaisted, O’Riordan, & Baron-Cohen, 1998) have shown that autistic children are actually superior to controls on a range of visual search tasks . Why should this be?
Service Users' Views of Physical Restraint Procedures in Secure Settings for People with Learning Disabilities.

The appropriateness and justification of physical restraint procedures in secure learning disability settings is an emotive issue. This paper examines the views of service users (n = 10) from secure residential facilities who are restrained frequently. Using a semi-structured interview schedule, Service users were interviewed about their restraint experiences. They reported that restraint can lead to potentially abusive situations and that staff should try other approaches before restraining someone. They were divided on whether it calmed them down and whether staff enjoyed performing restraint. Other comments included that restraint may or may not serve a purposeful goal and that there is a definite need for staff training for those involved in performing restraint.
Seven Myths About Young Children and Technology

Parents and educators tend to have many questions about young children's play with computers and other technologies at home. They can find it difficult to know what is best for children because these toys and products were not around when they were young. Some will tell you that children have an affinity for technology that will be valuable in their future lives. Others think that children should not be playing with technology when they could be playing outside or reading a book.
Second Generation Youth in Canada, Their Mobilities and Identifications: Relevance to Citizenship Education

Based on narrative data recently collected from youth’s in three Canadian cities, our paper focuses on second generation perceptions of youth’s identifications in a society increasingly influenced by the forces of globalization and how these perceptions may or may not be reflected in programs of study dealing with citizenship education. We utilize a framework consisting of a continuum of mobilities of mind, body, and boundaries to situate their sense of self. The facade of globalisation is examined in terms of its impact on identity formation and these youths’ impressions of diversity and multiculturalism. Finally, we consider the relevance of the findings for citizenship education in Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta.
Factors Associated with the Maintenance of Good Self-Rated Health

Using data from the Ontario Longitudinal Study of Aging, the associations of remaining in good self-rated health with various independent variables are examined. Indicators of an "advantaged" socioeconomic status (e.g., relatively high levels of income and education), not smoking, and moderate alcohol use are associated with remaining in good health. The strongest association is observed between a life satisfaction index and remaining in good health, and different explanations are suggested for this finding. Comparisons with the previously reported associations of these same independent variables with mortality show different relationships for the two end points. For example, the associations of several indicators of social relationships with maintaining good self-rated health are not significant, although a strong relationship between social isolation and mortality has been reported. These differences can be explained by assuming that the relationships with the maintenance of good self-rated health can be affected by differential mortality rates.
Surrogate regret bounds for proper losses

We present tight surrogate regret bounds for the class of proper (i.e., Fisher consistent) losses. The bounds generalise the margin-based bounds due to Bartlett et al. (2006). The proof uses Taylor's theorem and leads to new representations for loss and regret and a simple proof of the integral representation of proper losses. We also present a different formulation of a duality result of Bregman divergences which leads to a simple demonstration of the convexity of composite losses using canonical link functions.
South African Psychologists' Judgments of Widely Held Beliefs about Psychological Phenomena

Lay understandings of human cognition, affect, and behaviour often diverge from those informed by the findings of scientific investigations. In the present study I examined South African psychologists' judgments about the factual correctness of statements of psychological phenomena that have been demonstrated to be incorrect by empirical research. Forty-five psychologists responded to a mail survey and completed a questionnaire that required them to decide on the validity of a list of empirically untrue statements. The results show that a large proportion of psychologists indicated that they believed many incorrect statements to be probably or definitely true. These results are discussed with reference to the curricula of South African psychology training courses and the influence of popular culture on beliefs about human behaviour.
T Cell Subsets in HIV Infected Patients after Successful Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: Impact on Survival after 12 Years

Objectives Immune activation is decreased by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but residual activation remains and has been proposed as a cause of premature aging and death, but data are lacking. We analyzed the relationship between T-cell subsets after 18 months of cART and overall survival during 12 years of follow up. Methods A cohort of 101 HIV infected patients who had undetectable plasma HIV after starting cART was included in 1997–1998. T cell subsets were analyzed by flowcytometry after 18 months of cART. Relation to survival was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves and multiple Cox regression. Results Seventeen patients died during the observation period. The leading causes of death were non-AIDS cancer and cardiovascular disease. Higher levels of CD8 memory T cells (CD8+,CD45RO+,CD45RA-) showed a significant beneficiary effect on survival, HR of 0.95 (95% confidence interval 0.91–0.99, P = 0.016) when adjusted for age, nadir CD4 count, CD4 count, and AIDS and hepatitis C status. T cell activation was not associated with increased risk of death. Conclusions Larger and longitudinal studies are needed to accurately establish prognostic factors, but overall results seem to suggest that prognostic information exists within the CD8 compartment.
Developing Collaboration Awareness Support from a Cognitive Perspective

This paper discusses collaboration awareness from a cognitive perspective. Several models of the cognitive process are reviewed to distill awareness drivers that, when regarded in the collaboration context, set up a comprehensive view of collaboration awareness. Our major research goal is developing collaboration awareness support taking into consideration the need to provide awareness about the group but also the need to preserve cognitive load. The selected case study involved brainstorming. We developed a brainstorming tool having a collaboration awareness component that automatically balances the parallel production of ideas and the cognitive stimulation of users by reading the others' ideas. This balance is based on a set of heuristics regarding task switching and cognitive load. The experimental results indicate the component increased the production of ideas by 9.6%, while giving users 54.7% more time to type ideas without being interrupted. These results suggest the collaboration awareness component could effectively balance individual and group work. These results contribute to improve awareness support in collaboration technology.
The Structural Connectivity Underpinning Language Aptitude, Working Memory, and IQ in the Perisylvian Language Network.

In this article, we report the results of a study on the relationship between individual differences in language learning aptitude and the structural connectivity of language pathways in the adult brain, the first of its kind. We measured four components of language aptitude (vocabulary learning; sound recognition; sound-symbol correspondence; and grammatical inferencing) using the LLAMA language aptitude test. Spatial working memory, verbal working memory and IQ were also measured as control factors. Diffusion Tensor Imaging was employed to investigate the structural connectivity of language pathways in the perisylvian language network. Regression analysis suggested significant correlations between most of these behavioural measures and the structural connectivity of certain language pathways, that is, grammatical inferencing and the BA45- and BA46-Temporal pathway, sound-symbol correspondence and the interhemispheric BA45 pathway, vocabulary learning and the BA47-Parietal pathway, IQ and the BA44- and BA-47Parietal pathways, the BA47-Temporal pathway and interhemispheric BA45 pathway, spatial working memory and the interhemispheric BA6 pathway and the BA47-Parietal pathway, and verbal working memory and the BA47-Temporal pathway. These findings provide further insights into the neural underpinnings of the variation in language aptitude of human adults and are discussed in relation to relevant findings in the literature.
Iron oxide deposits associated with the ectosymbiotic bacteria in the hydrothermal vent shrimp Rimicaris exoculata

Abstract. The Rimicaris exoculata shrimp is considered as a primary consumer that dominates the fauna of most Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) hydrothermal ecosystems. These shrimps harbour in their gill chambers an important ectosymbiotic community of chemoautotrophic bacteria associated with iron oxide deposits. The structure and elemental composition of the mineral concretions associated with these bacteria have been investigated by using LM, ESEM, TEM STEM and EDX microanalyses. The nature of the iron oxides in shrimps obtained from the Rainbow vent field has also been determined by Mossbauer spectroscopy. This multidisciplinary approach has revealed that the three layers of mineral crust in the Rimicaris exoculata shrimps consist of large concretions formed by aggregated nanoparticles of two-line ferrihydrite and include other minor elements as Si, Ca, Mg, S and P, probably present as silicates cations, sulphates or phosphates respectively that may contribute to stabilise the ferrihydrite form of iron oxides. TEM-observations on the bacteria have revealed their close interactions with these minerals. Abiotic and biotic precipitation could occur within the gill chamber of Rimicaris exoculata, suggesting the biologically-mediated formation of the iron oxide deposits. The difference of the bacterial density in the three-mineral crust layers could be correlated to the importance of the iron oxide concretions and suggest that the first mineral particles precipitates on the lower layer which could be considered as the most likely location of iron-oxidizing bacteria.
A Communications View of Web Page Perception

Abstract This paper develops a model to measure people's perception of web pages based on the premise that the World Wide Web is a persuasive technology intentionally designed to change a person's attitudes and behaviors. The model, derived from the persuasion literature, particularly appraisal theory and the affect-as-information model, assumes that feelings induced by a web page directly influence its evaluations and the behavioral intentions (BI) of users. The model also postulates that the attitude toward the web page (A wp ) will mediate the effects of feelings and evaluations on BI. In two studies, it is demonstrated that this model and measures based on it provide a psychometrically valid system of eliciting user reactions to web pages. The implications of this model and a number of future research issues are discussed.
Long-term Retention of Information Following Learning from Prose

The long-term retention of information is important for a variety of reasons. It is often important to remember information for its own sake (e.g., one's spouse's birthday). Also, known, retrievable information forms a basis for many cognitive processes, such as comprehension, implementation of intellectual skills, creative thinking, and attitude change. It is difficult to explain these cognitive processes completely without first explaining the retention of relevant information. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some factors that have been proposed to be necessary for the long-term retention of information and to review available studies in light of these factors with the hope of identifying important areas for future research. For two reasons, this review focuses primarily on long-term retention following learning from text as opposed to other instructional modes such as lectures. The first reason is that text is a major medium of learning in literate cultures. It is a relatively cheap, accessible, and flexible source of learning and hence will probably continue to be a major source of instruction for some time to come. The second reason is that there is a substantial body of data already available on learning from prose (cf. Frase, 1972, 1975; Carroll, Note 1), and many of the powerful variables affecting this form of learning are known (Rothkopf, 1976). Recently, several systems of formal analysis of the prose stimulus
Concept analysis of adolescent decision making and contraception.

TOPIC Adolescent decision making. PURPOSE To clarify the concept of adolescent decision making and the use of contraceptives. SOURCE Published literature. CONCLUSION The process of adolescent decision making and contraception is influenced by the integration of the intimacy and closeness of the relationship; family, partner and peer influences; locus of control; and self-image.
Modeling and property estimation of japanese sweets for their manufacturing simulation

Traditional Japanese sweets have long history and intense cultural background. In order to automate the manufacture process and also hand down the skillful techniques of sweets making, it is necessary to investigate the mathematical models of such objects and estimate their physical properties. This paper introduced a five-element physical model to describe the deformation behaviors of such materials. Using finite element (FE) method, a 2D/3D FE dynamic model was formulated to simulate arbitrary shaped objects. An approach for estimating physical parameters was then proposed based on FE simulation and nonlinear optimization. To capture both forces and deformation behaviors, two sets of parameters were identified and employed to simulate real Japanese sweets. A series of experimental results validated the FE model and property estimation method.
Evaluation of Portal Hypertension and Varices by Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Imaging of the Liver Compared to Transient Elastography and AST to Platelet Ratio Index

Abstract Background: Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging (ARFI) is a new method of liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The aim was to compare ARFI, transient elastography (TE) and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI) for the noninvasive diagnosis of clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH, hepatic venous pressure gradient; HVPG ≥ 10 mmHg) and esophageal varices (EV). Materials and Methods: LSM via ARFI and TE was performed in 88 consecutive patients with cirrhosis prior to HVPG measurement. The mean liver stiffness for ARFI was calculated out of 5 measurements for each lobe. Results: LSM by TE and ARFI was not successful in 22 (25 %) patients and 1 (1 %) patient, respectively, due to ascites or obesity. Both TE (r = 0.765; p < 0.001) and ARFI (r = 0.646; p < 0.001) correlated significantly with HVPG. At the optimal cut-off (16.8kPa), TE (area under the curve, AUC 0.870) yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 89.7 % and 75 %, respectively, for predicting CSPH. At the optimal cut-off (2.58 m/s), the sensitivity and specificity for ARFI (AUC 0.855) were 71.4 % and 87.5 %, respectively. Using an APRI (AUC 0.838), the sensitivity and specificity were 69 % and 87.5 %, respectively. The AUC for the diagnosis of EV was 0.802 for TE (cut-off: 27.9kPa), 0.743 for ARFI (cut-off: 2.74 m/s), and 0.805 for APRI (cut-off: 1.90). Conclusion: ARFI shows a higher applicability particularly in obese and ascitic patients. All three investigated methods show a high diagnostic accuracy for CSPH. Notably, APRI performed not significantly different compared to ARFI for the diagnosis of CSPH.
Multiple Dimensions of Organizational Commitment: Implications for Future Accounting Research

Organizational commitment (OC) is a concept that seeks to capture the nature of the attachments formed by individuals to their employing organizations. Beginning with Porter et al. (1974), prior researchers have attempted to identify what factors influence the formation of OC in individuals and how OC (once formed) influences important organizational consequences. Recent research in the industrial/organizational psychology and organizational behavior literature has identified the existence of multiple dimensions of OC and found different relationships between these dimensions and important organizational consequences. However, with some isolated exceptions (Ketchand and Strawser 1998; Kalbers and Fogarty 1995; Caldwell et al. 1990), accounting research has examined only one dimension of OC. This manuscript summarizes previous research in the industrial/organizational psychology, organizational behavior, and particularly accounting literature regarding the identification of various dimensions and subdimens.
Finding Finer Functions of Cancer Proteins and Rebuilding Cancer-Associated Functional Sub-Networks

The functional knowledge of cancer proteins and cancer pathways is currently limited and not detailed enough, remaining as a major hurdle to cancer studies. Particularly, many cancer proteins are only annotated to high-level general GO categories. Here, we apply an efficient algorithm, by constructing function-specific protein-protein interaction sub-networks, to find finer functions of the cancer proteins compiled in Cancer Gene Census database. By exploiting their previously known functions, 193 cancer proteins are predicted to finer functional categories, with F score higher than 0.6. Furthermore, because cancer proteins contribute to carcinogenesis through alterations of some essential cellular functions, discovering additional proteins involved in such functions is also of importance for uncovering the mechanisms of cancer. To approximate cancer functions, 37 specific functions significantly enriched with known cancer proteins are selected. With F score higher than 0.6, 221 proteins are predicted to these cancer functions, improving the connection of the function-specific interaction sub-networks and thus delineating cancer functions more integrally and clearly.
Empowerment and Exploitation: Gendered Production and Consumption in Rural Greece

Globalization alters socio‐cultural patterns in many developing societies. For example, men and women typically work in new ways, sometimes to fulfill changing consumption desires. Women in developing societies who bring money or valued purchases into the home may experience improved status, particularly in a globalizing economy where increased income enables the purchase of new consumer goods. However, as suggested in this video, women in developing societies often find themselves still fulfilling traditional roles in both production and consumption. Women in the Greek island village of Sami face an increasingly complex situation as they undertake expanded economic roles through tourism while simultaneously responding to societal expectations of propriety and gendered subordination. This video portrays the changing socioeconomic landscape of Greek women in the context of tourism.