Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Focusing of long waves with finite crest over constant depth

Tsunamis are long waves that evolve substantially, through spatial and temporal spreading from their source region. Here, we introduce a new analytical solution to study the propagation of a finite strip source over constant depth using linear shallow-water wave theory. This solution is not only exact, but also general and allows the use of realistic initial waveforms such as N-waves. We show the existence of focusing points for N-wave-type initial displacements, i.e. points where unexpectedly large wave heights may be observed. We explain the effect of focusing from a strip source analytically, and explore it numerically. We observe focusing points using linear non-dispersive and linear dispersive theories, analytically; and nonlinear non-dispersive and weakly nonlinear weakly dispersive theories, numerically. We discuss geophysical implications of our solutions using the 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea and the 17 July 2006 Java tsunamis as examples. Our results may also help to explain high run-up values observed during the 11 March 2011 Japan tsunami, which are otherwise not consistent with existing scaling relationships. We conclude that N-waves generated by tectonic displacements feature focusing points, which may significantly amplify run-up beyond what is often assumed from widely used scaling relationships.
When Trust Matters: The Moderating Effect of Outcome Favorability

The authors thank Keith Murnighan, Batia Wiesenfeld, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Please address correspondence to Joel Brockner, Graduate School of Business, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027. The studies reported here evaluated the conditions under which the relationship between employees' trust in and support for organizational authorities will be more or less pronounced. We hypothesized that employees' trust in organizational authorities would be more strongly related to their support for the authorities when they perceived the outcomes associated with authorities' decisions to be relatively unfavorable. The results of three field studies, in markedly different contexts, supported this prediction. In essence, the establishment of trust seems to be a potent force in overcoming the otherwise adverse reactions that employees may exhibit in reaction to decisions yielding unfavorable outcomes. Theoretical implications for the literatures on organizational trust and organizational justice are discussed, as are some practical implications and limitations of the studies. '
Nutraceutical Bioactive Compounds Promote Healthspan Counteracting Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality in the Western world. Multiple factors are involved in CVD, including genetic factors and modifiable factors such as diet, physical activity, and smoking. CVD incidence and prevalence increase progressively with age, and it is estimated that over 80% of men and women older than 75 years have clinically manifest CVD. To reduce the gap between life expectancy (LE) and healthy life expectancy is one of the main challenges of the 21st century. Lifestyle improvement appears to be the only sustainable approach to face the dramatic chronic–degenerative disease burden of an aging population. A healthy lifestyle, represented by avoiding smoking, following a healthy diet, and practicing physical activity, protects from chronic–degenerative disease onset and progression. A healthy dietetic approach specifically formulated for elderly people, with a defined pattern of nutraceutical bioactive compounds, may represent a key strategy to improve the aging process and increase the life span. This short review summarizes the biochemical mechanisms underpinning the cardiovascular protective effects of some nutraceutical compounds such as quercetin and sulforaphane.
Evaluation of Multihop Relaying for Robust Vehicular Internet Access

In this paper, we study connectivity benefits of using a multihop relaying strategy for improved Internet access in a WiFi-based vehicular environment relative to the common strategy that allows only direct communication between vehicles and access points (APs). We use real AP location data and realistic and detailed vehicular mobility traces for our study. Our results show that multihop relaying strategy leads to substantial gains in connectivity relative to direct access as much as 400%, and that multihop relaying combined with increased communication range provides even greater gains (up to 467%). Further, relay paths with few hops are sufficient to realize most of the gain with multihop relaying.
Female Friendly Science: Including Women in Curricular Content and Pedagogy in Science.

There will be a larger segment of minorities and women: 23% more Blacks, 70% more Asians and other races (American Indians, Alaska natives and Pacific Islanders), 74% more Hispanics and 25% more women adding 3.6 million, 2.4 million, 6.0 million and 13.0 million more work ers respectively. Altogether, the minorities and women will make up 90% of the work force growth and 23% of the new employees will be immigrants. (Thomas 1989, 30)
Brain Activation of Identity Switching in Multiple Identity Tracking Task

When different objects switch identities in the multiple identity tracking (MIT) task, viewers need to rebind objects’ identity and location, which requires attention. This rebinding helps people identify the regions targets are in (where they need to focus their attention) and inhibit unimportant regions (where distractors are). This study investigated the processing of attentional tracking after identity switching in an adapted MIT task. This experiment used three identity-switching conditions: a target-switching condition (where the target objects switched identities), a distractor-switching condition (where the distractor objects switched identities), and a no-switching condition. Compared to the distractor-switching condition, the target-switching condition elicited greater activation in the frontal eye fields (FEF), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and visual cortex. Compared to the no-switching condition, the target-switching condition elicited greater activation in the FEF, inferior frontal gyrus (pars orbitalis) (IFG-Orb), IPS, visual cortex, middle temporal lobule, and anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, the distractor-switching condition showed greater activation in the IFG-Orb compared to the no-switching condition. These results suggest that, in the target-switching condition, the FEF and IPS (the dorsal attention network) might be involved in goal-driven attention to targets during attentional tracking. In addition, in the distractor-switching condition, the activation of the IFG-Orb may indicate salient change that pulls attention away automatically.
Ferumoxytol: A New Intravenous Iron Preparation for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Ferumoxytol is an intravenous iron preparation for treatment of the anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is a carbohydrate‐coated, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle. Because little free iron is present in the preparation, doses of 510 mg have been administered safely in as little as 17 seconds. Two prospective, randomized studies compared two doses of ferumoxytol 510 mg given in 5 ± 3 days with 3 weeks of oral iron 200 mg/day (as ferrous fumarate) in anemic patients with CKD. One study enrolled 304 patients with stages 1–5 CKD (predialysis), and the other study enrolled 230 patients with stage 5D CKD (undergoing hemodialysis). In both studies, a greater increase in hemoglobin level from baseline to end of study (day 35) was noted in patients who received ferumoxytol compared with those who received oral iron (mean ± SD 0.82 ± 1.24 vs 0.16 ± 1.02 g/dl in patients with stages 1–5 CKD and 1.02 ± 1.13 vs 0.46 ± 1.06 g/dl in patients with stage 5D CKD, p<0.001). A greater proportion of both predialysis and hemodialysis patients who received ferumoxytol had hemoglobin level increases from baseline of 1 g/dl or more compared with those who received oral iron (p<0.001). In a prospective, double‐blind, crossover study of more than 700 patients with CKD stages 1‐5D that compared the safety of ferumoxytol with normal saline injection, the rates of treatment‐related adverse events were 5.2% and 4.5%, respectively. Serious treatment‐related adverse events were seen in one patient in each treatment group. The most common adverse events with ferumoxytol occurred at the injection site (bruising, pain, swelling, erythema). Dizziness, nausea, pruritus, headache, and fatigue occurred in less than 2% of patients receiving ferumoxytol, with a similar frequency noted after administration of normal saline. In short‐term studies, intravenous ferumoxytol was safely and rapidly administered, and was more effective than oral iron therapy in increasing hemoglobin levels in anemic patients with CKD. Long‐term clinical trials with clinical outcomes and studies comparing ferumoxytol with other parenteral iron agents will help define the role of ferumoxytol in treating the anemia of CKD.
PERFORMANCE MODELS FOR MATRIX COMPUTATIONS ON NETWORKS OF HETEROGENEOUS WORKSTATIONS

Matrix computations is one of the most important computational tasks in scientific computing. This paper discusses parallel implementations of two fundamental matrix computation kernels such as matrix vector multiplication and matrix multiplication on a cluster of heterogeneous workstations. These parallel implementations are based on the master worker paradigm using dynamic block distribution scheme. Furthermore, the parallel implementations are analyzed experimentally using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library on homogeneous and heterogeneous clusters of workstations. Also, we propose a general analytical prediction model that can be used to predict the performance of two matrix computations for both types of clusters. The theoretical performance model has been checked against experimental results and it is shown that the model is able to predict the parallel performance accurately.
Influences of fertilization on population abundance, distribution, and control of Frankliniella occidentalis on chrysanthemum

We examined the effects of fertilization on population abundance and within‐plant distribution of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), on potted chrysanthemum, Dendranthema grandiflora (Tzvelev). We also investigated the effects of fertilization on the number of insecticide applications needed to control F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. Under greenhouse conditions, rate of change in population abundance of F. occidentalis increased with fertilization levels from 0 to 100% of the standard fertilization level (375 ppm N) and was four times higher on plants fertilized with the standard level (rate of change = 0.14) than on plants fertilized with 0% during the first 4 weeks after thrips inoculation. Within‐plant distribution of F. occidentalis was influenced by the phenology of the plants rather than total nitrogen content of plant tissues. Prior to flower opening, more F. occidentalis were found in the middle region of the plants. When the flowers began to open, more thrips were found feeding inside the flowers than on the leaves. We further showed that production time, the time from transplantation to flower opening, shortened considerably with increased fertilization level. Production time was shortest, 12 weeks, for plants fertilized with 100% of the standard fertilization level. When the fertilization level was reduced to 20%, production time lengthened to 13 weeks. When fertilization level was reduced to 0%, production time lengthened to 14 weeks. Increased fertilization from 0 to 100% of the standard level did not result in higher numbers of insecticide applications. All three insecticides (acephate, bifenthrin, and spinosad) were effective in keeping the thrips infestation below a predetermined level, five thrips per plant, but bifenthrin required the most number of applications to do so. For chrysanthemum, a fast‐growing crop and heavy utilizer of fertilizer, fertilization influenced not only the population growth of pest insects but also plant production time. As a result, optimizing fertilization level to reduce pest population growth may be a useful tactic in an Integrated Pest Management program for managing F. occidentalis on potted chrysanthemum. However, the effect of fertilization on production time and plant quality should also be considered when implementing this tactic.
Diet-Induced Cognitive Deficits: The Role of Fat and Sugar, Potential Mechanisms and Nutritional Interventions

It is of vital importance to understand how the foods which are making us fat also act to impair cognition. In this review, we compare the effects of acute and chronic exposure to high-energy diets on cognition and examine the relative contributions of fat (saturated and polyunsaturated) and sugar to these deficits. Hippocampal-dependent memory appears to be particularly vulnerable to the effects of high-energy diets and these deficits can occur rapidly and prior to weight gain. More chronic diet exposure seems necessary however to impair other sorts of memory. Many potential mechanisms have been proposed to underlie diet-induced cognitive decline and we will focus on inflammation and the neurotrophic factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Finally, given supplementation of diets with omega-3 and curcumin has been shown to have positive effects on cognitive function in healthy ageing humans and in disease states, we will discuss how these nutritional interventions may attenuate diet-induced cognitive decline. We hope this approach will provide important insights into the causes of diet-induced cognitive deficits, and inform the development of novel therapeutics to prevent or ameliorate such memory impairments.
Scores on three personality variables as a function of age, sex and social class.

An inventory containing 20 extraversion (E), 20 neuroticism (N) and 20 psychoticism (P) questions was administered to 1423 adult males, and 968 females, as well as to 1400 students of both sexes and to 327 housewives. Analysis by age, sex and social class showed that young people are high on E, high on N and high on P; that males are high on E, high on P, and low on N; and that middle-class people are low on E, low on N, and low on P. Results were compared with previous findings, and with expectations from epidemiological research.
Commentary

Objectives—To evaluate the changes produced in both the isocapnic buffering and hypocapnic hyperventilation (HHV) phases of professional cyclists (n = 11) in response to endurance training, and to compare the results with those of amateur cyclists (n = 11). Methods—Each professional cyclist performed three laboratory exercise tests to exhaustion during the active rest (autumn: November), precompetition (winter: January), and competition (spring: May) periods of the sports season. Amateur cyclists only performed one exercise test during the competition period. The isocapnic buffering and HHV ranges were calculated during each test and defined as Vo2 and power output (W). Results—No significant differences were found in the isocapnic buffering range in each of the periods of the sports season in professional cyclists. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the HHV range (expressed in W) during both the competition (p<0.01) and precompetition(p<0.05) periods compared with the rest period. On the other hand, a longer HHV range (p<0.01) was observed in amateur cyclists than in professional cyclists (whether this was expressed in terms of Vo2 or W). Conclusions—No change is observed in the isocapnic buffering range of professional cyclists throughout a sports season despite a considerable increase in training loads and a significant reduction in HHV range expressed in terms of power output.
The Assessment of Early Glycosaminoglycan Concentration Changes in the Kidney of Diabetic Rats by Critical Electrolyte Concentration Staining

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) has a pivot role in renal function and homeostasis. Analysis of GAG amount generally serves to determine GAG alteration due to diabetes mellitus. Critical Electrolyte Concentration (CEC) staining can be an efficacy method to study GAG amount changes. Based on an experimental study, 20 male rats were randomly divided equally into two experimental and control groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single sub cutaneous injection (120 mg/kg) of alloxan monohydrate. After 8 weeks, diabetic kidneys were paraffin embedded and sectioned at 5μm on a microtome. Slides were prepared and studied after staining by Critical Electrolyte Concentration (CEC 1 -4). In this study, we succeeded to show a decrease of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate concentration in diabetic kidney at 8 weeks diabetic rats which are earlier signs compared to those reported previously. In contrary, no significant changes in heparin sulfate and keratin sulfate have been seen. Diabetic nephropathy is a progressive disease and earlier diagnosis makes a better treatment design to reduce its development. CEC staining is able to determine degradation of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate synthesis in diabetic kidney of rats in an earlier time.
“Who are these people?” Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents

As Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) has surged in popularity throughout political science, scholars have increasingly challenged the external validity of inferences made drawing upon MTurk samples. At workshops and conferences experimental and survey-based researchers hear questions about the demographic characteristics, political preferences, occupation, and geographic location of MTurk respondents. In this paper we answer these questions and present a number of novel results. By introducing a new benchmark comparison for MTurk surveys, the Cooperative Congressional Election Survey, we compare the joint distributions of age, gender, and race among MTurk respondents within the United States. In addition, we compare political, occupational, and geographical information about respondents from MTurk and CCES. Throughout the paper we show several ways that political scientists can use the strengths of MTurk to attract respondents with specific characteristics of interest to best answer their substantive research questions.
Null Results in Brief TP53 Mutation Spectrum in Lung Cancer Is Not Different in Women and Men

Whether women are more susceptible to lung cancer than men has been controversial. Several case-control studies suggested that women have greater risk of lung cancer compared with men at similar levels of cigarette smoking, whereas some large cohort studies failed to observe this association. Other studies indicated that lung cancer may have biological characteristics and mechanisms of carcinogenesis that are gender specific. Therefore, we hypothesized that women are more susceptible to the carcinogenic effects of tobacco smoke exposure, as evidenced by a higher frequency of G:C-to-T:A somatic mutations in tumors from women in comparison with men at similar levels of tobacco smoke exposure. To investigate our hypothesis, we examined the TP53 mutational spectrum in a case-only (102 women and 201 men) series study where complete smoking information was available. A similar frequency and type of somatic TP53 mutations were observed in women and men. In conclusion, our study indicates that the TP53 mutation spectrum is similar in women and men. Our results are consistent with a recent large cohort study and summary of previous cohort studies, suggesting that women likely have equivalent susceptibility to lung cancer as men. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(4):1031–3)
Hong Kong educational reforms in the last decade: reform syndrome and new developments

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the reform syndrome, bottle‐neck effects and their impacts on teachers and school education in the last ten years and highlight the direction of new developments.Design/methodology/approach – The paper examines educational reforms in Hong Kong in the last decade.Findings – Echoing the international trends of educational reforms, Hong Kong, as an international city, has initiated a series of educational reforms in the past decades. The experiences of educational reforms in Hong Kong may provide a good case for understanding the dynamics of educational reforms and drawing theoretical and practical implications for research, policy formulation and implementation not only in Hong Kong but also in other international communities.Originality/value – From the analysis of the reform syndrome, particularly the bottle‐neck effect, there should be seven key aspects for policy‐makers, educators and stakeholders in Hong Kong to address the emergent key issues in educational reforms.
The Galaxy-Mass Correlation Function Measured from Weak Lensing in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We present galaxy-galaxy lensing measurements over scales 0.025 to 10 h-1 Mpc in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Using a flux-limited sample of 127,001 lens galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts and mean luminosity ⟨L⟩ ∼ L* and 9,020,388 source galaxies with photometric redshifts, we invert the lensing signal to obtain the galaxy-mass correlation function ξgm. We find ξgm is consistent with a power law, ξgm = (r/r0)-γ, with best-fit parameters γ = 1.79 ± 0.06 and r0 = (5.4 ± 0.7)(0.27/Ωm)1/γ h-1 Mpc. At fixed separation, the ratio ξgg/ξgm = b/r, where b is the bias and r is the correlation coefficient. Comparing with the galaxy autocorrelation function for a similarly selected sample of SDSS galaxies, we find that b/r is approximately scale-independent over scales 0.2–6.7 h-1 Mpc, with mean ⟨b/r⟩ = (1.3 ± 0.2)(Ωm/0.27). We also find no scale dependence in b/r for a volume-limited sample of luminous galaxies (-23.0 < Mr < -21.5). The mean b/r for this sample is ⟨b/r⟩Vlim = (2.0 ± 0.7)(Ωm/0.27). We split the lens galaxy sample into subsets based on luminosity, color, spectral type, and velocity dispersion and see clear trends of the lensing signal with each of these parameters. The amplitude and logarithmic slope of ξgm increase with galaxy luminosity. For high luminosities (L ∼ 5 L*), ξgm deviates significantly from a power law. These trends with luminosity also appear in the subsample of red galaxies, which are more strongly clustered than blue galaxies.
Needle in a Haystack: Mitigating Content Poisoning in Named-Data Networking

Named-Data Networking (NDN) is a candidate next-generation Internet architecture designed to address some limitations of the current IP-based Internet. NDN uses the pull model for content distribution, whereby content is first explicitly requested before being delivered. Efficiency is obtained via router- based aggregation of closely spaced requests for popular content and content caching in routers. Although it reduces latency and increases bandwidth utilization, router caching makes the network susceptible to new cache-centric attacks, such as content poisoning. In this paper, we propose a ranking algorithm for cached content that allows routers to distinguish good and (likely) bad content. This ranking is based on statistics collected from consumers' actions following delivery of content objects. Experimental results support our assertion that the proposed ranking algorithm can effectively mitigate content poisoning attacks.