Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Career Development Needs of College Students with Learning Disabilities: In Their Own Words

The career development and disability knowledge of 97 students with learning disabilities from three postsecondary institutions in the Midwest was examined through semi–structured interviews. Students with disabilities who were eligible for services while in high school generally did not engage in transition planning as required by federal law. Their career development activities were limited despite having unique career needs. The majority of students had difficulty describing their disability and its impact on their career exploration and planning. For students with learning disabilities at the postsecondary level, career development services should be provided, including training in self–advocacy and career exploration in the first two years. Instruction in career self–management skills should be ongoing.
Improved HIV‐1 viral load determination based on reverse transcriptase activity recovered from human plasma

A more sensitive version of ExaVir Load, a test that utilizes reverse transcriptase (RT) activity from virions in plasma to determine HIV‐1 viral load, is described. The virions were immobilized on a gel that was washed, followed by lysis of the virions, elution of purified RT, and finally RT activity determination. The changes made to the original test were: (1) improved washing of the immobilized virions by addition of a non‐lytic detergent to the wash buffer, (2) improved virion lysis procedure, including changes in salt, detergent and pH, (3) the use of larger sample volumes in the RT assay, and (4) prolonged RT reaction time. The alterations gave a tenfold increased sensitivity compared to the original version. The correlation between RT load by the current test and RNA PCR was the same as previously (r = 0.90). Using colorimetric product detection, the average detection limit in a panel of 262 patient plasma from Stockholm was 0.5 fg RT/ml, corresponding to approximately 170 RNA copies/ml. None of 54 HIV‐1 RNA negative samples exhibited RT. The amount of RT load positive samples were 19% for samples containing 50–400 RNA, 71% for samples with 400–1,500, and 100% among samples with >8,000 copies/ml (according to Roche Amplicor). The sensitivity could be increased further using fluorimetric detection. In conclusion, the modifications of the test described result in an important increase in sensitivity. It can now be regarded as a competitive alternative method for HIV viral load determinations. J. Med. Virol. 76:291–296, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Military Service and Educational Attainment in the All-Volunteer Era

This article uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine the relationship between service in the All Volunteer Force (AVF) military and educational attainment. Through the use of fixed-effects estimators, the author generated estimates of the effect of military service on the highest grade of school completed by men that are purged of the confounding effects of constant unmeasured household-specific and person-specific variables. He also implemented another series of controls for selectivity involving potential time-varying factors by comparing active-duty veterans to reserve-duty veterans and nonveterans who at some time indicated their intentions to enter the military. The results indicate that there is considerable diversity in the effect of military service among veterans according to such variables as education prior to service, score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test, branch of service, length of service, age at entry into the military, and race. Overall, however, veterans of the AVF receive less education than their civilian counterparts, and this educational gap tends to grow over time.
The Baha Mousa Tragedy: British Army Detention and Interrogation from Iraq to Afghanistan

Research Highlights and Abstract Describes the conduct and findings of a public inquiry into the death of an Iraqi civilian in British Army custody in 2003. Assesses the development of British military detention and interrogation policy in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars since 2003. Argues that serious failings in policy, doctrine and training led to the death of Baha Mousa in 2003. Finds that judicial intervention has been necessary to push reform and ensure military compliance with international law. Baha Mousa died in September 2003 in British Army custody in Basra. A public inquiry reported in September 2011, and allows for the first assessment of British military detention and interrogation policy in the War on Terror. This article explains the Inquiry's remit and findings, showing how the failure to institutionalise a ban on interrogation methods in 1972 led to them re-appearing in 2003. Poor policy, doctrine and training meant soldiers were ill prepared for dealing with detainees when Iraq was invaded in 2003. The article assesses the army's efforts to learn from the mistakes of Iraq, including reforms to policy, doctrine and training on interrogation and detention. The article's final part assesses the limitations to these reforms in practice in Afghanistan, arguing that there are still important areas demanding improvement to prevent future abuses.
VERIFYING THE EFFECTS OF LEADERSHIP STYLES UPON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: USING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AS DUAL-FACTOR DISTAL MEDIATORS

The purpose of this study is to verify the effects of leadership style in listed IC design companies in Taiwan on organizational performances, with organizational culture and organizational change as the mediators. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on directors and the above levels of supervisors in these companies with simple random sampling. The overall model? s goodness-of-fit effect concerning the overall model and the structural model were verified using linear Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Regarding the path coefficients for implicit/unobservable variables in the structural model, the MacKinnon PRODCLIN 2 program was employed to test how significant the model? s total effect, specific mediating effects and direct effects are. Research results showed that: (1) the overall model has a statistically significant total effect, which suggests a distal mediating effect in the model constructed by the author; (2) leadership style exerts a significantly direct effect on organizational performances; (3) both organizational culture and organizational change exert significant and similar levels of specific mediating effects.
An effective SAT-solving mechanism with backtrack controlled by FDL

This work presents a novel approach to SAT solving problem based on commonsense reasoning methodology. The methodology has been implemented and tested in PROLOG. Discussion of different modern approaches to the satisfiability that have been published recently is presented. A parallelism between the SAT solving problem and non-monotonic extensions verifying is given. The new algorithm of SAT solving based on fuzzy default reasoning (FDL) theory FUDASAT and cumulativity of CNF formulas is defined. Optimal backtracking search methodology is explained on examples. Some experiments on various benchmarks show the efficiency and advantages of the proposed methodology.
CpG‐oligodeoxynucleotides co‐stimulate primary T cells in the absence of antigen‐presenting cells

CpG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG‐ODN) act as powerful adjuvant during in vivo induction of T cell responses. While CpG‐ODN directly activate antigen‐presenting cells (APC) and thus exert an extrinsic activity on T cells, it is unclear whether they directly affect T cells (intrinsic activity). Here we analyze the effects of CpG‐ODN on T cells in an APC‐free cell culture. We report that CpG‐ODN co‐stimulate T cells provided they were triggered via their TCR. CpG‐ODN induced IL‐2 production, IL‐2 receptor expression and thus proliferation. Proliferation was blocked by cyclosporin A or anti‐IL‐2 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) but not by anti‐IL‐4 mAb. Moreover, CpG‐co‐stimulated T cells differentiated into cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. Of note, IL‐2‐driven growth of primed T cells was not affected by CpG‐ODN. Co‐stimulation was also operative in T cells from CD28− / − mice and in TCR‐transgenic T cells stimulated with peptide. CpG‐ODN‐mediated co‐stimulation of T cells in vitro may thus explain part of the potent adjuvant effects of CpG‐ODN in vivo.
AutoTopography: what can physical mementos tell us about digital memories?

Current technology makes it possible to capture huge amounts of information related to everyday experiences. Despite this, we know little about the processes by which people identify and manage mementos - objects which are directly meaningful to their memories. Among the millions of objects people encounter in a lifetime, few become such reminders of people, places or events. We report fieldwork where participants gave us a tour of their homes describing how and why particular objects become mementos. Our findings extend the existing digital memory literature; first our participants didn't view their activities as experiential 'capture', nor were mementos limited to pictorial representations of people and events; instead they included everyday objects. Furthermore, mementos were not only displayed and shared, but also integrated into everyday activities. Finally there were complex relations between house location and memento type. We discuss the theoretical and technical implications of our work.
Fighting off the Alligators: What Research in Real Classrooms has to Say about Reading Instruction

Researchers have contributed one dimensional solutions to the problems of classroom reading instruction. They have long viewed the classroom as a "black box" having a manageable number of variables which, if manipulated in the proper sequence, would result in successful reading achievement. For instance, prior to 1970, a large segment of instructional research was directed toward identifying the personality characteristics of teachers perceived to be effective (although no one actually ever checked to be sure that teachers possessing these characteristics were actually more effective in promoting pupil achievement). The idea, obviously, was to hire only those teachers possessing the optimum personality mix. Artley's (1969) epitaph for this type of research is particularly piercing:
Comparing the Antiswelling and Analgesic Effects of Three Different Ice Pack Therapy Durations: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Cases With Soft Tissue Injuries

Background: Ice pack therapy has been widely used in treatment for soft tissue injuries. However, no studies have yet explored the most appropriate and effective duration for ice therapy with ice packs. Purpose: This study explored the antiswelling and analgesic effects of different ice pack therapy durations on soft tissue injuries as well as patient discomfort. Methods: An experimental design including pretest and three posttests with three groups was used in this study. Using convenience sampling and randomized block assignment, 99 participants with soft tissue injuries from the emergency department of a medical center in southern Taiwan were included in this study. With 33 participants in each group, three groups with ice pack therapy for 10, 20, and 30 minutes were indicated to compare skin temperature, swelling, and pain differences in ice-treated areas as well as participant discomfort. Results: This study found no significant differences in the effect of different ice pack therapy durations among the three groups. However, this study identified significant differences between pretest and each posttest in terms of changes in skin temperature, pain, and numbness and rash-related discomfort in each group. Conclusion/Implications for Practice: Research results found that the three different ice pack therapy durations could lower skin temperature and reduce partial pain. The different ice pack therapy durations would cause similar discomfort incidence rates in the three groups. Ice pack therapy for 10 minutes could reduce partial swelling and pain effectively. Accordingly, we suggest that 10 minutes is the optimal ice pack therapy duration for persons with soft tissue injuries. However, the ice pack therapy duration should be adjusted according to individual needs and situation.
Reasons for Adult Participation in Group Educational Activities

Additional information on why adults participate in educational activities appears to be necessary if the field of adult education is to continue to improve educational offerings. Consequently, this study was designed and conducted to explore further the total framework of educational orientations as developed by Cyril O. Houle, Professor of Education at The University of Chicago. The results reported here were to test the hypothesis that reasons chosen by men and women for participating in educational activi ties will factor into eight groups. To test the hypothesis, 1,046 adult learners responded to an instrument developed by the author—Reasons for Educational Participation. The results were factor analyzed and seven groups of reasons were identified. Based on the nature of the items comprising each, the factors were named: The Desire to Know; The Desire to Reach a Personal Goal; The Desire to Reach a Social Goal; The Desire to Reach a Religious Goal; The Desire to Escape; The Desire to Take Part in an Activity; and The Desire to Comply with Formal Requirements.
Effect of handedness on visual, auditory and cutaneous reaction times in normal subjects

Background & Objective: Simple reaction time is the time interval between stimulus and response. In this study the impact of handedness on auditory, visual and cutaneous simple reaction time have been investigated. Methods: 100 healthy male volunteers of age group 18-25yrs were participated as subjects. According to criteria of Cromwell and Rife the subjects were divided into 94 right handed and 6 left handed persons. The subjects were presented with auditory, visual and cutaneous stimuli by using an electronic response analyzer. Result: The paired 't' test for comparison of all the parameters of simple reaction time recordings between right and left hand values in right handed subjects show P 0.05for all the parameters of simple reaction time. Conclusion: In right handed individual all reaction time parameters of right hand are significantly faster when compared to left hand values. Whereas there is no significant difference between right and left hand values in left handed subjects.
And all your problems are gone: religious coping strategies among Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong

This paper provides an ethnographic account of both hardships and religious coping strategies of Philippine migrant workers in Hong Kong. It will argue that intensified coping needs that arise from the migration process may lead to a reorientation towards more charismatic religious groups, which in turn seem to promote coping strategies specifically tailored towards the (relatively homogenous) experiences of these migrants. It will also argue that, while the “disempowering” implications of religious coping rest ambiguous, it may assist the toleration of exploitative patterns in migration by reducing their emotional cost.
Decisions under Uncertainty: Probabilistic Context Influences Activation of Prefrontal and Parietal Cortices

Many decisions are made under uncertainty; that is, with limited information about their potential consequences. Previous neuroimaging studies of decision making have implicated regions of the medial frontal lobe in processes related to the resolution of uncertainty. However, a different set of regions in dorsal prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices has been reported to be critical for selection of actions to unexpected or unpredicted stimuli within a sequence. In the current study, we induced uncertainty using a novel task that required subjects to base their decisions on a binary sequence of eight stimuli so that uncertainty changed dynamically over time (from 20 to 50%), depending on which stimuli were presented. Activation within prefrontal, parietal, and insular cortices increased with increasing uncertainty. In contrast, within medial frontal regions, as well as motor and visual cortices, activation did not increase with increasing uncertainty. We conclude that the brain response to uncertainty depends on the demands of the experimental task. When uncertainty depends on learned associations between stimuli and responses, as in previous studies, it modulates activation in the medial frontal lobes. However, when uncertainty develops over short time scales as information is accumulated toward a decision, dorsal prefrontal and posterior parietal contributions are critical for its resolution. The distinction between neural mechanisms subserving different forms of uncertainty resolution provides an important constraint for neuroeconomic models of decision making.
Organizational interventions: A research-based framework for the evaluation of both process and effects

Abstract Organizational interventions are often recommended when organizations want to improve employee psychological health and well-being. Research, however, has revealed inconsistent results and reviewers have called for research on why interventions either bring about desired change or fail to do so. Answering the “how” and “why” of intervention outcomes requires a close examination of the elements that hinder or facilitate desired outcomes, thus moving beyond evaluation of only the overall effects. In this paper, we present an evaluation framework based on recent intervention research and process-oriented organization theory. The framework offers suggestions for which elements to include when evaluating organizational interventions. Within the framework, elements crucial to intervention evaluation are grouped into four overarching categories that we argue are crucial to evaluation over the five phases of an intervention programme. These categories are: the organizational “actors”; the mental models of those actors; the context of the intervention; and intervention design and process. Evaluation during the process as well as of the overall effects, as recommended by this framework, should throw light on what works for whom, why, how and under which circumstances.
A Type IV Pilus Mediates DNA Binding during Natural Transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Natural genetic transformation is widely distributed in bacteria and generally occurs during a genetically programmed differentiated state called competence. This process promotes genome plasticity and adaptability in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Transformation requires the binding and internalization of exogenous DNA, the mechanisms of which are unclear. Here, we report the discovery of a transformation pilus at the surface of competent Streptococcus pneumoniae cells. This Type IV-like pilus, which is primarily composed of the ComGC pilin, is required for transformation. We provide evidence that it directly binds DNA and propose that the transformation pilus is the primary DNA receptor on the bacterial cell during transformation in S. pneumoniae. Being a central component of the transformation apparatus, the transformation pilus enables S. pneumoniae, a major Gram-positive human pathogen, to acquire resistance to antibiotics and to escape vaccines through the binding and incorporation of new genetic material.
What Did You Expect? An Examination of Career-Related Support and Social Support Among Mentors and Protégés

Perceptions of mentors and protégés were examined to understand how the mentoring exchange is perceived and how perceptions of the exchange influence feelings about the relationship. In particular, we suggest that there are specific behaviors related to career and social support exhibited throughout the mentoring process. It was hypothesized that when relevant career and social support behaviors are exhibited sufficiently to meet the expectations of a partner, higher levels of relationship effectiveness, and trust for a partner are realized. Findings indicate that when protégés are open to advisement and coaching, and put forth effort in accomplishing required work or projects, a mentor’s perceptions of relationship effectiveness and trust felt for the protégé are positively influenced. When mentors engage in sufficient levels of social support behaviors to meet a protégé’s expectations, a protégé will form higher perceptions of relationship effectiveness and trust for the mentor. The findings of this study, implications for managers, and suggestions for future research are discussed in detail.
Tracing a Political Cleavage: The Wolf Issue in Sweden

Abstract In 2009, Sweden allowed licensed wolf (canis lupus) hunting for the first time in 45 years. After record number of media attention and threat of legal action from the EU, the licenced hunt stopped, but protective hunting continued – as did the polarisation in public debate. This article will analyse how the wolf issue relates to the three main cleavage elements and to what extent the elements align. It provides an empirical investigation of the wolf issue, applying the three-step cleavage model on the 2010 Swedish National Election Study data. Our results show, first, that we can identify specific group features among persons with negative wolf attitudes (structural difference); second, that the wolf issue loads (if weakly) at a second non-economic dimension connecting to issues of self-determination and globalisation (attitudinal difference); and third, that this second dimension affects voting for the Greens and the Centre party (institutional difference). However, when controlling for both dimensions in the third step, the wolf issue alone has a lesser impact. Thus, the wolf issue may currently be seen as a so-called position divide, although with a future potential to serve as cleavage catalyst if mobilised in connection with aspects of self-determination and globalisation.
Smoke Rings: social network analysis of friendship groups, smoking and drug-taking

Social network analysis is applied at the first two time points of a longitudinal study which examines how smoking and drug use in adolescence is associated with social position within peer group structures. One hundred and fifty secondary second grade students in one school named up to six best friends. This allowed for the categorization of each adolescent as a group member, a group peripheral, or a relative isolate. It was found that risk-taking behaviour occurred across all social positions. At both time points of the study the behaviour of pupils on the periphery of peer groups reflected both the gender and the behaviour of the groups themselves. At the second time point of the study there were far more pupils on the periphery of risk-taking groups than on the periphery of non-risktaking groups. The relationship appears to verify that risk-taking and non-risk-taking behaviour is learned predominantly in the context of peer clusters, and that risk-taking peer clusters act as a greater focus of influence and selection of peripheral pupils at a key stage in their development than do non-risk-taking peer clusters. Our findings are relevant in the debate about peer pressure in relation to smoking and drug use.