Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient Multiclass ROC Approximation by Decomposition via Confusion Matrix Perturbation Analysis

Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis has become a standard tool in the design and evaluation of two-class classification problems. It allows for an analysis that incorporates all possible priors, costs, and operating points, which is important in many real problems, where conditions are often nonideal. Extending this to the multiclass case is attractive, conferring the benefits of ROC analysis to a multitude of new problems. Even though the ROC analysis extends theoretically to the multiclass case, the exponential computational complexity as a function of the number of classes is restrictive. In this paper, we show that the multiclass ROC can often be simplified considerably because some ROC dimensions are independent of each other. We present an algorithm that analyzes interactions between various ROC dimensions, identifying independent classes, and groups of interacting classes, allowing the ROC to be decomposed. The resulting decomposed ROC hypersurface can be interrogated in a similar fashion to the ideal case, allowing for approaches such as cost-sensitive and Neyman-Pearson optimization, as well as the volume under the ROC. An extensive bouquet of examples and experiments demonstrates the potential of this methodology.
P2X7 receptors on osteoblasts couple to production of lysophosphatidic acid: a signaling axis promoting osteogenesis

Nucleotides are released from cells in response to mechanical stimuli and signal in an autocrine/paracrine manner through cell surface P2 receptors. P2rx7-/- mice exhibit diminished appositional growth of long bones and impaired responses to mechanical loading. We find that calvarial sutures are wider in P2rx7-/- mice. Functional P2X7 receptors are expressed on osteoblasts in situ and in vitro. Activation of P2X7 receptors by exogenous nucleotides stimulates expression of osteoblast markers and enhances mineralization in cultures of rat calvarial cells. Moreover, osteogenesis is suppressed in calvarial cell cultures from P2rx7-/- mice compared with the wild type. P2X7 receptors couple to production of the potent lipid mediators lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and prostaglandin E2. Either an LPA receptor antagonist or cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors abolish the stimulatory effects of P2X7 receptor activation on osteogenesis. We conclude that P2X7 receptors enhance osteoblast function through a cell-autonomous mechanism. Furthermore, a novel signaling axis links P2X7 receptors to production of LPA and COX metabolites, which in turn stimulate osteogenesis.
Three Essays on Resources in Education.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirst and foremost I would like to thank my dissertation committee | BeckyBlank, Paul Courant, John DiNardo, Brian Jacob, and Je Smith. Their mentorshipand incredibly constructive criticism and advice have improved this research greatly.I would also like to thank the members of the informal working group that helpedclarify my research goals and provided countless hours of advice, support, and enter-tainment over the years | Soren Anderson, Brian Cadena, Ben Keys, Brian Kovakand Jim Sallee. I hope we have many working lunches ahead of us, even if they’relong distance.Many other people contributed to the essays in this dissertation. Beth Brooks,Gloria Hancock, Nancy Resch, Peggy Smith, Yut’se Thomas, and Don White con-tributed data and institutional details that made the two essays on the Abbott re-forms in New Jersey possible. In addition to my committee and working group, Shel-don Danziger, Lucas Davis, Jim Hines and many seminar participants contributedhelpful comments and critiques.The third essay is coauthored with Jim Sallee and Paul Courant; this paper wouldnot have been possible without them. We thank Soren Anderson, John Bound,Brian Cadena, Jim Hines, Ben Keys, Mike McPherson, Michael Rothschild, Je Smith, Sarah Turner and seminar participants at the University of Virginia and theUniversity of Michigan for their comments and critiques. We also thank CarolineHoxby and two anonymous referees for excellent comments.
Studies on the Role of Fibroblast Growth Factor Signaling in Neurogenesis Using Conjugated/Aged Animal Caps and Dorsal Ectoderm-Grafted Embryos

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been shown to induce neural fate in dissociated animal cap (AC) cells or in AC explants cultured in low calcium and magnesium concentrations. However, long-term disclosure of the cap may cause diffusion of the secreted molecule bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4), a neural inhibitor present in the AC. This may contribute to the subsequent neurogenesis induced by bFGF. Here we used conjugated and aged blastula AC to avoid diffusion of endogenous molecules from the AC. Unlike noggin, bFGF failed to induce neural tissue in this system. However, it enhanced neuralization elicited by a dominant negative BMP receptor (DN-BR) that inhibits the BMP-4 signaling. Posterior neural markers were turned on by bFGF in AC expressing DN-BR or chordin. Blocking the endogenous FGF signal with a dominant negative FGF receptor (XFD) mainly inhibited development of posterior neural tissue in neuralized ACs. Thesein vitro studies were confirmed in vivoin embryos grafted with XFD-expressing ACs in the place of neuroectoderm. Expression of some regional neural markers was inhibited, although markers for muscle and posterior notochord were still detectable in the grafted embryos, suggesting that XFD specifically affected neurogenesis but not the dorsal mesoderm. The use of these in vitro and in vivo model systems provides new evidence that FGF, although unable to initiate neurogenesis on its own, is required for neural induction as well as for posteriorization.
Independence, professionalism, professional skepticism

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to obtain empirical evidence of the relationship of independence, professionalism and skepticism with the quality of audit produced. Design/methodology/approach This research was conducted with questionnaires distributed to all auditors working in KAP Surabaya and Sidoarjo. The population in this study was all auditors working in KAP 45 Surabaya and KAP 1 Sidoarjo. Hypothesis testing was performed by using the partial least square test with the help of SmartPLS software version 3.0. Findings The results from this study found that auditor independence is positively related to audit quality but is not significant. Variable auditor professionalism is positively related to audit quality and proved significant, while the skepticism variable of auditor professionalism is positively related to audit quality and is significant. Originality/value The results of this study indicate that auditor independence, professionalism and skepticism are positively related to audit quality.
Structured Dictionary Learning and its applications in Neural Recording

Widely utilized in the field of neuroscience, implantable neural recording devices could capture neuron activities with an acquisition rate on the order of megabytes per second. In order to efficiently transmit neural signals through wireless channels, these devices require compression methods that reduce power consumption. Although recent Compressed Sensing (CS) approaches have successfully demonstrated their power, their full potential is yet to be explored, particularly towards exploring a more efficient representation of the neural signals. As a promising solution, sparse representation not only provides better signal compression for bandwidth/storage efficiency, but also leads to faster processing algorithms as well as more effective signal separation for classification purpose. However, current sparsity-based approaches for neural recording are limited due to several critical drawbacks: (i) the lack of an efficient data-driven representation to fully capture the characteristics of specific neural signal; (ii) most existing methods do not fully explore the prior knowledge of neural signals (e.g., labels), while such information is often known; and (iii) discriminative information is not encoded into the representation to promote classification. ii
Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks

This seminar paper focusses on convolutional neural networks and a visualization technique allowing further insights into their internal operation. After giving a brief introduction to neural networks and the multilayer perceptron, we review both supervised and unsupervised training of neural networks in detail. In addition, we discuss several approaches to regularization. The second section introduces the different types of layers present in recent convolutional neural networks. Based on these basic building blocks, we discuss the architecture of the traditional convolutional neural network as proposed by LeCun et al. [LBD+89] as well as the architecture of recent implementations. The third section focusses on a technique to visualize feature activations of higher layers by backprojecting them to the image plane. This allows to get deeper insights into the internal working of convolutional neural networks such that recent architectures can be evaluated and improved even further.
The Minority of Three-Game: An Experimental and Theoretical Analysis

We report experimental and theoretical results on the minority of three-game where three players have to choose one of two alternatives independently and the most rewarding alternative is the one chosen by a single player. This coordination game has many asymmetric equilibria in pure strategies that are non strict and payoff-asymmetric, and a unique symmetric mixed strategy equilibrium in which each player's behavior is based on the toss of a fair coin. We show that such a straightforward behavior is predicted by Harsanyi and Selten's (1988) equilibrium selection theory as well as alternative solution concepts like impulse balance equilibrium and sampling equilibrium. Our results indicate that participants rely on various decision rules, and that only a quarter of them decide according to the toss of a fair coin. Reinforcement learning is the most successful decision rule as it describes best the behavior of about a third of our participants.
Hypothesis on the Dual Origin of the Mammalian Subplate

The development of the mammalian neocortex relies heavily on subplate. The proportion of this cell population varies considerably in different mammalian species. Subplate is almost undetectable in marsupials, forms a thin, but distinct layer in mouse and rat, a larger layer in carnivores and big-brained mammals as pig, and a highly developed embryonic structure in human and non-human primates. The evolutionary origin of subplate neurons is the subject of current debate. Some hypothesize that subplate represents the ancestral cortex of sauropsids, while others consider it to be an increasingly complex phylogenetic novelty of the mammalian neocortex. Here we review recent work on expression of several genes that were originally identified in rodent as highly and differentially expressed in subplate. We relate these observations to cellular morphology, birthdating, and hodology in the dorsal cortex/dorsal pallium of several amniote species. Based on this reviewed evidence we argue for a third hypothesis according to which subplate contains both ancestral and newly derived cell populations. We propose that the mammalian subplate originally derived from a phylogenetically ancient structure in the dorsal pallium of stem amniotes, but subsequently expanded with additional cell populations in the synapsid lineage to support an increasingly complex cortical plate development. Further understanding of the detailed molecular taxonomy, somatodendritic morphology, and connectivity of subplate in a comparative context should contribute to the identification of the ancestral and newly evolved populations of subplate neurons.
More than Just Two Sexes: The Neural Correlates of Voice Gender Perception in Gender Dysphoria

Gender dysphoria (also known as “transsexualism”) is characterized as a discrepancy between anatomical sex and gender identity. Research points towards neurobiological influences. Due to the sexually dimorphic characteristics of the human voice, voice gender perception provides a biologically relevant function, e.g. in the context of mating selection. There is evidence for a better recognition of voices of the opposite sex and a differentiation of the sexes in its underlying functional cerebral correlates, namely the prefrontal and middle temporal areas. This fMRI study investigated the neural correlates of voice gender perception in 32 male-to-female gender dysphoric individuals (MtFs) compared to 20 non-gender dysphoric men and 19 non-gender dysphoric women. Participants indicated the sex of 240 voice stimuli modified in semitone steps in the direction to the other gender. Compared to men and women, MtFs showed differences in a neural network including the medial prefrontal gyrus, the insula, and the precuneus when responding to male vs. female voices. With increased voice morphing men recruited more prefrontal areas compared to women and MtFs, while MtFs revealed a pattern more similar to women. On a behavioral and neuronal level, our results support the feeling of MtFs reporting they cannot identify with their assigned sex.
Omnivores Going Astray: A Review and New Synthesis of Abnormal Behavior in Pigs and Laying Hens

Pigs and poultry are by far the most omnivorous of the domesticated farm animals and it is in their nature to be highly explorative. In the barren production environments, this motivation to explore can be expressed as abnormal oral manipulation directed toward pen mates. Tail biting (TB) in pigs and feather pecking (FP) in laying hens are examples of unwanted behaviors that are detrimental to the welfare of the animals. The aim of this review is to draw these two seemingly similar abnormalities together in a common framework, in order to seek underlying mechanisms and principles. Both TB and FP are affected by the physical and social environment, but not all individuals in a group express these behaviors and individual genetic and neurobiological characteristics play an important role. By synthesizing what is known about environmental and individual influences, we suggest a novel possible mechanism, common for pigs and poultry, involving the brain–gut–microbiota axis.
The efforts of health-care professionals in preparing their families for situations requiring first aid

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the efforts of health-care professionals (HCPs) in preparing their families for situations requiring first aid (FA). We hypothesized that if HCPs are genuinely committed and convinced of the importance of FA, then they will be more likely to share this belief and knowledge and act in a way that will positively affect their family members, social surroundings, and consequently, the community. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey conducted in Saudi Arabia from December 2017 to January 2018. The calculated sample size was 384. An online form was uploaded on Twitter to allow any willing HCP to participate. HCPs who responded to the survey were included in the study. Exclusion criteria were being a non-HCP or a HCP from outside of Saudi Arabia. Results: Among 655 participants, 352 (53.7%) taught family members at least one of the FA maneuvers in a detailed manner, including cardiopulmonary resuscitation, seizure or choking management, and control of excessive bleeding. Participants were more inclined to have a positive attitude toward teaching FA if their family members had witnessed a situation, in which a FA intervention was required (250 [38.2%]; P < 0.001). Majority (479, 73.1%) of the participants knew that 70% of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests happen at homes and were significantly more likely to have a positive attitude (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The majority of HCPs have made and contributed to preparing their families for situations requiring FA.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the MPAM-R to Brazilian Portuguese and Proposal of a New Method to Calculate Factor Scores

In order to understand the reasons that lead individuals to practice physical activity, researchers developed the Motives for Physical Activity Measure-Revised (MPAM-R) scale. In 2010, a translation of MPAM-R to Portuguese and its validation was performed. However, psychometric measures were not acceptable. In addition, factor scores in some sports psychology scales are calculated by the mean of scores by items of the factor. Nevertheless, it seems appropriate that items with higher factor loadings, extracted by Factor Analysis, have greater weight in the factor score, as items with lower factor loadings have less weight in the factor score. The aims of the present study are to translate, validate the MPAM-R for Portuguese versions, and investigate agreement between two methods used to calculate factor scores. Three hundred volunteers who were involved in physical activity programs for at least 6 months were collected. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the 30 items indicated that the version did not fit the model. After excluding four items, the final model with 26 items showed acceptable model fit measures by Exploratory Factor Analysis, as well as it conceptually supports the five factors as the original proposal. When two methods are compared to calculate factors scores, our results showed that only “Enjoyment” and “Appearance” factors showed agreement between methods to calculate factor scores. So, the Portuguese version of the MPAM-R can be used in a Brazilian context, and a new proposal for the calculation of the factor score seems to be promising.
Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems ( PACIS ) July 2008 RE-EXAMINING FACTORS INFLUENCING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE BY INDIVIDUAL PROFESSIONALS

This study proposed a comprehensive decomposed TPB model to understand the factors influencing the intentions of individual professionals to use information technology. A field survey was conducted to collect analysis data from physicians who have used Medline system, a kind of evidence-based medicine database, in Taiwan. After the research model was tested by the partial least square method with bootstrap estimate, we found that decomposed TPB provides effective prediction of physicians’ acceptance intention of the Medline system. Comparing to subjective norm and perceived behavioral control, attitudes towards using the IS provide better predictive power for behavioral intention. In addition, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have significant impact on attitude, respectively. Perceived ease of use has significant impact on perceived usefulness. The variance of subjective norm can be effectively explained by interpersonal influence. Personal innovativeness in IT not only directly influences perceived behavioral control, but also indirectly influences perceived behavioral control through self-efficacy. However, the facilitating conditions have no significant effect on perceived behavioral control. These findings not only provide insights for further research related to information technology acceptance by individual professionals, but also offer medical institutions practical suggestions.
Metagenomic analysis of microbial consortium from natural crude oil that seeps into the marine ecosystem offshore Southern California

Crude oils can be major contaminants of the marine ecosystem and microorganisms play a significant role in the degradation of its main constituents. To increase our understanding of the microbial hydrocarbon degradation process in the marine ecosystem, we collected crude oil from an active seep area located in the Santa Barbara Channel (SBC) and generated a total of about 52 Gb of raw metagenomic sequence data. The assembled data comprised ∼500 Mb, representing ∼1.1 million genes derived primarily from chemolithoautotrophic bacteria. Members of Oceanospirillales, a bacterial order belonging to the Deltaproteobacteria, recruited less than 2% of the assembled genes within the SBC metagenome. In contrast, the microbial community associated with the oil plume that developed in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout in 2010, was dominated by Oceanospirillales, which comprised more than 60% of the metagenomic data generated from the DWH oil plume. This suggests that Oceanospirillales might play a less significant role in the microbially mediated hydrocarbon conversion within the SBC seep oil compared to the DWH plume oil. We hypothesize that this difference results from the SBC oil seep being mostly anaerobic, while the DWH oil plume is aerobic. Within the Archaea, the phylum Euryarchaeota, recruited more than 95% of the assembled archaeal sequences from the SBC oil seep metagenome, with more than 50% of the sequences assigned to members of the orders Methanomicrobiales and Methanosarcinales. These orders contain organisms capable of anaerobic methanogenesis and methane oxidation (AOM) and we hypothesize that these orders - and their metabolic capabilities - may be fundamental to the ecology of the SBC oil seep.
Pharmacological Inhibition of the Psychiatric Risk Factor FKBP51 Has Anxiolytic Properties

Anxiety-related psychiatric disorders represent one of the largest health burdens worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) gene have been repeatedly associated with anxiety-related disorders and stress sensitivity. Given the intimate relationship of stress and anxiety, we hypothesized that amygdala FKBP51 may mediate anxiety-related behaviors. Mimicking the stress effect by specifically overexpressing FKBP51 in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or central amygdala resulted in increased anxiety-related behavior, respectively. In contrast, application of a highly selective FKBP51 point mutant antagonist, following FKBP51mut BLA-overexpression, reduced the anxiogenic phenotype. We subsequently tested a novel FKBP51 antagonist, SAFit2, in wild-type mice via BLA microinjections, which reduced anxiety-related behavior. Remarkably, the same effect was observed following peripheral administration of SAFit2. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study using a specific FKBP51 antagonist, thereby unraveling the role of FKBP51 and its potential as a novel drug target for the improved treatment of anxiety-related disorders.
Practice and Theory of Incentives in Networked Systems ( PINS ) : Workshop Report

The development of large, open networked systems without a single controlling organization has led to much interest in using tools from Game Theory and Mechanism Design to tackle incentive issues in such systems. Recently, this subject has inspired research in many different fields, including AI, Economics, E-commerce, CS Theory, and Networking. However, there appears to be a wide gulf between the theoretical research and practical realities of networked systems, as the research has had very little impact on mainstream networked-system design. The SIGCOMM PINS workshop, held in collaboration with SIGecom, was envisaged as a forum to initiate direct dialogue between game theorists and networking researchers.