Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gestural overlap across word boundaries: Evidence from English and Mandarin speakers*

Abstract This article examines how three factors determine the surface forms of English stop-stop coarticulation across word boundaries in both native and nonnative speech: place of articulation, frequency, and speech rate. The release percentage and closure duration ratio produced by English (L1) and Mandarin (L2) speakers were measured. The results showed that a place order effect was only partially supported in L1 speech but not shown at all in L2 speech. The results also confirmed a gradient lexical effect, finding a significant correlation between self-rated frequency and overlap. In addition, the results showed that increased speech rate did not induce increased overlap, given that speakers from both groups had either more or less overlap at the fast speech rate than at the slow rate. Résumé Cet article examine trois facteurs qui déterminent les formes de surface des coarticulations obstruante-obstruante à travers des frontières des mots en anglais natif et en anglais non natif : le lieu d'articulation, la fréquence, et le rythme de la parole. Nous avons mesuré la fréquence de relâchement des obstruantes et la proportion de la durée de leurs fermetures chez des locuteurs natifs de l'anglais (L1) et chez des locuteurs natifs du mandarin (L2). Les résultats ont montré qu'un effet de l'ordre des lieux d'articulation a été partiellement attesté chez les locuteurs L1, mais que cet effet n'a aucunement été attesté chez les locuteurs L2. Les résultats ont également confirmé un effet lexical progressif; une corrélation significative entre la fréquence autoévaluée et le chevauchement a été observée. De plus, les résultats ont montré qu'un rythme plus élevé n'a pas entraîné un degré élevé de chevauchement, étant donné que les locuteurs des deux groupes ont produit soit plus, soit moins, de chevauchement au rythme plus élevé.
The period E-box Is Sufficient to Drive Circadian Oscillation of Transcription In Vivo

The minimum element from the Drosophila period promoter capable of driving in vivo cycling mRNA is the 69 bp circadian regulatory sequence (CRS). In cell culture, an 18 bp E-box element from the period promoter is regulated by five genes that are involved in the regulation of circadian expression in flies. This E-box is a target for transcriptional activation by bHLH-PAS proteins dCLOCK (dCLK) and CYCLE (CYC), this activation is inhibited by PERIOD (PER) and TIMELESS (TIM) together, and inhibition of dCLK/CYC by PER and TIM is blocked by CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) in the presence of light. Here, the same 18 bp E-box region generated rhythmic expression of luciferase in flies under both light-dark cycling and constant conditions. Flies heterozygous for the Clk mutation maintained rhythmic expression from the E-box although at a lower level than wild type. Homozygous mutant Clk animals had drastically lowered and arrhythmic expression. In a per background, expression from the E-box was high and not rhythmic. Transcription mediated by the per E-box was restricted to the same spatial pattern as the CRS. The per E-box DNAelement and cognate binding proteins can confer per-like temporal and spatial expression. This demonstrates in vivo that the known circadian genes that form the core of the circadian oscillator in Drosophila integrate their activities at a single DNA element.
Altered bacterial metabolism, not coenzyme Q content, is responsible for the lifespan extension in Caenorhabditis elegans fed an Escherichia coli diet lacking coenzyme Q

Coenzyme Qn is a fully substituted benzoquinone containing a polyisoprene tail of distinct numbers (n) of isoprene groups. Caenorhabditis elegans fed Escherichia coli devoid of Q8 have a significant lifespan extension when compared to C. elegans fed a standard ‘Q‐replete’E. coli diet. Here we examine possible mechanisms for the lifespan extension caused by the Q‐less E. coli diet. A bioassay for Q uptake shows that a water‐soluble formulation of Q10 is effectively taken up by both clk‐1 mutant and wild‐type nematodes, but does not reverse lifespan extension mediated by the Q‐less E. coli diet, indicating that lifespan extension is not due to the absence of dietary Q per se. The enhanced longevity mediated by the Q‐less E. coli diet cannot be attributed to dietary restriction, different Qn isoforms, reduced pathogenesis or slowed growth of the Q‐less E. coli, and in fact requires E. coli viability. Q‐less E. coli have defects in respiratory metabolism. C. elegans fed Q‐replete E. coli mutants with similarly impaired respiratory metabolism due to defects in complex V also show a pronounced lifespan extension, although not as dramatic as those fed the respiratory deficient Q‐less E. coli diet. The data suggest that feeding respiratory incompetent E. coli, whether Q‐less or Q‐replete, produces a robust life extension in wild‐type C. elegans. We believe that the fermentation‐based metabolism of the E. coli diet is an important parameter of C. elegans longevity.
Periodontal pathogens stimulate CC-chemokine production by mononuclear and bone-derived cells.

BACKGROUND Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that stimulate recruitment of leukocytes. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted) are 3 well-characterized CC-chemokines that regulate mononuclear cell recruitment. The recruitment of inflammatory cells is of particular importance in the oral cavity because of the likelihood that cells will be challenged with bacteria either during acute infection or following surgical procedures. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans are putative periodontal pathogens that may be harbored in subgingival and supragingival plaque. The capacity of the host to respond to these bacteria by the elaboration of chemoattractants may represent an important defense mechanism. METHODS In the present study, we examined CC-chemokine production by human mononuclear cells and bone-derived cells in response to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation in vitro. The chemokines produced were measured by ELISA. RESULTS The results demonstrate that P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans induce high levels of MIP-1alpha in mononuclear cells. P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans stimulated high levels of MCP-1 in bone-derived cells and induced moderate levels of RANTES production in both mononuclear and osteoblastic cells. In mononuclear cells, LPS induced high levels of MIP-1alpha and RANTES and moderate levels of MCP-1; in osteoblasts LPS only induced MCP-1. CONCLUSIONS The capacity of bacteria to induce a given chemokine depends upon the cell type stimulated. That different cell types would exhibit differences in the CC-chemokines produced under the same stimulus provides a mechanism to explain tissue-specific recruitment of leukocytes.
IRP Discussion Papers

In this paper we consider the basic self-selection model for the effects of education, training, unions, and other activities on wages. We show that past models have ignored "heterogeneity of rewards" to the activity--i.e., differences across individuals in the rate of return to the activity--as a source of selection bias. We model such heterogeneity, show how its presence can be tested, and draw out its implications for the wage and welfare gains to the activity. An empirical application provides strong support for such heterogeneity. THE ESTIMATION OF WAGE GAINS AND WELFARE GAINS FROM SELF-SELECTION MODELS Economists are often interested in estimating the effect of various types of choices on wages. In labor economics, applications frequently have been made in four areas: (1) education, (2) unions, (3) manpower training, and (4) migration. Researchers on these subjects have become increasingly concerned with the potential self-selection that may arise, mainly because the decisions are made by the individuals themselves. In general, self-selection has been regarded as a disturbing problem for the issue under examination, for ordinary least squares (OLS) or otherwise unadjusted estimates of the parameters of interest are biased if selfselection is present. The usual remedies have been to control for selfselection either by applying the techniques developed by Maddala and Lee (1976), Heckman (1978, 1979), and Lee (1979) (see also Barnow, Cain and Goldberger, 1980), or by trying to avoid the problem by using panel data. Examples of the first approach are Willis and Rosen (1979) and Kenny et al. (1979) for education, Lee (1978) for unions, Nakasteen and Zummei (1980) for migration, and Mallar, Kerachsky, and Thornton (1980) for a jobs program. Examples of the second approach are Kiefer (1979), Bassi (forthcoming), and Nickell (1982) for manpower training. 1 In this paper we demonstrate the importance of the selection mechanism per se in these types of problems. Our primary goal is to demonstrate the implications of interpreting the self-selection model as a basic model of consumer demand. In the context of the consumer-demand model we show that selection bias occurs because population heterogeneity
The impact of demographic characteristics, personality variables, beliefs about the causes of crime and fear of crime on attitudes toward sentencing goals

Understanding public attitudes to sentencing is important given the potential impact of public confidence in the criminal justice system on law reform and the potential influence of perceptions about community attitudes toward sentencing on judicial policy. The current study comprised a partial replication of research by Carroll, Perkowitz, Lurigio and Weaver (1987) which investigated the impact of attitudes and beliefs on sentencing goal preferences in an American sample. This Australian community sample comprised 306 participants, 128 males (M = 46.33 years, SD = 15.56) and 178 females (M = 44.27 years, SD =13.53). The relative importance of demographic characteristics, personality variables, beliefs about the causes of crime and fear of crime was investigated as predictors of attitudes towards the contrasting sentencing goals of punishment versus rehabilitation. Regression analyses found that endorsement of punishment was predicted by decreased level of education, increased authoritarianism and the belief that crime is caused by the personal characteristics of the offender. Support for rehabilitation was predicted by a set of beliefs attributing the causes of crime to the economic conditions in society and by higher satisfaction with the criminal justice system. A more detailed analysis of sentencing attitudes was obtained by clustering scores on both the punishment and rehabilitation scales. Results identified four subgroups within the sample. These subgroups were categorised as: High Punishment / High Rehabilitation, High
The W148L substitution in the Escherichia coli ammonium channel AmtB increases flux and indicates that the substrate is an ion

The Amt/Mep ammonium channels are trimers in which each monomer contains a long, narrow, hydrophobic pore. Whether the substrate conducted by these pores is NH3 or NH4+ remains controversial. Substitution of leucine for the highly conserved tryptophan 148 residue at the external opening to Escherichia coli AmtB pores allowed us to address this issue. A strain carrying AmtBW148L accumulates much larger amounts of both [14C]methylammonium and [14C]methylglutamine in a washed cell assay than a strain carrying wild-type AmtB. Accumulation of methylammonium occurs within seconds and appears to reflect channel conductance, whereas accumulation of methylglutamine, which depends on the ATP-dependent activity of glutamine synthetase, increases for many minutes. Concentration of methylammonium was most easily studied in strains that lack glutamine synthetase. It is eliminated by the protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone and is ≈10-fold higher in the strain carrying AmtBW148L than wild-type AmtB. The results indicate that AmtB allows accumulation of CH3NH3+ ion in response to the electrical potential across the membrane and that the rate of flux through AmtBW148L is ≈10 times faster than through wild-type AmtB. We infer that both mutant and wild-type proteins also carry NH4+. Contrary to our previous views, we assess that E. coli AmtB does not differ from plant Amt proteins in this regard; both carry ions. We address the role of W148 in decreasing the activity and increasing the selectivity of AmtB and the implications of our findings with respect to the function of Rh proteins, the only known homologues of Amt/Mep proteins.
Oscar Lewis's Mexico

"They want to know the results, and unlike laboratory rats, they regard the findings with emotion," says Douglas G. Haring (1956:61) of the literate people among whom he worked in Amami Oshima, Ryukyu Islands. The question of imparting the results to the people studied is fundamental, he adds, in any anthropological investigation among a literate population. The forthcoming issue of a Spanish translation of Five Families brings up this question. Although Oscar Lewis has now contributed two large works (Life in a Mexican Village was the first) to the anthropology of the Americas in recent years, and although both have been important essays in method as well as major collections of observations, his work has been little discussed in print beyond the customary brief reviews of new books. Lewis is a very unusual anthropologist, and his work deserves discussion not only because of its impact in Mexico and because it might affect some Latin Americans' feelings toward North Americans, but equally because of its high quality and its iconoclasm. One day in the life of each of the five Mexican families is described-as completely as it is possible for Lewis to do. Three of the five are poor Mexico City families; one is a poor village family; and the fifth is a newly rich Mexico City one. Lewis has attempted to present them objectively, as if their actions had been recorded by an automatic sound camera and then transcribed into text. Tape recording and stenographic recording were resorted to in four of the cases; the village family's day was reconstructed from Lewis's copious field notes. Since everything that the people said and did was scrupulously noted and reported, Lewis has made a pitiless invasion of the five families' privacy (he has effectively concealed their identity, of
Caring Leadership in Schools

Purpose: This article (1) analyzes and synthesizes literatures from philosophy and education to propose a conceptual framework for caring in schools and caring school leadership and (2) reports the results of an exploratory analysis of the relationship of caring principal leadership to school-level supports for student academic learning. Conceptual Framework: This conceptual framework defines caring as a quality of social relationships with several core elements: attentiveness and authentic knowledge of others, motivational displacement, situationality, mutuality, and authenticity. Characteristics of relationships and organizational conditions that enable caring and caring leadership are proposed. Research Design: The empirical analysis employs a survey of teachers in 134 schools. Measures of principal caring and student academic support were developed and related to the conceptual framework and student achievement using regression and path analyses. Findings: We found significant positive relationships among caring principal leadership, student academic support, and teachers’ sense of collective responsibility. In addition, small but significant relationships of caring principal leadership with student academic support and teachers’ collective responsibility to student achievement were apparent. Caring leadership has an indirect relationship to student achievement through student academic support. Conclusions: This article makes a case for the importance of caring and caring school leadership for the success and well-being of both teachers and students in schools. While the work is exploratory, it points in promising directions for further theory building, research, and development of leadership practice.
A structured writing intervention for Mexican American college students with worry related to educational success

The present study modified an intervention known as the expressive writing paradigm to assess its efficacy in reducing academic worry, general anxiety, and general psychological distress in a sample of Mexican origin college students. Traditionally, the expressive writing paradigm involves having participants write about a topic of concern for 15 consecutive minutes, 3 consecutive days, without attending to details about grammar or punctuation. The aim of the present study was to modify the writing paradigm into a more structured, problem-focused writing intervention and to assess whether this modification would facilitate the reduction of
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L) As Fibre Source in Pig Diets Effects on Digestibility, Gut Microbiota and Performance

The aim of this thesis was to increase our understanding about chicory (forage and root) as fibre source for pigs, by studying the effects of diets with inclusion of chicory on digestibility, digestion site, performance, gut microbiota and environment. In total 62 pigs were used, including newly weaned and growing intact pigs and growing post valve t-caecum (PVTC)-cannulated pigs. The weaned pigs were fed cereal-based diets with inclusion of 40, 80 and 160 g/kg of either chicory or ribwort forage. The growing pigs were fed cereal-based diets with inclusion of 80 and 160 g/kg of chicory forage and/or root. The cannulated pigs were fed diets with similar nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) content, comprising of a basal diet and four diets with one of four fibre sources, two pectin-rich (chicory forage and sugar beet pulp), and two arabinoxylan-rich (wheat bran and grass meal). The results showed that the total tract digestibility of organic matter (OM) and energy of chicory forage was similar to commonly used forage crops. The total tract digestibility of NSP in both chicory forage and root was higher than the NSP digestibility in cereals. Inclusion of 80 g chicory forage/kg did not reduce the digestibility of OM, crude protein and energy. Inclusion of 160 g chicory forage/kg did not reduce growth performance and did not increase gastrointestinal organ weights. Chicory forage and root affected the gut microbiota differently with higher lactobacilli:coliform ratio when combined in the diet which indicates a synergistic effect. Chicory forage increased the abundance of Bacteroides-PrevotellaPorphyromonas in faeces. Increased total amount of fermentable dietary fibre in the diet increased the abundance of the same groups in ileal digesta. The effects of different fibre sources on the microbiota were to a high degree ingredient-specific. The effect on organic acids was NSP-structure specific with increased butyric acid concentration on arabinoxylan-rich diets. The effect of pectinrich diets was dependent on the intra-molecular structure of pectin, with highest proportion of acetic acid on chicory forage diet. In conclusion, these studies shows that there is potential for both chicory forage and root to be used as regular feed ingredients in pig diets.
Optical pen-size reflectometer for monitoring of early dental erosion in native and polished enamels

Abstract. Application of the specular reflection intensity was previously reported for the quantification of early dental erosion. Further development of the technique and assembly of the miniaturized pen-size instrument are described. The optical system was adjusted to fit into a handy device which could potentially access different positions in the oral cavity. The assembled instrument could successfully detect early erosion progression in both polished (n=70) and native (n=20) human enamels. Different severities of enamel erosion were induced by varying incubation time of polished enamel in 1% citric acid (pH=3.60, 0.5 to 10 min), while the native incisors were treated in the commercial orange juice (Tropicana Pure Premium®, pH=3.85, 10 to 60 min). The instrument provided a good differentiation between various severities of the erosion in vitro. The size of the measurement spot affected the erosion monitoring in native enamel (human incisors). The erosion measurement in the 0.7-mm (diameter) cervical spots showed systematically lower reflection intensities compared with the analysis of central and incisal small spots. The application of larger spot areas (2.3 mm) for the erosion monitoring revealed no effect (p>0.05) of the spot position on the reflection signal. High variation of the teeth susceptibility toward in vitro erosion was detected in native enamel.
The Structure-Mapping Engine

This paper describes the Structure-Mapping Engine (SME), a cognitive simulation program for studying human analogical processing. SME is based on Gentner's Structure-Mapping theory of analogy, and provides a "tool kit" for constructing matching algorithms consistent with this theory. This flexibility enhances cognitive simulation studies by simplifying experimentation. Furthermore, SME is very efficient, making it a candidate component for machine learning systems as well. We review the Structure-Mapping theory and describe the design of the engine. Next we demonstrate some examples of its operation. Finally, we discuss our plans for using SME in cognitive simulation studies.
Comparing physical activity measures in a diverse group of midlife and older adults.

PURPOSE To compare self-report and objective measures of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA min·d(-1)) in midlife and older adults. METHODS Seventy-one participants (69% female, 74.6% Caucasian, 25.4% African American) completed the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System physical activity (PA) questions, the Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study PA short survey (PASS), and the Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study PA long survey (PALS) and wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Accelerometer MVPA minutes per day were determined using 1- and 10-min MVPA bout methods. RESULTS Participants were older (mean ± SD; age = 57.4 ± 9.9 yr) and overweight (body mass index = 27.9 ± 4.9 kg·m(-2)) but otherwise healthy. Median (interquartile range) MVPA minutes per day were 42.9 (51.4) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System PA questions, 51.4 (68.6) from the PASS, 25.7 (48.6) from the PALS, 32.4 (33.5) from the 1-min MVPA bout accelerometer data, and 4.6 (16.8) from the 10-min MVPA bout accelerometer data. Pearson correlations adjusted for participant demographics revealed low to moderate correlations between self-report and 1-min MVPA bout accelerometer-determined MVPA minutes per day (r = 0.11-0.31), with the PASS (P < 0.05) and PALS (P < 0.01) having significant correlations with accelerometry. Cohen κ coefficients showed poor agreement between all three questionnaires and 1-min MVPA bout accelerometry for having ≥150 MVPA min·wk(-1) (κ = 0.26-0.38, all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there was poor agreement between self-report and accelerometer-based assessments of PA in midlife and older adults.