Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Investigating Opinions of Mothers on Different Socioeconomic Status in Terms of Perceived Maternal Styles.

Problem Statement : There are various environmental factors such as culture, socioeconomic status, family patterns, parental personality, family size, and education system among others, which affect development of individuals. Especially in the childhood period, parenting style is an important variable in forming physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development. Parenting style affects the capacity of children to interact with others, psychological wellbeing, and life skills; therefore, parenting style has increasingly been recognized for its importance in fostering children’s social, emotional, and cognitive areas of development. In the literature, there are different types of categorizations of parental style, however, most the acceptable parenting styles are described as democratic, authoritative, and permissive. Purpose of the Study : The aim of this study is to investigate perceptions of the parenting styles of mothers who have children between 2-6 years old, depending on their socioeconomic status (upper, middle, or lower). Method : In this study, a quantitative research method was used as the research design to collect and analyze the interpretations and meanings of mothers’ perceptions for maternal style from their responses. In determining the research group, purposive sampling is a type of non-probability sampling technique has been applied. In this respect, within the research process, 20 mothers from upper, middle, and lower socioeconomic levels have been selected and interviewed by using a semi-structured interview form generated with regards to Baumrind’s parental model. Interviews were analyzed by content analysis and descriptive analysis. Findings and Results : Finding of analyses were held separately according to socioeconomic level. It was researched whether perceived maternal styles differ depending on SES or not. Mothers from upper socioeconomic level reflect a democratic parental style. Mothers from all socioeconomic levels emphasise that there are rules for children to obey but only mothers in upper socioeconomic level make rules together with children. All of the mothers in upper and middle socio-economic levels and some of mothers in the lower socioeconomic level report to explaining emotions toward behaviours of their children. But when opinions of mothers are examined, it is seen that they do not use "I language" to express their emotions. Conclusion and Recommendations : Findings of the present study are thought to be crucial in explaining maternal styles over Baumrind’s parenting styles based on the dimensions—unlike the other studies in literature—in the early childhood period based on the SES of mothers. For further studies, it can be recommended that parental style should be evaluated based on the parenting socialisation, practices, and beliefs, and furthermore, in preparing and implementing parent-education. Keywords : parenting, parental education level, parental income, qualitative research model.
Exploring PSC–military relations: Swedish officers and the private security sector in peace operations

The increasing reliance on private security companies (PSCs) in and around international peace operations has created new public–private constellations, influencing both military and civilian efforts, sometimes generating problematic relationships and even violence between public and private actors, as well as unclear divisions of labour, authority and responsibility. To explain how and why these problems occur, mapping out the understandings that these different actors have of each other in different contexts is of key importance. Through an analysis of Swedish officers’ views of private security actors, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of the complex relationships between civilian authorities, state militaries and commercial security actors. Particularly, the article will shed new light on ‘PSC–military’ relations and the ways in which the private security sector functions as both a competitor and a career option for former or active service personnel. The article draws on a study commissioned by the Swedish Armed Forces and is empirically based on in-depth interviews and a survey of Swedish officers’ attitudes to PSCs.
DIFFERENTIATION THERAPY OF MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES: FACT OR FICTION?

Few therapies for haematological diseases are as unsatisfactory and frustrating as those for the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), whose elusive clinical behaviour and biological characteristics hamper many attempts at cure. Current knowledge of maturation induction in the myelodysplastic syndromes has derived from data developed in vitro using acute myeloid leukaemia models. The most recent opinion considers acute myeloid leukaemia and the myelodysplastic syndromes, especially high-risk ones, as identical and unique diseases, whose clinical treatment has therefore to be the same (Mufti, 1992; De Witte et al, 1995). Although this concept was probably based on final outcome of the disease, the biology and pathogenesis of myelodysplasia differs from that of acute leukaemia, especially in its susceptibility to therapies which do not aim at aggressively attacking the dysplastic clone. The transformed clone is not usually endowed with high proliferative potential, and shows a block in maturation, without giving rise to a threatening neoplastic burden. These observations and perplexities are shared by a large number of investigators, indicated by the regular publication of new studies both in vivo and in vitro, exploring the possibility of treating myelodysplastic syndromes with differentiating agents, in an attempt to overcome the maturation blockade and improve the pancytopenia, instead of eradicating the transformed clone (Sachs, 1987). In this sense, the success of differentiation therapy in MDS is easily judged by increased numbers of platelets, erythrocytes and leucocytes, leading the patient to independence from supportive care. These end-points simplify the clinical evaluation of the therapies, but do not take into account the rate of maturation (if any) induced in bone marrow and peripheral blood blasts of treated patients. Only a few clinical studies have used cytogenetic analysis to assess differentiation of the myelodysplastic clone (Schmetzer et al, 1997). The hypothesis of therapeutic induction of maturation, founded on in vitro data, should be supported by in vivo proof, i.e. by the identification of terminally mature cells with an abnormal karyotype. This concept is important, because what may be considered as a successful maturative effect is, in fact, the recovery of normal haemopoiesis after ablation of the dysplastic clone. The molecules inducing in vivo maturation in MDS can be divided into the following categories: interferons (IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma); polar planar compounds such as HMBA; homoarringtonine; 5-azacytidine; low-dose ara-C; butyrates; amifostine; haem-arginine; vitamins, including retinoids, vitamin D3 and vitamin E; and haemopoietic growth factors such as Epo, G-CSF, GM-CSF and IL-6. Recently combinations of growth factors and differentiation molecules have been introduced.
Mechanical properties of super honeycomb structures based on carbon nanotubes

As a result of repeating carbon nanotube Y junctions periodically, super honeycomb structures have recently been proposed. In this paper, the mechanical properties of these structures are investigated by using the shell model of the finite element method. The study shows that the super honeycomb structures have great flexibility and outstanding capability in force transferring; the network configuration increases the ductility of the nanomaterials. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the equivalent tensile modulus and Poisson’s ratio of super structures are dependent on the number of junctions in the width direction.
Burnout among Roman Catholic Parochial Clergy in England and Wales: Myth or reality?

A sample of 1,468 Roman Catholic parochial clergy in England and Wales completed a modified form of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, together with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The data demonstrated higher levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization among Roman Catholic parochial clergy than were reported in a comparable study among Anglican parochial clergy by Rutledge and Francis (2003). Extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism scores are shown to be significant predictors of self-assessed burnout.
SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE 5 Mediates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Mucilage Adherence and Organization through Pectins 1

Interactions between cell wall polymers are critical for establishing cell wall integrity and cell-cell adhesion. Here, we exploit the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seed coat mucilage system to examine cell wall polymer interactions. On hydration, seeds release an adherent mucilage layer strongly attached to the seed in addition to a nonadherent layer that can be removed by gentle agitation. Rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I) is the primary component of adherent mucilage, with homogalacturonan, cellulose, and xyloglucan constituting minor components. Adherent mucilage contains rays composed of cellulose and pectin that extend above the center of each epidermal cell. CELLULOSE SYNTHASE5 (CESA5) and the arabinogalactan protein SALT-OVERLY SENSITIVE5 (SOS5) are required for mucilage adherence through unknown mechanisms. SOS5 has been suggested to mediate adherence by influencing cellulose biosynthesis. We, therefore, investigated the relationship between SOS5 and CESA5. cesa5-1 seeds show reduced cellulose, RG I, and ray size in adherent mucilage. In contrast, sos5-2 seeds have wild-type levels of cellulose but completely lack adherent RG I and rays. Thus, relative to each other, cesa5-1 has a greater effect on cellulose, whereas sos5-2mainly affects pectin. The double mutant cesa5-1 sos5-2 has a much more severe loss of mucilage adherence, suggesting that SOS5 and CESA5 function independently. Doublemutant analyses with mutations in MUCILAGE MODIFIED2 and FLYING SAUCER1 that reduce mucilage release through pectin modification suggest that only SOS5 influences pectin-mediated adherence. Together, these findings suggest that SOS5 mediates adherence through pectins and does so independently of but in concert with cellulose synthesized by CESA5.
Poking Counterfactual Holes in Covering Laws: Cognitive Styles and Historical Reasoning

We report a series of studies of historical reasoning among professional observers of world politics. The correlational studies demonstrate that experts with strong theoretical commitments to a covering law and cognitive-stylistic preferences for explanatory closure are more likely to reject close-call Counterfactual that imply that “already explained” historical outcomes could easily have taken radically different forms. The experimental studies suggest that counterfactual reasoning is not totally theory-driven: Many experts are capable of surprising themselves when encouraged to imagine the implications of particular what-if scenarios. Yet, there is a downside to openness to historical contingency. The more effort experts allocate to exploring counterfactual worlds, the greater is the risk that they will assign too much subjective probability to too many scenarios. We close by defining good judgment as a reflective-equilibrium process of balancing the conflicting causal intuitions primed by complementary factual and counterfactual posings of historical questions.
Clinical findings, course, and progress of Bietti's corneal degeneration in the Dahlak islands.

Bartolucci (1933) and Zanettin (I937) reported the presence of an unusual corneal disease in Italian Somaliland and the Dahlak Islands respectively. Falcone (I 954) published an excellent detailed account based on a large sample collected over I5 years in Mogadiscio. Coinciding with his observations, Guerra in Asmara had recorded similar findings; he communicated them to Bietti in Rome, who visited Asmara and Massawa and, linking the Eritrean cases with those of de Gaspare in Saudi Arabia, carried out an intensive study of the condition (Bietti, Guerra, and de Gaspare, I955). The lesion has since been called "Bietti's corneal dystrophy" by Gandolfi (I962) in Libya, by Etzine and Kaufmann (I964) in the Southern Transvaal, by Fretillere, Vedy, and Chovet (I967) in French Somaliland, and by Freedman (I972) in South West Africa. Freedman (i 965) described a somewhat similar, if less severe, condition, named by him "Labrador keratopathy", which will be discussed later, and Wyatt (197I) reported identical cases in the North-West Territories of Canada. In 197I, the Scientific Exploration Society invited the writer to lead a small British expedition to the Dahlak Islands to study this disease in depth in village communities (Rodger, 1972). The expedition was mounted at the request of the Ethiopian Government.
Impaired decision‐making and impulse control in Internet gaming addicts: evidence from the comparison with recreational Internet game users

Although Internet games have been proven to be addictive, only a few game players develop online gaming addiction. A large number of players play online games recreationally without being addicted to it. These individuals are defined as recreational Internet gaming users (RGU). So far, no research has investigated decision‐making and impulse control in RGU. In the current study, we used delay discounting (DD) task and probabilistic discounting (PD) task to examine decision‐making and impulse control in 20 healthy controls, 20 subjects with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and 23 RGU during fMRI scanning. At the behavioral level, RGU showed lower DD rate and higher PD rate than subjects with IGD and there was no significant difference between RGU and healthy controls on the DD and PD rates. At the neural level, RGU showed increased neural response in the parahippocampal gyrus, the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus as compared with subjects with IGD. These brain regions may play an important role in preventing RGU from developing addiction. The results suggest that the RGU are capable of inhibiting impulse due to additional cognitive endeavor and the subjects with IGD have deficit in decision‐making and impulsive control, which are associated with brain dysfunction.
OPTIMUM DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAMES USING BAT META-HEURISTIC ALGORITHM

The main aim of the present study is to achieve optimum design of reinforced concrete (RC) plane moment frames using bat algorithm (BA) which is a newly developed meta-heuristic optimization algorithm based on the echolocation behaviour of bats. The objective function is the total cost of the frame and the design constraints are checked during the optimization process based on ACI 318-08 code. Design variables are the cross-sectional assignments of the structural members and are selected from a data set containing a finite number of sectional properties of beams and columns in a practical range. Three design examples including four, eight and twelve story RC frames are presented and the results are compared with those of other algorithms. The numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the BA to the other meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of the frame optimal cost and the convergence rate.
Measurements of the Cosmic-Ray Positron Fraction from 1 to 50 GeV

Two measurements of the cosmic-ray positron fraction as a function of energy have been made using the High-Energy Antimatter Telescope (HEAT) balloon-borne instrument. The first flight took place from Fort Sumner, New Mexico, in 1994 and yielded results above the geomagnetic cutoff energy of 4.5 GeV. The second flight, from Lynn Lake, Manitoba, in 1995, permitted measurements over a larger energy interval, from 1 to 50 GeV. We present results on the positron fraction based on data from the Lynn Lake flight and compare these with the previously published results from the Fort Sumner flight. The results confirm that the positron fraction does not increase with energy above ≈ 10 GeV, although a small excess above purely secondary production cannot be ruled out. At low energies the positron fraction is slightly larger than that reported from measurements made in the 1960s. This effect could possibly be a consequence of charge dependence in the level of solar modulation.
Premenstrual syndrome. Evidence-based treatment in family practice.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the strength of evidence for treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and to derive a set of practical guidelines for managing PMS in family practice. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE An advanced MEDLINE search was conducted from January 1990 to December 2001. The Cochrane Library and personal contacts were also used. Quality of evidence in studies ranged from level I to level III, depending on the intervention. MAIN MESSAGE Good scientific evidence shows that calcium carbonate (1200 mg/d) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are effective treatments for PMS. The most commonly used therapies (including vitamin B6, evening primrose oil, and oral contraceptives) are based on inconclusive evidence. Other treatments for which there is inconclusive evidence include aerobic exercise, stress reduction, cognitive therapy, spironolactone, magnesium, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, various hormonal regimens, and a complex carbohydrate-rich diet. Although evidence for them is inconclusive, it is reasonable to recommend healthy lifestyle changes given their overall health benefits. Progesterone and bromocriptine, which are still widely used, are ineffective. CONCLUSION Calcium carbonate should be recommended as first-line therapy for women with mild-to-moderate PMS. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can be considered as first-line therapy for women with severe affective symptoms and for women with milder symptoms who have failed to respond to other therapies. Other therapies may be tried if these measures fail to provide adequate relief.
Learning Through Noticing: Theory and Evidence from a Field Experiment

We consider a model of technological learning under which people “learn through noticing”: they choose which input dimensions to attend to and subsequently learn about from available data. Using this model, we show how people with a great deal of experience may persistently be off the production frontier because they fail to notice important features of the data they possess. We also develop predictions on when these learning failures are likely to occur, as well as on the types of interventions that can help people learn. We test the model’s predictions in a field experiment with seaweed farmers. The survey data reveal that these farmers do not attend to pod size, a particular input dimension. Experimental trials suggest that farmers are particularly far from optimizing this dimension. Furthermore, consistent with the model, we find that simply having access to the experimental data does not induce learning. Instead, behavioral changes occur only after the farmers are presented with summaries that highlight previously unattended-to relationships in the data. JEL Codes: D03, D83, O13, O14, O30, Q16.
Flipped Learning in the middle school math class

Flipped Learning which provides lectures through video(in advance) and promotes preparation at home is an innovative method that reverses the traditional teaching method such as after school homework. This study has applied flipped learning method to 7th grade math class for a period of a month. Students were provided with public education videos as prior learning material, and mini-lectures, quizzes, group discussions, individual activities such as work sheets were given during class. Results show the number of videos watched has positive relationship with academic achievement.
Toxicokinetics of Propylene Glycol Mono-t-Butyl Ether Following Intravenous or Inhalation Exposure in Rats and Mice

Propylene glycol mono-t-butyl ether (PGMBE) is a widely used solvent in industry and in consumer products, posing a potential for human exposure via inhalation or dermal routes. Toxicokinetic studies were conducted on F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of both sexes to evaluate single or repeated dose, species, and/or sex differences in PGMBE elimination kinetics following intravenous or inhalation exposure. In the first study, rats and mice received a single intravenous dose of 15 or 200 mg PGMBE/kg and serial blood samples were collected and analyzed for PGMBE. In the second study, rats and mice received a single 6-h whole-body inhalation exposure to 75, 300, or 1200 ppm PGMBE and serial blood samples were collected and analyzed for PGMBE. In the third study, rats and mice received whole-body inhalation exposures to 75, 300, or 1200 ppm PGMBE for 6 h/day, 5 days/wk for 14 (rats) or 16 (mice) wk. Serial blood samples were analyzed for PGMBE after 2, 6, 14 (rats), and 16 (mice) wk on study. Urine samples were also collected for 16 h postexposure and analyzed for creatinine and PGMBE sulfate and PGMBE glucuronide conjugates. These studies revealed that: (1) PGMBE was eliminated from blood following concentration-dependent nonlinear kinetics in both species; (2) saturable Michaelis–Menten kinetics were clearly exhibited following a single inhalation exposure at 1200 ppm, but were less obvious following repeated exposures; (3) mice were more efficient in eliminating PGMBE from blood at lower exposure concentrations (i.e., ≤300 ppm), but at exposure concentrations potentially exceeding their elimination capacity, mice had a greater concentration-dependent decrease in PGMBE elimination than rats; (4) there were minimal but consistent sex differences in PGMBE elimination profiles for rats, with females having higher blood concentrations at all exposure concentrations and sampling times; and (5) sex differences in PGMBE elimination were in part associated with differences in urinary excretion of PGMBE metabolites.
Why Decussate? Topological Constraints on 3D Wiring

Many vertebrate motor and sensory systems “decussate” or cross the midline to the opposite side of the body. The successful crossing of millions of axons during development requires a complex of tightly controlled regulatory processes. Because these processes have evolved in many distinct systems and organisms, it seems reasonable to presume that decussation confers a significant functional advantage—yet if this is so, the nature of this advantage is not understood. In this article, we examine constraints imposed by topology on the ways that a three‐dimensional processor and environment can be wired together in a continuous, somatotopic, way. We show that as the number of wiring connections grows, decussated arrangements become overwhelmingly more robust against wiring errors than seemingly simpler same‐sided wiring schemes. These results provide a predictive approach for understanding how 3D networks must be wired if they are to be robust, and therefore have implications both for future large‐scale computational networks and for complex biomedical devices. Anat Rec, 291:1278–1292, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.