Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Incremental Construction of an Associative Network from a Corpus

This paper presents a computational model of the incremental construction of an associative network from a corpus. It is aimed at modeling the development of the human semantic memory. It is not based on a vector representation, which does not well reproduce the asymmetrical property of word similarity, but rather on a network representation. Compared to Latent Semantic Analysis, it is incremental which is cognitively more plausible. It is also an attempt to take into account higher-order co-occurrences in the construction of word similarities. This model was compared to children association norms. A good correlation as well as a similar gradient of similarity were found.
Transformational turning points in the process of liberation

Through observations and research, related to treatment and (re)habilitation, transformational turning points, entailing radical rather than an incremental change, have been shown to stand out as significant experiences in the process of liberation. Such turning points may be described as spontaneous insights, “golden moments”, when the past, the present and the future are reorganised into new mental structures so that the past may be integrated with the present and give new perspectives to the future. A turning point may often be elicited in relation to a mental reframing of the existential situation. This novel insight does not primarily emerge from belabouring the past, but by transcending an actual problematic and destructive situation in combination with creative activities. Therefore, new insight and new existential perspectives may open up. The article concludes with an appeal to therapists to be aware of this possibility and facilitate the opportunities.
Multi-year non-life insurance risk

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present a simulation-based approach for modeling multi-year non-life insurance risk in internal risk models. Strategic management in an insurance company requires a multi-year time horizon for economic decision making, for example, in the context of internal risk models. In the literature to date, only the ultimate perspective and, more recently, the one-year perspective (for Solvency II purposes) are considered. Design/methodology/approach - The authors present a way of defining and calculating multi-year claims development results and extend the simulation-based algorithm (“re-reserving”) for quantifying one-year non-life insurance risk, presented in Ohlsson and Lauzeningks, to a multi-year perspective. Findings - The multi-year algorithm is applied to the chain ladder reserving model framework of Mack (1993). Practical implications - The usefulness of the new multi-year horizon is illustrated in the context of internal risk models by means of a case study, where the multi-year algorithm is applied to a claims development triangle based on Mack and on England and Verrall. This algorithm has been implemented in an excel tool, which is given as supplemented material. Originality/value - To the best of the authors' knowledge, there are no model approaches or studies on insurance risk for projection periods of not just one, but several, new accident years; this requires a suitable extension of the classical Mack model; however, consideration of multiple years is crucial in the context of enterprise risk management.
Relativistic Equations' Contrast

This paper postulates a metric that solves differential equations contained in the Einstein’s contracted tensor or Riemann-Christoffel’s tensor, its solution provides differential equations represented for geodesics, whose solution in turn, is reduced to a relativistic equation able to describe planetary motion in the continuum spacetime. Given the results, it is concluded that the postulated metric as well as the proposed equation describing an arbitrary starting anomaly in elliptical orbit of a gigantic mass, such as a planet, provide evidence of a close link between Classical Newtonian Mechanics and Einstein’s Relativity General. Even more, the relativistic equation obtained here, provides a mean to measure the movement of the semi-parameter of a conic section with respect to the true anomaly associated with an elliptical orbit of a gigantic mass. The slow rate of rotation of the semimajor axis is calculated, it is noted to be approximately the predicted value in Einstein’s theory of relativity, this corroborates that a gigantic mass drags space and time around itself when it rotates.
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channel β1 Subunit-Mediated Neurite Outgrowth Requires Fyn Kinase and Contributes to Postnatal CNS Development In Vivo

Voltage-gated Na+ channel β1 subunits are multifunctional, participating in channel modulation and cell adhesion in vitro. We previously demonstrated that β1 promotes neurite outgrowth of cultured cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) via homophilic adhesion. Both lipid raft-associated kinases and nonraft fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors are implicated in cell adhesion molecule-mediated neurite extension. In the present study, we reveal that β1-mediated neurite outgrowth is abrogated in Fyn and contactin (Cntn) null CGNs. β1 protein levels are unchanged in Fyn null brains, whereas levels are significantly reduced in Cntn null brain lysates. FGF or EGF (epidermal growth factor) receptor kinase inhibitors have no effect on β1-mediated neurite extension. These results suggest that β1-mediated neurite outgrowth occurs through a lipid raft signaling mechanism that requires the presence of both fyn kinase and contactin. In vivo, Scn1b null mice show defective CGN axon extension and fasciculation indicating that β1 plays a role in cerebellar microorganization. In addition, we find that axonal pathfinding and fasciculation are abnormal in corticospinal tracts of Scn1b null mice consistent with the suggestion that β1 may have widespread effects on postnatal neuronal development. These data are the first to demonstrate a cell-adhesive role for β1 in vivo. We conclude that voltage-gated Na+ channel β1 subunits signal via multiple pathways on multiple timescales and play important roles in the postnatal development of the CNS.
Structure of possible long-lived asteroid belts

High-resolution simulations are used to map out the detailed structure of two long-lived stable belts of asteroid orbits in the inner Solar system. The Vulcanoid belt extends from 0.09 to 0.20 au, though with a gaps at 0.15 and 0.18 au corresponding to de-stabilizing mean motion resonances with Mercury and Venus. As collisional evolution proceeds slower at larger heliocentric distances, km-sized or larger Vulcanoids are most likely to be found in the region between 0.16 and 0.18 au. The optimum location to search is at geocentric ecliptic longitudes 9° ≤ ‖ g ‖ ≤ 10° and latitudes ‖β g ‖ < 1°. Dynamically speaking, the Earth-Mars belt between 1.08 and 1.28 au is a stable repository for asteroids on nearly circular orbits. It is interrupted at 1.21 au owing to the 3:4 commensurability with the Earth, while secular resonances with Saturn are troublesome beyond 1.17 au. These detailed maps of the fine structure of the belts can be used to plan search methodologies. Strategies for detecting members of the belts are discussed, including the use of infrared wide-field imaging with VISTA, and forthcoming European Space Agency satellite missions such as GAIA and BepiColombo.
A decade of EGFR inhibition in EGFR-mutated non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Old successes and future perspectives

The discovery of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations in Non Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) launched the era of personalized medicine in advanced NSCLC, leading to a dramatic shift in the therapeutic landscape of this disease. After ten years from the individuation of activating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the EGFR in NSCLC patients responding to the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Gefitinib, several progresses have been done and first line treatment with EGFR TKIs is a firmly established option in advanced EGFR-mutated NSCLC patients. During the last decade, different EGFR TKIs have been developed and three inhibitors have been approved so far in these selected patients. However, despite great breakthroughs have been made, treatment of these molecularly selected patients poses novel therapeutic challenges, such as emerging of acquired resistance, brain metastases development or the need to translate these treatments in earlier clinical settings, such as adjuvant therapy. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the major progresses reported so far in the EGFR inhibition in this molecularly-selected subgroup of NSCLC patients, from the early successes with first generation EGFR TKIs, Erlotinib and Gefitinib, to the novel irreversible and mutant-selective inhibitors and ultimately the emerging challenges that we, in the next future, are called to deal with.
Incorporation of Inter‐individual Heterogeneity into the Multistage Carcinogenesis Model: Approach to the Analysis of Cancer Incidence Data

We investigate a multistage carcinogenesis frailty model to incorporate inter‐individual heterogeneity into carcinogenic response. Attention is focused on inference concerning the effects of different sources of population heterogeneity on cancer rates. The authors consider unobserved variability arising from either carcinogen exposure or background characteristics. Gamma and Inverse‐Gaussian distributions are selected for frailty models, and the baseline hazard function is the generalized Armitage‐Doll model (i.e. non‐frailty model) in which exposure effects shift the age scale instead of acting multiplicatively on cancer rates. For illustration, we apply the method to solid cancer data from a cohort of atomic bomb survivors to examine some features of proposed models. The results show that the Gamma frailty model for the heterogeneity of baseline rates provides the best goodness‐of‐fit of the model and a non‐zero frailty variance. Parameter estimates are, for the most part, comparable between the Gamma and Inverse‐Gaussian frailty models. In a heterogeneous population the exposure effects on young adulthood cancer rates might be underestimated for the non‐frailty model. Meaningful information regarding each source of heterogeneity has been provided by the proposed method. Therefore, the multistage carcinogenesis frailty model approach is useful for analyses of epidemiological cancer data to assess population heterogeneity and heterogeneity‐influenced exposure effects. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substantia nigra pars reticulata single unit activity in normal and 60HDA‐lesioned rats: Effects of intrastriatal apomorphine and subthalamic lesions

The spontaneous activity and the response to intrastriatal application of apomorphine of substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr) single units was studied in four experimental groups of rats: (1) normal rats; (2) subthalamic nucleus (STN) lesioned rats; (3) rats bearing a 6‐hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) lesion; and (4) 6OHDA‐lesioned animals with an additional STN lesion. Thirty‐eight percent of units from 6OHDA‐lesioned rats showed a bursting pattern of spontaneous activity, which was never found in normal rats. STN lesions had no effect on the spontaneous activity of SNpr units from normal rats, but reduced the percentage of burst units in 6OHDA‐lesioned animals. Intrastriatal apomorphine produced responses in 62% of SNpr units from normal rats and 85% of units from 6OHDA‐lesioned animals (P < 0.05). In addition, the modifications in the firing rate and in the coefficient of variation of the interspike intervals induced by intrastriatal apomorphine were significantly greater for the units isolated from 6OHDA‐lesioned rats. In particular, it was noted that all the burst units responded to apomorphine, showing the highest changes in firing rate and coefficient of variation. However, intrastriatal apomorphine did not always turn the activity of burst units into a more physiological pattern. STN lesions reduced the percentage of units responding to intrastriatal apomorphine in normal rats. In 6OHDA‐lesioned rats, STN lesions reduced the number of responsive units, and their change in mean firing rate and coefficient of variation. Our results show that the STN participates in the genesis of the bursting pattern of activity of SNpr units in 6OHDA‐lesioned rats, and that STN lesions can partially revert the abnormal spontaneous and apomorphine‐induced responses of SNpr units in these animals. Synapse 27:278–293, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between ankle-brachial index and left ventricle ejection fraction in patients on hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION Ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a noninvasive test which employs as a diagnostic marker of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease in hemodialysis patients. This study aimed to investigate the association between ABI and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients on hemodialysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-six patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing hemodialysis and 100 patients referred for echocardiography without apparent kidney disease were included. Ankle-brachial index was calculated by dividing the highest ankle pressure (the left and right dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial) by the brachial systolic blood pressure on the arm with no arteriovenous fistula. The relationship between ABI and LVEF was investigated. RESULTS The hemodialysis patients were older on average than the control group (P = .004). The total average of ABI in the hemodialysis group was less than 0.9 in 20 patients (23.3%) and 0.9 to 1.3 in 66 (76.7%). These were 11 (11%) and 89 (89%), respectively, among the controls (P = .02). The mean LVEF was 49.7 ± 8.6% in the hemodialysis patients and 53.8 ± 9.5% in the controls (P = .003). There was a significant correlation between LVEF and ABI in the hemodialysis patients (r = 0.06; P = .001), and ABI could predict the LVEF with sensitivity and specificity of 90% and 94.1%, respectively (positive predictive value, 34.6%; negative predictive value, 48.5%). CONCLUSIONS These findings show that ABI may be applied in predicting the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. Further studies are recommended to confirm this association.
An extracellular carboxylesterase from the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus hydrolyses xanthophyll esters

Abstract An extracellular enzyme capable of efficient hydrolysis of xanthophyll esters was purified from culture supernatants of the basidiomycete Pleurotus sapidus. Under native conditions, the enzyme exhibited a molecular mass of 430 kDa, and SDS-PAGE data suggested a composition of eight identical subunits. Biochemical characterisation of the purified protein showed an isoelectric point of 4.5, and ideal hydrolysis conditions were observed at pH 5.8 and 40°C. Partial amino acid sequences were derived from N-terminal Edman degradation and from mass spectrometric ab initio sequencing of internal peptides. An 1861-bp cDNA containing an open reading frame of 1641 bp was cloned from a cDNA library that showed ca. 40% homology to Candida rugosa lipases. The P. sapidus carboxylesterase represents the first enzyme of the lipase/esterase family from a basidiomycetous fungus that has been characterised at the molecular level.
The More You Know

The New School Psychology Bulletin (NSPB) is a peer-reviewed journal operated by clinical psychology graduate students. Forty-four members of the editorial board and 27 authors were surveyed before and after working with NSPB. Results of the survey demonstrated that experience with the publication process resulted in quantitative decreases in confidence, proficiency, and interest in publishing in the future. Despite these drops, respondents reported that NSPB was relevant and effective training, and they rated NSPB and their experience favorably. They also reported that it provided them with unique gains not available in their training programs. A follow-up study 2 months after termination explored the decreases in confidence, proficiency, and interest. Qualitative data suggest that after working with NSPB, about half of respondents felt more optimistic about the publication process, with the remaining half feeling less optimistic, experiencing no change, or reporting a mixed perception (e.g., feeling less confident but believing that they had a more realistic perspective). Taken together, the data suggest that early experience with publication and peer review disparately affects students’ attitudes toward publishing.
Assessing the sociology of sport: On cultural sensibilities and the great sport myth

On the 50th anniversary of the ISSA and IRSS, Jay Coakley, a foundational scholar in the development of the sociology of sport, reflects on the lasting power of the Great Sport Myth (GSM) to shape cultural understandings of sport. Situated in an unshakable belief about the inherent purity and goodness of sport, it is argued that the GSM has shaped uncountable decisions to embrace and sponsor sports despite their costs and what they may preclude in the way of other private and public choices. In assessing the challenges of the field, the author points to the influence of the GSM in masking and enabling personal power that has enabled ruling elites to appropriate public money for private gain. In looking ahead to future sociology of sport inquiry, scholars are encouraged to recognize how the GSM continues to undermine critical discussions and research on the culture and organization of sports and engage that understanding in more effective tactics for disseminating research that can facilitate social change and activism.
Differential responses of visceral and subcutaneous fat depots to nutrients.

Increased visceral adiposity is a pivotal component of the metabolic syndrome. Differential gene expression patterns of fat-derived peptides (FDPs) in visceral fat and subcutaneous fat have been characterized in the fasting state. Here we examined whether delivery of nutrients differentially affects the expression of FDPs in visceral fat versus subcutaneous fat (in the fed state). We increased the rate of glucose flux into adipose tissue of normal rats (n = 16) by hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia using the clamp technique. Glucose uptake was associated with increased expression of FDPs, including resistin ( approximately 5-fold), adiponectin ( approximately 2-fold), leptin ( approximately 15-fold), plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 ( approximately 10-fold), and angiotensinogen ( approximately 4-fold) in visceral fat, but markedly less in subcutaneous fat. Cytokine expression derived mainly from vascular/stromal/macrophage components of adipose tissue was less dramatically increased. Infusion of glucosamine amplified the results obtained by increasing glucose uptake into adipose tissue, suggesting that flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway may serve as a mechanism for "nutrient sensing. " Nutrient-dependent expression of FDPs in visceral fat was also associated with increased plasma levels of several FDPs. Because a biologic sensing pathway can dynamically couple daily food intake to abnormal plasma levels of important FDPs, we challenge the practice of obtaining plasma levels after fasting to assess risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
High satisfaction with direct switching from antimuscarinics to mirabegron in patients receiving stable antimuscarinic treatment

AbstractMirabegron, which was the first &bgr;3-adrenoceptor agonist introduced for use in clinical practice, has been extensively evaluated in overactive bladder (OAB) patients in several phase II and III studies. However, most of the enrolled patients were treatment naive or had experienced a wash-out period before the introduction of mirabegron. No study has reported the treatment results of a direct switch from antimuscarinics to mirabegron, which may more commonly occur in clinical practice. This is an observational study to assess the therapeutic efficacy and safety of directly switching from antimuscarinics to mirabegron in patients with OAB receiving stable antimuscarinic treatment. Moreover, we sought to identify the patients who benefited more from the change.Patients aged ≥20 years with OAB receiving stable antimuscarinics for >3 months were enrolled. Antimuscarinics were discontinued in all patients and mirabegron 25 mg, once daily was initiated. Primary end-point was global response assessment (GRA) at 1 month after medication switching. Baseline parameters and parameters changed 1 month after medication switching were compared between patients with GRA ≥ 1 and GRA < 1.Of the 282 enrolled patients (209 men, 73 women; mean age, 74.4 years), 55.3% had better (GRA ≥ 1), 31.2% had similar (GRA = 0), and 10.3% had worse (GRA < 0) outcomes. The overall adverse events (AE) rate decreased from 24.1% to 12.8%. In overall patients, there was no significant improvement of OAB symptoms, but postvoid residual (PVR) urine decreased and voiding symptoms and quality of life index improved significantly. Patients with GRA ≥ 1 had significantly improved both storage and voiding symptoms. A total of 195 patients (69.1%) can maintain mirabegron without adding or resuming antimuscarinics for more than 3 months. Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher baseline OAB symptoms scores were predictor of satisfactory outcome.More than 50% patients exhibited better outcomes after switching from antimuscarinics to mirabegron. Significantly lower AE rates and decreased PVR were noted. Higher baseline OAB symptom scores may predict a better outcome.
Comparison of hot and cold spell effects on cardiovascular mortality in individual population groups in the Czech Republic

We compared the effects of hot and cold spells on cardiovascular mortality in the Czech Republic over 1986-2006 and examined differences between population groups. We used analogous definitions for hot and cold spells that are based on quantiles of daily average temper- ature anomalies and do not incorporate any location-specific threshold. Epidemics of influenza/ acute respiratory infections were identified, and corresponding periods were excluded from the analysis. Both hot and cold spells are associated with significant excess cardiovascular mortality. The effects of hot spells are more direct (unlagged) and typically concentrated in a few days of a hot spell, while cold spells are associated with indirect (lagged) mortality impacts persisting after a cold spell ends. Although the mortality peak is less pronounced for cold spells, the cumulative magnitude of excess mortality is larger for cold than hot spells. Gender differences consist mainly of much larger excess mortality of females in hot spells and more lagged effects in females than males associated with cold spells. Effects of hot spells have a similar temporal pattern in all age groups but much larger magnitude in the elderly. For cold spells, by contrast, relative excess mor- tality is largest in the middle-aged population (25-59 yr). The results suggest that mechanisms playing the dominant role in inducing cold-related mortality differ between this age group (in which the effects are unlagged) and older age groups (significant excess mortality at lags of around 7 d and longer). For both high and low temperature extremes, the formulation of preven- tive measures (implemented by means of warning systems and biometeorological forecast alerts) should take into account the varied effects in individual population groups.