Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Detection in Cytologic Specimens: Similarities and Differences of Available Methodology

Accumulating evidence regarding the causative role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in a wide range of malignant and nonmalignant diseases highlights the importance of HPV testing. This study describes and discusses the efficacy and characteristics of 4 well-established and commercially available tests. Here, 181 cytologic specimens from cervical smears were analyzed using the HPV SIGN PQ (Diatech) and the Linear Array (Roche) method. Discrepant results were further studied with the Real Time High-Risk HPV (Abbott) method and the INNO-LiPA (Fujirebio) method. Of 181 cytologic specimens, 61 (34%) showed discrepant results. High-risk HPV was not detected in 9 cases by HPV SIGN PQ, in 16 cases by Linear Array, in 10 cases by Real Time High-Risk HPV, and in 6 cases by INNO-LiPA, respectively. Lack of DNA detection or problems in interpreting the result were seen in 9 cases with HPV SIGN PQ, 8 cases with Linear Array, 3 cases with Real Time High-Risk HPV, and 3 cases with INNO-LiPA, respectively. This study indicates that the choice of HPV detection method has a substantial influence on the HPV risk classification of tested PAP smears and clinical follow-up decisions.
Efficacy and safety of 12 weeks of elbasvir ± grazoprevir ± ribavirin in participants with hepatitis C virus genotype 2, 4, 5 or 6 infection: The C‐SCAPE study

People with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection other than genotype 1 represent a heterogeneous group. The aim of the phase 2 C‐SCAPE study was to evaluate elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR), with or without ribavirin (RBV), in participants with HCV genotype 2, 4, 5 or 6 infection. This was a part randomised, open‐label, parallel‐group study (NCT01932762; PN047‐03) of treatment‐naive, noncirrhotic participants. Participants with HCV genotype 2 infection received GZR 100 mg + RBV ± EBR 50 mg for 12 weeks and those with genotype 4, 5 or 6 infection were randomized to receive EBR/GZR ± RBV for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response 12 weeks after completion of treatment (SVR12; HCV RNA <25 IU/mL). Among participants with genotype 2 infection, SVR12 was achieved by 80% (24/30) of those receiving EBR/GZR + RBV and 73% (19/26) of those receiving GZR + RBV. SVR rates were high in participants with HCV genotype 4 infection receiving EBR/GZR with and without RBV (100% [10/10] and 90% [9/10]; respectively). In contrast, the addition of RBV to EBR/GZR appeared to increase SVR12 in participants with genotype 5 infection (EBR/GZR, 25%; EBR/GZR + RBV 100% [4/4]). In participants with genotype 6 infection, SVR12 was 75% (3/4) in both those receiving EBR/GZR and those receiving EBR/GZR + RBV. The safety profile was similar across treatment arms, with adverse events tending to occur more frequently among participants receiving RBV. In conclusion, these data support the inclusion of participants with genotype 4 or 6 infection in the EBR/GZR phase 3 studies. EBR/GZR ± RBV was unsatisfactory for participants with genotype 2 or 5 infection.
Dinosaur Census Reveals Abundant Tyrannosaurus and Rare Ontogenetic Stages in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian), Montana, USA

BACKGROUND A dinosaur census recorded during the Hell Creek Project (1999-2009) incorporates multiple lines of evidence from geography, taphohistory, stratigraphy, phylogeny and ontogeny to investigate the relative abundance of large dinosaurs preserved in the Upper Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of northeastern Montana, USA. Overall, the dinosaur skeletal assemblages in the Hell Creek Formation (excluding lag-influenced records) consist primarily of subadult or small adult size individuals. Small juveniles and large adults are both extremely rare, whereas subadult individuals are relatively common. We propose that mature individuals of at least some dinosaur taxa either lived in a separate geographic locale analogous to younger individuals inhabiting an upland environment where sedimentation rates were relatively less, or these taxa experienced high mortality before reaching terminal size where late stage and often extreme cranial morphology is expressed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Tyrannosaurus skeletons are as abundant as Edmontosaurus, an herbivore, in the upper Hell Creek Formation and nearly twice as common in the lower third of the formation. Smaller, predatory dinosaurs (e.g., Troodon and dromaeosaurids) are primarily represented by teeth found in microvertebrate localities and their skeletons or identifiable lag specimens were conspicuously absent. This relative abundance suggests Tyrannosaurus was not a typical predator and likely benefited from much wider food choice opportunities than exclusively live prey and/or specific taxa. Tyrannosaurus adults may not have competed with Tyrannosaurus juveniles if the potential for selecting carrion increased with size during ontogeny. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Triceratops is the most common dinosaur and isolated skulls contribute to a significant portion of this census. Associated specimens of Triceratops consisting of both cranial and postcranial elements remain relatively rare. This rarity may be explained by a historical collecting bias influenced by facies and taphonomic factors. The limited discovery of postcranial elements may also depend on how extensive a fossil quarry is expanded after a skull is collected.
Influence of family demographic factors on social communication questionnaire scores

This study examined the effect of demographic factors on Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) scores in children aged 30–68 months. Diagnoses of ASD were made after a gold standard evaluation that included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and the Autism Diagnostic Interview Revised (ADI‐R). The relationship of demographic variables to SCQ scores was compared in two source populations: (a) children recruited from clinical and educational sources serving children who have ASD or other developmental disorders (CE) and (b) children recruited from birth certificates to represent the general population (BC). The impact of the demographic variables—child sex, child age, maternal language, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, maternal race, and household income—on total SCQ score were studied to examine their impact on the SCQ's performance. Demographic factors predicting the SCQ total score were used to generate ROCs. Factors that had a significant influence on SCQ performance were identified by examining the area under the ROCs. Optimal SCQ cut‐points were generated for significant factors using the Youden's Index. Overall male sex, lower household income, lower maternal education and Black race predicted higher SCQ scores. In this sample, the most common optimum value for the SCQ cut‐point across the different sociodemographic groups was 11. Autism Res 2018, 11: 695–706. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Equilibria for an Aggregation Model with Two Species

We consider an aggregation model for two interacting species. The coupling between the species is via their velocities, which incorporate self- and cross-interactions. Our main interest is categorizing the possible steady states of the considered model in two dimensions. Notably, we identify their regions of existence and stability in the parameter space. For assessing the stability we use a combination of variational tools (based on the gradient flow formulation of the model and the associated energy) and linear stability analysis (perturbing the boundaries of the species' supports). We rely on numerical investigations for those steady states that are not analytically tractable. Finally we perform a two-scale expansion to characterize the steady state in the limit of asymptotically weak cross-interactions.
Sex differences in wheelchair propulsion biomechanics and mechanical efficiency in novice young able-bodied adults

Abstract An awareness of sex differences in gait can be beneficial for detecting the early stages of gait abnormalities that may lead to pathology. The same may be true for wheelchair propulsion. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of sex on wheelchair biomechanics and mechanical efficiency in novice young able-bodied wheelchair propulsion. Thirty men and 30 women received 12 min of familiarisation training. Subsequently, they performed two 10-m propulsion tests to evaluate comfortable speed (CS). Additionally, they performed a 4-min submaximal propulsion test on a treadmill at CS, 125% and 145% of CS. Propulsion kinetics (via Smartwheel) and oxygen uptake were continuously measured in all tests and were used to determine gross mechanical efficiency (GE), net efficiency (NE) and fraction of effective force (FEF). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were assessed directly after each trial. Results indicated that CS for men was faster (0.98 ± 0.24 m/s) compared to women (0.71 ± 0.18 m/s). A lower GE was found in women compared to men. Push percentage, push angle and local RPE were different across the three speeds and between men and women. NE and FEF were not different between groups. Thus, even though their CS was lower, women demonstrated a higher locally perceived exertion than men. The results suggest sex differences in propulsion characteristics and GE. These insights may aid in optimising wheelchair propulsion through proper training and advice to prevent injuries and improve performance. This is relevant in stimulating an active lifestyle for those with a disability.
Abundances of Iron-Binding Photosynthetic and Nitrogen-Fixing Proteins of Trichodesmium Both in Culture and In Situ from the North Atlantic

Marine cyanobacteria of the genus Trichodesmium occur throughout the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical oceans, where they can dominate the diazotrophic community in regions with high inputs of the trace metal iron (Fe). Iron is necessary for the functionality of enzymes involved in the processes of both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. We combined laboratory and field-based quantifications of the absolute concentrations of key enzymes involved in both photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation to determine how Trichodesmium allocates resources to these processes. We determined that protein level responses of Trichodesmium to iron-starvation involve down-regulation of the nitrogen fixation apparatus. In contrast, the photosynthetic apparatus is largely maintained, although re-arrangements do occur, including accumulation of the iron-stress-induced chlorophyll-binding protein IsiA. Data from natural populations of Trichodesmium spp. collected in the North Atlantic demonstrated a protein profile similar to iron-starved Trichodesmium in culture, suggestive of acclimation towards a minimal iron requirement even within an oceanic region receiving a high iron-flux. Estimates of cellular metabolic iron requirements are consistent with the availability of this trace metal playing a major role in restricting the biomass and activity of Trichodesmium throughout much of the subtropical ocean.
ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated CCCH protein necessary for DNA lesion-induced S-phase arrest

ABSTRACT ZFP36L2 promotes the destruction of AU-rich element-containing transcripts, while its regulation and functional significance in cell cycle control are scarcely identified. We show that ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated CCCH protein, the abundance of which is regulated post-translationally at the respective stages of the cell cycle. Indeed, ZFP36L2 protein was eliminated after release from M phase, and ZYG11B-based E3 ligase plays a role in its polyubiquitination in interphase. Although ZFP36L2 is dispensable for normal cell cycle progression, we found that endogenous ZFP36L2 played a key role in cisplatin-induced S-phase arrest, a process in which the suppression of G1/S cyclins is necessary. The accumulation of ZFP36L2 was stimulated under DNA replication stresses and altered interactions with a subset of RNA-binding proteins. Notably, silencing endogenous ZFP36L2 led to impaired cell viability in the presence of cisplatin-induced DNA lesions. Thus, we propose that ZFP36L2 is a key protein that controls S-phase progression in the case of genome instability. Summary: ZFP36L2 is a cell cycle-regulated RNA-binding protein, the abundance of which is regulated post-translationally. This protein is especially accumulated in and critical for the survival of DNA-damaged cells.
The_Diabetes_Educator

Purpose The purpose of this article is to introduce the resiliency counseling approach for people with type 2 diabetes, which can be used to enhance standard diabetes education programs. Why do some people with type 2 diabetes thrive in the face of adversity and disruption while others remain apathetic or succumb to destructive behaviors? Many researchers focus on the risk factors and barriers to diabetes management rather than explore the resilient qualities that keep people thriving. Optimal diabetes care requires an emotionally healthy patient. Methods A review of the available literature on resilience and resiliency theory is included. Resiliency is defined as the experience of being disrupted by change, opportunities, adversity, stressors, or challenges and, after some disorder, accessing personal gifts and character strengths to grow stronger through the disruption. Results Research in a diabetes population suggests that resiliency training in addition to standard diabetes education in people with type 2 diabetes improved coping with diabetes-related stress, having fun in life, helping others, and feeling trustworthy. Conclusions Psychosocial and physiological improvements can help people with diabetes thrive instead of succumb to despair. Interventions to foster resilience among people with type 2 diabetes have the potential to make an important contribution to reducing the risk of complications and increasing positive life outcomes. Diabetes educators using the resiliency approach in tandem with standard diabetes education programs can assist people with type 2 diabetes to become more self-directed in their diabetes care.
Vaccine Development against Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Open Questions and Remaining Challenges

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen that causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. Since the discovery of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. Recently, a subunit HEV vaccine developed for the prevention of human disease was approved in China, but is not yet available to the rest of the world. Meanwhile, notable progress and knowledge has been made and revealed in recent years to better understand HEV biology and infection, including discoveries of quasi-enveloped HEV virions and of a new function of the HEV-ORF3 product. However, the impact of these new findings on the development of a protective vaccine against zoonotic HEV infection requires further discussion. In this review, hallmark characteristics of HEV zoonosis, the history of HEV vaccine development, and recent discoveries in HEV virology are described. Moreover, special attention is focused on quasi-enveloped HEV virions and the potential role of the HEV-ORF3 product as antibody-neutralization target on the surface of quasi-enveloped HEV virions to provide new insights for the future development of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.
Different Requirement for Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Limb Regeneration of Larval and Adult Xenopus

Background In limb regeneration of amphibians, the early steps leading to blastema formation are critical for the success of regeneration, and the initiation of regeneration in an adult limb requires the presence of nerves. Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate an amputated limb at the early limb bud stage, and the metamorphosed young adult also regenerates a limb by a nerve-dependent process that results in a spike-like structure. Blockage of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibits the initiation of tadpole limb regeneration, but it remains unclear whether limb regeneration in young adults also requires Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Methodology/Principal Findings We expressed heat-shock-inducible (hs) Dkk1, a Wnt antagonist, in transgenic Xenopus to block Wnt/β-catenin signaling during forelimb regeneration in young adults. hsDkk1 did not inhibit limb regeneration in any of the young adult frogs, though it suppressed Wnt-dependent expression of genes (fgf-8 and cyclin D1). When nerve supply to the limbs was partially removed, however, hsDkk1 expression blocked limb regeneration in young adult frogs. Conversely, activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by a GSK-3 inhibitor rescued failure of limb-spike regeneration in young adult frogs after total removal of nerve supply. Conclusions/Significance In contrast to its essential role in tadpole limb regeneration, our results suggest that Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not absolutely essential for limb regeneration in young adults. The different requirement for Wnt/β-catenin signaling in tadpoles and young adults appears to be due to the projection of nerve axons into the limb field. Our observations suggest that nerve-derived signals and Wnt/β-catenin signaling have redundant roles in the initiation of limb regeneration. Our results demonstrate for the first time the different mechanisms of limb regeneration initiation in limb buds (tadpoles) and developed limbs (young adults) with reference to nerve-derived signals and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Intraspecific Variation in Microbial Symbiont Communities of the Sun Sponge, Hymeniacidon heliophila, from Intertidal and Subtidal Habitats

ABSTRACT Sponges host diverse and complex communities of microbial symbionts that display a high degree of host specificity. The microbiomes of conspecific sponges are relatively constant, even across distant locations, yet few studies have directly examined the influence of abiotic factors on intraspecific variation in sponge microbial community structure. The contrast between intertidal and subtidal environments is an ideal system to assess the effect of environmental variation on sponge-microbe symbioses, producing two drastically different environments on a small spatial scale. Here, we characterized the microbial communities of individual intertidal and subtidal Hymeniacidon heliophila sponges, ambient seawater, and sediment from a North Carolina oyster reef habitat by partial (Illumina sequencing) and nearly full-length (clone libraries) 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses. Clone library sequences were compared to H. heliophila symbiont communities from the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil, revealing strong host specificity of dominant symbiont taxa across expansive geographic distances. Sediment and seawater samples yielded clearly distinct microbial communities from those found in H. heliophila. Despite the close proximity of the sponges sampled, significant differences between subtidal and intertidal sponges in the diversity, structure, and composition of their microbial communities were detected. Differences were driven by changes in the relative abundance of a few dominant microbial symbiont taxa, as well as the presence or absence of numerous rare microbial taxa. These findings suggest that extreme abiotic fluctuations, such as periodic air exposure in intertidal habitats, can drive intraspecific differences in complex host-microbe symbioses.
OF GLUCAGON TO PRODUCE CARDIAC STIMULATION WITHOUT ARRHYTHMIAS IN HALOTHANE

The cardiovascular effects of glucagon were determined in cats and dogs anaesthetized with halothane. Glucagon increased heart rate and myocardial contractility but did not produce ventricular arrhythmias. Adrenaline and isoprenaline, which also increased heart rate and myocardial contractility, did produce ventricular arrhythmias. The cardiac stimulant effects of glucagon were not prevented by beta-adrenergic blockade while those of adrenaline and isoprenaline were.
Separation of time scales and direct computation of weights in deep neural networks

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing our lives at an ever increasing pace. At the heart of this revolution is the recent advancements in deep neural networks (DNN), learning to perform sophisticated, high-level tasks. However, training DNNs requires massive amounts of data and is very computationally intensive. Gaining analytical understanding of the solutions found by DNNs can help us devise more efficient training algorithms, replacing the commonly used mthod of stochastic gradient descent (SGD). We analyze the dynamics of SGD and show that, indeed, direct computation of the solutions is possible in many cases. We show that a high performing setup used in DNNs introduces a separation of time-scales in the training dynamics, allowing SGD to train layers from the lowest (closest to input) to the highest. We then show that for each layer, the distribution of solutions found by SGD can be estimated using a class-based principal component analysis (PCA) of the layer's input. This finding allows us to forgo SGD entirely and directly derive the DNN parameters using this class-based PCA, which can be well estimated using significantly less data than SGD. We implement these results on image datasets MNIST, CIFAR10 and CIFAR100 and find that, in fact, layers derived using our class-based PCA perform comparable or superior to neural networks of the same size and architecture trained using SGD. We also confirm that the class-based PCA often converges using a fraction of the data required for SGD. Thus, using our method training time can be reduced both by requiring less training data than SGD, and by eliminating layers in the costly backpropagation step of the training.
Preliminary Investigation of Poly-Ether-Ether-Ketone Based on Fused Deposition Modeling for Medical Applications

Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) fabricated by fused deposition modeling for medical applications was evaluated in terms of mechanical strength and in vitro cytotoxicity in this study. Orthogonal experiments were firstly designed to investigate the significant factors on tensile strength. Nozzle temperature, platform temperature, and the filament diameter were tightly controlled for improved mechanical strength performance. These sensitive parameters affected the interlayer bonding and solid condition in the samples. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry analysis was secondly conducted to compare the functional groups in PEEK granules, filaments, and printed parts. In vitro cytotoxicity test was carried out at last, and no toxic substances were introduced during the printing process.
The Use of Flow Analysis in Foreign Exchange: Exploratory Evidence

This paper provides questionnaire evidence on the role of flow analysis for professional traders and fund managers. This evidence suggests that besides fundamental information and technical analysis, the analysis of flows provides an independent third type of information for professionals. The view that flows can be used to learn about fundamentals is not consistent with the data. Instead, evidence indicates that flows more likely provide insight into semi-fundamental private information.