Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Similarities and Differences in Domain-Specific and Global Self-Evaluations of Learning-Disabled, Behaviorally Disordered, and Normally Achieving Adolescents

Similarities and differences in the domain-specific and global self-evaluations of 235 normally achieving, 118 learning-disabled, and 70 behaviorally disordered adolescents were documented. Factor analysis revealed eight discrete self-concept domains for each group. The importance of success in each domain was similar for each group, as were processes predicting level of self-worth. Consistent with W. James’ (1892) formulation, students with high self-worth evaluated themselves positively in domains of importance, whereas students with low self-worth reported much less favorable self-evaluations. Moreover, those with high self worth were better able to discount areas of weakness than were those with low self-worth. Correlations between specific domains deemed important and self-worth were also very similar across groups. Differences among groups involved the level of scores in that learning-disabled and behaviorally disordered students reported lower cognitive competence and peer likability than did normally achieving students. Behaviorally disordered students also reported more negative perceptions of their conduct. Both special education groups evidenced more negative self-worth with greater discrepancies between importance and negative self-evaluations, particularly in domains salient to the difficulties related to their educational status. Discussion focuses on the examination of group similarities and differences as well as within-group processes.
A Factor-Analytic Study of Job Satisfaction among Special Educators

A job satisfaction questionnaire was developed, and 485 special educators responded to its dissemination. The group included teachers of the mentally retarded, learning disabled, emotionally disturbed, and severely handicapped. A factor analysis of the data resulted in seven factors. An analysis of variance of the factors by group indicated differences between groups on factors dealing with Behavior Management Skills, Working Conditions and Leadership Opportunities. Demographic and biographical data did not appear to be related to the factors. Data are provided for normative purposes.
Adjudicative Competence Evaluations of Juvenile and Adult Defendants: Judges' Views Regarding Essential Components of Competence Reports

Adjudicative competence evaluations are commonly requested for adult criminal defendants, and are becoming increasingly common among juvenile defendants as well. However, we do not have an understanding of what information judges seek in these evaluations. In this study, juvenile and criminal court judges from seven states (N = 166) were surveyed. Results indicated that judges: (1) consider clinicians' ultimate opinion to be an essential component of reports, and more important than descriptive information and rationales for opinions; (2) view forensic and psychological testing as valuable; (3) look for similar but not identical characteristics in juvenile and adult competence evaluations; and (4) consider opinions about maturity to be an important component of competence evaluations in juvenile court.
Resistencia, cambio y adaptación en las universidades argentinas: problemas conceptuales y tendencias emergentesen el gobierno y la gestión académica

This article aims to contribute to the theoretical and methodological debate on the most suitable conceptual frameworks for studying the problems of government and management in Argentinian universities. The paper also constitutes a first test of the instruments presented therein. Tensions generated by state policies on academic management are also analysed. The article considers that the emergence of a double line of manegement and condut of the institution of new actors in Argentinian universities constitute the two phenomena which dispute the role historically attributed to academic councils. These tensions, which underlie processes of institutional change the, are the expression of conflicts between new forms of management and the model of co-government that established the Argentinian University Reform of 1918
Teaching autonomy

A key factor in the transition to university is the enculturation of new students into both the discipline they are studying and effective study practices. Most significantly, students, whatever their chosen discipline, must learn to become autonomous learners. Too often this process is either left to chance or seen as a natural attribute of the higher education learning system rather than a particular skill that must be learnt and can be taught. In this article we discuss one particular approach to designing ‘structured autonomy’ into a first year core media studies module. We argue that the notion of autonomy needs to be considered as a central component of learning, teaching and assessment strategies and, moreover, that an integrated approach towards these factors has the additional benefit of contributing towards a more holistic first year experience for students.
Reconfiguring the sociology of the crowd: exploring crowdsourcing

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the manner in which advocates of crowdsourcing reconfigure the classical sociological treatment of the crowd.Design/methodology/approach – The approach taken conceives of the semantics of crowd theorizing in three phases, each of which makes sense of the power dynamics between the elite and the crowd. In phases one and two, the crowd is conceptualized as a problem generator; in phase three, the crowd is depicted as a problem solver and innovator.Findings – This paper provides a critical look at phase three crowd theorizing. It explores how, by ignoring the disruptive power dynamic, crowdsourcing generates a credible image of the crowd as an innovator and problem solver. The work concludes with a discussion of the implications of phase three crowd theorizing for researchers in sociology.Practical implications – Advocates of the wisdom of crowds, if interested in the sociological implications of their position, must attend to both the disruptive and costly i.
Drug Therapy of Neurovascular Disease

Recent advances in the prevention and pharmacotherapy of cerebrovascular disease have provided more favorable clinical outcomes. For the treatment of an acute ischemic stroke, the early use of thrombolytic agents can reduce the degree of brain damage while improving functional outcomes. However, trials evaluating various classes of other neuroprotective agents have not shown benefit to date. For the prevention of second stroke, the use of antiplatelet drugs, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors with a diuretic have shown benefit in reducing new events. In patients with underlying heart disease or atrial fibrillation, warfarin appears to be the drug of choice in preventing stroke. Early treatment of hemorrhagic stroke with calcium channel blockers can improve the functional outcome. Innovative therapies are now available for the treatment of migraine and vascular dementia. Primary prevention of stroke remains the optimal therapeutic strategy and includes treatment of systemic hypertension and hypercholesterolemia.
Cell Responsiveness in Macaque Superior Temporal Polysensory Area Measured by Temporal Discriminants

The firing-rate data from 341 cells from two macaques' superion temporal polysensory area (STPa) were subjected to three different analyses to determine the temporal firing-rate patterns in response to visual optic flow patterns. The data were collected while the monkey viewed four types of optic flow and responded to the change in the display. The mean firing rate (MFR) analysis considered the mean change in firing rate for 500 ms after stimulus onset; the discriminant (DIS) analysis and the principal components (PCA+DIS) analysis considered the change in time-binned firing rate over 1000 ms after stimulus presentation, using bin sizes of 30 to 500 ms. The DIS analysis used a step-down discriminant analysis to find temporal windows in which the cell's firing rate could discriminate among the stimuli; the PCA+DIS analysis extracted the principal components of the cell's firing rates without regard for the stimulus type and then applied a step-down discriminant analysis to the PCA scores to determine whether any of the principal components could discriminate among the stimuli. The two temporal analyses found cells sensitive to the optic flows that the MFR analysis missed. A small proportion of cells showed multiple selectivities under the temporal analyses. Thus, the temporal analyses give a more complete representation of the information encoded by the firing properties of STPa neurons. Finally, this approach incorporates temporal approaches with classical statistical techniques in order to select tuned neurons from a population in an unbiased manner.
Ventral striatum response during reward and punishment reversal learning in unmedicated major depressive disorder.

OBJECTIVE Affective biases may underlie many of the key symptoms of major depressive disorder, from anhedonia to altered cognitive performance. Understanding the cause of these biases is therefore critical in the quest for improved treatments. Depression is associated, for example, with a negative affective bias in reversal learning. However, despite the fact that reversal learning is associated with striatal response in healthy individuals and depressed individuals exhibit attenuated striatal function on multiple tasks, studies to date have not demonstrated striatal involvement in the negative bias in reversal learning in depression. In this study, the authors sought to determine whether this may be because reversal learning tasks conventionally used to study behavior examine reversals only on the basis of unexpected punishment and therefore do not adequately separate reward- and punishment-based behavior. METHOD The authors used functional MRI to compare the hemodynamic response to a reversal learning task with mixed reward- and punishment-based reversal stages between individuals with unmedicated major depressive disorder (N=13) and healthy comparison subjects (N=14). RESULTS Impaired reward (but not punishment) reversal accuracy was found alongside attenuated anteroventral striatal response to unexpected reward in depression. CONCLUSIONS Attenuated neurophysiological response of the anteroventral striatum may reflect dysfunction in circuits involving afferent projections from the orbitofrontal, limbic, and/or mesostriatal dopaminergic pathways, which conceivably may, together with the ventral striatum, underlie anhedonia in depression. Learning to appreciate and enjoy positive life experiences is critical for recovery from depression. This study pinpoints a neural target for such recovery.
Sex Differences in Computing Participation: Concerns, Extent, Reasons and Strategies

Drawing on recent Australian and overseas research, this review provides an overview of the main issues recurring in the literature relevant to sex differences in computing participation. The major concerns reflect requirements for citizenship, development of cognitive abilities, employment opportunities, and national development. Sex differences favour males in overall computer use, course enrolments, programming and games, although there are few sex differences in the use of computer applications. Explanations focus on sex-based differences in expected outcomes. These expectations arise from cultural beliefs about competence, differences in the outcomes of computer experience, associations of computing with mathematics, technology and maleness, attitudes of parents and teachers, and preferences for sex segregation. Strategies for increasing female participation are provided.
Renoprotective Effects of the Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin: A Review in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is now the single commonest cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and one of the main causes of death in diabetic patients. It is also acknowledged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since sitagliptin was approved, many studies have been carried out revealing its ability to not only improve metabolic control but also ameliorate dysfunction in various diabetes-targeted organs, especially the kidney, due to putative underlying cytoprotective properties, namely, its antiapoptotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties. Despite overall recommendations, many patients spend a long time well outside the recommended glycaemic range and, therefore, have an increased risk for developing micro- and macrovascular complications. Currently, it is becoming clearer that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management must envision not only the improvement in glycaemic control but also, and particularly, the prevention of pancreatic deterioration and the evolution of complications, such as DN. This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge in the field of renoprotective actions of sitagliptin, namely, improvement in diabetic dysmetabolism, hemodynamic factors, renal function, diabetic kidney lesions, and cytoprotective properties.
Novel Insight into Vascular, Stress, and Auxin-Dependent and -Independent Gene Expression Programs in Strawberry, a Non-Climacteric Fruit

Using cDNA microarrays, a comprehensive investigation of gene expression was carried out in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit to understand the flow of events associated with its maturation and non-climacteric ripening. We detected key processes and novel genes not previously associated with fruit development and ripening, related to vascular development, oxidative stress, and auxin response. Microarray analysis during fruit development and in receptacle and seed (achene) tissues established an interesting parallelism in gene expression between the transdifferentiation of tracheary elements in Zinnia elegans and strawberry. One of the genes, CAD, common to both systems and encoding the lignin-related protein cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, was immunolocalized to immature xylem cells of the vascular bundles in the strawberry receptacle. To examine the importance of oxidative stress in ripening, gene expression was compared between fruit treated on-vine with a free radical generator and non-treated fruit. Of 46 genes induced, 20 were also ripening regulated. This might suggest that active gene expression is induced to cope with oxidative stress conditions during ripening or that the strawberry ripening transcriptional program is an oxidative stress-induced process. To gain insight into the hormonal control of non-climacteric fruit ripening, an additional microarray experiment was conducted comparing gene expression in fruit treated exogenously with auxin and control fruit. Novel auxin-dependent genes and processes were identified in addition to transcriptional programs acting independent of auxin mainly related to cell wall metabolism and stress response.
Resource allocation in distributed factory scheduling

A distributed factory scheduling model that is based on the concept of constraint-directed search within a centralized framework is presented. A set of texture measures that quantify several characteristics of the problem space being searched has been developed into heuristics that direct the searches conducted by scheduling agents. The heuristics have been used to direct the searches of a centralized activity-based scheduler, achieving good schedule quality and minimizing the likelihood of backtracking. The model discussed uses textures to direct distributed scheduling, optimizing decisions in the global search space by allowing agents to focus and direct searches in their individual search spaces. Experimental results are presented and confirm the effectiveness of the approach. <<ETX>>
Resource allocation in communication networks using abstraction and constraint satisfaction

The fundamental issue of quality-of-service (QoS) routing has triggered a lot of research during the last few years. However, the proposed algorithms attempt to route communication demands only on a call by call basis, without taking into account future traffic. There are nonetheless cases where the traffic profile is known. In this paper, we address this related problem to QoS routing, more specifically, the off-line planning of bandwidth allocation to demands known in advance. Shortest-path routing is the traditional technique applied to this problem. However, this can lead to poor network utilization and even congestion. We show how an abstraction technique combined with systematic search algorithms and heuristics derived from artificial intelligence make it possible to solve this problem more efficiently and in much tighter networks, in terms of bandwidth usage. In addition, this abstraction technique also allows to explain during search why some allocation problems are indeed infeasible. Then, the network regions between which bandwidth must be added are then identified.
Are Canadians still liberal internationalists? Foreign policy and public opinion in the Harper era

Since coming into office in 2006, the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper has rejected many of the symbols and practices of the liberal internationalist approach to foreign affairs that Canadian governments of all political stripes broadly embraced during the preceding six decades. As part of this change, the Harper government has also promoted a new narrative about Canada’s history and foreign policy, which encourages Canadians to change how they think about their country and its role in the world. By examining recent opinion surveys, this article asks whether Canadian public attitudes on foreign policy have shifted away from liberal internationalism and toward the Harper government's narrative since 2006.
Nicotiana attenuata LECTIN RECEPTOR KINASE1 Suppresses the Insect-Mediated Inhibition of Induced Defense Responses during Manduca sexta Herbivory[C][W]

This work demonstrates that the oral secretion–inducible LECTIN RECEPTOR KINASE1 is indispensable during Manduca sexta herbivory to suppress the insect-mediated inhibition of defense responses and thereby to stimulate the unfettered jasmonic acid–mediated induction of defense metabolites. Nicotiana attenuata has the capacity to respond specifically to herbivory by its natural herbivore, Manduca sexta, through the perception of elicitors in larval oral secretions. We demonstrate that Lectin receptor kinase 1 (LecRK1) functions during M. sexta herbivory to suppress the insect-mediated inhibition of jasmonic acid (JA)–induced defense responses. Gene function analysis performed by reducing LecRK1 expression in N. attenuata by both virus-induced gene silencing and inverted repeated RNA interference (ir-lecRK1 plants) revealed that LecRK1 was essential to mount a full defense response against M. sexta folivory; larvae growing on ir-lecRK1 plants were 40 to 100% larger than those growing on wild-type plants. The insect-induced accumulation of nicotine, diterpene-glucosides, and trypsin protease inhibitors, as well as the expression of Thr deaminase, was severalfold reduced in ir-lecRK1 plants compared with the wild type. The accumulation of JA and JA-Ile was unaffected during herbivory in ir-lecRK1 plants; however, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation was increased by twofold. The expression of nahG in ir-lecRK1 plants prevented the increased accumulation of SA and restored the defense response against M. sexta herbivory. The results suggest that LecRK1 inhibits the accumulation of SA during herbivory, although other mechanisms may also be affected.
Relationship Styles of Self-Focused Autonomy, Other-Focused Connectedness, and Mutuality across Multiple Relationship Contexts

This study examined relationship styles of self-focused autonomy, other-focused connectedness, or mutuality with mothers, fathers, best friends, and romantic partners to determine if styles would be used consistently or would vary across relationships. Participants included 257 college students (M= 21.6 years). Mutuality was the most commonly reported relationship style in all relationship contexts, and no sex differences in style were found. Most participants reported using more than one relationship style across contexts, however, and styles were linked to perceptions of power within relationships: autonomy was associated with dominance, connectedness to subordinance, and mutuality to equality. Autonomy was linked to the worst psychological outcomes with parents (in terms of relationship satisfaction, self-worth, and depression), and mutuality was linked to the best outcomes with romantic partners and best friends. Findings caution against the dichotomization of autonomy and connectedness into bipolar opposites, because the integration of these two concerns is more typical in relationships. They also support the contention that orientations towards autonomy and connectedness are best conceptualized as responses to contextual features of relationships–including circumstances of power–rather than stable, fundamental aspects of self.
Pain insensitivity in a child with a de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of the chromosome 4: Case report.

Terminal and interstitial deletions of the distal segment of the long arm of chromosome 4 (Cr4q del) are not common genetic disorders. The severity of the phenotype is correlated with the size of the deletion because small deletions have little clinical impact, whereas large deletions are usually associated with multiple congenital anomalies, postnatal growth failure, and moderate to severe intellectual disability. Alteration in pain tolerance has not been included among these features, also in case of large deletions. The purpose of this report is to document a case of a child affected by interstitial Cr4q del, expressing pain insensitivity as clinical feature not previously described. We also offer a discussion on genetic disorders featuring pain insensitivity/indifference. CASE REPORT A Caucasian girl aged 12 came to our observation for a developmental delay with multiple congenital abnormalities and moderate intellectual disability (IQ 47). A de novo interstitial Cr4 del between band q31.3 and q32.2 (Cr4 del q31.3 to q32.2) was found. The child also expresses no evidence of pain perception to injures which normally evoke pain. Consequently, she is affected by severe disability caused by painless injuries and self-injurious behaviours, such as excessive self-rubbing and scratching. The neurological examination manifested high pain threshold with preserved tactile sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of pain insensitivity in a patient with a specific genetic deletion involving the interstitial region of the distal long arm of Cr4. Moreover, this report could serve as a useful model to better understand mechanisms of pain perception and its modulation.