Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SUM OF SQUARES RELAXATIONS FOR ROBUST POLYNOMIAL SEMI-DEFINITE PROGRAMS

Abstract A whole variety of robust analysis and synthesis problems can be formulated as robust Semi-Definite Programs (SDPs), i.e. SDPs with data matrices that are functions of an uncertain parameter which is only known to be contained in some set. We consider uncertainty sets described by general polynomial semi-definite constraints, which allows to represent norm-bounded and structured uncertainties as encountered in μ-analysis, polytopes and various other possibly non-convex compact uncertainty sets. As the main novel result we present a family of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) relaxations based on sum-of-squares (sos) decompositions of polynomial matrices whose optimal values converge to the optimal value of the robust SDP. The number of variables and constraints in the LMI relaxations grow only quadratically in the dimension of the underlying data matrices. We demonstrate the benefit of this a priori complexity bound by an example and apply the method in order to asses the stability of a fourth order LPV model of the longitudinal dynamics of a helicopter.
Micronuclei and chromatid buds are the result of related genotoxic events

Chromatin buds (CHB), broken eggs, or budding cell nuclei are structures similar to micronuclei (MN) in shape, structure, and size, which are linked to the main nuclei of cells by a thread or stalks of chromatin. They have been observed in numerous cell types and there are reports of their existence relating them with MN or with genotoxic events. However, there is no systematic study reporting their frequency and no experiment has been done to ascertain whether they are really induced by genotoxins. Furthermore, they have been discarded as genotoxic events with the argument that they are not formed in dividing cells. Studies are presented here that indicate that CHB can be considered as genotoxic events and that their origin is comparable to that of MN. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to label proliferating lymphocytes, which were later identified by means of an immunohistochemical method, using the H2O2–DAB stain. The results show that CHB are consistently formed where MN are seen. CHB were induced by the clastogen mitomycin C (MMC) as well as by the aneuploidogen colcemid, with frequencies similar to MN in both cases, and to multinucleated cells in the case of colcemid. CHB occur in lymphocytes of smokers with frequencies similar to those of MN, and we found that the infection with Taenia solium metacestodes induced a comparable increase of both MN and CHB frequency in lymphocytes from pigs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:38–45, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exercise but not Prostanoids Enhance Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and other Proliferative Agents in Human Skeletal Muscle Interstitium

In the present study we examined whether exercise and prostanoids have an effect on the muscle interstitial concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and on the proliferative effect of muscle interstitial fluid. Dialysate from resting and exercising human skeletal muscle, obtained either during control conditions or during cyclooxygenase inhibition, was examined for its content of VEGF and for its effect on endothelial cell proliferation. Microdialysis probes with high (960 kDa) and low (5 kDa) molecular‐mass cut‐off membranes were placed in the vastus lateralis muscle of healthy young males. The subjects performed one‐legged knee extensions (20 W). The concentration of VEGF in the 960 kDa dialysate was greater (P < 0.05) during exercise compared to at rest (67 ± 28 vs. 230 ± 22 pg ml−1). The rate of endothelial cell proliferation was 2.7‐fold higher (P < 0.05) with the 960 kDa dialysate from resting muscle than with perfusate and was 5.8‐fold higher (P < 0.05) than the perfusate value with dialysate from exercising muscle. VEGF was not enhanced with exercise in the 5 kDa dialysate, yet the exercise dialysate induced a 1.9‐fold higher (P < 0.05) proliferation than the resting dialysate. Cyclooxygenase inhibition did not affect the VEGF concentration or the proliferating effect of the dialysates (P > 0.05). This study demonstrates for the first time that VEGF is present in the interstitium of human skeletal muscle and that exercise enhances the interstitial concentration of VEGF and of other, as yet unidentified, angiogenic compounds. Products of cyclooxygenase do not appear to have an effect on the release of VEGF or other proliferative agents in human skeletal muscle.
Position-taking in House debate and the issue of immigration

Traditional studies of legislative behavior often rely on analyses of roll-call votes. However, this approach ignores variation in legislator position that may not be expressed through a recorded vote. To better examine legislative position-taking, I rely on legislative speech and explore what factors motivate a member of Congress to take a position on immigration. I apply Wordfish, a text-scaling algorithm, to House debate from the 104th and 109th sessions of Congress in order to estimate each legislator's position on immigration. This approach facilitates a more nuanced understanding of legislative position-taking enabling us to speak to the degree of support or opposition to a particular policy – something we are unable to extract from studies relying on vote data alone. Results indicate first, the factors influencing legislative speech have changed over time, with institutional motivations playing a greater role than constituent preferences in determining positions; and second, the issue has become increasingly polarized with Republican members becoming more conservative in their speech over time, while Democrats less so.
Construction of a polarized neuron

Abstract Aside from rare counterexamples (e.g. the starburst amacrine cell in retina), neurons are polarized into two compartments, dendrites and axon, which are linked at the cell body. This structural polarization carries an underlying molecular definition and maps into a general functional polarization whereby inputs are collected by the dendrites and cell body, and output is distributed via the axon. Explanations of how the polarized structure arises invariably coalesce around somatic polarity, defined by the roving location of the microtubule organizing centre, or centrosome, the Golgi apparatus, associated endosomes and the nucleus during early development. In some neurons, proper positioning of these structures can determine the sites for axon and dendrite elongation, and support processes that underlie cell migration. We briefly review these events as a basis to propose a new role for polarized arrangement of somatic organelles as a potential determinant for patterned innervation of the cell body membrane. We cite an example from preliminary studies of synaptogenesis at the calyx of Held, a large nerve terminal that selectively innervates the cell body of its postsynaptic partner, and suggest other neural systems in which polarity mechanisms may guide initial synapse formation onto the somatic surface.
Attachment‐style differences in intimacy and involvement: A test of the four‐category model

This study tested the hypothesis that individuals with different attachment styles vary in the degree to which they display intimacy and nonverbal involvement to their romantic partners. Eighty dyads currently involved in enduring romantic relationships participated in an observational study, with one partner from each dyad representing one of Bartholomew's (1990) four attachment styles. A team of coders viewed videotapes of the dyads' conversations and rated the degree of intimacy and involvement exhibited. Preoccupieds and Secures surpassed Dismissives and Fearful Avoidants on measures of trust/receptivity, gaze, facial pleasantness, vocal pleasantness, general interest, and attentiveness. Preoccupieds engaged in more in‐depth conversation than Dismissives. Fearful Avoidants sat farthest from their partners and displayed the least fluency and longest response latencies. Finally, Preoccupieds and Fearful Avoidants were the most vocally anxious. These findings, which provide preliminary behavioral validat.
Mechanisms of primary and secondary estrogen target gene regulation in breast cancer cells

Estrogen receptors (ERs), which mediate the proliferative action of estrogens in breast cancer cells, are ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate expression of their primary target genes through several mechanisms. In addition to direct binding to cognate DNA sequences, ERs can be recruited to DNA through other transcription factors (tethering), or affect gene transcription through modulation of signaling cascades by non-genomic mechanisms of action. To better characterize the mechanisms of gene regulation by estrogens, we have identified more than 700 putative primary and about 1300 putative secondary target genes of estradiol in MCF-7 cells through microarray analysis performed in the presence or absence of the translation inhibitor cycloheximide. Although siRNA-mediated inhibition of ERα expression antagonized the effects of estradiol on up- and down-regulated primary target genes, estrogen response elements (EREs) were enriched only in the vicinity of up-regulated genes. Binding sites for several other transcription factors, including proteins known to tether ERα, were enriched in up- and/or down-regulated primary targets. Secondary estrogen targets were particularly enriched in sites for E2F family members, several of which were transcriptionally regulated by estradiol, consistent with a major role of these factors in mediating the effects of estrogens on gene expression and cellular growth.
Do Background Stressors Influence Reactivity to and Recovery From Acute Stressors?1

This review examines the effect of background stressors with acute stressor reactivity and recovery in the 19 available studies. Background stressors were associated with increased acute stressor reactivity in slightly over half of the studies of ongoing stressors. However, a substantial minority of studies demonstrated reduced acute stressor reactivity, suggesting habituation for certain people in certain situations. Background stressors were associated with delayed blood-pressure and immunological recovery from acute stressor events, but were not associated with delayed heart-rate recovery. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between background stressors and acute stressor reactivity and recovery are discussed. Background stressors should be measured thoroughly in future acute stress research to understand the meaning of the acute stress responses.
SPIDER OR NO SPIDER? NEURAL CORRELATES OF SUSTAINED AND PHASIC FEAR IN SPIDER PHOBIA

Processes of phasic fear responses to threatening stimuli are thought to be distinct from sustained, anticipatory anxiety toward an unpredicted, potential threat. There is evidence for dissociable neural correlates of phasic fear and sustained anxiety. Whereas increased amygdala activity has been associated with phasic fear, sustained anxiety has been linked with activation of the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (BNST), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and the insula. So far, only a few studies have focused on the dissociation of neural processes related to both phasic and sustained fear in specific phobia. We suggested that first, conditions of phasic and sustained fear would involve different neural networks and, second, that overall neural activity would be enhanced in a sample of phobic compared to nonphobic participants.
The Simulation of Smart Antennas in Network Simulator-2 Using MATLAB

This paper presents an extension for network simulator-2 (ns-2) that enables the simulation of adaptive antennas in realistic channel conditions using MATLAB. A hybrid discrete-event discrete-time approach is adopted to exploit the scalability properties of ns-2 for the network simulation, and the modeling capabilities of MATLAB for the physical layer implementation. The developed package takes into account the physical antenna system and the signal processing algorithm to model in detail the antenna radiation pattern generated by each network node. The wireless propagation model of ns-2, which typically accounts only for path-loss attenuation and shadowing, is modified to include the Power Azimuth Spectrum (PAS), thus improving the accuracy of the estimated Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) at each node in presence of multipath. The proposed numerical model, which can be interfaced with any wireless network supported by ns-2, is used to evaluate the throughput of a Wireless Mesh Network (WMN).
Identification of ATP citrate lyase as a positive regulator of glycolytic function in glioblastomas

Glioblastomas, the most malignant type of glioma, are more glycolytic than normal brain tissue. Robust migration of glioblastoma cells has been previously demonstrated under glycolytic conditions and their pseudopodia contain increased glycolytic and decreased mitochondrial enzymes. Glycolysis is suppressed by metabolic acids, including citric acid which is excluded from mitochondria during hypoxia. We postulated that glioma cells maintain glycolysis by regulating metabolic acids, especially in their pseudopodia. The enzyme that breaks down cytosolic citric acid is ATP citrate lyase (ACLY). Our identification of increased ACLY in pseudopodia of U87 glioblastoma cells on 1D gels and immunoblots prompted investigation of ACLY gene expression in gliomas for survival data and correlation with expression of ENO1, that encodes enolase 1. Queries of the NIH's REMBRANDT brain tumor database based on Affymetrix data indicated that decreased survival correlated with increased gene expression of ACLY in gliomas. Queries of gliomas and glioblastomas found an association of upregulated ACLY and ENO1 expression by chi square for all probe sets (reporters) combined and correlation for numbers of probe sets indicating shared upregulation of these genes. Real‐time quantitative PCR confirmed correlation between ACLY and ENO1 in 21 glioblastomas (p < 0.001). Inhibition of ACLY with hydroxycitrate suppressed (p < 0.05) in vitro glioblastoma cell migration, clonogenicity and brain invasion under glycolytic conditions and enhanced the suppressive effects of a Met inhibitor on cell migration. In summary, gene expression data, proteomics and functional assays support ACLY as a positive regulator of glycolysis in glioblastomas.
Inside Organized Racism: Women in the Hate Movement

Following up her highly praised study of the women in the 1920s Ku Klux Klan, Blee discovers that many of today's racist women combine dangerous racist and anti-Semitic agendas with otherwise mainstream lives. The only national sample of a broad spectrum of racist activists and the only major work on women racists, this important book also sheds light on how gender relationships shape participation in the movement as a whole.
Research on Preservice Teacher Education

Koehler examines the research regarding preservice teacher education. Selected studies are placed into six relatively dis crete categories: studies of the skills, competencies, and attitudes of practic ing teachers that reflect on their preser vice teacher education; studies of the skills, competencies, and attitudes of teacher education students that reflect either on their present or past education or on the future quality of the teaching work force; evaluations of teacher education courses, of methods within courses, or of complete programs; studies of teacher educators; studies of institutions; and studies of various research reviews. Koehler briefly sum marizes the research in each category and discusses the implications for policy making.
Iron parameters, prohepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor levels in obese children.

BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is common in obese children although the underlying mechanism is unclear. Several studies have investigated the relation between iron deficiency and obesity, but studies focusing on children are rare. The aim was to investigate the associations between iron parameters, prohepcidin and soluble transferrin receptor levels in obese children. METHODS A total of 110 children, ranging in age from 6-16, 50 with primary obesity and 60 healthy children and adolescents, were enrolled. Complete blood count, serum iron levels, iron binding capacity, ferritin levels, soluble transferrin receptor, and prohepcidin levels were studied. RESULTS Serum iron and transferrin saturation index levels were significantly low, red cell distribution width and ferritin levels were significantly high in obese children compared to control group. No association between soluble transferrin receptor, prohepcidin and iron parameters was detected. A positive correlation between ferritin and prohepcidin levels was defined. CONCLUSIONS Obese children and adolescents were at greater risk for ıron deficiency. It should be considered in the diet recommendations.
Auto- and crosscorrelograms for the spike response of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons with slow synapses.

An analytical description of the response properties of simple but realistic neuron models in the presence of noise is still lacking. We determine completely up to the second order the firing statistics of a single and a pair of leaky integrate-and-fire neurons receiving some common slowly filtered white noise. In particular, the auto- and cross-correlation functions of the output spike trains of pairs of cells are obtained from an improvement of the adiabatic approximation introduced previously by Moreno-Bote and Parga [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 028102 (2004)10.1103/PhysRevLett.92. 028102]. These two functions define the firing variability and firing synchronization between neurons, and are of much importance for understanding neuron communication.
Morphological processing in reading acquisition: A cross-linguistic perspective

Word identification, which is the retrieval of the linguistic constituents (phonological, semantic) of a word, plays a central role in children's reading development. This development includes the automatization of word decoding and the attainment of fluent reading levels, both essential for skilled reading with comprehension (Perfetti, 1992; Stanovich, 2000; Verhoeven & van Leeuwe, 2009). In learning to read, children first acquire elementary decoding skills, and then gradually apply these skills with greater accuracy and speed, leading to an increasingly automated process of that recognizes multiletter units (consonant clusters, syllables, and morphemes) and whole words (Ehri, 2005). Automatic word recognition enables the devotion of mental resources to the meaning of a text and thus allows readers to use reading as a tool for the acquisition of new information and knowledge (Perfetti, 1998; Stanovich, 2000).
Single-Query Motion Planning with Utility-Guided Random Trees

Randomly expanding trees are very effective in exploring high-dimensional spaces. Consequently, they are a powerful algorithmic approach to sampling-based single-query motion planning. As the dimensionality of the configuration space increases, however, the performance of tree-based planners that use uniform expansion degrades. To address this challenge, we present a utility-guided algorithm for the online adaptation of the random tree expansion strategy. This algorithm guides expansion towards regions of maximum utility based on local characteristics of state space. To guide exploration, the algorithm adjusts the parameters that control random tree expansion in response to state space information obtained during the planning process. We present experimental results to demonstrate that the resulting single-query planner is computationally more efficient and more robust than previous planners in challenging artificial and real-world environments.
Achievable Rates of Underlay-Based Cognitive Radio Operating Under Rate Limitation

A new information-theoretic model is proposed for underlay-based cognitive radio (CR), which imposes rate limitation on the secondary user (SU), whereas the traditional systems impose either interference or transmit power limitations. The channel is modeled as a twin-user interference channel constituted by the primary user (PU) and the SU. The achievable rate of the SU is derived based on the inner bound formulated by Han and Kobayashi, where the PU achieves the maximum attainable rate of the single-user point-to-point link. We show that it is necessary for the SU to allocate its full power for the “public” message that can be decoded both by the SU and by the PU. We also demonstrate that it is optimal for the PU to allocate its full power for the “private” message that can only be decoded by the PU if the level of interference imposed by the PU on the SU is “ergodically strong. ” Similarly, it is optimal for the PU to allocate its full power for the public message that can be decoded both by the SU and PU if this interference is “ergodically weak. ” These findings suggest that this power allocation is independent of the level of interference imposed by the SU on the PU. Furthermore, the achievable rate is analyzed as a function of the average level of interference. An interesting observation is that if the level of interference imposed by the SU on the PU is “ergodically weak,” the achievable rate becomes a monotonically increasing function of this interference, and it is independent of the level of interference imposed by the PU on the SU. Furthermore, we analyze the realistic imperfect channel estimation scenario and demonstrate that the channel estimation errors will not affect the optimal nature of the SU's power allocation.
Neonatal functional blockade of the entorhinal cortex results in disruption of accumbal dopaminergic responses observed in latent inhibition paradigm in adult rats

Latent inhibition (LI) has been found to be disrupted in non‐treated patients with schizophrenia. Dopaminergic (DAergic) dysfunctioning is generally acknowledged to occur in schizophrenia. Various abnormalities in the entorhinal cortex (ENT) have been described in patients with schizophrenia. Numerous data also suggest that schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental origin. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that reversible inactivation of the ENT during neonatal development results in disrupted DA responses characteristic of LI in adult rats. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was microinjected locally in the left ENT at postnatal day 8 (PND8). DA variations were recorded in the dorsomedial shell and core parts of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) using in vivo voltammetry in freely‐moving grown‐up rats in a LI paradigm. In the first session the animals were pre‐exposed (PE) to the conditional stimulus (banana odour) alone. In the second they were aversively conditioned to banana odour. In the third (test) session the following results were obtained in PE animals subjected to temporary inactivation of the ENT at PND8: (1) aversive behaviour was observed in TTX–PE conditioned animals; (2) DA variations in the dorsomedial shell and core parts of the Nacc were similar in TTX–PE and non‐pre‐exposed conditioned rats.
Antiviral T cell responses

Around 700 BCE, a new military formation called the phalanx was established in ancient Greece: a tight column of heavy infantry carrying long spears, or pikes, used in a single prong of attack. Later, in the battle of Marathon described by Herodotus, the Greeks learned the advantages of multipronged attacks, a strategy still used in modern warfare. Is the immune system similar in its approach to combating pathogens or tumors?