Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular Characterization of a Novel Human Endothelin Receptor Splice Variant*

Endothelin receptors are widely distributed throughout a number of tissues. A novel ETB receptor splice variant (ETB-SVR) was identified from a human placental cDNA library. Sequence analysis indicated that the ETB-SVR is 436 amino acids long and shares 91% identity to the human ETB-R. Northern blot analysis indicated an mRNA species of 2.7 kilobases, which is expressed in the lung, placenta, kidney, and skeletal muscle. Ligand binding studies of the cloned ETB-SVR and ETB-R receptors expressed in COS cells showed that ET peptides exhibited similar potency in displacing 125I-ET-1 binding. Functional studies showed that ET-1, ET-3, and sarafotoxin 6c displayed similar potencies for inositol phosphates accumulation in ETB-R-transfected COS cells, whereas no increase in inositol phosphate accumulation was observed in ETB-SVR-transfected cells. In addition, exposure of ETB-R-transfected cells to ET-1 caused an increase in the intracellular acidification rate whereas ETB-SVR-transfected cells did not respond to ET-1. These data suggest that the ETB-SVR and ETB-R are functionally distinct and the difference in the amino acid sequences between the two receptors may determine functional coupling. Availability of cDNA clones for endothelin receptors can facilitate our understanding of the role of ET in the pathophysiology of various diseases.
Applications of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in economics and finance: A survey

This paper provides a state-of-the-art survey of applications of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms in economics and finance reported in the specialized literature. A taxonomy of applications within this area is proposed, and a brief review of the most representative research reported to date is then provided. In the final part of the paper, some potential paths for future research within this area are identified.
Bridging the gap between sign language machine translation and sign language animation using sequence classification

To date, the non-manual components of signed utterances have rarely been considered in automatic sign language translation. However, these components are capable of carrying important linguistic information. This paper presents work that bridges the gap between the output of a sign language translation system and the input of a sign language animation system by incorporating non-manual information into the final output of the translation system. More precisely, the generation of non-manual information is scheduled after the machine translation step and treated as a sequence classification task. While sequence classification has been used to solve automatic spoken language processing tasks, we believe this to be the first work to apply it to the generation of non-manual information in sign languages. All of our experimental approaches outperformed lower baseline approaches, consisting of unigram or bigram models of non-manual features.
The Relationship Between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptomatology: An Examination of Moderating Variables

The purpose of this study was to examine whether Psychological Well-Being (comprised of self-esteem, optimism, satisfaction with life, and self-determination), perfectionism, body surveillance, and neuroticism moderated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms after controlling for social desirability and actual physical size. 847 female undergraduate students participated in the study. Participants completed an online questionnaire packet. An exploratory factor analysis determined that self-determination, optimism, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life loaded on to one factor representing Psychological Well-Being. Hierarchical moderated regression (HMR) was used to control for the influences of social desirability and body mass index on bulimic symptoms and then determine the main and interactive effects of body dissatisfaction and each moderator. Four variables (neuroticism, body surveillance, concern over mistakes, and doubts about actions) strengthened the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology, whereas Psychological Well-Being weakened the relationship. Parental expectations, parental criticism, and personal standards did not moderate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptomatology.
Graves' ophthalmopathy: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging in detecting involvement of extraocular muscles in early period of disease.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate involvement of the extraocular muscle (EOM) using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), to determine whether there is correlation with conventional orbital MRI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). METHODS 35 patients known clinically with GO and 21 healthy controls were studied. Patients were assessed with clinical activity scores. All subjects underwent conventional MRI and DWI study. Involvement of the EOM was evaluated. The patients were classified as involved or uninvolved on orbital MRI and their ADC values in DWI compared. RESULTS There was significant difference in the mean ADC value of all the EOMs in patients vs controls. The ADC values of all the EOMs were higher in patients. There were significant differences in ADC values between uninvolved muscles on conventional MRI and controls for the MR, SR and LR. There was no significant difference in ADC value between the two groups when considering the IR. ADC values of medial, lateral and superior rectus muscles were increased. CONCLUSION Increased ADC values of the EOM in patients with GO suggest that EOM damage begins at a very early stage before being detected on routine orbital MRI. The routine MRI with DWI sequence will be a useful adjunct in the selection of a group of patients most likely to benefit from early treatment. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This study can help to evaluate the involvement of GO in early period with MRI added DWI.
Increasing Donor Chimerism and Inducing Tolerance to Islet Allografts by Post‐Transplant Donor Lymphocyte Infusion

Inducing donor chimerism is the most consistently successful approach to achieve transplant tolerance. We found that a low level of donor chimerism, which was induced by a relatively non‐toxic approach, induced donor‐specific tolerance to islet allografts in chemically induced diabetic mice. However, a similar level of donor chimerism could not protect donor islet allografts in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice that spontaneously developed autoimmune diabetes. Rejection of donor islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice with a low level of donor chimerism was mediated by recurrent autoimmunity. We used post‐transplant donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to increase donor chimerism and to induce tolerance to islet allografts. DLI significantly increased donor chimerism and promoted donor‐specific tolerance to islet allografts in diabetic NOD mice. Self‐tolerance to islet autoantigens was restored and restoring self‐tolerance is mediated by immunoregulation. Thus, our data showed that adoptive immunotherapy with post‐transplant DLI after establishing a low level of donor chimerism as a platform enhances donor chimerism, induces donor‐specific tolerance to islet allografts and restores self‐tolerance in the setting of autoimmune diabetes. Our data also showed that central tolerance is not sufficient to induce tolerance and peripheral tolerance through immunoregulation for restoring self‐tolerance is required in the setting of autoimmune diabetes.
EGFR Signaling and Drug Discovery

Dysregulation of human epidermal growth factor receptor (ErbB/HER) pathways by over-expression or constitutive activation can promote tumor processes including angiogenesis and metastasis and is associated with poor prognosis in many human malignancies. In addition to cancer, ErbB signaling has also been implicated in cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Conversely, inhibition of ErbB pathways with targeted agents, such as monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) or tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), blocks cell cycle progression, inhibits the production of pro-angiogenic factors and induces apoptosis in numerous in vitro and xenograft models. Accordingly, the ErbB receptor family with their most prominent members EGFR and HER-2 represents validated targets for anti-cancer therapy, and anti-ErbB MoAbs (cetuximab, panitumumab, and trastuzumab) and TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and lapatinib) have now been approved for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, as well as pancreatic and breast cancer. Although results have been encouraging, more work remains to be done.
Phthalates Induce Neurotoxicity Affecting Locomotor and Thermotactic Behaviors and AFD Neurons through Oxidative Stress in Caenorhabditis elegans

Background Phthalate esters are ubiquitous environmental contaminants and numerous organisms are thus exposed to various levels of phthalates in their natural habitat. Considering the critical, but limited, research on human neurobehavioral outcomes in association with phthalates exposure, we used the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo model to evaluate phthalates-induced neurotoxicity and the possible associated mechanisms. Principal Findings Exposure to phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) at the examined concentrations induced behavioral defects, including changes in body bending, head thrashing, reversal frequency, and thermotaxis in C. elegans. Moreover, phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) exposure caused toxicity, affecting the relative sizes of cell body fluorescent puncta, and relative intensities of cell bodies in AFD neurons. The mRNA levels of the majority of the genes (TTX-1, TAX-2, TAX-4, and CEH-14) that are required for the differentiation and function of AFD neurons were decreased upon DEHP exposure. Furthermore, phthalates (DEHP, DBP, and DIBP) exposure at the examined concentrations produced elevated intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in C. elegans. Finally, pretreatment with the antioxidant ascorbic acid significantly lowered the intracellular ROS level, ameliorated the locomotor and thermotactic behavior defects, and protected the damage of AFD neurons by DEHP exposure. Conclusions Our study suggests that oxidative stress plays a critical role in the phthalate esters-induced neurotoxic effects in C. elegans.
The Context of Temporal Processing Is Represented in the Multidimensional Relationships between Timing Tasks

In the present study we determined the performance interrelations of ten different tasks that involved the processing of temporal intervals in the subsecond range, using multidimensional analyses. Twenty human subjects executed the following explicit timing tasks: interval categorization and discrimination (perceptual tasks), and single and multiple interval tapping (production tasks). In addition, the subjects performed a continuous circle-drawing task that has been considered an implicit timing paradigm, since time is an emergent property of the produced spatial trajectory. All tasks could be also classified as single or multiple interval paradigms. Auditory or visual markers were used to define the intervals. Performance variability, a measure that reflects the temporal and non-temporal processes for each task, was used to construct a dissimilarity matrix that quantifies the distances between pairs of tasks. Hierarchical clustering and multidimensional scaling were carried out on the dissimilarity matrix, and the results showed a prominent segregation of explicit and implicit timing tasks, and a clear grouping between single and multiple interval paradigms. In contrast, other variables such as the marker modality were not as crucial to explain the performance between tasks. Thus, using this methodology we revealed a probable functional arrangement of neural systems engaged during different timing behaviors.
Impacts of Tree Rows on Grassland Birds and Potential Nest Predators: A Removal Experiment

Globally, grasslands and the wildlife that inhabit them are widely imperiled. Encroachment by shrubs and trees has widely impacted grasslands in the past 150 years. In North America, most grassland birds avoid nesting near woody vegetation. Because woody vegetation fragments grasslands and potential nest predator diversity and abundance is often greater along wooded edge and grassland transitions, we measured the impacts of removing rows of trees and shrubs that intersected grasslands on potential nest predators and the three most abundant grassland bird species (Henslow’s sparrow [Ammodramus henslowii], Eastern meadowlark [Sturnella magna], and bobolink [Dolichonyx oryzivorus]) at sites in Wisconsin, U.S.A. We monitored 3 control and 3 treatment sites, for 1 yr prior to and 3 yr after tree row removal at the treatment sites. Grassland bird densities increased (2–4 times for bobolink and Henslow’s sparrow) and nesting densities increased (all 3 species) in the removal areas compared to control areas. After removals, Henslow’s sparrows nested within ≤50 m of the treatment area, where they did not occur when tree rows were present. Most dramatically, activity by woodland-associated predators nearly ceased (nine-fold decrease for raccoon [Procyon lotor]) at the removals and grassland predators increased (up to 27 times activity for thirteen-lined ground squirrel [Ictidomys tridecemlineatus]). Nest success did not increase, likely reflecting the increase in grassland predators. However, more nests were attempted by all 3 species (175 versus 116) and the number of successful nests for bobolinks and Henslow’s sparrows increased. Because of gains in habitat, increased use by birds, greater production of young, and the effective removal of woodland-associated predators, tree row removal, where appropriate based on the predator community, can be a beneficial management action for conserving grassland birds and improving fragmented and degraded grassland ecosystems.
The SPEAR Instrument and On-Orbit Performance

The SPEAR (or "FIMS") instrumentation has been used to conduct the first large-scale spectral mapping of diffuse cosmic far-ultraviolet (FUV; 900-1750 Å) emission, including important diagnostics of interstellar hot (104-106 K) and photoionized plasmas, H2, and dust-scattered starlight. The instrumentation's performance has allowed for the unprecedented detection of astrophysical diffuse FUV emission lines. A spectral resolution of λ/Δλ ~ 550 and an imaging resolution of 5' is achieved on-orbit in the Short (900-1150 Å) and Long (1350-1750 Å) bandpass channels within their respective 4. °0 × 4. ′6 and 7. °4 × 4. ′3 fields of view. We describe the SPEAR imaging spectrographs, their performance, and the nature and handling of their data.
Synthesis of Isophoric Sparse Arrays Allowing Zoomable Beams and Arbitrary Coverage in Satellite Communications

In this paper, we address the synthesis of isophoric sparse ring arrays for full Earth coverage from a GEO satellite by means of steerable beams, switchable between two different widths. We show that to achieve such a zooming capability, we cannot simply tailor the array geometry to one of the patterns and then obtaining the beam zooming/shrinking by means of a phase-only control. Hence, we propose a novel synthesis approach that, in order to obtain the required beam zooming/shrinking by means of a phase-only control, tailors the layout geometry simultaneously to both the beams. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The analysis also shows that the required beam re-configurability cannot be achieved for free. In particular, to radiate simultaneously the narrow and wide beams, with a beam-width ratio 1:5, we have to employ a number of control point 80% greater than that necessary to transmit only the narrow beam.
Effects of Territory Competition and Climate Change on Timing of Arrival to Breeding Grounds: A Game-Theory Approach

Phenology is an important part of life history that is gaining increased attention because of recent climate change. We use game theory to model phenological adaptation in migratory birds that compete for territories at their breeding grounds. We investigate how the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) for the timing of arrival is affected by changes in the onset of spring, the timing of the resource peak, and the season length. We compare the ESS mean arrival date with the environmental optimum, that is, the mean arrival date that maximizes fitness in the absence of competition. When competition is strong, the ESS mean arrival date responds less than the environmental optimum to shifts in the resource peak but more to changes in the onset of spring. Increased season length may not necessarily affect the environmental optimum but can still advance the ESS mean arrival date. Conversely, shifting a narrow resource distribution may change the environmental optimum without affecting the ESS mean arrival date. The ESS mean arrival date and the environmental optimum may even shift in different directions. Hence, treating phenology as an evolutionary game rather than an optimization problem fundamentally changes what we predict to be an adaptive response to environmental changes.
Tracheobronchial Extension of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis

Endobronchial and pulmonary dissemination reportedly occurs in 5% of patients with laryngeal papillomatosis. It is more frequently observed in the juvenile form, and carries significant implications for treatment. In this study, we review our experiences with pulmonary and endobronchial extension of laryngeal papillomatosis. The records of the 52 patients with laryngeal papillomas treated at our institution since 1980 were reviewed. Twenty-nine percent of the patients (N = 15) developed tracheobronchial extension; 7% (N = 4) demonstrated pulmonary involvement. The birth history, race, sex, age at onset of symptoms, presenting symptoms, site and type of papillomas, surgical procedures, other methods of treatment, complications, and mortality data were analyzed. Eighty percent of the patients with tracheobronchial involvement were born to mothers with a positive history of vaginal condylomas. Pulmonary changes in 4 patients were observed on either chest radiographs or computed tomography and were manifested as multiple parenchymal nodules in 3 of the 4 patients. Pneumatoceles, cavitary empyema, and multiple recurrent pneumonias were the predominant complications of pulmonary involvement. Of the 15 patients with tracheobronchial extension, 80% (N = 12) required tracheotomy before their presentation to us. The number of multiple surgical procedures performed to remove papillomas ranged from 7 procedures in 1 patient with a solitary tracheobronchial lesion to more than 100 procedures in 2 patients with diffuse bronchopulmonary papillomatosis. As our study shows, tracheobronchial involvement continues to complicate surgical treatment in this challenging disease process.
Co-occurrence Patterns along a Regional Aridity Gradient of the Subtropical Andes Do Not Support Stress Gradient Hypotheses

The stress gradient hypothesis posits that facilitation and stress are positively correlated. The hump-shaped hypothesis, on the contrary, proposes that facilitation is greater at intermediate stress levels. The relationship between facilitation and environmental stress is commonly studied at small spatial scales and/or considering few species; thus, the implications of facilitation at a community level remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed local co-occurrence patterns of all plant species at 25 sites within the subtropical Andes to evaluate the role of facilitation and competition as drivers of community structure. We considered a wide latitudinal gradient (19–26°S) that incorporates great variation in aridity. No previous studies have attempted to study these patterns across such a broad scale in warm deserts. Each locality was sampled at two scales (quadrat and patch), and co-occurrence was analyzed via null models. Furthermore, we tested for a relationship between plant co-occurrences and environmental aridity. Resulting patterns depended on life form. When all species were considered, negative associations were found, indicating competition. Woody/cactus life forms tended to be associated across communities, suggesting that there is facilitation between these life forms. Additionally, and unlike previous studies, we found positive associations among shrubs. The strength of the association between woody species changed non-monotonically with aridity. Herbs showed an inverted hump-shaped relationship, albeit ranging mostly among neutral values. Independent of the association type exhibited by different life forms, our community level results do not support current stress gradient hypotheses.
Phase Equilibrium Constraints on Pre-eruptive Conditions of Recent Felsic Explosive Volcanism at Pantelleria Island, Italy

We present experimental phase equilibria carried out on a pantelleritic bulk-rock composition with a peralkalinity index [PI = molar (Na2O + K2O)/Al2O3] = 1*4, which is representative of the most energetic pumice fall eruption of the resurgent post-caldera volcanism on Pantelleria island. For the explored conditions (P = 25-150 MPa; T = 680-800°C; H2Omelt up to 6 wt %; fO2 ≤ NNO, where NNO is nickel-nickel oxide buffer) clinopyroxene is the liquidus phase followed by alkali feldspar and then quartz. The crystallization of amphibole is limited to temperatures below 700°C. Aenigmatite crystallizes near the liquidus for P ≥ 100 MPa. When clinopyroxene is the sole liquidus phase, the coexisting melt is characterized by a decrease in peralkalinity index to 1*2, if compared with the starting material, approaching comendite composition. In contrast, when alkali feldspar joins the liquidus phase assemblage, residual melts become extremely peralkaline (PI = 3*2), with FeO contents in excess of 14 wt %. Comparison of our experiments with natural phase abundances and compositions constrains the depth of the Fastuca pantellerite reservoir to be around 5 ± 1 km (or P = 120 ± 20 MPa) at T = 730 ± 10°C, with H2Omelt around 4 wt %, and fO2 1*5 log unit below NNO. Such conditions correspond to the dominant phase assemblage of feldspar, clinopyroxene and aenigmatite. Amphibole occurrence requires both higher melt water contents and lower temperatures (up to 6*5 wt % at 680°C), and may reflect provenance from a deeper and wetter portion of the tapped reservoir. In contrast, quartz is more probably related to crystallization during magma ascent, which explains the lower melt water content of its melt inclusions. Overall, the results confirm that pantellerites may be both water-rich and reduced magmas. These characteristics imply that any coexisting fluid phase in the reservoir will be dominated by water and hydrogen species, the latter amounting to a few mole per cent. Magma unrest at Pantelleria may thus be heralded by emissions of hydrous and reduced gases (i.e. CO2-poor and H2-rich), if the present-day reservoir is felsic in composition.