Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Development of a novel clinical scoring system for on-farm diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in pre-weaned dairy calves

Several clinical scoring systems for diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in calves have been proposed. However, such systems were based on subjective judgment, rather than statistical methods, to weight scores. Data from a pair-matched case-control study on a California calf raising facility was used to develop three novel scoring systems to diagnose BRD in preweaned dairy calves. Disease status was assigned using both clinical signs and diagnostic test results for BRD-associated pathogens. Regression coefficients were used to weight score values. The systems presented use nasal and ocular discharge, rectal temperature, ear and head carriage, coughing, and respiratory quality as predictors. The systems developed in this research utilize fewer severity categories of clinical signs, require less calf handling, and had excellent agreement (Kappa > 0.8) when compared to an earlier scoring system. The first scoring system dichotomized all clinical predictors but required inducing a cough. The second scoring system removed induced cough as a clinical abnormality but required distinguishing between three levels of nasal discharge severity. The third system removed induced cough and forced a dichotomized variable for nasal discharge. The first system presented in this study used the following predictors and assigned values: coughing (induced or spontaneous coughing, 2 points), nasal discharge (any discharge, 3 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C or 102.5°F, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 95.4% cases and 88.6% controls. The second presented system categorized the predictors and assigned weights as follows: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), mild nasal discharge (unilateral, serous, or watery discharge, 3 points), moderate to severe nasal discharge (bilateral, cloudy, mucoid, mucopurlent, or copious discharge, 5 points), ocular discharge (any discharge, 1 point), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥4. This system correctly classified 89.3% cases and 92.8% controls. The third presented system used the following predictors and scores: coughing (spontaneous only, 2 points), nasal discharge (any, 4 points), ocular discharge (any, 2 points), ear and head carriage (ear droop or head tilt, 5 points), fever (≥39.2°C, 2 points), and respiratory quality (abnormal respiration, 2 points). Calves were categorized “BRD positive” if their total score was ≥5. This system correctly classified 89.4% cases and 90.8% controls. Each of the proposed systems offer few levels of clinical signs and data-based weights for on-farm diagnosis of BRD in dairy calves.
Lights and Camera: Intelligently Controlled Multi-channel Pose Estimation System

Guiding the spacecraft docking process requires the use of sensors that estimate the relative position of the two vessels. This task is complicated by the widely variable on-orbit illumination. To combat this, controllable docking cameras are augmented by computer-controlled illuminants. But how should these illumination and capture parameters be controlled and how should the images obtained under different conditions be combined in order to estimate the relative pose of the vessels? We address these issues in the "Lights and Camera" system. Images captured with the same camera and scene geometry but under different lighting conditions are merged, and the resulting edges are used to estimate the target’s pose. A high level controller monitors the imaging process and determines the set of images to capture and use for pose estimation. This paper describes the "Lights and Camera" system architecture and initial results of its operation on mockups of space hardware.
Maternal Emotions During Mother-Toddler Interaction: Parenting in Affective Context

Objective. This study explored the emotional experiences of mothers in interacting with their 2-year-old children and examined interrelations among maternal emotion, family distress, and observations of parenting sensitivity. Design. Sixty mothers and their 2-year-old children were observed interacting during both enjoyable (free play) and challenging (waiting) interaction tasks, and mothers provided self-report information about their emotional experiences during each task. Mothers also completed self-report measures to assess family distress. Results. Mothers experienced and expressed a range of positive and negative emotions during interactions with their toddlers, however, mothers' expressed (observed) and experienced (self-reported) emotions were generally uncorrelated. Mothers reported experiencing more positive emotion during interactions characterized by less child negativity and less negative emotion during interactions characterized by child expressions of positive emotion. Mothers' self-reported emotional experiences during interactions with their children moderated the associations between family distress (as reported by mothers) and sensitive parenting behaviors (as observed during parent-child interaction). Conclusions. Findings support a conceptualization of parenting as multiply determined by child, parent, and family contextual factors, with emotion serving an integral role. Results are also discussed with regard to parenting emotion as a potential target for intervention in distressed families.
Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated?

Abstract The object of this paper is to show why recent research in the psychology of deductive and probabilistic reasoning does not have "bleak implications for human rationality," as has sometimes been supposed. The presence of fallacies in reasoning is evaluated by referring to normative criteria which ultimately derive their own credentials from a systematisation of the intuitions that agree with them. These normative criteria cannot be taken, as some have suggested, to constitute a part of natural science, nor can they be established by metamathematical proof. Since a theory of competence has to predict the very same intuitions, it must ascribe rationality to ordinary people. Accordingly, psychological research on this topic falls into four categories. In the first, experimenters investigate conditions under which their subjects suffer from genuine cognitive illusions. The search for explanations of such performance errors may then generate hypotheses about the ways in which the relevant information-processing mechanisms operate. In the second category, experimenters investigate circumstances in which their subjects exhibit mathematical or scientific ignorance: these are tests of the subjects' intelligence or education. In the third and fourth categories, experimenters impute a fallacy where none exists, either because they are applying the relevant normative criteria in an inappropriate way or because the normative criteria being applied are not the appropriate ones.
Naïve and Accidental Behaviours that Compromise Information Security: What the Experts Think

The aim of the present study was twofold. First it aimed to elicit Information Security (InfoSec) experts’ perceptions about the most important naïve and accidental behaviours that could compromise the InfoSec of an organisation. The second aim was to use these findings to assess the relevance of behaviours that are currently measured by the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q), with the intention to further validate the instrument. We employed a qualitative, focus group data collection approach, which enabled rich discussion with InfoSec experts. Fifteen InfoSec experts were asked: “What naïve and accidental behaviours could compromise the information security of an organisation? ” They brainstormed, discussed and rated the most important behaviours. According to these experts, the three most important behaviours were sharing passwords, not considering the consequences of Social Media (SM), and oversharing information on SM. It was also found that, of the eleven most important behaviours, rated by the InfoSec experts, eight were part of the HAIS-Q. Furthermore, discussions emphasised the notion of human naivety, lending support to the focus on naïve and accidental behaviours. Finally, our findings demonstrate that behaviours measured by the HAIS-Q are relevant, providing validation for the HAIS-Q.
Effects of Impulsive Behavior, Self Esteem, and Depression on School Adjustment of Adolescents

The purpose of this study was to analyze the predictors of impulsive behavior, self esteem, and depression on school adjustment of adolescents. The original data were collected using questionnaire from the sample of 415 middle school students selected by convenient sampling. The data were collected from October 1 to November 30, 2010. The data was conducted by using a correlations coefficient and the hierarchical regression. The major findings of this study were as follows. Firstly, the school adjustment correlates with the impulsiveness(r
Sports Activities and Sense of Coherence (SOC) among College Students

1Graduate School of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-8558 Japan 2Department of Community Development and Social Policy, College of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-8558 Japan 3Department of Sport and Wellness, College of Community and Human Services, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza-shi, Saitama 352-8558 Japan s.endo611101@gmail.com [Received April 20, 2011; Accepted January 21, 2012; Published online February 13, 2012]
Orphan receptor GPR179 forms macromolecular complexes with components of metabotropic signaling cascade in retina ON-bipolar neurons.

PURPOSE In the mammalian retina, synaptic transmission between light-excited rod photoreceptors and downstream ON-bipolar neurons is indispensable for dim vision, and disruption of this process leads to congenital stationary night blindness in human patients. The ON-bipolar neurons use the metabotropic signaling cascade, initiated by the mGluR6 receptor, to generate depolarizing responses to light-induced changes in neurotransmitter glutamate release from the photoreceptor axonal terminals. Evidence for the identity of the components involved in transducing these signals is growing rapidly. Recently, the orphan receptor, GPR179, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily, has been shown to be indispensable for the synaptic responses of ON-bipolar cells. In our study, we investigated the interaction of GPR179 with principle components of the signal transduction cascade. METHODS We used immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays in transfected cells and native retinas to characterize the protein-protein interactions involving GPR179. The influence of cascade components on GPR179 localization was examined through immunohistochemical staining of the retinas from genetic mouse models. RESULTS We demonstrated that, in mouse retinas, GPR179 forms physical complexes with the main components of the metabotropic cascade, recruiting mGluR6, TRPM1, and the RGS proteins. Elimination of mGluR6 or RGS proteins, but not TRPM1, detrimentally affects postsynaptic targeting or GPR179 expression. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that the mGluR6 signaling cascade is scaffolded as a macromolecular complex in which the interactions between the components ensure the optimal spatiotemporal characteristics of signal transduction.
Mapping the Internet

Discovery of a network topology is a challenging task. Available algorithms that rely on simple hop-limited, traceroute-style probes give different performance in terms of the completeness (fuzziness) of the resulting map, the speed of mapping, and the efficiency of mapping. The authors provide a brief overview of the types of mapping abstractions that have been used and review available techniques for generating maps of the Internet's infrastructure. A small study conducted in order to compare two of these techniques is described. Results of this study indicate that informed random address probing offers more complete network maps quickly and more efficiently. They also suggest that probing from multiple sources and amalgamating the results may improve the completeness of maps.
Integrative Understanding of Emergent Brain Properties, Quantum Brain Hypotheses, and Connectome Alterations in Dementia are Key Challenges to Conquer Alzheimer's Disease

The biological substrate for cognition remains a challenge as much as defining this function of living beings. Here, we examine some of the difficulties to understand normal and disordered cognition in humans. We use aspects of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders to illustrate how the wealth of information at many conceptually separate, even intellectually decoupled, physical scales – in particular at the Molecular Neuroscience versus Systems Neuroscience/Neuropsychology levels – presents a challenge in terms of true interdisciplinary integration towards a coherent understanding. These unresolved dilemmas include critically the as yet untested quantum brain hypothesis, and the embryonic attempts to develop and define the so-called connectome in humans and in non-human models of disease. To mitigate these challenges, we propose a scheme incorporating the vast array of scales of the space and time (space–time) manifold from at least the subatomic through cognitive-behavioral dimensions of inquiry, to achieve a new understanding of both normal and disordered cognition, that is essential for a new era of progress in the Generative Sciences and its application to translational efforts for disease prevention and treatment.
Identification of SNP interactions using data-parallel primitives on GPUs

A major goal of a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) is to find associations between genetic variations, such as Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk for developing a complex disease, such as cancer or schizophrenia. Logic Feature Selection (logicFS) is a technique to search for interactions between SNPs possibly enhancing the risk to develop a particular disease. Composed of several hundreds of processors, the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) has become a very interesting platform for computationally demanding tasks on massive data. A special hierarchy of processors and fast memory units allow very powerful and efficient parallelization but also demands novel parallel algorithms. In this paper, we formulate LogicFS-GPU algorithm particularly suited for the data parallel architectures, such as GPUs. For this purpose, we employ low (or device) level and high level data parallel primitives, e.g. map, compaction, parallel-prefix-sum (scan) and parallel reduction. The primary idea of our algorithm is to allow the parallel threads developing cooperatively their own private high quality binary interaction models to predict the affection status of subjects. We demonstrate (1) how to formulate the parallel LogicFS-GPU algorithm to be able to exploit most of the potential parallelism hidden in the base logicFS algorithm and (2) how to utilize the special memory and processor architecture of a modern GPU in order to share this information among threads in an optimal way. As a perspective, LogicFS-GPU is not limited examining SNP interactions, but can also be applied to any problem in which multi-variate binary predictor interactions are tried to be associated with observations. Furthermore, the target architecture of LogicFS-GPU is not only constrained by GPU and it may be possible to port our formulation to any other target data-parallel architecture.
Japanese students' perceptions of international perspectives in social work

English This article reports on a small-scale enquiry into the value for Japanese social work students of learning about international social work. The study highlights a number of practice-related benefits for students, linking these to contemporary Japanese and UK social work education and practice. French Cet article présente le rapport d’une enquête à échelle restreinte sur les valeurs des étudiants Japonais en travail social qui étudient le travail social international. L’étude souligne nombre d’avantages relatifs à la pratique pour les étudiants, en lien avec la formation et les pratiques de travail social contemporaines japonaises et britanniques. Spanish Este es el reporte de una investigación a pequeña escala sobre el valor que para los estudiantes japoneses de trabajo social tiene el aprender acerca del trabajo social internacional. El estudio subraya primero un número de beneficios relacionados con la práctica que alcanzarán los estudiantes, y después muestra la conexión que existe entre tales beneficios a la práctica y educación del trabajo social contemporáneos en el Japón y en el Reino Unido.
Does Parental Investment Increase Wealth, or Does Wealth Increase Parental Investment?

Possible causal relationships between parental investment and economic growth and productivity were investigated cross-nationally. Composite variables were constructed to measure parental investment (PI), human capital (HC), national health, government effectiveness, and economic development for 148 countries. Some composites were highly intercorrelated, particularly PI, HC, and health, and all predicted absolute (dollar value) annual growth (1990-1998) as well as GNP (1996). Regression analysis showed that PI strongly predicts wealth, but not growth, when government stability and level of economic development are controlled. Results suggest that PI (and health, HC) is more a product than a cause of national wealth.
Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of CD4 T Cells Expressing Killer Ig-Like Receptors1

Killer Ig-like receptors (KIR) are commonly found on human NK cells, γδ T cells, and CD8 T cells. Although KIR+ CD4 T cells are found in certain patients, their prevalence in healthy donors is controversial. We now provide definitive proof that such cells are present in most individuals, and report on their frequency, surface phenotype, cytokine profile, and Ag specificity. The number of KIR+ CD4 T cells detected in peripheral blood increased with age. In contrast with regular KIR− CD4 T cells, the majority of KIR+ CD4 T cells lacked surface expression of CD27, CD28, CCR4, and CCR7, but did express CD57 and 2B4. In addition, KIR were detected on approximately one-tenth of CD28− and CD57+ memory CD4 T cells. In line with the absence of the Th2 marker CCR4, the KIR+ CD4 cells produced mainly IFN-γ and little IL-4, IL-10, or IL-17 upon TCR triggering. Furthermore, the KIR+ population contained cells that responded to recall Ags in an HLA class II-restricted fashion. Together, our data indicate that KIR-expressing CD4 T cells are predominantly HLA class II-restricted effector memory Th1 cells, and that a significant, previously unrecognized fraction of effector memory Th1 cells expresses KIR.
P300 based BCI messenger

A brain-computer interface (BCI) is a communication system that helps locked-in patients to communicate with other people by translating brain activities into machine/computer commands. This paper introduces a BCI instant messaging system (i.e. BCI messenger), which is further work of the P300-based Chinese typewriter developed in the preceding research. The BCI messenger can serve as a daily communication tool, with which the patients can type and send messages to either computer clients or cell phones. The typewriter interface is implemented following the design of modern cell phone keypad, where every key can act as a specific element in different input modes and multiple input modes including Chinese, English, numbers and symbols are integrated. Since P300 potentials exhibit various amplitudes and latencies on different individuals, some intensification parameters (e.g. variable stimulus round, inter-stimulus interval), and even some advanced intensification methods (e.g. stimulus size enhancement) could be customized to reinforce the elicitation of P300. Six subjects participated in the experiments of the BCI system above. A short training period is requested to allow task completion, and after about one hour's practice, most of the subjects learned to operate the typewriter. All participators showed a gradual performance increase across sessions and average accuracy in the best condition for each subject surpassed 80%. Besides, effect of different electrode configurations and machine learning algorithms on classification accuracy is tested. The experiment results demonstrate that BCIs can provide locked-in patients with effective communication.
The Role of Encoding and Retrieval Processes in the Recall of Text.

This study is a modified replication of a study by Anderson and Pichert (1978). Subjects read three stories, taking a particular perspective for each, recalled each story from that perspective and, either immediately or after 1 week, recalled the stories again from a new perspective. Consistent with Anderson and Pichert's findings, subjects in the immediate condition showed a shift in recall as a function of retrieval perspective. However, subjects in the delay condition showed no retrieval shift; they continued to recall more information that was relevant to the encoding perspective than to the retrieval perspective. Furthermore, the retrieval shift obtained in the immediate condition was shown to be due not to an increase in recall of information related to the new perspective, but rather to less of a decrease in recall of this information over time relative to perspective‐unrelated information. Thus, in contrast to Anderson and Pichert's results, the present results demonstrate that even though the ret.
Delta Networks for Optimized Recurrent Network Computation

Many neural networks exhibit stability in their activation patterns over time in response to inputs from sensors operating under real-world conditions. By capitalizing on this property of natural signals, we propose a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architecture called a delta network in which each neuron transmits its value only when the change in its activation exceeds a threshold. The execution of RNNs as delta networks is attractive because their states must be stored and fetched at every timestep, unlike in convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We show that a naive run-time delta network implementation offers modest improvements on the number of memory accesses and computes, but optimized training techniques confer higher accuracy at higher speedup. With these optimizations, we demonstrate a 9X reduction in cost with negligible loss of accuracy for the TIDIGITS audio digit recognition benchmark. Similarly, on the large Wall Street Journal (WSJ) speech recognition benchmark, pretrained networks can also be greatly accelerated as delta networks and trained delta networks show a 5.7X improvement with negligible loss of accuracy. Finally, on an end-to-end CNN-RNN network trained for steering angle prediction in a driving dataset, the RNN cost can be reduced by a substantial 100X.