Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Women's Accounts of Organizational Politics as a Gendering Process

Organizational politics is implicated in all levels of organizational functioning, from power structures and informal interaction to individual identity. This study argues that organizational politics provides an approach to examining professional women's experiences of organizations as gendered. Women graduates in male-dominated organizations claimed not to be limited by explicit discrimination, but they construct organizational politics as being masculine in character and as a barrier to their careers. These women represent organizational politics as irrational, aggressive, competitive and instrumental, leading to individual, not organizational, success. Their accounts undermine the stereotypical dichotomy of masculine rationality and feminine emotion by claiming that women behave reasonably and by focusing on emotion in men's political game playing. However, claiming to be rational and rejecting politics, while acknowledging its role in career success, is uncomfortable for ambitious women. They risk sabotaging their own position by appearing too sensitive to engage in the less savoury aspects of organizational life. Organizational political processes are seen as fundamental to gender in organizations, first, because political activity is seen as gendered and masculine and contrary to female identity; secondly, because politics is part of the informal system which constructs organization from which outsiders are excluded; and finally, because political activity is linked to the performance, achievement and maintenance of power.
Comparing and combining the demand-control-support model and the effort reward imbalance model to predict long-term mental strain

A first purpose of this prospective study was to investigate whether the levels of mental strain and the working conditions included in the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) model and the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) model differed for managers/professionals (n = 658) and manual workers (n = 343). An additional purpose was to compare the predictive power of the DCS and ERI models in the regard to long-term mental strain for these two groups. The study further aimed to investigate whether combining the models would improve the predictive power of long-term mental strain. Managers/professionals reported higher job demands and intrinsic efforts than did the manual workers, as well as slightly higher mental strain, but also higher decision latitude, social support, and rewards from work. Both models explained small albeit significant proportions of variance in mental strain for both occupational groups. A tentative conclusion from the study is that combining the two models may slightly increase the explanatory power to predict work-related mental strain.
A Review of Power Output Studies of Olympic and Powerlifting: Methodology, Performance Prediction, and Evaluation Tests

Total energy expenditure and rate of energy expenditure (power output) are important considerations for exercise programs and training programs. Mechanical power output generated during competitive lifts in both weightlifting (WL) and powerlifting (PL) is large in magnitude and can be measured accurately using standard biomechanical analysis equipment. Power tests do not appear to have predictive value for performance capability in PL. However, athletes in WL produce power outputs in vertical jump tests that are similar to those they produce in selected phases of the competitive lifts. This fact and related data have led to research that may result in simple power test protocols useful for estimating the training and performance potential of weightlifters and other athletes in power oriented sports, as well as for measuring a power component in standard fitness testing packages. Thus the purposes of this paper are to (a) review what is known about power output during the competitive lifts of WL and PL and the methods used to evaluate it, (b) review what is known about power tests in relation to performance prediction in WL and PL, and (c) suggest applications of this knowledge to related fields of study.
Preparing for Democracy

The National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) shows a civic knowledge gap similar to the achievement gap, showing urban youth struggling in particular. However, research has shown that urban youth can be civically engaged when they are involved in projects or organizing intended to improve community conditions, not simply absorbing civic knowledge. This article shares findings from case studies of two Bronx-based community organizations that have successful models of civic engagement with urban youth. The findings reveal the practices that the adults use in the organizations to get urban youth civically engaged and to develop a “civic identity. ”
Expanding and Vetting Sorghum bicolor Gene Annotations through Transcriptome and Methylome Sequencing

With the emergence and subsequent advancement of next‐generation sequence technology, detailed structural and functional characterization of genomes is readily attainable. Here, we have sampled the Sorghum bicolor methylome by shallow sequencing of HSO3– (bisulfite)‐treated DNA and have used these data to identify methylation patterns associated with high confidence gene models. We trained a classifier to predict functional gene models based on expression levels, methylation profiles, and sequence conservation. We have expanded the transcriptome atlas by sequencing RNA from meristematic tissues, florets, and embryos, and utilized this information to develop a more complete annotation of the sorghum transcriptome. Our gene annotations modify 60% of Sbi1.4 (version 1.4 of sorghum gene annotations) gene models. The updated models most often have extended untranslated region (UTR) annotations (18,105), but some show longer protein coding regions (5096) or previously unannotated alternative transcripts (6493). A phylogenetic analysis suggests that 800 genes are missing from annotation Sbi1.4 and 400 gene models are split. The new annotations resolve 50% of split gene models and include 30% of conserved genes missing from the Sbi1.4 annotation. Using our classifier, we identified a large set of 34,276 novel potentially functional transcribed regions. These transcribed regions include protein coding genes, non‐coding RNAs, and other classes of gene products.
Power and Managerial Dismissal: Scapegoating at the Top.

Warren Boeker Columbia University A study of 67 organizations over a 22-year period is used to examine the likelihood of chief executive and top management dismissal as a result of organizational performance and the distribution of power in the organization. Powerful chief executives are found to be less likely than less powerful chief executives to be dismissed during performance downturns. Instead, they displace blame for poor performance onto their subordinates, the top managers of the organization, who subsequently are replaced, while the chief executive remains. The paper examines the role that board composition and organization ownership play in influencing the amount of power the chief executive is likely to possess and explores what actions organizations with poor performance but powerful chief executives might take. '
Parenting Style and Black Adolescents’ Academic Achievement

The relationships between maternal beliefs in control and responsiveness and adolescent academic achievement were examined by interviewing 59 Black mothers and female guardians of adolescents, ages 11 to 19, living in a northeastern small city or adjacent suburb and correlating their answers to year-end report cards of their adolescents. Demographic variables such as maternal education level and adolescent sex were also examined to determine whether they helped explain variation in adolescent grade point averages. The analyses revealed that higher maternal beliefs in control were significantly associated with lower grade point averages. No other statistically significant relationship was found in this sample between the other parenting and demographic variables and adolescent academic achievement. The results of this study are discussed in terms of factors that may mediate the relationship found.
The prevalence of household second-hand smoke exposure and its correlated factors in six counties of China

Objective: To study the prevalence of, and discuss factors contributing to, household second-hand smoke exposure in six counties in China, providing scientific support for the need to establish tobacco control measures in these areas. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed. Investigators conducted face-to-face interviews using a standardised questionnaire to collect information on demographics, passive smoking behaviours and knowledge, and attitudes towards tobacco control. The setting was six counties from the three provinces: Mianzhu and Xichong counties in Sichuan Province; Anyi and Hukou counties in Jiangxi Province; and Xinan and Yanshi counties in Henan Province. A total of 8142 non-smokers (aged 18–69) in 2004 were included in the data analysis. Household second-hand smoke exposure rate as defined as the proportion of household passive smokers in the non-smoker population was used as the measure of household second-hand smoke exposure. Results: The analysis of 8142 non-smokers revealed that, in these selected counties, the household second-hand smoke exposure rate was 48.3%. Respondents had positive attitudes towards tobacco control. Of 6972 respondents, 84.4% supported all the three tobacco control policies (banning smoking in public places, banning the selling of cigarettes to minors, banning all cigarette advertisements). In 3165 families with smokers, 87.2% of respondents reported that smokers would smoke in front of them. In 2124 families with smokers and children, 76.5% of respondents reported that smokers would smoke in front of children. As many as 42.1% of non-smokers would offer cigarettes to their guests, and only 46.8% of respondents would ask smokers to smoke outdoors. Only 6.3% of families completely forbade smoking at home. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed high second-hand smoke exposure for the following demographic groups: Jiangxi Province inhabitants, females, those with low education level, farmers and married respondents. Conclusions: Household second-hand smoke exposure rates in the selected counties were high. A high percentage of respondents reported that smokers would smoke in front of them and children. The pressure from non-smokers against smoking was relatively low, although offering cigarette was prevalent. Households that were completely smoking-free were rare, Further studies on these correlated factors could help us establish effective measures to reduce household second-hand smoke exposure.
In vivo antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea (Fabaceae) in Mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei

Malaria is one of the most serious health problems worldwide and treatment has been compromised by drug resistance. Consequently, efforts are directed towards discovery of novel agents including from medicinal plants. The present study was aimed to evaluate the suppressive, curative and prophylactic activity of hydroalcoholic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea in mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei (1x10 7 parasites/mouse). The extract (15, 30 and 60 mg/kg), chloroquine (5 mg/kg) and distilled water (0.2ml/day) were administered orally for four days. Then parasitemia, packed cell volume, body weight, rectal temperature and survival time of mice were monitored. The 60 mg/kg dose in 4-day suppressive, curative and prophylactic tests had maximum parasitemia chemosuppression of 51.15, 47.77 and 36.8% (P<0.001 in all cases) respectively with significant effect on survival time (4-day suppressive test) compared to negative control. In 4-day suppressive test, the extract had prevented packed cell volume reduction at 15 and 30 mg/kg doses (P<0.05) compared to negative control. In prophylactic test, extract doses at 15mg/kg (p<0.001) and 60mg/kg (p<0.05) prevented body weight loss compared to negative control. The present work establishes antiplasmodial activity of the plant which can be a potential source of new chemotherapeutic and/or chemoprophylactic compounds.
The Effects of Writing Apprehension on Message Encoding

Dij.ferences were found between high apprehensive and low apprehensive writers in rate, verbal qualification and rating of message quality. as measured by self report instruments, is factorially separate from a variety of other, somewhat similar, variables such as trait anxiety, oral communication apprehension (stagefright), and receiver a n ~ i e t y . ~ It is inversely related to various self-concept and self-esteem mea,There is increasing evidence for the sures as well as ratings of self comexistence of an individual difference petence.10 No significant associations appear between apprehension of writing among people in their feelings toward
Molecular epidemiology of group A human rotaviruses in North West region, Cameroon

Background Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe diarrhea in children <5 years of age worldwide accounting for 527,000 deaths annually. Over 80% of these deaths occur in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. RV vaccines have significantly reduced RV-associated morbidity and mortalities in several countries like the United States and Mexico while vaccine trials have proved efficacious in Ghana and other developing countries. However, there is paucity of data on RV infection in Cameroon where diarrhea is a major childhood disease. Methods A total of 534 stool specimens collected between January 2003 and December 2004 from children with acute gastroenteritis in five health districts in the NWR of Cameroon were screened for group A human rotavirus antigen by ELISA and their electropherotypes determined by Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results RV was detected in 153 (28.7%) diarrheic specimens with infection occurring throughout the year, being more common in children under two years of age (P < 0.01) with the highest incidence in the 7-9 months age group (P <0.05). Sub clinical infections (9%) occurred mostly in children aged 0 - 6 months old (P<0.01). Source of drinking water was not associated with RV infection. Eleven electropherotype patterns were detected with predominance of long electropherotypes (92.8%) and mixed electropherotypes were seen only in hospitalized children. Some isolates showed overlapping or merged genome segments 7 and 8 or 9 and presenting with 10 segments of the RV genome. Conclusion RV is a significant cause of pediatric diarrhea in the NWR affecting mostly children under 2 years of age. Continuous RV surveillance and nationwide surveys are recommended to improve the health of young children in Cameroon. More research is needed to fully characterize the isolated RV strains.
Some Psychological Correlates of Civil Rights Activity

Northern Negroes and whites at varying levels of participation in college student civil rights groups were compared with selected groups of northern, Negro non-members of civil rights groups on a number of personality and demographic variables (race, geographic location). Negro Actives showed more repression and ego strength than Negto non-actives. White Actives showed less social approval motivation and less repression than Negro Actives. In contrast to studies of southern Negroes, in this study, Negro Actives came from a lower socioeconomic background than Negro non-actives; internal vs external control of reinforcement and number of non-civil rights group memberships were unrelated to civil rights activity level. Factors other than activity level are important in predicting personality and demographic differences among civil rights activists and non-activists. The importance of additonal empirical research is also discussed.
Life Functioning in Families of Delinquent Boys: An Assessment Model

A model for assessing life functioning in families of delinquent or predelinquent boys is presented. The quantification of six major areas of family life functioning has proved to be a valid instrument which can accurately differentiate between type of symptomatology displayed by boys, their ability to profit from therapy, and the differing family perceptions of the usefulness of the therapeutic program.
Regeneration of bone and periodontal ligament induced by recombinant amelogenin after periodontitis

Regeneration of mineralized tissues affected by chronic diseases comprises a major scientific and clinical challenge. Periodontitis, one such prevalent disease, involves destruction of the tooth‐supporting tissues, alveolar bone, periodontal‐ligament and cementum, often leading to tooth loss. In 1997, it became clear that, in addition to their function in enamel formation, the hydrophobic ectodermal enamel matrix proteins (EMPs) play a role in the regeneration of these periodontal tissues. The epithelial EMPs are a heterogeneous mixture of polypeptides encoded by several genes. It was not clear, however, which of these many EMPs induces the regeneration and what mechanisms are involved. Here we show that a single recombinant human amelogenin protein (rHAM+), induced in vivo regeneration of all tooth‐supporting tissues after creation of experimental periodontitis in a dog model. To further understand the regeneration process, amelogenin expression was detected in normal and regenerating cells of the alveolar bone (osteocytes, osteoblasts and osteoclasts), periodontal ligament, cementum and in bone marrow stromal cells. Amelogenin expression was highest in areas of high bone turnover and activity. Further studies showed that during the first 2 weeks after application, rHAM+ induced, directly or indirectly, significant recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, which later differentiated to form the regenerated periodontal tissues. The ability of a single protein to bring about regeneration of all periodontal tissues, in the correct spatio‐temporal order, through recruitment of mesenchymal progenitor cells, could pave the way for development of new therapeutic devices for treatment of periodontal, bone and ligament diseases based on rHAM+.
Entrepreneurship and ethics

In business and the culture hospitable to it, not much is more important than the moral status of entrepreneurship. If the entrepreneur is a rascal, a rogue, the system that gives such a person a home is surely tainted. Critics of capitalism such as Robert Kuttner and Earl Shorris have made this point repeatedly in their various prominently published books. They follow the likes of Karl Marx, only unlike Marx they see nothing redeeming about the free market. (Marx thought it was a vital stage of humanity’s development! )
How Many Offenses are Really Committed per Juvenile Court Offender?

Abstract This article compares juvenile court petitions and self-reported offending between ages 13 and 17 for 506 boys followed up in the Pittsburgh Youth Study. There were 2.4 self-reported offenders for every petitioned offender, and 80 self-reported offenses for every petitioned offense. The prevalence of self-reported offenders stayed constant with age, but the prevalence of petitioned offenders increased with age. Conversely, the individual offending frequency stayed constant with age according to court petitions but increased with age according to self-reports. Therefore, prevalence and frequency did not vary similarly with age, and did not vary similarly in self-reports and court records. With increasing age, more and more of the self-reported offenders were formally petitioned, but they were formally petitioned for fewer and fewer of their offenses. The probability of an offender being petitioned to court increased with the number of offenses that he committed, but the probability of each offense leading to a court petition decreased with the number of offenses committed. There was little overlap between self-reported and official chronic offenders. It is concluded that researchers should always measure both self-reports and official records in studying offending, and that the juvenile court should seek to intervene earlier in delinquency careers.
Fatigue Fracture of a Forged Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Femoral Component Inserted with Cement. A Report of Ten Cases*

Ten patients who had had a total hip replacement with a forged cobalt-chromium-molybdenum femoral prosthesis (Precoat or Precoat Plus) inserted with cement were seen with a fatigue fracture of the stem an average of fifty months (range, nineteen to seventy-four months) postoperatively. The average age of the patients was sixty-one years (range, forty-three to seventy-three years), and the average weight was ninety-six kilograms (range, seventy to 130 kilograms). Eight patients had had a primary total hip replacement, and two had had a revision; all of the acetabular components had been inserted without cement. Radiographs that had been made before the fracture were available for four of the eight hips that had had a primary replacement; all four had radiographic evidence of debonding of the cement mantle from the proximal end of the stem. This probably caused exaggerated cantilever bending stresses on the proximal aspect of the stem as the distal end of the stem was well fixed. The radiographs of both hips that had had a revision demonstrated a non-union of the greater trochanter, which had resulted in separation at the cement-bone interface at the proximal portion of the femur before the fracture. Scanning electron micrographs of five of the ten fractured prostheses demonstrated a fatigue fracture that began near the anterolateral corner of the prosthesis, through characters that had been etched on the implant with a laser. Metallurgical analysis indicated subsurface voids or inclusions, or both, immediately under the region that had been etched. This finding is consistent with thermal changes to the microstructure of the alloy that probably caused a focal reduction in the material strength. A high proportion (seven) of the ten stems had a poor cement mantle. Also, of the seven small stems that were used, six had been implanted in patients who weighed more than eighty kilograms, so there was relative undersizing of the prostheses. Early debonding of the proximal end of a Precoat femoral prosthesis from the cement mantle may occur as a result of a thin cement mantle, leading to loosening and possibly to early fatigue fracture of the stem if the distal portion of the stem remains solidly fixed in the distal portion of the cement column. On the basis of our experience, we recommend that patients who have radiographic evidence of a debonded Precoat femoral component should be informed of the risk of fatigue fracture of the stem and be followed closely even though there may be no symptoms of loosening of the femoral component.
Models in the Research Process of Psoriasis

Psoriasis is an ancient, universal chronic skin disease with a significant geographical variability, with the lowest incidence rate at the equator, increasing towards the poles. Insights into the mechanisms responsible for psoriasis have generated an increasing number of druggable targets and molecular drugs. The development of relevant in vitro and in vivo models of psoriasis is now a priority and an important step towards its cure. In this review, we summarize the current cellular and animal systems suited to the study of psoriasis. We discuss the strengths and limitations of the various models and the lessons learned. We conclude that, so far, there is no one model that can meet all of the research needs. Therefore, the choice model system will depend on the questions being addressed.