Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conditional cooperation in the field: Cross-country skiers' behavior in sweden

In a laboratory one-shot public good game, Fischbacher, Gachter and Fehr (2001) classify 50 percent of the subjects as conditional cooperators. Outside the lab, using a student sample, Frey and Meier (2005) find that people behave pro-socially, conditional on others' behavior. This paper tests for conditional cooperation and social comparisons in a natural field experiment, using decisions from a sample of cross-country skiers in Sweden on the issue of voluntary cash contributions to the preparation of ski tracks. Two test procedures are used. First, testing for correlation between beliefs about the contribution of others and own behavior and second, experimentally varying the beliefs about others' behavior. Using the latter approach, I find the share of subjects giving a contribution to be significantly greater in the group receiving information about others' behavior than in the group that does not. Regression analysis cannot reject that subjects are affected by social comparisons and express a behavior classified as conditional cooperation.
Violence against Aboriginal women : reconstitution of community law : the way forward

tag=1 data=Violence against Aboriginal Women: Reconstitution of Community Law - the way forward. by Judy Atkinson. tag=2 data=Atkinson, Judy tag=3 data=Aboriginal Law Bulletin. tag=4 data=2 tag=5 data=46 tag=6 data=October 1990 tag=7 data=6-9. tag=8 data=ABORIGINAL CULTURE%WOMEN tag=10 data=In 1988, amid calls for a royal commission to investigate black deaths in prison cells and police watch houses, Aboriginal women argued that it was also important to consider the level of violent deaths of people outside of these places. tag=11 data=1990/2/12 tag=12 data=488 tag=13 data=CAB
Measuring recession severity

The U.S. economy entered a recession during 2001, and many observers have remarked that the recession probably ended by the first half of 2002. A natural question to ask is, how severe was the 2001 recession compared with other downturns of the postwar era? To answer this question one might simply look at how many quarters of negative GDP growth the economy experienced and then compare this across episodes. This number is three, according to recently revised data, for the 2001 recession. By this measure, the 2001 recession was as severe as any in the postwar era. Yet many analysts claim that the 2001 recession was mild relative to previous downturns. To better gauge this recession’s severity, we ask how far and for how long each recent postwar recession drove U.S. output below a trend rate of growth. Considering the total depth and length gives us a more complete picture. The chart shows U.S. real GDP growth from 1960 through 2002. The line labeled “Smoothed output growth” is a five-quarter centered moving average of GDP growth rates. We use smoothed data to reduce clutter. The line labeled “Trend,” which runs through the middle of the data, is a 29-quarter (that is, about seven years) centered moving average of GDP growth rates. These measures require data for 2002 and beyond; for these values we use forecasts from Blue Chip Economic Indicators. The chart shows six periods of pronounced decline in real output growth below trend, which we will call “recessionary periods. ” Each of these periods can be associated with a recession as defined by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Business Cycle Dating Committee. For each recessionary period, there is a percentage given in the chart. This percentage is the amount of output that was produced by the economy while growing at recessionary rates, relative to the amount of output that would have been produced if the economy had grown at the trend pace instead. According to this measure, the worst recessions (with the lowest percentages) were in the mid-1970s and in the early 1980s. The 2001 recession was noticeably milder than each of the previous five recessions. Since the pace of output growth has returned to trend, according to these measures, one might wonder why the Fed has kept its target federal funds rate so low as of mid2002. A Taylor rule for monetary policy (see page 10) would suggest that the Federal Open Market Committee’s (FOMC) federal funds rate target should be close to 3 percent, assuming an FOMC inflation target of 2 percent. However, the risk of higher inflation in the current environment is widely perceived to be low, which has allowed the FOMC room to maintain its low funds rate target.
Sectoral Allocation of Banks’ Credit and Economic Growth in Nigeria

The study investigates the impact of sectoral allocation of Deposit Money Banks’ loans and advances on economic growth in Nigeria during intensive regulation, deregulation and guided deregulation regimes. Regression analysis of the ordinary least square method is performed for each of the three regimes. The results show that only the credit allocated to government, personal and professional have significant positive contributions on economic growth during the intensive regulation. However, bank credits generally do not contribute significantly to economic growth during deregulation. Introduction of guided deregulation appears to be a success as commercial bank’s loans and advances to production and other subsector are both positive and significant in determining growth. Based on the empirical findings, Nigerian deposit money banks should be more favourably disposed to extending more credits to production and other subsectors namely agriculture, manufacturing, mining and quarrying, real estate and construction, government, personal and professional at reasonable interest rate. Finally, monetary authorities should ensure the continuance of guided deregulation as opposed to intensive regulation or total deregulation.
Bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome: comorbidity or side effects of treatment of bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE There is evidence that people with mental disorders are more likely to suffer from metabolic syndrome. In the last decades there has been an increase in interest for researching metabolic syndrome in psychiatric patients and plenty of evidence about their association. However, investigations on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder are still surprisingly rare. The aim of this paper is to analyze comorbidity of bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome, and the association of treatment with antipsychotics and mood stabilizers with metabolic syndrome, as well as to point out the necessity of appropriate preventive measures and treatment of metabolic syndrome in patient with bipolar disorder. CONTENT ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE Literature research included structured searches of Medline and other publications on the subject of comorbidity of bipolar disorder and metabolic syndrome, and the association of treatment with antipsychotics and mood stabilizers with metabolic syndrome, as well as preventive measures and treatment of metabolic syndrome in patient with bipolar disorder. CONCLUSION Metabolic syndrome is present in 8-56% of patients suffering from bipolar disorder. Metabolic syndrome in patients with bipolar disorder can significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality, and it is certainly necessary to think of it, to take adequate preventive and therapeutic measures in treating its individual components. Further investigation on association between bipolar disorder and metabolic disorder, and the association of treatment with antipsychotics and mood stabilizers with metabolic syndrome are necessary.
Financial Shocks in Production Chains

Interlocking balance sheets through accounts receivable and accounts payable pro- vides incentives necessary to sustain long production chains. We construct a model of incentives in production chains which has the implication that upstream rms in the chain have higher accounts receivable. Further, the working capital of upstream rms are relatively more sensitive to the availability of credit. Using a large rm-level dataset for 15 European OECD countries and the United States, 2000-2009, combined with sector-level measures of relative position in production chains (\upstreamness"), we nd strong empirical support for the model. Lack of credit matters for amplifying
Efficient Dynamic Auctions

We consider the truthful implementation of the socially efficient allocation in a dynamic private value environment in which agents receive private information over time. We show that a suitable generalization of the Vickrey-Clark-Groves mechanism, based on the marginal contribution of each agent, leads to truthtelling in every period. A leading example of a dynamic allocation model is the sequential auction of a single good in which the current winner of the object receives additional information about her valuation. We show that a modified sequential second price auction in which only the current winner makes a positive payment leads to truthtelling. In general allocation problems, the marginal contribution mechanism continues to induce truthtelling in every period but may now include positive transfers for many agents.
Characterization of the MMP/TIMP Imbalance and Collagen Production Induced by IL-1β or TNF-α Release from Human Hepatic Stellate Cells

Inflammation has an important role in the development of liver fibrosis in general and the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in particular. It is known that HSCs are themselves able to produce cytokines and chemokines, and that this production may be a key event in the initiation of fibrogenesis. However, the direct involvement of cytokines and chemokines in HSC (self-)activation remains uncertain. In this study, the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and β, TNF-α, and IL-8 on the activation state of HSCs were examined, in comparison to the pro-fibrogenic mediator TGF-β1. LX-2 cells were stimulated for 24 or 48 hours with recombinant human form of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and β, TNF-α, and IL-8, and also the pro-fibrogenic mediator TGF-β1. Two drugs were also evaluated, the anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody infliximab and the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra, regarding their inhibitory effects. In LX-2 human HSC, treatment with TGF-β1 are associated with downregulation of the metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-3, with upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1, collagen type I α1, collagen type IV α1, α-SMA, endothelin-1 and PDGF-BB. Cytokines and chemokines expression were found to be downregulated, excepting IL-6. In contrast, we observed that LX-2 exposure to IL-1, TNF-α and IL-8 can reverse the phenotype of pro-fibrogenic activated cells. Indeed, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9 were found elevated, associated with downregulation of α-SMA and/or PDGF-BB, and a greater expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CXCL1 and CCL2. Lastly, we found that infliximab and anakinra successfully inhibits effects of TNF-α and IL-1 respectively in LX-2 cells. Infliximab and anakinra may be of value in preclinical trials in chronic liver disease. Overall, our results suggest that (i) pro-inflammatory mediators exert complex effects in HSCs via an MMP/TIMP imbalance, and (ii) targeting IL-1 signaling may be a potentially valuable therapeutic strategy in chronic liver diseases.
Unemployment and Inflation in the Philippines: New Evidence from Vector Error Correction Model

This article empirically analyzes the relationship between unemployment rate and inflation rate in the Philippines over the period 1980-2006. The negative association between unemployment and inflation is known as the Phillips Curve because the trade-off relationship between these two variables was first pointed out by William Phillips in 1958. Since then, the Phillips Curve has remained an important foundation for macroeconomic management in various countries. The main finding of this study is that there exists a cointegrating relationship--but no causal relationship--between unemployment rate and inflation rate in the Philippines.
Are edges sufficient for object recognition?

The author s argu e that the concep t o f "edges " as used i n current research o n object recognition obscures the significant difficulties involved in interpreting stimulus information . Edges have sometimes been operationalized as line drawings, which can be an invalid and misleading practice. A new method for evaluating the utility of edge information, operationalized as the outputs of a local, signal-based edge extractor, is introduced. With 1-s exposures, the accuracy of identifying objects in the edge images was found to be less than half that wit h color photographs. Therefore, edge s are far from bein g sufficient fo r object recognition. Alternative approaches to the problem of interpreting stimulus informatio n are discussed. As with any complex process, initial research on object recognition ha s bee n conducte d withi n framework s that simplify som e aspect s o f th e process . Simplificatio n is important and necessary during initial stages of research. However, simplified frameworks must be elaborated upon or replaced on the road to a fuller understanding. In this article, we argue that the current concept of edge-based representations should be replaced because it is a simplification that obscures significant problems involved in the interpretation of stimulus information during object recognition. We will use Biederman's (1987) recognition-by-components (RBC ) model t o introduce ou r arguments because edge-based representations are central to it and because it has bee n a n importan t mode l o f objec t recognitio n i n psychology. However , simila r assumption s ar e mad e in
FUSE Determination of a Low Deuterium Abundance along an Extended Sight Line in the Galactic Disk

We present a study of the deuterium abundance along the extended sight line toward HD 90087 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE). HD 90087 is a O9.5 III star located in the Galactic disk at a distance of ~2.7 kpc away from the Sun. Both in terms of distance and column densities, HD 90087 has the longest and densest sight line observed in the Galactic disk for which a deuterium abundance has been measured from ultraviolet absorption lines so far. Because many interstellar clouds are probed along this sight line, possible variations in the properties of individual clouds should be averaged out. This would yield a deuterium abundance that is characteristic of the interstellar medium on scales larger than the Local Bubble. The FUSE spectra of HD 90087 show numerous blended interstellar and stellar features. We have measured interstellar column densities of neutral atoms, ions, and molecules by simultaneously fitting the interstellar absorption lines detected in the different FUSE channels. As far as possible, saturated lines were excluded from the fits in order to minimize possible systematic errors. IUE (International Ultraviolet Explorer) archival data are also used to measure neutral hydrogen. We report D/O = (1.7 ± 0.7) × 10-2 and D/H = (9.8 ± 3.8) × 10-6 (2 σ). Our new results confirm that the gas-phase deuterium abundance in the distant interstellar medium is significantly lower than the one measured within the Local Bubble. We supplement our study with a revision of the oxygen abundance toward Feige 110, a moderately distant (~200 pc) sdOB star, located ~150 pc below the Galactic plane. Excluding saturated lines from the fits of the FUSE spectra is critical; this led us to derive an O I column density about 2 times larger than the one previously reported for Feige 110. The corresponding updated D/O ratio on this sight line is D/O = (2.6 ± 1.0) × 10-2 (2 σ), which is lower than the one measured within the Local Bubble. The data set available now outside the Local Bubble, which is based primarily on FUSE measurements, shows a contrast between the constancy of D/O and the variability of D/H. As oxygen is considered to be a good proxy for hydrogen within the interstellar medium, this discrepancy is puzzling.
PHENOMENAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES FOR EMOTIONAL AND NEUTRAL EVENTS IN OLDER AND YOUNGER ADULTS

ABSTRACT The authors investigated age-related differences in phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for positive, negative, and neutral events. Younger and older participants were asked to recall two specific memories of each type and then to rate their memories on several sensorial (e.g., visual, taste) and contextual (e.g., location, time) characteristics. The authors found that emotional (both positive and negative) memories contained more sensorial and contextual details than neutral memories in both age groups, whereas positive and negative memories did not differ on most dimensions. In addition, negative memories were associated with a higher intensity of positive feelings and a reduced complexity of storyline in older as compared to younger adults. These results suggest that the effect of emotion on phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories is similar in younger and older adults, but that older adults tend to reappraise negative events in a more positive light than younger adults.
Negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with specific changes in IGF-binding protein expression in the oviduct

Negative energy balance (NEB) during early lactation in dairy cows leads to an altered metabolic state that has major effects on the production of IGF family members. Low IGF-I concentrations are associated with poor fertility and therefore we aimed to determine whether NEB exerts a direct effect on IGF expression in the postpartum oviduct. Multiparous Holstein cows were allocated to two treatments (each n=6) designed using differential feeding and milking regimes to produce either mild NEB (MNEB) or severe NEB (SNEB). Animals were slaughtered in week 2 of lactation when divergent metabolic profiles were evident. Oviducts were collected for RNA analysis by real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridisation. Quantitative measures in oviduct gene expression were obtained for all members of the IGF family (IGF-I/II, IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP) 1–6 and receptors for IGF types 1 and 2), insulin A/B, GH, glucocorticoid and oestrogen α/β. Expression of IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-6 (both of which have a high affinity for IGF-II) was decreased in SNEB relative to MNEB (P<0.05). No other gene was altered by NEB, but IGF-II, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-6 all showed differential expression in different regions of the oviduct. These results indicate that, in addition to low circulating IGF-I after calving, NEB may also influence IGF availability in the oviduct indirectly through changes in specific IGFBP expression. It is possible that the predicted increased signalling by IGF-II may perturb embryo development, contributing to the high rates of embryonic mortality in dairy cows.
Community analysis in dynamic social networks

Due to the growing popularity of social networking platforms, the analysis of online communities became in recent years a popular topic in different research fields. However, an aspect that has received only little attention is how the temporal aspects of social networks can be studied. This thesis bridges the gap and deals with the analysis of community structures in large social networks and their temporal dynamics. Two clustering techniques are proposed to detect communities in social networks and to study the evolution of these structures over time. The two approaches basically differ in the underlying definition of what constitutes a community over time: In the first case, a community is considered a subgroup that can be observed over time and a hierarchical edge betweenness clustering approach is proposed to detect such communities. In the second case, a community is defined as a subgroup that evolves over time and an incremental density-based clustering algorithm is proposed to detect and track these evolving communities. The applicability of the proposed approaches is evaluated by applying them to different real world data sets. The obtained results indicate that the introduced clustering techniques are appropriate to efficiently detect online communities in large social networks and to track their evolution over time.
Short-term cyclic performance of metal-plate-connected wood truss joints

The objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of metal-plate-connected truss joints subjected to cyclic loading conditions that simulated seismic events in the lives of the joints. We also investigated the duration of load factor for these joints. We tested tension splice joints and heel joints from a standard 9.2-m Fink truss constructed from 38- ◊ 89-mm Douglas-fir lumber: 10 tension splice joints for static condition and for each of 6 cyclic loading conditions (70 joints total) and 10 heel joints for static condition and for each of 3 cyclic loading conditions (40 joints total). We evaluated results by comparing the strengths of the control group (static) with those of the cyclic loading groups. None of the cyclic loading conditions showed any strength degradation; however, there was significant stiffness degradation for both types of joint. The results of this research show that the current duration of load factor of 1.6 for earthquake loading is adequate for these joints.
Influence of Flunixin on the Disposition Kinetic of Cefepime in Goats

The pharmacokinetic profile of cefepime (10 mg/kg b.w.) was studied following intravenous and intramuscular administration of cefepime alone and coadministered with flunixin (2.2 mg/kg b.w.) in goats. Cefepime concentrations in serum were determined by microbiological assay technique using Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) as test organism. Following intravenous injection of cefepime alone and in combination with flunixin, there are no significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters. Following intramuscular injection of cefepime alone and in combination with flunixin, the maximum serum concentration was significantly increased in flunixin coadministered group compared with cefepime alone. However, no significant changes were reported in other pharmacokinetic parameters. The result of in vitro protein binding study indicated that 15.62% of cefepime was bound to goat's serum protein. The mean bioavailability was 92.66% and 95.27% in cefepime alone and coadministered with flunixin, respectively. The results generated from the present study suggest that cefepime may be coadministered with flunixin without change in dose regimen. Cefepime may be given intramuscularly at 12 h intervals to combat susceptible bacterial infections.
Assessing Fiscal Costs and the Distribution of Pensions in Transitions to FDC and NDC Systems: A Retrospective Analysis for Chile

Countries assessing structural pension reforms to address problems of financial sustainability and improve economic incentives face the choice between moving to a financial defined contribution (FDC) system, or to a notional defined contribution (NDC) system (or one of its variants). Unfortunately, comparisons regarding the performance of the two systems in terms of the pensions provided and transition costs are normally based on prospective actuarial estimations. In this paper, we follow a retrospective approach by simulating what would have happened in Chile if instead of the original FDC system introduced in 1981, the country would have implemented an NDC scheme. We find that transition costs under an FDC system can be considerably higher than under an NDC. In the case of Chile, other things being equal, introducing an NDC system would have generated fiscal savings during the first 45 years after the reform equivalent to 50% of initial GDP. The cost of the minimum pension guarantee would have been higher under an NDC system that pays the growth rate of the covered wage bill. This is because during the first twenty years after the reform the rate of return on financial assets was higher than the growth rate of wages. Our analysis suggests, however, that this does not have to be always the case. Depending on the assumptions regarding the stochastic process driving the dynamics of the rate of return paid by the FDC system, expected replacement rates under the NDC are not necessarily lower.