Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Objective Display and Discrimination of Floral Odors from Amorphophallus titanum, Bloomed on Different Dates and at Different Locations, Using an Electronic Nose

As olfactory perceptions vary from person to person, it is difficult to describe smells objectively. In contrast, electronic noses also detect smells with their sensors, but in addition describe those using electronic signals. Here we showed a virtual connection method between a human nose perceptions and electronic nose responses with the smell of standard gases. In this method, Amorphophallus titanum flowers, which emit a strong carrion smell, could objectively be described using an electronic nose, in a way resembling the skill of sommeliers. We could describe the flower smell to be close to that of a mixture of methyl mercaptan and propionic acid, by calculation of the dilution index from electronic resistances. In other words, the smell resembled that of “decayed cabbage, garlic and pungent sour” with possible descriptors. Additionally, we compared the smells of flowers which bloomed on different dates and at different locations and showed the similarity of odor intensities visually, in standard gas categories. We anticipate our assay to be a starting point for a perceptive connection between our noses and electronic noses.
A Method to Compute Statistics of Large, Noise-Induced Perturbations of Nonlinear Schrödinger Solitons

We describe in detail the application of importance sampling to numerical simulations of large noise-induced perturbations in soliton-based optical transmission systems governed by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. The method allows one to concentrate the samples in Monte Carlo simulations around those noise realizations that are most likely to produce the large pulse deformations connected with errors, and it yields computational speedups of several orders of magnitude over standard Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate the method by using it to calculate the probability density functions associated with pulse amplitude, frequency, timing, and phase fluctuations in a prototypical soliton-based communication system.
Physical Education classes, sports motivation and adolescence: study of some moderating variables

espanolLa adolescencia esta considerada como una etapa en la que existen altas tasas de abandono deportivo, y esta evidencia justifica la necesidad de estudio de aquellos factores que puedan afectar a este hecho. La Percepcion de la importancia y utilidad otorgada a la educacion fisica (IUPEP) se muestra en la literatura como un factor a considerar a la hora de estudiar este fenomeno, y parece estar afectada por la motivacion deportiva (SM) de los jovenes. Aunque la relacion entre estos dos constructos ha sido estudiada, no lo ha sido el papel moderador que pueden tener en esta relacion otros constructos como el clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor (PLC) o la orientacion al aprendizaje del alumno (SLO). El presente estudio analiza la relacion entre IUPEP y SM, asi como el papel moderador de PLC y SLO en dicha relacion. Para el analisis se utiliza la macro PROCESS (Hayes, 2013), disenada para testear la moderacion mediante la evaluacion de la importancia del efecto indirecto de la variable independiente (X; SM) sobre la variable dependiente (Y; IUPEP), a traves de dos moderadores: PLC (M) y SLO (W). El estudio se llevo a cabo con 267 adolescentes de ocho clases de centros publicos de Valencia, con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 18 anos, (Media=14. 04 ± 1. 64), 52. 8 % varones. Los resultados sugieren que la motivacion deportiva explica en 21% de la percepcion de la importancia y utilidad de las clases de educacion fisica, ademas de observarse un papel moderador del clima de aprendizaje propiciado por el profesor y la orientacion al aprendizaje del alumno en esta relacion. espanolAdolescence is considered a stage in which there are high rates of sports drop out, and this evidence justifies the need to study those factors that may affect this fact. Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception (IUPEP) is shown in the literature as a factor to consider when studying this phenomenon, and seems to be affected by the Sport Motivation (SM) of young people. Although the relationship between these two constructs has been studied, it has not been the moderating role that other constructs such as the Professor Learning Climate (PLC) or Student Learning Orientation (SLO) can have in this relationship. The present study analyzes the relationship between IUPEP and SM, as well as the moderating role of PLC and SLO in this relationship. This analyses was performed using the PROCESS macro (Hayes, 2013), designed for testing the moderation by directly assessing the significance of the indirect effect of the independent variable (X; SM) on the dependent variable (Y; IUPEP) through two moderators: PLC (M) and SLO (W). The study was carried out with 267 adolescents from eight classes of public centers in Valencia, aged between 11 and 18 years (mean = 14.04 ± 1.64), 52.8% male. The results suggest that Sports Motivation explains 21% of the Importance and Utility of Physical Education Perception, and, in addition, a moderating role of Professor Learning Climate and Student Learning Orientation in this relationship is observed.
Assessment of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal: A study using cone-beam computed tomography

Purpose Sufficient area in the interforaminal region is required for dental implant placement, and the anterior loop of the mandibular canal is located within the limits of this area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and extent of the anterior loop in a Brazilian sample population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods CBCT images from 250 patients (500 hemimandibles) obtained for various clinical indications were randomly selected and evaluated to determine the presence and length of the anterior loop. The length of the anterior loop was then compared based on gender, age, and the side of the mandible. The data were analyzed using the Pearson chi-square test and linear regression analysis. Results An anterior loop was identified in 41.6% of the cases, and its length ranged from 0.25 mm to 4.00 mm (mean, 1.1±0.8 mm). The loop had a greater mean length and was significantly more prevalent in males (p=0.014). No significant differences were found between the right and left sides regarding length (p=0.696) or prevalence (p=0.650). Conclusion In this study, a high prevalence of the anterior loop of the mandibular canal was found, and although its length varied greatly, in most cases it was less than 1 mm long. Although this is a prevalent anatomical variation, safety limits for the placement of implants in this region cannot be established before an accurate evaluation using imaging techniques in order to identify and preserve the neurovascular bundles.
CHARACTERISATION OF A LEAK OF FLAMMABLE REFRIGERANT WITHIN EQUIPMENT ENCLOSURES

The flammability of hydrocarbon refrigerants necessitates special consideration in terms of design and construction of various air-conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) appliances in order to minimise the risk. This paper presents a numerical model developed to describe the behaviour of the HC refrigerant concentrations from releases into different types of enclosures, associated with common AC&R equipment such as refrigerated cabinets and indoor air handling units, and under different operating conditions. The model is compared against experimental results from a number of different cases, where good agreement is found in most cases. Important observations are drawn from the results to guide equipment manufacturers towards better risk assessment and designs with improved levels of safety.
REACTIONS OF RABBITS TO INTRACUTANEOUS INJECTIONS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND THEIR PRODUCTS

1. Injection of suspensions of heat-killed pneumococci into the skin of rabbits is followed by an active immunity which is effective against intravenous infection by homologous and heterologous types of Pneumococcus. 2. This form of active immunity may be induced by the injection of S or R strains of Pneumococcus. 3. Intracutaneous immunization with soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus does not induce active immunity to infection. 4. The sera of seventy-nine per cent of the rabbits immunized to Type I Pneumococcus by intracutaneous injections afforded no protection to mice against infection with pneumococci. 5. None of the sera of rabbits intracutaneously immunized to the type-specific Type III (S) pneumococci, to R cells, or to soluble derivatives of Pneumococcus protected white mice against infection. 6. The sera of rabbits immunized first intracutaneously and subsequently intravenously possess a high titre of protective antibodies. 7. It may be concluded that when type-specific pneumococci are injected into the skin they lose the property of stimulating an active immunity of a specific type and of stimulating the production of type-specific antibodies, but they act just as do the degraded or R forms, causing the animals to become resistant to infection with pneumococci of all types without the development of any type-specific antibodies in the serum.
A Fine-Mapping Study of 7 Top Scoring Genes from a GWAS for Major Depressive Disorder

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric disorder that is characterized -amongst others- by persistent depressed mood, loss of interest and pleasure and psychomotor retardation. Environmental circumstances have proven to influence the aetiology of the disease, but MDD also has an estimated 40% heritability, probably with a polygenic background. In 2009, a genome wide association study (GWAS) was performed on the Dutch GAIN-MDD cohort. A non-synonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2522833 in the PCLO gene became only nominally significant after post-hoc analysis with an Australian cohort which used similar ascertainment. The absence of genome-wide significance may be caused by low SNP coverage of genes. To increase SNP coverage to 100% for common variants (m.a.f.>0.1, r2>0.8), we selected seven genes from the GAIN-MDD GWAS: PCLO, GZMK, ANPEP, AFAP1L1, ST3GAL6, FGF14 and PTK2B. We genotyped 349 SNPs and obtained the lowest P-value for rs2715147 in PCLO at P = 6.8E−7. We imputed, filling in missing genotypes, after which rs2715147 and rs2715148 showed the lowest P-value at P = 1.2E−6. When we created a haplotype of these SNPs together with the non-synonymous coding SNP rs2522833, the P-value decreased to P = 9.9E−7 but was not genome wide significant. Although our study did not identify a more strongly associated variant, the results for PCLO suggest that the causal variant is in high LD with rs2715147, rs2715148 and rs2522833.
Sphere packing bound for quantum channels

In this paper, the Sphere-Packing-Bound of Fano, Shannon, Gallager and Berlekamp is extended to general classical-quantum channels. The obtained upper bound for the reliability function, for the case of pure-state channels, coincides at high rates with a lower bound derived by Burnashev and Holevo [1]. Thus, for pure state channels, the reliability function at high rates is now exactly determined. For the general case, the obtained upper bound expression at high rates was conjectured to represent also a lower bound to the reliability function, but a complete proof has not been obtained yet.
Saturn's Planetary Period Oscillations During the Closest Approach of Cassini's Ring‐Grazing Orbits

Saturn's planetary period oscillations (PPOs) are ubiquitous throughout its magnetosphere. We investigate the PPO's azimuthal magnetic field amplitude interior to the field‐aligned currents, during the closest approaches of Cassini's ring‐grazing orbits (October 2016 to April 2017), with periapses at ~2.5 RS. The amplitudes of the northern and southern PPO systems are shown to vary as a function of latitude. The amplitude ratio between the two PPO systems shows that the northern system is dominant by a factor of ~1.3 in the equatorial plane, and it is dominant to ~ −15° latitude in the southern hemisphere. The dayside amplitudes are approximately half of the 2008 nightside amplitudes, which agree with previous local time‐related amplitude observations. Overall, there is clear evidence that the PPOs are present on field lines that map to the outer edge of Saturn's rings, closer to Saturn than previously confirmed.
Stable and Coordinating Contracts for a Supply Chain with Multiple Risk‐Averse Suppliers

We analyze a decentralized supply chain with a single risk‐averse retailer and multiple risk‐averse suppliers under a Conditional Value at Risk objective. We define coordinating contracts and show that the supply chain is coordinated only when the least risk‐averse agent bears the entire risk and the lowest‐cost supplier handles all production. However, due to competition, not all coordinating contracts are stable. Thus, we introduce the notion of contract core, which reflects the agents' “bargaining power” and restricts the set of coordinating contracts to a subset which is “credible. ” We also study the concept of contract equilibrium, which helps to characterize contracts that are immune to opportunistic renegotiation. We show that, the concept of contract core imposes conditions on the share of profit among different agents, while the concept of contract equilibrium provide conditions on how the payment changes with the order quantity.
Variations in the H2O Content and H2O/Ce Ratio of Mantle Pyroxenites: Implications for Enriched Components in the Mantle

Mantle pyroxenite xenoliths were collected from Hannuoba, East China, and investigated for their H2O content and trace element contents, with particular regard to the H2O/Ce ratio. The pyroxenites were divided into three groups: Cr‐pyroxenites, Al‐pyroxenites, and garnet pyroxenites. The H2O contents and H2O/Ce ratios of the pyroxenites in this study showed much wider ranges than those previously reported for the whole rock pyroxenites. The Cr‐pyroxenites had an H2O content ranging from 23 to 339 ppm and an H2O/Ce ratio between 32 and 212; the Al‐pyroxenites had an H2O content ranging from 42 to 106 ppm and an H2O/Ce ratio between 1 and 22, and the garnet pyroxenites had an H2O content ranging from 37 to 69 ppm and an H2O/Ce ratio between 5 and 54. These systematic variations in the H2O contents and H2O/Ce ratios for the Hannuoba pyroxenites are associated with their origins. Both the H2O content and H2O/Ce ratio of the Al‐pyroxenites were low compared to those of Hawaiian pyroxenite, enriched mantle, and depleted MORB mantle sources. The high H2O content and H2O/Ce ratio of the melt equilibrated with the Cr‐pyroxenites indicate that a water‐rich component was involved in its formation. Their large variations in the H2O contents and H2O/Ce ratios may indicate that pyroxenites are essential enriched components in the sources of continental basalts.
Pollen-Specific Activation of Arabidopsis Retrogenes Is Associated with Global Transcriptional Reprogramming[W][OPEN]

This study shows that 1% of Arabidopsis protein-coding genes are retrogenes (i.e., cDNAs integrated into the genome) and that retrogenes frequently acquire novel promoters at their insertion sites and are transcribed preferentially in male gametes. Thus, RNA-based gene duplication is a common process in plant genome evolution and generates functional genes with specific transcription patterns. Duplications allow for gene functional diversification and accelerate genome evolution. Occasionally, the transposon amplification machinery reverse transcribes the mRNA of a gene, integrates it into the genome, and forms an RNA-duplicated copy: the retrogene. Although retrogenes have been found in plants, their biology and evolution are poorly understood. Here, we identified 251 (216 novel) retrogenes in Arabidopsis thaliana, corresponding to 1% of protein-coding genes. Arabidopsis retrogenes are derived from ubiquitously transcribed parents and reside in gene-rich chromosomal regions. Approximately 25% of retrogenes are cotranscribed with their parents and 3% with head-to-head oriented neighbors. This suggests transcription by novel promoters for 72% of Arabidopsis retrogenes. Many retrogenes reach their transcription maximum in pollen, the tissue analogous to animal spermatocytes, where upregulation of retrogenes has been found previously. This implies an evolutionarily conserved mechanism leading to this transcription pattern of RNA-duplicated genes. During transcriptional repression, retrogenes are depleted of permissive chromatin marks without an obvious enrichment for repressive modifications. However, this pattern is common to many other pollen-transcribed genes independent of their evolutionary origin. Hence, retroposition plays a role in plant genome evolution, and the developmental transcription pattern of retrogenes suggests an analogous regulation of RNA-duplicated genes in plants and animals.
Influence of adipokines and ghrelin on bone mineral density and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

CONTEXT Adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin) and ghrelin may be implicated in bone metabolism. OBJECTIVE The aim was to perform an overview of the influence of blood levels of adipokines or ghrelin on bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporotic status, and fracture risk in healthy men and women. DATA SOURCES We reviewed Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to March 2010 and abstracts of international meetings from 2008 to 2009. STUDY SELECTION Fifty-nine studies meeting the inclusion criteria (healthy men or women evaluated for both BMD or fracture risk and at least one adipokine and/or ghrelin levels) were analyzed in the systematic review of the 931 references found in the electronic databases. DATA EXTRACTION We used a predefined extraction sheet. DATA SYNTHESIS We performed meta-analyses using the method of the inverse of the variance estimated pooled correlations between adipokines/ghrelin and BMD. Inverse correlations between adiponectin levels and BMD were highlighted (pooled r from -0.14 to -0.4). Leptin is positively associated to BMD, especially in postmenopausal women (pooled r from 0.18 to 0.33). High levels of leptin were reported to be predictive of low risk of fractures, whereas high levels of adiponectin may be predictive of high risk of vertebral fractures in men only. No discriminative capacity of osteoporotic status was reported. We found no convincing data to support an association between resistin, visfatin, or ghrelin and BMD. CONCLUSION Adiponectin is the most relevant adipokine negatively associated with BMD, independent of gender and menopausal status. Inconsistent associations between adipokines and BMD are probably confounded by body composition, in particular fat mass parameters.
Geochemical and geochronological studies of the Muong Hum alkaline granitic pluton from the Phan Si Pan Zone, northwest Vietnam: Implications for petrogenesis and tectonic setting

The Phan Si Pan zone in northwest Vietnam is an important tectonic unit for understanding the geological evolution of the southeast Asian Block. Numerous late Permian A‐type granites outcrop in this zone. In this study, new geochemical and geochronological data derived from the Muong Hum alkaline granitic pluton in the Phan Si Pan zone were investigated for its petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Zircon U–Pb analyses of three samples yielded 206Pb/238U ages of (251.1 ±3.5) Ma, (251.2 ±3.8) Ma, and (253.9 ±1.5) Ma, respectively, coinciding with the ages of the acid member of magma from Emeishan large igneous province, southwest China. The Muong Hum granite has 10 000 × Ga/Al and A/CNK values of 4.70–4.93 and 0.87–0.90, respectively, as well as negative Eu anomalies. It shows significant depletion of Ba, Sr, Ti, and P, similar to features of A‐type granite. Zircons have positive εHf(t) values (+1.9 to +8.6) and Hf model ages (TDM1) of 595–846 Ma, originating a mantle source. Compared with the Panzhihua A‐type granite of the southwest China domain and other A‐type plutons of the Phan Si Pan zone, including Ye Yen Sun, Phu Sa Phin, Nam Xe, Tam Duong Phan Si Pan, and Taihe, the geochemical characteristics and zircon Hf isotopic compositions of the Muong Hum granite demonstrate an affinity of mantle magma. It is believed that the Phan Si Pan zone is an important part of Emeishan large igneous province. It was reworked by the Cenozoic Aillaoshan‐Red River shear fault to its present location.
Extrapulmonary and Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Antananarivo (Madagascar): High Clustering Rate in Female Patients

ABSTRACT Antananarivo, the capital city of Madagascar, has an endemic focus of tuberculosis (TB). We specifically studied patients with extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) and grouped patients according to infected body site. The strains were characterized by IS6110 fingerprinting and compared with those isolated from patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) during the same period in order to determine the possible association between the genotype and the clinical expression of TB. A total of 316 TB patients were included in this study: 151 individuals with EPTB, 10 with both PTB and EPTB, and 155 with PTB alone. Pleural TB was the major EPTB localization (77%) and was found more often in older patients, while PTB or EPTB in which the localization was other than pleural (other EPTB) was found in younger patients. The male-to-female ratio was slightly higher in pleural TB patients (3.06:1) than in patients with other EPTB (1.35:1). There was no significant difference in the BCG status among patients with PTB, pleural TB, and other EPTB. Analysis of IS6110 patterns showed that 167 patients (52.8%) were assigned to 37 clusters of 2 to 34 patients. Analysis of the IS6110 clusters and the IS6110 families did not show any association with a particular clinical expression of the disease. Patients with PTB or other EPTB were more likely to have strains with one IS6110 copy than patients with pleural TB. The clustering rate was found to be significantly higher in female patients (62%) than in male patients (48%) (P = 0.029), suggesting that Malagasy women were more likely to progress to disease after infection than men.
A Pregnancy and Postpartum Lifestyle Intervention in Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Reduces Diabetes Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE To pilot, among women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), the feasibility of a prenatal/postpartum intervention to modify diet and physical activity similar to the Diabetes Prevention Program. The intervention was delivered by telephone, and support for breastfeeding was addressed. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The goal was to help women return to their prepregnancy weight, if it was normal, or achieve a 5% reduction from prepregnancy weight if overweight. Eligible participants were identified shortly after a GDM diagnosis; 83.8% consented to be randomly assigned to intervention or usual medical care (96 and 101 women, respectively). The retention was 85.2% at 12 months postpartum. RESULTS The proportion of women who reached the postpartum weight goal was higher, although not statistically significant, in the intervention condition than among usual care (37.5 vs. 21.4%, absolute difference 16.1%, P = 0.07). The intervention was more effective among women who did not exceed the recommended gestational weight gain (difference in the proportion of women meeting the weight goals: 22.5%, P = 0.04). The intervention condition decreased dietary fat intake more than the usual care (condition difference in the mean change in percent of calories from fat: −3.6%, P = 0.002) and increased breastfeeding, although not significantly (condition difference in proportion: 15.0%, P = 0.09). No differences in postpartum physical activity were observed between conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that a lifestyle intervention that starts during pregnancy and continues postpartum is feasible and may prevent pregnancy weight retention and help overweight women lose weight. Strategies to help postpartum women overcome barriers to increasing physical activity are needed.