Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rationality, Morality, and Collective Action

Individuals, organizations, and governments often face choice situations with a peculiar structure, that of a collective action problem. To avoid awkward phrases, I shall refer to the decision makers as "individual" agents. Even when in fact they are corporate actors, they are individual in the sense of having one decision to make. The firm sets one price for its product-not as many prices as there are people employed in it. I want to discuss what kind of explanations can account for the decisions that are made in collective action situations. In particular, I shall consider the importance of rationality and morality in the explanation of these choices. This means that I shall not directly confront the issue of what I believe to be the morally required course of action in such circumstances. Rather, I discuss to what extent people's choices can be explained by what they believe to be moral. This does not mean that my own moral conceptions are irrelevant for or irretrievable from what I shall have to say. Here are some examples of the kind of choices I have in mind. Should I cross the picket line or not? Should I leave the beer bottles on the beach or take them back home? Should I take that extra piece of cream cake? Should I vote in a presidential election? Should I fiddle with my income tax returns when there is no risk of detection? Should a union impose a closed-shop policy? Should an OPEC country stick to the cartel policy of restricting production? Should one generation allow the infrastructure handed over to it by the preceding one to run down? Very roughly speaking, and I shall be speaking more carefully in a moment, these situations share two features. Suppose that many agents are facing similar choices. Then for all of them it is better if all choose one course of action than if all choose the other. Yet for the individual, the most attractive action seems to be the second course, that which leads to the collectively undesirable outcome if taken by all. This situation, of course, is known under the heading of the Prisoner's Dilemma. I want
Meeting Needs but not Changing Goals: evaluation of in-service teacher training for sex education

Teachers' lack of sex education training has been widely regarded as a barrier to delivery, but very few in-service programmes have been evaluated. This paper evaluates the teacher training component of a theoretically-based behavioural sex education programme for 13–15-year-olds called SHARE. It combines data from participant observation, in-depth interviews, questionnaires and lesson observations. The teachers found the training very valuable, particularly in relation to collegiate support, familiarisation with the SHARE pack and reducing discomfort. The two main objectives of the training programme that were congruent with teachers' perceived needs were fulfilled: to make teachers more comfortable and confident to deliver sex education and to prepare them to deliver the SHARE pack. However, the introduction of social-psychologically informed skills based exercises, radically different to those normally followed, was the least successful aspect of the training, as one might predict from previous research on in-service training. This might suggest that theoretically based, behavioural health education programmes might be best delivered by specialist staff.
Industrial culture in a post-industrial world: The case of the North East of England

In this article David Byrne takes a theoretical and empirical look at the formation and development of industrial urbanization. Specifically, he looks at two urban industrial city regions and suggests that rather than being doomed by their industrial pasts, they are complex systems which have multiple future trajectories. Here, Byrne's paper explores the experiences and cultures of the North East region in the UK and the Katowice industrial region in Poland, both located in the zones of carboniferous capitalism. Byrne explores how the culture of industrialism and a proletarian class consciousness survives in what is generally considered to be a post-industrial period. Drawing upon the work of Raymond Williams, he suggests that an 'industrial structure of feeling'--the sentiments which inform and construct 'ways of life'--remain a feature for many social groups and not just the proletariat beyond the period of industrialism. Byrne concludes by raising some questions about the links between residual industrial culture and emergent cultural forms, such as ecological and social groups who seek to challenge the character of consumerist capitalism.
The effect of torso direction on the judgement of eye direction

Participants judged the directions the eyes of computer-generated human figures were looking when the figures' eyes, head, and torso were oriented towards the viewer or to the right. Although the directions of the head and the torso were irrelevant to the participants' task, they influenced the reaction time of the eye direction judgement. When the eyes and the head were congruently oriented, the judgement was faster than when they were incongruently oriented. In contrast, when the eyes and the torso were incongruently oriented, the judgement was faster than when they were congruently oriented. The effects of the eye-head relationship and the eye-torso relationship were additive. The results suggest that two independent perceptual processes modulated the eye direction judgement in different manners.
Impact of failure criteria on the reliability prediction of CMOS devices with ultrathin gate oxides based on voltage ramp stress

The gate oxide reliability prediction based on the soft breakdown (SBD) failure criteria limits the operation voltage of future CMOS technologies. Progressive wear-out observed in ultrathin gate oxides leads to a delayed hard dielectric breakdown and can therefore effectively increase the reliability margin. For quantification of this effect, voltage ramp tests were applied to a large sample size and the results linked to constant voltage stress. Based on area scaling, it will be shown that a significant improvement for n- and p-FET devices is obtained when considering the area independent, uncorrelated progressive wear-out of a localized SBD spot.
Living with an elephant: Growing up with parental substance misuse

Although parental substance misuse is now a focus of concern in child welfare practice, we know little about what it is really like for children who grow up in families where adult drug and/or alcohol use is an issue. Set against a backdrop of research links between parental substance misuse and child maltreatment, this article examines a number of studies that focus on the experiences of children and young people in this context. Emerging themes are identified which provide insight into the world of children for whom a substance is, effectively, a family member –‘the elephant in the living room’– and the implications for practice, particularly in relation to children's visibility, disclosure and confidentiality, are considered. It is argued that a focus on the ‘elephant’ often leads to children remaining ‘invisible’ to those whose role it is to ensure their welfare.
Following Celebrities’ Tweets About Brands: The Impact of Twitter-Based Electronic Word-of-Mouth on Consumers’ Source Credibility Perception, Buying Intention, and Social Identification With Celebrities

Two experiments examined the impact of Twitter followers, electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM) valence, and celebrity type (prosocial versus antisocial) on consumer behavior in Twitter-based marketing communication, applying social capital theory, social identity theory, source credibility, and extant literature on eWoM. Experiment 1 demonstrated the main effect of number of followers on source credibility, and the interaction effect between eWoM valence and number of followers on product involvement, buying intention, and intention to pass along eWoM. Experiment 2 revealed the interaction effect of celebrity type and number of followers on social identification with the celebrity as well as the mediating effect of social identification.
Negative Regulation of Ros Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling

Male “viable motheaten” (mev) mice, with a naturally occurring mutation in the gene of the SH2 domain protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1, are sterile. Known defects in sperm maturation in these mice correlate with an impaired differentiation of the epididymis, which has similarities to the phenotype of mice with a targeted inactivation of the Ros receptor tyrosine kinase. Ros and SHP-1 are coexpressed in epididymal epithelium, and elevated phosphorylation of Ros in the epididymis of mev mice suggests that Ros signaling is under control of SHP-1 in vivo. Phosphorylated Ros strongly and directly associates with SHP-1 in yeast two-hybrid, glutathione S-transferase pull-down, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Strong binding of SHP-1 to Ros is selective compared to six other receptor tyrosine kinases. The interaction is mediated by the SHP-1 NH2-terminal SH2 domain and Ros phosphotyrosine 2267. Overexpression of SHP-1 results in Ros dephosphorylation and effectively downregulates Ros-dependent proliferation and transformation. We propose that SHP-1 is an important downstream regulator of Ros signaling.
The Realities of Translating Research into Classroom Practice

This paper synthesizes key findings to facilitate the translation of research into classroom practice and provides guidelines for how effective instructional practices might be implemented, supported, and sustained in schools. Excerpts from a case study are presented to show how research–based instructional approach translates into classroom practices in a local school district that tailors the approach to the realities of the local situation. In this paper, we review what the research suggests are the functions that allow a person in a leadership role to facilitate the translation of research into classroom practice. We describe how these functions were used to translate research into classroom practice in 2 school districts that are part of the Elementary and Middle School Technical Assistance Center (EMSTAC) project, a national research–to–practice effort. Examples of how these principles were put into practice and why different technical assistance approaches were used to implement research–based practices in a primary and middle school setting are discussed. We conclude with reflections on the intricate nature of effecting change at the local level, and the progress that can be made within those intricacies.
External Validation of a Multiplex Urinary Protein Panel for the Detection of Bladder Cancer in a Multicenter Cohort

Background: Because of the faltering sensitivity and/or specificity, urine-based assays currently have a limited role in the management of patients with bladder cancer. The aim of this study was to externally validate our previously reported protein biomarker panel from multiple sites in the United States and Europe. Methods: This multicenter external validation study included a total of 320 subjects (bladder cancer = 183). The 10 biomarkers (IL8, MMP9, MMP10, SERPINA1, VEGFA, ANG, CA9, APOE, SDC1, and SERPINE1) were measured using commercial ELISA assays in an external laboratory. The diagnostic performance of the biomarker panel was assessed using receiver operator curves (ROC) and descriptive statistical values. Results: Utilizing the combination of all 10 biomarkers, the area under the ROC for the diagnostic panel was noted to be 0.847 (95% confidence interval, 0.796–0.899), outperforming any single biomarker. The multiplex assay at optimal cutoff value achieved an overall sensitivity of 0.79, specificity of 0.79, positive prediction value of 0.73, and negative prediction value of 0.84 for bladder cancer classification. Sensitivity values of the diagnostic panel for high-grade bladder cancer, low-grade bladder cancer, muscle invasive bladder cancer, and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were 0.81, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.77, respectively. Conclusions: Urinary levels of the biomarker panel enabled discrimination of patients with bladder cancer and controls, and the levels of biomarker subsets were associated with advancing tumor grade and stage. Impact: If proven to be reliable, urinary diagnostic biomarker assays can detect bladder cancer in a timely manner such that the patient can expect improvements in overall survival and quality of life. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(9); 1804–12. ©2014 AACR.
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Inhibit the Progression of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via CCL2 Modulation in Bronchoalveolar Lavage

The potential for amniotic fluid stem cell (AFSC) treatment to inhibit the progression of fibrotic lung injury has not been described. We have previously demonstrated that AFSC can attenuate both acute and chronic-fibrotic kidney injury through modification of the cytokine environment. Fibrotic lung injury, such as in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), is mediated through pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Thus, we hypothesized that AFSC treatment might inhibit the progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through cytokine modulation. In particular, we aimed to investigate the effect of AFSC treatment on the modulation of the pro-fibrotic cytokine CCL2, which is increased in human IPF patients and is correlated with poor prognoses, advanced disease states and worse fibrotic outcomes. The impacts of intravenous murine AFSC given at acute (day 0) or chronic (day 14) intervention time-points after bleomycin injury were analyzed at either day 3 or day 28 post-injury. Murine AFSC treatment at either day 0 or day 14 post-bleomycin injury significantly inhibited collagen deposition and preserved pulmonary function. CCL2 expression increased in bleomycin-injured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), but significantly decreased following AFSC treatment at either day 0 or at day 14. AFSC were observed to localize within fibrotic lesions in the lung, showing preferential targeting of AFSC to the area of fibrosis. We also observed that MMP-2 was transiently increased in BAL following AFSC treatment. Increased MMP-2 activity was further associated with cleavage of CCL2, rendering it a putative antagonist for CCL2/CCR2 signaling, which we surmise is a potential mechanism for CCL2 reduction in BAL following AFSC treatment. Based on this data, we concluded that AFSC have the potential to inhibit the development or progression of fibrosis in a bleomycin injury model during both acute and chronic remodeling events.
Prevention of anterior cruciate ligament injury in the female athlete

The relationships of gender, age and training to the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury are pivotal to developing a comprehensive neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programme to decrease ACL injuries in female athletes. A prophylactic neuromuscular and proprioceptive training programme may have direct benefit in decreasing the number of ACL injuries in female athletes. This research foundation endorses further epidemiological and biomechanical studies to determine the exact mechanism of ACL injury and the most effective intervention for decreasing ACL injuries in this high-risk population.
Endothelial Function in a Mouse Model of Myeloperoxidase Deficiency

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity is suggested to reduce the function of vascular nitric oxide, thereby contributing to endothelial dysfunction, although data in rodents are inconclusive. We examined vascular contractile and relaxant responses in MPO-deficient (MPO−/−) and wild-type mice to investigate the role for myeloperoxidase in the development of endothelial dysfunction. Carotid and saphenous arteries were taken from 8-month-old mice and studied in a myograph. Responses of carotid arteries to phenylephrine, high potassium, or acetylcholine (Ach) were statistically not different from controls. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; to enhance endothelial dysfunction) reduced responses to Ach in MPO−/− but did not affect responses in wild-type. In response to high concentrations of Ach, carotid arteries responded with transient contractions, which were not different between the groups and not affected by LPS treatment. Saphenous arteries from MPO−/− had smaller normalized diameters and developed less contractile force. Vessels from MPO−/− were less sensitive to Ach than controls. These data suggest that mature MPO-deficient mice do not show enhanced endothelial function compared to wild-type mice, even when provoked with LPS treatment. The EDHF response appears to be reduced in MPO deficiency.
Does multi‐fetal pregnancy reduction adversely influence intra‐uterine growth?

Multi‐fetal pregnancy reduction (MFPR) is offered in the management of higher‐order multiple gestations to reduce the risks associated with such pregnancies. Pregnancy outcomes, including birthweight, following MFPR have been examined with variable findings. However, little attention has been paid to in utero growth in such pregnancies. This study examines whether the intra‐uterine growth performance of a twin pregnancy resulting from MFPR differs from that of an unreduced twin pregnancy. This was a retrospective analysis comparing the intrauterine growth of 20 higher order multiple pregnancies that underwent MFPR with resulting di‐chorionic twin gestations with 293 unreduced di‐chorionic twin gestations. Biometric nomograms were derived for the unreduced twin population and the biometric parameters for the reduced pregnancies were compared with these. There was a difference with respect to femur length in the period 20–28 weeks (p = 0.003) but no other significant differences were observed. MFPR does not itself adversely influence intra‐uterine fetal growth.
Impaired Cerebellar Functional Connectivity in Schizophrenia Patients and Their Healthy Siblings

The long-standing notion of schizophrenia as a disorder of connectivity is supported by emerging evidence from recent neuroimaging studies, suggesting impairments of both structural and functional connectivity in schizophrenia. However, investigations are generally restricted to supratentorial brain regions, thereby excluding the cerebellum. As increasing evidence suggests that the cerebellum contributes to cognitive and affective processing, aberrant connectivity in schizophrenia may include cerebellar dysconnectivity. Moreover, as schizophrenia is highly heritable, unaffected family members of schizophrenia patients may exhibit similar connectivity profiles. The present study applies resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to determine cerebellar functional connectivity profiles, and the familial component of cerebellar connectivity profiles, in 62 schizophrenia patients and 67 siblings of schizophrenia patients. Compared to healthy control subjects, schizophrenia patients showed impaired functional connectivity between the cerebellum and several left-sided cerebral regions, including the hippocampus, thalamus, middle cingulate gyrus, triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and lingual gyrus (all p < 0.0025, whole-brain significant). Importantly, siblings of schizophrenia patients showed several similarities to patients in cerebellar functional connectivity, suggesting that cerebellar dysconnectivity in schizophrenia might be related to familial factors. In conclusion, our findings suggest that dysconnectivity in schizophrenia involves the cerebellum and that this defect may be related to the risk to develop the illness.
TNFα Accelerates Monocyte to Endothelial Transdifferentiation in Tumors by the Induction of Integrin α5 Expression and Adhesion to Fibronectin

Tumor-associated myeloid cells are believed to promote tumor development by stimulating tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Tumor-associated myeloid cells that coexpress endothelial and myeloid markers represent a proangiogenic subpopulation known as vascular leukocytes. Recently, we and others had shown that tumor-derived TNFα promotes local tumor growth and vascularity. Our data suggested that tumor growth is in part due to TNFα-mediated increased numbers of tumor-associated vascular leukocytes (i.e., myeloid–endothelial biphenotypic cells). The work detailed herein explored the mechanism by which TNFα mediates endothelial differentiation of myeloid cells. Our studies showed that fibronectin is a robust facilitator of endothelial differentiation of blood mononuclear cells in vitro. We have found that TNFα treatment of monocytes significantly increased expression of α5β1 integrin, a major fibronectin receptor enriched on endothelial cells, leading to a consequent fourfold increase in fibronectin adhesion. Furthermore, TNFα-treated monocytes upregulated expression of endothelial markers, flk-1(VEGFR2/KDR) and VE-cadherin. Integrin α5 subunit inhibitory antibodies blocked adhesion to fibronectin as well as consequent upregulation of flk-1 and VE-cadherin transcripts, implying a role for outside-in signaling by the α5β1 integrin after binding fibronectin. Finally, treatment of mouse tumors with anti-α5 antibodies reduced accumulation of tumor vascular leukocytes in vivo. Our studies suggest that tumor cell–derived TNFα constitutes a tumor microenvironment signal that promotes differentiation of tumor-associated monocytes toward a proangiogenic/provasculogenic myeloid–endothelial phenotype via upregulation of the fibronectin receptor α5β1. Mol Cancer Res; 9(6); 702–11. ©2011 AACR.
Supervisors’ reports of the effects of supervisor self-disclosure on supervisees

Abstract Using consensual qualitative research, researchers interviewed 16 supervisors regarding their use of self-disclosure in supervision. Supervisors reported that their prior training in supervisor self-disclosure (SRSD) came via didactic sources and encouraged judicious use of SRSD. Supervisors used SRSD to enhance supervisee development and normalize their experiences; supervisors did not use SRSD when it derailed supervision or was developmentally inappropriate for supervisees. In describing specific examples of the intervention, SRSD occurred in good supervision relationships, was stimulated by supervisees struggling, was intended to teach or normalize, and focused on supervisors’ reactions to their own or their supervisees’ clients. SRSD yielded largely positive effects on supervisors, supervisees, the supervision relationship, and supervisors’ supervision of others.