Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Connection Patterns of Corticostriatal Pyramidal Cells in Frontal Cortex

Corticostriatal pyramidal cells are heterogeneous in the frontal cortex. Here, we show that subpopulations of corticostriatal neurons in the rat frontal cortex are selectively connected with each other based on their subcortical targets. Using paired recordings of retrogradely labeled cells, we investigated the synaptic connectivity between two projection cell types: those projecting to the pons [corticopontine (CPn) cell], often with collaterals to the striatum, and those projecting to both sides of the striatum but not to the pons [crossed corticostriatal (CCS) cell]. The two types were morphologically differentiated in regard to their apical tufts. The dendritic morphologies of CCS cells were correlated with their somatic depth within the cortex. CCS cells had reciprocal synaptic connections with each other and also provided synaptic input to CPn cells. However, connections from CPn to CCS cells were rarely found, even in pairs showing CCS to CPn connectivity. Additionally, CCS cells preferentially innervated the basal dendrites of other CCS cells but made contacts onto both the basal and apical dendrites of CPn cells. The amplitude of synaptic responses was to some extent correlated with the contact site number. Ratios of the EPSC amplitude to the contact number tended to be larger in the CCS to CCS connection. Therefore, our data demonstrate that these two types of corticostriatal cells distinct in their dendritic morphologies show directional and domain-dependent preferences in their synaptic connectivity.
No metastable de Sitter vacua in N = 2 supergravity with only hypermultiplets

We study the stability of vacua with spontaneously broken supersymmetry in N = 2 supergravity theories with only hypermultiplets. Focusing on the projection of the scalar mass matrix along the sGoldstino directions, we are able to derive a universal upper bound on the lowest mass eigenvalue. This bound only depends on the gravitino mass and the cosmological constant, but not on the details of the quaternionic manifold spanned by the scalar fields. Comparing with the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound shows that metastability requires the cosmological constant to be smaller than a certain negative critical value. Therefore, only AdS vacua with a sufficientlynegative cosmological constant can be stable, while Minkowski and dS vacua necessarily have a tachyonic direction.
The Legacy of Cognition-Arousal Theory: Introduction to a Special Section of Emotion Review

Schachter’s cognition-arousal theory has been highly influential in emotion psychology and beyond. The six contributions to this special section investigate the origins of Schachter’s theory in his previous work on affiliation; systematize the variety of existing versions of cognition-arousal theory; summarize recent cognition-feeling theories of emotion and associated empirical work influenced by Schachter’s theory; and critically reexamine two assumptions of cognition-arousal theory: the assumption, made in some interpretations of the theory, that cognitive appraisals are components of emotions, and the assumption that bodily feelings cannot alone constitute emotional experiences.
Anti-leukemic properties of deferasirox via apoptosis in murine leukemia cell lines

Background Although deferasirox (DFX) is reported to have anti-tumor effects, its anti-leukemic activity remains unclear. We evaluated the effect of DFX treatment on two murine lymphoid leukemia cell lines, and clarified the mechanisms underlying its potential anti-leukemic activity. Methods L1210 and A20 murine lymphoid leukemia cell lines were treated with DFX. Cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthaizol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethylphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis, respectively. Immunoblotting was performed to detect the expression of key apoptotic proteins. Results In dose- and time-dependent manner, DFX decreased viability and increased apoptosis of murine leukemic cells. Fas expression was significantly higher in A20 cells than in L1210 cells at all DFX concentrations tested. Although both cell lines exhibited high caspase 3 and caspase 9 expression, a critical component of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, expression was greater in L1210 cells. In contrast, caspase 8, a key factor in the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, showed greater expression in A20 cells. Cytochrome c expression was significantly higher in L1210 cells. In both cell lines, co-treatment with ferric chloride and DFX diminished the expression of these intracellular proteins, as compared to DFX treatment alone. Conclusion Treatment with DFX increased caspase-dependent apoptosis in two murine lymphoid leukemia cell lines, with differing apoptotic mechanisms in each cell line.
Independently Controllable Features

Finding features that disentangle the different causes of variation in real data is a difficult task, that has nonetheless received considerable attention in static domains like natural images. Interactive environments, in which an agent can deliberately take actions, offer an opportunity to tackle this task better, because the agent can experiment with different actions and observe their effects. We introduce the idea that in interactive environments, latent factors that control the variation in observed data can be identified by figuring out what the agent can control. We propose a naive method to find factors that explain or measure the effect of the actions of a learner, and test it in illustrative experiments.
Cholesterol depletion and modification of COOH-terminal targeting sequence of the prion protein inhibit formation of the scrapie isoform [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1995 Jul;130(2):501]

After the cellular prion protein (PrPC) transits to the cell surface where it is bound by a glycophosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, PrPC is either metabolized or converted into the scrapie isoform (PrPSc). Because most GPI-anchored proteins are associated with cholesterol-rich membranous microdomains, we asked whether such structures participate in the metabolism of PrPC or the formation of PrPSc. The initial degradation of PrPC involves removal of the NH2 terminus of PrPC to produce a 17-kD polypeptide which was found in a Triton X-100 insoluble fraction. Both the formation of PrPSc and the initial degradation of PrPC were diminished by lovastatin-mediated depletion of cellular cholesterol but were insensitive to NH4Cl. Further degradation of the 17-kD polypeptide did occur within an NH4Cl-sensitive, acidic compartment. Replacing the GPI addition signal with the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of mouse CD4 rendered chimeric CD4PrPC soluble in cold Triton X-100. Both CD4PrPC and truncated PrPC without the GPI addition signal (Rogers, M., F. Yehieley, M. Scott, and S. B. Prusiner. 1993. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:3182-3186) were poor substrates for PrPSc formation. Thus, it seems likely that both the initial degradation of PrPC to the 17-kD polypeptide and the formation of PrPSc occur within a non-acidic compartment bound by cholesterol-rich membranes, possibly glycolipid-rich microdomains, where the metabolic fate of PrPC is determined. The pathway remains to be identified by which the 17-kD polypeptide and PrPSc are transported to an acidic compartment, presumably endosomes, where the 17-kD polypeptide is hydrolyzed and limited proteolysis of PrPSc produces PrP 27-30.
Auctions and Negotiations in Transportation Service Procurement

Copyright: The papers' copyright stays with their authors. The paper cannot be reprinted in any form without its authors' explicit consent. Abstract Auction and negotiation are two typical mechanisms used for the procurement of goods and services. Many experimental studies have been conducted to compare the performances of these two mechanisms and gain insights to support their selection. However, research does not seem to have given adequate attention to the influence of the application context and the importance of conducting the experiments under conditions resembling real‐life situations. This paper discusses an on‐going research project aimed at comparing auction and negotiation mechanisms for transportation service procurement. Discord Laboratory and online experiments are designed to investigate the impacts of the mechanisms and the roles of task complexity and information technologies on the procurement process and outcomes. The potential contribution is to provide guidelines for appropriate design and selection of the transaction mechanisms.
Aromatic Amino Acids-Guanidinium Complexes through Cation-π Interactions

Continuing with our interest in the guanidinium group and the different interactions than can establish, we have carried out a theoretical study of the complexes formed by this cation and the aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, histidine, tryptophan and tyrosine) using DFT methods and PCM-water solvation. Both hydrogen bonds and cation-π interactions have been found upon complexation. These interactions have been characterized by means of the analysis of the molecular electron density using the Atoms-in-Molecules approach as well as the orbital interactions using the Natural Bond Orbital methodology. Finally, the effect that the cation-π and hydrogen bond interactions exert on the aromaticity of the corresponding amino acids has been evaluated by calculating the theoretical NICS values, finding that the aromatic character was not heavily modified upon complexation.
Mapping of glutathione and its precursor amino acids reveals a role for GLYT2 in glycine uptake in the lens core.

PURPOSE To correlate the distribution of glutathione (GSH) and its precursor amino acids (cysteine, glycine, and glutamate) with the expression of their respective amino acid transporters in the rat lens. METHODS Whole rat lenses were fixed, cryoprotected, and cryosectioned in either an equatorial or axial orientation. Sections were double labeled with cystine, glycine, glutamate, GSH, GLYT1, or GLYT2 antibodies, and the membrane marker wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). Sections were imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Cystine, glycine, glutamate, and GSH labeling were quantified by using image-analysis software and intensity profiles plotted as a function of distance from the lens periphery. Western blot analysis was used to verify regional differences in amino acid transporter expression. RESULTS Cystine and glycine labeling in equatorial sections was most intense in the outer cortex, was diminished in the inner cortex, but was increased again in the core relative to the inner cortex. Glutamate and GSH labeling was most intense in the outer cortex and was diminished in the inner cortex to a minimum that was sustained throughout the core. The distribution of cystine and glutamate levels correlated well with the expression patterns observed previously for the cystine/glutamate exchanger (Xc-) and the glutamate transporter (EAAT4/5), respectively. Although high levels of glycine labeling in the outer cortex correlated well with the expression of the glycine transporter GLYT1, the absence of GLYT1 in the core, despite an increase of glycine in this region, suggests an alternative glycine uptake system such as GLYT2 exists in the core. Equatorial sections labeled with GLYT2 antibodies, showed that labeling in the outer cortex was predominantly cytoplasmic, but progressively became more membranous with distance into the lens. In the inner cortex and core, GLYT2 labeling was localized around the entire membrane of fiber cells. Western blot analysis confirmed GLYT2 to be expressed in the outer cortex, inner cortex, and core of the lens. Axial sections labeled for glycine revealed a track of high-intensity glycine labeling that extended from the anterior pole through to the core that was associated with the sutures. CONCLUSIONS The mapping of GSH and its precursor amino acids has shown that an alternative glycine uptake pathway exists in mature fiber cells. Although GLYT1 and -2 are likely to mediate glycine uptake in cortical fiber cells, GLYT2 alone appears responsible for the accumulation of glycine in the center of the lens. Enhancing the delivery of glycine to the core via the sutures may represent a pathway to protect the lens against the protein modifications associated with age-related nuclear cataract.
Statistical and Practical Concerns With Published Communication Research Featuring Structural Equation Modeling

Structural equation modeling (SEM) is becoming an increasingly popular data analytic technique in communication studies. Reports of SEM analyses are published in communication journals (including Communication Research Reports) allowing for hypothesis testing with latent variables, estimation of direct and indirect causal effects, and validity testing for measurement instruments. Too often, though, serious mistakes are made by authors of SEM studies that cancel out the potential benefits of SEM. Highlighted in this work are five of the most common mistakes made by communication researchers in analyzing and reporting about structural equation models. These problems concern descriptions of model specification, model identification, and methods to evaluate the degree of model-data correspondence, or fit, and lack of replication that continue to plague the empirical SEM literature. This current work is intended as a primer, one that outlines best practices in contrast to widespread but poor practices in each of the areas just mentioned. The hope is that communication researchers yield benefits from the correct application of SEM while avoiding common pitfalls.
No . 861 , 2011 Commercialization , Renewal and Quality of Patents

One of the major reasons why inventors are awarded patents by governments is they encourage R&D investments and commercialization of inventions. If the patent holder commercializes his invention, he has stronger incentives to retain the patent. The purpose here is to empirically analyze the relationship between commercialization and the renewal of patents. At the same time, I take into account defensive patent strategies (e.g. deterring competitors from utilizing the patent) and pointedly ask if there are any third factors (quality of the patent) that affect the commercialization and renewal decisions. Using a detailed database of Swedish patents, I utilize a survival model to estimate how commercialization influences the patent renewal decision. Basic results show commercialization and defensive strategies increase the probability a patent will be renewed, but also that quality influences commercialization and renewal decisions. When controlling for endogenous commercialization decision, there is still a strong positive relationship between commercialization and renewal of patents. Thus, given the quality of the patent, if the owner decides to commercialize the patent on the margin, this leads to longer survival of the patent. With regard to commercialization modes, there is some evidence licensed patents and patents commercialized in original and new firms – but not acquired patents – survive longer than noncommercialized patents. Looking more closely at the contracts of acquired and licensed patents, contracts with both variable and fixed fees – but not contracts with either variable or fixed fees – survive longer than non-commercialized patents. However, the analysis about modes and contract terms does not take into account the endogeneity problem. ----------------------------------* Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN), P.O. Box 55665, SE-10215 Stockholm, Sweden; Email: roger.svensson@ifn.se ; Tel: + 46 – 8 – 665 45 49; Fax: + 46 – 8 – 665 45 99. The author would like to thank Marie Thursby, William Greene, Per Botolf Maurseth, Erik Mellander, Frédéric Delmar and Erik Lindqvist as well as the seminar participants at the EEA annual conference in Budapest, the EPIP conference in Maastricht, the Uddevalla Symposium and the Vaxholm Entrepreneurship workshop for constructive comments, and Jakob Eliasson for excellent research assistance. Financial support from the Torsten and Ragnar Söderberg’s Foundation and the Gustaf Douglas Research Program on Entrepreneurship is gratefully acknowledged.
A deficit of faint red galaxies in the possible large-scale structures around the RDCS J1252.9−2927 cluster at z = 1.24

We report a discovery of possible large-scale structures around the RDCS J1252.9-2927 cluster at z = 1.24 based on photometric redshifts. We carried out multiband wide-field imaging with Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope and WFCAM on the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). Our data cover an approximately 35 x 30-aremin 2 field in V, R, i',z' and K bands. We apply a photometric redshift technique to extract galaxies at or near the cluster redshift. The distribution of photo-z selected galaxies reveals clumpy structures surrounding the central cluster. It seems that there is a large (>20 Mpc) filamentary structure extending in the north-east-south-west direction. We compare the observed structure with an X-ray map and find that two of the four plausible clumps show significant X-ray emissions and one with a marginal detection, which strongly suggests that they are dynamically bound systems. Following the discovery of the possible large-scale structure, we carried out deeper SOFI Ks-band imaging with the New Technology Telescope on four plausible clumps. We construct the optical-to-near-infrared colour-magnitude diagrams of the galaxies in the clumps, and find that the colour-magnitude relation (CMR) of the red galaxies in the clumps is sharply truncated below K s = 22. Few faint red galaxies are seen in these clumps. This suggests that the CMR first appears at the bright magnitudes and it extends to the fainter magnitudes with time, which is consistent with the 'downsizing' picture. Interestingly, the CMR of the main cluster has previously been shown to have a clear relation down to Ks = 23. This confirms our previous suggestion that the build-up of the CMR is delayed in low-density environments. All in all, we suggest that galaxies follow the 'environment-dependent downsizing' evolution. Massive galaxies in high-density environments first stop forming stars and become red. Less massive galaxies in less dense environments become red at later times. Based on a few assumptions, we predict that the brightest tip of the CMR appears at z ∼ 2.5.
Attitudes towards Human Rights and Religiosity: A Case of Turkish Adolescents

This chapter indicates some criticisms on human rights, after which it goes into the relation between human rights and Islam. It deals with the state of human rights in Turkey. In order to prepare for the empirical research on human rights and religion in Turkey, the chapter accounts for the method used, including the measuring instruments. After that it reports on the results of the research and concludes with a discussion on the research and its results. From this particular data set, a differentiated picture regarding the impact of religion on human rights attitudes emerges. This differentiated picture may be explained by some broader concepts, the first pair of which is conventionalism and post-conventionalism. Human rights in general are part of this post-conventionalism, which may be considered contrary to the orientation of conventionalism that permeates Turkey's society. Keywords: conventionalism; human rights; Islam; Turkey
Retrospective US database analysis of drug utilization patterns, health care resource use, and costs associated with adjuvant interferon alfa-2b therapy for treatment of malignant melanoma following surgery

Background The purpose of this study was to identify a real-world US population having undergone surgery for malignant melanoma and describe treatment patterns, health care resource utilization, and costs for patients who subsequently received interferon alfa-2b (IFN) therapy or other standard of care chemotherapies. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted using administrative claims from MarketScan® databases among melanoma patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2008 who had surgery and were subsequently treated with IFN or other chemotherapies. Health care resource utilization and costs of services (converted to 2009 dollars) were evaluated. Cost refers to the amount paid to providers associated with the health service. Results Of 18,075 subjects with melanoma surgery claims, 1525 (8.4%) were treated with IFN and 1194 (6.6%) with other chemotherapies. Median duration (days) and number of doses of IFN therapy were 29 and 20, respectively. Approximately half of patients who received IFN discontinued therapy within or after the one-month induction phase. For IFN therapy patients, average total cost per patient for the last melanoma-related surgery prior to start of therapy, including costs of the surgery itself, pathology, anesthesia, and hospital care, was $2219. The average total cost per patient related to IFN therapy was $1188; this included costs for drug, office visits, blood work, and infusions. Other chemotherapy costs ranged from $146 to $2678. Conclusion There is an unmet treatment need, considering that this study observed that melanoma patients on IFN therapy post-surgery do not complete the recommended one-year course of treatment which may compromise its full therapeutic benefits. Further study to investigate reasons for discontinuation may be warranted. In addition, costs associated with adjuvant IFN therapy in post-surgical treatment of disease are likely acceptable.
Developing social work students’ professional identity: the role of England’s Professional Capabilities Framework

ABSTRACT Developing professional identity is a key aim of social work education. This paper argues that the Professional Capabilities Framework (PCF) – a holistic, capability approach to student assessment used in England’s social work education programmes – is ideally placed to promote the development of students’ professional identities. The paper discusses two research studies, each of which was stimulated by significant policy changes in England’s social work profession. The author draws out the implications of both studies for supporting social work students to develop their professional identities. It is concluded that the PCF is valued by practice educators as an assessment and teaching tool, while acknowledging that its future is uncertain due to the lack of continuity impacting on England’s social work profession. This paper is equally of relevance for social work educators outside the UK who may be developing and evaluating their assessment approaches and also for those experiencing the impact of rapid policy changes in their own countries.
Macroeconomic Coordination and Inflation Targeting in a Two-Country Model

This paper deals with a macroeconomic coordination and its stabilization within a new Keynesian framework. The dynamic treatment of a twocountry model is made by simulation, using the linear quadratic algorithm. We compare the optimal monetary policy rule for three types of equilibria: macroeconomic coordination, Nash and Stackelberg, using parameters that reflect the relative size and degree of openness of the economies. Under the strict inflation target, we obtain higher output and inflation volatilities due to each economy's reaction to the other country's policy. The only exception is the case of optimal macroeconomic coordination rules. This dynamic model finds that macroeconomic coordination policy is better than non-coordination rules, supporting the traditional result found in static models.