Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of feedback on the morphology of galaxy discs

We have performed hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation in a cold dark matter (ACDM) universe. We have followed galaxy formation in a dark matter halo, chosen to have a relatively quiet recent merger history, using different models for star formation and feedback. In all cases, we have adopted a multiphase description of the interstellar medium and modelled star formation in quiescent and burst modes. We have explored two triggers for starbursts -strong shocks and high gas density - allowing for the possibility that stars in the burst may form with a top-heavy initial mass function. We find that the final morphology of the galaxy is extremely sensitive to the modelling of star formation and feedback. Starting from identical initial conditions, galaxies spanning the entire range of Hubble types, with B-band disc-to-total luminosity ratios ranging from 0.2 to 0.9, can form in the same dark matter halo. Models in which starbursts are induced by high gas density (qualitatively similar to models in which feedback is produced by active galactic nuclei) generate energetic winds and result in galaxies with an early-type morphology. Models in which the starbursts are induced by strong shocks lead to extended discs. In this case, the feedback associated with the bursts suppresses the collapse of baryons in small haloes, helping to create a reservoir of hot gas that is available for cooling after z ≃ 1, following the bulk of the dynamical activity that builds up the halo. This gas then cools to form an extended, young stellar disc.
Completion Delay Minimization for Instantly Decodable Network Codes

In this paper, we consider the problem of minimizing the completion delay for instantly decodable network coding (IDNC) in wireless multicast and broadcast scenarios. We are interested in this class of network coding due to its numerous benefits, such as low decoding delay, low coding and decoding complexities, and simple receiver requirements. We first extend the IDNC graph, which represents all feasible IDNC coding opportunities, to efficiently operate in both multicast and broadcast scenarios. We then formulate the minimum completion delay problem for IDNC as a stochastic shortest path (SSP) problem. Although finding the optimal policy using SSP is intractable, we use this formulation to draw the theoretical guidelines for the policies that can minimize the completion delay in IDNC. Based on these guidelines, we design a maximum weight clique selection algorithm, which can efficiently reduce the IDNC completion delay in polynomial time. We also design a quadratic-time heuristic clique selection algorithm, which can operate in real-time applications. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms significantly reduce the IDNC completion delay compared to the random and maximum-rate algorithms, and almost achieve the global optimal completion delay performance over all network codes in broadcast scenarios.
The Temperature and Opacity of Atomic Hydrogen in Spiral Galaxies

We analyze the resolved neutral hydrogen emission properties of a sample of 11 of the nearest spiral galaxies. Between 60% and 90% of the total H I line flux within the optical disk is due to a high-brightness network (HBN) of emission features that are marginally resolved in their narrow dimension at about 150 pc and have a face-on covering factor of about 15%. Averaged line profiles of this component are systematically non-Gaussian, with a narrow core (≲6 km s-1 FWHM) superposed on broad Lorentzian wings (30 km s-1 FWHM). An upper limit to the gas temperature of 300 K follows directly from the narrow line profiles, while simple modeling suggests kinetic temperatures equal to the peak emission brightness temperature (80-200 K) in all cases but the outer disks of low-mass galaxies, where the HBN becomes optically thin to the 21 cm line. Positive radial gradients in the derived kinetic temperature are found in all spiral galaxies. The distributions of brightness temperature with radius in our sample form a nested system with galaxies of earlier morphological type systematically displaced to lower temperatures at all radii. The fractional line flux due to the HBN plummets abruptly near the edge of the optical disk, where a diffuse outer gas disk takes over. We identify the HBN with the cool neutral medium.
Optimization of LPG Diffusion Flame Synthesis of Carbon - nanotubed Structures using Statistical Design of Experiments (SDOE)

A statistical designed experimental approach was followed to investigate the various diffusion flame conditions for the synthesis of carbon nanotubed structures utilizing domestic Liquefied Petroleum Gas (IS - 4576) as the fuel carbon source. LPG flow rate, Oxygen flow rate, Height above burner (HAB) and Exposure time have been identified to generate different flame conditions based on varying one factor at a time (OFAT) approach. 2 - level 'full factorial' design model in "Minitab12" software has been used for design of experiments. The 16 samples of soot with different flame conditions were collected on the surface of stainless steel plate. The output parameters i.e. weight of soot and substrate surface temperature were analyzed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to ensure that the experimentation is following the physics of the diffusion flame. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images showed the growth of well aligned single walled carbon nanotubed structures with high aspect ratio as 220 nm - 650 nm diameter and 534 nm - 1803 nm length. In the present study the parametric range for producing the single walled carbon - nanotubed structures through LPG diffusion flame were found and optimized.
Hitlist Worm Detection using Source IP Address History.

Internet worms are a growing menace due to their increasing sophistication and speed of propagation. Although there have been many different detection schemes proposed, none of them can detect hitlist worms, which only scan active addresses, in linear time. Hence, we present a new worm detection scheme, History-based IP Worm Detection, that can detect these hitlist worms. It uses the difference in the distribution of source addresses between regular users and scanning hosts to distinguish between worm probes and normal accesses. This property is used to implement a weighted source address counting scheme, and a change point detection technique is used to detect surges in the rate of source addresses seen.
Embedding spirituality in young children: an inter-generational challenge

Abstract This study reports on the inter-generational transmission of faith values to young children (three to six years) from the perspectives of parents, grandparents, and religion teachers. The study was conducted at two religious education centres in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Through a qualitative rapid ethnographic approach (interviews, focus groups, and observations), we explored the practices and challenges in realizing the practice of faith as part of children’s everyday life. Eleven themes elicited which were further reflected in three overarching trends – ‘Building the foundation – on the right path’; ‘Meeting the challenges-embedding faith’; ‘Creating a conducive environment – brining us together’. Key findings revealed that although parents were keenly interested in spiritual development of their young children, they felt challenged by time deficits, multiple priorities, and secularization. Grandparents and religious education teachers were critical of the lack of parental commitment to spiritual development, seeing themselves often becoming surrogate drivers for this imperative. In conclusion, parents requested the institutions to schedule weekly practical classes in prayer and rituals. They also indicated that grandparents’ involvement in religious education activities are enabling and supportive to the parents in nurturing children’s spirituality. As a result there is a clear indication of the role for inter-generational involvements in embedding spirituality in young children.
Flare-related Magnetic Anomaly with a Sign Reversal

In this paper we report a significant magnetic anomaly, specifically an apparent sign reversal of magnetic polarities in small areas of Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) magnetograms during the impulsive phase of an X5.6 flare on 2001 April 6. Three flare kernels were observed to emit ≥50 keV hard X-rays, which are located in strong magnetic fields of order ±1000-1500 G. We find that the apparent sign reversal began and persisted for a few minutes in all three kernels, in precise temporal and spatial correspondence with the hard X-ray sources. We search for a combination of instrumental and flare-induced line profile effects that can account for this behavior. Our studies provide a viable scenario that the observed transient sign reversal is likely to be produced by distorted measurements when the Ni I 6768 Å line comes into emission or strong central reversal as a result of nonthermal beam impact on the atmosphere in regions of strong magnetic fields.
Solid→solid Phase Transformations in Inorganic Materials Edited Hard Bainite

It is possible to create bainite in the form of long, slender crystals of ferrite whose scale compares with that of carbon nanotubes. These crystals are about 200Å in thickness and are generated by the partial transformation of austenite. The result is an extraordinary combination of strength and toughness; the bainite has the highest hardness and lowest transformation temperature ever reported. The mechanism of transformation is such that a stable carbon concentration which is many orders of magnitude greater than its equilibrium solubility, is retained in the ferrite in spite of aggressive tempering heat–treatments. All this can be achieved in bulk steel and without the use of expensive solutes, deformation or rapid thermal treatments. The science associated with this bainite is described, together with a series of characterisation experiments ranging from atoms to the behaviour of large components in violent deformation.
Psychology at the Crossroads

The author argues that if psychologists are to contribute meaningfully to the United Nations’ agenda for sustainable development (SD) 2030, they will need to shift from a model that is biologically based individual model to a holistic, contextual and cultural model. Global media and consumer culture have created unhealthy, social and cultural environments, which are seen as having an adverse effect on psychological health. The article focuses on the culture change coming about due to advancement of technology, changes in values of society and acculturation as the reasons for decrement in mental health (MH) and well-being (WB). Integration of mainstream psychology with indigenous psychology can guide building of environments that sustain physical health and MH as well as societal sustainability.
On the determination of cable characteristics for large dimension cable-driven parallel mechanisms

Generally, the cables of a parallel cable-driven robot are considered to be massless and inextensible. These two characteristics cannot be neglected anymore for large dimension mechanisms in order to obtain good positioning accuracy. A well-known model which describes the profile of a cable under the action of its own weight allows us to take mass and elasticity into account. When designing a robot, and choosing actuator and cable characteristics, a calculation of maximal tension has to be done. However, because cable mass has a significant effect on cable tensions, a model including cable mass has to be included in the design step. This paper proposes two methods to determine the appropriate cable and hence the maximal tensions in the cables. Applied to a large dimension robot, taking cable mass into account is proved to be necessary in comparison with an equivalent method based on the massless cable modeling. In this paper, only moving platform static equilibria are considered (slow enough motions).
Caught Red-Handed:Corporate Labor Practices and the Investigatory Media, a New Look at Corporate Social Responsibility

Firm self-regulation with regards to illegal and unethical labor practices has become a significant trend recently, as firms face possible negative exposure from the investigatory media. This paper provides a theoretical analysis of the determinants corporate labor practices and the role played by the investigatory media in firm self-regulation. The model finds that firms, when facing a media investigation, are no more likely to use unethical labor regardless of how cost effective it is. Instead, the firm is actually driven towards certain labor choices based upon the parameters of the investigatory media's profitability. This communicates the importance of outside monitoring bodies on the road towards improved global labor standards.
The Effects of Subchronic Exposure to Terbuthylazine on Early Developmental Stages of Common Carp

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of terbuthylazine in surface waters on fish under experimental conditions. Subchronic toxic effects on embryos and larvae of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were investigated during a 30-day toxicity test. The exposure to terbuthylazin showed no effect on mortality, but significant differences (P < 0.0001) were revealed on weight and growth parameters at concentrations of 520 and 820 μg/L. The inhibition of specific growth rate at concentrations of 520 and 820 μg/L was 14% compared to the control group. No significant negative effects on total body length and body weight were observed at lower concentrations (0.9 and 160 μg/L). The concentrations 520 and 820 μg/L were associated with a delay in development compared to other experimental groups and controls. On the basis of weight and growth rate evaluation and determination of developmental stages, the No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) of terbuthylazine was estimated at 160 μg/L and the Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) was 520 μg/L. According to these results, the reported environmental concentration of terbuthylazine in Czech rivers does not impact growth, development, morphology, or histology of carp embryos and larvae.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation improves naming in Alzheimer disease patients at different stages of cognitive decline

Objective: Word‐finding difficulty (anomia) is commonly observed in Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). The aim of this study was to assess the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) applied to the dorso‐lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) on picture naming in 24 probable AD patients with different degrees of cognitive decline.
Time-like T-duality algebra

When compactifying M- or type II string-theories on tori of indefinite space-time signature, their low energy theories involve sigma models on En(n)/Hn, where Hn is a not necessarily compact subgroup of En(n) whose complexification is identical to the complexification of the maximal compact subgroup of En(n). We discuss how to compute the group Hn. For finite dimensional En(n), a formula derived from the theory of real forms of En algebra's gives the possible groups immediately. A few groups that have not appeared in the literature are found. For n = 9,10,11 we compute and describe the relevant real forms of En and Hn. A given Hn can correspond to multiple signatures for the compact torus. We compute the groups Hn for all compactifications of M-, M*-, and M'-theories, and type II- II*- and II'- theories on tori of arbitrary signature, and collect them in tables that outline the dualities between them. In an appendix we list cosets G/H, with G split and H a subgroup of G, that are relevant to timelike toroidal compactifications and oxidation of theories with enhanced symmetries.
Work stressors and creativity

Work stressors, conflict asymmetries and dissatisfaction with the status quo are all negative factors which workers today are subjected to. Unfortunately, these situations occur more often than companies would want. However, negative results, despite what might be expected, do not always follow in the performances of affected employees. In this paper, through a theoretical review, it is shown under what circumstances these stressors can actually increase creative performance. Additionally, the moderation role carried out by emotional intelligence and job control is analyzed. Conclusions and future research lines are presented.
Systemic Inflammation in Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Involves Follicular T-Helper, Th17- and Activated B-Cells and Correlates with Progression

Pathology studies of progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate a major role of inflammation including Th17-cells and meningeal inflammation with ectopic lymphoid follicles, B-cells and plasma cells, the latter indicating a possible role of the newly identified subset of follicular T-helper (TFH) cells. Although previous studies reported increased systemic inflammation in progressive MS it remains unclear whether systemic inflammation contributes to disease progression and intrathecal inflammation. This study aimed to investigate systemic inflammation in progressive MS and its relationship with disease progression, using flow cytometry and gene expression analysis of CD4+ and CD8+T-cells, B-cells, monocytes and dendritic cells. Furthermore, gene expression of cerebrospinal fluid cells was studied. Flow cytometry studies revealed increased frequencies of ICOS+TFH-cells in peripheral blood from relapsing-remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive (SPMS) MS patients. All MS subtypes had decreased frequencies of Th1 TFH-cells, while primary progressive (PPMS) MS patients had increased frequency of Th17 TFH-cells. The Th17-subset, interleukin-23-receptor+CD4+T-cells, was significantly increased in PPMS and SPMS. In the analysis of B-cells, we found a significant increase of plasmablasts and DC-SIGN+ and CD83+B-cells in SPMS. ICOS+TFH-cells and DC-SIGN+B-cells correlated with disease progression in SPMS patients. Gene expression analysis of peripheral blood cell subsets substantiated the flow cytometry findings by demonstrating increased expression of IL21, IL21R and ICOS in CD4+T-cells in progressive MS. Cerebrospinal fluid cells from RRMS and progressive MS (pooled SPMS and PPMS patients) had increased expression of TFH-cell and plasmablast markers. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate the potential involvement of activated TFH-cells in MS. The increased frequencies of Th17-cells, activated TFH- and B-cells parallel findings from pathology studies which, along with the correlation between activated TFH- and B-cells and disease progression, suggest a pathogenic role of systemic inflammation in progressive MS. These observations may have implications for the treatment of progressive MS.
Policy implications and analysis of the determinants of travel mode choice: an application of choice experiments to metropolitan Costa Rica

In this paper we study a group of policies aimed at discouraging the use of private transportation during peak hours, both directly and indirectly, by increasing the attractiveness of the only available substitute, the bus. This is done using a choice experiment constructed to find the answer to the following basic question: Given fixed house-to work structures and no working hour flexibility, by how much is the choice of travel mode for commuters to work sensitive to changes in travel time, changes in costs for each mode and other service attributes? This information is then used to identify the most suitable combination of policies dealing with air pollution and congestion in the typical developing country context of metropolitan Costa Rica. We also provide estimates of the value of travel time as a measure of the potential benefits gained from reduced congestion.
‘I am not alone’ – an ethnographic research on the peer support among northern-Finnish children with hearing loss

ABSTRACT This study focused on the peer support group activities organized in two northern-Finnish places for children with hearing loss and their experiences of it. This was an ethnographic child research, in which the research participants were 16 (12 girls, 4 boys, aged 7-17 years) northern-Finnish children with hearing loss. The main research data consisted of the researcher’s field notes and diaries, and focus group interviews among the research participants. Additional research data consisted of various questionnaires and background information. Peer support group activities provided children with hearing loss social, functional, cognitive, and emotional peer support. The benefits of peer support were:(1) peer support group activities provided information and coping skills for the children’ daily lives;(2) participation in group activities and group discussions strengthened the children’s social competence; and (2) peer support group activities empowered the participants. The importance of social relationships is discussed based on the findings.
Matching persons and counseling environments to foster self-control of test anxiety /

3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete.
The Gender Paradox in School Mathematics

Current quantitative gender and mathematics research exists as separate ability and postsecondary access studies, each drawing different conclusions. But if gender, achievement and enrollment (measurable proxies) are modeled together it will be possible to investigate possible associations. Using 106,473 standardized Grades 3, 6 and 9 Ontario student test responses from a single cohort, likelihood of enrolling in Grade 9 academic mathematics was modeled against elementary achievement and gender in a binary response model. Males achieved higher, (0.028≤d≤0.118), and occupied both achievement extremes in greater numbers, (1.04≤VR≤1.10), while females were 1.5 times more likely to enroll in academic courses. These paradoxical results are discussed in relation to the utility of achievement and enrollment as research metrics in gender and mathematics research.
Differential Proliferation Rhythm of Neural Progenitor and Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in the Young Adult Hippocampus

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are a unique type of glial cells that function as oligodendrocyte progenitors while constantly proliferating in the normal condition from rodents to humans. However, the functional roles they play in the adult brain are largely unknown. In this study, we focus on the manner of OPC proliferation in the hippocampus of the young adult mice. Here we report that there are oscillatory dynamics in OPC proliferation that differ from neurogenesis in the subgranular zone (SGZ); the former showed S-phase and M-phase peaks in the resting and active periods, respectively, while the latter only exhibited M-phase peak in the active period. There is coincidence between different modes of proliferation and expression of cyclin proteins that are crucial for cell cycle; cyclin D1 is expressed in OPCs, while cyclin D2 is observed in neural stem cells. Similar to neurogenesis, the proliferation of hippocampal OPCs was enhanced by voluntary exercise that leads to an increase in neuronal activity in the hippocampus. These data suggest an intriguing control of OPC proliferation in the hippocampus.