Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Neighborhood Immigrant Composition, Limited English Proficiency, and Late-Stage Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis in California

Despite the availability of effective early detection technologies, more than half (61%) of colorectal cancers in the United States and 55% in California are identified at an advanced stage. Data on colorectal cancer patients (N = 35,030) diagnosed from 2005 to 2007 were obtained from the California Cancer Registry. Multivariate analyses found a relationship among neighborhood concentration of recent immigrants, neighborhood rates of limited English proficiency, and late-stage colorectal cancer diagnosis. Hispanics living in neighborhoods with a greater percentage of recent immigrants (compared to the lowest percentage) had greater odds (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.22, 2.02) of late-stage diagnosis whereas Hispanics living in neighborhoods with the highest percentage of limited English proficiency (compared to the lowest percentage) had lower odds (OR .71, 95% CI .51, .99) of late-stage diagnosis. These relationships were not observed for other ethnic groups. Results highlight the complex relationship among race/ethnicity, neighborhood characteristics, and colorectal cancer stage at diagnosis.
Biomass equations for shrub species of Tamaulipan thornscrub of North-eastern Mexico

Nine additive allometric equations for computing above-ground, standing biomass were developed for the plant community and for each of 18 single species typical of the Tamaulipan thornscrub of north-eastern Mexico. Equations developed using additive procedures in seemingly unrelated linear regression provided statistical efficiency in total biomass estimates at the scales of both individual species and at the plant community. A single equation for each species improves efficiency in biomass estimates by 12.5% in contrast to using a single equation for the plant community. Therefore, additive equations developed in seemingly unrelated linear regression of parameter estimation are recommended to compute biomass components and total biomass for the species described. r 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Estimation in a semiparametric partially linear errors-in-variables model

We consider the partially linear model relating a response Y to predictors (X, T) with mean function X T β + g(T) when the X's are measured with additive error. The semiparametric likelihood estimate of Severini and Staniswalis leads to biased estimates of both the parameter β and the function g(.) when measurement error is ignored. We derive a simple modification of their estimator which is a semiparametric version of the usual parametric correction for attenuation. The resulting estimator of β is shown to be consistent and its asymptotic distribution theory is derived. Consistent standard error estimates using sandwich-type ideas are also developed.
LINKING INFORMATION PROCESSING STYLE PREFERENCE, STATISTICAL REASONING, AND STATISTICAL PERFORMANCE IN PSYCHOLOGY

This study sought to examine the nature of the relationships between information processing style preference, statistical reasoning ability (statistical skills and misconceptions), and performance on a psychology-based statistics course (RDA IIA). A non-experimental, correlational research design was used. The sample consisted of 133 University of the Witwatersrand students who had completed the RDA IIA module. Participants completed a brief demographic questionnaire as well as the Rational-Experiential Inventory (Pacini & Epstein, 1999), assessing processing style preference, and the Statistical Reasoning Assessment (Garfield, 2003), assessing statistical reasoning ability. Results indicated statistically significant, positive relationships between preference for a rational information processing style and statistical reasoning ability; as well as between performance on RDA IIA and statistical reasoning ability. There were, however, no significant relationships between performance on RDA IIA Â and processing style preference. These findings yielded useful implications for the teaching of statistical courses and thus contribute to limited knowledge available regarding the links between processing style preference and statistical reasoning and performance, particularly in the South African context.
Online Seizure Prediction Using an Adaptive Learning Approach

Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders, characterized by recurrent seizures. Being able to predict impending seizures could greatly improve the lives of patients with epilepsy. In this study, we propose a new adaptive learning approach for online seizure prediction based on analysis of electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. For each individual patient, we construct baseline patterns of normal and preseizure EEG samples, continuously monitor sliding windows of EEG recordings, and classify each window to normal or preseizure using a $(K)$-nearest-neighbor (KNN) method. A new reinforcement learning algorithm is proposed to continuously update both normal and preseizure baseline patterns based on the feedback from prediction result of each window. The proposed approach was evaluated on EEG data from 10 patients with epilepsy. For each one of the 10 patients, the adaptive approach was trained using the recordings containing the first half of seizure occurrences, and tested prospectively on the subsequent recordings. Using a 150-minute prediction horizon, our approach achieved 73 percent sensitivity and 67 percent specificity on average over 10 patients. This result is shown to be far better than those of a nonupdate prediction scheme and two native prediction schemes.
Post-racial paradoxes: rethinking European racism and anti-racism

ABSTRACT The advent of a post-racial understanding of racism has changed the way in which Europe sees itself and its ethnic minorities. The concept of the post-racial emerged in the United States to describe a belief that America was no longer a racist society and the election of Barack Obama to the highest office in the land was a public and highly visible confirmation of that state of affairs. A global post-racial culture has taken hold of western plutocracies in which racism is universally denounced but increasingly difficult to pin down. Sayyid's study, by using a decolonial analytics, examines the different ways in which racism is imagined and how this imagination shapes the way in which the post-racial appears. The paper goes on to sketch out an alternative account of the post-racial as an aspect of the various trends that have been described as being post-political.
Texture-Based Approach for Text Detection in Images Using Support Vector Machines and Continuously Adaptive Mean Shift Algorithm

The current paper presents a novel texture-based method for detecting texts in images. A support vector machine (SVM) is used to analyze the textural properties of texts. No external texture feature extraction module is used, but rather the intensities of the raw pixels that make up the textural pattern are fed directly to the SVM, which works well even in high-dimensional spaces. Next, text regions are identified by applying a continuously adaptive mean shift algorithm (CAMSHIFT) to the results of the texture analysis. The combination of CAMSHIFT and SVMs produces both robust and efficient text detection, as time-consuming texture analyses for less relevant pixels are restricted, leaving only a small part of the input image to be texture-analyzed.
Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA): merging galaxies and their properties

We derive the close pair fractions and volume merger rates for galaxies in the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) survey with −23 < Mr < −17 (� M = 0.27, � � = 0.73, H0 = 100 km s −1 Mpc −1 )a t 0.01 <z< 0.22 (look-back time of <2 Gyr). The merger fraction is approximately 1.5 per cent Gyr −1 at all luminosities (assuming 50 per cent of pairs merge) and the volume merger rate is ≈3.5 × 10 −4 Mpc −3 Gyr −1 . We examine how the merger rate varies by luminosity and morphology. Dry mergers (between red/spheroidal galaxies) are found to be uncommon and to decrease with decreasing luminosity. Fainter mergers are wet, between blue/discy galaxies. Damp mergers (one of each type) follow the average of dry and wetmergers.Inthebrighterluminositybin(−23 <Mr < −20),themergerrateevolutionisflat, irrespective of colour or morphology, out to z ∼ 0.2. The makeup of the merging population does not appear to change over this redshift range. Galaxy growth by major mergers appears comparatively unimportant and dry mergers are unlikely to be significant in the buildup of the red sequence over the past 2 Gyr. We compare the colour, morphology, environmental density and degree of activity (BPT class, Baldwin, Phillips & Terlevich) of galaxies in pairs to those of more isolated objects in the same volume. Galaxies in close pairs tend to be both redder and slightly more spheroid dominated than the comparison sample. We suggest that this may be due to ‘harassment’ in multiple previous passes prior to the current close interaction. Galaxy pairs do not appear to prefer significantly denser environments. There is no evidence of an enhancement in the AGN fraction in pairs, compared to other galaxies in the same volume.
Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 OQPSK and CSS PHY in the Presence of Interference

Industrial environments often exhibit harsh propagation conditions for wireless transmissions. This paper investigates the influence of different interference characteristics on the performance of IEEE 802.15. 4 using the OQPSK and Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) PHY. Bit error rates are determined for AWGN, Rayleigh fading and self-interference scenarios. GNU Radio, a Software Defined Radio framework, serves as simulation environment. In addition to the implementation of the CSS transmitter and receiver, a low-complexity synchronization algorithm, which only consists of a correlator and a second order Phase Locked Loop (PLL), and its limitations are presented. Furthermore, MAC layer simulations are performed for beacon-enabled (slotted) as well as nonbeacon- enabled (unslotted) mode to make a statement about achievable throughput and latency in the presence of interference. It shows that the CSS PHY clearly surpasses the OQPSK PHY in throughput. Moreover, the simulation results are confirmed by the derivation of the theoretical maximum throughput for the investigated PHY layers.
Learning Multiple Tasks with Deep Relationship Networks

Deep neural networks trained on large-scale dataset can learn transferable features that promote learning multiple tasks for inductive transfer and labeling mitigation. As deep features eventually transition from general to specific along the network, a fundamental problem is how to exploit the relationship structure across different tasks while accounting for the feature transferability in the task-specific layers. In this work, we propose a novel Deep Relationship Network (DRN) architecture for multi-task learning by discovering correlated tasks based on multiple task-specific layers of a deep convolutional neural network. DRN models the task relationship by imposing matrix normal priors over the network parameters of all task-specific layers, including higher feature layers and classifier layer that are not transferable safely. By jointly learning the transferable features and task relationships, DRN is able to alleviate the dilemma of negative-transfer in the feature layers and under-transfer in the classifier layer. Empirical evidence shows that DRN yields state-of-the-art classification results on standard multi-domain object recognition datasets.
Plantar Temperature Response to Walking in Diabetes with and without Acute Charcot: The Charcot Activity Response Test

Objective. Asymmetric plantar temperature differences secondary to inflammation is a hallmark for the diagnosis and treatment response of Charcot foot syndrome. However, little attention has been given to temperature response to activity. We examined dynamic changes in plantar temperature (PT) as a function of graduated walking activity to quantify thermal responses during the first 200 steps. Methods. Fifteen individuals with Acute Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) and 17 non-CN participants with type 2 diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were recruited. All participants walked for two predefined paths of 50 and 150 steps. A thermal image was acquired at baseline after acclimatization and immediately after each walking trial. The PT response as a function of number of steps was examined using a validated wearable sensor technology. The hot spot temperature was identified by the 95th percentile of measured temperature at each anatomical region (hind/mid/forefoot). Results. During initial activity, the PT was reduced in all participants, but the temperature drop for the nonaffected foot was 1.9 times greater than the affected side in CN group (P = 0.04). Interestingly, the PT in CN was sharply increased after 50 steps for both feet, while no difference was observed in non-CN between 50 and 200 steps. Conclusions. The variability in thermal response to the graduated walking activity between Charcot and non-Charcot feet warrants future investigation to provide further insight into the correlation between thermal response and ulcer/Charcot development. This stress test may be helpful to differentiate CN and its response to treatment earlier in its course.
Exponential generalizations from a polynomial number of examples in a combinatorial domain

Combinatorial domains are of interest because they allow a large repertoire of behaviours to be described from a few relatively simple rules. However, the problem that combinatorial domains pose for machines that learn from examples, such as connectionist networks, is to learning the target behaviour adequately without a corresponding explosion in training examples. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that a feedforward network can generalize to an order of examples greater than that on which it was trained. Specifically, for the encoding of N-tuples, where the example space grows exponentially with N, only a polynomial number of training examples was required to achieve a fixed degree of accuracy over the entire domain.
Auditory Attention to Space and Frequency Activates Similar Cerebral Systems

PET was used to test the hypothesis that similar neural systems are involved in attending to spectral and to spatial features of sounds. In each of four conditions subjects heard tones varying randomly in frequency and location and responded to either the low- or the high-frequency stimuli, ignoring location, or to stimuli on the left or right, ignoring frequency. In comparison to a silent baseline, CBF increases were observed in auditory cortex bilaterally and in the right superior parietal, right dorsolateral frontal, and right premotor regions, with no modulation as a function of attentional condition. Analysis of regional covariation indicated a coordinated CBF response between the right parietal region and the right frontal and middle temporal regions. The data imply that auditory attention engages a network of right-hemisphere cortical regions for both spatial location and tonal frequency and support a model whereby auditory attention operates at a level at which separate features have been integrated into a unitary representation.
Inferring lifestyle from gene expression patterns.

For many organisms, and especially for the model organisms of molecular and cell biology, the primary locus of study is the laboratory, and not their natural habitat. Thus, a huge body of knowledge accumulated through a century of laboratory studies contrasts with the limited amount of information available on the ecology of many model organisms. This discrepancy is particularly through a century of laboratory studies contrasts with the limited amount of information available on the ecology of many model organisms. This discrepancy is particularly striking for microbes, which arguably provide the bulk of our cell biological knowledge, but whose natural habitats are poorly understood. Their physiology, their genomic gene content, and the sturcture of their genetic networks has been shaped over millions of years by natural selection in the wild. Because of this discrepancy, certain laboratory experiments have limited value in understanding the workings of an organism. A case in point are the huge number of gene knock-out experiments in multiple eukaryotes that show little or no phenotypic effects in the laboratory. The artifical conditions under which these experiments are carried out may sometimes be resonsible for the absence of such phenotypic defects. Arguably, in the wild, such knock-out mutations might be elimited form the population. It would thus be best to assay their effects under more realistic conditions.
Jurors’ Presumption of Innocence

The presumption of innocence explicitly forbids jurors from using official suspicion or indictment as evidence of guilt in a criminal trial. A behavioral experiment tested whether jurors follow this prescription. It revealed that, compared to when a suspect had been merely named, jurors thought that the individual was significantly more likely to be guilty after a detective referred the case to the district attorney and when he was formally charged and thus a criminal defendant. A judicial instruction to presume innocence reduced jurors’ beliefs in the defendant’s guilt. Regression analyses indicate that jurors’ prior beliefs predicted their posterior beliefs and further that their prior beliefs were predictive of verdicts even after accounting for their posterior beliefs. The findings suggest that jurors make different assumptions about the guilt of a criminal defendant before the introduction of evidence and that these assumptions influence their overall evaluation of the case and their verdict.
Bounding the Cost of Stability in Games with Restricted Interaction

We study stability of cooperative games with restricted interaction, in the model that was introduced by Myerson [20]. We show that the cost of stability of such games (i.e., the subsidy required to stabilize the game) can be bounded in terms of natural parameters of their interaction graphs. Specifically, we prove that if the treewidth of the interaction graph is k, then the relative cost of stability is at most k + 1, and this bound is tight for all k ≥ 2. Also, we show that if the pathwidth of the interaction graph is k, then the relative cost of stability is at most k.
Speed scaling : An algorithmic perspective

Speed scaling has long been used as a power-saving mechanism at a chip level. However, in recent years, speed scaling has begun to be used as an approach for trading off energy usage and performance throughout all levels of computer systems. This wide-spread use of speed scaling has motivated significant research on the topic, but many fundamental questions about speed scaling are only beginning to be understood. In this chapter, we focus on a simple, but general, model of speed scaling and provide an algorithmic perspective on four fundamental questions: (i) What is the structure of the optimal speed scaling algorithm? (ii) How does speed scaling interact with scheduling? (iii) What is the impact of the sophistication of speed scaling algorithms? and (iv) Does speed scaling have any unintended consequences? For each question we provide a summary of insights from recent work on the topic in both worst-case and stochastic analysis as well as a discussion of interesting open questions that remain.
Computer-mediated communication

15.1.1. 1 Principal Focus. This chapter will focus essentially on asynchronous text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC). By this, we mean email, whether one-to-one or one-to-many, e-mail-based discussion lists, bulletin boards, computer conferencing environments, and the growing number of Web-mediated manifestations of these types of communication. As technologies change, the forms of CMC evolve. Sometimes there is divergence, for example, the newer audiovisual possibilities to contrast with the purely text-based, while in other aspects there is convergence, as in the amalgamation of many forms within a single Web-browser environment. Some forms of CMC are purely synchronous, some purely asynchronous, while others (e.g., NetMeeting, ICQ) are now allowing the two to occur in the same environment. Technological issues, such as system and interface design, and speed of message transmission, have been known for many years to influence CMC use (Collins & Bostock, 1993; Perrolle, 1991; Porter, 1993). With this in mind, the technology should “be transparent, so that the learner is most conscious of the content of the communication, not the equipment” (Mason, 1994).
The claustrum of the bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Montagu 1821)

The mammalian claustrum is involved in processing sensory information from the environment. The claustrum is reciprocally connected to the visual cortex and these projections, at least in carnivores, display a clear retinotopic distribution. The visual cortex of dolphins occupies a position strikingly different from that of land mammals. Whether the reshaping of the functional areas of the cortex of cetaceans involves also modifications of the claustral projections remains hitherto unanswered. The present topographic and immunohistochemical study is based on the brains of eight bottlenose dolphins and a wide array of antisera against: calcium-binding proteins (CBPs) parvalbumin (PV), calretinin (CR), and calbindin (CB); somatostatin (SOM); neuropeptide Y (NPY); and the potential claustral marker Gng2. Our observations confirmed the general topography of the mammalian claustrum also in the bottlenose dolphin, although (a) the reduction of the piriform lobe modifies the ventral relationships of the claustrum with the cortex, and (b) the rotation of the telencephalon along the transverse axis, accompanied by the reduction of the antero-posterior length of the brain, apparently moves the claustrum more rostrally. We observed a strong presence of CR-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons and fibers, a diffuse but weak expression of CB-ir elements and virtually no PV immunostaining. This latter finding agrees with studies that report that PV-ir elements are rare in the visual cortex of the same species. NPY- and somatostatin-containing neurons were evident, while the potential claustral markers Gng2 was not identified in the sections, but no explanation for its absence is currently available. Although no data are available on the projections to and from the claustrum in cetaceans, our results suggest that its neurochemical organization is compatible with the presence of noteworthy cortical inputs and outputs and a persistent role in the general processing of the relative information.
Heterogeneity through Proactivity: Enhancing Distributed EAs

This work proposes an heterogeneous distributed evolutionary algorithm that automatically adapts its migration policy based on the entropy of the population. It is an heterogeneous algorithm since the search performed by each subpopulation is different from each other. the novelty of our approach lies on its proactivity, in which each subpopulation can ask for more/less frequent migrations from its neighbors in order to maintain the genetic diversity at a desired level. the goal is to avoid the subpopulations to get trapped into local minima. the results on large NK-landscape instances have shown that the proactive strategy is a very promising approach, specially for highly rugged landscapes, in which it does not only reaches the most accurate solutions, but it does the fastest.