Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Décider dans un monde imprévisible et social : les mécanismes en jeu et leurs bases cérébrales dans l'autisme

Le monde social est par essence fortement incertain, dans la mesure ou les informations peuvent varier rapidement et de facon imprevisible, et il est essentiel de pouvoir s’y adapter. Les personnes avec autisme presentent souvent une intolerance au changement et une recherche d’immuabilite, associees a des difficultes dans le domaine de la prise de decision. Elles rapportent egalement que leurs difficultes sont amplifiees lorsque la prise de decision implique un changement de routine et lorsqu’elle fait entrer en jeu une composante sociale. Si la prise de decision dans un environnement social a ete beaucoup exploree, l’influence de l’incertitude du contexte (c’est-a-dire d’un changement brutal des probabilites de survenue d’un evenement) et son interaction avec la nature sociale de l’environnement n’ont jamais ete etudiees dans le cadre de l’autisme. Cette these vise a mieux comprendre les specificites du traitement du caractere imprevisible du contexte chez les personnes autistes de haut niveau (High-Functioning Autism : HFA) et avec un Syndrome d’Asperger (AS). La question posee ici est de savoir si c’est l’aspect social, ou bien l’aspect imprevisible, qui pose probleme aux personnes avec autisme dans les interactions sociales. Nous avons fait l’hypothese d’une alteration du traitement du caractere imprevisible chez ces personnes, comparees a des sujets neurotypiques apparies, et nous souhaitions preciser l’influence de la nature sociale ou non-sociale de la source d’information sur cette alteration. Dans la premiere etude, comportementale, de cette these, nous avons adapte une tâche de prise de decision de Behrens et al. (2007, 2008), comportant une condition stable et une condition instable (i.e. incertaine), cet aspect stable ou instable pouvant venir d’un indice social ou non-social. Cette premiere etude a permis de montrer que, dans notre tâche, les difficultes rencontrees par les personnes HFA/AS dans un environnement social tiennent plus a son caractere imprevisible qu’a son aspect social. A cela s’ajoute une difficulte globale a integrer les indices contextuels dans la prise de decision. Notre deuxieme etude, en IRM fonctionnelle, visait a identifier les regions cerebrales impliquees dans le traitement du caractere imprevisible du contexte, ainsi que l’effet de la nature sociale de l’environnement sur ce traitement, chez des personnes avec autisme. Cette seconde etude a montre que les personnes HFA/AS mobilisent moins le reseau attentionnel fronto-parietal que les personnes neurotypiques dans un contexte incertain (qu’il soit social ou non). On observe egalement chez ces personnes une difficulte a reorienter l’attention lorsque les indices contextuels ne sont pas pertinents. Par ailleurs, dans un environnement social les personnes HFA/AS activent moins les aires du « cerveau social » que les personnes neurotypiques. La discussion etablit un parallele entre ces resultats et la litterature existante, et propose des perspectives en termes de prise en charge dans l’autisme
Longitudinal analysis of serum KL-6 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis: association with the activity of pulmonary fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether changes in serum KL-6 levels reflect the activity of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS KL-6 levels were determined by ELISA in 39 SSc patients. In a retrospective longitudinal study, 250 serum samples were analyzed during a follow-up period of 0.3-6.1 years. RESULTS KL-6 levels at the first visit were higher in patients with SSc, especially with PF, compared with healthy controls. In the longitudinal study, KL-6 levels in 4 patients with anti-topo I Abs increased rapidly, parallel to the progression of PF. Four patients with inactive PF exhibited elevated, but stable levels of KL-6 during the follow-up. The 31 patients with almost normal KL-6 levels during the follow-up exhibited no deterioration or new onset of PF. CONCLUSION Rapidly increased serum KL-6 levels during disease course were associated with new onset or deterioration of PF.
Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor Regulates a Novel Pathway of Fibronectin Matrix Assembly Requiring Src-dependent Transactivation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor*

Previous studies have indicated that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) can functionally interact with integrins thereby modulating integrin activity. We have previously demonstrated that treatment of fibroblasts with the uPAR ligand, P25, results in an increase in the activation of the β1 integrin and a 35-fold increase in fibronectin matrix assembly (Monaghan, E., Gueorguiev, V., Wilkins-Port, C., and McKeown-Longo, P. J. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 1400-1407). Experiments were conducted to address the mechanism of uPAR regulation of matrix assembly. Treatment of fibroblasts with P25 led to an increase in the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and a colocalization of activated EGFR with β1 integrins in cell matrix contacts. The effects of P25 on matrix assembly and β1 integrin activation were inhibited by pretreatment with EGFR or Src kinase inhibitors, suggesting a role for both Src and EGFR in integrin activation by uPAR. Phosphorylation of EGFR in response to P25 occurred on Tyr-845, an Src-dependent phosphorylation site and was inhibited by PP2, the Src kinase inhibitor, consistent with Src kinase lying upstream of EGFR and integrin activation. Cells null for Src kinases also showed a loss of P25-induced matrix assembly, integrin activation, and EGFR phosphorylation. These P25-induced effects were restored following Src re-expression. The effects of P25 were specific for uPAR as enhanced matrix assembly by P25 was not seen in uPAR-/- cells, but was restored upon uPAR re-expression. These data provide evidence for a novel pathway of fibronectin matrix assembly through the uPAR-dependent sequential activation of Src kinase, EGFR, and β1 integrin.
Segregating semantic and syntactic aspects of processing in the human brain: an fMRI investigation of different word types.

The processing of single words that varied in their semantic (concrete/abstract word) and syntactic (content/function word) status was investigated under different task demands (semantic/ syntactic task) in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Task demands to a large degree determined which subparts of the neuronal network supporting word processing were activated. Semantic task demands selectively activated the left pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 45) and the posterior part of the left middle/superior temporal gyrus (BA 21/22/37). In contrast, syntactic processing requirements led to an increased activation in the inferior tip of the left frontal operculum (BA 44) and the cortex lining the junction of the inferior frontal and inferior precentral sulcus (BA 44/6). Moreover, for these latter areas a word class by concreteness interaction was observed when a syntactic judgement was required. This interaction can be interpreted as a prototypicality effect: non-prototypical members of a word class, i.e. concrete function words and abstract content words, showed a larger activation than prototypical members, i.e. abstract function words and concrete content words. The combined data suggest that the activation pattern underlying word processing is predicted neither by syntactic class nor semantic concreteness but, rather, by task demands focusing either on semantic or syntactic aspects. Thus, our findings that semantic and syntactic aspects of processing are both functionally distinct and involve different subparts of the neuronal network underlying word processing support a domain-specific organization of the language system.
Brain oscillations and novelty processing in human spatial memory

Hippocampal activity in rodent model systems is commonly associated with movement and exploratory behaviour, while human hippocampal research has traditionally focused on mnemonic function. I attempted to bridge this gap with a set of experiments where human participants performed an interactive virtual navigation paradigm that resembled rodent spatial exploration tasks, in conjunction with neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). I then used this interactive paradigm to examine the oscillatory correlates of memory, novelty and the behavioural relevance of the default mode network. The first experiment used MEG and fMRI to examine whether the movement-related theta rhythm (4-8 Hz) recorded from the rodent hippocampus has a measurable human analog. I found that the human hippocampal theta rhythm supports memory, and may coordinate exploratory movements in the service of self-directed learning. In further analyses in Experiment 2, during cued spatial memory retrieval, I observed that medial prefrontal cortex theta phase couples with ongoing theta oscillations in the right anterior medial temporal lobe and with neocortical gamma (65-85 Hz) amplitude. In Experiment 3, with fMRI I investigated the effect of environmental novelty versus object novelty during the navigation task and found that hippocampal activity is modulated only by environmental novelty, while the fusiform gyrus/posterior parahippocampal cortex responded to object novelty. Finally, in Experiment 4 using 3T and high-field 7T fMRI, I investigated endogenous (task-free) periods that flanked different stages of a spatial navigation paradigm to determine how endogenous slow oscillations in the default mode network correlate with subsequent spatial memory performance and found mixed evidence that default mode network activity predicts individual performance. Finally, I discuss my results in the context of recent findings in spatial memory and novelty processing, and consider the relationship between the human hippocampus and rodent model systems.
csal1 is controlled by a combination of FGF and Wnt signals in developing limb buds.

While some of the signaling molecules that govern establishment of the limb axis have been characterized, little is known about the downstream effector genes that interpret these signals. In Drosophila, the spalt gene is involved in cell fate determination and pattern formation in different tissues. We have cloned a chick homologue of Drosophila spalt, which we have termed csal1, and this study focuses on the regulation of csal1 expression in the limb bud. csal1 is expressed in limb buds from HH 17 to 26, in both the apical ectodermal ridge and the distal mesenchyme. Signals from the apical ridge are essential for csal1 expression, while the dorsal ectoderm is required for csal1 expression at a distance from the ridge. Our data indicate that both FGF and Wnt signals are required for the regulation of csal1 expression in the limb. Mutations in the human homologue of csal1, termed Hsal1/SALL1, result in a condition known as Townes-Brocks syndrome (TBS), which is characterized by preaxial polydactyly. The developmental expression of csal1 together with the digit phenotype in TBS patients suggests that csal1 may play a role in some aspects of distal patterning.
Games researchers play--extreme-groups analysis and mediation analysis in longitudinal occupational health research.

OBJECTIVES The study of causal processes using a longitudinal design is often hampered by two methodological problems. First, the lagged effects of a predictor variable on an outcome variable tend to be weak after control for a previous measure of this outcome. One approach that is advocated when effects are weak is to increase the extremeness of the study groups; this step often increases the significance and sizes of effects. Second, causal links are often mediated through third variables, and thus relatively complex mediational analyses are needed to understand the causal processes underlying particular associations. The present paper shows whether and when these two approaches are useful in longitudinal research. METHODS The two approaches were evaluated using data from a three-wave study among 1251 newcomers from various Western countries (mean age 20.6 years, 59% female). RESULTS Although the significances and effect sizes indeed increased with increasing extremeness of the study groups, extreme-groups analysis in the context of a longitudinal design may grossly bias findings. Cross-sectional applications of mediation analysis cannot provide evidence for any mediational model. Longitudinal models are better suited for examining mediation. CONCLUSIONS Rather than using extreme-groups analysis to obtain significant effects across time, researchers should maximize the amount of change in their data by focusing on groups for which change can be expected. Especially multiphase longitudinal data sets offer good opportunities for analyzing mediation models.
A Framework of Machine Learning Based Intrusion Detection for Wireless Sensor Networks

Some security protocols or mechanisms have been designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, an intrusion detection system (IDS) should always be deployed on security critical applications to defense in depth. Due to the resource constraints, the intrusion detection system for traditional network cannot be used directly in WSNs. Several schemes have been proposed to detect intrusions in wireless sensor networks. But most of them aim on some specific attacks (e.g. selective forwarding) or attacks on particular layers, such as media access layer or routing layer. In this paper, we present a framework of machine learning based intrusion detection system for wireless sensor networks. Our system will not be limited on particular attacks, while machine learning algorithm helps to build detection model from training data automatically, which will save human labor from writing signature of attacks or specifying the normal behavior of a sensor node.
Differential rostral projections of caudal brainstem neurons receiving trigeminal input after masseter inflammation

To understand the functional significance of orofacial injury‐induced neuronal activation, this study examined the rostral projection of caudal brainstem neurons that were activated by masseteric inflammation. Rats were injected with a retrograde tracer, Fluorogold, into the nucleus submedius of the thalamus (Sm), parabrachial nucleus (PB), lateral hypothalamus (LH), or medial ventroposterior thalamic nucleus (VPM) 7 days before injection of an inflammatory agent, complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), into the masseter muscle. Rats were perfused at 2 hours after inflammation, and brainstem tissues were processed for Fos‐Fluorogold double immunocytochemistry. Although there was no difference in Fos expression among the four groups (n = 4 per site), the rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons showed dramatic differences. In the ventral portion of the trigeminal subnuclei interpolaris/caudalis (Vi/Vc) transition zone, the percentage of Fos‐positive neurons projecting to the Sm (39.7%) was significantly higher than that projecting to the LH (5.4%) or VPM (5.6%; P < .001). The anesthesia alone also induced Fos expression in ventral Vi/Vc neurons, but these neurons did not project to Sm. In the caudal laminated Vc and dorsal Vi/Vc, the PB was the major site of rostral projection of Fos‐positive neurons. In the caudal ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius, Fos‐positive neurons projected to the Sm, PB, and LH. Most VPM‐projecting neurons examined did not show Fos‐like immunoreactivity after masseter inflammation. These findings emphasize the importance of the trigeminal Vi/Vc transition zone in response to orofacial deep tissue injury. Furthermore, the results differentiate the ventral and dorsal portions of the Vi/Vc transition zone, in that the Sm received projection mainly from activated neurons in the ventral Vi/Vc. The activation of Vi/Vc neurons and associated ascending pathways may facilitate somatoautonomic and somatovisceral integration and descending pain modulation after orofacial deep tissue injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 465:220–233, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Relationship between the Outcome of Studies of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation and the Presence of Commercial Funding

Background Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is an expensive treatment option for focal cartilage defects, and commercial funding of research is associated with a study reaching a positive conclusion. The purpose of this analysis is to compare outcomes (and levels of evidence) between published ACI outcome studies that were commercially funded and studies that were not commercially funded. Hypothesis Commercially funded ACI literature could be commercially biased. Study Design Comparative meta-analysis. Methods MEDLINE was searched for human, knee, ACI, nonmembrane, English language, and clinical outcome studies. Studies were evaluated with regard to funding status (commercially funded or not commercially funded), outcomes, and levels of evidence. Outcomes and levels of evidence were evaluated and compared for commercially funded studies versus those that were not commercially funded. Results Twenty-three studies were included; 16 (70%) were commercially funded. Pooled clinical outcome measures data were not significantly different (Lysholm, Modified Cincinnati, patient-reported Cincinnati, Tegner, pain Visual Analog Scale) when comparing commercially funded studies with those that were not commercially funded. However, distribution of levels of evidence was significantly lower (P = .045) for commercially funded studies. Conclusion Reassuringly, commercial funding of ACI studies did not result in a difference in published clinical outcomes versus those that were not commercially funded. However, the lower levels of evidence of commercially funded studies suggests that commercially funded ACI studies may be of less value to surgeons desiring to practice evidence-based medicine, and, in the future, commercial entities funding medical research could selectively fund studies of the highest levels of evidence.
The results of an 8 h thrice weekly haemodialysis schedule.

volume by a slow ultrafiltration, down to dry weight. acetate=35, K=1.5, Ca=1.75, Mg=0.75. A bicarbonate In most patients, tight control of blood pressure (BP) buVer is now used in 30% of the patients. The dialysate flow is achieved without the need for antihypertensive med- is 500 ml/min, the blood flow 220 ml/min. The blood access ication [2]. The incident population case mix shows used for dialysis in 75% of the patients is an arteriovenous an important trend toward older, weaker patients, with fistula. In the last few years, 15% of the patients have been high co-morbidity. The mortality and the morbidity using a central venous catheter and 10% a Thomas femoral on our long HD are better than usually reported. A shunt. major factor responsible for the good long-term sur- The patients are requested to eat a varied diet unrestricted in proteins with a large calorie intake. They are asked not vival seems to be the tight control of blood pressure. to add salt to their food. However, the use of cheese, a staple The purpose of this report is to describe the long part of the French diet, is not restricted (except during the HD method and to analyse its results in term of first few weeks of treatment). mortality and morbidity, with special attention to the The most usually prescribed medications include calcium, control of BP. vitamin D and aluminium hydroxide, if needed for phosphate Table 1. Demographic data of 876 patients included in the study Subjects and methods
FPGA-based Servo Control IC for X-Y Table

The new generation of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) technology enables to be embedded a processor to construct an SoPC (system-on-a-programmable-chip) developing environment. Therefore, this study presents a servo control IC for X-Y table using this SoPC technology. In this proposed servo control IC, there are two modules. One module performs the functions of the motion trajectory and two-axis position controller. The other module performs the functions of current vector control of motor drives for two PMSMs (permanent magnet synchronous motors). The former is implemented by software using Nios II embedded processor due to the need of the complicated control algorithm and low sampling frequency control (motion trajectory & position control: less than 1kHz). The latter is implemented by hardware using PLD (programmable logic device) in FPGA due to the need of high sampling frequency control (current loop: 16kHz, PWM circuit: 4~8MHz) but simple computation. Furthermore, to improve the control accuracy of the table positioning, a full closed-loop control, which the signal of linear encoder is feed-backed for position control, is considered. As this result, the use of SoPC technology can make the servo controller of X-Y table more compact, high performance and cost down.
Word spotting: a new approach to indexing handwriting

There are many historical manuscripts written in a single hand which it would be useful to index. Examples include the W.B. DuBois collection at the University of Massachusetts and the early Presidential libraries at the Library of Congress. Since Optical Character Recognition (OCR) does not work well on handwriting, an alternative scheme based on matching the images of the words is proposed for indexing such texts. The current paper deals with the matching aspects of this process. Two different techniques for matching words are discussed. The first method matches words assuming that the transformation between the words may be modelled by a translation (shift). The second method matches words assuming that the transformation between the words may be modelled by an affine transform. Experiments are shown demonstrating the feasibility of the approach for indexing handwriting. The method should also be applicable to retrieving previously stored material from personal digital assistants (PDAs).
Learning to predict phases of manipulation tasks as hidden states

Phase transitions in manipulation tasks often occur when contacts between objects are made or broken. A switch of the phase can result in the robot's actions suddenly influencing different aspects of its environment. Therefore, the boundaries between phases often correspond to constraints or subgoals of the manipulation task. In this paper, we investigate how the phases of manipulation tasks can be learned from data. The task is modeled as an autoregressive hidden Markov model, wherein the hidden phase transitions depend on the observed states. The model is learned from data using the expectation-maximization algorithm. We demonstrate the proposed method on both a pushing task and a pepper mill turning task. The proposed approach was compared to a standard autoregressive hidden Markov model. The experiments show that the learned models can accurately predict the transitions in phases during the manipulation tasks.