Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Misperception of Performance in Brainstorming Groups

Despite the popular belief that group of individuals brainstorming together can generate more and better ideas than individuals brainstorming alone, many empirical studies have found that the productivity of interacting groups is inferior to the combined output of an equal number of people brainstorming alone, in terms of both the quantity and quality of ideas. We hypothesized that members of interacting groups may focus on the total group product and derive an inflated sense of accomplishment compared with individual brainstormers who only perceive their individual product. We expected that providing a standard of productivity for interacting (brainstorming) groups would reduce productivity loss. We conducted an experiment using a 3×2 factorial design with group size (singleperson, 2-person, and 4-person group) and standard condition (standard vs. no standard) as independent variables. The topic for brainstorming was the practical benefits and difficulties that would arise if everyone after 1991 had an extra thumb on each hand. Our results suggest that even though individuals in interactive groups produce relatively fewer ideas, they perceive their performance more positively than individuals in nominal groups. However, while misperception of task performance does occur in group settings, it does not account completely for productivity loss in brainstorming groups.
Suggested Steps to Make Campuses More Trans-Inclusive

ABSTRACT To assist colleges and universities in becoming more supportive of transgender people, the authors, who work in campus LGBT student services, offer practical recommendations in areas where gender-variant students, staff, and faculty are likely to encounter discrimination. These areas include health care, residence halls, bathrooms, locker rooms, gender and name changes, public inclusion, and programming, training, and support. For each area, beginning, intermediate, and advanced steps are suggested.
Visual search for schematic affective faces: Stability and variability of search slopes with different instances

The threat-advantage hypothesis that threatening or negative faces can be discriminated preattentively has often been tested in the visual search paradigm with schematic stimuli. The results have been heterogeneous, suggesting that the choice of particular stimuli have profound effects on search efficiency. Because this conclusion is hampered by differences in experimental procedure, I selected examples from past literature and presented replicas of stimulus pairs (schematic positive and negative faces) in a within-participants design. Although there was a consistent advantage for angry-face targets, search efficiency varied between 8 and 35 ms/item, yielding no clear evidence for the threat-advantage hypothesis. Furthermore, search efficiency for negative- and positive-face targets was highly correlated over stimulus pairs, which implies that whatever complicates the search for the negative face of a pair also complicates the search for the positive face. This results pattern argues against the hypothesised preattentive detector.
Anticipation in Lynch Syndrome: Where We Are Where We Go

Lynch syndrome (LS) is the most common form of inherited predisposition to develop cancer mainly in the colon and endometrium but also in other organ sites. Germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) gene cause the transmission of the syndrome in an autosomal dominant manner. The management of LS patients is complicated by the large variation in age at cancer diagnosis which requires these patients to be enrolled in surveillance protocol starting as early as in their second decade of life. Several environmental and genetic factors have been proposed to explain this phenotypic heterogeneity, but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Although the presence of genetic anticipation in Lynch syndrome has been suspected since 15 years, only recently the phenomenon has been increasingly reported to be present in different cancer genetic syndromes including LS. While the biological basis of earlier cancer onset in successive generations remains poorly known, recent findings point to telomere dynamics as a mechanism significantly contributing to genetic anticipation in Lynch syndrome and in other familial cancers. In this review, we summarize the clinical and molecular features of Lynch syndrome, with a particular focus on the latest studies that have investigated the molecular mechanisms of genetic anticipation.
Mixed Grazing Systems Benefit both Upland Biodiversity and Livestock Production

Background With world food demand expected to double by 2050, identifying farming systems that benefit both agricultural production and biodiversity is a fundamentally important challenge for the 21st century, but this has to be achieved in a sustainable way. Livestock grazing management directly influences both economic outputs and biodiversity on upland farms while contributing to potentially damaging greenhouse gas emissions, yet no study has attempted to address these impacts simultaneously. Methods Using a replicated, landscape-scale field experiment consisting of five management ‘systems’ we tested the effects of progressively altering elements within an upland farming system, viz i) incorporating cattle grazing into an upland sheep system, ii) integrating grazing of semi-natural rough grazing into a mixed grazing system based on improved pasture, iii) altering the stocking ratio within a mixed grazing system, and iv) replacing modern crossbred cattle with a traditional breed. We quantified the impacts on livestock productivity and numbers of birds and butterflies over four years. Results, Conclusion and Significance We found that management systems incorporating mixed grazing with cattle improve livestock productivity and reduce methane emissions relative to sheep only systems. Systems that also included semi-natural rough grazing consistently supported more species of birds and butterflies, and it was possible to incorporate bouts of summer grazing of these pastures by cattle to meet habitat management prescriptions without compromising cattle performance overall. We found no evidence that the system incorporating a cattle breed popular as a conservation grazer was any better for bird and butterfly species richness than those based on a mainstream breed, yet methane emissions from such a system were predicted to be higher. We have demonstrated that mixed upland grazing systems not only improve livestock production, but also benefit biodiversity, suggesting a ‘win-win’ solution for farmers and conservationists.
Chaotic maps as parsimonious bit error models of wireless channels

The error patterns of a wireless digital communication channel can be described by looking at consecutively correct or erroneous bits (runs and bursts) and at the distribution function of these run and burst lengths. A number of stochastic models exist that can be used to describe these distributions for wireless channels, e.g., the Gilbert-Elliot model. When attempting to apply these models to actually measured error sequences, they fail: measured data gives raise to two essentially different types of error patterns which can not be described using simple error models like Gilbert-Elliot. These two types are distinguished by their run length distribution; one type in particular is characterized by a heavy-tailed run length distribution. This paper shows how the chaotic map model can be used to describe these error types and how to parameterize this model on the basis of measurement data. We show that the chaotic map model is a superior stochastic bit error model for such channels by comparing it with both simple and complex error models. Chaotic maps achieve a modeling accuracy that is far superior to that of simple models and competitive with that of much more complex models, despite needing only six parameters. Furthermore, these parameters have a clear intuitive meaning and are amenable to direct manipulation. In addition, we show how the second type of channels can be well described by a semiMarkov model using a quantized lognormal state holding time distribution.
Evaluation of lenticular antioxidant and redox system components in the lenses of acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in BSO-induced glutathione deprivation

Purpose To investigate whether acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) retards L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)-induced cataractogenesis in Wistar rat pups. Methods On postpartum day 3, group I pups received intraperitoneal (ip) saline and group II and group III pups received i.p. injections of BSO once daily for three consecutive days. In addition, group III pups received ip ALCAR once daily from postpartum days 3–15. Both eyes of each pup were examined up from postpartum day 16 to day 30. After sacrifice, extricated pup lenses were analyzed for antioxidant and redox system components. Results There was dense lenticular opacification in all group II pups, minimal opacification in 40% of group III pups, and no opacification in 60% of group III pups and in all of group I pups. Group II lenses exhibited significantly lower values of antioxidant and redox system components and higher malondialdehyde concentrations than in group I or group III lenses. Conclusions ALCAR prevents cataractogenesis in the BSO-induced cataract model, possibly by inhibiting depleting antioxidant enzyme and redox system components and inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
Functionalization of Poly(Lactic Acid) with Maleic Anhydride for Biomedical Application

The aim of this work was to study the modification of Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with maleic anhydride (MA) through free radical reaction in order to improve the hydrophilic property of PLA. The chemical bulk modification was carried out for all experiments. The concentrations of MA and benzoyl peroxide varied from 2 – 20wt% of PLA and 1-10wt% of MA, respectively. The effects of temperature and time on the reaction were studied. The samples were then characterized using FT-IR, 13 C-NMR, DSC, acid-base titration method, contact angle testing and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results revealed that the modification of PLA with MA was successfully done. The MA grafted PLA (MA-PLA) exhibited more hydrophilicity when compared to the pure PLA. However, the molecular weights of MA-PLA decreased, probably due to the chain scission reaction.
Guilt and ethical choice in consumption

Research into consumer ethics has grown substantially since the 1990s. However, it is predominantly influenced by socio-cognitive and attitudinal models that treat everyday consumer decisions as the outcome of carefully weighting abstract moral principles against utilitarian outcomes. This article counter-proposes a psychoanalytic approach to consumer guilt and moral choice that draws on Freudian and Kleinian contributions. In particular, conceptualisations of unconscious (rather than conscious) guilt, the notion of guilt being the cause rather than outcome of moral behaviour, and the distinction between persecutory and reparative anxieties. In doing so, it corroborates a view of everyday morality as less rational, less deliberate and firmly embedded in psychodynamic processes that largely escape individual awareness. Potential implications and avenues for more psychoanalytically inspired treatments of consumer ethics are discussed.
Preschool Latino Immigrant Children: Using the Home Language as a Resource for Literacy Learning

This article explores the language and literacy practices of Latino immigrant children in preschool. In spite of the monolingual framework and the readiness emphasis of current educational language policies, children draw on their home language as a resource to literacy learning. The author argues that children's use of their home language is a source of support for English development and learning. The article sheds light on the benefits of supporting the home language, even when English is the target language in the classroom and bilingual education is not an option. Literacy instruction organized around social interaction, guided dialogue, and direct instruction that supports children in making use of their full linguistic resources has the potential to connect schooled literacy practices to children's life experiences and interests, and broaden their literacy practices and developing academic strengths.
Modelling circulation, impulse and kinetic energy of starting jets with non-zero radial velocity

Abstract The evolution of starting jet circulation, impulse and kinetic energy are derived in terms of kinematics at the entrance boundary of a semi-infinite axisymmetric domain. This analysis is not limited to the case of parallel jet flows; and the effect of non-zero radial velocity is specifically identified. The pressure distribution along the entrance boundary is also derived as it is required for kinetic energy modelling. This is done without reliance on an approximated potential function (i.e. translating flat plate), making it a powerful analytical tool for any axisymmetric jet flow. The pressure model indicates that a non-zero radial velocity is required for any ‘over-pressure’ at the nozzle exit. Jet flows are created from multiple nozzle configurations to validate this model. The jet is illuminated in cross-section, and velocity and vorticity fields are determined using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) techniques and circulation, impulse and kinetic energy of the jet are calculated from the DPIV data. A non-zero radial velocity at the entrance boundary has a drastic effect on the final jet. Experimental data showed that a specific configuration resulting in a jet with a converging radial velocity, with a magnitude close to 40 % of the axial velocity at its maximum, attains a final circulation which is 90–100 % larger than a parallel starting jet with identical volume flux and nozzle diameter, depending on the stroke ratio. The converging jet also attains a final impulse which is 70–75 % larger than the equivalent parallel jet and a final kinetic energy 105–135 % larger.
A REVIEW OF THE COGNITIVE INTERVIEW

Abstract In this critique of the Cognitive Interview (CI), discussion is organized around four themes; (1) the effectiveness of various components of the CI, (2) the relationship between the CI and other interviewing methods such as the Guided Memory Interview, the Standard Interview, and the Structured Interview, (3) different measures of memory performance and (4) the effect of training quality on interviewer performance. We comment on some of the theoretical and methodological issues to be considered in CI research and the practical considerations relating to the use of the CI in the field.
In defense of a prototype approach to emotion concepts.

Emotion, anger, fear, love, and similar concepts have so far defied classical definition. This article summarizes one analysis of emotion concepts from a prototype perspective and answers criticisms directed at such an analysis. Specifically addressed are 5 claims made by critics: The superordinate concept of emotion is classically defined; basic-level emotion concepts are classically defined; internal structure does not contradict the classical view; evidence of unclear cases, presented here as the cornerstone of the case against the classical view, does not contradict the classical view; and classical definitions for emotion terms, if they do not exist today, will someday be discovered scientifically. Both proponents and opponents of the prototype view may agree on a final assertion: Concepts can be created that are classically defined and that will be useful in the psychology of emotion. This assertion may be what the critics really care about. Emotion, love, anger, happiness, and anxiety express concepts that influence people's life. We interpret each other's actions and temporary states by means of these concepts and guide our behavior accordingly. An act seen as committed in the heat of emotion has a different legal status than the same act carried out in a calm manner. We wonder, "Is this really love? " and "Do I still love him? " According to Schachter and Singer (1962) and Harre (1987), to have an emotion can depend on how we label ourselves in terms of anger, happiness, and so on. Psychologists use these same words in communicating with
mTOR downstream effectors, 4EBP1 and eIF4E, are overexpressed and associated with HPV status in precancerous lesions and carcinomas of the uterine cervix

The present study aims to investigate the expression levels of two critical mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) downstream effectors, 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) proteins, in precancerous squamous intraepithelial lesions and cancer of the uterine cervix, and their association with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection status. Uterine cervical biopsies from 73 patients were obtained, including 40 fresh-frozen samples and 42 archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. Whole protein extracts were analyzed for the expression of 4EBP1 and eIF4E proteins using western blotting. In addition, distribution of 4EBP1 and eIF4E protein expression and 4EBP1 phosphorylation (P-4EBP1) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in archival tissues and correlated with the degree of dysplasia. The presence of high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) types was assessed by polymerase chain reaction. Using western blot analysis, high expression levels of 4EBP1 and eIF4E were observed in all uterine cervical carcinomas, which significantly correlated with the degree of dysplasia. By immunohistochemistry, overexpression of 4EBP1 and eIF4E was detected in 20 of 21 (95%) and 17 of 21 (81%) samples, respectively, in patients with high-grade dysplasia and carcinomas, compared with 1 of 20 (5%) and 2 of 20 (10%) samples, respectively, in patients with low-grade lesions or normal histology. All 4EBP1-positive cases tested were also positive for P-4EBP1. Furthermore, overexpression of 4EBP1 and eIF4E significantly correlated with the presence of HR-HPV oncogenic types. The present study demonstrated that critical effectors of mTOR signaling, which control protein synthesis initiation, are overexpressed in cervical high-grade dysplasia and cancer, and their levels correlate with oncogenic HPV types. These findings may provide novel targets for investigational therapeutic approaches in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix.
Drug addiction. Part III. Pharmacotherapy of addiction.

The last decade brought a considerable progress in pharmacotherapy of addiction. Basing on recently gained knowledge of mechanisms of development of addiction and the physiology of the brain reward system, several therapeutic strategies have evolved. The strategies aimed at targeting the basic mechanisms of addiction rely on the premises that addiction is caused by adaptive changes in the central nervous system and that craving, which is the main cause of relapse, depends on dopaminergic mechanisms and requires high general excitability. The pharmacological approach involves drugs that reduce neuronal adaptability by inhibiting the calcium entry to neurons both through voltage-gated channels (e.g. nimodipine) and NMDA receptors (e.g. memantine), and drugs that stimulate the inhibitory GABAergic system (gamma-vinyl-GABA, baclofen), Particular attention is paid to the compounds that may attenuate dopaminergic hyperactivity, without considerable suppression of tonic activity of dopaminergic neurons (e.g. BP 897, a partial dopamine D3 receptor antagonist). Specific strategies are aimed at interference with the action of particular drugs of addiction. An important group includes the agonistic therapies (known also as substitution or maintenance therapies) in which a long-acting agonist is used in order to reduce the action of the drugs of high addictive potential (e.g. methadone against heroin addiction or vanoxerine (GBR 12909) against psychostimulants). Other specific strategies aimed at reduction of the transport of molecules of addictive substances into the brain: the approaches involve preparation of antibodies that form complexes unable to cross blood-brain barrier or enzymes accelerating the metabolism of the compounds in the blood (e.g. variants of butyrylcholinesterase). A considerable progress has been made in combating the abuse of legal addictive substances, alcohol (naltrexone, acamprosate) and tobacco (bupropion). The prospects for developing effective pharmacotherapies against addiction are bright. Unfortunately, ideological and social implications, as well as the conflict of interest with illegal narcotic manufacturers and distributors, may considerably hamper the progress in combating addiction (e.g. difficulties in introduction of methadone).
An Investigation of Experience in L2 Phonology: Does Quality Matter More than Quantity?

This study examines the significance of language use for second language (L2) accent and tests it against factors such as length of residence (LOR) and age of onset (AO). Participants include 42 non-native speakers of English and 8 native speaker controls. Read-aloud items and guided free-speaking tasks are rated on a 5-point scale. Correlation analyses confirm the significance of AO, LOR, and experiential factors such as first language (L1) use, breadth of L2 use across multiple modes, and especially domain-based L2 use, such as personal, interactive contact with native speakers of the target language. Results suggest that experiential quality has a more significant impact on accent than experiential quantity and that, according to multiple regression models, experience is independent of the influences of AO and LOR. Based on these analyses, closer investigations of language experience and its connections to LOR are recommended.L'article porte sur la relation entre l'utilisation d'une langue seconde et l'accent du locuteur (L2); il mesure l'importance de l'utilisation à l'échelle de facteurs comme la durée de résidence et l'âge d'acquisition. Le groupe de participants est formé de 42 locuteurs non natifs de l'anglais et de 8 locuteurs natifs servant de témoins. Des exercices de lecture à voix haute ainsi que des conversations libres dans le contexte de tâches orientáes ont été évalués sur une échelle de cinq points. Les analyses de corrélation confirment l'importance de l'âge d'acquisition, de la durée de résidence et de facteurs expárientiels tels que l'utilisation de la langue maternelle et la variété des modes d'utilisation de la langue seconde, notamment les sphères d'utilisation, comme les relations personnelles et interactives avec des locuteurs natifs de la langue cible. Les résultats suggèrent que la qualité a une incidence plus importante sur l'accent que la quantité des expériences et que, selon les modèles de régression multiple, l'expérience n'est pas influencée par l'âge d'acquisition ni par la durée de résidence. Les analyses conduisent à la recommandation de recherches plus poussées sur l'expérience linguistique et ses liens avec la durée de rásidence.