Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Packaging Islam: Cultural Politics on the Landscape of Turkish Commercial Television

Scholars of Islam in Turkish society have written penetrating analyses on the reciprocal influences and complementary relationships, as well as rivalries between, Alevi Islam, Sunni Islam, Islam of the Sufi orders, Islam of student activists, Islam of “Islamist intellectuals”, Islam as embedded in the oral culture and daily practices of the “mahalle”, Islam of the scriptures, and so on. There are clearly different ways of knowing Islam, distinct yet intertwined. My concern in the present study is with a particular knowledge of Islam—as constructed on the landscape of commercial television in Turkey.
Deciding without Resources: Resource Depletion and Choice in Context

Although choices can occur after careful deliberation, many everyday choices are usually effortless and are guided by intuitive thinking. This research examines the implications of the interplay between these two types of decision processes for context effects in choice by exploring the consequences of the depletion of executive resources in a prior, unrelated task. Building on a substantial body of psychological literature that points to a single underlying resource used for self-regulation and executive control, this article demonstrates that resource depletion has a systematic influence on choice in context. Specifically, resource depletion enhances the role of intuitive reasoning by impairing deliberate, careful processing. In five experiments, the authors find that resource depletion increases the share of reference-dependent choices, decreases the compromise effect, and magnifies the attraction effect. The results shed light on the mechanisms underlying context effects in choice and suggest that the scope of the depleted resource is not constrained to self-regulation activities but rather extends to choice in general.
The Rise of Part-time Employment in Canadian Christian Churches

Using data from Canada Revenue Agency’s charitable status (T3010) forms, this article demonstrates the increase in part-time staffing among Canada’s Christian churches over a nine-year period. The growth of part-time staffing and the decline of full-time staffing reflect the declining institutional participation and declining incomes of Catholic and Protestant churches. However, our data suggest that staffing changes are not simply due to tighter budgets, but mirror a societal trend toward part-time work, or the “feminization” of labour norms. We reflect on the implications of this change for clergy and other congregational staff, for churches, and for secularization theory.
A cluster-based approach for detecting man-made objects and changes in imagery

A new unified approach to object and change detection is presented that involves clustering and analyzing the distribution of pixel values within clusters over one or more images. Cluster-based anomaly detection (CBAD) can detect man-made objects that are: (1) present in a single multiband image; (2) appear or disappear between two images acquired at different times; or (3) manifest themselves as spectral differences between two sets of bands acquired at the same time. Based on a Gaussian mixture model, CBAD offers an alternative to compute-intensive, sliding-window algorithms like Reed and Yu's RX-algorithm for single-image object detection. It assumes that background pixel values within clusters can be modeled as Gaussian distributions about mean values that vary cluster-to-cluster and that anomalies (man-made objects) have values that deviate significantly from the distribution of the cluster. This model is valid in situations where the frequency of occurrence of man-made objects is low compared to the background so that they do not form distinct clusters, but are instead split up among multiple background clusters. CBAD estimates background statistics over clusters, not sliding windows, and so can detect objects of any size or shape. This provides the flexibility of filtering detections at the object level. Examples show the ability to detect small compact objects such as vehicles as well as large, spatially extended features (e.g., built-up and bomb-damaged areas). Unlike previous approaches to change detection, which compare pixels, vectors, features, or objects, cluster-based change detection involves no direct comparison of images. In fact, it is identical to the object detection algorithm, different only in the way it is applied. Preliminary results show cluster-based change detection is less sensitive to image misregistration errors than global change detection. The same cluster-based algorithm can also be used for cross-spectral anomaly detection. An example showing the detection of thermal anomalies in Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery is provided.
Perceptions of Child Sexual Assault.

The effects of gender of victim and offender, age of victim, and initiator of interaction (victim or offender) on the general public'sperceptions of, and judgments about, cases of child sexual assault, were investigated in two experiments conducted at the Ontario Science Centre, using a total of 282 adult volunteer subjects. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with brief descriptions of a case of child sexual assault, and responded to a series of questions regarding the scenario. The gender of the victim and offender, and the identity of the initiating party, were manipulated in a 2 x 2 x 2 fullycrossed design. In Experiment 2, subjects were administered a similar procedure, with the age of the victim and the identity of the initiating party manipulated. In both experiments, the manipulation of the identity of the initiating party was found to have the strongest and most consistent effects. Implications of these findings regarding reporting biases, and legal and clinical decision-making are discussed.
Calling European Union Treaty Referendums: Electoral and Institutional Politics

Many European integration treaties – most notably the failed Constitutional Treaty – have faced ratification by referendum in various member states. Although the literature on voting behaviour in these referendums in now well established, the reasons why these referendums were held in the first place is under-scrutinised. This article examines the reasons EU member states decide to call referendums in order to ratify EU treaties and argues that they do so primarily as a result of domestic political pressure arising from three sources: electoral pressure when the EU is unpopular and elections are close, rules governing the use of referendums, and domestic institutional veto players. This theory is tested using a combination of single and multi-level logistic regression analysis, which finds support for the hypotheses developed here.
The Role of Expectancy and Relevancy in Memory for Verbal and Visual Information: What Is Incongruency?

Three experiments are presented that investigate the effect of using incongruent information to improve the memorability of complex marketing communications. The basic premise of the research is that incongruency is a multidimensional concept, the components of which may produce countervailing effects on memory. Drawing on research in social cognition and information processing, a theoretical framework is developed that posits two dimensions of incongruency: relevancy and expectancy. Results of the research provide empirical support for the framework and suggest implications for consumer research and the development of ads. Copyright 1992 by the University of Chicago.
Osteopenia in HIV-infected women prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multiple endocrine and metabolic consequences of human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection exist that alter bone metabolism in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Osteopenia in AIDS patients has been associated with antiretroviral therapy particularly with protease inhibitors. However, there is very little data on bone metabolism in female subjects with AIDS prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy. METHODS Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in 50 HIV-infected female outpatients (mean age 37 years) both in the lumbar spine and the Ward's triangle of the left hip. Additional parameter assessed were demographics, smoking, CD4 counts, fasting metabolic parameters and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. None of the patients received reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors, vitamin D or calcium-supplementation. RESULTS The serum levels of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH2)D) were significantly reduced compared to 50 age-matched female healthy controls. Urinary calcium and pyridinium crosslinks-excretion corrected for creatinine excretion were elevated (P<0.01) and were likewise significantly correlated with the loss of CD4 cells (P<0.05). Serum osteocalcin was significantly lowered (P<0.01). Reduced BMD of the lumbar spine (t -score <-2.5 SD below normal) was found in seven patients (14%) and osteopenia (t -score -1.0 to -2.5 SD below normal) was diagnosed in 31 (62%). No patient had a fracture since being infected with HIV. The BMD was reduced both in lumbar spine and the hip measured in the left Ward's triangle. There were significant positive correlation between the CD4 counts and 1,25(OH2)D (P<0.05). Neither the CD4 counts nor the duration of disease correlated with BMD. The reduced bone formation rate was linked to progressive loss of CD4-cell count. CONCLUSION Osteopenia in HIV-infected female subjects is commonly manifested both in lumbar spine and Ward's triangle of the hip. There is a dissociation between lowered markers of bone formation rate and the increased bone resorption expressed as elevated urinary crosslinks and calcium excretion. Furthermore, the decreased levels of 1,25(OH2)D may contribute to a negative calcium balance and inhibition of bone formation. Our results suggest that further research is necessary to determine, whether low levels of 1,25(OH2)D lead to an accelerated inflammatory process in AIDS, since 1,25(OH)2D is known as an endogenous immune modulator suppressing formation of activated T cells and cell proliferation.
The Neuropsychiatry of Shamanism

The shamanic state is a human constant, arising from the substrate of the brain. Hunter-gatherer shamanism is based on altered states of consciousness, induced by a variety of means.This paper examines shamanism from a neuropsychiatric perspective, looking at disorders of self, hallucinations, epilepsy, schizophrenia and other psychoses, lycanthropy, and sleep disorders. While the majority of shamanic individuals are normal in that they do not have neuropsychiatric disorders, examination of these conditions can illustrate the underlying brain mechanisms.The speciation of Homo sapiens led to lateralisation of the brain with significant expansion in the left temporo-occipital region that allowed the use of symbolism. Laterality changes - decreased left/increased right hemisphere dominance - link schizophrenia, schizotypy and increased creativity. From this it was a short step to the phenomena intrinsic to shamanism.
Optimal Scaling of Generalized and Polynomial Eigenvalue Problems

Scaling is a commonly used technique for standard eigenvalue problems to improve the sensitivity of the eigenvalues. In this paper we investigate scaling for generalized and polynomial eigenvalue problems (PEPs) of arbitrary degree. It is shown that an optimal diagonal scaling of a PEP with respect to an eigenvalue can be described by the ratio of its normwise and componentwise condition number. Furthermore, the effect of linearization on optimally scaled polynomials is investigated. We introduce a generalization of the diagonal scaling by Lemonnier and Van Dooren to PEPs that is especially effective if some information about the magnitude of the wanted eigenvalues is available and also discuss variable transformations of the type $\lambda=\alpha\mu$ for PEPs of arbitrary degree.
Schubert induction

A BSTRACT . We describe a Schubert induction theorem, a tool for analyzing intersections on a Grassmannian over an arbitrary base ring. The key ingredient in the proof is the Geometric Littlewood-Richardson rule of [V2]. Schubert problems are among the most classical problems in enumerative geometry of continuing interest. As an application of Schubert induction, we address several long-standing natural questions related to Schubert problems, including: the “reality” of solutions; effective numerical methods; solutions over algebraically closed ﬁelds of positive characteristic; solutions over ﬁnite ﬁelds; a generic smoothness (Kleiman-Bertini) theorem; and monodromy groups of Schubert problems. For example, we show that all Schubert problems for all Grassmannians are enumerative over the real numbers, completely answering the classical “reality question” for Schubert problems. These methods conjecturally extend to the ﬂag variety.
Measurement of quasi-ballistic heat transport across nanoscale interfaces using ultrafast coherent soft x-ray beams

Measurement of quasi-ballistic heat transport across nanoscale interfaces using ultrafast coherent soft x-ray beams Mark Siemens 1 , Qing Li 1 , Ronggui Yang 1 , Keith Nelson 2 , Erik Anderson 3 , Margaret Murnane 1 and Henry Kapteyn 1 JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Department of Chemistry, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Center for X-Ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Abstract. Understanding heat transport on nanoscale dimensions is important for fundamental advances in nanoscience, as well as for practical applications such as thermal management in nano-electronics, thermoelectric devices, photovoltaics, nanomanufacturing, as well as nanoparticle thermal therapy. Here we report the first time-resolved measurements of heat transport across nanostructured interfaces. We observe the transition from a diffusive to a ballistic thermal transport regime, with a corresponding increase in the interface resistivity for line widths smaller than the phonon mean free path in the substrate. Resistivities more than three times higher than the bulk value are measured for the smallest line widths of 65 nm. Our findings are relevant to the modeling and design of heat transport in nanoscale engineered systems, including nanoelectronics, photovoltaics and thermoelectric devices.
A continuum description of the damage process in the arterial wall of abdominal aortic aneurysms

In the present work, we develop a three‐dimensional isotropic finite‐strain damage model for abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) wall that considers both the characteristic softening of the material caused by damage and the spatial variation of the material properties. A strain energy function is formulated that accounts for a hyperelastic, slightly compressible, isotropic material behavior during the elastic phase, whereas the damage process only contributes to the material response when the elastic limit of the AAA wall is exceeded. Material and damage parameters are obtained by fitting the strain energy function to the experimental data obtained by uniaxial tensile tests of freshly harvested AAA wall samples. The damage model extends the validity of the material law to a strain range of up to 50%. Purely elastic material laws for AAA wall are only valid for a strain range of up to 17%. In a series of finite element simulations of patient‐specific AAAs, serving as numerical examples, we investigate the applicability of the damage model. The use of the damage model does not yield a more distinct identification of rupture‐prone AAAs than other computational‐based risk indices. However, the benefit of the finite‐strain damage model is the potential capability to trigger growth and remodeling processes in mechanobiological models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Little Big Firms? Corporate Social Responsibility in Small Businesses that Do Not Compete Against Big Ones

This article examines the drivers and barriers for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the Norwegian graduate uniform industry, which is a market devoid of large corporations, consisting entirely of two small businesses. It finds that these small businesses' CSR activities are not particularly well explained by the existing literature on CSR in small- and medium-sized enterprises, which assumes the presence of large competitors. This raises the question of whether small businesses that do not compete against large corporations may actually behave more like little big firms when it comes to CSR. The article finds that the two businesses studied are mostly driven by external pressure to improve their social responsibility. Such pressure stems partly from news reports on their activities and partly from increasing competition leading to a situation where the small businesses operating in the market scrutinise each others' activities.
A Longitudinal Study on the Structure of Handwriting

In this study the structure of handwriting was investigated longitudinally, across grades. The scripts of 63 primary school children were evaluated annually, starting in Grade 2. Children were followed for 5 years. An evaluation scale for children's handwriting (the BHK-scale) was used to rate the scripts on 13 characteristics and to measure the speed of writing. Principal component analysis of the BROAD matrix (in which the data collected on the five occasions are arranged side by side) showed that the structure of handwriting characteristics is very stable over these years. Principal component analysis of the LONG matrix (in which the data collected on the five occasions are arranged beneath each other) yielded three clusters of items, which concern (a) fine motor ability of the children, (b) structural performance, and (c) stylistic preference. Sex, grade, and writing speed were related to this structure. In yet another approach a principal component analysis was performed on the within-group correlation matrix of the different grades. In this way the effect of differences in means between grades was removed from the analysis. Three principal components emerged, which, after varimax rotation, correspond to the three clusters noted in the principal component analysis of the LONG matrix.
Rain-fed agriculture thrived despite climate degradation in the pre-Hispanic arid Andes

Simple yet extensive landscape modifications made past agrarian societies resilient to climate change. Archaeological research suggests significant human occupation in the arid Andean highlands during the 13th to 15th centuries, whereas paleoclimatic studies reveal prolonged drier and colder conditions during that period. Which subsistence strategy supported local societies in this harsh environment? Our field and aerial surveys of archaeological dwelling sites, granaries, and croplands provide the first evidence of extended pre-Hispanic agriculture supporting dense human populations in the arid Andes of Bolivia. This unique agricultural system associated with quinoa cultivation was unirrigated, consisting of simple yet extensive landscape modifications. It relied on highly specific environmental knowledge and a set of water-saving practices, including microterracing and biennial fallowing. This intense agricultural activity developed during a period of unfavorable climatic change on a regional and global scale, illustrative of efficient adaptive strategies to cope with this climatic change.
Qualitative Differences between Two Methods of Ethics Education: Focus Group Results

Ethics and professionalism standards are essential components of health and welfare training programs, yet data on effective ethics training methods remain elusive. We studied two different delivery methods of ethics education in the Gynecology and Obstetrics rotation of medical school: case-based instructor-facilitated discussion only and case-based discussion following student-led presentations. This paper describes results of the focus group we held with student participants from both methods. Students participated in a mixed 1-hour focus group. The focus group moderator transcribed the meeting, which became the data for the analysis. The research team analyzed the data using grounded theory. Two themes emerged from the data: (1) the ways in which students progressed in their ability to identify and assess ethical questions and (2) the degree to which students were engaged with the course material, peers, and facilitators. In addition, two main categories emerged from overlap among the codes identified by the analysts: understanding of the material and perspectives on ethical issues. Although not determinative, the data suggest a preference for instructor-led discussions over peer presentations and discussions. An engaged peer cohort, faculty participation, and a structured discussion were essential to students' satisfaction with instructional delivery.
Good morning, good day: A diary study on positive emotions, hope, and work engagement

The objective of this diary study was to look at the potential positive within-person relationships between positive emotions, work-related hope, and the three dimensions of work engagement on a daily level (i.e. vigor, dedication, and absorption). Following Broaden-and-Build theory and Affective Events Theory, it was expected that the experience of positive emotions would cause hope, which in turn would lead to a state of vigor, dedication, and absorption. The study was conducted among 59 employees of a Dutch university, who filled in a diary questionnaire for five consecutive working days, twice a day. As expected, the experience of positive emotions had an indirect effect on the level of vigor, dedication, and absorption through hope across days. So, it seems that an individual and daily perspective on work engagement is particularly worthwhile and provides valuable insights to enhance employee engagement in practice.
Soft Tissue Stability around Single Implants Inserted to Replace Maxillary Lateral Incisors: A 3D Evaluation

Purpose. To evaluate the soft tissue stability around single implants inserted to replace maxillary lateral incisors, using an innovative 3D method. Methods. We have used reverse-engineering software for the superimposition of 3D surface models of the dentogingival structures, obtained from intraoral scans of the same patients taken at the delivery of the final crown (S1) and 2 years later (S2). The assessment of soft tissues changes was performed via calculation of the Euclidean surface distances between the 3D models, after the superimposition of S2 on S1; colour maps were used for quantification of changes. Results. Twenty patients (8 males, 12 females) were selected, 10 with a failing/nonrestorable lateral incisor (test group: immediate placement in postextraction socket) and 10 with a missing lateral incisor (control group: conventional placement in healed ridge). Each patient received one immediately loaded implant (Anyridge®, Megagen, Gyeongbuk, South Korea). The superimposition of the 3D surface models taken at different times (S2 over S1) revealed a mean (±SD) reduction of 0.057 mm (±0.025) and 0.037 mm (±0.020) for test and control patients, respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.069). Conclusions. The superimposition of the 3D surface models revealed an excellent peri-implant soft tissue stability in both groups of patients, with minimal changes registered along time.