Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Hesitant boom: Indonesia's oil palm sub-sector in an era of economic crisis and political change

Planted oil palm areas increased 20-fold and crude palm oil (CPO) production had a 12% average annual increase from 1967-1997. This conferred important economic benefits but threatened Indonesia's natural forest cover. Large-scale plantations displaced local communities and social conflict resulted. Early in the economic crisis, it was expected the boom would continue, and be propelled by currency depreciation and lifting of foreign investment constraints. However, there was a slowdown in area expansion and CPO production. The government estimated that 177 197 ha of oil palm would be planted in 1999, 33% less than in 1997. CPO production declined to only 5 million t in 1998, 7% less than in 1997. Key reasons include: (1) the government's export tax policy; (2) reform policies targeting the oil palm sub-sector; (3) social unrest and consequent withholding of foreign investment; (4) changes to the CPO distribution system; (5) credit access difficulties; (6) changes to the state-owned plantation sector; (7) the 1997/98 drought and fires; (8) decline in the world price of crude palm oil; and (9) increased production costs. The Indonesian oil palm sub-sector is now poised to expand again. CPO production was expected to increase by 12% to 5.6 million t in 1999 due mainly to increased rainfall. Other factors will continue to stimulate plantation development: (1) lower interest rates; (2) regulatory changes that facilitate further oil palm development; (3) debt restructuring opportunities; (4) availability of land cleared in the drought and related forest fires; (5) predicted growing global demand for CPO; (6) government's reduction of the export tax; and (7) cooperation between Indonesian and Malaysian oil palm producers to push up palm oil prices. While most immediate expansion is likely to be in Sumatra, companies will seek concession areas in forest lands in Kalimantan, Irian Jaya and Sulawesi. Without fundamental changes to forest land allocations in Indonesia, expansion in the oil palm sub-sector will continue to reduce Indonesia's forest cover.
Attribute based access control in clouds: A survey

Access control ensures that authorized users are able to access data and unauthorized users are unable to access data. Most of the data stored in clouds is highly sensitive. So, it is not only important to control the access of data but hide it from the cloud service provider, which cannot be fully trusted. User based access control models are too restrictive because of the huge user base and often unknown identities of target recipients. Role based model might are not suitable for fine grained access control. Attribute based access control thus provides fine grained access control. A cryptographic primitive known as attribute based encryption (ABE) have been widely used for not only access control but hiding the data from the storage server. ABE has been widely used for access control in cloud. We present a survey of Attribute based access control techniques for clouds, their features, advantages and disadvantages. The problem becomes tricky for mobile device, due to their limited resources. We look at variants of ABAC for mobile clouds. This area of research is very recent and there is a lot of scope of future work, which will also be discussed.
Informativeness, Timing and Tempo in Lexical Self-Repair

This paper presents a study of the temporal organization of lexical repair in spontaneous Dutch speech. It assesses the extent to which offset-to-repair duration and repair tempo can be predicted on the basis of offset timing, reparandum tempo and measures of the informativeness of the crucial lexical items in the repair. Specifically, we address the expectations that repairs that are initiated relatively early are produced relatively fast throughout, and that relatively highly informative repairs are produced relatively slowly. For informativeness, we implement measures based on repair semantics, lexical frequency counts and cloze probabilities. Our results highlight differences between factual and linguistic error repairs, which have not been consistently distinguished in previous studies, and provide some evidence to support the notion that repairs that are initiated relatively early are produced relatively fast. They confirm that lexical frequency counts are rough measures of contextual predictability at best, and reveal very few significant effects of our informativeness measures on the temporal organization of lexical self-repair. Moreover, although we can confirm that most repairs have a repair portion that is fast relative to its reparandum, this cannot be attributed to the relative informativeness of the two portions. Our findings inform the current debate on the division of labour between inner and overt speech monitoring, and suggest that, although the influence of informativeness on speech production is extensive, it is not ubiquitous.
BIMOLECULAR FLUORESCENCE COMPLEMENTATION ANALYSIS OF CYTOCHROME P450 2C2, 2E1, AND NADPH-CYTOCHROME P450 REDUCTASE MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN LIVING CELLS

Interactions between cytochromes P450 (P450s) and P450 reductase are required for enzymatic activity, and homo- or heterooligomerization of P450s may also be functionally important. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) was used to examine P450 interactions in a natural membrane context within living cells. BiFC detects protein interactions in living cells by reconstitution of a fluorescent protein from two fragments that are fused to the two interacting proteins. Nonspecific protein-protein interactions were detected if proteins were expressed at high levels. At low protein expression levels, homo-oligomerization of P450 2C2, but not P450 2E1, and interactions of these P450s with P450 reductase were detected by BiFC, consistent with interactions detected previously by fluorescence resonance emission transfer. Weak interaction of P450 2C2 with P450 2E1 and homooligomerization of P450 reductase was also detected by BiFC. Homo-oligomerization of the N-terminal P450 2C1 signal anchor sequence and interactions between the signal anchor and full-length P450 2C2 were detected, suggesting that homo-oligomerization of P450 2C2 is mediated by the signal anchor. However, interactions between the signal anchor and either P450 2E1 or P450 reductase were not detected by BiFC. Although high concentrations of the substrate lauric acid increased BiFC for both P450 2E1 and P450 2C2 with P450 reductase, the concentration dependence did not correlate with reported Km values. These results demonstrate that BiFC is an effective method to study the complex protein interactions that occur within the microsomal P450 system in living cells.
Tackling Performance Variability Due to RAS Mechanisms with PID-Controlled DVFS

As technology nodes approach deca-nanometer dimensions, many phenomena threaten the binary correctness of processor operation. Computer architects typically enhance their designs with reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) schemes to correct such errors, in many cases at the cost of extra clock cycles, which, in turn, leads to processor performance variability. The goal of the current paper is to absorb this variability using Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). A closed-loop implementation is proposed, which configures the clock frequency based on observed metrics that encapsulate performance variability due to RAS mechanisms. That way, performance dependability and predictability is achieved. We simulate the transient and steady state behavior of our approach, reporting responsiveness within less than 1 ms. We also assess our idea using the power model of real processor and report a maximum energy overhead of roughly 10 percent for dependable performance in the presence of RAS temporal overheads.
Photoheating and the fate of hard photons during the reionization of He ii by quasars

We use a combination of analytic and numerical arguments to consider the impact of quasar photoheating during He II reionization on the thermal evolution of the intergalactic medium (IGM). We demonstrate that rapid (�z 10 4 K) photoheating is difficult to achieve across the entire IGM unless quasar spectra are significantly harder than implied by current observational constraints. Although filtering of intrinsic quasar radiation through dense regions in the IGM does increase the mean excess energy per He II photoionization, it also weakens the radiation intensity and lowers the photoionization rate, preventing rapid heating over time intervals shorter than the local photoionization time-scale. Moreover, the hard photons responsible for the strongest heating are more likely to deposit their energy inside dense clumps, which cool rapidly and are furthermore invisible to most observational probes of the IGM temperature. The abundance of such clumps is, however, uncertain and model dependent, leading to a fairly large uncertainty in the photoheating rates. Nevertheless, although some of the IGM may be exposed to a hardened and weakened ionizing background for long periods, most of the IGM must instead be reionized by the more abundant, softer photons and with accordingly modest heating rates (�T 10 4 K), although localized patches of much higher temperature are still possible. The repeated ionization of fossil quasar He III regions does not increase the net heating because the recombination times in these regions typically exceed the IGM cooling times and the average time lag between successive rounds of quasar activity. Detailed line-of-sight radiative transfer simulations confirm these expectations and predict a rich thermal structure in the IGM during He II reionization. The resulting complex relationship between temperature and density may help resolve discrepancies between optically thin simulations of the Lyα forest and recent observations.
The Pricing Behaviour of UK Firms

Industrial prices of goods and services are a function of costs of production and of the mark-up that firms apply on those costs. If these prices relate to goods that are traded internationally, they will also be influenced by the price at which those goods are exchanged in international markets. In this paper we present two models of industry pricing behaviour and confront them with UK sectoral data, by estimating the theoretically derived pricing equations using an input-output table at basic prices prepared by Cambridge Econometrics and employment and wage data from the New Earnings Survey. The model based on Bils (1987) and Hall (1988) and which was originally devised for industries within the US manufacturing sector appears to fit the data only marginally better than the one which is based on a structural dynamic pricing equation from Batini, Jackson and Nickell (2000). In both models, sectoral domestic prices depend on marginal costs and sectoral world prices in domestic currency. We find that, in this respect, the weight attached to world prices is significantly correlated with the degree of openness of the industry.
The Work of Professional Football: A Labour of Love?

Acknowledgements Preface Football league descriptors Introduction 1. Professional Football in Context 2. Attitudes to Work in Professional Football 3. Uncertainty and Football Injuries 4. Injuries, Stigma and Social Identity 5. Transferring and the Transformation of Self 6. Transfer Markets and Informal Grapevines 7. Control and the Process of Transferring 8. The Fate of Idealism in Professional Football Conclusion Bibliography Index
Individual Home-Video Collecting Using a Co-clustering Method

This paper presents a framework to extract subset which only contains one person’s video segments from a superfluous home video set. This is a semantic level multimedia application. We proposed a co-clustering method based on facial and body feature, and defined a new type of measurement to combine the two features more reasonable. 2D-PCA detector is used to extract facial feature, and K-Means algorithm is used for clustering. Body features, based on Histograms of Oriented Gradients (HOG) for human detection, combines with Bayes Decision Theory to amend above clustering results. We tested the system in three data sets, including more than 1100 minutes of video. Experimental results show that our approach is feasible and demonstrated good performance in accuracy.
Photosynthetic traits of Sphagnum and feather moss species in undrained, drained and rewetted boreal spruce swamp forests

In restored peatlands, recovery of carbon assimilation by peat-forming plants is a prerequisite for the recovery of ecosystem functioning. Restoration by rewetting may affect moss photosynthesis and respiration directly and/or through species successional turnover. To quantify the importance of the direct effects and the effects mediated by species change in boreal spruce swamp forests, we used a dual approach: (i) we measured successional changes in moss communities at 36 sites (nine undrained, nine drained, 18 rewetted) and (ii) photosynthetic properties of the dominant Sphagnum and feather mosses at nine of these sites (three undrained, three drained, three rewetted). Drainage and rewetting affected moss carbon assimilation mainly through species successional turnover. The species differed along a light-adaptation gradient, which separated shade-adapted feather mosses from Sphagnum mosses and Sphagnum girgensohnii from other Sphagna, and a productivity and moisture gradient, which separated Sphagnum riparium and Sphagnum girgensohnii from the less productive S. angustifolium, S. magellanicum and S. russowii. Undrained and drained sites harbored conservative, low-production species: hummock-Sphagna and feather mosses, respectively. Ditch creation and rewetting produced niches for species with opportunistic strategies and high carbon assimilation. The direct effects also caused higher photosynthetic productivity in ditches and in rewetted sites than in undrained and drained main sites.
The Stock Market and Capital Accumulation

If firms purchase capital up to the point where there is no further marginal benefit, and the firms' securities are equal in value to the capital, then the market value of securities measures the quantity of capital. I explore the implications of this hypothesis using data from U.S. non-farm, non-financial corporations over the past 50 years. The hypothesis implies that corporations have formed large amounts of intangible capital, especially in the past decade. The resources for expanding capital have come from the output of the existing capital. An endogenous growth model can explain the basic facts about corporate performance, with only a modest increase in the productivity of capital in the 1990s.
Dietary habits and hearing

Abstract Objective: Study groups from three age cohorts of 70–75 year-olds were investigated to search for possible correlations between dietary habits and auditory function. Design: A cross-sectional, epidemiological study. Study sample: A total number of 524 people (275 women, 249 men) were recruited from three age cohorts. The study sample was representative of the general population. All participants answered a diet history and were tested with pure-tone audiometry. Eleven categories of food consumption were related to pure-tone averages of low-mid frequency hearing, and high frequency hearing. Results: Two consistent correlations between diet and hearing were observed. One was a correlation between good hearing and a high consumption of fish in the male group. The other was a correlation between poor high frequency hearing and a high consumption of food rich in low molecular carbohydrates in both genders; a larger effect size was seen in females. Conclusions: The study indicates that diet is important for aural health in aging. According to this study fish is beneficial to hearing, whereas consumption of “junk food”, rich in low molecular carbohydrates, is detrimental. Other correlations, e.g. between high consumption of antioxidants, were not demonstrated here, but cannot be excluded.
A comparison of approaches to account for uncertainty in analysis of imputed genotypes

The availability of extensively genotyped reference samples, such as “The HapMap” and 1,000 Genomes Project reference panels, together with advances in statistical methodology, have allowed for the imputation of genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that are untyped in a cohort or case‐control study. These imputation procedures facilitate the interpretation and meta‐analyses of genome‐wide association studies. A natural question when implementing these procedures concerns how best to take into account uncertainty in imputed genotypes. Here we compare the performance of the following three strategies: least‐squares regression on the “best‐guess” imputed genotype; regression on the expected genotype score or “dosage”; and mixture regression models that more fully incorporate posterior probabilities of genotypes at untyped SNPs. Using simulation, we considered a range of sample sizes, minor allele frequencies, and imputation accuracies to compare the performance of the different methods under various genetic models. The mixture models performed the best in the setting of a large genetic effect and low imputation accuracies. However, for most realistic settings, we find that regressing the phenotype on the estimated allelic or genotypic dosage provides an attractive compromise between accuracy and computational tractability. Genet. Epidemiol. 32:102–110, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular Chloride Ions Regulate the Time Course of GABA-Mediated Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission

The time-dependent integration of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents is an important process for shaping the input–output profiles of individual excitable cells, and therefore the activity of neuronal networks. Here, we show that the decay time course of GABAergic inhibitory synaptic currents is considerably faster when recorded with physiological internal Cl− concentrations than with symmetrical Cl− solutions. This effect of intracellular Cl− is due to a direct modulation of the GABAA receptor that is independent of the net direction of current flow through the ion channel. As a consequence, the time window during which GABAergic inhibition can counteract coincident excitatory inputs is much shorter, under physiological conditions, than that previously measured using high internal Cl−. This is expected to have implications for neuronal network excitability and neurodevelopment, and for our understanding of pathological conditions, such as epilepsy and chronic pain, where intracellular Cl− concentrations can be altered.
Physical activity, alcohol consumption, BMI and smoking status before and after prostate cancer diagnosis in the ProtecT trial: Opportunities for lifestyle modification

Associations between certain lifestyle characteristics and prostate cancer risk have been reported, and continuation post‐diagnosis can adversely affect prognosis. We explored whether men make spontaneous changes to their physical activity and alcohol intake, body mass index (BMI) and smoking status, following a diagnosis of localised prostate cancer. A detailed diet, health and lifestyle questionnaire was completed by 511 participants within the Prostate Testing for Cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) randomised controlled trial, both before and 9 months after a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Of 177 men who were insufficiently active before their diagnosis (median 0 activity units/week; IQR 0–9), 40.7% had increased their activity by a median of 22 U week−1 (IQR 15–35) 9 months later, and there was weak evidence that men were more active after diagnosis than before (p = 0.07). Men categorised as “working” occupational social class and who were insufficiently active before diagnosis were 2.03 (95%, CI = 1.03–3.99, p = 0.04) times more likely to have increased their physical activity levels compared to men classified as “managerial or professional. ” Similarly, men who were insufficiently active pre‐diagnosis and with T‐stage 2 compared with T‐stage 1 prostate cancer were 2.47 (95%, CI = 1.29–4.71, p = 0.006) times more likely to be sufficiently active post‐diagnosis. Following diagnosis, there was an overall reduction in alcohol intake (p = 0.03) and the proportion of current smokers (p = 0.09), but no overall change in BMI. We conclude that some men spontaneously change certain lifestyle behaviours on receiving a diagnosis of prostate cancer. For many men, however, additional support through lifestyle interventions is probably required to facilitate and maintain these changes.
Inhibitory Role of Notch1 in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease

Aortic valve calcification is the most common form of valvular heart disease, but the mechanisms of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) are unknown. NOTCH1 mutations are associated with aortic valve malformations and adult-onset calcification in families with inherited disease. The Notch signaling pathway is critical for multiple cell differentiation processes, but its role in the development of CAVD is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular changes that occur with inhibition of Notch signaling in the aortic valve. Notch signaling pathway members are expressed in adult aortic valve cusps, and examination of diseased human aortic valves revealed decreased expression of NOTCH1 in areas of calcium deposition. To identify downstream mediators of Notch1, we examined gene expression changes that occur with chemical inhibition of Notch signaling in rat aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). We found significant downregulation of Sox9 along with several cartilage-specific genes that were direct targets of the transcription factor, Sox9. Loss of Sox9 expression has been published to be associated with aortic valve calcification. Utilizing an in vitro porcine aortic valve calcification model system, inhibition of Notch activity resulted in accelerated calcification while stimulation of Notch signaling attenuated the calcific process. Finally, the addition of Sox9 was able to prevent the calcification of porcine AVICs that occurs with Notch inhibition. In conclusion, loss of Notch signaling contributes to aortic valve calcification via a Sox9-dependent mechanism.
Non-abelian bundles on heterotic non-compact K3 orbifold blowups

Instantons on Eguchi-Hanson spaces provide explicit examples of stable bun- dles on non-compact four dimensional C 2 /Zn orbifold resolutions with non-Abelian struc- ture groups. With this at hand, we can consider compactifications of ten dimensional SO(32) supergravity (arising as the low energy limit of the heterotic string) on the re- solved spaces in the presence of non-Abelian bundles. We provide explicit examples in the resolved C 2 /Z3 case, and give a complete classification of all possible effective six dimen- sional models where the instantons are combined with Abelian gauge fluxes in order to fulfil the local Bianchi identity constraint. We compare these models with the correspond- ing C 2 /Z3 orbifold models, and find that all of these gauge backgrounds can be related to configurations of vacuum expectation values (VEV's) of twisted and sometimes untwisted states. Gauge groups and spectra are identical from both the orbifold and the smooth bundle perspectives.