Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relative speed of processing affects interference in Stroop and picture–word interference paradigms: evidence from the distractor frequency effect

The Stroop and picture–word interference (PWI) paradigms play a pivotal role in theorising about cognitive processes in general, and language production in particular. A common assumption is that the same mechanisms underlie performance in these two paradigms. Despite this assumption there exist empirical discrepancies. Here we focused on providing a unifying account for the contrasting effects of distractor word frequency in the two paradigms. In four experiments, we addressed whether the contrast is due to inherent design differences between the two paradigms (i.e., grammatical class, stimulus display and relative speed of processing). The results showed that the distractor frequency effect is contingent upon the overall naming latencies in the paradigm, suggesting that the speed of processing target colours and pictures relative to distractor words affects performance in the two tasks. The implications of these results for various models of language production are discussed.
La publicidad dirigida a niños en el sector de la alimentación: un estudio atendiendo al tipo de producto

Se realiza un estudio sobre el tipo de alimentos, atendiendo a su contenido nutricional, presentes en la publicidad infantil. Se describe como se muestran atendiendo a reclamo, horario de comida, informacion adicional y contexto. La metodologia empleada es el analisis de contenido de 133 spots de alimentos dirigidos a ninos emitidos en Espana en el ano 2006. Alimentos poco saludables que utilizan como reclamo los premios/regalos, se muestran solos, fuera de las cinco comidas recomendadas y con el protagonista disfrutando de su consumo son los principales resultados de la investigacion.
Local identifiability : when can genetic networks be identified from microarray data ?

Daniel E. Zak Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware & DBI, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107 zak@che.udel. edu Francis J. Doyle III Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara, CA 93106 doyle@engineering.ucsb. edu James S. Schwaber Daniel Baugh Institute for Functional Genomics and Computational Biology Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, PA 19107 james.schwaber@mail.tju. edu
Planetesimal Accretion onto Growing Proto-Gas Giant Planets

The solar and extrasolar gas giants appear to have diverse internal structure and metallicities. We examine a potential cause for these dispersions in the context of the conventional sequential accretion formation scenario. In principle, gas accretion onto cores with masses below several times that of the Earth is suppressed by the energy released from the bombardment of residual planetesimals. Due to their aerodynamical and tidal interaction with the nascent gas disk, planetesimals on eccentric orbits undergo slow orbital decay. We show that these planetesimals generally cannot pass through the mean motion resonances of the cores, and the suppression of planetesimal bombardment rate enables the cores to accrete gas with little interruption, thus shortening the timescale of gas giant formation. During growth from the cores to protoplanets, resonances overlap with each other, which strongly enhances the eccentricity excitation of the trapped planetesimals. Subsequent gas drag induces the planetesimals to migrate to the proximity of the protoplanets and collide with them. This process leads to the resumption and a surge of planetesimal bombardment during the advanced stage of the protoplanet growth. Intruder planetesimals with different masses can either be resolved in the envelope or reach the core of the protoplanets. This mechanism may account for the diversity of the core-envelope structure between Jupiter, Saturn, and the metallicity dispersion inferred from the transiting extrasolar planets. During the final formation stage of the proto-gas giants, gap opening in gas disk leads to the accumulation of planetesimals outside the feeding zone of the protoplanets. The surface density enhancement promotes the subsequent buildup of cores for secondary gas giant planets outside the orbit of the first-born protoplanets and the formation of eccentric multiple planet systems.
Violent Entertainment and Cooperative Behavior: Examining Media Violence Effects on Cooperation in a Primarily Hispanic Sample

The impact of violent entertainment on viewer behavior remains disputed in the academic community. Although most studies focus on negative outcomes such as aggression, some studies also consider whether violent entertainment may reduce positive behaviors such as cooperation. The current article describes 2 studies of violent TV influences on cooperative behavior. The first study examined whether exposure to violent TV shows impacted cooperative behavior using the prisoner’s dilemma task in a sample of 181 mostly Hispanic young adults. Results indicated that exposure to violent TV had no impact on short-term cooperative behavior. Long-term exposure to violent TV in real life also did not predict the level of cooperative behavior. The second study examined how motivational factors influenced the relationship between violent TV and cooperative behavior. Overall, these results do not support traditional media effects models of violent entertainment, at least in regard to short-term influences in an experimental setting.
Troubled Relationships

This qualitative study explored 18 high-risk adolescent Latinas’ perceptions of their relationships with nonresident fathers. A number of interrelated factors—early childhood memories, mothers’ interpretations, and fathers’ behaviors—shaped girls’ perceptions, which in turn, influenced how they interacted with fathers. Some girls struggled to make sense of fathers’ diminished involvement and continued to long for them. Others grew angry and refused to have anything to do with hostile and aggressive fathers. Some girls never knew or did not remember their fathers, and they were largely indifferent. In contrast, other girls were conflicted and shifted back and forth between being angry with fathers, longing for them, and attempting to assume an air of indifference. Only one girl noted that she had a positive, loving relationship with her father. Implications for study findings are discussed.
The development of children's theory of mind: The working memory explanation

Abstract The hypothesis that a growth in working memory capacity could explain the observed development of theory of mind in preschoolers was tested. Fifty-four 3- to 5-year-olds were administered: two false belief tasks as measures of theory of mind development; two “false” photograph tasks parallel to typical false belief tasks, but involving nonmental representations; the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test -Revised (PPVT-R); and two working memory capacity measures (backward digit span, BDS, and forward digit span, FDS). A multiple linear regression analysis revealed that BDS significantly predicted performance on both the false belief and false photograph tasks with age and PPVT-R score controlled, but that FDS did not, suggesting that growth in central executive capacity is important in determining children's success or failure on false belief tasks, but that articulatory loop capacity is not. It is concluded that, in general, the findings are consistent with the working memory hypothesis, although subs.
Investigating Whether and When English Learners Are Reclassified Into Mainstream Classrooms in the United States

Using eight waves of longitudinal data on a statewide kindergarten cohort of English learners (ELs), I examined ELs’ tenure in language-learning programs and their academic performance following reclassification as fluent English proficient. I employed discrete-time survival analysis to estimate the average time to and grade of reclassification with and without controlling for socioeconomic status and home language. The average EL exited 3 years after school entry or in second grade; however, the odds that a non-Spanish-speaking EL was reclassified were nearly twice that of their Spanish-speaking EL classmates after controlling for income. Despite reclassification in the early elementary grades, large percentages of the kindergarten cohort experienced later academic difficulties and 22% of the sample was retained in grade.
Cognitive Radio Spectrum E volution Prediction using A rtificial Neural Networks based Multivariate T ime Series Modelling

Cognitive Radio (CR) is an efficient answer to spectrum scarcity as it can sense the spectrum steadily based on previous information about the spectrum evolution in time, thus predicting the future occupancy status. Framed within this statement, this paper proposes a new methodology for spectrum prediction by modelling licensed signal Radio F requency (RF) features as a multivariate chaotic time series, which is then given as input to Artificial Neural Network (ANN), that predicts the evolution of RF time series to decide if the unlicensed user can exploit the spectrum band. We exploit the inherent cyclostationarity in primary signals for Non-linear Autoregressive Exogenous T ime Series Modelling of RF features, which is an extremely challenging task due to interdependence of different R F features. Experimental results show a similar trend between predicted and observed values. We target this work at cognition incorporation in our designed Software Defined Radio (SDR) waveform.
The Face-Sensitive N170 Component of the Event-Related Brain Potential

Book synopsis: The first ever comprehensive review of the field of face perception, providing a much needed reference work for students and researchers in the brain sciences Includes cutting edge chapters, written and edited by an international team of top researchers Illustrated in full colour throughout The human face is unique among social stimuli in conveying such a variety of different characteristics. A person's identity, sex, race, age, emotional state, focus of attention, facial speech patterns, and attractiveness are all detected and interpreted with relative ease from the face. Humans also display a surprising degree of consistency in the extent to which personality traits, such as trustworthiness and likeability, are attributed to faces. In the past thirty years, face perception has become an area of major interest within psychology, with a rapidly expanding research base. Yet until now, there has been no comprehensive reference work bringing together this ever growing body of research. The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception is the most comprehensive and commanding review of the field ever published. It looks at the functional and neural mechanisms underlying the perception, representation, and interpretation of facial characteristics, such as identity, expression, eye gaze, attractiveness, personality, and race. It examines the development of these processes, their neural correlates in both human and non-human primates, congenital and acquired disorders resulting from their breakdown, and the theoretical and computational frameworks for their underlying mechanisms. With chapters by an international team of leading authorities from the brain sciences, the book is a landmark publication on face perception.
Progressive decrease of CD8high+ CD28+ CD57− cells with ageing

An age‐dependent decrease in T cell responsiveness to CD28 costimulation has been described. In order to test the hypothesis that an age‐related decrease in CD28 expression by CD8+ T lymphocytes might be involved, we analysed 67 healthy donors ranging in age from 15 to 69 years for their CD8+ T cell expression of CD28 and CD57. We found a statistically significant decrease of CD28 expression through ageing and a significant increase of CD57 expression, both markers being mutually exclusive. Given that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is reported to induce CD57 expression, and since the carrier status for this ubiquitous virus increases with age in the general population, it seemed essential to evaluate whether the phenotypic age‐related changes described in CD8high+ cells were not influenced by the CMV carrier status of the individuals. Accordingly, we performed a multivariate analysis to assess the independent association of age and CMV carrier status with CD28 and CD57 expression in CD8high+ cells. Results showed that the progressive decrease in CD8high+ CD28+ CD57− cells was associated only with age, while the expansion of the CD8high+ CD28− CD57+ subset depended both on age and CMV, although mainly on age. We conclude that ageing is accompanied by a progressive loss of CD28 expression in CD8+ T cells and a reciprocal enhancement of CD57 expression, both facts being probably related to the repeated antigenic stimulation occurring throughout life.
The fauna associated with outer shelf and upper slope sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) at the Faroe Islands, northeastern Atlantic

Abstract Eleven sublittoral ,sponges, Geodia barretti, G. macandrewii, Geodia sp. , Isops phlegraei, Stryphnus ponderosus, Thenea levis, T. valdiviae, Phakellia robusta, P. rugosa, P. ventilabrum and Tragosia infundibuliformis, all of which are widely distributed in the North Atlantic, were examined for associated fauna. At least 242 epi- and infauna species were found, of which 115 are reported as sponge associates for the first time in the North Atlantic. Sixty species, 19 genera and 1 family are recorded for the first time from the Faroes. Two hundred and twenty-five taxa were found as epifauna on the sponges, three taxa occurred as infauna and 14 taxa both as epi- and infauna. The morphology of the sponges influences the occurrence and composition of the represented fauna. Thus, the largest number of taxa were present on sponges having a spicule ‘fur’. A number of species showed preference for the oscular cavities of S. ponderosus and the incurrent furrow of T. levis and T. valdiviae. Only one sponge p.
Gender Differences in Informal Processing: A Look at Charge Bargaining and Sentence Reduction in Washington, D.C.

Because the most important court decisions are not regulated by due process, any study concerned with discrimination should examine those informal processes. This study focuses on the processes of charge bargaining and sentence reduction. We identify criteria associated with these decisions and examine the differences in outcomes by gender of the defendant. It is found that dimensions of defense are the most important in determining a plea outcome favorable to the defendant, and that males fare better than females in this process. This suggests that policies stressing equalization of defense resources might be crucial in the regulation of plea bargaining.
Analysis of Drivers and Agents of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Masito Forests, Kigoma, Tanzania

A study to assess the direct and indirect drivers and agents of deforestation and forest degradation was carried out in Masito forests in Kigoma Region. Several methodologies were deployed including review of key literature, focused group discussions, household level interviews and review of ? smart phones? database of disturbance incidences in the forests. Results revealed that despite forest protection measures taken by the government and other actors for purposes of REDD+ carbon trade, deforestation and forest degradation are problems that are being experienced in the study area. Evidence of deforestation and degradation were provided through change detection data, forest disturbance incidences and community perception on the drivers of deforestation and degradation. The main drivers of deforestation and degradation were characterized to fall into direct drivers and indirect drivers. The demand for land and forests resources was responsible for a number of direct drivers. Indirect drivers were perceived to entail underlying causes of deforestation and degradation forming a complex interaction of socio-economic, political, cultural and technological variables that cause deforestation and degradation. Characterization of the main agents of deforestation and degradation revealed that human actors in various capacities and functions have served as agents. The assessment of leakage risks revealed that the risk of shifting destructive activities to non-REDD+ project villages was mitigated. In order to address the drivers and sustaining the REDD+, the study recommends the need to address forest tenure; provision of alternatives to the agents of deforestation and degradation, extension support to non-REDD+ villages for capacity building in forest protection; and ensuring that the process of REDD+ piloting is finalized to the level that communities finally sell carbon to get tangible benefits.
Discourse Analysis: What Does it Offer Housing Studies?

This article reviews the emerging literature which uses discourse analysis to explore questions for housing research. It considers the extent to which housing researchers have exploited the potential of discourse analysis as a research approach and assesses the nature of the contribution that employment of this approach has made to housing studies. The article firstly examines the nature of the empirical terrain which has been opened up to housing research through its engagement with discourse analysis, before moving on to assess the extent to which this engagement has helped to illuminate housing processes. It concludes by arguing that discourse analysis offers a critical perspective, not only in relation to questions surrounding the use of language, but also for more traditional issues in housing research.
Optimal Neighborhood Kernel Clustering with Multiple Kernels

Multiple kernel $k$-means (MKKM) aims to improve clustering performance by learning an optimal kernel, which is usually assumed to be a linear combination of a group of pre-specified base kernels. However, we observe that this assumption could: i) cause limited kernel representation capability; and ii) not sufficiently consider the negotiation between the process of learning the optimal kernel and that of clustering, leading to unsatisfying clustering performance. To address these issues, we propose an optimal neighborhood kernel clustering (ONKC) algorithm to enhance the representability of the optimal kernel and strengthen the negotiation between kernel learning and clustering. We theoretically justify this ONKC by revealing its connection with existing MKKM algorithms. Furthermore, this justification shows that existing MKKM algorithms can be viewed as a special case of our approach and indicates the extendability of the proposed ONKC for designing better clustering algorithms. An efficient algorithm with proved convergence is designed to solve the resultant optimization problem. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the clustering performance of the proposed algorithm. As demonstrated, our algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art ones in the literature, verifying the effectiveness and advantages of ONKC.
Advancing Women Faculty to Senior Leadership in U.S. Academic Health Centers: Fifteen Years of History in the Making

In 1993 the Hedwig van Ameringen Executive Leadership in Q1 Academic Medicine (ELAM) program was developed in response to concerns regarding the organizational climate and leadership opportunities available to faculty women within academic health centers. Since that time the ELAM program has garnered a reputation as the premier leadership program for women in academic medicine, dentistry, and public health in the United States and Canada. This article details the design of the program and its curricular components as well as the conceptual framework and strategies that underlie it. The success of the program is demonstrated by demographic data on participants and their institutions; pre and postsurvey research on participants’ and comparison groups’ knowledge and skills; surveys of medical and dental school deans regarding their perceptions of program impact; the leadership career trajectory of ELAM fellows; and the development of leadership programs and numerous consultations based on the ELAM model.
Cross-National Correlations of Quantifiable Societal Health with Popular Religiosity and Secularism in the Prosperous Democracies

Large-scale surveys show dramatic declines in religiosity in favor of secularization in the developed democracies. Popular acceptance of evolutionary science correlates negatively with levels of religiosity, and the United States is the only prosperous nation where the majority absolutely believes in a creator and evolutionary science is unpopular. Abundant data is available on rates of societal dysfunction and health in the first world. Cross-national comparisons of highly differing rates of religiosity and societal conditions form a mass epidemiological experiment that can be used to test whether high rates of belief in and worship of a creator are necessary for high levels of social health. Data correlations show that in almost all regards the highly secular democracies consistently enjoy low rates of societal dysfunction, while pro-religious and antievolution America performs poorly.
Teaching social research methods after the critical turn: challenges and benefits of a constructivist pedagogy

An increasing challenge for teaching methods courses in the social sciences is the ‘critical turn’, which has encouraged some students to adopt an anti-empirical orientation. We present a case study of a compulsory undergraduate methods course in a political science department strongly influenced by post-structuralist philosophies. The first author redesigned the course to implement four constructivist pedagogical principles: (1) develop a full understanding of students’ pre-existing perceptions of political science research methods; (2) encourage students to see methodology as an inevitably contested field; (3) provide space for students to choose a methodological approach that best aligns with their personal stance on knowledge; and (4) encourage students to view research as an ongoing ‘conversation’. We critically reflect on the implementation of these constructivist pedagogical strategies and argue they improve students’ critical engagement with course material, increase linkages between methods teaching and other disciplinary subject matter, and accommodate diverse student perspectives and needs.
A Few Notes on the Study of Beauty in HCI

Marc Hassenzahl’s (this issue) target article provides a refreshing and rich perspective on the study of beauty and its relations with other key human–computer interation (HCI) constructs. I appreciate the opportunity to comment on Marc’s article. On this occasion, I would like to clarify my position on issues related to the study of beauty in HCI. For me, the inquiry into the role of aesthetics in HCI has been—how symbolic—a struggle between logic and intuition. The logic of the HCI field (with very few exceptions), had marginalized aesthetics, often viewing it as standing in usability’s way. Intuition, however, based on my own experience and informal observations, had suggested otherwise. Although my co-authors and I should be held accountable for coining the “beautiful is usable” equation (Tractinsky, Shoval-Katz , & Ikar, 2000), our study, as well as a previous study (Tractinsky, 1997), were actually aimed at disproving such an equation. The earlier study was designed to show that the relation between perceived aesthetics and perceived usability of a design layout (Kurosu & Kashimura, 1995) was confined to a particular (aesthetic) culture. It didn’t work. In the second study we tried to demonstrate that these relations do not hold after users actually experience the system. This did not work either. Theunavoidable conclusionwas that at least something is goingonbetweenusHUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION, 2004, Volume 19, pp. 351–357 Copyright © 2004, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.