Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
hp-Version Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Methods on Anisotropic Meshes ∗

We consider the hp-version interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (hpDGFEM) for linear second-order elliptic reaction-diffusion-advection equations with mixed Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions. Our main concern is the extension of the error analysis of the hpDGFEM to the case when anisotropic (shape-irregular) elements and anisotropic polynomial degrees are used. For this purpose, extensions of well known approximation theory results are derived. In particular, new error bounds for the approximation error of the L 2 -a ndH 1 -projection operators are presented, as well as generalizations of existing inverse inequalities to the anisotropic setting. Equipped with these theoretical developments, we derive general error bounds for the hp-DGFEM on anisotropic meshes, and anisotropic polynomial degrees. Moreover, an improved choice for the (user-defined) discontinuity-penalisation parameter of the method is proposed, which takes into account the anisotropy of the mesh. These results collapse to previously known ones when applied to problems on shape-regular elements. The theoretical findings are justified by numerical experiments, indicating that the use of anisotropic elements, together with our newly suggested choice of the discontinuity-penalisation parameter, improves the stability, the accuracy and the efficiency of the method.
Framing and Contextualizing Information Requests: Problem Formulation as Part of the Intelligence Analysis Process

Naturalistic decision-making studies of intelligence analysis have generally focused on information search, collection, and synthesis processes, deemphasizing the initial “problem formulation” phase, in which analysts interpret and contextualize the information request to determine which information to collect. We present the results of two studies focusing on this phase. In the first study, we performed a cognitive task analysis via semistructured interviews with 22 active-duty U.S. Army intelligence analysts to uncover factors that arise in operational environments that complicate problem formulation. The factors discovered (e.g., vague and/or overly narrow intelligence requests) led to a second study probing 6 active-duty U.S. Army intelligence analysts' cognitive strategies with a “think-aloud” protocol as they interpreted and evaluated representative information requests. The study revealed that analysts actively interpret and contextualize an information request. The analysts reframed and broadened the request so that they could respond meaningfully to the underlying intent, then used contextual cues and metainformation to determine the most useful collectors and how effectively the request could be answered in the time allotted. We discuss these results and their implications for both the cognitive modeling of intelligence analysis and the development of training and decision aids for more effective framing and contextualization of information requests.
Accelerated expansion of the Crab Nebula and evaluation of its neutron-star parameters

A model of an accelerated expansion of the Crab Nebula powered by the spinning-down Crab pulsar is proposed, in which time dependence of the acceleration is connected to the evolution of pulsar luminosity. Using recent observational data, we derive estimates of the Crab neutron-star moment of inertia. Correlations between the neutron star moment of inertia and its mass and radius allow for rough estimates of the Crab neutron-star radius and mass. In contrast to the previously used constant-acceleration approximation, even for the expanding nebula mass of ~$7~M_{\odot}$ the results obtained within our model are not in conflict with the modern stiff equations of state of dense matter.
Paradigms and Novelty in Economics: The History of Economic Thought as a Source of Enlightenment

Over time, economics has experienced paradigm shifts, and there is every reason to think this will continue. In economics, as in the development of technological knowledge, paradigms do not emerge from nowhere, but build on precursors, possibly from other fields. Our understanding of current economic thinking can be enhanced by paying greater attention to the role of paradigms and by using concepts such as myth, plot structure, and cultural endowment, which are typically given greater attention by literary analysts than by economists, to study paradigms. Here we argue that together these can help us better understand how ideas from other times and fields may be combined with our own to generate better research and publications, and that a greater awareness of the history of economics may well be an excellent vehicle for enhancing that understanding.
University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics Social Networks and Intraspeaker Variation during Periods of Language Change Social Networks and Intraspeaker Variation during Periods of Language Change Social Networks and Intraspeaker Variation during Periods of Language Change

Previous work has revealed general characteristics of language change at both the level of linguistic communities as well as individual speakers. What are the properties of language users such that we can account for these characteristics? To address this question, we built a computational model of a social network of language users. By holding the network structure constant and varying properties of the language users, we found that language change reflects both the structure of social networks and properties of language users. In particular, our results suggest that although language users must be capable of probabilistically accessing multiple grammars, they must prefer to access a single grammar categorically.
GROWTH RATE VARIATION AMONG PASSERINE SPECIES IN TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE SITES: AN ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTION BETWEEN PARENTAL FOOD PROVISIONING AND NEST PREDATION RISK

Causes of interspecific variation in growth rates within and among geographic regions remain poorly understood. Passerine birds represent an intriguing case because differing theories yield the possibility of an antagonistic interaction between nest predation risk and food delivery rates on evolution of growth rates. We test this possibility among 64 Passerine species studied on three continents, including tropical and north and south temperate latitudes. Growth rates increased strongly with nestling predation rates within, but not between, sites. The importance of nest predation was further emphasized by revealing hidden allometric scaling effects. Nestling predation risk also was associated with reduced total feeding rates and per‐nestling feeding rates within each site. Consequently, faster growth rates were associated with decreased per‐nestling food delivery rates across species, both within and among regions. These relationships suggest that Passerines can evolve growth strategies in response to predation risk whereby food resources are not the primary limit on growth rate differences among species. In contrast, reaction norms of growth rate relative to brood size suggest that food may limit growth rates within species in temperate, but not tropical, regions. Results here provide new insight into evolution of growth strategies relative to predation risk and food within and among species.
The vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR‐1) supports growth and survival of human breast carcinoma

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR‐1) is present on endothelial cells and subsets of human tumor cells, raising the hypothesis that angiogenic factors may promote tumor growth both by inducing angiogenesis and directly signaling through activation of VEGFR‐1 on tumor cells. Here, we report that VEGFR‐1 is expressed on a panel of 16 human breast tumor cell lines, and the vasculature and the tumor cell compartment of a subset of breast carcinoma lesions, and that selective signaling through VEGFR‐1 on breast cancer cells supports tumor growth through downstream activation of the p44/42 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) or Akt pathways. Ligand‐stimulated proliferation of breast tumor cells was inhibited by specific blockade with an anti‐VEGFR‐1 neutralizing monoclonal antibody. Treatment with anti‐VEGFR‐1 mAb significantly suppressed the growth of DU4475, MCF‐7, BT‐474 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast xenografts in athymic mice. Histological examination of anti‐VEGFR‐1 mAb treated tumor xenografts showed a significant reduction of activation of the p44/42 MAPK or Akt pathways in tumor cells resulting in an increase in tumor cell apoptosis. Importantly, cotreatment with mAbs targeting human VEGFR‐1 on tumor cells and murine VEGFR‐1 on vasculature led to more potent growth inhibition of breast tumor xenografts. The results suggest that VEGF receptors may not only modulate angiogenesis, but also directly influence the growth of VEGF receptor expressing tumors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MINI SYMPOSIUM: THE BURDEN OF PNEUMONIA The burden of pneumonia in children in the developed world

1526-0542/$ – see front matter 2005 doi:10.1016/j.prrv. 2005.03. 001 Summary There are few comprehensive epidemiological studies of pneumonia in the developed world. Ascertainment and definition are important variables in the estimation of pneumonia incidence both in primary care and from hospital data. The available figures suggest a burden of disease in the order of 10–15 cases/1000 children per year and a hospital admission rate of 1–4/1000 per year. Both incidence and hospital admission are greatest in the youngest children and rapidly fall after the age of 5 years. In a majority of cases of community acquired pneumonia an organism is not identified. Viral infections are common and influenza A, B, respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 are the most common viruses identified. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial cause. Broad brush calculations suggest that the NHS cost of childhood pneumonia in England is £6–8 million per annum. This does not include family and social costs. There is potential for new vaccine strategies to decrease childhood pneumonia. 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith

* Preface to the Second Edition * Introduction * 1. Definitions of Development * Conventional Thinking * A Methodological Word of Caution * Elements of a Definition * A Scandalous Definition? * 'Development' as an element in the Religion of Modernity * 2. Metamorphoses of a Western Myth * What the Metaphor Implies * Landmarks in the Western View of History * Conclusion * 3. The Making of a World System * Colonization * The League of Nations and the Mandate System * Conclusion * 4. The Invention of Development * President Truman's Point Four * A New World View: 'Underdevelopment' * US Hegemony * A New Paradigm * The ? Development? Age * 5. The International Doctrine and Institutions Take Root * The Bandung Conference * The New International ? Development? Agencies * 6. Modernisation poised between History and Prophecy * A Philosophy of History: Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth * Anti-communism or Marxism without Marx? * Dissident Voices: Francois Perroux and Dudley Seers * 7. The Periphery and the Understanding of History * Neo-Marxism in the USA * The Latin American dependentistas * A New Paradigm, but Age-old Presuppositions * 8. Self-Reliance: The Communal Past as a Model for the Future * Ujamaa and the Tanzanian Experience * The Principles of Self-Reliance * Possible Futures for Autonomy * 9. The Triumph of Third Worldism * The New International Economic Order * An Original Voice: The 1975 Dag Hammarskjold Foundation * Report on Another Development * In the Wake of the NIEO: Further Proposals * The Basic Needs Approach * Conclusion * 10. The Environment or the New Nature of ? Development? * The Return to Classical Economics, plus a few humanitarian extras * 'Sustainable Development' or Growth Everlasting? * The Earth Summit * Reflections on Deliberate Ambiguity * 11. A Mixture of Realism and Fine Sentiments * The South Commission * UNDP and 'Human Development' * 12. The Post-Modern Illusion: Globalisation as a Simulacrum of ? Development? * On the Usefulness of Talking at Cross-purposes * Organisations on Reprieve or in Mutation? * Globalisation or a Return to Normal? * Virtual Reality as a Refuge for Continuing Belief * Beyond Development * 13. Some Thoughts on What is to be Done * 14. The Struggle Against Poverty: Slogan and Alibi * What's the Problem? * What really is a poor person? * An Alibi? * Conclusion * Bibliography * Index
Small Numbers From Tunneling Between Brane Throats

Generic classes of string compactifications include ''brane throats'' emanating from the compact dimensions and separated by effective potential barriers raised by the background gravitational fields. The interaction of observers inside different throats occurs via tunneling and is consequently weak. This provides a new mechanism for generating small numbers in Nature. We apply it to the hierarchy problem, where supersymmetry breaking near the unification scale causes TeV sparticle masses inside the standard model throat. We also design naturally long-lived cold dark matter which decays within a Hubble time to the approximate conformal matter of a long throat. This may soften structure formation at galactic scales and raises the possibility that much of the dark matter of the universe is conformal matter. Finally, the tunneling rate shows that the coupling between throats, mediated by bulk modes, is stronger than a naive application of holography suggests.
Self-image, perception of peers' risk acceptance and risky shift*

Twelve four-person female groups of subjects displaying the typical underestimation of their peers' (relative to their own) risk acceptance were compared with twelve groups of subjects who (slightly) overestimated their peers' risk acceptance. Risk level was measured by responses to a set of hypothetical decision situations known to elicit risky shift on the basis of previous research. Risky shift following group discussion was not found to be different for the two types of groups, casting doubt on the widely suggested role of peer underestimation in risky shift. Nor was risky shift affected by whether or not group members stated their individual decisions publicly at the close of discussion. Larger group risky shifts were accompanied by higher self-ratings given by group members on a number of polarity scales. In discussing the findings, we outline an explanation of group-induced shifts in risk taking, emphasizing the motivational and informational inducements provided by group discussion whereby group members come to discard their prior positions in favor of more aspired ones.
Drug-Related and Economic Crime Among Unauthorized Latino Immigrant and Other Arrestees in California

Abstract This paper employs 1994-1996 California Drug Use Forecasting (CALDUF) and 1994 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC-MIRSS) data to estimate the level and determinants of drug-related and economic crime among unauthorized Latino immigrant and other arrestees in California. Controlling for various potential individual, contextual and geographic determinants, logistic regression results suggest the use of illicit drugs, having entered the United States more recently and residing in a home without paying any rent or mortgage positively-and residing in a home where another is dependent on an illegal substance negatively-influenced being apprehended for a drug-related crime. Although being an unauthorized Latino resident also had no effect on having been arrested for an economic crime, U.S.-born blacks and Latinos as well as non-Latino immigrants were each more likely than non-Latino U.S.-born whites to be arrested, as were younger females. Working full time and depending on another for a place to live diminished the probability. In sum, although illicit drug use augmented the probability of having been arrested for a drug-related crime, neither this nor unauthorized residency status among Latinos increased the likelihood of being arrested for an economic crime. A concluding section discusses several policy implications.
Tolerogenic therapies in transplantation

Since the concept of immunologic tolerance was discovered in the 1940s, the pursuit of tolerance induction in human transplantation has led to a rapid development of pharmacologic and biologic agents. Short-term graft survival remains an all-time high, but successful withdrawal of immunosuppression to achieve operational tolerance rarely occurs outside of liver transplantation. Collaborative efforts through the NIH sponsored Immune Tolerance Network and the European Commission sponsored Reprogramming the Immune System for Establishment of Tolerance consortia have afforded researchers opportunity to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tolerogenic strategies, investigate mechanisms of tolerance, and identify molecular and genetic markers that distinguish the tolerance phenotype. In this article, we review traditional and novel approaches to inducing tolerance for organ transplantation, with an emphasis on their translation into clinical trials.
Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Single Dose Dalbavancin in Children 12–17 Years of Age

Background: Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with Gram-positive activity and novel pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that result in a prolonged terminal half-life of 15.5 days in adults. Once weekly dosing in adults in phase 3 studies of complicated skin and skin structure infections documented dalbavancin exposures associated with clinical and microbiologic efficacy. PK properties have not been examined in children. The primary objective of this open-label, multicenter single-dose phase 1 study was to characterize the PK of dalbavancin in hospitalized pediatric subjects 12–17 years of age. Methods: A single dose of 1000 mg of dalbavancin (the standard adult dose) was administered as a 30-minute intravenous infusion to subjects weighing 60 kg or greater and 15 mg/kg for subjects weighing <60 kg. A noncompartmental PK analysis was performed. Results: The apparent terminal t1/2 was approximately 9 days and was similar for dalbavancin dosages of 1000 mg and 15 mg/kg. Median dalbavancin plasma exposures (Cmax and AUCinf) when administered as 1000 mg to subjects weighing 60 kg or greater were similar to those when dalbavancin was administered at 15 mg/kg to subjects weighing <60 kg and slightly lower than exposures in adults given 1000 mg in prior PK and treatment studies. Single dose dalbavancin was well tolerated. Conclusions: Given dalbavancin exposures documented in children 12–17 years of age, and recognized dose proportionality, appropriate dosing can be modeled for pediatric phase 3 trials in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, to achieve the same exposure that is reported to be safe and effective in adults.
Topological analysis of network attack vulnerability

This talk will discuss issues and methods for survivability of systems under malicious attacks. To protect from such attacks, it is necessary to take steps to prevent attacks from succeeding. At the same time, it is important to recognize that not all attacks can be averted at the outset; attacks that are successful to some degree must be recognized as unavoidable and comprehensive support for identifying and responding to attacks is required. In my talk, I will describe the recent research on attack graphs that represent known attack sequences attackers can use to penetrate computer networks. I will show how attack graphs can be used to compute actual sets of hardening measures that guarantee the safety of given critical resources. Attack graphs can also be used to correlate received alerts, hypothesize missing alerts, and predict future alerts, all at the same time. Thus, they offer a promising solution for administrators to monitor and predict the progress of an intrusion, and take appropriate countermeasures in a timely manner.
Neurobiology of Sleep Disturbances in PTSD Patients and Traumatized Controls: MRI and SPECT Findings

Objective Sleep disturbances such as insomnia and nightmares are core components of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), yet their neurobiological relationship is still largely unknown. We investigated brain alterations related to sleep disturbances in PTSD patients and controls by using both structural and functional neuroimaging techniques. Method Thirty-nine subjects either developing (n = 21) or not developing (n = 18) PTSD underwent magnetic resonance imaging and a symptom-provocation protocol followed by the injection of 99mTc-hexamethylpropyleneamineoxime. Subjects were also tested with diagnostic and self-rating scales on the basis of which a Sleep Disturbances Score (SDS; i.e., amount of insomnia/nightmares) was computed. Results Correlations between SDS and gray matter volume (GMV)/regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were computed in the whole sample and separately in the PTSD and control groups. In the whole sample, higher sleep disturbances were associated with significantly reduced GMV in amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, and insula; increased rCBF in midbrain, precuneus, and insula; and decreased rCBF in anterior cingulate. This pattern was substantially confirmed in the PTSD group, but not in controls. Conclusion Sleep disturbances are associated with GMV loss in anterior limbic/paralimbic, PTSD-sensitive structures and with functional alterations in regions implicated in rapid eye movement-sleep control, supporting the existence of a link between PTSD and sleep disturbance.
DOES COLLUSION WITHOUT COMMUNICATION EXIST ? Some Experimental Evidence

Tacit cartels did not arise in experimental triopoly markets even with the help of detailed instructions to prospective cartel members on how to coordinate actions. In duopoly markets tacit cartels were successful, with winning bids and supporting “pass” bids increasing gradually. A simulated third bidder, entering with known probability, prevented the buildup of cartel prices in duopoly markets. We suggest that tacit cartels can operate when members are able to build trust in and support for each other. In markets with more than two sellers the inability to communicate appears to prevent the creation of mutual trust. (
Predicting the scholarly activity of counseling psychology students: A refinement and extension.

J. H. Kahn and N. A. Scott's (1997) model of scholarly activity was refined by integrating the mentoring relationship as an element of the research training environment and research outcome expectations as an additional mediator, as guided by social-cognitive career theory (SCCT). A national survey of 149 counseling psychology students was used to test the refined model. Results supported an indirect effect of the research training environment on scholarly activity through research interest and research self-efficacy; the student's relationship with his or her mentor did not predict these outcomes. In accord with SCCT, research self-efficacy and research outcome expectations mediated the relationships between students' investigative interests and perceptions of the research training environment (predictors) on research interest and scholarly activity (criteria). This model extends Kahn and Scott's work and suggests the value of integrating SCCT into models of student scholarly activity.