Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a change in water chemistry in Canada's subarctic associated with enhanced winter streamflow

Enhanced winter streamflow is a characteristic of a nival/pluvial regime that has emerged in parts of the subarctic Canadian Shield because of increasingly common late summer rains. This phenomenon is part of a widespread trend toward higher winter streamflow in watersheds across the circumpolar north. There may be implications for biogeochemical systems as streamflow regimes undergo these types of changes associated with climate warming. Streamflow and geochemical fluxes were observed over 2 years with different winter flow conditions in a subarctic Canadian Shield catchment. Results show that higher wintertime loads of carbon and solutes associated with enhanced winter streamflow were in association with an expansion of contributing areas to run off over what would have existed during typical winter recession. Furthermore, the wet fall conditions that lead to enhanced winter streamflow require water tables close to the topographic surface in highly conductive organic soil layers, which is a similar to the condition during the spring melt. Fall rainfall‐runoff leaves an ample volume of water in the lakes that are ubiquitous in this landscape. This water maintains winter streamflow during a time when it traditionally would have ceased. A slowing of biological activity under lake ice increases net mineralization and nitrification rates. This convergence of nitrogen cycling and winter streamflow produced a disproportionate flux of inorganic nitrogen from the study catchment. A conceptual model of how enhanced winter streamflow changes water chemistry in a lake‐dominated shield landscape is proposed and may be used as a benchmark to guide hypotheses of process interactions, change in other landscapes, or across scales.
Costly arbitrage and the convergence of price to accounting fundamentals †

This paper examines the impact of arbitrage costs on the level and duration of the disparity between price and accounting information about firm value. Arbitrage costs are expected to increase the disparity between price and value. However, by increasing the potential rewards to the arbitrageur, arbitrage costs may not necessarily impede the longer-term convergence of price to value. I use the residual income value-to-price ratio (vp) to measure the disparity between price and accounting based value. Consistent with expectations, I find that arbitrage costs are negatively associated with the level of vp (where lower levels of vp are an indication of overpricing). When I examine the duration of the disparity I find that arbitrage costs generally decrease the amount of time that price and value are disparate from their long-term relation. My results are consistent with risk-averse arbitrageurs delaying their trades until mispricing can be profitably and rapidly removed.
ID-Based Forward-Secure Signature Scheme from the Bilinear Pairings

Based on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem of non-supersingular elliptic curve over finite field which has no efficient attack method by now, the paper proposes an ID-based forward-secure signature scheme from the bilinear pairings. The feature of the new scheme is that the secret key of different periods is associated with an identity and the signer just uses the current secret key with ID to sign the message, which is more desirable in practice. Another aspect of our results is that by presenting a new conception named correlative- parameter the proposed scheme establishes the connection between the signature for period i and the secret key of the same period. The detailed analysis of provable security in the random oracle model shows that the proposed scheme has the feature of correctness, forward-secure and resisting forging attack, which makes the whole signature scheme have certain theoretical and practical values.
A Real-Time SNR Estimator for D-MPSK over Frequency-Flat Slow Fading AWGN Channels

We present a channel SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) estimator for D-MPSK (differential M-ary phase shift keying) in AWGN (additive white Gaussian noise). The estimator is shown to have the following advantages: (1) the estimator has a compact fixed-point hardware implementation; (2) it requires only 1 sample/symbol; (3) accurate estimates can be generated in real-time; (4) the estimator is resistant to imperfections in the AGC (automatic gain control) circuit. We investigate the proposed estimator theoretically and through simulations. General formulas are developed for SNR estimation in the presence of frequency-flat slow fading, and specific results are presented for Nakagami-m fading. The proposed estimator is then compared to other SNR estimators, and it is shown that the proposed method requires less hardware resources while at the same time providing superior performance. Finally, we briefly consider application of the proposed SNR estimator to SNR estimation in coherent M-PSK receivers when carrier synchronization has not been achieved.
Acute normovolaemic haemodilution with a novel hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) reduces focal cerebral ischaemic injury in rats

Background and objectives This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of acute normovolaemic haemodilution with a novel hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4, HES) on focal cerebral ischaemia‐reperfusion injury and determined optimum degree for haemodilution in the rat. Methods Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 10 each): hydroxyethyl starch, saline and controls. Animals in the hydroxyethyl starch and saline groups were haemodiluted until haematocrit decreased to 30% of baseline. In another experiment male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups (n = 10 each): HES30, HES25 and HES20 and controls. Rats in the HES30, HES25 and HES20 groups were haemodiluted with hydroxyethyl starch until the haematocrit decreased to 30%, 25% and 20%, respectively. At 15 min after haemodilution, all the rats were subjected to a right middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 min. Neurologic deficit scores and infarct volumes were assessed 24 h after reperfusion. Results Haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch improved neurologic outcome (P < 0.01) and reduced infarct volume (P < 0.01) compared to saline and controls. Haemodilution with saline augmented infarct volume (P < 0.05 vs. controls). Neurologic deficit scores in HES30 and HES25 groups were significantly lower compared to controls (P < 0.05) while infarct volumes in controls and HES20 were significantly larger compared to HES30 and HES25 (P < 0.01). Conclusions This study demonstrates that acute normovolaemic haemodilution with a novel hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) reduces infarct volume and improves neurological outcome after focal cerebral ischaemia in a rat stroke model. Neuroprotection by haemodilution was highest at haematocrit dilution between 25% and 30%, while ischaemic injury was exacerbates when haematocrit was diluted to 20%.
Stellar neighborhoods in polyhedral manifolds

Introduction. It is the purpose of this paper to give some weaker analogues for polyhedral manifolds of well-known properties of combinatorial manifolds. This is now possible primarily because of the recent work of Mazur [3; 4] and M. Brown [1]. A crucial issue in this area is the extent to which these analogues may be improved for arbitrary triangulated manifolds. We shall prove a theorem which will be applied later on, after making some preliminary definitions. The join of two spaces X and Y is represented by X o Y. A map f of X o YY on itself is called ray preserving if for each ray p o q-q, p in X, q in Y, f(p o q-q) Cp o q-q. A subset K of a cone X o p is called starlike if p K and each segment pox, xCX, meets K in a connected set; p is the center of K. Consider En to be the open cone over Sn-1 from the origin p, in the usual way. We coordinatize En by (x, t), XESn-1, t a real number with O0t< 0< ; (Sn-1, 0) =p. Let Dn be the unit n-ball p O (Sn-1, 1).
Particle Swarm Optimisation for Feature Selection in Classification : A Multi-Objective Approach

Classification problems often have a large number of features in the datasets, but not all of them are useful for classification. Irrelevant and redundant features may even reduce the performance. Feature selection aims to choose a small number of relevant features to achieve similar or even better classification performance than using all features. It has two main conflicting objectives of maximising the classification performance and minimising the number of features. However, most existing feature selection algorithms treat the task as a single objective problem. This paper presents the first study on multiobjective particle swarm optimisation (PSO) for feature selection. The task is to generate a Pareto front of non-dominated solutions (feature subsets). We investigate two PSO based multi-objective feature selection algorithms. The first algorithm introduces the idea of non-dominated sorting into PSO to address feature selection problems. The second algorithm applies the ideas of crowding, mutation and dominance to PSO to search for the Pareto front solutions. The two multi-objective algorithms are compared with two conventional feature selection methods, a single objective feature selection method, a two-stage feature selection algorithm and three well-known evolutionary multiobjective algorithms on twelve benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that the two PSO based multi-objective algorithms can automatically evolve a set of non-dominated solutions. The first algorithm outperforms the two conventional methods, the single objective method, and the two-stage algorithm. It achieves comparable results with the existing three well-known multiobjective algorithms in most cases. The second algorithm achieves better results than the first algorithm and all other methods mentioned above.
Review of key causes and sources for N2O emmisions and NO3-leaching from organic arable crop rotations

Abstract. The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3) have considerable negative impacts on climate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are on average less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production, they are not smaller per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintain its goal of being an environmentally friendly production system, these emissions should be mitigated. We discuss the impact of possible triggers within organic arable farming practice for the risk of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching under European climatic conditions, and possible strategies to reduce these. Organic arable crop rotations can be characterised as diverse with frequent use of legumes, intercropping and organic fertilizers. The soil organic matter content and share of active organic matter, microbial and faunal activity are higher, soil structure better and yields lower, than in non-organic, arable crop rotations. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is high potential for SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination or crop harvest. The risk for high N2O fluxes is increased when large amounts of herbage or organic fertilizers with readily available nitrogen (N) and carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface. Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil and mixing with rotary harrow further enhance the risk for high N2O fluxes. These complex soil N dynamics mask the correlation between total N-input and N2O emissions from organic arable crop rotations. Incorporation of N rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow increases the risk of nitrate leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted crops with long growing seasons in the rotation reduces nitrate leaching risk. Reduced tillage can reduce N leaching if yields are maintained. Targeted treatment and use of herbage from green manures, crop residues and catch crops will increase N efficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Continued regular use of catch crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching but may enhance N2O emissions. A mixture of legumes and non-legumes (for instance grasses or cereals) are as efficient a catch crop as monocultures of non-legume species.
Introductions of Invasive Species: Failure of the Weaker Link

The prevention of invasive species is modeled as a “weaker link” public good. Under the weaker link aggregation technology, individual contributions beyond the lowest level will provide benefits, but these benefits progressively decline as contributions exceed the minimum. A two-region model is constructed, assuming incomplete information concerning costs of provision. This framework allows us to explain why we observe underinvestment in prevention, how information facilitates efficiency, and under what conditions information is most relevant. Specific implications regarding improved invasive species prevention policy are extracted and discussed.
Post-infantile giant cell hepatitis: histological and immunohistochemical study.

AIM--To determine the composition of the inflammatory infiltrate and to check for the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in nine cases of post-infantile giant cell hepatitis. METHODS--The clinical, serological, and histological features of the nine cases were reviewed. Immunohistochemistry was used on liver biopsy specimens from six cases to: (i) characterise the lymphocytic infiltrate; (ii) assess the monocyte/macrophage response; (iii) detect "activated" perisinusoidal cells; and (iv) detect CMV and EBV antigens. Electron microscopic examination was carried out in two cases. RESULTS--Four patients had serological features suggestive of autoimmune chronic active hepatitis; in the other five cases the aetiology was obscure. Two patients presented with neurological symptoms. Hepatitis resolved completely in one patient; two patients showed clinical improvement; and one remained stable. Cirrhosis developed in three patients, one of whom proceeded to liver transplantation, and three patients died. Portal inflammation was present in all cases and lymphocytic piecemeal necrosis in eight cases, but intra-acinar inflammation associated with hepatocyte necrosis was observed in only five cases. The inflammatory infiltrate was composed predominantly of T lymphocytes; an increase in monocyte/macrophage cells was also observed. Mallory bodies, often with associated neutrophilic infiltrate, were present in four cases, and bilirubinostasis was a feature in four cases. "Activated" perisinusoidal cells were present, especially in relation to areas of inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis. There was severe fibrosis or cirrhosis in five cases. Paramyxoviral nucleocapsids were not seen in the two cases examined ultrastructurally. CONCLUSIONS--Post-infantile giant cell hepatitis should be viewed as a heterogeneous clinical and aetiological entity encompassing cases of hepatitis with extensive giant cell hepatocyte transformation.
Nonexponential T2* decay in white matter

Visualizing myelin in human brain may help the study of diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Previous studies based on T1 and T2 relaxation contrast have suggested the presence of a distinct water pool that may report directly on local myelin content. Recent work indicates that T2* contrast may offer particular advantages over T1 and T2 contrast, especially at high field. However, the complex mechanism underlying T2* relaxation may render interpretation difficult. To address this issue, T2* relaxation behavior in human brain was studied at 3 and 7 T. Multiple gradient echoes covering most of the decay curve were analyzed for deviations from mono‐exponential behavior. The data confirm the previous finding of a distinct rapidly relaxing signal component (T2* ∼ 6 ms), tentatively attributed to myelin water. However, in extension to previous findings, this rapidly relaxing component displayed a substantial resonance frequency shift, reaching 36 Hz in the corpus callosum at 7 T. The component's fractional amplitude and frequency shift appeared to depend on both field strength and fiber orientation, consistent with a mechanism originating from magnetic susceptibility effects. The findings suggest that T2* contrast at high field may be uniquely sensitive to tissue myelin content and that proper interpretation will require modeling of susceptibility‐induced resonance frequency shifts. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Otolith structure as indicator of key life history events in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Otoliths are remarkable recorders of the individual life history, as they can reflect the growth trajectory and may encapsulate marks related to ontogenetic, physiological and environmental events. Visible and chemical information from otoliths may provide novel insights related to encountered environmental conditions that are difficult, if not impossible, to achieve by other means. However, a prerequisite to accurately elucidate the background of each individual from interpretations of otolith characteristics, is to understand how ultimate-proximate factors influence the otolith formation process as such. Although the biomineralization process of otoliths is indeed linked to physiology and in particular to metabolic expression, both environmental conditions and ontogeny may affect otolith formation. There are still unresolved issues concerning the precise relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic factors, which may have confounding effects when aiming at fundamentally understanding the process of otolith formation. Hence, this may introduce uncertainties to the interpretation of otoliths in terms of the expressed growth rate, opacity pattern, otolith shape and morphology. This also highlights the importance of validation studies on commercial fish species where otolith characteristics are used to determine age and key life history events that may be essential to stock assessment and management. This thesis thus aimed to resolve how two main life history events, i.e. juvenile settlement and initiation of sexual maturation, can impact the otoliths of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), combining both field data and experimental studies. I have further evaluated how underlying endogenous and exogenous factors may fluctuate during life history events, and to what extent this may influence otolith growth and shape. Based on extensive sampling of juvenile cod during trawl surveys in the Barents Sea, settlement was found to have a significant effect on the otolith external morphology. Increased formation of lobe structures was evident during the pelagic stage. However, this process was markedly abrupted during settlement in the autumn. Further investigations of the effects related to environmental conditions revealed that summer temperatures in the Barents Sea were linked to otolith lobe formation. No differences
Quantitative Proteomics Reveals That Hsp90 Inhibition Preferentially Targets Kinases and the DNA Damage Response*

Despite the increasing importance of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors as chemotherapeutic agents in diseases such as cancer, their global effects on the proteome remain largely unknown. Here we use high resolution, quantitative mass spectrometry to map protein expression changes associated with the application of the Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG). In depth data obtained from five replicate SILAC experiments enabled accurate quantification of about 6,000 proteins in HeLa cells. As expected, we observed activation of a heat shock response with induced expression of molecular chaperones, which refold misfolded proteins, and proteases, which degrade irreparably damaged polypeptides. Despite the broad range of known Hsp90 substrates, bioinformatics analysis revealed that particular protein classes were preferentially affected. These prominently included proteins involved in the DNA damage response, as well as protein kinases and especially tyrosine kinases. We followed up on this observation with a quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of about 4,000 sites, which revealed that Hsp90 inhibition leads to much more down- than up-regulation of the phosphoproteome (34% down versus 6% up). This study defines the cellular response to Hsp90 inhibition at the proteome level and sheds light on the mechanisms by which it can be used to target cancer cells.
WHY REPLICATE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTIONALITY STUDIES ? PROSPECTS , PERILS , AND ACADEMIC REALITY

This paper reports on a series of entrepreneurial intentionality studies using the research design developed by Krueger et al (2000) and further elaborated by Kickul and Krueger, (2004). Three illustrative examples show differences in context, social norms, and cognitive styles. The paper discusses the implications of differences between these diverse groups with respect to efforts to improve entrepreneurial activity. The paper also addresses the issue of cultural differences between majority and minority cultures within a larger national context and addresses the issue of age as a mediator of entrepreneurial intentions. Discussion also addresses the reality of trying to publish replication (or failure to replicate) studies in academic literature in management and the social sciences.
The implications of the NICE guidelines on neurosurgical management for all severe head injuries: systematic review

Head injury is an important cause of death among young adults in the UK, and a significant burden on NHS resources. However, management is inconsistent, governed largely by local resources. The latest version of the NICE head injury guidelines suggests that more patients with traumatic brain injury should be transferred to receive specialist care. However, this raises issues about the capacity of regional neurosurgical units, particularly to accommodate patients who do not require surgical intervention. Objectives To critically evaluate the basis of the NICE recommendations about transfer for neurosurgical care, and examine the configuration of specialist services to assess the implications of increasing the existing number of transfers. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted of articles discussing the provision of emergency neurosurgical care for adult head injuries in the UK. Results Fifty-eight papers met the criteria for inclusion in the literature review, including seven papers cited in the NICE guidance. Fifty-one papers related to neurosurgical care, including papers on bed occupancy, transfer times and transfer policies. Conclusions The evidence NICE cited is of variable quality. Much of the research was conducted outside the UK, which raises questions about its relevance to the NHS. Care of traumatic brain injuries in the UK is already hampered by the inadequate capacity of regional neurosurgical units to meet demand, and transferring more patients would be likely to exacerbate this. Increasing the number of transfers could also worsen inequalities of access for other groups, such as elective patients, particularly in areas where facilities are most stretched.