Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social Processes Processes of Social Cohesion

(FLOSS) are often referred to as a community or as a scene. But so far this seems mostly just a rough expression. This paper takes a closer look at FLOSS developers and their projects to find out how they work, what holds them together and how they interact. Community and social movement seem not to apply as descriptors. Looking at norms, values, structures, and conflict resolution, a hacker subculture appears which is compartmentalised into differently organised projects. By testing empirical findings against various theoretical approaches, ideas for further research are identified. Contents Introduction Boundaries Social processes Processes of social cohesion Summary of empirical findings Theoretical explanations Introduction This paper is intended as a first contribution to the description of developers of Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) as a social whole. Most studies have investigated internal phenomena of the field or of individual projects, while the social whole has been largely overlooked or was treated only superficially. Although many studies repeat words such as "community" or "movement," there is usually no follow–up discussion of whether and to what extent these terms actually correspond to the FLOSS phenomenon. This article aims at understanding FLOSS with a more holistic approach. This implies not only an analysis of the field as a whole, but also of the interaction between various internal phenomena. The characteristics determining and shaping a social formation which will be discussed in this paper are processes of boundary– drawing, internal structures, and the cohesion of the field. The term social formation refers to the types of social connections between developers. This general term was chosen to avoid expressions such as group or community which have clear and distinct meanings in sociological theory. Using these terms would lead to misunderstandings and inaccuracies. The subject FLOSS developers denotes, in the context of this paper, not only actual coders, but also people involved in beta testing, documentation, translation, infrastructure (e.g. servers, Web sites, mailing lists), and public relations. To include people who only use software seems inappropriate. They may belong to the FLOSS world, but do not contribute in any form to actual software development. This study is based on data from interviews and conversations with developers from a variety of projects, and with other persons close to the field. Also, vital insights were provided additionally by the analysis of project Web sites and other online resources, a monitoring of selected mailing lists, …
Chandra Reveals the X-Ray Glint in the Cat’s Eye

We have obtained Chandra ACIS-S observations of NGC 6543, the Cat's Eye Nebula. The X-ray emission from NGC 6543 is clearly resolved into a point source at the central star and diffuse emission confined within the central elliptical shell and two extensions along the major axis. Spectral analysis of the diffuse component shows that the abundances of the X-ray-emitting gas are similar to those of the fast (1750 km s-1) stellar wind but not those of the nebula. Furthermore, the temperature of this gas is ~1.7 × 106 K, which is 100 times lower than the expected postshock temperature of the fast stellar wind. The combination of low temperature and wind abundances is puzzling. The thermal pressure of this hot gas is about twice the pressure in the cool nebular shell; thus, the hot gas plays an essential role in the ongoing evolution of the nebula.
Increased miR-449a expression in colorectal carcinoma tissues is inversely correlated with serum carcinoembryonic antigen

Previously, microRNA-449a (miR-449a) has been shown to be involved in various types of cancer. However, its role in colorectal carcinoma remains unknown. The present study found that miR-449a expression was significantly increased in cultured colorectal carcinoma cells and cancer tissues obtained from 24 patients diagnosed with colorectal carcinoma, compared with the normal colorectal cells and the adjacent non-tumor tissues. The miR-449a expression in carcinoma tissues revealed an inverse correlation with the levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; R2=0.88). The increased expression of miR-449a appeared in the patients who exhibited normal serum levels of CEA (<5 ng/ml), but not in those with elevated CEA levels (>5 ng/ml). miR-449a expression increased at an early TNM stage (stage II) and did not change significantly at stages III and IV. These results suggested that miR-449a is involved in the development of colorectal carcinoma and may be a potential prognosis indicator.
A logging framework for the on-line failure analysis of Android smart phones

This paper introduces the design of a logging framework for the on-line failure analysis of Android Smart Phones. The framework enables the collection of failure data at runtime, useful to assess the dependability of smart phones, to deeply investigate the causes of failures, and to reduce maintenance efforts. Existing tools mainly focus on the collection of failure data about application crashes. The aim of the proposed framework is to extend the collection to other types of failures, such as, application hang, phone freeze and phone self-reboot. The paper describes the main design choices behind the components of the framework, and investigates advantages and disadvantages of different solutions.
Virtual museums and audience studies: the case of “Keys To Rome” exhibition

In this paper we present an overview of two audience studies aimed at identifying museum visitors' attitudes, behaviours and expectations. In the framework of V-MUST. NET an interactive exhibition, named “Keys To Rome”, has been organized within the Imperial Fora Museum, Rome. Permanent collection has been integrated with a digital itinerary using computer graphics movies, natural interaction installations, multimedia supports and mobile applications. The evaluation of the audience feedback allowed us to study and justify some interaction choices and communication paradigms made so to enhance the user experience and enabling a fruitful discussion around virtual museums dissemination into cultural heritage environments. What came out is the need for technology to remain invisible and grant a cross-referencing visit path in a continuous parallelism between real objects and their digital copies.
Inflation and the Role of Bonds in Investor Portfolios

This paper explores both theoretically and enirically the role of nominalbonds of various maturities in investor portfolios in the U.S. One of its principal goals is to determine whether an investor who is constrained to limithis investment in bonds to a single portfolio of money-fixed debt instruments will suffer a serious welfare loss. Our interest in this question stemsi n part from the observation that many employer-sponsored savings plans limit a participant's investment choices to two types, a common stock fund and a money-fixed bond fund of a particular maturity. A second goal is to study the desirability and feasibility of introducing a market for index bonds (i.e. an asset offering a riskless real rate of return) in the U.S. capital markets.The theoretical framework is Merton's (1971) continuous time model of consumption and portfolio choice. Our measure of the welfare gain or loss from a given change in the investor's opportunity set is the increment to current wealth needed to completely offset the effect of the change. A novel feature of our empirical approach is the method of deriving equilibrium risk premia on the various asset classes. We employ the variance-covariance matrix of real rates of return estimated from historical data in combination with "reasonable" assumptions about net asset supplies and the economy-wide average degree of risk aversion to derive numerical values for these risk premia. This procedure allows us to circumvent the formidable estimation problems associated with using historical means, which are negative during some subperiods.Our main results are: (i) There can be a substantial loss in welfare for participants in savings plans offering a choice of only two funds, a diversified stock fund and an intermediate-term bond fund. Most of this loss can be eliminated by introducing as a third option a money market fund. (2) The potential welfare gain from the introduction of private index bonds in the U.S.capital market is probably not large enough to justify the costs of innovation.The major reason for the small gain is that one month bills with their small variance of real returns are an effective substitute for index bonds.
A fast and low-power distance computation unit dedicated to neural networks, based on redundant arithmetic

This paper presents the design of a fast and low power consumption distance computation unit : /spl Sigma//sub i/(A/sub i/-B/sub i/)/sup 2/. It is dedicated to the digital RBF neural network implementation. The proposed architecture is composed of two parts. The first computes the distance (A/sub i/-B/sub i/)/sup 2/, and the second performs the sum of these distances. It is based on an efficient squarer in redundant arithmetic. Thank to this operator, the distance measure circuits developed offer better performances than those based on classical arithmetic. The average gain is equal to 11% in delay and 18% in power consumption.
Electroexcitation of Nucleon Resonances from CLAS Data on Single Pion Electroproduction

We present results on the electroexcitation of the low mass resonances Δ(1232)P 33 , N(1440)P 11 , N(1520)D 13 , and N(1535)S 11 in a wide range of Q 2 . The results were obtained in the comprehensive analysis of data from the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility (CEBAF) large acceptance spectrometer (CLAS) detector at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (JLab) on differential cross sections, longitudinally polarized beam asymmetries, and longitudinal target and beam-target asymmetries for π electroproduction off the proton. The data were analyzed using two conceptually different appioaches-fixed-t dispersion relations and a unitary isobar model—allowing us to draw conclusions on the model sensitivity of the obtained electrocoupling amplitudes. The amplitudes for the Δ(1232)P 33 show the importance of a meson-cloud contribution to quantitatively explain the magnetic dipole strength, as well as the electric and scalar quadrupole transitions. They do not show any tendency of approaching the pQCD regime for Q 2 ≤ 6 GeV 2 . For the Roper resonance, N(1440)P 11 , the data provide strong evidence that this state is a predominantly radial excitation of a three-quark (3q) ground state. Measured in pion electroproduction, the transverse helicity amplitude for the N(1535)S 11 allowed us to obtain the branching ratios of this state to the πN and ηN channels via comparison with the results extracted from η electroproduction. The extensive CLAS data also enabled the extraction of the γ*p → N(1520)D 13 and N(1535)S 11 longitudinal helicity amplitudes with good precision. For the N(1535)S 11 , these results became a challenge for quark models and may be indicative of large meson-cloud contributions or of representations of this state that differ from a 3q excitation. The transverse amplitudes for the N(1520)D 1 3 clearly show the rapid changeover from helicity-3/2 dominance at the real photon point to helicity-1/2 dominance at Q 2 > 1 GeV 2 , confirming a long-standing prediction of the constituent quark model.
Product Market Competition and Inflation Dynamics: Evidence from a Panel of OECD Countries

We analyse the impact of product market competition on the responsiveness of inflation to macroeconomic imbalances. Results based on a 20-country OECD panel estimated for the period 1961-2006 show that if product market competition is high the response of inflation to lagged inflation and unemployment is reduced, while inflation is more responsive to changes in productivity growth in countries in which competition is above the OECD average. When product market competition is measured by barriers to firmsA¢â‚¬â„¢ entry, we also find that low entry barriers dampen the effect on inflation of movements in import prices. These results are attributed to temporary mark-up changes after demand- and supplyside shocks.
The Metallicity Distribution of Intracluster Stars in Virgo

We have used the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) to detect and measure ~5300 stars in a single intracluster field in the Virgo Cluster. By performing F606W and F814W photometry on these stars, we have determined their metallicity distribution function and constrained the types of stars present in this portion of Virgo's intracluster space. Based on the small number of stars detected that were brighter than the red giant branch (RGB) tip, we suggest that in this region, Virgo's intracluster stars are mostly old (≳10 Gyr). Through analysis of the RGB stars themselves, we determine that the population contains the full range of metallicities probed (-2.3 ≤ [M/H] ≤ 0.0). We also present evidence that the younger (≤10 Gyr) component of the population is more metal-rich, with [M/H] > -0.5. The spatial distribution of the most metal-poor stars in the field shows significantly more structure than that of the metal-rich stars, indicating that the intracluster population is not well mixed. We discuss the implications that these observations have for the production of intracluster stars and the dynamical evolution of the Virgo Cluster.
The Law's Markets

Recent research has suggested that one of the key ways in which economics and cognate calculative discourses and practices ‘perform’ the economy is through the drawing of conceptual boundaries between economic activities and entities of various sorts. One such boundary is the boundary between markets. This article shows that a critical contemporary arena for the differentiation of one product or service market from another is competition (or antitrust) law, which, through its work of market definition, seeks to identify the boundaries of competition: the location of the borders between meaningful economic spaces within which buyers and sellers encounter one another and establish prices. The article argues that in envisioning markets (‘the law's markets’), competition law simultaneously constitutes markets, and it demonstrates this through an empirical examination of the exercise of such law in three economic sectors: insurance, grocery retailing, and pay-television. It also shows, however, that competition law is perennially dogged by conflict – both over the placement of such conceptual boundaries, and over the very process of placement and the status of the market boundary itself – and that its application and effects can only be understood in this light.
The Human Factors of MBone Videoconferences: Recommendations for Improving Sessions and Software

The “MBone” is the portion of the Internet that has implemented a new computer network technology called “multicasting”. Multicasting supports efficient distribution of network traffic to multiple users simultaneously. Videoconferencing is the most common MBone application in use today and this paper reviews the human factors issues related to MBone videoconferencing. Three parameters of human factors concerns are defined: the task of the session (meeting, education, entertainment), the media used during the session (video, audio, shared workspace), and the communication modes involved (interactive vs. non-interactive and formal vs. informal). Videoconference sessions and software can be placed in this parameter space and this can provide valuable information about the technical and human requirements. The human factors research literature relevant to each of these parameters is reviewed and the current MBone tools are analyzed. Specific recommendations are made for MBone session organizers and software developers. These recommendations are not all specific to multicasting and will be of interest to people developing or using any videoconference system.
The optimality of nominal income targeting when wages are indexed to price

In the last decade there has been renewed interest in alternative monetary regimes, institutions, and policy procedures. One policy proposal that has received increased attention is nominal income targeting. This proposal has been suggested, for instance, by Feldstein [9], Gordon [13], Hall [16], Meade [21], and Tobin [25; 26]. Taylor [24] discusses this proposal in some detail, and McCallum [20] presents a statistical analysis of a particular nominal income targeting rule in a variety of contexts. Bean [3] presents a theoretical analysis of nominal income targeting, examining the properties of such a policy in a stochastic macro model in which rational agents sign nominal wage contracts. Given that the monetary authority's objective is to minimize the divergence of output from its full information level, nominal income targeting is the optimal policy if labor supply is perfectly inelastic. With an elastic labor supply, however, nominal income targeting provides the optimal response to demand side shocks but not to supply side shocks. The problem of designing optimal policy in the face of both demand and supply side shocks is not new. Authors such as Benavie and Froyen [4], Craine and Havenner [8], Parkin [22], and Turnovsky [27] have stressed that pure policy rules such as a strict money rule or an interest rate peg are generally not the optimal policy response to both demand and supply shocks. Thus Bean's result, that nominal income targeting provides the optimal policy response to all shocks (as long as labor supply is perfectly inelastic), is rather impressive. One avenue of research that attempts to provide a partial solution to the problem of suboptimal policy rules in the face of demand and supply shocks is the investigation of wage indexing. Work by Gray [14; 15] drew attention to the properties of nominal wage contracts indexed to the price level. The relation between the monetary authority's choice of policy rule and the degree of indexing in the labor market has been investigated by Fethke and Policano [11], Fethke and
RR Lyrae stars in Galactic globular clusters VI. The period-amplitude relation

Aims. This work uses nonlinear convective models of RR Lyrae stars and evolutionary predictions of low-mass helium burning stellar structures to constrain the properties of cluster and field RR Lyrae variables. In particular, we address two problems: is the PeriodAmplitude (PAV ) plane of fundamental (RRab) variables a good diagnostic for the metal abundance? Is the MV (RR)-[Fe/H] relation of field and cluster variables linear over the whole metal abundance range of [Fe/H] ∼− 2.5 to ∼0? Methods. We perform a detailed comparison between theory and observations for fundamental RR Lyrae variables in the solar neighborhood and in both Oosterhoff type I (OoI) and type II (OoII) Galactic globular clusters. Results. We show that the distribution of cluster RRab variables in the PAV plane depends not only on the metal abundance, but also on the cluster Horizontal Branch (HB) morphology. We find that on average the observed pulsation parameter kpuls connecting the period to the visual amplitude increases when moving from metal-poor to metal-rich GGCs. However, this parameter shows marginal changes among OoI clusters with intermediate to red HB types and iron abundances −1.8 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤− 1.1, whereas its value decreases in OoII clusters with the bluer HB morphology, although these clusters are also the less metal-poor ones of the group.
Reciprocity as a contract enforcement device: experimental evidence

Numerous experimental studies indicate that people tend to reciprocate favors and punish unfair behavior. It is hypothesized that these behavioral responses contribute to the enforcement of contracts and increase gains from trade. It turns out that, if only one side of the market has opportunities for reciprocal responses, the impact of reciprocity on contract enforcement depends on the details of the pecuniary incentive system. If both sides of the market have opportunities for reciprocal responses, robust and powerful reciprocity effects occur. In particular, reciprocal behavior causes a substantial increase in the set of enforceable actions and large efficiency gains. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
An Audio to Score Alignment Framework Using Spectral Factorization and Dynamic Time Warping

In this paper, we present an audio to score alignment framework based on spectral factorization and online Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). The proposed framework has two separated stages: preprocessing and alignment. In the ﬁrst stage, we use Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) to learn spectral patterns (i.e. basis functions) associated to each combination of concurrent notes in the score. In the second stage, a low latency signal decomposition method with ﬁxed spectral patterns per combination of notes is used over the magnitude spectrogram of the input signal resulting in a divergence matrix that can be interpreted as the cost of the matching for each combination of notes at each frame. Finally, a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) approach has been used to ﬁnd the path with the minimum cost and then determine the relation between the performance and the musical score times. Our framework have been evaluated using a dataset of baroque-era pieces and compared to other systems, yielding solid results and performance.
Dictionary of Interfaces in Proteins (DIP). Data Bank of complementary molecular surface patches

Molecular surface areas of proteins are responsible for selective binding of ligands and protein-protein recognition, and are considered the basis for specific interactions between different parts of a protein. This basic principle leads us to study the interfaces within proteins as a learning set for intermolecular recognition processes of ligands like substrates, coenzymes, etc., and for prediction of contacts occurring during protein folding and association. For this purpose, we defined interfaces as pairs of matching molecular surface patches between neighboring secondary structural elements. All such interfaces from known protein structures were collected in a comprehensive data bank of interfaces in proteins (DIP). The up-to-date DIP contains interface files for 351 selected Brookhaven Protein Data Bank entries with a total of about 160,000 surface elements formed by 12,475 secondary structures. For special purposes, the inclusion of additional structures or selection of subgroups of proteins can be performed in an easy and straightforward manner. Atomic coordinates of the constituents of molecular surface patches are directly accessible as well as the corresponding contact distances from given atoms to their neighboring secondary structural elements. As a rule, independent of the type of secondary structure, the molecular surface patches of the secondary structural elements can be described as quite flat bodies with a length to width to depth ratio of about 3:2:1 for patches consisting of more than ten atoms. The relative orientation between two docking patches is strongly restricted, due to the narrow distribution of the distances between their centers of mass and of the angles between their normal lines, respectively. The existing retrieval system for the DIP allows selection (out of the set of molecular patches) according to different criteria, such as geometric features, atomic composition, type of secondary structure, contacts, etc. A fast, sequence-independent 3-D superposition procedure was developed for automatic searches for geometrically similar surface areas. Using this procedure, we found a large number of structurally similar interfaces of up to 30 atoms in completely unrelated protein structures.