Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cerebral signal transduction : from first to fourth messengers

Part I. Introduction. From First To Fourth Messengers in the Brain: An Overview, M. E.A. Reith. Part II. Memory. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Learning and Memory, M. Lattal and T. Abel. Signal Transduction Pathways in Well-Defined Models of Learning and Memory: Drosophila and Honeybee, U. Muller. Protein Kinase C Signaling in Learning and Memory, E.A. Van der Zee, B.R. K. Douma, J.F. Disterhoft, and P.G. M. Luiten. Part III. Neurodegeneration and Apoptosis. Neurotransmitter Receptor G-Protein Mediated Signal Transduction in Alzheimer's Disease, R.F. Cowburn. The NO Signaling Pathway in the Brain: Neural Injury, Neurological Disorders, and Aggression, M. Sasaki, V. L. Dawson, and T. M. Dawson. Cellular Signaling Pathways in Neuronal Apoptosis: Role in Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's Disease, C.W. Cotman, H. Qian, and A.J. Anderson. The Role of Second Messengers in Neurodegeneration, A. Frandsen, J. B. Jensen and A. Schousboe. Part IV. Depression. Molecular and Cellular Determinants of Stress and Antidepressant Treatment, R.S. Duman. Long-Term Bidirectional Hormonal and Neuroplastic Responses to Stress: Implications For the Treatment of Depression, R.M. Post, S.R. B. Weiss, L. -X. Zhang, and M.G. Xing. Signal Transduction Abnormalities in Bipolar Affective Disorder, P.P. Li, S. Andreopoulos, and J.J. Warsh. Part V. Drug Dependence. Messengers in Opioid Dependence: Gene Disruption Studies, R. Maldonado and O. Valverde. The 5-HT1B Knockout Mouse: An Animal Model of Vulnerability to Drugs of Abuse, K. Scearce-Levie and R. Hen. Regulation of Dopamine Transporter By Phosphorylation and Impact on Cocaine Action, R.A. Vaughan. Dopamine Transporter mRNA in Human Brain: Distribution and Regulatory Effects in Autopsy Studies of Cocaine Abusers, D.C. Mash, L.C. Kramer, D. Segal and S. Izenwasser. Index.
A Circulating MicroRNA Signature as a Biomarker for Prostate Cancer in a High Risk Group

Introduction: Mi(cro)RNAs are small non-coding RNAs whose differential expression in tissue has been implicated in the development and progression of many malignancies, including prostate cancer. The discovery of miRNAs in the blood of patients with a variety of malignancies makes them an ideal, novel biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis. The aim of this study was to identify a unique expression profile of circulating miRNAs in patients with prostate cancer attending a rapid access prostate assessment clinic. Methods: To conduct this study blood and tissue samples were collected from 102 patients (75 with biopsy confirmed cancer and 27 benign samples) following ethical approval and informed consent. These patients were attending a prostate assessment clinic. Samples were reverse-transcribed using stem-loop primers and expression levels of each of 12 candidate miRNAs were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miRNA expression levels were then correlated with clinicopathological data and subsequently analysed using qBasePlus software and Minitab. Results: Circulating miRNAs were detected and quantified in all subjects. The analysis of miRNA mean expression levels revealed that four miRNAs were significantly dysregulated, including let-7a (p = 0.005) which has known tumour suppressor characteristics, along with miR-141 (p = 0.01) which has oncogenic characteristics. In 20 patients undergoing a radical retropubic-prostatectomy, the expression levels of miR-141 returned to normal at day 10 post-operatively. A panel of four miRNAs could be used in combination to detect prostate cancer with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.783 and a PPV of 80%. Conclusion: These findings identify a unique expression profile of miRNA detectable in the blood of prostate cancer patients. This confirms their use as a novel, diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer.
Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows

The small intestine of 50 cows was examined ultrasonographically with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were examined on the right side, from the tuber coxae to the eighth intercostal space and from the transverse processes of the vertebrae to the linea alba. The appearance of loops of small intestine and their contents and motility were assessed. In the majority of cases, the intestine contained feed and the contents appeared hyperechoic, but in some cows, the intestinal lumen contained mucus or fluid which was hypoechoic. The cranial part of the duodenum could be viewed longitudinally and in cross-section: its largest diameter varied from 1.1 to 5.4 cm and it could be identified with certainty only medial to the gall bladder, which served as an acoustic window. The descending part of the duodenum was adjacent to the abdominal wall and was enveloped in the hyperechoic greater omentum, differentiating it from the jejunum and ileum. The largest diameter of the descending part of the duodenum varied from 0.9 to 3.7 cm. The ascending duodenum could not be identified because of its anatomical position. Loops of jejunum and ileum were usually viewed in cross-section and sometimes longitudinally; in contrast with the duodenum, they were constantly moving. The average diameter of the jejunum and ileum varied from 2.2 to 4.5 cm.
Framing Marginality: Multicultural Literary Studies

Outside the mainstream of literary production, ethnic minority writings can be perceived either as "framing" it or as constituting (in Jacques Derrida's phrase) a "dangerous supplement". What happens to Australian literature when it is supplemented "dangerously" by a heterogeneous collection of writings variously described as "migrant", "ethnic minority" or "multicultural"? Is ethnic difference as significant a factor in the critical interpretation of texts as gender and social class are now recognized to be? Might the discourses of multiculturalism be deployed strategically to construct a counter-public sphere? In trying to answer these questions, Professor Gunew draws not only on feminist, post-structural and post-colonial criticism but also on comparative multicultural studies (as developed in Canada, the USA and the UK), recent critiques of English studies as an imperial apparatus, and the deconstruction (by such scholars as Edward Said, Homi Bhabha, Gayatri Spivak and Trinh Minh-ha) of "universal" notions of culture.
Schizophrenia-spectrum Behavior and Peer Responses to Individuals with Social Anhedonia

Title of Document: SCHIZOPHRENIA-SPECTRUM BEHAVIOR AND PEER RESPONSES TO INDIVIDUALS WITH SOCIAL ANHEDONIA Bryann Renee Baker, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor Jack J. Blanchard Department of Psychology Individuals with social anhedonia experience difficulties in several domains including social interaction, cognition, psychophysiological abnormalities, and poor long-term functional outcomes. These individuals also exhibit high levels of behaviors of schizoidia and schizotypy in comparison to healthy controls. This study aimed to examine behavior related to schizoidia and schizotypy, their longitudinal stability and whether these behaviors are related to social functioning. For the first time, this research moves beyond self-report data and evaluates how peers respond to individuals with social anhedonia in a brief time frame. The current study utilized a psychometric high-risk sample of individuals with social anhedonia and healthy controls that participated in a three year longitudinal study and examined the stability of the sample’s schizoid and schizotypal behaviors. Further, this study investigated peer reactions to these individuals as well as the relationship between peer reactions and schizoid and schizotypal behaviors. Individuals with social anhedonia demonstrated higher levels of both schizoid and schizotypal behavior at the baseline period, as expected. These differences persisted into the follow-up assessment for schizoid behavior, but not for schizotypal behavior. Peers reported that they were less willing to interact with individuals with social anhedonia and that these individuals were less likable, less friendly and more odd than healthy controls at both the baseline and three-year follow-up period. Further, in regression analyses several patterns emerged to suggest that schizoid behaviors explain a significant amount of variance in these peer responses. This study is the first study to examine the relationship between schizophrenia-spectrum behaviors and peer responses in individuals with social anhedonia and healthy controls. SCHIZOPHRENIA-SPECTRUM BEHAVIOR AND PEER RESPONSES TO INDIVIDUALS WITH SOCIAL ANHEDONIA
A ug 2 00 5 Stable Manifolds and Homoclinic Points Near Resonances in the Restricted Three-Body Problem

The restricted three-body problem describes the motion of a massless particle under the influence of two primaries of masses 1 − μ and μ that circle each other with period equal to 2π. For small μ, a resonant periodic motion of the massless particle in the rotating frame can be described by relatively prime integers p and q, if its period around the heavier primary is approximately 2πp/q, and by its approximate eccentricity e. We give a method for the formal development of the stable and unstable manifolds associated with these resonant motions. We prove the validity of this formal development and the existence of homoclinic points in the resonant region. In the study of the Kirkwood gaps in the asteroid belt, the separatrices of the averaged equations of the restricted three-body problem are commonly used to derive analytical approximations to the boundaries of the resonances. We use the unaveraged equations to find values of asteroid eccentricity below which these approximations will not hold for the Kirkwood gaps with q/p equal to 2/1, 7/3, 5/2, 3/1, and 4/1. Another application is to the existence of asymmetric librations in the exterior resonances. We give values of asteroid eccentricity below which asymmetric librations will not exist for the 1/7, 1/6, 1/5, 1/4, 1/3, and 1/2 resonances for any μ however small. But if the eccentricity exceeds these thresholds, asymmetric librations will exist for μ small enough in the unaveraged restricted three-body problem.
Experimental Basis of Determining Maximum Coronary, Myocardial, and Collateral Blood Flow by Pressure Measurements for Assessing Functional Stenosis Severity Before and After Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty

Background. Severity of coronary artery stenosis has been defined in terms of geometric dimensions, pressure gradient‐flow relations, resistance to flow and coronary flow reserve, or maximum flow capacity after maximum arteriolar vasodilation. A direct relation between coronary pressure and flow, however, may only be presumed if the resistances in the coronary circulation are constant (and minimal) as theoretically is the case during maximum arteriolar vasodilation. In that case, pressure measurements theoretically can be used to predict maximum flow and assess functional stenosis severity. Methods and Results. A theoretical model was developed for the different components of the coronary circulation, and a set of equations was derived by which the relative maximum flow or fractional flow reserve in both the stenotic epicardial artery and the myocardial vascular bed and the proportional contribution of coronary arterial and collateral flow to myocardial blood flow are calculated from measurements of arterial, distal coronary, and central venous pressures during maximum arteriolar vasodilation. To test this model, five dogs were acutely instrumented with an epicardial, coronary Doppler flow velocity transducer. Distal coronary pressures were measured by an ultrathin pressure‐monitoring guide wire (0.015 in.) with minimal influence on transstenotic pressure gradient. Fractional flow reserve was calculated from the pressure measurements and compared with relative maximum coronary artery flow measured directly by the Doppler flowmeter at three different levels of arterial pressure for each of 12 different severities of stenosis at each pressure level. Relative maximum blood flow through the stenotic artery (Qs) measured directly by the Doppler flowmeter showed an excellent correlation with the pressure‐derived values of Qs (r=0.98±0.01, intercept=0.02±0.03, slope=0.98±0.04), of the relative maximum myocardial flow (r=0.98±0.02, intercept=0.26±0.07, slope=0.73±0.08), and of the collateral blood flow (r=0.96±0.04, intercept=0.24±0.07, slope=‐0.24±0.06). Moreover, the theoretically predicted constant relation between mean arterial pressure and coronary wedge pressure, both corrected for venous pressure, was confirmed experimentally (r=0.97±0.03, intercept=9.5±13.3, slope=4.4±1.2). Conclusions. These results provide the experimental basis for determining relative maximum flow or fractional flow reserve of both the epicardial coronary artery and the myocardium, including collateral flow, from pressure measurements during maximum arteriolar vasodilation. With a suitable guide wire for reliably measuring distal coronary pressure clinically, this method may have potential applications during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for assessing changes in the functional severity of coronary artery stenoses and for estimating collateral flow achievable during occlusion of the coronary artery. (Circulation 1993;86:1354‐1367)
Free Sulfhydryl in Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy applications have been growing rapidly in recent years. Like other recombinant protein drugs, therapeutic mAbapos;s need to be well characterized to ensure their structural and functional integrity. IgG mAbapos;s are composed of two heavy and two light chains covalently linked by interchain disulfide bonds. Each domain of the heavy or light chain contains one additional disulfide bond. Native IgG mAbapos;s, with completely formed disulfide bonds, should not bear any free sulfhydryl. This report describes detection and quantification of free sulfhydryl in recombinant mAbapos;s produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using a fluorescent technique. The method utilizes the fluorescent probe N‐(1‐pyrenyl)maleimide (NPM). The purified mAbapos;s appear to be homogeneous under native conditions with approximately 0.02 mol of free sulfhydryl per mole of protein. Upon denaturation, minor species related to the mAbapos;s are observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), and the free sulfhydryl level is determined to be approximately 0.1 mol/mol of protein. These results suggest that a small portion of these recombinant mAbapos;s lack in intermolecular disulfide bonds but remain noncovalently associated under native conditions. The formation of the free sulfhydryl containing mAb species is likely to occur during the culture process and/or protein folding process in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Contemporary Perspectives on Socialization and Social Development in Early Childhood Education

Introduction: Explorations in Social Development: The Theory Base, Olivia N. Saracho and Bernard Spodek. Theories of Socialization and Social Development, Olivia N. Saracho and Bernard Spodek. Humor as a Facilitator of Social Competence in Early Childhood, Doris Bergen. Attachment in the Preschool Years: Implications for Social Learning, Gary Creasey and Patricia A. Jarvis. Feeling, Thinking, and Playing: Social and Emotional Learning in Early Childhood, Christopher J. Trentacosta and Carroll E. Izard. Cognitive Development in Social Context: Implications for Early Childhood Education, Mary Gauvain. Social Learning through Social Motivation, Ole Fredrik Lillemyr. Social Learning in the Peer Context, Gary W. Ladd. Friendships in Very Young Children, Barbara Davis Goldman and Virginia Buysse. "Stop Bullying Me and My Friends! ": Examining the Role that Peers Play in Promoting Bullying and Victimization in Early Childhood, Vickie E. Lake. The Development of Ethnic Prejudice in Early Childhood: Theories and Research, Drew Nesdale. Social Learning and Weight-Related Problems, Moria Golan. Morality and Gender: Preschool Children's Moral Contracts, Eva Johansson. Developmental Perspectives on Social Development, Olivia N. Saracho and Bernard Spodek. About the Contributors.
Evaluation of Apple iDevice Sensors as a Potential Relay Attack Countermeasure for Apple Pay

Traditional countermeasures to relay attacks are difficult to implement on mobile devices due to hardware limitations. Establishing proximity of a payment device and terminal is the central notion of most relay attack countermeasures, and mobile devices offer new and exciting possibilities in this area of research. One such possibility is the use of on-board sensors to measure ambient data at both the payment device and terminal, with a comparison made to ascertain whether the device and terminal are in close proximity. This project focuses on the iPhone, specifically the iPhone 6S, and the potential use of its sensors to both establish proximity to a payment terminal and protect Apple Pay against relay attacks. The iPhone contains 12 sensors in total, but constraints introduced by payment schemes mean only 5 were deemed suitable to be used for this study. A series of mock transactions and relay attack attempts are enacted using an iOS application written specifically for this study. Sensor data is recorded, and then analysed to ascertain its accuracy and suitability for both proximity detection and relay attack countermeasures.
Classifier Selection Based on the Correlation of Diversity Measures: When Fewer Is More

The ever-growing access to high-resolution images has prompted the development of region-based classification methods for remote sensing images. However, in agricultural applications, the recognition of specific regions is still a challenge as there could be many different spectral patterns in a same studied area. In this context, depending on the features used, different learning methods can be used to create complementary classifiers. Many researchers have developed solutions based on the use of machine learning techniques to address these problems. Examples of successful initiatives are those dedicated to the development of learning techniques for data fusion or Multiple Classifier Systems (MCS). In MCS, diversity becomes an essential factor for their success. Different works have been using diversity measures to select appropriate high-performance classifiers, but the challenge of finding the optimal number of classifiers for a target task has not been properly addressed yet. In general, the proposed solutions rely on the a priori use of ad hoc strategies for selecting classifiers, followed by the evaluation of their effectiveness results during training. Searching by the optimal number of classifiers, however, makes the selection process more expensive. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing a novel strategy for selecting classifiers to be combined based on the correlation of different diversity measures. Diversity measures are used to rank pairs of classifiers and the agreement among ranked lists guides the classifier selection process. A fusion framework has been used in our experiments targeted to the classification of coffee crops in remote sensing images. Experiment results demonstrate that the novel strategy is able to yield comparable effectiveness results when contrasted to several baselines, but using much fewer classifiers.
Optimal Plasticity from Matrix Memories: What Goes Up Must Come Down

A recent article (Stanton and Sejnowski 1989) on long-term synaptic depression in the hippocampus has reopened the issue of the computational efficiency of particular synaptic learning rules (Hebb 1949; Palm 1988a; Morris and Willshaw 1989) homosynaptic versus heterosynaptic and monotonic versus nonmonotonic changes in synaptic efficacy. We have addressed these questions by calculating and maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio, a measure of the potential fidelity of recall, in a class of associative matrix memories. Up to a multiplicative constant, there are three optimal rules, each providing for synaptic depression such that positive and negative changes in synaptic efficacy balance out. For one rule, which is found to be the Stent-Singer rule (Stent 1973; Rauschecker and Singer 1979), the depression is purely heterosynaptic; for another (Stanton and Sejnowski 1989), the depression is purely homosynaptic; for the third, which is a generalization of the first two, and has a higher signal-to-noise ratio, it is both heterosynaptic and homosynaptic. The third rule takes the form of a covariance rule (Sejnowski 1977a,b) and includes, as a special case, the prescription due to Hopfield (1982) and others (Willshaw 1971; Kohonen 1972).
A Novel and Systematic Approach to Implement Reversible Gates in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

Quantum dot cellular automata (QCA) is one of the emerging technologies in the area of nanoelectronics and is found to be an attractive alternative to conventional CMOS technology for several reasons. However, there have been no reports in the literature so far on QCA implementation of conventional reversible gates. In this work, we propose a novel and systematic approach for the QCA implementation of conventional reversible gates. The proposed method utilizes universal nature of the majority gate for its operation. The combination of reversible logic synthesis and its QCA implementation proves to be a superior solution for side channel attack based on power analysis in security applications. This is mainly due to the negligible amount of power consumption in both reversible logic and QCA implementation. Hence in this work, a dualfield adder, which plays a vital role in unified architectures of public-key crypto system, has been synthesized in reversible logic and implemented in QCA. Key-Words: Quantum dot cellular automata, Reversible logic, Side channel attack, Nano-technology, Cryptography, Reversible gates.
How Customer Expectations Become Adjusted After Purchase

ABSTRACT Adjusted expectations play an important role in the post-purchase process. By considering the changes in individual-level expectations in the post-purchase period, this study examines the moderating effects of the level of online shopping habit on the links between adjusted expectations and their antecedents. The study proposes a theoretical model by integrating the expectancy disconfirmation model and customer value dimensions to compare the factors affecting adjusted expectations between the low and high online shopping habit. The results indicate that the effects of expectancy disconfirmation on adjusted expectations are stronger for the high-habit group than for the low-habit group. Further, the level of online shopping habit moderates the links between customer value dimensions and adjusted expectations. Specifically, factors such as confidence benefits and perceived price are associated with adjusted expectations for the low-habit group. In addition, for the high-habit group, perceived equity has a positive influence on adjusted expectations, and perceived sacrifice has a negative impact. These findings provide a better understanding of how customer expectations change, and can assist practitioners in developing more effective online business strategies.