Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Invariance Principle on the Slice

The non-linear invariance principle of Mossel, O’Donnell, and Oleszkiewicz establishes that if f(x1,… ,xn) is a multilinear low-degree polynomial with low influences, then the distribution of if f(b1,…,bn) is close (in various senses) to the distribution of f(G1,…,Gn), where Bi ∈R {-1,1} are independent Bernoulli random variables and Gi ∼ N(0,1) are independent standard Gaussians. The invariance principle has seen many applications in theoretical computer science, including the Majority is Stablest conjecture, which shows that the Goemans–Williamson algorithm for MAX-CUT is optimal under the Unique Games Conjecture. More generally, MOO’s invariance principle works for any two vectors of hypercontractive random variables (X1,… ,Xn),(Y1,… ,Yn) such that (i) Matching moments: Xi and Yi have matching first and second moments and (ii) Independence: the variables X1,… ,Xn are independent, as are Y1,…,Yn. The independence condition is crucial to the proof of the theorem, yet in some cases we would like to use distributions X1,… ,Xn in which the individual coordinates are not independent. A common example is the uniform distribution on the slice ([n]k) which consists of all vectors (x1,…,xn)∈{0,1}n with Hamming weight k. The slice shows up in theoretical computer science (hardness amplification, direct sum testing), extremal combinatorics (Erdős–Ko–Rado theorems), and coding theory (in the guise of the Johnson association scheme). Our main result is an invariance principle in which (X1,…,Xn) is the uniform distribution on a slice ([n]pn and (Y1,… ,Yn) consists either of n independent Ber(p) random variables, or of n independent N(p,p(1-p)) random variables. As applications, we prove a version of Majority is Stablest for functions on the slice, a version of Bourgain’s tail theorem, a version of the Kindler–Safra structural theorem, and a stability version of the t-intersecting Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem, combining techniques of Wilson and Friedgut. Our proof relies on a combination of ideas from analysis and probability, algebra, and combinatorics. In particular, we make essential use of recent work of the first author which describes an explicit Fourier basis for the slice.
Carbohydrate Binding Modules: Biochemical Properties and Novel Applications

SUMMARY Polysaccharide-degrading microorganisms express a repertoire of hydrolytic enzymes that act in synergy on plant cell wall and other natural polysaccharides to elicit the degradation of often-recalcitrant substrates. These enzymes, particularly those that hydrolyze cellulose and hemicellulose, have a complex molecular architecture comprising discrete modules which are normally joined by relatively unstructured linker sequences. This structure is typically comprised of a catalytic module and one or more carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) that bind to the polysaccharide. CBMs, by bringing the biocatalyst into intimate and prolonged association with its substrate, allow and promote catalysis. Based on their properties, CBMs are grouped into 43 families that display substantial variation in substrate specificity, along with other properties that make them a gold mine for biotechnologists who seek natural molecular “Velcro” for diverse and unusual applications. In this article, we review recent progress in the field of CBMs and provide an up-to-date summary of the latest developments in CBM applications.
The plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II infusion in aldosterone-producing adenoma and idiopathic hyperaldosteronism.

To determine if the adrenal sensitivity to angiotensin II in patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma differs from that in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism, we infused graded doses of angiotensin II into 17 patients with primary aldosteronism and measured their plasma aldosterone concentrations after each dose. At a rate of 0.5 ng angiotensin II/kg.min, the mean increase in the plasma aldosterone concentration in the 8 patients from whom an aldosterone-producing adenoma was subsequently removed was 4 +/ 2.4 ng/dl (mean +/- SE), which was significantly less (P less than 0.01) than the mean increase (23 +/- 4.8 ng/dl) in the 9 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. The threshold dose of angiotensin II in the patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma was 1.0 +/- 0.24 ng/kg.min, significantly greater (P less than 0.05) than the threshold dose (0.3 +/- 0.07 ng/kg.min) in the patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. We conclude that the sensitivity of aldosterone-producing adenomas to angiotensin II is significantly less than that of the hypersecreting adrenal tissue in patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism. This difference in adrenal sensitivity might in part explain the difference in the response of plasma aldosterone concentrations to upright posture in these two subsets of aldosteronism with low renin activity.
Antibiotics versus appendicectomy in the management of acute appendicitis: an ongoing debate

Appendicitis remains the commonest cause of the acute abdomen in young adults and the mainstay of treatment at most centres remains an appendicectomy [1]. This is despite the fact that many other intra-abdominal pathologies, such as diverticulitis, are routinely managed conservatively with antibiotics. A study by Varadhan et al (2012) aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of antibiotic treatment compared to appendicectomy, specifically in the management of uncomplicated appendicitis, through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [2]. The authors included only randomized controlled trials with clearly defined management protocols and excluded all other types of studies including those related to complicated appendicitis. The primary outcome measures were complications such as wound infections or peritonitis, and secondary outcome measures included duration of hospitalization, readmission rate, and treatment efficacy. The authors completed a wide ranging literature search covering January 1966 to December 2011 with associated back-chaining of articles. The meta-analysis followed the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines, assessed outcomes on an intention-to-treat basis, and separately accounted for the potential confounder of alternate antibiotic regimens. Following evaluation of 6 trials, the study included a total of 900 patients (n = 470 antibiotic treatment, n = 430 appendicectomy) derived from four trials as the other two trials met the exclusion criteria. The results indicated a 63% (277 / 438 patients) success rate following antibiotic treatment at one year. There was a 31% reduction in relative risk (95% CI 0.54 - 0.89, p = 0.004) in the antibiotic treatment group versus the appendicectomy group, which increased to 39% on exclusion of one of the trials due to crossover effects (p = 0.02). There were no significant differences found in the duration of hospitalization or risk of complicated appendicitis between the two groups. The authors concluded that antibiotics were both safe and effective as primary treatment strategies for patients with uncomplicated appendicitis.
Estimating the Incidence of Water Related Diseases: the case of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Rural Nigeria

Water-related neglected tropical diseasesare endemic among rural and farming households in Nigeria. The burden of these diseases on farm families and the society as a whole has not been fully appreciated as a result of limited empirical evidence of the incidence of the diseases at household level. This paper examined the incidence of four water-related neglected tropical diseases in rural Nigeria using data from the National Demographic and Health survey of 2008. Descriptive statistics were used to profile the incidence of the diseases across household socioeconomic and water/sanitation characteristics with the aim of linking water use and sanitation dynamics with the incidence of the identified water related Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). The results showed that NTDs were endemic among rural households in northern Nigeria. The NTDs were also highest among the poorest households, with low levels of formal education. Water-related factors that predisposes rural farm families to the diseases were source of drinking water, water treatment methods andsanitation type. It is recommended that sustainable water supply based on inclusive participation of all stakeholders be put in place to forestall the spread of the disease among rural households in Nigeria.
Optimization of two-element antenna array for low-frequency transient radio telescope

Design and development of antenna array for low frequency radio telescope has become one fascinating research in the field of Astronomy. In this research, optimization of two-element multiband antenna array for low-frequency transient radio telescope is presented. Narrow beamwidth down to 14 degrees has been achieved with maximum gain up to 12.31 dBi. The array is suitable to be used in a radio telescope system for solar and transient object monitoring.
Risk Factors for Methicillin‐Resistance among Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia at the Time of Hospital Admission

Background: Community‐acquired infections caused by methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) seem to be increasing. Characteristics permitting recognition of patients with such strains would aid infection control efforts and choice of empiric therapy pending culture and susceptibility results. Methods: Retrospective review of medical records for all adults seen in the Emergency Care Center at Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, whose blood cultures taken within 24 hours of entry yielded S aureus. Risk factors for the presence of methicillin resistance in S aureus isolates recovered from patients with staphylococcal bacteremia were assessed. Results: S aureus isolates from 118 (40%) of 297 study patients with bacteremia at the time of admission were methicillin‐resistant. Multivariate analysis identified hospitalization in the 6 months preceding admission [odds ratio (OR)=4.4; 95% CI, 2.0–9.8], receipt of antimicrobial agents in the past 3 months (OR=5.6; 95% CI, 2.6–11.9], presence of indwelling urinary catheter (OR=7.3; CI, 2.5–20.9), and nursing home residence (OR=9.9; 95% CI, 3.9–25.6) to be independently associated with the presence of methicillin resistance. All but 4 of the 118 patients with methicillin‐resistant strains had at least 1 of these factors and the proportion of resistant isolates progressively increased as more of these features were present. Conclusions: The presence of these risk factors should be considered when making decisions about isolation and other infection control procedures as well as empiric antimicrobial therapy with vancomycin for patients with suspected staphylococcal infection at the time of hospital admission. Similar studies could guide practices for dealing with such patients in other centers, because the occurrence of MRSA infections at the time of admission may vary widely by geographic area.
Unifying treatments for depression: an application of the Free Energy Principle

Major Depressive Disorder is a debilitating and increasingly prevalent psychiatric condition (Compton et al., 2006; Andersen et al., 2011). At present, its primary treatments are antidepressant medications and psychotherapy. Curiously, although the pharmacological effects of antidepressants manifest within hours, remission of clinical symptoms takes a number of weeks—if at all. Independently, support has grown for an idea—proposed as early as Helmholtz (von Helmholtz, 1924)—that the brain is a prediction machine, holding generative models1 for the purpose of inferring causes of sensory information (Dayan et al., 1995; Rao and Ballard, 1999; Knill and Pouget, 2004; Friston et al., 2006; Friston, 2010). If the brain does indeed represent a collection of beliefs about the causal structure of the world, then the depressed phenotype may emerge from a collection of depressive beliefs. These beliefs are modified gradually through successive combinations of expectations with observations. As a result, phenotypic remission ought to take some time as the brain's relevant statistical structures become less pessimistic.
Urodynamic Detrusor Overactivity in Patients with Overactive Bladder Symptoms

Purpose To evaluate the relationship between urodynamic detrusor overactivity (DO) and overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in men and women. Methods We reviewed the records of adult males and females who attended a tertiary referral center for urodynamic evaluation of OAB syndrome symptoms with the presence or absence of DO. DO was calculated for symptoms alone or in combination. Results The overall incidence of DO was 76.1% and 58.7% in male and female OAB patients, respectively. Of men 63% and 61% of women with urgency (OAB dry) had DO, while 93% of men and 69.8% of women with urgency and urgency urinary incontinence (OAB wet) had DO. Of women, 58% who were OAB wet had stress urinary incontinence symptoms with 26.4% having urodynamic stress incontinence. 6% of men and 6.5% of women with OAB symptoms had urodynamic diagnosis of voiding difficulties with postvoid residual greater than 100 mL. Combination of symptoms is more accurate in predicting DO in OAB patients. The multivariate disease model for males included urge urinary incontinence (UUI) and urgency while for females it included UUI and nocturia. Conclusions There was a better correlation in results between OAB symptoms and the urodynamic diagnosis of DO in men than in women, more so in OAB wet than in OAB dry. Combination of symptoms of the OAB syndrome seems to have a better correlation with objective parameters from the bladder diary, filling cystometry, and with the occurrence of DO.
Bipolar depression

Bipolar affective disorder is a debilitating illness that manifests as cyclical episodes of mood elevation and depression, but the treatment of the depressive episodes (i.e., bipolar depression) differs considerably from the treatment of major depressive disorder. In bipolar affective disorder, it is well known that patients spend a significantly greater amount of time in depressive episodes than manic or hypomanic episodes, yet there are currently just three Food and Drug Administration-approved agents for the treatment of bipolar depression: (1) olanzapine/fluoxetine combination (2) quetiapine, both immediate- and extended-release, and (3) lurasidone. The literature review presented here focuses on the clinical trials that led to the Food and Drug Administration-approval of these second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of bipolar depression. The discussion highlights key considerations regarding overall treatment strategies to aid clinicians in the selection of pharmacologic agents. Recommended monitoring parameters, potential adverse effects, and pertinent counseling points for second generation antipsychotics used in bipolar depression are included.
Web-scale user modeling for targeting

We present the experiences from building a web-scale user modeling platform for optimizing display advertising targeting at Yahoo! The platform described in this paper allows for per-campaign maximization of conversions representing purchase activities or transactions. Conversions directly translate to advertiser's revenue, and thus provide the most relevant metrics of return on advertising investment. We focus on two major challenges: how to efficiently process histories of billions of users on a daily basis, and how to build per-campaign conversion models given the extremely low conversion rates (compared to click rates in a traditional setting). We first present mechanisms for building web-scale user profiles in a daily incremental fashion. Second, we show how to reduce the latency through in-memory processing of billions of user records. Finally, we discuss a technique for scaling the number of handled campaigns/models by introducing an efficient labeling technique that allows for sharing negative training examples across multiple campaigns.
Integrative "omic" analysis of experimental bacteremia identifies a metabolic signature that distinguishes human sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndromes.

RATIONALE Sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently, early diagnosis and the progression of the disease are difficult to make. The integration of metabolomic and transcriptomic data in a primate model of sepsis may provide a novel molecular signature of clinical sepsis. OBJECTIVES To develop a biomarker panel to characterize sepsis in primates and ascertain its relevance to early diagnosis and progression of human sepsis. METHODS Intravenous inoculation of Macaca fascicularis with Escherichia coli produced mild to severe sepsis, lung injury, and death. Plasma samples were obtained before and after 1, 3, and 5 days of E. coli challenge and at the time of killing. At necropsy, blood, lung, kidney, and spleen samples were collected. An integrative analysis of the metabolomic and transcriptomic datasets was performed to identify a panel of sepsis biomarkers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The extent of E. coli invasion, respiratory distress, lethargy, and mortality was dependent on the bacterial dose. Metabolomic and transcriptomic changes characterized severe infections and death, and indicated impaired mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and liver functions. Analysis of the pulmonary transcriptome and plasma metabolome suggested impaired fatty acid catabolism regulated by peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor signaling. A representative four-metabolite model effectively diagnosed sepsis in primates (area under the curve, 0.966) and in two human sepsis cohorts (area under the curve, 0.78 and 0.82). CONCLUSIONS A model of sepsis based on reciprocal metabolomic and transcriptomic data was developed in primates and validated in two human patient cohorts. It is anticipated that the identified parameters will facilitate early diagnosis and management of sepsis.
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF INQUIRY-BASED MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES FOR ENHANCING PAI LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT

This study explores the effectiveness of inquiry-based MI learning in improving students' understanding of PAI concepts, increasing student involvement in the learning process, and evaluating measurable increases in learning achievement in PAI subjects. This study aimed to investigate and evaluate the effectiveness of Inquiry-Based Multiple Intelligences (MI) Implementation in improving student achievement in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects at SMP Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo. In designing this research, researchers used a qualitative approach and a type of case study. Researchers collect research data using three research techniques: in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies. Researchers used participant observation methods. This study used qualitative descriptive analysis of Miles and Huberman types. This study aimed to investigate and evaluate the effectiveness of Inquiry-Based Multiple Intelligences (MI) Implementation in improving student achievement in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) subjects at SMP Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo. The results showed that implementing the Islamic Religious Learning (PAI) strategy with the Inquiry-Based Multiple Intelligences (MI) Implementation approach at SMP Nurul Jadid Paiton Probolinggo significantly impacted the learning process and student achievement. This approach increases student participation and facilitates their involvement in the learning process.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy: structure meets function in the neuromuscular clinic

Peripheral nerve ultrasound (US) has emerged as a promising technique for the diagnosis of peripheral nerve disorders. While most experience with US has been reported in the context of nerve entrapment syndromes, the role of US in the diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy (PN) has recently been explored. Distinctive US findings have been reported in patients with hereditary, immune-mediated, infectious and axonal PN; US may add complementary information to neurophysiological studies in the diagnostic work-up of PN. This review describes the characteristic US findings in PN reported to date and a classification of abnormal nerve US patterns in PN is proposed. Closer scrutiny of nerve abnormalities beyond assessment of nerve calibre may allow for more accurate diagnostic classification of PN, as well as contribute to the understanding of the intersection of structure and function in PN.
Research-Based PAM50 Subtype Predictor Identifies Higher Responses and Improved Survival Outcomes in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer in the NOAH Study

Purpose: We report a retrospective exploratory analysis of the association of the research-based prediction analysis of microarray 50 (PAM50) subtype predictor with pathologic complete response (pCR) and event-free survival (EFS) in women enrolled in the NeOAdjuvant Herceptin (NOAH) trial. Experimental Design: Gene expression profiling was performed using RNA from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded core biopsies from 114 pretreated patients with HER2-positive (HER2+) tumors randomized to receive neoadjuvant doxorubicin/paclitaxel (AT) followed by cyclophosphamide/methotrexate/fluorouracil (CMF), or the same regimen in combination with trastuzumab for one year. A control cohort of 42 patients with HER2-negative tumors treated with AT-CMF was also included. The PAM50 subtypes, the PAM50 proliferation score, and the PAM50 risk of relapse score based on subtype (RORS) and subtype and proliferation (RORP) were evaluated. Results: HER2-enriched (HER2-E) tumors predominated within HER2+ disease, although all PAM50 intrinsic subtypes were identified across the three cohorts. The OR for achieving pCR with trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for HER2+/HER2-E and HER2+/RORP-high were 5.117 (P = 0.009) and 8.469 (P = 0.025), respectively, compared with chemotherapy only. The pCR rates of HER2+/HER2-E and HER2+/RORP-high after trastuzumab-based chemotherapy were 52.9% and 75.0%, respectively. A statistically nonsignificant trend was observed for more pronounced survival benefit with trastuzumab in patients with HER2+/HER2-E and HER2+/RORP-high tumors compared with patients with HER2+/non-HER2-E and HER2+/non-RORP-high tumors, respectively. Conclusions: As determined by EFS and pCR, patients with HER2+/HER2-E tumors, or HER2+/RORP-high tumors, benefit substantially from trastuzumab-based chemotherapy. The clinical value of this genomic test within HER2+ disease warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 20(2); 511–21. ©2014 AACR.