Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sensory-Biased and Multiple-Demand Processing in Human Lateral Frontal Cortex

The functionality of much of human lateral frontal cortex (LFC) has been characterized as “multiple demand” (MD) as these regions appear to support a broad range of cognitive tasks. In contrast to this domain-general account, recent evidence indicates that portions of LFC are consistently selective for sensory modality. Michalka et al. (2015) reported two bilateral regions that are biased for visual attention, superior precentral sulcus (sPCS) and inferior precentral sulcus (iPCS), interleaved with two bilateral regions that are biased for auditory attention, transverse gyrus intersecting precentral sulcus (tgPCS) and caudal inferior frontal sulcus (cIFS). In the present study, we use fMRI to examine both the multiple-demand and sensory-bias hypotheses within caudal portions of human LFC (both men and women participated). Using visual and auditory 2-back tasks, we replicate the finding of two bilateral visual-biased and two bilateral auditory-biased LFC regions, corresponding to sPCS and iPCS and to tgPCS and cIFS, and demonstrate high within-subject reliability of these regions over time and across tasks. In addition, we assess MD responsiveness using BOLD signal recruitment and multi-task activation indices. In both, we find that the two visual-biased regions, sPCS and iPCS, exhibit stronger MD responsiveness than do the auditory-biased LFC regions, tgPCS and cIFS; however, neither reaches the degree of MD responsiveness exhibited by dorsal anterior cingulate/presupplemental motor area or by anterior insula. These results reconcile two competing views of LFC by demonstrating the coexistence of sensory specialization and MD functionality, especially in visual-biased LFC structures. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lateral frontal cortex (LFC) is known to play a number of critical roles in supporting human cognition; however, the functional organization of LFC remains controversial. The “multiple demand” (MD) hypothesis suggests that LFC regions provide domain-general support for cognition. Recent evidence challenges the MD view by demonstrating that a preference for sensory modality, vision or audition, defines four discrete LFC regions. Here, the sensory-biased LFC results are reproduced using a new task, and MD responsiveness of these regions is tested. The two visual-biased regions exhibit MD behavior, whereas the auditory-biased regions have no more than weak MD responses. These findings help to reconcile two competing views of LFC functional organization.
Costs and Efficiency of Online and Offline Recruitment Methods: A Web-Based Cohort Study

Background The Internet is widely used to conduct research studies on health issues. Many different methods are used to recruit participants for such studies, but little is known about how various recruitment methods compare in terms of efficiency and costs. Objective The aim of our study was to compare online and offline recruitment methods for Internet-based studies in terms of efficiency (number of recruited participants) and costs per participant. Methods We employed several online and offline recruitment methods to enroll 18- to 45-year-old women in an Internet-based Danish prospective cohort study on fertility. Offline methods included press releases, posters, and flyers. Online methods comprised advertisements placed on five different websites, including Facebook and Netdoktor.dk. We defined seven categories of mutually exclusive recruitment methods and used electronic tracking via unique Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and self-reported data to identify the recruitment method for each participant. For each method, we calculated the average cost per participant and efficiency, that is, the total number of recruited participants. Results We recruited 8252 study participants. Of these, 534 were excluded as they could not be assigned to a specific recruitment method. The final study population included 7724 participants, of whom 803 (10.4%) were recruited by offline methods, 3985 (51.6%) by online methods, 2382 (30.8%) by online methods not initiated by us, and 554 (7.2%) by other methods. Overall, the average cost per participant was €6.22 for online methods initiated by us versus €9.06 for offline methods. Costs per participant ranged from €2.74 to €105.53 for online methods and from €0 to €67.50 for offline methods. Lowest average costs per participant were for those recruited from Netdoktor.dk (€2.99) and from Facebook (€3.44). Conclusions In our Internet-based cohort study, online recruitment methods were superior to offline methods in terms of efficiency (total number of participants enrolled). The average cost per recruited participant was also lower for online than for offline methods, although costs varied greatly among both online and offline recruitment methods. We observed a decrease in the efficiency of some online recruitment methods over time, suggesting that it may be optimal to adopt multiple online methods.
Could arti fi cial ocean alkalinization protect tropical coral ecosystems from ocean acidi fi cation ?

Artificial ocean alkalinization (AOA) is investigated as amethod tomitigate local ocean acidification and protect tropical coral ecosystems during a 21st century highCO2 emission scenario. Employing an Earth systemmodel of intermediate complexity, our implementation of AOA in theGreat Barrier Reef, Caribbean Sea and SouthChina Sea regions, shows that alkalinization has the potential to counteract expected 21st century local acidification in regard to both oceanic surface aragonite saturationΩ and surface pCO2. Beyond preventing local acidification, regional AOA, however, results in locally elevated aragonite oversaturation and pCO2 decline. A notable consequence of stopping regional AOA is a rapid shift back to the acidified conditions of the target regions.We conclude that AOAmay be amethod that could help to keep regional coral ecosystemswithin saturation states and pCO2 values close to present-day values even in a high-emission scenario and therebymight ‘buy some time’ against the ocean acidification threat, even though regional AOAdoes not significantly mitigate thewarming threat.
Parametric Evaluation of Errors Using Isolated Dots for Movement Measurement by Image Cross-Correlation

Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is a common tool for assessing the movement of objects in a scene. Among others, one of the most popular techniques consists of tracking a dotted texture imitating speckle patterns. In this work, we analyzed the individual dots that form this pattern in order to propose an optimum size, shape, and dynamic range that allows minimizing the tracking error. Tracking was accomplished by using normalized cross-correlation with peak interpolation in order to obtain subpixel accuracy. For the models here used, we show that dot radii of 30–40 px with 150 gray levels are enough to obtain an accurate subpixel tracking resolution. Also, we show that 0.002 px is the performance limit of this technique, being this limit in accordance with the experimentally achievable subpixel limit.
Safety and efficacy of rivastigmine in children with Down syndrome: A double blind placebo controlled trial

Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have decreased cholinergic function and an uneven profile of cognitive abilities, with more pronounced deficits in learning, memory, and expressive language. Cholinesterase inhibitors may improve cognitive function in adults and adolescents with DS, but studies in children with DS have been limited. This study aimed to: (i) investigate the safety and efficacy of rivastigmine treatment; (ii) build upon our open‐label studies in children with DS in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial; and (iii) investigate specific cognitive domains that may respond to rivastigmine treatment. We conducted a 20‐week double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to investigate the safety and efficacy of rivastigmine in 22 children and adolescents with DS aged 10–17 years. Safety measures included reports of adverse events, laboratory parameters, and electrocardiograms. Efficacy measures included parental assessments of adaptive behavior and executive function, and direct measures of language and memory. No group differences were found on safety measures and 22 of 24 participants that passed study screening completed the study. The results did not demonstrate evidence for significant improvement in aspects of cognition, language, or overall function in the children receiving rivastigmine. Our results suggest that rivastigmine is safe and well‐tolerated for children and adolescents with DS, but may not be effective for improving performance on the selected measures in this study. However, larger samples and/or alternate measures could possibly reveal improvements in cognitive function with rivastigmine treatment. Further research is needed to define a battery of cognitive measures that is sensitive to treatment effects in DS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissociation of intramyocellular lipid storage and insulin resistance in trained athletes and type 2 diabetes patients; involvement of perilipin 5?

Intramyocellular lipid storage is negatively associated with insulin sensitivity. However, endurance trained athletes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients store similar amounts of lipids in their muscle; the so‐called athlete's paradox. Compared to T2DM, trained athletes possess higher levels of perilipin 5 (PLIN5), a lipid droplet (LD) coating protein. We examined whether coating LD with PLIN5 affects the pattern of muscle lipid (LD size and number) in relation to the athlete's paradox. Despite differences in PLIN5 protein content, we observed that coating the LD with PLIN5 could not explain the observed differences in LD size and number between athletes and T2DM. PLIN5‐coated LDs were positively associated with oxidative capacity but not with insulin sensitivity. We conclude that coating of LDs with PLIN5 cannot causally explain the athlete's paradox.
A foodservice approach to enhance energy intake of elderly subacute patients: a pilot study to assess impact on patient outcomes and cost

Background effective strategies are required to support the nutritional status of patients. Objectives to evaluate a foodservice nutrition intervention on a range of participant outcomes and estimate its cost. Design parallel controlled pilot study. Setting subacute hospital ward. Subjects all consecutively admitted adult patients were eligible for recruitment under waiver of consent. Methods the intervention was a modified hospital menu developed by substituting standard items with higher energy options. The control was the standard menu. All participants received usual multidisciplinary care. Outcomes were change in weight and hand grip strength (HGS) between admission and day 14 and; energy and protein intake and patient satisfaction with the foodservice at day 14. The additional cost of the intervention was also estimated. Results the median (interquartile range) age of participants (n = 122) was 83 (75-87) years and length of stay was 19 (11-32) days. One-third (38.5%) were malnourished at admission. There was no difference in mean (SD) HGS change (1.7 (5.1) versus 1.4 (5.8) kg, P = 0.798) or weight change (-0.55 (3.43) versus 0.26 (3.33) %, P = 0.338) between the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention group had significantly higher mean (SD) intake of energy (132 (38) versus 105 (34) kJ/kg/day, P = 0.003) and protein (1.4 (0.6) versus 1.1 (0.4) g protein/kg/day, P = 0.035). Both groups were satisfied with the foodservice. The additional cost was £4.15/participant/day. Conclusions in this pilot, the intervention improved intake and may be a useful strategy to address malnutrition. Further consideration of clinical and cost implications is required in a fully powered study.
High Estrogen Receptor β Expression Is Prognostic among Adjuvant Chemotherapy–Treated Patients—Results from a Population-Based Breast Cancer Cohort

Purpose: Isoform-specific tumor estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression may hold prognostic information in breast cancer, especially among endocrine-treated breast cancer patients. The study's purpose was to evaluate ERβ isoform 1 (ERβ1) expression in relation to tumor characteristics, ESR2 genotypes, and prognosis in different treatment groups. Experimental Design: A population-based prospective cohort of 1,026 patients diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer in Lund, Sweden, between October 2002 and June 2012 was followed until June 2014 (median 5 years). Associations between immunohistochemical ERβ1 expression, patient and tumor characteristics, as well as outcome within treatment groups were analyzed. Results: Tumor ERβ1 expression was available for 911 patients (89%) and was not associated with ESR2 genotypes. ERβ1 positivity, defined as >75% (ERβ175+, 72.7%), was positively associated with established favorable tumor characteristics. Overall, ERβ175+ was associated with lower risk of breast cancer events [HRadj = 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.41–0.89]. The magnitude of the association was larger in patients with ERα− tumors (HRadj = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.12–0.76), compared with ERα+ tumors (HRadj = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42–1.03). Among the 232 chemotherapy-treated patients, ERβ175+ tumors were associated with lower risk of breast cancer events compared with ERβ175− tumors (HRadj = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.15–0.64). Among the 671 chemonaïve patients, ERβ175 status was not associated with the outcome. Conclusions: High ERβ1 expression was a favorable prognostic marker in this breast cancer cohort, especially in chemotherapy-treated patients, but not in endocrine therapy–treated patients. These results warrant confirmation, preferably via a biomarker study in a previously conducted randomized trial. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 766–77. ©2016 AACR.
Effects of Extremely Low-frequency magnetic Fields on the Response of a conductance-Based Neuron Model

To provide insights into the modulation of neuronal activity by extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field (MF), we present a conductance-based neuron model and introduce ELF sinusoidal MF as an additive voltage input. By analyzing spike times and spiking frequency, it is observed that neuron with distinct spiking patterns exhibits different response properties in the presence of MF exposure. For tonic spiking neuron, the perturbations of MF exposure on spike times is maximized at the harmonics of neuronal intrinsic spiking frequency, while it is maximized at the harmonics of bursting frequency for burst spiking neuron. As MF intensity increases, the perturbations also increase. Compared with tonic spiking, bursting dynamics are less sensitive to the perturbations of ELF MF exposure. Further, ELF MF exposure is more prone to perturb neuronal spike times relative to spiking frequency. Our finding suggests that the resonance may be one of the neural mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of the low-intensity ELF MFs on neuronal activities. The results highlight the impacts of ELF MFs exposure on neuronal activity from the single cell level, and demonstrate various factors including ELF MF properties and neuronal spiking characteristics could determine the outcome of exposure. These insights into the mechanism of MF exposure may be relevant for the design of multi-intensity magnetic stimulus protocols, and may even contribute to the interpretation of MF effects on the central nervous systems.
Implementation status of morbidity and mortality conferences in Swiss hospitals: a national cross-sectional survey study

Abstract Objective To determine the implementation status and current practice of morbidity and mortality conferences (M&MCs) in Switzerland. Design A national cross-sectional online survey was conducted in spring 2017. The questionnaire focused on overall goals, structure and procedures of hospital M&MCs. Further topics included satisfaction, perceived effectiveness and support requirements. Setting A total of 913 chief physicians of surgery and internal medicine, and specialist fields of obstetrics and gynaecology, anaesthesiology and intensive care from Swiss acute care hospitals were invited to the survey. 321 completed the questionnaire, resulting in a 35.2% response rate. Participants Chief or senior physicians in charge of the M&MCs in their department. Intervention No intervention Main Outcome Measures Numbers and percentages of M&MCs within the surveyed disciplines fulfilling certain characteristics and procedural features. Results Among 321 respondents, the majority are conducting M&MCs in their departments. Within and between the medical disciplines considerable heterogeneity was found in structural and procedural features of M&MCs. Only a small part of the reported M&MCs is following a systematic approach and meeting recommended procedural features. Although the respondents are satisfied and perceive the M&MCs as an efficient tool, they agree that there is a need for professionalization and standardization. Conclusion M&MCs are widely used to promote medical education, patient safety and quality improvements. However, the term M&MC seems to cover different types of meetings. Although the overall goals are similar, various types of M&MCs are used in practice and different objectives are pursued. Tools such as checklists, guidelines and templates are considered helpful.
DecideNet: Counting Varying Density Crowds Through Attention Guided Detection and Density Estimation

In real-world crowd counting applications, the crowd densities vary greatly in spatial and temporal domains. A detection based counting method will estimate crowds accurately in low density scenes, while its reliability in congested areas is downgraded. A regression based approach, on the other hand, captures the general density information in crowded regions. Without knowing the location of each person, it tends to overestimate the count in low density areas. Thus, exclusively using either one of them is not sufficient to handle all kinds of scenes with varying densities. To address this issue, a novel end-to-end crowd counting framework, named DecideNet (DEteCtIon and Density Estimation Network) is proposed. It can adaptively decide the appropriate counting mode for different locations on the image based on its real density conditions. DecideNet starts with estimating the crowd density by generating detection and regression based density maps separately. To capture inevitable variation in densities, it incorporates an attention module, meant to adaptively assess the reliability of the two types of estimations. The final crowd counts are obtained with the guidance of the attention module to adopt suitable estimations from the two kinds of density maps. Experimental results show that our method achieves state-of-the-art performance on three challenging crowd counting datasets.
Long-term outcome of long-stay psychiatric in-patients considered unsuitable to live in the community. TAPS Project 44.

BACKGROUND Whereas the majority of long-stay in-patients have been successfully resettled in the community, there is a group of such patients who are too disturbed or disturbing to be managed in standard community homes. AIMS To study the long-term outcome of a group of 72 long-stay psychiatric inpatients, regarded as unsuitable for community placement. METHOD A prospective cohort study with follow-ups at 1 year and 5 years. RESULTS The patients' mental state remained unchanged after 1 year and 5 years. The level of functioning and social behaviour showed minimal change after 1 year, but then improved over the next 4 years. The profile of problematic behaviours changed significantly over 5 years, with a reduction of 50% in their frequency. Physical aggression practically disappeared. The improvements in behaviour enabled 29 patients (40% of the study group) finally to be resettled in various care homes, gaining better access to community amenities and living more independently. CONCLUSIONS A high proportion of patients with severe disabilities, designated as 'difficult to place' in the community, could benefit from slow-stream rehabilitation within specialised facilities, enabling them to move into ordinary community homes.
Fear Processing Deficit in Violent Offenders: Intact Attentional Guidance but Impaired Explicit Categorization

Objective: Impaired recognition of fearful expressions has been documented across a wide range of antisocial populations but it remains unresolved whether this deficit reflects impaired attention to fearful expressions or is restricted to categorization. Here, we used visual search to investigate the relationship between impaired visual attention and emotion recognition in a group of violent offenders and healthy controls. Method: Task 1 measured attentional guidance by physical and affective saliency. Participants indicated the gender of a face identity singleton in an array of neutral distractor faces with a different identity. Singletons were paired with additional physical (color) or affective (happy, angry, fearful expression) task-irrelevant features. Task 2 used similar search displays but required participants to categorize the emotional expression of a happy, angry, or fearful target face in an array of neutral distractors. Results: In Task 1, both groups’ visual search was aided by both physical and affective features, providing no evidence for impaired incidental processing of affective or physical saliency in violent offenders. In Task 2, violent offenders showed impaired explicit categorization performance, particularly for fearful expressions. Visual search performance was not correlated with self-reported psychopathy. Conclusion: Impaired processing of affective stimuli in antisociality results from later processing stages related to explicit recognition and categorization. These deficits are not restricted to individuals with elevated psychopathic traits but are linked to antisociality more generally. These findings represent a first step in localizing the fear processing deficit along the processing hierarchy in violent offenders, demonstrating intact attentional guidance but impaired categorization.