Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relativistic Dynamics

Preface These notes assume that you have a knowledge of space and time in special relativity, and of force, energy, and momentum in classical mechanics (both at the college freshman level). They build on that knowledge to describe force, energy, and momentum in special relativity. These notes also use a few ideas from freshman-level electricity and magnetism, but not in an essential way. The intent is to present physical questions and their direct and straightforward (if laborious) solutions, rather than to show off how mathematically clever the author is. Teaching notes: I use these notes over five or six lectures to college sophomores. On the first day I ask students what they remember about space and time in special relativity. Students are often surprised and gratified that they remember anything about such a counterintuitive subject. Then I present " why we need relativistic dynamics " (section 2.1), followed by one of the two " momentum motivations " , either the collision motivation (sections 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4) or the four-vector motivation (sections 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3). I leave the other motivation for reading. I've tried it both ways and it doesn't seem to make any difference in how well the students learn. In either case I end up interpreting the " new quantity " mc 2 / 1 − (v/c) 2 (section 2.5) in class. In class I present chapters 4 and 6, leaving chapter 5 for reading. It is impossible to overemphasize the fact that mass is not conserved in relativity, which is why I make that point twice (once in section 4.1, again in section 4.2). I end with section 7.1, including working through problem 7.3 (Motion with constant force). This way we end by answering the question we started with, which ties the whole subject together. At this point, students are mentally exhausted: so many new and counterintuitive ideas, so close together. So I have never covered chapters 8 or 9. I just hope that when the students regain their footing they will look back at those two final chapters to learn some things wonderful and profound. Acknowledgment: The discussion of hard-sphere forces in section 9.2 arose from a question by David Carr, a Ph.D. student in computer science at Charles Sturt University in Australia, who was designing a game to teach relativity.
Bovine Teat Microbiome Analysis Revealed Reduced Alpha Diversity and Significant Changes in Taxonomic Profiles in Quarters with a History of Mastitis

Mastitis is a mammary gland inflammatory disease often due to bacterial infections. Like many other infections, it used to be considered as a host-pathogen interaction driven by host and bacterial determinants. Until now, the involvement of the bovine mammary gland microbiota in the host-pathogen interaction has been poorly investigated, and mainly during the infectious episode. In this study, the bovine teat microbiome was investigated in 31 quarters corresponding to 27 animals, which were all free of inflammation at sampling time but which had different histories regarding mastitis: from no episode of mastitis on all the previous lactations (Healthy quarter, Hq) to one or several clinical mastitis events (Mastitic quarter, Mq). Several quarters whose status was unclear (possible history of subclinical mastitis) were classified as NDq. Total bacterial DNA was extracted from foremilk samples and swab samples of the teat canal. Taxonomic profiles were determined by pyrosequencing on 16s amplicons of the V3-4 region. Hq quarters showed a higher diversity compared to Mq ones (Shannon index: ~8 and 6, respectively). Clustering of the quarters based on their bacterial composition made it possible to separate Mq and Hq quarters into two separate clusters (C1 and C2, respectively). Discriminant analysis of taxonomic profiles between these clusters revealed several differences and allowed the identification of taxonomic markers in relation to mastitis history. C2 quarters were associated with a higher proportion of the Clostridia class (including genera such as Ruminococcus, Oscillospira, Roseburia, Dorea, etc.), the Bacteroidetes phylum (Prevotella, Bacteroides, Paludibacter, etc.), and the Bifidobacteriales order (Bifidobacterium), whereas C1 quarters showed a higher proportion of the Bacilli class (Staphylococcus) and Chlamydiia class. These results indicate that microbiota is altered in udders which have already developed mastitis, even far from the infectious episode. Microbiome alteration may have resulted from the infection itself and or the associated antibiotic treatment. Alternatively, differences in microbiome composition in udders with a history of mastitis may have occurred prior to the infection and even contributed to infection development. Further investigations on the dynamics of mammary gland microbiota will help to elucidate the contribution of this endogenous microbiota to the mammary gland health.
An Arch-Shaped Intraoral Tongue Drive System with Built-in Tongue-Computer Interfacing SoC

We present a new arch-shaped intraoral Tongue Drive System (iTDS) designed to occupy the buccal shelf in the user's mouth. The new arch-shaped iTDS, which will be referred to as the iTDS-2, incorporates a system-on-a-chip (SoC) that amplifies and digitizes the raw magnetic sensor data and sends it wirelessly to an external TDS universal interface (TDS-UI) via an inductive coil or a planar inverted-F antenna. A built-in transmitter (Tx) employs a dual-band radio that operates at either 27 MHz or 432 MHz band, according to the wireless link quality. A built-in super-regenerative receiver (SR-Rx) monitors the wireless link quality and switches the band if the link quality is below a predetermined threshold. An accompanying ultra-low power FPGA generates data packets for the Tx and handles digital control functions. The custom-designed TDS-UI receives raw magnetic sensor data from the iTDS-2, recognizes the intended user commands by the sensor signal processing (SSP) algorithm running in a smartphone, and delivers the classified commands to the target devices, such as a personal computer or a powered wheelchair. We evaluated the iTDS-2 prototype using center-out and maze navigation tasks on two human subjects, which proved its functionality. The subjects' performance with the iTDS-2 was improved by 22% over its predecessor, reported in our earlier publication.
Rates of Prevalent HIV Infection, Prevalent Diagnoses, and New Diagnoses Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in US States, Metropolitan Statistical Areas, and Counties, 2012-2013

Background In the United States, men who have sex with men (MSM) increasingly represent the majority of people living with and acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Local and federal surveillance programs estimate the number of persons living with an HIV diagnosis, persons living with HIV infection, and new diagnoses. Given the absence of population-based estimates of the number of MSM for US states, metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), or counties, it is not possible to accurately estimate rates using these indicators at these levels, inhibiting the ability to understand HIV burden and to direct prevention efforts. Objective To synthesize recently published estimates of MSM population size with publicly available HIV surveillance data, in order to estimate the prevalence of HIV diagnosis and infection and the rate of new diagnoses, at the national, state, MSA, and county levels. Methods The number of MSM living with HIV infection in 2012 (prevalence), living with an HIV diagnosis in 2012 (diagnosed prevalence), and newly diagnosed with HIV infection in 2013 (new diagnosis), at state, MSA, and county levels, were obtained from publicly available data from AIDSVu.org and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The estimated number of MSM living in every US county was calculated using recently published methodology that utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and American Community Survey. Estimated county-level MSM counts were aggregated to form MSA- and state-level totals. From this, we estimated HIV prevalence, diagnosed prevalence, and new diagnosis rates. Results The estimated HIV prevalence among MSM in the United States in 2012 was 15.0% (666,900/4,452,772), the diagnosed HIV prevalence in 2012 was 11.1% (493,453/4,452,772), and the new diagnosis rate for 2013 was 0.7 per 100 MSM. For diagnosed prevalence at the state level, 6 states had both <15,000 cases and diagnosed prevalence rates of ≥15%, all in the South. Five highly populated states had ≥15,000 cases and rates between 10% and 15%. Georgia was the only state with ≥15,000 cases and ≥15% diagnosed prevalence rate. Of the 25 MSAs with the highest diagnosed prevalence rates in the United States, 21 were in the South and 6 had diagnosed prevalence of ≥25%. County-level data showed high diagnosed prevalence rates in both urban and rural counties of the South. Conclusions HIV infection is hyperendemic among MSM in many areas of the United States, particularly in the South. Our data emphasize the priorities for HIV prevention and care set forth in the United States National HIV/AIDS Strategy (NHAS) and provide updatable local estimates of NHAS indicators. Jurisdictions can use these results to direct resources, programs, and policies to optimally benefit the health of MSM.
Solving problems to learn concepts, how does it happen? A case for buoyancy

Problem solving is a preferred activity teachers choose to help students learn concepts. At the same time, successful problem solving is widely regarded as a very good indicator of conceptual learning. Many studies have provided evidence that problem solving often improves students’ chances of learning concepts. Still, the question remains relatively unexplored as to how this activity is useful to promote concept learning. In this study we explore this question in the setting of three university students solving a problem on hydrostatics, in which the concept of buoyancy is involved. We use coordination class theory to study how these students progress on their conceptual understanding. We were able to describe how this progress is related to contextual traits, as well as to students’ particular epistemic stances. Finally, we discuss some implications for research and for teaching.
Compositional Semantics for a Language of Imperfect Information

We describe a logic which is the same as first-order logic except that it allows control over the information that passes down from formulas to subformulas. For example the logic is adequate to express branching quantifiers. We describe a compositional semantics for this logic; in particular this gives a compositional meaning to formulas of the ‘information-friendly’ language of Hintikka and Sandu. For first-order formulas the semantics reduces to Tarski’s semantics for first-order logic. We prove that two formulas have the same interpretation in all structures if and only if replacing an occurrence of one by an occurrence of the other in a sentence never alters the truth-value of the sentence in any structure.1
Ceramic restorations for posterior teeth: guidelines for the clinician.

UNLABELLED Metal-free ceramic restorations are increasingly popular for restoring posterior teeth. These restorations are generated through a variety of techniques (e.g., CAD-CAM, copy-milling, heat-pressing, and firing). When appropriately indicated and made, ceramic inlays or onlays can be reliable and provide a highly serviceable restoration. The aim of this article is to review and present updated information regarding indications, restorative technique, and maintenance for this class of restorations, with emphasis to fired ceramic inlays or onlays. The information presented is based on 15 years of controlled clinical experience with this category of restorations. Clinical cases that represent some applications also are presented. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The fired ceramic inlay/onlay technique is presented as a viable option for the esthetic and adhesive restoration of posterior teeth.
Can inherited thrombophilia modulate the clinical phenotype of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome?

OBJECTIVES The current case-control study was aimed to determine the prevalence and the clinical significance of inherited thrombophilia - factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin polymorphisms - in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). METHODS 100 patients with APS (77 with primary APS and 23 with systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]-APS), and 100 patients with first lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and 200 healthy individuals as a control groups were analysed. Patients and control group were tested for factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A gene polymorphism. RESULTS Factor V Leiden variant was found in 1% of APS patients, in 3% of healthy individuals (p=0.49), and 16% of patients with first DVT (p<0.0005). Prothrombin gene polymorphism was found in 6% of APS patients and in 2.5% of healthy subjects (p=0.21), and 13% of patients with DVT (p=0.14). In primary APS patients, factor V Leiden was present in 1.3% (1/77) and prothrombin gene polymorphism in 6.5% (5/77). No patient with SLE-APS had factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene variant was present in only one patient (4.3%). Patients with prothrombin polymorphism had higher prevalence of venous thrombosis, with no statistical significance (80% vs. 47.9%, p=0.35). There were no differences in the prevalence of recurrent thrombosis before or after APS diagnosis in patients with or without prothrombin gene polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Factor V Leiden and G20210A prothrombin variant seem to play no role in either the development of APS or in the type of involved vessel, with no increased risk of re-thrombosis during follow-up.
N 2 O, NO and CH 4 exchange, and microbial N turnover over a Mediterranean pine forest soil

Abstract. Trace gas exchange of N2O, NO/NO2 and CH4 between soil and the atmosphere was measured in a typical Mediterranean pine (Pinus pinaster) forest during two intensive field campaigns in spring and autumn 2003. Furthermore, gross and net turnover rates of N mineralization and nitrification as well as soil profiles of N2O and CH4 concentrations were determined. For both seasons a weak but significant N2O uptake from the atmosphere into the soil was observed. During the unusually dry and hot spring mean N2O uptake was −4.32 µg N m-2 h-1, whereas during the wet and mild autumn mean N2O uptake was −7.85 µg N m-2 h-1. The observed N2O uptake into the soil was linked to the very low availability of inorganic nitrogen at the study site. Organic layer gross N mineralization decreased from 5.06 mg N kg-1 SDW d-1 in springtime to 2.68 mg N kg-1 SDW d-1 in autumn. Mean NO emission rates were significantly higher in springtime (9.94 µg N m-2 h-1) than in autumn (1.43 µg N m-2 h-1). A significant positive correlation between NO emission rates and gross N mineralization as well as nitrification rates was found. The negative correlation between NO emissions and soil moisture was explained with a stimulation of aerobic NO uptake under N limiting conditions. Since NO2 deposition was continuously higher than NO emission rates the examined forest soil functioned as a net NOx sink. Observed mean net CH4 uptake rates were in spring significantly higher (−73.34 µg C m-2 h-1) than in autumn (−59.67 µg C m-2 h-1). Changes in CH4 uptake rates were strongly negatively correlated with changes in soil moisture. The N2O and CH4 concentrations in different soil depths revealed the organic layer and the upper 0.1 m of mineral soil as the most important soil horizons for N2O and CH4 consumption.
A Comparison of Individual and Unit Tactical Behaviour and Team Strategy in Professional Soccer

Individual player and positional unit tactical behaviours were assessed and compared to team strategy within a professional soccer team. Twenty-two matches were sampled from the 2003–04 domestic season of the British Nationwide League team and notated post-event. Tactical behaviours were measured through a combination of technical and spatial indicators relating to the performance of on the ball behaviours. Chi-square analyses highlighted distinct individual and unit tactical behaviours indicative of role-specific responsibilities. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of overall team strategy indicated an attacking bias through the right side of the pitch and a corresponding defensive weakness on the left. Similarities were also observed between the tactical behaviours of individuals, their respective units and team strategy. The findings of the present study provide detailed information regarding the measurement of tactical behaviour in soccer and supply a methodology for researchers to consider more accurately the contribution of individuals and their respective units to team performance. They also suggest the demands on soccer players are multi-levelled and may lead to conflicting individual and positional roles.
Effects of thermal processing and pulp filtration on physical, chemical and sensory properties of winter melon juice.

BACKGROUND Winter melon (Benincasa hispida) is a widely consumed crop in Asia, and believed to impart special benefits to human health. The nutritional composition and sensory properties of four juice types, resulting from a combination of pulp levels (low/high pulp, LP/HP) and thermal processing (with/without boiling, B/NB), LPNB, HPNB, LPB and HPB, were compared. RESULTS The juices had low sugars (< 20 g kg-1 ) and low titratable acidity (about 2 g kg-1 ). The insoluble solids, glucose, fructose and citric acid content in LP juice were significantly lower than in HP juice. The phenolic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan were detected at 10-45 mg L-1 levels, and the antioxidant activity ranged from 36 to 49 mg gallic acid L-1 . C6 and C9 aldehydes were mainly found in HP juice, and boiling induced the accumulation of sulfur compounds and C5 aldehydes. The LPNB juice showed the highest acceptability in the sensory panel. The frozen concentrated orange juice (FCOJ) reconstituted with LPNB was preferable to regular FCOJ for 31% of panelists and not different for 20% of panelists. CONCLUSION The low sugar/low acid LPNB juice with 'fresh' flavor could be developed to replace water for reconstituting FCOJ with enhanced nutritional value. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
A single amino acid change in the E2 spike protein of a virulent strain of Semliki Forest virus attenuates pathogenicity.

The virulent strain SFV4 of Semliki Forest virus (SFV), produced from the infectious clone pSP6-SFV4, is lethal after intranasal (i.n.) infection of adult mice and for pregnant mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. In contrast, the A7 strain of SFV is avirulent when given i.n. to adult mice, but induces fetal death in pregnant mice after i.p. infection. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of part of the core and all of the envelope region of A7-SFV were determined and compared to those of SFV4. A7 differed from SFV4 at 80 nucleotides (nt) in the coding sequence, 15 of which were associated with amino acid differences and seven of which (two in the E2 protein and five in E1) were non-conservative. The 3' non-coding sequence of A7 was longer (415 nt) than that of SFV4 (263 nt) and a divergent sequence of 181 nt was present adjacent to the end of the E1 coding region. The effects on virulence of two mutations in the E2 gene of SFV4, resulting in the non-conservative amino acid substitutions present in A7, were analysed. One mutation (mut 8729 a/c) resulted in only slight attenuation, whereas the other (mut 8902 a/g) resulted in avirulence for pregnant mice. However, mut 8902 a/g was lethal for the majority of developing fetuses after i.p. infection of the mother.
Emerging Strategies Against Poverty

This is the story of a struggle for survival in the Andes. Ravaged by the excesses of nature and a brutal insurgent conflict, and more recently by inroads made by economic globalization, the Serranos (inhabitants of the Peruvian sierra) face the prospect of ever-increasing poverty and the withering away of their villages and cultural traditions. Worldwide recession, or its threat, simply magnifies the problem. Although there are no permanent solutions, purely local initiatives centering on community-organized and community-operated enterprises have produced some creative approaches. These may offer alternatives and hope to other communities, and they are the focus of this study.
Sonographic Findings of Uterine Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma

Objective The study was performed to present the sonographic findings of uterine endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS). Materials and Methods We conducted a retrospective review of sonographic findings of 10 cases that were diagnosed as uterine ESS. The patients' ages ranged from 25 to 51 years (mean age: 36.1 years). The reviews focused on the location, margin, size, number and echotexture of the lesions. Hysterectomy (n = 9) and myomectomy (n = 1) were performed and a pathologic diagnosis was obtained in all cases. Results The masses were located in the uterine wall (n = 6), or they presented as a polypoid mass protruding into the endometrial cavity from the myometrium (n = 3) or as a central cavity mass (n = 1). The lesion margins were smooth (n = 5), ill defined (n = 2), or smooth with partially nodular extensions (n = 3). The maximal mass length was 38 mm to 160 mm with a mean mass length of 83.5 mm. There were single lesions in eight cases and multiple lesions in two cases. The lesion echotextures were hypoechoic solid (n = 3), heterogeneously intermediate echoic (n = 5), diffuse myometrial thickening with heterogeneous echogenicity (n = 1) and septated cystic (n = 1). Conclusion Endometrial stromal sarcoma presents with four patterns of its sonographic appearance; a polypoid mass with nodular myometrial extension, an intramural mass with an ill defined margin and heterogeneous echogenicity, an ill defined large central cavity mass or, diffuse myometrial thickening.