Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identified Factors Affecting the Intention of Saudi Arabian Citizens to Adopt e-Government Services

This paper discusses e-Government, in particular the challenges that face adoption in Saudi Arabia. e-Government can be defined based on an existing set of requirements. In this research we define e-Government as a matrix of stakeholders: governments to governments, governments to business and governments to citizens, using information and communications technology to deliver and consume services. e-Government has been implemented for a considerable time in developed countries. However, e-Government services still face many challenges in their implementation and general adoption in many countries including Saudi Arabia. It has been noted that the introduction of e-Government is a major challenge facing the government of Saudi Arabia, due to possible concerns raised by its citizens. In addition, the literature review and the discussion identify the influential factors that affect the citizens’ intention to adopt e-Government services in Saudi Arabia. Consequently, these factors have been defined and categorized followed by an exploratory study to examine the importance of these factors. Therefore, this research has identified factors that determine if the citizen will adopt e-Government services and thereby aiding governments in accessing what is required to increase adoption.
Under-two child mortality according to maternal HIV status in Rwanda: assessing outcomes within the National PMTCT Program

Introduction We sought to compare risk of death among children aged under-2 years born to HIV positive mother (HIV-exposed) and to HIV negative mother (HIV non-exposed), and identify determinants of under-2 mortality among the two groups in Rwanda. Methods In a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design, we selected mother-child pairs using national Antenatal Care (ANC) registers. Household interview with each mother was conducted to capture socio-demographic data and information related to pregnancy, delivery and post-partum. Data were censored at the date of child death. Using Cox proportional hazard model, we compared the hazard of death among HIV-exposed children and HIV non-exposed children. Results Of 1,455 HIV-exposed children, 29 (2.0%; 95% CI: 1.3%-2.7%) died by 6 months compared to 18 children of the 1,565 HIV non-exposed children (1.2%; 95% CI: 0.6%-1.7%). By 9 months, cumulative risks of death were 3.0% (95%; CI: 2.2%-3.9%) and 1.3% (96%; CI: 0.7%-1.8%) among HIV-exposed and HIV non-exposed children, respectively. By 2 years, the hazard of death among HIV-exposed children was more than 3 times higher (aHR:3.5; 95% CI: 1.8-6.9) among HIV-exposed versus non-exposed children. Risk of death by 9-24 months of age was 50% lower among mothers who attended 4 or more antenatal care (ANC) visits (aHR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), and 26% lower among families who had more assets (aHR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-1.0). Conclusion Infant mortality was independent of perinatal HIV exposure among children by 6 months of age. However, HIV-exposed children were 3.5 times more likely to die by 2 years. Fewer antenatal visits, lower household assets and maternal HIV seropositive status were associated with increased mortality by 9-24 months.
The development of primary and secondary memory and their relationship to fluid intelligence

ix Introduction 1 The Evolution of Working Memory 4 Historical Antecedents of Primary and Secondary Memory 8 The Developmental Study of Primary and Secondary Memory 12 Measuring Primary and Secondary Memory in Children 16 Theoretical Benefits of the Current Methodology 23 Factors Influencing the Development of Primary and Secondary Memory 24 Summary 27 Method. 28 Participants 28 Materials 29 Procedure. 32 Results 34 Descriptive Statistics 35 Probability of Correct Serial Recall 39 Correlations Between Proportion-Correct for List Length Condition and Fluid Intelligence 45 Scope of Attention 52 Multiple Regression Analyses 54 Differences in Findings Based on Scoring Differences 66 Discussion 71 Assumptions and Development of Primary and Secondary Memory 71 Conceptual Replication of Unsworth and Engle (2006) 74 Methodological Comparisons 79 Do Children Use Primary and Secondary Memory Like Adults? 82 The Measurement and Analysis of Primary and Secondary Memory 82 Future Directions and Conclusions 84 References 86 Appendix A: List of Words Used in Word Span Task 92 Appendix B: Picture Stimuli Used in the Counting Span Task 93
Impulsividad, autoestima y control cognitivo en la agresividad del adolescent= Impulsiveness, self-esteem and cognitive control of the aggressiveness of adolescent /

La agresividad en la etapa de la adolescenciatiene un alto impacto social eidentificar los procesos psicológicosimplicados en la misma se convierte enuna importante área de investigación. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinarqué efecto tienen variables como laimpulsividad, el control cognitivo y laautoestima en la aparición de la agresividady sus distintas formas de expresiónen el periodo evolutivo de la adolescencia.Estas variables se evaluaronen 160 participantes mediante la Escalade Impulsividad de Plutchik (EI), laEscala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, laEscala de Estrategias de Control Cognitivo(Wells) y el Cuestionario de Agresividad(AQ).
Soil carbon dioxide fluxes and profile concentrations in two boreal forests

Because a large fraction of the world's carbon exists in the soil of boreal forests, understanding how soil temperature and moisture affect soil respiration is vital for predicting soil response to climate change. We measured soil respiration and CO2 concentrations within soils of floodplain and upland forests in interior Alaska from 1996 to 1997. At each site, a 0.10-ha-area shelter was constructed that prevents summer precipitation from infiltrating into the soil. Measurements of soil profile CO2, soil respiration, soil temperature, and soil moisture were made inside (treatment) and outside (control) the sheltered areas through two growing seasons and the winter of 1996-1997. Sheltered soils had decreased profile concentrations and surface flux of CO2. At the upland control site, individual flux rates ranged from 0.10 to 0.95 g·m-2·h-1 in the summer and at sites under the shelter from 0.10 to 0.53 g·m-2·h-1. Rates at the floodplain control site ranged from 0.11 to 1.45 g·m-2·h-1 and under the shelter fr.
PET Analysis of the Effect of Season, Seasonal Affective Disorder and Light Therapy on Serotonin Transporter Binding

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is characterized by recurrent major depressive episodes during fall-winter with remission in spring-summer. SAD has an annual prevalence of 1-6% with higher rates at more extreme latitudes. However, there is limited understanding of its neuropathophysiology as no brain biomarkers have been identified that are associated with SAD. Interestingly, serotonin transporter binding (5-HTT BPND), an index of 5-HTT levels, varies seasonally in health; a finding replicated by four independent research groups. The 5-HTT has a key role in affectregulation, given its involvement in serotonin reuptake. Yet, there have been no longitudinal studies of seasonal fluctuation in 5-HTT BPND in SAD. Accordingly, we investigated seasonal change in 5-HTT BPND in the anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices (ACC and PFC, respectively), using positron emission tomography (PET) in SAD and health, scanning across summer and winter. Greater seasonal change in 5HTT BPND was observed in SAD relative to health.
Effect of Dietary Sodium Nitrate Consumption on Egg Production, Egg Quality Characteristics and Some Blood Indices in Native Hens of West Azarbaijan Province

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of sodium nitrate consumption on egg quality and quantity, and some blood parameters of native breeder hens of West Azerbaijan province. One hundred native hens were used from wk 25 to 32 of age. These birds were divided into two groups. One group was fed the control diet (CD) but the other fed the same diet supplemented with 4.2 g/kg sodium nitrate (ND). After 2 wks of adaptation, eggs were collected daily and egg mass and egg production were measured weekly for five weeks. To assess the egg quality parameters, two eggs from each replicate pen were collected for three consecutive days each week. At the end of experimental period (wk 32 of age), blood samples of 5 birds per replicate were collected from the wing vein into anticoagulant tubes. Dietary sodium nitrate didn’t affect the egg production, shell stiffness, shell thickness and Haugh unit (p>0.05) but it decreased the both egg production and egg mass during the last three weeks (wks 30, 31 and 32) (p<0.05). Furthermore, a treatment effect was observed for yolk colour (p<0.05). Both the egg production and egg mass were increased over time (p<0.05). No significant treatment×time interaction was observed for egg weight, egg production and egg mass (p>0.05). No effect of time or treatment×time were observed for shell stiffness (p>0.05). Over time, shell thickness was decreased while Haugh unit increased (p<0.05). None of the blood TP and TG or the activity of ALT, AST and LDH enzymes were affected by dietary consumption of sodium nitrate at wk 32 of age (p>0.05). Sodium nitrite decreased both the TAC and TC at wk 32 of age (p<0.001). It was concluded that the lower body antioxidant capacity of nitrate fed birds resulted in the lower performance (egg weight, egg production and egg mass).
The role of the neighborhood, family and peers regarding Colombian adolescents' social context and aggressive behavior.

OBJECTIVE Examining neighborhood conditions, parenting and peer affiliations' association with adolescents' aggressive behavior. Testing various mechanisms through which neighborhood conditions influence two adolescent outcomes, both directly and indirectly (via their impact on parenting and peer-affiliation): aggression and delinquency. METHOD Data regarding adolescents was taken from a self-reporting survey of 1,686 Colombian adolescents living in 103 neighborhoods of Medellin. Neighborhood-related data was taken from official government datasets, as well as two separate community surveys. Both multilevel modeling and multilevel structural equation modeling were used in the analysis. RESULTS The probability of an adolescent engaging in aggression in Medellin was 7.0 % and becoming involved in delinquency 0.3 %. There was also significant variation for both forms of aggressive behavior at neighborhood-level (7.0 % aggression and 14 % regarding the delinquency scale). No neighborhood condition had a direct association with adolescents' aggressive behavior; however; the neighborhood exerted an indirect influence on adolescent behavior which was mainly transmitted through families and the quality of friends within a particular community. CONCLUSIONS Residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods did have an adverse effect on adolescents' aggressive behavior, mainly because of a lack of effective parenting strategies thereby facilitating affiliations being made with deviant peers. More efficient intervention for reducing adolescents' aggressive behavior should thus target areas having high odds of aggressive behavior and focus on improving community resources and, more importantly, on controlling adolescent peer groups, the lack of parental monitoring and inconsistent discipline.
Improvement of handwriting automaticity among children treated for graphomotor difficulties over a period of six months

ABSTRACT Although fluency and automaticity of handwriting have been recognized as important research topics for 30 years, empirical data on respective developmental courses among typically developing children as well as clinical samples have remained very limited. To fill this gap, this study investigates the development of handwriting automaticity employing a longitudinal design, including monthly measurements over a period of six months for 48 kindergarten and school-aged children (first and second grades) in Switzerland attending school-based graphomotor therapy for handwriting difficulties. Handwriting automaticity is operationalized as the number of inversions of velocity measured during the completion of specific tasks on a graphics tablet. The results reveal different improvement patterns over time depending on the tasks to be completed. The clinical implications of the results are discussed.
NDj - AODV: Node disjoint multipath routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks based on AODV protocol

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks are wireless networks which comprise of mobile nodes that communicate over wireless media. Frequent link failures may occur in these networks due to mobility, energy depletion of node, transmission interference. Link failure leads to disconnectivity among nodes in the network and hinders ongoing data transmission. Traditional routing protocols provide best effort service in transporting data from source to destination. They are not designed to handle link failures that may arise sporadically. This paper proposes a node-disjoint routing technique NDj-AODV that discovers multiple node-disjoint routes to the destination. The proposed technique can be used for load balancing, QoS based routing, and more specifically for performing energy aware routing. We overhaul AODV route discovery and maintenance procedures to find multiple node-disjoint routes to destination. Our protocol does not use the path accumulation feature employed by most node-disjoint routing techniques rather it exploits the concept of overhearing in wireless medium to distinguish between two paths as node-disjoint. Simulation results obtained using ns-2.34 simulator show efficiency of our technique in terms of finding several node disjoint routes with a minimal routing overhead and high percentage of data packet delivery ratios and reduced average end-to-end delays.
Differential MMSE: new adaptive algorithms for equalization, interference suppression, and beamforming

This paper provides a reformulation of the linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) criterion so that it applies to systems in which the quantity to be tracked is the ratio of the data appearing in two successive observations. The resulting differential MMSE criterion leads to a number of novel algorithms for adaptive implementation of the MMSE receiver. Applications include the following: (a) equalization for single user systems in fast fading (b) adaptive multiuser detection, or interference suppression, for direct sequence CDMA systems employing short spreading sequences in fast fading; (c) blind beamforming using a receive antenna array for direct sequence CDMA systems with long spreading sequences. Note that standard MMSE adaptation either fails in fast fading environments such as (a) and (b), or incurs significant overhead in terms of pilot symbols for tracking the fades. Application (c) applies directly to third generation wideband CDMA proposals, and the algorithms we provide perform significantly better than the state of the art.
Modelling SCUBA sources in a ΛCDM cosmology: hot starbursts or cold extended galactic dust?

Previous modelling has demonstrated that it is difficult to reproduce the SCUBA source counts within the framework of standard hierarchical structure formation models if the sources are assumed to be the high-redshift counterparts of local ultraluminous infrared galaxies with dust temperatures in the range 40-60 K. Here, we show that the counts are more easily reproduced in a model in which the bulk of the submillimetre emission comes from extended, cool (20-25 K) dust in objects with star formation rates of 50-100 M O . yr - 1 . The low temperatures imply typical sizes of ∼1 (S 8 5 0 /1 mJy) 1 / 2 arcsec, a factor of 2-3 larger than those predicted using starburst-like spectral energy distributions. Low dust temperatures also imply a ratio of optical/ultraviolet to 850-μm flux that is 30-100 times smaller, for the same optical depth, than expected for objects with a hot, starburst-like spectral energy distribution. This may help to explain the small overlap between SCUBA sources and Lyman-break galaxies.
Liquidity and Price Impacts of Financial Distress : Evidence from the Market for Defaulted Bonds ∗

This paper employs bond transaction data from 2002 and 2011 to investigate the trading activity and price dynamics of defaulted corporate bonds, aiming to shed light on the impact of financial distress on trading liquidity and market frictions. We find that, following default, bonds experience more active trading, wider bid-ask spreads, and a sharp drop in prices followed by price reversals. Furthermore, loss of liquidity and price pressures are more severe for defaults during the 2008-2009 financial crisis than defaults in other periods. We also examine broker-dealers’ role in trading defaulted bonds and show that dealers indeed “lean against the wind” by absorbing selling pressures from customers around bond default. Overall, our results suggest that financial strains at intermediaries may amplify the original shocks to the markets for distressed securities. JEL Classifications: G01, G12, G14, G33
Chick Pineal Melatonin Synthesis

Abstract: Melatonin production in the pineal gland is high at night and low during the day. This rhythm reflects circadian changes in the activity of serotonin N‐acetyltransferase [arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AA‐NAT); EC 2.3. 1.87], the penultimate enzyme in melatonin synthesis. The rhythm is generated by an endogenous circadian clock. In the chick, a clock is located in the pinealocyte, which also contains two phototransduction systems. One controls melatonin production by adjusting the clock and the other acts distal to the clock, via cyclic AMP mechanisms, to switch melatonin synthesis on and off. Unlike the clock in these cells, cyclic AMP does not appear to regulate activity by altering AA‐NAT mRNA levels. The major changes in AA‐NAT mRNA levels induced by the clock seemed likely (but not certain) to generate comparable changes in AA‐NAT protein levels and AA‐NAT activity. Cyclic AMP might also regulate AA‐NAT activity via changes in protein levels, or it might act via other mechanisms, including posttranslational changes affecting activity. We measured AA‐NAT protein levels and enzyme activity in cultured chick pineal cells and found that they correlated well under all conditions. They rose and fell spontaneously with a circadian rhythm. They also rose in response to agents that increase cyclic AMP. They were raised by agents that increase cyclic AMP, such as forskolin, and lowered by agents that decrease cyclic AMP, such as light and norepinephrine. Thus, both the clock and cyclic AMP can control AA‐NAT activity by altering the total amount of AA‐NAT protein. Effects of proteosomal proteolysis inhibitors suggest that changes in AA‐NAT protein levels, in turn, reflect changes in the rate at which the protein is destroyed by proteosomal proteolysis. It is likely that cyclic AMP‐induced changes in AA‐NAT protein levels mediate rapid changes in chick pineal AA‐NAT activity. Our results indicate that light can rapidly regulate the abundance of a specific protein (AA‐NAT) within a photoreceptive cell.
Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals

Extinction is difficult to detect, even in well-known taxa such as mammals. Species with long gaps in their sighting records, which might be considered possibly extinct, are often rediscovered. We used data on rediscovery rates of missing mammals to test whether extinction from different causes is equally detectable and to find which traits affect the probability of rediscovery. We find that species affected by habitat loss were much more likely to be misclassified as extinct or to remain missing than those affected by introduced predators and diseases, or overkill, unless they had very restricted distributions. We conclude that extinctions owing to habitat loss are most difficult to detect; hence, impacts of habitat loss on extinction have probably been overestimated, especially relative to introduced species. It is most likely that the highest rates of rediscovery will come from searching for species that have gone missing during the 20th century and have relatively large ranges threatened by habitat loss, rather than from additional effort focused on charismatic missing species.
GMASS ultradeep spectroscopy of galaxies at $z$ ~ 2 - II. Superdense passive galaxies: how did they form and evolve?

Aims. The aim of this work is to investigate the physical, structur al and evolutionary properties of old, passive galaxies at z> 1.4 and to place new constraints on massive galaxy formation and evolution. Methods. We combine ultradeep optical spectroscopy from the GMASS project (Galaxy Mass Assembly ultradeep Spectroscopic Survey) with GOODS multi-band (optical to mid‐infrared) photometry and HST imaging to study a sample of spectroscopically identified passive galaxies at 1.39 2. No X-ray emission was found neither from individual galaxies nor from a stacking analysis of the sample. Only one galaxy shows a marginal detection at 24� m. These galaxies have morphologies that are predominantly compact and spheroidal. However, their sizes (Re. 1 kpc) are much smaller than those of spheroids in the present‐day Universe. Their stellar mass surface densities are consequently hig her by≈1 dex if compared to spheroids at z≈ 0 with the same mass. Their rest-frame B-band surface brightness scales with the effective radius, but the offset with respect to the surface brightness of the local Korme ndy relation is too large to be explained by simple passive evolution. At z≈ 1, a larger fraction of passive galaxies follows the z≈ 0 size ‐ mass relation. Superdense relics with Re≈ 1 kpc are extremely rare at z≈ 0 with respect to z> 1, and absent if Re 2. The results are compared with theoretical models and the main implications discussed in the framework of massive galaxy formation and evolution.
An X-Ray Census of Young Stars in the Chamaeleon I North Cloud

Sensitive X-ray imaging surveys provide a new and effective tool to establish the census of pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars in nearby young stellar clusters. We report here a deep Chandra X-Ray Observatory observation of PMS stars in the Chamaeleon I North cloud, achieving a limiting luminosity of log Lt ≃ 27 ergs s-1 (0.5-8 keV band) in a 0.8 × 0.8 pc2 region. Of the 107 X-ray sources, 37 are associated with Galactic stars of which 27 are previously recognized cloud members. These include three PMS brown dwarfs; the protostellar brown dwarf ISO 192 has a particularly high level of magnetic activity. Follow-up optical photometry and spectroscopy establish that 9-10 of the Chandra sources are probably magnetically active background stars. Several previously proposed cloud members are also inferred to be interlopers because of the absence of X-ray emission at the level expected from the log Lt-K correlation. No new X-ray-discovered stars were confidently found despite the high sensitivity. From these findings, we argue that the sample of 27 PMS cloud members in the Chandra field is uncontaminated and complete down to K = 12 or M ≃ 0.1 M☉. The initial mass function (IMF) derived from our sample is deficient in 0.1-0.3 M☉ stars compared with the IMF of the rich Orion Nebula cluster and other Galactic populations. We cannot discriminate whether this is due to different star formation processes, mass segregation, or dynamical ejection of lower mass stars.