Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ETH Hardness for Densest-k-Subgraph with Perfect Completeness

We show that, assuming the (deterministic) Exponential Time Hypothesis, distinguishing between a graph with an induced $k$-clique and a graph in which all k-subgraphs have density at most $1-\epsilon$, requires $n^{\tilde \Omega(log n)}$ time. Our result essentially matches the quasi-polynomial algorithms of Feige and Seltser [FS97] and Barman [Bar15] for this problem, and is the first one to rule out an additive PTAS for Densest $k$-Subgraph. We further strengthen this result by showing that our lower bound continues to hold when, in the soundness case, even subgraphs smaller by a near-polynomial factor ($k' = k 2^{-\tilde \Omega (log n)}$) are assumed to be at most ($1-\epsilon$)-dense. Our reduction is inspired by recent applications of the "birthday repetition" technique [AIM14,BKW15]. Our analysis relies on information theoretical machinery and is similar in spirit to analyzing a parallel repetition of two-prover games in which the provers may choose to answer some challenges multiple times, while completely ignoring other challenges.
Return behavior of occasional and multigallon blood donors: the role of theory of planned behavior, self‐identity, and organizational variables

For blood establishments it is important that blood donors return for a donation. Past research has stressed the importance of theory of planned behavior (TPB) on return behavior, but self‐identity (SI) and organizational variables (OVs) might play a role as well. This study added SI and OVs to the TPB to identify the determinants for return behavior.
What a Novice Wants : Students Using Program Visualization in Distance Programming Course

Evaluation is an important part of the development cycle of a new application. Especially, software tools for learning and teaching should be evaluated early on and the evaluation should guide the application’s implementation and development. The Jeliot family is a collection of program and algorithm visualization tools designed for novices learning programming, algorithms, and data structures (Ben-Ari et al., 2002). The latest member of the Jeliot family (see http://cs.joensuu.fi/jeliot/) is Jeliot 3 (Moreno et al., 2004). It is a program visualization tool that is based on the automatic animation of Java programs. During the development of the different versions of Jeliot, evaluation of the actual use of the software has been an important part of the development process (Sutinen et al., 1997; Markkanen et al., 1998; Lattu et al., 2000, 2003; Ben-Bassat Levy et al., 2003). Qualitative descriptions of the use of the tool and its limitations have been fruitful for further development of Jeliot (Ben-Ari et al., 2002). In this paper, we present some results from a qualitative analysis of the use of Jeliot 3, as well as students’ requests and proposals for the development of Jeliot 3. The students were taking the second programming course in the ViSCoS (Sutinen and Torvinen, 2003) program at the University of Joensuu. Qualitative information was gathered from different sources such as forums and emails with comments and exercises. All these documents were later compiled to form a knowledge base from which we extracted our preliminary conclusions.
Taking part in adolescent sexual health promotion in Peru: community participation from a social psychological perspective

This paper revisits the field of community participation in health promotion as understood from the viewpoint of social psychology. It discusses ongoing dialogues between health promotion policy discourses in relation to community involvement in development, and theoretical and practical contributions of social psychology in this respect. In particular, it introduces a social psychological framework for understanding and aiding community participation, grounded in the works of Jurgen Habermas and Paulo Freire. A community-based adolescent sexual health promotion initiative taking place in highly deprived communities in Peru serves as a case study to illustrate the approach. Findings are discussed with respect to the outcomes achieved, the light shed on the understanding of sexual health, and the impact on the adolescents partaking of the project. In the light of the results of the practical implementation of the theoretical approach outlined, the paper argues that social psychology is well positioned to contribute to community development, in particular to improving understanding and aiding of social processes of participation and change. Areas that require further research both at theoretical and at practical levels are identified and discussed. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3.6 kb of the 5′ Flanking DNA Activates the Mouse Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Promoter Without Catecholaminergic‐Specific Expression

Abstract: The tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene is expressed exclusively in cells and neurons that synthesize and release l‐DOPA or catecholamines. To further understand the molecular genetic mechanisms that regulate this cell‐type specific expression, a chimeric gene was prepared by linking 3.6 kb of the 5′ flanking DNA of the mouse TH gene, including the +1 initiation site for transcription, to an E. coliβ‐galactosidase reporter. This fusion gene (TH3.6LAC) was used to prepare transgenic mice, and the tissue distribution of expression of TH3.6LAC was determined by the measurement of β‐galactosidase enzymatic activity and/or by the detection of the transcription product of the chimeric gene by RNase protection assays. In two separate founder lines, TH3.6LAC expression was observed in every region of the brain that was examined, including the olfactory bulb, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, hippocampus, striatum, and cerebral cortex. Expression of TH3.6LAC was observed in the adrenal gland of one founder line but not in the other. TH3.6LAC activation was undetectable in peripheral organs that were examined, including the liver, heart, salivary gland, kidney, lung, and spleen. Although 3.6 kb of the 5′ regulatory DNA of the mouse TH gene is sufficient to activate the TH fusion gene in the mouse, it is not enough to restrict its expression to catecholaminergic cells.
In vitro activity of a group of broad-spectrum cephalosporins and other beta-lactam antibiotics against Chlamydia trachomatis

The activities of seven broad spectrum cephalosporins, four other beta-lactam antibiotics, and one monobactam against Chlamydia trachomatis were measured in a cell culture system. The minimal inhibitory concentration of four of the seven cephalosporins was greater than or equal to 128 micrograms/ml; those of the other three were from 16 to 32 micrograms/ml. Of the other agents, only mecillinam had activity against C. trachomatis comparable to that reported for ampicillin (minimal inhibitory concentration, less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml).
Cause's attributes influencing consumer's purchasing intention: empirical evidence from China

Purpose – One purpose of this paper is to examine several factors that potentially influence a consumer's purchasing decision to participate in cause‐related marketing (CRM) program in the Chinese context. The other is to empirically test the hypothesized relationship between cause's attributes and purchase intention in such environment.Design/methodology/approach – This paper develops a measure for exploring the cause's attributes influencing consumer's purchasing intention. Two groups of valid samples, respectively, with 178 and 376 respondents are collected through questionnaire survey. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are employed to extract and test the key influential attributes on the basis of data of two samples respectively, and structural equation model is used to define the structure of influencing attributes and to measure the degree of impact for each attribute on the consumer's purchasing intention.Findings – The results show that the degree of cause's.
Analysis of zinc binding sites in protein crystal structures

The geometrical properties of zinc binding sites in a dataset of high quality protein crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank have been examined to identify important differences between zinc sites that are directly involved in catalysis and those that play a structural role. Coordination angles in the zinc primary coordination sphere are compared with ideal values for each coordination geometry, and zinc coordination distances are compared with those in small zinc complexes from the Cambridge Structural Database as a guide of expected trends. We find that distances and angles in the primary coordination sphere are in general close to the expected (or ideal) values. Deviations occur primarily for oxygen coordinating atoms and are found to be mainly due to H‐bonding of the oxygen coordinating ligand to protein residues, bidentate binding arrangements, and multi‐zinc sites. We find that H‐bonding of oxygen containing residues (or water) to zinc bound histidines is almost universal in our dataset and defines the elec‐His‐Zn motif. Analysis of the stereochemistry shows that carboxyl elec‐His‐Zn motifs are geometrically rigid, while water elec‐His‐Zn motifs show the most geometrical variation. As catalytic motifs have a higher proportion of carboxyl elec atoms than structural motifs, they provide a more rigid framework for zinc binding. This is understood biologically, as a small distortion in the zinc position in an enzyme can have serious consequences on the enzymatic reaction. We also analyze the sequence pattern of the zinc ligands and residues that provide elecs, and identify conserved hydrophobic residues in the endopeptidases that also appear to contribute to stabilizing the catalytic zinc site. A zinc binding template in protein crystal structures is derived from these observations.
Short-distance Translocation of the Northern Pacific Rattlesnake (Crotalus o. oreganus): Effects on Volume and Neurogenesis in the Cortical Forebrain, Steroid Hormone Concentrations, and Behaviors

Short-distance Translocation of Northern Pacific Rattlesnakes (Crotalus o. oreganus): The hippocampus of birds and mammals has been shown to play a crucial role in spatial memory and navigation. The hippocampus exhibits plasticity in adulthood in response to diverse environmental factors associated with spatial demands placed on an animal. The cortical telencephalon of squamate reptiles has been implicated as a functional homologue to the hippocampus. This study sought to experimentally manipulate the navigational demands placed on free-ranging northern Pacific rattlesnakes (Crotalus o. oreganus) to provide direct evidence of the relationship between spatial demands and neuroplasticity in the cortical telencephalon of the squamate brain. Adult male rattlesnakes were radio-tracked for two months, during which one of three treatments was imposed weekly: 225 meter translocation in a random direction, 225 meter walk and release at that day's capture site (handling control), and undisturbed control. Snakes were then sacrificed and brains were removed and processed for histological analysis of cortical features. The volume of the medial cortex was significantly larger in the translocated group compared to undisturbed controls. No differences in dorsal or lateral cortical volume were detected among the groups. Numbers of 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in the medial and dorsal cortices three weeks after BrdU injection were not affected by treatment. The activity range was larger in the translocated group compared to handled and undisturbed controls. A causal relationship between increased navigation in a free-ranging reptile and changes in brain morphology was established. The use of translocation as a conservation strategy for reptiles is a controversial topic revisited many times. Previous studies have demonstrated the aberrant movement patterns and mortality caused by translocation and have established that short-distance translocation within an animal's home range is best for the animal. In conjunction with the neuroplasticity study, we examined the physiological impacts that repeated short-distance translocation and handling have on reptiles. This is essential knowledge if the efficacy of the technique is to be properly evaluated. Baseline and stressed concentrations of corticosterone and testosterone were assayed in blood taken immediately upon capture and following one hour of confinement in a bucket. Neither baseline nor stressed concentrations of either hormone were impacted by translocation or handling. Body condition and change in mass were not affected. Translocated animals had larger MCP activity ranges than handled and undisturbed animals at the 95%, but not 100% levels, while an interaction between time and treatment impacted other movement parameters.Treatment had …
NARRATIVE THEORY AND RETRANSLATION THEORY

In the paper I bring together two sets of theories from Narrative Theory and from Retranslation Theory. Links and similarities between the theories are examined under the headings of Essence, Social Conditioning, and Interpretation. A post-structuralist narrative theory is presented, and I extrapolate from this to propose a post-structuralist retranslation theory. After the theoretical discussion I report on the study of a corpus comprising Zola's novel Nana and its five major British (re)translations. The aim is to evaluate how well the theories regarding narrative versions and retranslations hold up with respect to a study of data. A conclusion is reached as to which theories best explain the data. The paper concludes too that bringing together sets of theories from different but related disciplines can be productive in conceptualizing translational phenomena, in this case the phenomenon of retranslation.
Adolescent computer use: Approach, avoidance, and parental control

The nature and extent of computer use in an Australian regional sample of adolescents was examined in relation to individual characteristics and parental control. High engagement with computers, problematic use of computers, and the use of computers for different purposes were related to general behavioural tendencies of approach and avoidance represented by the behavioural inhibition system (BIS)/behavioural activation system (BAS) measures and to measures of parental control provided by the Parental Bonding Instrument. Results indicated that age, gender, and the BIS/BAS measures were useful constructs in explaining variation in computer use generally, and in explaining the diversity of reasons for computer use. Parental control was only weakly related to outcome behaviours. It was concluded that problematic computer use and hours spent at the computer show some similarities with substance use except for the strength of the relationships and the role of the BIS.
Perceptions of Gender and Bisexuality: An Exploration of the Relationship Between Perceived Masculinity, Femininity, and Sexual Ambiguity

One of the most enduring stereotypes of gay and lesbian individuals is that they are cross sex-typed, meaning that each group possesses gender characteristics that we typically assign to the other gender: Gay men are typically perceived to be more feminine than straight men and lesbian women, and lesbian women are typically seen as more masculine than straight women and gay men. However, few have investigated whether these same stereotypes apply to bisexual (or sexually ambiguous) individuals. The authors explored the question of how people perceive the level of masculinity and femininity of a target whose sexual orientation is ambiguous, and whether there is a difference in perception depending on whether the target is male or female. Results suggest that people's perceptions of the degree to which a bisexual individual is masculine or feminine depend on how masculinity and femininity are measured. However, there is also some support for the contention that bisexual people are generally perceived to be androgynous as opposed to cross sex-typed.
A Dynamic Stochastic Model of Medical Care Use and Work Absence

This research explores the medical care consumption and absenteeism decisions of employed individuals with acute illnesses in an effort to better understand health care behavior. Using data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey, the author estimates the structural parameters of an individual's discrete choice stochastic optimization problem, as opposed to employing conventional reduced form estimation methods that are prevalent in the health care literature. The estimates allow for predictions of the change in physician services use and illness-related absenteeism that arise with the introduction of new public policy initiatives involving health insurance and sick-leave coverage.
Heritability in the Era of Molecular Genetics: Some Thoughts for Understanding Genetic Influences on Behavioural Traits

Genetic influences on behavioural traits are ubiquitous. When behaviourism was the dominant paradigm in psychology, demonstrations of heritability of behavioural and psychological constructs provided important evidence of its limitations. Now that genetic influences on behavioural traits are generally accepted, we need to recognise the limitations of heritability as an indicator of both the aetiology and likelihood of discovering molecular genetic associations with behavioural traits. We review those limitations and conclude that quantitative genetics and genetically informative research designs are still critical to understanding the roles of gene–environment interplay in developmental processes, though not necessarily in the ways commonly discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain Type or Sex Differences? A structural equation model of the relation between brain type, sex, and motivation to learn science

Sex is considered to be one of the most significant factors influencing attitudes towards science. However, the so-called brain type approach from cognitive science suggests that the difference in motivation to learn science does not primarily differentiate the girls from the boys, but rather the so-called systemisers from the empathizers. The present study investigates this hypothesis by using structural equation modelling on a sex-stratified sample of 500 male and female students of secondary II level. The results show, that the motivation to learn science is directly influenced by the systemizing quotient SQ, but not by sex. The impact of sex on the motivation to learn science, measured by five key concepts, only works indirectly, namely through the influence of sex on the SQ. The empathizing quotient (EQ) has no impact on the motivation to learn science. The SQ explains between 13 and 23 percent of the variation of the five key constructs. In female students, the impact of the SQ is very similar for all key concepts. In male students, it is highest for self-efficacy and lowest for assessment anxiety. The motivation to learn science is significantly larger for male students in all involved SMQ key concepts, but the difference is small. The interpretation of these findings and conclusions for science teaching and further research are discussed.
Working for free: A fundamental value of counselling

This paper challenges two myths about voluntary sector counselling, namely (a) that volunteer counsellors and voluntary sector counselling are the same thing, and (b) that standards of practice in the voluntary sector are significantly different from those elsewhere. The paper also argues that voluntary sector counselling nurtures a deeply felt commitment to respond to human need without monetary recompense. Drawing on evidence from a study of voluntary sector counselling in Scotland, we show that a substantial proportion of voluntary sector counselling is undertaken by paid workers, and that many counsellors who volunteer in one setting undertake paid counselling work in another setting. We demonstrate that the majority of voluntary sector counselling agencies in Scotland work within ethical frameworks developed by the professional bodies for counselling, and we argue that these agencies have been at the forefront of efforts to enhance the quality and safety of counselling services available to the publi.
Considering the Future: The Conceptualization and Measurement of Elaboration on Potential Outcomes

We examine a new construct dealing with individuals' tendency to elaborate on potential outcomes, that is, to generate and evaluate potential positive and negative consequences of their behaviors. We develop the elaboration on potential outcomes (EPO) scale and then investigate its relationships with conceptually related traits and its association with consumer behaviors such as exercise of self-control, procrastination, compulsive buying, credit card debt, retirement investing, and healthy lifestyle. Finally, we show that consumers with high EPO levels exhibit more effective self-regulation when faced with a choice and that EPO can be primed, temporarily improving self-regulation for consumers with low EPO levels. (c) 2007 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
The Impact of Using Blogs on College Students' Reading Comprehension and Learning Motivation

Research studies on college reading have been emphasizing the effectiveness of instruction and the correlation of reading performance to college success. Little research has been conducted regarding college developmental readers' preferences for using digital texts to communicate. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether students' reading level will improve if the students have the opportunity to use digital texts with a blogging tool. The researchers worked with 149 college students and 2 instructors to integrate blogs into developmental reading courses. The researchers collected and analyzed both quantitative data and qualitative data. The results indicate that using blogs correlated positively with higher retention rate. The article also describes challenges encountered in this project, and suggests integration strategies for college reading instruction.
Eugenol for anesthesia of African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis).

OBJECTIVE To determine the level of anesthesia attained in Xenopus laevis frogs with eugenol at different doses and by different routes of administration. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental trial. ANIMALS Sixty X. laevis nonbreeding female frogs weighing between 90 and 140 g. METHODS Three different routes of administration were tested - subcutaneous injections into the dorsal lymph sacs, topical administration using a gauze patch, and immersion in a bath containing eugenol. Following the determination of the best route of administration, the acetic acid test, the withdrawal reflex, righting reflex, heart rate, and respiratory frequency were used to evaluate central nervous system depression following eugenol bath administration. In an additional group, the response to a surgical incision of the abdominal wall was evaluated. The pharmacokinetics of eugenol were determined following bath immersion administration, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated following blood concentration determination by tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses. RESULTS It was not possible to induce anethesia with subcutaneous and patch administration, independent of the eugenol dose administered. The immersion bath was the only efficacious route for anesthesia inducing surgical anesthesia for at least 30 minutes with postoperative analgesia. Histopathology of selected tissues (heart, lung, liver, kidneys, eyes) showed no evidence of lesions 24 hours following bath immersion. The elimination half-life (T(1/2)) was 4 hours. CONCLUSIONS When administered as a single-bath immersion (dose 350 mg L(-1)) for 15 minutes, eugenol may serve as an effective anesthetic in X. laevis frogs for short surgical procedures.