Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organization Contra Organizations: Professions and Organizational Change in the United Kingdom

Professions in the United Kingdom have been periodically marginalized and their growth suspended, but they have shown considerable capacity to adapt. The evolution of 'new model' professions at the end of the last century and the beginning of the present one, which occurred without governmental regula tion or patronage, was associated with the development of an effective and independent form of occupational organization for professional groups. This organization combines control of the labour market with informal cooperation and control within employing organizations, and is identified as a form of occupational 'double closure'. It is characteristic for occupations organized in this sort of way to become encapsulated groups or quasi organizations within formal organizations. This argument is developed in the body of the paper through a consideration of the contemporary situation of professionals in man ufacturing industry and the public services, where new model professions have established themselves firmly in the present century, and where there are some very similar informal structures. The influence of current social and economic change on these forms of professional organization is then discussed, and it is argued that although they are clearly embattled in some of the areas of their traditional strength, because of their developed organizational attributes, professional groups are likely to persist. Contemporary management of profes sional services is not without difficulty in these circumstances; and, in areas where professions are well-established, re-organization is taking place round encapsulated professional groups rather than by re-constructing them. Despite some superficial similarities, therefore, the management of services is different between traditional professional services and newer commercial ones. More over, if the account of professional self-organization developed here is a reli able guide, in the longer term we may expect it to extend to new services, despite current differences in their organization and forms of managerial control.
The Bitter-Sweet Labor of Emoting: The Linguistic Comparison of Writers and Physicists

ABSTRACT: In this exploratory archival study, the motivation of writers of fiction and physicists was examined by studying word usage as a clue to unconscious motivators of their work. The hypothesis was that artists make art to deal with issues in their own lives, thus relying on emotions, particularly negative emotions (markers of presence of issues), to govern their work. Consequently, it was predicted that distinguished writers of fiction, as compared to distinguished physicists, would use more emotion-related words when discussing their work, particularly negative emotion-related words. Interviews conducted with 9 physicists were matched to the interviews with 9 writers, and analyzed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) program (Pennebaker, Francis, & Booth, 2001). Writers used significantly more emotion-related words, in particular more negative-emotion words, including the greater use of anger-related, anxiety-related, and depression or sadness-related words. Almost identical results were obtained when the 9 physicists were compared to the nonmatched, larger sample of 124 writers. The study implies differences of inner preoccupation (relating to work) between creative people oriented towards literary art and physical science.
Purification and some properties of endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase from a mud snail, Pomacea insularus (de Ordigny).

Endo-1,4-beta-D-mannanase (1,4-beta-D-mannanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.78) was purified from viscera of a mud snail, Pomacea insularus (de Ordigny). The purified enzyme gave a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 44,000. The amino-terminal sequence was H.Gly-X-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln- Gly-Thr-Asn-Ile-Val-Asp-Ser-His-Gly-His-Lys-Val-Phe-Leu-Ser-Gly-Ala-Asn- Thr-Ala-Trp-Val-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Tyr-Asp-. The enzyme was stable from pH about 5.0 to about 10.5 and had its maximum activity at pH about 5.5. The purified enzyme produced M2, M3, M4, and M5 from beta-1,4-mannan. Enzyme activity was greatly inhibited by Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, and dithiothreitol at 1 mM concentration. In addition, N-bromosuccinimide completely inhibited the enzyme activity.
Social representations of HIV/AIDS in mass media: Some important lessons for caregivers

This article provides an overview of published studies on social representations of HIV/AIDS. It argues that, despite changes over time in the peripheral elements of negative social representations, such representations remain present within the health care field and continue to affect populations across various cultures. This underlines the importance of health care that accounts for cultural needs in interventions with people living with HIV/AIDS. A review of the relevant literature suggests that it is necessary to assist caregivers (including social workers) in understanding both the social significance associated with the illness and the concept of cultural competence.
« Pauvreté des liens d'attachement et déficiences dans les rapports intimes chez les agresseurs sexuels »

The nature of parent/child attachments is described and their effects on adolescent and adult intimacy and loneliness are outlined. Poor quality attachments are said to result in loneliness and deficits in intimacy, and these, in turn, make the individual vulnerable to those influences and circumstances that lead to sexual offending. These processes are one of the most important sets of factors in our more general theory of the etiology and maintenance of sexually offensive behavior. Implications for the assessment and treatment of sex offenders are derived.
Gender issues and the women of the Turkish National Police

This study focuses on the cultural context and gender issues of the policewomen of Ankara, Turkey, a modern, secular, Muslim city. The authors provide a brief history of the status of women in Turkey, and analyze the place of women both in the current Turkish labor market and within the Turkish police. A non‐random, open‐ended survey was done of various ranks of Turkish women police officers in Ankara about their work and personal conditions. The results confirm that women officers have gender work‐related problems.
In-group variability and motivation to reduce subjective uncertainty

Building on the subjective uncertainty reduction model of social identity processes (M. A. Hogg, in press-b; M. A. Hogg & B.-A. Mullin, 1999), it was hypothesized that homogeneous groups would be better than heterogeneous groups at reducing uncertainty and therefore that people would show more intergroup differentiation and turn more to a homogeneous in-group under conditions of uncertainty rather than certainty. Two minimal-group studies were conducted to investigate this idea. As predicted, when groups were homogeneous, more intergroup differentiation was observed under low certainty than under high certainty (Study 1). Study 2 provided evidence that group members turn actively to their group to reduce low certainty when the group is homogeneous. Low certainty led group members to request more feedback about other group members' responses, and they were more likely to change their initial responses when the in-group was perceived as homogeneous. These findings confirm predictions derived from the uncertainty model proposing that uncertainty reduction is a motivation for group behavior. These findings also highlight the importance of social structural factors such as perceived group variability in the uncertainty reduction process.
Advances in the understanding of cluster headache

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cluster headache is the worst primary headache form; it occurs in paroxysmal excruciatingly severe unilateral head pain attacks usually grouped in cluster periods. The familial occurrence of the disease indicates a genetic component but a gene abnormality is yet to be disclosed. Activation of trigeminal afferents and cranial parasympathetic efferents, the so-called trigemino-parasympathetic reflex, can explain pain and accompanying oculo-facial autonomic phenomena. In particular, pain in cluster headache is attributed, at least in part, to the increased CGRP plasma levels released by activated trigeminal system. Posterior hypothalamus was hypothesized to be the cluster generator activating the trigemino-parasympathetic reflex. Efficacy of monoclonal antibodies against CRGP is under investigation in randomized clinical trials. Areas covered: This paper will focus on main findings contributing to consider cluster headache as a neurovascular disorder with an origin from within the brain. Expert commentary: Accumulated evidence with hypothalamic stimulation in cluster headache patients indicate that posterior hypothalamus terminates rather than triggers the attacks. More extensive studies on the genetics of cluster headache are necessary to disclose anomalies behind the increased familial risk of the disease. Results from ongoing clinical trials in cluster headache sufferers using monoclonal antibodies against CGRP will open soon a new era.
Extending and Withholding Forgiveness to Josh Hamilton

Forgiveness plays a prominent role in social interaction yet has received scant attention in the parasocial realm. This research addresses this gap by investigating people extending or declining forgiveness to Major League Baseball player Josh Hamilton after an alcohol relapse. A thematic analysis of 474 postings in a discussion forum on the Texas Rangers official website was conducted. Analysis revealed that fans forgave Hamilton through (a) support; (b) “addiction is hard” narratives; (c) human condition attributions; and (d) justification and that forgiveness was withheld due to perceptions of Hamilton’s character flaws. The results suggest that when athletes transgress and accept responsibility, it facilitates increased similarity with fans who then engage in supportive communication, including forgiveness. Nevertheless, transgressions also may preclude forgiveness as some fans are unwilling to chance recidivism. The study concludes with implications and directions for future research, which include a recommendation that professional athletes accept responsibility for their wrongdoings to cultivate fan support and hasten the image repair process.
‘All Good is of Parents’ and its Chinese Context

Without doubt, parental love is one of the world’s greatest emotions, regarded as the premise of the filial piety (Xiao in Chinese pinyin) of Chinese people. However, to enhance filial duties, the notion of ‘all good is of parents’ in the official campaigns of China is worth further investigation. This article seeks to verify the hypothesis ‘all good is of parents’ by examining conflicts between the hypothesis and reality, first through classic documents and current documentary reporting in China, and then through the lens of psychology.
Letter: Analysis of hemoglobin aggregation from Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium experiments

Dear Sir: Gary-Bobo and Solomon (1968, 1971) have employed Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium studies in the assessment o f the anomalous osmotic behavior o f the red cell. In these studies, the interpretation was based on thermodynamic equations for ideal solutions. During the course of recent investigations, we have found that it is necessary to consider the nonideal aspects o f concentrated hemoglobin solutions. In this letter, we have transformed the ideal equations o f Gary-Bobo and Solomon to include nonideal contributions for the interpretation o f hemoglobin-hemoglobin and hemogiobin-solution interactions. Experimentally, Gary-Bobo and Solomon (1968, 1971) measured the Donnan equilibr ium of hemoglobin-potassium chloride solutions. The Donnan ratio, r, is defined in Eq. 1, where [K+]ln is the molal potassium
Pre-service primary teachers’ attitudes towards inclusive education

Research has demonstrated that an important factor in the success of inclusive education is dependent upon teachers’ attitudes. Based on this evidence, the present study investigated the impact of a range of teacher variables in association with training on primary pre-service teachers’ attitudes by examining total inclusion scores, positive affect, training and perceived competence, and negative affect. Three-hundred and forty-two participants from a metropolitan Australian University studying primary school education completed the Teacher Attitudes to Inclusion Scale (adapted). Comparisons were made between participants who had received training on special education, compared with those who had not. The analyses revealed that overall, studying an elective unit on inclusive education had a positive influence over pre-service teachers’ attitudes. It was found that teaching experience had a significantly negative impact on pre-service teachers’ attitudes. The present study demonstrates the vital role that training institutions play in developing appropriate attitudes to inclusive education with significant issues around teacher training being examined. The research has important implications for training institutions, with future research being discussed.
‘The Sweet Taste of Sin’—A Muslim Drug Dealer in a Nordic Welfare State

Moa is a 22-year-old Muslim dealer selling drugs at a street drug market in Oslo. The main part of the paper consists of long interview extracts from three interviews with him. The aim is to capture some of the ambivalence and complexity that might otherwise be lost in traditional scholarly analysis. In short, Moa tells how he got into drug dealing in the first place, the help he received from a well-meaning welfare state apparatus, his feelings of remorse, guilt, and shame, and the attempts he made to break with the drug trade and its life-style. Moa's story highlights differences between street life in a benevolent welfare state with a penal system famous for its open-handedness, and street life under harder socio-economic and penal conditions. Even though Moa has more opportunities than offenders elsewhere, failing in a society where most others succeed is different from failing in a larger marginalized community. Moa's story also challenges the public view of Muslim offenders and questions established assumptions about the relationship between Islam and crime.
Studies on NG-methylarginine derivatives in myelin basic protein from developing and mutant mouse brain.

The amounts of NG-methylarginine derivatives in myelin basic protein (MBP) purified from dysmyelinating mutant and different stages of normal myelinating mouse brains have been studied by using h.p.l.c. with a highly sensitive post-column o-phthaldialdehyde derivative-formation method. All three naturally occurring derivatives (NG-monomethylarginine (MeArg), NGN'G-dimethylarginine [Me2(sym)Arg] and NGNG-dimethylarginine [Me2(asym)Arg]) were found in MBP; however, their relative concentrations varied significantly with the age of the animal. The amounts of MeArg and Me2(sym)Arg in MBP increased as a function of the age of the brain, whereas that of Me2(asym)Arg decreased. MBP from early-myelinating mouse brain was shown to contain a high proportion of Me2(asym)Arg, which was hardly detectable in older brain MBP. This derivative, Me2(asym)Arg, was also absent from MBP embedded in the most compact multilamellar myelin, but was present in MBP in the least compact myelin (P3B). Comparing the extent of total methylation in vivo (sum of all three arginine derivatives), MBP extracted from less-compact myelin (P3A and P3B) showed a level approx. 40% higher than that from compact myelin. MBPs isolated from dysmyelinating mutant mouse brains, such as jimpy (jp/y) and quaking (qk/qk), contained a much higher level of Me2(asym)Arg relative to the other two methyl derivatives and also in comparison with those levels in the mother brain MBP. SDS/PAGE analysis of MBPs extracted from the mutant (both jp/y and qk/qk) as well as young normal (6-13 days old) mouse brains indicated the presence of a high-molecular-mass isoform of MBP (about 32 kDa), but this isoform was not found in adult brains. These results therefore indicate that structural integrity of myelin membrane in which MBP is embedded appears to play a pivotal role in determining the extent and the kind of Me2Arg formation in MBP at the post-translational level.
The Personal Component of Accessibility at Group Level: Exploring the Complexity of Functional Capacity

In order to support the development of accessibility research, the main objective of this study was to explore how functional capacity, i.e. the personal component of the concept of accessibility, can be operationalized at group level, and to study its complexity in an ageing process perspective. Prior to this exploration it was necessary to elucidate the relationship between self-reported diagnoses and profiles of functional limitations, and to investigate the frequency of functional limitations longitudinally. At baseline and at six-year follow-up, data were collected with 72 elderly persons. Self-reports on diagnoses were accomplished and functional limitations were assessed by means of a standardized assessment. No general patterns of profiles of functional limitations related to any of the diagnoses could be found. Profiles of functional limitations were classified by means of hierarchical cluster analyses, and common denominators were identified. The results revealed increasing complexity with increasing age. The ultimate goal for accessibility research is to outline a set of profiles of functional limitations representing different user groups that could be utilized in more efficient analyses prior to physical planning decisions at society level, and this study is a first step in this direction.
A Quantitative Longitudinal Analysis of Exclusions from English Secondary Schools

Exclusion from school is widely used as a disciplinary tool, but there is concern that it might be applied disproportionately to certain groups of students. Student, family, neighbourhood and school characteristics all relate individually to differences in rates of exclusion but most studies (predominantly in the US) have focussed on a small subset of potential explanatory variables, have not used nationally representative data or have been limited to exclusions at one period of time. in contrast we examine the relationship between exclusion from school and a wide range of variables, using data for a whole cohort of over 500,000 students in England between their entry into secondary education at age 11 and the end of their compulsory education at age 16. We find that 16.3% of all students experience one or more fixed term exclusions (FTE) during their five years of secondary schooling, but that this rises to over 30% for Black Caribbean and Mixed White and Black Caribbean students. The probability of experiencing one or more FTE is strongly related to gender, ethnicity, poverty (as indicated by entitlement to a Free School Meal and by local neighbourhood deprivation), scores in national attainment tests (particularly English) at age 11 and early patterns of attendance in Year 7. The relationship between ethnicity and the odds of experiencing one or more FTE remains large and significant even after controlling for all these other variables. Among those who experience at least one FTE, 56% go on to experience a second or further FTE, but 44% do not. Despite their greatly increased risk of experiencing the first exclusion, conditional on this Black Caribbean and Mixed Black and Caribbean students are no more likely to experience repeated FTEs than White British students. Experience of FTE is the predominant predictor of permanent exclusion but higher rates of permanent exclusion, especially of students from deprived neighbourhoods and certain ethnic groups, are not fully accounted for by previous FTEs. In multi-level regression models the school (20%) and the Local Authority (6%) levels account for significant variation in rates of FTE and very little of this is explained by school characteristics (though schools serving a higher proportion of students from poor families were less likely to exclude, after controlling for the higher risk of exclusion for individual students). We conclude that the drivers of differential rates of exclusion may have significant socio-cultural and school policy dimensions. This robust analysis of nationally representative data establishes a rationale and focus for more qualitative investigations of the role played by family, neighbourhood and school in determining rates of exclusion and the need for further evidence about reasons for variation in rates of exclusion at the school level.
An improved method for uniform simulation of stable minimum phase real ARMA (p,q) processes

An improvement over the Beadle-Djuric (see ibid., vol.4, p.259-61, 1997) method to simulate the parameters of stable invertible autoregressive moving average (ARMA) (p,q) processes is presented. It is computationally efficient and is especially suitable for simulation of high-order models.
Controlling Nuisance Variables by Using a Matched-Groups Design

In this article, the authors provide an introduction to the use of a matched-groups design as a strategy for controlling nuisance variables. Building on the insightful comments of Campbell and Kenny and of Meehl, the authors utilized Monte Carlo simulations to highlight three major limitations of this control strategy (i.e., regression toward different means, systematic unmatching, and the generalizability of results) that they believe have received insufficient attention by researchers. Particular attention is given to how the effect of regression toward different means can result in researchers' drawing erroneous conclusions from their data. Recommendations for researchers considering the use of a matched-groups design are provided.
False memories for a robbery in young and older adults

The aim of the present study was to analyse memory performance in young and older adults based on a robbery scenario. The study examined free recall and the recognition of actions, people and details, as well as the Remember/Know/Guess judgements that accompanied recognition. Recognition was evaluated both immediately and 1 week later, although performance was not affected by the retention interval. In the free recall task, the older adults remembered less information than the younger adults but we found no differences between the two with regard to errors. Participants accepted more false actions, thus achieving higher recognition accuracy for people and details. They also categorized false alarms for actions more often as remember than as know or guess judgements. This pattern of results was more pronounced in the older adults, suggesting that aging is an important factor in false memories for events. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.