Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol-dependent patients with comorbid phobic disorders: a comparison between comorbid patients, pure alcohol-dependent and pure phobic patients.

BACKGROUND Patients with a double diagnosis of alcohol dependence and phobic disorders are a common phenomenon in both alcohol and anxiety disorder clinics. If we are to provide optimum treatment we need to know more about the clinical characteristics of this group of comorbid patients. OBJECTIVE To answer the following questions. (1). What are the clinical characteristics of treatment-seeking alcohol-dependent patients with a comorbid phobic disorder? (2). Are alcohol dependence and other clinical characteristics of comorbid patients different from those of 'pure' alcohol-dependent patients? (3). Are the anxiety symptoms and other clinical characteristics of comorbid patients different from those of 'pure' phobic patients? METHOD Three groups of treatment-seeking patients were compared on demographic and clinical characteristics: alcohol dependent patients with a comorbid phobic disorder (n = 110), alcohol-dependent patients (n = 148) and patients with social phobia or agoraphobia (n = 106). In order to diagnose the comorbid disorders validly, the assessment took place at least 6 weeks after detoxification. RESULTS Comorbid patients have high scores on depressive symptoms and general psychopathology: 25% of patients have a current and 52% a lifetime depressive disorder. The majority have no partner and are unemployed, they have a high incidence of other substance use (benzodiazepine, cocaine, cannabis) and a substantial proportion of comorbid patients have been emotionally, physically and sexually abused. They do not have a more severe, or different type of alcohol dependence or anxiety disorder than 'pure' alcohol-dependent patients and phobic patients respectively. CONCLUSION Comorbid patients constitute a complex part of the treatment-seeking population in alcohol clinics and psychiatric hospitals. These findings should be taken into account when diagnosing and treating alcohol-dependent patients with a comorbid phobic disorder.
A Unified View of Information-Theoretic Aspects of Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio carries bright prospects for very efficient utilization of spectrum in future. Since cognitive radio is still in its early days, many of its theoretical limits are yet to be explored. In particular, determination of its maximum information rates for the most general case is still an open problem. Till today, many cognitive channel models have been presented. Either achievable or maximum bit rates have been evaluated for each of these. This paper attempts to summarize all the existing results, makes a comparison between different channel models and motivates for future research work.
A Combination of Plant NDVI and LiDAR Measurements Improve the Estimation of Pasture Biomass in Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Fletcher)

The total biomass of a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea var. Fletcher) pasture was assessed by using a vehicle mounted light detection and ranging (LiDAR) unit to derive canopy height and an active optical reflectance sensor to determine the spectro-optical reflectance index, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). In a random plot design, measurements of NDVI and pasture height were combined to estimate biomass with a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) equal to ±455.28 kg green dry matter (GDM)/ha, over a range of 286 kg to 3933 kg GDM/ha. The combination of NDVI and height measurements were observed to be more accurate in assessing total biomass than just the NDVI (RMSEP ± 846.51 kg/ha) and height (RMSEP ± 708.13 kg/ha). Based on the results of the study it was concluded the use of combined LiDAR and active optical reflectance sensors can help unlock the complex interrelationship between green fraction and biomass in swards containing both green and senescent material.
SQL Can Maintain Polynomial-Hierarchy Queries

1 Summary Let us introduce the concept of an incremental evaluation system, or IES, discussed in 15]. Suppose we have a query Q : S ! T. An IES(L) for maintaining the query Q is a system consisting of input database I, an answer database A, an optional auxiliary database, and a nite set of \update" functions that correspond to the diierent kinds of permissible update to the input database. These update functions take as input, the corresponding update, the input database, the answer database, and the auxiliary database; and collectively produce as output the updated input database, the updated answer database, and the updated auxiliary database. There are only two requirements: the condition A = Q(I) must be maintained and that the update functions must be expressible in the language L. (L is called the ambient language of the IES.) In this report, we only consider queries from at relations to at relations; and the criteria for permissible update is restricted to the insertion and deletion of a single tuple. A restriction is also imposed so that the constants that appear in the auxiliary database must also appear in the database or in the answer or in some xed set. In this report, this xed set is Q , the set of rational numbers. We use the rst-order incremental evaluation system, IES(FO)(called FOIES in 10]), to illustrate the concept. IES(FO) uses rst-order logic to express update functions 9, 11]. For each relation symbol R, we use R o to refer to the instance of R before an update, and R n the instance of R after the update (here `o' stands for old and`n' for new). Consider the view EVEN that is deened to be f1g if the relation R has even cardinality and fg if R has odd cardinality. While EVEN is well known to be inexpressible in rst-order logic 2], it can be expressed in IES(FO). The update function when a tuple o is deleted from R is given by
Feasibility of school-based computer-assisted robotic gaming technology for upper limb rehabilitation of children with cerebral palsy

Abstract Introduction: We investigated the feasibility of using computer-assisted arm rehabilitation (CAAR) computer games in schools. Outcomes were children's preference for single player or dual player mode, and changes in arm activity and kinematics. Method: Nine boys and two girls with cerebral palsy (6–12 years, mean 9 years) played assistive technology computer games in single-user mode or with school friends in an AB–BA design. Preference was determined by recording the time spent playing each mode and by qualitative feedback. We used the ABILHAND-kids and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure to evaluate activity limitation, and a portable laptop-based device to capture arm kinematics. Results: No difference was recorded between single-user and dual-user modes (median daily use 9.27 versus 11.2 min, p = 0.214). Children reported dual-user mode was preferable. There were no changes in activity limitation (ABILHAND-kids, p = 0.424; COPM, p = 0.484) but we found significant improvements in hand speed (p = 0.028), smoothness (p = 0.005) and accuracy (p = 0.007). Conclusion: School timetables prohibit extensive use of rehabilitation technology but there is potential for its short-term use to supplement a rehabilitation program. The restricted access to the rehabilitation games was sufficient to improve arm kinematics but not arm activity. Implications for Rehabilitation School premises and teaching staff present no obstacles to the installation of rehabilitation gaming technology. Twelve minutes per day is the average amount of time that the school time table permits children to use rehabilitation gaming equipment (without disruption to academic attendance). The use of rehabilitation gaming technology for an average of 12 minutes daily does not appear to benefit children's functional performance, but there are improvements in the kinematics of children's upper limb.
The Tumor-Associated Antigen PRAME Is Universally Expressed in High-Stage Neuroblastoma and Associated with Poor Outcome

Purpose: The tumor-associated antigen PRAME, a potential candidate for immunotherapeutic targeting, is frequently expressed in a variety of cancers. However, no information about its presence in neuroblastoma is available to date. We therefore evaluated and quantified PRAME expression in a considerable number of neuroblastoma tumors and assessed its impact on the outcome of patients. Experimental Design: Qualitative analysis of PRAME expression was assessed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR screening of 94 patients with primary neuroblastoma. The same cohort was used for semiquantitative determination of transcript levels by Northern blotting, comparing the signal intensities of patients with those of testis total RNA. For more precise quantification of PRAME expression, real-time RT-PCR was performed in 88 patients of the above cohort and 7 additional patients, thus leaving a total of 101 patients that were analyzed with either method. Furthermore, association with tumor stage, age of patients at diagnosis, and MYCN amplification was determined as well as the prognostic impact of PRAME expression. Results: RT-PCR screening detected PRAME expression in 93% of primary neuroblastoma and 100% of patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, RT-PCR and Northern blot analysis showed a highly significant association of PRAME expression with both higher tumor stage (P < 0.01) and the age of patients at diagnosis (P < 0.01). Finally, precise quantification of PRAME expression by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR displayed significant impact on the outcome of patients. Conclusions: PRAME expression in neuroblastoma is extraordinarily common and was universally seen in patients with advanced-stage disease in our study. Furthermore, significant impact of PRAME expression on the outcome of patients was shown. Thus, PRAME may present a particularly attractive target for immunotherapeutic strategies in neuroblastoma.
Indirect effects of an aid program: how do liquidity injections affect non-eligibles' consumption?

Aid programs in developing countries are likely to affect both the treated and the non-treated households living in the targeted areas. Studies that focus on the treatment effecton the treated may fail to capture important spillover effects. We exploit the unique designof an aid program's experimental trial to identify its indirect effect on consumption for non-eligible households living in treated areas. We find that this effect is positive, and that itoccurs through changes in the insurance and credit markets: non-eligible households receivemore transfers, and borrow more when hit by a negative idiosyncratic shock, because of theprogram liquidity injection; thus they can reduce their precautionary savings. We also testfor general equilibrium effects in the local labor and goods markets; we find no significantchanges in labor income and prices, while there is a reduction in earnings from sales ofagricultural products, which are now consumed rather than sold. We show that this classof aid programs has important positive externalities; thus their overall effect is larger thanthe effect on the treated. Our results confirm that a key identifying assumption - that thetreatment has no effect on the non-treated - is likely to be violated in similar policy designs. Aid programs in developing countries are likely to affect both the treated and the non-treated households living in the targeted areas. Studies that focus on the treatment effecton the treated may fail to capture important spillover effects. We exploit the unique designof an aid program's experimental trial to identify its indirect effect on consumption for non-eligible households living in treated areas. We find that this effect is positive, and that itoccurs through changes in the insurance and credit markets: non-eligible households receivemore transfers, and borrow more when hit by a negative idiosyncratic shock, because of theprogram liquidity injection; thus they can reduce their precautionary savings. We also testfor general equilibrium effects in the local labor and goods markets; we find no significantchanges in labor income and prices, while there is a reduction in earnings from sales ofagricultural products, which are now consumed rather than sold. We show that this classof aid programs has important positive externalities; thus their overall effect is larger thanthe effect on the treated. Our results confirm that a key identifying assumption - that thetreatment has no effect on the non-treated - is likely to be violated in similar policy designs.
Evidence of mast-cell activation in a subset of patients with eosinophilic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Although asthma has been viewed mainly as an eosinophilic disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a neutrophilic disease, recent studies have shown increased neutrophil counts in severe asthma and sputum eosinophilia in some COPD patients. In an attempt to further characterise these two syndromes according to pathology, the current authors have conducted a study of induced sputum in 15 subjects with COPD, 17 asthmatics, and 17 nonatopic healthy individuals. Sputum was analysed for cytology and levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), albumin, tryptase and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. The COPD subjects differed from the asthmatics as they had higher sputum neutrophil and lower columnar epithelial cell counts, but there were no differences in any soluble marker studied. When compared to control subjects, both the asthmatic and COPD subjects had raised eosinophil counts and ECP levels. In a subset of COPD subjects with sputum eosinophilia (>3% of total cells), significantly increased levels of tryptase were detected. In conclusion, although chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a more neutrophilic disease than asthma, the two diseases are difficult to distinguish on the basis of sputum levels of the soluble markers traditionally associated with asthma. However, a subset of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with airway eosinophilia and mast-cell activation might represent a distinct pathological phenotype.
The Source of Ionization along the Magellanic Stream

Since its discovery in 1996, the source of the bright Hα emission (up to 750 mR) along the Magellanic Stream has remained a mystery. There is no evidence of ionizing stars within the H I stream, and the extended hot halo is far too tenuous to drive strong shocks into the clouds. We now present a hydrodynamical model that explains the known properties of the Hα emission and provides new insights on the lifetime of the Stream clouds. The upstream clouds are gradually disrupted due to their interaction with the hot halo gas. The clouds that follow plow into gas ablated from the upstream clouds, leading to shock ionization at the leading edges of the downstream clouds. Since the following clouds also experience ablation, and weaker Hα (100-200 mR) is quite extensive, a disruptive cascade must be operating along much of the Stream. In our model, the clouds are evolving on timescales of 100-200 Myr, such that the Stream must be replenished by the Magellanic Clouds at a fairly constant rate. The ablated material falls onto the Galaxy as a warm drizzle, which suggests that diffuse ionized gas at 104 K may be an important constituent of galactic accretion. The observed Hα emission provides a new constraint on the rate of disruption of the Stream and, consequently, the infall rate of metal-poor gas onto the Galaxy. When the ionized component of the Stream is fully accounted for, the rate of gas accretion is 0.4 M☉ yr-1, roughly twice the rate deduced from H I observations alone.
Dividends aren't disappearing: evidence from the UK

Despite a documented decline in the number of dividend payers in the UK it is found that aggregate real dividends paid by industrials actually increased between 1979 and 2000. This was attributed to the firms lost from the sample being generally small distributors of dividends whilst the growth in payments by large firms more than compensated for the effect of the former. As a result a concentration of dividends has occurred consistent with that described in the US by DeAngelo et al (2002). During the same period it is also found that a concentration of earnings also occurred amongst the largest dividend payers. There was found to be an increase in the number of non-paying firms during recessionary periods consistent with previous work by Benito and Young (2001). An analysis of the listing status in 2000 of industrial dividend payers in 1979 shows that whilst only around one-fifth of these firms continued to pay dividends the vast majority of the remainder had been acquired and thus there is a good chance these dividends remain, at least in part, in larger combined entities.
Do Cooling Flows Survive Cluster Mergers?

We report the results of recent numerical simulations of the head-on merger of a cooling flow cluster with an infalling subcluster of galaxies. The objective of these simulations was to examine the effects of different types of cluster mergers (with 16 : 1 and 4 : 1 mass ratios) on the evolution of cluster cooling flows (with mass accretion rates of 100 and 400 M☉ yr-1). The two-dimensional simulations were performed with a combined hydrodynamics/N-body code on a uniform grid with a resolution of 20 kpc (~12 zones per core radius). In our simulations, cooling flow disruption is indicated by a dramatic increase (by a factor of 10-40) in the central cooling time of the primary cluster. We find that the ram pressure of the infalling gas is crucial in determining the fate of the cooling flow, because disruption occurs when a substantial amount of subcluster gas reaches the primary's core. In such cases, the subcluster gas can increase the central cooling time by displacing the high-density cooling gas and by heating it via shocks and turbulent gas motions. However, the fate of a merging cooling flow is also dependent on its initial cooling time. In cases where the initial cooling time is very short (i.e., 10-40 times shorter than the Hubble time), then even if the flow is disrupted, the central cooling time will remain less than a Hubble time, and the flow will likely reestablish itself. This has an important observational consequence, because such clusters will be classified as cooling flows on the basis of their cooling times, even though they have undergone a significant merger. In addition, we find that there is a time delay between core crossing and the point at which the central cooling time of a disrupted flow becomes of order a Hubble time. Thus, even in the case of disruption, a cluster can be classified as a cooling flow and exhibit substructure (indicative of a merger) for 1-2 Gyr after merging with a subcluster. We argue that our results make it possible to reconcile the high cooling flow frequency inferred by some observations with both high merger rates and a high frequency of substructure.
Simulated task environments: The role of high-fidelity simulations, scaled worlds, synthetic environments, and laboratory tasks in basic and applied cognitive research.

Simulated task environments provide a setting that adds controlled complexity to experimental tasks performed by human subjects in laboratory research. Researchers whose problems are mostly applied may find that their problems are easier to study in a simulated task environment than in the actual task environment. Researchers whose theories have been nurtured in the simple environments of the typical laboratory study may find that adding controlled complexity will allow them to study how the theoretical constructs they have studied in isolation interact with other constructs in a more complex task environment. In this article I define a taxonomy and three dimensions of simulated task environments. The dimensions are based on viewing simulated task environments from the perspectives of the researcher, the task, and the participants. Research on complex systems is inherently complex. It is my hope that the terms and distinctions introduced in this article will further the scientific enterprise by enabling us to spend less time explaining our paradigms and more time communicating our results.
Fair trade in tourism

Tourism as an industry is increasing rapidly in developing countries. Due to historical inequality in global trading relationships on the basis of ‘core‐periphery’ dependency, globalisation and liberalised free trade, mainstream mass tourism reinforces the social and economic disadvantages of southern destinations. The ‘Fair Trade Movement’ has sought to redress unequal trading by promoting fair trade in commodities with small producers in the South, enabling them to take control over the production and marketing process and challenging the power of transnational corporations. This paper examines the feasibility of fair trade in tourism. It explores the obstacles and opportunities that might lead to establishing a definition of fair trade in tourism, incorporating criteria that would be workable and practical for both partners in the South and North. Copyright # 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
'How to build towers of arbitrary heights, and other hard problems'

This paper presents a reasoning-centred approach to planning: an AI planner that can achieve blocks-world goals of the form ‘above(X,Y)’ by knowing that ‘above’ is the transitive closure of ‘on’, and using that knowledge to reason over the effects of actions. The fully implemented model can achieve goals that do not match action effects, but that are rather entailed by them, which it does by reasoning about how to act: state-space planning is interwoven with theorem proving in such a way that a theorem prover uses the effects of actions as hypotheses. The planner was designed for the purpose of planning communicative actions, whose effects are famously unknowable and unobservable by the doer/speaker, and depend on the beliefs of and inferences made by the recipient/hearer.
The Czech Islamophobic movement: beyond ‘populism’?

ABSTRACT Slačálek and Svobodová’s paper focuses on the ideology of the Czech Islamophobic movement as seen during the 2015–16 migration crisis. In their analysis of interviews with demonstrators and speeches by leaders of the movement, they discuss first how the movement imagined its enemies, and then describe its vision of positive core values. They conclude that the movement’s key ideological features are: an emphasis on social and civilizational decline (declinism); a return to an assumed naturalness in economic and gender relationships (naturalization); and the open evocation of violence and severity (brutalization). In terms of Rogers Brubacker’s distinction between xenophobic ethno-nationalism in Eastern Europe, and the xenophobic defence of liberal values in the West, Slačálek and Svobodová find that the Czech case fits the allegedly western pattern better than the eastern one, which may cast doubt on the whole essentialization of distinctions between ‘western’ and ‘eastern’ populisms.
Unpublished draft Simple and Efficient Higher-Order Reactive Programming

Functional reactive programming (FRP) is an elegant approach to declaratively specify reactive systems. However, the powerful abstractions of FRP have historically made it difficult to predict and control the resource usage of programs written in this style. In this paper we give a simple type theory for higher-order functional reactive programming, as well as a natural implementation strategy for it. Our type theory simplifies and generalizes prior type systems for reactive programming. At the same time, we give a an efficient implementation strategy which eagerly deallocates old values, ruling out space and time leaks, two notorious sources of inefficiency in reactive programs. Our language neither restricts the expressive power of the FRP model, nor does it require a complex substructural type system to track the resource usage of programs. We also show that for programs well-typed under our type system, our implementation strategy of eager deallocation is safe: we show the soundness of our type system under our implementation strategy, using a novel step-indexed Kripke logical relation.