Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Contribution of Agriculture Sector to the Tanzanian Economy

This paper was undertaken to estimate the contribution of the agriculture sector to the Tanzanian economy. The study focused on time series data collected for the period of thirty years (1981 2010) in Tanzania Mainland. However, the Mean Model was employed to estimate the contribution of agriculture sector to the Tanzanian economy. Moreover, the significant contribution of crops, livestock and fisheries subsectors to the Agriculture Gross Domestic Product (AgGDP) was calibrated by a Multiple Regression Model. The empirical study revealed that agriculture sector is the key contributor to the national economy by accounting 25.88% of the national economy, contributed by crops subsector (18.93%); livestock subsector (4.70%) and fisheries subsector (2.25%), respectively. This contribution makes the agriculture sector to be the second largest sector to contribute to the national economy after services sector which accounts 44.30% of the national economy. Hence, the study concluded that since agriculture sector has significant contribution to the Tanzanian economy, therefore, agriculture policy formulated and implemented by the Tanzanian government should focus much more on agriculture sub-sectors (crops, livestock, and fisheries) as the major contributors to the Tanzanian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in general and Agriculture Gross Domestic Product (AgGDP) in particular.
The Impact of Female Employment on Fertility in Dakar (senegal) and Lomé (togo) Table of Contents the Impact of Female Employment on Fertility in Dakar (senegal) and Lomé (togo)

This open-access work is published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 2.0 Germany, which permits use, reproduction & distribution in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author(s) and source are given credit. 1 Introduction 98 2 Contexts of the study: Dakar vs. Lomé 100 2.1 Sociocultural differences in marriage patterns 100 2.2 Female labour force participation in Dakar and Lomé 101 2.3 Fertility differences in Dakar and Lomé 101 3 Theoretical and empirical considerations 102 3.1 Theoretical framework 102 3.2 Prior empirical evidence in developing countries 104 4 Data and methods 106 4.1 Data 106 4.2 Methodology of analysis 107 4.3 Explanatory variables and hypotheses 109 4.3.1 Female employment and human capital 109 4.3.2 Control variables 110 5 Results and discussions 113 5.1 Descriptive statistics 113 5.2 Results of the multivariate analysis 114 5.2.1 The effects of socio-demographic and cultural factors 115 5.2.2 The effect of female employment on fertility 115 6 Conclusion 120 7 Acknowledgements 122 References 123 Abstract This paper investigates the impact of female employment on fertility in two urban contexts in sub-Saharan Africa: Dakar (Senegal) and Lomé (Togo). The hypothesis that wage employment and maternal obligations are incompatible seems to be corroborated in Lomé, where women are likely to consider work as a legitimate alternative to their role as a mother or spouse. Being involved in economic activity is a real option and can therefore impact upon their reproductive life. By contrast, in Dakar working does not seem to hinder family formation. Greater involvement of women in the labour force is not the main reason for fertility decline in Dakar. These findings illustrate how important it is to consider social gender-specific roles in order to accurately determine the influence of female employment on reproductive life. Beguy: The impact of female employment on reducing fertility in Dakar (Senegal) and Lomé (Togo)
The elastase propeptide functions as an intramolecular chaperone required for elastase activity and secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Several proteases are secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa including elastase, an abundantly secreted neutral zinc‐metalloprotease. Elastase (encoded by lasB) is first synthesized with a relatively large propeptide (18 kDa) domain. Here, we present evidence that this propeptide functions as an intramolecular chaperone (IMC) essential for proper maturation of elastase into a hydrolytically active enzyme. An altered elastase allele (lasB6) that encoded an elastase precursor with a precise propeptide deletion was expressed in Escherichia coli, and disrupted cells contained only inactive elastase. However, co‐expression of an allele (lasB7) expressing the propeptide as an independent, non‐covalently linked protein rescued about one‐third of the hydrolytic activity when compared with that obtained with wild‐type lasB. Thus, the propeptide was essential for elastase activity and so defined elastase as an IMC‐containing protease. We examined the possibility that the propeptide of elastase also plays a role in the localization of the mature protein past the outer bacterial membrane. Expression of lasB6 in P. aeruginosa (lasBΔ) in the absence of the propeptide resulted in production of inactive elastase that accumulated within the cell and was not secreted to the culture medium. When lasB7 co‐expressed the non‐covalently linked propeptide in the same cell with lasB6, efficient secretion was restored and active elastase was then found in the supernatant. Thus, the propeptide was needed for secretion of the mature protein as well as enzymatic activity. This chaperone‐like activity of the propeptide appears to involve a direct interaction between the mature and propeptide sequences, and evidence for this was obtained by demonstrating that the non‐covalently attached 18 kDa propeptide was co‐precipitated with elastase using elastase antibodies. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that the propeptide domain acts as an IMC to control both enzymatic activity and competence for secretion.
PRO-COW: Protocol Compliance on the Web - A Longitudinal Study

With the recent (draft) standardization of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol - HTTP/1.1 protocol on the Web, it is natural to ask what percentage of popular Web sites speak HTTP/1.1 and how compliant are these so-called HTTP/1.1 servers. We attempt to answer these questions through a series of experiments based on the protocol standard. The tests were run on a comprehensive list of popular Web sites to which a good fraction of the Web traffic is directed. Our experiments were conducted on a global extensible testing infrastructure that we built to answer the above questions. The tests were carried out over a period of 16 months and were repeated thrice during the period. Our results show reasons for concern on the state of HTTP/1.1 protocol compliance: some servers do not properly support basic features such as the HEAD method, while many popular servers do not support some of the key features (such as persistent connections) that were added in HTTP/1.1. Perhaps most alarming of all, some servers crashed during testing. As a result we believe that small (but significant) changes to the wording of the protocol specification are required.
Minute Myocardial Injury as Measured by High-Sensitive Troponin T Serum Levels Predicts the Response to Intracoronary Infusion of Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cells in Patients With Stable Chronic Post-Infarction Heart Failure: Insights From the TOPCARE-CHD Registry

Rationale: Cell-based therapies are a promising option in patients with chronic postinfarction heart failure (ischemic cardiomyopathy [ICM]). However, the responses after intracoronary infusion of autologous bone marrow–derived mononuclear cells (BMCs) are heterogeneous, which may be related to impaired cell retention in patients with ICM. Ischemic injury is associated with upregulation of prototypical chemoattractant cytokines mediating retention and homing of circulating cells. The development of ultrasensitive tests to measure high-sensitive troponin T (hs-TnT) serum levels revealed the presence of ongoing minute myocardial injury even in patients with stable ICM. Objective: To test the hypothesis that serum levels of hs-TnT correlate with cell retention and determine the response to intracoronary BMC application in patients with ICM. Methods and Results: About 157 patients with stable ICM and no substantial impairment of kidney function received intracoronary BMC administration. Immediately prior to cell application, hs-TnT levels to measure myocardial injury and NT-proBNP levels as marker of left ventricular wall stress were determined. Patients with elevated hs-TnT were older and had more severe heart failure. Importantly, only patients with elevated baseline hs-TnT≥15.19 pg/mL (upper tertile) demonstrated a significant (P=0.04) reduction in NT-proBNP serum levels (−250 [−1465; 33] pg/mL; relative reduction −24%) 4 months after BMC administration, whereas NT-proBNP levels remained unchanged in patients in the 2 lower hs-TnT tertiles. The absolute decrease in NT-proBNP at 4 months was inversely correlated with baseline hs-TnT (r=−0.27, P=0.001). Finally, retention of intracoronarily infused, 111Indium-labeled cells within the heart was closely associated with hs-TnT levels in patients with chronic ischemic heart failure (P=0.0008, n=10, triple measurements). Conclusions: The extent of ongoing myocardial injury as measured by serum levels of hs-TnT predicts the reduction of NT-proBNP serum levels at 4 months after intracoronary BMC administration in patients with ICM, suggesting that the beneficial effects of BMC application on LV remodeling and wall stress are confined to patients with ongoing minute myocardial injury. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00962364.
Robust PCA via Outlier Pursuit

Singular-value decomposition (SVD) [and principal component analysis (PCA)] is one of the most widely used techniques for dimensionality reduction: successful and efficiently computable, it is nevertheless plagued by a well-known, well-documented sensitivity to outliers. Recent work has considered the setting where each point has a few arbitrarily corrupted components. Yet, in applications of SVD or PCA, such as robust collaborative filtering or bioinformatics, malicious agents, defective genes, or simply corrupted or contaminated experiments may effectively yield entire points that are completely corrupted. We present an efficient convex optimization-based algorithm that we call outlier pursuit, which under some mild assumptions on the uncorrupted points (satisfied, e.g., by the standard generative assumption in PCA problems) recovers the exact optimal low-dimensional subspace and identifies the corrupted points. Such identification of corrupted points that do not conform to the low-dimensional approximation is of paramount interest in bioinformatics, financial applications, and beyond. Our techniques involve matrix decomposition using nuclear norm minimization; however, our results, setup, and approach necessarily differ considerably from the existing line of work in matrix completion and matrix decomposition, since we develop an approach to recover the correct column space of the uncorrupted matrix, rather than the exact matrix itself. In any problem where one seeks to recover a structure rather than the exact initial matrices, techniques developed thus far relying on certificates of optimality will fail. We present an important extension of these methods, which allows the treatment of such problems.
Of glaciers and refugia: a decade of study sheds new light on the phylogeography of northwestern North America

Glacial cycles have played a dominant role in shaping the genetic structure and distribution of biota in northwestern North America. The two major ice age refugia of Beringia and the Pacific Northwest were connected by major mountain chains and bordered by the Pacific Ocean. As a result, numerous refugial options were available for the regions taxa during glacial advances. We reviewed the importance of glaciations and refugia in shaping northwestern North America’s phylogeographic history. We also tested whether ecological variables were associated with refugial history. The recurrent phylogeographic patterns that emerged were the following: (i) additional complexity, i.e. refugia within refugia, in both Beringia and the Pacific Northwest; and (ii) strong evidence for cryptic refugia in the Alexander Archipelago and Haida Gwaii, the Canadian Arctic and within the ice‐sheets. Species with contemporary ranges that covered multiple refugia, or those with high dispersal ability, were significantly more likely to have resided in multiple refugia. Most of the shared phylogeographic patterns can be attributed to multiple refugial locales during the last glacial maximum or major physiographic barriers like rivers and glaciers. However, some of the observed patterns are much older and appear connected to the orogeny of the Cascade‐Sierra chain or allopatric differentiation during historic glacial advances. The emergent patterns from this review suggest we should refine the classic Beringian‐southern refugial paradigm for northwestern North American biota and highlight the ecological and evolutionary consequences of colonization from multiple refugia.
The 400d Galaxy Cluster Survey weak lensing programme - I. MMT/Megacam analysis of CL0030+2618 at z = 0.50

Context. Studying cosmological structure formation provides insights into all of the universe's components: baryonic matter, dark matter, and, notably, dark energy. Measuring the mass function of galaxy clusters at high redshifts is particularly useful probe for both learning about the history of structure formation and constraining cosmological parameters. Aims. We attempt to derive reliable masses for a high-redshift, high-luminosity sample of galaxy clusters selected from the 400d X-ray selected cluster survey. Weak gravitational lensing allows us to determine masses that can be compared with those inferred from X-rays, forming an independent test. We focus on a particular object, CL0030+2618 at z = 0.50. Methods. Using deep imaging in three passbands acquired using the MEG ACA M instrument at MMT, we show that MEGACAM is well-suited to measuring gravitational shear, i.e., the shapes of faint galaxies. A catalogue of background galaxies is constructed by analysing the photometric properties of galaxies in the g'r'i bands. Results. Using the aperture mass technique, we detect the weak lensing signal of CL0030+2618 at 5. 8σ significance. We find significant tangential alignment of galaxies out to ~10' or a distance of >2 r 200 from the cluster centre. The weak lensing centre of CL0030+2618 agrees with several X-ray measurements and the position of the brightest cluster galaxy. Finally, we infer a weak lensing virial mass of M 200 = 7.2 +3.5+2.3 -2.9-2.5 × 10 14 M ⊙ for CL0030+2618. Conclusions. Despite complications caused by a tentative foreground galaxy group along the line of sight, the X-ray and weak lensing estimates for CL0030+2618 are in remarkable agreement.
How Do Open Source Communities Document Software Architecture: An Exploratory Survey

Software architecture (SA) documentation provides a blueprint of a software-intensive system for the communication between stakeholders about the high-level design of the system. In open source software (OSS) development, a lack of SA documentation may hinder the use and further development of OSS, but how much "architecture" documentation is enough and appropriate is largely dependent on the contextual factors of development. In order to understand the state of the practice of SA documentation in OSS projects, we conducted a documentation-based survey to explore how SA is documented in OSS projects. Out of 2,000 OSS projects from four major OSS sources, we found that 108 projects have some SA documentation, which shows that the SA documentation is scarce in OSS development. We analyzed these 108 projects to understand what SA information has been documented and how they have been described. We have found that frequently-documented architectural information is model, system, and mission, natural language is the most frequently-used architectural language for specifying architectural information in OSS SA documents. The results also show that the likelihood that an OSS project will document SA is increased when more developers are involved in the project, and industry and research OSS projects are more likely to create SA documents than freelance projects.
Theory of Mind Through the Ages: Older and Middle-Aged Adults Exhibit More Errors Than Do Younger Adults on a Continuous False Belief Task

Theory of mind (ToM), or the ability to understand mental states, is a fundamental aspect of social cognition. Previous research has documented marked advances in ToM in preschoolers, and declines in ToM in older-aged adults. In the present study, younger (n = 37), middle-aged (n = 20), and older (n = 37) adults completed a continuous false belief task measuring ToM. Middle-aged and older adults exhibited more false belief bias than did younger adults, irrespective of language ability, executive function, processing speed, and memory. The authors conclude that ToM declines from younger to older adulthood, independent of age-related changes to domain-general cognitive functioning.
Regulatory Evaluation of Value-at-Risk Models

Beginning in 1998, U.S. commercial banks may determine their regulatory capital requirements for financial market risk exposure using value-at-risk (VaR) models i.e., models of the time-varying distributions of portfolio returns. Currently, regulators have available three hypothesis-testing methods for evaluating the accuracy of VaR models: the binomial method, the interval forecast method and the distribution forecast method. These methods use hypothesis tests to examine whether the VaR forecasts in question exhibit properties characteristic of accurate VaR forecasts. However, given the low power often exhibited by these tests, these methods may often misclassify forecasts from inaccurate models as accurate. A new evaluation method that uses loss functions based on probability forecasts, is proposed. Simulation results indicate that this method is capable of differentiating between forecasts from accurate and inaccurate, alternative VaR models.
ERK/MAPK Is Essential for Endogenous Neuroprotection in SCN2.2 Cells

Background Glutamate (Glu) is essential to central nervous system function; however excessive Glu release leads to neurodegenerative disease. Strategies to protect neurons are underdeveloped, in part due to a limited understanding of natural neuroprotective mechanisms, such as those present in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This study tests the hypothesis that activation of ERK/MAPK provides essential protection to the SCN after exposure to excessive Glu using the SCN2.2 cells as a model. Methodology Immortalized SCN2.2 cells (derived from SCN) and GT1-7 cells (neurons from the neighboring hypothalamus) were treated with 10 mM Glu in the presence or absence of the ERK/MAPK inhibitor PD98059. Cell death was assessed by Live/Dead assay, MTS assay and TUNEL. Caspase 3 activity was also measured. Activation of MAPK family members was determined by immunoblot. Bcl2, neuritin and Bid mRNA (by quantitative-PCR) and protein levels (by immunoblot) were also measured. Principal Findings As expected Glu treatment increased caspase 3 activity and cell death in the GT1-7 cells, but Glu alone did not induce cell death or affect caspase 3 activity in the SCN2.2 cells. However, pretreatment with PD98059 increased caspase 3 activity and resulted in cell death after Glu treatment in SCN2.2 cells. This effect was dependent on NMDA receptor activation. Glu treatment in the SCN2.2 cells resulted in sustained activation of the anti-apoptotic pERK/MAPK, without affecting the pro-apoptotic p-p38/MAPK. In contrast, Glu exposure in GT1-7 cells caused an increase in p-p38/MAPK and a decrease in pERK/MAPK. Bcl2-protein increased in SCN2.2 cells following Glu treatment, but not in GT1-7 cells; bid mRNA and cleaved-Bid protein increased in GT1-7, but not SCN2.2 cells. Conclusions Facilitation of ERK activation and inhibition of caspase activation promotes resistance to Glu excitotoxicity in SCN2.2 cells. Significance Further research will explore ERK/MAPK as a key molecule in the prevention of neurodegenerative processes.
Dust Emission from Active Galactic Nuclei

Unified schemes of active galactic nuclei require an obscuring dusty torus around the central source, giving rise to a Seyfert 1 line spectrum for pole-on viewing and Seyfert 2 characteristics in edge-on sources. Although the observed IR is in broad agreement with this scheme, the behavior of the 10 μm silicate feature and the width of the far-IR emission peak remained serious problems in all previous modeling efforts. We show that these problems find a natural explanation if the dust is contained in approximately five to 10 clouds along radial rays through the torus. The spectral energy distributions of both type 1 and type 2 sources are properly reproduced from different viewpoints of the same object if the optical depth of each cloud is ≳60 at visual wavelengths and if the clouds' mean free path increases roughly in proportion to the radial distance.
A Study of Geological Setting of Northeastern Part of Chhattisgarh Basin, Mahanadi Graben and Bilaspur-Raigarh-Surguja Gneissic Belt from Gravity Anomalies

Gravity survey was conducted in an area of about 13000 sq km covering northeastern part of Chhattisgarh Basin, Bilaspur-Raigarh gneissic belt and the central part of Mahanadi graben. Analysis of gravity anomalies has helped in the demarcation of the boundary of Chhattisgarh Basin and Mahanadi graben as well as in the determination of extent of basins and associated structures. The thickness of sediments in Chhattisgarh Basin and Mahanadi graben is estimated to be 3 5 km and 2 5 km respectively above the crystalline basement. Two prominent gravity high closures in the vicinity of Bilaspur and Akaltra are new findings and are attributed to presence of high density metamorphic schist belt below the Chhattisgarh Basin.
Determinants of high rates of smoking among people with psychosis living in a socially disadvantaged region in South Australia

Objective: This study aimed to identify factors associated with the high rates of smoking amongst people with psychosis living in a disadvantaged region in Adelaide, South Australia. Methods: Data were collected from 402 people with psychosis, aged 18–64 years, who lived in the northern suburbs of Adelaide. This area is disadvantaged on many measures of socioeconomic well-being and people living in this region have higher rates of smoking compared to the general Australian population. We hypothesised that whilst tobacco use by people with psychosis living in this region was primarily associated with mental illness, factors related to social disadvantage also contributed to the high rates of smoking. Results: Approximately 74% of men and 71% of women with psychotic disorders living in the northern suburbs of Adelaide were current smokers. Factors such as unemployment, lower levels of education and receiving government welfare, factors known to be associated with smoking in the general population, were more prevalent in the northern region. Smokers with psychosis were less likely to participate in recreational programs and physical activity, and more likely to use illicit substances and be a victim of crime. They had poorer health and financial outcomes than non-smokers. There were some gender differences: for men with psychosis, employment and having a post-school qualification decreased the risk of smoking while cannabis use increased the risk; for women with psychosis, a diagnosis of alcohol abuse/dependence, using cannabis and being sedentary were risk factors for smoking, while attending recreational programs reduced this risk. Conclusion: Smoking rates were strikingly high in both men and women, and particularly high in women when compared with previous research. Our study shows that the risk of smoking is increased by factors related to the social disadvantage of living in the northern Adelaide region. Smoking cessation interventions for people with mental illness should take into account the social context, and also address relevant comorbidities such as drug and alcohol disorders.