Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
From Politics to Academics: Political Activism and the Emergence of Science and Technology Studies in South Korea

Science and technology studies (STS) is now a mature field in many countries, and it is important to understand its historical and political roots in a wide variety of national contexts. The present contribution to such a vast project links a number of South Korean activist groups involved in a critical reflection upon science and technology in the 1970s and the 1980s to the academic developments of the STS field in the 1990s. A focus on the activist roots of South Korea's STS counterbalances more institutional and less politicized histories of the field; it also enlightens the specificity of critical approaches to science in the context of an emerging power that was a military dictatorship. The authors describe how a group of students and professors, most of whom had been trained as scientists and engineers, created a discussion circle to foster a critical and political discourse on science. They then trace the emergence of the new field through the dissemination of texts and their reception. The academic aspects of Korean STS are then compared, over three periods, with similar currents in Europe and the United States. The conclusion shows that the critique of science that emerged in South Korea took a form substantially different from critiques elsewhere, linking this difference to political and institutional causes.
Psychiatric Comorbidity in ADHD Symptom Subtypes in Clinic and Community Adults

Objective: To compare psychiatric comorbidity between the three symptom subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Inattentive (I), Hyperactive-Impulsive (H), and Combined (C), in adults. Method: A clinic sample (N = 487) and a nonreferred community sample (N = 900) completed a DSM-IV-referenced rating scale and a questionnaire (social, educational, occupational, and treatment variables). Participants were assigned to one of four groups: ADHD:I, ADHD:H, ADHD:C, and NONE. Results: All three ADHD symptom groups reported more severe comorbid symptoms than the NONE group; the ADHD:C and NONE groups were the most and least severe, respectively; and there were clear differences between the ADHD:I and ADHD:H groups. The pattern of group differences was similar in both samples. Conclusion: ADHD symptom subtypes in adults are associated with distinct clinical correlates. The diversity of self-reported psychopathology in adults who meet symptom criteria for ADHD highlights the importance of conducting broad-based evaluations. (J. of Att. Dis. 2007; 11(2) 114-124)
Small Scale Variants Of The Block Cipher PRESENT

In this note we define small scale variants of the block cipher present [1]. The main reason for this is that the running time of some recent attacks (e.g. [2, 3]) remain unclear as they are based on heuristics that are hard or even impossible to verify in practice. Those attacks usually require the full code bock of present to be available and they work only if some independence assumptions hold in practice. While those assumptions are clearly wrong from a theoretical point of view, the impact on the running times of the attacks in question is not clear. With versions of present with smaller block size it might be possible to verify how those attacks scale for those versions and hopefully learn something about present itself. In the next section, all details of the toy ciphers are specified, with test vectors given in the appendix.
DEFINING ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE AND ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM

Scholars often contend that we need to establish precise definitions of the terms environmental equity, environmental justice, and environmental racism. Although in academic literature the terms usually refer to geographic associations between pollution or waste sites and low-income or minority communities, researchers continue to disagree about whether the patterns they observe constitute evidence of inequity, injustice, or racism. Some suggest that we can move beyond this disagreement if we can reach consensus about what the terms mean. The growing number of statistical and historical case studies of such patterns in cities and metropolitan areas suggests that understanding the terms has become increasingly important for urban scholarship. Nonetheless, in spite of our best efforts to pin down the definitions of these terms, activists, government agencies, and other political interests continue to interpret them differently. For example, many grassroots activists insist that environmental justice demands the prevention of all toxic pollution. In contrast, President Clinton's (1994) Executive Order 12898 to United States federal agencies promotes a conception of environmental justice that leaves room for the continued production of toxic waste, as long as its negative effects do not fall disproportionately on disadvantaged communities. Does progress in urban environmental justice research demand that we pronounce one of these interpretations of the term to be closer to some "true" definition? In the first section of this paper, I argue that the pursuit of stable, consensual definitions of such terms as environmental justice and environmental racism is misguided. We must accept that people in different geographic, historical, political, and institutional contexts understand the terms differently. Instead of regarding the lack of universal definitions as a barrier to progress, however, we need to treat the breadth and multiplicity of interpretations as guides to more relevant and useful new research. In addition, we must acknowledge that interpretations of the terms have inevitable political implications. Our research should make our assumptions about the nature of racism and justice explicit. In the second section, I review some of the prevailing trends in empirical environmental justice research and suggest that the recent emergence of governmental environmental justice programs in the United States provides a fruitful starting point for new lines of
Variation with age in the labelling of amoeboid microglial cells in rats following intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of a fluorescent dye.

Amoeboid microglial cells (AMC) in the corpus callosum were selectively labelled following a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the fluorescent dye, rhodamine isothiocyanate (RhIc) into postnatal rats. The frequency of RhIc-labelled cells varied with age, with the largest number occurring in 7-d-old animals. Thereafter, the labelled cells declined drastically in number and fluorescence and were barely detectable in 12-d-old injected rats. Labelled cells were absent in 13-d or older rats given an RhIc injection. When the injected RhIc was followed over a time course sequence, it was first detected in the cerebral blood vessels and their lining endothelia within 5 min after the injection. A variable number of AMC emitting a weaker fluorescence were closely adherent to the outer walls of the blood vessels. With time, the fluorescence in the AMC was progressively enhanced, but that in the blood vessels showed a concomitant reduction. In the rats that received an intravenous (i.v.) injection of RhIc, the labelling pattern of AMC, both in terms of its variation with age and in temporal sequence, paralleled that in rats given i.p. injections. In 12-d-old rats subjected to a stab wound coupled with an i.p. injection of RhIc, a considerable number of AMC not normally labelled at this age were activated. The cells exhibited an intense fluorescence and expressed MHC surface antigen immunoreactivity. It is concluded from this study that when injected i.p. or i.v. , RhIc is readily circulated to the cerebral vessels, where it enters brain tissue by transendothelial transport. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The interaction between gaze direction and facial expressions in newborns

The ability to decode facial expressions is an important component of social interaction and functioning. This ability is even more fundamental early in life, prior to the development of verbal communication. However, it is still unclear whether newborns can detect, discriminate and process facial expressions, and, if so, what the mechanisms underlying this ability are. In this study, we extend the investigation of perceived emotional expression by manipulating gaze direction with different facial expressions. Specifically, newborns were presented with faces displaying neutral, fearful, or happy facial expressions accompanied with direct or averted gaze, and tested in a visual preference paradigm. Four experiments were conducted in which different combinations of expression and gaze were used. However, only in the fourth experiment did newborns show a visual preference for a specific emotional display; they looked significantly longer at a happy face than a neutral one only when both were accompanied with direct gaze. These results provide support for the advantage of happy facial expressions in the development of a face processing system and suggest that this preference reflects experience acquired during the first few days after birth.
A Novel Sensor Platform Matching the Improved Version of IPMVP Option C for Measuring Energy Savings

It is easy to measure energy consumption with a power meter. However, energy savings cannot be directly computed by the powers measured using existing power meter technologies, since the power consumption only reflects parts of the real energy flows. The International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP) was proposed by the Efficiency Valuation Organization (EVO) to quantify energy savings using four different methodologies of A, B, C and D. Although energy savings can be estimated following the IPMVP, there are limitations on its practical implementation. Moreover, the data processing methods of the four IPMVP alternatives use multiple sensors (thermometer, hygrometer, Occupant information) and power meter readings to simulate all facilities, in order to determine an energy usage benchmark and the energy savings. This study proposes a simple sensor platform to measure energy savings. Using usually the Electronic Product Code (EPC) global standard, an architecture framework for an information system is constructed that integrates sensors data, power meter readings and occupancy conditions. The proposed sensor platform is used to monitor a building with a newly built vertical garden system (VGS). A VGS shields solar radiation and saves on energy that would be expended on air-conditioning. With this platform, the amount of energy saved in the whole facility is measured and reported in real-time. The data are compared with those obtained from detailed measurement and verification (M&V) processes. The discrepancy is less than 1.565%. Using measurements from the proposed sensor platform, the energy savings for the entire facility are quantified, with a resolution of ±1.2%. The VGS gives an 8.483% daily electricity saving for the building. Thus, the results show that the simple sensor platform proposed by this study is more widely applicable than the four complicated IPMVP alternatives and the VGS is an effective tool in reducing the carbon footprint of a building.
Difference in normal values of median nerve cross‐sectional area between dutch and indian subjects

Ultrasound (US) measurement of the median nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA) at the wrist is a useful diagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). We compared median nerve normal values between samples of Indian and Dutch populations. Methods: The median nerve was examined by US at the wrist in 100 healthy volunteers in India and 137 volunteers in The Netherlands using the same protocol. Results: Median nerve CSA at the wrist (7.0 ± 1.1 mm2) in the Indian cohort was lower in comparison to the Dutch cohort (8.3 ± 1.9 mm2; P < 0.05). This difference was still present after controlling for age, height, and weight (P = 0.001). Conclusions: CSA normal values for the median nerve were different between the examined population samples even after correcting for age, height, and weight. This enforces the idea that laboratories around the world should obtain their own normative data. Muscle Nerve 50: 129–132, 2014
Relative Occupational Attainments of Spouses and Later Changes in Marriage and Wife's Work Experience.

Using the older cohort of women in the National Longitudinal Survey, this paper analyzes whether the relative attainments of spouses at one point in time are associated with divorce, leaving the labor force, moving to a lower status job and/or moving to a traditional jobone sex-typed female-at a later time. Independent variables included wife's occupational status, husband's occupational status, the interaction between the two (relative occupational status), and whether wife is employed in a traditional or nontraditional job. The strongest finding is the importance of wife's employment in a nontraditional job (sex-typed male) as a predictor of change. Women in nontraditional jobs were more likely to become divorced, to leave the labor force, or to move to a lower status position than were women in traditional positions. In addition, many women in nontraditional jobs shifted to traditional jobs. The relative attainment of spouses further contributes to the probability of these changes, but the effects are not large.
Reciprocity in Labor Market Relationships: Evidence from an Experiment across High-Income OECD Countries

We study differences in behavior across countries in a labor market context. To this end, we conducted a bilateral gift-exchange experiment comparing the behavior of subjects from five high-income OECD countries: Germany, Spain, Israel, Japan and the USA. We observe that in all countries, effort levels are increasing while rejection rates are decreasing in wage offers. However, we also find considerable differences in behavior across countries in both one-shot and repeated relationships, the most striking between Germany and Spain. We also discuss the influence of socio-economic indicators and the implications of our findings.
Reporting incentives and biases in online review forums

Online reviews have become increasingly popular as a way to judge the quality of various products and services. However, recent work demonstrates that the absence of reporting incentives leads to a biased set of reviews that may not reflect the true quality. In this paper, we investigate underlying factors that influence users when reporting feedback. In particular, we study both reporting incentives and reporting biases observed in a widely used review forum, the Tripadvisor Web site. We consider three sources of information: first, the numerical ratings left by the user for different aspects of quality; second, the textual comment accompanying a review; third, the patterns in the time sequence of reports. We first show that groups of users who discuss a certain feature at length are more likely to agree in their ratings. Second, we show that users are more motivated to give feedback when they perceive a greater risk involved in a transaction. Third, a user's rating partly reflects the difference between true quality and prior expectation of quality, as inferred from previous reviews. We finally observe that because of these biases, when averaging review scores there are strong differences between the mean and the median. We speculate that the median may be a better way to summarize the ratings.
The Effect of Using Portfolio-Based Writing Assessment on Language Learning: The Case of Young Iranian EFL Learners.

This study investigated the effectiveness of portfolio-based writing assessment in EFL situations. Participants were 40 pre-intermediate young Iranian English learners. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 20 each. The experimental group wrote on five pre-established topics from their coursebook. Their writings were checked in terms of ideas, organization, voice, word choice, sentence fluency, and conventions of writing by two raters. They were given another opportunity to revise their writings to be corrected again. In contrast, the control group wrote only once and their writings were corrected only by their own teacher. The participants were also required to complete a questionnaire to assess their reflection and self-assessment. Results of the study indicate that portfolio-based writing assessment has a positive effect on language learning and writing ability. It also shows that it helps students’ self-assessment and almost all students are satisfied with this method of assessment.
Cataloguing PL 4-Manifolds by Gem-Complexity

We describe an algorithm to subdivide automatically a given set of PL $n$-manifolds (via coloured triangulations or, equivalently, via crystallizations ) into classes whose elements are PL-homeomorphic. The algorithm, implemented in the case n=4 , succeeds to solve completely the PL-homeomorphism problem among the catalogue of all closed connected PL 4-manifolds up to gem-complexity 8 (i.e., which admit a coloured triangulation with at most 18 4-simplices). Possible interactions with the (not completely known) relationship among different classification in TOP and DIFF=PL categories are also investigated. As a first consequence of the above PL classification, the non-existence of exotic PL 4-manifolds up to gem-complexity 8 is proved. Further applications of the tool are described, related to possible PL-recognition of different triangulations of the K3 -surface.
Altered cardiorespiratory response to exercise in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome

In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cardiovascular risk is increased. Peak O2 uptake ( V˙O2peak ) predicts the cardiovascular risk. We were the first to examine the contribution of systemic O2 delivery and arteriovenous O2 difference to V˙O2peak in overweight and obese women with PCOS. Fifteen overweight or obese PCOS women and 15 age‐, anthropometry‐, and physical activity‐matched control women performed a maximal incremental cycling exercise test. Alveolar gas exchange (volume turbine and mass spectrometry), arterial O2 saturation (pulse oximetry), and cardiac output (CO) (impedance cardiography) were monitored. Hb concentration was determined. Arterial O2 content and arteriovenous O2 difference (C(a‐v)O2) (Fick equation) were calculated. Insulin resistance was evaluated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA‐IR). PCOS women had lower V˙O2peak than controls (40 ± 6 vs. 46 ± 5 mL/min/kg fat‐free mass [FFM], P = 0.011). Arterial O2 content was similarly maintained in the groups throughout the exercise test (P > 0.05). Linear regression analysis revealed a pronounced response of CO to increasing V˙O2 in PCOS women during the exercise test: A ∆CO/∆ V˙O2 slope was steeper in PCOS women than in controls (β = 5.84 vs. β = 5.21, P = 0.004). Eventually, the groups attained similar peak CO and peak CO scaled to FFM (P > 0.05). Instead, C(a‐v)O2 at peak exercise was lower in PCOS women than in controls (13.2 ± 1.6 vs. 14.8 ± 2.4 mL O2/100 mL blood, P = 0.044). HOMA‐IR was similar in the groups (P > 0.05). The altered cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in overweight and obese PCOS women indicate that PCOS per se is associated with alterations in peripheral adjustments to exercise rather than with limitations of systemic O2 delivery.
Impact of MODIS BRDF and albedo on land surface models

Land surface albedo describes the fraction of incoming solar energy reflected at a given point and time, and hence determines the surface temperature and evapotranspiration. It is strongly dependent on the solar zenith angle and the three-dimensional structure of vegetation canopy (e.g., Yang et al. 2001; Schaaf et al. 2002). The land surface albedo in regional and global models can be specified using empirical observations or computed based on a radiation submodel for canopy plus underlying soil. These approaches do not consider the three-dimensional structure of vegetation.
ATMOSPHERIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FIVE HOT JUPITERS WITH THE WIDE FIELD CAMERA 3 ON THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

We probe the structure and composition of the atmospheres of five hot Jupiter exoplanets using the Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument. We use the G141 grism (1.1–1.7 μm) to study TrES-2b, TrES-4b, and CoRoT-1b in transit; TrES-3b in secondary eclipse; and WASP-4b in both. This wavelength region includes a predicted absorption feature from water at 1.4 μm, which we expect to be nondegenerate with the other molecules that are likely to be abundant for hydrocarbon-poor (e.g., solar composition) hot Jupiter atmospheres. We divide our wavelength regions into 10 bins. For each bin we produce a spectrophotometric light curve spanning the time of transit or eclipse. We correct these light curves for instrumental systematics without reference to an instrument model. For our transmission spectra, our mean 1σ precision per bin corresponds to variations of 2.1, 2.8, and 3.0 atmospheric scale heights for TrES-2b, TrES-4b, and CoRoT-1b, respectively. We find featureless spectra for these three planets. We are unable to extract a robust transmission spectrum for WASP-4b. For our dayside emission spectra, our mean 1σ precision per bin corresponds to a planet-to-star flux ratio of 1.5 × 10−4 and 2.1 × 10−4 for WASP-4b and TrES-3b, respectively. We combine these estimates with previous broadband measurements and conclude that for both planets isothermal atmospheres are disfavored. We find no signs of features due to water. We confirm that WFC3 is suitable for studies of transiting exoplanets, but in staring mode multivisit campaigns are necessary to place strong constraints on water abundance.
NG2‐glia and their functions in the central nervous system

In the central nervous system, NG2‐glia represent a neural cell population that is distinct from neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. While in the past the main role ascribed to these cells was that of progenitors for oligodendrocytes, in the last years it has become more obvious that they have further functions in the brain. Here, we will discuss some of the most current and highly debated issues regarding NG2‐glia: Do these cells represent a heterogeneous population? Can they give rise to different progenies, and does this change under pathological conditions? How do they respond to injury or pathology? What is the role of neurotransmitter signaling between neurons and NG2‐glia? We will first give an overview on the developmental origin of NG2‐glia, and then discuss whether their distinct properties in different brain regions are the result of environmental influences, or due to intrinsic differences. We will then review and discuss their in vitro differentiation potential and in vivo lineage under physiological and pathological conditions, together with their electrophysiological properties in distinct brain regions and at different developmental stages. Finally, we will focus on their potential to be used as therapeutic targets in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review article will highlight the importance of NG2‐glia not only in the healthy, but also in the diseased brain. GLIA 2015;63:1429–1451
Structural approaches to narrative analysis in entrepreneurship research

Narrative is recognized as a credible source of knowledge for scholars engaged in theory building in entrepreneurship. A wide range of methods for the analysis of narrative empirical material have been adopted in research to date. Thus, researchers have a multitude of ways to engage with data, such that investigators new to narrative analysis may face challenges in approaching and framing analyses of their narrative material. This article presents exemplars from two researchers who used structural approaches to uncover contemporary understandings of entrepreneurship in different contexts. Their experiences suggest a framework that scholars embarking on journeys into narrative analysis can use to their benefit.