Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Ethical Limits of Trust in Business Relations

Abstract: This article defines and analyzes the nature of a trust relation. It specifically examines the internal and external morality of trust relations and the ethical limits of those relations. It examines both the ends pursued by trust relations as well as the means by which trust is developed. It shows that the ends need to be evaluated by traditional ethical theories, while the ethical constraints of the trust process depend upon the specific bases of trust. In addition, the consequences of the trust process differ in their impact on the trustor and third parties. Despite the popularity of trust in the literature, this study recommends caution in the use of trust as an ethical basis for economic organization. The optimal form of trust, although still subject to limitations, is fairness-based trust.
'We always come here': investigating the social in 'social learning'

This paper investigates student choices around the 'Third Space' for learning; that which is not either a teaching space or a private space. In mapping the use of such spaces around the University of Northampton's campuses and through the use of semi-structured interviews with students as they use the spaces it constructs a model to help understand why students choose a particular space to work in and influence decisions in the deliberate creation of such spaces in future. The research shows four, often overlapping, influences on student choice of space; resources, environment, social and emotional. That resource rich spaces that allow social interaction and learning to take place in attractive environments are popular should not be surprising but it is the emotional response to space that is of particular interest. Space attachment theory has usually centred on home or places with religious or national symbolism. This paper identifies an element of emotional resonance to areas of the university campus, especially the library, that will warrant further research.
Cultural Consensus Analysis and Environmental Anthropology: Yellowfin Tuna Fishery Management in Hawaii

Natural resource policies in the United States are implemented with a social technology of objectivity. Accordingly, resource managers rely on scientific and quantitative analyses to satisfy constituencies distrustful of regulatory authorities. Cultural consensus analysis is a powerful method for determining whether knowledge domains are structured in ways that support a conclusion that cultural members recognize certain cultural truths not known before-hand to the investigator. The authors compare hand-line fishermen and fishery scientists in Hawaii regarding their knowledge about stock structure, fish movements, resource abundance, stock condition, and fishery interactions. Yellow fin tuna fishery results show that fishermen and scientists exhibit an overall consensus about ecological knowledge, although they disagree in some areas. Some practical advantages of consensus analysis are discussed along with the possibilities for growth in the fishery social science sector, cross-cultural applied research, and the practice of environmental anthropology.
Motivating innovation in schools: School principals’ work engagement as a motivator for schools’ innovation

This multisource, multilevel study examines the role of school principals’ work engagement as a motivational catalyst for schools’ innovation. We hypothesize that principals’ work engagement motivates teachers’ creativity which in turn should foster the amount of innovations made in schools. In order to operationalize innovation, we used four measures: teachers’ self-ratings and three school-specific objective indicators of schools’ innovation (school projects, external communication, and internal communication). Eighty-seven principals and 902 teachers from 83 German schools participated in our study. Results of multilevel structural equation modelling showed that principals’ work engagement increases teachers’ idea generation which in turn fosters all of our four aspects of innovation. Idea generation mediated the relationship between principals’ work engagement and self-rated innovation. It can be concluded from our study that both principals’ work engagement and teachers’ creativity can be powerful forces concerning schools’ innovation.
Can a Self-Propelled Box Have a Goal?

Some researchers have suggested that infants' ability to reason about goals develops as a result of their experiences with human agents and is then gradually extended to other agents. Other researchers have proposed that goal attribution is rooted in a specialized system of reasoning that is activated whenever infants encounter entities with appropriate features (e.g., self-propulsion). The first view predicts that young infants should attribute goals to human but not other agents; the second view predicts that young infants should attribute goals to both human and nonhuman agents. The present research revealed that 5-month-old infants (the youngest found thus far to attribute goals to human agents) also attribute goals to nonhuman agents. In two experiments, infants interpreted the actions of a self-propelled box as goal-directed. These results provide support for the view that from an early age, infants attribute goals to any entity they identify as an agent.
ON LARYNGEALIZATION IN QUECHUA

The numerous Quechuan dialects are usually put into three dialect groups r (1) the northern group — the dialects of Ecuador ; (2) the central group — the dialects of northern and central Peru (the former province of Chinchasuyu); (3) the southern group — the dialects of the southern part of Peru, Bolivia, and of north-west Argentina. Of greatest interest are the dialects of the southern group, which have best preserved the ancient structure of the Quechuan tongue. While a significant closeness of grammatical structure is evidenced among the southern dialects, there is one feature which distinguishes the peripheral dialects of Ayacucho (Peru) and of Santiago del Estero (Argentina) from the dialects of the Cuzco-Puno region and Bolivia: this is the presence of laryngealized (aspirated and globalized) obstruent consonants in phonological systems of the two latter dialects. The question of the origin of laryngealization of obstruents is unclear: some authors consider the initial situation of the Quechuan phonological system to be preserved in
In vivo expression and localization of the fibroblast growth factor system in the intact and lesioned rat peripheral nerve and spinal ganglia

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) is involved in several cellular processes of the nervous system during development, maintenance, and regeneration. In the central nervous system, FGF‐2 has been shown to be expressed in neurons and glial cells, depending on the developmental stage and brain area. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis was performed of the cellular distribution of the transcripts of FGF‐2 and of the FGF high‐affinity receptors (R) 1–4 in intact and lesioned sciatic nerve and spinal ganglia. In the adult rat sciatic nerve FGF‐2, FGFR1–3 were expressed at low levels as revealed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Sciatic nerve crush resulted in an increase of these transcript levels. FGFR4 expression was not detected in the intact and crushed nerve as revealed by RT‐PCR and RNase protection assay. In situ hybridization using riboprobes for FGF‐2, FGFR1–3 displayed staining in diverse cell types. Immunocytochemical staining of consecutive sections with cell markers for myelin, macrophages, and neurons revealed colocalization of the transcripts with Schwann cells and macrophages. In addition to FGF‐2 and FGFR1, the transcripts of FGFR2–4 were expressed in neurons of spinal ganglia. Crush lesion of the sciatic nerve resulted in no alterations of the FGFR1–4 transcripts, whereas FGF‐2 and FGFR3 mRNAs were up‐regulated in spinal ganglia. The expression of FGFRs and FGF‐2 in Schwann cells and macrophages at the lesion site of the sciatic nerve and in sensory neurons suggests that FGF‐2 is involved in specific functions of these cells during regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:342–357, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined Cyclin D 1 Overexpression and Zinc Deficiency Disrupts Cell Cycle and Accelerates Mouse Forestomach Carcinogenesis 1

Overexpression of cyclin D1 and disruption of cell cycle control in G1 occur frequently in human esophageal cancer. Transgenic (TG) mice with cyclin D1 overexpression targeted to the oral-esophageal tissue by the EBV ED-L2 promoter showed increased severity in esophageal dysplasia without cancer development, after multiple doses of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA). Dietary zinc deficiency (ZD) in mice enhances cellularproliferationinesophagus/forestomachandsusceptibilitytoNMBAinduced carcinogenesis. We investigated whether cyclin D1 overexpression in TG mice, together with ZD, might lead to unchecked cell proliferation and accelerated NMBA-induced tumorigenesis. Five-week-old TG and wild-type (WT) mice were fed a ZDor -sufficient (ZS) diet, forming four groups: ZD:TG; ZS:TG; ZD:WT; and ZS:WT. After 4 weeks, animals were given a single intragastric NMBA dose and were sacrificed 25 and 77 days later. Without NMBA, cell proliferation was greatest in ZD:TG esophagus/forestomach, followed by ZD:WT, and then ZS:TG>ZS:WT. The high rate of cell proliferation was accompanied by overexpression of cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis biomarkers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4, p53, cytokeratin 14, epidermal growth factor receptor, and by a reduced rate of apoptosis. ZD substantially increased forestomach tumor incidence in TG mice: 85% of ZD:TG versus 14% of ZS:TG mice had forestomach tumors (P < 0.001), with progression to malignancy occurring only in ZD:TG tumors. Additionally, 14% of ZD:TG mice developed esophageal tumors and esophageal intestinal metaplasia at 77 days. Thus, cyclin D1 overexpression, in cooperation with ZD, decontrols cell proliferation, ensuring cell expansion, a prerequisite for cancer development.
Analysis of Monomer Aggregation and Crystal Growth Rates of Lysozyme

This project was originally conceived to analyze the extensive data of tetragonal lysozyme crystal growth rates collected at NASA/MSFC by Dr. Marc L. Pusey's research group. At that time the lack of analysis of the growth rates was hindering progress in understanding the growth mechanism of tetragonal lysozyme and other protein crystals. After the project was initiated our initial analysis revealed unexpected complexities in the growth rate behavior. This resulted in an expansion in the scope of the project to include a comprehensive investigation of the growth mechanisms of tetragonal lysozyme crystals. A discussion of this research is included as well a list of presentations and publications resulting from the research. This project contributed significantly toward the education of several students and fostered extensive collaborations between investigators.
CB1 Cannabinoid Receptor Activity Is Modulated by the Cannabinoid Receptor Interacting Protein CRIP 1a

The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor that has important physiological roles in synaptic plasticity, analgesia, appetite, and neuroprotection. We report the discovery of two structurally related CB1 cannabinoid receptor interacting proteins (CRIP1a and CRIP1b) that bind to the distal C-terminal tail of CB1. CRIP1a and CRIP1b are generated by alternative splicing of a gene located on chromosome 2 in humans, and orthologs of CRIP1a occur throughout the vertebrates, whereas CRIP1b seems to be unique to primates. CRIP1a coimmunoprecipitates with CB1 receptors derived from rat brain homogenates, indicating that CRIP1a and CB1 interact in vivo. Furthermore, in superior cervical ganglion neurons coinjected with CB1 and CRIP1a or CRIP1b cDNA, CRIP1a, but not CRIP1b, suppresses CB1-mediated tonic inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Discovery of CRIP1a provides the basis for a new avenue of research on mechanisms of CB1 regulation in the nervous system and may lead to development of novel drugs to treat disorders where modulation of CB1 activity has therapeutic potential (e.g., chronic pain, obesity, and epilepsy).
Validation of the Coin Rotation Test: A Simple, Inexpensive, and Convenient Screening Tool for Impaired Psychomotor Processing Speed

Objectives:The Coin Rotation Test is a simple, convenient, and cost-effective measure of psychomotor processing speed that has been used in neurologic examinations at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences system for almost 20 years. On the Coin Rotation Test, participants rotate a coin through serial 180 degree turns using the thumb, index, and middle fingers for 10 seconds. In the current study, we sought to validate the Coin Rotation Test on a hospital-based sample by determining the task's sensitivity and specificity in detecting psychomotor processing speed impairment on a well-established criterion measure, the Grooved Pegboard Test. Methods:Participants included a sample of 161 participants obtained in a hospital setting (86 neurology clinic, 79 waiting area family practice clinic) who volunteered to complete several tasks of motor functioning and the Coin Rotation Test. Results:The Coin Rotation Test was found to be significantly correlated with a number of measures of motor functioning, suggesting a high level of convergent validity. Using a binary receiver operator characteristic curve analysis, the Coin Rotation Test predicted fine motor and psychomotor processing speed impairment with 0.80 sensitivity and 0.62 specificity for dominant hand performance and 0.83 sensitivity and 0.43 specificity for nondominant hand performance when a cut-score of 13 or fewer coin rotations was used. Conclusions:These results support the utility of the Coin Rotation Test as a convenient and inexpensive psychomotor processing speed screening tool in clinical settings.
Evaluation, management and prevention of lower extremity youth ice hockey injuries

Ice hockey is a fast-paced sport played by increasing numbers of children and adolescents in North America and around the world. Requiring a unique blend of skill, finesse, power and teamwork, ice hockey can become a lifelong recreational activity. Despite the rising popularity of the sport, there is ongoing concern about the high frequency of musculoskeletal injury associated with participation in ice hockey. Injury rates in ice hockey are among the highest in all competitive sports. Numerous research studies have been implemented to better understand the risks of injury. As a result, rule changes were adopted by the USA Hockey and Hockey Canada to raise the minimum age at which body checking is permitted to 13–14 years (Bantam level) from 11–12 years (Pee Wee). Continuing the education of coaches, parents and players on rules of safe play, and emphasizing the standards for proper equipment use are other strategies being implemented to make the game safer to play. The objective of this article was to review the evaluation, management and prevention of common lower extremity youth hockey injuries.
ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION: REVIEW, CRITIQUE AND SUGGESTED RESEARCH DIRECTIONS*

Despite broad interest and a vast literature, understanding of innovative behaviour in organizations remains relatively undeveloped. to contribute to the development of a more cumulative knowledge base, the author presents a conceptual review of the innovation literature by summarizing and organizing prior research into three related, though often confounded, research streams and identifies major reasons for the inconsistent and inconclusive nature of the research. Strategies for conducting more generalizable innovation research are suggested.
The Consequences of Compulsive Sexual Behavior: The Preliminary Reliability and Validity of the Compulsive Sexual Behavior Consequences Scale

The consequences of any excessive behavior can serve as a proxy indicator of problem severity. This appears especially salient for the diagnosis of non-paraphilic compulsive sexual behavior (CSB) because of the influence of societal norms on the pathologizing of frequent consensual ego-syntonic sexual behavior. The current study is a preliminary examination of the psychometric properties, descriptive features, concurrent validity, and ability to detect change over time of a measure designed to assess the consequences of non-paraphilic CSB. The sample consisted of 34 (26 end of treatment) gay and bisexual men enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled medication trial testing the efficacy of an SSRI in reducing CSB symptoms. Results indicate that the measure demonstrated good internal and test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and was able to detect change in symptoms over the course of the 12-week period. Items related to intimate relations were most resistant to change and items related to intrapersonal conflict and impulse control were most likely to change. No differences existed in the reduction of consequences between medication and placebo groups. Consequences were only moderately correlated with frequency measures suggesting these constructs should be examined separately. Taken together, results suggest that measuring consequences can reveal important clues into the domains most affected by CSB, provide clues into those domains that are resistant to change, and aid in individualized treatment planning.
Differences in the Two-Dimension-Gel Electrophoresis Protein Patterns of the Lethal K and Benign B Variants of Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Abstract. Variants of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) are indistinguishable by hyperimmune serum. In spite of their antigenic similarity, they produce different disease syndromes in susceptible strains of mice. To understand the basis for the diversity in pathogenicity, studies have been initiated to characterize each of the virus variants. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was used to compare the proteins produced by the benign EMCV-B with those produced by lethal EMCV-K. The data show that (i) the replication cycle of each of the virus variants is characteristic of picornaviruses, (ii) the VP1 of EMCV-K is more basic than that of EMCV-B, and (iii) three proteins, one a major component of VP1, the other two with molecular weight of about 12,000, are present in EMCV-K but not in EMCV-B. [P.S. E.B. M. 1991, Vol 198]
Bridging Differences or Building Silences? Parité and the Representation of ‘Women’ in French Political Life

Throughout the 1980s and 1990s there have been debates in France about the contemporary relevance of republican universalism. This article focuses on two specific areas in which these debates have been played out: first, that of the parité campaign for the representation of women in politics and, second, the campaign for the rights of migrant women or women ‘of migrant origin’. In respect of the first there has been some progress with the passing of a law in 2000 guaranteeing parité, while the second stagnates in a debate about secularism, bypassing the voiced demands of migrant women. We discuss whether the failure to extend the benefits of parité arises from an inconsistency or whether it illustrates inherent limitations of the parité campaign, i.e. its rejection of intersectionality that has silencing effects and silences the voices of ‘women of migrant origin’. Is this yet another instance of the silencing of marginalized groups?
Bridget's Revelations, William of Ockham's Tractatus, and Doctrine and Covenants: Qualitative Analysis and Epistemological Perspectives on Theological Works

SUMMARY Random samples of works were drawn from the catalogs of the Bobst Library, New York University, and the Burke Library, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Results indicated: (1) derivative bibliographic relationships existed for somewhere between one-half and two-thirds of theological works; (2) there was a positive correlation between the age of the progenitor work and the extent of derivation; and (3) forms and genres were useful in a limited way for predicting the incidence of derivative relationships in theological literature. Qualitative analysis reveals the important aspects of the genres “revelation” and “scripture” among theological works.
Synthesis of borophenes: Anisotropic, two-dimensional boron polymorphs

Borophene: Boron in two dimensions Although bulk allotropes of carbon and boron differ greatly, small clusters of these elements show remarkable similarities. Boron analogs of two-dimensional carbon allotropes such as graphene have been predicted. Now Mannix et al. report the formation of two-dimensional boron by depositing the elemental boron onto a silver surface under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions (see the Perspective by Sachdev). The graphene-like structure was buckled, weakly bonded to the substrate, and metallic. Science, this issue p. 1513; see also p. 1468 A two-dimensional boron allotrope forms after depositing its elemental vapor on a silver surface in vacuum. [Also see Perspective by Sachdev] At the atomic-cluster scale, pure boron is markedly similar to carbon, forming simple planar molecules and cage-like fullerenes. Theoretical studies predict that two-dimensional (2D) boron sheets will adopt an atomic configuration similar to that of boron atomic clusters. We synthesized atomically thin, crystalline 2D boron sheets (i.e., borophene) on silver surfaces under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. Atomic-scale characterization, supported by theoretical calculations, revealed structures reminiscent of fused boron clusters with multiple scales of anisotropic, out-of-plane buckling. Unlike bulk boron allotropes, borophene shows metallic characteristics that are consistent with predictions of a highly anisotropic, 2D metal.
Offense Specialization among Serious Habitual Juvenile Offenders in a Canadian City during the Early Stages of Criminal Careers

Given that social change has been historically associated with differentiation, we investigate this process within unconventional careers. Our study questions whether criminal careers may be the manifestation of time-invariant factors or whether they may vary as a result of social factors and circumstances at different transitional points. Using a sample of official police data (N = 191), this study examines offense specialization among serious habitual juvenile offenders as indicators of behavioral turning points in the onset and desistance of criminal careers. Using Farrington, Snyder, and Finnegan's Forward Specialization Coefficient analysis (1988), our findings suggest a reconsideration of the development of both stability and change, for different offenses at different age-related transitional stages in delinquent careers. Our analysis suggests that delinquency may be organizationally similartoconventional occupational formsofspecialization, differentiation, and social capital.
Generative learning for deep networks

Learning, taking into account full distribution of the data, referred to as generative, is not feasible with deep neural networks (DNNs) because they model only the conditional distribution of the outputs given the inputs. Current solutions are either based on joint probability models facing difficult estimation problems or learn two separate networks, mapping inputs to outputs (recognition) and vice-versa (generation). We propose an intermediate approach. First, we show that forward computation in DNNs with logistic sigmoid activations corresponds to a simplified approximate Bayesian inference in a directed probabilistic multi-layer model. This connection allows to interpret DNN as a probabilistic model of the output and all hidden units given the input. Second, we propose that in order for the recognition and generation networks to be more consistent with the joint model of the data, weights of the recognition and generator network should be related by transposition. We demonstrate in a tentative experiment that such a coupled pair can be learned generatively, modelling the full distribution of the data, and has enough capacity to perform well in both recognition and generation.