Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential roles of dorsal and ventral anterior congulate and medial prefrontal cortex in cognitive emotion regulation

A rapidly growing neuroimaging literature has provided extensive data on the neural systems implicated in cognitive emotion regulation. Functional imaging studies significantly contribute to the identification of the cognitive processes that underlie different types of emotion regulation such as attentional distraction and cognitive reappraisal. In this article, I review imaging studies of emotion regulation and aim to identify common and differential neural mechanisms supporting down-regulation of negative emotions through self-distraction and cognitive reappraisal. Quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging findings revealed overlapping activation in dorsal anterior cingulate (ACC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for reappraisal and self-distraction as well as distraction-specific engagement of ventral ACC and mPFC. These results are discussed on the basis of recent findings that implicate dorsal ACC/mPFC in detection of emotional conflict and appraisal of emotional stimuli and ventral ACC/mPFC in inhibition of processing of emotional distracters. The influence of three other factors on regulation-related brain activation is explored. Finally, limitations of this meta-analysis and hypotheses for future research are presented.
Dynamics of RecA filaments on single-stranded DNA

RecA, the key protein in homologous recombination, performs its actions as a helical filament on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). ATP hydrolysis makes the RecA–ssDNA filament dynamic and is essential for successful recombination. RecA has been studied extensively by single-molecule techniques on double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). Here we directly probe the structure and kinetics of RecA interaction with its biologically most relevant substrate, long ssDNA molecules. We find that RecA ATPase activity is required for the formation of long continuous filaments on ssDNA. These filaments both nucleate and extend with a multimeric unit as indicated by the Hill coefficient of 5.4 for filament nucleation. Disassembly rates of RecA from ssDNA decrease with applied stretching force, corresponding to a mechanism where protein-induced stretching of the ssDNA aids in the disassembly. Finally, we show that RecA–ssDNA filaments can reversibly interconvert between an extended, ATP-bound, and a compressed, ADP-bound state. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ATP hydrolysis has a major influence on the structure and state of RecA filaments on ssDNA.
Adding magnesium to the silver‐gill binding model for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 2–17 g) were exposed to approximately 0.1 μM silver as AgNO3 for 3 to 4 h in synthetic, ion‐poor water (20 μM Ca, 100 μM Na, 150 μM Cl, pH 7) to which was added Mg, Ca, or thiosulfate (S2O3). Gills were extracted and assayed for Ag using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Up to 210 mM Mg (four fold the concentration of Mg in seawater) did not reduce accumulation of Ag by trout gills. The conditional equilibrium stability constant (K) for Mg at silver‐binding sites on the gills was calculated to be log KMg‐gillAg = 3.0, or approximately half‐as‐strong binding as for Ca at these sites. The inclusion of the Mg‐gill stability constant into the original Ag‐gill binding model increases the flexibility of the model, although the competitive effects of Mg are only important in sodium‐poor systems.
Market, Firm, and Project-level Effects on the Innovation Impact of FP RTD Projects

This study considered specific market, firm, and project-level factors that exert important influences on the success of R&D projects under the EU Framework Programme. A quantitative analysis in a cross-European sample of collaborative R&D projects, supported with relevant qualitative evidence, indicated that partnering firm innovation experience, innovation protection mechanisms, effective management of EU rules, and the existence of commercially driven projects that open up new technological areas, were those factors with the strongest significant effect on project success (i.e., product/process innovation, and technical knowledge creation). The findings contribute to understanding of how and under what conditions collaborative R&D projects result in innovation development and new knowledge creation.
Performance of symptom-based tuberculosis screening among people living with HIV: not as great as hoped

Objective:The objective of the present study was to determine the diagnostic performance of the symptom-based tuberculosis (TB) screening questionnaire recommended by WHO for people living with HIV (PLWH) in resource-limited settings, among adults off and on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design:Cross-sectional study at two HIV clinics in South Africa. Methods:A total of 825 PLWH completed the screening questionnaire and underwent investigations [chest radiography (CXR) and microbiologic testing of sputa]. A positive screen was defined as presence of cough, fever, night sweats, or weight loss. Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) was defined as sputum smear positive for acid-fast bacilli or growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results:Of 737 participants with at least one diagnostic sputum specimen, PTB was diagnosed in 31 of 522 (5.9%) on ART, and 34 of 215 (15.8%) not on ART. The questionnaire missed 15 of 31 (48.4%) PTB cases on ART, and three of 34 (8.8%) not on ART. Among participants on ART, post-test probability of PTB diagnosis (95% confidence interval) was 6.8% (4.0–10.9%) if screening positive, and 5.2% (2.9–8.4%) if screening negative, whereas among participants not on ART, post-test probabilities were 20.3% (14.2–27.5%) and 4.8% (1.0–13.5%), respectively. Among participants diagnosed with PTB, those on ART were significantly less likely to screen positive (adjusted odds ratio 0.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.01–0.39). In both groups (ART and no ART), screening was more sensitive when CXR was incorporated. Conclusion:For case detection and exclusion of PTB, the WHO-recommended questionnaire performed adequately among PLWH not on ART, and poorly among those on ART. Further research is needed to identify feasible and effective TB screening strategies for PLWH in resource-limited settings.
Reduced response of retinal vessel diameters to flicker stimulation in patients with diabetes

Background/aim: Stimulation of the retina with flickering light increases retinal arterial and venous diameters in animals and humans, indicating a tight coupling between neural activity and blood flow. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether this response is altered in patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Methods: 26 patients with diabetes mellitus with no or mild non-proliferative retinopathy and 26 age and sex matched healthy volunteers were included in the study. Retinal vessel diameters were measured continuously with the Zeiss retinal vessel analyser. During these measurements three episodes of square wave flicker stimulation periods (16, 32, and 64 seconds; 8 Hz) were applied through the illumination pathway of the vessel analyser. Results: In retinal arteries, the response to stimulation with diffuse luminance flicker was significantly diminished in diabetic patients compared to healthy volunteers (ANOVA, p<0.0031). In non-diabetic controls flicker stimulation increased retinal arterial diameters by +1.6% (1.8%) (mean, p<0.001 v baseline), +2.8% (SD 2.2%) (p<0.001) and +2.8% (1.6%) (p<0.001) during 16, 32, and 64 seconds of flicker stimulation, respectively. In diabetic patients flicker had no effect on arterial vessel diameters: +0.1% (3.1%) (16 seconds, p = 0.9), +1.1% (2.7%) (32 seconds, p = 0.07), +1.0% (2.8%) (64 seconds, p = 0.1). In retinal veins, the response to flicker light was not significantly different in both groups. Retinal venous vessel diameters increased by +0.7% (1.6%) (16 seconds, p<0.05), +1.9% (2.3%) (32 seconds, p<0.001) and 1.7% (1.8%) (64 seconds, p<0.001) in controls during flicker stimulation. Again, no increase was observed in the patients group: +0.6% (2.4%), +0.5% (1.5%), and +1.2% (3.1%) (16, 32, and 64 seconds, respectively). Conclusion: Flicker responses of retinal arteries and veins are abnormally reduced in patients with IDDM with no or mild non-proliferative retinopathy. Whether this diminished response can be attributed to altered retinal vascular reactivity or to decreased neural activity has yet to be clarified.
Prevalence Of The Emotional (Emo) Subculture Among University Students In Saudi Arabia

This research aimed to identify the prevalence of the emotional (emo) subculture among students at Princess Noura bint Abdulrahman University (PNU), Saudi Arabia, and to detect differences in emo behavior and orientation among university departments and academic levels. A questionnaire assessing emo behavior/orientation was developed and self-administered by 1275 PNU students in various departments. The questionnaire’s sincerity and persistence were verified. The mean overall score (1.64), and Compared with the general average (4), indicated that the emo subculture was not prevalent among PNU students. Mean scores were highest in the emotions domain (2.21), followed by beliefs (1.58), behavior (1.46), and general appearance (1.26). Mean overall scores were higher in the arts department than in other academic departments and in lower academic levels.
Exploiting a mutualism: parasite specialization on cultivars within the fungus–growing ant symbiosis

Fungus–growing ants, their cultivated fungi and the cultivar–attacking parasite Escovopsis coevolve as a complex community. Higher–level phylogenetic congruence of the symbionts suggests specialized long–term associations of host–parasite clades but reveals little about parasite specificity at finer scales of species–species and genotype–genotype interactions. By coupling sequence and amplified fragment length polymorphism genotyping analyses with experimental evidence, we examine (i) the host specificity of Escovopsis strains infecting colonies of three closely related ant species in the genus Cyphomyrmex, and (ii) potential mechanisms constraining the Escovopsis host range. Incongruence of cultivar and ant relationships across the three focal Cyphomyrmex spp. allows us to test whether Escovopsis strains track their cultivar or the ant hosts. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate that the Escovopsis phylogeny matches the cultivar phylogeny but not the ant phylogeny, indicating that the parasites are cultivar specific. Cross–infection experiments establish that ant gardens can be infected by parasite strains with which they are not typically associated in the field, but that infection is more likely when gardens are inoculated with their typical parasite strains. Thus, Escovopsis specialization is shaped by the parasite's ability to overcome only a narrow range of garden–specific defences, but specialization is probably additionally constrained by ecological factors, including the other symbionts (i.e. ants and their antibiotic–producing bacteria) within the coevolved fungus–growing ant symbiosis.
Local Field Potentials in the Gustatory Cortex Carry Taste Information

It has been recently shown that local field potentials (LFPs) from the auditory and visual cortices carry information about sensory stimuli, but whether this is a universal property of sensory cortices remains to be determined. Moreover, little is known about the temporal dynamics of sensory information contained in LFPs following stimulus onset. Here we investigated the time course of the amount of stimulus information in LFPs and spikes from the gustatory cortex of awake rats subjected to tastants and water delivery on the tongue. We found that the phase and amplitude of multiple LFP frequencies carry information about stimuli, which have specific time courses after stimulus delivery. The information carried by LFP phase and amplitude was independent within frequency bands, since the joint information exhibited neither synergy nor redundancy. Tastant information in LFPs was also independent and had a different time course from the information carried by spikes. These findings support the hypothesis that the brain uses different frequency channels to dynamically code for multiple features of a stimulus.
The role of neutropenia on outcomes of cancer patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Although the presence of neutropenia may predispose cancer patients to develop community-acquired pneumonia, the role of neutropenia on their outcomes has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes of cancer community-acquired pneumonia patients with and without neutropenia. Patients with cancer, identified in the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database, were divided into two groups according to the type of cancer and the presence of neutropenia: patients with solid cancer without neutropenia versus those with functional or absolute neutropenia. Among the 3,106 community-acquired pneumonia patients enrolled, 135 had cancer without neutropenia and 75 had cancer with neutropenia. No significant difference was found between patients with and without neutropenia regarding mean time to clinical stability (5.4±2.7 versus 4.9±2.7 days, respectively), mean length of hospital stay (9.2±7.7 versus 9.9±9.6 days) and in-hospital mortality (18 versus 15%, respectively). Using a multiple logistic regression model, neutropenia was not associated with mortality in cancer patients when adjusting for significant covariates (odds ratio 1.30). Lack of neutropenia, during the initial evaluation of a cancer community-acquired pneumonia patient, should not be considered an indicator of better clinical outcome.
Prevalence, Location, and Size of Maxillary Sinus Septa: Computed Tomography Scan Analysis.

INTRODUCTION The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anatomy of the maxillary sinus in relation to its position and the height of its septa, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS In this descriptive retrospective study, 300 CBCT images of maxillary sinuses of patients with posterior maxillary edentulism were evaluated. The maxillary sinus septa were evaluated in relation to their prevalence, height, and position; t-test and Mann-Whitney tests were used for the analysis of data. RESULTS Sinus septa were detected in 44% of the subjects, with equal frequencies in the anterior, middle, and posterior positions. The mean height of the septa was 3.6 ± 1.56 mm. CONCLUSION In a population of Iranian subjects, in half of the cases, the sinus septa might be present in the anterior, middle, and posterior positions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In order to avoid intraoperative problems during sinus lift procedures, it is necessary to accurately evaluate the sinus, preferably with the use of CBCT Keywords: Cone beam computed tomography, Dental implant, Maxillary sinus septa.
Monte Carlo Studies of Transverse Faraday Rotation Profiles

Faraday Rotation measurements are a very important tool for investigating the magnetic (B) fields associated with the relativistic jets of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN); for example, a toroidal or helical B field component should give rise to a systematic gradient in the observed Faraday rotation across the jet. However, real observed radio images have finite resolution. Typical beam sizes for cm-wavelength Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations are often comparable to or larger than the observed jet widths, raising questions about how well resolved a jet must be in the transverse direction in order to reliably detect transverse Faraday-rotation structure. The results of new simulations of Faraday rotation images designed to directly investigate this question are presented, together with studies of the probabilities of observing spurious Faraday Rotation gradients as a result of random noise and finite resolution. These simulations clearly demonstrate the possibility of detecting transverse Faraday-rotation structures even when the observed intrinsic jet widths are considerably smaller than the beam width.
EXPERIENCE WITH CEFEPIME VERSUS MEROPENEM AS EMPIRIC MONOTHERAPY FOR NEUTROPENIA AND FEVER IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SOLID TUMORS

A prospective, open-label, randomized, comparative study in pediatric cancer patients was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of cefepime and meropenem in the empiric therapy of febrile neutropenic patients. Febrile episodes were classified as microbiologically documented infection, clinical documented infection, or fever of unknown origin. Clinical response to therapy was classified as success or failure. In this period 37 children with solid tumors including lymphoma, 25 males, 12 females, had neutropenia on 65 occasions. Microbiologically documented infections occurred in 21 episodes (32.31%). Frequency of positive bacteria isolated was higher than gram-negative bacteria. There was no infection-related death. There were no statistical differences between the cefepime and meropenem groups for duration of fever or neutropenia, response rate, and necessity for modification. Cefepime appears to be as effective and safe as meropenem for empiric treatment of febrile episodes in neutropenic pediatric cancer patients.
Mutation Testing of Software Using MIMD Computer

Mutation testing is a fault-based method for testing software that is computationally expensive. Mothra is an interpreter-based mutation testing system that is centered around an interpreter. This paper presents a parallel implementation of Mothra's interpreter on a MIMD machine. The parallel interpreter, HyperMothra, is implemented on a sixteen processor Intel iPSC/2 hypercube. Our goal was to demonstrate that the expense of software testing schemes such as mutation can be reduced by using parallel processing, and we demonstrate this by measuring the performance gains of the parallel interpreter over the Mothra interpreter. Results are presented using ten test programs, three di erent static work distribution schemes, and various numbers of processors. On our test programs, we found that our parallel interpreter achieved almost linear speedup over Mothra's sequential interpreter. With larger, faster high-performance computers available, mutation testing can be done at signi cantly less expense. 1992 International Conference on Parallel Processing, Chicago, Illinois, pages II-257--266, August 1992.
Unlock the Thermogenic Potential of Adipose Tissue: Pharmacological Modulation and Implications for Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is considered an interesting target organ for the treatment of metabolic disease due to its high metabolic capacity. Non-shivering thermogenesis, once activated, can lead to enhanced partitioning and oxidation of fuels in adipose tissues, and reduce the burden of glucose and lipids on other metabolic organs such as liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscle. Sustained long-term activation of BAT may also lead to meaningful bodyweight loss. In this review, we discuss three different drug classes [the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of PPARγ agonists, β3-adrenergic receptor agonists, and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogs] that have been proposed to regulate BAT and beige recruitment or activation, or both, and which have been tested in both rodent and human. The learnings from these classes suggest that restoration of functional BAT and beige mass as well as improved activation might be required to fully realize the metabolic potential of these tissues. Whether this can be achieved without the undesired cardiovascular side effects exhibited by the TZD PPARγ agonists and β3-adrenergic receptor agonists remains to be resolved.
Proinsulin Levels Predict the Development of Non‐insulin‐dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) in Japanese‐American Men

Disproportionate hyperproinsulinaemia is a manifestation of the β‐cell dysfunction observed in NIDDM. However, it is unclear when this abnormality develops and whether it predicts the development of the disease. To examine whether changes in proinsulin levels predict the development of NIDDM, baseline measurements of proinsulin and immunoreactive insulin levels were made in 87 second‐generation Japanese‐American men, a population at high risk for the subsequent development of NIDDM. Subjects were categorized at baseline using WHO criteria as having normal glucose tolerance (NGT; n = 49) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; n = 38). After a 5‐year follow‐up period, subjects were recategorized as having NGT, IGT or NIDDM using the same criteria. During follow‐up, 16 subjects developed NIDDM while 71 were NGT or IGT. At baseline, individuals who subsequently developed NIDDM were more obese as measured by intra‐abdominal fat area on computed tomography (p = 0.046), had higher fasting glucose (p = 0.0042), 2‐h glucose (p = 0.0002), fasting C‐peptide (p = 0.0011 ), fasting proinsulin levels (p = 0.0033), and had disproportionate hyperproinsulinaemia (p = 0.056) when compared to those who remained NGT or IGT after 5 years of follow‐up. These findings suggest that alterations in proinsulin levels may also predict the subsequent development of NIDDM.
Serotonin Transporter Genotype (5-HTTLPR) Predicts Utilitarian Moral Judgments

Background The psychological and neurobiological processes underlying moral judgment have been the focus of extensive recent research. Here we show that serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype predicts responses to moral dilemmas featuring foreseen harm to an innocent. Methodology/Principal Findings Participants in this study judged the acceptability of actions that would unintentionally or intentionally harm an innocent victim in order to save others' lives. An analysis of variance revealed a genotype × scenario interaction, F(2, 63) = 4.52, p = . 02. Results showed that, relative to long allele homozygotes (LL), carriers of the short (S) allele showed particular reluctance to endorse utilitarian actions resulting in foreseen harm to an innocent individual. LL genotype participants rated perpetrating unintentional harm as more acceptable (M = 4.98, SEM = 0.20) than did SL genotype participants (M = 4.65, SEM = 0.20) or SS genotype participants (M = 4.29, SEM = 0.30). No group differences in moral judgments were observed in response to scenarios featuring intentional harm. Conclusions/Significance The results indicate that inherited variants in a genetic polymorphism that influences serotonin neurotransmission influence utilitarian moral judgments as well. This finding is interpreted in light of evidence that the S allele is associated with elevated emotional responsiveness.
A comparison of creative thinking and reflective-impulsive style in grade 10 male students from rural and urban Saudi Arabia

Creative people are the means for a country to remain competitive, no less so than for Saudi Arabia. The Kingdom has immense natural resources, and this extends to its human capital: exceptional people who are necessary to assist its growth and harness its potential for the 21st century. This growth requires knowledge and skills from all Saudis in order to maintain and advance the country’s position in the global community. Consequently, the main aim of this study is to determine the differences between rural and urban Saudi male students in regard to creative thinking and cognitive style. An additional aim is to review the opinions of education professionals (teachers, principals, and supervisors) in regards to the creativity level of students in rural and urban schools and the factors that impact on the creativity of students.