Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Involvement of Sphingosine-1-Phosphate in Glutamate Secretion in Hippocampal Neurons

ABSTRACT Neuronal activity greatly influences the formation and stabilization of synapses. Although receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid mediator regulating diverse cellular processes, are abundant in the central nervous system, neuron-specific functions of S1P remain largely undefined. Here, we report two novel actions of S1P using primary hippocampal neurons as a model system: (i) as a secretagogue where S1P triggers glutamate secretion and (ii) as an enhancer where S1P potentiates depolarization-evoked glutamate secretion. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), a key enzyme for S1P production, was enriched in functional puncta of hippocampal neurons. Silencing SK1 expression by small interfering RNA as well as SK1 inhibition by dimethylsphingosine resulted in a strong inhibition of depolarization-evoked glutamate secretion. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed translocation of SK1 from cytosol to membranes at the puncta during depolarization, which resulted in subsequent accumulation of S1P within cells. Fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrated that the S1P1 receptor at the puncta was activated during depolarization and that depolarization-induced S1P1 receptor activation was inhibited in SK1-knock-down cells. Importantly, exogenously added S1P at a nanomolar concentration by itself elicited glutamate secretion from hippocampal cells even when the Na+-channel was blocked by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that S1P acts on presynaptic membranes. Furthermore, exogenous S1P at a picomolar level potentiated depolarization-evoked secretion in the neurons. These findings indicate that S1P, through its autocrine action, facilitates glutamate secretion in hippocampal neurons both by secretagogue and enhancer actions and may be involved in mechanisms underlying regulation of synaptic transmission.
Supporting the transition from primary school to secondary school for children who are Looked After

Anecdotal evidence and statistics indicate that transition to secondary school for children who are “Looked After” is likely to present challenges. The present study aimed to find out the key factors that support Looked After children through this transition, as perceived by the main stakeholders. Data were gathered in two stages, using semi-structured interviews, from Year 6 and Year 7 children and their teachers and carers. Analysis of the results indicates that many different factors may support or hinder the transition, ranging from within-child factors such as resilience and social skills to systemic factors such as the extent of multi-agency working and school admission policies. Four key principles emerged from the results, which may be used to inform tailored transition packages to support children in this vulnerable group through transition. They emphasise the importance of planning and information sharing between key stakeholders, minimising difference, and offering holistic and individualised support.
Consistent Patterns of Rate Asymmetry and Gene Loss Indicate Widespread Neofunctionalization of Yeast Genes After Whole-Genome Duplication

We investigated patterns of rate asymmetry in sequence evolution among the gene pairs (ohnologs) formed by whole-genome duplication (WGD) in yeast species. By comparing three species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, and S. castellii) that underwent WGD to a nonduplicated outgroup (Kluyveromyces lactis), and by using a synteny framework to establish orthology and paralogy relationships at each duplicated locus, we show that 56% of ohnolog pairs show significantly asymmetric protein sequence evolution. For ohnolog pairs that remain duplicated in two species there is a strong tendency for the faster-evolving copy in one species to be orthologous to the faster copy in the other species, which indicates that the evolutionary rate differences were established before speciation and hence soon after the WGD. We also present evidence that in cases where one ohnolog has been lost from the genome of a post-WGD species, the lost copy was likely to have been the faster-evolving member of the pair prior to its loss. These results suggest that a significant fraction of the retained ohnologs in yeast species underwent neofunctionalization soon after duplication.
Cross-cultural differences in rating hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in children.

OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which the reported variations across countries in the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are due to cultural differences among raters, the authors examined the degree to which mental health professionals in four countries differed in their ratings of hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in children. METHOD Mental health professionals from China (N = 8), Indonesia (N = 12), Japan (N = 9), and the United States (N = 8) rated the presence and degree of hyperactive-disruptive behaviors in standardized videotape vignettes of four 8-year-old boys participating in individual and group activities. RESULTS Chinese and Indonesian clinicians gave significantly higher scores for hyperactive-disruptive behaviors than did their Japanese and American colleagues. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that perceptions of hyperactivity vary significantly across countries even if uniform rating criteria are applied. Without correction for these perceptual differences, cross-cultural prevalence rates of hyperactivity may not be comparable.
The structured classroom

The aim of this article is to highlight the organisation of the remedial classroom. The data were collected from observations and semi‐structured interviews with 10 teachers in remedial classes for children seen and treated as having concentration deficits. The teachers use primarily compensatory language that places the deficits in the pupils. Something appearing both in the interviews and in the organisation of the classroom is the structured classroom. In the remedial class it can be expressed by dividing the pupils' working place areas with screens or turning the pupils' desks toward a bare wall, and strongly structuring the teaching. By pointing out the problem as pupils' social deficits, the schools reduce their agency. The goal of remedial classes is that the pupils will return to the ordinary class. This article suggests that what pupils in remedial classes learn primarily is to be a pupil in a remedial class.
The Flavonoid Luteolin, but Not Luteolin-7-O-Glucoside, Prevents a Transthyretin Mediated Toxic Response

Transthyretin (TTR) is a homotetrameric plasma protein with amyloidogenic properties that has been linked to the development of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP), familial amyloidotic cardiomyopathy, and senile systemic amyloidosis. The in vivo role of TTR is associated with transport of thyroxine hormone T4 and retinol-binding protein. Loss of the tetrameric integrity of TTR is a rate-limiting step in the process of TTR amyloid formation, and ligands with the ability to bind within the thyroxin binding site (TBS) can stabilize the tetramer, a feature that is currently used as a therapeutic approach for FAP. Several different flavonoids have recently been identified that impair amyloid formation. The flavonoid luteolin shows therapeutic potential with low incidence of unwanted side effects. In this work, we show that luteolin effectively attenuates the cytotoxic response to TTR in cultured neuronal cells and rescues the phenotype of a Drosophila melanogaster model of FAP. The plant-derived luteolin analogue cynaroside has a glucoside group in position 7 of the flavone A-ring and as opposed to luteolin is unable to stabilize TTR tetramers and thus prevents a cytotoxic effect. We generated high-resolution crystal-structures of both TTR wild type and the amyloidogenic mutant V30M in complex with luteolin. The results show that the A-ring of luteolin, in contrast to what was previously suggested, is buried within the TBS, consequently explaining the lack of activity from cynaroside. The flavonoids represent an interesting group of drug candidates for TTR amyloidosis. The present investigation shows the potential of luteolin as a stabilizer of TTR in vivo. We also show an alternative orientation of luteolin within the TBS which could represent a general mode of binding of flavonoids to TTR and is of importance concerning the future design of tetramer stabilizing drugs.
Use of correlational data to examine the effects of risk perceptions on precautionary behavior

Abstract The idea that perceptions of high personal risk lead people to adopt precautionary behavior (the “motivational hypothesis”) is mainly tested with correlational data. A review of studies from selective journals reveals a high proportion with methodological and conceptual problems that make them invalid as tests of this hypthesis. Three problems arc emphasized: (1) the misinterpretation of correlations from cross-sectional studies as testing the motivational hypothesis when they actually indicate the accuracy of risk perceptions; (2) the failure to control for prior behavior in prospective studies; and (3) the we of prospective studies in situations of little behavior change. Path models are used to help explain these problems. Recommendations for selecting research designs and for calculating the least problematic correlations are given, along with warnings about the many assumptions needed to interpret even these correlations. Summary Overall, 27 of the 61 cross-sectional analyses listed in Table.
Statistical mimicking of reaction time data : Single-process models , parameter variability , and mixtures

20 This project was supported by NIMH Grants HD MH44640 and MH00871 to R.R. and was completed while the first author was a postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University. The manuscript was greatly improved by helpful comments from Barbara Dosher, Ehtibar Dzhafarov, Thomas Fikes, Rich Schweickert, Saul Sternberg, and Jim Townsend. Correspondence may be addressed to T. Van Zandt, Department of Psychology, Ames Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218-2686 (e-mail: trish@maigret. psy.jhu.edu). Statistical mimicking of reaction time data: Single-process models, parameter variability, and mixtures
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education

on the CBE compared to a 38.0 percentile ranking on the MFTB. Additionally, this study finds that students transferring business core courses with a grade point average (GPA) of 2.5 or lower perform at a statistically significant lower level on both the MFTB and the CBE than those transferring business core courses with GPAs higher than 2.5. These findings have important implications for assessment of learning purposes.
Activation of the cGMP/PKG pathway inhibits electrical activity in rabbit urethral interstitial cells of Cajal by reducing the spatial spread of Ca2+ waves

In the present study we used a combination of patch clamping and fast confocal Ca2+ imaging to examine the effects of activators of the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP pathway on pacemaker activity in freshly dispersed ICC from the rabbit urethra, using the amphotericin B perforated patch configuration of the patch‐clamp technique. The nitric oxide donor, DEA‐NO, the soluble guanylyl cyclase activator YC‐1 and the membrane‐permeant analogue of cGMP, 8‐Br‐cGMP inhibited spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs) and spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs) recorded under current‐clamp and voltage‐clamp conditions, respectively. Caffeine‐evoked Cl− currents were unaltered in the presence of SP‐8‐Br‐PET‐cGMPs, suggesting that activation of the cGMP/PKG pathway does not block Cl− channels directly or interfere with Ca2+ release via ryanodine receptors (RyR). However, noradrenaline‐evoked Cl− currents were attenuated by SP‐8‐Br‐PET‐cGMPs, suggesting that activation of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) may modulate release of Ca2+ via IP3 receptors (IP3R). When urethral interstitial cells (ICC) were loaded with Fluo4‐AM (2 μm), and viewed with a confocal microscope, they fired regular propagating Ca2+ waves, which originated in one or more regions of the cell. Application of DEA‐NO or other activators of the cGMP/PKG pathway did not significantly affect the oscillation frequency of these cells, but did significantly reduce their spatial spread. These effects were mimicked by the IP3R blocker, 2‐APB (100 μm). These data suggest that NO donors and activators of the cGMP pathway inhibit electrical activity of urethral ICC by reducing the spatial spread of Ca2+ waves, rather than decreasing wave frequency.
Self-regulation of group members: The case of regulatory focus

For a long time, research on motivation and (inter)group behaviour mainly focused on needs and motives, but did not take self-regulation (i.e., the processes underlying motivated action) into account. Similarly, self-regulation research concentrated on the regulation of the personal self, but did not study the regulation of the social self. The current article summarizes work applying self-regulation approaches to intergroup behaviour. Within this approach, it has been shown (a) that the social self is regulated based on the same mechanisms as the personal self, (b) that intergroup contexts impact on group members’ self-regulation strategies, and (c) that the fit between an individual’s self-regulation strategy and the behavioural options provided by the group impact on group liking and potentially also on the integration of the group into the self-concept. The relation between current and earlier approaches to motivation in groups and further avenues for research on group-based self-regulation are discussed.
EP2 Splicing Variants in Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta) Epididymis1

Abstract The expression pattern of EP2 variants was examined in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and rapid amplification of complementary cDNA protocols, 11 message variants were identified in rhesus epididymis, only three of which (EP2B, EP2C, and EP2E) have previously been reported. The most abundant variant found in human, EP2A, was not found in rhesus. Seven of the eight new rhesus EP2 variants (EP2J–EP2Q) use previously unidentified 5′-splicing sites in exon 3, and four variants use three previously unidentified exons whose counterparts are present in the human EP2 gene. Overall, 3 of the 11 variants, EP2C, EP2E, and EP2Q, code for β-defensin-like peptides whose probable physiological role is to protect the male reproductive tract against microbial invasions. Because of the complex splicing pattern that causes some downstream exons to be read in any of the three reading frames, the N-termini of the other eight EP2 peptide variants consist of a partial β-defensin motif with three cysteines, followed by amino acid sequences that have no recognizable homology to known proteins.
Occupation as described by novice occupational therapy students in Sweden: The first step in a theory generative process grounded in empirical data

A core assumption in occupational therapy is that occupation enhances health. This study is one of a series of planned studies carried out in Sweden, with the overall aim to develop a theory, based on empirical grounds, concerning the dimensions of occupation that may be useful in occupational therapy. The specific aim for this study is to examine the dimensions of occupation as generally understood among novice occupational therapy students. Grounded Theory was the chosen method. Data were collected among occupational therapy students. The students wrote down spontaneously what they considered to be included in activity. A preliminary core category “The what, why, and how of occupation” and five other categories emerged from the analysis: (1) The doing and context of occupation; (2) Motive for occupation; (3) Time and place for occupation; (4) Type of participation; and (5) Outcome of occupation. Relationships between the categories were established between the Motive for occupation and Outcome of occupation, which constitute a kind of prerequisite for occupation. The three remaining categories: The doing and context of occupation, Time and place for occupation, and Type of participation established a form for occupation. In conclusion, the study results illuminated the richness of the concept of occupation and support the core assumption in occupational therapy that occupation enhances health.
An Alternative to the Hick-Hyman's and Sternberg's Laws

A new law of choice-reaction time is proposed as an alternative to the classical Hick-Hyman's law and the Sternberg's law. A reanalysis of some experimental data, including those by Hick and Hyman, indicates that this alternative law may provide at least as good fits to experimental data as do the Hick-Hyman's and the Sternberg's laws. An important implication of this finding is pointed out concerning the rate of change of information.
I See Your Point: Infants Under 12 Months Understand That Pointing Is Communicative

Do young infants understand that pointing gestures allow the pointer to change the information state of a recipient? We used a third-party experimental scenario to examine whether 9- and 11-month-olds understand that a pointer's pointing gesture can inform a recipient about a target object. When the pointer pointed to a target, infants subsequently looked longer when the recipient selected the nontarget rather than the target object. In contrast, infants looked equally long whether the recipient selected the target or nontarget object when the pointer used a noncommunicative gesture, a fist. Finally, when the recipient had no perceptual access to the pointing gesture, infants looked longer when the recipient selected the target rather than the nontarget object. Young infants understand a fundamental aspect of the communicative function of pointing: Pointing, but not all gestures, can transfer information. Gestures may thus be one of the tools infants use for an early understanding of communication.
Guns, Game and the Grandee: The Cultural Politics of Deerstalking in the Scottish Highlands

This paper considers how the concentrated pattern of private landownership in the Scottish Highlands can be understood in relation to the field sport of deerstalking. Focusing on developments during the interwar years, it demonstrates how a series of connected representational practices, embodied rituals and political strategies were deployed by the sporting and landed community in defence of this elite leisure activity. These power-laden strategies coalesced into a distinctive culture of nature, which, although in part a continuation of tendencies set in train during the nineteenth century, also embraced new rhetorics of nationhood, ecological thought and landscape preservation. The paper demonstrates how humans, animals, technologies, science, localized history and popular memory were all drawn into deerstalking’s unequally weighted networks of association. Ultimately it asserts that the motif of custodianship and tradition commonly associated with modern sporting landownership in the Highlands was, and still is, used as an effective means to retain hegemonic control of the land resource.
Identification of 11 novel mutations in eight BBS genes by high-resolution homozygosity mapping

Background Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is primarily an autosomal recessive disorder characterised by the five cardinal features retinitis pigmentosa, postaxial polydactyly, mental retardation, obesity and hypogenitalism. In addition, renal cysts and other anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract can be present. To date, mutations in 12 BBS genes as well as in MKS1 and CEP290 have been identified as causing BBS. The vast genetic heterogeneity of BBS renders molecular genetic diagnosis difficult in terms of the time and cost required to screen all 204 coding exons. Method Here, the use of genome-wide homozygosity mapping as a tool to identify homozygous segments at known BBS loci, in BBS individuals from inbred and outbred background, is reported. Results In a worldwide cohort of 45 families, causative homozygous mutations in 20 families were identified via direct exon sequencing. Eleven of these mutations were novel, thereby increasing the number of known BBS mutations by 5% (11/218). Conclusions Thus, in the presence of extreme genetic locus heterogeneity, homozygosity mapping provides a valuable approach to the molecular genetic diagnosis of BBS and will facilitate the discovery of novel pathogenic mutations.
DO UNDOCUMENTED STUDENTS PLAY BY THE RULES?: MERITOCRACY IN THE MEDIA

The way that immigration is talked about in the public sphere has direct bearing on the ways that health, education, legal, and political institutions enact policies to deal with this phenomenon. Looking at the major media output on questions of access to higher education for undocumented immigrant youth in Massachusetts, this study shows the prevalence of a set of frames related to meritocratic ideologies. Meritocracy, as an ideology of inequality, served economically established populations to justify inequalities in society in a Black and White America, and it is now used to justify the segregation of new waves of immigration. Vilifying this population for being ‘illegal’, not having the right ‘moral character’ and integrity, the discourse ultimately brands them as deserving the status of second class citizens. Furthermore, this discourse decontextualizes the global phenomenon of immigration, obscuring its relationship to the conditions of the global capitalist economy, the context of global relations between capital and labor, the international division of labor and its consequences of the movements of people.
The Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire in Adolescents

Abstract. Cognitive fusion can be defined as the inability to view thoughts as just thoughts, which is hypothesized to increase the impact of those thoughts on behavior. Cognitive fusion is a core concept of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, a therapeutic approach that is being increasingly studied as a treatment for a plethora of chronic health problems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) in a sample of adolescents. Three hundred eight adolescents (11–20 years) completed the Catalan version of the questionnaire (CFQ-C) as well as measures assessing anxiety sensitivity and acceptance. The results supported a one-factor solution for the CFQ-C, and indicated an adequate level of internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.79). The validity of the CFQ-C was supported by a significant positive association between the CFQ-C total score and the measure of anxiety sensitivity and by a significant negative association with the measure of.
The Role of Marketization in the Europeanization of Defense Industry Policy

European integration has increased to encompass security-related policies. One such policy is defense industry policy, which traditionally has been a national concern rooted in defense and security policy. Efforts have been made since the 1990s to create a European defense industry market. However, there have been different ideas of how this goal should be achieved or which model for state—industry relations the market should rest on. Using Sweden to illustrate the development, this article argues that for the Europeanization of defense industry policy, marketization has played a vital role. Building on official documents and interviews, the article analyzes the efforts to create a European defense industry market, marketization of Swedish defense industry policy, and the increased interaction between Swedish and European defense industry policy processes. The analysis also shows domestic challenges that the processes of Europeanization and marketization have brought about.