Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizing post-industrial changes in the ocean carbon cycle in an Earth system model

Understanding the oceanic uptake of carbon from the atmosphere is essential for better constraining the global budget, as well as for predicting the air-borne fraction of CO2 emissions and thus degree of climate change. Gaining this understanding is difficult, because the ‘natural’ carbon cycle, the part of the global carbon cycle unaltered by CO2 emissions, also responds to climate change and ocean acidification. Using a global climate model of intermediate complexity, we assess the evolution of the natural carbon cycle over the next few centuries. We find that physical mechanisms, particularly Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and gas solubility, alter the natural carbon cycle the most and lead to a significant reduction in the overall oceanic carbon uptake. Important biological mechanisms include reduced organic carbon export production due to reduced nutrient supply, increased organic carbon production due to higher temperatures and reduced CaCO3 production due to increased ocean acidification. A large ensemble of model experiments indicates that the most important source of uncertainty in ocean uptake projections in the near term future are the upper ocean vertical diffusivity and gas exchange coefficient. By year 2300, the model’s climate sensitivity replaces these two and becomes the dominant factor as global warming continues.
Trade, Non‐Scale Growth and Uneven Development

This paper investigates the relationship between trade and economic development using a two-country, non-scale-growth model. Depending on the share of the expenditure for manufactured goods, we obtain two di erent results with regard to long-run production patterns. If the share of the expenditure is less than or equal to half, the leader country diversifies while the follower country asymptotically specializes in agriculture completely. If, on the other hand, the share of the expenditure is more than half, the leader country completely specializes in manufacturing while the follower country asymptotically specializes in agriculture completely. Whether or not the follower country can catch up with the leader country in the long run depends on two factors: (1) the patterns of production in both countries and (2) the measure of economic welfare that is used, that is, per capita income or per capita consumption.
UNDERSTANDING E-COMMERCE ADOPTION. LITERATURE REVIEW OF COMPETING MODELS

The present paper reviews the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), the theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980) and the theory of technology acceptance model (Davis, 1989) in order to better perceive their possible future application in the marketing field, namely in the process of using electronic commerce at the organizational level. While previous empirical studies have focused primarily on one of the theories, in an attempt to rule the advantages and / or disadvantages which would support the findings and hypothesis presented, it is the authors’ belief that all three theories greatly contribute, each one in a unique way. However, several pitfalls in methodology may be encountered, therefore further empirical research is required.
Whose Agency Counts in Land Use Decision-Making in Myanmar? A Comparative Analysis of Three Cases in Tanintharyi Region

Myanmar has experienced profound transformations of land use and land governance, often at the expense of smallholders. Empirical evidence on the agency of actors included and excluded in land use decision-making remains scarce. This study analyses who influences land use decision-making, how they do this, and under what circumstances smallholders are included. Comparing three land use trajectories in southern Myanmar, we analysed actors’ agency—conceived as the meanings and means behind (re)actions—in land use decision-making using data from focus groups and interviews. Results showed that uneven distribution of means can lead to unequal decision-making power, enabling actors with more means to exclude those with less means: smallholders. However, this only applies in the case of top-down interventions with mutually exclusive actor interests regarding use of the same land. Where interests are compatible or a mediator supports smallholders in negotiations, actors are likely to develop a collaboration despite unequal means, leading to smallholders’ inclusion in decision-making. Transformation of current land governance towards sustainable development could be promoted by providing mediators to actors with few means, ensuring equal access for all to formal land tenure, engaging with brokers in the land governance network, and improving access to knowledge and financial capital for actors with few means.
The experience of integration: a qualitative study of refugee integration in the local communities of Pollokshaws and Islington

The views expressed in this report are those of the authors, not necessarily those of the Home Office (nor do they reflect Government policy). Thanks also go to the interpreters and transcribers who ensured that the comments of local communities were made available for effective analysis. We are grateful for the support of Mick Doyle of the Scottish Refugee Council and Syd Bolton of the Islington Refugee Forum for assistance with the community mapping sessions at the beginning of fieldwork. The authors acknowledge the comments of James Noble on earlier drafts of this report. Finally, the authors acknowledge the significant and crucial cooperation of members of the communities of Pollokshaws and Islington, who gave their time to share insights into the local experience of integration. Executive summary iv 1. I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 Background 1 T h i s s t u d y 1 Structure of the report 2 2. Local understandings of integration 3 Relationships: a continuum of expectations 3 S u m m a r y 8 3. Supporting the process of integration 9 Facilitating factors 9 Contexts for integration 12 S u m m a r y 1 3 4. Implications for measuring integration 14 Social connection 14 Personal safety and stability 14 R i g h t s 1 5 Facilitating factors 15 Housing, employment, education and health 15 This study formed part of the Indicators of Integration (IoI) project which has developed a framework to assist in planning for – and measuring – refugee integration. The purpose of the study covered by this report was to identify local understandings of the experience of integration. Such understandings could then be used to shape the framework to ensure that it was clearly relevant for – and accessible to – local communities with a resettling refugee population. The study was conducted in two such communities – Pollokshaws in Glasgow and Islington in London. A total of 62 semi-structured interviews were held across the two communities between November 2002 and March 2003. Twenty-nine interviews were held with refugees resident in these areas, and 33 interviews with a cross-section of the non-refugee community. Preliminary social mapping work in the two communities assisted with the identification of samples representing an appropriate range of ethnic grouping and residential location. Findings suggest that within the communities studied relationships are seen as the core …
Being a Good Samaritan or just a politician ? Empirical evidence of disaster assistance

This study explores whether the public spending provided in response to a natural disaster is influenced by the political ideology of the incumbent government. We use a global panel of about 90 democratic countries. Political parties have different preferences regarding policies that redistribute income within a country after a natural disaster. The estimates of a dynamic panel model clearly indicate that left-wing governments allocate about 2.5 percentage-points more public support per capita in the aftermath of a disaster than right-wing cabinets do. Besides, cabinets that consist of at least one nationalistic political party provide about 0.9 percentage-points more disaster assistance than other coalitions. One explanation is that natural disasters may reinforce the feelings of voters related to the national identity and domestic solidarity. Finally, it turns out that ideology cycles happen more frequently in political systems with direct elections as it is easier to target affected voters in these systems.
Bacteria with increased mutation frequency and antibiotic resistance are enriched in the commensal flora of patients with high antibiotic usage.

BACKGROUND We examined how prolonged antibiotic treatment affected the resistance and mutation frequency of human microflora isolated from intestine (Escherichia coli, enterococci spp.), pharynx (alpha-streptococci) and nostril (coagulase-negative staphylococci, CoNS). METHODS Samples were collected from patients at the Center of Cystic Fibrosis (n=18) and the haematology ward (n=18) of the University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. The individually used amount of antibiotics for 1 year was recorded as the defined daily dose (DDD). Primary health care patients (n=30), with no antibiotic treatment for 1 year before sampling, were used as controls. Three isolates of each bacterium from each patient were examined. Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by disc diffusion. Mutation frequencies to rifampicin resistance were measured on 30 independent cultures of each bacterial species from each individual by plating on rifampicin agar plates. For alpha-streptococci the mutation frequency to streptomycin resistance was also determined. RESULTS Isolates from patients with high antibiotic use showed a pronounced shift towards increased resistance and a small but significant increase in the mutation frequency compared with isolates from the controls. For E. coli, enterococci and CoNS the increase in geometric mean mutation frequency in the patient group was 3-, 1.8- and 1.5-fold, respectively (P values 0.0001, 0.016 and 0.012). For alpha-streptococci there was a significant difference in geometric mean mutation frequency between patient and control groups for streptomycin resistance (P=0.024) but not for rifampicin resistance (P=0.74). CONCLUSIONS High antibiotic use selected for commensals with highly increased resistance and a slight increase in mutation frequency.
long-lasting matching of risk by prey An island-wide predator manipulation reveals immediate and

Supplementary data tml http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/suppl/2014/04/17/rspb.2014. 0391.DC1. h "Data Supplement" References http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing. org/content/281/1784/20140391.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 45 articles, 15 of which can be accessed free Subject collections (1902 articles) evolution  (1764 articles) ecology  (1231 articles) behaviour  Articles on similar topics can be found in the following collections
Action on Agency : A Theoretical Framework for Defining and Operationalizing Agency in Girls ’ Life Skills Programs by Aubryn Allyn Sidle

Debates in girls’ education policy and practice point to life skills programs as a promising intervention for improving the outcomes of marginalized girls. Yet the difficulties of defining and measuring life skills and the complexities for practice of understanding how to instill the soft capacities like self-efficacy which are often the focus of life skills programs, have contributed to serious knowledge gaps. This article synthesizes theories from education, developmental psychology, and gender and development to offer Agency as a locally adaptable framework for measuring of life skills programs. Based on empirical examples and curriculum from five life skills programs, I argue that agentic capacity is critically linked to identity formation processes in adolescence and that alternative pedagogical practice and skills-based learning are important facilitators of Agency formation. I offer a draft theoretical framework for how agentic capacity can be cultivated by girls’ education programs.
Do Firms Set Free Cash Free? Misallocation vs. Opportunism in Acquisitions

We examine the impact of excess cash on the decision and method of payment in acquisitions. Consistent with prior literature, we find that firms that have excess cash do make more acquisitions. However, those acquisitions frequently use stock as the method of payment. We investigate this finding further and show that cash-rich firms use overvalued equity to make acquisitions. Moreover, there is no evidence that firms waste excess cash on acquisitions; cash-rich firms that pay with cash actually acquire undervalued firms. Our results suggest that with respect to acquisitions, managers are opportunistic with the firm’s financial resources; both its equity and its cash.
Rational Drug Delineation: A Global Sensitivity Approach Based on Therapeutic Tolerability to Deviations in Execution

Noncompliance to therapeutic regimen is a real public health problem with tremendous socioeconomic consequences. Instead of direct intervention to patients, which can add extra burden to the already overloaded health system, alternative strategies oriented to drugs’ own properties turns to be more appealing. The aim of this study was establish a rational way to delineate drugs in terms of their “forgiveness”, based on drugs PK/PD properties. A global sensitivity analysis has been performed to identify the most sensitive parameters to dose omissions. A Comparative Drug Forgiveness Index (CDFI), to rank the drugs in terms of their tolerability to non compliance, has been proposed. The index was applied to a number of calcium channel blockers, namely benidipine, nivaldipine, manidipine and felodipine. Using the calculation, benedipine and manidipine showed the best performance among those considered. This result is in accordance with what has been previously reported. The classification method developed here proved to be a powerful quantitative way to delineate drugs in terms of their forgiveness and provides a complementary decision rule for clinical and experimental studies.
Commentary: Deworming externalities and schooling impacts in Kenya: a comment on Aiken et al. (2015) and Davey et al. (2015).

Commentary: Deworming externalities and schooling impacts in Kenya: a comment on Aiken et al. (2015) and Davey et al. (2015) Joan Hamory Hicks, Michael Kremer and Edward Miguel* University of California, Center for Effective Global Action, Berkeley, California, USA, Department of Economics, Harvard University and NBER, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA and Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley and NBER
A Neural Signature of Affiliative Emotion in the Human Septohypothalamic Area

Comparative studies have established that a number of structures within the rostromedial basal forebrain are critical for affiliative behaviors and social attachment. Lesion and neuroimaging studies concur with the importance of these regions for attachment and the experience of affiliation in humans as well. Yet it remains obscure whether the neural bases of affiliative experiences can be differentiated from the emotional valence with which they are inextricably associated at the experiential level. Here we show, using functional MRI, that kinship-related social scenarios evocative of affiliative emotion induce septal–preoptic–anterior hypothalamic activity that cannot be explained by positive or negative emotional valence alone. Our findings suggest that a phylogenetically conserved ensemble of basal forebrain structures, especially the septohypothalamic area, may play a key role in enabling human affiliative emotion. Our finding of a neural signature of human affiliative experience bears direct implications for the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning impaired affiliative experiences and behaviors in neuropsychiatric conditions.
The impacts of renewable energy on livelihoods : A case study of biogas adoption in Cameroon

Access to energy is crucial for developing sustainable livelihoods. Renewable energy sources dominate international policy discourses based on their dual capacity to enhance livelihoods and improve the environment. This romantic conceptualization sounds appealing. However, supportive empirical evidence combining different approaches are limited. We evaluate the impacts of biogas adoption on the livelihoods of beneficiaries in Cameroon. We use a structured questionnaire to obtain quantitative data from beneficiary households in seven pilot villages in the Western Highlands of Cameroon, before and after biogas adoption. Qualitative data was elicited through focus group discussions, key informant interviews and field observations. The results revealed that adopting biogas significantly increased human, physical and financial capitals (p=0.06; 0.00 and 0.00 respectively), as well as the social capital of beneficiary households, irrespective of gender. Based on the results, we conclude that adopting biogas technologies can potentially endorse the twin objective of livelihoods and environmental improvement. Conclusion on environmental contribution largely leans on the assumption that renewable energy sources are generally environmentally friendly. This was however only weakly captured through an observed expansion of pasture lands by beneficiaries after biogas adoption. We recommend a wider dissemination of biogas technology in developing countries such as Cameroon, where energy supply is currently problematic.
A comparison between remotely-sensed and modelled surface soil moisture (and frozen status) at high latitudes

In this study, the combined surface status and surface soil moisture products retrieved by the ASCAT sensor within the ESA-DUE Permafrost project are compared to the hydrological outputs of the land surface model ORCHIDEE over Northern Eurasia. The objective is to derive broad conclusions as to the strengths and weaknesses of hydrological modelling and, to a minor extent, remote sensing of soil moisture over an area where data is rare and hydrological modelling is though crucial for climate and ecological applications. The spatial and temporal resolutions of the ASCAT products make them suitable for comparison with model outputs. Modelled and remotely-sensed surface frozen and unfrozen statuses agree reasonably well, which allows for a seasonal comparison between modelled and observed (liquid) surface soil moisture. The atmospheric forcing and the snow scheme of the land surface model are identified as causes of moderate model-to-data divergence in terms of surface status. For unfrozen soils, the modelled and remotely-sensed surface soil moisture signals are positively correlated over most of the study area. The correlation deteriorates in the North-Eastern Siberian regions, which is consistent with the lack of accurate model parameters and the scarcity of meteorological data. The model shows a reduced ability to capture the main seasonal dynamics and spatial patterns of observed surface soil moisture in Northern Eurasia, namely a characteristic spring surface moistening resulting from snow melt and flooding. We hypothesize that these weak performances mainly originate from the non-representation of flooding and surface ponding in the model. Further identified limitations proceed from the coarse treatment of the hydrological specificities of mountainous areas and spatial inaccuracies in the meteorological forcing in remote, North-Eastern Siberian areas. Investigations are currently underway to determine to which extent plausible inaccuracies in the satellite data could also contribute to the diagnosed model-to-data discrepancies.
Geometry-aware scattering compensation for 3D printing

Commercially available full-color 3D printing allows for detailed control of material deposition in a volume, but an exact reproduction of a target surface appearance is hampered by the strong subsurface scattering that causes nontrivial volumetric cross-talk at the print surface. Previous work showed how an iterative optimization scheme based on accumulating absorptive materials at the surface can be used to find a volumetric distribution of print materials that closely approximates a given target appearance. In this work, we first revisit the assumption that pushing the absorptive materials to the surface results in minimal volumetric cross-talk. We design a full-fledged optimization on a small domain for this task and confirm this previously reported heuristic. Then, we extend the above approach that is critically limited to color reproduction on planar surfaces, to arbitrary 3D shapes. Our method enables high-fidelity color texture reproduction on 3D prints by effectively compensating for internal light scattering within arbitrarily shaped objects. In addition, we propose a content-aware gamut mapping that significantly improves color reproduction for the pathological case of thin geometric features. Using a wide range of sample objects with complex textures and geometries, we demonstrate color reproduction whose fidelity is superior to state-of-the-art drivers for color 3D printers.
Conserved quantities in Kerr-anti-de Sitter spacetimes in various dimensions

We compute the conserved charges for Kerr anti-de Sitter spacetimes in various dimensions using the conformal and the counterterm prescriptions. We show that the conserved charge corresponding to the global timelike killing vector computed by the two methods differ by a constant dependent on the rotation parameter and cosmological constant in odd spacetime dimensions, whereas the charge corresponding to the rotational killing vector is the same in either approach. We comment on possible implications of our results to the AdS/CFT correspondence.
Seasonal Variations in Sedimentation and Organic Content in Five Plant Associations on a Chesapeake Bay Tidal Freshwater Delta

Research on sedimentation processes in tidal freshwater marshes is lagging far behind that for salt marshes despite the imponance of tidal freshwater systems for understanding impacts of watershed land use on estuarine habitats and water quality. From September 1996 to November 1997, biweekly sedimentation rates were monitored at 30 sites spanning 5 distinct habitat types across the intenidal zone of the tidal freshwater delta at the head of the Bush River tributary to upper Chesapeake Bay. These data were used to determine the spatio-temporal dynamics of sedimentation and erosion in the delta as well as the role of vegetation in seasonal to interannual physical processes. The ol:lserved mean net sedimentation rate was 1·00 g cm 2 yr I, with a range of 74'15 to 145·2 g cm 2 yr 1. No relations between delta sedimentation rate and total precipitation, peak precipitation intensity, or watershed discharge were found over time. Instead, three distinct temporal regimes in the data predominantly reflected seasonal patterns in vegetation life cycle. With regard to spatial patterns, non parametric statistical tests demonstrated that each habitat had a unique cycle of sedimentation and erosion. When sedimentation rates were multiplied by habitat area, the floating leaf habitat was found to have sequestered 6370 t yr I. In contrast, the high marsh lost 624 t yr I. These data indicate that the greater diversity of plant species in tidal freshwater marshes generates a wider variation in geomorphic processes than is possible for salt marshes. (l:,. 200 I Academic Press