Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coverings of Directed Graphs and Crossed Products of C*-Algebras by Coactions of Homogeneous Spaces

We show that if p:F→E is a covering of directed graphs, then the Cuntz–Krieger algebra C*(F) of F can be viewed as a crossed product of C*(E) by a coaction of a homogeneous space for the fundamental group π1(E). Combining this result with information about Cuntz–Krieger algebras gives some interesting corollaries which suggest conjectures about crossed products by coactions of homogeneous spaces of discrete groups. We then prove these conjectures.
Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Molecular Methods

SUMMARY Clinical laboratories historically diagnose seven or eight respiratory virus infections using a combination of techniques including enzyme immunoassay, direct fluorescent antibody staining, cell culture, and nucleic acid amplification tests. With the discovery of six new respiratory viruses since 2000, laboratories are faced with the challenge of detecting up to 19 different viruses that cause acute respiratory disease of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. The application of nucleic acid amplification technology, particularly multiplex PCR coupled with fluidic or fixed microarrays, provides an important new approach for the detection of multiple respiratory viruses in a single test. These multiplex amplification tests provide a sensitive and comprehensive approach for the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections in individual hospitalized patients and the identification of the etiological agent in outbreaks of respiratory tract infection in the community. This review describes the molecular methods used to detect respiratory viruses and discusses the contribution that molecular testing, especially multiplex PCR, has made to our ability to detect respiratory viruses and to increase our understanding of the roles of various viral agents in acute respiratory disease.
On the origin of the X-rays and the nature of accretion in NGC 4261

We report on the X-ray properties of the radio galaxy NGC 4261, combining information from the XMM, Chandra, and SAX satellites. Goals of this study are to investigate the origin of the X-rays from this low-power radio galaxy and the nature of the accretion process onto the central black hole. The X-ray spectrum of the nuclear source extending up to 100--150 keV is well described by a partially covered (covering factor $>$ 0.8) power law with a photon index \~1.5 absorbed by a column density 5e22 cm^-2. The X-ray luminosity associated with the non-thermal component is ~5e41 erg/s. The nuclear source is embedded in a diffuse hot gas (kT~0.6 keV), whose density profile implies a Bondi accretion rate of 4.5e-2 solar masses/year. For the first time rapid X-ray variability is detected in a low-power radio galaxy at more than 99% confidence level. The observed X-ray spectral and variability properties indicate the accretion flow as the most likely origin of the bulk X-ray continuum.This conclusion is strengthened by energetic considerations based on a comparison between the X-ray luminosity and the kinetic power of the jet, whichalso suggest that the Bondi accretion rate overestimates the actual accretion rate onto the black hole.
Keeping It Real: The Impact of HRD Internships on the Development of HRD Professionals

The Problem Participation in internships may provide undergraduate human resource development (HRD) students with practical experience necessary to be successful in the field. However, research is lacking which examines the impact of HRD internship experiences on professional development and career trajectories. Research is also limited which provides guidance on how to distinguish which undergraduate internships may be most valuable. The features which make internships most effective in preparing students for their chosen careers warrant further examination, specifically within HRD. Relatedly, it is important to understand which internship experiences are most likely to develop HRD competencies for undergraduate students. The Solution Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from HRD professionals who had participated in an HRD internship while they were undergraduate students. These data were analyzed, using qualitative and quantitative methods, to better understand the structure and focus of student HRD internships. Specifically, while the data are preliminary, this study generated insights regarding the extent to which effective internships were able to promote the development of key HRD skillsets, and which skillsets were most likely to be enhanced. The Stakeholders Using the results of this analysis, educational institutions can better understand how to locate effective internships for students. In addition, students can utilize these data to better recognize valuable internship experiences in the future.
City Level of Income and Urbanization and Availability of Food Stores and Food Service Places in China

Objective The contribution of unhealthy dietary patterns to the epidemic of obesity has been well recognized. Differences in availability of foods may have an important influence on individual eating behaviors and health disparities. This study examined the availability of food stores and food service places by city characteristics on city level of income and urbanization. Methods The cross-sectional survey was comprised of two parts: (1) an on-site observation to measure availability of food stores and food service places in 12 cities of China; (2) an in-store survey to determine the presence of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits in all food stores. Trained investigators walked all the streets/roads within study tracts to identify all the food outlets. An observational survey questionnaire was used in all food stores to determine the presence of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits. Urbanization index was determined for each city using a principal components factor analysis. City level of income and urbanization and numbers of each type of food stores and food service places were examined using negative binomial regression models. Results Large-sized supermarkets and specialty retailers had higher number of fresh/frozen vegetables or fruits sold compared to small/medium-sized markets. High-income versus low-income, high urbanized versus low urbanized areas had significantly more large-sized supermarkets and fewer small/medium-sized markets. In terms of restaurants, high urbanized cities had more western fast food restaurants and no statistically significant difference in the relative availability of any type of restaurants was found between high- and low-income areas. Conclusions The findings suggested food environment disparities did exist in different cities of China.
On the Value of Reminders within E-Commerce Recommendations

Most research in recommender systems is focused on the problem of identifying and ranking items that are relevant for the individual users but unknown to them. The potential value of such systems is to help users discover new items, e.g., in e-commerce settings. Many real-world systems however also utilize recommendation lists for a different goal, namely to remind users of items that they have viewed or consumed in the past. In this work, we aim to quantify the value of such reminders in recommendation lists ("recominders"), which has to our knowledge not been done in the past. We first report the results of a live experiment in which we applied a naive reminding strategy on an online platform and compare them with results obtained through different offline analyses. We then propose more elaborate reminding techniques, which aim to avoid reminders of too obvious or of already outdated items. Overall, our results show that although reminders do not lead to new item discoveries, they can be valuable both for users and service providers.
Carcinogenicity of deuterium-labeled 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in mice.

To study the effect of deuterium substitution on the carcinogenicity of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in mice, two comparisons were made between DMH and its fully methyl-deuterated analogue, [2H6]DMH. In a lifetime study with the CBA strain, groups of 19-30 animals of each sex were dosed s.c. weekly with 8 mg/kg of either DMH or [2H6]DMH for 8, 16, or 32 weeks. In the second study, female CF-1 mice were given DMH or [2H6]DMH in 10 weekly s.c. doses of 12 mg/kg each (13.2 mg/kg for [2H6]DMH) and examined for colon tumors 36 weeks after the first dose. Deuteration significantly decreased tumor incidence in the colon of males (P less than 0.01) and the anal tissue of both sexes (P less than 0.05) but increased that of hepatomas and lung tumors in males (P less than 0.01). Substrate deuteration did not significantly affect overall incidence of any other tumor type, however, including hemangioendotheliomas and kidney tumors in both sexes, as well as colon, uterine, ovarian, liver, and lung tumors in females. The results indicate that C--H bond breakage is kinetically important in the activation of DMH to its ultimately carcinogenic form in organs such as the male colon (relative risk in DMH-versus [2H6]DMH-treated animals approximately equal to 6), and that inhibition of this process by substrate deuteration allows a diversionary mechanism having a smaller isotope effect to become relatively more extensive. The qualitatively different effect in other organs (e.g., kidney, relative risk approximately equal to 1) supports recent suggestions that the net mechanism of activation can differ from one target tissue to another, possibly by striking a different balance between parallel metabolic pathways. The lack of a significant isotope effect on overall colon tumor incidence in females of either strain suggests that differences in relative importance among competing enzymes may also be responsible for sexual dimorphism in tumor induction by DMH.
Personification and ideology in the American media coverage of the Iranian Green Revolution

Abstract Research on metaphor has consistently proven that metaphors always involve a degree of perspectivation, where certain features are highlighted while others remain obscured (Lakoff and Johnson 1980: 153). The awareness of this partial mapping is crucial for the construction and reproduction of ideology. Specifically, this study claims that the nation is a person metaphor plays a crucial role in the mass media coverage of conflicts. Through a thorough analysis of a corpus of 17 articles from The New York Times reporting on the Iranian Green Revolution (June 2009), this paper intends to unravel the extent to which both tropes allow the inclusion of the Iranian protesters into the Western “Friendly Us” while rejecting the Iranian government as an “Evil Them. ” This work is theoretically framed within critical metaphor analysis (Charteris-Black 2004), a fruitful intersection between critical discourse analysis (Van Dijk 2001) and conceptual metaphor theory (Lakoff and Johnson 1980). The synthesis of the results shows evidence of the potentiality of metaphor as an essential resource in the construction and reproduction of ideological discourses in the news.
Mass profiles and anisotropies of early-type galaxies

We discuss the problem of using stellar kinematics of early-type galaxies to constrain the orbital anisotropies and radial mass profiles of galaxies. We demonstrate that compressing the light distribution of a galaxy along the line of sight produces approximately the same signature in the line-of-sight velocity profiles as radial anisotropy. In particular, fitting spherically symmetric dynamical models to apparently round, isotropic face-on flattened galaxies leads to a spurious bias towards radial orbits in the models, especially if the galaxy has a weak face-on stellar disc. Such face-on stellar discs could plausibly be the cause of the radial anisotropy found in spherical models of intermediate luminosity ellipticals such as NGC 2434, 3379 and 6703. In the light of this result, we use simple dynamical models to constrain the outer mass profiles of a sample of 18 round, early-type galaxies. The galaxies follow a Tully–Fisher relation parallel to that for spiral galaxies, but fainter by at least 0.8 mag (I-band) for a given mass. The most luminous galaxies show clear evidence for the presence of a massive dark halo, but the case for dark haloes in fainter galaxies is more ambiguous. We discuss the observations that would be required to resolve this ambiguity.
Tight Bounds for Linear Sketches of Approximate Matchings

We resolve the space complexity of linear sketches for approximating the maximum matching problem in dynamic graph streams where the stream may include both edge insertion and deletion. Specifically, we show that for any $\epsilon > 0$, there exists a one-pass streaming algorithm, which only maintains a linear sketch of size $\tilde{O}(n^{2-3\epsilon})$ bits and recovers an $n^\epsilon$-approximate maximum matching in dynamic graph streams, where $n$ is the number of vertices in the graph. In contrast to the extensively studied insertion-only model, to the best of our knowledge, no non-trivial single-pass streaming algorithms were previously known for approximating the maximum matching problem on general dynamic graph streams. Furthermore, we show that our upper bound is essentially tight. Namely, any linear sketch for approximating the maximum matching to within a factor of $O(n^\epsilon)$ has to be of size $n^{2-3\epsilon -o(1)}$ bits. We establish this lower bound by analyzing the corresponding simultaneous number-in-hand communication model, with a combinatorial construction based on Ruzsa-Szemer\'{e}di graphs.
Study of bacterial meningitis in children below 5 years with comparative evaluation of gram staining, culture and bacterial antigen detection.

CONTEXT Bacterial meningitis is one of the most serious infections seen in infants and children, which is associated with acute complications and chronic morbidity. Infections of Central Nervous System (CNS) still dominate the scene of childhood neurological disorders in most of the developing tropical countries. AIMS To isolate, identify and determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens associated with bacterial meningitis. We also aimed to comparatively evaluate of Gram staining, culture and bacterial antigen detection in cerebrospinal fluid samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS Present comparative study included 100 CSF samples of children below the age of 5 years, who were clinically suspected meningitis cases. The samples were subjected to Gram staining, culture and Latex agglutination test (LAT). The organisms isolated in the study were characterized and antibiotic susceptibility test was done according to standard guidelines. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS It was done by using Gaussian test. RESULTS Of the 100 cases, 24 were diagnosed as Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) cases by. Gram staining, culture and latex agglutination test. 21 (87.5%) cases were culture positive, with 2 cases being positive for polymicrobial isolates. Gram staining was positive in 17 (70.53%) cases and LAT was positive in 18 (33.33%) cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the predominant organism which was isolated and it was sensitive to antibiotics. CONCLUSION In the present study, male to female ratio was 1.27:1, which showed a male preponderance. With the combination of Gram staining, culture, and LAT, 100% sensitivity and specificity can be achieved (p < 0.001). Gram staining and LAT can detect 85% of cases of ABM. Bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency and making an early diagnosis and providing treatment early are life saving and they reduce chronic morbidity.
The Relationship between Depression and Sociopsychological Factors in Pregnant Women

This study was performed to find out the depression level of pregnant women and its relationship with sociopsychological factors. This study surveyed 1,008 pregnant women who were over 20 weeks pregnant and received antenatal care in 4 public health centers in Gwangju Metropolitan City. For data collection, self-administered questionnaire which was composed of general characteristics, health related characteristics, family related characteristics, pregnancy related characteristics and socio-psychological characteristics such as preparation for delivery, self esteem, satisfaction with marriage, social support, and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used. The statistical methods such as t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis was used. The mean score of BDI was 9.52±9.31, and 17.4% of pregnant women showed scores above the cut-off point of 15/16 recommended. As a result of stepwise multiple regression analysis, socio-psychological factors such as self esteem, satisfaction with marriage and social support were related to depression during pregnancy. In other words, lower levels of self-esteem, satisfaction with marriage and social support had a significant relationship with high scores of depression. And other related factors with depression score were inhabit with husband, family living together, subjective health status, drinking status, and experience of nausea. The factors related with depression during pregnancy were the sociopsychological characteristics such as self esteem, satisfaction with marriage and social support besides physical characteristics of pregnant women. And the antenatal management programs considering above characteristics for pregnant women need to be developed in the future.
Essays on the History of British Sociological Research: The development of sociology and of empirical social research in Britain

There are many famous British names in the Pantheon of empirical social and statistical inquiry, such as Edwin Chadwick, William Farr, Charles Booth, Seebohm Rowntree, and A.L. Bowley. Sociologists, too, have made a considerable contribution to the British tradition of social research (cf. Raison 1979). Yet the historical study of the growth of social research does not display any unified pattern. Rather it is characterised by episodic bursts, intellectual and disciplinary fragmentation, lack of cumulation and profound weaknesses of institutionalisation. In The Origins of British Sociology 1834–1914 , Philip Abrams emphasised at the same time the strength of the tradition and the profound discontinuities which were apparent by the outbreak of the First World War. This collection of essays takes the story forward into the twentieth century, with several backward glances to the nineteenth. Its focus upon empirical sociological research reflects its origins in a symposium on the British Survey Tradition. The theme of the book is at once broader and narrower than the history of sociology in general. Some of the antecedents of British sociology are identified, but also some developments – such as Mass-Observation and the Government Social Survey – which have stood at some distance from academic sociological inquiry are discussed. On the other hand, the aim is not to provide a rounded picture of twentieth-century British sociology.
A mutable protocol for Consensus in large groups

In this paper we propose the mutable consensus protocol, a pragmatic and theoretically appealing approach to enhance the performance of distributed consensus with a large number of participants. First, an apparently inefficient consensus protocol is developed using the very simple stubborn channel abstraction for unreliable message passing. Then, the introduction of judiciously chosen finite delays in the implementation of channels makes it likely that the transmission of some messages is avoided. Although this does not affect correctness, which rests on an asynchronous system model, the message exchange pattern at the network level changes noticeably and can be made to resemble several different protocols. A particularly appealing instantiation, called the permutation gossip, allows the protocol to scale gracefully to a large number of processes.
Amelioration of Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rat by the Administration of Methanol Extract of Muntingia calabura L. Leaves

Muntingia calabura L. is a tropical plant species that belongs to the Elaeocarpaceae family. The present study is aimed at determining the hepatoprotective activity of methanol extract of M. calabura leaves (MEMC) using two models of liver injury in rats. Rats were divided into five groups (n = 6) and received 10% DMSO (negative control), 50 mg/kg N-acetylcysteine (NAC; positive control), or MEMC (50, 250, and 500 mg/kg) orally once daily for 7 days and on the 8th day were subjected to the hepatotoxic induction using paracetamol (PCM). The blood and liver tissues were collected and subjected to biochemical and microscopical analysis. The extract was also subjected to antioxidant study using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-(DPPH) and superoxide anion-radical scavenging assays. At the same time, oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) and total phenolic content were also determined. From the histological observation, lymphocyte infiltration and marked necrosis were observed in PCM-treated groups (negative control), whereas maintenance of hepatic structure was observed in group pretreated with N-acetylcysteine and MEMC. Hepatotoxic rats pretreated with NAC or MEMC exhibited significant decrease (P < 0.05) in ALT and AST enzymes level. Moreover, the extract also exhibited good antioxidant activity. In conclusion, MEMC exerts potential hepatoprotective activity that could be partly attributed to its antioxidant activity and, thus warrants further investigations.
Detection of HTTP flooding attacks in multiple scenarios

HTTP GET flooding attack is considered to be one of the most successful attacks of Application Layer Denial of Service (App-DoS). Detection of such attack is difficult due to its non-intrusive nature. This paper presents an effective method for detection of such App-DoS attack for three different scenarios. The proposed method was tested over three real-life data-sets, i.e. KDD99, LBNL and our own data-set, and has been found to perform satisfactorily.
Interactive Visualization for Real-time Public Transport Journey Planning

On-line journey planners encourage the use of public transport systems by easing the task of finding “optimal” routes between start and destination locations. Most of the tools lack the flexibility of comparing journeys that end at different (but maybe nearby) destinations. In this paper, we propose a novel visualization tool for public transport journey planning that integrates graph layout techniques to allow visual comparison of travel time and journey directions. Our tool uses data from the bus system of Konstanz. Taking this data as example, use cases describe the tool’s applicability to trip planning with route alternatives.
Optimal task assignment in heterogeneous distributed computing systems

A distributed system comprising networked heterogeneous processors requires efficient task-to-processor assignment to achieve fast turnaround time. Although reasonable heuristics exist to address optimal processor assignment for small problems, larger problems require better algorithms. The authors describe two new algorithms based on the A* technique which are considerably faster, are more memory-efficient, and give optimal solutions. The first is a sequential algorithm that reduces the search space. The second proposes to lower time complexity, by running the assignment algorithm in parallel, and achieves significant speedup. The authors test their results on a library of task graphs and processor topologies.