Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Human Milk as a Potential Enteral Source of Erythropoietin

In addition to its content of traditional nutrients, milk is a rich source of hormones and peptides, which survive digestion in the neonatal gastrointestinal tract secondary to lower proteolytic activity and increased protein permeability. Previous studies have shown accelerated erythropoiesis or elevated serum erythropoietin (Epo) levels in neonatal (suckling) animals after maternal phlebotomy or maternal hypoxia exposure. We sought to determine whether significant quantities of Epo are present in human milk and whether Epo remains intact under physiologic digestion conditions. Immunoreactive Epo concentrations were determined in 409 human milk samples obtained from mothers of term and premature infants. Samples collected between birth and postpartum d 134 were divided into 11 postpartum day groups. Mean milk-borne Epo concentrations were within the normal range for plasma Epo concentrations and rose with postpartum day (F10,398 = 5.82, p < 0.0001). No differences were observed between milk collected from mothers of premature versus term infants. Estimated weekly human milk-borne Epo intakes approximated the lower range of published parenteral therapeutic doses. In simulated digestion at physiologic pH levels of 3.2, 5.8, and 7.4, milk-borne Epo resisted degradation at 1 and 2 h, compared with baseline. Therefore, we conclude that human milk contains considerable amounts of Epo which resist degradation after exposure to gastric juices at physiologic pH levels. These results support continued investigation into the fate and developmental roles of Epo in human milk.
Performance Achievement and Analysis of Teaching during Choral Rehearsals

Eighty-three rehearsals and four final performances of two high schools' beginning and advanced choruses were videotaped to identify rehearsal behaviors and to evaluate performance achievement in relation to performance preparation. Teacher academic and social instruction, student nonperformance response, rated (5-point scale) performance response with and without teacher verbal assistance, and teacher feedback were observed. Variables were measured in real time and converted to percentages of rehearsal time. Additionally, frequencies of teaching sequences were identified for each rehearsal. Review of improvements in the quality of performance for each school indicated a similarity in proximity to the final performance between beginning and advanced choruses. Considering this observation, variables were calculated for means between points of achievement. Findings indicate that (a) teachers pace improvement unrelated to ensemble maturity, (b) time spent in teacher verbalization may not relate to performance success, (c) teacher assistance during student practice decreases with student improvement, and (d) instructions decrease with student improvement.
Moral Messages: The Relative Influence of Denomination on the Religiosity-Alcohol Relationship

This article examines the use and misuse of alcohol across religious denominations. After controlling for standard sociodemographic variables, we find that the impact of religiosity on alcohol use is greatest among those denominations taking a strong stand against its consumption, mainly because religion constitutes a significant reference group for members. We also find that religiosity fails to influence misuse, and discuss the possible reasons for this result.
Evaluation of Educational Psychology Services: Past and Present

Summary A brief history is given of the development of approaches to educational psychology service evaluation. An account is given of the evolution of evaluation work in the Westminster Psychological Service reflecting changes in the external environment of the Service. In the present context, customer satisfaction is seen as the primary measure of service quality and recent changes have led to a shift in focus from teachers to parents as service evaluators. A study of parents’ views of the Westminster Psychological Service is reported.
THE POWER OF SENSORY DISCRIMINATION METHODS USED IN REPLICATED DIFFERENCE AND PREFERENCE TESTS

Research on the power of discrimination methods in difference and preference tests has both theoretical and practical significance. Power is important to evaluate the sensitivities of tests and determine sample size. Ennis and Bi (1998, 1999) proposed the beta-binomial distribution to model replicated difference and preference tests with inter-trial variation and analyzed in general the power of the tests. In this paper, the power of discrimination methods for replicated difference and preference tests is discussed further, The equations for calculating power for methods based on the BB model are given. Examples with tables and charts for calculating and comparing the power of the methods are also given.
The hare and the snail: Dissociating visual orienting from conscious perception

A method for investigating attentional effects of peripheral visual objects, independently of perceptual identification, is described. We report an experiment using this method which shows that visual processing of peripheral objects differs radically, depending on whether participants move attention in response to an object or consciously perceive that object. When luminance contrast was reduced, conscious perceptual discrimination of peripheral letters was massively slower and less accurate—but both low and high contrast letters elicited rapid attentional orienting effects and these rapid orienting effects were equal in magnitude across low and high contrast. This pattern is consistent with known differences in luminance sensitivity between the dorsal and ventral visual processing streams, and with rapid dorsal–ventral interaction mediated via re-entrant feedback. Our findings show that the control system responsible for rapid movements of attention is exquisitely sensitive to visual form information at low levels of contrast, and involves a different neurocognitive pathway to that which gives rise to conscious perception.
Management styles, mediating variables, and stress among HRD professionals

This exploratory study examined the relationship between management styles, selected potential mediating variables, and employee stress levels. Members of a human resource professional organization who worked in business and industry were randomly selected and asked to complete five survey instruments. Variables included stress level, certain personality and demographic characteristics, and the perceived management style of their managers. Significant differences in employee stress levels were found between the management styles. Different combinations of the mediating variables predicted stress in each of the management styles. In addition, when management style was included as a predictor variable, it was the biggest predictor of stress. The relationship between management style and employee stress level has implications for today's HRD practitioners.
Hydroxytyrosol Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through a PI3K/Akt-Dependent Mechanism

Objective. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of hydroxytyrosol (HT) during the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rat hearts. Methods. The rats were randomized into five groups: sham group, I/R group, HT+I/R group, HT+LY294002+I/R group, and LY+I/R group. Myocardial infarct size, markers of oxidative stress, extent of myocardial apoptosis, echocardiographically assessed cardiac function, and expression of Akt and GSK 3β were measured in each group. Results. Prereperfusion administration of HT was associated with a significantly smaller area of myocardial infarction and remarkably decreased level of myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, as evidenced by a lower apoptotic index, reduced cleaved caspase-3, and the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase MB. Moreover, HT also attenuated the impairment of cardiac systolic function. However, cotreatment with LY294002 and HT completely abolished the above cardioprotective effects of HT. A subsequent mechanistic study revealed that the cardioprotective effects of HT during the process of I/R of the myocardium were dependent on the activation of the Akt/GSK3β pathway. Conclusion. Pretreatment with HT may have antiapoptotic and cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury, and these effects seem to be related to the activation of the Akt/GSK3β pathway in the myocardium.
Entertainers, experts, or public servants? Politicians' self‐presentation on television talk shows

It has been argued that politics on television is increasingly presented as entertainment and that politicians tend to communicate favorable images of their personalities rather than providing factual information. The question of whether politicians' public self‐presentation is distinct from that of experts and whether it includes elements typically used by entertainers was investigated using content analysis to compare talk show performances of politicians, entertainers, and experts. It was found that politicians provided less factual information than experts and disclosed less about their personalities than entertainers. Furthermore, they relied heavily on presenting themselves as worthy, successful, and innovative.
A quantitative and qualitative historical analysis of the scientific discipline of agroecology

At present, agroecology can be interpreted as a scientific discipline, as a movement or as a practice. In this paper we analyse the historical evolution of the scientific discipline of agroecology with a quantitative bibliometric analysis of 711 publications using the term agroecology and the derived term agroecological, as well as a qualitative analysis of definitions, topics and scales, where we also include further important works on agroecology. Agroecology emerged in the 1930s and the period up until the 1960s was the initial phase of agroecology. During the 1970s and 1980s, agroecology as a science expanded, and in the 1990s became institutionalized and consolidated. Since the 2000s, broader definitions have provided the basis for new dimensions in agroecology. During the last two decades the range of topics treated within agroecology grew enormously; also the publication rate has exploded within the last 10 years. The scale and dimension of scientific research in agroecology has changed over the past 80 years from the plot or field scale to the farm or agroecosystem scale and finally to the food system. Currently, three approaches persist: (1) the plot/field scale; (2) the agroecosystem/farm scale; and (3) the food system approach. In spite of a vague utilization of the term agroecology through its different meanings and definitions, the new views and dimensions brought to agroecology as a scientific discipline will probably facilitate efforts to respond to actual important questions on sustainable agriculture, global land use and climate change, or food security, due to increasingly applied systems thinking and interdisciplinary research approaches.
A Digitally Controlled Switching Regulator With Reduced Conductive EMI Spectra

This paper presents the use of a combined random pulse position modulation (RPPM)/digital pulsewidth modulation (DPWM) digital controller for a buck converter to simultaneously achieve low-conductive electromagnetic interference (EMI) and a fast transient response. An area-efficient RPPM/DPWM controller suitable for advanced system-on-chip integration is proposed and implemented in a field-programmable gate array-based prototype to verify its EMI-suppression capability. The experimental results for a 1.2-V digital buck converter show that the proposed digital switching regulator can switch between RPPM and DPWM modes smoothly and automatically. Closed-loop system measurements demonstrate that, compared to DPWM, up to 17.27 and 14.99 dB power spectra reductions are obtained in the input current and switching node, respectively.
Cognitive Components of Social Anxiety: An Investigation of the Integration of Self-Presentation Theory and Self-Efficacy Theory

This study tested the utility of the integration of self-efficacy theory and self-presentation theory of social anxiety. The study examined: (1) the relationship between general social anxiousness and expectancies concerning specific anxiety-producing social situations, and (2) the relationship between situational expectancies and situational social anxiety. Results supported the usefulness of distinguishing between the expectancy of executing a particular self-presentation relevant behavior (presentational self-efficacy expectancy) and the expectancy that a particular behavior, if successfully executed, will achieve one's interpersonal goal (presentational outcome expectancy). The results suggest that: (1) social anxiety is related to low expectations regarding one's ability to execute certain self-presentational behaviors, and (2) socially anxious people may be characterized by a pessimistic view of interactions in which others are not expected to respond favorably even when one's behavior is appropriat.
Informal Institutions and Democracy

Informal institutions have grown in relevance for the analysis of new ‘third wave’ democracies. The research strategy receives its impetus from the debate on neo‐institutionalism theory, which offers a productive perspective for structuring the field of analysis. This article explains the distinguishing factors between formal and informal institutions. It addresses five basic types of informal institutions, examines the ways in which they function and discusses their relevance in terms of democracy theory. Each type is characterized by the way in which it enacts its respective means of political influence. The study distinguishes between forms of specific relationship (clientelism), of material exchange (corruption), of violent exertion of influence (putsch threat), of civil resistance (civil disobedience) and of legal practice (custom law), and discusses their relevance to democracy. The central argument maintains that a differentiated study of informal institutions is crucial to addressing this question. The necessary typological differentiation allows us to make an appropriate assessment ‐one that does not manifest itself in a simple clear‐cut choice of affirmative or negative answers.
Age as a Predictor of Faculty Productivity: Three Conceptual Approaches.

Researchers interested in faculty role performance have used a range of conceptual approaches to study productivity and career development. The often inconsistent and conflicting conclusions regarding the cause(s) of behavioral change over time or age group differences have resulted in a growing appreciation of the multiple dimensions of human aging. Increasingly one reads about the need for interdisciplinary approaches to research in this area. Psychologists and sociologists who have been trying to create integrative approaches have detailed many conceptual and measurement problems that are part and parcel of this task. Looft [26, p. 29], writing about the problem within psychology, states "behavior and development can be viewed from a number of different perspectives. the paradigmatic umbrella under which the psychologist operates defines for him [in orig. ] which questions are meaningful to explore. Further, it advocates to him the most appropriate methods for studying these questions, and it suggests the best form for interpreting the data he gathers. " Dannefer [14] discusses the difficulties encountered by researchers who try to bridge the theoretical domains of sociology and psychology. Highlighting core assumptions inherent to these disciplines, he warns that "attempts at interdisciplinary integration or cross-disciplinary action must begin by confronting the issue of paradigm difference. The failure to do so can result in a surrender of socially produced age-related patterns to the domain of 'normal
Acceptance of a pandemic influenza vaccine: a systematic review of surveys of the general public

Introduction: The effectiveness of pandemic vaccine campaigns such as the H1N1 vaccine rollout is dependent on both the vaccines’ effectiveness and the general public’s willingness to be vaccinated. It is therefore critical to understand the factors that influence the decision of members of the public whether to get vaccinated with new, emergently released vaccines. Methods: A systematic review of English language quantitative surveys was conducted to identify consistent predictors of the decision to accept or decline any (pre)pandemic vaccine, including the H1N1 influenza A vaccine. A total of ten studies were included in this review and all pertained to the 2009 H1N1 influenza A pandemic. Respondents’ willingness to receive a pandemic vaccine ranged from 8%–67% across the ten studies. The factors reported to be consistent predictors of the intention to vaccinate were: risk of infection, proximity or severity of the public health event, severity of personal consequences resulting from the illness, harm or adverse events from the vaccine, acceptance of previous vaccination, and ethnicity. Age and sex were the demographic variables examined most frequently across the ten studies and there was no consistent association between these variables and the intention to accept or reject a pandemic vaccine. Conclusion: Some predictors of the intention to accept or decline a (pre)pandemic vaccine or the H1N1 influenza A vaccine are consistently identified by surveys. Understanding the important factors influencing the acceptance of a pandemic vaccine by individual members of the public may help inform strategies to improve vaccine uptake during future pandemics.
Testosterone Assays: Guidelines for the Provision of a Clinical Biochemistry Service

Approximately one year after the devolution of testosterone assays from the SAS, the Analytical Methods Working Party of the Association of Clinical Biochemists set up a working party to investigate the performance of the assays, to survey the available methodology and to give guidance on the factors that influence the assay. This document represents a summary of the deliberations of the group and forms one of a series of similar reports.
Toward a Better Understanding of Playfulness in Adults

Playfulness is normally associated with children and remains poorly documented in adulthood. Studies have confirmed that playfulness is present in adulthood but do not provide any information on its specific nature. An enhanced comprehension of playfulness in adulthood is needed to determine its possible use in occupational therapy intervention with an adult clientele. A qualitative study led to a conceptual definition of playfulness in adulthood. Playfulness can be defined as an internal predisposition characterized by creativity, curiosity, pleasure, sense of humor, and spontaneity. This attitude extends to all life situations and modifies how adults perceive, evaluate, and approach situations. Playfulness enables adults to distance themselves from others, from situations, and from conventions to approach situations with an open mind to find original solutions to problems, to confront difficulties, and to accept failure. Therefore, it may be an important tool in occupational therapy to develop and enhance adults' ability to perform occupations.
Impaired Learning and Abnormal Open‐field Behaviours of Rats After Early Postnatal Anoxia and the Beneficial Effect of the Calcium Antagonist Nimodipine

Perinatal anoxia/hypoxia is considered a serious risk factor for normal brain development. Anoxia induced by repeated asphyxia at 2 and 4 days after birth resulted in a transient hyperactivity in the small open‐field, and a behavioural depression in adult open‐field activity of male Wistar rats. The same treatment impaired adult learning behaviour in pole‐jumping conditioned avoidance and appetitively motivated hole‐board test situations. The calcium entry blocker nimodipine (in doses of 3 and 10 mg/kg) prevented the anoxia‐induced changes in orientation motility in the open‐field tests and almost fully antagonized the learning deficit in the hole‐board test. The behavioural deficit seen during acquisition of the pole‐jumping conditioned avoidance response was ameliorated to a lesser degree. The results indicate that the maintenance of calcium homeostasis during the early postnatal phase of brain development is crucial to prevent anoxia‐induced behavioural abnormalities.
The role of personality traits and perceived values in persuasion: An elaboration likelihood model perspective on online shopping

In this study of online shopping the influences of consumers’ beliefs and perceived values on attitude, trust, and approach behavior were examined. The moderating effects of personality traits were taken into account. Twenty cosmetics and 20 hotel websites were selected for participants to randomly link to and read, and the students were then asked to fill in a 48-item questionnaire via the internet. It was found that when consumers have higher levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, central route website contents would be more favorable for eliciting utilitarian shopping value; whereas when consumers have higher levels of emotional stability, openness, and extraversion, peripheral route website contents would be more critical in facilitating experiential and hedonic shopping value.
The Role of the Social Environment on Physical and Mental Health of Older Adults

Understanding the complex relationship between the environmental context and the well-being of older adults is paramount as aging in place is increasingly acknowledged as a policy goal. This study investigated how the social environment (measured by social capital) was related to both physical and mental health. A sample of 3,219 older adults (60 years and older) from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and 4 surrounding counties were obtained from the Philadelphia Health Management Corporation survey collected in 2006. Binary and ordinal logistic regressions of self-rated health and depression symptoms were regressed on sociodemographic and six social capital items. Participation in groups, sense of belonging, and neighbors willing to help were associated with self-rated health, whereas trust in neighbors and sense of belonging and neighbors willing to help were associated with depressive symptoms even when sociodemographic indicators were controlled. This study furthers our understanding of how social capital may relate to the physical and mental health of the elderly and illustrates the usefulness of this important concept in environmental gerontology.
Facilitating early career leadership through pre‐service training

Current research indicates that new teachers want to be involved in school‐level decision‐making. Upon entering the profession, many novice teachers are surprised and disillusioned to find they have considerably less involvement and influence than expected. Based on strategies that have been developed, revised, and refined over a number of years in two teacher preparation programs in the eastern US, the current discussion proposes that teacher preparation programs incorporate training in school‐based management as a means to better prepare new teachers for the political realities of the profession. Intended for teacher educators, this paper describes how the research component common to most teacher education programs can be used as a venue to train teacher candidates in school‐based management.