Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the yields of downstream migrant salmonids before and after logging and road construction on the South Fork Caspar Creek, Mendocino County

There were 138% more steelhead smolts and 41% fewer silver salmon smolts in 1968 (first spring following road construction) than there had been in 1964 (preroad construction). Increased emigration of steelhead smolts in 1968 was probably caused by a decrease in favorable living space. The decrease in salmon smolts accompanied high moralities during road construction. Eighty-three percent of the total salmon population and 86% of the total steelhead population died or emigrated from the affected area during the road construction from June to October 1967. The combined populations of steelhead and salmon smolts decreased 20%. This combined decrease is within the range of natural fluctuation reported from other California streams; however, there is no doubt that road construction contributed to the decrease in Caspar Creek.
Lagrangian surfaces in a fixed homology class: existence of knotted Lagrangian tori

In this paper we show that there exist simply connected symplectic 4-manifolds which contain infinitely many knotted lagrangian tori, i.e. lagrangian embeddings of tori that are homotopic but not isotopic. Moreover, the homology class they represent can be assumed to be nontrivial and primitive. This answers a question of Eliashberg and Polterovich.
Cloning and functional expression of human retinal Kir2.4, a pH-sensitive inwardly rectifying K 1 channel

and Swaroop. Cloning and functional expression of human retinal Kir2.4, a pH-sensitive inwardly rectifying K 1 channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 279: C771–C784, 2000. —To identify novel potassium channel genes expressed in the retina, we screened a human retina cDNA library with an EST sequence showing partial homology to inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel genes. The isolated cDNA yielded a 2,961-base pair sequence with the predicted open reading frame showing strong homology to the rat Kir2.4 (rKir2.4). Northern analysis of mRNA from human and bovine tissues showed preferential expression of Kir2.4 in the neural retina. In situ hybridization to sections of monkey retina detected Kir2.4 transcript in most retinal neurons. Somatic hybridization analysis and dual-color in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes mapped Kir2.4 to human chromosome 19 q13.1–q13.3. Expression of human Kir2.4 cRNA in Xenopus oocytes generated strong, inwardly rectifying K 1 currents that were enhanced by extracellular alkalinization. We conclude that human Kir2.4 encodes an inwardly rectifying K 1 channel that is preferentially expressed in the neural retina and that is sensitive to physiological changes in extracellular pH.
Mutation testing strategies using mutant classification

Mutation testing has a widespread reputation of being a rather powerful testing technique. However, its practical application requires the detection of equivalent mutants. Detecting equivalent mutants is cumbersome since it requires manual analysis, resulting in unbearable testing cost. To overcome this difficulty, researchers have proposed the use of mutant classification, an approach that helps isolating equivalent mutants. From this perspective, the present paper establishes and assesses possible mutant classification strategies. The conducted study suggests that while mutant classification can be useful in isolating equivalent mutants, it fails to kill some mutants. Indeed, the experimental results show that the proposed strategies achieve to kill approximately 95% of the introduced killable mutants.
The Effect of Font Type on Screen Readability by People with Dyslexia

Around 10% of the people have dyslexia, a neurological disability that impairs a person’s ability to read and write. There is evidence that the presentation of the text has a significant effect on a text’s accessibility for people with dyslexia. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no experiments that objectively measure the impact of the typeface (font) on screen reading performance. In this article, we present the first experiment that uses eye-tracking to measure the effect of typeface on reading speed. Using a mixed between-within subject design, 97 subjects (48 with dyslexia) read 12 texts with 12 different fonts. Font types have an impact on readability for people with and without dyslexia. For the tested fonts, sans serif, monospaced, and roman font styles significantly improved the reading performance over serif, proportional, and italic fonts. On the basis of our results, we recommend a set of more accessible fonts for people with and without dyslexia.
Application of Linear and Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction Methods

Dimensionality reduction methods have proved to be important tools in exploratory analysis as well as confirmatory analysis for data mining in various fields of science and technology. Where ever applications involve reducing to fewer dimensions, feature selection, pattern recognition, clustering, dimensionality reduction methods have been used to overcome the curse of dimensionality. In particular, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is widely used and accepted linear dimensionality reduction method which has achieved successful results in various biological and industrial applications, while demanding less computational power. On the other hand, several nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods such as kernel PCA (kPCA), Isomap and local linear embedding (LLE) have been developed. It has been observed that nonlinearmethods proved to be effective only for specific datasets and failed to generalize over real world data, even at the cost of heavy computational burden to accommodate nonlinearity.
The Domain Specificity of Academic Emotional Experiences

The authors analyzed the domain specificity of emotions and focused on experiences of enjoyment, anxiety, and boredom in the domains of mathematics, Latin, German, and English. On the basis of assumptions in R. Pekrun's (2000; in press) control-value theory and findings of pilot studies, the authors hypothesized the existence of a largely domain-specific organization of emotional experiences. The sample consisted of 721 students from grades 7 to 10. Confirmatory multitrait-multimethod factor analysis of the 2-faceted dataset (emotions and domains) corroborated assumptions of domain specificity. Furthermore, using multilevel analysis, the authors found that emotions were significantly more domain-specific than students' grades, with enjoyment being the most domain-specific of the three emotions under investigation. The authors discuss implications for future research and practice.
Polymer‐Based Photonic Crystals

In this report, we highlight the development of polymers as 1D photonic crystals and subsequently place special emphasis on the activities in self-assembled block copolymers as a promising platform material for new photonic crystals. We review recent progress, including the use of plasticizer and homopolymer blends of diblock copolymers to increase periodicity and the role of self-assembly in producing 2D and 3D photonic crystals. The employment of inorganic nanoparticles to increase the dielectric contrast and the application of a biasing field during self-assembly to control the long-range domain order and orientation are examined, as well as in-situ tunable materials via a mechanochromic materials system. Finally, the inherent optical anisotropy of extruded polymer films and side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers is shown to provide greater degrees of freedom for further novel optical designs.
Stem cell-based treatments against stroke: observations from human proof-of-concept studies and considerations regarding clinical applicability

Ischemic stroke remains a heavy burden for industrialized countries. The only causal therapy is the recanalization of occluded vessels via thrombolysis, which due to a narrow time window still can be offered only to a minority of patients. Since the majority of patients continues to exhibit neurological deficits even following successful thrombolysis, restorative therapies are urgently needed that promote brain remodeling and repair once stroke injury has occurred. Due to their unique properties of action, stem cell-based strategies gained increasing interest during recent years. Using various stroke models in both rodents and primates, the transplantation of stem cells, namely of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or neural progenitor cells (NPCs), has been shown to promote neurological recovery most likely via indirect bystander actions. In view of promising observations, clinical proof-of-concept studies are currently under way, in which effects of stem and precursor cells are evaluated in human stroke patients. In this review we summarize already published studies, which due to the broad experience in other medical contexts mostly employed bone marrow-derived MSCs by means of intravenous transplantation. With the overall number of clinical trials limited in number, only a fraction of these studies used non-treated control groups, and only single studies were adequately blinded. Despite these limitations, first promising results justify the need for more elaborate clinical trials in order to make stem cell transplantation a success for stroke treatment in the future.
Effect of social influence on repurchase intentions

The social interaction between customers and individual employees can be critical for business success. Similarly, factors such as customer convenience and value for money are important to repeat purchase. Frontline employees often face the dilemma of how much social interaction is appropriate. Data were collected in a cross‐sectional survey of 406 customers to determine the relative importance of social influence on repurchase intentions across three services. The findings show that social influence variables can be as important as convenience and value for money factors. Further, the data indicate that the nature of the interaction is the critical factor, rather than the amount of social interaction. For naturopathic clinics, the enthusiasm shown by the health care professional is the key factor, whereas in hairdressing salons, making the customer feel relaxed and comfortable is critical.
Learning in Enterprise System Support: Specialization, Task Type and Network Characteristics

In this paper, we introduce two contingency factors --task type and network characteristics—that examine how individuals learn from experience. We hypothesize that task specialization and variation have positive impacts on IS professionals’ learning from experience. We further hypothesize that this performance effect of learning is contingent upon task type and characteristics of domain-specific knowledge networks. In particular, specialized experience will be more beneficial to learning when a task is a locating task-type or when network centrality is high. In contrast, varied experience will be more beneficial when a task is a diagnosing task-type or when network betweenness is high. The research model will be validated in the context of postimplementation enterprise system support. The study incorporates a social network perspective to study learning by experience, and contributes to the knowledge management field. Findings will provide practical insights on managing IT human capital and improving IS support services.
Dynamical Mechanisms for the South China Sea Seasonal Circulation and Thermohaline Variabilities

Abstract The seasonal ocean circulation and the seasonal thermal structure in the South China Sea (SCS) were studied numerically using the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) with 20-km horizontal resolution and 23 sigma levels conforming to a realistic bottom topography. A 16-month control run was performed using climatological monthly mean wind stresses, restoring-type surface salt and heat, and observational oceanic inflow/outflow at the open boundaries. The seasonally averaged effects of isolated forcing terms are presented and analyzed from the following experiments: 1) nonlinear dynamic effects removed, 2) wind effects removed, and 3) open boundary inflow/outflow set to zero. This procedure allowed analysis of the contribution of individual parameters to the general hydrology and specific features of the SCS: for example, coastal jets, mesoscale topographic gyres, and countercurrents. The results show that the POM model has the capability of simulating seasonal variations of the SCS circulation and thermoha.
Latency of instrumental responses as a function of compatibility with the meaning of eliciting verbal signs.

Does the ease of association of an instrumental movement with a verbal stimulus depend upon the compatibility of the movement with the meaning of that verbal stimulus? Such a relation would appear to follow from the two-stage mediational model described by Osgood (1953). He assumes that in the development of meanings of signs, either perceptual or verbal, the sign-stimuli become associated with distinctive portions of the total behavior elicited by significate-stimuli. This portion of the total behavior to things signified is called a representational mediation process. It is representational because it is part of the same behavior made to the significate; it is mediational because, through its self-stimulational properties, it can become associated with overt instrumental movements. Among the classes of responses elicited by both signs and significates are evaluative reactions—approaching, avoiding, reaching for, pushing away, and so forth. If the total behavior elicited by a positive or negative significate includes such approach or avoidance movements, then the theory requires that tendencies or dispositions toward such movements
Uplift and subsidence associated with the great Aceh‐Andaman earthquake of 2004

Rupture of the Sunda megathrust on 26 December 2004 produced broad regions of uplift and subsidence. We define the pivot line separating these regions as a first step in defining the lateral extent and the downdip limit of rupture during that great M_w ≈ 9.2 earthquake. In the region of the Andaman and Nicobar islands we rely exclusively on the interpretation of satellite imagery and a tidal model. At the southern limit of the great rupture we rely principally on field measurements of emerged coral microatolls. Uplift extends from the middle of Simeulue Island, Sumatra, at ~2.5°N, to Preparis Island, Myanmar (Burma), at ~14.9°N. Thus the rupture is ~1600 km long. The distance from the pivot line to the trench varies appreciably. The northern and western Andaman Islands rose, whereas the southern and eastern portion of the islands subsided. The Nicobar Islands and the west coast of Aceh province, Sumatra, subsided. Tilt at the southern end of the rupture is steep; the distance from 1.5 m of uplift to the pivot line is just 60 km. Our method of using satellite imagery to recognize changes in elevation relative to sea surface height and of using a tidal model to place quantitative bounds on coseismic uplift or subsidence is a novel approach that can be adapted to other forms of remote sensing and can be applied to other subduction zones in tropical regions.
Science in the Making: Right Hand, Left Hand. II: The duck–rabbit figure

The BBC television programme Right Hand, Left Hand, broadcast in August 1953, showed a version of the duck–rabbit figure and asked viewers to say what they could see in the “puzzle picture”. Nearly 4,000 viewers described the image, and the answers to those questions have recently been found and analysed. The programme probably used the same version of the figure as appeared in Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations, which had been published a month or two previously. Although Dr Jacob Bronowski, the presenter of the programme, had suspected that left- and right-handers might differ in their perception of the figure, since they might scan it from different sides, in fact there is no relationship in the data between six measures of lateralisation and a propensity for seeing a duck or a rabbit. However the large data set does show separate effects of both age and sex on viewing the figure, female and older viewers being more likely to report seeing a rabbit (although a clear majority of viewers reported seeing a duck). There was also a very significant tendency for female viewers to use more typical descriptions of the duck, whereas males used a wider variety of types.
Psychometric properties of the Malay version of the Breast Module (BR23).

INTRODUCTION The Breast Module (BR23) is increasingly being used worldwide in breast cancer research. This study evaluates the appropriateness of the translated version (i.e. BR23-Malay version) as a useful tool for the Malaysian population who could understand Malay, and examines the reliability and validity of the BR23-Malay version. METHODS This was a prospective study involving 68 Malaysian women who could understand Malay very well. They answered the BR23-Malay version at two evaluation points--three and ten weeks following surgery for breast cancer. Internal consistency, test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), effect size index, sensitivity and discriminity of the scale were calculated. RESULTS Internal consistencies were acceptable for the functional domains (0.87 for body image; 0.84 for sexual functioning) and symptomatology domains (0.82 for systemic therapy side effect; 0.82 for breast symptoms; 0.70 for arm symptoms). Test-retest ICC ranged from 0.26 to 1.00. Sensitivity of the scale was observed in all domains except sexual functioning. CONCLUSION The Malay version of BR23 is a suitable tool to measure the functional and symptomatology domains of women diagnosed with breast cancer.
No Gender Difference in Willingness to Compete When Competing Against Self

We report on two experiments investigating whether there is a gender difference in the willingness to compete against oneself (self-competition), similar to what is found when competing against others (other-competition). In one laboratory and one online market experiment, involving a total of 1,200 participants, we replicate the gender-gap in willingness to other-compete but find no evidence of a gender difference in the willingness to self-compete. We explore the roles of risk and confidence and suggest that these factors can account for the different findings. Finally, we document that self-competition does no worse than other-competition in terms of performance boosting.
‘It’s good enough that our children are accepted’: Roma mothers’ views of children’s education post migration

Abstract The discrimination of Roma groups across Europe has been highlighted by several international organisations. For many, poverty, racism and their children’s systematic exclusion from education are ‘push’ factors when deciding to migrate. This study explores Roma mothers’ views of their children’s education post migration and their attitudes to education more broadly, by adopting an intersectional framework and examining issues of difference and belonging as experienced by Roma mothers and their children. While Roma mothers recognised the value of education for social mobility, they remained aware of the limited resources they could draw upon, in the absence of desirable economic and cultural capitals, and as a result of their ethnicity, social class, gender and ‘undesirable migrant’ status. There was a perceived hopelessness in relation to the chances that Roma children have to overcome their marginalisation through schooling, pointing to the need for dedicated policy interventions when working with Roma families.
Lost in translation: formalizing proposed extensions to c#

Current real-world software applications typically involve heavy use of relational and XML data and their query languages. Unfortunately object-oriented languages and database query languages are based on different semantic foundations and optimization strategies. The resulting ''ROX (Relations, Objects, XML) impedance mismatc'' makes life very difficult for developers. Microsoft Corporation is developing extensions to the . NET framework to facilitate easier processing of non-object-oriented data models. Part of this project (known as "LINQ") includes various extensions to the . NET languages to leverage this support. In this paper we consider proposals for C# 3.0, the next version of the C# programming language. We give both an informal introduction to the new language features, and a precise formal account by defining a translation from C# 3.0 to C# 2.0. This translation also demonstrates how these language extensions do not require any changes to the underlying CLR.
Representations of matched pairs of groupoids and applications to weak Hopf algebras

We introduce the category of set-theoretic representations of a matched pair of groupoids. This is a monoidal category endowed with a monoidal functor to the category of quivers over the common base of the groupoids in the matched pair (the forgetful functor). We study monoidal functors between two such categories of representations which preserve the forgetful functor. We show that the centralizer of such a monoidal functor is the category of representations of a new matched pair, which we construct explicitly. We introduce the notions of {\em double} of a matched pair of groupoids and {\em generalized double} of a morphism of matched pairs. We show that the centralizer of the forgetful functor is the category of representations of the dual matched pair, and the centralizer of the identity functor (the center) is the category of representations of the double. We use these constructions to classify the braidings in the category of representations of a matched pair. Such braidings are parametrized by certain groupoid-theoretic structures which we call {\em matched pairs of rotations}. Finally, we express our results in terms of the weak Hopf algebra associated to a matched pair of groupoids. A matched pairs of rotations gives rise to a quasitriangular structure for the associated weak Hopf algebra. The Drinfeld double of the weak Hopf algebra of a matched pair is the weak Hopf algebra associated to the double matched pair.