Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caffeine Consuming Children and Adolescents Show Altered Sleep Behavior and Deep Sleep

Caffeine is the most commonly ingested psychoactive drug worldwide with increasing consumption rates among young individuals. While caffeine leads to decreased sleep quality in adults, studies investigating how caffeine consumption affects children’s and adolescents’ sleep remain scarce. We explored the effects of regular caffeine consumption on sleep behavior and the sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) in children and adolescents (10–16 years). While later habitual bedtimes (Caffeine 23:14 ± 11.4, Controls 22:17 ± 15.4) and less time in bed were found in caffeine consumers compared to the control group (Caffeine 08:10 ± 13.3, Controls 09:03 ± 16.1), morning tiredness was unaffected. Furthermore, caffeine consumers exhibited reduced sleep EEG slow-wave activity (SWA, 1–4.5 Hz) at the beginning of the night compared to controls (20% ± 9% average reduction across all electrodes and subjects). Comparable reductions were found for alpha activity (8.25–9.75 Hz). These effects, however, disappeared in the morning hours. Our findings suggest that caffeine consumption in adolescents may lead to later bedtimes and reduced SWA, a well-established marker of sleep depth. Because deep sleep is involved in recovery processes during sleep, further research is needed to understand whether a caffeine-induced loss of sleep depth interacts with neuronal network refinement processes that occur during the sensitive period of adolescent development.
Reconciling Credit Correlations

The credit crisis has created a new impetus for regulators to analyse the framework for determining regulatory capital requirements, in particular the assessment of credit risk will be challenged. Confronted with a lack of default statistics it is common practice by industry practitioners to apply a financial approach, also known as Merton’s model of the firm, and we remark that the latter approach also underpins modern solvency standards such as Basel II and Solvency II.However, while Merton’s theory is an academic beauty its implementation does not make full use of available default statistics but relies on the concept of so-called asset correlations instead. We study the different estimates used for asset correlations that have been mentioned in the literature and analyse to which extent these estimates are in line with each other, with available default statistics as well as with our own findings.Our results are in line with the majority of the literature but deviate away from the results reported by some major software providers as well as the Basel II and Solvency II figures. We offer several explanations as an attempt to reconcile the differences and point to several other features that should not be overlooked when building credit portfolio models.
The MAP kinase MpkA controls cell wall integrity, oxidative stress response, gliotoxin production and iron adaptation in Aspergillus fumigatus

The saprophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is the most important air‐borne fungal pathogen. The cell wall of A. fumigatus has been studied intensively as a potential target for development of effective antifungal agents. A major role in maintaining cell wall integrity is played by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) MpkA. To gain a comprehensive insight into this central signal transduction pathway, we performed a transcriptome analysis of the ΔmpkA mutant under standard and cell wall stress conditions. Besides genes involved in cell wall remodelling, protection against ROS and secondary metabolism such as gliotoxin, pyomelanin and pseurotin A, also genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis were regulated by MpkA. Consistently, northern and western blot analyses indicated that iron starvation triggers phosphorylation and thus activation of MpkA. Furthermore, localization studies indicated that MpkA accumulates in the nucleus under iron depletion. Hence, we report the first connection between a MAPK pathway and siderophore biosynthesis. The measurement of amino acid pools and of the pools of polyamines indicated that arginine was continuously converted into ornithine to fuel the siderophore pool in the ΔmpkA mutant strain. Based on our data, we propose that MpkA fine‐tunes the balance between stress response and energy consuming cellular processes.
C-terminal region of AID is required for efficient class switch recombination and gene conversion

Activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID) introduces single strand break (SSB) to initiate class switch recombination (CSR), gene conversion (GC) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). CSR is mediated by double strand breaks (DSBs) at donor and acceptor switch (S) regions, followed by pairing of DSB ends in two S regions and their joining. Since AID mutations at its C-terminal region drastically impair CSR, while retaining its DNA cleavage and SHM activity, the C-terminal region of AID is likely required for the recombination step after the DNA cleavage. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the recombination junctions generated by AID C-terminal mutants and found that 0-3bp microhomology junctions are relatively less abundant which, may reflects the defects of the classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ). Consistently, the accumulation of C-NHEJ factors such as Ku80 and XRCC4 was decreased at the cleaved S region. By contrast, a SSB binding protein PARP1 was recruited more abundantly, suggesting a defect of conversion from SSB to DSB. In addition, recruitment of critical DNA synapse factors such as 53BP1, DNA PKcs and UNG at the S region was reduces during CSR. Furthermore, the chromosome conformation capture (3C) assay revealed that DNA synapse formation is drastically impaired in the AID C-terminal mutants. Interestingly, these mutants showed relative reduction in GC compared to SHM in chicken DT40 cells. Collectively, our data indicate that the C-terminal region of AID is required for efficient generation of DSB in CSR and GC and thus subsequent pairing of cleaved DNA ends during recombination in CSR. AID, the key enzyme for antigen-induced immunoglobulin gene diversification, initiates CSR by inducing Ig locus specific single strand break (SSB). AID C-terminal mutants (C-mt) generate SSB efficiently but fail to support CSR. We found that residual CSR junctions in AID C-mt predominantly repaired by A-EJ repair and consistently the recruitment of C-NHEJ factors such as Ku80 to S region were reduced. Conversely, the accumulation of PARP1 in AID C-mt JP8Bdel was observed. AID C-mt also showed the relative gene conversion reduction. Moreover, AID C-mt did not support synapse formation in the S regions indicating that the C-terminal region of AID is essential for efficient generation of double strand break in CSR and GC and possibly for synapse formation during CSR.
Work, Friendship, and Media Use for Information Exchange in a Networked Organization

We use a social network approach to examine how work and friendship ties in a university research group were associated with the kinds of media used for different kinds of information exchange. The use of electronic mail, unscheduled face-to-face encounters, and scheduled face-to-face meetings predominated for the exchange of six kinds of information: Receiving Work, Giving Work, Collaborative Writing, Computer Programming, Sociability, and Major Emotional Support. Few pairs used synchronous desktop videoconferencing or the telephone. E-mail was used in similar ways as face-to-face communication. The more frequent the contact, the more “multiplex” the tie: A larger number of media was used to exchange a greater variety of information. The closeness of work ties and of friendship ties were each independently associated with more interaction: A greater frequency of communication, the exchange of more kinds of information, and the use of more media. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Examination of Error-Related Brain Activity and Its Modulation by Error Value in Young Children

The error-related negativity (ERN) is an event-related brain potential observed in adults when errors are committed, and which appears to be sensitive to error value. Recent work suggests that the ERN can also be elicited in relatively young children using simple tasks and that ERN amplitude might be sensitive to error value. The current study employed a Go No-Go paradigm in which 5–7-year-old children (N = 18) earned low or high points for correct responses. Results indicated that errors were associated with an ERN; however, the size was not reliably moderated by error value.
Caveolae-Dependent and -Independent Uptake of Albumin in Cultured Rodent Pulmonary Endothelial Cells

Although a critical role for caveolae-mediated albumin transcytosis in pulmonary endothelium is well established, considerably less is known about caveolae-independent pathways. In this current study, we confirmed that cultured rat pulmonary microvascular (RPMEC) and pulmonary artery (RPAEC) endothelium endocytosed Alexa488-labeled albumin in a saturable, temperature-sensitive mode and internalization resulted in co-localization by fluorescence microscopy with cholera B toxin and caveolin-1. Although siRNA to caveolin-1 (cav-1) in RPAEC significantly inhibited albumin uptake, a remnant portion of albumin uptake was cav-1-independent, suggesting alternative pathways for albumin uptake. Thus, we isolated and cultured mouse lung endothelial cells (MLEC) from wild type and cav-1-/- mice and noted that ~ 65% of albumin uptake, as determined by confocal imaging or live cell total internal reflectance fluorescence microscopy (TIRF), persisted in total absence of cav-1. Uptake of colloidal gold labeled albumin was evaluated by electron microscopy and demonstrated that albumin uptake in MLEC from cav-1-/- mice was through caveolae-independent pathway(s) including clathrin-coated pits that resulted in endosomal accumulation of albumin. Finally, we noted that albumin uptake in RPMEC was in part sensitive to pharmacological agents (amiloride [sodium transport inhibitor], Gö6976 [protein kinase C inhibitor], and cytochalasin D [inhibitor of actin polymerization]) consistent with a macropinocytosis-like process. The amiloride sensitivity accounting for macropinocytosis also exists in albumin uptake by both wild type and cav-1-/- MLEC. We conclude from these studies that in addition to the well described caveolar-dependent pulmonary endothelial cell endocytosis of albumin, a portion of overall uptake in pulmonary endothelial cells is cav-1 insensitive and appears to involve clathrin-mediated endocytosis and macropinocytosis-like process.
Indecomposable Almost Free Modules—The Local Case

Abstract Let $R$ be a countable, principal ideal domain which is not a field and $A$ be a countable $R$ -algebra which is free as an $R$ -module. Then we will construct an ${{\aleph }_{1}}$ -free $R$ -module $G$ of rank ${{\aleph }_{1}}$ with endomorphism algebra $\text{En}{{\text{d}}_{R}}\,G=A$ . Clearly the result does not hold for fields. Recall that an $R$ -module is ${{\aleph }_{1}}$ -free if all its countable submodules are free, a condition closely related to Pontryagin’s theorem. This result has many consequences, depending on the algebra $A$ in use. For instance, if we choose $A\,=\,R$ , then clearly $G$ is an indecomposable ‘almost free’module. The existence of such modules was unknown for rings with only finitelymany primes like $R={{\mathbb{Z}}_{\left( p \right)}}$ , the integers localized at some prime $p$ . The result complements a classical realization theorem of Corner’s showing that any such algebra is an endomorphism algebra of some torsionfree, reduced $R$ -module $G$ of countable rank. Its proof is based on new combinatorialalgebraic techniques related with what we call rigid tree-elements coming from a module generated over a forest of trees.
Understanding Negation in Positive Terms Using Syntactic Dependencies

This paper presents a two-step procedure to extract positive meaning from verbal negation. We ﬁrst generate potential positive interpretations manipulating syntactic dependencies. Then, we score them according to their likelihood. Manual annotations show that positive interpretations are ubiquitous and intuitive to humans. Experimental results show that dependencies are better suited than semantic roles for this task, and automation is possible
A CORRELATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP AND SCHOOL CLIMATE

The purpose of this mixed-method research study was to determine the extent that servant leadership was correlated with perceptions of school climate to identify whether there was a relationship between principals’ and teachers’ perceived practice of servant leadership and of school climate. The study employed a mixed-method approach by first administering two validated quantitative instruments: Laub's (1998) Organizational Leadership Assessment (OLA) measured the perceived servant leadership in the schools and Hoy, Tarter, & Kottkamp’s (1991) Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire-Revised (OCDQ-RE) measured the school’s climate. These instruments were administered to a randomly selected sample of 231 full-time teachers and 15 principals working in a Catholic school board in Ontario. Upon completion of the quantitative data analysis, focus group interviews were conducted with 10% of the sample. The data revealed a significant positive correlation between servant leadership and school climate
Asymptotics of the extremal values of certain graph parameters in trees with bounded degree

Year: 2010 Vol.: 77 Fasc. : 3-4 Title: Asymptotics of the extremal values of certain graph parameters in trees with bounded degree Author(s): Clemens Heuberger and Stephan G. Wagner In a recent paper, the authors of this note determined the trees of given maximum degree which maximize the number of independent vertex subsets and minimize the number of independent edge subsets respectively. It turned out that some kind of digit representation plays a major role in the characterization of the optimal trees. In the current paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of the optimal parameter values. It turns out that they increase exponentially, but with °uctuations which can be described by means of the aforementioned digit system. Address: Clemens Heuberger Institut fAur Mathematik B Technische UniversitAat Graz Austria Address: Stephan G. Wagner Department of Mathematical Sciences Stellenbosch University South Africa
Computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety: results of a randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and effects of Camp Cope-A-Lot (CCAL), a computer-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety in youth. METHOD Children (49; 33 males) ages 7-13 (M = 10.1 ± 1.6; 83.7% Caucasian, 14.2% African American, 2% Hispanic) with a principal anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to (a) CCAL, (b) individual CBT (ICBT), or (c) a computer-assisted education, support, and attention (CESA) condition. All therapists were from the community (school or counseling psychologists, clinical psychologist) or were PsyD or PhD trainees with no experience or training in CBT for child anxiety. Independent diagnostic interviews and self-report measures were completed at pre- and posttreatment and 3-month follow-up. RESULTS At posttreatment, ICBT or CCAL children showed significantly better gains than CESA children; 70%, 81%, and 19%, respectively, no longer met criteria for their principal anxiety diagnosis. Gains were maintained at follow-up, with no significant differences between ICBT and CCAL. Parents and children rated all treatments acceptable, with CCAL and ICBT children rating higher satisfaction than CESA children. CONCLUSIONS Findings support the feasibility, acceptability and beneficial effects of CCAL for anxious youth. Discussion considers the potential of computer-assisted treatments in the dissemination of empirically supported treatments.
Rate, Sub-Carrier, and Power Allocations for Multi-Carrier CDMA with LMMSE Multiuser Detection

Multi-carrier code-division-multiple-access (MC-CDMA) is a promising transmission technique for high-speed wireless multimedia communication in frequency-selective fading channels. In this letter, allocations of physical transmission rate, sub-carrier, and power are proposed for a MC-CDMA system that applies multi-code (MC)/variable-spreading-length (VSL) multi-rate access to minimize total transmitted power, where we consider users have different data rate and BER.requirements and LMMSE multiuser detection is used in the receivers. We derive transmission rate capacity and propose a simple admission control criterion that linearly relates the code length, data rate and BER requests of all users. The proposed iterative allocation algorithm jointly allocates the sub-carrier power of each user and solves the sub-carrier allocation problem
Validation of the RRE-90 Scale to Predict Stroke Risk after Transient Symptoms with Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background and Purpose The risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack (TIA) for patients with a positive diffusion-weighted image (DWI), i.e., transient symptoms with infarction (TSI), is much higher than for those with a negative DWI. The aim of this study was to validate the predictive value of a web-based recurrence risk estimator (RRE; http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/RRE/) of TSI. Methods Data from the prospective hospital-based TIA database of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were analyzed. The RRE and ABCD2 scores were calculated within 7 days of symptom onset. The predictive outcome was ischemic stroke occurrence at 90 days. The receiver-operating characteristics curves were plotted, and the predictive value of the two models was assessed by computing the C statistics. Results A total of 221 eligible patients were prospectively enrolled, of whom 46 (20.81%) experienced a stroke within 90 days. The 90-day stroke risk in high-risk TSI patients (RRE ≥4) was 3.406-fold greater than in those at low risk (P <0.001). The C statistic of RRE (0.681; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.592–0.771) was statistically higher than that of ABCD2 score (0.546; 95% CI, 0.454–0.638; Z = 2.115; P = 0.0344) at 90 days. Conclusion The RRE score had a higher predictive value than the ABCD2 score for assessing the 90-day risk of stroke after TSI.
Triangle-free graphs that are signable without even holes

We characterize triangle-free graphs for which there exists a subset of edges that intersects every chordless cycle in an odd number of edges (TF odd-signable graphs). These graphs arise as building blocks of a decomposition theorem (for cap-free odd-signable graphs) obtained by the same authors. We give a polytime algorithm to test membership in this class. This algorithm is itself based on a decomposition theorem. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 34: 204–220, 2000
MaJaB: improving resource management for web-based applications on mobile devices

The Web has become the host platform for interactive and collaborative applications that usually consist of multiple Web services. This transition is pushing the browsers to perform operating system like functionalities for better resource utilization. Unfortunately, there exists limited support for resource management on current Web platforms. This problem is further aggravated on mobile devices because of their limited resources. If current Web communication APIs were used as-is, mobile users would suffer from low responsiveness, battery drainage, and expensive charges. This paper describes the design and implementation of Mobile Ajax Broker (or MaJaB), a middleware layer that performs management and coordination of networking activities of multiple Web services residing in a Web page. MaJaB integrates a range of optimization techniques that were typically applied at the OS level including scheduling, multiplexing, piggybacking, and priority-switching. This work has been implemented as part of EasyMeet, a Web service that enables anytime, anywhere conference participation using any device. MaJaB is built using standard Web technologies to promote easy deployment across platforms. We have evaluated MaJaB over a real-world workload that we observed during our four-month pilot of EasyMeet. Our results show that MaJaB was successful in achieving its goal and, compared to a naive implementation, reduced the percentage of CPU busy periods by 99%, energy consumption by 21%, and network traffic by 25-81% for different participants. While all those improvements result in better user experience, the reduction in network traffic in particular can translate into over $800 saving in international roaming even for a two-user meeting that lasts only for an hour.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRE- AND POST- MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS RESULTS OF NIGERIAN BANKS

The banking reform that commenced on the 1 st of January, 2006 had been a major wave towards a diversified, strong and reliable banking sector in Nigeria. This paper examined the mega banks by evaluating their results three before and three years after the consolidation exercise in Nigeria (2003-2009). This study further examined the impact of consolidation on performance and considers if there had been considerable improvement on their capital base, bank revenue, total assets, and cost of operation. We analyzed six ratios of a sample of fifteen (15) mega banks. Descriptive analysis of these performance ratios was carried out. We found that, on average, merger and acquisition have not improved the results of merged banks in post consolidation era.
Quantum Data Compression of Ensembles of Mixed States with Commuting Density Operators

We provide a rate distortion interpretation of the problem of quantum data compression of ensembles of mixed states with commuting density operators. There are two versions of this problem. In the visible case the sequence of states is available to the encoder and in the blind or hidden case the encoder may access only a sequence of measurements. We find the exact optimal compression rates for both the visible and hidden cases. Our analysis includes the scenario in which asymptotic reconstruction is imperfect.
The Oxford Handbook of Legislative Studies

Over the past five years, legislative studies have emerged as a field of inquiry in political science. Many political science associations, both national and international, have created standing sections on legislative studies. There has also been a proliferation of literature on legislatures and legislators. This book focuses on legislatures and how they matter, how they have adapted to changes such as globalization and judicialization, and how they have survived the transition to mass democracies. It examines the reasons why legislatures still exist despite accusations of anachronism, decline, irrelevance, and dysfunctionality, and how they have survived even when political parties suffer from a declining support base. The book also considers theoretical approaches in legislative studies, such as rational choice theory and the sociological approach, along with the role of debate and deliberation in legislatures, the major challenges of legislative interviews and legislative surveys, candidate selection and its implications for legislative politics, and the relationship between electoral systems and legislative behavior. Furthermore, it discusses the impact of legislative careers on legislative capacity, the internal organizational structure, and rules of legislative organization, bicameralism, and legislative committees, legislative agenda-setting and lawmaking, the how and why of political parties as well as coalitions of parties, and effects of legislatures on public finance.