Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Utilizing global and path information with language modelling for hierarchical text classification

Hierarchical text classification of a Web taxonomy is challenging because it is a very large-scale problem with hundreds of thousands of categories and associated documents. Furthermore, the conceptual levels and training data availabilities of categories vary widely. The narrow-down approach is the state of the art; it utilizes a search engine for generating candidates from the taxonomy and builds a classifier for the final category selection. In this paper, we take the same approach but address the issue of using global information in a language modelling framework to improve effectiveness. We propose three methods of using non-local information for the task: a passive way of utilizing global information for smoothing; an aggressive way where a top-level classifier is built and integrated with a local model; and a method of using label terms associated with the path from a category to the root, which is based on our systematic observation that they are underrepresented in the documents. For evaluation, we constructed a document collection from Web pages in the Open Directory Project. A series of experiments and their results show the superiority of our methods and reveal the role of global information in hierarchical text classification.
Labor Market Search and Schooling Investment

We generalize a search, matching, and bargaining model to allow individuals to acquire productivity‐enhancing schooling prior to labor market entry. In general, search frictions and weakness in bargaining position contribute to underinvestment in schooling from an efficiency perspective. Using estimates of a general equilibrium version of the model in which firm vacancy creation decisions are included, we find that minimum wages and schooling subsidies improve aggregate welfare, but have very different welfare impacts across the ability distribution. In particular, policies that maximize the average welfare of workers have strongly negative effects on the welfare of the least able.
Breaking up Is Hard to Do: Why the Eurozone Will Survive

Since revelations of the Greek fiscal deficit in the fall of 2009, the breakup of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) has moved from unthinkable to plausible. The debate over the future of the EMU has become increasingly relevant, as numerous efforts to solve the Greek crisis have not been successful. Neither have basic competitiveness differences between countries in the core and periphery of the European Union been eliminated. Proposed solutions include development of a banking union, regulatory measures to monitor trade and capital imbalances, fiscal reforms on the part of countries in trouble, and centralized fiscal capacity on the part of the EMU itself to offset the liabilities of the indebted states. While the crisis seems to be contained, it is by no means solved. This leads to the question: “Will the euro survive? ” We answer this question in the affirmative, but in doing so we argue that continuation of the EMU is different from the question of whether the EMU should have been created in the first place. Some reasons for continuation of the EMU were present at its creation; others have developed in a path‐dependent way as the Eurozone has evolved.
Prediction of spontaneous termination of atrial fibrillation using time frequency analysis of the atrial fibrillatory wave

In this work, the aim is fo discriminute rerminating from non terminating arrial fibrillation (AF) episodes. A database including a leartiing set with 20 recordings and a test set with 30 recordings was provided. We hypothesized that the most relevant information about the mechanisms that trigger the AF is contained in the atrial fibrillatory wave (FW), which was estimated using a QRST cancellation technique. Spectral and timefrequency analysis of the estimated FW was then pe~ormedP. atients corresponding to the non-terminating group showed a higher frequency than patients from the terminating group, being of 6.73M±0.63Hz and 5.l3±0.34Hz, respectively- A simple threshold on the main frequency classified correctly 27 out of 30 patients in the test set, In addition. two different patterns were observed for $he terminating group. In some patients, it was observed a unique and stable frequency, whereas in other cases it was not possible to track a main frequency, showing an irregular and chaotic pattern.
Global distributions, time series and error characterization of atmospheric ammonia (NH 3 ) from IASI satellite observations

Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) emissions in the atmosphere have increased substantially over the past decades, largely because of intensive livestock production and use of fertilizers. As a short-lived species, NH3 is highly variable in the atmosphere and its concentration is generally small, except near local sources. While ground-based measurements are possible, they are challenging and sparse. Advanced infrared sounders in orbit have recently demonstrated their capability to measure NH3, offering a new tool to refine global and regional budgets. In this paper we describe an improved retrieval scheme of NH3 total columns from the measurements of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). It exploits the hyperspectral character of this instrument by using an extended spectral range (800–1200 cm−1) where NH3 is optically active. This scheme consists of the calculation of a dimensionless spectral index from the IASI level1C radiances, which is subsequently converted to a total NH3 column using look-up tables built from forward radiative transfer model simulations. We show how to retrieve the NH3 total columns from IASI quasi-globally and twice daily above both land and sea without large computational resources and with an improved detection limit. The retrieval also includes error characterization of the retrieved columns. Five years of IASI measurements (1 November 2007 to 31 October 2012) have been processed to acquire the first global and multiple-year data set of NH3 total columns, which are evaluated and compared to similar products from other retrieval methods. Spatial distributions from the five years data set are provided and analyzed at global and regional scales. In particular, we show the ability of this method to identify smaller emission sources than those previously reported, as well as transport patterns over the ocean. The five-year time series is further examined in terms of seasonality and interannual variability (in particular as a function of fire activity) separately for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
El efecto de las reformas estructurales en el crecimiento económico de la América Latina y el Caribe. Una estimación empírica

This paper presents an econometric evaluation of the impact on the growth rate of trade and capital account liberalization, tax and financial sector reform and privatization starting from a statistical model estimated using data from 17 countries in Latin America for the period 1970-1996. The results show that growth was responsive to investment in physical and human capital and was positively related to a stable macroeconomic environment. In the aggregate, the reforms did not have a significant direct imact on the growth rate, because the different components of the reform package have offsetting effects. Tax reform has a positive and lasting impact on growth, as does capital account liberalization. The other reforms, in particular, trade reform do not seem to have a robust or significant impact on growth beyond the effect the may have trough the other variables in the model. Whe also find that the speed of reform matters a lot the more rapid the implementation of reform, the slower the growth rate. // Este ensayo presenta una evaluacion econometrica del efecto en la tasa del crecimiento de la liberacion de la cuenta comercial y la cuenta de capital, la reforma fiscal y financiera y la privatizacion partiendo de un modelo estadistico estimado con datos de 17 paises latinoamericanos para el periodo de 1970-1996. Los resultados muestran que el crecimiento economico respondio a la inversion en capital fisico y humano y se relaciono positivamente con un ambiente macroeconomico estable. En conjunto, las reformas no tuvieron un efecto directo significativo en la tasa del crecimiento economico, por que los diversos componentes del paquete de reforma tuvieron resultados opuestos. La reforma tributaria tiene un efecto positivo y duradero en la tasa del crecimiento economico, al igual que la liberacion de la cuenta de capital. Las demas reformas, en particular la comercial, no parecen tener un efecto robusto o significativo en el crecimiento economico, fuera del efecto que puedan tener por medio de las otras variables del modelo. Encontramos tambien que la rapidez de la reforma importa mucho: cuanto mas sea la aplicacion de la reforma mas lenta sera la tasa del crecimiento economico.
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition Alone

We model the effects of excitation and inhibition on the gain of cortical neurons. Previous theoretical work has concluded that excitation or inhibition alone will not cause a multiplicative gain change in the curve of firing rate versus input current. However, such gain changes in vivo are measured in the curve of firing rate versus stimulus parameter. We find that when this curve is considered, and when the nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power-law relationship between voltage and firing rate that is induced by neuronal noise is critical to this result. This suggests an unexpectedly simple mechanism that may underlie the gain modulations commonly observed in cortex. More generally, it suggests that a smaller input will multiplicatively modulate the gain of a larger one when both converge on a common cortical target.
Firm-Specific Resources and Wealth Creation in High-Technology Ventures: Evidence from Newly Public Biotechnology Firms

We explore the relationship between wealth creation in high-technology ventures and firm-specific resources. We argue that Market Value Added is a particularly appropriate measure of entrepreneurial performance because of its focus on wealth creation, which is the essence of entrepreneurship. We present a model of wealth creation in new ventures based on the resource-based theory of firm behavior. The model suggests that firm-specific research and scientific capabilities are associated with wealth creation. The model is tested on a sample of 89 biotechnology firms. The results provide strong evidence for the hypothesized relationship between firm-specific capabilities and wealth creation in new ventures.
Self-* Programming: Run-Time Parallel Control Search for Reflection Box

We suggest a control search engine that finds a supervisory control dynamically and automatically by experimenting on plant replicas. The program search engine continuously produces a control which respects a set of desired specifications in the presence of dynamic changes in an environment. In order to detect the deterioration of an executed control due to a change in the environment, the control search engine constantly monitors the current control execution by obtaining a reliable record of the control-plant- environment interaction from a dependable entity called an observer and evaluating the quality of the interaction. A search for a new control is initiated if performance of the existing control is not satisfactory.
Measuring Laypeople’s Trust in Experts in a Digital Age: The Muenster Epistemic Trustworthiness Inventory (METI)

Given their lack of background knowledge, laypeople require expert help when dealing with scientific information. To decide whose help is dependable, laypeople must judge an expert’s epistemic trustworthiness in terms of competence, adherence to scientific standards, and good intentions. Online, this may be difficult due to the often limited and sometimes unreliable source information available. To measure laypeople’s evaluations of experts (encountered online), we constructed an inventory to assess epistemic trustworthiness on the dimensions expertise, integrity, and benevolence. Exploratory (n = 237) and confirmatory factor analyses (n = 345) showed that the Muenster Epistemic Trustworthiness Inventory (METI) is composed of these three factors. A subsequent experimental study (n = 137) showed that all three dimensions of the METI are sensitive to variation in source characteristics. We propose using this inventory to measure assignments of epistemic trustworthiness, that is, all judgments laypeople make when deciding whether to place epistemic trust in–and defer to–an expert in order to solve a scientific informational problem that is beyond their understanding.
A RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE‐BLIND CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING THE 22 VERSUS 26 GAUGE NEEDLE IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE POST‐LUMBAR PUNCTURE SYNDROME IN NORMAL INDIVIDUALS

THE MULTITUDE of factors involved in the etiology of the post-lumbar puncture headache (PPH) were surveyed in a previous monograph.1 That study indicated several factors to be of prime importance, including needle size, sex, and age. The present study was designed to evaluate. more precisely the effect of needle size on the production of the PPH. Sex differences in the incidence of PPH are also examined. A review of previous studies in this field is given in the monograph cited and will not be repeated here. Some further references may be found in a study by Gilland2 dealing with the probable usefulness of a waist belt in combating the PPH.
Multiple Translocation of the AVR-Pita Effector Gene among Chromosomes of the Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae and Related Species

Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast disease, a devastating problem worldwide. This fungus has caused breakdown of resistance conferred by newly developed commercial cultivars. To address how the rice blast fungus adapts itself to new resistance genes so quickly, we examined chromosomal locations of AVR-Pita, a subtelomeric gene family corresponding to the Pita resistance gene, in various isolates of M. oryzae (including wheat and millet pathogens) and its related species. We found that AVR-Pita (AVR-Pita1 and AVR-Pita2) is highly variable in its genome location, occurring in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and supernumerary chromosomes, particularly in rice-infecting isolates. When expressed in M. oryzae, most of the AVR-Pita homologs could elicit Pita-mediated resistance, even those from non-rice isolates. AVR-Pita was flanked by a retrotransposon, which presumably contributed to its multiple translocation across the genome. On the other hand, family member AVR-Pita3, which lacks avirulence activity, was stably located on chromosome 7 in a vast majority of isolates. These results suggest that the diversification in genome location of AVR-Pita in the rice isolates is a consequence of recognition by Pita in rice. We propose a model that the multiple translocation of AVR-Pita may be associated with its frequent loss and recovery mediated by its transfer among individuals in asexual populations. This model implies that the high mobility of AVR-Pita is a key mechanism accounting for the rapid adaptation toward Pita. Dynamic adaptation of some fungal plant pathogens may be achieved by deletion and recovery of avirulence genes using a population as a unit of adaptation.
Differential FoxP2 and FoxP1 expression in a vocal learning nucleus of the developing budgerigar

The forkhead domain FOXP2 and FOXP1 transcription factors are implicated in several cognitive disorders with language deficits, notably autism, and thus play a central role in learned vocal motor behavior in humans. Although a similar role for FoxP2 and FoxP1 is proposed for other vertebrate species, including songbirds, the neurodevelopmental expression of these genes are unknown in a species with lifelong vocal learning abilities. Like humans, budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) learn new vocalizations throughout their entire lifetime. Like songbirds, budgerigars have distinct brain nuclei for vocal learning, which include the magnocellular nucleus of the medial striatum (MMSt), a basal ganglia region that is considered developmentally and functionally analogous to Area X in songbirds. Here, we used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry to investigate FoxP2 and FoxP1 expression in the MMSt of juvenile and adult budgerigars. We found FoxP2 mRNA and protein expression levels in the MMSt that were lower than the surrounding striatum throughout development and adulthood. In contrast, FoxP1 mRNA and protein had an elevated MMSt/striatum expression ratio as birds matured, regardless of their sex. These results show that life‐long vocal plasticity in budgerigars is associated with persistent low‐level FoxP2 expression in the budgerigar MMSt, and suggests the possibility that FoxP1 plays an organizational role in the neurodevelopment of vocal motor circuitry. Thus, developmental regulation of the FoxP2 and FoxP1 genes in the basal ganglia appears essential for vocal mimicry in a range of species that possess this relatively rare trait. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 778–790, 2015
Welfare States, Solidarity and Justice Principles: Does the Type Really Matter?

In this article, we investigate whether and, if so, to what extent, people's notions of solidarity and their choices of justice principles are related to the type of welfare state regime they live under, as well as to individual socio-demographic and ideological factors. We analyse data from the International Social Survey Program 1996 and the European Values Study 1999, which together cover preferences of citizens from 20 welfare states. Hypotheses pertaining to people's notions of solidarity and preferences for justice principles in the different welfare state regimes are derived from the work of Esping-Andersen and his critics, as well as from sociological and social-psychological theories of solidarity and distributive justice. We find important, although not decisive, evidence for the thesis that the actual state of affairs with respect to the welfare state regime under which citizens live determines their views about which level of solidarity should be achieved and which justice principles should be emphasized. However, differences found are often not very pronounced, and we argue that this is a consequence of the fact that values of solidarity and justice are matters of priority to all welfare states. Taking into account the differences which exist between welfare state regimes, we also find important differences between individuals and social groups in their preferred level of solidarity and in their choice of justice principles.
Black-Box Hartree–Fock Solver by Tensor Numerical Methods

Abstract. The Hartree–Fock eigenvalue problem governed by the 3D integro-differential operator is the basic model in ab initio electronic structure calculations. Several years ago the idea to solve the Hartree–Fock equation by a fully 3D grid based numerical approach seemed to be a fantasy, and the tensor-structured methods did not exist. In fact, these methods evolved during the work on this challenging problem. In this paper, our recent results on the topic are outlined and the black-box Hartree–Fock solver by tensor numerical methods is presented. The approach is based on the rank-structured calculation of the core hamiltonian and of the two-electron integrals tensor using the problem adapted basis functions discretized on n×n×n$n\times n\times n$ 3D Cartesian grids. The arising 3D convolution transforms with the Newton kernel are replaced by a combination of 1D convolutions and 1D Hadamard and scalar products. The approach allows huge spatial grids, with n 3 ≃10 15 $n^3\simeq 10^{15}$ , yielding high resolution at low cost. The two-electron integrals are computed via multiple factorizations. The Laplacian Galerkin matrix can be computed “on-the-fly” using the quantized tensor approximation of O(logn)$O(\log n)$ complexity. The performance of the black-box solver in Matlab implementation is compatible with the benchmark packages based on the analytical (pre)evaluation of the multidimensional convolution integrals. We present ab initio Hartree–Fock calculations of the ground state energy for the amino acid molecules, and of the “energy bands” for the model examples of extended (quasi-periodic) systems.
Cooperative Transaction Hierarchies: A Transaction Model to Support Design Applications

Traditional atomic and nested transactions are not, always well-suited to cooperative applications. Cooperative applications place requirements on the database which may conflict with the serializability requirement. We define a new transaction framework, called a cooperative transaction hierarchy, which allows us to relax the requirement for atomic, serializable transactions. Each internal node (transaction group) in the transaction hierarchy can enforce its own constraints on how objects can be shared among its children (members). Patterns specify the constraints imposed on an operation history for it, to be correct. At a given node in the hiera.rchy, we use a type of augmented finite state automaton called an operation machine to enforce correctness. We provide intentions to manage the propagation of object copies and their associated privileges through the transaction hierarchy. We show that using intentions enforces that the overall history of the hierarchy is correct. Logs record the information required by the cooperative transaction hierarchy for recovery. We specify what must be logged for each transaction group, which includes information about the transaction group’s execution and about the dependencies among operations in that execution. Finally, we show how to use cooperative transaction hierarchies to enforce multilevel atomicity [Lyn83]. t Support for this research is provided by IBM under contract No. 559716, by DEC under award No. DEC686, by ONR under Contract N00014-83-I gi\cn that copying is by permission of the Very Large Data Base Endowment. To copy otherwise. or to rcpuhli~h. rcquircs a fee and/or special permission from the Endowment. Proceedings of the 16th VLDB Conference Brisbane. Australia 1990
Computational Prediction of Host-Parasite Protein Interactions between P. falciparum and H. sapiens

To obtain candidates of interactions between proteins of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum and the human host, homologous and conserved interactions were inferred from various sources of interaction data. Such candidate interactions were assessed by applying a machine learning approach and further filtered according to expression and molecular characteristics, enabling involved proteins to indeed interact. The analysis of predicted interactions indicated that parasite proteins predominantly target central proteins to take control of a human host cell. Furthermore, parasite proteins utilized their protein repertoire in a combinatorial manner, providing a broad connection to host cellular processes. In particular, several prominent pathways of signaling and regulation proteins were predicted to interact with parasite chaperones. Such a result suggests an important role of remodeling proteins in the interaction interface between the human host and the parasite. Identification of such molecular strategies that allow the parasite to take control of the host has the potential to deepen our understanding of the parasite specific remodeling processes of the host cell and illuminate new avenues of disease intervention.