Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic dissection of the Transcription Factor code controlling serial specification of muscle identities in Drosophila

Each Drosophila muscle is seeded by one Founder Cell issued from terminal division of a Progenitor Cell (PC). Muscle identity reflects the expression by each PC of a specific combination of identity Transcription Factors (iTFs). Sequential emergence of several PCs at the same position raised the question of how developmental time controlled muscle identity. Here, we identified roles of Anterior Open and ETS domain lacking in controlling PC birth time and Eyes absent, No Ocelli, and Sine oculis in specifying PC identity. The windows of transcription of these and other TFs in wild type and mutant embryos, revealed a cascade of regulation integrating time and space, feed-forward loops and use of alternative transcription start sites. These data provide a dynamic view of the transcriptional control of muscle identity in Drosophila and an extended framework for studying interactions between general myogenic factors and iTFs in evolutionary diversification of muscle shapes. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14979. 001
When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence

When are governments most likely to use election violence, and what factors can mitigate government incentives to resort to violence? How do the dynamics of election violence differ in the pre- and post-election periods? Our central argument is that an incumbent’s fear of losing power as the result of an election, as well as institutionalized constraints on the incumbent’s decision-making powers, are pivotal in her decision to use election violence. While it may seem obvious to suggest that incumbents use election violence in an effort to fend off threats to their power, it is not obvious how to gauge these threats, and a central purpose of our research is to identify sources of information about the incumbent’s popularity that can help predict the likelihood of election violence. The observable implications of our argument are tested using newly available cross-national evidence on elections, government use of pre- and post-election violence, and post-election protests from 1981 to 2004.
The Probability and Chromosomal Extent of trans-specific Polymorphism

Balancing selection may result in trans-specific polymorphism: the maintenance of allelic classes that transcend species boundaries by virtue of being more ancient than the species themselves. At the selected site, gene genealogies are expected not to reflect the species tree. Because of linkage, the same will be true for part of the surrounding chromosomal region. Here we obtain various approximations for the distribution of the length of this region and discuss the practical implications of our results. Our main finding is that the trans-specific region surrounding a single-locus balanced polymorphism is expected to be quite short, probably too short to be readily detectable. Thus lack of obvious trans-specific polymorphism should not be taken as evidence against balancing selection. When trans-specific polymorphism is obvious, on the other hand, it may be reasonable to argue that selection must be acting on multiple sites or that recombination is suppressed in the surrounding region.
Spatiotemporal Variation of Multiple Neurophysiological Signals in the Primary Motor Cortex during Dexterous Reach-to-Grasp Movements

To examine the spatiotemporal distribution of discriminable information about reach-to-grasp movements in the primary motor cortex upper extremity representation, we implanted four microelectrode arrays in the anterior bank and lip of the central sulcus in each of two monkeys. We used linear discriminant analysis to compare information, quantified as decoding accuracy, contained in various neurophysiological signals. For all signal types, decoding accuracy increased immediately after the movement cue, peaked around movement onset, and declined during the static hold. Spike recordings and local field potential (LFP) time domain amplitude provided more discriminable information than LFP frequency domain power. Discriminable information on movement type was distributed evenly across recording sites by LFP amplitude and 1–4 Hz power but unevenly by 100–170 Hz power and spike recordings. These latter two signal types provided higher decoding accuracies closer to the hemispheric surface than deep in the anterior bank and also provided accuracies that varied along the central sulcus. This variation in the distribution of movement-type information may be related to differences in the rostral versus caudal regions of the primary motor cortex and to its underlying somatotopic organization. The even distribution of information by LFP amplitude and 1–4 Hz power compared with the more localized distribution by 100–170 Hz power and spikes suggest that these different neurophysiological signals reflect different underlying processes that distribute information through the motor cortex during reach-to-grasp movements.
Middle School Attributes in Alberta: Their Effects on Student Achievement at the Grade Six Level.

Canada is experiencing a dramatic growth in interest in and implementation of the middle school concept. Currently needed is information on the specific characteristics of the middle school as it develops in Canada and information validating the practices that are accompanying restructure efforts. This study investigated the relationship between 18,middle school attributes and student achievement at the grade 6 level in Alberta. The middle school attributes of concern were: (1) continuous progress; (2) multi-material approach; (3) flexible scheduling; (4) social experiences; (5) physical experiences; (6) intramural activities; (7) team teaching; (8) planned gradualism; (9) exploratory studies; (10) guidance services; (11) independent study; (12) basic skill instruction; (13) creative experiences; (14) security; (15) evaluation; (16) community relations; (17) responsiveness; and (18) cooperative learning. Participating in the study was a stratified random sample of 10 schools in Alberta, drawn from 45 surveyed public schools containing grade 6 in some combination with other grades up to grade 9 but not below grade 4. Student achievement was measured by scores attained on the four Grade 6 Provincial Achievement Tests released in August 1998. Combined scores and gender-specific scores for each of the four subjects were investigated. The Middle School Attribute Survey (MSAS) measured the level of implementation of middle school programming in the sample schools. Findings indicated positive relationships between several middle school attributes and student achievement, most notably between overall implementation of middle school programming and language arts achievement for boys and social studies achievement for both genders. (Eight appendices include the MSAS, definitions of middle school attributes, and data collection forms. Contains 107 references.) (KB) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. SCOPE OF INTEREST NOTICE The ERIC Facility has assigne this document for processing to: In our judgment, this document is also of interest to the Clearinghouses noted to the right. Indexing should reflect their special points of view. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Off ice of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as eceived from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. MIDDLE SCHOOL ATTRIBUTES IN ALBERTA: THEIR EFFECTS ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT AT THE GRADE SIX LEVEL by KEITH W. HADDEN B.A., University of Calgary, 1983 B.Ed., University of Calgary, 1986 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education of The University of Lethbridge in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF EDUCATION LETHBRIDGE, ALBERTA 1999 1 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY i
Microarray Analysis of the Cellular Pathways Involved in the Adaptation to and Progression of Motor Neuron Injury in the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Familial ALS

The cellular pathways of motor neuronal injury have been investigated in the SOD1 G93A murine model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) using laser-capture microdissection and microarray analysis. The advantages of this study include the following: analysis of changes specifically in motor neurons (MNs), while still detecting effects of interactions with neighboring cells; the ability to profile changes during disease progression, an approach not possible in human ALS; and the use of transgenic mice bred on a homogeneous genetic background, eliminating the confounding effects arising from a mixed genetic background. By using this rigorous approach, novel changes in key cellular pathways have been detected at both the presymptomatic and late stages, which have been validated by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. At the presymptomatic stage (60 d), MNs extracted from SOD1 G93A mice show a significant increase in expression of genes subserving both transcriptional and translational functions, as well as lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, mitochondrial preprotein translocation, and respiratory chain function, suggesting activation of a strong cellular adaptive response. Mice 90 d old still show upregulation of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism, whereas transcription and mRNA processing genes begin to show downregulation. Late in the disease course (120 d), important findings include the following: marked transcriptional repression, with downregulation of multiple transcripts involved in transcriptional and metabolic functions; upregulation of complement system components; and increased expression of key cyclins involved in cell-cycle regulation. The changes described in the motor neuron transcriptome evolving during the disease course highlight potential novel targets for neuroprotective therapeutic intervention.
The Impact of Regional Age Structure on Entrepreneurship

Abstract Empirical studies based on individual data have found an inverse U-shaped relationship between age and the decision to start a business. Other studies have shown that becoming an entrepreneur is a regional event, with potential entrepreneurs benefiting from their local networks. This article links both strands of literature by introducing age-specific peer effects. Using changes in the age distribution of the population of western German regions over time, we found—in accordance with microlevel analyses—an inverse U-shaped relationship between the regional age structure and start-up activity in a region. Moreover, our findings suggest that the age-specific likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur changes with the size of the age cohort, pointing to the existence of age-specific peer effects.
Building institutional trust through e-government trustworthiness cues

Purpose – Most theory and empirical research on the impact of e‐government on citizens' trust in government remains at the macro‐level and misses out on the complexities of the interaction between e‐services and citizens' trust in government. The purpose of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of this complexity.Design/methodology/approach – The research strategy is a comparative case study of two e‐services in Chile: a tax administration and an e‐procurement system. Data were collected from a variety of users (citizens and business owners) and public sector employees in the Araucania Region in Chile.Findings – Within e‐services, the most easily perceived and influential trustworthiness cues are those outcomes that directly impact the citizen. These cues shape citizens' resultant interpretations of and trust in the public sector agency. Furthermore, the direction of this influence is mediated by individuals' particular circumstances and value positions. Key to understanding the process of build.
Prosody and the Roots of Parsing

Representing input utterances in structurally appropriate fashion is doubly important for naive language learners: Learners need to parse utterances both to generate immediate suitable interpretations and to provide bases for inducing syntactic patterns or setting grammatical parameters so that future utterances can be appropriately represented and interpreted. Many of the powerful tools used for parsing by mature speakers, however, are unavailable to infants at the outset of language learning. Possessing only meagre lexicons and rudimentary grammars, infants must begin to carve words from continuous speech, assign words to appropriate grammatical categories, and determine how words group into phrases through largely bottom-up analyses of input. Research presented in this paper on the character of infant-directed speechand the nature of infant speech perception abilities from 6 to 12 months strongly suggests that prosody, in conjunction with other forms of phonological information available in input speec.
What is the U.S. gross investment in intangibles? (At least) one trillion dollars a year!

This paper argues that the rate of intangible investment – investment in the development and marketing of new products – accelerated in the wake of the electronics revolution in the 1970s. The paper presents preliminary direct and indirect empirical evidence that US private firms currently invest at least $1 trillion annually in intangibles. This rate of investment roughly equals US gross investment in nonresidential tangible assets. It also suggests that the capital stock of intangibles in the US has an equilibrium market value of at least $5 trillion.
Ultrasonography in Diagnosis of Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens

Background Congenital absence of the vas deferens is an important cause of obstructive azoospermia, and the lack of an imaging diagnostic test is a critical problem. The aim of this study is to discuss the use of ultrasonography in congenital absence of vas deferens, including dysplasia of the epididymis and the seminal vesical. Material/Methods Five fresh spermatic cord specimens were detected by ultrasonography (US) to evaluate the image of the spermatic cord segment of the vas deferens. Fifty normal males had scrotal US to confirm whether the normal spermatic cord segment of the vas deferens can be detected and to measure the internal and external diameter on the long axis view. Forty-six males clinically diagnosed as having congenital absence of vas deferens underwent scrotal US to evaluate the spermatic cord segment of the vas deferens and the epididymis. The seminal vesicals were detected with transrectal ultrasonography. We evaluated images of the vas deferens, epididymis, and seminal vesical. Results Scrotal ultrasonography can distinguish the vas deferens from the other cord-like structures in the spermatic cord, and the vas deferens has a characteristic image. Scrotal ultrasonography detected all 50 normal males and measured the diameter. No statistically significant difference was found between the left and right measurements. In the 46 patients, the following anomalies were observed: 1) 42 cases of congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens; 2) 2 cases of congenital unilateral absence of the vas deferens; and 3) 1 case of congenital segmental absence of the vas deferens. All 46 cases were accompanied with epididymis and seminal vesical anomalies. Conclusions The spermatic cord segment of the vas deferens can be detected by US, which is a valuable tool in diagnosis of congenital absence of the vas deferens. Seminal vesical and epididymis anomalies often associated with congenital absence of the vas deferens were revealed by ultrasonography.
An Empirical Study of Function Clones in Open Source Software

The new hybrid clone detection tool NICAD combines the strengths and overcomes the limitations of both text-based and AST-based clone detection techniques to yield highly accurate identification of cloned code in software systems. In this paper, we present a first empirical study of function clones in open source software using NICAD. We examine more than 15 open source C and Java systems, including the entire Linux Kernel and Apache httpd, and analyze their use of cloned code in several different dimensions, including language, clone size, clone location and clone density by proportion of cloned functions. We manually verify all detected clones and provide a complete catalogue of different clones in an online repository in a variety of formats. These validated results can be used as a cloning reference for these systems and as a benchmark for evaluating other clone detection tools.
Neurosensory and Cognitive Modifications in Europe's Toughest RandoRaid Competition: the Transpyrénéa Extreme Study

Introduction: Given the wide proliferation of ultra-long endurance races, it is important to understand the physiological response of the athletes to improve their safety. We evaluated the cognitive and neurosensory effects on ultra-endurance athletes during the Transpyrénéa (866 Km, 65,000 m positive slope), held on the French Pyrenees. Materials and Methods: 40 athletes were enrolled (age 43.8 ± 8.8 years; 36 males). Olfactory and cognitive tests were performed before the race (T0, n = 40), at 166 kms (T1, n = 28), at 418 kms (T2, n = 20), and after the race (T3, 866 kms, n = 13). The effect of dehydration and sleep deprivation on cognitive features were also studied. Results: Olfactory function decreased during the race (T0: 24.9 ± 4.3 vs. T3: 22.8 ± 3.5, z = -2.678, p = 0.007), language fluency increased (T0: 10.8 ± 2.9; T1: 11.4 ± 2.7; T2: 12.9 ± 2.8; T3: 12.9 ± 3.0; χ2 = 11.132, p = 0.011 for combined samples), whereas the Trail Making Test did not show any changes between pre- and post-race (T0 vs. T3 p = 0.697 for TMT-A, p = 0.977 for TMT-B). The mean aggregate sleeping time was 9.3 ± 5.4 h at T1, 22.4 ± 10.0 h at T2, 29.5 ± 20.5 h at T3, with a correlation with olfactory function (r = 0.644, p = 0.018), while Total Body Water (TBW) was not correlated with olfactory or cognitive scores. Conclusion: Physical activity and sleep restriction in ultra-endurance could transiently affect olfactory function, while verbal fluency improved, demonstrating a dissimilar mechanism of activation/deactivation in different cortical areas. Body water loss was uncorrelated to cognition. Further studies should clarify whether cognitive and sensory deficits occur even in absence of sleep restriction.
Increased AMPA-sensitive quisqualate receptor binding and reduced NMDA receptor binding in epileptic human hippocampus

Based on results from the kindling model of epilepsy, we hypothesized that enhanced binding of radioligands to the NMDA receptor and decreased binding to the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- isoxazolepropionate (AMPA)-sensitive quisqualate (ASQ) receptor would be found within epileptic hippocampi of humans with complex partial epilepsy (CPE). To test these hypotheses, we used tissue that was surgically removed from patients with intractable CPE, and control tissue that was obtained at autopsy. We used autoradiographic techniques to measure ASQ receptor binding (with 3H-AMPA as the radioligand) and binding to 2 sites on the NMDA receptor/channel complex: the agonist recognition site (with 3H-glutamate) and the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site that resides within the NMDA channel [with 3H-N-(1-[thienyl]cyclohexyl) piperidine (TCP) in the presence of saturating concentrations of NMDA and glycine]. Measurements of receptor binding were corrected for pathologic alterations in neuronal density. Contrary to our expectations, ASQ receptor binding was significantly increased (100%; p less than 0.02) in the dentate gyrus stratum moleculare in patients with CPE (n = 8), and it was unchanged in other hippocampal regions. In nearby sections from the same specimens, binding was significantly decreased to the agonist recognition site of the NMDA receptor in the stratum oriens of area CA3 (46%; p less than 0.05) and was also decreased to the PCP site in the stratum radiatum and stratum oriens of CA3 (44% and 74%, respectively; p less than 0.05). The increase in ASQ receptor binding may contribute to hyperexcitability in these epileptic patients. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Effect of Context-Based Video Instruction on Learning and Motivation in Online Courses

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of a constructivist approach to context-based video instruction for enhancing learning. To achieve this purpose, the authors examined whether video-based instruction that was developed using constructivist theory can affect student learning (i.e., comprehension and retention) and motivation (i.e., attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction) by comparing learners' perceptions of both video-based instruction and traditional text-based instruction in an online context-based lesson. There was a significant difference in learners' motivation in terms of attention between the video-based instruction and traditional text-based instruction. In addition, the learners reported that the video-based instruction was more memorable than the traditional text-based instruction. This study implies that context-based videos in online courses have the potential to enhance learners' retention and motivation.
The initial conditions of isolated star formation ― IX. Akari mapping of an externally heated pre-stellar core

We present observations of L1155 and L1148 in the Cepheus molecular cloud, taken using the Far Infrared Surveyor (FIS) instrument on the Akari satellite. We compare these data to submillimetre data taken using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, and far-infrared data taken with the imaging photo-polarimeter (ISOPHOT) camera on board the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite. The Akari data cover a similar spectral window and are consistent with the ISO data. All of the data show a relation between the position of the peak of emission and the wavelength for the core of L1155. We interpret this as a temperature gradient. We fit modified blackbody curves to the spectral energy distributions at two positions in the core and see that the central core in L1155 (L1155C) is approximately 2° warmer at one edge than it is in the centre. We consider a number of possible heating sources and conclude that the A6V star BD+67 1263 is the most likely candidate. This star is at a distance of 0.7 pc from the front of L1155C in the plane of the sky. We carry out radiative transfer modelling of the L1155C core including the effects from the nearby star. We find that we can generate a good fit to the observed data at all wavelengths, and demonstrate that the different morphologies of the core at different wavelengths can be explained by the observed 2° temperature gradient. The L1148 core exhibits a similar morphology to that of L1155C, and the data are also consistent with a temperature gradient across the core. In this case, the most likely heating source is the star BD197053. Our findings illustrate very clearly that the apparent observed morphology of a pre-stellar core can be highly dependent on the wavelength of the observation, and that temperature gradients must be taken into account before converting images into column density distributions. This is important to note when interpreting Akari and Spitzer data and will also be significant for Herschel data.