Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urinary catheter policies for long-term bladder drainage.

BACKGROUND People requiring long-term bladder draining commonly experience catheter-associated urinary tract infection and other problems. OBJECTIVES To determine if certain catheter policies are better than others in terms of effectiveness, complications, quality of life and cost-effectiveness in long-term catheterised adults and children. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Trials Register (searched 28 September 2011). Additionally, we examined all reference lists of identified trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised and quasi-randomised trials comparing catheter policies (route of insertion and use of antibiotics) for long-term (more than 14 days) catheterisation in adults and children. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted by two reviewers independently and compared. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. Data were processed as described in the Cochrane Handbook. If the data in trials had not been fully reported, clarification was sought from the authors. When necessary, the incidence-density rates (IDR) and/or the incidence-density differences (IDD) within a certain time period were calculated. MAIN RESULTS Eight trials met the inclusion criteria involving 504 patients in four cross-over and four parallel-group randomised controlled trials. Only two of the pre-stated six comparisons were addressed in these trials. Four trials compared antibiotic prophylaxis with antibiotics when clinically indicated. For patients using intermittent catheterisation, there were inconsistent findings about the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI). Only one study found a significant difference in the frequency of UTI favouring prophylaxis. For patients using indwelling urethral catheterisation, one small trial reported fewer episodes of symptomatic UTI in the prophylaxis group.Four trials compared antibiotic prophylaxis with giving antibiotics when microbiologically indicated. For patients using intermittent catheterisation, there was limited evidence that receiving antibiotics reduced the rate of bacteriuria (asymptomatic and symptomatic). There was weak evidence that prophylactic antibiotics were better in terms of fewer symptomatic bacteriuria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS No eligible trials were identified that compared alternative routes of catheter insertion. The data from eight trials comparing different antibiotic policies were sparse, particularly when intermittent catheterisation was considered separately from indwelling catheterisation. Possible benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis must be balanced against possible adverse effects, such as development of antibiotic resistant bacteria. These cannot be reliably estimated from currently available trials.
Knowledge-sharing and influence in online social networks via viral marketing

Online social networks are increasingly being recognized as an important source of information influencing the adoption and use of products and services. Viral marketing—the tactic of creating a process where interested people can market to each other—is therefore emerging as an important means to spread-the-word and stimulate the trial, adoption, and use of products and services. Consider the case of Hotmail, one of the earliest firms to tap the potential of viral marketing. Based predominantly on publicity from word-of-mouse [4], the Web-based email service provider garnered one million registered subscribers in its first six months, hit two million subscribers two months later, and passed the eleven million mark in eighteen months [7]. Wired magazine put this growth in perspective in its December 1998 issue: “The Hotmail user base grew faster than [that of ] any media company in history—faster than CNN, faster than AOL, even faster than Seinfeld’s audience. By mid-2000, Hotmail had over 66 million users with 270,000 new accounts being established each day. ” While the potential of viral marketing to efficiently reach out to a broad set of potential users is attracting considerable attention, the value of this approach is also being questioned [5]. There needs to be a greater understanding of the contexts in which this strategy works and the characteristics of products and services for which it is most effective. This is particularly important because the inappropriate use of viral marketing can be counterproductive by creating unfavorable attitudes towards products. Work examining this phenomenon currently provides either descriptive accounts of particular initiatives [8] or advice based on anecdotal evidence [2]. What is missing is an analysis of viral marketing that highlights systematic patterns in the nature of knowledge-sharing and persuasion by influencers and responses by recipients in online social networks. To this end, we propose an organizing framework for viral marketing that draws on prior theory and highlights different behavioral mechanisms underlying knowledge-sharing, influence, and compliance in online social networks. Though the framework is descrip-
Toward an Integrated Theory of Schizotaxia, Schizotypy, and Schizophrenia

Methodological Prologue, 1 Taking a Fresh Look, 4 The Ubiquitous CNS Anomaly Approach, 14 Derivation of Main Signs and Symptoms, 25 Genetic Considerations, 35 How to Test the Dominant Gene Schizotaxia Theory, 42 Heterogeneity and Genophenocopies, 50 Taxometric Analysis of Data, 53 An c71 Nuisance Covariance, 72 Two Types of Schizophrenia, 76 Biotropes and Sociotropes, 83 Predictions, 88 Summary, 91 References, 92
Variable Structure Control for Singularly Perturbed Linear Continuous Systems With Matched Disturbances

A variable structure system can be studied using the singular perturbation theory. The discontinuous control that leads to a finite-time reaching of the sliding surface creates fast-time transients analogous to the stable boundary layer dynamics of a singularly perturbed system. As the sliding mode is attained, the slow-time dynamics prevails, just as that of a singularly perturbed system after the boundary layer dynamics fades away. In this technical note, the problem of sliding mode control for singularly perturbed systems in the presence of matched bounded external disturbances is investigated. A composite sliding surface is constructed from solutions of algebraic Lyapunov equations which are derived from both the fast and the slow subsystems. The resultant sliding motion ensures Lyapunov stability with disturbance rejection. Two proposed schemes that ensure the asymptotic stability of the system are presented. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated in a numerical example of a magnetic tape control system.
Development of electrostatic supercapacitors by atomic layer deposition on nanoporous anodic aluminum oxides for energy harvesting applications

Nanomaterials can provide innovative solutions for solving the usual energy harvesting and storage drawbacks that take place in conventional energy storage devices based on batteries or electrolytic capacitors, because they are not fully capable for attending the fast energy demands and high power densities required in many of present applications. Here, we report on the development and characterization of novel electrostatic supercapacitors made by conformal Atomic Layer Deposition on the high open surface of nanoporous anodic alumina membranes employed as templates. The structure of the designed electrostatic supercapacitor prototype consists of successive layers of Aluminium doped Zinc Oxide, as the bottom and top electrodes, together Al2O3 as the intermediate dielectric layer. The conformality of the deposited conductive and dielectric layers, together with their composition and crystalline structure have been checked by XRD and electron microscopy techniques. Impedance measurements performed for the optimized electrostatic supercapacitor device give a high capacitance value of 200 µF/cm2 at the frequency of 40 Hz, which confirms the theoretical estimations for such kind of prototypes, and the leakage current reaches values around of 1.8 mA/cm2 at 1 V. The high capacitance value achieved by the supercapacitor prototype together its small size turns these devices in outstanding candidates for using in energy harvesting and storage applications.
An aperiodic checkpointing strategy in desktop grids

In the context of desktop grids, resource failures occur frequently and checkpointing is helpful in accelerating the completion of long-running jobs. Since failure distributions of individual hosts in desktop grids are diverse and are hard to model, checkpointing strategies based on a closed form of failure distribution are not good choices for such cases. We propose an aperiodic checkpointing strategy which dynamically sets checkpoint according to history information of interfailure lengths. This strategy works for each individual host based on a sample of its history availability interval lengths. Rather than deriving a closed form for the probability distribution of availability interval lengths, the strategy directly approximates it with the sample. We conduct trace driven simulations to compare this strategy and periodic strategy, and results testify its effectiveness. Besides an unsuccessful attempt to improve the strategy, a requirement of using the strategy is detailed in this paper.
Feeling jumpy: teaching about HIV/AIDS

Sexuality education and HIV/AIDS education are arenas of strong feelings. Emotions make sexuality and health lessons peculiar, ‘thrown together’ lessons, and emotions stick to ‘childhood innocence’, ‘growing up too fast’ and even ‘jump’ in response to visuals, say a used condom on an elementary school playground or a pregnant sophomore in a classroom seat. Our analysis foregrounds the teachers’ emotional circuitry around HIV/AIDS lessons, and describes the jumps to and away from sexuality and health education. Curriculum is portrayed as a series of affective jumps, slides, and relays tracked through the circulation of objects of feeling and words of feeling. This analysis contributes a specific focus on the affective dimensions of teaching HIV/AIDS, a topic largely elided within curricular and teaching research. We draw implications for inquiries into thrown togetherness in curriculum and teaching through careful attention to teachers’ vulnerabilities and other feelings.
Will they catch up? The role of age at cochlear implantation in the spoken language development of children with severe to profound hearing loss.

PURPOSE The authors examined the benefits of younger cochlear implantation, longer cochlear implant use, and greater pre-implant aided hearing to spoken language at 3.5 and 4.5 years of age. METHOD Language samples were obtained at ages 3.5 and 4.5 years from 76 children who received an implant by their 3rd birthday. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to identify characteristics associated with spoken language outcomes at the 2 test ages. The Preschool Language Scale (I. L. Zimmerman, V. G. Steiner, & R. E. Pond, 1992) was used to compare the participants' skills with those of hearing age-mates at age 4.5 years. RESULTS Expected language scores increased with younger age at implant and lower pre-implant thresholds, even when compared at the same duration of implant use. Expected Preschool Language Scale scores of the children who received the implant at the youngest ages reached those of hearing age-mates by 4.5 years, but those children implanted after 24 months of age did not catch up with hearing peers. CONCLUSION Children who received a cochlear implant before a substantial delay in spoken language developed (i.e., between 12 and 16 months) were more likely to achieve age-appropriate spoken language. These results favor cochlear implantation before 24 months of age, especially for children with aided pure-tone average thresholds greater than 65 dB prior to surgery.
New heads, OFSTED inspections and the prospects for school improvement

Summary Headteachers who regard themselves as ‘new’ do not feel as threatened by inspection as established heads and are more open to its possibilities. This paper reports these differences and examines their consequences for teaching staff. Its main purpose is to discuss whether OFSTED inspections can act effectively as catalysts for school improvement and as instruments of public accountability.
Strain Improvement of Pleurotus Species by Protoplast Fusion

Objective: To improve the strain of Pleurotus mushroom by protoplast fusion technique Methods: The white rot fungus Pleurotus species was isolated from fresh fruiting body of Oyster mushroom by spore print technique and was cultured on Potato dextrose agar. The selected strain was identified based on the morphological and cultural characters on Potato dextrose agar. The protoplasts were isolated from both wild and UV mutant strains of Pleurotus species. These were examined microscopically and the isolated protoplasts of wild and mutant strains of Pleurotus were counted by haemocytometer. Protoplast fusion between wild and UV mutant Pleurotus species was carried out by isolating protoplasts from 4-day-old monokaryotic mycelia cultured on malt extract broth. The mycelia were then agitated at 100rpm for 2h in 1ml osmotic stabilizer (0.6 M MgSO4.7 H2O in 0.05 M sodium maleate buffer, pH 5). The freshly prepared protoplasts were then mixed and incubated in 40% PEG (Polyethylne glycol 6000)/0.05 M CaCl2.2H2O for 20 minutes at room temperature. All protoplasts were regenerated on Regeneration Medium for 7-12 days. The regenerated colonies were detected and fusants were selected based on their clamp connections on their mycelia. Results: The fusants were proved to be hybrids of wild and UV mutant strain of Pleurotus species. Their mycelia were significantly faster in growth and larger in size than the parental strains. They showed bands common to their parents when laccase was used for isozyme studies. Conclusion: Fusants possessing clamps was selected and proved to be hybrids of wild and mutant strains of Pleurotus species by comparing their mycelial growth, hyphal size and isozyme patterns. Employing the fungal strains, which show synergistic associations in co culture for the development of protoplast fusants with the desirable characters of both the parents, will be a viable option for various imdustrial and medicinal applications of laccase.
‘Did anyone think the trees were students?’ Using poetry as a tool for critical reflection

The practice of reflection in teacher education is a contentious area. Debates have focused on the nature of reflection and how to evidence that it is taking place. Students training to be teachers in the UK are expected to be taught about reflection and incorporate it into their practice. This qualitative study took place in response to difficulties trainee teachers had in grasping abstract concepts. The study explores the use of reading poetry as a tool for facilitating reflection. Data were gathered by observing groups at work with the poems and by interviewing the participants. The findings were that poetry particularly encourages students to venture to areas that they may not address unprompted. It also encouraged a particular form of reflection, to do with the nature of teacher identity and the value of teaching. We suggest that further studies with larger sample groups could be carried out to test these findings.
Applying communication theories to prevent dangerous drinking among college students: The Ru sure campaign

This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a dangerous drinking prevention campaign on a large university campus. Members of the target audience, first‐year students, are particularly susceptible to misperceptions of drinking norms on campus given their previous experiences and environmental messages communicated to them through the media. Thus, this campaign was designed using the Socially Situated Experiential Learning (SSEL) Model (Lederman & Stewart, 1999) that builds on a framework of interpersonal communication theories, social norms theory, and experiential learning theory. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of a health communication campaign that combines both a traditional media campaign with experiential learning activities conducted by upper‐level students who serve as disseminators of campaign messages as well as role models for the target audience.
Constructing ethnicity statistics in talk-in-interaction: Producing the ‘White European’

This article ‘looks behind’ official statistics, analysing the social context of their production. It uses conversation analysis to examine how an organization’s ethnic monitoring statistics are constructed in and through interactions between callers and volunteers on its telephone helpline. In particular, it examines how the process of self-categorization is shaped by the response categories on the organization’s monitoring form and by the format in which the ethnic monitoring question is asked. These analyses contribute to developing understandings of the social construction of ‘race’/ethnicity and of organizationally generated statistics.
Altered secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor expression in the uterine decidua of tubal compared with intrauterine pregnancy.

BACKGROUND The role of the innate immune system in tubal implantation remains undefined. This study compared expression of two key mediators of innate immunity, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and elafin, in the uterine decidua of women with intrauterine and tubal pregnancies. METHODS Uterine decidua was collected from women (18-45 years) undergoing surgical termination of pregnancy (n = 7), surgical management of spontaneous abortion (n = 6) and tubal pregnancy (n = 10). Using quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, mRNA and protein expression patterns of SLPI and elafin were compared. RESULTS Relative SLPI mRNA expression was significantly higher in decidua of women with tubal pregnancy (12.37 +/- 2.66) compared with spontaneous abortion (5.09 +/- 2.22, P < 0.0185). There was no difference demonstrated in elafin mRNA expression. SLPI and elafin protein expression were demonstrated in the decidual leukocyte populations and epithelium. There was no obvious qualitative difference in levels of SLPI and elafin protein expression or their distribution in the uterine decidua of women with termination of pregnancy, spontaneous abortion or tubal pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Herein we demonstrate novel differences in gene expression of uterine decidua of tubal pregnancy compared with spontaneous abortion thereby contributing further to current knowledge of mechanisms involved in extrauterine implantation. The altered expression of SLPI may be a consequence of, or predispose to, tubal pregnancy.
To Cause Harm and to be Harmed by Others: New Perspectives on Alcohol’s Harms to Others

Objective To examine how sociodemographic factors and alcohol consumption are related to a four-way typology of causing harm to others and/or being harmed by othersș and one's own drinking. Data and Methods Data from the 2011 Danish national survey (n = 2,569) were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression. Results Younger age and heavy drinking were significant correlates of both causing harm and being harmed. Women and better educated respondents were more likely to report negative effects on relationship and family from another's drinking. Better educated respondents had higher risks for work, financial, or injury harms from another's drinking. Mean alcohol consumption and risky single occasion drinking were related to both causing harm and being harmed from one's own drinking. Conclusions Drinking variables were the strongest correlates of causing harm and being harmed. Efforts to reduce risky drinking may also help reduce exposures to collateral harm.
Assessing Heterogeneity of Osteolytic Lesions in Multiple Myeloma by 1H HR-MAS NMR Metabolomics

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignancy of plasma cells characterized by multifocal osteolytic bone lesions. Macroscopic and genetic heterogeneity has been documented within MM lesions. Understanding the bases of such heterogeneity may unveil relevant features of MM pathobiology. To this aim, we deployed unbiased 1H high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HR-MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics to analyze multiple biopsy specimens of osteolytic lesions from one case of pathological fracture caused by MM. Multivariate analyses on normalized metabolite peak integrals allowed clusterization of samples in accordance with a posteriori histological findings. We investigated the relationship between morphological and NMR features by merging morphological data and metabolite profiling into a single correlation matrix. Data-merging addressed tissue heterogeneity, and greatly facilitated the mapping of lesions and nearby healthy tissues. Our proof-of-principle study reveals integrated metabolomics and histomorphology as a promising approach for the targeted study of osteolytic lesions.
Team-level programming of drone sensor networks

Autonomous drones are a powerful new breed of mobile sensing platform that can greatly extend the capabilities of traditional sensing systems. Unfortunately, it is still non-trivial to coordinate multiple drones to perform a task collaboratively. We present a novel programming model called team-level programming that can express collaborative sensing tasks without exposing the complexity of managing multiple drones, such as concurrent programming, parallel execution, scaling, and failure recovering. We create the Voltron programming system to explore the concept of team-level programming in active sensing applications. Voltron offers programming constructs to create the illusion of a simple sequential execution model while still maximizing opportunities to dynamically re-task the drones as needed. We implement Voltron by targeting a popular aerial drone platform, and evaluate the resulting system using a combination of real deployments, user studies, and emulation. Our results indicate that Voltron enables simpler code and produces marginal overhead in terms of CPU, memory, and network utilization. In addition, it greatly facilitates implementing correct and complete collaborative drone applications, compared to existing drone programming systems.
The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive Skills

Team sports place high demands on visuospatial and other cognitive skills. However, there is a lack of research on visuospatial skills of elite athletes and there are heterogeneous results on basic cognitive skills of this population. Therefore, this series of studies tested different cognitive skills in elite team sports athletes. In Experiment 1, elite athletes were compared to recreational athletes, but no differences were observed between the groups in choice response time (CRT) and mental rotation (MR). To see if differences could be observed when the tested groups had a greater difference in expertise and more representative stimuli, in Experiment 2, we tested CRT and MR of elite athletes who had higher level of expertise, and we also used three-dimensional human stimuli. Overall, we still found no differences in MR; however, elite athletes did have shorter CRTs. In Experiment 3, instead of testing MR, we compared elite athletes’ and recreational athletes’ basic cognitive skills, such as processing speed, letter readout speed, memory span, and sustained attention. We found that elite athletes only performed better in sustained attention. Building on this data, in a supplementary analysis (Experiment 4) we tested whether MR and CRTs are correlated with basic cognitive skills. Results show that processing speed is the best predictor for MR, whereas letter readout speed explains most of the variance in CRTs. Finally, we discuss these findings against the backdrop of expertise and offer implications for future studies on mental rotation.