Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transcending Simple Forms of School Science Investigation:The Impact of Preservice Instruction on Teachers’ Understandings of Model-Based Inquiry

This study examined 21 preservice secondary teachers as they engaged in activities aimed at fostering an understanding of the epistemic roles that models, theory, and argument play in scientific inquiry. Findings indicate that instruction can help preservice teachers develop more sophisticated understandings of scientific models and promote incorporation of model-based lessons in their classrooms. However, even with scaffolding, the majority of these preservice teachers were unable to use theoretical models to ground their own empirical investigations. Two factors shaped participants’ thinking about these inquiries. One was previous school-related research experience, which influenced not only what they recognized as models but also the way they believed models could be incorporated into inquiry. The other was a widely held simplistic view of “the scientific method” that constrained the procedures and epistemic frameworks they used for investigations. On the basis of these findings, the authors offer a more focused, evidence-based design for instruction around model-based inquiry.
The role of diagrammatic representation in learning sequences, identification and classification as a function of verbal and spatial ability

Grade 9 subjects learned the evolutionary sequence of dinosaurs and to classify them by type. Instruction was by menas of flow diagrams that showed the evolutionary sequence running across the page either from left to right or reversed from right to left, with or without drawings of dinosaurs. It was found that subjects seeing left-right ordered diagrams scored better on tests of sequence and classification than those seeing reversed diagrams. Also, the addition of drawings helped subjects identify dinosaurs by type. Verbal ability predicted learning as a function of treatment. Spatial ability did not. However, some evidence was found that high-spatial low-verbal subjects could classify the animals equally well from normal-order or reversed diagrams, while high-verbal subjects who were also low-spatial could classify them better if they had seen normal-order diagrams. These results suggest that diagrams provide different types of information and that learners may process each type differently.
Anthocyanin Incorporated Dental Copolymer: Bacterial Growth Inhibition, Mechanical Properties, and Compound Release Rates and Stability by 1H NMR

Objective. To evaluate bacterial growth inhibition, mechanical properties, and compound release rate and stability of copolymers incorporated with anthocyanin (ACY; Vaccinium macrocarpon). Methods. Resin samples were prepared (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA at 70/30 mol%) and incorporated with 2 w/w% of either ACY or chlorhexidine (CHX), except for the control group. Samples were individually immersed in a bacterial culture (Streptococcus mutans) for 24 h. Cell viability (n = 3) was assessed by counting the number of colony forming units on replica agar plates. Flexural strength (FS) and elastic modulus (E) were tested on a universal testing machine (n = 8). Compound release and chemical stability were evaluated by UV spectrophotometry and 1H NMR (n = 3). Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). Results. Both compounds inhibited S. mutans growth, with CHX being most effective (P < 0.05). Control resin had the lowest FS and E values, followed by ACY and CHX, with statistical difference between control and CHX groups for both mechanical properties (P < 0.05). The 24 h compound release rates were ACY: 1.33 μg/mL and CHX: 1.92 μg/mL. 1H NMR spectra suggests that both compounds remained stable after being released in water. Conclusion. The present findings indicate that anthocyanins might be used as a natural antibacterial agent in resin based materials.
Evolutionary Time for Dispersal Limits the Extent but Not the Occupancy of Species’ Potential Ranges in the Tropical Plant Genus Psychotria (Rubiaceae)

Explaining the diversity in geographic range sizes among species is a central goal of ecological and evolutionary studies. We tested species age as an explanation of range size variation within a group of understory shrubs in the Neotropics (Psychotria subgenus Psychotria, Rubiaceae). We distinguish between range occupancy (filling an occupied area) and range extent (maximum distances dispersed). We used Bayesian relaxed‐clock dating of molecular sequence data to estimate the relative age of species, and we used species distribution modeling to predict species’ potential ranges. If the range sizes of species are limited by time for dispersal, we hypothesize that older species should have (1) larger realized range occupancies and realized range extents than younger species, (2) filled a greater proportion of their potential range occupancies, and (3) colonized a greater proportion of their potential range extents. We found (1) a significant but weak positive relationship between species age versus both realized range occupancy and realized range extent, (2) no relationship between species age and filling of potential range occupancies, but (3) that older species had colonized a significantly greater proportion of their potential range extents than younger species. Our results indicate that a time‐for‐dispersal effect can limit the extent of ranges of species but not necessarily their occupancies.
Turf and tension: psychiatric and inclusive communities servicing students referred for emotional and behavioural difficulties

The existing literature demonstrates that children who are referred by their teachers as presenting with emotional and/or behavioural difficulties in schools are least likely of all children with difficulties to be included in their community school. Two common obstacles to their inclusion have been identified and discussed in the literature: a perception of teacher inability to work with these students and, more recently, student need for specialized services. In describing an attempt to include these children in their community school, the present paper suggests a third obstacle: the implicit collusion of psychiatric/psychological services and educators in placing the ‘ownership’ of emotional difficulties in the psychiatric/psychological domain.
Categories in action: person-reference and membership categorization

The article begins with an effort to clarify and differentiate a variety of terms used by analysts in dealing with mentions of persons in conversation and other forms of talk-in-interaction — such terms as person-reference, identifying, describing, categorizing, and the like. This effort leads to the observation that `reference to persons' and `membership categorization' are quite distinct sets of practices, with most reference to persons not being done by membership categories, and most uses of membership categorization devices being in the service of actions other than referring. Two interactional sequences whose analysis turns on a connection to talk earlier in the occasion (a configuration termed `interactional threads') are then examined; first, to establish what is going on interactionally without respect to the mentioning of persons, and then as exercises in examining the various ways person-reference and membership categorization can figure in a stretch of interaction.
The Personal Involvement Inventory: Reduction, Revision, and Application to Advertising

Abstract The conceptualization of the Personal Involvement Inventory was a context-free measure applicable to involvement with products, with advertisements, and with purchase situations. The empirical work to develop this measure was mainly validated with respect to product categories. This paper extends the construct validation of the PII to involvement with advertisements and also demonstrates that the PII may be reliably reduced from twenty items to ten items. There is some indication the revised PII may then be broken into two subscales representing a cognitive and affective grouping.
Robust text segmentation using graph cut

Text segmentation provides important clues for the accurate identification of character locations and the analysis of character properties such as shape estimation and texture synthesis. In this paper, we propose a robust text segmentation method that employs Markov Random Field (MRF) and use graph cut algorithms to solve the energy minimization problem. To effectively select accurate seeds to boost the text segmentation performance, stroke feature transform is adopted to robustly identify text seeds and text edges. Background seeds are obtained near the text edges in order to well preserve the text boundaries. The energy functions are defined as an MRF consisting of data energy and smoothness energy which can be efficiently solved by graph cut algorithms. One distinctive property of the proposed technique is that it can identify more distinctive seeds so that only one cut is needed to well separate the text regions from the background, hence much faster than the existing iterative graph cut approach. Experiments on ICDAR 2003 and ICDAR 2011 datasets show that the proposed technique obtains superior performance on both pixel level and atom level segmentation.
Assessment Issues for International Students and for Teachers of International Students

This case study addresses some of the issues specific to assessment which arise when teachers and students hold different academic assumptions, expectations and requirements. Students who travel to a different country in order to study do so with a mix of expectations, generally believing the experience will widen their perspectives and lead to better future opportunities. Most expect the new cultural context will challenge their ability to adapt and have thought ahead about how they will cope with different customs, weather, food and so on. Those who do plan ahead say it helps, even if in the end, things turn out differently from the way they imagined.
Collaborative, Participatory, and Empowerment Evaluation

Defining, compartmentalizing, and differentiating among stakeholder involvement approaches to evaluation, such as collaborative, participatory, and empowerment evaluation, enhance conceptual clarity. It also informs practice, helping evaluators select the most appropriate approach for the task at hand. This view of science and practice is presented in response to the argument of Cousins, Whitmore, and Shulha (2013) that efforts to differentiate among approaches have been ‘‘unwarranted and ultimately unproductive’’ (p. 15). Over the past couple of decades, members of the American Evaluation Association’s (AEA) Collaborative, Participatory, and Empowerment Evaluation Topical Interest Group (CPE-TIG) have labored to build a strong theoretical and empirical foundation of stakeholder involvement approaches in evaluation. This includes identifying the essential features of collaborative, participatory, and empowerment evaluation. It also includes highlighting similarities and differences among these three major approaches to stakeholder involvement. Our primary disagreement with the article by Cousins et al. concerns the value and appropriateness of (1) differentiating among the stakeholder involvement approaches; (2) misleading characterization; (3) confounding and comingling terms, and (4) using collaborative inquiry as the umbrella term for stakeholder involvement approaches.
THE LOCALIZATION OF AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN BY IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE

We have studied the localization of Australia antigen, a particulate substance associated with hepatitis, by means of the fluorescent antibody technique. Preparations were made from 61 liver biopsy specimens taken from patients with infectious hepatitis, serum hepatitis, and a variety of other diseases. When tested with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-Au(1) antisera all 26 patients who had Au(1) in their serum had specific fluorescence in their liver cells. The fluorescence appeared in three forms: as discrete particles within the nucleus, diffuse fluorescence of the entire nucleus, and fluorescence of the nuclear rim. Occasionally there were also fluorescent particles in the cytoplasm. Other specimens were tested with the fluorescent antibody including a variety of human tissues, buffy coat smears, peripheral lymphocyte cultures, and cells obtained from bile and duodenal drainage. Among these specimens, fluorescence was found in the cytoplasm of a few cells in the bone marrow of two patients with hepatitis and Au(1) in their serum, and in the liver, spleen, mesentery, and testis of one patient with leukemia, chronic hepatitis, and Au(1) in his serum. We have shown that the presence of fluorescent particles in the liver cells is strongly associated with the presence of Au(1) in the serum and the diagnosis of viral hepatitis. We believe that this study adds support to the hypothesis that Australia antigen is an antigenic determinant of a virus capable of causing hepatitis.
Knowledge about osteoporosis among healthy women attending a tertiary care hospital.

INTRODUCTION To determinate the knowledge on osteoporosis-risk factors and disease in three age groups of Pakistani women. METHODS In this exploratory cross-sectional study, an osteoporosis knowledge assessment questionnaire (OKAT) was used to collect data and it was delivered through a face-to-face interview. Questions were asked about symptoms of osteoporosis, knowledge of risk factors, preventive factors and treatment. A convenience sample (n =320) comprising of three groups of healthy women aged 25-35 years, 36-45 years, and over 45 years was taken. The scoring range was 0 to 20. Among-group comparisions of means were analyzed by two-way ANOVA. To determine the overall influence of osteoporosis-risk factors, the multivariate analysis was used. RESULTS The knowledge on osteoporosis in younger women was very poor compared to relatively older females. However, women belonging to higher socioeconomic status and better education had slightly more knowledge about osteoporosis compared to those with a low education level, regardless of age. CONCLUSION The majority of women had modest knowledge on osteoporosis. Younger women were at increased risk for low bone mass and premature osteoporosis.
Fitness to plead: implications from case-law arising from the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994

The concept of fitness to plead constitutes a legal cornerstone in ensuring that individuals receive a fair trial. The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 has abolished the defendant's right to silence both within police interviews and in court, except where the defendant is judged to have a mental or physical condition that makes it undesirable that he or she gives evidence in his or her own defence. A case is described where the inability to give evidence on the basis of a mental condition has been incorporated into the criteria for fitness to plead. The wide-ranging legal and clinical implications of this are discussed.
Adherence to CPAP in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea in a Chinese Population

BACKGROUND: CPAP is the first choice for most patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but the adherence to CPAP is suboptimal. The purpose of this study was to assess the adherence to CPAP therapy of Chinese OSA patients with CPAP therapy. METHODS: Two-hundred ten patients who had been diagnosed with OSA and had experienced CPAP titration trial as prescribed were enrolled in this study. Subjects were identified by reviewing our Snoring and Sleep Apnea Unit's records. The patients were interviewed by telephone and were asked to assess their CPAP use time. Those who said their CPAP use time was less than 4 h/d for 70% of the nights per week were questioned about their reasons for non-adherence. RESULTS: Seventeen patients were lost to follow-up. One-hundred ninety-three patients participated in our survey. Patient demographics included male/female (162/31), mean ± SD age (51.91 ± 10.10 y), and mean apnea-hypopnea index (59.99 ± 21.51 events/h). At the time of the interview (59 ± 32 months after initial titration trial), 100 of 193 patients (51.8%) were still using CPAP, 29 of 193 patients (15.0%) had abandoned CPAP after using it for a period, and 64 of 193 patients (33.2%) had never commenced therapy after titration. The most common reasons cited by the patients for the poor adherence were they were not able to acclimatize to the CPAP during the titration night, they did not perceive the need or the benefits of the treatment, or found it troublesome to use CPAP every night. CONCLUSIONS: The CPAP adherence is low in Tianjin, China. Only one half of these patients remained adherent to the treatment, and the other one half of these patients either never initiated the treatment or had abandoned CPAP use. To improve CPAP adherence, the medical staff should pay attention to making the titration trial a comfortable first CPAP experience for the patients. It is also very important to give the patients education and support about CPAP use in the follow-up, especially early on in this treatment.
There Are Two Word-Length Effects in Verbal Short-Term Memory: Opposed Effects of Duration and Complexity

In the word-length effect (WLE), lists of shorter words are better recalled than lists of longer words This effect is fundamental to decay-based theories of verbal short-term memory, such as the phonological loop theory (Baddeley, 1986) The WLE has been attributed to the time taken to articulate words, not their structure, a critical point in the debate between decay and interference theories However, word duration and complexity have previously been confounded In this article, we show that the traditional WLE comprises two opposed effects an advantage for words spoken more quickly (short words in terms of duration) and an advantage for words with more elements (long words in terms of complexity) We also report two interactions a disadvantage for a midlist change in duration and an advantage for a midlist change in complexity These results contradict simple decay-based theories and establish the importance of interference in short-term memory We discuss whether decay is also required
Thrombosis after septal closure device placement: A review of the current literature

Thrombus formation has been described for all types of commercially available transcatheter septal occlusion devices. Most reports have been single‐institution case studies. Screening for hypercoagulable conditions prior to device placement and anticoagulation after device deployment has been variable. The objective of this study was to synthesize the current experience with device thrombosis; the Medline database from 1980 until 2004 was searched. Seventeen articles identified 54 unique patients with device thrombosis. Thrombus developed on eight different types of transcatheter devices. All commercially available devices had at least one reported case of thrombosis. Patient mean age was 44.2 ± 9.8 years. Thrombosis was diagnosed at a mean of 5 months after device deployment. Prior to device placement, 12 patients had normal coagulation evaluations and 5 had coagulopathies. For 37 patients, no mention was made in the report of coagulation studies. Prior to device thrombosis, 26 patients received aspirin and clopidrogel, 15 patients received aspirin alone, 8 received warfarin, 2 heparin alone, 1 aspirin and warfarin. One patient with hemophilia A received no anticoagulation and in one case treatment prior to thrombosis was not reported. After device thrombosis, 35 patients were treated with warfarin with thrombus resolution, 2 had successful lytic therapy, 1 was treated with heparin alone. Sixteen patients had surgical explantation of the device. Septal occlusion device thrombosis is rare. All types of commercially available devices have been associated with thrombosis. All patients should have early (≤ 3 months) echocardiographic surveillance for device thrombosis. Thorough coagulation evaluation is imperative prior to transcatheter device placement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:486–489. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The "New New Math"?: Two Reform Movements in Mathematics Education

M ATHEMATICS EDUCATION IS RIFE with the battle cries of so-called "math wars. " On the one side are proponents of standards-based reform, a movement launched in 1989 with the publication of the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM). Opponents to the reform proclaim it a reincarnation of the mathematics of the 1960s, popularly known as the "new math" and popularly remembered as a pedagogical failure. Hence, these opponents term the current reform the "new new math," yet we have never seen an instance where they have actually compared the two reform movements. In this article we compare the origins, curricular and pedagogical content, and impact of the new math and the standards-based reform movements. The
A Revisit of a Theoretical Analysis on Spectrum-Based Fault Localization

As a promising automatic fault localization technique, Spectrum-Based Fault Localization (SBFL) has been proposed and widely studied for years, in which the effectiveness of risk evaluation formula is one of the most popular research topics. We have developed a framework to support the theoretical analysis of risk evaluation formulas, via subset relations. In this paper, we would like to further justify the assumptions used in our framework, which are not only to make the theoretical analysis be feasible, but they are actually required either explicitly or implicitly by SBFL.
A Rodent Model of Schizophrenia Reveals Increase in Creatine Kinase Activity with Associated Behavior Changes

Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by positive (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech) and negative (affective flattering, avolition and social withdrawal) symptoms as well as cognitive deficits. The frequency, severity and topography characterize the disorder as heterogeneous, the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is poorly understood. Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine produce hyperactivity, stereotypy and abnormal social interaction and it is used as a model of schizophrenia. In this study, we induced an animal model by acute sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine and tested different behavioral parameters. We also evaluated the activity of creatine kinase (CK) in brain of rats treated with ketamine. Our results demonstrated that administration of 10, 25 and 50 mg/kg of ketamine induced an increase of covered distance in habituated and non-habituated rats to the behavioral apparatus. Ketamine administration induced significant social deficits and stereotypic behavioral in all doses tested. Finally we evaluated the effect of different doses of ketamine on creatinine kinase (CK) activity and we observed that CK activity is increased inspecific regions of the brain. Our study suggests that our animal model may be used as a model of schizophrenia and that cerebral energy metabolism might be altered in the brain of schizophrenic patients, probably leading to alterations that might be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.