Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The fate of substructures in cold dark matter haloes

We use the Millennium Simulation, a large, high-resolution N-body simulation of the evolution of structure in a Λ cold dark matter cosmology, to study the properties and fate of substructures within a large sample of dark matter haloes. We find that the subhalo mass function departs significantly from a power law at the high-mass end. We also find that the radial and angular distributions of substructures depend on subhalo mass. In particular, high-mass subhaloes tend to be less radially concentrated and to have angular distributions closer to the direction perpendicular to the spin of the host halo than their less massive counterparts. We find that mergers between subhaloes occur. These tend to be between substructures that were already dynamically associated before accretion into the main halo. For subhaloes larger than 0.001 times the mass of the host halo, it is more likely that the subhalo will merge with the central or main subhalo than with another subhalo larger than itself. For lower masses, subhalo–subhalo mergers become equally likely to mergers with the main subhalo. Our results have implications for the variation of galaxy properties with environment and for the treatment of mergers in galaxy formation models.
Masquerade Detection Using String Kernels

In the field of computer security, one of the most serious threats is masquerade attack, in which an attacker uses a legitimate user's account in system. In this paper, we propose a new method for masquerade detection based on string kernel. String kernel is an inner product in the feature space generated by all subsequences of length k. By using string kernel, OCSVM (one-class support vector machine) algorithm can directly process the UNIX command sequences, which are the input data of masquerade detection. Experimental comparisons of the performance of our method with previous work show the following results: For PU dataset, the detection rate of our method is improved by 15% compared with the other unsupervised methods, given the same false positive rate; For SEA dataset, our method can achieve about the same detection rate as the best supervised method; Compared with the RBF-OCSVM, our detection rate is improved by about 13%.
Examining the Clinical Prediction of Cohesion in Group Psychotherapy and Potential Moderators

Group cohesion, or the way in which group members relate and work toward the primary task of a therapy group, is a predictor for positive outcome in group psychotherapy and the building block for most group development models. Research has shown that interventions are most effective when tailored for the developmental stage of the group (Burlingame, Fuhriman, & Johnson, 2001). Logic follows that if best practice dictates that interventions be implemented based on developmental stage which, in turn, is largely informed by group cohesion, then group leaders should be competent in accurately assessing the cohesion of the group. To date, no study has examined the relationship between group leaders’ perceptions of cohesion compared to group members’ perceptions of cohesion. Further, there is little research on member or leader variables that may lead to more (or less) congruence between group leader and group member reports of cohesion. This study utilized hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine the relationship between leader and member scores on a measure of group cohesion. Several potential moderators were also included in the analysis to test for interaction effects between group leader and group member scores of cohesion. Moderators of interest included group member vulnerability, group leader experience, the amount of “here-and-now” processing done in group sessions (as reported by the leader), and the number of completed sessions at the time of data collection. The study analyzed iii 103 total group members nested within 21 preexisting psychotherapy groups from community mental health centers, college counseling centers, university training clinics, and private practices in the Rocky Mountain region. Results of the study showed that group leaders across groups consistently reported a lower level of cohesion compared to group member reports. Due to this incongruence between leaders and members, group discussion of cohesion or use of group cohesion measures could aid group members and the group leader in understanding their group’s dynamics similarly. While none of the moderators examined reached statistical significance in the moderation effect of group leader and group member cohesion scores, the amount of “here-and-now” processing done in group as reported by the group leader showed most promise as a possible moderator. Future research examining additional variables that may predict greater congruence between leader and member reports of cohesion can further inform both research and practice in group psychotherapy.
Presuppositions and Antipresuppositions in Conditionals

Utterances of counterfactual conditionals are typically attended by the information that their antecedents are false. But there is as yet no account of the source of this information that is both detailed and complete. This paper describes the problem of counterfactual antecedent falsity and argues that the problem can be addressed by appeal to an adequate account of the presuppositions of various competing conditional constructions. It argues that indicative conditionals presup- pose that their antecedents are epistemically possible, while subjunctive conditionals bear no presupposition. Given this arrangement, utterance of the counterfactual results in an antipresupposition, that is, a scalar implicature generated from the presuppositions of competing alternatives rather than from the at-issue content of competing alternatives. The content of the antipresupposition is the negation of the presupposition of the competing indicative, i.e., that the antecedent of the conditional is known to be false by the speaker.
How Trajectories of Disadvantage Help Explain School Attainment

This article illustrates the links between different ways of assessing disadvantage at school and subsequent qualification outcomes at age 16 in England. Our previous work has compared variables that represent current or recent snapshots of disadvantage (such as eligibility for free school meals [FSM]) with long-term summary variables and found the latter to improve measures of both social segregation between schools and explanations of raw-score differences in attainment. This new work takes an even more detailed longitudinal approach, modeling the course of one age cohort of 550,000 pupils from the National Pupil Database through their entire schooling to the age of 16 in 29 distinct analytical steps, using “effect” sizes, correlations, and a regression model. The steps represent stages such as what is known about each pupil when they were born, who they attended school with at age 10, and where they lived at age 14. The model also includes variables representing where data are missing for any pupil in any year. Using capped Key Stage 4 points as an outcome measure, these stages can predict the outcome with R = . 90. This is considerably higher than for models using either snapshots or summaries of disadvantage. Key predictors are poverty and special educational needs at age 5, and throughout schooling, coupled with prior attainment at ages 6, 10, and 13. With predictors fed into the model in life order, there is little evidence of differential progress for different language and ethnic minority groups and no evidence of regional differences or a type of school effect. The article concludes with the implications of these results for assessing disadvantage when considering school contexts and for policy makers. Given the small but apparently consistent negative school composition “effects” in every year, one clear implication is that school intakes should be as mixed as possible both socially and academically.
Oxygen ion uplift and satellite drag effects during the 30 October 2003 daytime superfountain event

Abstract. The prompt penetration of interplanetary electric fields (IEFs) to the dayside low-latitude ionosphere during the first ~2 h of a superstorm is estimated and applied to a modified NRL SAMI2 code for the 30 October 2003 event. In our simulations, the dayside ionospheric O+ is convected to higher altitudes (~600 km) and higher latitudes (~±25° to 30°), forming highly displaced equatorial ionospheric anomaly (EIA) peaks. This feature plus others are consistent with previously published CHAMP electron (TEC) measurements and with the dayside superfountain model. The rapid upward motion of the O+ ions causes neutral oxygen (O) uplift due to ion-neutral drag. It is estimated that above ~400 km altitude the O densities within the displaced EIAs can be increased substantially over quiet time values. The latter feature will cause increased drag for low-altitude satellites. This newly predicted phenomenon is expected to be typical for superstorm/IEF events.
Wide field weak lensing observations of A1689

We present a mass prole for A1689 from 0:13h 1 Mpc <r< 2h 1 Mpc from a weak lensing analysis of a 34 0 34 0 R-band image from the ESO/MPG Wide Field Imager. We detect the gravitational shearing of a 23 <R< 25:5 background galaxy population even at the edge of the image with a 4 signicance, and nd a two- dimensional mass reconstruction has a 13:4 signicance mass peak centered on the brightest cluster galaxy. This peak is well t by both a 1028 35 km s 1 singular isothermal sphere and a r200 =1 :28 Mpc;c= 6 \universal" CDM prole, although the \universal" CDM prole provides a better t with 95.5% condence. These mass measurements are lower than most of those derived by other means and we discuss possible reasons for weak lensing providing an underestimate of the true mass of the cluster. We nd that the correction factors needed to reconcile the weak lensing mass models with the strong lensing Einstein radius would result is a much larger fraction of faint stars and foreground and cluster dwarf galaxies in the 23 <R< 25:5 object catalog than is seen in other elds.
Functional traits composition predict macrophytes community productivity along a water depth gradient in a freshwater lake

Functional trait composition of plant communities has been proposed as a helpful key for understanding the mechanisms of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning. In this study, we applied a step-wise modeling procedure to test the relative effects of taxonomic diversity, functional identity, and functional diversity on macrophytes community productivity along water depth gradient. We sampled 42 plots and 1513 individual plants and measured 16 functional traits and abundance of 17 macrophyte species. Results showed that there was a significant decrease in taxonomic diversity, functional identity (i.e., stem dry mass content, leaf [C] and leaf [N]), and functional diversity (i.e., floating leaf, mean Julian flowering date and rooting depth) with increasing water depth. For the multiple-trait functional diversity (FD) indices, functional richness decreased, while functional divergence increased with water depth gradient. Macrophyte community productivity was strongly determined by functional trait composition within community, but not significantly affected by taxonomic diversity. Community-weighted means (CWM) showed a two times higher explanatory power relative to FD indices in determining variations in community productivity. For nine of sixteen traits, CWM and FD showed significant correlations with community productivity, although the strength and direction of those relations depended on selected trait. Furthermore, functional composition in a community affected productivity through either additive or opposite effects of CWM and FD, depending on the particular traits being considered. Our results suggested both mechanisms of mass ratio and niche complementarity can operate simultaneously on variations in community productivity, and considering both CWM and FD would lead to a more profound understanding of traits–productivity relationships.
Down-Regulation of AP-4 Inhibits Proliferation, Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Promotes Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cells

Background AP-4 belongs to the basic helix-loop-helix leucine-zipper subgroup; it controls target gene expression, regulates growth, development and cell apoptosis and has been implicated in tumorigenesis. Our previous studies indicated that AP-4 was frequently overexpressed in gastric cancers and may be associated with the poor prognosis. The purpose of this study is to examine whether silencing of AP-4 can alter biological characteristics of gastric cancer cells. Methods Two specific siRNAs targeting AP-4 were designed, synthesized, and transfected into gastric cancer cell lines and human normal mucosa cells. AP-4 expression was measured with real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation and chemo-sensitivity were detected by CCK-8 assay. Cell cycle assay and apoptosis assay were performed by flow cytometer, and relative expression of cell cycle regulators were detected by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot, expression of the factors involved in the apoptosis pathway were examined in mRNA and protein level. Results The expression of AP-4 was silenced by the siRNAs transfection and the effects of AP-4 knockdown lasted 24 to 96 hrs. The siRNA-mediated silencing of AP-4 suppressed the cellular proliferation, induced apoptosis and sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs. In addition, the expression level of p21, p53 and Caspase-9 were increased when AP-4 was knockdown, but the expression of cyclin D1, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL was inhibited. It didn't induce cell cycle arrest when AP-4 was knockdown in p53 defect gastric cancer cell line Kato-III. Conclusions These results illustrated that gene silencing of AP-4 can efficiently inhibited cell proliferation, triggered apoptosis and sensitized cancer cells to anticancer drugs in vitro, suggesting that AP-4 siRNAs mediated silencing has a potential value in the treatment of human gastric cancer.
The Effects of Online Reviews, Perceived Value, and Gender on Continuance Intention to Use International Online Outshopping Website: An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective

Abstract Based on the elaboration likelihood model, means-end chain theory, and gender, this study investigates the effects of the quantity and quality of online reviews, which are mediated by two types of perceived values (utilitarian and hedonic values), on continuance intention to use IOO websites. We further argue that these relationships are moderated by gender. Based on a survey of 291 IOO customers in China, the results suggest that (1) perceived utilitarian and hedonic value completely mediate the positive relationship between online reviews and consumers' continuance intention; (2) through perceived utilitarian value, the indirect effect of the quantity of online reviews on consumers' continuance intention is stronger for females, while the quality of online reviews on consumers' continuance intention is stronger for males; and (3) through perceived hedonic value, the indirect effect of the quantity and quality of online reviews on consumers' continuance intention have no significant difference.
Financial Integration and Consumption Smoothing

We present a new empirical strategy for testing if financial integration improves risk sharing opportunities and consumption smoothing. Our test is based on a decomposition of the variance of consumption growth into a component that depends on the variance of permanent income shocks and one that depends on the variance of transitory shocks. We then test if the process of financial market integration and liberalization brought about by the introduction of the euro has made consumption less sensitive to income shocks in Italy. The paper makes a significant contribution also from a methodological point of view. We use panel data on income to identify non parametrically a time series of the variances of the income shocks. We then rely on repeated cross-sections of consumption and income to identify the degree of smoothing with respect to income shocks, and test if it has declined after the introduction of the euro. Our procedure does not require that consumption and income are available in the same panel data. It can therefore be applied in all countries in which repeated cross-sectional consumption data can be combined with panel data on income.
Organizational Interventions concerning Palliation in Community Palliative Care Services: A Literature Study

Background. Studies indicate problems between different professional groups working with palliative care and the organisation of palliative home care at nursing homes. The purpose of this study is to examine international experiences and cooperative development initiatives regarding the organisation of community palliative care services. Method. The study has been carried out as a literature study based on bibliographic searches in international databases with selected key words. Results and Conclusion. The study of the literature identified 19 studies described in 20 articles that relate to development efforts and interventions regarding the organisation of palliative care in communities. Nearly, all of the studies were based on health care professionals' assessments of users (the relatives). However, it is unknown whether or how patients and relatives experience a positive effect of the interventions. The literature study shows that it is a great methodological challenge to complete and evaluate studies concerning organisation and cooperation using methods that make the results useful for others.
Lexically Constrained Decoding for Sequence Generation Using Grid Beam Search

We present Grid Beam Search (GBS), an algorithm which extends beam search to allow the inclusion of pre-specified lexical constraints. The algorithm can be used with any model which generates sequences token by token. Lexical constraints take the form of phrases or words that must be present in the output sequence. This is a very general way to incorporate auxillary knowledge into a model’s output without requiring any modification of the parameters or training data. We demonstrate the feasibility and flexibility of Lexically Constrained Decoding by conducting experiments on Neural Interactive-Predictive Translation, as well as Domain Adaptation for Neural Machine Translation. Experiments show that GBS can provide large improvements in translation quality in interactive scenarios, and that, even without any user input, GBS can be used to achieve significant gains in performance in domain adaptation scenarios.
The epidemiology of Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis in a Southern Hemisphere region.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in the province of Canterbury, New Zealand. METHOD Three hospital clinical databases and the immunology laboratory database were searched and case notes reviewed for patients fulfilling either the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for WG or a modification of those criteria that allowed for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) positivity in the absence of granulomatous vasculitis. MPA was defined by the Chapel Hill consensus definition; however, in the absence of histological evidence of pauci-immune glomerulonephritis, ANCA positivity in association with evidence of active glomerular disease was included as a criterion. The point prevalence at 31 December 2003 and the 5-yr period prevalence for the interval 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2003 were calculated. RESULTS Seventy-three patients with WG and 28 patients with MPA fulfilled the inclusion criteria. A 5-yr period prevalence of 152 WG cases/million [95% confidence interval (CI) 117-186] and 58 MPA cases/million (95% CI 37-80) was calculated using 2001 census data as denominator. Nineteen patients with WG died and 10 patients with MPA died during the study period, resulting in a point prevalence for survivors at 31 December 2003 of 112 cases/million (95% CI 82-142) and 37 cases/million (95% CI 20-55), respectively. Using unmodified ACR criteria the 5-yr period and point prevalence for WG were 131/million (95% CI 99-163) and 93.5/million (95% CI 66-121), respectively. Apart from respiratory tract involvement, which formed part of the case definition of WG, organ involvement was similar in both diseases. CONCLUSION The prevalence of WG and MPA in Canterbury is the highest reported to date. Restricting the case definition of WG to the ACR classification criteria we found a prevalence equivalent to that described in northern Norway. The clinical severity and serological characteristics were similar to descriptions in other WG and MPA patient cohorts. Studies of disease prevalence in other Southern Hemisphere centres will determine if the observed north-south negative disease gradient in the Northern Hemisphere is reciprocated.
The Czech Republic

What do you do to start reading the czech republic? Searching the book that you love to read first or find an interesting book that will make you want to read? Everybody has difference with their reason of reading a book. Actuary, reading habit must be from earlier. Many people may be love to read, but not a book. It's not fault. Someone will be bored to open the thick book with small words to read. In more, this is the real condition. So do happen probably with this the czech republic.
Coping Strategies among Urban Poor: Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya

Aims In Kenya, it is estimated that 60 to 80% of urban residents live in slum or slum-like conditions. This study investigates expenditures patterns of slum dwellers in Nairobi, their coping strategies and the determinants of those coping strategies. Method We use a dataset from the Indicator Development for Surveillance of Urban Emergencies (IDSUE) research study conducted in four Nairobi slums from April 2012 to September 2012. The dataset includes information related to household livelihoods, earned incomes of household members, expenditures, shocks, and coping strategies. Results Food spending is the single most important component, accounting for 52% of total households' income and 42% of total expenditures. Households report a variety of coping strategies over the last four weeks preceding the interview. The most frequently used strategy is related to reduction in food consumption, followed by the use of credit, with 69% and 52% of households reporting using these strategies respectively. A substantial proportion of households also report removing children from school to manage spending shortfalls. Formal employment, owning a business, rent-free housing, belonging to the two top tiers of income brackets, and being a member of social safety net reduced the likelihood of using any coping strategy. Exposure to shocks and larger number of children under 15 years increased the probability of using a coping strategy. Policy Implications Policies that contain food price inflation, improve decent-paying job opportunities for the urban poor are likely to reduce the use of negative coping strategies by providing urban slum dwellers with steady and reliable sources of income. In addition, enhancing access to free primary schooling in the slums would help limit the need to use detrimental strategies like “removing” children from school.