Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tumor Induced Inactivation of Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Function; Implication in Growth, Expansion and Differentiation of Cancer Stem Cells

Accumulated evidence indicates that cytotoxic function of immune effectors is largely suppressed in the tumor microenvironment by a number of distinct effectors and their secreted factors. The aims of this review are to provide a rationale and a potential mechanism for immunosuppression in cancer and to demonstrate the significance of such immunosuppression in cellular differentiation and progression of cancer. To that end, we have recently shown that NK cells mediate significant cytotoxicity against primary oral squamous carcinoma stem cells (OSCSCs) as compared to their more differentiated oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCCs). In addition, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs), dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were all significantly more susceptible to NK cell mediated cytotoxicity than their differentiated counterparts or parental cells from which they were derived. We have also reported that inhibition of differentiation or reversion of cells to a less-differentiated phenotype by blocking NFκB or targeted knock down of COX2 in primary monocytes in vivo significantly augmented NK cell function. Total population of monocytes and those depleted of CD16(+) subsets were able to substantially prevent NK cell mediated lysis of OSCSCs, MSCs and DPSCs. Taken together, our results suggest that stem cells are significant targets of the NK cell cytotoxicity. The concept of split anergy in NK cells and its contribution to tissue repair and regeneration and in tumor resistance and progression will be discussed in this review.
Predisposing personality traits and socio-familial factors of tendency toward substance use among soldiers

Abstract Military forces are among vulnerable groups to high-risk behaviors, especially substance use. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the role of personality traits and socio-familial factors in the prediction of risk of substance use among soldiers. A total of 309 soldiers doing military service in Tehran, Iran, were selected using convenience sampling, and completed measures included risk of substance use, personality traits, and social and familial risk/protective factors. Current results showed significant relationships between personality traits and socio-familial factors with tendency toward substance use. Moreover, linear regression analyses indicated that personality traits (i.e., conscientiousness and agreeableness), social factors (i.e., friends’ substance use and social disorganization), and familial factors (i.e., parents’ positive attitude toward substance use) were significantly associated with tendency toward smoking, drug use, and alcohol use in soldiers. Multimodal interventions targeting individual, familial, and social vulnerabilities may help reduce adjustment problems among Iranian soldiers.
Fisher Vectors Derived from Hybrid Gaussian-Laplacian Mixture Models for Image Annotation

In the traditional object recognition pipeline, descriptors are densely sampled over an image, pooled into a high dimensional non-linear representation and then passed to a classifier. In recent years, Fisher Vectors have proven empirically to be the leading representation for a large variety of applications. The Fisher Vector is typically taken as the gradients of the log-likelihood of descriptors, with respect to the parameters of a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). Motivated by the assumption that different distributions should be applied for different datasets, we present two other Mixture Models and derive their Expectation-Maximization and Fisher Vector expressions. The first is a Laplacian Mixture Model (LMM), which is based on the Laplacian distribution. The second Mixture Model presented is a Hybrid Gaussian-Laplacian Mixture Model (HGLMM) which is based on a weighted geometric mean of the Gaussian and Laplacian distribution. An interesting property of the Expectation-Maximization algorithm for the latter is that in the maximization step, each dimension in each component is chosen to be either a Gaussian or a Laplacian. Finally, by using the new Fisher Vectors derived from HGLMMs, we achieve state-of-the-art results for both the image annotation and the image search by a sentence tasks.
Incorporating Uncertainty Into the Ranking of SPARROW Model Nutrient Yields From Mississippi/Atchafalaya River Basin Watersheds1

Abstract: Excessive loads of nutrients transported by tributary rivers have been linked to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Management efforts to reduce the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico and improve the water quality of rivers and streams could benefit from targeting nutrient reductions toward watersheds with the highest nutrient yields delivered to sensitive downstream waters. One challenge is that most conventional watershed modeling approaches (e.g., mechanistic models) used in these management decisions do not consider uncertainties in the predictions of nutrient yields and their downstream delivery. The increasing use of parameter estimation procedures to statistically estimate model coefficients, however, allows uncertainties in these predictions to be reliably estimated. Here, we use a robust bootstrapping procedure applied to the results of a previous application of the hybrid statistical/mechanistic watershed model SPARROW (Spatially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes) to develop a statistically reliable method for identifying “high priority” areas for management, based on a probabilistic ranking of delivered nutrient yields from watersheds throughout a basin. The method is designed to be used by managers to prioritize watersheds where additional stream monitoring and evaluations of nutrient‐reduction strategies could be undertaken. Our ranking procedure incorporates information on the confidence intervals of model predictions and the corresponding watershed rankings of the delivered nutrient yields. From this quantified uncertainty, we estimate the probability that individual watersheds are among a collection of watersheds that have the highest delivered nutrient yields. We illustrate the application of the procedure to 818 eight‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code watersheds in the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River basin by identifying 150 watersheds having the highest delivered nutrient yields to the Gulf of Mexico. Highest delivered yields were from watersheds in the Central Mississippi, Ohio, and Lower Mississippi River basins. With 90% confidence, only a few watersheds can be reliably placed into the highest 150 category; however, many more watersheds can be removed from consideration as not belonging to the highest 150 category. Results from this ranking procedure provide robust information on watershed nutrient yields that can benefit management efforts to reduce nutrient loadings to downstream coastal waters, such as the Gulf of Mexico, or to local receiving streams and reservoirs.
E2F1 Coregulates Cell Cycle Genes and Chromatin Components during the Transition of Oligodendrocyte Progenitors from Proliferation to Differentiation

Cell cycle exit is an obligatory step for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) into myelinating cells. A key regulator of the transition from proliferation to quiescence is the E2F/Rb pathway, whose activity is highly regulated in physiological conditions and deregulated in tumors. In this paper we report a lineage-specific decline of nuclear E2F1 during differentiation of rodent OPC into oligodendrocytes (OLs) in developing white matter tracts and in cultured cells. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and deep-sequencing in mouse and rat OPCs, we identified cell cycle genes (i.e., Cdc2) and chromatin components (i.e., Hmgn1, Hmgn2), including those modulating DNA methylation (i.e., Uhrf1), as E2F1 targets. Binding of E2F1 to chromatin on the gene targets was validated and their expression assessed in developing white matter tracts and cultured OPCs. Increased expression of E2F1 gene targets was also detected in mouse gliomas (that were induced by retroviral transformation of OPCs) compared with normal brain. Together, these data identify E2F1 as a key transcription factor modulating the expression of chromatin components in OPC during the transition from proliferation to differentiation.
Complexity comparison of fast block-matching motion estimation algorithms

Block-matching algorithms (BMA) have been widely adopted for motion estimation (ME) by real-time video coding applications due to its effectiveness and simplicity in implementation. Most fast BMAs are based on the assumption that ME matching error decreases monotonically as the search approaches the position of the global minimum error. The paper measures the contributions to computational cost reduction by different fast BMAs, including four-step search, diamond search, hexagon-based search and the recently proposed adaptive multi-mode search (AMMS). Comparison results show that the AMMS algorithm achieves a significant improvement based on the given mathematical models. Experimental coding results are also presented.
Neutral current interference in the TeV region: The experimental sensitivity at the CERN LHC

The possibilities to measure lepton forward-backward asymmetries at the CERN LHC in the reaction pp(q{sub i}{ital {bar q}}){r_arrow}l{sup +}l{sup {minus}} are studied for dilepton events with masses above 400 GeV. It is shown that such measurements allow accurate tests of the neutral current interference structure up to about 2 TeV center-of-mass energies. The sensitivity of asymmetries at the LHC to new physics is demonstrated within the context of quark compositeness and exotic Z{sup {prime}} scenarios. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Inclusion Body Myositis: A Degenerative Muscle Disease Associated with Intra‐Muscle Fiber Multi‐Protein Aggregates, Proteasome Inhibition, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Decreased Lysosomal Degradation

Sporadic inclusion body myositis (s‐IBM), the most common muscle disease of older persons, is of unknown cause, and there is no enduring treatment. Abnormal accumulation of intracellular multi‐protein inclusions is a characteristic feature of the s‐IBM phenotype, and as such s‐IBM can be considered a “conformational disorder,” caused by protein unfolding/misfolding combined with the formation of inclusion bodies. Abnormal intracellular accumulation of unfolded proteins may lead to their aggregation and inclusion body formation.
Safety, effectiveness, and patterns of use of olanzapine in acute schizophrenia: a multivariate analysis of a large naturalistic study in the hospital setting.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study assessed the safety and effectiveness of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine for the treatment of inpatients with acute schizophrenia. Furthermore, we evaluated patterns of use of olanzapine and their relationship to safety and effectiveness. PATIENTS AND METHOD This was a prospective, comparative, nonrandomized, open-label, observational study of 848 patients with schizophrenia (International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition) hospitalized due to an acute psychotic episode. Data were collected during patients' entire hospital stay. Safety of antipsychotic therapy was assessed with an extrapyramidal symptoms questionnaire (based on the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser scale) and the report of spontaneous adverse events. Clinical status was assessed with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S). A multivariate statistical approach was employed. RESULTS Patients treated with olanzapine in monotherapy had the lowest risk of developing extrapyramidal symptoms (11.2%), whereas patients treated with conventional antipsychotics had a higher risk (39.0%; p < 0.001). Patients treated with olanzapine in monotherapy (even patients with prominent positive symptoms) displayed a higher rate of response compared with conventional antipsychotics-treated patients (p = .007). CONCLUSIONS Olanzapine is a safe and effective treatment for patients with acute schizophrenia in the hospital setting, even for patients with prominent positive or agitation symptoms.
Nerves and classifying spaces for bicategories

This paper explores the relationship amongst the various simplicial and pseudosimplicial objects characteristically associated to any bicategory C . It proves the fact that the geometric realizations of all of these possible candidate “nerves of C ” are homotopy equivalent. Any one of these realizations could therefore be taken as the classifying space BC of the bicategory. Its other major result proves a direct extension of Thomason’s “Homotopy Colimit Theorem” to bicategories: When the homotopy colimit construction is carried out on a diagram of spaces obtained by applying the classifying space functor to a diagram of bicategories, the resulting space has the homotopy type of a certain bicategory, called the “Grothendieck construction on the diagram”. Our results provide coherence for all reasonable extensions to bicategories of Quillen’s definition of the “classifying space” of a category as the geometric realization of the category’s Grothendieck nerve, and they are applied to monoidal (tensor) categories through the elemental “delooping” construction. 18D05; 55U40 1 Introduction and summary Higher-dimensional categories provide a suitable setting for the treatment of an extensive list of subjects with recognized mathematical interest. The construction of nerves and classifying spaces of higher categorical structures, and bicategories in particular, discovers ways to transport categorical coherence to homotopical coherence and it has shown its relevance as a tool in algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, algebraic K ‐theory, string theory, conformal field theory and in the study of geometric structures on low-dimensional manifolds. This paper explores the relationship amongst the various simplicial and pseudosimplicial objects that have been (or might reasonably be) functorially and characteristically associated to any bicategory C . It outlines and proves in detail the far from obvious fact that the geometric realizations of all of these possible candidate “nerves of C ” are homotopy equivalent. Any one of these realizations could therefore be taken as the
Constrained Games: The Impact of the Attitude to Adversary's Constraints

We consider properties of constrained games, where the strategy set available to a player depends on the choice of strategies made by other players. We show that the utilities of each player associated with that player's own performance and constraints are not sufficient to model a constrained game and to define equilibria; for the latter, one also needs to model how a player values the fact that other players meet their constraints. We study three different approaches to other players' constraints, and show that they exhibit completely different equilibrium behaviors. Further, we study a general class of stochastic games with partial information, and focus on the case where the players are indifferent to whether the constraints of other players hold.
Digital sum moments and substitutions

The result in the case k = 1 was first established by H. Delange ([De75]) and has recently been generalized to the case of “θ-expansion of positive integers” with θ an arbitrary real base > 1 ([GTi91]), with an o(1) correction term; in this case the function Fk,0 is shown to be continuous; so are Fk,0 and Fk,1 in the case k = 2, for the binary expansion (see [C86] and [K90]). Our first aim in this paper is to give a generalization of (1), including the proof of the continuity of the functions Fk,h, within the framework of the so-called “numeration system associated with a substitution”. More precisely, if σ is a primitive substitution on a finite alphabet A whose largest eigenvalue satisfies θ > 1, and s(ν) denotes ∑n i=1 f(mi) (where for ν an integer, ∑n i=1 |σ(mi)| is the unique admissible representation of ν, and f is a map from A∗ to R), then we prove the existence of a real number α and 1-periodic continuous functions Fk,h (h = 0, 1, . . . , k−1) such that for any x > 0,
A Coinductive Approach to Proof Search

We propose to study proof search from a coinductive point of view. In this paper, we consider intuitionistic logic and a focused system based on Herbelin's LJT for the implicational fragment. We introduce a variant of lambda calculus with potentially infinitely deep terms and a means of expressing alternatives for the description of the "solution spaces" (called Bohm forests), which are a representation of all (not necessarily well-founded but still locally well-formed) proofs of a given formula (more generally: of a given sequent). As main result we obtain, for each given formula, the reduction of a coinductive definition of the solution space to a effective coinductive description in a finitary term calculus with a formal greatest fixed-point operator. This reduction works in a quite direct manner for the case of Horn formulas. For the general case, the naive extension would not even be true. We need to study "co-contraction" of contexts (contraction bottom-up) for dealing with the varying contexts needed beyond the Horn fragment, and we point out the appropriate finitary calculus, where fixed-point variables are typed with sequents. Co-contraction enters the interpretation of the formal greatest fixed points - curiously in the semantic interpretation of fixed-point variables and not of the fixed-point operator.
Applications and Challenges of Text Mining with Patents

This paper gives insight into our current research on three text mining tools for patents designed for information professionals. The first tool identifies numeric properties in the patent text and normalises them, the second extracts a list of keywords that are relevant and reveal the invention in the patent text, and the third tool attempts to segment the patent’s description into it’s sections. Our tools are used in the industry and could be applied in research as well.
Design and control of the lower limb exoskeleton KIT-EXO-1

We present a new lower limb exoskeleton with series elastic actuators for augmentation of human performance and for rehabilitation of the musculoskeletal system. The KIT-EXO-1 consists of 3 DOF, linear series elastic actuators with progressive helical springs which change the spring stiffness over spring deflection and a force-based interface to the human body. We describe the design actuator and its sensor system. In addition, we describe a force sensor system for capturing interaction forces between the exoskeleton and the human body. We present a force-based control approach, which allows the generation of motion pattern based on interaction force pattern between the exoskeleton and the human body. Our first experimental results demonstrate the performance of the new linear series elastic actuator and provide a proof of concept for the force-based control approach.
Scientific basis for the Soviet and Russian radiofrequency standards for the general public

The former Soviet Union (USSR) and the USA were the first countries to introduce standards limiting exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. However, the exposure limits in the USSR standards were always much lower than those in the USA and other countries. The objective of this article is to provide a history of the development of the Soviet and Russian RF standards. In addition, we summarize the scientific evidence used to develop the original USSR RF and subsequent Russian public health standards, as well as the mobile telecommunications standard published in 2003, but we do not critique them. We also describe the protective approaches used by the Soviet and Russian scientists for setting their limits. A translation of the papers of the key studies used to develop their standards is available in the online version of this publication. Bioelectromagnetics 33:623–633, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pheromone Transduction in Moths

Calling female moths attract their mates late at night with intermittent release of a species-specific sex-pheromone blend. Mean frequency of pheromone filaments encodes distance to the calling female. In their zig-zagging upwind search male moths encounter turbulent pheromone blend filaments at highly variable concentrations and frequencies. The male moth antennae are delicately designed to detect and distinguish even traces of these sex pheromones amongst the abundance of other odors. Its olfactory receptor neurons sense even single pheromone molecules and track intermittent pheromone filaments of highly variable frequencies up to about 30 Hz over a wide concentration range. In the hawkmoth Manduca sexta brief, weak pheromone stimuli as encountered during flight are detected via a metabotropic PLCβ-dependent signal transduction cascade which leads to transient changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. Strong or long pheromone stimuli, which are possibly perceived in direct contact with the female, activate receptor-guanylyl cyclases causing long-term adaptation. In addition, depending on endogenous rhythms of the moth's physiological state, hormones such as the stress hormone octopamine modulate second messenger levels in sensory neurons. High octopamine levels during the activity phase maximize temporal resolution cAMP-dependently as a prerequisite to mate location. Thus, I suggest that sliding adjustment of odor response threshold and kinetics is based upon relative concentration ratios of intracellular Ca2+ and cyclic nucleotide levels which gate different ion channels synergistically. In addition, I propose a new hypothesis for the cyclic nucleotide-dependent ion channel formed by insect olfactory receptor/coreceptor complexes. Instead of being employed for an ionotropic mechanism of odor detection it is proposed to control subthreshold membrane potential oscillation of sensory neurons, as a basis for temporal encoding of odors.
Community-acquired pneumonia in primary care: clinical assessment and the usability of chest radiography

Abstract Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic value of different clinical and laboratory findings in pneumonia and to explore the association between the doctor’s degree of suspicion and chest X-ray (CXR) result and to evaluate whether or not CXR should be used routinely in primary care, when available. Design: A three-year prospective study was conducted between September 2011 and December 2014. Setting: Two primary care settings in Linköping, Sweden. Subjects: A total of 103 adult patients with suspected pneumonia in primary care. Main outcome measures: The physicians recorded results of a standardized medical physical examination, including laboratory results, and rated their suspicion into three degrees. The outcome of the diagnostic variables and the degree of suspicion was compared with the result of CXR. Results: Radiographic pneumonia was reported in 45% of patients. When the physicians were sure of the diagnosis radiographic pneumonia was found in 88% of cases (p < 0.001), when quite sure the frequency of positive CXR was 45%, and when not sure 28%. Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥ 50mg/L were associated with the presence of radiographic pneumonia when the diagnosis was suspected (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study indicates that CXR can be useful if the physician is not sure of the diagnosis, but when sure one can rely on one’s judgement without ordering CXR. Key points There are different guidelines but no consensus on how to manage community-acquired pneumonia in primary care. When the physician is sure of the diagnosis the judgement is reliable without chest X-ray and antibiotics can be safely prescribed. Chest X-ray can be useful in the assessment of pneumonia in primary care, when the physician is not sure of the diagnosis.