Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
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Soil organic carbon (SOC) changes associated with land conversion to energy crops are central to the debate on bioenergy and their potential carbon neutrality. Here, the experimental evidence on SOC under perennial energy crops (PECs) is synthesised to parameterise a whole systems model and to identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps determining PECs being a sink or source of greenhouse gas (GHG). For Miscanthus and willow ( Salix spp.) and their analogues (switchgrass, poplar), we examine carbon (C) allocation to above- and belowground residue inputs, turnover rates and retention in the soil. A meta-analysis showed that studies on dry matter partitioning and C inputs to soils are plentiful, whilst data on turnover are rare and rely on few isotopic C tracer studies. Comprehensive studies on SOC dynamics and GHG emissions under PECs are limited and subsoil processes and C losses through leaching remain unknown. Data showed dynamic changes of gross C inputs and SOC stocks depending on stand age. C inputs and turnover can now be specifically parameterised in whole PEC system models, whilst depen-dencies on soil texture, moisture and temperature remain empirical. In conclusion, the annual net SOC storage change exceeds the minimum mitigation requirement (0.25 Mg C ha − 1 year − 1 ) under herbaceous and woody perennials by far (1.14 to 1.88 and 0.63 to 0.72 Mg C ha − 1 year − 1 , respectively). However, long-term time series of field data are needed to verify sustainable SOC enrichment, as the physical and chemical stabilities of SOC pools remain uncertain, although they are essential in defining the sustainability of C sequestration (half-life >25 years).
OBJECT-ORIENTED CLASSIFICATION OF REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF TREE SPECIES COMPOSITION

This paper deals with the classification of tree species composition from Ikonos imagery (4m resolution) based on the object-oriented image analysis in eCogniton software. The image was acquired over a man-planted forest area with proportion of various forest types (conifers, broadleaved, mixed) in the Krušné Hory Mts. , Czech Republic. In order to enlarge class feature space, additional channels were produced by low-pass filtering, IHS transformation and influence of various Haralick texture measures on classification was also examined. The principal component calculated from original Ikonos bands was applied in the pre-processing phase. The segmentation and classification were conducted on three levels to be incorporated into the hierarchical image object network. The higher level separated image into smaller parts regarding the stand maturity and structure, the lower (detailed) level assigned individual tree clusters into classes for the main forest species. The third level was created to distinguish forest/non-forest boundaries. Classification accuracy was assessed by comparing the automated technique with the field inventory data using Kappa coefficient. Apart from transferable rule base creation, the study aimed at determining appropriate scale for species composition estimation using common image data. Therefore the methodology will be tested on colour aerial photos in the further research.
Sexual Harassment as [Dys]Functional Process: A Feminist Standpoint Analysis

Researchers have approached the study of sexual harassment as though it were dysfunctional. However, a feminist standpoint theory analysis would suggest that it functions differently for men and women. A study using discussion groups and stimulated recall interviews was conducted in a large health care organization. A thematic analysis revealed a primary theme of sexual harassment as a [dys]functional process. For the male participants, sexual behavior served as a coping mechanism for stress, as a form of therapeutic care, and to create and demonstrate camaraderie. For the women participants, sexual behavior tended to be either nonfunctional or dysfunctional. They did not associate it with stress reduction, therapeutic touch, and viewed group camaraderie as a means of prevention. Implications are discussed.
Operant self‐administration of a sigma ligand improves nociceptive and emotional manifestations of neuropathic pain

The treatment of neuropathic pain is unsatisfactory at the present moment and the sigma 1 receptor has been identified as a new potential target for neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to use an operant self‐administration model to reveal the potential interest of a new sigma 1 receptor antagonist, S1RA, in chronic pain that was developed in mice by a partial ligation of the sciatic nerve.
Rocky planetesimals as the origin of metals in DZ stars

The calcium and hydrogen abundances, Galactic positions and kinematics of 146 DZ white dwarfs from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey are analysed to constrain the possible origin of their externally polluted atmospheres. There are no correlations found between their accreted calcium abundances and spatial–kinematical distributions relative to interstellar material. Furthermore, two thirds of the stars are currently located above the Galactic gas and dust layer, and their kinematics indicate multi-Myr residences in this region where interstellar material is virtually absent. Where detected, the hydrogen abundances for 37 DZA stars show little or no correlation with accreted calcium or spatial–kinematical distributions, though there is a general trend with cooling age. It is found that Eddington-type accretion of interstellar hydrogen can reproduce the observed hydrogen abundances, yet simultaneously fails to account for calcium. The calcium-to-hydrogen ratios for the DZA stars are dominated by supersolar values, as are the lower limits for the remaining 109 DZ stars. All together, these polluted white dwarfs currently contain 10 20±2 g of calcium in their convective envelopes, commensurate with the masses of calcium inferred for large asteroids. A census of current T eff 12 000 K, helium-rich stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey suggests the DZ and DC white dwarfs belong to the same stellar population, with similar basic atmospheric compositions, effective temperatures, spatial distributions and Galactic space velocities. Based on this result, pollution by the interstellar medium cannot simultaneously account for both the polluted and non-polluted subpopulations. Rather, it is probable that these white dwarfs are contaminated by circumstellar matter; the rocky remains of terrestrial planetary systems. In this picture, two predictions emerge. First, at least 3.5 per cent of all white dwarfs harbour the remnants of terrestrial planetary systems; this is a concrete lower limit and the true fraction is almost certainly, and perhaps significantly, higher. Therefore, one can infer that at least 3.5 per cent of main-sequence A- and F-type stars build terrestrial planets. Secondly, the DZA stars are externally polluted by both metals and hydrogen, and hence constrain the frequency and mass of water rich, extrasolar planetesimals.
Therapeutic Effects of Intra-Arterial Delivery of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury of Rats—In Vivo Cell Tracking Study by Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging

BACKGROUND: A noninvasive and effective route of cell delivery should be established to yield maximal therapeutic effects for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate whether intra-arterial delivery of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) significantly promotes functional recovery in traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. METHODS: Rat BMSCs were transplanted through the ipsilateral internal carotid artery 7 days after the onset of cortical freezing injury. The BMSCs were labeled with fluorescent dye, and in vivo optical imaging was employed to monitor the behaviors of cells for 4 weeks after transplantation. Motor function was assessed for 4 weeks, and the transplanted BMSCs were examined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In vivo optical imaging and histologic analysis clearly demonstrated that the intra-arterially injected BMSCs were engrafted during the first pass without systemic circulation, and the transplanted BMSCs started to migrate from the cerebral capillary bed to the injured CNS tissue within 3 hours. Intra-arterial BMSC transplantation significantly promoted functional recovery after cortical freezing injury. A subgroup of BMSCs expressed the phenotypes of neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells around the injured neocortex 4 weeks after transplantation. CONCLUSION: Intra-arterial transplantation may be a valuable option for prompt, noninvasive delivery of BMSCs to the injured CNS tissue, enhancing functional recovery after TBI. In vivo optical imaging may provide important information on the intracerebral behaviors of donor cells by noninvasive, serial visualization.
Perception of orientation: adaptation to lateral body-tilt.

* Received for publication July 19, 1965. This study, undertaken at Clark Uni, versity, was supported by USPHS Research Grant MH-00348 from the National Institute of Mental Health. 'Kurt Koffka, Principles of Gestalt Psychology, 1935, 218; J. J. Gibson and 0. H. Mowrer, Determinants of the perceived vertical and horizontal, Psychol. Rev., 45, 1938, 300-323; H. A. Witkin and S. E. Asch, Studies in space orientation: IV. Further experiments on perception of the upright with displaced visual fields, J. exp. Psychol. , 38, 1948, 762-782; C. W. Mann, N. H. B. Berry, and H. J. Dauterive, The perception of the vertical. I. Visual and non-labyrinthine cues, J. exp. Psychol. , 39, 1949, 538-547; Gibson, The relation between visual and postural determinants of the phenomenal vertical, Psychol. Rev., 59, 1952, 370-375; Heinz Werner and Seymour Wapner, Sensory-tonic field theory of perception: Basic concepts and experiments, Rev. Psicol. , 50, 1956, 315-337; K. A. Chandler, The effect of monaural and binaural tones of different intensities on the visual perception of verticality, this JOURNAL, 74, 1961, 260-265; Brant Clark and Ashton Graybiel, Perception of the postural vertical in normals and subjects with labyrinthine defects, J. exp. Psychol. , 65, 1963, 490-494. 2 H. E. Burtt, The perception of slight changes of equilibrium, with especial reference to problems of aviation, J. appl. Psychol. , 2, 1918, 101-115; P. M. van Wulfften Palthe, Function of the deeper sensibility and of the vestibular organs in flying, Acta Otolaryng. , 4, 1922, 415-449; L. H. Bauer, Dangers of high speed and acrobatic flying, Aviation, 16, 1924, 174-176; F. Leiri, Ober die Bedeutung des Vestibularapparats bei der aviation, Z. Hals-Nasen-, und Ohrenh-lk. , 17, 1927, 381391; A. Gemelli, L'orientazione lontana vel volo in aeroplane, Riv. Psicol. , 29, 1933, 297-325; Witkin, Perception of body position and of the position of the visual field, Psychol. Monogr. , 63, 1949, (No. 302), 1-46; Perception of the upright when the direction of the force acting on the body is changed, J. exp. Psychol. , 40, 1950, 93-106; J. H. McFarland, Seymour Wapner, and Heinz Werner, Relation between perceived location of objects and perceived location of one's own body, Percept. mot. Skills, 15, 1962, 331-341. 3Witkin, op. cit., 1949, 1-46; Mc Farland, Visual and proprioceptive changes during visual exposure to a tilted line, Percept. mot. Skills, 15, 1962, 322.
The Effects of Framing and Ego-involvement on Performance on the Wason Selection Task

Man’s deep-rooted tendency to maintain and reinforce a positive self-image makes man inclined to uncritically accept desirable information (the confirmation bias) as well as to criticize and reject undesirable information (the disconfirmation bias). Since disconfirmation strategy leads to a logically correct solution to the four-card Wason selection task, we predicted that ego-involvement manipulation would have a significant effect on the success rate of the task. Specifically, we hypothesized that subjects who were exposed to personally threatening information would try to reject it and thus be more successful on Wason task than those who were exposed to non-threatening information, as established in previously published study by Dawson et al. (2002a). Furthermore, we wanted to examine if manipulating valence framing of the Wason task rule would result in a higher success rate for the group exposed to the threatening and negatively framed rule (that implied their own early death) than the group exposed to the threatening but positively framed rule (that category of people other than the one they belong to live longer). One hundred ninety five high school students from Kragujevac, Serbia participated in the experiment. The results confirmed the expected effect of involvement, while the main effect of framing did not occur. However, there was a marginally significant involvement by framing interaction: unexpectedly, non involved participants were more likely to solve the task correctly when it was positively framed than when in was negatively framed, whilst in the involved group there was no difference in correct responding depending on framing. The findings suggest that the success rate in Wason task can be sensitive to the valence framing of the rule, but only when respondents are not highly personally threatened. Potential methodological interventions in ego-involvement manipulation and content of the rules are discussed.
A memetic algorithm for solving bilevel optimization problems with multiple followers

Bilevel optimization constitutes a specific class of problems where optimization is done at two nested levels - upper (leader) and lower (follower). The two levels are coupled by the requirement of optimality at lower level for each upper level solution. A number of real life problems in engineering, logistics, economics, transportation etc. need to be modeled as bilevel optimization problems due to involvement of a hierarchy of decision makers, and thus the problem is of significant research interest. Ensuring lower level optimality for each solution makes the problem computationally intensive in terms of number of function evaluations required. To reduce this computational effort while delivering competitive results, the authors proposed a bilevel memetic algorithm (BLMA) in their previous work, for problems with one leader and one follower. However, in a number of real-life problems, there could also exist multiple followers, which may or may not be dependent on each other. In this paper, we extend BLMA to solve problems with multiple followers. A number of benchmark multifollower problems from the literature are solved using the proposed algorithm, referred to as BLMAMF, and compared with recently reported results to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
A middleware for adaptive service orientation in pervasive computing environments

As enterprises become more mobile, the need for a pervasive computing environment where their applications "follow the user" becomes increasingly important. This can be achieved by the client side simply adapting to changes in the environment (caused by mobility) by rebinding to equivalent services in the new environment or by choosing "'more suitable"' services as the operating context changes. However, the static, hard-wired nature of today's enterprise applications does not lend itself well to such dynamism. Service orientation provides a promising foundation for such computing models, where services are stateless and can be replaced on the fly. Much more needs to be done though - service orientation needs to be made adaptive where rebinding happens automatically driven by triggers caused by context changes. This impacts both the programming model that developers use to express the flexibility as well as the runtime (middleware) that interprets this expression and acts upon it. In this paper, we present a programming model and run time architecture for adaptive service orientation based on semantic descriptions of services and service elements (tasks) augmented with contextually dependent resource-based requirements.
Situational Leadership® After 25 Years: A Retrospective

The May 1994 American Society of Training and Development (ASTD) meeting will be the 25th anniversary of Situational Leadership. This article by one of the original developers of that model and two of his colleagues reviews work that led to the model's development, revisions that have since improved the model, and extensive research that has been conducted--much of it never before formally published--using the revised model and related instrumentation.
The effect of sulforaphane on histone deacetylase activity in keratinocytes: Differences between in vitro and in vivo analyses

Sulforaphane is a natural product found in broccoli, which is known to exert many different molecular effects in the cell, including inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Here, we examine for the first time the potential for sulforaphane to inhibit HDACs in HaCaT keratinocytes and compare our results with those found using HCT116 colon cancer cells. Significant inhibition of HDAC activity in HCT116 nuclear extracts required prolonged exposure to sulforaphane in the presence of serum. Under the same conditions HaCaT nuclear extracts did not exhibit reduced HDAC activity with sulforaphane treatment. Both cell types displayed down‐regulation of HDAC protein levels by sulforaphane treatment. Despite these reductions in HDAC family member protein levels, acetylation of marker proteins (acetylated Histone H3, H4, and tubulin) was decreased by sulforaphane treatment. Time‐course analysis revealed that HDAC6, HDAC3, and acetylated histone H3 protein levels are significantly inhibited as early as 6 h into sulforaphane treatment. Transcript levels of HDAC6 are also suppressed after 48 h of treatment. These results suggest that HDAC activity noted in nuclear extracts is not always translated as expected to target protein acetylation patterns, despite dramatic inhibition of some HDAC protein levels. In addition, our data suggest that keratinocytes are at least partially resistant to the nuclear HDAC inhibitory effects of sulforaphane, which is exhibited in HCT116 and other cells. © 2014 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuroticism: how does one slice the PI(e)?

Costa and McCrae's operationalization of the Five‐Factor Model, the Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Openness Personality Inventory—Revised (NEO‐PI‐R; Costa and McCrae, 1992a), measures five broad dimensions of personality: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. According to Costa and McCrae, the Neuroticism (N) domain scale subsumes six facets. Although derived rationally and tested factor analytically, the factorial structure of the facet scales has yet to be unequivocally confirmed with analytic methods imposed at the item level. Using confirmatory and exploratory factor‐analytic techniques, this study examines and tests the structure of the N domain scale of the NEO‐PI‐R. Confirmatory factor analysis indicates poor replication of the structure of the N scale. Results of the exploratory factor analysis indicate that while three of the facets replicated quite well, the other three factors did not correspond to Costa and McCrae's formulation. Future research should elaborate on the factorial structure and construct validity of the N facet scales, especially if they are to be used and interpreted in personality and clinical assessment. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Languages of Empowerment and Strengths in Clinical Social Work: A Constructivist Perspective

Enhancing client empowerment is a major concern of clinical social workers. Empowerment is a process and an outcome. There are numerous interventions that enhance client empowerment, and among them is focusing on client strengths. Both the strengths-based and empowerment-based approaches emphasize the importance of skillfully using language in dialoguing with clients; however, there is little specificity in either of these 2 approaches on how to operationalize this process. This article discusses specific ways to use language in working with client strengths and empowering clients. The discussion and examples are presented from the metatheoretical perspective of constructivism.
Fortune or Evil? The Effect of Inward Foreign Direct Investment on Corruption

We analyze how one of the central drivers of globalization, foreign direct investment (FDI), relates to the prevalence of corruption. According to received wisdom, the link between globalization and corruption depends on the presence of proper political institutions and practices. We develop an alternative explanation that looks at the effect of inward FDI on host market dynamics, which in turn affect the opportunities for rent creation. We argue that, in less developed countries, FDI inflows can increase market concentration, resulting in higher rents that public officials can demand from market actors. Yet, the positive association between inward investment and corruption is mitigated in more developed economies. There, foreign entry into a market populated by productive indigenous firms promotes competition and reduces rents. This lowers opportunities for corrupt behavior. We test this nonlinear relationship between FDI and corruption in an instrumental variable two-stage least squares setting. The results indicate that FDI is indeed associated with higher levels of corruption in less developed countries, but not in developed countries. Our findings highlight the role of globalization in shaping host countries’ market dynamics, which often set the parameters of political outcomes.
Angiotensin II induces superoxide anion production by mesangial cells.

BACKGROUND The recognized role of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the pathogenesis of the progression of renal disease cannot be solely attributed to Ang II's hemodynamic effects. Indeed, growth stimulating signals driven by Ang II promote mesangial cell (MC) hypertrophy and extracellular matrix production, prominent features of progressive glomerular injury. Superoxide anion (O2-) avidly interacts with nitric oxide, an endogenous vasodilator that inhibits growth factor stimulated MC growth and matrix production. In addition, O2- acting as an intracellular signal is linked to growth related responses such as activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinases. The studies reported herein were designed to investigate: (a) whether Ang II induces MC O2-production and (b) if increased O2- production elicits growth responses in MC. METHODS MC were exposed to Ang II for 24 or 48 hours. In some experiments, in addition to Ang II, MC were exposed to: diphenylenieodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of the flavin containing NADH/NADPH oxidase; losartan (LOS), an Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker; PD 98059, a MAP kinases inhibitor; the protein kinase C inhibitors Calphostin C or H-7; and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, herbymycin A or genistein. RESULTS Ang II (10(-5) M to 10(-8) M) dose dependently increased MC O2- production up to 125% above control (ED 50 5 x 10(-7) M). LOS as well as DPI, and the PKC inhibitors blocked Ang II stimulated MC O2- production. Ang II dose dependently increased MC 3H-leucine incorporation, and MC protein content, two markers of MC hypertrophy, as well as 3H-thymidine incorporation, a marker of MC hyperplasia. PD98059, a specific inhibitor of MAP kinases prevented Ang II induced MC hypertrophy. Moreover, LOS, DPI, and the PKC inhibitors each independently inhibited MC 3H-leucine incorporation, thereby establishing the specificity of Ang II induced O2- in driving MC hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS The current studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized link between Ang II and MC O2- production that may participate in the pathophysiology of progressive renal disease by concomitantly affecting the hemodynamics of the glomerular microcirculation as well as growth related responses of MC to injury.