Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Construct validation and test-retest reliability of the seniors in the community: risk evaluation for eating and nutrition questionnaire.

BACKGROUND We performed two studies. Study 1 was a construct validation of Seniors in the Community: Risk Evaluation for Eating and Nutrition (SCREEN), a 15-item questionnaire for assessing nutritional risk. In Study 2, we examined the test-retest reliability of SCREEN. METHODS Study 1 was a cross-sectional study, and Study 2 was a cohort study. For Study 1, ten diverse community sites were used to recruit participants. A total of 128 older adults attended a clinic to provide medical and nutritional history and anthropometric measurements. A dietitian interviewed each participant. Dietitians used clinical judgment to rate the probability of nutritional risk from 1 (low risk) to 10 (high risk). Spearman's rho correlation and receiver operating characteristic curves were completed. An abbreviated SCREEN was developed through multiple linear regression analysis. In Study 2, SCREEN was randomly distributed to members of a seniors' recreation center where a self-selected sample (n = 124) completed two mailed SCREENs, 4 weeks apart. The test-retest reliability was estimated through paired correlations of total scores and individual items. RESULTS In Study 1, total and abbreviated SCREEN scores were significantly associated with the dietitian nutritional risk rating (rho = -.47 and rho = -.60, respectively). Study 2 revealed that the test-retest reliability of SCREEN was adequate. CONCLUSIONS SCREEN appears to be a valid and reliable tool for identifying community-dwelling older adults at risk for impaired nutritional states.
Evaluation of the radiosensitizing potency of chemotherapeutic agents in prostate cancer cells

Abstract Purpose: Despite recent advances in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer, survival rates are low and treatment options are limited to chemotherapy and hormonal therapy. Although ionizing radiation is used to treat localized and metastatic prostate cancer, the most efficient use of radiotherapy is yet to be defined. Our purpose was to determine in vitro the potential benefit to be gained by combining radiation treatment with cytotoxic drugs. Materials and methods: Inhibitors of DNA repair and heat shock protein 90 and an inducer of oxidative stress were evaluated in combination with X-radiation for their capacity to reduce clonogenic survival and delay the growth of multicellular tumor spheroids. Results: Inhibitors of the PARP DNA repair pathway, olaparib and rucaparib, and the HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG, enhanced the clonogenic cell kill and spheroid growth delay induced by X-radiation. However, the oxidative stress-inducing drug elesclomol failed to potentiate the effects of X-radiation. PARP inhibitors arrested cells in the G2/M phase when administered as single agents or in combination with radiation, whereas elesclomol and 17-DMAG did not affect radiation-induced cell cycle modulation. Conclusion: These results indicate that radiotherapy of prostate cancer may be optimized by combination with inhibitors of PARP or HSP90, but not elesclomol.
Rates and features of methamphetamine‐related presentations to emergency departments: An integrative literature review

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To review the clinical impact methamphetamine has on emergency departments by assessing the available research on the rates and features of methamphetamine-related presentations. BACKGROUND Globally, methamphetamine availability, distribution and use have rapidly increased. As a result, the number of methamphetamine-related presentations to emergency departments has also increased. In this context, it is timely to review the rate and features of methamphetamine-related presentations to understand the impact of methamphetamine on emergency departments and facilitate the allocation of services, staff and resources. DESIGN An integrative literature review. METHODS This study presents an integrated literature review, following the systematic review process as outlined in the PRISMA flow chart. Several databases were searched using a combination of search terms. Articles were measured against inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the final ten articles were subjected to quality appraisal and outcomes reported. RESULTS Methamphetamine accounted for 2.3% or less of all emergency departments presentations. The majority of methamphetamine users presenting to emergency departments were males, with a mean age 31-37. Methamphetamine-related presentations to emergency departments were more likely to present with trauma, psychosis, and be placed on 24-hr psychiatric hold. Methamphetamine-related presentations were more likely to present with agitation, aggression and homicidal behaviour and present to emergency departments out of hours and accompanied by police compared with other emergency departments substance-related presentations. CONCLUSIONS Several important themes were highlighted in this review that has an impact on emergency departments services, resources and staff. Understanding the rate and patterns of methamphetamine-related presentations can help to provide evidence for policy development and staff education in emergency departments. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Methamphetamine-related presenters are more aggressive and agitated and more likely to be brought in by police. There is a need for policy development and staff training around these issues and further research in this area using stronger study designs.
Unsupervised Detection of Lesions in Brain MRI using constrained adversarial auto-encoders

Lesion detection in brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) remains a challenging task. State-of-the-art approaches are mostly based on supervised learning making use of large annotated datasets. Human beings, on the other hand, even non-experts, can detect most abnormal lesions after seeing a handful of healthy brain images. Replicating this capability of using prior information on the appearance of healthy brain structure to detect lesions can help computers achieve human level abnormality detection, specifically reducing the need for numerous labeled examples and bettering generalization of previously unseen lesions. To this end, we study detection of lesion regions in an unsupervised manner by learning data distribution of brain MRI of healthy subjects using auto-encoder based methods. We hypothesize that one of the main limitations of the current models is the lack of consistency in latent representation. We propose a simple yet effective constraint that helps mapping of an image bearing lesion close to its corresponding healthy image in the latent space. We use the Human Connectome Project dataset to learn distribution of healthy-appearing brain MRI and report improved detection, in terms of AUC, of the lesions in the BRATS challenge dataset.
Test-time augmentation with uncertainty estimation for deep learning-based medical image segmentation

Data augmentation has been widely used for training deep learning systems for medical image segmentation and plays an important role in obtaining robust and transformation-invariant predictions. However, it has seldom been used at test time for segmentation and not been formulated in a consistent mathematical framework. In this paper, we first propose a theoretical formulation of test-time augmentation for deep learning in image recognition, where the prediction is obtained through estimating its expectation by Monte Carlo simulation with prior distributions of parameters in an image acquisition model that involves image transformations and noise. We then propose a novel uncertainty estimation method based on the formulated test-time augmentation. Experiments with segmentation of fetal brains and brain tumors from 2D and 3D Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) showed that 1) our test-time augmentation outperforms a single-prediction baseline and dropoutbased multiple predictions, and 2) it provides a better uncertainty estimation than calculating the model-based uncertainty alone and helps to reduce overconfident incorrect predictions.
Plant aquaporins: Their molecular biology, biophysics and significance for plant water relations

Over the last decade, considerable advances have occurred in understanding the molecular biology and biophysics of water permeation across plant membranes and tissues. Spurred on by the rapid advances in cloning and functional characterization of a super-family of major intrinsic proteins, some of which function as aquaporins, the biophysics of transport of water and small non-electrolytes across plant membranes is being re-examined based on the proposed function of these membrane-integral proteins in their native membranes. This review focuses on a number of issues that are central to an understanding of aquaporin function: (1) the need to be able to test for water-channel activity in native membranes; (2) the implications of the observed solute/water selectivity of aquaporins; (3) the putative functional roles of aquaporins at the cell, tissue and organ levels in plants; and (4) information that can be obtained from studies of the abundance, diversity and expression patterns of aquaporins. It is clear that to answer many of the critical questions that remain concerning aquaporin function, combined studies using appropriate molecular and biophysical techniques will be required.
LIFE CYCLE OF CYAMUS SCAMMON ! ( AMPHIPODA : CYAMIDAE ) , ECTOPARASITE OF GRAY WHALE , WITH A REMARK ON THE ASSOCIATED SPECIES

G_vamus scammoni, parasitic exclusively on gray whale, was studied under the provision of special scientific permit. Its life cycle was completed during the journey of winter migration. C. ceti and C. kessleri, messmates of C. scammoni, followed the same pattern in many respects. Significantly, the whale-lice can survive out of water for several days though other am phi pods are poorly adapted for terrestrial life. The cyamid causes certain damage to the cutaneous tissue of the host when the juvenile begins its livelihood.
Changing permafrost in a warming world and feedbacks to the Earth system

The permafrost component of the cryosphere is changing dramatically, but the permafrost region is not well monitored and the consequences of change are not well understood. Changing permafrost interacts with ecosystems and climate on various spatial and temporal scales. The feedbacks resulting from these interactions range from local impacts on topography, hydrology, and biology to complex influences on global scale biogeochemical cycling. This review contributes to this focus issue by synthesizing its 28 multidisciplinary studies which provide field evidence, remote sensing observations, and modeling results on various scales. We synthesize study results from a diverse range of permafrost landscapes and ecosystems by reporting key observations and modeling outcomes for permafrost thaw dynamics, identifying feedbacks between permafrost and ecosystem processes, and highlighting biogeochemical feedbacks from permafrost thaw. We complete our synthesis by discussing the progress made, stressing remaining challenges and knowledge gaps, and providing an outlook on future needs and research opportunities in the study of permafrost–ecosystem–climate interactions.
Paranasal sinus cysts in the horse: Complications related to their presence and surgical treatment in 37 cases

BACKGROUND Paranasal sinus cysts (PSC) are a common cause of equine secondary sinusitis. The outcome and associated complications have not been frequently reported. OBJECTIVES To review the associated clinical signs, associated morbidities and outcomes of horses treated for PSC. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective multicentre case series. METHODS Retrospective analysis of case records and telephone follow up survey. RESULTS Subjects were 37 horses 1-24 years old that were presented with nasal discharge (n = 31), facial swelling (n = 25) and epiphora (n = 19). Radiography and computed tomography allowed identification of the cyst-induced changes including concomitant tissue destruction (n = 31), leading among other things to local nerve damage causing headshaking (n = 6) and unilateral blindness (n = 1). Radiographic changes to adjacent dental apices were present in 10 horses. Horses over 10 years old showed more of the named associated problems. Post-operative complications included surgical site infection (SSI) (n = 11), nasofrontal suture periostitis (n = 6) and sequestration (n = 1) following removal of the PSC via osteotomy. The long-term response to treatment was available for 28 cases with 22 horses (78.6%) fully cured, 4 (14.3%) partially cured and 2 (7.1%) not responding to treatment. In 7 horses (18.9%) there was recurrence of the cyst post-operatively. MAIN LIMITATIONS Due to the study being a multicentre retrospective case series with collection of data over an extended period, there may be inconsistency in data recording and absence of reporting of some findings. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the diagnosis and treatment of sinus cysts is relatively straightforward and carries a good prognosis. In long-standing cases complications secondary to the expansive growth of cysts will dramatically affect the prognosis for full recovery due to pressure-induced changes to facial bones, cheek teeth and nerves. These secondary complications mainly occurring in older horses may be due to a combination of a relatively longer period of affection and the inflexibility of older horses' bones. Cyst recurrence following treatment can occur in up to 19% of cases.
Adversarial Training Versus Weight Decay

Performance-critical machine learning models should be robust to input perturbations not seen during training. Adversarial training is a method for improving a model's robustness to some perturbations by including them in the training process, but this tends to exacerbate other vulnerabilities of the model. The adversarial training framework has the effect of translating the data with respect to the cost function, while weight decay has a scaling effect. Although weight decay could be considered a crude regularization technique, it appears superior to adversarial training as it remains stable over a broader range of regimes and reduces all generalization errors. Equipped with these abstractions, we provide key baseline results and methodology for characterizing robustness. The two approaches can be combined to yield one small model that demonstrates good robustness to several white-box attacks associated with different metrics.
The Effects of Gender and Relationship Context Cues on Responsive Sexual Desire in Exclusively and Predominantly Androphilic Women and Gynephilic Men

Sexual desire may be “responsive,” emerging from sexual arousal to sexually competent cues. Cues that elicit sexual arousal and desire differ, however, by gender and direction of sexual attractions. Further, relationship context cues are thought to be important for responsive desire, but this has not been tested directly. The current study examined gynephilic men’s (n = 27) and exclusively (n = 23) and predominantly (n = 17) androphilic women’s dyadic and solitary responsive sexual desire, as well as genital and self-reported arousal, to audio narratives varying by gender (male, female) of the sexual partner and relationship context (stranger, friend, long-term relationship). Consistent with previous literature, gynephilic men’s solitary and dyadic desire were gender-specific (greater to female than to male sexual partners). Exclusively androphilic women’s dyadic desire differentiated less to cues of gender than gynephilic men’s, and their solitary desire did not differentiate by gender cues at all, replicating previous research. Androphilic women with some gynephilia reported a gender-nonspecific pattern of dyadic and solitary desire (i.e., responsive desire to both male and female narratives). No effect of relationship context was found for any groups. Results suggest that responsive sexual desire may be more closely associated with self-reported than genital arousal patterns.
Increased Ca 2 + Buffering Function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Small Mesenteric Arteries from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

form (Nomura and Asano: Jpn J Pharmacol 2001; 85 (Suppl I): 91P ). Address for Reprints: Masahisa Asano, Ph.D., Department of Pharmacology, Nagoya City University Medical School, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467–8601, Japan. E-mail: masano@med.nagoya-cu.ac. jp Received September 14, 2001; Accepted in revised form December 28, 2001. Ca2+ buffering function of the SR in arterial smooth muscle (9–13). Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are used as an experimental model for the study of human essential hypertension. A large Ca2+ influx and a high [Ca2+]i are reported even during rest in conduit arteries (e.g., the aorta and the carotid and femoral arteries) from SHR when compared with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY) (9, 14–16). A large part of the entering Ca2+ is taken up into the SR, and this function is increased in SHR, because the addition of CPA or thapsigargin has been shown to cause a contraction and this contraction is larger in SHR than in WKY (10, 17–19). On Introduction According to the “superficial buffer barrier” hypothesis (1–3), Ca2+ that enters the smooth muscle cells through the plasmalemma is taken up into the superficial (peripheral) sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) by the SR Ca2+-ATPase before it reaches the myofilaments, thus playing an important role in regulating the cytosolic Ca2+ level ([Ca2+]i) in smooth muscle. Because cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and thapsigargin inhibit SR Ca2+-ATPase (4, 5) and ryanodine depletes SR Ca2+ (6–8), these agents are useful tools to examine the the other hand, the contraction induced by CPA or thapsigargin in the tail artery was not significantly different between SHR and WKY, suggesting that the SR Ca2+ uptake function during rest in this artery is the same for the two strains (20). The unusual observations in the SHR tail artery may be due to the total capacity of SR for Ca2+ storage in this artery. This capacity in the tail artery was the same for SHR and WKY (20), while that in the aorta and the carotid and femoral arteries was larger in SHR (9, 17, 19). The Ca2+ buffering function of the SR during contraction, as estimated from the augmenting effects of CPA or thapsigargin on the contraction induced by Bay k 8644 or K+ depolarization, is also increased in the aorta and the carotid artery from SHR (19, 21) but remains unchanged in the SHR tail artery (20). Thus, the total capacity of SR for Ca2+ storage is an important factor for determining the Ca2+ buffering function of the SR in arterial smooth muscle. Such a Ca2+ buffering function of the SR has never been determined in resistance arteries (e.g., small mesenteric arteries) from SHR. A large Ca2+ influx and a high [Ca2+]i have also been reported during rest in the small mesenteric arteries from SHR when compared with WKY (22, 23). With that expectation in mind, we designed the present study to clarify the Ca2+ buffering function of the SR in the small mesenteric arteries from SHR.
Insect aquaplaning: Nepenthes pitcher plants capture prey with the peristome, a fully wettable water-lubricated anisotropic surface.

Pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes have highly specialized leaves adapted to attract, capture, retain, and digest arthropod prey. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the capture of insects, ranging from slippery epicuticular wax crystals to downward-pointing lunate cells and alkaloid secretions that anesthetize insects. Here we report that perhaps the most important capture mechanism has thus far remained overlooked. It is based on special surface properties of the pitcher rim (peristome) and insect "aquaplaning. " The peristome is characterized by a regular microstructure with radial ridges of smooth overlapping epidermal cells, which form a series of steps toward the pitcher inside. This surface is completely wettable by nectar secreted at the inner margin of the peristome and by rain water, so that homogenous liquid films cover the surface under humid weather conditions. Only when wet, the peristome surface is slippery for insects, so that most ant visitors become trapped. By measuring friction forces of weaver ants (Oecophylla smaragdina) on the peristome surface of Nepenthes bicalcarata, we demonstrate that the two factors preventing insect attachment to the peristome, i.e., water lubrication and anisotropic surface topography, are effective against different attachment structures of the insect tarsus. Peristome water films disrupt attachment only for the soft adhesive pads but not for the claws, whereas surface topography leads to anisotropic friction only for the claws but not for the adhesive pads. Experiments on Nepenthes alata show that the trapping mechanism of the peristome is also essential in Nepenthes species with waxy inner pitcher walls.
The use of a logistic regression model to develop a risk assessment of intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To screen the factors of intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer and establish a new risk assessment model of intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer. DESIGN This is a prospective study. METHODS A total of 1,963 patients who received neurosurgery, orthopaedics, paediatric surgery and cardiac surgery therapy in Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Provincial People's Hospital in China from October 2015-October 2016 were enrolled in the study, and their clinical parameters were collected. Multivariable logistic regression analysis and decision tree analysis were used to analyse and screen the factors of intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer and establish the risk assessment model of intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer. RESULTS The risk factors for intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer included the application of external force during operation (β = 1.10, OR = 3.20), lean body mass (β = 1.08, OR = 2.95), time of operation ≥6 hr (β = 2.66, OR = 14.30), prone position operation (β = 1.13, OR = 3.10), cardiopulmonary bypass during operation (β = 1.72, OR = 5.59) and intraoperative blood loss (β = 0.67, OR = 1.95). The new risk assessment model showed that the AUC of ROC curve was 0.897 (p < .001). According to the maximum principle of Youden's index, the sensitivity, specificity and Youden's index J of the model were 0.81, 0.88 and 0.69, respectively, when the cut-off point was set at π = 0.025. CONCLUSIONS A new and relatively reliable assessment model for intraoperatively acquired pressure ulcer is established. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Pressure ulcers remain a challenge in clinical nursing. A new risk assessment model of pressure ulcers that is applicable to surgical patients is highly recommended.