Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Innovation and Sectoral Employment: A Trade-Off between Compensation Mechanisms

The question whether technological progress displaces employment or whether technological advance is beneficial for the level of employment has been in the core of economic dispute for over two centuries. The beneficial might be achieved by several compensation mechanisms within the economic system. In this paper we categorize these compensation mechanisms into two basic categories that reflect the different nature of the ideas ruling the compensation. We discriminate the mechanisms employment despite of innovation from employment via innovation. In the context of new innovation economics we model an artificial industry implementing both compensation mechanisms. Simulation analysis is used to examine the short run and the long run properties of the model. There we focus on the influence of wage restraint policy on the functioning of the compensation mechanism.
The Transmembrane Domains of Hepatitis C Virus Envelope Glycoproteins E1 and E2 Play a Major Role in Heterodimerization*

Oligomerization of viral envelope proteins is essential to control virus assembly and fusion. The transmembrane domains (TMDs) of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 have been shown to play multiple functions during the biogenesis of E1E2 heterodimer. This makes them very unique among known transmembrane sequences. In this report, we used alanine scanning insertion mutagenesis in the TMDs of E1 and E2 to examine their role in the assembly of E1E2 heterodimer. Alanine insertion within the center of the TMDs of E1 or E2 or in the N-terminal part of the TMD of E1 dramatically reduced heterodimerization, demonstrating the essential role played by these domains in the assembly of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. To better understand the alanine scanning data obtained for the TMD of E1 which contains GXXXG motifs, we analyzed by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance the three-dimensional structure of the E1-(350–370) peptide encompassing the N-terminal sequence of the TMD of E1 involved in heterodimerization. Alanine scanning results and the three-dimensional molecular model we obtained provide the first framework for a molecular level understanding of the mechanism of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein heterodimerization.
Persistence of innovation: stylised facts and panel data evidence

This paper investigates whether firms innovate persistently or discontinuously over time using an innovation panel data set on German manufacturing and service firms for the period 1994–2002. It turns out that innovation behaviour is permanent at the firm level to a very large extent. Using a dynamic random effects discrete choice model and a new estimator recently proposed by Wooldridge (2005), I further shed some light on the driving forces for this phenomenon. The econometric results show that past innovation experience is an important determinant for manufacturing as well as for service sector firms, and hence confirm the hypothesis of true state dependence. In addition, the results highlight the important role of knowledge provided by skilled employees and unobserved individual heterogeneity in explaining the persistence of innovation.
Innovation, productivity and exports: the case of Hungary

This paper estimates the relationship between innovation and firm performance by using Community Innovation Survey data for Hungary. It exploits the possibility of linking the innovation data to ownership and disaggregated trade data. Innovative firms are more productive, more likely to trade and export more products to more countries. We also test for differences in innovative behaviour in high- and low-tech industries, and study whether domestic and foreign firms differ in this respect.
Comparison between Laser Doppler Flowmetry Signals Recorded in Glabrous and Non Glabrous Skin - Time and Frequency Analyses

Skin microvascular properties vary with anatomical zones. Thus, glabrous skin found in fingers, toes, nail beds, hand palms and feet soles has a high density of arteriovenous anastomoses (AVAs). In contrast, skin found in sites such as ventral face of the forearms do not possess AVAs and therefore microvascular blood flow in this non glabrous skin is different. We herein propose to analyse laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) signals that reflect skin microvascular perfusion, in two different sites of healthy subjects: hand (glabrous skin) and ventral face of the forearm (non glabrous skin). The signal analysis is performed both in the time and in the frequency domains. Our results show that the mean amplitude of LDF signals recorded in the hand is generally higher than in the forearm. Moreover, the signal fluctuations observed in the hand are much higher than the ones observed in the forearm. Our work also shows that the power spectrum of LDF signals recorded in hand and forearm can be different. They both may possess characteristics of fractal processes but these characteristics may be different for the two anatomical sites.
Body fatness and serum lipids of 11‐year‐old Chinese children

It has been suggested that distribution of body fat has a stronger bearing on health risk than total body fat. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine the distribution of fat and correlated with body fat assessed by the usual clinical methods–weight, weight‐for‐height, body mass index (BMI), triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness in 11‐y‐old Chinese children. Lipid profiles were used as indicators for coronary risk. Eighty‐eight subjects had body fat distribution estimated by MRI, while 49 had serum lipids measured. Anthropometric parameters correlated significantly with total fat at the umbilical level measured by MRI (weight: r= 0:90 in boys, 0.75 in girls; BMI: r= 0:94 in boys, 0.87 in girls; percent median weight‐for‐height: r= 0:90 in boys, 0.79 in girls, triceps skinfold thickness: r= 0:89 in boys, 0.90 in girls; subscapular skinfold thickness: r= 0:93 in boys, 0.88 in girls). Obese subjects had proportionally less visceral fat than subcutaneous fat at umbilical level. Using stepwise multiple regression, predictive factors for high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were BMI in boys and breast‐staging in girls. For triglycerides, it was genital staging in boys and for total cholesterol, it was breast‐staging in girls. Visceral fat was not a significant determinant of serum lipids.
Simple Silica Column–Based Method to Quantify Inorganic Polyphosphates in Cartilage and Other Tissues

Objective. Inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) play a multitude of roles in mammalian biology. PolyP research is hindered by the lack of a simple and sensitive quantification method. The aim of this study was to develop a robust method for quantifying the low levels of polyP in mammalian tissue such as cartilage, which is rich in macromolecules that interfere with its determination. Design. Native and in vitro formed tissues were digested with proteinase K to release sequestrated polyP. The tissue digest was loaded on to silica spin columns, followed by elution of bound polyP and various treatments were assessed to minimize non-polyP fluorescence. The eluent was then quantified for polyP content using fluorometry based on DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) fluorescence shift occurring with polyP. Results. Proteinase K pretreatment reduced the inhibitory effect of proteins on polyP recovery. The eluent was contaminated with nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans, which cause extraneous fluorescence signals. These were then effectively eliminated by nucleases treatment and addition of concentrated Tris buffer. PolyP levels were quantified and recovery ratio determined using samples spiked with a known amount of polyP. This silica spin column method was able to recover at least 80% of initially loaded polyP, and detect as little as 10−10 mol. Conclusions. This sensitive, reproducible, easy to do method of quantifying polyP will be a useful tool for investigation of polyP biology in mammalian cells and tissues. Although the protocol was developed for mammalian tissues, this method should be able to quantify polyP in most biological sources, including fluid samples such as blood and serum.
‘We should assess the students in more authentic situations’

The question of what knowledge a student of Physical Education (PE) needs to develop during PE teacher education (PETE) was recently discussed. One form of knowledge is the movement practices that students must meet during their education. Given the limited time, a delicate matter is whether to prioritize movement knowledge and consider it as subject matter knowledge (e.g. performance of the freestyle stroke) or as pedagogical content knowledge (e.g. teaching how to perform the freestyle stroke). The aim is to investigate Swedish PE teacher educators’ views on the meaning of movement skills for future PE teachers and to analyse the learning cultures made visible in the ways the meaning of movement is expressed. We conducted interviews with 12 teacher-educators and collected documents with tasks for assessment from five PETE universities in Sweden. Inspired by Bourdieu’s field metaphor, and particularly its use by Hodkinson et al. on learning cultures, we then analysed the collected material. In the results, different views on the meaning of movement skills are made visible. The PE teacher can be seen as an instructor, as well as a facilitator of movements. Movement skills can be seen as essential for a teacher in PE, as well as valuable but not essential. Movement quality can also be viewed as universal, as well as contextual. Swedish teacher educators in PE appear to ascribe value to all the positions made visible in this study. These results are discussed from the perspectives of epistemology, assessment and learning cultures.
Sex Education Groups in a Psychiatric Day Hospital: Clinical Observations

Although the prevalence of sexual dysfunction is high among individuals diagnosed with severe and chronic mental illness, the topic of sexuality is often not part of standard psychiatric assessment. Discussions about sexuality could improve patients’ quality of life. This article outlines the development and implementation of a sex education group for patients admitted to a psychiatric day hospital in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, along with clinical observations. The series was well received by patients who felt that attending the group helped normalize their sexual concerns by providing a safe place in which to learn and to talk about sexuality.
9-19-2011 Binders Unbound

Implementors of compilers, program refactorers, theorem provers, proof checkers, and other systems that manipulate syntax know that dealing with name binding is difficult to do well. Operations such as equivalence and capture-avoiding substitution seem simple, yet subtle bugs often go undetected. Furthermore, their implementations are tedious, requiring “boilerplate” code that must be updated whenever the object language definition changes. Many researchers have therefore sought to specify binding syntax declaratively, so that tools can correctly handle the details behind the scenes. This idea has been the inspiration for many new systems (such as Beluga, Delphin, FreshML, FreshOCaml, Cml, FreshLib, and Ott) but there is still room for improvement in expressivity, simplicity and convenience. In this paper, we present a new domain-specific language, UNBOUND, for specifying binding structure. Our language is particularly expressive—it supports multiple atom types, pattern binders, type annotations, recursive binders, and nested binding (necessary for telescopes, a feature found in dependently-typed languages). However, our specification language is also simple, consisting of just five basic combinators. We provide a formal semantics for this language derived from a locally nameless representation and prove that it satisfies a number of desirable properties. We also present an implementation of our binding specification language as a GHC Haskell library implementing an embedded domain specific language (EDSL). By using Haskell type constructors to represent binding combinators, we implement the EDSL succinctly using datatype-generic programming. Our implementation supports a number of features necessary for practical programming, including flexibility in the treatment of user-defined types, besteffort name preservation (for error messages), and integration with Haskell’s monad transformer library. Disciplines Computer Sciences Comments Stephanie Weirich, Brent A. Yorgey, and Tim Sheard. Binders Unbound. In Proceeding of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming, ICFP '11, pages 333-345, New York, NY, USA, 2011. ACM doi: 10.1145/2034773.2034818 © ACM, 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of ACM for your personal use. Not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Proceeding of the 16th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Functional Programming, { (2011)} http://doi.acm.org/ 10.1145/2034773.2034818n" Email permissions@acm.org This conference paper is available at ScholarlyCommons: http://repository.upenn. edu/cis_papers/629
Plasticity of mouse renal collecting duct in response to potassium depletion.

Plasticity of mouse renal collecting duct in response to potassium depletion. --Renal collecting ducts are the main sites for regulation of whole body potassium balance. Changes in dietary intake of potassium induce pleiotropic adaptations of collecting duct cells, which include alterations of ion and water transport properties along with an hypertrophic response. To study the pleiotropic adaptation of the outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD) to dietary potassium depletion, we combined functional studies of renal function (ion, water, and acid/base handling), analysis of OMCD hypertrophy (electron microscopy) and hyperplasia (PCNA labeling), and large scale analysis of gene expression (transcriptome analysis). The transcriptome of OMCD was compared in mice fed either a normal or a potassium-depleted diet for 3 days using serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) adapted for downsized extracts. SAGE is based on the generation of transcript-specific tag libraries. Approximately 20,000 tags corresponding to 10,000 different molecular species were sequenced in each library. Among the 186 tags differentially expressed (P < 0.05) between the two libraries, 120 were overexpressed and 66 were downregulated. The SAGE expression profile obtained in the control library was representative of different functional classes of proteins and of the two cell types (principal and alpha-intercalated cells) constituting the OMCD. Combined with gene expression analysis, results of functional and morphological studies allowed us to identify candidate genes for distinct physiological processes modified by potassium depletion: sodium, potassium, and water handling, hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Finally, comparison of mouse and human OMCD transcriptomes allowed us to address the question of the relevance of the mouse as a model for human physiology and pathophysiology.
Towards Scalable Voltage Control in Smart Grid: A Submodular Optimization Approach

Voltage instability occurs when a power system is unable to meet reactive power demand at one or more buses. Voltage instability events have caused several major out- ages and promise to become more frequent due to in- creasing energy demand. The future smart grid may help to ensure voltage stability by enabling rapid detection of possible voltage instability and implementation of corrective action. These corrective actions will only be effective in restoring stability if they are chosen in a timely, scalable manner. Current techniques for select- ing control actions, however, rely on exhaustive search, and hence may choose an inefficient control strategy. In this paper, we propose a submodular optimization approach to designing a control strategy to prevent volt- age instability at one or more buses. Our key insight is that the deviation from the desired voltage is a super- modular function of the set of reactive power injections that are employed, leading to computationally efficient control algorithms with provable optimality guarantees. Furthermore, we show that the optimality bound of our approach can be improved from 1/3 to 1/2 when the power system operates under heavy loading conditions. We demonstrate our framework through extensive simulation study on the IEEE 30 bus test case.
Materials and Methods Som Text Figs. S1 and S2 Table S1 References Abad Directly Links A␤ to Mitochondrial Toxicity in Alzheimer's Disease

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of ␤-amyloid (A␤)–induced neuronal toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we demonstrate that A␤-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD) is a direct molecular link from A␤ to mito-chondrial toxicity. A␤ interacts with ABAD in the mitochondria of AD patients and transgenic mice. The crystal structure of A␤-bound ABAD shows substantial deformation of the active site that prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) binding. An ABAD peptide specifically inhibits ABAD-A␤ interaction and suppresses A␤-induced apoptosis and free-radical generation in neurons. Trans-genic mice overexpressing ABAD in an A␤-rich environment manifest exaggerated neuronal oxidative stress and impaired memory. These data suggest that the ABAD-A␤ interaction may be a therapeutic target in AD. Human ABAD (also known as ERAB and HSD-10) was the only protein identified from four positive clones that bound A␤ in a yeast two-hybrid screen against human brain and HeLa cDNA libraries (1, 2). Biochemical characterization has established that the interaction between ABAD and A␤ is highly specific and starts to occur at nanomolar concentrations. At micromolar concentrations, A␤, likely in its oligomeric form, inhibits ABAD enzymatic activity (1, 3, 4). ABAD appears to have an essential physiological role in mitochondria (1, 3), and mutational inactiva-tion of Drosophila ABAD (scully) resulted in a lethal phenotype (5). ABAD is up-regulated in affected neurons in AD (1) (fig. S1), and coexpression of ABAD with mutant amyloid precursor protein (mAPP) exacerbates A␤-induced cellular oxidant stress and cell death (1, 3). Thus, we speculated that the interaction of A␤ with ABAD might induce mito-chondrial dysfunction. However, because it had not been established that intracellular A␤ can access mito-chondria, it was essential to determine whether ABAD and A␤ interact in pathophysiologically relevant settings. To address this directly, we detected ABAD-A␤ complex in AD brains by immunoprecipitating cortical protein extracts with anti-A␤ and then by immunoblot-ting with anti-ABAD immunoglobulin G (IgG) [Fig. 1A and supporting online material (SOM) text S1]. Age-matched nondemented brain displayed very little ABAD-A␤ complex. Because cellular and mitochondrial integrity may start to deteriorate soon after death, allowing nonphysiological interactions to occur, we isolated mitochondria from the cerebral cortex of 12-month-old mice expressing mAPP (6), ABAD (7), or both, driven by the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain promoter (SOM text S2 and S3). The purity of mitochondrial preparations was confirmed by the enrichment of cyto-chrome c oxidase IV (Cox IV), and the relative absence of lysosomal (cathepsin D) and endoplasmic reticulum [protein disul-fide …
Hematopoietic failure after hemorrhagic shock is mediated partially through mesenteric lymph

ObjectiveTo determine whether hemorrhagic shock-induced bone marrow failure is mediated by the gut through the production of toxic mesenteric lymph and whether shock-induced bone marrow failure could be prevented by division of the mesenteric lymphatics. DesignProspective, controlled study. SettingUniversity surgical research laboratory. SubjectsMale Sprague-Dawley rats. InterventionsRats were divided into five groups: unmanipulated controls (n = 12), hemorrhagic shock with laparotomy (n = 8), hemorrhagic shock with mesenteric lymph duct ligation (n = 10), sham shock with laparotomy (n = 6), and sham shock with mesenteric lymph duct ligation (n = 7). At either 3 or 6 hrs after resuscitation, bone marrow was obtained for determination of early (cobblestone forming cells) and late (granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit and erythroid burst forming unit) hematopoietic progenitor cell growth. Parallel cultures were plated with plasma (1% and 2% v/v) from all groups to determine the effect of lymphatic ligation on hematopoiesis. Measurements and Main Results Bone marrow cellularity, cobblestone forming cells, granulocyte-macrophage colony forming unit, and erythroid burst forming unit growth in rats subjected to hemorrhagic with lymph duct ligation were similar to those observed in sham-treated animals and significantly greater than in rats subjected to shock and laparotomy without lymphatic duct ligation. Plasma from rats subjected to shock without lymph ligation was inhibitory to hematopoietic progenitor cell growth. In contrast, this shock-induced inhibition was not observed with plasma obtained from shocked rats that underwent mesenteric lymph ligation. ConclusionsHemorrhagic shock suppresses bone marrow hematopoiesis as measured by a decrease in early and late progenitor cell growth. This suppression appears mediated through mesenteric lymph as the effect is abrogated by mesenteric lymph duct ligation. These data clearly demonstrate a link between the gut and bone marrow failure after hemorrhagic shock
Comparison of Subconjunctival Mitomycin C and 5-Fluorouracil Injection for Needle Revision of Early Failed Trabeculectomy Blebs

Background. To compare the efficacy of needle revision with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C (MMC) on dysfunctional filtration blebs shortly after trabeculectomy. Methods. It is a prospective randomized study comparing needle revision augmented with MMC or 5-FU for failed trabeculectomy blebs. Results. To date 71 patients (75 eyes) have been enrolled, 40 eyes in the MMC group and 35 in the 5-FU group. 68 patients (72 eyes) have completed 12-month follow-up, 38 eyes in the MMC group and 34 in the 5-FU group. The mean IOP before and that after needle revision in the MMC group were 26.5 ± 4.3 mmHg and 11.3 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05), and in the 5-FU group were 27.1 ± 3.8 mmHg and 10.9 ± 3.4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.05). At 12-month follow-up, complete success rates were 57.5% for MMC group and 34.3% for 5-FU group (P = 0.042; log-rank test) and 75% and 60% (P = 0.145; log-rank test), respectively, for the qualified success. Complication rates between the two groups were not statistically different (P > 0.05). Conclusions. Needle revision and subconjunctival MMC injection were more effective than needling and subconjunctival 5-FU injection for early dysfunctional filtration blebs after trabeculectomies.