Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Verification of semantic commutativity conditions and inverse operations on linked data structures

We present a new technique for verifying commutativity conditions, which are logical formulas that characterize when operations commute. Because our technique reasons with the abstract state of verified linked data structure implementations, it can verify commuting operations that produce semantically equivalent (but not necessarily identical) data structure states in different execution orders. We have used this technique to verify sound and complete commutativity conditions for all pairs of operations on a collection of linked data structure implementations, including data structures that export a set interface (ListSet and HashSet) as well as data structures that export a map interface (AssociationList, HashTable, and ArrayList). This effort involved the specification and verification of 765 commutativity conditions. Many speculative parallel systems need to undo the effects of speculatively executed operations. Inverse operations, which undo these effects, are often more efficient than alternate approaches (such as saving and restoring data structure state). We present a new technique for verifying such inverse operations. We have specified and verified, for all of our linked data structure implementations, an inverse operation for every operation that changes the data structure state. Together, the commutativity conditions and inverse operations provide a key resource that language designers, developers of program analysis systems, and implementors of software systems can draw on to build languages, program analyses, and systems with strong correctness guarantees.
ESTIMATION OF ORPHENADRINE CITRATE IN TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY RP-HPLC METHOD

A sensitive, fast, precise, reversed phasehigh performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method is developed for the determination of orphenadrine citrate in tablet dosage form. Linearity, precision, limit of detection (LOD), robustness and ruggedness, drug recovery and the system suitability parameters have been validated for the developed method. The HPLC conditions are methanol: acetonitrile: water (40:30:30, v/v/v) mobile phase, Zodiac C18 column (250x 4.6 mm x 5 μm), pump pressure (10.6 MPa), flow rate (1.0 ml/min) and the wavelength of detection is 217 nm. The measured retention time of orphenadrine citrate is 5.35 minutes. The limit of detection is 0.3 μg/ml. The linearity range measured is from 10-70 μg/mL with a correlation coefficient (R 2 = 0.998). The above measured parameters indicate the developed method is useful in determination of orphenadrine citrate in tablet dosage forms.
A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution

This study integrates models of income redistribution developed by economists, who suggest that citizens voluntarily redistribute because of interdependent preferences and rely on the state for implementation owing to the public-good nature of redistribution, and political scientists, who focus on conditions that lead to demands that the state intervene to assist the poor and on the development of institutions that facilitate such demands. We propose a testable theory of redistribution and apply it to data from the American states. The empirical analysis addresses determinants of the Aid to Families with Dependent Children guarantee, adjusted for Medicaid and food stamps to which a family receiving the guarantee would be entitled. We posit significant links between the guarantee and both observable explanatory variables, such as per-capita income, and latent constructs, such as liberal party control. We specify observable indicators for the latent constructs and use the LISREL method to estimate parameters for the indicators and structural coefficients. The findings show that both political and economic variables significantly affect the level of the guarantee.
Electronic Surveillance at Work

This study examines electronic surveillance in the workplace, by asking, “Are such practices ethical? ” To address this question, classical philosophical and modern psychological approaches to ethics are used. The inquiry begins with the importance of the problem, followed by its evolution and current status. After describing the method of analysis, the article analyzes arguments for and against surveillance. Although there are no easy answers, the “Discussion” section provides a synthesis of the findings and recommendations for best practice. The conclusion summarizes the study, notes its limitations, and offers ideas for future research.
Appropriation Instruments and Innovation Activities: Evidence from Tunisian Firms

This paper documents the relationship between appropriation instruments and the innovation activity in Tunisia. It focuses on the factors that determine the appropriation of innovation activities like the value of sales of the firms, networking, science–industry linkage, competitive pressure and demand pull. To this end, we suggest an econometric analysis of 586 Tunisian firms using simple and bivariate logit regressions. We find significant interaction effects between appropriability and R&D activity. The results confirm that patenting is primarily driven by firm-level factors, not by industry affiliation. Access to external knowledge and firm's specific characteristics are the most linked factors to the innovation protection. Firms that use appropriation instruments have a higher probability of investing in R&D than others. Indeed, the capacity to integrate external knowledge and performing R&D (networking, science–industry linkage, cooperation with other firms, belonging to a group) is related to the use of appropriation instruments. We find that appropriation instruments have a significant effect on product innovation. The effect on process innovation is not significant for Tunisian firms.
Convergence of the Adomian decomposition method for initial‐value problems

We prove convergence of the Adomian decomposition method for an abstract initial‐value problem using the method of majorants from the Cauchy‐Kowalevskaya theorem for differential equations with analytic vector fields. Convergence rates of the Adomian method are investigated in the context of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 27: 749–766, 2011
Error Analysis of Support Verb Constructions in Written Spanish Learner Corpora

This article studies the use of support verb constructions (SVCs) in the written production of learners of Spanish. SVCs are lexical combinations whose content is similar to verbal predicates but is distributed between a verb and a noun, the noun being the carrier of the core lexical meaning of the predicate. Although there is considerable agreement on the importance of these constructions in the learning process, their use in the production of learners of Spanish has so far attracted little attention. This study examines the difficulties posed to learners by this construction by means of a qualitative analysis of the errors registered in 3 samples consisting of essays by learners with 3 different mother tongues (English, Swedish, and Japanese). It focuses on 3 types of error, 2 of which-the support verb choice and the determiner choice-seem to be especially problematic due to the unpredictability of the units involved. The third type-using an SVC instead of a more idiomatic 1-word verb-is regularly found only in the samples of the Japanese speakers, which suggests the influence of a particular mother tongue in its production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The effects of mechanical stress and spectral shading on the growth and allocation of ten genotypes of a stoloniferous plant.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Because plants protect each other from wind, stand density affects both the light climate and the amount of mechanical stress experienced by plants. But the potential interactive effects of mechanical stress and canopy shading on plant growth have rarely been investigated and never in stoloniferous plants which, due to their creeping growth form, can be expected to respond differently to these factors than erect plants. METHODS Plants of ten genotypes of the stoloniferous species Potentilla reptans were subjected to two levels of mechanical stress (0 or 40 daily flexures) and two levels of spectral shading (15 % of daylight with a red:far red ratio of 0.3 vs. 50 % daylight and a red:far red ratio of 1.2). KEY RESULTS Mechanically stressed plants produced more leaves with shorter more flexible petioles, more roots, and more but less massive stolons. Responses to spectral shading were mostly in the opposite direction to thigmomorphogenesis, including the production of thinner, taller petioles made of more rigid tissue. The degree of thigmomorphogenesis was either independent of light climate or stimulated by spectral shading. At the genotypic level there were no clear correlations between responses to shade and mechanical stress. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that in stoloniferous plants mechanical stress results in clones with a more compact, shorter shoot structure and more roots. This response does not appear to be suppressed by canopy shading, which suggests that wind shielding (reduced mechanical stress) by neighbours in dense vegetation serves as a cue that induces shade avoidance responses such as increased petiole elongation.
Immediate implants covered with connective tissue membranes: human biopsies.

BACKGROUND Osseointegration has been shown to occur around implants placed immediately after tooth extraction in humans. To date, such osseointegration has been achieved only with titanium plasma-sprayed (TPS) implants placed in extraction sockets with a bone-to-implant distance of less than 2 mm. In a previous report, when this horizontal defect dimension (HDD) exceeded 2 mm, the resulting percentage of bone-to-implant contact was reduced, indicating that the immediate technique would be limited in most cases to non-molar teeth. In an attempt to improve the bone-to-implant contact and the initial bone-to-implant contact in a vertical dimension, the implant surface, the type of membrane, and the method of membrane placement used in a previous study by our group were modified. METHODS Ten large-grit sandblasted, acid-attacked (SLA) titanium implants were placed into immediate extraction sites in 5 patients. HDDs of 0.0 to 1.5 mm (controls), 1.5 to 4.0 mm, and >4.0 mm were used. Following insertion, implants were completely covered with a connective tissue membrane. This was in contrast to the use of an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane penetrated by the neck of the implant in our previous report. Primary closure of soft tissue flaps was achieved in each case. Six months after placement, 7 of the implants were histologically examined. RESULTS Osseointegration occurred across all HDDs, with the percentage of bone-to-implant contact in the 0.0 to 1.5 mm HDDs similar to that seen in the >4.0 mm HDDs. The first bone-to-implant contact measured vertically was similar in both the smaller and larger HDDs. CONCLUSIONS Osseointegration was successful in immediate implant placement sites with horizontal defect dimensions wider than 4 mm in humans when SLA titanium implants were completely covered with connective tissue membranes. It remains undetermined whether the different type of membrane, placement of the membrane, type of implant surface, or a combination of these 3 factors were responsible for the improved osseointegration in HDDs >4 mm. Further study is needed.
Future time perspective as a predictor of adolescents’ adaptive behavior in school

Future time perspective (FTP) has been associated with positive outcomes in adolescents’ development across different contexts. However, the extent to which FTP influences adaptation needs additional understanding. In this study, we analysed the relationship between FTP and adolescents’ behavior in school, as expressed in several indicators of achievement, social integration, and overall satisfaction. We also considered the mediating role of FTP in the association between socioeconomic status, defined by parental education, and adolescents’ behavior in school. The sample consisted of 349 Portuguese adolescents, ranging in age from 14- to 18-years-old. We used a self-report measure of FTP and a school life survey. Regression analyses and bootstrapping procedures revealed that FTP was a significant predictor of school adaptation and a mediator of parental education influence on several adaptation variables. We discussed the results regarding the broader role of FTP in adaptive behavior as well as the importance of school counseling services aimed at fostering adolescents’ FTP.
Diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: repeatability of the bronchoalveolar lavage.

The repeatability of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was assessed prospectively in 44 mechanically ventilated patients with suspected nosocomial pneumonia. Two BAL were performed in the same lung area (contiguous segment) during two fibroscopic procedures performed with a thirty minute interval. All the bronchoscopies were performed by the same operator. The statistical analysis looked out for bias (MacNemar test), agreement, and repeatability (kappa test). In the 44 patients studied, the qualitative repeatability (i.e., presence or absence of bacteria) was excellent (95.4%). However, in the 16 patients having at least one positive culture, these results were more controversial. The quantitative repeatability for bacteria (same log10 for both BAL of the same patient) was the lowest of all the results (26.7%). The distinction between presence and absence of bacterial pneumonia (based on the 10[4] cfu/ml threshold) showed a repeatability of 75% with no bias, an agreement of 47% and a just-significant kappa test (test = 1.97; p = 1.96 for a 5% risk error). BAL seems to have excellent repeatability when sterile. Its repeatability when positive needs further studies to be assessed.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Soil: A Florida Risk Assessment Perspective

Over the past decade, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have steadily climbed in importance on the CERCLA list of hazardous substances. Though the listing does not necessarily imply that these chemicals exhibit the greatest degree of toxicity, such recognition by ATSDR and USEPA is predicated at least in part on their demonstrated ubiquity, coupled with toxicity considerations. Regulatory agencies increasingly are under pressure to define and interpret data describing urban background levels, and to appropriately determine the relative importance of waste-producing activities and concentrations resulting from typical natural and/or human activity. Three case studies from Florida are presented that confirm the ubiquity of the PAHs at low levels, and that demonstrate the need for more sophisticated and transparent treatment by regulatory agencies. We discuss assessment and risk assessment activities related to two urban redevelopment projects, as well as one property transaction project. In each case, considerable sampling of surficial soils and sediment identified total benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent (BAPE) concentrations in the range of less than 1 ppm to about 5 ppm. Although those concentrations frequently exceeded the default Florida cleanup target level for both residential and commercial/industrial land use by a wide margin, it was concluded that they are completely consistent with levels reported in a great many urban settings. There is an ongoing need to consider the development of a default urban background level for PAHs in areas characterized by busy roadways or multiple industrial facilities, in much the same way that geological or anthropogenic background levels are established for some inorganics.
Publications 2006-0101 Mi mama es bonito : Acquisition of Spanish Gender by Native English Speakers

For an adult, learning a second language can be a complex and demanding task. Differences between one’s native language and the target language can contribute to the complexity of the task. One significant way in which languages can differ is the system of gender. The difference between gender in English and Spanish provides a challenge for adult native English speakers learning Spanish as a second language. The aim of the current study is to examine gender marking on a variety of tasks by adult NS of English as beginning learners of Spanish, with hopes that such examination will provide insight into the nature of their acquisition. This paper will first examine differences in gender in English and Spanish and then review previous research in acquisition of gender in a second language before presenting the current study.
SUMSS: a wide-field radio imaging survey of the southern sky – II. The source catalogue

This paper is the second in a series describing the Sydney University Molonglo Sky Survey (SUMSS) being carried out at 843 MHz with the Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (MOST). The survey will consist of ∼590 4.3° x 4.3° mosaic images with 45 x 45 cosec‖δ‖ arcsec 2 resolution, and a source catalogue. In this paper we describe the initial release (version 1.0) of the source catalogue consisting of 107 765 radio sources made by fitting elliptical Gaussians in 271 SUMSS 4.3° × 4.3° mosaics to a limiting peak brightness of 6 mJy beam - 1 at δ ≤ -50° and 10 mJy beam - 1 at δ > -50°. The catalogue covers approximately 3500 deg 2 of the southern sky with δ ≤ -30°, about 43 per cent of the total survey area. Positions in the catalogue are accurate to within 1-2 arcsec for sources with peak brightness A 8 4 3 ≥ 20 mJy beam - 1 and are always better than 10 arcsec. The internal flux density scale is accurate to within 3 per cent. Image artefacts have been classified using a decision tree, which correctly identifies and rejects spurious sources in over 96 per cent of cases. Analysis of the catalogue shows that it is highly uniform and is complete to 8 mJy at δ ≤ -50° and 18 mJy at δ > -50°. In this release of the catalogue about 7000 sources are found in the overlap region with the National Radio Astronomy Observatories Very Large Array Sky Survey at 1.4 GHz. We calculate a median spectral index of a = -0.83 between 1.4 GHz and 843 MHz. This version of the catalogue will be released via the World Wide Web with future updates as new mosaics are released.
The Relationship Between Juvenile Diversion Programs and Recidivism For Juvenile Offenders

This project evaluates the effects of diversion hearing assignment on recidivism. In this quasi-experimental study, data were gathered from court records and referral history reports for approximately 200 individual juvenile offenders referred to one of three hearing types, including Community Accountability Boards, Teen Court, and Staff Assignments. Results may help administrators understand the rates of success for each hearing type as well as predict the likelihood of future outcomes for program participants. In addition, drawing from social learning theory, this research will test the hypothesis that youth judged by their peers (referred to Teen Court hearings) are less likely to recidivate than youth judged by adults (referred to Community Accountability Boards or Staff Assignment). Findings may benefit for other Juvenile Court practitioners and policy makers operating similar diversion programs.
AltecOnDB: A Large-Vocabulary Arabic Online Handwriting Recognition Database

Arabic is a semitic language characterized by a complex and rich morphology. The exceptional degree of ambiguity in the writing system, the rich morphology, and the highly complex word formation process of roots and patterns all contribute to making computational approaches to Arabic very challenging. As a result, a practical handwriting recognition system should support large vocabulary to provide a high coverage and use the context information for disambiguation. Several research efforts have been devoted for building online Arabic handwriting recognition systems. Most of these methods are either using their small private test data sets or a standard database with limited lexicon and coverage. A large scale handwriting database is an essential resource that can advance the research of online handwriting recognition. Currently, there is no online Arabic handwriting database with large lexicon, high coverage, large number of writers and training/testing data. In this paper, we introduce AltecOnDB, a large scale online Arabic handwriting database. AltecOnDB has 98% coverage of all the possible PAWS of the Arabic language. The collected samples are complete sentences that include digits and punctuation marks. The collected data is available on sentence, word and character levels, hence, high-level linguistic models can be used for performance improvements. Data is collected from more than 1000 writers with different backgrounds, genders and ages. Annotation and verification tools are developed to facilitate the annotation and verification phases. We built an elementary recognition system to test our database and show the existing difficulties when handling a large vocabulary and dealing with large amounts of styles variations in the collected data.
Order-Dependent Coincidence Detection in Cerebellar Purkinje Neurons at the Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor

Associative long-term depression (LTD) at cerebellar parallel fiber–Purkinje cell synapses is sensitive to the temporal order in which the parallel fiber is coactivated with the climbing fiber input, but how order sensitivity is achieved is unknown. Here we show that the cerebellar inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, whose activation is required for LTD induction, is sensitive in situ to the order of presentation of its coagonists, IP3 and cytoplasmic calcium. By focally photolyzing a novel caged IP3 compound in dendritic spines, we find that pairing IP3 with climbing fiber-mediated calcium entry leads to a large calcium release transient if the climbing fiber is activated up to 100 ms before or up to 500 ms after IP3 uncaging. This asymmetric timing window for coactivation follows the kinetics of calcium removal and IP3 unbinding from the receptor and is not limited by IP3 metabolism. IP3 receptor binding thus acts as an eligibility trace that can drive temporal order-dependent calcium release and LTD induction in Purkinje cells and event order-dependent sensory plasticity in the whole animal.