Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms

Much has been written about the underlying causes of harmful algal blooms (HAB), the complex interplay of factors that lead to their proliferation, and the unique set(s) of factors contributing to blooms of different species of algae. In general, the overarching causes that have received much attention in the literature include degradation of water quality and increasing eutrophication; increasing aquaculture operations; transport of harmful species via ballast water or shellfish seeding, leading to new introductions; and climate change (e.g., Hallegraeff and Bolch, 1992; Hallegraeff, 1993; Anderson et al., 2002; Glibert et al., 2005, 2014a; Heisler et al., 2008; Wells et al., 2016; and references therein). This chapter reviews these complexities while highlighting the key role of changes in nutrients; estuarine/marine microalgal species are emphasized, and information is also included on some freshwater HAB. While some have suggested that increased monitoring or surveillance has led to a perception of an increase in HAB, there is now compelling evidence from many regions showing conclusively that increases in HAB proliferations are real, not sampling artifacts (Heisler et al., 2008). What is a HAB? In his seminal paper, Smayda (1997a, p. 1135) stated, “What constitutes a bloom . has regional, seasonal, and speciesspecific aspects; it is not simply a biomass issue. The salient criterion to use in defining whether a ‘harmful’ species is in bloom and the distinctive feature of such blooms lie not in the level of abundance, but whether its occurrence has harmful consequences. ” Since the publication of that paper, biomass criteria for a few HAB species have been defined, but more generally HAB continue to be defined in terms of the extent to which they cause harmful events (fish kills), toxic events (shellfish and finfish poisoning), ecosystem disruption (nutritional and/or prey-size mismatches, such as picocyanobacterial blooms), or large biomass events (hypoxia or anoxia). In all cases, for a HAB to occur, the HAB species must be present and its biomass relative to other species in the assemblage changes, although the HAB species does not need to be dominant or in high abundance to elicit some of these effects. In general, the factors that promote HAB can be reduced to two: changes in the rate of introductions of species to new areas and changes in local conditions leading to conditions more conducive to the growth of individual species. Environmental changes can be subtle and not all factors may change together, leading in some cases to situations where one factor may seem to be favorable, but growth is impaired due to a change in another factor. The success of an introduced species in a new environment is not ensured; instead, there must be a match of environmental factors and the species capable of exploiting the environment. As Smayda (2002) also wrote,
Learning with Group Invariant Features: A Kernel Perspective

We analyze in this paper a random feature map based on a theory of invariance (I-theory) introduced in [1]. More specifically, a group invariant signal signature is obtained through cumulative distributions of group-transformed random projections. Our analysis bridges invariant feature learning with kernel methods, as we show that this feature map defines an expected Haar-integration kernel that is invariant to the specified group action. We show how this non-linear random feature map approximates this group invariant kernel uniformly on a set of N points. Moreover, we show that it defines a function space that is dense in the equivalent Invariant Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space. Finally, we quantify error rates of the convergence of the empirical risk minimization, as well as the reduction in the sample complexity of a learning algorithm using such an invariant representation for signal classification, in a classical supervised learning setting.
Fibroadenoma of the Vulva-Simultaneous With Breast Fibroadenomas and Uterine Myoma

Purpose. To present a rare case of multiple fibroadenomas in breast and vulva and myomas in the uterus. In addition, to show the usefulness of receptor detection as a basis for the indication of antiestrogens. Case. A 30-year-old patient presenting with a history of mammary fibroadenomas since the age of 16 years and uterine myomas since the age of 25 years. From age 26 to 29 years, she was operated on 3 times for fibroadenomas of the vulva. On the third time, she presented with 8 vulvar fibroadenomas. On this last occasion, a low expression of estrogen receptors was identified, together with a high expression of progesterone receptors (ER/PR pharmDx; Dako). Tamoxifen was indicated at 10 mg/d during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle for 12 months. After 18 months from initiation of the treatment, the patient was found free of tumors in the vulva, with mammary tumor regression and a nonhomogeneous diffuse uterine myometrium. Conclusions. The presence of solid benign-type tumors in the vulva associated with mammary fibroadenomas and uterine myomas leads one to suspect the fibroadenomas. The histopathological diagnosis and the identification of the hormonal receptors are important for control purposes and therapeutic indications.
Self-Renewing Pten-/-TP53-/- Protospheres Produce Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines with Multipotent Progenitor Activity

Prostate cancers of luminal adenocarcinoma histology display a range of clinical behaviors. Although most prostate cancers are slow-growing and indolent, a proportion is aggressive, developing metastasis and resistance to androgen deprivation treatment. One hypothesis is that a portion of aggressive cancers initiate from stem-like, androgen-independent tumor-propagating cells. Here we demonstrate the in vitro creation of a mouse cell line, selected for growth as self-renewing stem/progenitor cells, which manifests many in vivo properties of aggressive prostate cancer. Normal mouse prostate epithelium containing floxed Pten and TP53 alleles was subjected to CRE-mediated deletion in vitro followed by serial propagation as protospheres. A polyclonal cell line was established from dissociated protospheres and subsequently a clonal daughter line was derived. Both lines demonstrate a mature luminal phenotype in vitro. The established lines contain a stable minor population of progenitor cells with protosphere-forming ability and multi-lineage differentiation capacity. Both lines formed orthotopic adenocarcinoma tumors with metastatic potential to lung. Intracardiac inoculation resulted in brain and lung metastasis, while intra-tibial injection induced osteoblastic bone formation, recapitulating the bone metastatic phenotype of human prostate cancer. The cells showed androgen receptor dependent growth in vitro. Importantly, in vivo, the deprivation of androgens from established orthotopic tumors resulted in tumor regression and eventually castration-resistant growth. These data suggest that transformed prostate progenitor cells preferentially differentiate toward luminal cells and recapitulate many characteristics of the human disease.
Credit Ratings, Collateral and Loan Characteristics: Implications for Yield

This paper studies how collateral affects bond yields. Using a large dataset of public bonds, we document that collateralized debt has higher yield than general debt, after controlling for credit rating. Our model of agency problems between managers and claimholders explains this puzzling result by recognizing imperfections in the rating process. We test the model's implications. Consistent with our model and in results new to the literature, we find the yield differential between secured and unsecured debt, after controlling for credit rating, is larger for low credit rating, nonmortgage assets, longer maturity and with proxies for lower levels of monitoring.
Star Formation in Clusters: A Survey of Compact Millimeter-Wave Sources in the Serpens Core

We report the results of a millimeter interferometric survey of compact 3 mm continuum sources in the inner 5. ′5 × 5. ′5 region of the Serpens core. We detect 32 discrete sources above 4.0 mJy beam-1, 21 of which are new detections at millimeter wavelengths. By comparing our data with published infrared surveys, we estimate that 26 sources are probably protostellar condensations and derive their mass by assuming optically thin thermal emission from dust grains. The mass spectrum of the clumps, dN/dM~M−2.1, is consistent with the stellar initial mass function, supporting the idea that the stellar masses in young clusters are determined by the fragmentation of turbulent cloud cores.
Optical/infrared spectroscopy and photometry of the short-period binary RX J1914+24

We present observations of the proposed double-degenerate polar RX J1914+24. Our optical and infrared spectra show no emission lines. This, coupled with the lack of significant levels of polarization, provides difficulties for a double-degenerate polar interpretation. Although we still regard the double-degenerate polar model as feasible, we have explored alternative scenarios for RX J1914+24. These include a double-degenerate Algol system, a neutron star-white dwarf pair and an electrically powered system. The latter model is particularly attractive since it accounts naturally for the lack of both emission lines and detectable polarization in RX J1914+24. The observed X-ray luminosity is consistent with the predicted power output. If true, then RX J1914+24 would be the first known stellar binary system radiating largely by electrical energy.
Deep Counts of Submillimeter Galaxies

We present the counts of luminous submillimeter (sub-mm) galaxies from an analysis of our completed survey of the distant universe seen through lensing clusters. This survey uses massive cluster lenses with well-constrained mass models to obtain a magnified view of the background sky. This both increases the sensitivity of our sub-mm maps and reduces the effects of source confusion. Accurate lens models are used to correct the observed sub-mm source counts for the lens amplification. We show that the uncertainties associated with this correction do not dominate the final errors. We present sub-mm counts derived from two independent methods: a direct inversion of the observed sources, which are corrected individually for lens amplification, and a Monte Carlo simulation of our observations using a parametric model for the background counts, which is folded through the lens models and incompleteness estimates to determine best-fitting values of the count parameters. Both methods agree well and confirm the robustness of our analysis. Detections that are identified with galaxies in the lensing clusters in deep optical images are removed prior to our analysis, and the results are insensitive both to the details of the correction and to the redshift distribution of the detections. We present the 850 μm counts at flux densities between 0.5 and 8 mJy. The count of galaxies brighter than 4 mJy is 1500±700 deg-2, in agreement with the value of 2500±1400 deg-2 reported by Smail, Ivison, & Blain in 1997. The most accurate 850 μm count is determined at 1 mJy: 7900±3000 deg-2. All quoted errors include both Poisson and systematic terms. These are the deepest sub-mm counts published, and they are not subject to source confusion because the detected galaxies are separated and magnified by the lens. Down to the 0.5 mJy limit of our counts, the resolved 850 μm background radiation intensity is (5±2)×10 W m-2 sr-1, comparable to the current COBE estimate of the background. This indicates that the bulk of the 850 μm background radiation originated in distant ultraluminous galaxies.
Improving the Grid Operation and Reliability Cost of Distribution Systems With Dispersed Generation

In this work, a mathematical model to analyze the impact of the installation and operation of dispersed generation units in power distribution systems is proposed. The main focus is to determine the trade-off between the reliability and operational costs of distribution networks when the operation of isolated areas is allowed. In order to increase the system operator revenue, an optimal power flow makes use of the different energy prices offered by the dispersed generation connected to the grid. Simultaneously, the type and location of the protective devices initially installed on the protection system are reconfigured in order to minimize the interruption and expenditure of adjusting the protection system to conditions imposed by the operation of dispersed units. The interruption cost regards the unsupplied energy to customers in secure systems but affected by the normal tripping of protective devices. Therefore, the tripping of fuses, reclosers, and overcurrent relays aims to protect the system against both temporary and permanent fault types. Additionally, in order to reduce the average duration of the system interruption experienced by customers, the isolated operation of dispersed generation is allowed by installing directional overcurrent relays with synchronized reclose capabilities. A 135-bus real distribution system is used in order to show the advantages of using the mathematical model proposed.
A Survey of Subjective Sleepiness and Consequences in Attending Physicians

This article surveyed attending physicians on their work hours, sleep schedule, daytime sleepiness, and the perceived relation of these factors to patient safety, quality of care, and personal well-being. Physicians answered demographic and workload questions and attitudinal questions regarding work-hour limitations; the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was used to measure subjective sleepiness, and an 18-item Impact Questionnaire was also used. Of 180 participants, 41 (23%) attending physicians manifested abnormal ESS scores (11 or greater). Private practice- and surgically-based subspecialties had higher ESS scores. Reduced sleep, but not hours worked, was associated with increased sleepiness. Sleepy physicians were more likely to associate sleep loss with medical errors and driving impairment. Sleepiness may be attenuated by education regarding consequences of insufficient sleep and institution of effective countermeasures.
The family's contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: current status.

The concept that disordered family relationships may be a significant factor in the development of schizophrenia is not new. Reports of clinicians in the early part of the 20th century were replete with observations of disturbances in the familial environment and of psychopathology in the relatives of their patients (Pollack, Malzberg, and Fuller 1939, Sullivan 1925, and Terry and Rennie 1938). The psychoanalytic treatment of schizophrenic patients revealed specific patterns of feelings and associations about family relationships that, as in theories of neurosis, were believed to be etiologically related to the development of schizophrenia. In particular, the mother-child relationship was hypothesized to be disordered (Arieti 1955), and early clinical studies of mothers of schizophrenics (Gerard and Siegal 1950, Lidz and Lidz 1949, Prout and White 1950, Riechard and Tillman 1950, and Tietze 1959) seemed to confirm this hypothesis of the schizophrenogenic mother, as it was subsequently termed. Further research in the early 1950's broadened the concept of parental influence to include the father as well. But with the appearance of a more sophisticated "systems" view of family relationships in the late 1950's and early 1960's, notions of single parent-child relationships were considered oversimplified conceptualizations, and emphasis was placed instead on disturbances in the total family system.
Mice Expressing RHAG and RHD Human Blood Group Genes

Anti-RhD prophylaxis of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) is highly effective, but as the suppressive mechanism remains uncertain, a mouse model would be of interest. Here we have generated transgenic mice expressing human RhAG and RhD erythrocyte membrane proteins in the presence and, for human RhAG, in the absence, of mouse Rhag. Human RhAG associates with mouse Rh but not mouse Rhag on red blood cells. In Rhag knockout mice transgenic for human RHAG, the mouse Rh protein is “rescued” (re-expressed), and co-immunoprecipitates with human RhAG, indicating the presence of hetero-complexes which associate mouse and human proteins. RhD antigen was expressed from a human RHD gene on a BAC or from RHD cDNA under control of β-globin regulatory elements. RhD was never observed alone, strongly indicative that its expression absolutely depends on the presence of transgenic human RhAG. This first expression of RhD in mice is an important step in the creation of a mouse model of RhD allo-immunisation and HDFN, in conjunction with the Rh-Rhag knockout mice we have developed previously.
Crustal Structure and Quaternary Acceleration of Deformation Rates in Central Washington Revealed by Stream Profile Inversion, Potential Field Geophysics, and Structural Geology of the Yakima Folds

Post‐Miocene tectonic uplift along fault‐cored anticlines within central Washington produced the Yakima Fold Province, a region of active NNE‐SSW shortening in the Cascadian backarc. The relative timing and rate of deformation along individual structures is coarsely defined yet imperative for seismic hazard assessment. In this work, we use geomorphic and geophysical mapping, stream profile inversion, and balanced cross‐section methods to constrain fault geometries and slip rates in the Yakima Canyon region. We extract stream profiles from LiDAR data and analytically solve for the rate of relative rock uplift along several active fault‐cored anticlines. To constrain the fault geometries at depth and the long‐term magnitude of deformation, we constructed two line‐balanced cross sections across the folds with forward‐modeled magnetic and gravity anomaly data. Our stream profile results indicate an increase of incision rates in the Pleistocene, and we infer the increase is tectonically controlled. We estimate modern slip rates between 0.4 and 0.6 mm/year accommodated on reverse faults that core the Manastash Ridge, Umtanum Ridge, and Selah Butte anticlines and establish that these faults reactivate and invert older normal faults in basement rocks. Finally, we calculate the time required to accumulate sufficient strain energy for a large magnitude earthquake (M ≥ 7) along individual structures in the Yakima Fold Province. Results show that the Yakima folds likely accommodate large magnitude earthquakes and that it takes several hundred to several thousand years to accumulate sufficient strain energy for an M ≥ 7 earthquake.
Informational Cascades and Software Adoption on the Internet: An Empirical Investigation

Online users often need to make adoption decisions without accurate information about the product values. An informational cascade occurs when it is optimal for an online user, having observed others' actions, to follow the adoption decision of the preceding individual without regard to his own information. Informational cascades are often rational for individual decision making; however, it may lead to adoption of inferior products. With easy availability of information about other users' choices, the Internet offers an ideal environment for informational cascades. In this paper, we empirically examine informational cascades in the context of online software adoption. We find user behavior in adopting software products is consistent with the predictions of the informational cascades literature. Our results demonstrate that online users' choices of software products exhibit distinct jumps and drops with changes in download ranking, as predicted by informational cascades theory. Furthermore, we find that user reviews have no impact on user adoption of the most popular product, while having an increasingly positive impact on the adoption of lower ranking products. The phenomenon persists after controlling for alternative explanations such as network effects, word-of-mouth effects, and product diffusion. Our results validate informational cascades as an important driver for decision making on the Internet. The finding also offers an explanation for the mixed results reported in prior studies with regard to the influence of online user reviews on product sales. We show that the mixed results could be due to the moderating effect of informational cascades.
Eleven Years of Data on the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical Student Version (JSE-S): Proxy Norm Data and Tentative Cutoff Scores

Objective: This study was designed to provide typical descriptive statistics, score distributions and percentile ranks of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy-Medical Student version (JSE-S) of male and female medical school matriculants to serve as proxy norm data and tentative cutoff scores. Subjects and Methods: The participants were 2,637 students (1,336 women and 1,301 men) who matriculated at Sidney Kimmel (formerly Jefferson) Medical College between 2002 and 2012, and completed the JSE at the beginning of medical school. Information extracted from descriptive statistics, score distributions and percentile ranks for male and female matriculants were used to develop proxy norm data and tentative cutoff scores. Results: The score distributions of the JSE tended to be moderately skewed and platykurtic. Women obtained a significantly higher mean score (116.2 ± 9.7) than men (112.3 ± 10.8) on the JSE-S (t2,635 = 9.9, p < 0.01). It was suggested that percentile ranks can be used as proxy norm data. The tentative cutoff score to identify low scorers was ≤95 for men and ≤100 for women. Conclusions: Our findings provide norm data and cutoff scores for admission decisions under certain conditions and for identifying students in need of enhancing their empathy.
Evolving Obstacle Avoidance Behavior in a Robot Arm

Existing approaches for learning to control a robot arm rely on supervised methods where correct behavior is explicitly given. It is di cult to learn to avoid obstacles using such methods, however, because examples of obstacle avoidance behavior are hard to generate. This paper presents an alternative approach that evolves neural network controllers through genetic algorithms. No input/output examples are necessary, since neuroevolution learns from a single performance measurement over the entire task of grasping an object. The approach is tested in a simulation of the OSCAR-6 robot arm which receives both visual and sensory input. Neural networks evolved to e ectively avoid obstacles at various locations to reach random target locations.
Th17 Cells and Activated Dendritic Cells Are Increased in Vitiligo Lesions

Background Vitiligo is a common skin disorder, characterized by progressive skin de-pigmentation due to the loss of cutaneous melanocytes. The exact cause of melanocyte loss remains unclear, but a large number of observations have pointed to the important role of cellular immunity in vitiligo pathogenesis. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we characterized T cell and inflammation-related dermal dendritic cell (DC) subsets in pigmented non-lesional, leading edge and depigmented lesional vitiligo skin. By immunohistochemistry staining, we observed enhanced populations of CD11c+ myeloid dermal DCs and CD207+ Langerhans cells in leading edge vitiligo biopsies. DC-LAMP+ and CD1c+ sub-populations of dermal DCs expanded significantly in leading edge and lesional vitiligo skin. We also detected elevated tissue mRNA levels of IL-17A in leading edge skin biopsies of vitiligo patients, as well as IL-17A positive T cells by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Langerhans cells with activated inflammasomes were also noted in lesional vitiligo skin, along with increased IL-1ß mRNA, which suggest the potential of Langerhans cells to drive Th17 activation in vitiligo. Conclusions/Significance These studies provided direct tissue evidence that implicates active Th17 cells in vitiligo skin lesions. We characterized new cellular immune elements, in the active margins of vitiligo lesions (e.g. populations of epidermal and dermal dendritic cells subsets), which could potentially drive the inflammatory responses.