Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boys Doing Good: Young men and gender equity

Using data from individual and group interviews, this paper explores the reasons why ten young men, ages 15-20, in three secondary schools in London, Ontario, Canada chose to participate voluntarily in gender equity work. The critical importance of teachers' work is discussed, along with the role family and peer group experiences played in shaping the gender consciousness of the young men. The paper concludes with a consideration of the ways in which young men actively engaged in doing gender equity work with their peer group and argues that additional attention must be given to providing male students with the intellectual tools to understand masculinities and gender relations.
Listening to carers' views on stroke services.

AIM The aim of this study was to explore how members of a stroke carers' support group perceived that services for stroke patients and their carers could be improved. METHOD A qualitative, experience-based design approach was used to explore the views of ten carers of stroke survivors. Experience questionnaires and a listening lab were used for data collection. Data analysis was carried out using thematic content analysis of the questionnaire and audiotaped transcripts. FINDINGS Common themes identified included carer loneliness, lack of information, effect of stroke on relationships, carer emotions, loss of privacy and need for ongoing support. CONCLUSION There are many advantages to be gained for users and organisations from user involvement in service redesign and delivery.
Miniature thermal emission spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rover

This paper describes some details of the results of the calibration of the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) being built by Raytheon Santa Barbara Remote Sensing (SBRS) under contract to Arizona State University (ASU). This paper also serves as an update to an earlier paper (Peralta, et al, 2001) for mission description and instrument design. Mini-TES is a single detector Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS), covering the spectral range 5- 29 microns (μm) at 10 cm-1 spectral resolution. Launched in June 2003, one Mini-TES instrument will fly to Mars aboard each of the two missions of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Project (MER), named Spirit and Opportunity. Mini-TES is designed to provide a key minerological remote sensing component of the MER mission, which includes several other science instruments. The first Mini-TES unit was required to meet a two-year development schedule with proven, flight-tested instrumentation. Therefore, SBRS designed Mini-TES based on proven heritage from the successful Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), which was launched in 1996 and is still operational with over 500 million spectra collected to date. Mini-TES design, performance, integration onto the rovers, as well as details of the calibration are discussed. Full instrument and calibration details are the subject of an upcoming Journal of Geophysical Research Mini-TES paper by Christensen, et al.
Promoting Utilization of Saccharum spp. Genetic Resources through Genetic Diversity Analysis and Core Collection Construction

Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) and other members of Saccharum spp. are attractive biofuel feedstocks. One of the two World Collections of Sugarcane and Related Grasses (WCSRG) is in Miami, FL. This WCSRG has 1002 accessions, presumably with valuable alleles for biomass, other important agronomic traits, and stress resistance. However, the WCSRG has not been fully exploited by breeders due to its lack of characterization and unmanageable population. In order to optimize the use of this genetic resource, we aim to 1) genotypically evaluate all the 1002 accessions to understand its genetic diversity and population structure and 2) form a core collection, which captures most of the genetic diversity in the WCSRG. We screened 36 microsatellite markers on 1002 genotypes and recorded 209 alleles. Genetic diversity of the WCSRG ranged from 0 to 0.5 with an average of 0.304. The population structure analysis and principal coordinate analysis revealed three clusters with all S. spontaneum in one cluster, S. officinarum and S. hybrids in the second cluster and mostly non-Saccharum spp. in the third cluster. A core collection of 300 accessions was identified which captured the maximum genetic diversity of the entire WCSRG which can be further exploited for sugarcane and energy cane breeding. Sugarcane and energy cane breeders can effectively utilize this core collection for cultivar improvement. Further, the core collection can provide resources for forming an association panel to evaluate the traits of agronomic and commercial importance.
Kollektive Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung von Lehrern: Eine Längsschnittstudie in zehn Bundesländern

Zusammenfassung: Mit kollektiver Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung bezeichnet man die subjektive Gewisheit, neue oder schwierige Anforderungssituationen aufgrund gemeinsamer Kompetenzen einer Gruppe bewaltigen zu konnen. Ein neues Mesinstrument wurde entwickelt, um dieses optimistische Vertrauen in gemeinsame Lehrerkompetenzen zu erfassen. Zusammen mit zwei weiteren Selbstwirksamkeitsskalen sowie drei Merkmalen des Lehrer-Burnout wurde das Verfahren im Laufe eines Jahres zweimal bei circa 300 Lehrern eingesetzt. Die neue Skala erwies sich zu beiden Meszeitpunkten als homogen und zuverlassig. Sie korrelierte negativ mit Lehrer-Burnout. Die latente Variable Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung mit drei Indikatoren sagte Burnout nach einem Jahr gut vorher, wahrend sich die umgekehrte Einflusrichtung nicht bestatigte. Um zu ermitteln, inwieweit sich das optimistische Vertrauen starker auf die eigene Person oder auf das Lehrerteam richtete, wurden intraindividuelle Differenzen bestimmt. Dieses Differenzmas variierte erheblic.
European vs. American Approaches to Institutionalisation of Business Ethics: The Spanish Case

This paper reports on a study of the largest Spanish corporations concerning the status of corporate ethics policies. The research project, the first of its kind in Spain, has two parts. First, the types of formal documents the companies use are analysed, including those dealing with ethical values or norms. Three groups of companies are distinguished: the first group has no formal documents dealing with ethical values, and the reasons given for not having any ethical statement are discussed. A second group has one document mentioning ethical values (generally the vision and/or mission statement), and a third group has in place two or more documents (one generic and the other more detailed, such as a code of conduct). The findings show that the latter group is more proactive than the former in implementing measures for promoting business ethics throughout the organisation. In the second part of the research, the study analyses the differences between companies whose headquarters are in Spain, Europe and USA regarding the arguments, the focus and the practices used to formalise business ethics.
South Asian Cultural Studies--Lessons from Back Home?

This is a brief consideration of the emergence of a 'South Asian Cultural Studies'. The piece considers some key debates in the history of cultural studies--in particular, the formation of work that has sought to analyse and value the cultural lives of minority ethnic communities. Against this background, institutionalising the study of the everyday cultures of the South Asian diaspora represents a timely opportunity to consider new forms of racism and resistance. However, the re-emergence of extreme communal violence should serve as a warning against celebrating ethnic particularity. The piece looks to some recent Indian debates to suggest alternatives to the dangers of an unquestioned ethnic pride.
Diversity and the Influence of Friendship Groups in College

As we enter a new millennium, American higher education continues to experience rapid racial and ethnic diversification in the student body. Demographic projections indicate that increasing ethnic and racial diversity will continue beyond the year 2000 (Justiz, 1994; Levine & Associates, 1989). On some campuses, the pace of demographic change has been nothing short of dramatic. At the University of California, for example, White students still represented over 70% of all undergraduates as late as 1984. Just six years later in 1990, however, the White student proportion had dropped to less than 60% of all students (University of California, 1991) and only 46% of first-time freshmen (CPEC, 1995). American higher education has also experienced a fair amount of criticism and discussion of late, coincident with the increasing racial diversifi-
Scaling up Kernel SVM on Limited Resources: A Low-rank Linearization Approach

Kernel Support Vector Machine delivers state-of-the-art results in non-linear classification , but the need to maintain a large number of support vectors poses a challenge in large scale training and testing. In contrast , linear SVM is much more scalable even on limited computing recourses (e.g. daily life PCs), but the learned model cannot capture non-linear concepts. To scale up kernel SVM on limited resources, we propose a low-rank linearization approach that transforms a non-linear SVM to a linear one via a novel, approximate empirical kernel map computed from efficient low-rank approximation of kernel matrices. We call it LLSVM (Low-rank Linearized SVM). We theoretically study the gap between the solutions of the optimal and approximate kernel map, which is used in turn to provide important guidance on the sampling based kernel approximations. Our algorithm inherits high efficiency of linear SVMs and rich repesentability of kernel classifiers. Evaluation against large-scale linear and kernel SVMs on several truly large data sets shows that the proposed method achieves a better tradeoff between scalability and model representability.
Candidate lesion-based criteria for defining a positive sacroiliac joint MRI in two cohorts of patients with axial spondyloarthritis

Objective To determine candidate lesion-based criteria for a positive sacroiliac joint (SIJ) MRI based on bone marrow oedema (BMO) and/or erosion in non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA); to compare the performance of lesion-based criteria with global evaluation by expert readers. Methods Two independent cohorts A/B of 69/88 consecutive patients with back pain aged ≤50 years, with median symptom duration 1.3/10.0 years, were referred for suspected SpA (A) or acute anterior uveitis plus back pain (B). Patients were classified according to rheumatologist expert opinion based on clinical examination, pelvic radiography and laboratory values as having nr-axSpA (n=51), ankylosing spondylitis (n=34) or non-specific back pain (n=72). Four blinded readers assessed SIJ MRI, recording the presence/absence of SpA by concomitant global evaluation of T1-weighted spin echo (T1SE) and short τ inversion recovery (STIR) scans and, thereafter, whether BMO and/or erosion were present/absent in each SIJ quadrant of each MRI slice. We derived candidate lesion-based criteria based on the number of SIJ quadrants with BMO and/or erosion and calculated mean sensitivity and specificity for SpA. Results For both cohorts A/B, global assessment showed high specificity (0.95/0.83) compared with the Assessment in SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) definition (0.76/0.74). BMO ≥3 (0.89/0.84) or ≥4 (0.92/0.87) showed comparably high specificity to global assessment. Erosion ≥2 and/or BMO ≥3 or ≥4 were associated with comparably high sensitivity to global assessment without affecting specificity. These combined criteria showed both higher sensitivity and specificity than the ASAS definition. Conclusions Lesion-based criteria for a positive SIJ MRI based on both BMO and/or erosion performed best for classification of axial SpA, reflecting the contextual information provided by T1SE and STIR sequences.
Hydrogen sulfide is a novel prosecretory neuromodulator in the Guinea-pig and human colon.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has been suggested as a novel gasomediator. We explored its unknown neuromodulatory role in human and guinea-pig colon. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to detect H(2)S-producing enzymes cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) in enteric neurons, Ussing chambers to measure mucosal ion secretion, and neuroimaging with voltage- and Ca(++)-sensitive dyes to record H(2)S effects on guinea-pig and human enteric neurons. RESULTS More than 90% of guinea-pig and human submucous and myenteric neurons were colabeled for CSE and CBS. Myenteric interstitial cells of Cajal were CSE-immunoreactive. The exogenous H(2)S donor NaHS (0.2-2.5 mmol/L) concentration-dependently increased chloride secretion in human and guinea-pig submucosa/mucosa preparations, but not in the colonic epithelial cell line T84. The secretory response was reduced significantly by tetrodotoxin (0.5 micromol/L), capsaicin desensitization (10 micromol/L), and the transient receptor potentials vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist capsazepine (10 micromol/L). The endogenous H(2)S donor L-cysteine also induced secretion that was diminished significantly by capsaicin desensitization, the CBS inhibitor amino-oxyacetic acid, and the CSE inhibitor propargylglycine. NaHS increased spike discharge in 23% of guinea-pig and 36% of human submucous neurons, but had no effect on Ca(++) mobilization in cultured guinea-pig enteric neurons. This excitatory response was reduced significantly by capsaicin desensitization and capsazepine, but not by glibenclamide (10 micromol/L). CONCLUSIONS The presence of H(2)S-producing enzymes in human and guinea-pig enteric neurons, the excitatory action on enteric neurons, and the prosecretory effects of NaHS suggest H(2)S as a novel gut-signaling molecule. Its action mainly involves transient receptor potentials vanilloid receptor 1 receptors on extrinsic afferent terminals, which in turn activate enteric neurons.
The attraction of tragic narrative: Catharsis and other motives

A survey study was conducted to explore why people read about suffering, giving particular attention to the role that catharsis may play. Through an online questionnaire, respondents (N = 67) commented on a popular autobiographical Dutch novel about grief. The questionnaire contained closed and open questions, addressing motives for reading and thoughts and feelings while reading. Results indicated that curiosity about content, style and the author, fueled by media-attention and the author’s status, were the most important motives for reading the novel. Respondents who had experienced a significant loss themselves demonstrated a need for recognition and support. Responses further suggested that “clarification” (gaining deep insight) is a better explanation for the attraction of tragic narrative than “purgation. ” Clarification did not appear to be related to fear, and the role of empathic emotions appeared questionable. Cluster analysis did identify a potential “catharsis group,” which combined fear, pity and appreciation for the articulation of grief.
Cryoablation for Small Renal Masses

Advances in imaging techniques (CT and MRI) and widespread use of imaging especially ultrasound scanning have resulted in a dramatic increase in the detection of small renal masses. While open partial nephrectomy is still the reference standard for the management of these small renal masses, its associated morbidity has encouraged clinicians to exploit the advancements in minimally invasive ablative techniques. The last decade has seen the rapid development of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy and novel ablative techniques such as, radiofrequency ablation (RFA), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), and cryoablation (CA). In particular, CA for small renal masses has gained popularity as it combines nephron-sparing surgery with a minimally invasive approach. Studies with up to 5-year followup have shown an overall and cancer-specific 5-year survival of 82% and 100%, respectively. This manuscript will focus on the principles and clinical applications of cryoablation of small renal masses, with detailed review of relevant literature.
Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses Both Contribute to Pathological CD4 T Cell Activation in HIV-1 Infected Ugandans

HIV-1 disease progression is associated with persistent immune activation. However, the nature of this association is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated immune activation in the CD4 T cell compartment of chronically HIV-1 infected individuals from Rakai, Uganda. Levels of CD4 T cell activation, assessed as co-expression of PD-1, CD38 and HLA-DR, correlated directly to viral load and inversely to CD4 count. Deeper characterization of these cells indicated an effector memory phenotype with relatively frequent expression of Ki67 despite their PD-1 expression, and levels of these cells were inversely associated with FoxP3+ regulatory T cells. We therefore use the term deregulated effector memory (DEM) cells to describe them. CD4 T cells with a DEM phenotype could be generated by antigen stimulation of recall responses in vitro. Responses against HIV-1 and CMV antigens were enriched among the DEM CD4 T cells in patients, and the diverse Vβ repertoire of DEM CD4 T cells suggested they include diverse antigen-specificities. Furthermore, the levels of DEM CD4 T cells correlated directly to soluble CD14 (sCD14) and IL-6, markers of innate immune activation, in plasma. The size of the activated DEM CD4 T cell subset was predictive of the rate of disease progression, whereas IL-6 was only weakly predictive and sCD14 was not predictive. Taken together, these results are consistent with a model where systemic innate immune activation and chronic antigen stimulation of adaptive T cell responses both play important roles in driving pathological CD4 T cell immune activation in HIV-1 disease.
Fallacies in probability judgments for conjunctions and disjunctions of everyday events

The conjunction fallacy occurs when people judge a conjunction B-and-A as more probable than a constituent B, contrary to probability theory's ‘conjunction rule’ that a conjunction cannot be more probable than either constituent. Many studies have demonstrated this fallacy in people's reasoning about various experimental materials. Gigerenzer objects that from a ‘frequentist’ standpoint probability theory is not valid for these materials, and so failure to follow the conjunction rule is not a fallacy. This paper describes three experiments showing that the conjunction fallacy occurs as consistently for conjunctions where frequentist probability theory is valid (conjunctions of everyday weather events) as for other conjunctions. These experiments also demonstrate a reliable correlation between the occurrence of the conjunction fallacy and the disjunction fallacy (which arises when a disjunction B-or-A is judged less probable than a constituent B). This supports a probability theory + random variation account of probabilistic reasoning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical versus conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle in adults.

BACKGROUND Ankle sprains are one of the most commonly treated musculoskeletal injuries. The three main treatment modalities for acute lateral ankle ligament injuries are immobilisation with plaster cast or splint, 'functional treatment' comprising early mobilisation and use of an external support (e.g. ankle brace), and surgical repair or reconstruction. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare surgical versus conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle in adults. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (January 2006), the Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2005, Issue 4), MEDLINE (1966 to December 2005), EMBASE, CINAHL and reference lists of articles, and contacted researchers in the field. This review is considered updated to January 2006. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials comparing surgical with conservative interventions for treating ankle sprains in adults. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two authors independently assessed methodological quality and extracted data. Where appropriate, results of comparable studies were pooled. We performed sensitivity analyses to explore the robustness of the findings. MAIN RESULTS Twenty trials were included. These involved a total of 2562 mostly young active adult males. All trials had methodological weaknesses. Specifically, concealment of allocation was confirmed in only one trial. Data for pooling individual outcomes were only available for a maximum of 12 trials and under 60% of participants. The findings of statistically significant differences in favour of the surgical treatment group for the four primary outcomes (non-return to pre-injury level of sports; ankle sprain recurrence; long-term pain; subjective or functional instability) when using the fixed-effect model were not robust when using the random-effects model, nor on the removal of one low quality (quasi-randomised) trial that had more extreme results. A corresponding drop in the I(2) statistics showed the remaining trials to be more homogeneous. The functional implications of the statistically significantly higher incidence of objective instability in conservatively treated trial participants are uncertain. There was some limited evidence for longer recovery times, and higher incidences of ankle stiffness, impaired ankle mobility and complications in the surgical treatment group. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence available from randomised controlled trials to determine the relative effectiveness of surgical and conservative treatment for acute injuries of the lateral ligament complex of the ankle. High quality randomised controlled trials of primary surgical repair versus the best available conservative treatment for well-defined injuries are required.
A semi-automatic approach for detecting dataset references in social science texts

Today, full-texts of scientific articles are often stored in different locations than the used datasets. Dataset registries aim at a closer integration by making datasets citable but authors typically refer to datasets using inconsistent abbreviations and heterogeneous metadata (e.g. title, publication year). It is thus hard to reproduce research results, to access datasets for further analysis, and to determine the impact of a dataset. Manually detecting references to datasets in scientific articles is time-consuming and requires expert knowledge in the underlying research domain.We propose and evaluate a semi-automatic three-step approach for finding explicit references to datasets in social sciences articles.We first extract pre-defined special features from dataset titles in the da|ra registry, then detect references to datasets using the extracted features, and finally match the references found with corresponding dataset titles. The approach does not require a corpus of articles (avoiding the cold start problem) and performs well on a test corpus. We achieved an F-measure of 0.84 for detecting references in full-texts and an F-measure of 0.83 for finding correct matches of detected references in the da|ra dataset registry.