Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Urine Aquaporin-1 and Perilipin-2 Concentrations as Biomarkers to Screen for Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study.

IMPORTANCE Historically, early detection of small asymptomatic kidney tumors presages better patient outcome. Screening for asymptomatic renal tumors by abdominal imaging is not cost-effective and cannot reliably distinguish benign from malignant tumors. OBJECTIVE This investigation evaluated the clinical utility, sensitivity, and specificity of urine aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and perilipin-2 (PLIN2) concentrations as unique, noninvasive biomarkers to diagnose malignant clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a screening paradigm. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS From February through December 2012, urine samples were obtained from 720 patients undergoing routine abdominal computed tomography (CT) (screening population), 80 healthy controls, and 19 patients with pathologically confirmed RCC. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Urine AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations were measured by sensitive and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot procedures, respectively, in all groups. In the otherwise asymptomatic screening population, the absence or presence of a renal mass and RCC were verified by abdominal CT and by postnephrectomy pathologic diagnosis, respectively. RESULTS Urine AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations were significantly higher (all P < .001) in the 19 patients with known RCC (AQP1 median [95% CI], 225.0 [121.0-450.0] ng/mg urine creatinine; and PLIN2 median [95% CI], 37.8 [22.8-83.7] absorbance units/mg creatinine) than in the 80 healthy controls (AQP1 median [95% CI], 1.1 [0.9-1.3] ng/mg urine creatinine; and PLIN2 median [95% CI], 3.1 [2.4-3.7] absorbance units/mg creatinine) and the 720 patient screening population (AQP1 median [95% CI], 0.5 [0.0-1.0] ng/mg urine creatinine; and PLIN2 median [95% CI], 0 [0-0] absorbance units/mg creatinine). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for urine AQP1 and PLIN2 concentrations individually or in combination was 0.990 or greater, with 95% or greater sensitivity and 91% or greater specificity compared with controls or the screening population. Of the 720 screened patients, 3 had biomarker concentrations suggestive of RCC and were found to have an imaged renal mass by CT. Two of the patients had pathologically confirmed RCC in further evaluation. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results demonstrate the clinical utility, specificity, and sensitivity of urine AQP1 and PLIN2 to diagnose RCC. These tumor-specific proteins have high clinical validity and substantial potential as specific diagnostic and screening biomarkers for clear cell or papillary RCC and in the differential diagnosis of imaged renal masses.
Acute Renal Failure in the Intensive Care Unit

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication in critically ill patients, with ARF requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) developing in approximately 5 to 10% of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that ARF is an independent risk factor for mortality. Interventions to prevent the development of ARF are currently limited to a small number of settings, primarily radiocontrast nephropathy and rhabdomyolysis. There are no effective pharmacological agents for the treatment of established ARF. Renal replacement therapy remains the primary treatment for patients with severe ARF; however, the data guiding selection of modality of RRT and the optimal timing of initiation and dose of therapy are inconclusive. This review focuses on the epidemiology and diagnostic approach to ARF in the ICU and summarizes our current understanding of therapeutic approaches including RRT.
Phylogeny of Echinoderm Hemoglobins

Background Recent genomic information has revealed that neuroglobin and cytoglobin are the two principal lineages of vertebrate hemoglobins, with the latter encompassing the familiar myoglobin and α-globin/β-globin tetramer hemoglobin, and several minor groups. In contrast, very little is known about hemoglobins in echinoderms, a phylum of exclusively marine organisms closely related to vertebrates, beyond the presence of coelomic hemoglobins in sea cucumbers and brittle stars. We identified about 50 hemoglobins in sea urchin, starfish and sea cucumber genomes and transcriptomes, and used Bayesian inference to carry out a molecular phylogenetic analysis of their relationship to vertebrate sequences, specifically, to assess the hypothesis that the neuroglobin and cytoglobin lineages are also present in echinoderms. Results The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus encodes several hemoglobins, including a unique chimeric 14-domain globin, 2 androglobin isoforms and a unique single androglobin domain protein. Other strongylocentrotid genomes appear to have similar repertoires of globin genes. We carried out molecular phylogenetic analyses of 52 hemoglobins identified in sea urchin, brittle star and sea cucumber genomes and transcriptomes, using different multiple sequence alignment methods coupled with Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches. The results demonstrate that there are two major globin lineages in echinoderms, which are related to the vertebrate neuroglobin and cytoglobin lineages. Furthermore, the brittle star and sea cucumber coelomic hemoglobins appear to have evolved independently from the cytoglobin lineage, similar to the evolution of erythroid oxygen binding globins in cyclostomes and vertebrates. Conclusion The presence of echinoderm globins related to the vertebrate neuroglobin and cytoglobin lineages suggests that the split between neuroglobins and cytoglobins occurred in the deuterostome ancestor shared by echinoderms and vertebrates.
A hierarchical characterization of a live streaming media workload

We present a thorough characterization of what we believe to be the first significant live Internet streaming media workload in the scientific literature. Our characterization of over 3.5 million requests spanning a 28-day period is done at three increasingly granular levels, corresponding to clients, sessions, and transfers. Our findings support two important conclusions. First, we show that the nature of interactions between users and objects is fundamentally different for live versus stored objects. Access to stored objects is user driven, whereas access to live objects is object driven. This reversal of active/passive roles of users and objects leads to interesting dualities. For instance, our analysis underscores a Zipf-like profile for user interest in a given object, which is in contrast to the classic Zipf-like popularity of objects for a given user. Also, our analysis reveals that transfer lengths are highly variable and that this variability is due to client stickiness to a particular live object, as opposed to structural (size) properties of objects. Second, by contrasting two live streaming workloads from two radically different applications, we conjecture that some characteristics of live media access workloads are likely to be highly dependent on the nature of the live content being accessed. This dependence is clear from the strong temporal correlation observed in the traces, which we attribute to the impact of synchronous access to live content. Based on our analysis, we present a model for live media workload generation that incorporates many of our findings, and which we implement in GISMO.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents regarding antibiotic use in children.

BACKGROUND Emerging resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy is becoming a challenge for medicine in recent times. Un-prescribed use of antibiotics is a major contributor to development of this problem. In Pakistan access to antibiotics remains unchecked and hence results in it are over use. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge of parents regarding use of antibiotics, its associated problems, their source of information and their expectations from Paediatricians for prescription of anti-biotics. METHODS This is a questionnaire based cross sectional study conducted in Hayatabad town, District Peshawar. Parents who were consenting, had children aged between 0-16 years, and were not related to medical profession were included in study. Total number of participants interviewed was 400. Analysis was done using prevalence ratios. RESULTS Most of the participants were mothers. Majority of respondents were literate with education up till level of Graduation. 64% mentioned that they enjoyed a good access to healthcare. Most common source for use of antibiotics was Physician. 35% mentioned that antibiotics must be administered in any case of fever, 47% thought antibiotics to increase recovery time and 51% knew that antibiotics have their own side effect. The most common reason to administer un-prescribed antibiotics was same antibiotic being prescribed by a physician earlier followed by family member or pharmacist recommending use of antibiotic. Lack of resources was denied as a reason for self-administration of antibiotics by majority of parents. CONCLUSION There is a need of intervention to increase awareness regarding judicious use of antibiotics and to check un-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics.
Modeling and language support for the management of pattern-bases

In our days knowledge extraction methods are able to produce artifacts (also called patterns) that concisely represent data. Patterns are usually quite heterogeneous and require ad-hoc processing techniques. So far, little emphasis has been posed on developing an overall integrated environment for uniformly representing and querying different types of patterns. Within the larger context of modelling, storing, and querying patterns, in this paper, we: (a) formally define the logical foundations for the global setting of pattern management through a model that covers data, patterns and their intermediate mappings; (b) present a pattern specification language for pattern management along with safety restrictions; and (c) introduce queries and query operators and identify interesting query classes.
Religion and everyday life

Introduction 1. Contemporary Religion: changing definitions 2. Postmodernist Perspectives: the yet but not yet 3. Rationalist choice theory and its discontents 4. The context of everyday religion 5. Demographic variables: continuity and change 6. From 'church' to 'choice': transformations in contemporary Christianity 7. Faiths of certainty: fundamentalism and the religions of ethnic minorities 8. The rise and fall of the New Religious Movements 9. The New Age, self-spiritualities and quasi-religions Conclusion: the religious and the sacred in everyday life
To Explore the Experiences of Women on Reasons in Initiating and Maintaining Breastfeeding in Urban Area of Karachi, Pakistan: An Exploratory Study

This is an exploratory study that explores the experiences of lactating women in initiating, continuing, or discontinuing breastfeeding in an urban area of Karachi, Pakistan. Objectives. To explore the experiences of lactating women and to understand their support and hindering mechanisms in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding. Methods. This is an exploratory design assisting in exploring the participant's experiences of initiating and maintaining breastfeeding to better understand their world. Purposive sampling was used, and data was analyzed through manual thematic analysis. Results. The data revealed that mother's knowledge, sociocultural environment, breastfeeding decision, and self- and professional support acted as driving forces for the participants. However, sociocultural environment, physiological changes, time management, and being a housewife to breastfeed their children were all challenges and barriers that the participants thought hindered their breastfeeding initiation and maintenance. Conclusion. Breastfeeding is a natural but taxing phenomenon, and breastfeeding mothers experience supporting and hindering factors in initiating and maintaining breastfeeding.
Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE Weight loss of 5% to 10% can improve type 2 diabetes and related comorbidities. Few safe, effective weight-management drugs are currently available. OBJECTIVE To investigate efficacy and safety of liraglutide vs placebo for weight management in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Fifty-six-week randomized (2:1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial with 12-week observational off-drug follow-up period. The study was conducted at 126 sites in 9 countries between June 2011 and January 2013. Of 1361 participants assessed for eligibility, 846 were randomized. Inclusion criteria were body mass index of 27.0 or greater, age 18 years or older, taking 0 to 3 oral hypoglycemic agents (metformin, thiazolidinedione, sulfonylurea) with stable body weight, and glycated hemoglobin level 7.0% to 10.0%. INTERVENTIONS Once-daily, subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) (n = 423), liraglutide (1.8 mg) (n = 211), or placebo (n = 212), all as adjunct to 500 kcal/d dietary deficit and increased physical activity (≥150 min/wk). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Three coprimary end points: relative change in weight, proportion of participants losing 5% or more, or more than 10%, of baseline weight at week 56. RESULTS Baseline weight was 105.7 kg with liraglutide (3.0-mg dose), 105.8 kg with liraglutide (1.8-mg dose), and 106.5 kg with placebo. Weight loss was 6.0% (6.4 kg) with liraglutide (3.0-mg dose), 4.7% (5.0 kg) with liraglutide (1.8-mg dose), and 2.0% (2.2 kg) with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, -4.00% [95% CI, -5.10% to -2.90%]; liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, -2.71% [95% CI, -4.00% to -1.42%]; P < .001 for both). Weight loss of 5% or greater occurred in 54.3% with liraglutide (3.0 mg) and 40.4% with liraglutide (1.8 mg) vs 21.4% with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, 32.9% [95% CI, 24.6% to 41.2%]; for liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, 19.0% [95% CI, 9.1% to 28.8%]; P < .001 for both). Weight loss greater than 10% occurred in 25.2% with liraglutide (3.0 mg) and 15.9% with liraglutide (1.8 mg) vs 6.7% with placebo (estimated difference for liraglutide [3.0 mg] vs placebo, 18.5% [95% CI, 12.7% to 24.4%], P < .001; for liraglutide [1.8 mg] vs placebo, 9.3% [95% CI, 2.7% to 15.8%], P = .006). More gastrointestinal disorders were reported with liraglutide (3.0 mg) vs liraglutide (1.8 mg) and placebo. No pancreatitis was reported. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among overweight and obese participants with type 2 diabetes, use of subcutaneous liraglutide (3.0 mg) daily, compared with placebo, resulted in weight loss over 56 weeks. Further studies are needed to evaluate longer-term efficacy and safety. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01272232.
Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk, and its association with mothers’ FA intake. Milk samples were obtained from 238 healthy lactating women who volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Micronutrients Analysis Research. Dietary intake during lactation was assessed using a 3-d food record, and fat content and FA composition of the breast milk samples were analysed by IR spectrometry using MilkoScan FT2 and GC flame ionisation detector, respectively. The fat content was 3·31 (sd 1·41) g/100 ml breast milk. The concentrations of arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6), EPA (20 : 5 n-3) and DHA (22 : 6 n-3) in breast milk were 0·48 (sd 0·13), 0·15 (sd 0·12) and 0·67 (sd 0·47) % of total FA, respectively. Fat content and FA composition of breast milk were associated with maternal age, BMI, supplement use and infant age. Dietary intakes of EPA, DHA, n-3 FA, n-6 FA, SFA and PUFA were positively correlated with the corresponding FA in the milk samples. FA levels in breast milk and maternal diet are highly correlated. Further studies are warranted to explore factors that may be associated with changes in FA composition in human milk.
Impossibility Theorems for Domain Adaptation

The domain adaptation problem in machine learning occurs when the test data generating distribution differs from the one that generates the training data. It is clear that the success of learning under such circumstances depends on similarities between the two data distributions. We study assumptions about the relationship between the two distributions that one needed for domain adaptation learning to succeed. We analyze the assumptions in an agnostic PAC-style learning model for a the setting in which the learner can access a labeled training data sample and an unlabeled sample generated by the test data distribution. We focus on three assumptions: (i) similarity between the unlabeled distributions, (ii) existence of a classifier in the hypothesis class with low error on both training and testing distributions, and (iii) the covariate shift assumption. I.e., the assumption that the conditioned label distribution (for each data point) is the same for both the training and test distributions. We show that without either assumption (i) or (ii), the combination of the remaining assumptions is not sufficient to guarantee successful learning. Our negative results hold with respect to any domain adaptation learning algorithm, as long as it does not have access to target labeled examples. In particular, we provide formal proofs that the popular covariate shift assumption is rather weak and does not relieve the necessity of the other assumptions.
Choriocarcinoma scanning using radiolabeled anti-body to chorionic gonadotrophin.

Considerable work has been done in producing antibodies to substances in neoplasms, giving the radiolabelcd antibody intravenously and following the distribution of the antibody in vivo by various isotope detection methods (/). Korngold has re viewed the limited success in this area and clearly pinpoints much of the difficulty to the problem of finding a tumor antigen that is relatively unique to the tumor (2). It occurred to us that human chorionic gonadotropic hormone (HCG) is an antigenic hormone that is relatively unique in a choriocarcinoma in a male. In this sense, it is a "cancer specific"
No Significant Displacement of Basal Brain Structures upon Head Movement: Kinematic MRI Morphometry Relevant to Neuroendoscopy

Abstract Background An appreciation of normal intracranial anatomy allows optimal planning of trajectories necessary for safe and effective neuroendoscopy. Little information exists on displacement of the caudal brain relative to the skull upon head movement; this could have important implications for planning and performance of neuroendoscopic procedures. We used kinematic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies to examine the morphometric displacement and changing anatomical relationships between the clivus and basal brain structures, intracranial vessels, and subarachnoid spaces. Patients We retrospectively analyzed 15 patients undergoing sagittal T2 kinematic MRI of the head and neck in modest flexion and extension. The angle between a horizontal axial reference plane and a line between the opisthion and the hard palate defined the degree of flexion and extension. We then measured in flexion and extension (1) the cervicomedullary angle (CMA), (2) displacement of the ventral surface of the brainstem (i.e., depth of the prepontine and premedullary cisterns), (3) total sagittal area of the combined suprasellar and ventral brainstem cisterns, and (4) the basilar tip to tuber cinereum distance. Results Relative to neutral head position, a mean extension angle of −15.8 degrees was achieved in all 15 patients, and a mean flexion angle of +9.9 degrees was achieved in 6 patients. The mean CMA was 146 degrees in flexion and 158 degrees in extension. The mean reduction in prepontine and premedullary cistern depth was 0.7 mm and 0.5 mm, respectively, upon flexion from extension. The combined area of suprasellar and ventral brainstem cisterns was minimally reduced from 402 mm2 in flexion to 399 mm2 in extension. The basilar tip did not move significantly from its position in flexion to extension, 5.3 mm to 5.2 mm respectively from the tuber cinereum. Conclusion Kinematic MRI shows minimal brainstem-to-clivus displacement even within minor physiological changes in head flexion. Importantly, these movements are small and there is no significant shift in the position of the basilar tip in modest flexion or extension. These results should be useful for presurgical planning of optimal patient positioning during neuroendoscopic procedures such as third ventriculostomy and the expanded endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the retroclival space.
El perfil de consumo televisivo en adolescentes: diferencias en función del sexo y estereotipos sociales

Resumen En este trabajo se analizaron las diferencias de sexo respecto al perfil de consumo televisivo de 577 adolescentes (307 chicas y 270 chicos) de la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (España). Nuestro objetivo general ha sido conocer si el perfil de consumo televisivo de los adolescentes contribuye a definir el significado de género. Para establecer dicho perfil, se han agrupado las respuestas recogidas a través del CH-TV.01 en ocho indicadores: permanencia, alternativas, aparatos y disponibilidad física, mediación parental, conversación, estilo de visionado, preferencias televisivas y permanencia específica. Los datos nos permiten concluir que, en términos generales, no aparecen diferencias de sexo. No obstante, al analizar las respuestas obtenidas respecto a mediación parental, preferencias y permanencia específica se han encontrado diferencias significativas que indican que a las chicas les prohíben ver más programas que a los chicos, así como que las primeras manifiestan una mayor preferencia por los Talk Shows, los Reality Shows y crónica rosa. Igualmente, las chicas dedican más horas a ver dichos programas y teleseries que los chicos. Los resultados indican que, en términos globales, no se puede hablar de reproducción de estereotipos sociales.
Attentional control guides the strategic filtering of potential distraction as revealed by behavior and Fmri

Some sections of Chapter 2 and Chapter 5 of this thesis have been published in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General and are © American Psychological Association (APA). These sections may not exactly replicate the final version published in the APA journal. This is not the copy of record. APA grants to the Author the rights for publishing these sections in the present thesis and for depositing the thesis in the repository as required by the Author’s Institution. The study described in Chapter 2 was conducted in collaboration with Leonardo Chelazzi (University of Verona, Italy) and Angelo Maravita (University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy). The study described in Chapter 3 was conducted in collaboration with Leonardo Chelazzi (University of Verona, Italy), Angelo Maravita (University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy), and Marty G. Woldorff (Duke University, USA). The study described in Chapter 4 was conducted in collaboration with Elise Demeter (Duke University, USA), Kenneth C. Roberts (Duke University, USA), Angelo Maravita (University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy), Leonardo Chelazzi (University of Verona, Italy), and Marty G. Woldorff (Duke University, USA).
Pouchography, CT, and MRI features of ileal J pouch-anal anastomosis.

OBJECTIVE Our objective is to describe pouchography, CT, and MRI features of the J-shaped pouch, both normal and with pouch-related complications. CONCLUSION Pouchography is performed before closure of the loop ileostomy to assess the integrity of the ileal pouch and anastomosis. CT and MRI can be performed when postoperative complications, such as small-bowel obstruction, pouchitis, leakage, abscess, intramural hematoma, desmoid tumor, or recurrent Crohn's disease, are suspected.