Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public Legal Education and Inmates' Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Official Punishment in China

Although it is widely recognized that an offender's perceptions of the legitimacy of legal sanctions are directly related to his or her subsequent behavioural adjustment, few studies examine the factors that affect such perceptions. The present study addresses this issue by examining a unique social policy - public legal education - that is part of the Chinese system of social control. We describe the rationale, content and implementation of this policy. We speculate that public legal education may serve a positive function in legitimizing the Chinese criminal justice system and that offenders' perception of sanction fairness may be an indicator of this function. Our specific hypothesis is that the availability of public legal education in an offender's neighbourhood is positively related to his or her perception of sanction fairness. Using data from the city of Tianjin, we assess this hypothesis in a multivariate analysis. The data support our hypothesis. In addition, we also find that severity of punishment is negatively related to such perceptions, consistent with distinct features of Chinese criminal justice practice.
Reynolds-number dependence of the near-wall flow over irregular rough surfaces

The Reynolds-number dependence of turbulent channel flow over two irregular rough surfaces, based on scans of a graphite and a grit-blasted surface, is studied by direct numerical simulation. The aim is to characterise the changes in the flow in the immediate vicinity of and within the rough surfaces, an area of the flow where it is difficult to obtain experimental measurements. The average roughness heights and spatial correlation of the roughness features of the two surfaces are similar, but the two surfaces have a significant difference in the skewness of their height distributions, with the graphite sample being positively skewed (peak-dominated) and the grit-blasted surface being negatively skewed (valley-dominated). For both cases, numerical simulations were conducted at seven different Reynolds numbers, ranging from $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=90$ to $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}=720$ . The positively skewed surface gives rise to higher friction factors than the negatively skewed surface in all cases. For the highest Reynolds numbers, the flow has values of the roughness function $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}U^{+}$ well in excess of $7$ for both surfaces and the bulk flow profile has attained a constant shape across the full height of the channel except for the immediate vicinity of the roughness, which would indicate fully rough flow. However, the mean flow profile within and directly above the rough surface still shows considerable Reynolds-number dependence and the ratio of form to viscous drag continues to increase, which indicates that at least for some types of rough surfaces the flow retains aspects of the transitionally rough regime to values of $\unicode[STIX]{x0394}U^{+}$ or $k^{+}$ well in excess of the values conventionally assumed for the transitionally to fully rough threshold. This is also reflected in the changes that the near-wall flow undergoes as the Reynolds number increases: the viscous sublayer, within which the surface roughness is initially buried, breaks down and regions of reverse flow intensify. At the highest Reynolds numbers, a layer of near-wall flow is observed to follow the contours of the local surface. The distribution of thickness of this ‘blanketing’ layer has a mixed scaling, showing that viscous effects are still significant in the near-wall flow.
Development of a Psychometric Instrument Based on the Inference-Based Approach to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Obsessional Probabilistic Inference Scale.

INTRODUCTION The current article addresses the validation of the construct of obsessional probabilistic inference in clinical and non-clinical samples. Obsessional probabilistic inference or obsessional doubt refers to a type of inferential process resulting in the belief that a state of affairs "maybe" causes development of a maladaptive cognitive coping style in terms of obsessing. METHODS The latent structure of the Obsessional Probabilistic Inference Scale (OPIS) was evaluated with confirmatory factor analysis. RESULTS Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a one-factor solution was satisfactory for the instrument, assessing a unidimensional psychological construct. The OPIS was shown to have high internal consistency in all samples, as well as temporal stability, relying on predominantly non-clinical individuals. The scale exhibited high convergent validity and successfully discriminated patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder from both depressive patients and controls. CONCLUSION The findings replicated and extended the role of reasoning process in the development and maintenance of obsessive compulsive symptoms. The results are discussed in regard to assumptions of the inference-based approach to obsessive-compulsive disorder.
German-learning infants' ability to detect unstressed closed class elements in continuous speech

The paper reports on two experiments with the head turn preference method which provide evidence that already at 7 to 9 months, but not yet at 6 months, German-learning infants do recognize unstressed closed-class lexical elements in continuous speech. These findings support the view that even preverbal children are able to compute at least phonological representations for closed-class functional elements. They also suggest that these elements must be available to the language learning mechanisms of the child from very early on, allowing the child to make use of the distributional properties of closed-class lexical elements for further top-down analysis of the linguistic input, e.g. segmentation and syntactic categorization.
Capital Regulation and Bank Risk-Taking Behavior: Evidence from Pakistan

In response to the global financial crisis of 2007–2009, risk-based capital requirements have been reinforced in the new Basel III Accord to counter excessive bank risk-taking behavior. However, prior theoretical as well as empirical literature that studies the impact of risk-based capital requirements on bank risk-taking behavior is inconclusive. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of risk-based capital requirements on bank risk-taking behavior, using a panel dataset of 21 listed commercial banks of Pakistan over the period 2005–2012. Purely regulatory measures of bank capital, capital adequacy ratio, and bank assets portfolio risk, risk-weighted assets to total assets ratio, are used for the main analysis. Recently developed small N panel methods (bias corrected least squares dummy variable (LSDVC) method and system GMM method with instruments collapse option) are used to control for panel fixed effects, dynamic dependent variables, and endogenous independent variables. Overall, the results suggest that commercial banks have reduced assets portfolio risk in response to stringent risk-based capital requirements. Results also confirm that all banks having risk-based capital ratios either lower or higher than the regulatory required limits, have decreased portfolio risk in response to stringent risk-based capital requirements. The results are robust to alternative proxies of bank risk-taking, alternative estimation methods, and alternative samples.
Rare variants in neuronal excitability genes influence risk for bipolar disorder

Significance Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common, severe, and recurrent psychiatric disorder with no known cure and substantial morbidity and mortality. Heritable causes contribute up to 80% of the lifetime risk for BD. Common genetic variation explains ∼25% of this heritable risk. Rare genetic variants may explain additional risk. We identified contributions of rare variants to BD by sequencing the genomes of 200 individuals from 41 families with BD. The two main findings of this study were as follows: rare risk variants for BD were enriched in genes and pathways that regulate diverse aspects of neuronal excitability; and most of these risk variants were noncoding with predicted regulatory functions. These results highlight specific hypotheses for future research and potential therapeutic targets. We sequenced the genomes of 200 individuals from 41 families multiply affected with bipolar disorder (BD) to identify contributions of rare variants to genetic risk. We initially focused on 3,087 candidate genes with known synaptic functions or prior evidence from genome-wide association studies. BD pedigrees had an increased burden of rare variants in genes encoding neuronal ion channels, including subunits of GABAA receptors and voltage-gated calcium channels. Four uncommon coding and regulatory variants also showed significant association, including a missense variant in GABRA6. Targeted sequencing of 26 of these candidate genes in an additional 3,014 cases and 1,717 controls confirmed rare variant associations in ANK3, CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNG2, CAMK2A, and NGF. Variants in promoters and 5′ and 3′ UTRs contributed more strongly than coding variants to risk for BD, both in pedigrees and in the case-control cohort. The genes and pathways identified in this study regulate diverse aspects of neuronal excitability. We conclude that rare variants in neuronal excitability genes contribute to risk for BD.
Developing Design Propositions through Research Synthesis

The field of organization and management studies has a significant and ever increasing published research base, often criticized as fragmented and of limited relevance for practice. A design science approach to management has argued that more room for the development of solution-oriented or prescriptive knowledge would increase its relevance. In this article we discuss prescriptive knowledge cast in the form of design propositions following the so-called 'CIMO-logic', extending previous applications of the design proposition notion. This logic involves a combination of a problematic Context, for which the design proposition suggests a certain Intervention type, to produce, through specified generative Mechanisms, the intended Outcome(s). We discuss how design-oriented research synthesis provides a vehicle for addressing fragmentation and increasing the chances of application. Moreover, we explore how the development of design propositions can result from synthesizing previously published research and illustrate this with the design of high-reliability organizations (HROs).
Context, Anchoring and Dispositional Effects in Evaluating Product Prices

Evaluation of product prices is to some extent influenced by a d iverse set of cognitive heuristics. The context in which the evaluation takes place, internal dispositions and external stimuli influence informat ion processing and judgment formation. In the present field study three groups of factors were applied: (a) product price references (maximu m, minimu m, or no reference) wh ich were either closely or remotely tied to the actual price of the product; (b) the context in wh ich the products were evaluated (prestigious or less prestigious shopping centers); and (c) internal motivational dispositions which help to generate peoples' expectations and direct their judgments (peoples wealth, education level, and disposition toward quality). Results showed that all factors affected product price estimates. Results were explained by expectations created by heuristics such as anchoring and adjustment and availability. Visitors' d ifferent expectations in prestigious centers (quality) and less prestigious centers (bargains) was the most influential factor.
Preparation, Characterization and Application of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Selective Recognition of Sulpiride

A novel molecular imprinting polymer (MIP) was prepared by bulk polymerization using sulpiride as the template molecule, itaconic acid (ITA) as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the crosslinker. The formation of the MIP was determined as the molar ratio of sulpiride-ITA-EGDMA of 1:4:15 by single-factor experiments. The MIP showed good adsorption property with imprinting factor α of 5.36 and maximum adsorption capacity of 61.13 μmol/g, and was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and surface area analysis. With the structural analogs (amisulpride, tiapride, lidocaine and cisapride) and small molecules containing a mono-functional group (p-toluenesulfonamide, formamide and 1-methylpyrrolidine) as substrates, static adsorption, kinetic adsorption, and rebinding experiments were also performed to investigate the selective adsorption ability, kinetic characteristic, and recognition mechanism of the MIP. A serial study suggested that the highly selective recognition ability of the MIP mainly depended on binding sites provided by N-functional groups of amide and amine. Moreover, the MIP as solid-phase extractant was successfully applied to extraction of sulpiride from the mixed solution (consisted of p-toluenesulfonamide, sulfamethoxazole, sulfanilamide, p-nitroaniline, acetanilide and trimethoprim) and serum sample, and extraction recoveries ranged from 81.57% to 86.63%. The tentative tests of drug release in stimulated intestinal fluid (pH 6.8) demonstrated that the tablet with the MIP–sulpiride could obviously inhibit sulpiride release rate. Thus, ITA-based MIP is an efficient and promising alternative to solid-phase adsorbent for extraction of sulpiride and removal of interferences in biosample analysis, and could be used as a potential carrier for controlled drug release.
Interactive technical illustration

A rendering is an abstraction that favors, preserves, or even emphasizes some qualities while sacrificing, suppressing, or omitting other characteristics that are not the focus of attention. Most computer graphics rendering activities have been concerned with photorealism, i.e., trying to emulate an image that looks like a highquality photograph. This laudable goal is useful and appropriate in many applications, but not in technical illustration where elucidation of structure and technical information is the preeminent motivation. This calls for a different kind of abstraction in which technical communication is central, but art and appearance are still essential instruments toward this end. Work that has been done on computer generated technical illustrations has focused on static images, and has not included all of the techniques used to hand draw technical illustrations. A paradigm for the display of technical illustrations in a dynamic environment is presented. This display environment includes all of the benefits of computer generated technical illustrations, such as a clearer picture of shape, structure, and material composition than traditional computer graphics methods. It also includes the three-dimensional interactive strength of modern display systems. This is accomplished by using new algorithms for real time drawing of silhouette curves, algorithms which solve a number of the problems inherent in previous methods. We incorporate current non-photorealistic lighting methods, and augment them with new shadowing algorithms based on accepted techniques used by artists and studies carried out in human perception. This paper, all of the images, and a mpeg video clip are available at http://www.cs. utah.edu/ bgooch/ITI/. CR Categories: I.3. 0 [Computer Graphics]: General; I.3. 6 [Computer Graphics]: Methodology and Techniques.
Training conquers multitasking costs by dividing task representations in the frontoparietal-subcortical system

Significance The problem of how the brain undertakes multiple tasks concurrently is one of the oldest in psychology and neuroscience. Although successful negotiation of the rich sensory world clearly requires the ongoing management of multiple tasks, humans show substantial multitasking impairments in the laboratory and everyday life. Fortunately, training facilitates multitasking. However, until now, the neural mechanisms driving this functional adaptation were not understood. Here, in a large-scale human brain imaging study, we apply an individual differences approach and pattern analysis of brain imaging data to reveal that training segregates individual task representations in the capacity limited processor that constitutes the frontoparietal–subcortical (FP-SC) network. Therefore, the brain separates the neural representations of constituent tasks to conquer multitasking. Negotiating the information-rich sensory world often requires the concurrent management of multiple tasks. Despite this requirement, humans are thought to be poor at multitasking because of the processing limitations of frontoparietal and subcortical (FP-SC) brain regions. Although training is known to improve multitasking performance, it is unknown how the FP-SC system functionally changes to support improved multitasking. To address this question, we characterized the FP-SC changes that predict training outcomes using an individual differences approach. Participants (n = 100) performed single and multiple tasks in pre- and posttraining magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions interspersed by either a multitasking or an active-control training regimen. Multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) revealed that training induced multitasking improvements were predicted by divergence in the FP-SC blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response patterns to the trained tasks. Importantly, this finding was only observed for participants who completed training on the component (single) tasks and their combination (multitask) and not for the control group. Therefore, the FP-SC system supports multitasking behavior by segregating constituent task representations.
p38 MAPK: A dual role in hepatocyte proliferation through reactive oxygen species

Abstract p38 MAPKs are important mediators of signal transduction that respond to a wide range of extracellular stressors such as UV radiation, osmotic shock, hypoxia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress. The most abundant family member is p38α, which helps to couple cell proliferation and growth in response to certain damaging stimuli. In fact, increased proliferation and impaired differentiation are hallmarks of p38α-deficient cells. It has been reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in cytokine-induced p38α activation. Under physiological conditions, p38α can function as a mediator of ROS signaling and either activate or suppress cell cycle progression depending on the activation stimulus. The interplay between cell proliferation, p38 MAPK activation, and ROS production plays an important role in hepatocytes. In fact, low levels of ROS seem to be needed to activate several signaling pathways in response to hepatectomy and to orchestrate liver regeneration. p38 MAPK works as a sensor of oxidative stress and cells that have developed mechanisms to uncouple p38 MAPK activation from oxidative stress are more likely to become tumorigenic. So far, p38α influences the redox balance, determining cell survival, terminal differentiation, proliferation, and senescence. Further studies would be necessary in order to clarify the precise role of p38 MAPK signaling as a redox therapeutical target.
Low Noise Nanometer Scale Room-Temperature ${\hbox{YBa}}_{2}{\hbox{Cu}}_{3}{\hbox{O}}_{7-x}$  Bolometers for THz Direct Detection

We present a detailed investigation of the responsivity and the noise in room temperature THz direct detectors made of YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-x</sub> (YBCO) thin-film nano-bolometers. The YBCO nano-bolometers are integrated with planar spiral antennas covering a frequency range from 100 GHz to 2 THz. The detectors were characterized at 1.6 THz, 0.7 THz, 400 GHz and 100 GHz. The maximum electrical responsivity of 70 V/W and a minimum noise equivalent power (NEP) of 50 pW/Hz<sup>0.5</sup> were measured, whereas the highest optical responsivity was 45 V/W. The (1/f) noise in nano-bolometers is independent on the device volume and can be found as (V<sub>N</sub>/V)<sup>2</sup>=6×10<sup>-11</sup>×1/f Hz<sup>-1</sup> for a given modulation frequency f and a dc voltage V.
Enhancing tolerability of a measure of social perception in schizophrenia: comparison of short and long Norwegian versions of the Relationships Across Domains test

ABSTRACT Introduction: Relationship perception focuses on social interactions, is reduced in schizophrenia and is related to daily functioning. It can be assessed with the Relationships Across Domains (RAD) test, built on Relational Models Theory which states that people use four relational models to interpret social interaction. RAD is time consuming, low on tolerability and only used in English-speaking countries. We evaluated the psychometric properties of a translated, abbreviated Norwegian version. Methods: Sixty-two schizophrenia participants and 56 healthy controls underwent assessments of social and non-social cognition. The schizophrenia group completed functional and clinical measures. RAD’s internal consistency was investigated with Cronbach’s alphas, group differences with logistic regressions and associations between study variables with Pearson’s correlations. Results: RAD was reduced from 25 (Cronbach’s alpha = .809) to 12 vignettes (Cronbach’s alpha = .815). Schizophrenia participants had significant impairments, with larger effect sizes for the full version. Associations of RAD with study variables were similar for the two versions: smaller for clinical measures and larger for functional and cognitive measures. Results were comparable to results for the English version. Conclusions: The length of the Norwegian RAD was reduced while retaining its psychometric properties, which were similar to the English version. This suggests the test’s cross-cultural utility.
Who Seeks Help? Examining the Differences in Attitude of Turkish University Students toward Seeking Psychological Help by Gender, Gender Roles, and Help-Seeking Experiences

The present study investigated the differences in Turkish university students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help and the effects of gender and gender roles on their help-seeking experiences. The Bem Sex Roles Inventory and The Scale of Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help—Shortened were administered to 398 undergraduate students. The results found male and female students differed in their attitudes toward help-seeking. However, no significant interaction was found for students' gender roles and their attitude scores toward help-seeking. The findings and future research needs are discussed.
'It's good to have wheels!': Perceptions of cycling among homeless young people in Sydney, Australia

Participation in sporting or recreational programs can be unattainable for many disadvantaged young people. Encouraging regular cycling is an important public health strategy to increase participation in physical activity and expand personal transport options for marginalised youth. Perceptions and attitudes toward cycling were explored in eight focus groups, involving 47 young people who were experiencing or at risk of homelessness in central and south-western Sydney, Australia. The benefits of cycling for physical activity, personal transport, independence and social inclusion were recognised. Barriers to regular cycling included compliance with mandatory helmet legislation; a lack of cycling skills and experience; a paucity of cycling infrastructure and reliance on cars for personal transport; and access to affordable bicycles and equipment. A comprehensive multi-strategic approach that engages marginalised young people is required to improve access and enable increased participation in cycling activities.