Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
New algorithms for finding irreducible polynomials over finite fields

An algorithm is presented for finding an irreducible polynomial of specified degree over a finite field. It is deterministic and runs in polynomial time for fields of small characteristics. A proof is given of the stronger result, that the problem of finding irreducible polynomials of specified degree over a finite field K is deterministic-polynomial-time reducible to the problem of factoring polynomials over the prime field of K. <<ETX>>
Analgesic prescription patterns among hemodialysis patients in the DOPPS: potential for underprescription.

BACKGROUND Dialysis patients require special consideration regarding analgesics, given their altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles and increased potential for adverse reactions. METHODS Analgesic prescription patterns were investigated using data from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS), with 3749 patients in 142 United States facilities studied between May 1996 and September 2001. RESULTS The proportion of patients prescribed any analgesic decreased from 30.2% to 24.3%; narcotic prescriptions decreased from 18.0% to 14.9%. The most commonly prescribed narcotics were propoxyphene/acetaminophen combinations (47.2%). Combinations containing acetaminophen were prescribed concurrently for 84.1% of patients on narcotics. About one half of prescriptions for narcotics, acetaminophen, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) agents were for 12 months or more; one half of prescriptions for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were for 8 months or more. The proportion of patients prescribed analgesics varied by facility (mean +/- SD = 27.9%+/- 18.9% for all analgesics, range 0% to 89.3%). Analgesic prescription was more likely among the elderly, women, and patients with cardiovascular disease (other than coronary artery disease or congestive heart failure), lung and psychiatric disease, cancer (other than skin), and recurrent cellulitis. Patients prescribed laxatives were almost twice as likely to be on a narcotic (odds ratio = 1.95, P < 0.0001). Analgesic prescription did not correlate with loss of residual renal function or hospitalization for a gastrointestinal disorder. Three-quarters of patients reporting moderate to very severe pain were not prescribed analgesics. Furthermore, 74% of patients with pain that interfered with work had no analgesic prescription. CONCLUSION Dialysis patients and providers may benefit from both refinement of existing guidelines and a renewed understanding regarding appropriate prescription of analgesics.
Does Rent-Sharing Exist in Belgium? an Empirical Analysis Using Firm Level Data

This paper is the first which provides evidence for rent-sharing in Belgium using firm level data. It uses a panel of annual firm level data and shows that a rise in the firm’s profitability leads after some years to an increase in worker’s income. The profit-per-head elasticity of wages is about 0.1 and Lester’s range of wages is estimated at approximately 60 percent of the mean wage.
Kindergarten Disruptive Behaviors, Protective Factors, and Educational Achievement by Early Adulthood.

This study examined whether 2 aspects of disruptive behaviors (i.e., hyperactivity-inattention and aggressiveness-opposition) observed in kindergarten predict noncompletion of high school by early adulthood. Also investigated was whether other personal characteristics such as anxiety or prosociality as well as parent child-rearing attitudes and teacher management style exert a compensatory or protective role with respect to these predictive links. A community sample of 4,330 children participated in this study. Results showed that hyperactivity-inattention made a stronger contribution to predicting noncompletion of high school than did aggressiveness-opposition. However, prosociality and 2 parental child-rearing aspects (i.e., pleasure and discipline) played a compensatory role in this process. Theoretical and preventive implications of these results are stressed in the discussion.
Fundamental Constants for Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis

One of Prof. Castaing’s most important gifts to the field of X-ray microanalysis was his insight that quantification could only effectively be carried out by procedures which relied on measurements relative to a suitable standard, because in this way is was the functional variation, rather than the absolute value, of most quantities that had to be known or approximated. At the time this was seen to be a necessary step because the state of knowledge about the fundamental parameters of electron solid interactions was regarded as poor. in the intervening fifty years this situation has not changed very much. Even more unfortunately the kinds of problems to which electron beam microanalysis is now applied - such as the analysis of highly inhomogeneous or very small samples - are of such a nature that quantitative methods based on standardization are no longer feasible.
In Times of Crisis: The Conditions of Pocketbook Effects

When and how will personal financial (aka “pocketbook”) concerns drive citizens’ political decisions? Scholars remain puzzled by the mismatch between the expectation that pocketbook voting should occur and the reality that, according to most findings, it usually does not. Using original survey data collected immediately after Iceland’s second “Icesave” referendum (2011), I first report the results of an embedded experiment that successfully evokes greater pocketbook concern. Next, I analyze the determinants of retrospective pocketbook evaluations, showing that priming effects are conditioned by political sophistication such that high sophisticates are among the most likely to report negative economic assessments. I then turn to the consequences of these egocentric views for government approval. Mediation analysis confirms a significant indirect effect, suggesting that subjective pocketbook evaluations exert a strong influence on political attitudes that has been hidden in prior work. Results illuminate the contextual, cognitive, and causal circumstances under which pocketbook effects transpire and suggest new ways in which self-interest might matter for attitudes toward international political economy issues.
The importance of high-frequency audibility in the speech and language development of children with hearing loss.

OBJECTIVES To review recent research studies concerning the importance of high-frequency amplification for speech perception in adults and children with hearing loss and to provide preliminary data on the phonological development of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired infants. DESIGN AND SETTING With the exception of preliminary data from a longitudinal study of phonological development, all of the reviewed studies were taken from the archival literature. To determine the course of phonological development in the first 4 years of life, the following 3 groups of children were recruited: 20 normal-hearing children, 12 hearing-impaired children identified and aided up to 12 months of age (early-ID group), and 4 hearing-impaired children identified after 12 months of age (late-ID group). Children were videotaped in 30-minute sessions at 6- to 8-week intervals from 4 to 36 months of age (or shortly after identification of hearing loss) and at 2- and 6-month intervals thereafter. Broad transcription of child vocalizations, babble, and words was conducted using the International Phonetic Alphabet. A phoneme was judged acquired if it was produced 3 times in a 30-minute session. SUBJECTS Preliminary data are presented from the 20 normal-hearing children, 3 children from the early-ID group, and 2 children from the late-ID group. RESULTS Compared with the normal-hearing group, the 3 children from the early-ID group showed marked delays in the acquisition of all phonemes. The delay was shortest for vowels and longest for fricatives. Delays for the 2 children from the late-ID group were substantially longer. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies and preliminary results from our longitudinal study suggest that (1) hearing-aid studies with adult subjects should not be used to predict speech and language performance in infants and young children; (2) the bandwidth of current behind-the-ear hearing aids is inadequate to accurately represent the high-frequency sounds of speech, particularly for female speakers; and (3) preliminary data on phonological development in infants with hearing loss suggest that the greatest delays occur for fricatives, consistent with predictions based on hearing-aid bandwidth.
Employees’ Well‐being in Greater China: The Direct and Moderating Effects of General Self‐efficacy

This study investigated the direct and moderating effect of general self-efficacy on the relationship between stressors and well-being in Chinese societies. Survey data were collected from 386 and 306 employees in Hong Kong and Beijing, respectively. The results consistently showed that general self-efficacy was positively related to mental well-being and physical well-being. A series of hierarchical regressions revealed that general self-efficacy moderated the relationship between stressors and mental well-being, yet did not moderate the relationship between stressors and physical well-being. Results verified that general self-efficacy plays an important role in employees’ well-being in the collectivist society of China. Cette recherche porte sur l’effet direct et regulateur de l’auto-efficience generale sur la relation entre les facteurs de stress et le bien-etre dans les societes chinoises. Les donnees d’enquete ont ete obtenues aupres de 386 salaries de Hong-Kong et 306 de Pekin. Les resultats montrent regulierement que l’auto-efficience generale est positivement correlee avec le bien-etre physique et mental. Une succession de regressions hierarchiques a revele que l’auto-efficience generale regulait la relation entre les facteurs de stress et le bien-etre mental, mais pas celle entre les facteurs de stress et le bien-etre physique. Les resultats verifient l’hypothese selon laquelle l’auto-efficience generale joue un role important pour le bien-etre des salaries dans la societe collectiviste chinoise.
Can We Prevent the Hitting? Recommendations for Preventing Intimate Partner Violence Between Young Adults

ABSTRACT All empirically-evaluated partner violence prevention programs were reviewed. Most changed knowledge and attitudes regarding dating and sexual aggression, but few demonstrated behavioral change. Peer violence and substance use programs directed toward at-risk individuals demonstrate much larger effects than those directed at all individuals. Research is needed to (a) identify risk-factors for violence persistence, (b) examine the cost-benefit of universal and targeted programs, and (c) explore the ability of programs, such as parenting, stress management, and substance abuse programs, to reduce partner aggression. We recommend that institutions implement hierarchical systems of prevention, with brief interventions for all; more extensive program for moderate levels of aggression; and intensive psychosocial and legal interventions for serious offenders.
The Influence of Classroom Drama on English Learners’ Academic Language Use During English Language Arts Lessons

Teacher and student academic discourse was examined in an urban arts-integrated school to better understand facilitation of students’ English language learning. Participants’ discourse was compared across English language arts (ELA) lessons with and without classroom drama in a third-grade classroom of English learning (EL) students (N = 18) with Spanish as their home language (L1) and English as their second language (L2). Students used significantly higher rates of L2 academic language forms as measured by linguistically specific and complex literate language features and language-facilitative speech acts during classroom drama, as compared with conventional ELA lessons. The classroom teacher used more dialogic discourse, as measured by increased rates of requestive and responsive speech acts during drama, as compared with conventional ELA lessons. The findings indicate that the contextualization of ELA content through classroom drama contributed to participants’ dialogic use of specific and complex academic discourse forms over a conventional ELA setting. The implications of arts-integrated instruction for education practice, research, and policy are discussed.
Childhood Trauma and Health Outcomes in HIV-Infected Patients: An Exploration of Causal Pathways

Objective:Traumatic life histories are highly prevalent in people living with HIV/AIDS and predict sexual risk behaviors, medication adherence, and all-cause mortality. Yet the causal pathways explaining these relationships remain poorly understood. We sought to quantify the association of trauma with negative behavioral and health outcomes and to assess whether those associations were explained by mediation through psychosocial characteristics. Methods:In 611 outpatient people living with HIV/AIDS, we tested whether trauma's influence on later health and behaviors was mediated by coping styles, self-efficacy, social support, trust in the medical system, recent stressful life events, mental health, and substance abuse. Results:In models adjusting only for sociodemographic and transmission category confounders (estimating total effects), pasttrauma exposure was associated with 7 behavioral and health outcomes including increased odds or hazard of recent unprotected sex [odds ratio (OR) = 1.17 per each additional type of trauma, 95% confidence interval = 1.07 to 1.29], medication nonadherence (OR = 1.13, 1.02 to 1.25), hospitalizations (hazard ratio = 1.12, 1.04 to 1.22), and HIV disease progression (hazard ratio = 1.10, 0.98 to 1.23). When all hypothesized mediators were included, the associations of trauma with health care utilization outcomes were reduced by about 50%, suggesting partial mediation (eg, OR for hospitalization changed from 1.12 to 1.07), whereas point estimates for behavioral and incident health outcomes remained largely unchanged, suggesting no mediation (eg, OR for unprotected sex changed from 1.17 to 1.18). Trauma remained associated with most outcomes even after adjusting for all hypothesized psychosocial mediators. Conclusions:These data suggest that past trauma influences adult health and behaviors through pathways other than the psychosocial mediators considered in this model.
How Languages are Learnt: Primary Children's Language Learning Beliefs

Language learners bring different ideas and preconceptions of the learning process to the classroom. These are referred to as language learning beliefs. This paper explores primary children's language learning beliefs, a field which has rarely been researched so far. It draws on a qualitative study on the learners' perspective in two primary EFL classes in Germany. Special tasks were designed to make children reflect on their language learning experiences. The data include classroom recordings, learner interviews and learner texts. The findings of the study suggest that primary school children are considerably aware of their learning process and hold elaborated beliefs which influence both their behaviour in class and their choice of learning strategies. Following the presentation of five different language learning beliefs identified in the data, results are discussed in terms of the need to include reflection of students' learning experiences and to account for different learning approaches in primary foreign language classes.
Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Understanding my Narrative as a Teacher Educator

This is the first of two self-studies of my first five years as a teacher educator attempting to prepare preservice teachers for the practical realities of the classroom while being respectful of their personal professional knowledge. I coined the term “relational teacher education” to convey my approach, which is informed by Rogers' (1961) helping relationships and Hollingsworth et al.'s (1993) “relational knowing. ” In this paper, I explore my developing self-understanding by examining my experiences as a preservice and classroom teacher, my development as a teacher educator, and my understanding of the educational landscape.
Where Has All the Foreign Investment Gone in Russia?

Since its transition to a market economy began, Russia has not attracted much foreign direct investment (FDI). Inflows of FDI into Russia are much lower than those into other transition countries in the region, adjusted for population size and similar measures. Clearly, if Russia is to grow it must increase the level of FDI inflows, which is why a good deal of policy attention has focused on the problem. Equally important for achieving sustainable growth in such a large, heterogeneous economy is learning how to make the spatial distribution of FDI within Russia more even. Inflows are strikingly skewed. Close to 60 percent of FDI goes to four regions in te western part of the country--Moscow City, Moscow oblast, St. Petersburg, and Leningrad oblast--which account for only 22 percent of Russia's gross national product and only 13 percent of Russia's population. Only two of the other 85 regions account for more than 2.5 percent of the country's FDI and most account for much less. Surprisingly, neither policymakers nor observers and analysts have paid much attention to diagnosing the reason for this imbalance in FDI's distribution. The authors try to empirically unbundle the determinants of FDI's regional distribution within Russia. They find that faactors associated with market size, infrastructure development, and the policy environment seem to explain much of the observed variation in FDI flows to regions in Russia. Moreover, the explanatory power of themodel that best explains cross-regional variation in FDI flows from 1995 to 1998 changes significantly after the 1998 default and ruble devaluation--suggesting the possibility of a"structural change"in the determination of FDI after the 1998 crisis.
Predicting Outcome in Behavioral Parent Training: Expected and Unexpected Results

ABSTRACT This study examined the relationships among clinical utility and treatment outcome variables in Behavioral Parent Training (BPT). The sample included 21 mothers with 3–8 year-old children with significant externalizing behavior problems who received treatment for Oppositional Defiant Disorder. The primary aim was to relate two treatment feasibility variables, client resistance and treatment acceptability, to maternal ratings of child improvement. We also examined the relationship between treatment feasibility variables and parent and family risk factors that appear to mitigate the effectiveness of BPT such as low SES, single-parent status, and maternal depression. Outside observers coded videotapes for maternal resistance exhibited in treatment sessions during which discipline techniques were discussed. Mother reports were used to measure treatment outcome (child improvement) and treatment acceptability. Effect size calculations yielded large pre-post improvements in children's externalizing behavior. Results of correlation analyses revealed the following pattern of significant findings: (1) a positive relationship between treatment acceptability and child improvement, (2) a negative relationship between maternal resistance and the risk factors, low SES and single-parent status, and (3) a negative association between SES and child improvement. The first finding was expected but the latter two were not. Although this was a small study with many limitations, the pattern of findings raises intriguing issues for further study. The need for empirically tested models of BPT that incorporate service utilization, risk and protective factors, and implementation is discussed.
Representation and processing of mass and count nouns: a review

Comprehension and/or production of noun phrases and sentences requires the selection of lexical-syntactic attributes of nouns. These lexical-syntactic attributes include grammatical gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), number (singular/plural) and countability (mass/count). While there has been considerable discussion regarding gender and number, relatively little attention has focused on countability. Therefore, this article reviews empirical evidence for lexical-syntactic specification of nouns for countability. This includes evidence from studies of language production and comprehension with normal speakers and case studies which assess impairments of mass/count nouns in people with acquired brain damage. Current theories of language processing are reviewed and found to be lacking specification regarding countability. Subsequently, the theoretical implications of the empirical studies are discussed in the context of frameworks derived from these accounts of language production (Levelt, 1989; Levelt et al., 1999) and comprehension (Taler and Jarema, 2006). The review concludes that there is empirical support for specification of nouns for countability at a lexical-syntactic level.
Safety of celecoxib compared with placebo and non-selective NSAIDs: cumulative meta-analysis of 89 randomized controlled trials

Objective: Further understand the safety profile of celecoxib and provide safety information for important adverse events (AEs). Methods: Analysis of randomized controlled trials from the Pfizer clinical trial repository (final study reports completed by 31 July 2011) in which celecoxib was compared with placebo or non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsNSAIDs) for treatment of pain or inflammation in adults. Safety end points comprised 18 terms that had been identified as important AEs among all NSAIDs. Results: There was a greater risk of edema (risk difference (95% confidence interval) 0.77% (0.45, 1.09)); hypertension (0.28% (-0.01, 0.57)); angioedema (0.16% (-0.06, 0.39) and allergic reactions (0.15% (-0.10, 0.40)) with celecoxib than with placebo, while a greater risk of gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage (-0.15% (-0.47, 0.16)) was seen with placebo. There was a greater risk of GI hemorrhage (-0.53% (-0.72, -0.33)), GI ulceration (-0.46% (-0.60, -0.33)), edema (-0.62% (-0.89, -0.35)) and hypertension (-0.57% (-0.82, -0.33)) with nsNSAIDs than with celecoxib. Conclusions: The magnitude of risks associated with NSAIDs is small and similar in celecoxib-, nsNSAID- and placebo-treated patients. This analysis provides safety information that will allow physicians to make informed treatment decisions for patients who are appropriate candidates for celecoxib use.
Racial and religious discrimination: The inexorable relationship between schools and the individual

Institutional racism remains a difficult and nebulous practice to analyse. This is due, in part, to the sophisticated and complex discriminatory mechanisms that operate through and between institutions. Furthermore, this is affected by the inequity that is experienced by both those who are employed and those who are serviced by the organisation. It is argued in this paper that a false dichotomy has existed in earlier constructions of institutions, whereby the individual and their conscious (or unconscious) actions can be separated from practices and procedures. In many respects, this has served to absolve the perpetrators of discriminatory practices. This paper claims that racisms actually operate in multiple ways and include other forms of discrimination. Religion, for example, has been ignored in most discussions about institutional racism. To exemplify this, data are drawn from a case study about the educational experiences of Muslim pupils in an anonymous state-funded primary school in the north-west of Britain. Evidence suggests that powerful prejudicial discourse, immersed in unequal power relationships, was maintained by teachers and school procedures, where pupils were, at best, misunderstood and, at worst, deliberately discriminated against.