Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lack of interactive effect of nicarbazin and dietary energy-to-protein ratio on performance and abdominal fat pad weight of broiler chicks.

An experiment was carried out, in a factorial arrangement, with female broiler chicks during the period from 8 to 49 days of age. Combined effects were evaluated of dietary energy-to-protein ratio (E:P; 130 vs. 170 from 8 to 28 days of age and 140 vs. 190 from 28 to 49 days of age) and nicarbazin supplementation (0 vs. 125 mg/kg) on performance and fattening. At 49 days of age, feed intake was not affected either by dietary E:P or by nicarbazin supplementation. The latter significantly depressed weight gain (P less than .01) and feed efficiency (P less than .001), but did not affect abdominal fat pad weight. The wide E:P significantly decreased feed efficiency (P less than .01) and increased abdominal fat pad weight (P less than .001). Neither of the parameters was affected by the interaction between nicarbazin and dietary E:P. It was suggested that the growth-depressing effect of nicarbazin was due to its effect on increasing the metabolic rate, an increase which did not affect fattening as measured by abdominal fat pad weight.
Exogenous Testosterone Enhances the Reactivity to Social Provocation in Males

Testosterone affects human social behavior in various ways. While testosterone effects are generally associated with muscular strength and aggressiveness, human studies also point towards enhanced status–seeking motives after testosterone administration. The current study tested the causal influence of exogenous testosterone on male behavior during a competitive provocation paradigm. In this double blind, randomized, placebo (PL)-controlled study, 103 males were assigned to a PL or testosterone group receiving a colorless PL or testosterone gel. To induce provocation, males played a rigged reaction time game against an ostensible opponent. When participants lost, the opponent subtracted money from the participant who in return could subtract money from the ostensible opponent. Participants subjectively indicated anger and self-estimated treatment affiliation (testosterone or PL administration). A trial-by-trial analysis demonstrated that provocation and success during the repeated games had a stronger influence on participants’ choice to reduce money from the opponent if they had received testosterone. Participants who believed to be in the testosterone group were angrier after the experiment and increased monetary reductions during the task course. In line with theories about mechanisms of testosterone in humans, provocation is shown to be necessary for the agency of exogenous testosterone. Thus, testosterone reinforces the conditional adjustment of aggressive behavior but not aggressive behavior per se. In contrast undirected frustration is not increased by testosterone but probably interferes with cognitive appraisals about biological mechanisms of testosterone.
From Extreme to Mainstream: How Social Norms Unravel

Social norms are typically thought to be persistent and long-lasting, sometimes surviving through growth, recessions, and regime changes. In some cases, however, they can quickly change. This paper examines the unraveling of social norms in communication when new information becomes available, e.g., aggregated through elections. We build a model of strategic communication between citizens who can hold one of two mutually exclusive opinions. In our model, agents communicate their opinions to each other, and senders care about receivers' approval. As a result, senders are more likely to express the more popular opinion, while receivers make less inference about senders who stated the popular view. We test these predictions using two experiments. In the main experiment, we identify the causal effect of Donald Trump's rise in political popularity on individuals' willingness to publicly express xenophobic views. Participants in the experiment are offered a bonus reward if they authorize researchers to make a donation to an anti-immigration organization on their behalf. Participants who expect their decision to be observed by the surveyor are significantly less likely to accept the offer than those expecting an anonymous choice. Increases in participants' perceptions of Trump's popularity (either through experimental variation or through the “natural experiment” of his victory) eliminate the wedge between private and public behavior. A second experiment uses dictator games to show that participants judge a person less negatively for publicly expressing (but not for privately holding) a political view they disagree with if that person's social environment is one where the majority of people holds that view.
Review of In Vivo Bone Strain Studies and Finite Element Models of the Zygomatic Complex in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice

The craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. Here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite‐element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars and buttresses. Available bone material properties data do not support the existence of pillars and buttresses in humans or Sapajus apella. Deformation regimes in the zygomatic complex emphasize bending and shear, therefore conceptualizing the zygomatic complex of humans or nonhuman primates as a pillar obscures its patterns of stress, strain, and deformation. Human fossil relatives and chimpanzees exhibit strain regimes corroborating the existence of a canine‐frontal pillar, but the notion of a zygomatic pillar has no support. The emerging consensus on patterns of strain and deformation in finite element models (FEMs) of the human facial skeleton corroborates hypotheses in the clinical literature regarding zygomatic complex function, and provide new insights into patterns of failure of titanium and resorbable plates in experimental studies. It is suggested that the “pillar and buttress” model of human craniofacial skeleton function be replaced with FEMs that more accurately and precisely represent in vivo function, and which can serve as the basis for future research into implants used in restoration of occlusal function and fracture repair. Anat Rec, 299:1753–1778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accurate 3D Positioning for a Mobile Platform in Non-Line-of-Sight Scenarios Based on IMU/Magnetometer Sensor Fusion

In recent years, a variety of real-time applications benefit from services provided by localization systems due to the advent of sensing and communication technologies. Since the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) enables localization only outside buildings, applications for indoor positioning and navigation use alternative technologies. Ultra Wide Band Signals (UWB), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), ultrasonic or infrared are common examples. However, these technologies suffer from fading and multipath effects caused by objects and materials in the building. In contrast, magnetic fields are able to pass through obstacles without significant propagation errors, i.e. in Non-Line of Sight Scenarios (NLoS). The aim of this work is to propose a novel indoor positioning system based on artificially generated magnetic fields in combination with Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs). In order to reach a better coverage, multiple coils are used as reference points. A basic algorithm for three-dimensional applications is demonstrated as well as evaluated in this article. The established system is then realized by a sensor fusion principle as well as a kinematic motion model on the basis of a Kalman filter. Furthermore, a pressure sensor is used in combination with an adaptive filtering method to reliably estimate the platform’s altitude.
Association of common comorbidities with osteonecrosis: a nationwide population-based case–control study in Denmark

Objective To examine recent time trends in the incidence of osteonecrosis (ON) in Denmark and to investigate different common comorbidities association with ON in a population-based setting. Methods Using Danish medical databases, we included all patients with a first-time hospital diagnosis of ON during 1995–2012. Each ON case was matched with 10 randomly selected population control subjects from general population. For all participants, we obtained a complete hospital history of comorbidities included in the CharlsonComorbidity Index 5 years preceding the inclusion date. Results 4107 ON cases and 41 063 controls were included. The incidence of ON increased from 3.9 in 1995 to 5.5 in 2012 per 100 000 inhabitants. Solid cancer was the most common comorbidity, associated with an adjusted OR (aOR) for ON of 2.0 (95% CI 1.7 to 2.2). For advanced metastatic cancer, leukaemia and lymphoma, aORs of ON were 3.4 (95% CI 2.5 to 4.5), 4.3 (95% CI 2.7 to 7.0) and 5.8 (95% CI 4.3 to 7.8), respectively. Among other chronic conditions, aORs were 3.5 (95% CI 3.0 to 4.1) for connective tissue diseases and 2.3 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.7) for chronic pulmonary diseases. aORs were also increased at 2.8 (95% CI 1.9 to 4.1) and 4.5 (95% CI 2.5 to 8.2) for mild and moderate-to-severe liver disease, respectively, and 4.2 (95% CI 3.4 to 5.2) for renal disease. Conclusion This large population-based study provides evidence for an increasing ON incidence in the general population and documents an association between several common comorbid conditions and risk of ON.
Growth stress – microstructure relationships for alumina scales

Abstract Focused monochromatic synchrotron undulator radiation was used to measure stresses in growing α-Al2O3 on FeCrAl-based and NiAl alloys during the first few hours of high-temperature air exposures at 1000–1200°C. Selected specimens were then sectioned and examined by transmission electron microscopy to characterize the microstructure of the oxides grown during the in situ stress measurement experiments. In several cases at 1100 and 1200°C, rapid decreases in an initial tensile stress were noted within the first hour of exposure. It was found that differences in high-temperature stress development in the alumina were at least partially reflected in the observed scale microstructures. Relaxation processes limited the magnitude of growth stresses at the higher temperatures such that after a few hours, stresses were typically quite low.
Neural Program Search: Solving Programming Tasks from Description and Examples

We present a Neural Program Search, an algorithm to generate programs from natural language description and a small number of input/output examples. The algorithm combines methods from Deep Learning and Program Synthesis fields by designing rich domain-specific language (DSL) and defining efficient search algorithm guided by a Seq2Tree model on it. To evaluate the quality of the approach we also present a semi-synthetic dataset of descriptions with test examples and corresponding programs. We show that our algorithm significantly outperforms a sequence-to-sequence model with attention baseline.
Lipid Peroxidation: Chemical Mechanism, Biological Implications and Analytical Determination

© 2012 Repetto et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Lipid Peroxidation: Chemical Mechanism, Biological Implications and Analytical Determination
The risks of polypharmacy following spinal cord injury

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the overall prevalence of polypharmacy within the spinal cord injury (SCI) population, the level of polypharmacy with respect to seven classes of high-risk drugs commonly used to treat secondary conditions in the SCI population, and the overall risks for drug-related problems (DRP) related to polypharmacy. Design: A retrospective case–control design. Setting: A commercially available claims dataset that included patient cases from 4800 hospitals in the USA between 2007 and 2009. Participants: Individuals with tetraplegia, paraplegia, and those with SCI but not specified as either tetraplegia or paraplegia as well as a control population of randomly selected, age- and sex-matched individuals without a diagnosis of SCI. Outcome measures: The overall prevalence of polypharmacy, the prevalence of commonly prescribed high-risk medications, and the prevalence of reported DRPs. Results: Overall, the patients in the SCI population were prescribed significantly more medications than their control counterparts. There was a higher rate of individuals being prescribed medications from multiple high-risk classes (e.g. analgesic-narcotics, anticonvulsant, antidepressant, and skeletal muscle relaxer), as well as multiple medications within each class (e.g. multiple analgesic-narcotics). The SCI group had a higher incidence of DRPs. Conclusion: Our results are some of the first to demonstrate the extent of polypharmacy in individuals with SCI, including commonly prescribed high-risk medications, leading to a higher rate of DPRs. The higher rate of polypharmacy and DRPs can impact rehabilitation goals and community integration following neurologic injury.
HIV-1 resistance rarely observed in subjects using darunavir once-daily regimens across clinical studies

Background: Darunavir 800 mg once daily (QD) is indicated for HIV-1–infected treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced (without darunavir resistance-associated mutations [RAMs]) individuals, and has been evaluated in phase 2/3 studies with durations between 48 and 192 weeks. Objective: To summarize the development (or identification) of post-baseline resistance (RAMs and antiretroviral phenotypic susceptibility) among subjects receiving darunavir QD dosing. Methods: Seven phase 2/3 studies with available genotypes/phenotypes for subjects treated with ritonavir- or cobicistat-boosted darunavir 800 mg QD regimens were assessed: ARTEMIS (NCT00258557; n = 343), GS-US-299-0102 (NCT01565850; n = 153), GS-US-216-0130 (NCT01440569; n = 313), ODIN (NCT00524368; n = 294), INROADS (NCT01199939; n = 54), MONET (NCT00458302; n = 256), and PROTEA (NCT01448707; n = 273). Genotypic analyses were conducted at baseline (except switch studies enrolling virologically suppressed subjects [MONET, PROTEA]). Criteria for post-baseline resistance testing and evaluation of the development (or identification [switch studies]) of RAMs (respective IAS-USA mutations) varied slightly across studies. Results: Among 1686 subjects treated with darunavir 800 mg QD regimens, 184 had protocol-defined virologic failure; 182 had post-baseline genotypes analyzed. Overall, 4/1686 (0.2%) developed (or had identified [switch studies]) primary protease inhibitor and/or darunavir RAMs (ARTEMIS, n = 1; GS-US-216-0130, n = 1; ODIN, n = 1; MONET, n = 1). Only 1/1686 (<0.1%) subject lost darunavir phenotypic susceptibility (ODIN; possibly related to prior ritonavir-boosted lopinavir virologic failure). Among 1103 subjects using a nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (N[t]RTI) backbone, 10 (0.9%) developed ≥ 1 N(t)RTI RAM (8 had the emtricitabine RAM M184I/V). Conclusions: Darunavir has a high genetic barrier to resistance. Across a diverse population of HIV-1–infected subjects treated with darunavir 800 mg QD regimens, the development of darunavir resistance was rare (<0.1%).
Orientation of the Temporal Nerve Fiber Raphe in Healthy and in Glaucomatous Eyes.

Purpose To determine the normal variation in orientation of the temporal nerve fiber raphe, and the accuracy with which it may be predicted or approximated in lieu of direct measurement. Methods We previously described an algorithm for automatic measurement of raphe orientation from optical coherence tomography, using the intensity of vertically oriented macular cubes. Here this method was applied in 49 healthy participants (age 19-81 years) and 51 participants with primary open angle glaucoma (age 51-80 years). Results Mean fovea-disc-raphe angle was 173.5° ± 3.2° (range = 166°-182°) and 174.2° ± 3.4° (range = 166°-184°) in healthy and glaucoma patients, respectively. Differences between groups were not significant. Fovea-disc-raphe angle was not correlated with age or axial length (P > 0.4), showed some symmetry between eyes in glaucoma (R2 = 0.31, P < 0.001), and little symmetry in the healthy group (P = 0.06). Fovea-disc angle was correlated with fovea-raphe angle (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.0001), but was not a good predictor for raphe orientation (average error = 6.8°). The horizontal axis was a better predictor (average error = 3.2°; maximum error = 9.6°), but still gave approximately twice the error previously reported for direct measurement from macular cubes. Conclusions There is substantial natural variation in temporal nerve fiber raphe orientation, which cannot be predicted from age, axial length, relative geometry of the disc and fovea, or the contralateral eye. For applications to which the orientation of the raphe is considered important, it should be measured directly.
A Multidimensional Tool Based on the eHealth Literacy Framework: Development and Initial Validity Testing of the eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ)

Background For people to be able to access, understand, and benefit from the increasing digitalization of health services, it is critical that services are provided in a way that meets the user’s needs, resources, and competence. Objective The objective of the study was to develop a questionnaire that captures the 7-dimensional eHealth Literacy Framework (eHLF). Methods Draft items were created in parallel in English and Danish. The items were generated from 450 statements collected during the conceptual development of eHLF. In all, 57 items (7 to 9 items per scale) were generated and adjusted after cognitive testing. Items were tested in 475 people recruited from settings in which the scale was intended to be used (community and health care settings) and including people with a range of chronic conditions. Measurement properties were assessed using approaches from item response theory (IRT) and classical test theory (CTT) such as confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability using composite scale reliability (CSR); potential bias due to age and sex was evaluated using differential item functioning (DIF). Results CFA confirmed the presence of the 7 a priori dimensions of eHLF. Following item analysis, a 35-item 7-scale questionnaire was constructed, covering (1) using technology to process health information (5 items, CSR=.84), (2) understanding of health concepts and language (5 items, CSR=.75), (3) ability to actively engage with digital services (5 items, CSR=.86), (4) feel safe and in control (5 items, CSR=.87), (5) motivated to engage with digital services (5 items, CSR=.84), (6) access to digital services that work (6 items, CSR=.77), and (7) digital services that suit individual needs (4 items, CSR=.85). A 7-factor CFA model, using small-variance priors for cross-loadings and residual correlations, had a satisfactory fit (posterior productive P value: .27, 95% CI for the difference between the observed and replicated chi-square values: −63.7 to 133.8). The CFA showed that all items loaded strongly on their respective factors. The IRT analysis showed that no items were found to have disordered thresholds. For most scales, discriminant validity was acceptable; however, 2 pairs of dimensions were highly correlated; dimensions 1 and 5 (r=.95), and dimensions 6 and 7 (r=.96). All dimensions were retained because of strong content differentiation and potential causal relationships between these dimensions. There is no evidence of DIF. Conclusions The eHealth Literacy Questionnaire (eHLQ) is a multidimensional tool based on a well-defined a priori eHLF framework with robust properties. It has satisfactory evidence of construct validity and reliable measurement across a broad range of concepts (using both CTT and IRT traditions) in various groups. It is designed to be used to understand and evaluate people’s interaction with digital health services.
Effects of Feed Supplementation on Mineral Composition, Mechanical Properties and Structure in Femurs of Iberian Red Deer Hinds (Cervus elaphus hispanicus)

Few studies in wild animals have assessed changes in mineral profile in long bones and their implications for mechanical properties. We examined the effect of two diets differing in mineral content on the composition and mechanical properties of femora from two groups each with 13 free-ranging red deer hinds. Contents of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, B and Sr, Young’s modulus of elasticity (E), bending strength and work of fracture were assessed in the proximal part of the diaphysis (PD) and the mid-diaphysis (MD). Whole body measures were also recorded on the hinds. Compared to animals on control diets, those on supplemented diets increased live weight by 6.5 kg and their kidney fat index (KFI), but not carcass weight, body or organ size, femur size or cortical thickness. Supplemental feeding increased Mn content of bone by 23%, Cu by 9% and Zn by 6%. These differences showed a mean fourfold greater content of these minerals in supplemental diet, whereas femora did not reflect a 5.4 times greater content of major minerals (Na and P) in the diet. Lower content of B and Sr in supplemented diet also reduced femur B by 14% and Sr by 5%. There was a subtle effect of diet only on E and none on other mechanical properties. Thus, greater availability of microminerals but not major minerals in the diet is reflected in bone composition even before marked body effects, bone macro-structure or its mechanical properties are affected.
Neural Combinatorial Optimization with Reinforcement Learning

This paper presents a framework to tackle combinatorial optimization problems using neural networks and reinforcement learning. We focus on the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and train a recurrent network that, given a set of city coordinates, predicts a distribution over different city permutations. Using negative tour length as the reward signal, we optimize the parameters of the recurrent network using a policy gradient method. We compare learning the network parameters on a set of training graphs against learning them on individual test graphs. Despite the computational expense, without much engineering and heuristic designing, Neural Combinatorial Optimization achieves close to optimal results on 2D Euclidean graphs with up to 100 nodes. Applied to the KnapSack, another NP-hard problem, the same method obtains optimal solutions for instances with up to 200 items.