Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model-based sensitivity analysis for outcome reporting bias in the meta analysis of benefit and harm outcomes

Outcome reporting bias occurs when outcomes in research studies are selectively reported, the selection being influenced by the study results. For benefit outcomes, we have shown how risk assessments using the Outcome Reporting Bias in Trials risk classification scale can be used to calculate bias-adjusted treatment effect estimates. This paper presents a new and simpler version of the benefits method, and shows how it can be extended to cover the partial reporting and non-reporting of harm outcomes. Our motivating example is a Cochrane systematic review of 12 studies of Topiramate add-on therapy for drug-resistant partial epilepsy. Bias adjustments for partially reported or unreported outcomes suggest that the review has overestimated the benefits and underestimated the harms of the test treatment.
Peer discussion affects children's memory reports

This study explored the memory conformity effect in children. Younger (6–7 years; n = 60) and older (11–12 years; n = 62) children watched a video individually (individual witness condition) or in dyads (co-witness condition). The dyads believed that they were viewing the same video as the other member of the pair while in fact the saw different versions. Next, children in the individual witness condition answered questions, whereas children in the co-witness condition discussed the event on the video with each other. Finally, all children completed an individual free and cued recall task. In the co-witness condition, more than 60% of the children recalled at least one detail from the alternative video, whereas over 23% of the children in the individual witness condition reported such a detail. Moreover, in free recall—but not in cued recall—the memory conformity effect was stronger for older than for younger children. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unjustified aggression in preschool

This study investigates the nature of unjustified aggression in Spanish preschool children aged 4 to 6 years. Children were assigned to roles in aggression (Aggressor, Victim, Defender, Supporter, and Bystander) on the basis of peer, teacher, and self-nominations. The roles taken in aggression were examined in relation to individuals' physical strength, social status, and social development. The coping strategies used by victims were also examined. Aggressive children were found to be socially rejected. Defenders were found to be the most popular children in the class, which may place them better to defend others without fear of reprisal or they may gain their status from the act of defending others. The findings also indicate that young victims do not exhibit the characteristics of older victims (e.g., social rejection and physical weakness), which confirms findings with 4- to 6-year-olds in England [Monks et al. 2002a, 2002b]. It is suggested that these findings relate to the instability of victimisation at this age.
The processing of music notation: some implications for piano sight-reading

Most piano pupils and many professional pianists find it difficult to sight-read music fluently. A major reason for this phenomenon is the complexity of the piano sight-reading process. Cognitive research reveals an intricate system of neural networks spread over all four cortical lobes of the brain, which are involved in processing musical sound and notation in particular. When sight-reading a piece of music that is seen for the first time (a prima vista) there are no context-specific memory maps to depend on, as is the case in performance study. The weak reader's biggest problem, therefore, is to form adequate motor responses to perceived notation. Specific challenges include dealing with pitch and rhythm separately while maintaining structural coherence, developing the ability of notational audiation or 'inner hearing', and coping with stress caused by high levels of mental arousal. These problems can be overcome if sight-readers develop an awareness of the mental processes that underlie their actions at the keyboard, and if they strengthen both the analytical and holistic strategies of the brain. Current teaching and learning practices need to be overhauled to utilise fully the insights provided by cognitive research.
Learning Word-Class Lattices for Definition and Hypernym Extraction

Definition extraction is the task of automatically identifying definitional sentences within texts. The task has proven useful in many research areas including ontology learning, relation extraction and question answering. However, current approaches -- mostly focused on lexicosyntactic patterns -- suffer from both low recall and precision, as definitional sentences occur in highly variable syntactic structures. In this paper, we propose Word-Class Lattices (WCLs), a generalization of word lattices that we use to model textual definitions. Lattices are learned from a dataset of definitions from Wikipedia. Our method is applied to the task of definition and hypernym extraction and compares favorably to other pattern generalization methods proposed in the literature.
PERSPECTIVE TAKING IN HIGH AND ABOVE AVERAGE IQ PRESCHOOL CHILDREN 1

Abstract This study compared 13 high (mean = 132.5) and 13 above average IQ (mean = 111.8) children aged 44 to 63 months on a spatial perspective taking task. The high group made significantly fewer egocentric errors and more correct responses. This may be a useful indication of high ability from an early age. All subjects made a relatively large number of adjacent errors, selecting a perspective between one's own and another viewer's, but the total score was uncorrelated with egocentric errors. Adjacent errors may provide more clues than egocentric errors to understanding the specific skills that need to be learned to overcome egocentrism, notably distinguishing the common features shared by the viewers in addition to recognizing the view of each. Possible relations to metacognition and flexibility are discussed. The results warrant continued exploration of perspective taking and its relationship to the development of thinking. 1This research was supported by a McGill University McConnell Fellowship and .
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

a b s t r a c t Most research on neurodevelopmental disorders has focused on their abnormalities. However, what remains intact may also be important. Increasing evidence suggests that declarative memory, a critical learning and memory system in the brain, remains largely functional in a number of neurodevelopmental disorders. Because declarative memory remains functional in these disorders, and because it can learn and retain numerous types of information, functions, and tasks, this system should be able to play compensatory roles for multiple types of impairments across the disorders. Here, we examine this hypothesis for specific language impairment, dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder, Tourette syndrome, and obsessive–compulsive disorder. We lay out specific predictions for the hypothesis and review existing behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence. Overall, the evidence suggests that declarative memory indeed plays compensatory roles for a range of impairments across all five disorders. Finally, we discuss diagnostic, therapeutic and other implications.
Usability inspections by groups of specialists: perceived agreement in spite of disparate observations

Evaluators who examine the same system using the same usability evaluation method tend to report substantially different sets of problems. This so-called evaluator effect means that different evaluations point to considerably different revisions of the evaluated system. The first step in coping with the evaluator effect is to acknowledge its existence. In this study 11 usability specialists individually inspected a website and then met in four groups to combine their findings into group outputs. Although the overlap in reported problems between any two evaluators averaged only 9%, the 11 evaluators felt that they were largely in agreement. The evaluators perceived their disparate observations as mulitiple sources of evidence in support of the same issues, not as disagreements. Thus, the group work increased the evaluators' confidence in their individual inspections, rather than alerted them to the evaluator effect.
Dispositional Affect and Leadership Effectiveness: A Comparison of Self-Esteem, Optimism, and Efficacy

A two-part study examined the effects of leadership efficacy and optimism on the evaluation and performance of military cadet leaders. Cadets at several universities responded to measures of leadership confidence and optimism. In Part 1, the cadets (n = 96) were rated for leadership potential by their military science professors. Both leadership efficacy and optimism were associated with rated leadership potential. Part 2 followed most of the same cadets (n = 64) to U.S. Army summer leadership training. Leadership efficacy, but not optimism, was strongly related to performance evaluations by objective observers in a leadership simulation and to leadership ratings by peers and superiors. A measure of general self-esteem was not an independent predictor of leadership performance ratings, and neither leadership efficacy nor optimism predicted nonleadership performance measures. These findings suggest that self-rated leadership efficacy has concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity as a contributor to leadership evaluations.
Sustained successful school leadership in Denmark

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to revisit three successful schools to see how the principals and the schools had sustained success over a period of five years.Design/methodology/approach – A case study research design was used building on the 2005 design. This time the principals were interviewed.Findings – The study is a case study over five years. In the first round of visits to schools four‐to‐five years ago in the ISSPP context, it was found that the modernization of Danish society was beginning to show new forms in the every day life and discourses of schools. It could be seen that the links between the state, local authorities and schools were changing. Some were being loosened and some were beginning to be tightened. Returning to three schools in 2008, it was found that the tightening of links had accelerated, so the new governance of schools through accountability, contracts and networks was at this stage implemented with a number of effects in schools and in school leadership. While rathe.
Correlated Firing in Macaque Visual Area MT: Time Scales and Relationship to Behavior

We studied the simultaneous activity of pairs of neurons recorded with a single electrode in visual cortical area MT while monkeys performed a direction discrimination task. Previously, we reported the strength of interneuronal correlation of spike count on the time scale of the behavioral epoch (2 sec) and noted its potential impact on signal pooling (Zohary et al., 1994). We have now examined correlation at longer and shorter time scales and found that pair-wise cross-correlation was predominantly short term (10–100 msec). Narrow, central peaks in the spike train cross-correlograms were largely responsible for correlated spike counts on the time scale of the behavioral epoch. Longer-term (many seconds to minutes) changes in the responsiveness of single neurons were observed in auto-correlations; however, these slow changes in time were on average uncorrelated between neurons. Knowledge of the limited time scale of correlation allowed the derivation of a more efficient metric for spike count correlation based on spike timing information, and it also revealed a potential relative advantage of larger neuronal pools for shorter integration times. Finally, correlation did not depend on the presence of the visual stimulus or the behavioral choice of the animal. It varied little with stimulus condition but was stronger between neurons with similar direction tuning curves. Taken together, our results strengthen the view that common input, common stimulus selectivity, and common noise are tightly linked in functioning cortical circuits.
Morningness-eveningness personality and creative thinking among young people who play recreational sport

Morningness-eveningness personality and creative thinking were investigated in a sample of young people who play recreational sports. Results showed that male participants were more eveningness-oriented than females; evening types had lower scores in creative thinking, although these were not statistically significant; the elaboration factor of the Torrance Test of Creative Thinking (Torrance, 1989) was positively correlated with taking part in sport activities in the whole sample; and the elaboration and fluidity factors were negatively correlated with intermediate and morningness dispositions. The relationship between the number of hours per week of sport activity, morningness-eveningness personality, and creative thinking was also explored.
Repositório ISCTE-IUL

This study aims to explore age prejudice, and to examine age stereotyping in children and adolescents by adopting the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) as a theoretical framework. It was hypothesized that children are socialized into adopting an ambivalent representation of old age (socialization hypothesis) and that this cognitive bias becomes weaker in adolescence due to greater cognitive maturity (developmental hypothesis). By analysing representative data from Portugal (European Social Survey; N = 2367), it was ascertained that the ambivalent age stereotype (higher evaluations of warmth than competence for older people) is indeed a shared social representation of older people in Portuguese society. A total of 103 Portuguese children (6-10 year olds) and adolescents (11-15 year olds) were then sampled from a local school and responded to age-appropriate measures assessing age prejudice as well as age stereotypes. Contrary to previous studies, the findings do not provide evidence for the existence of age prejudice because both children and adolescents reported positive feelings towards older people. However, the socialization hypothesis was corroborated by showing that the ambivalent old age stereotype was already present in childhood. Contrary to the stipulated developmental hypothesis, the magnitude of this cognitive bias was very similar in adolescence.
Ageing, cognition, and neuroscience: An introduction

The main goal of this special issue is to report new cognitive data in normal and pathological ageing that are related to neural data at different levels. Ageing is a universal complex process that profoundly affects mind and brain of all individuals. A number of psychological theories and theoretical approaches see ageing as a set of gains and losses. Cognitive research has relied upon behavioural measures of cognitive performance. We summarise briefly the large variety of topics dealt with in the articles that compose this special issue. This is organised in four main domains: (1) processing speed, inhibition, and executive processes in normal and pathological ageing; (2) implicit learning and memory in normal ageing; (3) cognitive flexibility and episodic memory; and (4) processing emotional information in the old age.
Selective information processing in bulimia nervosa

The Stroop color-naming paradigm was used to investigate information processing in bulimia nervosa. Patients with bulimia nervosa were compared with agematched female controls as well as with a sample of men. It was found that the patients were slower than female controls were in color-naming words related to eating, shape, and weight, whereas there were no differences between the male and female controls. The findings suggest that bulimia nervosa is associated with the selective processing of information related to eating, shape, and weight and that this phenomenon may be restricted to those with an eating disorder of clinical severity.
Gendered Power Relations among Women: A Study of Household Decision Making in Black, Lesbian Stepfamilies

Same-sex partners' familial expectations, including the division of household labor, are not well-understood in the existing research—research that largely references the experiences of white, middle- and upper-income lesbians who develop relationships with egalitarian goals. This article uses qualitative and survey research methods to evaluate the common view that two elements of feminist egalitarian ideology—economic independence and the equal distribution of housework and childrearing—are the defining features of lesbian-headed households. Analyses of 32 black women in lesbian stepfamilies suggest that partners share the providing role but biological mothers undertake significantly more household chores. More chore responsibility is used as a trade-off for greater authority over other aspects of household organization, including family finances and childrearing. The biological mother's control in a family is largely a function of her legal tie to a child and greater perceived responsibility for the child's well-being. Notably, this pattern persists even when she earns less than her mate. Without the gender structure of male privilege or the material advantage of high income, these families associate control over household labor with greater relationship power. These findings, while derived from analyses of a unique population, hold implications for broader conceptions of gender and power within families, the bases of interactional power, and the internal manifestations of power across various family and couple types.
Deformable templates using large deformation kinematics

A general automatic approach is presented for accommodating local shape variation when mapping a two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) template image into alignment with a topologically similar target image. Local shape variability is accommodated by applying a vector-field transformation to the underlying material coordinate system of the template while constraining the transformation to be smooth (globally positive definite Jacobian). Smoothness is guaranteed without specifically penalizing large-magnitude deformations of small subvolumes by constraining the transformation on the basis of a Stokesian limit of the fluid-dynamical Navier-Stokes equations. This differs fundamentally from quadratic penalty methods, such as those based on linearized elasticity or thin-plate splines, in that stress restraining the motion relaxes over time allowing large-magnitude deformations. Kinematic nonlinearities are inherently necessary to maintain continuity of structures during large-magnitude deformations, and are included in all results. After initial global registration, final mappings are obtained by numerically solving a set of nonlinear partial differential equations associated with the constrained optimization problem. Automatic regridding is performed by propagating templates as the nonlinear transformations evaluated on a finite lattice become singular. Application of the method to intersubject registration of neuroanatomical structures illustrates the ability to account for local anatomical variability.
DETECTION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN OF ESBL PRODUCING GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA

Objective: The ESBL producing organisms has been steadily increasing over the past years. The detection and treatment of these ESBL organisms are extremely limited. In the present study, to determine the Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases producing organism which were isolated from various samples of Multispeciality hospital in Salem, India. Methods: A total of 278 gram negative isolates were received from various samples were used to detect the ESBL production by using double disk approximation test and Phenotypic confirmatory test with combination disc. The susceptibility of ESBL producers were analysed by antibiotic susceptibility test by using 4 commercially available beta-lactamase inhibitors combinations (Piperacillin/ tazobactam, Ampicillin/Sulbactam, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic acid and Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid). Results: A total of 351 samples were received, from that 53 Escherichia coli , 73 Klebsiella spp, 37 Pseudomonas aeruginosa , 58 Salmonella spp, 31 Enterobacter spp and 26 Proteus spp were isolated and tested; from the 278 isolates 151 were found to be ESBL producers. From the 151 ESBL producers, P/T exhibited best activity against 134(88.74percent) followed by A/C 128(84.76percent) and A/S 126(83.44percent). T/C 108(71.52percent) shown the poor activity against all the organisms compare to other combination antibiotics. P/T exhibited significantly greater inhibitory activity against Klebsiella spp (96.15percent), E. coli (92.68percent), P. aeruginosa (90.47percent), whereas, A/C exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella spp (92.30percent) and P. aeruginosa (90.47percent). The A/S exhibited greater inhibitory activity against P. aeruginosa (90.38percent) and Klebsiella spp (90.38percent). P/T, A/C and A/S exhibited better activity against rest of the organisms. All the four agents show good activity against Proteus spp. Conclusion: These data suggest that Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid and Ampicillin/Sulbactam combination antibiotics showed maximum inhibitory activity against ESBL producers. So, it can be used for the treatment of ESBL infection.
The Relationship between Customer Collaboration and Software Project Overruns

Most agile projects rely heavily on good collaboration with the customer in order to achieve project goals and avoid overruns. However, the role of the customer in software projects is not fully understood. Often, successful projects are attributed to developer competence, while unsuccessful projects are attributed to customer incompetence. A study was conducted on eighteen of the latest projects of a software contractor. Quantitative project data was collected, and project managers interviewed, on several issues related to estimates, key project properties, and project outcome. It was found that in projects where collaboration was facilitated by daily communication between the contractor and the customer, they experienced a lesser magnitude of effort overruns. In addition, employing a contract that facilitates risk-sharing may also have a positive impact.
Unique and Combined Contributions of Multiple Child Abuse Types and Abuse Severity to Adult Trauma Symptomatology

Studies have documented the co-occurrence and cumulative impact of multiple types of child maltreatment on later psychosocial difficulties. Other research suggests that child abuse characteristics indicative of severity may also increase risk of later adjustment problems. However, little effort has been made to examine the co-occurrence of both multiple types of maltreatment and abuse severity within a single study. The present investigation examines self-reported child maltreatment and adult functioning in a geographically diverse sample of 1,396 undergraduate students. Results indicate that experiencing multiple types of maltreatment is positively associated with more severe abuse. Although increased maltreatment types and more severe abuse are each associated with greater trauma symptomatology, abuse severity is the stronger of the two predictors. Finally, number of maltreatment types and severity of maltreatment interact to predict greater levels of trauma symptomatology. These results highlight the importance of considering both co-occurring abuse types and severity in research and clinical work with adult victims.