Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.

BACKGROUND Most of our social interactions involve perception of emotional information from the faces of other people. Furthermore, such emotional processes are thought to be aberrant in a range of clinical disorders, including psychosis and depression. However, the exact neurofunctional maps underlying emotional facial processing are not well defined. METHODS Two independent researchers conducted separate comprehensive PubMed (1990 to May 2008) searches to find all functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using a variant of the emotional faces paradigm in healthy participants. The search terms were: "fMRI AND happy faces," "fMRI AND sad faces," "fMRI AND fearful faces," "fMRI AND angry faces," "fMRI AND disgusted faces" and "fMRI AND neutral faces. " We extracted spatial coordinates and inserted them in an electronic database. We performed activation likelihood estimation analysis for voxel-based meta-analyses. RESULTS Of the originally identified studies, 105 met our inclusion criteria. The overall database consisted of 1785 brain coordinates that yielded an overall sample of 1600 healthy participants. Quantitative voxel-based meta-analysis of brain activation provided neurofunctional maps for 1) main effect of human faces; 2) main effect of emotional valence; and 3) modulatory effect of age, sex, explicit versus implicit processing and magnetic field strength. Processing of emotional faces was associated with increased activation in a number of visual, limbic, temporoparietal and prefrontal areas; the putamen; and the cerebellum. Happy, fearful and sad faces specifically activated the amygdala, whereas angry or disgusted faces had no effect on this brain region. Furthermore, amygdala sensitivity was greater for fearful than for happy or sad faces. Insular activation was selectively reported during processing of disgusted and angry faces. However, insular sensitivity was greater for disgusted than for angry faces. Conversely, neural response in the visual cortex and cerebellum was observable across all emotional conditions. LIMITATIONS Although the activation likelihood estimation approach is currently one of the most powerful and reliable meta-analytical methods in neuroimaging research, it is insensitive to effect sizes. CONCLUSION Our study has detailed neurofunctional maps to use as normative references in future fMRI studies of emotional facial processing in psychiatric populations. We found selective differences between neural networks underlying the basic emotions in limbic and insular brain regions.
Mayors and Schools: Minority Voices and Democratic Tensions in Urban Education

Part I. Introduction1. School Reform in Two American CitiesPart II. The Politics of School Reform and Minority Political Empowerment2. Big-City Mayors and the Politics of School Reform 3. Innovation and Reaction in the Politics of School Reform: Chicago 4. The Politics of School Reform in the "Comeback City": ClevelandPart III. Measuring Success in Education Reform5. Responsiveness and Community Incorporation 6. Administrative Accountability to Minority Issues 7. Reform and Measuring Student ImprovementPart IV. Mayoral Control in Perspective8. Mayoral Control in Perspective
Determining the effects of employee trust on organizational commitment

An employee’s trust in their leadership is an important antecedent to organizational commitment. It is commonly believed that committed employees will work harder to achieve organizational objectives, so organizations often try to foster commitment in their employees to achieve improved organizational performance. The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the relationship between trust and organizational commitment. The population consisted of 31 employees from 3 high-technology organizations in the United States. The study consisted of 2 research instruments and 5 demographic questions that were administered to employees of 3 high-technology organizations. The survey instrument used to measure trust was Cummings and Brimley’s Organizational Trust Inventory. This instrument separates trust into the 3 dimensions of keeping commitments, negotiating honestly, and not taking advantage. The survey instrument used to measure organizational commitment was Meyer and Allen’s Three Component Model. This second instrument separates organizational commitment into the 3 dimensions of affective commitment, normative commitment, and continuance commitment. The study revealed a strong positive correlation (r =.38) between an employees’ total trust and their total organizational commitment. The study revealed that 12 of the 16 possible correlations between trust and organizational commitment were positively correlated. The study findings indicate that leadership skills are critical to increasing trust levels that enable organizational commitment. By improving the leadership and organizational antecedents that promote a trustworthy environment, employees become more committed and organizational performance improves.
On the irrationality of Ramanujan's mock theta functions and other q-series at an infinite number of points

We show that all of Ramanujan's mock theta functions of order 3, Watson's three additional mock theta functions of order 3, the Rogers- Ramanujan q-series, and 6 mock theta functions of order 5 take on irrational values at the points q =±1/2,±1/3,±1/4, .
Protecting Users by Confining JavaScript with COWL

Modern web applications are conglomerations of JavaScript written by multiple authors: application developers routinely incorporate code from third-party libraries, and mashup applications synthesize data and code hosted at different sites. In current browsers, a web application's developer and user must trust third-party code in libraries not to leak the user's sensitive information from within applications. Even worse, in the status quo, the only way to implement some mashups is for the user to give her login credentials for one site to the operator of another site. Fundamentally, today's browser security model trades privacy for flexibility because it lacks a sufficient mechanism for confining untrusted code. We present COWL, a robust JavaScript confinement system for modern web browsers. COWL introduces label-based mandatory access control to browsing contexts in a way that is fully backward-compatible with legacy web content. We use a series of case-study applications to motivate COWL's design and demonstrate how COWL allows both the inclusion of untrusted scripts in applications and the building of mashups that combine sensitive information from multiple mutually distrusting origins, all while protecting users' privacy. Measurements of two COWL implementations, one in Firefox and one in Chromium, demonstrate a virtually imperceptible increase in page-load latency.
End-Users ’ Acceptance of Enterprise Resource Planning Systems : An Investigation of Antecedents

Businesses that are implementing Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are becoming more concerned with, and realising the importance of, end-user acceptance, a key success factor of ERP implementations (Tchokogué, Bareil & Duguay, 2005, Calisir & Calisir, 2004). Previous research concerning ERP acceptance has been based on the popular Technology Acceptance Model first proposed by Davis (1989). Criticism against applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine ERP acceptance is that the use of an ERP is mandatory while an implicit assumption of TAM is that users of the information systems have some level of choice with regard to the extent that they use the technology. This research paper aims to investigate the factors that affect end-user acceptance of ERP systems and is primarily based on the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) first proposed by Venkatesh, Morris, Davis and Davis (2003). UTAUT is considered as an improvement on the TAM models when evaluating end-user acceptance of ERP systems because it purports to consider the mandatory nature of ERP systems. This paper evaluates the factors that make up UTAUT and leads to the proposal of a research model that is an adjustment of UTAUT. The model contains the dependant variable symbolic adoption that has been shown to better indicate end-user acceptance of mandatory technologies by Nah, Tan and Teh (2004). The research model is validated through a 2006 survey of users of the PeopleSoft Student Administration System at the University of Cape Town and subsequent quantitative analysis. The PeopleSoft system is mainly used for the maintenance of access to student related data and for student processes such as registration and graduation. The factors, performance expectancy; effort expectancy; project communication; training and shared belief were all found to be antecedents to symbolic adoption and age was found to have a moderating influence on the relationships between: • Effort expectancy and symbolic adoption. • Training and symbolic adoption. • Shared belief and symbolic adoption. • Project communication and symbolic adoption. These findings should be of relevance to future researchers and to organisations that intend installing ERP systems. It is hoped that practitioners pay attention to these factors that can influence end-user acceptance of a new ERP system.
How does readability influence investors' judgments? Consistency of benchmark performance matters

ABSTRACT: We conduct two experiments to investigate how readability (high versus low) and benchmark performance consistency (consistent versus inconsistent) influence investors' judgments. Using prior management guidance and year-ago quarter performance as two benchmarks against which to assess actual earnings performance, we manipulate whether the valence of guidance performance (positive or negative) and the valence of trend performance (positive or negative) are consistent with each other. We also manipulate the readability of trend performance in our main experiment. Our results show that when benchmark performance is inconsistent, higher as opposed to lower readability of positive (negative) trend performance leads to more (less) favorable investors' performance judgments. This effect of readability is smaller when benchmark performance is consistent. We also show that higher readability in the inconsistent benchmark performance condition improves investors' understanding of the firm's current-quart.
Dancing with Strangers: Aspiration Performance and the Search for Underwriting Syndicate Partners

In this paper, we introduce performance feedback models to specify conditions under which organizations' decision makers are more (or less) likely to accept the risk and uncertainty of nonlocal interorganizational partnership ties rather than prefer embedded ties with partners with which they have either past direct or third-party ties. Learning theory suggests that organizations performing far from historical and social aspirations may be more willing to accept the uncertainty and risk of such nonlocal ties with relative strangers. An analysis of Canadian investment banks' underwriting syndicate ties from 1952 to 1990 supports predictions from learning theory and, in addition, indicates that inconsistent performance feedback (i.e., performance above either historical or social aspirations but below the other) triggers the greatest risk taking in selecting partners.
Impacts of International Migration and Remittances

We use original 2005 survey data from Fiji and Tonga on remittances and household income to estimate the combined impact of migration and remittances on the composition of household income. A two-stage methodology is followed. A variable for the predicted number of migrants in each household is generated to control for selectivity in migration. This variable is then used in a 3SLS remittances and income equation system. In neither country do we observe significant impacts on agricultural cash income, but, in relation to other income sources, including subsistence agriculture, wages and non-agricultural business activities, some significant and different effects are found, both positive and negative. These findings suggest that the duration and intensity of remittance-driven migration, and the structure of economic activity within a community are important in understanding the influences of migration and remittances on household resource allocation and production decisions and on the communityi? ½s economic transformation.
Eco-urbanism and the Eco-city, or, Denying the Right to the City?

This paper critically analyses the construction of eco-cities as technological fixes to concerns over climate change, Peak Oil, and other scenarios in the transition towards “green capitalism”. It argues for a critical engagement with new-build eco-city projects, first by highlighting the inequalities which mean that eco-cities will not benefit those who will be most impacted by climate change: the citizens of the world's least wealthy states. Second, the paper investigates the foundation of eco-city projects on notions of crisis and scarcity. Third, there is a need to critically interrogate the mechanisms through which new eco-cities are built, including the land market, reclamation, dispossession and “green grabbing”. Lastly, a sustained focus is needed on the multiplication of workers’ geographies in and around these “emerald cities”, especially the ordinary urban spaces and lives of the temporary settlements housing the millions of workers who move from one new project to another.
Cross-Lingual Language Modeling for Low-Resource Speech Recognition

This paper proposes using cross-lingual language modeling with syntactic information for low-resource speech recognition. We propose phrase-level transduction and syntactic reordering for transcribing a resource-poor language and translating it into a resource-rich language, if necessary. The phrase-level transduction is capable of performing n -m cross-lingual transduction. The syntactic reordering serves to model the syntactic discrepancies between the source and target languages. Our purpose is to leverage the statistics in a resource-rich language model to improve the language model of a resource-poor language and at the same time to improve low-resource speech recognition performance. We implement our cross-lingual language model using weighted finite-state transducers (WFSTs), and integrate it into a WFST-based speech recognition search space to output the transcriptions of both resource-poor and resource-rich languages. This creates an integrated speech transcription and translation framework. Evaluations on Cantonese speech transcription and Cantonese to standard Chinese translation tasks show that our proposed approach improves the system performance significantly, with up to 12.5% relative character error rate (CER) reduction over baseline language model interpolation, 6.6% relative CER reduction and 18.5% relative BLEU score improvement, compared to the best word-level transduction approach.
Global Current Account Imbalances and Exchange Rate Adjustment: The Role of Oil Suppliers Valuation Effects and Interest Rate Changes

The present paper extends the Obstfeld and Rogoff (2005) framework of current account imbalances by the oil exporting countries as a fourth region. It sets the stage for a variety of analysis that can be conducted within a four-region-setting that accounts for the importance of OPEC as a major current account surplus provider in the process of narrowing global current account imbalances. We find that including the oil exporting countries as an additional region consisting of OPEC and Russia lowers the adjustment effects predicted by Obstfeld and Rogoff. Depending on different assumptions on how global imbalances might be eliminated, our model predicts a real dollar depreciation in the range of 29.9 to 52.6 percent.
The Three Agricultural Problems in the Disequilibrium of World Agriculture

The disequilibrium of world agriculture has been worsening as manifested by increasing food deficit in developing economies in contrast with increasing surplus in developed economies. Underlying this disequilibrium are policies determined by the three different agricultural problems confronted by countries depending on their different development stages. "Agricultural problem" is defined here as the problem of an overriding concern to policymakers with respect to designing and implementing policies for agriculture as part of policies to promote national economies in their own countries. As such, it may well be called the "basic problem in determining agricultural policies".
Two conductance theorems, two canonical path theorems, and two walks on directed Cayley graphs

We show two Conductance-like theorems for mixing time of non-reversible non-lazy walks. These bounds involve a measure of expansion which expresses how well ergodic flow is distributed among vertices, which while conceptually similar to Blocking Conductance apply to non-lazy non-reversible Markov chains as well. As an application we derive two canonical path theorems for mixing time of non-reversible Markov chains in terms of edge and vertex congestion. The first result is related to the traditional canonical path mixing result but holds for general walks with small holding probability. The second theorem holds for all finite Markov chains, even non-reversible walks with no holding probability, hence not requiring the traditional but artificial assumption of strong aperiodicity. The path theorems are then used to show that a form of a known bound on mixing time of random walks on undirected Cayley graphs in fact applies to all finite directed Cayley graphs.
Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after‐care for lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy: international consensus statement

Botulinum neurotoxin type‐A (BoNT‐A) has been used in association with other interventions in the management of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP) for almost two decades. This consensus statement is based on an extensive review of the literature by an invited international committee. The use of BoNT‐A in the lower limbs of children with spasticity caused by CP is reported using the American Academy of Neurology Classification of Evidence for therapeutic intervention. Randomized clinical trials have been grouped into five areas of management, and the outcomes are presented as treatment recommendations. The assessment of children with CP and evaluation of outcomes following injection of BoNT‐A are complex, and therefore, a range of measures and the involvement of a multidisciplinary team is recommended. The committee concludes that injection of BoNT‐A in children with CP is generally safe although systemic adverse events may occur, especially in children with more physical limitations (GMFCS V). The recommended dose levels are intermediate between previous consensus statements. The committee further concludes that injection of BoNT‐A is effective in the management of lower limb spasticity in children with CP, and when combined with physiotherapy and the use of orthoses, these interventions may improve gait and goal attainment.
Atmospheric Turbulence Effects on Wind-Turbine Wakes: An LES Study

A numerical study of atmospheric turbulence effects on wind-turbine wakes is presented. Large-eddy simulations of neutrally-stratified atmospheric boundary layer flows through stand-alone wind turbines were performed over homogeneous flat surfaces with four different aerodynamic roughness lengths. Emphasis is placed on the structure and characteristics of turbine wakes in the cases where the incident flows to the turbine have the same mean velocity at the hub height but different mean wind shears and turbulence intensity levels. The simulation results show that the different turbulence intensity levels of the incoming flow lead to considerable influence on the spatial distribution of the mean velocity deficit, turbulence intensity, and turbulent shear stress in the wake region. In particular, when the turbulence intensity level of the incoming flow is higher, the turbine-induced wake (velocity deficit) recovers faster, and the locations of the maximum turbulence intensity and turbulent stress are closer to the turbine. A detailed analysis of the turbulence kinetic energy budget in the wakes reveals also an important effect of the incoming flow turbulence level on the magnitude and spatial distribution of the shear production and transport terms.
Spectroscopy of globular clusters in the low-luminosity spiral galaxy NGC 45

Context. Extragalactic globular clusters have been studied in elliptical galaxies and in a few luminous spiral galaxies, but little is known about globular clusters in low-luminosity spirals. Aims. Past observations with the ACS have shown that NGC 45 hosts a large population of globular clusters (19), as well as several young star clusters. In this work we aim to confirm the bona fide globular cluster status for 8 of 19 globular cluster candidates and to derive metallicities, ages, and velocities. Methods. VLT/FORS2 multislit spectroscopy in combination with the Lick/IDS system was used to derive velocities and to constrain metallicities and [α/Fe] element ratio of the globular clusters. Results. We confirm the 8 globular clusters as bona fide globular clusters. Their velocities indicate halo or bulge-like kinematics, with little or no overall rotation. From absorption indices such as Hβ ,H γ ,a nd Hδ and the combined [MgFe] � index, we found that the globular clusters are metal-poor [Z/H] ≤− 0.33 dex and [α/Fe] ≤ 0.0 element ratio. These results argue in favor of a population of globular clusters formed during the assembling of the galaxy.
Interactions between Auditory and Visual Semantic Stimulus Classes: Evidence for Common Processing Networks for Speech and Body Actions

Incongruencies between auditory and visual signals negatively affect human performance and cause selective activation in neuroimaging studies; therefore, they are increasingly used to probe audiovisual integration mechanisms. An open question is whether the increased BOLD response reflects computational demands in integrating mismatching low-level signals or reflects simultaneous unimodal conceptual representations of the competing signals. To address this question, we explore the effect of semantic congruency within and across three signal categories (speech, body actions, and unfamiliar patterns) for signals with matched low-level statistics. In a localizer experiment, unimodal (auditory and visual) and bimodal stimuli were used to identify ROIs. All three semantic categories cause overlapping activation patterns. We find no evidence for areas that show greater BOLD response to bimodal stimuli than predicted by the sum of the two unimodal responses. Conjunction analysis of the unimodal responses in each category identifies a network including posterior temporal, inferior frontal, and premotor areas. Semantic congruency effects are measured in the main experiment. We find that incongruent combinations of two meaningful stimuli (speech and body actions) but not combinations of meaningful with meaningless stimuli lead to increased BOLD response in the posterior STS (pSTS) bilaterally, the left SMA, the inferior frontal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule, and the anterior insula. These interactions are not seen in premotor areas. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that pSTS and frontal areas form a recognition network that combines sensory categorical representations (in pSTS) with action hypothesis generation in inferior frontal gyrus/premotor areas. We argue that the same neural networks process speech and body actions.