Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Derived Categories and Projective Classes

An important example of a model category is the category of unbounded chain complexes of R-modules, which has as its homotopy category the derived category of the ring R. This example shows that traditional homological algebra is encompassed by Quillen's homotopical algebra. The goal of this paper is to show that more general forms of homological algebra also fit into Quillen's framework. Specifically, any set of objects in a complete and cocomplete abelian category A generates a projective class on A, which is exactly the information needed to do homological algebra in A. The main result is that if the generating objects are ``small'' in an appropriate sense, then the category of chain complexes of objects of A has a model category structure which reflects the homological algebra of the projective class. The motivation for this work is the construction of the ``pure derived category'' of a ring R. Finally, we explain how the category of simplicial objects in a possibly non-abelian category can be equipped with a model category structure reflecting a given projective class.
International Money and Finance

We discuss the effectiveness of pegged exchange rate regimes from an historical perspective, drawing conclusions for their effectiveness today. Starting with the classical gold standard period, we point out that a succession of pegged regimes have ended in failure; except for the first, which was ended by the outbreak of World War I, all of the others we discuss have been ended by adverse economic developments for which the regimes themselves were partly responsible. Prior to World War II the main problem was a shortage of monetary gold that we argue is implicated as a cause of the Great Depression. After World War II, more particularly from the late-1960s, the main problem has been a surfeit of the main international reserve asset, the US dollar. This has led to generalized inflation in the 1970s and into the 1980s. Today, excessive dollar international base money creation is again a problem that could have serious consequences for world economic stability.
LC-MS/MS Confirms That COX-1 Drives Vascular Prostacyclin Whilst Gene Expression Pattern Reveals Non-Vascular Sites of COX-2 Expression

There are two schools of thought regarding the cyclooxygenase (COX) isoform active in the vasculature. Using urinary prostacyclin markers some groups have proposed that vascular COX-2 drives prostacyclin release. In contrast, we and others have found that COX-1, not COX-2, is responsible for vascular prostacyclin production. Our experiments have relied on immunoassays to detect the prostacyclin breakdown product, 6-keto-PGF1α and antibodies to detect COX-2 protein. Whilst these are standard approaches, used by many laboratories, antibody-based techniques are inherently indirect and have been criticized as limiting the conclusions that can be drawn. To address this question, we measured production of prostanoids, including 6-keto-PGF1α, by isolated vessels and in the circulation in vivo using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and found values essentially identical to those obtained by immunoassay. In addition, we determined expression from the Cox2 gene using a knockin reporter mouse in which luciferase activity reflects Cox2 gene expression. Using this we confirm the aorta to be essentially devoid of Cox2 driven expression. In contrast, thymus, renal medulla, and regions of the brain and gut expressed substantial levels of luciferase activity, which correlated well with COX-2-dependent prostanoid production. These data are consistent with the conclusion that COX-1 drives vascular prostacyclin release and puts the sparse expression of Cox2 in the vasculature in the context of the rest of the body. In doing so, we have identified the thymus, gut, brain and other tissues as target organs for consideration in developing a new understanding of how COX-2 protects the cardiovascular system.
Active Site Mutations in Yeast Protein Disulfide Isomerase Cause Dithiothreitol Sensitivity and a Reduced Rate of Protein Folding in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Aspects of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) function have been studied in yeast in vivo. PDI contains two thioredoxin-like domains, a and a′, each of which contains an active-site CXXC motif. The relative importance of the two domains was analyzed by rendering each one inactive by mutation to SGAS. Such mutations had no significant effect on growth. The domains however, were not equivalent since the rate of folding of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) in vivo was reduced by inactivation of the a domain but not the a′ domain. To investigate the relevance of PDI redox potential, the G and H positions of each CGHC active site were randomly mutagenized. The resulting mutant PDIs were ranked by their growth phenotype on medium containing increasing concentrations of DTT. The rate of CPY folding in the mutants showed the same ranking as the DTT sensitivity, suggesting that the oxidative power of PDI is an important factor in folding in vivo. Mutants with a PDI that cannot perform oxidation reactions on its own (CGHS) had a strongly reduced growth rate. The growth rates, however, did not correlate with CPY folding, suggesting that the protein(s) required for optimal growth are dependent on PDI for oxidation. pdi1-deleted strains overexpressing the yeast PDI homologue EUG1 are viable. Exchanging the wild-type Eug1p C(L/I)HS active site sequences for C(L/I)HC increased the growth rate significantly, however, further highlighting the importance of the oxidizing function for optimal growth.
The Magellanic Clouds, Past, Present and Future - A Summary of IAU Symposium No. 190

Important problems to which we would like to find answers are: What are the distances to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC)? What is the present distribution of stars, gas and dark matter in the Clouds, and how did it evolve? How, and where, did the Magellanic Clouds form, and how have their orbits evolved? Finally the recent discovery of numerous microlensing events in the Clouds provides answers to questions that we have only recently started to ask.
Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems I Source Localization and Sensing: a Nonparametric Iterative Adaptive Approach Based on Weighted Least Squares Ieee Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems

Array processing is widely used in sensing applications for estimating the locations and waveforms of the sources in a given field. In the absence of a large number of snapshots, which is the case in numerous practical applications such as underwater array processing, it becomes challenging to estimate the source parameters accurately. This paper presents a nonparametric and hyperparameter free weighted least squares-based iterative adaptive approach for amplitude and phase estimation (IAA-APES) in array processing. IAA-APES can work well with few snapshots (even one), uncorrelated, partially correlated, and coherent sources, and arbitrary array geometries. IAA-APES is extended to give sparse results via a model-order selection tool, the Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Moreover, it is shown that further recommendations are those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed by the United States Government. 1 improvements in resolution and accuracy can be achieved by applying the parametric RELAX algorithm to refine the IAA-APES&BIC estimates if desired. IAA-APES can also be applied to active sensing applications including single-input single-output (SISO) radar/sonar range-Doppler imaging and multi-input single-output (MISO) channel estimation for communications. Simulation results are presented to evaluate the performance of IAA-APES for all these applications, and IAA-APES is shown to outperform a number of existing approaches.
PENGARUH INFORMASI LABA, ARUS KAS DAN SIZE PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP RETURN SAHAM (STUDI EMPIRIS PADA PERUSAHAAN MANUFAKTUR YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI)

Astrak Pendapatan dan arus kas biasa digunakan oleh para pemegang saham sebagai salah satu pertimbangan untuk membuat keputusan berinvestasi. Disamping itu, investor juga mempertimbangkan karakteristik keuangan perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan yang dalam penelitian ini direpresentasikan dengan karakteristik keuangan perusahaan karena adanya perbedaan dalam data akuntansi pada beberapa perusahaan. Penelitian ini menguji pengaruh informasi laba, arus kas, dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap return saham. Sampel penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling pada perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia dengan periode yang berakhir pada 31 Desember 2008 sampai 31 Desember 2010. Data dikumpulkan dari BEI dan ICMD tahun 2008, 2009 dan 2010. Hasil penelitian ini dengan menggunakan regresi berganda menunjukkan bahwa arus kas dari investasi, laba akuntansi, arus kas dari operasi, arus kas dari investasi dan ukuran perusahaan tidak berpengaruh pada return saham perusahaan. Akan tetapi, arus kas aktivitas keuangan berpengaruh terhadap return saham. Kata kunci: laba kotor, arus kas, ukuran perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan, return saham Abstract Earnings and cash flow used by shareholders as one of the considerations for making investment decisions. In addition, investors also consider the company's financial characteristics, firm size in this study are represented as the financial characteristics of firms because of differences in accounting data in several companies. This study examines the effect of information content on earnings, cash flows, and the size of the company's to stock return. This is sample using purposive sampling method in manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange by for the period ended December 31, 2008 until December 31, 2010. Data collected from the Indonesia Stock Exchange and Indonesian Capital Market Database 2008, 2009, and 2010. The results of this study using multiple regression showed that the cash flow from operating activities, accounting profit, cash flows from operating, cash flow from investing and company size no affect on return of the company's stock. While cash flow financing activities had effect on stock return. Key words: Gross profit, cash flow, firm size, stock return
Does the recent evolution of Canadian mortality agree with the epidemiologic transition theory

After studying the epidemiologic transition’s situation in Canada, it is determined that the delimitation of temporal stages within the epidemiologic transition as put forward by Omran (1971, 1998), Olshansky and Ault (1986), Rogers and Hackenberg (1987) and Olshansky et al. (1998) does not suit the Canadian evolution. Many of the researchers’ postulates on the epidemiologic transition were not confirmed, which leads us to assert that, since 1958, the epidemiologic transition is best described as an evolution process rather than specific stages confined within time limits.
Short message noisy network coding for multiple sources

Short message noisy network coding (SNNC) transmits independent short messages in blocks rather than using long message repetitive encoding. SNNC is shown to achieve the same rates as noisy network coding (NNC) for discrete memoryless networks where each node transmits a multicast message. One advantage of SNNC is that backward decoding may be used which simplifies the analysis and understanding of the achievability proof. The analysis reveals that each decoder may ignore certain other nodes rather than including their message in the decoding procedure. Additionally, SNNC enables early decoding at nodes if the channel quality happens to be good.
Searching for Targets within the Spatial Layout of Visual Short-Term Memory

Recent studies have revealed that the internal representations that we construct from the environment and maintain in visual short-term memory (VSTM) to guide behavior are highly flexible and can be selectively modulated according to our task goals and expectations. In the current study, we conducted two experiments to compare and contrast neural mechanisms of selective attention related to searching for target items within perceptual versus VSTM representations. We used event-related potentials to investigate whether searching for relevant target items from within VSTM representations involves spatially specific biasing of neural activity in a manner analogous to that which occurs during visual search for target items in perceptual arrays. The results, replicated across the two experiments, revealed that selection of a target object within a search array maintained in VSTM proceeds through a similar mechanism as that in the perceptual domain. In line with previous results, N2pc potentials were obtained when targets were identified within a perceptual visual-search array. Interestingly, equivalent N2pcs, with similar time courses and scalp distributions, were also elicited when target items were identified within a VSTM representation. The findings reinforce the notion of highly flexible VSTM representations that can be modulated according to task goals and suggest a large degree of overlap in the spatially specific neural mechanisms of target selection across the perceptual and VSTM domains.
Characterizing global statistical significance of spatiotemporal hot spots in magnetoencephalography/ electroencephalography source space via excursion algorithms

Identifying brain regions with high differential response under multiple experimental conditions is a fundamental goal of functional imaging. In many studies, regions of interest (ROIs) are not determined a priori but are instead discovered from the data, a process that requires care because of the great potential for false discovery. An additional challenge is that magnetoencephalography/electroencephalography sensor signals are very noisy, and brain source images are usually produced by averaging sensor signals across trials. As a consequence, for a given subject, there is only one source data vector for each condition, making it impossible to apply testing methods such as analysis of variance. We solve these problems in several steps. (1) To obtain within‐condition uncertainty, we apply the bootstrap across trials, producing many bootstrap source images. To discover ‘hot spots’ in space and time that could become ROIs, (2) we find source locations where likelihood ratio statistics take unusually large values. We are not interested in isolated brain locations where a test statistic might happen to be large. Instead, (3) we apply a clustering algorithm to identify sources that are contiguous in space and time where the test statistic takes an ‘excursion’ above some threshold. Having identified possible spatiotemporal ROIs, (4) we evaluate global statistical significance of ROIs by using a permutation test. After these steps, we check performance via simulation, and then illustrate their application in a magnetoencephalography study of four‐direction center‐out wrist movement, showing that this approach identifies statistically significant spatiotemporal ROIs in the motor and visual cortices of individual subjects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Growth: A Comparative Study

This wide-ranging and innovative book synthesises the findings of a major international study of the political economy of poverty, equity, and growth. It is based primarily on analytical economic histories of 21 developing countries from 1950 to 1985, but also takes account of the wider literature on the subject. The authors take an ambitious interdisciplinary approach to identify patterns in the interplay of initial conditions, instiuttions, interests, and ideas which can help to explain the different growth and poverty alleviation outcomes in the Third World. Three different types of poverty are distinguished, based on their causes, and a more nebulous idea of equityin contrast to egalitarianismis shown to have influenced policy. Since growth is found to be the major means of alleviating mass structural poverty, much of the book is concerned with discovering explanations for policies which are found to be the most important influences on the proximate causes of growth. Lal and Mynt also consider the available evidence on the role of direct transferspublic and privatein alleviating destitution and conjunctural poverty. The Political Economy of Poverty, Equity, and Growth develops a novel framework for the comparative analysis of different growth outcomes. This framework distinguishes between the different relative factor endowments of land, labour, and capital, and between the different organizational structures of pesent versus plantation and mining economies. It also differentiates between the polities of 'autonomous' and 'factional' states in the countries studied, breaking the analysis down into further typological subdivisions and providing important new insights into the differing behaviour of economies that are rich in natural resources and those with abundant labour. These insights constitute a richer explanation for the divergent developmental outcomes in East Asia compared with Latin America and Africa. The evidence collated is used to argue for the continuing relevance of the classical liberal viewpoint on public policies for development, and to show why, even so, nationalist ideologies are likely to be adopted and lead to cycles of interventionism and liberalism. The evidence is also used to provide an explanation for the surprising current worldwide Age of Reform.
Characterizing the Mechanistic Pathways of the Instant Blood-Mediated Inflammatory Reaction in Xenogeneic Neonatal Islet Cell Transplantation

Introduction The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) causes major loss of islets after transplantation and consequently represents the initial barrier to survival of porcine neonatal islet cell clusters (NICC) after xenotransplantation. Methods This study used novel assays designed to characterize the various immunologic components responsible for xenogeneic IBMIR to identify initiators and investigate processes of IBMIR-associated coagulation, complement activation and neutrophil infiltration. The IBMIR was induced in vitro by exposing NICC to platelet-poor or platelet-rich human plasma or isolated neutrophils. Results We found that xenogeneic IBMIR was characterized by rapid, platelet-independent thrombin generation, with addition of platelets both accelerating and exacerbating this response. Platelet-independent complement activation was observed as early as 30 minutes after NICC exposure to plasma. However, membrane attack complex formation was not observed in NICC histopathology sections until after 60 minutes. We demonstrated for the first time that NICC-mediated complement activation was necessary for neutrophil activation in the xenogeneic IBMIR setting. Finally, using the Seahorse extracellular flux analyzer, we identified substantial loss of islet function (up to 40%) after IBMIR with surviving NICC showing evidence of mitochondrial damage. Conclusions This study used novel assays to describe multiple key pathways by which xenogeneic IBMIR causes islet destruction, allowing further refinement of future interventions aimed at resolving the issue of IBMIR in xenotransplantation.
CORBON 2017 Shared Task: Projection-Based Coreference Resolution

The CORBON 2017 Shared Task, organised as part of the Coreference Resolution Beyond OntoNotes workshop at EACL 2017, presented a new challenge for multilingual coreference resolution: we offer a projection-based setting in which one is supposed to build a coreference resolver for a new language exploiting little or even no knowledge of it, with our languages of interest being German and Russian. We additionally offer a more traditional setting, targeting the development of a multilingual coreference resolver without any restrictions on the resources and methods used. In this paper, we describe the task setting and provide the results of one participant who successfully completed the task, comparing their results to the closely related previous research. Analysing the task setting and the results, we discuss the major challenges and make suggestions on the future directions of coreference evaluation.
Semantic learning object repositories

Current approaches towards enhancing reusability of learning materials agree that the concept of learning object is the key element of a new approach based on the creation of distributed repositories. In this new approach, learning objects can be accessed, searched and retrieved, making use of the information in their associated metadata records. The existence of different learning object definitions asks for a new generation of flexible repositories where all the existent conceptualisations can coexist. Ontological representations play, in this new generation of repositories, an important role as the basic support for sound semantic models that fulfil the new requirements. This paper introduces the main ideas about a new generation of flexible repositories, aimed at fitting all the definitions of learning object: the semantic repository.
Effects of co-located transmissions in the performance of DC IEEE 802 . 11 p MAC and Self-Organizing TDMA for VANETs

IEEE802.11p MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol has drawbacks when it comes to scheduling safety-related data. An enhancement has been proposed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), decentralized congestion control (DCC) mechanism. Implemented on the MAC Layer, it leads to improve the priority channel access under high load scenarios. Although, self-organizing time division multiple access (SoTDMA) clearly defines a suitable alternative for road traffic safety applications. It copes with low and predictable delay constraints. Still both MAC protocols experience colocated transmissions, which affect their performance. Our contribution presents a comparative study of the effects of co-located transmissions in the performance of DCC IEEE802.11p MAC protocol and SoTDMA for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). In order to evaluate their impact, new performance indicators are defined, awareness and emergencency coverage and their evolution in time is studied. Results show that for DCC IEEE802.11p MAC edge nodes, both coverage ranges are narrowed in case of co-located transmissions or cancelled due to the excessive back-off. On the other hand DCC IEEE802.11p MAC centre nodes and SoTDMA results show more reliable performance where coverage ranges are narrowed in case of co-located transmissions but never cancelled.