Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Subtitles, Complexity, and Language Proficiency on Learning From Online Education Videos

Open online education has become increasingly popular. In Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) videos are generally the most used method of teaching. While most MOOCs are offered in English, the global availability of these courses has attracted many non-native English speakers. To ensure not only the availability, but also the accessibility of open online education, courses should be designed to minimize detrimental effects of a language barrier, for example by providing subtitles. However, with many conflicting research findings it is unclear whether subtitles are beneficial or detrimental for learning from a video, and whether this depends on characteristics of the learner and the video. We hypothesized that the effect of 2nd language subtitles on learning outcomes depends on the language proficiency of the student, as well as the visual-textual information complexity of the video. This three-way interaction was tested in an experimental study. No main effect of subtitles was found, nor any interaction. However, the student’s language proficiency and the complexity of the video do have a substantial impact on learning outcomes.
A Modular Balancing Bridge for Series Connected Voltage Sources

The operation of a nondissipative cascaded modular balancing bridge is described for automatically balancing series connected voltage sources, such as lithium-ion battery cells or capacitors. Automatic voltage balancing is achieved using coupled inductors; modularization and voltage balancing is achieved across N cells using cascaded transformers with coupled windings. The elementary modular bridge consists of four windings placed on a single core and is excited by an asymmetric half-bridge. Two of these windings are used to automatically balance voltages across two voltage sources, while the remaining two windings magnetically cascade one bridge with its neighboring bridges to balance N voltage sources. This configuration allows for the voltage balancing of N voltage sources using N/2 identical transformers, and N/2 asymmetric bridges. The voltage balancing action of the resultant magnetically coupled cascaded asymmetric bridges can be broken into two categories: intrabridge voltage balancing (within a single bridge) and interbridge voltage balancing (between neighboring bridges). Design parameters relating to automatic voltage balancing are highlighted, as the approach is more cost effective than methods using directed, or individualized, voltage balancing of each voltage source. The physical size considerations of the four winding coupled inductor are discussed and a lithium-ion battery-based experimental prototype is used to verify simulated results.
Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in China: an analysis of 39,238 cases.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in China. METHODS All Chinese articles about laparoscopic cholecystectomy published between April 1994 and November 1995 were identified through CMCC (Chinese Medical Computerized Contents). From more than 600 titles, 105 articles were screened for analysis. Another 21 articles from the 6th Biliary Surgical Congress and 300 cases from the General Hospital of PLA were added. A total of 39,238 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy from 91 hospitals were studied. RESULTS Severe complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were identified in 409 (1.04%) patients, including bile duct injury (in 0.32% of patients), postoperative cystic duct leak (0.11%), postoperative bile leak (0.20%), peritoneal abscess (0.07%), bowel injury (0.06%) and postoperative hemorrhage (0.1%). Fourteen postoperative deaths (0.04%) resulted from operative injury. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is an operation associated with low morbidity and mortality rate, but bile duct injury is still a major problem. Complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be minimized by improving operative procedure.
Infection rates in clean surgical procedures with and without prophylactic antibiotics

One hundred calves with an uncomplicated umbilical hernia were included in a prospective study. The frequency of wound infection and recurrence of herniation were compared in animals operated on either with or without prophylactic antibiotics. In 90 calves operated on for the first time (60 without antibiotics and 30 with antibiotics) there were no infections and only one hernia recurred. In 10 calves operated on for the second time (seven without antibiotics and three with antibiotics) there were two infections and one hernia recurred in the group not receiving antibiotics.
Insular and gustatory inputs to the caudal ventral striatum in primates

The ventral striatum mediates goal‐directed behaviors based, in part, on inputs from the amygdala. However, striatal areas caudal to the ventral striatum also receive inputs from the amygdala. In primates, the amygdala projects to the central ventral putamen, lateral amygdalostriatal area, and caudal ventral putamen, suggesting that these regions are also “limbic‐related. ” The anterior insula, which integrates sensory and amygdaloid inputs, projects to the classic ventral striatum. We used retrograde and anterograde tract tracing techniques to determine the extent to which specific subdivisions of the insula influence the caudal ventral striatum in the primate. The anterior (agranular and rostral dysgranular) insula has significant inputs to caudal ventral striatal regions that receive projections from the amygdala. In contrast, the posterior (granular) insula has sparse projections. Within the agranular insula, the posteromedial agranular (Iapm), lateral agranular (Ial), and posterolateral agranular (Iapl) subdivisions have the strongest inputs. These subdivisions mediate olfactory, gustatory, and visceral information processing (Carmichael and Price JL [1996b] J. Comp. Neurol. 363:642–640). In contrast, the intermediate agranular subdivision (Iai) is relatively devoid of visceral/gustatory inputs and has few inputs. In summary, caudal ventral striatal areas that receive amygdaloid inputs also receive significant innervation by agranular and dysgranular insula subdivisions that are themselves connected with the amygdala. Within this projection, the Ial, Iapm, and Iapl make the strongest contribution, suggesting that highly processed visceral/autonomic information, taste, and olfaction influence behavioral responses mediated by the caudal ventral striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:101–118, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CREEP SINGULAR FIELDS FOR DEFECTS IN THERMALLY LOADED STRUCTURES

— This paper provides an initial examination of the development of singular fields for defects in creeping structures for combined mechanical and thermal loading. Finite-element analyses are reported for cylindrical and plate geometries with different ratios of mechanical and thermal loading. It is shown that approximations for estimating the time-development of the amplitude of the singular fields are given by formulae developed previously for mechanical loading, provided a normalised timescale is defined appropriately.
Staying Healthy From Fibromyalgia Is Ongoing Hard Work

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition. Although studies have reported that some patients can become healthy again, little is known about what they tell about their lives after having FMS. In this study, we interviewed eight Norwegian women who had all recovered from FMS about their experiences when ill and subsequently being healthy. Inspired by narrative methods, we then conducted a thematic narrative analysis. The findings indicate that although women reported that life was better than before, they also reported investing considerable effort in remaining healthy. When ill, they struggled to maintain the routines of everyday life. Being healthy again, they put great effort into avoiding illness through diet, exercise, and relaxation. In conclusion, remaining healthy requires ongoing hard work to maintain the body, as well as profound changes in everyday life. At the same time, the narratives show continuity in the informants’ self-presentation as hard-working women.
The right people the right rates: making population estimates and forecasts with an interregional cohort-component model.

Abstract Innocent looking technical choices can cause large differences in population projections. This article offers suggestions for making those choices and creating a more thoughtful population forecasting process. Emphasis is on an interregional cohort-component approach made possible by newly available inmigration and out-migration data for all counties. The interregional approach avoids conceptual problems and biases of conventional net migration approaches and can be used to make county population estimates, projections, and forecasts. Sample spreadsheets with formulas demonstrate the procedures for calculating rates and making projections. Population projections for fifty-five counties illustrate the effects of several methodological choices.
Membrane‐associated guanylate kinase proteins MPP4 and MPP5 associate with Veli3 at distinct intercellular junctions of the neurosensory retina

MPP4 and MPP5 are closely related members of the p55‐subfamily of membrane‐associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs) known to mediate the assembly of protein complexes at the plasma membrane of cell–cell junctions. Both MPP4 and MPP5 have been implicated in retinal function; however, their specific roles in the cellular mechanisms underlying vision are largely unknown. Here, we generated specific poly‐ and monoclonal antibodies against the two proteins and show that MPP4 and MPP5 are localized at distinct sites of cell–cell contact in the mouse retina. While MPP4 is a component of the synaptic terminals of photoreceptors, MPP5 exclusively localizes to apical membrane domains of the outer limiting membrane (OLM) junctions. The vertebrate homologs of Caenorhabditis elegans lin‐7, Veli1, ‐2, and ‐3, have previously been identified as putative binding partners of MPP5. In this study, we show that MPP4 directly interacts with the Veli proteins via L27 heterodimerization in vitro. In addition, two of the three Veli isoforms, Veli1 and ‐3, are demonstrated to be expressed in the mouse retina. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals extensive colocalization of Veli3 with both MPP4 and MPP5. This association of Veli3 with either MPP4 or MPP5 suggests that the MAGUKs recruit Veli3 and its binding partners to different cellular regions of the retina where they may participate in the organization of specialized intercellular junctions. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:31–41, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dispositions, Constituencies, and Cross-Pressures: Modeling Roll-Call Voting on the North American Free Trade Agreement in the U.S. House

The vote on the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) created significant cross-pressures for members of the U.S. House of Representa tives. African-Americans and Latinos, two groups that are often in agree ment, staked out different positions on this legislation, and President Clinton joined Republicans in supporting NAFTA over the opposition of organized labor, liberals, and the Democratic leadership. We explore the degree to which constituency, institutional, and dispositional forces worked at cross- purposes in shaping House members' roll-call behavior on this legislation. We find that votes on NAFTA were affected by members' ideological orien tations, general presidential support, representation of a Western state, Latino and African-American constituency strength, urbanization, unem ployment, electoral margin, and an interaction between Latino constitu ency strength and electoral margin. Surprisingly, we find only modest impacts of constituency union membership and the Perot vote on roll-call voting on NAFTA.
Interaction of the Small G Protein RhoA with the C Terminus of Human Phospholipase D1*

Mammalian phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1) is a signal transduction-activated enzyme thought to function in multiple cell biological settings including the regulation of membrane vesicular trafficking. PLD1 is activated by the small G proteins, ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) and RhoA, and by protein kinase C-α (PKC-α). This stimulation has been proposed to involve direct interaction and to take place at a distinct site in PLD1 for each activator. In the present study, we employed the yeast two-hybrid system to attempt to identify these sites. Successful interaction of ARF and PKC-α with PLD1 was not achieved, but a C-terminal fragment of human PLD1 (denoted “D4”) interacted with the active mutant of RhoA, RhoAVal-14. Deletion of the CAAX box from RhoAVal-14 decreased the strength of the interaction, suggesting that lipid modification of RhoA is important for efficient binding to PLD1. The specificity of the interaction was validated by showing that the PLD1 D4 fragment interacts with glutathione S-transferase-RhoA in vitro in a GTP-dependent manner and that it associates with RhoAVal-14 in COS-7 cells, whereas the N-terminal two-thirds of PLD1 does not. Finally, we show that recombinant D4 peptide inhibits RhoA-stimulated PLD1 activation but not ARF- or PKC-α-stimulated PLD1 activation. These results conclusively demonstrate that the C-terminal region of PLD1 contains the RhoA-binding site and suggest that the ARF and PKC interactions occur elsewhere in the protein.
The Value Relevance of Sentiment

It is generally accepted that excessive exuberance or gloom in investor sentiment contributes to booms and crashes in share prices. However, views differ on the merits of active policy intervention due to gaps in our understanding of the transmission mechanism. To fill this gap we apply a fully ex ante valuation model in which an index of investor sentiment is included along with earnings and growth fundamentals to explain value. The outcome is a precise indication of the value relevance of sentiment. We employ the investor sentiment indicator proposed by Baker and Wurgler (2007). Valuation, and implied permanent growth, based on the inclusion of standard fundamentals is compared with that obtained when sentiment is added. The resulting ratio produces an index of ’the valuation effects of sentiment’ that can be assessed with statistical significance. Out-of-sample fit is also examined. For the Dow index the valuation effects of sentiment are significant and as large as 40% of market value at the peak of the ’dot-com’ bubble. The index we propose identifies conditions, detectable in advance and under the control of policy makers, that are conducive to the creation of asset bubbles. It is easy to construct, timely, robust and can be used improve our understanding of what leads to bubbles and crashes and to inform policy.
Regulating auditor independence

The article considers, from the perspective of the European Commission, what is the role of the regulator in seeking to intervene in the provision of statutory audit services. The role of the auditor is considered both from the perspective of the capital market and in an agency context, and the article assesses how this interacts with the regulator. It then goes on to examine a number of theoretically possible options for regulating audit independence and audit quality. It ends by presenting current Commission activity in this area.
If We Share Data, Will Anyone Use Them? Data Sharing and Reuse in the Long Tail of Science and Technology

Research on practices to share and reuse data will inform the design of infrastructure to support data collection, management, and discovery in the long tail of science and technology. These are research domains in which data tend to be local in character, minimally structured, and minimally documented. We report on a ten-year study of the Center for Embedded Network Sensing (CENS), a National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center. We found that CENS researchers are willing to share their data, but few are asked to do so, and in only a few domain areas do their funders or journals require them to deposit data. Few repositories exist to accept data in CENS research areas. Data sharing tends to occur only through interpersonal exchanges. CENS researchers obtain data from repositories, and occasionally from registries and individuals, to provide context, calibration, or other forms of background for their studies. Neither CENS researchers nor those who request access to CENS data appear to use external data for primary research questions or for replication of studies. CENS researchers are willing to share data if they receive credit and retain first rights to publish their results. Practices of releasing, sharing, and reusing of data in CENS reaffirm the gift culture of scholarship, in which goods are bartered between trusted colleagues rather than treated as commodities.
The implied character curriculum in vocational and non-vocational English classes: Designing social futures for working class students and their teachers

This study combines data from three case studies of teachers moving from their university teacher education programs into their first jobs, with data collected through observations and interviews totaling six observation cycles over the 2 years of data collection. The curricula for working class students that the three teachers taught represent a range of explicit to implicit attention to character education, with one teacher teaching a vocational English class that included specific character education modules, one teaching a vocational English class whose curriculum implied character education for job preparedness without including explicit modules, and one teaching nonvocational English whose curriculum focused solely on the domain's traditional tripod' of language, literature, and writing. The data indicate that across these assignments, the teachers instructed their students in broaddisposition.s. including having a work ethic and exhibiting motivation for.school work; respect in a range of relationships, including respect for atithorily figures, cultural conventions, and peers; and personal qualities, including self-discipline, perseverance, and time management. The study concludes with a consideration of the ways in which working class and vocational students are assumed to lack character as indicated by their disengagement with school, the ways in which character education is an implicit part of the education for students from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, and the assumptions that drive the belief that the academic performance of students from poor and working-class homes and communities can be addressed through instruction in character traits grounded in the Protestant work ethic rather than a reconsideration of the curriculum with which they must engage.
Factors Influencing Distances Traveled to Hospitals

Movement beyond intervening hospitals occurs for institutional, social, and other reasons. Of course, one obvious reason may be that hospitals cannot provide needed specialized care. In the first section we explore the travel impact of the fact that in most cases the patient's physician, not the patient, chooses the hospital. In the second section we discuss the effect of racial, religious, and income variations on the hospital trip. Our analyses are based on 1965 hospital discharge data for Chicago.1
CHANGING SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR FISH OIL

Competition for fish oil from human nutritional supplements (nutraceuticals) is starting to threaten its supply for aquaculture feeds. World supply of fish oil is not increasing but is the main source of healthy omega-3 fats (n-3 LC-PUFA). Fish oil demand by nutraceuticals is a derived demand for such fats. Demand growth and insecure supply are causing price inflation of fish oil, helping to drive its substitution in aquaculture feeds by vegetable oils. This is reducing the content of n-3 LC-PUFA in aquaculture products, especially salmon, with potentially negative health implications. Given the scope for further substitution of fish oil, it is unlikely that future growth of global aquaculture will be constrained by reducing omega-3 content, although it will complicate consumer marketing of salmon. Nutraceuticals is paying more than aquaculture for fish oil based on omega-3 content, but novel sources of n-3 LC-PUFA will become available in the medium term.
Cranial biomechanics, bite force and function of the endocranial sinuses in Diprotodon optatum, the largest known marsupial

The giant extinct marsupial Diprotodon optatum has unusual skull morphology for an animal of its size, consisting of very thin bone and large cranial sinuses that occupy most of the internal cranial space. The function of these sinuses is unknown as there are no living marsupial analogues. The finite element method was applied to identify areas of high and low stress, and estimate the bite force of Diprotodon to test hypotheses on the function of the extensive cranial sinuses. Detailed three‐dimensional models of the cranium, mandible and jaw adductor muscles were produced. In addition, manipulations to the Diprotodon cranial model were performed to investigate changes in skull and sinus structure, including a model with no sinuses (sinuses ‘filled’ with bone) and a model with a midsagittal crest. Results indicate that the cranial sinuses in Diprotodon significantly lighten the skull while still providing structural support, a high bite force and low stress, indicating the cranium may have been able to withstand higher loads than those generated during feeding. Data from this study support the hypothesis that pneumatisation is driven by biomechanical loads and occurs in areas of low stress. The presence of sinuses is likely to be a byproduct of the separation of the outer surface of the skull from the braincase due to the demands of soft tissue including the brain and the large jaw adductor musculature, especially the temporalis. In very large species, such as Diprotodon, this separation is more pronounced, resulting in extensive cranial sinuses due to a relatively small brain compared with the size of the skull.
What Accounts for the Representation Gap? Decomposing Canada—US Differences in the Desire for Collective Voice

We utilize two representative cross-national data sets to shed light on what has been a vexing problem in the industrial relations literature; namely, the existence and persistence of the representation gap documented more than a decade ago by Freeman and Rogers (1999). Specifically, we estimate the determinants of employee desire for a range of collective voice mechanisms, including unionization. We do this separately for the US and Canada and then, using an application of the Oaxaca decomposition technique, we decompose the differences in those desires between the two countries into a component due to differences in the characteristics of respondents and another due to differences in preferences for collective voice mechanisms. Our results indicate that: (1) roughly half of workers in both countries expressed a desire for a range of collective voice mechanisms to deal with workplace issues; (2) that desire for collective voice was stronger in the US than in Canada; and (3) that virtually all of the stronger desire for collective workplace voice in the US, as compared to Canada, was due to stronger employee preferences for collective solutions as opposed to differences in the characteristics of workers. We offer plausible explanations for our findings and discuss the implications for labour law reform.