Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lexical and referential influences on on-line spoken language comprehension: A comparison of adults and primary-school-age children

This paper reports on two studies investigating children's and adults' processing of sentences containing ambiguity of prepositional phrase (PP) attachment. Study 1 used corpus data to investigate whether cues argued to be used by adults to resolve PP-attachment ambiguities are available in child-directed speech. Study 2 was an on-line reaction time study investigating the role of lexical and referential biases in syntactic ambiguity resolution by children and adults. Forty children (mean age 8;4) and 37 adults listened to V-NP-PP sentences containing temporary ambiguity of PP-attachment. The sentences were manipulated for (i) verb semantics, (ii) the definiteness of the object NP, and (iii) PP-attachment site. The children and adults did not differ qualitatively from each other in their resolution of the ambiguity. A verb semantics by attachment interaction suggested that different attachment analyses were pursued depending on the semantics of the verb. There was no influence of the definiteness of the object NP in either children's or adults' parsing preferences. The findings from the on-line task matched up well with the corpus data, thus identifying a role for the input in the development of parsing strategies.
Fast and robust optical flow for time-lapse microscopy using super-voxels

Motivation: Optical flow is a key method used for quantitative motion estimation of biological structures in light microscopy. It has also been used as a key module in segmentation and tracking systems and is considered a mature technology in the field of computer vision. However, most of the research focused on 2D natural images, which are small in size and rich in edges and texture information. In contrast, 3D time-lapse recordings of biological specimens comprise up to several terabytes of image data and often exhibit complex object dynamics as well as blurring due to the point-spread-function of the microscope. Thus, new approaches to optical flow are required to improve performance for such data. Results: We solve optical flow in large 3D time-lapse microscopy datasets by defining a Markov random field (MRF) over super-voxels in the foreground and applying motion smoothness constraints between super-voxels instead of voxel-wise. This model is tailored to the specific characteristics of light microscopy datasets: super-voxels help registration in textureless areas, the MRF over super-voxels efficiently propagates motion information between neighboring cells and the background subtraction and super-voxels reduce the dimensionality of the problem by an order of magnitude. We validate our approach on large 3D time-lapse datasets of Drosophila and zebrafish development by analyzing cell motion patterns. We show that our approach is, on average, 10 × faster than commonly used optical flow implementations in the Insight Tool-Kit (ITK) and reduces the average flow end point error by 50% in regions with complex dynamic processes, such as cell divisions. Availability: Source code freely available in the Software section at http://janelia.org/lab/keller-lab. Contact: amatf@janelia.hhmi. org or kellerp@janelia.hhmi. org Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quantitative Analysis of Muscle and Tendon Retraction in Chronic Rotator Cuff Tears

Background: Musculotendinous retraction is a limiting factor for repair of long-standing rotator cuff tears. However, it is currently unknown to what extent the muscle and tendon contribute to the degree of total retraction. Further understanding of this may possibly influence the strategy of musculotendinous reconstruction. Purpose: To analyze the contribution of muscle and tendon to the process of myotendinous retraction. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging of 130 shoulders with intact (n = 20) or completely torn supraspinatus tendons was analyzed. Fatty infiltration of the supraspinatus muscle was graded according to Goutallier stages. The degree of retraction of the tendon stump and of the musculotendinous junction was assessed. Results: There were 30 shoulders without evidence of supraspinatus fatty infiltration, 25 with stage 1, 23 with stage 2, 25 with stage 3, and 15 with stage 4 changes. The corresponding tear sizes (distance of tendon end from greater tuberosity) were 4, 21, 27, 37, and 41 mm; the distance of the myotendinous junction from the greater tuberosity was 22, 33, 39, 48, and 48 mm; and the length of the tendons (distance of tendon end to myotendinous junction) was 19, 13, 12, 11, and 8 mm, respectively. In Goutallier stage 3 and above, and in case of a positive tangent sign, the musculotendinous junction was, in 90% of the cases, retracted to or beyond the glenoid. Conclusion: Musculotendinous retraction in chronic rotator cuff tears results mainly from shortening of the muscle fibers but in advanced stages results also from shortening of the tendon tissue itself. The present data demonstrate, for the first time, that the residual tendon stump in a tendon tear does not have the length of the original tendon and is further shortened over time. Therefore, direct anatomic tendon reinsertion will result in lengthening of the supraspinatus muscle greater than what it would have been before the tear.
Design and optimization of multi‐band Wilkinson power divider

In this paper, a general and easy procedure for designing the symmetrical Wilkinson power divider that achieves equal‐power split at N arbitrary frequencies is introduced. Each quarter‐wave branch in the conventional Wilkinson divider is replaced by N sections of transmission lines, and the isolation between the output ports is achieved by using N resistors. The design parameters are the characteristic impedances and lengths of the N transmission line sections, and the N isolation resistors. The even–odd modes of analysis are used to derive the design equations. Closed‐form expressions, which are suitable for CAD purposes, are derived for the dual‐band divider. For N ≥ 3, closed‐form expressions are not available, and therefore, the powerful particle swarm optimization method is used to obtain the design parameters. Examples of the dual‐, triple‐, and quad‐band dividers are presented to validate the proposed design procedure, and the results are compared, wherever possible, with published results using other methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2008.
Social Identity and Social Distance among Hong Kong Schoolchildren

In a study conducted in two Hong Kong schools, two measures of social distance were obtained with respect to descriptions of eight target children who varied systematically in sex and ethnic identity. Results on both measures clearly supported a hierarchical model of category combination in that discriminations among targets based on one category distinction were greater when the targets were members of the respondent's ingroup on the other category dimension than when they were outgroup members. The pattern of categorization effects differed, however, depending on which measure of social distance was used. For a scale of desired intimacy of interaction, target sex appeared to be the primary categorization, with ethnicity effects subordinate to gender. For a measure of perceived similarity to self, the dominance pattern was reversed, with gender effects subordinate to ethnicity. Responsiveness to target sex was not affected by whether children attended a coeducational or sex-segregated school.
Selbstselektionsprozesse bei der Wahl des therapeutischen Ausbildungsverfahrens: Unterschiede in therapeutischen Haltungen, Persönlichkeitseigenschaften und dem Mentalisierungsinteresse

Zusammenfassung Ziel: Therapieverfahren weisen starke Unterschiede in psychologischen Grundannahmen und praktischen Vorgehensweisen auf, woraus sich Fragen nach der Passung von Psychotherapeut und Verfahren ergeben. Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss von therapeutischen Haltungen, Mentalisierungsinteresse und Persönlichkeitseigenschaften auf die Wahl des Verfahrens. Methodik: Es wurden 184 Teilnehmer der 3 Richtlinienverfahren in Deutschland zu Beginn ihrer Ausbildung mittels Fragebögen untersucht. Ergebnisse: Es bestanden relevante Unterschiede in den therapeutischen Haltungen und im Mentalisierungsinteresse der Teilnehmer, jedoch nicht in Persönlichkeitseigenschaften außer Offenheit für Erfahrung. Die Ausbildungszufriedenheit hing nicht mit der individuellen Passung zu den verfahrenstypischen Haltungen zusammen. Schlussfolgerung: Therapeutische Haltungen, das Ausmaß des Mentalisierungsinteresse sowie Offenheit für neue Erfahrungen könnten eine Rolle für Selbstselektionsprozesse bei der Wahl des Verfahrens spielen.
Do forecasters use monetary models? an empirical analysis of exchange rate expectations

Do financial market analysts use structural economic models when forecasting exchange rates? This is the leading question analysed in this paper. In contrast to other studies expectations are used instead of realized data. Therefore, the implicit structural models forecasters have in mind when forming their exchange rate expectations are used. Using expected short- and long-term interest rates and business expectations as explanatory variables latent structural models are estimated to explain expected exchange rates. A special hypothesis is whether exchange rate expectations are formed according to monetary models. The currencies included in the study are the US dollar, British pound, Japanese yen, French franc and Italian lire, each defined against the German mark. A major finding of the analysis is that expected GDP is the most important variable (from the set of our variables) for the determination of exchange rate expectations. For the DM/US dollar expectations a Mundell-Fleming type model is compatible with the data. This means, that increasing interest rates will lead to an appreciation of the corresponding currency. The opposite result have been found for French franc and Italian lire where high expected interest rates indicate a weak currency.
Atrial-like cardiomyocytes from human pluripotent stem cells are a robust preclinical model for assessing atrial-selective pharmacology

Drugs targeting atrial‐specific ion channels, Kv1.5 or Kir3.1/3.4, are being developed as new therapeutic strategies for atrial fibrillation. However, current preclinical studies carried out in non‐cardiac cell lines or animal models may not accurately represent the physiology of a human cardiomyocyte (CM). In the current study, we tested whether human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived atrial CMs could predict atrial selectivity of pharmacological compounds. By modulating retinoic acid signaling during hESC differentiation, we generated atrial‐like (hESC‐atrial) and ventricular‐like (hESC‐ventricular) CMs. We found the expression of atrial‐specific ion channel genes, KCNA5 (encoding Kv1.5) and KCNJ3 (encoding Kir 3.1), in hESC‐atrial CMs and further demonstrated that these ion channel genes are regulated by COUP‐TF transcription factors. Moreover, in response to multiple ion channel blocker, vernakalant, and Kv1.5 blocker, XEN‐D0101, hESC‐atrial but not hESC‐ventricular CMs showed action potential (AP) prolongation due to a reduction in early repolarization. In hESC‐atrial CMs, XEN‐R0703, a novel Kir3.1/3.4 blocker restored the AP shortening caused by CCh. Neither CCh nor XEN‐R0703 had an effect on hESC‐ventricular CMs. In summary, we demonstrate that hESC‐atrial CMs are a robust model for pre‐clinical testing to assess atrial selectivity of novel antiarrhythmic drugs.
Empirical Evidence of the Effects of Marriage on Male and Female Attendance at Sports and Arts

This article provides an examination of how men and women spend their recreational attendance time and how their behavior differs when they are single and married. The battle of the sexes model and the theory of artistic human capital acquisition from one's spouse both suggest that married individuals will have different patterns of attendance than singles. Copyright (c) 2010 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Learning and personality on study tours abroad

Study tours abroad are important arenas for post-compulsory education. This paper focuses on how personality affects students’ learning on study tours abroad. The research involved 66 learners from one higher education institution in Taiwan on tours to the UK, the USA and Australia. Data were gathered using questionnaires and learning journals, and informed by participant observation of the first author as tour leader. Findings can be only indicative as the study was limited to a relatively small sample from one institution and the tours were short term. The paper illustrates how study tours are a special example of experiential education. Data reveal notable, self-reported improvements in English language ability and cultural knowledge, supporting findings of other researchers. They also indicate, in terms of type theory, that extraverts and sensates derive the most benefit from study tours. The findings hold important implications for study tour leadership and organisation.
Assessing intelligibility by single words, sentences and spontaneous speech: A methodological study of the speech production of 10-year-olds

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different assessment methods on intelligibility scores and to examine the validity and reliability of those methods. Four assessment methods were used: multiple-choice and transcription of single words (read out), transcription of sentences (read out), and spontaneous speech. The results showed a statistically significant difference between outcomes for the different assessment methods. Reliability was high for all methods. Validity was low for all three reading-based methods. The method using transcription of spontaneous speech had low validity for the population included. It was concluded that reading is not a suitable elicitation technique for 10-year-olds and that the assessment procedure used for spontaneous speech needs to be further developed and investigated.
On the Spanning Property of Risk Bonds Priced by Equilibrium

We propose a method of pricing financial securities written on nontradable underlyings such as temperature or precipitation levels. To this end, we analyze a financial market where agents are exposed to financial and nonfinancial risk factors. The agents hedge their financial risk in the stock market and trade a risk bond issued by an insurance company. From the issuer's point of view the bond's primary purpose is to shift insurance risks related to noncatastrophic weather events to financial markets. As such, its terminal payoff and yield curve depend on an underlying climate or temperature process whose dynamics are independent of the randomness driving stock prices. We prove that if the bond's payoff function is monotone in the external risk process, it can be priced by an equilibrium approach. The equilibrium market price of climate risk and the equilibrium price process are characterized as solutions of nonlinear backward stochastic differential equations (BSDEs). Transferring the BSDEs into partial differential equations (PDEs), we represent the bond prices as smooth functions of the underlying risk factors. Our analytical results make the model amenable to a numerical analysis.
Breaking the Mould or Fiddling at the Edges? Ireland’s Minor Parties in Comparative and Systemic Perspective

Abstract This article attempts to place the discussion of minor parties and independents in Ireland in comparative and systemic perspective. Extending previous classifications of party systems in Western Europe to recent elections, the analysis highlights Ireland’s continuing classification as a ‘large party system’. Minor parties and independents are nevertheless shown to have made a range of contributions to Irish political life, from offering an additional choice to dealigned voters and encouraging political participation to offering new policy platforms. The article goes on to argue that discussion, in this volume, of minor parties and independents in Ireland considerably illuminates analysts’ understanding of the phenomenon in both Irish and comparative perspective.
Surgical revision after percutaneous mitral valve repair by edge-to-edge device: when the strategy fails in the highest risk surgical population.

OBJECTIVES Percutaneous edge-to-edge devices for non-surgical repair of mitral valve regurgitation are under clinical evaluation in high-risk patients deemed not suitable for conventional surgery. To address guidelines for initial therapy decision, we here report on 13 cases of surgery after failed percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve repair or attempted repair, and discuss methodology and prognostic factors for operative outcome in this high-risk situation. METHODS Thirteen patients referred to our cardiothoracic unit after failed percutaneous mitral valve repair or attempted repair using the edge-to-edge technique, were treated surgically for mitral valve failure between June 2010 and December 2012. Pathology of mitral valve before and after interventional mitral valve repair (especially prevalent mode of failure) was evaluated and classified for each individual patient by echocardiography and intraoperative direct visualization. Number of implanted edge-to-edge devices were identified. Preoperative risk scores were matched with intraoperative observations and histopathological findings of valve tissue. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were analysed with respect to mitral valve and patient-related data. RESULTS Three of 10 patients were referred with severe mitral valve regurgitation/stenosis after initially successful percutaneous edge-to-edge therapy or attempted therapy. In 3 patients, ≥ 2 edge-to-edge devices were implanted leading to very tight edge-to-edge leaflet connection and fibrosis. All patients underwent successful surgical mitral valve replacement and concomitant complete cardiac surgery (CABG, aortic or tricuspid valve surgery, ASD closure and pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation). The likelihood of repair was reduced with respect to multiple edge-to-edge technology. One device could not be harvested surgically because of embolization. One patient died on the second postoperative day due to sepsis with multiple organ failure. The remaining 12 patients were discharged with excellent valve prosthesis function and followed up to 2 years post-surgery. The current long-term survival rate is 77%. CONCLUSION Our series demonstrate that highest risk patients can survive mitral valve surgery after failed multiple edge-to-edge interventional mitral valve repair. As long-term results of the MitraClip therapy are pending, we recommend close meshed follow-up of patients treated with the MitraClip device, especially within the first year of the index procedure as delays in salvage management, interventional or surgical, when the index procedure fails may increase morbidity and mortality.
Learning Informally in the Aftermath of Downsizing

The Problem and the Solution . The rash of downsizing that occurred in the eighties and nineties posed significant challenges for human resources profes sionals, who were charged with helping employees adjust to a very different set of rules even as they had to modify their own outlook. The author identifies three groups with different needs for learning and adjustment in the downsized envi ronment : the self-defined, the heartbroken, and the survivalists. Each group has different learning needs, but all need to become more aware of the need for learning continuously on the job to solve complex problems in innovative ways.
Increased glia‐specific transgene expression with glial fibrillary acidic protein promoters containing multiple enhancer elements

The ability to direct transgene expression to astrocytes has become increasingly important as the roles for these cells continue to expand. Promoters consisting of the 5′‐flanking region of the human or mouse glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene have generally proved satisfactory. However, a more powerful promoter would be advantageous for several applications, such as expression of dominant negative RNAs or proteins, or for gene therapy. We investigated the possibility of increasing the transcriptional activity of the human GFAP promoter by inserting into it one or three additional copies of putative GFAP enhancer regions. The promoters enhanced with three additional copies gave 75‐fold higher LacZ expression levels upon plasmid transfection into GFAP‐expressing U251 cells than the parental gfa2 promoter. Surprisingly, in a transgenic mouse model, the enhanced promoters resulted in no or only very low expression of marker genes, probably caused by toxicity. When various cell lines were infected with replication‐deficient adenoviral vectors, the enhanced promoters gave LacZ expression levels that were approximately 10‐fold higher than those with the parental gfa2 promoter, while retaining specificity for GFAP‐expressing cells. Injection of the adenoviral vectors carrying the enhanced promoters into nude mouse brain showed that LacZ expression was limited to GFAP‐positive cells. We conclude that gfa2 enhanced promoters are useful for production of short‐term, glia‐specific, high expression levels of genes in an adenoviral context. Adenoviral vectors containing these enhanced promoters may be useful in glioma gene therapy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2 Springshed Nutrient Loading , Transport and Transformations

A discussion of the effects of nutrients on springs biota and ecosystems of necessity requires an understanding of the manner and mechanism of nutrient delivery. Moreover, as evidence accumulates for particular consequences of nutrient and contaminant loading, understanding how those loads can be attenuated is crucial. This chapter focuses on nutrient loading to springsheds, with an emphasis on processes of transport and attenuation that are germane to their delivery to springs. It starts by describing the flowpaths and hydrogeology of Florida’s karst systems, with an emphasis on intrinsic vulnerabilities to nitrogen loading in particular. A discussion about land use and land cover change, and the sources of nutrient pollution, follows. Nitrogen loading is by far the most well studied spring contaminant, but examination of other changes that have occurred in springs, including changes in flow, dissolved oxygen, hardness and conductivity that have been documented within and across springs is informative. Attention is also set on the future of nutrient loading, including the potential saturation of phosphorus along subsurface flowpaths, with important implications for the timeline of nutrient load reduction. Finally, the state of our understanding of springsheds as closed systems of water and solutes is examined, with an emphasis on areas of uncertainty that are relevant questions for future research.