Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Makes a Good English Language Teacher? "Teachers' Perceptions and Students' Conceptions"

Over the last three decades or so there have been major changes in English language teaching (ELT) particularly in teaching English as a foreign or second language. These changes first emanated from dissatisfaction with traditional approaches based on teaching the foreign language (FL) through grammar and translation and later on came as a result of advances in psychology and linguistics as well as socio-linguistics. However, in spite of such a long period of theorization and applications of various approaches, the issue has remained unresolved as ever, namely: how best, or perhaps, how appropriately, the teaching and learning of English as a foreign language can be tackled. Since the language teachers are constantly faced with the problem of what to teach and how to do it, it i s especially important for them to keep in mind that their field is far from being isolated. It is firmly in the mainstream of the current thinking. The purpose of this study is to find out the teachers' and learners' viewpoints (at the University level in Yemen) regarding their perceptions and conceptions of the qualities of a good language teacher and attempt to offer directions to student-teachers and teacher-trainers in a field that is currently replete with competing theories, methodologies and techniques.
Inflammation and the metabolic syndrome: clustering and impact on survival in a Swedish community-based cohort of 75 year olds.

BACKGROUND High blood concentrations of inflammatory markers, including white blood cell (WBC) count, are closely related to the metabolic syndrome. Both conditions predict dismal survival. We determined prospective associations between mortality and factors derived by a factor analysis of WBC count and the basic components of the metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed a factor analysis of WBC count and the continuous components of the metabolic syndrome in 196 men and 200 women, comprising 64% of the originally invited 75 year olds from the Swedish city Västerås. The analysis revealed three factors in men and two in women. The first factor included fasting glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and waist circumference in men and in addition WBC count in women. The second factor included diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure in both sexes. In men, the third factor included fasting glucose and WBC count. These factors explained 66% (first factor, 28%; second factor, 23%; third factor, 15%) of the variation in men and 57% (first factor, 34%; second factor, 23%) in women. Prospective associations of the derived factors and all-cause mortality during 10-year follow-up were assessed by Cox regression [hazard ratio (HR)]. The first factor was significantly related to increased mortality in men: HR=1.22 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.41; p=0.008] and women: HR=1.25 (95% CI 1.06-1.48; p=0.010). Pooling men and women adjusting for established cardiovascular risk factors gave HR=1.16 (95% CI 1.04-1.29; p=0.010). In men the third factor was significantly related to mortality; HR=1.29 (95% CI 1.07-1.57; p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS A metabolic inflammatory factor and a blood pressure factor were identified. In men, the former was split into a metabolic and an inflammatory factor. Factors including metabolic and inflammatory components were significantly related to 10-year mortality and the relation remained after adjusting for established cardiovascular risk factors.
Children as agents in early childhood education

Abstract The aim of this article is to foreground the concept of young children as agents through an exploration of the strategies they use to gain control and produce social life in early childhood centres. In order to be sensitive to the subjective contents of young children's lives, a qualitative approach with observation as the key method of data production was used. Children between the ages of three and four years in two early childhood centres in KwaZulu-Natal participated in the study. The findings suggest that young children are knowledgeable, intentional and skilled actors who deploy influential strategies to assert autonomy and contribute to life at the centres. The strategies of resistance, avoidance, ignoring and collaboration are discussed to illuminate the resources the children actively used. In the context of valuing young children as agents, the concluding remarks highlight the need for practice and research to be informed by an empowerment approach in early childhood education.
Apprehended Without Warrant

The practice of professional psychology was founded on empirical science. Subsequent development of the profession reveals a gap that is partially the result of the popularization of junk science in legal and judicial domains. A greater threat comes from pseudoscience, which presents serious professional issues for those who work in trauma-related emergency services and law enforcement. The most widely promoted service is Critical Incident Stress Debriefing and Management, but scientific evidence does not justify its application. The authors describe the promotion and implementation of these services within the FBI and the professional difficulties that ensued. They also provide suggestions as to how such difficulties could have been avoided and apply them to other domains of law enforcement.
Critical commentary: second homes

This paper reviews the topic of second homes by bringing together perspectives from housing studies and leisure studies and advocating better collaboration between the two. It provides a critical overview of the literature on second homes, identifying key themes, and urging that future work avoid problems of reification, simplistic comparisons and superficial policy analyses. Suggestions for future work include more research on second homes in cities, transnational second home ownership and economic dimensions.
Impact of the Most Frequently Reported Traumatic Events on Community Mental Health Clients

This survey of 354 community mental health clients examined the relative impact of client self-reported events that they deemed “most traumatic” for predicting posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD) symptom severity. Results of the voluntary survey revealed the most traumatic lifetime events to be (in descending order of frequency): sudden death of a loved one, sexual abuse, physical abuse, suicide attempt, and having been in a serious/life-threatening accident. These factors were then tested for gender differences, and regression models were developed to test the predictive power of traumatic events relative to primary diagnosis, psychosocial well-being, other key psychiatric indicators, and drinking to cope with negative emotions. Results demonstrated that sexual abuse was reported to be among the strongest predictors of PTSD symptom severity. Separate regression models also revealed important gender differences. Implications for social work assessment of seriously mentally ill clients are suggested.
Time to Transition: The Connection between Musical Free Play and School Readiness

F ’ rom the time we are born, and even in the womb, we experience the pulse and rhythm of our culture. These musical elements have been called ”cultural microrythms” (Condon, 1982), and are considered to be the beginnings of our musicality (Stern, 2000; Trevarthen & Aitken, 2001). As we develop and grow, this musical beginning remains at the core of our being (Dissanayake, 2000) while we react to and learn from the sounds and patterns of the world around us (Bauer, 1979;.Custodero, 2002). Children also develop an understanding of local culture through their play, which is based in the rhythm and pacing of life (Bjerrkverld, 1989). As children play, they simultaneously develop concepts about time (Bauer, 1979). Our sense of personal time develops in relation to the cyclic activities and relationships that exist within the surrounding community. Enculturation, or the gradual acquisition of the norms and everyday practices of a group, occurs through family interactions (Bornstein, 2002). Families often use music as a way to teach children how to behave according to the precepts of society (Blacking, 1995). Beginning in infancy, musicality exists at the core of family interactions and forms the basis for social and emotional communication throughout the life span (Dissanayake, 2000; PapouSek, 1996; Trevarthen & Malloch, 2000). For many families, musical parenting practices permeate daily life, facilitating routines and providing social interaction necessary for healthy attachment (Trehub, Hill, & Kamenetsky, 1997). Because of its social nature, music also may lie at the heart of family coherence, which is integral to a healthy upbringing and critical for mitigating the stress inherent in transitions. As infants develop through preschool years, the ways in which families use music change, moving from intersubjective, emotional regulation and facilitation of transitions through daily routines to educational strategies (Custodero, Britto, & Brooks-Gunn, 2003; Custodero & Johnson-Green, 2008). As children get ready to transition from preschool into their formal schooling years, expectations move from learning in social interaction to a focus on the academic (Bjerrkverld, 1989). In addition to family use of music, musical exploration and expression are abundant in the daily lives of children (Moorhead & Pond, 1941,1942) and are the central elements of children’s play (Bjerrkverld, 1989). Children create unpracticed, self-generated musical expressions, which occur naturally to them (Campbell & Scott-Kassner, 2006). Specifically, children’s spontaneous vocalizations may include standard songs; rhythmic or melodic variations of standard songs; and/or free-flowing, introverted humming, singing, or chanting (Young, 2002). Musical behavior also may include moving in a Beginning in infancy,
Self-esteem and transformational leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether transformational leadership behavior is a function of the leader’s own self-respect and his/her evaluation of being capable, significant, and worthy (self-esteem). It is also tested whether transformational leadership is related to innovation success. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected from 411 entrepreneurs and managing directors of small- and medium-sized Austrian companies. The proposed hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling (PLS). Findings – A strong and significant relationship between self-esteem and transformational leadership was found. Furthermore, data analyses revealed that transformational leadership has a positive impact on innovation success. Originality/value – This study reveals the important but heretofore neglected role of self-esteem, defined as a manager’s overall self-evaluation of his/her competences, as an important predictor of transformational leadership.
Effect of Acute Intravenous Cocaine Administration on Endothelium-Dependent Vasodepressor Responses to Acetylcholine

Background: Cardiovascular events commonly associated with acute and chronic cocaine abuse include coronary vasospasm, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and sudden death. It has been suggested that cocaine causes endothelial dysfunction and vasoconstriction by inhibiting local production of nitric oxide and that endothelial dysfunction may be involved in the cardiovascular events associated with cocaine use. The present study investigated the effect of acute intravenous cocaine administration on endothelium-dependent vasodepressor responses to acetylcholine in the anesthetized rat. Methods and Results: Rats were anesthetized with intraperitoneally Inactin (140 mg/kg) and catheters were inserted into the jugular vein and iliac artery for the injection of drugs and measurement of systemic arterial pressure. A thermistor catheter was advanced to the aortic arch for the measurement of cardiac output via the thermal dilution technique. A 5 mg/kg intravenous dose of cocaine, which enhances the vasopressor response to norepinephrine and blocks the vasopressor response to tyramine, had no effect on the vasodepressor response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine. In addition, responses to the nitric oxide-donor sodium nitroprusside and the vasoconstrictor peptide angiotensin II were not altered by administration of cocaine. Conclusions: Acute administration of cocaine in a dose that blocks norepinephrine uptake into adrenergic terminals had no effect on endothelial function as measured by the absence of an effect on the vasodepressor response to intravenous injections of acetylcholine. Although chronic cocaine exposure has been shown to cause vascular dysfunction, eventually leading to impairment of the nitric oxide pathway, it appears that acute cocaine administration does not inhibit this pathway in the anesthetized rat.
Maternal Attachment and Child Death: On Adjustment, Relationship, and Resolution

When an infant dies at the height of the mother-child attachment period, the experience is traumatic and shattering for the mother. Examining successful resolution of this loss requires a distinction between adjustment to the external reality of loss and the nature of the ongoing internal relationship to the representation of the deceased. Resolution may best describe and muted intrapsychic relationship characterized by a flexible and psychologically comfortable stance vis a vis the dynamic memories and representation of the deceased child.
Wortmannin Reduces Insulin Signaling and Death in Seizure-Prone Pcmt1−/− Mice

L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartyl) O-methyltransferase deficient mice (Pcmt1−/−) accumulate isomerized aspartyl residues in intracellular proteins until their death due to seizures at approximately 45 days. Previous studies have shown that these mice have constitutively activated insulin signaling in their brains, and that these brains are 20–30% larger than those from age-matched wild-type animals. To determine whether insulin pathway activation and brain enlargement is responsible for the fatal seizures, we administered wortmannin, an inhibitor of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase that catalyzes an early step in the insulin pathway. Oral wortmannin reduced the average brain size in the Pcmt1−/− animals to within 6% of the wild-type DMSO administered controls, and nearly doubled the lifespan of Pcmt1−/− at 60% survival of the original population. Immunoblotting revealed significant decreases in phosphorylation of Akt, PDK1, and mTOR in Pcmt1−/− mice and Akt and PDK1 in wild-type animals upon treatment with wortmannin. These data suggest activation of the insulin pathway and its resulting brain enlargement contributes to the early death of Pcmt1−/− mice, but is not solely responsible for the early death observed in these animals.
Stereologic description of the changing expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase and heme oxygenase in the enteric plexuses of the pig small intestine during development

The similarities between heme oxygenase‐2 (HO‐2) and nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the transient expression of nNOS during development led us to investigate whether both systems are similarly affected by changes that occur during development and by regional differences along the small intestine. By combining NADPH diaphorase histochemistry and HO‐2 immunohistochemistry on whole‐mount preparations and by using stereologic methods, a qualitative and quantitative description of HO‐2 and nNOS expression was obtained. Examinations were carried out on the small intestine of fetal, 1–2‐day and 5–6‐week‐old pigs. In all age groups, three enteric plexuses were distinguished. The presence of HO‐2‐immunoreactive (HO‐2‐IR) and NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons corresponded to earlier morphological and physiological reports. Nevertheless, the total number of nitrergic neurons remained constant or decreased in the enteric plexuses, whereas the total number of HO‐2‐IR neurons displayed an overall increase. Changing concentrations of glucocorticoids, target‐derived signals, presynaptic input, and an effect of HO‐2 activity on nNOS synthesis are likely to play roles in the observed developmental changes. The numerical density of HO‐2‐IR neurons remained relatively constant along the intestinal tract; in contrast, the nitrergic neurons were most numerous in the inner submucous and myenteric plexus in the duodenum and ileum, respectively. It is believed that the duodenal nitrergic neurons in the inner submucous plexus could be involved in the regulation of duodenal secretion processes, whereas the region‐dependent density in the myenteric plexus possibly forms the morphological basis for a regionally different participation of NO in the relaxation of the small intestine. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:118–128, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational Stress in Secondary Education in Cyprus: Causes, Symptoms, Consequences and Stress Management.

The survey attempted to look into the causes, symptoms and consequences that occupational stress has on teachers in Secondary Education in Cyprus and find ways to manage it. Thirty eight schools with 553 teachers participated in the survey. The sample chosen is a result of a simple random sampling and it is representative of the country’s population. The survey is quantitative and descriptive. Its statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS 16.0. The measurement tool used is the questionnaire which is valid and also reliable for this research. Three hundred eighty seven women and one hundred sixty six men comprise the sample of this survey and the prevailing age of the participants is 30-41. Most of the educators operate in big, urban public high schools in the Nicosia area. The most important results of the research concerning the class environment are the time pressure on the teachers, the lack of school infrastructure and the misdemeanor of students. Regarding the environment outside the classroom there seems to be a deficiency in offering the educators the possibilities for further education. In addition, there are alterations in the content curricula and inadequate building facilities. The effects that the occupational stress has on the teachers are psychic and physical symptoms like exhaustion, migraines and anger – confusion. As a consequence of the aforementioned symptoms there is a negative attitude on behalf of the teaching stuff towards work. The proposed ways for dealing with occupational stress are the right planning on behalf of the educators, their better involvement in the decision making process by the administration of school and the reduction of the material taught.
Do the Infrared Emission Features Need Ultraviolet Excitation?

We present the results of imaging spectroscopy of the reflection nebula vdB 133, obtained with the infrared camera and circular variable filter wheel on the Infrared Space Observatory. Our observations reveal the infrared emission features (IEFs), at 6.2, 7.7, 8.7, 11.3, and 12.7 μm, and associated 5-15 μm continuum emission. The stellar system illuminating vdB 133 has the lowest ratio of ultraviolet (shortward of 0.4 μm) to total flux of any stars demonstrated to date to excite the IEFs and associated continuum emission from adjacent interstellar dust, as opposed to circumstellar dust. The low fraction of UV flux from this system poses a problem for existing models for the emission mechanism and emitting material, which all require substantial UV radiation for the excitation of the IEFs and associated continuum.
Mental Disorder Prevalence at the Gateway to the Criminal Justice System

It has been well recognised, both in Australia and internationally, that poor mental health is more prevalent among prisoners than the general population (AIHW 2010; Butler and Allnutt 2003; Fazel and Danesh 2002). Substance abuse disorders are particularly prevalent among prisoners, and the comorbidity of these with other mental disorders has been found to increase the likelihood of criminal recidivism (Smith and Trimboli 2010). Such evidence has led to renewed government focus on improving mental health services for people in prison, as well as after release, with the intention of reducing recidivism by treating substance dependence and other mental disorders (Australian Government 2009). Although mental disorder does not necessarily contribute to offending behaviour, evidence suggests that, particularly in combination with substance abuse, mental disorders do play a part in criminal behaviour for some offenders (Day and Howells 2008).
SKY NEWS AUSTRALIA

Despite its very small audience, Sky News (to date, Australia's only locally-produced 24-hour news channel) has recently become an important player in the Australian politics/media landscape. In 2007, Sky had a series of successes including hosting the only leaders’ debate of the federal election and being the first channel to predict and announce the election outcome. More broadly, Sky is having a significant impact on the way in which news is reported in Australia. It has become a key journalistic source and has encouraged a faster, longer news cycle and a digital newsroom, content-packaging approach to journalism. Sky is also influencing the behaviour of Australian politicians, increasing their sensitivity to media coverage and prevailing news values and acting as a key site where they try to influence broader media reporting but also shape political outcomes such as leadership battles. This article examines these factors and considers the nature of the “elite–elite communication” that is taking place via Sky News (Davis, 2007, p. 73).
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure and Cartilage Damage during Knee Joint Compression

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury incurred from high-impact activities leads to an increased risk of osteoarthritis. Hypothesis Impact forces that cause ACL failure can also inflict cartilage damage, whereby its extent and distribution may be influenced by the ligament failure mechanism. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Six porcine knee specimens were mounted to a material testing system at 70° of flexion. During compression, rotational and translational data of the specimens were recorded with a motion-capture system. Compression was successively repeated with increasing actuator displacement until a significant drop in compressive force response was observed; ligament failure was assessed by dissection. Osteocartilage expiants were extracted from the meniscus-covered sites (anterior, exterior, and posterior) and exposed (interior) sites on both tibial compartments. The expiants were sectioned, stained, and histologically scored using the modified Mankin grading system. Results Five of the 6 specimens incurred ACL failure. On failure, a significant compressive force drop (1812.5–2659.3 N) was observed together with considerable posterior femoral translation; 2 specimens underwent external rotation, while 2 had internal rotation and 1 had no substantial rotation. Generally, the meniscus-covered sites displayed significant surface fraying and occasional deep clefts; the exposed site did not present substantial surface irregularities but indicated more tidemark disruption. Higher Mankin scores observed at certain sites illustrated a localized presence of contact and shear forces, which may be caused by pivoting and sliding of the femoral condyles during rotation. Conclusion The porcine model can be a tenable preliminary option for assessing the role of the human ACL during joint compression. Impact loads that result in ligament failure can potentially inflict considerable cartilage damage; the damage profile may be affected by the type of failure mechanism. Clinical Relevance Cartilage injury arising at the time of ACL injury may lead to an accelerated risk of joint degeneration.