Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morphosyntactic Learning and the Development of Tense

In this article, we propose that the Root Infinitive (RI) phenomenon in child language is best viewed and explained as the interaction between morphological learning and syntactic development. We make the following specific sugges tions: The optionality in RI reflects the presence of a grammar such as Chinese which does not manifest tense marking. The gradual elimination of the non tense-marking grammar is facilitated by the learning of the morphosyntactic system of the target language. Quantitative differences in the input data among morphosyntactic systems result in the cross-linguistic variation in the RI phe nomenon. More broadly, we aim to demonstrate that quantitative aspects of lan guage learning data and concrete mechanisms of the language learning process can play an important role in the generative approach to language acquisition. In Section 2, we give a brief overview of the RI literature along with some methodological remarks regarding the explanation of the phenomenon. In Sec tion 3, we lay out our theory of morphosyntactic learning and the broader vari ational approach to language acquisition. Our empirical work focuses on the development of tense in Spanish, French, and English. In Section 4 we show through corpus study of child-directed speech that differences in the morphosyn tactic systems of these three languages explain the brief RI stage in Spanish acquisition, the prolonged RI stage in English acquisition, as well the inter mediate status of the RI stage in French. In Section 5, we discuss how our
UNC-13 and UNC-10/Rim Localize Synaptic Vesicles to Specific Membrane Domains

Synaptic vesicles undergo a maturation step, termed priming, in which they become competent to fuse with the plasma membrane. To morphologically define the site of vesicle priming and identify fusion-competent synaptic vesicles, we combined a rapid physical-fixation technique with immunogold staining and high-resolution morphometric analysis at Caenorhabditis elegans neuromuscular junctions. In these presynaptic terminals, a subset of synaptic vesicles contact the plasma membrane within ∼100 nm of a presynaptic dense projection. UNC-13, a protein required for vesicle priming, localizes to this same region of the plasma membrane. In an unc-13 null mutant, few synaptic vesicles contact the plasma membrane, suggesting that membrane-contacting synaptic vesicles represent the morphological correlates of primed vesicles. Interestingly, a subpopulation of membrane-contacting vesicles, located within 30 nm of a dense projection, are unperturbed in unc-13 mutants. We show that UNC-10/Rim, a protein implicated in presynaptic plasticity, localizes to dense projections and that loss of UNC-10/Rim causes an UNC-13-independent reduction in membrane-contacting synaptic vesicles within 30 nm of the dense projections. Our data together identify a discrete domain for vesicle priming within 100 nm of dense projections and further suggest that UNC-10/Rim and UNC-13 separately contribute to the membrane localization of synaptic vesicles within this domain.
BacteriumPhagocytes Infected with an Intracellular Their Ligands in the Lysis of Mononuclear Role of NK Cell-Activating Receptors and

We studied the role of NK cell-activating receptors and their ligands in the lysis of mononuclear phagocytes infected with the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Expression of the activating receptors NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D were enhanced on NK cells by exposure to M. tuberculosis -infected monocytes, whereas expression of DNAX accessory molecule-1 and 2B4 was not. Anti-NKG2D and anti-NKp46 inhibited NK cell lysis of M. tuberculosis -infected monocytes, but Abs to NKp30, DNAX accessory molecule-1, and 2B4 had no effect. Infection of monocytes up-regulated expression of the NKG2D ligand, UL-16 binding protein (ULBP)1, but not expression of ULBP2, ULBP3, or MHC class I-related chain A or chain B. Up-regulation of ULBP1 on infected monocytes was dependent on TLR2, and anti-ULBP1 abrogated NK cell lysis of infected monocytes. The dominant roles of NKp46, NKG2D, and ULBP1 were conﬁrmed for NK cell lysis of M. tuberculosis -infected alveolar macrophages. We conclude that NKp46 and NKG2D are the principal receptors involved in lysis of M. tuberculosis -infected mononuclear phagocytes, and that ULBP1 on infected cells is the major ligand for NKG2D. Furthermore, TLR2 contributes to up-regulation of ULBP1 expression. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 4611–4617.
Multiple Casts in Online Voting: Analyzing Chances

We analyze multiple casts as an easy and non-technical approach to overcome some of the open questions and risks of online voting. The mechanism of multiple casts can be added to almost all existing online voting systems. Nevertheless, there are also some disadvantages, for instance the validity of a timestamp, which are discussed in the paper as well.
Daily torpor is associated with telomere length change over winter in Djungarian hamsters

Ageing can progress at different rates according to an individual's physiological state. Natural hypothermia, including torpor and hibernation, is a common adaptation of small mammals to survive intermittent or seasonal declines in environmental conditions. In addition to allowing energy savings, hypothermia and torpor have been associated with retarded ageing and increased longevity. We tested the hypothesis that torpor use slows ageing by measuring changes in the relative telomere length (RTL) of Djungarian hamsters, Phodopus sungorus, a highly seasonal rodent using spontaneous daily torpor, over 180 days of exposure to a short-day photoperiod and warm (approx. 20°C) or cold (approx. 9°C) air temperatures. Multi-model inference showed that change in RTL within individuals was best explained by positive effects of frequency of torpor use, particularly at low body temperatures, as well as the change in body mass and initial RTL. Telomere dynamics have been linked to future survival and proposed as an index of rates of biological ageing. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that daily torpor is associated with physiological changes that increase somatic maintenance and slow the processes of ageing.
Immunohistochemistry in the distinction between malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma: a critical evaluation of new antibodies

Aim: The value of immunohistochemical staining in differentiating between malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma was re-examined using newly available commercial antibodies, with the aim of increasing the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis, and simplifying the antibody panel required. Methods: Forty one malignant mesotheliomas and 35 lung adenocarcinomas were studied. Commercial antibodies to calretinin, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, surfactant apoprotein A (SP-A), thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), thrombomodulin, and cytokeratin 5/6 were applied using the streptavidin–biotin–peroxidase complex procedure on formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded tissue. Results: E-cadherin was expressed in all adenocarcinomas and in 22% of the mesotheliomas. TTF-1 expression was detected in 69% of the adenocarcinomas and none of the mesotheliomas. Positive staining with polyclonal anticalretinin was detected in 80% of the mesotheliomas and 6% of the adenocarcinomas. N-cadherin was expressed in 78% of mesotheliomas and 26% of adenocarcinomas. Thrombomodulin was expressed in 6% of the adenocarcinomas and in 53% of the mesotheliomas. Cytokeratin 5/6 expression was detected in 6% of the adenocarcinomas and 63% of the mesotheliomas. The results were compared with the standard laboratory panel for mesothelioma diagnosis: anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA), LeuM1, BerEP4, and HBME-1. Conclusion: Of the antibodies used in this study, E-cadherin was 100% sensitive for pulmonary adenocarcinoma and TTF-1 was 100% specific for pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The application of these two antibodies alone was adequate for the diagnosis of 69% of adenocarcinomas and 78% of mesotheliomas. Where TTF-1 is negative and E-cadherin is positive, a secondary panel of antibodies, including BerEP4 and LeuM1 (CD15) and antibodies directed against CEA, calretinin, cytokeratin 5/6, thrombomodulin, and N-cadherin, is required for differentiation between malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Adult Diastematomyelia

ABSTRACT: With modern imaging techniques, various types of spinal dysraphism are being diagnosed in adults with increasing frequency. We report a 42-year-old woman with diastematomyelia whose symptoms characteristically were precipated by trauma. She exhibited other typical features such as a posterior midline hair patch and vetebral malformations. Metrizamide myelography with computerized tomography showed a bony septum at Tl 1 with a cleft at T9-T11 separating two dural tubes each of which contained a single spinal hemicord. The septum was excised with complete relief of symptoms.
An ancient yet flexible cis-regulatory architecture allows localized Hedgehog tuning by patched/Ptch1

The Hedgehog signaling pathway is part of the ancient developmental-evolutionary animal toolkit. Frequently co-opted to pattern new structures, the pathway is conserved among eumetazoans yet flexible and pleiotropic in its effects. The Hedgehog receptor, Patched, is transcriptionally activated by Hedgehog, providing essential negative feedback in all tissues. Our locus-wide dissections of the cis-regulatory landscapes of fly patched and mouse Ptch1 reveal abundant, diverse enhancers with stage- and tissue-specific expression patterns. The seemingly simple, constitutive Hedgehog response of patched/Ptch1 is driven by a complex regulatory architecture, with batteries of context-specific enhancers engaged in promoter-specific interactions to tune signaling individually in each tissue, without disturbing patterning elsewhere. This structure—one of the oldest cis-regulatory features discovered in animal genomes—explains how patched/Ptch1 can drive dramatic adaptations in animal morphology while maintaining its essential core function. It may also suggest a general model for the evolutionary flexibility of conserved regulators and pathways. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.13550. 001
Paraneoplastic Retinopathy: A Novel Autoantibody Reaction Associated with Small‐cell Lung Carcinoma

We present the case of a 74-year-old man with rapidly progressive bilateral visual loss, optic disc pallor, retinal arteriolar attenuation, and an abnormal electroretinogram with a 90% reduction in cone function and a 50% reduction in rod function. He was examined for a suspected cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR). Although he was found not to have expressed the previously reported 23-kd CAR antibody, high titers were found of an antibody to a 60-kd retinal protein, which as yet remains unidentified. An initial clinical search for an underlying cancer was unsuccessful, but 2 months later a mediastinal mass was found on chest x-rays, and biopsy confirmed a diagnosis of small-cell lung carcinoma. Combined therapy with oral corticosteroids and plasmapheresis resulted in a recovery of vision from counting fingers to 20/200 in the right eye and 20/40 to 20/25 in the left eye. Conventional chemotherapeutic management of the small-cell lung carcinoma was instituted, and the modest visual recovery was maintained. The visual improvement as well as lung tumor regression were accompained by a decline in antibody titers from 1:2,000 pretreatment to 1:200 during the course of therapy. The absence of reactivity with the previously described 23-kd retinal antigen of the CAR syndrome does not exclude the diagnosis of paraneoplastic retinopathy in patients fitting the clinical profile of this disease.
Spectrum sharing between a surveillance radar and secondary Wi-Fi networks

Co-existence between unlicensed networks that share a spectrum spatio-temporally with terrestrial (e.g., Air Traffic Control) and shipborne radars1 in 3 GHz band is attracting significant interest. Similar to every primary-secondary coexistence scenario, interference from unlicensed devices to a primary receiver must be within acceptable bounds. In this work, we formulate the spectrum sharing problem between a pulsed, search radar (primary) and 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) as the secondary.We compute the protection region for such a search radar for a single secondary user (initially) as well as a random spatial distribution of multiple secondary users. Furthermore, we also analyze the interference to the Wi-Fi devices from the radar's transmissions to estimate the impact on achievable WLAN throughput as a function of distance to the primary radar.
Psychophysiological Responses to Competition and the Big Five Personality Traits

Psychophysiological Responses to Competition and the Big Five Personality Traits This study examines the relationship between psychophysiological arousal, cognitive anxiety, and personality traits in young taekwondo athletes. A total of 20 male and 10 female taekwondo athletes (mean age = 18.6 years; ± 1.8) volunteered for the study. The Five Factor Personality Inventory and the state scale of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were used to measure personality and cognitive state anxiety. Electrodermal activity (EDA) was measured twice, one day and approximately one hour prior to the competition, to determine psychophysiological arousal. Descriptive statistics, Pearson product-moment correlations, and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data. Several "Big Five" facets were related to the EDA delta scores that were measured both one day and one hour before the competition. Two stepwise regressions were conducted to examine whether personality traits could significantly predict both EDA delta scores. The final model, containing only neuroticism from the Big Five factors, can significantly explain the variations in the EDA delta scores measured one day before the competition. Agreeableness can significantly explain variations in the EDA delta scores measured one hour before the competition. No relationship was found between cognitive anxiety and the EDA delta scores measured one hour before the competition. In conclusion, personality traits, especially agreeableness and neuroticism, might be useful in understanding arousal responses to competition.
Risk for substance use disorders in youths with child- and adolescent-onset bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE Previous work in adults has suggested that early-onset bipolar disorder (BPD) is associated with an elevated risk for substance use disorders (SUD). To this end, the authors assessed the risk for SUD in child- versus adolescent-onset BPD with attention to comorbid psychopathology. METHOD All youths (aged 13-18 years) with available structured psychiatric interviews were studied systematically. From clinic subjects (N = 333), 86 subjects with DSM-III-R BPD were identified. To evaluate the risk for SUD and BPD while attending to developmental issues, the authors stratified the BPD sample into those with child-onset BPD (< or = 12 years of age, n = 50) and those with adolescent-onset BPD (13-18 years of age, n = 36). RESULTS In mid-adolescence, youths with adolescent-onset BPD were at significantly increased risk for SUD relative to those with child-onset BPD (39% versus 8%; p = .001). Compared with those with child-onset BPD, those with adolescent-onset BPD had 8.8 times the risk for SUD (95% confidence interval = 2.2-34.7; chi 7(2) = 9.7, p = . 002). The presence of conduct disorder or other comorbid psychopathology within BPD did not account for the risk for SUD. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent-onset BPD is associated with a much higher risk for SUD than child-onset BPD, which was not accounted for by conduct disorder or other comorbid psychopathology. Youths with adolescent-onset BPD should be monitored and educated about SUD risk. The identification and treatment of manic symptomatology may offer therapeutic opportunities to decrease the risk for SUD in these high-risk youths.
A geometric approach for the alignment of liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry data

MOTIVATION Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have become a prominent tool for the analysis of complex proteomic samples. An important step in a typical workflow is the combination of results from multiple LC-MS experiments to improve confidence in the obtained measurements or to compare results from different samples. To do so, a suitable mapping or alignment between the data sets needs to be estimated. The alignment has to correct for variations in mass and elution time which are present in all mass spectrometry experiments. RESULTS We propose a novel algorithm to align LC-MS samples and to match corresponding ion species across samples. Our algorithm matches landmark signals between two data sets using a geometric technique based on pose clustering. Variations in mass and retention time are corrected by an affine dewarping function estimated from matched landmarks. We use the pairwise dewarping in an algorithm for aligning multiple samples. We show that our pose clustering approach is fast and reliable as compared to previous approaches. It is robust in the presence of noise and able to accurately align samples with only few common ion species. In addition, we can easily handle different kinds of LC-MS data and adopt our algorithm to new mass spectrometry technologies. AVAILABILITY This algorithm is implemented as part of the OpenMS software library for shotgun proteomics and available under the Lesser GNU Public License (LGPL) at www.openms. de.
Semantic Roles in Grammar Engineering

The aim of this paper is to discuss difficulties involved in adopting an existing system of semantic roles in a grammar engineering task. Two typical repertoires of semantic roles are considered, namely, VerbNet and Sowa’s system. We report on experiments showing the low inter-annotator agreement when using such systems and suggest that, at least in case of languages with rich morphosyntax, an approximation of semantic roles derived from syntactic (grammatical functions) and morphosyntactic (grammatical cases) features of arguments may actually be beneficial for applications such as textual entailment.
Room for Improvement in Nutrition Knowledge and Dietary Intake of Male Football (Soccer) Players in Australia.

Athletes require sufficient nutrition knowledge and skills to enable appropriate selection and consumption of food and fluids to meet their health, body composition, and performance needs. This article reports the nutrition knowledge and dietary habits of male football (soccer) players in Australia. Players age 18 years and older were recruited from 1 A-League club (professional) and 4 National Premier League clubs (semiprofessional). No significant difference in general nutrition knowledge (GNK; 54.1% ± 13.4%; 56.8% ± 11.7%; M ± SD), t(71) = -0.91, p = . 37, or sports nutrition knowledge (SNK; 56.9% ± 15.5%; 61.3% ± 15.9%), t(71) = -1.16, p = . 25) were noted between professional (n = 29) and semiprofessional (n = 44) players. In general, players lacked knowledge in regard to food sources and types of fat. Although nutrition knowledge varied widely among players (24.6-82.8% correct responses), those who had recently studied nutrition answered significantly more items correctly than those who reported no recent formal nutrition education (62.6% ± 11.9%; 54.0% ± 11.4%), t(67) = 2.88, p = . 005). Analysis of 3-day estimated food diaries revealed both professionals (n = 10) and semiprofessionals (n = 31) consumed on average less carbohydrate (3.5 ± 0.8 gC/kg; 3.9 ± 1.8 gC/kg) per day than football-specific recommendations (FIFA Medical and Assessment Research Centre [F-MARC]: 5-10 gC/kg). There was a moderate, positive correlation between SNK and carbohydrate intake (n = 41, ρ = 0.32, p = .04), indicating that players who exhibited greater SNK had higher carbohydrate intakes. On the basis of these findings, male football players in Australia would benefit from nutrition education targeting carbohydrate and fat in an attempt to improve nutrition knowledge and dietary practices.
Disentangling the Influence of Socioeconomic Risks on Children's Early Self‐Control

Abstract Objective Previous studies have shown that individual differences in self‐control emerge early in childhood and predict a range of important outcomes throughout childhood and adulthood. There is, however, less knowledge about the social origins of self‐control, including the mechanisms by which early socioeconomic adversity may lead to lower levels of self‐control. This study aimed to extend understanding of the link between socioeconomic adversity and self‐control by (a) testing which individual aspects of socioeconomic risk uniquely predict lower self‐control; (b) testing whether objective socioeconomic risk operates independently of, or via, subjective parental stress; and (c) examining the interplay of socioeconomic risk factors and individual differences in children's temperament as predictors of early self‐control. Method Data were from a UK population birth cohort of 18,552 children born in 2000 and 2001. Results Multiple individual socioeconomic risk factors have independent associations with children's self‐control, including low parental education, income, and occupational class; insecure housing tenure; and younger parenthood. Results point to independent additive effects of exposure to objective and subjective risk. There was evidence of mothers' subjective stress partially mediating objective socioeconomic risks but only weak evidence of hypothesized interaction effects between temperament and socioeconomic risk. Conclusions Results were consistent with additive risk and bioecological perspectives.
Recombinant human endostatin combined with definitive chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for patients with unresectable but without systemic metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review the outcomes of recombinant human endostatin combined with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) as primary treatment for patients with unresectable but without systemic metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oesophagus. METHODS A total of 38 patients with unresectable but without systemic metastatic SCC of the oesophagus (T(4) or stage IVA) were retrospectively studied. 18 patients were treated with recombinant human endostatin combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/cisplatin (CDDP)-based CRT and 20 were treated with 5-FU/CDDP-based CRT alone. Short- and long-term effects including initial treatment response, survival and treatment-related complications were assessed with a median follow-up period of 36.1 months. RESULTS CRT combined with endostatin resulted in a marked improvement in complete response rates (44.4% vs 30% in the CRT-alone group), and an increase in the 1-year and 3-year overall survival rates (72% vs 50.0% and 32% vs 22.0%, respectively), while the median time to progression was extended to 11.3 months in the combination group vs 8.1 months in the CRT-alone group. There were no treatment-related toxicities that could be attributed specifically to the endostatin, and the toxicities observed across the two groups are probably due to the CRT itself. CONCLUSIONS The short- and long-term effects of CRT combined with endostatin were an improvement over that of CRT alone in this retrospective cohort study. This combined treatment modality may be a promising treatment modality for the patients with unresectable but without systemic metastatic oesophageal cancer. Further prospective randomised control studies are needed to confirm this finding.