Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What ’ s new in NetBSD in 2006 ?

NetBSD is known as a highly portable operating system, but its strengths are not limited to being available on many platforms. NetBSD goals also include security, performance, standards conformance and clean design. Development of innovative features also occurs. In this paper, we will have a look at the new features that have been integrated into NetBSD this year. 1 NetBSD in the news 1.1 Dead or irrelevant? Thanks to the numerous and valuable contributions from Slashdot’s anonymous coward, we are now all aware that *BSD is dying [1]. While the recurrent Slashdot troll gave us strong warnings about FreeBSD’s and OpenBSD’s imminent deaths for years, NetBSD was often omitted. Did that mean NetBSD was already dead? The EuroBSDCon 2005 social event was called "the night of the living dead", in reference to the Slashdot troll. That was an attractive point of view, since it implied that dead projects like the *BSD could be alive and kicking after all. Unfortunately, NetBSD did not show any sign of life that night, as it was even outperformed by DragonFly BSD at the beer drinking contest. The few people who still remembered an OS called NetBSD were still puzzled about the death of NetBSD: did it occur while nobody was watching? Fortunately, on the 30th of August 2006, one of the NetBSD project founders sent an insightful message to the netbsd-users@ netbsd.org mailing list [2]. In that message, Charles M. Hannum explained that NetBSD had increasingly become irrelevant. That post was reported by Slashdot, which drove a lot of attention to NetBSD. Charles shortly followed up with an interview at OnLAMP.com [3], entitled "Confessions of a Recovering NetBSD Zealot". Thanks to Charles, things were clear: the project was not dead, it was just irrelevant, and every Slashdot reader knew about it. That is not very good news, but at least this had the advantage of showing that NetBSD was alive enough to upset someone and make the Slashdot cover page. As far as I am aware, no news site tried to investigate Charles’ claims by interviewing other NetBSD insiders about the affair. I assume I have to make a few comments on the topic. In my opinion, Charles has various valid points. Indeed NetBSD could be better managed. It could also have more features, fewer bugs, and be more popular. Unless a project is really dead, people always expect more than what they get. There is always room for improvement. But Charles’ judgement as NetBSD being now irrelevant is just a personal opinion, and not everybody shares it. There is still a lot of work done on the project from several dozens of developers (the activity can be monitored through the source-changes@netbsd.org mailing list [4]). Obviously that crowd does not consider NetBSD as irrelevant. The project is also recruiting new developers at a steady rate of few persons per month. That fresh blood shows that we even have newcomers considering NetBSD as an OS relevant enough to start working on it.
Cytochemical demonstration of hydrogen peroxide in polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagosomes

Phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) is accompanied by specific morphological and metabolic events which may result in the killing of internalized micro-organism. Hydrogen peroxide is produced in increased amounts during phagocytosis (17) and in combination with myeloperoxidase and halide ions constitute a potent, microbicidal mechanism (8,9,11). There can be direct iodination of micro-organisms (10), or alternatively, other intermediate reaction products, i.e. chloramines and aldehydes (21), can exert a microbicidal effect. The H2O2-peroxidase-halide system is presumed to operate within the phagocytic vacuole (12,18). Myeloperoxidase, present in the primary granules of PMN, enters the phagocytic vacuole during degranulation (1,4,7), and halide ions are probably derived from the extracellular medium or are present in the PMN (see 11, 18). For the operation of this system in intact cells, the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole is necessary, and indeed this has been suggested by the work of several investigators (12, 18, 21). In the present investigation, the diaminobenzidine reaction of Graham and Karnovsky (5), modified to utilize endogenous myeloperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide, has been applied to actively phagocytizing PMN to demonstrate cytochemically the presence of H2O2 in the phagocytic vacuole.
Learning Partially Observable Action Models

In this paper we present tractable algorithms for learning a logical model of actions’ effects and preconditions in deterministic partially observable domains. These algorithms update a representation of the set of possible action models after every observation and action execution. We show that when actions are known to have no conditional effects, then the set of possible action models can be represented compactly indefinitely. We also show that certain desirable properties hold for actions that have conditional effects, and that sometimes those can be learned efficiently as well. Our approach takes time and space that are polynomial in the number of domain features, and it is the first exact solution that is tractable for a wide class of problems. It does so by representing the set of possible action models using propositional logic, while avoiding general-purpose logical inference. Learning in partially observable domains is difficult and intractable in general, but our results show that it can be solved exactly in large domains in which one can assume some structure for actions’ effects and preconditions. These results are relevant for more general settings, such as learning HMMs, reinforcement learning, and learning in partially observable stochastic domains.
Antiosteoporosis Activity of New Oriental Medicine Preparation (Kyungokgo Mixed with Water Extract of Hovenia dulcis) on the Ovariectomized Mice

Protective effect of new oriental medicine (Kyungokgo mixed with water extract of Hovenia dulcis, KOGHD) was assessed on the bone loss induced mice by ovariectomy. In the in vivo experiments, antiosteoporosis effect of KOGHD was investigated using ovariectomized osteoporosis mice model. After 6 weeks of treatment, the mice were euthanized, and the effect of Kyungokgo (KOG) and KOGHD on body weight, spleen weigh, thymus weight, uterine weight, serum biochemical indicators, bone weight and length, immune cell population, bone morphometric parameters, and histological stains was observed. Our results showed that KOGHD prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture caused by ovariectomy, which were accompanied by the lower levels of bone turnover markers and immune cell population as evidenced by the inhibition of RANKL-mediated osteoclast differentiation without cytotoxic effect on bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs). Therefore, these results suggest that the Hovenia dulcis (HD) supplementation in the KOG may also prevent and treat bone loss.
Enemy damage of exotic plant species is similar to that of natives and increases with productivity

In their colonized ranges, exotic plants may be released from some of the herbivores or pathogens of their home ranges but these can be replaced by novel enemies. It is of basic and practical interest to understand which characteristics of invaded communities control accumulation of the new pests. Key questions are whether enemy load on exotic species is smaller than on native competitors as suggested by the enemy release hypothesis (ERH) and whether this difference is most pronounced in resource‐rich habitats as predicted by the resource–enemy release hypothesis (R‐ERH). In 72 populations of 12 exotic invasive species, we scored all visible above‐ground damage morphotypes caused by herbivores and fungal pathogens. In addition, we quantified levels of leaf herbivory and fruit damage. We then assessed whether variation in damage diversity and levels was explained by habitat fertility, by relatedness between exotic species and the native community or rather by native species diversity. In a second part of the study, we also tested the ERH and the R‐ERH by comparing damage of plants in 28 pairs of co‐occurring native and exotic populations, representing nine congeneric pairs of native and exotic species. In the first part of the study, diversity of damage morphotypes and damage levels of exotic populations were greater in resource‐rich habitats. Co‐occurrence of closely related, native species in the community significantly increased the probability of fruit damage. Herbivory on exotics was less likely in communities with high phylogenetic diversity. In the second part of the study, exotic and native congeneric populations incurred similar damage diversity and levels, irrespective of whether they co‐occurred in nutrient‐poor or nutrient‐rich habitats. Synthesis. We identified habitat productivity as a major community factor affecting accumulation of enemy damage by exotic populations. Similar damage levels in exotic and native congeneric populations, even in species pairs from fertile habitats, suggest that the enemy release hypothesis or the R‐ERH cannot always explain the invasiveness of introduced species.
Short-run and long-run determinants of the price of gold

In 1833 the price of gold was $20.65 per ounce, about $415 in 2005 terms, while in 2005 the actual price of gold was $445 - a very small change in the real price of gold over a period of one hundred and seventy two years. Despite this apparent constancy in real terms over the long run, it is also true that, outside of periods when the gold price was fixed through various iterations of the gold standard, it has fluctuated significantly in the shorter term, sometimes for years at a time. Can these two apparently contradictory realities be reconciled? And can one be sure that the long run positive relationship between gold and inflation has persisted beyond the era of Bretton Woods? Indeed, is there any credence to the claim that gold can be used as a long-run hedge against inflation? The results reported in this paper provide some answers to these questions that are so central to the gold market and its many participants around the world. We also address the inflation hedging properties of gold in the currencies of the major gold-consuming countries outside of the USA, taking into account both the domestic exchange rate relative to the dollar and domestic consumer price index movements. Real gold prices denominated in the home currency of investors outside of the USA also deviate in the short-run from their home country inflation hedge price and there is also a long-run tendency for gold prices to revert to the long-run hedge price. The major gold consuming countries outside of the USA, that is, India, China, Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia were rational to purchase gold in that it proved more than adequate as an inflation hedge. For these countries the actual USA dollar gold price between 1976 and 2005 far exceeded the dollar gold price required to provide an inflation hedge after taking account of exchange rates between the US dollar and the home country and the home country consumer price index movements.
Treating Attention to Improve Auditory Comprehension in Aphasia

most effective interaction with partner T and her least effective interaction with partner L appears to be differences in the nonaphasic partners’ interaction style. L tended to produce contentless back-channel ‘‘mhm’s’’ instead of utilizing her turns to produce understanding checks; then, when she did produce a check it contained a large number of content units. T, on the other hand, produced understanding checks on a higher percentage of her turns and each check contained much less information. Thus, the aphasic partner invites initiation of understanding checks by establishing eye contact but the nonaphasic partner must be attentive, receptive, and socially willing to initiate them despite the fact that they slow down the interaction and, worse, openly acknowledge that there may have been difficulty in understanding the aphasic partner.
Evolution of Class 0 protostars: models versus observations

The rates at which mass accumulates into protostellar cores can now be predicted in numerical simulations. Our purpose here is to develop methods to compare the statistical properties of the predicted protostars with the observable parameters. This requires (1) an evolutionary scheme to convert numerically derived mass accretion rates into evolutionary tracks and (2) a technique to compare the tracks to the observed statistics of protostars. Here, we use a 3D Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to quantitatively compare model evolutionary tracks and observations of Class 0 protostars. We find that the wide range of accretion functions and time-scales associated with gravoturbulent simulations naturally overcome difficulties associated with schemes that use a fixed accretion pattern. This implies that the location of a protostar on an evolutionary track does not precisely determine the present age or final accrued mass. Rather, we find that predictions of the final mass for protostars from observed Tbol–Lbol values are uncertain by a factor of 2 and that the bolometric temperature is not always a reliable measure of the evolutionary stage. Furthermore, we constrain several parameters of the evolutionary scheme and estimate a lifetime of Class 0 sources of 2–6 × 104 yr, which is related to the local free-fall time and thus to the local density at the onset of the collapse. Models with Mach numbers smaller than six are found to best explain the observational data. Generally, only a probability of 70 per cent was found that our models explain the current observations. This is caused by not well-understood selection effects in the observational sample and the simplified assumptions in the models.
A survey on L-system inference

Many algorithms of grammatical inference were developed for several types of grammars. The grammatical inference problem consists of ﬁnding, from a set of strings, a grammar that produces all the strings of this set [3]. We are interested here by the inference of particular grammars, noted Lsystems, which are parallel rewriting systems most famously used to model the growth processes of plant development. We present a survey on methods of L-system inference proposed since the creation of this rewriting system by Aristid Lindenmayer in 1968 [15]. The grammatical inference of L-systems has been studied over the past 30 years, and that in relation to several areas of application of produced L-systems. We are interested in looking at this problem from the point of view of a possible use of these methods for an application in biological modeling, particularly in the modeling of plants. In order to provide a better understanding of the research challenges of L-system inference, this article presents a detailed investigation of current state-of-the-art algorithms in L-system inference, with an analysis highlighting their positive and negative points. Open research issues are also discussed, with an objective to spark new research interests in this ﬁeld.
Exchange Rates and Fundamentals: Evidence on Long-Horizon Predictability

Regressions of multiple-period changes in the log exchange rate on the deviation of the log exchange rate from its 'fundamental value' display evidence that long-horizon changes in log nominal exchange rates contain an economically significant predictable component. To account for small-sample bias and size distortion in asymptotic tests, inference is drawn from bootstrap distributions generated under the null hypothesis that the log exchange rate is unpredictable. The bias-adjusted slope coefficients and R[superscript]2's increase with the forecast horizon, and the out-of-sample point predictions generally outperform the driftless random walk at the longer horizons. Copyright 1995 by American Economic Association.
Gray Markets, a Product of Demand Uncertainty and Excess Inventory

Diverting large quantities of goods from authorized distribution channels to unauthorized or “gray market” channels, albeit legal, significantly affects both firms and consumers due to effects on price, revenue, service and warranty availability, and product availability. In this paper we consider mechanisms by which the uncertainty surrounding inventory ordering decisions drives gray markets. We start with a minimal stochastic supply chain model composed of a producer and a retailer; then we restructure the model to add a distributor whereby the distributor and authorized retailer have the option of diverting inventory to a gray market. Our analysis sheds light on three issues: impacts of diversion on the various supply chain participants, strategies producers could use to combat or exploit gray markets, and important considerations for authorized retailers trying to set optimal order quantities in the presence of a gray market. Our analysis yields new insights into the behavior and impact of gray markets, which can inform management strategies and policies for confronting them.
Re-Visiting Meltsner: Policy Advice Systems and the Multi-Dimensional Nature of Professional Policy Analysis

Over thirty-years ago Meltsner (1976) observed in the case of the U.S. that analysts undertook a number of roles in the policy-making process, most of which did not involve neutral technical information processing. Contrary to the picture of carefully-recruited analysts trained in policy schools to undertake specific types of micro-economic-inspired policy analysis, investigators have continued to find little evidence of a predominance of ‘technicians’ employed in public policy bureaucracies. Page and Jenkins (2005) and Fleischer (2009) for example provided some empirical evidence that British and German policy-making typically features a group of ‘policy process generalists’ who rarely, if ever, deal with policy matters in the substantive areas in which they were trained and who had, in fact, very little training in formal policy analysis techniques such as cost-benefit analysis or risk assessment. However only very weak and partial, usually anecdotal, information exists on the situation found in most countries (Colebatch and Radin 2006) and taxonomies as a result remain thought-provoking but lacking empirical referents (see for example, Mayer, Bots and van Daalen 2004). This paper draws on a large-scale survey of provincial and territorial policy analysts in Canada to re-examine the duties and nature of professional policy analysts and analysis and reveals a complex and multi-sided set of practices which constitute contemporary policy work.
Monitoring Accuracy and Retaliation in Infinitely Repeated Games with Imperfect Private Monitoring: Theory and Experiments

This paper experimentally examines infinitely repeated prisoners' dilemma games with imperfect private monitoring and random termination where the probability of termination is very low. Laboratory subjects make the cooperative action choices quite often, and make the cooperative action choice when monitoring is accurate more often than when it is inaccurate. Our experimental results, however, indicate that they make the cooperative action choice much less often than the game theory predicts. The subjects' naA¯vetA© and social preferences concerning reciprocity prevent the device of regime shift between the reward and punishment phases from functioning in implicit collusion.
Cross-Fostering of Male Mice Subtly Affects Female Olfactory Preferences

The maternal environment has been shown to influence female olfactory preferences through early chemosensory experience. However, little is known about the influence of the maternal environment on chemosignals. In this study, we used two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6 (C57) and BALB/c (BALB), and explored whether adoption could alter male chemosignals and thus influence female olfactory preferences. In Experiment 1, C57 pups were placed with BALB dams. Adult BALB females then served as the subjects in binary choice tests between paired male urine odours (BALB vs. C57, BALB vs. adopted C57 and C57 vs. adopted C57). In Experiment 2, BALB pups were placed with C57 dams, and C57 females served as the subjects in binary choice tests between paired male urine odours (C57 vs. BALB, C57 vs. adopted BALB, and BALB vs. adopted BALB). In both experiments, we found that females preferred the urine of males from different genetic backgrounds, suggesting that female olfactory preferences may be driven by genetic compatibility. Cross-fostering had subtle effects on female olfactory preferences. Although the females showed no preference between the urine odours of adopted and non-adopted males of the other strain, the BALB females preferred the urine odour of BALB males to that of adopted C57 males, whereas the C57 females showed no preference between the urine odour of C57 and adopted BALB males. Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and stepwise discriminant analysis, we found that the ratios of volatile chemicals from urine and preputial gland secretions were altered in the fostered male mice; these changes may have resulted in the behavioural changes observed in the females. Overall, the results suggest that female mice prefer urine odours from males with different genetic backgrounds; this preference may be driven by genetic compatibility. The early maternal environment influences the chemosignals of males and thus may influence the olfactory preferences of females. Our study provides additional evidence in support of genotype-dependent maternal influences on phenotypic variability in adulthood.
Transient Inactivation of Orbitofrontal Cortex Blocks Reinforcer Devaluation in Macaques

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and its interactions with the basolateral amygdala (BLA) are critical for goal-directed behavior, especially for adapting to changes in reward value. Here we used a reinforcer devaluation paradigm to investigate the contribution of OFC to this behavior in four macaques. Subjects that had formed associations between objects and two different primary reinforcers (foods) were presented with choices of objects overlying the two different foods. When one of the two foods was devalued by selective satiation, the subjects shifted their choices toward the objects that represented the nonsated food reward (devaluation effect). Transient inactivation of OFC by infusions of the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol into area 13 blocked the devaluation effect: the monkeys did not reduce their selection of objects associated with the devalued food. This effect was observed when OFC was inactivated during both satiation and the choice test, and during the choice test only. This supports our hypothesis that OFC activity is required during the postsatiety object choice period to guide the selection of objects. This finding sharply contrasts with the role of BLA in the same devaluation process (Wellman et al., 2005). Whereas activity in BLA was required during the selective satiation procedure, it was not necessary for guiding the subsequent object choice. Our results are the first to demonstrate that transient inactivation of OFC is sufficient to disrupt the devaluation effect, and to document a role for OFC distinct from that of BLA for the conditioned reinforcer devaluation process in monkeys.
Modeling Risk Convergence for European Financial Markets

This article studies the convergence of risk on a sample of 13 European indexes. We use a set of 31 model specifications of a significant number of models belonging to the GARCH class and on their estimates we build an aggregate index in a Value-at-Risk approach. We use this index as a base for our convergence analysis. The results indicate a positive and significant tendency of convergence growth for the European financial market.