Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia–ischemia in the immature brain

SUMMARY The immature brain has long been considered to be resistant to the damaging effects of hypoxia and hypoxia–ischemia (H/I). However, it is now appreciated that there are specific periods of increased vulnerability, which relate to the developmental stage at the time of the insult. Although much of our knowledge of the pathophysiology of cerebral H/I is based on extensive experimental studies in adult animal models, it is important to appreciate the major differences in the immature brain that impact on its response to, and recovery from, H/I. Normal maturation of the mammalian brain is characterized by periods of limitations in glucose transport capacity and increased use of alternative cerebral metabolic fuels such as lactate and ketone bodies, all of which are important during H/I and influence the development of energy failure. Cell death following H/I is mediated by glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, as well as other events that lead to delayed apoptotic death. The immature brain differs from the adult in its sensitivity to all of these processes. Finally, the ultimate outcome of H/I in the immature brain is determined by the impact on the ensuing cerebral maturation. A hypoxic–ischemic insult of insufficient severity to result in rapid cell death and infarction can lead to prolonged evolution of tissue damage.
A group‐based treatment for clients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in a secondary care mental health setting: Integrating new developments within cognitive behavioural interventions – An exploratory study

Aims: This paper presents a model of a group-based intervention for the treatment of clients with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) referred to secondary mental health care services, which has been developed by the authors over the last five years. Method: Groups are not a common form of treatment design for this client group, however the available literature is briefly reviewed and the common issues that informed the design are identified. Following this additional technique of neuropsychological theories, Mindfulness, and socialisation are presented and a brief rationale for their inclusion provided. Quantitative and Qualitative outcome measures of the most recent group are discussed with respect to the utility and validity of the model. Conclusion and implications for practice: It is concluded that the group has good ecological as well as outcome validity and provided a method of linking together evidence-based practice (EBP) and practice-based evidence (PBE) movements.
Distributional Ratings of Performance Levels and Variability

The performance distribution assessment (PDA) method was purported to be a breakthrough in performance appraisal methodology; however, little research has been conducted to determine the usefulness of this method. This article describes some of the critical features of the PDA method and presents evidence supporting the validity of the PDA in an organizational setting. The performance and ability data of 397 sewing machine operators were analyzed to determine the validity of multiple performance measures derived from the PDA, the relative accuracy of the PDA compared with an evaluative rating method, and differential criterion-related validities for the multiple PDA performance measures. Results revealed significant correlations between the PDA-derived performance measures and objective measures of job performance, differential correlations between ability and the multiple PDA-derived performance measures, and equivalent levels of rating accuracy for the PDA and the evaluative measure of typical performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
On the design of green protocols for underwater sensor networks

Underwater sensor networks have enabled a new era in scientific and industrial underwater monitoring and exploration applications. However, these networks are energy-constrained and, more problematically, energy-hungry, as a consequence of the use of underwater acoustic links. In this work, we thoroughly review potential techniques for greening underwater sensor networks. In a top-down approach, we discuss the principal design and challenges of the appealing highlighted techniques. We also exemplify their use by surveying recent proposals in underwater sensor networks. Finally, we describe potential future research directions for energy conservation in underwater networks.
Implementation and Evaluation of Just Follow Me: An Immersive, VR-Based, Motion-Training System

Training is usually regarded as one of the most natural application areas of virtual reality (VR). To date, most VR-based training systems have been situation based, but this paper examines the utility of VR for a different class of training: learning to execute exact motions, which are often required in sports and the arts. In this paper, we propose an interaction method, called Just Follow Me (JFM), that uses an intuitive ghost metaphor and a first-person viewpoint for effective motion training. Using the ghost metaphor (GM), JFM visualizes the motion of the trainer in real time as a ghost (initially superimposed on the trainee) that emerges from one's own body. The trainee who observes the motion from the first-person viewpoint follows the ghostly master as closely as possible to learn the motion. Our basic hypothesis is that such a VR system can help a student learn motion effectively and quickly, comparably to the indirect real-world teaching methods. Our evaluation results show that JFM produces training and transfer effects as good asand, in certain situations, better thanin the real world. We believe that this is due to the more direct and correct transfer of proprioceptive information from the trainer to the trainee.
Multiscale filtering of SAR images using scale and space consistency

A new approach for speckle reduction in SAR images based on the stationary wavelet transform is proposed. Noisy wavelet coefficients are reduced via a shrinkage function that depends on a statistical modeling of the normalized wavelet coefficient probability density functions. Consistencies between coefficients across scales and space are also reinforced using consistency rules. The approach is particularly robust in cases of correlated speckle noise.
Race and the “I Have a Dream” Legacy

In the study reported here, the author had two objectives: (1) to test the relationship between racial attitudes toward Blacks and attitudes toward civil rights and (2) to find predictors of positive civil rights attitudes. Using multivariate regression modeling, the author finds that there is a positive relationship between racial attitudes toward Blacks and attitudes toward civil rights. The model also suggests a positive relationship between ideological proximity, or how close one feels to Blacks, and attitudes toward civil rights. In addition, the author finds that political party identification, age, education, gender, racial identification, and region of residence are all significant predictors of positive civil rights attitudes. The final model has an explained variance of 19%, thus calling for additional research in this area.
Individual and Institutional Variables Which May Serve as Indicators of Quality of Medical Care

This article is a critical review of empiric studies, in the medical care literature of the past two decades, that investigated associations between characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions and some measure of the quality of medical care given by them. The intention is to identify those characteristics of physicians and medical care institutions which can be considered the best indicators of the quality of performance to be expected, given the present state of knowledge. The analysis discusses 18 such characteristics but derives a list of 14 which appear to be the best choice of indicators on which further research might focus. It would be possible to design a survey instrument based on these characteristics, which, if upheld by empiric testing, could serve as a crude assessment tool for third parties needing to make quality comparisons between medical care institutions.
Understanding the connections between relationship conflict and performance: The intervening roles of trust and exchange

Research shows that relationship conflict has a negative impact on job performance. There is scant theoretical work, however, explaining the interpersonal dynamics that lead to this outcome. A conceptual model is developed that explores how relationship conflict impacts performance through its effects on trust and exchange. We argue that relationship conflict has a detrimental effect on trust motivating coworkers to rely more on calculus-based trust than on relationship-based trust. This, in turn, affects the form of exchange coworkers use with one another, leading them to rely on negotiated exchange to the exclusion of reciprocal exchange. This kind of exchange relationship, finally, affects in-role, extra-role, and attitudinal outcomes. The literature shows that superordinate goals can mitigate relationship conflict and we use social and self-categorization theories to explain and explore this effect on both relationship conflict and trust. How trust and exchange might change over time is also explored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impaired Baroreflex Sensitivity after Bilateral Convulsive Seizures in Patients with Focal Epilepsy

Background Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is probably due to an autonomic failure in the early postictal phase after bilateral convulsive seizures (BCS) in the majority of cases. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is an established and reliable biomarker of autonomic function and sudden cardiac death. Objective To investigate whether postictal BRS depends on seizure type. Methods Beat-to-beat systemic blood pressure and heart rate were continuously and non-invasively recorded with the ccNexfin® device in patients with focal epilepsy undergoing video-EEG monitoring. BRS was calculated using the sequence as well as the spectral method. A random mixed linear model was applied to analyze the influence of seizure type on BRS during three different time periods of 15-min length each (interictal, preictal, and postictal). In addition, the possible effects of other factors (hypertension, hemispheric lateralization of ictal activity, epilepsy type, body position, vigilance state) were explored. Data are given as median with interquartile range. Results A total of 26 seizures of 26 patients were analyzed. In BCS (n = 7), BRS significantly dropped from a preictal value of 15.0 ms/mm Hg (13.0–19.4) and an interictal value of 15.6 ms/mm Hg (12.0–20.4) to 3.1 ms/mm Hg (2.7–10.5) during the postictal period (p < 0.0001) according to the sequence method. This finding was replicated with the spectral method. In contrast, focal seizures (n = 19) did not lead to significant alterations of BRS in the postictal phase. Conclusion Postictal BRS depends on the seizure type and is markedly impaired after BCS. The present study provides further evidence for a disturbed autonomic function following BCS. These findings might be related to cardiovascular failure in the context of SUDEP.
After Pomp and Circumstance: High School Reunion as an Autobiographical Occasion

Menacing, nerve-racking, uncomfortably intrusive, the high school reunion has become a dreaded encounter with the past and present for many Americans. It is a moment of both heightened self-awareness and public presentation, insisting that people account for themselves, not merely to their own satisfaction, but to the satisfaction of others as well. For the author, this situation presents an ideal forum in which to explore the ongoing construction of identity in American society, and, perhaps, to ascertain just how people have managed to make sense of their lives, from then to now. As autobiographical occasions, reunions prompt us to examine our own life narratives, the stories we tell ourselves about who we are and how we have come to be that person. But at the same time, they threaten the integrity of those very stories, subjecting them to the scrutiny of others whose memories of the past and ourselves may be altogether different from our own. Reunions, then, engender a fragile community held together by the resources of a shared past, yet imperiled by the tensions of competing histories. Inevitabley, they force a kind of biographical confrontation. This book explores that struggle, the desire to resolve the tensions between public conceptions and internal understandings, to maintain a sense of continuity between past and present lives, and to lay claim to both an integrated self and a unified life history.
Rorschach validity: An empirical approach to the literature

Weiner (1977) argued that the widespread impression of Rorschach failure is based on ill-founded research. Much of the work is purely “empirical” in nature, insofar as treatment samples are compared across randomly selected Rorschach measures. “Conceptual” studies, by contrast, offer some rationale as to why the measures in question are relevant to the differentiation attempted. This investigation compares two types of empirical study with the two types of conceptual research. Based on results, it is argued that the Rorschach does indeed have some validity and that poor research is at least partly culpable for the Rorschach's perceived failure.
Writing Women's Lives: One Historian's Perspective

From the start, biography played a vibrant and significant part in the growth of women's history, especially American women's history, as a well-respected and popular field within the historical profession. The insistence of feminist biographers that the personal is political, and that attention must be paid to the daily lives of their subjects as well as to their more public achievements, continues to ripple through the field of biography as a whole. To talk about biography is also to talk about the biographer, for the precise reason that behind every biography lies autobiographythat special spark that draws the biographer to the subject in the first place and the interaction that unfolds as the project moves forward (or stalls, as often happens). As feminist theory reminds us, the personal element is relevant to the broader intellectual agenda.
Modulation of pyrogen-induced upregulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) by interleukin-4: transcriptional mechanisms and CAM-shedding.

The pyrogens interleukin 1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are known to increase endothelial cell (EC) adhesiveness for leukocytes by stimulating surface expression of various adhesion molecules. IL-4, a product of activated T-cells, was shown to affect pyrogen-mediated regulation of EC adhesion molecule surface expression. In the present study, we investigated the effect of IL-4 on pyrogen-induced upregulation of the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) ICAM-1 (intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1), ELAM-1 (endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule-1), and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in cultured human umbilical vein EC (HUVEC). Surface expression of adhesion molecules was quantified by flow cytometry, HUVEC mRNA content was estimated by Northern blot analysis, and ICAM-1 antigen in conditioned media was measured by ELISA. Incubation of HUVEC with IL-1 (100 U/ml), TNF (500 U/ml), and LPS (10 micrograms/ml) caused significant increase in ICAM-1, ELAM-1, and VCAM-1 surface expression; IL-1 caused about an eightfold increase in ICAM-1 expression, about a 13-fold increase in ELAM-1 surface expression, and about a fourfold increase in VCAM-1 expression. Coincubation of pyrogens with IL-4 (500 U/ml) differentially influenced their proadhesive effects on the HUVEC surface. In the presence of IL-4, IL-1-induced ICAM-1 upregulation was reduced, ELAM-1 upregulation was not significantly influenced by IL-4, and induction of VCAM-1 was enhanced by IL-4. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Is Music an Evolutionary Adaptation?

Abstract: In contemplating the function and origin of music, a number of scholars have considered whether music might be an evolutionary adaptation. This article reviews the basic arguments related to evolutionary claims for music. Although evolutionary theories about music remain wholly speculative, musical behaviors satisfy a number of basic conditions, which suggests that there is indeed merit in pursuing possible evolutionary accounts.
Power distance in English lingua franca email communication

This study investigates level of formality in international students’ emails sent to academic staff. National cultures have different traditions when it comes to adopting an egalitarian or a more distant student–professor relationship. Hofstede's cultural dimension of power distance (PD) is used to distinguish between relatively high and relatively low PD cultures. The students’ choice of initial greeting and complimentary close is discussed with respect to PD ranking, rapport management and the sociopragmatic conventions set out in business communication literature. The analysis is based on 344 emails written by 110 students in Norway, a low PD culture. The findings indicate that students from relatively high PD cultures are more likely to opt for formal alternatives, concluding that national culture is an aspect to take into account when analysing lingua franca English communication.
Phonological Features of Intonational Peaks

sequence' approaches of Bruce & Gi.rding 1978 and Pierrehumbert 1980. As in those works, contours are seen as sequences of pitch accents composed of high and low tones. Unlike those works, this model uses cross-classifying features to represent the scaling (height) of tones, and the alignment of tones in time relative to their associated syllables. This form of representation permits both the specification of phonetic detail and the formulation of phonological generalizations. Three features-[delayed peak], [downstep], and [raised peak]-are introduced; to illustrate the type of description they make possible, largely familiar data from English, Dutch, Hungarian, and Rumanian are reanalysed in these terms. **
Summation of Large Numerousness by Newborn Chicks

Newly hatched domestic chicks, reared with identical objects, when presented with sets of 3 vs. 2 objects disappearing one-by-one behind separate screens, spontaneously inspected the screen occluding the larger set; even when the continuous variables (area or perimeter) were controlled for (Rugani et al., 2009). Here, using a similar paradigm, we investigated the ability of chicks to perform addition on larger sets of objects. Chicks imprinted on five identical objects, were presented at test with 6 vs. 9 objects which disappeared one-by-one (Exp. 1). In Exp. 2, the same overall number of objects (15) was used, but employing an increased ratio, i.e., 5 vs. 10. In both experiments, when continuous variables were not made equal, chicks spontaneously inspected the screen occluding the larger set. However, when the size of the objects was adjusted so as to make the total surface area or perimeter equal for the two sets, chicks did not exhibit any preference. Lack of choice in the control conditions could be due to a combination of preferences; to rejoin the larger numerousness as well as the bigger objects (Rugani et al., 2010a). In Exp. 3, chicks were familiarized, during imprinting, with objects of various dimensions, in an attempt to reduce or suppress their tendency to approach objects larger than the familiar ones. Again chicks failed to choose at test between 5 vs. 10 objects when continuous variables were made equal. Results showed that chicks, after a one-by-one presentation of a large number of objects, rejoined the larger set. In order to choose the larger set, chicks estimated the objects in the two sets and then compared the outcomes. However, differently to what has been described for small numerousness, chicks succeeded only if non-numerical cues as well as numerical cues were available. This study suggests that continuous variables are computed by chicks for sets of objects that are not present at the same time and that are no longer visible at the time of choice.
Teachers' evaluations for the detection of primary‐school children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

The early detection of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by teachers can contribute to the prevention of secondary disorders in a child and this can have serious implications for the child's overall development. The aims of the present study were to examine: (1) the validity of the original assessment of the teachers in detecting school‐age children nominated as children with ADHD by their teachers; and (2) the factors that influence teachers' evaluations on a rating scale assessing ADHD, such as child's gender, the parents' level of education, the child's social and academic behaviour in the classroom, the teacher–student relationship, as well as the teachers' cooperation with the parents. Teachers were asked to fill in a Greek standardised rating scale for the detection of children with ADHD and a student behaviour questionnaire for 420 primary‐school students nominated as children with ADHD by teachers. The study's findings showed that teachers detect far more students with ADHD than the number expected from the norms based on the standardised ADHD rating scale. Teachers not only nominated more boys than girls as students with ADHD, but also made more accurate identifications for girls than for boys, particularly in the later primary‐school grades. Children's age or parental educational background did not influence the teachers' initial nominations or their later ratings. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the teachers' beliefs about a child's peer relations and the quality of teacher–child relationships predicted teachers' ratings on the ADHD scale more than other factors did.
Anxiety and Formal Second/Foreign Language Learning

The inverted-U model is dependent on the concept of arousal, which is defined in the Longman Dictionary of Psychology and Psychiatry (1984) as &dquo;a state of alertness and readiness for action&dquo; (p. 60). The model states that when arousal is low, performance is low. Then, for a time, as arousal increases, so does performance, to an optimal point. As arousal increases further, performance falls ultimately to zero (Lundberg, 1982). It has been theorized that stress (anxiety) may function in a similar man-
Teacher Learning Opportunities in a Shifting Policy Environment for Instruction

We bring together education research on factors shaping teacher learning with institutional research on policy shifts and conflicts to explore an instructional policy shift in one school district. Specifically, we compare mathematics teacher learning opportunities in three elementary schools over a three-year period during which a district policy shift toward English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction diverted attention from mathematics curriculum reform efforts. Findings demonstrate that while the policy shift led to significant decreases in mathematics teacher learning opportunities across the district and in two of the case study schools, mathematics teacher learning opportunities were sustained in one case study school due to two school-level strategies: a common, articulated vision for mathematics instruction and a high number of mathematics-focused teachers in the school. Together, these two strategies supported the creation of coherence between mathematics and ESL policies in the school, which encouraged the maintenance of mathematics teacher learning opportunities.