Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Systemic Patterns in Bullying and Victimization

Using a new non-anonymous questionnaire and a nomination method by which victims were asked to name their aggressors, Chan (2002) collated the responses from individual victims to produce name-clusters that were studied for systemic patterns of bullying and victimization within the whole-school community. Three such patterns emerged: serial bullying, multiple victimization and the familial pattern in bullying. Serial bullying is the situation where one perpetrator preys on two or more victims, often traversing a broad range of classes and grades to target his/her victims. Although relatively fewer in number, this group of serial bullies was found to be responsible for a sizeable percentage of the bullying problems in the schools sampled. The data obtained support the notion that concentrating intervention efforts on this group will reap tremendous payoffs, by effectively eliminating the origin of much of the school's various forms of violence. The converse of serial bullying is multiple victimization, that is, more than one perpetrator can converge on one victim. The reasons why some children are chronically victimized and attract attack from multiple sources was discussed in the context of personality dispositions, peer-relational and family-relational factors, as well as its developmental links with workplace victim status in adulthood. The third pattern studied by Chan (2002) involved cases where children in the same family (i.e. siblings) turned up being named as bullies by their peers. Family influences (e.g. rearing practices, parental modelling) on aggressive behaviour in children have long been known. But transmission of influences between siblings, through acting as ‘key pathogens’ and/or ‘partners in crime’ is also responsible for the aggregation of delinquent behaviour. The familial pattern in bullying found in Chan's (2002) study is consistent with such transmission pathways. The ability to reveal the hidden patterns of interaction and links amongst bullies and victims in the context of the whole-school community attests to the significance and practical use of the SLS peer nomination method of asking victims to name the perpetrators of bullying. It makes possible the tracking of bullies and victims beyond class boundaries, thereby providing information that goes beyond individual data and incidence rates. What is more important, intervention and treatment can be more effectively implemented in a systems-wide approach, when there is integrated information from various key sources.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in Developmental Dyslexia: Cerebral Structure or Attentional Strategies?

Two experiments investigated visual processing asymmetries in normal and dyslexic readers, with unilateral tachistoscopic presentations. The experiments employed randomized or blocked presentations of verbal and nonverbal materials to determine whether previously reported differences between dyslexics and normals were due to structural hemispheric differences or to strategical processing differences. The results indicate that if dyslexics are unable to predict the nature of the stimulus, then they behave as normal readers. Their atypical laterality emerges only when they can adopt a strategy in anticipation of a specific type of stimulus. This leads to the suggestion that developmental dyslexia is associated more with inappropriate modes of thought than it is with hemispheric dysfunction.
Extending Construal-Level Theory to Distributed Groups: Understanding the Effects of Virtuality

This Perspectives article seeks to redirect research on distributed also referred to as virtual groups, a well-established organizational phenomenon in which group members are separated by one or more forms of distance e.g., geographic or temporal. Such distances directly affect individual behavior and shape other features of the context that alter group processes e.g., by forcing groups to adopt new communication tools. Prior research has examined isolated effects of various dimensions of virtuality without considering how these effects on individual behavior and group dynamics might have conceptually related underpinnings. To address this gap, we propose an extension of construal-level theory as a way to link the effects of virtuality through a common mediating mechanism. According to construal-level theory, events or objects that are physically or temporally distant are also distant psychologically and thus are likely to be described in terms of their general characteristics. In contrast, views of more proximal events or objects will be more detailed and nuanced. We develop propositions that illustrate how objective dimensions of distance create psychological distance and how that in turn affects how individuals view and interact with their teammates. We also develop propositions that show how the context of the distributed group e.g., technology usage affects this process over time. We compare and link this construal-based approach to alternatives based in theories of computer-mediated communication and social identity, and we thereby show that construal-level theory offers both parsimonious explanations and novel predictions about how and why distance alters perceptions of distributed group members including oneself. Finally, we consider theoretical and practical implications of construal-level theory for future organization science research and the management of virtual teams.
Evaluating Sensitivity Training for Teen-Agers

At a meeting of some 43 trained staff leaders of the teenagers' sensitivity training program for the YMCA, psychologist lack Gibb, who was consultant for the program, commented: "There's no book that says all the things that kids feel have happened, or describes how tremendously life has changed. " Throughout the Young Men's Christian Associations in the United States, more than 7,000 teen-agers have participated in sensitivity training experiences, ranging from three-day weekends to:o-day laboratories. Some form of evaluation is usually built in as part of the program design. One formal study evaluating the "Self-Perceived Gains" of teen-agers was made in 1968 (643 were sent questionnaires, of whom 420 responded). A follow-up to the same subjects six months later largely corroborated the first overwhelmingly positive findings. Many other interactional programs using sensitivity training with teen-agers have been introduced, and the results are sufficiently positive in the YMCA to warrant wider exploration with this type of program for young people.
Outsiders at School: The Prevalence of Bullying and its Relation with Social Status

This article examines the prevalence of bullying on a group (school-class) level, the impact of data sources (self vs. other nominations) on victim identification, and the relation between bullying and rejection by peers in two samples from different types of schools (n = 930). I found that each school class typically contained one or two victims, who were best identified by peer reports, which proved to be highly consensual and distinct, and correlated closely with teacher reports. The simultaneous use of peer and self-reports allowed me to identify `defensive' as well as `sensitive' victims, i. e. individuals who were nominated via one data source only. Finally, a positive correlation between rejection and bullying was found, reflecting the fact that almost all bullied students were simultaneously rejected. In contrast, not all rejected students were victimized. That is, two subgroups of rejected individuals were identified: `Victimized-Rejected' and `Nonvictimized-Rejected'. The findings are discussed with respect to the possibility of generalizing insights from the sociometric literature to the phenomenon of bullying.
Phenotypic and genetic exploration of severe demyelinating and secondary axonal neuropathies resulting from GDAP1 nonsense and splicing mutations

We identified two novel GDAP1 homozygous mutations in children affected with severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathies and born to consanguineous parents. A 9 year old Lebanese girl carried a nonsense mutation in exon 5 and two Algerian brothers aged 10 and 8 years carried a mutation at the intron 3 acceptor splicing site. The clinical, electrophysiological, and neuropathological explorations showed common features consistent with a severe demyelinating peripheral neuropathy associated with loss of major fibres. Our findings, supported by the first GDAP1 expression study in patients, show further evidence that mutations in this gene cause an autsomal recessive severe demyelinating peripheral phenotype (CMT4A) associated with axon loss. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) (also called hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN)) is clinically, electrophysiologically, and genetically extremely heterogeneous with more than 40 loci and 16 genes identified to date.1 The most common inherited peripheral neuropathies are CMT type 1 and CMT type 2, which are characterised by progressive weakness and atrophy, initially of the peroneal muscles and later of the distal muscles of the arms. Myelination is mainly affected in CMT1, with neuropathological findings of demyelination and remyelination with onion bulb formation, clusters of regeneration, and Schwann cell proliferation. CMT2 is an axonal neuropathy characterised by the reduction of fibre density in the absence of clusters of myelin regeneration or proliferation of Schwann cells. Very often, neuropathological analysis of patients carrying demyelinating neuropathies shows concomitant axon fibre loss.2 A motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) threshold value of 38 ms−1 at the median nerve is used to classify patients with CMT as being either CMT1 (MNCV 38 ms−1). CMT4A defines a particularly severe polyneuropathy of the demyelinating type, associated with distal weakness and atrophy of the limbs, with early onset. The muscular atrophy rapidly progresses, extending proximally …
One-Factor-at-a-Time versus Designed Experiments

Abstract Many engineers and scientists perform one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experiments. They will continue to do so until they understand the advantages of designed experiments over OFAT experiments, and until they learn to recognize OFAT experiments so they can avoid them. A very effective way to illustrate the advantages of designed experiments, and to show ways in which OFAT experiments present themselves in real life, is to introduce real examples of OFAT experiments and then demonstrate why a designed experiment would have been better. Three engineering examples of OFAT experiments are presented, as well as designed experiments that would have been better. The three examples have been successfully used in an industrial workshop and can also be used in academic courses.
Career Indecision Levels of Students Enrolled in a College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of career indecision of students enrolled in the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Iowa State University. A primary goal of this research was to explore the construct of career indecision using the three factor structure identified by Kelly and Lee (2002). The factors of interest in this study included: Identity Diffusion, Positive Choice Conflict, and Tentative Decision. A MANOVA indicated significant main effects for grade level for Tentative Decision. A significant interaction was also observed between gender and grade level for Positive Choice Conflict. Overall, students in this study indicated moderate levels of career indecision across the three factors. Given the levels of career indecision observed in this study, a need may exist to emphasize the integration of various career development activities across courses offered in the college. Implications for future research are discussed.
Nonlinear State Estimation in Suspension Control Based on Takagi-Sugeno Model

Abstract We present a new nonlinear state estimation approach based on Kalman filter theory and Takagi-Sugeno (TS) modeling for an active vehicle suspension application in this paper. The nonlinear state equations of a so-called hybrid suspension configuration, which result from nonlinear spring and damping characteristics, are exactly represented by means of a continuous-time TS system, i. e. a convex combination of local linear state space models. We derive observer gain matrices for each linear subsystem on the basis of standard Kalman filter theory, before we construct the global observer for the overall nonlinear system. Convergence of the global observer is ensured in terms of linear matrix inequality conditions. We then study the estimation performance of the TS Kalman filter in simulations and experiments on a hybrid quarter-car test rig using a measured road profile as disturbance input. The approach achieves a high estimation accuracy of well above 90% in the simulation and 70 – 90% in the experiments.
Interaction of the Voluntary and Governmental Sectors

Fiscal strain and the demandfor more responsive service delivery have combined to create an interest in new ways of involving citizens in municipal service delivery systems and of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of public service delivery. I suggest in this article that a clear understanding of the relationship between the governmental and voluntary sectors of our society offers a means of accomplishing both ends. I explore the logic of the processes by which public services are coproduced by the actions of public employees and citizen consumers in order to discover ways in which government structures and policies can facilitate or inhibit voluntary, collective effort at community betterment, and ways in which voluntary efforts can impact the needfor and cost of government services.
The endonormative standards of European English: Emerging or elusive?

It has been asserted that a common European variety of English is currently emerging. This so-called “European English” is claimed to be the result of convergence among non-native English speakers, and to reflect a gradual abandonment of Inner Circle norms, which are deemed to be increasingly irrelevant to non-native speakers’ communicative needs. Evidence is so far lacking that Europeans judge each other’s proficiency in English by anything other than native-speaker standards — particularly as regards pronunciation. Nonetheless, it would be interesting to establish whether European non-native speakers of English demonstrated convergence when evaluating the pronunciation of fellow Europeans, and in this respect deviated significantly not only from Inner Circle English native speakers but also from non-European judges. To investigate this possibility, a large-scale Internet survey was carried out in which different groups of users of English (native and non-native, European and non-European, N = 373) evaluated the pronunciation features of five European accents of English, by means of global ratings and detailed responses. The observed convergence of native and non-native judges’ responses does not correspond with emerging endonormative pronunciation standards on the European continent. Hence these findings fail to support the claims about an emerging European English variety.
Low‐Income Rural Mothers’ Perceptions of Parent Confidence: The Role of Family Health Problems and Partner Status

Parenting confidence can be undermined by the presence of frequent or persistent health problems, partic ularly for people living in rural communities that have limited access to adequate health care. However, little is known about how minor health problems in the family impact parenting. The current study examined single and coresident mothers' parent confidence in relation to family health problems and parental support in a sample of 303 low-income, rural mothers with young children from 14 states. Results show that the presence of family health problems was negatively associated with parent confidence. For coresident mothers, there was an indirect relation ship through perceived parental support.
Not fat, not skinny, functional enough to finish: interrogating constructions of health in the Ironman Triathlon

Sport has long been popularly promoted as a way to improve one's health through participation. Socio-cultural scholars investigating sport-related pain and injury, however, have called into question this suggested relationship pointing especially to competitive and contact sports as examples that challenge this assumption (Theberge, 2008. “Just a normal bad part of what I do”: Elite athletes’ accounts of the relationship between health and sport. Sociology of Sport Journal, 25, 206–222; Waddington, 2004. Sport, health, and public policy. In K. Young (Ed.), Sporting bodies, damaged selves: Sociological studies in sports-related injury. London: Elsevier; Young, 2004. Sports-related pain and injury: Sociological notes. In K.Young (Ed.), Sporting bodies, damaged selves: Sociological studies of sports-related injury (pp. 1–25). Oxford: Elsevier). In this paper, I use autobiographical and interview materials to explore how people who participate in Ironman triathlons construct health; I reveal the ways that in this non-contact, non-professional sport, ideas that connect health to body image and functionality, emerged most frequently in my analysis. I suggest that these constructions are influenced by neoliberal health discourses, in particular, the notions of individual responsibility, the use of leisure (non-work) time for self-work and (albeit to an extreme end) anti-obesity messages. Insights in this paper serve to further challenge popular assumptions that participation in sport is unquestionably healthy even in non-competitive, individual sport scenarios.
Angiogenesis, Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Anti-Fibrotic Effects Underlie Structural Preservation Post-Infarction by Intramyocardially-Injected Cardiospheres

Objective We sought to understand the cellular and tissue-level changes underlying the attenuation of adverse remodeling by cardiosphere transplantation in acute myocardial infarction (MI). Background Cardiospheres (CSps) are heart-derived multicellular clusters rich in stemness and capable of multilineage differentiation. Post-MI CSp transplantation improves left ventricular (LV) function and attenuates remodeling in both small and large animal studies. However, the mechanisms of benefit have not yet been fully elucidated. Methods Four groups were studied: 1) “Sham” (Wistar Kyoto rats with thoracotomy and ligature without infarction); 2) “MI” (proximal LAD ligation with peri-infarct injection of vehicle); 3) “MI+CSp” (MI with cardiospheres injected in the peri-infarct area); 4) “Small MI” (mid-LAD ligation only). Results In vivo 1 week after CSp transplantation, LV functional improvement was associated with an increase in cardiomyocyte proliferation. By 3 weeks, microvessel formation was enhanced, while cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and regional fibrosis were attenuated. Collagen deposition was reduced, collagen degradation was enhanced, and MMPs were upregulated. The beneficial effects of CSp transplantation were not observed in the Small MI group, indicating that the effects are not solely due to CSp-induced cardioprotection. In vitro, CSp-conditioned media reduced collagen production in coculture with fibroblasts and triggered neoangiogenesis in an ex vivo aortic ring assay. Conclusion Cardiospheres enhance cardiomyocyte proliferation and angiogenesis, and attenuate hypertrophy and fibrosis, in the ischemic myocardium. These synergistic effects underlie the attenuation of adverse remodeling by cardiospheres.
Characterization of HIV‐1‐specific antibodies and HIV‐1‐crossreactive antibodies to platelets in HIV‐1‐infected haemophiliac patients

Sera from HIV‐1‐infected haemophiliacs were examined for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) specific antibodies and for platelet crossreactive antibodies. Using HIV sepharose 4B affinity columns for serum absorption, antibodies against various HIV antigens, including HIV lysate, HIV‐p24 and HIV‐gp120, were eluted either by low or by high pH buffer. The eluates were examined by ELISA for HIV specificity and by flow cytometry for platelet crossreactivity. Two types of HIV antibodies could be eluted, i.e. acid‐sensitive and alkaline‐sensitive antibodies. HIV antibodies were obtained in 26/29 acid eluates and in 25/29 of the alkaline eluates from HIV‐lysate columns; 96% (25/26) of the acid‐eluted antibodies were HIV‐specific but 48% (12/25) of the alkaline‐eluted antibodies also showed crossreactivity to platelets. Of the 20 alkaline‐eluted HIV‐p24 antibodies, 40% (8/20) reacted specifically with HIV‐p24 and 60% (12/20) were platelet crossreactive. In contrast, of the alkaline‐eluted HIV‐gpl20 antibodies (n=17), 88% (15/17) were HIV gpl20‐specific and only 12% (2/17) were platelet crossreactive. Western blot analysis of platelets demonstrated that the anti‐p24 antibodies recognized three bands with approximate molecular weights of 72 000 to 95 000. 69% of the serum antiplatelet antibodies showed platelet glycoprotein IIbIIIa specificity. Anti‐HIV antibodies could be eluted from platelets. Hence, platelet crossreactive antibodies in HIV infection are primarily alkaline‐sensitive and are associated predominantly with HIV p24 antibody; these antibodies may play a role in the immune thrombocytopenia of HIV‐infected haemophiliacs.
Recognizing the Child as Knowledgeable Other: Intergenerational Learning Research to Consider Child-to-Adult Influence on Parent and Family Eco-Knowledge

This article presents a review of current research used to shape and guide an investigation into the nature of the influence of children as agents of intergenerational learning in environmental studies. Five children and their mothers were interviewed regarding their views about children's influences on parent and family eco-knowledge and behavior. Four of the five children and four of the five parents interviewed referred to positive child-to-adult influence. Use of effective communication strategies and examples of new knowledge and action were cited as evidence of influence. Approaches to support intergenerational learning are discussed and areas for future research are identified.
CTLA‐4 expressed by chemoresistant, as well as untreated, myeloid leukaemia cells can be targeted with ligands to induce apoptosis

We have previously reported that about 80% of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) samples tested at diagnosis constitutively expressed cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4). The present study compared CTLA‐4 expression and function of leukaemic cells from AML patients at diagnosis with those from AML patients resistant to conventional chemotherapy. We also explored the possibility of targeting CTLA‐4 for apoptosis induction in chemoresistant AML cells. AML cells either from untreated patients (n = 15) or in chemoresistant phase (n = 10) were analysed for CTLA‐4 protein and transcript expression by flow cytometry and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction respectively. CTLA‐4 expression was similar in untreated and in chemoresistant samples and was not associated with patients’ clinical features. In chemoresistant AML cells, CTLA‐4 transduced an apoptotic signal on engagement with its recombinant ligands r‐CD80 and r‐CD86, which induced an average of 71% and 62% apoptotic cells, respectively, at highest concentration. Apoptosis was equally induced in untreated leukaemic cells accompanied by cleavage of procaspase‐8 and ‐3. Thus, this study provides the first evidence that killing of leukaemic cells from AML patients may be obtained by the engagement of CTLA‐4 with its ligands, opening the way to a novel potential therapeutic approach based on triggering the CTLA‐4 molecule to circumvent chemoresistance in AML.