Association of Genetic Variants in and Promoter Hypermethylation of CDH1 With Gastric Cancer

Abstract Gastric cancer (GC) is a common cause of cancer-related death. The etiology and pathogenesis of GC remain unclear, with genetic and epigenetic factors playing an important role. Previous studies investigated the association of GC with many genetic variants in and promoter hypermethylation of E-cadherin gene (CDH1), with conflicting results reported. To clarify this inconsistency, we conducted updated meta-analyses to assess the association of genetic variants in and the promoter hypermethylation of CDH1 with GC, including C-160A (rs16260) and other less-studied genetic variants, Data sources were PubMed, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Web of Knowledge, and HuGE, a navigator for human genome epidemiology. Study eligibility criteria and participant details are as follows: studies were conducted on human subjects; outcomes of interest include GC; report of genotype data of individual genetic variants in (or methylation status of) CDH1 in participants with and without GC (or providing odds ratios [OR] and their variances). Study appraisal and synthesis methods included the use of OR as a measure of the association, calculated from random effects models in meta-analyses. We used I2 for the assessment of between-study heterogeneity, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plot and Egger test. A total of 33 studies from 30 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were included in our analyses. We found no association between C-160A and GC (OR = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71–1.08; P = 0.215), assuming an additive model (reference allele C). C-160A was associated with cardia (OR = 0.21; 95% CI, 0.11–0.41; P = 2.60 × 10−6), intestinal (OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49–0.90; P = 0.008), and diffuse GC (OR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.40–0.82; P = 0.002). The association of C-160A with noncardia GC is of bottom line significance (OR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42–1.01; P = 0.054). Multiple other less-studied genetic variants in CDH1 also exhibited association with GC. Gene-based analysis indicated a significant cumulative association of genetic variants in CDH1 with GC (all Ps <10−5). Sensitivity analysis excluding studies not meeting Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) yielded similar results. Analysis by ethnic groups revealed significant association of C-160A with cardia GC in both Asian and whites, significant association with noncardia GC only in Asians, and no significant association with intestinal GC in both ethnic groups. There was significant association of C160-A with diffuse GC in Asians (P = 0.011) but not in whites (P = 0.081). However, after excluding studies that violate HWE, this observed association is no longer significant (P = 0.126). We observed strong association of promoter hypermethylation of CDH1 with GC (OR = 12.23; 95% CI, 8.80–17.00; P = 1.42 × 10−50), suggesting that epigenetic regulation of CDH1 could play a critical role in the etiology of GC. Limitations of this study are as follows: we could not adjust for confounding factors; some meta-analyses were based on a small number of studies; sensitivity analysis was limited due to unavailability of data; we could not test publication bias for some meta-analyses due to small number of included studies. We found no significant association of the widely studied genetic variant C-160A, but identified some other genetic variants showing significant association with GC. Future studies with large sample sizes that control for confounding risk factors and/or intensively interrogate CpG sites in CDH1 are needed to validate the results found in this study and to explore additional epigenetic loci that affect GC risk.