Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Situational Attribution Training on Majority Group Members’ Psychophysiological Responses to Out-group Members

The present research explored the effects of Situational Attribution Training (Stewart, Latu, Kawakami, & Myers, 2010) on affective bias utilizing facial electromyography (EMG). Participants viewed a slideshow of randomly presented photographs of both and White and Black American men while rating how “friendly” each individual appeared. Simultaneously, corrugator and zygomaticus region activity, linked with positive and negative affect, respectively, was measured. Of these participants, half were randomly assigned to complete Situational Attribution Training beforehand. Results for EMG activity suggested no significant differences in EMG activity for White compared to Black photographs for either the training or control participants; thus, this study did not find evidence of affective bias by way of corrugator or zygomaticus activity. However, errors in slideshow presentation prevent clear interpretation of these results. Suggestions for future research and ways in which bias errors can be avoided are discussed. INDEX WORDS: Attribution, Affect, Racism, EMG, Bias reduction THE EFFECT OF SITUATIONAL ATTRIBUTION TRAINING ON MAJORITY GROUP MEMBERS’ PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO OUT-GROUP MEMBERS
Familial centronuclear myopathy

A girl with typical clinical and histologic features of centronuclear myopathy (CNM) is described. The electromyogram was clearly of myopathic type; the motor conduction velocity was reduced. The analysis of the pedigree, in which three other members were similarly affected, suggests autosomal dominant inheritance with low penetrance.
Bracing Heterogeneous Distributed Systems via Built-in Frameworks

This paper introduces a novel architecture of distributed systems--called framed distributed system, or FDS--that braces a given system via a built-in virtual framework that controls the flow of messages between system components and between them and their environment, while being oblivious of the code of the communicating components. This control is carried out in a decentralized, and thus scalable, manner. The FDS architecture is expected to have a significant impact on the dependability and security of distributed systems, and on the whole life cycle of such systems. Although this architecture has been designed specifically for SOA-like heterogeneous and open systems--whose components may be written in different languages, may run on different platforms, and may be designed, constructed, and even maintained under different administrative domains--it should be useful for distributed systems in general.
Modelling the evolution of genetic instability during tumour progression

The role of genetic instability in driving carcinogenesis remains controversial. Genetic instability should accelerate carcinogenesis by increasing the rate of advantageous driver mutations; however, genetic instability can also potentially retard tumour growth by increasing the rate of deleterious mutation. As such, it is unclear whether genetically unstable clones would tend to be more selectively advantageous than their genetically stable counterparts within a growing tumour. Here, we show the circumstances where genetic instability evolves during tumour progression towards cancer. We employ a Wright–Fisher type model that describes the evolution of tumour subclones. Clones can acquire both advantageous and deleterious mutations, and mutator mutations that increase a cell's intrinsic mutation rate. Within the model, cancers evolve with a mutator phenotype when driver mutations bestow only moderate increases in fitness: very strong or weak selection for driver mutations suppresses the evolution of a mutator phenotype. Genetic instability occurs secondarily to selectively advantageous driver mutations. Deleterious mutations have relatively little effect on the evolution of genetic instability unless selection for additional driver mutations is very weak or if deleterious mutations are very common. Our model provides a framework for studying the evolution of genetic instability in tumour progression. Our analysis highlights the central role of selection in shaping patterns of mutation in carcinogenesis.
Semi-Streaming Set Cover

This article studies the set cover problem under the semi-streaming model. The underlying set system is formalized in terms of a hypergraph G = (V, E) whose edges arrive one by one, and the goal is to construct an edge cover F⊆E with the objective of minimizing the cardinality (or cost in the weighted case) of F. We further consider a parameterized relaxation of this problem, where, given some 0 ⩽ ε < 1, the goal is to construct an edge (1 − ε)-cover, namely, a subset of edges incident to all but an ε-fraction of the vertices (or their benefit in the weighted case). The key limitation imposed on the algorithm is that its space is limited to (poly)logarithmically many bits per vertex. Our main result is an asymptotically tight tradeoff between ε and the approximation ratio: We design a semi-streaming algorithm that on input hypergraph G constructs a succinct data structure D such that for every 0 ⩽ ε < 1, an edge (1 − ε)-cover that approximates the optimal edge (1-)cover within a factor of f(ε, n) can be extracted from D (efficiently and with no additional space requirements), where f(ε, n) = {O(1/ε), if ε > 1/√nO(√n), otherwise. In particular, for the traditional set cover problem, we obtain an O(√n-approximation. This algorithm is proved to be best possible by establishing a family (parameterized by ε) of matching lower bounds.
Pubertal growth spurt in the female rhesus monkey: Relation to menarche and skeletal maturation

Three‐monthly measurements of tibia length, crown‐rump length (CRL), and body wieght have been made on nine indoor‐housed and six outdoor‐housed female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) from ages 17 to 41 months. In the indoor‐housed there were clear pubertal growth spurts, identifiable in individual curves, with average peaks at 22.5 months for tibia length, 23.5 months for CRL, and 24.5 for weight. Menarche occurred on average at 26.0 months. In both skeletal dimensions the amount of acceleration exceeded that which occurs in man. The relative timing of the spurts and of menarche was similar to that in man. The outdoor‐housed monkeys showed a similar spurt in tibia length, although a less easily identifiable one in crown‐rump length. The peak velocity of tibia length in these monkeys occurred on average at 30.5 months, with menarche at 32.5 months. We conclude that the pubertal growth spurt in female rhesus is very little different from that in man.
Characterization of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Quarter Milk Samples

Simple Summary Staphylococci are the most prevalent bacteria isolated from bovine mammary secretions. They not only originate from cases of intramammary infections, but also from teat canal, skin and other environmental sources. They are usually divided into coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. In contrast to the contagious nature of most S. aureus infections, the epidemiology of CNS is less clear. Results of our observational study suggest that both, CNS and S. aureus, can be associated with clinical and subclinical mastitis but may also appear as colonizers and remain undetected in cows without inflammatory signs. As a result, the consequences differ, especially with the increased emphasis on reducing antibiotic use as a means of limiting antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A positive S. aureus test result requires antibiotic treatment of infected cows after evaluation of the probability of bacteriological cure, and, where necessary, implementation of management strategies to limit new infections. In contrast, treatment of CNS in cows without increase in somatic cell count should be avoided. Thus, these findings emphasize the value of regular bacteriological examination of clinical and subclinical cases and a thorough evaluation of any staphylococcal presentation before treatment. Abstract Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is considered as a major mastitis pathogen, with considerable epidemiological information on such infections while the epidemiology of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) is more controversial. The aim of this study was to use matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technology for identification of staphylococci isolated from bovine milk at species level and to characterize them in reference to presentation, somatic cell count (SCC), bacterial shedding (cfu) and antimicrobial resistance patterns. A total of 200 staphylococcal isolates (S. aureus n = 100; CNS n = 100) originating from aseptically collected quarter milk samples from different quarters of dairy cows were included in the study. They originated from cases of clinical (CM) and subclinical mastitis (SCM) or were isolated from milk with SCC ≤ 100,000 cells/mL in pure culture. We found staphylococci predominantly in cases of SCM (n = 120). In low-SCC cows, 12 S. aureus and 32 CNS isolates were detected. Eighteen percent of each were associated with CM. Eleven CNS species were identified, S. chromogenes (n = 26) and S. xylosus (n = 40) predominated. CNS, particularly those in low-SCC cows, showed higher MIC90 (minimal inhibitory concentration) values for penicillin, ampicillin, cefoperazone, pirlimycin and marbofloxacin. Based on the present results, a careful interpretation of laboratory results is recommended to avoid antimicrobial therapy of staphylococci without clinical relevance and to ensure prudent use of antimicrobials.
Physical Activity, Sleep, and Nutrition Do Not Predict Cognitive Performance in Young and Middle-Aged Adults

Biological lifestyle factors (BLFs) such as physical activity, sleep, and nutrition play a role in cognitive functioning. Research concerning the relation between BLFs and cognitive performance is scarce however, especially in young and middle-aged adults. Research has not yet focused on a multidisciplinary approach with respect to this relation in the abovementioned population, where lifestyle habits are more stable. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of these BLFs to cognitive performance. Path analysis was conducted in an observational study in which 1131 adults were analyzed using a cross-validation approach. Participants provided information on physical activity, sedentary behavior, chronotype, sleep duration, sleep quality, and the consumption of breakfast, fish, and caffeine via a survey. Their cognitive performance was measured using objective digital cognitive tests. Exploration yielded a predictive cohesive model that fitted the data properly, χ2/df = 0.8, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA < 0.001, SRMR = 0.016. Validation of the developed model indicated that the model fitted the data satisfactorily, χ2/df = 2.75, CFI = 0.95, RMSEA < 0.056, SRMR = 0.035. None of the variables within the BLFs were predictive for any of the cognitive performance measures, except for sedentary behavior. Although sedentary behavior was positively predictive for processing speed its contribution was small and unclear. The results indicate that the variables within the BLFs do not predict cognitive performance in young and middle-aged adults.
CLASSIFICATION OF EXTREMELY RED OBJECTS IN THE COSMOS FIELD

We present a study of the classification of z ∼ 1 extremely red objects (EROs), using a combination of Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS), Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC), and ground-based images of the COSMOS field. Our sample includes ∼5300 EROs with i − Ks ⩾ 2.45 (AB, equivalently I − Ks = 4 in Vega) and Ks ⩽ 21.1 (AB). For EROs in our sample, we compute, using the ACS F814W images, their concentration, asymmetry, as well as their Gini coefficient and the second moment of the brightest 20% of their light. Using those morphology parameters and the Spitzer IRAC [3.6] − [8.0] color, the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting method, we classify EROs into two classes: old galaxies (OGs) and young, dusty starburst galaxies (DGs). We found that the fraction of OGs and DGs in our sample is similar, about 48% of EROs in our sample are OGs, and 52% of them are DGs. To reduce the redundancy of these three different classification methods, we performed a principal component analysis on the measurements of EROs, and find that morphology parameters and SEDs are efficient in segregating OGs and DGs. The [3.6] − [8.0] color, which depends on reddening, redshift, and photometric accuracy, is difficult to separate EROs around the discriminating line between starburst and elliptical. We investigate the dependence of the fraction of EROs on their observational properties, and the results suggest that DGs become increasingly important at fainter magnitudes, redder colors, and higher redshifts. The clustering of the entire EROs, DGs, and OGs was estimated by calculating their correlation function, and we find that the clustering of EROs is much stronger than that of full K-limited samples of galaxies; the clustering amplitude of OGs is a factor of ∼2 larger than that of DGs.
Antibiotic cement was associated with half the risk of re-revision in 1,154 aseptic revision total knee arthroplasties

Background and purpose — Aseptic revisions comprise 80% of revision total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). We determined the incidence of re-revision TKA, the reasons for re-revision, and risk factors associated with these procedures. Patients and methods — We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1,154 patients who underwent aseptic revision TKA between 2002 and 2013 and were followed prospectively by a total joint replacement registry in the USA. Revision was defined as any operation in which an implanted component was replaced. Patient-, surgeon-, and procedure-related risk factors were evaluated. Survival analyses were conducted. Results — There were 114 re-revisions (10%) with a median time to reoperation of 3.6 years (interquartile range (IQR): 2.6–5.2). The infection rate was 2.9% (34/1,154) and accounted for 30% of re-revisions (34 of 114). In adjusted models, use of antibiotic-loaded cement was associated with a 50% lower risk of all-cause re-revision surgery (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3–0.9), age with a 20% lower risk for every 10-year increase (HR = 0.8, CI: 0.7–1.0), body mass index (BMI) with a 20% lower risk for every 5-unit increase (HR = 0.8, CI: 0.7–1.0), and a surgeon’s greater cumulative experience (≥ 20 cases vs. < 20 cases) with a 3 times higher risk of re-revision (HR = 2.8, CI: 1.5–5). Interpretation — Revised TKAs were at high risk of subsequent failure. The use of antibiotic-loaded cement, higher age, and higher BMI were associated with lower risk of further revision whereas a higher degree of surgeon experience was associated with higher risk.
Reexamination of depolarization in lidar measurements.

Almost all of the depolarization papers in the lidar literature employ a physically inappropriate notation and they use a definition of the depolarization ratio that is not linear in the quantity of interest. This depolarization lidar legacy is misleading and confusing. In particular, subscripts meaning parallel and perpendicular do not apply to atmospheric parameters, such as the volume backscatter coefficient, because (for linear polarization) the two components of the backscattered light are polarized in the transmitted sense and completely unpolarized; the unpolarized component is not "perpendicular. " An analysis of lidar depolarization measurements with a particle scattering matrix recently provided in the literature yields algorithms for retrieving the depolarization parameter from either linear or circular depolarization lidar measurements. The analysis, notation, and definitions recommended here harmonize lidar depolarization analysis with radiative transfer theory, particle scattering theory, and standard polarization measurement techniques.
Direct Evidence of Luteal Insufficiency in Women With Habitual Abortion

Plasma levels of progesterone were measured during the luteal phase in 10 of IS women with clinical histories of at least three spontaneous abortions in the last three gestations, and in 15 healthy nonpregnant women during the same phase of the ovarian cycle. Progesterone values found in the women with habitual abortion were lower (P<0.05-0.005) than in the nonpregnant group almost throughout the period of observation. The habitually aborting women who became pregnant again aborted between the seventh and 12th weeks. Their progesterone concentrations were less than 6 ng ml, 48-72 hours before vaginal bleeding or abortion. These values were compared with those found during the first 12 weeks in normal pregnancy (P<0.001). The results suggest a useful method of evaluating the treatment of habitual abortion.
MAGNETIC FIELDS AND LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE IN A HOT UNIVERSE. I. GENERAL EQUATIONS

We consider that no mean magnetic eld exists dur- ing this epoch, but that there is a mean magnetic energy associ- ated with large-scale magnetic inhomogeneities. We study the evolution of these inhomogeneities and their influence on the largescaledensitystructure,byintroducinglinearperturbations in Maxwell equations, the conservation of momentum-energy equation, and in Einstein eld equations. The primordial mag- netic eld structure is time independent in the linear approx- imation, only being diluted by the general expansion, so that BR 2 is conserved in comoving coordinates. Magnetic elds have a strong influence on the formation of large-scale struc- ture. Firstly, relatively low elds are able to generate density structures even if they were inexistent at earlier times. Second, magneticeldsactanisotropicallymorerecently,modifyingthe evolutionofindividualdensityclouds.Magneticfluxtubeshave a tendency to concentrate photons in lamentary patterns.
Evaluation of the p16 and Ki-67 Biomarkers as Predictors of the Recurrence of Premalignant Cervical Cancer Lesions after LEEP Conization

Abstract Objective To evaluate the expressions of biomarkers p16 and Ki-67 in low-grade (LG) or high-grade (HG) lesions, and to relate them to risk factors and the recurrence of these lesions. Methods A retrospective case-control study of 86 patients with LG and HG lesions who underwent a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) between 1999 and 2004. The control group was composed of 69 women with no recurrence, and the study group, of 17 patients with recurrence. All patients were followed-up over a two-year period after surgery, and screened every six months, including cytology and colposcopy. Biopsy samples collected from LEEP were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis for p16 and Ki-67. The statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS, IBM-SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, US), with a significant p < 0.05. Results The biomarkers p16 and Ki-67, separately or combined, showed no relation to recurrence on the total analysis. However, evaluating specifically HG lesions, the positive expression (2+ and 3+) of p16/Ki-67 was associated with recurrence (0.010). In addition, p16 isolated was also more expressive in HG lesions (2+ and 3 + , p = 0.018), but it was unrelated to recurrence. Conclusion Proteins p16 and Ki-67, both isolated and combined, are not reliable primary markers for the recurrence of cervical lesions in the majority of LG lesions. However, analyzing only the group with prior diagnosis of HG lesions, the expressions of p16 and of p16/Ki-67 were associated with recurrence, and they may be useful in monitoring these cases.
Cell type-specific and time-dependent light exposure contribute to silencing in neurons expressing Channelrhodopsin-2

Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has quickly gained popularity as a powerful tool for eliciting genetically targeted neuronal activation. However, little has been reported on the response kinetics of optogenetic stimulation across different neuronal subtypes. With excess stimulation, neurons can be driven into depolarization block, a state where they cease to fire action potentials. Herein, we demonstrate that light-induced depolarization block in neurons expressing ChR2 poses experimental challenges for stable activation of specific cell types and may confound interpretation of experiments when ‘activated’ neurons are in fact being functionally silenced. We show both ex vivo and in vivo that certain neuronal subtypes targeted for ChR2 expression become increasingly susceptible to depolarization block as the duration of light pulses are increased. We find that interneuron populations have a greater susceptibility to this effect than principal excitatory neurons, which are more resistant to light-induced depolarization block. Our results highlight the need to empirically determine the photo-response properties of targeted neurons when using ChR2, particularly in studies designed to elicit complex circuit responses in vivo where neuronal activity will not be recorded simultaneous to light stimulation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.01481. 001
Testing the effectiveness of various commonly used fit indices for detecting misspecifications in multilevel structural equation models

Testing the Effectiveness of Various Commonly Used Fit Indices for Detecting Misspecifications in Multilevel Structural Equation Models. (December 2009) Hsien-Yuan Hsu, B.B.A., Nan-Hua University; M.S., National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Oi-Man Kwok Two Monte Carlo studies were conducted to investigate the sensitivity of fit indices in detecting model misspecification in multilevel structural equation models (MSEM) with normally distributed or dichotomous outcome variables separately under various conditions. Simulation results showed that RMSEA and CFI only reflected within-model fit. In addition, SRMR for within-model (SRMR-W) was more sensitive to within-model misspecifications in factor covariances than pattern coefficients regardless of the impact of other design factors. Researchers should use SRMR-W in combination with RMSEA and CFI to evaluate the within-mode. On the other hand, SRMR for between-model (SRMR-B) was less likely to detect between-model misspecifications when ICC decreased. Lastly, the performance of WRMR was dominated by the misfit of within-model. In addition, WRMR was less likely to detect the misspecified between-models when ICC was relative low. Therefore, WRMR can be used to evaluate the between-model fit when the within-models were correctly specified and the ICC was not too small. Dr. Victor Willson