Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Maternal Morbidity Associated With Cesarean Delivery Without Labor Compared With Induction of Labor at Term

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the maternal morbidity associated with cesarean deliveries performed at term without labor compared with morbidity associated with induction of labor at term. METHODS: A 15-year population-based cohort study (1988–2002) using the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database compared maternal outcomes in nulliparous women delivering by cesarean delivery without labor and nulliparous women at term undergoing induction of labor for planned vaginal delivery with singleton, cephalic presentation. RESULTS: A total of 5,779 pregnancies satisfied inclusion and exclusion criteria, 879 of which were cesarean deliveries without labor. There were no maternal deaths. There was no difference in wound infection, puerperal febrile morbidity, blood transfusion or intraoperative trauma. After controlling for potential confounders, women undergoing cesarean delivery without labor were less likely to have complications of early postpartum hemorrhage (relative risk 0.61, 95% confidence interval 0.42–0.88, number needed to treat 32) and composite maternal morbidity (relative risk 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.52–0.95, number needed to treat 34) compared with women undergoing induction of labor. Subgroup analyses of maternal outcomes after induction of labor in women by method of delivery were also performed and demonstrated additional risks of traumatic morbidity after induction of labor. The highest morbidity was found in the assisted vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery in labor groups. CONCLUSION: Early postpartum hemorrhage and composite maternal morbidity were decreased in cesarean delivery without labor compared with induction of labor. Hemorrhagic and traumatic morbidities with labor induction are increased after assisted vaginal delivery and cesarean delivery in labor compared with cesarean delivery without labor. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2
Overseeing the Nation's Report Card: The Creation and Evolution of the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB).

This paper describes the creation of the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) in 1998 and examines the background characteristics of the Board members and their attendance at NAGB meetings. The staffing and financing of the NAGB and the relationship between the agency and the National Center for Education Statistics is also considered. The paper also explores two of the major issues addressed by the NAGB: the reporting of state-level National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) data and the setting of student performance standards. The paper concludes with some observations about NAGB development and its functioning during the past 10 years and some recommendations for improvements. The NAGB and the NAEP have played an important role in telling how well U.S. children are doing in school and defining what expectations for them should be. The next step is to provide the effective education that students need to reach the goals set out for them. Perfecting the operation of the NAGB and the NAEP without addressing the need for better research and development in the areas of school improvement models and classroom practices makes little sense. (Contains 335 endnotes.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. verseeing the ation's REPORT CARD The Creation and Evolution of the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB) Paper prepared for the National Assessment Governing Board (NAGB). The interpretations and view expressed are strictly those of the author and do not represent the views of NAGB or any other organization. O.
Discrete spectrum for n-cell potentials

We study the scattering problem, the Sturm-Liouville problem and the spectral problem with periodic or skew-periodic boundary conditions for the one-dimensional Schr\"odinger equation with an $n$-cell (finite periodic) potential. We give explicit upper and lower bounds for the distribution functions of discrete spectrum for these problems. For the scattering problem we give, besides, explicit upper and lower bounds for the distribution function of discrete spectrum for the case of potential consisting of $n$ not necessarily identical cells. For the scattering problem some results about transmission resonances are obtained.
A Critical Review of Literature on the Hedonic Price Model

The hedonic price model, derived from Lancaster’s (1966) consumer theory and Rosen’s theoretical (1974) model, has been used extensively in the scientific investigation of various aspects of housing markets. This paper reviews the literature on the application of the hedonic price model. Theoretical background, major empirical issues, inherent limitations, and advantages are discussed. The applicability of the model to the housing market is critically examined. Previous empirical studies of the effects of locational, structural, and neighbourhood-related housing attributes on property prices are identified and reviewed. A list of common housing attributes used in the estimation of the hedonic price models and their effects on housing prices are identified. Although the set of prices influencing characteristics is different across different markets, and the variables included in the hedonic price model are also constrained by the availability of data, this list should serve as a useful basic checklist for the application of the hedonic price model in different markets.
Comparison of patient satisfaction with ambulatory visits in competing health care delivery settings in Geneva, Switzerland.

OBJECTIVES: To measure satisfaction with medical visits in various health care settings and to assess the extent to which differences in satisfaction scores between health care settings can be attributed to patients' characteristics. DESIGN: This was a cross sectional survey to measure seven dimensions of patient satisfaction. SETTINGS: Ambulatory visits to 'gatekeepers' or specialists in a newly established managed care organisation, a private group practice, or a university hospital outpatient clinic in Geneva, Switzerland. PATIENTS: There were altogether 1027 adult patients (81% participation rate). RESULTS: Patients who consulted physicians in the private group practice reported higher levels of satisfaction (overall mean 83.2 on a scale between 0 and 100) than university clinic patients (79.7), patients of independent specialists within the managed plan (78.5), and patients of managed plan gatekeepers (69.8, intergroup differences p < 0.001). Differences between settings were reduced after adjustment for sex, age, country of origin, general practitioner versus specialist visit, and scheduled versus urgent visit (adjusted scores: 80.8, 78.8, 77.6, and 72.7 in the four settings, p < 0.001). Intergroup differences were largest for general satisfaction, but small and non-significant for satisfaction with explanations given by the physician and for time spent with the patient. CONCLUSIONS: Patient satisfaction varied widely between health care settings. Differences in satisfaction ratings could be ascribed only partly to disparities in patient populations. Patients of managed plan gatekeepers were least satisfied, presumably because they could not choose their physician freely. Comparison of patient satisfaction across health care settings can provide a basis for targeted quality improvement initiatives.
A panel study of investment: sales, cash flow, the cost of capital, and leverage

This article compares the investment spending for each of 396 corporations during the late 1980s and early 1990s to projections of their spending derived from several basic models of investment. According to these models, capital spending, on average, adheres closely to output, profits, and the cost of capital. The pattern of average forecast errors derived from the statistical models does not correspond very closely to measures of indebtedness, liquidity, size, or type of business. It is not surprising that these variables should influence capital spending so little, once the general business climate (represented by sales or cash flow) has been taken into account. ; For the making of economic policy, the evidence suggests that the familiar macroeconomic incentives for investment would be no less effective today than they have been in the past. In particular, the volume of investment spending would appear to respond to monetary and fiscal policies in the customary way. Despite their potential differences, the models agree that monetary or fiscal policy must be unusually aggressive to increase investment spending substantially when the rate of growth of GDP is unusually low.
Past Experience Modulates the Neural Mechanisms of Episodic Memory Formation

Neuroscientists have observed the “birth” of memories, but have not explored how an organism's past experience with materials interacts with the neural mechanisms of episodic memory formation. Using functional neuroimaging, we searched for such an interaction by examining brain activity during memory encoding that predicted participants' subsequent episodic memory for novel and repeated scenes. Memory for both scene types was predicted by a common posterior network in occipital and parietal cortices. Medial temporal memory predictors were modulated by scene repetition: the right anterior hippocampus and right amygdala predicted memory for novel scenes only, whereas posterior hippocampi predicted memory for repeated scenes only. There was also greater functional connectivity between the temporal pole and anterior versus posterior hippocampus, and this link predicted memory for novel but not repeated scenes. In contrast, there was greater functional connectivity between the precuneus and posterior versus anterior hippocampus, and this link predicted memory for repeated but not novel scenes. Together, these results reveal a functional specialization within the hippocampus for the encoding of novel and previously experienced materials, and suggest that the topography of this specialization might be related to local variations in connectivity. Because episodic memory for repeated scenes was superior, our results also support traditional views of encoding emphasizing the role of prior representations, and illuminate one way in which humans use existing memories to help form new ones. In so doing, our results challenge recent novelty-encoding hypotheses.
Cl 1205+44: A Fossil Group at z = 0.59

This is a report of Chandra, XMM-Newton, Hubble Space Telescope, and Astrophysical Research Consortium telescope observations of an extended X-ray source at z = 0.59. The apparent member galaxies range from spiral to elliptical, and are all relatively red (i′ - Ks about 3). We interpret this object to be a fossil group based on the difference between the brightness of the first and second brightest cluster members in the i′ band, and because the rest-frame bolometric X-ray luminosity is about 9.2 × 1043 h ergs s-1. This makes Cl 1205+44 the highest redshift fossil group yet reported. The system also contains a central double-lobed radio galaxy that appears to be growing via the accretion of smaller galaxies. We discuss the formation and evolution of fossil groups in light of the high redshift of Cl 1205+44.
Glycated Albumin versus Glycated Hemoglobin as a Glycemic Indicator in Diabetic Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis

Compared with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), glycated albumin (GA) is superior in estimating glycemic control in diabetic patients on hemodialysis (HD). However, the better index for assessment of glycemic control in diabetic patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the impact of protein loss on GA are unknown. Twenty diabetic patients on HD were matched by age, sex, and baseline postprandial plasma glucose (PG) levels to 20 PD patients. PG, HbA1c, GA, and serum albumin levels were measured for six months. Protein loss in PD patients was estimated by measuring the protein concentration in the peritoneal dialysate and by 24 h urine collection. Although PG and HbA1c did not differ significantly between the groups, the PD group had significantly lower GA (17.8% versus 20.8%, p < 0.001) and GA/HbA1c ratio (2.95% versus 3.45%, p < 0.0001) than the HD group. Although the PG level correlated significantly with the GA levels in both groups, it was not correlated with the HbA1c levels in both groups. HbA1c level was negatively associated with erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) dose in both groups, whereas GA was not significantly associated with serum albumin, hemoglobin concentration, ESA dose, and protein loss. Multiple regression analysis identified GA as the only independent factor associated with PG in PD patients. Our results suggested that GA was not significantly associated with protein loss, hemoglobin, serum albumin, and ESA dose. Although GA might underestimate glycemic status, it provided a significantly better measure for estimating glycemic control than HbA1c, even in PD patients.
AN ASSESSMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING IN REGIONAL POLICY

Regional policy arrangements are extremely complicated and there are various basic constituents for regional economic development such as accession the economic core, competitiveness in leading sector, capital and labour accumulation to be taken hold by regions. As the scope of this paper in overlapping the mentioned issue, one of them is the institutional setting which affects the growth and is rooted in. The aim, therefore, is to examine what extent institutions have an impact on regional policy and the process of formation of institutions within the regional field. As lying at the centre of the study, this academic paper puts forward the argument that institutions have long been neglected in the regional policy action. Then, it is discussed on whether institutions matter development and cause growth or not. Rather now, the attention is turned towards assessing what kind of institutions are to be created for regional development. Subsequently, new emphasis underlies the diversity of institutions and their comprehensive sight comparison to earlier practice. Under the risen argument, firstly; looking at the theoretical discussion in institutions as a major determinant of regional policy, this paper highlights an evolutionary approach by exploring intersection between institution and regional economic development. Secondly, it offers a critical assessment of regional development with reference to paradigm shift in institutional formation. On the basis of this restructuring, the paper concludes by drawing on institutionalized regional framework. Keywords: institutionalization, institutional setting in regions, regional development
Persistence of innovation and knowledge structure: Evidence from a sample of Italian firms

The paper investigates the patterns of persistence of knowledge and innovation across a sample of Italian firms in the period 1998-2006. While most of the empirical analysis of persistence focus on innovation as proxied by capital stock or the introduction of process/product innovation, this paper proposes to investigate the persistence of knowledge structure. The analysis draws upon a theoretical representation of knowledge as a collective good, stemming from the recombination of knowledge bits that are fragmented and dispersed across economic agents. In this perspective, knowledge is a co-relational structure, whereby the constituting elements are connected in a dense network of interlinks. On this basis, we derived some important properties of knowledge structure, i.e. the coherence, the cognitive distance and the variety, and investigated their pattern of persistence over time. The empirical analysis is implemented by exploring the autocorrelation structure of such properties within a quantile regression framework, and compare them with the more familiar evidence about knowledge stock. The results suggest that the properties of knowledge are featured by somewhat different patterns with respect to knowledge stock, and that such evidence is also heterogeneous across firms in different quantiles.
Labral Reconstruction: When to Perform and How

Over the past decade, the understanding of the anatomy and function of the hip joint has continuously evolved, and surgical treatment options for the hip have significantly progressed. Originally, surgical treatment of the hip primarily involved resection of damaged tissue. Procedures that maintain and preserve proper hip anatomy, such as labral repair and femoroacetabular impingement correction, have shown superior results, in terms of pain reduction, increased function, and ability to return to activities. Labral reconstruction is a treatment option that uses a graft to reconstruct the native labrum. The technique and outcomes of labral reconstruction have been described relatively recently, and labral reconstruction is a cutting edge procedure that has shown promising early outcomes. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on hip labral reconstruction. We will review the indications for labral reconstruction, surgical technique and graft options, and surgical outcomes that have been described to date. Labral reconstruction provides an alternative treatment option for challenging intra-articular hip problems. Labral reconstruction restores the original anatomy of the hip and has the potential to preserve the longevity of the hip joint. This technique is an important tool in the orthopedic surgeon’s arsenal for hip joint treatment and preservation.
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in isolated rat pulmonary arteries is not inhibited by antagonists of H2S-synthesizing pathways

We evaluated the hypothesis that an increase in the hydrogen sulphide concentration in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) causes hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) by examining the effects of the sulphide donor cysteine and sulphide‐synthesis blockers on HPV in isolated rat intrapulmonary arteries (IPAs). Cysteine (1 mm) enhanced HPV and also the contraction to prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and both effects were abolished by the cystathionine γ‐lyase (CSE) blocker propargylglycine (PAG, 1 mm), which had little or no non‐selective effect on contraction at this concentration. Neither PAG nor the cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) antagonist aspartate affected HPV in normal physiological saline solution (PSS), or in PSS containing physiological concentrations of cysteine, cystine and glutamate, whereas dithiothreitol (DTT), proposed to enhance HPV by converting mitochondrial thiosulphate to sulphide, instead abolished HPV. PAG markedly diminished whereas DTT did not affect cysteine‐induced sulphide release from liver pieces. The results do not support the proposal that hydrogen sulphide plays a role in HPV.
Social Security and Household Wealth Accumulation: New Microeconomic Evidence

The social security program will pay benefits of more than $100 billion in 1978. Public transfers on this scale are large enough to have profound effects on the behavior of the U.S. economy. The most important effect, although not the only one, is likely to be the impact of social security on private saving and aggregate capital accumulation. The present paper contributes to the analysis of this issue by providing new evidence on the extent to which the accumulation of wealth by individual households responds to differences in social security benefits.
To Achieve an Earlier IFN-γ Response Is Not Sufficient to Control Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice

The temporo-spatial relationship between the three organs (lung, spleen and lymph node) involved during the initial stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection has been poorly studied. As such, we performed an experimental study to evaluate the bacillary load in each organ after aerosol or intravenous infection and developed a mathematical approach using the data obtained in order to extract conclusions. The results showed that higher bacillary doses result in an earlier IFN-γ response, that a certain bacillary load (BL) needs to be reached to trigger the IFN-γ response, and that control of the BL is not immediate after onset of the IFN-γ response, which might be a consequence of the spatial dimension. This study may have an important impact when it comes to designing new vaccine candidates as it suggests that triggering an earlier IFN-γ response might not guarantee good infection control, and therefore that additional properties should be considered for these candidates.
CELEBRATING IJF AT 50 Atomistic aspects of fracture

Any fracture process ultimately involves the rupture of atomic bonds. Processes at the atomic scale therefore critically influence the toughness and overall fracture behavior of materials. Atomistic simulation methods including large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with classical potentials, density functional theory calculations and advanced concurrent multiscale methods have led to new insights e.g. on the role of bond trapping, dynamic effects, crackmicrostructure interactions and chemical aspects on the fracture toughness and crack propagation patterns in E. Bitzek Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany e-mail: erik.bitzek@fau.de J. R. Kermode (B) Department of Physics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom e-mail: james.kermode@kcl.ac. uk Present Address J. R. Kermode Warwick Centre for Predictive Modelling, School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom P. Gumbsch Fraunhofer IWM, Wöhlerstraße 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany P. Gumbsch Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany metals and ceramics. This review focuses on atomistic aspects of fracture in crystalline materials where significant advances have been achieved over the last ten years and provides an outlook on future perspectives for atomistic modelling of fracture.
Tax Experiments in Developing Countries: A Critical Review and Reflections on Feasibility

This CDI Practice Paper by Giulia Mascagni provides a critical assessment of the literature on tax experiments to date. It examines the main conceptual, methodological and data-related challenges, and provides practical reflections on how to move forward in lowand middle-income countries where this type of research is still underdeveloped. It offers a guide for practitioners on the main challenges in quantitative research on tax compliance and on the methods used tackle them, which may be of interest for evaluation research more generally. CDI Innovation and learning in impact evaluation Centre for Development Impact PRACTICE PAPER
More than 8,192 ways to skin a cat: Modeling behavior in multidimensional strategy spaces

How can we model behavior on complex, real-world tasks with a large range of possible strategies that may vary along multiple dimensions? In this paper, we show show how an emerging approach to cognitive modeling, cognitively bounded rational analysis, can be applied to efficiently specify large, multidimensional strategy spaces, and to predict which strategies within the space are followed. The approach also supports a novel way of analyzing error control strategies, by directly modeling error recovery procedures and factoring these into strategy prediction. We apply this approach in a model of a typing task exemplifying three dimensions of strategic variability: decomposition of tasks into subtasks, parallel vs. serial processing of subtasks, and control of errors. We present empirical results showing the strategies people adopted on the task. The model successfully predicts the strategies used, by optimizing over the strategy space for a utility function defined as the performance-based payoff used in the experiment.