Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Somatic Tæniasis (Solium Cysticercosis)

It is now well known that infestation of the muscles, eyes and brain with the cysticerci of a cestode occurs in India. MacArthur (1934) and other officers of the R.A.M.C. have drawn attention to cysticercosis as a cause of epilepsy in soldiers who have served in India. The mode of infection is doubtful, as only a small proportion of such epileptics admit infection with a tapeworm. Diagnosis of somatic taeniasis is usually made on a>ray evidence? the partially calcified cysticerci showing up well on skiagrams. The case now reported was referred to me for investigation in August 1941 by Lieut. -Col. A. Innes Cox, i.m.s., then District Medical Officer, Madura. Lieut. -Col. Cox had confirmed his diagnosis of somatic taeniasis by biopsy? the material being reported as cysticercus by the Professor of Pathology, Madras Medical College. The patient was a cultivator from a village in the Ramnad district. He was 25 years of age, and had always been of a slim build. He went to hospital because of a gross alteration in his physical appearance which had come to resemble that of a professional wrestler? to the amusement of his friends and dismay of his household (figure 1, plate XIX). He had noted a change over a period of six months only. The patient had never kept pigs at any time, and was not in the habit of eating pork. He had eaten no pork within the past four years prior to admission, and was not aware of having harboured a tapeworm at any time. His appearance was certainly suggestive of a professional strong man. Palpation of the neck, shoulders and thighs revealed the presence of thousands of slippery, blubbery swellings. The superficial ones slid under the fingers like soft peas, but the palpating hand got the impression of great masses of such material throughout the whole of the pectoral and pelvic girdles, upper arm muscles, thighs and hips. Multitudes of swellings could be seen in the cervical and facial r-egions, visible from a distance (figure. 2, plate XIX)--when the masseter muscles were clenched.
Isolation of Clostridium perfringens, Causal agents of necrotic enteritis in chickens

The present study was conducted to isolate the causal agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) from broiler chickens. A total of 50 jejunal samples from necropsied broiler chickens were collected for isolation of Clostridium perfringens, the causal agent of NE. The novel method for isolation of Clostridium perfringens was stab culture in association with pouring of olive oil on the surface of the stab culture. The collected samples in nutrient broth were kept in a candle jar and incubated for 24 hrs at 37°C. For maintenance of anaerobic condition olive oil (2-3 cm) were poured on surface of culture broth in test tube. In Gram's staining, the morphology of the isolated bacteria was Gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic, spore-forming single or paired in arrangement. The addition of olive oil on the surface of stab culture was effective for the growth of Clostridium perfringens. The characterization of Clostridium perfringens was then performed by other routine cultural study, staining procedure and different types of biochemical tests. The occurrence of necrotic enteritis was 8%.
Being a parent with learning difficulties: an exploratory study of parents’ views and experiences of local support services

The aim of the present study is to explore the lived experiences and opinions of parents with LD in order to inform policy and practice in Newtown Local Authority. The goal is to improve the lives of parents with LD and to instill confidence within this group. Working within a critical realist paradigm, I adopted a case study design and conducted semi-structured interviews with a sample of four parents. Qualitative data derived from semi-structured interviews were analysed and interpreted using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The main findings were that parents’ experiences and views on the support they had received were heavily influenced by their relationships with support service practitioners, time spent with families by support workers, parents’ ability to access information and parents’ feeling valued and their opinions acknowledged. The findings suggest a need for improved family-centred planning by support service practitioners and for professionals to be provided with the resources needed to develop positive working relationships with parents with LD. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of these findings on the practice of support service practitioners and on the role of Educational Psychologists.
Gravity wave activity during stratospheric sudden warmings in the 2007–2008 Northern Hemisphere winter

[1] We use temperature retrievals from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC)/Formosa Satellite Mission 3 (FORMOSAT-3) and Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) radio occultation profiles and independent temperature retrievals from the EOS satellite High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) and Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) aboard the TIMED satellite to investigate stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) events and the accompanying gravity wave (GW) temperature amplitudes in the 2007–2008 Northern Hemisphere winter. We identify four SSW events (including a major one) occurring from late January to late February in 2008. We detect enhanced GW amplitudes in the stratosphere and subdued GW amplitudes in the lower mesosphere during the warming events. The timing of GW enhancement/suppression and warming/cooling events was generally close (within a couple days). We also find that stratospheric GW amplitudes were generally larger at the polar vortex edge and smaller in the vortex core and outside of the vortex and that stratospheric GW amplitudes were generally small over the North Pacific. Using a simplified GW dispersion relation and a GW ray-tracing experiment, we demonstrate that the enhanced GW amplitudes in the stratosphere during SSWs could be explained largely by GW propagation considerations. The existence of GW critical levels (the level at which the background wind is the same as the GW phase speed) near the stratopause during SSWs would block propagation of GWs into the mesosphere and thus could lead to the observed subdued GW activity in the lower mesosphere. Since this is the first study to analyze the COSMIC and CHAMP GPS temperature retrievals up to 60 km in altitude, we compare the GPS analysis with those from HIRDLS and SABER measurements. We find that the temporal variability of zonal mean temperatures derived from the GPS data is reasonable up to ∼60 km in altitude, but the GPS data were less sensitive to SSWs than the HIRDLS and SABER data. GW analysis from GPS is consistent with HIRDLS up to ∼35 km in altitude, but it seems that the small-scale variability at higher altitudes revealed in the GPS data is questionable.
Modulation of u-PA, MMPs and their inhibitors by a novel nutrient mixture in pediatric human sarcoma cell lines

Pediatric sarcomas are highly aggressive tumors that are characterized by high levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 secretions that degrade the ECM and basement membrane, allowing cancer cells to spread to distal organs. Proteases play a key role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis by digesting the basement membrane and ECM components. Strong clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates association of elevated levels of u-PA and MMPs with cancer progression, metastasis and shortened patient survival. MMP activities are regulated by specific tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Our main objective was to study the effect of a nutrient mixture (NM) on activity of u-PA, MMPs and TIMPs in various human pediatric sarcomas. Human osteosarcoma MNNG-HOS, osteosarcoma U-2OS and rhabdomyosarcoma RD cell lines (ATCC) were cultured in their respective media and treated at confluence with NM at 0, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1,000 μ g/ml. Analysis of u-PA activity was carried out by fibrin zymography, MMPs by gelatinase zymography and TIMPs by reverse zymography. All sarcoma cell lines studied expressed u-PA, which was inhibited by NM in a dose-dependent manner. On gelatinase zymography, osteosarcoma MNNG-HOS showed a band corresponding to MMP-2 and induction of MMP-9 with PMA (100 ng/ml) treatment. U-2OS osteosarcoma cells showed strong bands corresponding to inactive MMP-2 and MMP-9 and faint bands corresponding to active MMP-2 and MMP-9 dimer; PMA treatment enhanced MMP-9 and MMP-9 dimer activity. Rhabdomyosarcoma showed MMP-2 and faint MMP-9 bands; PMA treatment enhanced MMP-9 expression. NM inhibited their expression in a dose-dependent manner. Activity of TIMPs was upregulated by NM in all cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis revealed a positive correlation between u-PA and MMPs and a negative correlation between u-PA/MMPs and TIMPs. These findings suggest the therapeutic potential of NM in treatment of pediatric sarcomas.
Microbiological and chemical detection of incurred penicillin G, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in bovine and porcine tissues

Incurred penicillin G, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues in bovine and porcine muscle and kidney samples were analysed by microbiological and chemical methods, the former using Bacillus subtilis BGA as a test organism on agar media of pH 6, pH 7.2 and pH 8 and the latter using liquid chromatography. Least squares fits between the logarithms of the chemically obtained concentrations of the antimicrobials and the widths of the inhibition zones were used to estimate the inhibition zone widths corresponding to the maximum residue limit concentrations. In vitro sensitivities were determined with standard antimicrobial solutions. The results indicate that if B. subtilis BGA is used as a test organism, muscle tissue cannot be used as test material for screening oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin residues on the plates used in this study, while penicillin G can be screened from muscle tissue. Because of the numerous factors causing or increasing variation in the analysis, the inhibition zone caused by a given antibiotic concentration cannot be predicted precisely. Therefore, a positive agar diffusion test needs to be confirmed chemically. If a kidney sample gives a positive agar diffusion test result, the antimicrobial concentration in a muscle sample from the same carcass should be checked chemically.
The effects of SES and maternal depressive symptoms on toddlers' motivation to learn : parental teaching as a mechanism of influence

Maternal depression and socioeconomic status (SES) have both been linked to a range of cognitive and socioemotional outcomes in children. This study examines parental teaching strategies (amount of task information and quality of motivational support provided) as Potential mediators of the link SES and maternal depressive symptoms share with children's motivation to learn. Parent-child dyads attended two laboratory visits approximately one year apart (mean child age at wave 1=26 months; wave 2= 41 months). Cross-sectional and longitudinal mediation were examined. At W1, the amount of information and quality of motivational support provided by mothers in a learning task mediated the link between SES and children's motivation to learn. However, maternal depression had no effect on teaching or children's motivation to learn. At W2, an opposite pattern of results emerged: SES only predicted the amount of task information provided by mothers, whereas motivation support mediated the relation between maternal depression and child motivation to learn. Although no mediation was found in the longitudinal results, it was found that motivation support provided by mothers when children were 26 months predicted motivation to learn at 41 months, over and above the effects of children's motivation to learn at 26 months. This suggests a shift in the influence of SES and maternal depression on parenting and child outcomes, while emphasizing the importance of the motivation support provided by mothers in children of young age. More extended longitudinal work is needed to determine the developmental trajectories of the link between these factors.
Sports-Specific Issues in Men’s and Women’s Lacrosse

Boys’/men’s and girls’/women’s lacrosse are the fastest-growing sports at the high school and college levels and are team sports with unique medical issues and injuries. The rules of the game are very different for the women’s game compared with those for the men’s game. Youth rules include modifications that take into account physical and cognitive maturational differences. Given the unique rules of the game between genders, the equipment requirements also are different. The most common injuries in lacrosse for both genders across all ages are lower extremity injuries and, primarily, ankle and knee sprains, followed by head injuries. Concussion has received a lot of recent attention, and education, comprehensive management, and prevention efforts remain the most critical issues. A unique medical concern in lacrosse is commotio cordis, which requires immediate identification and management and underscores the importance of sideline preparedness. This article will review the sport-specific medical and musculoskeletal issues in lacrosse.
Exploring Halo Substructure with Giant Stars. IV. The Extended Structure of the Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy

We present a large-area photometric survey of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy and its environs. This survey is intended to trace the distribution of stars outside the nominal tidal radius of this system. Observations were made with the Washington M, Washington T2, and DDO51 filters, which in combination have been shown to provide reliable stellar luminosity classification for K-type stars. We identify giant star candidates with the same distance and metallicity as known Ursa Minor red giant branch stars extending to approximately 3° from the center of the dSph. Comparison with catalogs of stars within the tidal radius of Ursa Minor that have been observed spectroscopically suggests that our photometric luminosity classification is 100% accurate. Over a large fraction of the survey area, our photometry is deep enough that blue horizontal branch stars associated with Ursa Minor can also be identified. The spatial distribution of both the candidate Ursa Minor giant stars and the candidate blue horizontal branch stars are remarkably similar, and for both samples a large fraction of the stars are found outside the nominal tidal radius of Ursa Minor. An isodensity contour map of the surface density of stars within the tidal radius of Ursa Minor reveals several morphological peculiarities: (1) The highest density of dSph stars is not found at the center of symmetry of the outer isodensity contours but instead is offset southwest of center. (2) The overall shape of the outer contours does not appear to be elliptical, but appears S-shaped. A surface density profile was derived for Ursa Minor and compared with those derived from previous studies. We find that previously determined King profiles with ∼50′ tidal radii do not fit well the distribution of candidate UMi stars identified in this study, which extends to greater radii than these other surveys. A King profile with a much larger tidal radius produces a reasonable fit; however, a power law with index -3 provides an even better fit to the densities at radii greater than 20′. The existence of stars associated with Ursa Minor at large distances from the core of the galaxy, the peculiar morphology of the galaxy within its tidal radius, and the shape of its surface density profile all suggest that this system is evolving significantly because of the tidal influence of the Milky Way. However, the photometric data on Ursa Minor stars alone do not allow us to determine if the candidate extratidal stars are now unbound or if they remain bound to the dSph within an extended dark matter halo.
Can requirements dependency network be used as early indicator of software integration bugs?

Complexity cohesion and coupling have been recognized as prominent indicators for software quality. One characterization of software complexity is the existence of dependency relationship. Moreover, degree of dependency reflects the cohesion and coupling between software elements. Dependencies on design and implementation phase have been proven as important predictors for software bugs. We empirically investigated how requirements dependencies correlate with and predict software integration bugs, which can provide early estimate regarding software quality, therefore facilitate decision making early in the software lifecycle. We conducted network analysis on requirements dependency networks of two commercial software projects. We then performed correlation analysis between network measures (e.g., degree, closeness) and number of bugs. Afterwards, bug prediction models were built using these network measures. Significant correlation is observed between most of our network measures and number of bugs. These network measures can predict the number of bugs with high accuracy and sensitivity. We further identified the significant predictors for bug prediction. Besides, the indication effect of network measures on bug number varies among different types of requirements dependency. These observations show that requirements dependency network can be used as an early indicator of software Integration bugs.
Understanding the Dengue Viruses and Progress towards Their Control

Traditionally, the four dengue virus serotypes have been associated with fever, rash, and the more severe forms, haemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. As our knowledge as well as understanding of these viruses increases, we now recognise not only that they are causing increasing numbers of human infections but also that they may cause neurological and other clinical complications, with sequelae or fatal consequences. In this review we attempt to highlight some of these features in the context of dengue virus pathogenesis. We also examine some of the efforts currently underway to control this “scourge” of the tropical and subtropical world.
Design of a safer approach to intravenous drug infusions: failure mode effects analysis

Objectives: A set of standard processes was developed for delivering continuous drug infusions in order to improve (1) patient safety; (2) efficiency in staff workflow; (3) hemodynamic stability during infusion changes, and (4) efficient use of resources. Failure modes effects analysis (FMEA) was used to examine the impact of process changes on the reliability of delivering drug infusions. Setting: An 11 bed multidisciplinary pediatric ICU in the children’s hospital of an academic medical center staffed by board certified pediatric intensivists. The hospital uses computerized physician order entry for all medication orders. Methods: A multidisciplinary team characterized key elements of the drug infusion process. The process was enhanced to increase overall reliability and the original and revised processes were compared using FMEA. Resource consumption was estimated by reviewing purchasing and pharmacy records for the calendar year after full implementation of the revised process. Staff satisfaction was evaluated using an anonymous questionnaire administered to staff nurses in the ICU and pediatric residents who had rotated through the ICU. Results: The original process was characterized by six elements: selecting the drug; selecting a dose; selecting an infusion rate; calculating and ordering the infusion; preparing the infusion; programming the infusion pump and delivering the infusion. The following practice changes were introduced: standardizing formulations for all infusions; developing database driven calculators; extending infusion hang times from 24 to 72 hours; changing from bedside preparation by nurses to pharmacy prepared or premanufactured solutions. FMEA showed that the last three elements of the original process had high risk priority numbers (RPNs) of >225 whereas the revised process had no elements with RPNs >100. The combined effect of prolonging infusion hang times, preparation in the pharmacy, and purchasing premanufactured solutions resulted in 1500 fewer infusions prepared by nurses per year. Nursing staff expressed a significant preference and pediatric residents unanimously expressed a strong preference for the revised process. Conclusions: Standardization of infusion delivery reduced the frequency for completing the most unreliable elements of the process and reduced the riskiness of the individual elements. Both contribute to a safer system.
Effectiveness of Guided and Unguided Low-Intensity Internet Interventions for Adult Alcohol Misuse: A Meta-Analysis

Background Alcohol misuse ranks within the top ten health conditions with the highest global burden of disease. Low-intensity, Internet interventions for curbing adult alcohol misuse have been shown effective. Few meta-analyses have been carried out, however, and they have involved small numbers of studies, lacked indicators of drinking within low risk guidelines, and examined the effectiveness of unguided self-help only. We therefore conducted a more thorough meta-analysis that included both guided and unguided interventions. Methods Systematic literature searches were performed up to September 2013. Primary outcome was the mean level of alcohol consumption and drinking within low risk guidelines for alcohol consumption at post-treatment. Findings We selected 16 randomised controlled trials (with 23 comparisons and 5,612 participants) for inclusion. Results, showed a small but significant overall effect size in favour of Internet interventions (g = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.13–0.27, p<.001). Participants in Internet interventions drunk on average 22 grams of ethanol less than controls and were significantly more likely to be adhering to low-risk drinking guidelines at post-treatment (RD 0.13, 95% CI: 0.09–0.17, p<.001). Subgroup analyses revealed no significant differences in potential moderators for the outcome of alcohol consumption, although there was a near-significant difference between comparisons with waitlist control and those with assessment-only or alcohol information control conditions (p = .056). Conclusions Internet interventions are effective in reducing adult alcohol consumption and inducing alcohol users to adhere to guidelines for low-risk drinking. This effect is small but from a public health point of view this may warrant large scale implementation at low cost of Internet interventions for adult alcohol misuse. Moderator analyses with sufficient power are, however, needed in order to assess the robustness of these overall results and to assess whether these interventions may impact on subgroups with different levels of success.