Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The antioxidant conundrum in cancer.

The health-related effects of interactions between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and dietary antioxidants and the consequences of dietary antioxidant supplementation on human health are by no means clear. Although ROS, normal byproducts of aerobic metabolism, are essential for various defense mechanisms in most cells, they can also cause oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids, resulting in enhanced disease risk. Dietary antioxidants (e.g., vitamin E, vitamin C, beta-carotene, and selenium), as well as endogenous antioxidant mechanisms, can help maintain an appropriate balance between the desirable and undesirable cellular effects of ROS. However, any health-related effects of interactions between dietary antioxidants and ROS likely depend on the health status of an individual and may also be influenced by genetic susceptibilities. Clinical studies of antioxidant supplementation and changes in either oxidative status, disease risk, or disease outcome have been carried out in healthy individuals, populations at risk for certain diseases, and patients undergoing disease therapy. The use of antioxidants during cancer therapy is currently a topic of heated debate because of an overall lack of clear research findings. Some data suggest antioxidants can ameliorate toxic side effects of therapy without affecting treatment efficacy, whereas other data suggest antioxidants interfere with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Overall, examination of the evidence related to potential interactions between ROS and dietary antioxidants and effects on human health indicates that consuming dietary antioxidant supplements has pros and cons for any population and raises numerous questions, issues, and challenges that make this topic a fertile field for future research. Overall, current knowledge makes it premature to generalize and make specific recommendations about antioxidant usage for those at high risk for cancer or undergoing treatment.
The Yeast Scaffold Proteins Isu1p and Isu2p Are Required inside Mitochondria for Maturation of Cytosolic Fe/S Proteins

ABSTRACT Iron-sulfur (Fe/S) proteins are located in mitochondria, cytosol, and nucleus. Mitochondrial Fe/S proteins are matured by the iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) assembly machinery. Little is known about the formation of Fe/S proteins in the cytosol and nucleus. A function of mitochondria in cytosolic Fe/S protein maturation has been noted, but small amounts of some ISC components have been detected outside mitochondria. Here, we studied the highly conserved yeast proteins Isu1p and Isu2p, which provide a scaffold for Fe/S cluster synthesis. We asked whether the Isu proteins are needed for biosynthesis of cytosolic Fe/S clusters and in which subcellular compartment the Isu proteins are required. The Isu proteins were found to be essential for de novo biosynthesis of both mitochondrial and cytosolic Fe/S proteins. Several lines of evidence indicate that Isu1p and Isu2p have to be located inside mitochondria in order to perform their function in cytosolic Fe/S protein maturation. We were unable to mislocalize Isu1p to the cytosol due to the presence of multiple, independent mitochondrial targeting signals in this protein. Further, the bacterial homologue IscU and the human Isu proteins (partially) complemented the defects of yeast Isu protein-depleted cells in growth rate, Fe/S protein biogenesis, and iron homeostasis, yet only after targeting to mitochondria. Together, our data suggest that the Isu proteins need to be localized in mitochondria to fulfill their functional requirement in Fe/S protein maturation in the cytosol.
An analysis of biographical factors related to affective organisational commitment of Secondary school teachers in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe

Performance of secondary school pupils accelerated in a declining manner since 1984 to date. Although much has been done to improve conditions of the teacher since the teachers are at the helm of students learning, students’ performance has continued to decline. Despite training obtained from teachers colleges, what is contributing to their effectiveness has not been well researched. Affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers in Zimbabwe still remain an inadequately researched area. Whereas teachers could be motivated by employers, the gendered outcomes of their commitment to the organisation especially on their affective commitment has not been adequately investigated. This study makes a contribution to filling this gap or lacuna. The primary purpose of the study was to make a critical analysis of variables and factors contributing to affective organisational commitment using Stufflebeam(1971)’s Context Input Process and Product decision facilitation model of evaluation approach. The approach specified the imbalances in each phase of evaluation focusing on biographical factors, and how each factor contributed to affective organisational commitment of secondary school teachers. The study employed mixed methodology approach. Statistical tests of multiple regression analysis and step wise regression analysis on quantitative survey data obtained from Affective organisational commitment were used. The Quantitative data were gathered using two seven point Likert scales ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. A statistical program SPSS was used to investigate the relationships among variables in the research model. Regardless of the types of dependent or independent variables, linear multiple step wise regression analyses were performed in order to find out the significance of the variables. This was supplemented by qualitative data gathered and addressing biographical factors. The qualitative data were collected using semi structured face to face interviews and focus group discussions in order to triangulate the evidence obtained from quantitative data. The qualitative data were analysed using NVivo to come up with themes. The study established that factors such as age, gender, professional qualifications, teaching experience, occupational status, were strong determinants of affective organisational commitment, related to secondary school teachers’ affective organisational commitment hence impacting negatively on pupils’ and schools’ performance. The study recommended that Educational planners must stay abreast of the formal and informal impulse of teacher commitment by providing support, constant supervision, staff development workshops, chat platforms and continual refocusing of selection and recruitment policies in teachers’ colleges. Future researchers might wish to expand on studies that indicate a connection between each of the biographical factors established and the degree of pupils’ performance.
Disciplinary Practices and Perceptions of School Safety

Abstract This study of a sample of 4,044 eighth grade students taken from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88) was designed to examine the contribution that zero-tolerance disciplinary policies, school climate, parents' and teachers' perceptions of disciplinary climate make to students' perceptions of the school's disciplinary climate. Additionally, this study examined whether school location (i.e., urban and suburban) and school type (i.e., public and private) are associated with differences in disciplinary practices, perceptions of school discipline and school climate. Zero-tolerance disciplinary policies were found to be both directly and indirectly associated with students' perceptions of fewer discipline problems. Additionally, private schools can be characterized as having: tougher discipline policies; less teacher concern about school discipline; more student concern about school discipline; and more positive perceptions of school climate among administrators and parents th.
Unveiling the nature of INTEGRAL objects through optical spectroscopy IV. A study of six new hard X-ray sources

INTEGRAL Science Data Centre, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, CH-1290 Versoix, SwitzerlandReceived 28 February 2006; accepted 21 April 2006Abstract. We present further results from our onging optical spectrophotometric campaign at the AstronomicalObservatory of Bologna in Loiano (Italy) on unidentiﬁed hard X–ray sources detected by INTEGRAL. We ob-served spectroscopically the putative optical counterparts of the INTEGRAL sources IGR J00234+6141, IGRJ01583+6713, IGR J06074+2205, IGR J13091+1137 and IGR J20286+2544. We ﬁnd that the ﬁrst two areGalactic objects, namely a Cataclysmic Variable at a distance d ∼ 300 pc and a Be/X transient High-MassX–ray Binary (HMXB) located at ∼6.4 kpc, respectively, whereas the last one is identiﬁed with MCG +04-48-002, a Starburst/H ii galaxy at redshift z = 0.013 hiding a Seyfert 2 nucleus. We identify IGR J13091+1137 asthe (likely Seyfert 2 type) active nucleus of galaxy NGC 4992, which we classify as an X–ray Bright, OpticallyNormal Galaxy; this is the ﬁrst example of this type of object to be detected by INTEGRAL, and one of theclosest of this class. We moreover conﬁrm the possible Be/X nature of IGR J06074+2205, and we estimate itto be at a distance of ∼1 kpc. We also reexamine the spectrum of the z = 0.087 elliptical radio galaxy PKS0352−686, the possible counterpart of the INTEGRAL source IGR J03532−6829, and we ﬁnd that it is a BL Lac.Physical parameters for these sources are also evaluated by discussing our ﬁndings in the context of the availablemultiwavelength information. These identiﬁcations further stress the importance of INTEGRAL in the study ofthe hard X–ray spectrum of Active Galactic Nuclei, HMXBs and Cataclysmic Variables.Key words. Galaxies: Seyfert — BL Lacertae objects: individual: PKS 0352−686 — Stars: novae, cataclysmicvariables — X–rays: binaries — Techniques: spectroscopic — X–rays: individuals: IGR J00234+6141; IGRJ01583+6713; IGR J03532−6829 (=PKS 0352−686); IGR J06074+2205; IGR J13091+1137 (=NGC 4992); IGRJ20286+2544 (=MCG +04-48-002)
Supporting Scientific Conceptual Consciousness or Learning in ‘a Roundabout Way’ in Play‐based Contexts

Little change has been noted over 10 years of research into teacher knowledge and confidence to teach science in the early and primary years of schooling. There is a significant body of research demonstrating that early childhood and primary teachers lack confidence and competence in teaching science. However, much of this research blames the victim, and offers little analysis for the systemic reasons for teachers’ confidence and competence in science education other than a lack of science knowledge. This paper reports on a study that examined teacher philosophy and pedagogical practices within the context of an analysis of children’s concept formation within playful early childhood settings. Through teacher interviews, video recordings of science play, and photographic documentation of children’s science activities in one rural preschool, it was noted that teacher philosophy about how young children learn is a significant contributing factor to learning in science. It is argued that teacher philosophy makes more of a difference to children’s scientific learning than does teacher confidence to teach science or knowledge of science. The study also shows that without a mediational scientific framework for using materials in play‐based contexts, children will generate their own imaginary, often non‐scientific, narratives for making sense of the materials provided.
When and Why Placebo-Prescribing Is Acceptable and Unacceptable: A Focus Group Study of Patients' Views

Background Surveys of doctors suggest that they use placebos and placebo effects clinically to help patients. However, patients' views are not well-understood. We aimed to identify when and why placebo-prescribing in primary care might be acceptable and unacceptable to patients. Methods A purposive diverse sample of 58 English-speaking adults (18 men; aged 19–80 years) participated in 11 focus groups. Vignettes describing doctors prescribing placebos in primary care were used to initiate discussions. Data were analyzed inductively. Results Participants discussed diverse harms and benefits of placebo-prescribing for individual patients, carers, healthcare providers, and society. Two perspectives on placebo-prescribing were identified. First, the “consequentialist” perspective focused on the potential for beneficial outcomes of placebo-prescribing. Here, some participants thought placebos are beneficial and should be used clinically; they often invoked the power of the mind or mind-body interactions. Others saw placebos as ineffective and therefore a waste of time and money. Second, the “respecting autonomy” perspective emphasized the harms caused by the deceptive processes thought necessary for placebo-prescribing. Here, participants judged placebo-prescribing unacceptable because placebo-prescribers deceive patients, thus a doctor who prescribes placebos cannot be trusted and patients' autonomy is compromised. They also saw placebo-responders as gullible, which deterred them from trying placebos themselves. Overall, the word “placebo” was often thought to imply “ineffective”; some participants suggested alternative carefully chosen language that could enable doctors to prescribe placebos without directly lying to patients. Conclusions Negative views of placebos derive from beliefs that placebos do not work and/or that they require deception by the doctor. Positive views are pragmatic in that if placebos work then any associated processes (e.g. mechanisms, deception) are deemed unimportant. Public education about placebos and their effects is warranted and research to identify optimal ways of harnessing placebo effects in clinical practice is needed.
Long-term maintenance of novel vocabulary in persons with chronic aphasia

Background: The study of novel word learning in aphasia can shed light on the functionality of patients' learning mechanisms and potentially help in treatment planning. Previous studies have indicated that persons with aphasia are able to learn some new vocabulary. However, these learning outcomes appear short-lived and evidence for the ability to use the newly learned words in the long term is lacking. Aims: Participants with aphasia and matched controls underwent short training where they were taught to name novel objects with novel names. We studied the participants' word learning and particularly their long-term maintenance. We also examined whether the language and verbal short-term memory impairments of the participants with aphasia related to their ability to acquire and maintain phonological and semantic information on novel words. Methods & Procedures: Two participants with nonfluent aphasia, LL and AR, and two matched controls took part in the experiment. They were taught to name 20 unfamiliar objects by repeating the names in the presence of the object picture. Half of the items carried a definition that was used to probe incidental semantic learning. There were four training sessions, a post-training test, and follow-up tests up to 6 months post-training. Learning measures included recognition of the trained objects, as well as spontaneous and cued recall in visual confrontation naming. Incidental semantic learning was measured by spontaneous recall of the definitions. Outcomes & Results: Combining spontaneous and phonologically cued responses, LL acquired 70% and AR 55% of the novel words. With phonological cueing, LL named 50% of the items correctly up to 6 months post-training (vs 95–100% for the controls) and AR 25% up to 8 weeks post-training. AR's lexical-semantic processing, pseudoword repetition and verbal short-term capacity were inferior to those of LL. In line with this, AR learned fewer words and showed more decline in recognition memory for the trained items, and weaker recall of the semantic definitions. Conclusions: Our results support previous findings that people with aphasia can learn to name novel items. More importantly, the results show for the first time that, with phonological cueing, an individual with aphasia can maintain some of this learning up to 6 months post-training. Moreover the results provide further evidence for the significance of the functional status of lexical-semantic processing on word learning success.
Black radicalism and political repression in Baltimore: the case of the Black Panther Party

Much has been written about the Black Panther Party. However, little is known about the organization outside of Oakland, New York and Chicago. This article focuses on the Baltimore chapter of the Black Panther Party. Using resources such as interviews with former Panthers, government documents, and a content analysis of four newspapers including the Black Panther newspaper, this essay discusses the history, inner-workings and systematically analyses the repression that ultimately rendered the Baltimore Black Panther chapter ineffective.
Social Support, Money, and the Chicago Cubs: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Symbolic Pain Management Through Metaphor and Higher Order Goals

In their target article, Zhou and Gao (this issue) present a model that identifies social support and money as psychological buffers against pain. They specifically propose that social support is a primary pain buffer and that money functions as a secondary buffer when social support breaks down. Two basic hypotheses are examined from this framework: (a) cognitions pertaining to pain increase desires for social support and money and (b) pain is alleviated when social support or money is present and elevated when they are absent. Broadly speaking, we found the target article to be a thought-provoking analysis and applaud its attention to previously underappreciated conceptions of how divergent experiences can be profitably viewed as serving common functions. We especially appreciate how these ideas place symbolic aspects of the self back into the physical body, thus moving beyond the traditional Cartesian dualism that conceptualizes the self as somehow distinct from the body in which it is inevitably housed. However, while the proposed model outlines a number of provocative ideas, we would like to point to a few issues that may require further development so that the potential of these ideas can be more constructively assessed. Given the many fascinating lines of research reviewed by Zhou and Gao, it seems quite reasonable to propose that social support and financial resources help people, at least to some extent, deal with pain. What was less clear to us, though, was how these points translate to a psychological theory explaining how or why people manage pain, or why people are motivated to maintain social support and acquire money. In raising these issues, we are influenced by Laudan’s (e.g., 1977) philosophies regarding theoretical progress and the notion that useful theories will be those that adequately explain the known relations among phenomena as well as generate novel insights that can be examined in subsequent research. It seems to us that a coherent and profitable theory connecting the constructs of pain, social support, and money would address why exactly social support and money buffer pain, why social support is a primary buffer and money a secondary buffer, whether and why these are the only two buffers, and whether these (and perhaps other) buffers might serve some broader goal. In this commentary, we first highlight some of the areas where the proposed model might benefit from more adequately addressing these types of questions and then shift our focus to some apparent ambiguities in the empirical foundation upon which the proposed model has been built. Throughout the commentary, we speculate on how greater attention to these issues could result in a more generative and, ultimately, more useful line of inquiry.
Active Recreation and Well-Being: The Reconstruction of the Self Identity of Women With Spinal Cord Injury

This qualitative study obtained the viewpoints of four women with spinal cord injury about the meaning of active recreation in their lives. Using the constant comparison method, common points of view were revealed within the narratives, leading to the finding that active recreation contributed to a positive self-concept. This facilitated the reconstruction of participants' identities as fit, confident, and social women actively engaged in their communities. Since participation in active recreation was found to be important to the self-identity of women who value physical activity, integrating this role into occupational therapy can facilitate the recovery of a desired self.
The embedded firm : on the socioeconomics of industrial networks

1. Introduction: Towards a Socio-Economics of Industrial Networks Gernot Grabher , Social Science Centre, Berlin Part I: Blurring Boundaries: Explaining Inter-Firm Co-operation in Networks 2. The Network as a Governance Structure Hakan Hakansson and Jan Johanson , both of University of Uppsala, Sweden 3. Explaining Inter-Firm Co-operation and Innovation: The Limits of the Transaction Cost Approach Bengt-Ake Lundvall , Aalborg University, Denmark Part II: High Technology Networks: Horizontal Inter-Firm Cooperation and Strategic Alliances 4. Interfirm Strategic Technology Networks and Modes of Technology Partnering in High-Tech Sectors John Hagedoorn , MERIT, The Netherlands 5. External Growth in the Computer Industry: Organizational Perspectives Mario Benassi , University of Trento, Italy 6. Knowledge in the Network and the Network Knowledge: The Structuring of the Biotechnology and Semiconductor Industries Bruce Kogutand & Weijin Shan , both of the University of Pennsylvania and Gordon Walker , Yale University Part III: Subcontracting Networks: Vertical Inter-Firm Co-operation and Disaggregation of Large Companies 7. An Exit/Voice Approach to Supplier Relations: The Case of the U.S. Automobile Industry Susan Helper , Boston University 8. Small Firms and Outsourcing as Flexibility Reservoirs of Large Companies Klaus Semlinger , Institute for Social Research, Munich 9. Vertical Disaggregation and Privatization in Hungary: Organizational Consequences Laszlo Neumann , Research Institute of Labor, Hungary Part IV: Regional Networks: Embedded in Industrial Districts 10. Factory or Putting-Out? Knitting Networks in Modena Mark H. Lazerson , State University of New York at Stony Brook 11. Power in the Decentralized Industrial Order: The Case of Baden-Wurttemberg Gary B. Herrigel , University of Chicago 12. The Weakness of Strong Ties: The Ambivalent Role of Inter-Firm Cooperation in the Ruhr Area Gernot Grabher , Social Science Centre, Berlin 13. Local, Global Networks: A Return to the Regional Economy? Ash Amin , University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.
New techniques in radical hysterectomy

Purpose of review To review the recent literature regarding modifications of abdominal radical hysterectomy as well as development of new approaches including laparoscopic, vaginal, and robotic radical hysterectomy. Recent findings Nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy technique allows for significant reduction in postoperative bladder morbidity. Radical vaginal hysterectomy with laparoscopic lymph node dissection is a well-recognized technique that offers excellent cure rates with absence of abdominal entry as well as reduced postoperative febrile and gastrointestinal morbidity. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy is a minimally invasive alternative to a traditional abdominal radical hysterectomy approach that yields comparable safety profile with a significant reduction in blood loss and hospital stay. Robotic surgery is becoming more widely accepted in the management of gynecologic cancers and larger series describing successful treatment of cervical cancer with robotic radical hysterectomy are soon to be published. Summary There are a number of approaches to performing radical hysterectomy. The feasibility and safety of these techniques have been well established. Preliminary oncologic outcome data are encouraging. The decision to utilize newer techniques depends on the patient and type of practice, as well as the surgeon's comfort level with laparoscopy, robotics, or vaginal surgery.