Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mothers on trial : the battle for children and custody

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The analysis of ship accident occurred in Turkish search and rescue area by using decision tree

Turkish search and rescue area is of strategic importance in terms of international transportation and shipping, particularly Istanbul and Çanakkale regions are the output port of the Black Sea countries to the trans-boundary waters. An accident that may occur in these regions may cause heavy traffic to slow down or even stop the transportation. Slowing down or stopping the transportation and shipping will cause high economical damage to the countries of the region. At the same time marine accidents taking place in these regions will most likely result in human casualties and environmental disasters. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the cause of the accidents occurring in this region to comment on the common precautions. In this study, 1247 marine accidents occurring in Turkish search and rescue area were investigated in 2001–2009. These were sorted with frequency analysis and analyzed by using the Decision Tree method. Many of the ship accidents (60%) result from human error. Besides, most human error-induced accidents in Turkish search and rescue areas occurred in Istanbul region (50%). Finally, the risk of a collision-contact accident in cargo vessels in Istanbul region is stated to be 10% by reason of human error.
The Risks of Low Interest Rates

At present, monetary policy in major advanced economies is highly accommodative; policy rates are close to zero and unconventional monetary measures have been sharply expanded. However, the recovery remains fragile and the policy discussion has shifted from exit timing to the possible distortions that a prolonged period of low interest rates may cause. In addressing the latter issue, this paper examines how far an exceptionally easy monetary policy may have unintended consequences for financial stability. The main channels by which monetary policy may influence risk-taking have been widely investigated (Borio and Zhu, 2008). There is, however, less evidence for the possible medium to long-term consequences of prolonged periods of policy rates close to zero and the extensive use of balance sheet policies (Borio and Disyatat, 2009; Del Negro, Ferrero and Kiyotaki, 2010). This paper suggests four possible ways by which a prolonged period of low interest rates could create distortions, by: a) inducing "evergreening policies" and postponing necessary adjustment in banks’ balance sheets; b) making bank profitability particularly vulnerable to future increases in interest rates; c) distorting the allocation of savings and the functioning of financial markets and d) influencing capital flows to emerging markets and creating pressure on exchange rates.
Economic Analysis of Corruption: A Survey

Corruption is a persistent feature of human societies over time and space. The sale of parliamentary seats in 'rotten boroughs' in England before the Reform Act of 1832 and 'machine politics' in immigrant cities in the US at the turn of the 19th century are just two historical examples. Contemporaneous examples also abound and not only from developing countries such as Nigeria, India, and Philippines but also from transition economies such as Russia. Some of these and many other instances of corruption are extensively documented in The Politics of Corruption, edited by Robert Williams and associates. Its four volumes contain a large collection of articles published during the past 40 years in social science journals with contributions from political scientists, sociologists, anthropologists, law scholars, and a few economists including Andrei Shleifer and Robert W. Vishny. It is not surprising to find the work of Shleifer and Vishny represented in this interdisciplinary collection. As is evident from the collection of articles reprinted in The Grabbing Hand, they have, with various co-authors, made a large number of important contributions to the study of corruption and other government pathologies throughout the 1990s. Currently, the study of corruption is also high on the research agenda of international organisations such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and some of the most significant studies on corruption coming out of the IMF in recent years are collected in Governance,
The Importance of Family Enterprises in Transition Economies

Family enterprises are important to many established market economies; however, little empirical research has been conducted to identify the importance and distinctiveness of family enterprises in postsocialist transition economies. Our exploratory study examines how family ownership and management influence the performance and internalization of family businesses in transition economies and estimates their importance for these economies, based on the case of Slovenia as one of the most developed European transition countries. Our proposals and conclusions could be useful for policymakers and family business owners and managers in other transition countries.
Really Responsive Risk-Based Regulation

Regulators in a number of countries are increasingly developing "risk-based" strategies to manage their resources, and their reputations as "risk-based regulators" have become much lauded by regulatory reformers. This widespread endorsement of risk-based regulation, together with the experience of regulatory failure, prompts us to consider how risk-based regulators can attune the logics of risk analyses to the complex problems and the dynamics of regulation in practice. We argue, first, that regulators have to regulate in a way that is responsive to five elements: (1) regulated firms' behavior, attitude, and culture; (2) regulation's institutional environments; (3) interactions of regulatory controls; (4) regulatory performance; and (5) change. Secondly, we argue that the challenges of regulation to which regulators have to respond vary across the different regulatory tasks of detection, response development, enforcement, assessment, and modification. Using the "really responsive" framework, we highlight some of the strengths and limitations of using risk-based regulation to manage risk and uncertainty within the constraints that flow from practical circumstances and, indeed, from the framework of risk-based regulation itself. The need for a revised, more nuanced conception of risk-based regulation is stressed.
2‐DE proteome maps for the leaf apoplast of Nicotiana benthamiana

We provide 2‐D gel reference maps for the apoplastic proteome of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves infiltrated or not with the bacterial gene vector Agrobacterium tumefaciens. About 90 proteins were analyzed by LC‐MS/MS for identification and function assignment. We show, overall, an effective response of the plant to agroinfiltration involving a specific, cell wall maintenance‐independent up‐regulation of defense protein secretion. The proteome maps described should be a useful tool for systemic studies on plant–pathogen interactions or cell wall metabolism. They also should prove useful for the monitoring of secreted recombinant proteins and their possible pleiotropic effects along the cell secretory pathway of N. benthamiana leaves used as an expression platform for clinically useful proteins.
Who Do You Say That I Am? A History of How Religion Communicators Have Often Avoided “Public Relations”

ABSTRACT This article argues that Religion Communicators Council members have historically avoided identification with public relations—especially practices associated with Edward Bernays. Council members appear to consider Bernays’ research-based approach evil and manipulative. Instead, religion communicators follow in Ivy Lee's footsteps. The one-time journalist promised to provide honest, accurate news about his clients, not advertising. Comments in council documents have shown that since 1929 members describe themselves more as technicians and in-house journalists who provide news about their organizations than as management-level public relations counsels. These comments reflect Lee's 1905 Declaration of Principles and a public-information approach to public relations.
The adoption and implementation of activity‐based costing in Thailand

While a number of studies relating to activity‐based costing (ABC) have been conducted, relatively few have been conducted in the South East Asia region. This paper reports the results of a survey of firms in Thailand regarding issues associated with ABC adoption and implementation. The study finds that the rate of ABC adoption in Thailand was relatively high (58% of all respondent firms having ABC knowledge and adopting ABC as an idea; 35% of respondents overall) compared with other Asian countries. In particular, firms with greater variation in product complexity, complexity of production service processes and intensity of capital equipment were more likely to adopt ABC. In line with previous studies, top management support was identified as a key criterion influencing the success of ABC.
Market and Welfare Effects of the U.S. Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act

This paper analyzes the market and welfare effects of the United States Livestock Mandatory Reporting Act enacted in 2001. The act mandates meat packers to report their transactions daily to a government agency and requires the agency to make a summary of those transactions available to the public through the Mandatory Livestock Meat Market News Reports. Considering the case of an imperfect packer cartel that uses trigger price strategies, this paper examines the impact of market information provided by the reports on equilibrium livestock slaughter and the welfare of the groups involved and identifies the determinants of the socially optimal level of information. A key result of the paper is that, even when facilitating collusion among packers, increased market information can be social welfare enhancing.
Stability of Phosphatidylethanol in Dry Blood Spot Cards.

BACKGROUND The analysis of phosphatidylethanol, a promising direct ethanol metabolite, in dry blood spots (PEth-DBS) is advantageous due to ease of storage, transportation and minimal invasiveness of capillary blood collection. One potential application of PEth-DBS is to confirm prenatal alcohol exposure in newborns suspected of FASD; however, stability of PEth-DBS is largely unknown. METHODS Phlebotomized samples from 31 adults with a history of alcoholism, admitted to the University of New Mexico Emergency Department, were analyzed for blood alcohol content and pipetted onto DBS cards (13 spots per patient). The first spot was analyzed within 2 weeks of collection for a baseline PEth; the remaining 12 spots were allocated into three temperature conditions (room temperature, 4°C, -80°C) for the repeated measures analysis. In addition, 5 newborn DBS samples with a baseline PEth>LOD were obtained from a prospective cohort at UNM and re-analyzed at 4 months after storage at -80°C. A mixed linear model was fitted to examine the effects of temperature, time and temperature-time interaction on PEth degradation over the first 9 months. RESULTS The baseline PEth levels were 592.8 ± 86.7 ng/ml and 18.3 ± 4.8 ng/ml in adult and newborn samples, respectively. All DBS samples remained positive in successive samples in all temperature conditions. Results of mixed linear model demonstrated a significant effect of temperature (P < 0.001) on PEth degradation over 9 months. CONCLUSIONS PEth-DBS appears to be relatively stable, especially when stored at lower temperatures. These initial results are encouraging and highlight the PEth-DBS potential in retrospective assessment of alcohol exposure.
Plant-fed versus chemicals-fed rhizobacteria of Lucerne: Plant-only teabags culture media not only increase culturability of rhizobacteria but also recover a previously uncultured Lysobacter sp., Novosphingobium sp. and Pedobacter sp.

In an effort to axenically culture the previously uncultivable populations of the rhizobacteria of Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), we propose plant-only teabags culture media to mimic the nutritional matrix available in the rhizosphere. Here, we show that culture media prepared from Lucerne powder teabags substantially increased the cultivability of Lucerne rhizobacteria compared with a standard nutrient agar, where we found that the cultivable populations significantly increased by up to 60% of the total bacterial numbers as estimated by Quantitative Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Cluster analysis of 16S rDNA Polymerase Chain Reaction-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) of cultivable Colony-Forming Units (CFUs) revealed a more distinct composition and separation of bacterial populations recovered on the plant-only teabags culture media than those developed on a standard nutrient agar. Further, the new plant medium gave preference to the micro-symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti, and succeeded in isolating a number of not-yet-cultured bacteria, most closely matched to Novosphingobium sp. , Lysobacter sp. and Pedobacter sp. The present study may encourage other researchers to consider moving from the well-established standard culture media to the challenging new plant-only culture media. Such a move may reveal previously hidden members of rhizobacteria, and help to further explore their potential environmental impacts.
Culture distance and cross-border acquisition performance: the moderating effect of transformational leadership

Culture distance has been a major dynamic in cross-border acquisition research. Results so far have been mixed and this study, in an attempt to overcome this, introduces transformational leadership as a moderator into this relationship. To reach this objective, we study 109 UK-based companies engaged in cross-border acquisitions using multiple moderated regression. The results point out that transformational leadership has a positive moderating effect in this relationship.
An Econometric Study of Hours and Output Variation with Preference Shocks

This paper investigates preference shocks, which may be interpreted as deriving from shocks to household production or changes in relative prices, as a mechanism for generating hours variation within a one-sector stochastic optimal growth model without intertemporal substitution or indivisibilities. Maximum likelihood estimates of the preference parameters are presented, along with statistics summarizing simulation of the estimated model. Comparison with postwar U.S. data shows that this model generates sufficient variation in hours relative to productivity, and in consumption relative to output, as well as predicting a negative correlation between hours and productivity. Copyright 1992 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
The Cost of Export Subsidies: Evidence from Costa Rica

A model is developed to estimate the effects of export subsidies on the supply of exports. With data for Costa Rica over the 1980s, it is shown that although the export subsidy scheme in operation led to an increase in exports, the direct fiscal costs of the scheme were substantial. Furthermore, the subsidy scheme led to a significant increase in imports. These results suggest that elimination of export subsidies would not have a particularly harmful effect on the trade balance, and would, in addition, increase the fiscal position and generate economic efficiency.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE IMPACT OF POLLUTION PERFORMANCE ON ECONOMIC AND MARKET PERFORMANCE: PULP AND PAPER FIRMS

SUMMARY AND GONGLUSION This study has examined the association between pollution performance andeconomic and market performance of pulp and paper firms. The results indicatethat the economic performance is negatively associated with pollutionperformance over a short period of time. Results with regard to marketperformance indicate that the Price-Earnings ratio is also negatively associatedwith pollution performance.The results of this study provide weak evidence that firms with good pollutionperformance are not being viewed positively by the market because of thenegative association between pollution and economic performance. In orderto safeguard the public interest for a clean environment, strict pollutionstandards may be necessary to encourage management to invest in pollutionabatement activities.The results of this study, however, need to be interpreted with caution becauseof certain limitations inherent in the study. First, the pollution performanceindex developed in this study related to water pollution only. All CEP studiesincluded air pollution data also. Since air pollution data using the plant as apoint source are not available from the EPA or their state equivalents, thesecould not be included in the study. However, we do not believe that giventhe nature of the industry, the lack of air pollution data will greatly distortthe findings.Second, the pollution performance index may not truly reflect the pollutionperformance because of the difficulty in determining relative weights for eachpollutant. The consistent application of the methodology to all firms is, however,considered to reduce this weakness of the study.Third, the pollution reports filed by firms in the EPA may not truly refiectactual pollution performance. There may be a self-reporting bias. However,EPA inspectors' reports were also obtained for a number of plants and nosignificant differences were detected in inspectors's reports and firms' reports.Further studies on the subject are extremely desirable, especially fordeveloping a methodology to examine the association between pollution and
The SEC's Ban on Upward Asset Revaluations and the Disclosure of Current Values

Prior to 1930, the upward revaluation of fixed assets was common in the United States. By 1940 the practice was virtually extinct, and for decades thereafter U.S. corporations which were registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have been constrained both from making upward asset revaluations, and from presenting supplementary information about the ‘current values’ of fixed assets. These changes were effected without the publication of any rules or guidelines by either the SEC or the U.S. accounting profession. This paper traces the early history of SEC activities and policies in relation to ‘write-ups’, using primary source materials which include minutes of SEC meetings, internal memoranda prepared by SEC staff, and reports of SEC decisions in stop-order proceedings. These documents show that, initially, SEC staff actively ‘discouraged’ write-ups through the exercise of administrative discretion in the course of assessing whether documents filed with the Commission were adequate to support the registration of prospectuses or securities. Later, formal decisions to reject the use of ‘appraisals’ were based on findings that estimates of current values had been arrived at arbitrarily or capriciously. Over a twenty-five-year period no decisions were located which formally rejected write-ups or the disclosure of current values when they were based on defensible estimates of current market prices. However, subsequently these decisions were cited as precedents for the rejection of the use of both ‘appraisals’ and estimates of market prices as the basis for valuing assets in all financial reports lodged with the SEC. By the 1940s, the SEC was using its registration powers to ‘censor'financial statements which referred to estimates of current values, regardless of the evidence used to arrive at those estimates. By the 1950s, the SEC had extended its policy of censorship to prevent any disclosure of estimates of ‘current values’— even when those disclosures were only made in ‘supplementary’ notes in takeover documents.
Earnings smoothing around open-market share repurchases

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether firms engage in earnings decreasing management before share repurchases to mislead investors or to smooth earnings and improve earnings informativeness. Design/methodology/approach - – The authors examine discretionary accruals and cash flows around open-market share repurchases. The primary discretionary accruals measure is industry- and performance-adjusted discretionary current accruals estimated from cash-flow data. Findings - – Results show that, firms experience temporary increases in operating cash flows and use negative discretionary accruals to smooth earnings before share repurchases. Firms with the highest pre-repurchase cash flows use the lowest pre-repurchase discretionary accruals. Moreover, pre-repurchase discretionary accruals reflect expectations about future operating cash flows. Firms with the strongest deterioration in operating cash flows after repurchases use the lowest pre-repurchase discretionary accruals. These findings suggest that repurchasing firms use earnings management to increase smoothness and predictability of reported earnings rather than to mislead investors. Originality/value - – This paper provides an alternative explanation to the finding of negative discretionary accruals before share repurchases. It adds to the literature on repurchases and earnings smoothing by showing that firms use earnings management around share repurchases to smooth earnings.
Cross-Listing and Operating Performance: Evidence from Exchange-Listed American Depositary Receipts

In this paper we examine the operating performance of non-US firms that enter major US stock exchanges using American Depositary Receipt (ADR) programs. Our dataset consists of 108 capital-raising and non-capital-raising firms from twenty four countries, cross-listed on major US stock exchanges during the period 1994-2004. We provide evidence that capital-raising cross-listed firms experience improvements in their operating performance after the listing, relative to a non-cross-listed matched sample of firms and relative to the pre-listing period, whereas non-capital-raising cross-listed firms out-perform a non-cross-listed matched sample of firms for both the pre-listing and the post-listing periods. These results suggest that the type of ADR program conveys information about changes in the post-listing operating performance. Moreover, both capital-raising and non-capital-raising cross-listed firms have positive abnormal returns due to the cross-listing and these abnormal returns are positively related with the post-listing abnormal changes in operating performance, suggesting that the market anticipates the post-listing abnormal changes in operating performance. Results are robust after adjusting for various firm and country risk characteristics. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors Journal compilation (c) 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.