Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anticipating human actions for collaboration in the presence of task and sensor uncertainty

A representation for structured activities is developed that allows a robot to probabilistically infer which task actions a human is currently performing and to predict which future actions will be executed and when they will occur. The goal is to enable a robot to anticipate collaborative actions in the presence of uncertain sensing and task ambiguity. The system can represent multi-path tasks where the task variations may contain partially ordered actions or even optional actions that may be skipped altogether. The task is represented by an AND-OR tree structure from which a probabilistic graphical model is constructed. Inference methods for that model are derived that support a planning and execution system for the robot which attempts to minimize a cost function based upon expected human idle time. We demonstrate the theory in both simulation and actual human-robot performance of a two-way-branch assembly task. In particular we show that the inference model can robustly anticipate the actions of the human even in the presence of unreliable or noisy detections because of its integration of all its sensing information along with knowledge of task structure.
Noninvasive diagnosis of dual AV node physiology in patients with AV nodal reentrant tachycardia by administration of adenosine-5'-triphosphate during sinus rhythm.

BACKGROUND Atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) represents the most commonly encountered type of regular paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. This study determined whether administration of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) during sinus rhythm may be useful in the noninvasive diagnosis of dual AV nodal pathways. METHODS AND RESULTS During electrophysiological study, we intravenously administered incremental doses of ATP (from 10 to 50 mg) during sinus rhythm to patients with spontaneous and inducible sustained AVNRT (study group, n=42) and to patients with no evidence of dual AV nodal physiology or inducible AVNRT (control group, n=21). Signs suggestive of dual AV node physiology after ATP administration during sinus rhythm ("jump" of AH > or =50 ms between 2 consecutive beats, > or =1 AV nodal echo beat, or initiation of AVNRT) were observed in 32 (76%) of 42 study patients but in only 1 (5%) of the 21 control patients (P<0.001). Similar results were observed when only surface lead recordings (without intracardiac recordings) were evaluated. Signs suggestive of dual AV node physiology by the ATP test were observed in 29 (80.5%) of 36 patients who had electrophysiological demonstration of dual AV node physiology and in 3 (50%) of 6 patients without AV nodal duality (P=NS). Signs suggestive of dual physiology according to the ATP test disappeared in 11 (92%) of the 12 patients who underwent successful slow AV nodal ablation but persisted in 8 (62%) of 13 patients who underwent AV nodal modification. CONCLUSIONS Administration of ATP during sinus rhythm may be a useful bedside test for identifying patients with dual AV nodal pathways who are prone to AVNRT. This simple test should be considered as a screening test for patients with symptoms suggestive of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia but no documented arrhythmias or for patients with documented narrow complex tachycardia of unclear mechanism.
Spectral Energy Distribution and Radio Halo of NGC 253 at Low Radio Frequencies

We present new radio continuum observations of NGC 253 from the Murchison Widefield Array at frequencies between 76 and 227 MHz. We model the broadband radio spectral energy distribution for the total flux density of NGC 253 between 76 MHz and 11 GHz. The spectrum is best described as a sum of a central starburst and extended emission. The central component, corresponding to the inner 500 pc of the starburst region of the galaxy, is best modeled as an internally free–free absorbed synchrotron plasma, with a turnover frequency around 230 MHz. The extended emission component of the spectrum of NGC 253 is best described as a synchrotron emission flattening at low radio frequencies. We find that 34% of the extended emission (outside the central starburst region) at 1 GHz becomes partially absorbed at low radio frequencies. Most of this flattening occurs in the western region of the southeast halo, and may be indicative of synchrotron self-absorption of shock-reaccelerated electrons or an intrinsic low-energy cutoff of the electron distribution. Furthermore, we detect the large-scale synchrotron radio halo of NGC 253 in our radio images. At 154–231 MHz the halo displays the well known X-shaped/horn-like structure, and extends out to ∼8 kpc in the z-direction (from the major axis).
Segregation and Efficacy of the cry1Ia1 Gene for Control of Potato Tuberworm in Four Populations of Cultivated Potato

ABSTRACT The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivar ‘SpuntaG2’ contains a single copy of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cry1Ia1 gene and controls potato tuberworm (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Two potato cultivars and two breeding lines were crossed with SpuntaG2 creating four populations used to study cry1Ia1 segregation and efficacy. The cry1Ia1 gene segregated in each of the four populations with a 1:1 ratio. All progeny that were polymerase chain reaction positive for the cry1Ia1 gene had no surviving larvae and no leaf mining in detached leaf assays after 72 h. These results support previous evidence that SpuntaG2 carries a single copy of the cry1Ia1 gene and that transmission of the transgene from parent to progeny is not restricted and follows expected Mendelian segregation ratios. Based on detached leaf assays, the efficacy of the cry1Ia1 gene is retained through sexual transmission. If the SpuntaG2 cry1Ia1 insertion event is deregulated for commercial use, SpuntaG2 could be used for conventional breeding and the progeny carrying the SpuntaG2 event would also be available for commercial use.
Unconventional miR-122 binding stabilizes the HCV genome by forming a trimolecular RNA structure

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) typically downregulate protein expression from target mRNAs through limited base-pairing interactions between the 5′ ‘seed’ region of the miRNA and the mRNA 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). In contrast to this established mode of action, the liver-specific human miR-122 binds at two sites within the hepatitis C viral (HCV) 5′UTR, leading to increased production of infectious virions. We show here that two copies of miR-122 interact with the HCV 5′UTR at partially overlapping positions near the 5′ end of the viral transcript to form a stable ternary complex. Both miR-122 binding sites involve extensive base pairing outside of the seed sequence; yet, they have substantially different interaction affinities. Structural probing reveals changes in the architecture of the HCV 5′UTR that occur on interaction with miR-122. In contrast to previous reports, however, results using both the recombinant cytoplasmic exonuclease Xrn1 and liver cell extracts show that miR-122-mediated protection of the HCV RNA from degradation does not correlate with stimulation of viral propagation in vivo. Thus, the miR-122:HCV ternary complex likely functions at other steps critical to the viral life cycle.
Tubulin transport in neurons

A question of broad importance in cellular neurobiology has been, how is microtubule cytoskeleton of the axon organized? It is of particular interest because of the history of conflicting results concerning the form in which tubulin is transported in the axon. While many studies indicate a stationary nature of axonal microtubules, a recent series of experiments reports that microtubules are recruited into axons of neurons grown in the presence of a microtubule-inhibitor, vinblastine (Baas, P.W., and F.J. Ahmad. 1993.J. Cell Biol. 120:1427-1437: Ahmad F.J., and P.W. Baas. 1995. J. Cell Sci, 108:2761-2769; Sharp, D.J., W. Yu, and P.W. Baas. 1995. J. Cell Biol, 130:93-103; Yu, W., and P.W. Baas. 1995. J. Neurosci. 15:6827-6833.). Since vinblastine stabilizes bulk microtubule-dynamics in vitro, it was concluded that preformed microtubules moved into newly grown axons. By visualizing the polymerization of injected fluorescent tubulin, we show that substantial microtubule polymerization occurs in neurons grown at reported vinblastine concentrations. Vinblastine inhibits, in a concentration-dependent manner, both neurite outgrowth and microtubule assembly. More importantly, the neuron growth conditions of low vinblastine concentration allowed us to visualize the footprints of the tubulin wave as it polymerized and depolymerized during its slow axonal transport. In contrast, depolymerization resistant fluorescent microtubules did not move when injected in neurons. We show that tubulin subunits, not microtubules, are the primary form of tubulin transport in neurons.
Trait-Specific Responses of Wild Bee Communities to Landscape Composition, Configuration and Local Factors

Land-use intensification and loss of semi-natural habitats have induced a severe decline of bee diversity in agricultural landscapes. Semi-natural habitats like calcareous grasslands are among the most important bee habitats in central Europe, but they are threatened by decreasing habitat area and quality, and by homogenization of the surrounding landscape affecting both landscape composition and configuration. In this study we tested the importance of habitat area, quality and connectivity as well as landscape composition and configuration on wild bees in calcareous grasslands. We made detailed trait-specific analyses as bees with different traits might differ in their response to the tested factors. Species richness and abundance of wild bees were surveyed on 23 calcareous grassland patches in Southern Germany with independent gradients in local and landscape factors. Total wild bee richness was positively affected by complex landscape configuration, large habitat area and high habitat quality (i.e. steep slopes). Cuckoo bee richness was positively affected by complex landscape configuration and large habitat area whereas habitat specialists were only affected by the local factors habitat area and habitat quality. Small social generalists were positively influenced by habitat area whereas large social generalists (bumblebees) were positively affected by landscape composition (high percentage of semi-natural habitats). Our results emphasize a strong dependence of habitat specialists on local habitat characteristics, whereas cuckoo bees and bumblebees are more likely affected by the surrounding landscape. We conclude that a combination of large high-quality patches and heterogeneous landscapes maintains high bee species richness and communities with diverse trait composition. Such diverse communities might stabilize pollination services provided to crops and wild plants on local and landscape scales.
Modelling Coastal Flood Propagation under Sea Level Rise: A Case Study in Maria, Eastern Canada

Coastal management often relies on large-scale flood mapping to produce sea level rise assessments where the storm-related surge is considered as the most important hazard. Nearshore dynamics and overland flow are also key parameters in coastal flood mapping, but increase the model complexity. Avoiding flood propagation processes using a static flood mapping is less computer-intensive, but generally leads to overestimation of the flood zone, especially in defended urban backshore. For low-lying communities, sea level rise poses a certain threat, but its consequences are not only due to a static water level. In this paper, the numerical process-based model XBeach is used in 2D hydrodynamic mode (surfbeat) to reproduce an observed historical flood in Maria (eastern Canada). The main goal is to assess the impacts of a future storm of the same magnitude in the horizon 2100 according to an increase in sea level rise. The model is first validated from in situ observations of waves and water levels observed on the lower foreshore. Based on field observations of a flood extent in 2010, the simulated flooded area was also validated given a good fit (59%) with the actual observed flood. Results indicate that the 2010 storm-induced surge generated overwash processes on multiple areas and net landward sediment transport and accumulation (washover lobes). The flood was caused by relatively small nearshore waves (Hs < 1 m), but despite small water depth (>1.2 m), high flow velocities occurred in the main street (U > 2 m/s) prior to draining in the salt marsh. The impact of sea level rise on the low-lying coastal community of Maria could induce a larger flood area in 2100, deeper floodwater, and higher flow velocities, resulting in higher hazard for the population.
Prevalence of Mood Symptoms and Depressions During Pregnancy: Implications for Clinical Practice and Research

ABSTRACT A review of the literature demonstrates that the incidence of new mental disorders and their prevalence during pregnancy is similar to the 12-month incidence of mental disorders in women during other periods of their lives. The prevalence of severe mood, behavior, and cognitive symptoms during pregnancy is rather high. Severe mental symptoms during pregnancy have been reported to be associated with an increased rate of complications during pregnancy and delivery, preterm deliveries, low birth weight, a higher rate of postpartum depression, and a longer-term impact on the offspring's development. Several pre-pregnancy risk factors to develop dysphoric symptoms have been reported, but their utility for primiparous women with no previous history of mental disorders is unclear. The association of mental symptoms with general symptoms and biological changes during pregnancy is also unclear. Given the short- and long-term impact of dysphoric symptoms and stress during pregnancy on mother and child, efficacious, efficient, and safe prevention and treatment modalities are essential and achievable. Clarification of the nature and phenotyping of mental and general symptoms during pregnancy is an important step for the development of effective interventions.
Astragalus on the anti-fatigue effect in hypoxic mice.

OBJECTIVE Astragalus is a traditional Chinese medicine to improve the function of the body. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of astragalus on improvement of anti-fatigue capacity in mice under simulated plateau environment. METHODS Male Kunming mice were randomly divided into the following groups: the control group, astragalus treatment groups in low dosage (LD) (1.0 g/kg·d), mid dosage (MD) (3.0 g/kg·d), and high dosage (HD) (30 g/kg·d). The control group were fed under normoxia environment, and hypoxic mice were fed at a stimulated elevation of 5000 meters. After continuous intragastric administration for 10 days, exhaustive swimming experiment was conducted in the anoxic environment. The swimming time, glucose and lactic acid concentration in blood, glycogen contents in liver, SOD and MDA were determined. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the swimming time of each astragalus treated group was evidently prolonged (P < 0.05), and the area under the blood lactic acid curve was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). In the high and middle dose of astragalus group, liver glycogen was obviously increased. After exhausted swimming, glycogen contents in blood and SOD were significantly increased, while MDA was evidently reduced (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Astragalus can alleviate physical fatigue in mice under simulated plateau environment. It has an obvious anti-fatigue effect and it's worthy of further study.
Mass Distribution Analysis of Spheroid Manuports, Spheroid Artifacts, and the Lithics of Play Learning

ABSTRACT The mass distribution of the natural spheroids (manuports) from the Cave of Hearths, South Africa, is examined and found to empirically match a Poisson-type histogram with an average of 533 g. The stature of the (male) hominins that hoarded this cache is modeled at 181 cm, compatible with the fossil record for this region and period. This empirical distribution is shown to be partly a consequence of a visual selection of throwing material. The ethnological case of the war stones from the Niue Islands is examined in terms of their use and mass, showing that their distribution is similar to that of the Cave of Hearths and validating the interpretation that these manuports were collected for throwing. An examination of other spheroid artifacts reveals similar mass distributions, indicating that they also may have been made for throwing (or that our attraction to good throwing material determined their mass). The surprisingly overlooked question of play-learning is discussed, together with the possibility that smaller stones and artifacts were hoarded by juveniles at certain sites.
Intuitive theories as grammars for causal inference

This chapter considers a set of questions at the interface of the study of intuitive theories, causal knowledge, and problems of inductive inference. By an intuitive theory, we mean a cognitive structure that in some important ways is analogous to a scientific theory. It is becoming broadly recognized that intuitive theories play essential roles in organizing our most basic knowledge of the world, particularly for causal structures in physical, biological, psychological or social domains (Atran, 1995; Carey, 1985a; Kelley, 1973; McCloskey, 1983; Murphy & Medin, 1985; Nichols & Stich, 2003). A principal function of intuitive theories in these domains is to support the learning of new causal knowledge: generating and constraining people’s hypotheses about possible causal relations, highlighting variables, actions and observations likely to be informative about those hypotheses, and guiding people’s interpretation of the data they observe (Ahn & Kalish, 2000; Pazzani, 1987; Pazzani, Dyer & Flowers, 1986; Waldmann, 1996). Leading accounts of cognitive development argue for the importance of intuitive theories in children’s mental lives and frame the major transitions of cognitive development as instances of theory change (Carey, 1985a; Gopnik & Meltzoff, 1997; Inagaki & Hatano 2002; Wellman & Gelman, 1992). Here we attempt to lay out some prospects for understanding the structure, function, and acquisition of intuitive theories from a rational computational perspective. From this viewpoint, theory-like representations are not just a convenient way of summarizing certain aspects of human knowledge. They provide crucial foundations for successful learning and reasoning, and we want to understand how they do so. With this goal in mind, we focus on
Systems analysis of transcriptome data provides new hypotheses about Arabidopsis root response to nitrate treatments

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. Plants adapt to changes in N availability partly by changes in global gene expression. We integrated publicly available root microarray data under contrasting nitrate conditions to identify new genes and functions important for adaptive nitrate responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Overall, more than 2000 genes exhibited changes in expression in response to nitrate treatments in Arabidopsis thaliana root organs. Global regulation of gene expression by nitrate depends largely on the experimental context. However, despite significant differences from experiment to experiment in the identity of regulated genes, there is a robust nitrate response of specific biological functions. Integrative gene network analysis uncovered relationships between nitrate-responsive genes and 11 highly co-expressed gene clusters (modules). Four of these gene network modules have robust nitrate responsive functions such as transport, signaling, and metabolism. Network analysis hypothesized G2-like transcription factors are key regulatory factors controlling transport and signaling functions. Our meta-analysis highlights the role of biological processes not studied before in the context of the nitrate response such as root hair development and provides testable hypothesis to advance our understanding of nitrate responses in plants.
Traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia in members of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder pedigrees.

OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia following a traumatic brain injury could be a phenocopy of genetic schizophrenia or the consequence of a gene-environment interaction. Alternatively, traumatic brain injury and schizophrenia could be spuriously associated if those who are predisposed to develop schizophrenia have greater amounts of trauma for other reasons. The authors investigated the relationship between traumatic brain injury and psychiatric diagnoses in a large group of subjects from families with at least two biologically related first-degree relatives with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder. METHOD The Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies was used to determine history of traumatic brain injury and diagnosis for 1,275 members of multiplex bipolar disorder pedigrees and 565 members of multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees. RESULTS Rates of traumatic brain injury were significantly higher for those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression than for those with no mental illness. However, multivariate analysis of within-pedigree data showed that mental illness was related to traumatic brain injury only in the schizophrenia pedigrees. Independent of diagnoses, family members of those with schizophrenia were more likely to have had traumatic brain injury than were members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees. The members of the schizophrenia pedigrees also failed to show the gender difference for traumatic brain injury (more common in men than in women) that was expected and was present in the bipolar disorder pedigrees. Subjects with a schizophrenia diagnosis who were members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees (and thus had less genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia) were less likely to have had traumatic brain injury (4.5%) than were subjects with schizophrenia who were members of the schizophrenia pedigrees (and who had greater genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia) (19.6%). CONCLUSIONS Members of the schizophrenia pedigrees, even those without a schizophrenia diagnosis, had greater exposure to traumatic brain injury compared to members of the bipolar disorder pedigrees. Within the schizophrenia pedigrees, traumatic brain injury was associated with a greater risk of schizophrenia, consistent with synergistic effects between genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia and traumatic brain injury. Posttraumatic-brain-injury schizophrenia in multiplex schizophrenia pedigrees does not appear to be a phenocopy of the genetic disorder.