Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue : morphological classification and bimodality in the colour-concentration plane

Using 10095 galaxies (B < 20 mag) from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue, we derive B-band luminosity distributions and selected bivariate brightness distributions for the galaxy population subdivided by eyeball morphology; Sersic index (n); two-degree Field Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) η parameter; rest-(u - r) colour (global and core); MGC continuum shape; half-light radius; (extrapolated) central surface brightness; and inferred stellar mass-to-light ratio. All subdivisions extract highly correlated subsets of the galaxy population which consistently point towards two overlapping distributions: an old, red, inert, predominantly luminous, high central-surface brightness subset; and a young, blue, star forming, intermediate surface brightness subset. A clear bimodality in the observed distribution is seen in both the rest-(u - r) colour and log (n) distributions. Whilst the former bimodality was well established from Sloan Digital Sky Survey data, we show here that the rest-(u - r) colour bimodality becomes more pronounced when using the core colour as opposed to global colour. The two populations are extremely well separated in the colour-log(n) plane. Using our sample of 3314 (B < 19 mag) eyeball classified galaxies, we show that the bulge-dominated, early-type galaxies populate one peak and the bulge-less, late-type galaxies occupy the second. The early- and mid-type spirals sprawl across and between the peaks. This constitutes extremely strong evidence that the fundamental way to divide the luminous galaxy population (M BMGC -5 log h < -16 mag, i.e. dwarfs not included) is into bulges (old red, inert, high concentration) and discs (young, blue, star forming, low concentration) and that the galaxy bimodality reflects the two-component nature of galaxies and not two distinct galaxy classes. We argue that these two components require two independent formation mechanisms/processes and advocate early bulge formation through initial collapse and ongoing disc formation through splashback, infall and merging/accretion. We calculate the B-band luminosity densities and stellar mass densities within each subdivision and estimate that the z ≈ 0 stellar mass content in spheroids, bulges and discs is 35 ± 2, 18 ± 7 and 47 ± 7 per cent, respectively.
Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air‐sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi seas

Organochlorine pesticides have been found in Arctic fish, marine mammals, birds, and plankton for some time. The lack of local sources and remoteness of the region imply long-range transport and deposition of contaminants into the Arctic from sources to the south. While on the third Soviet-American Joint Ecological Expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas (August 1988), high-volume air samples were taken and analyzed for Organochlorine pesticides. Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene, polychlorinated camphenes, and chlordane (listed in order of abundance, highest to lowest) were quantified. The air-sea gas exchange of HCH was estimated at 18 stations during the cruise. Average α-HCH concentrations in concurrent atmosphere and surface water samples were 250 pg m−3 and 2.4 ng L−1, respectively, and average γ-HCH concentrations were 68 pg m−3 in the atmosphere and 0.6 ng L−1 in surface water. Calculations based on experimentally derived Henry's law constants showed that the surface water was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere at most stations (α-HCH, average 79% saturation; γ-HCH, average 28% saturation). The flux for α-HCH ranged from −47 ng m−2 day−1 (sea to air) to 122 ng m−2 d−1 (air to sea) and averaged 25 ng m−2 d−1 air to sea. All fluxes of γ-HCH were from air to sea, ranged from 17 to 54 ng m−2 d−1, and averaged 31 ng m−2 d−1.
Provenance of detrital zircons on the Western Australia coastline—Implications for the geologic history of the Perth basin and denudation of the Yilgarn craton

The age distributions of four detrital zircon samples from Western Australia placer deposits are found to be dominated by Neoproterozoic and Mesoproterozic ages; this outcome challenges a long-held assumption about derivation from the nearby Archean Yilgarn craton. The dominant ages are consistent with derivation from Proterozoic orogens marginal to the Yilgarn craton, including the Pinjarra orogen and Leeuwin block to the west and the Albany-Fraser orogen to the south. The results suggest that these marginal orogens were preferentially uplifted in the Jurassic-Cretaceous rifting event that formed the Perth basin and subsequently dominated the sedimentary contribution to this basin. These sediments have since been recycled to form the modern beach-sand placer deposits that reflect their non-Archean provenance despite proximity to the Yilgarn craton. The lack of a sedimentary contribution from the Yilgarn craton to the Perth basin implies that peneplanation was complete before the Mesozoic and that denudation rates have been minimal ever since.
Shear‐rate‐dependent strength control on the dynamics of rainfall‐triggered landslides, Tokushima Prefecture, Japan

A typhoon (Typhoon No. 10) attacked Shikoku Island and the Tyugoku area of Japan in 2004. This typhoon produced a new daily precipitation record of 1317 mm on Shikoku Island and triggered hundreds of landslides in Tokushima Prefecture. One catastrophic landslide was triggered in the Shiraishi area of Kisawa village, and destroyed more than 10 houses while also leaving an unstable block high on the slope. The unstable block kept moving after the event, showing accelerating and decelerating movement during and after rainfall and reaching a displacement of several meters before countermeasures were put into place. To examine the mechanism for this landsliding characteristic, samples (weathered serpentinite) were taken from the field, and their shear behaviours examined using ring shear tests. The test results revealed that the residual shear strength of the samples is positively dependent on the shear rate, which may provide an explanation for the continuous accelerating–decelerating process of the landsliding. The roughness of the shear surface and the microstructure of the shear zone were measured and observed by laser microscope and SEM techniques in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of shear rate effect on the residual shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What should be said to the lay public regarding ADHD etiology based on unbiased systematic quantitative empirical evidence

What Should Be Said to the Lay Public Regarding ADHD Etiology Based on Unbiased Systematic Quantitative Empirical Evidence Samuele Cortese,* Stephen V. Faraone, and Joseph Sergeant Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, New York Department of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Equity Prices and Monetary Policy: An Overview with an Exploratory Model

Financial stability, with an emphasis on the relevance of asset prices stability to the stability of the overall economy, has become the sub ject of wide discussion among monetary authorities. Closely related to these issues are the concerns of central bankers with a bubble economy and its aftermath. After briefly surveying the potential links between financial markets and the real economy and its implications for the design of monetary policy, we illustrate some of the issues in this literature through the analysis of a simple linear rational expectations model. From this exercise we conclude that the benefits of reacting to asset prices depend crucially on the kind of shock hitting the economy. Ideally, reacting to the misalignment of equity prices is desirable. However, the presence of uncertainty in the estimation of the variables to which the policy rule responds may overturn this conclusion.
Comparative analysis of autophagy and tauopathy related markers in cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease animal models

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebral ischemia (CI) are neuropathologies that are characterized by aggregates of tau protein, a hallmark of cognitive disorder and dementia. Protein accumulation can be induced by autophagic failure. Autophagy is a metabolic pathway involved in the homeostatic recycling of cellular components. However, the role of autophagy in those tauopathies remains unclear. In this study, we performed a comparative analysis to identify autophagy related markers in tauopathy generated by AD and CI during short-term, intermediate, and long-term progression using the 3xTg-AD mouse model (aged 6,12, and 18 months) and the global CI 2-VO (2-Vessel Occlusion) rat model (1,15, and 30 days post-ischemia). Our findings confirmed neuronal loss and hyperphosphorylated tau aggregation in the somatosensory cortex (SS-Cx) of the 3xTg-AD mice in the late stage (aged 18 months), which was supported by a failure in autophagy. These results were in contrast to those obtained in the SS-Cx of the CI rats, in which we detected neuronal loss and tauopathy at 1 and 15 days post-ischemia, and this phenomenon was reversed at 30 days. We proposed that this phenomenon was associated with autophagy induction in the late stage, since the data showed a decrease in p-mTOR activity, an association of Beclin-1 and Vps34, a progressive reduction in PHF-1, an increase in LC3B puncta and autophago-lysosomes formation were observed. Furthermore, the survival pathways remained unaffected. Together, our comparative study suggest that autophagy could ameliorates tauopathy in CI but not in AD, suggesting a differential temporal approach to the induction of neuroprotection and the prevention of neurodegeneration.
Key Role of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Inflammation, Immunity, Neoplasia, and Infectious Disease

Leukocyte homing is a complex, multistep process involving the coordinated expression of adhesion molecules and certain chemotactic cytokines, termed chemokines. Although chemokines initially burst into the literature as potent inflammatory mediators, it is now clear that they are involved in a variety of processes including lymphocyte maturation, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. Furthermore, a variety of important pathogens manipulate various chemokine/receptor pathways to infect the host and evade the immune system.
CONFLITOS DE INTERESSE ENTRE PEQUENOS PRODUTORES RURAIS E A CONSERVAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO PERMANENTE NA MATA ATLÂNTICA

Conflicts of interests between small agriculturist and the permanent preservation areas’ conservation in the Atlantic Forest. The Permanent Preservation Areas (PPA) were established by the Brazilian Forest Code in 1965. Although its objective is to protect the water resources, the PPA have caused conflicts with small agriculturists, especially in the Atlantic Forest. In Sao Bonifacio, the geographic and historic-cultural characteristics allow to compare the results with other municipalities located in the Atlantic Forest. In this study it was evaluated the PPA use between 1950 and 2000, the conflicts related to it and the small agriculturists perception regarding the environmental legislation. The results pointed out the permanent preservation areas use intensification, being the riparian forests the most used (61%). The mountains’ peaks registered a decline of areas used for agriculture, between 1950 and 2000 (15%), and a rise of reforestation with exotic species after 1990. The water spring and areas above 45o declination have the best conditions, with 70% and 80% of vegetation cover, respectively. The results point out the environmental laws low effectiveness for the conservation in small properties. The fiscalization is based on punitive methods, which slows down the deforestation, but does not stop it completely neither stimulate the forest resources valorization
Environmental Health and Traditional Fuel Use in Guatemala

Recognition of the problem of indoor air pollution (IAP) and its deleterious effects of health is growing worldwide as efforts increase to understand and articulate the complex health-air pollution linkages. Recent WHO estimates indicate that indoor smoke for solid fuels causes 1.6 million deaths annually and accounts for 2.7 percent of the global burden of disease. In Guatemala, adverse health impacts of IAP disproportionately affect children in poor, rural households of which 97 percent use fuelwood as the dominant cooking fuel. Based on data from two recent household surveys and the results of worldwide IAP health studies, this book examines the relationship between fuel use and health in Guatemala. The main purpose of the book is to draw attention to a major problem by highlighting the effects of IAP on the health of children in rural households in Guatemala and to identify appropriate options to mitigate those effects.
Pulmonary involvement in patients with childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE Pulmonary involvement is a common finding in adults with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of pulmonary abnormalities in patients with childhood-onset SLE, with particular reference to interstitial lung disease (ILD), and to examine any association between pulmonary abnormalities and other disease-related variables. METHODS A cohort of 60 Norwegian patients with childhood-onset SLE was examined in a cross-sectional study by high-resolution computed chest tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function tests (PFT). Median disease duration was 11.2 years. Disease activity, cumulative organ damage and immunological markers were also assessed. RESULTS Five patients (8%) had abnormal HRCT findings, including micronodules in four patients and bronchiectasis in one. None of the patients had radiographic evidence of ILD. PFT results were impaired in 37% of the patients, the most frequent pulmonary dysfunction was reduced carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (26%). HRCT findings, disease activity or serology did not correlate with PFTs. Reduced diffusion capacity was associated with smoking (p-value < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lung function was moderately impaired, while the frequency of pulmonary parenchymal involvement was low. There was no radiographic evidence of ILD, which is an unexpected finding given the high frequencies reported in adult SLE patients assessed with HRCT. The results suggests that PFT values are often abnormal, but these are infrequently associated with development of ILD or other substantial parenchymal alterations in childhood-onset SLE, and do not require further HRCT investigation in asymptomatic patients.
[Obesity prevalence and tracking of body mass index after a 6 years follow up study in children and adolescents: the Cuenca Study, Spain].

BACKGROUND The goals of this study were to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren of Cuenca a Spanish city, and to track down both conditions over 6 years. METHOD The follow-up study of cardiovascular risk factors began in 1992 with a cross-sectional survey of 307 children aged 9-12 years old who were recruited in three public schools. On a second survey in 1998, we examined schoolchildren of the 1992 cohort as well as 9-13 years-old schoolchildren from the same public schools. Besides socio-demographics variables, we determined weight, height and body mass index (BMI). Individuals were classified as having normal weight, overweight and obesity, according to criteria of the International Obesity Task Force. RESULTS Prevalence of overweight was 26.6%, and that of obesity was 3.9%. Overweight and obesity were more frequent in women that in men (not statistically significant differences). Spearman's correlation coefficient in the cohort followed-up between 1992 and 1998 regarding BMI was 0.72. Intra-class correlation coefficient between BMI percentile in 1992 and 1998 was 0.78. Relative risk of overweight and obesity in 1998 for individuals who had overweight or obesity in 1992 was 2.9 (95% CI, 2.21-4.04). CONCLUSIONS Prevalence of overweight and obesity in schoolchildren of Cuenca is among the highest reported so far. BMI increased from the pre-pubertal through the post-pubertal period.
Practicing What They Preach: Health Behaviors of Those Who Provide Health Advice to Extensive Social Networks

As a way of identifying a conduit to disseminate health information, this study aims to explore health behaviors and attitudes of a unique group of extensively socially-networked individuals who regularly are asked for their health advice. Respondents from a population-based consumer opinion panel (n = 2,639) were categorized as “extensively socially-networked” (75+ friends and acquaintances, and almost daily giving friends advice on general issues) vs. “non-networked. ” The networked respondents were further divided into “health-networked” (regularly asked for health advice) versus “only-socially-networked” groups (asked for general advice, not health). Chi-square analyses, ANOVA tests, and multivariate regressions controlling for sociodemographic variables compared health behaviors and attitudes between groups. Results indicated that health-networked individuals reported more positive health behaviors (e.g., fruit and vegetable consumption) and attitudes than only-socially-networked and non-networked individuals. Future research is warranted to elucidate how providing health advice to a large network contributes to the positive health of health-networked individuals. Exploratory analyses revealed that doctors and health/fitness magazines were main sources of health and nutrition information for health-networked respondents. Through their advice and word-of-mouth, health-networked individuals have the potential to influence the health information of large groups of people and, therefore, may serve as valuable change agents to disseminate health and nutrition information.
KRAFT PULPING CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE MOROCCAN EUCALYPTI. PART 1. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WOODS AND PULPS

Two eucalyptus hybrids (EGC 39, EGC 241), resulting from crosses between Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus camaldulensis, were investigated to see if they could produce kraft papermaking fibers with low lignin and adequate physical properties. The two hybrids were harvested at an age of 8 years along with 6-8 year old Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Rostrata). All three eucalypti were grown in the area of Gharb in the North-West of Morocco. The tracheids in the two hybrids had a very high Runkel ratio (2 x cell wall thickness/lumen diameter) and produced kraft paper sheets with low tensile strength due to a low degree of fiber collapse thus a low relative bonded area. These fibers could be used to increase the stiffness of a papermaking furnish. The lignin in the EGC 39 chips was more reactive in kraft pulping as compared to the other two eucalypti. Methoxyl analyses and nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO) of the in-situ lignin (wood meals) were performed, and it was concluded that the syringyl content of the EGC 39 lignin was less than or equal to those in the other two eucalypti. Differences in the guaiacyl fraction of the three samples will be discussed in Part 2 of this series.
Fluctuations of Suspended Sediment Concentration and Turbulent Sediment Fluxes in an Open-Channel Flow

A complex problem of turbulent-sediment interactions in an open-channel flow is approached experimentally, using specially designed field experiments in an irrigation canal. The experimental design included synchronous measurements of instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) velocities and suspended sediment concentration using acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADV) and a water sampling system. Various statistical measures of sediment concentration fluctuations, turbulent sediment fluxes, and diffusion coefficients for fluid momentum and sediment are considered. Statistics, fractal behavior, and contributions of bursting events to vertical fluxes of fluid momentum and sediment are evaluated using quadrant analysis. It has been found that both turbulence and sediment events are organized in fractal clusters which introduce additional characteristic time and spatial scales into the problem and should be further explored. It is also shown that Barenblatt's theory of sediment-laden flows appears to be a good approximation of experimental data.
Projected effect of dietary salt reductions on future cardiovascular disease.

BACKGROUND The U.S. diet is high in salt, with the majority coming from processed foods. Reducing dietary salt is a potentially important target for the improvement of public health. METHODS We used the Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Policy Model to quantify the benefits of potentially achievable, population-wide reductions in dietary salt of up to 3 g per day (1200 mg of sodium per day). We estimated the rates and costs of cardiovascular disease in subgroups defined by age, sex, and race; compared the effects of salt reduction with those of other interventions intended to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease; and determined the cost-effectiveness of salt reduction as compared with the treatment of hypertension with medications. RESULTS Reducing dietary salt by 3 g per day is projected to reduce the annual number of new cases of CHD by 60,000 to 120,000, stroke by 32,000 to 66,000, and myocardial infarction by 54,000 to 99,000 and to reduce the annual number of deaths from any cause by 44,000 to 92,000. All segments of the population would benefit, with blacks benefiting proportionately more, women benefiting particularly from stroke reduction, older adults from reductions in CHD events, and younger adults from lower mortality rates. The cardiovascular benefits of reduced salt intake are on par with the benefits of population-wide reductions in tobacco use, obesity, and cholesterol levels. A regulatory intervention designed to achieve a reduction in salt intake of 3 g per day would save 194,000 to 392,000 quality-adjusted life-years and $10 billion to $24 billion in health care costs annually. Such an intervention would be cost-saving even if only a modest reduction of 1 g per day were achieved gradually between 2010 and 2019 and would be more cost-effective than using medications to lower blood pressure in all persons with hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Modest reductions in dietary salt could substantially reduce cardiovascular events and medical costs and should be a public health target.
A Metric on Probabilities, and Products of Loeb Spaces

Two functions on finitely additive probability spaces that behave well under products are introduced: discrepancy, which measures how close one space comes to extending another, and bi‐discrepancy, which is a pseudo‐metric on the collection of all spaces on a given set, and a metric on the collection of complete spaces. These are then applied to show that the Loeb space of the internal product of two internal finitely additive probability spaces depends only on the Loeb spaces of the two original internal spaces. Thus the notion of a Loeb product of two Loeb spaces is well defined. The Loeb operation induces an isometry from the nonstandard hull of the space of internal probability spaces on a given set to the space of Loeb spaces on that set, with the metric of bi‐discrepancy.
Newly discovered garnet-barroisite schists from the Heilongjiang Complex in the Jiamusi Massif, northeastern China

Newly found garnet-barroisite schists from the Heilongjiang Complex in the Yilan area, northeastern China, are petrographically described. They are composed mainly of albite, amphibole, phengite, epidote, garnet, quartz, titanite and magnetite, with minor amounts of stilpnomelane, apatite, hematite, rutile, and ilmenite. The metamorphism of the garnet-barroisite schists are divided into three stages: pre-peak stage of the epidote-blueschist facies; peak stage of the epidote-amphibolite facies (T = 500-540 °C and P = 10-12 kbar); and retrograde stage of the greenschist facies. These results reveal a clockwise high-P/T path for the garnet-barroisite schists in the Heilongjiang Complex.