Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Implicit and Explicit Stigmatizing Attitudes and Stereotypes About Depression

Prior research examining stigma toward depression has relied exclusively upon explicit measures, to the exclusion of implicit measures. Focusing exclusively on explicit stigma may provide an incomplete perspective, be subject to social desirability biases, and underestimate the extent of stigma towards depression. Including implicit measures in depression stigma research may provide valuable information on automatic attitudes and stereotypes, which may be more accurate predictors of automatic behaviors toward depressed persons. The present study examined implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes regarding the stability controllability, and etiology of depression in an undergraduate sample, using physical illness as a comparison condition. Depression was hypothesized to be rated as more negative, temporary, controllable, and psychologically-caused than physical illness on both implicit and explicit measures. Differences were expected to be especially pronounced when measured implicitly. Participants .
Why Does Size Matter? A Test of the Benefits of Female Mate Choice in a Teleost Fish Based on Morphological and Physiological Indicators of Male Quality

In female mate choice, a female chooses a reproductive partner based on direct or indirect benefits to the female. While sexual selection theory regarding female mate choice is well developed, there are few mechanistic studies of the process by which females evaluate reproductive partners. Using paternal‐care‐providing smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) as a model, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between female mate choice and the morphological and physiological status of chosen males. This was accomplished by locating nests within 1 d of spawning and categorizing brood size (indicator of female mate choice). This was followed by capture of parental males, which were blood sampled (for nutritional analyses), digitally photographed (for morphometric analyses), and released. Principal components analysis (PCA) of morphometric measurements described 72.7% of the variance associated with body morphology and generated three principal components (PCs) indicative of fusiform body shape, increased posterior size, and body stoutness. PCA of nutritional indicators described 75.4% of the variance associated with physiological metrics and generated two PCs indicative of plasma mineral content (Ca++ and Mg+) and energetic condition (total protein, triglyceride, and cholesterol). Male total length and body stoutness were the only significant predictors of female mate choice. Interestingly, no nutritional indicators were predictive of female mate choice, and there were no direct relationships between morphological variables and nutritional physiology indicators. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanistic relationships between morphology and nutritional physiology (especially in relation to the parental‐care period) of individual fish to determine the basis of female mate preference.
Identification with School

The emotional and physical withdrawal of many students from school may be associated with students' failure to identify with school. Identification was defined as having a sense of belonging in school and valuing school and school-related outcomes. This study investigated the antecedents of students' identification with school, namely, longitudinal patterns of academic achievement and classroom participation among 1,335 white and African-American students. Since many researchers have asserted that disidentification from school is particularly prevalent among African-American students, racial group differences were also examined. African-American and female students had higher levels of identification with school than did white and male students, respectively. Classroom participation and academic achievement were significant predictors of identification. While African-American students had higher levels of identification than did white students, their positive feelings were not attributable to prior academic achievement. Research implications include early efforts to interrupt the process of disidentification, such as encouraging students' classroom participation.
Effects of Heparin, Dermatan Sulfate and of their Association on the Inhibition of Venous Thrombosis Growth in the Rabbit

Summary This study compares the ability of unfractionated heparin, of dermatan sulfate, and of their simultaneous administration delivered as continuous intravenous infusion or as a single bolus injection to inhibit the growth of a standardized venous thrombosis in the rabbit. When delivered as continuous intravenous infusion for 4 h, heparin and dermatan sulfate inhibited thrombus growth in a dose dependent manner. The maximum antithrombotic effect of heparin was achieved at the dose of 0.15 mg kg–1 h–1 (25 U kg–1 h–1) which generated a mean plasma concentration of 1.8 µg ml–1 (0.31 U ml–1) and a 1.8 fold prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) in comparison to the pretreatment value. A comparable antithrombotic effect was obtained with dermatan sulfate at the dose of 2 mg kg–1 h–1. This dose generated a mean plasma concentration of 30 µg ml–1 and a 1.3 fold APTT prolongation. Increasing these doses up to 10 fold did not improve the antithrombotic effect which did not overpass 60–70% of the controls. When the compounds were delivered simultaneously, the maximum antithrombotic effect (64%) was obtained with the following association: 0.06 mg kg–1 h–1 (10 U kg–1 h–1) for heparin and 1 mg kg–1 h–1 for dermatan sulfate. Increasing these doses up to 4 to 5 fold did not improve the antithrombotic effect. Heparin, dermatan sulfate and the association of both were also delivered as single bolus injections and the resultant antithrombotic effect was determined 4 h after saline infusion. Bolus doses of 0.15 and 0.30 mg kg–1 (25 and 50 U kg–1) of heparin or of 1 and 2 mg kg–1 of dermatan sulfate were ineffective. In contrast, the association of dermatan sulfate (2 mg kg–1) to heparin (0.15 or 0.30 mg kg–1) generated antithrombotic effects of 61 and 64% respectively in the absence of detectable residual plasma anticoagulant activities, 1 h after the bolus injections. These studies indicate that: (1) under continuous intravenous regimen, dermatan sulfate is as effective as heparin to inhibit venous thrombus growth when delivered at a 13 fold higher dose on a weight basis; (2) the coadministration of the two compounds under the same regimen does moderately improve the antithrombotic effect; (3) while each of these compounds were ineffective when delivered as a single bolus, their coadministration generated a dramatic antithrombotic effect for at least 4 h; (4) simultaneous activation of antithrombin III and of heparin cofactor II may therefore represent a valuable strategy to treat an established deep vein thrombosis.
Teachers, Gender and the Discourses of Citizenship

ABSTRACT This paper reports the findings of a sociological research project ‘Promoting Equality Awareness: women as citizens’, funded by the European Commission. The first stage of the research explored how a new generation of teachers in Greece, Spain, Portugal, England and Wales understood the concept of ‘citizenship’ and how gender relates to it. Selective current debates on the nature of citizenship within the field of education are reviewed. Arguments about the cultural and historical basis of citizenship are used to develop an analytical framework identifying three main discourses; political, moral and egalitarian. We show how each discourse constructs notions of the good citizen. The data suggests that male and female respondents position themselves differently with respect to these culturally and historically dominant discourses of citizenship, and that each discourse has implications for women as citizens.
Knife‐edge scanning microscopy for imaging and reconstruction of three‐dimensional anatomical structures of the mouse brain

Anatomical information at the cellular level is important in many fields, including organ systems development, computational biology and informatics. Creating data sets at resolutions that provide enough detail to reconstruct cellular structures across tissue volumes from 1 to 100 mm3 has proven to be difficult and time‐consuming. In this paper, we describe a new method for staining and imaging large volumes of tissue at sub‐micron resolutions. Serial sections are cut using an automated ultra‐microtome, whereas concurrently each section is imaged through a light microscope with a high‐speed line‐scan camera. This technique, knife‐edge scanning microscopy, allows us to view and record large volumes of tissue in a relatively small amount of time (approximately 7 mm2 s−1).
Schizotypy, Alexithymia, and Socioemotional Outcomes

Studies have found higher levels of alexithymia in schizophrenic subjects relative to controls, with an overall higher level of emotional arousal and social withdrawal. The present study is an extension of this research to the assessment of schizotypy in a nonclinical sample. Seventy-two undergraduate students (40 female; 21.6 ± 6.38 years) were recruited to participate in this study. Consistent with earlier research, our results show that both schizotypy and alexithymia are associated with relatively poor socioemotional functioning across the variables of depression, anxiety, social functioning, and overall quality of life. Further, our results show that the significant associations found between alexithymia and these 4 outcome variables was predicated on shared variance with schizotypy. When both alexithymia and schizotypy were regressed onto these variables as independent predictors, the contribution of alexithymia was consistently nonsignificant. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of hypothesized substrates of alexithymia.
Relating requirements to implementation via topic analysis: Do topics extracted from requirements make sense to managers and developers?

Large organizations like Microsoft tend to rely on formal requirements documentation in order to specify and design the software products that they develop. These documents are meant to be tightly coupled with the actual implementation of the features they describe. In this paper we evaluate the value of high-level topic-based requirements traceability in the version control system, using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). We evaluate LDA topics on practitioners and check if the topics and trends extracted matches the perception that Program Managers and Developers have about the effort put into addressing certain topics. We found that effort extracted from version control that was relevant to a topic often matched the perception of the managers and developers of what occurred at the time. Furthermore we found evidence that many of the identified topics made sense to practitioners and matched their perception of what occurred. But for some topics, we found that practitioners had difficulty interpreting and labelling them. In summary, we investigate the high-level traceability of requirements topics to version control commits via topic analysis and validate with the actual stakeholders the relevance of these topics extracted from requirements.
Rebound Swelling of Astroglial Cells Exposed to Hypertonic Mannitol

Background Mannitol is widely used in anesthesia and critical care medicine. Although its clinical effects were originally attributed to osmotic dehydration of brain cells, other mechanisms have also been proposed. Osmotic dehydration of astroglial cells is opposed by powerful volume‐regulating mechanisms that involve inward transport of electrolytes. These mechanisms have been studied previously by exposing cells to hypertonic saline gradients. Because of its potential clinical relevance, the volume response of astroglial cells exposed to hypertonic mannitol was investigated. Methods Rat C6 glioma cells were cultured to confluence, and their volume behavior was observed by laser light scattering. After equilibration at physiologic temperature and pH, cells were abruptly exposed to hypertonic mannitol solutions. In separate experiments, C6 cells were exposed to hypertonic solutions containing radiolabeled mannitol, and its cellular uptake was determined. Results Hypertonic mannitol exposure produced initial cell shrinkage followed by rapid volume recovery and rebound swelling. The rebound swelling was similar in magnitude to the initial maximal shrinkage. For +40 mOsm and +70 mOsm mannitol challenges, mean volume recovery was 184 +/‐ 31% and 227 +/‐ 62%, respectively (where full recovery to baseline volume = 100%). Rebound swelling was substantially inhibited by furosemide. When exposed to mannitol in varying concentrations, uptake was linear, ranging from 82 +/‐ 7 nmol/mg to 406 +/‐ 26 nmol/mg protein. After 5 min, estimated intracellular concentrations of mannitol were similar to extracellular concentrations. Conclusions Unlike hypertonic saline, hypertonic mannitol exposure produces rebound cell swelling. Cellular penetration of mannitol appears to account for much of this phenomenon. The clinical implications of these observations remain to be determined.
Cell Envelope Morphology of Rumen Bacteria

The cell walls of three species of rumen bacteria (Bacteroides ruminicola, Bacteroides succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii) were studied by a variety of morphological methods. Although all the cells studied were gram-negative and had typical cytoplasmic membranes and outer membranes, great variation was observed in the thickness of their peptidoglycan layers. Megasphaera elsdenii evidenced a phenomenally thick peptidoglycan layer whose participation in septum formation was very clearly seen. All species studied have cell wall “coats” external to the outer membrane. The coat of Bacteroides ruminicola is composed of large (approximately 20 nm) globules that resemble the protein coats of other organisms, whereas the coat of Bacteroides succinogenes is a thin and irregular carbohydrate coat structure. Megasphaera elsdenii displays a very thick fibrillar carbohydrate coat that varies in thickness with the age of the cells. Because of the universality of extracellular coats among rumen bacteria we conclude that the production of these structures is a protective adaptation to life in this particular, highly competitive, environment.
The alignment of L + H* pitch accents in Persian intonation

This paper investigates how the tonal targets of rises in Persian are phonetically realized in relation to the segmental string. Three types of cliticized Persian Accentual Phrases (APs) are instrumentally compared with one another: high-boundary-toned pre-nuclear APs, low-boundary-toned nuclear APs, and low-boundary-toned contrastive focus APs. The results show that the valley is always aligned with the consonant preceding the stressed vowel, but the alignment of the peak is with the consonant following the stressed vowel if the AP boundary tone is low, and with the following vowel if it is high. The duration of the focus AP is greater than that of the other two. The pitch excursion of the focus AP is significantly greater than that of the nuclear type. This difference is caused by different peak heights. While pre-nuclear and nuclear APs can be phonologically represented by L + H*, focus APs, which are pragmatically different, warrant a distinct pitch accent, namely L + ^H*. The systematic alignment of the L and the H, and the variability of the time and slope of the rise support the view that pitch targets rather than pitch movements are the fundamentals of Persian intonation.
Case scenario: postoperative delirium in elderly surgical patients.

DELIRIUM is increasingly recognized as a major adverse event occurring postoperatively in elderly surgical patients. Once the diagnosis has been established, the main goal of delirium therapy is to identify important, potentially life-threatening, treatable, organic causes responsible for this syndrome. The purpose of this clinical pathologic conference is to highlight key points essential for the diagnosis and treatment of delirium occurring after anesthesia and surgery.
Nourishing Mind and Brain

Several of my recent columns have touched on topics related to the importance of various aspects of our lifestyle to our mental and physical health. Past columns have addressed the neurobiology of memory and the emotions attached to memories; and culture and memory with an emphasis on autobiographical memory. Other more recent columns have focused on the effects of sleep, food/nutrition, and exposure to green space on our mental health. In this column, I will try to summarize what currently is proposed about the effects of exercise, nutrition and sleep on our brain health and on our mental wellbeing. A caveat: with advances in cognitive neuroscience, much of the research that in the past may have been labeled ‘mental health’ or ‘wellbeing’ is now indistinguishable from and combined with research on brain health, structure, and function. These areas of research are no longer considered separately but are often subsumed under the rubric of neurocognitive science. Exercise. In a 2005 review, Penedo and Dahn reviewed research evaluating the relationship between exercise/physical activity and physical and mental health. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as randomized clinical trials, were included. The studies included diverse ethnic populations, both men and women, as well as several age groups (e.g. adolescents, middle-aged and older adults). This growing literature continues to support the notion that exercise and physical activity are associated with both physical and mental-health benefits across several diseases and various subpopulations. The reviewers concluded that numerous studies have shown that physical activity has far-reaching benefits on health and disease, including reducing mortality rates, and that evidence supporting the physical and mental-health benefits of physical activity and ex-
Care and Responsibility in 'The Best Interest of the Child': Relational voices of ethical dilemmas in teaching

This paper discusses ethical dilemmas in early childhood education as identified by kindergarten and elementary school teachers ( n = 26). Ethical dilemmas are investigated in the theoretical framework of virtue epistemology. The moral stances of care and responsibility are identified as basic elements in teachers' professional morality. The empirical findings present conflicts between teachers and parents, collegial conflicts between teachers, and inter-institutional conflicts in the community. The method used in the study is a relational reading of teachers' narratives. Interpretative accounts are created to give room for both care and responsibility voices in teachers' written reports. The analysis of the data reveals that the ethical dilemmas in early childhood education are very relational and deal with competing interpretations of 'the best interest of the child'. Teachers have taken the moral stance of care by identifying the ethical conflict. However, the responsible professional action has been more difficult for them to accomplish. Most of the time, discussions have not produced the desired results. Ethical conflicts in teaching invite teachers to consider the moral relevance of each dilemma by taking the perspectives of the involved parties.
Personalized travel recommendation by mining people attributes from community-contributed photos

Leveraging community-contributed data (e.g., blogs, GPS logs, and geo-tagged photos) for travel recommendation is one of the active researches since there are rich contexts and trip activities in such explosively growing data. In this work, we focus on personalized travel recommendation by leveraging the freely available community-contributed photos. We propose to conduct personalized travel recommendation by further considering specific user profiles or attributes (e.g., gender, age, race). In stead of mining photo logs only, we argue to leverage the automatically detected people attributes in the photo contents. By information-theoretic measures, we will demonstrate that such people attributes are informative and effective for travel recommendation -- especially providing a promising aspect for personalization. We effectively mine the demographics for different locations (or landmarks) and travel paths. A probabilistic Bayesian learning framework which further entails mobile recommendation on the spot is introduced. We experiment on four million photos collected for eight major worldwide cities. The experiments confirm that people attributes are promising and orthogonal to prior works using travel logs only and can further improve prior travel recommendation methods especially in difficult predictions by further leveraging user contexts in mobile devices.
NEXT: A System for Real-World Development, Evaluation, and Application of Active Learning

Active learning methods automatically adapt data collection by selecting the most informative samples in order to accelerate machine learning. Because of this, real-world testing and comparing active learning algorithms requires collecting new datasets (adaptively), rather than simply applying algorithms to benchmark datasets, as is the norm in (passive) machine learning research. To facilitate the development, testing and deployment of active learning for real applications, we have built an open-source software system for large-scale active learning research and experimentation. The system, called NEXT, provides a unique platform for real-world, reproducible active learning research. This paper details the challenges of building the system and demonstrates its capabilities with several experiments. The results show how experimentation can help expose strengths and weaknesses of active learning algorithms, in sometimes unexpected and enlightening ways.
‘Literacy is the ability to read and write English’: defining and developing literacy in basic schools in Ghana

Abstract How do teachers define literacy, and how do their perceptions influence their approach to the teaching and learning of literacy? These and other questions relating to literacy generally formed the focus of this ethnographic case study in two urban public primary schools in Ghana. The paper also considers teachers' views on mother tongue literacy. Teachers tend to perceive literacy as the ability to read and write English or an international language like French, etc. and scarcely consider mother tongue literacy as relevant. Teachers' perceptions tend to be reflected in their pedagogical approach, which generally involves error correction and grammar-based language teaching, as well as in their assessment of literacy. Although teachers and society at large tend to have unfavourable attitudes to mother tongue/bilingual education, in the real classroom situation teachers tend to code switch between English and the local language on the grounds that pupils' understanding of English is inadequate.