Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of anemia in under five-year-old children in a children's hospital in Recife, Brazil

Introduction Anemia is a nutritional problem of global importance. It is estimated that at least one-third of the population has been at one time anemic. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and associated factors in patients of a children's hospital in Recife. Methods A cross-sectional study was developed involving 595 male and female children aged from 6 to 59 months old, who were hospitalized in 2007. Results Children with a hemoglobin concentration less than 11 g/dL were considered anemic. The relationship between studied variables and anemia was evaluated by Poisson regression analysis. There was a 56.6% prevalence of anemia (95% CI: 46.6-54.6). Anemia was significantly correlated with low weight (Prevalence ratio - PR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.18-1.64), young age (PR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.57-2.56) and a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory disease (PR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.27-1.96). Conclusion The high prevalence of anemia suggests that it may contribute as a causal factor for hospitalization, especially because the period of hospitalization was short and the patient was likely to be anemic at the time of admission. This study stresses the importance of evaluating the overall nutritional status of patients, including their ingestion of microelements. This is especially important in children, because of their greater susceptibility to anemia. Measures directed at the prevention and control of anemia, including increased coverage of supplementation and fortification programs are strongly recommended.
Whole‐exome sequencing of oral mucosal melanoma reveals mutational profile and therapeutic targets

Oral mucosal melanoma (OMM) is a rare and aggressive subtype of melanoma with little known about its pathogenesis or carcinogenesis. We therefore performed whole‐exome sequencing (WES) on 19 matched OMM tumor/normal pairs in order to gain insight into potential genetic drivers of tumor formation. For the first time, we describe the comprehensive mutational profile of OMM. Our data suggest that the genetic background of OMM differs from those of other melanoma subtypes. We identified recurrent mutations involving KIT, POLE, PTPRD, PTCHD2, and DMXL2. Notably, copy number analysis revealed recurrently amplified regions of 12q14 (57.9%, containing CDK4) and 5p15 (47.4%, containing TERT). CNV analysis in a separate cohort of 15 samples validated the frequent CNV in CDK4 and TERT. We also observed that the melanocyte development and pigmentation signaling pathway is frequently altered in OMM. Furthermore, our data suggest several altered genes that may be amenable for targeted therapy. We identified one patient with metastatic OMM in our cohort who was identified to harbor a targetable KIT mutation using our WES results. This patient was able to achieve complete remission following implementation of KIT‐targeted therapy. These findings provide further insight into the genetic underpinnings of OMM development and suggest that patients with OMM may benefit from WES analysis to identify potential targetable genetic mutations. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Dual-Baseline Phase Unwrapping Correction Framework for the TanDEM-X Mission Part 1: Theoretical Description and Algorithms

The TanDEM-X mission is the first free flying bistatic SAR mission. It has the primary objective to generate within a short time frame a global digital elevation model (DEM) of 10-m absolute vertical accuracy and 2-m relative height accuracy. For that, the whole land mass has been mapped at least twice with different baselines. The success of the mission depends on the accuracy of the final DEM and therefore on the reliability of the phase unwrapping (PU) algorithm. Hence, a robust and versatile PU method, which is in accordance with the acquisition concept, is necessary. This paper presents a new method that combines bistatic high-resolution interferometric data in order to perform an accurate PU on a huge amount of data. The dual-baseline PU correction (DB-PUC) framework addresses this challenge by correcting errors that occurred during the single-baseline PU procedure. It benefits from the additional information available through the differential interferogram and the stereo-radargrammetric phase, which are used to correct region-wise the ambiguity bands of the misestimated unwrapped phases to be less sensitive to noise and possible temporal changes. The multilevel of the DB-PUC approach makes it flexible, computationally efficient, and well adapted to deal with the various PU error scenarios. This framework is used operationally for the processing of the data of the TanDEM-X mission.
Hybrid Analog-Digital Channel Estimation and Beamforming: Training-Throughput Tradeoff

This paper develops hybrid analog-digital channel estimation and beamforming techniques for multiuser massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with limited number of radio frequency (RF) chains. For these systems, first, we design novel minimum-mean-squared error (MMSE) hybrid analog-digital channel estimator by considering both cases with perfect and imperfect channel covariance matrix knowledge. Then, we utilize the estimated channels to enable beamforming for data transmission. When the channel covariance matrices of all user equipments (UEs) are known perfectly, we show that there is a tradeoff between the training duration and throughput. Specifically, we exploit the fact that the optimal training duration that maximizes the throughput depends on the covariance matrices of all UEs, number of RF chains, and channel coherence time (Tc). We also show that the training time optimization problem can be formulated as a concave maximization problem where its global optimal solution can be obtained efficiently using existing tools. The analytical expressions are validated by performing extensive Monte Carlo simulations.
Magnitude‐dependent and inversely‐related osteogenic/chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells under dynamic compressive strain

Biomechanical forces have been shown to significantly affect tissue development, morphogenesis, pathogenesis and healing, especially in orthopaedic tissues. Such biological processes are critically related to the differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). However, the mechanistic details regarding how mechanical forces direct MSC differentiation and subsequent tissue formation are still elusive. Electrospun three‐dimensional scaffolds were used to culture and subject hMSCs to various magnitudes of dynamic compressive strains at 5, 10, 15 or 20% (ε = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) at a frequency of 1 Hz for 2 h daily for up to 28 days in osteogenic media. Gene expression of chondrogenic markers (ACAN, COL2A1, SOX9) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis were upregulated in response to the increased magnitudes of compressive strain, whereas osteogenic markers (COL1A1, SPARC, RUNX2) and calcium deposition had noticeable decreases by compressive loading in a magnitude‐dependent manner. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed enhanced viscoelastic modulus with respect to the increased dynamic strain peaking at 15%, which coincides with the maximal GAG synthesis. Furthermore, polarization‐sensitive optical coherence tomography revealed that mechanical loading enhanced the alignment of extracellular matrix to the greatest level by 15% strain as well. Overall, we show that the degree of differentiation of hMSCs towards osteogenic or chondrogenic lineage is inversely related, and it depends on the magnitude of dynamic compressive strain. These results demonstrate that multiphenotypic differentiation of hMSCs can be controlled by varying the strain regimens, providing a novel strategy to modulate differentiation specification and tissue morphogenesis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is There a Change in Patient Preference for a Female Colonoscopist during the Last Decade in Korea?

Background/Aims Patients may feel embarrassed during colonoscopy. Our study aimed to assess changes in patient preference, over the past decade, for the sex of their colonoscopist. Methods Prospective studies were performed at a single health center from July to September 2008, and from July to September 2016. Subjects included colonoscopy patients (2008: 354, 2016: 304) who were asked to complete a questionnaire before colonoscopy. Results In 2016, 69 patients (24.9%) expressed a sex preference, compared with 46 patients (14.6%) in 2008. By 2016, female patient preference for a female colonoscopist had significantly increased to 95% (odds ratio [OR], 2.678; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.418– 5.057; P=0.002). In multivariate analysis, patient sex (OR, 4.404; P=0.000), patient age (OR, 0.977; 95% CI, 0.961–0.992; P=0.004), and year of procedure (OR, 1.674; 95% CI, 1.028–2.752) were statistically significant factors in sex preference. Between 2008 and 2016, female patients preferred a female colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Male patients also preferred a male colonoscopist, and the primary reason shifted from expertise to patient embarrassment (2008: 29%, 2016: 63%). Conclusions Patients have an increased gender preference for the colonoscopist because of embarrassment. Taking this into account can increase patient satisfaction during colonoscopy.
Game Characterizations and Lower Cones in the Weihrauch Degrees

We introduce a parametrized version of the Wadge game for functions and show that each lower cone in the Weihrauch degrees is characterized by such a game. These parametrized Wadge games subsume the original Wadge game, the eraser and backtrack games as well as Semmes's tree games. In particular, we propose that the lower cones in the Weihrauch degrees are the answer to Andretta's question on which classes of functions admit game characterizations. We then discuss some applications of such parametrized Wadge games. Using machinery from Weihrauch reducibility theory, we introduce games characterizing every (transfinite) level of the Baire hierarchy via an iteration of a pruning derivative on countably branching trees.
Host and Environmental Factors Affecting the Intestinal Microbiota in Chickens

The initial development of intestinal microbiota in poultry plays an important role in production performance, overall health and resistance against microbial infections. Multiplexed sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplicons is often used in studies, such as feed intervention or antimicrobial drug trials, to determine corresponding effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota. However, considerable variation of intestinal microbiota composition has been observed both within and across studies. Such variation may in part be attributed to technical factors, such as sampling procedures, sample storage, DNA extraction, the choice of PCR primers and corresponding region to be sequenced, and the sequencing platforms used. Furthermore, part of this variation in microbiota composition may also be explained by different host characteristics and environmental factors. To facilitate the improvement of design, reproducibility and interpretation of poultry microbiota studies, we have reviewed the literature on confounding factors influencing the observed intestinal microbiota in chickens. First, it has been identified that host-related factors, such as age, sex, and breed, have a large effect on intestinal microbiota. The diversity of chicken intestinal microbiota tends to increase most during the first weeks of life, and corresponding colonization patterns seem to differ between layer- and meat-type chickens. Second, it has been found that environmental factors, such as biosecurity level, housing, litter, feed access and climate also have an effect on the composition of the intestinal microbiota. As microbiota studies have to deal with many of these unknown or hidden host and environmental variables, the choice of study designs can have a great impact on study outcomes and interpretation of the data. Providing details on a broad range of host and environmental factors in articles and sequence data repositories is highly recommended. This creates opportunities to combine data from different studies for meta-analysis, which will facilitate scientific breakthroughs toward nutritional and husbandry associated strategies to improve animal health and performance.
A Hybrid Bonding System for Improving the Structural Performance of FRP Flexurally Strengthened Concrete Beams

In this paper results of an experimental test are presented in which eighteen notched concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber (CF) sheets in flexure are subjected to four-point bending. The objective of the test is to seek improved bonding configurations for FRP to concrete interfaces, through which optimal flexural strengthening performance can be achieved. Two types of sheet geometries (conventional CF sheet and new CF strand sheet) and three types of adhesive bonding systems (stiff adhesive bonding, ductile adhesive bonding, and the hybrid adhesive bonding are applied in the test. Through combining the sheet geometry and adhesive bonding) system in different ways, five bonding configurations are formed as follows for comparisons: (1) conventional CF sheet + stiff adhesive bonding; (2) conventional CF sheet + ductile adhesive bonding; (3) CF strand sheet + stiff adhesive bonding; (4) CF strand sheet + ductile adhesive bonding; and (5) conventional CF sheet + hybrid adhesive bonding. Efficiencies of these bonding configurations are evaluated in terms of the serviceability limit state (SLS) and ultimate limit state (ULS) performance of strengthened beams. It is found that the new type of CF strand sheet is superior to the conventional CF sheet. In addition, the hybrid use of two types of adhesives has advantages over a single use of stiff or ductile adhesive bonding system when there is a necessity to optimize simultaneously the SLS and ULS performance.
Icariin Regulates the Bidirectional Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

Fat infiltration within the bone marrow is easily observed in some postmenopausal women. Those fats are mainly derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs). The increment of adipocytes derived from BMMSCs leads to decreased osteoblasts derived from BMMSCs, so the bidirectional differentiation of BMMSCs significantly contributes to osteoporosis. Icariin is the main extractive of Herba Epimedii which is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this experiment, we investigated the effect of icariin on the bidirectional differentiation of BMMSCs through quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, western blot, and tissue sections in vitro and in vivo. We found that icariin obviously promotes osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis through detecting staining and gene expression. Micro-CT analysis showed that icariin treatment alleviated the loss of cancellous bone of the distal femur in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. H&E staining analysis showed that icariin-treated OVX mice obtained higher bone mass and fewer bone marrow lipid droplets than OVX mice. Western blot and immunofluorescence showed that icariin regulates the bidirectional differentiation of BMMSCs via canonical Wnt signaling. This study demonstrates that icariin exerts its antiosteoporotic effect by regulating the bidirectional differentiation of BMMSCs through the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
Application of Titanate Coupling Agents in Mineral and Glass Fiber Filled Rim Urethane Systems

Glass fibers are used in RRIM Urethane to pro vide dimensional stability and good physical properties- particularly impact strength. However, 1/16" milled glass fibers have the disadvantages of high cost (approximately 82¢/Ib.), anisotropic impact properties and difficult handling and process characteristics. Acicular type fillers, such as Wollastonite, provide tempting substitution possibilities because of lower price, isotropic impact properties and in herent easier handling. However, untreated Wollastonite grades provided inferior properties when compared to silane sized 1/16" milled fiberglass. Silane treated Wollastonite, G. Wollastokup 1100 0.5, has shown promise but falls short in the important area of impact.
Giant cell tumours of bone treated with denosumab: histological, immunohistochemical and H3F3A mutation analyses

Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL), is a therapeutic agent for giant cell tumour of bone (GCTB). Although some studies have reported that denosumab shrinks tumours and induces bone formation, the actual effects of RANKL suppression on GCTB remain unclear. A mutation in the H3 histone family member 3A gene (H3F3A) was recently identified as a genetic signature for GCTB. The aim of this study was to investigate the histopathological features and H3F3A mutation status of GCTBs treated with denosumab.
Statistical Primer for Athletic Trainers: The Essentials of Understanding Measures of Reliability and Minimal Important Change.

OBJECTIVE To describe the concepts of measurement reliability and minimal important change. BACKGROUND All measurements have some magnitude of error. Because clinical practice involves measurement, clinicians need to understand measurement reliability. The reliability of an instrument is integral in determining if a change in patient status is meaningful. DESCRIPTION Measurement reliability is the extent to which a test result is consistent and free of error. Three perspectives of reliability-relative reliability, systematic bias, and absolute reliability-are often reported. However, absolute reliability statistics, such as the minimal detectable difference, are most relevant to clinicians because they provide an expected error estimate. The minimal important difference is the smallest change in a treatment outcome that the patient would identify as important. RECOMMENDATIONS Clinicians should use absolute reliability characteristics, preferably the minimal detectable difference, to determine the extent of error around a patient's measurement. The minimal detectable difference, coupled with an appropriately estimated minimal important difference, can assist the practitioner in identifying clinically meaningful changes in patients.
Unconscious response priming by shape depends on geniculostriate visual projection

It has been suggested that unconscious visual processing of some stimulus features might occur without the contribution of early visual cortex (V1/V2). In the present study, the causal role of V1/V2 in unconscious processing of simple shapes in intact human brain was studied by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on early visual cortex or lateral occipital cortex (LO) while observers performed a metacontrast‐masked response priming task with arrow figures as visual stimuli. Magnetic stimulation of V1/V2 impaired masked priming 30–90 ms after the onset of the prime. Stimulation of LO reduced the magnitude of masked priming at 90–120 ms, but this effect occurred only in the early parts of the priming experiment. A control task measuring the visibility of masked primes indicated that the orientation of masked primes could not be consciously discriminated and that TMS did not influence the conscious visibility of the primes indirectly by reducing the effectiveness of the mask in the critical time windows. We conclude that feedforward sweep of processing from V1/V2 (30–90 ms) to LO (90 ms and above) is necessary for unconscious priming of shape, whereas conscious perception requires also the contribution of recurrent (feedback) processing.
A comparison of beam refinement algorithms for millimeter wave initial access

Initial access (IA) is identified as a key challenge for the upcoming 5G mobile communication system operating at high carrier frequencies, and several techniques are currently being proposed. In this paper, we extend our previously proposed genetic algorithm (GA)-based beam refinement scheme to include beamforming at both the transmitter and the receiver, and compare the performance with alternative approaches in the millimeter wave multi-user multiple-input-multiple-output (MU-MIMO) networks. Taking the millimeter wave communications characteristics and various metrics into account, we investigate the effect of different parameters such as the number of transmit antennas/users/per-user receive antennas, beamforming resolution as well as hardware impairments on the system performance employing different beam refinement algorithms. As shown, our proposed GA-based approach performs well in delay-constrained networks with multi-antenna users. Compared to the considered state-of-the-art schemes, our method reaches the highest service outage-constrained end-to-end throughput with considerably less implementation complexity. Moreover, taking the users' mobility into account, GA-based approach can remarkably reduce the beam refinement delay at low/moderate speeds when the spatial correlation is taken into account.
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Individual Components among Jordanian Children and Adolescents

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MeS) and its individual components in Jordanian children and adolescents aged 7–18 years and determine the factors that are associated with clustering of metabolic abnormalities. MeS was defined using the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) definition. The prevalence of MeS was estimated from 512 subjects who had complete information on all MeS components. The prevalence of MeS according to IDF criteria was 1.4% in subjects aged between 10 and 15.9 years and 3.6% in subjects aged between 16 and 18 years. When categorized according to body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of the MeS was 15.1% in obese subjects, compared to 0.3% in subjects with normal BMI, and 3.0% in overweight subjects. In conclusion, our results indicate that although the prevalence of MeS is low in Jordanian children and adolescents, a large proportion of them had one or two metabolic abnormalities.
Coconut: Threshold Issuance Selective Disclosure Credentials with Applications to Distributed Ledgers

We present Coconut, a novel selective disclosure credential scheme supporting distributed threshold issuance, public and private attributes, re-randomization, and multiple unlinkable selective attribute revelations. Coconut can be used by modern blockchains to ensure confidentiality, authenticity and availability even when a subset of credential issuing authorities are malicious or offline. We implement and evaluate a generic Coconut smart contract library for Chainspace and Ethereum; and present three applications related to anonymous payments, electronic petitions, and distribution of proxies for censorship resistance. Coconut uses short and computationally efficient credentials, and our evaluation shows that most Coconut cryptographic primitives take just a few milliseconds on average, with verification taking the longest time (10 milliseconds).