Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Population Control.

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Incommensurate Resources: Not Just More of the Same

The pricing literature is replete with research that focuses on how consumers respond to sales promotions when both the reference level and the change are expressed in dollar terms (i.e., discounts). The psychophysics of pricing suggests that changes in monetary magnitude are not based on their absolute level, but rather on their deviation from some reference level, or how the change is “framed. ” Often, however, a promotion is presented in nonmonetary terms (e.g., a premium). When two resources are delivered simultaneously, but in different currencies (e.g., receive a free razor with the purchase of a can of shaving cream), the marginal value of the nonmonetary, incremental benefit may be difficult to evaluate in relation to the focal product or its price. Therefore, the value of the premium may be less likely than a comparable discount to be viewed in a relative sense and thus less likely to suffer from diminishing marginal returns. This research explores how people often fail to exhibit the same diminishing sensitivity to an incremental benefit, or cost, when it is accrued in a currency other than the referent currency. The authors define two different carriers of wealth or welfare (i.e., resources) that are difficult to convert into any meaningful common unit of measurement as “incommensurate. ” This research introduces a novel mechanism for influencing whether people attend to absolute rather than relative differences. This work also offers guidance to managers who might benefit from the strategic use of nonmonetary promotions.
"Here's me in a nutshell": the textual performance of self in male online dating profiles

Online dating has fast become an acceptable avenue through which to pursue romantic partners in the United States. Approximately one it ten American internet-using adults—16 million people—have personally visited dating websites (Madden & Lenhart 2006). Previous literature about online dating relies primarily on self-reported online dating behaviors as data and focuses on the differences between computer mediated communication and face-to-face interactions. This study adds to previous scholarship by analyzing the textual content posted in the free-write sections of dating profiles on Match.com. My sample consists of Match.com profiles of 60 white males from medium-sized Midwest metropolitan areas who have never been married and who do not have children. Erving Goffman’s theory the performance of self has only been applied to our face-to-face encounters. However, findings from this study indicate that in many cases certain face-to-face dating behaviors such as “Small Talk” are reproduced in textual content in online dating profiles. Applying the relevance of Goffman’s theory of the performance of self to online textual exchanges suggests that the traditional and online dating behaviors can be quite similar regardless of whether they take place in physical or virtual space.
Effects of propranolol and clonidine on brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and endothelial glycocalyx disruption after fluid percussion brain injury in the rat

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury causes a disruption of the vascular endothelial glycocalyx layer that is associated with an overactivation of the sympathoadrenal system. We hypothesized that early and unselective beta-blockade with propranolol alone or in combination with the alfa2-agonist clonidine would decrease brain edema, blood-brain barrier permeability, and glycocalyx disruption at 24 hours after trauma. METHODS We subjected 53 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats to lateral fluid percussion brain injury and randomized infusion with propranolol (n = 16), propranolol + clonidine (n = 16), vehicle (n = 16), or sham (n = 5) for 24 hours. Primary outcome was brain water content at 24 hours. Secondary outcomes were blood-brain barrier permeability and plasma levels of syndecan-1 (glycocalyx disruption), cell damage (histone-complexed DNA fragments), epinephrine, norepinephrine, and animal motor function. RESULTS We found no difference in brain water content (mean ± SD) between propranolol (80.8 ± 0.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 80.7–81.0) and vehicle (81.1 ± 0.6%; 95% CI, 80.8–81.4) (p = 0.668) or between propranolol/clonidine (80.8 ± 0.3%; 95% CI, 80.7–81.0) and vehicle (p = 0.555). We found no effect of propranolol and propranolol/clonidine on blood-brain barrier permeability and animal motor scores. Unexpectedly, propranolol and propranolol/clonidine caused an increase in epinephrine and syndecan-1 levels. CONCLUSION This study does not provide any support for unselective beta-blockade with propranolol or the combination of propranolol and the alfa2-agonist clonidine on brain water content. The novel finding of an increase in plasma concentrations of epinephrine and syndecan-1 after propranolol treatment in traumatic brain injury is of unclear significance and should be investigated further.
The Berry-Esseen bound for character ratios

Let A be a partition of n chosen from the Plancherel measure of the symmetric group S n , let Χ λ (12) be the irreducible character of the symmetric group parameterized by A evaluated on the transposition (12), and let dim(A) be the dimension of the irreducible representation parameterized by A. Fulman recently obtained the convergence rate of O(n -s ) for any 0 < s < 1 2 in the central limit theorem for character ratios (n-1) 2 Χ λ (12) dim(λ) by developing a connection between martingale and character ratios, and he conjectures that the correct speed is O(n -1/2 ). In this paper we confirm the conjecture via a refinement of Stein's method for exchangeable pairs.
Do Sovereign Credit Default Swaps Represent a Clean Measure of Sovereign Default Risk? A Factor Model Approach

In this study, we use a factor model in order to decompose sovereign Credit Default Swaps (CDS) spreads into default, liquidity, systematic liquidity and correlation components. By calibrating the model to sovereign CDSs and bonds we are able to present a better decomposition and a more accurate measure of spread components. Our analysis reveals that sovereign CDS spreads are highly driven by liquidity (55.6% of default risk and 44.32% of liquidity) and that sovereign bond spreads are less subject to liquidity frictions and therefore could represent a better proxy for sovereign default risk (73% of default risk and 26.86% of liquidity). Furthermore, our model enables us to directly study the effect of systematic liquidity and flight-to-liquidity risks on bond and CDS spreads through the factor sensitivity matrix. We find that these risks do have an influence on the default intensity and they contribute significantly to spread movements. Finally, our empirical results advance the idea that the increase in the CDS spreads observed during the crisis period was mainly due to a surge in liquidity rather than to an increase in the default intensity.
Downlink Scheduling Schemes for CDMA Networks with Adaptive Modulation and Coding and Multicodes

For the problem of allocating radio resources in the downlink of a CDMA network studied in [1], the modulation and coding schemes, numbers of multicodes, and transmit powers used for all mobile stations (MS's) are jointly chosen so as to maximize the total transmission bit rate during each scheduling interval, subject to certain constraints. The approach employs discrete mathematical programming, which is potentially complex, and analytical solutions are not available. In this paper, sub-optimal approaches are examined. In particular, analytical expressions are derived for optimal resource allocation involving a single MS. Based on the single-MS solution, a sub-optimal, sequential optimization procedure for multiple MS's is presented. Numerical results show that when the order for allocating resources to MS's is judiciously chosen based on the MS channel conditions and/or traffic loads, the sequential solution is an attractive alternative to the more complex joint optimization. This is especially true when radio resources are scarce.
A study on glabellar wrinkle patterns in Koreans

Botulinum toxin is a well‐established treatment for dynamic glabellar lines. The glabella is in fact, the most common site for botulinum toxin injection in Asians. Previous studies have identified five glabellar contraction patterns according to the predominance of eyebrow approximation, depression or elevation. Unfortunately, the authors found the former classification somewhat confusing.
Receptive field organization of complex cells in the cat's striate cortex.

1. All complex cells in the cat's striate cortex exhibit gross non‐linearities of spatial summation when tested with sinusoidal grating stimuli. Their responses to moving gratings of all but the lowest spatial frequencies are usually dominated by a component that is not modulated by the passage of the bars of the grating across the receptive field. They give responses to temporally modulated stationary gratings that consist mostly of even harmonics of the stimulus frequency and that vary little in amplitude or wave form as the spatial phase of the grating is varied. 2. We compared complex cells' receptive fields with their sensitivity to sinusoidal gratings of different spatial frequencies. Qualitatively, the receptive fields are usually two to five times wider than the bars of the gratings that stimulate them most effectively. Quantitatively, the receptive field profiles of complex cells are invariably broader than those predicted by Fourier synthesis of their spatial frequency tuning curves, and in particular lack predicted spatially antagonistic regions. 3. We further examined the receptive field organization of these cells, using pairs of stationary lines flashed synchronously on their receptive fields. If both lines are of the same polarity (bright or dark), complex cells respond to the paired stimulus much less well than they do to either of its component bars, unless the bars are separated by less than about one quarter of the width of the receptive field. If the lines are of opposite polarity, one bright and one dark, the opposite situation obtains: closely spaced bars elicit small responses, while paired bars of larger separation are much more effective. In either case, the results are independent in general character of the absolute positions of the stimuli within the receptive field; rather, they depend in a manner characteristic of each cell on the relative positions of the two bars. 4. The two‐line interaction profile that plots the change in a complex cell's response to one bar as a function of the position of a second added bar corresponds closely to the receptive field profile predicted from Fourier synthesis of the cell's spatial frequency tuning curve. These profiles may thus reveal the spatial characteristics of subunits within complex cell‐receptive fields. We examined the nature of the interaction between these subunits by performing several two‐line interaction experiments in which the onset of the second bar was delayed some time after the onset of the first. The results suggest that neighbouring subunits interact in a facilitatory fashion: for an interval after the presentation of one bar, responses to neighbouring bars are enhanced. 5. The subunits of a complex receptive field may, by their spatial properties, determine the spatial selectivities of complex cells, while the nature of the interaction among the subunits may determine these cells' sensitivity and selectivity for moving visual stimuli.
Factors Associated With Worsening and Improving Urinary Incontinence Across the Menopausal Transition

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the menopausal transition is associated with worsening of urinary incontinence symptoms over 6 years in midlife women. METHODS: We analyzed data from 2,415 women who reported monthly or more incontinence in self-administered questionnaires at baseline and during the first six annual follow-up visits (1995–2002) of the prospective cohort Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation. We defined worsening as a reported increase and improving as a reported decrease in frequency of incontinence between annual visits. We classified the menopausal status of women not taking hormone therapy annually from reported menstrual bleeding patterns and hormone therapy use by interviewer questionnaire. We used generalized estimating equations methodology to evaluate factors associated with improving and worsening incontinence from year to year. RESULTS: Over 6 years, 14.7% of incontinent women reported worsening, 32.4% reported improvement, and 52.9% reported no change in the frequency of incontinence symptoms. Compared with premenopause, perimenopause and postmenopause were not associated with worsening incontinence; for example, early perimenopause was associated with improvement (odds ratio [OR] 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.35) and postmenopause reduced odds of worsening (OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.66–0.95). Meanwhile, each pound of weight gain increased odds of worsening (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.03–1.05) and reduced odds of improving (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.96–0.98) incontinence. CONCLUSION: In midlife incontinent women, worsening of incontinence symptoms was not attributable to the menopausal transition. Modifiable factors such as weight gain account for worsening of incontinence during this life stage. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II
Human Growth and Development - A Matter of Principles

NCSP There is a set of principles that characterizes the pattern and process of growth and development. These principles or characteristics describe typical development as a predictable and orderly process; that is, we can predict how most children will develop and that they will develop at the same rate and at about the same time as other children. Although there are individual differences in childrenOs personalities, activity levels, and timing of developmental milestones, such as ages and stages, the principles and characteristics of development are universal patterns.
A New Method for Land Cover Characterization and Classification of Polarimetric SAR Data Using Polarimetric Signatures

Conventional methods for analyzing polarimetric synthetic aperture RADAR (PolSAR) data such as scattering matrix show polarimetric information just in a restricted number of polarization bases, whereas backscattering of the targets has information on wide range of polarizations. In order to solve this problem, polarimetric signatures have been investigated to have a better illustration of the target responses. Polarimetric signatures depict more details of physical information from target backscattering in various polarization bases. This paper presents a new method for generating polarimetric signatures for different features in PolSAR data by changing the polarization basis in the covariance matrix. Furthermore, various land cover classes were evaluated using their polarimetric signatures and the pattern recognition matching methods. On the basis of this background, an object-oriented and knowledge-based classification algorithm is proposed. The main idea of this method is to apply polarimetric signatures of various PolSAR features in the land cover classification. A Radarsat-2 image, acquired in leaf-off season of the forest areas, was chosen for this study. The backscattering from different classes, including six land cover classes: 1) red oak (Or); 2) white pine (Pw); 3) black spruce (Sb); 4) urban (Ur); 5) water (Wa); and 6) ground vegetation (GV) was analyzed by the proposed method. The results reported that the polarimetric signatures of PolSAR features introduce new concepts for the various targets which are different from the polarimetric power signatures. Also, the proposed classification was compared with the object-based form of the supervised Wishart classification as the baseline method. The mean accuracy of the proposed method is 6% better than the supervised Wishart classification.
Suppression of Neutrophil-Mediated Tissue Damage—A Novel Skill of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are crucial for tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Though of prime interest, their potentially protective role on neutrophil‐induced tissue damage, associated with high morbidity and mortality, has not been explored in sufficient detail. Here we report the therapeutic skill of MSCs to suppress unrestrained neutrophil activation and to attenuate severe tissue damage in a murine immune‐complex mediated vasculitis model of unbalanced neutrophil activation. MSC‐mediated neutrophil suppression was due to intercellular adhesion molecule 1‐dependent engulfment of neutrophils by MSCs, decreasing overall neutrophil numbers. Similar to MSCs in their endogenous niche of murine and human vasculitis, therapeutically injected MSCs via upregulation of the extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), reduced superoxide anion concentrations and consequently prevented neutrophil death, neutrophil extracellular trap formation and spillage of matrix degrading neutrophil elastase, gelatinase and myeloperoxidase. SOD3‐silenced MSCs did not exert tissue protective effects. Thus, MSCs hold substantial therapeutic promise to counteract tissue damage in conditions with unrestrained neutrophil activation. Stem Cells 2016;34:2393–2406
Comparison of frictional forces between aesthetic orthodontic coated wires and self-ligation brackets

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of polymer- and rhodium-coated wires compared to uncoated wires by measuring the frictional forces using self-ligation brackets. Methods 0.016-inch nickel titanium (NiTi) wires and 0.017 × 0.025-inch stainless steel (SS) wires were used, and the angulations between the brackets and wires were set to 0°, 5°, and 10°. Upper maxillary premolar brackets (Clippy-C®) with a 0.022-inch slot were selected for the study and a tensile test was performed with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. The maximum static frictional forces and kinetic frictional forces were recorded and compared. Results The maximum static frictional forces and the kinetic frictional forces of coated wires were equal to or higher than those of the uncoated wires (p < 0.05). The maximum static frictional forces of rhodium-coated wires were significantly higher than those of polymer-coated wires when the angulations between the brackets and wires were set to (i) 5° in the 0.016-inch NiTi wires and (ii) all angulations in the 0.017 × 0.025-inch SS wires (p < 0.05). The kinetic frictional forces of rhodium-coated wires were higher than those of polymer-coated wires, except when the angulations were set to 0° in the 0.016-inch NiTi wires (p < 0.05). Conclusions Although the frictional forces of the coated wires with regards to aesthetics were equal to or greater than those of the uncoated wires, a study under similar conditions regarding the oral cavity is needed in order to establish the clinical implications.
Admission diagnosis of cerebral malaria in adults in an endemic area of Tanzania: implications and clinical description.

BACKGROUND Cerebral malaria is commonly diagnosed in adults in endemic areas in Africa, both in hospitals and in the community. This presents a paradox inconsistent with the epidemiological understanding that the development of immunity during childhood confers protection against severe disease in adult life. AIM To establish the contribution of Plasmodium falciparum infection in adults admitted with neurological dysfunction in an endemic area, to assess the implications of an admission clinical diagnosis of 'cerebral malaria' on the treatment and clinical outcome, and to describe the clinical features of patients with malaria parasitaemia. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS We studied adult patients admitted with neurological dysfunction to Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania from October 2000 to July 2001. A full blood count was done and serum creatinine, blood glucose and P. falciparum parasite load were measured. RESULTS Of 199 patients (median age 34.6 years), 38% were diagnosed as 'cerebral malaria' on admission, but only 7.5% had detectable parasitaemia, giving a positive predictive value of 13.3%. Only 1% fulfilled the WHO criteria for cerebral malaria. The prevalence of parasitaemia (7.5%) was less than that observed in a group of asymptomatic controls (9.3%), but distribution of parasite densities was higher in the patients. Mortality was higher in patients with no parasitaemia (22.3%) than in those with parasitaemia (13%). DISCUSSION Cerebral malaria was grossly overdiagnosed, resulting in unnecessary treatment and insufficient investigation of other possible diagnoses, which could lead to higher mortality. Extension of this misperception to the assessment of cause of death in community surveys may lead to an overestimation of the impact of malaria in adults.
On-pump versus off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. What do the evidences show?

The main purpose of the off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery is to reduce morbidity and mortality due cardiopulmonary bypass. However, even though many studies have shown that off-pump coronary artery bypass is feasible and provides hospital morbidity and mortality similar to the on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, probably better in some aspects, its long-term results have been questioned, since some trials have shown reduced survival with off-pump coronary artery bypass. It is likely that incomplete revascularization and/or poor graft patency with off-pump coronary artery bypass probably are responsible for such unfavorable outcome.
The Devil's Locomotive

Tolstoy's peasant is a poor engineer but a committed metaphysician. He does not know what it is to be ignorant of mechanics, nor that the question could be answered in any other way. A view inside the locomotive's boiler and firebox would not enlighten; on the contrary, it would be a vision of hell. Adolescents rarely construe history in Tolstoyan fashion, but many of the assumptions they make about the subject are equally inappropriate. Listening to a history lesson in ignorance of the logic, perspectives, and methods of the subject is akin to watching a locomotive without an understanding of physics, factories, and economics. The action can be followed but its significance will prove elusive.