Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A randomized trial of the effectiveness of on-demand versus computer-triggered drug decision support in primary care.

OBJECTIVES Prescribing alerts generated by computerized drug decision support (CDDS) may prevent drug-related morbidity. However, the vast majority of alerts are ignored because of clinical irrelevance. The ability to customize commercial alert systems should improve physician acceptance because the physician can select the circumstances and types of drug alerts that are viewed. We tested the effectiveness of two approaches to medication alert customization to reduce prevalence of prescribing problems: on-physician-demand versus computer-triggered decision support. Physicians in each study condition were able to preset levels that triggered alerts. DESIGN This was a cluster trial with 28 primary care physicians randomized to either automated or on-demand CDDS in the MOXXI drug management system for 3,449 of their patients seen over the next 6 months. MEASUREMENTS The CDDS generated alerts for prescribing problems that could be customized by severity level. Prescribing problems included dosing errors, drug-drug, age, allergy, and disease interactions. Physicians randomized to on-demand activated the drug review when they considered it clinically relevant, whereas physicians randomized to computer-triggered decision support viewed all alerts for electronic prescriptions in accordance with the severity level they selected for both prevalent and incident problems. Data from administrative claims and MOXXI were used to measure the difference in the prevalence of prescribing problems at the end of follow-up. RESULTS During follow-up, 50% of the physicians receiving computer-triggered alerts modified the alert threshold (n = 7), and 21% of the physicians in the alert-on-demand group modified the alert level (n = 3). In the on-demand group 4,445 prescribing problems were identified, 41 (0.9%) were seen by requested drug review, and in 31 problems (75.6%) the prescription was revised. In comparison, 668 (10.3%) of the 6,505 prescribing problems in the computer-triggered group were seen, and 81 (12.1%) were revised. The majority of alerts were ignored because the benefit was judged greater than the risk, the interaction was known, or the interaction was considered clinically not important (computer-triggered: 75.8% of 585 ignored alerts; on-demand: 90% of 10 ignored alerts). At the end of follow-up, there was a significant reduction in therapeutic duplication problems in the computer-triggered group (odds ratio 0.55; p = 0.02) but no difference in the overall prevalence of prescribing problems. CONCLUSION Customization of computer-triggered alert systems is more useful in detecting and resolving prescribing problems than on-demand review, but neither approach was effective in reducing prescribing problems. New strategies are needed to maximize the use of drug decision support systems to reduce drug-related morbidity.
Preservation in microbial mats: mineralization by a talc-like phase of a fish embedded in a microbial sarcophagus

Microbial mats have been repeatedly suggested to promote early fossilization of macroorganisms. Yet, experimental simulations of this process remain scarce. Here, we report results of 5 year-long experiments performed onfish carcasses to document the influence of microbial mats on mineral precipitation during early fossilization. Carcasses were initially placed on top of microbial mats. After two weeks, fishes became coated by the mats forming a compact sarcophagus, which modified the microenvironment close to the corpses. Our results showed that these conditions favoured the precipitation of a poorly crystalline silicate phase rich in magnesium. This talc-like mineral phase has been detected in three different locations within the carcasses placed in microbial mats for more than 4 years: 1) within inner tissues, colonized by several bacillary cells; 2) at the surface of bones of the upper face of the corpse buried in the mat; and 3) at the surface of several bones such as the dorsal fin which appeared to be gradually replaced by the Mg-silicate phase. This mineral phase has been previously shown to promote bacteria fossilization. Here we provide first experimental evidence that such Mg-rich phase can also be involved in exceptional preservation of animals.
Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria within Anoxic Marine Sediments

ABSTRACT The potential for oxidation of ammonia in anoxic marine sediments exists through anaerobic oxidation by Nitrosomonas-like organisms, utilizing nitrogen dioxide, coupling of nitrification, manganese reduction, and anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by planctomycetes (the Anammox process). Here we describe the presence of microbial communities with the potential to carry out these processes in a natural marine sediment system (Loch Duich, Scotland). Natural microbial communities of Planctomycetales-Verrucomicrobia and β- and γ-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were characterized by analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified using group-specific primers by PCR- and reverse transcription-PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and RNA, respectively. Amplification products were analyzed by sequencing of clones and by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Amplification of primers specific for Planctomycetales-Verrucomicrobia and β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria generated products at all sampling sites and depths, but no product was generated using primers specific for γ-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. 16S rDNA DGGE banding patterns indicated complex communities of β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from clones and those excised from DGGE gels suggests dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 1-like organisms and of strains belonging to a novel cluster represented in dominant bands in 16S rRNA DGGE banding patterns. Their presence indicates a group of organisms closely related to recognized β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria that may be selected in anoxic environments and may be capable of anoxic ammonia oxidation. Sequence analysis of planctomycete clone libraries and sequences excised from DGGE gels also demonstrated a diverse microbial community and suggested the presence of new subdivisions, but no sequence related to recognized Anammox organisms was detected.
Active Shape Models: Evaluation of a Multi-Resolution Method for Improving Image Search

We describe a multi-resolution technique for locating for variable structures in images. This is an extension of work on Active Shape Models (ASMs) - statistical models which iteratively deform to match image data. An ASM consists of a shape model controlling a set of landmark points, together with a statistical model of the grey-levels expected around each landmark. Both the shape model and the grey-level models are trained on sets of labelled example images. In order to apply a coarse-to-fine search strategy it is necessary to train a set of grey-level models for each landmark, one for every level of a multi-resolution image pyramid. During image search the model is started on the coarsest resolution image. As the search progresses it moves to finer and finer resolutions until no further improvement can be made. We describe an automatic technique for deciding when to :ss has converged. We demonstrate the ntitative experiments which show a sigi speed and quality of fit compared to previous methods.
Evaluating the Effects of Direct Democracy on Public Policy

This research addresses two interrelated questions about direct democracy: How does direct democracy affect public policy? And why do citizens and interest groups sometimes pursue policy change through direct democracy? We study these questions by testing for differences between urban growth boundaries (UGBs) that were enacted by city councils and by direct democracy in a large sample of California municipalities. We find that laws adopted at the ballot box are more extreme and are more difficult to amend or repeal. However, we also find that direct democracy does not result in less coherent or more fragmented policy regimes. In addition, we develop and test a model of the factors that lead political actors to pursue each strategy for policy change. Our results demonstrate that decisions to use the initiative process are largely a function of characteristics of local legislatures rather than citizen preferences for extreme policies.
Treatment Approach for Maxillary Hypoplasia in Cleft Patients: Class III Elastics with Skeletal Anchorage (Report of Two Cases)

Introduction: Treatment of cleft lip and palate patients requires a multidisciplinary plan. These patients usually have a hypoplastic maxilla due to the prior surgical scars. Orthognathic surgery to advance the maxilla in these patients is not very efficient; therefore, orthopedic interventions during an appropriate age seems to be essential. Case Report: In this article, two cleft lip and palate patients have been treated with Class III elastics anchored to the maxillary posterior and mandibular anterior miniplates in order to induce maxillary advancement. Conclusion: Both cases showed a significant improvement in their profiles with minimal dentoalveolar compensations. A counterclockwise rotation of the mandible occurred.
Ultraviolet Observations of the X-Ray Photoionized Wind of Cygnus X-1 during X-Ray Soft/High State

High-resolution ultraviolet observations of Cygnus X-1 were obtained at two epochs roughly 1 year apart using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. Orbital phase ranges around ϕorb = 0 and 0.5 were covered at each epoch, and the spectra show P Cygni line features from high (N V, C IV, Si IV) and absorption lines from low (Si II, C II) ionization state material. The high-ionization P Cygni profiles show a marked dependence on orbital phase; strong, broad absorption components when the X-ray source is behind the companion star and noticeably weaker absorption when the X-ray source is between us and the companion star. We fit the P Cygni profiles using the Sobolev with exact integration method applied to a spherically symmetric stellar wind subject to X-ray photoionization from the black hole. Of the wind-formed lines, the Si IV doublet provides the most reliable estimates of the parameters of the wind and X-ray illumination. The velocity v increases with radius r (normalized to the stellar radius) according to v = v∞(1 − r⋆/r)β, with β ≈ 0.75 and v∞ ≈ 1420 km s−1. Our fit implies a ratio of X-ray luminosity (in units of 1038 erg s−1) to wind mass-loss rate (in units of 10−6 M☉ yr−1) of LX,38/Ṁ−6 ≈ 0.033, measured at Ṁ−6 = 4.8. Our models determine parameters that may be used to estimate the accretion rate onto the black hole and independently predict the X-ray luminosity. Our predicted LX matches that determined by contemporaneous RXTE ASM remarkably well, but is a factor of 3 lower than the rate according to Bondi-Hoyle-Littleton spherical wind accretion. We suggest that some of the energy of accretion may go into powering a jet.
Tracking recurrent concepts using context

The problem of recurring concepts in data stream classification is a special case of concept drift where concepts may reappear. Although several existing methods are able to learn in the presence of concept drift, few consider contextual information when tracking recurring concepts. Nevertheless, in many real-world scenarios context information is available and can be exploited to improve existing approaches in the detection or even anticipation of recurring concepts. In this work, we propose the extension of existing approaches to deal with the problem of recurring concepts by reusing previously learned decision models in situations where concepts reappear. The different underlying concepts are identified using an existing drift detection method, based on the error-rate of the learning process. A method to associate context information and learned decision models is proposed to improve the adaptation to recurring concepts. The method also addresses the challenge of retrieving the most appropriate concept for a particular context. Finally, to deal with situations of memory scarcity, an intelligent strategy to discard models is proposed. The experiments conducted so far, using synthetic and real datasets, show promising results and make it possible to analyze the trade-off between the accuracy gains and the learned models storage cost.
The global trends of total factor productivity: evidence from the nonparametric Malmquist index approach

In this paper the Malmquist index of total factor productivity is applied to a sample of 87 countries observed over the period 1960-90. This index and the method needed to quantify it, the data envelopment analysis, has substantial advantages as compared to traditional growth accounting. Two of these advantages are that it does not rely on questionable equilibrium assumptions to merge multiple inputs into a single index and that the rate of total factor productivity growth can explicitly be decomposed into a measure of efficiency change and the rate of technological progress. Results are reported both in the form of growth rates and measures of relative productivity levels. In each case related labour productivity measures are calculated and the differences to the total factor productivity measures are analysed. Among the topics covered are the productivity slowdown, the Asian Miracle and the bimodality of the distribution of relative producitivity levels.
Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population

ABSTRACT Aims: To determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in Indian children and to analyze the possible etiological factors. Materials and methods: First permanent molars and all permanent incisors were examined in 1,369 children aged 8 to 12 years. Examinations were performed by two calibrated observers. The subjects were evaluated using judgment criteria proposed by Weerheijm et al in 2003. The parents accompanying children were given a questionnaire regarding pre- and postnatal history of the children. Results: A total of 191 children were diagnosed with MIH with a prevalence of 13.9%. Chi-square/Fisher exact test was used to compare the dichotomous variables. The relative risk with its 95% confidence interval was calculated to find the risk of clinical infections, such as chicken pox, jaundice, renal disorders, cardiac disorders, and affected molars with sex and type of delivery. Pre- and postnatal history of infection in a child was significantly correlated with the prevalence of MIH. Conclusion: The prevalence of MIH was 13.9% in the age group of 8 to 12 years. Prenatal and postnatal infections play an important role in hypomineralization of molars and incisors. How to cite this article: Mishra A, Pandey RK. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(2):167-171.
Fgfr2 Is Required for the Development of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Its Connections with Limbic Circuits

To understand the role of specific fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in cortical development, we conditionally inactivated Fgfr2 or both Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 [Fgfr2 conditional knock-out (cKO) or double knock-out mice, respectively] in radial glial cells of the dorsal telencephalon. Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 are necessary for the attainment of a normal number of excitatory neurons in the cerebral cortex. The action of FGF receptors appears to be through increasing self-renewal of neuronal precursors within the ventricular zone. Volume measurements, assessments of excitatory neuron number, and areal marker expression suggested that the proper formation of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) depends on the function of Fgfr2, whereas Fgfr1 together with Fgfr2 control excitatory cortical neuron development within the entire cerebral cortex. Fgfr2 cKO mice had fewer and smaller glutamate synaptic terminals in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST), a projection area for mPFC cortical neurons. Furthermore, Fgfr2 cKO mice showed secondary decreases in GABAergic neurons in the BST and septum. These data demonstrate that FGFR2 signaling expands the number of excitatory neurons in the mPFC and secondarily influences target neurons in subcortical stations of the limbic system.
What can Botswana learn from the TIMSS assessments of 2003 ? Poloko Chepete What can Botswana learn from the TIMSS assessments of 2003 ?

This study offers a holistic examination of 8 grade student performance in mathematics in schools in Botswana based on the country’s sample data from the IEA’s Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) of 2003. The analyzed sample is comprised of 4,805 students in 136 schools. Missing data was treated at the student level using multiple imputation and at the school level using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Part of the theoretical framework for variable selection was based on six factors from the Rand model (Oakes, 1986). Two of the factors (student background and attitudes) were at the student level, three factors (teacher attributes, school quality, and instructional quality) were at the school level, and the sixth one, Mathematics Achievement, served as the outcome variable. A two-level hierarchical linear modeling technique was employed to model student achievement in mathematics as a function of the student and the school level factors. Findings suggested that about one fifth of the variability in mathematics performance is between schools and that the learning of mathematics in Botswana was driven largely by student level factors with the attitudinal factor accounting for a greater part of the variation than the student background factor. The findings also suggested that the most effective schools in mathematics had safe school environments and an academically-inspired student body. Teacher-attribute and instructional quality factors served a moderating effect on the relationship between student-level factors and student performance.
Swedish consumers' cognitive approaches to nutrition claims and health claims

Introduction and Aim Studies show frequent use of nutrition claims and health claims in consumers' choice of food products. The aim of the present study was to investigate how consumers' thoughts about these claims and food products are affected by various types of food-related experiences. Material and Methods The data collection comprised 30 individual interviews among Swedish consumers aged 25 to 64 years. Results The results indicated that participants who expressed special concern for their own and their families' health were eager to find out the meaning of concepts and statements made. A lack of understanding and lack of credibility of concepts and expressions often caused suspicion of the product. However, in some cases this was counterbalanced by confidence in manufacturers, retailers, and/or the Swedish food legislation. Discussion and Conclusion To achieve effective written communication of food products' health-conducive properties on food labels, there is a need to consider the importance many consumers attach to understanding the meaning of concepts and expressions used and the importance of credibility in certain expressions. Consumers' varying cognitive approaches are suggested as a basis for pre-tests of nutrition claims and health claims.
HWWI Research Paper

This paper gives an overview about existing Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) models dealing with climate impacts focusing on damage calculations and adaptation modelling. Empirical CGE models are used in a broad field of policy analysis. With respect to climate change applications have been focused on the calculation of climate damages and the mitigation of these damages. Facing the nonpreventable damages from climate change that occur already in the next decades adaptation is becoming a more important issue in the actual discussion. To our knowledge a model with explicit adaptation at the local level that includes socio-economic effects is missing. Such a regional model can analyse welfare effects where adaptation is implemented and therefore is important for political decision making.
Towards A Novel Approach for Defect Localization Based on Part-of-Speech and Invocation

Given a corpus of bug reports, software developers must read various descriptive sentences in order to identify corresponding buggy source files which potentially result in the defects. This process itself represents one of the most expensive, as well as time-consuming, activities during software maintenance and evolution. To alleviate the workload of developers, many methods have been proposed to automate this process and narrow down the scope of reviewing buggy files. In this paper, we present a novel buggy source file localization approach, leveraging both a part-of-speech based weighting strategy and the invocation relationship among source files. We also integrate an adaptive technique to strengthen the optimization of the performance. The adaptive technique consists of two modules. One is to maximize the accuracy of the first recommended file, and the other aims at improving the accuracy of the fixed defect file list. We evaluate our approach on three large-scale open source projects, i.e., ASpectJ, Eclipse, and SWT. Compared with the baseline work, our approach can improve 17.13%, 6.29% and 3.15% on top 1, top 5 and top 10 respectively for ASpectJ, 6.40%, 4.94% and 4.39% on top 1, top 5 and top 10 respectively for Eclipse, and 15.31%, 8.16% and 5.10% on top 1, top 5 and top 10 respectively for SWT.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (CG) AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) SYNERGIES AND INTER-RELATIONSHIPS

Corporate Governance (CG) prompts companies to exert tight internal control mechanisms and to protect shareholder rights. As such, companies are encouraged to promote fairness, transparency and accountability in all their dealings. They are expected to continue generating profits, while maintaining the highest standards of governance internally. Also, in this era of environmental awareness and information sharing, investors and customers alike are becoming increasingly selective in their choice of corporations. Consequently, business activities must also stay aligned with society’s legal, ethical and communal aspirations. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has accordingly witnessed a new global resonance and ascendancy in recent years, emphasizing the interactions of firms with their external environments. Both CG and CSR call on companies to assume their fiduciary and moral responsibilities towards their stakeholders. Also, they are both perceived to confer important long-lasting benefits and to assure the sustainability / endurance of the business. Varied positions are presented in the literature on the nature of the CG-CSR relationship. This paper examines the nature of the CG-CSR relationship theoretically by surveying the various postulations on offer and then empirically by investigating the conception / operational-ization of this relationship in the context of a sample of companies operating in Lebanon. The findings suggest that CG is conceived in the majority of cases as a necessary underpinning for sustainable CSR.