Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Second-generation antipsychotic agents in the treatment of acute mania: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

CONTEXT Recommendations of treatment guidelines concerning the use of second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) agents for acute mania vary substantially across committees or working groups. Meta-analyses addressing the use of SGAs in the treatment of acute mania are lacking. OBJECTIVE To conduct a meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of SGAs in the treatment of acute mania. DATA SOURCES Randomized controlled trials comparing SGAs with placebo, first-generation antipsychotic drugs, or mood stabilizers (MSs) in the treatment of acute mania were searched for in the PsiTri and MEDLINE databases (last search: May 2006). STUDY SELECTION The abstracts, titles, and index terms of studies were searched using the following key words: aripiprazole, amisulpride, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, and zotepine in conjunction with mania, manic, and bipolar. DATA EXTRACTION Data on efficacy, global dropout, dropout due to adverse events, dropout due to inefficacy, weight gain, rate of somnolence, and extrapyramidal symptoms were extracted and combined in a meta-analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS A total of 24 studies with 6187 patients were included. The SGAs were significantly more efficacious than placebo. The analysis demonstrated that adding antipsychotic agents to MS treatment was significantly more effective than treatment with MSs alone. The SGAs displayed efficacy comparable with that of MSs. Some SGAs seemed to induce more extrapyramidal symptoms than placebo. The SGAs were also associated with higher rates of somnolence than placebo. CONCLUSION Currently available data suggest that combining SGAs and MSs is the most efficacious treatment of acute mania.
Optimizing File Systems with Fine-grained Metadata Journaling on Byte-addressable NVM

Journaling file systems have been widely adopted to support applications that demand data consistency. However, we observed that the overhead of journaling can cause up to 48.2% performance drop under certain kinds of workloads. On the other hand, the emerging high-performance, byte-addressable Non-volatile Memory (NVM) has the potential to minimize such overhead by being used as the journal device. The traditional journaling mechanism based on block devices is nevertheless unsuitable for NVM due to the write amplification of metadata journal we observed. In this article, we propose a fine-grained metadata journal mechanism to fully utilize the low-latency byte-addressable NVM so that the overhead of journaling can be significantly reduced. Based on the observation that conventional block-based metadata journal contains up to 90% clean metadata that is unnecessary to be journalled, we design a fine-grained journal format for byte-addressable NVM which contains only modified metadata. Moreover, we redesign the process of transaction committing, checkpointing, and recovery in journaling file systems utilizing the new journal format. Therefore, thanks to the reduced amount of ordered writes for journals, the overhead of journaling can be reduced without compromising the file system consistency. To evaluate our fine-grained metadata journaling mechanism, we have implemented a journaling file system prototype based on Ext4 and JBD2 in Linux. Experimental results show that our NVM-based fine-grained metadata journaling is up to 15.8 × faster than the traditional approach under FileBench workloads.
Larger Body Size at Metamorphosis Enhances Survival, Growth and Performance of Young Cane Toads (Rhinella marina)

Body size at metamorphosis is a key trait in species (such as many anurans) with biphasic life-histories. Experimental studies have shown that metamorph size is highly plastic, depending upon larval density and environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, food supply, water quality, chemical cues from conspecifics, predators and competitors). To test the hypothesis that this developmental plasticity is adaptive, or to determine if inducing plasticity can be used to control an invasive species, we need to know whether or not a metamorphosing anuran’s body size influences its subsequent viability. For logistical reasons, there are few data on this topic under field conditions. We studied cane toads (Rhinella marina) within their invasive Australian range. Metamorph body size is highly plastic in this species, and our laboratory studies showed that larger metamorphs had better locomotor performance (both on land and in the water), and were more adept at catching and consuming prey. In mark-recapture trials in outdoor enclosures, larger body size enhanced metamorph survival and growth rate under some seasonal conditions. Larger metamorphs maintained their size advantage over smaller siblings for at least a month. Our data support the critical but rarely-tested assumption that all else being equal, larger body size at metamorphosis is likely to enhance an individual’s long term viability. Thus, manipulations to reduce body size at metamorphosis in cane toads may help to reduce the ecological impact of this invasive species.
Lifetime hypertension as a predictor of brain structure in older adults: cohort study with a 28-year follow-up

Background Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of dementia and depression with uncertain longitudinal associations with brain structure. Aims To examine lifetime blood pressure as a predictor of brain structure in old age. Method A total of 190 participants (mean age 69.3 years) from the Whitehall II study were screened for hypertension six times (1985–2013). In 2012–2013, participants had a 3T-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan. Data from the MRI were analysed using automated and visual measures of global atrophy, hippocampal atrophy and white matter hyperintensities. Results Longitudinally, higher mean arterial pressure predicted increased automated white matter hyperintensities (P<0.002). Cross-sectionally, hypertensive participants had increased automated white matter hyperintensities and visually rated deep white matter hyperintensities. There was no significant association with global or hippocampal atrophy. Conclusions Long-term exposure to high blood pressure predicts hyperintensities, particularly in deep white matter. The greatest changes are seen in those with severe forms of hypertension, suggesting a dose–response pattern.
The Evolution and Structure of Extreme Optical Lightning Flashes

This study documents the composition, morphology, and motion of extreme optical lightning flashes observed by the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS). The furthest separation of LIS events (groups) in any flash is 135 km (89 km), the flash with the largest footprint had an illuminated area of 10,604 km2, and the most dendritic flash has 234 visible branches. The longest‐duration convective LIS flash lasted 28 s and is overgrouped and not physical. The longest‐duration convective‐to‐stratiform propagating flash lasted 7.4 s, while the longest‐duration entirely stratiform flash lasted 4.3 s. The longest series of nearly consecutive groups in time lasted 242 ms. The most radiant recorded LIS group (i.e., “superbolt”) is 735 times more radiant than the average group. Factors that impact these optical measures of flash morphology and evolution are discussed. While it is apparent that LIS can record the horizontal development of the lightning channel in some cases, radiative transfer within the cloud limits the flash extent and level of detail measured from orbit. These analyses nonetheless suggest that lightning imagers such as LIS and Geostationary Lightning Mapper can complement ground‐based lightning locating systems for studying physical lightning phenomena across large geospatial domains.
Single-Molecule Studies of Intraflagellar Transport in Chlamydomonas

Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a universal process that is required for the assembly and maintenance of all eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Defects in IFT are linked to a wide range of human diseases, including polycystic kidney disease and retinal degeneration. IFT has been implicated in sensory and motile ciliary functions, but the mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear.We used Chlamydomonas flagellar surface motility (FSM) as a model to test whether IFT provides force for gliding of cells across solid surfaces, and whether IFT transports flagellar membrane glycoproteins (FMGs). We show that IFT trains are coupled to FMGs in a Ca2+-dependent manner. IFT trains transiently pause through surface adhesion of their FMG cargos, and dynein-1b motors pull the cell towards the distal tip of the axoneme. Using the IFT-FMG linkage, we performed optical trapping studies to measure the force produced by single IFT trains. The stall force measurements show that each IFT train is transported by at least four active motors. Opposite-polarity motors are reciprocally coordinated to avoid a tug-of-war. Our results demonstrate the mechanism of Chlamydomonas gliding motility and suggest that IFT plays a major role in adhesion-induced ciliary signaling pathways.To understand the regulation mechanism of IFT, key information needs to be acquired by monitoring IFT remodeling at the turnaround zones. However, the collective behavior of IFT particles poses unique challenges, because individual IFT trains often cannot be resolved at the flagellar tips and bases. We developed a photobleaching gate assay to track single molecules in dense specimens. The assay controls the number of fluorescent particles in a region of interest by photobleaching its boundary. To test this method, we tracked GFP-labeled receptors at a 100 ms temporal resolution on a live cell membrane, even though the average distance between the receptors is less than 50 nm. We directly observed ligand-induced dimerization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on a cell membrane.We applied the photobleaching gate method to IFT in Chlamydomonas. We tracked individual IFT complexes along the length of a cilium and observed their remodeling at the ciliary tip. After transported by kinesin-2 to the flagellar tip, IFT trains split and recombine, and are transported back to the flagellar base bydynein-1b. Kinesin associated protein (KAP), on the other hand, diffuses back to the base after reaching the tip. On the basis of the results above, we propose new models for mixing and remodeling of IFT particles at the flagellar tip, coordination of IFT motors and flagellar length control.
Diversity, Relationships, and Biogeography of the Lambeosaurine Dinosaurs from the European Archipelago, with Description of the New Aralosaurin Canardia garonnensis

We provide a thorough re-evaluation of the taxonomic diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and historical biogeography of the lambeosaurine hadrosaurids from the European Archipelago. Previously published occurrences of European Lambeosaurinae are reviewed and new specimens collected from upper Maastrichtian strata of the south-central Pyrenees are described. No support is found for the recognition of European saurolophines in the available hadrosaurid materials recovered so far from this area. A new genus and species of basal lambeosaurine, Canardia garonnensis, is described on the basis of cranial and appendicular elements collected from upper Maastrichtian strata of southern France. C. garonnensis differs from all other hadrosaurids, except Aralosaurus tuberiferus, in having maxilla with prominent subrectangular rostrodorsal flange; it differs from A. tuberiferus in a few maxillary and prefrontal characters. Together with A. tuberiferus, C. garonnensis integrates the newly recognized tribe Aralosaurini. Inference of lambeosaurine interrelationships via maximum parsimony analysis indicates that the other three known European lambeosaurines are representatives of two additional subclades (tribes) of these hadrosaurids: Tsintaosaurini (Pararhabdodon isonensis) and Lambeosaurini (the Arenysaurus ardevoli-Blasisaurus canudoi clade). The tribes Aralosaurini, Tsintaosaurini, Lambeosaurini, and Parasaurolophini are formally defined and diagnosed for the first time. Three event-based quantitative methods of ancestral range reconstruction were implemented to infer the historical biogeography of European lambeosaurines: Dispersal-Vicariance Analysis, Bayesian Binary MCMC, and Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis. The results of these analyses, coupled with the absence of pre-Maastrichtian lambeosaurines in the Mesozoic vertebrate fossil record of Europe, favor the hypothesis that aralosaurins and tsintaosaurins were Asian immigrants that reached the Ibero-Armorican island via dispersal events sometime during the Maastrichtian. Less conclusive is the biogeographical history of European lambeosaurins; several scenarios, occurring sometime during the Maastrichtian, are possible, from vicariance leading to the splitting of Asian or North American from European ranges to a dispersal event from North America to the European Archipelago.
A Direct Numerical Approach to Perspective Shape-from-Shading

We introduce a novel numerical method for a recently developed perspective Shape-from-Shading model. In order to discretise the corresponding partial differential equation (PDE), Prados et al. employed the dynamical programming principle yielding a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. We reduce that model to its essential, namely to the underlying Hamilton-Jacobi equation. For this PDE, we propose an efficient semi-implicit implementation. Numerical experiments show the usefulness of our approach: Besides reasonable computational times, the method is robust with respect to noise as well as to the choice of the numerical initial condition which is a delicate point for many SFS algorithms.
The University of Maryland CLPsych 2015 Shared Task System

The 2015 ACL Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Clinical Psychology included a shared task focusing on classification of a sample of Twitter users according to three mental health categories: users who have self-reported a diagnosis of depression, users who have self-reported a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and control users who have done neither (Coppersmith et al., 2015; Coppersmith et al., 2014). Like other shared tasks, the goal here was to assess the state of the art with regard to a challenging problem, to advance that state of the art, and to bring together and hopefully expand the community of researchers interested in solving it.
Graphene based nanocomposite hybrid electrodes for supercapacitors

There is an unmet need to develop high performance energy storage systems (ESS), capable of storing energy from both renewable and non-renewable sources to meet the current energy crisis and depletion of non-renewable sources. Amongst many available ESS, supercapacitors (ECs) are the most promising because they exhibit a high charge/discharge rate and power density, along with a long cycle life. The possibility of exploring the use of atomically thin carbon allotropes like graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and electrically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polypyrrole (PPy) has been studied as a high performance conducting electrodes in supercapacitor application. A novel templated sustainable nanocomposite electrode has been fabricated using cellulose extracted from Cladophora c. aegagropila algae as component of the assembled supercapacitor device which later has been transitioned to a unique template-less freestanding nanocomposite supercapacitor electrode. The specific capacitance of polypyrrole-graphene-cellulose nanocomposite as calculated from cyclic voltammetry curve is 91.5 F g -1 at the scan rate 50 m Vs -1 in the presence of 1M NaCl electrolyte. The open circuit voltage of the device with polypyrrole -graphene-cellulose electrode was found to be around 225 m V and that of the polypyrrole -cellulose device is only 53 m V without the presence of graphene in the nanocomposite electrode. Understanding the
Philopatry and Dispersal Patterns in Tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background Tiger populations are dwindling rapidly making it increasingly difficult to study their dispersal and mating behaviour in the wild, more so tiger being a secretive and solitary carnivore. Methods We used non-invasively obtained genetic data to establish the presence of 28 tigers, 22 females and 6 males, within the core area of Pench tiger reserve, Madhya Pradesh. This data was evaluated along with spatial autocorrelation and relatedness analyses to understand patterns of dispersal and philopatry in tigers within this well-managed and healthy tiger habitat in India. Results We established male-biased dispersal and female philopatry in tigers and reiterated this finding with multiple analyses. Females show positive correlation up to 7 kms (which corresponds to an area of approximately 160 km2) however this correlation is significantly positive only upto 4 kms, or 50 km2 (r = 0.129, p<0.0125). Males do not exhibit any significant correlation in any of the distance classes within the forest (upto 300 km2). We also show evidence of female dispersal upto 26 kms in this landscape. Conclusions Animal movements are important for fitness, reproductive success, genetic diversity and gene exchange among populations. In light of the current endangered status of tigers in the world, this study will help us understand tiger behavior and movement. Our findings also have important implications for better management of habitats and interconnecting corridors to save this charismatic species.
Human phenotypes caused by PIEZO1 mutations; one gene, two overlapping phenotypes?

PIEZO1 is a large mechanosensitive ion channel protein. Diseases associated with PIEZO1 include autosomal recessive generalised lymphatic dysplasia of Fotiou (GLDF) and autosomal dominant dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis with or without pseudohyperkalemia and/or perinatal oedema (DHS). The two disorders show overlapping features, fetal hydrops/perinatal oedema have been reported in both. Electrophysiological studies suggest opposite mechanisms of action: the mutations identified in GLDF patients cause a loss‐of‐function mechanism of disease and mutations in DHS patients cause gain of function. This raises the question: Is the pathogenic disease mechanism behind the fetal oedema the same in the two phenotypes? In this Symposium Review, we will discuss the two conditions and highlight key questions that remain to be answered. For instance, the perinatal oedema often resolves soon after birth and we are still at a loss to understand why. Are there any mechanisms which could compensate for the faulty PIEZO1 in these patients? Are there physiological changes at birth that are less reliant on the function of PIEZO1? Thus, there is a clear need for further studies into the two disorders, in order to fully understand the role of PIEZO1 in health and disease.
Appendix to : Evaluating Computer Intrusion Detection Systems : A Survey of Common Practices

In Figure 11, we depict chronologically ordered dates that mark major developments in the area of intrusion detection system (IDS) evaluation from its inception until the present date. The earliest effort on evaluating IDSes in a systematic manner is the work of Puketza et al. [1996, 1997]. These authors presented an approach for evaluating IDSes based on principles of the field of software systems testing. They were the first to develop a framework for evaluating IDSes, which they describe in detail in their work from 1997. They used the framework to evaluate a network-based IDS in terms of attack detection accuracy, resource consumption, and performance under stress. The years of 1998, 1999, and 2000 mark a major accomplishment in the area of IDS evaluation. The Lincoln Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), evaluated multiple IDSes using generated trace files that contain host and network activities of benign and malicious nature. The latter are commonly known as the DARPA datasets (see Section 2.1). Cunningham et al. [1999] describe the approach taken to generate the DARPA datasets in detail. The DARPA datasets are still extensively used in IDS evaluation studies. Debar et al. [1998] from the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory developed a workbench for evaluating IDSes. The workbench enabled the execution of attack scripts stored in a database maintained internally at IBM and the generation of regular workloads for training anomaly based IDSes. Debar et al. demonstrated the use of the workbench by evaluating multiple host-based IDSes. A recent effort to support the rigorous evaluation of IDSes is being driven by Symantec. Dumitras and Shou [2011] presented Symantec’s Worldwide Intelligence Network Environment (WINE) datasets,45 which contain local and remote attacks (see Table I). They also presented an evaluation platform that makes use of the datasets and is available for use by researchers for evaluating security mechanisms. However, since the datasets are captured from real network infrastructures and systems, and therefore contain private user data, they can only be accessed on-site at Symantec to avoid legal issues. The large scale of this project is indicated by the fact that Symantec continuously monitors and records malicious activities using more than 240,000 sensors deployed in 200 countries. In addition to attacks, which can be used for evaluating IDSes, the WINE datasets contain samples of malware (i.e., malicious software like trojans or viruses), which
Prevalence of and factors associated with dental anxiety among medical and dental students of the Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, North-West Russia

ABSTRACT The objective was to assess the prevalence of and factors associated with dental anxiety (DA) in medical and dental students in North-West Russia. This cross-sectional study included 422 medical and 285 dental undergraduate Russian students aged 18–25 years from the Northern State Medical University in Arkhangelsk. Corah’s Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) was applied to measure DA. Information on socio-demographic and socioeconomic factors, oral health behaviour and general and oral health was obtained from a structured, self-administered questionnaire. A clinical examination was performed to assess caries experience, Simplified Oral Hygiene Index, and Gingival Index. DAS score ≥13 was found in 13.7% and 2.2% of medical and dental students, respectively. Female sex (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.11, p = 0.013), lower education of mother (IRR = 1.13, p = 0.001), and poor self-assessed oral health (IRR = 1.15, p < 0.001) were associated with DA in medical students. Corresponding factors in dental students were female sex (IRR = 1.16, p = 0.001), irregular dental visits (IRR = 1.19, p = 0.001), infrequent tooth-brushing (IRR = 1.17, p = 0.007), pain in mouth (IRR = 1.09, p = 0.031) and number of missing teeth (IRR = 1.13, p = 0.007). The prevalence of high DA was lower in dental students than in medical students. DA was associated with sex, mother’s education, poor oral health behaviour and self-assessed and clinically assessed oral health.