Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Who are you calling rude? Honor-related differences in morality and competence evaluations after an insult.

In two studies, we examined honor-related differences in morality versus competence evaluations as a way to tap into social judgment formation after an insult. In Study 1, we distinguished between high-honor and low-honor cultures. Participants' evaluations of a norm transgressor were gathered. Results indicated that high-honor participants devalued the transgressor more strongly in terms of morality than competence in comparison with low-honor participants. In Study 2, we distinguished between participants with high- and low-honor values and investigated morality and competence in self-perception. Participants were asked to respond to different types of insults gathered in Study 1. High-honor participants were primarily harmed in their morality after being insulted, while this prominence was less apparent in low-honor participants. Both studies showed that those who value honor highly moralize insults to a greater extent, because they take more offense to them. © 2014 International Association for Conflict Management and Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Making maps and mental images: Finnish press cartography in nation-building, 1899–1942

This empirical study of the role played by Finnish press cartography in Finnish nation-building is based on newspaper data and scientific maps produced by the Geographical Society of Finland. The study draws from a well-known research tradition in critical cartography and focuses on four time periods. First, in their search for an independent nation and resistance against Russification (1899–1917), the Finns articulated their territory and identity cartographically. Second, in the 1920s and, third, in the 1930s, maps were used to consolidate the newly independent state. Finally, during the territorially expansionist first two years of the Continuation War (1941–1942), the focus was on propaganda and territorial claims. The examination shows that both scientific and press maps had a powerful impact on the production of ‘Finnish national space’ and territory.
The effects of labeling bias on prognostic outlook for children as a function of diagnostic label and profession

Labeling bias refers to expectations that others might have for a person given a particular label. This study investigated the effects of labeling bias on prognostic outlook for children as a function of diagnostic labels and professional group membership. School psychologists, regular and special education teachers, and introductory psychology students read a vignette that described an elementary-school-aged boy with behavior problems. The vignette was held constant for all participants, but one of four labels (conduct disordered, socially maladjusted, serious emotionally disturbed, no exceptionality) was varied at the end of the vignette. Respondents then estimated the child's likelihood of future success in interpersonal relationships, the likelihood of further behavioral difficulties, and overall adjustment of the child. There was a significant effect noted for diagnostic label across all professionals on the interpersonal relations variable; the serious emotionally disturbed label resulted in judgments of significantly poorer outlook than any other diagnostic label except socially maladjusted. There were no other significant labeling bias effects for the other dependent measures, but a main effect for diagnostic label on judgment of overall adjustment did approach significance. There were no significant effects noted for professional group membership. Professionals should consider the use of a label other than SED to minimize labeling bias effects on judgment of interpersonal adjustment in children with behavioral difficulties. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Delusional disorders: Prevalence in two socially differentiated neighborhoods of Barcelona

Objective To determine and compare the prevalence and other characteristics of delusional disorder (DD) in two adjacent neighborhoods of Barcelona, La Verneda and La Mina, which differ greatly in their socioeconomic level and psychosocial risk factors. Methods Cross-sectional study, by neighborhood, of all cases recorded between 1982 and 2000 in the electronic Case Registry of the La Verneda–La Mina Mental Health Unit. This unit of the Primary Health Care system serves 103,615 inhabitants and has high levels of accessibility. Results Of 21,536 mental health case records, 209 patients fulfilled the DD definition according to SASPE criteria (DSM-IV-TR), representing a population prevalence of 0.20% and 0.97% of case records. The DD case prevalence was significantly greater in the neighborhood characterized by an overload of psychosocial risk factors, than in the middle- and working-class neighborhood. Conclusions (1) The prevalence of DD indicated in the present community study is much higher than the prevalence reported by other, mainly hospital-based, studies. (2) These experiences/disorders are probably more common in areas characterized by the presence of psychosocial and socioeconomic risk factors. (3) People with DD in these at-risk environments have higher fecundity and fertility than the general population of Barcelona and Catalonia.
Link Prediction in Criminal Networks: A Tool for Criminal Intelligence Analysis

The problem of link prediction has recently received increasing attention from scholars in network science. In social network analysis, one of its aims is to recover missing links, namely connections among actors which are likely to exist but have not been reported because data are incomplete or subject to various types of uncertainty. In the field of criminal investigations, problems of incomplete information are encountered almost by definition, given the obvious anti-detection strategies set up by criminals and the limited investigative resources. In this paper, we work on a specific dataset obtained from a real investigation, and we propose a strategy to identify missing links in a criminal network on the basis of the topological analysis of the links classified as marginal, i.e. removed during the investigation procedure. The main assumption is that missing links should have opposite features with respect to marginal ones. Measures of node similarity turn out to provide the best characterization in this sense. The inspection of the judicial source documents confirms that the predicted links, in most instances, do relate actors with large likelihood of co-participation in illicit activities.
Modified and Unmodified Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Comparison of Attitudes Between Psychiatrists in Beijing and Hong Kong

Objective: Unmodified electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is still widely practiced in many psychiatric institutions in China. The study reported herein aimed to explore the attitudes of psychiatrists in Beijing toward unmodified and modified ECT and compare them with those of psychiatrists in Hong Kong, where only modified ECT has been used during the past 40 years. Method: One hundred five psychiatrists of a university-affiliated psychiatric hospital in Beijing and all psychiatrists (n = 238) currently practicing in Hong Kong were invited to complete a questionnaire exploring their attitudes toward unmodified and modified ECT. Results: The Beijing respondents had significantly more experience with unmodified ECT than their Hong Kong counterparts. Although 56% of the Beijing respondents preferred modified to unmodified treatment, 81% of them regarded unmodified ECT as safe and associated with minimal morbidity and mortality. Patient choice, financial status, and safety considerations were the main factors that dictated the choice of mode of ECT in Beijing. Conclusions: It seems that unmodified ECT still has a role as an effective psychiatric treatment in developing countries such as China. Any initiative to replace unmodified with modified treatment should take into account economic conditions, the sociocultural context, and the psychiatric traditions of the particular regions of the country.
Relations Among Maternal Literacy Beliefs, Home Literacy Practices, and the Emergent Literacy Skills of Preschoolers With Specific Language Impairment

Self-reported maternal literacy beliefs and home literacy practices were compared for families of children with typicially developing language skills (TL, n = 52) and specific language impairment (SLI, n = 56). Additionally, the present work examined whether maternal beliefs and practices predicted children's print-related knowledge. Mothers filled out 2 questionnaires asking about their literacy beliefs and practices while children's print-related knowledge was assessed directly. Results indicated that mothers of children with SLI held somewhat less positive beliefs about literacy and reported engaging in fewer literacy practices compared to mothers of children with TL. For the entire sample, maternal literacy practices and beliefs predicted children's print-related knowledge, although much of this association was accounted for by maternal education. Subgroup analyses focused specifically on children with SLI showed there to be no relation between maternal literacy beliefs and practices and children's print-related knowledge. The present findings suggest that the home literacy experiences of children with SLI, and the way that these experiences impact print-related knowledge, may differ in important ways from typical peers.
A new look at the Heston characteristic function

A new expression for the characteristic function of log-spot in Heston model is presented. This expression more clearly exhibits its properties as an analytic characteristic function and allows us to compute the exact domain of the moment generating function. This result is then applied to the volatility smile at extreme strikes and to the control of the moments of spot. We also give a factorization of the moment generating function as product of Bessel type factors, and an approximating sequence to the law of log-spot is deduced.
Analysis of Spliceosomal Proteins in Trypanosomatids Reveals Novel Functions in mRNA Processing*

In trypanosomatids, all mRNAs are processed via trans-splicing, although cis-splicing also occurs. In trans-splicing, a common small exon, the spliced leader (SL), which is derived from a small SL RNA species, is added to all mRNAs. Sm and Lsm proteins are core proteins that bind to U snRNAs and are essential for both these splicing processes. In this study, SmD3- and Lsm3-associated complexes were purified to homogeneity from Leishmania tarentolae. The purified complexes were analyzed by mass spectrometry, and 54 and 39 proteins were purified from SmD3 and Lsm complexes, respectively. Interestingly, among the proteins purified from Lsm3, no mRNA degradation factors were detected, as in Lsm complexes from other eukaryotes. The U1A complex was purified and mass spectrometry analysis identified, in addition to U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) proteins, additional co-purified proteins, including the polyadenylation factor CPSF73. Defects observed in cells silenced for U1 snRNP proteins suggest that the U1 snRNP functions exclusively in cis-splicing, although U1A also participates in polyadenylation and affects trans-splicing. The study characterized several trypanosome-specific nuclear factors involved in snRNP biogenesis, whose function was elucidated in Trypanosoma brucei. Conserved factors, such as PRP19, which functions at the heart of every cis-spliceosome, also affect SL RNA modification; GEMIN2, a protein associated with SMN (survival of motor neurons) and implicated in selective association of U snRNA with core Sm proteins in trypanosomes, is a master regulator of snRNP assembly. This study demonstrates the existence of trypanosomatid-specific splicing factors but also that conserved snRNP proteins possess trypanosome-specific functions.
Quantitative modeling of software reviews in an industrial setting

Technical reviews are a cost effective method commonly used to detect software defects early. To exploit their full potential, it is necessary to collect measurement data to constantly monitor and improve the implemented review procedure. This paper postulates a model of the factors that affect the number of defects detected during a technical review, and tests the model empirically using data from a large software development organization. The data set comes from more than 300 specification, design, and code reviews that were performed at Lucent's Product Realization Center for Optical Networking (PRC-ON) in Nuernberg, Germany. Since development projects within PRC-ON usually spend between 12% and 18% of the total development effort on reviews, it is essential to understand the relationships among the factors that determine review success. One major finding of this study is that the number of detected defects is primarily determined by the preparation effort of reviewers rather than the size of the reviewed artifact. In addition, the size of the reviewed artifact has only limited influence on review effort. Furthermore, we identified consistent ceiling effects in the relationship between size and effort with the number of defects detected. These results suggest that managers at PRC-ON must consider adequate preparation effort in their review planning to ensure high quality artifacts as well as a mature review process.
Trait emotional intelligence and learning styles: the case of Iranian English for Academic Purposes learners

Although a large body of research has been dedicated to examining emotional intelligence (EI) and learning styles in relation to different factors in academic setting, the relationship between these two variables still necessitates more exploration and deeper study, especially in the Iranian context. To this end, 60 English for Academic Purposes (EAP) learners were recruited to fill out the Farsi version of Emotional Intelligence Scale (FEIS-41) and Paragon Learning Styles Inventory (PLSI). The results revealed that the participants achieved the highest score in Optimism/Mood Regulation sub-scale of the FEIS-41. With respect to the four dimensions of PLSI, Sensing, Feeling, Judging and Extrovert were the participants’ preferred learning styles, respectively. Besides, analysis of data illustrated that gender did not affect their EI and learning styles preferences. Furthermore, the significance of 9 out of 12 computed correlations between three sub-skills of FEIS-41 and four dimensions of PLSI indicated the existence of correlation between EI and learning styles preferences of Iranian EAP learners.
Fibromodulin, an oxidative stress-sensitive proteoglycan, regulates the fibrogenic response to liver injury in mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Collagen I deposition contributes to liver fibrosis, yet little is known about other factors that mediate this process. Fibromodulin is a liver proteoglycan that regulates extracellular matrix organization and is induced by fibrogenic stimuli. We propose that fibromodulin contributes to the pathogenesis of fibrosis by regulating the fibrogenic phenotype of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). METHODS We analyzed liver samples from patients with hepatitis C-associated cirrhosis and healthy individuals (controls). We used a coculture model to study interactions among rat HSCs, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells. We induced fibrosis in livers of wild-type and Fmod(-/-) mice by bile duct ligation, injection of CCl(4), or administration of thioacetamide. RESULTS Liver samples from patients with cirrhosis had higher levels of fibromodulin messenger RNA and protein than controls. Bile duct ligation, CCl(4), and thioacetamide each increased levels of fibromodulin protein in wild-type mice. HSCs, hepatocytes, and sinusoidal endothelial cells produced and secreted fibromodulin. Infection of HSCs with an adenovirus that expressed fibromodulin increased expression of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin, indicating increased activation of HSCs and fibrogenic potential. Recombinant fibromodulin promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of HSCs, contributing to their fibrogenic activity. Fibromodulin was sensitive to reactive oxygen species. HepG2 cells that express cytochrome P450 2E1 produced fibromodulin, and HSCs increased fibromodulin production in response to pro-oxidants. In mice, administration of an antioxidant prevented the increase in fibromodulin in response to CCl(4). Coculture of hepatocytes or sinusoidal endothelial cells with HSCs increased the levels of reactive oxygen species in the culture medium, along with collagen I and fibromodulin proteins; this increase was prevented by catalase. Fibromodulin bound to collagen I, but the binding did not prevent collagen I degradation by matrix metalloproteinase 13. Bile duct ligation caused liver fibrosis in wild-type but not Fmod(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS Fibromodulin levels are increased in livers of patients with cirrhosis. Hepatic fibromodulin activates HSCs and promotes collagen I deposition, which leads to liver fibrosis in mice.
Modeled interactive effects of precipitation, temperature, and [CO2] on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones

Interactive effects of multiple global change factors on ecosystem processes are complex. It is relatively expensive to explore those interactions in manipulative experiments. We conducted a modeling analysis to identify potentially important interactions and to stimulate hypothesis formulation for experimental research. Four models were used to quantify interactive effects of climate warming (T), altered precipitation amounts [doubled (DP) and halved (HP)] and seasonality (SP, moving precipitation in July and August to January and February to create summer drought), and elevated [CO2] (C) on net primary production (NPP), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), net ecosystem production (NEP), transpiration, and runoff. We examined those responses in seven ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, and heathlands in different climate zones. The modeling analysis showed that none of the three‐way interactions among T, C, and altered precipitation was substantial for either carbon or water processes, nor consistent among the seven ecosystems. However, two‐way interactive effects on NPP, Rh, and NEP were generally positive (i.e. amplification of one factor's effect by the other factor) between T and C or between T and DP. A negative interaction (i.e. depression of one factor's effect by the other factor) occurred for simulated NPP between T and HP. The interactive effects on runoff were positive between T and HP. Four pairs of two‐way interactive effects on plant transpiration were positive and two pairs negative. In addition, wet sites generally had smaller relative changes in NPP, Rh, runoff, and transpiration but larger absolute changes in NEP than dry sites in response to the treatments. The modeling results suggest new hypotheses to be tested in multifactor global change experiments. Likewise, more experimental evidence is needed for the further improvement of ecosystem models in order to adequately simulate complex interactive processes.
Local inhibition of microstimulation-induced neural excitations by near-infrared laser irradiation in mouse cerebral slices in vitro

Electrical microstimulation and near-infrared (NIR) laser light irradiation were combined to control neural activities in cerebral cortex in vitro. Spatio-temporal patterns of suprathreshold neural excitations in the primary visual cortex of mouse cerebral slices were visualized by the Ca2+-sensitive dye imaging. In response to a single pulse of the biphasic stimulus current delivered to the layer IV, neural excitations were initiated around the stimulating electrode tip, and then synaptically propagated to the layer II/III. The neural excitations and population excitatory post-synaptic potential in the layer II/III were inhibited in a spot region where NIR laser light was illuminated. This inhibitory effect was larger when the carbon-nanotube-bundle fiber as a light absorber was placed within the spot region. The present results suggested that the NIR laser light can be used to locally inhibit trans-synaptic neural excitations induced by electrical microstimulations.
Entrepreneurship in action: bringing together the individual, organizational and institutional dimensions of entrepreneurial action

There is increasing recognition that entrepreneurship research needs to achieve a better balance between studying to entrepreneurial activities and setting these activities in their wider context. It is important that these good intentions are realized and one way of doing this is to bring together ethnographic research with concepts from sociology and from pragmatist thinking. In this study, field research material is interwoven with a set of key concepts to ensure that balanced attention is paid to issues at the levels of the enterprising individual, the organization and societal institutions. The field research is innovative in combining depth study of several enterprises and their founders with the analysis of broader aspects of ‘entrepreneurship in society’. It achieves this through a process of ‘everyday ethnographic’ observation, reading, conversation and ongoing analysis. In the spirit of a pragmatist conception of social science, the underlying logic of entrepreneurial action is identified. This is a logic which needs to be appreciated by all of those who wish to understand and/or engage with the entrepreneurial dimension of contemporary social and economic life.
One-Class Support Vector Machines Identify the Language and Default Mode Regions As Common Patterns of Structural Alterations in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

The identification of reliable brain endophenotypes of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been hampered to date by the heterogeneity in the neuroanatomical abnormalities detected in this condition. To handle the complexity of neuroimaging data and to convert brain images in informative biomarkers of pathology, multivariate analysis techniques based on Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been widely used in several disease conditions. They are usually trained to distinguish patients from healthy control subjects by making a binary classification. Here, we propose the use of the One-Class Classification (OCC) or Data Description method that, in contrast to two-class classification, is based on a description of one class of objects only. This approach, by defining a multivariate normative rule on one class of subjects, allows recognizing examples from a different category as outliers. We applied the OCC to 314 regional features extracted from brain structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans of young children with ASD (21 males and 20 females) and control subjects (20 males and 20 females), matched on age [range: 22–72 months of age; mean = 49 months] and non-verbal intelligence quotient (NVIQ) [range: 31–123; mean = 73]. We demonstrated that a common pattern of features characterize the ASD population. The OCC SVM trained on the group of ASD subjects showed the following performances in the ASD vs. controls separation: the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.74 for the male and 0.68 for the female population, respectively. Notably, the ASD vs. controls discrimination results were maximized when evaluated on the subsamples of subjects with NVIQ ≥ 70, leading to AUC = 0.81 for the male and AUC = 0.72 for the female populations, respectively. Language regions and regions from the default mode network—posterior cingulate cortex, pars opercularis and pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus, and transverse temporal gyrus—contributed most to distinguishing individuals with ASD from controls, arguing for the crucial role of these areas in the ASD pathophysiology. The observed brain patterns associate preschoolers with ASD independently of their age, gender and NVIQ and therefore they are expected to constitute part of the ASD brain endophenotype.