Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the design and analysis of protein folding potentials

Pairwise interaction models to recognize native folds are designed and analyzed. Different sets of parameters are considered but the focus was on 20 × 20 contact matrices. Simultaneous solution of inequalities and minimization of the variance of the energy find matrices that recognize exactly the native folds of 572 sequences and structures from the protein data bank (PDB). The set includes many homologous pairs, which present a difficult recognition problem. Significant recognition ability is recovered with a small number of parameters (e.g., the H/P model). However, full recognition requires a complete set of amino acids. In addition to structures from the PDB, a folding program (MONSSTER) was used to generate decoy structures for 75 proteins. It is impossible to recognize all the native structures of the extended set by contact potentials. We therefore searched for a new functional form. An energy function U, which is based on a sum of general pairwise interactions limited to a resolution of 1 angstrom, is considered. This set was infeasible too. We therefore conjecture that it is not possible to find a folding potential, resolved to 1 angstrom, which is a sum of pair interactions. Proteins 2000;40:71–85. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in Activity Budgets and Diet Between Semiprovisioned and Wild‐Feeding Groups of the Endangered Barbary Macaque (Macaca sylvanus) in the Central High Atlas Mountains, Morocco

The Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus is a very adaptable primate species occupying a wide range of habitats in Morocco and Algeria. Several groups of this endangered macaque can be found in tourist sites, where they are affected by the presence of visitors providing food to them. We compare the activity budgets and the diet of semiprovisioned and wild‐feeding groups of Barbary macaques in the central High Atlas Mountains of Morocco from February to August 2008. We used instantaneous scan sampling at 15‐min intervals. The behaviors included in the activity budget were feeding, moving, foraging, resting, and aggressive display. Food items were grouped into seven categories. We found no differences between the two groups in the daily percentages of records attributed to feeding. The semiprovisioned group spent significantly more time engaged in resting and aggressive behavior, and foraged and moved significantly less than the wild‐feeding group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in time spent eating leaves, fruits, or roots and bark. The semiprovisioned group, however, spent significantly less time per day feeding on herbs, seeds, and acorns than the wild‐feeding group. Human food accounted for 26% of the daily feeding records for the semiprovisioned group and 1% for the wild‐feeding group. Our findings agree with previous studies and indicate that in the tourist site, where food is highly clumped, macaques decreased foraging time yet showed higher levels of contest competition. Our results support the common claim that the diet of the Barbary macaque is highly flexible, differing among its varied habitats. Conservation efforts for the Barbary macaques should take into account the changes in behavior that human‐modified environments may cause.
A Convex Optimization Approach to the Rational Covariance Extension Problem

In this paper we present a convex optimization problem for solving the rational covariance extension problem. Given a partial covariance sequence and the desired zeros of the modeling filter, the poles are uniquely determined from the unique minimum of the corresponding optimization problem. In this way we obtain an algorithm for solving the covariance extension problem, as well as a constructive proof of Georgiou's seminal existence result and his conjecture, a stronger version of which we have resolved in [Byrnes et al., IEEE Trans. Automat. Control, AC-40 (1995), pp. 1841--1857].
United We Stand? Coordinating Capacity Investment and Allocation in Joint Ventures

Among the recent innovative strategies for coping with product variety and market risk some firms have partnered to leverage economies of scale and risk pooling by sharing manufacturing capacity. In this paper we study how to structure such a joint venture to achieve full efficiency at low transaction costs. Specifically, we study whether capacity should be owned jointly or separately. Overall, we find that the two ownership structures have complementary strengths and weaknesses in term of their incentives for coordinating capacity allocation and investment. On the one hand, capacity allocation is simple to coordinate under joint ownership, but may entail high transaction costs under separate ownership when the joint venture consists of many firms with different profit margins. On the other hand, capacity investments remain simple to coordinate under separate ownership, but are efficient under joint ownership only in the presence of large economies of scale or asymmetric demands or asymmetric profit margins, and would otherwise entail high transaction costs. Our analysis thus characterizes the trade-off between economic benefits and transaction costs in the choice of capacity ownership structure.
The asymmetric effects of monetary policy: a nonlinear vector

A suspension arrangement for electric motor-driven traction vehicles wherein the electric motor is totally supported by resilient connections to a gear housing unit which is bearing-mounted to the axle and resiliently connected by a single mount to the vehicle truck frame. Torque is transmitted from the motor armature to the parallel axle through a gear train having rigid connection to the axle and flexible connection to the motor armature. Relative motions are thus permitted between the axle and the truck frame without imparting harmful shocks to the electric drive motor.
Maximum Sustainable Government Debt in the Perpetual Youth Model

type="main"> The overlapping-generations model of Blanchard, based on a constant probability of death, is used to study the maximum level of government debt consistent with the existence of a steady state equilibrium. In both a small open and a closed economy it is shown that maximum sustainable debt robustly occurs where the consumption of individual households reaches zero, the limit of its feasible range. Taxation absorbs all of the household's labour income here. In a closed economy, at this point the real interest rate also hits a ‘ceiling’ given by a simple combination of preference parameters and the death probability.
Wage Structures and Labor Turnover in the U.S. And in Japan

The starting point of this study is the proposition that intensive formation of human capital on the job is the basic proximate reason for the strong degree of worker attachment to the firm in Japan. The greater emphasis on training and retraining, much of it specific to the firm, results also in steeper wage trajectories, due to growth of skills in the firm. We explore this insight more thoroughly by a detailed use of micro-data for the two countries: We measure wage profiles and turnover in age groups, and we test the inverse relation between the two on industry sectors within each of the countries. Using productivity growth indexes for industries in the U.S. and in Japan we test the hypothesis that rapid technical change which induces greater and continuous training, is responsible for steeper profiles, hence indirectly for lesser turnover. The hypothesis is confirmed on the sectoral level in both countries. Finally, we try to standardize for the cultural background of workers, by observing a sample of Japanese plants in the U.S. which employ American workers, and use Japanese labor policies in recruitment and training. We find that the steeper tenure-wage slopes and lower turnover place this sample closer to Japan than to the U.S.
MIXING IN ZERO- AND SOLAR-METALLICITY SUPERNOVAE

Two-dimensional simulations of mixing and fallback in nonrotating massive stars have been carried out using realistic initial models for the presupernova star and assuming standard spherically symmetric explosions of 1.2 × 1051 erg. Stars of 15 and 25 M☉ with both primordial and solar composition were modeled. The zero-metallicity supernova progenitors were compact blue stars, and the amount of Rayleigh–Taylor induced mixing in them was greatly reduced compared with what was seen in the red supergiants with solar metallicity. The compact zero-metal stars also experienced more fallback than their solar-metallicity counterparts. As a result, the ejected nucleosynthesis from the two populations was very different. For the simple explosion model assumed, low-metallicity stars ejected too little iron and intermediate-mass elements even to explain the abundance patterns in the most iron-poor stars found to date, suggesting that some important ingredient is missing. Rotation is likely to alter these conclusions by producing a greater fraction of red supergiants among Population III stars. The velocities of the heavy elements in all models considered—both red and blue supergiants—were less than observed in SN 1987A, suggesting that, at least occasionally, asymmetric aspects of the explosion mechanism and fallback play a major role in mixing.
The Extent and Consequences of Underemployment in Australia

Underemployment is generally conceived as excess labour supply associated with employed persons – that is, as a situation where employed persons would like to work more hours at prevailing wage rates. Using information collected by the 2001 Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, this study seeks to investigate the extent of underemployment and its effects on outcomes such as income, welfare dependence and subjective well-being. It is found that over one in six employed persons is underemployed, corresponding to a failure to utilise 5 per cent of hours supplied by employed persons. Underemployment is more frequently associated with part-time employment for females, but for males is more frequently associated with full-time employment. Models estimated of the effects of underemployment on outcomes imply that, while unemployment clearly has greater adverse consequences, underemployment is nonetheless associated with significant detrimental effects on the outcomes examined. Negative effects are found for both part-time employed and full-time employed workers who would prefer to work more hours, but effects are greater for underemployed part-time workers, and are particularly large for part-time workers who would like to work full-time. Indeed, for part-time workers seeking full-time employment, effects attributable to underemployment are, for some outcomes, not far short of those attributable to unemployment.
A prospective study of percutaneous vertebroplasty for chronic painful osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture

Vertebral compression fractures can be treated with percutaneous vertebroplasty, which involves the injection of bone cement into the affected vertebra, and leads to both relief of pain and stabilization of the fracture. However, this technique has not been extensively studied in the context of chronic compression fractures of the vertebrae, which may be more refractory to treatment. Accordingly, this study assessed the success of percutaneous vertebroplasty in 62 patients with painful vertebral compression fractures that had persisted for at least three months.
Accounting for productivity growth in Norwegian manufacturing industries 1927-1959

This paper presents estimates of total factor productivity growth for 55 manufacturing industries over the period 1927 to 1959. The long-run rate of growth in TFB is about 1 per cent per year for total manufacturing, but there are considerable variations in TFP growth rates acros industries and over time. For total manufacturing the TFP growth rate was higher in the 1930s than in the 1950s. The first half of the 1950s are characterized by a high rate of output expansion but a marked slowdown in TFP growth, particularly in the export-oriented industries. Is is conjectured that TFP growth in the early 1950s was negatively affected by government regulations and overinvestment in real capital.
The Interrelationship between HR, Strategy and Profitability in Service SMEs: Empirical Evidence from the UK Tourism Hospitality and Leisure Sector

We investigate the strategies, HR attributes and their synergies that are associated with superior performance in service SMEs using data from the UK Tourism Hospitality and Leisure (THL) sector. A major advantage of our analysis is that our sample includes information also on very small firms which makes results representative of the industry but also sheds light on a very little investigated area related to the nature of HRM and its link with performance of micro businesses. Our results suggest that high-performing SMEs in the THL sector are managed by more experienced entrepreneurs. Moreover, they employ a combination of technological and know-how firm differentiation strategies together with a highly skilled workforce, and/or a combination of (product) differentiation strategies based on quality of service and personal attention to customers, and a generous compensation package and attention to employees development.
Paying attention to orthography: a visual evoked potential study

In adult readers, letters, and words are rapidly identified within visual networks to allow for efficient reading abilities. Neuroimaging studies of orthography have mostly used words and letter strings that recruit many hierarchical levels in reading. Understanding how single letters are processed could provide further insight into orthographic processing. The present study investigated orthographic processing using single letters and pseudoletters when adults were encouraged to pay attention to or away from orthographic features. We measured evoked potentials (EPs) to single letters and pseudoletters from adults while they performed an orthographic-discrimination task (letters vs. pseudoletters), a color-discrimination task (red vs. blue), and a target-detection task (respond to #1 and #2). Larger and later peaking N1 responses (~170 ms) and larger P2 responses (~250 ms) occurred to pseudoletters as compared to letters. This reflected greater visual processing for pseudoletters. Dipole analyses localized this effect to bilateral fusiform and inferior temporal cortices. Moreover, this letter-pseudoletter difference was not modulated by task and thus indicates that directing attention to or away from orthographic features did not affect early visual processing of single letters or pseudoletters within extrastriate regions. Paying attention to orthography or color as compared to disregarding the stimuli (target-detection task) elicited selection negativities at about 175 ms, which were followed by a classical N2-P3 complex. This indicated that the tasks sufficiently drew participant's attention to and away from the stimuli. Together these findings revealed that visual processing of single letters and pseudoletters, in adults, appeared to be sensory-contingent and independent of paying attention to stimulus features (e.g., orthography or color).
Methane emissions from an alpine wetland on the Tibetan Plateau: Neglected but vital contribution of the nongrowing season

The vast wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau are expected to be an important natural source of methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. The magnitude, patterns and environmental controls of CH4 emissions on different timescales, especially during the nongrowing season, remain poorly understood, because of technical limitations and the harsh environments. We conducted the first study on year‐round CH4 fluxes in an alpine wetland using the newly developed LI‐COR LI‐7700 open‐path gas analyzer. We found that the total annual CH4 emissions were 26.4 and 33.8 g CH4 m−2 in 2012 and 2013, respectively, and the nongrowing season CH4 emissions accounted for 43.2–46.1% of the annual emissions, highlighting an indispensable contribution that was often overlooked by previous studies. A two‐peak seasonal variation in CH4 fluxes was observed, with a small peak in the spring thawing period and a large one in the peak growing season. We detected a significant difference in the diurnal variation of CH4 fluxes between the two seasons, with two peaks in the growing season and one peak in the nongrowing season. We found that the CH4 fluxes during the growing season were well correlated with soil temperature, water table depth and gross primary production, whereas the CH4 fluxes during the nongrowing season were highly correlated with soil temperature. Our results suggested that the CH4 emission during the nongrowing season cannot be ignored and the vast wetlands on the Tibetan plateau will have the potential to exert a positive feedback on climate considering the increasing warming, particularly in the nongrowing season in this region.
A Probability Model to Refine Word Alignments

Parallel texts have recently been recognized as a valuable resource for machine translation researchers. These texts, which present the same information in two or more languages, are a rich source of translation knowledge. However, the texts themselves are of limited use without a guide to indicate what portions of the two languages correspond to one another. The goal of word alignment algorithms is to link words in bilingual sentence pairs, in order to indicate which words are translations of one another. We present a statistical model for computing the probability of an alignment given a sentence pair. This model allows easy integration of context-specific features. A system called ProAlign has been built around this model to refine an existing word alignment. We show that ProAlign is competitive with the current state of the art in word alignment, and that its central probability model is better suited to alignment refinement than alternative models.
Blow‐up of generalized complex 4‐manifolds

We introduce blow‐up and blow‐down operations for generalized complex 4‐manifolds. Combining these with a surgery analogous to the logarithmic transform, we then construct generalized complex structures on nℂP2#mℂP¯2 for n odd, a family of 4‐manifolds that admit neither complex nor symplectic structures unless n = 1. We also extend the notion of a symplectic elliptic Lefschetz fibration, so that it expresses a generalized complex 4‐manifold as a fibration over a 2‐dimensional manifold with boundary.
Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Shock Interactions with Radiative Clouds

We present results from two-dimensional numerical simulations of the interactions between magnetized shocks and radiative clouds. Our primary goal is to characterize the dynamical evolution of the shocked clouds. We perform runs in both the strong and weak magnetic field limits and consider three different field orientations. For the geometries considered, we generally find that magnetic fields external to, but concentrated near, the surface of the cloud suppress the growth of destructive hydrodynamic instabilities. External fields also increase the compression of the cloud by effectively acting as a confinement mechanism driven by the interstellar flow and local field stretching. This can have a dramatic effect on both the efficiency of radiative cooling, which tends to increase with increasing magnetic field strength, and on the size and distribution of condensed cooled fragments. In contrast, fields acting predominately internally to the cloud tend to resist compression, thereby inhibiting cooling. We observe that, even at modest strengths (β0 ≲ 100), internal fields can completely suppress low-temperature (T < 100 K) cooling in two-dimensional clouds.
Randomness evaluation of stream cipher for secure mobile communication

Information Security over mobile communication networks is important for secure communication. In GSM mobile standard, A5/1 stream cipher is used to provide security over-the-air voice transmissions. It is strong encryption algorithm among the cryptographic algorithms used in GSM. However, it is cryptanalized by a number of attacks. Recent studies show that it has serious security weaknesses in its architecture. In this paper, an enhanced version of A5/1 stream cipher to improve the security of A5/1 scheme is presented. Enhancements are made in clocking mechanism and combining function of the cipher. The proposed scheme is coded in VHDL. NIST Statistical test package is used to evaluate the randomness performance of output bit-streams of two ciphers. The randomness results show that the output bit-stream generated by the proposed stream cipher has better randomness performance.
Poder adquisitivo y calidad de vida de los trabajadores vizcaínos, 1876-1936

El nivel de vida ha estado sujeto a cambios y transformaciones y los investigadores han incorporado nuevos indicadores y nuevas formas de medirlo. Durante las dos ultimas decadas del siglo XX, el debate se ha revitalizado, y aunque la renta o los salarios siguen siendo vitales para determinarlo, se han incorporado algunos indicadores tan novedosos como la estatura. Este trabajo mejora y amplia las series de precios y salarios. Para ello se elabora, en primer lugar, un nuevo indice del coste de la vida basado practicamente en precios al por menor, que responde fielmente a los gustos y preferencias consumistas de las familias trabajadoras, y se remata con el calculo de salarios reales por profesiones representativas de la zona industrial de Vizcaya. Pero no olvida otros elementos del puzzle, destacando, en este caso, el denominado indicador sintetico del bienestar, la talla, muy correlacionada con el poder adquisitivo, la morbilidad y la mortalidad.
PI-0801 A Framework for Forecasting Mortality Rates with an Application to Six Stochastic Mortality Models

This paper develops a framework for developing forecasts of future mortality rates. We discuss the suitability of six stochastic mortality models for forecasting future mortality and estimating the density of mortality rates at different ages. In particular, the models are assessed individually with reference to the following qualitative criteria that focus on the plausibility of their forecasts: biological reasonableness; the plausibility of predicted levels of uncertainty in forecasts at different ages; and the robustness of the forecasts relative to the sample period used to fit the model. An important, though unsurprising, conclusion is that a good fit to historical data does not guarantee sensible forecasts. We also discuss the issue of model risk, common to many modelling situations in demography and elsewhere. We find that even for those models satisfying our qualitative criteria, there are significant differences between both central forecasts of mortality rates at different ages and the distributions surrounding those central forecasts.
Patent Rights and Economic Growth: Evidence from Cross-Country Panels of Manufacturing Industries

The objective of patent rights is to foster innovation and economic growth. However, to date, there is little robust evidence that patents achieve this objective. Here, we study the impact of changes in effective patent rights within panels of up to 54 manufacturing industries in up to 72 countries between 1981--2000. Stronger patent rights were associated with faster growth in more patent-intensive industries, and the effect was larger in higher-income countries. Between 1991--1995, an increase in the level of effective patent rights from Turkey to Singapore was associated with the average growth of the other chemicals and leather industries being respectively 1/6 and 1/17 higher. Patent rights were associated with faster growth through both factor accumulation and raising productivity. Our findings were robust to alternative measures of patent rights and patent intensity. Copyright 2013 Oxford University Press 2013 All rights reserved, Oxford University Press.