Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A contribution to the functional morphology of articular surfaces.

The variations of the joint shape are first analyzed in the acetabulum and the ulnar trochlear notch of man. Then an attempt is made to explain the basic shape of the lunate surface and the types of articular surface diverging from it with regard to causal histogenesis and the general theory of joint stress (Pauwels), as well as the theoretical distribution of stress in the perfect ball and socket joint (Kummer). Certain statements are made about the position, size, changes in direction and course of the resultant forces at the joint, statements which seem very likely to be accurate when compared to facts already known about the hip joint in man. Under these preconditions, the various forms of the observed articulating surfaces may be theoretically reconstructed in every case. In this connection, it is first shown that the preservation of the joint cartilage is also dependent on the period of time during which the resultant force is effective in the various areas of the articular surface. The term "relative constancy" is used to express this time factor. Two functional explanations are given for the presence of incisions and divisions in the lunate surface and in the trochlear notch: 1. It is assumed that the "relative constancy" of the resultant forces is of varying magnitude in the different areas of the articular surface. The incisions and divisions in the joint cartilage are thus seen as areas in which the resultant joint stress does not rise above the minimum value for preservation of the articular cartilage. 2. The radius of the convex articular surface can be slightly larger than the radius of the concave articular surface. Because of this incongruity no pressure will be transmitted in an area of the lunate surface or of the trochlear notch because of the defective contact. It follows that the cartilage-preserving stimulating pressure is also absent from this area. According to Pauwels, the magnitude and distribution of the stresses arising in the articulating surfaces may be determined from the varying density distribution of the subchondral bony tissue, as seen in x-rays. The density distribution of the subchondral bone at the ulnar socket shows clear basic parallels to the extent of the surface covered by joint cartilage. The relatively low density in the area of the notch is seen as being the result of lower stress, in accordance with the functional explanation of division of the cartilage surfaces. In photoelastic model experiments, the dependence of the degree of relative stress on the form of the articular surface is illustrated by means of the number of isochromes. Here, the distribution of density of the subchondral bony tissue corresponds to the local magnitude of stress in the corresponding model joint. Functional analysis of the tangential fiber layer of the joint cartilage at the femoral head and the elbow joint, shows basic agreement between the split line patterns and the trajectoral pattern, as described in articulating surfaces examined by Pauwels, Konermann and Molzberger.
Influence of male nutritional conditions on the performance and alimentary selection of wild females of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart)(Diptera, Tephritidae)

Influence of male nutritional conditions on the performance and alimentary selection of wild females of Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (Diptera, Tephritidae). The behavior of A. obliqua females is regulated by endogenous and exogenous factors and among these the presence of males. Experiments were carried out to investigate whether the presence of males and their nutritional condition may affect the behavior of self-selection feeding and the performance of A. obliqua females. Females were sorted in groups containing yeast-deprived females and males, and non-yeast-deprived females and males. The females were maintained apart from the males by a transparent plastic screen. Several yeast and sucrose combinations were offered to the females in a single diet block or in separate blocks. Ingestion, egg production, longevity and diet efficiency were determined. The non-yeast-deprived males positively influenced the females performance when the latter were fed with yeast and sucrose in distinct diet blocks. Performance was better in the groups without males and with yeast-deprived males where the females could not select the nutrient proportions (yeast and sucrose in a single diet block).
Definitions of jitter measurement terms and relationships

Different jitters terms are widely used for jitter characterization, -edge jitter, cycle-to-cycle jitter, period jitter are just a few of them. These jitter conventions have been studied in many publications considering jitter measurements, but they lack a common mathematical basis which should include both - the relations of these terms with jitter spectrum typical for measurement practice, and some jitter conversions which time domain measurement instruments (TDI) depend on for instrument performance and synchronization. We generalize the common theoretical basis, which establishes the dependencies between different jitter terms and jitter spectrum. We demonstrate and explain some effects of typical jitter term measurements observed in measurement practice. The obtained results are important for correct jitter measurements and specifications in clock, SOC, communication, ATE, high-speed digital test, etc
Method for High Precision Radar Distance Measurement and Synchronization of Wireless Units

In this paper we present a novel approach for high precision synchronization of wireless units. A concept similar to the standard FMCW (frequency-modulated continuous wave) radar principle is used to estimate the offset in time and in frequency between two radar units. It allows for a synchronization of both offsets significantly below 100 ps and 10 Hz, respectively. This highly accurate synchronization is used in a prototype system to measure the distance between wireless units similar to a secondary radar. The prototype operates within the 5.8 GHz ISM-Band and uses a bandwidth of 150 MHz. With the setup presented the distance between two radar units is measured with a standard deviation of less than 4 cm over a range of 250 m. The broadband measurement principle is robust towards multipath interference. It can be extended to other frequency bands and is well-suited for direct integration into communication channels.
A comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine for sedation in children administered either by atomiser or by drops

Intranasal dexmedetomidine has been used successfully for sedation in children. A mucosal atomisation device delivers an atomised solution to the nasal mucosa which facilitates rapid and effective delivery of medication to the systemic circulation. We compared intranasal delivery of dexmedetomidine in a dose of 3 μg. kg−1 by either atomiser or drops from a syringe in children < 3 years old undergoing transthoracic echocardiography. Two hundred and seventy‐nine children were randomly assigned to one or other group. One hundred and thirty‐seven children received dexmedetomidine by atomiser and 142 by drops. The successful sedation rate was 82.5% (95% CI 75.3–87.9%) and 84.5% (95% CI 77.7–89.5%) for atomiser and drops, respectively (p = 0.569). Sedation tended to be less successful in older children (p = 0.028, OR 0.949, 95% CI 0.916–0.983). There were no significant complications. We conclude that both modes of dexmedetomidine administration are equally effective, although increasing age of the child was associated with a decreased likelihood of successful sedation.
Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Skeletal Muscle Properties in Older Women Alone and Together with Physical Activity

Background Muscle strength declines on average by one percent annually from midlife on. In postmenopausal women this decrement coincides with a rapid decline in estrogen production. The genetics underlying the effects of estrogen on skeletal muscle remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether polymorphisms within COMT and ESR1 are associated with muscle properties and assessed their interaction and their combined effects with physical activity. Methodology/Principal Findings A cross-sectional data analysis was conducted with 434 63-76-year-old women from the population-based Finnish Twin Study on Aging. Body anthropometry, muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA), isometric hand grip and knee extension strengths, and leg extension power were measured. COMT Val158Met and ESR1 PvuII genotypes were determined by the RFLP method. mCSA differed by COMT genotypes (p = 0.014) being significantly larger in LL than HL individuals in unadjusted (p = 0.001) and age- and height-adjusted model (p = 0.004). When physical activity and age were entered into GEE model, COMT genotype had a significant main effect (p = 0.038) on mCSA. Furthermore, sedentary individuals with the HH genotype had lower muscle mass, strength and power, but they also appeared to benefit the most from physical activity. No association of ESR1 PvuII polymorphism with any of the muscle outcomes was observed. Conclusions/Significance The present study suggests that the COMT polymorphism, affecting the activity of the enzyme, is associated with muscle mass. Furthermore, sedentary individuals with potential high enzyme activity were the weakest group, but they may potentially benefit the most from physical activity. This observation elucidates the importance of both environmental and genetic factors in muscle properties.
A simple view of linguistic complexity

Although a growing number of second language acquisition (SLA) studies take linguistic complexity as a dependent variable, the term is still poorly defined and often used with different meanings, thus posing serious problems for research synthesis and knowledge accumulation. This article proposes a simple, coherent view of the construct, which is defined in a purely structural way, i.e. the complexity directly arising from the number of linguistic elements and their interrelationships. Issues of cognitive cost (difficulty) or developmental dynamics (acquisition) are explicitly excluded from this theoretical definition and its operationalization. The article discusses how the complexity of an interlanguage system can be assessed based on the limited samples with which SLA researchers usually work. For the areas of morphology, syntax and the lexicon, some measures are proposed that are coherent with the purely structural view advocated, and issues related to their operationalization are critically scrutinized.
Testing the role of source credibility on memory for inferences

Testing the Role of Source Credibility on Memory for Inferences. (August 2011) Jimmeka Joy Guillory, B.S., M.S., Texas A&M University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Lisa Geraci Research shows that people have difficulty forgetting inferences they make after reading a passage, even when the information that the inferences are based on is later known to be untrue. This dissertation examined the effects of these inferences on memory for political information and tested if the credibility of the source of the correction influences whether people use the correction, or continue relying on the original information when making inferences. According to source credibility theory, there are two main factors that contribute to credibility, expertise and trustworthiness. Experiment 1 examined credibility as a function of both expertise and trustworthiness. The results from this experiment showed that having a correction from a source who is high on both factors significantly decreased the use of the original information. Experiment 2 examined credibility as a function of expertise. The Experiment 2 results showed no significant decrease in participants’ use of the original information, if a correction came from a source that was simply more expert (but not more trustworthy) than another source. This finding suggests that source expertise alone is not sufficient to reduce reliance on the original information. Experiment 3, which examined credibility as a function of trustworthiness, demonstrated that having a highly trustworthy source does
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis in prisons located in former Soviet countries: A systematic review

Background A systematic literature review was performed to investigate the occurrence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in prisons located in countries formerly part of the Soviet Union. Methods A systematic search of published studies reporting MDR TB occurrence in prisons located in former Soviet countries was conducted by probing PubMed and Cumulative Index Nursing and Allied Health Literature for articles that met predetermined inclusion criteria. Results Seventeen studies were identified for systematic review. Studies were conducted in six different countries. Overall, prevalence of MDR TB among prisoners varied greatly between studies. Our findings suggest a high prevalence of MDR TB in prisons of Post-Soviet states with percentages as high as 16 times more than the worldwide prevalence estimated by the WHO in 2014. Conclusion All studies suggested a high prevalence of MDR TB in prison populations in Post-Soviet states.
Postdischarge Follow-up of Infants With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia often require intensive treatment after birth, have prolonged hospitalizations, and have other congenital anomalies. After discharge from the hospital, they may have long-term sequelae such as respiratory insufficiency, gastroesophageal reflux, poor growth, neurodevelopmental delay, behavior problems, hearing loss, hernia recurrence, and orthopedic deformities. Structured follow-up for these patients facilitates early recognition and treatment of these complications. In this report, follow-up of infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia is outlined.
Surgical Management of Recurrent Musculotendinous Hamstring Injury in Professional Athletes

Background: Hamstring injury is the most common muscular lesion in athletes. The conservative treatment is well described, and surgical management is often indicated for proximal tendinous avulsions. To our knowledge, no surgical treatment has been proposed for failure of conservative treatment in musculotendinous hamstring lesions. Purpose: To describe the surgical management of proximal and distal hamstring musculotendinous junction lesions in professional athletes after failure of conservative treatment. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A consecutive series of 10 professional athletes, including 4 soccer players, 4 rugby players, and 2 handball players, underwent surgical intervention between October 2010 and June 2014 for the treatment of recurrent musculotendinous hamstring injuries. All athletes had failed at least 3 months of conservative treatment for a recurrent musculotendinous hamstring injury. Surgical resection of the musculotendinous scar tissue was performed using a longitudinal muscular suture. Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) and Marx scores were obtained at the 3-month follow-up, and a final phone interview was completed to determine recurrence of hamstring injury and return to previous level of play. Results: The mean age at surgery was 25.2 years (range, 19-35 years). The musculotendinous hamstring lesions involved 8 semitendinosus and 2 biceps femoris, with 6 injuries located proximally and 4 distally. Conservative treatment lasted a mean 5.1 months (range, 3-9 months) after last recurrence, and the patients had an average of 2.7 (range, 2-5) separate incidents of injury recurrence before surgical intervention was decided upon. At the 3-month follow-up, all patients had Marx activity scores of 16 and LEFS scores of 80. All 10 patients returned to the same level of play at a mean 3.4 months (range, 2-5 months). At a mean follow-up of 28.7 months, none of the athletes had suffered a recurrence. No surgical complication was encountered. Conclusion: In cases of failed conservative treatment of musculotendinous hamstring lesions, surgical intervention may be a viable treatment option in professional athletes and allows the patient to return to the same level of play.
Evidence of activity-dependent withdrawal of corticospinal projections during human development

Objective: To characterize the development of ipsilateral corticospinal projections from birth and compare to 1) development of contralateral projections in the same subjects and 2) ipsilateral corticospinal projections in subjects with unilateral lesions of the corticospinal system acquired perinatally or in adulthood. Method: Transcranial magnetic stimulation excited the motor cortex, and responses were recorded bilaterally in pectoralis major, biceps brachii, and the first dorsal interosseus muscles. Subjects studied included 9 neonates recruited at birth, studied longitudinally for 2 years; 85 healthy subjects aged from birth to adulthood; 10 subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy; and 8 with hemiplegia after stroke. Results: In neonates, ipsilateral responses had significantly shorter onsets than contralateral responses but similar thresholds and amplitudes. Thresholds within both pathways increased in the first 3 months. Differential development was present from 3 months so that by 18 months ipsilateral responses were significantly smaller and had significantly higher thresholds and longer onset latencies than contralateral responses. A similar pattern of smaller and later ipsilateral responses was observed after transcranial magnetic stimulation of the intact cortex in subjects with stroke. In contrast, subjects with hemiplegic cerebral palsy had ipsilateral responses with onsets, thresholds and amplitudes similar to those of contralateral responses. Significant branching of contralateral corticospinal axons from the intact motor cortex was excluded by cross-correlation analysis. Conclusions: These data, together with previously published anatomic and radiologic studies, are consistent with activity-dependent corticospinal axonal withdrawal during development and maintenance of increased corticomotoneuronal projections from the intact hemisphere after unilateral perinatal lesions.
Rapid prototyping and quick development of sensor networks

Event-driven programming platforms for sensor networks require the programmers to deal with several challenges including buffer management, stack management, and flow control. To simplify the design of sensor network protocols, several high-level primitives are proposed. However, these primitives have to be implemented in an existing event-driven programming platform and most of them still require the programmers to use the same platform (though some intricate details of the platform are hidden). In this dissertation, we develop tools and protocols that enable the programmers to rapidly prototype and quickly deploy sensor network protocols. We propose to reuse existing abstract models from distributed computing literature (e.g., read/write model, shared-memory model). Since these models hide several low-level challenges of the target system, programs written in these models are simple, easy to understand, and concise. These abstract programs must then be transformed into a model consistent with sensor networks. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows. (1) We consider a new computational model for sensor networks, namely, write all with collision (WAC) model and develop algorithms that transform programs written in traditional abstract models into sensor networks. We show that the transformation algorithms preserve the self-stabilization property of the original programs. (2) Based on this theoretical foundation, we propose ProSe, a programming tool for sensor networks. ProSe enables the programmers to (a) specify protocols in simple abstract models, (b) reuse existing fault-tolerant/self-stabilizing protocols from the literature in the context of sensor networks, and (c) automatically generate and deploy code. (3) To quickly deploy the generated programs, we propose Infuse , a bulk data dissemination protocol for reprogramming the sensors in-place. To deal with arbitrary channel errors, we extend the sliding window mechanisms of TCP/IP. We show that Infuse provides a reliable and energy-efficient data dissemination service through simulations and real-world experiments. Based on our experience in developing sensor network applications, we expect that these results would simplify the protocol design, implementation, evaluation, and deployment. As a result, it enables the transition where protocols are designed by domain experts rather than experts in sensor networks.
Cryptococcus gattii Induces a Cytokine Pattern That Is Distinct from Other Cryptococcal Species

Understanding more about the host's immune response to different Cryptococcus spp. will provide additional insight into the pathogenesis of cryptocococcis. We hypothesized that the ability of C. gattii to cause disease in immunocompetent humans depends on a distinct innate cytokine response of the host to this emerging pathogen. In the current study we assessed the cytokine profile of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy individuals, after in vitro stimulation with 40 different well-defined heat-killed isolates of C. gattii, C. neoformans and several hybrid strains. In addition, we investigated the involvement of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 in the pro-inflammatory cytokine response to C. gattii. Isolates of C. gattii induced higher concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 and the Th17/22 cytokine IL-17 and IL-22 compared to C. neoformans var neoformans and C. neoformans var grubii. In addition, clinical C. gattii isolates induced higher amounts of cytokines than environmental isolates. This difference was not observed in C. neoformans var. grubii isolates. Furthermore, we demonstrated a likely contribution of TLR4 and TLR9, but no role for TLR2, in the host's cytokine response to C. gattii. In conclusion, clinical heat-killed C. gattii isolates induced a more pronounced inflammatory response compared to other Cryptococcus species and non-clinical C. gattii. This is dependent on TLR4 and TLR9 as cellular receptors.
A morphological study of the development of the placenta of the rat. I. An outline of the development of the placenta of the white rat

Most of the investigations so fa r carried out on the rat o r mouse placenta have centered about the period from the establishment of the antimesometrial implantation to the full establishment of the definitive placenta, or from about the seventh to the fifteenth day of gestation. Only 2 studies have thoroughly covered the whole period of gestation, those of h v a l (1891) and of Jenkinson ( '02). These investigators worked primarily on the mouse. Mossman ('37) has written a very useful paper on the comparative morphology of placentae, but derives most of his information on the rat from the literature. Snell ('41) has also given useful descriptions of the mouse placenta e n passant in his chapter on the embryology of the mouse in Biology of the Laboratory Mouse. Nevertheless, since much of the original work was done on the mouse, at a period ~vlieii histological technique was new, it seemed desirable to investigate the morphology of the placenta of the rat, using modern techniques. The present paper will attempt only a brief synopsis of uterine and placental development. This is felt to be necessary as a background f o r the second paper, which will deal in greater detail with the distribution of glycogen, the develop-