Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Genitalic Morphology Around Suture Zones in North American Lycaeides (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae): Implications for Taxonomy and Historical Biogeography

Abstract Within the North American Lycaeides (Hübner) fauna, there are at least three major lineages that exhibit extensive morphological and ecological variation, especially at suture zones where these lineages meet. We examined male genitalic morphology in Lycaeides populations spanning much of North America to evaluate the current taxonomy and to address questions about the patterns of morphological variation at suture zones and potential evolutionary processes responsible for the patterns. Our genitalic measurements were based on those of V. Nabokov who revised North American Lycaeides taxonomy in the 1940s. Canonical discriminant analysis validated Nabokov’s original species designations, but it did not support many of his subspecific designations. Populations at a suture zone in the Great Lakes region are similar to populations on the east side of this zone. Populations at a western suture zone in the Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges exhibit intermediate morphology between lineages on either side of this suture zone. We tested the hypothesis that contemporary gene flow contributes to the patterns of morphology in suture zones by testing for the increased variance in quantitative traits that is expected in a hybrid swarm. Based on a comparison of variances from populations within and outside of these suture zones, there is no evidence of current hybridization between lineages, with the sole exception of the population sample from the White Mountains of eastern California. The intermediate morphology and the general absence of increased variance within western suture zone populations imply that hybridization may have been important in the evolution of North American Lycaeides.
Secure Information Transmission in the Presence of Energy-Harvesting Eavesdroppers in Multi-Cell Networks

In this paper, we study simultaneous data transmission and power transfer for multiple information receivers (IRs) and energy-harvesting receivers (ERs) in cellular networks. We propose an optimization problem to maximize a linear combination of the useful signal power at each IR and total received power at each ER subject to the following three sets of constraints: i) data reliability by maintaining the required level of signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) for all IRs; ii) information security by keeping leakage SINR levels of all IRs at every ER below a predefined value, which helps prevent possible eavesdroppers, i.e., ERs, from detecting information aimed for the IRs; and iii) power consumption by guaranteeing that the transmit power at each base station is within its available budget. Using semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique, we then transform the proposed problem into a convex form. We further prove that the transformed problem always yields rank-one optimal solution. Hence, our approach does not require any computationally expensive randomization procedure, as usually utilized in a typical SDR method, in obtaining optimal solutions. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach prevails conventional scheme in terms of providing higher IRs' total throughput, higher received power level at each ER and more secure for the transmission of information.
Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. The Normative Aging Study.

The relations of nutritional factors to lead accumulation in the body were examined cross-sectionally among 747 men aged 49-93 years (mean 67 years) in the Normative Aging Study in 1991-1995. Means (standard deviations) for blood lead, tibia lead, and patella lead were 6.2 (4.1) microg/dl, 21.9 (13.3) microg/g, and 32.0 (19.5) microg/g, respectively. In multiple regression models adjusting for age, education level, smoking, and alcohol consumption, men in the lowest quintile of total dietary intake levels of vitamin D (including vitamin supplements) (<179 i.u./day) had mean tibia and patella lead levels 5.6 microg/g and 6.0 microg/g higher than men with intake in the highest quintile (> or =589 i.u./day). Higher calcium intake was associated with lower bone lead levels, but this relation became insignificant when adjustment was made for vitamin D. The authors also observed inverse associations of blood lead levels with total dietary intake of vitamin C and iron. When analyses were controlled for patella lead, age, smoking, and alcohol consumption, men in the lowest vitamin C intake quintile (<109 mg/day) had a mean blood lead level 1.7 microg/dl higher than men in the highest quintile (> or =339 mg/day), while men in the lowest iron intake quintile (<10.9 mg/day) had a mean blood lead level 1.1 microg/dl higher than men in the highest quintile (> or =23.5 mg/day). This study suggests that low dietary intake of vitamin D may increase lead accumulation in bones, while lower dietary intake of vitamin C and iron may increase lead levels in the blood.
Should paced TCP Reno replace CUBIC in Linux?

High-speed protocols such as CUBIC and Compound TCP have been proposed for fast data transfer over long-distance networks. Currently, CUBIC and Compound TCP are the default transport protocols in the Linux and Windows operating system, respectively. However, both CUBIC and Compound TCP are known to have performance issues. Packet pacing can significantly improve performance of TCP Reno in high-speed networks. To that end, we examine the performance of paced Reno with CUBIC, and Compound TCP over a single bottleneck link with Drop-Tail buffers. Using extensive simulations, we show that in a many flows regime, with or without selective acknowledgements (SACK) support, paced Reno performs at the most, or better than CUBIC and Compound TCP. We also show that, with large Drop-Tail buffers, flow synchronization effects give rise to non-linear oscillations in the queue size dynamics, leading to low link utilization, aggregate throughput and fairness. On the contrary, small buffers ensure stable queues, and help paced Reno to achieve better network performance. With such incentives, paced Reno can possibly replace CUBIC in the Linux OS.
Self-Management Peer Support for Low-Income Patients with Diabetes: A Qualitative Study of Peer Health Coaches' Perspectives

PURPOSE: Although self-management support (SMS) improves diabetes outcomes, it is not consistently provided in health care settings due to insufficient time. One solution is the use of peer health coaches (PHCs), patients trained to provide diabetes self-management support to other patients. METHODS: A four-person focus group and seventeen qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with community-based PHCs in San Francisco. Transcripts were coded and analyzed using methods based on grounded theory to develop a theoretical model. RESULTS: The qualitatively derived model for how PHCs function in practice defines three principal roles in providing peer SMS: advisor (teach, strategize), supporter (build trust, motivate), and role model (empathize, exemplify). While working with patients, PHCs had variable approaches to setting emotional boundaries and to allocating responsibility for implementing health behavior changes. PHCs were more consistent in seeking resources from providers. PHCs also became empowered to better manage their own diabetes. CONCLUSION: PHCs are a highly motivated potential workforce that is uniquely positioned to teach and empower patients by building trust through shared experiences. The variability in PHCs' coaching styles suggests an inherent diversity among PHCs that must be accounted for in future strategies for design, recruitment, training, and oversight of peer coaching programs.
Bulletin Personality and Social Psychology Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice on Behalf Of: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Stereotypes as Justifications of Prejudice If So, Exactly What Stereotypes Emerge?

Article We therefore conclude that the rationalizing and justifying function of a stereotype exceeds its function as a reflector of group attributes. Stereotypes serve two primary functions: a knowledge function (e.g., they represent and streamline information about groups) and a justification function (e.g., they rationalize observed or experienced group differences). As knowledge , stereotypes represent the world; as justifications, stereotypes explain the world. Stereotypes can explain not only what a group is, but also why the group is that way, and why groups are treated the way they are it is the knowledge function of stereotypes that is implicated. Stereotypes may also be a consequence (rather than cause) of discrimination. Here the justification function of stereotypes is implicated; stereotypes may emerge (and endure) because they help to explain why different groups are treated differently. For example, following an experimental manipulation that induced Scottish students to discriminate in favor of Scotland and against England, these students (compared to those in control conditions) showed evidence of more favorable stereotypes of Scots and more negative stereotypes of the English (Rutland & Brown, 2001). Many conceptual perspectives on stereotype formation emphasize this justification function, suggesting that stereotypes may emerge to rationalize either individual acts of discrimination or discriminatory societal norms (e. and system justification theory (Jost & Hunyady, 2003)—imply that stereotypes may develop to protect group-based inequalities. Consistent with this, high status group members who are committed to the maintenance of hierarchical social systems are particularly likely to endorse negative stereotypes about low status groups Abstract Three experiments investigate how stereotypes form as justifications for prejudice. The authors created novel content-free prejudices toward unfamiliar social groups using either subliminal (Experiment 1, N = 79) or supraliminal (Experiment 2, N = 105; Experiment 3, N = 130) affective conditioning and measured the consequent endorsement of stereotypes about the groups. Following the stereotype content model, analyses focused on the extent to which stereotypes connoted warmth or competence. Results from all three experiments revealed effects on the warmth dimension but not on the competence dimension: Groups associated with negative affect were stereotyped as comparatively cold (but not comparatively incompetent). These results provide the first evidence that—in the absence of information, interaction, or history of behavioral discrimination—stereotypes develop to justify prejudice. 1489 fact that human groups are differentially distributed into specific kinds of social roles. Different stereotypes emerge depending on whether a group is overrepresented among child raisers …
User Decisions in a (partly) Digital World: Comparing Digital Piracy to Legal Alternatives for film and Music

Technologies enabling digital piracy have expanded the variety of options available to users when deciding how to access a product. As a result, access-mode decisions for film and music are broader than for other goods where the piracy option is not as prevalent. This paper presents a model of access-mode decisions for film and music which integrates elements of previous digital piracy models and expands upon them to reflect the decision’s complexity. We depict the access-mode decision as being influenced by the user’s product desire, price perceptions, perceived risks, internal regulators of behaviour, resources and legal availability. We test the model for film and music using causal data of access-mode decisions collected from students at two Danish universities. Our findings indicate that the economic considerations of price perception and legal availability are the most consistent factors in influencing the access-mode decision across different legal options. The paper concludes with an outline for future research.
Aiding Welfare-to-work Transitions: Lessons from JTPA on the Cost-effectiveness of Education and Training Services

A growing consensus is emerging that under PRWORA, more disadvantaged welfare recipients are failing to retain jobs and are not earning enough to rise above the poverty level, even when working full-time. In this study, I draw primarily on the experiences of welfare recipients who participated in JTPA programs to address the central research question: What are the most cost-effective education and training services to aid individuals making the transition from welfare to economic self-sufficiency? The study findings suggest that if afforded access, formal on-the-job training and vocational training in technical/professional fields might substantially and cost-effectively increase the labor market success of more disadvantaged TANF recipients. Before or while they are engaged in these training activities, however, they need to acquire the basic educational skills that will enable their success in training and unsubsidized employment. Younger participants with little or no work experience or labor attachment, (and lower opportunity costs of participating), should be targeted for these services.
A comparison of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of temporomandibular joint involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To define the diagnostic value of ultrasonographic (US) examination in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). METHODS MRI and US examinations were performed in 33 patients (22 with RA and 11 with PsA). Alterations of the disc, alterations of the condyle and joint effusion were evaluated. RESULTS Pathological changes of the TMJ were observed by MRI in 24 patients and by US in 31 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of US were calculated in comparison with MRI. The sensitivity was 72.2% and the specificity was 60% in the assessment of pathological changes of the TMJ. The sensitivity was 69.6% with specificity of 30.0% in the assessment of alterations of the disc; the sensitivity was 70.6% with specificity of 75.0% in the assessment of joint effusion. Significant concordance was not observed in the assessment of condylar alterations. CONCLUSIONS US imaging appears able to detect different pathological changes of the TMJ and may be considered an important diagnostic tool for clinical evaluation of the TMJ in RA and PsA.
Demographic Changes and Economic Growth in Korea

By using the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method and annual data for the period 1970-2003 for Korea, we can find that there exists the demographic dividend of economic growth in Korea. This result implies that the miraculous economic performance of the Korea during the period 1970-2003 can be explained by the influence of demographic changes as well as trade and industrial policies, technological progress, saving and capital accumulation, governance, education, geography and culture etc. However, advantage of the age structure will disappear in the near future. Due to the slowdown of the decreasing young age dependency ratio and rapid increase of the old age dependency ratio, the dependency ratio decrease with increasing rate and is expected to increase after mid 2010s. This may lead the slowdown in the growth rates of the economy. To reverse this trend, an increase in productivity is required but with an aging population this might need particular and persistent effort.
Influence of graph construction on graph-based clustering measures

Graph clustering methods such as spectral clustering are defined for general weighted graphs. In machine learning, however, data often is not given in form of a graph, but in terms of similarity (or distance) values between points. In this case, first a neighborhood graph is constructed using the similarities between the points and then a graph clustering algorithm is applied to this graph. In this paper we investigate the influence of the construction of the similarity graph on the clustering results. We first study the convergence of graph clustering criteria such as the normalized cut (Ncut) as the sample size tends to infinity. We find that the limit expressions are different for different types of graph, for example the r-neighborhood graph or the k-nearest neighbor graph. In plain words: Ncut on a kNN graph does something systematically different than Ncut on an r-neighborhood graph! This finding shows that graph clustering criteria cannot be studied independently of the kind of graph they are applied to. We also provide examples which show that these differences can be observed for toy and real data already for rather small sample sizes.
Non-hybrid example-based machine translation architectures

A general definition of rationalist and empiricist natural language processing is attempted. A classification of empiricist machine translation systems is given based on the rationalist/empiricist distinction. Examples of approaches falling into the two different strategies are discussed. Research results are reported from attempts to break new ground in what is referred to as "pure" or non-hybrid example-based machine translation.
Critical Analysis of the Use of Absorptive Capacity Theory in IS Research

This paper critically analyzes the use of Absorptive Capacity (ACAP) theory in information systems (IS) research. Drawing on a comprehensive review of the evolution of ACAP theory and models for the construct, we empirically investigate a number of ACAP-related papers published in reputable IS journals. The analysis involves four main areas: 1) summary analysis of ACAP in IS papers; 2) domains of ACAP usage; 3) analysis of hypotheses to show how ACAP is being used to explain various organizational phenomena in IS research; and 4) analysis of measures to gain insights into the operationalization of ACAP in IS research. This research advocates that organization-level ACAP should be applied as the dependent variable in studying the impact of IS. Furthermore, ACAP should be conceptualized as a “capability,” rather than an “asset. ” This paper contributes to IS and ACAP studies by investigating and clearly specifying the utility of ACAP in IS research.
The effect of plant identity and the level of plant decay on molecular gut content analysis in a herbivorous soil insect

Plant roots represent an important food source for soil‐dwelling animals, but tracking herbivore food choices below‐ground is difficult. Here, we present an optimized PCR assay for the detection of plant DNA in the guts of invertebrates, using general plant primers targeting the trnT‐F chloroplast DNA region. Based on this assay, we assessed the influence of plant identity on the detectability of ingested plant DNA in Agriotes click beetle larvae. Six different plant species were fed to the insects, comprising a grass, a legume and four nonlegume forbs. Moreover, we examined whether it is possible to amplify DNA of decaying plants and if DNA of decayed plant food is detectable in the guts of the larvae. DNA of the ingested roots could be detected in the guts of the larvae for up to 72‐h post‐feeding, the maximum digestion time tested. When fed with living plants, DNA detection rates differed significantly between the plant species. This may be ascribed to differences in the amount of plant tissue consumed, root palatability, root morphology and/or secondary plant components. These findings indicate that plant identity can affect post‐feeding DNA detection success, which needs to be considered for the interpretation of molecularly derived feeding rates on plants. Amplification of plant DNA from decaying plants was possible as long as any tissue could be retrieved from the soil. The consumption of decaying plant tissue could also be verified by our assay, but the insects seemed to prefer fresh roots over decaying plant material.
The Envelope Theorem and Identification: Implications for Some Empirical Work in Economics and Finance

This paper is about identification and endogeneity in models that estimate the effects of instrument choice on performance (or wealth or welfare) in situations where the instruments are chosen to optimize performance. Such models occur frequently in corporate finance, analysis of happiness and effectiveness of economic policy. The instruments are endogenous because of the optimization. We suggest an impossibility theorem: that identification is not possible for this class of models, and that in a well-specified model the expected values of estimated impacts of instruments choices will be exactly zero. This is a direct application of the envelope theorem. We follow with four applications to empirical work in economics and finance.
Paternal RNA contributions in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote

Development of the early embryo is thought to be mainly driven by maternal gene products and post‐transcriptional gene regulation. Here, we used metabolic labeling to show that RNA can be transferred by sperm into the oocyte upon fertilization. To identify genes with paternal expression in the embryo, we performed crosses of males and females from divergent Caenorhabditis elegans strains. RNA sequencing of mRNAs and small RNAs in the 1‐cell hybrid embryo revealed that about one hundred sixty paternal mRNAs are reproducibly expressed in the embryo and that about half of all assayed endogenous siRNAs and piRNAs are also of paternal origin. Together, our results suggest an unexplored paternal contribution to early development.
An Evolving Fuzzy-neural Rule with Slack Diversification for Enhancing Job Dispatching Performance in Wafer Fabrication

An evolving fuzzy-neural rule with slack diversification is proposed in the present work to improve the performance of job dispatching in a wafer fabrication factory. The evolving fuzzy-neural rule is a modification from the two-factor tailored nonlinear fluctuation smoothing rule for mean cycle time (2f-TNFSMCT) by diversifying the slack values of jobs to be dispatched dynamically, which has been shown to be conducive to the performance in several previous studies. After evaluation of the proposed rule, some evidence was gained to support its effectiveness. Based on the findings in this research we also derived several directions that can be exploited in the future.
Phosphorylated cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein as a Molecular Marker of Memory Processing in Rat Hippocampus: Effect of Novelty

From mollusks to mammals the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) appears to be an important step in the formation of long-term memory (LTM). Here we show that a 5 min exposure to a novel environment (open field) 1 hr after acquisition of a one-trial inhibitory avoidance training hinders both the formation of LTM for the avoidance task and the increase in the phosphorylation state of hippocampal Ser 133 CREB [phosphorylated CREB (pCREB)] associated with the avoidance training. To determine whether this LTM deficit is attributable to the reduced pCREB level, rats were bilaterally cannulated to deliver Sp-adenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphothioate (Sp-cAMPS), an activator of PKA. Infusion of Sp-Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphothioate Sp-cAMPS to CA1 region increased hippocampal pCREB levels and restored normal LTM of avoidance learning in rats exposed to novelty. Moreover, a 5 min exposure to the open field 10 min before the avoidance training interferes with the amnesic effect of a second 5 min exposure to the open field 1 hr after avoidance training and restores the hippocampal levels of pCREB. In contrast, the avoidance training-associated activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (p42 and p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases) in the hippocampus is not altered by novelty. Together, these findings suggest that novelty regulates LTM formation by modulating the phosphorylation state of CREB in the hippocampus.