Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution.

Kelley's attribution theory is investigated. Subjects filled out a questionnaire that reported 16 different responses ostensibly made by other people. These responses represented four verb categories—emotions, accomplishments, opinions, and actions—and, for experimental subjects, each was accompanied by high or low consensus information, high or low distinctiveness information, and high or low consistency information. Control subjects were not given any information regarding the response. All subjects were asked to attribute each response to characteristics of the person (i.e., the actor), the stimulus, the circumstances , or to some combination of these three factors. In addition, the sub-jects' expectancies for future response and stimulus generalization on the part of the actor were measured. The three information variables and verb category each had a significant effect on causal attribution and on expectancy for behavioral generalization. Identifying the cause of an event gives it "meaning," since causal knowledge carries with it a wide scope of connotations regarding an event and makes possible a more or less stable, predictable, and controllable world. What an individual expects from his environment and what he does to influence it will undoubtedly depend on his beliefs about causality. Hence, the psychologist who searches for the causes of man's behavior may do well to consider man's belief about causality. This is the focus of attribution theory, which represents an attempt to determine the antecedents and consequences of some of man's causal beliefs. More specifically, it concerns the processes through which an individual assigns causes to various responses he makes or observes and the consequences of his resulting beliefs about causality. While 1 This article is based on a dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology of Yale University in 1970 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree. The author would like to express appreciation to Robert P. Abelson for continued guidance and assistance as dissertation advisor. In addition, the assistance of Kenneth Keniston and Richard E. Nisbett, who served on the dissertation committee, and Wendell Garner and David Hamil-ton, who served on the readers committee, is gratefully acknowledged. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to Leslie A. there is no monolithic theory of attribution, several of the current conceptualizations have their roots in perceptual phenomena. Brunswik (1952) conceived of the perceptual process as an arc encompassing two end points—the entity represented or the distal stimulus and the local representation or the proximal stimulus. While proximal stimuli …
The dual role of income in the spread of HIV in Africa.

Every day more people in Africa are infected with RN despite prevention efforts. These new infections and those already infected are not evenly spread throughout the continent. Substantial variations in RN prevalence exist within and between countries. Understanding these variations helps understand what is driving the epidemic and this understanding in turn helps in the design of more appropriate interventions to prevent its further spread. This thesis builds on existing work by attempting to develop a more comprehensive theory of what role income plays in the spread of RN. To this end the Theory of the Dual Role of Income in the Spread of RN is outlined and explained. It uses the concepts of relative and absolute income, borrowed from elsewhere in the health economics literature, to separate the different effects income has on individual and group risk of RIV infection. The theory hypothesises that, while higher levels of absolute income (income independent of others) offer protection against infection via better access to health care and information, higher relative income (the income of an individual relative to other members of their social or reference group) increases risk of infection either as a result of more sexual partners or higher risk partners. The theory in no way argues that RN infections are not related to poverty, but rather that the relationship is , somewhat more complicated and non-linear than often suggested. The explanatory power of the theory is examined with the use primarily of two data sets: firstly using data collected from antenatal clinics in two South African provinces linked with census data and secondly with data on a large South African company. While these data are not ideal, the results from the analysis are in line with the expectations based on the theory. The theory and the results of the analysis presented in this thesis support the argument that environments in which decisions are made and actions taken are important in determining risk of RIV infection. This argument suggests that prevention efforts need to do more then provide information.
Effects of Livelihood Assets on Poverty Status of Farming Households’ in Southwestern, Nigeria

Poverty as a multi-dimensional phenomenon is determined by a wide range of factors one of which is the non-equity in distribution and scarcity of assets in development opportunities. The eradication of poverty in rural Nigeria remains a hard challenge for the country to overcome despite the various poverty eradication programmes implementation at different levels of government. This study examined the effects of farmers’ household livelihood assets on poverty. Primary data were collected using well structured questionnaire from 135 farming households in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Foster Greer Theobecke (FGT) weighted poverty index and Logit regression model. The result shows that poverty line (PL) which is the two-third of the respondents’ mean per capita expenditure (PCE) is N1770.40 ($11) with 31.9 percent of the respondents falling below the PL while average PCE equals N2636.12 (about $18). The poverty incidence index was 0.296, poverty depth index is 0.054 and the poverty severity index is 0.015. Socio-economic characteristic like Gender (p<0.1), Human assets such as education (p<0.01), farming experience and health status (p<0.1); Physical assets like land and agricultural machinery ownership (p<0.05); Financial asset like cooperative funding (p<0.05) and Aggregate Social capital (p<0.1) will reduce the poverty status of farming households in Southwestern, Nigeria. Based on the findings of this study, the study recommends that access and use of human capital, financial, physical and social capital assets are important to reduce the poverty status of farming households in Southwestern, Nigeria.
A Preference for Contralateral Stimuli in Human Object- and Face-Selective Cortex

Visual input from the left and right visual fields is processed predominantly in the contralateral hemisphere. Here we investigated whether this preference for contralateral over ipsilateral stimuli is also found in high-level visual areas that are important for the recognition of objects and faces. Human subjects were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they viewed and attended faces, objects, scenes, and scrambled images in the left or right visual field. With our stimulation protocol, primary visual cortex responded only to contralateral stimuli. The contralateral preference was smaller in object- and face-selective regions, and it was smallest in the fusiform gyrus. Nevertheless, each region showed a significant preference for contralateral stimuli. These results indicate that sensitivity to stimulus position is present even in high-level ventral visual cortex.
variant frontotemporal dementia be distinguished Can progressive and non-progressive behavioural

Online First articles must include the digital object identifier (DOIs) and date of initial publication. establish publication priority; they are indexed by PubMed from initial publication. Citations to may be posted when available prior to final publication). Online First articles are citable and accepted for publication but have not yet appeared in the paper journal (edited, typeset versions contains unedited articles in manuscript form that have been peer reviewed and Online First
Study on Multicellular Systems Using a Phase Field Model

A model of multicellular systems with several types of cells is developed from the phase field model. The model is presented as a set of partial differential equations of the field variables, each of which expresses the shape of one cell. The dynamics of each cell is based on the criteria for minimizing the surface area and retaining a certain volume. The effects of cell adhesion and excluded volume are also taken into account. The proposed model can be used to find the position of the membrane and/or the cortex of each cell without the need to adopt extra variables. This model is suitable for numerical simulations of a system having a large number of cells. The two-dimensional results of cell division, cell adhesion, rearrangement of a cell cluster, chemotaxis, and cell sorting as well as the three-dimensional results of cell clusters on the substrate are presented.
Making the Most of Missing Values: Object Clustering with Partial Data in Astronomy

Modern classification and clustering techniques analyze col- lections of objects that are described by a set of useful features or pa- rameters. Clustering methods group the objects in that feature space to identify distinct, well separated subsets of the data set. However, real ob- servational data may contain missing values for some features. A "shape" feature may not be well defined for objects close to the detection limit, and objects of extreme color may be unobservable at some wavelengths. The usual methods for handling data with missing values, such as imputation (estimating the missing values) or marginalization (deleting all objects with missing values), rely on the assumption that missing val- ues occur by random chance. While this is a reasonable assumption in other disciplines, the fact that a value is missing in an astronomical cata- log may be physically meaningful. We demonstrate a clustering analysis algorithm, KSC, that a) uses all observed values and b) does not discard the partially observed objects. KSC uses soft constraints defined by the fully observed objects to assist in the grouping of objects with missing values. We present an analysis of objects taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to demonstrate how imputing the values can be misleading and why the KSC approach can produce more appropriate results.
Implementation and evaluation of a tele-education system for the diagnosis of ophthalmic disease by international trainees

Tele-education systems are increasingly being utilized in medical education worldwide. Due to limited human resources in healthcare in low and middle-income countries, developing online systems that are accessible to medical trainees in underserved areas potentially represents a highly efficient and effective method of improving the quantity and quality of the health care workforce. We developed, implemented, and evaluated an interactive web-based tele-education system (based on internationally accepted, image-based guidelines) for the diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity among ophthalmologists-in-training in Brazil, Mexico, and the Philippines. We demonstrate that participation in this tele-education program improved diagnostic accuracy and reliability, and was preferred to standard pedagogical methods. This system may be employed not only in training, but also in international certification programs, and the process may be generalizable to other image-based specialties, such as dermatology and radiology.
1 1 2 ACTIVATION OF NPY TYPE 5 RECEPTORS INDUCES A LONG-LASTING INCREASE IN 3 SPONTANEOUS GABA RELEASE FROM CEREBELLAR INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS 4 5 6

1 2 ACTIVATION OF NPY TYPE 5 RECEPTORS INDUCES A LONG-LASTING INCREASE IN 3 SPONTANEOUS GABA RELEASE FROM CEREBELLAR INHIBITORY INTERNEURONS 4 5 6 C.J. DUBOIS, P. RAMAMOORTHY, M.D. WHIM, S.J. LIU 7 8 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, 9 LA 70112, USA. 2 Department of Biology, Penn State University, State College, PA, 1
X‐ray reflection in accreting stellar‐mass black hole systems

The X-ray spectra of accreting stellar-mass black hole systems exhibit spectral features due to reflection, especially broad iron Ka emission lines. We investigate the reflection by the accretion disc that can be expected in the high/soft state of such a system. First, we perform a self-consistent calculation of the reflection that results from illumination of a hot, inner portion of the disc with its atmosphere in hydrostatic equilibrium. Then, we present reflection spectra for a range of illumination strengths and disc temperatures under the assumption of a constant-density atmosphere. Reflection by a hot accretion disc differs in important ways from that of a much cooler disc, such as that expected in an active galactic nucleus.
Nominal versus real wage rigidities: A Bayesian approach

This paper explores the capability of a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with staggered price setting and real wage rigidities to fit the data with reasonable average durations of price and wage contracts. The authors implement a Bayesian approach for parameter estimation and for model comparison with other models that only incorporate nominal rigidities. Their main results can be summarized as follows: First, the authors find that, on average, prices are fixed for three quarters, nominal wages are fixed for five quarters, and half of the wage setters follow a real wage indexing rule of thumb. Second, when the authors remove real wage rigidities and reestimate the model, the parameter on price duration increases. Hence, the lack of endogenous persistence due to real wage rigidities is substituted by a high degree of price stickiness. Third, the authors find little evidence of backward-looking behavior in price inflation. Finally, using the marginal likelihood as a comparison criterion, their model performs best.
AZD 1480 , a JAK inhibitor , inhibits cell growth and survival of colorectal cancer via modulating the JAK 2 / STAT 3 signaling pathway

Interleukin (IL)-6 and the downstream Janus kinase (JAK)/signal activator of transcription (STAT) pathway have been found to be important in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). To develop novel therapies for CRC, we have explored the effects of a novel small-molecule JAK inhibitor (AZD1480) on IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway and its potential antitumor activity on the human CRC cell lines (HCT116, HT29 and SW480). The results showed that, AZD1480 effectively prevents constitutive and IL-6-induced JAK2 and STAT-3 phosphorylation and exerted antitumor functional effects by a decrease in proliferation and an increase in apoptosis in CRC cells. The inhibition of tumorigenesis was consistent with the decreased phosphorylated JAK2 and phosphorylated STAT3, and the decreased expression of STAT3-targeted genes c-Myc, cyclin D2 and IL-6. Thus, AZD1480 is a potential new clinical therapeutic agent for patients with CRC.
Budget Institutions and Fiscal Performance in Low-Income Countries

This paper presents, for the first time, multi-dimensional indices of the quality of budget institutions in low-income countries. The indices allow for benchmarking against the performance of middle-income countries, across regions, and according to different institutional arrangements that deliver good fiscal performance. Using the constructed indices, the paper provides preliminary empirical support for the hypotheses that strong budget institutions help improve fiscal balances and public external debt outcomes; and countries with stronger fiscal institutions have better scope to conduct countercyclical policies.
A Theory of Optimal Bank Size

regulations which limit their ability to insure fully against macroeconomic risk. For example, in the US there are branching restrictions which limit the geographic operation of banks and portfolio restrictions which limit the types of assets that banks may hold (eg, Savings and Loan Institutions have been subject to such restrictions). It is obvious that these restrictions can lead to non-diversifiable portfolio risk, but little is known about the implications for financial structure. This probilem is of particular interest at the present time. The European Community is currently involved in a transition toward an economic and monetary union (EMU). To date, most discussions of the EMU have focused on the creation of a European central bank and its supervision of a single currency. However, once an administrative structure is in place, it will undoubtedly impose 'pan European' restrictions. What are the likely implications of such restrictions for the future European banking system? This paper proposes a theoretical model that can be used to analyze this important policy question. We propose a theory of optimal bank size determination which has implications for the size distribution of banks. We consider a costly state
Why Don't Issuers Get Upset About Leaving Money on the Table in Ipos?

One of the puzzles regarding initial public offerings (IPOs) is that issuers rarely get upset about leaving substantial amounts of money on the table, defined as the number of shares sold times the difference between the first-day closing market price and the offer price. The average IPO leaves $9.1 million on the table. This number is approximately twice as large as the fees paid to investment bankers and represents a substantial indirect cost to the issuing firm. We present a prospect theory model that focuses on the covariance of the money left on the table and wealth changes. Our reasoning also provides an explanation for a second puzzling pattern: much more money is left on the table following recent market rises than after market falls. This results in an explanation of hot issue markets. We also offer a new explanation for why IPOs are underpriced. Copyright 2002, Oxford University Press.
Heme-oxygenase-1 implications in cell morphology and the adhesive behavior of prostate cancer cells

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in men. Although previous studies in PCa have focused on cell adherens junctions (AJs), key players in metastasis, they have left the molecular mechanisms unexplored. Inflammation and the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in the regulation of cell adhesion and the integrity of the epithelium. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) counteracts oxidative and inflammatory damage. Here, we investigated whether HO-1 is implicated in the adhesive and morphological properties of tumor cells. Genes differentially regulated by HO-1 were enriched for cell motility and adhesion biological processes. HO-1 induction, increased E-cadherin and β-catenin levels. Immunofluorescence analyses showed a striking remodeling of E-cadherin/β-catenin based AJs under HO-1 modulation. Interestingly, the enhanced levels of E-cadherin and β-catenin coincided with a markedly change in cell morphology. To further our analysis we sought to identify HO-1 binding proteins that might participate in the regulation of cell morphology. A proteomics approach identified Muskelin, as a novel HO-1 partner, strongly implicated in cell morphology regulation. These results define a novel role for HO-1 in modulating the architecture of cell-cell interactions, favoring a less aggressive phenotype and further supporting its anti-tumoral function in PCa.
Rural Teacher's beliefs: a pending task for educational research

Research on the beliefs in the teaching-learning process has recently become a great issue due to the increasing evidence that points out that it has a great impact in the teacher’s pedagogical activities. Nevertheless, it has become evident that research on this matter has been focused mainly on the educative system performed in urban areas, on basic and high school levels and higher education, underestimating what occurs in rural areas of our country, field that historically has shown the lowest academic performance. This article presents a view that allows making hypothesis, from the study of the beliefs, of the possible personal variables of the teacher that could explain the results of the learning process shown in the rural education of our country. As conclusion, it is necessary to do research on the rural teacher’s beliefs, from the educational perspective, because of the direct consequences on the learning process of the students.
MRI Markers for Mild Cognitive Impairment: Comparisons between White Matter Integrity and Gray Matter Volume Measurements

The aim of the study was to evaluate the value of assessing white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for classification of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and prediction of cognitive impairments in comparison to brain atrophy measurements using structural MRI. Fifty-one patients with MCI and 66 cognitive normal controls (CN) underwent DTI and T1-weighted structural MRI. DTI measures included fractional anisotropy (FA) and radial diffusivity (DR) from 20 predetermined regions-of-interest (ROIs) in the commissural, limbic and association tracts, which are thought to be involved in Alzheimer's disease; measures of regional gray matter (GM) volume included 21 ROIs in medial temporal lobe, parietal cortex, and subcortical regions. Significant group differences between MCI and CN were detected by each MRI modality: In particular, reduced FA was found in splenium, left isthmus cingulum and fornix; increased DR was found in splenium, left isthmus cingulum and bilateral uncinate fasciculi; reduced GM volume was found in bilateral hippocampi, left entorhinal cortex, right amygdala and bilateral thalamus; and thinner cortex was found in the left entorhinal cortex. Group classifications based on FA or DR was significant and better than classifications based on GM volume. Using either DR or FA together with GM volume improved classification accuracy. Furthermore, all three measures, FA, DR and GM volume were similarly accurate in predicting cognitive performance in MCI patients. Taken together, the results imply that DTI measures are as accurate as measures of GM volume in detecting brain alterations that are associated with cognitive impairment. Furthermore, a combination of DTI and structural MRI measurements improves classification accuracy.