Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling rotating flows with neutral and unstable stratification

We investigate the effect of rotation on the structure of turbulence in neutral and convective mixed layers and assess the applicability of the Reynolds stress turbulence closure models to studies of deep convection. Unlike in the case of stable stratification, where rotational contribution is limited (Galperin et al., 1989), in neutral and convective flows this contribution is significant. The rotational terms endow eddy viscosity and eddy diffusivity with tensorial properties and algebraic complexity. In the present study we thoroughly investigate the mathematical features of this tensorial eddy viscosity-eddy diffusivity formulation. To ensure physical readability of the model, we found it necessary to impose upper bounds on the dimensionless velocity and temperature gradients in the expressions for eddy coefficients. It was also found absolutely crucial to include in the model a limitation on the magnitude of the turbulence macroscale due to background rotation. This limitation is similar to the one imposed by stable stratification. The self-similar solutions derived from the model are compared with the experimental data by Fernando et al. (1991) and are shown to be in good agreement. Implications of the results for oceanographic modeling and for simulation of deep convection are discussed.
L2 consonant identification in noise: cross-language comparisons

The difficulty of listening to speech in noise is exacerbated when the speech is in the listener’s L2 rather than L1. In this study, Spanish and Dutch users of English as an L2 identified American English consonants in a constant intervocalic context. Their performance was compared with that of L1 (British English) listeners, under quiet conditions and when the speech was masked by speech from another talker or by noise. Masking affected performance more for the Spanish listeners than for the L1 listeners, but not for the Dutch listeners, whose performance was worse than the L1 case to about the same degree in all conditions. There were, however, large differences in the pattern of results across individual consonants, which were consistent with differences in how consonants are identified in the respective L1s. Index Terms: speech perception, consonants, noise, L1, L2
Oligocene-Miocene Bu Khang extensional gneiss dome in Vietnam: Geodynamic implications

A large Oligocene-Miocene extensional gneiss dome in Vietnam has implications for the kinematics of the Ailao Shan–Red River shear zone and rifting of the South China Sea. A major northeast-dipping extensional shear zone separates the Bu Khang dome from less-metamorphosed units above. Shearing deformation occurred during the exhumation of high-pressure rocks. 40 Ar- 39 Ar ages on micas reveal Oligocene-Miocene ages, from 36 to 21 Ma. After a high-pressure episode of probable Oligocene age, the area was subjected to northeast-southwest extension during the opening of the South China Sea. A kinematic model involving left-lateral shear and block rotation within a north-south dextral shear zone integrates our observations in the Bu Khang dome with South China Sea rifting.
Data-driven Dependency Parsing With Empty Heads

Syntactic dependency structures are based on the assumption that there is exactly one node in the structure for each word in the sentence. However representing elliptical constructions (e.g. missing verbs) is problematic as the question where the dependents of the elided material should be attached to has to be solved. In this paper, we present an in-depth study into the challenges of introducing empty heads into dependency structures during automatic parsing. Structurally, empty heads provide an attachment site for the dependents of the non-overt material and thus preserve the linguistically plausible structure of the sentence. We compare three different (computational) approaches to the introduction of empty heads and evaluate them against German and Hungarian data. We then conduct a fine-grained error analysis on the output of one of the approaches to highlight some of the difficulties of the task. We find that while a clearly defined part of the phenomena can be learned by the parser, more involved elliptical structures are still mostly out of reach of the automatic tools.
Catheter Malplacement During Central Venous Cannulation Through Arm Veins in Pediatric Patients

&NA; For successful catheter placement, central venous cannulation (CVC) through internal jugular vein and subclavian vein has been recommended in both adult and pediatric patients. But it carries a risk of serious complications, such as pneumothorax, carotid, or subclavian artery puncture, which can be life‐threatening, particularly in critically ill children. So a prospective study was carried out to determine the success rate of correct catheter tip placement during CVC through antecubital veins in pediatric neurosurgical patients. A total of 200 pediatric patients (age 1–15 years) of either sex were studied. Basilic or cephalic veins of either arm were selected. All the patients were cannulated in the operation room under general anesthesia. Single lumen, proper size catheters (with stillete) were used for cannulation. The catheter was inserted in supine position with the arm abducted at right angle to the body and neck turned ipsilaterally. The length of insertion was determined from cubital fossa to the right second intercostal space. The exact position of the tip of the catheter was confirmed radiologically in ICU. Correct catheter tip placement was achieved in 98 (49%) patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data shows that there was no statistically significant difference among correct and incorrect catheter tip placement in relation to factors including sex, side of cannulation (left or right), and type of vein (basilic or cephalic). The analysis of correct catheter tip placement in relation to age showed that the highest success rate was achieved in children of age group 6 to 10 years (60.2%) followed by 30.6% in the 11 to 15 year group. The lowest success rate of tip placement of only 9.2% was observed in younger children of age 1 to 5 years, which is statistically significant (P = 0.001). Of 102 incorrect placements reported, 37% were in 1 to 5 year age group versus 9.2% correct tip placements. The most common unsatisfactory placements were either in the ipsilateral internal jugular vein (N = 38, 37.2%) or in the ipsilateral subclavian vein (N = 27, 26.4%). In 10 patients the catheter crossed over to the opposite subclavian vein, in 16 patients the catheter tips were found in the axillary vein, and in 10 patients each the catheter tip was observed in right atrium and right ventricle. No major complication during and following CVC was observed. To conclude, CVC using single orifice catheter through arm veins in pediatric patients is easy to perform, but the proper catheter tip placement is highly unreliable, particularly in younger children 1 to 5 years of age.
Beam: Ending Monolithic Applications for Connected Devices

The proliferation of connected sensing devices (or Internet of Things) can in theory enable a range of applications that make rich inferences about users and their environment. But in practice developing such applications today is arduous because they must implement all data sensing and inference logic, even as devices move or are temporarily disconnected. We develop Beam, a framework that simplifies IoT applications by letting them specify "what should be sensed or inferred," without worrying about "how it is sensed or inferred. " Beam introduces the key abstraction of an inference graph to decouple applications from the mechanics of sensing and drawing inferences. The inference graph allows Beam to address three important challenges: (1) device selection in heterogeneous environments, (2) efficient resource usage, and (3) handling device disconnections. Using Beam we develop two diverse applications that use several different types of devices and show that their implementations required up to 12× fewer source lines of code while resulting in up to 3× higher inference accuracy.
Perceptions about Training during Endocrinology Residency Programs in India over the Years: A Cross-sectional Study (PEER India Study)

Background: Residents' perception on quality of endocrinology training in India is not known. This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions about endocrinology residency programs in India among current trainees as compared to practicing endocrinologists. Methods: Trainees attending a preconference workshop at the annual conference of Endocrine Society of India (ESI) were given a questionnaire designed to evaluate their perceptions on their training. These evaluated the reasons for choosing endocrinology, their experiences during residency, and career plans. Practicing endocrinologists attending ESICON with at least 5-year experience were evaluated as controls. Results: Questionnaires from 63 endocrine trainees and 78 practicing endocrinologists were analyzed. Endocrinology is perceived to be the super-specialty with the best quality of life (QOL) but fair with regard to financial remuneration. Among current trainees, 61.89%, 31.74%, and 34.91% are satisfied with training in clinical endocrinology, laboratory endocrinology, and clinical/translational research, respectively. The corresponding figures for practicing endocrinologists are 71.78%, 25.63%, and 30.75%, respectively. Exposure to national endocrinology conferences during their endocrinology residency was adequate. However, exposure to international endocrinology conferences, research publications, project writing, and grant application are limited. Laboratory endocrinology is rated as the most neglected aspect during endocrine residency. Most of the trainees want to establish their own clinical practice in the long run. Very few trainees (17.46%) wish to join the medical education services. Conclusion: There is a good perception of QOL in endocrinology in spite of average financial remuneration. There is dissatisfaction with the quality of training in laboratory endocrinology and clinical research. Very few endocrine trainees consider academics as a long-term career option in India.
Continuous cytomegalovirus seroconversion in a large group of healthy blood donors

Background and Objectives Transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) to seronegative, immunocompromised recipients can cause serious and fatal complications. Although the seroprevalence of CMV is high, the risk of primary CMV infection among healthy blood donors has not yet been analysed in a large population.
Post‐eruptive deformation associated with the 1986–87 and 1989 lava flows of Etna detected by radar interferometry

We analysed 92 interferograms produced using ERS1 SAR images taken on Etna between May 1992 and October 1993. Nineteen show a local subsidence in the eastern flank of the volcano, correlated with the location of the 30 October 1986 – 1 March 1987 and 27 September – 9 October 1989 lava flows. Using fringe unwrapping and data gridding techniques, and assuming that over the sampled time‐window, deformation was a linear function of time, we derive a map of along range rate of motion. The correlation between the deformation field and the area covered by recent lavas suggests that compaction of the lava flows continues several years after the eruptions. The area of maximum subsidence (47 mm/yr.) is localised at the narrowing of the 1989 flow, between 1500 and 1700 m a.s. l‥ We observe that subsidence extends outside the lava flows, accounting for at least 12 mm/yr. Assuming a relaxation process of the substrate in response to loading produced by recent lavas, a simple 1D Maxwell visco‐elastic model predicts a maximum subsidence rate of 25 mm/yr and a relaxation time of about 3.5 years. The relaxation time agrees with those derived from post‐eruptive displacements observed by levelling on Etna and Piton de la Fournaise after several eruptions. We conclude that at the time of our measurements, 25 to 50% of the deformation was related to relaxation of the substrate and the other part due to compaction of the lava flows.
HOW TRANSIENT PATCHES AFFECT POPULATION DYNAMICS: THE CASE OF HYPOXIA AND BLUE CRABS

Transient low-oxygen patches may have important consequences for the population dynamics of estuarine species. We investigated whether these transient hypoxic patches altered population dynamics of the commercially important blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) and assessed two alternative hypotheses for the causal mechanism. One hypothesis is that temporary reductions in habitat due to hypoxia increase cannibalism. The second hypothesis is that crab population dynamics result from food limitation caused by hypoxia- induced mortality of the benthos. We developed a spatially explicit individual-based model of blue crabs in a hierarchical framework to connect the autoecology of crabs with the spatial and temporal dynamics of their physical and biological environments. Three primary scenarios were run to examine the interactive effects of (1) hypoxic extent vs. static and transient patches, (2) hypoxic extent vs. prey abundance, and (3) hypoxic extent vs. cannibalism potential. Static patches resulted in populations limited by egg production and recruitment whereas transient patches led to populations limited by the effects of cannibalism and patch interactions. Crab survivorship was greatest for simulations with the largest hypoxic patches which also had the lowest prey abundance and lowest crab densities. In these simulations, nearly all crab mortality was accounted for by aggression, not starvation. In addition, increased prey abundance had little influence on crab abundance and dynamics, and massive reductions in prey abundance (.50%) were necessary to decrease crab abundance, survival, and egg production. Our analyses suggest that cannibalism coupled with decreased egg production determined key aspects of crab demography. Specifically, decreased cannibalism potential resulted in a food-limited crab population with long development times and high adult crab densities whereas increased cannibalism potential led to low adult crab densities with higher individual egg production rates. Our analyses identified several key knowledge gaps, including the nature of crab-crab cannibalism and the role of refuges from predation. Several experiments are suggested to test model predictions and to improve understanding of ecosystem-population linkages for this estuarine species.
Two new methods for deriving tropospheric column ozone from TOMS measurements: Assimilated UARS MLS/HALOE and convective‐cloud differential techniques

This study introduces two new approaches for determining tropospheric column ozone from satellite data. In the first method, stratospheric column ozone is derived by combining Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) halogen occultation experiment (HALOE) and microwave limb sounder (MLS) ozone measurements. Tropospheric column ozone is then obtained by subtracting these stratospheric amounts from the total column. Total column ozone in this study include retrievals from Nimbus 7 (November 1978 to May 1993) and Earth probe (July 1996 to present) total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). Data from HALOE are used in this first method to extend the vertical span of MLS (highest pressure level 46 hPa) using simple regression. This assimilation enables high-resolution daily maps of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone which is not possible from solar occultation measurements alone, such as from HALOE or Stratospheric Aerosols and Gas Experiment (SAGE). We also examine another new and promising technique that yields tropospheric column ozone directly from TOMS high-density footprint measurements in regions of high convective clouds. We define this method as the convective cloud differential (CCD) technique. The CCD method is shown to provide long time series (essentially late 1978 to the present) of tropospheric ozone in regions dominated by persistent high tropopause-level clouds, such as the maritime tropical Pacific and within or near midlatitude continental landmasses. In this our first study of the CCD and MLS/HALOE methods we limit analyses to tropical latitudes. Separation of stratospheric from tropospheric column ozone in the eastern Pacific tropics for January 1979 to December 1997 shows that the dominant interannual variability of stratospheric ozone is the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), whereas for tropospheric ozone it is driven by El Nino events. For validation purposes, both the CCD and assimilated UARS MLS/HALOE results are compared with ozonesonde data from several southern tropical stations. Despite all three measurements being distinctly different in sampling and technique, all three show good qualitative agreement.
On Development of 100-Gram-Class Spacecraft for Swarm Applications

A novel space system architecture is proposed, which would enable 100-g-class spacecraft to be flown as swarms (100 s-1000 s) in low Earth orbit. Swarms of Silicon Wafer Integrated Femtosatellites (SWIFT) present a paradigm-shifting approach to distributed spacecraft development, missions, and applications. Potential applications of SWIFT swarms include sparse aperture arrays and distributed sensor networks. New swarm array configurations are introduced and shown to achieve the effective sparse aperture driven from optical performance metrics. A system cost analysis based on this comparison justifies deploying a large number of femtosatellites for sparse aperture applications. Moreover, this paper discusses promising guidance, control, and navigation methods for swarms of femtosatellites equipped with modest sensing and control capabilities.
TREES FOR FOOD AND FODDER IN THE SAVANNA AREAS OF NIGERIA

SUMMARY 51 species of edible trees in 46 genera of 27 families have been identified during field surveys of the savanna region, which occupies 86.4 per cent of Nigeria's land area. This paper outlines the results of studies as to their taxonomic variation, nutritional importance, uses in livestock feed, and the suitability of various propagation techniques. Savanna trees have considerable potential to contribute to food and forage supplies in Nigeria, in particular the improvement of natural rangeland with fodder trees and shrubs. More detailed scientific studies and trials are needed and a list of research priorities is given.
Automated Steering of Model-Based Test Oracles to Admit Real Program Behaviors

The test oracle—a judge of the correctness of the system under test (SUT)—is a major component of the testing process. Specifying test oracles is challenging for some domains, such as real-time embedded systems, where small changes in timing or sensory input may cause large behavioral differences. Models of such systems, often built for analysis and simulation, are appealing for reuse as test oracles. These models, however, typically represent an idealized system, abstracting away certain issues such as non-deterministic timing behavior and sensor noise. Thus, even with the same inputs, the model's behavior may fail to match an acceptable behavior of the SUT, leading to many false positives reported by the test oracle. We propose an automated steering framework that can adjust the behavior of the model to better match the behavior of the SUT to reduce the rate of false positives. This model steering is limited by a set of constraints (defining the differences in behavior that are acceptable) and is based on a search process attempting to minimize a dissimilarity metric. This framework allows non-deterministic, but bounded, behavioral differences, while preventing future mismatches by guiding the oracle—within limits—to match the execution of the SUT. Results show that steering significantly increases SUT-oracle conformance with minimal masking of real faults and, thus, has significant potential for reducing false positives and, consequently, testing and debugging costs while improving the quality of the testing process.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection in Southern Chinese Women – A Population-Based Study

Background Persistent high-risk type Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is recognized as a necessary cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to compare the HPV prevalence and risk factors between women residing in Hong Kong (HK) and Guangzhou (GZ) region of China. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 1,570 and 1,369 women were recruited from HK and GZ, respectively. The cytology samples were collected and tested for HPV infection. The overall and type-specific HPV prevalence and the potential risk factors for acquisition of HPV infection were studied. Women with normal cytology in the GZ cohort had significantly higher HPV prevalence (10%) than those in the HK cohort (6.2%, p<0.001). The patterns of the age-specific HPV prevalence were also different between the two cohorts. In the HK cohort, women at the age of 20–29 years old had the highest prevalence and a second peak was observed in the age of ≥60 years old. In the GZ cohort, the highest HPV prevalence was also observed in 20–29 years old but declined as the age increased and a second peak was not seen. HPV16 and HPV52 were the most common high-risk types found in the HK and GZ cohorts, respectively. Age was the most consistently observed independent risk factor for HPV infection in the HK, while the number of sexual partners had association in the GZ cohort. Conclusions/Significance Our study provides the current status and the epidemiological characteristics of HPV prevalence in Southern Chinese women. The results strongly suggested that population education and the effective cervical cancer screening would be vital in the prevention of cervical cancer.
Math5 (Atoh7) gene dosage limits retinal ganglion cell genesis

&NA; The basic helix–loop–helix factor Math5 (Atoh7) is critical for the determination of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) fate in mice. Recently, genome‐wide association studies have identified the ATOH7 locus as a major determinant of variation in the human optic disc area, which is directly correlated with the RGC number. These studies suggest that the level of Math5 expression may determine the ultimate number of RGCs. To test this hypothesis, we systematically compared optic nerve area and RGC axon number in C57BL/6J congenic Math5+/‐ and +/+ mice at young adult and neonatal ages by transmission electron microscopy. Optic disc area and RGC abundance were not significantly different in adults, but heterozygotes had thinner optic nerves and 25–30% fewer RGCs at birth than wild‐type littermates (P<0.05). Our results suggest that Math5 dosage is important for the genesis, but not the ultimate number, of RGCs. Our findings highlight the importance of ganglion cell culling as a compensatory mechanism for retinal homeostasis, and support a quantitative role for Math5 in RGC specification.
AR‐based value‐added visualization of infographic for enhancing learning performance

Augmented reality‐based infographic is an edutainment media that can play a significant role in transferring complicated issues for learning purposes. It has the potential to draw participant's attention to visualize various kinds of information including text, image, animation, 3D objects, etc. on infographic using smatphones and tablets. This paper discusses the effect of AR‐based infographic on improving learning performance via T‐Paired test and in the meantime the correlation between participants’ learning style based on Felder–Silverman model with their quadratic Bloom‐based knowledge. Experimental results confirm the usability of AR‐based infographic in improving learning performance and its impact on visual type participants no matter which kinds of knowledge they are equipped with.