Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Developing Countries: Epidemiology, Microbiology, Clinical Features, Treatment, and Prevention

SUMMARY ETEC is an underrecognized but extremely important cause of diarrhea in the developing world where there is inadequate clean water and poor sanitation. It is the most frequent bacterial cause of diarrhea in children and adults living in these areas and also the most common cause of traveler's diarrhea. ETEC diarrhea is most frequently seen in children, suggesting that a protective immune response occurs with age. The pathogenesis of ETEC-induced diarrhea is similar to that of cholera and includes the production of enterotoxins and colonization factors. The clinical symptoms of ETEC infection can range from mild diarrhea to a severe cholera-like syndrome. The effective treatment of ETEC diarrhea by rehydration is similar to treatment for cholera, but antibiotics are not used routinely for treatment except in traveler's diarrhea. The frequency and characterization of ETEC on a worldwide scale are inadequate because of the difficulty in recognizing the organisms; no simple diagnostic tests are presently available. Protection strategies, as for other enteric infections, include improvements in hygiene and development of effective vaccines. Increases in antimicrobial resistance will dictate the drugs used for the treatment of traveler's diarrhea. Efforts need to be made to improve our understanding of the worldwide importance of ETEC.
A first attempt at type class directives

Building on earlier work on type inference directives for scripting a compiler to improve type error messages, we present extensions to those directives to deal with type classes. Our work is mainly motivated by the need for better type error messages, especially for domain specific languages. Type inference directives can bridge the gap between embedded domain specific languages and Haskell by their ability to lift error messages to the conceptual level of the domain, without a need to know anything about how the compiler works on the inside. We consider both special type class directives, which help to improve type error messages in the presence of type classes, and we show how existing type inference directives can be extended to cope with overloading. We also describe a heuristic where type class information is used to pinpoint more precisely the most likely source of a unification error in a program.
Inversion of Crosswell Seismograms via Di erentialSemblance

In crosswell seismic experiments, seismic sources are red in one well, and the waveeelds generated are measured in another well. The goal of the crosswell seismology is to nd physical parameters, especially the velocities, of the rocks between the wells from these measurements. This amounts to the mathematical problem of solving a coeecient inverse problem of the multidimensional acoustic wave equation. The two common inversion methods traveltime tomography and waveform inversion via output least squares have some unpleasant features from the viewpoint of numerical computations. We present a new waveform inversion method { diierential semblance optimization (DSO) { in this paper under the non-caustic assumption. The main result is that the objective function is smooth and a critical point is kinematically close to the true velocity model if the noise level is low enough, the source wavelet is oscillatory enough, and the DSO parameter is small enough.
Current Versus Lifetime Depression, APOE Variation, and Their Interaction on Cognitive Performance in Younger and Older Adults

Objective An interaction effect of depressive symptoms and APOE e4 allele status on cognitive decline has been shown in old age: e4 allele carriers with more depressive symptoms have faster cognitive decline than those with either depression or the e4 allele. We test this interaction effect on four cognitive domains, using a clinical depression measure comparing current versus lifetime depression. Methods 14,379 individuals aged 18 to 59 years, and 3944 individuals aged 60 to 94 years from the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study participated. Linear-mixed models—accounting for participant relatedness and demographic and health indices—tested for effects of depression and APOE on cognitive abilities. Results There was no interaction between depression and APOE on cognition (p > .05). Current depression was associated with poorer speed (in both groups) and memory (18- to 59-year-olds); differences ranged from 0.01 to 0.03 standard deviation [SD]. For lifetime depression, cognitive performance was lower for digit symbol in younger adults, but higher for vocabulary in both younger (0.03 SD) and older (0.05 SD) adults. A negative effect of the APOE e4 allele on speed and memory was found in the group 60 years and older (effect sizes of 0.04 SD). Conclusions The absence of a depression by APOE interaction on cognitive abilities suggests that these synergistic effects only operate at the level of cognitive decline. This implies that it is those biological pathways especially affected by aging that become compromised further by the combined presence of depression and APOE e4 in an individual.
Modeling electroencephalography waveforms with semi-supervised deep belief nets: fast classification and anomaly measurement

Clinical electroencephalography (EEG) records vast amounts of human complex data yet is still reviewed primarily by human readers. Deep belief nets (DBNs) are a relatively new type of multi-layer neural network commonly tested on two-dimensional image data but are rarely applied to times-series data such as EEG. We apply DBNs in a semi-supervised paradigm to model EEG waveforms for classification and anomaly detection. DBN performance was comparable to standard classifiers on our EEG dataset, and classification time was found to be 1.7–103.7 times faster than the other high-performing classifiers. We demonstrate how the unsupervised step of DBN learning produces an autoencoder that can naturally be used in anomaly measurement. We compare the use of raw, unprocessed data—a rarity in automated physiological waveform analysis—with hand-chosen features and find that raw data produce comparable classification and better anomaly measurement performance. These results indicate that DBNs and raw data inputs may be more effective for online automated EEG waveform recognition than other common techniques.
TOPEX microwave radiometer performance evaluation, 1992-1998

The stability and accuracy of the TOPEX Microwave Radiometer (TMR) measurement of the atmospheric path delay due to water vapor is assessed over the interval from launch (August 1992) through June 1998. Detailed global comparisons are made with path delays derived from the special sensor microwave imager (SSM/I) instruments and a network of 15 island radiosondes. The results provide consistent evidence that the TMR path delay measurements included an instrument-related downward drift of 1.0-1.5 mm/yr between October 1992 and December of 1996. The four-year drift correlates with an upward drift seen in the coldest TMR 18-GHz brightness temperature time series and is further supported by independent comparisons of TMR with ERS-1 and 2, GPS, and the Harvest Platform water vapor radiometer measurements. From January 1997 through June 1998, no significant relative path delay drift between TMR and SSM/I is seen in the comparison data, although anomalies do appear in early 1998. In terms of accuracy, both the SSM/I and radiosonde comparisons indicate no significant (>2%) scale error in the TMR path delay. An overall bias of <10 mm mag be present, but the comparisons are not consistent in this determination.
Collective Oscillation Period of Inter-Coupled Biological Negative Cyclic Feedback Oscillators

A number of biological rhythms originate from networks comprised of multiple cellular oscillators. But analytical results are still lacking on the collective oscillation period of inter-coupled gene regulatory oscillators, which, as has been reported, may be different from that of an autonomous oscillator. Based on cyclic feedback oscillators, we analyze the collective oscillation pattern of coupled cellular oscillators. First we give a condition under which the oscillator network exhibits oscillatory and synchronized behavior. Then we estimate the collective oscillation period based on a novel multivariable harmonic balance technique. Analytical results are derived in terms of biochemical parameters, thus giving insight into the basic mechanism of biological oscillation and providing guidance in synthetic biology design.
Nominalizations in PUNDIT

This paper describes the treatment of nominalizations in the PUNDIT text processing system. A single semantic definition is used for both nominalizations and the verbs to which they are related, with the same semantic roles, decompositions, and selectional restrictions on the semantic roles. However, because syntactically nominalizations are noun phrases, the processing which produces the semantic representation is different in several respects from that used for clauses. (1) The rules relating the syntactic positions of the constituents to the roles that they can fill are different. (2) The fact that nominalizations are untensed while clauses normally are tensed means that an alternative treatment of time is required for nominalizations. (3) Because none of the arguments of a nominalization is syntactically obligatory, some differences in the control of the filling of roles are required, in particular, roles can be filled as part of reference resolution for the nominalization. The differences in processing are captured by allowing the semantic interpreter to operate in two different modes, one for clauses, and one for nominalizations. Because many nominalizations are noun-noun compounds, this approach also addresses this problem, by suggesting a way of dealing with one relatively tractable subset of noun-noun compounds.
Transference of virtual planning and planning over biomedical prototypes for dental implant placement using guided surgery.

OBJECTIVES This study evaluated the transference of virtual planning and planning over biomedical prototypes for dental implant placement using guided surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS This experiment was conducted with 11 identical replicas of a human edentulous mandible. For each mandible, models and surgical guides were manufactured using stereolithography. Simulated surgeries were performed on the prototypes. Following this, the implants were placed in the mandible replicas. Superposition of the tridimensional pre- and postoperative models was used for virtual evaluation. The real evaluation was conducted by linear measurements directly on the models. RESULTS The variations in angles and distances between the coronal, central and apical regions of the 22 implants evaluated in this study had mean values <1.45 degrees and 0.41 mm. The correlations between the positions of implant beds in each mandible were fair to very good, according to the distance analyzed and the interpretation guidelines used. CONCLUSIONS According to the results of this study, the variations found in the transference of dental implant positioning to the operative field, determined during virtual planning and obtained in surgeries simulated with biomedical prototypes, confirm the reliability of guided surgery techniques in implantology.
Climatology of Storm Reports Relative to Linear Jet Streaks

NCEP/NCAR NARR Reanalysis data, SPC storm reports, and an analysis of upper-level linear jet streaks by Johnson-O’Mara were used to examine the placement of storm reports associated with linear jet streaks over a ten-year period. The study also explores how average circulations within the jet streaks compare to the linear jet streak theory. It was found that tornado and hail reports tended to occur most frequently in the exit region away from the jet center, while wind reports were concentrated far from the major axis in the right entrance region. A low pressure center in the left exit region was the reason for the extensive surface convergence, and fronts associated with the low appeared to be a major reason for the storm report distributions and circulations observed. Convection and the tropopause height also appear to influence the jet streak circulations.
Percutaneous dilatation of coarctation of the aorta, stenotic pulmonary arteries or homografts, and stenotic superior vena cava using Andrastents XL and XXL.

BACKGROUND Major vessel stenoses are currently successfully treated with stent implantation. Recently, new cobalt-chromium stents (Andrastents XL and XXL, Andramed, Germany) have been introduced into clinical practice. This alloy combines high biocompatibility with radial strength and flexibility. AIM To present our experience with the use of Andrastents XL and XXL for the dilatation of stenosed pulmonary arteries, coarctation of the aorta (CoA), and a stenosed superior vena cava (SVC). METHODS The study group included 24 patients treated with 26 Andrastents. In 7 patients aged 23.3 (range 18-27) years, with the mean body weight of 64.7 (range 50-77) kg, prestenting of a calcified pulmonary homograft was performed using 9 Andrastents XL or XXL (length of 30, 39, or 48 mm) before the Melody valve implantation. In one patient with a long and stiff stenosis, 3 stents were necessary. In 12 patients with native CoA aged 30.1 (range 9-55) years, with the mean body weight of 60 (range 25-105) kg, twelve Andrastents XL or XXL (length of 30, 39, or 48 mm) were implanted. In 4 patients with the right or left pulmonary artery stenosis close to the bifurcation (age 8.5 [range 6-10] years, body weight 27.3 [range 17-33] kg), 4 Andrastents 30 XL were implanted. In one child (age 7.5 years, body weight 21.7 kg) with a iatrogenic SVC stenosis (after 2 venous cannulations necessary for 2 surgical corrections of his double-outlet right ventricle), the stenosed site was dilated using Andrastent 21 XL. RESULTS All procedures were performed successfully. No stent fractures were observed during the follow-up. The mean pressure gradient was reduced from 42.4 to 18 mm Hg (RVOT) in patients who underwent Andrastent and Melody valve implantation, from 54.1 to 13.2 mm Hg in patients with CoA, and from 49 to 21.7 mm Hg in patients with pulmonary artery stenosis. No aneurysm formation, stent migration, or rupture of the treated vessel during stent implantation were observed in any patient. The mean fluoroscopy time during stent implanatation was 6.6 min in CoA, 8.8 min in pulmonary artery stenosis, 24.8 min during implantation of Melody valve (with prestenting of RVOT with Andrastents) and 17.6 min during SVC dilation. Procedural outcomes (evaluated using noninvasive methods) remained favourable during the follow-up (0.5-21 months), with no complications observed. CONCLUSIONS Implantation of Andrastents XL or XXL is a very good therapeutic option in the treatment of major vessel stenoses.
The ortho : para ratio of H3+ in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas

In diffuse molecular clouds, the nuclear spin temperature of (approx. 30 K) is much lower than the cloud kinetic temperature (approx. 70 K). To understand this temperature discrepancy, we have measured the ratio of the hop to exchange pathways (α) in the reaction (which interconverts ortho- and para-) using high-resolution spectroscopy of the ν2 fundamental band of in a hydrogenic plasma. We find that α decreases from 1.6±0.1 at 350 K to its statistical value of 0.5±0.1 at 135 K. We use this result to model the steady-state chemistry of diffuse molecular clouds, finding good agreement with astronomical data provided the dissociative recombination rates of ortho- and para- are equal and the identity branching fraction for the reaction is large. Our results highlight the need for further studies of the reaction as well as state-selective measurements of dissociative recombination.
Antiwindup Design for Induction Motor Control in the Field Weakening Domain

Operation of induction machines in the high-speed and/or high-torque range requires field-weakening to comply with voltage and current physical limitations. This paper presents an anti-windup approach to this problem: rather than developing an ad-hoc field weakening strategy in the high-speed region, we equip an unconstrained vector-control design with an anti-windup module that automatically adjusts the current and flux set-points so that voltage and current constraints are satisfied at every operating point. The anti-windup module includes a feedforward modification of the set point aimed at maximizing the available torque in steady-state and a feedback modification of the controller based on an internal model-based antiwindup scheme. This paper includes a complete stability analysis of the proposed solution and presents encouraging experimental results on an industrial drive.
Perioperative Management of Pulmonary Hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension is the manifestation of a disorder of the pulmonary vascular bed, which results in obstruction of pulmonary blood flow. Although many different causes exist, hypertension in the pulmonary circulation is the result of increased vascular resistance, increased vascular bed flow, or both. The signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension are nonspecific and subtle. Left untreated, patients will experience progressive symptoms of dyspnea and right heart failure culminating in a markedly curtailed survival [Gaine, 2000]. Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension is a relatively rare disease of unknown cause [Lloyd et al, 1995]; however, in the perioperative arena the majority of patients encountered with pulmonary hypertension have acquired it secondary to a cardiac or a pulmonary disease process. Left sided ventricular or atrial disease and left sided valvular heart disease are common causes of pulmonary hypertension. Both of these conditions elevate left atrial pressure and passively increase pulmonary venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Multiple respiratory diseases lead to the development of pulmonary hypertension via a hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction [Phillips et al, 1999]. Regardless of causation, all pathways lead to an altered vascular endothelium and smooth muscle function through cellular remodeling [MacLean, 1999; Tuder et al, 2001]. This results in increased vascular contractility or lack of vascular relaxation in response to various endogenous vasodilator substances. Detailed discussion of the pathology, pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment are provided elsewhere in this text and via consensus statements from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association. [McLaughlin et al, 2009]
Antibacterial antibody responses associated with the development of asthma in house dust mite-sensitised and non-sensitised children

Background Infants who develop house dust mite (HDM) allergy and HDM-sensitised children with severe persistent asthma have low antibody responses to the P6 antigen of Haemophilus influenzae. Objective To measure the development of antibody to two ubiquitous bacteria of the respiratory mucosa in a prospective birth cohort at high risk of allergic disease and to assess which responses are associated with asthma and atopy. Methods IgG1 and IgG4 antibody to H influenzae (P4 and P6) and Streptoccocus pneumoniae (PspA and PspC) surface antigens was measured in yearly blood samples of children aged 1–5 years. IgE to the P6 antigen was examined for the 5-year group. The children were stratified based on HDM sensitisation and asthma at 5 years of age. Results HDM-sensitised children had lower IgG1 antibody titres to the bacterial antigens, and early responses (<3 years and before the development of HDM sensitisation and asthma) corrected for multiple antigens were significantly reduced for P4, P6 and PspC (p=0.008, p=0.004 and p=0.028, respectively). Similar associations with asthma were also found (p=0.008, p=0.004 and p=0.032 for P4, P6 and PspC, respectively). The IgG4 antibody titre and prevalence were similar in both HDM-sensitised and non-sensitised groups, but sensitised children had a slower downregulation of the IgG4 response. Children with asthma (27/145 at 5 years) had lower anti-P6 IgE responses (p<0.05). Conclusions HDM-sensitised children have early defective antibody responses to bacteria that are associated with asthma. Surprisingly, antibacterial IgE was associated with a reduced risk for asthma.
The effect of ion pumps on the speed of travelling waves in the fire-diffuse-fire model of Ca2+ release

The fire-diffuse-fire model provides an idealized model of Ca2+ release within living cells. The effect of calcium pumps, which drive Ca2+ back into internal stores, is often neglected for mathematical simplicity. Here we show how to explicitly analyse such effects by extending the work of Keizer et al. [Keizer, J. E. , G. D. Smith, S. Ponce Dawson and J. Pearson (1998). Saltatory propagation of Ca2+ waves by Ca2+ sparks. Biophys. J.75, 595–600. ]. For travelling waves, in which release events occur sequentially, we construct the speed of waves in terms of the time-scale at which pumps operate. An immediate consequence of this analysis is that the inclusion of calcium pumps leads to multiple solutions. A linear stability analysis determines those solution branches in parameter space which are stable. Numerical continuation is used to provide explicit examples of the bifurcation diagrams of the speed of waves as a function of physiologically significant system parameters.
Analysis of a Contour-based Representation for Melody

Identifying a musical work from a melodic fragment is a task that most people are able to accomplish with relative ease. For some time now researchers have worked to give computers this ability as well, as it would be the cornerstone of any query-by-humming system. To accomplish this, it i s reasonable to study how humans are able to perform this task, and to assess what features we use to determine melodic similarity. Research has shown that melodic contour is an important feature in determining melodic similarity, but it i s also clear that rhythmic information is important as well. The goal of this research is to explore what variation of contour and rhythmic information can result in the most efficient, robust, and scalable representation for melody. We intend for this to be the basis of a query-by-humming system that will be used to test the validity of our proposed representation.
Analysis of aqueous environments by laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LD-TOF-MS) has been developed and used to characterize different groups of hydrous minerals. We have advanced the technique by including reversed polarity, precision ion gating, and a curved field reflectron mass analyzer. Reversed polarity provides capabilities in achieving complementary compositional information of the materials, and ion gating enhances the selectivity and sensitivity in specific mass ranges. Representative reference minerals including sulfates, clays, serpentine, and naturally collected complex samples have been analyzed by LD-TOF-MS as well as infrared (IR) spectroscopy, to provide supporting information. We demonstrate that mass spectrometry can identify water in mineral species, and reveal the presence of aqueous environments. Miniaturized LD-TOF-MS is a valuable instrument technique for the in situ characterization and analysis of samples as part of future landed planetary missions and astrobiology explorations.