Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mammalian target of rapamycin up-regulation of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme type M2 is critical for aerobic glycolysis and tumor growth

Although aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) is a hallmark of cancer, key questions, including when, how, and why cancer cells become highly glycolytic, remain less clear. For a largely unknown regulatory mechanism, a rate-limiting glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform is exclusively expressed in embryonic, proliferating, and tumor cells, and plays an essential role in tumor metabolism and growth. Because the receptor tyrosine kinase/PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (RTK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling cascade is a frequently altered pathway in cancer, we explored its potential role in cancer metabolism. We identified mTOR as a central activator of the Warburg effect by inducing PKM2 and other glycolytic enzymes under normoxic conditions. PKM2 level was augmented in mouse kidney tumors due to deficiency of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 and consequent mTOR activation, and was reduced in human cancer cells by mTOR suppression. mTOR up-regulation of PKM2 expression was through hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α)-mediated transcription activation, and c-Myc–heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)-dependent regulation of PKM2 gene splicing. Disruption of PKM2 suppressed oncogenic mTOR-mediated tumorigenesis. Unlike normal cells, mTOR hyperactive cells were more sensitive to inhibition of mTOR or glycolysis. Dual suppression of mTOR and glycolysis synergistically blunted the proliferation and tumor development of mTOR hyperactive cells. Even though aerobic glycolysis is not required for breach of senescence for immortalization and transformation, the frequently deregulated mTOR signaling during multistep oncogenic processes could contribute to the development of the Warburg effect in many cancers. Components of the mTOR/HIF1α/Myc–hnRNPs/PKM2 glycolysis signaling network could be targeted for the treatment of cancer caused by an aberrant RTK/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
A Decomposition of Austria's General Government Budget into Structural and Cyclical Components

The paper describes a model for computing the trend output and the structural budget deficit in Austria. The calculation of trend output is based on a production function approach within a small macroeconomic model of the Austrian economy. A decomposition of public budgets into cyclical and structural components shows responsiveness to business cycle variations, and allows a better assessment of the sustainability of the budget balance. The model will be used in future forecasting rounds and links macroeconomic and budgetary variables of the WIFO Economic Outlook to estimates for trend output and the structural budget deficit. Until now, such decomposition has not been part of the regular WIFO forecast.
Language and Gender Classification of Speech Files Using Supervised Machine Learning Methods

ABSTRACT Many language identification (LID) systems are based on language models using techniques that consider the fluctuation of speech over time. Considering these fluctuations necessitates longer recording intervals to obtain reasonable accuracy. Our research extracts features from short recording intervals to enable successful classification of spoken language. The feature extraction process is based on frames of 20 ms, whereas most previous LIDs presented results based on much longer frames (3 s or longer). We defined and implemented 200 features divided into four feature sets: cepstrum features, RASTA features, spectrum features, and waveform features. We applied eight machine learning (ML) methods on the features that were extracted from a corpus containing speech files in 10 languages from the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI) telephone speech database and compared their performances using extensive experimental evaluation. The best optimized classification results were achieved by random forest (RF): from 76.29% on 10 languages to 89.18% on 2 languages. These results are better or comparable to the state-of-the-art results for the OGI database. Another set of experiments that was performed was gender classification from 2 to 10 languages. The accuracy and the F measure values for the RF method for all the language experiments were greater than or equal to 90.05%.
The Incidence and Efficiency Effects of Taxes on Income from Capital

This article reexamines the incidence and efficiency cost of the discriminatory taxation of capital income in the United States. It is argued that Harberger's 1966 estimates of the static welfare loss were subject to two important mistakes. Their correction lowers the efficiency cost estimates approximately 38 percent. The paper also compares the corrected results of the Harberger model with those achieved with an algorithmic solution procedure for a general equilibrium model. When the latter approach is used with the same two-sector division of production, the results are very similar to those of Harberger's model. With disaggregation to 12 production sectors, however, the loss estimates increase by an average of 40 percent.
The rich and the poor: environmental biodiversity protecting from allergy

Purpose of reviewIt has been proposed that biodiversity loss leads to reduced interaction between environmental and human microbiotas. This, in turn, may lead to immune dysfunction and impaired tolerance mechanisms in humans. That is, contact with environmental biodiversity is expected to protect from allergies. However, direct evidence linking contact with biodiversity and risk of allergy has been lacking. In this review, we consider the latest research on the biodiversity hypothesis of allergy. Recent findingsIt is becoming clear that what you eat, drink, inhale, and touch all contribute to the grand scheme of host–microbial crosstalk that is needed for a balanced, healthy immune system to develop and maintain a healthy recognition between harmful and harmless invasions. Microbes can either communicate directly with host immune cells or affect the host via metabolism that can even lead to epigenetic modifications. Our living environment plays a key role in this process. Although especially, early exposure to diverse, beneficial microbiota from the environment is repeatedly found crucial, studies on immigrants demonstrate that condition in later life can also be decisive. ConclusionWe are still lacking a more detailed understanding of the interaction between natural, environmental biodiversity, and health, which calls for new innovative and more long-term investigations. The outcomes should be utilized in policy and urban planning efforts, promoting human interaction with natural biodiversity, and supporting a healthy lifestyle.
Probabilistic participation in public goods games

Voluntary participation in public goods games (PGGs) has turned out to be a simple but effective mechanism for promoting cooperation under full anonymity. Voluntary participation allows individuals to adopt a risk-aversion strategy, termed loner. A loner refuses to participate in unpromising public enterprises and instead relies on a small but fixed pay-off. This system leads to a cyclic dominance of three pure strategies, cooperators, defectors and loners, but at the same time, there remain two considerable restrictions: the addition of loners cannot stabilize the dynamics and the time average pay-off for each strategy remains equal to the pay-off of loners. Here, we introduce probabilistic participation in PGGs from the standpoint of diversification of risk, namely simple mixed strategies with loners, and prove the existence of a dynamical regime in which the restrictions no longer hold. Considering two kinds of mixed strategies associated with participants (cooperators or defectors) and non-participants (loners), we can recover all basic evolutionary dynamics of the two strategies: dominance; coexistence; bistability; and neutrality, as special cases depending on pairs of probabilities. Of special interest is that the expected pay-off of each mixed strategy exceeds the pay-off of loners at some interior equilibrium in the coexistence region.
Alternative Tourism: Pious Hope Or Trojan Horse?

ferent approach and philosophy. Like the others, it is hard to disagree with it. All of us, even if we are &dquo;ugly tourists,&dquo; acknowledge that tourism creates problems, even though it may have tremendous economic and social benefits. Thus, in principle and instinctively, most people will be tolerant of, and possibly actively supportive of the concept of alternative tourism, even if they do not understand what it really means. Like sustainable development, it can mean almost anything to anyone. However, we need to carefully evaluate just what is meant by the term and more to the point, what the implications of this alternative form are to existing and potential destination areas. First then, what is it? Alternative to what? Obviously not to all other forms of tourism, but rather, an alternative to the least desired or most undesired type of tourism, or essentially what is known as mass tourism, the &dquo;Golden Hordes&dquo; of
Innovation policy & labour productivity growth: Education, research & development, government effectiveness and business policy

This paper examines the relationship between labour productivity growth in non-traditional sectors and "innovation policy" for a cross-section of countries. Innovation policy is characterised by investments in tertiary education and research and development as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the freedom in the business environment, as well as overall government effectiveness. Our results confirm the economic convergence between richer and poorer countries. We could show a significant positive effect of the interaction between government effectiveness and government expenditures in tertiary education as a percent of GDP on labour productivity growth in non-traditional sectors. Also, for developing countries, a positive and significant relationship between the growth variable and effective research and development expenditures was observed. We could not uncover a relationship between other innovation policies and labour productivity growth. Non-traditional sector labour productivity growth in the oil-rich Arabian Gulf countries was observed to be consistently slower than Western countries. Higher oil prices appear to crowd out innovation in oil-rich countries while stimulating innovation in oil-importing countries.
Radar Remote Sensing of Agricultural Canopies: A Review

Observations from spaceborne radar contain considerable information about vegetation dynamics. The ability to extract this information could lead to improved soil moisture retrievals and the increased capacity to monitor vegetation phenology and water stress using radar data. The purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge with respect to backscatter from vegetated (agricultural) landscapes and to identify opportunities and challenges in this domain. Much of our understanding of vegetation backscatter from agricultural canopies stems from SAR studies to perform field-scale classification and monitoring. Hence, SAR applications, theory, and applications are considered here too. An overview will be provided of the knowledge generated from ground-based and airborne experimental campaigns that contributed to the development of crop classification, crop monitoring, and soil moisture monitoring applications. A description of the current vegetation modeling approaches will be given. A review of current applications of spaceborne radar will be used to illustrate the current state of the art in terms of data utilization. Finally, emerging applications, opportunities and challenges will be identified and discussed. Improved representation of vegetation phenology and water dynamics will be identified as essential to improve soil moisture retrievals, crop monitoring, and for the development of emerging drought/water stress applications.
Factors Predicting Three SMS Advertising Responses

This study examines the factors that influence three SMS advertising responses namely willingness to receive SMS messages, read/delete the ad, and intention to purchase (take the offer). We posited that factors that influence response to SMS ads may be different according to the measure of response. One factor that recurs, regardless of the response measure, is attitude towards the SMS ads. A second factor that influences whether an SMS ad will be accepted and then read or deleted is the credibility of the message. As the response requires more commitment from consumers, such as to purchase a product or service, the more factors that need to be articulated by managers. In such response, in formativeness and personalisation of the message together with incentives are critical.
Morphological analysis of knee synovial membrane biopsies from a randomized controlled clinical study comparing the effects of sodium hyaluronate (Hyalgan) and methylprednisolone acetate (Depomedrol) in osteoarthritis.

OBJECTIVE The study was part of a randomized open-label clinical trial designed to evaluate the effects of intra-articular injections of hyaluronan (Hyalgan) (HY) in osteoarthritis (OA) of the human knee. Data were compared with those obtained after treatment with methylprednisolone acetate (Depomedrol) (MP). METHODS Synovial membranes from patients with OA of the knee, primary or secondary to a traumatic event and classified according to the American College of Rheumatology criteria, were examined by arthroscopy and by light and electron microscopy before and 6 months after local injection of HY (2 ml of 500-730 000 MW hyaluronan, 10 mg/ml in saline, one injection per week for 5 weeks) or MP (1 ml of methylprednisolone acetate, 40 mg/ml, one injection per week for 3 weeks). RESULTS Arthroscopy revealed a significant decrease in inflammatory score after both treatments. Histology showed that HY treatment was effective (P< or =0.05) in reducing the number and aggregation of lining synoviocytes, as well as the number and calibre of the vessels. MP treatment significantly reduced the number of mast cells in primary OA. Both treatments tended to decrease the number of hypertrophic and to increase the number of fibroblast-like lining cells, to decrease the numbers of macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells and adipocytes, and to decrease oedema, especially in primary OA, and to increase the number of fibroblasts and the amount of collagen. These phenomena were evident throughout the thickness of the synovial tissue. CONCLUSION At least in the medium term, both HY and MP modified a number of structural variables of the synovial membrane of the osteoarthritic human knee towards the appearance of that of normal synovium. The effect was more evident in primary OA than in OA secondary to a traumatic event. This is the first evidence that local hyaluronan injections modify the structural organization of the human knee synovium in OA.
The Effectiveness of Environmental Advertising in the Hotel Industry

Environmental advertising can create opportunities for a hospitality company to maximize messages and sponsorships. This research explores the independent and interactive influences of environmental claims and the emotional benefits on consumer response to hotels’ environmental advertising. This study further analyzes whether there are differences in responses to green advertisements between high-involved and low-involved consumers. The results indicate that a substantive claim would elicit much more positive responses from consumers than an associative claim, and a self-expressive benefit is generally more successful than a nature-related benefit in fostering positive responses. At the same time, a substantive claim was more persuasive when it was coupled with a self-expressive benefit, while an associative claim led to more positive reactions after exposure to a nature-related benefit. Finally, there is a difference in responses to hotels’ environmental ads between high- and low-involvement consumers. This article provides empirical information for hotel marketers contemplating the development and presentation of environmental advertising to improve their environmental brand image and increase consumer purchase intent.
Treating Chronic Pain with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A TherapeuticApproach Worthy of Continued Investigation

Though there are various etiologies to chronic pain, one common feature is that painful states are associated with increased inflammation. This is verified by studies in both animal models and humans that have found increased expression of inflammatory proteins in muscle tissue, and increased inflammatory cytokines in cerebral spinal fluid, synovial fluid, and serum. Over the last decade we have become aware of the anti-inflammatory effects that multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells frequently referred to as mesenchymal stem cells [MSC], elicit. This ability of MSC to affect the inflammatory milieu has led researchers to consider MSC as a treatment for various painful states such as degenerative disc disease and osteoarthritis. In this article we present relevant animal and human studies, which indicate that MSC are worthy of further study as a valuable therapy in the treatment of chronic pain.
Disruption of short-term memory by distractor speech: Does content matter?

Four experiments replicate the finding that auditory distractors that are lexically identical to the visual target items dramatically increase the irrelevant-speech effect on serial recall. This effect was previously attributed to interference of incompatible order cues. The present results suggest that a different interpretation of this effect is required. Experiment 2 replicates the order congruence effect observed by Hughes and Jones (2005), but shows that this effect is most likely due to an attenuation of interference that is caused by strategic attention shifts to the nominally irrelevant material. Experiments 3 and 4 show that the between-stream similarity effect generalizes to a condition in which the distractor items were drawn from the same category as the targets, but were not identical to them. By showing that nonacoustic distractor features can increase interference in serial recall of lists of supposedly “meaningless” items such as digits or consonants, the results are most consistent with models that postulate an integration of short-term and long-term memory such as the embedded-processes model and the feature model and are inconsistent with classical structural accounts of memory.
Relationship of teacher perception of principal leadership practices and job satisfaction in the Southeast Region of the Association of Christian Schools International

Many studies have been conducted on principal leadership and employee perceptions in the corporate and public sector. However, there are gaps in the research regarding the relationship between the perception of principal leadership practices and one dimension of person-organization fit, job satisfaction, in the specific demographic of teachers in the Southeast Region of the Association of Christian Schools International. This study was conducted to begin the process of understanding this phenomenon. Kouzes and Posner’s (2012) five practice of exemplary leadership and the theoretical framework of person-organization fit supported the development of this study (Kristof-Brown & Guay, 2011). Teachers from the population of accredited Christian schools in the Southeast Region of the Association of Christian Schools International completed Likert-style surveys using the Leadership Practices Inventory (Observer) and Job Satisfaction Survey. A multiple linear regression was conducted to test the hypotheses concerning the relationship between teacher perceptions of leadership practices and job satisfaction. The results demonstrated a relationship between the combination of the five leadership practices, the specific Enable Others to Act practice and teacher job satisfaction. Further research would include similar studies that examine leadership practices and other dimensions of person-organization fit utilizing quantitative and qualitative research designs. The implication of this study provides a basis for Christian schools to implement training and mentoring programs for school leaders with a focus on the Five Practices of Exemplary Leadership to intentionally lead with a Biblical worldview.
Crust or crumb?: Intrahousehold resource allocation and male breadwinning in late Victorian Britain

R ecent development literature has identified a resource allocation bias against girls in favour of boys.2 The reason is, in part, economic. Boys engage in paid employment and bring resources into the family. Girls, facing limited employment opportunities, directly contribute little to the family purse. Furthermore, when they leave to marry, girls may take assets with them. Consequently, families perceive girls as being of lower value than boys, and parents direct resources towards the better economic asset-male offspring-a decision whose extreme outcome can be observed in excess female mortality. In this model, unequal access to paid work has its corollary in gender-differentiated receipts of welfareenhancing resources. This model of intrahousehold resource allocation raises questions for economic historians. In particular, it focuses attention on what was happening within households when the family ceased to be the basic unit of production and was replaced by individual wage workers, a profoundly gendered process culminating in that most valorized of workers, the male breadwinner. This shift over the course of the nineteenth century from households satisfying their material needs through the employment and income contributions of all family members to reliance on the earnings of a male head of household has been well documented.3 But its consequences for the way in which households allocated resources-in particular, the distribution towards non-contributing members-has received considerably less attention.4 Here, 1,024 household budgets of British workers in the textile, coal-mining, and metal-manufacturing industries
Dynamic Common Agency and Investment: The Economics of Movie Distribution

This article analyzes investment and other strategies in a stationary dynamic common agency model of movie distribution. Contract choices interact with other strategic choices. The model explains several facts; movie distributors avoid head-to-head new hit releases, hits have longer runs than flops, and distributors receive the lion's share of value generated by hits. The model yields testable implications about the effects of vertical integration on inventory turnover, release decisions, run lengths, and allocations, but the results depend on how integration affects relative bargaining power. Vertical integration is privately profitable and may improve social welfare even though it reduces industry profits. (JEL L14, L22, L82, C61) Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Predicting the Equity Premium with Dividend Ratios: Reconciling the Evidence

This paper evaluates the ability of dividend ratios to predict the equity premium. We conduct an in and out-of-sample comparative study and apply the Goyal and Welch (2003) graphical method to equity premia derived from the UK FTSE All-Share and the S&P 500 indices. Preliminary in-sample univariate regressions reveal that in both markets the equity premium contains an element of predictability. However, the considered out-of-sample models outperform the historical moving average only in the UK context. This is confirmed by the graphical diagnostic which further indicates that dividend ratios are useful predictors of UK excess returns. Our paper provides a possible explanation of why dividend ratios might be more informative in the UK market by linking these findings to the disappearing dividend phenomenon. Finally, Campbell and Shiller (1988) identities are employed to account for the time-varying properties of the dividend ratio and dividend growth processes. It is shown that by instrumenting the models with the identities, forecasting ability can be further improved.