Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Routine Papanicolaou Staining Technique with the Rapid, Economic, Acetic Acid, Papanicolaou (REAP) Technique

Background : The universal stain for oral cytological screening for precancer and cancer of oral cavity is Papanicolaou stain which has been used in different laboratories with many modifications. Objectives : To assess the superiority of staining of smears by REAP technique compared to PAP technique. Material and Methods: 100 smears were collected from 50 patients. One set of smears were stained with conventional PAP technique and the other set with the REAP technique. In the REAP technique, the ethanol bath in the pre Orange G6, post Orange G6 and post EA50 stages is replaced by 1% acetic acid; Tap water is used instead of Scott's tap water and hematoxylin is pre heated in water bath to 60°C for rapid penetration. Methanol is used for final dehydration. The two sets of smears are observed by two independent observers and assessed for the optimal and suboptimal nuclear and cytoplasmic staining. The results are compared and analyzed statistically. Results : Good cytoplasmic transparency and optimal nuclear details were seen in REAP stained smears compared to the conventional PAP smears. The cost involved in REAP method was lesser compared to conventional PAP technique. REAP technique took 3 minutes for completion compared to PAP technique that involves a minimum of 20 minutes. Conclusion: REAP technique produces better stained smears that are cost effective and involve minimal time for mass screening of oral cancer as compared to conventional PAP smears.
Predicting Non-Target Ecological Effects of Biological Control Agents: Evidence from Rhinocyllus conicus

The discovery and quantification of significant non-target ecological effects of Rhinocyllus conicus on native species in the northcentral USA provides the opportunity to experimentally evaluate factors that might help predict non-target host plant use, magnitude of direct impact with transference, and indirect effects mediated by trophic interactions. The relevance for biocontrol risk assessment of at least four important ecological relationships has emerged from these studies so far. These relationships include the role played in interaction outcome and ecological risk by: 1) ecological similarity of potential host plants, as well as phylogenetic distance; 2) synchrony of critical stages between insect and potential host plant(s), as well as acceptability; 3) population limiting processes of potential host plants; and, 4) overlap of feeding niche within the native guild of species dependent upon the host plants. In addition, this case makes it clear that host specificity and preference/performance criteria are necessary but insufficient to quantify potential ecological risk. In the selection of biocontrol agents, knowledge of the ecological relationships should help to quantify the risks inherent in deliberate introductions of new species.
Youth preferences for cigar brands: rates of use and characteristics of users

Objective: Youth use of cigars has increased in the USA. Understanding brand preference among youth could help explain the attraction to cigars, and develop prevention strategies. This study reports on youth characteristics associated with preferences for cigar brands. Design: Data are presented on 5006 students in grades 7–12 (ages 12–18 years) in classrooms administered the cigar use reasons evaluation (CURE), a questionnaire assessing alternative tobacco use (cigars, bidis, and kreteks). Setting: Twelve middle and high schools across Massachusetts. Main outcome measures: Preferred brands of cigars. Results: Cigar smoking was reported by 16.4% of the sample. The brands preferred by over 5% of cigar users were Phillies (overall prevalence: 31.0%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 27.9% to 34.3%), Black & Mild (12.3%, 95% CI 9.8% to 15.4%), Garcia y Vega (11.4%, 95% CI 9.3% to 13.8%), Swisher Sweets (9.6%, 95% CI 7.6% to 12.2%), Backwoods (6.1%, 95% CI 4.6% to 8.1%), and non-listed brands (16.4%, 95% CI 14.0% to 19.0%). Male cigar smokers were significantly more likely than females to prefer five brands: Backwoods, Dutch Masters, Garcia y Vega, Phillies, and Swisher Sweets, while females were more likely to prefer Black & Mild and non-listed brands. Brand preferences were also distinguished by self, friends’ and siblings’ tobacco use, race/ethnicity, parents’ education and cigar use, GPA (grade point average), college plans, and community type. Urban students were more likely to prefer Black & Mild; students whose parents smoke cigars preferred non-listed brands. Conclusions: Youth prefer certain brands, most notably Phillies. Particular brands are preferred by particular youth subgroups, raising the possibility of selective marketing toward these groups.
Challenges for female international managers : evidence from Europe

Previous research has estimated that only 3 percent of international managers are women. From the limited extant research in international human resource management in Europe it is evident that female managers are not progressing to senior management positions at comparable rates to their male counterparts. This paper highlights the additional challenges (or barriers) that female managers are faced with in their career progression to international managerial positions. Based on extensive empirical research, the paper illustrates the barriers which the interviewees believe limit women’s international career opportunities. The paper also outlines the implications these barriers have for international human resource management in practice and makes some recommendations for future international human resource management policies.
Hypoxic preconditioning‐induced autophagy enhances survival of engrafted endothelial progenitor cells in ischaemic limb

Recent clinical studies have suggested that endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) transplantation provides a modest benefit for treatment of the ischaemic diseases such as limb ischaemia. However, cell‐based therapies have been limited by poor survival of the engrafted cells. This investigation was designed to establish optimal hypoxia preconditioning and evaluate effects of hypoxic preconditioning‐induced autophagy on survival of the engrafted EPCs. Autophagy of CD34+VEGFR‐2+ EPCs isolated from rat bone marrow increased after treatment with 1% O2. The number of the apoptotic cells in the hypoxic cells increased significantly after autophagy was inhibited with 3‐methyladenine. According to balance of autophagy and apoptosis, treatment with 1% O2 for 2 hrs was determined as optimal preconditioning for EPC transplantation. To examine survival of the hypoxic cells, the cells were implanted into the ischaemic pouch of the abdominal wall in rats. The number of the survived cells was greater in the hypoxic group. After the cells loaded with fibrin were transplanted with intramuscular injection, blood perfusion, arteriogenesis and angiogenesis in the ischaemic hindlimb were analysed with laser Doppler‐based perfusion measurement, angiogram and the density of the microvessels in histological sections, respectively. Repair of the ischaemic tissue was improved significantly in the hypoxic preconditioning group. Loading the cells with fibrin has cytoprotective effect on survival of the engrafted cells. These results suggest that activation of autophagy with hypoxic preconditioning is an optimizing strategy for EPC therapy of limb ischaemia.
Right hemisphere dominance for understanding the intentions of others: evidence from a split-brain patient

Understanding the actions performed by other people is a key aspect of social interaction, including in clinical settings where patients are learning from therapists and caregivers. While lesions of the left cerebral hemisphere induce praxic disorders, the hemispheric specialisation of intention understanding remains unclear. Do patients with a right hemispheric lesion understand the intentions of other people properly? The present study investigates how a split-brain patient understands the means (what) and intentions (why) of the actions of other people. Results show a significant left hemispheric dominance for understanding what is done, and a significant right hemispheric dominance for understanding why an action is carried out. This discovery might have important clinical implications in neurological patients, especially when those with right hemisphere lesions are faced with important decisions related to the interpretation of other’s intentions.
Immune Responses of HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mice to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis W-Beijing SA161

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains among the leading causes of death from an infectious agent in the world and exacerbates disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV infected individuals are prone to lung infections by a variety of microbial pathogens, including M. tuberculosis. While the destruction of the adaptive immune response by HIV is well understood, the actual pathogenesis of tuberculosis in co-infected individuals remains unclear. Tat is an HIV protein essential for efficient viral gene transcription, is secreted from infected cells, and is known to influence a variety of host inflammatory responses. We hypothesize Tat contributes to pathophysiological changes in the lung microenvironment, resulting in impaired host immune responses to infection by M. tuberculosis. Results: Herein, we show transgenic mice that express Tat by lung alveolar cells are more susceptible than non-transgenic control littermates to a low-dose aerosol infection of M. tuberculosis W-Beijing SA161. Survival assays demonstrate accelerated mortality rates of the Tat transgenic mice compared to non-transgenics. Tat transgenic mice also showed poorly organized lung granulomata-like lesions. Analysis of the host immune response using quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry for surface markers, and intracellular cytokine staining showed increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lungs, increased numbers of cells expressing ICAM1, increased numbers of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells, and IL-4 producing CD4+ T cells in the Tat transgenics compared to infected non-tg mice. Conclusions: Our data show quantitative differences in the inflammatory response to the SA161 clinical isolate of M. tuberculosis W-Beijing between Tat transgenic and non-transgenic mice, suggesting Tat contributes to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Variation of Oriental Oak (Quercus variabilis) Leaf δ13C across Temperate and Subtropical China: Spatial Patterns and Sensitivity to Precipitation

The concentration of the carbon-13 isotope (leaf δ13C) in leaves is negatively correlated with the mean annual precipitation (MAP) atlarge geographical scales. In this paper, we explain the spatial pattern of leaf δ13C variation for deciduous oriental oak (Quercus variabilis Bl.) across temperate and subtropical biomes and its sensitivity to climate factors such as MAP. There was a 6‰ variation in the leaf δ13C values of oak with a significant positive correlation with latitude and negative correlations with the mean annual temperature (MAT) and MAP. There was no correlation between leaf δ13C and altitude or longitude. Stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that leaf δ13C decreased 0.3‰ per 100 mm increase in MAP. MAP alone could account for 68% of the observed variation in leaf δ13C. These results can be used to improve predictions for plant responses to climate change and particularly lower rainfall.
Moral Hazard, Collateral and Liquidity

We consider a moral hazard setup wherein leveraged firms have incentives to take on excessive risks and are thus rationed when they attempt to borrow in order to meet liquidity shocks. The rationed firms can optimally pledge cash as collateral to borrow more, but in the process must liquidate some of their assets. Liquidated assets are purchased by non-rationed firms but their borrowing capacity is also limited by the moral hazard. The market-clearing price exhibits cash-in-the-market pricing and depends on the entire distribution of liquidity shocks in the economy. As moral hazard intensity varies, equilibrium price and level of collateral requirements are negatively related. However, compared to models where collateral requirements are exogenously specified, the endogenously designed collateral in our model has a stabilizing role on prices: For any given intensity of moral hazard problem, asset sales are smaller in quantity, and, in turn, equilibrium price is higher, when collateral requirements are optimally designed. This price-stabilizing role implies that the ex-ante debt capacity of firms is higher with collateral and thereby ex-post liability shocks are smaller. This stabilizes prices further, resulting in an important feedback: Collateral reduces the proportion of ex-ante rationed firms and thus leads to greater market participation. Our model provides an agency-theoretic explanation for some features of financial crises such as the linkage between market and funding liquidity and deep discounts observed in prices during crises that follow good times.
The Role of Bodily Sensations in the Evaluation of Social Events

Three hypotheses were tested: that feedback from facial expressions can provide the valence of an emotional reaction, that one's level of arousal can provide the felt intensity of that reaction, and that people use these sensations as information when appraising a stimulus that provides no clear valence of its own. Subjects read a story to which either understanding or anger was a possible reaction. While reading the story, all subjects were induced to hold their faces in expressions of either happiness or anger. In addition, one group of subjects engaged in 2 min of vigorous exercise immediately before reading the story. Another group engaged in the exercise 90 s before reading the story. The control group read the story without having exercised. Nonaroused subjects tended to report more favorable reactions when smiling than when holding an angry expression. This difference was signify cant when there was a delay between the exercise and the rating task and was reduced to nonsignificance when there was no delay. These results are discussed in the context of a theory of private self-perception in which people use their bodily sensations as information when making judgments.
Regional Organization of Hospitals

THE best quality of hospital and medical care, quickly and easily accessible to everyone, no matter where he lives, is the objective of hospitals, the medical and allied professions, and their educational institutions. They realize, however, and the public, too, is coming to realize, that the present lack of organization is responsible for great unevenness in the quality of medical care from place to place, and for delay in bringing recent advances quickly to all
Sneakers and street culture: A postcolonial analysis of marginalized cultural consumption

It would be valuable to consumer research to increase understanding of marginalized communities and their consumption experiences. This paper advances postcolonial analysis as useful in this respect. A review of postcolonialism shows a perspective that encompasses the experience of the subordinated and marginalized. Hybridity, an alternative version, the self/other divide and power of both the colonizing and colonized positions are key concepts in this lens. Shifting from the dominating view of imperialism, a postcolonial oeuvre offers a nuanced stance that gives voice to the history of the Other and recognition to their stories. Variations within this stream of theory are drawn out and the key aim of this paper is to explicate the value of the postcolonial view to consumer research. To this end two illustrative case studies of postcolonial African experience are offered: one French and one American. Sneaker consumption in African‐American street culture traces themes of social alienation, self‐identity, criminality and fanatical consumption through the acquisition of sneakers. This experience is contrasted with the experience of postcolonial African communities in France who use other forms of consumption to define their street identity. We conclude that a more nuanced reading of sneaker consumption is available through postcolonialism shedding new light on interpreting symbolic consumption, meaning making and identity expression in traditionally marginalized groups.
Taking context seriously: towards explaining policy enactments in the secondary school

This first paper in the series concentrates on school context and outlines a framework which identifies and relates a variety of factors that influence differences in policy enactments between similar schools. In taking context seriously in our four case-study schools we argue that policies are intimately shaped and influenced by school-specific factors, even though in much central policy making, these sorts of constraints, pressures and enablers of policy enactments tend to be neglected. This paper considers aspects such as school intake, history, staffing, school ethos and culture, ‘material’ elements like buildings, resources and budgets, as well as external environments. These factors are conceptualised as situated, material, professional and external dimensions and we aim to present a grounded exploration of the localised nature of policy actions that is more ‘real’ and realistic than that often assumed by policy making.
Movement activation and inhibition in Parkinson's disease: a functional imaging study.

BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD), traditionally considered a movement disorder, has been shown to affect executive function such as the ability to adapt behavior in response to new environmental situations. OBJECTIVE to identify the impact of PD on neural substrates subserving two specific components of normal movement which we refer to as activation (initiating an un-cued response) and inhibition (suppressing a cued response). METHODS We used fMRI to measure pre-movement processes associated with activating an un-cued response and inhibiting a cued response plan in 13 PD (ON anti-parkinsonian medications) and 13 control subjects. Subjects were shown a visual arrow cue followed by a matched or mismatched response target that instructed them to respond with a right, left, or bilateral button press. In mismatched trials, an un-cued (new) response was initiated, or the previously cued response was suppressed. RESULTS We were able to isolate pre-movement responses in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, specifically in the right hemisphere. During the activation of an un-cued movement, PD subjects showed decreased activity in the putamen and increased cortical activity in bilateral DLPFC, SMA, subcentral gyrus and inferior frontal operculum. During inhibition of a previously cued movement, the PD group showed increased activation in SMA, S1/M1, premotor and superior parietal areas. CONCLUSION Right DLPFC plays a role in pre-movement processes, and DLPFC activity is abnormal in PD. Decreased specificity of responses was observed in multiple ROI's. The basal ganglia are involved in circuits that coordinate activation and inhibition involved in action selection as well as execution.
Land Suitability Analysis for Maize Production in Egbeda Local Government Area of Oyo State Using GIS Techniques

Maize constitutes a major agrarian production for use by the vast population but despite its economic importance; it has not been produced to meet the economic needs of the country. Achieving optimum yield in maize can meaningfully be supported by land suitability analysis in order to guarantee self-sufficiency for future production optimization. This study examines land suitability for maize production through the analysis of the physicochemical variations in soil properties and other land attributes over space using a Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. Physicochemical parameters of importance selected include slope, landuse, physical and chemical properties of the soil, and climatic variables. Landsat imagery was used to categorize the landuse, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping (SRTM) generated the slope and soil samples were analyzed for its physical and chemical components. Suitability was categorized into highly, moderately and marginally suitable based on Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) classification, using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique of GIS. This result can be used by small scale farmers for efficient decision making in the allocation of land for maize production. Keywords— AHP, GIS, MCE, Suitability, Zea mays.
Lithium As a Prophylactic Agent: Its Effect Against Recurrent Depressions and Manic-Depressive Psychosis

THE SPECIFIC therapeutic effect of lithium in manic phases of the manicdepressive psychosis was first observed in 1949 1 and was confirmed later in controlled studies, 2,3 as well as in a number of uncontrolled ones. A prophylactic action of the drug against both the manic and depressive phases of the illness could be noted in a few of the patients described by Schou et al. 2 More systematic and detailed observations of this effect were made independently by Hartigan 4 and Baastrup, 5 and the term normothymotics was proposed for drugs with a specific action against manic-depressive psychosis. 6 In order to demonstrate prophylactic drug action in a disorder such as manicdepressive psychosis, which is characterized by a capricious and largely unpredictable course, one must study a large number of patients who have a sufficiently high risk of relapse and who are observed for
Intervening with Youthful Substance Abusers: A Preliminary Analysis of a Juvenile Drug Court*

Special drug courts have been established across the country in an effort to provide moreefficient treatment services to drug offenders and to alleviate case-processing difficulties. Although several evaluations have shown promising results for adult drug courts, the evidence on the effects of drug courts for juvenile defendants is scarce. This study analyzes the experiences of a southern juvenile drug court during its first fourteen months of operation. Our results reveal that client retention was comparable to that for adult drug courts, that the drug court was able to improve the participants’ overall level of social and psychological functioning, and that recidivism was significantly reduced and delayed for the program graduates compared to the youths who failed to complete the program.
Seeing Beyond the Obvious: Executive Coaching and I-O Psychologists

McKenna and Davis’ (2009) paper offers an excellent perspective on the active ingredients of executive coaching. This commentary paper focuses on two elements of their paper. First, the difference in the coaching practices of psychologists and nonpsychologists. Is there a real difference or do we just think there is? This commentary argues that McKenna and Davis are incorrect in suggesting that there is a significant difference in practice. It draws on research evidence to suggest that the difference may be smaller than we as industrial–organizational (I–O) psychologists like to believe. Further, the difference, if it does exist, is more about how we as psychologists articulate our practice and our ethical standards than on what we do in the coaching room. Second, it considers what coaching can learn from psychotherapy. This commentary suggests that McKenna and Davis are correct and that much can be learned from therapy research. However, this commentary goes on to suggest that their paper downplays the differences between coaching and therapy, and that a failure to recognize these will do I–O psychologists a disservice. Such differences include the triad relationship within coaching, the critical nature of challenge, and the need for commercial knowledge, combined with an understanding about human behavior, cognition, and emotion at work.