Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Beginnings of Public Management: Administrative Science and Political Choices in the Eighteenth Century in France, Austria, and the Austrian Netherlands*

When can we speak of truly public “management” in Europe? Certainly not before nation-states emerged in new forms from the Congress of Vienna (1815) or before the publication of the great treatises of public finance, for example, those of Gaston d’Audiffret or Carl August Malchus. Before that time, maintaining the “royal finances” was typically done by patrimonial management of the sort that Herbert Luthy described in France, that is, by a system financially guaranteed by the royal domain and sold off to individuals.1 Inevitably, that nationwide garage sale gave way, in the aftermath of wars, to plundering the interests of the financiers and investors who had funded the conflicts. From this point of view, assignats (land-backed paper currency issued during the French Revolution) and other forms of land grants mortgaged by the sale of the national wealth during the Revolution were only a variation on the patrimonial style of management typical of the ancien regime. Still, it is important to acknowledge, within this continuum, the attempts made during the eighteenth century by various central administrations to improve the management of finances. Among these was the effort to gain a better grasp of accounting. The history of accounting is not only a history of techniques. Influenced by the ideas of Michel Foucault, the pioneers of the new history of commercial accounting pressed for a better understanding of the cultural environment of accounting logic, emancipating themselves from a strict narration of facts and the stubbornly resistant idea that innovation is ineluctable and progresses in linear fashion.2 Recent studies insist more on the socialization of commercial know-how thanks to relations among groups of
CDC HIV testing guidelines and the rapid and conventional testing practices of homeless youth.

The study's aims were to describe rapid and conventional HIV testing practices and referrals/linkages to services posttest among homeless youth in New York City. We also examined variation among service-involved youth, street youth, and "nomads. " Respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit 217 homeless youth who participated in structured interviews. Almost all youth were tested in the past year (82%). Most received pretest/posttest counseling (> 77%). Rapid testing was common and conducted in diverse settings. However, youth reported that rates of referral/linkage to services posttest were low (< 44.4%). Service-involved youth were significantly more likely to receive rapid testing, be tested in the past year, and be tested at a high frequency. Street youth and nomads, those at highest risk for poor health outcomes, had less access to testing and may require creative, low-threshold services. Further, a better understanding of barriers to the use of referrals/linkages to services posttest is needed.
Influence of income, being partnered/married, resilience, and discrimination on mental health distress for midlife and older gay men

ABSTRACT Predictors of mental health distress were examined in 316 older gay men in a cross-sectional analysis using resilience and minority stress theories. Stigma, discrimination, internalized homophobia, health locus of control, social supports, income, and age cohort were included in a stepwise regression that explained 46% of variance. Discrimination, resilience, income and being partnered emerged as significant main effects while interaction effects between internalized homophobia and age cohort and resiliency and being partnered/married were found. The importance of examining within group variability, resilience, and moderating factors, such as resilience and cohort effects, when examining mental distress among LGBT individuals are discussed.
Health Risk Behaviour among In-School Adolescents in the Philippines: Trends between 2003, 2007 and 2011, A Cross-Sectional Study

Intermittent monitoring of health risk behaviours at the population level is important for the planning and evaluation of national health promotion intervention programmes. The study aimed to provide trend estimates on the prevalence of various health risk behaviours assessed in the Global School-based Health Survey in 2003, 2007 and 2011 in the Philippines. Three waves of cross-sectional data included 18,285 school-going adolescents, 47.4% male and 52.6% female, aged between 11 years or younger and 16 years or older, with a mean age of about 14.7 years (SD = 1.2), and mainly in second to fourth year study Grade. Significant improvements in health risk and risk behaviours (overweight or obese and smokeless tobacco use among boys, being in a physical fight, troubles from alcohol drinking, mental health, oral and hand hygiene among both boys and girls) but also increases in health risk behaviour (bullying victimization, injury and loneliness) among both boys and girls were found in this large study over a period of eight years in the Philippines. High prevalences of health risk behaviours and increases in some of them should call for intensified school health promotion programmes to reduce such risk behaviours.
Anti-ovarian tumor response of donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells is due to infiltrating cytotoxic NK cells

Treatment of ovarian cancer, a leading cause of gynecological malignancy, has good initial efficacy with surgery and platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy, but poor long-term survival in patients. Inferior long-term prognosis is attributed to intraperitoneal spreading, relapse and ineffective alternate therapies. Adoptive cell therapy is promising for tumor remission, although logistical concerns impede widespread implementation. In this study, healthy PBMCs were used to examine the immune response in a mouse model with human ovarian cancer, where natural killer (NK) cells were found to be the effector cells that elicited an anti-tumor response. Presence of tumor was found to stimulate NK cell expansion in mice treated intraperitoneally with PBMC+Interleukin-2 (IL-2), as compared to no expansion in non-tumor-bearing mice given the same treatment. PBMC+IL-2 treated mice exhibiting NK cell expansion had complete tumor remission. To validate NK cell mediated anti-tumor response, the intratumoral presence of NK cells and their cytotoxicity was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and granzyme activity of NK cells recovered from the tumor. Collectively, this study highlights the significance of NK cell-cytotoxic response to tumor, which may be attributed to interacting immune cell types in the PBMC population, as opposed to clinically used isolated NK cells showing lack of anti-tumor efficacy in ovarian cancer patients.
Gastrointestinal Diagnosis of Classical Whipple Disease: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histopathologic Features in 191 Patients

AbstractClassic Whipple disease (CWD) is a systemic infection caused by Tropheryma whipplei. Different diagnostic tools have been developed over the last decades: periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, T whipplei-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and T whipplei-specific immunohistochemistry (IHC). Despite all these advances, CWD is still difficult to diagnose because of a variety of clinical symptoms and possibly a long time span between first unspecific symptoms and the full-blown clinical picture of the disease.Herein, we report an observational cohort study summarizing epidemiologic data, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic parameters of 191 patients with CWD collected at our institution. Gastrointestinal manifestations are the most characteristic symptoms of CWD affecting 76% of the cohort. Although the small bowel was macroscopically conspicuous in only 27% of cases, 173 (91%) patients presented with characteristic histological changes in small bowel biopsies (in 2 patients, these changes were only seen within the ileum). However, 18 patients displayed normal small bowel histology without typical PAS staining. In 9 of these patients, alternative test were positive from their duodenal specimens (ie, T whipplei-specific PCR and/or IHC). Thus, in 182 patients (95%) a diagnostic hint toward CWD was obtained from small bowel biopsies. Only 9 patients (5%) were diagnosed solely based on positive T whipplei-specific PCR and/or IHC of extraintestinal fluids (eg, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid) or extraintestinal tissue (eg, lymph node, synovial tissue), respectively.Thus, despite efforts to diagnose CWD from alternative specimens, gastroscopy with duodenal biopsy and subsequent histological and molecular–biological examination is the most reliable diagnostic tool for CWD.
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Determinants of Functional Composition of Bolivian Bat Assemblages

Understanding diversity patterns and the potential mechanisms driving them is a fundamental goal in ecology. Examination of different dimensions of biodiversity can provide insights into the relative importance of different processes acting upon biotas to shape communities. Unfortunately, patterns of diversity are still poorly understood in hyper-diverse tropical countries. Here, we assess spatial variation of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of bat assemblages in one of the least studied Neotropical countries, Bolivia, and determine whether changes in biodiversity are explained by the replacement of species or functional groups, or by differences in richness (i.e., gain or loss of species or functional groups). Further, we evaluate the contribution of phylogenetic and taxonomic changes in the resulting patterns of functional diversity of bats. Using well-sampled assemblages from published studies we examine noctilionoid bats at ten study sites across five ecoregions in Bolivia. Bat assemblages differed from each other in all dimensions of biodiversity considered; however, diversity patterns for each dimension were likely structured by different mechanisms. Within ecoregions, differences were largely explained by species richness, suggesting that the gain or loss of species or functional groups (as opposed to replacement) was driving dissimilarity patterns. Overall, our results suggest that whereas evolutionary processes (i.e., historical connection and dispersal routes across Bolivia) create a template of diversity patterns across the country, ecological mechanisms modify these templates, decoupling the observed patterns of functional, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity in Bolivian bats. Our results suggests that elevation represents an important source of variability among diversity patterns for each dimension of diversity considered. Further, we found that neither phylogenetic nor taxonomic diversity can fully account for patterns of functional diversity, highlighting the need for examining different dimensions of biodiversity of bats in hyperdiverse ecosystems.
Retinal disease in Usher syndrome III caused by mutations in the clarin-1 gene.

PURPOSE To determine the retinal phenotype of Usher syndrome type III (USH3A) caused by clarin-1 (CLRN1) gene mutations in a non-Finnish population. METHODS Patients with USH3A (n = 13; age range, 24-69) representing 11 different families were studied and the results compared with those from patients with USH2A (n = 24; age range, 17-66). The patients were evaluated by ocular examination, kinetic and static perimetry, near-infrared autofluorescence, and optical coherence tomography (OCT). RESULTS Ten of 11 families had Ashkenazi Jewish origins and the N48K CLRN1 mutation. Rod function was lost in the peripheral field in the first two decades of life, but central rod function could be retained for another decade. Peripheral cone function was detectable into the third decade of life. Central cone function had a slower decline that extended for decades. Photoreceptor layer loss and features of retinal remodeling were present in retinal regions with severe visual dysfunction, even at the youngest ages tested. Central retinal structure could be normal in younger patients but structural integrity was lost in older patients. RPE disease generally paralleled photoreceptor degeneration. Comparisons between USH3A and USH2A suggested a common rod and cone phenotype but a more accelerated time course of rod loss in USH3A. CONCLUSIONS USH3A and USH2A share patterns of rod and cone dysfunction and retinal structural abnormalities. Peripheral function measurements showed USH3A to be more rapidly progressive than USH2A.
A population of gamma-ray emitting globular clusters seen with the Fermi Large Area Telescope

Context. Globular clusters with their large populations of millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are believed to be potential emitters of high-energy gammaray emission. The observation of this emission provides a powerful tool to assess the millisecond pulsar population of a cluster, is essential for understanding the importance of binary systems for the evolution of globular clusters, and provides complementary insights into magnetospheric emission processes. Aims. Our goal is to constrain the millisecond pulsar populations in globular clusters from analysis of gamma-ray observations. Methods. We use 546 days of continuous sky-survey observations obtained with the Large Area Telescope aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope to study the gamma-ray emission towards 13 globular clusters. Results. Steady point-like high-energy gamma-ray emission has been significantly detected towards 8 globular clusters. Five of them (47 Tucanae, Omega Cen, NGC 6388, Terzan 5, and M 28) show hard spectral power indices (0.7 < Γ < 1.4) and clear evidence for an exponential cut-off in the range 1.0−2.6 GeV, which is the characteristic signature of magnetospheric emission from MSPs. Three of them (M 62, NGC 6440 and NGC 6652) also show hard spectral indices (1.0 < Γ < 1.7), however the presence of an exponential cut-off can not be unambiguously established. Three of them (Omega Cen, NGC 6388, NGC 6652) have no known radio or X-ray MSPs yet still exhibit MSP spectral properties. From the observed gamma-ray luminosities, we estimate the total number of MSPs that is expected to be present in these globular clusters. We show that our estimates of the MSP population correlate with the stellar encounter rate and we estimate 2600−4700 MSPs in Galactic globular clusters, commensurate with previous estimates. Conclusions. The observation of high-energy gamma-ray emission from globular clusters thus provides a reliable independent method to assess their millisecond pulsar populations.
Tricks from Deep Learning

The deep learning community has devised a diverse set of methods to make gradient optimization, using large datasets, of large and highly complex models with deeply cascaded nonlinearities, practical. Taken as a whole, these methods constitute a breakthrough, allowing computational structures which are quite wide, very deep, and with an enormous number and variety of free parameters to be effectively optimized. The result now dominates much of practical machine learning, with applications in machine translation, computer vision, and speech recognition. Many of these methods, viewed through the lens of algorithmic differentiation (AD), can be seen as either addressing issues with the gradient itself, or finding ways of achieving increased efficiency using tricks that are AD-related, but not provided by current AD systems. The goal of this paper is to explain not just those methods of most relevance to AD, but also the technical constraints and mindset which led to their discovery. After explaining this context, we present a "laundry list" of methods developed by the deep learning community. Two of these are discussed in further mathematical detail: a way to dramatically reduce the size of the tape when performing reverse-mode AD on a (theoretically) time-reversible process like an ODE integrator; and a new mathematical insight that allows for the implementation of a stochastic Newton's method.
Auxiliary Caregivers

ABSTRACT This qualitative study investigated the perceptions, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of grandchildren living in multigenerational caregiving environments. In-depth, semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with care recipients (grandparents), primary/secondary caregivers (parents), and auxiliary caregivers (grandchildren) from three multigenerational caregiving families. Six themes emerged from the data: (1) Grandchildren's perceptions of disease, (2) Grandchildren's perceptions of care recipient, (3) Caregiving activities performed by grandchildren, (4) Non-caregiving activities with grandparents, (5) Feelings related to providing care, and (6) Grandchildren's perceptions of parents' caregiving responsibilities. Each of these themes and corresponding categories and subcategories of meaning are preted. This study suggests that grandchildren were responsible for a variety of caregiving tasks and experienced a wide range of emotions in their role as auxiliary caregivers. Recommendations for caregiving families are provided.
Identification of a Novel Transmembrane Semaphorin Expressed on Lymphocytes*

Semaphorin (also known as collapsin) members are thought to be involved in axon guidance during neural network formation. Here, we report the isolation of a novel member, mouse semaphorin G (M-sema G), which encodes a semaphorin domain followed by a single putative immunoglobulin-like domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. M-sema G is most closely related to M-sema F, which we previously reported, and semB and semC. These four members appear to constitute a transmembrane type subfamily in mouse semaphorins. In contrast to the predominant expression of M-sema F mRNAs in the nervous tissues, M-sema G mRNAs are strongly expressed in lymphoid tissues, especially in the thymus, as well as in the nervous tissues. The mRNAs are also detected in various cell lines from hematopoietic cells. By generating specific antibodies, we confirmed the strong expression of M-Sema G proteins on the surface of lymphocytes. These results provide the first evidence that semaphorin is expressed on lymphocytes and suggest that semaphorins may play an important role in the immune system, as well as in the nervous system.
The Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Patients with Hospital-Acquired Bloodstream and Urinary Tract Infections

Treatment of nosocomial infections is becoming difficult due to the increasing trend of antibiotics resistance. Current knowledge on antibiotic resistance pattern is essential for appropriate therapy. We aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistance profiles in nosocomial bloodstream and urinary tract pathogens. A total of 129 blood stream and 300 urinary tract positive samples were obtained from patients referring to Besat hospital over a two-year period (2009 and 2010). Antibiotic sensitivity was ascertained using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion technique according to CLSI guidelines. Patient's data such as gender and age were recorded. The ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria in BSIs was 1.6 : 1. The most prevalent BSI pathogen was Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS). The highest resistance rate of CoNS was against penicillin (91.1%) followed by ampicillin (75.6%), and the lowest rate was against vancomycin (4.4%). Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen isolated from urinary tract infections (UTIs). Ratio of gram-negative to gram-positive bacteria was 3.2 : 1. The highest resistance rate of E. coli isolates was against nalidixic acid (57.7%). The present study showed that CoNS and E. coli are the most common causative agents of nosocomial BSIs and UTIs, and control of infection needs to be addressed in both antibiotic prescription and general hygiene.
Stapes Surgery in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Retrospective Analysis of 34 Operated Ears

Intraoperative findings of stapes surgery in 34 ears from 22 patients with genetically confirmed osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are reported, as well as the audiometric results after the longest postoperative follow-up published to date. Twenty-nine out of 34 ears underwent primary stapes surgery and 5 ears revision surgery. Postoperative audiometric follow-up ranged from 6 months to 37 years. Stapes footplates were fixed in all ears. Additionally, footplates were thickened or fragile, stapes crura atrophic or fractured, and middle ear mucosae thickened or hypervascularized. Short-term postoperative audiometry revealed improved hearing and reduced air-bone gaps in 28/29 primary operated ears and in all revision cases. In the 22 ears with long-term postoperative follow-up (mean duration: 16 years), hearing gain was still significant at the latest audiometric evaluation. Independently of the patients being diagnosed with OI type I or IV and independently of the underlying OI genotype, beneficial results are obtained in the majority of OI patients undergoing primary or revision stapes surgery for reduction of conductive hearing loss components caused by stapes footplate fixation. Despite the progressive course of the concomitant sensorineural component, hearing gain remains beneficial over several decades.
Protecting Oneself Online

With a general basis in protection motivation theory, this study builds a three-stage model from online negative privacy experiences to online privacy protection motivation to online privacy protection behaviors. With 2013 survey data (N = 528), a well-fitting structural equation model was tested, indicating general support for the model’s progression. There was support in only one instance, however, for the mediation role of online privacy protection motivation. In that case, awareness of online information disclosure mediated the effects of information stolen on contact management. The other protection motivation—online privacy concerns—had stronger effects on the four online privacy protection behaviors.
Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problems with Min-Max Quantifiers

Soft constraints are functions returning costs, and are essential in modeling over-constrained and optimization problems. We are interested in tackling soft constrained problems with adversarial conditions. Aiming at generalizing the weighted and quantified constraint satisfaction frameworks, a Quantified Weighted Constraint Satisfaction Problem (QWCSP) consists of a set of finite domain variables, a set of soft constraints, and a min or max quantifier associated with each of these variables. We formally define QWCSP, and propose a complete solver which is based on alpha-beta pruning. QWCSPs are useful special cases of QCOP/QCOP+, and can be solved as a QCOP/QCOP+. Restricting our attention to only QWCSPs, we show empirically that our proposed solving techniques can better exploit problem characteristics than those developed for QCOP/QCOP+. Experimental results confirm the feasibility and efficiency of our proposals.
Measurement of cation diffusion in magnesium oxide by determining the Mg 18O buildup produced by an electric field.

Magnesium self-diffusion in MgO crystals has been studied over the temperature range 1100--1250 K with the use of the nuclear reaction /sup 18/O(p,.cap alpha.) /sup 15/N. Magnesium drift due to an electric field was determined, and from the buildup of Mg /sup 18/O at the cathode, diffusion coefficients and the activation energy for magnesium diffusion were determined. Values for magnesium self-diffusion coefficients are consistent with extrapolation of the values obtained at higher temperatures. The transference numbers obtained are within the range of those measured previously.