Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Social Costs of Seeking Help

Proactivelyseeking help from others involves “social costs” because the help seeker appears incompetent, dependent, and inferior to others. This article hypothesizes that these costs are especially threatening when the help seeker is male and in a male-oriented occupational role, when the helper is in a higher or lower status role than the help seeker, and when the task is novel and central to the organization’s core competence. A field study examined physician and nurse help seeking regarding a new computer system within a large hospital. The results showed that individuals reported less help seeking when theywere male, in male-oriented occupations, and when the task was central to the organization’s core competence. Perceived social costs mediated these effects.
Deconstructing the seductive allure of neuroscience explanations

Previous work showed that people find explanations more satisfying when they contain irrelevant neuroscience information. The current studies investigate why this effect happens. In Study 1 ( N=322), subjects judged psychology explanations that did or did not contain irrelevant neuroscience information. Longer explanations were judged more satisfying, as were explanations containing neuroscience information, but these two factors made independent contributions. In Study 2 ( N=255), subjects directly compared good and bad explanations. Subjects were generally successful at selecting the good explanation except when the bad explanation contained neuroscience and the good one did not. Study 3 ( N=159) tested whether neuroscience jargon was necessary for the effect, or whether it would obtain with any reference to the brain. Responses to these two conditions did not differ. These results confirm that neuroscience information exerts a seductive effect on people’s judgments, which may explain the appeal of neuroscience information within the public sphere.
Thermal model of spiked electrode in Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) attracts extensive attention in neuromodulation due to its minimal invasiveness. Conventional TENS uses non-invasive surface planar electrodes attached to the skin for delivering the stimulation current to modulate neural circuitries. Previous studies have shown that using these surface planar electrodes in TENS therapy may cause stimulation-induced skin irritation. In order to validate the cause and solve this problem, a bioheat transfer study in a realistic human spinal cord model was built based on finite element method (FEM) and a spiked electrode is proposed to avoid skin burning by taking into consideration both the electrical and thermal properties of the layered skin. Results show the peak temperature of using the spiked electrode for stimulation is around 37.1 °C, much lower than using the planar electrode (51.6 °C). Moreover, in contrast to the traditional surface electrodes, the peak necrosis fraction of using the spiked electrode is 0.02, indicating that the whole biological model is thermally safe and does not cause skin irritation.
Executive Compensation, Corporate Governance and Corporate Performance: A Simultaneous Equation Approach

This paper investigates the association between executive compensation and performance. It uniquely utilises a comprehensive set of corporate governance mechanisms within a three‐stage least squares (3SLS) simultaneous equation framework. Results based on estimating a conventional single equation model indicate that the executive pay and performance sensitivity is relatively weak, whereas those based on estimating a 3SLS model generally suggest improved executive pay and performance sensitivity. Our findings highlight the need for future research to control for possible simultaneous interdependencies when estimating the executive pay and performance link. The findings are generally robust across a raft of econometric models that control for different types of endogeneities, executive pay and performance proxies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods of Rating Human Qualities

T HE so-called psychological method of rating human qualities is designed to remedy the defects inherent in the traditional method of sizing up people. From time immemorial employers have been forced by the very nature of things to form some impression of the worth of workers. This task has been performed so automatically and habitually that, until recently, it has not been subject to critical examination and study. Of course, all of the estimating is not automatic. A valued employe quits and the employer immediately begins to consider the question of promoting some worker to the position left vacant. The employer comes to realize that he does not know all the facts about all the employes and so he calls in one or two of his foremen and asks them for their opinions concerning Tom, Dick or Harry who might possibly step into the vacant position. The foremen, suddenly confronted with the demand for an opinion, hastily rack their brains for instances that would show whether or not Harry is better fitted than Tom for the job. On the basis of some recent incident in which Tom has pleased the foreman or displeased the foreman we find that Tom is either enthusiastically recommended or is disparaged. The emergency having arisen, our friend Mr. Employer is forced to depend upon the "emergency opinions" of those around him and hence he meets the situation more or less inadequately on the basis of snap judgment. So Tom is promoted and-promptly forgotten; that is, until another emergency arises. This in brief gives us the high lights of the traditional method of judging the value of a worker. The inadequacy of the traditional method is self-evident when one begins to give any thought at all to the matter. Since a number of employers and psychologists have been studying the situation during the past ten years, it is natural that we should witness attempts here and there to overcome the defects in the traditional method. These attempts have now become numerous and a complete account of all of them would be exceedingly lengthy. A brief sketch of the more important results therefore, will be sufficient to indicate recent progress, present practice and the outlook for the immediate future.
An 868 MHz 7.5 µW wake-up receiver with −60 dBm sensitivity

Abstract. In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), batteries are unlikely to be replaced or recharged once they get depleted, because of costs and feasibility. In a typical application, sensor nodes should be accessible and able to respond within a defined period of time, especially in real-time applications. However, the idle listening of the radio wastes most of the energy since the radio transceiver is constantly active. On the other hand, putting it into sleep state disconnects the node from the network. To cope with such a challenge, an ultra-low-power radio receiver referred to as a wake-up receiver (WuRx) handles the idle listening while keeping the main radio completely off. A WuRx consumes much less power than the main transceiver and triggers an interrupt only when a packet with a user-defined address is received. Embedding such a device enables better event-triggered applications where real-time behavior is required and a longer lifetime is mandatory. The proposed WuRx features practical sensitivity and includes the minimum number of active components in order to remain within the power budget. In this paper, an ultra-low-power WuRx with a power of 7.5 µW and a sensitivity of −60 dBm is developed. The decoding process of 16 bit of a wake-up packet (WuPt) takes less than 15 ms.
Social value and attitude concepts in semantic memory: Relational structure, concept strength, and the fan effect

To assess cognitive-structural associations between attitudes and values, we measured the speed with which participants judged the truth of sentences asserting that particular attitude (e.g., affirmative action) and value (e.g., equality) concepts were related. Results were well-described by Anderson's (1983) ACT* model. First, sentences containing attitude-value pairs either high or low in semantic relatedness were responded to more quickly than those containing pairs moderate in relatedness. Second, we predicted and found stronger priming effects when either the prime or the target was strong (i.e., personally important) than when it was weak. Finally, our data revealed a classic “fan effect;” attitude and value primes produced more response facilitation when they had few, rather than many, cognitive associates. Moreover, values had more associates than did attitudes, and this difference accounted for the greater effectiveness of attitudes than values as primes. Our results document structural differenc.
Cultivating Cultural Differences in Asymmetric Power Relations

In this article we integrate findings from interviews and ethnographic case studies to explore issues of culture and identity in Japanese—Dutch work relations in two different contexts: Japanese firms in the Netherlands and Dutch firms in Japan. It is suggested that cultural identities do not carry a pre-given meaning that people passively enact, as is sometimes assumed, but become infused with meaning in organizational actors’ interpretations that are embedded in specific social contexts. The research contribution this article makes is twofold. First, it illustrates how, in different organizational settings, cultural differences are enacted differently in people’s identity talk, underlining the context-dependent and constructed nature of culture and cultural distance in intercultural encounters. Second, it highlights the particular relevance of a power-sensitive understanding of claims of cultural difference by revealing small, but significant differences in organizational actors’ cultural identity talk that are intimately related to the specific power asymmetries within our research participants’ organizations. Nous intégrons dans cet article les résultats d’entretiens et d’études de cas ethnographiques afin d’explorer les questions de cultures et d’identité dans les relations de travail japonaises-hollandaises dans deux contextes différents, à savoir : compagnies japonaises en Hollande et compagnies hollandaises au Japon. Il est suggéré que les identités culturelles n’ont pas de signification culturelle donnée a priori, comme il est parfois supposé, mais qu’elles trouvent une signification dans les interprétations d’acteurs organisationnels ancrées dans des contextes sociaux spécifiques. La contribution de cet article à la recherche est double. Il illustre tout d’abord comment, dans des structures organisationnelles différentes, les différences culturelles se jouent différemment dans le discours identitaire des gens, ce qui illustre l’aspect construit et contextuellement dépendant de la culture et la distance culturelle dans les rencontres interculturelles. Il souligne ensuite la pertinence particulière de la sensibilité au pouvoir pour comprendre les prétentions de différences culturelles. Il révèle ainsi de légères, mais significatives, différences dans le discours d’identité culturelles des acteurs organisationnels qui sont intimement liées aux asymétries spécifiques de pouvoir dans les organisations qui ont participé à notre recherche.
The effect of information access cost and overconfidence bias on junior doctors’ pre-handover performance

This paper examined the effect of information access cost and overconfidence bias on doctors’ information retrieval strategies and performances during pre-handover. Sixteen medical residents participated in a simulated experiment, where they studied four patient cases and later on completed recall and recognition questions. The results showed that an increase in information access cost led to less information access attempts and poorer pre-handover performance. Further, there was an interaction between information access cost and overconfidence on pre-handover performance. When information access cost was high, overconfidence contributed to poor pre-handover performance.
Paving the Way: The Rise of Direct Action against Road-Building and the Changing Character of British Environmentalism

Sustained protests against the building of new roads in Britain since 1992 signal the emergence of a new social movement dimension in British environmentalism. The growth of direct action has occurred outside the existing environmental pressure groups and this more radical green politics has undermined the view that the British state was able to prevent confrontational environmental protest. Small numbers of protesters have been able to make a major impact on the political agenda through a combination of technical ingenuity, tactical astuteness and determination. Models of political opportunity structures have become dominant in explaining the emergence and character of social movements but because they lay too much emphasis on the calculation of costs and benefits by movement actors they are of little help in analysis of this case. Rather, the case of the anti-roads movement suggests that further attention needs to be paid to the identities of the movement's founders in explaining their actions and lends credibility to the (much criticized) claim that new social movements are qualitatively new.
Building Context-Aware Object Detectors : Tying Objects and Context in a loop

Recent object detection research has witnessed a surge in context-driven methods that advocate the use of context to improve detection performance at run time. By priming the set of possible locations and scales for finding an object, context helps the detector to focus its attention to a much smaller search space. However these methods continue to use the detectors trained in the conventional setting i.e. learn a classifier discriminating positive bounding boxes (containing an object instance) and negative image patches taken from ALL possible locations/scales. This paper takes a step ahead and proposes to use contextual information even while training an object detector. As context primes the detector’s focus towards context-plausible image regions at test time, it would benefit by even training the detector only using examples sampled from the contextplausible regions. This update not only makes the training process computationally efficient but also naturally provides those ‘hard’ negative instances to the detector that it would find potentially confusing at run time. We demonstrate our hypothesis on the task of pedestrian detection using 3D camera viewpoint constraints as context.
Correlation of tumor markers p53, bcl‐2 and cathepsin‐D with clinicopathologic features and disease‐free survival in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma

Various recognized prognostic factors in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx influence the therapeutic options offered to an individual patient in order to extend the survival expectancy. Additional prognostic indicators are required in specific patient subgroups. The present study used a standard immunohistochemical technique in order to retrospectively evaluate the accumulation of p53 gene product and the immunoreactivity of bcl‐2 protein and cathepsin‐D as possible prognostic markers of laryngeal SCC. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tumor materials were obtained from a series of 64 patients with cancer of the larynx. Immunostaining was evaluated by computerized image analysis. The accumulation of p53 protein was found in 57.8% (37/64) of the patients and was associated with large tumor size. The percentage of p53‐positive neoplastic cells increased in high‐grade carcinomas, particularly when they simultaneously demonstrated cathepsin‐D immunoreaction in stromal cells (P = 0.049); bcl‐2 immunoexpression was found to be generally limited. Cathepsin‐D immunostaining was observed in tumor parenchymal and stromal cells (31.25% and 37.5% of all cases, respectively); it was found to be useful in defining patient subgroups with differences in relapse‐free survival. Among patients with posi‐tive lymph nodes, those with cathepsin‐D immunopositive tumor cells were at higher risk for relapsing (P = 0.0395). Although the classical prognostic factors of laryngeal carcinoma retain their predominance, cathepsin‐D immunoreactivity may serve as an additional prognosticator in specific patient subgroups.
Foreign-Born Therapists in the United States: Supervisors' Multicultural Competence, Supervision Satisfaction, and Counseling Self-Efficacy

Globalization and immigration have affected clinical practice in the United States by changing the demographic profile of both clients and clinical providers. There is a trend toward more foreign-born therapists practicing in the United States, yet little attention has been given to foreign-born therapists who are also immigrants and their needs during clinical supervision. Symbolic interactionism (Blumer, 1969) and ecological theory (Bronfenbrenner, 1979) were used to develop this cross-sectional Web-based survey study to examine the associations among perceived supervisors' multicultural competence, supervision satisfaction, and counseling self-efficacy in a sample of foreign-born therapists currently practicing in the United States. One hundred fifty-three immigrant therapists completed 4 questionnaires examining perceived supervisors' multicultural competence, supervision satisfaction, and counseling self-efficacy. Results suggest that supervisor's multicultural competence is a moderate predictor of clinical self-efficacy. Unexpectedly, the association between supervisor multicultural competence and counselor clinical self-efficacy was significantly stronger for foreign-born therapists who reported less supervision satisfaction. Supervisors working with foreign-born therapists should openly discuss cross-cultural interactions and power and privilege in all parts of the training triad and attend to the sociopolitical context.
Inflammation within carotid atherosclerotic plaque: assessment with late-phase contrast-enhanced US.

PURPOSE To determine if the number of nontargeted microbubbles retained in human carotid plaque is sufficient to be detected with ultrasonography (US). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study protocol was approved by the local research ethics committee. Informed consent was obtained. A total of 37 subjects with carotid atherosclerosis (mean age, 69.9 years; age range, 49-86 years), of whom 27 (73%) were men (mean age, 69.7 years; age range, 58-86 years) and 10 (27%) were women (mean age, 70.3 years; age range, 49-86 years), were studied between December 2008 and May 2009 with late-phase (LP) contrast material-enhanced US by using flash imaging with a nonlinear mode at an intermediate mechanical index of 0.34 6 minutes after bolus contrast agent injection. Plaques were defined as symptomatic if symptoms consistent with stroke, transient ischemic attack, or amaurosis fugax had occurred in the neurovascular territory of the plaque studied within 12 months prior to entry into the study. Plaques were defined as asymptomatic if no such events had ever occurred within the neurovascular territory. Raw linear data were used to quantify echogenicity of the plaque, which was normalized to lumen echogenicity. Gray-scale median score was also calculated. RESULTS Of the 37 subjects, 16 (43%) had symptomatic plaques and 21 (57%) had asymptomatic plaques. All examinations yielded evaluable LP contrast-enhanced US data. Normalized LP plaque echogenicity was greater in the symptomatic group (0.39; 95% confidence interval: -0.11, 0.89) than in the asymptomatic group (0.69; 95% confidence interval: -1.04, -0.34) (P = .0005). There was a moderate (rho = -0.44, P = .016) inverse correlation between normalized LP plaque echogenicity and gray-scale median score. CONCLUSION By quantifying microbubble retention within the carotid plaque, LP contrast-enhanced US depicts clear differences between groups of subjects with plaque ipsilateral to symptoms and asymptomatic plaques. This technique has promise as a tissue-specific marker of inflammation and a potential role in the risk stratification of atherosclerotic carotid stenosis.
Melatonin controlled apoptosis and protected the testes and sperm quality against bisphenol A-induced oxidative toxicity

Epidemiological reports have indicated a correlation between the increasing bisphenol A (BPA) levels in the environment and the incidence of male infertility. In this study, the protective effects of melatonin on BPA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis were investigated in the rat testes and epididymal sperm. Melatonin (10 mg/kg body weight (bw)) was injected concurrently with BPA (50 mg/kg bw) for 3 and 6 weeks. The administration of BPA significantly increased oxidative stress in the testes and epididymal sperm. This was associated with a decrease in the serum testosterone level as well as sperm quality, chromatin condensation/de-condensation level, and the percentage of haploid germ cells in the semen. BPA administration caused a significant increase in apoptosis accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 in the testes and epididymal sperm. The concurrent administration of melatonin decreased oxidative stress by modulating the levels of glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase as well as the malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the testes and sperm. Melatonin sustained Bcl-2 expression and controlled apoptosis. Furthermore, melatonin maintained the testosterone levels, ameliorated histopathological changes, increased the percentages of seminal haploid germ cells, and protected sperm chromatin condensation process, indicating appropriate spermatogenesis with production of functional sperm. In conclusion, melatonin protected against BPA-induced apoptosis by controlling Bcl-2 expression and ameliorating oxidative stress in the testes and sperm. Thus, melatonin is a promising pharmacological agent for preventing the potential reproductive toxicity of BPA following occupational or environmental exposures.
Young children and trust in Turkey

The aim of the study was to examine differences in children's generalised trust and the maternal behaviour, child temperament, and demographic factors on the levels of trust in children. A total of 314 mothers and their children participated in the study. Results showed no evidence of sex differences in children's beliefs. Children living in urban settings had more generalised trust beliefs than their counterparts living in rural settings. Middle children had less trust in the reliability of teachers than young ones, and more emotional trust in peers than did their younger counterparts. Young children with an easy temperament were found to be more trusting. Easy temperament was associated with more trust in the reliability basis. There was also evidence that father involvement in childcare was associated with trust in children.
Occupational exposures to influenza among healthcare workers in the United States

ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to estimate the annual number of occupational exposures to influenza among healthcare workers that result from providing direct and supportive care to influenza patients in acute care, home care and long-term care settings. Literature review was used to identify healthcare utilization for influenza, and worker activity patterns. This information was used, with Monte Carlo simulation, to tabulate the mean annual number of occupational exposures. Given a medium-sized epidemic with a 6% annual symptomatic influenza incidence proportion, the mean number of occupational exposures was estimated to be 81.8 million annually. Among the approximately 14 million healthcare workers, this corresponds to 5.8 exposures per worker annually, on average. Exposures, however, are likely concentrated among subsets of healthcare workers. Occupational exposures were most numerous in ambulatory care settings (38%), followed by long-term care facilities (30%) and home care settings (21%). The annual number of occupational exposures to influenza is high, but not every occupational exposure will result in infection. Some infection control activities, like patient isolation, can reduce the number of occupational exposures.