Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serum Concentrations of Salicylic Acid following Topically Applied Salicylate Derivatives

OBJECTIVE: To compare the rate and extent of systemic salicylate absorption following single and multiple applications of two topically applied analgesics, one containing methyl salicylate and the other containing trolamine salicylate. DESIGN: Two-period, two-treatment, randomized, crossover, multiple-dose study in healthy men and women volunteers. PARTICIPANTS: Six men and six women volunteers, 21–14 years of age. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects applied 5 g of an ointment containing 12.5% methyl salicylate twice daily for 4 days (8 doses) or a cream containing trolamine 10% twice daily for two doses, to a 10-cm2 area on the thigh. Treatment order and leg (right or left) were assigned randomly. Subjects were crossed over to the alternate treatment on the other leg after a minimum washout period of 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The total amount of salicylate recovered in the urine during two dosing intervals (24 hours) on each study day, relative to the applied dose, was used to calculate the bioavailability of each product. Mean standard pharmacokinetic parameters including area under the curve, maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration, and minimum concentrations at steady-state were determined from serum concentrations. Serum concentrations were fit to three pharmacokinetic models and the suitability of each model was evaluated. Estimates of absorption rate constant, clearance, volume, and fraction absorbed on day 1 were estimated by using the best-fitting model. RESULTS: Salicylic acid could not be detected in serum after trolamine application. However, concentrations between 0.31 and 0.91 mg/L were detected within 1 hour of the first application of methyl salicylate and Cmax, between 2 and 6 mg/L were observed following the seventh application on day 4. Both the extent and rate of absorption changed after the first 24 hours. The absorption rate constant increased significantly from the first to the seventh dose (first dose absorption rate constant: 0.16 h−1; seventh dose: 0.28 h−1; p < 0.035). Urinary recovery of total salicylate (salicylic acid and principal metabolites of salicylic acid) during the first 24 hours of the methyl salicylate phase averaged 175.2 mg, exceeding the 6.9 mg (p < 0.05) recovered during the trolamine phase. The recovery of salicylate in the urine in the first 24 hours after application of methyl salicylate was significantly greater than the 1.4% recovered after application of trolamine (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the fraction of methyl salicylate recovered in the urine increased significantly from 15.5% on day 1 to approximately 22% on the second, third, and fourth days. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable amount of salicylic acid may be absorbed through the skin after topical application of methyl salicylate products and this may increase with multiple applications. Caution is warranted in patients for whom systemic salicylate may be hazardous or problematic.
Influence of cyclosporin A on quality of bone around integrated dental implants: a radiographic study in rabbits.

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of cyclosporin A (CsA) administration on bone around integrated dental implants assessed by a bone quality index and by quantitative subtraction radiography. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 36 machine surface commercial implants were placed in 18 adult rabbits. After a 3-month healing period without any disturbance, the animals were randomly divided into three groups of six animals each. Group A was sacrificed at this time. CsA was injected subcutaneously in an immunosuppressive dose of 10 mg/kg/day in a test group (Group T), and a Group B served as a control, receiving only vehicle. After 3 months of cyclosporin administration, the animals of both Groups B and T were sacrificed. Radiographs were obtained at implant surgery and at the day of sacrifice with a CMOS sensor. Bone quality around the implants was compared between the groups using a bone quality index and quantitative subtraction radiography. RESULTS The bone analysis showed that in Group T, the bone quality changed dramatically from a dense cortical to a loose trabecular bone structure (P<0.0001, chi(2) test) while in Groups A and B there were no significant differences. Quantitative digital subtraction radiography showed significantly (P<0.05) lower gray shade values (radiographic density) in a region of bone formation around the implants in Group T (118+/-12) than in Groups A (161+/-6) and B (186+/-10). CONCLUSION Within the limits of this study, CsA administration has a negative effect on the quality of bone around integrated dental implant.
A Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) DNA Vaccine Delivered Using a Spring-powered Jet Injector Elicits a Potent Neutralizing Antibody Response in Rabbits and Nonhuman Primates

Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Andes virus (ANDV) cause most of the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) cases in North and South America, respectively. The chances of a patient surviving HPS are only two in three. Previously, we demonstrated that SNV and ANDV DNA vaccines encoding the virus envelope glycoproteins elicit high-titer neutralizing antibodies in laboratory animals, and (for ANDV) in nonhuman primates (NHPs). In those studies, the vaccines were delivered by gene gun or muscle electroporation. Here, we tested whether a combined SNV/ANDV DNA vaccine (HPS DNA vaccine) could be delivered effectively using a disposable syringe jet injection (DSJI) system (PharmaJet, Inc). PharmaJet intramuscular (IM) and intradermal (ID) needle-free devices are FDA 510(k)-cleared, simple to use, and do not require electricity or pressurized gas. First, we tested the SNV DNA vaccine delivered by PharmaJet IM or ID devices in rabbits and NHPs. Both IM and ID devices produced high-titer anti-SNV neutralizing antibody responses in rabbits and NHPs. However, the ID device required at least two vaccinations in NHP to detect neutralizing antibodies in most animals, whereas all animals vaccinated once with the IM device seroconverted. Because the IM device was more effective in NHP, the Stratis® (PharmaJet IM device) was selected for follow-up studies. We evaluated the HPS DNA vaccine delivered using Stratis® and found that it produced high-titer anti-SNV and anti-ANDV neutralizing antibodies in rabbits (n=8/group) as measured by a classic plaque reduction neutralization test and a new pseudovirion neutralization assay. We were interested in determining if the differences between DSJI delivery (e.g., high-velocity liquid penetration through tissue) and other methods of vaccine injection, such as needle/syringe, might result in a more immunogenic DNA vaccine. To accomplish this, we compared the HPS DNA vaccine delivered by DSJI versus needle/syringe in NHPs (n=8/group). We found that both the anti-SNV and anti-ANDV neutralizing antibody titers were significantly higher (p-value 0.0115) in the DSJI-vaccinated groups than the needle/syringe group. For example, the anti-SNV and anti-ANDV PRNT50 geometric mean titers (GMTs) were 1,974 and 349 in the DSJI-vaccinated group versus 87 and 42 in the needle/syringe group. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that a spring-powered DSJI device is capable of effectively delivering a DNA vaccine to NHPs. Whether this HPS DNA vaccine, or any DNA vaccine, delivered by spring-powered DSJI will elicit a strong immune response in humans, requires clinical trials.
The Relationship between Economic Hardship and Crime: The Case of Israel and the Palestinians

Numerous theories of crime posit a positive relation between economic hardship and crime, among them rational choice, strain, anomie, social control, and even neo-Marxist models. The present study focuses on the unique framework provided by the large integrated labor force of Palestinian workers employed in Israel over the past few decades. The study was based on time-series analysis of a restricted time period characterized by severe economic hardship among Palestinians due to loss of employment in Israel and increases of crime rates in Israel. A significant positive relationship between economic hardship among Palestinians and property and general crime in Israel was not found; however, a significant positive relationship was obtained in the specific case of motor vehicle theft. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Sefl-vs.-Teammate Assessment of Leadership Copmpetence: The Effects of Gender, Leadership Self-Efficacy, and Motivation to Lead

A sample (N=81) of undergraduates participating in a semester-long team-project engineering course completed assessments of their l eadership competence, motivation to lead, and leadership self-efficacy, as well as the leadership competence of their peers who served within their durable teams. Results indicat ed that peers scored students lower than students scored themselves; that males deflated the transactional leadership scores of the female peers they assessed; and that the strongest individual predictor of teammateassigned scores was a student’s affective-identity motivation to lead (i.e. the degree to which they considered themselves a natural leader). Leadership self-efficacy failed to significantly predict teammate scores.
An Early Stage Evaluation of the Supporting Program for Obstetric Care Underserved Areas in Korea

"The Supporting Program for Obstetric Care Underserved Areas (SPOU)" provides financial aids to rural community (or district) hospitals to reopen prenatal care and delivery services for regions without obstetrics and gynecology clinics or hospitals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early stage effect of the SPOU program. The proportion of the number of birth through SPOU was calculated by each region. Also survey was conducted to investigate the extent of overall satisfaction, elements of dissatisfaction, and suggestions for improvement of the program; 209 subjects participated from 7 to 12 December, 2012. Overall, 20% of pregnant women in Youngdong (71 cases) and Gangjin (106 cases) used their community (or district) hospitals through the SPOU whereas Yecheon (23 cases) was 8%; their satisfaction rates were high. Short distance and easy accessibility was the main reason among women choosing community (or district) hospital whereas the reasons of not selecting the community (or district) hospital were favor of the outside hospital's facility, system, and trust in the medical staffs. The SPOU seems to be currently effective at an early stage. However, to successfully implement this program, the government should make continuous efforts to recruit highly qualified medical staffs and improve medical facility and equipment. Graphical Abstract
An Intriguing Link between Drawing and Play with Toys

Y f oung children are most attracted to classroom centers that offer the lively social interaction of play, stimulating construction activities, or animated computer programs. Efforts to create an attractive art center with abundant shelves of markers, crayons, various kinds of paper, and assorted materials attract a few children who want to experience the expressive construction of a private moment. For sustained, meaningful participation, however, children need interested adults and peers to listen to their ideas, and to give them feedback and support for their explorations and meaning-making (Dyson, 1986; Thompson & Bales, 1991; Vygotsky, 1978). The challenge for teachers is to engage students as thinkers and young artists in representing what they already know and in expressing new understandings. This is an account of a yearlong activity with a group of 4and 5-year-olds who developed their emerging drawing representations with some of their favorite toys in the context of play. The constructivist classroom, at a university experimental school, had many learning centers with child-led learning activities that engaged students’ learning, including scientific problem solving, block building, and family play. However, no regular evidence emerged of the children’s developing drawing abilities throughout the year. The exception was a few girls who drew when visiting the art center, alone or with a friend. The classroom teacher did provide many wet, responsive art activities (such as painting), which led children to explore the materials in an open-ended approach as they investigated the physical properties. However, the students spent little time in expressive and symbolic activities with the wet art materials to develop visual forms of representation that reflected their personal experiences. To remedy the situation, the classroom teacher consulted with the art specialist for suggestions to enrich the class curriculum. The classroom teacher, a self-proclaimed arts enthusiast, was open to using more experimental art opportunities for the students. From previous activities with a few of the children in the class, the art specialist believed these children could be more regularly engaged in representational art activities if they were given opportunities to incorporate play with toys and pretend themes into their artwork. Studies have suggested that through play activities with dolls, blocks, and concrete art materials, children are able to better understand their environment by symbolizing various aspects of their experiences through art (Reifel & Greenfield, 1982; Smith, 1979; Swann, 1985; Verba, 1990).
Rethinking technological economy of scale

Until about a decade ago, American business still believed in the "economy of scale". Big was better in every aspect of industry. This myth has been crumbling in view of the decline in US industrial competitiveness. There has been a shift from centralized, big machines and capital-intensive processes to smaller systems characterized by "do it yourself" and, in some cases, "just in time" operations. The natural course of almost any technology leads to fragmentation and smallness. Technological economy of scale is temporary, but has been perpetuated for too long both by monopolists and advocates of centrally planned economies. <<ETX>>
Functional Heterogeneity of Small Ubiquitin-related Protein Modifiers SUMO-1 versus SUMO-2/3*

Post-translational modification marked by the covalent attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1/SMT3C has been implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes. Recently, two cDNAs encoding proteins related to SUMO-1 have been identified in human and mouse. The functions and regulation of these proteins, known as SUMO-2/SMT3A and SUMO-3/SMT3B, remain largely uncharacterized. We describe herein quantitative and qualitative distinctions between SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 in vertebrate cells. Much of this was accomplished through the application of an antibody that recognizes SUMO-2 and -3, but not SUMO-1. This antibody detected multiple SUMO-2/3-modified proteins and revealed that, together, SUMO-2 and -3 constitute a greater percentage of total cellular protein modification than does SUMO-1. Intriguingly, we found that there was a large pool of free, non-conjugated SUMO-2/3 and that the conjugation of SUMO-2/3 to high molecular mass proteins was induced when the cells were subjected to protein-damaging stimuli such as acute temperature fluctuation. In addition, we demonstrated that SUMO-2/3 conjugated poorly, if at all, to a major SUMO-1 substrate, the Ran GTPase-activating protein RanGAP1. Together, these results support the concept of important distinctions between the SUMO-2/3 and SUMO-1 conjugation pathways and suggest a role for SUMO-2/3 in the cellular responses to environmental stress.
Comparing multicast and newscast communication in evolving agent societies

This paper investigates the effects of two different communication protocols within an artificial society, where communication and cooperation is necessary to survive. Communication in our system is not a hard-coded behavior, rather it is an evolvable feature. The two protocols we consider differ significantly. Using the first approach, individuals multicast messages that can be received by any individual. In the second approach, based on the so-called newscast computing model, individuals send a message to their list of "friends" only, where this list is frequently updated. These protocols are compared experimentally by their effects on population dynamics and the evolution of communicativeness. The results provide new insights into the niche of newscast-based communication protocols: we identify two essential processes (information being spread and information loosing its value) and consider the ratio of the speeds of these processes as a basic indicator for communication success.
Quantum Copy-Protection and Quantum Money

Forty years ago, Wiesner proposed using quantum states to create money that is physically impossible to counterfeit, something that cannot be done in the classical world. However, Wiesner's scheme required a central bank to verify the money, and the question of whether there can be unclonable quantum money that anyone can verify has remained open since. One can also ask a related question, which seems to be new: can quantum states be used as copy-protected programs, which let the user evaluate some function f, but not create more programs for f? This paper tackles both questions using the arsenal of modern computational complexity. Our main result is that there exist quantum oracles relative to which publicly-verifiable quantum money is possible, and any family of functions that cannot be efficiently learned from its input-output behavior can be quantumly copy-protected. This provides the first formal evidence that these tasks are achievable. The technical core of our result is a "Complexity-Theoretic No-Cloning Theorem," which generalizes both the standard No-Cloning Theorem and the optimality of Grover search, and might be of independent interest. Our security argument also requires explicit constructions of quantum t-designs. Moving beyond the oracle world, we also present an explicit candidate scheme for publicly-verifiable quantum money, based on random stabilizer states; as well as two explicit schemes for copy-protecting the family of point functions. We do not know how to base the security of these schemes on any existing cryptographic assumption. (Note that without an oracle, we can only hope for security under some computational assumption.)
Determining the Effectiveness of the Usability Problem Inspector: A Theory-Based Model and Tool for Finding Usability Problems

Despite the increased focus on usability and on the processes and methods used to increase usability, a substantial amount of software is unusable and poorly designed. Much of this is attributable to the lack of cost-effective usability evaluation tools that provide an interaction-based framework for identifying problems. We developed the user action framework and a corresponding evaluation tool, the usability problem inspector (UPI), to help organize usability concepts and issues into a knowledge base. We conducted a comprehensive comparison study to determine if our theory-based framework and tool could be effectively used to find important usability problems in an interface design, relative to two other established inspection methods (heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough). Results showed that the UPI scored higher than heuristic evaluation in terms of thoroughness, validity, and effectiveness and was consistent with cognitive walkthrough for these same measures. We also discuss other potential advantages of the UPI over heuristic evaluation and cognitive walkthrough when applied in practice. Potential applications of this work include a cost-effective alternative or supplement to lab-based formative usability evaluation during any stage of development.
The European Post‐marketing Observational Serdolect® (EPOS) project: increasing our understanding of schizophrenia therapy

Well-controlled clinical trials, although essential for registration purposes, often fail to reflect the real-life usage of a drug. Ultimately, it is how a new medicinal product is used in clinical practice, how it performs in everyday life and how the patient who takes it feels and functions that determine the real benefit: risk ratio of the drug. Such a prospective, referenced, cohort study of sertindole (Serdolect®, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) in schizophrenia was initiated in 1997. Sertindole is a new limbic-selective antipsychotic agent which has recently received marketing authorization in several countries across Europe for the treatment of schizophrenia. The experience gained in around 2200 sertindole-treated patients in controlled clinical trials has enabled an optimal targeting of sertindole to those patient groups who will benefit most and who are least likely to experience adverse effects. The European Post-marketing observational Serdolect® (EPOS) project plans to recruit over 12 000 patients in two cohorts in centres throughout Europe, The aims are to provide a full safety evaluation of sertindole under marketed conditions at the relevant clinical dosage and, further, to provide epidemiological data on the treatment of schizophrenia in Europe under usual clinical conditions. The study is currently the only one of its kind to be undertaken in schizophrenia, and will provide important new data for psychia-trists around the world.