Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The language faculty that wasn't: a usage-based account of natural language recursion

In the generative tradition, the language faculty has been shrinking—perhaps to include only the mechanism of recursion. This paper argues that even this view of the language faculty is too expansive. We first argue that a language faculty is difficult to reconcile with evolutionary considerations. We then focus on recursion as a detailed case study, arguing that our ability to process recursive structure does not rely on recursion as a property of the grammar, but instead emerges gradually by piggybacking on domain-general sequence learning abilities. Evidence from genetics, comparative work on non-human primates, and cognitive neuroscience suggests that humans have evolved complex sequence learning skills, which were subsequently pressed into service to accommodate language. Constraints on sequence learning therefore have played an important role in shaping the cultural evolution of linguistic structure, including our limited abilities for processing recursive structure. Finally, we re-evaluate some of the key considerations that have often been taken to require the postulation of a language faculty.
A comparative study of modified crossover operators

Genetic Algorithms (GA) are based on natural evolution theory called `Darwin's Theory of Evolution'. In the area of optimization and search problems the genetic algorithm can work efficiently and give better results. This paper presents traditional single point, two point and uniform crossover operators with cyclic technique to solve the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP). The three different proposed crossover operators are applied on the TSP. The experimental result shows that the genetic algorithm with crossover operators gives better results with low mutation rate. It also compares the performance of these new single point, two point and uniform crossover operators on different population sizes and concludes that crossover operator works efficiently when population size is large. When these modified crossover operators are compared, the results shows that the modified single point crossover operator gives better result.
Discrimination of common and unique RNA-binding activities among Fragile X mental retardation protein paralogs

Fragile X mental retardation is caused by loss-of-function of a single gene encoding FMRP, an RNA-binding protein that harbors three canonical RNA-binding domains, two KH-type and one RGG box. Two autosomal paralogs of FMRP, FXR1P and FXR2P, are similar to FMRP in their overall structure, including the presence of putative RNA-binding domains, but to what extent they provide functional redundancy with FMRP is unclear. Although FMRP has been characterized as a polyribosome-associated regulator of translation, less is known about the functions of FXR1P and FXR2P. For example, FMRP binds intramolecular G-quadruplex and kissing complex RNA (kcRNA) ligands via the RGG box and KH2 domain, respectively, although the RNA ligands of FXR1P and FXR2P are unknown. Here we demonstrate that FXR1P and FXR2P KH2 domains bind kcRNA ligands with the same affinity as the FMRP KH2 domain although other KH domains do not. RNA ligand recognition by this family is highly conserved, as the KH2 domain of the single Drosophila ortholog, dFMRP, also binds kcRNA. kcRNA was able to displace FXR1P and FXR2P from polyribosomes as it does for FMRP, and this displacement was FMRP-independent. This suggests that all three family members recognize the same binding site on RNA mediating their polyribosome association, and that they may be functionally redundant with regard to this aspect of translational control. In contrast, FMRP is unique in its ability to recognize G-quadruplexes, suggesting the FMRP RGG domain may play a non-redundant role in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in the Light of the Epigenetic Paradigm

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a definite behavioral pattern that might lead to performance problems in the social, educational, or work environments. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, the symptoms of ADHD were restricted to those associated with cognitive (attention deficit) and behavioral (hyperactivity/impulsivity) deficits, while deficient emotional self-regulation, a relevant source of morbidity, was left out. The etiology of it is complex, as its exact causes have not yet been fully elucidated. ADHD seems to arise from a combination of various genetic and environmental factors that alter the developing brain, resulting in structural and functional abnormalities. The aim of this paper was to review epigenetics and ADHD focused on how multidimensional mechanisms influence the behavioral phenotype.
Formation of spatial patterns in an epidemic model with constant removal rate of the infectives

This paper addresses the question of how population diffusion affects the formation of the spatial patterns in the spatial epidemic model by Turing mechanisms. In particular, we present a theoretical analysis of results of the numerical simulations in two dimensions. Moreover, there is a critical value for the system within the linear regime. Below the critical value the spatial patterns are impermanent, whereas above it stationary spot and stripe patterns can coexist over time. We have observed the striking formation of spatial patterns during the evolution, but the isolated ordered spot patterns do not emerge in the space.
Apelin inhibits the proliferation and migration of rat PASMCs via the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal and the inhibition of autophagy under hypoxia

Apelin is highly expressed in the lungs, especially in the pulmonary vasculature, but the functional role of apelin under pathological conditions is still undefined. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension is the most common cause of acute right heart failure, which may involve the remodeling of artery and regulation of autophagy. In this study, we determined whether treatment with apelin regulated the proliferation and migration of rat pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) under hypoxia, and investigated the underlying mechanism and the relationship with autophagy. Our data showed that hypoxia activated autophagy significantly at 24 hrs. The addition of exogenous apelin decreased the level of autophagy and further inhibited pulmonary arterial SMC (PASMC) proliferation via activating downstream phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/the mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathways. The inhibition of the apelin receptor (APJ) system by siRNA abolished the inhibitory effect of apelin in PASMCs under hypoxia. This study provides the evidence that exogenous apelin treatment contributes to inhibit the proliferation and migration of PASMCs by regulating the level of autophagy.
Use of Mobile Applications for Hospital Discharge Letters: Improving Handover at Point of Practice

Handover of patient care is a time of particular risk and it is important that accurate and relevant information is clearly communicated. The hospital discharge letter is an important part of handover. However, the quality of hospital discharge letters is variable and letters frequently omit important information. The Cork Letter-Writing Assessment Scale CLAS checklist is an itemized checklist developed to improve the quality of discharge letters. The CLAS checklist, with an inbuilt scoring system, is available as the CLAS mobile application. Mobile applications offer an exciting opportunity for 'point of practice' knowledge acquisition and are widely used by medical students. Content quality is integral to the success of educational mobile applications. In a recent study, the CLAS checklist improved the quality content, structure and clarity of discharge letters written by medical students. Though retention of these skills into the work-place and effects on patient safety have yet to be demonstrated, the development of standardized electronic discharge letters allows faster and safer transfer of information between healthcare providers and is a welcome advance. Using Near Field Communication for mobile applications to seamlessly transfer discharge letters between devices is another important feature.
Games-based biofeedback training and the attentional demands of balance in older adults

Background and aims: Programs designed to improve balance in older adults may function by improving general fitness (strength, endurance, range of motion) and also changing the attentional demands of postural control. Research in previously sedentary older adults cannot differentiate between changes in balance ability resulting from improved fitness or reduced attentional demands. A training program of games-based balance biofeedback was given to nine older adults with previous exercise experience. Methods: Training consisted of sixteen sessions (twice weekly for eight weeks) of 30 minutes each. Postural sway (force plate measurement), attentional demands (dual task paradigm), the Community Balance and Mobility Scale (CB&M), and the six minute walk test were measured in pre, post and retention tests. Results: Participants in the training group significantly decreased their reaction time from pre to post testing in a dual task paradigm compared to a control group. The training group also significantly increased their scores on the CB&M scale compared to control participants. The decreased reaction times and increased CB&M scores observed in the training group were maintained through a two week retention period. Changes in reaction time were significantly correlated with changes in CB&M score. Six minute walk distance increased significantly in both groups and did not appear to result directly from the training program. Conclusions: Gamesbased balance biofeedback training using a range of training postures can significantly improve functional balance in exercise trained older adults by reducing the attentional demands of postural control.
Benefits associated with escalated begging behaviour of black-billed magpie nestlings overcompensate the associated energetic costs

SUMMARY Several experimental results support the existence of costs associated with exaggerated begging behaviour, which are assumed by some theoretical models of honest signalling in parent–offspring communication. However, to understand how honest begging behaviour is evolutionarily maintained in nature, the long-term cost–benefit output associated with exaggerated signals should also be estimated. As far as we know, the net cost–benefit balance of begging display has not previously been explored. Here, we used an appetite stimulant, cyproheptadine hydrochloride, to increase the feeling of hunger in some magpie nestlings. Supporting the use of cyproheptadine to manipulate hunger level and thereby begging behaviour, we found that experimental nestlings increased the frequency of begging and received more food than their control nestmates. Contrary to the expectation that physiological costs per se counteract the associated benefits of escalated begging signals, we found that near-fledging experimental magpies showed a better physical condition than control nestlings. These findings stress the interesting question of why magpie nestlings do not show to adults an escalated level of hunger if it implies an advantage. We discuss the responsibility of inclusive fitness costs and indirect genetic effects for the maintenance of honesty in parent–offspring communication.
Too Hard to Shout Over the Loudest Frame: Effects of Competing Frames in the Context of the Crystallized Media Coverage on Offshore Outsourcing

ABSTRACT This study investigates the effects of competing frames in newspaper coverage of offshore outsourcing, an issue that is characterized by a predominantly negative, unemployment-focused media framing. The findings of a randomized, controlled experiment (N = 152) demonstrate that conventional framing effects do hold for this issue and for this media context by moving recipients’ attitudes in the direction consistent with the valence of the frame. However, they also show the backfire effect of the positively valenced frame among recipients with greater interest in political and economic news, who become less supportive of outsourcing if they read a story framing outsourcing from a consumer-oriented perspective. Our results contribute to the ongoing debate about the limits of framing effects on forming opinion about contentious policy issues and demonstrate the challenges for nondominant perspectives to make their way to news-savvy audiences even when the nature of the issue in question necessitates considering them.
The untapped potential of mixed-methods research approaches for German history education research

Despite some pioneering studies, mixed-methods research approaches are uncommon in the German history education community, in contrast to the general increase in mixed-methods research in the educational and social sciences. Conversely, German history education research currently appears to favour quantitative methods as opposed to qualitative approaches – at least in larger research projects. In this paper, we argue for a more inclusive research approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Discussion of a pioneering study from the 1980s (Jeismann et al ., 1987) highlights implementation of this unusual approach to history education research in Germany. To illuminate the added value of such a mixed-methods research approach, we discuss two published German studies that respectively rely on quantitative (Trautwein et al ., 2017) and qualitative (Köster, 2013) research methods. A mixed-methods approach might have illuminated each study's 'blind spots'.
Inductive Transfer for Text Classification using Generalized Reliability Indicators

Machine-learning researchers face the omnipresent challenge of developing predictive models that converge rapidly in accuracy with increases in the quantity of scarce labeled training data. We introduce Layered AbstractionBased Ensemble Learning (LABEL), a method that shows promise in improving generalization performance by exploiting additional labeled data drawn from related discrimination tasks within a corpus and from other corpora. LABEL rst maps the original feature space, targeted at predicting membership in a specic topic, to a new feature space aimed at modeling the reliability of an ensemble of text classiers. The resulting abstracted representation is invariant across each of the binary discrimination tasks, allowing the data to be pooled. We then construct a context-sensitive combination rule for each task using the pooled data. Thus, we are able to more accurately model domain structure which would not have been possible using only the limited labeled data from each task separately. Using several corpora for an empirical evaluation of topic classication accuracy of text documents, we demonstrate that LABEL can increase the generalization performance across a set of related tasks.
Chemical Composition of Processed Cowpea Tender Leaves and Husks

The study examined the chemical composition of fresh, sundried tender leaves and husks of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The tender leaves and husks were parboiled and sundried. Proximate, micronutrient, phytochemical and antinutrient compositions were determined using standard procedures. Dried leaves had higher protein content than those of fresh leaves (FL) and dried husks (HU). Dried leaves (DL) and husks had lower fat content than the control (1.31 and 0.75 vs 9.10% (p<0.05). Sun drying increased the ash in both the DL and HU. Carbohydrate increased more the in HU than in the DL. The micronutrients in both DL and HU were reduced by sun drying. Tannins, saponins, flavonoids and polyphenols were decreased in the processed samples. Antinutrients were low. Haemaglutinin a food toxicant had slight increases. Cowpea leaves and husks have high nutrient potentials to justify the cultivation, processing, consumption and diversification.
Genome-wide analysis of the auxin-responsive transcriptome downstream of iaa1 and its expression analysis reveal the diversity and complexity of auxin-regulated gene expression

The AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs) and the Aux/IAA proteins regulate various auxin responses through auxin perception mediated by the F-box proteins TIR1/AFBs. ARFs are transcription factors that modulate expression of auxin response genes and are negatively regulated by the Aux/IAA proteins. To gain insight into the regulatory mechanisms of Aux/IAA-ARF action at the genome level, the transcriptome regulated downstream of iaa1, a stabilized IAA1 mutant protein, was identified using dexamethasone (DEX)-controlled nuclear translocation of iaa1 during the auxin response. The expression of the iaa1-regulated auxin-responsive genes selected from microarray data was analysed with RNA-gel blot analysis and it was shown that auxin-regulated expression of these genes was significantly inhibited by DEX treatment. While cycloheximide-inducible expression of a majority of these genes was also DEX-suppressible, expression of some genes could not be suppressed by treatment with DEX. Expression analysis in a variety of arf mutant backgrounds suggested that all iaa1-regulated auxin-response genes examined are controlled by ARFs to different extents and that the same ARF protein can regulate the expression of these genes in response to auxin in a positive or a negative manner. However, arf mutations did not affect auxin-mediated down-regulation, indicating that ARFs might not play a critical role in down-regulation. The decrease in auxin-responsive gene expression in arf7 arf19 mutants was more severe than that of tir1/afb quadruple mutants. These results show the diversity and complexity of mechanisms of Aux/IAA-ARF- and auxin-regulated gene expression. These data also provide the opportunity for functional analysis of genes mediating the auxin-response downstream of Aux/IAA-ARFs.
National Poverty Center Working Paper Series Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-being in Welfare-leaving Families Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-being in Welfare-leaving Families Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-being in Welfare-leaving Families

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the National Poverty Center or any sponsoring agency. We are also grateful for helpful comments from Sheldon Danziger, Michael Foster, seminar participants in the Cornell University Human Development Brown Bag series, and two anonymous reviewers. and by grants from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to the first (F32 HD08627-01) and second authors (F32 HD08145-01). Special thanks are due to survey manager Bruce Medbury and the interviewing staff. Abstract In the wake of welfare reform, thousands of low-income single mothers have transitioned into the labor market. This paper examines how the work conditions of mothers leaving welfare for employment are associated with the emotional well-being of 372 children ages 5 to 15. We examine the cumulative incidence, over a five-year period, of maternal non-" family-friendly " work conditions including long work hours, erratic work schedules, non-day shifts, and lengthy commute times in association with children's internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and levels of positive behavior. We find that mothers' lengthy commute times are associated with higher levels of internalizing problem behaviors and lower levels of positive behaviors.
The Effect of Floral Resources on Parasitoid and Host Longevity: Prospects for Conservation Biological Control in Strawberries

Abstract The strawberry tortricid, Acleris comariana Lienig and Zeller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is an important pest in Danish strawberry production. Its most common parasitoid is Copidosoma aretas (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae). To identify selective flowering plants that could be used to increase functional biodiversity, the longevity of C. aretas and its host A. comariana was assessed on 5 flowering species: buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (Caryophyllales: Polygonaceae); borage, Borago officinalis L. (Boraginaceae); strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne (Rosales: Rosaceae); phacelia, Phacelia tanacetifolia Bentham (Boraginaceae); and dill, Anethum graveolens L. (Apiales: Apiaceae). Dill was only tested with C. aretas. Sucrose and pollen served as positive controls, and pure water as a negative control. In a subsequent field experiment, A. comariana larval density was assessed at 1, 6, and 11 m distances from buckwheat flower strips in 3 fields. The proportion of field-collected larvae that were parasitized by C. aretas or fungi was assessed. Among the tested floral diets, buckwheat was superior for C. aretas, increasing its longevity by 1.4 times compared to water. Although buckwheat also increased longevity of A. comariana, its longevity and survival on buckwheat, borage, and strawberry was not significantly different, so buckwheat was chosen for field experiments. A. comariana densities in the 3 fields with sown buckwheat flower strips were 0.5, 4.0, and 8.3 larvae per m per row of strawberry respectively. Of the collected larvae, a total of 1%, 39%, and 65% were parasitized by C. aretas, respectively. The density of A. comariana and the proportion parasitized by C. aretas were highly significantly correlated. Distance from floral strips had no significant effect on either A. comariana larval density or on the proportion of individuals parasitized by C. aretas. Few other parasitoids emerged from collected larvae, and no larvae were infected by entomopathogenic fungi. Still, total A. comariana mortality was significantly affected by distance to flower strips, with the highest mortality near the flower strips. As no effect of buckwheat flower strips on C. aretas parasitism was found, the positive effect they had on A. comariana control stems from unknown mortality factors. As literature indicates that buckwheat for flower strips can augment a more complex suite of natural enemies, one such mortality factor could be a non-consumptive predator and/or parasitoid effect, but this requires further study. If confirmed, buckwheat may be utilized together with a selective food plant, once identified.
The Happiness Trade‐Off between Unemployment and Inflation

Unemployment and inflation lower well‐being. The macroeconomist Arthur Okun characterized the negative effects of unemployment and inflation by the misery index—the sum of the unemployment and inflation rates. This paper makes use of a large European data set, covering the period 1975–2013, to estimate happiness equations in which an individual subjective measure of life satisfaction is regressed against unemployment and inflation rate (controlling for personal characteristics, country, and year fixed effects). We find, conventionally, that both higher unemployment and higher inflation lower well‐being. We also discover that unemployment depresses well‐being more than inflation. We characterize this well‐being trade‐off between unemployment and inflation using what we describe as the misery ratio. Our estimates with European data imply that a 1 percentage point increase in the unemployment rate lowers well‐being by more than five times as much as a 1 percentage point increase in the inflation rate.