Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of focused ion beam machining on residual stress and crack morphologies in alumina

Focused ion beams (FIB) are widely used to locally sputter away material from surfaces at the nanoscale, but the effect of localised geometry changes and surface damage generated by FIB processing on material stress states are poorly understood. Evolution of stress states has been investigated in alumina samples with high local residual stress concentrations around nanoindents and scratches. Crack morphologies under the nanoindents and scratches have been investigated with respect to the location and geometry of the 'cross-sectional' surface trenches machined by FIB. It is found that the density of cracks observed around the nanoindentation sites depends on the location and milling sequence of the cross-sectional FIB trenches which alter local stress states. Cr3+ fluorescence spectroscopy has additionally been used to map stresses around alumina scratch and FIB-machined surface trenches.
A Logic Model as the Sequence of Needs and Experience that Lead PTSD Patients to Seek a Service Dog and Concerns Related to It: A Stakeholders Perspective

Health professionals are hesitant to recommend psychiatric service dogs (PSD) to veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder given that there is no scientific evidence to support their effectiveness. In recent years, new dog training schools for PSD have emerged in the community with different approaches. The objective of this study is to propose a logic model that examines how service dogs assist veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder and that shows concerns related to PSD. A participatory design through a consultation with stakeholders across Canada was realized (dog trainers=12, veterans having a PSD=2, veterans from advocate organizations=4, medical doctors=3, Canadian general standard board=1). They were interviewed in February 2015 via a phone qualitative interview. Questions were about tasks for which the dog should be trained to help the veteran, disadvantages, difficulties and concerns related to having a PSD, promotion and standardization of PSD, difficulties regarding the evaluation process, dog allocation and follow-up/abandonment of the dog. A qualitative thematic content analysis was achieved with the interview’s materiel. A logic model was created to classify the theory related to diagnosis and treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder as well as the results of the consultation (n=30 themes). These included 4 dog roles (detection and intervention when the veteran is anxious, contributing to a feeling of safety, promoting a sense of relaxation, socialisation), 2 potential major undesirable events with the PSD, 9 potential effects of the PSD, 3 potential organizational impacts of the service dog and 12 co-factors affecting the accessibility and efficacy of the intervention with PSD. Some themes contradict the legal acceptance in the literature. Testimonies about the reported efficacy of PSD are enthusiastic compared to what was found in the literature. Future research is needed to validate how and when PSD’s roles and task make the differences in everyday life of the veterans with PSTD.
Comparative efficiency of autumn and spring calving for pasture-based dairy systems.

A three-year experiment involving a large-scale dairy farm was conducted at Massey University , New Zealand, to investigate the comparative efficiencies of contrasting calving systems. The farm was divided into three-40 ha farmlets and three systems in which the cows calved either in autumn (100A), in spring (100S), or half in autumn, half in spring (A-S), were implemented. Stocking rates were 2.0, 2.4, and 2.2, respectively. Autumn-calved cows had greater (p 0.1) amounts of milk and milk solids/ha (723, 750, and 720 kg MS/ha for 100A, 100S, and A-S systems, respectively). Greater (p 0.1). Pasture's contribution to the annual diet of cows was high (80%) and similar (p>0.1) for the three systems. In conclusion, contrasting calving systems produced similar amounts of milk/ha, with similar efficiency.
Homology-Directed Repair of a Defective Glabrous Gene in Arabidopsis With Cas9-Based Gene Targeting

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a powerful tool for targeted genome editing in plants and beyond. Double-strand breaks induced by the Cas9 enzyme are repaired by the cell’s own repair machinery either by the non-homologous end joining pathway or by homologous recombination. While the first repair mechanism results in random mutations at the double-strand break site, homologous recombination uses the genetic information from a highly homologous repair template as blueprint for repair of the break. By offering an artificial repair template, this pathway can be exploited to introduce specific changes at a site of choice in the genome. However, frequencies of double-strand break repair by homologous recombination are very low. In this study, we compared two methods that have been reported to enhance frequencies of homologous recombination in plants. The first method boosts the repair template availability through the formation of viral replicons, the second method makes use of an in planta gene targeting approach. Additionally, we comparatively applied a nickase instead of a nuclease for target strand priming. To allow easy, visual detection of homologous recombination events, we aimed at restoring trichome formation in a glabrous Arabidopsis mutant by repairing a defective glabrous1 gene. Using this efficient visual marker, we were able to regenerate plants repaired by homologous recombination at frequencies of 0.12% using the in planta gene targeting approach, while both approaches using viral replicons did not yield any trichome-bearing plants.
Microsensor Measurements of Sulfate Reduction and Sulfide Oxidation in Compact Microbial Communities of Aerobic Biofilms

The microzonation of O2 respiration, H2S oxidation, and SO42- reduction in aerobic trickling-filter biofilms was studied by measuring concentration profiles at high spatial resolution (25 to 100 μm) with microsensors for O2, S2-, and pH. Specific reaction rates were calculated from measured concentration profiles by using a simple one-dimensional diffusion reaction model. The importance of electron acceptor and electron donor availability for the microzonation of respiratory processes and their reaction rates was investigated. Oxygen respiration was found in the upper 0.2 to 0.4 mm of the biofilm, whereas sulfate reduction occurred in deeper, anoxic parts of the biofilm. Sulfate reduction accounted for up to 50% of the total mineralization of organic carbon in the biofilms. All H2S produced from sulfate reduction was reoxidized by O2 in a narrow reaction zone, and no H2S escaped to the overlying water. Turnover times of H2S and O2 in the reaction zone were only a few seconds owing to rapid bacterial H2S oxidation. Anaerobic H2S oxidation with NO3- could be induced by addition of nitrate to the medium. Total sulfate reduction rates increased when the availability of SO42- or organic substrate increased as a result of deepening of the sulfate reduction zone or an increase in the sulfate reduction intensity, respectively.
Practices of translation and the making of migrant subjectivities in contemporary Italy

In 1998, Italy passed a law (Article 18) granting “victims of human trafficking” temporary residence permits to “escape from situations of violence and abuse. ” There were two conditions: the applicant had to agree to pursue criminal action against her exploiter and to participate in a state-funded “rehabilitation” program mostly offered by Catholic groups engaged in combating criminality and foreign prostitution as a form of “modern slavery. ” Linking prostitution to female migration and slavery has significant implications for how migrant women are interpellated within the receiving country. When characterized as victims, these women are figured as lacking the dual capacities of desiring migration and appropriating laws that grant legal recognition. This article explores both the willed and imposed multiplicity of subject positions of these women within the fields of charitable and institutional languages. In Italy, qualifying as a “political refugee” or as a “victim of human trafficking” is often the only means of achieving the legal rights necessary to avoid repatriation. [translation, citizenship, migration, subjectivity, ethnopsychiatry, Italy, anthropology of institutions]
Lenalidomide Therapy of Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Partial or complete deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 [del(5q)], with or without additional karyotypic abnormalities, is present in 10-15% of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Anemia in these MDS responds less often to erythroblastic stimulating agents. However, immunomodulatory, anti-cytokine, and anti-angiogenic agent Lenalidomide (CC5013, Revlimid®) leads to red blood cells transfusion independence of low risk MDS with del(5q). The low risk del(5q) MDS is now recognized as a distinct pathologic subtype of MDS with markedly better clinical responses with lenalidomide treatment compared to non del(5q) MDS patients. Several mechanisms of action are believed to contribute to the therapeutic effect of lenalidomide. They include the effect on the immune system, with cytokine production, T- and natural killer cells co-stimulation, stimulation of erythropoiesis, substantional improvement in the hematopoiesis-supporting potential of bone marrow stroma and significant decrease in the adhesion of bone marrow CD34+ cells, and anti-inflammatory effects and angiogenesis inhibition. The exact mechanism of action of lenalidomide on del(5q) clones is not known, but there appears to be several candidate (tumor suppressor) genes whose expression may be modulated by lenalidomide treatment. The addition of lenalidomide inhibited the in vitro proliferation of erythroblasts harboring del(5q) while the proliferation of cells from normal controls and cells without 5q deletion was not affected. Patients with mutated TP53 were shown to have poorer erythroid and cytogenetic responses to lenalidomide and a higher potential for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) evolution. The mechanism of lenalidomide action is different in non-del(5q) MDS, where lenalidomide restores and promotes effective erythropoiesis without direct cytotoxic effect. Recent trials have focused on combining lenalidomide with other agents active in MDS.
Thrombopoietin protects hematopoietic stem cells from retrotransposon-mediated damage by promoting an antiviral response

Maintenance of genomic integrity is crucial for the preservation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) potential. Retrotransposons, spreading in the genome through an RNA intermediate, have been associated with loss of self-renewal, aging, and DNA damage. However, their role in HSCs has not been addressed. Here, we show that mouse HSCs express various retroelements (REs), including long interspersed element-1 (L1) recent family members that further increase upon irradiation. Using mice expressing an engineered human L1 retrotransposition reporter cassette and reverse transcription inhibitors, we demonstrate that L1 retransposition occurs in vivo and is involved in irradiation-induced persistent &ggr;H2AX foci and HSC loss of function. Thus, RE represents an important intrinsic HSC threat. Furthermore, we show that RE activity is restrained by thrombopoietin, a critical HSC maintenance factor, through its ability to promote a potent interferon-like, antiviral gene response in HSCs. This uncovers a novel mechanism allowing HSCs to minimize irradiation-induced injury and reinforces the links between DNA damage, REs, and antiviral immunity.
Comparative evidence of the consumption from fast-food restaurants between normal-weight and obese Saudi schoolchildren

Abstract Objective To provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between obesity and fast-food consumption by comparing urban obese and normal-weight Saudi Arabian children. Design A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2015 to March 2016. Participants were divided into two groups (normal weight and obese) and further stratified by sex. Groups were randomly selected using a multistage stratified cluster-sampling technique. A self-paced questionnaire was used to collect data relating to food consumption. Weight height and waist circumference were measured and bioelectrical impedance analysis was performed in all children. Setting Capital of Saudi Arabia, Riyadh. Subjects Children aged 9·00–11·99 years (n 1023). Results Compared with normal-weight groups, intake frequency of fast food/week was higher among the obese groups (P<0·001), irrespective of fast-food consumption outside (P<0·001) or inside (P<0·001) the home; and larger portion sizes were preferred in obese groups (P<0·001). Families eating fast-food meals together was a protective factor against obesity (OR; 95 % CI: 2·67; 1·44, 4·96, P<0·001), with similar results for families ordering from a ‘healthy meals menu’ for their children (1·90; 1·24, 2·90, P=0·002). Taste of fast foods (P=0·021), child-friendly menu (P=0·020) and meal cost (P<0·001) were identified as main reasons why parents took their children to fast-food restaurants; these data were replicated for parents with obese boys, but not girls. Conclusions Development of effective interventions to reduce fast-food consumption in Saudi Arabian schoolchildren requires greater research-based evidence of fast-food consumption habits and practices associated with increased childhood obesity.
Cleaning products and air fresheners: emissions and resulting concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids.

UNLABELLED Experiments were conducted to quantify emissions and concentrations of glycol ethers and terpenoids from cleaning product and air freshener use in a 50-m3 room ventilated at approximately 0.5/h. Five cleaning products were applied full-strength (FS); three were additionally used in dilute solution. FS application of pine-oil cleaner (POC) yielded 1-h concentrations of 10-1300 microg/m3 for individual terpenoids, including alpha-terpinene (90-120), d-limonene (1000-1100), terpinolene (900-1300), and alpha-terpineol (260-700). One-hour concentrations of 2-butoxyethanol and/or d-limonene were 300-6000 microg/m3 after FS use of other products. During FS application including rinsing with sponge and wiping with towels, fractional emissions (mass volatilized/dispensed) of 2-butoxyethanol and d-limonene were 50-100% with towels retained, and approximately 25-50% when towels were removed after cleaning. Lower fractions (2-11%) resulted from dilute use. Fractional emissions of terpenes from FS use of POC were approximately 35-70% with towels retained, and 20-50% with towels removed. During floor cleaning with dilute solution of POC, 7-12% of dispensed terpenes were emitted. Terpene alcohols were emitted at lower fractions: 7-30% (FS, towels retained), 2-9% (FS, towels removed), and 2-5% (dilute). During air-freshener use, d-limonene, dihydromyrcenol, linalool, linalyl acetate, and beta-citronellol) were emitted at 35-180 mg/day over 3 days while air concentrations averaged 30-160 microg/m3. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS While effective cleaning can improve the healthfulness of indoor environments, this work shows that use of some consumer cleaning agents can yield high levels of volatile organic compounds, including glycol ethers--which are regulated toxic air contaminants--and terpenes that can react with ozone to form a variety of secondary pollutants including formaldehyde and ultrafine particles. Persons involved in cleaning, especially those who clean occupationally or often, might encounter excessive exposures to these pollutants owing to cleaning product emissions. Mitigation options include screening of product ingredients and increased ventilation during and after cleaning. Certain practices, such as the use of some products in dilute solution vs. full-strength and the prompt removal of cleaning supplies from occupied spaces, can reduce emissions and exposures to 2-butoxyethanol and other volatile constituents. Also, it may be prudent to limit use of products containing ozone-reactive constituents when indoor ozone concentrations are elevated either because of high ambient ozone levels or because of the indoor use of ozone-generating equipment.
Improvement in exercise capacity and delayed anaerobic metabolism induced by far-infrared-emitting garments in active healthy subjects: A pilot study

Background Far-infrared-emitting garments have several biological properties including the capability to increase blood perfusion in irradiated tissues. Design The aim of the study was to evaluate whether far-infrared radiation increases exercise capacity and delays anaerobic metabolism in healthy subjects. Methods With a double-blind, crossover protocol, a maximal cardiopulmonary exercise test was performed in 20 volunteers, wearing far-infrared or common sport clothes, identical in texture and colour. Results Comparing far-infrared with placebo garments, higher oxygen uptake at peak of exercise and longer endurance time were observed (peak oxygen uptake 38.0 ± 8.9 vs. 36.2 ± 8.5 ml/kg/min, endurance time 592 ± 85 vs. 570 ± 71 seconds; P < 0.01); the anaerobic threshold was significantly delayed (anaerobic threshold time 461 ± 93 vs. 417 ± 103 seconds) and anaerobic threshold oxygen uptake and anaerobic threshold oxygen pulse were significantly higher (25.3 ± 6.4 vs. 20.9 ± 5.4 ml/kg/min and 13.3 ± 3.8 vs. 12.4 ± 3.3 ml/beat, respectively). In 10 subjects the blood lactate concentration was measured every 2 minutes during exercise and at peak; lower values were observed with far-infrared fabrics compared to placebo from the eighth minute of exercise, reaching a significant difference at 10 minutes (3.6 ± 0.83 vs. 4.4 ± 0.96 mmol/l; P = 0.02). Conclusions In healthy subjects, exercising with a far-infrared outfit is associated with an improvement in exercise performance and a delay in anaerobic metabolism. In consideration of the acknowledged non-thermic properties of functionalised clothes, these effects could be mediated by an increase in oxygen peripheral delivery secondary to muscular vasodilation. These data suggest the need for testing far-infrared-emitting garments in patients with exercise limitation or in chronic cardiovascular and respiratory patients engaged in rehabilitation programmes.
Fast, Memory-Efficient Construction of Voxelized Shadows

We present a fast and memory efficient algorithm for generating Compact Precomputed Voxelized Shadows. By performing much of the common sub-tree merging before identical nodes are ever created, we improve construction times by several orders of magnitude for large data structures, and require much less working memory. To further improve performance, we suggest two new algorithms with which the remaining common sub-trees can be merged. We also propose a new set of rules for resolving undefined regions, which significantly reduces the final memory footprint of the already heavily compressed data structure. Additionally, we examine the feasibility of using CPVS for many local lights and present two improvements to the original algorithm that allow us to handle hundreds of lights with high-quality, filtered shadows at real-time frame rates.
Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Resin Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement Modified by Nano-hydroxyapatite on Ceramic Bracket Debonding Using Full-dimension Wire

Aim: Using fluoride releasing materials such as Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC), can control the demineralization around brackets. In this study, the shear bond strength of resin reinforced GIC modified by Nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) on ceramic bracket debonding is evaluated. In addition, using full-dimension wire for safe debonding is also examined. Study Design: Original article. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dentistry, Shahed University, Tehran, IRAN, June 2013. Methods and Material: 80 extracted human premolars received from a clinic were partitioned into 4 groups. Bonding materials used in each group was as follows: Group 1: Transbond XT as a control group, Group 2: Resin Modified GIC (RMGIC), Group 3: RMGIC added 5% NHA and Group 4: RMGIC added 10% NHA. In all groups the enamel was etched with 37% phosphoric acid and ceramic brackets were used. Each group halved into 2 subgroups which just in one of them full dimension wire was employed at the time of debonding. The shear bond strength, Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) and bracket failure figures were collected for each group. The data was latter analyzed using one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA), Tukey’s HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) Post-hoc Original Research Article Article Annual Research & Review in Biology, 4(10): 1578-1586, 2014 1579 and Kruskal Wallis Test methods. Results: According to ANOVA, RMGIC added 5% NHA has no negative effect while adding 10% NHA lowered the shear bond strength significantly. No bracket failure occurred at debonding, either using or not using full dimension wire. ARI for RMGIC groups were more cohesive than the control group. Conclusion: RMGIC containing 5% NHA contributes bond strength similar to composite resins, in bonding ceramic brackets, while its known demineralization resistance is a favor.
EFFECTS OF SELECTIVE ACTIVATION OR BLOCKADE OF THE HISTAMINE H3 RECEPTOR ON SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS

The effects of the histamine H3 receptor agonist, (R)-alpha-methylhistamine were compared with those of the histamine H3 antagonist, thioperamide, in rats implanted with electrodes for chronic sleep recordings. (R)-alpha-Methylhistamine (1.0-4.0 micrograms) injected bilaterally into the premammillary area where histamine immunoreactive neurons have been detected increased slow wave sleep, whereas wakefulness and REM sleep were decreased. No significant effects were observed when (R)-alpha-methylhistamine (1.0-8.0 mg/kg) was administered i.p. Thioperamide (1.0-4.0 mg/kg i.p.) increased wakefulness and decreased slow wave sleep and REM sleep. Pretreatment with thioperamide (4.0 mg/kg) prevented the effects of (R)-alpha-methylhistamine (2.0 micrograms) on slow wave sleep and wakefulness. Our results further support an active role for histamine in the control of the waking state.
Does Copyright Affect Reuse? Evidence from Google Books and Wikipedia

While digitization has greatly increased the reuse of knowledge, this study shows how these benefits might be mitigated by copyright restrictions. I use the digitization of in-copyright and out-of-copyright issues of Baseball Digest magazine by Google Books to measure the impact of copyright on knowledge reuse in Wikipedia. I exploit a feature of the 1909 Copyright Act whereby material published before 1964 has lapsed into the public domain, allowing for the causal estimation of the impact of copyright across this sharp cutoff. I find that, while digitization encourages knowledge reuse, copyright restrictions reduce citations to copyrighted issues of Baseball Digest by up to 135% and affect readership by reducing traffic to affected pages by 20%. These impacts are highly uneven: copyright hurts the reuse of images rather than text and affects Wikipedia pages for less-popular players greater than more-popular ones. The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017. 2767. This paper was a.