Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster survey. II. A unified picture of the cluster luminosity function

We constructed the composite luminosity function (LF) of clusters of galaxies in the five SDSS photometric bands u , g , r , i and z from the RASS-SDSS galaxy cluster catalog. Background and foreground galaxies are subtracted using both a local and a global background correction to take in account the presence of large scale structures and field to field variations, respectively. The composite LF clearly shows two components: a bright-end LF with a classical slope of –1.25 in each photometric band, and a steeper faint-end LF ($-2.1 \le \alpha \le -1.6$) in the dwarf galaxy region. The observed upturn of the faint galaxies has a location ranging from $-16 +5\log(h)$ in the g band to $-18.5 +5\log(h)$ in the z band. To study the universality of the cluster LF we compare the individual cluster LFs with the composite luminosity function. In agreement with the composite LF, a single Schechter component is not a good fit for the majority of the clusters. We fit a Schechter function to the bright-end of the individual cluster LFs in the magnitude region brighter than the observed upturn of the dwarf galaxies. The bright-end of the galaxy clusters shows the same shape in all the systems. To study the behavior of the individual faint-end LF we define the Dwarf to Giant galaxy Ratio (DGR) of the single clusters. The distribution of DGR has a spread much larger than the statistical errors. The DGR clearly anti-correlates with both X-ray and optical cluster luminosities. This anti-correlation is most likely due to the choice of a fixed metric aperture for all the clusters. Therefore, because of this effect, the different cluster physical sizes must be taken into account before comparing the LF of different clusters.
A Genuine Islamic Conceptualization of Religious Freedom

Abstract Departing from a critical norm research perspective, the paper first sketches the need to unveil the Eurocentric and secular bias of International Relations (IR) as a discipline in general and its constructivist norm research program in particular. With regard to human rights norms, and religious freedom in particular, the dominant liberal-secular international human rights law understanding of religious freedom marginalizes religious, and especially, Islamic grounds and understandings of this truly global norm. Indeed, it demonstrates both, the dominant ideational perspective of religious freedom as a Western human right grounded by Western-canonical thinkers, and the limits of accommodating religion and religious voices in IR. In contrast, and against the background of a post-secular IR, the paper seeks to unveil alternative and marginalized bodies of Islamic knowledge for the sake of a more comprehensive picture to be painted by IR. By reconstructing reformist Islamic thought and Islamic ideational perspectives and conceptualizations of religious freedom, the paper seeks to let these voices speak for themselves as truly genuine Islamic contributions to IR. The overall aim is threefold: to theoretically connect critical norm research and post-secular approaches with reformist Islamic thought by conceptualizing ijtihad as religious norm contestation; to unveil the double marginalized character of critical Muslim voices in IR; and finally to paint a broader and more comprehensive picture of Islam and IR by revealing an alternative Islamic genealogy of universal religious freedom.
VLSI design to unify IDCT and IQ circuit for multistandard video decoder

We describe a design method to unify the IDCT and IQ operations for three popular video compression standards such as H.264 (up to high profile), MPEG-4 and VC-1. We use the concept of delta coefficient matrix to implement the unified IDCT circuit. Our circuit supports 4-point and 8-point IDCT's for H.264, MPEG-4 and VC-1. The unified IQ circuit uses a shared multiplier. The entire circuit was verified on the SoC platform board, synthesized into a gate-level circuit using 130nm standard cell library and showed its efficiency in terms of the area.
Responses to copper of two registered poplar clones inoculated or not with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abstract Two registered clones of poplar were grown in soil contaminated or not with copper. Some of the plants were pre-inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Copper effects on plant growth were evaluated, as well as the role of AM fungi in alleviating metal stress. Polyamine content, a class of molecules involved in stress responses, metal content and P content were used to describe plant conditions. The two clones showed several differences in relation to copper pollution and AM symbiosis, confirming the importance of accurate plant selection for phytoremediation purposes. The large accumulation of copper in the roots suggested that poplar is suitable for phy-tostabilization strategies when this kind of pollution is present.
Software Test Data Generation using Ant Colony Optimization

Software testing remains the primary technique used to gain consumers' confidence in the software. The process of testing any software system is an enormous task which is time- consuming and costly (1). The development of techniques that will also support the automation of software testing will result in significant cost savings. The application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques in Software Engineering (SE) is an emerging area of research that brings about the cross- fertilization of ideas across two domains. A number of published works, for examples (2) and (12), have begun to examine the effective use of AI for SE related activities which are inherently knowledge intensive and human-centred. It has been identified that one of the SE areas with a more prolific use of AI techniques is software testing. The focus of these techniques involves the applications of genetic algorithms (GAs), for examples (8) and (10). Other AI techniques used for test data generation included the AI planner approach (7) and simulated annealing (13). Recently, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is starting to be applied in software testing (3, 10). Namely Boerner and Gutjahr (3) described an approach involving ACO and a Markov Software Usage model for deriving a set of test paths for a software system, and McMinn and Holcombe (10) reported on the application of ACO as a supplementary optimization stage for finding sequences of transitional statements in generating test data for evolutionary testing. However, the results obtained so far are preliminary, and none of the reported results directly addresses specification-based software testing.
RDF Authoring in Wikis

Although the Semantic Web vision is gaining momentum and the underlying technologies are used in many different areas, there still seems to be no agreement on how they should be used in everyday documents, such as news, blogs or wiki pages. In this paper we argue that two aspects are crucial for the enrichment of this documents with semantic annotations: full support for RDF and close integration of the annotations with the continuous text. The former is necessary because many common relationships cannot be expressed by attribute-value-pairs, the latter reduces redundancy and enables Web browsers to help readers using the contained data. To gain further insights, we implemented an RDFa-capable extension for MediaWiki and report on improvements for wiki use cases and other applications on top of the contained data.
Functional brain imaging of swallowing: An activation likelihood estimation meta‐analysis

A quantitative, voxel‐wise meta‐analysis was performed to investigate the cortical control of water and saliva swallowing. Studies that were included in the meta‐analysis (1) examined water swallowing, saliva swallowing, or both, and (2) reported brain activation as coordinates in standard space. Using these criteria, a systematic literature search identified seven studies that examined water swallowing and five studies of saliva swallowing. An activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta‐analysis of these studies was performed with GingerALE. For water swallowing, clusters with high activation likelihood were found in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex, right inferior parietal lobule, and right anterior insula. For saliva swallowing, clusters with high activation likelihood were found in the left sensorimotor cortex, right motor cortex, and bilateral cingulate gyrus. A between‐condition meta‐analysis revealed clusters with higher activation likelihood for water than for saliva swallowing in the right inferior parietal lobule, right postcentral gyrus, and right anterior insula. Clusters with higher activation likelihood for saliva than for water swallowing were found in the bilateral supplementary motor area, bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus, and bilateral precentral gyrus. This meta‐analysis emphasizes the distributed and partly overlapping cortical networks involved in the control of water and saliva swallowing. Water swallowing is associated with right inferior parietal activation, likely reflecting the sensory processing of intraoral water stimulation. Saliva swallowing more strongly involves premotor areas, which are crucial for the initiation and control of movements. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1000 songs for emotional analysis of music

Music is composed to be emotionally expressive, and emotional associations provide an especially natural domain for indexing and recommendation in today's vast digital music libraries. But such libraries require powerful automated tools, and the development of systems for automatic prediction of musical emotion presents a myriad challenges. The perceptual nature of musical emotion necessitates the collection of data from human subjects. The interpretation of emotion varies between listeners thus each clip needs to be annotated by a distribution of subjects. In addition, the sharing of large music content libraries for the development of such systems, even for academic research, presents complicated legal issues which vary by country. This work presents a new publicly available dataset for music emotion recognition research and a baseline system. In addressing the difficulties of emotion annotation we have turned to crowdsourcing, using Amazon Mechanical Turk, and have developed a two-stage procedure for filtering out poor quality workers. The dataset consists entirely of creative commons music from the Free Music Archive, which as the name suggests, can be shared freely without penalty. The final dataset contains 1000 songs, each annotated by a minimum of 10 subjects, which is larger than many currently available music emotion dataset.
A movement divided: SlutWalks, protest repertoires and the privilege of nudity

ABSTRACT The use of the corporeal female body in social protest has a long and complex history, particularly in anti-gender based violence movements. From early 20th Century suffragists in international coalitions circulating images of women protesters withered by hunger strikes to the more contemporary staging of nude protest by groups like FEMEN, women’s bodies have certainly functioned as powerful symbols. But such repertoires have also been controversial within the movement, as conceptualizations, norms and security surrounding female bodies can vary so much depending on culture and socioeconomic status. This paper uses the 2011–2014 SlutWalk movement to explore the use of female bodies in mobilizations staged by actors across those differences. It investigates the varying degrees of privilege associated with the choice – or choicelessness – protestors encounter when collectively considering effective repertoires. As the discourse unfolded around Slutwalk and who had the ‘right’ or ‘privilege’ to practice nudity as a protest repertoire, it illuminated deep divisions within anti-sexual violence and feminist activism. I argue this created important opportunities for the movement to integrate analysis of structural inequalities beyond gender, particularly in attempts to improve processes of deliberation.
Feedback and Performance in Crowd Work: a Real Effort Experiment

Online labor markets gain momentum: Frequently, requesters post micro-tasks and workers choose which tasks to complete for a payment. In virtual, short-lived, and commonly one-shot labor relations, one challenge is to properly incentivize worker effort and quality of work. We present a real effort experiment on a crowd work platform studying the effect of feedback on worker performance. Rank order tournaments might or might not disclose a worker’s current competitive position. One might expect that feedback on the competitive position spurs competition and, in effect, effort and performance. On the contrary, we find evidence that in rank order tournaments, performance feedback tends to have a negative impact on workers’ performance. This effect is mediated by task completion. Furthermore when playing against strong competitors, feedback makes workers more likely to quit the task altogether and, thus, show lower performance. When the competitors are weak, workers tend to complete the task but with reduced effort. Thus, providing performance feedback might not be advisable in crowd labor markets.
Latinx white or Latinx other : peer socialization on self-identified race

THESIS: Latinx White or Latinx Other: Peer Socialization on Self-Identified Race STUDENT: Scott Barrera Degree: Master of Arts College: Health DATE: July 2018 PAGES: 63 Previous research examined the socialization—including family socialization and peer socialization—on a Latinx’s ethnic identity. Latinx ethnic self-identification has been researched largely among Mexican origin individuals; however, there is limited research on racial selfidentification among the Latinx population as a whole. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in socialization (i.e. friendship diversity), ethnic identity, and racial identity status between those who identify as Latinx and racially identify as White and those who identify as Latinx and racially identify as Other and specify Latinx in the blank provided. One hundred and eighty-five college students completed a questionnaire consisting of various measures including the Ethnic Identity Scale (EIS), Person of Color Racial Identity Attitude Scale (PRIAS), and a demographics scale. Results indicated there was a strong association between self-identified race and the diversity of friend groups. Limitations and recommendations for future studies are reported. Running head: WHITE AND OTHER 1 CHAPTER
PolyGP: a polymorphic genetic programming system in Haskell

In general, the machine learning process can be accelerated through the use of heuristic knowledge about the problem solution. For example, monomorphic typed Genetic Programming (GP) uses type information to reduce the search space and improve performance. Unfortunately, monomorphic typed GP also loses the generality of untyped GP: the generated programs are only suitable for inputs with the specified type. Polymorphic typed GP improves over monomorphic and untyped GP by allowing the type information to be expressed in a more generic manner, and yet still imposes constraints on the search space. This paper describes a polymorphic GP system which can generate polymorphic programs: programs which take inputs of more than one type and produces outputs of more than one type. We also demonstrate its operation through the generation of the “map” polymorphic program.
Number of Days Required to Estimate Habitual Activity Using Wrist-Worn GENEActiv Accelerometer: A Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction Objective methods like accelerometers are feasible for large studies and may quantify variability in day-to-day physical activity better than self-report. The variability between days suggests that day of the week cannot be ignored in the design and analysis of physical activity studies. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the optimal number of days needed to obtain reliable estimates of weekly habitual physical activity using the wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer. Methods Data are from a subsample of the Mitchelstown cohort; 475 (44.6% males; mean aged 59.6±5.5 years) middle-aged Irish adults. Participants wore the wrist GENEActiv accelerometer for 7-consecutive days. Data were collected at 100Hz and summarised into a signal magnitude vector using 60s epochs. Each time interval was categorised according to intensity based on validated cut-offs. Spearman pairwise correlations determined the association between days of the week. Repeated measures ANOVA examined differences in average minutes across days. Intraclass correlations examined the proportion of variability between days, and Spearman-Brown formula estimated intra-class reliability coefficient associated with combinations of 1–7 days. Results Three hundred and ninety-seven adults (59.7±5.5yrs) had valid accelerometer data. Overall, men were most sedentary on weekends while women spent more time in sedentary behaviour on Sunday through Tuesday. Post hoc analysis found sedentary behaviour and light activity levels on Sunday to differ to all other days in the week. Analysis revealed greater than 1 day monitoring is necessary to achieve acceptable reliability. Monitoring frame duration for reliable estimates varied across intensity categories, (sedentary (3 days), light (2 days), moderate (2 days) and vigorous activity (6 days) and MVPA (2 days)). Conclusion These findings provide knowledge into the behavioural variability in weekly activity patterns of middle-aged adults. Since Sunday differed from all other days in the week this suggests that day of the week cannot be overlooked in the design and analysis of physical activity studies and thus should be included in the study monitoring frames. Collectively our data suggest that six days monitoring, inclusive of Saturday and Sunday, are needed to reliably capture weekly habitual activity in all activity intensities using the wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer.
Observations of Warm Water Volume Changes in the Equatorial Pacific and Their Relationship to El Niño and La Niña

Abstract This paper describes observed changes in surface winds, sea surface temperature (SST), and the volume of water warmer than 20°C (WWV) in the equatorial Pacific Ocean for the period 1980–99. The purpose is to test recent hypotheses about the relationship between variations in WWV and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. The results confirm inferences based on theory, models, and previous empirical analyses using proxy data (namely sea level) that ENSO involves a recharge and discharge of WWV along the equator and that the cyclic nature of ENSO results from a disequilibrium between zonal winds and zonal mean thermocline depth. The authors also find that the magnitude of ENSO SST anomalies is directly related to the magnitude of zonal mean WWV anomalies. Furthermore, for a given change in equatorial WWV, the corresponding warm El Nino SST anomalies are larger than the corresponding cold La Nina anomalies. This asymmetry between the warm and cold phases of the ENSO cycle implies differences.
Task-dependent Modulation of Inputs to Proximal Upper Limb following Transcranial 1 Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex 2 3 Task-dependent Modulation of Proximal Upper Limb 2

24 Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) suppresses excitability of 25 primary motor cortex (M1) controlling contralateral hand muscles. This study assessed 26 whether c-tDCS would have similar effects on ipsilateral and contralateral M1 27 projections to a proximal upper limb muscle. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of 28 left M1 was used to elicit motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the left and right 29 infraspinatus (INF) muscle immediately before and after c-tDCS of left M1, and at 20 30 and 40 minutes post-c-tDCS. TMS was delivered as participants pre-activated each INF 31 in isolation (Left, Right) or both INF together (Bilateral). After c-tDCS, ipsilateral MEPs 32 in left INF and contralateral MEPs in right INF were suppressed in the Left task but not 33 in the Bilateral or Right tasks, indicative of task-dependent modulation. Ipsilateral silent 34 period duration in the left INF was reduced after c-tDCS, indicative of altered 35 transcallosal inhibition. These findings may have implications for the use of tDCS as an 36 adjunct to therapy for the proximal upper limb after stroke. 37 38
Polarization of {Upsilon}(nS) at the Fermilab Tevatron

The polarization of inclusive {Upsilon}(nS) at the Fermilab Tevatron is calculated within the nonrelativistic QCD factorization framework. We use a recent determination of the NRQCD matrix elements from fitting the CDF data on bottomonium production from run IB of the Tevatron. The result for the polarization of {Upsilon}(1S) integrated over the transverse momentum bin 8<p{sub T}<20 GeV is consistent with a recent measurement by the CDF Collaboration. The transverse polarization of {Upsilon}(1S) is predicted to increase steadily for p{sub T} greater than about 10 GeV. The {Upsilon}(2S) and {Upsilon}(3S) are predicted to have significantly larger transverse polarizations than {Upsilon}(1S).
Smoothed Particle Magnetohydrodynamics – I. Algorithm and tests in one dimension

In this paper we show how the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) equations for ideal Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) can be written in conservation form with the positivity of the dissipation guaranteed. We call the resulting algorithm Smoothed Particle Magnetohydrodynamics (SPMHD). The equations appear to be accurate, robust and easy to apply and do not suffer from the instabilities known to exist previously in formulations of the SPMHD equations. In addition we formulate our MHD equations such that errors associated with non-zero divergence of the magnetic field are naturally propagated by the flow and should therefore remain small. In this and the companion paper we present a wide range of numerical tests in one dimension to show that the algorithm gives very good results for one-dimensional flows in both adiabatic and isothermal MHD. For the one-dimensional tests the field structure is either two- or threedimensional.
Characteristics and Stimulation Potential with BMP-2 and BMP-7 of Tenocyte-Like Cells Isolated from the Rotator Cuff of Female Donors

Tendon bone healing of the rotator cuff is often associated with non-healing or recurrent defects, which seems to be influenced by the patient’s age and sex. The present study aims to examine cellular biological characteristics of tenocyte-like cells that may contribute to this impaired rotator cuff healing. Moreover, a therapeutic approach using growth factors could possibly stimulate tendon bone healing. Therefore, our second aim was to identify patient groups who would particularly benefit from growth factor stimulation. Tenocyte-like cells isolated from supraspinatus tendons of female donors younger and older than 65 years of age were characterized with respect to different cellular biological parameters, such as cell density, cell count, marker expression, collagen-I protein synthesis, and stem cell potential. Furthermore, cells of the donor groups were stimulated with BMP-2 and BMP-7 (200 and 1000 ng/ml) in 3D-culture and analyzed for cell count, marker expression and collagen-I protein synthesis. Female donors older than 65 years of age showed significantly decreased cell count and collagen-I protein synthesis compared to cells from donors younger than 65 years. Cellular biological parameters including cell count, collagen-I and –III expression, and collagen-I protein synthesis of cells from both donor groups were stimulated with BMP-2 and BMP-7. The cells from donors older than 65 years revealed a decreased stimulation potential for cell count compared to the younger group. Cells from female donors older than 65 years of age showed inferior cellular biological characteristics. This may be one reason for a weaker healing potential observed in older female patients and should be taken into consideration for tendon bone healing of the rotator cuff.