Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure and Dynamics: Ejournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences Uc Irvine

Peer Reviewed Title: Ethnic identity, political identity and ethnic conflict: simulating the effect of congruence between the two identities on ethnic violence and conflict Acknowledgements: I would like to thank both my supervisors, Jeremy Kendal and Stephen Lyon, for the necessary help and feedback I received throughout the year. I would like to give my particular thanks to Stephen Lyon who took a particular interest in this project and was extensively generous with his time, support and advice. I also owe my thanks to my two close personal friends Tobias Showan and St John Piano, who stimulated my interest in coding and its applications to the social sciences and without whom I would have been unable to begin the learning process. Abstract: This thesis outlines and presents an alternative hypothetical process to the emergence of ethnic conflict. Ethnic conflicts, rather than being dependent upon pre-existing 'ancient hatreds', are instead the result of a congruence between ethnic and political identity which grants individuals eScholarship provides open access, scholarly publishing services to the University of California and delivers a dynamic research platform to scholars worldwide. the ability to use ethnicity to identify and eliminate political threats. This hypothesis is formed by the examination of three case studies of ethnic conflict: Lebanon, Northern Ireland and Croatia. This hypothesis is then formalised and tested using an agent based simulation in which agent interactions are dependent upon ethnic and political identity and the congruence between the two. As predicted there was a strong positive correlation between how accurately ethnic identity reflected political identity and the level of ethnically motivated violence in the simulation, although the relationship was not linear. Furthermore the effect of a shift in congruence was found to be roughly comparable to the effect of initialising agents with a moderate level of pre-existing ethnic antagonism.
Fast varying channel estimation in downlink LTE systems

This paper tackles the problem of fast varying channel estimation in LTE systems. Particular attention is given to downlink transmission where OFDMA is used as the multiple access technique for the air interface. In OFDMA, fast variation of the channel results in significant inter-carrier interference (ICI) which cannot be mitigated with conventional estimation and equalization techniques. In this paper, we investigate the polynomial modeling of rapidly time varying channels. Specifically, we propose a time-domain estimation method and a low-complexity frequency-domain estimation method both of which leverage the special structure of the approximated channel matrix to compute ICI channel components. It is shown by simulations that these two methods provide a considerable performance improvement over conventional methods by means of improved ICI mitigation. We further study the robustness of these two methods to both partial and full channel profile knowledge. It has been shown that the frequency-domain approach has much lower complexity and better robustness compared to the time domain approach.
Radiculomeningomyelitis Due to Halicephalobus gingivalis in a Horse

An adult horse was euthanatized following a clinical diagnosis of cauda equina neuritis. Significant gross postmortem and histopathologic findings were limited to the sacral spinal cord and cauda equina. The sacral spinal cord, meninges, and spinal nerve roots were expanded and partially effaced by sclerosing granulomatous inflammation with necrosis. The lesion contained numerous nematode larvae and fewer adults with a rhabditiform esophagus having a corpus, isthmus, and valved bulb. Female nematodes were amphidelphic and didelphic with reflexed ovaries. These morphologic features confirm Halicephalobus gingivalis as a novel cause of clinical signs in this case of cauda equina neuritis.
Comparison of walking energy cost between an anterior and a posterior ankle-foot orthosis in people with foot drop.

OBJECTIVE To compare walking energy cost between an anterior and a posterior ankle-foot orthosis in people with foot drop. DESIGN Within-group comparisons. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three adults (14 women, 9 men; mean age 56.8 years (standard deviation 15.4)) with foot drop. METHODS PARTICIPANTS were asked to walk for 5 min at their self-selected walking speed under 3 conditions: (i) with shoes only; (ii) with a posterior ankle-foot orthosis; (iii) with an anterior ankle-foot orthosis. Spatio-temporal gait para-meters (speed, step length and step frequency) and walking energy cost per unit of distance were assessed for each walking condition. A visual analogue scale was used to quantify participants' level of perceived comfort for the 2 orthosis. RESULTS Gait spatio-temporal parameters were higher with anterior ankle-foot orthoses than with posterior ankle-foot orthoses or shoes only. Walking energy cost per unit of distance was lower with anterior than posterior ankle-foot orthosis or shoes only ((mean ± standard error) 3.53 ± 1.00 vs 3.94 ± 1.27 and 3.98 ± 1.53 J·kg-1·m-1 respectively; p < 0.05) and level of perceived comfort was higher with anterior ((mean ± standard error) 8.00 ± 1.32) than with posterior ankle-foot orthosis ((mean ± standard error) 4.52 ± 2.57; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In people with foot drop the use of anterior ankle-foot orthoses resulted in lower energy costs of walking and higher levels of perceived comfort compared with posterior ankle-foot orthoses. Anterior ankle-foot orthoses may enable people with foot drop to walk further with less physical effort than posterior ankle-foot orthoses.
An Investigation Into the Psychometric Properties of the Test Anxiety Measure for College Students

The psychometric properties of a new, multidimensional measure of test anxiety, the Test Anxiety Measure for College Students (TAM-C), were examined in a sample of 720 undergraduate students. Results of confirmatory factor analyses provided support for a six-factor (Cognitive Interference, Physiological Hyperarousal, Social Concerns, Task-Irrelevant Behaviors, Worry, and Facilitating Anxiety) model. Cronbach’s coefficient alphas ranged from . 75 to . 95 for the TAM-C scores. Gender differences were found on four of the TAM-C scales, with females reporting higher levels of test anxiety than males. Convergent and discriminant evidence of validity for the TAM-C scores was found. Implications of the findings for mental health professionals who work with college students are discussed.
Changes in Hospital Mortality Rates in 425 Patients With Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac Rupture Over a 30-Year Period

Background— Possible changes in the incidence and outcome of cardiac rupture in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction over a long period of time have not been investigated. Methods and Results— The incidence of cardiac rupture in ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients and its mortality rate were investigated during a 30-year period divided into 5 intervals (1977 to 1982, 1983 to 1988, 1989 to 1994, 1995 to 2000, and 2001 to 2006). Of a total of 6678 consecutive patients, 425 experienced a free wall rupture (280 with cardiac tamponade: 227 with electromechanical dissociation and 53 with hypotension) or a septal rupture (145). After the exclusion of referrals from other centers (n=44), the incidence of definite cardiac rupture (septal rupture, anatomic evidence of free wall rupture, or electromechanical dissociation) declined progressively (6.2% in 1977 to 1982 to 3.2% in 2001 to 2006; P<0.001) in parallel with a progressive use of reperfusion therapy (0% to 75.1%; P<0.001). In addition, among patients with cardiac rupture, there was a progressive fall in the rate of death (94% to 75%; P<0.001) despite a trend toward increasing age (66±8 to 75±8 years; P<0.054) in conjunction with better control of systolic blood pressure at 24 hours (130±24 versus 110±18 mm Hg; P<0.001); an increased use of reperfusion therapy (0% to 59%; P<0.001), β-blockers (0% to 45%; P<0.001), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (0% to 38%; P<0.001), and aspirin (0% to 96%; P<0.001); and a lower use of heparin (99% to 67%; P<0.001). Conclusion— The decline in the incidence in cardiac rupture and its rate of death over the last 30 years appears to be associated with the increasing use of reperfusion strategies and adjunct medical therapy.
The Risk of Bloodstream Infection Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Compared with Central Venous Catheters in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background. Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are associated with central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI). The magnitude of this risk relative to central venous catheters (CVCs) is unknown. Objective. To compare risk of CLABSI between PICCs and CVCs. Methods MEDLINE, CinAHL, Scopus, EmBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched. Full-text studies comparing the risk of CLABSI between PICCs and CVCs were included. Studies involving adults 18 years of age or older who underwent insertion of a PICC or a CVC and reported CLABSI were included in our analysis. Studies were evaluated using the Downs and Black scale for risk of bias. Random effects meta-analyses were used to generate summary estimates of CLABSI risk in patients with PICCs versus CVCs. Results. Of 1,185 studies identified, 23 studies involving 57,250 patients met eligibility criteria. Twenty of 23 eligible studies reported the total number of CLABSI episodes in patients with PICCs and CVCs. Pooled meta-analyses of these studies revealed that PICCs were associated with a lower risk of CLABSI than were CVCs (relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.94). Statistical heterogeneity prompted subgroup analysis, which demonstrated that CLABSI reduction was greatest in outpatients (RR [95% CI], 0.22 [0.18-0.27]) compared with hospitalized patients who received PICCs (RR [95% CI], 0.73 [0.54-0.98]). Thirteen of the included 23 studies reported CLABSI per catheter-day. Within these studies, PICC-related CLABSI occurred as frequently as CLABSI from CVCs (incidence rate ratio [95% CI], 0.91 [0.46-1.79]). Limitations. Only 1 randomized trial met inclusion criteria. CLABSI definition and infection prevention strategies were variably reported. Few studies reported infections by catheter-days. Conclusions. Although PICCs are associated with a lower risk of CLABSI than CVCs in outpatients, hospitalized patients may be just as likely to experience CLABSI with PICCs as with CVCs. Consideration of risks and benefits before PICC use in inpatient settings is warranted.
Policing cyber-neighbourhoods: tension monitoring and social media networks

We propose that late modern policing practices, that rely on neighbourhood intelligence, the monitoring of tensions, surveillance and policing by accommodation, need to be augmented in light of emerging ‘cyber-neighbourhoods’, namely social media networks. The 2011 riots in England were the first to evidence the widespread use of social media platforms to organise and respond to disorder. The police were ill-equipped to make use of the intelligence emerging from these non-terrestrial networks and were found to be at a disadvantage to the more tech-savvy rioters and the general public. In this paper, we outline the development of the ‘tension engine’ component of the Cardiff Online Social Media ObServatroy (COSMOS). This engine affords users with the ability to monitor social media data streams for signs of high tension which can be analysed in order to identify deviations from the ‘norm’ (levels of cohesion/low tension). This analysis can be overlaid onto a palimpsest of curated data, such as official statistics about neighbourhood crime, deprivation and demography, to provide a multidimensional picture of the ‘terrestrial’ and ‘cyber’ streets. As a consequence, this ‘neighbourhood informatics’ enables a means of questioning official constructions of civil unrest through reference to the user-generated accounts of social media and their relationship to other, curated, social and economic data.
Health Cost Risk, Incomplete Markets, or Bequest Motives-Revisiting the Annuity Puzzle

It is well known that most rational life-cycle models predic t much larger annuitization levels than those observed empirically. We examine the relative importance o f three leading explanations for low annuity demand: health cost risk, incomplete annuity menus, and beq uest motives. We find that high health cost risk can potentially explain very low annuity demand, while inco mplete annuity menus and realistic bequest motives cannot. We find that the timing of the health cost risk is important. If out-of-pocket medical expenses can already be sizeable early in retirement, empirically ob served low annuitization levels are optimal. In case health cost risk early in retirement is low, individual s can better save out of their annuity income to build a buffer for health cost shocks at later ages. Empirica l evidence shows that in the US for many individuals health cost risk is indeed substantial early in reti rement. Incomplete annuity markets do not reduce predicted annuity levels to the empirical levels, as agents are better of buying nominal annuities, save out of this income, and invest that in equity. Very high bequest mot ives can explain the low empirically observed annuity levels, but generate savings behavior inconsisten t with the data.
The Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) Inhibitor NMS-P937 Is Effective in a New Model of Disseminated Primary CD56+ Acute Monoblastic Leukaemia

CD56 is expressed in 15–20% of acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and is associated with extramedullary diffusion, multidrug resistance and poor prognosis. We describe the establishment and characterisation of a novel disseminated model of AML (AML-NS8), generated by injection into mice of leukaemic blasts freshly isolated from a patient with an aggressive CD56+ monoblastic AML (M5a). The model reproduced typical manifestations of this leukaemia, including presence of extramedullary masses and central nervous system involvement, and the original phenotype, karyotype and genotype of leukaemic cells were retained in vivo. Recently Polo-Like Kinase 1 (PLK1) has emerged as a new candidate drug target in AML. We therefore tested our PLK1 inhibitor NMS-P937 in this model either in the engraftment or in the established disease settings. Both schedules showed good efficacy compared to standard therapies, with a significant increase in median survival time (MST) expecially in the established disease setting (MST = 28, 36, 62 days for vehicle, cytarabine and NMS-P937, respectively). Importantly, we could also demonstrate that NMS-P937 induced specific biomarker modulation in extramedullary tissues. This new in vivo model of CD56+ AML that recapitulates the human tumour lends support for the therapeutic use of PLK1 inhibitors in AML.
Strain, Negative Emotions, and Suicidal Behaviors Among Adolescents

Using data from the 2008 Youth in Europe Survey, this study applies general strain theory of deviance to suicidal behaviors of Turkish adolescents. The effects of various socioenvironmental strains on suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, including mediating effects of negative affective states, are investigated. Results indicate that Agnew’s theory provides a useful theoretical model for researchers of adolescent suicidality. Almost all of the strain measures were significantly associated with both suicidal ideation and suicidal attempt, and measures of anger and depression at least partially mediated the effects of the strains. Other results, implications, and limitations of the study are discussed.
Complex Symptomatology Simulated By Unstructured Neural Nets

SUMMARY A neural net model with random interconnections is shown capable of exhibiting the features of Parkinson’s disease, including cogwheel rigidity, resting tremor, and dysdiadochokinesis. These properties are simulated uniquely for extrapyramidal disease, with spasticity and hypereflexia predicted for other upper motoneuron lesions.
HCS: A New Local Search Strategy for Memetic Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithms

In this paper, we propose and investigate a new local search strategy for multiobjective memetic algorithms. More precisely, we suggest a novel iterative search procedure, known as the Hill Climber with Sidestep (HCS), which is designed for the treatment of multiobjective optimization problems, and show further two possible ways to integrate the HCS into a given evolutionary strategy leading to new memetic (or hybrid) algorithms. The pecularity of the HCS is that it is intended to be capable both moving toward and along the (local) Pareto set depending on the distance of the current iterate toward this set. The local search procedure utilizes the geometry of the directional cones of such optimization problems and works with or without gradient information. Finally, we present some numerical results on some well-known benchmark problems, indicating the strength of the local search strategy as a standalone algorithm as well as its benefit when used within a MOEA. For the latter we use the state of the art algorithms Nondominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 as base MOEAs.
Death, debility, and destitution following hip fracture.

BACKGROUND We examined the effects of hip fracture on mortality, entry into long-term institutional care, and new evidence of poverty. We estimate of the proportion of hip fracture patients who require not just short-term rehabilitation but who become dependent on long-term institutional care, and the risk of becoming newly dependent on Medicaid or eligible for low-income subsidies following hip fracture. METHODS We used data from 2005 through 2010 for a random 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries (N = 3.1 million) to conduct a retrospective matched cohort study. We used high-dimensional propensity score matching to compare outcomes for patients who experienced a hip fracture with subjects who did not, but had similar propensity for suffering a hip fracture. We then compared the 1-year risk of death, debility, and destitution between groups. RESULTS We matched 43,210 hip fracture patients to comparators without a hip fracture. Hip fractures were associated with more than a twofold increase in likelihood of mortality (incidence proportion ratio [IPR] of 2.27, 95% CI, 2.20-2.34), a fourfold increase in likelihood of requiring long-term nursing facility care (IPR, 3.96; 95% CI, 3.77-4.16), and a twofold increase in the probability of entering into low-income status (IPR, 2.14; 95% CI 1.99-2.31) within 1 year following hip fracture compared with subjects without a hip fracture. CONCLUSIONS Hip fracture in elderly patients resulted in increased death, debility, and destitution. Initiatives that lead to improved treatment of osteoporosis could result in a decrease in incidence of fractures, subsequent death, debility, and destitution for older adults.
Eliciting information from human sources: Training handlers in the Scharff technique

Purpose In previous laboratory-based work, the Scharff technique has proved successful for gathering intelligence from human sources. However, little is known about whether the technique can be taught to practitioners, and whether Scharff-trained practitioners will interview more effectively than colleagues using their conventional approaches and tactics. Method We examined professional handlers from the Norwegian Police (n = 64), all experienced in interacting with informants. Half received training in the Scharff technique, and their performance was compared against handlers receiving no Scharff training and free to use the approaches they saw fit. All handlers received the same case file describing a source holding information about a future terrorist attack and were given the same interview objectives. Police trainees (n = 64) took on the role of semicooperative sources and were given incomplete information about the attack. Results The trained handlers adhered to the Scharff training as they (1) aimed to establish the illusion of ‘knowing-it-all’, (2) posed claims to collect information, and (3) asked few (if any) explicit questions. In contrast, the untrained handlers tried to evoke the sources’ motivation to reveal information and asked a high number of explicit questions. Scharff-trained handlers were perceived as less eager to gather information, but collected comparatively more new information. Conclusions The Scharff-trained interviewers utilized more specific elicitation tactics (e.g., posing claims) and fewer general interview strategies (e.g., evoking motivation), and they collected comparatively more new information. This captures the essence of the Scharff technique: It is subtle, yet effective.
Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents: findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.

CONTEXT Adolescent sexual behaviors are a significant public health concern because of the risks of STDs and the negative social consequences of teenage pregnancies. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and adolescents' initiation of sex and contraceptive use are poorly understood. METHODS Multilevel logistic regression analyses of data from 14,151 adolescents in grades 7-12 in Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health examined the relationships between four neighborhood dimensions (socioeconomic characteristics, norms and opportunity structure, social disorganization, and racial and ethnic composition) and the initiation of sex and contraceptive use at first and most recent sex. Individual- and household-level covariates were family income, parental education, race and ethnicity, age and family structure. Multivariate analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS All four dimensions of neighborhood context were independently associated with sexual initiation. For females, living in a neighborhood with a greater concentration of youth who were idle or black residents was associated with increased odds of sexual initiation, whereas a greater concentration of married households or Hispanic residents was associated with decreased odds of initiation. Higher initiation among males was associated with a higher concentration of poverty or idle youth, while lower initiation was found with a higher concentration of affluent households or working women. The sole association with contraceptive use was that females in neighborhoods with more idle youth had a reduced likelihood of having used contraceptives at first sex. CONCLUSIONS Neighborhood context appears to be modestly associated with the sexual initiation of adolescents. However, little support was found for neighborhood influence on contraceptive use, suggesting that other factors may play a more important role in shaping adolescents' contraceptive behaviors.