Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An experimental examination of peers' influence on adolescent girls' intent to engage in maladaptive weight-related behaviors.

OBJECTIVE Social psychological theories provide bases for understanding how social comparison processes may impact peer influence. This study examined two peer characteristics that may impact peer influence on adolescent girls' weight-related behavior intentions: body size and popularity. METHOD A school-based sample of 66 9th grade girls (12-15 years old) completed an experimental paradigm in which they believed they were interacting with other students (i.e., "e-confederates"). The body size and popularity of the e-confederates were experimentally manipulated. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental conditions in which they were exposed to identical maladaptive weight-related behavior norms communicated by ostensible female peers who were either: (1) Thin and Popular; (2) Thin and Average Popularity; or (3) Heavy and Average Popularity. Participants' intent to engage in weight-related behaviors was measured pre-experiment and during public and private segments of the experiment. RESULTS A significant effect of condition on public conformity was observed. Participants exposed to peers' maladaptive weight-related behavior norms in the Heavy and Average condition reported significantly less intent to engage in weight-related behaviors than participants in either of the thin-peer conditions (F(2) = 3.93, p = . 025). Peer influence on private acceptance of weight-related behavior intentions was similar across conditions (F(2) = . 47, p = . 63). DISCUSSION Body size comparison may be the most salient component of peer influence processes on weight-related behaviors. Peer influence on weight-related behavior intention also appears to impact private beliefs. Considering peer norms in preventive interventions combined with dissonance-based approaches may be useful.
Ill-convergence of Godard blind equalizers in data communication systems

The existence of stable undesirable equilibria for the Godard algorithm is demonstrated through a simple autoregressive (AR) channel model. These undesirable equilibria correspond to local but nonglobal minima of the underlying mean cost function, and thus permit the ill-convergence of the Godard algorithms which are stochastic gradient descent in nature. Simulation results confirm predicted misbehavior. For channel input of constant modulus, it is shown that attaining the global minimum of the mean cost necessarily implies correct equalization. A criterion is also presented for allowing a decision at the equalizer as to whether a global or nonglobal minimum has been reached. >
The Moderating Role of Hardiness and Social Support in the Relation Between Job Stressors and Well-Being. A Lesson From a Clerical Women Sample

The study concerns the moderating role of two variables—hardiness and social support—in the relation between job stressors and well-being. It was checked if there is a connection between hardiness and social support, and if these variables are directly related to the level of well-being. It was also hypothesized that hardiness and social support buffer the negative influence of stressors on well-being. The fact that social support and well-being are multidimensional variables was taken into account. The cross-sectional study was conducted on a group of 200 women employed as office workers. The results showed that hardiness correlates with the indexes of emotional support as well as practical support coming from supervisors. The connection, however, was not strong. Hardiness and social support were directly connected with the level of well-being. Interaction of these two independent variables played a marginal role. As far as the buffering role of these variables was concerned, the results have shown that hardiness did not play a buffering role and social support did to a limited degree only. The results of the study proved that it is justifiable to treat social support and well-being as multidimensional variables.
US National Trends in Mortality From Acute Myocardial Infarction and Heart Failure: Policy Success or Failure?

Importance Hospitals in the United States have been subject to mandatory public reporting of mortality rates for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and heart failure (HF) since 2007 and to value-based payment programs for these conditions since 2011. However, whether hospitals with initially poor baseline performance have improved relative to other hospitals under these programs, and whether patterns of improvement differ by condition, is unknown. Understanding trends within public reporting and value-based payment can inform future efforts in these areas. Objective To examine patterns in 30-day mortality from AMI and HF and determine whether they differ for baseline poor performers (worst quartile in 2009 and 2010 in public reporting, prior to value-based payment) compared with other hospitals. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cross-sectional study at US acute care hospitals from 2009 to 2015 that included 2751 and 3796 hospitals with publicly reported mortality data for AMI and HF, respectively. Exposures Public reporting and value-based purchasing. Main Outcomes and Measures Hospital-level risk-adjusted 30-day mortality rates. Results We identified 422 and 600 baseline poor-performing hospitals for AMI and HF, respectively. Baseline poor performers for AMI were more often public and for-profit and less often teaching hospitals. Baseline poor performers for HF were less often large hospitals. For AMI, 30-day mortality among baseline poor performers was higher at baseline but improved more over time compared with other hospitals (18.6% in 2009 to 14.6% in 2015; −0.74% per year; P < .001 vs 15.7% in 2009 to 14.0% in 2015; −0.26% per year; P < .001; P for interaction <.001). In contrast, for HF, baseline poor performers improved over time (13.5%-13.0%; −0.12% per year; P < .001), but mean mortality among all other HF hospitals increased during the study period (10.9%-12.0%; 0.17% per year; P < .001; P for interaction, <.001). Conclusions and Relevance Despite being subject to identical policy pressures, mortality trends for AMI and HF differed markedly between 2009 and 2015.
Associations of maternal obesity and smoking status with perinatal outcomes

Abstract Maternal obesity and smoking are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. These prevalent conditions contribute to health disparities. In this study, we examine whether maternal BMI moderates the impact of smoking cessation on short-term perinatal outcomes. This is a secondary analysis of assessments conducted from several prospective clinical trials examining the efficacy of incentives to promote smoking cessation during pregnancy. Participants were randomly assigned to receive financial incentives contingent upon smoking abstinence or a control condition. Pregnancy outcomes were abstracted from the medical record. ANCOVA and multiple logistic regression were used for statistical analysis. Among 388 women, there was a significant interaction between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and smoking status on gestational age at delivery (p = .03) and admission to the NICU (p = .04). Among underweight/normal weight gravidas, smoking resulted in earlier deliveries and a greater likelihood of NICU admission than in those who abstained. Among overweight/obese gravidas, there was no effect of smoking on gestational age at delivery and infants of smokers were less likely to be admitted to the NICU. Maternal obesity and smoking have significant individual effects on perinatal outcome. Maternal overweight/obesity appears to moderate the effect of smoking on gestational age at delivery and on NICU admissions.
International Journal of Biological & Medical Research Morphology and Morphometry of Acetabulum Original Article

Environment play an important role in the development of human beings. It was thought that the change in the environment might have lead to some kind of change in parameters of the bony component of the hip joint, as well as acetabulum. Anterior acetabular ridges , Diameter of the acetabulum and depth of acetabulum are important in the surgical treatment of acetabular fractures and total hip arthroplasty also understanding the rarity of primary osteoarthritis. This study is value to the forensic experts, orthopaedicians and prosthetics as it gives the dimensions of acetabulum. Objective of this study is to determine the relationship between acetabular depth and its diameter. The study was conducted in the department of the anatomy, Government medical college Bhavnagar in Gujarat. 100 Dry Hip bone of adult human being was taken and data of diameter and depth of acetabulum taken by digital sliding verniar caliper and sensitive compass. Correlation between morphometrical parameter where analyzed using Pearson's test <1 was the significant level.Regarding the anterior acetabular ridge shape majority was curved (61%), Straight (20%), and Irregular (19%). Mean value for acetabular depth and diameter were 26.16 + 7.69mm and 49.23 + 7.91. This data is helpful in hip arthroplasty, treatment of hip joint fractures, diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia also in forensic medicine, orthopadician.
Safety and Efficacy of Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Patients With Previously Treated Advanced Gastric and Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer: Phase 2 Clinical KEYNOTE-059 Trial

Importance Therapeutic options are needed for patients with advanced gastric cancer whose disease has progressed after 2 or more lines of therapy. Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab in a cohort of patients with previously treated gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer. Design, Setting, and Participants In the phase 2, global, open-label, single-arm, multicohort KEYNOTE-059 study, 259 patients in 16 countries were enrolled in a cohort between March 2, 2015, and May 26, 2016. Median (range) follow-up was 5.8 (0.5-21.6) months. Intervention Patients received pembrolizumab, 200 mg, intravenously every 3 weeks until disease progression, investigator or patient decision to withdraw, or unacceptable toxic effects. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary end points were objective response rate and safety. Objective response rate was assessed by central radiologic review per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1, in all patients and those with programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1)–positive tumors. Expression of PD-L1 was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Secondary end points included response duration. Results Of 259 patients enrolled, most were male (198 [76.4%]) and white (200 [77.2%]); median (range) age was 62 (24-89) years. Objective response rate was 11.6% (95% CI, 8.0%-16.1%; 30 of 259 patients), with complete response in 2.3% (95% CI, 0.9%-5.0%; 6 of 259 patients). Median (range) response duration was 8.4 (1.6+ to 17.3+) months (+ indicates that patients had no progressive disease at their last assessment). Objective response rate and median (range) response duration were 15.5% (95% CI, 10.1%-22.4%; 23 of 148 patients) and 16.3 (1.6+ to 17.3+) months and 6.4% (95% CI, 2.6%-12.8%; 7 of 109 patients) and 6.9 (2.4 to 7.0+) months in patients with PD-L1–positive and PD-L1–negative tumors, respectively. Forty-six patients (17.8%) experienced 1 or more grade 3 to 5 treatment-related adverse events. Two patients (0.8%) discontinued because of treatment-related adverse events, and 2 deaths were considered related to treatment. Conclusions and Relevance Pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated promising activity and manageable safety in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer who had previously received at least 2 lines of treatment. Durable responses were observed in patients with PD-L1–positive and PD-L1–negative tumors. Further study of pembrolizumab for this group of patients is warranted. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02335411
Application of mine water leaching protocol on coal fly ash to assess leaching characteristics for suitability as a mine backfill material

ABSTRACT Over the years, coal mining in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa has negatively affected the environment by causing pollution of water resources, land subsidence and spontaneous coal combustion. Previous studies show that in-situ treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) using coal fly ash (CFA) from local power stations was possible and sludge recovered out of such treatment can be used to backfill mines. In this article, the authors have attempted to understand the leaching characteristics of CFA when placed underground as a backfill material using the mine water leaching protocol (MWLP). The results show that the migration of contaminants between the coal fly ash and the AMD in the mine voids depends on the pH and quality of the mine water. While backfilling mine voids with CFA can neutralize and scavenge between 50% and 95% of certain environmentally sensitive elements from AMD such as Fe, Al, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co and Mn. At this moment, it is also important to point out that certain scavenged/removed contaminants from the AMD during initial phases of backfilling can be remobilized by the influx of acidic water into the mine voids. It has therefore been concluded that, while CFA can be used to backfill mine voids, the influx of fresh acidic mine water should be avoided to minimize the remobilization of trapped contaminants such as Fe, Al, Mn and As. However, the pozzolanic material resulting from the CFA-AMD interaction could prevent such influx.
STUDIES ON THE SEVERITY AND EXTENT OF CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS UTILIZING COMPUTER-ASSISTED QUANTIFICATION OF CORONARY ANGIOGRAMS With special reference to diabetes mellitus

Background. Studies have shown contradictory results with regard to the severity and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the diabetic population. Despite this, common clinical opinion suggests that diabetic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have an extensive and diffuse type of disease affecting particularly the distal parts of the coronary vessels. This view may raise the threshold for invasive examinations and worsen possibilities for early detection of CAD. However, early enough treatment of CAD with coronary artery bypass surgery or with percutaneous coronary interventions is extremely important for diabetic patients who are at high risk for adverse outcome or even death after their first acute coronary event such as myocardial infarction. Aims. The present studies were undertaken to discover whether a) the angiographic severity and extent of CAD differ quantitatively between type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic, and type 1 diabetic and nondiabetic patients undergoing clinically indicated coronary angiography, and b) to investigate risk factors that may be related to the anatomical distribution of CAD in diabetic patients and in subjects from high-risk families. Subjects. The study population in Studies I and II comprised 57 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients undergoing clinically indicated elective coronary angiography at Helsinki University Central Hospital between September 1989 and February 1992. Each patient had type 2 diabetes fulfilling the World Health Organization 1980 criteria and, by coronary angiogram, at least one > 50% severe stenosis. A corresponding number of nondiabetic CAD patients were individually matched with type 2 diabetes patients by sex, age, and body mass index. Study III comprised 46 men in the diabetic and 42 men in the nondiabetic group. For Study IV, patients with type 1 diabetes who underwent cardiac catheterization for symptoms of CAD at the Helsinki University Central Hospital between 1982 and 1997 were identified. All the 72 patients had previously diagnosed diabetes fulfilling the World Health Organization 1980 criteria for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nondiabetic controls from the same population were matched individually with the diabetic patients for sex, age, date of angiography, and serum creatinine value. Study V comprised 51 asymptomatic members of high-risk families identified at Kuopio University Hospital that were siblings of patients with premature severe CAD. Methods. Third-generation quantitative coronary angiography software were used in the analysis of coronary angiograms. We created a novel computer-assisted quantitative coronary angiography-based scoring system for evaluation of the severity and extent of CAD. These indices of
Analysis of electrical tree inception in silicone gels

This work assesses the initial and crucial part of electrical treeing degradation, the inception stage, focusing on its dependence on applied voltage waveform and frequency. Tests have been performed on needle-plane configuration samples in solids and gels. A physical model has been formulated through an adaptation of an established theory for solids in which electrical tree inception is related to damage-producing injection currents. The voltage rise time appeared to be the most important parameter influencing the tree inception in the gel, while in the solid material the frequency is more relevant. The analysis leads to the conclusion that tree inception in gels is due to a single high-energy event, in contrast to what is commonly known for solids where damage accumulation takes place. A tree inception model is proposed for the gel, in which initiation is driven by a pressure wave generated by the electric field and the space charge injected into the sample. The model fits the experimental data and may be used to predict the tree initiation for different waveforms and voltage values.
Job Crafting Towards Strengths and Interests: The Effects of a Job Crafting Intervention on Person–Job Fit and the Role of Age

We introduce 2 novel types of job crafting—crafting toward strengths and crafting toward interests—that aim to improve the fit between one’s job and personal strengths and interests. Based on Berg, Dutton, and Wrzesniewski (2013), we hypothesized that participating in a job crafting intervention aimed at adjusting the job to personal strengths and interests leads to higher levels of job crafting, which in turn will promote person–job fit. Moreover, we hypothesized that this indirect effect would be stronger for older workers compared with younger workers. Results of an experimental field study indicated that participating in the job crafting intervention leads to strengths crafting, but only among older workers. Strengths crafting was, in turn, positively associated with demands–abilities and needs–supplies fit. Unexpectedly, participating in the job crafting intervention did not influence job crafting toward interests and had a negative effect on crafting toward strengths among younger workers. However, our findings suggest that some types of job crafting interventions can indeed be an effective tool for increasing person–job fit of older workers.
Missed Opportunities: Poor Linkage into Ongoing Care for HIV-Positive Pregnant Women in Mwanza, Tanzania

Background Global coverage of prevention of mother-to-child (PMTCT) services reached 53% in 2009. However the number of pregnant women who test positive for HIV in antenatal clinics and who link into long-term HIV care is not known in many resource-poor countries. We measured the proportion of HIV-positive pregnant women in Mwanza city, Tanzania, who completed the cascade of care from antenatal HIV diagnosis to assessment and engagement in care in adult HIV clinics. Methods Thirty antenatal and maternity ward health workers were interviewed about PMTCT activities. Nine antenatal HIV education sessions were observed. A prospective cohort of 403 HIV-positive women was enrolled by specially-trained clinicians and nurses on admission to delivery and followed for four months post-partum. Information was collected on referral and attendance at adult HIV clinics, eligibility for highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and reasons for lack of attendance. Results Overall, 70% of PMTCT health workers referred HIV-positive pregnant women to the HIV clinic for assessment and care. Antenatal HIV education sessions did not cover on-going care for HIV-infected women. Of 310 cohort participants tested in pregnancy, 51% had received an HIV clinic referral pre-delivery. Only 32% of 244 women followed to four months post-partum had attended an HIV clinic and been assessed for HAART eligibility. Non-attendance for HIV care was independently associated with fewer antenatal visits, poor PMTCT prophylaxis compliance, non-disclosure of HIV status, and non-Sukuma ethnicity. Conclusion Most women identified as HIV-positive during pregnancy were not assessed for HAART eligibility during pregnancy or in the first four months post-partum. Initiating HAART at the antenatal clinic, improved counselling and linkages to care between PMTCT and adult HIV treatment services and reducing stigma surrounding disclosure of HIV results would benefit on-going care of HIV-positive pregnant women.
Patterns of Sedentary Behaviour in Female Office Workers

Background Prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with poor health outcomes. Office workers often engage in excessive sedentary behaviour, however limited research reports on how this sedentary behaviour is accumulated. This study examines objectively measured patterns of prolonged sedentary behaviour in female office workers during weekdays and weekend days and across time of day. Methods Full time female office workers from a Scottish University participated (N = 27 mean age 43.0 ± 11.5 yrs; BMI 25.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2). Participants wore an activPAL™ for 7 days and completed a diary of waking and working hours. Average week and weekend time sitting, standing and stepping was calculated and also expressed as a proportion of waking day. Average week and weekend daily step count and sit to stand transitions were calculated. Continuous bouts of sedentary behaviour were categorised as: 20–40, 40–60 and > 60 minutes and compared between week and weekend days and across time of day. Results Average weekday sitting time and proportion was higher (P < 0.05) than weekend days [9.1 hrs (66%) vs 8.1 hrs (56%)]. Time and proportion spent standing was higher (P < 0.01) at weekends than weekdays [4.6 hrs (32%) vs 3.8 hrs (27%)]. Time spent stepping [weekday 1.8 hrs (12%) vs weekend 1.7 hrs (12%)] and total daily step count (weekday 8903 vs weekend day 8014) were not significanlty different (P > 0.05) on weekdays vs weekend days. The pattern of sedentary behaviour bouts was different between week and weekend days. Week days were dominated by a consistent pattern of shorter (20–40 mins) sedentary behaviour bouts. The longest continuous sedentary behaviour bouts occurred in the evening, particularly at weekends. Conclusions In office workers the most prolonged sedentary behaviour occurred in the evening, particularly at weekends. Interventions need to target these highly saturated periods of sedentary behaviour.
Comparing Methods to Determine Persistence of Childhood ADHD Into Adulthood: A Prospective, Population-Based Study

Objective: To compare the rate of persistence of ADHD into adulthood as determined by a norm-referenced versus non-norm-referenced diagnostic interview, and by standardized questionnaires. Method: Adults from a birth cohort, including research-identified childhood ADHD cases (N = 232; Mage = 27.0 years; 167 males, 65 females) and controls (N = 335; Mage = 28.6 years; 210 males, 125 females), were administered the M.I. N.I. International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Murphy–Barkley Symptoms Checklist (MB), and the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) Results: Among the childhood ADHD cases, 29.3% fulfilled criteria for adult ADHD using a norm-referenced approach to M.I. N.I. scoring, versus 13.8% using published M.I. N.I. criteria. Among participants meeting norm-referenced diagnostic criteria, 41.8% and 69.1% were classified as adult ADHD using the MB and WURS, respectively. Conclusion: A non-norm-referenced approach resulted in a significant underestimate of the rate of adult ADHD. Reliance on either of two adult ADHD questionnaires would have further reduced this estimate.