Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Tests Collide: Evaluating and Coping with the Impact of Test Dependence

In a test suite, all the test cases should be independent: no test should affect any other test’s result, and running the tests in any order should produce the same test results. The assumption of test independence is important so that tests behave consistently as designed. In addition, many downstream testing techniques, including test prioritization, test selection, and test parallelization, assume test independence. However, this critical assumption often does not hold in practice. This paper empirically investigates the impact of test dependence on three downstream testing techniques (test prioritization, selection, and parallelization) and proposes a general approach to cope with such impact. It presents two sets of results. First, we describe an empirical study to assess the impact of test dependence on 4 test prioritization, 6 test selection, and 2 test parallelization algorithms. Test dependence negatively affects the results of all these downstream testing algorithms. For example, an automatically-generated test suite for the XML-Security program contains 665 tests, and 111 of those tests yield a different test result (success vs. fail) if the suite is parallelized to run on 16 CPUs. Second, we present an approach that enhances each test prioritization, selection, and parallelization algorithm to respect test dependence, so that each test in a suite yields the same result before and after applying the downstream testing technique. In an experimental evaluation, the enhanced testing algorithms worked as intended: the test results were consistent even in the presence of test dependence, and they did not substantially compromise the effectiveness of the original testing algorithms.
Human fronto–mesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation

Humans often sacrifice material benefits to endorse or to oppose societal causes based on moral beliefs. Charitable donation behavior, which has been the target of recent experimental economics studies, is an outstanding contemporary manifestation of this ability. Yet the neural bases of this unique aspect of human altruism, which extends beyond interpersonal interactions, remain obscure. In this article, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants anonymously donated to or opposed real charitable organizations related to major societal causes. We show that the mesolimbic reward system is engaged by donations in the same way as when monetary rewards are obtained. Furthermore, medial orbitofrontal–subgenual and lateral orbitofrontal areas, which also play key roles in more primitive mechanisms of social attachment and aversion, specifically mediate decisions to donate or to oppose societal causes. Remarkably, more anterior sectors of the prefrontal cortex are distinctively recruited when altruistic choices prevail over selfish material interests.
A comparative study of gender difference in reaction time in response to exam stress among first-year medical students

Background: Different studies conducted worldwide among medical students have reported the prevalence of stress ranging from 27% to 73%. Exam stress acts as an acute stressor which affects cognitive functions. It is found that the exam stress elicits elevated activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and increased release of cortisol. Aims and Objective: The study was planned to investigate gender difference in perceptions of exam stress and reactions to it among first-year medical students. Choice reaction time (CRT) was used to evaluate the cognitive performance of students during stress-free and stress (exam) conditions. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted on 60 healthy first year MBBS students (30 boys and 30 girls) between the age group of 18 and 20 years. Digital reaction time was used. Randomly occurring visual and auditory CRT tasks were presented to students. First set of readings was taken during stress-free period, and the second and third sets were taken 20 min before first and second terminal practical examination, respectively. Results: The readings were analyzed by unpaired Student’s t-test. Results showed that visual and auditory reaction times were increased in both boys and girls with statistically significant difference between boys and girls in stress (exam) condition, but no difference during stress-free condition. Conclusion: The observation shows that girls tend to perceive more stress than boys which might affect the cognitive functions more, as slower reaction time was observed in girls than boys when they were exposed to stress.
Some New Delay Integral Inequalities On Time Scales Arising In The Theory Of Dynamic Equations

In this paper, some new types of delay integral inequalities on time scales are established, which can be used as a handy tool in the investigation of making estimates for bounds of solutions of delay dynamic equations on time scales. Our results generalize the main results in [15, 16, 17], and some of the results in [18, 19]. Key–Words: Delay integral inequality; Time scale; Integral equation; Differential equation; Dynamic equation; Bounded
Cholesterol Accumulation by Macrophages Impairs Phagosome Maturation*

Macrophages are key to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. They take up and store excessive amounts of cholesterol associated with modified low density lipoprotein, eventually becoming foam cells that display altered immune responsiveness. We studied the effects of cholesterol accumulation on phagosome formation and maturation, using lipid transport antagonists and cholesterol transport-deficient mutants. In macrophages treated with U18666A, a transport antagonist that prevents cholesterol exit from late endosomes/lysosomes, the early stages of maturation proceeded normally; phagosomes acquired Rab5, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, and EEA1 and merged with LAMP-containing vesicles. However, fusion with lysosomes was impaired. Rab7, which is required for phagolysosome formation, was acquired by phagosomes but remained inactive. Maturation was also studied in fibroblasts from Niemann-Pick type C individuals that have defective cholesterol transport. Transfection of FcγIIA receptors was used to confer phagocytic capability to these fibroblasts. Niemann-Pick type C phagosomes failed to fuse with lysosomes, whereas wild type fibroblasts formed normal phagolysosomes. These findings indicate that cholesterol accumulation can have a detrimental effect on phagosome maturation by impairing the activation of Rab7, sequestering it and its effectors in cholesterol-enriched multilamellar compartments.
Clusters of Galaxies in the First Half of the Universe from the IRAC Shallow Survey

We have identified 335 galaxy cluster and group candidates, 106 of which are at z > 1, using a 4.5 μm-selected sample of objects from a 7.25 deg2 region in the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) Shallow Survey. Clusters were identified as three-dimensional overdensities using a wavelet algorithm, based on photometric redshift probability distributions derived from IRAC and NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey data. We estimate only ~10% of the detections are spurious. To date 12 of the z > 1 candidates have been confirmed spectroscopically, at redshifts from 1.06 to 1.41. Velocity dispersions of ~750 km s−1 for two of these argue for total cluster masses well above 1014 M☉, as does the mass estimated from the rest-frame near-infrared stellar luminosity. Although not selected to contain a red sequence, some evidence for red sequences is present in the spectroscopically confirmed clusters, and brighter galaxies are systematically redder than the mean galaxy color in clusters at all redshifts. The mean I − [ 3.6] color for cluster galaxies up to z ∼ 1 is well matched by a passively evolving model in which stars are formed in a 0.1 Gyr burst starting at redshift zf = 3. At z > 1, a wider range of formation histories is needed, but higher formation redshifts (i.e., zf > 3) are favored for most clusters.
The Son of the Hawk Does Not Remain Abroad: The Urban–Rural Connection in Africa

Abstract: Most rural–urban migrants maintain significant ties with their communities of origin in Africa south of the Sahara. Contrary to “modernist” assumptions that these ties would fade away, they often continue to be strong. This urban–rural connection has important consequences for rural–urban migration, for urban–rural return migration, for the rural economy, and for the political process. To understand the processes underpinning the urban–rural connection we need to distinguish different migration strategies and to deconstruct the notion of “rural. ” Depending on their migration strategies, urban residents connect with a range of actors at the rural end: more or less closely related kin, kinship groups, non-kin groups, villages, larger political entities. These connections play out differently for men and women.
Soluble and cell wall peroxidases in reed canarygrass in relation to disease resistance and localized lignin formation.

The relationship of peroxidases to an inducible disease-resistance mechanism involving lignification of leaf epidermal cell walls was studied. Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) leaf discs were inoculated with Helminthosporium avenae Eidam and floated on water. In inoculated discs, the activity of soluble, ionic wall-bound and covalent wall-bound peroxidases was about twice the level of activity in noninoculated discs. The increase was attributable to increases in activity of three cathodic isoperoxidases and to the appearance of a new cathodic isoperoxidase. Peroxidase activity in cryostat microtome sections of inoculated discs was histochemically localized in the wall near the site of attempted penetration. When inoculated discs were floated on solutions of cycloheximide (25 mug/ml), increases in peroxidase activity were inhibited, and the fungus penetrated the tissue. The inhibition of peroxidase activity was related to inhibition of cathodic isoperoxidase activity. Anodic isoperoxidase activity did not show changes in response to inoculation or cycloheximide treatment.It was suggested that the resistance mechanism in P. arundinacea involves an induction of cathodic isoperoxidases in challenged tissue. These peroxidases may function in the biosynthesis of lignin at the site of attempted penetration.
Combating Fraud in Online Social Networks: Characterizing and Detecting Facebook Like Farms

As businesses increasingly rely on social networking sites to engage with their customers, it is crucial to understand and counter reputation manipulation activities, including fraudulently boosting the number of Facebook page likes using so-called like farms. Thus, social network operators have started to deploy various fraud detection algorithms such as graph clustering methods, however, with limited efficacy. In fact, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of existing graph-based fraud detection algorithms for detecting like farm accounts. Our results show that more sophisticated and stealthy farms can successfully evade detection by spreading likes over longer timespans and by liking many popular pages to mimic normal users. Next, we analyze a wide range of features extracted from users' timeline posts, which we group into two main classes: lexical and interaction-based. We find that like farm accounts tend to more often re-share content, use fewer words and poorer vocabulary, target fewer topics, and generate more (often duplicate) comments and likes compared to normal users. Using these timeline-based features, we experiment with machine learning algorithms to detect like farms accounts, obtaining appreciably high accuracy (as high as 99% precision and 97% recall).
Short-term haemodynamic evolution and late follow-up of post-infarct patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing a physical training programme.

The aims of this study were to investigate the short-term haemodynamic changes occurring in post-infarct patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing a physical training programme and the prognostic implications of such changes. Ninety-five male patients with no evidence of congestive heart failure, consecutively admitted for exercise testing with haemodynamic monitoring in the supine position, in whom exercise pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (PAdP) exceeded 20 mmHg were enrolled in an in-hospital one-month physical training programme. After training all patients' exercise capacity increased by 24% (P less than 0.001) with no change of PAdP. At matched work load, heart rate decreased (126 +/- 21 vs 120 +/- 19 bt min-1, P less than 0.05) as did PAdP (27 +/- 5 vs 25 +/- 6 mmHg, P less than 0.05) and A-VO2 difference increased (9.5 +/- 1.7 vs 10 +/- 1.6 ml%, P less than 0.01). Similar results were observed in a subset of patients with exercise PAdP greater than 30 mmHg (30 patients). In 11 patients with inadequate cardiac output neither heart rate nor PAdP decreased after training and a disproportionate increase in blood pressure was noted. Clinical follow-up ranged from 1 to 8 years (62 +/- 32 months). Seven deaths, 12 reinfarctions and 14 coronary artery bypass graftings occurred. The modifications, after training in work capacity, heart rate and PAdP, were not predictive of events. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Food insecurity among Dutch food bank recipients: a cross-sectional study

Objective To determine the prevalence of (very) low food security among Dutch food bank recipients, and to identify potential demographic, lifestyle and nutrition-related factors associated with (very) low food security. Setting 11 of 135 Dutch food banks were selected throughout the Netherlands. Participants 251 Dutch food bank recipients participated in the study (93 men and 158 women). Inclusion criteria for participation were: (1) at least 18 years of age, (2) sufficiently fluent in Dutch to participate in oral and written interviews, (3) recipient of a Dutch food bank for at least 1 month and (4) collect own food parcel at the food bank. A single member per household was included. Primary outcome Level of food security. Results The prevalence of food insecurity was 72.9% (N=183), of which 40.4% (N=74) reported very low food security. Of the very low food secure participants, 56.8% (N=42) reported they were ever hungry but did not eat because they could not afford enough food in the previous 3 months. Adjusted multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that households without children were less likely to experience low food security (OR 0.39 (95% CI 0.18 to 0.88)) and men (OR 0.24 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.51)) were less likely to experience very low food security, while low-educated recipients (OR 5.05 (95% CI 1.37 to 18.61)) were more likely to experience very low food security. Furthermore, recipients with high satisfaction with overall food intake (OR 0.46 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.78)), high perceived healthiness of overall food intake (OR 0.34 (95% CI 0.19 to 0.62)) or high self-efficacy of eating healthy (OR 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 to 0.96)) were less likely to experience very low food security. Conclusions Our study showed high prevalence rates of food insecurity among Dutch food bank recipients, and identified subgroups at increased risk of food insecurity. More research is urgently needed on the underlying determinants of food insecurity and the effectiveness of food assistance by food banks.
Effects of buspirone in the geller‐seifter conflict test with incremental shock

The novel anxiolytic buspirone has weak or inconsistent activity in most of the animal models commonly used to identify anxiolytics. Among the six published studies of the effects of buspirone on punished level‐pressing in the rat, only one reported a clear effect (at two doses), and the peak effect was half that of diazepam. In the present study, in which rats responded for food in Geller‐Seifter conflict procedure with incremental shock, five factors were examined for influence on the effects of buspirone upon punished lever‐pressing: (1) fixed‐ratio 10 vs. fixed ratio 1 in the punishment portion of the multiple schedule, (2) drug‐naive vs. drug‐experienced rats, (3) albino vs. hooded rats, (4) SC vs. PO injection, and (5) time course up to 2 hr. The benzodiazepine chlordiazepoxide robustly increased responding punished by foot‐shock, but under none of the conditions did buspirone produce more than a small, inconsistent increase. Punished level‐pressing in the rat appears not to be an adequate method for identifying buspirone‐like anxiolytics.
SEPARATION OF THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS IN EAST AFRICAN PARTURIENTS

SEPARATION of the symphysis pubis is met infrequently and this is reflected in the varieties of treatment and the scarcity of the literature on the subject. This series of eighteen cases was collected from a total of 4,500 deliveries among African patients in Nairobi, Kenya. These people are Bantu or Bantu-Nilotic in origin and have a pelvis similar to the Bantu of Uganda, i.e., a generally contracted pelvis (Sibthorpe and Allbrook, 1958). The Table shows that relative cephalo-pelvic disproportion was probably the factor causing trauma in most of these cases. Pelvimetry was not possible and disproportion was assessed by the amount of moulding of the foetal skull at delivery. In this series only four separations occurred during operative delivery. Thirteen occurred with spontaneous vaginal delivery and were caused by an expansile wedge force rather than a tractile “pull”. Age, parity and concurrent disease bore no demonstrable relationship to the incidence. All these patients subsisted on a poor diet, low in protein, and this may have been a contributory factor. Using Callaghan’s (1953) classification, i.e., counting only those cases with symptoms without reference to X-ray findings and including spontaneous, traumatic and antenatal cases, the incidence in Africans in Nairobi was 1 in 250. Patients were diagnosed as having separation of the symphysis pubis if they complained of the appropriate symptoms and the described signs were found on examination. The most common symptoms were difficulty in walking and severe pain over the symphysis even when lying at rest.
The Impact of a Self-Efficacy Intervention on Short-Term Breast-Feeding Outcomes

Maternal self-efficacy for breast-feeding may contribute to success in breast-feeding. This study aimed to increase breast-feeding self-efficacy and actual breast-feeding through an intervention based on Bandura's self-efficacy theory. A total of 90 pregnant women participated in the study. The women who were assigned to a breast-feeding self-efficacy intervention showed significantly greater increases in breast-feeding self-efficacy than did the women in the control group. Furthermore, at 4 weeks postpartum, women in the intervention group showed a trend toward breast-feeding their infants longer and more exclusively than did those in the control group. Greater increases in breast-feeding self-efficacy were associated with a significantly higher level of breast-feeding. Replicating previous research, breast-feeding self-efficacy was significantly related to concurrent breast-feeding behavior, and high antenatal breast-feeding self-efficacy predicted a higher level of later breast-feeding in control-group women. These findings have implications for breast-feeding support programs and for the potential general utility of self-efficacy-based interventions in health education.
Understanding Responses to Moral Dilemmas : Deontological Inclinations, Utilitarian Inclinations, and General Action Tendencies

For centuries, societies have wrestled with the question of how to balance the rights of the individual versus the greater good (see Forgas, Jussim, & Van Lange, this volume); is it acceptable to ignore a person’s rights in order to increase the overall well-being of a larger number of people? The contentious nature of this issue is reflected in many contemporary examples, including debates about whether it is legitimate to cause harm in order to protect societies against threats (e.g., shooting an abducted passenger plane to prevent a terrorist attack) and whether it is acceptable to refuse life-saving support for some people in order to protect the well-being of many others (e.g., refusing the return of American citizens who became infected with Ebola in Africa for treatment in the US). These issues have captured the attention of social scientists, politicians, philosophers, lawmakers, and citizens alike, partly because they involve a conflict between two moral principles. The first principle, often associated with the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the irrevocable universality of rights and duties. According to the principle of deontology, the moral status of an action is derived from its consistency with context-independent norms (norm-based morality). From this perspective, violations of moral norms are unacceptable irrespective of the anticipated outcomes (e.g., shooting an abducted passenger plane is always immoral because it violates the moral norm not to kill others). The second principle, often associated with the moral philosophy of John Stuart Mill, emphasizes the greater good. According to the principle of utilitarianism, the moral status of an action depends on its outcomes, more specifically its consequences for overall well-being (outcome-based morality). From this perspective, violations of moral norms can be acceptable if they increase 6
Yeast KRE genes provide evidence for a pathway of cell wall beta-glucan assembly

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae KRE1 gene encodes a Ser/Thr-rich protein, that is directed into the yeast secretory pathway, where it is highly modified, probably through addition of O-linked mannose residues. Gene disruption of the KRE1 locus leads to a 40% reduced level of cell wall (1----6)-beta-glucan. Structural analysis of the (1----6)-beta-glucan fraction, isolated from a strain with a krel disruption mutation, showed that it had an altered structure with a smaller average polymer size. Mutations in two other loci, KRE5 and KRE6 also lead to a defect in cell wall (1----6)-beta-glucan production and appear to be epistatic to KRE1. These findings outline a possible pathway of assembly of yeast cell wall (1----6)-beta-glucan.
Firing rate and firing synchrony distinguish dynamic from steady state sound

THE role of firing-rate and firing synchrony within and between three auditory cortical areas in coding complex sounds was investigated. In cortex, steady-state sound rarely caused any difference in firing rate over the spontaneous rate, but induced greater neural synchrony within and between cortical areas than were present during silence. Dynamic changes, other than onsets, produced similar synchrony as steady-state stimulation, but the firing rates were significantly larger in each cortical area than for steady-state sound. This suggests that the firing rate signals the difference between dynamic and steady-state stimulation. Because firing rates are high for stimulus onsets, the combination of firing rate and intercortical synchrony may distinguish between dynamic and steady-state stimuli and silence.