Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When do interprofessional teams succeed? Investigating the moderating roles of team and professional identity in interprofessional effectiveness

This study investigates the role of professional identity threat and team identity as moderators of the relationship between diverse composition and the performance of interprofessional teams. Survey data from 47 interprofessional teams in a tertiary referral hospital in New South Wales, Australia demonstrates the value of social identity in understanding the performance of such teams. The first finding, that team identity moderates the relationship between diversity and team effectiveness, indicates that commitment and attraction to their team enhances members’ ability to work together cooperatively. The second finding, that threat to professional identity plays a deleterious role by moderating an inverse relationship between diversity and effectiveness, suggests that professional dissent may increase the negative effects of diversity. Finally, support for the role of interprofessional motivation in strengthening team identity and reducing identity threat provides both an additional theoretical contribution, and offers a practical strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of interprofessional teams.
Content Validity Does Matter for the Criterion-Related Validity of Personality Tests

In Murphy’s (2009) focal article, ‘‘Content Validation Is Useful for Many Things, but Validity Isn’t One of Them,’’ he focuses primarily on tests of knowledge, skills, and abilities, and whether content validity leads to criterion-related validity for such characteristics. With respect to personality testing, however, he notes that the ‘‘jury is still out over the question of whether content validity makes any real differences in contexts such as . personality tests’’ (p. 462). However, we believe that research on the frame-of-reference effect in personality testing clearly indicates that increased content validity of personality tests enhances their criterion-related validity. Several studies thus far have investigated the frame-of-reference effect in personality (e.g., Bing, Whanger, Davison, & VanHook, 2004; Lievens, DeCorte, & Schollaert, 2008; Schmit, Ryan, Stierwalt, & Powell, 1995). The fundamental idea underlying the frameof-reference effect is that contextualizing self-report personality test items to specific situations (e.g., academic, work), and thus improving their content validity, can facilitate more accurate self-presentations
Sample size for comparing negative binomial rates in noninferiority and equivalence trials with unequal follow-up times

ABSTRACT We derive the sample size formulae for comparing two negative binomial rates based on both the relative and absolute rate difference metrics in noninferiority and equivalence trials with unequal follow-up times, and establish an approximate relationship between the sample sizes required for the treatment comparison based on the two treatment effect metrics. The proposed method allows the dispersion parameter to vary by treatment groups. The accuracy of these methods is assessed by simulations. It is demonstrated that ignoring the between-subject variation in the follow-up time by setting the follow-up time for all individuals to be the mean follow-up time may greatly underestimate the required size, resulting in underpowered studies. Methods are provided for back-calculating the dispersion parameter based on the published summary results.
Motivational and Contextual Considerations Concerning the Social Projection Hypothesis

In a time with research in psychology being dominated by midlevel theorizing and a focus on moderators of established phenomena, Krueger, DiDonato, and Freestone (this issue) have done the field great service by taking an inspiring look at a puzzling paradox: In the prisoner’s dilemma (PD), many people cooperate (e.g., Sally, 1995, for meta-analytic evidence). This robust finding is insofar a paradox as from a rational and normative perspective defection should dominate cooperation in the PD because it yields a higher individual payoff regardless of the other party’s behavior. Given that in social dilemmas a person’s self-interest is incompatible with mutual or the group benefit, most theories consequently consider cooperation in the PD as a behavioral anomaly (e.g., Dawes & Messick, 2000). Several approaches have been developed with the aim to explain the surprisingly high levels of cooperation in social dilemmas and the PD in particular. Whereas the social-normative approaches focus on the role of morality, reciprocity, and benevolence in explaining the cooperative behavior, the cognitive approaches regard cooperation as an error or cognitive illusion. Krueger et al. (this issue) propose a critical review of these approaches, and after lining out their limitations they present their social projection hypothesis. According to this hypothesis people cooperate inasmuch as they believe others behave as they themselves do. The social projection hypothesis offers a compelling and integrative theoretical explanation based on the theory of evidential decision making (Rapoport, 2003) and research on social projection (Ames, 2004; Krueger, 1998). Although the hypothesis does not predict that everyone cooperates, it posits an increased outcome in social dilemmas as a function of the strength of individuals’ projection. According to Krueger et al., projection is a rational strategy that can predict people’s cooperation (but also defection) in social dilemmas. In this commentary, we set out to first discuss research from our own and other laboratories that strengthens the proposed cooperation–projection link. We then raise the question of whether projection is indeed to be considered only as a rational strategy in light of evidence indicating strategic inclinations fueling projection in cooperative contexts. This leads us to a consideration of motivational factors that may impact projection, and thus, according to the social projection hypothesis, also cooperation. We end by raising some questions regarding the implications of social projection hypothesis for repeated interactions and the role of some contextual factors that may be of relevance in explaining peoples’ projective tendencies.
Parametric Herding

A parametric version of herding is formulated. The nonlinear mapping between consecutive time slices is learned by a form of self-supervised training. The resulting dynamical system generates pseudo-samples that resemble the original data. We show how this parametric herding can be successfully used to compress a dataset consisting of binary digits. It is also verified that high compression rates translate into good prediction performance on unseen test data.
The Incidence of Victimization Experiences in a Bulimic Sample

The striking similarity between female bulimics and physically victimized women on their coping patterns, defenses, behavioral history, and affect led to the current investigation of the incidence of physical victimization experiences in an outpatient sample of 172 bulimic women. The women completed both a questionnaire and interview in which information on the incidence of four categories of physical victimization (rape, sexual molestation, physical abuse as a child, and battery) were investigated. The majority of women (66%) interviewed had been physically victimized: 23% were raped, 29% were sexually molested, 29% were physically abused, and 23% were battered. Parallels are drawn between behaviors and symptoms observed in the bulimic and patterns observed in victims of physical assault and molestation. Reasons for the underreporting of victimization experiences are discussed.
Continuous positive airway pressure therapy is associated with improvement in overactive bladder symptoms in women with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

Introduction To evaluate the impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy on overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms in women with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Material and methods One-hundred and fifty women underwent an overnight polysomnography study between May 2014 and September 2014. Their voiding symptoms were evaluated using the OAB symptom score (OABSS) and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short-Form at OSAS diagnosis and approximately 3-months after CPAP therapy. OSAS severity was assessed according to the apnea-hypopnea-index. Results We evaluated 140 women and 111 of them (79.3%) reported symptoms consistent with OAB. There were no statistically significant differences between OSAS severity with a prevalence of OAB (p = 0.92). The prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) was 35.7% (n = 50) and 39.6% (n = 44) in all patients and patients with OAB, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between UI with OAB (p = 0.58). Baseline OABSS is comparable between OSAS severity (p = 0.143). After 3-months CPAP therapy, OABSS and ICIQ-SF sum scores were significantly decreased in patients with severe and moderate OSAS (p <0.01), however, change of OABSS sum score was insignificant in patients with mild OSAS (p = 0.44). Conclusions CPAP therapy improves the OAB, OABSS and ICIQ-SF scores in women with severe and moderate OSAS. OSAS-induced OAB may be alleviated following CPAP therapy.
Public good provision under environmental and social uncertainty

Social dilemmas face people with various kinds of uncertainty. To extend earlier research on environmental uncertainty in resource dilemmas (i.e. uncertainty about the resource size), the present experiment examines the effects of Environmental Uncertainty (low, high uncertainty about the provision point) and Social Uncertainty (low, high uncertainty about others' cooperation) in a public goods dilemma. In line with Social Comparison Theory, it was predicted and found that Environmental Uncertainty decreases cooperation only under High Social Uncertainty, but not under Low Social Uncertainty. The detrimental effects of Environmental Uncertainty can be counteracted by uncertainty reducing information on the provision point and/or on others' contributions as well. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What We're Learning About Student Engagement From NSSE: Benchmarks for Effective Educational Practices

Disclosed is a blower assembly for use in dispersing heat from an image projector with minimum air flow noise by interposing a constant torque clutch formed of a dual wound spring between the blower and a motor output drive to permit the rate of rotation of the blower to vary in response to variations in air weight due to changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, and moisture content.
On σδ-Picard–Vessiot Extensions

We study the differential Galois theory of difference equations under weaker hypothesis on the field of σ-constants. This framework yields a new approach to results by C. Hardouin and M. Singer, which answers positively a question by M. Singer: under the classical hypothesis, the known results are still valid. In particular, our Galois group is isomorphic to theirs over a suitable field. We also explicitly calculate the number of connected components of the Galois group.
Morbidity and mortality amongst southern Sudanese in Koboko refugee camps, Arua District, Uganda.

OBJECTIVE To determine the causes of morbidity, mortality and assess the nutritional status of children under five years, in Koboko refugee camps, Arua District, Uganda. DESIGN Review and analysis of refugee treatment records between 1992 and 1994 from Maracha and Koboko hospitals and cross sectional nutritional survey of children under five years in camps. SETTING Between June 1992 and March 1994, an estimated 70,000 Sudanese refugees were encamped in five transit camps in Koboko county, Arua district. Koboko field hospital was immediately established and Maracha hospital designated the referral hospital for refugees. PARTICIPANTS Hospitalised refugees between 1992 and 1994 in Koboko and Maracha hospitals and children under five years in the camps formed the study populations. INTERVENTIONS Health facilities and therapeutic nutrition centres were established in the camps. Fortnightly general food distribution and therapeutic feeding programmes were instituted. Severe medical and surgical conditions were referred to Maracha hospital. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome variables considered were morbidity, mortality, case fatality rates; weight/height, weight/age and height/age. RESULTS Out of 1476 refugees hospitalised in Koboko and Maracha hospitals, 267 died giving a case fatality rate of 18%. The leading causes of morbidity were diarrhoeal diseases (26.9%), ARI (13.6%), malaria (10.2%), trauma (7.6%) and malnutrition (5.0%). The main causes of mortality were similar, that is, diarrhoeal diseases (35.9%), ARI (23.9%), anaemia (7.2%) and HIV/AIDS (6.8%). Conditions associated with high overall case fatality rates were ARI (31.3%), HIV/AIDS (30.0%) and cardiac failure (29.3%) respectively. Nearly half of the children (48.6%), H/A -2SD were stunted, over a third (36.7%), W/A -2SD were underweight and (8.5%), W/H -2SD wasted. CONCLUSION Communicable diseases are the predominant causes of morbidity and mortality during the emergency phase of encampment. Timely and effective management of communicable diseases including malnutrition and trauma are crucial to avoid high mortality amongst refugees, coupled with the provision of essential requirements and services such as water, sanitation, food, shelter and immunisation.
The child's understanding of commitment.

We investigated 5- to 10-year-old children's understanding of the conditions under which a person becomes committed to carrying out an intended action in a series of three experiments. We asked subjects to pass moral judgment on story protagonists for not carrying out an action that, if it were carried out, would have prevented a friend's misfortune. In a commitment story the protagonist agreed to act, whereas in a no-commitment story the protagonist only predicted that he would act without understanding that his friend would later rely on this action. Up to the age of 9 years children thought both protagonists equally reprehensible for not acting. By varying the no-commitment story, a developmental sequence emerged in the understanding of when failure to act need not be reprehensible. Even the youngest children did not blame the protagonist if he never had the intention to act or if he was prevented from acting by external force. By the age of 7 years, they did blame the protagonist if he kept his intention to act a secret. Although children from a very early age have the concept of commitment, the understanding of the interpersonal conditions for becoming committed develops later. The idea of committing oneself by entering into an agreement or contract or by making a promise is a very powerful concept in our society and it has been the subject of much discussion in the fields of law (Atiyah, 1981), political science, philosophy (Robins, 1984), and linguistics (Searle, 1969). It is surprising, therefore, that the concept of commitment has received such scant attention from psychology and that its development in children has scarcely been investigated. In asking about children's understanding of commitment we are asking, in effect, a broader question about young children's understanding of the moral implications of social conventions such as giving one's word. In this respect, our theoretical standpoint continues the Piagetian tradition of looking at children's moral judgments from a social-cogniti ve perspective. Indeed, the concept of commitment may illustrate the two moralities that Piaget believed to coexist during childhood (Piaget, 1932/ 1965). Understanding of the formal expression of "I promise" may exemplify the heteronomous stage, derived from respect for rules emanating from parental authority (i.e., "If you promise something you always have to do it! "), whereas a more sophisticated understanding of commitment may spring from the mutual respect and cooperation between peers in the autonomous stage.
An Examination of the Relationships Between Ego Development, Dabrowski’s Theory of Positive Disintegration, and the Behavioral Characteristics of Gifted Adolescents

Literature exploring the experiences of gifted individuals has often focused on asynchronous development, particularly during childhood and adolescence. Also discussed in the literature are the unique social, emotional, and behavioral characteristics associated with giftedness. However, there is still an unclear picture concerning the implications of this work as related to the specific counseling needs of gifted students, and little empirical support is provided. This study seeks to build, through a developmental lens, a more comprehensive base from which to design counseling and teaching approaches with gifted students. Findings indicate that the ego levels of gifted students are slightly higher than those of typical adolescents. Empirical evidence of the level of development related to Dabrowski’s theory of positive disintegration for gifted adolescents is provided, with the majority of respondents (70%) falling within Dabrowski’s Level II–Unilevel Disintegration stage. Results also indicated that the gifted students studied are relatively well adjusted and that the behaviors exhibited by gifted adolescents are normally distributed. Study results are interpreted as indicating that although ego development and Dabrowski’s theory of positive disintegration may share similarities, they are different constructs, and further investigation is needed to best use these theories in designing appropriate and effective counseling and teaching intervention strategies for working with gifted adolescents. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are presented.
Social Comparisons and Pro-social Behavior: Testing "Conditional Cooperation" in a Field Experiment

People behave pro-socially in a wide variety of situations that standard economic theory is unable to explain. Social comparison is one explanation for such pro-social behavior: people contribute if others contribute or cooperate as well. This paper tests social comparison in a field experiment at the University of Zurich. Each semester every single student has to decide whether he or she wants to contribute to two Social Funds. We provided 2500 randomly selected students with information about the average behavior of the student population. Some received the information that a high percentage of the student population contributed, while others received the information that a relatively low percentage contributed. The results show that people behave pro-socially, conditional on others. The more others cooperate, the more one is inclined to do so as well. The type of person is important. We are able to fix the i? ½typesi? ½ by looking at revealed past behavior. Some persons seem to care more about the pro-social behavior of others, while other i? ½typesi? ½ are not affected by the average behavior of the reference group.
Toward large-area sub-arcsecond x-ray telescopes

The future of x-ray astronomy depends upon development of x-ray telescopes with larger aperture areas (≈ 3 m2) and fine angular resolution (≈ 1″). Combined with the special requirements of nested grazing-incidence optics, the mass and envelope constraints of space-borne telescopes render such advances technologically and programmatically challenging. Achieving this goal will require precision fabrication, alignment, mounting, and assembly of large areas (≈ 600 m2) of lightweight (≈ 1 kg/m2 areal density) high-quality mirrors at an acceptable cost (≈ 1 M$/m2 of mirror surface area). This paper reviews relevant technological and programmatic issues, as well as possible approaches for addressing these issues—including active (in-space adjustable) alignment and figure correction.
Albert Sidney Beckham: The First African American School Psychologist

Albert Sidney Beckham was the first African American to hold the title school psychologist. This article examines the life and professional career of Beckham in the context of his contributions to the field of school psychology. It explores his graduate education, the founding of Howard University's Psychological Laboratory and his research and practice as a school psychologist at the Institute for Juvenile Research and Chicago Bureau of Child Study. While much has been written on individual contributors to the field of school psychology, there is virtually no mention of any practitioners of colour. Thus, the purpose of this article is to begin a process of inclusion by mainstreaming the work of a pioneer in the field of school psychology.
Hodgkin's disease--time for a change.

Reed–Sternberg cells and their variants have long held fascination for students of Hodgkin's disease. What are these cells, and how do they relate to the clinical manifestations of the lymphoma? Recent work indicates that they are clones of neoplastic B cells that, by secreting potent cytokines, not only cause the symptoms of Hodgkin's disease but also promote their own growth and evade immune surveillance.1 The morphologically distinctive and multinucleated Reed–Sternberg cells — classic Reed–Sternberg cells — may derive from T cells in some cases, but the weight of the evidence suggests that they usually originate from B lymphocytes in germinal .
Is Jimmy Really so Different? Learning and making-meaning in work and non-work contexts

In this paper I use a single case-study to map the transition of a young person as he moved from school into work. My purpose is to illuminate the shape and character of his learning in work and its relation to education. Not only do I authenticate the social and situated composition of his learning, but show that this was grounded as a continuing accomplishment in his unfolding experience. Out of school, Jimmy did not cease to be a learner. Indeed, the character and manner of his learning in work was not dissimilar to that which was experienced by other young people who chose to continue, directly and formally in school or college, with their training and education.
Pricing Kernel Monotonicity and Conditional Information

A large literature finds evidence that pricing kernels nonparametrically estimated from option prices and historical returns are not monotonically decreasing in market index returns. We argue that existing estimation methods are inconsistent and propose a new nonparametric estimator of the pricing kernel that reflects the information available to investors who set asset prices. In simulations, the estimator outperforms existing techniques. Our empirical estimates using SP editorial decision April 15, 2017 by Editor Andrew Karolyi.
Una didàctica del plurilingüisme

L’escola actual acull alumnat amb experiencies sociolinguistiques i competencies diverses en les diferents llengues amb que han estat en contacte. Tot i aixi, l’escola proposa l’ensenyament separat de les llengues, sense tenir molt en compte les practiques quotidianes de l’alumnat. En aquest text, es revisen algunes visions actuals del plurilinguisme, entes, d’una banda, com a capacitat de les persones de triar recursos adequats a cada situacio, i, d’altra banda, com a repertori util per fer front a problemes de comunicacio. Aixi mateix, es discuteix el paper de les practiques plurilingues en l’adquisicio de noves competencies i la necessitat que la didactica de les llengues incorpori activitats plurilingues en la programacio de l’ensenyament.