Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counter-urbanisation on the Zambian Copperbelt? Interpretations and Implications

For the past 20 years, the population of Zambia has been gradually ruralising, or de-urbanising. For a country which was once seen as emblematic of the process of African urbanisation, and was very often cited (erroneously) as being among the first in sub-Saharan Africa to have reached the stage where over half the population was urban, this is a dramatic shift. This paper has both an empirical and theoretical element. Empirically, it seeks to demonstrate the scale and pattern of the shift within Zambia through careful examination of census data which, although occasionally problematic, are generally sufficiently accurate to provide a basis for analysis. It is shown that counter-urbanisation is mainly characteristic of Copperbelt Province, but that other urban centres have also experienced a marked downturn in their growth rates. Changes in fertility and mortality rates have played a part, but the most important factor is shown to be shifts in migration patterns, with many centres clearly experiencing net out-migration, including that of some urban-born people, as a response to urban economic decline. These dynamics are also discussed theoretically in relation to longstanding debates in African urban studies about the implications of urbanisation and migration dynamics, which date back to the early days of the famous Rhodes-Livingstone Institute which was based in colonial Zambia.
A NATIONAL ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FACULTIES AT RESEARCH UNIVERSITIES

The first national and most comprehensive analysis to date of tenured and tenure track faculty in the " top 50 " departments of science and engineering disciplines shows that females and minorities are significantly underrepre-sented. • There are few tenured and tenure-track women faculty in these departments in research universities, even though a growing number of women are completing their PhDs. Qualified women are not going to science and engineering departments. In some engineering disciplines, there is a better match between the representation of females in PhD attainment versus the faculty , but these disciplines are the ones with very low percentages of females in PhD attainment. • Underrepresented minority (URM) women faculty are almost nonexistent in science and engineering departments at research universities. In the " top 50 " computer science departments, there are no Black, Hispanic, or Native American tenured or tenure track women faculty. • The percentage of women in BS attainment in science and engineering continues to increase, but they are likely to find themselves without the female faculty needed for optimal role models • There are few female full professors in science and engineering ; the percentage of women among full professors ranges from 3% to 15%. In all but one discipline surveyed, the highest percentage of female faculty is at the level of assistant professor. • In most science disciplines studied, the percentage of women among recent PhD recipients is much higher than their percentage among assistant professors, the typical rank of recently hired faculty. Even in disciplines where women outnumber men earning PhDs, the percentage of assistant professors who are White male is greater than females. For example, in the biological sciences, 44.7% of the PhDs between 1993 and 2002 were women; while in 2002, they accounted for only 30.2% of the assistant professors. In some disciplines, it is likely that a woman can get a bachelor of science without being taught by a female professor in that discipline; it is also possible for a woman to get a PhD in science or engineering without having access to a woman faculty member in her field. The data demonstrate that while the representation of females in science and engineering PhD attainment has significantly increased in recent years, the corresponding faculties are still overwhelmingly dominated by White men. There is a drastically disproportionate number of male professors as role models for male students. For example, …
On Logit Confidence Intervals for the Odds Ratio with Small Samples

Summary. Unless the true association is very strong, simple large‐sample confidence intervals for the odds ratio based on the delta method perform well even for small samples. Such intervals include the Woolf logit interval and the related Gart interval based on adding . 5 before computing the log odds ratio estimate and its standard error. The Gart interval smooths the observed counts toward the model of equiprobability, but one obtains better coverage probabilities by smoothing toward the independence model and by extending the interval in the appropriate direction when a cell count is zero.
What Mix Matters? Exploring the Relationships between Individuals' Incomes and Different Measures of their Neighbourhood Context

There is substantial interest among policy makers in both Western Europe and North America in reducing concentrations of disadvantaged households through initiatives to enhance the ‘social mix’ of neighbourhoods. However, there is little consideration or understanding with regard to which mix of household characteristics matters most in influencing the socio-economic outcomes for individual residents. This paper explores the degree to which a wide variety of 1995 neighbourhood conditions in Sweden are statistically related to earnings for all adult metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women during the 1996–99 period, controlling for a wide variety of personal characteristics. The paper finds that the extremes of the neighbourhood income distribution, operationalized by the percentages of adult males with earnings in the lowest 30th and the highest 30th percentiles, hold greater explanatory power than domains of household mix related to education, ethnicity or housing tenure. Separating the effects of having substantial shares of low and high income neighbours, it is found that it is the presence of the former that means most for the incomes of metropolitan and non-metropolitan men and women, with the largest effects for metropolitan men.
Economic analysis of the meat supply chain

Economic Analysis of the Meat Supply Chain. (May 2008) Moon-Soo Park, B.S., Chonnam National University Co-Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. H. Alan Love Dr. Yanhong H. Jin Recently, the meat supply chain has undergone a number of structural changes including increased concentration and a greater degree of quasi-vertical integration coordinated through contract procurement. The effects these changes have had on the meat supply chain, arranged as a complex array of producers, processors, distributors, and retailers, are not yet known. This study investigates the motives for, and consequences of, recent changes in the meat supply chain. The first essay examines causality among variables in the U.S. cattle supply chain using temporal and contemporaneous causality methodologies. Tests for structural changes reveal a likely structural change between later 1996 and early 1997 that was likely induced by the turnaround of the U.S. cattle inventory accompanied with severe droughts in Midwest. Results suggest that overall temporal causalities in the U.S. cattle supply chain become weaker after the structural change, though relatively strong causalities are found in pre-break periods. In contrast, strong contemporaneous causal relationships are founded in post-break periods. One conclusion is that recent structural changes in the industry are resulting in more rapid transmission of information through the supply chain. Causal evidence also suggests that the direction of information
Machine Replacement and the Business Cycle: Lumps and Bumps

This paper explores cyclical fluctuations in investment due to discrete changes in the plant's stock of capital. To do so, we focus on a machine replacement problem in which a producer decides whether to replace its entire existing stock of capital with new machinery and equipment. This decision is undertaken in a stochastic, dynamic environment which allows us to characterize the relationship between lumpy investment and the state of the aggregate economy. Our theoretical results are supplemented by numerical and empirical analyses of the dynamics of lumpy investment at the plant level and the associated aggregate implications. The dynamics are surprisingly rich since they represent the interaction between a replacement cycle, the cross sectional distribution of the age of the capital stock and the state of the aggregate economy. The empirical analysis of these dynamics is based on plant level investment data for the Longitudinal Research Database (LRD) for the 1972-91 period. Overall, we find that the frequency of lumpy investment activity is higher during periods of high economic activity and more likely the older is the capital. These empirical results are consistent with the predictions of our theoretical model. Nonetheless, the predicted path of aggregate investment that neglects the interaction of the non-flat hazard and the cross sectional distribution of the age of the capital stock tracks actual aggregate investment quite well. However, ignoring the fluctuations in the cross sectional distribution can yield predictable nontrivial errors in forecasting changes in aggregate investment in periods following large swings in aggregate investment.
Unemployment and Labour Force Participation during the Recession

The slowdown in Irish economic activity since 2008 has been accompanied by a rise in unemployment and a sharp fall in the labour force participation rate. This note uses data from the Quarterly National Household Survey to examine the fall in participation among the younger age groups and finds that the majority of those who have exited the labour force but remain in Ireland have returned to education. The note draws attention to the substantial rise in broader measures of unemployment during the recession due to increases in the number of discouraged and marginally attached workers.
The polycystic ovary. I. Clinical and histologic features.

ABSTRACT. The clinical, histologic and laboratory findings in 466 cases of surgically proven polycystic ovaries collected from the literature were reviewed and compared with the findings in our series of 39 patients. The variability of the clinical features did not support the hypothesis of an associated syndrome. The histologic studies in the present series also failed to define a consistent entity. Wedge resection resulted in improvement of menstrual function in from 6 to 93 % of cases (in our series, 58%), and in pregnancy in 13 to 95% of cases (in our series, 33%). This further illustrates the lack of homogeneity in the clinical material. It was not possible to predict the results of surgery from clinical findings or urinary steroid studies. Evidence for the occasional coexistence of a hyperadrenal state was strong.
Moral Distress in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit RNs

BACKGROUNDMoral distress is a significant problem for nurses (RNs). It has physical, emotional, and psychological sequelae and a negative impact on the quality, quantity, and cost of patient care. Moral distress leads to loss of moral integrity and job dissatisfaction and is a major cause of burnout and RNs leaving the profession. The majority of research has been carried out with RNs working in acute care, adult inpatient settings, especially critical care areas. Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) RNs confront ethically and morally challenging situations on a regular basis. There are limited data clarifying their moral distress. AIMSThe purpose of this study was to describe the moral distress of RNs working in NICUs and to identify the situations that are associated with their moral distress. RESEARCH QUESTIONSWhat are the intensity and frequency of moral distress in NICU RNs, what situations are associated with moral distress in NICU RNs, and what personal characteristics are correlated with moral distress in NICU RNs? DESIGN AND METHODSThis descriptive, correlational study was conducted with RNs in the level III NICUs of a healthcare system in the northeastern United States. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. A convenience sample of RNs completed a demographic data sheet and the Moral Distress Scale Neonatal—Pediatric Version. Data were collected during October 2008. Ninety-four of 196 eligible RNs (48%) participated in the study. FINDINGSAs a whole, the subjects did not perceive that the situations described in the instrument occurred frequently and did not cause great distress. Subjects' individual scores displayed wide variations for all dimensions of moral distress ranging from low to high, indicating that individual RNs may be experiencing moral distress.The situations receiving the highest scores are comparable with the areas that are problematic for other critical care nurses as described in the literature. In this study, 4 RN characteristics were significantly related to moral distress: the desire to leave their current position, lack of spirituality, altered approach to patient care, and considering but not leaving a previous job because of moral distress. CONCLUSIONSThe results of this study add to the understanding of the moral distress in NICU RNs. The data will provide evidence for eventual psychometric testing and factor analysis of the Moral Distress Scale Neonatal—Pediatric Version.
A comparison of national foresight exercises

This paper discusses recent trends in public‐administration‐led foresight exercises from the perspective of how the choice of objectives and scope is reflected in the methods used. In countries where successive projects have been carried out, one can observe how the evolution in methods employed, aims to increase the impact and effectiveness of foresight. Organizing the discussion in terms of objectives departs from previous approaches in the literature which mostly distinguish between different foresight exercises according to the principal methodology used.
Pharmacologic support of infants and children in septic shock.

OBJECTIVES Septic shock (SS) is a frequent cause for admission to the pediatric intensive care unit, requiring prompt recognition and intervention to improve outcome. Our aim is to review the relevant literature related to the diagnosis and management of SS and present a sequential management for its treatment. SOURCES Non-systematic review of medical literature using the MEDLINE database. Articles were selected according to their relevance to the objective and according to the authors' opinions. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS The outcome of sepsis and SS is dependent on the early recognition and implementation of time-sensitive goal-directed therapies. These include rapid aggressive fluid resuscitation followed by a well-designed pharmacotherapy. The goals of the resuscitation are the restoration of microcirculation and improved organ tissue perfusion. Clinical and laboratory markers are needed to assess the adequacy of the treatments. Altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses dictate that vasoactive agents should be adjusted to achieve the predetermined goals. In initial resuscitation with isotonic solutions (> 60 mL/kg), either crystalloid (normal saline) or colloid infusion could be used. Despite adequate fluid resuscitation, if: (a) wide pulse pressure, low blood pressure, or bounding pulses (high cardiac output, low systemic vascular resistance--SVR) are present, norepinephrine should be considered; (b) prolonged capillary refill, weak pulses, narrow pulse pressure, normotensive (low cardiac output, high SVR), dopamine, epinephrine or dobutamine should be considered. Adjunctive therapy with stress dose of corticosteroid is indicated in selected populations. CONCLUSIONS Septic shock hemodynamics is a changing process that requires frequent assessment and therapeutic adjustments.
Black-White Differences in Wealth and Asset Composition

Using data from the 1976 and 1978 National Longitudinal. Surveys of young men and young women, this study examines racial differences in the magnitude and composition of wealth and the reasons for them. On average, young black families hold 18 percent of the wealth of young white families, and hold their wealth in proportionately different forms. Even after controlling for racial differences in income and other demographic factors, as much as three-quarters of the wealth gap remains unexplained. We speculate on the causes for this, concluding that racial differences in intergenerational transfers most likely play an important role.
Clinical and pulmonary functions profiling of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease experiencing frequent acute exacerbations

Purpose: The present study aimed at clinical and pulmonary functions profiling of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to anticipate future exacerbations. Methods: The study included 80 COPD patients; 40 patients had ≥2 acute exacerbations during preceding 1 year (frequent exacerbation [FECOPD] group) and 40 patients had <2 acute exacerbations during preceding 1 year (infrequent exacerbation [I-FECOPD] group). Clinical profile, sputum microbiology, blood gas analysis, spirometric indices, and diffusion capacity (transfer test) variables were assessed. Groups’ comparison was performed using an independent t-test for numeric scale parameters and Chi-square test for nominal parameters. Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients were derived for numeric scale parameters and numeric nominal parameters, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: FECOPD group contained younger patients than in I-FECOPD group although the difference was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference between two groups regarding smoking pack-years and duration of illness. FECOPD group had significantly more expectoration score and Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scores. Cough score and wheeze score did not differ significantly between two groups. More patients in FECOPD group (12/40 vs. 4/40) had lower airway bacterial colonization. Arterial blood gas parameters were more deranged in FECOPD group. Spirometric indices (forced expiratory volume during 1st s) as well as transfer test (both diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and transfer coefficient of the lung values) were significantly reduced in FECOPD group. Conclusions: The patients in FECOPD group had clinical, spirometric, and transfer test profiling suggestive of a severe COPD phenotype, the recognition will help in predicting future exacerbations and a better management.
Singing the same song: translating HRM messages across management hierarchies in Australian hospitals

This paper reports the findings of case study research exploring the strength of the HR system in three Australian public hospitals from the perspective of senior, middle and line managers, and HR practitioners. The study explored how HRM is understood, interpreted, and operationalized across the management hierarchy. The findings suggest that the role of the CEO is crucial in providing HR legitimacy, leadership and resources that create a distinctive HR system, and in nurturing within group agreement and consensus among the senior executive team on the role of HR. In turn, senior managers need to translate consistent HR messages throughout the management hierarchy and provide lower level managers with the formal and informal direction, support and empowerment to operationalize HR strategy.
How Costly is the Sarbanes Oxley Act? Evidence on the Effects of the Act on Corporate Profitability

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) was intended to protect investors by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures. However, critics have argued that the costs of SOX far outweigh its intended benefits. Prior studies based on stock-price reactions to SOX-related events document mixed evidence on the expected impact of SOX. In contrast, we provide evidence on the net realized costs of SOX by examining its impact on operating profitability. We find that average cash flows decline by 1.3% of total assets after SOX. These costs are more significant for smaller firms, for more complex firms, and for firms with lower-growth opportunities. Annually, these costs range from $6Â million for smaller firms to $39Â million for larger firms. Further, we document that net SOX-related costs are not limited to one-time expenses associated with internal-control design and implementation. In aggregate, for the 1428 firms in our sample, these costs amount to about $19Â billion per year. Profitability is lower for up to four years post-SOX. To our knowledge, ours are the first estimates of the realized net costs imposed by SOX.
Do Exports Respond to Exchange Rate Changes? Inferences from China's Exchange Rate Reform

Political and commercial circles and the academia have contrasting views from those of academia regarding whether exports respond to exchange rate changes. We revisit the empirical evidence by using monthly data and exploiting the unexpected exchange rate reform in China as a natural experiment. A dierence-in-dierences estimation uncovers a negative and statistically signi…cant eect of a currency ap- preciation on exports: a 1% currency appreciation is found to cause total exports to fall by 1:61%. We …nd no trade de‡ection by Chinese exporters after the cur- rency appreciation, both intensive-margin and extensive-margin eects of exchange rate changes on exports, and heterogeneous eects across regions, …rms and indus- tries/products.
A Posterior Approach to Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty With Soft Tissue Repair

To determine whether repair of the posterior soft tissue structures affects dislocation rate, a comparison of the posterolateral approach with and without a posterior soft tissue repair in primary total hip arthroplasty was done. Between January 1993 and December 1998, 250 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties (220 patients) without a posterior soft tissue repair followed by 96 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasties (83 patients) with a posterior soft tissue repair in the posterolateral approach were done. With the exception of a posterior soft tissue repair, all surgical procedures were done in the same manner. A dislocation rate of 6.4% in 250 hips without a posterior soft tissue repair in the posterolateral approach was reduced to 1% in 96 hips with a posterior soft tissue repair. The results were statistically significant. The current results indicate that the posterior structures should be preserved as much as possible and repaired to reduce dislocation in the posterolateral approach.
Medical tourism and the state in Malaysia and Singapore

A striking feature of the medical tourist industry that has developed in Asia since the late 1990s is the involvement of States in supporting the private sector in marketing healthcare services to foreign patients. Malaysia and Singapore, two of the leading players in this field, have, since the 1980s, embarked on healthcare reforms, resulting in an enlarged private healthcare sector. The Singapore state, moving toward state corporatism, has advanced further in its healthcare reforms, and is therefore able to minimize the gap between government and private health services. The Malaysian state, fragmented and facing greater opposition, has not been able to advance as far in its healthcare reforms, and faces a growing gap between public and private health services. Nevertheless, both countries face a shortage of doctors in the public sector, and rising costs and user charges: problems that are exacerbated by a growing private market in healthcare to which the medical tourist industry contributes. As success.