Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on the star formation histories of galaxies from z∼ 1 to 0

We present a new method to estimate the average star formation rate per unit stellar mass (SSFR) of a stacked population of galaxies. We combine the spectra of 600-1000 galaxies with similar stellar masses and parametrize the star formation history of this stacked population using a set of exponentially declining functions. The strength of the hydrogen Balmer absorption-line series in the rest-frame wavelength range 3750-4150 A is used to constrain the SSFR by comparing with a library of models generated using the BC03 stellar population code. Our method, based on a principal component analysis, can be applied in a consistent way to spectra drawn from local galaxy surveys and from surveys at z ∼ 1, and is only weakly influenced by attenuation due to dust. We apply our method to galaxy samples drawn from Sloan Digital Sky Survey and DEEP2 to study the mass-dependent growth of galaxies from z ∼ 1 to 0. We find that (i) high-mass galaxies have lower SSFRs than low-mass galaxies and (ii) the average SSFR has decreased from z = 1 to 0 by a factor of ∼3-4, independent of galaxy mass. Additionally, at z ∼ 1, our average SSFRs are a factor of 2-2.5 lower than those derived from multiwavelength photometry using similar data sets. We then compute the average time [in units of the Hubble time, t H (z)] needed by galaxies of a given mass to form their stars at their current rate. At both z = 0 and 1, this time-scale decreases strongly with stellar mass from values close to unity for galaxies with masses ∼10 10 M ⊙ , to more than 10 for galaxies more massive than 10 11 M ⊙ . Our results are in good agreement with models in which active galactic nuclei feedback is more efficient at preventing gas from cooling and forming stars in high-mass galaxies.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TEACHER RELATED FACTORS AND MATHEMATICS TEACHERS ’ EDUCATIONAL BELIEFS ABOUT MATHEMATICS

This study investigates the extent to which: (a) mathematics teachers' educational beliefs about mathematics change upon participation in professional development, and (b) teachers' educational background and teaching experience in mathematics contribute to their educational beliefs and to the change in these beliefs. Results showed that teachers significantly improved their educational beliefs about mathematics after professional development. Multiple regression analyses revealed that mathematics teaching experience predicted self-efficacy in teaching mathematics at program onset whereas mathematics college hours predicted the change in self-efficacy in teaching mathematics. The paper discusses the implication of findings for preparation and professional development of mathematics teachers. At a time when certain measures of teacher quality are reduced to the growth of their students' learning, it is critical not to discount the educational beliefs associated with effective teaching. Several types of educational beliefs held by teachers have been identified as adaptive and associated with student success (e. however, little research has investigated the antecedents of these beliefs among practicing mathematics teachers research examining the extent to which professional development (PD) can promote these educational beliefs is scant. PD of teachers has been identified as one of the key factors of improving public education (Borko, 2004). Studies show that PD programs for teachers can improve not only teachers' knowledge and skills but also their beliefs, attitudes, and instructional practices with consideration of contextual factors such as school leadership and policy, curriculum, and characteristics of teachers and students (Desimone, 2009). The focus of this paper was to examine antecedents of teachers' self-efficacy, internal locus of control, and epistemic beliefs. Teachers' self-efficacy may be defined as the extent to which teachers believe they can successfully execute teaching-related tasks within a particular context (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001). Initial work attempting to conceptualize and operationalize teachers' self-efficacy beliefs stemmed from a theory of locus of control (Rotter, 1966). Measures informed by this theory assessed how much control teachers felt they had over student outcomes regardless of external circumstances (e.g. The relationship between teacher related factors and mathematics teachers' educational beliefs about mathematics. Smith, & Huinker, 2000). However, subsequent instruments developed to assess teachers' self-efficacy were more aligned with Bandura's (1986) definition of self-efficacy within a social-cognitive framework (Tschannen-Moran & Hoy, 2001). Thus, education researchers proposed that like other social-cognitive types of self-efficacy, teachers' self-efficacy is influenced by personal mastery experiences, vicarious experiences (observation of models), social persuasion, and physiological indicators (Schunk, Pintrich, & …
Industrial Relations Reform and Labour Market Outcomes: A Comparison of Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom

The 1980s and 1990s have seen important changes in many countries’ labour market institutions, particularly those that impinge on the determination of wages and working conditions. Nowhere has such change been more dramatic than in the three countries at the centre of discussion in this paper – Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Decentralisation of collective bargaining structures in the UK, for example, accelerated in the 1980s under the Thatcher administration. Moreover, the shift away from industry-level bargaining was accompanied by legislation designed to significantly weaken the power of trade unions. In New Zealand the decentralisation process has been even more radical. While the reform process can be traced back to the 1970s, the most significant changes occurred in one hit following the passing of the Employment Contracts Act in 1991. Under this legislation, the system of industry and occupation awards was dismantled, compulsory union membership and union preference outlawed, and scope for non-collective bargaining introduced. The process of industrial relations reform in Australia, on the other hand, has been very different. Indeed, the reform process began not with decentralisation of industrial relations structures, but with a return to a highly centralised form of wage determination, with variations in wages and conditions dependent on national wage case decisions, which in turn were directly linked to prices. Despite this, from the late 1980s on, most Australian governments pursued a reform agenda which was similar in thrust to that being pursued in both New Zealand and the UK. Unlike New Zealand and the UK, however, the reform process, at least within the federal arena, was undertaken within the ambit of the Accord process, and hence had the seal of approval of the trade union movement. The objectives of this paper are twofold. First, to describe in more detail the process of industrial relations change that has taken place in each of these three countries during the past two decades. Second, and perhaps of greater importance, to examine whether or not these changes have had any significant impact on labour market outcomes.
Supraspinal Peroxynitrite Modulates Pain Signaling by Suppressing the Endogenous Opioid Pathway

Peroxynitrite (PN, ONOO−) is a potent oxidant and nitrating agent that contributes to pain through peripheral and spinal mechanisms, but its supraspinal role is unknown. We present evidence here that PN in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is essential for descending nociceptive modulation in rats during inflammatory and neuropathic pain through PN-mediated suppression of opioid signaling. Carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia was associated with increased 3-nitrotyrosine (NT), a PN biomarker, in the RVM. Furthermore, intra-RVM microinjections of the PN decomposition catalyst Fe(III)-5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-pyridinium-4-yl)porphyrin (FeTMPyP5+) dose-dependently reversed this thermal hyperalgesia. These effects of FeTMPyP5+ were abrogated by intra-RVM naloxone, implicating potential interplay between PN and opioids. In support, we identified NT colocalization with the endogenous opioid enkephalin (ENK) in the RVM during thermal hyperalgesia, suggesting potential in situ interactions. To address the functional significance of such interactions, we exposed methionine-enkephalin (MENK) to PN and identified the major metabolite, 3-nitrotyrosine-methionine-sulfoxide (NSO)-MENK, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Next, we isolated, purified, and tested NSO-MENK for opioid receptor binding affinity and analgesic effects. Compared to MENK, this NSO-MENK metabolite lacked appreciable binding affinity for δ, μ, and κ opioid receptors. Intrathecal injection of NSO-MENK in rats did not evoke antinociception, suggesting that PN-mediated chemical modifications of ENK suppress opioid signaling. When extended to chronic pain, intra-RVM FeTMPyP5+ produced naloxone-sensitive reversal of mechanical allodynia in rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Collectively, our data reveal the central role of PN in RVM descending facilitation during inflammatory and neuropathic pain potentially through anti-opioid activity.
Integrating Speech Recognition and Machine Translation

This paper presents a set of experiments that we conducted in order to optimize the performance of an Arabic/English machine translation system on broadcast news and conversational speech data. Proper integration of speech-to-text (STT) and machine translation (MT) requires special attention to issues such as sentence boundary detection, punctuation, STT accuracy, tokenization, conversion of spoken numbers and dates to written form, optimization of MT decoding weights, and scoring. We discuss these issues, and show that a carefully tuned STT/MT integration can lead to significant translation accuracy improvements compared to simply feeding the regular STT output to a text MT system.
Measuring Digital System Latency from Sensing to Actuation at Continuous 1-ms Resolution

This paper describes a new method for measuring the end-to-end latency between sensing and actuation in a digital computing system. Compared to previous works, which generally measured the latency at 1033-ms intervals or at discrete events separated by hundreds of ms, our new method measures the latency continuously at 1-ms resolution. This allows for the observation of variations in latency over sub 1-s periods, instead of relying upon averages of measurements. We have applied our method to two systems, the first using a camera for sensing and an LCD monitor for actuation, and the second using an orientation sensor for sensing and a motor for actuation. Our results show two interesting findings. First, a cyclical variation in latency can be seen based upon the relative rates of the sensor and actuator clocks and buffer times; for the components we tested, the variation was in the range of 1550 Hz with a magnitude of 1020 ms. Second, orientation sensor error can look like a variation in latency; for the sensor we tested, the variation was in the range of 0.51. 0 Hz with a magnitude of 20100 ms. Both of these findings have implications for robotics and virtual reality systems. In particular, it is possible that the variation in apparent latency caused by orientation sensor error may have some relation to simulator sickness.
III. Historical significance of Shields’ 1975 essay: A brief commentary on four major contributions

This article argues that Shields’ work demonstrated that it is impossible to practice value-free science. And, despite the efforts of many feminist psychologists who have argued that the question of sex differences is someone else’s question, biological theories about the differences between women and men are still popular and influential today. This paper will call attention to four areas of scholarship produced by second-wave feminist psychologists who were inspired by Shields’ work: (1) rediscovery of the work of first-wave feminist psychologists, (2) discussion of the impossibility of value-free research on sex differences, (3) introduction of new categories of analysis such as “gender” and reframing research based on these new categories, and (4) addition of more value-laden categories to sex such as race, social class, and sexuality and using intersectionality theory to design new avenues of research.
Adaptive transmit eigenbeamforming with orthogonal space-time block coding in correlated space-time channels

Conventional space-time codes can provide a significant improvement in system performance only if the signal paths are spatially uncorrelated, a condition that is hardly met in practice. In this paper, we mitigate this condition by combining a technique of eigenbeamforming, based on the channel correlation matrix, with orthogonal space-time block codes (O-STBC) at the transmitter side of the link. No feedback information from the receiver (the mobile station) is utilized in the proposed structure. Simulation results using 4-ary PSK signaling showed that this idea outperforms existing techniques in both uncorrelated and correlated channels in terms of bit-error rate and symbol-error rate.
Cardiopulmonary reflex influence on the system hemodynamic rapid regulation mechanisms

The aim of this study was to assess the cardiopulmonary baroreflex contribution to the maintenance of arterial pressure stability. Twelve young healthy subjects were examined (mean age -25.7 plusmn 4.9 years). Cardiac rhythm and arterial pressure were continuously recorded with the use of finapress technique at rest and in the course of low pressure area receptors deactivation due to lower body negative pressure (-10 mm Hg). The recorded data were processed by special MATLAB program that calculated heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) spectral parameters and also cross-spectral power density between HR and BP. The obtained results demonstrated that CPBR is involved in the process of vessel tone fine regulation by means of both slow and rapid regulating mechanisms.
Superconducting properties and Hall effect of epitaxial NbN thin films

We have measured the magnetotransport properties and Hall effect of a series of epitaxial NbN films grown on (100) oriented single crystalline MgO substrate under different conditions using reactive magnetron sputtering. Hall effect measurements reveal that the carrier density in NbN thin films is sensitive to the growth condition. The carrier density increases by a factor of 3 between the film with highest normal state resistivity $({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}\ensuremath{\sim}3.83\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{m})$ and lowest transition temperature $({T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}9.99\text{ }\text{K})$ and the film with lowest normal state resistivity $({\ensuremath{\rho}}_{n}\ensuremath{\sim}0.94\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}\text{ }\text{m})$ and highest transition temperature $({T}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}16.11\text{ }\text{K})$, while the mobility of carriers does not change significantly. Our results show that ${T}_{c}$ of NbN is governed primarily by the carrier density rather than disorder scattering. By varying the carrier concentration during growth, we can vary the effective disorder $({k}_{F}l)$ from the moderately clean limit to the dirty limit, which makes this system ideal to study the interplay of carrier density and disorder on the superconducting properties of an $s$-wave superconductor.
2 Robust Control of Hybrid Systems

The term "hybrid systems" was first used in 1966 Witsenhausen introduced a hybrid model consisting of continuous dynamics with a few sets of transition. These systems provide both continuous and discrete dynamics have proven to be a useful mathematical model for various physical phenomena and engineering systems. A typical example is a chemical batch plant where a computer is used to monitor complex sequences of chemical reactions, each of which is modeled as a continuous process. In addition to the discontinuities introduced by the computer, most physical processes admit components (eg switches) and phenomena (eg collision), the most useful models are discrete. The hybrid system models arise in many applications, such as chemical process control, avionics, robotics, automobiles, manufacturing, and more recently molecular biology. The control design for hybrid systems is generally complex and difficult. In literature, different design approaches are presented for different classes of hybrid systems, and different control objectives. For example, when the control objective is concerned with issues such as safety specification, verification and access, the ideas in discrete event control and automaton framework are used for the synthesis of control. One of the most important control objectives is the problem of stabilization. Stability in the continuous systems or not-hybrid can be concluded starting from the characteristics from their fields from vectors. However, in the hybrid systems the properties of stability also depend on the rules of commutation. For example, in a hybrid system by commutation between two dynamic stable it is possible to obtain instabilities while the change between two unstable subsystems could have like consequence stability. The majority of the results of stability for the hybrid systems are extensions of the theories of Lyapunov developed for the continuous systems. They require the Lyapunov function at consecutive switching times to be a decreasing sequence. Such a requirement in general is difficult to check without calculating the solution of the hybrid dynamics, and thus losing the advantage of the approach of Lyapunov. In this chapter, we develop tools for the systematic analysis and robust design of hybrid systems, with emphasis on systems that require control algorithms, that is, hybrid control systems. To this end, we identify mild conditions that hybrid equations need to satisfy so that their behavior captures the effect of arbitrarily small perturbations. This leads to new concepts of global solutions that provide a deep understanding not only on the robustness
Interactions among DIV voltage-sensor movement, fast inactivation, and resurgent Na current induced by the NaVβ4 open-channel blocking peptide

Resurgent Na current flows as voltage-gated Na channels recover through open states from block by an endogenous open-channel blocking protein, such as the NaVβ4 subunit. The open-channel blocker and fast-inactivation gate apparently compete directly, as slowing the onset of fast inactivation increases resurgent currents by favoring binding of the blocker. Here, we tested whether open-channel block is also sensitive to deployment of the DIV voltage sensor, which facilitates fast inactivation. We expressed NaV1.4 channels in HEK293t cells and assessed block by a free peptide replicating the cytoplasmic tail of NaVβ4 (the “β4 peptide”). Macroscopic fast inactivation was disrupted by mutations of DIS6 (L443C/A444W; “CW” channels), which reduce fast-inactivation gate binding, and/or by the site-3 toxin ATX-II, which interferes with DIV movement. In wild-type channels, the β4 peptide competed poorly with fast inactivation, but block was enhanced by ATX. With the CW mutation, large peptide-induced resurgent currents were present even without ATX, consistent with increased open-channel block upon depolarization and slower deactivation after blocker unbinding upon repolarization. The addition of ATX greatly increased transient current amplitudes and further enlarged resurgent currents, suggesting that pore access by the blocker is actually decreased by full deployment of the DIV voltage sensor. ATX accelerated recovery from block at hyperpolarized potentials, however, suggesting that the peptide unbinds more readily when DIV voltage-sensor deployment is disrupted. These results are consistent with two open states in Na channels, dependent on the DIV voltage-sensor position, which differ in affinity for the blocking protein.
Characterization of human leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma cells by their acidic nuclear protein profiles.

Summary The content of the acidic nuclear proteins in various types of human leukemia cells, normal lymphocytes, and Burkitt lymphoma cells grown in tissue culture has been examined. Human leukemias could be distinguished from each other and from other tissues by the banding pattern of the acidic nuclear proteins observed with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The banding profile of the nuclear protein extracts from leukemia cells obtained from peripheral blood indicated a lack of the higher-molecular-weight nuclear protein species that are present in metabolically active tissue or in dividing cell populations. A correlation could be made between the activity of the leukocyte cell types in nucleic acid and protein synthesis and the content of the higher-molecular-weight acidic nuclear proteins. In general, cells that were more actively engaged in nucleic acid and protein synthesis contained larger amounts of high-molecular-weight proteins. Moreover, when chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were stimulated to divide in tissue culture by the addition of phytohemagglutinin, the banding profile of the acidic nuclear proteins obtained from these cells was converted to a profile that was very similar to that of cultured Burkitt lymphoma cells. This alteration in protein content occurred prior to the onset of DNA synthesis and at a time when cell viability was 80 to 90% of the original cultured cells. Thus, the events leading to the onset of DNA synthesis and cell division in a previously dormant population of cells were accompanied by a significant shift in the type of acidic nuclear proteins contained in the cells. These findings may relate to the control of gene readout and to the events involved in malignant transformation of mammalian cells.
Labour Trade , Multinationals and Labour

The theory of international trade suggests that free trade will raise national income. It does not, however, suggest that the incomes of all factors of production will rise. Indeed, Stolper and Samuelson (1941) showed that the removal of import barriers could lower the income of the factor of production used relatively intensively in the production of imported products. Therefore, if OECD imports are produced using unskilled labour relatively intensively, freer trade could actually reduce the wages of unskilled workers. In a second noteworthy application, trade theory also predicts that trade can lead to ‘factor-price equalisation’. Under certain highly restrictive assumptions – in particular that competitive conditions prevail and that technological capabilities are uniform worldwide in both traded and non-traded goods – returns to factors would be equalised around the world.