Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The proposed interaction between working memory and inhibition

Two experiments investigated the determinants of performance on a go/no-go task by studying the interplay of two executive function components, working memory (WM) and inhibition. Systematically varied task demands on WM and inhibition were used in the analysis of performance together with individual capacity measures of both functions, thereby investigating an interactive view of WM and inhibition. Further analyses were conducted with individual differences in general fluid intelligence (gF), in an attempt to study the role of higher order cognition in handling task demands. The results are new in presenting empirical evidence for interactive effects of the task demand variables in concert with individual WM capacity as well as with gF, suggesting that executive processes common to WM and gF are involved in inhibitory performance, whereas gF appears to reflect a broader function in controlling behaviour in relation to task goals, whether it involves active responding or not.
Maximizing learning potential in the communicative classroom

If, as research reveals, even those teachers who are committed to communicative language teaching (CLT) fail to create genuine communication in their classrooms, it is partly because teacher educators have not given them the necessary tools to achieve their desired goals. This paper proposes that a framework of five macrostrategies offers a possible tool to make the communicative classroom genuinely communicative. The paper presents a classroom observational study to assess whether the macrostrategies framework will help CLT teachers maximize learning potential in the classroom. An analysis of two classroom episodes taught by two committed CLT teachers featuring the same group of learners revealed that one episode was evidently more communicative than the other. The relative success in maximizing learning potential witnessed in one episode and the relative failure witnessed in another is attributed to the use and non-use of the macrostrategies framework. The study shows that given appropriate tools CLT teachers will succeed in making their classes genuinely ycommunicative.
Trust-Effectiveness Patterns in Schools.

Purpose – To investigate the consequences of relational trust, especially parent measured trust, for desirable school outcomes.Design/methodology/approach – Using a US Midwestern state sample of 79 schools, parent and teacher trust data are used to derive a trust‐effectiveness typology. Trust was conceptualized as one party's willingness to be vulnerable to another party based on the confidence that the latter party is benevolent, reliable, competent, honest, and open.Findings – Findings derived from the extraction of canonical correlation variates support the prediction that a complex and extensive trust environment is predictive of internal school conditions and consequences, even after accounting for socioeconomic status of the school community. Four theoretical trust‐effectiveness patterns emerge from the interpretation.Research limitations/implications – The research design was planned as a school level study. Perceptual data collected at the individual level were intended for aggregation thus, neste.
The Family, the Welfare State and Community Care: Political Rhetoric and Public Attitudes

ABSTRACT Within the political arena, most sharply articulated by the new Right, the family and welfare state have been counterposed as ideological opposites with implications for the relative responsibility each should be accorded in respect of a policy of community care. On the basis of evidence from a survey conducted in three locations in Scotland, this paper examines the extent to which the ideological positions of Left and Right are reflected in public attitudes towards these issues. The results show that with the exception of certain groups of ‘ideologues’, individual citizens tend not to structure their attitudes in accordance with overarching ideologies, nor are their attitudes in any consistent way organized along partisan lines. In respect of the family/state polarity, there is only a faint echo of the broad rhetoric of political parties and on more concrete issues like care for dependent persons none at all. The overall picture supports the view that the family and welfare state as they are confronted by people in their everyday lives are much less ideological opposites than intermeshed in an overlapping complex of values, needs and interests.
Effects of mass and body composition on fasting fuel utilisation in grey seal pups (Halichoerus grypus Fabricius): an experimental study using supplementary feeding

SUMMARY This study used supplementary feeding to test the hypothesis that fuel partitioning during the postweaning fast in grey seal pups is affected by size and composition of energy reserves at weaning, and by extra provisioning. Mass and body composition changes were measured during suckling and fasting to investigate the effect of natural differences in energy reserves at weaning on subsequent allocation of fat and protein to energy use. We fed seven pups for 5 days after weaning, to investigate the effect of increased fuel availability, and particularly protein, on fuel utilisation. After correcting for protein used during the moult, the proportional contribution of fat was 86–99% of total energy use. Pups with greater energy reserves, i.e. those that were heavier and fatter at weaning, had higher rates of fat and energy use. There was no significant relationship between adiposity at weaning and proportional contribution of fat to energy use, perhaps due to a limited sample size or range of body masses and adiposity. Supplemented individuals used energy, specifically fat, much faster and utilised proportionally less of their endogenous protein by departure than non-supplemented individuals. Fat metabolism contributed a similar percentage to daily energy use in both groups. These findings show that pups spare protein, even when energy use is dramatically increased. Pups that receive greater maternal provisioning and lay down more protein may have increased survival chances at sea. This study highlights the importance of protein reserves in first year survival of grey seal pups.
Repeated Use of Psychiatric Emergency Services by Children *

In this study, the repeat utilization of child psychiatric emergency services was examined. There are patients who use psychiatric emergency services repeatedly, and these patients represent a significant proportion of child psychiatric emergencies seen in emergency rooms. Repeat patients were more likely to threaten to harm others, have a diagnosis of adjustment disorder, conduct or oppositional disorder and be under the care of a child welfare agency. They were significantly more likely than the one-time patients to be less compliant with outpatient follow-up, admitted to hospital more often, needed more social support and had greater difficulty remaining in a residential treatment setting. Intervention in the emergency room did not appear to change the way they used emergency services.
If I don't do well tomorrow, there's a reason : Predictors of adolescents' use of academic self-handicapping strategies

It has been suggested that some students procrastinate, fool around, reduce effort, and use other self-handicapping strategies so that if subsequent performance is low, these circumstances will be seen as the cause. Surveys were given to 112 8th graders. The handicapping items formed a single factor with good internal consistency. Handicapping was positively associated with self-deprecation, negative attitudes toward education, ego-oriented goals, and low grades. There was a significant interaction between race and both ego-oriented goals and negative attitudes. The relation between ego-oriented goals and handicapping was stronger for African Americans than for European Americans, whereas the relation between negative attitudes and handicapping was stronger for European Americans than for African Americans. Path analysis revealed that handicapping mediated the relationship between negative attitudes about education and grade point average.
Total Quality Management, Organizational Commitment, Perceived Organizational Support, and Intraorganizational Communication

As the Total Quality Management (TQM) movement sweeps through American businesses, much of the practitioner-oriented TQM literature discusses ways to improve intraorganizational communication while enhancing employee attitudinal organizational commitment and perceived organizational support. This study investigates such claims comparing employee responses from an organization which was not implementing TQM with those from two organizations which were implementing TQM. Organizational commitment and perceived organizational support were significantly higher in the organizations implementing TQM. Employees in the organizations implementing TQM indicated more positive employee-top management and coworker communication relationships, as well as more quality information from top management. Further, these communication elements explained more of the variance in organizational commitment and perceived organizational support in the organizations implementing TQM. However, different communication elements were important in commitment and perceived organizational support regressions depending on the TQM or non-TQM setting.
A resonance frequency tracker and source frequency tuner for inductively coupled wireless power transfer systems

Inductively coupled resonant loops, for use in wireless power transfer applications up to several meters, exhibit the largest transfer efficiency when the loops operate at the strongly coupled regime. At the same time, this largest efficiency is independent of the mutual inductance between the loops. However, the resonance frequencies, at which this largest efficiency occurs, vary with mutual inductance or the distance and orientation between the loops. Therefore, the RF source frequency should be tuned to the resonance frequency of the loops. This paper presents a resonance frequency tracker and source frequency tuner for inductively coupled resonant loops. The inductively coupled loops are represented by a lumped element circuit with a tunable inductor that resembles the variation of mutual inductance. The resonance frequency is tracked by sampling the incident and reflected RF signal using a bidirectional coupler and calculating the input reflection coefficient. The source frequency is tuned until the reflection coefficient is minimized. Each individual part of the overall system is fabricated and tested, and the controller is programmed. The complete tracking & tuning system is simulated based on these measurement results.
Neuroprotective Effect of Neuroserpin in Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation- and Reoxygenation-Treated Rat Astrocytes In Vitro

Neuroserpin (NSP) reportedly exerts neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemic animal models and patients; however, the mechanism of protection is poorly understood. We thus attempted to confirm neuroprotective effects of NSP on astrocytes in the ischemic state and then explored the relative mechanisms. Astrocytes from neonatal rats were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). To confirm the neuroprotective effects of NSP, we measured the cell survival rate, relative lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release; we also performed morphological methods, namely Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V assay. To explore the potential mechanisms of NSP, the release of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α related to NSP administration were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The proteins related to the NF-κB, ERK1/2, and PI3K/Akt pathways were investigated by Western blotting. To verify the cause-and-effect relationship between neuroprotection and the NF-κB pathway, a NF-κB pathway inhibitor sc3060 was employed to observe the effects of NSP-induced neuroprotection. We found that NSP significantly increased the cell survival rate and reduced LDH release in OGD/R-treated astrocytes. It also reduced NO/TNF-α release. Western blotting showed that the protein levels of p-IKKBα/β and P65 were upregulated by the OGD/R treatment and such effects were significantly inhibited by NSP administration. The NSP-induced inhibition could be significantly reversed by administration of the NF-κB pathway inhibitor sc3060, whereas, expressions of p-ERK1, p-ERK2, and p-AKT were upregulated by the OGD/R treatment; however, their levels were unchanged by NSP administration. Our results thus verified the neuroprotective effects of NSP in ischemic astrocytes. The potential mechanisms include inhibition of the release of NO/TNF-α and repression of the NF-κB signaling pathways. Our data also indicated that NSP has little influence on the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
Self-Perceptions Of Nonhandicapped Children And Children With Learning Disabilities In Integrated Classes

Based largely on social comparison theory, it was hypothesized that self-perceptions of scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth are (a) lower among children with learning disabilities (LD) in integrated classes than among nonhandicapped (NH) children in the same classes, and (b) higher among NH children in integrated classes than among NH children in nonintegrated classes. Scores of 341 third graders (52 LD Integrated, 164 NH Integrated, and 125 NH Nonintegrated) on the Self-Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985) provided general support for the first hypothesis, but limited support for the second hypothesis. Sex differences were found, as were Placement Group x Sex interactions. Results also indicated that measures of self-perceptions of scholastic competence, behavioral conduct, and global self-worth provided redundant information in the discrimination between LD Integrated and NH Integrated groups. Findings suggest that integration is unlikely to have a positive effect on the self-perceptions of children with learning disabilities, but may well enhance the self-perceptions of NH children, particularly NH boys.
Somatic JAK-2 V617F Mutational Analysis in Polycythemia Rubra Vera: a Tertiary Care Center Experience.

BACKGROUND Polycythemia rubra vera (PV), being a primary polycythemia, is caused by neoplastic proliferation of erythroid, megakaryocytic and granulocytic lineages which result in panmyelosis. PV patients have a somatic acquired mutation in the Janus kinase (JAK2) pathway, rendering cell proliferation independent of the normal regulatory mechanisms that regulate erythropoiesis. The rational of this study was to determine the prevalence of the JAK-2 V617F mutation in Pakistani patients with PV. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this cross sectional study, 26 patients with PV were enrolled from January 2010 to December 2014. Patients were diagnosed based on WHO criteria for PV. All were screened for G-T point mutation (V617F) in the JAK2 gene on chromosome 9 by an allele specific PCR. RESULTS The mean age was 53.4±9.31 years (range 36-72) and the male to female ratio was 2:1. The frequency of JAK2 V617F positivity in our PV patients was found to be 92.3%. Overall 30.7% of patients were asymptomatic and remaining 69.3% presented with symptomatic disease. The mean hemoglobin was 18.1±1.9g/dl with the mean hematocrit of 55.6±8.3%. The mean total leukocyte count was 12.8±7.1x109/l and the platelet count was 511±341.9x109/l. A positive correlation of JAK2 V617F mutation was established with high TLC count (P=0.01). No correlation of JAK2 V617F could be established with age or gender (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The JAK2 V617F mutation frequency in our PV patients was similar to those reported internationally. Screening for the mutation in all suspected PV cases could be beneficial in differentiating patients with reactive and clonal erythrocytosis.
On the development of forgetting.

BRAINERD, CHARLES J.; KINGMA, JOHANNES; and HOWE, MARK L. On the Development of Forgetting. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1985, 56, 1103-1119. 3 conceptual issues are discussed that make the data of previous developmental studies of forgetting difficult to interpret, namely, stages-of-learning confounds, failure to separate forgetting per se from various performance factors that operate on retention tests, and failure to disentangle the relative contributions of storage-based forgetting and retrieval-based forgetting to retention test performance. A paradigm and model are presented that deal with these problems. Application of the model to the data of 4 experiments, 3 with elementary schoolers and 1 with adolescents, produced these major findings. (a) Contrary to previous studies, there were clear developmental trends in long-term retention that usually favored older children over younger children. (b) There were developmental trends in forgetting processes per se, again usually favoring older children, but these effects were confined to retrieval forgetting rather than storage forgetting. (c) There were developmental trends in the ability to relearn retrieval algorithms during long-term retention tests, with some types of relearning favoring older children and other types of relearning favoring younger children. (d) There were some important asymmetries between children's performance during acquisition of a list and their performance on long-term retention tests. This suggests that forgetting and acquisition are governed by quite different laws and hence require different theoretical assumptions.
Beside the Golden Door: Policy, Politics and the Homeless. James D. Wright, Beth A. Rubin and Joel A. Devine.

James Wright's Address Unknown: The Homeless in America focused on the problem of homelessness during the mid-to-late 1980s, making an important contribution to the then-emerging public debate of a rapidly growing and increasingly visible social problem. Beside the Golden Door updates the story and our knowledge of homelessness through the middle 1990s, advancing the thesis that an emphasis on factors such as mental illness or substance abuse is descriptively accurate but fails as a causal account of the rise of homelessness as a social problem. The authors reject efforts to cast the issue in "either-or" terms, as social structure versus individual deficiencies, arguing that poverty and housing trends have created a situation where some people are destined to be homeless, but personal factors such as mental illness or substance abuse are critical in predicting who those people turn out to be. Beside the Golden Door details numerous dimensions of the homelessness issue: the rise in poverty; the decline of low-income housing; conceptual, measurement, and practical problems of counting the homeless and the Census Bureau's ill-fated 1990 effort to do so; the role of familial estrangement, mental illness, and substance abuse; and health status and behaviors. It concludes with discussions and comparisons of rural versus urban homelessness, street children in North and Latin America, and homelessness in post-industrial societies. The material in Beside the Golden Door will be accessible to undergraduate students and interested lay readers as well as specialists. "Both the content and style of this book make an excellent instructive read for students, practitioners, and scholars, alike. "--Social Forces James D. Wright is Charles and Leo Favrot Professor of Human Relations, Department of Sociology, Tulane University and author of over thirteen books including Address Unknown and Crime and Violence in America. Beth A. Rubin is associate professor, Department of Sociology, Tulane University. She is the author of Shifts in the Social Contract: Understanding Change in American Society. Joel A. Devine is professor, Department of Sociology, Tulane University, and coauthor of The Greatest of Evils: Urban Poverty and the American Underclass.
Efficient Exciton Diffusion and Resonance-Energy Transfer in Multilayered Organic Epitaxial Nanofibers

Multilayered epitaxial nanofibers are exemplary model systems for the study of exciton dynamics and lasing in organic materials because of their well-defined morphology, high luminescence efficiencies, and color tunability. We use temperature-dependent continuous wave and picosecond photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy to quantify exciton diffusion and resonance-energy transfer (RET) processes in multilayered nanofibers consisting of alternating layers of para-hexaphenyl (p6P) and α-sexithiophene (6T) serving as exciton donor and acceptor material, respectively. The high probability for RET processes is confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. The activation energy for exciton diffusion in p6P is determined to be as low as 19 meV, proving p6P epitaxial layers also as a very suitable donor material system. The small activation energy for exciton diffusion of the p6P donor material, the inferred high p6P-to-6T resonance-energy-transfer efficiency, and the observed weak PL temperature dependence of the 6T acceptor material together result in an exceptionally high optical emission performance of this all-organic material system, thus making it well suited, for example, for organic light-emitting devices.
Dynamic Model of Visual Memory Predicts Neural Response Properties in the Visual Cortex

Recent neurophysiological experiments appear to indicate that the responses of visual cortical neurons in a monkey freely viewing a natural scene can sometimes differ substantially from those obtained when the same image subregions are flashed during a conventional fixation task. These new findings attain significance from the fact that neurophysiological research in the past has been based predominantly on cell recordings obtained during fixation tasks, under the assumption that these data would be useful in predicting responses in more general situations. We describe a hierarchical model of visual memory that reconciles the two differing experimental results mentioned above by predicting neural responses in both fixating and free-viewing conditions. The model dynamically combines input-driven bottom-up signals with expectation-driven top-down signals to achieve optimal estimation of current state using a Kalman filter based framework. The architecture of the model posits a role for the reciprocal connections between adjoining visual cortical areas in determining neural response properties.
The unequal distribution of interactional space: Dominance and control in courtroom interaction

This paper deals with the interaction between legal Professionals and defendants in criminal court trials, The data corpus consists of40 trials recorded in a Swedish district court, all featuring minor economic offences. Analyses focus particularly upon the ways in which the discourse space is shared. The interplay between the various types ofdirecting and controlling moves adopted by fudges and lawyers, and defendants' attempts to voice their points ofview is accounted for. The quantitative pari of the study makes use ofa coding system in which actors contributions to the dialogue are characterized in terms of different types of initiatives and responses. Furthermore, the differential effects of specific questioning styles are investigated. Trials are shown to vary in several dimensions of interactional asymmetry. It appears that defendants who have committed relatively more vs less serious offences are treated in significantly different ways; relatively more interrogation-like vs more conversation-like ways of condttcting the courtroom hearings are identified.