Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial Institutions Center Bank Integration and Business Volatility

We investigate how bank migration across state lines over the last quarter century has affected the size and covariance of business fluctuations across states. Starting with a two-state version of the unit banking model in Holmstrom and Tirole (1997), we conclude that the theoretical effect of integration on business fluctuations is ambiguous because integration dampens the impact of bank capital shocks but amplifies the impact of firm collateral shocks. The net effect empirically seems stabilizing, however, as we find fluctuations in employment growth within states falls as integration rises, especially when we instrument for the level of integration and control for employment composition within states. Integration also weakens the link between bank capital growth within states and growth in state employment and bank lending. * Morgan: Research Department, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 33 Liberty Street, NY, NY, 10045; 212.720. 2000. Rime: Swiss National Bank, Börsenstr. 15, Postfach, 8022 Zürich. Strahan: Carroll School of Management, Boston College & Sloan Fellow, Wharton Financial Institutions Center, 140 Commonwealth Ave., Chestnut Hill, MA 02467. Email and phone: don.morgan@ny.frb. org. 212.720. 6573; rime@snb.ch; philip.strahan@bc.edu, 617.552. 6430, http://www2.bc.edu/~strahan; The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Swiss National Bank, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, or the Federal Reserve System. We thank Jean Tirole for his comments and Paul Edelstein and Shana Wang for their research assistance.
Selective Stimulability in the Speech and Language Assessment of Bilingual Children with Selective Mutism

English Language Learners (ELLs) with Selective Mutism (SM) mirror their typically developing, bilingual peers who are going through the silent period. The silent period is a normal phenomenon characterized by decreased expressive language and a general lack of communication that is temporary. Understanding second language acquisition and differentiating SM from the silent period, however, is critical to reduce overand under-identification of children for services. Whereas bilingual children with SM do not speak in either of their languages, bilingual children in the silent period are only silent in their second language. Although limited information exists regarding assessment and treatment for SM in ELLs, general assessment and intervention strategies are available. The notion of selective stimulability (how stimulable a child with SM is for expressive communication) may be used in assessment in order to encourage children with SM to communicate expressively when using speech and language protocols and for determining prognosis for treatment. Guidelines for differential diagnosis of SM and the silent period are offered in this paper, including a case example of the use of selective stimulability in a speech-language assessment of a Spanish-speaking child. Moreover, additional information related to the assessment process and implications for intervention are provided.
Emotion Elicitation: A Comparison of Pictures and Films

Pictures and film clips are widely used and accepted stimuli to elicit emotions. Based on theoretical arguments it is often assumed that the emotional effects of films exceed those of pictures, but to date this assumption has not been investigated directly. The aim of the present study was to compare pictures and films in terms of their capacity to induce emotions verified by means of explicit measures. Stimuli were (a) single pictures presented for 6 s, (b) a set of three consecutive pictures with emotionally congruent contents presented for 2 s each, (c) short film clips with a duration of 6 s. A total of 144 participants rated their emotion and arousal states following stimulus presentation. Repeated-measures ANOVAs revealed that the film clips and 3-picture version were as effective as the classical 1-picture method to elicit positive emotions, however, modulation toward positive valence was little. Modulation toward negative valence was more effective in general. Film clips were less effective than pictorial stimuli in producing the corresponding emotion states (all p < 0.001) and were less arousing (all p ≤ 0.02). Possible reasons for these unexpected results are discussed.
Genes, Jealousy, and the Replication Of Misspecified Models

This exchange presents divergent views on a specific difference in jealousy Everyone agrees that the sex difference in infidebty choice reported by Buss and his colleagues (Buss, Larsen, Westen, & Senuneb-oth, 1992) is replicable However, we assert that individuals select a type of infidebty (sexual vs emotional) as more distressing based on the perceived differential hkelihood of each infidebty type implying the other These perceptions covary with, but are not caused by, biological sex We are heartened by the similar theoretical position and empirical support presented by Hams and Chnstenfeld (this issue) They, too, argue for the importance of measunng sex differences m the perceived covariation between the two types of mfidelity, and their conclusions are stnkingly similar to ours
Rapidly Shifting Baselines in Yangtze Fishing Communities and Local Memory of Extinct Species

Abstract: Local ecological knowledge can provide a unique source of data for conservation, especially in efforts to investigate the status of rare or possibly extinct species, but it is unlikely to remain constant over time. Loss of perspective about past ecological conditions caused by lack of communication between generations may create “shifting baseline syndrome,” in which younger generations are less aware of local species diversity or abundance in the recent past. This phenomenon has been widely discussed, but has rarely been examined quantitatively. We present new evidence of shifting baselines in local perception of regional species declines and on the duration of “community memory” of extinct species on the basis of extensive interviews with fishers in communities across the middle‐lower Yangtze basin. Many Yangtze species have experienced major declines in recent decades, and the Yangtze River dolphin or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer) and Yangtze paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) may have become extinct during the 21st century. Although informants across all age classes were strongly aware of the Yangtze ecosystem's escalating resource depletion and environmental degradation, older informants were more likely to recognize declines in two commercially important fish species, Reeves’ shad (Tenualosa reevesii) and Yangtze pufferfish (Takifugu fasciatus), and to have encountered baiji and paddlefish in the past. Age was also a strong predictor of whether informants had even heard of baiji or paddlefish, with younger informants being substantially less likely to recognize either species. A marked decrease in local knowledge about the Yangtze freshwater megafauna matched the time of major population declines of these species from the 1970s onwards, and paddlefish were already unknown to over 70% of all informants below the age of 40 and to those who first started fishing after 1995. This rapid rate of cultural baseline shift suggests that once even megafaunal species cease to be encountered on a fairly regular basis, they are rapidly forgotten by local communities.
Intestinal Parasites Associated with Opportunistic Coccidial Infections Among Immunocompromised Individuals in Central Iran: A Cross Sectional Study

Background: Protozoa and helminthic parasites are the most common opportunistic parasites infections associated with the gastrointestinal tract in immunocompromised patients. Objectives: There have been very few studies addressing this issue in central Iran and our purpose was to determine the frequency of the intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) in different groups of immunocompromised patients admitted to the referral hospitals in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 204 immunocompromised patients (HIV/AIDS, lymphoma, leukemia, renal transplant and other transplants) between 2015 2016. Stool samples were analyzed for intestinal parasites using direct-smear, formol-ether concentration method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining techniques. Results: The total rate of any parasites was 43.1% (88/204) in the patients. The prevalence of parasites was 32.7% (17/52), 39.6% (19/48), 46.2% (18/39), 56.0% (28/50), and 40.0% (6/15) in HIV/AIDS, lymphoma, leukemia, renal transplant recipients, and the other transplant recipients, respectively. Blastocystis hominis (30.4%), Cryptosporidium spp. (3.9%), Entamoeba coli (6.3%), Giardia lamblia cyst (5.4%), Endolimax nana (2%), ova of Fasciola spp. (0.5%) and Dicrocoelium dendriticum (0.9%) were the overall parasites that were found in this study. The most common parasites which were related to diarrhea were Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium spp. The parasitic infection was significantly higher in urban patients and females (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, no significant relationship was observed between the prevalence of parasitic infections and age, occupation and level of education. Conclusions: Our findings highlighted that IPIs are a common health problem among immunocompromised patients, in central Iran. Therefore these patients should be screened routinely for intestinal parasites and treated promptly.
Effects of Wall Shear Stress on Unsteady MHD Conjugate Flow in a Porous Medium with Ramped Wall Temperature

This study investigates the effects of an arbitrary wall shear stress on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a Newtonian fluid with conjugate effects of heat and mass transfer. The fluid is considered in a porous medium over a vertical plate with ramped temperature. The influence of thermal radiation in the energy equations is also considered. The coupled partial differential equations governing the flow are solved by using the Laplace transform technique. Exact solutions for velocity and temperature in case of both ramped and constant wall temperature as well as for concentration are obtained. It is found that velocity solutions are more general and can produce a huge number of exact solutions correlative to various fluid motions. Graphical results are provided for various embedded flow parameters and discussed in details.
Extragalactic radio-source evolution under the dual-population unification scheme

We show that a dual-population unification scheme provides a successful paradigm with which to describe the evolution and beaming of all bright extragalactic radio sources. The paradigm consists of two intrinsic radio-source populations, based on the two distinct radio-galaxy morphologies of Fanaroff-Riley classes I and II. These represent the ‘unbeamed’ or ‘side-on’ parent populations of steep radio spectra; the ‘beamed’ source types including flat-spectrum quasars and BLLac objects, arise through the random alignment of their radio-axis to our line-of-sight where Dopplerbeaming of the relativistic radio jets produces highly anisotropic radio emission. We develop the model in two stages. In the first stage the source space density as a function of cosmic epoch is determined for the two parent populations, and for this we use low-frequency source-count and identification data to avoid biases due to Doppler-enhanced radio emission. The second stage defines the beaming models for each population, using high-frequency survey data and in particular the 5-GHz source count in which at high flux densities the flat- and steep-spectrum sources contribute in similar measure. We assume that the flat-spectrum objects, quasars and BLLac objects are ‘beamed’ versions of FRI and FRII objects in which the close alignment of radio-axis with line-of-sight has changed the radio appearance into a core-dominated (flat-spectrum) object. We adopt a simple parameterisation of the beaming, orient the parent populations at random with a Monte-Carlo process, and use a minimisaton process to determine beaming parameters which yield a best fit to the 5-GHz souce count. The best-fit parameters are found to be in good agreement with those measured observationally for individual radio sources. In this, the model accurately reproduces the change in source-count form with frequency. Indeed the unified-scheme paradigm has great predictive power, and we show how the model successfully describes several additional and independent data sets.
Mitochondrial DNA-Based phylogeography of North American rubber boas, Charina bottae (Serpentes: Boidae).

We used 783 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequences to study the phylogeography of Charina bottae (rubber boa) in western North America, with an emphasis on populations from California (U.S.A.). Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods identified a basal divergence within C. bottae that corresponds to southern and northern segments of its current distribution. These clades coincide with the ranges of the two recognized subspecies, C. b. umbratica in the south and C. b. bottae to the north. A subsequent cladogenetic event in the C. b. bottae clade resulted in two groupings, which we refer to as the Sierra Nevada and the Northwestern subclades, based on the geographic distribution of their constituent populations. The two subclades have completely allopatric distributions, with a genetic break in the vicinity of Lassen Volcanic National Park in northeastern California, an area that was subjected to glaciation during the Pleistocene and that has been volcanically active in the past 100 years. An earlier genetic study documented fixed differences between populations of bottae and umbratica in four of seven allozymes surveyed, and despite noticeable variation and overlap in the characters that define C. b. bottae and C. b. umbratica, the two forms still can be separated in most cases using a suite of morphological traits. All available evidence thus indicates that C. b. umbratica is a genetically cohesive, allopatric taxon that is morphologically diagnosable, and we conclude that it is an independent evolutionary unit that should be recognized as a distinct species, Charina umbratica.
Correlation between impact-energy density and pain intensity during robot-man collision

This paper presents an investigation focused on cooperation of a small industrial robot and a human operator. During their cooperation the collision is expected only between the robot end-effector and the lower arm of the human worker. To ensure safe and comfortable human-robot interaction the impact must not cause any injury or considerable pain to the human operator. An investigation with human volunteers was performed, to study the impact between the robot and the man. To determine a safe range of the impact intensity with human subjects, a preliminary investigation was performed on one of the authors of this paper. During the experiment, the volunteers determined the pain they felt after each impact using a graphical user interface. In the experiments, the robot end-effector collided with the volunteer's lower arm perpendicularly at a constant deceleration. The point of impact was positioned midway between the wrist and the elbow on the dorsal aspect of the lower arm. The robot end-effector was displaced from the initial point toward the point of impact along a straight line. Several tests were carried out at maximal velocity, different robot decelerations, various end- effector shapes, and varying depth of stop point with regard to the arm surface. The impacts between robot end-effector and human arm were evaluated using a measuring system comprised of a force sensor and an optical measuring system. The goal of the investigation was to determine the correlation between the pain intensity felt during the impact and the impact energy density.
Post-Divorce Experiences in Jordan: A Phenomenological Perspective

This study analyzes the post-divorce experiences of a sample of 50 Jordanian divorced participants. Qualitative and exploratory results are similar to the results of other studies that were conducted in certain western cultures. Similar issues included modern reasons for exiting a marriage, men's experiences of losing children and women's poor financial circumstances. Despite changes in the structure and function of the Jordanian family, post-divorce experiences continue to be influenced by the major factors of a traditional gender culture regarding the traditional reasons to exit marriage, with women retaining custody of children when they do not remarry and failure to establish cooperative custody. In addition, the results of this study reveal that progressive changes in women's choices to exit their marriages to better themselves. The study also sheds light on the perception of violence against married women as a reason for exiting marriage and family support to minimize the negative effects of divorce on women with a concurrent realization of the stigmatization of society toward divorced women. Nevertheless, additional research on this topic is needed to significantly add to our understanding of these phenomena
Effect of Different Between-Match Recovery Times on the Activity Profiles and Injury Rates of National Rugby League Players

Abstract Murray, NB, Gabbett, TJ, and Chamari, K. Effect of different between-match recovery times on the activity profiles and injury rates of National Rugby League players. J Strength Cond Res 28(12): 3476–3483, 2014—Professional rugby league competition does not coincide with a standardized amount of recovery between matches; matches can be separated by as many as 10 days and as few as 5 days. These variations in recovery time could influence the match activity profiles and injury rates of players. This study investigated the effect of different between-match recovery times on the activity profiles and injury rates of National Rugby League (NRL) players. Forty-three elite male rugby league players participated in this study. Between-match recovery cycles were defined as short (separated by 5 or 6 days), medium (separated by 7 or 8 days), and long (separated by 9 or 10 days) recovery. Movement was recorded using a commercially available microtechnology unit, which provided information on speed, distance, and repeated high-intensity effort activity. Injuries sustained in either training or match play, which resulted in a missed match, were recorded. Significantly greater (p ⩽ 0.05) relative total distance was covered after matches involving short recovery than those involving medium (effect size [ES] = 1.13) or long (ES = 1.08) recovery periods. This difference was because of greater low-speed activity. Injury rates for the adjustables positional group were the highest after short between-match recovery cycles, whereas the injury rates of hit-up forwards and outside backs positional groups were the highest after long between-match recovery cycles. These findings suggest that the activity profiles of NRL match play and the injury rates of specific playing positions are influenced by the amount of recovery between matches. The differences in the activity profiles and injury rates between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles should be considered when developing recovery strategies for professional rugby league players.
Obesity and the risk for mental disorders in a representative German adult sample.

BACKGROUND A systematic approach to examining associations among obesity and socio-demographic determinants, psychological problems, and mental disorders in epidemiological samples is missing. METHODS Within the representative German Health Interview and Examination Survey and its Mental Health Supplement (GHS-MHS), 4181 subjects (age 18-65 years) took part in a physical examination (including measurement of body weight and height) and a standardized psychological interview (M-CIDI). Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m(2)), somatic diseases, socio-economic variables, health-related quality of life (SF-36), and mental disorders (DSM-IV) were assessed. Data were analysed by logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Prevalence of obesity was 18.5%. There was a strong association between obesity and somatic conditions, as well as to low socio-economic status (SES). No psychosocial disadvantages (e.g. regarding social relationships, impairment due to mental health problems, depressed feelings) for the obese individuals were found. With the exception of a higher prevalence of anxiety disorders in obese men (12.5 versus 8.5%, OR = 1.53, CI = 1.06-2.21, disappearing when controlled for number of somatic conditions), obese persons showed no elevated rates of mental disorders. DISCUSSION Obesity is associated with a low SES and some somatic disadvantages but not with other social or emotional disadvantages that have been often assumed to be very prevalent in that group. From the population-based perspective, obesity per se seems not to be associated with a higher risk for suffering from mental disorders, whereas relations between specific aspects of obesity and specific types of psychopathology still need further study.
Fundamental Lifetime Mechanisms in Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey and Open Issues

Wireless sensor networks basically consist of low cost sensor nodes which collect data from environment and relay them to a sink, where they will be subsequently processed. Since wireless nodes are severely power-constrained, the major concern is how to conserve the nodes' energy so that network lifetime can be extended significantly. Employing one static sink can rapidly exhaust the energy of sink neighbors. Furthermore, using a non-optimal single path together with a maximum transmission power level may quickly deplete the energy of individual nodes on the route. This all results in unbalanced energy consumption through the sensor field, and hence a negative effect on the network lifetime. In this paper, we present a comprehensive taxonomy of the various mechanisms applied for increasing the network lifetime. These techniques, whether in the routing or cross-layer area, fall within the following types: multi-sink, mobile sink, multi-path, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, depending on the protocol operation. In this taxonomy, special attention has been devoted to the multi-sink, power control and bio-inspired algorithms, which have not yet received much consideration in the literature. Moreover, each class covers a variety of the state-of-the-art protocols, which should provide ideas for potential future works. Finally, we compare these mechanisms and discuss open research issues.
Digital Parametric Equalizer Design with Prescribed Nyquist-Frequency Gain

A new type of second-order digital parametric equalizer is proposed whose frequency response matches closely that of its analog counterpart throughout the Nyquist interval and does not suffer from the prewarping effect of the bilinear transformation near the Nyquist frequency. Closed-form design equations and direct-form and lattice realizations are derived.
Embeddable ADC-based true random number generator for cryptographic applications exploiting nonlinear signal processing and chaos

We present a true random number generator which, contrary to other implementations, is not based on the explicit observation of complex micro-cosmic processes but on standard signal processing primitives, freeing the designer from the need for dedicated hardware. The system can be implemented from now ubiquitous analog-to-digital converters building blocks, and is therefore well-suited to embedding. On current technologies, the design permits data rates in the order of a few tens of megabits per second. Furthermore, the absence of predictable, repeatable behaviors increases the system security for cryptographic applications. The design relies on a simple inner model based on chaotic dynamics which, in ideal conditions, can be formally proven to generate perfectly uncorrelated binary sequences. Here, we detail the design and we validate the quality of its output against a couple of test suites standardized by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, both in the ideal case and assuming implementation errors.