Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specialised structural descriptions for human body parts: Evidence from autotopagnosia

Previous accounts of autotopagnosia (e.g., Ogden, 1985; Pick, 1908; Semenza, 1988) propose that the disorder is attributable to deficits in “mental images,” visual body schema, or semantic representations. A recent account (Sirigu, Grafman, Bressler, & Sunderland, 1991b) posits deficits in visual structural descriptions of the human body and its parts, in the context of spared semantic and proprioceptivespatio-motor body representations, but provides no evidence bearing on the nature or format of the putatively damaged representation. We report data from a man with autotopagnosia consequent to lefthemisphere brain damage which bear directly on the nature of the representation impaired in the disorder. The subject, GL, is unable to localise body parts on himself or others, whether cued by verbal or visual input. In contrast, he uses body parts precisely in reaching and grasping tasks, correctly matches items of clothing to body parts, and localises the parts of animals and man-made objects without error. We also demonstrate that GL is unable to match pictured or real human body parts across shifts in orientation or changes in visual appearance, but can perform analogous matching tasks with animal body parts and man-made object parts. The data extend the account of Sirigu et al. (1991b) in suggesting that human body part localisation depends upon structural descriptions of human (but not animal) bodies that enable viewpoint-independent body part recognition and participate in the calculation of equivalence between the body parts of self and others across transformations in orientation.
Gender, Spatiality and Fear: Young women's experiences of outdoor physical activity

Abstract This paper seeks to explore gender, spatiality and fear relations, previously established in geography, leisure and tourism research, through young women's experiences of outdoor physical activity. The aim of this paper is threefold. Firstly it will explore what is meant by ‘safe and unsafe’, with particular focus on the environment(s) where outdoor physical activity does or could occur. Secondly, it will attempt to gain a clearer understanding of the psychological, social and cultural characteristics that render certain environments threatening. Thirdly, it will link our understanding of gender, spatiality and fear to the applied context of physical activity and health policy, promotion and provision. I will draw on empirical data from a series of surveys, group and individual interviews with a group of 74 young female undergraduate students aged between 18 and 24, who recount their experiences of fear of victimisation and outdoor physical activity. The students were either in full‐time or part‐time attendance at a university in the south‐west of England, with 47 studying towards sport and exercise related degree programmes, and 27 studying nonsport and exercise related degrees. Findings were expectedly interesting and diverse. Results provide an interesting insight into a relatively under‐researched area in physical activity literature, and have implications for future public health policy in the UK, both on a local and national level.
Recent Advances in GaN Power Switching Devices

Recent advances in GaN power switching devices are reviewed. A new normall-off GaN transistor called Gate Injection Transistor (GIT) increases drain current by conductivity modulation. The GIT is fabricated on cost-effective Si substrates by novel MOCVD technology enabling crack-free and smooth surfaces over 6-inch wafer. These technologies with thermally stable device isolation by Fe ion implantation are applied for a monolithic inverter IC. This is the world fist demonstration of a GaN inverter IC for motor drive, which reduces the total operating loss by 42% from that by the IGBT-based inverter. These technologies are indispensable for wide-spread use of GaN power switching transistors in the future.
Causes for complaining behaviour intentions: the moderator effect of previous customer experience of the restaurant

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the main causes for complaining behaviour intentions expressed in three dimensions: private response, complaining response and complaining to third parties. The objectives are, first to study the direct influence of a set of antecedents and complaining behaviour intentions and second, to analyse the moderator effect of previous restaurant experience on subsequent relations.Design/methodology/approach – A quantitative research method was used based on a self‐administered ad‐hoc questionnaire on a sample of 388 individuals who remembered an unsatisfactory experience in a restaurant.Findings – The results show that the following variables have significant effects on intentions: attitudes towards complaining, level of information and complaining experience, level of dissatisfaction and likelihood of success with the complaint. An increased effect of attitudes towards complaining has been found in customers with no previous experience of the restaurant.Original.
The Roles of Speakers in Local Television News Stories on Youth and Violence

Abstract Similarly, television news has been charged with presenting a distorted picture of youth. Nearly half (48 percent) of television news reports concerning children involve violence, usually news of specific crimes and their subsequent investigation and prosecution.12 Dale Kunkel contends that the emphasis on crime and violence, coupled with a lack of stories on public policy issues pertinent to children, “seems to skew the information the press provides to the public, which may in turn diminish the public's perception of the relative importance of other child-related concerns. ”13 Mike Males goes further, charging that by misrepresenting the factors surrounding issues such as teen pregnancy and violence, in particular by not reporting the relationship of poverty to most social ills, the media have encouraged the practice of blaming young people for the problems from which they and society as a whole suffer.14
Adaptive performance: a criterion problem

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical examination of the convergent validity of the two foremost measurement methods used to assess adaptive performance: subjective ratings and objective task scores. Predictors of adaptive performance have been extensively examined, but limited research attention has been directed at adaptability itself as a validated construct within the job performance domain. Due to this neglect, it is unclear if researchers can generalize findings across criterion measurement methods.Design/methodology/approach – Teams of five (275 individuals) performed a computer‐based task that involved a series of disruptions requiring an adaptive response. In addition to post‐disruption task scores, subjective self‐ and peer‐ratings of adaptive performance were collected.Findings – Results did not indicate strong support for the convergent validity of subjective and objective measures. Although the measures were significantly related (r=0.47, p < 0.001) and shared a relat.
Modulators with Convergent Cellular Actions Elicit Distinct Circuit Outputs

Six neuromodulators [proctolin, Cancer borealistachykinin-related peptide Ia, crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP), red pigment-concentrating hormone, TNRNFLRFamide, and pilocarpine] converge onto the same voltage-dependent inward current in stomatogastric ganglion (STG) neurons of the crab C. borealis. We show here that each of these modulators acts on a distinct subset of pyloric network neurons in the STG. To ask whether the differences in cell targets could account for their differential effects on the pyloric rhythm, we systematically compared the motor patterns produced by proctolin and CCAP. The motor patterns produced in proctolin and CCAP differed quantitatively in a number of ways. Proctolin and CCAP both act on the lateral pyloric neuron and the inferior cardiac neuron. Proctolin additionally acts on the pyloric dilator (PD) neurons, the pyloric (PY) neurons, and the ventricular dilator neuron. Using the dynamic clamp, we introduced an artificial peptide-elicited current into the PD and PY neurons, in the presence of CCAP, and converted the CCAP rhythm into a rhythm that was statistically similar to that seen in proctolin. This suggests that the differences in the network effects of these two modulators can primarily be attributed to the known differential distributions of their receptors onto distinct subsets of neurons, despite the fact that they activate the same current.
Mental Health Problems in Adults With Down Syndrome and Their Association With Life Circumstances

This study focused on current life circumstances, previous life events, and engagement with productive and enjoyable activities. It examined the association of these variables with mental health problems and mood in a cohort of young adults with Down syndrome. Participants were 49 adults with Down syndrome (age range 20–31 years) and their parents/carers. Adults with Down syndrome completed standardized language assessments, were screened for possible mental health disorders by a psychologist using the Mini Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with a Developmental Disability, and/or were seen by a psychiatrist with expertise in dual diagnosis. Parents/carers completed measures of adaptive behavior, life events, mood, participation in activities, and psychosocial engagement with these activities. Fifteen participants (30.6%) received a psychiatric diagnosis of a mental health disorder, of which 7 were diagnosed with Depression (14.3% of the sample). Analysis of differences between 3 groups—those without a diagnosis, those with a diagnosis of Depression, and those with a mental health disorder that was not Depression—identified few differences. Although groups did not differ on the participation measure, there was a significant difference between those with no diagnosis and those with a diagnosis of Depression with respect to psychological engagement. Depressed adults were less engaged in their daily activities.
Sterile Alpha Motif Domain-Mediated Self-Association Plays an Essential Role in Modulating the Activity of the Drosophila ETS Family Transcriptional Repressor Yan

ABSTRACT The ETS family transcriptional repressor Yan is an important downstream target and effector of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster. Structural and biochemical studies have shown that the N-terminal sterile alpha motif (SAM) of Yan is able to self associate to form a helical polymeric structure in vitro, although the extent and functional significance of self-association of full-length Yan remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that full-length Yan self associates via its SAM domain to form higher-order complexes in living cells. Introduction of SAM domain missense mutations that restrict Yan to a monomeric state reduces Yan's transcriptional repression activity and impairs its function during embryonic and retinal development. Coexpression of combinations of SAM domain mutations that permit the formation of Yan dimers, but not higher-order oligomers, increases activity relative to that of monomeric Yan, but not to the level obtained with wild-type Yan. Mechanistically, self-association directly promotes transcriptional repression of target genes independent of its role in limiting mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear export of Yan. Thus, we propose that the formation of higher-order Yan oligomers contributes to proper repression of target gene expression and RTK signaling output in developing tissues.
Use of Single-enzyme PCR-restriction Digestion Barcode Targeting the Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS rDNA) to Identify Dermatophyte Species

Background Dermatophytes are the most common causative agents of superficial mycoses. Species identification of these fungi is important from therapeutic and epidemiological point of wive. Traditional approaches for identification of dermatophytes at the species level, relying on macroscopic and microscopic features of the colonies, usually are time-consuming and unreliable in many circumstances. Recently a broad varieties of rapid and accurate DNA-based techniques were successfuly utilized for species delineation of dermatophytes. Methods: The ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rDNA from various reference strains of dermatophyte species were amplified using the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4.The PCR products were digested by a single restriction enzyme, MvaI. The enzyme was evaluated in both in silico and practical PCR-RFLP assay to find the exact differentiating restriction profiles for each species. To validate the standardized PCR-RFLP system, all tested strains were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis. Results: The obtained RFLP patterns were specific for many species including T. interdigitale, T. rubrum, T. violaceum, M. persicolor, M. audouinii, M. nanum (A. obtusum) and E. floccosum but were similar for some closely related species such as M. canis / M. ferrugineum. Sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 fragment from all type strains affirmed the RFLP findings. Conclusion: It was practically revealed that the ITS-PCR followed by MvaI-RFLP is a useful and reliable schema for identification and differentiation of several pathogenic species and can be used for rapid screening of even closely related species of dermatophytes in clinical and epidemiological settings.
For Review Only 1 Cross-National Equivalence of Students ’ Perceptions of Good Citizenship in ICCS

The study reported in this article assesses whether two concepts measured in the International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009, namely (1) student’s perceptions of the importance of conventional citizenship and (2) student’s perceptions of the importance of socialmovement-related citizenship, are comparable across all countries participating in the study. In particular by means of confirmatory multi-group factor analysis we tested for invariance of measurements across countries which can ensure that meaningful comparisons can be conducted. The results show a complex picture indicating that the concepts are not necessarily comparable across all countries involved in ICCS and their use for secondary data analysis can be more or less feasible across all countries depending on the research questions and the methodology applied. Scientific and practical implications are discussed.
Responses of Plant Community Composition and Biomass Production to Warming and Nitrogen Deposition in a Temperate Meadow Ecosystem

Climate change has profound influences on plant community composition and ecosystem functions. However, its effects on plant community composition and biomass production are not well understood. A four-year field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of warming, nitrogen (N) addition, and their interactions on plant community composition and biomass production in a temperate meadow ecosystem in northeast China. Experimental warming had no significant effect on plant species richness, evenness, and diversity, while N addition highly reduced the species richness and diversity. Warming tended to reduce the importance value of graminoid species but increased the value of forbs, while N addition had the opposite effect. Warming tended to increase the belowground biomass, but had an opposite tendency to decrease the aboveground biomass. The influences of warming on aboveground production were dependent upon precipitation. Experimental warming had little effect on aboveground biomass in the years with higher precipitation, but significantly suppressed aboveground biomass in dry years. Our results suggest that warming had indirect effects on plant production via its effect on the water availability. Nitrogen addition significantly increased above- and below-ground production, suggesting that N is one of the most important limiting factors determining plant productivity in the studied meadow steppe. Significant interactive effects of warming plus N addition on belowground biomass were also detected. Our observations revealed that environmental changes (warming and N deposition) play significant roles in regulating plant community composition and biomass production in temperate meadow steppe ecosystem in northeast China.
THINK AND BELIEVE: SEQUENTIALITY IN AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE

tinuous, and restrained), and allows a sequential representation of non-manual signals. It also describes in structural terms the changes which signs undergo in forming compounds, and it allows the incorporation of subject and object agreement markers into verb structure in a straightforward way. This framework allows an interesting parallel with spoken language phonology: both divide the sequential units which make up the words of the language into two major types of units. In spoken language, the units are consonants and vowels; in sign language, they are holds and movements. * For most of its history, American Sign Language (ASL) was not regarded as a language, and was thought to be lacking in linguistic structure at virtually every level. In particular, no reason was seen to regard signs as anything but unanalysable wholes-until the publication of Stokoe 1960. In that monograph and in subsequent work, Stokoe shows that ASL signs are analysable in terms of the place where the sign activity occurs (tab), 'what acts' (dez),' and the type of movement used in making the sign (sig). But signs do not seem to fit into the mold of spoken words, where phonemes are sequential in their underlying structure. As Stokoe says (1978:37): 'The sign morpheme, however, unlike the morpheme or word of a spoken language, is seen as simultaneously, not sequentially, produced. Analysis of the sign morpheme then cannot be segmentation in time but must be aspectual. The aspects of a sign that appear to have the same order of importance and the same part in language structure as the segmental phonemes of speech are the aspects of configuration, place, and action. '
Heterotypic binding between neuronal membrane vesicles and glial cells is mediated by a specific cell adhesion molecule

By means of a multistage quantitative assay, we have identified a new kind of cell adhesion molecule (CAM) on neuronal cells of the chick embryo that is involved in their adhesion to glial cells. The assay used to identify the binding component (which we name neuron-glia CAM or Ng-CAM) was designed to distinguish between homotypic binding (e.g., neuron to neuron) and heterotypic binding (e.g., neuron to glia). This distinction was essential because a single neuron might simultaneously carry different CAMs separately mediating each of these interactions. The adhesion of neuronal cells to glial cells in vitro was previously found to be inhibited by Fab' fragments prepared from antisera against neuronal membranes but not by Fab' fragments against N-CAM, the neural cell adhesion molecule. This suggested that neuron-glia adhesion is mediated by specific cell surface molecules different from previously isolated CAMs . To verify that this was the case, neuronal membrane vesicles were labeled internally with 6-carboxyfluorescein and externally with 125I-labeled antibodies to N-CAM to block their homotypic binding. Labeled vesicles bound to glial cells but not to fibroblasts during a 30-min incubation period. The specific binding of the neuronal vesicles to glial cells was measured by fluorescence microscopy and gamma spectroscopy of the 125I label. Binding increased with increasing concentrations of both glial cells and neuronal vesicles. Fab' fragments prepared from anti-neuronal membrane sera that inhibited binding between neurons and glial cells were also found to inhibit neuronal vesicle binding to glial cells. The inhibitory activity of the Fab' fragments was depleted by preincubation with neuronal cells but not with glial cells. Trypsin treatment of neuronal membrane vesicles released material that neutralized Fab' fragment inhibition; after chromatography, neutralizing activity was enriched 50- fold. This fraction was injected into mice to produce monoclonal antibodies; an antibody was obtained that interacted with neurons, inhibited binding of neuronal membrane vesicles to glial cells, and recognized an Mr = 135,000 band in immunoblots of embryonic chick brain membranes. These results suggest that this molecule is present on the surfaces of neurons and that it directly or indirectly mediates adhesion between neurons and glial cells. Because the monoclonal antibody as well as the original polyspecific antibodies that were active in the assay did not bind to glial cells, we infer that neuron- glial interaction is heterophilic, i.e., it occurs between Ng-CAM on neurons and an as yet unidentified CAM present on glial cells.
Illuminating the ‘boy problem’ from children's and teachers' perspectives: a pilot study

The apparent educational underperformance of boys has received phenomenal attention worldwide for many years. In the UK, it has led to various government reports and policies aimed at raising boys' achievement. This small-scale qualitative-interpretive pilot study, undertaken in one urban primary school in North Wales, reports the findings from exploring boys', aged six to seven years, perceptions of education. It also presents teachers' perceptions of how boys' learn and what they regard to be visible gender differences in the classroom. The research suggests that although many boys within this age group seemed generally positive about school and learning, certain issues were emerging for some boys that, if not addressed, could result in disengagement and/or underperformance. Factors include: issues related to boys' reading and literacy; boys' preference for screen-based, digital devices; gender binaries in relation to learning styles and behaviours; gender-specific syndromes; and teacher concerns about the impact of a ‘feminised’ education sector. The objective of this paper is to examine, after decades of research studies and government reports, what do we really know about the perceptions of young male learners and their experiences within the context of the primary classroom?
The effect of danger upon the experience of time.

Studies on the interrelationship of space and time have demonstrated that when the time-interval between successive flashes of lights is kept constant while the physical distance between them is varied, the obsener's experience of elapsed time does not remain constant but varies with the physical distance.l A further question may be asked as to whether such space-time interrelationship also obtains if the psychological distance is changed through variations other than those of physical distance. Werner and Wapner developed a method of obtaining changes in psychological distance with physical distance held constant. They found that psychological distance changed under conditions of danger; e.g. when S walked toward and stopped short of a precipitous edge, he overestimated the distance he travelled, or stated another way, the edge appeared closer. The introduction of danger affected psychological distance even though physical distance was not changed.2 The purpose of this study was to determine whether the space-time interrelationship obtains when psychological space alone is changed. The presence of danger, known to aSect psychological distance, was introduced as the experimental condition. It was thought that changes in psychological distance, under conditions of danger, would be paralleled by changes in psychological time. More specifically, it was expected that since distance traversed is overestimated under conditions of danger, time elapsed wouId be overestimated under danger.