Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Board Composition, Corporate Performance, and the Cadbury Committee Recommendation

Abstract During the 1990s and beyond, countries around the world witnessed calls and/or mandates for more outside directors on publicly traded companies' boards even though extant studies find no significant correlation between outside directors and corporate performance. We examine the connection between changes in board composition and corporate performance in the U.K. over the interval 1989–1996, a period that surrounds publication of the Cadbury Report, which calls for at least three outside directors for publicly traded corporations. We find that companies that add directors to conform with this standard exhibit a significant improvement in operating performance both in absolute terms and relative to various peer group benchmarks. We also find a statistically significant increase in stock prices around announcements that outside directors were added in conformance with this recommendation. We do not endorse mandated board structures, but the evidence appears to be that such a mandate is associated with an improvement in performance in U.K. companies.
CHMP5 is essential for late endosome function and down-regulation of receptor signaling during mouse embryogenesis

Charged MVB protein 5 (CHMP5) is a coiled coil protein homologous to the yeast Vps60/Mos10 gene and other ESCRT-III complex members, although its precise function in either yeast or mammalian cells is unknown. We deleted the CHMP5 gene in mice, resulting in a phenotype of early embryonic lethality, reflecting defective late endosome function and dysregulation of signal transduction. Chmp5 −/− cells exhibit enlarged late endosomal compartments that contain abundant internal vesicles expressing proteins that are characteristic of late endosomes and lysosomes. This is in contrast to ESCRT-III mutants in yeast, which are defective in multivesicular body (MVB) formation. The degradative capacity of Chmp5 −/− cells was reduced, and undigested proteins from multiple pathways accumulated in enlarged MVBs that failed to traffic their cargo to lysosomes. Therefore, CHMP5 regulates late endosome function downstream of MVB formation, and the loss of CHMP5 enhances signal transduction by inhibiting lysosomal degradation of activated receptors.
Requirements for localised IP mobility management

Standard IP mobility management (IP-MM) commonly known as Mobile IP, presents a set of technical challenges in performance and scalability, as the mobile host (MN) varies the handoff rate, due to its mobility pattern, between successive wireless points of attachment; these manifest themselves primarily as increased signaling between the MN and its peers. In addition, they encompass sources of latency external to the mobility protocol; a significant component of this latency is induced by signaling round trip time between the communicating entities while in transit. Recently, Mobile IP has been extended by certain micro-mobility protocol mechanisms, aiming to alleviate the above performance limitations; they are identified as hierarchical/regional or more generically localised IP mobility management. This paper presents an investigation on requirements for IP localised mobility management (IP-LMM). Based on generic principles derived from the effect of localising mobility control signaling it explores the requirement space essential for robust micro-mobility protocol extensions to base IP mobility models.
An Analysis of Occupational Change and Departure from the Labor Force

This paper examines both the timing of exits from the teaching profession and the reasons for these exits. Approximately 67 percent of exiting female teachers leave the work force altogether. The presence of a newborn child is the single most important determinant of exits for females. The paper discusses why studies of quit behavior that simply include a person's total number of children may fail to capture the true importance of fertility behavior on a female's quit decision. It also examines the return rates of departing teachers and compares the exit behavior of teachers to that of nonteachers.
Education of Social Skills among Senior High School Age Students in Physical Education Classes.

Research aim was to reveal peculiarities of the education of social skills among senior high school age students in physical education classes. We hypothesized that after the end of the educational experiment the senior high school age students will have more developed social skills in physical education classes. Participants in the study were 51 pupils of the ninth grade (15.15 ± 0.36). Experimental group consisted of 25 and the control group of 26 senior high school age students. Bulotaite and Gudzinskiene communication skills questionnaire; Social Skills Rating System (Student form); Snaider’s social self-control evaluation methods and Legkauskas subjective social adaptation scale were used. Repeated measures (RM) multivariate analysis of variance (2 × 2 (Group × Time) MANOVA) was used in order to analyse the effects of the educational program. During the experiment the applied measures of educational impact had a statistically significant effect on the components of experimental group senior high school age students’ communication, cooperation, assertiveness and social adaptation skills in physical education classes.
Seasonal variation in energy expenditure is not related to activity level or water temperature in a large diving bird

SUMMARY There is considerable interest in understanding how the energy budget of an endotherm is modulated from a physiological and ecological point of view. In this paper, we used daily (24 h) heart rate (fH24), as a proxy of daily energy expenditure (DEE) across seasons, to test the effect of locomotion activity and water temperature on the energy budget of a large diving bird. fH24 was monitored continuously in common eiders (Somateria mollissima) during 7 months together with measures of time spent flying and time spent feeding. fH24 varied substantially during the recording period, with numerous increases and decreases that occurred across seasons, although we did not find any relationship between fH24 and the time spent active (feeding and flying). However, inactive heart rate (fH,inactive) decreased as locomotion activity increased, suggesting that common eiders were using some form of compensation when under a high work load. We were also unable to detect a negative relationship between water temperature and resting heart rate, a proxy of resting metabolic rate. This was unexpected, based on the assumption that high thermoregulation costs would be associated with cold waters. We showed instead that a high level of energy expenditure coincided with feather moult and warm waters, which suggests that the observed variable pattern of seasonal DEE was driven by these two factors. Nevertheless, our results indicate that compensation and possibly the timing of moult may be used as mechanisms to reduce seasonal variation in energy expenditure.
MASSES OF NEUTRON STARS IN HIGH-MASS X-RAY BINARIES WITH OPTICAL ASTROMETRY

Determining the type of matter that is inside a neutron star (NS) has been a long-standing goal of astrophysics. Despite this, most of the NS equations of state (EOS) that predict maximum masses in the range 1.4–2.8 are still viable. Most of the precise NS mass measurements that have been made to date show values close to 1.4 , but a reliable measurement of an overmassive NS would constrain the EOS possibilities. Here, we investigate how optical astrometry at the microarcsecond level can be used to map out the orbits of High-mass X-ray Binaries (HMXBs), leading to tight constraints on NS masses. While previous studies by Unwin and coworkers and Tomsick and coworkers discuss the fact that the future Space Interferometry Mission should be capable of making such measurements, the current work describes detailed simulations for six HMXB systems, including predicted constraints on all orbital parameters. We find that the direct NS masses can be measured to an accuracy of ∼2.5% (1σ) in the best case (X Per), to ∼6.5% for Vela X-1, and to ∼10% for two other HMXBs.
Bayes' Bluff: Opponent Modelling in Poker

Poker is a challenging problem for artificial intelligence, with non-deterministic dynamics, partial observability, and the added difficulty of unknown adversaries. Modelling all of the uncertainties in this domain is not an easy task. In this paper we present a Bayesian probabilistic model for a broad class of poker games, separating the uncertainty in the game dynamics from the uncertainty of the opponent's strategy. We then describe approaches to two key sub-problems: (i) inferring a posterior over opponent strategies given a prior distribution and observations of their play, and (ii) playing an appropriate response to that distribution. We demonstrate the overall approach on a reduced version of poker using Dirichlet priors and then on the full game of Texas hold'em using a more informed prior. We demonstrate methods for playing effective responses to the opponent, based on the posterior.
The 8.2 ka event: Abrupt transition of the subpolar gyre toward a modern North Atlantic circulation

Climate model simulations of the 8.2 ka event show an abrupt strengthening of the Atlantic subpolar gyre that allows us to connect two major but apparently contradictory climate events of the early Holocene: the freshwater outburst from proglacial lakes and the onset of Labrador Sea water formation. The 8.2 ka event is the largest climatic signal of our present interglacial with a widespread cooling in the North Atlantic region about 8200 years before present. It coincides with a meltwater outburst from North American proglacial lakes that is believed to have weakened the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and northward heat transport, followed by a recovery of the deep ocean circulation and rising temperatures after a few centuries. Marine proxy data, however, date the onset of deep water formation in Labrador Sea to the same time. The subsequent strengthening of the slope current system created a regional signal recorded as an abrupt and persistent surface temperature decrease. Although similarities in timing are compelling, a mechanism to reconcile these apparently contradictory events was missing. Our simulations show that an abrupt and persistent strengthening of the Atlantic subpolar gyre provides a plausible explanation. The intense freshwater pulse triggered a transition of the gyre circulation into a different mode of operation, stabilized by internal feedbacks and persistent after the cessation of the perturbation. As a direct consequence, deep water formation around its center intensifies. This corresponds to the modern flow regime and stabilizes the meridional overturning circulation, possibly contributing to the Holocene's climatic stability.
A link between solar events and congenital malformations: Is ionizing radiation enough to explain it?

Cosmic rays are known to cause biological effects directly and through ionizing radiation produced by their secondaries. These effects have been detected in airline crews and other specific cases where members of the population are exposed to above average secondary fluxes. Recent work has found a correlation between solar particle events and congenital malformations. In this work we use the results of computational simulations to approximate the ionizing radiation from such events as well as longer‐term increases in cosmic ray flux. We find that the amounts of ionizing radiation produced by these events are insufficient to produce congenital malformations under the current paradigm regarding muon ionizing radiation. We believe that further work is needed to determine the correct ionizing radiation contribution of cosmogenic muons. We suggest that more extensive measurements of muon radiation effects may show a larger contribution to ionizing radiation dose than currently assumed.
New Techniques for Vibration Qualification of Vibrating Equipment on Aircraft

All aircraft vibrate and all components are designed, tested and certified to survive these vibration levels over their entire service life. Design standards such as MIL‐STD‐810F (1) and RTCA DO‐160E (2) are often used to obtain the vibration sign‐ off test; but what is the safety margin on these tests? How many hours do they represent on real aircraft? Can the equipment life be extended for aircraft with less damaging usage profiles? Can ‘read‐across’ evidence from one aircraft be used to qualify a component on another without further testing? This paper discusses the latest approaches to the analysis of shock and vibration and shows how vibration tests can be tailored based on measured flight spectra, how different tests can be compared, and how the life of equipment can be adjusted based on operational experience.
A dimensional study of disc galaxies

We present a highly simplified model of the dynamical structure of a disc galaxy where only two parameters fully determine the solution, mass and angular momentum. We show through simple physical scalings that once the mass has been fixed, the angular momentum parameter λ is expected to regulate such critical galactic disc properties as colour, thickness of the disc and bulge-to-disc ratio. It is, hence, expected to be the determinant physical ingredient resulting in a given Hubble type. A simple analytic estimate of λ for an observed system is provided. An explicit comparison of the distribution of several galactic parameters against both Hubble type and λ is performed using observed galaxies. Both such distributions exhibit highly similar characteristics for all galactic properties studied, suggesting λ as a physically motivated classification parameter for disc galaxies.
Трилингвизм, Билингвизм И Образовательные Достижения. На Примере Чувашского И Татарского Языков В Сельском Регионе России (Пер. С Англ.)

Эктор Алос-и-Фонт (Hctor Als i Font) - бакалавр лингвистики, внешний сотрудник Исследовательского центра социолингвистики и коммуникации, Барселона, Каталония (Испания). E-mail: hectoralos@gmail. comЭдгар Деметрио Товар-Гарсиа (Edgar Demetrio Tovar-Garca) - PhD, профессор Школы экономикии менеджмента Панамериканского университета (Мексика). E-mail: dtovar@up.edu. mxДля исследования связи между трилингвизмом, билингвизмом и образовательными достижениями учащихся школ проведен опрос 913 школьников в сельских районах Чувашии: 67% из них составили чуваши, 28% - татары. В результате анализа полученных данных с помощью упорядоченных логистических регрессий не обнаружено убедительных доказательств наличия положительной связи между трилингвизмом или билингвизмом и образовательными достижениями. В рамках исследования учитывались такие факторы, как социально-экономический статус и культурный капитал семьи (на основе данных о количестве книг в доме), наличие у учащегося проблем со здоровьем, тип поселения, в котором проживает и в котором учится школьник, школьный класс, а также число братьев и сестер у ученика и его половая принадлежность. Установлено, что такие факторы, как свободное владение чувашским и татарским языком, владение родным языком, язык, используемый для общения дома, и язык обучения в начальной школе не оказывают негативного влияния на образовательные достижения. С одной стороны, такие результаты противоречат данным более ранних исследований, в которых была обнаружена положительная связь билингвизма и трилингвизма с академической успешностью. Вероятно, различия в результатах объясняются тем, что данное исследование проведено в сельской среде, а предшествующие - на городских выборках. С другой стороны, полученные результаты подтверждают данные более ранних исследований, проведенных в Приволжском федеральном округе Российской Федерации и свидетельствующих о том, что опасения органов власти относительно снижения образовательных достижений школьников, говорящих на языках этнических меньшинств, являются беспочвенными. На основании полученных данных можно сделать вывод, что органам, формирующим образовательную политику, следует уделить больше внимания обеспечению в рамках образовательной системы равных возможностей для учащихся - выходцев из семей с разным социально-экономическим статусом.
Binocular Rivalry of Emotional Expressions

A central debate in defining emotional space is whether emotions are organized categorically (e.g., fear, happy, disgust) or continuously (i.e., along the independent dimensions of valence and arousal). Emotional facial expressions are one tool often leveraged in trying to define emotional space. Faces are rich sources of social and emotional information. Faces, like emotions, can be organized in either categorical (e.g., happy, sad) or continuous (e.g., open-closed) ways. Therefore, understanding the relatedness of emotional facial expressions to each other may shed light on the underlying structure of emotions. Binocular rivalry (BR) is a tool which can be leveraged to measure the relatedness of two percepts. When each eye is presented with a different image, the visual system is forced to resolve the images into a coherent percept by either selecting one percept to dominate or blending the two images. BR was employed across three experiments with emotional expressions (happy, fear, disgust, sadness, and neutral) to quantify similarities and differences in how the visual system responds to emotional faces. In Study 1, emotional faces dominated over neutral faces. In Study 2, emotionemotion conflict was explored, and results suggest a positivity bias in emotion perception, as happy faces dominated over all negative faces. In addition, fear dominated over disgust and sad faces. In Study 3, the role of top-down, directed attention on perception was tested by asking participants to direct their attention to the presence or absence of positivity or negativity. Results suggest that the positivity bias observed in
Convex synthesis of distributed controllers for spatio-temporal systems with subadditive support functions

We consider the problem of spatio-temporal systems, with sensor measurements and control actions at each point in a spatial domain, such that the dynamics at each point may effect those at any other point with some propagation delay, and the controllers may communicate between any points with some transmission delays. We wish to synthesize such a controller to minimize a closed-loop norm for the entire system. We show that, similar to results for finite subsystems, if the transmission delays satisfy the triangle inequality, then the simple condition that the transmission delay between any two points is less than the propagation delay between those points allows for the optimal control problem to be recast as a convex optimization problem. We can then view spatially invariant systems as a special case, and a broad generalisation of the class of such systems amenable to convex synthesis quickly falls out. In particular, the class of systems determined by funnel causal propagation functions in one dimension can be generalised to those determined by subadditive propagation functions in arbitrary dimensions.
Lifespan Changes in the Countermanding Performance of Young and Middle Aged Adult Rats

Inhibitory control can be investigated with the countermanding task, which requires subjects to make a response to a go signal and cancel that response when a stop signal is presented occasionally. Adult humans performing the countermanding task typically exhibit impaired response time (RT), stop signal response time (SSRT) and response accuracy as they get older, but little change in post-error slowing. Rodent models of the countermanding paradigm have been developed recently, yet none have directly examined age-related changes in performance throughout the lifespan. Male Wistar rats (N = 16) were trained to respond to a visual stimulus (go signal) by pressing a lever directly below an illuminated light for food reward, but to countermand the lever press subsequent to a tone (stop signal) that was presented occasionally (25% of trials) at a variable delay. Subjects were tested in 1 h sessions at approximately 7 and 12 months of age with intermittent training in between. Rats demonstrated longer go trial RT, a higher proportion of go trial errors and performed less total trials at 12, compared to 7 months of age. Consistent SSRT and post-error slowing were observed for rats at both ages. These results suggest that the countermanding performance of rats does vary throughout the lifespan, in a manner similar to humans, suggesting that rodents may provide a suitable model for behavioral impairment related to normal aging. These findings also highlight the importance of indicating the age at which rodents are tested in countermanding investigations.
Deep Learning for Spatio-Temporal Modeling of Dynamic Spontaneous Emotions

Facial expressions involve dynamic morphological changes in a face, conveying information about the expresser’s feelings. Each emotion has a specific spatial deformation over the face and temporal profile with distinct time segments. We aim at modeling the human dynamic emotional behavior by taking into consideration the visual content of the face and its evolution. But emotions can both speed-up or slow-down, therefore it is important to incorporate information from the local neighborhood frames (short-term dependencies) and the global setting (long-term dependencies) to summarize the segment context despite of its time variations. A 3D-Convolutional Neural Networks (3D-CNN) is used to learn early local spatiotemporal features. The 3D-CNN is designed to capture subtle spatiotemporal changes that may occur on the face. Then, a Convolutional-Long-Short-Term-Memory (ConvLSTM) network is designed to learn semantic information by taking into account longer spatiotemporal dependencies. The ConvLSTM network helps considering the global visual saliency of the expression. That is locating and learning features in space and time that stand out from their local neighbors in order to signify distinctive facial expression features along the entire sequence. Non-variant representations based on aggregating global spatiotemporal features at increasingly fine resolutions are then done using a weighted Spatial Pyramid Pooling layer.
Dither for smoothing relay feedback systems

Dither signals provide an effective way to compensate for nonlinearities in control systems. The seminal works by Zames and Shneydor, and more recently, by Mossaheb, present rigorous tools for systematic design of dithered systems. Their results rely, however, on a Lipschitz assumption relating to nonlinearity, and thus, do not cover important applications with discontinuities. This paper presents initial results on how to analyze and design dither in nonsmooth systems. In particular, it is shown that a dithered relay feedback system can be approximated by a smoothed system. Guidelines are given for tuning the amplitude and the period time of the dither signal, in order to stabilize the nonsmooth system.
Pemaafan pada istri dewasa muda yang suaminya pernah berselingkuh

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat proses pemaafan dan faktor-faktor yang berperan dalam pemaafan pada istri dewasa muda yang suaminya pernah berselingkuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pengambilan data utama melalui wawancara mendalam dan digunakan juga dua kuesioner, yaitu NEO PI-R serta TRIM-18 untuk melengkapi data wawancara. Partisipan pada penelitian ini sebanyak tiga orang dan dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik convenience sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketiga partisipan belum sepenuhnya memaafkan suaminya yang pernah berselingkuh. Faktor yang dominan menghambat adalah adanya ruminasi, sedangkan faktor yang mendukung partisipan dalam proses pemaafannya ialah pertimbangan memaafkan, permohonan maaf yang ikhlas dari suami, kualitas hubungan, dan motivasi berbuat baik. Selain itu ditemukan juga adanya faktor budaya dan agama yang sangat kental yang berperan dalam proses pemaafan di ketiga partisipan.