Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond Ticks and Clicks: The Need for More Diverse and Broader Conceptualizations and Measures of Father Involvement

Father involvement has been conceptualized and measured primarily as a temporal and directly observable phenomenon. This paper describes the problems associated with this narrow conceptualization and argues for the need to explore broader, more diverse, and inclusive conceptualizations and measures of father involvement. We review nascent, recent scholarship that supports this assertion, outline ways to improve conceptualization and measurement, and specify the benefits that would flow from this effort.
Learning Beyond the School Walls: Trends and Implications

Academically-focused learning activities beyond formal schooling are expanding in myriad forms throughout the world. This diverse realm of learning activities includes private supplementary education purchased by families such as private tutoring, online courses, cram schools, and learning center franchises. Some public schools also provide academically oriented after-school programs beyond their formal curricula. This review identifies factors relating to students, families, schools, and educational systems that affect participation in supplementary education. Macro forces are also related to the proliferation of learning activities outside of formal schooling. We discuss implications of this trend for educational stratification as well as challenges it creates for families and formal educational systems. Finally, we suggest promising new avenues for data collection and empirical research.
Prompting in mammography : computer-aided detection or computer-aided diagnosis?

This paper addresses radiologists’ use of Computer-Aided Detection systems in screening mammography. Our focus is on how radiologists interpret prompting information and how this interpretation subsequently effects their decision making. Generally a distinction is made between systems designed to assist radiologists make a more complete examination of a mammogram (detection aids) and those that assist a radiologist to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions (diagnostic aids). We present evidence to show that it is difficult for radiologists to maintain this distinction in practice. We suggest that radiologists are inclined to use prompts as evidence to support diagnostic decisions in cases where they are uncertain about the interpretation of a lesion. It is possible that this mode of use may have a detrimental effect on performance.
The impact of heat waves and cold spells on mortality rates in the Dutch population.

We conducted the study described in this paper to investigate the impact of ambient temperature on mortality in the Netherlands during 1979-1997, the impact of heat waves and cold spells on mortality in particular, and the possibility of any heat wave- or cold spell-induced forward displacement of mortality. We found a V-like relationship between mortality and temperature, with an optimum temperature value (e.g., average temperature with lowest mortality rate) of 16.5 degrees C for total mortality, cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, and mortality among those [Greater and equal to] 65 year of age. For mortality due to malignant neoplasms and mortality in the youngest age group, the optimum temperatures were 15.5 degrees C and 14.5 degrees C, respectively. For temperatures above the optimum, mortality increased by 0.47, 1.86, 12.82, and 2.72% for malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, and total mortality, respectively, for each degree Celsius increase above the optimum in the preceding month. For temperatures below the optimum, mortality increased 0.22, 1.69, 5.15, and 1.37%, respectively, for each degree Celsius decrease below the optimum in the preceding month. Mortality increased significantly during all of the heat waves studied, and the elderly were most effected by extreme heat. The heat waves led to increases in mortality due to all of the selected causes, especially respiratory mortality. Average total excess mortality during the heat waves studied was 12.1%, or 39.8 deaths/day. The average excess mortality during the cold spells was 12.8% or 46.6 deaths/day, which was mostly attributable to the increase in cardiovascular mortality and mortality among the elderly. The results concerning the forward displacement of deaths due to heat waves were not conclusive. We found no cold-induced forward displacement of deaths.
The treatment of social phobia in general practice. is exposure therapy feasible?

BACKGROUND Exposure therapy is an effective treatment for generalized social phobia. Most patients with social phobia are treated in primary care, but family doctors are not usually trained to perform exposure therapy. We have conducted a study in primary care of the effect of exposure therapy alone or in combination with sertraline on generalized social phobia. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this article is to describe the training of GPs and the application of the treatment programme in general practice. METHOD Forty-five GPs were trained for approximately 30 h in assessing patients with social phobia and conducting exposure therapy. The training programme included scoring of videotaped interviews of five patients on several social phobia scales, and a videotape demonstrating different steps of an exposure therapy was used as a model for role play in group training. RESULTS All of the GPs completed the training programme. The doctors expressed satisfaction with the programme and also found it useful in the treatment of patients with conditions other than social phobia. There was a significant difference in response between the treatment groups (P = 0.001), and the combination of exposure therapy and sertraline seemed to be particularly beneficial.
Targeted Mutation of a Drosophila Odor Receptor Defines Receptor Requirement in a Novel Class of Sensillum

In vertebrates, individual olfactory neurons are thought to express a single odorant receptor (Or) gene, but it is not clear that all odor-evoked activity in each neuron is exclusively dependent on an individual odorant receptor. In Drosophila, little is known about what receptors impart odor sensitivity to particular olfactory neurons. Here, we demonstrate the use of gene targeting to produce a null mutant of the putative odorant receptor Or43b and find that the mutant is defective for odor-evoked activity in ab8A neurons, a single functional class of olfactory neurons in Drosophila. ab8A neurons lacking Or43b are still present in the mutants and display spontaneous activity but are insensitive to odor stimulation. Therefore, Or43b is required for odor responsiveness in these olfactory neurons in vivo. Or83b, a receptor expressed in a large fraction of olfactory neurons including Or43b neurons, does not confer odor responsiveness in the absence of Or43b. Olfactory behavior elicited by odorants that activate the ab8A neurons is indistinguishable between Or43b mutants and controls, demonstrating a surprising degree of functional redundancy among the limited odor receptor repertoire in this species. These studies demonstrate that a reverse genetic approach can be used to correlate specific olfactory receptors with odor specificity of functional classes of olfactory neurons.
Direct and indirect economic and health consequences of COPD in Denmark: a national register-based study: 1998–2010

Objective Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, but longitudinal studies of the economic consequences of COPD are scarce. This Danish study evaluated for the first time ever the economic consequences of COPD of an entire nation before and after the diagnosis. Setting Records from the Danish National Patient Registry (1998–2010), direct and indirect costs, including frequency of primary and secondary sector contacts and procedures, medication, unemployment benefits and social transfer payments were extracted from national databases. Participants 131 811 patients with COPD were identified and compared with 131 811 randomly selected controls matched for age, gender, educational level, residence and marital status. Primary and secondary outcome measures Direct and indirect economic and health consequences of COPD in Denmark in the time period 1998–2010. Results Patients with COPD had a poor survival. The average (95% CI) 12-year survival rate was 0.364 (0.364 to 0.368) compared with 0.686 among controls (0.682 to 0.690). COPD was associated with significantly higher rates of health-related contacts, medication use and higher socioeconomic costs. The employment and the income rates of employed patients with COPD were significantly lower compared with controls. The annual net costs, including social transfers were €8572 for patients with COPD. These consequences were present up to 11 years before first-time diagnosis in the secondary healthcare sector and became more pronounced with disease advancement. Conclusions This study provides unique national data on direct and indirect costs before and after initial diagnosis with COPD in Denmark as well as mortality, health and economic consequences for the individual and for society. It could be speculated that early identification and intervention might contribute to the solution.
Unsupervised intrinsic and extrinsic calibration of a camera-depth sensor couple

The availability of affordable depth sensors in conjunction with common RGB cameras (even in the same device, e.g. the Microsoft Kinect) provides robots with a complete and instantaneous representation of both the appearance and the 3D structure of the current surrounding environment. This type of information enables robots to safely navigate, perceive and actively interact with other agents inside the working environment. It is clear that, in order to obtain a reliable and accurate representation, not only the intrinsic parameters of each sensors should be precisely calibrated, but also the extrinsic parameters relating the two sensors should be precisely known. In this paper, we propose a human-friendly and reliable calibration framework, that enables to easily estimate both the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of a camera-depth sensor couple. Real world experiments using a Kinect show improvements for both the 3D structure estimation and the association tasks.
Antisocial Personality Disorders

3258 randomly selected adult household residents of Edmonton, Canada, were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). 104 subjects fulfilled DSM‐III antisocial personality disorder (ASP) criteria. Lifetime prevalence rates were found to be significantly higher in males and in the younger adult age groups. The age of onset (i.e. age at which conduct disorder symptoms first appeared) was found to be under 10 years in the majority of cases, with females lagging just slightly behind males. Symptom patterns and frequencies were examined and the relative risks for these symptoms were calculated. Comorbidity, calculated using full DSM‐III severity criteria, but without exclusion criteria, revealed an increased prevalence of nearly every other psychiatric disorder in those with antisocial personality disorder, with 90.4% having at least one other lifetime psychiatric diagnosis.
Thanks for asking: Adolescent attitudes and preferences regarding the use of chaperones during physical examinations.

BACKGROUND There is no uniformity as to how and when chaperones should be used for general and intimate (genitalia and/or breasts) physical examinations of adolescents. OBJECTIVE To explore adolescents' attitudes and preferences regarding the use of medical chaperones during physical examinations. METHODS The present analysis was a cross-sectional descriptive study performed as part of a quality improvement project in the Adolescent Medicine Clinics at The Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario) between January 1 and April 30, 2011. Adolescents 13 to 18 years of age completed an anonymous 10-item, self-administered questionnaire regarding their thoughts on chaperones during physical examinations. Demographic and descriptive data were collected. RESULTS A total of 127 adolescents participated in the present study. The mean (± SD) age was 16.3±1.5 years and the majority (93.7%) were female. More than one-half (61%) of female adolescents had previous experience with an intimate examination; however, a chaperone was present only 36% of the time. Seventy percent of female adolescents wanted the choice of a chaperone for a general examination compared with 61% for an intimate examination. Among female adolescents with past chaperone experience, 78% wanted the choice of a chaperone for subsequent intimate examinations, compared with 55% among those with no previous chaperone experience. Only 21% believed they would ask for a chaperone if one were not offered. CONCLUSIONS Although there was variation in adolescents' attitudes and preferences regarding the use of chaperones, many females indicated a desire to discuss the option of a chaperone for all types of examinations.
Initiating Play Activity of Children: The Moderating Influence of Verbal Cues on Intrinsic Motivation.

SWANN, WILLIAM B. , JR., and PITTMAN, THANE S. Initiating Play Activity of Children: The Moderating Influence of Verbal Cues on Intrinsic Motivation. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1128-1132. 2 experiments contrasted the effects of several methods of initiating the play activity of elementary school children on their willingness to persist in an initially interesting activity. Consistent with an interpretation based upon assumed changes in self-perceived intrinsic motivation, task persistence declined when (1) an adult rather than the child selected the play activity, and (2) the child was promised a reward for playing the game. In contrast, task persistence remained high when (1) no reward was presented, (2) the reward was not contingent on performance of the target activity, or (3) a performance-contingent reward was paired with verbal reinforcement.
"Who would they talk about if we weren't here?": Muslim Youth, Liberal Schooling, and the Politics of Concern

With the growing number of immigrant youth moving into new communities and host nations across the globe (Suarez-Orozco, 2007), it is critical that we deepen our understanding of the ways in which schools enable either the civic engagement or the social marginalization of these young people. In this article Reva Jaffe-Walter presents the results of an ethnographic case study of Muslim students and their teachers in a Danish secondary school. Her findings reveal how liberal educational discourses and desires to offer Muslim immigrant students a better life can slide into processes of everyday exclusion in schools. Jaffe-Walter theorizes that immigrants in liberal democracies face technologies of concern—that is, policies and practices that champion the goals of fostering the engagement and social incorporation of immigrant students while simultaneously producing notions of these youth as Other, justifying practices of coercive assimilation (Foucault, 1977; Ong, 1996). She argues that beyond just producing .
Threatened with death but growing: changes in and determinants of posttraumatic growth over the dying process for Taiwanese terminally ill cancer patients

Posttraumatic growth at end of life, a positive psychological consequence of dealing with a life crisis, may be catalyzed by the trauma of facing mortality. Studies on cancer patients' posttraumatic growth have overwhelmingly examined early‐stage survivors. Of the few studies on advanced cancer patients, none anchored posttraumatic growth with the patient's death. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to describe longitudinal changes in and to identify determinants of posttraumatic growth over the dying process.
Spin temperatures and covering factors for Hi 21-cm absorption in damped Lyman α systems

We investigate the practice of assigning high spin temperatures to damped Lyman a absorption systems (DLAs) not detected in H 121-cm absorption. In particular, Kanekar & Chengalur have attributed the mix of 21-cm detections and non-detections in low-redshift (z abs ≤ 2.04) DLAs to a mix of spin temperatures, while the non-detections at high redshift were attributed to high spin temperatures. Below z abs = 0.9, where some of the DLA host galaxy morphologies are known, we find that 21-cm absorption is normally detected towards large radio sources when the absorber is known to be associated with a large intermediate (spiral) galaxy. Furthermore, at these redshifts, only one of the six 21-cm non-detections has an optical identification and these DLAs tend to lie along the sight-lines to the largest background radio continuum sources. For these and many of the high-redshift DLAs occulting large radio continua, we therefore expect covering factors of less than the assumed/estimated value of unity. This would have the effect of introducing a range of spin temperatures considerably narrower than the current range of ΔT s ≥ 9000 K, while still supporting the hypothesis that the high-redshift DLA sample comprises a larger proportion of compact galaxies than the low-redshift sample.
Restaurant Revenue Management

In principle, restaurant operators should be able to apply the time-based philosophy of revenue management to restaurant meals. To do so, however, requires a revision in the way most restaurateurs traditionally have viewed sales. Most restaurants track item contribution margin, sales per server, revenue per day part, or similar operating ratios. A different type of measure, revenue per available seat-hour, integrates the duration of the meal as a factor in the revenue calculation. Certain elements of current-day restaurant practice, such as differential pricing (e.g., early bird specials, AARP discounts), promoting special events (such as wine tastings on off nights), and managing table turnover carry the seeds of revenue management, but few restaurants have established the necessary strategic approach to assemble those tactics into a coherent revenue-management strategy. This article seeks only to establish a framework for such a strategy, and not to set a practical road map for its execution.
Time-lapse Traveltime Shifts Above Compacting Reservoirs: 3D Solutions For Prestack Data

Time-lapse (4D) traveltime shifts of reflection events recorded above hydrocarbon reservoirs can be used to monitor production-related compaction and porepressure changes. Existing methodology, however, is largely limited to zero-offset rays and cannot be applied to time shifts measured on prestack seismic data. Here, we obtain traveltime shifts by employing first-order perturbation theory that accounts for the stress-induced anisotropic velocity field, as well as for the deformation of reflectors. The resulting closed-form expression can be efficiently used for 3D numerical modeling of traveltime shifts and, ultimately, for reconstructing the heterogeneous stress distribution around compacting reservoirs.
Poisoning Attacks against Support Vector Machines

We investigate a family of poisoning attacks against Support Vector Machines (SVM). Such attacks inject specially crafted training data that increases the SVM's test error. Central to the motivation for these attacks is the fact that most learning algorithms assume that their training data comes from a natural or well-behaved distribution. However, this assumption does not generally hold in security-sensitive settings. As we demonstrate, an intelligent adversary can, to some extent, predict the change of the SVM's decision function due to malicious input and use this ability to construct malicious data. The proposed attack uses a gradient ascent strategy in which the gradient is computed based on properties of the SVM's optimal solution. This method can be kernelized and enables the attack to be constructed in the input space even for non-linear kernels. We experimentally demonstrate that our gradient ascent procedure reliably identifies good local maxima of the non-convex validation error surface, which significantly increases the classifier's test error.
Secure pre-coding and post-coding for OFDM systems along with hardware implementation

An effective and hardware-friendly physical layer security design, composed of a channel-based frequency pre-coder and a post-coder for OFDM-based systems, is proposed. The design is achieved by decomposing the diagonal matrix of the channel frequency amplitude of the legitimate receiver in order to obtain two unitary orthonormal matrices. The first matrix is used as a pre-coder just before the IFFT process at the transmitter, while the second matrix is used as a post-coder just after the FFT process at the receiver. Besides security, the presented design is interestingly found out to work as a shuffler or inter-leaver, which does not only provide secrecy, but also enhances the performance against burst errors. Moreover, a new channel calibration technique is developed to overcome the effect of channel reciprocity mismatch on the proposed scheme. The provided simulations and USRP hardware testbed implementation results validate the effectiveness of the proposed design in achieving practical and reliable secrecy with just minor modifications on the OFDM structure.
New frontiers in urethral reconstruction: injectables and alternative grafts

Contemporary management of anterior urethral strictures requires both endoscopic as well as complex substitution urethroplasty, depending on the nature of the urethral stricture. Recent clinical and experimental studies have explored the possibility of augmenting traditional endoscopic urethral stricture management with anti-fibrotic injectable medications. Additionally, although buccal mucosa remains the gold standard graft for substitution urethroplasty, alternative grafts are necessary for reconstructing particularly complex urethral strictures in which there is insufficient buccal mucosa or in cases where it may be contraindicated. This review summarizes the data of the most promising injectable adjuncts to endoscopic stricture management and explores the alternative grafts available for reconstructing the most challenging urethral strictures. Further research is needed to define which injectable medications and alternative grafts may be best suited for urethral reconstruction in the future.
An Adaptive Finite Element Method with Perfectly Matched Absorbing Layers for the Wave Scattering by Periodic Structures

We develop a finite element adaptive strategy with error control for the wave scattering by periodic structures. The unbounded computational domain is truncated to a bounded one by an extension of the perfectly matched layer (PML) technique, which attenuates both the outgoing and evanescent waves in the PML region. PML parameters such as the thickness of the layer and the medium property are determined through sharp a posteriori error estimates. Numerical experiments are included to illustrate the competitive behavior of the proposed adaptive method.