Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Blood pressure responses of chronic schizophrenic patients to epinephrine and mecholyl.

1. The recent work of Funkenstein, Greenblatt, and Solomon on the Epinephrine-Mecholyl Test, and on autonomic nervous system responses of mentally ill patients, has been applied to chronic schizophrenics. 2. Our hypothesis was that if chronic schizophrenics were tested by this technique, few would give responses of the type that are associated with a favorable prognosis. 3. Of 25 chronic schizophrenics with prolonged hospitalizations, none gave a "favorable" response. 4. The responses shown by chronic patients gave a distribution pattern practically identical with that seen in groups of normal subjects. The distribution into groups of the more acute cases described by Funkenstein et al. differs significantly from both normals and chronics. 5. Hypotheses have been formulated from the work of Funkenstein and from the results of this investigation which pertain to concepts of psychological equilibrium and homeostasis in mental illness. 6. Our results give support to the reliability of the Epinephrine-Mecholy.
Peer Interaction Patterns in an Integrated Middle School.

The interaction of black and white students in a new open enrollment desegregated middle school which meets most of the criteria Allport (1954) specified as important in fostering positive intergroup relations was studied. Seating patterns in the cafeteria were observed during the school's first year of operation. Analysis of these patterns using indices based on Campbell et al.'s (1966) formula for analyzing racial aggregation suggested: (a) race is an extremely important grouping criterion even for students who have chosen a desegregated school; (b) however, sex is generally an even more important grouping criterion; (c) girls show more racial aggregation than boys; and (d) racial aggregation decreased over time in the seventh grade but increased in the eighth grade, which had a predominantly white accelerated academic track and a predominantly black regular track.
The Routledge International Handbook of English, Language and Literacy Teaching.

Part 1: Reading Social and Cultural Influences on Children's Motivation for Reading. Literature for Children. Approaches to Teaching Literature. Reading and Teaching Short Stories, Based on Process Studies and Experimental Research. Comprehension Instruction: Merging Two Historically Antithetical Perspectives. The Genre-Specific Nature of Reading Comprehension. Morphological Knowledge and Learning to Read in English. Phonological Development Across Different Languages. Interaction and Learning to Read: Towards a Dialogic Approach. Part 2: Writing Facilitating Writing Development. Writing in the Early Years. The Ontogenesis of Writing in Childhood and Adolescence. Composition Across Levels of Schooling: Cognitive, Textual and Social Dimensions. Rhythm And Blues: Making Textual Music with Grammar and Punctuation. Linguistic Foundations of Spelling Development. Handwriting and Writing. Part 3: Language Orality, Literacy, and Culture: Talk, Text, and Tools in Ideological Contexts. Understanding Language Development. Bilingualism and English Language Teaching. Drama-Teaching, Learning, Language and Literacy. Classroom Discourse: Towards a Dialogic Pedagogy Part 4: Teaching English, Language and Literacy Critical Approaches to Teaching Language, Reading and Writing. Culturally Responsive Teacher Preparation: Learning in Field Experiences for Prospective Literacy Educators. The Text Environment and Learning to Read: Windows and Mirrors. Shaping Literate Lives. The Relationship Between Home And School. Literacy Practices. Gender and the Teaching of English. An Outward, Inward, and School-ward Overview of Interactive Communication. Technologies Across the Literacy Landscape. Multimodality, Literacy and School English. A Very Long Engagement: English and The Moving Image. Reading, Writing and Speaking Poetry . Teaching Shakespeare. Difficulties in Learning Literacy. Classroom Assessment. Initial Teacher Preparation for Reading Instruction. Part 5: English, Language and Literacy Teaching: Countries as Contexts International Comparisons of Literacy: What have they revealed? Globalisation and the International Context for Literacy Policy Reform. A Tale of the Two Special Administrative Regions (SARS) of China - An Overview of English Language Teaching Developments in Hong Kong and Macao. Bilingual Educational Programmes in Indian Schools: Addressing the English Language Needs of the Country. English in Scandinavia - A Success Story? Sub-saharan Africa Recent Federal Education Policy in the United States. English Teaching in Australia and New Zealand. English in England and Wales: Knowledge and Ownership. Part 6: Conclusion Recommendations for Practice, Policy and Research.
Linear Response Methods for Accurate Covariance Estimates from Mean Field Variational Bayes

Mean field variational Bayes (MFVB) is a popular posterior approximation method due to its fast runtime on large-scale data sets. However, a well known major failing of MFVB is that it underestimates the uncertainty of model variables (sometimes severely) and provides no information about model variable covariance. We generalize linear response methods from statistical physics to deliver accurate uncertainty estimates for model variables—both for individual variables and coherently across variables. We call our method linear response variational Bayes (LRVB). When the MFVB posterior approximation is in the exponential family, LRVB has a simple, analytic form, even for non-conjugate models. Indeed, we make no assumptions about the form of the true posterior. We demonstrate the accuracy and scalability of our method on a range of models for both simulated and real data.
Federalismo e conflitos distributivos: disputa dos estados por recursos orçamentários federais

This article analyzes how State-by-State representation in the Brazilian National Congress processes and negotiates amendments to the Federal budget within the Joint Budget Committee. Amendments submitted from 1995 to 1999 by members of Congress from three selected States (Bahia, Ceara, and Parana) are analyzed. Several hypotheses concerning the role of amendments are investigated, arguing that the amendments, like certain Federal policies, facilitate the accommodation of tensions arising in a Federative system marked by regional inequalities.
Smallholder Heterogeneity and Maize Market Participation in Southern and Eastern Africa: Implications for Investment Strategies to Increase Marketed Food Staple Supply

In many African countries, as well as in other parts of the world where a significant part of the rural population is poor and food insecure, policymakers face what is called the food price dilemma. On the one hand, they need to provide farmers with incentives to increase the quantity of marketed food staples to feed a growing population, especially in rapidly growing urban centers where unrest can be politically destabilizing. On the other hand, because staple foods account for a large portion of total household expenditures for both urban and rural households, policymakers also are drawn to policies that lower the retail price of staple foods for consumers. Achieving both objectives – increasing marketed supplies of food staples while maintaining low retail prices – are also key to continued poverty reduction, as smallholder incomes increase when they receive higher prices for their surplus marketed output, while lower retail food prices decrease the cost of living for both rural and urban households. Hence, these objectives figure prominently in Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) investment plans and the United States (U.S.) Feed The Future initiative.
Sampling in Cross-Cultural Research

Sampling is employed in many fields of investigation to make inferences about characteristics or parameters of some larger set of cases. The intention is to represent that larger set with a minimum of effort and expense and a maximum of accuracy. We may want to know, for example, whether two or more variables are strongly correlated in that larger set. Researchers who are interested in cultural variation throughout the world (hereafter referred to as &dquo;cross-cultural&dquo; researchers) want to be able to generalize their sample results to the world. Hence they would ideally like to sample from all the cultures &dquo;that have ever existed, exist now, or ever will exist&dquo; (Otterbein’s [1976: 108] &dquo;omneity&dquo;; statisticians generally use the word &dquo;population&dquo; to denote any large aggregate of existing cases [see, e.g., Cochran 1977: 5]). Unfortunately, the population of all past, present, and future cultures is (and will remain) incompletely accessible to us, since some past and present cultures are not described in sufficient detail, or are not described at all, in the ethnographic record, and since future cultures do not yet exist. However, we can still entertain the possibility of sampling from and generalizing to the population that consists of all of the cultures that have been fairly well described in the ethnographic record. (A list of the units in a population is called a &dquo;sampling frame,&dquo; which ideally covers the whole population and includes sampling units that do not overlap [Cochran 1977: 6].) In this paper, we discuss the various sampling strategies that have been employed, and might be employed, by cross-cultural researchers who want to generalize their results to some larger worldwide set of cases. Our discussion covers the following major topics: (1) sampling frames, samples, and sampling units; (2) random versus nonrandom sampling; (3) Galton’s problem, or the issue of historical relatedness and how it may affect results and conclusions; and (4) practical considerations and recommendations. For other information about sampling, the reader is referred to the many books published since the 1950s on sampling theory and method (e.g., Cochran 1977; Kish 1965, 1987; for sampling in cross-cultural research, see Otterbein 1976, 1989, 1990).
Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF RUO Assay and IS6110 Real-Time PCR for Mycobacterium tuberculosis Detection in Clinical Samples

ABSTRACT The Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF research-use-only (RUO) assay and a laboratory-developed test (LDT) targeting IS6110 were evaluated and compared to mycobacterial culture as the gold standard. The performance characteristics of both molecular assays were determined by using 112 specimens from 90 patients, including 89 pulmonary specimens and 23 extrapulmonary specimens. Of the specimens tested, 37 (33%) were culture positive for the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex; 29 were pulmonary, and 8 were extrapulmonary. Of these culture-positive specimens, 83% of the pulmonary specimens and 50% of the extrapulmonary specimens were smear positive. There was complete concordance between the smear-positive culture-positive specimens, independent of the anatomical site (100% sensitivity). The sensitivity of the MTB/RIF RUO assay for smear-negative specimens was 60% for pulmonary and 75% for extrapulmonary specimens, while the IS6110 LDT sensitivities were 40% and 0%, respectively. There was also complete concordance among the culture-negative specimens tested. Both assays showed 95% specificity, with four culture-negative specimens testing as positive. A review of patient records indicated that there was a high likelihood of the presence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in the false-positive specimens. Biosafety analysis was performed and showed an acceptable reduction in organism viability using the processing methods described above. Both molecular assays are suitable for the detection of M. tuberculosis isolates in smear-positive pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens, while the sensitivity of the detection of M. tuberculosis isolates in smear-negative specimens was variable.
Image Modeling and Denoising With Orientation-Adapted Gaussian Scale Mixtures

We develop a statistical model to describe the spatially varying behavior of local neighborhoods of coefficients in a multiscale image representation. Neighborhoods are modeled as samples of a multivariate Gaussian density that are modulated and rotated according to the values of two hidden random variables, thus allowing the model to adapt to the local amplitude and orientation of the signal. A third hidden variable selects between this oriented process and a nonoriented scale mixture of Gaussians process, thus providing adaptability to the local orientedness of the signal. Based on this model, we develop an optimal Bayesian least squares estimator for denoising images and show through simulations that the resulting method exhibits significant improvement over previously published results obtained with Gaussian scale mixtures.
Revisiting Perceived Risk in the Context of Online Shopping: An Alternative Perspective of Decision-Making Styles

This study attempts to elaborate the consequences of perceived risk by taking the moderating effects of decision-making style (i.e., involvement vs. heuristics) into account in the context of online shopping. The integrated model is tested repeatedly in diverse purchasing situations with different Web presentation styles and product categories. The findings indicate that perceived risk toward the Web site/product influences purchasing intention through cognition- and affect-based attitudes. Moreover, the moderating effects of decision-making style on the relationship between perceived risk and its consequences are conditional. Since perceived risk appears very crucial for promoting online shopping, the results of this study may provide an influential reference for academicians and practitioners when considering the role of perceived risk in Web site marketing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical, Biochemical, and Genetic Features of 41 Han Chinese Families With Primary Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy, and Their Therapeutic Response to Etoricoxib: Results From a Six‐Month Prospective Clinical Intervention

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (PHO) is a rare inherited disease caused by genetic defects in the prostaglandin metabolism pathway; disturbed prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) catabolism resulting in increased PGE2 level is suggested in the pathogenesis. Forty‐three Han Chinese patients with PHO were studied and 41 of them were treated. Mutations in the HPGD gene, causing hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, primary, autosomal recessive 1 (PHOAR1; OMIM 259100), were identified in seven patients, and mutations in the SLCO2A1 gene, causing hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, primary, autosomal recessive 2 (PHOAR2; OMIM 614441), were identified in 36 patients. Clinical phenotypes of PHO varied, ranging from mild isolated finger clubbing to severe pachydermia and disabling joint swelling, even within families. Circulating PGE2 metabolism features of PHOAR2 were different from those of PHOAR1. Different frequency and severity of pachydermia between the subgroups were also indicated. A percentage of PHOAR2 patients suffered from gastrointestinal hemorrhage, but this symptom was not observed in the PHOAR1 subgroup. Clinical evidence highlighted the essential role of sex hormones in prostaglandin transporter regulation with respect to PHOAR2 onset, although no significant associations of urinary PGE2 or PGE‐M with sex hormones were identified. Treatment with etoricoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor, was proved to be beneficial and safe. We detected its notable efficacy in decreasing urinary PGE2 levels in the majority of the enrolled patients during 6 months of intervention; clinical phenotypes assessed, including pachydermia, finger clubbing, and joint swelling, were improved. We found no visible evidence of a positive effect of etoricoxib on periostosis; however, significant links between urinary PGE2 and serum bone turnover markers indicated a potential role of decreased PGE2 in periostosis management. This is the largest reported cohort of subjects genetically diagnosed with PHO. For the first time, we systematically investigated the biochemical and clinical differences between PHOAR1 and PHOAR2, and prospectively showed the positive efficacy and safety of etoricoxib for PHO patients. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Characteristics associated with important clinical end points in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia at initial treatment.

PURPOSE Response to front-line treatment and subsequent clinical course for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) are heterogeneous. Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics or prognostic factors associated with clinical outcomes is important for counseling patients, conducting clinical research, and evaluating trial results. PATIENTS AND METHODS We evaluated the pretreatment characteristics of 595 previously untreated patients who had National Cancer Institute Working Group indications to initiate front-line therapy for predictors of complete response (CR), time to treatment failure (TTF), and overall survival (OS). Multivariable models were developed for all three end points. RESULTS CR is an important treatment end point correlated with longer TTF and OS. In this retrospective analysis, front-line treatment regimen was a significant independent predictive factor for all three end points; chemoimmunotherapy was the superior treatment regimen. Considering front-line treatment regimen, other independent patient characteristics associated with CR included age and beta(2)-microglobulin (beta-2M). TTF was independently associated with age, beta-2M, percent lymphocytes in bone marrow, and treatment regimen. Improved OS was independently associated with younger age, lower beta-2M, and treatment regimen. Two weighted prognostic models or nomograms, one including and one excluding treatment regimen, were constructed using significant characteristics to predict 5- and 10-year survival probability and estimate median survival time. CONCLUSION Identifying pretreatment patient characteristics associated with CR, TTF, and OS establishes a baseline to compare and incorporate new prognostic factors. Treatment had an impact on the significance of these factors. Prognostic models may help patients and clinicians in decision making as well as facilitate clinical research through design and analyses of clinical trials.
Genetics of efficient lean meat growth under ad libitum and restricted feeding

The potential benefits of selection for efficient lean meat growth under restricted feeding have been indicated by selection experiments by McPhee et al. (1988) and Cameron and Curran (1995). The earlier selection experiment by McPhee et al. (1988) showed that scale feeding better exposed the genetic variation in partitioning of food into lean and fat deposition indicating that it might be the preferred method of selection for efficient lean meat growth. These results were confirmed by Cameron and Curran (1995) who showed that Large White pigs selected for high growth rate under restricted feeding grew significantly faster than pigs selected for high growth rate performance recorded under ad libitum feeding. Both studies tested pigs during their earlier growth stage. In addition, both selection experiments were undertaken in research herds. The manual labour required to restrict pigs is not feasible in commercial conditions. An alternative might be to use electronic feeders which also allow pigs to be restrictively fed. In addition, pigs can be group penned representing commercial conditions much more closely than single pens. Pigs are less efficient during their later part of the growth period and with the shift to heavier carcases it becomes more important to maintain high protein deposition rates in heavier carcasses. A PRDC funded project (UNE23P) was initiated to estimate genetic parameters for performance traits recorded under ad libitum and restricted feeding in boars and gilts. Results from this project obtained after approximately half of the animals have been performance recorded are summarised within this paper.
A Parameter-Free Method for Clustering Functional Data Note technique

In this paper, we present a novel way of analyzing and summarizing a collection of curves, based on piecewise constant density estimation. The curves are partitioned into clusters, and the dimensions of the curves points are discretized into intervals. The cross-product of these univariate partitions forms a data grid of cells, which forms a nonparametric estimator of the joined density of the curves and point dimensions. The best model is selected using a Bayesian model selection approach and retrieved using combinatorial optimization algorithms. The proposed method requires no parameter setting and makes no assumption regarding the curves; beyond functional data, it can be applied to distributional data. The consistency of the approach is assessed using controlled experiments with artificial datasets, and its practical interest for functional data exploratory analysis is presented on three real world datasets.
What does it mean to be an exemplary science teacher

In order to provide a refreshing alternative to the majority of research reports, which malign science education and highlight its major problems and shortcomings, a series of case studies of exemplary practice was initiated to provide a focus on the successful and positive facets of schooling. The major data-collection approach was qualitative and involved 13 researchers in hundreds of hours of intensive classroom observation involving 20 exemplary teachers and a comparison group of nonexemplary teachers. A distinctive feature of the methodology was that the qualitative information was complemented by quantitative information obtained from the administration of questionnaires assessing student perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment. The major trends were that exemplary science teachers (1) used management strategies that facilitated sustained student engagement, (2) used strategies designed to increase student understanding of science, (3) utilized strategies that encouraged students to participate in learning activities, and (4) maintained a favorable classroom learning environment.
A Genetic Algorithm Approach for Doing Misuse Detection in Audit Trail Files

This paper focuses on the development of an intrusion detection system based on genetic algorithms. We present and justify a fitness function independent of variable parameters that addresses the problem of false positives. This fitness function is a generic one that can be used for either off-line or online intrusion detection systems or it allows us consider pseudo intrusions, which could be used to prevent the occurrence of actual intrusions. The paper also describes extending the system to account for the fact that intrusions may be mutually exclusive and defines the union operator which greatly speeds the search for intrusions