Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrodynamic effects of an arch-shaped fiber optic probe in a dissolution testing apparatus 2

HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF AN ARCH-SHAPED FIBER OPTIC PROBE IN A DISSOLUTION TESTING APPARATUS 2 by Yiran Zhang Dissolution testing is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate newly developed drug formulations and as a quality control method to insure that solid dosage forms have consistent dissolution property. Typically, samples are manually drawn from the dissolution vessel prior to analysis. An approach to overcome the limitations of manual sampling consists in the use of sampling probes, such as fiber optic probes, permanently inserted in the dissolution medium and continually sampling the drug concentration in it as the solid dosage form dissolves. Despite their advantages, permanently inserted fiber optic probes can alter the normal fluid flow within the vessel and produce different dissolution testing results. In this study, the hydrodynamic effects introduced by an arch-shaped fiber optic probe in a USP Dissolution Testing Apparatus 2 are studied by: (1) conducting dissolution tests, with and without the probe, using Prednisone tablets fixed at nine different locations at the bottom of the vessel and comparing the dissolution profiles obtained using statistical tools; and (2) experimentally determining the velocity profiles in the vessel, with and without the probe, using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and quantifying changes in the flow velocities on selected horizontal iso-surfaces. The results show that the arch shaped fiber optic probe does have a baffling effect on the hydrodynamics in the dissolution vessel. This effect results in changes in the velocities in the fluid flow, and therefore in changes in the dissolution rate of the tablets undergoing testing. The baffle effect is observed mainly in the region where the probe is inserted. However, this perturbation is also found to reach the region below the impeller and to change the velocity profile there, resulting in differences in dissolution profiles when the tablets are fixed at positions that are downstream of the probe and within the low velocity region below the impeller. On the other hand, the hydrodynamic effect generated by the probe does not appear to be particularly strong. In most dissolution testing runs, the changes in dissolution profile are not large enough to fail the tests, according to the FDA criteria (f1 and f2 values). The PIV measurements additionally show that the baffle effect is not strong enough to break the overall flow pattern, or to affect the region around the impeller, which is dominated by the main flow generated by the impeller. It can be concluded that the hydrodynamic effects generated by the arch-shaped fiber optic probe are real and observable, resulting in slightly modification of the fluid flow in the dissolution vessel and therefore in detectable differences in the dissolution profiles. However, these effects are limited and do not typically lead to dissolution testing failures. HYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF AN ARCH-SHAPED FIBER OPTIC PROBE IN A DISSOLUTION TESTING APPARATUS 2
THE ISOLATION OF A NEW VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPIRATORY CLINICAL DISEASE IN HUMANS.

Isolation of Virus. -Naso-pharyngeal washings were collected in monkey kidney maintenance media. They were shell frozen in ampules in an alcohol-dry ice mixture and stored at -500 C. When isolation attempts were made the ampule was quickly thawed and 0.1 ml. of the washing was inoculated into tubes of Hela cells as described by Hilleman and Werner. ' Our methods follow theirs exactly except the maintenance media of Eagle' was substituted. The virus which will be described in this paper did not cause degeneration of the Hela cells within 240 hours, even after 3 blind passages. The twenty isolations on which most of this work has been done elicited titers of approximately 106 to 107 tissue culture infecting doses per 1.0 ml. of the infected monkey kidney cells. The agent multiplies in monkey kidney cells grown in 3 per cent inactivated horse serum, 5 per cent beef embryo extract, and 92 per cent 199 solution. This media contains 100 units of penicillin and streptomycin per one ml. of media. Monkey kidney cells are destroyed by the virus. The cytopathogenic effect of this agent can usually be observed more readily in 199 medium without the above additions. However, in a few primary isolations this virus was isolated in the richer medium and not in plain 199 medium. The significance of these observations is not clear at the present time Epidemiological and Clinical Data. -Although detailed epidemiological and clinical data will be reported elsewhere, brief mention will be made here of certain of the data. The virus has been isolated from human respiratory cases in all seasons of the year from both adults and children. It has been isolated from two large respiratory outbreaks, as well as from individuals clinically ill with respiratory infections who came to the Johns Hopkins Hospital or to the Baltimore city hospitals for treatment. The main clinical features with which this agent is associated are malaise and coryza and mild sore throat. A low-grade fever may or may not be present. There are no physical findings to suggest lower respiratory involvement. The duration of clinical symptoms averages about three days. Bacteriological analysis of the throat and nasopharynx swabs of individuals ill with the above syndrome show normal flora. Antibody surveys on various age groups carried out so far have shown that this virus is relatively widespread, about 20 per cent of the indi-
Induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds enhances seed dormancy

Full understanding of mechanisms that control seed dormancy and germination remains elusive. Whereas it has been proposed that translational control plays a predominant role in germination, other studies suggest the importance of specific gene expression patterns in imbibed seeds. Transgenic plants were developed to permit conditional expression of a gene encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 (NCED6), a rate-limiting enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, using the ecdysone receptor-based plant gene switch system and the ligand methoxyfenozide. Induction of NCED6 during imbibition increased ABA levels more than 20-fold and was sufficient to prevent seed germination. Germination suppression was prevented by fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. In another study, induction of the NCED6 gene in transgenic seeds of nondormant mutants tt3 and tt4 reestablished seed dormancy. Furthermore, inducing expression of NCED6 during seed development suppressed vivipary, precocious germination of developing seeds. These results indicate that expression of a hormone metabolism gene in seeds can be a sole determinant of dormancy. This study opens the possibility of developing a robust technology to suppress or promote seed germination through engineering pathways of hormone metabolism.
On the potential for elastic tailoring in layered composites-buckling considerations

Buckling Considerations Paul M Weaver 1 , Mark W Bloomfield 1. Speaker: Email: paul.weaver@bristol.ac. uk; Tel. : +44 (0) 117 92 87698; Fax: +44 (0) 117 927 2771 Address: Advanced Composites Centre for Innovation and Science, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
Orientation Driven Bag of Appearances for Person Re-identification

Person re-identification (re-id) consists of associating individual across camera network, which is valuable for intelligent video surveillance and has drawn wide attention. Although person re-identification research is making progress, it still faces some challenges such as varying poses, illumination and viewpoints. For feature representation in re-identification, existing works usually use low-level descriptors which do not take full advantage of body structure information, resulting in low representation ability. %discrimination. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the mid-level body-structure based feature representation (BSFR) which introduces body structure pyramid for codebook learning and feature pooling in the vertical direction of human body. Besides, varying viewpoints in the horizontal direction of human body usually causes the data missing problem, $i.e.$, the appearances obtained in different orientations of the identical person could vary significantly. To address this problem, the orientation driven bag of appearances (ODBoA) is proposed to utilize person orientation information extracted by orientation estimation technic. To properly evaluate the proposed approach, we introduce a new re-identification dataset (Market-1203) based on the Market-1501 dataset and propose a new re-identification dataset (PKU-Reid). Both datasets contain multiple images captured in different body orientations for each person. Experimental results on three public datasets and two proposed datasets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach, indicating the effectiveness of body structure and orientation information for improving re-identification performance.
Evidence for Avian Intrathoracic Air Sacs in a New Predatory Dinosaur from Argentina

Background Living birds possess a unique heterogeneous pulmonary system composed of a rigid, dorsally-anchored lung and several compliant air sacs that operate as bellows, driving inspired air through the lung. Evidence from the fossil record for the origin and evolution of this system is extremely limited, because lungs do not fossilize and because the bellow-like air sacs in living birds only rarely penetrate (pneumatize) skeletal bone and thus leave a record of their presence. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe a new predatory dinosaur from Upper Cretaceous rocks in Argentina, Aerosteon riocoloradensis gen. et sp. nov., that exhibits extreme pneumatization of skeletal bone, including pneumatic hollowing of the furcula and ilium. In living birds, these two bones are pneumatized by diverticulae of air sacs (clavicular, abdominal) that are involved in pulmonary ventilation. We also describe several pneumatized gastralia (“stomach ribs”), which suggest that diverticulae of the air sac system were present in surface tissues of the thorax. Conclusions/Significance We present a four-phase model for the evolution of avian air sacs and costosternal-driven lung ventilation based on the known fossil record of theropod dinosaurs and osteological correlates in extant birds: (1) Phase I—Elaboration of paraxial cervical air sacs in basal theropods no later than the earliest Late Triassic. (2) Phase II—Differentiation of avian ventilatory air sacs, including both cranial (clavicular air sac) and caudal (abdominal air sac) divisions, in basal tetanurans during the Jurassic. A heterogeneous respiratory tract with compliant air sacs, in turn, suggests the presence of rigid, dorsally attached lungs with flow-through ventilation. (3) Phase III—Evolution of a primitive costosternal pump in maniraptoriform theropods before the close of the Jurassic. (4) Phase IV—Evolution of an advanced costosternal pump in maniraptoran theropods before the close of the Jurassic. In addition, we conclude: (5) The advent of avian unidirectional lung ventilation is not possible to pinpoint, as osteological correlates have yet to be identified for uni- or bidirectional lung ventilation. (6) The origin and evolution of avian air sacs may have been driven by one or more of the following three factors: flow-through lung ventilation, locomotory balance, and/or thermal regulation.
A New Era of Therapeutic Strategies for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension by Two Different Interventional Therapies; Pulmonary Endarterectomy and Percutaneous Transluminal Pulmonary Angioplasty

BACKGROUND Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is established for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Recently, percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty (PTPA) has been added for peripheral-type CTEPH, whose lesions exist in segmental, subsegmental, and more distal pulmonary arteries. A shift in clinical practice of interventional therapies occurred in 2009 (first mainly PEA, later PTPA). We examined the latest clinical outcomes of patients with CTEPH. METHODS AND RESULTS This study retrospectively included 136 patients with CTEPH. Twenty-nine were treated only with drug (Drug-group), and the other 107 underwent interventional therapies (Interventions-group) (39 underwent PEA [PEA-group] and 68 underwent PTPA [PTPA-group]). Total 213 PTPA sessions (failures, 0%; mortality rate, 1.47%) was performed in the PTPA-group (complications: reperfusion pulmonary edema, 7.0%; hemosputum or hemoptysis, 5.6%; vessel dissection, 2.3%; wiring perforation, 0.9%). Although baseline hemodynamic parameters were significantly more severe in the Interventions-group, the outcome after the diagnosis was much better in the Interventions-group than in the Drug-group (98% vs. 64% 5-year survival, p<0.0001). Hemodynamic improvement in the PEA-group was a 46% decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and a 49% decrease in total pulmonary resistance (TPR) (follow-up period; 74.7 ± 32.3 months), while those in the PTPA-group were a 40% decrease in mean PAP and a 49% decrease in TPR (follow-up period; 17.4 ± 9.3 months). The 2-year survival rate in the Drug-group was 82.0%, and the 2-year survival rate, occurrence of right heart failure, and re-vascularization rate in the PEA-group were 97.4%, 2.6%, and 2.8%, and those in the PTPA-group were 98.5%, 2.9%, and 2.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION The patients who underwent interventional therapies had better results than those treated only with drugs. The availability of both of these operative and catheter-based interventional therapies leads us to expect the dawn of a new era of therapeutic strategies for CTEPH.
Effect of Allergen Sensitization on External Root Resorption

In orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), we should be concerned about external root resorption (ERR) as an undesirable iatrogenic problem, but its mechanisms are not fully understood. Since our previous epidemiologic studies found that patients with allergic diseases showed higher rates of ERR during orthodontic treatment, we explored the possible effect of allergic sensitization on ERR. In ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized Brown–Norway rats, the amounts of ERR and OTM were greater than those in animals subjected to orthodontic force alone. The expression levels of RANKL and pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in the periodontal tissues of sensitized rats with OTM, compared with control rats. Furthermore, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid mediator of allergic inflammation, and enzymes of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway, the biosynthetic pathway of leukotrienes, were also up-regulated. We found that low doses of aspirin suppressed ERR in allergen-sensitized rats, as well as the expressions of RANKL, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and LTB4. The present findings indicate that allergen sensitization has adverse effects on ERR under OTM, and that aspirin is a potential therapeutic agent for combating ERR.
A change of focus: Stock market reclassification in the UK

Abstract This paper examines the impact of a change of focus by a firm, as signified by a firm's stock market reclassification. It distinguishes between a firm's sector reclassification motivated by information specific to that firm and one that results from the redefinition and reorganisation of a sector. The direction of the price effects following reclassification depends significantly upon this distinction. Furthermore, a stock's return comovement with the FTSE All-Share Index is affected by its reclassification into a new sector, consistent with the allocation of stocks into categories by investors. Reclassification can induce common factors in the returns to stocks in an index without there being any change in these stocks’ fundamental cash flows.
The Genetic Basis of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review Including Discussion of PPAR-γ

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder of the women of reproductive age. Familial clustering of PCOS has been consistently reported suggesting that genetic factors play a role in the development of the syndrome although PCOS cases do not exhibit a clear pattern of Mendelian inheritance. It is now well established that PCOS represents a complex trait similar to type-2 diabetes and obesity, and that both inherited and environmental factors contribute to the PCOS pathogenesis. A large number of functional candidate genes have been tested for association or linkage with PCOS phenotypes with more negative than positive findings. Lack of universally accepted diagnostic criteria, difficulties in the assignment of male phenotype, obscurity in the mode of inheritance, and particularly small sample size of the study populations appear to be major limitations for the genetic studies of PCOS. In the near future, utilizing the genome-wide scan approach and the HapMap project will provide a stronger potential for the genetic analysis of the syndrome.
A statistical framework for genomic data fusion

MOTIVATION During the past decade, the new focus on genomics has highlighted a particular challenge: to integrate the different views of the genome that are provided by various types of experimental data. RESULTS This paper describes a computational framework for integrating and drawing inferences from a collection of genome-wide measurements. Each dataset is represented via a kernel function, which defines generalized similarity relationships between pairs of entities, such as genes or proteins. The kernel representation is both flexible and efficient, and can be applied to many different types of data. Furthermore, kernel functions derived from different types of data can be combined in a straightforward fashion. Recent advances in the theory of kernel methods have provided efficient algorithms to perform such combinations in a way that minimizes a statistical loss function. These methods exploit semidefinite programming techniques to reduce the problem of finding optimizing kernel combinations to a convex optimization problem. Computational experiments performed using yeast genome-wide datasets, including amino acid sequences, hydropathy profiles, gene expression data and known protein-protein interactions, demonstrate the utility of this approach. A statistical learning algorithm trained from all of these data to recognize particular classes of proteins--membrane proteins and ribosomal proteins--performs significantly better than the same algorithm trained on any single type of data. AVAILABILITY Supplementary data at http://noble.gs. washington.edu/proj/sdp-svm
Adenosine in exhaled breath condensate in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma

Persistent airway inflammation may require the use of different markers for monitoring airway inflammation. In this study, the authors investigated whether adenosine, which may be produced in allergic inflammatory conditions, could be measured with good reproducibility in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and whether its concentration was elevated in patients with asthma. EBC adenosine and exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), a noninvasive marker of asthmatic airway inflammation, were measured in 40 healthy volunteers and 43 patients with allergic bronchial asthma. Repeatability of adenosine measurement was checked in 20 pairs of samples collected from healthy control subjects. Adenosine was detectable in all EBC samples by the applied high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The mean difference between repeated measurements of adenosine was −0.1 nM and all differences were within the coefficient of repeatability. Adenosine concentration was higher in steroid-naive patients (n=23) compared with healthy control subjects and steroid-treated patients (n=20). In patients with worsening symptoms of asthma (n=23), adenosine concentration was elevated compared with those in a stable condition (n=20). Furthermore, adenosine concentrations were related to eNO levels in asthmatic patients. These results, showing good reproducibility of adenosine measurements and increased adenosine concentrations in steroid-naive patients and in patients with worsening of asthmatic symptoms, indicate that adenosine measurement in exhaled breath condensate might be an acceptable novel method to investigate the role of local production of adenosine in the airways.
FLUORIDE CONTENT OF DAIRY MILK FROM SUPERMARKET

Fluoride analyses were carried out on 42 different types and brands of milk obtained from supermarkets. The average fluoride content of dairy milk is 0.030 ppm, with a range of 0.007 to 0.068. Soy milk contains as much as 0.491 ppm fluoride. Infant daily fluoride intake as low as 0.04 mg/kg body weight can result in fluorosis of the permanent dentition. Therefore, in view of the very large variation in milk fluoride content, it is suggested that daily consumption of milk with high fluoride content could be a contributing factor to increased prevalence of dental fluorosis. In view of results of the present study, monitoring of fluoride content in dairy milk available from supermarkets may be necessary.
Inhibition of ICAM-1/LFA-1 Interactions Prevents B-Cell-Dependent Anti-CD45RB-Induced Transplantation Tolerance

Background. Allogeneic tolerance can be reliably obtained with monoclonal antibody therapy targeting CD45RB. Although regulatory T cells play an important role in the mechanism, we have recently demonstrated the active participation of host B lymphocytes. After anti-CD45RB therapy, B lymphocytes demonstrate phenotypic alterations that include up-regulation of CD54 (intercellular adhesion molecule [ICAM]-1). We have investigated the hypothesis that alteration in ICAM-1 expression is required for tolerance induction. Materials and Methods. Recipients of heterotopic allogeneic cardiac grafts (C3H donors into B6 recipients) were treated with anti-CD45RB, anti-ICAM, anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA), or the combination of these agents. These data were extended by performing allogeneic cardiac transplants into ICAM−/− or LFA−/− recipients treated with a 5-day course of anti-CD45RB. Finally, B-cell-deficient animals were reconstituted with ICAM−/− splenocytes to create a recipient with a selective deficiency of ICAM-1 restricted to the B-cell compartment. Results. Anti-CD45RB alone or the combination of anti-LFA/anti-ICAM reliably induced transplantation tolerance. However, the triple combination was routinely unsuccessful and induced long-term graft survival in no recipients. ICAM-deficient or LFA-deficient recipients were also resistant to tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB. Finally, transfer of control splenocytes to B-cell-deficient recipients permitted anti-CD45RB-induced tolerance, whereas transfer of ICAM−/− cells was unable to support tolerance induction. Conclusions. Expression of ICAM-1 by B lymphocytes and interaction with LFA-1 form a central aspect of transplantation tolerance induced by anti-CD45RB therapy. These data further elucidate the cellular mechanisms used by B lymphocytes in the induction of transplantation tolerance.