Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combining Generated Data Models with Formal Invalidation for Insider Threat Analysis

In this paper we revisit the advances made on invalidation policies to explore attack possibilities in organizational models. One aspect that has so far eloped systematic analysis of insider threat is the integration of data into attack scenarios and its exploitation for analyzing the models. We draw from recent insights into generation of insider data to complement a logic based mechanical approach. We show how insider analysis can be traced back to the early days of security verification and the Lowe-attack on NSPK. The invalidation of policies allows modelchecking organizational structures to detect insider attacks. Integration of higher order logic specification techniques allows the use of data refinement to explore attack possibilities beyond the initial system specification. We illustrate this combined invalidation technique on the classical example of the naughty lottery fairy. Data generation techniques support the automatic generation of insider attack data for research. The data generation is however always based on human generated insider attack scenarios that have to be designed based on domain knowledge of counter-intelligence experts. Introducing data refinement and invalidation techniques here allows the systematic exploration of such scenarios and exploit data centric views into insider threat analysis.
Health effects of housing improvement: systematic review of intervention studies

Abstract Objective: To review the evidence on the effects of interventions to improve housing on health. Design: Systematic review of experimental and non-experimental housing intervention studies that measured quantitative health outcomes. Data sources: Studies dating from 1887, in any language or format, identified from clinical, social science, and grey literature databases, personal collections, expert consultation, and reference lists. Main outcome measures: Socioeconomic change and health, illness, and social measures. Results: 18 completed primary intervention studies were identified. 11 studies were prospective, of which six had control groups. Three of the seven retrospective studies used a control group. The interventions included rehousing, refurbishment, and energy efficiency measures. Many studies showed health gains after the intervention, but the small study populations and lack of controlling for confounders limit the generalisability of these findings. Conclusions: The lack of evidence linking housing and health may be attributable to pragmatic difficulties with housing studies as well as the political climate in the United Kingdom. A holistic approach is needed that recognises the multifactorial and complex nature of poor housing and deprivation. Large scale studies that investigate the wider social context of housing interventions are required. What is already known on this topic Many epidemiological studies have described associations between poor housing and health What this study adds 18 studies were reviewed that studied the health effects of housing improvements Most studies found some health gains Small populations and lack of control for confounders limits the generalisability of the findings More large scale, controlled studies of housing interventions are needed to give qualitative and quantitative data
Corrigendum: Ovarian xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes are altered during phosphoramide mustard-induced ovotoxicity.

The anti-neoplastic prodrug, cyclophosphamide, requires biotransformation to phosphoramide mustard (PM), which partitions to volatile chloroethylaziridine (CEZ). PM and CEZ are ovotoxicants, however their ovarian biotransformation remains ill-defined. This study investigated PM and CEZ metabolism mechanisms through the utilization of cultured postnatal day 4 (PND4) Fisher 344 (F344) rat ovaries exposed to vehicle control (1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) or PM (60 M) for 2 or 4 days. Quantification of mRNA levels via an RT2 profiler PCR array and target-specific RT-PCR along with Western blotting found increased mRNA and protein levels of xenobiotic metabolism genes including microsomal epoxide hydrolase (Ephx1) and glutathione S-transferase isoform pi (Gstp). PND4 ovaries were treated with 1% DMSO, PM (60 M), cyclohexene oxide to inhibit EPHX1 (CHO; 2mM), or PM + CHO for 4 days. Lack of functional EPHX1 increased PM-induced ovotoxicity, suggesting a detoxification role for EPHX1. PND4 ovaries were also treated with 1% DMSO, PM (60 M), BSO (Glutathione (GSH) depletion; 100 M), GEE (GSH supplementation; 2.5mM), PM ± BSO, or PM ± GEE for 4 days. GSH supplementation prevented PM-induced follicle loss, whereas no impact of GSH depletion was observed. Lastly, the effect of ovarian GSH on CEZ liberation and ovotoxicity was evaluated. Both untreated and GEE-treated PND4 ovaries were plated adjacent to ovaries receiving PM + GEE or PM + BSO treatments. Less CEZ-induced ovotoxicity was observed with both GEE and BSO treatments indicating reduced CEZ liberation from PM. Collectively, this study supports ovarian biotransformation of PM, thereby influencing the ovotoxicity that ensues.
Estrogen Receptor 1 Gene Expression and Its Combination with Estrogen Receptor 2 or Aromatase Expression Predicts Survival in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

The biological roles of estrogen receptor 1 (ERS1), estrogen receptor 2 (ERS2), and aromatase (CYP19A1) genes in the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear, as is the use of their expression as a prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of estrogen receptors and aromatase mRNA expression, along with aromatase protein concentration, in resected NSCLC patients. Tumor and non-tumor lung tissue samples were analyzed for the mRNA expression of ERS1, ERS2 and CYP19A1 by RT-PCR. Aromatase concentration was measured with an ELISA. A total of 96 patients were included. ERS1 expression was significantly higher in non-tumor tissue than in tumor samples. Two gene expression categories were created for each gene (and protein): high and low. ERS1 high category showed increased overall survival (OS) when compared to the low expression category. Aromatase protein concentration was significantly higher in tumor samples. Higher ERS1 expression in tumor tissues was related to longer overall survival. The analysis of gene expression combinations provides evidence for longer OS when both ERS1 and ERS2 are highly expressed. ESR1, alone or in combination with ERS2 or CYP19A1, is the most determining prognostic factor within the analyzed 3 genes. It seems that ERS1 can play a role in NSCLC prognosis, alone or in combination with other genes such as ERS2 or Cyp19a1. ERS2 in combination with aromatase concentration could have a similar function.
The Mystery of the Missing Scales : Pitfalls in the Use ofFractal Renewal Processes to Simulate LRD

It has now been demonstrated in many studies that network traac exhibits properties consistent with Long Range Dependence (LRD) and self-similarity. While theoretical frameworks are currently being developed to estimate the performance of such systems, simulation will remain a valuable tool for validating these theoretical models, and providing insight into systems which are too complicated to eeectively model. Furthermore, when testing real systems, it is desirable to have traac sources which are realistic, and hence display self-similarity. The Fractal Renewal Process (FRP) and its variants (including On/OO processes and superpositions thereof) have been proposed as models for LRD processes, in particular for network traac. The FRP is a simple renewal point process with heavy-tailed inter-renewal times. The long-range correlations in the process are directly introduced by the heavy tail of the renewal times. The FRP has the great advantage that the number of computations required to generate a time series is linear and the time series can be generated on-line, facilitating generation of real traac. However, there are some problems which arise when using such processes to generate LRD traac. Most notably undersampling of the heavy-tailed random variables used to generate FRPs can lead to a truncation of the sampled autocorrelation that is not consistent with LRD. This problem becomes clear when the processes are investigated using the wavelet based methods of Abry and Veitch which segregate behaviour at diierent scales. This paper will describe the problem of undersampling, and its eeects, and methods for avoiding the problem.
Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture Using Airborne Hyperspectral Data

Landscape assessment of soil moisture is critical to understanding the hydrological cycle at the regional scale and in broad-scale studies of biophysical processes affected by global climate changes in temperature and precipitation. Traditional efforts to measure soil moisture have been principally restricted to in situ measurements, so remote sensing techniques are often employed. Hyperspectral sensors with finer spatial resolution and narrow band widths may offer an alternative to traditional multispectral analysis of soil moisture, particularly in landscapes with high spatial heterogeneity. This preliminary research evaluates the ability of remotely sensed hyperspectral data to quantify soil moisture for the Little River Experimental Watershed (LREW), Georgia. An airborne hyperspectral instrument with a short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) sensor was flown in 2005 and 2007 and the results were correlated to in situ soil moisture values. A significant statistical correlation (R 2 value above 0.7 for both sampling dates) for the hyperspectral instrument data and the soil moisture probe data at 5.08 cm (2 inches) was determined. While models for the 20.32 cm (8 inches) and 30.48 cm (12 inches) depths were tested, they were not able to estimate soil moisture to the same degree.
Integrated biomechanical model of cells embedded in extracellular matrix

Integrated Biomechanical Model of Cells Embedded in Extracellular Matrix. (December 2006) Hari Shankar Muddana, B.Tech, National Institute of Technology, India Co–Chairs of Advisory Committee: Dr. Bruce H. McCormick Dr. Yoonsuck Choe Nature encourages diversity in life forms (morphologies). The study of morphogenesis deals with understanding those processes that arise during the embryonic development of an organism. These processes control the organized spatial distribution of cells, which in turn gives rise to the characteristic form for the organism. Morphogenesis is a multi-scale modeling problem that can be studied at the molecular, cellular, and tissue levels. Here, we study the problem of morphogenesis at the cellular level by introducing an integrated biomechanical model of cells embedded in the extracellular matrix. The fundamental aspects of mechanobiology essential for studying morphogenesis at the cellular level are the cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix (ECM), and cell adhesion. Cells are modeled using tensegrity architecture. Our simulations demonstrate cellular events, such as differentiation, migration, and division using an extended tensegrity architecture that supports dynamic polymerization of the micro-filaments of the cell. This adds further support to the cellular tensegrity model. Viscoelastic behavior of extracellular matrix is modeled by extending one-dimensional mechanical models (by Maxwell and by Voigt) to three dimensions using finite element methods. Cell adhesion is modeled as a general Velcro-type model. We integrated the mechanics and
A Survey of Visibility Methods for Networked Games

The last few years have witnessed an explosive increase in the number of video game titles released. One reason for this increase is a substantial improvement in the rendering capabilities of consumer computers, allowing bigger and more realistic virtual worlds. The increasing pervasiveness of Internet access, that allows people to collaborate and compete with one another online, is another cause of the rise of video game popularity. While these two phenomena have opened up many new possibilities in interactive entertainment, they have also presented new challenges. Graphics hardware is increasing in performance orders of magnitude faster than residential Internet access speeds. In achieving greater realism and scope, the size and complexity of online worlds stands to grow beyond the network capabilities of most users.
Factors affecting software testing time schedule

The objective of this study was to identify and model constructs associated with over-runs in software testing time schedules. 40 industry experts from 30 organizational units were interviewed and conclusions were made using regression analysis. The analysis revealed that increased communication and interaction in the design phase between development and testing are associated with time schedule over-runs. This unexpected result may be either a consequence of more comprehensive testing with increased communication and interaction, leading to time schedule over-runs, or the testing time schedule is adjusted under project pressure because of underestimated testing resource needs. Lack of testing know-how was also associated with testing time schedule over-runs. The results of this study can be utilized in planning software testing time schedules.
Empowering Pasifika Students to Express their Identities through Visual Arts in New Zealand Secondary Schools: The Role of Euro-descendent Teachers

The greatest numbers of young people in New Zealand are from Pasifika peoples’ ethnic groups. In contrast, art teachers in secondary schools are predominantly European. Research conducted in 2015, which investigated how art teachers are responding to the increasing diversity of students, uncovered important insights. This article provides “snapshots” of how four European-New Zealand art teachers, who work in schools where Pasifika students comprise the largest ethnic group, are empowering them to express themselves within their cultural milieu. Articulated through the voices of the art teachers, the stories of these students are visualized through examples of their art works.
Lung dendritic cells undergo maturation and polarization towards a T helper type 2-stimulating phenotype in a mouse model of asthma: Role of nerve growth factor

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and dendritic cells (DCs) have been hypothesized to modulate T cell responses in a mouse model of asthma. However, whether NGF plays a role in regulating the maturation and polarization of lung DCs remains unclear. In the present study, the effect of NGF inhibition on the maturation and phenotype of lung DCs was investigated in a mouse model of asthma. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA), and subsequently received anti-NGF treatment. At 24 h following the last challenge, airway responsiveness and inflammation were examined. The concentrations of NGF, interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-4 were analyzed. In addition, maturation and CD103 expression in the lung DCs were investigated. Anti-NGF treatment was found to significantly reduce airway hyperreactivity and inflammation in asthmatic mice. In addition, a subdued T helper 2 (Th2) response was observed, characterized by the downregulation of IL-4 and the upregulation of IFN-γ. Furthermore, the expression of the DC surface molecules, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II, as well as the proportion of lung CD103+ DCs, decreased in the OVA-sensitized and challenged mice. The proportion of lung CD103+ DCs also exhibited a positive correlation with the levels of plasma NGF in the mice. These results may provide an explanation for the role of NGF in amplifying the Th2 response in allergic diseases. Therefore, NGF may promote the maturation and polarization towards a Th2-stimulating phenotype of activated DCs, contributing to an amplification of the Th2 response in asthma.
Extensive Natural Variation in Arabidopsis Seed Mucilage Structure

Hydrated Arabidopsis thaliana seeds are coated by a gelatinous layer called mucilage, which is mainly composed of cell wall polysaccharides. Since mucilage is rich in pectin, its architecture can be visualized with the ruthenium red (RR) dye. We screened the seeds of around 280 Arabidopsis natural accessions for variation in mucilage structure, and identified a large number of novel variants that differed from the Col-0 wild-type. Most of the accessions released smaller RR-stained capsules compared to the Col-0 reference. By biochemically characterizing the phenotypes of 25 of these accessions in greater detail, we discovered that distinct changes in polysaccharide structure resulted in gelatinous coatings with a deceptively similar appearance. Monosaccharide composition analysis of total mucilage extracts revealed a remarkable variation (from 50 to 200% of Col-0 levels) in the content of galactose and mannose, which are important subunits of heteromannan. In addition, most of the natural variants had altered Pontamine Fast Scarlet 4B staining of cellulose and significantly reduced birefringence of crystalline structures. This indicates that the production or organization of cellulose may be affected by the presence of different amounts of hemicellulose. Although, the accessions described in this study were primarily collected from Western Europe, they form five different phenotypic classes based on the combined results of our experiments. This suggests that polymorphisms at multiple loci are likely responsible for the observed mucilage structure. The transcription of MUCILAGE-RELATED10 (MUCI10), which encodes a key enzyme for galactoglucomannan synthesis, was severely reduced in multiple variants that phenocopied the muci10-1 insertion mutant. Although, we could not pinpoint any causal polymorphisms in this gene, constitutive expression of fluorescently-tagged MUCI10 proteins complemented the mucilage defects of a muci10-like accession. This leads us to hypothesize that some accessions might disrupt a transcriptional regulator of MUCI10. Therefore, this collection of publicly-available variants should provide insight into plant cell wall organization and facilitate the discovery of genes that regulate polysaccharide biosynthesis.
Copy-Neutral Loss of Heterozygosity at the p53 Locus in Carcinogenesis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas Associated with p53 Mutations

Purpose: LOH at the p53 locus has been reported to be associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. The aim of this study is to identify potential mechanisms resulting in LOH around the p53 locus in its carcinogenesis. Experimental Design: We investigated 10 esophageal cancer cell lines and 91 surgically resected specimens, examining them for LOH at the p53 locus on chromosome 17. We examined the p53 gene by using microsatellite analysis, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), FISH, and single-nucleotide polymorphism–CGH (SNP–CGH). Results: In an analysis of specimens by microsatellite markers, a close positive correlation was found between p53 mutations and LOH at the p53 locus (P < 0.01). Although four cell lines were found to be homozygous for p53 mutations, LOH at the p53 locus was not detected by CGH. Among two p53 mutant cancer cell lines and five p53 mutant/LOH cancer specimens analyzed by FISH, both the cell lines and four of the specimens exhibited no obvious copy number loss at the p53 locus. SNP–CGH analysis, which allows both determination of DNA copy number and detection of copy-neutral LOH, showed that LOHs without copy number change were caused by whole or large chromosomal alteration. Conclusions: LOH without copy number change at the p53 locus was observed in p53 mutant esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Our data suggest that copy-neutral LOH occurring as a result of chromosomal instability might be the major mechanism for inactivation of the intact allele in esophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis associated with p53 mutation. Clin Cancer Res; 17(7); 1731–40. ©2011 AACR.
Changes in University Students after Joining a Service Leadership Program in China.

This study examined the effectiveness of a 4.5-day service leadership program for students from Chinese universities using objective outcome evaluation. The participants were assessed before and after the program, with two post-test measurements (immediate assessment and assessment 12 days after the completion of class learning). At pretest and two posttest time points, the participants completed a questionnaire measuring positive youth development, service leadership qualities and beliefs, and life satisfaction. Results showed that students’ performance in both the immediate posttest and follow-up test was better than that in the pretest. Despite the limitations of the one-group pretest-posttest design, results suggest that the curricular-based service leadership program was effective to promote students’ positive youth development, service leadership qualities and beliefs, as well as life satisfaction, and the effectiveness maintained a short period after the class had ended. While the existing findings are promising, these findings should be replicated in the future.
Memory Reactivation in Healthy Aging: Evidence of Stimulus-Specific Dedifferentiation

We investigated how aging affects the neural specificity of mental replay, the act of conjuring up past experiences in one's mind. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate pattern analysis to quantify the similarity between brain activity elicited by the perception and memory of complex multimodal stimuli. Young and older human adults viewed and mentally replayed short videos from long-term memory while undergoing fMRI. We identified a wide array of cortical regions involved in visual, auditory, and spatial processing that supported stimulus-specific representation at perception as well as during mental replay. Evidence of age-related dedifferentiation was subtle at perception but more salient during mental replay, and age differences at perception could not account for older adults' reduced neural reactivation specificity. Performance on a post-scan recognition task for video details correlated with neural reactivation in young but not in older adults, indicating that in-scan reactivation benefited post-scan recognition in young adults, but that some older adults may have benefited from alternative rehearsal strategies. Although young adults recalled more details about the video stimuli than older adults on a post-scan recall task, patterns of neural reactivation correlated with post-scan recall in both age groups. These results demonstrate that the mechanisms supporting recall and recollection are linked to accurate neural reactivation in both young and older adults, but that age affects how efficiently these mechanisms can support memory's representational specificity in a way that cannot simply be accounted for by degraded sensory processes.