Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparative biomechanical analysis of fixation devices for unstable femoral neck fractures: the Intertan versus cannulated screws or a dynamic hip screw.

BACKGROUND First introduced in 2005, the "Intertan" (IT), an intramedullary nail with two cephalocervical screws, has become an increasingly popular option for treating intertrochanteric fractures. The purpose of this study was to identify the utility of this device for stabilization of unstable femoral neck fractures compared with cannulated screws (CS) and a dynamic hip screw (DHS). METHODS Twenty-four human cadaveric femurs were harvested and assigned to three groups that were matched with regard to bone mineral density (BMD). Standardized Pauwels-Type-III fractures were osteomized with a custom-made saw guide and fixated by an "IT," three CS, or a DHS. All constructs were biomechanically tested in a servohydraulic testing machine with a physiologic mechanical axis loading of the femoral head (700 N), cyclical compression to 1,400 N (10,000 cycles; 2 Hz), and loading to failure. All specimens were compared with respect to the number of survived cycles, mechanical strength, head displacement, load to failure, and failure mechanism. RESULTS Regardless of the fixation, the mechanical strength of the stabilized femurs was significantly decreased to 71% compared with the intact femurs (100%). During cyclical testing 46% of the constructs (6 CS, 4 DHS, and 1 IT) failed. There was no difference between the mechanical strength of all survived constructs regarding the BMD, but the BMD of the failed specimens was significantly reduced compared with the surviving femurs (0.71 g/cm² ± 0.18 g/cm² vs. 1.07 g/cm² ± 0.33 g/cm²; p < 0.05). IT femurs survived significantly longer than CS specimens (IT, 9,063 cycles ± 2,480 cycles vs. CS, 3,325 cycles ± 3,885 cycles vs. DHS, 5,716 cycles ± 4,448 cycles; p < 0.01), endured higher failure loads (IT, 4,929 N ± 1,105 N vs. CS, 3,421 N ± 20 N vs. DHS, 3,505 N ± 905 N; p < 0.05), and presented a less inferior head displacement (IT, 8.5 mm ± 1.6 mm vs. CS, 16.4 mm ± 6.7 mm vs. DHS, 14.5 mm ± 6.4 mm; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that (1) none of the tested devices restore a comparable mechanical strength in the fractured specimens compared with the intact femurs, and (2) the "IT" possesses some biomechanical benefits for internal fixation of unstable femoral neck fractures compared with DHS and CS. Because the IT constructs failed with an inferior femoral neck fracture, complicating the mandatory anchorage of a prosthetic stem in a revision operation, more biomechanical experiments using the IT in the presence of a posterior comminution defect are required, along with clinical outcome studies.
Activity and Social Participation in the Period following a First Episode of Psychosis and Implications for Occupational Therapy

Purpose: The study advances a conceptual understanding of activity and social participation in the period following the first episode of psychosis. Method: A constructivist, grounded theory approach was used. Data were collected from 25 primary participants who had experienced a first episode of psychosis in the previous 5 years; 15 secondary participants, such as family and friends, with knowledge of the activity and social experiences of primary participants, personal records and documents; and six key informants. Findings: The first episode of psychosis was highly disruptive and even damaging to activity and social participation. Recovering from this fall-out, to maintain engagement in activities and social participation, included the need to create new plans, adjust to affective disconnection, develop balanced lifestyles, match participation to abilities, learn new skills, and participate under new and constraining social conditions. Conclusion: The period following the first episode of psychosis is a time of high risk for disengagement from activity and social participation. Occupational therapists have an important role to play in enabling activity and social engagement. The findings offer examples of how occupational therapy services might address critical tasks for activity and social engagement.
The Quality of the DSM-IV Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Construct as a Prototype Category

The study evaluated the quality of the DSM-IV obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) construct as a prototype category. A sample of 2237 patients from the Norwegian Network of Psychotherapeutic Day Hospitals was examined by a variety of psychometric analyses. A high number of OCPD patients (77%) had co-occurrent PDs, but only the co-occurrence with paranoid was significantly higher than expected. Exploratory factor analysis of the PD criteria indicated that OCPD consists of 2 dimensions. The first dimension, perfectionism, was constituted by OCPD criteria only and was significantly related to obsessive-compulsive disorder. The second dimension, aggressiveness, included 2 OCPD criteria, reluctance to delegate and stubbornness, but was also defined by criteria from paranoid, antisocial, and borderline PD. Confirmatory factor analysis of the OCPD criteria indicated a poor fit of both a unitary model and a 3-dimensional model. Overall, the OCPD criteria had poor psychometric properties. Although it seems that the quality of the DSM-IV OCPD as a prototype construct is insufficient, it may be improved by deleting the criteria hoarding behavior and miserliness. Alternative criteria could be related to problems in close relationships involving the need for predictability. Such revisions may add a third dimension to the 2 dimensions of perfectionism and aggressiveness.
The Demographic and Political Composition of Mechanical Turk Samples

One of the most notable recent developments in survey research is the increased usage of online convenience samples drawn from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). While scholars have noted various social and political differences (e.g., age, partisanship) between MTurk and population-based samples, the breadth and depth of these variations remain unclear. We investigate the extent to which MTurk samples differ from population samples, and the underlying nature of these differences. We do so by replicating items from the population-based American National Election Studies (ANES) 2012 Time Series Study in a survey administered to a sample of MTurk respondents. With few exceptions, we not only find that MTurk respondents differ significantly from respondents completing the 2012 ANES via the Web but also that most differences are reduced considerably when controlling for easily measurable sample features. Thus, MTurk respondents do not appear to differ fundamentally from population-based respondents in unmeasurable ways. This suggests that MTurk data can be used to advance research programs, particularly if researchers measure and account for a range of political and demographic variables as needed.
Neogene Cupuladriidae of Tropical America. II: Taxonomy of Recent Discoporella from Opposite Sides of the Isthmus of Panama

Abstract We used up to 30 morphological characters to discriminate and describe species of the genus Discoporella based on complete colony specimens collected from both coasts of the Isthmus of Panama. The characters included zooidal characters and colony-level characters such as colony size and basal granule density. Species were classified by a series of multivariate cluster and linear discriminant analyses until the majority of specimens were assigned to their putative species with high confidence. In the first phase of the analyses, the colonies were grouped by ocean (Caribbean versus eastern Pacific), discriminated predominantly by colony size and basal granule density, characters that might reflect ecophenotypic responses to different conditions in primary productivity and predation between the two oceans. Further analyses of these two groups separately resulted in the discrimination of seven species. Five new species from the Caribbean (D. scutella, D. peltifera, D. bocasdeltoroensis, D. terminata and D. triangula), and two from the eastern Pacific (D. marcusorum and D. cookae). Of these, D. cookae had been identified previously as D. umbellata, a species once considered cosmopolitan, with a range spanning the Caribbean and eastern Pacific coasts of America. With the exception of one genetically defined clade represented by only two specimens, the correspondence of classification between groups discriminated morphometrically by separate step-wise multivariate analyses and those detected by a previous genetic analysis, ranged from 91% to 100%. In analyses of all specimens combined or separated by ocean, but using the total number of characters, 20% to 30% of the specimens could not be distinguished morphometrically from extremely similar sympatric species or cognate (“geminate”) species from the opposite ocean. Diversity was higher in the Caribbean compared to the eastern Pacific, which reflects a similar pattern recently described for the genus Cupuladria from the same region.
Evans Blue as a Simple Method to Discriminate Mosquitoes’ Feeding Choice on Small Laboratory Animals

Background Temperature, humidity, vision, and particularly odor, are external cues that play essential roles to mosquito blood feeding and oviposition. Entomological and behavioral studies employ well-established methods to evaluate mosquito attraction or repellency and to identify the source of the blood meal. Despite the efficacy of such methods, the costs involved in the production or acquisition of all parts, components and the chemical reagents involved are unaffordable for most researchers from poor countries. Thus, a simple and relatively low-cost method capable of evaluating mosquito preferences and the blood volume ingested is desirable. Principal Findings By using Evans blue (EB) vital dye and few standard laboratory supplies, we developed and validated a system capable of evaluating mosquito’s choice between two different host sources of blood. EB-injected and PBS-injected mice submitted to a number of situations were placed side by side on the top of a rounded recipient covered with tulle fabric and containing Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Homogenates from engorged mosquitoes clearly revealed the blood source (EB- or PBS-injected host), either visually or spectrometrically. This method was able to estimate the number of engorded mosquitoes, the volume of blood ingested, the efficacy of a commercial repellent and the attractant effects of black color and human sweat. Significance Despite the obvious limitations due to its simplicity and to the dependence of a live source of blood, the present method can be used to assess a number of host variables (diet, aging, immunity, etc) and optimized for several aspects of mosquito blood feeding and vector-host interactions. Thus, it is proposed as an alternative to field studies, and it could be used for initial screenings of chemical compound candidates for repellents or attractants, since it replicates natural conditions of exposure to mosquitoes in a laboratory environment.
Substrate-Dependent and Organ-Specific Chloroplast Protein Import in Planta Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at www.plantcell.org/cgi/doi/10.1105/tpc.015008.

The NADPH-dependent protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is unique because it is a photoenzyme that requires light for its catalytic activity and uses Pchlide itself as a photoreceptor. In Arabidopsis, there are three structurally related PORs, denoted PORA, PORB, and PORC. The import of one of them, PORA, into plastids of cotyledons is substrate dependent. This substrate dependence is demonstrated in intact seedlings of wild-type Arabidopsis and two mutants, xantha2, which is devoid of Pchlide, and flu, which upon redarkening rapidly accumulates Pchlide. In true leaves, PORA uptake does not require the presence of Pchlide. The organ specificity of the substrate-dependent import of PORA reveals a means of controlling plastid protein translocation that is closely associated with a key step in plant development, the light-dependent transformation of cotyledons from a storage organ to a photosynthetically active leaf.
Differentiation of Heart Failure Related to Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Coronary Artery Disease Using Gadolinium‐Enhanced Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Background Heart failure treatment depends partly on the underlying cause of the disease. We evaluated cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for the problem of differentiating dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) from left ventricular (LV) dysfunction caused by coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and Results Late gadolinium enhancement with CMR was performed in 90 patients with heart failure and LV systolic dysfunction (63 patients with DCM and unobstructed coronary arteries and 27 with significant CAD at angiography). We also studied 15 control subjects with no coronary risk factors and/or unobstructed coronary arteries. None (0%) of the control subjects had myocardial gadolinium enhancement; however, all patients (100%) with LV dysfunction and CAD had enhancement, which was subendocardial or transmural. In patients with DCM, there were 3 findings: no enhancement (59%); myocardial enhancement indistinguishable from the patients with CAD (13%); and patchy or longitudinal striae of midwall enhancement clearly different from the distribution in patients with CAD (28%). Conclusions Gadolinium CMR is a powerful technique to distinguish DCM from LV dysfunction related to CAD and yields new insights in DCM. These data suggest that using the coronary angiogram as the arbiter for the presence of LV dysfunction caused by CAD could have lead to an incorrect assignment of DCM cause in 13% of patients, possibly because of coronary recanalization after infarction. The midwall myocardial enhancement in patients with DCM is similar to the fibrosis found at autopsy; it has not previously been visualized in vivo and warrants further investigation. CMR may become a useful alternative to routine coronary angiography in the diagnostic workup of DCM. (Circulation. 2003;108:54‐59.)
Thrombomodulin Expression in Tissues From Dogs With Systemic Inflammatory Disease

Thrombomodulin (TM) is a membrane glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells, which plays a major role in the protein C anticoagulation pathway. In people with inflammation, TM expression can be down-regulated on endothelial cells and a soluble form released into circulation, resulting in increased risk of thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. TM is present in dogs; however, there has been minimal investigation of its expression in canine tissues, and the effects of inflammation on TM expression in canine tissues have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to evaluate endothelial TM expression in tissues from dogs with systemic inflammatory diseases. A retrospective evaluation of tissue samples of lung, spleen, and liver from dogs with and without systemic inflammatory diseases was performed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a modified manual IHC scoring system. TM expression was significantly reduced in all examined tissues in dogs diagnosed with septic peritonitis or acute pancreatitis.
Biomarkers as Common Data Elements for Symptom and Self-Management Science.

PURPOSE Biomarkers as common data elements (CDEs) are important for the characterization of biobehavioral symptoms given that once a biologic moderator or mediator is identified, biologically based strategies can be investigated for treatment efforts. Just as a symptom inventory reflects a symptom experience, a biomarker is an indicator of the symptom, though not the symptom per se. The purposes of this position paper are to (a) identify a "minimum set" of biomarkers for consideration as CDEs in symptom and self-management science, specifically biochemical biomarkers; (b) evaluate the benefits and limitations of such a limited array of biomarkers with implications for symptom science; (c) propose a strategy for the collection of the endorsed minimum set of biologic samples to be employed as CDEs for symptom science; and (d) conceptualize this minimum set of biomarkers consistent with National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) symptoms of fatigue, depression, cognition, pain, and sleep disturbance. DESIGN AND METHODS From May 2016 through January 2017, a working group consisting of a subset of the Directors of the NINR Centers of Excellence funded by P20 or P30 mechanisms and NINR staff met bimonthly via telephone to develop this position paper suggesting the addition of biomarkers as CDEs. The full group of Directors reviewed drafts, provided critiques and suggestions, recommended the minimum set of biomarkers, and approved the completed document. Best practices for selecting, identifying, and using biological CDEs as well as challenges to the use of biological CDEs for symptom and self-management science are described. Current platforms for sample outcome sharing are presented. Finally, biological CDEs for symptom and self-management science are proposed along with implications for future research and use of CDEs in these areas. FINDINGS The recommended minimum set of biomarker CDEs include pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, a hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis marker, cortisol, the neuropeptide brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and DNA polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS It is anticipated that this minimum set of biomarker CDEs will be refined as knowledge regarding biologic mechanisms underlying symptom and self-management science further develop. The incorporation of biological CDEs may provide insights into mechanisms of symptoms, effectiveness of proposed interventions, and applicability of chosen theoretical frameworks. Similarly, as for the previously suggested NINR CDEs for behavioral symptoms and self-management of chronic conditions, biological CDEs offer the potential for collaborative efforts that will strengthen symptom and self-management science. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of biomarker CDEs in biobehavioral symptoms research will facilitate the reproducibility and generalizability of research findings and benefit symptom and self-management science.
LOCAL CONTROL OF RETINOMOTOR ACTIVITY IN THE FISH RETINA

Small circular spots of light were focussed on otherwise unilluminated retinas of paralyzed fish. C~c~~~rnu bi~e~~tu~ The retinas were sub~uently examined histolo~cally, and a small circular region was found within which the cones and pigmented retinal epithelium were photomechanically tight adapted; rods could not be resolved. The same result was obtained with the optic nerve cut. The region was circular and about the same size as the adapting spot. There existed a transition zone between lightand dark-adapted regions within which the photomechanical state was intermediate. These results exclude the hypothesis that light-induced retinomotor phenomena are systemically controlled. and favor local control. An analysis of the transition tone favors the view that photomechanical light adaptation of a given ce11 may be caused by light caught by that cell or its neighbors. Kq Words-retina; retinomotor; photomechanicai; fish. Animal Clnssifcarion-Cichlasoma bioceilarum (Euteleostei. Perciformes, Cichlidae).
The effects of perceived childrearing practice, adult attachment style, and endorsed cultural value on self-construal

i Acknowledgements iii Chapter I General Introduction 1 Psychological Process of Self-Construal Construction 4 Chapter II Review of the Literature 7 Endorsed Cultural Values as Predictors of Self-Construal 8 Attachment Styles as Predictors of Endorsed Cultural Values 11 Endorsed Cultural Values as Predictors of Attachment Styles 16 Attachment Styles as Predictors of Self-Construals 18 Perceived Childrearing Practices as Predictors of Attachment Styles 20 Chapter III Conceptual and Methodological Issues 23 Attachment Style 23 Childrearing Practices 25 Endorsed Cultural Values 26 Self-Construal 27 Chapter IV Pilot Study and Study One 29 Introduction 29 Hypotheses 30 Pilot Study 35 Method 38 Participants 38 Procedure 38 Materials 39 Attachment styles and attachment dimensions. 40 Childrearing practices with father and with mother. 42 Endorsed cultural values. 43 Self-construal. 47 Social desirability. 47 Results 48 Preliminary analyses 48 Primary analyses 49
HIV-1 Transmission Cluster with M41L ‘Singleton’ Mutation and Decreased Transmission of Resistance in Newly Diagnosed Swedish Homosexual Men

Objective To investigate the prevalence of HIV-1 with major drug resistance-associated mutations among 261 men who have sex with men (MSM) who were newly diagnosed as HIV-1-infected at Venhälsan, Stockholm, between 1992–2002. Methods Major resistance-associated mutations were identified using an in-house method on stored plasma samples collected within 6 months of diagnosis. Additional samples were investigated from selected patients. Phylogenetic tree analyses were used to study evolutionary relationships between the viruses. Epidemiological data were retrieved from the partner notification investigations and the medical records. Results Informed consent as well as results from the resistance test were available for 201 out of 261 patients (77%) diagnosed during 1992–2002. Viruses from 28 of these 201 patients (14%) displayed major resistance-associated mutations; 27 of these viruses displayed only zidovudine/stavudine resistance-associated mutations. None of the patients displayed resistance mutations to protease inhibitors. The prevalence of resistance-associated mutations decreased over time; 20% in 1992–1996 versus 9% in 1997–2002 (P=0.04). A transmission cluster involving six patients with a singleton M41L mutation was identified. These viruses were phenotypically sensitive to zidovudine and stavudine. The M41L mutation, as well as most other resistance mutations, was stable for many years after transmission and may have been fixated by other putative compensatory mutations. Conclusions In this Swedish population of MSM with newly diagnosed HIV-1 infection, the prevalence of resistance-associated mutations decreased over time. Reversion of resistance-associated mutations following transmission was slow and incomplete. A large transmission cluster with an interesting M41L singleton mutation was also observed.
Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for carotid disease

Objective: To compare contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for evaluating carotid stenosis. Methods: A total of 167 consecutive symptomatic patients, scheduled for DSA following screening duplex ultrasound (DUS), were prospectively recruited to have CEMRA. Three independent readers reported on each examination in a blinded and random manner. Agreement was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. Diagnostic and potential clinical impact of CEMRA was evaluated, singly and in combination with DUS. Results: CEMRA tended to overestimate stenosis by a mean bias ranging from 2.4 to 3.8%. A significant part of the disagreement between CEMRA and DSA was directly caused by interobserver variability. For detection of severe stenosis, CEMRA alone had a sensitivity of 93.0% and specificity of 80.6%, with a diagnostic misclassification rate of 15.0% (n = 30). More importantly, clinical decision-making would, however, have been potentially altered only in 6.0% of cases (n = 12). The combination of concordant DUS and CEMRA reduced diagnostic misclassification rate to 10.1% (n = 19) at the expense of 47 (24.9%) discordant cases needing to proceed to DSA. An intermediate approach of selective DUS review resulted in a marginally worse diagnostic misclassification rate of 11.6% (n = 22) but with only 6.8% of discordant cases (n = 13). Conclusions: DSA remains the gold standard for carotid imaging. The clinical misclassification rate with CEMRA, however, is acceptably low to support its safe use instead of DSA. The appropriateness of combination strategies depends on institutional choice and cost-effectiveness issues.