Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toward the use of blog articles as a source of evidence for software engineering research

Background: Blog articles have potential value as a source of practitioner-generated evidence to complement already accepted sources of evidence in software engineering research e.g. interviews and surveys. To be valuable to research, a method for extracting the high quality articles from the vast quantity available needs to be developed. Objective: To better define the benefits and challenges, scope the problem, develop a set of criteria for evaluating blog articles to be used in the method, and propose research questions. Method: We conducted a two-phase pilot study, using a preliminary set of criteria, to explore the challenges of classifying blog articles. We analyse credibility criteria that have been used in previous research, and cross reference those criteria with previous research in evidence-based software engineering. Results: Based on our analysis, we decide that blog articles need to be rigorous, relevant, well written and experience based for them to be considered credible to researchers. Conclusion: Our work provides an overview of the problem domain, as well as presenting criteria and suggested measurements for these criteria. These can be used by others to find blog articles of potential value to their research.
Critical incident analysis through narrative reflective practice: A case study

Teachers can reflect on their practices by articulating and exploring incidents they consider critical to themselves or others. By talking about these critical incidents, teachers can make better sense of seemingly random experiences that occur in their teaching because they hold the real inside knowledge, especially personal intuitive knowledge, expertise and experience that is based on their accumulated years as language educators teaching in schools and classrooms. This paper is about one such critical incident analysis that an ESL teacher in Canada revealed to her critical friend and how both used McCabe’s (2002) narrative framework for analyzing an important critical incident that occurred in the teacher’s class.
Does major illness cause financial catastrophe?

OBJECTIVE We examine the financial impact of major illnesses on the near-elderly and how this impact is affected by health insurance. DATA SOURCES We use RAND Corporation extracts from the Health and Retirement Study from 1992 to 2006. (1) STUDY DESIGN Our dependent variable is the change in household assets, excluding the value of the primary home. We use triple difference median regressions on a sample of newly ill/uninsured near elderly (under age 65) matched to newly ill/insured near elderly. We also include a matched control group of households whose members are not ill. RESULTS Controlling for the effects of insurance status and illness, we find that the median household with a newly ill, uninsured individual suffers a statistically significant decline in household assets of between 30 and 50 percent relative to households with matched insured individuals. Newly ill, insured individuals do not experience a decline in wealth. CONCLUSIONS Newly ill/uninsured households appear to be one illness away from financial catastrophe. Newly ill insured households who are matched to uninsured households appear to be protected against financial loss, at least in the near term.
False-negative biopsy urease test in bleeding ulcers caused by the buffering effects of blood

Objectives:A false-negative biopsy urease test (BUT) is common in Helicobacter pylori-associated bleeding peptic ulcers. Although blood in the stomach is thought to interfere with the biopsy urease test, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. This in vitro experiment sought to identify the blood component(s) that interfere with the biopsy urease test, and delineate the mechanism of inhibition.Methods:The modified Hazell's microtiter test was used to detect the urease activity of H. pylori. A positive result was indicated by a color change of the pH indicator, bromothymol blue, at 630 nm. Human whole blood, sera with and without anti-H. pylori antibody, electrolytes, and enzymes were incubated with H. pylori to identify the blood component(s) causing the inhibition of urease activity. In addition, any interference of the pH color indicator was tested by adding different concentrations of serum albumin to the urease reagent that contained a fixed quantity of ammonia in the absence of H. pylori.Results:The color change of the microtiter urease test was significantly reduced by blood (p < 0.0001), regardless of the presence of anti-H. pylori antibody. Electrolytes and serum enzymes did not interfere with the urease test. The color change of the pH indicator was progressively suppressed by higher concentrations of serum albumin.Conclusions:Blood adversely affects the performance of the BUT. This is mediated by the buffering effect of serum albumin on the pH indicator, rather than by a direct inhibition on the urease activity.
Structural and functional underconnectivity as a negative predictor for language in autism

The development of language, social interaction, and communicative skills are remarkably different in the child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Atypical brain connectivity has frequently been reported in this patient population. However, the interplay between their brain connectivity and language performance remains largely understudied. Using diffusion tensor imaging tractography and resting‐state fMRI, the authors explored the structural and functional connectivity of the language network and its relation to the language profile in a group of healthy control subjects (N = 25) and a group of children with ASD (N = 17). The authors hypothesized that in children with ASD, a neural connectivity deficit of the language network can be related to the observed abnormal language function. They found an absence of the right‐hemispheric arcuate fascicle (AF) in 28% (7/25) of the healthy control children and in 59% (10/17) of the children with ASD. In contrast to healthy control children, the absence of the right‐hemispheric AF in children with autism was related to a lower language performance as indicated by a lower verbal IQ, lower scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and lower language scores on the Dutch version of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF‐4NL). In addition, through iterative fMRI data analyses, the language impairment of children with ASD could be linked to a marked loss of intrahemispheric functional connectivity between inferior frontal and superior temporal regions, known as the cortical language network. Both structural and functional underconnectivity patterns coincide and are related to an abnormal language function in children with ASD. Hum Brain Mapp 35:3602–3615, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving IR-based Traceability Recovery Using Smoothing Filters

Information Retrieval methods have been largely adopted to identify traceability links based on the textual similarity of software artifacts. However, noise due to word usage in software artifacts might negatively affect the recovery accuracy. We propose the use of smoothing filters to reduce the effect of noise in software artifacts and improve the performances of traceability recovery methods. An empirical evaluation performed on two repositories indicates that the usage of a smoothing filter is able to significantly improve the performances of Vector Space Model and Latent Semantic Indexing. Such a result suggests that other than being used for traceability recovery the proposed filter can be used to improve performances of various other software engineering approaches based on textual analysis.
Early maladaptive schemas in adult survivors of interpersonal trauma: foundations for a cognitive theory of psychopathology

Background Although the association between psychological trauma and early maladaptive schemas (EMS) is well established in the literature, no study to date has examined the relationship of EMS to PTSD and psychopathologies beyond depression and anxiety in a sample of adult survivors of interpersonal trauma. This information may be useful in helping our understanding on how to best treat interpersonal trauma. Objective We set out to investigate the association between EMS and common forms of psychopathology in a sample of women with a history of interpersonal trauma (n=82). We have hypothesised that survivors of interpersonal trauma will present with elevated EMS scores compared to a non-clinical control group (n=78). We have also hypothesised that unique schemas will be associated with unique psychopathological entities and that subgroups of interpersonal trauma survivors would be present in our sample, with subgroups displaying different profiles of schema severity elevations. Method Participants completed measures of trauma, psychopathology, dissociation, self-esteem, and the Young Schema Questionnaire. Results It was found that survivors of interpersonal trauma displayed elevated EMS scores across all 15 schemas compared to controls. Although the pattern of associations between different psychopathological features and schemas appears to be rather complex, schemas in the domains of Disconnection and Impaired Autonomy formed significant associations with all psychopathological features in this study. Conclusions Our findings support the usefulness of cognitive behavioural interventions that target schemas in the domains of Disconnection and Impaired Autonomy in an effort to modify existing core beliefs and decrease subsequent symptomatology in adult survivors of interpersonal trauma. Highlights of the article Interpersonal trauma survivors are distinguished primarily by a generalised elevation of their maladaptive schemas, rather than a unique schema profile comprised of specific schemas. A strong profile was formed in the domains of 'Disconnection' and 'Impaired Autonomy', where both presented with strong associations with psychopathological entities. CBT interventions should target schemas such as 'Vulnerable to Harm', to alleviate mental health distress in people with interpersonal trauma.
Hemispheric differences in basilar dendrites and spines of pyramidal neurons in the rat prelimbic cortex: activity- and stress-induced changes

Pyramidal neurons of the rat medial prefrontal cortex have been shown to react to chronic stress by retracting their apical dendrites and by spine loss. We extended these findings by focusing on the basilar dendritic tree of layer III pyramidal neurons in both hemispheres of the rat prelimbic cortex. Animals were subjected to daily restraint stress for 1 week (6 h/day), during either the resting or the activity period. The morphology of basilar dendrites and spines of Golgi–Cox‐stained neurons in the left and right hemispheres was digitally reconstructed and analyzed. We observed the following: (i) there was an inherent hemispheric asymmetry in control rats during the resting period: the number of spines on proximal dendrites was higher in the left than in the right hemisphere; (ii) basal dendrites in controls displayed a diurnal variation: there was more dendritic material during the resting period than in the activity period; (iii) chronic stress reduced the length of basal dendrites in only the right prelimbic cortex; (iv) chronic stress reduced spine density on proximal basal dendrites; (v) restraint stress during the activity period had more pronounced effects on the physiological stress parameters than restraint stress during the resting period. Our results show dynamic hemisphere‐dependent structural changes in pyramidal neurons of the rat prelimbic cortex that are tightly linked to periods of resting and activity. These morphological alterations reflect the capacity of the neurons to react to external stimuli and mirror presumptive changes in neuronal communication.
The effects of low carbohydrate diets on liver function tests in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials

Background: Although several observational and experimental studies have examined the effects of low carbohydrate diets (LCDs) on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there are considerable inconsistencies among studies. We summarized the effect of LCDs on liver function tests, including intrahepatic lipid content (IHLC), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferases (AST), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) in patients with NAFLD. Materials and Methods: PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant publications until July 2014, resulting in ten relevant papers that were included in meta-analysis. Related articles were found by searching Medical Subject Heading terms of “NAFLD” in combination with “low carbohydrate”. For this meta-analysis, we used mean differences and standard errors of liver function biomarkers. Summary effect and corresponding confidence interval (CI) were estimated using random effect models. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed using Cochran's Q- and I-squared tests. Results: Our search led to ten eligible papers that evaluated serum ALT levels (n = 238), nine reported serum AST levels (n = 216), five reported serum GGT concentrations (n = 91), and four assessed IHLC (n = 50). LCD decreased IHLC by −11.53% (95% CI: −18.10, −4.96; I2 = 83.2%). However, the effect of LCD on liver enzymes was not significant. Mean differences for the effects of LCDs on ALT, AST, and GGT were −4.35 IU/L (95% CI: −12.91, 4.20; I2 = 87.9%), −1.44 IU/L (95% CI: −4.98, 2.10; I2 = 61.4%), and −7.85 IU/L (95% CI: −29.65, 13.96; I2 = 99.4%), respectively. Conclusion: LCD consumption in subjects with NAFLD led to a significant reduction in IHLC, but did not significantly affect the concentration of liver enzymes.
Active citizenship through sport education

Sport education (SE) is an instruction model developed amid concerns about the lack of authentic, legitimate opportunities for young people to experience sport through physical education and was designed to facilitate enhanced links between experiences in physical education and those in the wider world of sport. The paper discusses how one UK primary school delivered key citizenship education learning through the use of SE. The research reported here is based on interviews with teachers and students in Year 6 at one co-education, state-run primary school. The paper highlights the possibilities for teaching citizenship through the medium of sport while recognising the central importance of the creative teaching approach rather than the subject matter of sport in facilitating the development of active citizenship. The possibilities for citizenship education through sport to be celebratory and supportive of real-world discourses are highlighted. As a solution to the overcrowded curriculum in primary schools, SE has been embraced and developed by the teachers in ‘Forest Gate School’.
Photodynamic Therapy with 3-(1′-Hexyloxyethyl) Pyropheophorbide a for Cancer of the Oral Cavity

Purpose: The primary objective was to evaluate safety of 3-(1′-hexyloxyethyl)pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH) photodynamic therapy (HPPH-PDT) for dysplasia and early squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC). Secondary objectives were the assessment of treatment response and reporters for an effective PDT reaction. Experimental Design: Patients with histologically proven oral dysplasia, carcinoma in situ, or early-stage HNSCC were enrolled in two sequentially conducted dose escalation studies with an expanded cohort at the highest dose level. These studies used an HPPH dose of 4 mg/m2 and light doses from 50 to 140 J/cm2. Pathologic tumor responses were assessed at 3 months. Clinical follow up range was 5 to 40 months. PDT induced cross-linking of STAT3 were assessed as potential indicators of PDT effective reaction. Results: Forty patients received HPPH-PDT. Common adverse events were pain and treatment site edema. Biopsy proven complete response rates were 46% for dysplasia and carcinoma in situ and 82% for squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) lesions at 140 J/cm2. The responses in the carcinoma in situ/dysplasia cohort are not durable. The PDT-induced STAT3 cross-links is significantly higher (P = 0.0033) in SCC than in carcinoma in situ/dysplasia for all light doses. Conclusion: HPPH-PDT is safe for the treatment of carcinoma in situ/dysplasia and early-stage cancer of the oral cavity. Early-stage oral HNSCC seems to respond better to HPPH-PDT in comparison with premalignant lesions. The degree of STAT3 cross-linking is a significant reporter to evaluate HPPH-PDT–mediated photoreaction. Clin Cancer Res; 19(23); 6605–13. ©2013 AACR.
Dispositional essentialism and the necessity of laws

It used to be assumed, by Humeans and non-Humeans alike, that laws of nature are contingent. Indeed allowing for contingency was widely taken to be a desideratum on the acceptability of any account of natural laws. However, nomic necessitarians argue that even if laws of nature are logically contingent (so that putative law statements cannot be analytic), they are metaphysically necessary. Their arguments are typically, though not always, founded on dispositional essentialism.1 Dispositional essentialism about a property is the view that its essence is dispositional: the dispositions it confers are what make the property what it is (Bird 2007a: 44). The argument for nomic necessitarianism is roughly as follows (see for instance Mumford 2004: 103-4). Suppose it is a law that all Fs are Gs (e.g. that all salt dissolves in water), but that the nomic status is contingent. On a non-Humean account of laws like Armstrong's, although P-ness necessitates G-ness, the relation of nomic necessitation between F and G does not hold with metaphysical necessity: there are possible worlds (governed by different laws) in which some Fs are not Gs, and others in which no Fs are Gs (see Armstrong 1983: Chapter 11). But why should we think that what we have called Fs in these worlds are genuinely Fs? In order to be Fs they must be instances of the very same property that (nomically) necessitates G-ness under the laws of nature as
Students with little or no functional speech in schools for students with severe mental retardation in South Africa

This study describes the communication and related skills of students in schools for students with severe mental retardation in South Africa. In particular, it focuses on the prevalence of students with little or no functional speech and their exposure to classroom activities and remedial services. The methodology consisted of two surveys that were completed with the assistance of field workers by teachers at 19 schools in Pretoria. A total of 1,344 students and 144 teachers were included in the study. The results indicated that 39% of all students in these schools had little or no functional speech (i.e., they were unable to express their needs verbally). The teachers perceived these students to be considerably more disabled than their speaking peers in the same schools. This article highlights the communication needs of students in schools for students with mental retardation in South Africa and the clinical implications thereof.
STN‐stimulation in Parkinson's disease restores striatal inhibition of thalamocortical projection

To test the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) restores the inhibitory output to the striatothalamocortical loop in Parkinson's disease, we obtained functional brain images of blood flow in 10 STN‐stimulated patients with Parkinson's disease. Patients were immobile and off antiparkinsonian medication for 12 h. They were scanned with and without bilateral STN‐stimulation with a 4‐h interval between the two conditions. The order of DBS stimulation (ON or OFF) was randomized. Stimulation significantly raised regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) bilaterally in the STN and in the left nucleus lentiformis. Conversely, flow declined in the left supplementary motor area (BA 6), ventrolateral nucleus of the left thalamus, and right cerebellum. Activation of the basal ganglia and deactivation of supplementary motor area and thalamus were both correlated with the improvement of motor function. The result is consistent with the explanation that stimulation in resting patients raises output from the STN with activation of the inhibitory basal ganglia output nuclei and subsequent deactivation of the thalamic anteroventral and ventrolateral nuclei and the supplementary motor area. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Foreign news coverage and international news flow over three centuries

No subject in communication research in recent years has stimulated greater interest on a world-wide level than questions of foreign news reporting and international news flow. This is a result not only of scientific interest but even more of the growing debate on communication policies as they relate to the so-called ’free flow of information’ doctrine and the ’new world information order. ’ The origins of this discussion go back further, of course. When the countries of the world drew together after World War II, it was clear that international communication relationships between states were an important part of international politics [94] . This
STOCHASTIC BOUNDS FOR A SINGLE SERVER QUEUE WITH GENERAL RETRIAL TIMES

We propose to use a mathematical method based on stochastic comparisons of Markov chains in order to derive perfor- mance indice bounds. The main goal of this paper is to investigate various monotonicity properties of a single server retrial queue with rst-come-rst-ser ved (FCFS) orbit and general retrial times using
Behavioural consistency during social separation and personality in dairy cows

The concept of personality implies intra-individual consistency of behavioural and physiological responses towards given situations over time. In this study, we investigated the long-term intra-individual consistency of the reaction towards social separation in dairy cows, Bos taurus taurus. In 35 animals, behavioural and adrenocortical reactions towards a 20 min social separation were examined. The separation test was carried out four times over a period of two lactations. Our subjects showed the expected reactions of cattle towards social separation such as exploration, walking, vocalisation, defecation, urination, and an increase in saliva cortisol concentration. We calculated a high repeatability of all behaviours tested and of saliva cortisol response towards this stressor throughout two lactations. Particular parameters (saliva cortisol response, duration of exploration, and number of entered squares) decreased across repetitions indicating a habituation. In contrast, the frequency of vocalisation, vigilance, and walking did not change across repetitions. Consequently, the different temporal changes of the measures may reflect that the response is mediated by different motivations. To address this issue, we examined the potential underlying structure of behaviour using principal component analysis. We could distinguish three principal components reflecting sociability, exploration, and anxiety. These three components are included in two (Neuroticism, Extraversion) of the five main dimensions known from human personality structure. In conclusion, the intra-individual behavioural consistency can be explained in terms of underlying personality structures, which show considerable generality across species. In farm animals, consideration of personality structures may be crucial concerning animal welfare.