Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chinese middle school mathematics teachers’ practices and perspectives viewed through a western lens

This study was designed to investigate Chinese middle school mathematics teachers’ practices and perspectives on knowing and learning that may underlie their observed practices. In particular, this study addressed the following research questions: (a) What pedagogical activities and strategies can be identified in Chinese middle school mathematics teachers’ practices? (b) What teacher perspectives of mathematics knowing and learning may underlie these teachers’ practices? To address these questions, the researcher, a native Chinese who moved to Australia and became an Australian citizen, used a constructivist (western) conceptual framework as a lens. This framework combined two lines of previous work, Ernest’s (1989b) characterisation of mathematics teaching and Simon and Tzur et al.’s (Heinz et al., 2000b; Simon et al., 2000; Tzur et al., 2001) distinction of perspectives that seem to underlie reform-oriented teaching practices. Eleven year-7 middle school mathematics teachers from two different schools located in a Southeast province in Mainland China volunteered to participate in this study. For each of these 11 teachers, a set of data was collected, consisting of two video recorded classroom observations (consecutive lessons) interspersed with three video recorded interviews with the teacher about those observed lessons (before, between, and after each classroom observations). Transcripts of the interviews and classroom observations were translated into English. Six teachers were then selected as case studies and their practices and perspectives were analysed using the constant comparison method proposed by Glaser and Strauss (1967) as part of the Grounded Theory methodology. Findings of this study indicate that, typically, the participating Chinese teachers used a five-component cyclic teaching practice—Reviewing, Bridging, Variation, Summarising, and Reflection/Planning. The first four components constituted their implemented lesson structure. Data are presented to depict the nature of these first four components along with the participating teachers’ rationale for using each component the way they did. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of a perspective about knowing and learning that seem to underlie the participating teachers’ five-component practice. This perspective appears to differ from perspectives that were identified previously. Coupled with the four-component lesson structure this perspective is discussed in terms of how it may inform mathematics teachers’ development of effective pedagogical practices, as well as future research and theory development.
Parent and Peer Predictors of Physical Dating Violence Perpetration in Early Adolescence: Tests of Moderation and Gender Differences

This study examined parenting and peer predictors of physical dating violence perpetration during early adolescence and tested moderation among these predictors and gender. Participants were 2,824 ethnically diverse sixth-grade students with a recent boyfriend/girlfriend who was part of a multisite, longitudinal investigation of the development and prevention of violence among middle school students. Those students who reported having a boyfriend/girlfriend reported significantly more drug use and delinquent activity and were more likely to be male. Twenty-nine percent of youth with a boyfriend/girlfriend reported perpetrating physical aggression against their boyfriend/girlfriend. Parenting and peer variables were significant predictors of physical dating violence. However, gender moderated the association between parenting practices and physical dating violence, with parental monitoring inversely linked to dating violence for boys and parent support for nonaggression inversely linked to dating violence for girls. Parent support for aggression also moderated the association between peer deviancy and reported perpetration. Finally, gender moderated the interaction between peer deviancy and parent support for nonaggressive solutions.
School Refusal: Assessment and Treatment

School attendance difficulties associated with emotional stress are the focus of this new guidebook. Written from a clinical behavioral perspective, the authors provide literature reviews on important aspects of school refusal, as well as practical guidelines for assessment and treatment. Behavioral and cognitive treatment strategies used in the management of school-refusing children are outlined with practical suggestions and clinical tips for each treatment procedure. School and Clinical Psychologists. A Longwood Professional Book.
What makes them so good? The constructs used by coaches to identify coaching prowess

The criterion which coaches use to judge their peers are extremely pertinent to the study and enhancement of coach development. The aim of this two-part study was to offer insight into how a sample of British sub-elite coaches judged coaching prowess and perceived the nature of the expertise possessed (or perceived to be possessed) by their own self-selected role model coaches. Data from field notes and transcribed conversations with 143 coaches, drawn from over 15 years of conversations, were interpreted following an inductive analysis. Subsequently, follow up focus group interviews involving 15 level three coaches in a range of sports were used to augment and, if appropriate, question these data. Results yielded an array of personal characteristics, which participants used to describe “what” role model coaches did or were like, as opposed to professional or behavioural characteristics that explained “how” they worked. Consideration of these findings offers some areas for immediate exploitation, alongside some key concerns which must be addressed if the trend for social learning based coach development initiatives are to have optimum benefit.
The mental health of adolescent school children: a comparison among Japan, Korea, and China

This study compared the mental health of adolescents in three countries in northeast Asia: Japan, South Korea, and China. The study sample included a total of 1,399 third graders at junior high schools: 632 from Yonago City and Tottori City in Japan, 377 from Wonju City in Korea, and 390 from Changchun City in China. Mental health was measured by the Ochanomizu University Health Examination, which includes mental health scales composed of somatic symptoms, eating disorders, depression, interpersonal relationships, powerlessness, and impulsiveness; self-resilience; familial relationships; friendships; a feeling of gloom during the previous month; current well-being; and counseling. The results of this study were as follows: first, Japanese students experienced more difficulties in interpersonal relationships and experienced more feelings of powerlessness than Korean and Chinese students. Korean students were vulnerable to somatic symptoms and impulsiveness, whereas Chinese students experienced more depression than Korean and Japanese students. Second, more female students were in the poor mental health group than male students. Third, Japanese female students ranked the lowest of all groups for the Resilience Index scores. Fourth, when in need of counseling, students solicited advice from teachers (classroom teachers, health teachers or club teachers) about their study-related problems, and asked for advice from friends regarding problems or worries about peer and family relations. However, a number of students received no counseling for their troubles. The study concluded that it is necessary to promote a healthy environment for students, with easy access to counseling from mental health care professionals.
[Adolescence. I. Introduction].

Preparing the books to read every day is enjoyable for many people. However, there are still many people who also don't like reading. This is a problem. But, when you can support others to start reading, it will be better. One of the books that can be recommended for new readers is adolescence an introduction. This book is not kind of difficult book to read. It can be read and understand by the new readers.
Purification of fetal liver stem/progenitor cells containing all the repopulation potential for normal adult rat liver.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Previously, we showed high-level, long-term liver replacement after transplantation of unfractionated embryonic day (ED) 14 fetal liver stem/progenitor cells (FLSPC). However, for clinical applications, it will be essential to transplant highly enriched cells, while maintaining high repopulation potential. METHODS Dlk-1, a member of the delta-like family of cell surface transmembrane proteins, is highly expressed in human and rodent fetal liver. Dlk-1(+) cells, isolated from ED14 fetal liver using immunomagnetic beads, were examined for their hepatic gene expression profile and characteristic properties in vitro and their proliferative and differentiation potential in vivo after transplantation into normal adult rat liver. RESULTS Rat ED14 FLSPC were purified to 95% homogeneity and exhibited cell culture and gene expression characteristics expected for hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Rat ED14 FLSPC are alpha-fetoprotein(+)/cytokeratin-19(+) or alpha-fetoprotein(+)/cytokeratin-19(-) and contain all of the normal liver repopulation capacity found in fetal liver. Hematopoietic stem cells, a major component in crude fetal liver cell preparations that engraft in other organs, such as bone marrow, spleen, and lung, are totally removed by Dlk-1 selection, and Dlk-1 purified FLSPC repopulate only the liver. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting purification of hepatic stem/progenitor cells from fetal liver that are fully capable of repopulating the normal adult liver. This represents a major advance toward developing protocols that will be essential for clinical application of liver cell transplantation therapy.
Comparison of Functional Proteomic Analyses of Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines T47D and MCF7

T47D and MCF7 are two human hormone-dependent breast cancer cell lines which are widely used as experimental models for in vitro and in vivo (tumor xenografts) breast cancer studies. Several proteins involved in cancer development were identified in these cell lines by proteomic analyses. Although these studies reported the proteomic profiles of each cell line, until now, their differential protein expression profiles have not been established. Here, we used two-dimensional gel and mass spectrometry analyses to compare the proteomic profiles of the two cell lines, T47D and MCF7. Our data revealed that more than 164 proteins are differentially expressed between them. According to their biological functions, the results showed that proteins involved in cell growth stimulation, anti-apoptosis mechanisms and cancerogenesis are more strongly expressed in T47D than in MCF7. These proteins include G1/S-specific cyclin-D3 and prohibitin. Proteins implicated in transcription repression and apoptosis regulation, including transcriptional repressor NF-X1, nitrilase homolog 2 and interleukin-10, are, on the contrary, more strongly expressed in MCF7 as compared to T47D. Five proteins that were previously described as breast cancer biomarkers, namely cathepsin D, cathepsin B, protein S100-A14, heat shock protein beta-1 (HSP27) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), are found to be differentially expressed in the two cell lines. A list of differentially expressed proteins between T47D and MCF7 was generated, providing useful information for further studies of breast cancer mechanisms with these cell lines as models.
The Spivak Reader Selected Works of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak

Introduction "Reading Spivak," by the editors 1. Bonding In Difference, interview with Alfred Arteaga (1993/4) 2. Explanation and Culture: Marginalia (1979) 3. Feminism and Critical Theory (1985) 4. Revolutions That As Yet Have No Model: Derrida's Limited Inc. (1980) 5. Scattered Speculations on the Question of Value (1985) 6. More on Power/Knowledge (1992) 7. Echo (1993) 8. Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography (1985) 9. How to Teach a "Culturally Different" Book (1991) 10. Translator's Preface and Afterword to Mahasweta Devi, Imaginary Maps (1994) 11. Subaltern Talk, interview with editors (1993/4) 12. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak: A Checklist of Publications Index
Antagonism of the complement component C4 by flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1

The complement system plays an essential protective role in the initial defense against many microorganisms. Flavivirus NS1 is a secreted nonstructural glycoprotein that accumulates in blood, is displayed on the surface of infected cells, and has been hypothesized to have immune evasion functions. Herein, we demonstrate that dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) NS1 attenuate classical and lectin pathway activation by directly interacting with C4. Binding of NS1 to C4 reduced C4b deposition and C3 convertase (C4b2a) activity. Although NS1 bound C4b, it lacked intrinsic cofactor activity to degrade C4b, and did not block C3 convertase formation or accelerate decay of the C3 and C5 convertases. Instead, NS1 enhanced C4 cleavage by recruiting and activating the complement-specific protease C1s. By binding C1s and C4 in a complex, NS1 promotes efficient degradation of C4 to C4b. Through this mechanism, NS1 protects DENV from complement-dependent neutralization in solution. These studies define a novel immune evasion mechanism for restricting complement control of microbial infection.
The chemistry of enamel caries.

The chemical changes which occur during the process of carious destruction of enamel are complex due to a number of factors. First, substituted hydroxyapatite, the main component of dental enamel, can behave in a very complex manner during dissolution. This is due not only to its ability to accept substituent ions but also to the wide range of calcium phosphate species which can form following dissolution. In addition, the composition, i.e., the extent of substitution, changes throughout enamel in the direction of carious attack, i.e., from surface to interior. Both surface and positively birefringent zones of the lesion clearly illustrate that carious destruction is not simple dissolution. Selective dissolution of soluble minerals occurs, and there is the probability of reprecipitation. The role of fluoride here is crucial in that not only does it protect enamel per se but also its presence in solution means that rather insoluble fluoridated species can form very easily, encouraging redeposition. The role of organic material clearly needs further investigation, but there is the real possibility of both inhibition of repair and facilitation of redeposition. For the future, delivering fluoride deep into the lesion would appear to offer the prospect of improved repair. This would entail a delivery vehicle which solved the problem of fluoride uptake by apatite at the tooth surface. Elucidation of the role of organic material may also reveal putative mechanisms for encouraging repair and/or protecting the enamel mineral.
Hepatitis A seroprevalence and its relationship with environmental factors in children of different age groups in Kahramanmaras, Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Summary. Hepatitis A infections are influenced by environmental and socioeconomic factors. Epidemiologic studies regarding hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in Turkey have not previously examined these factors. We investigated HAV seroprevalence and its association with sociodemographic factors among children of various ages in the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. The study included 1142 children (603 male and 539 female) between ages of 6 months and 18 years. Seropositivity in the whole group was 57.2%. HAV prevalence rates according to age groups were as follows: 35.5% in 6–23 months group, 19.2% in 2–5 years group, 74.3% in 6–10 years group, 83.0% in 11–14 years group, 92.8% in 15–18 years group. Risk factors that influenced seropositivity were; dense population, over‐crowded families, excessive number of siblings, low socioeconomic status and low education of the mother. As HAV seroprevalence in children older than 6 years of age is high, we recommend hepatitis A vaccination in this region after the first year of life.
Development of a species-specific RNA polymerase I-based shRNA expression vector

RNA interference (RNAi) can be induced in vitro either by application of synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), or by intracellular expression of siRNAs or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) from transfected vectors. The most widely used promoters for siRNA/shRNA expression are based on polymerase III (Pol III)-dependent transcription. We developed an alternative vector for siRNA/shRNA expression, using a mouse RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoter. Pol I-dependent transcription serves in cells for production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and as such, is ubiquitously and stably active in different cell types. As Pol I-dependent transcription is highly species-specific, Pol I-based system provides an important biosafety advantage with respect to silencing of genes with unknown functions.
Effect of the autonomic nervous system on cancer progression depends on the type of tumor: solid are more affected then ascitic tumors

Abstract Objectives. A number of recently published studies have shown that the sympathetic nervous system may influence cancer progression. There are, however, some ambiguities about the role of the parasympathetic nerves in the modulation of growth of different tumor types. Moreover, tumor models used for investigation of the autonomic neurotransmission role in the processes related to the cancer growth and progression are mainly of the solid nature. The knowledge about the nervous system involvement in the modulation of the development and progression of malignant ascites is only fragmental. Therefore, the aim of the present article was to summarize the results of our experimental studies focused on the elucidation of the role of the autonomic nervous system in the modulation of tumor growth in animals. We are summarizing data from studies, in which not only different experimental approaches in order to influence the autonomic neurotransmission, but also different tumor models have been used. Methods. Three different types of tumor models, namely solid rat intra-abdominal fibrosarcoma, solid murine subcutaneous melanoma, and rat ascites hepatoma, and three types of interventions have been used in order to modulate the autonomic neurotransmission, specifically chemical sympathectomy, subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, or the electric stimulation of the vagus nerve. Results. We have proved a strong stimulatory effect of the sympathetic nerves on the development and growth in both solid tumors, rat fibrosarcoma as well as murine melanoma, and significant inhibitory impact on the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. The progression of ascites hepatoma in rats was not influenced by chemical sympathectomy. Modulation of parasympathetic signalization by vagotomy or vagal nerve stimulation does not affect fibrosarcoma and ascites hepatoma growth and survival of the tumor-bearing rats. Conclusions. Based on the obtained data, it seems that the solid types of tumors are suitable substrate for the direct action of neurotransmitters released especially from the sympathetic nerves. In contrast, it appears that the malignant ascites are not under the direct autonomic nerves control; however, an indirect action via the immune functions modulation cannot be excluded.
Fault management in IP-over-WDM networks: WDM protection versus IP restoration

We consider an IP-over-WDM network in which network nodes employ optical crossconnects and IP routers. Nodes are connected by fibers to form a mesh topology. Any two IP routers in this network can be connected together by an all-optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) channel, called a lightpath, and the collection of lightpaths that are set up form a virtual topology. In this paper, we concentrate on single fiber failures, since they are the predominant form of failures in optical networks. Since each lightpath is expected to operate at a rate of few gigabits per second, a fiber failure can cause a significant loss of bandwidth and revenue. Thus, the network designer must provide a fault-management technique that combats fiber failures. We consider two fault-management techniques in an IP-over-WDM network: (1) provide protection at the WDM layer (i.e., set up a backup lightpath for every primary lightpath) or (2) provide restoration at the IP layer (i.e., overprovision the network so that after a fiber failure, the network should still be able to carry all the traffic it was carrying before the fiber failure). We formulate these fault-management problems mathematically, develop heuristics to find efficient solutions in typical networks, and analyze their characteristics (e.g., maximum guaranteed network capacity in the event of a fiber failure and the recovery time) relative to each other.
New enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Korea.

We give descriptions of five new enchytraeid species (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) from Korea: Henlea magnaampullacea sp. n. , Fridericia sphaerica sp. n. , F. cusanicaformis sp. n. , F. granulocyta sp. n. and Mesenchytraeus calyx sp. n. , with morphological and molecular (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, nuclear histone 3 genes and nuclear ribosomal ITS region sequences) data. In total, 19 enchytraeid species belonging to seven genera have been found in the studied woodland and agronomical soil samples. Apart from the five new species, three further species are new for the Korean enchytraeid fauna, Enchytraeus christenseni, E. dichaetus, and Achaeta cf. brevivasa. Molecular taxonomical analyses show that the Korean species resembling H. ventriculosa is not identical with the European species, furthermore sequence analysis of individuals morphologically identified as F. seoraksani indicate the possibility of species-complexity and the presence of cryptic species.
Basement Membrane Remodeling in Skeletal Muscles of Patients with Limb Ischemia Involves Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases

Background/Aim: Because the pericapillary basement membrane in skeletal muscles of patients with chronic critical limb ischemia (CLI) is thickened, we determined the expression patterns of genes involved in collagen metabolism, using samples from 9 CLI patients, 4 patients with acute limb ischemia and 4 healthy controls. Methods: Gene array analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and semiquantitative grading of immunohistochemical reactivity were performed to determine mRNA/cDNA and protein concentrations. Results: In CLI patients compared to controls, cDNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 and MMP-19 were higher, collagen type IV chains A1 and A2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and TIMP-2 were similar and MMP-2 were lower. On the protein level, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-19 and TIMP-1 were more abundantly expressed. In skeletal muscles from patients with acute limb ischemia, cDNA and protein levels of MMP-9, MMP-19, collagen type IV chains, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were high. MMP-2 was elevated at the protein but decreased on the cDNA level. Conclusion: Expression of basement membrane components in skeletal muscles of CLI and acute limb ischemia patients is altered, possibly contributing to the pathogenesis of peripheral arterial disease.