Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Brain Bases of Reading Fluency in Typical Reading and Impaired Fluency in Dyslexia

Although the neural systems supporting single word reading are well studied, there are limited direct comparisons between typical and dyslexic readers of the neural correlates of reading fluency. Reading fluency deficits are a persistent behavioral marker of dyslexia into adulthood. The current study identified the neural correlates of fluent reading in typical and dyslexic adult readers, using sentences presented in a word-by-word format in which single words were presented sequentially at fixed rates. Sentences were presented at slow, medium, and fast rates, and participants were asked to decide whether each sentence did or did not make sense semantically. As presentation rates increased, participants became less accurate and slower at making judgments, with comprehension accuracy decreasing disproportionately for dyslexic readers. In-scanner performance on the sentence task correlated significantly with standardized clinical measures of both reading fluency and phonological awareness. Both typical readers and readers with dyslexia exhibited widespread, bilateral increases in activation that corresponded to increases in presentation rate. Typical readers exhibited significantly larger gains in activation as a function of faster presentation rates than readers with dyslexia in several areas, including left prefrontal and left superior temporal regions associated with semantic retrieval and semantic and phonological representations. Group differences were more extensive when behavioral differences between conditions were equated across groups. These findings suggest a brain basis for impaired reading fluency in dyslexia, specifically a failure of brain regions involved in semantic retrieval and semantic and phonological representations to become fully engaged for comprehension at rapid reading rates.
A post hoc study on gene panel analysis for the diagnosis of dystonia

Background: Genetic disorders causing dystonia show great heterogeneity. Recent studies have suggested that next‐generation sequencing techniques such as gene panel analysis can be effective in diagnosing heterogeneous conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate whether dystonia patients with a suspected genetic cause could benefit from the use of gene panel analysis.
Markers in time and space: A review of the last decade of plant phylogeographic approaches

Plant studies comprise a relatively small proportion of the phylogeographic literature, likely as a consequence of the fundamental challenges posed by the complex genomic structures and life history strategies of these organisms. Comparative plastomics (i.e., comparisons of mutation rates within and among regions of the chloroplast genome) across plant lineages has led to an increased understanding of which markers are likely to provide the most information at low taxonomic levels. However, the extent to which the results of such work have influenced the literature has not been fully assessed, nor has the extent to which plant phylogeographers explicitly analyse markers in time and space, both of which are integral components of the field. Here, we reviewed more than 400 publications from the last decade of plant phylogeography to specifically address the following questions: (i) What is the phylogenetic breadth of studies to date? (ii) What molecular markers have been used, and why were they chosen? (iii) What kinds of markers are most frequently used and in what combinations? (iv) How frequently are divergence time estimation and ecological niche modelling used in plant phylogeography? Our results indicate that chloroplast DNA sequence data remain the primary tool of choice, followed distantly by nuclear DNA sequences and microsatellites. Less than half (42%) of all studies use divergence time estimation, while even fewer use ecological niche modelling (14%). We discuss the implications of our findings, as well as the need for community standards on data reporting.
Large-amplitude internal solitary waves in the North Equatorial Countercurrent

The analysis of high-resolution oceanographic data referring to velocity measurements carried out by means of a vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler on 12 November 2000 in the equatorial Atlantic, at 44°W between 4.5° and 6°N, reveals the presence of three large-amplitude internal solitary waves superimposed on the velocity field associated with the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). These waves were found in the deep ocean, more than 500 km off the continental shelf and far from regions of topographic variations. They propagated toward the north-northeast, strongly inclined with respect to the main axis of the NECC and perpendicular to the Brazilian shelf, as well as to the North Brazil Current, and were characterized by maximum horizontal velocities of about 2 m s−1 and maximum vertical velocities of about 20 cm s−1. The large magnitudes of the measured velocities indicate that the observed waves represent disturbances evolving in a strongly stratified ocean. The distance separating the waves (about 70 km) indicates that the observed features cannot be considered as elements of a single train of internal solitary waves. The waves consist, instead, of truly disconnected, pulselike intense solitary disturbances. This behavior, which strongly differs from that typically observed for trains of tidally generated internal solitary waves, indicates that different mechanisms were possibly involved in their generation and/or evolution.
STAT5 inhibition induces TRAIL/DR4 dependent apoptosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma

Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is a rare, aggressive, heterogeneous, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with poor prognosis and inadequate response to current therapies. Recent sequencing studies indicate a prevalence of activating mutations in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Oncogenic mutations in STAT5B, observed in approximately one third of cases of multiple different PTCL subtypes, correlate with inferior patient outcomes. Therefore, interest in the development of therapeutic strategies for targeting STAT5 in PTCL is warranted. In this study, we show that the drug pimozide inhibits STAT5 in PTCL, leading to apoptotic cell death by means of the TRAIL/DR4 dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway. Pimozide induced PTCL cell death is caspase 8 dependent, increases the expression of the TRAIL receptor, DR4, on the surface of pre-apoptotic PTCL cells, and enhances TRAIL induced apoptosis in a TRAIL dependent manner. In parallel, we show that mRNA and protein levels of intrinsic pathway BCL-2 family members and mitochondrial membrane potential remain unaffected by STAT5 knockdown and/or inhibition. In primary PTCL patient samples, pimozide inhibits STAT5 activation and induces apoptosis. Our data support a role for STAT5 inhibition in PTCL and implicate potential utility for inhibition of STAT5 and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway as combination therapy in PTCL.
A DNA barcode for land plants

DNA barcoding involves sequencing a standard region of DNA as a tool for species identification. However, there has been no agreement on which region(s) should be used for barcoding land plants. To provide a community recommendation on a standard plant barcode, we have compared the performance of 7 leading candidate plastid DNA regions (atpF–atpH spacer, matK gene, rbcL gene, rpoB gene, rpoC1 gene, psbK–psbI spacer, and trnH–psbA spacer). Based on assessments of recoverability, sequence quality, and levels of species discrimination, we recommend the 2-locus combination of rbcL+matK as the plant barcode. This core 2-locus barcode will provide a universal framework for the routine use of DNA sequence data to identify specimens and contribute toward the discovery of overlooked species of land plants.
Medical students' perspectives on clinical empathy training.

CONTEXT There is a need for studies specifically addressing the barriers to empathy training from the perspective of medical students. The objective of this study was to evaluate attitudes of 3rd and 4th year medical students regarding their training in clinical empathy at a public teaching hospital and medical school. METHODS A questionnaire assessing students' satisfaction with, and opinions on, empathy training, as well as barriers to training, was distributed during the last quarter of the year. RESULTS Of 188 eligible participants, 157 (84%) responded. Approximately one-half of the respondents said empathy could be taught. Eighty-one percent of respondents felt that their empathy had increased or stayed the same during their training. When asked about barriers for learning empathy, the majority of respondents chose time pressure and lack of good role models. Respondents rated breaking bad news, talking to patients about medical mistakes and taking care of dying or demanding patients as areas in need of more empathy-related training. CONCLUSIONS Although the majority of students were satisfied with their training of clinical empathy, our study highlights the need for innovative methods to address concerns regarding barriers to practicing empathy, as well as the need for more training in how to demonstrate empathy in challenging clinical situations.
Fresh versus frozen embryo transfer after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger in gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist cycles among high responder women: A randomized, multi-center study

Background: The use of embryo cryopreservation excludes the possible detrimental effects of ovarian stimulation on the endometrium, and higher reproductive outcomes following this policy have been reported. Moreover, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist cycles as a substitute for standard human chorionic gonadotropin trigger, minimizes the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in fresh as well as frozen embryo transfer cycles (FET). Objective: To compare the reproductive outcomes and risk of OHSS in fresh vs frozen embryo transfer in high responder patients, undergoing in vitro fertilization triggered with a bolus of GnRH agonist. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, multi-centre study, 121 women undergoing FET and 119 women undergoing fresh ET were investigated as regards clinical pregnancy as the primary outcome and the chemical pregnancy, live birth, OHSS development, and perinatal data as secondary outcomes. Results: There were no significant differences between FET and fresh groups regarding chemical (46.4% vs. 40.2%, p=0.352), clinical (35.8% vs. 38.3%, p=0.699), and ongoing (30.3% vs. 32.7%, p=0.700) pregnancy rates, also live birth (30.3% vs. 29.9%, p=0.953), perinatal outcomes, and OHSS development (35.6% vs. 42.9%, p=0.337). No woman developed severe OHSS and no one required admission to hospital. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that GnRHa trigger followed by fresh transfer with modified luteal phase support in terms of a small human chorionic gonadotropin bolus is a good strategy to secure good live birth rates and a low risk of clinically relevant OHSS development in in vitro fertilization patients at risk of OHSS.
On the dilation of diamond by nitrogen impurity aggregated in A defects

Lattice parameter measurements by modern methods of photography of transmitted divergent–beam X–ray diffraction patterns are reported. A small (less than 10 μm diameter) source of divergent CuKα X–rays is produced by an electron beam impinging on a thin copper film evaporated on to one surface of the diamond, which is placed in a scanning electron microscope. Patterns of high dispersion and high resolution are obtained by use of a 700mm camera length and an Ilford L4 nuclear emulsion as the recording medium. A synthetic diamond volume containing only about one atomic part per 106 nitrogen impurity served as a pure–diamond standard. This was compared with a natural diamond of nearly pure IaA spectral type, unusually rich and uniform in content of nitrogen impurity aggregated in A–defect form (N concentration circa 1135 atomic parts per 106). In both specimens, volumes free from dislocations and bounded by well–polished damage–free surfaces were probed. Advances in pattern–measuring methods included a film–stacking technique to improve signal–to–noise ratio, digitized microdensitometry and the measurement of pattern shifts relative to invariant datum points in the pattern provided by angularly sharp features arising from coherent multiple diffraction effects. Procedures were developed to correct for diffraction–line–profile asymmetry (which depends upon lattice perfection as well as other diffraction parameters). An absolute lattice parameter determination on the pure diamond yielded ,a0 = 0.356710(4)nm, considered to be a good value. After subtracting the calculated dilatation contribution (24%) due to a small population of {001} platelet defects in the nitrogen–rich diamond, the dilatation due to A defects derived is Δa0/a0 = (0.6 ± 0.25) x 10–6 [μA(1282cm–1) /cm–1], where μA(1282cm–1) is the infrared absorption at 1282cm–1 due to A defects, in units of cm–1. In terms of cN(A), the fractional atomic concentration in the diamond of nitrogen impurity present in A defects, and subject to more uncertainty, Δa0/a0 = 0.036cN(A), which indicates that a nitrogen atom in an A defect occupies circa 1.11 times the volume of the normal carbon atom it replaces. This dilatation is compared with those expected from computed structures of the A defects.
Mutation accumulation in populations of varying size: large effect mutations cause most mutational decline in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus under UV‐C radiation

Theory predicts that fitness decline via mutation accumulation will depend on population size, but there are only a few direct tests of this key idea. To gain a qualitative understanding of the fitness effect of new mutations, we performed a mutation accumulation experiment with the facultative sexual rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus at six different population sizes under UV‐C radiation. Lifetime reproduction assays conducted after ten and sixteen UV‐C radiations showed that while small populations lost fitness, fitness losses diminished rapidly with increasing population size. Populations kept as low as 10 individuals were able to maintain fitness close to the nonmutagenized populations throughout the experiment indicating that selection was able to remove the majority of large effect mutations in small populations. Although our results also seem to imply that small populations are effectively immune to mutational decay, we caution against this interpretation. Given sufficient time, populations of moderate to large size can experience declines in fitness from accumulating weakly deleterious mutations as demonstrated by fitness estimates from simulations and, tentatively, from a long‐term experiment with populations of moderate size. There is mounting evidence to suggest that mutational distributions contain a heavier tail of large effects. Our results suggest that this is also true when the mutational spectrum is altered by UV radiation.
Compound stimulus extinction reduces spontaneous recovery in humans

Fear-related behaviors are prone to relapse following extinction. We tested in humans a compound extinction design (“deepened extinction”) shown in animal studies to reduce post-extinction fear recovery. Adult subjects underwent fear conditioning to a visual and an auditory conditioned stimulus (CSA and CSB, respectively) separately paired with an electric shock. The target CS (CSA) was extinguished alone followed by compound presentations of the extinguished CSA and nonextinguished CSB. Recovery of conditioned skin conductance responses to CSA was reduced 24 h after compound extinction, as compared with a group who received an equal number of extinction trials to the CSA alone.
The Hodie Method for Ordinary Differential Equations

This paper describes a method of generating high order difference approxith matians to an m — order differential operator L using (m + 1) pointsIt uses certain auxiliary points for each (m + 1)-tuple in order to achieve an arbitrary specified order of truncation error in the difference approximation. In the context of solving Lu = f, this method may be interpreted as using L^u = I^f where is an (m + l)-step difference operator and is an expansion of the identity. The acronym HODIE (High Order Differences via Identity Expansion) comes from this interpretation. Under natural assumptions we prove the existance of such approximations, and establish the order of their truncation error and discretization error. We also show the existance of certain Gauss-type points where even higher orders of convergence are achieved. We give an operations count comparison of this new method with five others which shows the HODIE method to be among the most efficient. A brief selection from extensive experiments is given which supports the practicality of the method.
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Treatment in Liver or Kidney Transplant Patients With Hepatitis C Virus Infection

Well‐tolerated, ribavirin‐free, pangenotypic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments for transplant recipients remain a high priority. Once‐daily glecaprevir/pibrentasvir demonstrates high rates of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks posttreatment (SVR12) across all major HCV genotypes (GTs). This trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for patients with chronic HCV GT1‐6 infection who had received a liver or kidney transplant. MAGELLAN‐2 was a phase 3, open‐label trial conducted in patients who were ≥3 months posttransplant. Patients without cirrhosis who were HCV treatment‐naive (GT1‐6) or treatment‐experienced (GT1, 2, 4‐6; with interferon‐based therapy with or without sofosbuvir, or sofosbuvir plus ribavirin) received glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (300/120 mg) once daily for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint compared the percentage of patients receiving glecaprevir/pibrentasvir with SVR12 to a historic SVR12 rate based on the standard of care. Safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir was assessed. In total, 80 liver transplant and 20 kidney transplant patients participated in the trial. Most patients had no or minimal fibrosis (80% had fibrosis scores F0‐F1) and were infected with HCV GT1 (57%) or GT3 (24%). The overall SVR12 was 98% (n/N = 98/100; 95% confidence interval, 95.3%–100%), which exceeded the prespecified historic standard‐of‐care SVR12 threshold of 94%. One patient experienced virologic failure. One patient discontinued because of an adverse event considered to be unrelated to treatment; this patient achieved SVR12. Adverse events were mostly mild in severity, and laboratory abnormalities were infrequent. Conclusion: Once‐daily glecaprevir/pibrentasvir for 12 weeks is a well‐tolerated and efficacious, ribavirin‐free treatment for patients with chronic HCV GT1‐6 infection who have received a liver or kidney transplant. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02692703.) (Hepatology 2018; 00:000‐000).
Analysis of Wetting and Contact Angle Hysteresis on Chemically Patterned Surfaces

Wetting and contact angle hysteresis on chemically patterned surfaces in two dimensions are analyzed from a stationary phase-field model for immiscible two phase fluids. We first study the sharp-interface limit of the model by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. We then justify the results rigorously by the $\Gamma$-convergence theory for the related variational problem and study the properties of the limiting minimizers. The results also provide a clear geometric picture of the equilibrium configuration of the interface. This enables us to explicitly calculate the total surface energy for the two phase systems on chemically patterned surfaces with simple geometries, namely the two phase flow in a channel and the drop spreading. By considering the quasi-static motion of the interface described by the change of volume (or volume fraction), we can follow the change-of-energy landscape which also reveals the mechanism for the stick-slip motion of the interface and contact angle hysteresis on the che.
The Frequency of Translocations Produced by X-Rays in Drosophila.

The method of attack. The initial results-a startlingly high frequency of translocation. ; . Confirmation of the findings, and demonstration of their connection with the treatment. Experiments involving the fourth chromosome. Comparative frequencies of different translocations. The effect of translocations when homozygous. The frequency of translocations as compared with that of gene mutations. SUMMARY. LITERATURX CITED.
Semiautonomous Haptic Teleoperation Control Architecture of Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

We propose a novel semiautonomous haptic teleoperation control architecture for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), consisting of three control layers: 1) UAV control layer, where each UAV is abstracted by, and is controlled to follow the trajectory of, its own kinematic Cartesian virtual point (VP); 2) VP control layer, which modulates each VP's motion according to the teleoperation commands and local artificial potentials (for VP-VP/VP-obstacle collision avoidance and VP-VP connectivity preservation); and 3) teleoperation layer, through which a single remote human user can command all (or some) of the VPs' velocity while haptically perceiving the state of all (or some) of the UAVs and obstacles. Master passivity/slave stability and some asymptotic performance measures are proved. Experimental results using four custom-built quadrotor-type UAVs are also presented to illustrate the theory.
Quantifying loss of independent joint control in acute stroke with a robotic evaluation of reaching workspace

Early recovery after stroke is significant for slow emergence of volitional movement. Initial movements are constrained by stereotypical co-activation of muscle groups such as shoulder abductors and distal limb flexors resulting in the loss of independent joint control. The objective of this study was to utilize new quantitative methods to evaluate the emergence and progression of the loss of independent joint control in the acute phase of recovery from stroke. Fifteen participants have been followed a maximum range of 2 to 32 weeks post-stroke. Participants underwent weekly and monthly robotic evaluations of horizontal plane reaching workspace as a function of abduction loading (0%–200% of limb weight). The magnitude of loss of independent joint control, indicated by the rate of work area reduction as a function of abduction loading, was evident even as early as 2 weeks post-stroke. Group analysis indicated that individuals with mild stroke show immediate presence of the impairment with an exponential rate of recovery over time while individuals with severe stroke show persistent impairment. Early detection and quantification of reaching impairments, such as the loss of independent joint control, will allow clinicians to more efficiently identify patients who would benefit from impairment-based targeted interventions. For example, patients with severe loss of independent joint control will likely benefit from early administration of an intervention attempting to reduce abnormal shoulder abductor/distal limb flexor co-activations during reaching. The field of rehabilitation robotics has demonstrated such interventions to be promising in the chronic severe stroke population.