Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A view of acidic intracellular compartments

C ONSIDERABLE evidence has accumulated over the past ten years that the interior of both the endocytic and exocytic vacuolar apparatus in cells is maintained at a low pH (30, 47, 60). The interior of endocytic vesicles (4, 17, 29, 57, 59), lysosomes (37, 43), portions of the transGolgi apparatus (3, 38, 39), certain secretory vesicles (14, 22, 23, 38, 48), and plant tonoplasts (7) is acidic. The maintenance of the high H § concentration depends upon the properties of the surrounding membrane and the vectorial movement of protons mediated by an ATP dependent H § pump (1, 30, 47). A variety of different techniques have been used to study the function of low pH compartments. (a) Using purified secretory vesicles (24, 36), yeast vacuoles (49), and lysosomes (42, 53), the influx and effiux of low molecular weight solutes has been shown to depend on both a transmembrane H § gradient and an electrical gradient generated by an ATPdependent H § pump in the membrane of these vesicles. (b) Several laboratories have isolated mutant cell lines that are defective in H § pumping (28, 31, 45); these cells are resistant to certain toxins that gain entry to cells by acidic endosomes and they are unable to obtain iron from transferrin during receptor-mediated endocytosis. (c) Reagents that either neutralize low pH compartments or dissipate H § gradients inhibit a variety of endocytic and exocytic activities including receptor recycling during receptor-mediated endocytosis (9), the sorting of both content and membrane proteins during exocytosis (19, 33, 58) and endocytosis (9), and the posttranslational processing of macromolecules that pass through the Golgi apparatus (39). To better understand the function of acidic compartments, investigators have studied H § gradients in the living cell using vital pH indicators. When taken up by cells, these indicators either selectively accumulate in low pH compartments or detect the pH of the compartment in which they reside. As outlined below, recent advances in immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and videoenhanced microscopy offer the interested investigator new opportunities for using these indicators to "capture" the H § gradient as it exists in the living cell and detect the chemical reactions that occur in that environment.
Respiratory and cardiac modulation of single sympathetic vasoconstrictor and sudomotor neurones to human skin

1 The firing of single sympathetic neurones was recorded via tungsten microelectrodes in cutaneous fascicles of the peroneal nerve in awake humans. Studies were made of 17 vasoconstrictor neurones during cold‐induced cutaneous vasoconstriction and eight sudomotor neurones during heat‐induced sweating. Oligounitary recordings were obtained from 8 cutaneous vasconstrictor and 10 sudomotor sites. Skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry, and sweating by changes in skin electrical resistance within the innervation territory on the dorsum of the foot. 2 Perispike time histograms revealed respiratory modulation in 11 (65 %) vasoconstrictor and 4 (50 %) sudomotor neurones. After correcting for estimated conduction delays, the firing probability was higher in inspiration for both classes of neurone. Measured from the oligounitary recordings, the respiratory modulation indices were 67.7 ± 3.9 % for vasoconstrictor and 73.5 ± 5.7 % for sudomotor neurones (means ± s.e.m.). As previously found for sudomotor neurones, cardiac rhythmicity was expressed by 7 (41 %) vasoconstrictor neurones, 5 of which showed no significant coupling to respiration. Measured from the oligounitary records, the cardiac modulation of cutaneous vasoconstrictor activity was 58.6 ± 4.9 %, compared with 74.4 ± 6.4 % for sudomotor activity. 3 Both vasoconstrictor and sudomotor neurones displayed low average firing rates (0.53 and 0.62 Hz, respectively). The percentage of cardiac intervals in which units fired was 38 % and 35 %, respectively. Moreover, when considering only those cardiac intervals when a unit fired, vasoconstrictor and sudomotor neurones generated a single spike 66 % and 67 % of the time. Rarely were more than four spikes generated by a single neurone. 4 We conclude that human cutaneous vasoconstrictor and sudomotor neurones share several properties: both classes contain subpopulations that are modulated by respiration and/or the cardiac cycle. The data suggest that the intensity of a multi‐unit burst of vasoconstrictor or sudomotor impulses is probabably governed primarily by firing incidence and the recruitment of additional neurones, rather than by an increase in the number of spikes each unit contributes to a burst.
The relationship between objects and identity in occupational therapy : a dynamic balance of rationalism and romanticism.

This thesis uncovers the rational and Romantic assumptions about the relationship between objects and identity that are embedded in occupational therapy, and critiques current practice from that perspective. It is based on an initial assumption that there is in fact a relationship between people's identity and the objects they make, have, use and are associated with.
Some Cognitive Aspects in the Errors of Articulation of Mentally Retarded Children : Focusing on Down's Syndrome

It has often been suggested that many Dovn's syndrome children (DC) have articulation disorders. It is reported that 95% of the DC population have articulation disorders (Schlanger and Gottsleben, 1957). Strazzulla (1953) reported that DC had the甲OSt di氏culty to articulate [s], the second most [tJ], [d5]・ Muto et al. (1983), vhich investigated features of independent syllables articulated by DC, reported that the consonants [w], [t], [k], [m], [j], [n], [p], [b] could be articulated, but that [dz], [d5], [r] cotlld not. Thus, many studies have reported on articulation disorders of DC in terms of their phonological aspects (e.gリerrOr number or error types of independent phonemes), and suggested that the articulation disorders of DC might be due to organic or functional anomalies affecting articulatory skills. Hovever, some studies suggest that the articulation disorders of DC may be due to disorders which should be studied through the cognitive method (cognitive disorders)・ Dodd (1976) carried out , comparative study of the number and the type of phonological errors that vere made in spontaneous utterances and in imitations by DC, normal, and severely retarded children other than DC, who were matched by mental age; she reported that, compared to normal and other subnormal children, DC made signi丘cantly fewer errors in imitation than they did in spontaneous production. Her results indicate that di氏culties in
Autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation compared with intensive chemotherapy in acute myelogenous leukemia. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and the Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Leukemia Cooperative Groups.

BACKGROUND Allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation and intensive consolidation chemotherapy are used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia in a first complete remission. METHODS After induction treatment with daunorubicin and cytarabine, patients who had a complete remission received a first course of intensive consolidation chemotherapy, combining intermediate-dose cytarabine and amsacrine. Patients with an HLA-identical sibling were assigned to undergo allogeneic bone marrow transplantation; the others were randomly assigned to undergo autologous bone marrow transplantation (with unpurged bone marrow) or a second course of intensive chemotherapy, combining high-dose cytarabine and daunorubicin. Comparisons were made on the basis of the intention to treat. RESULTS A total of 623 patients had a complete remission; 168 were assigned to undergo allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, and 254 were randomly assigned to one of the other two groups. Of these patients, 343 completed the treatment assignment: 144 in the allogeneic-transplantation group, 95 in the autologous-transplantation group, and 104 in the intensive-chemotherapy group. The relapse rate was highest in the intensive-chemotherapy group and lowest in the allogeneic-transplantation group, whereas the mortality rate was highest after allogeneic transplantation and lowest after intensive chemotherapy. The projected rate of disease-free survival at four years was 55 percent for allogeneic transplantation, 48 percent for autologous transplantation, and 30 percent for intensive chemotherapy. However, the overall survival after complete remission was similar in the three groups, since more patients who relapsed after a second course of intensive chemotherapy had a response to subsequent autologous bone marrow transplantation. Other differences were also observed, especially with regard to hematopoietic recovery (it occurred later after autologous transplantation) and the duration of hospitalization (it was longer with bone marrow transplantation). CONCLUSIONS Autologous as well as allogeneic bone marrow transplantation results in better disease-free survival than intensive consolidation chemotherapy with high-dose cytarabine and daunorubicin. Transplantation soon after a relapse or during a second complete remission might also be appropriate.
Regularity on abelian varieties II: Basic results on linear series and defining equations

We apply the theory of M-regularity developed by the authors [Regularity on abelian varieties, I, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 16 (2003), 285-302] to the study of linear series given by multiples of ample line bundles on abelian varieties. We define an invariant of a line bundle, called M-regularity index, which governs the higher order properties and (partly conjecturally) the defining equations of such embeddings. We prove a general result on the behavior of the defining equations and higher syzygies in embeddings given by multiples of ample bundles whose base locus has no fixed components, extending a conjecture of Lazarsfeld [proved in Syzygies of abelian varieties, J. Amer. Math. Soc. 13 (2000), 651-664]. This approach also unifies essentially all the previously known results in this area, and is based on Fourier-Mukai techniques rather than representations of theta groups.
Candida parapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis, and Candida metapsilosis virulence in the non-conventional host Galleria mellonella

The incidence of fungal infections due to C. parapsilosis and closely related cryptic species (-psilosis complex) has increased in the last few years, but differences in virulence among these species have not been widely studied. Fifteen clinical isolates of C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis, including the type strains, were used to evaluate their virulence in Galleria mellonella larvae. Fluctuations in the hemocyte density and in the phagocytic activity were also tested. Differences in the median survival for these species were demonstrated at 37 °C (2.6 ± 1.02, 2.3 ± 0.92, and 4.53 ± 1.65 d for C. parapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. metapsilosis, respectively). Galleria mellonella hemocytes phagocytosed C. metapsilosis strains more effectively than did for C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis (P < 0.05). The phagocytosis rate was lower for C. parapsilosis than for C. orthopsilosis (P < 0.05). The hemocyte density was increased in larvae infected with C. metapsilosis compared with those infected with C. parapsilosis or C. orthopsilosis (P < 0.05). Moreover, in vitro studies of virulence factors such as pseudohyphae production and hydrolytic enzyme secretion showed that the capability of C. metapsilosis strains to produce those virulence factors was reduced. Infections due to -psilosis complex species produced tissue damage in G. mellonella and pseudohyphae could be also observed during infection with C. parapsilosis.
FALSE CONFESSIONS AND INFLUENCED WITNESSES

The American system of jurisprudence provides safeguards to ensure a fair trial, not a fair outcome. The system can be perverted, intentionally or otherwise, via perjury, witness errors, negligence, police tactics and trickery, and false confessions. Previous researchers have demonstrated the fallibility of human memory, eyewitnesses, and interrogative suggestibility when faced with common police interview and interrogation tactics. Using a computer crash analog study with undergraduate students, the present study evaluated the influence of a specific interview and interrogation tactic on the production of false confessions, as well as on the production of false witness statements. Twelve of 26 participants in the computer crash “suspect” condition were rated as having confessed to causing the computer crash during the interview process. Likewise, 12 of 26 participants in the witness condition were rated as having falsely implicated their peer during the interview process. Both of these findings were statistically significant in compari son to a control question. Implications are discussed. That people confess to things they have not done is without question, nor is the potential for people to make false statements, intentional or otherwise against another. What is in question is who may be likely to make such false confessions or implications, and in what circumstances. The past two decades have seen psychology extend from the theoretical laboratory research into the specifics of forensic psychology. Of late, increasing attention is being paid to the confluence of police interrogation tactics and human factors in the creation of false confessions. Much like the addition of variables into a regression analysis allows for the introduction of additional
Mutations in FOXC2 Are Strongly Associated With Primary Valve Failure in Veins of the Lower Limb

Background— Mutations in the FOXC2 gene cause lymphedema distichiasis, an inherited primary lymphedema in which a significant number of patients have varicose veins. Because lymphedema distichiasis is believed to be caused by lymphatic valve failure (reflux), and FOXC2 is highly expressed on venous valves in mouse embryos, we tested the hypothesis that FOXC2 mutations may be linked to venous valve failure and reflux. Methods and Results— The venous system of the leg was investigated with Duplex ultrasound. Pathological reflux was recorded by color Duplex ultrasound in all 18 participants with a FOXC2 mutation, including 3 without lymphedema. Every participant with a mutation in FOXC2 showed reflux in the great saphenous vein (n=18), compared with only 1 of 12 referents (including 10 family members; P<0.0001, Fisher exact test). Deep vein reflux was recorded in 14 of 18 participants. Conclusions— FOXC2 is the first gene in which mutations have been strongly associated with primary venous valve failure in both the superficial and deep veins in the lower limb. This gene appears to be important for the normal development and maintenance of venous and lymphatic valves.
Young adult self-disclosures in psychotherapy and on Facebook

While psychotherapy offers young adults a private and confidential avenue for speaking about psychologically sensitive personal information, Facebook has recently emerged as a pervasive and culturally normative platform for personal disclosure. The present study investigated young adult clients’ levels of disclosure across these two contexts, variables (e.g. age and gender) associated with these disclosure patterns, and specific emotional experiences following disclosures in these two contexts. A repeated measures ANOVA indicated that Facebook disclosure occurred at significantly lower levels than psychotherapy disclosure for all gender and age groups under study. In addition, Facebook disclosure was found to be associated with positive emotions following posts, whereas therapy disclosure was significantly associated with negative emotions following therapy sessions. Findings suggest that disclosure across these two platforms serves different needs.
Monitoring rapid chemical communication in the brain.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are secreted by neurons and relay messages to target cells. The goal of in vivo electrochemistry is to provide a real-time view of neurotransmitters in the extracellular space of the brain. This may be done in brain slices or the intact brain of anesthetized animals to probe the basic functions that regulate neurotransmitter levels. In other experiments, the measurements need to be made in the brain of behaving animals so that correlations of neurotransmitter fluctuations and specific behaviors can be made. For the neurotransmitter dopamine this can be accomplished today by chemical sensing of this neurotransmitter with fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes. Dopamine is an important target because it is a central player in the brain ‘reward’ system, although its precise function is not understood. Proposed roles for dopamine in reward have included the mediation of hedonia (pleasure)1, a messenger of incentive salience (wanting)2, or an error signal that promotes the learning associated with goal-directed behavior3,4. These multiple interpretations of dopaminergic function have arisen because, until recently, a real-time view of dopamine and its actions in an awake, behaving animal was unavailable. At the same time, new electrochemical technologies are being developed to measure other neurotransmitter actions. Electrochemical approaches are well suited for this application because they allow a neurotransmitter to be measured with high time resolution, enabling its precise role in the execution of behavioral tasks to be investigated. In this review we will describe current methods to detect neurotransmitters and monitor their concentration dynamics within neural tissue. The requirements for these methods are quite stringent. They need to be sufficiently selective so that the measured responses are unequivocally due to a specific molecule. They need to be sufficiently sensitive that they can detect these substances in the physiological range. The best established methodologies are for dopamine, so the majority of the applications of the methods described herein will involve this neurotransmitter. As will be seen, the goals in measuring neurotransmitter functions are diverse. On one hand, investigators are unraveling the mechanisms that control neurotransmitter concentrations. These studies range from examining biochemical synthesis to metabolism. On the other hand, investigators are questioning how the neurotransmitter interacts with its receptors and what message it conveys. Yet a third major interest is the role of a neurotransmitter in specific behaviors. To obtain a complete view of neurotransmission and information processing, chemical sensors need to be combined with traditional neurochemical tools. We will illustrate this approach with some specific examples.
Low Resolution Structural Studies Indicate that the Activator of Hsp90 ATPase 1 (Aha1) of Leishmania braziliensis Has an Elongated Shape Which Allows Its Interaction with Both N- and M-Domains of Hsp90

The Hsp90 molecular chaperone is essential for protein homeostasis and in the maturation of proteins involved with cell-cycle control. The low ATPase activity of Hsp90 is critical to drive its functional cycle, which is dependent on the Hsp90 cochaperones. The Activator of Hsp90 ATPase-1 (Aha1) is a protein formed by two domains, N- and C-terminal, that stimulates the Hsp90 ATPase activity by several folds. Although the relevance of Aha1 for Hsp90 functions has been proved, as well as its involvement in the desensitization to inhibitors of the Hsp90, the knowledge on its overall structure and behavior in solution is limited. In this work we present the functional and structural characterization of Leishmania braziliensis Aha1 (LbAha1). This protozoan is the causative agent of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, a neglected disease. The recombinant LbAha1 behaves as an elongated monomer and is organized into two folded domains interconnected by a flexible linker. Functional experiments showed that LbAha1 interacts with L. braziliensis Hsp90 (LbHsp90) with micromolar dissociation constant in a stoichiometry of 2 LbAha1 to 1 LbHsp90 dimer and stimulates 10-fold the LbHsp90 ATPase activity showing positive cooperativity. Furthermore, the LbHsp90::LbAha1 complex is directed by enthalphy and opposed by entropy, probably due to the spatial freedom restrictions imposed by the proteins’ interactions. Small-angle X-ray scattering data allowed the reconstruction of low resolution models and rigid body simulations of LbAha1, indicating its mode of action on LbHsp90. Western blot experiments allowed Aha1 identification (as well as Hsp90) in three Leishmania species at two temperatures, suggesting that Aha1 is a cognate protein. All these data shed light on the LbAha1 mechanism of action, showing that it has structural dimensions and flexibility that allow interacting with both N-terminal and middle domains of the LbHsp90.
Risk factors for developing postprocedural microemboli following carotid interventions.

PURPOSE To determine risk factors predictive of microemboli found on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) following carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) with distal protection and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all carotid interventions at a single institution between 2004 and 2006. In that time frame, 64 carotid interventions (34 CAS, 30 CEA) were performed in 63 male patients (mean age 69.5 years, range 52 to 91) with DW-MRI scans available for review. Patient characteristics, including age, gender, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity (body mass index >30), coronary artery disease (CAD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease, and atrial fibrillation, were documented. For the CAS patients, anatomical and procedural characteristics, including fluoroscopy time, contrast volume, performance of an arch angiogram, and lesion anatomy, were recorded. Bivariate analyses were performed to determine which parameters were associated with the occurrence of acute postprocedural microemboli found on DW-MRI by 2 blinded neuroradiologists. RESULTS Twenty-four (71%) of the 34 CAS patients and 1 (3%) of the 30 CEA patients demonstrated new cerebral microemboli postoperatively. In the bivariate analyses of all patient, anatomical, and procedural characteristics, only a history of CAD was associated with an increased risk of microemboli; 20 (80%) of the 25 patients who had postprocedure microemboli had CAD compared to 18 (46%) of 39 patients without microemboli (p=0.007). Twenty (53%) of the 38 (59%) patients with CAD developed microemboli compared to 5 (19%) of the 26 patients without CAD (p=0.007). All other patient, procedural, and anatomical characteristics were not found to be independent risk factors predictive of postprocedure microemboli. CONCLUSION CAS with distal protection carries a significantly greater risk for developing new microemboli compared to CEA. Of all the risk factors analyzed, only a history of CAD emerged as an independent risk factor for the development of microemboli following carotid intervention. This finding may influence the decision to perform CAS in patients deemed high risk solely due to the presence of CAD.