Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dementia with Lewy bodies: early diagnostic challenges

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is defined pathologically as neurodegeneration associated with Lewy bodies (LB). LB‐related symptoms, including olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and mood and sleep disorders, are increasingly recognized as clinical signs that enable the early detection of DLB, because these symptoms often antedate dementia by years or even decades. It remains unknown if the clinical history of LB‐related symptoms is sufficient for the prodromal state of DLB to be suspected in memory clinics. We retrospectively investigated the clinical courses, including olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, depression, and rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, of 90 patients with probable DLB. The timing of LB‐related symptoms that preceded or followed relative to the onset of memory loss was calculated. LB‐related symptoms were present in 79 of 90 patients (87.8%) with probable DLB before or at the time of memory loss onset. These symptoms preceded the onset of memory loss between 1.2 and 9.3 years. We also report on four non‐demented patients with a clinical history of LB‐related symptoms in our memory clinic. All four patients showed reduced cardiac [123I]‐metaiodobenzylguanidine levels. Moreover, [18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography scans revealed glucose hypometabolism in the occipital cortex in two patients. One patient converted to probable DLB with the development of parkinsonism 2 years after major depression was diagnosed. Based on a clinical history of LB‐related symptoms, we propose a conceptual framework to identify these symptomatic but non‐demented individuals that led us to suspect the underlying pathophysiology of Lewy body disease. Further prospective study is warranted to determine the clinical significance of LB‐related symptoms in non‐demented patients.
HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN EVOLUTION

Diverse alternative conceptions embedded in the minds of learners of biology impede their learning of evolution. Our study aimed to find out the acceptance level of the theory of evolution in high school students in Singapore, characterise how students describe human evolution, and measure the prevalence of common alternative conceptions in the same group of students, through a survey consisting of several multiple-choice questions about their understanding, as well as an open-ended question that allowed students to freely describe how humans have evolved. Student responses were first coded based on the grounded theory approach and then sorted into different categories. The results revealed that a very significant proportion of the students doubted that evolution has ever taken place. Context analyses of their open-ended responses revealed that students preferred to first describe the lineage or taxa of the ancestral organism, followed by trait polarity (both trait gain and trait loss), and subsequently describing trait types. For relatively short evolutionary time, trait loss descriptions were more frequent whereas for relatively long evolutionary time, trait gain descriptions were more likely. Certain types of alternative conceptions, particularly transmogrificationist types of conceptions, were also found to be more prevalent in students’ answers, where students grossly overestimates the potential of evolution to drive changes over time. These findings, which were in line with the findings of the literature, further highlight that despite much work done in the education of evolution, students continued to develop alternative conceptions when attempting to understand the theory. As such, there is a need to revise textbooks, curricula, and lesson delivery, especially with respect to the education of human evolution, in order to help students overcome some of these alternative conceptions.
The influence of lymphocyte counts and disease progression on circulating and inducible anti‐HIV-1 cytotoxic T‐cell activity in HIV‐1-infected subjects

ObjectiveTo evaluate specific anti-HIV cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity in relation to basic clinical and laboratory parameters used to follow HIV infection. MethodsLymphocytes from HIV-1-infected subjects with different clinical and immunologic features of HIV infection were tested for circulating and inducible anti-HIV CTL activity using autologous B-lymphoblastoid cells infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the HIV gag, pol and env genes as targets. Anti-HIV CTL were induced by stimulation with HIV-infected autologous lymphoblasts in vitro. ResultsWe detected circulating anti-HIV CTL in asymptomatic subjects exclusively and found a significant association (P<0.01) between CD8+ lymphocyte counts ≥900/μl blood and detectable levels of circulating anti-HIV CTL. Subjects with circulating anti-HIV CTL also had a higher mean CD8+ lymphocyte count than those without detectable circulating activity (P<0.001), but there was no significant difference in mean CD4+ lymphocyte count. CD8+ human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class l-restricted anti-HIV CTL were induced in all HIV-infected subjects tested following stimulation with HIV-infected autologous lymphoblasts in vitro. In subjects without detectable circulating anti-HIV CTL, circulating HLA-DR+ cells contributed to anti-HIV CTL activity induced by stimulation with HIV or concanavalin A in vitro. ConclusionsCirculating anti-HIV CTL activity is associated with CD8+ lymphocyte counts ≥900/μl. Anti-HIV CTL retain proliferative and functional capacity following in vitro stimulation with HIV and interleukin-2 through all stages of HIV infection. Persistent inducible anti-HIV CTL activity in subjects with advanced HIV disease and without circulating CTL suggests impaired activation and/or proliferation of the CTL in vivo.
Relationships Among Dispositional Ability Conceptions, Intrinsic Motivation, Perceived Competence, Experience, Persistence, and Performance

This study was designed to explore the relationships among individuals’ dispositional ability conceptions, intrinsic motivation, experience, perceived competence, persistence, and performance. Participants practiced a novel task, completed surveys before instruction and after practicing the task, and completed a skill test. The results indicated that participants with higher levels of entity ability conceptions were likely to exert less effort and be less intrinsically motivated during practice. Participants with more experience were likely to feel more competent before and after practice. Perceived competence, incremental ability conceptions, and performance were positive predictors of intrinsic motivation. The results suggest that providing students opportunities to experience a variety of activities and creating an environment in which students can feel competent, believe in the efficacy of effort, and experience success could foster intrinsic motivation to actively engage in activities.
Negotiating reassurance: parents’ narratives on follow-up after cochlear implantation

This study presents an analysis of parental experiences on follow-up after cochlear implantation. Data were constructed in semi-structured, individual interviews with the parents of 14 children who use cochlear implants. Drawing on narrative analysis, the study explores parental responses to insecurity concerning children’s learning and development, as well as the meaning professional support holds for parents. In their response to insecurity, the parents handle the ‘trouble’ of insecurity through constructing two narratives of self: the parent-as-learner and the parent-as-teacher. The parents use these narrative constructions to negotiate reassurance, holding themselves responsible for future outcomes. The parents’ stories reflect a language of instrumentality, inducing a burden of responsibility. The study addresses the need to question to which extent parents should act as teachers and cautions that, while acknowledging the importance of parents’ involvement for children’s learning and development, this should not reduce the relationship to a functional, pedagogical one. The contribution of the study is to bring into conversation how the language of instrumentality affects the parents and how this invokes a need for rethinking parent support. Suggestions for further research are given.
Symptom duration versus survival in non‐emergency colorectal cancer

Background: Morbidity and mortality from colorectal cancer remain as major public health problems. Previous studies have demonstrated a lack of association between symptom duration and stage. Emergency cases are, however, known to present with a more advanced disease stage. This study was set up to define the effect of symptom duration on stage and survival separately in the elective population. Methods: Between 1998 and 1999, 228/235 (97%) eligible patients with recently diagnosed colorectal cancer in Västmanland County, Sweden were included in the study. A questionnaire was designed to collect information on the nature and date of first symptoms within two weeks' accuracy. Symptom duration could be categorized as more or less than 26 weeks for 164 (70%) patients. Data on type of admittance (elective or emergent), date of surgery, site and stage were retrieved from the surgical records. Survival was checked in November 2003 and Kaplan‐Meier survival estimates were calculated. Results: Median symptom duration was 17 weeks, 20 in the elective and 13 in the emergency population (P < 0.01). In the elective population, median symptom duration for Dukes' A and B cancer was 19 compared with 21 weeks for Dukes' C and D cancer (mean difference in symptom duration 0.04 (95% CI–0.31; 0.23). Symptom duration did not influence overall survival in the non‐emergency group (log rank 2.8; P = 0.09). Conclusion: To diminish the impact of colorectal cancer on public health, strategies other than a shortening of symptom duration are needed.
Disorganized attachment behavior in infancy: Short-term stability, maternal and infant correlates, and risk-related subtypes

Abstract This study of 71 low-income mothers and infants examined whether the disorganized/disoriented (D) infant attachment classification is best viewed as a single category or whether at least two subgroups exist, corresponding to the forced-secure and forced-insecure alternate classifications. Correlates of the D classification as a whole, and of the two subtypes of disorganized behavior, were examined in five domains, including 6-month stability, maternal childhood history of loss, severity of maternal psychosocial risk, maternal behavior toward the infant at home, and infant mental development. Results indicated that the two subtypes of disorganized infant attachment behavior differed in age of emergence, maternal childhood history, severity of associated family risk factors, and the extent of the mother's lack of involvement with the infant at home. Across both D subtypes, disorganization of attachment strategies was associated with less optimal maternal behavior at home and with decreased mental development scores at 18 months. Results are discussed in relation to Main and Hesse's (1990) theory of the role of fear-inducing parental behavior in the genesis of disorganized infant attachment behavior and in relation to Aber, Allen, Carlson, and Cicchetti's (1989) concept of secure readiness to learn.
Online Game Player Personality and Real-life Need Fulfillment

This study examines the relationship between personality and real-life need fulfillment of 114 online game adolescent players with an average age of 14.86 years, standard deviation 1.40 years. Of the sample, 73.7% were male, and 88.8% had a monthly income below US $90. Analytical results indicate that openness is negatively correlated with fulfillment of needs for achievement and affiliation. Conscientiousness is positively correlated wth fulfillment of needs for achievement, affiliation, autonomy and dominance. Extraversion is positively correlated with fulfillment of needs for affiliation and dominance.
REM sleep complicates period adding bifurcations from monophasic to polyphasic sleep behavior in a sleep-wake regulatory network model for human sleep

The structure of human sleep changes across development as it consolidates from the polyphasic sleep of infants to the single nighttime sleep period typical in adults. Across this same developmental period, time scales of the homeostatic sleep drive, the physiological drive to sleep that increases with time spent awake, also change and presumably govern the transition from polyphasic to monophasic sleep behavior. Using a physiologically-based, sleep-wake regulatory network model for human sleep, we investigated the dynamics of wake, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and non-REM (NREM) sleep during this transition by varying the homeostatic sleep drive time constants. Previously, we introduced an algorithm for constructing a one-dimensional circle map that represents the dynamics of the full sleep-wake network model. By tracking bifurcations in the piecewise continuous circle map as the homeostatic sleep drive time constants are varied, we establish evidence for a border collision bifurcation that results in period-adding-like behavior in the number of sleep cycles per day. Interestingly, this bifurcation is preceded by bifurcations in the number of REM bouts per sleep cycle that exhibit truncated period-adding-like behavior. The interaction of these bifurcations in numbers of sleep episodes and numbers of REM bouts per sleep episode generate non-monotonic variation in sleep cycle patterns as well as quasi-periodic patterns during the transition from polyphasic to monophasic sleep behavior. This analysis may have implications for understanding changes in sleep in early childhood when preschoolers transition from napping to non-napping behavior, and the wide interindividual variation observed during this transition.
Treatment of acute opioid withdrawal with ibogaine.

Ibogaine is an alkaloid with putative effect in acute opioid withdrawal. Thirty-three cases of treatments for the indication of opioid detoxification performed in non-medical settings under open label conditions are summarized involving an average daily use of heroin of . 64 +/- . 50 grams, primarily by the intravenous route. Resolution of the signs of opioid withdrawal without further drug seeking behavior was observed within 24 hours in 25 patients and was sustained throughout the 72-hour period of posttreatment observation. Other outcomes included drug seeking behavior without withdrawal signs (4 patients), drug abstinence with attenuated withdrawal signs (2 patients), drug seeking behavior with continued withdrawal signs (1 patient), and one fatality possibly involving surreptitious heroin use. The reported effectiveness of ibogaine in this series suggests the need for systematic investigation in a conventional clinical research setting.
Lymphoblastoid cell lines and burkitt‐lymphoma‐derivee cell lines differ in the expression of a second epstein‐barr virus encoded nuclear antigen

Twenty‐seven Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines and 27 EBV‐carrying Bur‐kitt‐lymphoma‐derived lines were analyzed for expression of the second EBV‐encoded nuclear antigen (EBNA‐2) by immunoblotting and anticomple‐ment immunofluorescence with EBNA‐2‐specific sera. While all lymphoblastoid cell lines expressed EBNA‐2, only 10 of the 27 BL lines were EBNA‐2‐positive. Comparison of the EBNA‐2 coding Bam HI W‐Y‐ and H‐fragments of EBV‐DNA in the different cell lines by restriction enzyme analysis suggests that EBNA‐2 negativity is due either to sequence diversity or to a deletion in the BamHI WYH region.
Lesion of thalamic centromedian– parafascicular complex after chronic deep brain stimulation

A patient with PD who exhibited disabling tremor and prominent dyskinesia underwent deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the left thalamic ventral intermediate nucleus. The electrode migrated and was replaced but with suboptimal clinical response. Two years later, postmortem analysis found the second electrode tip had entered the thalamic centromedian–parafascicular complex. There was a small thalamotomy and cell loss exceeding that found in PD. Thalamic damage may occur in association with DBS for PD.
'Fascism for Export'? The Rise and Eclipse of the Fasci Italiani all'Estero

This article analyses the development of a fascist organization abroad in the 1920s. The National Fascist Party established the Fasci all'Estero hoping to extend its grip on the direction of foreign affairs: the Fasci's relentless war on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs lasted until their incorporation in the New State in 1928, illustrating the dynamic balance between revolutionary and conservative forces that produced Mussolini's personal dictatorship. In 1925, the organization promoted the idea of a Fascist International, hoping to expand the fascist revolution beyond Italy's borders. Like the attempt to take over the direction of foreign policy, the campaign for a worldwide expansion of fascism ended in failure: by the end of the decade the Fasci were firmly subordinated to Mussolini's regime and had practically vanished from the political scene.
Primary central nervous system lymphomas. Immunophenotypic, virologic, and cytogenetic findings of three patients without immune defects

Background. Primary central nervous system (PCNS) lymphoma is a relatively rare disease, but an increasing incidence is reported. The Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), which is often found in lymphomas of immuno‐compromised patients, has been implicated in the development of lymphomas. Many cytogenetic analyses of nodal B cell lymphomas have been performed, but few studies on PCNS lymphomas have been reported.
Gender Differences in the Giving and Taking Variants of the Dictator Game

We run between-subject dictator games with exogenously specified “give” or “take” frames involving a balanced pool of male and female dictators and constant payoff possibilities. We find the following: Females allocate more under the taking frame than under the giving frame. Males allocate more under the giving frame than under the taking frame. In the taking frame females are more generous than males. But in the giving frame both are equally generous. Finally, when the combined population of males and females is considered, giving is found to be equivalent to “not taking,” because the opposing gender effects offset each other.
Financial Development, Labor and Market Regulations and Growth

This paper investigates the importance that market regulation and financial imperfections have on firm growth. We analyse institutions af- fecting labor market as Employment Protection Laws (EP) and Product Market Regulation (PM). We show that together with the beneficial ef- fects of financial development, a firm will get less financing, and thus invest less, in a weak financial market (finance effect), the strictness of product and labor market regulations also affect firm growth (labor effect). In particular, we show that the stricter the rules the more detrimental the influence on growth in sectoral value added for a large number of coun- tries. We also show that the labor effect overcomes the positive finance effect.
Monitoring the Establishment: The Development of the Alternative Press in Australia

The mainstream press in Australia, and indeed most Western nations, claims a strong and romantic history. But our alternative press also has a strong past, harking back to the days of the great general strikes and the anti-conscription movement, which were all captured in detail by the radical working-class press. Similarly, the counter-culture publications of the late 1960s and 1970s recorded and reflected a time of major social change and upheaval in our nation. This paper is principally an overview of the Australian alternative press, past and present, and is part of a larger study of the contemporary Australian alternative press. The study identifies 28 alternative publications and surveys editors' and journalists' attitudes to issues of objectivity, news values, ethics and news-gathering practices. A look at the alternative press industry has revealed publications with an overwhelming commitment to ‘filling in the gaps’ left by the mainstream, and providing context to issues which are generally given cursory treatment by the dailies.
On the Forgetting of Corporate Irresponsibility

Why are some serious cases of corporate irresponsibility collectively forgotten? Drawing on social memory studies, we examine how this collective forgetting process can occur. We propose that a major instance of corporate irresponsibility leads to the emergence of a stakeholder mnemonic community that shares a common recollection of the past incident. This community generates and then draws upon mnemonic traces to sustain a collective memory of the past event over time. In addition to the natural entropic tendencies toward forgetting, collective memory is also undermined by instrumental ‘forgetting work’, which we conceptualize in this paper. Forgetting work involves manipulating short-term conditions of the event, silencing vocal ‘rememberers’ and undermining collective mnemonic traces that sustain a version of the past. This process can result in a reconfigured collective memory and collective forgetting of corporate irresponsibility events. Collective forgetting can have positive and negative consequences for the firm, stakeholders and society.
Heart Failure Pharmacotherapy and Supports in the Elderly - A Short  Review

Heart failure is predominantly a disease of the elderly with an increasing prevalence with increasing age. Increasing age is also associated with increased multi-morbidity such that elderly heart failure patients typically have five to six comorbidities in addition to heart failure. Elderly patients are also more likely to have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and there are fewer evidence-based treatments with proven efficacy in HFpEF. Hence the management of heart failure in these patients is largely about managing the symptoms of heart failure, along with the other cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular comorbidities. Any proposed treatments need to be considered for the potential for reduced benefit due to the competing risk of morbidity and mortality from the patient’s other conditions. In patients with heart failure, health related quality of life is impacted by both comorbidities and frailty, and frailty is associated with an increased risk of emergency department visits and hospitalisation. Frailty may also be associated with increased adverse reactions to medications. Although newer guidelines have more information on the management of these comorbidities there are still many areas of uncertainty and potential treatment conflicts. Further research is required on the interactions between different comorbidities, their treatments and heart failure and its management.
Effect of the computer based game on pre-service teachers' achievement, attitudes, metacognition and motivation in chemistry

The purpose of this study is to explore whether the support of traditional teaching methods with computer based games has any effect on students’ achievement in chemistry course, their attitude towards chemistry, their metacognition level and motivation. For this aim, before the application, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT), Chemistry Attitude Scale (CAS) and Metacognitive Activities Inventory (MCA-I) was used as a pre-test. During the application, such units in General Chemistry as “Basic Conceptions”, “Structure of Atom and Periodic Table”, “Chemical Bound” and “Naming of the Compound” were taught to the students in traditional teaching methods. However, the course was supported by computer-based games developed during the conduction of the course in the experiment group. At the end of the application, the scales used as pre-test were applied as post-test, too. Result shows that the learning environment supported with computer-based games have a positive effect on students’ achievement in chemistry, on attitudes toward chemistry and motivation.