Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fear-Related Chemosignals Modulate Recognition of Fear in Ambiguous Facial Expressions

Integrating emotional cues from different senses is critical for adaptive behavior. Much of the evidence on cross-modal perception of emotions has come from studies of vision and audition. This research has shown that an emotion signaled by one sense modulates how the same emotion is perceived in another sense, especially when the input to the latter sense is ambiguous. We tested whether olfaction causes similar sensory modulation of emotion perception. In two experiments, the chemosignal of fearful sweat biased women toward interpreting ambiguous expressions as more fearful, but had no effect when the facial emotion was more discernible. Our findings provide direct behavioral evidence that social chemosignals can communicate emotions and demonstrate that fear-related chemosignals modulate humans' visual emotion perception in an emotion-specific way—an effect that has been hitherto unsuspected.
Non-random nature of spontaneous mIPSCs in mouse auditory brainstem neurons revealed by recurrence quantification analysis

A change in the spontaneous release of neurotransmitter is a useful indicator of processes occurring within presynaptic terminals. Linear techniques (e.g. Fourier transform) have been used to analyse spontaneous synaptic events in previous studies, but such methods are inappropriate if the timing pattern is complex. We have investigated spontaneous glycinergic miniature synaptic currents (mIPSCs) in principal cells of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body. The random versus deterministic (or periodic) nature of mIPSCs was assessed using recurrence quantification analysis. Nonlinear methods were then used to quantify any detected determinism in spontaneous release, and to test for chaotic or fractal patterns. Modelling demonstrated that this procedure is much more sensitive in detecting periodicities than conventional techniques. mIPSCs were found to exhibit periodicities that were abolished by blockade of internal calcium stores with ryanodine, suggesting calcium oscillations in the presynaptic inhibitory terminals. Analysis indicated that mIPSC occurrences were chaotic in nature. Furthermore, periodicities were less evident in congenitally deaf mice than in normal mice, indicating that appropriate neural activity during development is necessary for the expression of deterministic chaos in mIPSC patterns. We suggest that chaotic oscillations of mIPSC occurrences play a physiological role in signal processing in the auditory brainstem.
The solar magnetic field and the solar wind: Existence of preferred longitudes

Direct measurements of the solar wind speed and the radial component of the interplanetary magnetic field acquired over more than three solar cycles are used to search for signatures of a persistent dependence of solar wind properties on solar longitude. Two methods of analysis are used. One finds the rotation period that maximizes the amplitude of longitudinal variations of both interplanetary and near-Earth data mapped to the Sun. The other is based on power spectra of near-Earth and near-Venus data. The two methods give the same result. Preferred-longitude effects are found for a synodic solar rotation period of 27.03 ± 0.02 days. Such high precision is attained by using several hundred thousand hourly averages of the solar wind speed and magnetic field. The 27.03-day periodicity is dominant only over long periods of time; other periodicities are often more prominent for shorter intervals such as a single solar cycle or less. The 27.03-day signal is stronger and more consistent in the magnetic field than in the solar wind speed and is stronger for intervals of high and declining solar activity than for intervals of low or rising activity. On average, solar magnetic field lines in the ecliptic plane point outward on one side of the Sun and inward on the other, reversing direction approximately every 11 years while maintaining the same phase. The data are consistent with a model in which the solar magnetic dipole returns to the same longitude after each reversal.
Static stress changes in extensional regimes: An application to southern Apennines (Italy)

The analysis of static stress changes due to co-seismic dislocations has been widely applied in recent years to study the variation in failure stress on well-known segmented seismogenic faults. These studies assert that earthquakes induce changes in static stress on neighboring faults that may delay, advance, or trigger impending earthquakes. So far, most of the investigations have focused on California strike-slip faults and, more recently, on thrust faults. In this work, we study the static stress changes in an extensional tectonic setting. Following Okada (1992), we calculate static stress changes caused by normal-faulting earthquakes in the southern Apennines (Italy) using a 3D dislocation model in an elastic half-space. We first studied the static stress changes produced by the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. This normal-faulting event consisted of four fault segments that ruptured together within 40 sec. The last two subevents occurred 20 and 40 sec after the nucleation on two normal faults parallel to the main one. Because the rupture of these subvents are separated by a sufficiently long time interval, we assume that, before each subevent, the dynamic stress has reached its static configuration. Therefore, we analyze the static stress changes caused by each subevent in order to determine the variations of the initial conditions for subsequent ruptures. Moreover, we applied our procedure to study the static stress changes after the 1980 Irpinia earthquake on the fault zone where the 1990 and 1991 Potenza earthquakes (M ≈ 5) occurred. Our calculations indicate that, even if the amount of stress change depends on the fault geometry assumed for the 20-sec subevent of the Irpinia fault, the static stress increased on the Potenza fault after the 1980 Irpinia earthquake. This event also increased the static stress on seismogenic faults that are believed to have ruptured in the 1732 and 1857 earthquakes (M ≈ 6.5). In these calculations, we have considered the effect of a regional extensional stress field whose minimum principal axis is horizontal and oriented 216° N. The results show that the 1980 Irpinia earthquake increased the static stress by roughly 1 bar on the 1732 fault zone. Right lateral strike-slip faults oriented nearly E-W, such as the Potenza fault, are favorably oriented with respect to the total stress resulting from the extensional regional stress field and the coseismic stress induced by the Irpinia earthquake. Finally, we investigate the static stress changes caused by several historical earthquakes that occurred along the southern Apennines seismogenic belt. Most of the large historical earthquakes occurred in areas of static stress increase, yielding evidence for fault interaction.
On the Asymmetry between Cyclonic and Anticyclonic Flow in Basins with Sloping Boundaries

The authors present results from laboratory experiments and numerical simulations of the barotropic circulation in a basin with sloping boundaries forced by a surface stress. Focus is placed on flows with large-scale Rossby numbers that are significantly smaller than unity. The results of the laboratory experiments and simulations show that cyclonic circulation follows the isobaths, the flow pattern being independent of the strength of the forcing. For anticyclonic circulation, the flow pattern changes with forcing strength. It is similar to the cyclonic topographically steered pattern for weak forcing, and it develops strong cross-slope flows for strong forcing. Linear dynamics are symmetric between cyclonic and anticyclonic circulations and give a good description of the cyclonic and weakly forced anticyclonic circulations. The analysis of the nonlinear dynamics shows that topographically steered cyclonic flows are all stable and steady energy-minimum solutions to the inviscid nonlinear equations. This implies that the nonlinear terms (advection of relative vorticity) are always small for the topographically steered cyclonic flow. For anticyclonic flow, the situation is very different. It is possible that no anticyclonic topographically steered flow is ever a solution to the steady inviscid equations. And if such a steady anticyclonic flow does exist, it is likely to be unstable, since it must correspond to a saddle point in energy rather than to a minimum or a maximum. The nonlinear terms are important when the Rossby number is larger than the Ekman number, which is the case for the anticyclonic experiments with strongest forcing. For these experiments, the advection of relative vorticity prevents the flow from following topography, creating locations with strong relative vorticity and cross-slope flow. The development of cross-slope flow can be understood from the conservation of potential vorticity in basins with irregular topography. The separation of anticyclonic flow from steep topography shown in the laboratory experiments and the theoretical analysis herein are in agreement with features like the Gulf Stream separation from the continental slope at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
Chemistry of the 1991–1992 stratospheric winter: Three‐dimensional model simulations

A three-dimensional chemistry-transport model of the stratosphere is used to simulate the evolution of trace constituents during the 1991–1992 Arctic winter. It is shown that heterogeneous reactions on polar stratospheric clouds led in early January to almost complete activation of atmospheric chlorine inside the polar vortex, in remarkable coincidence with observations by the ER-2 aircraft (Toohey et al., 1993) and the microwave limb sounder on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (Waters et al., 1993). Sulfate aerosols resulting from the eruption of Mount Pinatubo also produced a significant increase in chlorine monoxide (ClO) concentrations at middle and high latitudes. The net chemical destruction of ozone found in the vortex at the end of the simulation (25% at 50 hPa and 25 DU), although substantial, was limited by available sunlight and the short period during which stratospheric clouds occurred.
Random Walks on the Fundamental Group of the Once Punctured Torus REU project

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the long term behavior of a random walk on the fundamental group of the once punctured torus; in particular, the average amount of time a random walk spends near the puncture. By introducing a systematic way of symbolically representing geodesics in the universal covering space of the punctured torus, we aim to better understand the asymptotic behavior of random walks. Using these symbolic codings of geodesics we conjecture that a random walk associated to a simple closed curve on the once punctured torus on average spends no time in the cusp. 1 Random Walks on Groups 1.1 Definitions We are interested in studying random walks on groups, more specifically on free groups. In this section we will introduce the main definitions we will be using. First, recall the definitions of a stochastic process and a Markov Chain. Definition 1. A stochastic process is a collection of random variables {Xt, t ∈ T} defined over a probability space (Ω,F ,P), where T is an index set. These random variables take values over a set E, called the state space. Definition 2. The stochastic process {Xt, t ∈ T} is called a Markov Chain if ∀n ∈ N and for every collection x0, x1, . , xn ∈ E, if P(X0 = x0, X1 = x1, ., Xn−1 = xn−1) > 0 then P(Xn = xn|X0 = x0, X1 = x1, ., Xn−1 = xn−1) = P(Xn = xn|Xn−1 = xn−1). Remark 1. We will call Pxy := P = (Xn = y|Xn−1 = x) the transition probability form x to y. We will use these definitions to define a random walk on a free group. First, let’s remember the definition of a free group. Definition 3. Given a finite set S, we define its inverse set as S−1 := {s−1 : s ∈ S}. No relation exists between the elements of these sets other than the relationship between an element and its inverse. A free group on S consist of all the reduced words formed by elements in S ∪ S−1. The group operation is defined by the juxtaposition of words with the appropriate cancellation of letters if required.
Radiolarian-based transfer functions for estimating mean surface ocean temperatures and seasonal range

New radiolarian-based transfer functions to estimate sea surface temperature (SST) and seasonal range are presented. The transfer fonctions are based on the approach originated by Imbrie and Kipp [1971]. The transfer functions differ from previous studies in the following three important ways: (1) extensions to Q-mode factor analysis provide an objective method to cull species in the very diverse radiolarian population; (2) a log transform of the relative abundance data is used to normalize the species percent data; and, (3) rather than writing equations for specific seasons, which are not independent data sets, statistically independent equations are developed to predict mean annual sea surface temperatures as well as seasonal temperature range. One hundred and seventy surface sediment samples from the Pacific Ocean are used to generate the SST and season temperature range transfer functions. All samples were counted using a standardized radiolarian taxonomy. Forty one radiolarian species were used in the final regression equation. Q-mode factor analysis of this data set identified seven assemblages. These assemblages, the tropical, transitional, Antarctic, Bering Sea, western Pacific, central gyre, and eastern boundary current, are named for the oceanographic regions where these assemblages are important. The seven assemblages are used in a regression analysis to predict SST and seasonal temperature range. The standard error of estimates for both mean SST and seasonal temperature range is 1.6°C. Comparison between radiolarian-based SSTs and SST estimates from alkenone Uk37 in a 20,000 year long record from the northeast Pacific shows excellent agreement. Comparison of mean SST estimates for the last glacial maximum (LGM) based on radiolarian and foraminifera in 10 eastern equatorial Pacific also show excellent concordance. These new LGM estimates suggest that the original Climate: Long-Range Investigation Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) reconstruction for this region underestimated surface ocean cooling.
A glacial geomorphological map of the Seno Skyring-Seno Otway-Strait of Magellan region, southernmost Patagonia

Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. This paper presents a detailed glacial geomorphological map covering over 16,000 km of the Seno Skyring-Seno Otway-Strait of Magellan region in southernmost Patagonia. It builds on previously published maps produced at a variety of scales and is re-mapped in detail for the purposes of reconstructing the pre-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) glacial dynamics of the region, with particular focus on deciphering the glacial landsystem north east of Seno Otway, which has been postulated as a zone of ice streaming. Additional areas of interest include the reconstruction of proglacial lakes dammed by the Skyring and Otway lobes; their drainage during various stages of retreat; and a landsystems approach to the overall reconstruction of the combined Skyring-Otway-Magellan ice lobes. Mapping was conducted using a combination of Landsat ETM+ and ASTER satellite imagery and oblique and vertical aerial photographs, and is centred on approximately 53_S, 71_W. Seven main landform types have been mapped: glacial lineations, moraines, meltwater channels, irregular dissected ridges, eskers, outwash plains and former shorelines. The map records several episodes of ice flow, as revealed by glacial lineations, with the area around Laguna Cabeza del Mar exhibiting spectacular elongate drumlins. Drumlin fields are associated with three major ice lobes whose extent is marked by a series of moraine ridges and lateral meltwater channels. Large parts of the area were also subjected to proglacial meltwater erosion and deposition, as recorded by large tracts of outwash and associated channels.
INFLUENCE OF LIMESTONE AND PHOSPHOGYPSUM ON BAHIAGRASS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Liming of soil to attain a target pH of 5.5 has been believed to be an essential practice of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Fluegge) management. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of bahiagrass grown on a virgin Ona fine sand (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Typic Haplaquod) of pH 4.5 to application of either calcitic limestone (0, 1.1, 2.2, 3.3., 4.4, or 6.6 Mg ha⁻¹) or phosphogypsum (2.2 or 4.4 Mg ha⁻¹). ‘Pensacola’ bahiagrass was seeded in August 1987. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete-block design. Although the addition of 6.6 Mg lime ha⁻¹ increased soil solution pH from 4.5 to 6.0 and decreased the activity of monomeric Al from 45 to 17 µM, root growth down to the 90-cm sampling depth and dry matter yields during 3 yr were not improved by liming. Application of phosphogypsum also reduced both root growth and dry matter yields. Soil pH (0–15 cm) 41 mo after the application of various amendments averaged 4.5 for the control, 4.2 for the 4.4 Mg phosphogypsum ha⁻¹ treatment, and 6.0 for the 6.6 Mg limestone ha⁻¹ treatment. Soil pH averaged 5.1 and 5.2 at the 45- to 60- and 75- to 90-cm depths, respectively, regardless of treatments. Exchangeable Al averaged 35.4 mg kg⁻¹ at the 0- to 15-cm depth and 23.4 mg kg⁻¹ at the 75- to 90-cm depth in unamended treatments. Aluminum saturation in 1990 ranged from 48.2 to 85.5% on the control plots. Lime application decreased exchangeable Al and Al saturation percentage by 10-fold in the upper 15 cm. This study showed no significant increases in forage yield of bahiagrass from increasing the soil pH above 4.5. Florida Agric. Exp. Stn. Journal Series no. R-01774.
Comparison of PCR, culture & serological tests for the diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in children.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Mycoplasma pneumoniae is known to be a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. A specific diagnosis is important to institute the appropriate treatment. Information on diagnostic methods used for M. pneumoniae in Indian paediatric population is scarce. The study was thus conducted to compare polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture and serology for the diagnosis of M. pneumoniae in community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in children. METHODS Seventy five children aged 6 months to 12 yr with signs of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections were selected for the study. Culture of nasopharyngeal aspirates was done. The serum samples were analyzed for the detection of IgM and IgG antibodies to M. pneumoniae. A 543 base pairs (bp) region of P1 gene of M. pneumoniae was selected for amplification in PCR assay applied to nasopharyngeal aspirates. RESULTS M. pneumoniae was isolated in culture from 4 (5.33%) children. Serological evidence of M. pneumoniae infection was observed in 16(21.3%) children. All culture positive patients were also positive by serology. Overall, PCR for M. pneumoniae was positive in 13 (17.3%) patients. All four culture positive patients were also positive by PCR. In 11 out of 13 (84.62%) PCR positive patients, serological evidence was there. Culture and/or serology and/or PCR positive results diagnosed M. pneumoniae infection in 18 (24%) of 75 patients. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION A combination of culture, serology and PCR may provide diagnostic information on the aetiology of M. pneumoniae community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections in paediatric population.
Satellite measurements through the center of a substorm surge

Measurements have been made of electric and magnetic fields, plasma drifts, and electron precipitation within a surge at the westward, leading edge of the auroral “bulge” at the peak of the substorm expansion phase. The trajectory of the DE 2 satellite over the auroral emissions is determined from nearly simultaneous observations with the imager on the DE 1 satellite at a higher altitude. The electric field and plasma drift measurements have enabled us to deduce the basic configuration of the ionospheric electric potential, or plasma convection, around the surge. The electric potential shows that the bulge is associated with a protrusion of the dawn convection cell into the dusk cell, poleward of the “Harang discontinuity”. This protrusion contains a westward electric field that strongly enhances the westward electrojet current by the creation of a “Cowling channel”. This westward electric field, and the associated Cowling current, appear to terminate within the surge, which contains an intense, upward field-aligned current. The magnetic field measurements show that the region containing this field-aligned current is shaped more like a cylinder rather than a long sheet. The total current is found to exceed one-half million amperes.
Partial discharge pattern recognition by neuro-fuzzy networks in heat-shrinkable joints and terminations of XLPE insulated distribution cables

An identification technique is described, based on a developed adaptive fuzzy logic network, that enables the recognition of partial discharges (PD) generated by different defects in heat-shrinkable joints and terminations of XLPE insulated power distribution cables. It is shown that different sources of PD can be identified on the basis of fuzzy rules applied to a selection of parameters derived from PD-pulse phase and amplitude distributions. A comparison with other PD pattern recognition techniques based on traditional neural networks is presented and discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Timing Channel Security in Cryptographic Hardware Design

Cryptographic cores are known to leak information about their private key due to runtime variations, and there are many well-known attacks that can exploit this timing channel. In this paper, we study how information theoretic measures can quantify the amount of key leakage that can be exacted from runtime measurements. We develop and analyze 22 Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) hardware designs—each with unique performance optimizations, timing channel mitigation techniques, or discretization/randomization countermeasures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of information theoretic measures for quantifying timing leakage through correlation analysis of information theoretic measurements and attack results. Experimental results show that mutual information is a promising technique for quantifying timing leakage for RSA, advanced encryption standard, and elliptic curve cryptography ciphers, i.e., the mutual information correlates to being able to successfully guess the value of the private key. This is an important step toward a hardware security metric which allows designers to reason about security alongside traditional hardware design metrics like area, performance, and power.