Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A new approach to generic functional programming

This paper describes a new approach to generic functional programming, which allows us to define functions generically for all datatypes expressible in Haskell. A generic function is one that is defined by induction on the structure of types. Typical examples include pretty printers, parsers, and comparison functions. The advanced type system of Haskell presents a real challenge: datatypes may be parameterized not only by types but also by type constructors, type definitions may involve mutual recursion, and recursive calls of type constructors can be arbitrarily nested. We show that—despite this complexity—a generic function is uniquely defined by giving cases for primitive types and type constructors (such as disjoint unions and cartesian products). Given this information a generic function can be specialized to arbitrary Haskell datatypes. The key idea of the approach is to model types by terms of the simply typed λ-calculus augmented by a family of recursion operators. While conceptually simple, our approach places high demands on the type system: it requires polymorphic recursion, rank-n types, and a strong form of type constructor polymorphism. Finally, we point out connections to Haskell's class system and show that our approach generalizes type classes in some respects.
Chondroitinase ABC Promotes Recovery of Adaptive Limb Movements and Enhances Axonal Growth Caudal to a Spinal Hemisection

A number of studies have shown that chondroitinase ABC (Ch'ase ABC) digestion of inhibitory chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans significantly enhances axonal growth and recovery in rodents following spinal cord injury (SCI). Further, our group has shown improved recovery following SCI in the larger cat model. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether intraspinal delivery of Ch'ase ABC, following T10 hemisections in adult cats, enhances adaptive movement features during a skilled locomotor task and/or promotes plasticity of spinal and supraspinal circuitry. Here, we show that Ch'ase ABC enhanced crossing of a peg walkway post-SCI and significantly improved ipsilateral hindlimb trajectories and integration into a functional forelimb–hindlimb coordination pattern. Recovery of these complex movements was associated with significant increases in neurofilament immunoreactivity immediately below the SCI in the ipsilateral white (p = 0.033) and contralateral gray matter (p = 0.003). Further, the rubrospinal tract is critical in the normal cat during skilled movements that require accurate paw placements and trajectories like those seen during peg walkway crossing. Rubrospinal connections were assessed following Fluoro-Gold injections, caudal to the hemisection. Significantly more retrogradely labeled right (axotomized) red nucleus (RN) neurons were seen in Ch'ase ABC-treated (23%) compared with control-treated cats (8%; p = 0.032) indicating that a larger number of RN neurons in Ch'ase ABC-treated cats had axons below the lesion level. Thus, following SCI, Ch'ase ABC may facilitate axonal growth at the spinal level, enhance adaptive features of locomotion, and affect plasticity of rubrospinal circuitry known to support adaptive behaviors in the normal cat.
Concentration and δD of molecular hydrogen in boreal forests: Ecosystem‐scale systematics of atmospheric H2

We examined the concentration and δD of atmospheric H2 in a boreal forest in interior Alaska to investigate the systematics of high latitude soil uptake at ecosystem scale. Samples collected during nighttime inversions exhibited vigorous H2 uptake, with concentration negatively correlated with the concentration of CO2 (−0.8 to −1.2 ppb H2 per ppm CO2) and negatively correlated with δD of H2. We derived H2 deposition rates of between 2 to 12 nmol m−2 s−1. These rates are comparable to those observed in lower latitude ecosystems. We also derive an average fractionation factor, α = D:Hresidual/D:Hconsumed = 0.94 ± 0.01 and suggestive evidence that α depends on forest maturity. Our results show that high northern latitude soils are a significant sink of molecular hydrogen indicating that the record of atmospheric H2 may be sensitive to changes in climate and land use.
Drosophila Homer Is Required in a Small Set of Neurons Including the Ellipsoid Body for Normal Ethanol Sensitivity and Tolerance

The molecular mechanisms occurring in the nervous system that underlie behavioral responses to ethanol remain poorly understood. Here, we report that molecular requirements for two of these responses, initial sensitivity and the development of rapid tolerance, comap to the same small set of neurons. We show that null homer mutant flies exhibit both increased sensitivity to the sedative effects of ethanol and failure to develop normal levels of rapid tolerance. Both the sensitivity and rapid tolerance phenotypes of the homer mutants are rescued by the expression of wild-type homer in a subset of neurons that include the ellipsoid body. Thus, some of the molecular- and systems-level requirements for these two behavioral responses to ethanol are identical.
Effects in Short and Long Term of Global Postural Reeducation (GPR) on Chronic Low Back Pain: A Controlled Study with One-Year Follow-Up

Objective. Comparing global postural reeducation (GPR) to a standard physiotherapy treatment (PT) based on active exercises, stretching, and massaging for improving pain and function in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Design. Prospective controlled study. Setting. Outpatient rehabilitation facility. Participants. Adult patients with diagnosis of nonspecific, chronic (>6 months) low back pain. Interventions. Both treatments consisted of 15 sessions of one hour each, twice a week including patient education. Measures. Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire to evaluate disability, and Numeric Analog Scale for pain. A score change >30% was considered clinically significant. Past treatments, use of medications, smoking habits, height, weight, profession, and physical activity were also recorded on baseline, on discharge, and 1 year after discharge (resp., T0, T1, and T2). Results. At T0 103 patients with cLBP (51 cases and 52 controls) were recruited. The treatment (T1) has been completed by 79 (T1) of which 60 then carried out the 1-year follow-up (T2). Both GPR and PT at T1 were associated with a significant statistical and clinical improvement in pain and function, compared to T0. At T2, only pain in GPR still registered a statistically significant improvement.
Computing Semantic Relatedness in German with Revised Information Content Metrics

The paper presents an application of information content based metrics to compute semantic relatedness of word senses in German. The main contributions are: an annotation study based on a revised definition of semantic relatedness beyond synonymy, an extension of Resnik’s (1995) procedure for computing information content of concepts for strongly inflected languages, an application of information content based metrics to compute semantic relatedness of German word senses defined in GermaNet (Kunze, 2004) and a new interpretation and normalization function for Jiang & Conrath’s (1997) distance metric. Semantic relatedness metrics consistently outperform two baselines: a Lesk based algorithm, and one using Google word co-occurrence statistics.
Image Inpainting Using Directional Median Filters

In this paper a new digital image in painting algorithm based on Directional Median filters is proposed. The proposed algorithm is iterative. In the first iteration, median value of known pixels' in each direction is calculated, and then, a damaged pixel is replaced by the median of the obtained values. In latter iterations, median of all pixels' values in each direction is calculated then median of obtained values is copied in place of the damaged pixel. The algorithm is fast and provides adequate results in sharp edges regions. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Working Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Quantitative Implications of Indexed Bonds in Small Open Economies Congressional Budget Office

Working papers in this series are preliminary and are circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment. These papers are not subject to CBO's formal review and editing processes. The analysis and conclusions expressed in them are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as those of the Congressional Budget Office. References in publications should be cleared with the authors. Abstract Recent studies have proposed setting up a benchmark market for indexed bonds to prevent " Sudden Stops, " emerging-market crises initiated by sudden reversals of capital inflows. This paper analyzes the macroeconomic implications of such bonds, which would be indexed to the terms of trade or GDP, using a general equilibrium model of a small open economy with financial frictions. Although indexed bonds provide a hedge to income fluctuations and can thereby mitigate the effects of financial frictions, they introduce interest rate fluctuations. Because of this tradeoff, there exists a nonmonotonic relation between the " degree of indexation " (i.e., the percentage of the shock reflected in the return) and the effects of these bonds on macroeconomic fluctuations. Therefore, indexation can improve macroeconomic conditions only if the degree of indexation is less than a critical value. When the degree of indexation is higher than this threshold, it strengthens the precautionary savings motive and increases consumption volatility and the impact effect of Sudden Stops. The threshold degree of indexation depends on the volatility and persistence of income shocks as well as on the relative openness of the economy. * I am greatly indebted to Enrique Mendoza for his guidance and advice. Bora˘ gan Aruoba, Guillermo Calvo and John Rust also provided invaluable suggestions, and I thank them here. I would also like to thank Emine and the 12th International Conference on Computing in Economics and Finance for their useful comments. All errors are my own. The ideas expressed herein are those of the author and should not be interpreted as those of the Congressional Budget Office. An earlier version of this paper has been circulated under the title " Are Indexed Bonds a Remedy for Sudden Stops? "
Talkographics : Learning Audience Demographics and Interests from Text to Make TV Show Recommendations

This paper presents a novel recommendation system (RS) based on the user-generated content (UGC) contributed by TV viewers via Twitter, in order to demonstrate the value UGC presents for firms. In aggregate these TV viewers’ tweets enable us to calculate the affinity between TV shows and explain the similarity between TV show audiences. We present 1) a new methodology for collecting data from social media with which to generate and test affinity networks; and 2) a new privacy-friendly UGC-based RS relying on all publicly-available text from viewers, rather than on preselected keywords. This data collection method is more flexible and generalizable than previous approaches and allows for real-world validation. We coin the term talkographics to refer to descriptions of any product’s audience revealed by the words used in their Twitter messages, and show that Twitter text can represent complex, nuanced combinations of the audiences features. To demonstrate that our RS is generalizable, we apply this approach to other product domains.
Generation of Natural Runoff Monthly Series at Ungauged Sites Using a Regional Regressive Model

Many hydrologic applications require reliable estimates of runoff in river basins to face the widespread lack of data, both in time and in space. A regional method for the reconstruction of monthly runoff series is here developed and applied to Sicily (Italy). A simple modeling structure is adopted, consisting of a regression-based rainfall–runoff model with four model parameters, calibrated through a two-step procedure. Monthly runoff estimates are based on precipitation, temperature, and exploiting the autocorrelation with runoff at the previous month. Model parameters are assessed by specific regional equations as a function of easily measurable physical and climate basin descriptors. The first calibration step is aimed at the identification of a set of parameters optimizing model performances at the level of single basin. Such “optimal” sets are used at the second step, part of a regional regression analysis, to establish the regional equations for model parameters assessment as a function of basin attributes. All the gauged watersheds across the region have been analyzed, selecting 53 basins for model calibration and using the other six basins exclusively for validation. Performances, quantitatively evaluated by different statistical indexes, demonstrate relevant model ability in reproducing the observed hydrological time-series at both the monthly and coarser time resolutions. The methodology, which is easily transferable to other arid and semi-arid areas, provides a reliable tool for filling/reconstructing runoff time series at any gauged or ungauged basin of a region.
Computation of Conditional Probability Statistics by 8-Month-Old Infants

A recent report demonstrated that 8-month-olds can segment a continuous stream of speech syllables, containing no acoustic or prosodic cues to word boundaries, into wordlike units after only 2 min of listening experience (Saffran, Aslin, & Newport, 1996). Thus, a powerful learning mechanism capable of extracting statistical information from fluent speech is available early in development. The present study extends these results by documenting the particular type of statistical computation—transitional (conditional) probability—used by infants to solve this word-segmentation task. An artificial language corpus, consisting of a continuous stream of trisyllabic nonsense words, was presented to 8-month-olds for 3 min. A postfamiliarization test compared the infants' responses to words versus part-words (trisyllabic sequences spanning word boundaries). The corpus was constructed so that test words and part-words were matched in frequency, but differed in their transitional probabilities. Infants showed reliable discrimination of words from part-words, thereby demonstrating rapid segmentation of continuous speech into words on the basis of transitional probabilities of syllable pairs.
ATP Is Required at an Early Step in Compensatory Endocytosis in Synaptic Terminals

Whole-terminal capacitance measurements were used to examine membrane retrieval that follows Ca2+-triggered exocytosis in single synaptic terminals. Exocytosis was followed by endocytosis only when the internal solution contained a hydrolyzable analog of ATP. ATP-γ-S, a poorly hydrolyzable ATP analog, did not support endocytosis but instead produced a rapid and profound inhibition of membrane retrieval. Under similar conditions, the GTP analogs GTP-γ-S and GDP-β-S failed to block endocytosis, suggesting that ATP is the preferred substrate. Furthermore, the requirement for ATP was independent of the role of ATP in regulating intraterminal Ca2+, and the role of Ca2+ in endocytosis was different from that of ATP. The results suggest a direct, acute requirement for ATP hydrolysis in compensatory fast endocytosis in synaptic terminals. Given that the capacitance technique detects changes in membrane surface area, ATP must be required for the membrane fission step or at a step that is a prerequisite for membrane fission.
Comparison of calculated and experimental isotope edited FTIR difference spectra for purple bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers with different quinones incorporated into the QA binding site

Previously we have shown that ONIOM type (QM/MM) calculations can be used to simulate isotope edited FTIR difference spectra for neutral ubiquinone in the QA binding site in Rhodobacter sphaeroides photosynthetic reaction centers. Here we considerably extend upon this previous work by calculating isotope edited FTIR difference spectra for reaction centers with a variety of unlabeled and 18O labeled foreign quinones incorporated into the QA binding site. Isotope edited spectra were calculated for reaction centers with 2,3-dimethoxy-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MQ0), 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1, 4-benzoquinone (duroquinone, DQ), and 2,3-dimethyl-l,4-naphthoquinone (DMNQ) incorporated, and compared to corresponding experimental spectra. The calculated and experimental spectra agree well, further demonstrating the utility and applicability of our ONIOM approach for calculating the vibrational properties of pigments in protein binding sites. The normal modes that contribute to the bands in the calculated spectra, their composition, frequency, and intensity, and how these quantities are modified upon 18O labeling, are presented. This computed information leads to a new and more detailed understanding/interpretation of the experimental FTIR difference spectra. Hydrogen bonding to the carbonyl groups of the incorporated quinones is shown to be relatively weak. It is also shown that there is some asymmetry in hydrogen bonding, accounting for 10–13 cm−1 separation in the frequencies of the carbonyl vibrational modes of the incorporated quinones. The extent of asymmetry in H-bonding could only be established by considering the spectra for various types of quinones incorporated into the QA binding site. The quinones listed above are “tail-less. ” Spectra were also calculated for reaction centers with corresponding “tail” containing quinones incorporated, and it is found that replacement of the quinone methyl group by a phytyl or prenyl chain does not alter ONIOM calculated spectra.
Clicktionary: A Web-based Game for Exploring the Atoms of Object Recognition

Understanding what visual features and representations contribute to human object recognition may provide scaffolding for more effective artificial vision systems. While recent advances in Deep Convolutional Networks (DCNs) have led to systems approaching human accuracy, it is unclear if they leverage the same visual features as humans for object recognition. We introduce Clicktionary, a competitive web-based game for discovering features that humans use for object recognition: One participant from a pair sequentially reveals parts of an object in an image until the other correctly identifies its category. Scoring image regions according to their proximity to correct recognition yields maps of visual feature importance for individual images. We find that these "realization" maps exhibit only weak correlation with relevance maps derived from DCNs or image salience algorithms. Cueing DCNs to attend to features emphasized by these maps improves their object recognition accuracy. Our results thus suggest that realization maps identify visual features that humans deem important for object recognition but are not adequately captured by DCNs. To rectify this shortcoming, we propose a novel web-based application for acquiring realization maps at scale, with the aim of improving the state-of-the-art in object recognition.
Electrothermal characterization of SOI FinFETs

Electrothermal characterization of the advanced SOI FinFETs is performed in this paper, which is based on some analytical equations as well as in-house developed finite difference algorithm. The temperature-dependent properties of thermal conductivities of all materials involved are considered in our simulation, with results validated by the commercial software ANSYS and other analytical solution. The self-heating effects (SHE) in such FinFET at 50nm node are further investigated, and some analytical equations are derived for fast predicting the maximum temperature in its channel. On the other hand, transient temperature response under the circuit-speed random stress is also studied, which is mimicked by the Pseudo Random Binary Sequence signal. It is found that the AC and PRBS signals introduce the similar transient temperature response, while the lower frequency signal induces the worse self-heating effect.
THE DANGEROUSNESS DEBATE AFTER THE FLOUD REPORT

In 1976, the Howard League for Penal Reform established a prestigious Working Party on the Dangerous Offender, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Jean Floud, the Principal of Newnham College, Cambridge. The final report of this Working Party was published in the autumn of 1981 (Floud and Young, 1981)1 and is without any doubt a document ofmaj or importance both academically and in policy terms. It is important from the outset to see the Floud Report in the context of three earlier British reports which have focused upon the topic of dangerous ness (Scottish Council on Crime, 1975, Chap. 4, section 2; Home Office, 1975, Chap. 4; Advisory Council on the Penal System, 1978, Chap. 10), because major shifts have taken place since 1975 in the nature of the dan gerousness debate in Britain. The Scottish Council on Crime ( 1975) proposed a new and indeterminate custodial sentence (a " public protection order ") as one of a range of measures which it believed " offered some real prospect of securing, in the shorter term, a reduction in the incidence of serious crimes of violence " (para. 73) ; the public protection order would be widely available, since defendants would be eligible if currently convicted of any crime of violence, however minor (including threats of violence and even breach of the peace when including violent threats), provided that they were also assessed as dangerous, and that there was some evidence of (but not necessarily a conviction for) past recent violence or threats. The Butler Committee on Mentally Abnormal Offenders in England and Wales, which also reported in 1975, was concerned with what it saw as a " serious defect in society's defences which ought to be made good " as regards mentally abnormal offenders who were released at the end of a determinate prison term but still considered dangerous by prison medical officers; the Com mittee proposed a new and indeterminate " reviewable sentence " to repair the perceived deficiency (Home Office, 1975). The offences minimally qualifying defendants for the reviewable sentence were more restrictive than those suggested by the Scottish Council, but one could still qualify if assessed as dangerous on a single conviction of rape or arson, or a current offence of possessing an offensive weapon in a public place plus a past conviction for endangering railway passengers (Appendix 4). The proposals of these two committees prompted one of us to enter the
Word learning in Italian preschool children with cochlear implants

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess word learning in Italian preschool children with cochlear implants (CIs). Fifteen children with CIs (CI-group) and two groups of typically developing (TD) children, one age-matched group (CATD-group) and one of the same hearing age (HATD-group), participated in the study. A word-learning task was assigned to each child in which the numbers of correct, incorrect and absent responses were considered, both for comprehension and production. The learning procedure comprised eight nonwords and the children were tested immediately (fast mapping) and after 2 h (retention). In the word-learning task, the children with CIs displayed lower scores than the CATD-group and higher scores than the HATD-group both for comprehension and production and for fast mapping and retention. Fast mapping (comprehension and production) is significantly related to the children’s age at CI activation, while in the retention phase the correlation is significant only for comprehension. Although children with CI display slight limitations in word learning relative to age-matched children, the limitation is less severe with earlier CI activation.