Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Evidence Diversity and Explanation in 4- and 5-Year-Olds’ Resolution of Counterevidence

ABSTRACT Three experiments examined whether 4- and 5-year-olds can explicitly revise uncertain beliefs in light of disconfirming evidence. We considered 2 factors that might influence belief revision: a) the type and variability of evidence provided, and b) whether children generated an explanation of their initial hypothesis. When provided with limited observed evidence, children revised their belief about their initial guess greater than chance expectations, but differences were not observed when the quality of the explanation was considered (Experiment 1). In a similar paradigm, children revised their beliefs more often than chance when asked to explain or describe their initial belief when shown more diverse counterevidence (Experiment 2) or when told that their initial belief was incorrect (Experiment 3). Overall, these data suggest that preschoolers have nascent capacities for explicit belief revision in light of counterevidence.
Calcium‐binding proteins, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and GABA help to distinguish different pallial areas in the developing and adult chicken. I. Hippocampal formation and hyperpallium

To better understand the formation and adult organization of the avian pallium, we studied the expression patterns of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), calbindin (CB), calretinin (CR), and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hippocampal formation and hyperpallium of developing and adult chicks. Each marker showed a specific spatiotemporal expression pattern and was expressed in a region (area)‐specific but dynamic manner during development. The combinatorial expression of these markers was very useful for identifying and following the development of subdivisions of the chicken hippocampal formation and hyperpallium. In the hyperpallium, three separate radially arranged subdivisions were present since early development showing distinct expression patterns: the apical hyperpallium (CB‐rich); the intercalated hyperpallium (nNOS‐rich, CB‐poor); the dorsal hyperpallium (nNOS‐poor, CB‐moderate). Furthermore, a novel division was identified (CB‐rich, CR‐rich), interposed between hyper‐ and mesopallium and related to the lamina separating both, termed laminar pallial nucleus. This gave rise at its surface to part of the lateral hyperpallium. Later in development, the interstitial nucleus of the apical hyperpallium became visible as a partition of the apical hyperpallium. In the hippocampal formation, at least five radial divisions were observed, and these were compared with the divisions proposed recently in adult pigeons. Of note, the corticoid dorsolateral area (sometimes referred as caudolateral part of the parahippocampal area) contained CB immunoreactivity patches coinciding with Nissl‐stained cell aggregates, partially resembling the patches described in the mammalian entorhinal cortex. Each neurochemical marker was present in specific neuronal subpopulations and axonal networks, providing insights into the functional maturation of the chicken pallium. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:751–771, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pruning of RBF Networks in Robot Manipulator Learning Control

Radial Basis Function Neural Networks are well suited for learning the system dynamics of a robot manipulator and implementation of these networks in the control scheme for a manipulator is a good way to deal with the system uncertainties and modeling errors which often occur. The problem with RBF networks however is to nd a network with suitable size, not too computational demanding and able to give accurate approximations. In general two methods for creating an appropriate RBF network has been developed, 1) Growing and 2) Pruning. In this report two dierent pruning methods which are suitable for use in a learning controller for robot manipulators are proposed, Weight Magnitude Prun- ing and Neuron Output Pruning. Weight Magnitude Pruning is based on a pruning scheme in [8] while Neuron Output Pruning is based on [2]. Both pruning methods are simple, have low computational cost and are able to remove several units in one pruning period. The thresholds used to nd which neurons to remove are specied as a percent and hence less problem dependent to nd. Simulations with the two proposed pruning methods in a learning inverse kinematic controller for tracking a trajectory by using the three rst joints of the ABB IRB140 manipulator are conducted. The result was that implementing pruned RBF networks in the controller made it more robust towards system uncertainties due to increased generalization ability. These pruned networks were found to give better tracking in the case of unmodeled dynamics compared to the incorrect system model, not pruning the RBFNNs and a type of growing network called RANEKFs. Computational costs were also reduced when the pruning schemes were implemented. NTNU has a manipulator of the type ABB IRB140 and the learning inverse kinematic controller with pruning of RBF networks should be implemented and tested on this in real-life simulations.
Response of Spring Diatoms to CO2 Availability in the Western North Pacific as Determined by Next-Generation Sequencing

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have enabled us to determine phytoplankton community compositions at high resolution. However, few studies have adopted this approach to assess the responses of natural phytoplankton communities to environmental change. Here, we report the impact of different CO2 levels on spring diatoms in the Oyashio region of the western North Pacific as estimated by NGS of the diatom-specific rbcL gene (DNA), which encodes the large subunit of RubisCO. We also examined the abundance and composition of rbcL transcripts (cDNA) in diatoms to assess their physiological responses to changing CO2 levels. A short-term (3-day) incubation experiment was carried out on-deck using surface Oyashio waters under different pCO2 levels (180, 350, 750, and 1000 μatm) in May 2011. During the incubation, the transcript abundance of the diatom-specific rbcL gene decreased with an increase in seawater pCO2 levels. These results suggest that CO2 fixation capacity of diatoms decreased rapidly under elevated CO2 levels. In the high CO2 treatments (750 and 1000 μatm), diversity of diatom-specific rbcL gene and its transcripts decreased relative to the control treatment (350 μatm), as well as contributions of Chaetocerataceae, Thalassiosiraceae, and Fragilariaceae to the total population, but the contributions of Bacillariaceae increased. In the low CO2 treatment, contributions of Bacillariaceae also increased together with other eukaryotes. These suggest that changes in CO2 levels can alter the community composition of spring diatoms in the Oyashio region. Overall, the NGS technology provided us a deeper understanding of the response of diatoms to changes in CO2 levels in terms of their community composition, diversity, and photosynthetic physiology.
New Insights into the Epigenetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most predominant malignancies with high fatality rate. This deadly cancer is rising at an alarming rate because it is quite resistant to radio- and chemotherapy. Different epigenetic mechanisms such as histone modifications, DNA methylation, chromatin remodeling, and expression of noncoding RNAs drive the cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, initiation, progression, and development of HCC. These epigenetic alterations because of potential reversibility open way towards the development of biomarkers and therapeutics. The contribution of these epigenetic changes to HCC development has not been thoroughly explored yet. Further research on HCC epigenetics is necessary to better understand novel molecular-targeted HCC treatment and prevention. This review highlights latest research progress and current updates regarding epigenetics of HCC, biomarker discovery, and future preventive and therapeutic strategies to combat the increasing risk of HCC.
Relationship of Proactive Personality With Life Satisfaction During Late Career and Early Retirement

This investigation of proactive personality focused on life satisfaction during a 10-year period in which people went from being full-time employees to being fully retired. The study contributes at the intersection of the literatures on proactive personality, careers, retirement, and life satisfaction. In a sample of 118 recent retirees across the U.S. workforce (mean age = 65), personality was correlated with assessments of life satisfaction over the prior 10-year period and a variety of control variables (individual, household, and previous job) were included so that we could examine the incremental and unique effects of proactive personality. Proactive people were more satisfied during this critical period of life. This was true whether differences in life satisfaction included or excluded differences in career satisfaction during that time. We discuss future research implications and potential practical implications for enhancing satisfaction during a life stage in which proactive behavior may be beneficial.
Evaluating Daikon and its Applications

A process for removing onium salts from aqueous solutions comprising adding a phenolic compound to an onium salt containing aqueous solution, contacting the solution with a water-immiscible organic material whereby the onium salt migrates into the water-immiscible organic material and separating the aqueous hase from the onium salt in the water-immiscible organic material.
Monochromatic focusing of subpicosecond x-ray pulses in the keV range

An effective x-ray optical method to focus keV x-ray pulses shorter than one picosecond by using spherically or toroidally bent crystals is presented. The spectral, spatial, and time-dependent properties of focusing by two-dimensional bent crystals are calculated by considering geometrical effects, physical limitation in high performance crystal optics, and reflectivities obtained by x-ray diffraction theory. These properties are compared with first experimental results of focusing x rays from a plasma created by a laser pulse with 4.5 mJ energy and 100 fs pulse length. The x-ray signals, simultaneously obtained from a von Hamos spectrometer and two-dimensional bent crystals are compared and found in good agreement with theoretical data. The possibilities and aspects of laser pump x-ray probe experiments using this type of x-ray optics system and currently available laser systems are discussed.
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in seawater following an artificial Saharan dust deposition event

The dynamics of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in seawater after a dust event were followed to better understand the impact of dust deposition in low nutrient waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Three independent abiotic experiments were performed over three seasons (winter, spring, end of summer) characterized by contrasted biogeochemical conditions. Experiments consisted of seeding evapocondensed Saharan dust at the surface of a polyethylene tank filled with filtered surface seawater. Phosphate (PO43-), nitrate (NO3-), size and number of particles and transparent exopolymeric particles production (TEP) were measured over the course of one week following seeding. Dust deposition was followed by a transient increase in [PO43-] during the first three hours with a maximum input of 33, 9 and 39 nM respectively in May, October and February. The removal of almost all the PO43- initially released suggests a scavenging process of PO43- back onto ferric oxide-rich particles leading to concentrations at the end of the experiment close to the initial values (7 nM in May and October, and 6 nM in February). NO3- released from dust was high especially in May and October (maximum input of 23 and 11 µM respectively) and was attributed to nitrogen dissolution from the large amount of small particles (< 1µm) rich in nitrogen in the evapocondensed dust. [NO3-] remained high until the end of the experiment (16 µM in May and 11 µM in October), indicating that NO3- from dust is likely to be bioavailable for a longer period compared to PO43- from dust. The release of PO43- and NO3- was intrinsically linked to particle dynamics, governed by the quality/quantity of dissolved organic matter.
The Expression of Three Genes in Primary Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Is Associated with Metastatic Spread to the Brain

Purpose: Brain metastases affect 25% of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We hypothesized that the expression of genes in primary NSCLC tumors could predict brain metastasis and be used for identification of high-risk patients, who may benefit from prophylactic therapy. Experimental Design: The expression of 12 genes was measured by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR in 142 frozen NSCLC tissue samples. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the correlation between gene expression and the occurrence of brain metastasis. Immunohistochemistry on independent samples was used to verify the findings. Results: A score based on the expression levels of three genes, CDH2 (N-cadherin), KIFC1, and FALZ, was highly predictive of brain metastasis in early and advanced lung cancer. The probability of remaining brain metastasis–free at 2 years after diagnosis was 90.0 ± 9.5% for patients with stage I/stage II tumors and low score compared with 62.7 ± 12% for patients with high score (P < 0.01). In patients with more advanced lung cancer, the brain metastasis–free survival at 24 months was 89% for patients with low score compared with only 37% in patients with high score (P < 0.02). These results were confirmed by immunohistochemical detection of N-cadherin in independent cohort of primary NSCLC. Conclusions: The expression levels of three genes in primary NSCLC tumors may be used to identify patients at high risk for brain metastasis who may benefit from prophylactic therapy to the central nervous system.
Change in psychopathology in referred children: the role of life events and perceived stress.

BACKGROUND This study examined the relation between stress and change in emotional and behavioural problems in children and adolescents referred for mental health services. METHOD At three waves across four years, children and their parents (N = 310, mean age at the first wave = 11.26 years, SD = 3.18) reported emotional and behavioural problems, as well as stressful life events (parent report) and perceived stress (child report). RESULTS Major life events before referral were associated with higher levels of parent-reported internalising and externalising problems at referral. Life events after referral were associated with a slower recovery from internalising problems. The associations between stressful life events and the course of parent- and self-reported problems were mediated by children's subjective feelings of stress. CONCLUSION Stressful life events appear to interfere with recovery from internalising problems in the years after referral through increasing the experience of stress in daily life.
Figures in Space, Figuring Space

This article argues for a need for spatial analyses in the study of youth cultures and youth subjectivities. With this aim, we propose a theoretical framework drawing on concepts from cultural class analysis and human geography. Empirically, the article is based on 10 focus groups with young people (n = 80) in four different parts of Denmark. The interviews included a photo elicitation exercise and the analysis in this article focuses on one particular picture of two young ‘hipster’ men. By using the figure of the hipster as an analytical case, the article illustrates how individual and spatial identities are co-constructed, not just alongside each other (relationally) but also hierarchically. Hence, ‘place-making practices’ are also ‘people-making practices’ and vice versa. Through this, the article engages with discussions in youth studies as well as in human geography about the importance of paying attention to structural inequalities.
Reduced expression of uncoupling proteins-2 and -3 in adipose tissue in post-obese patients submitted to biliopancreatic diversion.

OBJECTIVE Little is known about the physiological role and the regulation of uncoupling proteins-2 and -3 (UCP-2 and -3) in adipose tissue. We investigated whether the expression of UCP-2 and -3 in adipose tissue was affected by weight loss due to a biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and related to the daily energy expenditure (24-h EE). DESIGN Ten morbidly obese subjects (mean body mass index +/- s.e.m.=49.80 +/- 2.51 kg/m(2)) were studied before and 18+/-2 Months after BPD. METHODS We determined body composition using tritiated water and 24-h EE in a respiratory chamber. Adipose tissue UCP-2 and -3 mRNA, plasma insulin, glucose, free fatty acids (NEFA), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and leptin were assayed before and after BPD. RESULTS BPD treatment resulted in a marked weight loss (P<0.001) mainly due to a fat mass reduction. A significant decrease in 24-h EE/fat-free mass (FFM) (P<0.05) and in UCP-2 (P<0.05) and UCP-3 (P<0.05) mRNA was observed. A significant reduction in plasma insulin, glucose, NEFA, FT3, FT4 and leptin was seen after BPD. The decline in plasma leptin and FFA was tightly correlated with the decrease in both UCP-2 and -3. A significant correlation was found between changes in FT3 and variations in 24-h EE (r=0.64, P<0.05). In a multiple-regression analysis changes in 24-h EE/FFM after BPD were significantly correlated with changes in UCP-3 expression (P<0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that UCPs in adipose tissue may play a role in the reduction in 24-h EE observed in post-obese individuals.
Attention Improves Object Representation in Visual Cortical Field Potentials

Selective attention improves perception and modulates neuronal responses, but how attention-dependent changes of cortical activity improve the processing of attended objects is an open question. Changes in total signal strength or enhancements in signal-to-noise ratio have been proposed as putative mechanisms. However, it is still not clear whether, and to what extent, these processes contribute to the large perceptual improvements. We studied the ability to discriminate states of activity in visual cortex evoked by differently shaped objects depending on selective attention in monkeys. We found that gamma-band activity from V4 and V1 contains a high amount of information about stimulus shape, which increases for V4 recordings considerably with attention in successful trials, but not in case of behavioral errors. This effect resulted from enhanced differences between the stimulus-specific distributions of power spectral amplitudes. It could be explained neither by enhancements of signal-to-noise ratios, nor by changes in total signal power. Instead our results indicate that attention causes underlying cortical network states to become more distinct for different stimuli, providing a new neurophysiological explanation for improvements of behavioral performance by attention. The absence of the enhancement in discriminability in trials with behavioral errors demonstrates the relevance of this novel neural mechanism for perception.
Heterobifunctional PEG Ligands for Bioconjugation Reactions on Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Ever since iron oxide nanoparticles have been recognized as promising scaffolds for biomedical applications, their surface functionalization has become even more important. We report the synthesis of a novel polyethylene glycol-based ligand that combines multiple advantageous properties for these applications. The ligand is covalently bound to the surface via a siloxane group, while its polyethylene glycol backbone significantly improves the colloidal stability of the particle in complex environments. End-capping the molecule with a carboxylic acid introduces a variety of coupling chemistry possibilities. In this study an antibody targeting plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was coupled to the surface and its presence and binding activity was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and surface plasmon resonance experiments. The results indicate that the ligand has high potential towards biomedical applications where colloidal stability and advanced functionality is crucial.
The Interaction of Ownership, Governance, and Product Markets: Evidence from Equity Carve-Outs

Using initial public offerings of subsidiaries, called equity carve-outs, I track both ownership and control by the parent firm following the initial split-off. I find that roughly half of the parent firms retain a long-term ownership stake in the carved-out subsidiaries, and the retained interest is higher when the parent and subsidiary share a product market relationship. Similarly, there is greater executive and board overlap in cases with product market relationships. I also show that parent firms that have financial agreements with their subsidiaries subsequently maintain higher ownership. The results are consistent with the predictions of transaction cost theory and property rights theory that ownership and governance structures balance the costs of market transactions with the costs of operating in a hierarchical structure.
Kindness at School: What Children’s Drawings Reveal About Themselves, Their Teachers, and Their Learning Communities

This study examined how students in kindergarten through third grade conceptualized kindness in school. Participants were asked to draw two pictures: one of themselves doing something kind at school, and one of a teacher doing something kind. Students’ drawings of their kindness reflected themes of maintaining friendships, physically helping others, and showing respect. Students’ drawings of teacher kindness revealed that students saw teaching itself as an act of kindness and that teachers showed kindness through physically helping others. Across drawings, no gender differences were found; however, differences in the themes emphasized by grade were identified.
Avoiding weak parameters in secret image sharing

Secret image sharing is a popular image hiding scheme that typically uses (3, 3, n) multi-secret sharing to hide the colors of a secret image. The use of (3, 3, n) multi-secret sharing, however, can lead to information loss. In this paper, we study this loss of information from an image perspective, and show that one-third of the color values of the secret image can be leaked when the sum of any two selected share numbers is equal to the considered prime number in the secret sharing. Furthermore, we show that if the selected share numbers do not satisfy this condition (for example, when the value of each of the selected share number is less than the half of the value of the prime number), then the colors of the secret image are not leaked. In this case, a noise-like image is reconstructed from the knowledge of less than three shares.