Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Role of Perceived Risk, Knowledge, Price, and Cost in Dry Fish Consumption Within the Theory of Planned Behavior

ABSTRACT The general purpose of this study is to explore the influence of perceived risk, knowledge, price, and cost of dry fish consumption in Bangladesh using the general framework from the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The field experiments were performed in Bangladesh with a convenience sample of 558 respondents. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship among perceived risk, knowledge, price, and cost and TPB constructs. The findings showed that attitude, norms, and procedural knowledge emerge as the key determinants of intention, whereas intention, attitude, norms, and perceived risk have effects on the dry fish consumption frequency. Perceived behavioral control, price, and cost had no significant effect on intention and consumption behavior. The proposed TPB and the extended model both fit the data well and proved the expectations of this study in a promising way. The study found that people are more concerned about potential long-term risk to their family and others. Therefore, management attention should focus on reducing risks which consumers may face through producing safe and hazard-free dry fish.
Treaties, Constitutions, Courts, and Human Rights

The effects of treaties on human rights performance may depend in part on how domestic legal systems articulate with international law. The idea motivating this study is that constitutional law can make a difference not necessarily by including rights but by acknowledging and connecting to treaty law. This study is a first attempt to explore the interrelated effects of treaties, constitutions, and courts on human rights performance. The key proposition is that human rights treaties may have a greater influence on rights in countries whose constitutions incorporate treaty law and whose courts are independent of the political branches of government. The analysis tests that proposition using data from about 150 countries across 20 or more years. The results offer evidence that treaties, constitutions, and courts do combine, at times, to improve human rights performance, with judicial independence playing the key role.
Impact of simplified methods of monthly and twice monthly milk recording on genetic parameter estimates and genetic evaluation in dairy ewes under a low input production system

Sicilo-Sarde dairy flock test-day data were analyzed: 1) to check predicting ability of four alternate methods (AT) of milk recording, based on information from a single milking, two of them adjusted for the weight of the recorded milking in daily milk production (ATa) and two other usual methods without adjustment (ATu)
Impact of Clinical Pathway on Quality of Care in Sickle Cell Patients

Clinical pathways are disease specific and are designed to standardize care. They are intended to serve the purpose of improving quality of care and decreasing healthcare and societal costs. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted comparing sickle cell patients admitted to Mercy Children's Hospital (MCH) from June 1999 to November 2001 before the implementation of the clinical care pathway (n=66), to a similar group of patients admitted from December 2001 to July 2004 after pathway (n=121) implementation. The χ2 tests were used to compare categoric variables and independent t-tests for continuous variables. The results indicate improvement in compliance postpathway with specific care elements: incentive spirometry, pulse oximetry, ordering comfort measures, right dosage of pain medications, and achieving excellent nursing compliance in documenting pain scores. There was a significant decrease in the number of blood transfusions in postpathway patients. Though limited by sample size, the results suggest that clinical pathways are good tools for standardization of care in certain care elements and help to improve quality of care in sickle cell patients.
Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic instruct polarized growth of cell extensions in the Drosophila trachea

The migration of cellular extensions is guided by signals from tissues with which they contact. Many axon guidance molecules regulate growth cone migration by directly regulating actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Secreted morphogens control global patterns of cell fate decisions during organogenesis through transcriptional regulation, and constitute another class of guidance molecules. We have investigated the guidance roles of the morphogens Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic during directed outgrowth of cytoplasmic extensions in the Drosophila trachea. A subset of tracheal terminal cells adheres to the internal surface of the epidermis and elongates cytoplasmic processes called terminal branches. Hedgehog promotes terminal branch spreading and its extension over the posterior compartment of the epidermis. Decapentaplegic, which is expressed at the onset of terminal branching, restricts dorsal extension of the terminal branch and ensures its monopolar growth. Orthogonal expression of Hedgehog and Decapentaplegic in the epidermis instructs monopolar extension of the terminal branch along the posterior compartment, thereby matching the pattern of airway growth with that of the epidermis.
Auditory frequency discrimination in children with dyslexia

A popular hypothesis holds that developmental dyslexia is caused by phonological processing problems and is therefore linked to difficulties in the analysis of spoken as well as written language. It has been suggested that these phonological deficits might be attributable to low-level problems in processing the temporal fine structure of auditory cues. Evidence for this has come from studies showing poor performance of dyslexic individuals on measures of auditory frequency discrimination (FD). We compared the FD thresholds of 28 children with dyslexia to 28 age-matched controls aged 6‐13, on a task that minimised demands on short-term memory. To investigate the mechanisms involved in potential FD deficits, FD thresholds were measured at 1kHz, where temporal cues were available, and at 6kHz, where they were not. The dyslexic group had significantly higher FD thresholds than controls in both the 1- and 6-kHz conditions. These findings confirm that children with dyslexia often have poor FD, even when, as in this sample, they have normal language comprehension and expressive vocabulary, and when they are tested using a paradigm that minimises memory demands. However, their perceptual deficit was evident for both the 1- and 6-kHz tones, and so cannot readily be explained in terms of problems in processing temporal fine structure.
From ABCs to DVDs: Profiles of infants' home media environments in the first two years of life

The very definition of print exposure has evolved in recent years as has the production of new media for infants and toddlers. Recognising that parents now have a confluence of media to select from, our study was designed to provide a richer understanding of home-literacy environments among 100 infants. Three profiles of families' home media environments emerged: (1) media abstainers, who neither knew much about baby books and DVDs nor owned them; (2) media knowers, who knew about baby books and DVDs, but chose to own many books and hardly any DVDs; and (3) media owners, who owned many baby books and DVDs, but appeared to have little knowledge about them. Parents who were readers themselves owned more baby books but fewer baby DVDs than parents with less print exposure. Results suggest a more complex understanding of print exposure in home environments than previously understood.
Lack of positive experiences and positive expectancies mediate the relationship between BAS responsiveness and depression

The anhedonic symptoms of depression have been linked to a lack of incentive responsiveness, which is a function of the Behavioral Activation System (BAS). Using structural equation modeling within the context of a cross-sectional design, we found that a lack of positive experiences and positive expectancies mediated the BAS-depression link among an undergraduate sample (N = 171). We tested the specificity of this model across four alternative models substituting negative experiences, negative expectancies, threat sensitivity, and symptoms of anxiety for their theoretical counterparts in the original model. In each case, the alternative model did not fit the data as well as our original model. This pattern of results is consistent with the position that a lack of positive experiences and positive expectancies uniquely mediate the relationship between the BAS and anhedonic symptoms of depression.
Towards weakly supervised semantic segmentation by means of multiple instance and multitask learning

We address the task of learning a semantic segmentation from weakly supervised data. Our aim is to devise a system that predicts an object label for each pixel by making use of only image level labels during training – the information whether a certain object is present or not in the image. Such coarse tagging of images is faster and easier to obtain as opposed to the tedious task of pixelwise labeling required in state of the art systems. We cast this task naturally as a multiple instance learning (MIL) problem. We use Semantic Texton Forest (STF) as the basic framework and extend it for the MIL setting. We make use of multitask learning (MTL) to regularize our solution. Here, an external task of geometric context estimation is used to improve on the task of semantic segmentation. We report experimental results on the MSRC21 and the very challenging VOC2007 datasets. On MSRC21 dataset we are able, by using 276 weakly labeled images, to achieve the performance of a supervised STF trained on pixelwise labeled training set of 56 images, which is a significant reduction in supervision needed.
SKI2162, an inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5), inhibits radiation-induced fibrosis in mice

Here we demonstrated that SKI2162, a small-molecule inhibitor of the TGF-β type I receptor (ALK5), prevented radiation-induced fibrosis (RIF) in mice. SKI2162 inhibited phosphorylation of Smad and induction of RIF-related genes in vitro. In RIF a mouse model, SKI2162 reduced late skin reactions and leg-contracture without jeopardizing the acute skin reaction. Irradiation of mouse tissue increased COL1A2 mRNA levels, and topical administration of SKI2162 significantly inhibited this effect. Thus, these findings support that SKI2162 has potential value as novel RIF-protective agent, and could be candidate for clinical trials.
Resistance to Xenobiotic-Induced Autoimmunity Maps to Chromosome 11

Although evidence indicates that environmental factors play a major role in precipitating systemic autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals, little is known about the mechanisms involved. Certain heavy metals, such as mercury, are potent environmental immunostimulants that produce a number of immunopathologic sequelae, including lymphoproliferation, hypergammaglobulinemia, and overt systemic autoimmunity. Predisposition to such metal-induced immunopathology has been shown to be influenced by both MHC and non-MHC genes, as well as susceptibility to spontaneous lupus, in mice and other experimental animals. Among the various mouse strains examined to date, the DBA/2 appears to uniquely lack susceptibility to mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA), despite expressing a susceptible H-2 haplotype (H-2d). To define the genetic basis for this trait, two genome-wide scans were conducted using F2 intercrosses of the DBA/2 strain with either the SJL or NZB strains, both of which are highly susceptible to HgIA. A single major quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1, designated Hmr1, was shown to be common to both crosses and encompassed a region containing several lupus susceptibility loci. Hmr1 was linked to glomerular immune complex deposits and not autoantibody production, suggesting that DBA/2 resistance to HgIA may primarily involve the later stages of disease pathogenesis. Identification and characterization of susceptibility/resistance genes and mechanisms relevant to the immunopathogenesis of mercury-induced autoimmunity should provide important insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and may reveal novel targets for intervention.
The Influence of Music Media on Gender Role and Self-identity: Perceptions of Children Aged 6 and 10 years

There are currently widespread concerns around the impact of media on children's healthy development. This study investigated whether music media influences young children's gender role and self-identity. Thirty-four Grade 1 children and 38 Grade 4 children participated in an experimental study to explore their attitudes towards their own and the opposite gender, their perspectives about gender- and self-presentation, and whether a one-off exposure to music videos influenced their views. Results showed that children demonstrated attitudes consistent with gender stereotypes seen in contemporary music media. The findings indicate a need for early intervention to help children develop healthy attitudes around gender role and self-identity.
Cardiovascular Correlates of Interpersonal Mistreatment in Healthy Adults

Abstract The present study examined connections between self-reported experiences of interpersonal mistreatment and cardiovascular responses during laboratory dyadic interactions. One hundred and eight unacquainted participants were paired to form 54 opposite-gender, same-ethnicity (22 African American and 32 European American) dyads. Blood pressure and heart rate responses were monitored while dyads participated in three 4-minute problem-solving focused interactions. Multilevel modeling revealed significant, positive associations between frequency of interpersonal mistreatment and systolic and diastolic resting blood pressure levels among African American men and European American women. Among all women, significant and positive associations were observed between mistreatment and diastolic blood pressure reactivity assessed during the problem-solving focused interactions. Results highlight interpersonal mistreatment as a potential contributor to cardiovascular functioning for both men and women.
INTRASPECIFIC TRANSMISSION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS AMONG PENNED FERAL PIGS IN NEW ZEALAND

We investigated intraspecific transmission of Mycobacterium bovis (etiologic agent of bovine tuberculosis [Tb]) among penned pigs (Sus scrofa) in New Zealand. Between 2002 and 2006, we conducted two trials, each involving two 1-ha pens in natural habitat in which uninfected sentinel pigs were kept with wild-caught feral pigs, many of which were infected with M. bovis. The rate of M. bovis transmission to sentinels was used to assess whether intraspecies transmission between live pigs could explain the high levels of infection in the wild population. In trial 1, no new infection was detected in 18 penned sentinels after total exposure of 3.9 yr (2.6 mo/sentinel); three of 11 sentinels in the wild became infected. In trial 2, a more heavily infected source pig population (94% prevalence compared with 42% in the first trial) was used, and one (4%) of 25 penned sentinels became infected. However, 75% of the eight sentinels released to the wild became infected. Combining trials, the difference in apparent annual incidence was significant (mean ±95% confidence interval = 0.03±0.12 for penned sentinels vs. 1.06±6.74 for released sentinels; t= –3.51, P=0.04). In the pens, infected pigs were kept in contact with susceptible sentinels for 7 yr in total, but only one transmission event was detected. Taking pig longevity into account, the R0 value (the basic reproductive rate of disease) for intraspecies infection between live pigs seems unlikely to exceed 0.25, even under highly conducive conditions. We suggest that live pigs are unlikely to transmit M. bovis to wild conspecifics often enough to sustain Tb in pigs by this route of transmission alone. The high prevalences seen in some New Zealand feral pig populations are likely to result from transmission from another host or route.
Patterns of Friendship in Ungraded Primary Classes

Patterns of friendship in 66 ungraded primary classrooms were investigated. A sample of 1168 ungraded primary students participated in rating and nomination sociometric assessments which yielded independent information concerning overall acceptance by the classroom peer group and the presence of reciprocated friendship dyads. Analyses revealed that both peer acceptance level and age relative to classmates influenced whether children had friends, the total number of reciprocated friendships, and the numbers of friendships with children who were of different ages relative to classmates. Previous research had suggested that ungraded primary students who are relatively younger than their classmates are less well accepted by their classmates. Results confirmed and extended this research by demonstrating that relatively younger children in mixed-age classes also are less likely to have reciprocated friendships with classmates. These results suggest that teachers in mixed-age preschool and primary programs may need to implement practices which assist friendship formation, especially for the younger class members.
Validation of a Stage Model of Career Success

Cet article propose un modele relatif aux etapes d'une carriere reussie. Trois voies s'offrent au succes: (a) La reussite releve des qualites humaines, des choix de carriere et de la structure de l'organisation; (b) les phases de la carriere interferent avec l'impact des qualites humaines, et la structure de l'organisation avec la reussite; (c) l'impact des qualites humaines et la structure de l'organisation sont marques par les choix de carriere. Des donnees ont ete recueillies par questionnaires aupres de 457 salaries britanniques. Les resultats parlent en faveur du poids des etapes de la vie professionnelle et de l'impact des choix de carriere. Le pouvoir predictif des qualites humaines, de la structure de l'organisation et des choix de carriere s'accroit avec les annees et il atteint son maximum au stade ultime de la carriere. La part de la variance d'une carriere reussie expliquee par les qualites humaines et la structure de l'organisation chute significativement quand on tient compte des effets des choix de carriere. On analyse ces resultats et leurs consequences sur les travaux a venir concernant la reussite d'une carriere. The paper proposes a stage-specific model of career success that offers three routes to career success: (a) career success is affected by human capital attributes, career choices, and organisational structure; (b) career stage moderates the effects of human capital attributes and organisational structure on career success; and (c) the effects of human capital attributes and organisational structure are mediated by career choices. Questionnaire data were gathered from 457 employees from the general British workforce. The results demonstrated the moderating effect of career stage and the mediating effect of career choices. The predictive power of human capital attributes, organisational structure, and career choices increases over the career stages, and was at its highest at the late career stage. The amount of variance in career success explained by human capital attributes and organisational structure dropped significantly when the effect of career choices was accounted for. The results and their implications for future studies of career success are discussed.
When the best become the rest: The interactive effect of premerger status and relative representation on postmerger identification and ingroup bias

This experiment tested the combined impact of premerger status (low, high) and relative representation (low, high) on identification with a merged group and on bias expressed towards members of the merger partner. In phase 1, 111 university students were assigned to a premerger team of “inductive” thinkers. Premerger status was manipulated by informing participants that their team had performed worse or better than a deductionist team on a decision-making task. In phase 2, the participants’ premerger team was supposedly merged with this deductionist team to form a new merger team of analyst thinkers. Relative representation was manipulated by preserving either most or none of the characteristics of the premerger team in the new merger team. The results revealed a significant interaction between premerger status and relative representation on both postmerger identification and ingroup bias. Participants belonging to a high premerger status group confronted with a low relative representation reported less postmerger identification and more bias than participants in the other three conditions. Moreover, relative representation, but not premerger status, moderated the relation between postmerger identification and ingroup bias. More specifically, when relative representation was high, postmerger identification and ingroup bias were positively related. By contrast, when relative representation was low, postmerger identification and ingroup bias were negatively related. These results confirm the predictions based on the Ingroup Projection Model.
The mediating effects of delinquent attitudes on race, race heterogeneity, and violent offending

Race is often linked with crime. Research, regardless of method, finds that crime appears to be disproportionately committed by racial and ethnic minorities, especially blacks. And, this disproportionality is greater for violent crimes such as robbery and homicide than it is for non-violent crimes. While some studies identify the importance of neighborhood context, others discuss the importance of a youth's peer group in accounting for the relationship between race and violent offending, particularly the racial heterogeneity of the peer group. Drawing on the work of organizational literature as well as the subculture of violence thesis, the current study explores the race-violence relationship by examining three additional mediators: the formation of delinquent attitudes, adherence to a street code, and susceptibility to peer influence. Furthermore, utilizing a sample of white, black, and Hispanic youth, this study examines the extent to which these variables mediate the relationship between racial heterogeneity of the peer group and violent offending.
Primitive Self-Consciousness and Avian Cognition

This is an uncorrected author's draft of a paper published in The Monist issue on neuroethics, Volume 95, Issue 3 (July 2012). For citation and quoting purposes, please use the published version.Recent work in moral theory has seen the refinement of theories of moral standing, which increasingly recognize a position of intermediate standing between fully self-conscious entities and those which are merely conscious. Among the most sophisticated concepts now used to denote such intermediate standing is that of primitive self-consciousness, which has been used to more precisely elucidate the moral standing of human newborns. New research into the structure of the avian brain offers a revised view of the cognitive abilities of birds. When this research is approached with a species-specific focus, it appears likely that one familiar species, the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), also exhibits primitive self-consciousness. Given the likelihood that they are primitively self-consciousness, chickens warrant a degree of moral standing that falls short of that enjoyed by persons, but which exceeds the minimal standing of merely conscious entities.