Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical Bayesian Model for Crowd Emotions

Estimation of emotions is an essential aspect in developing intelligent systems intended for crowded environments. However, emotion estimation in crowds remains a challenging problem due to the complexity in which human emotions are manifested and the capability of a system to perceive them in such conditions. This paper proposes a hierarchical Bayesian model to learn in unsupervised manner the behavior of individuals and of the crowd as a single entity, and explore the relation between behavior and emotions to infer emotional states. Information about the motion patterns of individuals are described using a self-organizing map, and a hierarchical Bayesian network builds probabilistic models to identify behaviors and infer the emotional state of individuals and the crowd. This model is trained and tested using data produced from simulated scenarios that resemble real-life environments. The conducted experiments tested the efficiency of our method to learn, detect and associate behaviors with emotional states yielding accuracy levels of 74% for individuals and 81% for the crowd, similar in performance with existing methods for pedestrian behavior detection but with novel concepts regarding the analysis of crowds.
Toward an Aposynthesis of Topic Continuity and Intrasentential Anaphora

The problem of proposing referents for anaphoric expressions has been extensively researched in the literature and significant insights have been gained through the various approaches. However, no single model is capable of handling all the cases. We argue that this is due to a failure of the models to identify two distinct processes. Drawing on current insights and empirical data from various languages we propose an aposynthetic1 model of discourse in which topic continuity, computed across units, and focusing preferences internal to these units are subject to different mechanisms. The observed focusing preferences across the units (i.e., intersententially) are best modeled structurally, along the lines suggested in centering theory. The focusing mechanism within the unit is subject to preferences projected by the semantics of the verbs and the connectives in the unit as suggested in semantic/pragmatic focusing accounts. We show that this distinction not only overcomes important problems in anaphora resolution but also reconciles seemingly contradictory experimental results reported in the literature. We specify a model of anaphora resolution that interleaves the two mechanisms. We test the central hypotheses of the proposed model with an experimental study in English and a corpus-based study in Greek. Aposynthesis is a Greek word that means decomposition, that is, pulling apart the components that constitute what appears to be a uniform entity.
A Humanoid Two-Arm System for Dexterous Manipulation

This paper presents a humanoid two-arm system developed as a research platform for studying dexterous two-handed manipulation. The system is based on the modular DLR-Lightweight-Robot-III and the DLR-Hand-II. Two arms and hands are combined with a three degrees-of-freedom movable torso and a visual system to form a complete humanoid upper body. In this paper we present the design considerations and give an overview of the different sub-systems. Then, we describe the requirements on the software architecture. Moreover, the applied control methods for two-armed manipulation and the vision algorithms used for scene analysis are discussed
Water and air dynamics within a deep vadose zone of a karst massif: Observations from the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (−1,431 m) in Dinaric karst (Croatia)

Extreme heterogeneity of karst systems makes them very challenging to study. Various processes within the system affect its global response, usually measured at karst springs. Research conducted in caves provides a unique opportunity for in situ analysis of separate processes in karst underground. The aim of the present study was to research the water and air dynamics within a deep karst system. Air and water basic physical parameters across the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (−1,431 m) were continuously monitored during a 1‐year period. Recorded hydrograph of the siphon lake at the bottom of the cave was used to interpret the characteristics of an unexplored phreatic/epiphreatic conduit network. Water origin in the siphon was determined based on temperature and electrical conductivity. Air temperature and humidity monitoring revealed a strong inflow of air of sub‐zero temperature into the upper portion of the cave during winter. Cave passage morphology was interpreted as the main determinant of air dynamics, which caused ice to accumulate extensively in the upper portions of the cave and caused the temperature on the top of the homothermic zone to be significantly below the mean outside temperature. Air dynamics also lowered the temperature of water flowing through the cave vadose zone and feeding the phreatic zone of the massif. The pronounced temperature difference between the phreatic zone and the top of the homothermic zone probably contributed to the thermal gradient observed in the cave, which is steeper than in ice‐free caves in the area. Our results enabled the development of a conceptual model that describes coupling between air and water dynamics in the cave system and its surroundings.
Comparison of Immune Reconstitution After Unrelated and Related T-Cell – Depleted Bone Marrow Transplantation : Effect of Patient Age and Donor Leukocyte Infusions

Unrelated bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is often complicated by fatal opportunistic infections. To evaluate features unique to immune reconstitution after unrelated BMT, the lymphoid phenotype, in vitro function, and life-threatening opportunistic infections after unrelated and related T-cell– depleted (TCD) BMT were analyzed longitudinally and compared. The effects of posttransplant donor leukocyte infusions to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections on immune reconstitution were also analyzed. This study demonstrates that adult recipients of TCD unrelated BMTs experience prolonged and profound deficiencies of CD31, CD41, and CD81 T-cell populations when compared with pediatric recipients of unrelated BMT and adults after related BMT (P F .01), that these adults have a significantly increased risk of life-threatening opportunistic infections, and that the rate of recovery of CD4 T cells correlates with the risk of developing these infections. Recovery of normal numbers of CD31, CD81, and CD41 T-cell populations is similar in children after related or unrelated BMT. This study also demonstrates that adoptive immunotherapy with small numbers of unirradiated donor leukocytes can be associated with rapid restoration of CD31, CD41, and CD81 T-cell numbers, antigen-specific T-cell responses, and resolution of CMVand EBV-associated disease after unrelated TCD BMT. r 1999 by The American Society of Hematology.
Bregman Iterative Algorithms for (cid:2) 1 -Minimization with Applications to Compressed Sensing ∗

We propose simple and extremely eﬃcient methods for solving the basis pursuit problem min {(cid:2) u (cid:2) 1 : Au = f, u ∈ R n } , which is used in compressed sensing. Our methods are based on Bregman iterative regularization, and they give a very accurate solution after solving only a very small number of instances of the unconstrained problem min u ∈ R n μ (cid:2) u (cid:2) 1 + 12 (cid:2) Au − f k (cid:2) 22 for given matrix A and vector f k . We show analytically that this iterative approach yields exact solutions in a ﬁnite number of steps and present numerical results that demonstrate that as few as two to six iterations are suﬃcient in most cases. Our approach is especially useful for many compressed sensing applications where matrix-vector operations involving A and A (cid:3) can be computed by fast transforms. Utilizing a fast ﬁxed-point continuation solver that is based solely on such operations for solving the above unconstrained subproblem, we were able to quickly solve huge instances of compressed sensing problems on a standard PC.
Technology and the Glaucoma Suspect

Purpose To determine and compare the diagnostic performance of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), stereoscopic disc photographs, and automated perimetry as assessed by a group of glaucoma specialists in differentiating individuals with early glaucoma from suspects. Methods Forty-six eyes (46 patients) with suspicious optic nerves had previously undergone SD-OCT scans, 24-2 visual fields (VFs), and optic disc photographs. The average VF mean deviation was −1.97 ± 2.09 (SD) dB. Four glaucoma specialists examined the 138 individual diagnostic tests and classified the patient as likely glaucomatous or nonglaucomatous based on the results of a single test. The diagnostic performances of each of the three tests were compared to a previously determined reference standard, based on the consensus of a separate panel of four glaucoma specialists who examined all three tests together. Results Among the four specialists, the interobserver agreement across the three diagnostic tests was poor for VF and photos, with kappa (κ) values of 0.13 and 0.16, respectively, and moderate for OCT, with κ value of 0.40. Using panel consensus as reference standard, OCT had the highest discriminative ability, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99 (95% 0.96–1.0) compared to photograph AUC 0.85 (95% 0.73–0.96) and VF AUC 0.86 (95% 0.76–0.96), suggestive of closer performance to that of a group of glaucoma specialists. Conclusions Compared to VF and disc photography, SD-OCT, when used alone, had better internal agreement as well as better agreement with the consensus of clinicians using all available data. Future studies should evaluate best practices for SD-OCT interpretation.
Computer-mediated communication and collaborative writing: media influence and adaptation to communication constraints

According to contingency theory, tasks involving high levels of uncertainty and equivocality require a communication medium that permits interactive, expressive communication. The theory of adaptive structuration, however, takes a more dynamic view of the relationship between communication technology and communication behavior, recognizing the malleability of human behavior as well as the adaptability of technology. According to the structuration perspective, individuals can adapt their behavior to achlieve their goals despite obstacles in the technological environment. To assess the relative validity of these formulations, we examined media choices and responses to communication constraints in a collaborative writing task. The results of this experiment indicate that contingency theory has some general validity in that the task/technology matches it defines d[o, indeed, occur spontaneously and do contribute to ease and efficiency in task performance. However, the results also draw attention to the human potential for behavioral adaptation, and imply a need for further research designed to identify likely patterns of adaptation in particular technological environrnents.
Characterization of the internal parameters of nanostructured light induced thermionic emission devices for energy conversion

We propose a method to calculate the output current-voltage characteristics of a light induced thermionic emission device. This approach improves on the existing methods by having both a higher precision and higher range in evaluating the associated integrals, resulting in simulated device characteristics with a wider range of parameters. This method represents a significant step towards the characterization of emergent devices due to the unknowns involved in their internal parameters. More importantly, its high numerical precision and flexibility allow one to solve the reverse problem and evaluate the internal parameters of the device such as workfunction, from experimental current-voltage curves. As an experimental case, a carbon nanotube forest was used as the emitter of a thermionic device and locally heated to about 2,000 K using a 50-mW focused laser light. The current-voltage characteristics were measured and fitted to simulation data to obtain the internal parameters of the device. The obtained parameters were consistent with the values obtained with other methods. The estimation of these parameters was previously not feasible with one single type of experiment.
Reconstructing a Network of Stress-Response Regulators via Dynamic System Modeling of Gene Regulation

Unicellular organisms such as yeasts have evolved mechanisms to respond to environmental stresses by rapidly reorganizing the gene expression program. Although many stress-response genes in yeast have been discovered by DNA microarrays, the stress-response transcription factors (TFs) that regulate these stress-response genes remain to be investigated. In this study, we use a dynamic system model of gene regulation to describe the mechanism of how TFs may control a gene’s expression. Then, based on the dynamic system model, we develop the Stress Regulator Identification Algorithm (SRIA) to identify stress-response TFs for six kinds of stresses. We identified some general stress-response TFs that respond to various stresses and some specific stress-response TFs that respond to one specific stress. The biological significance of our findings is validated by the literature. We found that a small number of TFs is probably sufficient to control a wide variety of expression patterns in yeast under different stresses. Two implications can be inferred from this observation. First, the response mechanisms to different stresses may have a bow-tie structure. Second, there may be regulatory cross-talks among different stress responses. In conclusion, this study proposes a network of stress-response regulators and the details of their actions.
Neuropsychological evidence for a topographical learning mechanism in parahippocampal cortex

The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA; Epstein & Kanwisher, 1998) is a region within posterior parahippocampal cortex that responds selectively to visual stimuli that convey information about the layout of local space. Here we describe two patients who suffered damage to the PPA after vascular incidents. Both subsequently exhibited memory problems for topographical materials and were unable to navigate unassisted in unfamiliar environments. Performance on a continuous n-back visual memory test was significantly lower for novel scene-like stimuli than for novel object-like stimuli. In contrast, performance was normal on a famous landmark recognition task and on two perceptual tasks that required on-line analysis of scene geometry. Both patients were able to produce accurate maps of premorbidly learned places but were unable to produce accurate maps of new places. These results converge with previous neuroimaging work to demonstrate that the PPA (1) is selectively involved in processing information about the geometry of surrounding space, and (2) may play a more critical role in the encoding of this information into memory than in the initial perceptual processing, recognition, or recall of this information.
“Important stuff, everywhere!” Activity recognition with salient proto-objects as context

Object information is an important cue to discriminate between activities that draw part of their meaning from context. Most of current work either ignores this information or relies on specific object detectors. However, such object detectors require a significant amount of training data and complicate the transfer of the action recognition framework to novel domains with different objects and object-action relationships. Motivated by recent advances in saliency detection, we propose to employ salient proto-objects for unsupervised discovery of object- and object-part candidates and use them as a contextual cue for activity recognition. Our experimental evaluation on three publicly available data sets shows that the integration of proto-objects and simple motion features substantially improves recognition performance, outperforming the state-of-the-art.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF BUTTERFLY (LEPIDOPTERA: RHOPALOCERA) AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES ALONG THE RAUB CORRIDOR TO FRASER’S HILL, PAHANG, MALAYSIA

This study was conducted to record the butterfly fauna along the Raub Corridor to Fraser’s Hill, Pahang. A series of field samplings was conducted for three consecutive days in October and December 2014, and again from January till March 2015, at three different altitudes, i.e. at 400 to 500 m (lower altitude), 750 to 850 m (middle altitude), and 1000 to 1250 m (higher altitude) within the study area. The butterflies were randomly collected in the day time between 0900-1700 hours by aerial sweeping using the butterfly net. A total of 716 individuals from 138 species in five families (Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Hesperidae) and 14 subfamilies (Papilioninae, Nymphalinae, Satyrinae, Danainae, Morphinae, Coliadinae, Pierinae, Riodininae, Miletinae, Poritiinae, Lycaeninae, Pyrginae, Hesperiinae and Coeliadinae) were recorded. At the higher altitude, the Shannon Diversity Index was H'= 3.683, evenness index, E’=0.5936 and Margalef's Richness Index, R’= 13.0. At the middle altitude, the Shannon Diversity Index was H'= 3.226, evenness index, E’=0.442 and Margalef's Richness Index, R’= 9.756. At the lower altitude, the Shannon Diversity Index was H'= 3.917, evenness index, E’=0.6128 and Margalef's Richness Index, R’= 14.72, respectively. The highest species diversity, species evenness and also species richness indices were recorded at the lowest altitude i.e. 400 to 500 m above sea level.
Summer Regional United States Diurnal Temperature Range Variability With Soil Moisture Conditions

ii Acknowledgements.iv Vita.v List of Tables.vii List of Figures.viii Chapter 1: Introduction.1 Chapter 2: Literature Review.4 Chapter 3: Data and Methodology.15 Chapter 4: Results.19 Chapter 5: Case Study: The Drought of 2012 . 63 Chapter 6: Conclusions.94 References.99
Extending Social Cognitive Theory for Understanding Citizen Adoption of Online Public Grievance Redressal System ( OPGRS )

The study explores the level to which the e-government system such as online public grievance redressal system (OPGRS) is adopted by the citizens in India. A research framework has been developed based on the social cognitive theory. The model developed includes the constructs such as outcome expectation, affect, anxiety, self-efficacy, social influence, and behavioural intentions. Fifteen hundred questionnaires were distributed to the citizens from eight selected cities covering all north, south, east, and west regions in India. The proposed extended research model of social cognitive theory was validated using 419 valid responses from different cities of India. The data were analysed using structural equation modelling (SEM) technique through AMOS 20.0. The empirical outcomes of the proposed model indicated the significant relationships of all seven hypotheses between six constructs. The empirical substantiation, discussion, and managerial implications provided in this publication can help the Indian government to improve upon and fully utilise the potential of the OPGRS as a useful tool toward a transparent and corruption free society. The research also presents its limitations and directions for future research.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Spinocerebellar Ataxias Types 1 and 2

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Structural MR imaging does not enable reliable differentiation of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1 and 2 (SCA1 and SCA2), and imaging may be normal during the first years after the onset of symptoms. We aimed at determining whether measurements of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) may enable their differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We enrolled 14 patients with SCA1, 11 with SCA2, and 9 age-matched controls. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed on a 1.5T scanner, with b = 1000s/mm2 and 12 directions. ADC and FA were measured by means of regions of interest, positioned in the corticospinal tract at the level of the cerebral peduncle and at the level of the pons, in the transverse pontine fibers, in the superior and middle cerebellar peduncle, and in the hemispheric cerebellar white matter. RESULTS: With respect to controls, the ADC was significantly elevated in the middle cerebellar peduncle and in hemispheric white matter in SCA1, and in all regions under consideration in SCA2. It was significantly higher in SCA2 than in SCA1 in all regions under consideration. With respect to controls, the FA was significantly reduced in all regions under consideration in SCA1 and in SCA2. It was significantly lower in SCA2 than in SCA1 in the transverse pontine fibers and in the corticospinal tract at the level of the cerebral peduncle. Correlations with clinical scores were found. CONCLUSIONS: DTI did not enable differentiation between SCA1 and SCA2. However, strongly significant differences between the 2 subtypes and with respect to controls and correlations with clinical scores were found.
Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project: long-term randomized trial in school-based tobacco use prevention--results on smoking.

BACKGROUND No long-term impact has yet been observed with the use of the social-influences approach to school-based smoking prevention for youth. However, whether this lack of impact is due to methodologic problems with the studies or to the failure of the interventions is unclear. The Hutchinson Smoking Prevention Project (HSPP), conducted from September 1984 through August 1999, aimed to attain the most rigorous randomized trial possible to determine the long-term impact of a theory-based, social-influences, grade 3-12 intervention on smoking prevalence among youth. METHODS Forty Washington school districts were randomly assigned to the intervention or to the control condition. Study participants were children enrolled in two consecutive 3rd grades in the 40 districts (n = 8388); they were followed to 2 years after high school. The trial achieved high implementation fidelity and 94% follow-up. Data were analyzed with the use of group-permutation methods, and all statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS No significant difference in prevalence of daily smoking was found between students in the control and experimental districts, either at grade 12 (difference [Delta] = 0.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -4.6% to 4.4%, and P =.91 for girls; Delta = 0.3%, 95% CI = -5.0% to 5.5%, and P =.89 for boys) or at 2 years after high school (Delta = -1.4%, 95% CI = -5.0% to 1.6%, and P =.38 for girls; Delta = 2.6%, 95% CI = -2.5% to 7.7%, and P =.30 for boys). Moreover, no intervention impact was observed for other smoking outcomes, such as extent of current smoking or cumulative amount smoked, or in subgroups that differ in a priori specified variables, such as family risk for smoking. CONCLUSION The rigor of the HSPP trial suggests high credence for the intervention impact results. Consistent with previous trials, there is no evidence from this trial that a school-based social-influences approach is effective in the long-term deterrence of smoking among youth.