Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The student activity meter for awareness and self-reflection

Visualization of user actions can be used in Technology Enhanced Learning to increase awareness for learners and teachers and to support self-reflection. In this paper, we present our Student Activity Meter that visualizes learner actions. We present four design iterations and results of both quantitative and qualitative evaluation studies in real-world settings that assess the usability, use and usefulness of different visualizations. Results indicate that our tool is useful for a variety of teacher and learner needs, including awareness of time spent and resource use. Tools like SAM can also be deployed in other settings that require awareness and self-reflection, e.g. in personal informatics and health monitoring, where motivated users will value the flexible mechanisms to analyze trending data.
Muscle filament spacing and short‐term heavy‐resistance exercise in humans.

1. Six weeks of a dynamic heavy‐resistance training of the quadriceps muscle in healthy young men resulted in a continuous increase in muscle strength, in an increase in muscle cross‐sectional area (significant only in the second half of the training period) and in an increase in radiological density of the muscle tissue of 3.1% (2P less than 0.001) in the first three weeks and 1.6% (2P less than 0.01) in the second three weeks. 2. The linear distance between myosin filaments (38.7 +/‐ 0.3 nm before, 38.7 +/‐ 0.4 nm after training; mean +/‐ S.E.M.) as well as the ratio of actin to myosin filaments (3.94 +/‐ 0.03 before, 3.86 +/‐ 0.06 after training) did not change with training. 3. These results refute the concept that the increases in muscle strength or radiological density during short‐term heavy‐resistance training are caused by changes in myofilament spacing.
Subjective reactions to a sentencing hearing in the NSW Children's Court

This paper reports the results of a quantitative study conducted in Sydney that investigated subjective reactions to an appearance before the NSW Children’s Court. A total of 206 young people were interviewed following their sentencing hearing using a questionnaire that measured the extent to which they perceived their sentence to be a deterrent, the extent to which they felt stigmatised or reintegrated by the experience (Braithwaite, 1989), and finally, whether they felt they had been treated fairly. In general, the participants of this study did not perceive their sentence to be severe. They reported low levels of stigmatisation and moderate levels of reintegration. They also believed they had, on the whole, been treated fairly by the court.
Receptivity to Distance Learnings The Effect of Technology, Reputation, Constraints, and Learning Preferences

Abstract Recent growth in distance learning (DL) represents a significant change to management education. Notwithstanding its importance, research on DL is at an early stage of development, particularly in understanding the effect of technology perceptions on students’ receptivity toward DL. This study of 399 students at two universities investigates the role of perceived technology usefulness, technological familiarity and accessibility, reputation, constraints, learning preferences, and demographic factors on prospective receptivity toward DL. The results reveal significant relationships between many of these variables and DL receptivity, suggesting new challenges and opportunities for educators. They also indicate that some traditionally held assumptions, for example those regarding accessibility, reputation, and constraints, may not be valid in the new high-tech DL environment. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Personal and contextual determinants of elite young athletes' persistence or dropping out over time

Two studies were conducted among elite young judokas to examine (a) whether those who persisted in national training centers (n=52) were different from dropouts (n=52) in their perceptions of coach‐, parent‐, and peer‐induced motivational climates, goal orientations, self‐perceptions, perceived competence, and intention of dropping out, and (b) whether these variables varied during the persisting athletes' (n=82) first 2 years in these centers. Compared with persisting athletes, dropouts perceived the roles of coaches, parents, and peers as less task‐involving, were less task‐oriented, and intended more to drop. The association of peer‐, coach‐, and parent‐induced task‐involving climates predicted athletes' persistence. During the 2 years, persisting athletes' perceptions of coach‐, parent‐, and peer‐induced task‐involving climates decreased, while perceptions of a coach‐induced ego‐involving climate and the intention of dropping out increased in spite of more positive self‐perceptions. Gender differences favoring males were observed for self‐perceptions only. These results stress the importance for all the agents of the athletes' social environment to promote task‐involving climates, because such climates appear to be naturally prone to degradation in the context of elite competition. The results also shed light on some high‐level athletes' characteristics regarding motivational dispositions and self‐concept.
Factors influencing emergency delays in acute stroke management.

OBJECTIVE Early admission to hospital with minimum delay is a prerequisite for successful management of acute stroke. We sought to determine our local pre- and in-hospital factors influencing this delay. PATIENTS AND METHODS Time from onset of symptoms to admission (admission time) was prospectively documented during a 6-month period (December 2004 to May 2005) in patients consecutively admitted for an acute focal neurological deficit presented at arrival and of presumed vascular origin. Mode of transportation, patient's knowledge and correct recognition of stroke symptoms were assessed. Physicians contacted by the patients or their relatives were interviewed. The influence of referral patterns on in-hospital delays was further evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 331 patients were included, 249 had an ischaemic and 37 a haemorrhagic stroke. Forty-five patients had a TIA with neurological symptoms subsiding within the first hours after admission. Median admission time was 3 hours 20 minutes. Transportation by ambulance significantly shortened admission delays in comparison with the patient's own means (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.6-3.7). The only other factor associated with reduced delays was awareness of stroke (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.9). Early in-hospital delays, specifically time to request CT-scan and time to call the neurologist, were shorter when the patient was referred by his family or to a lesser extent by an emergency physician than by the family physician (p < 0.04 and p < 0.01, respectively) and were shorter when he was transported by ambulance than by his own means (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Transportation by ambulance and referral by the patient or family significantly improved admission delays and early in-hospital management. Correct recognition of stroke symptoms further contributed to significant shortening of admission time. Educational programmes should take these findings into account.
Tracheal intubation with volatile induction and target bispectral index of 25 versus 40: A randomized clinical trial

Background and Aims: A target bispectral index (BIS) value of 40 is considered adequate for depth of anesthesia, but no consensus exists regarding BIS value for tracheal intubation without neuromuscular blocking drugs. The aim of this randomized, double-blinded study was to compare the total duration from sevoflurane induction to tracheal intubation at a BIS value of 25 or 40. Material and Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized and observer-blinded clinical trial. After approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent, 80 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I-II, aged 20-60 years, of either sex, requiring general anesthesia with tracheal intubation were enrolled. The patients were randomized to either Group BIS40-intubation at a target BIS value of 40 ± 5 or group BIS25-intubation at a target BIS value of 25 ± 5. The intubating conditions, hemodynamic, and adverse effects were observed in both the groups. Results: This study showed that the total time required from induction to tracheal intubation was 4.9 ± 0.9 min in group BIS40 as compared to 6.3 ± 0.5 min in group BIS25 (P = 0.001) using two-tailed sample t-test. The mean intubation score was 6.5 ± 0.9 in group BIS40, and 5.1 ± 0.7 in group BIS25 (P = 0.001) using Mann-Whitney U-test. Conclusion: The time to achieve target BIS value of 25 was greater as compared to target BIS value of 40 during sevoflurane induction but provided better intubating conditions in the absence of neuromuscular agents.
Does Classification of Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorder Patients Into Psychosocial Subgroups Predict Differential Treatment Responsiveness and 1-Year Outcomes After a Functional Restoration Program?

Objectives:The objectives of this study: (1) to assess whether Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI) profiles predicted differential responses to a functional restoration program (FRP) in chronic disabling occupational musculoskeletal disorder (CDOMD) patients; (2) to examine whether coping style improves following FRP; and (3) to determine whether discharge MPI profiles predict discharge psychosocial and 1-year socioeconomic outcomes. Methods:Consecutive CDOMD patients (N=716) were classified into Adaptive Coper (AC, n=209), Interpersonally Distressed (ID, n=154), Dysfunctional (DYS, n=310), and Anomalous (n=43) using the MPI, and reclassified at discharge. Profiles were compared on psychosocial measures and 1-year socioeconomic outcomes. An intent-to-treat sample analyzed the effect of drop-outs on treatment responsiveness. Results:The MPI classification significantly predicted program completion (P=0.001), although the intent-to-treat analyses found no significant effects of drop-out on treatment responsiveness. There was a significant increase in the number of patients who became AC or Anomalous at FRP discharge and a decrease in those who were ID or DYS. Patients who changed or remained as DYS at FRP discharge reported the highest levels of pain, disability, and depression. No significant interaction effect was found between MPI group and time for pain intensity or disability. All groups improved on psychosocial measures at discharge. DYS patients had decreased work retention and a greater health care utilization at 1 year. Conclusions:An FRP was clinically effective for CDOMD patients regardless of initial MPI profiles. The FRP modified profiles, with patients changing from negative to positive profiles. Discharge DYS were more likely to have poor 1-year outcomes. Those classified as Anomalous had a good prognosis for functional recovery similar to ACs.
Comparative acute toxicity of paroxetine and other antidepressants

Deliberate self-poisoning in a suicide attempt is a major clinical problem in depression; therefore, safety in overdosage is a fundamental requirement for a new antidepressant. Pharmacological potency offers no clinical advantage perse unless it is accompanied by an improvement in the ratio between the pharmacologically active and toxic dose levels. Cardiotoxicity due to their quinidine-like myocardial depressant action is one of the most frequent causes of death from tricyclic overdose (1). In specific animal studies, paroxetine has been shown to be quantitatively and qualitatively less toxic to the heart than amitriptyline (2). Furthermore, when infused into conscious rabbits, paroxetine is less potent than amitriptyline at inducing seizures, the minimal effective dose for paroxetine being 14.4mg/kg iv compared with 5.5mglkg iv for amitriptyline (3) . Consideration of the acute lethal doses of antidepressants after oral administration to animals compared with a therapeutic dose may also be of value in assessing the relative safety of an antidepressant in overdose.
Isolation of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria from Sediments Above the Deep-Subseafloor Aquifer

On a global scale, crustal fluids fuel a large part of the deep-subseafloor biosphere by providing electron acceptors for microbial respiration. In this study, we examined bacterial cultures from sediments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific (IODP Site U1301). The sediments comprise three distinctive compartments: an upper sulfate-containing zone, formed by bottom-seawater diffusion, a sulfate-depleted zone, and a second (∼140 m thick) sulfate-containing zone influenced by fluid diffusion from the basaltic aquifer. In order to identify and characterize sulfate-reducing bacteria, enrichment cultures from different sediment layers were set up, analyzed by molecular screening, and used for isolating pure cultures. The initial enrichments harbored specific communities of heterotrophic microorganisms. Strains affiliated to Desulfosporosinus lacus, Desulfotomaculum sp. , and Desulfovibrio aespoeensis were isolated only from the top layers (1.3–9.1 meters below seafloor, mbsf), while several strains of Desulfovibrio indonesiensis and a relative of Desulfotignum balticum were obtained from near-basement sediments (240–262 mbsf). Physiological tests on three selected strains affiliated to Dv. aespoeensis, Dv. indonesiensis, and Desulfotignum balticum indicated that all reduce sulfate with a limited number of short-chain n-alcohols or fatty acids and were able to ferment either ethanol, pyruvate, or betaine. All three isolates shared the capacity of growing chemolithotrophically with H2 as sole electron donor. Strain P23, affiliating with Dv. indonesiensis, even grew autotrophically in the absence of any organic compounds. Thus, H2 might be an essential electron donor in the deep-subseafloor where the availability of organic substrates is limited. The isolation of non-sporeforming sulfate reducers from fluid-influenced layers indicates that they have survived the long-term burial as active populations even after the separation from the seafloor hundreds of meters above.
Stress and depression in family carers following traumatic brain injury: the influence of beliefs about difficult behaviours

Objective: Difficult behaviours are significant contributors to the distress experienced by carers of people with a traumatic brain injury. This study investigated whether the beliefs carers hold about such behaviours also contribute to the distress. Design: Questionnaire survey. Participants: Forty family carers recruited from Headway, a traumatic brain injury support organization. Main measures: Zung's Self-Rating Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Social Support Questionnaire, a measure of the severity of difficult behaviours shown by the person cared for and two measures of carer beliefs about the behaviour (including the Controlling Beliefs Scale). Results: Higher depression and stress scores were associated with more severe behaviours and less social support. Carer belief in their own ability to control the behaviours was associated with less stress. Belief that the behaviour was under the control of the person with traumatic brain injury and/or was motivated by hostile intentions was associated with more depression but less stress. Taken together, severity of behaviour and social support accounted for about 19% of the variance in both depression and stress scores. Carer beliefs accounted for another 5% of the depression scores, and another 11% of the stress scores. Conclusions: The results were consistent with the idea that carer beliefs about difficult behaviour contribute to carer distress, but longitudinal and treatment studies are needed to establish causality.
Translational Research in Acute Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis Alcohol abuse and smoking alter inflammatory mediator production by pulmonary and systemic immune cells

Jeanette Gaydos, Alicia McNally, Ruixin Guo, R. William Vandivier, Philip L. Simonian, and Ellen L. Burnham Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado; Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado School of Public Health, Denver, Colorado; and Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
Systemic hypertension induced by hepatic overexpression of human preproendothelin-1 in rats.

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the regulation of vascular tone in various pathological conditions. To examine the effect of in vivo overexpression of the peptide in rats, we prepared recombinant adenovirus stocks encoding the human preproET-1 cDNA (Ad.ET-1) or Escherichia coli lacZ (Ad.betaGal), each driven by cytomegalovirus early promoter. Ad.ET-1 or Ad.betaGal was injected into the caudal vein of rats and the animals were studied under anesthesia 96 h later. Hepatic overexpression of the virus-derived human ET-1 mRNA was accompanied by a 13-fold elevation of liver ET-1 content in the Ad.ET-1 group. Circulating plasma ET-1 levels in the Ad.ET-1 group were sixfold higher than those in the Ad.betaGal group. Mean arterial blood pressure was increased by 28 mmHg in the Ad.ET-1 group as compared with the Ad.betaGal group. In the Ad.ET-1 group, intravenous infusion of the ET(A) receptor antagonist FR 139317 reduced the blood pressure to levels seen in the Ad.betaGal group, whereas the same antagonist did not significantly alter the blood pressure in the Ad.betaGal group. Intravenous infusion of the ET(B) receptor antagonist BQ-788 caused a small but significant increase in blood pressure in both groups. These findings demonstrate that endogenous overexpression of preproET-1, accompanied by an elevation of plasma ET-1 concentrations to the levels seen in pathophysiological states, can cause systemic hypertension through the activation of the ETA receptor.
Neuronal Receptor Activity–Modifying Protein 1 Promotes Energy Expenditure in Mice

OBJECTIVE Receptor activity–modifying proteins (RAMPs) 1, 2, and 3 are unusual accessory proteins that dictate the binding specificity of two G protein–coupled receptors involved in energy homeostasis: calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP) and amylin receptors. These proteins are expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS), including in the brain regions involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis, but the significance of CNS RAMPs in the control of energy balance remains unknown. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To examine the functional significance of modulating neuronal RAMP1, we assessed the effect of overexpressing human RAMP1 (hRAMP1) in the CNS on body energy balance. RESULTS Nestin/hRAMP1 transgenic mice have a remarkably decreased body weight associated with reduced fat mass and circulating leptin levels. The transgenic mice exhibited higher energy expenditure as indicated by increased oxygen consumption, body temperature, and sympathetic tone subserving brown adipose tissue (BAT). Consistent with this, the nestin/hRAMP1 transgenic mice had elevated BAT mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α and uncoupling protein 1 and 3, and these changes can be reversed by chronic blockade of sympathetic nervous system signaling. Furthermore, metabolic response to amylin was enhanced in the nestin/hRAMP1 mice whereas the response to CGRP was blunted, possibly the result of higher expression of CGRP in the CNS. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that CNS RAMP1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy homeostasis by promoting energy expenditure.
Nevus vascularis mixtus (cutaneous vascular twin nevi) associated with intracranial vascular malformation of the Dyke–Davidoff–Masson type in two patients

The term twin spotting refers to phenotypes characterized by the spatial and temporal co‐occurrence of two (or more) different nevi arranged in variable cutaneous patterns, and can be associated with extra‐cutaneous anomalies. Several examples of twin spotting have been described in humans including nevus vascularis mixtus, cutis tricolor, lesions of overgrowth, and deficient growth in Proteus and Elattoproteus syndromes, epidermolytic hyperkeratosis of Brocq, and the so‐called phacomatoses pigmentovascularis and pigmentokeratotica. We report on a 28‐year‐old man and a 15‐year‐old girl, who presented with a previously unrecognized association of paired cutaneous vascular nevi of the telangiectaticus and anemicus types (naevus vascularis mixtus) distributed in a mosaic pattern on the face (in both patients) and over the entire body (in the man) and a complex brain malformation (in both patients) consisting of cerebral hemiatrophy, hypoplasia of the cerebral vessels and homolateral hypertrophy of the skull and sinuses (known as Dyke–Davidoff–Masson malformation). Both patients had facial asymmetry and the young man had facial dysmorphism, seizures with EEG anomalies, hemiplegia, insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), autoimmune thyroiditis, a large hepatic cavernous vascular malformation, and left Legg‐Calvé‐Perthes disease (LCPD) [LCPD‐like presentation]. Array‐CGH analysis and mutation analysis of the RASA1 gene were normal in both patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impaired Recognition Memory in Monkeys after Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Region

Monkeys with lesions limited to the hippocampal region (the hippocampus proper, the dentate gyrus, and the subiculum) were impaired on two tasks of recognition memory: delayed nonmatching to sample and the visual paired-comparison task. Recognition memory was impaired in five different groups of monkeys, whether the lesions were made by an ischemic procedure, by radio frequency, or by ibotenic acid. The finding that the hippocampal region is essential for normal recognition memory performance is considered in the context of current ideas about the role of the hippocampus in declarative memory.
Differential Expression of Fas Ligand in Th1 and Th2 Cells Is Regulated by Early Growth Response Gene and NF-AT Family Members1

Inducible expression of Fas ligand (CD95 ligand) by activated T cells and the resulting apoptosis of CD95-bearing cells is a critical component of peripheral T cell homeostasis and cytotoxic effector mechanisms. Transcriptional control of the expression of Fas ligand has been attributed to a number of factors, including early growth response gene 2 (Egr2), Egr3, Sp1, and NF-AT, although a direct contribution of NF-AT is controversial. The present study confirms a role for Egr factors and indicates that NF-AT is essential for optimal expression of murine Fas ligand through a direct interaction with an NF-AT consensus element. The role of these factors was further defined by studying the differential expression of Fas ligand in Th1 and Th2 lines derived from DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice. EMSA analyses of a composite Egr/NF-AT site showed recruitment of Sp1 to this site in Th2 cells, but not in Th1 cells. Furthermore, gel-shift analyses demonstrated the binding of Egr1, 2, and 3 in Th2 cells and Egr1 and 2, but not Egr3 in Th1 cells at a known Egr site. Northern analysis corroborated the lack of Egr3 in Th1 cells. Differential usage of these transcription factors by Th1 and Th2 cells suggests a potential mechanism underlying the differential expression of Fas ligand by distinct T cell lineages.