Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Improving the comprehension of Canadian police cautions

In most English-speaking Western countries, individuals facing a police interview are presented with various legal rights through the delivery of a passage of text known as a police caution (or warning). Research has consistently shown that people struggle to fully understand the legal rights delivered through police cautions. The purpose of the current research was to improve the comprehension of Canadian police cautions by analyzing the cautions currently in use and identifying ways to alter their structure to increase comprehensibility. In Study 1, the complexity of 44 unique Canadian police cautions was assessed using five readability measures (Flesch-Kincaid reading level, sentence complexity, use of difficult words, use of infrequent words, and number of words). Results showed that seven (37%) of the right-to silence cautions (n=19) and none of the right-to-legal counsel cautions (n=25) reached acceptable cut-off levels for all t measures. In Study 2, participants (N=121) were presented with one of three cautions orally and asked to explain its meaning. Despite variations in complexity across the three cautions, participants understood approximately one-third of the information contained in the cautions. In Study 3, the extent to which modifying a police caution using three listenability factors (Instructions, Listing, and Explanation) improved comprehension was examined. Participants (N-60) were presented orally with one of eight cautions and asked to record their understanding of what they heard. Only the Explanations modification produced a significant effect, suggesting that repeating the information contained in the caution in different terms increased comprehension. Study 4 assessed the validity of the free recall measures used in the prior studies by presenting participants in one of three conditions (Created/Fully Modified caution, Calgary caution, Baseline/No caution) with an alternate free recall measure, true/false questions, and multiple-choice questions. Results from this study demonstrated the same, albeit smaller, effect as seen in free recall studies, and also identified several components of cautions that appear to be consistently misunderstood across all measures. The implications of this research for psychological research on comprehension of orally-delivered information are discussed, along with practical recommendations for improving the legal-counsel cautions currently used by Canadian police agencies.
Differential Sensitivity of the Cystic Fibrosis (CF)-associated Mutants G551D and G1349D to Potentiators of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Cl– Channel*

The genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by loss of function of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl– channel. Two CF mutants, G551D and G1349D, affect equivalent residues in the highly conserved LSGGQ motifs that are essential components of the ATP-binding sites of CFTR. Both mutants severely disrupt CFTR channel gating by decreasing mean burst duration (MBD) and prolonging greatly the interburst interval (IBI). To identify small molecules that rescue the gating defects of G551D- and G1349D-CFTR and understand better how these agents work, we used the patch clamp technique to study the effects on G551D- and G1349D-CFTR of phloxine B, pyrophosphate (PPi), and 2′-deoxy ATP (2′-dATP), three agents that strongly enhance CFTR channel gating. Phloxine B (5 μm) potentiated robustly G551D-CFTR Cl– channels by altering both MBD and IBI. In contrast, phloxine B (5 μm) decreased the IBI of G1349D-CFTR, but this effect was insufficient to rescue G1349D-CFTR channel gating. PPi (5 mm) potentiated weakly G551D-CFTR and was without effect on the G1349D-CFTR Cl– channel. However, by altering both MBD and IBI, albeit with different efficacies, 2′-dATP (1 mm) potentiated both G551D- and G1349D-CFTR Cl– channels. Using the ATP-driven nucleotide-binding domain dimerization model of CFTR channel gating, we suggest that phloxine B, PPi and 2′-dATP alter channel gating by distinct mechanisms. We conclude that G551D- and G1349D-CFTR have distinct pharmacological profiles and speculate that drug therapy for CF is likely to be mutation-specific.
A Critique of Critiques: Radical and Feminist Writings on Sport

This paper reviews and evaluates two critiques of sport. The radical critique argues that sport is authoritarian, excessively competitive and exclusionary. The feminist critique holds that sport is male-dominated and masculine in orientation. The critiques overlap in their emphases on social inequalities and instrumentality in sport and their advocacy of change. The analysis presented here argues that the radical critique is polemical and poorly formulated. The radicals' criticisms are reanalyzed in a discussion of the secularization and rationalization of sport. Thefeminist critique is insufficiently developed. Feminists who call for equality in sport and a diminution of the masculine orientation fail to explicate, respectively, the meaning of equality and the institutional features of'a revised model of sport. In recent years North American sport has increasingly come under attack. Indeed it seems that with the first major thrust of work in the sociology of sport in the mid to late 1960s, there also emerged an increasing volume of criticism of the place of sport in our society and of its structure and processes. This criticism has not abated, rather it has increased and the number of ills that have been decried have multiplied. For example, in 1968 Harry Edwards explored the problem of racism in The Revolt of the Black Athlete. Continuing into the seventies, in Rip Off the Big Game Paul Hoch provided an analysis of sport as a racist, militaristic, sexist and overly competitive support for a corrupt system of monopoly capitalism. The first textbook in the field, Edwards' Sociology of Sport, provided a more tempered but similarly critical view of sport. Orlick (a) and Orlick and Botterill have examined the competitive and aggressive world of children's sports and sport generally (Orlick, b). Now into the eighties, the assault on sport continues. A recent volume edited by Sabo and Runfola decries the ills of sport as a "masculine" institution.
Effects of Global Information Feedback on Diversity

Based on Axelrod's adaptive culture model, the effects of the distribution of global information feedback are examined in two simulations. The first model is the generalized other model, where the most preferred features are hypothesized to represent the mental model of the most ordinary person and have the same influential power as real neighbors. The second model is the filter model, where neighbors are influential only when their traits are concordant with the most common trait among whole agents. In both simulations, the global distribution of information facilitated an earlier convergence and maintenance of cultural diversity. These counterintuitive results suggest that information about a global society, for example mass media coverage, would provide support for a local minority.
Helplessness of empowerment: The joint effect of participative leadership and controllability attributional style on empowerment and performance

This study investigated how the controllability attributional style of an employee influences the effect of participative leadership on psychological empowerment and work performance. The controllability attributional style refers to the extent to which employees habitually attribute their negative organizational experiences such as failures and setbacks to controllable or uncontrollable causes. The results of two studies consistently showed that participative leadership had a weaker impact on employees’ psychological empowerment for those who had a low rather than high controllability attributional style. In Study 2, psychological empowerment was found to fully mediate the joint effect of participative leadership and the controllability attributional style on the objective work performance of employees measured a month later.
Normative Development in Transracial Adoptive Families: An Integration of the Literature and Implications for the Construction of a Theoretical Framework

Research on transracial adoption is limited by its overreliance on atheoretical research and the examination of children as the primary unit of analysis. There is also a significant lack of integration of approaches and empirical findings from disparate yet relevant literature. To better understand transracial adoption, this paper reviews and integrates the literature and offers a conceptual framework that can be used to examine the normative development of transracial adoptive families. Implications for practice and research are provided.
Alterations in Immunoreactive Proinsulin and Insulin Clearance Induced by Weight Loss in NIDDM

Subjects with overt non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) were studied in comparison to obese nondiabetic control subjects and patients with subclinical diabetes. Pancreatic insulin secretion rates were measured by deconvolution of peripheral C-peptide over a 24-h period while subjects consumed an isocaloric mixed diet. Subjects were then placed on caloric restriction for at least 6 weeks, during which time body weight fell by at least 10%. Refeeding with solid mixed meals was then resumed for at least 2 weeks until isocaloric intake was attained, and then the meal profiles were repeated. Before weight loss, insulin, C-peptide, and insulin secretion rates were significantly higher in subjects with subclinical diabetes than in the other two groups. Proinsulin concentrations were significantly greater in the two diabetic groups than in control subjects, but, when expressed as a percentage of the total insulin immunoreactivity, the differences were significant only in the group with overt diabetes. Weight loss because of hypocaloric feeding resulted in a significant increase in the rate of clearance of endogenously secreted insulin but did not affect the clearance of C-peptide. In obese subjects and those with subclinical diabetes, weight loss was associated with a reduction in insulin secretion rates, presumably as a result of improvements in insulin sensitivity. In patients with overt diabetes and hyperglycemia, weight loss improved β-cell responsiveness to glucose and was associated with an increase in insulin clearance and a reduction in proinsulin immunoreactivity. contribution of proinsulin to total insulin immunoreactivity, measurement of total insulin-like immunoreactivity alone may provide misleading information in comparing β-cell function before and after weight loss in patients with insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and diabetes.
Self and partner personality in intimate relationships

Two studies were conducted to examine the relations between both partners' personality and marital quality in married or cohabiting heterosexual couples. In Study 1 (N = 1380, or 690 couples), personality was assessed by means of the Dutch Personality Questionnaire, whereas in Study 2 (N = 564, or 282 couples) personality was assessed by means of the Five‐Factor Personality Inventory. We expected neuroticism to relate negatively, and extraversion positively, to marital quality. Furthermore, we expected that spouses would only marginally resemble each other with regard to personality, and that differences in personality would not affect marital quality, when controlling for the individual's levels of personality. All expectations were confirmed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Family Life Across the Border: Mexican Wives Left Behind:

The human migration process between any two countries has two components that are equally important: the migrant and the family left behind. Unfortunately, the latter component has not received the attention it deserves from researchers and service providers. This study was conducted with 202 Mexican women living in their country, married to immigrant workers residing in the United States. The purpose of the study was to investigate some of the psychosocial dynamics involved in the lives of women left behind as a consequence of their spouses' departure to the United States. Findings revealed that most of these women were satisfied with their husbands 'decision to migrate and with their own lives in Mexico. However, they experienced stress associated with the welfare of the absent husband, acquisition of new responsibilities and obligations, and family disintegration. Results are discussed within the sociocultural context of the communities where the women live.
Telling Stories About Global Climate Change

A theory of cyclical patterns in media coverage of environmental issues must account for more than intrinsic qualities of the issues themselves: Narrative factors must be considered. A content analysis of The New York Times and The Washington Post stories from 1980 to 1995 shows how media construct narratives about global warming and how these narratives may influence attention cycles. Empirically, the frequency of newspaper coverage shows cyclical attention to global warming. The content analysis further reveals that implied danger and consequences of global warming gain more prominence on the upswing of newspaper attention, whereas controversy among scientists receives greater attention in the maintenance phase. The economics of dealing with global warming also receive greater attention during the maintenance and downside of the attention cycle. The discussion offers a narrative explanation and suggests the outcome of the “master story” of global climate change may discourage future attention to global warming.
The effect of lip synching on musicians´ ability to detect errors in a choral score

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether lip synching (moving one's mouth but not making audible noise) would affect musicians' ability to detect errors in a choral score. University music education majors (N = 60) listened to eight excerpts of choral music that included purposefully inserted errors and were asked to (a) lip sync the text while listening to four of the excerpts, and (b) just to listen to the other four excerpts. They listed any errors they perceived in the score. Results indicated that lip synching had no effect on musicians' ability to detect errors (p > .05). Participants correctly identified significantly more errors in the soprano line than in the bass line (p < .001). There was a significant three-way interaction between order, lip-sync condition, and voicing, indicating that participants performed better on the second task, irrespective of lip-sync condition, but only with soprano errors.
Amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation predicts treatment response to cognitive behaviour therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder

Background Although cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is the treatment of choice for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), approximately half of patients do not respond to CBT. No studies have investigated the capacity for neural responses during fear processing to predict treatment response in PTSD. Method Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses of the brain were examined in individuals with PTSD (n=14). fMRI was examined in response to fearful and neutral facial expressions presented rapidly in a backwards masking paradigm adapted for a 1.5 T scanner. Patients then received eight sessions of CBT that comprised education, imaginal and in vivo exposure, and cognitive therapy. Treatment response was assessed 6 months after therapy completion. Results Seven patients were treatment responders (defined as a reduction of 50% of pretreatment scores) and seven were non-responders. Poor improvement after treatment was associated with greater bilateral amygdala and ventral anterior cingulate activation in response to masked fearful faces. Conclusions Excessive fear responses in response to fear-eliciting stimuli may be a key factor in limiting responses to CBT for PTSD. This excessive amygdala response to fear may reflect difficulty in managing anxiety reactions elicited during CBT, and this factor may limit optimal response to therapy.
The e-learning readiness of teachers in Hong Kong

There is a common understanding that the twenty-first century will be a more globalized and knowledge-based era. In response to this rapid change, Hong Kong is trying to transform itself into an information society. A lot of education reforms were implemented in schools in the past few years. Having learn the lesson from the first IT plan (1998-2003), the Education and Manpower Bureau (EMB) released its second information technology strategic plan, focusing on the real change of pedagogy, the promotion of life-long learning and e-learning, the use of wireless technology as the extension of the existing wired network, and the new roles of parents as well as students in the life-long learning environment. This research aims at studying readiness of Hong Kong teachers regarding e-learning. Results indicate that teachers in Hong Kong are not very prepared to use e-learning technologies for teaching and learning. There are differences in readiness perceived between male and females, secondary school teachers and primary school teachers, and teachers of different secondary schools of different bandings.
Transcription Dependence and the Roles of Two Excision Repair Pathways for UV Damage in Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe *

Fission yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe possess two types of excision repair systems for UV-induced DNA damage, nucleotide excision repair (NER) and UV-damaged DNA endonuclease (UVDE)-dependent excision repair (UVER). Despite its high efficiency in damage removal, UVER defects have less effect on UV survival than NER defects. To understand the differential roles of two pathways, we examined strand-specific damage removal at the myo2 and rpb2 loci. Although NER removes cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from the transcribed strand more rapidly than from the nontranscribed strand, UVER repairs cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers equally on both strands and at a much higher rate than NER. The low rate of damage removal from the nontranscribed strand in the absence of UVER indicates inefficient global genome repair (GGR) in this organism and a possible function of UVER as an alternative to GGR. Disruption of rhp26, the S. pombe homolog of CSB/RAD26, eliminated the strand bias of NER almost completely and resulted in a significant increase of UV sensitivity of cells in a uvdeΔ background. We suggest that the combination of transcription-coupled repair of NER and rapid UVER contributes to UV survival in growing S. pombe cells, which is accomplished by transcription-coupled repair and GGR in other organisms.
The chlamydia screening studies: rationale and design

Background: Screening has been recommended to reduce the prevalence and morbidity associated with genital chlamydia infection in the United Kingdom. Methods: We describe the rationale and study design of the Chlamydia Screening Studies (ClaSS), a collaborative project designed to evaluate screening outside genitourinary medicine clinics. A non-selective, active screening approach in 16–39 year olds randomly sampled from 27 general practice lists in the Bristol and Birmingham areas formed the basis of interlinked studies: a case-control study was used to investigate factors to improve the targeting of screening; participants with chlamydia were invited to enrol in a randomised controlled trial to evaluate partner notification conducted in primary care; and laboratory based studies were used to assess the best specimens and tests. We also explored psychosocial effects of screening and partner notification and modelled the cost effectiveness of the programme. Conclusion: Results from four pilot practices show that mailing of specimens for chlamydia testing is feasible but that it is difficult to achieve high response rates with postal screening. The high prevalence of asymptomatic infection in men suggests that efforts to screen men for chlamydia should be strengthened.
Assessing Goodness of Fit: Simple Rules of Thumb Simply Do Not Work

Confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) models are frequently used in many areas of organizational research. Due to their popularity, CFA models and issues about their fit have received a vast amount of attention during the past several decades. The purpose of this study was to examine several measures of fit and the appropriateness of previously developed ‘‘rules of thumb’’ for their interpretation. First, an empirical example is used to illustrate the effects of nonnormality on maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and to demonstrate the importance of diagonally weighted least squares (DWLS) estimation for organizational research. Then, the results of a simulation study are presented to show that appropriate cutoff values for DWLS estimation vary considerably across conditions. Finally, regression equations are described to aid researchers in selecting cutoff values for assessing the fit of DWLS solutions, given a desired level of Type I error. The results summarized here have important implications for the interpretation and use of CFA models.
Impact of perceptions about children and procreation on family-planning practices

Objective: The present study looks at how family-planning (FP) practices might be influenced by perceptions about children and procreation. We hypothesised that adding the perceived value of children and procreation to Ajzen’s 1985 model would improve its predictive power. Method: Two hundred and seventy Nigerian women, 120 living in an urban area and 150 living in a rural area, answered a questionnaire about their use of FP. The questionnaire contained items assessing the variables found in Ajzen’s model (attitude, perceived control, subjective norms, intention) as well as items assessing perceptions about children and procreation. Results: The results confirmed that child-related perceptions improved predictions for both rural and urban women (improvements of 2.4% and 2.8%, respectively). They also had an effect on FP practices. More specifically, the more positive a woman’s perceptions of children, the less inclined she was to engage in FP. Conclusions: Recommendations are made in view of taking this variable into account in FP promotion programmes.
Comparison of hepatitis B vaccine coverage and effectiveness among urban and rural Mongolian 2-year-olds.

BACKGROUND The prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) carriage in Mongolia is reported to be 14%. Universal HBV immunization of newborns has been shown to decrease carriage in Asian populations. Mongolia began universal newborn vaccination in 1991. This evaluation of vaccine coverage and effectiveness compares the success of the program between urban and nomadic rural populations. METHODS Using random cluster sampling, 148 Mongolian 2-year-olds from seminomadic rural families were compared with 127 2-year-olds from Ulaanbaatar, the capital city. RESULTS More than 95% of all subjects received hepatitis B vaccine although rural subjects were less likely to complete the series than were urban subjects. Adequate vaccine response differed significantly: 94.2% of urban subjects versus only 70.2% of rural subjects had protective anti-HBs levels (P < 0.001). Overall the proportion of hepatitis B infection in both samples was lower than the historical Mongolian prevalence. However, unexpectedly 40% of subjects in rural Bayanhongor Aimag (Province) were found to be HBsAg positive. CONCLUSION The Mongolian infant vaccination program for hepatitis B is successfully reducing the rate of chronic carriage in the immunized generation. However, vaccine response among rural subjects is less than that among urban. There appears to be a pocket of high disease prevalence in Bayanhongor that requires further study.