Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on GABAergic interneurons evoke dendritic and somatic inhibition of hippocampal neurons.

GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus express high levels of alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, but because of the diverse roles played by hippocampal interneurons, the impact of activation of these receptors on hippocampal output neurons (i.e., CA1 pyramidal cells) is unclear. Activation of hippocampal interneurons could directly inhibit pyramidal neuron activity but could also produce inhibition of other GABAergic cells leading to disinhibition of pyramidal cells. To characterize the inhibitory circuits activated by these receptors, exogenous acetylcholine was applied directly to CA1 interneurons in hippocampal slices, and the resulting postsynaptic responses were recorded from pyramidal neurons or interneurons. Inhibitory currents mediated by GABA(A) receptors were observed in 27/131 interneuron/pyramidal cell pairs, but no instances of disinhibition of spontaneous inhibitory events or GABA(B) receptor-mediated responses were observed. Two populations of bicuculline-sensitive GABA(A) receptor-mediated currents could be distinguished based on their kinetics and amplitude. Anatomical reconstructions of the interneurons in a subset of connected pairs support the hypothesis that these two populations correspond to inhibitory synapses located either on the somata or dendrites of pyramidal cells. In 11 interneuron/interneuron cell pairs, one presynaptic neuron was observed that produced strong inhibitory currents in several nearby interneurons, suggesting that disinhibition of pyramidal neurons may also occur. All three types of inhibitory responses (somatic-pyramidal, dendritic-pyramidal, and interneuronal) were blocked by the alpha7 receptor-selective antagonist methyllycaconitine. These data suggest activation of these functionally distinct circuits by alpha7 receptors results in significant inhibition of both hippocampal pyramidal neurons as well as interneurons.
Thyroid Hormone Upregulates Hypothalamic kiss2 Gene in the Male Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus

Kisspeptin has recently been recognized as a critical regulator of reproductive function in vertebrates. During the sexual development, kisspeptin neurons receive sex steroids feedback to trigger gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons. In teleosts, a positive correlation has been found between the thyroid status and the reproductive status. However, the role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of kisspeptin system remains unknown. We cloned and characterized a gene encoding kisspeptin (kiss2) in a cichlid fish, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Expression of kiss2 mRNA in the brain was analyzed by in situ hybridization. The effect of thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine, T3) and hypothyroidism with methimazole (MMI) on kiss2 and the three GnRH types (gnrh1, gnrh2, and gnrh3) mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Expression of thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs were analyzed in laser-captured kisspeptin and GnRH neurons by RT-PCR. The kiss2 mRNA expressing cells were seen in the nucleus of the lateral recess in the hypothalamus. Intraperitoneal administration of T3 (5 μg/g body weight) to sexually mature male tilapia significantly increased kiss2 and gnrh1 mRNA levels at 24 h post injection (P < 0.001), while the treatment with an anti-thyroid, MMI (100 ppm for 6 days) significantly reduced kiss2 and gnrh1 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). gnrh2, gnrh3, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone mRNA levels were insensitive to the thyroid hormone manipulations. Furthermore, RT-PCR showed expression of thyroid hormone receptor mRNAs in laser-captured GnRH neurons but not in kiss2 neurons. This study shows that GnRH1 may be directly regulated through thyroid hormone, while the regulation of Kiss2 by T3 is more likely to be indirect.
Transonic Hydrodynamic Escape of Hydrogen from Extrasolar Planetary Atmospheres

Hydrodynamic escape is an important process in the formation and evolution of planetary atmospheres. Transonic steady state solutions of the time-independent hydrodynamic equations are difficult to find because of the existence of a singularity point. A numerical model is developed to study the hydrodynamic escape of neutral gas from planetary atmospheres by solving the time-dependent hydrodynamic equations. The model is validated against an analytical solution of the escape from an isothermal atmosphere. The model uses a two-dimensional energy deposition calculation instead of the single-layer heating assumption, which is not sufficiently accurate for hydrodynamic escape from a hydrogen-rich planetary atmosphere. When applied to the atmospheres of extrasolar planets, the model results are in good agreement with observations of the transiting extrasolar planet HD 209458b. The model predicts that hydrogen is escaping from HD 209458b at a maximum rate of 6 × 1010 g s-1. The extrasolar planet is stable under the hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen. The rate of hydrogen hydrodynamic escape from other possible extrasolar planets is investigated using the model. The importance of hydrogen hydrodynamic escape for the long-term evolution of extrasolar planets is discussed. Simulation shows that through hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen, a planet at the orbit of Mercury (0.4 AU) and with 0.5 Uranus mass can lose about 10% of its mass within 850 million yr if the solar EUV radiation is 10 times the present level. This calculation provides an indication of how Mercury may have evolved during the early days of the solar system.
Online Dynamic Voltage Scaling using Task Graph Mapping Analysis for Multiprocessors

This paper presents a run-time slack distribution strategy for precedence constrained task graphs mapped on to a voltage scalable multiprocessor platform. Online dynamic voltage scaling techniques use the slack formed due to early finish of tasks and lower the supply voltage suitably so that energy reduction is achieved while meeting the worst-case deadline of the task graph. Given a task graph mapping on a multiprocessor, the proposed offline analysis phase calculates expected slack and expected computation ahead of each task. The online voltage scheduler uses these values and the current slack to decide the voltage and frequency of execution of the next scheduled task in order to minimize expected energy dissipation. Results show improvement in average energy saving with this methodology over most of the presently known online techniques
Expressed Sequence Tag-Based Gene Expression Analysis under Aluminum Stress in Rye1,212

To understand the mechanisms responsible for aluminum (Al) toxicity and tolerance in plants, an expressed sequence tag (EST) approach was used to analyze changes in gene expression in roots of rye (Secale cereale L. cv Blanco) under Al stress. Two cDNA libraries were constructed (Al stressed and unstressed), and a total of 1,194 and 774 ESTs were generated, respectively. The putative proteins encoded by these cDNAs were uncovered by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches, and those ESTs showing similarity to proteins of known function were classified according to 13 different functional categories. A total of 671 known function genes were used to analyze the gene expression patterns in rye cv Blanco root tips under Al stress. Many of the previously identified Al-responsive genes showed expression differences between the libraries within 6 h of Al stress. Certain genes were selected, and their expression profiles were studied during a 48-h period using northern analysis. A total of 13 novel genes involved in cell elongation and division (tonoplast aquaporin and ubiquitin-like protein SMT3), oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, and ascorbate peroxidase), iron metabolism (iron deficiency-specific proteins IDS3a, IDS3b, and IDS1; S-adenosyl methionine synthase; and methionine synthase), and other cellular mechanisms (pathogenesis-related protein 1.2, heme oxygenase, and epoxide hydrolase) were demonstrated to be regulated by Al stress. These genes provide new insights about the response of Al-tolerant plants to toxic levels of Al.
Attenuation of Herpes Simplex Virus Neurovirulence with Picornavirus cis-Acting Genetic Elements

ABSTRACT Viral pathogenesis depends on a suitable milieu in target host cells permitting viral gene expression, propagation, and spread. In many instances, viral genomes can be manipulated to select for propagation in certain tissues or cell types. This has been achieved for the neurotropic poliovirus (PV) by exchange of the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES), which is responsible for translation of the uncapped plus-strand RNA genome. The IRES of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) confers neuron-specific replication deficits to PV but has no effect on viral propagation in malignant glioma cells. We report here that placing the critical γ134. 5 virulence genes of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) under translation control of the HRV2 IRES results in neuroattenuation in mice. In contrast, IRES insertion permits HSV propagation in malignant glioma cell lines that do not support replication of HSV recombinants carrying γ134. 5 deletions. Our observations indicate that the conditions for alternative translation initiation at the HRV2 IRES in malignant glioma cells differ from those in normal central nervous system (CNS) cells. Picornavirus regulatory sequences mediating cell type-specific gene expression in the CNS can be utilized to target cancerous cells at the level of translation regulation outside their natural context.
MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF HUMAN LIVER AND ITS SURGICAL IMPORTANCE

Address for Correspondence: Dr Sachin.Patil, Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, Bahadhur shah zafar marg, New Delhi-110002, India. Phone: +919650844727. E-Mail: drsachin6880@gmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1, 2 Senior Resident, 3 Director, Professor. Department Of Anatomy, Maulana azad medical college, New Delhi, India. Background: The liver is largest abdominal viscera located in right hypochondrium ,epigastrium and left hypochondrium in upper abdominal cavity. Although the segmental anatomy of the liver has been extensively researched, very few studies have dealt with surface variations of the liver. The major fissures are important landmarks for interpreting the lobar anatomy and locating the liver lesions. Purpose: The purpose of our study was to determine gross anatomical variations of liver and their clinical and surgical implications. Methods and Results: Present morphological study was conducted on 50 embalmed human livers in the Department of Anatomy, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi,India. Different variations in lobes, fissures and accessory lobes or fissures were observed. The liver specimens were also classified according to netter’s six types of liver variations. Conclusion: The findings of our study may be helpful for surgeons and radiologist to avoid possible errors in interpretations and subsequent misdiagnosis, and to assist in planning appropriate surgical approaches.
Parentage analysis detects cryptic precapture dispersal in a philopatric rodent

Locating birthplaces using genetic parentage determination can increase the precision and accuracy with which animal dispersal patterns are established. We re‐analyse patterns of movement away from the birthplace as a function of time, sex and population density for a sample of 303 banner‐tailed kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis. We located birth sites using a combination of likelihood‐based parentage analysis with live‐trapping of mothers during the breeding season. The results demonstrate that natal‐breeding site distances are density dependent in this species; in particular, both sexes emigrate earlier in the year, and females disperse farther than males, at low population densities. Banner‐tailed kangaroo rats were chosen as a study system because live‐trapping easily detects maternal and offspring locations; nevertheless, parentage analysis reveals that some offspring evade early detection and move substantial distances before their first capture. In a few cases, the approach even detects dispersal out of the natal ‘deme’ prior to first capture. Parentage analysis confirms the extreme philopatry of both sexes but indicates that prior estimates of median dispersal distance were too low. For D. spectabilis, more accurate location of individual birthplaces clarifies patterns of sex bias and density dependence in dispersal, and may resolve apparent discrepancies between direct and indirect estimates of dispersal distance. For species in which mothers can be more reliably trapped than juveniles, using offspring genotypes to locate parents is a novel way that genetic techniques can contribute to the analysis of animal dispersal.
The geometry, kinematics, and reactivation history of major fault systems in eastern Australia: implications for deformation phases from the Permian to Cenozoic

The Texas and Coffs-Harbour oroclines are defined by a Z-shaped curvature in the southern New England Orogen (eastern Australia), but the geometry and kinematics of faults around these oroclines, as well as their possible role during oroclinal bending has hitherto not been understood. Using aeromagnetic and radiometric data, as well as field observations, the pattern, geometry, and kinematics of fault systems have been investigated. Fault traces with a strike-slip component are oriented parallel to the curved magnetic and structural fabrics of the Texas and Coffs-Harbour oroclines. The observed kinematics of NW-striking faults is sinistral or sinistral-reverse, whereas NNEand NE-striking faults indicate dextral or dextral-reverse kinematics. The timing(s) of faulting are not well constrained, but the ubiquitous recognition of orocline-parallel faults may suggest that a flexural slip mechanism operated during oroclinal bending in the Early-Middle Permian (~299-265 Ma). Observations from this work and recent studies show that many of the orocline-parallel strikeslip faults were reactivated during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, as indicated by the recognition of displaced Triassic granitoids, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks, and Cenozoic basalts.
How culture influences perspective taking: differences in correction, not integration

Individuals from East Asian (Chinese) backgrounds have been shown to exhibit greater sensitivity to a speaker’s perspective than Western (U.S.) participants when resolving referentially ambiguous expressions. We show that this cultural difference does not reflect better integration of social information during language processing, but rather is the result of differential correction: in the earliest moments of referential processing, Chinese participants showed equivalent egocentric interference to Westerners, but managed to suppress the interference earlier and more effectively. A time-series analysis of visual-world eye-tracking data found that the two cultural groups diverged extremely late in processing, between 600 and 1400 ms after the onset of egocentric interference. We suggest that the early moments of referential processing reflect the operation of a universal stratum of processing that provides rapid ambiguity resolution at the cost of accuracy and flexibility. Late components, in contrast, reflect the mapping of outputs from referential processes to decision-making and action planning systems, allowing for a flexibility in responding that is molded by culturally specific demands.
Light transformations in metallo-dielectric nanolayers

Sub-wavelength imaging is an important beam transformation operation obtained with metallo-dielectric multilayers at visible wavelengths. However, other spatial transformations may be realised in similar structures as well. They range from imaging and differentiation to beam splitting and for two-dimensional signals also to polarisation coupling, as well as more sophisticated operations. Such transformations may be described as linear filtering of the optical spatial spectrum with a filter function of the wavelength-order size. Our numerical analysis is based on the plane-wave decomposition, transfer matrix method, and the modeling of the vectorial pulse spread function.
Natural variability in the distribution, loading and induced scour of large wood in sand‐bed forest streams

Characteristics of large wood and its influence on bed scour and pool formation have been investigated in four sand‐bed forest streams in southeastern Australia. Sites included high‐energy bedrock‐confined streams near Sydney and medium to low energy partially terrace‐confined streams on the south coast of NSW and in East Gippsland, Victoria. Total large wood loadings were inversely correlated with bankfull specific stream power. At the two lower energy sites, up to 18% of the total large wood volume comprised Tristaniopsis laurina trees living within the channel. At all sites, the majority of large wood pieces were small in length and diameter. However, the overall large wood volume was dominated by larger pieces. At the two lower energy sites less than 3% of large wood pieces formed part of debris dams, the majority occurring as individual logs. Debris dams were absent from the higher energy sites. The length of channel classified as pool habitat and the amount of head loss over log‐steps were positively correlated with large wood loading. A greater proportion of large wood pieces was aligned parallel to the flow at the higher energy sites. Such characteristics significantly influenced the type and extent of pools present. Longitudinal, bedrock and boulder scour pools were dominant at the bedrock‐confined sites, while transverse scour pools, log‐step pools and debris dam pools were dominant at the less laterally confined sites. The log‐affected pools were significantly smaller, in terms of length and maximum depth, at three of the study sites, than the non‐log‐affected pools. However, this study indicates that reintroduction of large wood into sand‐bed streams will increase bed scour, pool formation and hydraulic diversity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among elderly people in 11 European populations

Study objective: To describe mortality inequalities related to education and housing tenure in 11 European populations and to describe the age pattern of relative and absolute socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in the elderly European population. Design and Methods: Data from mortality registries linked with population census data of 11 countries and regions of Europe were acquired for the beginning of the 1990s. Indicators of socioeconomic status were educational level and housing tenure. The study determined mortality rate ratios, relative indices of inequality (RII), and mortality rate differences. The age range was 30 to 90+ years. Analyses were performed on the pooled European data, including all populations, and on the data of populations separately. Data were included from Finland, Norway, Denmark, England and Wales, Belgium, France, Austria, Switzerland, Barcelona, Madrid, and Turin. Main results: In Europe (populations pooled) relative inequalities in mortality decreased with increasing age, but persisted. Absolute educational mortality differences increased until the ages 90+. In some of the populations, relative inequalities among older women were as large as those among middle aged women. The decline of relative educational inequalities was largest in Norway (men and women) and Austria (men). Relative educational inequalities did not decrease, or hardly decreased with age in England and Wales (men), Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, and Turin (women). Conclusions: Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality among older men and women were found to persist in each country, sometimes of similar magnitude as those among the middle aged. Mortality inequalities among older populations are an important public health problem in Europe.
Variations in water and CO2 fluxes over a saline desert in western China

We studied the variations in water and carbon dioxide fluxes of a saline desert in western China using the eddy covariance technique. In addition, bare‐soil evaporation was measured using the micro‐lysimeter method. The following three inquiries were made: (1) the magnitude of evapotranspiration (ET) and net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) and how these components vary seasonally; (2) how NEE and ET vary following rain pulses of different magnitudes; and (3) how ET divides into evaporation and transpiration and its relationship to carbon dioxide exchange. The saline desert acted as a net C sink of − 49 g C m−2 year−1, with a gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) of 345 g C m−2 year−1 and an ecosystem respiration (Reco) of 296 g C m−2 year−1. Rainfall pulses exerted strong control over ecosystem‐scale water and CO2 fluxes. There was a 1 to 2 days lag in maximal ET despite the magnitude of rainfall pulses, while NEE took 4–5 days to reach its peak if the rainfall was large enough to increase the photosynthetic activity of vascular plants. Overall, the ratio of total transpiration to ET was 38%, but it was about 92% during the months when the vascular plants were active. The NEE was increasingly more negative as the growing season progressed, indicating a greater net uptake of CO2 and a greater water use efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets: dental findings and histologic study of teeth.

A case of familial hypophosphatemic vitamin D-resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) accompanied by specific systemic and dental findings is reported. A 15-year-old boy with XLH visited our facility complaining of a toothache in the left lower canine region. Two other family members of the patient, his younger sister and their mother, also had XLH, whereas the other 2 members, his younger brother and father, are healthy. Those with XLH show systemic signs of the disease, such as growth retardation, limb deformity, and spinal curvature disorders; however, these symptoms are more severe in the patient than in the others. The patient had multiple periodontal abscesses, but no evidence of dental caries, trauma, or periodontal disease on the corresponding teeth at the time of his oral examination. A radiographic examination showed root dysplasia and enlarged pulp chambers.A histologic examination of an extracted third molar showed marked globular dentin and an increased predentin width. The abscess was thought to be caused by pulpal infection, which came from bacterial invasion through enamel cracks and dentinal microcleavage of the teeth. The treatments provided in this case are discussed.
Ampicillin Resistance and Outcome Differences in Acute Antepartum Pyelonephritis

Objective. To measure the incidence of ampicillin-resistant uropathogens in acute antepartum pyelonephritis and to determine if patients with resistant organisms had different clinical outcomes. Study design. This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study of pregnant women admitted with pyelonephritis, diagnosed by standard clinical and laboratory criteria. All patients received ampicillin and gentamicin. Results. We identified 440 cases of acute pyelonephritis. Seventy-two percent (316 cases) had urine cultures with identification of organism and antibiotic sensitivities. Fifty-one percent of uropathogens were ampicillin resistant. The patients with ampicillin-resistant organisms were more likely to be older and multiparous. There were no significant differences in hospital course (length of stay, days of antibiotics, ECU admission, or readmission). Patients with ampicillin-resistant organisms did not have higher complication rates (anemia, renal dysfunction, respiratory insufficiency, or preterm birth). Conclusion. A majority of uropathogens were ampicillin resistant, but no differences in outcomes were observed in these patients.