Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognition is a matter of trust: Distrust tunes cognitive processes

The current review proposes that exposure to a specific untrustworthy source of information engages a mode of thought—a distrust mindset—that is also evoked by incidental distrust contexts and by personality characteristics. The review summarises empirical research demonstrating that—in contrast to trust, which leads to the familiar congruent type of cognitive processes—distrust triggers a spontaneous activation of alternatives and incongruent associations for a given concept. These alternatives dilute the activation level of the given concept, indicating that our mind can spontaneously stop the congruent-processing flow. Consequently, distrust blocks congruent effects such as confirmatory biases, accessibility effects, stereotyping, and routine reasoning. Thus, the review suggests that the basic flow of our cognition is (dis)trust dependent. The review concludes with a discussion of the effect of the distrust mindset as a demonstration of (1) situated cognition and (2) a spontaneous negation process.
Reduction of Four-Wave-Mixing Crosstalk in a Short Fiber-Optical Parametric Amplifier

Four-wave-mixing crosstalk in a fiber-optical parametric amplifier has been reduced by 16 dB by decreasing the fiber length from 340 to 50 m, and increasing the pump power to maintain the gain at 20 dB. In this letter, numerical simulations using the split-step Fourier method are presented, showing consistency with experimental observations.
Sublexical modulation of simultaneous language activation in bilingual visual word recognition: The role of syllabic units

We addressed the question of whether syllabic units of the presented language would activate words containing these syllables in the nonpresented language. In two lexical decision experiments using Spanish and German words presented to two groups of late Spanish–German and German–Spanish bilinguals and to two monolingual control groups, target words’ syllable-frequency in the nonpresented language was manipulated. Inhibitory effects of syllable-frequency in the nonpresented language were found only when Spanish–German bilinguals read German L2 words– suggesting that L2 sublexical syllabic units activated L1 syllabic neighbors’ representations that would interfere with L2 target processing. On the contrary, no inhibitory effects but rather a facilitation tendency due to syllable-frequency from the nonpresented German language was obtained for both groups of bilinguals reading Spanish words. This dissociation concerning the spread of activation from sublexical units to lexical representations from bilinguals’ two languages is discussed in terms of structural differences between the two languages.
Human Organic Anion Transporters 1 (hOAT1/SLC22A6) and 3 (hOAT3/SLC22A8) Transport Edaravone (MCI-186; 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one) and Its Sulfate Conjugate

3-Methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (MCI-186; edaravone), a novel free radical scavenger, is used for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. After marketing, a few cases of acute renal failure were reported in patients following treatment with this drug. Because edaravone is mainly excreted into the urine following conjugation to glucuronide or sulfate, the renal excretion mechanisms of edaravone should help provide important information when considering the clinical cases. We examined the transport of edaravone and its sulfate and glucuronide conjugates via human organic anion transporter 1 (hOAT1) and 3 (hOAT3), expressed on the basolateral membranes of proximal tubules. The hOAT1- and hOAT3-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells exhibited a markedly higher uptake of edaravone sulfate and a slightly higher uptake of edaravone than vector-transfected cells. The Km values of edaravone sulfate uptake by hOAT1 and hOAT3 were 11 and 15 μM, respectively. Estimation of the relative contribution of hOAT1 and hOAT3 using reference compounds suggested that hOAT1 and hOAT3 might contribute to the renal uptake of edaravone sulfate to the same extent. However, edaravone and its sulfate showed no cytotoxicity toward both hOAT1-HEK and control cells, suggesting that higher uptake in hOAT1-HEK did not associate with cytotoxicity of these compounds. In conclusion, our results suggest that both hOAT1 and hOAT3 are responsible for the basolateral uptake of edaravone sulfate in the kidney.
Female Perpetrators of Partner Aggression

Summary The topic of female partner aggression has been a controversial focus of debate over the past 25 years, and yet we lack a coherent body of literature that effectively describes the phenomenon of female partner violence and guides the treatments we are able to provide. This paper is an attempt to gather and integrate the fragments of data that we do have with related treatment issues, such as substance abuse, trauma, and attachment disorders, that appear to be highly relevant to this population. A structured cognitive-behavioral group treatment program, designed to address women's needs as both victims and perpetrators, is described, and suggestions for further investigation are offered.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered omeprazole in children

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetics of orally administered omeprazole in children.METHODS:Plasma concentrations of omeprazole were measured at steady state over a 6-h period after administration of the drug. Patients were a subset of those in a multicenter study to determine the dose, safety, efficacy, and tolerability of omeprazole in the treatment of erosive reflux esophagitis in children. Children were 1–16 yr of age, with erosive esophagitis and pathological acid reflux on 24 h-intraesophageal pH study. The “healing dose” of omeprazole was that at which subsequent intraesophageal pH study normalized. Children remained on this dose for 3 months, and during this period the pharmacokinetics were measured.RESULTS:A total of 57 children were enrolled in the overall healing phase of the study. Pharmacokinetic study was optional for subjects and was performed in 25 of the 57 enrolled. The doses of omeprazole required were substantially higher doses per kilogram of body weight than in adults. Values of the pharmacokinetic parameters of omeprazole were generally within the ranges previously reported in adults. However, the plasma levels, area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC), plasma half-life (t12), and maximal plasma concentration (Cmax), were lower in the younger age group, when the AUC and Cmax were normalized to a dose of 1 mg/kg. Furthermore, within the group as a whole, these values showed a gradation from lowest in the children 1–6 yr of age to higher in the older age groups.CONCLUSIONS:The pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in children showed a trend toward higher metabolic capacity with decreasing age, being highest at 1–6 yr of age. This may explain the need for higher doses of omeprazole on a per kilogram basis, not only in children overall compared with adults but, in many cases, particularly in younger children.
Does vertical disparity scale the perception of stereoscopic depth?

It has been suggested that a measure of the gradients of vertical disparity over a surface may scale the mapping between horizontal disparity and perceived depth. We have investigated this possibility by obtaining estimates of the depth within stereograms that simulated two apposed fronto-parallel planes placed at different distances from an observer. The gradients of vertical disparity in a stereogram were set to simulate those appropriate to a viewing distance of 12.5 cm, 25 cm, 50 cm or 100 cm, whereas the distance specified by vergence and accommodative cues was always fixed at 50 cm. Judgements of the perceived depth between the two planes were uninfluenced by changes in the gradients of vertical disparity. It thus seems that the hum an visual system does not employ vertical disparity as a scaling parameter in stereoscopic depth judgements.
Kesan teknik “HunTTO SQUARE” terhadap pencapaian pelajar bagi mata pelajaran matematik di sekolah rendah

Ramai pelajar yang bermasalah dalam tajuk Pembahagian dengan dua digit nombor. Ini kerana pelajar sukar untuk menghasilkan sifir dua digit untuk menyelesaikan soalan yang berkaitan dengan tajuk ini yang berpunca dari masalah visualisasi serta masalah pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) konvensional. Kajian kuasi eksperimental ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesan penggunaan Teknik “HunTTO Square” terhadap pencapaian pelajar bagi mata pelajaran Matematik di sekolah rendah. Ujian Pra dan Ujian Pos digunakan untuk melihat perbezaan pencapaian yang signifikan selepas menggunakan Teknik “HunTTO Square” yang menggunakan pembelajaran secara konstruktivisme yang menerapkan elemen visual. Manakala instrumen soal selidik pula digunakan untuk melihat persepsi pelajar selepas menggunakan Teknik “HunTTO Square” yang menggunakan pembelajaran secara konstruktivisme yang menerapkan elemen visual ini. Responden yang terlibat dalam kajian ini ialah seramai 40 orang pelajar Tahun Lima yang dibahagikan kepada dua kumpulan iaitu kumpulan rawatan dan kumpulan kawalan yang dipilih daripada sebuah sekolah di daerah Kulaijaya, Johor. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan perisian SPSS 21.0. Hasil analisis menunjukkan peningkatan skor min markah bagi pelajar kumpulan rawatan. Hasil analisis ujian-t (paired-sample-t-test) menunjukkan bahawa wujudnya perbezaan skor min markah yang signifikan di antara ujian pra dan ujian pos bagi pelajar kumpulan rawatan selepas menggunakan Teknik “HunTTO Square” yang menggunakan pembelajaran secara konstruktivisme yang menerapkan elemen visual. Dapatan kajian ini menggambarkan peranan penting elemen visual dan pembelajaran secara konstruktivisme dalam mempengaruhi pencapaian Matematik di dalam bilik darjah.
Hmo1, an HMG‐box protein, belongs to the yeast ribosomal DNA transcription system

Hmo1 is one of seven HMG‐box proteins of Saccharo myces cerevisiae. Null mutants have a limited effect on growth. Hmo1 overexpression suppresses rpa49‐Δ mutants lacking Rpa49, a non‐essential but conserved subunit of RNA polymerase I corresponding to the animal RNA polymerase I factor PAF53. This overexpression strongly increases de novo rRNA synthesis. rpa49‐Δ hmo1‐Δ double mutants are lethal, and this lethality is bypassed when RNA polymerase II synthesizes rRNA. Hmo1 co‐localizes with Fob1, a known rDNA‐binding protein, defining a narrow territory adjacent to the nucleoplasm that could delineate the rDNA nucleolar domain. These data identify Hmo1 as a genuine RNA polymerase I factor acting synergistically with Rpa49. As an HMG‐box protein, Hmo1 is remotely related to animal UBF factors. hmo1‐Δ and rpa49‐Δ are lethal with top3‐Δ DNA topoisomerase (type I) mutants and are suppressed in mutants lacking the Sgs1 DNA helicase. They are not affected by top1‐Δ defective in Top1, the other eukaryotic type I topoisomerase. Conversely, rpa34‐Δ mutants lacking Rpa34, a non‐essential subunit associated with Rpa49, are lethal in top1‐Δ but not in top3‐Δ.
Regulacion de la construcción del conocimiento en el aula mediante la comunicación de los resultados de aprendizaje a los alumnos

Resumen A partir de la metodología de análisis de casos, el presente artículo estudia la relevancia que la actividad de comunicación de los resultados de aprendizaje a los alumnos después de una prueba escrita puede tener en la construcción del conocimiento en el aula. El análisis de dicha actividad permite identificar los dispositivos educativos empleados por la profesora para convertir la evaluación en un instrumento de mediación para la mejora del aprendizaje y conocer cómo ésta construye conjuntamente con los alumnos el significado de la evaluación y del aprendizaje y comparte progresivamente con ellos una determinada concepción de ambos.
Comparison between Urine Protein: Creatinine Ratios of Samples Obtained from Dogs in Home and Hospital Settings

Background The urine protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) is used to quantify urine protein excretion and guide recommendations for monitoring and treatment of proteinuria. Hypothesis/Objectives Home urine samples will have lower UPCs than hospital samples. The objectives were to compare UPCs of samples collected in each setting and to determine whether environment of sample collection might affect staging, monitoring or treatment recommendations. Animals Twenty‐four client‐owned dogs. Methods Prospective, nonmasked study. Clients collected a urine sample from their dog at home and a second sample was collected at the hospital. Dogs receiving corticosteroids or angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors were excluded, as were those with urine samples of inadequate volume, no protein on dipstick analysis, or active urine sediment. Samples were refrigerated after collection, dipstick and sediment evaluations were completed and each sample was frozen at −80°C within 12 hours. UPCs were performed on frozen samples within 2 months. Results From 81 paired samples, 57 were excluded. Of the remaining 24, 12/24 (50%) had higher hospital sample UPCs, 9/24 (38%) had identical UPCs, and 3/24 (12%) had lower hospital UPCs. The UPCs of hospital samples were higher than home samples for the total population (P = .005) and the subset with UPC > 0.5 (P = .001). Conclusions Setting and related circumstances of urine collection in dogs is associated with UPC differences; results are usually higher in hospital than in home samples. This difference has the potential to affect clinical interpretation.
Coping among individuals with multiple sclerosis: Evaluating a goodness-of-fit model.

OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic illness involving both controllable and uncontrollable stressors. The goodness-of-fit hypothesis posits that managing stressors effectively requires the use of different coping approaches in the face of controllable and uncontrollable stressors. To test the applicability of the goodness-of-fit model in a sample of adults with MS, we evaluated the ratio of 2 types of coping (an active problem-solving approach and an emotion-based meaning-focused approach) as a moderator of the relations between stress uncontrollability and mental health outcomes. METHODS Participants were veterans with MS (N = 90) receiving medical services through the Veterans Health Administration who completed telephone-based interviews. Regression analyses tested the interaction of stress uncontrollability and the problem- and meaning-focused coping ratio on anxious and depressive symptoms. Significant interactions were probed at 1 SD above the mean of coping (use of predominantly problem-focused coping) and 1 SD below the mean of coping (use of predominantly meaning-focused coping). RESULTS Findings largely supported the goodness-of-fit hypothesis. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were elevated when participants used more problem-focused strategies relative to meaning-focused strategies in the face of perceived uncontrollable stress. Conversely, symptoms of anxiety and depression were lower when uncontrollable stress was met with predominantly meaning-focused coping; however, the relations did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS The impact of uncontrollable stressors on mental health outcomes for individuals with MS may vary depending on the degree to which problem-focused versus meaning-focused coping strategies are employed, lending support to the goodness-of-fit model.
A Swarm of Innovators: Information, Leadership and Innovation

We study the interplay between innovation, communication in an organization and leadership. Although a firm requires both strong leadership and sufficient communication in order to innovate, we posit that frequent communication - particularly amongst strong leaders and in larger firms - can lead to disagreement and innovation breakdown. Using a survey of 3000 French firms we find that, on their own, firm size, regular communication and result-oriented leadership are all positively associated with innovation. However, there is a negative relationship between successful innovation and: (i) frequent communication in larger firms; and (ii) frequent communication with result-oriented leadership.
How Universal Is the Relationship between Remotely Sensed Vegetation Indices and Crop Leaf Area Index? A Global Assessment

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a key variable that bridges remote sensing observations to the quantification of agroecosystem processes. In this study, we assessed the universality of the relationships between crop LAI and remotely sensed Vegetation Indices (VIs). We first compiled a global dataset of 1459 in situ quality-controlled crop LAI measurements and collected Landsat satellite images to derive five different VIs including Simple Ratio (SR), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), two versions of the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI and EVI2), and Green Chlorophyll Index (CIGreen). Based on this dataset, we developed global LAI-VI relationships for each crop type and VI using symbolic regression and Theil-Sen (TS) robust estimator. Results suggest that the global LAI-VI relationships are statistically significant, crop-specific, and mostly non-linear. These relationships explain more than half of the total variance in ground LAI observations (R2 >0.5), and provide LAI estimates with RMSE below 1.2 m2/m2. Among the five VIs, EVI/EVI2 are the most effective, and the crop-specific LAI-EVI and LAI-EVI2 relationships constructed by TS, are robust when tested by three independent validation datasets of varied spatial scales. While the heterogeneity of agricultural landscapes leads to a diverse set of local LAI-VI relationships, the relationships provided here represent global universality on an average basis, allowing the generation of large-scale spatial-explicit LAI maps. This study contributes to the operationalization of large-area crop modeling and, by extension, has relevance to both fundamental and applied agroecosystem research.
Marijuana: Neurotoxic or Neuroprotective?

Chronic marijuana intake was known to induce morphological changes to the brain impairing memory and learning ability. However, several studies demonstrated the protective effect of marijuana post-brain traumas. This article reviews studies that strengthen our horizon to understand the effects of marijuana smoking in brain. This review predicts that optimum use of marijuana or pure marijuana compound can be beneficial or detrimental depending on the consumed dose.
International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health 34 Charting Preferences over Time Stability and Change in Fertility Preferences among Young Women in Malawi

Fertility preferences are important measures for forecasting fertility, calculating levels of unwanted or mistimed fertility and assessing unmet need for contraceptives. One of the assumptions underlying the use of fertility preferences for these objectives is that they are relatively stable over time. 1 However, in Sub-Saharan Africa—where fertility, both desired and actual, remains comparatively high and childbearing patterns are increasingly heterogeneous— fertility preferences are likely to be unstable. * Very little research has focused on how individuals' fertility timing desires change over time; however, there is evidence that other fertility preferences respond to changes in life circumstances. 2,3 Indeed, researchers in the region have argued that even individuals who are committed to a particular family size may temporarily alter their fertility preferences in response to changes in economic or reproductive circumstances. 2,3 In studies from Africa, fertility preferences reported in surveys are often tentative and malleable. 2–6 Such flexibility may allow for change in fertility preferences , even over short time periods. Understanding how fertility timing preferences change over time is particularly useful, because the timing of births is likely to influence ultimate family size, perhaps even more so than individuals' ideal number of children. In fertility transition research, which has traditionally focused on aggregate measures of fertility preferences and their predictors, structural changes, such as economic development and societal improvements in education and health, are associated with changes in country-level fertility preferences. 7–12 However, fertility preferences are characteristics of individuals and couples, not countries. Rarely have studies, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, examined how changes in life circumstances relate to an individual's fertility preferences. The present study uses five waves of longitudinal data collected in rural Malawi in 2009–2010 to examine the stability of women's fertility preferences over time and the life events that are associated with delays or accelerations in the desired timing of the next birth. Fertility is highly valued in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the desire to stop childbearing is rare among younger women. Still, a woman may be reasonably certain that she wants to have another child, but she may be less sure about when she wants to have a child; equally, she may be more fo-cused on whether now is the right time to have a child with a particular partner than on precisely how many children she plans to have over her lifetime. 2 This suggests that women's fertility preferences may change over short time CONTEXT: …
The Moral Majority in Middletown

The major question addressed in this paper is why people have a favorable attitude toward the moral majority. The theoretical model predicted that moral majority support would be positively related to having a Christian Right orientation, to being opposed to change, and to watching religious television; in turn, it was predicted that the latter three variables would be negatively related to modernity characteristics. Data came from a stratified, staged-random sample of residents of the SMSA containing Muncie, Indiana, the Lynd's "Middletown" (N = 281). It was found that moral majority support had three independent sources: 1) persuasion via religious television; 2) a cultural fundamentalist attitude stressing continuation of the status quo; and 3) advocacy of the Christian Right perspective. Two of these factors are negatively related to modernity variables suggesting long-term decline in support for the moral majority.
Sumatriptan Causes Parallel Decrease in Plasma Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP) Concentration and Migraine Headache During Nitroglycerin Induced Migraine Attack

Sumatriptan-induced changes in plasma calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) concentration and headache intensity were investigated in 19 female migraineurs during nitroglycerin-induced migraine attack. Sumatriptan nasal spray was administered 120 min after the onset of the attack. Blood samples were obtained immediately before and 60 min after sumatriptan administration. In those subjects whose migraine attack improved considerably 60 min after the treatment the plasma CGRP concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05). In contrast, plasma CGRP concentration failed to change in patients whose headache did not improve. In addition, plasma CGRP concentrations showed significant positive correlations with the headache scores both 60 and 120 min after sumatriptan administration (P < 0.05). According to our results plasma CGRP concentration decreases parallel to headache intensity during sumatriptan treatment and this decrease in CGRP predicts effectiveness of antimigraine drug therapy. This supports that one of the main effects of triptans is to decrease CGRP release.