Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Teaching of Professional Practice

Background/Context Based on their case studies of preparation for professional practice in the clergy, teaching, and clinical psychology, Grossman and colleagues (2009) identified three key concepts for analyzing and comparing practice in professional education—representations, decomposition, and approximations—to support professional educators in learning from each other's practice. In this special issue, two teams of teacher educators (Kucan & Palincsar, and Boerst, Sleep, Ball, & Bass) put these concepts to work in representing their practice of preparing novice teachers to lead discussions with their students. Purpose/Objective/Research Questions/Focus of Study This analytic essay presents an argument for the importance of (a) adding a fourth key concept to the Grossman et al. framework—conceptions of quality—and (b) using these four concepts to trace novices’ learning opportunities as they unfold over time in order to serve the goal of facilitating instructive comparisons in professional education. Research Design In this analytic essay, I analyze the three articles to examine how conceptions of quality are already entailed in the characterizations of practice. My analysis focuses on the kinds of criteria or “qualities” that are foregrounded; the grain size of practice to which the conception of quality is applied; and the ways in which variations in criteria— what counts as more or less advanced—are represented. I then contrast the sequence of learning opportunities and assessments described in the articles on discussion leading in terms of these four concepts. Conclusions/Recommendations Even instructional practices that appeared quite similar when described through the lenses of approximations, decomposition, and representations looked quite different when conceptions of quality and learning opportunities and assessments were traced over time. Representing these “learning trajectories”—which entail an understanding of the evolving dialectical relationships between learning opportunities and (at least intended) learning outcomes—seems essential to understanding and learning from the teaching practice.
Gene amplification contributes to sulfonamide resistance in Escherichia coli

A sulfathiazole-resistant strain of Escherichia coli was isolated and shown to contain a fourfold tandemly amplified segment of DNA 18 kilobase pairs in length in addition to a mutationally altered dihydropteroate synthase, the target enzyme for sulfonamide inhibition. The amplified DNA contained a gene designated sur that contributed to sulfathiazole resistance when present in greater amounts than those in the wild type. Sulfathiazole resistance was markedly decreased upon loss of the amplified DNA after nonselective growth. Plasmids that contained sur also conferred only weak sulfathiazole resistance on wild-type strains. Comparison of the restriction maps of the amplified DNA, wild-type DNA, and sur-containing plasmids showed that a DNA rearrangement occurred before or concomitant with the DNA amplification event. The DNA rearrangement resulted from an IS5 insertion, which, in conjunction with an IS5 element residing near sur in the wild-type strain, resulted in an -IS5-sur-IS5- configuration. Homologous recombination could account for duplication and subsequent amplification of the sur region. High-copy-number plasmids containing the sur locus did not express a sulfathiazole-resistant dihydropteroate synthase, nor did they overexpress wild-type dihydropteroate synthase. These data suggest that the high level of sulfathiazole resistance in this strain results from a synergistic effect of two different mutations.
Using statistical testing in the evaluation of retrieval experiments

The standard strategies for evaluation based on precision and recall are examined and their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In particular, it is suggested that relevance feedback be evaluated from the perspective of the user. A number of different statistical tests are described for determining if differences in performance between retrieval methods are significant. These tests have often been ignored in the past because most are based on an assumption of normality which is not strictly valid for the standard performance measures. However, one can test this assumption using simple diagnostic plots, and if it is a poor approximation, there are a number of non-parametric alternatives.
The Role of Physical Exercise in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

We reviewed and analyzed the relationship between physical exercise and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which covers a group of chronic, relapsing, and remitting intestinal disorders including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis. The etiology of IBD likely involves a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental risk factors. Physical training has been suggested to be protective against the onset of IBD, but there are inconsistencies in the findings of the published literature. Hypertrophy of the mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT) is recognized as a characteristic feature of CD, but its importance for the perpetuation of onset of this intestinal disease is unknown. Adipocytes synthesize proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Hypertrophy of mWAT could play a role as a barrier to the inflammatory process, but recent data suggest that deregulation of adipokine secretion is involved in the pathogenesis of CD. Adipocytokines and macrophage mediators perpetuate the intestinal inflammatory process, leading to mucosal ulcerations along the mesenteric border, a typical feature of CD. Contracting skeletal muscles release biologically active myokines, known to exert the direct anti-inflammatory effects, and inhibit the release of proinflammatory mediators from visceral fat. Further research is required to confirm these observations and establish exercise regimes for IBD patients.
Malay Culture and Personality

The study aims to determine whether the Big Five model of personality is applicable to the Malay culture. Two studies were conducted among Malaysian students in Australia (N = 174), and a further study (N = 451) conducted in Malaysia used the refined items from the Australian work. Scree and parallel tests indicated that only five factors should be extracted. Exploratory and Procrustes factor analyses indicated that the Big Five factors of Costa and McCrae exist in the Malay personality structure. The Openness to Actions and Values facets, however, were not replicated well. Overall results and congruence coefficients for 28 facets strongly supported the Big Five model as being cross-culturally applicable. Compared to Americans, Malay students appeared to have high scores in Agreeableness and low scores in Extraversion and Openness.
Video Description Generation using Audio and Visual Cues

The recent advances in image captioning stimulate the research in generating natural language description for visual content, which can be widely applied in many applications such as assisting blind people. Video description generation is a more complex task than image caption. Most works of video description generation focus on visual information in the video. However, audio provides rich information for describing video contents as well. In this paper, we propose to generate video descriptions in natural sentences using both audio and visual cues. We use unified deep neural networks with both convolutional and recurrent structure. Experimental results on the Microsoft Research Video Description (MSVD) corpus prove that fusing audio information greatly improves the video description performance.
Drawing graphs with non-uniform vertices

The vertices of most graphs that appear in real applications are non-uniform. They can be circles, ellipses, rectangles, or other geometric elements of varying shapes and sizes. Unfortunately, current force directed methods for laying out graphs are suitable mostly for graphs whose vertices are zero-sized and dimensionless points. It turns out that naively extending these methods to handle non-uniform vertices results in serious deficiencies in terms of output quality and performance. In this paper we try to remedy this situation by identifying the special characteristics and problematics of such graphs and offering several algorithms for tackling them. The algorithms can be viewed as carefully constructed extensions of force-directed methods, and their output quality and performance are similar.
The BEL information extraction workflow (BELIEF): evaluation in the BioCreative V BEL and IAT track

Network-based approaches have become extremely important in systems biology to achieve a better understanding of biological mechanisms. For network representation, the Biological Expression Language (BEL) is well designed to collate findings from the scientific literature into biological network models. To facilitate encoding and biocuration of such findings in BEL, a BEL Information Extraction Workflow (BELIEF) was developed. BELIEF provides a web-based curation interface, the BELIEF Dashboard, that incorporates text mining techniques to support the biocurator in the generation of BEL networks. The underlying UIMA-based text mining pipeline (BELIEF Pipeline) uses several named entity recognition processes and relationship extraction methods to detect concepts and BEL relationships in literature. The BELIEF Dashboard allows easy curation of the automatically generated BEL statements and their context annotations. Resulting BEL statements and their context annotations can be syntactically and semantically verified to ensure consistency in the BEL network. In summary, the workflow supports experts in different stages of systems biology network building. Based on the BioCreative V BEL track evaluation, we show that the BELIEF Pipeline automatically extracts relationships with an F-score of 36.4% and fully correct statements can be obtained with an F-score of 30.8%. Participation in the BioCreative V Interactive task (IAT) track with BELIEF revealed a systems usability scale (SUS) of 67. Considering the complexity of the task for new users—learning BEL, working with a completely new interface, and performing complex curation—a score so close to the overall SUS average highlights the usability of BELIEF. Database URL: BELIEF is available at http://www.scaiview. com/belief/
Cognitive Reserve and the Risk of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction.

BACKGROUND Post-operative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs in 10 to 54% of older patients during the first few weeks after surgery, but little is known about risk factors predisposing to POCD. METHODS Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of cognitive reserve indicators and POCD risk. RESULTS Fifteen studies on 5104 patients were included. Follow-up periods spanned 1 day to 6 months. Educational level was the most commonly assessed cognitive reserve indicator, and a longer time spent in education was associated with a reduced risk of POCD (relative risk [RR] per year increment 0.90; 95% confidence interval: [0.87; 0.94]), i.e. each year increase in education was associated with a 10% reduced risk. Similar findings were made for some analyses on education as a categorical predictor (high school versus further/higher education, RR 1.71, [1.30; 2.25]; lower than high school versus further/higher education, RR 1.69, [1.17; 2.44]) though risk was equivalent for patients with high school education and those with lower than high school education (RR 1.02; [0.78; 1.32]). CONCLUSION Patients with a relatively higher level of education are at reduced risk of POCD. Risk stratification of surgical patients according to educational level may prove useful.
Cytokines and growth factors involved in the osseointegration of oral titanium implants positioned using piezoelectric bone surgery versus a drill technique: a pilot study in minipigs.

BACKGROUND Most dental implants are positioned using a drilling surgery technique. However, dentistry recently experienced the implementation of piezoelectric surgery. This technique was introduced to overcome some of the limitations involving rotating instruments in bone surgery. This study used biomolecular and histologic analyses to compare the osseointegration of porous implants positioned using traditional drills versus the piezoelectric bone surgery technique. METHODS Porous titanium implants were inserted into minipig tibias. Histomorphology and levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-1beta and -10 were evaluated in the peri-implant osseous samples. RESULTS Histomorphological analyses demonstrated that more inflammatory cells were present in samples from drilled sites. Also, neo-osteogenesis was consistently more active in bone samples from the implant sites that were prepared using piezoelectric bone surgery. Moreover, bone around the implants treated with the piezoelectric bone surgery technique showed an earlier increase in BMP-4 and TGF-beta2 proteins as well as a reduction in proinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION Piezoelectric bone surgery appears to be more efficient in the first phases of bone healing; it induced an earlier increase in BMPs, controlled the inflammatory process better, and stimulated bone remodeling as early as 56 days post-treatment.
Preferences for redistribution and social structure

We model inter-individual differences in preferences for redistribution as a function of (a) self-interest; (b) ideas about the deservingness of income differences due to luck, effort and talent; (c) subjective perceptions of the relative importance of these determinants for explaining the actual income distribution. Individuals base the latter on information obtained from their reference group. We analyse the consequences for redistributive preferences of homophilous reference group formation based on talent. Our model makes it possible to understand and integrate some of the main insights from the empirical literature. We illustrate with GSS data from 1987 how our model may help in structuring empirical work.
Information extraction from very high resolution satellite imagery over Lukole refugee camp, Tanzania

This paper addresses information extraction from IKONOS imagery over the Lukole refugee camp in Tanzania. More specific, it describes automatic image analysis procedures for a rapid and reliable identification of refugee tents as well as their spatial extent. From the identified tents, the number of refugees can be derived and a map of the camp can be generated, which can be used for improving refugee camp management. Four information extraction methods have been tested and compared: supervised classification, unsupervised classification, multi-resolution segmentation and mathematical morphology analysis. The latter two procedures based on object-oriented classifiers perform best with a spatial accuracy above 85% and a statistical accuracy above 97%. These methods could be used for refugee camp information extraction in other geographical settings and on imagery with different spatial and spectral resolutions.
Loss of shear stress induces leukocyte‐mediated cytokine release and blood–brain barrier failure in dynamic in vitro blood–brain barrier model

Brain ischemia is associated with an acute release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF‐α and IL‐6 and failure of the blood–brain barrier. Shear stress, hypoxia‐hypoglycemia, and blood leukocytes play a significant role in blood–brain barrier failure during transient or permanent ischemia. However, these mechanisms have not been studied as independent variables for in vitro ischemia. The present study, using a dynamic in vitro blood–brain barrier model, showed that flow cessation/reperfusion under normoxia–normoglycemia or hypoxia–hypoglycemia without blood leukocytes in the luminal perfusate had a modest, transient effect on cytokine release and blood–brain barrier permeability. By contrast, exposure to normoxic–normoglycemic flow cessation/reperfusion with blood leukocytes in the luminal perfusate led to a significant increase in TNF‐α and IL‐6, accompanied by biphasic blood–brain barrier opening. Enhanced permeability was partially prevented with an anti‐TNF‐α antibody. In leukocyte‐free cartridges, the same levels of IL‐6 had no effect, while TNF‐α caused a moderate increase in blood–brain barrier permeability, suggesting that blood leukocytes are the prerequisite for cytokine release and blood–brain barrier failure during reduction or cessation of flow. These cells induce release of TNF‐α early after ischemia/reperfusion; TNF‐α triggers release of IL‐6, since blockade of TNF‐α prevents IL‐6 release, whereas blockade of IL‐6 induces TNF‐α release. Pre‐treatment of blood leukocytes with the cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, ibuprofen, inhibited cytokine release and completely preserved blood–brain barrier permeability during the reperfusion period. In conclusion, loss of flow (flow cessation/reperfusion) independent of hypoxia–hypoglycemia plays a significant role in blood–brain barrier failure by stimulating leukocyte‐mediated inflammatory mechanisms. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incorporating Extra-Linguistic Information into Reference Resolution in Collaborative Task Dialogue

This paper proposes an approach to reference resolution in situated dialogues by exploiting extra-linguistic information. Recently, investigations of referential behaviours involved in situations in the real world have received increasing attention by researchers (Di Eugenio et al., 2000; Byron, 2005; van Deemter, 2007; Spanger et al., 2009). In order to create an accurate reference resolution model, we need to handle extra-linguistic information as well as textual information examined by existing approaches (Soon et al., 2001; Ng and Cardie, 2002, etc.). In this paper, we incorporate extra-linguistic information into an existing corpus-based reference resolution model, and investigate its effects on reference resolution problems within a corpus of Japanese dialogues. The results demonstrate that our proposed model achieves an accuracy of 79.0% for this task.
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS ON FAST RADIO BURSTS

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are isolated, ms radio pulses with dispersion measure (DM) of order 103 pc cm−3. Galactic candidates for the DM of high latitude bursts detected at GHz frequencies are easily dismissed. DM from bursts emitted in stellar coronas are limited by free–free absorption and those from H ii regions are bounded by the nondetection of associated free–free emission at radio wavelengths. Thus, if astronomical, FRBs are probably extragalactic. FRB 110220 has a scattering tail of ∼5.6 ± 0.1 ms. If the electron density fluctuations arise from a turbulent cascade, the scattering is unlikely to be due to propagation through the diffuse intergalactic plasma. A more plausible explanation is that this burst sits in the central region of its host galaxy. Pulse durations of order ms constrain the sizes of FRB sources implying high brightness temperatures that indicates coherent emission. Electric fields near FRBs at cosmological distances would be so strong that they could accelerate free electrons from rest to relativistic energies in a single wave period.
Household context and self-rated health: the effect of unemployment and informal work

Objective: This article investigates whether the presence of residents in precarious work situations influences the self-rated health of people living in the same household. Methods: The study is based on the National Household Survey (PNAD) carried out in 1998 (n = 85 384) and 2003 (n = 89 063) by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. These samples included all individuals aged 15 years and over, who lived in large metropolitan regions of Brazil. The effects at individual and household levels were estimated by the generalised estimation equations (GEE). Results: At the individual level, poor self-rated health was inversely associated with schooling and positively associated with female sex, older age, informal work, unemployment and not economically active. Living in households with at least one informal or unemployed worker was positively associated with poor self-rated health, regardless of individual factors and socioeconomic characteristics of the household in 1998 (informal work: OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12; unemployment: OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.13), and in 2003 (informal work: OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.10; unemployment: OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.15). Conclusion: These results suggest that unemployment and/or informal work have a contextual impact on the self-rated health of household dwellers. They add to the hypothesis that adverse conditions in the labour market and their impact on the health of individuals and groups are relevant in understanding inequalities in health.
On-Road Sensor Configuration Design for Traffic Flow Prediction Using Fuzzy Neural Networks and Taguchi Method

On-road sensors provide proactive traffic control centers with current traffic flow conditions in order to forecast the future conditions. However, the number of on-road sensors is usually huge, and not all traffic flow conditions captured by these sensors are useful for predicting future traffic flow conditions. The inclusion of all captured traffic flow conditions is an ineffective means of predicting future traffic flow. Therefore, the selection of appropriate on-road sensors, which are significantly correlated to future traffic flow, is essential, although the trial and error method is generally used for the selection. In this paper, the Taguchi method, which is a robust and systematic optimization approach for designing reliable and high-quality models, is proposed for determinations of appropriate on-road sensors, in order to capture useful traffic flow conditions for forecasting. The effectiveness of the Taguchi method is demonstrated by developing a traffic flow predictor based on the architecture of fuzzy neural networks which can perform well on traffic flow forecasting. The case study was conducted based on traffic flow data captured by on-road sensors located on a Western Australia freeway. The advantages of using the Taguchi method can be indicated: 1) Traffic flow predictors with high accuracy can be designed, and 2) development time of traffic flow predictors is reasonable.
Ground view-based SLAM using a commercial web camera in unstructured indoor environments

This paper presents a ground view-based Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) using a commercial web camera to construct a feature map of an unstructured indoor environment. A camera attached to a robot looks downward to exploit several advantages; being insensitive to lighting conditions; limiting visible region to be undisturbed by moving objects; extracting vertical edge features easily. In order to make full use of characteristics of indoor environment, we choose to extract a salient vertical edge feature. Feature parameters including uncertainty are estimated by a random sample consensus technique using the fact that all vertical edge features intersect at a fixed vanishing point. Through successive tracking of extracted feature, its initial location is determined by a non-linear least squares method. Experiment in a small-scale but highly unstructured environment shows a good SLAM performance under Extended Kalman Filtering algorithm that runs in real-time.
Meaningful Participation in Early Childhood General Education Using Natural Supports

This qualitative study used participant observation and semistructured interviews to examine the types of natural support that were provided and the adaptive strategies used to promote the inclusion of Ryan, a 3 year old with a visual impairment, in a community-based preschool. It found that the adults and classmates gave Ryan natural support in a variety of ways and that Ryan used distinctive adaptive strategies to carry out tasks independently.