Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extensions to the GrETEL Treebank Query Application

In this paper we describe the extensions we made to an existing treebank query application (GrETEL). These extensions address user needs expressed by multiple linguistic researchers and include (1) facilities for uploading one’s own data and metadata in GrETEL; (2) conversion and cleaning modules for uploading data in the CHAT format; (3) new facilities for analysing the results of the treebank queries in terms of data, metadata and combinations of them. These extensions have been made available in a new version (Version 4) of GrETEL.
BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making

Background: Diagnostic error is a significant problem in specialities characterised by diagnostic uncertainty such as primary care, emergency medicine and paediatrics. Despite wide-spread availability, computerised aids have not been shown to significantly improve diagnostic decision-making in a real world environment, mainly due to the need for prolonged system consultation. In this study performed in the clinical environment, we used a Web-based diagnostic reminder system that provided rapid advice with free text data entry to examine its impact on clinicians' decisions in an acute paediatric setting during assessments characterised by diagnostic uncertainty. Methods: Junior doctors working over a 5-month period at four paediatric ambulatory units consulted the Web-based diagnostic aid when they felt the need for diagnostic assistance. Subjects recorded their clinical decisions for patients (differential diagnosis, test-ordering and treatment) before and after system consultation. An expert panel of four paediatric consultants independently suggested clinically significant decisions indicating an appropriate and 'safe' assessment. The primary outcome measure was change in the proportion of 'unsafe' workups by subjects during patient assessment. A more sensitive evaluation of impact was performed using specific validated quality scores. Adverse effects of consultation on decision-making, as well as the additional time spent on system use were examined. Results: Subjects attempted to access the diagnostic aid on 595 occasions during the study period (8.6% of all medical assessments); subjects examined diagnostic advice only in 177 episodes (30%). Senior House Officers at hospitals with greater number of available computer workstations in the clinical area were most likely to consult the system, especially out of working hours. Diagnostic workups construed as 'unsafe' occurred in 47/104 cases (45.2%); this reduced to 32.7% following system consultation (McNemar test, p < 0.001). Subjects' mean 'unsafe' workups per case decreased from 0.49 to 0.32 (p < 0.001). System advice prompted the clinician to consider the 'correct' diagnosis (established at discharge) during initial assessment in 3/104 patients. Median usage time was 1 min 38 sec (IQR 50 sec – 3 min 21 sec). Despite a modest increase in the number
Are Credit Ratings Subjective? The Role of Credit Analysts in Determining Ratings

Credit ratings affect firms’ access to capital and investment choices. We show that the identity of the credit analysts covering a firm significantly affects the firm’s rating, comparing ratings for the same firm at the same time across agencies. Analyst effects account for 30% of the within variation in ratings. Moreover, the rating biases of analysts carry through to credit spreads on the rated firms’ outstanding debt and the terms offered on new public debt issues. As a result, firms covered by more pessimistic analysts issue less debt, lean more on cash and equity financing, and experience slower revenue growth than firms covered by optimistic analysts. We also find that the quality of ratings varies with observable analyst traits. Analysts with MBAs provide less optimistic and more accurate ratings; however, optimism increases and accuracy decreases with tenure covering the firm, particularly among information-sensitive firms. JEL codes: G24, G32, G02, G12
Artificial neural networks can distinguish novice and expert strategies during complex problem solving.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether expert problem-solving strategies can be identified within a large number of student performances of complex medical diagnostic simulations. METHODS Self-organizing artificial neural networks were trained to categorize the performances of infectious disease subspecialists on six computer-based clinical diagnostic simulation that used the sequence of diagnostic tests requested as the input data. Six hundred seventy-six student solutions to these problems were presented to these trained neural networks to determine which, if any, of the student solutions represented those of the experts. RESULTS For each simulation, the expert performances clustered around one dominant output neurode, indicating that there were common problem-specific features associated with the experts' problem-solving performances. When the performances of students who also made correct problem diagnoses were tested on these expert-trained neural networks, 17% were classified as representing expert strategies, indicating that expert performance was a somewhat rare and inconsistent occurrence among the students. CONCLUSIONS The ability to identify a small number of expert-like strategies within a large body of student performances may provide an opportunity to study the dynamics of complex learning at both individual and population levels as well as the emergence of medical diagnostic expertise.
Representations of Trauma, Memory-layered pictures and repetitive play in art therapy with children

This article explores some common themes that emerge in the therapy of traumatised children where memory of significant events in their lives is not consciously or verbally available to them or the therapist. Children may initially present layered pictures and/or play repetitive scenarios either in the sand tray or with toys. The layered pictures are gradually unpacked in therapy as trust and a sense of containment develop. The play is at first unusual in that it has little accompanying emotion and is told as a story that often peters out with no clear ending. Events in the therapy room between child and therapist or sometimes events in the child’s life outside the therapy may be a catalyst for moments of re-living the trauma which is given words and becomes available to be thought about together and then the presenting symptoms ease. These themes will be demonstrated through discussion of the therapy of a boy age seven. Those who work with children in areas of inner city deprivation and social exclusion will be familiar with this kind of presentation. His struggles with traumatic memory and to achieve an active sense of self emerging from a protective relationship with his mother will be discussed with particular attention to the changing transference initially to the images, in play to the therapist as maternal object and to the therapist as paternal object. This article follows on other recent writing exploring images and enactments in therapeutic relationships (Case 2009; Case 2009a submitted for publication). Key words: bereavement, layered pictures, haunted houses, memory, repetitive play, enactments, domestic violence, maternal depression
Exploiting SNP Correlations within Random Forest for Genome-Wide Association Studies

The primary goal of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is to discover variants that could lead, in isolation or in combination, to a particular trait or disease. Standard approaches to GWAS, however, are usually based on univariate hypothesis tests and therefore can account neither for correlations due to linkage disequilibrium nor for combinations of several markers. To discover and leverage such potential multivariate interactions, we propose in this work an extension of the Random Forest algorithm tailored for structured GWAS data. In terms of risk prediction, we show empirically on several GWAS datasets that the proposed T-Trees method significantly outperforms both the original Random Forest algorithm and standard linear models, thereby suggesting the actual existence of multivariate non-linear effects due to the combinations of several SNPs. We also demonstrate that variable importances as derived from our method can help identify relevant loci. Finally, we highlight the strong impact that quality control procedures may have, both in terms of predictive power and loci identification. Variable importance results and T-Trees source code are all available at www.montefiore. ulg.ac. be/~botta/ttrees/ and github.com/0asa/TTree-source respectively.
Physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of breast cancer: the Norwegian-Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health cohort study.

BACKGROUND Physical activity has been found to be associated with decreased risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in the majority of epidemiologic studies, but the association is inconsistent in premenopausal women. METHODS We studied the effect of physical activity at various ages on the incidence of breast cancer in 99,504 women from 30 to 49 years of age at enrollment in the Women's Lifestyle and Health Study, a prospective population-based cohort study in Norway and Sweden. Physical activity level on an ordinal scale at age 14, age 30, and age at enrollment, participation in competitive sports, as well as information on other covariates was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Complete follow-up with data on incident invasive breast cancer and mortality was collected by linkage to national registries. The relation between physical activity and time to breast cancer development was assessed using Cox proportional hazard models, controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS During an average 9.1 years of follow-up, there were 1,166 incident breast cancer cases. The mean age of the women was 41 years at enrollment, and the mean age at breast cancer diagnosis was 48 years. Compared to inactive women, women with higher levels of physical activity at enrollment had a similar risk of incident breast cancer (adjusted relative risk, 1.24 for vigorous activity compared with no activity; 95% CI, 0.85-1.82). Physical activity at age 30 or at age 14 also did not afford any significant protection from breast cancer, nor did a consistently high level of activity from younger ages to enrollment. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence of a protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk in this group of primarily premenopausal women.
Contemporary Paradigms for Research Related to Women's Mental Health

Mental health problems are serious health concerns that affect women across diverse settings internationally. Knowledge of this population historically has been informed by research using a positivist approach. This article is a critical examination of contemporary paradigms for research related to women's mental health. We begin the article with an introduction to women's mental health, followed by an overview of the postpositivist, critical theory, and constructivist paradigms. We then present a critical examination of the benefits and limitations of these paradigms in relation to the study of women's mental health. We conclude with implications for research and practice.
Cell Seeding Densities in Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation Techniques for Cartilage Repair

Cartilage repair techniques have been among the most intensively investigated treatments in orthopedics for the past decade, and several different treatment modalities are currently available. Despite the extensive research effort within this field, the generation of hyaline cartilage remains a considerable challenge. There are many parameters attendant to each of the cartilage repair techniques that can affect the amount and types of reparative tissue generated in the cartilage defect, and some of the most fundamental of these parameters have yet to be fully investigated. For procedures in which in vitro–cultured autologous chondrocytes are implanted under a periosteal or synthetic membrane cover, or seeded onto a porous membrane or scaffold, little is known about how the number of cells affects the clinical outcome. Few published clinical studies address the cell seeding density that was employed. The principal objective of this review is to provide an overview of the cell seeding densities used in cell-based treatments currently available in the clinic for cartilage repair. Select preclinical studies that have informed the use of specific cell seeding densities in the clinic are also discussed.
Treatment of Carious Lesions Using Self-Assembling Peptides

Modern approaches in caries treatment involve lesion management without tissue removal. Regenerative medicine focuses on replacing damaged tissues with biologically similar tissues. This article discusses the scientific evidence and clinical results for self-assembling peptides in modern caries management. The biomimetic remineralization promoted by self-assembling peptide P11-4 has been proven in vitro as an effective therapy for initial caries. P11-4 was rationally designed to promote formation of hydroxyapatite on its surface. The formulation was optimized to ensure the ability of monomeric P11-4 to penetrate past the subsurface lesions and assembly into a biomatrix within. Furthermore, P11-4 has shown that it assembles into fibers within carious lesions, and promotes the remineralization thereof. In a recent clinical study, the safety and efficacy of P11-4 in treatment of initial caries were evaluated. The additional effect of the application of P11-4 (Curodont Repair) was compared to the application of fluoride varnish (Duraphat) alone in active occlusal initial caries lesions on erupting permanent molars. In the 3- and 6-month recalls, the test group showed, both in the laser fluorescence readings and in the clinical assessment of the caries stage and activity, significantly superior lesion regression compared to the control group. No adverse events, medical complications, or allergic reactions related to the treatments were reported. Clinical applicability of treatment was regarded as satisfactory. Patients were happy to receive noninvasive caries treatments. In conclusion, biomimetic mineralization facilitated by P11-4 in combination with fluoride may present a simple, safe, and effective noninvasive treatment for early carious lesions.
Nephrotic syndrome in diabetic kidney disease: an evaluation and update of the definition.

BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome is defined as urine total protein excretion greater than 3.5 g/d or total protein-creatinine ratio greater than 3.5 g/g, low serum albumin level, high serum cholesterol level, and peripheral edema. These threshold levels have not been rigorously evaluated in patients with diabetic kidney disease or by using urine albumin excretion, the preferred measure of proteinuria in patients with diabetes. STUDY DESIGN Diagnostic test study. SETTING & PARTICIPANTS Adults with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and urine total protein level greater than 0.9 g/d enrolled in the Irbesartan in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. INDEX TEST Baseline measures of proteinuria (total protein and albumin excretion and protein-creatinine and albumin-creatinine ratios). Linear regression to relate measures. REFERENCE TEST Other signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome at baseline (serum albumin < 3.5 g/dL, serum total cholesterol > 260 mg/dL or use of a statin, and edema or use of a loop diuretic); progression of chronic kidney disease during follow-up (doubling of baseline serum creatinine level or requirement for dialysis or kidney transplantation). Logistic regression to relate index and reference tests. RESULTS In 1,608 participants, total urine protein level of 3.5 g/d was equivalent to urine albumin level of 2.2 g/d (95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 3.5). Of 1,467 participants, 641 (44%) had urine total protein level of 3.5 g/d or greater at baseline, 132 (9%) had other signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome at baseline, and 385 (26%) had progression of kidney disease during a mean follow-up of 2.6 years. Areas under the receiver operating curves for measures of proteinuria were 0.80 to 0.83 for other signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome and 0.72 to 0.74 for kidney disease progression. Threshold levels for nephrotic-range proteinuria and albuminuria were close to the points of maximal accuracy for both outcomes. LIMITATIONS Study population limits generalizability; inability to adjust for several variables known to affect serum albumin levels; lack of spot urine samples. CONCLUSIONS The historical definition of nephrotic-range proteinuria appears reasonable in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Equivalent thresholds for nephrotic-range albuminuria and albumin-creatinine ratio are 2.2 g/d and 2.2 g/g, respectively.
Teachability of Intercultural Sensitivity from the Perspective of Ethnocentrism vs. Ethnorelativism: An Iranian Experience

This study investigated the probable relationship between Iranian EFL learners' language proficiency and intercultural sensitivity. It also looked into the feasibility of enhancing their intercultural sensitivity through actual classroom training. To this end, 36 male and female college seniors were randomly selected from two classes after being homogenized. The participants were required, initially, to complete an Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS). They, then, attended a half-asemester-long intercultural sensitivity training course and completed the same scale once again at the end of the semester. The data obtained through pre-test and posttest were subjected to some statistical techniques such as the Wilcoxon Signedrank test and the Chi-square test. The results of data analysis indicated that intercultural sensitivity training promoted Iranian EFL students’ intercultural sensitivity level significantly and that there exists a statistically significant relationship between students’ language proficiency and intercultural sensitivity.
Race and Ethnicity Assessment in Baseball Card Markets

There is a growing literature investigating fan discrimination revealed in markets for sports memorabilia. Such estimates miss the mark for two reasons. First, simply measuring race as a binary variable may be less insightful than an alternative measure. Second, although it is the race perceptions of market participants that matter, past studies rely exclusively on researcher race/ethnicity assessment. The authors provide an estimation framework using continuous, market participant reports of race/ethnicity. The results show that past race/ethnicity results in card markets suffer from errors in variables and that continuous, market participant reports of race/ethnicity provide (carefully defined) "better" estimation results. The authors find that race/ethnicity matters and in a way is consistent with a model of statistical discrimination by those baseball fans who trade in the card market. The discrimination is against Black and Hispanic hitters and Black pitchers but not against Hispanic pitchers.
Two-Year Follow-Up Analysis of Telaprevir-Based Antiviral Triple Therapy for HCV Recurrence in Genotype 1 Infected Liver Graft Recipients as a First Step towards Modern HCV Therapy

Objective. The introduction of protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir in 2011 had extended the antiviral treatment options especially in genotype 1 infected hepatitis C relapsers and nonresponders to interferon/ribavirin therapy. The aim of this study was to analyze the long-term treatment efficiency of telaprevir-based triple therapy for patients with hepatitis C reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation. Patients and Methods. We included 12 patients with histologically confirmed graft fibrosis due to hepatitis C reinfection. The treatment duration was scheduled as 12 weeks of telaprevir-based antiviral triple therapy followed by 36 weeks of dual therapy with pegylated interferon/ribavirin. The patients were followed up for two years after the end of triple therapy. Results. Of the 12 patients, 6 (50%) completed the full 48 weeks of antiviral treatment. An end of treatment response and a sustained virological response 52 weeks after the end of the antiviral treatment course were achieved in 8/12 (67%) and 7/12 (58%) patients, respectively. Conclusion. Telaprevir-based triple therapy was shown to be a long-term effective but complex treatment option for individual patients with hepatitis C graft. With the recent improvements in hepatitis C therapy options telaprevir may not be recommended as a standard therapy for this indication anymore.
Distinct Protein Phosphatase 2A Heterotrimers Modulate Growth Factor Signaling to Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases and Akt*

A key regulator of many kinase cascades, heterotrimeric protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2A), is composed of catalytic (C), scaffold (A), and variable regulatory subunits (B, B′, B″ gene families). In neuronal PC12 cells, PP2A acts predominantly as a gatekeeper of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity, as shown by inducible RNA interference of the Aα scaffolding subunit and PP2A inhibition by okadaic acid. Although okadaic acid potentiates Akt/protein kinase B and ERK phosphorylation in response to epidermal, basic fibroblast, or nerve growth factor, silencing of Aα paradoxically has the opposite effect. Epidermal growth factor receptor Tyr phosphorylation was unchanged following Aα knockdown, suggesting that chronic Akt and ERK hyperphosphorylation leads to compensatory down-regulation of signaling molecules upstream of Ras and blunted growth factor responses. Inducible exchange of wild-type Aα with a mutant with selective B′ subunit binding deficiency implicated PP2A/B′ heterotrimers as Akt modulators. Conversely, silencing of the B-family regulatory subunits Bα and Bδ led to hyperactivation of ERK stimulated by constitutively active MEK1. In vitro dephosphorylation assays further support a role for Bα and Bδ in targeting the PP2A heterotrimer to dephosphorylate and inactivate ERKs. Thus, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascades leading to Akt and ERK activation are modulated by PP2A holoenzymes with distinct regulatory properties.
OLDER ADULTS' LEARNING, MEMORY, AND COPY PERFORMANCE ON THE REY-OSTERRIETH AND MODIFIED TAYLOR COMPLEX FIGURES

The Rey-Osterrieth (ROCF) and Modified Taylor (MTCF) complex figures generally produce comparable accuracy scores on learning, memory, and copy in adults, although Hubley (2010) raises questions about the comparability of copy scores in older adults. Hubley also found no gender differences in accuracy scores on either figure, small and nonsignificant correlations between figure performance and age on both figures, small and positive correlations between figure performance and education that were generally nonsignificant on both figures, and no statistically significant differences between the ROCF and the MTCF among each set of correlations. The purposes of this study were to examine, in older adults, whether the two figures show comparable (a) accuracy scores on learning, memory, and copy, and (b) correlations between accuracy scores and demographic variables (gender, age, and education) using a between-groups design and an intentional learning procedure.