Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GABAB(1) Receptor Subunit Isoforms Exert a Differential Influence on Baseline but Not GABAB Receptor Agonist-Induced Changes in Mice

GABAB receptor agonists produce hypothermia and motor incoordination. Two GABAB(1) receptor subunit isoforms exist, but because of lack of specific molecular or pharmacological tools, the relevance of these isoforms in controlling basal body temperature, locomotor activity, or in vivo responses to GABAB receptor agonists has been unknown. Here, we used mice deficient in the GABAB(1a) and GABAB(1b) subunit isoforms to examine the influence of these isoforms on both baseline motor behavior and body temperature and on the motor-incoordinating and hypothermic responses to the GABAB receptor agonists l-baclofen and γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). GABAB(1b)–/– mice were hyperactive in a novel environment and showed slower habituation than either GABAB(1a)–/– or wild-type mice. GABAB(1b)–/– mice were hyperactive throughout the circadian dark phase. Hypothermia in response to l-baclofen (6 and 12 mg/kg) or GHB (1 g/kg), baclofen-induced ataxia as determined on the fixed-speed Rotarod, and GHB-induced hypolocomotion were significantly, but for the most part similarly, attenuated in both GABAB(1a)–/– and GABAB(1b)–/– mice. We conclude that l-baclofen and GHB are nonselective for either GABAB(1) receptor isoform in terms of in vivo responses. However, GABAB(1) receptor isoforms have distinct and different roles in mediating locomotor behavioral responses to a novel environment. Therefore, GABAB(1a) and GABAB(1b) isoforms are functionally relevant molecular variants of the GABAB(1) receptor subunit, which are differentially involved in specific neurophysiological processes and behaviors.
Approximation of functions over redundant dictionaries using coherence

One of the central problems of modern mathematical approximation theory is to approximate functions, or signals, concisely, with elements from a large candidate set called a dictionary. Formally, we are given a signal <b>A</b> ∈ <b>R</b><sup>N</sup> and a dictionary <i>D</i> = {φ<inf>i</inf>}<inf><i>i</i>∈<i>I</i></inf> of unit vectors that span <b>R</b><sup><i>N</i></sup>. A representation <b>R</b> of <i>B</i> terms for input <b>A</b> ∈ <b>R</b><sup>N</sup> is a linear combination of dictionary elements, <b>R</b> = σ<inf><i>i</i>∈A</inf> α<i>i</i>φ<i>i</i>, for φ<inf>i</inf> ∈ <i>D</i> and some A, |A| ≥ <i>B</i>. Typically, <i>B</i> ⪡ <i>N</i>, so that <b>R</b> is a concise approximation to signal <b>A</b>. The error of the representation indicates by how well it approximates <b>A</b>, and is given by ∥<b>A - R</b>∥<inf>2</inf> = √Σ<inf><i>t</i></inf>|<b>A</b>[<i>t</i> - <b>R</b>[<i>t</i>]|<sup>2</sup>. The problem is to find the best <i>B</i>-term representation, <i>i.e.</i>, find a <i>R</i> that minimizes ∥<b>A - R</b>∥<inf>2</inf>. A dictionary may be redundant in the sense that there is more than one possible <i>exact</i> representation for <b>A</b>, <i>i.e.</i>, |<i>D</i>| > N = dim(<b>R</b><sup><i>N</i></sup>). Redundant dictionaries are used because, both theoretically and in practice, for important classes of signals, as the size of a dictionary increases, the error and the conciseness of the approximations improve.We present the first known efficient algorithm for finding a provably approximate representation for an input signal over redundant dictionaries. We identify and focus on redundant dictionaries with small coherence (ie., vectors are nearly orthogonal). We present an algorithm that preprocesses any such dictionary in time and space polynomial in |<i>D</i>|, and obtains an 1 + ε approximate representation of the given signal in time nearly linear in signal size <i>N</i> and polylogarithmic in |<i>D</i>|; by contrast, most algorithms in the literature require Ω(|<i>D</i>|)time, and, yet, provide no provable bounds. The technical crux of our result is our proof that two commonly used local search techniques, when combined appropriately, gives a provably near-optimal signal representation over redundant dictionaries with small coherence. Our result immediately applies to several specific redundant dictionaries considered by the domain experts thus far. In addition, we present new redundant dictionaries which have small coherence (and therefore are amenable to our algorithms) and yet have significantly large sizes, thereby adding to the redundant dictionary construction literature.Work with redundant dictionaries forms the emerging field of <i>highly nonlinear approximation theory</i>. We have presented algorithmic results for some of the most basic problems in this area, but other mathematical and algorithmic questions remain to be explored.
Histomorphometric assessment of the long-term effects of alendronate on bone quality and remodeling in patients with osteoporosis.

Treatment effects on bone quality and remodeling was assessed in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with oral alendronate. One transiliac bone biopsy was obtained from 231 women at either 24 mo (n = 11) or 36 mo (n = 120) from the start of treatment with alendronate at doses of between 5 and 20 mg/d, or placebo. 64 biopsies at 24 mo (31 from the placebo group and 33 alendronate-treated patients) and 95 biopsies at 36 mo (40 from the placebo group and 55 alendronate-treated patients) provided adequate cancellous tissue, and were analyzed by histomorphometry. Mineral apposition rate was unaffected by treatment. At 24 and 36 mo, osteoid thickness, volume, and surface significantly decreased. At each of the doses studied, mineralizing surface and activation frequency significantly decreased at each time point (e.g., -92% and -87%, respectively, for the 10 mg daily dose after 2 yr). These diminutions were of the same magnitude for each dose at 24 mo, and for the two highest doses at 36 mo. A significant increase in wall thickness accompanied by a reduction in erosion depth was detected in biopsies obtained at 24 mo. These findings confirm that mineralization is normal, and trabecular bone turnover markedly decreased in patients receiving long-term dosing with alendronate. The findings also suggest that the observed increases in bone mineral density could result both from a reduction in the remodeling space due to a decreased activation frequency and a possible trend to a positive bone balance. In addition, further studies focused on a possible increase in the degree of mineralization of bone are required.
The Republic of Science: The Emergence of Popper's Social View of Science 1935-1945

Preface. Chapter 1 Introduction: Science as an Institution. Chapter 2 Popper's 1935 Proto-constitution for the Republic of Science. Chapter 3 Problems in a Science of Social Institutions. Chapter 4 An Enriched View of Institutions. Chapter 5 Science and Society as Learning Institutions. Chapter 6 Conclusion: The Republic of Science. Sources and References. Index of Names. Index of Subjects.
Bayesian large-scale multiple regression with summary statistics from genome-wide association studies

Bayesian methods for large-scale multiple regression provide attractive approaches to the analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). For example, they can estimate heritability of complex traits, allowing for both polygenic and sparse models; and by incorporating external genomic data into the priors they can increase power and yield new biological insights. However, these methods require access to individual genotypes and phenotypes, which are often not easily available. Here we provide a framework for performing these analyses without individual-level data. Specifically, we introduce a “Regression with Summary Statistics” (RSS) likelihood, which relates the multiple regression coefficients to univariate regression results that are often easily available. The RSS likelihood requires estimates of correlations among covariates (SNPs), which also can be obtained from public databases. We perform Bayesian multiple regression analysis by combining the RSS likelihood with previously-proposed prior distributions, sampling posteriors by Markov chain Monte Carlo. In a wide range of simulations RSS performs similarly to analyses using the individual data, both for estimating heritability and detecting associations. We apply RSS to a GWAS of human height that contains 253,288 individuals typed at 1.06 million SNPs, for which analyses of individual-level data are practically impossible. Estimates of heritability (52%) are consistent with, but more precise, than previous results using subsets of these data. We also identify many previously-unreported loci that show evidence for association with height in our analyses. Software is available at https://github.com/stephenslab/rss.
RTG based surface realisation for TAG

Surface realisation with grammars integrating flat semantics is known to be NP complete. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for surface realisation based on Feature Based Tree Adjoining Grammar (FTAG) which draws on the observation that an FTAG can be translated into a Regular Tree Grammar describing its derivation trees. We carry out an extensive testing of several variants of this algorithm using an automatically produced testsuite and compare the results obtained with those obtained using GenI, another FTAG based surface realiser.
The relevance of Theme in the textual organization of BBC news reports

AbstractThis paper reports some preliminary results from an ongoing analysis of the relevance of clause initial position, especially ideational Theme, in the textual organization of discourse. The analysis involved a quantitative and qualitative exploration of the types and functions of Themes appearing in the News section of the Lancaster Spoken English Corpus (henceforth SEC). The thesis presented here is a humble one: within the context of BBC news reports, thematic choices affect the structure and development of both clauses and natural texts. The paper will show that speakers’ selection of either unmarked, marked or ‘special’ Themes is a context-dependent meaningful choice: it prompts clauses that satisfy different discourse needs.
Visual abstraction and ordering in faceted browsing of text collections

While faceted navigation interfaces can assist users in exploring an information collection, there is yet little support for users in choosing a relevant item from the set of items returned from a filtering process. In this paper, we propose using a multi-dimensional visualization as an alternative to the linear listing of focus items. We describe how visual abstraction based on a combination of structural equivalence and conceptual structure can be used to deal with a large number of items, as well as visual ordering based on the importance of facet values to support cross-facets comparison of focus items. This visual support for faceted browsing has been developed for visual exploration of text collections.
EBV BILF1 Evolved To Downregulate Cell Surface Display of a Wide Range of HLA Class I Molecules through Their Cytoplasmic Tail

Coevolution of herpesviruses and their hosts has driven the development of both host antiviral mechanisms to detect and eliminate infected cells and viral ploys to escape immune surveillance. Among the immune-evasion strategies used by the lymphocryptovirus (γ1-herpesvirus) EBV is the downregulation of surface HLA class I expression by the virally encoded G protein–coupled receptor BILF1, thereby impeding presentation of viral Ags and cytotoxic T cell recognition of the infected cell. In this study, we show EBV BILF1 to be expressed early in the viral lytic cycle. BILF1 targets a broad range of HLA class I molecules, including multiple HLA-A and -B types and HLA-E. In contrast, HLA-C was only marginally affected. We advance the mechanistic understanding of the process by showing that the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of EBV BILF1 is required for reducing surface HLA class I expression. Susceptibility to BILF1-mediated downregulation, in turn, is conferred by specific residues in the intracellular tail of the HLA class I H chain. Finally, we explore the evolution of BILF1 within the lymphocryptovirus genus. Although the homolog of BILF1 encoded by the lymphocryptovirus infecting Old World rhesus primates shares the ability of EBV to downregulate cell surface HLA class I expression, this function is not possessed by New World marmoset lymphocryptovirus BILF1. Therefore, this study furthers our knowledge of the evolution of immunoevasive functions by the lymphocryptovirus genus of herpesviruses.
Gifted Females

^ ^ ^ ^ Ihe t e r m s f ema le a n d astronaut were mutually exclusive when the U.S. manned space flight program began in 1%1. At that time, most women atterxjed to households and children while men pursued careers. The flight of the first female U.S. astronciut in 1983 is only one example of the growing involvement of women in all professions. For both economic and psychological reasons, women are findirig the pursuit of c a r e e r s and work increasingly satisfying. The positkin of the gifted female in this scene appears obvious in light of current shor tages of engineers . sc ien t i s t s , and o t h e r qualified professk>nals. In actuality, however, women are visibly underrepresented in these areas. Of the 56,000 individuals receiving B.S. degrees in engineering during 1977-78, for example, only 4,000 were women. These figures are only one illustration of the variety of diffkulties concerning the achievement of gifted females. Parents, teachers, aixl counselors of this group must strive for an ongoing awareness of research on sex-role stereotyping, math and science avokJarKe, and career development and its applk:atons for use with gifted females.
Comparison of Methods That Assess Lower-body Stretch-Shortening Cycle Utilization

Abstract Suchomel, TJ, Sole, CJ, and Stone, MH. Comparison of methods that assess lower-body stretch-shortening cycle utilization. J Strength Cond Res 30(2): 547–554, 2016—The purpose of this study was to compare 4 methods that assess the lower-body stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) utilization of athletes. Eighty-six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes from 6 different sports performed 2 squat jumps and 2 countermovement jumps on a force platform. Pre-stretch augmentation percentage (PSAP), eccentric utilization ratio (EUR), and reactive strength (RS) for jump height (JH) and peak power (PP) magnitudes, and reactive strength index–modified (RSImod) were calculated for each team. A series of one-way analyses of variance with a Holm-Bonferroni sequential adjustment were used to compare differences in PSAP, EUR, RS, and RSImod between teams. Statistical differences in RSImod (p < 0.001) existed between teams, whereas no statistical differences in PSAP-JH (p = 0.150), PSAP-PP (p = 0.200), EUR-JH (p = 0.150), EUR-PP (p = 0.200), RS-JH (p = 0.031), or RS-PP (p = 0.381) were present. The relationships between PSAP, EUR, and RS measures were all statistically significant and ranged from strong to nearly perfect (r = 0.569–1.000), while most of the relationships between PSAP, EUR, and RS measures and RSImod were trivial to small (r = 0.192–0.282). Pre-stretch augmentation percentage and EUR, RS, and RSImod values indicate that women's tennis, men's soccer, and men's soccer teams may use the SSC most effectively, respectively. Pre-stretch augmentation percentage, EUR, RS, and RSImod values may show vastly different results when comparing an individual's and a team's ability to use the SSC. Practitioners should consider using RSImod to monitor the SSC utilization of athletes due to its timing component.
Explanation of Log-Normal Distributions and Power-Law Distributions in Biology and Social Science

In many biological and social systems, where the ideal of heritance and aberrance exist at the same time, normal distribution failed in describing the distributions of variables. In stead, many real data as well as simulations indicate that log-normal distribution and power-law distribution can characterize many properties of this kind of systems. In this paper, the failure of normal distribution is studied and a general phenomenological model including both heritance and aberrance is set up. Using Fokker-Plank equation, it turns out that, log-normal distribution will be favored if the system has an optimum value for the variable we are studying, but power-law distribution will be favored for discrete variables.
BAF180 regulates cellular senescence and hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis through p21

BAF180 (also called PBRM1), a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, plays critical roles in the regulation of chromatin remodeling and gene transcription, and is frequently mutated in several human cancers. However, the role of mammalian BAF180 in tumor suppression and tissue maintenance in vivo remains largely unknown. Here, using a conditional somatic knockout approach, we explored the cellular and organismal functions of BAF180 in mouse. BAF180 deletion in primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) triggers profound cell cycle arrest, premature cellular senescence, without affecting DNA damage response or chromosomal integrity. While somatic deletion of BAF180 in adult mice does not provoke tumor development, BAF180 deficient mice exhibit defects in hematopoietic system characterized by progressive reduction of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), defective long-term repopulating potential, and hematopoietic lineage developmental aberrations. BAF180 deletion results in elevated p21 expression in both MEFs and HSCs. Mechanistically, we showed that BAF180 binds to p21 promoter, and BAF180 deletion enhances the binding of modified histones associated with transcriptional activation on p21 promoter. Deletion of p21 rescues cell cycle arrest and premature senescence in BAF180 deficient MEFs, and partially rescues hematopoietic defects in BAF180 deficient mice. Together, our study identifies BAF180 as a critical regulator of cellular senescence and HSC homeostasis, which is at least partially regulated through BAF180-mediated suppression of p21 expression. Our results also suggest that senescence triggered by BAF180 inactivation may serve as a failsafe mechanism to restrain BAF180 deficiency-associated tumor development, providing a conceptual framework to further understand BAF180 function in tumor biology.
Facial cognition and processing in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS, also known as velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS)) is a genetic disorder associated with interstitial deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. In addition to high rates of neuropsychiatric disorders children with 22q11DS have socio-behavioural problems, such as social interactions with peers, a bland affect with minimal facial expression, disinhibited/impulsive, or serious/shy extremes of behaviour. In recent years, a possible association between social problems and deficits in face processing has been drawing increasing research interests. The current paper reviews facial processing in 22q11DS from behavioural, brain structural, and brain functional perspectives. It shows that individuals with 22q11DS have problems in facial processing tasks, and both structures and functions show abnormalities in the regions associated with face processing. A functional imaging study has reported a significant correlation between a measure of social problems and cortical activities associated with implicit facial emotion processing. These findings seem to be in line with the hypothesis that deficits in face processing may partly explain the social impairments in 22q11DS.
Shared brain activity for aesthetic and moral judgments: implications for the Beauty-is-Good stereotype

The Beauty-is-Good stereotype refers to the assumption that attractive people possess sociably desirable personalities and higher moral standards. The existence of this bias suggests that the neural mechanisms for judging facial attractiveness and moral goodness overlap, i.e., they are circumscribed to the same brain regions. The hypothesis of this overlap was investigated by Tsukiura and Cabeza1 and published in the March 2010 issue of the Journal of Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. The research participants were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they made attractiveness judgments about faces and goodness judgments about hypothetical actions. Activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex increased as a function of both attractiveness and goodness ratings, whereas activity in the insular cortex decreased with both attractiveness and goodness ratings. These activations support the idea of similar contributions of each region to both judgments. The orbitofrontal and insular cortices were negatively correlated with each other, suggesting an opposing relationship between these regions during attractiveness and goodness judgments. These findings have implications for understanding the neural mechanisms of the Beautyis-Good stereotype. People judged to be physically attractive often have their personality also judged positively, be it as a person of good conduct, virtuous or even honest. One is capable of, at first sight, considering another human being attractive or unattractive while at the same time assigning values to that person. The study suggests a possible explanation for this fact since the same neural mechanisms are activated or deactivated during these types of assessments. So, perhaps now, we can explain why, when a person is seen as beautiful, they are likewise seen as good. In other words, how beauty becomes goodness. w h a T s n e w i n d e n T i s T r y
Perimeter quadrature-based metric for estimating FPGA fragmentation in 2D HW multitasking

This paper explains a new technique to estimate free area fragmentation, when hardware multitasking is being considered on a 2D FPGA. The importance of a good fragmentation metric is stated, as well its use as allocation heuristic and as defragmentation alarm. We present a new fragmentation metric based on the relative quadrature of the free area perimeter, showing examples of how it behaves with one or several holes and also with islands. Finally, we show how it can be used as cost function in a location selection heuristic, each time a task is loaded in the FPGA. Experimental results show that though it maintains a low complexity, this metric behaves better than most of the previous ones, discarding a lower amount of computing volume when the FPGA supports a heavy task load.