Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Patch Topology and the Ultrafilter Topology on the Prime Spectrum of a Commutative Ring

Let R be a commutative ring and let Spec(R) denote the collection of prime ideals of R. We define a topology on Spec(R) by using ultrafilters and demonstrate that this topology is identical to the well-known patch or constructible topology. The proof is accomplished by use of a von Neumann regular ring canonically associated with R.
Groups not presentable by products

In this paper we study obstructions to presentability by products for finitely generated groups. Along the way we develop both the concept of acentral subgroups, and the relations between presentability by products on the one hand, and certain geometric and measure or orbit equivalence invariants of groups on the other. This leads to many new examples of groups not presentable by products, including all groups with infinitely many ends, the ( outer) automorphism groups of free groups, Thompson's groups, and even some elementary amenable groups.
Frequency, Immunogenetics, and Clinical Characteristics of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in China (LADA China Study)

Adult non–insulin requiring diabetes includes latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA), distinguished from type 2 diabetes by the presence of islet autoantibodies. LADA China determined the characteristics of Chinese LADA. This nationwide, multicenter, clinic-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 46 university-affiliated hospitals in 25 Chinese cities. All 4,880 ketosis-free diabetic patients (<1 year postdiagnosis, without insulin therapy for >6 months, aged ≥30 years) had GAD antibody (GADA) and HLA-DQ genotype measured centrally with clinical data collected locally. GADA-positive subjects were classified as LADA. Of the patients, 5.9% were GADA positive with LADA. LADA showed a north-south gradient. Compared with GADA-negative type 2 diabetes, LADA patients were leaner, with lower fasting C-peptide and less metabolic syndrome. Patients with high GADA titers are phenotypically different from those with low GADA titers, while only a higher HDL distinguished the latter from those with type 2 diabetes. HLA diabetes–susceptible haplotypes were more frequent in LADA, even in those with low-titer GADA. HLA diabetes-protective haplotypes were less frequent in LADA. Our study implicates universal immunogenetic effects, with some ethnic differences, in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes. Autoantibody positivity and titer could be important for LADA risk stratification and accurate therapeutic choice in clinical practice.
A Robust and Efficient Approach to License Plate Detection

This paper presents a robust and efficient method for license plate detection with the purpose of accurately localizing vehicle license plates from complex scenes in real time. A simple yet effective image downscaling method is first proposed to substantially accelerate license plate localization without sacrificing detection performance compared with that achieved using the original image. Furthermore, a novel line density filter approach is proposed to extract candidate regions, thereby significantly reducing the area to be analyzed for license plate localization. Moreover, a cascaded license plate classifier based on linear support vector machines using color saliency features is introduced to identify the true license plate from among the candidate regions. For performance evaluation, a data set consisting of 3977 images captured from diverse scenes under different conditions is also presented. Extensive experiments on the widely used Caltech license plate data set and our newly introduced data set demonstrate that the proposed approach substantially outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of both detection accuracy and run-time efficiency, increasing the detection ratio from 91.09% to 96.62% while decreasing the run time from 672 to 42 ms for processing an image with a resolution of $1082\times 728$ . The executable code and our collected data set are publicly available.
Obesity Up-Regulates Intermediate Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels and Myoendothelial Gap Junctions to Maintain Endothelial Vasodilator Function

The mechanisms involved in altered endothelial function in obesity-related cardiovascular disease are poorly understood. This study investigates the effect of chronic obesity on endothelium-dependent vasodilation and the relative contribution of nitric oxide (NO), calcium-activated potassium channels (KCa), and myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs) in the rat saphenous artery. Obesity was induced by feeding rats a cafeteria-style diet (∼30 kJ as fat) for 16 to 20 weeks, with this model reflecting human dietary obesity etiology. Age- and sex-matched controls received standard chow (∼12 kJ as fat). Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was characterized in saphenous arteries by using pressure myography with pharmacological intervention, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructural techniques. In saphenous artery from control, acetylcholine (ACh)-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation was blocked by NO synthase and soluble guanylate cyclase inhibition, whereas in obese rats, the ACh response was less sensitive to such inhibition. Conversely, the intermediate conductance KCa (IKCa) blocker 1-[(2-chlorophenyl)diphenyl-methyl]-1H pyrazole attenuates ACh-mediated dilation in obese, but not control, vessels. In a similar manner, putative gap junction block with carbenoxolone increased the pEC50 for ACh in arteries from obese, but not control, rats. IK1 protein and MEGJ expression was up-regulated in the arteries of obese rats, an observation absent in control. Addition of the small conductance KCa blocker apamin had no effect on ACh-mediated dilation in either control or obese rat vessels, consistent with unaltered SK3 expression. Up-regulation of distinct IKCa- and gap junction-mediated pathways at myoendothelial microdomain sites, key mechanisms for endothelial-derived hyperpolarization-type activity, maintains endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diet-induced obese rat saphenous artery. Plasticity of myoendothelial coupling mechanisms represents a significant potential target for therapeutic intervention.
Ketamine Can Disrupt Episodic Memory (Hours to Days) Consolidation: Effects of Varying Dose and Retention Intervals

Memory consolidation is the process wherein short-term, episodic memories are converted into stable, long-term representations. Forebrain N-methy-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), particularly frontal cortical and hippocampal receptors, are thought to play a key role in neuronal plasticity and memory consolidation. Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist that disrupts memory, particularly encoding and retrieval processes. Previously we have observed no effect of post-acquisition ketamine treatment (50-100 mg/kg) on memory consolidation in rats performing a delayed-match-to place radial water maze task. The current study reexamined the effects of ketamine (25-100 mg/kg) on memory consolidation in this task over varying retention intervals (4, 24, and 48 hours). Consistent with previous data, no effect of ketamine treatment was seen at the four-hour retention interval. However, errors significantly increased at both the 24 and 48-hour intervals in rats treated with 100mg/kg ketamine. At 48 hours post-treatment, ketamine (25-100 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent disruption of consolidation. These results indicate that a dose and delay dependent disruption of memory consolidation consequent of ketamine administration. In summary, these studies demonstrate that NMDA antagonism can disrupt consolidation of episodic memories.
Effects of Good Speaking Techniques on Audience Engagement

Understanding audience engagement levels for presentations has the potential to enable richer and more focused interaction with audio-visual recordings. We describe an investigation into automated analysis of multimodal recordings of scientific talks where the use of modalities most typically associated with engagement such as eye-gaze is not feasible. We first study visual and acoustic features to identify those most commonly associated with good speaking techniques. To understand audience interpretation of good speaking techniques, we angaged human annotators to rate the qualities of the speaker for a series of 30-second video segments taken from a corpus of 9 hours of presentations from an academic conference. Our annotators also watched corresponding video recordings of the audience to presentations to estimate the level of audience engagement for each talk. We then explored the effectiveness of multimodal features extracted from the presentation video against Likert-scale ratings of each speaker as assigned by the annotators. and on manually labelled audience engagement levels. These features were used to build a classifier to rate the qualities of a new speaker. This was able classify a rating for a presenter over an 8-class range with an accuracy of 52%. By combining these classes to a 4-class range accuracy increases to 73%. We analyse linear correlations with individual speaker-based modalities and actual audience engagement levels to understand the corresponding effect on audience engagement. A further classifier was then built to predict the level of audience engagement to a presentation by analysing the speaker's use of acoustic and visual cues. Using these speaker based modalities pre-fused with speaker ratings only, we are able to predict actual audience engagement levels with an accuracy of 68%. By combining with basic visual features from the audience as whole, we are able to improve this to an accuracy of 70%.
Protein-Protein Interaction Network could reveal the relationship between the breast and colon cancer

Aim: This study is aimed to elicit the possible correlation between breast and colon cancer from molecular prospective by analyzing and comparing pathway-based biomarkers. Background: Breast and colon cancer are known to be frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in men and women around the world. There is some evidence that while the incident of breast cancer in young women is high, it is reported lower in the aged women. In fact, aged women are more prone to colorectal cancer than older men. In addition, many studies showed that several biomarkers are common among these malignancies. Patients and methods: The genes were retrieved and compared from KEGG database and WikiPathway, and subsequently, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and analyzed using Cytoscape v:3.2. 1 software and related algorithms. Results: More than forty common genes were identified among these malignancies; however, by pathways comparison, twenty genes are related to both breast and colon cancer. Centrality and cluster screening identified hub genes, including SMAD2, SMAD3, (SMAD4, MYC), JUN, BAD, TP53. These seven genes are enriched in regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway, positive regulation of Rac protein signal transduction, positive regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway, and positive regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition respectively. Conclusion: As there are numerous genes frequent between colorectal cancer and breast cancer, there may be a common molecular origin for these malignancies occurrences. It seems that breast cancer in females interferes with the rate of colorectal cancer incidence.
A CORDIC-friendly FFT architecture

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is one of the basic building blocks in signal processing and communications systems. The butterflies-based structure of the FFT is the main reason for the reduced number of arithmetic operations required to implement the transform. From implementation point of view, the complex rotations used in butterflies can be implemented by using COordinate Rotation DIgital Computer (CORDIC). This implementation strategy reduces the hardware complexity compared to the direct implementation of the butterflies using complex multipliers. In this paper, we introduce a restructure of the butterflies of the radix-2 FFT to be more CORDIC friendly. This algorithm-level modification of the FFT is friendly towards all CORDIC types, including those introducing non-fixed gain. Compared with the conventional radix-2 FFT algorithm, the proposed algorithm introduces a substantial increase in performance. For example, it achieves superior signal to quantization noise ratio (SQNR), with around 14 dB gain for 8 to 1024 points FFT. In addition, in pipeline architectures the modification leads to an improvement in latency or a reduction in the total area, with an improvement in either of 38% for 1024 points FFT.
Emission Tax or Standard: The Roles of Productivity Dispersion and Abatement

We compare the welfare effects of different emission-reduction policies in a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous plants. We found that an emission standard could outperform an emission tax or a tradable permit. We characterize the equilibrium conditions for this result to hold. We understand that an emission tax (or Pigouvian tax, Pigou 1954) can maximize social welfare under two conditions: (1) complete information and (2) we consider only the pollution market. The welfare effects of different policies with incomplete information are thoroughly analyzed in the literature (Weitzman 1974, among others). This literature uses a partial-equilibrium analysis. We analyze the welfare effects of different policies when the plants’ responses to policies affect the efficiency of two markets simultaneously: the goods market and the pollution market. A tax policy changes the market behavior of plants in the goods market when the purpose is only to interfere with the pollution market, increasing the gap between the plant-preferred level of output and the society-preferred level of output in the goods market if plants have some market power in the goods market. A standard-policy directly reduces the emissions and causes less goods-market distortion. We show that when some advanced abatement technology is available, the standard policy could achieve higher welfare than the tax policy.
Morphological processing in word recognition:a review with particular reference to spanish data

The goal of this paper is to review the main results offered by some experimental paradigms to support morphological processing of visual isolated words. Three theoretical hypotheses proposing different solutions to the role of word morphological structure in lexical access and representation are described: a) full parsing, b) full listing and c) mixed models. Data from morphologically structured nonwords, comparison between monomorphemic and polymorphemic words and between morphologically regular and irregular words, priming studies, and contrasts between superficial and cumulative frequency are examined to propose some tentative conclusions about the possibilities of the morphological processing models.
Quantifying changes in accelerations and heart rate indicative of fatigue during condensed competitions in elite youth ice hockey players

Thirty-three elite youth ice hockey players wore Bioharness-3 (Zephyr, MD) sensors to compare accelerations (ACC) and heart rate (HR) over four games (G1–G4) in three days, in order to establish changes in cardiovascular stress and physical exertion associated with fatigue. Peak ACC and HR across multiple time frames were quantified and analyzed in conjunction to determine exertion profiles for each game. MANOVAs for peak ACC and HR, at each time point across G1–G4 and multiple games per day (M1, M2) for magnitude and time as main effects were performed. HR beats per minute decreased between G1 and G3/G4 in time segments (3–20 minutes) although ACC were not different. Peak ACC were lower for M2 vs M1 at 60, 90, 120 and 180 seconds. Results concluded the decline in HR, but not ACC, across games indicates a cardiovascular adaptation. The reduced ACC between games M1 and M2 indicate fatigue. QUANTIFYING CHANGES IN ACCELERATIONS AND HEART RATE iii Table of
The effect of voiding position on uroflowmetry findings of healthy men and patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

INTRODUCTION We assessed the effect of different positions of voiding on uroflowmetry findings in healthy men and in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten men with symptomatic BPH and 10 healthy men were enrolled in this study. Urodynamic study was done for each subject in 3 positions: standing, crouching (the position used in the Iranian style toilets), and sitting. The following urodynamic parameters were studied: voided urine volume, residual urine volume, total flow time, flow time, maximum flow rate, average flow rate, delay to start voiding, and maximum flow time. RESULTS There were no significant differences between the 3 voiding positions and urodynamic parameters of healthy men. In men with BPH, the postvoid residual urine volume was significantly lower in the sitting position compared with the crouching and standing positions (67 mL versus 130 m/L and 130 mL; P < .001). The median average flow rate was 2.5 mL/s in the crouching, 3.5 mL/s in the sitting, and 3 mL/s in the standing positions (P = .016). Also, delay to start voiding was longest in the crouching position (6.5 seconds, 6 seconds, and 5 seconds in the crouching, sitting, and standing positions; P = .011). Voided urine volume, total flow time, flow time, maximum flow rate, and maximum flow time were not different among the 3 positions. CONCLUSION In patients with BPH, voiding position may affect urodynamic parameters and the physician's decisions. Further studies are needed to elucidate the effects of voiding position on urodynamic parameters.
Inferring species interactions in tropical forests

We present 2 distinct and independent approaches to deduce the effective interaction strengths between species and apply it to the 20 most abundant species in the long-term 50-ha plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. The first approach employs the principle of maximum entropy, and the second uses a stochastic birth–death model. Both approaches yield very similar answers and show that the collective effects of the pairwise interspecific interaction strengths are weak compared with the intraspecific interactions. Our approaches can be applied to other ecological communities in steady state to evaluate the extent to which interactions need to be incorporated into theoretical explanations for their structure and dynamics.
Use of Mobile Phones for Project Based Learning by Undergraduate Students of Nigerian Private Universities.

A university’s objective is to educate its students using information and communication technologies (ICTs) and teaching techniques that would enable its graduates become flexible and life-long learners that can easily adapt to the changes eminent in the information society. Achieving this aim requires among other factors, the adoption of appropriate teaching model such as the project based learning (PBL) which supports the inculcation of collaborative and lifelong learning skills, technology use skills, knowledge sharing skills and social networking skills into students. Consequently, this study was carried out to evaluate the use of mobile phones by students involved in PBL in three randomly selected private universities in Nigeria. The questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection from 750 undergraduates students distributed across the three selected private universities in southwestern Nigerian states. This is to say that 250 students were sampled from each of the participating private universities whose population was estimated to be about 2000 students each. Also, the use of stratified sampling technique ensured that only those students that were in their second, third, fourth and fifth year in the sampled universities, who were presumed to have acquired required learning experiences, participated in the study. The result showed that a significant percentage of the students studied had mobile phones and that they used their mobile phones for communication, interactions, getting information, browsing the Internet, and sharing knowledge anytime they were involved in PBL. It was also revealed that mobiles phones can be used to strengthen PBL in higher institutions and can be used to implement information services provided for students in their university. Although private universities in southwestern Nigeria amounts to about 43.9% of private universities in Nigeria, a percentage that makes them a sizable representation of private universities in Nigeria, the fact that the study sampled population was drawn from only three southwestern Nigerian based private universities made generalizing the results of this study as the situation in Nigeria in appropriate. The study however, provides first hand information on the prospects, gains and challenges mobile phones offer as appropriate education technology for implementing PBL in Nigerian universities.
An Iterative Approach for Color Constancy

The color perception of a surface as invariant under changing illumination, called color constancy, is very important in applications such as outdoor navigation. Most color constancy approaches are targeted for single images obtained from cameras whose sensors are assumed to be narrow-band. Algorithms that take advantage of the related information in consecutive frames are rare and require the presence of known colors in each frame or unrealistic assumptions. Therefore, in this work, we propose an iterative method for color constancy, in which the reference colors estimated from images previously corrected are used for correcting the colors of the new images through a color mapping matrix. This matrix achieves better results compared to a diagonal matrix when sensors are not narrow-band. The iterative method results are very similar to frame by frame correction using Color Checker standard colors values.