Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phase transitions and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles containing humic acid and mixtures of humic acid and ammonium sulphate

The phase transitions and hygroscopic growth of two humic acid aerosols (Aldrich sodium salt and Leonardite Standard (IHSS)) and their mixtures with ammonium sul- phate have been investigated using a combination of two techniques, Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA). A growth factor of 1.16 at 85% relative humidity (RH ) was found for the Aldrich humic acid which can be regarded as an upper limit for growth factors of humic-like substances (HULIS) found in atmospheric aerosol and is significantly smaller than that of typical atmospheric inorganics. We find that the hu- mic acid aerosols exhibit water uptake over all relative hu- midities with no apparent phase changes, suggesting that these aerosols readily form supersaturated droplets. In the mixed particles, the humic acid component decreases the del- iquescence relative humidity (DRH) and increases the efflo- rescence relative humidity (ERH) of the ammonium sulphate component, and there is some degree of water uptake prior to ammonium sulphate deliquescence. In addition, at low RH, the FTIR spectra show that the ammonium is present in a different chemical environment in the mixed aerosols than in crystalline ammonium sulphate, perhaps existing as a com- plex with the humic materials. The growth factors of the mixed aerosols are intermediate between those of the single- component aerosols and can be predicted assuming that the inorganic and organic fractions take up water independently.
Proof Assistants and the Dynamic Nature of Formal Theories

This article shows that theory exploration arises naturally from the need to progressively modify applied formal theories, especially those underpinning deployed systems that change over time or need to be attack-tolerant. Such formal theories require us to explore a problem space with a proof assistant and are naturally dynamic. The examples in this article are from our on-going decade-long eort to formally synthesize critical components of modern distributed systems. Using the Nuprl proof assistant we created event logic and its protocol theories. I also mention the impact over this period of extensions to the constructive type theory implemented by Nuprl. One of them led to our solution of a long standing open problem in constructive logic. Proof exchange among theorem provers is promising for improving the \super tactics" that provide domain specic reasoners our protocol theories. Both theory exploration and proof exchange illustrate the dynamic nature of applied formal theories built using modern proof assistants. These activities dispel the false impression that formal theories are rigid and brittle artifacts that become less relevant over time in a fast moving eld like computer science.
A New Person-Fit Statistic for the Lognormal Model for Response Times

Response-time models are of increasing interest in educational and psychological testing. This paper focuses on the lognormal model for response times (van der Linden, 2006), which is one of the most popular response-time models, and suggests a simple person-fit statistic for the model. The distribution of the statistic under the null hypothesis of no misfit is proved to be a χ distribution. A simulation study and a real data example demonstrate the usefulness of the suggested statistic.
Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems New Analytic Solution of Second-order Oscillator Using Multi-time Variables Technique

In this paper, a new analysis of sinusoidal oscillator amplitude controlled by forced response using the second order differential equation (ODE) is proposed. In general, the amplitude of the complete response is derived where forced response slope is normally assumed to be zero. The value of forced response only at initial time is thus employed to determine the amplitude. But if forced input is dynamic signal the amplitude of complete response gained by using such assumption is different from the experimental result. Thus, a new analysis of amplitude for a dynamic forced response is proposed in this paper. It is found that the forced response at any arbitrary time (not only at the initial time) is presented in a term of natural response magnitude. Magnitude of natural response is therefore directly controlled by forced response. To confirm the theoretical analysis, experimental results have been demonstrated and agreed well with the analysis results.
Preschool children within their social structure

This thesis seeks to demonstrate the presence of a social structure based on the organisation of relationships in a group of preschool children. Analyses of interaction frequencies indicate the presence of four distinct friendship groups. Analyses based on semantic classifications of acts (mainly speech) were undertaken and these demonstrated that children do establish mutually meaningful interactions by which differential relationships are expressed. This is achieved through the selective use by the children of inclusive and exclusive behaviours whose distribution was found to conform to the distribution of interaction frequencies. It is argued that these behaviours provide the constitutive bases of the observed social structure by maintaining distinctions in interrelationships. Subsequent analyses of pronominal references indicated that different degrees of mutual involvement are actively sought by children. It is thus demonstrated that children are interested in the formation and maintenance of relationships per se and this leads to the conclusion that psychological research in this area has been constrained by the imposition of excessively restrictive paradigms. The social capacities of the young child have thereby been underestimated. Most research has tended to consider children's relationships within an analytic framework based on individual acts (e.g. Social Learning Theory) or individual cognitions (e.g. Piagetian Theory). This thesis concludes with the assertion that relationships evade explication within a paradigm that only allows for a study of the individual.
The Lowering of Raised-THOUGHT and the Low-Back Distinction in New York City: Evidence from Chinese Americans

This paper examines the production of the thought and lot vowel classes by New Yorkers of Chinese heritage. Sixteen New York-born Chinese American males between the ages of 11 and 61 were sampled. About 600 thought and lot tokens were instrumentally measured and normalized for statistical analyses and plotting. A linear regression analysis and a correlation test find evidence of the reversal of thought-raising. The height (normalized F1) of thought lowers as speaker’s year of birth increases. In other words, older Chinese New Yorkers are more likely to produce thought-raising than the younger ones. The finding corroborates Becker’s (2010) results from European New Yorkers. To determine how the lowering of thought may have affected the low back distinction in New York City English, this study utilized the Pillai-Bartlette trace and the Euclidean distance between lot and thought as measurements of the magnitude of the low back distinction, along with visual examination of individual vowel plots. Despite the lowering of thought across apparent-time, most, if not all, speakers continue to maintain the low back distinction. However, the lot and thought classes for a few younger speakers are very close in the vowel space with some overlapping tokens. Their low back vowels configuration resembles the patterns exhibited by the “transitional speakers” in the Midland area in Labov et al. (2006), whose thought and lot classes are neither completely merged nor completely distinct. These results call for further work on the low back vowels of speakers of other social and ethnic groups in order to investigate the future trajectory of the thought vowel vis-a-vis the robustness of the low back distinction in the English of New York City. This working paper is available in University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics: http://repository.upenn. edu/pwpl/ vol18/iss2/18 U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics, Volume 18.2, 2012 The Lowering of Raised-THOUGHT and the Low-Back Distinction in New York City: Evidence from Chinese Americans Amy Wing-mei Wong*
Transient Combination Therapy Targeting the Immune Synapse Abrogates T Cell Responses and Prolongs Allograft Survival in Mice

T cells play a major role in allograft rejection, which occurs after T cell activation by the engagement of several functional molecules to form an immune synapse with alloantigen presenting cells. In this study, the immune synapse was targeted using mAbs directed to the TCR beta-chain (TCRβ) and lymphocyte function-associated antigen−1 (LFA1) to induce long-term allograft survival. Evaluation of antigen-specific T cell responses was performed by adoptively transferring CFSE labeled transgenic OT-II cells into wild-type mice and providing OVA peptide by intravenous injection. Graft survival studies were performed in mice by transplanting BALB/c ear skins onto the flanks of C57BL/6 recipients. The anti-TCRβ plus anti-LFA1 mAb combination (but not either mAb alone) abrogated antigen-specific T cell responses invitro and invivo. Transient combination therapy with these agents resulted in significantly prolonged skin allograft survival in mice (51±10 days; p<0.01) when compared to treatment with either anti-TCRβ mAb (24±5 days) or anti-LFA1 mAb (19±3 days) alone or no treatment (10±1 days). When lymphoid tissues from these mice were analyzed at different times post-transplant, only those receiving the combination of anti-TCRβ and anti-LFA1 mAbs demonstrated long-lasting reductions in total T cell numbers, cellular and humoral anti-donor responses, and expression of CD3 on the surface of T cells. These results demonstrate that transient anti-TCRβ and anti-LFA1 mAb combination therapy abrogates antigen-reactive T cell responses with long-lasting effects that significantly prolong allograft survival.
On model selection and concavity for finite mixture models

We show that the log-likelihood of finite mixture models is approximately concave as a function of the number of mixture components k. A corollary of this result is that the penalized log-likelihood will also be approximately concave (as a function of k) if the penalty term is itself strictly concave or linear in k (true, for example, for BIC). These results have a number of significant practical implications for parameter estimation and model selection in a mixture context.
Mapping the terrain of person-centered supportive conversations

ABSTRACT This study explores the conversational terrain of supportive conversations that vary in person centeredness (PC). Our team transcribed and unitized 223 conversations in which a discloser talked about an upsetting event to a listener trained to exhibit either low (LPC), moderate (MPC), or highly person-centered (HPC) comfort. Each utterance was coded for PC with a modified version of the traditional nine-level hierarchy. HPC-coded turns comprised 24% of HPC conversations, while LPC-coded turns comprised almost half of LPC conversations. Over 95% of turns in MPC conversations were classified as MPC. Additionally, turn-level coding and global ratings of PC differentially predicted outcomes. We discuss the implications of these conversational profiles in the context of how the PC content of conversations might aid in cognitive reappraisal.
Differential evolution of the UV luminosity function of Lyman break galaxies from z ∼ 5 to 3*

We report the ultraviolet luminosity function (UVLF) of Lyman break galaxies at z ∼ 5 derived from a deep and wide survey using the prime focus camera of the 8.2 m Subaru telescope (Suprime-Cam). Target fields consist of two blank regions of the sky, namely, the region including the Hubble Deep Field-North and the J0053+1234 region, and the total effective surveyed area is 1290 arcmin 2 . Applications of carefully determined colour selection criteria in V - I c and I c - z' yield a detection of 853 z ∼ 5 candidates with z' AB 0.1L z * =3. By combining our results with those from the literature, we find that the cosmic UV luminosity density marks its peak at z = 2-3 and then slowly declines towards higher redshift.
A comparison of the discrete Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic and the Euclidean distance

Goodness-of-fit tests gauge whether a given set of observations is consistent (up to expected random fluctuations) with arising as independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) draws from a user-specified probability distribution known as the "model. " The standard gauges involve the discrepancy between the model and the empirical distribution of the observed draws. Some measures of discrepancy are cumulative; others are not. The most popular cumulative measure is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic; when all probability distributions under consideration are discrete, a natural noncumulative measure is the Euclidean distance between the model and the empirical distributions. In the present paper, both mathematical analysis and its illustration via various data sets indicate that the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic tends to be more powerful than the Euclidean distance when there is a natural ordering for the values that the draws can take -- that is, when the data is ordinal -- whereas the Euclidean distance is more reliable and more easily understood than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic when there is no natural ordering (or partial order) -- that is, when the data is nominal.
Discriminative analysis of non-linear brain connectivity in schizophrenia: an fMRI Study

Background: Dysfunctional integration of distributed brain networks is believed to be the cause of schizophrenia, and resting-state functional connectivity analyses of schizophrenia have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Unfortunately, existing functional connectivity analyses of schizophrenia have been mostly limited to linear associations. Objective: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the discriminative power of non-linear functional connectivity and identify its changes in schizophrenia. Method: A novel measure utilizing the extended maximal information coefficient was introduced to construct non-linear functional connectivity. In conjunction with multivariate pattern analysis, the new functional connectivity successfully discriminated schizophrenic patients from healthy controls with relative higher accuracy rate than the linear measure. Result: We found that the strength of the identified non-linear functional connections involved in the classification increased in patients with schizophrenia, which was opposed to its linear counterpart. Further functional network analysis revealed that the changes of the non-linear and linear connectivity have similar but not completely the same spatial distribution in human brain. Conclusion: The classification results suggest that the non-linear functional connectivity provided useful discriminative power in diagnosis of schizophrenia, and the inverse but similar spatial distributed changes between the non-linear and linear measure may indicate the underlying compensatory mechanism and the complex neuronal synchronization underlying the symptom of schizophrenia.
Disynaptic Amplification of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 1 Responses in the Olfactory Bulb

Sensory systems often respond to rapid stimuli with high frequency and fidelity, as perhaps best exemplified in the auditory system. Fast synaptic responses are fundamental requirements to achieve this task. The importance of speed is less clear in the olfactory system. Moreover, olfactory bulb output mitral cells respond to a single stimulation of the sensory afferents with unusually long EPSPs, lasting several seconds. We examined the temporal characteristics, developmental regulation, and the mechanism generating these responses in mouse olfactory bulb slices. The slow EPSP appeared at postnatal days 10–11 and was mediated by metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) and NMDA receptors. mGluR1 contribution was unexpected because its activation usually requires strong, high-frequency stimulation of inputs. However, dendritic release of glutamate from the intraglomerular network caused spillover-mediated recurrent activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. We suggest that persistent responses in mitral cells amplify the incoming sensory information and, along with asynchronous inputs, drive odor-evoked slow temporal activity in the bulb.
Left-corner Methods for Syntactic Modeling with Universal Structural Constraints

The primary goal in this thesis is to identify better syntactic constraint or bias, that is language independent but also efficiently exploitable during sentence processing. We focus on a particular syntactic construction called center-embedding, which is well studied in psycholinguistics and noted to cause particular difficulty for comprehension. Since people use language as a tool for communication, one expects such complex constructions to be avoided for communication efficiency. From a computational perspective, center-embedding is closely relevant to a left-corner parsing algorithm, which can capture the degree of center-embedding of a parse tree being constructed. This connection suggests left-corner methods can be a tool to exploit the universal syntactic constraint that people avoid generating center-embedded structures. We explore such utilities of center-embedding as well as left-corner methods extensively through several theoretical and empirical examinations. Our primary task is unsupervised grammar induction. In this task, the input to the algorithm is a collection of sentences, from which the model tries to extract the salient patterns on them as a grammar. This is a particularly hard problem although we expect the universal constraint may help in improving the performance since it can effectively restrict the possible search space for the model. We build the model by extending the left-corner parsing algorithm for efficiently tabulating the search space except those involving center-embedding up to a specific degree. We examine the effectiveness of our approach on many treebanks, and demonstrate that often our constraint leads to better parsing performance. We thus conclude that left-corner methods are particularly useful for syntax-oriented systems, as it can exploit efficiently the inherent universal constraints in languages.
White Matter Tract Damage in the Behavioral Variant of Frontotemporal and Corticobasal Dementia Syndromes

The phenotypes of the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and the corticobasal syndrome present considerable clinical and anatomical overlap. The respective patterns of white matter damage in these syndromes have not been directly contrasted. Beyond cortical involvement, damage to white matter pathways may critically contribute to both common and specific symptoms in both conditions. Here we assessed patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal syndrome with whole-brain diffusion tensor imaging to identify the white matter networks underlying these pathologies. Twenty patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia, 19 with corticobasal syndrome, and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Differences in tract integrity between (i) patients and controls, and (ii) patients with the corticobasal syndrome and the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia were assessed with whole brain tract-based spatial statistics and analyses of regions of interest. Behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and the corticobasal syndrome shared a pattern of bilaterally decreased white matter integrity in the anterior commissure, genu and body of the corpus callosum, corona radiata and in the long intrahemispheric association pathways. Patients with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia showed greater damage to the uncinate fasciculus, genu of corpus callosum and forceps minor. In contrast, corticobasal syndrome patients had greater damage to the midbody of the corpus callosum and perirolandic corona radiata. Whereas several compact white matter pathways were damaged in both the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia and corticobasal syndrome, the distribution and degree of white matter damage differed between them. These findings concur with the distinctive clinical manifestations of these conditions and may improve the in vivo neuroanatomical and diagnostic characterization of these disorders.
Immunolocalization of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Its Receptors (CRHR1 and CRHR2) in Human Endometrial Carcinoma

Objective Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), a major regulator of the stress response, regulates various biological functions through its interaction with CRH receptors 1 (CRHR1) and 2 (CRHR2). CRH, CRHR1, and CRHR2 have recently been reported in several types of carcinoma, but the significance of these proteins has remained largely unknown in human endometrial carcinoma. Materials and Methods A total of 87 endometrial carcinoma specimens were obtained from Japanese female patients who underwent surgical treatment, fixed in 10% formalin, and embedded in paraffin wax. Immunohistochemistry for CRH, CRHR1, and CRHR2 was performed, and clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Results Immunopositivity of CRH, CRHR1, and CRHR2 in the specimens was 26%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that immunohistochemical CRH status was positively associated with CRHR1 and CRHR2 status and that CRHR1 status was significantly associated with the risk of recurrence and poorer clinical outcome, whereas CRHR2 status was marginally associated with better prognosis for overall survival. Multivariate analysis demonstrated CRHR1 status as an independent prognostic factor for both disease-free and overall survival. Conclusions These results suggest that intratumoral CRH-CRHR1 signaling plays an important role in the progression of endometrial carcinoma and that CRHR1 is a potent prognostic factor in patients with this disease.
No 631 April 2004 Corporate Ownership Structure and Performance in Europe

In this paper, we show that ownership structures vary considerably across Europe and that ownership has a significant impact on firm performance. We observe that ownership structures in Europe are not consistent with value maximisation principles. Ultimately, our results show that dominant shareholders destroy value. These findings are in contradiction to similar research based on US samples. Our results remain robust after controlling for industry and country effects, liquidity, and the type of owner. We base our analysis on a new and unique dataset of uniform ownership data of the largest 100 firms in the five major European economies. We quantify the differences in ownership by comparing three distinct ownership structures of firms and relating them to performance. For the first time we employ a Hodrick-Prescott Filter, a methodology widely used in macroeconomics to isolate the trend growth components from cyclical fluctuations, to estimate the share price trend of each firm. We take this trend as a good indirect indicator of the quality of governance. JEL Classification: G32, G34, G38.