Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE DEGREE AND PATTERN OF INCOME IMMOBILITY IN SWEDEN

This paper studies immobility in the distribution of income using Swedish data. Tax data shows immobility in personal income to be a decreasing function of the length of the period over which it is studied and an increasing function of initial age. The results show immobility to be larger among males than among females. Based on a household income survey, it is found that, when the time period expands from one to two years, the Gini coefficient of equivalent income per person decreases by five percent. A sample of males indicates that income immobility between generations in Sweden is low. Copyright 1994 by The International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.
Multinational corporations and the instability of the Nigerian state

Terisa Turner seeks to explain the instability of the Nigerian state. Stability and instability is not just a matter of vulnerability to forcible changes of regime. A stable state is one in which authorized individuals make, apply and enforce legal imperatives and public policies. To say that the Nigerian state lacks coherence is to say that it has not become separate from, dominant over, or capable of regulating society. Nigeria continues to have a predominantly import‐export economy, but one in which the state itself provides the main market for many commodities, and controls access to the supply of and market for others. Because of the key role of the state, its officials play a central part in Nigeria's commercial system. Foreign firms compete with one another for a share of the lucrative Nigerian market by offering inducements to local middlemen and state officials. Bribes are the basis of competitive advantage. State officials and Nigerian businessmen are compradors because they organize the access .
Political Decentralization and Economic Reform: A Game-Theoretic Analysis

How does the degree of political decentralization in a state affect the outcomes of economic reform programs? Economic and political theories-from Tiebout to Weingastemphasize advantages of decentralization. Yet, recent experience-from Yugoslavia and Russia to Argentina and Brazil-suggests that decentralization may at times interact with economic liberalization to exacerbate fiscal, macroeconomic, or even territorial instability. This paper suggests a logic that can account for such cases. A simple, game-theoretic model is used to analyze interactions between central and local officials in a two-level state with significant cultural divisions. It finds that decentralization or local democratization increases the level of central redistribution required to prevent spirals of regional revolt. Consequences of economic reforms that have characteristics of public goods depend critically on the initial levels of cultural division and decentralization. In relatively centralized or homogeneous states, such reforms lead to virtuous cycles of growth and increased revenues and state capacity. In decentralized and deeply divided ones, the same reforms can lead to vicious cycles of higher redistribution, economic inefficiency, and political instability.
Relationship marketing: a universal paradigm or management fad?

The business environment of the 1990s has seen a shift in firms’ emphasis away from recruiting new customers, towards nurturing and retaining those that they currently have. Numerous studies have demonstrated the effects on profitability of pursuing what has become known generically as “relationship marketing”. Discussion of relationship marketing has suffered from a failure to position the concept, resulting in interpretations ranging from short‐term sales incentives to a core business philosophy. Explores these multiple dimensions of relationship marketing, and challenges the emerging conventional wisdom that relational exchange between buyers and sellers should be the norm which all businesses aim for. Although relationship marketing may be very attractive for many products and markets, its adoption may be inappropriate in others. Parties to an exchange may have diverging views on commitment to each other and may not welcome the possibility of having their chances for opportunism restricted. In some sensitive markets, the cost of loyalty schemes may exceed the revenue benefits of repeated levels of business at profitable prices. Finally, the overenthusiastic development of buyer‐seller relationships can have anti‐ competitive implications, which are evident in some Eastern countries.
Prospective study of clinical bleeding in intensive care unit patients.

We investigated prospectively clinical bleeding in 1,328 consecutive patients admitted to a medical/surgical ICU over 1 yr. One hundred thirty-eight (10.4%) patients bled after ICU admission, and an additional 388 (29.2%) bled coincident with admission. The upper GI tract was the site of bleeding in 34.8% of patients whose bleeds commenced in the ICU, and accounted for 22% of total sites. Patients with clinical bleeding after ICU admission had a significantly (p less than .001) higher likelihood of death than those who did not bleed, and those with multiple bleeding sites had a higher mortality (54.9%) than those with single sites (31%) (p less than .006). Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that risk ratios (RR) for bleeding after ICU admission were mechanical ventilation (RR = 1.82), nutritional failure (RR = 3.45), acute renal failure (RR = 3.36), antiulcer medication (RR = 3.36), and anticoagulants (RR = 4.19). No antibiotics could be specifically incriminated. This study defines the scope, characteristics, and importance of bleeding in ICU patients and establishes risk factors.
Fluoroscopically Guided Cervical Interlaminar Epidural Injections Using the Midline Approach: An Analysis of Epidurography Contrast Patterns

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate epidurography contrast patterns in fluoroscopically guided cervical interlaminar epidural injections using the midline approach. METHODS: All epidural injections were performed at the C6-7 level in the prone position. Epidurography was performed using a fixed amount of iotrolan 240 mg I/mL (1, 2, 3 mL). RESULTS: The rate of ventral epidural spread was 56.7% in Group A (1 mL), 90% in Group B (2 mL), and 93.3% in Group C (3 mL). CONCLUSIONS: Two milliliters of contrast solution can provide optimal dispersion of contrast in a ventral and longitudinal spread.
Rational Disposition Effects

The paper examines the tendency to sell winners and hold on to losers in a dynamic noisy rational expectations equilibrium with informed and uninformed investors. The key feature of the model is that the information asymmetry between investors varies over time. Besides demonstrating that the disposition effect is not intrinsically at odds with rational behavior, the model makes two novel predictions. First, disposition effects among uninformed investors should weaken after events that reduce information asymmetry. Second, disposition effects among uninformed investors should be weaker in persistent winners and persistent losers. The data, transactions of 30,000 clients at a German broker between 1995 and 2000, are consistent with these predictions.
Consumer perceptions of frontline service employee personality traits, interaction quality, and consumer satisfaction

Although implementing the marketing concept can be accomplished through frontline employees in many service firms, very few studies have investigated the relationships between a service provider's personality and important performance outcomes. This article examines how frontline service employee personality traits affect interaction quality and consumer satisfaction from the consumers' point of view. Data were collected from 317 English consumers who had utilised a service from a hotel, airline, or hairdresser. The study found that the three personality traits – extroversion, conscientiousness, and agreeableness – had a strong effect on interaction quality. The results confirm the appropriateness of the hierarchical model of employee personality and show that including interaction quality in the model improves the explanation of consumer satisfaction.
Capital, economic returns and the creation of value

Focuses on sources of capital to an organization, investment and flows of capital within an organization, interaction with markets, the generation of economic returns, and the potential for the creation of value. Illustrates how the creation of value provides benefits to employees, shareholders, and society. Provides numerical illustration of the dollar value of a capital project to employees, shareholders and separately to society. Provides the foundation for understanding concepts such as economic value added, a practical understanding of how economics works, especially in terms of allocation of capital, invested capital, flowing capital, and returns on capital. Traces the creation of value to the markets for goods and services.
The Cash Opportunity Costs of Childbearing: An Approach To Estimation Using British Data

The opportunity costs of rearing British children in terms of cash earnings foregone by their mother are estimated for a typical family. Data from the Women and Employment Survey (1980) provide estimates for hourly pay as a function of work experience and current hours of work. They also make possible the generation of participation and hours profiles for representative women with different numbers of children, which, together with the earnings function are used to simulate lifetime income. Earnings foregone as a result of bearing and rearing two children are roughly equally composed of three effects, on participation, hours and pay. They exceed direct costs, and do not rise proportionally with family size. They are sensitive to the spacing of births but not, undiscounted, to the timing of the first one. The method and results contrast markedly with those of a similarly motivated study of US women, by Calhoun and Espenshade. It is argued that the non-linearity of the earnings function and state dependence.
Accumulation of mutants in “aging” bacterial colonies is due to growth under selection, not stress-induced mutagenesis

Several bacterial systems show behavior interpreted as evidence for stress-induced mutagenesis (adaptive mutation), a postulated process by which nongrowing cells temporarily increase their general mutation rate. Theoretical considerations suggest that periodic stress-induced general mutagenesis would not be advantageous in the long term, due to the high cost of deleterious mutations. Alternative explanations have been tested for very few of the systems used as evidence for stress-induced mutation. In one prominent system, mutants resistant to rifampicin (RifR; rpoB; RNA polymerase) accumulate in cell populations that “age” on solid medium with little net growth. Mutant accumulation was initially attributed to stress-induced general mutagenesis in nongrowing cells. Evidence is presented that these RifR mutants accumulate because they grow faster than parent cells during the aging period. Direct tests revealed no increase in the frequency of other mutant types during the aging period.
It Takes a Regime Shift: Recent Developments in Japanese Monetary Policy through the Lens of the Great Depression

Last week, we witnessed one of the most exciting developments in monetary policymaking since the 1930s. The Japanese central bank staged an honest-to-goodness regime shift. The Bank of Japan went beyond vague promises and cheap talk. As I will describe in more detail later, it took dramatic actions and pledged convincingly to do whatever it takes to end deflation in Japan. The theoretical reasons why this regime shift may be important are well understood by economists. Persistent deflation and anemic growth suggest that Japan continues to suffer from a shortfall of demand. But their policy interest rate is already at the zero lower bound. Furthermore, riskier, long-term rates are also very low— suggesting that unconventional policies such as large-scale asset purchases are unlikely to do much to further reduce nominal rates. As discussed by Paul Krugman, Gauti Eggertsson and Michael Woodford, and others, if unconventional monetary policy can raise expected inflation, this can push down real interest rates even though nominal rates cannot fall. 1 This, in turn, can raise aggregate demand by stimulating interest
Variation in heat shock protein expression at the latitudinal range limits of a widely‐distributed species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia)

Studies of heat shock response show a correlation with local climate, although this is more often across altitudinal than latitudinal gradients. In the present study, differences in constitutive but not inducible components of heat shock response are detected among populations of the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia L. that exist at the species' latitudinal range limits (Finland and Spain). The study demonstrates that macroclimatic differences between these sites should cause greater exposure of the Spanish population to higher temperatures. Thermal stress treatments are used to estimate differences in the expression of four genes potentially relevant for tolerating these temperatures. For the analysis, three heat‐shock proteins and glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), a glycolysis enzyme that also modulates cell growth based on metabolic state, are chosen. Two constitutive differences are found between the sites. First, insects from Spain have higher levels of Hsp 21.4 than those from Finland regardless of thermal stress treatment; this protein is not inducible. Second, insects from Finland have higher levels of G3PDH. The two remaining Hsps, Hsp20.4 and Hsp90, show dramatic up‐regulation at higher temperatures, although there are no significant differences between insects from the different populations in either constitutive levels or inducibility. In nature, differences between the study populations likely occur in the expression of all four genes that were studied, although these differences would be directly climate‐induced in Hsp20.4 and Hsp90 and constitutive in Hsp21.4 and G3PDH. Inducibility may mitigate the need for constitutive variation in traits that adapt insects to local climate.
Inflation and Relative Price Variability: Parks' Study Reexamined

The authors show that Richard W. Parks' (1978) widely cited evidence on the correlation between the rate of inflation and the variability of relative prices in the United States during 1948-75 depends on one observation, 1974. When the sample period is extended through 1989, the correlation depends on the observations for 1974 and 1980. Since both are years of large oil price shocks, the authors make the case that causation is likely to run from these shocks to relative price variability and inflation with accommodating monetary policy playing a role. Copyright 1993 by Ohio State University Press.
Using Vision and Dynamic Touch to Perceive the Affordances of Tools

The information that people use to perceive whether a tool is suitable for a certain task depends on what is available at a given time. Visually scanning a tool and wielding it each provide information about the functional attributes of the tool. In experiment 1, we investigated the relative contributions of vision and dynamic touch to perceiving the suitability of various tools for various tasks. The results show that, when both vision and dynamic touch are available, the visual information dominates. When limited to dynamic touch, ratings of suitability are constrained by the inertial properties of the tool, and the inertial properties that are exploited depend on the task. In experiment 2, we asked whether the manner in which a tool is manipulated in exploration depends on the task for which it is being evaluated. The results suggest that tools are manipulated in ways that reflect intentions to perceive particular affordances. Exploratory movements sometimes mimic performatory movements.
Hedonic Estimation Applied to a Water Rights Market

rights is concerned with the efficiency of water allocations where there are legal and institutional constraints on water rights trades. Economists have argued that such constraints prohibit water from moving to its socially highest valued uses and hence, that the allocation of water under these restrictions is inefficient. On the other hand, if water rights associated with a certain parcel of farm real estate could be sold separately from the land in a perfectly competitive market, the allocation of water would be efficient (Hirshleifer, et al. 1969, 42-43; Anderson 1983). 1 The past attempts to examine and compare the efficiency of water rights markets have been qualitative. One notable example is the study by Brown, et al. (1982) which hypothesized that water rights markets are more efficient in regions where water is relatively scarce. Six basins were examined and as-
A multidimensional approach to understanding under-eating in homebound older adults: the importance of social factors.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify relationships between medical, functional, economic, oral health, social, religious, and psychological factors and under-eating in homebound older adults. The focus of the study was on identifying potentially modifiable factors amenable to social and behavioral interventions. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 230 homebound older adults who were currently receiving home health services participated in interviews in their homes using a questionnaire to assess eating behaviors and factors that could possibly affect those eating behaviors. Interviewers measured height and weight, and participants completed three 24-hr dietary recalls. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 79.1 years. The sample comprised 78% women and 38% African Americans. We found that 70% of participants were under-eating, defined as not consuming enough calories to maintain their current body weight. Participants who were at higher risk of under-eating included men, those receiving either infrequent care or very frequent care by a caregiver, those who had been hospitalized prior to receipt of home health services, and those with a higher body mass index. IMPLICATIONS Findings from the study have implications for both practice and policy. Experts must develop evidence-based interventions targeted at under-eating in this particularly vulnerable and growing population of homebound older adults. This study provides an initial foundation for the development of targeted evidence-based behavioral nutritional interventions that are noninvasive and cost effective.
Advanced Displacement Estimation for PSI using High Resolution SAR Data

The Persistent Scatterer (PS) technique is a well known method for estimating object and/or surface deformation from space with high accuracy and high spatial coverage and sampling by analyzing estimation frameworks generated from stacks of interferograms [1]. It is especially suitable for urban areas which, in general, show a high density of PS to detect movements with a wide area deformation pattern as well as changes within small scales, e.g. subsidence of isolated buildings. The new high resolution class satellites like TerraSAR-X, Radarsat-2 or Cosmo-SkyMed put forth new potentials and challenges as the density of PS increases dramatically. As several PS can be found on one single object like a building or a bridge, a advanced motion estimation for this group of points can be introduced, accounting for the coupled movement. In this paper we show how the estimation can be carried out restricting the movement to certain models we employ in order to increase the accuracy of the displacement for the whole group of PS. The results obtained for the proposed estimation technique are based on simulated data to thoroughly investigate the potentials of this approach. They are the basis for real datasets available from TerraSAR-X.
Youth and parent measures of self-efficacy for continuous glucose monitoring: survey psychometric properties.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to describe the development and psychometric evaluation of novel youth and parent measures of self-efficacy related to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes. This evaluation also assessed the predictive validity of the CGM Self-Efficacy (CGM-SE) surveys on CGM use and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Study participants included 120 youth with type 1 diabetes for ≥1 year enrolled in a 2-year randomized clinical trial comparing CGM use with and without the addition of a family-focused CGM behavioral intervention. Youth and parents completed the CGM-SE surveys at randomization after a 1-week run-in to assess CGM tolerability. Analyses of predictive validity excluded the intervention group and included 61 youth in the control group in order to assess CGM use and HbA1c outcomes 3 and 6 months after randomization. RESULTS At study entry, youth were 12.7±2.7 years old with a diabetes duration of 6.1±3.6 years and an HbA1c level of 8.0±0.8% (64±9 mmol/mol); blood glucose monitoring frequency was 6.8±2.4 times/day, and 84% received pump therapy. CGM-SE surveys had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.80 for youth and 0.82 for parents). Youth reporting higher baseline CGM self-efficacy (CGM-SE score of >80) had significantly greater CGM use and lower HbA1c level after 3 and 6 months compared with youth reporting lower baseline CGM self-efficacy (CGM-SE score of ≤80). CONCLUSIONS The CGM-SE surveys appear to have strong psychometric properties. CGM self-efficacy may offer an opportunity to assess the likelihood of CGM adherence and glycemic improvement in youth with type 1 diabetes in clinical and research settings.
A one-shot germinal center model under protein structural stability constraints

The germinal center reaction is the process by which low-affinity B cells evolve into potent, immunoglobulin-secreting plasma and memory B cells. Since the recycling hypothesis was created, experimental studies have both tracked movement of a small population of B cells from the light zone into the dark zone, supporting the recycling model, and parallel to the light zone–dark zone interface, indicating a one-way trajectory. We present a novel, sequence-based ab initio model of protein stability and protein interactions. Our model contains a dark zone region of clonal expansion and somatic hypermutation and a light zone site of antigenic selection. We show not only that a one-shot model is sufficient to achieve biologically-realistic rates of affinity growth, population dynamics, and silent:non-silent mutation ratios in the complementary determining region and framework region of antibodies, but also that a stochastic recycling program with or without realistic constraints on the structural stabilities of GC antibodies cannot produce biologically-observed affinity growth, population dynamics or silent:non-silent mutation profiles. The effect of recycling erases affinity gains made by potent antibodies cycling back from the light zone and causes B cells to pool in the dark zone under high replication rates.
Do Product and Consumer Characteristics Affect the Relationship Between Online Experience and Customer Satisfaction?

ABSTRACT This study utilizes a survey to understand how relevant product and consumer characteristics affect the relationship between online experience and satisfaction. Results indicate that Web shoppers' satisfaction is strongly affected by a superior online experience if they have no prior experience with the purchased brand, they are purchasing a high priced product, and their general attitudes toward online shopping are not very favorable. Further, the relationship between online experience and satisfaction was found to be stronger for females as compared to males.