Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diseases, prophylaxis and treatment of the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus: a review.

After substantial investments in research, the Atlantic halibut Hippoglossus hippoglossus is now being cultivated commercially in Norway, Iceland, Scotland and Canada. As with other domesticated species, disease problems have been experienced. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of diseases of the Atlantic halibut, and their diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment. In economic terms, the most important losses have been suffered at the larval and juvenile stages. The most important infections are caused by nodaviruses, causative agents of Viral Encephalopathy and Retinopathy (VER), which are the major reason why Norway's production of halibut fry has been level since 1995. An aquatic birnavirus, Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus, is also an important agent of mortality. Vibrio anguillarum, Flexibacter ovolyticus and atypical Aeromonas salmonicida are the major bacterial pathogens. The protozoan parasites recorded include Ichthyobodo sp. , the microsporidium Enterocytozoon sp. , Trichodina hippoglossi, and the metazoan pathogens include myxozoans, helminths, Entobdella hippoglossi, Lepeophtheirus hippoglossi and other parasitic copepods. Experimental vaccines have been tested against V anguillarum and atypical A. salmonicida, with good results. A recombinant vaccine against nodaviruses is under development. A few trials have been carried out on non-specific immunostimulants, but no such treatment is currently available. A number of efficacy and pharmacokinetic trials with various antibacterial agents have also been published.
Minimum-Voltage Vector Injection Method for Sensorless Control of PMSM for Low-Speed Operations

In this paper, a simple signal injection method is proposed for sensorless control of permanent-magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) at a low speed, which ideally requires one voltage vector only for position estimation. The proposed method is easy to implement, resulting in low computation burden. No filters are needed for extracting the high-frequency current signals for position estimation. The use of low-pass filters (LPFs) in the current control loop to obtain the fundamental current component is not necessary. Therefore, the control bandwidth of the inner current control loop may not need to be sacrificed. The proposed method may also be further developed to inject two opposite voltage vectors to reduce the effects of inverter voltage error on the position estimation accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by comparing with other sensorless control method. Theoretical analysis and experimental results are given for validating the proposed new sensorless control method.
Clostridium perfringens Epsilon Toxin Targets Granule Cells in the Mouse Cerebellum and Stimulates Glutamate Release

Epsilon toxin (ET) produced by C. perfringens types B and D is a highly potent pore-forming toxin. ET-intoxicated animals express severe neurological disorders that are thought to result from the formation of vasogenic brain edemas and indirect neuronal excitotoxicity. The cerebellum is a predilection site for ET damage. ET has been proposed to bind to glial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the possibility that ET binds and attacks the neurons remains an open question. Using specific anti-ET mouse polyclonal antibodies and mouse brain slices preincubated with ET, we found that several brain structures were labeled, the cerebellum being a prominent one. In cerebellar slices, we analyzed the co-staining of ET with specific cell markers, and found that ET binds to the cell body of granule cells, oligodendrocytes, but not astrocytes or nerve endings. Identification of granule cells as neuronal ET targets was confirmed by the observation that ET induced intracellular Ca2+ rises and glutamate release in primary cultures of granule cells. In cultured cerebellar slices, whole cell patch-clamp recordings of synaptic currents in Purkinje cells revealed that ET greatly stimulates both spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory activities. However, pharmacological dissection of these effects indicated that they were only a result of an increased granule cell firing activity and did not involve a direct action of the toxin on glutamatergic nerve terminals or inhibitory interneurons. Patch-clamp recordings of granule cell somata showed that ET causes a decrease in neuronal membrane resistance associated with pore-opening and depolarization of the neuronal membrane, which subsequently lead to the firing of the neuronal network and stimulation of glutamate release. This work demonstrates that a subset of neurons can be directly targeted by ET, suggesting that part of ET-induced neuronal damage observed in neuronal tissue is due to a direct effect of ET on neurons.
Physical Activity Levels and Preferences of Ethnically Diverse Visitors to Georgia State Parks

Abstract Parks provide many outdoor recreation opportunities that encourage physical activity and healthy lifestyles, and research has recently begun to explore the demographic, social, and environmental factors associated with park-based activity levels, particularly outside of urban areas. This study used a mixed methods approach to investigate physical activity levels and correlates among demographically diverse state park visitors in Georgia. Data were collected during summer 2010 via onsite intercept surveys (n = 1,073) and structured observations of visitor behavior (n = 9,453 individuals observed). Analyses revealed substantial levels of activity during park visits and highlighted links between socially oriented recreation participation and park-based physical activity, particularly for Latinos and African Americans. Results could provide park managers with insightful information for promoting and sustaining park-based physical activity across diverse communities.
Physical activity and overweight in adolescents : a pilot survey

The purpose of this study was to design a Physical Activity Survey (PAS) that can be utilized by health care providers to determine those adolescents who have inadequate behaviors relating to physical activity patterns. Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing was the theoretical framework to guide this study. An expert panel consisting of a Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, an Exercise Physiologist and a Pediatrician was formed to analyze the content of the Adolescent PAS. This panel made suggestions for content alteration, which were then analyzed and organized into five different categories. These suggestions included the addition of questions regarding grade in school, number of family members in the home, whom the adolescent lives with, boxes for specific physical activities, and time spent performing sedentary activities. These findings suggested that Advance Practice Nurses play a role in the identification and education of at-risk adolescents related to their activity patterns.
Toward A Conceptual Clarification Of Employee Responses To Flexible Working Hours: A Work Adjustment Approach

An elaboration of Davis, England and Lofquist's (1968) work adjustment model is employed to explain how flexible working hours can influence employee satisfaiction, performance, absenteeism, tenure, organizational commitment, and job involvement. Through need full illment, stress reduction, and the harmonization of work with human circadian rhythms, flexible working hours can contribute to a greater correspondence between (1) an individual's abilities and the ability requirements of the job, and (2) an individual's needs and the satisfaiction of those needs by, the work environment.
An Investigation into Metaphor Use at Different Levels of Second Language Writing

Recent studies in linguistics have shown that metaphor is ubiquitous. This has important consequences for language learners who need to use it appropriately in their speech and writing. This study aims to provide a preliminary measure of the amount and distribution of metaphor used by language learners in their writing across Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels. Two hundred essays written by Greek- and German-speaking learners of English are examined for their use of metaphor. The findings are that the overall density of metaphor increases from CEFR levels A2 to C2. At lower levels, most of the metaphoric items are closed-class, consisting mainly of prepositions, but at B2 level and beyond, the majority of metaphoric items are open-class. Metaphor is used to perform increasingly sophisticated functions at each of the levels. At B2 level, significantly more errors start to be perceived in the metaphorically used words, and there is more evidence of L1 influence. Descriptors are provided for CEFR levels A2-C2 regarding the use of metaphor.
The Utility Of The Assessment Of Spirituality And Religious Sentiments (Aspires) Scale With Christians And Buddhists In Sri Lanka

The Assessment of Spirituality and Religious Sentiments (ASPIRES) Scale represents spirituality as a universal source of motivation. This chapter explains the process of assessing the universality of the ASPIRES constructs through an examination of its cross-cultural relevance. In this instance, the psychometric value of the ASPIRES is examined in a largely Buddhist sample in Sri Lanka. The data do allow for a comparison between Christians and Buddhists on all ASPIRES Scales. The current findings provide support for using the ASPIRES in this cultural context. These data add to a growing international database on the ASPIRES. Research continues to demonstrate the utility and applicability of this measure with diverse religious and ethnic groups. Hopefully these data will encourage more cross-cultural and cross-denominational research and use of the ASPIRES. Keywords: ASPIRES; Buddhists; Christians; cross-cultural research; cross-denominationalresearch; interfaith comparison; Sri Lanka
Inhibitory Semantic Priming of Lexical Decisions Due to Failure to Retrieve Weakly Activated Codes

Semantic priming effects from newly learned vocabulary words are examined in a lexical decision task. At low levels of learning, those primes whose meanings are recognizable but not recallable can inhibit responses to well-known, scmantically related target words, whereas those whose meaning are recallable produce either no effect or facilitation, depending on instructions concerning how to use the prime information. These results are consistent with the notion that semantic priming effects are determined at least in part by the nature of the retrieval operations performed on the prime and target, over and above influences due to spreading activation and confirmed or violated expectations. Specifically, they indicate a need to include mechanisms other than violated expectations that can produce inhibition of retrieval. Candidate mechanisms are discussed.
Case Study: Training a mother of child with Autism on how to provide Discrete Trial Teaching

It is significant that parents of children with autism participate in the process of education of their children. In this study, the effects of ADOSEP, which is a family education program prepared to teach parents how to use a research-based discrete trial method, on teaching behaviors of a mother of a child with autism through discrete trial were examined. The results of the study indicated, that mother of child with autism attained the behavior of instructing through discrete trial and she demonstrated this behavior with her own child in her house. Participant mother of the study was pleased with taking place in the program and becoming systematically functional with her son.
To What Extent Does Age Influence the Reporting of Life Events?

A study of life events reporting was carried out among 64 depressed and 74 non-depressed patients. The results show that age as well as depression can affect the number and type of reported life events. The younger age group (<45 years) reported more events than the older group, and the depressed patients reported more events than their non-depressed counterparts. The younger group also listed more desirable events than their elders. There was no evidence of an interaction between diagnosis and age.
Aldosterone and Not Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Is a Critical Mediator of Early Angiotensin II/ NG-Nitro-l-Arginine Methyl Ester-Induced Myocardial Injury

Background—Angiotensin II (Ang II) increases levels of aldosterone and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). Both aldosterone and PAI-1 seem to promote cardiovascular (CV) injury. Our objective was to determine the roles of PAI-1 and aldosterone in the development of myocardial and renal damage in a model with high Ang II and low nitric oxide (NO) availability, a pattern seen in patients with heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and arteriosclerosis. Methods and Results—Mice on a moderately high sodium diet were treated with the NO synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) for 14 days plus Ang II during days 8 through 14. The roles of aldosterone and PAI-1 in the development of CV injury were assessed using the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone (0, 1.5, 15, and 50 mg · 100 g−1 · day−1) and PAI-1-deficient mice (PAI-1−/−). Ang II/L-NAME-treated mice showed glomerular ischemia, proteinuria, and necrosis of myocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells with an associated mixed inflammatory response, deposition of loose collagen, and neovascularization. Compared with saline-drinking mice, Ang II/L-NAME-treated mice had significantly increased heart to body weight (HW/BW) ratios, cardiac and renal damage assessed by histological examination, PAI-1 immunoreactivity, and proteinuria. Spironolactone treatment decreased PAI-1 immunoreactivity and reduced in a dose-dependent fashion cardiac and renal damage. PAI-1−/− animals had a similar degree of CV injury as PAI-1+/+ animals. Conclusions—Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism, but not PAI-1 deficiency, protected mice from developing Ang II/L-NAME-mediated myocardial and vascular injury and proteinuria, suggesting that aldosterone, but not PAI-1, plays a key role in the development of early Ang II/L-NAME-induced cardiovascular injury.
Morphological and Histopathological Changes in Orofacial Structures of Experimentally Developed Acromegaly-Like Rats: An Overview

Tongue enlargement and mandibular prognathism are clinically recognized in almost all patients with acromegaly. An acromegaly-like rat model recently developed by exogenous administration of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was used to investigate morphological and histopathological changes in orofacial structures and to clarify whether these changes were reversible. Exogenous administration of IGF-I evoked specific enlargement of the tongue with identifiable histopathological changes (increased muscle bundle width, increased space between muscle bundles, and increased epithelial thickness), elongation of the mandibular alveolar bone and ascending ramus, and lateral expansion of the mandibular dental arch. Regarding histopathological changes in the mandibular condyle, the cartilaginous layer width, bone matrix ratio, and number of osteoblasts were all significantly greater in this rat model. After normalization of the circulating IGF-I level, tongue enlargement and histopathological changes in the tongue and mandibular condyle were reversible, whereas morphological skeletal changes in the mandible remained.
Determinant Factors of Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students

Endorsing academic entrepreneurship has become a major topic of public policy across the developed and developing countries. From the perspective of students, starting a new firm is a complicated decision due to high uncertainty and perceived risk. There are many factors that can support or hinder the students’ decision to start their own firms. This paper is intended to explore the role of factors that determine the students’ decision to start up own businesses. Internal factors such as motivation and other personal characteristics are explored together with external factors such as uncertainty in political and economic growth. The hypotheses based on these ideas were tested by using a survey on the university students at Petra Christian University (PCU), Indonesia. The regression analysis results broadly support the argument that the personal characteristics are important. Furthermore, external factors and some perceived barriers also proved to be positively significant. Based on these findings, suggestions were given for the improvement of entrepreneurial program conducted by the university.
Flextime A Viable Solution to Work/Family Conflict?

Flextime, a work schedule that permits flexible starting and quitting times, has gained wide currency as a partial solution to conflicts between work and family life. This article aims to review the existing research regarding the advantages and disadvantages of flextime to both employers and employees; to evaluate the effects of flextime on resolving work/family conflicts; and to establish future programmatic, research, and policy directions regarding flextime. Research indicates that no compelling case can be made for flextime solely on the grounds of employers' conventional concerns with organizational effectiveness, organizational membership, or job attitudes. Research reveals, further, that flextime is beneficial in resolving work/family conflicts, but not as beneficial as often hoped. Future research should include the following: (a) greater sensitivity than is currently available regarding the use of, not just access to, flextime; (b) more attention to the needs of different subgroups as defined by.
On the hardness of approximating minimization problems

We prove results indicating that it is hard to compute efficiently good approximate solutions to the Graph Coloring, Set Covering and other related minimization problems. Specifically, there is an c >0 such that Graph Coloring cannot be approximated with ratio n’ unless P=NP. Set Covering cannot be approximated with ratio clog n for any c < 1/4 unless NP is contained in DTIME[nPOIY log ~ ]. Similar results follow for related problems such as Clique Cover, Fractional Chromatic Number, Dominating Set and others.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: capillarity and fiber-type characteristics of skeletal muscle.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this investigation was to compare capillarity and fiber type proportions of the vastus lateralis muscle between patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and healthy subjects. METHODS Fifteen male subjects were included in the study (8 COPD: 61.0 +/- 1.8 years [mean +/- SEM]; forced expiratory volume in 1 second 42.0 +/- 2.1% predicted; 7 N: age 54.0 +/- 1.1). Subjects were submitted to a symptom-limited maximal exercise test on ergocycle. After a transcutaneous biopsy of the vastus lateralis muscle, sections were cut 8 to 10 microns thick and stained with the Andersen method for capillarity and Stevens method for fiber typing. RESULTS Patients with COPD had a decrease in peak oxygen consumption compared with healthy subjects (1.2 +/- 0.1 versus 3.0 +/- 0.2 L/min). Number of capillaries per square millimeter was lower in patients with COPD versus healthy subjects (92.6 +/- 16.1 and 213.3 +/- 33.5, P < 0.001); percentages of fiber types were 43.5 +/- 5.5% type I, 56.5 +/- 5.5% type II in COPD, and 56.7 +/- 3.4% type I, 43.2 +/- 3.4% type II in healthy subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, capillaries/fiber ratio was 0.83 +/- 0.05 in COPD, and 1.56 +/- 0.10 in healthy subjects (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION As expected, patients with COPD showed a decrease in exercise capacity. The muscle analysis results indicate that patients with COPD have a greater proportion of type II fibers and a much lower capillaries/fiber ratio than normal subjects. We conclude that COPD adversely affects fiber type and capillarization of the lower limbs. This could be partly caused by deconditioning in these patients.
Preparatory Reading Instruction in Kindergarten: Some Comparative Research into Methods of Auditory and Auditory-Visual Training of Phonemic Analysis and Blending

If pupils are to learn to read they must understand that words are composed of sounds (phonemes) and that these sounds correspond with letters. Research has shown that phonemic analysis and blending is difficult for many beginning readers so many of the present prereading and beginning reading programs practice these skills. In an experiment done in nine kindergarten classes the effect of different practice methods was compared. One experimental group practiced phonemic analysis and blending purely auditorily, while another group practiced phonemic analysis and blending with words they had first learned as sight words. Both methods appeared effective. Suggestions are made for research into the differential effect of these methods.
Japanese Lifestyle during Childhood Prevents the Future Development of Obesity among Japanese-Americans

Objective To evaluate whether a Japanese lifestyle during childhood could protect against the future development of obesity-associated metabolic diseases by comparing native Japanese with Japanese-Americans in whom genetic factors are the same. Methods Study subjects were 516 native Japanese and 781 Japanese-Americans who underwent medical examinations between 2007 and 2010. Japanese-Americans were divided into 444 first-generation immigrants (JA-1), who were born in Japan, and 337 second- or later-generation descendants (JA-2), who were born in the United States. The JA-2 group was then divided into the kibei subgroup (N = 79), who had moved to Japan before the age of 18 years and later returned to the United States, and the non-kibei subgroup (N = 258), who had never lived in Japan. Results The JA-2 group had the highest percentages of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes compared with native Japanese and JA-1. Furthermore, among JA-2, the prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in the kibei subgroup was significantly lower than that in the non-kibei subgroup. The prevalence of diabetes in the kibei subgroup also tended to be lower than in the non-kibei subgroup. Conclusions The prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases differed with residence in Japan during childhood among Japanese-Americans. These findings indicate the possibility that Japanese lifestyle during childhood could reduce the future risks for obesity-associated metabolic diseases.
EIGHTEEN Cas 9-Based Genome Editing in Zebrafish

Genome editing using the Cas9 endonuclease of Streptococcus pyogenes has demonstrated unprecedented efficacy and facility in a wide variety of biological systems. In zebrafish, specifically, studies have shown that Cas9 can be directed to user-defined genomic target sites via synthetic guide RNAs, enabling random or homology-directed sequence alterations, long-range chromosomal deletions, simultaneous disruption of multiple genes, and targeted integration of several kilobases of DNA. Altogether, these methods are opening new doors for the engineering of knock-outs, conditional alleles, tagged proteins, reporter lines, and disease models. In addition, the ease and high efficiency of generating Cas9-mediated gene knock-outs provides great promise for Methods in Enzymology, Volume 546 # 2014 Elsevier Inc. ISSN 0076-6879 All rights reserved. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801185-0.00018-0 377 high-throughput functional genomics studies in zebrafish. In this chapter, we briefly review the origin of CRISPR/Cas technology and discuss current Cas9-based genome-editing applications in zebrafish with particular emphasis on their designs and implementations.