Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why they quit: a focused look at teachers who leave for other occupations

To better understand the factors related to teachers' decisions to leave for jobs outside of education, the study employs a structural equation modeling approach to analyze data from two large national datasets from the National Center for Education Statistics. The focus on occupation switchers is unique, with most studies of teacher attrition failing to differentiate between teachers who leave by their reasons for doing so. Overall, our findings suggest that district- and school-level leaders concerned about keeping good teachers in the classroom can take steps to improve teachers' job satisfaction by enhancing salaries and the conditions in which teachers work. Forced to choose between these levers, administrators may be more successful in boosting satisfaction and reducing the rate by which teachers quit to take a job outside of education by focusing their efforts on improving working conditions.
Environmental Impact Assessment of a School Building in Iceland Using LCA-Including the Effect of Long Distance Transport of Materials

Buildings are the key components of urban areas and society as a complex system. A life cycle assessment was applied to estimate the environmental impacts of the resources applied in the building envelope, floor slabs, and interior walls of the Vaettaskoli-Engi building in Reykjavik, Iceland. The scope of this study included four modules of extraction and transportation of raw material to the manufacturing site, production of the construction materials, and transport to the building site, as described in the standard EN 15804. The total environmental effects of the school building in terms of global warming potential, ozone depletion potential, human toxicity, acidification, and eutrophication were calculated. The total global warming potential impact was equal to 255 kg of CO2 eq/sqm, which was low compared to previous studies and was due to the limited system boundary of the current study. The effect of long-distance overseas transport of materials was noticeable in terms of acidification (25%) and eutrophication (31%) while it was negligible in other impact groups. The results also concluded that producing the cement in Iceland caused less environmental impact in all five impact categories compared to the case in which the cement was imported from Germany. The major contribution of this work is that the environmental impacts of different plans for domestic production or import of construction materials to Iceland can be precisely assessed in order to identify effective measures to move towards a sustainable built environment in Iceland, and also to provide consistent insights for stakeholders.
A FASTER SCALING ALGORITHM FOR MINIMIZING SUBMODULAR FUNCTIONS∗

Combinatorial strongly polynomial algorithms for minimizing submodular functions have been developed by Iwata, Fleischer, and Fujishige (IFF) and by Schrijver. The IFF algorithm employs a scaling scheme for submodular functions, whereas Schrijver’s algorithm achieves strongly polynomial bound with the aid of distance labeling. Subsequently, Fleischer and Iwata have described a push/relabel version of Schrijver’s algorithm to improve its time complexity. This paper combines the scaling scheme with the push/relabel framework to yield a faster combinatorial algorithm for submodular function minimization. The resulting algorithm improves over the previously best known bound by essentially a linear factor in the size of the underlying ground set.
Christian Acculturation and Fang Witchcraft

No one has ever supposed that political independence in Africa has meant independence from European culture. Much less has it meant independence for the Africans themselves from some of the "dysfunctional" and "primitive" elements that linger on in their age old civilizations. For those who are still concerned with the continuing interworking of African and European culture on that continent as well as the struggle Africans are having with their own cultures, M. P. Bekale has here given a very interesting text; a text written in the crucible of acculturation. The "lutte qui s'y livre" is as much as anything a battle between two systems of belief. It is a struggle of acculturation in which the Christian belief system and its emphasis on individual responsibility is at odds with an aspect of an African belief system, primarily its penchant for witchcraft and secretive individual aggrandizement. Out of this struggle we see elaborated a grandiose mythology of evil. No doubt this is, for the African, a satisfying compensatory drama canalizing, like sorcery itself, the frustration and tension he has undergone in the colonial and post-colonial world. But though this struggle seems to be here canted towards a European ethic and a European solution to social and cultural problems, the mythology itself, created under the stress of these acculturative pressures, is evidence that there is no simple imitation taking place. The African's own sense of tradition and of cultural autonomy is at work reinterpreting, syncretising, creating even when he seems to be
Language background and OSCE performance: a study of potential bias.

AIM To investigate whether Non-Native dental students perceive drawbacks in their education and examination experience because of their lack of language proficiency and to test whether prolonging Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) test-station duration improves their performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dental students (n = 345) completed a questionnaire about their native country, their language background and the possible drawback they perceived in dental education and examination because of their language proficiency. Students were marked as 'native', when they were born in the Netherlands with Dutch as native language or 'Non-Native' when they were born outside the Netherlands, raised with a non-Dutch native language, or raised bilingually. A sample of 108 students was assessed by an OSCE testing a periodontal course with nine test-stations. Test-station topics were: (1) history taking, (2) measuring attachment level, (3) educating patients, (4) tracing a radiograph, (5) root-planing, (6) writing a prescription, (7) diagnostics and prognostics, (8) differential diagnostics and (9) writing a referral letter. The first five test-stations mentioned were of 5-min duration. The other four test-stations were provided in two modes: either with a short (5 min) or longer (10 min) version. Every student took at random two long and two short test-stations. RESULTS In the group of 345 questionnaire responders, Non-Native students (n = 116) perceived significantly more drawback in education and examination than Native students (n = 229) (P < 0.001). When Non-Native students speak Dutch at home, around 38% of them reported perceived drawbacks in education, whereas when they speak their native language at home, around 60% reported perceived drawbacks in education (P = 0.005). In the periodontal OSCE (n = 108), the Native group (n = 70) had significantly higher total scores than the Non-Native (n = 38), (P = 0.009, d = 0.53). The Non-Native group had significantly lower mean scores in the communication station 'educating patients' (P = 0.034, d = 0.42). Prolonged test-station duration from 5 to 10 min had no positive effect in all experimental test-stations in the Native and Non-Native group. Female students in the Native group out-performed male in a communication test-stations. Female students in Native and Non-Native groups were found to be more successful in 'tracing bone loss on radiographs'. CONCLUSION Non-Native students perceived a drawback in dental education and examination because of their language proficiency in Dutch, which is confirmed by their actual OSCE performance. Prolonging the time for a test-station did not improve OSCE performance of Non-Native students. It is recommended that students with problems in language ability need additional tuition and practice.
When is a schema not a schema? The "Big Five" traits as cognitive structures.

Five studies investigated personality trait structures as cognitive schemas. Norman's (1963) ”Big Five” trait dimensions were hypothesized to function as schemas to organize the lexicon of subordinate traits. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that subjects employ an implicit theory of personality similar to the ”Big Five” structure in making judgments about trait co-occurrence and semantic similarity. Experiments 3 and 4, however, failed to show clustering by trait category in a tree-recall paradigm, regardless of whether the memory task was framed in a social context or not. Experiment 5 demonstrated considerable overlap in meaning in the subordinate traits in the Norman list, suggesting that the results in Experiments 3 and 4 may reflect a lack of distinctiveness in the trait-factor relationships. The knowledge stuctures comprising implicit personality theory are not automatically activated by schema-relevant stimulus information.
Temporal Response of Endogenous Neural Progenitor Cells Following Injury to the Adult Rat Spinal Cord

A pool of endogenous neural progenitor cells (NPCs) found in the ependymal layer and the sub-ependymal area of the spinal cord are reported to upregulate Nestin in response to traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). These cells could potentially be manipulated within a critical time period offering an innovative approach to the repair of SCI. However, little is known about the temporal response of endogenous NPCs following SCI. This study used a mild contusion injury in rat spinal cord and immunohistochemistry to determine the temporal response of ependymal NPCs following injury and their correlation to astrocyte activation at the lesion edge. The results from the study demonstrated that Nestin staining intensity at the central canal peaked at 24 h post-injury and then gradually declined over time. Reactive astrocytes double labeled by Nestin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were found at the lesion edge and commenced to form the glial scar from 1 week after injury. We conclude that the critical time period for manipulating endogenous NPCs following a spinal cod injury in rats is between 24 h when Nestin expression in ependymal cells is increased and 1 week when astrocytes are activated in large numbers.
Frontal Plane Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Walking in Boys Who Are Overweight Versus Healthy Weight

Purpose: To compare frontal plane lower extremity biomechanics during walking in adolescent boys who were overweight (OW) versus healthy weight (HW). Methods: Fourteen boys (7 considered HW, body mass index for age <85th percentile; age 10.8 ± 0.7 years; 7 considered OW, body mass index for age >95th percentile; age 12.0 ± 0.7 years) participated. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected during walking at self-selected speeds. Group means were compared using Student's t tests (alpha = 0.05). Results: Significant differences were found in timing of rearfoot motions and moments, amplitude of knee motion peaks, timing of knee moment peaks, and timing and amplitudes of peak hip motion and moments. Conclusion: Boys who were OW collapsed into hip adduction and knee valgus during stance and attempted to compensate with rearfoot inversion. Observed differences in frontal plane kinematics during walking suggest that boys who are OW have increased risk of lower extremity musculoskeletal injuries and dysfunction.
Starving for Knowledge: An Active Learning Approach to Teaching About World Hunger

Two student groups on the campus of a small liberal arts college in the United States utilized a role-playing dramatization created by a major international non-governmental organization to teach members of the campus community about world hunger. In this article, we situate the role-play exercise within the wider literature on active learning techniques; discuss how the event was implemented; and rigorously assess the event’s pedagogical value. Participants in Oxfam America’s “Hunger Banquet” clearly demonstrated a statistically significant level of increased knowledge about world hunger. We also show that they demonstrated a greater degree of knowledge acquisition than students who learned the same material in a traditional classroom format.
Circulating multimarker profile of patients with symptomatic heart failure supports enhanced fibrotic degradation and decreased angiogenesis

Abstract Background: Heart failure (HF) involves myocardial fibrosis and dysregulated angiogenesis. Objective: We explored whether biomarkers of fibrosis and angiogenesis correlate with HF severity. Methods: Biomarkers of fibrosis [procollagen types I and III (PIP and P3NP), carboxyterminal-telopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), matrix metalloproteases (MMP2 and MMP9), tissue inhibitor of MMP1 (TIMP1)]; and angiogenesis [placental growth factor (PGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt1)] were measured in 52 HF patients and 19 controls. Results: P3NP, ICTP, MMP2, TIMP1, PGF, and sFlt1 levels were elevated in HF, while PIP/ICTP, PGF/sFlt1, and VEGF/sFlt1 ratios were reduced. PIP/ICTP, MMP-9/TIMP1, and VEGF/sFlt1 ratios were lowest among patients with severe HF. Conclusions: Severe HF is associated with collagen breakdown and reduced angiogenesis. A multimarker approach may guide therapeutic targeting of fibrosis and angiogenesis in HF.
Electrolyte Disturbances Are Associated with Non-Survival in Dogs—A Multivariable Analysis

Electrolyte disorders have been individually associated with mortality in small populations of dogs and cats with specific conditions, but the associations and interactions between electrolyte disturbances and outcome have not been evaluated in a large, heterogeneous population. It was hypothesized that abnormalities of sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations would be independently and proportionately associated with death from natural causes and with all-cause mortality in dogs. An electronic database containing 33,117 electrolyte profiles was constructed to retrospectively assess the association between disorders of sodium, potassium, corrected chloride, and ionized calcium concentrations with non-survival and with death excluding euthanasia by multivariable modeling. A second database containing 11,249 records was used to validate the models constructed from the first database. All four electrolytes assessed had non-linear U-shaped associations with case fatality rates, wherein concentrations clustered around the reference interval had the lowest case fatality rates, while progressively abnormal concentrations were associated with proportionately increased risk of non-survival (AUROC 0.624) or death (AUROC 0.678). Multivariable modeling suggested that these electrolyte disturbances were associated with non-survival and with death from natural causes independent of each other. This study suggests that measurement of electrolyte concentrations is an important component of the assessment of dogs in emergency rooms or intensive care units. Future studies should focus on confirming these associations in a prospective manner accounting for disease severity.
A Review: Expression of Aquaporins in Otitis Media

Otitis media (OM) refers to inflammatory diseases of the middle ear (ME), regardless of cause or pathological mechanism. Among the molecular biological studies assessing the pathology of OM are investigations of the expression of aquaporins (AQPs) in the ME and Eustachian tube (ET). To date, fifteen studies have evaluated AQPs expression in the ME and ET. Although the expression of individual AQPs varies by species and model, eleven types of AQP, AQP1 to AQP11, were found to be expressed in mammalian ME and ET. The review showed that: (1) various types of AQPs are expressed in the ME and ET; (2) AQP expression may vary by species; and (3) the distribution and levels of expression of AQPs may depend on the presence or absence of inflammation, with variations even in the same species and same tissue. Fluid accumulation in the ME and ET is a common pathological mechanism for all types of OM, causing edema in the tissue and inducing inflammation, thereby possibly involving various AQPs. The expression patterns of several AQPs, especially AQP1, 4 and 5, were found to be altered in response to inflammatory stimuli, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that AQPs may have immunological functions in OM.
Examining Autobiographical Influences on Student Teachers with Disabilities

This was an exploratory study involving four students with disabilities who were enrolled in a 1-year post-graduate teacher education programme. The purpose of the research was to determine if and how a disability and previous school and life experiences influence early teaching practice. Three phases of data collection using mixed qualitative methods were used in this study. There were five findings: the participants generally had negative elementary and secondary school experiences, the families of the subjects were important in terms of supporting or not supporting educational activities, the students had accepted their disabilities, they possessed specific character traits that contributed to their success, and the participants did not replicate the teaching methods to which they had been exposed.
Effects of Different Brain Lesions on Card Sorting: The Role of the Frontal Lobes

Sorting tasks, requiring the subject to respond selectively, first to one aspect of a situation and then to another, have traditionally been regarded as sensitive indicators of brain injury, but there has been little agreement concerning the effects of lesions in different areas of the brain on sorting behavior. Weigl,36in 1927, found that braininjured patients performed more poorly than normal control subjects on a simple Color-Form sorting task, and he described a patient with bilateral frontal-lobe damage who had particular difficulty in shifting from one sorting principle to another. Goldstein,6though rejecting any strict localization of intellectual function, also appears to stress the importance of the frontal lobes for spontaneous shifting, and this view has been further emphasized by such workers as Rylander29and Halstead.9,10Yet Teuber, Battersby, and Bender,34studying men with penetrating missile wounds of the brain, found greater deficits on
A Cognitive Behavioural Group Treatment of Bulimia

Summary This study describes a group treatment of bulimia using an adaptation of Fairburn's (1981) cognitive behavioural approach. Thirteen bulimic women with a self-reported average of 24 self-induced vomiting episodes per week were treated in two groups; each group met once a week for 16 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the number of self-reported vomiting episodes; pre- and post-treatment measures of eating attitudes, depression, assertiveness, and global level of psychological distress were also evaluated. Vomiting frequency decreased to an average 2.2 times per week (a 91% improvement) with seven patients abstinent by the end of treatment. Significant pre- to post-treatment changes were also demonstrated on measures of depression, eating attitudes, and assertiveness. Six-month follow-up data on 11 patients indicate a mean vomiting frequency of 3.8 per week; six patients maintained their progress. Although Fairburn had greater success using an individual cognitive behavioural approach, the results of the present study are promising for the development of a cost-effective treatment.
Rethinking Internal Migrations in Lao PDR: The Resettlement Process under Micro-Analysis

Current debates about the resettlement issue in Laos point to the need to pay closer attention to the migrants' representations and practices. In this article, three biographies of recent settlers in Thongnamy (Bolikhamxay Province) are analysed to highlight some concrete mechanisms at work in this context of socio-economic change. People rely on a diversity of resources to make ends meet, with varying success. Kinship and social capital are vital resources, and land is a major concern for all. The migrants' agency (a dimension missing in more quantitative surveys) must, however, be framed against a local ‘arena’, which is itself entangled in the broader, national setting, as revealed by a discussion of the ethnic issue and the land allocation policy. Ultimately, this paper offers insights into the progressive social differentiation that takes place in a new, heavily populated and multi-ethnic village where access to land is now at stake.
MobilityGraphs: Visual Analysis of Mass Mobility Dynamics via Spatio-Temporal Graphs and Clustering

Learning more about people mobility is an important task for official decision makers and urban planners. Mobility data sets characterize the variation of the presence of people in different places over time as well as movements (or flows) of people between the places. The analysis of mobility data is challenging due to the need to analyze and compare spatial situations (i.e., presence and flows of people at certain time moments) and to gain an understanding of the spatio-temporal changes (variations of situations over time). Traditional flow visualizations usually fail due to massive clutter. Modern approaches offer limited support for investigating the complex variation of the movements over longer time periods. We propose a visual analytics methodology that solves these issues by combined spatial and temporal simplifications. We have developed a graph-based method, called MobilityGraphs, which reveals movement patterns that were occluded in flow maps. Our method enables the visual representation of the spatio-temporal variation of movements for long time series of spatial situations originally containing a large number of intersecting flows. The interactive system supports data exploration from various perspectives and at various levels of detail by interactive setting of clustering parameters. The feasibility our approach was tested on aggregated mobility data derived from a set of geolocated Twitter posts within the Greater London city area and mobile phone call data records in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. We could show that MobilityGraphs support the identification of regular daily and weekly movement patterns of resident population.
Selection of Optimum Working Fluid for Organic Rankine Cycles by Exergy and Exergy-Economic Analyses

The thermodynamic performance of a regenerative organic Rankine cycle that utilizes low temperature heat sources to facilitate the selection of proper organic working fluids is simulated. Thermodynamic models are used to investigate thermodynamic parameters such as output power, and energy efficiency of the ORC (Organic Rankine Cycle). In addition, the cost rate of electricity is examined with exergo-economic analysis. Nine working fluids are considered as part of the investigation to assess which yields the highest output power and exergy efficiency, within system constraints. Exergy efficiency and cost rate of electricity are used as objective functions for system optimization, and each fluid is assessed in terms of the optimal operating condition. The degree of superheat and the pressure ratio are independent variables in the optimization. R134a and iso-butane are found to exhibit the highest energy and exergy efficiencies, while they have output powers in between the systems using other working fluids. For a source temperature was equal to 120 °C, the exergy efficiencies for the systems using R134a and iso-butane are observed to be 19.6% and 20.3%, respectively. The largest exergy destructions occur in the boiler and the expander. The electricity cost rates for the system vary from 0.08 USD/kWh to 0.12 USD/kWh, depending on the fuel input cost, for the system using R134a as a working fluid.