Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extremizing algebraic connectivity subject to graph theoretic constraints

The main problem of interest is to investigate how the algebraic connectivity o f a weighted connected graph behaves when the graph is perturbed by removing one or more connected components at a xed vertex and replacing this collection by a single connected component. This analysis leads to exhibiting the unique up to isomorphismtrees on n vertices with speciied diameter that maximize and minimize the algebraic connectivity o ver all such trees. When the radius of a graph is the speciied constraint the unique minimizer of the algebraic connectivity o ver all such graphs is also determined. Analogous results are proved for unicyclic graphs with xed girth. In particular, the unique minimizer and maximizer of the algebraic connectivity is given over all such graphs with girth 3.
Occupational well-being among aging teachers in Finland

Abstract This article presents an examination of occupational well‐being among teachers in Finland who are over 45‐years of age (n = 1012). Occupational well‐being was described by affective (job anxiety and depression, burnout), behavioral (job competence and aspiration) and health (psychosomatic Symptoms and work ability) components. The structure of well‐being turned out to be two‐dimensional, consisting of affect‐health and behavior dimensions. The level of well‐being among aging teachers was quite high, although 36% of the teachers had Problems of well‐being related to both ajfect‐health and behavior. However, according to the work ability index, only 4% of the 45‐49‐year‐old and 12% of the 55‐59‐year‐old teachers were classified as having poor work ability. Of the demographic variables examined (sex, age, subject and teaching level) the most Variation in occupational well‐being was produced by subject and teaching level. The level of well‐being was lowest among vocational subject teachers in vocatio.
Voltage‐dependent Ca2+ release in rat megakaryocytes requires functional IP3 receptors

Using simultaneous whole‐cell patch‐clamp and fluorescence measurements of [Ca2+]i in rat megakaryocytes we have investigated the requirement for functional inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptors in Ca2+ release induced by membrane depolarization during agonist stimulation. Voltage‐dependent Ca2+ release was observed during application of the IP3‐generating agonists U46619 (a thromboxane A2 analogue) and ADP. Furthermore, voltage‐dependent Ca2+ release was observed in the absence of exogenous agonist following sensitization of IP3 receptors with thimerosal. Depolarization‐induced Ca2+ release was not detected during depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores by thapsigargin. Thus, depletion of stores alone is not sufficient to confer voltage dependence upon the Ca2+ release mechanism. Block of IP3 receptors by carbacyclin‐stimulated elevations in cAMP, uncaging of cAMP or exposure to a high concentration of caffeine reversibly abolished Ca2+ increases stimulated by both ADP and depolarization. The cAMP‐dependent block was prevented by a peptide inhibitor of protein kinase A, indicating that an alteration of adenylate cyclase activity leading to modulation of protein kinase A activity does not underlie the control of Ca2+ release by voltage. These results are consistent with the requirement for functional IP3 receptors for voltage control of Ca2+ release from intracellular stores during inositol lipid signalling. The data also indicate the involvement of a voltage sensor downstream of surface membrane receptors in the depolarization‐evoked Ca2+ response.
Emotional Sentence Annotation Helps Predict Fiction Genre

Fiction, a prime form of entertainment, has evolved into multiple genres which one can broadly attribute to different forms of stories. In this paper, we examine the hypothesis that works of fiction can be characterised by the emotions they portray. To investigate this hypothesis, we use the work of fictions in the Project Gutenberg and we attribute basic emotional content to each individual sentence using Ekman’s model. A time-smoothed version of the emotional content for each basic emotion is used to train extremely randomized trees. We show through 10-fold Cross-Validation that the emotional content of each work of fiction can help identify each genre with significantly higher probability than random. We also show that the most important differentiator between genre novels is fear.
The predictive role of ego-resiliency on behavioural problems

This study examined the longitudinal relations of participants' self-reported ego-resiliency to internalize and externalize behavioural problems during the early adulthood. Participants were divided in two cohorts: 144 young adults (59.7% of females; mean age of 20 years at Time 1—T1 and 28 years at Time 3) were included in the first cohort and 119 young adults (48.7% of females; mean age of 21 years at T1 and 29 years at Time 4) were included in the second cohort. In a panel structural equation model controlling for stability of the constructs, we found that ego-resiliency predicted internalizing problems, and near significantly predicted externalizing problems, during the period of young adulthood. The posited conceptual model accounted for a significant portion of variance in the considered variables and has implications for interventions designed to promote and sustain ego-resiliency to counteract behavioural problems.
Letting the CAT out of the bag: A review of the Comprehensive Aphasia Test. Commentary on Howard, Swinburn, and Porter, “Putting the CAT out: What the Comprehensive Aphasia Test has to offer”

Background: For many years, aphasia batteries have been widely used to assess language difficulties associated with aphasia. Although many clinicians use aphasia batteries in their clinical evaluation, a gradual shift away from these tests has occurred in the last 10 years. Concerns about whether established aphasia batteries fulfil the purposes of assessment have resulted in the development and use of other measures to investigate the effects of brain injury on language function and communication. Recently, a new aphasia battery was published. The Comprehensive Aphasia Test (CAT; Swinburn, Porter, & Howard, 2005) is a standardised test designed to comprehensively assess processes concerned with the recognition, comprehension, and production of spoken and written language. In addition, it attempts to evaluate how any language‐processing difficulties identified by the test impact on the individual's everyday life and record the person's own perspective of his or her aphasia. Aims: This paper attempts to provide a critical review of the most widely used aphasia batteries in the UK. It also aims to evaluate the CAT, a relatively new aphasia battery. Main Contributions: The paper begins with a brief history of aphasia assessment followed by a discussion of the purposes of assessment. Then, some of the aphasia test batteries commonly used in both clinical and research settings in the UK are reviewed. Finally the CAT, the newest aphasia battery for a number of years, is critiqued. Questions are asked about the adequacy of aphasia batteries in general and the CAT in particular to achieve the goals of assessment. Conclusion: The CAT is a valid and reliable test of language‐processing abilities in adults with aphasia. The test identifies the nature of the person with aphasia's impairments and his or her intact processes. It also provides some insight into how the person feels about his or her aphasia. The information gained may be used to identify further areas for assessment or provide the basis for devising a therapy programme. Given the time constraints experienced in clinical and research settings and the useful information on language skills provided by the CAT, this assessment tool should be of interest to clinicians and researchers.
Efficacy of Cerebral Autoregulation in Early Ischemic Stroke Predicts Smaller Infarcts and Better Outcome

Background and purpose Effective cerebral autoregulation (CA) may protect the vulnerable ischemic penumbra from blood pressure fluctuations and minimize neurological injury. We aimed to measure dynamic CA within 6 h of ischemic stroke (IS) symptoms onset and to evaluate the relationship between CA, stroke volume, and neurological outcome. Methods We enrolled 30 patients with acute middle cerebral artery IS. Within 6 h of IS, we measured for 10 min arterial blood pressure (Finometer), cerebral blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler), and end-tidal-CO2. Transfer function analysis (coherence, phase, and gain) assessed dynamic CA, and receiver-operating curves calculated relevant cut-off values. National Institute of Health Stroke Scale was measured at baseline. Computed tomography at 24 h evaluated infarct volume. Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) at 3 months evaluated the outcome. Results The odds of being independent at 3 months (MRS 0–2) was 14-fold higher when 6 h CA was intact (Phase > 37°) (adjusted OR = 14.0 (IC 95% 1.7–74.0), p = 0.013). Similarly, infarct volume was significantly smaller with intact CA [median (range) 1.1 (0.2–7.0) vs 13.1 (1.3–110.5) ml, p = 0.002]. Conclusion In this pilot study, early effective CA was associated with better neurological outcome in patients with IS. Dynamic CA may carry significant prognostic implications.
Making Sense of a Barrier: U.S. News Discourses on Israel’s Dividing Wall

This study investigates mainstream U.S. newspaper discourses concerning the dividing wall that Israel built as a separation barrier from the West Bank. In so doing, it ultimately seeks to further explore news media’s role as agents of social control and influence. Findings indicate that in invoking the nationalism dimension, the news did not handle the primordial element adequately, and that emphasis on violence and revenge as well as the tragedy of child victimization was particularly prominent. The study argues that while the media’s role in social control and influence may be significant, the adequacy with which they perform this role is questionable.
Short and Long Term Measures of Anxiety Exhibit Opposite Results

Animal models of human diseases of the central nervous system, generalized anxiety disorder included, are essential for the study of the brain-behavior interface and obligatory for drug development; yet, these models fail to yield new insights and efficacious drugs. By increasing testing duration hundredfold and arena size tenfold, and comparing the behavior of the common animal model to that of wild mice, we raise concerns that chronic anxiety might have been measured at the wrong time, for the wrong duration, and in the wrong animal. Furthermore, the mice start the experimental session with a short period of transient adaptation to the novel environment (habituation period) and a long period reflecting the respective trait of the mice. Using common measures of anxiety reveals that mice exhibit opposite results during these periods suggesting that chronic anxiety should be measured during the post-habituation period. We recommend tools for measuring the transient period, and provide suggestions for characterizing the post habituation period.
Conflict and Cooperation: Gendered Roles and Responsibilities within Cotton Households in Northern Mozambique

War, drought and the failure of centrally planned economic policies have resulted in a reorientation of government priorities in Mozambique. Since the late 1980s, agricultural policy regarding food and cash crop production has shifted away from a dependence on state farms towards a reliance on commercial enterprises and the family sector. The government also has applied market principles to the purchase and processing of cash crops and allowed private companies to replace inefficient and poorly managed state enterprises. These decisions have not been adopted hastily; they have been accompanied by numerous studies that try to anticipate the possible impact of these changes at the micro and macro economic level. Several of these studies are noteworthy in their attention to the position of rural women in Mozambique. They acknowledge the significant role played by women and they detail the numerous productive activities that rural women engage in, from planting and weeding to childcare and collecting firewood (Liberman 1988,1989,1992; Casimiro, Laforte, and Pessoa 1991; Andrade, Cardoso, Casimiro, and Louro 1992; UEM 1993). In light of the tremendous economic changes that the country is undertaking, many of the studies warn the government against policies that will marginalize women and urge officials to incorporate a gender component into projects and policies (Casimiro, Laforte, and Pessoa 1991; Liberman 1992).
Connectionist Investigations of Individual Differences in Stroop Performance

A simple connectionist model for the Stroop task was implemented to investigate a defective inhibition hypothesis first postulated by Fox in 1994 for individuals of high anxiety. Simulations with this model indicated that Stroop interference was positively, instead of negatively, related to inhibition. An alternative excitation hypothesis assuming that high anxiety corresponds to stronger verbal connections to the distracting material could also be investigated in the model. Stronger verbal connections indeed corresponded to larger interference. It is argued that this type of simulation could be useful, not because it proves in any way the supposed mechanisms, but because it clarifies the relation between theory and empirical data and so stimulates further specification of theoretical assumptions and invites empirical research into these assumptions.
Evaluation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration and Plasma Free Concentration As a Surrogate Measurement for Brain Free Concentration

This study was designed to evaluate the use of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drug concentration and plasma unbound concentration (Cu,plasma) to predict brain unbound concentration (Cu,brain). The concentration-time profiles in CSF, plasma, and brain of seven model compounds were determined after subcutaneous administration in rats. The Cu,brain was estimated from the product of total brain concentrations and unbound fractions, which were determined using brain tissue slice and brain homogenate methods. For theobromine, theophylline, caffeine, fluoxetine, and propranolol, which represent rapid brain penetration compounds with a simple diffusion mechanism, the ratios of the area under the curve of Cu,brain/CCSF and Cu,brain/Cu,plasma were 0.27 to 1.5 and 0.29 to 2.1, respectively, using the brain slice method, and were 0.27 to 2.9 and 0.36 to 3.9, respectively, using the brain homogenate method. A P-glycoprotein substrate, CP-141938 (methoxy-3-[(2-phenyl-piperadinyl-3-amino)-methyl]-phenyl-N-methyl-methane-sulfonamide), had Cu,brain/CCSF and Cu,brain/Cu,plasma ratios of 0.57 and 0.066, using the brain slice method, and 1.1 and 0.13, using the brain homogenate method, respectively. The slow brain-penetrating compound, N[3-(4′-fluorophenyl)-3-(4′-phenylphenoxy)propyl-]sarcosine, had Cu,brain/CCSF and Cu,brain/Cu,plasma ratios of 0.94 and 0.12 using the brain slice method and 0.15 and 0.018 using the brain homogenate method, respectively. Therefore, for quick brain penetration with simple diffusion mechanism compounds, CCSF and Cu,plasma represent Cu,brain equally well; for efflux substrates or slow brain penetration compounds, CCSF appears to be equivalent to or more accurate than Cu,plasma to represent Cu,brain. Thus, we hypothesize that CCSF is equivalent to or better than Cu,plasma to predict Cu,brain. This hypothesis is supported by the literature data.
Evaluation of Traffic Violation Behaviors and the Causal Attribution of Accidents in Chile

Traffic accidents constitute the fifth leading cause of death in Chile. This study measures attitudes toward 12 violation behaviors and compares causal attributions of accidents by participants versus experts. A survey containing 41 items was administered to 216 different drivers and pedestrians in the city of Santiago, assessing a judgment of seriousness for a group of violation behaviors and asking about accident causes. An analysis of variance for the index of seriousness according to sex, age, and type of driver resulted in significance (F = 2.463, p < .014), indicating differences in judgments produced by men and women, young and adult people, and different types of drivers. Women showed a higher level of response to the index of seriousness than men; the same was obtained for pedestrians, who scored higher than drivers. Participants considered that driving under the effects of alcohol and excessive speed were the most important causes of accidents, which was opposite to the causes indicated by experts.
Has Environmental Sociology Arrived?

I t is arguably the case that over the years the question “Has environmental sociology arrived? ” has beenmore of a preoccupation for environmental sociologists than it has been for most persons in comparable subdisciplines of sociology. In part, this is because at the time of the founding of theAmerican Sociological Association (ASA)’s Section on Environmental Sociology during the mid1970s, a sizable share of the members of the section were early in their careers. Thus, it is understandable that many of the founding members were concerned about institutionalizing space for environmental sociology over the long term. Indeed, the successful creation of the new section went a longway toward ensuring the long-term institutionalization of environmental sociology. It should be recognized, however, that there was essentially no opposition to formation of the Section on Environmental Sociology of which I am aware. This is partly a reflection of the fact that at some level in ASA, and in U.S. sociology in general, there is an enormous tolerance for creating sociologies of almost anything. ASA has permitted dozens of specialized sociologies to exist in the formof sections as long as there has been maintained a minimum membership size to sustain a section. There are now, for example, ASA sections on rational choice, sexualities, Latino/Latina sociology, and international migration, and even a section forming on animals in society. Each of these is arguably a very specialized subject matter—far more so than is the case with environmental sociology, onemight add. These sections exist even though one might imagine that each would be quite adequately covered within existing ASA sections (e.g., Social Psychology; Race, Gender, and Class; Racial and Ethnic Minorities; Sex and Gender; and Sociology of Population). The fact that our section still exists and is, if anything, more vital than ever in terms of number of members and annual meeting participation suggests that the questions of environmental sociology’s staying power and of the security of its niche in the discipline are no longer very pressing. Although I am not able to report any specific membership data, my observation is that every national and international indicator of environmental sociology’s vitality is sound. Thememberships of the Environment and Technology (E&T) Section, the Rural Sociological Society’s Natural Resources Research Group, and the Environment and Society Research Committee (RC 24) of the International Sociological Association (ISA) are stable, if not growing. There is particular evidence of a growing presence of environmental sociology inEurope andEastAsia. If anymore proof of the security of environmental sociology’s niche is needed, one can perhaps turn to the most sensitive indicator
Social research in stressful settings: difficulties for the sociologist studying the treatment of breast cancer

The paper examines some of the methodological and ethical issues which have arisen during the course of a three-year study of breast cancer patients. It focuses particularly on some of the problems which may be encountered by medical sociologists working in settings which are stressful. The questions of involvement, detachment and personal responsibility, which generally need to be addressed in sociological research, have had an added significance because of the emotive nature of the subject matter and the method adopted to conduct the research.
Confidence sets for split points in decision trees

B¨ uhlmann and Yu (2002) recently found the limiting distribution of the least squares estimator of split points in decision trees (CART). Their result is an instance of cube-root asymptotics with a non-normal limit, and raises the interesting question of how to construct confidence sets for split points. The bootstrap fails in this setting, and standard (Wald type) confidence intervals are found to be inaccurate. The present paper introduces a confidence set constructed by inverting a centered residual sum of squares statistic. A motivation for developing such a confidence set comes from the problem of phosphorus pollution in the Everglades. Ecologists have suggested that split points provide a phosphorus threshold at which biological imbalance occurs, and the lower endpoint of the confidence set may be interpreted as a level that is protective of the ecosystem. This is illustrated using data from a Duke University Wetlands Center phosphorus dosing study in the Everglades.
Transaction Costs and Overinsurance in Government Transfer Policy

Benevolent governments lacking commitment ability provide too much insurance, if opportunistic private agents free ride on the governmentÂ´s concern and exert too little effort expecting government assistance. Yet, the costs of implementing the transfer policy work as a commitment device, alleviating the credibility problem. Indeed, despite of the lack of commitment capacity, the government might provide incomplete insurance because of these transaction costs. Therefore, transaction costs can increase welfare by resolving the dynamic inconsistency faced by a welfare maximizing policymaker.
Dual Identities in Social Ventures: An Exploratory Study

Drawing on the organizational identity literature, this exploratory study examines the dual identities of award–winning social ventures recognized by FastCompany magazine and the Skoll Foundation. Specifically, we use computer–assisted content analysis to explore identities as reflected in organizational mission statements. Our findings demonstrate that these externally recognized social ventures do exhibit dual identities—a utilitarian organizational identity (i.e., entrepreneurial, product oriented) and a normative organizational identity (i.e., social, people oriented). Further, when compared with the mission statements of other high–performing entrepreneurial enterprises culled from the Inc. 500, our post hoc analysis suggests that social ventures manifest a greater normative identity and an equivalent utilitarian identity.
Being Good and Living Well: Three Attempts to Resolve an Ambiguity

The dichotomy between virtue and self-interest or pleasure is held to face modern moral educators with a conflict between the interest of society and that of their pupils, as well as presenting obvious motivational difficulties. Three possibilities for mitigating this conflict are offered. First, it is argued that virtue is an essential constituent of our well-being insofar as even undetected wickedness isolates us from others. Second, young people, alienated by the negative nature of conventional morality, may respond positively to certain moral appeals in a way that is fulfilling and life-enhancing. Third, it is argued that moral education which emphasises the rights of young people themselves alongside those of others would be both more reputable and more effective than that based on the opposition between virtue and self-interest or pleasure.