Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial Market Runs

Our paper offers a minimalist model of a run on a financial market. The prime ingredient is that each risk-neutral investor fears having to liquidate after a run, but before prices can recover back to fundamental values. During the urn, only the risk-averse market-making sector is willing to absorb shares. To avoid having to possibly liquidate shares at the marginal post-run price in which case the market-making sector will already hold a lot of share inventory and thus be more reluctant to absorb additional shares all investors may prefer selling their shares into the market today at the average run price, thereby causing the run itself. Consequently, stock prices are low and risk is allocated inefficiently. Liquidity runs and crises are not caused by liquidity shocks per se, but by the fear of future liquidity shocks.
Long-Term Effects of Untreated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Review of the Literature

Currently, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is principally regarded as benign, but some researchers have cited serious or extreme effects, including severe pain, cardiopulmonary compromise, social isolation, and even early death. Therefore, exploration of the long-term effects of AIS, the most common type of idiopathic scoliosis, is warranted. The purpose of this review was to examine the long-term studies on the natural history of AIS and/or reviews concerning the long-term effects of untreated AIS. A PubMed search was conducted using the key words idiopathic scoliosis, long-term effects and idiopathic scoliosis, natural history. For further analysis, references cited in those studies were reviewed for additional, related evidence not retrieved in the initial PubMed search. A review of the pertinent bibliography showed that older natural history studies did not distinguish between late-onset scoliosis (referred to in this paper as AIS) and early-onset scoliosis (EOS). The more recent studies offer such important distinction and reach to the general conclusion that untreated AIS does not lead to severe consequences with respect to signs and symptoms of scoliosis. It is possible that earlier studies may have included patient populations with EOS, leading to the perception of untreated scoliosis as having an unusually high morbidity rate. Studies on the long-term effects of AIS that specifically excluded EOS patients conclude that AIS is a benign disorder. This indicates that for research and reporting purposes, it is important to distinguishing between AIS and EOS. This will allow the practitioner and patient and their families to decide on an optimal treatment plan based on the most appropriate prognosis.
Demonstration that the Atria, Ventricles, and Lungs Each Are Responsible for a Tonic Inhibition of the Vasomotor Center in the Dog

To localize the areas of the cardiopulmonary region involved in tonic inhibition of the vasomotor center, anesthetized dogs were subjected to sinoaortic denervation and diaphragmatic vagotomy. Afferent vagal nerve traffic was interrupted in the neck by cooling. With the venous return taken from the venae cavae, oxygenated extracorporeally, and returned to the aorta, the heart was removed, leaving the ventilated lungs (condition 1), and the lungs and the ventricles were removed, leaving the beating atria (condition 3). With the venous return taken from the pulmonary arteries, oxygenated extracorporeally, and returned to the left atrium, the lungs were removed, leaving the intact working heart (condition 2), and the lungs were removed and the atria were denervated, leaving the working innervated ventricles (condition 4). Vagal cooling increased aortic pressure by 25 ± 2 (SE) mm Hg in condition 1, by 36 ± 2 mm Hg in condition 2, by 29 ± 2 mm Hg in condition 3, and by 29 ± 7 mm Hg in condition 4. Removing the atria in condition 3 or denervating the ventricles in condition 4 abolished the reflex response. Thus, afferent vagal nerves from the lungs and the heart tonically inhibit the vasomotor center. The inhibition exerted by the heart is caused by receptors in the atria and the ventricles.
Hrs- and CD63-Dependent Competing Mechanisms Make Different Sized Endosomal Intraluminal Vesicles

Multivesicular endosomes/bodies (MVBs) contain intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that bud away from the cytoplasm. Multiple mechanisms of ILV formation have been identified, but the relationship between different populations of ILVs and MVBs remains unclear. Here, we show in HeLa cells that different ILV subpopulations can be distinguished by size. EGF stimulation promotes the formation of large ESCRT‐dependent ILVs, whereas depletion of the ESCRT‐0 component, Hrs, promotes the formation of a uniformly sized population of small ILVs, the formation of which requires CD63. CD63 has previously been implicated in ESCRT‐independent sorting of PMEL in MVBs and transfected PMEL is present on the small ILVs that form on Hrs depletion. Upregulation of CD63‐dependent ILV formation by Hrs depletion indicates that Hrs and CD63 regulate competing machineries required for the generation of distinct ILV subpopulations. Taken together our results indicate that ILV size is influenced by their cargo and mechanism of formation and suggest a competitive relationship between ESCRT‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms of ILV formation within single MVBs.
Lossless Data Hiding Based on Difference Expansion without a Location Map

This paper proposes a reversible data hiding method based on expanding difference between a pair of neighboring pixels. The proposed method adopts the relation among pixels in a block to determine whether a pair of pixels can be expanded. During the embedding process, the pixels used to determine the expanding status of pixels always remain unchanged and, later, they can be adopted by the decoder to identify the expanding status of a difference when extracting a message. As the expanding status is not saved in the location map, all of the embedding capacities can be used to embed user’s message. In addition, the embedding capacity can be finely tuned by a parameter which determines whether a difference value can be expanded. Experimental results show that both the capacity for embedding user’s message and the image quality are significantly improved, when compared with Tian’s study [IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. , 13(8), pp. 890-896, 2003].
Time- and size-resolved chemical composition of submicron particles in Pittsburgh: Implications for aerosol sources and processes

[1] An Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) was deployed at the Pittsburgh Environmental Protection Agency Supersite from 7 to 22 September 2002 as part of the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (PAQS). The main objectives of this deployment were to characterize the concentrations, size distributions, and temporal variations of nonrefractory (NR) chemical species in submicron particles (approximately PM1) and to further develop and evaluate the AMS. Reasonably good agreement was observed on particle concentrations, composition, and size distributions between the AMS data and measurements from collocated instruments (given the difference between the PM1 and PM2.5 size cuts), including TEOM, semicontinuous sulfate, 2-hour- and 24-hour-averaged organic carbon, SMPS, 4-hour-averaged ammonium, and micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor. Total NR-PM1 mass concentration in Pittsburgh accumulates over periods of several days punctuated with rapid cleaning due to rain or air mass changes. Sulfate and organics are the major NR-PM1 components while the concentrations of nitrate and chloride are generally low. Significant amounts of ammonium, which most of the time are consistent with sulfate present as ammonium sulfate, are also present in particles. However, there are periods when the aerosols are relatively acidic and more than 50% of sulfate is estimated to be in the form of ammonium bisulfate. No major enhancement of the organic concentration is observed during these acidic periods, which suggests that acid-catalyzed SOA formation was not an important process during this study. Size distributions of particulate sulfate, ammonium, organics, and nitrate vary on timescales of hours to days, showing unimodal, bimodal and even trimodal characteristics. The accumulation mode (peaking around 350–600 nm in vacuum aerodynamic diameter for the mass distributions) and the ultrafine mode (<100 nm) are observed most frequently. The accumulation mode is dominated by sulfate that appears to be internally mixed with oxidized organics, while combustion-emitted organics are often the main component of the ultrafine particles (except during nucleation events). The ultrafine-mode organic aerosols are mainly associated with combustion sources (likely traffic).
Effective versus ion thermal temperatures in the Weizmann Ne Z-pinch: Modeling and stagnation physics

The difference between the ion thermal and effective temperatures is investigated through simulations of the Ne gas puff z-pinch reported by Kroupp et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 105001 (2011)]. Calculations are performed using a 2D, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic code with Tabular Collisional-Radiative Equilibrium, namely Mach2-TCRE [Thornhill et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 3480 (2001)]. The extensive data set of imaging and K-shell spectroscopy from the experiments provides a challenging validation test for z-pinch simulations. Synthetic visible images of the implosion phase match the observed large scale structure if the breakdown occurs at the density corresponding to the Paschen minimum. At the beginning of stagnation (−4 ns), computed plasma conditions change rapidly showing a rising electron density and a peak in the ion thermal temperature of ∼1.8 keV. This is larger than the ion thermal temperature (<400 eV) inferred from the experiment. By the time of peak K-shell power (0 ns), the calculated electron d.
Herschel : the first science highlights Special feature L etter to the E ditor Herschel observations of water vapour in Markarian 231

The Ultra luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Mrk 231 reveals up to seven rotational lines of water (H2O) in emission, including a very high-lying (Eupper = 640 K) line detected at a 4σ level, within the Herschel/SPIRE wavelength range (190 < λ(μm) < 640), whereas PACS observations show one H2O line at 78 μm in absorption, as found for other H2O lines previously detected by ISO. The absorption/emission dichotomy is caused by the pumping of the rotational levels by far-infrared radiation emitted by dust, and subsequent relaxation through lines at longer wavelengths, which allows us to estimate both the column density of H2O and the general characteristics of the underlying far-infrared continuum source. Radiative transfer models including excitation through both absorption of far-infrared radiation emitted by dust and collisions are used to calculate the equilibrium level populations of H2O and the corresponding line fluxes. The highest-lying H2O lines detected in emission, with levels at 300−640 K above the ground state, indicate that the source of far-infrared radiation responsible for the pumping is compact (radius = 110−180 pc) and warm (Tdust = 85−95 K), accounting for at least 45% of the bolometric luminosity. The high column density, N(H2O) ∼ 5 × 10 cm−2, found in this nuclear component, is most probably the consequence of shocks/cosmic rays, an XDR chemistry, and/or an “undepleted chemistry” where grain mantles are evaporated. A more extended region, presumably the inner region of the 1-kpc disk observed in other molecular species, could contribute to the flux observed in low-lying H2O lines through dense hot cores, and/or shocks. The H2O 78 μm line observed with PACS shows hints of a blue-shifted wing seen in absorption, possibly indicating the occurrence of H2O in the prominent outflow detected in OH (Fischer et al. 2010, A&A, 518, L41). Additional PACS/HIFI observations of H2O lines are required to constrain the kinematics of the nuclear component, as well as the distribution of H2O relative to the warm dust.
Feedback Control for Uncertain Systems with Limited Data Rates

This paper addresses the stabilization problem for stochastic uncertain systems with bounded process disturbance, where sensors, controllers and plants are connected by a digital communication channel. A lower bound on data rates of the channel, above which there exists a quantization, coding and control policy to stabilize the unstable plant in the mean square sense. A sufficient condition for stabilization is derived. Simulation results show the validity of the proposed control policy.
BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 mutations as prognostic factors in bilateral breast cancer patients

Background: Incidence of primary bilateral breast cancer (BC) is rare and does not exceed 5%. BRCA1/2 mutation carriers diagnosed with breast cancer have a strong life time risk of developing contralateral breast cancer (53% versus 2%). Patients and methods: A group of 108 patients with bilateral breast cancer, who reported at our Cancer Centres from 2000 to 2002, were subjected to genetic testing. Similarities and differences between BRCA1/2 carriers and non-carriers were analysed in terms of family history, pathology of tumour, age of diagnosis, developing contralateral BC and second primary cancer. Results: BRCA1/2 mutations were detected in 32 of 108 patients. Family history of BC was identified in 46.9% of these patients compared with 22.4% of non-carriers (P <0.05). Synchronous BC was diagnosed significantly rarer [4 of 32 (12.5%)] in BRCA1/2 carriers than in the non-carrier group [26 of 76 (34.2%)]. In addition, patients with BRCA mutations were younger when they were diagnosed than non-carriers. BRCA1/2 carriers had a significantly higher incidence of medullary BC (13.6% versus 1.7%) and developed ovarian cancer significantly more frequently than non-carriers (12 of 32 and 1 of 72 patients, respectively). Conclusions: Patients with bilateral BC having BRCA mutations are significantly younger than noncarriers. They also have a significantly higher family history of BC and an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer. The differences in clinical aspects of BRCA carriers with bilateral BC should be considered in clinical management.
Bud development in corydalis (Corydalis bracteata) requires low temperature: a study of developmental and carbohydrate changes.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Spring geophytes require a period of low temperature for proper flower development but the mechanism that underlies the relationship between cold treatment and flowering remains unknown. The present study aims to compare the developmental anatomy and carbohydrate content of the tuberous geophyte Corydalis bracteata growing under natural winter conditions from 10 to -10 degrees C (field-grown) and under a mild temperature regime of 18 degrees C (indoor-grown plants). METHODS Samples were studied under light and electron microscopy. A histochemical test (periodic acid--Schiff's) was employed to identify starch in sectioned material. Sugars were analysed by capillary gas chromatography. Apoplastic wash fluid was prepared. KEY RESULTS Under natural conditions, shoots were elongated, and buds gained in dry mass and developed normally. For indoor-grown plants, these parameters were lower in value and, from December, a progressive necrosis of flower buds was observed. The tuber consisted of the new developing one, which was connected to the bud, and the old tuber with its starch reserve. Due to the absence of plasmodesmata between new and old tuber cells, sugar transport cannot be through the symplast. Thus, a potential apoplastic route is proposed from old tuber phloem parenchyma cells to the adjacent new tuber cells. Sugar content in buds during the autumn months (September-November) was lower for indoor-grown plants than control plants, whereas the sugar content in tubers during the same period was similar for plants from both temperature treatments. However, the amount of apoplastic sugars in tubers of field-grown plants was almost 15-fold higher than in indoor-grown tubers. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that low temperature activates the apoplastic route of sugar transport in C. bracteata tubers and a consequent carbohydrate delivery to the bud. In the absence of cold treatment, the carbohydrate reserve is locked in old tuber cells so the nutrient supply to the buds is suppressed, possibly leading to bud abortion.
Flow Graph Corpus from Recipe Texts

In this paper, we present our attempt at annotating procedural texts with a flow graph as a representation of understanding. The domain we focus on is cooking recipe. The flow graphs are directed acyclic graphs with a special root node corresponding to the final dish. The vertex labels are recipe named entities, such as foods, tools, cooking actions, etc. The arc labels denote relationships among them. We converted 266 Japanese recipe texts into flow graphs manually. 200 recipes are randomly selected from a web site and 66 are of the same dish. We detail the annotation framework and report some statistics on our corpus. The most typical usage of our corpus may be automatic conversion from texts to flow graphs which can be seen as an entire understanding of procedural texts. With our corpus, one can also try word segmentation, named entity recognition, predicate-argument structure analysis, and coreference resolution.
Cross-Lingual Induction for Deep Broad-Coverage Syntax: A Case Study on German Participles

This paper is a case study on cross-lingual induction of lexical resources for deep, broad-coverage syntactic analysis of German. We use a parallel corpus to induce a classifier for German participles which can predict their syntactic category. By means of this classifier, we induce a resource of adverbial participles from a huge monolingual corpus of German. We integrate the resource into a German LFG grammar and show that it improves parsing coverage while maintaining accuracy.
Adaptation in the auditory system: an overview

The early stages of the auditory system need to preserve the timing information of sounds in order to extract the basic features of acoustic stimuli. At the same time, different processes of neuronal adaptation occur at several levels to further process the auditory information. For instance, auditory nerve fiber responses already experience adaptation of their firing rates, a type of response that can be found in many other auditory nuclei and may be useful for emphasizing the onset of the stimuli. However, it is at higher levels in the auditory hierarchy where more sophisticated types of neuronal processing take place. For example, stimulus-specific adaptation, where neurons show adaptation to frequent, repetitive stimuli, but maintain their responsiveness to stimuli with different physical characteristics, thus representing a distinct kind of processing that may play a role in change and deviance detection. In the auditory cortex, adaptation takes more elaborate forms, and contributes to the processing of complex sequences, auditory scene analysis and attention. Here we review the multiple types of adaptation that occur in the auditory system, which are part of the pool of resources that the neurons employ to process the auditory scene, and are critical to a proper understanding of the neuronal mechanisms that govern auditory perception.
A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. METHODS A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. RESULTS A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. CONCLUSION The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Dasar di Daerah Terpencil (Studi Multi Kasus di Sdn 2 Bakalan dan Sdn 2 Kepyar Purwantoro Kabupaten Wonogiri)

The study aims to describe the leadership of school principals in a remote area in SDN 2 Bakalan and SDN 2 Kepyar Purwantoro, Wonogiri. This study used descriptive qualitative approach with multiple case study design. Data collection techniques with interviews, non-participant observation, and study documentation. The data analysis consisted of analysis of individual cases and cross-case analysis. Checking the validity of the data using the test credibility, transferability, dependability, and testing confirmability The results are the first to use the leadership style is the style of participation and delegation. Second, application of force participation in the main tasks of teachers, being force delegation on additional duties of teachers. Third, support the leadership of school principals in remote areas obtained from external and internal. External support namely: special allowances for teachers, school support committee, and teacher competence and harmonious atmosphere. Internal support are: experience of organizing, provision of education, self-reliance and innovativeness principal. Fourth, barriers to leadership comes from the geographical conditions of schools, provision of science and the demands of society. Fifth, efforts to overcome the barriers that the special allowance equalization policy, strengthen personal relationships, and intensive communication with the committee and parents Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dasar di daerah terpencil di SDN 2 Bakalan dan SDN 2 Kepyar Purwantoro Wonogiri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan rancangan studi multi kasus. Teknik pengambilan data dengan wawancara, observasi non participant, dan study dokumentasi. Analisis data terdiri dari analisis kasus individu dan analisis lintas kasus. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan uji credibility , transferability, dependability , dan pengujian confirmability Hasil penelitian, yaitu pertama gaya kepemimpinan yang digunakan adalah gaya partisipasi dan delegasi. Kedua , penerapan gaya partisipasi dalam tugas pokok guru, sedang gaya delegasi pada tugas tambahan guru. Ketiga , dukungan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dasar di daerah terpencil didapatkan dari eksternal dan internal. Dukungan eksternal yaitu: tunjangan khusus untuk guru, bantuan komite sekolah, dan kompetensi serta suasana harmonis guru. Dukungan internal yaitu: pengalaman berorganisasi, bekal pendidikan, kemandirian dan daya inovasi kepala sekolah. Keempat , hambatan kepemimpinan berasal dari kondisi geografis sekolah, bekal keilmuan, dan tuntutan masyarakat. Kelima , upaya menyelesaikan hambatan yaitu dengan kebijakan pemerataan tunjangan khusus, memperkuat hubungan personal, dan komunikasi intensif dengan komite dan wali murid