Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Postnatal Psychiatric Morbidity in Mothers and Fathers

In the first study to systematically examine postnatal depression in fathers, we examined depression in 200 postnatal couples, using a two-stage design. The prevalence of depression ascertained by the 13-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), using a cut-off score for ‘caseness’ of 13 or more in an unselected postnatal sample, was 27.5% in mothers at six weeks postpartum, 25.7% in mothers at six months postpartum, 9.0% in fathers at six weeks postpartum, and 5.4% in fathers at six months postpartum. The prevalence did not differ significantly in either mothers or fathers from a control group of parents with children between three and five years of age. As expected, mothers had a significantly higher prevalence of psychiatric ‘caseness’ at both six weeks and six months postpartum than fathers. Fathers were significantly more likely to be cases if their partners were also cases. The hypothesis that different aetiological factors would be important in brief and persistent disorders in mothers was upheld.
Criminology, Situational Crime Prevention and the Resourceful Offender

Reviews of the field of situational crime prevention (SCP) (Clarke 1995, 1997) typically identify the roots of the approach in a number of coincidences. These include the apparent failure of the traditional criminal justice system to control crime through law enforcement (e.g. Clarke and Hough 1984) the failure to find effective exemplars of rehabilitation of offenders (Martinson 1974); growing disenchantment with the explanatory and predictive competence of 'personality' and 'pathological' models of behaviour in general and offending in particular; and a growing interest in environ mental causes of crime. Changing offenders, or potential offenders, was seen as too difficult to achieve; changing immediate crime situations promised easier, more circum scribed implementation, and better prospects of shorter-term, measurable success. This was a radical break with traditional, offender-oriented approaches, many of which were deeply embedded in a society which saw them as 'the only' responses to crime. It led to a period of self-imposed separation to nurture the new (situational) approach. This phase, which resembled the 'early Church' process of establishing an independent identity, did not completely throw out the concept of the offender, because, fundamentally, one cannot have crimes without offenders. Instead, the
A Relative Position Code for Saccades in Dorsal Premotor Cortex

Spatial computations underlying the coordination of the hand and eye present formidable geometric challenges. One way for the nervous system to simplify these computations is to directly encode the relative position of the hand and the center of gaze. Neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), which is critical for the guidance of arm-reaching movements, encode the relative position of the hand, gaze, and goal of reaching movements. This suggests that PMd can coordinate reaching movements with eye movements. Here, we examine saccade-related signals in PMd to determine whether they also point to a role for PMd in coordinating visual–motor behavior. We first compared the activity of a population of PMd neurons with a population of parietal reach region (PRR) neurons. During center-out reaching and saccade tasks, PMd neurons responded more strongly before saccades than PRR neurons, and PMd contained a larger proportion of exclusively saccade-tuned cells than PRR. During a saccade relative position-coding task, PMd neurons encoded saccade targets in a relative position code that depended on the relative position of gaze, the hand, and the goal of a saccadic eye movement. This relative position code for saccades is similar to the way that PMd neurons encode reach targets. We propose that eye movement and eye position signals in PMd do not drive eye movements, but rather provide spatial information that links the control of eye and arm movements to support coordinated visual–motor behavior.
An Evolutionary Perspective on Adult Female Germline Stem Cell Function from Flies to Humans

Abstract The concept that oogenesis continues into reproductive life has been well established in nonmammalian species. Recent studies of mice and women indicate that oocyte formation is also not, as traditionally believed, restricted to the fetal or perinatal periods. Analogous to de novo oocyte formation in flies and fish, newly formed oocytes in adult mammalian ovaries arise from germline stem cells (GSCs) or, more specifically, oogonial stem cells (OSCs). Studies of mice have confirmed that isolated OSCs, once delivered back into adult ovaries, are capable of generating fully functional eggs that fertilize to produce healthy embryos and offspring. Parallel studies of OSCs recently purified from ovaries of reproductive-age women indicate that these cells closely resemble their mouse ovary–derived counterparts, although the fertilization competency of oocytes generated by human OSCs awaits clarification. Despite the ability of OSCs to produce new oocytes during adulthood, oogenesis will still ultimately cease with age, contributing to ovarian failure. The causal mechanisms behind these events in mammals are unknown, but studies of flies have revealed that GSC niche dysfunction plays a critical role in age-related oogenic failure. Such insights derived from evaluation of nonmammalian species, in which postnatal oogenesis has been studied in depth, may aid in development of new strategies to alleviate ovarian failure and infertility in mammals.
Growth Suppression by Acute PromyelocyticLeukemia-Associated Protein PLZF Is Mediated by Repression ofc-mycExpression

ABSTRACT The transcriptional repressor PLZF was identified by its translocation with retinoic acid receptor alpha in t(11;17) acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Ectopic expression of PLZF leads to cell cycle arrest and growth suppression, while disruption of normal PLZF function is implicated in the development of APL. To clarify the function of PLZF in cell growth and survival, we used an inducible PLZF cell line in a microarray analysis to identify the target genes repressed by PLZF. One prominent gene identified was c-myc. The array analysis demonstrated that repression of c-myc by PLZF led to a reduction in c-myc-activated transcripts and an increase in c-myc-repressed transcripts. Regulation of c-myc by PLZF was shown to be both direct and reversible. An interaction between PLZF and the c-myc promoter could be detected both in vitro and in vivo. PLZF repressed the wild-type c-myc promoter in a reporter assay, dependent on the integrity of the binding site identified in vitro. PLZF binding in vivo was coincident with a decrease in RNA polymerase occupation of the c-myc promoter, indicating that repression occurred via a reduction in the initiation of transcription. Finally, expression of c-myc reversed the cell cycle arrest induced by PLZF. These data suggest that PLZF expression maintains a cell in a quiescent state by repressing c-myc expression and preventing cell cycle progression. Loss of this repression through the translocation that occurs in t(11;17) would have serious consequences for cell growth control.
The Effect of Extra Funding for Disadvantaged Pupils on Achievement

This paper evaluates the effects of two subsidies targeted at schools with large proportions of disadvantaged pupils. The first scheme gives primary schools with at least 70 disadvantaged minority pupils extra funding for personnel. The second scheme gives primary schools with at least 70 pupils from any disadvantaged group extra funding for computers and software. The cutoffs provide a regression discontinuity design that we exploit in a local difference-in-differences framework. For both subsidies we find negative point estimates, which are for some outcomes significantly different from 0. Extra funding for computers and software seems especially detrimental for girls' achievement. The negative effects of extra funding for computers and software are consistent with results from other recent studies casting doubt on the efficacy of computers in schools.
Spatio-Temporal Transmission Patterns of Black-Band Disease in a Coral Community

Background Transmission mechanisms of black-band disease (BBD) in coral reefs are poorly understood, although this disease is considered to be one of the most widespread and destructive coral infectious diseases. The major objective of this study was to assess transmission mechanisms of BBD in the field based on the spatio-temporal patterns of the disease. Methodology/Principal Findings 3,175 susceptible and infected corals were mapped over an area of 10×10 m in Eilat (northern Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea) and the distribution of the disease was examined monthly throughout almost two full disease cycles (June 2006–December 2007). Spatial and spatio-temporal analyses were applied to infer the transmission pattern of the disease and to calculate key epidemiological parameters such as (basic reproduction number). We show that the prevalence of the disease is strongly associated with high water temperature. When water temperatures rise and disease prevalence increases, infected corals exhibit aggregated distributions on small spatial scales of up to 1.9 m. Additionally, newly-infected corals clearly appear in proximity to existing infected corals and in a few cases in direct contact with them. We also present and test a model of water-borne infection, indicating that the likelihood of a susceptible coral becoming infected is defined by its spatial location and by the relative spatial distribution of nearby infected corals found in the site. Conclusions/Significance Our results provide evidence that local transmission, but not necessarily by direct contact, is likely to be an important factor in the spread of the disease over the tested spatial scale. In the absence of potential disease vectors with limited mobility (e.g., snails, fireworms) in the studied site, water-borne infection is likely to be a significant transmission mechanism of BBD. Our suggested model of water-borne transmission supports this hypothesis. The spatio-temporal analysis also points out that infected corals surviving a disease season appear to play a major role in the re-introduction of the disease to the coral community in the following season.
Aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei activity during the AC<sup>3</sup>Exp campaign: implications for cloud condensation nuclei parameterization

Abstract. Aerosol hygroscopicity and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity under background conditions and during pollution events are investigated during the Aerosol-CCN-Cloud Closure Experiment (AC3Exp) campaign conducted at Xianghe, China in summer 2013. A gradual increase in size-resolved activation ratio (AR) with particle diameter (Dp) suggests that aerosol particles have different hygroscopicities. During pollution events, the activation diameter (Da) measured at low supersaturation (SS) was significantly increased compared to background conditions. An increase was not observed when SS was > 0.4%. The hygroscopicity parameter (κ) was ~ 0.31–0.38 for particles in accumulation mode under background conditions. This range in magnitude of κ was ~ 20%, higher than κ derived under polluted conditions. For particles in nucleation or Aitken mode, κ ranged from 0.20–0.34 for background and polluted cases. Larger particles were on average more hygroscopic than smaller particles. The situation was more complex for heavy pollution particles because of the diversity in particle composition and mixing state. A non-parallel observation CCN closure test showed that uncertainties in CCN number concentration estimates ranged from 30–40%, which are associated with changes in particle composition as well as measurement uncertainties associated with bulk and size-resolved CCN methods. A case study showed that bulk CCN activation ratios increased as total condensation nuclei (CN) number concentrations (NCN) increased on background days. The background case also showed that bulk AR correlated well with the hygroscopicity parameter calculated from chemical volume fractions. On the contrary, bulk AR decreased with increasing total NCN during pollution events, but was closely related to the fraction of the total organic mass signal at m/z 44 (f44), which is usually associated with the particle's organic oxidation level. Our study highlights the importance of chemical composition in determining particle activation properties and underlines the significance of long-term observations of CCN under different atmospheric environments, especially regions with heavy pollution.
Shadows Оver Chicagoans. A Guide to the Chicago School in Economics The Elgar Companion to the Chicago School of Economics

Contents: Preface Introduction PART I: ESSAYS ON THE CHICAGO SCHOOL 1. The Development of Postwar Chicago Price Theory J. Daniel Hammond 2. Chicago Economics and Institutionalism Malcolm Rutherford 3. Adam Smith and the Chicago School Steven G. Medema 4. The Economic Organization: A Reader's Guide Ross B. Emmett 5. The Chicago School of Welfare Economics H. Spencer Banzhaf 6. Chicago Monetary Traditions David Laidler 7. On the Origins of a Monetary History Hugh Rockoff 8. Chicago and Economic History, by David Mitch 9. Chicago and the Development of Twentieth-century Labor Economics Bruce E. Kaufman 10. Human Capital: A Reading Guide Pedro Nuno Teixeira 11. Chicago Law and Economics Steven G. Medema 12. Friedman, Positive Economics and the Chicago Boys Eric Schliesser 13. Neoliberalism and Chicago Robert Van Horn and Philip Mirowski 14. Armen Alchian on Evolution, Information, and Cost: The Surprising Implications of Scarcity Daniel K. Benjamin 15. The Chicago Roots of the Virginia School Gordon L. Brady PART II: SOME CHICAGO ECONOMISTS 1. Gary S. Becker Pedro Nuno Teixeira 2. Ronald Harry Coase Steven G. Medema 3. Aaron Director Robert van Horn 4. Paul H. Douglas Glen G. Cain 5. Berthold Frank Hoselitz David Mitch 6. Frank H. Knight Ross B. Emmett 7. J. Laurence Laughlin William J. Barber 8. Edward P. Lazear Morley Gunderson 9. H. Gregg Lewis Jeff E. Biddle 10. Deirdre N. McCloskey Steve T. Ziliak 11. Richard A. Posner Steven G. Medema 12. Albert Rees Orley Ashenfelter and John Pencavel 13. Margaret Gilpen Reid Evelyn Forget 14. Sherwin Rosen Hao Li 15. Henry Schultz D. Wade Hands 16. Theodore William Schultz Pedro Nuno Teixeira 17. Henry Calvert Simons Sheryl D. Kasper 18. George J. Stigler Edward Nik-Khan 19. Jacob Viner William J. Barber
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Impact on Outcome of Cytomegalovirus Replication in Serum of Cambodian HIV-Infected Patients (2004-2007)

Background:In developing countries, the study of cytomegalovirus (CMV) coinfection in HIV-infected patients remains neglected. Quantitative CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard diagnostic tool for analyzing serum CMV replication and for predicting CMV disease. We estimated the prevalence of replicating CMV in sera of newly diagnosed HIV-infected Cambodian patients and examined its impact on mortality. Methods:This cohort study was based on 2 highly active antiretroviral therapy treatment programs in Cambodia between 2004 and 2007. Quantitative CMV PCR was performed on baseline serum samples of 377 HIV-infected patients. Results:The prevalence of serum CMV DNA was 55.2% (150 of 272) in patients with CD4+ count <100/mm3. In multivariate analysis, hemoglobin <9 g/dL, CD4+ count <100/mm3, and Karnofsky index <50 were independently associated with positive serum CMV DNA at baseline. During a 3-year follow-up period, CMV viral load ≥3.1 log10 copies per milliliter was significantly associated with death independently of CD4+ count, other opportunistic infections, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions:As in industrialized countries, serum CMV replication is highly prevalent among HIV-infected Cambodian patients and is associated with increased mortality. This underscores the importance of diagnostic CMV infection by PCR in sera of HIV-infected patients with CD4+ count <100/mm3 and treating this opportunistic infection to reduce its associated mortality.
Mutagenic dissection of hemoglobin cooperativity: Effects of amino acidalteration on subunit assembly of oxy and deoxy tetramers

Free energies of oxygen‐linked subunit assembly and cooperative interaction have been determined for 34 molecular species of human hemoglobin, which differ by amino acid alterations as a result of mutation or chemical modification at specific sites. These studies required the development of extensions to our earlier methodology. In combination with previous results they comprise a data base of 60 hemoglobin species, characterized under the same conditions. The data base was analyzed in terms of the five following issues. (1) Range and sensitivity to site modifications. Deoxy tetramers showed greater average energetic response to structural modifications than the oxy species, but the ranges are similar for the two ligation forms. (2) Structural localization of cooperative free energy. Difference free energies of dimer‐tetramer assembly (oxy minus deoxy) yielded ΔGc for each hemoglobin, i.e., thefree energy used for modulation of oxygen affinity over all four binding steps. A structure‐energy map constructed from these results shows that the α1 β2 interface is a unique structural location of the noncovalent bonding interactions that are energetically coupled to cooperativity. (3) Relationship of cooperativity to intrinsic binding. Oxygen binding energetics for dissociated dimers of mutants strongly indicates that cooperativity and intrinsic binding are completely decoupled by tetramer to dimer dissociation. (4) Additivity, site‐site coupling and adventitious perturbations. All these are exhibited by individual‐site modifications of this study. Large nonadditivity may be correlated with global (quaternary) structure change. (5) Residue position vs. chemical nature. Functional response is solely dictated by structural location for a subset of the sites, but varies with side‐chain type at other sites. The current data base provides a unique framework for further analyses and modeling of fundamental issues in the structural chemistry of proteins and allosteric mechanisms. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deixis and the Development of Naming in Asynchronously Interacting Connectionist Agents

In this paper we describe a series of interaction games in which an elementary ‘protolanguage’ is generated based on innate deictic ability in a community of asynchronously interacting connectionist agents. Deixis—or pointing (and its perception)—combined with interaction and ‘speech’ generation ability support the emergence and drift of shared names within a family of ‘parent’ and ‘child’ agents. An agent may point at a ‘referent’ agent and then associate any perceived speech with the referent. Perceived speech is either received as a response from an interlocutor or else the agent itself may generate speech, if it points but hears no ‘name’ in response. Deixis toward a referent followed by perceived speech is associated (‘learned’) by the agent’s recurrent time-delay connectionist artificial neural network establishing a basis for naming. Therefore subsequent deixis with the same referent triggers attempted reproduction of the associated ensuing speech. The interaction may also be ‘overheard’ by other agents which then may associate the particular deitic acts perceived with the speech heard, resulting in a propagation of naming conventions. Interaction, via pointing and speaking, is asynchronously scheduled, and in this respect biologically plausible. Issues related to mirrorneurons, attention and deictic gaze, development of vocabularies, as well as synonomy, lexical drift and convergence are also discussed briefly. This illustrates the dynamics and development of deixis-grounded naming systems in (asynchronous) interaction and thus extends the work of Steels on the emergence of vocabularies in communities of agents as well as the work of Billard, Hayes, and Dautenhahn on the grounding and learning vocabularies in robots and agents using connectionist methods.
INTENTION TO CONTRIBUTE IN CORPORATE WAQF: APPLYING THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR

Corporate waqf has contributed a great change into the waqf system as a whole and been generally accepted as a way of waqf practice. However, the literature that discusses about the factors influencing people to contribute or involve in this practice is very limited. Prior to action, intention is taken place. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors influencing people’s intention to contribute in corporate waqf, particularly to the employees of Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan (MAIWP), based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). A set of a questionnaire was constructed in order to measure the validity of the theory towards people’s intention in contributing for corporate waqf . The result of this study found that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control were significantly related to intention to contribute in corporate waqf among people. Keywords : Corporate Waqf , Intention to Contribute in Corporate Waqf , Theory of Planned Behaviour
Non-Standard Typography Use Over Time: Signs of a Lack of Literacy or Symbolic Capital?

New technologies have provoked a debate regarding the role of non-standard typography (e.g. ! , :-*). Some contend that new technologies undermine literacy while others state that new technologies provide new spaces for expressive writing and signal a form of symbolic capital. While previous research has primarily focused on age and gender to account for non-standard typography, we analyze socio-economic variables – education and income level and the use of NST over time. This study entertains these two competing hypotheses by analyzing non-standard typography in text message exchanges over three and a half months in an underprivileged population: people living in an urban public housing. Data reveal that, within this sample, use of NST increased over time and participants with higher education levels were more likely to use non-standard typography than less educated counterparts. Experience with texting was found to mediate this effect. Findings support a symbolic capital hypothesis of non-standard typography use, suggesting NST is not associated with stigmatizing lack of knowledge or literacy, but rather may signal the knowledge of discourse norms ascribed to texting in a community.
Effect of Angiotensin II on Endothelial Cell Apoptosis and Survival and its Impact on Skeletal Muscle Angiogenesis after Electrical Stimulation

We have previously shown that skeletal muscle angiogenesis induced by electrical stimulation is significantly attenuated when SS‐13BN/Mcwi rats are fed a high salt diet. This effect was associated with a great increase in endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis compared to rats fed low salt. We hypothesized that the low levels of angiotensin II (AII) during high salt diet would increase EC apoptosis and consequently diminish the angiogenic response. To test this hypothesis rats fed a high salt diet (4% NaCl) received continuous infusion of AII (3ng/kg/min) or saline during 7 days of electrical stimulation. The Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from stimulated and unstimulated hindlimb were removed and the level of EC apoptosis was determined by CD31/TUNEL double staining. In contrast to the saline infusion, AII decreased EC apoptosis and caused a significant increase (40%) in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. The effect of AII on EC apoptosis was confirmed in vitro when EC were incubated with AII under serum free conditions. After 24h of incubation, AII increased EC viability, increased the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio, and decreased EC apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. This effect was blocked by an AII type 1 receptor antagonist. Our data suggest that AII increases EC viability and protects EC from apoptosis possibly by inactivation of a mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The attenuation of AII levels during high salt diet may induce EC apoptosis and consequently block the angiogenic response induced by electrical stimulation.