Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experiences and perceptions of internationalisation in higher education in the UK

This article is based on a focus group study of staff and students in UK higher education institutions, where ‘internationalisation’ was the topic for debate. The perspectives of academics and students at five UK universities were examined to determine how they perceived their own culturally mediated approaches to learning. Evidence for internationalisation at home was sought including, in particular, views of student interaction and working in cross-cultural groups. Many staff and students demonstrated mindfulness of how local pedagogical approaches were privileged. Most described problems of lack of intercultural interaction and difficulties with particular classroom pedagogy such as group work. Participants described their difficulties but also gave anecdotal evidence of feeling personally rewarded in terms of building new friendships and developing their intercultural competencies.
The Quality of Reflection in Student Teachers’ Professional Learning

Summary Recent policy and practice in teacher education has emphasised the importance of reflection in the process of learning to teach. In this study a group of 10 student primary teachers were followed through the field experience of their one‐year postgraduate training course to explore the quality of reflection in which they engaged. What kinds of conceptions of teaching and learning to teach did the students possess? How did they reflect upon and evaluate their own practice? What was the role of college tutor and supervising teacher in promoting reflection? These questions were pursued using a series of semi‐structured interviews. Although students were found to differ in how they conceptualised and reflected on their own practice, it was found that they typically progressed through 3 stages: fitting‐in, passing the test, and exploring. Students’ professional learning, however, seemed quickly to reach a plateau, and in all stages, a number of factors were identified that heavily constrained the quali.
Language Ideology and the Mediation of Language Choice in Peer Interactions in a Dual-Language First Grade

In this article we explore some of the ways that language ideologies—shared beliefs about language forms and practices embedded in social conflicts over power—mediated the language choices of 4 girls in peer activities. These activities took place in the Spanish and English first-grade classrooms of a dual-language program that enrolled children whose home language was English and children whose home language was Spanish, all learning in both languages. Our analysis was grounded in sociocultural theory and ethnographic methods were used to collect data in the classrooms. We argue that these 2 classrooms were distinct language-learning contexts and that patterns in the children's language choices to speak English or Spanish were influenced by these contexts and, more particularly, by the mediating role of a dominant language ideology that privileges English. We also highlight the children's agency in relation to this ideology as they negotiated language choice in the multiple contexts in which their language interactions were embedded.
A FORMAL THEORY OF DIFFERENTIATION IN ORGANIZATIONS

The expanding size of organizations gives rise to increasing subdivision of responsibilities, facilitates supervision and widens the span of control of supervisors, and simultaneously creates structural differentiation and problems of coordination that require supervisory attention. Large size, therefore, has opposite effects on the administrative component, reducing it because of an economy of scale in supervision, and raising it indirectly because of the differentiation in large organizations. The administrative costs of differentiation have feedback effects, which reduce the savings in administrative overhead large size effects, on the one hand, and stem the influence of size on differentiation, on the other. These inferences are derived from quantitative research on the employment security agencies in the United States and their subunits. The endeavor in this paper is to construct a systematic theory of differentiation in organizations consisting of two basic generalizations and nine propositions derivable from them, which can account for a considerable number of empirical findings. The two basic generalizations are: (1) increasing organizational size generates differentiation along various lines at decelerating rates; and (2) differentiation enlarges the administrative component in organizations to effect coordination.
Sparse Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Clustering

Properties of Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) as a clustering method are studied by relating its formulation to other methods such as K-means clustering. We show how interpreting the objective function of K-means as that of a lower rank approximation with special constraints allows comparisons between the constraints of NMF and K-means and provides the insight that some constraints can be relaxed from K-means to achieve NMF formulation. By introducing sparsity constraints on the coefficient matrix factor in NMF objective function, we in term can view NMF as a clustering method. We tested sparse NMF as a clustering method, and our experimental results with synthetic and text data shows that sparse NMF does not simply provide an alternative to K-means, but rather gives much better and consistent solutions to the clustering problem. In addition, the consistency of solutions further explains how NMF can be used to determine the unknown number of clusters from data. We also tested with a recently proposed clustering algorithm, Affinity Propagation, and achieved comparable results. A fast alternating nonnegative least squares algorithm was used to obtain NMF and sparse NMF.
Are developmental disorders like cases of adult brain damage? Implications from connectionist modelling

It is often assumed that similar domain-specific behavioural impairments found in cases of adult brain damage and developmental disorders correspond to similar underlying causes, and can serve as convergent evidence for the modular structure of the normal adult cognitive system. We argue that this correspondence is contingent on an unsupported assumption that atypical development can produce selective deficits while the rest of the system develops normally (Residual Normality), and that this assumption tends to bias data collection in the field. Based on a review of connectionist models of acquired and developmental disorders in the domains of reading and past tense, as well as on new simulations, we explore the computational viability of Residual Normality and the potential role of development in producing behavioural deficits. Simulations demonstrate that damage to a developmental model can produce very different effects depending on whether it occurs prior to or following the training process. Because developmental disorders typically involve damage prior to learning, we conclude that the developmental process is a key component of the explanation of endstate impairments in such disorders. Further simulations demonstrate that in simple connectionist learning systems, the assumption of Residual Normality is undermined by processes of compensation or alteration elsewhere in the system. We outline the precise computational conditions required for Residual Normality to hold in development, and suggest that in many cases it is an unlikely hypothesis. We conclude that in developmental disorders, inferences from behavioural deficits to underlying structure crucially depend on developmental conditions, and that the process of ontogenetic development cannot be ignored in constructing models of developmental disorders.
The influence of ethical leadership on trust and work engagement: An exploratory study

CITATION: Engelbrecht, A.S. , Heine, G. & Mahembe, B. 2014. The influence of ethical leadership on trust and work engagement: an exploratory study. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 40(1):1-9, doi:10.4102/sajip.v40i1. 1210.
‘That neighbourhood is an ethnic bomb!’ The emergence of an urban governance apparatus in Western Europe

In this article I investigate ethnographically the urban governance of Rancitelli, a marginalized neighbourhood in Pescara, Southern Italy; in the neighbourhood the majority of the members of the local unrecognized minority of Italian Roma reside. Although privately recognizing social problems concerning the neighbourhood and its residents, who live in marginal social conditions, local authorities are silent vis-à-vis these issues. Drawing on long-term fieldwork and analysis of local media and policy texts, I show that in the absence of local authorities’ official discourses on Roma and the neighbourhood, social order is continually maintained through an unofficial complex dynamic, which I call ‘urban governance apparatus’. I show that this ‘apparatus’ is composed of three elements, namely (1) public policy in the neighbourhood; (2) urban Roma stigma; and (3) what I call ‘surreptitious gazing’ in the neighbourhood. My argument is that when urban governance involves major tacit and unofficial dynamics – and this is especially true when unrecognized minorities are involved – the concept of ‘urban governance apparatus’ may better serve the aim of analysing and understanding certain local power dynamics.
Differential central resource demands of memory scanning and visual search: The role of consistent and varied mapping

In this paper we compare the effect of mapping on the central resource requirements of two search processes. With consistent mapping of items to the role of either target or distractor, search becomes very efficient; with varied mapping (each item serves as both a target and a distractor in the same experiment), search is less efficient. One interpretation of this effect of manipulating the consistency of mapping is that search under varied mapping requires limited capacity central resources but the requirement for these resources is reduced with consistent mapping. We tested this interpretation by varying the consistency of mapping in memory scanning (Experiments 1 and 2) and in visual search (Experiments 3 and 4) as the second of two tasks in the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm. Responses were location based, rather than present/absent judgements, and a target was present on every trial. The results indicated that there was less of a requirement for central resources with consistent mapping than with varied mapping in both memory scanning and in visual search; however, the effect of the mapping manipulation on central resource requirements was different for memory scanning than for visual search. Memory scanning was not done in parallel with a resource-demanding stage of a second task under varied mapping, but was done in parallel with this stage under consistent mapping. Part of visual search under both types of mapping was done in parallel with a resource-demanding stage of a second task and part was not; consistent mapping reduced the duration of the stage of processing that could not be carried out in parallel. We conclude that under consistent mapping, switching among items in memory becomes less controlled and therefore has less of a requirement for central resources than under varied mapping. In visual search, however, consistent mapping improves performance by facilitating the comparison of the target item to items in the search array.
Exposure to Two Languages in the Preschool Period: Metalinguistic Development and the Acquisition of Reading.

Abstract The hypothesis that access to two languages in the preschool period might promote metalinguistic development was subjected to empirical verification. The method of parallel groups with paired equalisation procedure was used. At first, two experimental groups (both N=22) with Serbo‐Croatian as first language, the members of which were exposed through immersion or a mainstream education programme to a foreign language (French or English), were compared with a Serbo‐Croatian monolingual (N=22) group in metalinguistic development. Also a Hungarian‐Serbo‐Croatian minority bilingual group (N=20), participating in a language maintenance programme, was compared with a Hungarian monolingual group (N=20). The comparisons showed that early bilingual experience could enhance metalinguistic awareness and an analytic approach to linguistic phenomena by a readiness to replace one word with another, to compare words, or to break words into syllables and phonemes, especially by an active use of the second languag.
Pornography, erotica, and attitudes toward women: The effects of repeated exposure

It is a widespread belief that pornography causes negative attitudes toward women, but tests of this belief are contradictory. A large body of research has studied the effect of violent pornography on behavior, but the effects of erotica and violence have often been confounded. Thus, the relationship between pornography and attitudes toward women was assessed in two correlational studies, and the effect of (nonviolent) erotica on attitudes towards women was tested experimentally. The dependent measure was the score on a questionnaire measuring attitudes toward women and women's issues. The questionnaire possessed high reliability; factor analysis indicated a single general factor. Participants included 184 psychology students and 20 patrons at an “adult” theater. Multiple linear regressions indicated that hours of viewing pornography was not a reliable predictor of attitudes toward women in either sample. Patrons of the adult theater, who viewed more pornography, had more favorable attitudes toward women .
CloudSim Plus: A cloud computing simulation framework pursuing software engineering principles for improved modularity, extensibility and correctness

Cloud computing is an established technology to provide computing resources on demand that currently faces several challenges. Main challenges include management of shared resources, energy consumption, load balancing, resource provisioning and allocation, and fulfilment of service level agreements (SLAs). Due to its inherent complexity, cloud simulation is largely used to experiment new models and algorithms. This work presents CloudSim Plus, an open source simulation framework that pursues conformance to software engineering principles and object-oriented design in order to provide an extensible, modular and accurate tool. Based on the CloudSim framework, it aims to improve several engineering aspects, such as maintainability, reusability and extensibility. This work shows the benefits of CloudSim Plus, its particular features, how it ensures more accuracy, extension facility and usage simplicity.
Durational cues and prosodic phrasing in French: evidence for the intermediate phrase

Studies addressing prosodic constituency in French generally agree on two levels of phrasing (accentual phrase, AP, and intonation phrase, IP), while the existence of an intermediate level of phrasing (intermediate phrase, ip) is still controversial. In this study we examine durational cues in a read speech corpus at normal and fast rates in which the target syllable was either adjacent to a prosodic boundary or word-internal. Additional evidence for the existence of an intermediate level of phrasing between the AP and the IP was found: the vicinity to an ip-boundary is signaled by durational cues that are stronger than the ones associated to an AP-boundary, yet this lengthening is weaker than the one found in the vicinity of an IP boundary.
Problems in the Definition and Measurement of Poverty

ABSTRACT Three approaches to defining poverty levels are discussed—social consensus approaches, budget standard methods, and behavioural approaches. Each addresses different questions and none, of itself, has provided—nor, it is argued, could ever provide—an objective definition of poverty. The paper then raises problems that have been largely neglected in defining poverty. First, the treatment of time and home production: the time and ability of individuals to prepare food or to wash and feed without assistance, for example, vary greatly depending on circumstances and in turn affect income needs. Choices and constraints affecting the household formations in which people live and their budgeting behaviour are also important in assessing poverty. Individual variations in behaviour need to be explicitly recognised if practical definitions of poverty levels are to be found. Finally, the paper condemns discussions of poverty that are part of the problem rather than part of the solution.
Hotel Security and the Routine Activities Approach

This article describes a project to examine hotel security from the routine activities perspective of Cohen and Felson (1979). The dominant focus is on the extent to which many patrons lack capable guardians of their possessions and personal Well-being and also set themselves up as suitable targets. The peripheral focus is on staff offending. Drug use and theft by the staff are addressed. Finally, a look at preventing such problems as these is discussed.
Predictors of treatment failure on second-line antiretroviral therapy among adults in northwest Ethiopia: a multicentre retrospective follow-up study

Background The number of patients using second-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased over time. In Ethiopia, 1.5% of HIV infected patients on ART are using a second-line regimen and little is known about its effect in this setting. Objective To estimate the rate and predictors of treatment failure on second-line ART among adults living with HIV in northwest Ethiopia. Setting An institution-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted at three tertiary hospitals in northwest Ethiopia from March to May 2015. Participants 356 adult patients participated and 198 (55.6%) were males. Individuals who were on second-line ART for at least 6 months of treatment were included and the data were collected by reviewing their records. Primary outcome measure The primary outcome was treatment failure defined as immunological failure, clinical failure, death, or lost to follow-up. To assess our outcome, we used the definitions of the WHO 2010 guideline. Result The mean±SD age of participants at switch was 36±8.9 years. The incidence rate of failure was 61.7/1000 person years. The probability of failure at the end of 12 and 24 months were 5.6% and 13.6%, respectively. Out of 67 total failures, 42 (62.7%) occurred in the first 2 years. The significant predictors of failure were found to be: WHO clinical stage IV at switch (adjusted HR (AHR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.1); CD4 count <100 cells/mm3 at switch (AHR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5); and weight change (AHR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.95). Conclusions The rate of treatment failure was highest during the first 2 years of treatment. WHO clinical stage, CD4 count at switch, and change in weight were found to be predictors of treatment failure.
Is the correlation between Papanicolaou smear and histopathology results affected by time to colposcopy?

BACKGROUND Time to colposcopy (TC) after abnormal Pap smears was evaluated for influence on cytohistologic correlation (CHC). MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study assessed the correlation between TC and CHC of women who had abnormal Pap smears. Colposcopic chart review included participants from 2010- 2013 who attended a colposcopic clinic, Thammasat University Hospital, Thailand. RESULTS Four hundred and sixty cases who had abnormal Pap smears were recruited. Pap reports were atypical smears with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), high grade SIL and cancer at 339, 114 and 7 cases, respectively. One hundred and twenty four patients underwent loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP). A half of the cases were colposcopically examined within 1-2 months after abnormal Pap collection. CHC was 88 percent and not affected at all by TC. Subjects who attended cervical cancer screening from affiliated health providers had shorter TC than those screened in our tertiary hospital. CONCLUSIONS Time to colposcopy with abnormal Pap smears conducted at Thammasat University Hospital had a highest frequency of 42 days, in line with the literature. Length of TC does not affect the correlation between Pap and histopathologic reports. A longer waiting period for colposcopy did not alter progression or regression of the disease.
Assessing the accuracy of production of Cantonese lexical tones: a comparison between perceptual judgement and an instrumental measure

Abstract The assessment of the accuracy of Cantonese tone production can be performed by either perceptual judgement or an instrumental measure. The latter method, however, has not been investigated in detail. In particular, the relationship between perceptual judgement and an instrumental measure has not been fully delineated. The present study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between perceptual judgement and instrumental measures of tones. Perceptual and instrumental data from an experimental group of 15 adults (mean age = 33.5 years, SD = 13.1) were tested against a set of normative data which was provided by a control group of 56 young adults (mean age = 20.9 years; SD = 1.1) who were judged to be free from speech and tone production errors. The results revealed that six of the 15 adults in the experimental group were found to have tone production errors, mainly in tone 2/tone 5 confusion. A comparison of results obtained from the two assessment methods indicated that the instrumental measure was not only as good as perceptual judgement in assessing tone production, but it also provided a quantitative analysis of tones. The instrumental measure developed in the present study holds promise as a viable alternative to the perceptual assessment of Cantonese tones.
Some Diophantine triples and quadruples for quadratic polynomials

In this paper, we give some new examples of polynomial D(n)-triples and quadruples, i.e. sets of polynomials with integer coefficients, such that the product of any two of them plus a polynomial n in Z[X] is a square of a polynomial with integer coefficients. The examples illustrate various theoretical properties and constructions for a quadratic polynomial n which appeared in recent papers. One of the examples gives a partial answer to the question about number of distinct D(n)-quadruples if n is an integer that is the product of twin primes.
A conceptual framework for the study of work and mental health

Abstract The key features which influence mental health both in jobs and unemployment are brought together within a single perspective. Three principal axes of affective well-being are identified as warranting investigation, and it is suggested that nine environmental features are of primary importance. The impact of these features on mental health is viewed as analogous to the influence of vitamins on physical health, with an explicit non-linearity in the relationship. This ‘vitamin model’ is extended to permit examination of individual differences (for example, in terms of baseline values and specific matching characteristics), and empirical evidence is summarized. It is concluded from previous research that job features do not interact synergistically in relation to employee well-being, although this possibility may not yet have been adequately tested. The framework is suggested to be adequately comprehensive, but, as is the case with other models, it requires development in respect of the specific mec.