Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetics of Microglial Activation and Degeneration of Dopamine-Containing Neurons in a Rat Model of Parkinson Disease Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine

In both Parkinson disease and in animal models of Parkinson disease, there is a microglial reaction in addition to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain. To determine the pathological role of this microglial reaction, we analyzed the kinetics ofmicroglial activation and dopaminergic cell death induced in rats with the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. As early as Day 1 after the injection, there was a decline in the motor performance of the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats that correlated with a reduction of dopaminergic innervation of the contralateral striatum. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain developed a few days later and seemed to follow a specific temporospatial pattern. Degenerating neurons and activated microglia were seen only in areas in which dopaminergic cells were no longer observed, suggesting that theloss of the dopaminergic phenotype preceded the degenerative process. In sham-lesioned rats, there was a transient activation of microglia in the vicinity of the needle tract without any cell degeneration. This chronology of events supports the hypothesis that microglial activation is a secondary rather than primary phenomenon in dopaminergic cell degeneration induced by 6-hydroxydopamine.
Long-Term Care Insurance and the Family

I examine whether informal care by family members explains the limited demand for longterm care insurance. Motivated by evidence that the availability of potential informal caregivers is correlated with lower insurance demand and that informal caregivers substitute for formal care, I estimate a dynamic model of long-term care decisions between an elderly parent and her adult child. The availability of informal care lowers the demand for insurance by 14 percentage points overall. An insurance policy that compensates informal care can generate substantial increases in insurance demand and family welfare, and decreases in Medicaid spending.
Joint Space Neural Probabilistic Language Model for Statistical Machine Translation

A neural probabilistic language model (NPLM) provides an idea to achieve the better perplexity than n-gram language model and their smoothed language models. This paper investigates application area in bilingual NLP, specifically Statistical Machine Translation (SMT). We focus on the perspectives that NPLM has potential to open the possibility to complement potentially `huge' monolingual resources into the `resource-constraint' bilingual resources. We introduce an ngram-HMM language model as NPLM using the non-parametric Bayesian construction. In order to facilitate the application to various tasks, we propose the joint space model of ngram-HMM language model. We show an experiment of system combination in the area of SMT. One discovery was that our treatment of noise improved the results 0.20 BLEU points if NPLM is trained in relatively small corpus, in our case 500,000 sentence pairs, which is often the case due to the long training time of NPLM.
"They're really profound women, they're entrepreneurs": Conceptions of Authenticity in Fashion Blogging

Fashion blogging is an international subculture comprised primarily of young women who post photographs of themselves and their possessions, comment on clothes and fashion, and use self-branding techniques to promote themselves and their blogs. Drawing from ethnographic interviews with 30 participants, I examine how fashion bloggers use “authenticity” as an organizing principle to differentiate “good” fashion blogs from “bad” fashion blogs. “Authenticity” is positioned as an invaluable, yet ineffable quality which differentiates fashion blogging from its mainstream media counterparts, like fashion magazines and runway shows, in two ways. First, authenticity describes a set of affective relations between bloggers and their readers. Second, despite previous studies which have positioned “authenticity” as antithetical to branding and commodification, fashion bloggers see authenticity and commercial interests as potentially, but not necessarily, consistent. This study adds to the growing literature on online self-presentation techniques which finds that the entrepreneurial self-concept encouraged in professional blogging communities is intimately linked to a larger shift in cultural labor to capitalist business practice.
Thinning deep neural networks for sketch recognition

In this paper, we propose that deep neural networks that are thinner than typical image recognition networks can perform sketch recognition effectively. As in other computer vision problems, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) outperform other feature extraction methods significantly in sketch recognition. To date, two CNN structures have been proposed for sketch recognition, as described in [4] and [5], achieving classification accuracies of 74.9% and 75.42%, respectively. Although an easy way to improve performance is to design a deeper network, researchers currently tend to avoid an increase in the number of parameters. We attempted to find a more efficient network structure in terms of trade-off between memory usage and performance. Our experiments suggest that making convolutional layers thinner does not result in a significant drop in performance, which correspond to our expectation that low level features are simpler in sketches than those extracted from images.
What makes users refuse web single sign-on?: an empirical investigation of OpenID

OpenID is an open and promising Web single sign-on (SSO) solution. This work investigates the challenges and concerns web users face when using OpenID for authentication, and identifies what changes in the login flow could improve the users' experience and adoption incentives. We found our participants had several behaviors, concerns, and misconceptions that hinder the OpenID adoption process: (1) their existing password management strategies reduce the perceived usefulness of SSO; (2) many (26%) expressed concerns with single-point-of-failure related issues; (3) most (71%) held the incorrect belief that the OpenID credentials are being given to the content providers; (4) half exhibited an inability to distinguish a fake Google login form, even when prompted; (5) many (40%) were hesitant to consent to the release of their personal profile information; and (6) many (36%) expressed concern with the use of SSO on websites that contain valuable personal information or, conversely, are not trustworthy. We also found that with an improved affordance and privacy control, more than 60% of study participants would use Web SSO solutions on the websites they trust.
Transplantation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Adherent Progenitors Into the Developing Rodent Brain

The results of several recent studies suggest that human umbilical cord blood (HUCB)-derived cells have the potential to undergo neural differentiation both in vitro and in vivo. Transplantation into the embryonic ventricular zone provides a unique opportunity to study the migration and differentiation of nonneural somatic progenitor cells in response to instructive cues within the developing neuroepithelium. We isolated an adherently growing population of HUCB-derived cells expressing CD13, CD29, CD49e, CD71, CD73, CD166, Flk-1, and vimentin but lacking CD34 and CD45. On transplantation into the ventricles of embryonic day 16.5 rat embryos, these cells formed subventricular clusters that extended into a variety of host brain regions, including striatum, cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, pons, and cerebellum. Donor cells identified with an antibody to human nuclei or human-specific DNA in situ hybridization maintained expression of their original marker antigens and showed no expression of the neural markers MAP2 and NeuN (neurons), GFAP (astrocytes), and CNP (oligodendrocytes). In contrast to grafted primary neural cells, they remained largely confined to subventricular clusters with little evidence for intraparenchymal integration. Thus, the neurogenic environment of the embryonic ventricular zone does not promote the elaboration of a neural phenotype in HUCB-derived cells.
The future is cloudy: Reflecting prediction error in mobile applications

Mobile applications often predict the future to make decisions in the present. Although such predictions are inherently uncertain, applications typically assume that they are completely accurate. This assumption can lead to incorrect decisions resulting in unnecessary delays, wasted resources, or worse. Instead, prediction error should be a fundamental consideration in mobile systems. Applications should consider uncertainty when weighing alternatives. When one alternative is not clearly superior to another, redundant strategies are often appropriate, resulting in much better performance at a very modest cost. To illustrate these ideas, we describe and implement several methods for quantifying uncertainty in mobile environments. Our system allows applications to explicitly weigh the tradeoff between the performance gained via redundancy and the cost of extra energy and cellular data resources spent, tailoring decisions to their relative importance. We adapt two systems to use this approach. Compared to both simple and adaptive strategies that do not reflect prediction error, our library improves application performance by up to a factor of two.
The oligomerization reaction of the Semliki Forest virus membrane protein subunits

The Semliki Forest virus (SFV) spike is composed of three copies of a membrane protein heterodimer. The two subunits of this heterodimer (p62 and E1) are synthesized sequentially from a common mRNA together with the capsid (C) in the order C-p62-E1. In this work heterodimerization of the spike proteins has been studied in BHK 21 cells. The results indicate that: (a) the polyprotein is cotranslationally cleaved into individual chains; (b) the two membrane protein subunits are initially not associated with each other in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER); (c) heterodimerization occurs predominantly between subunits that originate from the same translation product (heterodimerization in cis); (d) the kinetics of subunit association are very fast (t1/2 = 4 min); and (e) this heterodimerization is highly efficient. To explain the cis- directed heterodimerization reaction we suggest that the p62 protein, which is made before E1 during 26S mRNA translation, is retained at its translocation site until also the E1 chain has been synthesized and translocated at this same site. The mechanism for p62 retention could either be that the p62 anchor sequence cannot diffuse out from an "active" translocation site or that the p62 protein is complexed with a protein folding facilitating machinery that is physically linked to the translocation apparatus.
A formal analysis of the role of argumentation in negotiation dialogues

This article proposes an abstract framework for argumentation-based negotiation in which the impact of exchanging arguments on agents' theories is formally described, the different types of solutions in negotiation are investigated, and the added value of argumentation in negotiation dialogues is analysed. We study when, how and to which extent an exchange of arguments can be beneficial in negotiation. The results show that argumentation can improve the quality of an outcome but never decrease it.
A compliant humanoid walking strategy based on the switching of state feedback gravity compensation controllers

This paper provides stability analyses for two different types of desired gravity compensation controllers, employing both motor and link feedback, and describes a means by which these controllers can be used to control a compliant humanoid robot in order to ensure the successful execution of walking trajectories. Given the challenging task of controlling compliant bipedal systems, owing to their possession of underactuated degrees of freedom, the full actuator and link dynamics are accounted for. The proposed walking strategy involves a process of switching between three distinct controllers which is contingent upon the force feedback provided by the force/torque sensors embedded in the robot's feet. These controllers were tuned using a simulation model of the robot and were then implemented on the compliant COMAN legs, whose performance of walking confirms the controllers' stability, in addition to the walking scheme's efficacy.
Priming in word stem completion tasks: comparison with previous results in word fragment completion tasks

This study investigates priming in an implicit word stem completion (WSC) task by analyzing the effect of linguistic stimuli characteristics on said task. A total of 305 participants performed a WSC task in two phases (study and test). The test phase included 63 unique-solution stems and 63 multiple-solution stems. Analysis revealed that priming (mean = 0.22) was stronger in the case of multiple-solution stems, indicating that they were not a homogeneous group of stimuli. Thus, further analyses were performed only for the data of the unique-solution stems. Correlations between priming and familiarity, frequency of use, and baseline completion were significant. The less familiar words, which were less frequent, had higher priming values. At the same time, the stems with lower baseline completion generated more priming. A regression analysis showed that baseline completion was the only significant predictor of priming, suggesting that the previous processing of the stimuli had a greater impact on the stimuli with low baseline performance. At the same time, baseline completion showed significant positive correlations with familiarity and frequency of use, and a negative correlation with length. When baseline completion was the dependent variable in the regression analysis, the significant variables in the regression were familiarity and length. These results were compared with those obtained in a study using word fragment completion (WFC) by Soler et al. (2009), in which the same words and procedure were employed. Analysis showed that the variables that correlated with priming were the same as in the WSC task, and that completion baseline was the variable that showed the greatest predictive power of priming. This coincidence of results obtained with WFC and WSC tasks highlights the importance of controlling the characteristics of the stimuli used when exploring the nature of priming.
Feature Extraction and Opinion Summarization in Chinese Reviews

The paper describes the process of mining opinions from Chinese reviews of products sold online. The struc- ture of Chinese reviews is free, which leads to a more complicated relationship between opinions and features. The paper introduces two main steps of opinion mining: feature extraction and opinion direction identification. The feature extrac- tion function first extracts "hot" features that a lot of people have express their opinions in their reviews, and then finds those infrequent ones. In order to improve the accuracy of the experiment, redundant features are removed. The opinion direction identification function takes the generated features and summarizes the opinions into two categories: positive and negative. We extract adjectives and negative adverbs as opinion words and use the Naive Bayes classifier to identify their direction. By direction, we mean whether an opinion is positive or negative.
Bootstrap confidence intervals

This article surveys bootstrap methods for producing good approximate confidence intervals. The goal is to improve by an order of magnitude upon the accuracy of the standard intervals 0 ? z(a), in a way that allows routine application even to very complicated problems. Both theory and examples are used to show how this is done. The first seven sections provide a heuristic overview of four bootstrap confidence interval procedures: BCa, bootstrap-t, ABC and calibration. Sections 8 and 9 describe the theory behind these methods, and their close connec- tion with the likelihood-based confidence interval theory developed by Barndorff-Nielsen, Cox and Reid and others.
Genetic parameters for body weight in meat quail

The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for BW in meat quail at different ages. A total of 24,382 weight records from 3,652 quail, born between 2009 and 2011, were evaluated. Weekly BW was measured from hatch until 42 d of age. The genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood method using a multivariate animal model. Heritability of BW ranged from 0.03 to 0.23. Genetic correlations were mainly high and positive. Selection for BW at 28 d of age yielded good indirect genetic progress in BW at 42 d of age.
Defining Recovery Goals and Strategies for Endangered Species: The Wolf as a Case Study

Abstract We used a spatially explicit population model of wolves (Canis lupus) to propose a framework for defining rangewide recovery priorities and finer-scale strategies for regional reintroductions. The model predicts that Yellowstone and central Idaho, where wolves have recently been successfully reintroduced, hold the most secure core areas for wolves in the western United States, implying that future reintroductions will face greater challenges. However, these currently occupied sites, along with dispersal or reintroduction to several unoccupied but suitable core areas, could facilitate recovery of wolves to 49% of the area in the western United States that holds sufficient prey to support wolves. That percentage of the range with recovery potential could drop to 23% over the next few decades owing to landscape change, or increase to 66% owing to habitat restoration efforts such as the removal of some roads on public lands. Comprehensive habitat and viability assessments such as those presented here, by more rigorously defining the Endangered Species Act's concept of “significant portion of range,” can clarify debate over goals for recovery of large carnivores that may conflict with human land uses.
E/S0 GALAXIES ON THE BLUE COLOR–STELLAR MASS SEQUENCE AT z = 0: FADING MERGERS OR FUTURE SPIRALS?

We identify a population of morphologically defined E/S0 galaxies lying on the locus of late-type galaxies in color–stellar mass space—the “blue sequence”—at the present epoch. Using three samples (from the Nearby Field Galaxy Survey or NFGS, a merged HyperLeda/Sloan Digital Sky Survey/Two Micron All Sky Survey catalog, and the NYU Value-Added Galaxy Catalog), we analyze blue-sequence E/S0s with stellar masses ≳108 M☉, arguing that individual objects may be evolving either up toward the red sequence or down into the blue sequence. Blue-sequence E/S0 galaxies become more common with decreasing stellar mass, comprising ≲2% of E/S0s near the “shutdown mass” Ms ∼ 1–2 × 1011 M☉, increasing to ≳5% near the “bimodality mass” Mb ∼ 3 × 1010 M☉, and sharply rising to ≳ 20%–30% below the “threshold mass” Mt ∼ 4–6 × 109 M☉, down to our completeness analysis limit at ∼109 M☉. The strong emergence of blue-sequence E/S0s below Mt coincides with a previously reported global increase in mean atomic gas fractions below Mt for galaxies of all types on both sequences, suggesting that the availability of cold gas may be basic to blue-sequence E/S0s' existence. Environmental analysis reveals that many sub-Mb blue-sequence E/S0s reside in low-to-intermediate density environments. Thus, the bulk of the population we analyze appears distinct from the generally lower-mass cluster dE population; S0 morphologies with a range of bulge sizes are typical. In mass–radius and mass–σ scaling relations, blue-sequence E/S0s are more similar to red-sequence E/S0s than to late-type galaxies, but they represent a transitional class. While some of them, especially in the high-mass range from Mb to Ms, resemble major-merger remnants that will likely fade onto the red sequence, most blue-sequence E/S0s below Mb show signs of disk and/or pseudobulge building, which may be enhanced by companion interactions. The blue overall colors of blue-sequence E/S0s are most clearly linked to blue outer disks, but also reflect blue centers and more frequent blue-centered color gradients than seen in red-sequence E/S0s. Notably, all E/S0s in the NFGS with polar or counterrotating gas lie on or near the blue sequence, and most of these systems show signs of secondary stellar disks forming in the decoupled gas. From star formation rates and gas fractions, we infer significant recent and ongoing morphological transformation in the blue-sequence E/S0 population, especially below Mb. We argue that sub-Mb blue-sequence E/S0s occupy a “sweet spot” in stellar mass and concentration, with both abundant gas and optimally efficient star formation, which may enable the formation of large spiral disks. Our results provide evidence for the importance of disk rebuilding after mergers, as predicted by hierarchical models of galaxy formation.
Mentors’ and mentees’ views about desirable attributes and practices for preservice teachers

Universities provide preservice teachers (mentees) with directions on how to engage within their school placements, yet mentees have ongoing concerns about how to interact with their mentors. What are desirable attributes and practices for preservice teachers in their roles as mentees? This qualitative study gathers data from primary and secondary Australian teachers (n=25) through extended response questionnaire and audio-recorded focus group discussions, and preservice teachers (n=10) using audio-recorded interviews at the conclusion of their four-week practicum. Findings indicated that mentors had clear views on desirable attributes (e.g., enthusiasm, commitment, resilience) and practices (e.g., planning, preparation, building a teaching repertoire) for mentees; whereas mentees had varying views on identifying such attributes and practices and did not refer to: content knowledge, differentiation, and knowing school and university policies. This showed that mentees need more guidance for focusing on specific attributes and practices to benefit the mentoring relationship and their teaching development.
The times they are a-changin': mobile PIM is leaving the paper trail behind

Use practices in personal information management (PIM) evolve continually. The data from our two studies, a survey study (n=61) on to-do use practices and a diary/interview study (n=11) on smartphone use in PIM, suggests that electronic PIM has finally reached paper-based PIM in popularity. Mobile phones and their development have been integral to this development: Better input possibilities and better screens together with improved Internet accessibility have made it possible for us to increasingly organize our lives with mobiles. Thus, mobiles have to be in the epicenter when designing the PIM applications of tomorrow.