Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Basis of Scientific Innovation Induced by Heuristic Prototype

A number of major inventions in history have been based on bionic imitation. Heuristics, by applying biological systems to the creation of artificial devices and machines, might be one of the most critical processes in scientific innovation. In particular, prototype heuristics propositions that innovation may engage automatic activation of a prototype such as a biological system to form novel associations between a prototype's function and problem-solving. We speculated that the cortical dissociation between the automatic activation and forming novel associations in innovation is critical point to heuristic creativity. In the present study, novel and old scientific innovations (NSI and OSI) were selected as experimental materials in using learning-testing paradigm to explore the neural basis of scientific innovation induced by heuristic prototype. College students were required to resolve NSI problems (to which they did not know the answers) and OSI problems (to which they knew the answers). From two fMRI experiments, our results showed that the subjects could resolve NSI when provided with heuristic prototypes. In Experiment 1, it was found that the lingual gyrus (LG; BA18) might be related to prototype heuristics in college students resolving NSI after learning a relative prototype. In Experiment 2, the LG (BA18) and precuneus (BA31) were significantly activated for NSI compared to OSI when college students learned all prototypes one day before the test. In addition, the mean beta-values of these brain regions of NSI were all correlated with the behavior accuracy of NSI. As our hypothesis indicated, the findings suggested that the LG might be involved in forming novel associations using heuristic information, while the precuneus might be involved in the automatic activation of heuristic prototype during scientific innovation.
A 10-year prospective study of single tooth implants placed in the anterior maxilla.

PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological and technical outcomes of early and delayed placed single tooth implants after 10 years of follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty consecutive patients who needed a single tooth replacement in the anterior maxilla were included in this study. Ten implants were placed with an early placement protocol, that is, 4 weeks after tooth extraction, whereas the other 10 implants were placed with a conventional delayed placement protocol, for example, 12 weeks after tooth extraction. At the baseline and at the annual re-examinations, pain from implant regions, mobility, plaque, mucositis, and marginal bone levels were recorded. Biological and technical complications were registered. The patients evaluated the functional and aesthetic outcomes subjectively on a visual analogue scale after 3 and 10 years. RESULTS All implants were still in situ after 10 years. The cumulative implant survival rate was 100%. Two implant-supported crowns were remade because of ceramic fractures. The 10-year crown survival rate was 90%. No significant differences in implant survival rates were found between the early and delayed protocols, regarding plaque retention, mucositis, or marginal bone levels. After 10 years, the mean marginal bone loss at both sides of the implants was less than 1.0 mm in the two groups. During the 10-year interval, 1 patient lost more than 1.5 mm of marginal bone, 3 patients lost between 1.0 mm and 1.4 mm of bone, and 16 patients lost less than 1.0 mm of bone as an average of the mesial and distal bone loss. CONCLUSIONS This 10-year prospective clinical trial demonstrated a 100% implant survival and a 90% crown survival. The average marginal bone level change was less than 1 mm, and there was no difference between early and delayed implant placement. Patient satisfaction with the implant-supported single crowns reduced with time.
Source Memory and Encoding Strategy in Normal Aging

Of the memory deficits associated with aging, elders are most impaired at attributing the source to remembered information. Additionally, aging is marked by a decrease in the use of encoding strategies that are thought to enhance the acquisition and retention of information. We examined how manipulating the encoding strategy during acquisition affected item and source memory in 32 young and 68 elderly participants. Elderly participants were dichotomized into young-old and old-old based upon the median age (74 years). Memory was assessed using Word List A from the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) and its alternate form. Encoding strategy was manipulated by semantic clustering. For the Blocked List, words were presented grouped into their semantic categories, whereas for the Unblocked List categories were intermixed within the list. Item and source memory judgments were made 20 minutes after the final CVLT recall trial and again one week later. Results revealed a disproportionate decline in source, compared to item memory in the two older groups. Semantic blocking enhanced item memory for the elders, but not for the young. The amount of semantic clustering performed by the elders showed a decline with age and was positively related to source performance. Results also suggest that subtle age-related changes in semantic knowledge may be related to declines in semantic clustering and memory performance.
`Doing Good with a Vengeance':

`Drug treatment courts' (DTCs) are a new institution in North American criminal justice for dealing with drug offenders. There are currently two DTC pilot trials in implementation in Canada. Based on a `therapeutic jurisprudence' approach, DTCs claim to rehabilitate rather than punish drug-addicted offenders, and thus to reduce drug use, recidivism and social cost. Given the current enthusiasm about DTCs, this article provides a critique of DTCs' rationale, practices and implications from evaluative, social and legal perspectives. It focuses on the Canadian experience where possible. The analysis examines: the limitations of the evidence and methods behind the claims of DTCs' effectiveness; the ontological and practical challenges of the proposed `bridging' of punishment and treatment; the legal and penological implications of `therapeutic jurisprudence' practices; as well as potential explanations for DTCs' rise in popularity despite the limited evidence for their positive impact. The article concludes with reflections on the implications of DTCs for the government of drug use as deviance in contemporary social contexts, as well as for political efforts towards less punitive drug control. DTCs may reinforce the hegemony of punitive drug use control—partly by coopting treatment strategies—and thus fundamentally protect the legitimacy of prohibition politics.
Secondary Students' Involvement in Their IEP Meetings: Administrators' Perceptions

Secondary administrators in one southwestern state answered a 10-question web-based survey about student preparation for and involvement in their IEP meetings. Almost half of the 456 building-level special education administrative contacts who received our e-mail request completed the survey. Administrators reported that their schools teach students about their disability, invite them to their IEP meetings, encourage their participation at IEP meetings, and solicit student opinions during the meetings. Few administrators expected students to lead their own IEP meeting. Responses differed by administrative role. Principals answered questions differently than special education directors and special education teachers working part-time as administrators. The administrators' perceptions of student involvement differed from the results of direct observations of secondary IEP meetings.
Introducing Optimality Theory

▪ Abstract Optimality theory was introduced in the early 1990s as an alternative model of the organization of natural human language sound systems. This article provides an introduction to the model for the nonlinguist. The basic principles of optimality theory are introduced and explained (GEN, CON, and EVAL). Three important constraint families are explored (Faithfulness, Alignment, and Markedness). Illustrations are provided involving syllabification and vowel harmony in Tibetan and prosodic phonotactics in Tonkawa. The article closes with two general discussions. The first addresses recurring issues in phonological and linguistic analysis and sketches how optimality theory might account for these. The second points out how the explanations arrived at through optimality theory are providing new answers to familiar questions, as well as raising new questions for study.
Template-based learning of grasp selection

The ability to grasp unknown objects is an important skill for personal robots, which has been addressed by many present and past research projects, but still remains an open problem. A crucial aspect of grasping is choosing an appropriate grasp configuration, i.e. the 6d pose of the hand relative to the object and its finger configuration. Finding feasible grasp configurations for novel objects, however, is challenging because of the huge variety in shape and size of these objects. Moreover, possible configurations also depend on the specific kinematics of the robotic arm and hand in use. In this paper, we introduce a new grasp selection algorithm able to find object grasp poses based on previously demonstrated grasps. Assuming that objects with similar shapes can be grasped in a similar way, we associate to each demonstrated grasp a grasp template. The template is a local shape descriptor for a possible grasp pose and is constructed using 3d information from depth sensors. For each new object to grasp, the algorithm then finds the best grasp candidate in the library of templates. The grasp selection is also able to improve over time using the information of previous grasp attempts to adapt the ranking of the templates. We tested the algorithm on two different platforms, the Willow Garage PR2 and the Barrett WAM arm which have very different hands. Our results show that the algorithm is able to find good grasp configurations for a large set of objects from a relatively small set of demonstrations, and does indeed improve its performance over time.
Comparison of emergence times with different fresh gas flow rates following desflurane anaesthesia

Objective To investigate emergence times with different fresh gas flow rates, following desflurane anaesthesia. Methods Patients undergoing surgery with desflurane anaesthesia were randomly assigned to receive fresh gas flow rates of 100% oxygen during emergence of 2 l/min (group D2), 4 l/min (group D4) or 6 l/min (group D6). Time to eye opening, spontaneous movement and extubation (emergence time) were assessed after desflurane discontinuation. The end-tidal concentration of desflurane and bispectral index were recorded at each of these timepoints. Results A total of 105 patients were included in the study, with 35 in each of the three groups. Mean times to extubation were 17.6 min, 9.9 min and 9.1 min in groups D2, D4 and D6, respectively. Times to eye opening, spontaneous movement and extubation in group D2 were significantly longer than in groups D4 and D6. Conclusions These results suggest that there is the potential to predict emergence time based on fresh gas flow rate following desflurane anaesthesia. It should therefore be possible to use a low-flow technique during the emergence period, in addition to the maintenance period, without delaying recovery if the inhaled anaesthetic is stopped at the predicted time before the end of surgery.
Differential Impacts of Stressful Life Events and Social Support on the Mental Health of Mainland Chinese Immigrant and Local Youth in Hong Kong: A Resilience Perspective

Based on a resilience perspective, this study attempted to explore the risk and protective factors influencing the mental health of immigrant and local youths in Hong Kong. A structured questionnaire which consisted of The Chinese Adolescents Life Events Checklist, The Perceived Satisfaction of Social Support Scale and The Brief Symptoms Inventory was used. Two hundred and ten local and immigrant youths between the age of 15 and 20 were individually interviewed by the trained interviewers. Contrary to our hypotheses, the findings revealed that immigrant youth had better mental health and similar levels of stress than local youth. Moreover, peer support was found to exert a strong impact on the mental health of immigrant youth. While ‘Interpersonal relationship difficulties’ was identified as a common risk factor faced by local and immigrant youths, immigrant youth faced additional risk factors in relation to a change to a new school and parental conflicts. On the other hand, endurance of hardship, social competence and peer support were considered as the protective factors that might be associated with better mental health in immigrant youth. The implications of this study included: to adopt a resilience perspective to understand the protective mechanisms that enhance the mental health of immigrant youth; to develop a national strategy to build up the interpersonal relationship skills of youth in a society; and to organize specific programmes to strengthen the peer system and tackle parental conflicts in immigrant youths.
Perceived and Received Social Support in Two Cultures: Collectivism and Support among British and Spanish Students

Previous cross-cultural research into social support has attributed national variations in observed support to assumed cultural variables, but has rarely measured these variables directly. Furthermore, this cross-cultural work has failed to differentiate between support from friends and from families, and between global perceptions of available support and the support received after an event. In this study, 140 respondents from UK (N = 72) and Spain (N = 68) completed scales assessing cultural collectivism (Bierbrauer, Meyer, & Wolfradt, 1994), measures of perceived global support (Cohen & Hoberman, 1983), and received social support, as well as additional indices of self-esteem (Rosenberg, 1965) and life satisfaction (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). Path analytic analyses found that Spanish respondents were, as expected, more collectivist than their British counterparts, and that collectivism predicted reported family support after an event and global perceptions of available support. Global perceived support and support from friends after an event were significant correlates of self- esteem, which, along with global support and support from family members, was a significant correlate of life satisfaction. These findings underline the importance of analysing cultural values and the multiple components of social support when assessing the impact of culture on support.
A Longitudinal Study of Depressive Symptoms and Marijuana Use in a Sample of Inner-City African Americans.

The association between marijuana use and depressive symptoms was examined longitudinally in a sample of 622 African American youth, interviewed on six occasions, using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). We considered whether depressive symptoms predicted changes in marijuana use and vice versa from high school through the transition into young adulthood. We also examined gender differences in these behaviors over time. The results indicated that depressive symptoms predicted later marijuana use only for males. Marijuana use did not predict later depressive symptoms for females or males. These findings are consistent with a unidirectional hypothesis indicating that marijuana use may play a role as mood regulator among young males, but not among females. Research findings also indicate that females with lower depressive symptoms use more marijuana than females who report high depressive symptoms. These findings did not change even after controlling for the effects of using other substances at previous stages, school achievement, and demographics factors. These results suggest that depressive symptoms may be an antecedent of marijuana use among African American males.
Measuring and modeling the perception of natural and unconstrained gaze in humans and machines

Humans are remarkably adept at interpreting the gaze direction of other individuals in their surroundings. This skill is at the core of the ability to engage in joint visual attention, which is essential for establishing social interactions. How accurate are humans in determining the gaze direction of others in lifelike scenes, when they can move their heads and eyes freely, and what are the sources of information for the underlying perceptual processes? These questions pose a challenge from both empirical and computational perspectives, due to the complexity of the visual input in real-life situations. Here we measure empirically human accuracy in perceiving the gaze direction of others in lifelike scenes, and study computationally the sources of information and representations underlying this cognitive capacity. We show that humans perform better in face-to-face conditions compared with recorded conditions, and that this advantage is not due to the availability of input dynamics. We further show that humans are still performing well when only the eyes-region is visible, rather than the whole face. We develop a computational model, which replicates the pattern of human performance, including the finding that the eyes-region contains on its own, the required information for estimating both head orientation and direction of gaze. Consistent with neurophysiological findings on task-specific face regions in the brain, the learned computational representations reproduce perceptual effects such as the Wollaston illusion, when trained to estimate direction of gaze, but not when trained to recognize objects or faces.
Trabalho de mulheres executivas no Brasil no final do século XX

O artigo tece consideracoes sobre o trabalho das mulheres executivas no Brasil, no final do seculo XX. Na primeira parte, com base em estatisticas oficiais (Censos e Pesquisas Domiciliares, dados do Ministerio do Trabalho, Ministerio da Educacao e outros), apresenta algumas tendencias gerais da insercao laboral das brasileiras nesse periodo, visando compor o cenario no qual o trabalho das executivas surge e se consolida. Na segunda parte, e realizada breve analise da presenca de executivas em cargos de diretoria em empresas brasileiras do setor formal, no ano 2000, com base em dados do Ministerio do Trabalho. Na terceira e ultima, sao apresentados resultados de entrevistas realizadas com 10 executivas de empresas diversas do mercado de trabalho.
An Investigation of the Effect of Learning Style on Student Success in an Online Learning Environment

Ninety-eight information science students were tracked during an online masters degree program. At their initial orientation, each student completed a demographic data form and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory. Because of their major, it was hypothesized that students would fall into Kolb's Converger and Assimilator categories and these learning styles would be predictive of success in the program. Results indicated that 79.6 percent (n = 78) of all students graduated from the program. Seventy-three students (74.5%) fell into the predicted categories and maintained an 83.6 percent (n = 61) graduation rate. Students not falling into the predicted categories maintained a 68 percent (n = 17) graduation rate. The implications are clear. First, the majority of students can succeed in an online learning environment regardless of their learning style. Care has to be taken, however, since a trend existed in this study for students with learning styles different from predicted to drop out in higher numbers. Institutions offering online programs should be aware of this and be prepared to address learning style issues.
Ki-67 Labeling Index Is a Predictor of Postoperative Persistent Disease and Cancer Growth and a Prognostic Indicator in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Background: We previously reported that the Ki-67 labeling index (LI) in primary tumors and the thyroglobulin (Tg)-doubling time (DT) were potent prognostic indicators in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Objectives: To elucidate the relationship between these two factors. Methods: A total of 390 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy between 1998 and 2004 and in whom the Tg-DT was calculated were enrolled. We determined the Ki-67 LI in primary tumors and compared these values with the patients' clinicopathological factors, postoperative Tg status, Tg-DT, and prognosis. Tg status was categorized by postoperative serum Tg values: biochemically persistent disease (BPD), equivocal state, and biochemical remission. Results: The Ki-67 LI was ≤5% in 312 patients (80%), 5%-10% in 48 patients (12%), and >10% in 30 patients (8%). Ki-67 LI was significantly associated with BPD (p < 0.0001). The proportion of BPD patients increased with the higher Ki-67 LI category: 24, 67, and 87%, respectively. The Ki-67 LI had a significant inverse correlation with the Tg-DT (Spearman's ρ = −0.5267, p < 0.0001). Of the 378 patients without distant metastasis at surgery, 68 patients had recurrence, and 6 of the 390 patients died of PTC during the follow-up (mean 88 months). On multivariate analyses, the Ki-67 LI remained an independent predictor of disease-free survival and disease-specific survival when Tg-DT and Tg status were excluded from the analyses. Conclusions: Evaluation of the Ki-67 LI in primary tumors may allow the prediction of the postoperative Tg status, Tg-DT and prognosis of patients with PTC.
Análisis sociolingüístico del dequeísmo en el habla de Santiago de Chile

El presente estudio forina parte de una investigacion mas amplia que estamos realizando sobre el habla de Santiago de Chile. En esta oportunidad daremos cuenta de la situacion sociolinguistica del fenonleno conocido como dequeismo, basandonos en los resultados de dos investigaciones empiricas que llevaramos a cabo entre los anos 1992 y 1995. La primera de talcs pesquisas buscaba caracterizar la estratificacion social del fenomeno del dequeismo en una muestra representativa de los hablantes santiaguinos; la segunda se proponia indagar la incidencia del mismo fenomeno en el habla publica (empleada cn el arribito publico) de una muestra igualmente reprcbentativa de la elite politica del pais.
High accuracy android malware detection using ensemble learning

With over 50 billion downloads and more than 1.3 million apps in Google's official market, Android has continued to gain popularity among smartphone users worldwide. At the same time there has been a rise in malware targeting the platform, with more recent strains employing highly sophisticated detection avoidance techniques. As traditional signature-based methods become less potent in detecting unknown malware, alternatives are needed for timely zero-day discovery. Thus, this study proposes an approach that utilises ensemble learning for Android malware detection. It combines advantages of static analysis with the efficiency and performance of ensemble machine learning to improve Android malware detection accuracy. The machine learning models are built using a large repository of malware samples and benign apps from a leading antivirus vendor. Experimental results and analysis presented shows that the proposed method which uses a large feature space to leverage the power of ensemble learning is capable of 97.3-99% detection accuracy with very low false positive rates.