Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unequal Error Protection Querying Policies for the Noisy 20 Questions Problem

In this paper, we propose an open-loop unequal-error-protection querying policy based on superposition coding for the noisy 20 questions problem. In this problem, a player wishes to successively refine an estimate of the value of a continuous random variable by posing binary queries and receiving noisy responses. When the queries are designed non-adaptively as a single block and the noisy responses are modeled as the output of a binary symmetric channel, the 20 questions problem can be mapped to an equivalent problem of channel coding with unequal error protection (UEP). A new non-adaptive querying strategy based on UEP superposition coding is introduced, whose estimation error decreases with an exponential rate of convergence that is significantly better than that of the UEP repetition coding introduced by Variani et al. (2015). With the proposed querying strategy, the rate of exponential decrease in the number of queries matches the rate of a closed-loop adaptive scheme, where queries are sequentially designed with the benefit of feedback. Furthermore, the achievable error exponent is significantly better than that of random block codes employing equal error protection.
Test anxiety, evaluative stress, and susceptibility to distraction from threat

Examinations are perhaps one of the main methods of assessment in education. Unfortunately, there are some individuals who are so fearful of such events that performance is impaired. Test anxiety is believed to be the trait that predisposes individuals to react negatively to examinations and tests. One way in which it is believed that test anxiety affects performance is by increasing susceptibility to distraction from task‐irrelevant material. However, few studies have directly investigated this impairment. An experiment was therefore conducted to investigate susceptibility to distraction in high and low test‐anxious students. The task used was based on one developed by Mathews, May, Mogg and Eysenck (1990), which distinguishes between focused attention and selective search. In order to determine whether a specific susceptibility to distraction exists, the distractors were varied in terms of valence and relevance to examinations. Since test anxiety is a situation‐specific trait, an evaluation‐related stressor was used to trigger test‐anxious reactions. A specific susceptibility to distraction from threat was found amongst high test‐anxious participants who received the evaluation‐related stressor. However, this effect was only found when participants were using focused attention. This suggests that the disturbed performance often found to be associated with test anxiety might be due to an inability to ignore threatening material when attempting to focus attentional resources. These results are discussed in light of current theories of test anxiety and implications for educational practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social and emotional competencies predicting success for male and female executives

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore three research questions. Are there gender differences in the demonstration of emotional and social intelligence competencies? What is the relationship between emotional and social intelligence competencies and success, and does gender moderate that relationship? Are there differences between the most successful male and female leaders in their demonstration of these competencies? Design/methodology/approach – This study used a 360‐degree instrument to measure the demonstration of emotional and social intelligence competencies by top‐level executives in one financial services organization. Annual performance and potential assessments measured the participants' success. Regression analyses and tests of mean differences were used to analyze the research questions.Findings – The results indicated that there were no significant differences between male and female leaders in their demonstration of emotional and social intelligence competencies. The most successf.
Improving learning in schools: the overarching influence of ‘presence’ on the capacity of authoritative leaders

Authoritative leaders are skilful in nurturing relationships whilst building a learning culture that demands excellence. However, as leadership in schools becomes increasingly complex, the ability of leaders to develop relationships whilst demanding excellence is difficult. This article presents research from a mixed methods study that identified the notion of authoritative leadership as an important element in Leadership for Learning (LfL). Having examined the data to understand the extent to which authoritative leadership was evident in schools, the analysis revealed two characteristics of this leadership style where the research sites differed substantially. The findings highlight the need for authoritative leaders to develop supportive relationships and, have a positive influence upon the school’s climate and culture. Ultimately, when these two characteristics of authoritative leadership were evident in schools, the study revealed that teacher agency was enhanced. The article identifies the notion of presence as an overarching quality of authoritative leaders seeking to influence learning in their schools.
Spectral Efficiency of Mixed-ADC Receivers for Massive MIMO Systems

This paper investigates the uplink of multi-user massive multi-input multioutput (MIMO) systems with a mixed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) receiver architecture, in which some antennas are equipped with costly full-resolution ADCs and others with less expensive low-resolution ADCs. A closed-form approximation of the achievable spectral efficiency (SE) with the maximum-ratio combining detector is derived. Based on this approximated result, the effects of the number of base station (BS) antennas, the transmit power, the proportion of full-resolution ADCs in the mixed-ADC structure, and the number of quantization bits of the low-resolution ADCs are revealed. Results show case that the achievable SE increases with the number of BS antennas and quantization bits, and it converges to a saturated value in the high user power regime or the full ADC resolution case. Most important, this work efficiency verifies that for a massive MIMO, the mixed-ADC receiver with a small fraction of full-resolution ADCs can have comparable SE performance with the receiver with all full-resolution ADCs but at a considerably lower hardware cost.
Cleanroom Maintenance Significantly Reduces Abundance but Not Diversity of Indoor Microbiomes

Cleanrooms have been considered microbially-reduced environments and are used to protect human health and industrial product assembly. However, recent analyses have deciphered a rather broad diversity of microbes in cleanrooms, whose origin as well as physiological status has not been fully understood. Here, we examined the input of intact microbial cells from a surrounding built environment into a spacecraft assembly cleanroom by applying a molecular viability assay based on propidium monoazide (PMA). The controlled cleanroom (CCR) was characterized by ~6.2*103 16S rRNA gene copies of intact bacterial cells per m2 floor surface, which only represented 1% of the total community that could be captured via molecular assays without viability marker. This was in contrast to the uncontrolled adjoining facility (UAF) that had 12 times more living bacteria. Regarding diversity measures retrieved from 16S rRNA Illumina-tag analyzes, we observed, however, only a minor drop in the cleanroom facility allowing the conclusion that the number but not the diversity of microbes is strongly affected by cleaning procedures. Network analyses allowed tracking a substantial input of living microbes to the cleanroom and a potential enrichment of survival specialists like bacterial spore formers and archaeal halophiles and mesophiles. Moreover, the cleanroom harbored a unique community including 11 exclusive genera, e.g., Haloferax and Sporosarcina, which are herein suggested as indicators of cleanroom environments. In sum, our findings provide evidence that archaea are alive in cleanrooms and that cleaning efforts and cleanroom maintenance substantially decrease the number but not the diversity of indoor microbiomes.
Workplace humor and organizational creativity

Workplace humor and organizational creativity are becoming topics of great interest to managers. There is a need to understand more about the role of humor in enhancing creative performance in the workplace. This study examines the relationship between the three functions of humor and organizational creativity. Results suggest that liberating humor and controlling humor relate significantly to organizational creativity, the former positively and the latter negatively, while stress relieving humor was not found to relate significantly to organizational creativity. Implications for practicing managers and research on humor and creativity are discussed.
Parental Support and Underrepresented Students’ Math/Science Interests

Using social cognitive career theory (SCCT), the present study examined the role of parental support and investigative learning experiences (i.e., performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion, vicarious influence, physiological arousal) in the development of math/science interests among high school students of color (N = 206). Results of structural equation modeling analyses suggested the hypothesized model adequately fit the data. Parental support significantly predicted each learning experience variable, with the exception of physiological arousal. Performance accomplishments were the only learning experience variable that predicted both math/science self-efficacy and math/science outcome expectations. Self-efficacy significantly predicted interests, but did not predict outcome expectations. Furthermore, outcome expectations did not predict interests. Mediation tests indicated that performance accomplishments, vicarious learning, and self-efficacy mediated relationships between contextual and person-cognitive variables. Results are discussed in relation to SCCT and the development of career interests in math/science among underrepresented students.
Work Process Knowledge, Curriculum Control and the Work-based Route to Vocational Qualifications

Recent policy statements reveal that the future work-based route to vocational qualifications in the UK will include ‘taught knowledge and understanding’ as well as competence acquired in the workplace. The intention is to bring National/Scottish Vocational Qualifications into line with the German dual system of apprenticeship, which involves much more academic study. This article seeks to clarify the UK policy by exploring recent developments in the German dual system, and considering two key questions: how to define knowledge and understanding in this context, and how to distribute control of the curriculum between the stakeholders.
FGFs, their receptors, and human limb malformations: clinical and molecular correlations.

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) comprise a family of 22 distinct proteins with pleiotropic signaling functions in development and homeostasis. These functions are mediated principally by four fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, with heparin glycosaminoglycan as an important cofactor. Developmental studies in chick and mouse highlight the critical role of FGF-receptor signaling in multiple phases of limb development, including the positioning of the limb buds, the maintenance of limb bud outgrowth, the detailed patterning of the limb elements, and the growth of the long bones. Corroborating these important roles, mutations of two members of the FGFR family (FGFR1 and FGFR2) are associated with human disorders of limb patterning; in addition, mutations of FGFR3 and FGF23 affect growth of the limb bones. Analysis of FGFR2 mutations in particular reveals a complex pattern of genotype/phenotype correlation, which will be reviewed in detail. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the more severe patterning abnormalities are mediated by illegitimate paracrine signaling in the mesoderm, mediated by FGF10 or by a related FGF, and this is beginning to gain some experimental support. A further test of this hypothesis is provided by a unique family segregating two FGFR2 mutations in cis (S252L; A315S), in which severe syndactyly occurs in the absence of the craniosynostosis that typically accompanies FGFR2 mutations.
Decomposing Immigrants’ Economic Integration in Earnings Disparity: Racial Variations in Unexpected Returns

The discourse on immigrants’ economic integration often assumes that the human capital of immigrants determines the outcome of successful integration, measured as income parity with the native-born population. This paper decomposes the employment earnings of immigrants and native-born Canadians in Canada to see how much of income disparity may be attributed to human capital factors and how much to other factors. The findings indicate that immigrants have brought high levels of human capital to Canada, often surpassing those of the native-born, but immigrants under-perform in earnings because of other unexplained returns. The findings suggest that there are limits in using immigrant selection policy to increase the human capital content of immigrants as a means to achieve successful economic integration, and that other policies that influence how immigrants, especially those of minority origin, are treated in the labour market should be considered as a means to bridge income disparity.
The Stature of Boys Is Inversely Correlated to the Levels of Their Sertoli Cell Hormones: Do the Testes Restrain the Maturation of Boys?

The testes of preadolescent boys appear to be dormant, as they produce only trace levels of testosterone [1]. However, they release supra-adult levels of Müllerian Inhibiting Substance (MIS, anti-Müllerian hormone) and lesser levels of inhibin B (InhB), for unknown reasons [2], [3]. Boys have a variable rate of maturation, which on average is slower than girls. The height of children relative to their parents is an index of their maturity [4], [5]. We report here that a boy's level of MIS and InhB is stable over time and negatively correlates with his height and his height relative to his parent's height. This suggests that boy's with high levels of MIS and InhB are short because they are immature, rather than because they are destined to be short men. The levels of MIS and InhB in the boys did not correlate with known hormonal modulators of growth, and were additive with age and the growth hormone/IGF1 axis as predictors of a boy's height. If MIS and InhB were causal regulators of maturity, then the inter-boy differences in the levels of these hormone produces variation in maturation equivalent to 18-months of development. MIS and InhB may thus account for most of the variation in the rate of male development. If boys lacked these hormones, then an average 5-year-old boy would be over 5 cm taller than age-matched girls, making boys almost as dimorphic as men, for height. This indicates that boys have a high growth potential that is initially suppressed by their testes. The concept of the childhood testes suppressing an adult male feature appears paradoxical. However, the growth of children requires intergenerational transfer of nutrients. Consequently, the MIS/InhB slowing of male growth may have been historically advantageous, as it would minimizes any sex bias in the maternal cost of early child rearing.
Decolonising Property: Exploring Ethics, Land, and Time, through Housing Interventions in Contemporary Australia

The idea of property is a fundamental and foundational component of modern industrialised economies and yet, as a growing body of work shows, property is far from settled as a concept, or as a set series of relationships—whether between institutions, humans, places, and/or other species. Property systems are part of emergent, complex socioecological systems, reflecting and manifesting social and political phenomena, and asserting particular forms of citizen/self as acceptable, preferable and dominant. Predominant Western understandings of property rely on, enable, and anticipate increases in property value over time, reflecting particular conceptualisations and experiences of time shaped by Judeo—Christian teleological narratives in which time moves towards a perfect state that ironically remains perpetually imminent. This essay is concerned with tracing the ontological baggage of predominant understandings of property and time and exploring the terrain of their Others, as well as exploring the shifts in relationships between these in a decolonising and postmodern Australian context. This paper will reveal some of the diversity of what and how societies think about property and time, to suggest we may be starting—albeit 21—to acknowledge and engage with multiple and complex iterations of these.
Multimodal BCIs: Target Detection, Multidimensional Control, and Awareness Evaluation in Patients With Disorder of Consciousness

Despite rapid advances in the study of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in recent decades, two fundamental challenges, namely, improvement of target detection performance and multidimensional control, continue to be major barriers for further development and applications. In this paper, we review the recent progress in multimodal BCIs (also called hybrid BCIs), which may provide potential solutions for addressing these challenges. In particular, improved target detection can be achieved by developing multimodal BCIs that utilize multiple brain patterns, multimodal signals, or multisensory stimuli. Furthermore, multidimensional object control can be accomplished by generating multiple control signals from different brain patterns or signal modalities. Here, we highlight several representative multimodal BCI systems by analyzing their paradigm designs, detection/control methods, and experimental results. To demonstrate their practicality, we report several initial clinical applications of these multimodal BCI systems, including awareness evaluation/detection in patients with disorder of consciousness (DOC). As an evolving research area, the study of multimodal BCIs is increasingly requiring more synergetic efforts from multiple disciplines for the exploration of the underlying brain mechanisms, the design of new effective paradigms and means of neurofeedback, and the expansion of the clinical applications of these systems.
Television viewing and self‐concept among Hispanic American children—a pilot study

This study explores the relationship between television viewing (hours per week in general and number of Spanish‐language programs watched in particular) and self‐concept among 117 Spanish‐surnamed elementary school children in a small, semirural school district in southern California. The study was conducted by administering a one‐time questionnaire and the results are based on mostly zero‐ and first‐order correlations. Contrary to our expectations, (a) amount of viewing was insignificantly related to self‐concept, and (b) Spanish‐language television viewing was not correlated significantly with self‐concept However, Hispanic American girls tend to watch Spanish‐language television more often than do their male counterparts. Theoretical considerations for studying possible relationships between television viewing and Hispanic American children's psychosocial development are discussed.
Public culture and national integration in multi-cultural states Comparative observations from the United States and Nigeria

Abstract National integration in multi-cultural states is untenable without an entrenched public culture because this comprises the values shared by all groups and constitutes the common grounds on which the diverse groups conceptualize and appreciate the state. In the United States of America groups tend to struggle to define public culture from a universalistic/impersonal perspective, whereas in Nigeria, groups strive to impose their particularistic definition of public culture on the entire polity. The result is that in the United States the universalist position vis-à-vis 'America' engenders widespread identification of groups with the existing public culture. In Nigeria, the area of society-wide agreement which constitutes public culture is still too narrow. People therefore struggle to overthrow existing public culture rather than identify with it due to its parochiality. National integration and its attached benefits, like democracy and political stability, can be realized only with the development and entrenchment of a supportive public culture.
The Career Decision Scale and Neuroticism

Chronically career-indecisive undergraduates have been described in the literature in terms that characterize high scorers on the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Three measures derived from the Career Decision Scale (CDS) (i.e., Indecision scale scores, Factor 1 scores, and Indecision and Certainty scale score percentiles) were investigated for their usefulness in identifying such students. Of the three CDS measures, the Indecision scale was found to be most strongly related to neuroticism. Exploratory analysis of the relationships between indecision and scores on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire indicated that differences in indecision were associated with anxiety.
Predicting postnatal mental disorder with a screening questionnaire: a prospective cohort study from Zimbabwe.

BACKGROUND: Postnatal mental disorders are common causes of morbidity but are rarely diagnosed or treated in busy primary care clinics in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a brief psychiatric screening questionnaire used in the 8th month of pregnancy can predict postnatal mental disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SITE: A peri-urban settlement in Zimbabwe. POPULATION: 500 women in the 8th month of pregnancy identified by traditional birth attendants and primary care clinics. SAMPLE: "High risk" cohort consisted of all women who scored 8 or more on the Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ), an indigenous psychiatric questionnaire (n = 95). Low risk cohort consisted of 105 women randomly selected from the remainder of the sampling frame. OUTCOME MEASURE: Revised Clinical Interview Schedule at six to eight weeks postpartum; scores of 14 or more indicate psychiatric caseness. RESULTS: The prevalence of postnatal mental illness was 16%. Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for high risk women becoming cases in the postnatal period were 10.6, 4.8, 23.9, p < 0.0001 after adjustment for age, marital status, and occupation. CONCLUSIONS: A brief method of detecting women at high risk of developing a postnatal mental disorder can be used with reasonable accuracy in the 8th month of pregnancy. Further research is needed to determine whether interventions applied to this high risk group can reduce their postnatal morbidity.
Environmental Socialization

Two studies with adolescent youth (N = 1,376, N = 450) help clarify the relationship between childhood play experiences in wild environments and later environmental preferences in the life domains of work, leisure, and school. Respondents reporting having played in wild environments had more positive perceptions of natural environments, outdoor recreation activities, and future indoor/outdoor occupational environments. No significant differences were found for preferences for environmental sciences activities conducted in schools. Results suggest that childhood play in wildland environments is related to environmental competencies and preferences but not necessarily an intellectual interest in environmental sciences or environmentalism.