Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Do developers benefit from generic types?: an empirical comparison of generic and raw types in java

Type systems that permit developers to express themselves more precisely are one of the primary topics in programming language research, as well as in industrial software development. While it seems plausible that an expressive static type system increases developer productivity, there is little empirical evidence for or against this hypothesis. Generic types in Java are an example: as an extension of Java's original type system, some claim that Java 1.5 improves the type system's "expressiveness. " Even if this claim is true, there exists little empirical evidence that claimed expressiveness leads to a measurable increase in developer productivity. This paper introduces an experiment where generic types (in comparison to raw types) have been evaluated in three different directions: (1) the documentation impact on undocumented APIs, (2) the time required for fixing type errors, and (3) the extensibility of a generic type hierarchy. The results of the experiment suggest that generic types improve documentation and reduce extensibility -- without revealing a difference in the time required for fixing type errors.
Education and the Family: Passing Success Across the Generations

1. Introduction Part 1: Understanding and Conceptualising the Importance of Education 2. Understanding the Importance of Education 3. Conceptualising the Influence of Parents' Education: A Framework for Analysis Part 2: The Influence of Parents' Education: A Review of the Evidence 4. The Importance of WhatGgoes on in the Family 5. Internal Features of the Family Environment 6. Distal Family Factors 7. The Importance of other Developmental Contexts Part 3: Policy and the Wider Responsibilities of Education: Early Preventive Action 8. A Framework for Supporting Resilience in Childhood 9. Implications of the Ecological Model of Home/School Interaction for Policy Development
Pyogenic Hepatic Abscess: Changing Therapy?

Objective: The authors document changes in the etiology, diagnosis, bacteriology, treatment, and outcome of patients with pyogenic hepatic abscesses over the past 4 decades. Summary Background Data: Pyogenic hepatic abscess is a highly lethal problem. Over the past 2 decades, new roentgenographic methods, such as ultrasound, computed tomographic scanning, direct cholangiography, guided aspiration, and percutaneous drainage, have altered both the diagnosis and treatment of these patients. A more aggressive approach to the management of hepatobiliary and pancreatic neoplasms also has resulted in an increased incidence of this problem. Methods: The records of 233 patients with pyogenic liver abscesses managed over a 42-year period were reviewed. Patients treated from 1952 to 1972 (n =80) were compared with those seen from 1973 to 1993 (n =153). Results: From 1973 to 1993, the incidence increased from 13 to 20 per 100,000 hospital admissions (p＜0.01). Patients managed from 1973 to 1993 were more likely (p＜0.01) to have an underlying malignancy (52% vs. 28%) with most of these (81%) being a hepatobiliary or pancreatic cancer. The 1973 to 1993 patients were more likely (p＜ .05) to be infected with streptococcal (53% vs. 30%) or Pseudomonas (30% vs. 9%) species or to have mixed bacterial and fungal (26% vs. 1%) infections. The recent patients also were more likely (p＜0.05) to be managed by percutaneous abscess drainage (45% vs. 0%). Despite having more underlying problems, overall mortality decreased significantly (p＜0.01) from 65% (in 1952 to 1972 period) to 31% (in 1973 to 1993 period). This reduction was greatest for patients with multiple abscesses (88% vs. 44%; p＜0.05) with either a malignant or a benign biliary etiology (90% vs. 38%; p＜0.05). Mortality was increased (p＜0.02) in patients with mixed bacterial and fungal abscesses (50%). From 1973 to 1993, mortality was lower (p=0.19) with open surgical as opposed to percutaneous abscess drainage (14% vs. 26%). Conclusions: Significant changes have occurred in the etiiology, diagnosis, bacteriology, treatment, and outcome of patients with pyogenic hepatic abscesses over the past 4 decades. However, mortality remains high, and proper management continues to be a challenge. Appropriate systemic antibiotics and fungal agents as well as adequate surgical, percutaneous, or biliary drainage are required for the best results.
Characterization of a T7-Like Lytic Bacteriophage (φSG-JL2) of Salmonella enterica Serovar Gallinarum Biovar Gallinarum

ABSTRACT φSG-JL2 is a newly discovered lytic bacteriophage infecting Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum but is nonlytic to a rough vaccine strain of serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG-9R), S. enterica serovar Enteritidis, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, and S. enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum. The φSG-JL2 genome is 38,815 bp in length (GC content, 50.9%; 230-bp-long direct terminal repeats), and 55 putative genes may be transcribed from the same strand. Functions were assigned to 30 genes based on high amino acid similarity to known proteins. Most of the expected proteins except tail fiber (31.9%) and the overall organization of the genomes were similar to those of yersiniophage φYeO3-12. φSG-JL2 could be classified as a new T7-like virus and represents the first serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum phage genome to be sequenced. On the basis of intraspecific ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide changes (Pi[a]/Pi[s]), gene 2 encoding the host RNA polymerase inhibitor displayed Darwinian positive selection. Pretreatment of chickens with φSG-JL2 before intratracheal challenge with wild-type serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum protected most birds from fowl typhoid. Therefore, φSG-JL2 may be useful for the differentiation of serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum from other Salmonella serotypes, prophylactic application in fowl typhoid control, and understanding of the vertical evolution of T7-like viruses.
Inhibition of CYP3A by Erythromycin: In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation in Rats

The prediction of in vivo drug-drug interactions from in vitro enzyme inhibition parameters remains challenging, particularly when time-dependent inhibition occurs. This study was designed to examine the accuracy of in vitro-derived parameters for the prediction of inhibition of CYP3A by erythromycin (ERY). Chronically cannulated rats were used to estimate the reduction in in vivo and in vitro intrinsic clearance (CLint) of midazolam (MDZ) after single and multiple doses of ERY; in vitro recovery of CLint was determined at 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after discontinuation of ERY. Enzyme inhibition parameters (kinact, KI, and Ki) of ERY were estimated in vitro by using untreated rat liver microsomes. In vivo enzyme kinetic analysis indicated that single and multiple doses of ERY (150 mg/kg i.v. infusion over 4 h) reduced MDZ CLint by reversible and irreversible mechanisms, respectively. CYP3A inactivation after multiple doses of ERY treatment reflected metabolic intermediate complex formation without a significant change in hepatic CYP3A2 mRNA. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of the interaction between ERY and MDZ predicted a 2.6-fold decrease in CYP3A activity after repeated ERY treatment using in vitro-estimated enzyme inhibition parameters and in vivo degradation half-life of the enzyme (20 ± 6 h). The observed -fold decreases were 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold for the in vitro-estimated CYP3A activity and the in vivo CLint, respectively. This study demonstrates that in vivo DDIs are predictable from in vitro data when the appropriate model and parameter estimates are available.
A universal velocity distribution of relaxed collisionless structures

Several general trends have been identified for equilibrated, self-gravitating collisionless systems, such as density or anisotropy profiles. These are integrated quantities which naturally depend on the underlying velocity distribution function (VDF) of the system. We study this VDF through a set of numerical simulations, which allow us to extract both the radial and the tangential VDFs. We find that the shape of the VDF is universal, in the sense that it depends only on two things: namely the dispersion (radial or tangential) and the local slope of the density. Both the radial and the tangential VDFs are universal for a collection of simulations, including controlled collisions with very different initial conditions, radial infall simulation, and structures formed in cosmological simulations.
Momentum transfer across shear flows in smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation

We investigate the evolution of angular momentum in smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) simulations of galaxy formation, paying particular attention to artificial numerical effects. We find that a cold gas disc forming in an ambient hot gas halo receives a strong hydrodynamic torque from the hot gas. By splitting the hydrodynamic force into artificial viscosity and pressure gradients, we find that the angular momentum transport is caused not by the artificial viscosity but by the pressure gradients. Using simple test simulations of shear flows, we conclude that the pressure gradient-based viscosity can be divided into two components: one due to the noisiness of SPH and the other due to ram pressure. The former is problematic even with very high resolution, because increasing the resolution does not reduce the noisiness. On the other hand, the ram pressure effect appears only when a cold gas disc or sheet does not contain enough particles. In such a case, holes form in the disc or sheet, and then ram pressure from intra-hole hot gas causes significant deceleration. In simulations of galactic disc formation, star formation usually decreases the number of cold gas particles, and hole formation leads to the fragmentation of the disc. This fragmentation not only induces further angular momentum transport, but also affects star formation in the disc. To circumvent these problems, we modify the SPH algorithm, decoupling the cold gas phases from the hot ones, i.e. inhibiting the hydrodynamic interaction between cold and hot particles. This, a crude modelling of a multiphase fluid in SPH cosmological simulations, leads to the formation of smooth extended cold gas discs and to better numerical convergence. The decoupling is applicable in so far as the self-gravitating gas disc with negligible external pressure is a good approximation for a cold gas disc.
Particle swarm optimization approach for modelling a turning process

This paper proposes the modelling of a turning process using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The independent input machining parameters for the modelling were cutting speed, feed rate, and cutting depth. The input parameters affected three dependent output parameters that were the main cutting force, surface roughness, and tool life. The values of the independent and dependent parameters were acquired by experimental work and served as knowledge base for the PSO process. By utilizing the knowledge base and the PSO approach, various models could be acquired for describing the cutting process. In our case, three different polynomial models were obtained: models a) for the main cutting force, b) for surface roughness, and c) for tool life. All the models had exactly the same basic polynomial form which was chosen similarly to that in the conventional regression analysis method. The PSO approach was used for optimization of the polynomials' coefficients. Several different randomly-selected data sets were used for the learning and testing phases. The accuracies of the developed models were analysed. It was discovered that the accuracies of the models for different learning and testing data sets were very good, having almost the same deviations. The least deviation was noted for the cutting force, whilst the most deviation, as expected was for tool life. The obtained models could then be used for later optimization of the turning process.
Evaluating the Fit of Sticky Price Models

We examine the effects of introducing investment adjustment costs, variable capital utilization, indivisible labor, and material goods into a sticky price model subject to a cash-in-advance constraint. Combining these elements, the model overcomes the main criticisms traditionally addressed to this class of models. Under Watson (1993) goodness-of-fit criterion, the model does a very good job at replicating the dynamics of output, hours and investment. However, this framework dramatically fails at reproducing the spectrum of inflation. This unfortunate conclusion is robust to numerous alternative specifications.
The Fix: Soccer and Organized Crime

Understand how gambling fixers work to corrupt a soccer game and you will understand how they move into a basketball league, a cricket tournament, or a tennis match (all places, by the way, that criminal fixers have moved into). My views on soccer have changed. I still love the Saturday-morning game between amateurs: the camaraderie and the fresh smell of grass. But the professional game leaves me cold. I hope you will understand why after reading the book. I think you may never look at sport in the same way again.
Author ' s personal copy Evaluation of global and local training techniques over feed-forward neural network architecture spaces for computer-aided medical diagnosis

In this paper, we investigate the performance of global vs. local techniques applied to the training of neural network classifiers for solving medical diagnosis problems. The presented methodology of the investigation involves systematic and exhaustive evaluation of the classifier performance over a neural network architecture space and with respect to training depth for a particular problem. In this study, the architecture space is defined over feed-forward, fully-connected artificial neural networks (ANNs) which have been widely used in computer-aided decision support systems in medical domain, and for which two popular neural network training methods are explored: conventional backpropagation (BP) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). Both training techniques are compared in terms of classification performance over three medical diagnosis problems (breast cancer, heart disease, and diabetes) from Proben1 benchmark dataset and computational and architectural analysis are performed for an extensive assessment. The results clearly demonstrate that it is not possible to compare and evaluate the performance of the two algorithms over a single network and with a fixed set of training parameters, as most of the earlier work in this field has been carried out, since training and test classification performances vary significantly and depend directly on the network architecture, the training depth and method used and the available dataset. We, therefore, show that an extensive evaluation method such as the one proposed in this paper is basically needed to obtain a reliable and detailed performance assessment, in that, we can conclude that the PSO algorithm has usually a better generalization ability across the architecture space whereas BP can occasionally provide better training and/or test classification performance for some network configurations. Furthermore, we can in general say that the PSO, as a global training algorithm, is capable of achieving minimum test classification errors regardless of the training depth, i.e. shallow or deep, and its average classification performance shows less variations with respect to network architecture. In terms of computational complexity, BP is in general superior to PSO for the entire architecture
Embryonic Cell Grafts in a Culture Model of Spinal Cord Lesion: Neuronal Relay Formation Is Essential for Functional Regeneration

Presently there exists no cure for spinal cord injury (SCI). However, transplantation of embryonic tissue into spinal cord (SC) lesions resulted in axon outgrowth across the lesion site and some functional recovery, fostering hope for future stem cell therapies. Although in vivo evidence for functional recovery is given, the exact cellular mechanism of the graft support remains elusive: either the grafted cells provide a permissive environment for the host tissue to regenerate itself or the grafts actually integrate functionally into the host neuronal network reconnecting the separated SC circuits. We tested the two hypotheses in an in vitro SC lesion model that is based on propagation of activity between two rat organotypic SC slices in culture. Transplantation of dissociated cells from E14 rat SC or forebrain (FB) re-established the relay of activity over the lesion site and thus, provoked functional regeneration. Combining patch-clamp recordings from transplanted cells with network activity measurements from the host tissue on multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) we here show that neurons differentiate from the grafted cells and integrate into the host circuits. Optogenetic silencing of neurons developed from transplanted embryonic mouse FB cells provides clear evidence that they replace the lost neuronal connections to relay and synchronize activity between the separated SC circuits. In contrast, transplantation of neurospheres (NS) induced neither the differentiation of mature neurons from the grafts nor an improvement of functional regeneration. Together these findings suggest, that the formation of neuronal relays from grafted embryonic cells is essential to re-connect segregated SC circuits.
Effects of a Low-Load Gluteal Warm-Up on Explosive Jump Performance

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a low-load gluteal warm-up protocol on countermovement and squat jump performance. Research by Crow et al. (2012) found that a low-load gluteal warm-up could be effective in enhancing peak power output during a countermovement jump. Eleven subjects performed countermovement and squat jumps before and after the gluteal warm-up protocol. Both jumps were examined in separate testing sessions and performed 30 seconds, and 2, 4, 6 & 8 minutes post warm-up. Height jumped and peak ground reaction force were the dependent variables examined in both jumps, with 6 additional variables related to fast force production being examined in the squat jump only. All jumps were performed on a force platform (AMTI OR6-5). Repeated measures analysis of variance found a number of significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) between baseline and post warm-up scores. Height jumped decreased significantly in both jumps at all rest intervals excluding 8 minutes. Improvement was seen in 7 of the 8 recorded SJ variables at the 8 minute interval. Five of these improvements were deemed statistically significant, namely time to peak GRF (43.0%), and time to the maximum rate of force development (65.7%) significantly decreased, while starting strength (63.4%), change of force in first 100 ms of contraction (49.1%) and speed strength (43.6%) significantly increased. The results indicate that a gluteal warm-up can enhance force production in squat jumps performed after 8 minutes recovery. Future research in this area should include additional warm-up intervention groups for comparative reasons.
The R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 involves in anthocyanin biosynthesis and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.)

Summary Sweet cherry is a diploid tree species and its fruit skin has rich colours from yellow to blush to dark red. The colour is closely related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and is mainly regulated at the transcriptional level by transcription factors that regulate the expression of multiple structural genes. However, the genetic and molecular bases of how these genes ultimately determine the fruit skin colour traits remain poorly understood. Here, our genetic and molecular evidences identified the R2R3 MYB transcription factor PavMYB10.1 that is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway and determines fruit skin colour in sweet cherry. Interestingly, we identified three functional alleles of the gene causally leading to the different colours at mature stage. Meanwhile, our experimental results of yeast two‐hybrid assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PavMYB10.1 might interact with proteins PavbHLH and PavWD40, and bind to the promoter regions of the anthocyanin biosynthesis genes PavANS and PavUFGT; these findings provided to a certain extent mechanistic insight into the gene's functions. Additionally, genetic and molecular evidences confirmed that PavMYB10.1 is a reliable DNA molecular marker to select fruit skin colour in sweet cherry.
FYVE1 Is Essential for Vacuole Biogenesis and Intracellular Trafficking in Arabidopsis1

A phospholipid-binding protein regulates intracellular trafficking and vacuole formation. The plant vacuole is a central organelle that is involved in various biological processes throughout the plant life cycle. Elucidating the mechanism of vacuole biogenesis and maintenance is thus the basis for our understanding of these processes. Proper formation of the vacuole has been shown to depend on the intracellular membrane trafficking pathway. Although several mutants with altered vacuole morphology have been characterized in the past, the molecular basis for plant vacuole biogenesis has yet to be fully elucidated. With the aim to identify key factors that are essential for vacuole biogenesis, we performed a forward genetics screen in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and isolated mutants with altered vacuole morphology. The vacuolar fusion defective1 (vfd1) mutant shows seedling lethality and defects in central vacuole formation. VFD1 encodes a Fab1, YOTB, Vac1, and EEA1 (FYVE) domain-containing protein, FYVE1, that has been implicated in intracellular trafficking. FYVE1 localizes on late endosomes and interacts with Src homology-3 domain-containing proteins. Mutants of FYVE1 are defective in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation, vacuolar transport, and autophagy. Altogether, our results show that FYVE1 is essential for plant growth and development and place FYVE1 as a key regulator of intracellular trafficking and vacuole biogenesis.
Nonlinear interactions in a dendritic tree: localization, timing, and role in information processing.

In a passive dendritic tree, inhibitory synaptic inputs activating ionic conductances with an equilibrium potential near the resting potential can effectively veto excitatory inputs. Analog interactions of this type can be very powerful if the inputs are appropriately timed and occur at certain locations. We examine with computer simulations the precise conditions required for strong and specific interactions in the case of a delta-like ganglion cell of the cat retina. We find some critical conditions to be that (i) the peak inhibitory conductance changes must be sufficiently large (i.e., approximately equal to 50 nS or more), (ii) inhibition must be on the direct path from the location of excitation to the soma, and (iii) the time course of excitation and inhibition must substantially overlap. Analog AND-NOT operations realized by satisfying these conditions may underlie direction selectivity in ganglion cells.
Literacy for empowerment : the role of parents in children's education

Portillo - a community responding to diversity conducting research in Portillo conceptual framework of literacy and empowerment classroom literacy activities home socialization to literacy parents' response to homework literacy activities home-school relationships - understanding the schools' communication organization of parents and re-definition of their role in the schools empowerment - implications for theory, practice and policy.