Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Divisia monetary aggregates : theory and practice

List of Figures List of Tables List of Contributors Introductory Comments, Definitions, and Research on Indexes of Monetary Services M.T. Belongia PART I: NEW RESULTS IN THEORY AND PRACTICE Beyond the Risk-Neutral Utility Function W.A. Barnett & Y.Liu Neutral Networks with Divisia Money: Better Forecasts of Future Inflation? R.E. Dorsey PART II: EVIDENCE FROM EUROPEAN ECONOMIES AND THE PLANNED EMU AREA Weighted Monetary Aggregates for the U.K. L.Drake, K.A. Chrystal & J.M. Binner Weighted Monetary Aggregates for Germany H.Hermann, H.Reimers & K.Toedter Simple Sum v. Divisia Money in Switzerland: Some Empirical Results R.Fluri & E.Spoerndli The Relevance of Weighted Monetary Aggregates in the Netherlands N.G. J.Janssen & C.J.M.Kool Divisia Aggregates and the Demand for Money in Core EMU M.M. G.Fase PART III: EVIDENCE FROM THE PACIFIC BASIN Broad and Narrow Divisia Monetary Aggregates for Japan K.Ishida & K.Nakamura The Signals from Divisia Money in a Rapidly-Growing Economy J.H. Hahm & J.T. Kim Divisia Monetary Aggregates for Taiwan Y.C. Shih Weighted Monetary Aggregates: Empirical Evidence for Australia G.C. Lim & V.L. Martin PART IV: EVIDENCE FROM NORTH AMERICA The Canadian Experience with Weighted Monetary Aggregates D.Longworth & J.Atta-Mensah Consequences of Money Stock Mismeasurement: Evidence from Three Countries M.T. Belongia
Triggered Star Formation by Massive Stars

We present our diagnosis of the role that massive stars play in the formation of low- and intermediate-mass stars in OB associations (the λ Ori region, Ori OB1, and Lac OB1 associations). We find that the classical T Tauri stars and Herbig Ae/Be stars tend to line up between luminous O stars and bright-rimmed or comet-shaped clouds; the closer to a cloud the progressively younger they are. Our positional and chronological study lends support to the validity of the radiation-driven implosion mechanism, where the Lyman continuum photons from a luminous O star create expanding ionization fronts to evaporate and compress nearby clouds into bright-rimmed or comet-shaped clouds. Implosive pressure then causes dense clumps to collapse, prompting the formation of low-mass stars on the cloud surface (i.e., the bright rim) and intermediate-mass stars somewhat deeper in the cloud. These stars are a signpost of current star formation; no young stars are seen leading the ionization fronts further into the cloud. Young stars in bright-rimmed or comet-shaped clouds are likely to have been formed by triggering, which would result in an age spread of several megayears between the member stars or star groups formed in the sequence.
On Path Switching in Overlay Networks

This paper investigates the stability characteristics of overlay networks performing switching between multiple virtual paths. A global stability condition for switched-control-systems has been applied to overlay path switching frequency, that can be incorporated into design of better routing protocols for overlay networks. Further, NS-2 based simulations have been carried out on an overlay network to evaluate the impact of round-trip-time, packet loss probability and throughput metrics on decisions regarding path selection. Throughput based switching decisions have shown to be resulting in lower number of path changes, which is desirable. Also, it has been observed that delay and loss based metrics can result into a large number of frequent path changes, which can push the overlay routing system into an instable oscillating state for a prolonged period of time.
Economic Transition and the Sectoral Patterns of Foreign Direct Investment

The paper investigates the factors that influence the distribution of foreign direct investment (FDI) across countries of investor-origin and manufacturing industries in Poland. The results confirm the general appropriateness of the basic gravity model formulation for FDI analysis in transition countries, as well as important links between FDI, trade, and labor costs. However, considerable diversity across manufacturing industries is found with respect to the extent to which factors such as capital costs and industry competitiveness influence foreign investment activities. Hence, generalizing claims regarding the determinants of FDI flows should be treated with care.
Lightning electromagnetic field of a double-peaked channel-base current

Lightning electromagnetic field results are presented in this paper for negative discharges of the first return strokes into a perfectly conducting ground. For such strokes multi-peaked channel-base currents are experimentally measured usually having two emphasized peaks. If a new double-peaked function is chosen to approximate such a channel-base current then lightning electromagnetic field waveshapes differ from those obtained with the often used one-peaked current. In that case calculated results are in better agreement with lightning electromagnetic field measurements at different distances from the channel-base.
ESTIMATION OF THE DENSITY AND THE REGRESSION FUNCTION UNDER MIXING CONDITIONS

In this paper we derive rates of strong convergence for the kernel density estimator and for the Nadaraya-Watson estimator under the α-mixing condition and under the condition of absolute regularity. A combination of an inequality of Bernstein type (Rio 1995) and an exponential inequality (cf. Fuk/Nagaev 1971) is the crucial tool for the proofs. Moreover, we consider the application of the main statements to the situation of autoregression.
Hybrid fiber and microwave protection for mobile backhauling

Several studies have shown that optical-fiber-based backhauling offers a future proof solution to handle rapidly increasing traffic in wireless access networks and outperforms other existing backhauling technologies, such as microwave and copper, in terms of capacity, scalability, and sustainability. However, the deployment cost of fiber infrastructure is relatively high and it may be difficult to provide a cost efficient and flexible protection strategy for a fiber backhauling network. Considering that protection is very important to avoid service interruption in a high-capacity mobile backhauling network, in this paper we propose a hybrid fiber and microwave protection scheme for mobile backhauling based on a passive optical network (PON). The proposed reliable architecture is compatible with any wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based PON, e.g., pure WDM PON and a hybrid time and wavelength division multiplexing (TWDM) PON, offering high flexibility and relatively low deployment cost. The backup for the feeder fiber is provided by dual homing, while the protection of the distribution section can be established via a microwave connection between two base stations in case high reliability performance is required, e.g., for macrocells covering large service areas. We have carried out an extensive assessment of our approach in terms of connection availability, failure impact, complexity, and flexibility in providing resiliency. We also show a comparison with other existing solutions. The evaluation results confirm that our scheme can achieve relatively high flexibility and reliability performance while maintaining low complexity compared with the existing approaches.
Optimal Pricing of Experience Goods

A monopolist's optimal price path over time is examined for situations in which consumers initially misestimate product quality and learn about it by using the good. Information about the product is bundled with the product itself. Two very different cases are studied. In the optimistic case, consumers initially overestimate quality, and the optimal way to milk a reputation is via a declining price path followed by a jump up to a terminal price. There are no long-run effects due to initial misperceptions. In the pessimistic case, consumers underestimate quality, and the optimal way to build a reputation is to use a low introductory price followed by a higher regular price. In this case, initial misperceptions adversely affect welfare in both the short and long run.
Comparative Genomics of the Genus Porphyromonas Identifies Adaptations for Heme Synthesis within the Prevalent Canine Oral Species Porphyromonas cangingivalis

Porphyromonads play an important role in human periodontal disease and recently have been shown to be highly prevalent in canine mouths. Porphyromonas cangingivalis is the most prevalent canine oral bacterial species in both plaque from healthy gingiva and plaque from dogs with early periodontitis. The ability of P. cangingivalis to flourish in the different environmental conditions characterized by these two states suggests a degree of metabolic flexibility. To characterize the genes responsible for this, the genomes of 32 isolates (including 18 newly sequenced and assembled) from 18 Porphyromonad species from dogs, humans, and other mammals were compared. Phylogenetic trees inferred using core genes largely matched previous findings; however, comparative genomic analysis identified several genes and pathways relating to heme synthesis that were present in P. cangingivalis but not in other Porphyromonads. Porphyromonas cangingivalis has a complete protoporphyrin IX synthesis pathway potentially allowing it to synthesize its own heme unlike pathogenic Porphyromonads such as Porphyromonas gingivalis that acquire heme predominantly from blood. Other pathway differences such as the ability to synthesize siroheme and vitamin B12 point to enhanced metabolic flexibility for P. cangingivalis, which may underlie its prevalence in the canine oral cavity.
The Importance of Context and Time for Understanding Board Behavior : Some Lessons from Social Capital Research

The core objective of this article is to draw attention to the importance of context and time for developing an understanding of and theorizing about actual board behavior. The decision-making microcosm of a board exists in a complex network of relationships between executive (inside) directors, nonexecutive (outside) directors, and multiple external and internal stakeholders. These relationships have different value and impact on shaping board behavior in various ways and at different times, yet boards are usually treated in board theorizing as static, homogeneous groups. Using the lens of social capital, this article seeks to develop and differentiate our knowledge of these relationships by drawing on qualitative data from two studies conducted over thirteen years. In conclusion, social capital furthers our understanding of the impact of external relations on the internal working of boards and also alerts us to some important implications of context and time in the development of governance theorizing. This provides a valuable warning as well as an exciting challenge for governance theorizing, as researchers seek to develop a more integrative, process-oriented perspective in order to capture the complexity of board behavior.
Antidumping Procedures and Macroeconomic Factors

This paper aims at extending some recent publications about the relationship between antidumping filings and macroeconomic factors by comparing the United States (US) and the European Union (EU), two major users of antidumping procedures. Results of our estimations confirm that the exchange rate exerts a similar influence in the two countries. Fluctuations in the real GDP influence antidumping filings only in the US. On the contrary, the evolution of industrial production does not play an important role in the US, while its impact is important in Europe. The reinforcement of international competition appears to significantly increase antidumping filings in the US while this relationship turns out not to be significant in Europe. Finally, some of the most important differences between the US and the EU seem to be explainable by the differences of rules and practices implemented by the regulatory authorities.
Development of biosimilars in an era of oncologic drug shortages

Acute and chronic shortages of various pharmaceuticals and particularly of sterile injectable products are being reported on a global scale, prompting evaluation of more effective strategies to manage current shortages and development of new, high-quality pharmaceutical products to mitigate the risk of potential future shortages. Oncology drugs such as liposomal doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil represent examples of first-choice drugs critically affected by shortages. Survey results indicate that the majority of hospitals and practicing oncologists have experienced drug shortages, which may have compromised patient safety and clinical outcomes, and increased health care costs, due to delays or changes in treatment regimens. Clinical trials evaluating novel agents in combination with standard-of-care drugs are also being affected by drug shortages. Clinical and ethical considerations on treatment objectives, drug indication, and availability of alternative options may help in prioritizing cancer patients involved in active drug shortages. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency have identified manufacturing problems, delays in supply, and lack of available active ingredients as the most frequent causes of recent or ongoing drug shortages, and have released specific guidance to monitor, manage, and reduce the risk of shortages. The upcoming loss of exclusivity for a number of anticancer biologics, together with the introduction of an abbreviated approval pathway for biosimilars, raises the question of whether these products will be vulnerable to shortages. Future supply by reliable manufacturers of well characterized biosimilar monoclonal antibodies, developed in compliance with regulatory and manufacturing guidelines and with substantial investments, may contribute to prevent future biologics shortages and ensure access to effective and safe treatment options for patients with cancer. Preclinical and clinical characterization is ongoing for potential biosimilars of trastuzumab, rituximab, and bevacizumab, with promising results.
A Novel Cell Type Enables B. subtilis to Escape from Unsuccessful Sporulation in Minimal Medium

Sporulation is the most enduring survival strategy developed by several bacterial species. However, spore development of the model organism Bacillus subtilis has mainly been studied by means of media or conditions optimized for the induction of sporogenesis. Here, I show that during prolonged growth during stationary phase in minimal medium, B. subtilis undergoes an asymmetric cell division that produces small and round-shaped, DNA containing cells. In contrast to wild-type cells, mutants harboring spo0A or spoIIIE/sftA double mutations neither sporulate nor produce this special cell type, providing evidence that the small round cells emerge from the abortion of endospore formation. In most cases observed, the small round cells arise in the presence of sigma H but absence of sigma F activity, different from cases of abortive sporulation described for rich media. These data suggest that in minimal media, many cells are able to initiate but fail to complete spore development, and therefore return to normal growth as rods. This work reveals that the continuation of asymmetric cell division, which results in the formation of the small round cells, is a way for cells to delay or escape from—unsuccessful—sporulation. Based on these findings, I suggest to name the here described cell type as “dwarf cells” to distinguish them from the well-known minicells observed in mutants defective in septum placement or proper chromosome partitioning.
Introduce critical success factors (CSFs) of elearning for evaluating e-learning implementation success

Information technology (IT) revolution creates significant changes in learning methods, integrating IT applications with educational courses is one of the most important result of this revolution. Indeed, IT is a driver engine for elearning as new emerging paradigm. Regarding increasing growth of elearning in modern age, we witness high rate of failures in e learning market. Recognition critical success factors (CSFs) and performance evaluation measurements of elearning can assist educational institutions and organizations which apply these electronic solution to understand how they gain goals of adopting of elearning and also perceive where need adaption, improvement and change. The purpose of this article is recognition CSFs of e learning implementation which by focusing on them institutions can dominant elearning challenges, obtain predetermined objects of elearning, strengthen elearning solution and most important of them enhancing elearners satisfaction. Finally, we introduce main elearning CSFs and their criteria for each of them.
Detecting market power along food supply chains: evidence from the fluid milk sector in Italy

This paper applies to Italian milk supply chain a theoretically grounded methodology able to detect for the presence of market power along the supply chain itself using easily available data. The model, developed by Lloyd et al. brings to estimate a quasi-reduced form equation in which consumer price is regressed against producer price, marketing costs and demand and supply shifters. When market power is exerted along the supply chain both of the shifters are statistically significant and signed accordingly to model prescriptions, while with perfect competition none of the shifters is significant. 29 time series have been used in the analysis, within three different dataset covering partially or totally overlapped time periods. Variables having the same order of integration have been used within an Error Correction Model framework. Among all the variables having one cointegrating vector, only those with statistically significant parameters and signed according to model prescriptions have brought to conclusive results, detecting market power exertion along the Italian milk supply chain during two over the three periods examined. The present methodology may be useful in competition policy analysis as a preliminary “fast” test on food supply chain conduct. For this purpose theoretical model validation is however necessary using Monte Carlo simulations. In this line, further improvements relates to explicitly modeling food processing-retailing relationships in order to detect for market power on each segment of the supply chain.
Classes of lower bounds on outage error probability and MSE in Bayesian parameter estimation

In this paper, new classes of lower bounds on the outage error probability and on the mean-square-error (MSE) in Bayesian parameter estimation are proposed. The minima of the h-outage error probability and the MSE are obtained by the generalized maximum a-posteriori probability and the minimum MSE (MMSE) estimators, respectively. However, computation of these estimators and their corresponding performance is usually not tractable and thus, lower bounds on these terms can be very useful for performance analysis. The proposed class of lower bounds on the outage error probability is derived using Holder's inequality. This class is utilized to derive a new class of Bayesian MSE bounds. It is shown that for unimodal symmetric conditional probability density functions (pdf) the tightest probability of outage error lower bound in the proposed class attains the minimum probability of outage error and the tightest MSE bound coincides with the MMSE performance. In addition, it is shown that the proposed MSE bounds are always tighter than the Ziv-Zakai lower bound (ZZLB). The proposed bounds are compared with other existing performance lower bounds via some examples.
The Amplitude and Timing of the BOLD Signal Reflects the Relationship between Local Field Potential Power at Different Frequencies

There is growing evidence that several components of the mass neural activity contributing to the local field potential (LFP) can be partly separated by decomposing the LFP into nonoverlapping frequency bands. Although the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal has been found to correlate preferentially with specific frequency bands of the LFP, it is still unclear whether the BOLD signal relates to the activity expressed by each LFP band independently of the others or if, instead, it also reflects specific relationships among different bands. We investigated these issues by recording, simultaneously and with high spatiotemporal resolution, BOLD signal and LFP during spontaneous activity in early visual cortices of anesthetized monkeys (Macaca mulatta). We used information theory to characterize the statistical dependency between BOLD and LFP. We found that the alpha (8–12 Hz), beta (18–30 Hz), and gamma (40–100 Hz) LFP bands were informative about the BOLD signal. In agreement with previous studies, gamma was the most informative band. Both increases and decreases in BOLD signal reliably followed increases and decreases in gamma power. However, both alpha and beta power signals carried information about BOLD that was largely complementary to that carried by gamma power. In particular, the relationship between alpha and gamma power was reflected in the amplitude of the BOLD signal, while the relationship between beta and gamma bands was reflected in the latency of BOLD with respect to significant changes in gamma power. These results lay the basis for identifying contributions of different neural pathways to cortical processing using fMRI.
Results of Pmip2 Coupled Simulations of the Mid-holocene and Last Glacial Maximum – Part 2: Feedbacks with Emphasis on the Location of the Itcz and Mid-and High Latitudes Heat Budget

A set of coupled ocean-atmosphere(vegetation) simulations using state of the art climate models is now available for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and the Mid-Holocene (MH) through the second phase of the Paleocli-mate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP2). Here we quantify the latitudinal shift of the location of the Intertropi-cal Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in the tropical regions during boreal summer and the change in precipitation in the northern part of the ITCZ. For both periods the shift is more pronounced over the continents and East Asia. The maritime continent is the region where the largest spread is found between models. We also clearly establish that the larger the increase in the meridional temperature gradient in the tropical Atlantic during summer at the MH, the larger the change in precipitation over West Africa. The vegetation feedback is however not as large as found in previous studies, probably due to model differences in the control simulation. Finally , we show that the feedback from snow and sea-ice at mid and high latitudes contributes for half of the cooling in the Northern Hemisphere for the LGM, with the remaining being achieved by the reduced CO 2 and water vapour in the atmosphere. For the MH the snow and albedo feedbacks strengthen the spring cooling and enhance the boreal summer warming, whereas water vapour reinforces the late summer warming. These feedbacks are modest in the Southern Hemisphere. For the LGM most of the surface cooling is due to CO 2 and water vapour.