Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Health Psychology: Overview and Professional Issues

This chapter provides an introductory overview of the definition and scope of health psychology. The overview begins by discussing relationships with other professions, the clinical and community approaches to health psychology, conditions which promote and maintain health, the inalienable right to health and health care for all, and the centrality of the scientist-practitioner model in current conceptions of training. Two contrasting approaches to education and training in the United States are described, the clinical model and the community model. Next, the rationale for education and training in Europe is outlined. The European training guidelines prioritize complementarity with other fields of applied psychology, professional autonomy and complementary independence, and stages of competency. Implementation of training is illustrated by the example of training in the United Kingdom which falls into five broad areas: professional competence, research competence, consultancy competence, teaching and training competence, and a set of optional competences, including interventions. Then, the U.S., European, and UK models are compared and contrasted exposing some interesting similarities and differences. This is followed by a critique of professionalization in health psychology. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of ethical and policy issues concerned with poverty and inequality, economics, new technologies, and the aging population. Keywords: clinical approach; community approach; definition; ethics; health psychology; policy; professionalization; scope
Acoustic factorisation

This paper describes a new technique for training a speech recognition system on inhomogeneous training data. The proposed technique, acoustic factorisation, attempts to model explicitly all the factors that affect the acoustic signal. By explicitly modelling all the factors, the trained model set may be used in a more flexible fashion than in standard adaptive training schemes. Since an individual model is trained for each factor, it is possible to factor-in only those factors that are appropriate to a particular target domain, for example the distribution over all training speakers. The target domain specific factors are simply estimated from limited target specific data, for example the target acoustic environment. The paper describes the theory of this new approach for the transforms for a particular speaker and environment. Initial experiments on a large vocabulary speech recognition task are presented.
Inferences regarding the diet of extinct hominins: structural and functional trends in dental and mandibular morphology within the hominin clade

This contribution investigates the evolution of diet in the Pan–Homo and hominin clades. It does this by focusing on 12 variables (nine dental and three mandibular) for which data are available about extant chimpanzees, modern humans and most extinct hominins. Previous analyses of this type have approached the interpretation of dental and gnathic function by focusing on the identification of the food consumed (i.e. fruits, leaves, etc.) rather than on the physical properties (i.e. hardness, toughness, etc.) of those foods, and they have not specifically addressed the role that the physical properties of foods play in determining dental adaptations. We take the available evidence for the 12 variables, and set out what the expression of each of those variables is in extant chimpanzees, the earliest hominins, archaic hominins, megadont archaic hominins, and an inclusive grouping made up of transitional hominins and pre‐modern Homo. We then present hypotheses about what the states of these variables would be in the last common ancestor of the Pan–Homo clade and in the stem hominin. We review the physical properties of food and suggest how these physical properties can be used to investigate the functional morphology of the dentition. We show what aspects of anterior tooth morphology are critical for food preparation (e.g. peeling fruit) prior to its ingestion, which features of the postcanine dentition (e.g. overall and relative size of the crowns) are related to the reduction in the particle size of food, and how information about the macrostructure (e.g. enamel thickness) and microstructure (e.g. extent and location of enamel prism decussation) of the enamel cap might be used to make predictions about the types of foods consumed by extinct hominins. Specifically, we show how thick enamel can protect against the generation and propagation of cracks in the enamel that begin at the enamel–dentine junction and move towards the outer enamel surface.
Perceived and actual risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in Korea

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to compare the perceived and actual 10-year risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and to evaluate the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on perceived CVD risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. Additionally, the attainment of CVD prevention guideline goals by 3 levels of CVD risk (low, moderate, and high) was presented.For this cross-sectional study, data were collected from 208 patients with RA. Actual CVD risk was estimated with the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and goal attainment was assessed based on the European League Against Rheumatism guidelines. Actual CVD risk and perceived risk were compared with cross-tabulation. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate differences in cardiovascular risk factors by perceived risk. Levels of goal attainment were presented in percentages.Among patients with RA, 13.9% were identified as being at high risk for CVD, whereas 39.9% were at moderate risk, and 46.2% were at low risk. The majority of those at high risk (96.6%) underestimated their risk for CVD. The use of antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications and having a parental history of CVD significantly increased the likelihood that subjects with RA would perceive themselves as being at high risk for CVD. Diabetes, smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity did not affect perceived risk. A substantial proportion of the subjects with RA did not meet the prevention guideline goals.Patients with RA who are at increased risk of developing CVD must be managed as soon as possible to attain the guideline goals and, accordingly, lower their risk of future CVD.
1 D-LDA versus 2 D-LDA : When Is Vector-based Linear Discriminant Analysis Better than Matrix-based ?

1 School of Mathematics and Computation Science Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, P. R. China, wszheng@ieee.org 2 Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, School of Information Science & Technology Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, P. R. China, stsljh@mail.sysu. edu.cn 3 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Information Security, P. R. China 4 Center for Biometrics and Security Research & National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China, szli@nlpr.ia. ac.cn
Ram pressure stripping the hot gaseous haloes of galaxies in groups and clusters

We use a large suite of carefully controlled full hydrodynamic simulations to study the ram pressure stripping of the hot gaseous haloes of galaxies as they fall into massive groups and clusters. The sensitivity of the results to the orbit, total galaxy mass, and galaxy structural properties is explored. For typical structural and orbital parameters, we find that ∼30 per cent of the initial hot galactic halo gas can remain in place after 10 Gyr. We propose a physically simple analytic model that describes the stripping seen in the simulations remarkably well. The model is analogous to the original formulation of Gunn & Gott, except that it is appropriate for the case of a spherical (hot) gas distribution (as opposed to a face-on cold disc) and takes into account that stripping is not instantaneous but occurs on a characteristic time-scale. The model reproduces the results of the simulations to within ≈10 per cent at almost all times for all the orbits, mass ratios, and galaxy structural properties we have explored. The one exception involves unlikely systems where the orbit of the galaxy is highly non-radial and its mass exceeds about 10 per cent of the group or cluster into which it is falling (in which case the model underpredicts the stripping following pericentric passage). The proposed model has several interesting applications, including modelling the ram pressure stripping of both observed and cosmologically simulated galaxies and as a way to improve present semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. One immediate consequence is that the colours and morphologies of satellite galaxies in groups and clusters will differ significantly from those predicted with the standard assumption of complete stripping of the hot coronae.
SPCM

Phase Change Memory (PCM) devices are one of the known promising technologies to take the place of DRAM devices with the aim of overcoming the obstacles of reducing feature size and stopping ever growing amounts of leakage power. In exchange for providing high capacity, high density, and nonvolatility, PCM Multilevel Cells (MLCs) impose high write energy and long latency. Many techniques have been proposed to resolve these side effects. However, read performance issues are usually left behind the great importance of write latency, energy, and lifetime. In this article, we focus on read performance and improve the critical path latency of the main memory system. To this end, we exploit striping scheme by which multiple lines are grouped and lie on a single MLC line array. In order to achieve more performance gain, an adaptive ordering mechanism is used to sort lines in a group based on their read frequency. This scheme imposes large energy and lifetime overheads due to its intensive demand for higher write bandwidth. Thus, we equipped our design with a grouping/pairing write queue to synchronize write-back requests such that all updates to an MLC array occur at once. The design is also augmented by a directional write scheme that takes benefits of the uniformity of accesses to the PCM device—caused by the large DRAM cache—to determine the writing mode (striped or nonstriped). This adaptation to write operations relaxes the energy and lifetime overheads. We improve the read latency of a 2-bit MLC PCM memory by more than 24% (and Instructions Per Cycle (IPC) by about 9%) and energy-delay product by about 20% for a small lifetime degradation of 8%, on average.
SMALL IS BOUNTIFUL: LABOR MARKETS AND ESTABLISHMENT SIZE*

Although there exist no detailed published studies on trends in workplace size, most research in stratification and industrial sociology has operated with the implicit assumption that, in the course of the twentieth century, workers have found themselves in increasingly larger establishments. This assumption has focused considerable attention on such concomitants of the assumed increase as growth in bureaucratic control and internal labor markets. This paper gives thefirst systematic empirical account of the evolution of workplace size, and presents results that call into question the appropriateness of the current allocation of research energy. It is suggested that far more attention be paid to analysis of small firms and establishments. It is well known that one of the major changes in the organization of work during the twentieth century has been the shift from small to large employers. In Contested Terrain, Edwards (1979:vii) notes that seventy-five or a hundred years ago, "nearly all employees worked for small firms, while today large numbers toil for the giant corporations. " From the theory of segmented labor markets we know that the internal labor market in the large company has become an increasingly standard locale for intragenerational mobility, and that, as Thurow points out, the need for on-the-job training leads employers to eliminate competition for jobs among those who must train one another; the "net result is the formation of a series of internal labor markets with limited ports of entry" (Thurow, 1975:85-86). Dunlop (1966:32) observes, in a similar vein, that for the "typical enterprise, hiring-in jobs are only a small fraction of the total number of job classifications. " The forces that have brought about this transformation of the workplace have been extensively documented. Advances in technology have facilitated increasingly large operations with corresponding scale
Bacterial-Responsive B Lymphocytes Induce Periodontal Bone Resorption1

Host immune responses play a key role in periodontal diseases. We have found that B lymphocytes in human periodontal lesions bear abundant receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), a major factor in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-responsive B lymphocytes in their level of RANKL expression and their effects on periodontal bone resorption. Congenitally athymic Rowett rats received injections of formalin-fixed A. actinomycetemcomitans into the gingival papillae, and donor B cells from normal rats immunized with A. actinomycetemcomitans were transferred via tail vein injection. We demonstrated that B cells from A. actinomycetemcomitans-immunized animals had greater levels of RANKL expression and induced a significantly higher level of osteoclast differentiation from RAW 264.7 cells than did nonimmune B cells that were not Ag specific. This activity was eliminated by incubation with the RANKL decoy receptor osteoprotegerin fusion protein. A. actinomycetemcomitans-binding B cell (ABB) and RANKL-expressing B cells were recovered from the gingival tissues of recipient rats transferred with ABB, but not from recipients of PBS nonimmune B cells or A. actinomycetemcomitans nonbinding B cells. Also, recipients of ABB exhibited increased osteoclast formation on the alveolar bone surface and significant periodontal bone resorption. This effect was antagonized by injection of osteoprotegerin fusion protein into the local gingival tissues. In summary, this study suggests that B lymphocytes can contribute to increased periodontal bone resorption in the absence of T lymphocytes. This effect is associated with the up-regulation of RANKL expression.
Persistent Issues in Inflation Persistence

One of the criticisms routinely advanced against models of the business cycle with staggered contracts is their inability to generate inflation persistence. This paper finds that staggered contracts µa la Taylor are, in fact, capable of reproducing the inflation persistence implied by U.S. data. Following Fuhrer and Moore, I capture the moments that the contract speci¯cation needs to replicate by using the correlograms from a small vector autoregression (VAR), that includes in°ation among the endogenous variables. A simple structural model substitutes the in°ation equation from the VAR with the contract specification. I estimate the contract parameters in the structural model by maximum likelihood. The correlogram for the endogenous variables from the estimated structural model, including that for in°ation, are very close to the correlograms from the VAR (and are contained within their 90% confidence intervals)
Upregulated response to chemokines in oxidative metabolism of eosinophils in asthma and allergic rhinitis

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) from eosinophils are known to cause tissue damage in allergic inflammation. CC chemokines, especially eotaxin and regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), are involved not only in chemotaxis but also in eosinophil activation, such as ROS production. It has been shown that eosinophils from allergic patients are not functionally equivalent to those from normal subjects. In the present study, the characteristics of chemokineprimed ROS production in eosinophils from allergic patients and normal controls were compared. After pretreatment with chemokines, eosinophils were stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187. ROS production by eosinophils was measured using luminoldependent chemiluminescence. Both RANTES and eotaxin exhibited a priming effect on calcium ionophoreinduced ROS production from eosinophils. Despite there being no difference in expression of CC chemokine receptor 3, the priming effect of RANTES and eotaxin was significantly enhanced in eosinophils from the patients. Interleukin‐5 further enhanced the priming effect of chemokines in eosinophils from normal subjects, but not those from allergic subjects. The present results suggest an upregulated response to chemokines in eosinophils from allergic patients, and that interleukin‐5 can induce a similar phenotype to that found in vivo in allergic patients.
Mesovortices in Hurricane Isabel

n 12 September 2003, satellite images of Atlantic Hurricane Isabel astounded the tropical cyclone science community as a myriad of elaborate patterns revealed themselves within the clouds in Isabel’s eye. Patterns of convoluted clouds in hurricane eyes have been previously documented (Fletcher et al. 1961; Kossin et al. 2002; Montgomery et al. 2002), but Isabel showed us something new. As the first visible satellite images became available after local sunrise (~1100 UTC), a remarkable pentagonal pattern resembling a starfish was clearly evident in Isabel’s eye. The pattern was due to the presence of six distinct mesovortices—one in the center and five others arranged fairly symmetrically around the center—and remained fairly steady for a few hours while rotating cyclonically within the eye (Fig. 1). One of the exciting aspects of the appearance of the starfish pattern in Isabel’s eye is that this pattern was previously found (Kossin and Schubert 2001) within a theoretical framework of maximum simplicity— unforced two-dimensional barotropic flow. Using aircraft flight-level data, the authors found that the tangential flow in the eyewalls of intense hurricanes can resemble a vortex sheet (their Fig. 1), and that these flows can support barotropic instability at high azimuthal wavenumbers and fast growth rates. To study how such instability might evolve within the hurricane inner core, a fully nonlinear, two-dimensional barotropic model was initialized with flow analogous to the observed flows. One outcome of such numerical integrations is shown in Fig. 2 (their Fig. 9). The maximum growth of the instabilities of the initial flow MESOVORTICES IN HURRICANE ISABEL
UV stalled replication forks restart by re-priming in human fibroblasts

Restarting stalled replication forks is vital to avoid fatal replication errors. Previously, it was demonstrated that hydroxyurea-stalled replication forks rescue replication either by an active restart mechanism or by new origin firing. To our surprise, using the DNA fibre assay, we only detect a slightly reduced fork speed on a UV-damaged template during the first hour after UV exposure, and no evidence for persistent replication fork arrest. Interestingly, no evidence for persistent UV-induced fork stalling was observed even in translesion synthesis defective, Polηmut cells. In contrast, using an assay to measure DNA molecule elongation at the fork, we observe that continuous DNA elongation is severely blocked by UV irradiation, particularly in UV-damaged Polηmut cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that UV-blocked replication forks restart effectively through re-priming past the lesion, leaving only a small gap opposite the lesion. This allows continuation of replication on damaged DNA. If left unfilled, the gaps may collapse into DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired by a recombination pathway, similar to the fate of replication forks collapsed after hydroxyurea treatment.
Chapter 7 Chaos-Based Communication Systems : Current Trends and Challenges

Much research has been devoted to synchronization and chaos-based communication in the last two decades or so. Since the early 1990s, many papers have addressed the subject, and much progress has been made. Considering that the research has been developed in many different – and, at certain extent, complementary – directions, it would be interesting to outline the advances and establish the bottom line to forthcoming research on the topic. Chaos-based communication schemes, as originally conceived, use synchronization of chaotic oscillators as a backbone. It means that, under certain circumstances, the complex and highly sensitive nonlinear dynamics of coupled chaotic oscillators can synchronize, and such synchronous state can be exploited in several different manners to allow communication. Thus, to introduce this brief report, we attempt to tie synchronization and chaos-based communication together to make it clear how they are related. Ahead, the topic is briefly situated in the context of its evolution over time and the state of the art and challenges of the technique for future researches are outlined. In the first place, concerning communication in general, what is the role of synchronization? In schemes based on coherent detection, synchronization enables carrier recovery and timing recovery at the receiver’s end [43]. Carrier recovery refers to the reproduction or recovery, at the receiver’s end, of the carrier signal produced in the transmitter. Once transmitter and receiver oscillators are matched,
Emerging Markets for Biofuels.

EMERGING MARKETS FOR BIOFUELS by Soren Tyler Anderson Co-Chairs: Lucas William Davis and Steven W. Salant Government policies increasingly promote ethanol and other biofuels for security, air quality, and climate benefits. In the first chapter of this dissertation, I develop a model that links the distribution of preferences for ethanol to aggregate price responses. I estimate the model using data from a large number of retail ethanol stations. Ethanol demand is sensitive to relative fuel prices with a mean elasticity 2.5–3.0. Preferences for ethanol are heterogeneous. Accounting for this heterogeneity cuts the cost of an ethanol standard in half, because households with strong preferences do not require large subsidies to choose ethanol over gasoline. Costs still exceed benefits by a wide margin. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the United States feature a “loophole” that credits gasoline-ethanol flexible-fuel vehicles with far better mileage than they actually achieve. In the second chapter of this dissertation, which analyzes the market for flexible-fuel vehicles, my coauthor and I present empirical evidence showing that constrained firms produce flexible-fuel vehicles to exploit this loophole and that marginal
A low-cost and flexible FPGA implementation for SPECK block Cipher

Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are quickly becoming a fundamental flexible integrated circuit building block of choice for many applications such as aerospace, military and defense systems. In addition, instead of using a large number of logic gates, FPGA today can be used to implement any circuits that you want. Furthermore, FPGAs can be configured as system on a chip (SoC). In June 2013 American National Security Agency (NSA) proposed a new block cipher family named SPECK. In this paper, two methods are used to implement this algorithm. First method is used high level synthesis for give more flexibility and to achieve suitable throughput in our implementation. Second method is used bit serialized architecture to achieve minimum area and cost in our design. In second methodology, we have implemented SPECK, with a very small hardware architecture only costs 34 slices and 68 LUTs on a Spartan-3 FPGA. The results show that with a tantamount security level, SPECK is 85% smaller than AES, 68% smaller than PRESENT (a standardized low-cost AES Superseded and an ISO lightweight algorithm).