Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observation of Open Source programmers' information seeking

Several authors have proposed information seeking as an appropriate perspective for studying software evolution, and have characterized information seeking empirically in commercial software evolution settings. However, there is little research in the literature describing the information seeking behavior of Open Source programmers. This work describes a holistic schema for Open-Source (OS) programmers' information seeking, generated through open-coding of questions in OS developer mailing lists. It then reports on a study of the JDT mailing list, showing the types of information sought within this group and, for a subset of the data, it characterizes the responses obtained.
Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease: Intervention Studies

The aging of the population is a worldwide phenomenon, and studying age-related diseases has become a relevant issue from both a scientific and a public health perspective. Dementia is a syndrome characterised by loss of cognitive abilities in multiple domains that results in impairment in normal activities of daily living and loss of independence [1]. Both prevalence and incidence of dementia rise exponentially with advancing age, and 70% of all dementia cases occur in people aged 75+ years [2]. The worldwide increase in the number of older adults, more pronounced in the 80+ age group, explains the epidemic proportions assumed by dementia. According to the World Alzheimer Report, there were 35.6 million people living with dementia worldwide in 2010, a number that will increase to 65.7 million by 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050 unless effective means reducing the disease incidence are introduced [3]. Dementia is a major cause of disability and institutionalization of elderly people and because of its increased prevalence this disorder is becoming an emerging public health issue not only in developed countries but also in less developed regions of the world. The total estimated worldwide costs of dementia were US$604 billion in 2010, including the costs of informal care (unpaid care provided by family and others), direct costs of social care (provided by com‐ munity care professionals, and in residential home settings) and the direct costs of medical care (the costs of treating dementia and other conditions in primary and secondary care) [3].
Elucidating the Role of C/D snoRNA in rRNA Processing and Modification in Trypanosoma brucei

ABSTRACT Most eukaryotic C/D small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) guide 2′-O methylation (Nm) on rRNA and are also involved in rRNA processing. The four core proteins that bind C/D snoRNA in Trypanosoma brucei are fibrillarin (NOP1), NOP56, NOP58, and SNU13. Silencing of NOP1 by RNA interference identified rRNA-processing and modification defects that caused lethality. Systematic mapping of 2′-O-methyls on rRNA revealed the existence of hypermethylation at certain positions of the rRNA in the bloodstream form of the parasites, suggesting that this modification may assist the parasites in coping with the major temperature changes during cycling between their insect and mammalian hosts. The rRNA-processing defects of NOP1-depleted cells suggest the involvement of C/D snoRNA in trypanosome-specific rRNA-processing events to generate the small rRNA fragments. MRP RNA, which is involved in rRNA processing, was identified in this study in one of the snoRNA gene clusters, suggesting that trypanosomes utilize a combination of unique C/D snoRNAs and conserved snoRNAs for rRNA processing.
XPG p 1 protein interacts with multiple subunits of TFIIH prot and with CSB p 2 protein

Protein-protein interaction extraction is a challenging information extraction task in the BioNLP field. Several kernels focusing on a part of syntactic information have been proposed for the task. In this paper, we propose a method to combine multiple layers of syntactic information by using a combination of multiple kernels based on several different parsers. We evaluated the method using support vector machine and achieved an F-score of 62.0% on the AIMed corpus. Further, we analyzed the performance with or without including self-interaction pairs, and found that there is a danger of confusing classifiers and decreasing the performance when treating self-interaction pairs together with real pairs.
The Journal of Systems and Software

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to characterize reconciliation among the plan-driven, agile, and free/open source software models of software development. Design/methodology/approach: An automated quasi-systematic review identiﬁed 42 papers, which were then analyzed. Findings: The main ﬁndings are: there exist distinct – organization, group and process – levels of rec-onciliation; few studies deal with reconciliation among the three models of development; a signiﬁcant amount of work addresses reconciliation between plan-driven and agile development; several large organizations (such as Microsoft, Motorola, and Philips) are interested in trying to combine these models; and reconciliation among software development models is still an open issue, since it is an emerging area and research on most proposals is at an early stage. Research limitations: Automated searches may not capture relevant papers in publications that are not indexed. Other data sources not amenable to execution of the protocol were not used. Data extraction was performed by only one researcher, which may increase the risk of threats to internal validity. Implications: This characterization is important for practitioners wanting to be current with the state of research. This review will also assist the scientiﬁc community working with software development processes to build a common understanding of the challenges that must be faced, and to identify areas where research is lacking. Finally, the results will be useful to software industry that is calling for solutions in this area. Originality/value: There is no other systematic review on this subject, and reconciliation among software development models is an emerging area. This study helps to identify and consolidate the work done so far and to guide future research. The conclusions are an important step towards expanding the body of knowledge in the ﬁeld.
A Comparison of Inter-Organizational Business Models of Mobile App Stores: There is more than Open vs. Closed

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the competition among mobile app stores for smart mobile media devices. Therefore, the business models of seven mobile app stores are analyzed with a special focus on Apple and Google. We use e3-value modelling - a formal business modelling technique - for analyzing the critical elements of these mobile ecosystems. The analysis of the app store ecosystems allows a differentiated view on the different strategies of the app store owners. Additionally, we look at the impact of network effects, economies of scale, platform differentiation, quality assurance, and transaction costs on the design of mobile application markets. This theoretical model allows a deeper discussion about the design choices and success factors in the different app store cases. Based on our analysis, we expect that the open versus closed models discussion becomes less relevant - so-called open platforms have closed aspects as well as the other way around - and that competitive differentiation and segmentation strategies will become increasingly critical in order to strengthen the competitive positioning of the different app store platforms.
Underreporting and Missed Opportunities for Uptake of Intermittent Preventative Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy (IPTp) in Mali

Objectives To identify factors contributing to low uptake of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) in rural Mali. Methods We conducted secondary data analysis on Mali’s 2012–2013 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to determine the proportion of women who failed to take IPTp-SP due to ineligibility or non-attendance at antenatal care (ANC). We also identified the proportion who reported taking other or unknown medications to prevent malaria in pregnancy and those who did not know if they took any medication to prevent malaria in pregnancy. We conducted qualitative interviews, focus groups and ANC observations in six rural sites in Mali’s Sikasso and Koulikoro regions to identify reasons for missed opportunities. Results Our secondary data analysis found that reported IPTp-SP coverage estimates are misleading due to their dependence on a variable (“source of IPTp”) that is missing 62% of its data points. Among all women who gave birth in the two years prior to the survey, 56.2% reported taking at least one dose of IPTp-SP. Another 5.2% reported taking chloroquine, 1.9% taking another drug to prevent malaria in pregnancy, 4.4% not knowing what drug they took to prevent malaria, and 1.1% not knowing if they took any drug to prevent malaria. The majority of women who did not receive IPTp-SP were women who also did not attend ANC. Our qualitative data revealed that many health centers neither administer IPTp-SP by directly observed therapy, nor give IPTp-SP at one month intervals through the second and third trimesters, nor provide IPTp-SP free of charge. Women generally reported IPTp-SP as available and tolerable, but frequently could not identify its name or purpose, potentially affecting accuracy of responses in household surveys. Conclusion We estimate IPTp-SP uptake to be significantly higher than stated in Mali’s 2012–13 DHS report. Increasing ANC attendance should be the first priority for increasing IPTp-SP coverage. Reducing cost and access barriers, ensuring that providers follow up-to-date guidelines, and improving patient counseling on IPTp-SP would also facilitate optimal uptake.
Throughput enhancement in WiMax mesh networks using concurrent transmission

The WiMax mesh networks based on IEEE 802.16 standard (2004) was developed with the goal of providing for easy, fast and cost-effective network set-up, deployment and extension. The standard defines scheduling scheme in mesh mode, but don't specify spatial resource management in the protocol. In this paper, we design a general algorithm for SSs to achieve concurrent transmission in both uplink and downlink streams. Constructing and adjustment of routing tree is also given in the paper. Simulation results show that overall end-to-end throughput is greatly improved when using our proposed algorithm for concurrency, and that the algorithm performs best when the routing tree is adjusted.
Endothelium-Dependent Attenuating Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum on the Contractile Vascular Reactivity of Diabetic Rats

The present study was undertaken to determine whether two-month treatment of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats with aqueous leaf extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum (TFG; 200 mg/kg; i.p.) could improve thoracic aortic responsiveness and to evaluate its endothelium dependency. For this purpose, vascular responses to KCl and noradrenaline (NA) were measured. Diabetic state significantly increased contractile responses to KCl and NA in aortic rings in both endothelium-intact and -denuded rings. Extract-treated diabetic rats showed a significant lower maximal contractile response to KCl only in endothelium-intact rings as compared to diabetic rings. It is concluded that intraperitoneal administration of aqueous leaf extract of TFG for two months could improve some functional indices of the vascular system in diabetic state and the integrity of the endothelium is essential for its beneficial effects. Iran. Biomed. J. 9 (3): 129-133, 2005
Cancer and Involuntary Weight Loss: Failure to Validate a Prediction Score

Background Many patients who have involuntary weight loss have cancer. The Hernandez prediction rule includes 5 variables (elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, low albumin, high white blood cell count, and age >80 years). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the prediction rule. Methods We prospectively evaluated 290 consecutive inpatients and outpatients who had involuntary weight loss. Clinical, hematologic, and biochemical parameters were determined. There were 259 patients who had follow-up at 6 months to determine the cause of involuntary weight loss, and 31 other patients were lost to follow-up. The 5 variables were introduced into a regression logistic model with cancer as a dependent variable. Results Cancer was diagnosed in 72 of the 290 patients (25%) who had involuntary weight loss. Bivariate analysis showed that serum albumin, C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, alkaline phosphatase, iron, lactate dehydrogenase, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and ferritin levels were associated with cancer (range of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.589 to 0.688). Multivariate analysis showed that albumin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, iron, white blood cell count, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were associated with cancer. When dichotomized, only low albumin (odds ratio, 2.6, CI [1.3–5.2]) and high alkaline phosphatase (odds ratio, 2.3, CI [1.7–4.7]) were associated with cancer. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the 5-variable prediction rule was only 0.70 (95% confidence interval, 0.61–0.78). The negative predictive value of this model with 3 variables (age >60 y, alkaline phosphatase, and albumin level) increased from 85% to 95% when all tests were negative. Conclusions In patients who had involuntary weight loss, those who have cancer are likely to have ≥1 abnormal laboratory test. The 5-variable prediction rule had a significantly lower accuracy than originally reported. Further evaluation of the 3-variable modification of the prediction rule may be useful.
Association of the Extent of Atrophic Gastritis With Specific Dyspeptic Symptoms

Background/Aims It remains unclear whether atrophic gastritis can affect dyspeptic symptoms. We aimed to investigate whether the extent of atrophic gastritis is associated with specific dyspeptic symptoms. Methods Consecutive adults in a routine health-checkup program were enrolled in the study. The extent of atrophic gastritis was classified into 3 groups based on the Kimura-Takemoto criteria; the gastritis with no or little atrophy (group A: C0), the gastritis with atrophy mainly in the antrum (group B: C1 and C2), and the gastritis with atrophy in the large area of the corpus (group C: C3 and O). Upper gastrointestinal symptoms were categorized into “typical reflux symptoms,” “epigastric pain syndrome (EPS)-related symptoms,” and “postprandial distress syndrome (PDS)-related symptoms. ” Results A total of 1827 patients (1009 males, mean age 45.1 years) were included in the analysis. The subgroups of atrophic gastritis were as follows: group A (n = 1218, 66.7%), group B (n = 392, 21.4%), and group C (n = 217, 11.9%). Typical reflux, EPS-related, and PDS-related symptoms were present in 10.5%, 19.8%, and 16.2% of the subjects, respectively. PDS-related and EPS-related symptoms were significantly more prevalent in the group C of male patients and the group B of female patients, respectively, compared with other groups. PDS-related and EPS-related symptoms were independently associated with the group C in males (OR, 2.123; 95% CI, 1.090–4.136) and the group B in females (OR, 2.571; 95% CI, 1.319–5.025), respectively. Conclusions The extent of atrophic gastritis appears to affect the generation of specific dyspeptic symptoms in a gender-dependent manner.
Translating policy: governmentality and the reflective teacher

Abstract This paper deploys some concepts from the work of Michel Foucault to problematise the mundane and quotidian practices of policy translation as these occur in the everyday of schools. In doing that, we suggest that these practices are complicit in the formation of and constitution of teacher subjects, and their subjection to the morality of policy and of educational reform. These practices are some ways in which teachers work on themselves and others, and make themselves subjects of policy. We conceive of the processes of translation, its practices and techniques as a form of ethics, the constitution of a contemporary and contingent version of professionalism through the arts of self-conduct. In all of this, it is virtually impossible to separate out, as Foucault points out, capability from control. We argue that the development of new capacities, new skills of classroom management, of pedagogy, bring along with it the intensification of a power relation. We are primarily concerned with Foucault’s third face of power, pastoral power or government and how this interweaves and overlap with other forms of power within processes of policy and educational reform.
College Expectations in High School Mitigate Weight Gain over Early Adulthood: Findings from a National Study of American Youth

Research conducted on school‐based interventions suggests that school connectedness protects against a variety of risk behaviors, including substance abuse, delinquency and sedentary behavior. The line of research is extended by examining the link between college expectations and early adult weight gain using nationally representative panel data from thirty cohorts of American high school seniors followed prospectively to age 30 in the Monitoring the Future Study (1986‐2009).
On positive P

Continuing a line of research opened up by Grigni and Sipser (1992) and further pursued by Stewart (1994), we show that a wide variety of equivalent characterizations of P still remain equivalent when restricted to be positive. All these restrictions thus define the same class posP, a proper subclass of monP, the class of monotone problems in P. We also exhibit complete problems for posP under very weak reductions.
The Impact of Motor Learning on Motor Behavior and Cortical Dynamics in a Complex Stressful Social Environment

Title of Dissertation: THE IMPACT OF MOTOR LEARNING ON MOTOR BEHAVIOR AND CORTICAL DYNAMICS IN A COMPLEX STRESSFUL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Mark Ian Saffer, Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Dissertation directed by: Professor and Chair Bradley D. Hatfield Department of Kinesiology An economy of effort is a core characteristic of highly skilled motor performance often described as being effortless or automatic. Electroencephalographic (EEG) evaluation of cortical activity in elite performers has consistently revealed a reduction in extraneous associative cortical activity and an enhancement of taskrelevant cortical processes. However, this has only been demonstrated under what are essentially practice-like conditions. Recently it has been shown that cerebral cortical activity becomes less efficient when performance occurs in a stressful, complex social environment. This dissertation examines the impact of motor skill training or practice on the EEG cortical dynamics that underlie performance in a stressful, complex social environment. Sixteen ROTC cadets participated in head-to-head pistol shooting competitions before and after completing nine sessions of skill training over three weeks. Spectral power increased in the theta frequency band and decreased in the low alpha frequency band after skill training. EEG Coherence increased in the left frontal region and decreased in the left temporal region after the practice intervention. These suggest a refinement of cerebral cortical dynamics with a reduction of task extraneous processing in the left frontal region and an enhancement of task related processing in the left temporal region consistent with the skill level reached by participants. Partitioning performance into ‘best’ and ‘worst’ based on shot score revealed that deliberate practice appears to optimize cerebral cortical activity of ‘best’ performances which are accompanied by a reduction in taskspecific processes reflected by increased high-alpha power, while ‘worst’ performances are characterized by an inappropriate reduction in task-specific processing resulting in a loss of focus reflected by higher high-alpha power after training when compared to ‘best’ performances. Together, these studies demonstrate the power of experience afforded by practice, as a controllable factor, to promote resilience of cerebral cortical efficiency in complex environments. THE IMPACT OF MOTOR LEARNING ON MOTOR BEHAVIOR AND CORTICAL DYNAMICS IN A COMPLEX STRESSFUL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
I.C.T. and Environment: Bad Assumptions and Recent Hypotheses

The aim of this communication is to present new focuses for research in the field of Environment and Information Communication Technology. In the first part, we will present, through a review of the literature, the rather negative role played by ICT on the environment: paper, transportation, consumption, waste. The aim of the second part is to discuss the rather positive role played by ICT with regard to knowledge of the environment: simulation, traceability, information. Research on the concept of responsibility are then liable to be developed, and this will be the subject of the third part.
Association between change in physical activity and short-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE This study examined change in physical activity as a behavioral correlate of short-term disability progression in persons with multiple sclerosis over a 6-month period. DESIGN Panel design. SUBJECTS The sample included 292 persons with multiple sclerosis. METHODS Participants wore an accelerometer for 7 days as a measure of physical activity and then provided demographics and clinical information and completed the Patient Determined Disease Steps scale as a measure of disability. After a 6-month period, participants provided information about the occurrence of a relapse in the previous 6 months and again wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed the Patient Determined Disease Steps scale. RESULTS Panel analysis indicated associations between baseline physical activity and disability (path coefficient= -0.41, p<0.001) and 6-month change in physical activity and disability progression (path coefficient= -0.09, p=0.025). CONCLUSION Such findings provide preliminary support for a reduction in physical activity as a behavioral correlate, but not necessarily cause, of short-term disability progression in persons with multiple sclerosis.
Factors Limiting the Spread of the Protective Symbiont Hamiltonella defensa in Aphis craccivora Aphids

ABSTRACT Many insects are associated with heritable symbionts that mediate ecological interactions, including host protection against natural enemies. The cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora, is a polyphagous pest that harbors Hamiltonella defensa, which defends against parasitic wasps. Despite this protective benefit, this symbiont occurs only at intermediate frequencies in field populations. To identify factors constraining H. defensa invasion in Ap. craccivora, we estimated symbiont transmission rates, performed fitness assays, and measured infection dynamics in population cages to evaluate effects of infection. Similar to results with the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, we found no consistent costs to infection using component fitness assays, but we did identify clear costs to infection in population cages when no enemies were present. Maternal transmission rates of H. defensa in Ap. craccivora were high (ca. 99%) but not perfect. Transmission failures and infection costs likely limit the spread of protective H. defensa in Ap. craccivora. We also characterized several parameters of H. defensa infection potentially relevant to the protective phenotype. We confirmed the presence of H. defensa in aphid hemolymph, where it potentially interacts with endoparasites, and performed real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to estimate symbiont and phage abundance during aphid development. We also examined strain variation of H. defensa and its bacteriophage at multiple loci, and despite our lines being collected in different regions of North America, they were infected with a nearly identical strains of H. defensa and APSE4 phage. The limited strain diversity observed for these defensive elements may result in relatively static protection profile for this defensive symbiosis.