Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional Simulations of Disk Accretion to an Inclined Dipole. II. Hot Spots and Variability

The physics of the hot spots on stellar surfaces and the associated variability of accreting magnetized rotating stars is investigated for the first time using fully three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. The magnetic moment of the star, μ, is inclined relative to its rotation axis, Ω, by an angle Θ (we call this angle the "misalignment angle"), while the disk's rotation axis is parallel to Ω. A sequence of misalignment angles between Θ = 0° and 90° was investigated. The hot spots arise on the stellar surface because of the impact on the surface of magnetically channeled accretion streams. The distribution of different parameters in the hot spots reflects those in the funnel streams near the surface of the star. Typically, at small Θ the spots as observed are shaped like a bow curved around the magnetic axis, while at the largest values of Θ the spots are shaped like a bar crossing the magnetic pole. The physical parameters (density, velocity, temperature, matter, energy fluxes, etc.) increase toward the central regions of the spots; thus, the size of the spots is different at different values of these parameters. At relatively low density and temperature, the spots occupy approximately 10%-20% of the stellar surface, while at the highest values of these parameters this area may be less than 1% of the area of the star. The size of the spots increases with the accretion rate. Rotation of the star leads to the observed variability of brightness. The light curves were calculated for different values of Θ and inclination angles of the disk, i. They show a range of variability patterns, including curves with one maximum per period (at most angles Θ and i) and curves with two maxima per period (at large Θ and i). At small Θ, the funnel streams may rotate faster or slower than the star, and this may lead to quasi-periodic variability of the star. The results are of interest for understanding the variability and quasi variability of classical T Tauri stars, millisecond pulsars, and cataclysmic variables.
Mathematical Modelling of Wind Turbine in a Wind Energy Conversion System: Power Coefficient Analysis

The world is increasingly going green in its energy use. Wind power is a green renewable source of energy that can compete effectively with fossil fuel as a generator of power in the electricity market. For this effective competion, the production cost must be comparable to that of fossil fuels or other sources of energy. The initial capital investment in wind power goes to machine and the supporting infrastructure. Any factors that lead to decrease in cost of energy such as turbine design, construction and operation are key to making wind power competitive as an alternative source of energy. A mathematical model of wind turbine is essential in the understanding of the behaviour of the wind turbine over its region of operation because it allows for the development of comprehensive control algorithms that aid in optimal operation of a wind turbine. Modelling enables control of wind turbine’s performance. This paper attempts to address part or whole of these general objectives of wind turbine modelling through examination of power coefficient parameter. Model results will be beneficial to designers and researchers of new generation turbines who can utilize the information to optimize the design of turbines and minimize generation costs leading
The construction of an appropriate education program by Florida administrative law judges pre-Rowley, post-Rowley, and post-IDEA 2004

Abstract This critical discourse analysis examines the construction of an “appropriate” education by Florida administrative law judges in their special education final orders over time. The results indicate that despite each child being different, the construction of an appropriate education was uniform within the given time periods. Prior to the Rowley decision, the administrative law judges utilized their own judgment in constructing an appropriate education. This construction was based on whether or not the proposed Individualized Education Program was designed to meet the needs of the child. Each final order avoided discussing the law in detail, credibility, deference, or burden of proof. The results indicate that after Rowley and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (2004), the Rowley decision established an epistemic hierarchy. It gave deference to school districts—not parents—as experts. Additionally, after Rowley and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, the power of an administrative law judge to construct an appropriate education was constrained by the discourse in the Rowley decision. Throughout all three time periods, the administrative law judges all emphasized that students were not entitled to the best education possible.
Prosody modeling for an embedded TTS system implementation

Prosody quality strongly influences the intelligibility and the perceived naturalness of synthetic speech. But despite the significant progress in prosody modeling from the last years, incomplete linguistic knowledge that can be derived from text and various language-specific issues still limit the quality of today's commercial text-to-speech (TTS) systems. Moreover, obtaining a right pronunciation and intonation for embedded speech applications that have severe resource constraints, is a more challenging task. The paper describes an enhanced version of an embedded TTS system in Romanian language and proposes and discusses an efficient rule-based intonation model for prosody generation. Informal listening tests show that highly intelligible and fair natural synthetic speech can be produced with small memory footprint and low computational resources.
Leader Language and Political Survival Strategies

ABSTRACT Authoritarian leaders’ language provides clues to their survival strategies for remaining in office. This line of inquiry fits within an emerging literature that refocuses attention from state-level features to the dynamic role that individual heads of state and government play in international relations, especially in authoritarian regimes. The burgeoning text-as-data field can be used to deepen our understanding of the nuances of leader survival and political choices; for example, language can serve as a leading indicator of leader approval, which itself is a good predictor of leader survival. In this paper, we apply computational linguistics tools to an authoritarian leader corpus consisting of 102 speeches from nine leaders of countries across the Middle East and North Africa between 2009 and 2012. We find systematic differences in the language of these leaders, which help advance a more broadly applicable theory of authoritarian leader language and tenure.
The Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Selection Indication and Improveing Diagnosis for Transthoracic Biopsy in Peripheral Pulmonary and Mediastinal Lesions

Objective. To investigate the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in transthoracic biopsy of peripheral lung and mediastinal lesions. Methods. Of 142 patients, 82 patients received CEUS before biopsy and were defined as CEUS group. The remaining 60 patients only underwent conventional ultrasound (US) before biopsy and were served as US group. The information of CEUS was used for selecting indication and instructing biopsy. The imaging features, number of punctures, diagnostic successful rate, and complication rate between the two groups were compared. Results. Necrosis was demonstrated in 43.9% of the lesions in CEUS group and in 6.7% of US group (P < 0.001). Detection rate of lesion hidden in pulmonary atelectasis in CEUS group was 13.4%, which was statistically higher than 1.7% of US group (P = 0.013). The diagnostic success rate was 96.3% for CEUS group and 80% for US group, respectively (P = 0.002). The average number of punctures was 2.5 ± 0.7 and 2.6 ± 0.6, respectively. There was no significant difference in complications between CEUS group and US group. Conclusions. CEUS could play an important role in selecting proper indication and improving diagnostic accuracy rate of lung biopsy.
Understanding street harassment of children: identifying recurrent behaviours in a corpus of young people's accounts of harassment

This paper reports findings of a multidisciplinary pilot study investigating children’s experiences of street harassment in England. Combining expertise in linguistics, psychology, social work, law and education, the project explores the nature, scale, and impact of children’s experiences of harassment as self-reported via a bespoke web-based app. The term ‘harassment’ is used by the Crown Prosecution Service in England and Wales to refer to offences which ‘cause alarm or distress’ or ‘put people in fear of violence’, and although reported anecdotally, street harassment is not officially recorded in crime statistics for children (ONS, 2015). Similarly, while there has been research attention paid to ‘stranger harassment’ and sexual harassment of adults (e.g. Magley, 2002; Fairchild and Rudman, 2008; Hlavka, 2014), there is very little existing research which focuses on children as the targets of harassment. This paper, therefore, uses a corpus linguistic method to analyse the ways in which children describe the harassment they have experienced, identifying trends and patterns of incidents, and shedding light on how children perceive street harassment and the resources they have to cope with it.
LIMITS OF CO-OPERATION: A GERMAN CASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIATION

Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) has been very successful as a mechanism for resolving environmental conflict in the United States. Although it has rarely been used in Europe, European social scientists still have high expectations of its potential to achieve consensual, fair solutions and, in so doing, to increase the general welfare. The promised outcome, it is hoped, can be accomplished through a cooperative procedure resting on extended participation, transparency and procedural justice. In the first part of this paper it is argued that the success or failure of ADR depends not only on the procedure itself, but also on exogenous factors. Three types of exogenous factor can be distinguished. First, there are exogenous restrictions to possible solutions: the opportunities for negotiated agreements depend upon the physical, technical and economic feasibility of potential solutions, as well as upon the law. Second, the course and the result of the negotiation is restricted by the best alternatives to a negotiated agreement (BATNA) of the disputants; these alternatives are mostly determined by external factors. Third, in collective bargaining the room for negotiation is also limited by political directives from the negotiator's constituencies or supervisors. The second part of this paper is devoted to a case study of the mediation in the waste management programme of Neuss County, Germany. This mediation attempted mainly to resolve a conflict over the siting of a waste incineration plant. It ended without consensus. It will be shown how exogenous restrictions, outside options and political guidelines influenced the course of the mediation, how they enlarged or diminished the negotiation space and, ultimately, how they determined the final outcome. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
The PeerRank Method for Peer Assessment

We propose the PeerRank method for peer assessment. This constructs a grade for an agent based on the grades proposed by the agents evaluating the agent. Since the grade of an agent is a measure of their ability to grade correctly, the PeerRank method weights grades by the grades of the grading agent. The PeerRank method also provides an incentive for agents to grade correctly. As the grades of an agent depend on the grades of the grading agents, and as these grades themselves depend on the grades of other agents, we define the PeerRank method by a fixed point equation similar to the PageRank method for ranking web-pages. We identify some formal properties of the PeerRank method (for example, it satisfies axioms of unanimity, no dummy, no discrimination and symmetry), discuss some examples, compare with related work and evaluate the performance on some synthetic data. Our results show considerable promise, reducing the error in grade predictions by a factor of 2 or more in many cases over the natural baseline of averaging peer grades.
Detection of Multiword Expressions for Hindi Language using Word Embeddings and WordNet-based Features

Detection of Multiword Expressions (MWEs) is a challenging problem faced by several natural language processing applications. The difficulty emanates from the task of detecting MWEs with respect to a given context. In this paper, we pro-pose approaches that use Word Em-beddings and WordNet-based features for the detection of MWEs for Hindi language. These approaches are restricted to two types of MWEs viz., noun compounds and noun+verb compounds . The re-sults obtained indicate that using linguistic information from a rich lexical resource such as WordNet, help in improving the accuracy of MWEs detection. It also demonstrates that the linguistic information which word embeddings capture from a corpus can be comparable to that provided by Word-Net. Thus, we can say that, for the detection of above mentioned MWEs, word embeddings can be a reasonable alternative to WordNet, especially for those languages whose WordNets does not have a better coverage.
Hit Song Science

10.1 An Inextricable Maze? 306 10.1. 1 Music Psychology and the Exposure Effect . 307 10.1. 2 The Broadcaster/Listener Entanglement . 309 10.1. 3 Social Influence . 309 10.1. 4 Modeling the Life Span of Hits . 310 10.2 In Search of the Features of Popularity . 311 10.2. 1 Features: The Case of Birds . 312 10.2. 2 The Ground-Truth Issue . 313 10.2. 3 Audio and Lyrics Features: The Initial Claim . 314 10.3 A Large-Scale Study . 314 10.3. 1 Generic Audio Features . 315 10.3. 2 Specific Audio Features . 315 10.3. 3 Human Features . 316 10.3. 4 The HiFind Database . 316 10.3. 4.1 A Controlled Categorization Process . 316 10.3. 4.2 Assessing Classifiers . 317 10.3. 5 Experiment . 317 10.3. 5.1 Design . 317 10.3. 5.2 Random Oracles . 318 10.3. 5.3 Evaluation of Acoustic Classifiers . 318 10.3. 5.4 Inference from Human Data . 319 10.3. 6 Summary . 320 10.4 Discussion . 321 Bibliography . 323
Convergent Evidence from Multimodal Imaging Reveals Amygdala Abnormalities in Schizophrenic Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives

Background Shared neuropathological features between schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives have potential as indicators of genetic vulnerability to schizophrenia. We sought to explore genetic influences on brain morphology and function in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. Methods Using a multimodal imaging strategy, we studied 33 schizophrenic patients, 55 of their unaffected parents, 30 healthy controls for patients, and 29 healthy controls for parents with voxel-based morphometry of structural MRI scans and functional connectivity analysis of resting-state functional MRI data. Results Schizophrenic patients showed widespread gray matter reductions in the bilateral frontal cortices, bilateral insulae, bilateral occipital cortices, left amygdala and right thalamus, whereas their parents showed more localized reductions in the left amygdala, left thalamus and right orbitofrontal cortex. Patients and their parents shared gray matter loss in the left amygdala. Further investigation of the resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala in the patients showed abnormal functional connectivity with the bilateral orbitofrontal cortices, bilateral precunei, bilateral dorsolateral frontal cortices and right insula. Their parents showed slightly less, but similar changes in the pattern in the amygdala connectivity. Co-occurrences of abnormal connectivity of the left amygdala with the left orbitofrontal cortex, right dorsolateral frontal cortex and right precuneus were observed in schizophrenic patients and their parents. Conclusions Our findings suggest a potential genetic influence on structural and functional abnormalities of the amygdala in schizophrenia. Such information could help future efforts to identify the endophenotypes that characterize the complex disorder of schizophrenia.
Öğretmenlerin İşle Bütünleşme Düzeylerinin Örgütsel ve Bireysel Değişkenlerle İlişkisi: Bir Çoklu Aracılık Modeli

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between primary school teachers’ work engagement and personal and organizational variables. The study was designed as a relational model. Data were gathered from 810 teachers employed in primary education institutions in Ankara in 2012-2013 education year. Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, Leader-Member Exchange Scale, Teacher Autonomy Scale, Brief Resilient Coping Scale, and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale were used as data collection tools. Findings showed that personal (resilience and self-efficacy) and organizational (leader-member exchange and autonomy) variables were significantly related to work engagement. Personal and organizational variables have a positive and significant effect on work engagement. Moreover, personal variables partially mediating the relationship between organizational variables and work engagement.
Anthropomorphic Measurements That Include Central Fat Distribution Are More Closely Related with Key Risk Factors than BMI in CKD Stage 3

Background Body Mass Index (BMI) as a marker of obesity is an established risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, BMI can overestimate obesity. Anthropomorphic measurements that include central fat deposition are emerging as a more important risk factor. We studied BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (CI) in a cohort of patients with CKD stage 3 and compared the associations with other known risk factors for CKD progression and CVD. Methods 1740 patients with CKD stage 3 were recruited from primary care for the Renal Risk in Derby study. Each participant underwent clinical assessment, including anthropomorphic measurements and pulse wave velocity (PWV), as well as urine and serum biochemistry tests. Results The mean age of the cohort was 72.9±9 years with 60% females. The mean eGFR was 52.5±10.4 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 16.9% of the cohort had diabetes. With the cohort divided into normal and increased risk of morbidity and mortality using each anthropomorphic measurement, those measurements that included increased central fat distribution were significantly associated with more risk factors for CKD progression and CVD than increased BMI. Univariable analysis demonstrated central fat distribution was correlated with more risk factors than BMI. Subgroup analyses using recognised BMI cut-offs to define obesity and quartiles of WHR and CI demonstrated that increasing central fat distribution was significantly associated with more CKD and CVD risk factors than increasing BMI. Conclusion Anthropomorphic measurements that include a measure of central fat deposition are related to more key risk factors in CKD stage 3 patients than BMI. Central fat deposition may be of greater importance as a risk factor in CKD than BMI and reliance on BMI alone may therefore underestimate the associated risk.
Monetary Policy Under Exchange Rate Flexibility

The continuing depreciation of the dollar stands out as one of the big policy issues. It has started to impinge on U.S. monetary policy; it influences the chances for international commercial diplomacy, and it is enhancing the move toward European monetary integration. Above all it leaves most observers with a puzzle as to the causes of the ongoing depreciation. This paper will, of course, not resolve the puzzle. ft rather attempts to layout the basic analytical framework that has been developed for the analysis of exchange-rate questions and to relate it to the question of monetary policy. Part I concentrates on the development of the relevant theoretical framework. The main points to be made here are: (i) exchange rates are primarily deter-mined in asset markets with expectations playing a dominant role; (ii) the sharpest formulation of exchange-rate theory is the "monetary approach, "Chicago's quantity theory of the open economy; (iii) purchasing power parity is a precarious reed on which to hang short-term exchange-rate theory; (iv) the current account has just made it back as a determinant of exchange rates
Where are You Watching? Patterns of Visual Exploration in the Ultimatum Game

The study aimed to advance the traditional issue of identifying decision strategy by analyzing the information processing in terms of visual exploration patterns. Twenty-seven participants played as responders in a computerized ver- sion of Ultimatum Game with an anonymous virtual partner. Responders tended to reject unfair offers, probably due to their taste for fairness and to the unidentifiability of the other player that reduced the willingness to cooperate. Furthermore, according to the evolutionary approach, participants fo- cused their attention more at themselves than at the partner. Among the three type of offers - hyperfair, fair and unfair - mid-value offers, such as fair ones, required more number of fixations and fixations duration, related to the more complex cognitive and reasoning processes involved. Implications of this study could be applied in decisional settings with anonymous partners, such as those online, with fu- ture studies confirming the results found and integrating them through other process tracing methodologies.
Who Said Large Banks Don't Experience Scale Economies? Evidence from a Risk-Return-Driven Cost Function

Earlier studies found little evidence of scale economies at large banks; later studies using data from the 1990s uncovered such evidence, providing a rationale for very large banks seen worldwide. Using more recent data, we estimate scale economies using two production models. The standard risk-neutral model finds little evidence of scale economies. The model using more general risk preferences and endogenous risk-taking finds large scale economies. We show that these economies are not driven by too-big-to-fail considerations. We evaluate the cost implications of breaking up the largest banks into banks of smaller size.
Perceived functioning and disability in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1: a survey according to the International Classification Of Functioning, Disability and Health.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to describe and analyse self-rated perceived functioning, disability and environmental facilitators/barriers with regard to disease severity, using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) checklist, in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1. DESIGN Cross-sectional design. SUBJECTS Forty-one women and 29 men with myotonic dystrophy type 1. METHODS A modified ICF checklist was used for self-rating of perceived problems in 29 body-function categories, difficulties in 52 activity and participation categories, and facilitators/barriers in 23 environmental-factor categories according to the verbal anchors of the ICF qualifiers. Disease severity classification was based on the muscular impairment rating scale. RESULTS Of the persons with myotonic dystrophy type 1, 80% perceived problems of excessive daytime sleepiness, 76% of muscle power, and 66% of energy and drive functions, while over 59% perceived difficulties in physically demanding mobility activities. Disabilities in mobility, self-care and domestic life were more frequently reported by persons with severe disease. Support from the immediate family, medicines and social security services were perceived as facilitators for 50-60% of the participants. CONCLUSION Disabilities and important environmental facilitators in adults with myotonic dystrophy type 1 were identified, and this clinically-relevant information can be used for developing health services for people with this condition.