Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SemEval-2010 Task 5 : Automatic Keyphrase Extraction from Scientific Articles

This paper describes Task 5 of the Workshop on Semantic Evaluation 2010 (SemEval-2010). Systems are to automatically assign keyphrases or keywords to given scientific articles. The participating systems were evaluated by matching their extracted keyphrases against manually assigned ones. We present the overall ranking of the submitted systems and discuss our findings to suggest future directions for this task.
Managing Behaviour Problems

Defining behaviour problems the teacher as classroom manager social and cognitive factors in behavioural disturbances emotional origins of behaviour problems key researches for dealing with disruption implementing a behaviour management scheme how to identify and record behaviour problems intervention principles and practices class control and organization task management. Appendices: case studies analyzing handwriting problems remediating spelling problems.
Optimal Estimation when Researcher and Social Preferences are Misaligned

Econometric analysis typically focuses on the statistical properties of fixed estimators and ignores researcher choices. In this article, I approach the analysis of experimental data as a mechanism-design problem that acknowledges that researchers choose between estimators, sometimes based on the data and often according to their own preferences. Specifically, I focus on covariate adjustments, which can increase the precision of a treatment-effect estimate, but open the door to bias when researchers engage in specification searches. First, I establish that unbiasedness is a requirement on the estimation of the average treatment effect that aligns researchers’ preferences with the minimization of the mean-squared error relative to the truth, and that fixing the bias can yield an optimal restriction in a minimax sense. Second, I provide a constructive characterization of all treatment-effect estimators with fixed bias as samplesplitting procedures. Third, I show how these results imply flexible pre-analysis plans for randomized experiments that include beneficial specification searches and offer an opportunity to leverage machine learning. Jann Spiess, Microsoft Research New England, jspiess@stanford.edu. For their guidance I am indebted to Sendhil Mullainathan, Alberto Abadie, Elie Tamer, and Gary Chamberlain. For valuable comments or discussions I also thank Laura Blattner, Avi Feller, Edward Glaeser, Nathaniel Hendren, Simon Jäger, Maximilian Kasy, Lawrence Katz, Scott Kominers, Eben Lazarus, Shengwu Li, Mikkel Plagborg-Møller, Ashesh Rambachan, Jonathan Roth, Elizabeth Santorella, Klaus M. Schmidt, and seminar audiences at Harvard/MIT, MSR, Nortwestern, Princeton, Yale, NYU, Columbia, Chicago, Penn, Penn State, UCL, LSE, Stanford, Queen Mary, CERGE-EI, Copenhagen, UT Austin, and Toronto.
The making of the architecture of the plant cell wall: how cells exploit geometry.

Cell wall deposition is a key process in the formation, growth, and differentiation of plant cells. The most important structural components of the wall are long cellulose microfibrils, which are synthesized by synthases embedded in the plasma membrane. A fundamental question is how the microfibrils become oriented during deposition at the plasma membrane. The current textbook explanation for the orientation mechanism is a guidance system mediated by cortical microtubules. However, too many contraindications are known in secondary cell walls for this to be a universal mechanism, particularly in the case of helicoidal arrangements, which occur in many situations. An additional construction mechanism involves liquid crystalline self-assembly [A. C. Neville (1993) Biology of Fibrous Composites: Development Beyond the Cell Membrane (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, U.K.)], but the required amount of bulk material that is able to equilibrate thermally is not normally present at any stage of the wall deposition process. Therefore, we have asked whether the complex ordered texture of helicoidal cell walls can be formed in the absence of direct cellular guidance mechanisms. We propose that they can be formed by a mechanism that is based on geometrical considerations. It explains the genesis of the complicated helicoidal texture and shows that the cell has intrinsic, versatile tools for creating a variety of textures. A compelling feature of the model is that local rules generate global order, a typical phenomenon of life.
Altered hemispheric asymmetry of auditory P100m in dyslexia

In various studies, deviances of hemispheric laterality in the organization of the perisylvian region in dyslexia have been suggested. Although associated with impaired language functioning, the clinical significance of atypical cerebral lateralization remains unclear. The present study examined interhemispheric source differences of magnetic responses to the German synthetic syllable [ba:] in the auditory cortex of 14 dyslexic children and 12 normally literate controls aged 8–15 years. In all subjects, two main deflections, P100m and N260m, were evident in the responses over each hemisphere. While in the control group the right P100m dipole was located more anterior than the corresponding dipole of the left hemisphere, the dyslexic group displayed a rather symmetrical source configuration between the hemispheres. This symmetry reflected a deviance in the right perisylvian region for the dyslexic subjects' P100m, which was generated ≈1 cm more posterior than the response in controls. The deviation was also obvious relative to the source location of the later component, N260m, which did not systematically differ between the participant groups. Our results suggest that the altered hemispheric asymmetry reflects an atypical organization of the right hemisphere in children and adolescents with dyslexia.
Bundes-Gesundheitssurvey: Körperliche Aktivität

Notwendigkeit, schwere körperliche Arbeit zu leisten, in der Regel gering. Umso mehr gewinnt eine ausreichende körperliche Aktivität für den Erhalt unserer Gesundheit an Bedeutung. Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität hilft, vielen Beschwerden und Krankheiten, unter anderem Herz-Kreislauf-Krankheiten, Diabetes mellitus Typ II und bestimmten Krebsarten, vorzubeugen. Trotzdem sind derzeit 30 % der deutschen Erwachsenen körperlich kaum aktiv, 45 % treiben keinen Sport und lediglich 13 % erreichen die derzeitige Empfehlung zum ausreichenden körperlichen Aktivitätsniveau. Die Empfehlung beinhaltet, dass jeder mindestens an drei, am besten an allen Tagen der Woche wenigstens eine halbe Stunde körperlich so aktiv sein sollte, dass er oder sie dabei leicht ins Schwitzen gerät. Dieses Heft gibt einen Überblick über das körper­ liche Aktivitätsverhalten in Deutschland anhand des Bundes-Gesundheitssurveys 1998.
Elementary Students, Creativity, and Technology

Abstract This article reports on the impact on student personal creativity of a longitudinal study that had as its major goal the creation of a unique intervention program for elementary students. The intervention was based on the National Profile and Statement (Curriculum Corporation, 1994a, 1994b) for the curriculum area of technology. The intervention program comprised thematically based units of work that integrated all eight Australian Key Learning Areas (KLA). A pretest/posttest control group design investigation (Campbell & Stanley, 1963) was undertaken with 580 students from 7 schools and 24 class groups that were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups. One group (10 classes) formed the control group. Another 7 classes received the year-long intervention program, while the remaining 7 classes received the intervention, but with the added seamless integration of their available classroom computer technologies. The effect of the intervention on the personal creativity characteristics of the students involved in the study was assessed using the Creativity Checklist, an instrument that was developed during the study. The results suggest that the purposeful integration of computer technology with the intervention program positively affects the personal creativity characteristics of students.
Arabidopsis GCN5, HD1, and TAF1/HAF2 Interact to Regulate Histone Acetylation Required for Light-Responsive Gene Expression

We previously showed that Arabidopsis thaliana histone acetyltransferase TAF1/HAF2 is required for the light regulation of growth and gene expression, and we show here that histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and histone deacetylase HD1/HDA19 are also involved in such regulation. Mutation of GCN5 resulted in a long-hypocotyl phenotype and reduced light-inducible gene expression, whereas mutation of HD1 induced opposite effects. The double mutant gcn5 hd1 restored a normal photomorphogenic phenotype. By contrast, the double mutant gcn5 taf1 resulted in further loss of light-regulated gene expression. gcn5 reduced acetylation of histones H3 and H4, mostly on the core promoter regions, whereas hd1 increased acetylation on both core and more upstream promoter regions. GCN5 and TAF1 were both required for H3K9, H3K27, and H4K12 acetylation on the target promoters, but H3K14 acetylation was dependent only on GCN5. Interestingly, gcn5 taf1 had a cumulative effect mainly on H3K9 acetylation. On the other hand, hd1 induced increased acetylation on H3K9, H3K27, H4K5, and H4K8. GCN5 was also shown to be directly associated with the light-responsive promoters. These results suggest that acetylation of specific histone Lys residues, regulated by GCN5, TAF1, and HD1, is required for light-regulated gene expression.
Improving Door-to-Needle Times in Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Design and Rationale for the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Target Stroke Initiative

Background and Purpose— The benefits of intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in acute ischemic stroke are time-dependent, and guidelines recommend a door-to-needle time of ⩽60 minutes. However, fewer than one third of acute ischemic stroke patients who receive tPA are treated within guideline-recommended door-to-needle times. This article describes the design and rationale of Target: Stroke, a national initiative organized by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association in partnership with other organizations to assist hospitals in increasing the proportion of tPA-treated patients who achieve guideline-recommended door-to-needle times. Methods— The initial program goal is to achieve a door-to-needle time ⩽60 minutes for at least 50% of acute ischemic stroke patients. Key best practice strategies previously associated with achieving faster door-to-needle times in acute ischemic stroke were identified. Results— The 10 key strategies chosen by Target: Stroke include emergency medical service prenotification, activating the stroke team with a single call, rapid acquisition and interpretation of brain imaging, use of specific protocols and tools, premixing tPA, a team-based approach, and rapid data feedback. The program includes many approaches intended to promote hospital participation, implement effective strategies, share best practices, foster collaboration, and achieve stated goals. A detailed program evaluation is also included. In the first year, Target: Stroke has enrolled over 1200 United States hospitals. Conclusions— Target: Stroke, a multidimensional initiative to improve the timeliness of tPA administration, aims to elevate clinical performance in the care of acute ischemic stroke, facilitate the more rapid integration of evidence into clinical practice, and improve outcomes.
EVOLUTION OF A POLYMORPHISM FOR OUTCROSSING RATE IN SENECIO VULGARIS: INFLUENCE OF GERMINATION BEHAVIOR

A difference in germination behavior between the highly selling, nonradiate variant of Senecio vulgaris and the more outcrossing, radiate form had a large effect on the relative female fitness of these two morphs raised in mixed stands under conditions similar to those experienced in the wild. Of particular significance was the finding that female fitness differences between morphs were reversed in early‐ and late‐sown plots. This was because a greater proportion of nonradiate than radiate seed germinated directly after sowing, and in early‐sown plots a relatively large proportion of early‐germinated nonradiate seedlings survived winter to produce large, highly fecund plants the following summer, that contributed greatly to the total female fitness of the nonradiate morph. In contrast, in late‐sown plots (i.e., sown two weeks later), survivorship of early germinated seedlings was much reduced, and the radiate morph had an advantage because most radiate seed delayed germination until spring, therefore avoiding seedling mortality during winter. The effect of the association between morph type and germination behavior on morph female fitness in S. vulgaris is clearly important in regard to the evolution of the polymorphism for outcrossing rate in the species. This, in turn, emphasizes the point that an understanding of factors responsible for the evolution and maintenance of polymorphisms for outcrossing rate in the wild should be based on a detailed examination of the ecological genetics of such polymorphisms that extend beyond traditional studies of pollen discounting and inbreeding depression.
Bioinspired Nanocomplex for Spatiotemporal Imaging of Sequential mRNA Expression in Differentiating Neural Stem Cells

Messenger RNA plays a pivotal role in regulating cellular activities. The expression dynamics of specific mRNA contains substantial information on the intracellular milieu. Unlike the imaging of stationary mRNAs, real-time intracellular imaging of the dynamics of mRNA expression is of great value for investigating mRNA biology and exploring specific cellular cascades. In addition to advanced imaging methods, timely extracellular stimulation is another key factor in regulating the mRNA expression repertoire. The integration of effective stimulation and imaging into a single robust system would significantly improve stimulation efficiency and imaging accuracy, producing fewer unwanted artifacts. In this study, we developed a multifunctional nanocomplex to enable self-activating and spatiotemporal imaging of the dynamics of mRNA sequential expression during the neural stem cell differentiation process. This nanocomplex showed improved enzymatic stability, fast recognition kinetics, and high specificity. With a mechanism regulated by endogenous cell machinery, this nanocomplex realized the successive stimulating motif release and the dynamic imaging of chronological mRNA expression during neural stem cell differentiation without the use of transgenetic manipulation. The dynamic imaging montage of mRNA expression ultimately facilitated genetic heterogeneity analysis. In vivo lateral ventricle injection of this nanocomplex enabled endogenous neural stem cell activation and labeling at their specific differentiation stages. This nanocomplex is highly amenable as an alternative tool to explore the dynamics of intricate mRNA activities in various physiological and pathological conditions.
R-IAC: Robust Intrinsically Motivated Exploration and Active Learning

Intelligent adaptive curiosity (IAC) was initially introduced as a developmental mechanism allowing a robot to self-organize developmental trajectories of increasing complexity without preprogramming the particular developmental stages. In this paper, we argue that IAC and other intrinsically motivated learning heuristics could be viewed as active learning algorithms that are particularly suited for learning forward models in unprepared sensorimotor spaces with large unlearnable subspaces. Then, we introduce a novel formulation of IAC, called robust intelligent adaptive curiosity (R-IAC), and show that its performances as an intrinsically motivated active learning algorithm are far superior to IAC in a complex sensorimotor space where only a small subspace is neither unlearnable nor trivial. We also show results in which the learnt forward model is reused in a control scheme. Finally, an open source accompanying software containing these algorithms as well as tools to reproduce all the experiments presented in this paper is made publicly available.
Development of an Earthworm Robot with a Shape Memory Alloy and Braided Tube

Peristalsis motion like an earthworm has attracted attention in recent years because the movement is useful to progress in small spaces. An earthworm robot with a shape memory alloy, the BioMetal Helix, and a polyester braided tube was studied. The BioMetal is a fiber-like actuator-like muscle tissue; the BioMetal Helix (BMX series) was chosen to obtain good unit contraction force. The BMX, elongated at room temperature, becomes stiff and sharply contracts when a current is fed through it. For the unit expansion force, a polyester braided tube was used. The braided tube maintains a long and thin shape without compression, and when an external force presses the tube in the axial direction, it becomes shorter and thicker. When the external force is removed, the tube lengthens and becomes longer and thinner again. A prototype robot consisting of four units was developed. The robot was designed with three-dimensional computer-aided design, and the expansion and contraction timing of units was calculated through computer simulations. The simulated results closely resembled the experiments and the robot was improved by adaptation according to the simulated results.
Software interconnection models

We present a formulation of interconnection models and present the unit and syntactic models — the primary models used for managing the evolution of large software systems. We discuss various tools that use these models and evaluate how well these models support the management of system evolution. We then introduce the semantic interconnection model. The semantic interconnection model incorporates the advantages of the unit and syntactic interconnection models and provides extremely useful extensions to them. By refining the grain of interconnections to level of semantics (that is, to the predicates that define aspects of behavior) we provide tools that are better suited to manage the details of evolution in software systems and that provide a better understanding of the implications of changes. We do this by using the semantic interconnection model to formalize the semantics of program construction, the semantics of changes, and the semantics of version equivalence and compatibility. Thus, with this formalization, we provide tools that are knowledgeable about the process of system construction and evolution and that work in symbiosis with the system builders to construct and evolve large software systems.
Interpreting Signals in the Labor Market : Evidence from Medical Referrals

This paper provides evidence that a person’s gender influences the way others interpret information about his or her ability and documents the implications for gender inequality in labor markets. Using data on physicians’ referrals to surgical specialists, I find that the referring physician views patient outcomes differently depending on the performing surgeon’s gender. Physicians become more pessimistic about a female surgeon’s ability than a male’s after a patient death, indicated by a sharper drop in referrals to the female surgeon. However, physicians become more optimistic about a male surgeon’s ability after a good patient outcome, indicated by a larger increase in the number of referrals the male surgeon receives. After a bad experience with one female surgeon, physicians also become less likely to refer to new female surgeons in the same specialty. There are no such spillovers to other men after a bad experience with one male surgeon. Consistent with learning models, physicians’ reactions to events are strongest when they are beginning to refer to a surgeon. However, the empirical patterns are only consistent with Bayesian learning if physicians do not have rational expectations about the true distribution of surgeon ability. ∗sarsons@fas.harvard. edu I am indebted to my advisors, Claudia Goldin, Lawrence Katz, David Laibson, and Amanda Pallais, for their guidance and encouragement. I am also grateful to David Cutler for his help obtaining and understanding the Medicare data, and to my informal advisor, Ben Enke, for looking over numerous early drafts. I thank Mitra Akhtari, Kai Barron, Anke Becker, Kirill Borusyak, Amitabh Chandra, Sylvain Chassang, John Coglianese, Oren Danieli, Krishna Dasartha, Ellora Derenoncourt, Raissa Fabregas, John Friedman, Roland Fryer, Peter Ganong, Edward Glaeser, Joshua Goodman, Nathan Hendren, Simon Jäger, Anupam Jena, Jessica Laird, Jing Li, Jonathan Libgober, Matthew Rabin, Hannah Schafer, Frank Schilbach, Nihar Shah, Andrei Shleifer, Jann Spiess, Neil Thakral, Peter Tu, Shosh Vasserman, and Chenzi Xu for helpful comments. This paper also benefitted from comments from seminars at Harvard, the Wharton School, Carnegie Mellon, and the ECBE conference. Dr. Nancy Keating, Dr. Erika Rangel, and several other unnamed physicians provided valuable institutional knowledge. Mohan Ramanujan and Jean Roth provided valuable data support.
Experimental design and optimization of raloxifene hydrochloride loaded nanotransfersomes for transdermal application

Raloxifene hydrochloride, a highly effective drug for the treatment of invasive breast cancer and osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, shows poor oral bioavailability of 2%. The aim of this study was to develop, statistically optimize, and characterize raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersomes for transdermal delivery, in order to overcome the poor bioavailability issue with the drug. A response surface methodology experimental design was applied for the optimization of transfersomes, using Box-Behnken experimental design. Phospholipon® 90G, sodium deoxycholate, and sonication time, each at three levels, were selected as independent variables, while entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, and transdermal flux were identified as dependent variables. The formulation was characterized by surface morphology and shape, particle size, and zeta potential. Ex vivo transdermal flux was determined using a Hanson diffusion cell assembly, with rat skin as a barrier medium. Transfersomes from the optimized formulation were found to have spherical, unilamellar structures, with a homogeneous distribution and low polydispersity index (0.08). They had a particle size of 134±9 nM, with an entrapment efficiency of 91.00%±4.90%, and transdermal flux of 6.5±1.1 μg/cm2/hour. Raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersomes proved significantly superior in terms of amount of drug permeated and deposited in the skin, with enhancement ratios of 6.25±1.50 and 9.25±2.40, respectively, when compared with drug-loaded conventional liposomes, and an ethanolic phosphate buffer saline. Differential scanning calorimetry study revealed a greater change in skin structure, compared with a control sample, during the ex vivo drug diffusion study. Further, confocal laser scanning microscopy proved an enhanced permeation of coumarin-6-loaded transfersomes, to a depth of approximately160 μM, as compared with rigid liposomes. These ex vivo findings proved that a raloxifene hydrochloride-loaded transfersome formulation could be a superior alternative to oral delivery of the drug.