Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Volunteers' participation in open source software development: a study from the social-relational perspective

Open source software comprises a revolutionary new model of software development and distribution. Widespread Internet access in the early 1990s led to a dramatic acceleration of open source activity; but the success of a community open source project depends on the developers' voluntary participation. This paper investigates the social-relational factors, including developers' identification and obligation, shared goals, cognitive and affective trust, and their effects on open source software developer's participation. Data were collected from voluntary developers in open source projects. The research findings show that the social-relational factors are very important to promote developer's participation in an open source project. This research contributes empirically to the body of open source software research, and has practical implications for open source software development.
Voluntary Siting and Equity: The MRS Facility Experience in Native America

This article focuses on aspects of intragenerational and intergenerational equity in the context of a unique policy experiment: the effort of the U.S. government to site a monitored, retrievable storage (MRS) facility for high‐level civilian nuclear waste. This process and its outcomes are examined from both normative and subjective perspectives. While the MRS siting process was designed to be equitable, its eventual focus on Native American communities raises profound questions about environmental justice, as well as procedural, outcome, and intergenerational equity in cross‐cultural contexts. The diverse reactions among Native American tribes demonstrate that translating theoretical concepts of equity into practice is an extraordinarily complex exercise. The MRS siting process, instead of being a bold policy experiment that promoted equity, emerges substantially flawed after its implementation in the Native American context.
Multi-stage hyper-heuristics for optimisation problems

There is a growing interest towards self configuring/tuning automated general-purpose reusable heuristic approaches for combinatorial optimisation, such as, hyper-heuristics. Hyper-heuristics are search methodologies which explore the space of heuristics rather than the solutions to solve a broad range of hard computational problems without requiring any expert intervention. There are two common types of hyper-heuristics in the literature: selection and generation methodologies. This work focuses on the former type of hyper-heuristics. Almost all selection hyper-heuristics perform a single point based iterative search over the space of heuristics by selecting and applying a suitable heuristic to the solution in hand at each decision point. Then the newly generated solution is either accepted or rejected using an acceptance method. This improvement process is repeated starting from an initial solution until a set of termination criteria is satisfied. The number of studies on the design of hyper-heuristic methodologies has been rapidly increasing and currently, we already have a variety of approaches, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. It has been observed that different hyper-heuristics perform differently on a given subset of problem instances and more importantly, a hyper-heuristic performs differently as the set of low level heuristics vary. This thesis introduces a general "multi-stage" hyper-heuristic framework enabling the use and exploitation of multiple selection hyper-heuristics at different stages during the search process. The goal is designing an approach utilising multiple hyper-heuristics for a more effective and efficient overall performance when compared to the performance of each constituent selection hyper-heuristic. The level of generality that a hyper-heuristic can achieve has always been of interest to the hyper-heuristic researchers. Hence, a variety of multi-stage hyper-heuristics based on the framework are not only applied to the real-world combinatorial optimisation problems of high school timetabling, multi-mode resource-constrained multi-project scheduling and construction of magic squares, but also tested on the well known hyper-heuristic benchmark of CHeSC 2011. The empirical results show that the multi-stage hyper-heuristics designed based on the proposed framework are still inherently general, easy-to-implement, adaptive and reusable. They can be extremely effective solvers considering their success in the competitions of ITC 2011 and MISTA 2013. Moreover, a particular multi-stage hyper-heuristic outperformed the state-of-the-art selection hyper-heuristic from CHeSC 2011.
Supporting teacher and school development: learning and teaching policies, shared living theories and teacher-researcher partnerships

Abstract A practitioner's living theory can make valid contributions to educational knowledge (Whitehead, 1989). However, in Whitehead's original conception living theories are largely individual products. A contribution is made to the debate on facilitating teaching-research partnerships by suggesting that the staff and pupils in a school can share a living theory as a form of learning and teaching policy. How a school staff came to develop such a policy is described. The policy is compared with features of living theories to substantiate this claim. The testing of the shared living theory takes place through the normal development processes of the school. A model is also presented showing how this may facilitate closer, two-way relations between academic theory and practitioner theory. Using this model facilitates cooperation between teachers and researchers in working together to support teacher and school development while also sharing the task of increasing educational knowledge.
Resilience in the Face of Catastrophe: Optimism, Personality, and Coping in the Kosovo Crisis

Optimism, personality, and coping styles may alter the effects of stressful events through appraisal and stress reduction. The 1999 Kosovo crisis offered an opportunity to test this proposition under real-life, traumatic stress conditions. Dispositional optimism, personality, and coping contributions were predicted based on geographical distance and degree of reported stress for 3 groups: Kosovar refugees, Albanian citizens helping the refugees in Albania, and Albanian immigrants living in the United States. Results showed Kosovars significantly higher on all stress measures, and on maladjustment. Reduced optimism and reduced control coping were related to higher levels of maladjustment. Pessimism and escape coping showed no relation to psychological adjustment. Resilience was related to a combination of higher optimism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, and control coping, paired with lower neuroticism.
The Behavior of Individual Investors * 22

1. The Performance of Individual Investors 1535 1.1 The Average Individual 1535 1.1.1 Long-Horizon Results 1540 1.1.2 Short-Horizon Results 1542 1.1. 3 Market vs. Limit Orders 1543 1.2 Cross-Sectional Variation in Performance 1544 2. Why do Individual Investors Underperform? 1547 2.1 Asymmetric Information 1547 2.2 Overconfidence 1547 2.3 Sensation Seeking 1549 2.4 Familiarity 1550 3. The Disposition Effect: Selling Winners and Holding Losers 1551 3.1 The Evidence 1551 3.2 Why Do Investors Prefer to Sell Winners? 1557 4. Reinforcement Learning 1559 5. Attention: Chasing the Action 1559 6. Failure to Diversify 1560 7. Are Individual Investors Contrarians? 1564 8. Conclusion 1565 References 1565
Balancing school and cool: tactics of resistance and accommodation among black middle-class males

The school lives of black middle-class males are often overlooked and understudied. An exploration at the intersection of race, class and gender for black middle-class males provides opportunity for a more nuanced understanding of the black male schooling experience. Drawing upon student resistance theories as analytical tools and employing qualitative interpretive methods, this study documented the raced, classed, and gendered approaches to schooling of black middle-class males. In particular, this article highlights the ways in which black middle-class male youth balanced the academic expectations of their parents with the cultural expectations of their peers through tactical acts of resistance and accommodation. Their tempered approach to academic effort, disruption of school processes, and peer validated performances of black masculine cool were just some of the ways they navigated schooling as a site of conflicting cultural expectations. The intent of their resistance and accommodation in school as raced, classed, and gendered bodies present both opportunities and dilemmas for improving black male achievement and middle-class reproduction.
Pedagogy of the Alienated: Can Freirian Teaching Reach Working-Class Students?

This article considers the possibilities for fostering critical consciousness (awareness and understanding of oppression) among American working-class students in the face of their often severe educational alienation. After noting the failure of existing critical pedagogical literature to address this problem adequately, it establishes the seriousness of the challenge in three ways. First, it describes how the most famous critical pedagogue, the late Paulo Freire, and one of his most eminent American followers, Ira Shor, recognized the special difficulty of working with highly alienated American students. Second, it documents the extensiveness and severity of educational alienation in the United States, especially among working class students. It focuses on college students, whom the author teaches. Third, it uses Karl Marx's theory of alienation to illuminate the systemic entrenchment of the problem. The article then shows how Antonio Gramsci's theory regarding the porousness of subjugated consciousness suggests that critical pedagogy can permeate even deeply embedded student alienation. The piece concludes with the author describing how his own recent teaching experience at a predominantly working-class New England college validates the Gramscian solution.
Whose Bad Objects Are We Anyway? Repetition and Our Elusive Love Affair with Evil

What allows us to explain the repetitive cycles of self-destructive, self-defeating behavior that we all struggle to help patients overcome? What explains the malignancy that can infuse certain transference—countertransference relationships, often suddenly and without warning? Why do some patients come to hate us despite our best efforts? Why do we come to hate some of them? Perhaps more to the point of this paper, why do we come to hate that version of ourselves that emerges when we are with them? This paper explores these questions, examining the issues of repetition and repair with regard to our most toxic introjects—the patients' and our own. Whereas Melanie Klein helped us to understand why we come to hate that which is good in others, this author explores the complementary question of how loving that which is bad in others keeps the self innocent, good, and sane. A fundamental dissociative split in two necessary but incompatible self–other organizations is posed. With reference to a detailed clinical example, the author investigates how the evocation of intensely shame-riddled bad self representations in both the patient and the analyst can perpetuate a need to provoke, find, and sustain that badness clearly in the psychic domain of the other, blocking entry into certain necessary therapeutic enactments that may therefore fail to occur. Both self—other organizations must occur, first in oscillating moments and ultimately in simultaneous awareness, in order for the analytic work to proceed.
Transforming F0 contours

Voice transformation is the process of transforming the characteristics of speech uttered by a source speaker, such that a listener would believe the speech was uttered by a target speaker. Training F0 contour generation models for speech synthesis requires a large corpus of speech. If it were possible to adapt the F0 contour of one speaker to sound like that of another speaker, using a small, easily obtainable parameter set, this would be extremely valuable. We present a new method for the transformation ofF0contoursfrom one speakertoanotherbased on a small linguistically motivated parameter set. The system performs a piecewise linear mapping using these parameters. A perceptual experiment clearly demonstrates that the presented system is at least as good as an existing technique for all speaker pairs, and that in many cases it is much better and almost as good as using the target F0 contour.
Policy spillover and the policing of protest in New York City, 1960–2006

Scholars have suggested that the policing of protest have become more permissive in Western democracies since the 1960s. While widely accepted, studies affirming a softening of police conduct have focused on national trends despite awareness that police tactics have unevenly diffused across the USA. This study examines the temporal trends in protest policing in New York City to evaluate how and why the dominant strategies of protest control have changed over time. Drawing on the widespread privatisation of public space in New York during the 1980s coupled with the adoption of Broken Windows crime control strategies, I develop an alternative explanation of the temporal dynamics of protest policing that is based on policy spillover, or the unintentional spillover effects that policy decisions unrelated to protest policing may nonetheless have on police conduct. Using a sample of 6147 protest events occurring in New York between 1960 and 2006, I confirm that the prevalence of arrests and other forms of police force have increased over time even though illegal or other contentious tactics have declined. The results additionally do not suggest that there is a direct relationship between crime rates and either arrests or the use of force. In regards to protest policing, the political construction and control of crime and disorder are more important than the absolute amount of crime, which is consistent with the proposed policy spillover explanation.
Exploring Literary Responses in an EFL Classroom

Absteact.This study looks into a group of Taiwanese university students' responses to five American short stories. A reader-response approach to teaching English reading was adopted in a class of non-English-majoring freshmen. The student's response journals were analyzed and the students were interviewed. Analysis of the journals reveals that the students went beyond mere comprehension of the texts and actively constructed meaning through complex transactions with the texts. Interviews confirmed students' positive reactions to the use of the reader-response approach in learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL). It is argued that literature, if taught in a response-based manner, need not be only a vehicle for language teaching but also a form of cultural understanding that enhances the experience of reading in a foreign language.
A contstructive aaproach for the observability of coupled linear systems

We present a constructive method for the study of observability or partial observability of weakly coupled linear distributed systems or, more generally, of compactly perturbed systems. This approach allows us to avoid the usual indirect compactness-uniqueness arguments in many cases. It is based on two ideas: a detailed study of the dependence of some constants on the initial data and on a generalization of an estimation method of A. Haraux in nonharmonic analysis.
Accountability and accomplished teaching: Researching the chartered teacher programme in Scotland

The Scottish chartered teacher programme (2003–2011) is an important example of a national policy designed to support the development of ‘accomplished teaching’. This paper provides an account of the emergence of the programme before discussing how the impact of such a scheme might be assessed and thus rendered accountable. The difficulties of developing valid and reliable methodologies for ensuring accountability are explored, including an account of a pilot research project and an indication of what the international literature may reveal about such aspirations. The paper concludes with a summary of four major challenges facing researchers who wish to offer insights that are of use to policy-makers and practitioners.
Testing the Marshall Hypothesis and its antithesis: the effect of biased information on death‐penalty opinion

In his concurring opinion in Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238, 1972), Justice Thurgood Marshall hypothesized that information about the administration and effects of the death penalty would cause those who support capital punishment to reject it as unfair and ineffective. Prior studies, which have found mixed support for the ‘Marshall Hypothesis,’ have all presumed an objective set of facts about the death penalty exists, and have all focused exclusively on the effect of these facts on death‐penalty proponents. No prior study has examined the effect of pro‐death‐penalty information on death‐penalty opponents. Researchers presented 187 undergraduates with information that either supported or opposed the death penalty, but not both. Paired sample t‐tests compared pre‐ and post‐test levels of support and found significant decreases in opposition among those opposed to capital punishment at the outset, but no significant change among those who favored capital punishment. This data supports the antithesis of the Marshall Hypothesis.
Accounting Discretion and Purchase Price Allocation After Acquisitions

The recent movement in standards setting toward fair-value-based accounting beyond financial assets and liabilities calls for more empirical evidence on fair-value measurement, especially that of intangible assets. This article studies the initial valuation of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets after acquisitions. We find that the allocation of purchase price to goodwill and identifiable intangible assets is related to the economic determinants of the valuation. However, it is also significantly affected by managerial incentives arising from the differential treatments of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets under Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 142. The same managerial discretions are not exhibited in the purchase price allocation prior to SFAS 142, when goodwill and other intangibles are both amortized. These findings suggest that unverifiable fair value measures are associated with the underlying economics but also deviate from the true values in the presence of management reporting incentives. Further analysis suggests that external appraisers constrain managerial discretion in intangible asset valuation to an extent but do not completely eliminate it.
Intra-Abdominal Activation of a Local Inflammatory Response Within the Human Muscularis Externa During Laparotomy

ObjectiveTo investigate the initiation of a complex inflammatory response within the human intestinal muscularis intraoperatively so as to determine the clinical applicability of the inflammatory hypothesis of postoperative ileus. Summary Background DataMild intestinal manipulation in rodents initiates the activation of transcription factors, upregulates proinflammatory cytokines, and increases the release of kinetically active mediators (nitric oxide and prostaglandins), all of which results in the recruitment of leukocytes and a suppression in motility (i.e., postoperative ileus). MethodsHuman small bowel specimens were harvested during abdominal procedures at various times after laparotomy. Histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques were applied to intestinal muscularis whole-mounts. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1&bgr;, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-&agr;, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein phosphorylation was determined by electromobility shift assay. Organ bath experiments were performed on jejunal circular smooth muscle strips. GW274150C and DFU were used in vitro as iNOS and COX-2 inhibitors. ResultsNormal human muscularis externa contained numerous macrophages that expressed increased lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) immunoreactivity as a function of intraoperative time. RT-PCR demonstrated a time-dependent induction of IL-6, IL-1&bgr;, TNF-&agr;, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNAs within muscularis extracts after incision. Mediators were localized to macrophages with STAT protein activation in protein extracts demonstrating local IL-6 functional activity. DFU alone or in combination with GW274150C increased circular muscle contractility. Specimens harvested after reoperation developed leukocytic infiltrates and displayed diminished in vitro muscle contractility. ConclusionsThese human data demonstrate that surgical trauma is followed by resident muscularis macrophage activation and the upregulation, release, and functional activity of proinflammatory cytokines and kinetically active mediators.
Young children's difficulty with inhibitory control in a social context

Abstract: The authors’ prior research has documented that young children's behaviors in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task can be influenced by their observation of another person performing the task and has suggested that young children committed perseverative errors in a social context. The present study explored whether children who committed perseverative errors in the social context also committed perseverative errors in the standard DCCS task. Three- and 4-year-old children were given the standard DCCS and the observation version of the DCCS, and the relationship between them was examined. The results showed that the correlation between these two tasks was significant. Furthermore, 4-year-old children displayed more difficulty in the observation version than in the standard DCCS, whereas 3-year-olds did not. The results are discussed in terms of the development of inhibitory control and social cognition.
Application-layer Fault-Tolerance Protocols

In this technological era, failure to address application-layer fault-tolerance, a key ingredient to crafting truly dependable computer services, leaves the door open to unfortunate consequences in quality of service. Application-Layer Fault-Tolerance Protocols increases awareness of the need for application-layer fault-tolerance (ALFT) through introduction of problems and qualitative analysis of solutions. A necessary read for researchers, practitioners, and students in dependability engineering, this book collects emerging research to offer a systematic, critical organization of the current knowledge in ALFT.