Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.

OBJECTIVE To study the association between high fat-low carbohydrate diet score and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Chinese population. METHODS Data about 20 717 subjects aged 45-59 years from the cross-sectional 2002 China National Nutrition and Health Survey were analyzed. High fat-low carbohydrate diet was scored according to the energy of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. RESULTS Of the 20 717 subjects, 1 332 were diagnosed with hyperglycemia and 662 were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Multivariate adjusted analysis showed that the highest score of type 2 diabetes patients was 2.75 (95% CI: 2.09-3.61). The score of type 2 diabetes patients was 1.87 (95% CI: 1.35-2.58) after further adjustment for their socioeconomic status and physical activity. No significant difference was found in the odds ratio after further adjustment for BMI, blood pressure, lipid level, and energy intake. No evidence was observed for the relation between high fat-low carbohydrate-diet score in type 2 diabetes patients due to high family income, less education, physical activity, overweight, hypertension, high TG, or low HDL level. CONCLUSION High fat-low carbohydrate diets, far different from traditional Chinese diets, are associated with the high incidence of type 2 diabetes in Chinese population.
DWARF SPHEROIDAL GALAXIES: KEYSTONES OF GALAXY EVOLUTION

Dwarf spheroidal galaxies are the most insignificant extragalactic stellar systems in terms of their visibility, but potentially very significant in terms of their role in the formation and evolution of much more luminous galaxies. We discuss the present observational data and their implications for theories of the formation and evolution of both dwarf and giant galaxies. The putative dark matter content of these low-surface-brightness systems is of particular interest, as is their chemical evolution. Surveys for new dwarf spheroidals hidden behind the stars of our Galaxy and those which are not bound to giant galaxies may give new clues as to the origins of this unique class of galaxy.
Nutrient supply in the Southern East China Sea after Typhoon Morakot

Author Posting. © Sears Foundation for Marine Research, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Sears Foundation for Marine Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Marine Research 71 (2013): 133-149, doi:10.1357/002224013807343425.
Cyclophilin D Is Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy and Affects the Lifespan of P. anserina in Response to Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress

The mitochondrial permeability transition pore plays a key role in programmed cell death and the induction of autophagy. Opening of the pore is regulated by the mitochondrial peptidyl prolyl-cis, trans-isomerase cyclophilin D (CYPD). Previously it was shown in the aging model organism Podospora anserina that PaCYPD abundance increases during aging and that PaCypD overexpressors are characterized by accelerated aging. Here, we describe a role of PaCYPD in the regulation of autophagy. We found that the accelerated aging phenotype observed in a strain overexpressing PaCypD is not metacaspase-dependent but is accompanied by an increase of general autophagy and mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria. It thus is linked to what has been defined as “autophagic cell death” or “type II” programmed cell death. Moreover, we found that the previously demonstrated age-related induction of autophagy in wild-type aging depends on the presence of PaCYPD. Deletion of PaCypD leads to a decrease in autophagy in later stages of age and under paraquat-mediated oxidative stress. Finally, we report that PaCYPD is also required for mitohormesis, the beneficial effect of mild mitochondrial stress. Thus, PaCYPD plays a key role in the context-dependent regulation of pathways leading to pro-survival and pro-death effects of autophagy.
Weather Determined Relative Sensitivity of Plants to Salinity: Quantification and Simulation

The amelioration of plant salinity tolerance due to reduction in potential evapotranspiration is a long recognized phenomenon. In spite of this, salinity tolerance of plants is generally calculated from full season, time‐ and space‐averaged response data. We hypothesized that the HYDRUS‐1D model could be used to predict dynamic changes in plant salinity tolerance for a greenhouse vegetable crop over a full season and to determine best management practices regarding blending of saline with desalinated water for optimization of yields and water use efficiency (WUE). The specific objectives of the study were to determine dynamic vapor pressure deficit (VDP)–salinity response relationships of bell pepper plants grown in lysimeters and to apply them for hypothetical management scenarios when irrigating with blended desalinated and brackish water under commercial conditions. The transpiration response of bell pepper plants to salinity in the controlled lysimeter experiment was strongly influenced by variations in potential transpiration throughout the season. The plants were relatively tolerant during periods of low VPD and relatively sensitive during periods of high transpiration demand. Data were used to develop salinity response equations as a function of VPD. In a case study for Israel's Arava Valley, transpiration and water productivity of bell peppers could be increased 5% by blending saline and desalinated water such that less saline water was applied during periods of relatively high sensitivity (high VPD) and more during periods of relative tolerance as compared to application of the same total of both sources of water blended at a constant ratio throughout the season. Sensitivity analysis of the dynamic crop response model revealed that such increases in water productivity would be even greater for more salt sensitive crops.
Evaluating a hierarchy of snowmelt models at a watershed in the Canadian Prairies

[1] Three semidistributed snowmelt models (SDSM) were developed and applied to the Paddle River Basin (PRB) in the Canadian Prairies: (1) A physics-based, energy balance model (SDSM-EBM) that considers vertical energy exchange processes in open and forested areas, and snowmelt processes that include liquid and ice phases separately; (2) a modified temperature index model (SDSM-MTI) that uses both near surface soil temperature (Tg) and air temperature (Ta); and (3) a standard temperature index (SDSM-TI) method using Ta only. Other than the “regulatory” effects of beaver dams that affected the validation results on simulated runoff, both SDSM-MTI and SDSM-EBM simulated reasonably accurate snowmelt runoff, snow water equivalent, and snow depth. For the PRB, where snowpack is shallow to moderately deep and winter is relatively severe, the advantage of using both Ta and Tg is partly attributed to Tg showing a stronger correlation with solar radiation than Ta during the spring snowmelt season and partly attributed to the onset of major snowmelt which usually happens when Tg approaches 0°C. After resetting model parameters so that SDSM-MTI degenerated to SDSM-TI (the effect of Tg is completely removed), the model performance worsened, even after recalibrating the melt factors using Ta alone. It seems that if reliable Tg data are available, they should be utilized to model the snowmelt processes in a prairie environment, particularly if the temperature-index approach is adopted.
The Breakup of Frontal Filaments

Abstract Unstable, infinitely long filaments, with a front at each side delimiting their width, are studied with the aid of a particle-in-cell numerical model. Two dynamical systems are considered: the shallow-water primitive equations and the frontal-geostrophic approximation. Invariably, the filaments break into a series of disconnected vortices. A case with zero potential vorticity (integrated with the primitive equations) yields a set of elongated eddies, which slightly depart from the main axis. Shape and dealignment from the axis are both due to a surplus in angular momentum, which results from the transition from filament to eddies. Integration with the frontal-geostrophic equations (nonzero potential vorticity) gives qualitatively similar results, but the eddies are less eccentric, and the departure from the axis is more notorious. This latter case is also investigated analytically, verifying the numerical results.
Mobilization of heavy metals from historical smelting slag dumps, north Queensland, Australia

Abstract Slag dumps occur at several historical smelting sites in north Queensland, Australia. The microcrystalline slags contain primary slag phases, relict flux, ore and furnace materials and secondary weathering related minerals. Common primary slag phases are glass, Zn-rich fayalite (± Zn-rich kirschsteinite) and Zn-rich hedenbergite. Other minor minerals include wollastonite, Zn-rich melilite, Zn-rich iscorite (Fe7SiO10), magnetite as well as a number of sulphides (pyrrhotite, galena, bornite, sphalerite, wurtzite), metallic phases (Ag, Cu, Pb, Sb), alloys (Cu3Sn), and unknown metal compounds. The slag materials contain wt. % concentrations of Zn and elevated levels of Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb and W. Glass, hedenbergite and fayalite/kirschsteinite are the main repositories of Zn, whereas much of the Cu and Pb is hosted by glass, sulphides, Cu3Sn alloys, metallic Cu and Pb, and unknown CuSb, AsSnPb and FeAsCu compounds. The slags are undergoing contemporaneous reaction with air and rainwater. The weathering results in the release of metals and metalloids from primary slag phases, particularly from glass, and the partial immobilization of these metals in secondary soluble and insoluble minerals in the slag heaps. Zinc exhibits pronounced chemical mobility and reports together with elevated Ca and sulphate into surface seepages (up to 10.2 mg l−1 Zn at pH 6.97). The slag dumps represent long-term sources of metal pollutants, particularly of Zn, to local ground and surface waters.
Towards Cross-Version Harmonic Analysis of Music

For a given piece of music, there often exist multiple versions belonging to the symbolic (e.g., MIDI representations), acoustic (audio recordings), or visual (sheet music) domain. Each type of information allows for applying specialized, domain-specific approaches to music analysis tasks. In this paper, we formulate the idea of a cross-version analysis for comparing and/or combining analysis results from different representations. As an example, we realize this idea in the context of harmonic analysis to automatically evaluate MIDI-based chord labeling procedures using annotations given for corresponding audio recordings. To this end, one needs reliable synchronization procedures that automatically establish the musical relationship between the multiple versions of a given piece. This becomes a hard problem when there are significant local deviations in these versions. We introduce a novel late-fusion approach that combines different alignment procedures in order to identify reliable parts in synchronization results. Then, the cross-version comparison of the various chord labeling results is performed only on the basis of the reliable parts. Finally, we show how inconsistencies in these results across the different versions allow for a quantitative and qualitative evaluation, which not only indicates limitations of the employed chord labeling strategies but also deepens the understanding of the underlying music material.
Postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in familial hypobetalipoproteinemia.

OBJECTIVE Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is an autosomal codominantly inherited disorder of lipoprotein metabolism characterized by decreased plasma concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein (apo) B. We examined the effect of truncated apoB variants (<apoB-48) causing FHBL on postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS A standardized oral fat load was given after a 12-h fast to six heterozygous [apoB-6.9 (n=3), apoB-25.8 (n=1), apoB-40.3 (n=2)] FHBL subjects and 10 normolipidemic controls. Plasma was obtained every 2 h for 10 h. Large TRLs [containing chylomicrons (CM)] and small TRLs (containing CM remnants) were isolated by ultracentrifugation. Compared with controls, FHBL subjects had significantly decreased fasting plasma cholesterol (2.3+/-0.5 vs. 4.8+/-0.5 mmol/liter), triglyceride (0.4+/-0.3 vs. 1.5+/-0.5 mmol/liter), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (0.6+/-0.4 vs. 3.0+/-0.5 mmol/liter), and apoB (0.22+/-0.05 vs. 0.95+/-0.14 g/liter) concentrations (all P<0.001). The postprandial incremental area under the curve in FHBL subjects was decreased for large TRL-triglyceride (-61%; P<0.005), small TRL-cholesterol (-86%; P<0.001), and small TRL-triglyceride (-86%; P<0.001) relative to controls. Multicompartmental modeling analysis showed that the delay time of apoB-48 was shorter and that apoB-48 production was decreased in FHBL subjects compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated that heterozygous FHBL subjects with apoB truncations shorter than apoB-48, and therefore only a single fully-functional apoB-48 allele, have decreased TRL production but normal postprandial TRL particle clearance.
A magnetotelluric survey over the East Bull Lake gabbro‐anorthosite complex

Tensor and scalar magnetotelluric and audiomagnetotelluric (MT/AMT) data have been acquired on a gabbro-anorthosite pluton in northern Ontario, about 100 km west of Sudbury. The scalar data from 102 sites were used to map resistivity contrasts associated with near-surface geology and overburden. Data from stations located away from possible geological inhomogeneities provided a structural interpretation which was subsequently confirmed by tensor MT soundings and by drilling. The scalar data also provided a means of interpreting the bedrock structure associated with a major fault that bisects the pluton. The apparent resistivity curves from the eight tensor stations ranged from nearly isotropic to strongly anisotropic with large shifts in apparent resistivity between the different locations. However, the measured impedances, both modulus and phase, strongly reflected the predominant northwest-southeast trend of faulting and diabase dykes in the region. Modelling indicates the presence of an anisotropic, subhorizontal conducting layer beginning at a depth of about 800 m. The direction of fluid transport within this layer is expected to be parallel to the structural trends and to the E polarization axis of the impedance tensor. The presence of this conductor has been confirmed by borehole resistivity measurements. A conductive zone in the lower crust has also been detected, commencing at a depth of about 18 km. Finally, the tensor measurements at the longest periods are consistent with an increase in conductivity in the upper mantle suggesting the existence of an electrically conducting asthenosphere in this part of the Canadian Shield.
Relationship of the optical coherence tomography signal to underlying retinal histology in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri).

PURPOSE To interpret the retinal origin of the optical coherence tomography (OCT) signal by objectively (i.e., minimal investigator bias) aligning in vivo OCT longitudinal reflectivity profiles (LRPs) with corresponding vertical histologic sections. METHODS The Zeiss StratusOCT system was used to obtain retinal B-scans in vivo in eyes from adult tree shrews. Subsequently, the retinas were fixed and embedded. Semithin vertical sections through the retina were obtained from the same locations as the LRPs. A statistical correlation procedure that accounted for axial tissue shrinkage determined the best relationship between features in the LRP and sublaminae boundaries in corresponding histology sections. RESULTS For the optimal relationship, the three regions of high reflectivity in the inner OCT signal corresponded to (1) the nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers, (2) the inner plexiform layer and amacrine cell somas, and (3) the outer plexiform layer. The two regions of low reflectivity in the inner OCT signal corresponded to (1) the somas of Müller, bipolar, and horizontal cells in the inner nuclear layer and (2) the outer nuclear layer. The outer OCT signal had a region of high reflectivity that corresponded to the photoreceptor inner and outer segments, the pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane, and at least part of the choriocapillaris. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a clear interpretation for the OCT signal in terms of the underlying retinal anatomy. This interpretation can be used in vivo to identify sublaminae affected by retinal disease and has implications for the origin of the inner OCT signal in human retina.
The Permian of the Western Margin of the Greenland Sea--A Future Exploration Target

The Upper Permian of central East Greenland contains a relatively thick, widely distributed, oil-prone source rock. It occurs directly adjacent to large, carbonate buildups that constitute the main potential reservoirs. It is immediately overlain by thick, coarse-grained sandstones that are also a potential reservoir. The whole sequence is draped by Upper Permian and Lower Triassic shales that may act as a seal. This has implications for the Norwegian shelf north of lat. 62°N. There are good reasons to believe that Upper Permian rocks of the same types as in East Greenland exist, deeply buried in this region. The Upper Jurassic shales are immature over large areas of the Norwegian shelf, and the presence of deeper buried Upper Permian source rock thus adds considerably to the petroleum potential of the area. End_Page 629------------------------
Baryonic Features in the Matter Transfer Function

We provide scaling relations and fitting formulae for adiabatic cold dark matter cosmologies that account for all baryon effects in the matter transfer function to better than 10% in the large-scale structure regime. They are based upon a physically well-motivated separation of the effects of acoustic oscillations, Compton drag, velocity overshoot, baryon infall, adiabatic damping, Silk damping, and cold dark matter growth suppression. We also find a simpler, more accurate, and better motivated form for the zero-baryon transfer function than previous works. These descriptions are employed to quantify the amplitude and location of baryonic features in linear theory. While baryonic oscillations are prominent if the baryon fraction Ωb/Ω0 ≳ Ω0h2 + 0.2, the main effect in more conventional cosmologies is a sharp suppression in the transfer function below the sound horizon. We provide a simple but accurate description of this effect and stress that it is not well approximated by a change in the shape parameter Γ.
Molecular Sciences Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Cross-linked Chitosan Hydrogels

Four novel hydrogels based on chitosan were synthesized via a cross-linking reaction of chitosan with different concentrations of oxalyl bis 4-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol-1(5H)-yl)benzamide. Their structures were confirmed by fourier transform infrared X-ray (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial activities of the hydrogels against two crop-threatening pathogenic fungi namely: negative bacteria have been investigated. The prepared hydrogels showed much higher antimicrobial activities than that of the parent chitosan. The hydrogels were more potent in case of Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Increasing the degree of cross-linking in the hydrogels resulted in a weaker antimicrobial activity.
Source Parameters of the 1 May 2013 mb 5.7 Kishtwar Earthquake: Implications for Seismic Hazards

Abstract We study the source mechanism and depth of the recent moderate earthquake, which occurred on 1 May 2013 in the Kashmir seismic gap. The epicenter of the earthquake lies southeast of the Kashmir valley and close to the meisoseismal zone of the 1555 Kashmir earthquake (magnitude ∼7.6). This event provides an excellent opportunity in which to study the seismotectonics of the Kashmir Himalaya using global digital seismic data. We modeled the source parameters of the earthquake by least‐squares fitting of the teleseismic P ‐ and SH ‐waveform data. The minimum‐misfit solution reveals that the earthquake occurred on an oblique thrust fault with strike, dip, and rake of 346°, 26°, and 121°, respectively, and originated at a depth of 16±3 km. The strike of the fault plane matches that of the mapped Himalayan thrust faults in the region, and its depth puts it within the Himalayan wedge, close to the basal decollement (main Himalayan thrust [MHT]). However, the dip of the causal fault plane is larger than the inferred dip of the MHT and therefore requires the earthquake to have occurred on a ramp or a splay thrust. The most likely candidate is the main boundary thrust the downdip end of which matches with the geometry of the fault plane and coincides with the observed hypocentral distribution of small‐to‐moderate earthquakes in the region. We synthesize our findings with geodetic measurements from the Kashmir Himalaya to show that the hypocentral zone of this event marks a region of strain accumulation beneath the Kashmir seismic gap. This region could possibly be the point of initiation of a future great earthquake. We conclude by highlighting the outstanding questions in assessing seismic hazards in this region and designing a broadband seismological field experiment that is currently being undertaken to address these important issues.
Crustal deformation across the Imperial Fault: Results from kinematic GPS surveys and trilateration of a densely spaced, small‐aperture network

Kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in 1991 and 1993 of a 66-station, small-aperture network across a 12-km-long segment of the Imperial Fault near El Centro, California, reveal a fairly uniform secular displacement field consistent with right-lateral slip along a single, vertical dislocation surface. Total relative motion across the array equals 20±3 mm/yr at N49±7°W for sites 5-6 km away from the fault trace on opposite sides. These rates agree with simple dislocation models that assume 10 mm/yr of creep along the fault trace from the surface to a locking depth of 9 km and a plate boundary rate of 45 mm/yr oriented N40°W at depth. Model fit does not significantly improve if creep rates are permitted to vary along strike by several millimeters per year. A comparison of 1991/1993 GPS with 1987 high-precision electronic distance measurements validates the dislocation models but suggests a smoother deformation field than that defined by the 1991/1993 velocities. The difference can be attributed to the poorer 1991 kinematic positioning accuracy rather than to temporal variations in strain. There is evidence for 20 mm of sympathetic coseismic slip from the 1987 Superstition Hills earthquake, although aseismic slip along both faults appears to be completely decoupled.