Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A role for gastrointestinal endotoxins in enhancement of heat tolerance by physical fitness.

To further elucidate mechanisms underlying the higher heat tolerance of physically fit compared with sedentary people, we have investigated the possibility that endotoxins (of gastrointestinal origin) act, as in the normal development of fever, to raise body temperature and therefore reduce heat tolerance. In an initial series of experiments, five physically fit and four sedentary sheep were exposed twice at rest to an environment of 42/35 degrees C (dry/wet bulb temperature). When animals were given normal saline i.v. , rectal temperature (Tre) rose at a significantly higher rate in sedentary than in fit animals; this confirms that heat tolerance is improved by physical fitness. Treatment with i.v. indomethacin did not affect the rate of rise of Tre in fit animals. In sedentary animals, however, Tre was lowered to approximate that of fit animals. Because indomethacin blocks prostaglandin pathways involved in endotoxin-induced fever, the indomethacin-induced improvement of heat tolerance of sedentary but not fit animals supports the contention that endotoxins play a role in determining that difference in heat tolerance. In a second series of experiments, quantitative cardiovascular measurements were made by using radioactive microspheres. Under normothermic conditions, blood flows in the brain, ileum, and diaphragm were higher in fit than in sedentary animals. During hyperthermia up to Tre of 42 degrees C (in a 42/39 degrees C environment), fit compared with sedentary animals exhibited 1) a greater increase in cardiac output, 2) an increase in blood flow through arteriovenous anastomoses to higher and better maintained levels, 3) less reduction in blood flow to the ileum, and 4) greater increase in blood flows to the myocardium, turbinates, nasal mucosa, and respiratory muscles. Endotoxins are likely to come from the gut lumen, because reduction of gut blood flow forms part of the normal response to heat stress. We suggest that improvement of heat tolerance by physical fitness is caused by a greater cardiovascular capacity that permits not only greater perfusion of heat-loss tissues but the maintenance of a better gastrointestinal tract blood supply, thereby better maintaining the normal barrier to movement of endotoxins from gut lumen to plasma. Sedentary people, with their lower cardiovascular capacity, redistribute more blood flow away from the gut during environmentally induced hyperthermia, thus allowing endotoxin-induced fever to aggravate hyperthermia.
With a Little Help from My Friends (and Substitutes): Social Referents and Influence in Psychological Contract Fulfillment

This study investigated employees' choice of social referents and the impact of social influence on their beliefs of psychological contract fulfillment. Using data from a field study conducted with 99 employees in a research organization, we found that one's referent choice varied with the domain of promise evaluated. When evaluating the organization's fulfillment of organization-wide promises, employees' referents were primarily coworkers with whom they had close direct ties, namely, friends and advice givers. On the other hand, when evaluating the fulfillment of job-related promises, employees' referents were mainly fellow workers who could substitute for them and people with whom they had multiple relationships.The effects of social influence also varied with the domain of promise evaluated. For organization-wide promises, employees' fulfillment evaluations were similar to those of their friends. However, for job-related promises, their fulfillment evaluations were dissimilar to those of coworkers who played the dual roles of friends and substitutes.This study advances psychological contracts research by demonstrating that third parties to the psychological contract can influence fulfillment evaluations. In turn, the effect of such influence is contingent on the domain of promises being evaluated and the nature of the networks. We discuss implications for research in psychological contracts, social networks and influence, and referent choice.
Empirical generality of data from recognition memory receiver-operating characteristic functions and implications for the global memory models.

The experiments presented in this article examined the slope of the zeta-ROC (receiver-operating characteristic) function for recognition memory. The slope was examined as a function of strength and the variables study time, list length, word frequency, and category membership. For normal distributions of familiarity, the slope of the zeta-ROC is the ratio of the new-item to old-item standard deviations. R. Ratcliff, C. -F. Sheu, and S. D. Gronlund (1992) found that the slope was constant within standard error as a function of strength of encoding, which is inconsistent with the predictions of the global memory models. The results presented here extend this finding: The slope was constant as a function of strength of encoding, list length, and the number of related items from a category in the study list. Word frequency did affect the slope, but within a frequency class the slope was constant as a function of strength. The implications of these data for the global memory models, the attention likelihood model, and variants of these models are discussed.
ITERATIVE METHODS FOR APPROXIMATION OF FIXED POINTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

In this article, we deal with iterative methods for approximation of fixed points and their applications. We first discuss fixed point theorems for a nonexpansive mapping or a family of nonexpansive mappings. In particular, we state a fixed point theorem which answered affirmatively a problem posed during the Conference on Fixed Point Theory and Applications held at CIRM, Marseille-Luminy, 1989. Then we discuss nonlinear ergodic theorems of Baillon's type for nonlinear semigroups of nonexpansive mappings. In particular, we state nonlinear ergodic theorems which answered affirmatively the problem posed during the Second World Congress on Nonlinear Analysts, Athens, Greece, 1996. Next, we deal with weak and strong convergence theorems of Mann's type and Halpern's type in a Banach space. Finally, using these results, we consider the feasibility problem by convex combinations of nonexpansive retractions and the convex minimization problem of finding a minimizer of a convex function.
EXPLORING FACTORS ON INTERNET ADDICTION IN STUDENTS OF SANANDAJ UNIVERSITIES: A STUDY WITH CONTENT ANALYSIS APPROACH

Background and Objective: The prevalence of Internet addiction is increasing among students. To design preventive interventions and programs, understanding causes of Internet addiction is essential. The aim of the study was exploringfactors on internet addiction instudents of Sanandaj universities, using content analysis approach. Materials and Methods : In this qaulitative study was used a content analysis approach for data analysis. 15 students with internet addiction were chosen using Young internet addiction questionnaire of Sanandaj universities in 2015 year. 7 Face to face and semi-structured interviews and two focus groups were held to gather data. Interviews were recorded, taped and analyzed via the content analysis method. Validity and rigor of the data was obtained from criteria including credibility, dependability, confirmability and transferability. Results : The analysis of qualitative data presented in four major themes: (1) internet features; (2) motives and internal needs; (3) sense of inability; and (4) environmental factors. The most important causes of Internet addiction was attributed to unemployment and lack of entertainment for the youth. Conclusion : The results of the study showed that causes of trend and dependence on Internet are not only positive and attractive features of Internet but are also individual, social, cultural and economical factors.
Minimal surfaces that attain equality in the Chern-Osserman inequality

In the previous paper, Takahasi and the authors generalized the theory of minimal surfaces in Euclidean n-space to that of surfaces with holomorphic Gauss map in certain class of non-compact symmetric spaces. It also includes the theory of constant mean curvature one surfaces in hyperbolic 3-space. Moreover, a Chern-Osserman type inequality for such surfaces was shown. Though its equality condition is not solved yet, the authors have noticed that the equality condition of the original Chern-Osserman inequality itself is not found in any literature except for the case n=3, in spite of its importance. In this paper, a simple geometric condition for minimal surfaces that attains equality in the Chern-Osserman inequality is given. The authors hope it will be a useful reference for readers.
Making it count: Explorations of time limitation and meaning

This research explores the lived experience of women living in Britain aged between 59 and 66. Previous research on ageing has produced theories on specific aspects of ageing or particular challenges that face older adults but this study aimed to explore contemporary experiences of approaching or reaching pensionable age through the holistic perspective embraced by counselling psychology. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was conducted on the interviews and diaries of seven women in order to better understand how each individual experienced the themes that appeared to link them together. Findings included recognition of this period as a new and distinctive entity. Participants also displayed a degree of self-knowledge and acceptance connected with age but appeared to be wrestling with a sense of transition that could sometimes leave them feeling vulnerable, particularly to the judgement of others and to fears connected with an uncertain future. Another key finding was the recognition, verbalisation and prioritisation of the activities and behaviours that are perceived as meaningful as well as renewed emphasis on pursuing these. These findings offer insight into what it means to be a woman at the threshold of older adulthood in the world today and may help inform ways in which counselling psychology can help support the emerging cohort of older adults to meet the challenges ahead.
Reading Habits among College Students of Kashmir across Genders

Purpose: Reading has increasingly been the object of empirical and theoretical investigation since decades being studied from different dimension by subject specialists particularly Psychology, Sociology, Education, Media Studies and Library & Information Science. The present study aims to investigate the reading habits of the college students and their gender variability. Design/Methodology/Approach: The survey method is employed with a questionnaire for data collection following stratified random sampling. The data is analysed using different statistical and quantitative techniques. The findings obtained are correlated with earlier studies. Besides Z-statistic test is applied for the testing of hypothesis. Findings: The results reveal that the college students have positive attitude towards reading with females being more dominant. The students, irrespective of gender acquire reading habits mostly of their own and prefer to read in morning, at home and in English language. The results discover that male read for information and females for education more. It further reveals that the male students mostly read about Religion, Politics and Literature whereas majority of female prefer Religion, Science & Technology and Literature. Research limitations/implications: Despite providing meaningful insights on reading habits across genders, the limitation of the study is its sample size and frame focussing college students. This makes it difficult to generalise the results across different sections of the society. Originality/value: The study confirms that gender is the principle factor affecting reading habits of students and females are more pre-dominant than males in reading culture. Keywords: Reading Preferences, Reading Choices, Gender inconsistency, College Students, Kashmir Paper Type: Research
Effect of Job Demands and Resources by Nurses on Health Problem and Turnover Intention: The Mediating Effects of Work Burnout and Engagement

This study used a job demand-resources model as the basis to examine the effects of job demand and job resources on health problems and turnover intention. A total of 320 nurses who were employed at university hospitals in Seoul participated in the study. The results showed that job demand and job resources had a direct effect on the levels of work burnout and work engagement. Work burnout had a direct effect by increasing the levels of health problems and turnover intentions of nurses; conversely, work engagement had no direct impact on either of the two levels. Job demand and job resources had an indirect effect on increased levels of health problems and turnover intention. The results can be used by hospital administrations to confirm the organizational significance of job resources in increasing job performance and work involvement, as well as to understand the consequences of perceived job demand by nurses. 요 약 본 연구는 직무요구-자원 모형을 바탕으로 간호사의 직무요구와 직무자원, 직무소진과 직무열의, 건강문제와 이직의 도 간의 관계를 규명하기 위한 가설적 모형을 구축하고 이를 검정하여, 간호 조직의 성공적인 자원관리 방안을 위한 기초 자료를 제시하고자 시행되었다. 연구 대상자들은 서울시 소재하는 대학병원에서 근무하는 간호사 320명을 대상으로 실시되 었다. 연구 결과, 간호사의 직무요구는 직무소진 증가와 직무열의 감소에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무자 원은 직무열의 증가에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 직무요구는 직무소진을 매개로 건강문제와 이직의도 증 가에 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 직무자원은 직무소진과 직무열의를 매개로 건강문제와 이직의도 감소에 유의한 간접효과를 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 직무소진은 건강문제 증가와 이직의도 증가에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 반면, 직무열의는 이직의도에 직접적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 간호사들이 지각하는 직무자원 과 직무요구가 건강문제와 이직의도에 미치는 영향을 직무소진과 직무열의의 매개 효과로 파악한 기초자료로 간호 관리자들 이 조직의 성과를 높이기 위한 전략적 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.
Rationale for triple fixed-dose combination therapy with an angiotensin II receptor blocker, a calcium channel blocker, and a thiazide diuretic

Hypertension is a growing global health problem, and is predicted to affect 1.56 billion people by 2025. Treatment remains suboptimal, with control of blood pressure achieved in only 20%–35% of patients, and the majority requiring two or more antihypertensive drugs to achieve recommended blood pressure goals. To improve blood pressure control, the European hypertension guidelines recommend that angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are combined with calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and/or thiazide diuretics. The rationale for this strategy is based, in part, on their different effects on the renin-angiotensin system, which improves antihypertensive efficacy. Data from a large number of trials support the efficacy of ACEIs or ARBs in combination with CCBs and/or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Combining two different classes of antihypertensive drugs has an additive effect on lowering of blood pressure, and does not increase adverse events, with the ARBs showing a tolerability advantage over the ACEIs. Among the different ARBs, olmesartan medoxomil is available as a dual fixed-dose combination with either amlodipine or HCTZ, and the increased blood pressure-lowering efficacy of these two combinations is proven. Triple therapy is required in 15%–20% of treated uncontrolled hypertensive patients, with a renin-angiotensin system blocker, CCB, and thiazide diuretic considered to be a rational combination according to the European guidelines. Olmesartan, amlodipine, and HCTZ are available as a triple fixed-dose combination, and significant blood pressure reductions have been observed with this regimen compared with the possible dual combinations. The availability of these fixed-dose combinations should lead to improvement in blood pressure control and aid compliance with long-term therapy, optimizing the management of this chronic condition.
Motor unit behavior in canine motor neuron disease

Hereditary canine spinal muscular atrophy (HCSMA) is an autosomally dominant disease of motor neurons that shares many pathological features with human motor neuron disease. A particularly striking feature of the affected, accelerated phenotype (homozygous HCSMA) is that profound weakness develops before appreciable motor neuron cell death occurs (Cork et al., 1989a), implying that motor unit functional defects occur initially. The purpose of this study was to identify the site of these defects and characterize their nature. In most young homozygotes (2–3 months postnatal), motor neurons were encountered that could support orthodromic action potential propagation to the muscle but did not activate muscle fibers. The tetanic forces of innervated motor units in young homozygotes tended to be smaller than those in closely age-matched clinically normal animals. In older homozygotes (approximately 4.5 months, postnatal), all motor neurons sampled were capable of activating muscle fibers, but many motor units displayed abnormal behavior including an inability to sustain force output during high frequency activation. Motor units exhibiting tetanic failure also showed proportionately greater twitch potentiation than nonfailing units of similar unpotentiated twitch amplitude. Tetanic failure and large potentiation tended to occur in motor units that possessed the slowest contraction speeds. These results indicate that motor neuron functional defects in HCSMA appear initially in the most distal parts of the motor axon and involve defective neurotransmission. The possible roles of distal nerve degeneration, motor terminal sprouting, and synaptic transmission in causing these deficits are considered.
Intensity of African Humid Periods Estimated from Saharan Dust Fluxes

North Africa experienced dramatic changes in hydrology and vegetation during the late Quaternary driven by insolation-induced shifts of the tropical rain belt and further modulated by millennial-scale droughts and vegetation-climate feedbacks. While most past proxy and modelling studies concentrated on the temporal and spatial dynamics of the last African humid period, little is known about the intensities and characteristics of pre-Holocene humid periods. Here we present a high-resolution record of fine-grained eastern Saharan dust from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea spanning the last 180 kyr, which is based on the clay mineral composition of the marine sediments, especially the kaolinite/chlorite ratio. Minimum aeolian kaolinite transport occurred during the African Humid Periods because kaolinite deflation was hampered by increased humidity and vegetation cover. Instead, kaolinite weathering from kaolinite-bearing Cenozoic rocks was stored in lake basins, river beds and soils during these periods. During the subsequent dry phases, fine-grained dust was mobilised from the desiccated lakes, rivers and soils resulting in maximum aeolian uptake and transport of kaolinite. The kaolinite transport decreased again when these sediment sources exhausted. We conclude that the amount of clay-sized dust blown out of the Sahara into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is proportional to the intensity of the kaolinite weathering and accumulation in soils and lake sediments, and thus to the strength of the preceding humid period. These humid periods provided the windows for the migration of modern humans out of Africa, as postulated previously. The strongest humid period occurred during the Eemian and was followed by two weaker phases centred at ca. 100 ka and ca. 80 ka.
AN EVALUATION OF FACTORS LIMITING CARBON DIOXIDE EXCRETION BY TROUT RED BLOOD CELLS IN VITRO

An evaluation of several potential factors limiting carbon dioxide excretion by rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red blood cells was performed in vitro using a recently developed radioisotopic assay. Red blood cell (RBC) CO2 excretion was reduced by pre-treatment (30 min) of blood with the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide (final nominal concentration 10–4 mol l-1) or the Cl-/HCO3- exchange inhibitor SITS (4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid; 10-4 mol l-1). The addition of bovine carbonic anhydrase to plasma stimulated CO2 excretion in a dose-dependent manner, with maximal levels of CO2 excretion achieved at a concentration of 3 mg ml-1. These results confirmed that carbonic anhydrase activity and/or Cl-/HCO3- exchange velocity are potential limiting factors in CO2 excretion. Increasing the haematocrit elevated the rate of RBC CO2 excretion, although the effect was apparent only between 0 and 15 % haematocrit; the rate of CO2 excretion was unaffected by further increases in haematocrit between 15 and 35 %. Acute elevation of plasma HCO3- levels increased the rate of CO2 excretion in blood but not in plasma (with or without added carbonic anhydrase). These data suggest that HCO3- availability may limit CO2 excretion at higher haematocrits when the Cl-/HCO3- exchange sites are most plentiful. Lysis of RBCs and the accompanying release of intracellular carbonic anhydrase into the plasma significantly increased CO2 excretion at all haematocrit and HCO3- levels, indicating that the velocity of Cl-/HCO3- exchange does indeed limit trout RBC CO2 excretion. The addition of carbonic anhydrase (3 mg ml-1) to lysed blood caused a further increase in the rate of CO2 excretion but only at the low haematocrit of 5 %. This result suggests that the activity of RBC carbonic anhydrase does not normally limit CO2 excretion except at unusually low haematocrits, such as might occur during severe anaemia. The rapid oxygenation of partially deoxygenated blood during the 3 min assay caused a marked stimulation of CO2 excretion that was concurrent with a significant decrease of RBC intracellular pH (pHi). These data indicate that the supply of Bohr protons during the oxygenation of the blood is a key factor limiting CO2 excretion. Oxygenation of the blood prior to performing the assay also lowered RBC pHi, although CO2 excretion was actually reduced, indicating a possible specific effect of pHi on Cl-/HCO3- exchange activity or HCO3- dehydration. The results are discussed with reference to the control of carbon dioxide excretion in fish.
Up-regulation of human cervical cancer proto-oncogene contributes to hepatitis B virus-induced malignant transformation of hepatocyte by down-regulating E-cadherin

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal human malignancies, Human cervical cancer proto-oncogene (HCCR) aberrantly expressed in a number of malignant tumors, including HCC. HCC is associated with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in a large percentage of cases. To explore the regulation and function of HCCR expression in the development of HCC, we detected HCCR expression in HBV expressing hepatocytes. Results showed that the expression of HCCR was higher in HBV-expressing hepatocytes than that in control cells. Examining different components of HBV revealed that the HBx promotes HCCR expression in hepatocytes via the T-cell factor (TCF)/β-catenin pathway. HCCR expression in HBx transgenic mice increased with as the mice aged and developed tumors. We also found that overexpression of HCCR in hepatocytes promoted cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and reduced cell adhesion. Suppressing HCCR expression abolished the effect of HBx-induced hepatocyte growth. In addition, HCCR represses the expression of E-cadherin by inhibition its promoter activity, which might correlate with the effects of HCCR in hepatocytes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that HBx-HCCR-E-cadherin regulation pathway might play an important role in HBV-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. They also imply that HCCR is a potential risk marker for HCC and/or a potential therapeutic target.