Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The stress of weaning influences serum levels of acute-phase proteins, iron-binding proteins, inflammatory cytokines, cortisol, and leukocyte subsets in Holstein calves

The purpose of our study was to investigate changes in immunological parameters induced by weaning stress (including milk restriction) in calves. Fifteen Holstein calves were subjected to weaning at 6 weeks of age. Blood samples were collected at -14, -7, -2, 1, 3, and 5 days post-weaning (DPW; 0 DPW = 42 days). Weaning caused significant (p < 0.01) increases in the neutrophil (NE):lymphocyte (LY) ratio at 5 DPW with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of LYs. The concentration of acute-phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) also increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 3 and 5 DPW compared to -2 DPW. Levels of the iron-binding protein lactoferrin decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after weaning. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α and cortisol levels were elevated (p < 0.05) at 3 DPW, while those of serum interferon-γ decreased (p < 0.05) at 1 and 3 DPW compared to levels observed before weaning. Weaning significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the percentage of CD25+ T cells in the peripheral blood. In conclusion, weaning stress affected the NE:LY ratio along with the levels of acute phase proteins, lactoferrin, cortisol, and inflammatory cytokines in the peripheral blood of calves. Weaning stress may induce an acute phase response possibly through the elevation of cortisol production and modulation of inflammatory cytokines.
Getting into the castle of educational administration

For Frank Kafka, as for many authors, writing was both a calling and a struggle to find meaning and justification for his life. Throughout his works Kafka's goal was to find the "true and the right" for his characters and for himself (Mann, 1874, p. xii). He sought the balance between his own inner life, that of the outer, domestic world, and what he believed to be the right and true spiritual path. Kafka's writing was not only an intellectual interpretation, but a moral one as well. The difficulty humans have in seeking and understanding the good and to "live in the right" is a theme especially apparent in Kafka's novel The Castle (1974). In this work the protagonist, "K," attempts to enter the castle and conduct a survey, for which he has presumably been summoned. The castle, Kafka's metaphor for the transcendental, is portrayed as a "petty, obstinate, inaccessible, unaccountable bureaucracy; a mammoth establishment of documents and procedures, headed by some darkly responsible official hierarchy" (Mann, 1974, p. xvi). The ambiguity and uncertainty of how to enter the castle, K's motives, and the comical, bureaucratic structure of the castle parallel the training, credentials, and socialization necessary to enter the profession-of educational administration. At first glance, Kafka's metaphor may seem to have little in common with educational administration, yet in this article and throughout this issue, we are arguing that educational leadership concerns seeking and "living in the true and the right. " Training programs, entry requirements, and the evaluation of administrators, however, are not primarily focused on the moral and democratic dimensions
Distribution of cognitive load in Web search

The search task and the system both affect the demand on cognitive resources during information search. In some situations, the demands may become too high for a person. This article has a three-fold goal. First, it presents and critiques methods to measure cognitive load. Second, it explores the distribution of load across search task stages. Finally, it seeks to improve our understanding of factors affecting cognitive load levels in information search. To this end, a controlled Web search experiment with forty-eight participants was conducted. Interaction logs were used to segment search tasks semi-automatically into task stages. Cognitive load was assessed using a new variant of the dual-task method. Average cognitive load was found to vary by search task stages. It was significantly higher during query formulation and user description of a relevant document as compared to examining search results and viewing individual documents. Semantic information shown next to the search results lists in one of the studied interfaces was found to decrease mental demands during query formulation and examination of the search results list. These findings demonstrate that changes in dynamic cognitive load can be detected within search tasks. Dynamic assessment of cognitive load is of core interest to information science because it enriches our understanding of cognitive demands imposed on people engaged in the search process by a task and the interactive information retrieval system employed.
Promise and Possibility ‐ Hope for Teacher Education: Pre‐service Literacy Instruction Can Have an Impact

Abstract The purpose of this study was to identify the literacy knowledge, beliefs and self‐efficacy of 52 undergraduate elementary pre‐service teachers prior to and at the conclusion of a reading methods course. The teacher candidates completed the Theoretical Orientation to Reading Profile (TORP, DeFord, 1985), the Teacher Self Efficacy Literacy Scale (TSELS, Johnson & Tschannen‐Moran, 2003) and an instructor‐made questionnaire. Quantitative results indicated the change of beliefs (TORP) and self‐efficacy (TSELS) were significant. Qualitative results indicated the novice teachers’ knowledge aligned with their beliefs. This study is important because our findings contradict the belief that teacher education has not generally been viewed as powerful enough to affect pre‐service teachers’ beliefs and views. Our findings show the teacher education program can be effective in changing student views. Implications for this study are addressed.
Microfracture for treatment of knee cartilage defects in children and adolescents

Even though operative microfracture is the most frequent method for treatment of limited knee joint cartilage lesions among adults, data about ouctome in children and adolescents are rare. We performed a retrospective chart review and telephone interview to analyze for the clinical outcome following knee joint cartilage defect microfracturing among 10 children. Mean postoperative Lysholm was 92.1±9.9 and Tegner was 7.0±1.9. Clinical outcome differed across knee joint regions, as well as in dependence of varying pre-operative symptom duration, although this was not significant. Regression analysis did not reveal a significant impact of patient or defect characteristics on clinical outcome. Arthroscopic microfracturing for treatment of limited size symptomatic knee joint cartilage defects among children and adolescents is considered a reasonable surgical option. However, long-term outcome and larger patient cohorts are required.
Nasal resistance for determinant factor of nasal surgery in CPAP failure patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVES Given that criteria for nasal surgery in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) have not been proposed, we investigated the effectiveness of nasal surgery for CPAP failure in patients with both severe OSAS and nasal obstruction. PATIENTS AND METHODS Conventional nasal surgery was performed in 12 patients who were refractory to treatment by CPAP. The subject group consisted of 12 males (mean age, 54.2 +/- 9.2 years; range 39-66 years). The effect of nasal surgery was evaluated with data from preoperative and postoperative polysomunography. The nasal resistance value was first deduced to determine which OSAS patients with CPAP failure should undergo nasal surgery, compared to control values. RESULTS Nasal surgery resulted in a significant decrease in nasal resistance, as measured by rhinomanometry, from 0.57 +/- 0.31 Pa/cm3 /sec to 0.16 +/- 0.03 Pa/cm3/sec and rendered all patients tolerant to CPAP. In addition, the lowest nocturnal oxygen saturation significantly increased from 68.3 +/- 12.1% to 75.3 +/- 7.1% after surgery. Subjectively, Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) significantly decreased from 11.7 +/- 4.1 to 3.3 +/- 1.3 after surgery, but the number of apnea and hypopnea episodes per hour did not change significantly. In five patients, for whom it was possible to perform a CPAP titration before nasal surgery, the value decreased significantly from 16.8 +/- 1.1 to 12.0 +/- 1.9 cmH2O. The bilateral nasal resistance of the 410SAS patients with CPAP therapy (control group) was 0.24 +/- 0.11 Pa/cm3/sec. The cut off value for differentiation between CPAP failure patients and control group was determined as 0.38 Pa/cm3 /sec. CONCLUSION Increased nasal resistance is a determinant of CPAP failure, and the surgical correction of severe nasal obstruction should thus be considered to facilitate treatment of OSAS patients with CPAP.
Overactive Bladder in Children Should Be Strictly Differentiated from Monosymptomatic Nocturnal Enuresis

Introduction: To elucidate the prevalence of concomitant overactive bladder in children with a chief compliant of primary enuresis, and to evaluate the pathogenetic difference between monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic enuresis. Materials and Methods: All patients had evidence of primary enuresis. Neurogenic bladder was excluded. Urinary symptoms were evaluated by taking a history from the affected children and parents, and using a questionnaire and bladder diary. Voiding cystourethrography was performed for non-responders to exclude urinary abnormalities. Results: Eighty-eight patients (9.8 ± 3.1 years old) were enrolled. Initial assessment demonstrated that 24% had undervalued overactive bladders and 9% had constipation. Voiding cystourethrography was performed in 25%, demonstrating mechanical urethral obstructions in 8% and vesicoureteral reflux in 4.5%. Constipation, a history of urinary tract infections, mechanical obstructions and vesicoureteral reflux were strongly associated with non-monosymptomatic enuresis. Conclusions: Patients with non-monosymptomatic enuresis had a different clinical background, therapeutic response and pathogenetic abnormalities. In children an overactive bladder should be strictly differentiated from monosymptomatic enuresis.
Single-cell redox imaging demonstrates a distinctive response of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative insults.

AIMS The study of the intracellular oxido-reductive (redox) state is of extreme relevance to the dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta. These cells possess a distinct physiology intrinsically associated with elevated reactive oxygen species production, and they selectively degenerate in Parkinson's disease under oxidative stress conditions. To test the hypothesis that these cells display a unique redox response to mild, physiologically relevant oxidative insults when compared with other neuronal populations, we sought to develop a novel method for quantitatively assessing mild variations in intracellular redox state. RESULTS We have developed a new imaging strategy to study redox variations in single cells, which is sensitive enough to detect changes within the physiological range. We studied DA neurons' physiological redox response in biological systems of increasing complexity--from primary cultures to zebrafish larvae, to mammalian brains-and identified a redox response that is distinctive for substantia nigra pars compacta DA neurons. We studied simultaneously, and in the same cells, redox state and signaling activation and found that these phenomena are synchronized. INNOVATION The redox histochemistry method we have developed allows for sensitive quantification of intracellular redox state in situ. As this method is compatible with traditional immunohistochemical techniques, it can be applied to diverse settings to investigate, in theory, any cell type of interest. CONCLUSION Although the technique we have developed is of general interest, these findings provide insights into the biology of DA neurons in health and disease and may have implications for therapeutic intervention.
Methicillin-resistant/methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia.

OBJECTIVE To examine the differences between the clinical presentation, management and outcome of persons bacteremic with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), after controlling for age, sex and primary diagnosis. METHODS A review of the clinical records and laboratory data of all MRSA and MSSA bacteremic patients. Fifty matched case-control pairs were further analyzed looking for differences between the 2 populations. The study was carried out in a 500-bed adult tertiary care institution in southwestern Ontario, Canada, between 1994 and 1999. RESULTS On univariate analysis a) duration of hospitalization prior to bacteremia, b) concomitant polymicrobial bacteremia, c) time to appropriate treatment, were significantly greater in the MRSA infected population. Attributable mortality was also higher, 36%-20%, but this did not achieve significance (p=0.1). On multiple logistic regression analysis, a), b) and c) remained significantly different. CONCLUSION In a 1:1 matched case-control study of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, those infected with MRSA became bacteremic later in their hospital stay, more often had a polymicrobial bacteremia and were appropriately treated later. Although mortality attributable to the MRSA bacteremia was greater, this difference did not achieve significance.
Social theory and emotion: sociological excursions

Purpose – Using the distinction between “private problems” and “public issues” derived from Mill's “sociological imagination”, this paper aims to assess how diverse social theory approaches problematise and define the ways in which social life is shaped and organised with regard to “emotions”. Design/methodology/approach – The paper's approach is theoretical and novel in the interpretation of an under‐development theme in social theory, namely, that of emotion.Findings – The paper found, on viewing differing sociological approaches, how emotion shifts the focus of our attention away from the idea of individual, private worlds of emotion to the wider context of social relations and the way in which language is used with power to identify subject positions.Research limitations/implications – This is a general literature.Originality/value – This is an original paper as it is the first time diverse sociological theories have been pulled together to evince an understanding of what we understand by the concept, .
From the Dynamics of Coupled Map Lattices to the Psychological Arrow of Time

Stable neuronal assemblies are generally regarded as neural correlates of mental representations. Their temporal sequence corresponds to the experience of a direction of time, sometimes called the psychological time arrow. We show that the stability of particular, biophysically motivated models of neuronal assemblies, called coupled map lattices, is supported by causal interactions among neurons and obstructed by non‐causal or anti‐causal interactions among neurons. This surprising relation between causality and stability suggests that those neuronal assemblies that are stable due to causal neuronal interactions, and thus correlated with mental representations, generate a psychological time arrow. Yet this impact of causal interactions among neurons on the directed sequence of mental representations does not rule out the possibility of mentally less efficacious non‐causal or anti‐causal interactions among neurons.
Echocardiographic and pathoanatomical characteristics of isolated left ventricular non-compaction: a step towards classification as a distinct cardiomyopathy

AIM To determine clear cut echocardiographic criteria for isolated ventricular non-compaction (IVNC), a cardiomyopathy as yet “unclassified” by the World Health Organization. The disease is not widely known and its diagnosis mostly missed. METHODS AND RESULTS In seven out of a series of 34 patients with IVNC the in vivo echocardiographic characteristics were validated against the anatomical examination of the heart removed after death in four and due to heart transplantation in three patients. Four morphological criteria diagnostic for IVNC were found. (1) Coexisting cardiac abnormalities were absent (by definition). (2) A two layer structure was seen, with a compacted thin epicardial band and a much thicker non-compacted endocardial layer of trabecular meshwork with deep endomyocardial spaces. A maximal end systolic ratio of non-compacted to compacted layers of > 2 is diagnostic. (3) The predominant localisation of the pathology was to mid-lateral (seven of seven patients), apical (six), and mid-inferior (seven) areas. The pathological preparations confirmed the echocardiographic findings. Concomitant regional hypokinesia was not confined to the non-compacted segments. (4) There was colour Doppler evidence of deep perfused intertrabecular recesses. CONCLUSIONS Four clear cut echocardiographic diagnostic criteria were established. It is suggested that the WHO classification of cardiomyopathies be reconsidered to include IVNC as a distinct cardiomyopathy.
The mnemonic functions of interpersonal verbs

The two studies we report here examine spontaneous trait inferences from a linguistic perspective using an uncued recall paradigm. From earlier studies (Semin & Marsman, 1994), we know that the degree to which dispositional inferences are made varies as a function of the verb type used to describe an event. For all types of verbs (e.g., “John helps Peter”), people make stronger dispositional inferences about the sentence subject (John) than about the sentence object (Peter). This pattern is found to be stronger for action verbs (e.g., hit) than for state verbs (e.g., hate). From this pattern of results we predicted that if the verb type influences strength of dispositional inference, and if spontaneous trait inferences are a function of the strength of dispositional inferences drawn from a verb, then verb type should influence such inferences differentially. We found that sentence subject recall is stronger for action verbs than for state verbs. These results suggest that the degree to which spontaneous t.
Comparative Study of the Pathological Effects of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Four Strains of Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae)

Early reports suggested that mosquito cells infected with arboviruses remain viable and undamaged. However, more recent experimental evidence suggests that arboviral infection of mosquito tissues might indeed result in pathological changes, with potential implications for vector survival and virus transmission. Here, we compare the pathological effects of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) infection in four strains of Culex tarsalis previously reported to differ in their competence as WEEV vectors. Pathological effects were observed in cells of the midgut epithelium, salivary glands, and eggs. Cell rounding and sloughing of midgut epithelial cells was associated with those strains reported to be the least susceptible to WEEV infection, whereas midgut necrosis and vacuolation upon infection were associated with strains showing higher susceptibility. Although pathological effects were sporadically observed in infected salivary glands, further studies are required to evaluate their impact on vector competence. Additionally, the potential implications of observed C. tarsalis egg infection with WEEV are discussed.
A longitudinal study of undergraduate accounting students' learning style preferences at two UK universities

A learning style indicates a person's preferred way of learning. Students do not learn in the same way and a number of different learning style preferences exist which can change according to experience, i.e. a student's learning style preference may change over time. For accounting students this experience varies according to the institution attended and the programme of study. This paper presents the results of a study of 410 students enrolled on an undergraduate accounting programme in 1998/1999 at two UK universities where students underwent different experiences. Their learning style preferences are analysed against background variables of gender, nationality and institution attended. Also the changes in learning style preferences of students enrolled on the first year in 1998/1999 and who completed their final year in 2000/2001 are analysed. The study shows that differences in learning style preferences exist and that learning style preferences change over time. The paper discusses the implications of these changes and calls for further work in the area.
Putting the Dog Back in the Park: Animal and Human Mind-in-Action

In this article we use actual instances of human conduct with animals to reflect on the debates about animal agency in human activities. Where much of psychology, philosophy, and sociology begin with a fundamental scepticism over animal mind as the grounds for its inquiries, we join with a growing body of work that examines the continuities between animals and humans, and accepts the positive possibilities of anthropomorphising animals. We are interested in the reason and intelligence that animals display in their activities with humans. Inverting the typical approach of explaining canine reason by reference to the behaviour of their wild counterparts, we describe human-canine action as it occurs in the widespread, historically assembled, and spatially situated activity of dog walking in parks. We treat dog walking as a living accomplishment of owner and dog methodically displaying intent and producing social objects.
Access Discrimination in Intercollegiate Athletics

The purpose of this study was to examine the representation of racial minorities in intercollegiate coaching positions. Data were gathered from 191 NCAA Division I men’s basketball programs (60% of all programs). Results indicate that White head coaches were more likely than were Black head coaches to have White assistant coaches on staff and vice versa. Results further indicate that the proportion of Black assistant coaches (33%) was significantly less than the proportion of potential Black coaches (48%). Further, the race of the head coach moderated this relationship as Blacks were significantly underrepresented on the coaching staffs of White head coaches (30%) but not of Black head coaches (45%). It is suggested that the key to mitigating access discrimination is for coaches and administrators to realize the value ofdiversityandtheimportanceofadiverseworkforceontheultimateeffectiveness of the workgroup and organization.