Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of zinc in young infants with acute watery diarrhea.

BACKGROUND Recent studies reported that zinc significantly reduced the duration and volume of acute watery diarrhea in children aged > or = 4 mo, but there were no data specifically on infants aged < 6 mo. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effect of zinc on the duration of illness and the stool quantity in acute watery diarrhea of infants aged 1-6 mo by comparing a 20 mg Zn/d dose with a 5 mg Zn/d dose. DESIGN Infants hospitalized with at least some dehydration (by World Health Organization classification) were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Infants were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg Zn (acetate)/d, 5 mg Zn/d, or placebo for the duration of illness. RESULTS Two hundred seventy-five infants were enrolled between 20 September 1998 and 18 December 2000. Neither diarrhea duration nor mean stool volume differed between groups. There were no significant differences in fluid intake, the need for unscheduled intravenous fluid, weight gain, or vomiting rates between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation did not affect diarrhea duration or stool volume in young infants. Young infants tolerated both zinc doses. A beneficial effect on subsequent illness cannot be ruled out.
No differences in olanzapine‐ and risperidone‐related weight gain between women and men: a meta‐analysis of short‐ and middle‐term treatment

A plethora of data deriving from single studies as well as meta‐analyses demonstrates that weight gain is associated with the exposure to the majority of antipsychotics (AP). However, potential sex differences have widely evaded the attention of AP treatment trials. It is hypothesised that female patients gain more weight compared with male patients due to their enhanced susceptibility to adverse drug reactions.
Correlation between BTI-induced degradations and process variations by measuring frequency of ROs

We analyze the correlation between BTI (Bias Temperature Instability)-induced degradations and process variations. BTI shows a strong effect on highly scaled LSIs in the same way as the process variations. It is necessary to predict the combinational effects. We should analyze both aging-degradations and process variations of MOSFETs to explain the correlation. We measure initial frequencies and the aging-degradations of ROs (ring oscillators) of 65-nm process test circuits. The initial frequencies of ROs follow gaussian distributions. The degradations can be approximated by logarithmic function of stress time. The degradation at the “fast” condition of the variations has a higher impact on the frequency than the “slow” one. The correlation coefficient is 0.338. In this case, we can reduce the design margin for BTI-induced degradations because the degradation at the “slow” conditon on the variations is smaller than the average.
Patterns of Statin Use in Older Medicare Beneficiaries With Traumatic Brain Injury

Background: In addition to lowering lipids, statins also may be beneficial for older adults sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI), as statin use prior to and following trauma may decrease mortality following injury. However, despite statins’ potential to reduce mortality, there is limited research regarding statin use among older adults. Objective: To characterize and investigate factors associated with statin use among older adults with TBI. Methods: A retrospective drug utilization study was used to characterize statin use among Medicare beneficiaries 65 and older hospitalized with a TBI during 2006 to 2010 and with continuous Medicare Parts A, B, and D coverage 6 months prior and 12 months following TBI. Logistic regression was used to investigate the factors associated with statin use. The exposure of interest was statin use prior to and following TBI. Results: Of the 75 698 beneficiaries included in the study, 37 874 (~50%) of beneficiaries used a statin at least once during the study period. The most common statin used was simvastatin, while fluvastatin was the least used statin. Statin users were more likely to have cardiovascular diseases when compared to nonusers. Hyperlipidemia was a major factor associated with statin use and had the greatest impact on statin use compared to nonuse (odds ratio = 9.54; 95% confidence interval = 9.07, 10.03). Conclusions: This national sample of older adults with TBI suggests that statins are commonly used. Future studies must next examine the impact of statin use on mortality and secondary injury in order to shape pharmacological therapy guidelines following TBI.
Genetic mixed-stock analysis disentangles spatial and temporal variation in composition of the West Greenland Atlantic Salmon fishery

Ian R. Bradbury1*, Lorraine C. Hamilton2, Timothy F. Sheehan3, Gerald Chaput4, Martha J. Robertson1, J. Brian Dempson1, David Reddin1, Vicki Morris1, Timothy King5, and Louis Bernatchez6 Science Branch, Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 80 East White Hills Road, St. John’s, NL, Canada A1C 5X1 Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Dartmouth, Halifax, NS, Canada B2Y 4A2 NOAA Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, 166 Water Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA Gulf Region, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Centre for Science Advice, Moncton, NB, Canada E1C 9B6 United States Geological Survey, Leetown Science Center, 11649 Leetown Road, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA Département de Biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
Stable Isotope Probing for Microbial Iron Reduction in Chocolate Pots Hot Spring, Yellowstone National Park

ABSTRACT Chocolate Pots hot springs (CP) is a circumneutral-pH Fe-rich geothermal feature located in Yellowstone National Park. Previous Fe(III)-reducing enrichment culture studies with CP sediments identified close relatives of known dissimilatory Fe(III)-reducing bacterial (FeRB) taxa, including Geobacter and Melioribacter. However, the abundances and activities of such organisms in the native microbial community are unknown. Here, we used stable isotope probing experiments combined with 16S rRNA gene amplicon and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to gain an understanding of the in situ Fe(III)-reducing microbial community at CP. Fe-Si oxide precipitates collected near the hot spring vent were incubated with unlabeled and 13C-labeled acetate to target active FeRB. We searched reconstructed genomes for homologs of genes involved in known extracellular electron transfer (EET) systems to identify the taxa involved in Fe redox transformations. Known FeRB taxa containing putative EET systems (Geobacter, Ignavibacteria) increased in abundance under acetate-amended conditions, whereas genomes related to Ignavibacterium and Thermodesulfovibrio that contained putative EET systems were recovered from incubations without electron donor. Our results suggest that FeRB play an active role in Fe redox cycling within Fe-Si oxide-rich deposits located at the hot spring vent. IMPORTANCE The identification of past near-surface hydrothermal environments on Mars emphasizes the importance of using modern Earth environments, such as CP, to gain insight into potential Fe-based microbial life on other rocky worlds, as well as ancient Fe-rich Earth ecosystems. By combining stable carbon isotope probing techniques and DNA sequencing technology, we gained insight into the pathways of microbial Fe redox cycling at CP. The results suggest that microbial Fe(III) oxide reduction is prominent in situ, with important implications for the generation of geochemical and stable Fe isotopic signatures of microbial Fe redox metabolism within Fe-rich circumneutral-pH thermal spring environments on Earth and Mars.
The Architectural Optimization of Stretch-formed Ceramic-aluminum Microtruss Composites

Microtruss cellular materials have large internal surface areas and small cross-sectional strut dimensions, permitting surface modification to substantially enhance their mechanical performance. For instance, a ~400% increase in compressive strength with virtually no weight penalty can be induced by a hard anodized Al2O3 ceramic coating of only ~50 μm thickness. The present study seeks the optimal architecture of these composites by exploring three research challenges: architecture and degree of forming are interdependent due to stretch-forming, architecture and the material properties are interdependent due to work-hardening, and ceramic structural coatings add design complexity. Theoretical predictions and architectural optimizations demonstrated a potential weight reduction of ~3% to ~60% through the increase of internal truss angle for both annealed and work-hardened microtruss cores. While further validation is needed, experimental evidence in this study suggested the collapse in ceramic-aluminum microtruss composites could be considered as a mixture of composite strut global buckling and oxide local shell buckling mechanisms.
A new species of Hydraena (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) of the H. evanescens complex from Sardinia*

A morphological analysis was performed in order to clarify the taxonomic scenario within the Hydraena evanescens complex (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae: Hydraeninae), including species associated with fast running waters in mountain areas of Corsica and Sardinia. The analysis was mainly focused on the specific distinction and formal description of a new species, H. rosannae sp. nov., from the Sulcis-Iglesiente region (SW Sardinia), morphologically distinctly separated from both the nearly parapatric H. tyrrhena Binaghi, 1961 (central and northern Sardinia) and the allopatric H. evanescens Rey, 1884 (Corsica). Two hypothetical palaeogeographical scenarios explaining the specific differentiation of the three species are briefly discussed.
A Comparison of Fatigue Failure Responses of Old Versus Middle-Aged Lumbar Motion Segments in Simulated Flexed Lifting

Study Design. Survival analysis techniques were used to compare the fatigue failure responses of elderly motion segments to a middle-aged sample. Objectives. To compare fatigue life of a middle-aged sample of lumbosacral motion segments to a previously tested elderly cohort. An additional objective was to evaluate the influence of bone mineral content on cycles to failure. Summary of Background Data. A previous investigation evaluated fatigue failure responses of 36 elderly lumbosacral motion segments (average age, 81 ± 8 years) subjected to spinal loads estimated when lifting a 9-kg load in 3 torso flexion angles (0°, 22.5°, and 45°). Results demonstrated rapid fatigue failure with increased torso flexion; however, a key limitation of this study was the old age of the specimens. Methods. Each lumbosacral spine was dissected into 3 motion segments (L1–L2, L3–L4, and L5–S1). Motion segments within each spine were randomly assigned to a spinal loading condition corresponding to lifting 9 kg in 3 torso flexion angles (0°, 22.5°, or 45°). Motion segments were statically loaded and allowed to creep for 15 minutes, then cyclically loaded at 0.33 Hz. Fatigue life was taken as the number of cycles to failure (10 mm displacement after creep loading). Results. Compared with the older sample of spines, the middle-aged sample exhibited increased fatigue life (cycles to failure) in all the torso flexion conditions. Increased fatigue life of the middle-aged specimens was associated with the increased bone mineral content (BMC) in younger motion segments (mean ± SD, 30.7 ± 11.1 g per motion segment vs. 27.8 ± 9.4 g). Increasing bone mineral content had a protective influence with each additional gram increasing survival times by approximately 12%. Conclusion. Younger motion segments survive considerably longer when exposed to similar spine loading conditions that simulate repetitive lifting in neutral and flexed torso postures, primarily associated with the increased bone mineral content possessed by younger motion segments. Cycles to failure of young specimens at 22.5° flexion were similar to that of older specimens at 0° flexion, and survivorship of young specimens at 45° flexion was similar to the older cohort at 22.5°.
Motion of a spherical capsule in branched tube flow with finite inertia

We computationally study the transient motion of an initially spherical capsule flowing through a right-angled tube bifurcation, composed of tubes having the same diameter. The capsule motion and deformation is simulated using a three-dimensional immersed-boundary lattice Boltzmann method. The capsule is modelled as a liquid droplet enclosed by a hyperelastic membrane following the Skalak’s law (Skalak et al., Biophys. J., vol. 13(3), 1973, pp. 245–264). The fluids inside and outside the capsule are assumed to have identical viscosity and density. We mainly focus on path selection of the capsule at the bifurcation as a function of the parameters of the problem: the flow split ratio, the background flow Reynolds number $Re$ , the capsule-to-tube size ratio $a/R$ and the capillary number $Ca$ , which compares the viscous fluid force acting on the capsule to the membrane elastic force. For fixed physical properties of the capsule and of the tube flow, the ratio $Ca/Re$ is constant. Two size ratios are considered: $a/R=0.2$ and 0.4. At low $Re$ , the capsule favours the branch which receives most flow. Inertia significantly affects the background flow in the branched tube. As a consequence, at equal flow split, a capsule tends to flow straight into the main branch as $Re$ is increased. Under significant inertial effects, the capsule can flow into the downstream main tube even when it receives much less flow than the side branch. Increasing $Ca$ promotes cross-stream migration of the capsule towards the side branch. The results are summarized in a phase diagram, showing the critical flow split ratio for which the capsule flows into the side branch as a function of size ratio, $Re$ and $Ca/Re$ . We also provide a simplified model of the path selection of a slightly deformed capsule and explore its limits of validity. We finally discuss the experimental feasibility of the flow system and its applicability to capsule sorting.
Institutional and Ethnic Variations in Postgraduate Enrollment and Completion

ABSTRACT Using the Baccalaureate and Beyond Survey of 1992/93 longitudinal cohort survey, we investigated (a) whether and how much variations in the timing of enrollment, the type of undergraduate institution attended, and type of graduate program pursued contribute to observed racial and ethnic differentials in postbaccalaureate enrolment; and (b) whether the observed enrollment differentials carry over to degree attainment. Dynamic event history methods that account for both the timing of matriculation and the hazard of enrolling revealed that compared with Whites, underrepresented minorities enrolled earlier and were more likely to enroll in doctoral and advanced professional degree programs relative to nonenrollment. Our results revealed sizable differences in the cumulative probability of advanced-degree attainment according to the undergraduate institutional mission, with graduates from research institutions enjoying a decided advantage over liberal arts college graduates. The conclusion discusses limitations of the analysis, directions for further research, and implications for strengthening the minority pipeline to graduate school.
Regulatory versus coding signatures of natural selection in a candidate gene involved in the adaptive divergence of whitefish species pairs (Coregonus spp.)

While gene expression divergence is known to be involved in adaptive phenotypic divergence and speciation, the relative importance of regulatory and structural evolution of genes is poorly understood. A recent next-generation sequencing experiment allowed identifying candidate genes potentially involved in the ongoing speciation of sympatric dwarf and normal lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), such as cytosolic malate dehydrogenase (MDH1), which showed both significant expression and sequence divergence. The main goal of this study was to investigate into more details the signatures of natural selection in the regulatory and coding sequences of MDH1 in lake whitefish and test for parallelism of these signatures with other coregonine species. Sequencing of the two regions in 118 fish from four sympatric pairs of whitefish and two cisco species revealed a total of 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), with more genetic diversity in European compared to North American coregonine species. While the coding region was found to be under purifying selection, an SNP in the proximal promoter exhibited significant allele frequency divergence in a parallel manner among independent sympatric pairs of North American lake whitefish and European whitefish (C. lavaretus). According to transcription factor binding simulation for 22 regulatory haplotypes of MDH1, putative binding profiles were fairly conserved among species, except for the region around this SNP. Moreover, we found evidence for the role of this SNP in the regulation of MDH1 expression level. Overall, these results provide further evidence for the role of natural selection in gene regulation evolution among whitefish species pairs and suggest its possible link with patterns of phenotypic diversity observed in coregonine species.
Predicting academic major satisfaction using environmental factors and self-determination theory

Environmental factors (faculty integration and student integration) and self-determination theory factors (perceived autonomy, perceived competence, and perceived relatedness) were used to predict academic major satisfaction. It was hypothesized that environmental factors and self-determination factors would directly predict major satisfaction. In line with this, it was predicted that a path model which included environmental factors would prove to be a better fit than a model that did not. It was also predicted that environmental factors would directly predict self-determination factors, and that self-determination factors would mediate the relation between environmental factors and major satisfaction. Path analysis was used to test the hypotheses. In a sample of 332 college students, it was found that environmental factors did not directly predict major satisfaction, and a path model which included environmental factors was not a better fit. Environmental factors did indirectly predict major satisfaction, with selfdetermination factors as a mediator. Self-determination factors were directly predicted by environmental factors, and did directly predict major satisfaction. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.
High-Resolution Imaging of Warm and Dense Molecular Gas in the Nuclear Region of the Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 6240

We present ~2'' resolution CO (3-2), HCO+(4-3), and 880 μm continuum images of the luminous infrared galaxy NGC 6240 obtained at the Submillimeter Array. We find that the spatially resolved CO (3-2), HCO + (4-3), and the 880 μm emission peaks between the two nuclear components that are both known to harbor AGNs. Our large velocity gradient (LVG) analysis performed on each velocity channel suggests that the peak of the molecular gas emission traced in our observations is warm (T = 20-100 K), dense (nH2 = 105.0-105.4 cm-3), and moderately optically thin (τ = 0.2-2) in the central 1 kpc. We also find large column densities of ~1023 cm-2. Such extreme conditions are observed over ~300 km s-1 centered around the CO-derived systemic velocity. The derived molecular gas mass from the CO (3-2) emission and a CO-to-H2 conversion factor commonly used for ULIRGs is (6.9 ± 1.7) × 109 M☉, and this is consistent with the mass derived from previous CO (2-1) observations. The gas is highly turbulent in the central kpc (ΔvFWZI ~ 1175 km s-1). Furthermore, possible inflow or outflow activity is suggested from the CO (3-2) velocity distribution. We tentatively state that 3.5 × 108 M☉ of isolated CO (3-2) emission seen west of the northern disk may be associated with outflows from starburst superwinds, but the gas outflow scenario from one of the central AGN is not completely ruled out. Piecing all of the information together, the central region of NGC 6240 harbors 2 AGNs, ~1010 M☉ of molecular gas mass, 5 × 107 M☉ of dust mass, and has possible evidence of inflow and outflow activity.
Cross-linguistic Differences in the Perception of Dorsal and Coronal CV-Combinations. Evidence from English and Dutch

Very few studies to date have tested whether young children prefer to listen to words that they can produce, or whether young children might recognize word forms faster if they are better at producing them (see Majorano, Vihman & DePaolis, 2013). In this study, we set out to explore potential links between patterns found in early speech production and early word recognition. Based on prevalent patterns found in children’s early word productions, we will investigate the perception of place of articulation within the word-initial CV unit in children’s early words. By testing whether there may be a perceptual advantage for words containing CV combinations that are prevalent in production, we also explore whether early recognition of familiar words may be influenced at a higher phonotactic level other than the segmental level alone. When children produce their first words, these are predominantly monosyllabic, and often consist of a CV syllable. It has been argued that children’s early production patterns – both in babbling and early words – favor particular CV patterns (Davis & MacNeilage, 1995). Three sets of preferred CV co-occurrences have been reported in children’s early production in many different languages (Davis, MacNeilage & Matyear, 2002; Kern & Davis, 2009; Kern, Davis & Zink, 2010): (1) Labial consonants with central vowels, (2) Coronal consonants with front vowels and (3) Dorsal consonants with back vowels. These patterns have been argued to be based on speech-motor factors and are considered to be very basic to the human speech production system. Therefore, they should not be language-specific (MacNeilage & Davis, 2000; MacNeilage, Davis, Kinney & Matyear, 2000). For the large majority of languages, including English, these three CV co-occurrences have been reported. However, in a few languages including Dutch, these patterns have not been found (Kern et al., 2010).
FLORIVORY, NECTARIVORY, AND POLLINATION - A REVIEW OF PRIMATE-FLOWER INTERACTIONS

Due to their principally arboreal way of life, primates can potentially interact with flowers from a broad diversity of tropical and subtropical plants. In fact the consumption of flowers and/or nectar has been reported for many primate species, but the role in primate diets is generally underestimated. Also, evidence has been provided for the role of some primate species as pollinators. This paper aims at reviewing information on the interactions between primates and flowers and to examine factors like body mass and dietary strategy as determinants for the type of interaction, i.e. whether entire flowers or nectar are consumed. I also review the available evidence for pollination by primates and the consequences of flower predation for subsequent fruit set. I conclude that (a) the contribution of flowers and/or nectar to primate diets can be substantial, at least seasonally, and therefore (b) primate-flower interactions (flower predation, pollination) are more prevalent and may have larger impact on affected plants than previously thought. Accepted 27 January 2011.