Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grip Strength Decline and Its Determinants in the Very Old: Longitudinal Findings from the Newcastle 85+ Study

Background Weak grip strength (GS) is a key component of sarcopenia and frailty and a powerful predictor of mortality, morbidity and disability. Despite increasing interest in understanding GS across the lifespan, little is known about GS decline in the very old (aged ≥85). We examined trajectories of GS in very old adults and identified the determinants. Methods GS (kg) was measured four times over 5 years in 319 men and 526 women participating in the Newcastle 85+ Study. A weak GS sub-cohort was identified as having strength of ≤27 kg (men), and ≤16 kg (women) at baseline and follow-up. Mixed models were used to establish trajectories of GS and associated factors in all participants, men and women, and in those with weak GS. Results Men’s mean grip strength was 24.42 (SD = 6.77) kg, and women’s 13.23 (4.42) kg (p<0.001) at baseline, with mean absolute change of -5.27 (4.90) kg and -3.14 (3.41), respectively (p<0.001) by 5-year follow-up. In the time-only mixed model, men experienced linear annual decline in GS of -1.13 (0.8) kg (β (SE), p<0.001), whilst women’s decline although slower, accelerated by -0.06 (0.02) kg (p = 0.01) over time. In the saturated model, higher baseline physical activity, height, fat-free mass, better self-rated health, and not having arthritis in hand(s) were associated with stronger GS initially in both sexes. Annual GS decline in men and participants with weak GS who were highly physically active was slower by 0.95 and 0.52 kg, respectively compared with inactive counterparts. Conclusion Grip strength decline in the very old followed linear (men) and curvilinear (women) trends. High levels of physical activity were protective of GS loss in men (but not in women) and in those with weak GS. Thus maintaining muscle strength in later life is important to reduce the morbidity and mortality in the very old.
q-ary lattices in the lp norm and a generalization of the Lee metric

q-ary lattices are obtained from linear q-ary codes via the so-called Construction A. We study these lattices in the lp norm in R and the associated q-ary codes in the induced p-Lee metric in Zq . This induced metric extends to 1 ≤ p < ∞ the well-known Lee metric when p = 1. A previous result on lattice decoding in the Lee metric is generalized for p > 1 and the existence of perfect codes in such metrics is briefly discussed. In the case p =∞ a complete characterization of perfect codes is given.
Biotechnology and the UK 2000-05: Globalization and innovation

This paper discusses some selected topics seen as being most important in currently affecting the development of biotechnology in the UK. The importance of demand side factors such as the role of professional experts, regulatory bodies, retailers, public opinion and political activity in stimulating or discouraging innovation in biotechnology is discussed. Supply side factors are then analysed, particularly the major changes in the organizations which generate biotechnology innovations - especially collaborative alliances and network firms, and the restructuring of the chemical, pharmaceutical and agro-food industries which use biotechnology, via merger, acquisition, demerger and divestment. Two important aspects of the infrastructure for innovation, which are rapidly changing and generating debate and concern, are then considered. These are intellectual property regimes on the one hand, and corporate governance and the sources of finance for investment on the other. The issue of globalization of innovative activity in biotechnology and in the industries which use it is addressed next, and it is concluded that collaborative alliances are the main mechanism by which overseas sourcing of technology is taking place. Finally, future trends and some policy implications are considered.
Motivación y uso de estrategias en estudiantes universitarios: Su evaluación a partir del Motivated Strategies Learning Questionnaire

From different positions and recent investigations is emphasized the importance of taking care of cognitives and motivationals components implied in learning process. From this perspective, the paper treats about relations between both domains. Participated in the study 216 students from Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto (Argentina) who answered the Motivated Strategies Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich, Smith, Garcia y McKeachie., 1991), a questionnaire that evaluate motivationals and cognitives aspects. The results confirm previous findings (Pintrich and Garcia, 1993) that postulate the existence of significant relations between intrinsic goal orientation, task value and self-efficacy beliefs with strategies use. Discussion is about possible consequenses of motivacional and cognitive students profiles for learning. Educative actions to promote greater levels of motivation and cognitive engagement are suggested.
THE CONCEPT OF CORRELATION IN ADULTS

In the first of two experiments on the concept of correlation in adult subjects, the subjects' frequency estimates and inferences of relationship were studied relative to five different 2 × 2 distributions, each presented in a fixed sequence. In experiment II, the subjects' spontaneous strategies in subdividing and analyzing one 2 × 2 distribution were studied in a free situation. It is concluded that adult subjects with no statistical training apparently have no adequate concept of correlation (based on the ratio of the two pairs of diagonal frequencies), and that, in so far as they reason statistically at all, they tend to depend exclusively on the frequency of ++ cases in judging relationship. The need for studies involving ordinal scale and fully quantified variates is stressed.
Childhood IQ's as Predictors of Adult Educational and Occupational Status

IQ's between 3 and 18 years of age were used to predict attained education and occupational status after 26 years of age. By the second grade these predictive correlations approached those that have been obtained with contemporaneous adult IQ's, especially for occupational status. However, they were not high enough for practical purposes requiring long-term prediction for individual normal children.
Working Paper No. 143 TO PAY OR NOT TO PAY? CITIZENS’ ATTITUDES TOWARDS TAXATION IN KENYA, TANZANIA, UGANDA AND SOUTH AFRICA

Afrobarometer publications report the results of national sample surveys on the attitudes of citizens in selected African countries towards democracy, markets, civil society, and other aspects of development. The Afrobarometer is a collaborative enterprise of the Centre for Democratic Development (CDD, Ghana), (UCT/CSSR). Afrobarometer papers are simultaneously co-published by these partner institutions and the Globalbarometer. ABSTRACT This paper examines factors that determine citizens' tax-compliance attitude in Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and South Africa. Using the 2011/12 Afrobarometer survey data, we find that tax-compliance attitude is positively correlated with the provision of public services in the four countries. However, the correlation depends on the specific service in question and differs between countries. Tax knowledge and awareness are found to be positively correlated with tax-compliance attitude. On the other hand, frequent payment to non-state actors in exchange for security and individual's perception that their own ethnic group is treated unfairly by the government are negatively correlated with tax-compliance attitude.
Hydrogen bridges in crystal engineering: interactions without borders.

A hydrogen bond, X-H.A, is an interaction wherein a hydrogen atom is attracted to two atoms, X and A, rather than just one and so acts like a bridge between them. This attraction always increases with increasing electronegativity of X and A, and in the classical view all hydrogen bonds are highly electrostatic and sometimes even partly covalent. Gradually, the concept of a hydrogen bond became more relaxed to include weaker interactions, provided some electrostatic character remains. In the limit, these weak hydrogen bonds have considerable dispersive-repulsive character and merge into van der Waals interactions. A great variety of hydrogen bonds are observed in the solid state and the aim of this article is to highlight some features common to all these bonds and further to suggest that the term hydrogen bridge is perhaps a better descriptor for them. Such a description recognizes an interaction without borders and one that admits of much variation in its relative covalent, electrostatic, and van der Waals content.
Elementary Teachers' Knowledge of Legislative and Policy Duties for Reporting Child Sexual Abuse

This study examined elementary school teachers' knowledge of their legislative and policy-based reporting duties with respect to child sexual abuse. Data were collected from 470 elementary school teachers from urban and rural government and nongovernment schools in 3 Australian states, which at the time of the study had 3 different legislative reporting duties for teachers. Teachers completed the 8-part Teacher Reporting Questionnaire (TRQ). Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with (a) teachers' legislation knowledge and (b) teachers' policy knowledge. Teachers with higher levels of knowledge had a combination of pre- and in-service training about child sexual abuse and more positive attitudes toward reporting, held administration positions in their school, and had reported child sexual abuse at least once during their teaching career. They were also more likely to work in the state with the strongest legislative reporting duty, which had been in place the longest.
Leisure Activities and Rural Community Change: Valuation and Use of Rural Space among Permanent Residents and Second Home Owners

Rural communities are getting more diversified in terms of people's backgrounds, sources of livelihood and interests towards the rural landscape. A common way to discuss rural community change has been to contrast in-migrants and seasonal residents with long-term rural residents. In this article, we aim to challenge this segmentation. We ask what it is to be a dweller in the modern countryside and how much the residential status has to do with people's interests and use of space. Based on a postal survey in a case study area in Finland, we look into the differences in the valuation of different leisure activities performed in rural space between second home owners and permanent residents. After dividing permanent residents and second home owners into further subgroups based on their spatial and temporal possibilities to engage in rural leisure, we found that there are no specific activities or groups of activities typical for certain groups of rural leisure space users. Differences between local residents and second-home owners are rarely explained by this simple dichotomy, rather the differences are better explained by spatial and temporal accessibility.
Subculture politiche territoriali o geografia elettorale

Le subculture politiche territoriali in via di ridefinzione offrono lo spunto per la rivisitazione del concetto e un esame delle attribuzioni che le aree tradizionalmente associate alla presenza subculturale dimostrano nel processo di mutamento sociale, economico e politico. In particolare, si affronta l’ipotesi del venir meno di tratti subculturali nelle regioni rosse di Italia, a seguito del venir meno della forza identitaria e organizzativa del partito politico dominante. A differenza di analisi fondate sulla geografia elettorale e di altre letture che vedono trasferirsi alle istituzioni il potere direttivo precedentemente esercitato dai partiti della sinistra, si affronta ed esamina la prospettiva storica sociologica e politologica del decadere della subcultura politica rossa. In questo senso la persistenza elettorale di una particolare maggioranza viene ricondotta a un colore politico, ma non piu a tratti culturali propri di un sistema sociale e politico con connotati propri.
Job Insecurity and Its Outcomes: Moderating Effects of Work-Based and Nonwork-Based Social Support

The moderating effects of work-based support on the relationship between job insecurity and several work-related outcomes, namely (i) job dissatisfaction, (ii) proactive job search, (iii) noncompliant job behaviors; and nonwork based support on the relationship between job insecurity and a nonwork-related outcome, (iv) life dissatisfaction, were examined. Data were gathered through a mail survey to MBA graduates of a large northeastern university in the U.S. The findings of this study suggested that support derived from others at the workplace can contribute significantly in buffering individuals against job dissatisfaction, proactive job search, and noncompliant job behaviors when their job security is at stake. Equally important is support provided by family and friends which may buffer individuals against negative outcomes such as life dissatisfaction associated with job insecurity. Implications of the study are discussed.
Synchronization-Induced Rhythmicity of Circadian Oscillators in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) host a robust, self-sustained circadian pacemaker that coordinates physiological rhythms with the daily changes in the environment. Neuronal clocks within the SCN form a heterogeneous network that must synchronize to maintain timekeeping activity. Coherent circadian output of the SCN tissue is established by intercellular signaling factors, such as vasointestinal polypeptide. It was recently shown that besides coordinating cells, the synchronization factors play a crucial role in the sustenance of intrinsic cellular rhythmicity. Disruption of intercellular signaling abolishes sustained rhythmicity in a majority of neurons and desynchronizes the remaining rhythmic neurons. Based on these observations, the authors propose a model for the synchronization of circadian oscillators that combines intracellular and intercellular dynamics at the single-cell level. The model is a heterogeneous network of circadian neuronal oscillators where individual oscillators are damped rather than self-sustained. The authors simulated different experimental conditions and found that: (1) in normal, constant conditions, coupled circadian oscillators quickly synchronize and produce a coherent output; (2) in large populations, such oscillators either synchronize or gradually lose rhythmicity, but do not run out of phase, demonstrating that rhythmicity and synchrony are codependent; (3) the number of oscillators and connectivity are important for these synchronization properties; (4) slow oscillators have a higher impact on the period in mixed populations; and (5) coupled circadian oscillators can be efficiently entrained by light–dark cycles. Based on these results, it is predicted that: (1) a majority of SCN neurons needs periodic synchronization signal to be rhythmic; (2) a small number of neurons or a low connectivity results in desynchrony; and (3) amplitudes and phases of neurons are negatively correlated. The authors conclude that to understand the orchestration of timekeeping in the SCN, intracellular circadian clocks cannot be isolated from their intercellular communication components.
@tComment: Testing Javadoc Comments to Detect Comment-Code Inconsistencies

Code comments are important artifacts in software. Javadoc comments are widely used in Java for API specifications. API developers write Javadoc comments, and API users read these comments to understand the API, e.g., reading a Javadoc comment for a method instead of reading the method body. An inconsistency between the Javadoc comment and body for a method indicates either a fault in the body or, effectively, a fault in the comment that can mislead the method callers to introduce faults in their code. We present a novel approach, called @TCOMMENT, for testing Javadoc comments, specifically method properties about null values and related exceptions. Our approach consists of two components. The first component takes as input source files for a Java project and automatically analyzes the English text in Javadoc comments to infer a set of likely properties for a method in the files. The second component generates random tests for these methods, checks the inferred properties, and reports inconsistencies. We evaluated @TCOMMENT on seven open-source projects and found 29 inconsistencies between Javadoc comments and method bodies. We reported 16 of these inconsistencies, and 5 have already been confirmed and fixed by the developers.
Reading Miscues and Teacher Verbal Feedback

The Elementary School Journal Volume 84, Number 4 ? '1984 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 001 3-5984/8404-0005$0o1.00 The purpose of this research was to explore relationships between pupil miscues and the verbal feedback offered by teachers during group oral reading instruction. The selection of oral reading as the focus for the study was based on a consideration of four factors. First, group oral reading instruction is a very common element in most primary reading programs (Austin & Morrison 1963; Howlett & Weintraub 1979). Therefore, the topic of oral reading instruction is one of practical concern. Second, oral reading instruction has clear and well-defined task characteristics about which most teachers share a common understanding (Doyle 1979). In this regard, the task of oral reading is highly amenable to classroom observation. Third, recent advances in the study of oral reading by Goodman (1967) and his associates (Goodman & Burke 1972) point to the wealth of qualitative information imbedded in a student's oral reading performance. This qualitative information is likely indicative of a child's developing competence in reading as well as reflective of the instruction the child has received (Harste & Burke 1977). Fourth, the conceptual framework for studying teacher feedback to oral reading proposed by Hoffman (1979) as well as the development and validation of an observation system for characterizing this feedback (Hoffman & Baker 1981) provide a direct means for analyzing the verbal interactions that are associated with student miscues during oral reading instruction.
Accountability Arrangements in Non-State Standards Organizations: Instrumental Design and Imitation

This paper analyses accountability arrangements in the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and other organizations that set standards for certification and eco-labelling. It focuses on two types of accountability that are likely to be achievable and important to non-state standards organizations: control and responsiveness. In setting a global standard based on a multi-stakeholder governance structure, FSC established a model for other certification schemes, specifically within the forestry and fisheries sectors. By creating the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), FSC-supporters exported the certification model to the fisheries sector. Industry-led forest certification schemes that were initiated to compete with FSC and offer an industry-dominated model have come to mimic procedural accountability arrangements initially established by their competitor. However, they have carefully filtered out the prescriptions that could reduce their influence in standard-setting processes. The paper argues that while certification schemes could enhance control of corporate environmental and social performance, some of the industry-dominated schemes adopt popular and fashionable accountability recipes to divert criticism of their activities instead of acting responsively to external constituents such as environmental and social groups.
SEISMIC RESPONSE OF COUPLED PRIMARY-SECONDARY SYSTEMS IN PIERS, WHARVES, AND MARINE OIL TERMINALS

i ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . iii TABLE OF CONTENTS . iv INTRODUCTION. 1 SYSTEM CONSIDERED . 2 VIBRATION PERIODS AND MODE SHAPES . 3 GROUND MOTIONS CONSIDERED . 7 INDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANT PARAMETERS . 9 ASCE-7 SEISMIC PROVISIONS FOR NONSTRUCTURAL SYSTEMS . 25 COMPARISON OF TRUE AND SPECTRAL ACCELERATIONS . 28 AMPLIFICATION OF ACCELERATION DUE TO COMPONENT FLEXIBILITY 31 REVISED AMPLIFICATION FACTOR RELATIONSHIP . 33 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 34 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . 35 REFERENCES . 36
PI3K Signaling Regulates Rapamycin-Insensitive Translation Initiation Complex Formation in Vaccinia Virus-Infected Cells

ABSTRACT How vaccinia virus (VV) regulates assembly of the host translation initiation complex eIF4F remains unclear. Here, we show that VV activated host PI3K to stimulate downstream mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a kinase that inactivates the translational repressor 4E-BP1. However, although the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin suppressed VV-induced inactivation of 4E-BP1, it failed to inhibit eIF4F assembly. In contrast, PI3K inhibition in VV-infected cells increased the abundance of hypophosphorylated 4E-BP1 and disrupted eIF4F complex formation. PI3K signaling, therefore, plays a critical role in regulating protein production during VV infection, at least in part by controlling the abundance and activity of 4E-BP1.
Abused athletes' perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship

The coach-athlete relationship is often one of the most important and influential relationships experienced by a young athlete.1 While coaches may have many positive influences on young athletes, emerging literature also indicates problems of abuse. In fact, recent research indicates that athletes are not immune from experiences of physical, sexual and emotional abuse.2 Furthermore, the power of the coach is thought to be a contributing risk factor in abusive relationships.3 The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate abused athletes' perceptions of the coach-athlete relationship. More specifically, we were interested in abused athletes' perceptions of the power held by the coach, and the influence of this power on an athlete's experience of abuse. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine previously abused athletes; four retired elite female gymnasts and five retired elite female swimmers. Consistent with previous research, the participants reflected upon the significant power held by the coach over the athlete. The findings contributed to existing literature by revealing specific ways in which the coach's power influenced the athletes' experiences of abuse and their ability to report incidences of maltreatment. These findings are discussed and recommendations are made for abuse prevention and future research.
Consistency and heterogeneity of individual behavior under uncertainty

By using graphical representations of simple portfolio choice problems, we generate a very rich dataset to study behavior under uncertainty at the level of the individual subject. We test the data for consistency with the maximization hypothesis, and we estimate preferences using a two-parameter utility function based on Faruk Gul (1991). This specification provides a good interpretation of the data at the individual level and can account for the highly heterogeneous behaviors observed in the laboratory. The parameter estimates jointly describe attitudes toward risk and allow us to characterize the distribution of risk preferences in the population. (JEL D11, D14, D81, G11)