Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Opening the Black Box of Upper Echelons: Drivers of Poor Information Processing During the Financial Crisis

Why did the majority of directors prior to the financial crisis not have the foresight to predict the problems of taking on too much risk? We analyze whether executives' characteristics affect strategic choices due to bounded rationality, as proposed by the theory of upper echelons. The literature has thus far not empirically opened this black box. Relying on psychological economics, we develop hypotheses under which conditions expertise and gender can lead to biased information-processing. To test the hypotheses, we propose a two-study methodology and take the financial crisis as a natural experimental setting. In Study 1, we analyze individual phenomena and show that under conditions of uncertainty, the processing of information by financial experts and men is worse than by non-financial experts and women. In Study 2, we test these findings for organizational phenomena. We show that banks with a higher percentage of financial experts within TMTs perform better in stable environments, but are more negatively affected by the financial crisis. An important moderator within the theory of upper echelons is financial market discipline during turbulent periods, explaining why the performance of homogenous TMTs is volatile and why the performance of diverse TMTs is sustainable. The theory can be strengthened by including the insights of psychological economics as a micro-foundation. For a sustainable performance, greater TMT diversity in public companies should be instituted by the board of directors.
Cardiomyocyte A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) Is Essential in Post–Myocardial Infarction Repair by Regulating Angiogenesis

Background—A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is a membrane-bound enzyme that mediates shedding of many membrane-bound molecules, thereby regulating multiple cellular responses. We investigated the role of cardiomyocyte ADAM17 in myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results—Cardiomyocyte-specific ADAM17 knockdown mice (ADAM17flox/flox/&agr;-MHC-Cre; f/f/Cre) and parallel controls (ADAM17flox/flox; f/f) were subjected to MI by ligation of the left anterior descending artery. Post MI, f/f/Cre mice showed compromised survival, higher rates of cardiac rupture, more severe left ventricular dilation, and suppressed ejection fraction compared with parallel f/f-MI mice. Ex vivo ischemic injury (isolated hearts) resulted in comparable recovery in both genotypes. Myocardial vascular density (fluorescent-labeled lectin perfusion and CD31 immunofluorescence staining) was significantly lower in the infarct areas of f/f/Cre-MI compared with f/f-MI mice. Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), its mRNA, and total protein levels were reduced in infarcted myocardium in ADAM17 knockdown mice. Transcriptional regulation of VEGFR2 by ADAM17 was confirmed in cocultured cardiomyocyte–fibroblast as ischemia-induced VEGFR2 expression was blocked by ADAM17-siRNA. Meanwhile, ADAM17-siRNA did not alter VEGFA bioavailability in the conditioned media. ADAM17 knockdown mice (f/f/Cre-MI) exhibited reduced nuclear factor-&kgr;B activation (DNA binding) in the infarcted myocardium, which could underlie the suppressed VEGFR2 expression in these hearts. Post MI, inflammatory response was not altered by ADAM17 downregulation. Conclusions—This study highlights the key role of cardiomyocyte ADAM17 in post-MI recovery by regulating VEGFR2 transcription and angiogenesis, thereby limiting left ventricular dilation and dysfunction. Therefore, ADAM17 upregulation, within the physiological range, could provide protective effects in ischemic cardiomyopathy.
Do institutional shareholders police management

Some have argued that legislation limits the ability of institutional shareholders to discipline shirking management teams. However the level of takeover activity in the 1980s suggests that the cost of using takeovers to discipline management has decreased. This may give institutional shareholders the ability to participate actively in corporate governance. This paper presents an empirical examination that is consistent with this hypothesis. First, institutional ownership concentration varies across firms according to the benefits of policing firms in 1988. The relationship is less pronounced in 1980. Second, firms characterized by concentrated institutional ownership are more likely to use takeovers as the disciplinary mechanism. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effect analysis of regional research and development support policies: focused on Gyeongbuk province in Korea

Regional industry policies, including regional research and development (R&D) policies, have been initiated since 1998 in Korea. Despite the need for performance evaluation, the evaluation studies of the regional R&D support policies are lacking. This study analyses the effect of regional R&D support policies on firm's innovative and economic performance, focusing on Gyeongbuk province and adopting the propensity score matching (PSM) method to deal with the problem of selection bias. The characteristics that influence the participation of the firm in the regional R&D support were analysed as age, R&D department, exports, and the electronics/information appliances industry. The government needs to encourage the firms to have an absorptive capacity by establishing R&D departments. Regional R&D support was analysed to have no significant effects on the commercialization of developed technology, patent applications, new employees, and sales of new products. Though the effect is not statistically significant, it is nonetheless not meaningless, considering the short elapsed time. We can expect that the performance will improve in the future considering the fact that the outputs of the R&D programmes are generated over many years. The regional R&D support policies are expected to contribute to strengthening the regional innovation system by improving the regional firms’ innovative capacity in the long term. By adopting the PSM method, the study could potentially eliminate estimation error resulting from the simple comparison between the treatment group and the control group. It is necessary to take special note of the design of the survey in order to adopt the PSM method.
Integrated management systems: an examination of the concept and theory

This paper relates the main findings of a literature review of integrated management systems (IMS). In general, integration has been discussed in the literature dealing with quality, environmental, and health and safety management. The need for an IMS has arisen as a result of the decisions of organisations to implement an environmental management system and/or an occupational health and safety management system in addition to a quality management system. A number of differences have been identified in the interpretation of what integration means and how it should be accomplished. This leads the authors to conclude that the need for definitions is of some urgency. It is also pointed out that the current emphasis is on achieving compatibility between the standards to facilitate alignment.
Specific Amino Acid Dependency Regulates Invasiveness and Viability of Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Cells

Androgen-independent prostate cancer is resistant to therapy and is often metastatic. Here we studied the effect of deprivation of tyrosine and phenylalanine (Tyr/Phe), glutamine (Gln), or methionine (Met), in vitro on human DU145 and PC3 androgen-independent prostate cancer cells, and on nontumorigenic human infant foreskin fibroblasts and human prostate epithelial cells. Deprivation of the amino acids similarly inhibited growth of DU145 and PC3 cells, arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1. Met and Tyr/Phe deprivation induces apoptosis in DU145, but only Met deprivation induces apoptosis in PC3 cells. The growth of normal cells is inhibited, but no apoptosis is induced by amino acid deprivation. Tyr/Phe deprivation inhibits expression and phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) in DU145 but not PC3 or normal cells. Met deprivation inhibits phosphorylation but not protein expression of FAK and ERK in PC3. Therefore, apoptosis of DU145 and PC3 cells by amino acid restriction is FAK and ERK dependent. Tyr/Phe and Met deprivation inhibits invasion of DU145 and PC3, but Gln deprivation only inhibits invasion of DU145 cells. This indicates that the inhibition of invasion is not dependent on induction of apoptosis. The inhibition of invasion by Tyr/Phe restriction in DU145 and Met restriction in PC3 is consistent with the inhibition on FAK/ERK signaling. The inhibition of Tyr/Phe restriction in PC3 and Gln restriction in DU145 is not associated with inhibition of FAK/ERK. This indicates that FAK/ERK-dependent and independent pathways are modulated by specific amino acid restriction. This study shows the potential for specific amino acid restriction to treat prostate cancer.
Foundations of JSON Schema

JSON -- the most popular data format for sending API requests and responses -- is still lacking a standardized schema or meta-data definition that allows the developers to specify the structure of JSON documents. JSON Schema is an attempt to provide a general purpose schema language for JSON, but it is still work in progress, and the formal specification has not yet been agreed upon. Why this could be a problem becomes evident when examining the behaviour of numerous tools for validating JSON documents against this initial schema proposal: although they agree on most general cases, when presented with the greyer areas of the specification they tend to differ significantly. In this paper we provide the first formal definition of syntax and semantics for JSON Schema and use it to show that implementing this layer on top of JSON is feasible in practice. This is done both by analysing the theoretical aspects of the validation problem and by showing how to set up and validate a JSON Schema for Wikidata, the central storage for Wikimedia.
Value creation strategies for science-based business: A study of advanced materials ventures

Abstract Science-based businesses have become the main drivers of commercialization for radical technological advances, but face high technology uncertainty over long time frames, the need for significant complementary assets and require substantial financing. Advanced materials ventures are a sparsely studied type of science-based business, though sufficiently different from others, such as biotech, to merit individual study. What strategies do advanced materials ventures use to overcome their daunting commercialization challenges? To address this question, this paper draws on literature on value creation and advanced materials commercialization, and presents new evidence from a sample of 43 advanced materials ventures from three countries. Through a hierarchical cluster analysis, the sample is subdivided into nanomaterials, performance materials, and fuel cell ventures and sub-group commercialization characteristics are described and compared. We find empirical support for an earlier model of value creation by advanced materials ventures, and identify successful commercialization strategies according to sub-group. Our findings suggest that embracing uncertainty enhances value creation for nanomaterials and performance materials ventures but can diminish value creation for ventures commercializing fuel cell technologies. Successful firms commercializing nanomaterials and performance materials leveraged the generic nature of their technologies to achieve higher value creation, but tailored the technology to each target market. In contrast, successful fuel cell firms integrated further forward along their value chains and standardized their products across target markets.
Allogeneic MHC Gene Transfer Enhances an Effective Antitumor Immunity in the Early Period of Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

Purpose: In autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), lymphopenia-induced homeostatic proliferation of T cells is driven by the recognition of self-antigens, and there is an opportunity to skew the T-cell repertoire during the T-cell recovery by engaging tumor-associated antigens, leading to a break of tolerance against tumors. However, the homeostatic proliferation–driven antitumor responses seem to decline rapidly in association with tumor growth. We hypothesized that a tumor-specific immune response induced by an immune gene therapy could enhance and sustain homeostatic proliferation–induced antitumor immunity. Experimental Design: The antitumor effect of allogeneic MHC (alloMHC) gene transfer was examined at the early phase of the immune reconstitution after syngeneic HSCT. Results: Syngeneic HSCT showed significant tumor growth inhibition of syngeneic colon cancer cells within a period of 30 days; however, the tumor then resumed rapid growth and the survival of the mice was not prolonged. In contrast, when the alloMHC plasmid was intratumorally injected at the early phase after syngeneic HSCT, the established tumors were markedly regressed and the survival of recipient mice was prolonged without significant toxicities, whereas no survival advantage was recognized in recipient mice injected with a control plasmid. This tumor suppression was evident even in the other tumors that were not injected with the alloMHC plasmid. The antitumor response was characterized by the development of tumor-specific T cell– and natural killer cell–mediated cytotoxicities. Conclusion: The results suggest the efficacy and safety of integrating intratumoral alloMHC gene transfer with an autologous HSCT for the treatment of solid cancers.
The Situational Small World of a Post-disaster Community: Insights into Information Behaviors after the Devastation of Hurricane Katrina in Slidell, Louisiana

Catastrophes like Katrina destroy a community's critical infrastructure-a situation that instigates several dilemmas. Immediately, the community experiences information disruption within the community, as well as between the community and the outside world. The inability to communicate because of physical or virtual barriers to information instigates instant isolation. Prolonged, this scarcity of information becomes an information poverty spell, placing hardship on a community accustomed to easily accessible and applicable information. Physical devastation causes the scarcity of what Abraham Maslow calls basic survival needs-physiological, security, and social-a needs regression from the need to self-actualize, to meet intellectual and aesthetic needs. Because needs regress, the type of information required to meet the needs, also changes-regresses to information regarding survival needs. Regressed information needs requires altered information behaviors-altered methods and means to meet the information needs of the post-disaster situation. Situational information behavior follows new mores-altered norms-norms constructed for the post-disaster situation. To justify the unconventional, situational social norms, residents must adjust their beliefs about appropriate behavior. Situational beliefs support situational social norms-and situational information behaviors prevail. Residents find they must trust strangers, create makeshift messaging systems, and in some cases, disregard the law to meet their post-disaster survival needs.
Changes in the Returns to Education in Argentina

In this paper we examine the returns to education in Argentina from 1995 to 2003. We use several econometric techniques in an attempt to account for sample selection bias arising from endogenous labour force participation and to control for the endogeneity of education. The empirical results indicate that the returns to education have fluctuated over time. We provide some evidence suggesting that the relative demand for more educated people is likely to be a key factor in explaining changes in the returns to education.
The Dye Famine and its Aftermath: Knowledge Diffusion and Entry

A firm that introduces a new good enjoys monopoly profits for some initial period of time. What happens subsequently depends upon the relative strength of knowledge diffusion and increasing dominance. The first effect enhances challengers’ ability to develop the product, erodes the incumbent’s monopoly power, while the second, which concerns the relative net cost of the incumbent to challengers in production, strengthens it. This paper exploits the near total disruption of imports of German dyes to the United States during World War I and the immediate post-War period, and the subsequent re-entry of the Germans to the market, to separately estimate the first effect. The results show that while (a) the probability of a dye was imported in 1913-1914 bore no relation to its year of discovery, (b) the probability it was produced in 1917 by the new American manufacturers was greater by one and a half percent per year, the earlier the year of discovery. Coupled with the estimated semi-elasticity of the probability of production with respect to the volume of imports in 1914, and assuming prospective profits were proportional to that volume, one obtains that every additional year since discovery decreased the expected cost of developing the dye by 19 to 25%. The paper shows, additionally, that after German imports were able to resume, the probability of a dye being imported in 1923, given that the Americans were already producing it, was independent of the year of discovery – implying that the discovery year is an appropriate proxy for the amount of development relevant knowledge that had diffused through the industry.
Detection of Antibodies in Blood Meals of Hematophagous Diptera

Antibodies are detectable by an agglutination technique in the blood meals of hematophagous Diptera that are fed on laboratory and domestic animals infected with organisms of the Trypanosoma brucei subgroup. It is likely that both the antibody status and the identity of the animal fed on can be determined from the same blood meal from wild Diptera. The technique may be applicable to other infections for which sensitive serological tests are available.
Alcoholics with and without social phobia: a comparison of substance use and psychiatric variables.

OBJECTIVE While alcoholics with social phobia comprise a substantial portion of the alcoholic population, little is known about how they differ from alcoholics without social phobia in their substance use and psychiatric health. The present study was conducted to examine baseline differences between alcoholics with and without social phobia on substance use and psychiatric variables. METHOD Alcoholics without social phobia (n = 397) were chosen to match those with social phobia (n = 397) on several variables, including age and gender. All subjects were participants in Project MATCH, a large clinical client-treatment matching study. RESULTS Exploratory/Confirmatory analyses revealed that alcoholics with social phobia had higher scores on the alcohol dependence scale and endorsed more dependence symptoms on the SCID, although they did not drink greater amounts or more often than alcoholics without social phobia. They also reported drinking in order to improve sociability and enhance functioning more than did the comparison group. Alcoholics with social phobia were more likely to conform to social norms than alcoholics without social phobia. They also had more symptoms of depression as indicated by higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and higher incidence of a major depressive episode from the C-DIS. CONCLUSIONS Alcoholics with social phobia enter treatment with some problems that are more severe than those expressed by alcoholics without social phobia. Whether these problems affect treatment efficacy is an important area for future research.
Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum as related to gametocyte density and duration of infection.

Summary and Conclusions Mosquitoes were fed at all stages of infection on 88 cases of Plasmodium falciparum. Observations were made on the relations of gametocyte densities and length of patency to infectivity. Mosquitoes frequently became infected when fed on gametocyte densities of less than 10 per cmm. of blood, and were infected as late as day 321 of parasite patency in the South Carolina strain, and 410 in the Panama strain. It is concluded that the long enduring parasitemias of these South Carolina and Panama strains of P. falciparum are of considerable epidemiological importance and may be responsible for a large part of the transmission of this species in certain endemic areas.
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION QUALITY ON ABILITY TO ACCESS EXTERNAL FUNDS AND PERFORMANCE OF SMES IN THAILAND

Several factors have been identified in the literature as affecting SME performance, in particular ability to access finance. Access to finance is in turn influenced by variables in both the enterprise's internal and external environment. It is held that SMEs are unable to access external finance because they are not investment ready. They lack the necessary information and knowledge of their businesses to approach finance providers or to be successful in accessing funds if they do. Face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaire were conducted to collect primary data from 407 SMEs operating in the trading sector in 3 provinces- Bangkok, Chiang-Mai and Khon-Kan. Results of the structural equation modelling (SEM) reveal that quality of financial information has significant positive effect on performance and on owner-managers' perception of their ability to access external capital. A significant positive effect of their perception of ability to access capital on performance was also found.
The Evolutionist Revolt Against Classical Economics: I. In France--Condorcet, Saint-Simon, Simonde de Sismondi

A NY theoretical analysis of a contemporary economic system must lead to the formulation of a standard with which to evaluate the existing level of development. To have any validity such a standard must be worked out of the developmental process itself and not merely from the level attained at the moment of analysis. It will therefore be useful to the present-day theorist to look back and see how dynamic or evolutionary thinking actually entered the field of economic theory. The problem has not been adequately or at all accurately presented in our economic literature. Thus, Richard T. Ely writes: "It is probably due to Herbert Spencer more than to any other person that we have come to recognize the applicability of evolution to the various departments of the social life of man. )2 But the essay of Spencer to which he refers did not appear until