Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic analysis of MIMO wireless systems with spatial correlation at the receiver

With a unified approach, this paper investigates the asymptotic performance or, equivalently, the large-system properties, of various point-to-point systems with antenna-array-based multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels having spatial correlations. Using the replica method originally developed for statistical physics, we provide analytical solutions to the input-output mutual information of MIMO systems: 1) at the transmit side, with arbitrary inputs, and 2) at the receive side, with either the optimum space-time joint decoding or various suboptimum spatial equalizers followed by a bank of temporal decoders. Important physical meanings revealed though the analytical solutions to those more practical combinations, such as how the input-output mutual information is affected by the channel spatial correlations, are highlighted along our derivation. Moreover, we provide a novel waterfilling algorithm to determine the data-rate-maximizing transmit signal covariance matrix when only the channel long-term spatial correlations are available at the transmitter.
A review of esomeprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Esomeprazole is the latest PPI and was developed as the S-isomer of omeprazole as an attempt to improve its pharmacokinetic properties. Esomeprazole has been reported to have a somewhat higher potency in acid inhibition than other PPIs. Despite some controversy, data from clinical trials and meta-analyses indicate that esomeprazole 40 mg od for up to 8 weeks provided higher rates of healing of erosive GERD and a greater proportion of patients with sustained resolution of heartburn, than omeprazole 20 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg, or pantoprazole 40 mg od. Esomeprazole 20 mg od has also been shown to be more effective in maintaining healing of erosive GERD compared with lansoprazole 15 mg od or pantoprazole 20 mg od. However, it is not clear whether these statistically significant differences are of major clinical importance. Esomeprazole 20 mg od is superior to placebo for treatment of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) but clinical trials have not shown any significant differences in efficacy between esomeprazole 20 mg and omeprazole 20 mg or pantoprazole 20 mg od. Lastly, although esomeprazole treatment in GERD has been reported to result in improvement of health-related quality of life (QoL) indices, no clinical trials have evaluated the possible differential effects of different PPIs on QoL in GERD.
Erythropoietin regulates tumour growth of human malignancies.

In addition to the chief function of erythropoietin (Epo) in promoting erythropoiesis, some other roles have been found in the brain and uterus. We have reported that signalling pathways of Epo and Epo receptor (EpoR) are involved in the tumourigenesis of ovarian and uterine cancers. To determine whether Epo plays a similar role in other malignancies, we studied the expression of Epo in several malignant human cell lines. We found that 24 malignant human cell lines examined express Epo and EpoR regardless of their origins, types, genetic characteristics and biological properties and secrete a very small amount of Epo individually and that most of them respond to hypoxic stimuli by enhanced secretion of Epo. To determine whether the Epo-EpoR pathway operates in tumours of these cell lines, we transplanted several cell lines into nude mice and confirmed the presence of Epo-responsive sites in xenografts in which the phosphorylation of the STAT5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) is detectable. Furthermore, in nude mice we blocked the Epo signalling in xenografts of two representative cell lines, stomach choriocarcinoma and melanoma, by i.p. injections of EpoR antagonist and found inhibition of angiogenesis and survival of tumour cells leading to destruction of tumour masses and disturbances of phosphorylation of STAT5. In contrast, Epo mimetic peptide promotes angiogenesis and tumour cell survival. These findings suggest that Epo is indispensable for the growth and viability of malignant tumour and also that the deprivation of Epo signalling may be a promising therapy for human malignancy.
GiRaF: robust, computational identification of influenza reassortments via graph mining

Reassortments in the influenza virus—a process where strains exchange genetic segments—have been implicated in two out of three pandemics of the 20th century as well as the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. While advances in sequencing have led to an explosion in the number of whole-genome sequences that are available, an understanding of the rate and distribution of reassortments and their role in viral evolution is still lacking. An important factor in this is the paucity of automated tools for confident identification of reassortments from sequence data due to the challenges of analyzing large, uncertain viral phylogenies. We describe here a novel computational method, called GiRaF (Graph-incompatibility-based Reassortment Finder), that robustly identifies reassortments in a fully automated fashion while accounting for uncertainties in the inferred phylogenies. The algorithms behind GiRaF search large collections of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)-sampled trees for groups of incompatible splits using a fast biclique enumeration algorithm coupled with several statistical tests to identify sets of taxa with differential phylogenetic placement. GiRaF correctly finds known reassortments in human, avian, and swine influenza populations, including the evolutionary events that led to the recent ‘swine flu’ outbreak. GiRaF also identifies several previously unreported reassortments via whole-genome studies to catalog events in H5N1 and swine influenza isolates.
Require Its Tyrosine Phosphorylation The Inhibitory Function of CTLA-4 Does Not

MadrenasLing, Craig A. Strathdee, Beatriz M. Carreno and Joaquin Miren L. Baroja, Deborah Luxenberg, Thu Chau, Vincenthttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/1/49J Immunol€2000; 164:49-55; ;Referenceshttp://www.jimmunol.org/content/164/1/49.full#ref-list-1This article cites 47 articles, 27 of which you can access for free at: Subscriptionshttp://jimmunol.org/subscriptionsInformation about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: Permissionshttp://www.aai. org/ji/copyright.htmlSubmit copyright permission requests at: Email Alertshttp://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etocReceive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:
CLPP coordinates mitoribosomal assembly through the regulation of ERAL1 levels

Despite being one of the most studied proteases in bacteria, very little is known about the role of ClpXP in mitochondria. We now present evidence that mammalian CLPP has an essential role in determining the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis by regulating the level of mitoribosome assembly. Through a proteomic approach and the use of a catalytically inactive CLPP, we produced the first comprehensive list of possible mammalian ClpXP substrates involved in the regulation of mitochondrial translation, oxidative phosphorylation, and a number of metabolic pathways. We further show that the defect in mitoribosomal assembly is a consequence of the accumulation of ERAL1, a putative 12S rRNA chaperone, and novel ClpXP substrate. The presented data suggest that the timely removal of ERAL1 from the small ribosomal subunit is essential for the efficient maturation of the mitoribosome and a normal rate of mitochondrial translation.
User assessment of Norditropin NordiFlex®, a new prefilled growth hormone pen: a Phase IV multicenter prospective study

Background/aim In growth disorders, ensuring long-term growth hormone therapy (GHT) remains a challenge that might compromise the clinical outcome. Consequently, strategies aiming at alleviating the burden of daily injection might improve the treatment benefit. The study reported here was performed to assess the ease of use of Norditropin NordiFlex® (Novo Nordisk, Princeton, NJ, USA) compared with that of the devices previously used in children treated with GHT with recombinant somatropin. Methods This Phase IV prospective, multicenter, open-label study was conducted in France. All patients received Norditropin NordiFlex for 6 weeks. Oral questionnaires were administered by the physician to the patients and/or the parents at inclusion and at the final visit. Results This study included 103 patients aged between 6 and 17 years. The patients assessed Norditropin NordiFlex as significantly easier to use than their previous device (median value = 7.5, P < 0.001). Almost three-quarters of patients (64.4%) preferred Norditropin NordiFlex to their previous device. Among physicians and nurses, 73% assessed Norditropin NordiFlex training as “very easy” and 26% as “easy. ” Norditropin NordiFlex improved patient autonomy, with 41% of patients able to self-inject the treatment. Conclusion This study has shown that Norditropin NordiFlex is reliable, safe, and easy to use and most study patients preferred it to their previous device. These characteristics may improve the adherence to GHT.
Inverse Rendering of Polished Materials under Constant Complex Uncontrolled Illumination

Inverse rendering infers realistic descriptions of illumination and material properties from photographs. However, the applicability of state of the art inverse rendering algorithms in real world scenarios is currently limited by the many assumptions made, eg. controlled or simple illumination. In this paper we concentrate on estimating polished materials and describe an inverse rendering system that works under constant complex uncontrolled distant illumination. In particular, we develop an analytical dual angular frequency space shading model for polished materials. We use this shading model in algorithms for estimating homogeneous materials, textures, illumination and both homogeneous materials and illumination simultaneously to the correct scale. We verify the algorithms experimentally in two indoor spectrally different real world scenarios. Furthermore, some of the practical challenges and problems inherent to inverse rendering under complex uncontrolled illumination are discussed.
Cortical GABA Turnover During Bicuculline Seizures in Rats

Abstract: The rate of cortical γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) turnover was estimated by determining the rate of GABA accumulation following inhibition of GABA transaminase by γ‐vinyl‐GABA (1.5 g/kg, i.v.) in paralysed, ventilated rats. During 1 h of bucuculline‐induced seizures (1.2 mg/kg, i.v.) the rate of accumulation of cortical GABA level is approximately threefold greater than in the control group receiving γ‐vinyl‐GABA alone, suggesting that the GABA shunt activity increases in parallel with the increase in overall cortical metabolic rate observed during bicuculline seizures. Pretreatment with γ‐vinyl‐GABA did not affect the bicuculline‐induced changes in other major cortical amino acids.
Female sterility associated with increased clonal propagation suggests a unique combination of androdioecy and asexual reproduction in populations of Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae)

Background and Aims The coexistence of hermaphrodites and female-sterile individuals, or androdioecy, has been documented in only a handful of plants and animals. This study reports its existence in the plant species Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae), in which female-sterile individuals have shorter pistils than seed-producing hermaphrodites. Methods Morphological analysis, in situ manual pollination, microsatellite genotyping and differential gene expression analysis using Arabidopsis microarrays were used to delimit variation between female-sterile individuals and hermaphrodites. Key Results Female sterility in C. amara appears to be caused by disrupted ovule development. It was associated with a 2.4- to 2.9-fold increase in clonal propagation. This made the pollen number of female-sterile genets more than double that of hermaphrodite genets, which fulfils a condition of co-existence predicted by simple androdioecy theories. When female-sterile individuals were observed in wild androdioecious populations, their ramet frequencies ranged from 5 to 54 %; however, their genet frequencies ranged from 11 to 29 %, which is consistent with the theoretically predicted upper limit of 50 %. Conclusions The results suggest that a combination of sexual reproduction and increased asexual proliferation by female-sterile individuals probably explains the invasion and maintenance of female sterility in otherwise hermaphroditic populations. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the coexistence of female sterility and hermaphrodites in the Brassicaceae.
Comparison of Protein Acetyltransferase Action of CRTAase with the Prototypes of HAT

Our laboratory is credited for the discovery of enzymatic acetylation of protein, a phenomenon unknown till we identified an enzyme termed acetoxy drug: protein transacetylase (TAase), catalyzing the transfer of acetyl group from polyphenolic acetates to receptor proteins (RP). Later, TAase was identified as calreticulin (CR), an endoplasmic reticulum luminal protein. CR was termed calreticulin transacetylase (CRTAase). Our persistent study revealed that CR like other families of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) such as p300, Rtt109, PCAF, and ESA1, undergoes autoacetylation. The autoacetylated CR was characterized as a stable intermediate in CRTAase catalyzed protein acetylation, and similar was the case with ESA1. The autoacetylation of CR like that of HATs was found to enhance protein-protein interaction. CR like HAT-1, CBP, and p300 mediated the acylation of RP utilizing acetyl CoA and propionyl CoA as the substrates. The similarities between CRTAase and HATs in mediating protein acylation are highlighted in this review.
Blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol targets for prevention of recurrent strokes and cognitive decline in the hypertensive patient: design of the European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment randomized trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The SBP values to be achieved by antihypertensive therapy in order to maximize reduction of cardiovascular outcomes are unknown; neither is it clear whether in patients with a previous cardiovascular event, the optimal values are lower than in the low-to-moderate risk hypertensive patients, or a more cautious blood pressure (BP) reduction should be obtained. Because of the uncertainty whether 'the lower the better' or the 'J-curve' hypothesis is correct, the European Society of Hypertension and the Chinese Hypertension League have promoted a randomized trial comparing antihypertensive treatment strategies aiming at three different SBP targets in hypertensive patients with a recent stroke or transient ischaemic attack. As the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level is also unknown in these patients, LDL-C-lowering has been included in the design. PROTOCOL DESIGN The European Society of Hypertension-Chinese Hypertension League Stroke in Hypertension Optimal Treatment trial is a prospective multinational, randomized trial with a 3 × 2 factorial design comparing: three different SBP targets (1, <145-135; 2, <135-125; 3, <125 mmHg); two different LDL-C targets (target A, 2.8-1.8; target B, <1.8 mmol/l). The trial is to be conducted on 7500 patients aged at least 65 years (2500 in Europe, 5000 in China) with hypertension and a stroke or transient ischaemic attack 1-6 months before randomization. Antihypertensive and statin treatments will be initiated or modified using suitable registered agents chosen by the investigators, in order to maintain patients within the randomized SBP and LDL-C windows. All patients will be followed up every 3 months for BP and every 6 months for LDL-C. Ambulatory BP will be measured yearly. OUTCOMES Primary outcome is time to stroke (fatal and non-fatal). Important secondary outcomes are: time to first major cardiovascular event; cognitive decline (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and dementia. All major outcomes will be adjudicated by committees blind to randomized allocation. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board has open access to data and can recommend trial interruption for safety. SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION It has been calculated that 925 patients would reach the primary outcome after a mean 4-year follow-up, and this should provide at least 80% power to detect a 25% stroke difference between SBP targets and a 20% difference between LDL-C targets.
EBAG9/RCAS1 in human breast carcinoma: a possible factor in endocrine–immune interactions

EBAG9 has been recently identified as an oestrogen responsive gene in MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells. EBAG9 is identical to RCAS1, a cancer cell surface antigen possibly involved in immune escape. In this study, we examined the expression of EBAG9/RCAS1 in human breast carcinomas using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). EBAG9 immunoreactivity was also associated with various clinicopathological parameters, including intratumoural infiltration of inflammatory cells, to examine the biological significance of EBAG9 in human breast carcinomas. EBAG9 immunoreactivity was detected in the entire surface and cytoplasm of carcinoma cells in 82 out of 91 invasive ductal carcinomas (90.1%). In non-neoplastic mammary glands, EBAG9 immunoreactivity was weakly present on the luminal surface of epithelial cells. Results from RT-PCR (n = 7) were consistent with those of immunohistochemistry. EBAG9 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with estrogen receptor (ER) α labelling index (P = 0.0081), and inversely associated with the degree of intratumoural infiltration of mononuclear cells (P = 0.0020), or CD3+ T lymphocytes (P = 0.0025). This study suggests that EBAG9 is produced via ER in carcinoma cells and inhibits the intratumoural infiltration of T lymphocytes in the context of a possible endocrine–immune interaction in human breast carcinomas. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer. com
Evolution and physical laws

The recent discovery that pyrimidines, the fundamental building blocks of all living material, can be created in the laboratory under cosmic conditions (Marlaire 2015) made the headlines recently. Also, the sophisticated observation technologies used by the NASAs Keppler mission (Batalha 2014) have made it possible to discover planets that share similar properties with Earth such as being located in a habitable zone of a solar system. These findings bring up questions such as ‘Are we alone out there? ’ and ‘How did life begin? ’ From this perspective, we are also reminded that our planet looked very different millions of years ago and that evolution has shaped our current world. One of the most intriguing aspects of this is the process of evolution of complex organs such as the kidney and the eye. As light is the primary source of energy for our planet, many living structures use light as fuel for their metabolism, such as plants, or as a ‘medium’ for orientation. This is true for most of the organisms that move around. Hence, evolution has brought about sophisticated light sensors. Physiologists have been interested in the understanding of the signal conversion process (Lefkowitz 2007, Ligeti et al. 2012) from light to nerve impulses and higher aspects of vision. One of the milestones in the understanding of this signal transduction process was the discovery of light-sensitive visual purple by Boll (1876). K€ ottgen & Abelsdorff (1896) were among the first who characterized visual purple and its spectral properties which turned out to be quite an art as it is light sensitive. They found that the maximum of absorption is at about 500 nm, which later was confirmed by other research groups working in human systems (Bowmaker 1981). It was Max Planck who improved the theory of Willy Wien, describing the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body at a definite temperature (Planck 1900). Qualitatively, higher temperatures shift the maximum of the energy radiation to shorter wavelengths (Fig. 1). If we bring physics and physiology together, we can observe that the average surface temperature of our sun of about 5780 K leads to an energy radiation spectrum (according to Planck’s law) with a maximum that matches the absorption maximum of the visual purple in humans and other vertebrates. From this, we can conclude that evolution has optimized the absorption spectrum of the visual purple to get the most energy out of the light to achieve high sensitivity for our vision. The ability to have a good orientation with high sensitivity under low-light conditions is likely a trait that has been under a strong evolutionary pressure. This notion is supported by the finding that even the mole-rat that lives mostly under dark conditions has an intact rhodopsin gene (Kim et al. 2011).
The Potential of MicroRNAs as Novel Biomarkers for Transplant Rejection

The control of gene expression by microRNAs (miRNAs, miR) influences many cellular functions, including cellular differentiation, cell proliferation, cell development, and functional regulation of the immune system. Recently, miRNAs have been detected in serum, plasma, and urine and circulating miR profiles have been associated with a variety of diseases. Rejection is one of the major causes of allograft failure and preventing and treating acute rejection are the central task for clinicians working with transplant patients. Invasive biopsies used in monitoring rejection are burdensome and risky to transplant patients. Novel and easily accessible biomarkers of acute rejection could make it possible to detect rejection earlier and make more fine-tuned calibration of immunosuppressive or new target treatment possible. In this review, we discuss whether circulating miRNA can serve as an early noninvasive diagnostic biomarker and an expression fingerprint of allograft rejection and transplant failure. Understanding the regulatory interplay of relevant miRNAs and the rejecting allograft will result in a better understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of alloimmune injury.
Latitude of origin influences photoperiodic control of reproduction of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus).

Three subspecies of Peromyscus maniculatus originating from different latitudes were maintained from birth in light dark cycles that provided between 10 and 18 h of light per day. At 50 days of age, Chihuahua, Mexico mice (latitude of origin 27 degrees N) and South Dakota, U.S.A. mice (44 degrees N) kept in the 10L:14D photoperiod had reduced gonadal and seminal vesicle weights and a lower spermatogenic index than corresponding mice kept in a 14L:10D photoperiod. Some Chihuahua and South Dakota mice, apparently constituting nonphotoperiodic subpopulations, developed their gonads while kept in the short-day photoperiod. The critical day length for stimulation of sexual maturation was greater for mice from Manitoba, Canada (55 degrees N) than for mice from the lower latitudes. At 70 days of age, testes and seminal vesicle weights, and the spermatogenic index of Manitoba mice in the 14L:10D photoperiod, were lower than those of animals maintained in 16L:8D and 18L:6D photoperiods. Responsiveness to short day lengths was greater among adult South Dakota than adult Chihuahau mice and melatonin treatment significantly reduced testes weights of South Dakota but not of Chihuahua adult mice. Photoperiodic regulation of the reproductive system varies with latitude of origin. Differences in the critical day length necessary for stimulating development of functional reproductive activity and variations in the percent of photoperiodic animals within each subspecies, appear to contribute to latitudinal gradients in reproduction.