Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CD4+ T Cell Subset Differentiation and Avidity Setpoint Are Dictated by the Interplay of Cytokine and Antigen Mediated Signals

CD4+ T cell differentiation has been shown to be regulated by the cytokine milieu present during activation as well as peptide MHC levels. However, the extent to which these two important regulatory signals work in concert to shape CD4+ T cell function has not been investigated. Using a murine OT-II transgenic TCR model of in vitro differentiation, we demonstrate that the ability of CD4+ T cells to commit to a distinct lineage, i.e. Th1 vs. Th2 vs. Th17, is restricted by the amount of peptide antigen present in the stimulating environment. In addition, whether cells succumb to inhibitory effects associated with high dose antigen is dependent on the array of cytokine signals encountered. Specifically, stimulation with high dose antigen in Th1 or Th17 conditions promoted efficient generation of functional cells, while Th2 polarizing conditions did not. Finally, we found that the peptide sensitivity of an effector cell was determined by the combined actions of cytokine and peptide level, with Th1 cells exhibiting the highest avidity, followed by Th17 and Th2 cells. Together, these data show that the interplay of antigen and cytokine signals shape both the differentiation fate and avidity setpoint of CD4+ T cells.
The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. I. Introduction to the Survey

The Virgo Cluster is the dominant mass concentration in the Local Supercluster and the largest collection of elliptical and lenticular galaxies in the nearby universe. In this paper, we present an introduction to the ACS Virgo Cluster Survey: a program to image, in the F475W and F850LP bandpasses (≈Sloan g and z), 100 early-type galaxies in the Virgo Cluster using the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. We describe the selection of the program galaxies and their ensemble properties, the choice of filters, the field placement and orientation, the limiting magnitudes of the survey, coordinated parallel observations of 100 "intergalactic" fields with WFPC2, and supporting ground-based spectroscopic observations of the program galaxies. In terms of depth, spatial resolution, sample size, and homogeneity, this represents the most comprehensive imaging survey to date of early-type galaxies in a cluster environment. We briefly describe the main scientific goals of the survey, which include the measurement of luminosities, metallicities, ages, and structural parameters for the many thousands of globular clusters associated with these galaxies, a high-resolution isophotal analysis of galaxies spanning a factor of ∼450 in luminosity and sharing a common environment, the measurement of accurate distances for the full sample of galaxies using the method of surface brightness fluctuations, and a determination of the three-dimensional structure of Virgo itself.
Which Languages do People Speak on Flickr?: A Language and Geo-Location Study of the YFCC100m Dataset

Recently, the Yahoo Flickr Creative Commons 100 Million (YFCC100m) dataset was introduced to the computer vision and multimedia research community. This dataset consists of millions of images and videos spread over the globe. This geo-distribution hints at a potentially large set of different languages being used in titles, descriptions, and tags of these images and videos. Since the YFCC100m metadata does not provide any information about the languages used in the dataset, this paper presents the first analysis of this kind. The language and geo-location characteristics of the YFCC100m dataset is described by providing (a) an overview of used languages, (b) language to country associations, and (c) second language usage in this dataset. Being able to know the language spoken in titles, descriptions, and tags, users of the dataset can make language specific decisions to select subsets of images for, e.g., proper training of classifiers or analyze user behavior specific to their spoken language. Also, this language information is essential for further linguistic studies on the metadata of the YFCC100m dataset.
European and International Bond Markets Integration

The concurrent era is characterised by strengthened interactions among financial markets and increased capital mobility globally. In this frames we examine the effects the international financial integration process has on the European bond markets. We perform a comparative study of the interactions of the European and international bond markets and exploit Cointegration analysis results on the elimination of stochastic trends and the decomposition of the underlying long run equilibria and short run causal relations. Our investigation provides evidence on the relation between the European integration process and that of globalisation, viewed through the bond markets' sector. Additionally the structural formulation applied, offers significant implications of the findings. All in all our analysis offers a number of answers on crucial queries towards the European bond markets integration process. HE European bond markets convergence, which has depicted in the period towards the adoption of the common monetary policy, has resulted in an enhanced degree of financial integration. According to the European Central Bank's study (10) on financial integration the bond markets in the European Monetary Union have fully converged towards the introduction of the euro. However the effect of convergence has not yet fully been explored on its determinants. We argue that it should not be taken as granted that the monetary unification, although being of crucial importance, is the unique deterministic factor of the bond markets integration process in Europe. In this context we examine the enhancement of the interactions in the European bond markets due to the ongoing global financial integration and we specify a limited group of international bond markets for which clear evidence of integration are found. Our investigation begins its examination based on findings of previous works (among others (1), (4), (29)), reporting increased financial integration in the European bond markets, and extends the investigation on the determinants of the integration process. A natural candidate, apart from the already explored monetary unification factor, is the globalisation. As a result we adopt a comparative perspective on the convergence of the European bond
Primary School Students’ Benefiting From Museums With Educational Purposes

The aim of the study is to investigate what primary school students’ benefiting from museums with educational purposes. That learning and teaching environments are connected with reality enables the realization of meaningful learning. Nevertheless, relations have been determined between allocating time for museum visits and the joys inside teachers waken by Social Studies course. Museum provides an excellent environment which enables students to learn while living and experiencing that can contribute to their mental, physical, affective, cognitive, and social development. The contribution of museums in getting time concept concrete will be at highest level due to the fact that families will share mutual time and place with their children. Relation was detected between teachers’ having libraries that they can improve themselves professionally, allocating time for museum visits, and feeling that Social Sciences course creates joy inside them.
TimeBankPT: A TimeML Annotated Corpus of Portuguese

In this paper, we introduce TimeBankPT, a TimeML annotated corpus of Portuguese. It has been produced by adapting an existing resource for English, namely the data used in the first TempEval challenge. TimeBankPT is the first corpus of Portuguese with rich temporal annotations (i.e. it includes annotations not only of temporal expressions but also about events and temporal relations). In addition, it was subjected to an automated error mining procedure that checks the consistency of the annotated temporal relations based on their logical properties. This procedure allowed for the detection of some errors in the annotations, that also affect the original English corpus. The Portuguese language is currently undergoing a spelling reform, and several countries where Portuguese is official are in a transitional period where old and new orthographies are valid. TimeBankPT adopts the recent spelling reform. This decision is to preserve its future usefulness. TimeBankPT is freely available for download.
The Simplex architecture for safe online control system upgrades

We describe the Simplex architecture, a real-time software technology which supports the safe, reliable introduction of control system upgrades while the system is running. We introduce its basic structure in control systems, discuss its fault-tolerance feature, and investigate the control issues when the technology is employed. Application of the Simplex architecture is demonstrated for a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system, a standard process in semiconductor manufacturing. We conclude the paper with a discussion of the potential impact that the Simplex architecture can make on future control applications.
Authenticity, validation and sexualisation on Grindr: an analysis of trans women’s accounts

ABSTRACT The socio-historic sexualisation of transgender identities is reported to have disaffirming consequences for the broad trans community, and for trans women in particular. Given trans people’s increasing use of socio-sexual ‘hook-up’ apps, this paper looks at trans women’s talk of self/other identifications in relation to their regular use of Grindr. Eight semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with London-based women who identified as trans* in some way. A Foucauldian-informed discourse analysis highlights intersecting frames of trans authenticity, validation and sexualisation. Within these frames, trans women can be variously positioned in gendered and sexualised ways. Specifically, a discourse of trans authenticity is seen to involve the marking out of an identificatory truth that is situated in culturally acceptable and hence de-sexualised womanhood, while a competing discourse of trans validation involves an ambiguity and eroticism that can serve to reimagine this truth. Trans subjectivities can thus consist of a desire for authentic (gendered and non-sexualised) selfhood, on the one hand, and self-affirming ambiguity and sexualisation on the other. That trans women can construct ambivalent relationships with trans-sexualisation discourse highlights the limitation of anti-sexualisation advocacy and implications for supporting trans sexualities are considered.
DevNet: Exploring Developer Collaboration in Heterogeneous Networks of Bug Repositories

During open source software development and maintenance, bug fixing is a result of developer collaboration. Understanding the structure of developer collaboration could be helpful for effective and efficient bug fixing. Most prior work on exploring developer collaboration in bug repositories only considers a particular form of developer collaboration. However, in real software bug repositories, developers collaborate with each other via multiple ways, e.g., commenting bugs, tossing bugs, and assigning bugs. In this paper, we present DevNet, a framework for representing and analyzing developer collaboration in bug repositories based on heterogeneous developer networks. Moreover, we illustrate that such developer collaboration can assist bug triage through a case study on the bug repositories of Eclipse and Mozilla involving over 800,000 bug reports. Experiment results show that our approach can improve the state-of-the-art bug triage methods by 5-15% in accuracy. We believe that the proposed approach provides new insights for analyzing software repositories through heterogeneous networks.
Multithreaded Processors

The instruction-level parallelism found in a conventional instruction stream is limited. Studies have shown the limits of processor utilization even for today’s superscalar microprocessors. One solution is the additional utilization of more coarse-grained parallelism. The main approaches are the (single) chip multiprocessor and the multithreaded processor which optimize the throughput of multiprogramming workloads rather than single-thread performance. The chip multiprocessor integrates two or more complete processors on a single chip. Every unit of a processor is duplicated and used independently of its copies on the chip. In contrast, the multithreaded processor is able to pursue two or more threads of control in parallel within the processor pipeline. Unused instruction slots, which arise from pipelined execution of single-threaded programs by a contemporary microprocessor, are filled by instructions of other threads within a multithreaded processor. The execution units are multiplexed between the threads in the register sets. Underutilization of a superscalar processor due to missing instruction-level parallelism can be overcome by simultaneous multithreading, where a processor can issue multiple instructions from multiple threads each cycle. Simultaneous multithreaded processors combine the multithreading technique with a wideissue superscalar processor such that the full issue bandwidth is utilized by potentially issuing instructions from different threads simultaneously. This survey paper explains and classifies the various multithreading techniques in research and in commercial microprocessors and compares multithreaded processors with chip multiprocessors.
Revealing stereotype threat effects and women’s maths performance: the moderating role of mathematical anxiety / Análisis de los efectos de la amenaza del estereotipo y el rendimiento matemático de las mujeres: el rol moderador de la ansiedad matemática

Abstract Stereotype threat is a phenomenon by which members of a stereotyped group have their performance impaired when their group identity is made salient. Previous research has found that telling women about stereotype threat prevents impaired performance in mathematical tasks. Moreover, the effect of stereotype threat seems to be moderated by mathematical anxiety. The present work seeks (1) to test the effect of stereotype threat on women’s maths performance taking into account a previous maths score, (2) to replicate in a Spanish sample the protective effect of teaching intervention and (3) to test the moderator role of maths anxiety in the relationship between stereotype threat and impaired performance. Participants (110 undergraduate students) were randomly assigned to either stereotype threat or teaching intervention condition and the decrement in their performance was used as a dependent variable. Stereotype threat only impairs the performance of women with higher maths anxiety scores, and teaching intervention is effective to ameliorate this decrement in performance. We recommend the development of programmes that teach girls about stereotype threat and reduce mathematical anxiety.
Career construction as a way of resolving career indecision

This article reports on the value of career construction counselling for a woman who was undecided about the career she should follow. The participant was purposefully selected from a number of people taking part in a career construction counselling course. An intrinsic, single case study design was adopted on the basis of a qualitative, interpretive paradigm. The Career Construction Interview (CCI) was used to collect qualitative data, and Savickas's eight-step strategy was followed to complete the participant's life portrait. The results suggest that the intervention helped the participant clarify and resolve her career indecision. Future research should focus on the use of this intervention in different contexts and on its longer term impact.
The energetics and mass loss of the dwarf starburst Markarian 33

We present ROSAT HRI X-ray data and optical imaging of the important dwarf starburst Markarian 33. We find an extended, complex, shell-like morphology in the X-ray emission, with an extent of � 2.3 × 1.9kpc, coincident with the bright star- forming regions at the centre of the galaxy. The physical extent of this X-ray emission from Mrk 33 is very similar to the observed Hemission, and suggests that the bulk of the X-ray emission is coming from an expanding superbubble. We estimate the age and mass of Mrk 33's starburst to be 5.8 Myr and 6.9×10 6 M⊙ respectively with the energy injection rate in the central regions of the galaxy being � 10 41 erg s −1 , while the associated mass-loss rate from the star-forming regions is estimated to be � 0.2M⊙ yr −1 . We suggest that the X-ray emission is predominantly powered by starburst type activity and argue that a blowout in the form of a galactic wind is the most likely fate for Mrk 33 resulting in the loss of most of the galaxy's metal-enriched material and a small fraction (< 1 per cent) of the ISM.
Beyond hypofrontality: A quantitative meta‐analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia

Although there is considerable evidence that patients with schizophrenia fail to activate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to the degree seen in normal comparison subjects when performing working memory or executive tasks, hypofrontality may be coupled with relatively increased activity in other brain regions. However, most imaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia have focused on DLPFC activity. The goal of this work is to review functional neuroimaging studies that contrasted patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison subjects during a prototypical working memory task, the n‐back paradigm, to highlight areas of hyper‐ and hypoactivation in schizophrenia. We utilize a quantitative meta‐analysis method to review 12 imaging studies where patients with schizophrenia were contrasted with healthy comparison subjects while performing the n‐back paradigm. Although we find clear support for hypofrontality, we also document consistently increased activation in anterior cingulate and left frontal pole regions in patients with schizophrenia compared to that in controls. These data suggest that whereas reduced DLPFC activation is reported consistently in patients with schizophrenia relative to healthy subjects, abnormal activation patterns are not restricted to this region, raising questions as to whether the pathophysiological dysfunction in schizophrenia is specific to the DLPFC and about the relationship between impaired performance and aberrant activation patterns. The complex pattern of hyper‐ and hypoactivation consistently found across studies implies that rather than focusing on DLPFC dysregulation, researchers should consider the entire network of regions involved in a given task when making inferences about the biological mechanisms of schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 25:60–69, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gravity Waves from a Transient Heat Source on the Spectrum of Vertically Propagating Gravity Waves Generated by a Transient Heat Source Acpd Gravity Waves from a Transient Heat Source

Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract Introduction Conclusions References Tables Figures Back Close Abstract It is commonly believed that cumulus convection preferentially generates gravity waves with tropospheric vertical wavelengths approximately twice the depth of the convective heating. Individual cumulonimbus, however, act as short term transient heat sources (duration 10 to 30 min). Gravity waves generated by such sources have broad fre-5 quency spectra and a wide range of vertical scales. The high-frequency components tend to have vertical wavelengths much greater than twice the depth of the heating. Such waves have large vertical group velocities, and are only observed for a short duration and at short horizontal distances from the convective source. At longer times and longer distances from the source the dominant wave components have short ver-10 tical wavelengths and much slower group velocities, and thus are more likely to be observed even though their contribution to the momentum flux in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere may be less than that of the high frequency waves. These properties of convectively generated waves are illustrated by a linear numerical model for the wave response to a specified transient heat source. The wave characteristics 15 are documented through Fourier and Wavelet analysis, and implications for observing systems are discussed.
A 2-W W-Band GaN Traveling-Wave Amplifier With 25-GHz Bandwidth

A high-power gallium-nitride (GaN) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) operating over the 75-100-GHz band is reported. Using an on-chip traveling-wave power-combining network, it achieves a continuous wave output power level of 34 dBm (2.5 W) ±1 dB over the 75-100-GHz bandwidth and a peak power of 3 W at 84 GHz. Operating in a pulsed mode (10% duty), the MMIC chip produces a peak power of 3.6 W at 83 GHz. This work establishes new levels of performance for GaN MMICs at these frequencies. In comparison to the previous work, these results represent improvements in output power, bandwidth, and gain/power flatness with frequency across the full 75-100-GHz band. This paper also presents design details on the combining network and the MMIC not previously reported.
Systematic Identification of Spontaneous Preterm Birth-Associated RNA Transcripts in Maternal Plasma

Background Spontaneous preterm birth (SPB, before 37 gestational weeks) is a major cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Studies on SPB have been hampered by the limited availability of markers for SPB in predelivery clinical samples that can be easily compared with gestational age-matched normal controls. We hypothesize that SPB involves aberrant placental RNA expression, and that such RNA transcripts can be detected in predelivery maternal plasma samples, which can be compared with gestational age-matched controls. Principal Findings Using gene expression microarray to profile essentially all human genes, we observed that 426 probe signals were changed by >2.9-fold in the SPB placentas, compared with the spontaneous term birth (STB) placentas. Among the genes represented by those probes, we observed an over-representation of functions in RNA stabilization, extracellular matrix binding, and acute inflammatory response. Using RT-quantitative PCR, we observed differences in the RNA concentrations of certain genes only between the SPB and STB placentas, but not between the STB and term elective cesarean delivery placentas. Notably, 36 RNA transcripts were observed at placental microarray signals higher than a threshold, which indicated the possibility of their detection in maternal plasma. Among them, the IL1RL1 mRNA was tested in plasma samples taken from 37 women. It was detected in 6 of 10 (60%) plasma samples collected during the presentation of preterm labor (≤32.9 weeks) in women eventually giving SPB, but was detected in only 1 of 27 (4%) samples collected during matched gestational weeks from women with no preterm labor (Fisher exact test, p = 0.00056). Conclusion We have identified 36 SPB-associated RNA transcripts, which are possibly detectable in maternal plasma. We have illustrated that the IL1RL1 mRNA was more frequently detected in predelivery maternal plasma samples collected from women resulting in SPB than the gestational-age matched controls.
SOS C- : A SYSTEM FOR INTERPRETINGOPERATIONAL SEMANTICS OF C- PROGRAMS

This paper describes a system for automatically transforming programs written in a simple imperative language (called C--), into a set of first-order equations. This means that a set of first-order equations used to represent a C-program already has a precise mathematical meaning; moreover, the standard techniques for mechanizing equational reasoning can be used for verifying properties of programs. This work shows that simple imperative programs can be seen as fully formalized logical systems, within which theorems can be proved. The system itself is formulated abstractly as a set of first-order rewrite rules. Then, it is proven to be terminating and confluent using the RRL system.