Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Reversible Inactivation of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus Reveals Its Role in the Processing of Multiple Sound Sources in the Inferior Colliculus of Bats

Neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) that are excited by one ear and inhibited by the other [excitatory—inhibitory (EI) neurons] can code interaural intensity disparities (IIDs), the cues animals use to localize high frequencies. Although EI properties are first formed in a lower nucleus and imposed on some IC cells via an excitatory projection, many other EI neurons are formed de novo in the IC. By reversibly inactivating the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) in Mexican free-tailed bats with kynurenic acid, we show that the EI properties of many IC cells are formed de novo via an inhibitory projection from the DNLL on the opposite side. We also show that signals excitatory to the IC evoke an inhibition in the opposite DNLL that persists for tens of milliseconds after the signal has ended. During that period, strongly suppressed EI cells in the IC are deprived of inhibition from the DNLL and respond to binaural signals as weakly inhibited or monaural cells. By relieving inhibition at the IC, we show that an initial binaural signal essentially reconfigures the circuit and thereby allows IC cells to respond to trailing binaural signals that were inhibitory when presented alone. Thus, DNLL innervation creates a property in the IC that is not possessed by lower neurons or by collicular EI neurons that are not innervated by the DNLL. That property is a change in responsiveness to binaural signals, a change dependent on the reception of an earlier sound. These features suggest that the circuitry linking the DNLL with the opposite central nucleus of the IC is important for the processing of IIDs that change over time, such as the IIDs generated by moving stimuli or by multiple sound sources that emanate from different regions of space.
Drivers of Proactive Environmental Strategy in Family Firms

ABSTRACT: Globally, family firms are the dominant organizational form. Family involvement in business and unique family dynamics impacts organizational strategy and performance. However, family control of business has rarely been adopted as a discriminating variable in the organizations and the natural environment (ONE) research field. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior we develop a conceptual framework of the drivers of proactive environmental strategy (PES) in family firms. We argue that family involvement in business influences the attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control of a firm’s dominant coalition. Together these factors determine the extent of the dominant coalition’s intentions to undertake PES. Further, family firms with lower levels of relationship conflict within the controlling family will be more successful in translating the dominant coalition’s intentions to allocate resources for the pursuit of PES. Research implications of the theory are discussed.
Inter‐relationships of interleukin‐6, cardiovascular risk factors and the metabolic syndrome among older men

Summary. Objectives: Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) has been implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease. We have examined the relationship between plasma IL‐6 and insulin resistance, and metabolic, inflammatory and hemostatic markers. Methods: We examined 3490 men aged 60–79 years who were drawn from general practices in 24 British towns. The men were not diabetic and were not taking warfarin. Results: IL‐6 was significantly associated with age, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), cigarette smoking, low physical activity, social class and alcohol intake (U‐shaped). IL‐6 showed no association with insulin resistance or its other components (blood glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure) except high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (inversely), and no association with hematocrit, factor (F) VII or adiponectin after adjustment for age and WC. IL‐6 was strongly associated with markers of inflammation (C‐reactive protein, fibrinogen, white cell count); plasma viscosity; elevated markers of coagulation (fibrin D‐dimer, FVIII, FIX); markers of endothelial dysfunction (von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator); and to a smaller extent with platelet count, APC ratio and gamma glutamyltransferase. Risk of the metabolic syndrome increased significantly with increasing IL‐6 but was attenuated after adjustment for BMI. Conclusion: IL‐6 may have a potential role as a mediator between cardiovascular risk factors and several biological mechanisms for cardiovascular disease.
Bioactivation of Aromatic Amines by Human CYP2W1, An Orphan Cytochrome P450 Enzyme

The human genome contains approximately 13 orphan cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) genes, of which the apparent function or substrate has not been identified. However, they seem to possess their own biological relevance in some tissues or developmental stages. Here, we characterized the heterologously expressed CYP2W1, an orphan P450 enzyme. The recombinant CYP2W1 protein containing a 6 × (His)-tag at N-terminus has been expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. Expression level of CYP2W1 holoenzyme was around 500 nmol P450 holoenzyme per liter culture medium. The reduced CO difference spectrum of CYP2W1 showed a maximum absorption at 449 nm. CYP2W1 indicated the significant induction to bio-activate Trp-P-1, MelQ, and IQ in E. coli DJ701 tester strain. However, the bioactivation of B[a]P, and NNK by CYP2W1 was relatively low. The model structure of CYP2W1 suggested the characteristic P450 folds with the lengths and orientations of the individual secondary elements. The F-G loop is situated on the distal side of heme to accommodate the flexibility of active site of CYP2W1. These studies can provide useful information for the finding of its biological roles and structure-function relationships of an orphan CYP2W1 enzyme.
Getting the Message Out: A Two-Step Model of the Role of the Internet in Campaign Communication Flows During the 2005 British General Election

ABSTRACT To date the Internet has apparently had limited impact on changing “politics as usual” in election campaigns. Parties often fail to make imaginative use of the medium, while relatively few people use it to acquire information about an election. However, while it may be the case that only political activists use the Internet to acquire information about an election, these activists may then disseminate that information more widely because they are particularly likely to discuss the election with their fellow citizens. We find evidence that such a two-step flow of information may well have occurred during the 2005 British election.
Impaired generation of new subcategories and switching in a semantic verbal fluency test in older adults with mild cognitive impairment

The semantic verbal fluency task is broadly used in the neuropsychological assessment of elderly subjects. Even some studies have identified differences in verbal fluency clustering and switching measures between subjects with normal aging and a clinical condition such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease, the results are not always consistent. This study aimed to compare clustering and switching measures of an animal's semantic verbal fluency task among normal controls (NC, n = 25), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI; n = 25), amnestic multiple domain Mild Cognitive Impairment (a+mdMCI; n = 25) and Alzheimer's disease (AD; n = 25) Brazilian subjects. The analyses were executed considering three (unifying the MCI subtypes) and four groups. As the data were not normally distributed, we carried out non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests) to evaluate the differences in performance in the measures of the verbal fluency test among the groups. The comparison demonstrated that the groups differed in the total of correct words produced, number of clusters and switching but the measure of new subcategories was the only with significant difference among the NC and all the clinical groups. The measure of new subcategories is the number of original subcategories inside the higher category of animals that the subject produced, such as farm, domestic, African animals. Our results indicate that semantic memory impairment is a visible and recent deficit that occurs even in non-demented subjects with very MCI and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Marine‐terminating glaciers sustain high productivity in Greenland fjords

Accelerated mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet leads to glacier retreat and an increasing input of glacial meltwater to the fjords and coastal waters around Greenland. These high latitude ecosystems are highly productive and sustain important fisheries, yet it remains uncertain how they will respond to future changes in the Arctic cryosphere. Here we show that marine‐terminating glaciers play a crucial role in sustaining high productivity of the fjord ecosystems. Hydrographic and biogeochemical data from two fjord systems adjacent to the Greenland ice sheet, suggest that marine ecosystem productivity is very differently regulated in fjords influenced by either land‐terminating or marine‐terminating glaciers. Rising subsurface meltwater plumes originating from marine‐terminating glaciers entrain large volumes of ambient deep water to the surface. The resulting upwelling of nutrient‐rich deep water sustains a high phytoplankton productivity throughout summer in the fjord with marine‐terminating glaciers. In contrast, the fjord with only land‐terminating glaciers lack this upwelling mechanism, and is characterized by lower productivity. Data on commercial halibut landings support that coastal regions influenced by large marine‐terminating glaciers have substantially higher marine productivity. These results suggest that a switch from marine‐terminating to land‐terminating glaciers can substantially alter the productivity in the coastal zone around Greenland with potentially large ecological and socio‐economic implications.
Highly recurrent RET mutations and novel mutations in genes of the receptor tyrosine kinase and endothelin receptor B pathways in Chinese patients with sporadic Hirschsprung disease.

BACKGROUND Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) is a congenital disorder characterized by an absence of ganglion cells in the nerve plexuses of the lower digestive tract. HSCR has a complex pattern of inheritance and is sometimes associated with mutations in genes of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RET) and endothelin receptor B (EDNRB) signaling pathways, which are crucial for development of the enteric nervous system. METHODS Using PCR amplification and direct sequencing, we screened for mutations and polymorphisms in the coding regions and intron/exon boundaries of the RET, GDNF, EDNRB, and EDN3 genes of 84 HSCR patients and 96 ethnically matched controls. RESULTS We identified 10 novel and 2 previously described mutations in RET, and 4 and 2 novel mutations in EDNRB and in EDN3, respectively. Potential disease-causing mutations were detected in 24% of the patients. The overall mutation rate was 41% in females and 19% in males (P = 0.06). RET mutations occurred in 19% of the patients. R114H in RET was the most prevalent mutation, representing 7% of the patients or 37% of the patients with RET mutations. To date, such a high frequency of a single mutation has never been reported in unrelated HSCR patients. Mutations in EDNRB, EDN3, and GDNF were found in four, two, and none of the patients, respectively. Two patients with mutations in genes of the EDNRB pathway also harbored a mutation in RET. Three novel and three reported polymorphisms were found in EDNRB, EDN3, and GDNF. CONCLUSION This study identifies additional HSCR disease-causing mutations, some peculiar to the Chinese population, and represents the first comprehensive genetic analysis of sporadic HSCR disease in Chinese.
Polypeptide changes induced by salt stress, water deficit, and osmotic stress in barley roots: A comparison using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis

Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to analyze and compare the effects of short term treatments (24 h) of salt stress, water deficit (desiecation), and osmotic stress (polyethylene glycol and mannitol) on protein synthesis in roots of barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. CM 72). These comparisons were made to determine if the polypeptides of Mr 26 000 and 27 000 and pI of 6.3 and 6.5 that were observed previously to increase significantly with salt stress (Plant Physiol. 1987, 83 517–524) also increased with water deficit and osmotic stress. The polypeptide patterns for control‐and stress‐treated plants were qualitatively similar, but the net synthesis of a number of polypeptides was quantitatively altered by each of the stress treatments. Of the polypeptide changes induced by the stress treatments, many were unique to a specific stress. Other polypeptide changes were common between two or more of the stress treatments. Only one polypeptide change, a decrease, was common to all of the stress treatments. An important finding was that polypeptides that increased significantly in response to salt stress did not increase in response to water deficit or osmotic stress.
xposure therapy for emetophobia : A case study with three-year ollow-up anielle

Emetophobia, also referred to as a specific phobia of vomiting, is a largely under-researched and poorly understood disorder with prevalence estimates of ranging between 1.7 and 3.1% for men and 6 and 7% for women (Hunter & Antony, 2009; Philips, 1985). The current case study, therefore, sought to methodically ccepted 8 July 2013
Declining trend in tetanus hospitalizations.

The yearly admissions of tetanus, both neonatal and post-neonatal, in the last 11 years from 1983 to 1993 as well as the total pediatric admissions in the corresponding years in the Pediatric Department of LNJPN Hospital were found out from the hospital records. The contribution of tetanus to Pediatric hospitalizations was worked out by expressing the tetanus admissions as a percentage of the total pediatric admissions. Statistical analysis was done by using linear regression method with time as an explanatory variable.
Movement and ellipsis in Contrastive Left-dislocation

In this paper, I argue that the Germanic construction traditionally labeled Contrastive Leftdislocation1 (CLD) reduces to an interplay of movement and ellipsis in an underlyingly biclausal structure. The resulting analysis relies exclusively on independently motivated grammatical operations (A-movement in syntax and clausal ellipsis/deaccenting at PF), thereby achieving a reduction of constructional residue. The proposal is illustrated below for a simple case of CLD in German:
PGK1, the gene encoding the glycolitic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase, acts as a multicopy suppressor of apoptotic phenotypes in S. cerevisiae

In a previous paper we reported the construction of a S. cerevisiae strain lacking the essential gene LSM4, which could survive by the introduction of a truncated form of the orthologous gene from Kluyveromyces lactis. This strain showed apoptotic hallmarks and other phenotypes, including an increased sensitivity to caffeine and acetic acid. The suppression of the latter phenotype by overexpressing yeast genes allowed the isolation of PGK1, the gene encoding the glycolytic enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase. This gene restored normal ageing, oxygen peroxide resistance and nuclear integrity in the mutant. Other phenotypes, such as caffeine sensitivity and glycerol utilization, were also suppressed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Critique of the Substrata-Factor Theory of Reading

Vigorous efforts have recently been made to advance a certain theory as one that offers new promise in penetrating the nature of the reading process (1, 2, 3, 4). This theory, called the Substrata-Factor Theory of Reading, was formulated by Jack A. Holmes to delineate factors that contribute to speed and power of reading. He tested the theory in an experimental study in 1948 (5). According to Holmes, "In essence, the Substrata-Factor Theory holds that, normally, reading is an audiovisual verbal-processing skill of symbolic reasoning, sustained by the interfacilitations of an intricate hierarchy of substrata factors that have been mobilized as a psychological working system and pressed into service in accordance with the purpose of the reader" (3: 116). Such a theory would be a dramatic breakthrough in education if it explained the thought processes in reading in terms of the relationship among the basic determinants that contribute to differences in reading performance. In 1960 Holmes wrote, "What, then, has the Theory added; what is new in what I have said? Obviously, it is the explanation! We now have an explanation of how reasoning in reading works, and this rationale should help us to better understand and justify our teaching procedures" (3: 117). If the Substrata-Factor Theory of Reading does hold a universal explanation of reasoning in reading and thereby identifies the elements that determine reading ability, we have indeed reached a new level in our understanding of the essence of the reading process. In the January, 1954, issue of Genetic Psychology Monographs, Holmes described his 1948 experiment in detail (2). The central purpose of his original study was to investigate the factors that underlie reading disabilities at the college level. He wanted to identify in discrete and measurable units the related subabilities that contribute to speed and power in reading. He hoped to test the hypothesis that "disabilities in reading should bear an inverse relationship to the quantitative levels of each component and must manifest detectable deficiencies in such underlying factors" (2: 7).
Segregated Anatomical Input to Sub-Regions of the Rodent Superior Colliculus Associated with Approach and Defense

The superior colliculus (SC) is responsible for sensorimotor transformations required to direct gaze toward or away from unexpected, biologically salient events. Significant changes in the external world are signaled to SC through primary multisensory afferents, spatially organized according to a retinotopic topography. For animals, where an unexpected event could indicate the presence of either predator or prey, early decisions to approach or avoid are particularly important. Rodents’ ecology dictates predators are most often detected initially as movements in upper visual field (mapped in medial SC), while appetitive stimuli are normally found in lower visual field (mapped in lateral SC). Our purpose was to exploit this functional segregation to reveal neural sites that can bias or modulate initial approach or avoidance responses. Small injections of Fluoro-Gold were made into medial or lateral sub-regions of intermediate and deep layers of SC (SCm/SCl). A remarkable segregation of input to these two functionally defined areas was found. (i) There were structures that projected only to SCm (e.g., specific cortical areas, lateral geniculate and suprageniculate thalamic nuclei, ventromedial and premammillary hypothalamic nuclei, and several brainstem areas) or SCl (e.g., primary somatosensory cortex representing upper body parts and vibrissae and parvicellular reticular nucleus in the brainstem). (ii) Other structures projected to both SCm and SCl but from topographically segregated populations of neurons (e.g., zona incerta and substantia nigra pars reticulata). (iii) There were a few brainstem areas in which retrogradely labeled neurons were spatially overlapping (e.g., pedunculopontine nucleus and locus coeruleus). These results indicate significantly more structures across the rat neuraxis are in a position to modulate defense responses evoked from SCm, and that neural mechanisms modulating SC-mediated defense or appetitive behavior are almost entirely segregated.
DeePM: A Deep Part-Based Model for Object Detection and Semantic Part Localization

In this paper, we propose a deep part-based model (DeePM) for symbiotic object detection and semantic part localization. For this purpose, we annotate semantic parts for all 20 object categories on the PASCAL VOC 2012 dataset, which provides information on object pose, occlusion, viewpoint and functionality. DeePM is a latent graphical model based on the state-of-the-art R-CNN framework, which learns an explicit representation of the object-part configuration with flexible type sharing (e.g., a sideview horse head can be shared by a fully-visible sideview horse and a highly truncated sideview horse with head and neck only). For comparison, we also present an end-to-end Object-Part (OP) R-CNN which learns an implicit feature representation for jointly mapping an image ROI to the object and part bounding boxes. We evaluate the proposed methods for both the object and part detection performance on PASCAL VOC 2012, and show that DeePM consistently outperforms OP R-CNN in detecting objects and parts. In addition, it obtains superior performance to Fast and Faster R-CNNs in object detection.
Computably categorical structures and expansions by constants

Effective model theory is the subject that analyzes the typical notions and results of model theory to determine their effective content and counterparts. The subject has been developed both in the former Soviet Union and in the west with various names (recursive model theory, constructive model theory, etc.) and divergent terminology. (We use “effective model theory” as the most general and descriptive designation. Harizanov [6] is an excellent introduction to the subject as is Millar [13].) The basic subjects of model theory include languages, structures, theories, models and various types of maps between these objects. There are many ways to introduce considerations of effectiveness into the area. The two most prominent derive from starting, on the one hand, with the notion of a theory and its models or, on the other, with just structures. If one begins with theories, then a natural version of effectiveness is to consider decidable theories (i.e., ones with a decidable (equivalently, computable or recursive) set of theorems). When one moves to models and wants them to be effective, one might start with the requirement that the model (of any theory) have a decidable theory (i.e., Th (), the set of sentences true in , is decidable). Typically, however, one wants to be able to talk about the elements of the model as well as its theory in the given language. Thus one naturally considers the model as a structure for the language expanded by adding a constant ai, for each element ai of . Of course, one requires that the mapping from the constants to the corresponding elements of be effective (computable). We are thus lead to the following basic definition: A structure or model is decidable if there is a computable enumeration ai of A, the domain of , such that Th(, ai,) is decidable. (Of course, ai, is interpreted as ai, for each i Є ω.)
The Public and the Journalists’ Views on the Humoristic Treatment of Religion in Spain

This article analyzes acceptance of religious humor in Spanish media. Specifically, a comparison is made between the opinion of journalists and the general public in the four main regions in Spain (Catalonia, Andalusia, Madrid, and Basque Country). The study used both qualitative (in-depth interviews with journalists and focus groups with the public) and quantitative (surveys given to journalists and the general public) techniques. Results show differences between journalists and the general public on whether religion deserves special treatment, and on the legitimacy of an opinion that shows a lack of respect toward religion.