Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two Phase Level-Set / Immersed-Boundary Cartesian Grid Method for Ship Hydrodynamics

Recent progress at IIHR on the development of CFDShip-Iowa version 6 is presented. Current focus is on a sharp interface Cartesian grid method for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of turbulent two-phase incompressible flows. In this method, the level set formulation for two-phase incompressible flows is adopted. The density and pressure jump conditions across the interface (the latter due to surface tension and gravity) are treated in a sharp interface manner using the ghost fluid method. Complicated geometries immersed in the computational domain are handled with a sharp interface immersed boundary method. For LES, the Lagrangian dynamic Smagorinsky subgridscale model is used. Several approaches for capturing high Reynolds number boundary layers in a Cartesian grid layout are discussed. Simulations of several ship geometries, including the Wigley hull, DTMB model 5365 (Athena R/V), and surface combatant DTMB model 5415, have been carried out on relatively coarse Cartesian grids. Wave field patterns are successfully compared with experimental data and other computational results. To demonstrate the potential of coupled curvilinear/Cartesian grid methods, a case has been set up for model 5415 which utilizes the outer boundary layer velocity solution from a body-fitted RANS solver as boundary conditions for the immersed boundary method; very promising results have been obtained. The proposed developments needed to simulate high-Reynolds number boundary layers are briefly discussed.
Protecting the Melatonin Rhythm through Circadian Healthy Light Exposure

Currently, in developed countries, nights are excessively illuminated (light at night), whereas daytime is mainly spent indoors, and thus people are exposed to much lower light intensities than under natural conditions. In spite of the positive impact of artificial light, we pay a price for the easy access to light during the night: disorganization of our circadian system or chronodisruption (CD), including perturbations in melatonin rhythm. Epidemiological studies show that CD is associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, cognitive and affective impairment, premature aging and some types of cancer. Knowledge of retinal photoreceptors and the discovery of melanopsin in some ganglion cells demonstrate that light intensity, timing and spectrum must be considered to keep the biological clock properly entrained. Importantly, not all wavelengths of light are equally chronodisrupting. Blue light, which is particularly beneficial during the daytime, seems to be more disruptive at night, and induces the strongest melatonin inhibition. Nocturnal blue light exposure is currently increasing, due to the proliferation of energy-efficient lighting (LEDs) and electronic devices. Thus, the development of lighting systems that preserve the melatonin rhythm could reduce the health risks induced by chronodisruption. This review addresses the state of the art regarding the crosstalk between light and the circadian system.
Discontinuous Verb Phrases in Parsing and Machine Translation of English and German

In this paper, we focus on the verb-particle (V-Prt) split construction in English and German and its difficulty for parsing and Machine Translation (MT). For German, we use an existing test suite of V-Prt split constructions, while for English, we build a new and comparable test suite from raw data. These two data sets are then used to perform an analysis of errors in dependency parsing, word-level alignment and MT, which arise from the discontinuous order in V-Prt split constructions. In the automatic alignments of parallel corpora, most of the particles align to NULL. These mis-alignments and the inability of phrase-based MT system to recover discontinuous phrases result in low quality translations of V-Prt split constructions both in English and German. However, our results show that the V-Prt split phrases are correctly parsed in 90% of cases, suggesting that syntactic-based MT should perform better on these constructions. We evaluate a syntactic-based MT system on German and compare its performance to the phrase-based system.
Trends in obesity and diabetes across Africa from 1980 to 2014: an analysis of pooled population-based studies

Abstract Background The 2016 Dar Es Salaam Call to Action on Diabetes and Other non-communicable diseases (NCDs) advocates national multi-sectoral NCD strategies and action plans based on available data and information from countries of sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. We estimated trends from 1980 to 2014 in age-standardized mean body mass index (BMI) and diabetes prevalence in these countries, in order to assess the co-progression and assist policy formulation. Methods We pooled data from African and worldwide population-based studies which measured height, weight and biomarkers to assess diabetes status in adults aged ≥ 18 years. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to estimate trends by sex for 200 countries and territories including 53 countries across five African regions (central, eastern, northern, southern and western), in mean BMI and diabetes prevalence (defined as either fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.0 mmol/l, history of diabetes diagnosis, or use of insulin or oral glucose control agents). Results African data came from 245 population-based surveys (1.2 million participants) for BMI and 76 surveys (182 000 participants) for diabetes prevalence estimates. Countries with the highest number of data sources for BMI were South Africa (n = 17), Nigeria (n = 15) and Egypt (n = 13); and for diabetes estimates, Tanzania (n = 8), Tunisia (n = 7), and Cameroon, Egypt and South Africa (all n = 6). The age-standardized mean BMI increased from 21.0 kg/m2 (95% credible interval: 20.3–21.7) to 23.0 kg/m2 (22.7–23.3) in men, and from 21.9 kg/m2 (21.3–22.5) to 24.9 kg/m2 (24.6–25.1) in women. The age-standardized prevalence of diabetes increased from 3.4% (1.5–6.3) to 8.5% (6.5–10.8) in men, and from 4.1% (2.0–7.5) to 8.9% (6.9–11.2) in women. Estimates in northern and southern regions were mostly higher than the global average; those in central, eastern and western regions were lower than global averages. A positive association (correlation coefficient ≃ 0.9) was observed between mean BMI and diabetes prevalence in both sexes in 1980 and 2014. Conclusions These estimates, based on limited data sources, confirm the rapidly increasing burden of diabetes in Africa. This rise is being driven, at least in part, by increasing adiposity, with regional variations in observed trends. African countries’ efforts to prevent and control diabetes and obesity should integrate the setting up of reliable monitoring systems, consistent with the World Health Organization’s Global Monitoring System Framework.
Cooled and Relaxed Survey Propagation for MRFs

We describe a new algorithm, Relaxed Survey Propagation (RSP), for finding MAP configurations in Markov random fields. We compare its performance with state-of-the-art algorithms including the max-product belief propagation, its sequential tree-reweighted variant, residual (sum-product) belief propagation, and tree-structured expectation propagation. We show that it outperforms all approaches for Ising models with mixed couplings, as well as on a web person disambiguation task formulated as a supervised clustering problem.
The Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Disc is Innervated Primarily by Peptide-Containing Sensory Nerve Fibers in Humans

Study Design. Immunohistochemical study of the sensory innervation of the human lumbar intervertebral disc. Objective. To determine the type of sensory fibers innervating human degenerated lumbar intervertebral discs. Summary of Background Data. Sensory neurons involved in pain perception related to inflammation in rats are typically small, peptide-containing neurons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Small non-peptide-containing neurons binding to isolectin B4 (IB4) may also be involved in pain states, such as nerve injury pain. The character of such sensory neurons in humans has not been clarified. Methods. A degenerated, painful lumbar intervertebral disc was harvested from each of 8 patients during surgery. Sections were immunostained for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5, a general neuronal marker), CGRP, and IB4. The numbers of PGP 9.5- and CGRP-immunoreactive, and IB4-binding nerve fibers in the discs were counted. Results. PGP 9.5-immunoreactive fibers were observed in all discs. Nerve fibers immunoreactive for CGRP were also observed in 6 of 8 cases. IB4-binding nerve fibers were not found in any case. Conclusions. Almost all of the nociceptive nerve fibers in the human intervertebral disc are peptide-containing nerve fibers, similar to the rat disc, suggesting that nerve fibers related to inflammation may transmit pain originating from human degenerated intervertebral discs.
The Effects of Relative Humidity on the Flowability and Dispersion Performance of Lactose Mixtures

The flowability and dispersion behavior are two important physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical formulations for dry powder inhalers (DPIs). They are usually affected by the environmental conditions, such as temperature and relative humidity (RH). However, very few studies have been focused on the relationship between the two properties and their dependence on RH during storage. In this research, model pharmaceutical formulations were prepared using mixtures of coarse and fine lactose. The fractions of fines in the mixtures were 0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%, respectively. These blends were stored at four different RH levels, 0%, 30%, 58%, and 85%, for 48 h. The FT4 Powder Rheometer was used to evaluate the powder flowability, and the Malvern Spraytec® laser diffraction system was employed to assess the powder dispersion performance. The results indicated that both the flow and dispersion properties of lactose blends deteriorate after being stored at 85% RH, but improved after being conditioned at 58% RH. The fine particle fractions (FPFs) of the blends with 5% and 10% fine fractions and the as-received coarse lactose decreased when they were conditioned at 30% RH. For the blend with 20% fine fraction, a high RH during storage (i.e., 85% RH) affected the dispersion property, but had a limited influence on its flowability, while, for the coarse lactose powder, the different RH conditions affected its flowability, but not the dispersion results. A strong correlation between the powder flowability and its dispersion performance was found.
RadixZip: Linear-Time Compression of Token Streams

RadixZip is a block compression technique for token streams. It introduces RadixZip Transform, a linear time algorithm that rearranges bytes using a technique inspired by radix sorting. For appropriate data, RadixZip Transform is analogous to the Burrows-Wheeler Transform used in bzip2, but is both simpler in operation and more effective in compression. In addition, RadixZip Transform can take advantage of correlations between token streams with no computational overhead. Experiments over practical data show that for common token streams, RadixZip is superior to bzip2.
THE P ′-OPERATOR AND Q ′-CURVATURE VIA CR TRACTORS 3 agrees with the Burns – Epstein invariant up to a universal constant [ 19 , 38 ] , whereupon one obtains the Gauss – Bonnet formula

We establish an algorithm which computes formulae for the CR GJMS operators, the P -operator, and the Q-curvature in terms of CR tractors. When applied to torsion-free pseudo-Einstein contact forms, this algorithm both gives an explicit factorisation of the CR GJMS operators and the P -operator, and shows that the Q-curvature is constant, with the constant explicitly given in terms of the Webster scalar curvature. We also use our algorithm to derive local formulae for the P -operator and Q-curvature of a five-dimensional pseudo-Einstein manifold. Comparison with Marugame’s formulation of the Burns–Epstein invariant as the integral of a pseudohermitian invariant yields new insights into the class of local pseudohermitian invariants for which the total integral is independent of the choice of pseudo-Einstein contact form.
Protecting Against Low-Probability Disasters: The Role of Worry

ABTRACT We carry out a large monetary stakes insurance experiment with very small probabilities of losses and ambiguous as well as exact probabilities. Many individuals do not want to pay anything for insurance whether the probabilities are given exactly or are ambiguous. Many others, however, are willing to pay surprisingly large amounts. With ambiguity, the percentage of those paying nothing is smaller and the willingness to pay (WTP) of the other individuals larger than with exact probabilities. Comparing elasticities with ambiguity, we find that worry is much more important than subjective probability in determining WTP for insurance. Furthermore, when the ambiguous loss probability is increased by a factor of 1000, it has almost no effect on WTP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is the Number of Giant Arcs in ΛCDM Consistent with Observations?

We use high-resolution N-body simulations to study the galaxy-cluster cross sections and the abundance of giant arcs in the ΛCDM model. Clusters are selected from the simulations using the friends-of-friends method, and their cross sections for forming giant arcs are analyzed. The background sources are assumed to follow a uniform ellipticity distribution from 0 to 0.5 and to have an area identical to a circular source with diameter 1''. We find that the optical depth scales as the source redshift approximately as τ = 2.25 × 10-6/[1 + (zs/3.14)-3.42] (0.6 < zs < 7). The amplitude is about 50% higher for an effective source diameter of 0. ″5. The optimal lens redshift for giant arcs with the length-to-width (L/W) ratio larger than 10 increases from 0.3 for zs = 1, to 0.5 for zs = 2, and to 0.7-0.8 for zs > 3. The optical depth is sensitive to the source redshift, in qualitative agreement with Wambsganss et al. (2004). However, our overall optical depth appears to be only ~10%-70% of those from previous studies. The differences can be mostly explained by the different power spectrum normalizations (σ8) used and different ways of determining the L/W ratio. Finite source size and ellipticity have modest effects on the optical depth. We also found that the number of highly magnified (with magnification |μ| > 10) and "undistorted" images (with L/W < 3) is comparable to the number of giant arcs with |μ| > 10 and L/W > 10. We conclude that our predicted rate of giant arcs may be lower than the observed rate, although the precise "discrepancy" is still unclear due to uncertainties in both theory and observations.
Carrier phase and frequency recovery for MIMO-OFDM

A new carrier phase and frequency recovery scheme is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The algorithm uses an extended Kalman filter (EKF) to estimate the instantaneous phase and frequency offset. A linear minimum mean squared error (LMMSE) data-channel extractor is used to isolate the phase and frequency dependent term from the received signal. The proposed algorithm can provide both phase and carrier frequency recovery and has lower complexity than other approaches in the literature. In addition there is very little latency associated with the proposed approach. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can track quickly carrier phase and frequency offset and the performance loss compared to the synchronous case is very small.
The molecular and clinical features of dengue during outbreak in Jambi, Indonesia in 2015

Dengue is hyperendemic in Indonesia. In 2015, reported cases of dengue fever doubled those of 2014 in the Jambi municipality of Sumatra. We examined viral aetiology and its relationship with disease outcome in Jambi. Dengue-suspected patients’ sera were collected and NS1 detection and IgM/IgG serology were performed. Dengue virus (DENV) serotyping was performed using real-time RT-PCR. Envelope genes were sequenced to determine the genotypes of DENV. Clinical, haematologic, and demographic data were recorded. Of 210 dengue-suspected patients, 107 were confirmed. The disease manifested as Dengue Fever (62%), Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (36%), and Dengue Shock Syndrome (2%). The serotypes of 94 DENV were determined. All DENV serotypes were detected with DENV-1 as the predominant serotype (66%). Genotypically, the DENV-1 viruses belong to Genotype I, DENV-2 was of Cosmopolitan genotype, DENV-3 as Genotype I, and DENV-4 belonged to Genotype II. Comparison with historical data revealed serotype predominance switched from DENV-3 to DENV-1, and the replacement of Genotype IV of DENV-1 with Genotype I. In summary, DENV-1 predominated during the 2015 dengue outbreak in Jambi. The full spectrum of dengue disease occurred and was characterized by a switch in predominant serotypes.
The Independence Number of Graphs with Large Odd Girth

Let $G$ be an $r$-regular graph of order $n$ and independence number $\alpha(G)$. We show that if $G$ has odd girth $2k+3$ then $\alpha(G)\geq n^{1-1/k}r^{1/k}$. We also prove similar results for graphs which are not regular. Using these results we improve on the lower bound of Monien and Speckenmeyer, for the independence number of a graph of order $n$ and odd girth $2k+3$.
Infection control recommendations for patients with cystic fibrosis: Microbiology, important pathogens, and infection control practices to prevent patient-to-patient transmission.

Dr. Saiman is from the Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York. Dr. Siegel is from the Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Address reprint requests to Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, 6931 Arlington Road, Bethesda, MD 20814; telephone: (800) FIGHT-CF; website: www.info@cff.org. The authors thank Sherrie Myers and Elizabeth Garber for their assistance in the preparation of this document. This material is being published simultaneously in Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology and the American Journal of Infection Control. Copyright SLACK Incorporated. INFECTION CONTROL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS: MICROBIOLOGY, IMPORTANT PATHOGENS, AND INFECTION CONTROL PRACTICES TO PREVENT PATIENT-TO-PATIENT TRANSMISSION
How does emotional wellbeing relate to underachievement in a general population sample of young adolescents: a neurocognitive perspective

Underachievement in school during early adolescence predicts future economic and personal difficulties. Particular neurocognitive skills on the domain of executive functions start to mature during adolescence. This fact and the physical and psychological changes typical for the transition from childhood to adulthood make adolescents vulnerable to emotional problems. The current study investigated the relationship between mild emotional problems which are highly prevalent among adolescents and underachievement in school, and the role of neurocognitive functioning in this relation. This study was conducted in a substantial sample of typical developing young adolescents who just made the transition to secondary education. Pupils were on average 12.5 years old (standard deviation 0.5), and 45% of the included sample were girls. Emotional wellbeing was associated with underachievement [Odds ratio (OR) 5.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.06–8.68] after adjusting for background variables. Self-reported neurocognitive functioning partly explained the relation between emotional wellbeing and underachievement (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.23–3.99), yet, emotional wellbeing remained statistically associated with underachievement after correcting for additional confounders (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.08–3.66). The observed findings suggest that emotional wellbeing plays an essential role in underachievement during the first year of secondary education.
A joint occurence of atypical behavioral lateralization and schizophrenia: coincidental or causative?

The association between atypical lateralization of hand preferences (still a stigmatized behavioral trait in some cultures) with schizophrenia has been studied over the four last decades, repeatedly showing an increased incidence of atypical lateralization of hand dominance in this population. However, no final verdict on the causal direction be tween these two phenomena has been given. Atypical hand preferences, at the phenotypic level, have been subject to diverse classifications – commonly as left-handedness, but increasingly often as ‘non-right-handedness’, a ‘pooled handedness’ category made of two more homogeneous classes, and finally ‘left- and mixed-handedness’. Research has identified many associations of atypical lateralization of hand preferences with structural and functional brain asymmetries, cognitive performance, and clinical features in the population of schizophrenia patients. In this article, we critically appraise this work and suggest that both complex phenotypes, atypical lateralization of hand dominance and schizophrenia, most likely have common neurodevelopmental and genetic origin.
Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm

Background International melioidosis treatment guidelines recommend a minimum 10 to 14 days’ intravenous antibiotic therapy (intensive phase), followed by 3 to 6 months’ oral therapy (eradication phase). This approach is associated with rates of relapse, defined as recurrence following the eradication phase, that can exceed 5%. Rates of recrudescence, defined as recurrence during the eradication phase, have not previously been reported. In response to low eradication phase completion rates in Australia, a local guideline has evolved over the last ten years recommending a longer minimum intensive phase duration for many cases of melioidosis. Methodology/ Principal Findings This retrospective cohort study reviews antibiotic duration for the first episode of care for all patients diagnosed with melioidosis and surviving the intensive phase during a recent three year period in the tropical north of Australia’s Northern Territory; we also review adherence to the current local guideline and treatment outcomes. Of 215 first episodes of melioidosis surviving the intensive phase, the median (interquartile range) intensive phase duration was 26 (14-34) days. One hundred and eight (50.2%) patients completed eradication therapy; 58 (27.0%) patients took no eradication therapy. At 28 months’ follow-up, one (0.5%) relapse and eleven (5.1%) recrudescences had occurred. On exact logistic regression analysis, the only independent risk factors for recrudescence were self-discharge during the intensive phase (odds ratio 6.2 [95% confidence interval 1.2-30.0]) and septic shock (odds ratio 5.3 [95% confidence interval 1.1-25.7]). Conclusions/ Significance Relapsed melioidosis is rare in patients who receive a minimum intensive phase duration specified by our guideline and extended according to clinical progress. Recrudescence rates may improve with reductions in rates of self-discharge. Given the low relapse rate despite a high rate of eradication therapy non-adherence, the duration and necessity of eradication therapy for different patients after guideline-concordant intensive therapy should be evaluated further.