Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Other-Repair in Chinese conversation: A case of web-based academic discussion

Abstract This study aims to examine other-repair in Chinese conversation, focusing on Web-based academic discussion. The data collected were based on naturally occurring written interaction on Web-based discussion boards in teacher education courses offered by the Open University of Hong Kong. From the 1,525 postings by the participants, 351 repair cases were identified for studying how repair is managed and organized. There were 128 (36.5%) cases of self-repair and 223 (63.5%) of other-repair—an outcome which differs from Schegloff et al.'s (Language 53: 351–382, 1977) conclusion that there is a preference for self-repair, and Levinson's (Pragmatics, Cambridge University Press, 1983) argument that other-repair is a “rare event,” but is in line with some previous findings on Chinese oral conversation. The motivations behind the more frequent use of other-repair in this study are explored by focusing on (a) two aspects which may be interpreted differently in Chinese conversation compared with English conversation—the cultural notions of “face” and “not-yet-competent”—and (b) the availability of “opportunity” for, and the operation of “withholding”, in the turn-taking system for repair. It is argued that, due to cultural factors, Chinese tend to do other-repair in this setting either for seeking knowledge or cooperating with the speaker of the trouble source to continue the conversation. Other-repair may constitute a positive contribution rather than being damaging to face; and when “others” have the competence for repair, they tend to initiate and accomplish it immediately. The opportunity for others to initiate repair is used not only to afford trouble speakers a further chance for self-repair but also for other-repair.
V factor-dependent members of the family Pasteurellaceae in the porcine upper respiratory tract

A study was performed to obtain a better understanding of the diversity and ecology of members of the family Pasteurellaceae in the porcine respiratory tract. A collection of 132 V factor-dependent strains of Pasteurellaceae selected from porcine field isolates mainly from the respiratory tract were subjected to detailed characterization. In addition to the three hitherto recognized species Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Haemophilus parasuis, and Haemophilus taxon "minor group," three distinct taxa were observed. Some of these taxa, which are provisionally designated taxa D, E, and F, would by traditional criteria be mistaken for H. parasuis but differed by several biochemical characteristics. To study the ecology of the V factor-dependent species, swabs from the nasal and oral cavities of 29 pigs were cultivated on selective and nonselective media. By studying approximately 30 isolates from each sample, the distribution and relative proportion of the individual taxa were determined. A. pleuropneumoniae was detected in samples from the tonsil areas of only two acutely ill animals. H. parasuis was isolated from the nasal cavities of four out of nine healthy pigs but from the oral cavities of only two animals. In contrast, taxon "minor group" and taxa D, E, and F were present in the oral cavities of the majority of pigs but were not detected in samples from their nasal cavities. The results indicate that all the observed V factor-dependent species of Pasteurellaceae except A. pleuropneumoniae, are members of the resident microflora of various mucosal surfaces of the porcine upper respiratory tract.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Understand the Beliefs of Chinese Teachers Concerning Teaching Games for Understanding

This study describes the beliefs of Physical Education (PE) teachers regarding Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Twenty PE teachers participated in this study. Data collection consisted of a survey on demographic data and semistructured interviews. The research results indicate that the teachers were positively or neutrally disposed to TGfU. They were motivated to use TGfU either intrinsically by their responsibilities and satisfaction, or extrinsically by pressure to comply with how principals, professional colleagues, and students felt about the TGfU model. Furthermore, most of the participants expressed having low confidence in TGfU teaching due to the limitation of internal factors, such as inadequate game knowledge, limited TGfU conceptual understanding, and inability to modify games, and external factors, including contextual constraints, safety concern, and conflict with the current learning assessment system. The discussion of findings in relati.
Self-Talk in the Swimming Pool: The Effects of Self-Talk on Thought Content and Performance on Water-Polo Tasks

The present study examined the effect of instructional and motivational self-talk on the occurrence of interfering thoughts and performance on two water-polo tasks with similar characteristics performed in the same environment. Two experiments were conducted in the swimming pool, one involving a precision task (throwing a ball at target) and one involving a power task (throwing a ball for distance). In the first experiment (precision task), both self-talk groups improved their performance in comparison to the baseline measure, with participants using instructional self-talk improving more. In the second experiment (power task), only the motivational self-talk group improved its performance significantly. In both experiments the occurrence of interfering thoughts declined for both groups. The results of the study provide further support for the effectiveness of self-talk and give preliminary evidence regarding likely mechanisms through which self-talk influence performance, that is through indications that self-talk reduces thoughts not related to task execution, thus enhancing concentration to the task.
[Purification and physi-chemical properties of polysaccharides SJZPS-Vb-1-2 from immunocompetence parts of sijunzi decoction].

OBJECTIVE To supply basic research materials for clarifying the immunocompetence materials of Sijunzi Decoction. METHODS Two polysaccharides(SJZPS-Vb-1-2) were purified with Sephadex DEAE A 25 and Sephadex G 200 from SJZPS-Vb part (with the highest immunocompetence). Their molecular weights were determined. The sugar compositions were analyzed with GC. The linkage positions of the component sugars were determined by methylation and GC/MS. RESULTS SJZPS-Vb-1-2 was uonic-containing heteropolysaccharides with the component sugars of glucose, galactose and mannose in different molar ratios. The molecular weight of SJZPS-VB-1 was 38,300, SJZPS-VB-2, 26,000. The molar ratio of SJZPS-Vb-1 was as glu:gal:man 1:046:2.15 and SJZPS-Vb-2, glu:gal:man 1:1.41:4.18.
College Students With ADHD

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the second most endorsed disability among college populations today, totaling approximately 11%. ADHD causes significant problems in education and social and occupational functioning of college students as well as in their postcollege work environment. Although the literature is replete with information guiding service providers working with students in other areas, very few studies exists to help career counselors who work with college students with ADHD. This article attempts to fill the gap by highlighting (a) college and postcollege work implications of ADHD characteristics and (b) effective interventions that counselors can implement to buttress the career planning process and postcollege occupational success for students with ADHD.
Effect of communication on pain during intravenous cannulation: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Clinicians frequently warn patients of discomfort before potentially painful procedures, despite the lack of evidence that such communications are helpful. We aimed to compare two communications (one with, and the other without, a warning of a 'sting') immediately before i.v. cannulation in order to measure differences in perceived pain by patients during the procedure. METHODS Randomly assigned patients awaiting elective surgery received a communication immediately before i.v. cannulation consisting of either 'I am going to apply the tourniquet and insert the needle in a few moments. It's a sharp scratch and it may sting a little' (Group S) or 'I am going to apply the tourniquet on the arm. As I do this many people find the arm becomes heavy, numb and tingly. This allows the drip to be placed more comfortably' (Group NS). Cannulation pain was measured by a 0-10 verbal numerical rating score (VNRS) and five-point Likert scale. RESULTS Of 101 participants, 49 were allocated to Group S and 52 to Group NS. Median VNRS pain scores with inter-quartile ranges (IQR) were 1 and 2, respectively, for both groups. Median Likert scores were 3 in Group S and 2 in Group NS with an IQR of 1 for both groups (P = 0.13). Six participants vocalized pain in Group S and none in Group NS (P = 0.01). Three participants withdrew their arm spontaneously in Group S and none in Group NS (P = 0.11). CONCLUSIONS Warning patients of a 'sting' before i.v. cannulation may not be helpful.
Areas Recruited during Action Understanding Are Not Modulated by Auditory or Sign Language Experience

The observation of other people’s actions recruits a network of areas including the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), and posterior middle temporal gyrus (pMTG). These regions have been shown to be activated through both visual and auditory inputs. Intriguingly, previous studies found no engagement of IFG and IPL for deaf participants during non-linguistic action observation, leading to the proposal that auditory experience or sign language usage might shape the functionality of these areas. To understand which variables induce plastic changes in areas recruited during the processing of other people’s actions, we examined the effects of tasks (action understanding and passive viewing) and effectors (arm actions vs. leg actions), as well as sign language experience in a group of 12 congenitally deaf signers and 13 hearing participants. In Experiment 1, we found a stronger activation during an action recognition task in comparison to a low-level visual control task in IFG, IPL and pMTG in both deaf signers and hearing individuals, but no effect of auditory or sign language experience. In Experiment 2, we replicated the results of the first experiment using a passive viewing task. Together, our results provide robust evidence demonstrating that the response obtained in IFG, IPL, and pMTG during action recognition and passive viewing is not affected by auditory or sign language experience, adding further support for the supra-modal nature of these regions.
Racial Discrimination and Citizenship in Ecuador's Educational System

This article challenges the common assumption that the Ecuadorian educational system produces homogeneous mestizo national subjects. Educational institutions are racially segregated, produce differentiated racial and ethnic groups and allow for little social mobility. The article analyzes the ambivalent ways in which whiteness is taught in the schools of the elite, and how the middle classes prefer private religious or military schools where discipline is emphasized and discrimination is exercised, ostracizing non-white students and/or highlighting their disciplinary shortcomings. It also explores the ambiguities of intercultural bilingual education for indigenous peoples and ethno-education for Afro-Ecuadorians, questioning the idea that a segregated, ethnicity-based school system is the best way to democratize the country.
Taxonomical implications of the emergence of high frequency of occurrence of 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine-resistant strains of Vibrio cholerae from clinical cases of cholera in Calcutta, India

Of the 110 consecutive isolates of Vibrio cholerae recovered from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India, between July 1989 and October 1990, 90 and 82.7% were resistant to 10 and 150 micrograms of 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129), respectively. Additionally, all O/129-resistant strains of V. cholerae were multiply resistant to antimicrobial agents. Except in the cases of four strains, resistance to O/129 was invariably linked with resistance to co-trimoxazole. Although O/129 susceptibility is still a useful test for Vibrio identification, resistance of V. cholerae to this compound in local areas might occasionally pose a problem.
Commentary on the postencephalitic cases of Dr. Kinnier Wilson

Three cases of postencephalitic parkinsonism that were originally described by Kinnier Wilson are reviewed and some general comments made upon their presentation. A differential diagnosis that might now be appropriate in the 21st Century is given, in the light of recent literature on the topic and so‐called “sporadic” cases. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Association between the CCK‐A receptor gene and panic disorder

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is one of the most abundant neurotransmitter peptides in the brain. CCK appears to play an important role in the neurobiology of anxiety and panic disorders (PD) in both humans and animals. Recently, we reported that lack of CCKAR had a significant anxiogenic‐like effect in rats. In this study, to investigate the role of CCKAR in PD, we compared the CCKAR gene in PD patients and normal controls. Subjects who fulfilled the DSM‐IV criteria for PD were 17 males and 26 females. The sequence containing the Pst I polymorphic site in the boundary between intron 1 and exon 2 of the CCKAR gene was studied. Pst I digestion of the PCR products gave two individual alleles: A1 and A2. The A1 allele was the undigested fragment and the A2 allele was the digested one with two variant bands at 264 and 180 bp. Genotypic frequencies were 20.9% (A1‐A1), 55.8% (A1‐A2), and 41.7% (A2‐A2) in patients, and 20.5% (A1‐A1), 46.2% (A1‐A2), and 33.3% (A2‐A2) in controls. Allelic frequencies were 48.8% (A1) and 51.2% (A2) in patients, and 43.6% (A1) and 56.4% (A2) in controls. The chi‐square test did not show a significant difference in either genotypic or allelic frequencies between patients and control subjects. The Pst polymorphism of CCKAR may not be associated with PD. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Divergence Measures as Diversity Indices

Entropy measures of probability distributions are widely used measures in ecology, biology, genetics, and in other fields, to quantify species diversity of a community. Unfortunately, entropy-based diversity indices, or diversity indices for short, suffer from three problems. First, when computing the diversity for samples withdrawn from communities with different structures, diversity indices can easily yield non-comparable and hard to interpret results. Second, diversity indices impose weighting schemes on the species distributions that unnecessarily emphasize low abundant rare species, or erroneously identified ones. Third, diversity indices do not allow for comparing distributions against each other, which is necessary when a community has a well-known species' distribution. In this paper we propose a new general methodology based on information theoretic principles to quantify the species diversity of a community. Our methodology, comprised of two steps, naturally overcomes the previous mentioned problems, and yields comparable and easy to interpret diversity values. We show that our methodology retains all the functional properties of any diversity index, and yet is far more flexible than entropy--based diversity indices. Our methodology is easy to implement and is applicable to any community of interest.
The Boundary-spanning Role of Democratic Learning Communities

This multi-case study investigates characteristics and practices in schools that expand the traditional boundaries of school leadership and transform schools into democratic learning communities based on the level of implementation of the IDEALS framework. This investigation serves as a modus to illuminate democratic processes that change schools and address the needs of the students, not the needs of the adults in the system. A sample of five purposefully selected high schools, from the Midwest USA, was utilized. The schools serve Grade 9—12 students, but vary in size, residential area and socioeconomic status of the students. This study illuminates some of the challenges and strategies that facilitate or impede the process of creating more democratic schools that expand the boundaries of inquiry and discourse to include a broader range of community stakeholders and that respect and embrace issues of equity.
Emotion and Expression: Naturalistic Studies

Do basic emotions produce their predicted facial expressions in nonlaboratory settings? Available studies in naturalistic settings rarely test causation, but do show a surprisingly weak correlation between emotions and their predicted facial expressions. This evidence from field studies is more consistent with facial behavior having many causes, functions, and meanings, as opposed to their being fixed signals of basic emotion.
Mechanisms for the acquisition of situation awareness in situated agents

Situation awareness (SA) is the understanding required to operate a complex system in a highly dynamic environment. We evaluate theories of individual SA and the processes by which individuals maintain their understanding of a situation. We support a situated approach, which holds that individual operators make use of limited internal representation, and rely extensively on interactions with external props and tools to achieve and maintain SA. We also propose a synthesis of Durso et al. (2007) [Durso, F. , Rawson, K. , and Girotto, S. , 2007. Comprehension and situation awareness. In: F. Durso, et al., eds. Handbook of applied cognition. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 163–194. ] Construction-Integration model of scene analysis with Sperber and Wilson's (1995) [Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. , 1995. Relevance: communication and cognition. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ] Relevance Theory of comprehension. We show that the combination of the two theories can provide a more complete account of the mechanisms and processes underlying situation assessment, or sense-making, and is consistent with the situated approach to SA.
Integration of Local Features into Global Shapes: Monkey and Human fMRI Studies

Summary the properties of neurons in different visual areas (Hubel and Wiesel, 1968; Felleman and Van Essen, 1991; Van The integration of local image features into global Essen et al., 1992), and in humans, where recent fMRI shapes was investigated in monkeys and humans us- studies provide evidence for functional organization of ing fMRI. An adaptation paradigm was used, in which the visual cortex (Wandell, 1999, for review). The strong stimulus selectivity was deduced by changes in the correlation between the fMRI signal and the underlying course of adaptation of a pattern of randomly oriented neural responses (Logothetis et al., 2001) emphasizes elements. Accordingly, we observed stronger activity the importance of such studies for bridging the gap when orientation changes in the adapting stimulus between the extensive neurophysiological findings in resulted in a collinear contour than a different random monkeys and those reported in combined psychophysipattern. This selectivity to collinear contours was ob- cal and imaging investigations with humans. Our goal served not only in higher visual areas that are impli- was to investigate the visual integration processes in cated in shape processing, but also in early visual both the monkey and the human brain by using the same areas where selectivity depended on the receptive fMRI technique and similar experimental paradigms. field size. These findings suggest that unified shape We tested responses across visual areas to collinear perception in both monkeys and humans involves mul- contours versus random patterns. The collinear patterns tiple visual areas that may integrate local elements to consisted of a number of similarly oriented elements global shapes at different spatial scales. embedded into a background of randomly oriented elements, while the random patterns consisted of a field of randomly oriented elements. Such displays yield the
Teacher beliefs and the mediation of curriculum innovation in Scotland: A socio‐cultural perspective on professional development and change

The purpose of this study was to investigate socio‐cultural factors underpinning curriculum change by examining teacher beliefs in the context of professional development. Scottish teachers in the study were participating in policy implementation based on formative assessment. Teachers were selected who were positive about the formative assessment initiative, so as to examine the inter‐relationships amongst beliefs, policy, and practices when teachers intended to implement curriculum innovation. The aims of the study were to investigate: (a) the nature of teachers’ beliefs about teaching, learning, and the professional development programme; (b) how those beliefs influenced the teachers’ mediation of reform policy in their own classrooms; and (c) points of resonance or tension between teacher’s beliefs and the council’s philosophy towards and management of policy implementation. A qualitative interpretive cross‐case study approach was used with five participant teachers from different secondary subject areas. Results suggested that the unique stance of district administrators to give teachers the opportunity to create their own reform methods, a ‘bottom up’ mode of implementation, appeared to be a significant factor in promoting the reform policy.
Constructing and contesting the Olympics online: The internet, Rio 2016 and the politics of Brazilian development

The awarding of the 2016 Summer Olympics to the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil continues the trend of international sports mega-events being hosted in the global South and constructed and promoted as part of long-term development plans and policies. Rio 2016 also connects with the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) current commitment to international development and global humanitarianism. In this paper, we examine the proliferation of this agenda through official online Olympic communication and compare it against critical perspectives from activist bloggers concerned with development issues specific to Rio 2016. The results support the notions that the internet can be used both to serve and challenge processes of capitalist accumulation and that political debates and contestations, such as those regarding development policy, are increasingly ‘amplified’ online. We argue, therefore, that while the IOC and Olympic stakeholders use the internet in support of neoliberal and modernist notions of development, online communications also offer important avenues for disseminating current critiques of, and resistance to, Olympic hosting.
Alzheimer's PS‐1 mutation perturbs calcium homeostasis and sensitizes PC12 cells to death induced by amyloid β‐peptide

MUTATIONS in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on chromosome 14 are linked to autosomal dominant early- onset Alzheimer's disease. The amino acid sequence of PS-1 predicts an integral membrane protein and immunocytochemical studies indicate that PS-1 is localized to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We report that expression of PS-1 mutation L286V in cultured PC12 cells exaggerates Ca2+ responses to agonists (carbachol and bradykinin) that induce Ca2+ release from ER. Cells expressing L286V exhibit enhanced elevations of [Ca2+]i following exposure to amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and increased vulnerability to Aβ toxicity. An antagonist of voltage-dependent calcium channels (nifedipine), and a blocker of Ca2+ release from ER (dantrolene), counteract the adverse consequences of the PS-1 mutation. By perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis, PS-1 mutations may sensitize neurons to Aβ-induced apoptosis.