Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tradition and Household Tasks

Tradition and Household Tasks by Jennifer Hogge Miller, Master of Science Utab ' Sta te Ulliversit'y, '1919 Major Professor: Professor Jane McCullough Department: Home Economics and Consumer Education The purpose of this study was to investigate how Utah husbands and wives thought household tasks should viii be allocated and how they actually were allocated in their own homes. The sample was 191 two-parent, two-child families residing in Iron, Washington, and Salt Lake Counties. Urban/rural residence, wife's employment status, educational level of both the husband and wife, family income, religious activity, and the husband's occupation were studied in relation to household task allocation. Eight hypotheses were tested. Husband's religious activity and wife's employment status were found to be related to a traditional pattern of household task allocation. There was a significant difference between wives' religious activity and allocation of household tasks. Wives who were
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF TAX CHANGES: ESTIMATES BASED ON A NEW MEASURE OF FISCAL SHOCKS

This paper investigates the impact of changes in the level of taxation on economic activity. We use the narrative record -presidential speeches, executive-branch documents, and Congressional reports -to identify the size, timing, and principal motivation for all major postwar tax policy actions. This narrative analysis allows us to separate revenue changes resulting from legislation from changes occurring for other reasons. It also allows us to further separate legislated changes into those taken for reasons related to prospective economic conditions, such as countercyclical actions and tax changes tied to changes in government spending, and those taken for more exogenous reasons, such as to reduce an inherited budget deficit or to promote long-run growth. We then examine the behavior of output following these more exogenous legislated changes. The resulting estimates indicate that tax increases are highly contractionary. The effects are strongly significant, highly robust, and much larger than those obtained using broader measures of tax changes. The large effect stems in considerable part from a powerful negative effect of tax increases on investment. We also find that legislated tax increases designed to reduce a persistent budget deficit appear to have much smaller output costs than other tax increases. Christina D. Romer Department of Economics 549 Evans Hall, #3880 University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 and NBER cromer@econ.berkeley. edu David H. Romer Department of Economics 549 Evans Hall University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-3880 and NBER dromer@econ.berkeley. edu
HIV and other sexually transmitted infection research in the Middle East and North Africa: promising progress?

The mere association of the words sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS, and sexuality, to Middle East and North Africa (MENA) in any discussion, social or academic, seems to elicit heated debates and controversy. The MENA region is, in the minds of many, an area where socio-cultural sensitivities surrounding sex and disease still abound. Are there HIV epidemics shrouded behind a wall of denial? Is there a ‘conspiracy of silence’ resulting in a failure to confront a public health scourge? Lack of data seems to have fuelled this debate, but the reality of the situation is more nuanced. There are probably shreds of truth in the polemics about HIV infection and other STIs in this region, but partial truths often distort reality. This special supplement of Sexually Transmitted Infections provides a critical piece of the solution to this problem: evidence from the field. This evidence suggests a reality that this region should be able to confront and deal with. The purpose of this special supplement is to showcase the progress of STI research in MENA, and to demonstrate stronger evidence about the HIV epidemic to inform policy and programming. We chose studies that broadened our knowledge in this field, and testified to the feasibility of conducting quality research in this region. To highlight progress, we invited contributors to submit studies dealing with diverse research questions and methodologies. We encouraged novelty and weighed the studies’ potential to impact policy and programming. Our goal was to have a broad representation from the MENA region, but we only achieved partial success. Though eventually the supplement included data from multiple countries in one form or another, the countries with more advanced research capacity contributed more. A few of the invited articles from other countries did not materialise for a variety of reasons. One of …
Hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, and the risk of type 2 diabetes in older men.

OBJECTIVE We have examined the relationship between hepatic enzymes, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes and assessed the potential of hepatic enzyme measurements in determining diabetes risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a prospective study of 3,500 nondiabetic men aged 60-79 years who were followed-up for a mean period of 5 years and in whom there were 100 incident type 2 diabetes cases. RESULTS In cross-sectional analyses, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. Prospectively, the risk of type 2 diabetes significantly increased with increasing levels of ALT and GGT even after adjustment for confounders including BMI (top versus bottom quarter ALT: relative risk 2.72 [95% CI 1.47-5.02]; GGT: 3.68 [1.68-8.04]). Additional adjustment for insulin resistance attenuated the effects, but the relationships with ALT and GGT remained significant (1.91 [1.01-3.60] and 2.69 [1.21-5.97], respectively). Further adjustment for inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein) made minor differences. Among high-risk subjects (obese men or those with the metabolic syndrome), elevated GGT and ALT enhanced the prediction of diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of ALT and GGT within the normal range are independent predictors of type 2 diabetes in older men and are useful additional measures in identifying those at high risk of diabetes.
Categorical Perception of Facial Expressions by 7-Month-Old Infants

Recent research indicates that adults show categorical perception of facial expressions of emotion. It is not known whether this is a basic characteristic of perception that is present from the earliest weeks of life, or whether it is one that emerges more gradually with experience in perceiving and interpreting expressions. We report two experiments designed to investigate whether young infants, like adults, show categorical perception of facial expressions. 7-month-old infants were shown photographic quality continua of interpolated (morphed) facial expressions derived from two prototypes of fear and happiness. In the first experiment, we used a visual-preference technique to identify the infants' category boundary between happiness and fear. In the second experiment, we used a combined familiarisation – visual-preference technique to compare infants' discrimination of pairs of expressions that were equally physically different but that did or did not cross the emotion-category boundary. The results suggest that 7-month-old infants (i) show evidence of categorical perception of facial expressions of emotion, and (ii) show persistent interest in looking at fearful expressions.
Do Deep Convolutional Nets Really Need to be Deep and Convolutional?

Yes, they do. This paper provides the first empirical demonstration that deep convolutional models really need to be both deep and convolutional, even when trained with methods such as distillation that allow small or shallow models of high accuracy to be trained. Although previous research showed that shallow feed-forward nets sometimes can learn the complex functions previously learned by deep nets while using the same number of parameters as the deep models they mimic, in this paper we demonstrate that the same methods cannot be used to train accurate models on CIFAR-10 unless the student models contain multiple layers of convolution. Although the student models do not have to be as deep as the teacher model they mimic, the students need multiple convolutional layers to learn functions of comparable accuracy as the deep convolutional teacher.
Centred voices : A study of the lived experience of women's health centre coordinators

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to explore and describe the lived experience of women's health centre coordinators. In addition to the intrinsic value of telling these women's stories, this research provides data which can be used to strengthen the economic, political, organisational and social position of women's health centres and the women who work in them. Four women managers from regional urban women's health centres in Australia were interviewed about their subjective experiences with respect to their current working roles. Interviews were audio taped, transcribed and coded to produce themes and to preserve anonymity. Data was analysed using Colaizzi's phenomenological method. Credibility and validity of data was enhanced by the use of multiple interviews, member checks, a pilot study and a clearly identifiable audit trail. The findings of the study reveal that the main themes relating to the experience of women's health centre coordinators are: the importance of shared principles, passions and rewards; their feminist leadership role as managers of a specialist health service; working with the wider system; and the demanding nature of their job. Theoretical sensitivity is demonstrated by re-analysing the emergent themes and descriptions obtained from the data against the backdrop of the current social, economic and political climate of women's health in Australia. This second order analysis reveals the processes and strategies employed by women's health centre coordinators in carrying out their work, and highlights the many factors that have influenced their development as feminist managers. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the experience of women's health centre coordinators in this study parallels those of feminist managers elsewhere, and as such, this thesis represents a significant contribution to the dearth of literature on women managers working in feminist, consumer-based organisations. Author: Jodie Moyle Supervisor: Dr Lynne Hunt
Culture and Aesthetic Preference: Comparing the Attention to Context of East Asians and Americans

Prior research indicates that East Asians are more sensitive to contextual information than Westerners. This article explored aesthetics to examine whether cultural variations were observable in art and photography. Study 1 analyzed traditional artistic styles using archival data in representative museums. Study 2 investigated how contemporary East Asians and Westerners draw landscape pictures and take portrait photographs. Study 3 further investigated aesthetic preferences for portrait photographs. The results suggest that (a) traditional East Asian art has predominantly context-inclusive styles, whereas Western art has predominantly object-focused styles, and (b) contemporary members of East Asian and Western cultures maintain these culturally shaped aesthetic orientations. The findings can be explained by the relation among attention, cultural resources, and aesthetic preference.
Second Language Interferes with Word Production in Fluent Bilinguals: Brain Potential and Functional Imaging Evidence

Bilingual individuals need effective mechanisms to prevent interference between their languages. Using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we present evidence for interference of phonological information from the nontarget language in GermanSpanish bilinguals. A tacit picture-naming task was used in which bilinguals and monolinguals had to make speeded responses based on the first letter of the picture's name in the target language. In one condition, subjects were required to respond when the name began with a vowel and to withhold a response if it started with a consonant. Stimuli had been selected such that in half of the trials, the names in both languages necessitated the same response, whereas in the other half, responses were different for the two languages. For the bilinguals, the language in which the stimuli had to be named was changed after each block. Bilinguals showed phonological interference compared with monolingual performance, which was evident in their performance, ERPs, and fMRI patterns. Nonlanguage-specific brain areas such as the left middle prefrontal cortex were found to be crucial for the control of interference.
HO-3867, a Synthetic Compound, Inhibits the Migration and Invasion of Ovarian Carcinoma Cells through Downregulation of Fatty Acid Synthase and Focal Adhesion Kinase

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which are overexpressed in a variety of human epithelial tumors, play a key role in the migration and invasion of cancer cells. Hence, strategies targeted at inhibiting the FAS/FAK proteins may have therapeutic potential for cancer treatment. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of HO-3867, a synthetic compound, on the migratory ability of ovarian cancer cells and to understand the mechanistic pathways including the involvement of FAS, FAK, and associated signaling proteins. The study was done using two established human ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780 and SKOV3. Incubation with 10 μmol/L HO-3867 for 24 hours significantly inhibited the native as well as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–mediated migration and invasion of the cells. HO-3867 significantly attenuated FAS and FAK protein levels apparently through accelerated ubiquitin-dependent degradation, as shown by a clear downregulation of isopeptidase USP2a. Exposure of cells to HO-3867 also significantly inhibited FAS activity and mRNA levels and a number of downstream proteins, including phospho-extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2, phospho-human epidermal growth factor receptor 1, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1, VEGF, and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of A2780 xenograft tumors in mice treated with HO-3867 showed significant reduction in FAS, FAK, VEGF, and downstream protein levels when compared with the untreated control. Collectively, the results showed that HO-3867 suppressed the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the expression or activity of FAS and FAK proteins. The study suggests that molecular targeting of FAS and FAK by HO-3867 may be a potential strategy for ovarian cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Res; 8(9); 1188–97. ©2010 AACR.
Quartets and Parameter Recovery for the General Markov Model of Sequence Mutation

A quartet method of phylogenetic inference from biological sequence data might use only 4-dimensional marginal arrays of the joint distribution array of bases in aligned sequences to infer 4-taxon tree topologies, and then use these to infer an n-taxon tree. Since such methods have been advocated as one way of dealing with the computational demands of deducing large phylogenies, understanding the theoretical extent to which quartet methods can ensure the appropriateness of a choice of a model of sequence mutation is of interest. Unfortunately, quartet information cannot confirm that data is in accord with the general Markov model on a tree relating n taxa. However, it can confirm, under certain technical conditions, that there exists not only a unique tree but also unique model parameters consistent with all quartet data. These technical conditions can be phrased in terms of polynomial equalities (phylogenetic invariants) and inequalities in the entries of the marginal arrays.
Scheduling with per-link queues and no per-flow information in multi-hop wireless networks

This paper focuses on designing and analyzing throughput-optimal scheduling policies that avoid using per-flow or per-destination information, maintain a single data queue for each link, exploit only local information, and potentially improve the delay performance, for multi-hop wireless networks under general interference constraints. Although the celebrated backpressure algorithm maximizes throughput, it requires per-flow or per-destination information (which may be difficult to obtain and maintain), maintains per-flow or per-destination queues at each node, relies on constant exchange of queue length information among neighboring nodes to calculate link weights, and may result in poor delay performance. In contrast, the proposed schemes can circumvent these drawbacks while guaranteeing throughput optimality. We rigorously analyze the throughput performance of the proposed schemes and show that they are throughput-optimal using fluid limit techniques via an inductive argument. We also conduct simulations to show that the proposed schemes can substantially improve the delay performance.
Polyphone decision tree specialization for language adaptation

With the distribution of speech technology products all over the world, the fast and efficient portability to new target languages becomes a practical concern. The authors explore the relative effectiveness of adapting multilingual LVCSR systems to a new target language with limited adaptation data. For this purpose they introduce a polyphone decision tree specialization method. Several recognition results are presented based on mono- and multilingual recognizers. These recognizers are developed in the framework of the project GlobalPhone. In this project we investigate speech recognition in 15 languages: Arabic, Mandarin and Shanghai Chinese, Croatian, English, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, and Turkish.
Proteomic analysis of apoplastic fluid of Coffea arabica leaves highlights novel biomarkers for resistance against Hemileia vastatrix

A proteomic analysis of the apoplastic fluid (APF) of coffee leaves was conducted to investigate the cellular processes associated with incompatible (resistant) and compatible (susceptible) Coffea arabica-Hemileia vastatrix interactions, during the 24–96 hai period. The APF proteins were extracted by leaf vacuum infiltration and protein profiles were obtained by 2-DE. The comparative analysis of the gels revealed 210 polypeptide spots whose volume changed in abundance between samples (control, resistant and susceptible) during the 24–96 hai period. The proteins identified were involved mainly in protein degradation, cell wall metabolism and stress/defense responses, most of them being hydrolases (around 70%), particularly sugar hydrolases and peptidases/proteases. The changes in the APF proteome along the infection process revealed two distinct phases of defense responses, an initial/basal one (24–48 hai) and a late/specific one (72–96 hai). Compared to susceptibility, resistance was associated with a higher number of proteins, which was more evident in the late/specific phase. Proteins involved in the resistance response were mainly, glycohydrolases of the cell wall, serine proteases and pathogen related-like proteins (PR-proteins), suggesting that some of these proteins could be putative candidates for resistant markers of coffee to H. vastatrix. Antibodies were produced against chitinase, pectin methylesterase, serine carboxypeptidase, reticuline oxidase and subtilase and by an immunodetection assay it was observed an increase of these proteins in the resistant sample. With this methodology we have identified proteins that are candidate markers of resistance and that will be useful in coffee breeding programs to assist in the selection of cultivars with resistance to H. vastatrix.
Pituitary Adenlylate Cyclase Activating Peptide Protects Adult Neural Stem Cells from a Hypoglycaemic milieu

Hypoglycaemia is a common side-effect of glucose-lowering therapies for type-2 diabetic patients, which may cause cognitive/neurological impairment. Although the effects of hypoglycaemia in the brain have been extensively studied in neurons, how hypoglycaemia impacts the viability of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) has been poorly investigated. In addition, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of how hypoglycaemia regulates NSCs survival have not been characterized. Recent work others and us have shown that the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist Exendin-4 stimulate NSCs survival against glucolipoapoptosis. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro system where to study the effects of hypoglycaemia on NSC survival. Furthermore, we determine the potential role of PACAP and Exendin-4 in counteracting the effect of hypoglycaemia. A hypoglycaemic in vitro milieu was mimicked by exposing subventricular zone-derived NSC to low levels of glucose. Moreover, we studied the potential involvement of apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress by quantifying protein levels of Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3 and mRNA levels of CHOP. We show that PACAP via PAC-1 receptor and PKA activation counteracts impaired NSC viability induced by hypoglycaemia. The protective effect induced by PACAP correlated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, Exendin-4 was ineffective. The results show that hypoglycaemia decreases NSC viability and that this effect can be substantially counteracted by PACAP via PAC-1 receptor activation. The data supports a potential therapeutic role of PAC-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of neurological complications, based on neurogenesis impairment by hypoglycaemia.
Undergraduate Honors Theses Honors Program Spring 2014 Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Parkinson ' s Disease

Parkinson's disease is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, affecting an estimated 5 million people worldwide (Olanow, Stern, & Sethi, 2009). The exact etiology of the disease is unknown, but current treatments are able to control symptoms in many patients. However, no treatments currently exist that can slow or stop the progression of the disease. Research has indicated that the immune system likely plays a role in the etiology of Parkinson's disease, so immunotherapy strategies have been proposed as a potential way to better combat the disease. This study examines the effect of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor on dopaminergic neuron damage seen in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Significant results were found that support the role of regulatory T cells in the protection of neurons from MPTP-induced damage, supporting the possibility of immunotherapy to treat Parkinson's disease.