Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical, Biochemical and Haemodynamic Effects of the Intrathecal Ketamine for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches

Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.
Spatiotemporally different origins of NG2 progenitors produce cortical interneurons versus glia in the mammalian forebrain

Significance The CRE/LoxP cell lineage tracing strategy has been applied effectively to label progenies derived from specific progenitors in different model organisms. Although this approach efficaciously labels cells expressing a specific marker, it often discounts the heterogeneity of the cell populations sharing the same cellular marker. In this study, we combined the CRE/LoxP tracing strategy with BrdU birth-dating analysis to separate the NG2 expression progenitor populations and identified the defined interneuronal versus oligodendroglial lineages on the basis of special and temporal specific origins. The studies on the exact lineage composition of NG2 expressing progenitors in the forebrain have been controversial. A number of studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of postnatal NG2 cells. However, NG2 cells found in embryonic dates are far less understood. Our study indicates that early NG2 progenitors from a ventral origin (i.e., before embryonic day 16.5) tangentially migrate out of the medial ganglionic eminence and give rise to interneurons in deep layers of the dorsal cerebral cortex. The majority of myelinating oligodendrocytes found in both cortical gray and white matters are, in contrast, derived from NG2 progenitors with a neonatal subventricular zone origin. Our lineage tracing data reflect the heterogeneous nature of NG2 progenitor populations and define the relationship between lineage divergence and spatiotemporal origins. Beyond the typical lineage tracing studies of NG2+ cells, by costaining with lineage-specific markers, our study addresses the origins of heterogeneity and its implications in the differentiation potentials of NG2+ progenitors.
Combining Preferences and Processes: An Integrated Approach to Black‐White Labor Market Inequality1

This article offers an innovative theoretical approach to black‐white labor market inequality that combines components of threat, spatial mismatch, and urban decline theories in a queuing framework. Using a unique measure—the earnings gap between black and white workers resulting from sorting into different occupations within an occupationally and educationally delimited labor queue—the author tests hypotheses from the combined model. Results show support for the combined model, as characteristics of labor and job queues significantly influence the extent of black‐white inequality. Variables representing employers’ preferences for or against hiring black workers are also significant, suggesting the utility of jointly examining preferences and processes in the labor market.
Effect of mouse strain and age on detection of mouse parvovirus 1 by use of serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Detection of mouse parvovirus 1 (MPV) depends on use of serologic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. These assays were evaluated for their ability to detect virus-specific antibodies or viral DNA in multiple strains and ages of mice inoculated with MPV. METHODS Twelve-week-old ICR, BALB/c, C3H, C57BL/6, and DBA/2 mice and four- and eight-week-old ICR mice were inoculated with MPV. Serum was harvested four weeks after inoculation and analyzed by use of recombinant non structural protein 1 (rNS1) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), minute virus of mice (MVM) ELISA, and MPV indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA), MVM IFA, and MPV hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays. Select tissues were harvested and analyzed by use of an MPV-specific PCR assay. RESULTS The number of mice in each group with detectable MPV-specific antibodies or MPV DNA varied with mouse strain, mouse age when inoculated, and viral dose. Seroconversion in mice inoculated at 12 weeks of age was detected almost exclusively by use of the MPV IFA and MPV HAI assays, whereas seroconversion in almost all mice inoculated at 4 and 8 weeks of age was detected by use of all immunoassays except the MVM ELISA. Viral DNA was detected by use of PCR analysis in all strains and ages of mice except DBA/2 mice. CONCLUSIONS Mouse strain and age have important roles in seroconversion to nonstructural and structural MPV antigens and persistence of viral DNA in mouse tissues. Therefore, diagnostic serologic testing and PCR analysis should be considered within the context of mouse strain and age at the time of MPV exposure, especially when sentinel mice are used for surveillance.
Bouncing Bubbles Can Pop: Contextual Sensitivity in Children's Metaphor Comprehension

This study investigated the extent to which children's metaphor comprehension was affected by context. Seventy-two participants at each of four age levels (first, third, and fifth grades and college) interpreted 12 metaphors embedded in story contexts that primed an emotional meaning consistent, inconsistent, or neutral with regard to the emotional meaning of the metaphor. Although the college students performed better than the children in some respects, even the youngest children demonstrated an ability to adjust their metaphoric interpretations to reflect contextual influence. These findings suggest that children as young as 6 years of age exhibit skill with metaphor.
Developmental trajectories of DSM-IV symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: genetic effects, family risk and associated psychopathology.

BACKGROUND DSM-IV specifies three ADHD subtypes; the combined, the hyperactive-impulsive and the inattentive. Little is known about the developmental relationships underlying these subtypes. The objective of this study was to describe the development of parent-reported hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention symptoms from childhood to adolescence and to study their associations with genetic factors, family risk, and later adjustment problems in early adulthood. METHOD Data in this study comes from 1,450 twin pairs participating in a population-based, longitudinal twin study. Developmental trajectories were defined using parent-ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention symptoms at age 8-9, 13-14, and 16-17. Twin methods were used to explore genetic influences on trajectories. Family risk measures included low socioeconomic status, large family size and divorce. Self-ratings of externalizing and internalizing problems in early adulthood were used to examine adjustment problems related to the different trajectory combinations. RESULTS We found two hyperactivity-impulsivity trajectories (low, high/decreasing) and two inattention trajectories (low, high/increasing). Twin modeling revealed a substantial genetic component underlying both the hyperactivity-impulsivity and the inattention trajectory. Joint trajectory analyses identified four groups of adolescents with distinct developmental patterns of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention: a low/low group, a primarily hyperactive, a primarily inattentive and a combined (high/high) trajectory type. These trajectory combinations showed discriminant relations to adjustment problems in early adulthood. The hyperactive, inattentive and combined trajectory subtypes were associated with higher rates of family risk environments compared to the low/low group. CONCLUSION Study results showed that for those on a high trajectory, hyperactivity decreased whereas inattention increased. The combinations of these trajectories lend developmental insight into how children shift from (i) a combined to inattentive subtype, and (ii) a hyperactive-impulsive to a combined subtype. This study suggests that ADHD subtypes cannot be viewed as discrete and stable categories.
Effects of facial similarity on user responses to embodied agents

We investigated the effects of facial similarity between users and embodied agents under different experimental conditions. Sixty-four undergraduates interacted with two different embodied agents: in one case the agent was designed to look somewhat similar to the user, and in the other case the agent was designed to look dissimilar. We varied between subjects how helpful the agent was for a given task. Results showed that the facial similarity manipulation sometimes affected participants' responses, even though they did not consciously detect the similarity. Specifically, when the agent was helpful, facial similarity increased participantsi ratings of involvement. However, when exposed to unhelpful agents, male participants had negative responses to the similar-looking agent compared to the dissimilar one. These results suggest that using facially similar embodied agents has a potential large downside if that embodied agent is perceived to be unhelpful.
Multi-authority ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption with accountability

Attribute-based encryption (ABE) is a promising tool for implementing fine-grained cryptographic access control. Very recently, motivated by reducing the trust assumption on the authority, and enhancing the privacy of users, a multiple-authority key-policy ABE system, together with a semi-generic anonymous key-issuing protocol, have been proposed by Chase and Chow in CCS 2009. Since ABE allows encryption for multiple users with attributes satisfying the same policy, it may not be always possible to associate a decryption key to a particular individual. A misbehaving user could abuse the anonymity by leaking the key to someone else, without worrying of being traced. In this paper, we propose a multi-authority ciphertext-policy (AND gates with wildcard) ABE scheme with accountability, which allows tracing the identity of a misbehaving user who leaked the decryption key to others, and thus reduces the trust assumptions not only on the authorities but also the users. The tracing process is efficient and its computational overhead is only proportional to the length of the identity.
Transforming School Counseling: A National Perspective

The mission for schools in the 21st century focuses squarely on effective teaching and learning. Standards-based education reform, with a relentless call for accountability and increased academic achievement for all students, comes at a time of booming technological advances and rapidly changing diversity in the composition of U.S. schools. The convergence of these forces, coupled with a critical look at school counseling at the close of the 20th century, provided a perfect opportunity for re-thinking, re-framing, and transforming the role of school counseling in American schools. In 1996 the Education Trust, a Washington, DC-based nonprofit organization, with support from the DeWitt Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund, launched a five-year, multistaged national initiative for transforming school counseling. The Trust made public glaring points of disjunction in the theory being taught and the practice actually needed to help students, especially low-income and minority youth, improve academically in schools.
Sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to chromatic and luminance flicker.

1. We have studied the sensitivity of macaque retinal ganglion cells to sinusoidal flicker. Contrast thresholds were compared for stimuli which alternated only in luminance ('luminance flicker') or chromaticity ('chromatic flicker'), or which modulated only the middle‐ or long‐wavelength‐sensitive cones ('silent substitution'). 2. For luminance flicker, the lowest thresholds were those of phasic, non‐opponent ganglion cells. Sensitivity was maximal near 10 Hz. 3. Tonic, cone‐opponent ganglion cells were relatively insensitive to luminance flicker, especially at low temporal frequencies, but were sensitive to chromatic flicker, thresholds changing little from 1 to 20 Hz. Those with antagonistic input from middle‐ and long‐wavelength‐sensitive (M‐ and L‐) cones had a low threshold to chromatic flicker between red and green lights. Those with input from short‐wavelength‐sensitive (S‐) cones had a low threshold to chromatic flicker between blue and green. Expressed in terms of cone contrast, the S‐cone inputs to blue on‐centre cells had higher thresholds than M‐ and L‐cone inputs to other cell types. 4. Phasic, non‐opponent cells responded to high‐contrast red‐green chromatic flicker at twice the flicker frequency. This frequency‐doubled response is due to a non‐linearity of summation of M‐ and L‐cone mechanisms. It was only apparent at cone contrasts which were above threshold for most tonic cells. 5. M‐ or L‐cones were stimulated selectively using silent substitution. Thresholds of M‐ and L‐cone inputs to both red and green on‐centre cells were similar. This implies that these cells' sensitivity to chromatic flicker is derived in equal measure from centre and surround. Thresholds of the isolated cone inputs could be used to predict sensitivity to chromatic flicker. The high threshold of these cells to achromatic contrast is thus, at least in part, due to mutual cancellation by opponent inputs rather than intrinsically low sensitivity. 6. Thresholds of M‐ and L‐cone inputs to phasic cells were similar at 10 Hz, and were comparable to those of tonic cells, suggesting that at 1400 td cone inputs to both cell groups are of similar strength. 7. The modulation transfer function of phasic cells to luminance flicker was similar to the detection sensitivity curve of human observers who viewed the same stimulus. For chromatic flicker, at low temporal frequencies thresholds of tonic cells (red or green on‐centre cells in the case of red‐green flicker or blue on‐centre cells in the case of blue‐green flicker) approached that of human observers. We propose the different cell types are the substrate of different channels which have been postulated on the basis of psychophysical experiments. 8. At frequencies of chromatic flicker above 2 Hz, human sensitivity falls off steeply whereas tonic cell sensitivity remained the same or increased. This implies that high‐frequency signals in the chromatic, tonic cell pathway are not available to the central pathway respons
Guidelines for the use of carotid endarterectomy: current recommendations from the Canadian Neurosurgical Society.

OBJECTIVE To develop guidelines on the suitability of patients for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). OPTIONS For atherosclerotic carotid stenosis that has resulted in retinal or cerebral ischemia: antiplatelet drugs or CEA. For asymptomatic carotid stenosis: CEA or no surgery. OUTCOMES Risk of stroke and death. EVIDENCE Trials comparing CEA with nonsurgical management of carotid stenosis. VALUES Greatest weight was given to findings that were highly significant both statistically and clinically. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS Benefit: reduction in the risk of stroke. Major harms: iatrogenic stroke, cardiac complications and death secondary to surgical manipulations of the artery or the systemic stress of surgery. Costs were not considered. RECOMMENDATIONS CEA is clearly recommended for patients with surgically accessible internal carotid artery (ICA) stenoses equal to or greater than 70% of the more distal, normal ICA lumen diameter, providing: (1) the stenosis is symptomatic, causing transient ischemic attacks or nondisabling stroke (including retinal infarction); (2) there is no worse distal, ipsilateral, carotid distribution arterial disease; (3) the patient is in stable medical condition; and (4) the rates of major surgical complications (stroke and death) among patients of the treating surgeon are less than 6%. Surgery is not recommended for asymptomatic stenoses of less than 60%. Symptomatic stenoses of less than 70% and asymptomatic stenoses of greater than 60% are uncertain indications. For these indications, consideration should be given to (1) patient presentation, age and medical condition; (2) plaque characteristics such as degree of narrowing, the presence of ulceration and any documented worsening of the plaque over time; (3) other cerebral arterial stenoses or occlusions, or cerebral infarcts identified through neuroimaging; and (4) surgical complication rates at the institution. CEA should not be considered for asymptomatic stenoses unless the combined stroke and death rate among patients of the surgeon is less than 3%. VALIDATION These guidelines generally agree with position statements prepared by other organizations in recent years, and with a January 1995 consensus statement by a group of experts assembled by the American Heart Association.
Political Gender Equality and State Human Rights Abuse

Feminist theorists argue that more equal societies that are not based on gender hierarchies ought to be less plagued by collective violence. This study tests whether political gender equality is associated with lower levels of personal integrity rights abuse carried out by state agents, such as fewer political imprisonments, torture, killings, and disappearances. Two indicators of political gender equality are used: (1) a dummy indicating that the chief executive of a state is a woman; and (2) the percentage of women in parliament. The impact of political gender equality on personal integrity rights abuse is tested using multiple regression techniques and a dataset spanning most countries of the world during the period 1977–96. Female chief executives are rare, and their tenures are not significantly associated with the level of abuse. The percentage of women in parliament is associated with lower levels of personal integrity rights abuse. Results show both a direct effect of female representation in parliament and an effect in interaction with the level of institutional democracy. These results hold when controlling for the most important factors known or suspected to influence human rights behavior: democracy, leftist regime, military regime, British colonial experience, civil war, international war, wealth, population, ethnic heterogeneity, and regime transition and collapse.
The evolution of bookkeeping methods in China: A Darwinist analysis of developments during the twentieth-century

This article reviews the historical development of bookkeeping methods in China during the twentieth century by applying the “Universal Darwinism” theory developed by Dawkins (1983) and Hodgson (2002). According to Dawkins and Hodgson, the biological principles of variation, selection and inheritance can be applied to cultural and other forms of evolution. This article applies these principles to critically evaluate the evolution of double-entry bookkeeping methods in China during the twentieth century. It concludes that bookkeeping methods are selected by their surrounding environment which is determined by the political, economic and cultural factors of that particular period. The methods selected are those that adapt best or are most suited to a change in the environment. Different methods compete for the dominant position. If a single method cannot be exclusively selected, then multiple methods may be permitted to co-exist. This conclusion can also explain why, in general, pluralism is a very prevalent phenomenon in accounting.
Need for cognitive closure and politics: Voting, political attitudes and attributional style

T his paper examines the impact of dispositional Need for Cognitive Closure (NFC) on different political attitudes and on the “person blame” and the “system blame” dimensions. Two hundred and thirty-four psychology students completed a questionnaire containing the Italian version of the Need for Closure scale, a measure of political and ideological attitudes, a measure of the person-system blame dimensions, and a measure of past voting. Results showed that high NFC individuals (vs. low NFCs) reported having voted for a right-wing party and holding more conservative attitudes. High NFCs (vs. low NFCs) turned out to have stronger anti-immigrant attitudes, to be more nationalistic, to prefer an autocratic leadership and a centralized form of political power. High NFCs also value religiosity more highly than low NFCs. High NFCs (vs. low NFCs) scored lower on pluralism and multiculturalism. Furthermore, high NFCs (vs. low NFCs) revealed a tendency to blame individuals for social problems, but no significant di.
Power-Hardware-in-the-loop simulation of a D-STATCOM equipped MV network interfaced to an actual PV inverter

Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) simulation is a promising method for studying the interaction of various complex components in current and future electricity grids. This paper firstly examines the applicability of PHIL simulation to Fault-Ride-Through tests. A test setup is implemented with a hardware PV inverter as the Hardware Under Test (HUT). Furthermore, the PHIL method is employed for testing and validating the capability of a D-STATCOM to compensate voltage dips. An average model of a D-STATCOM is developed in the RTDS® and its influence on the operation of the hardware PV inverter is investigated.
Mediating heritage

This article draws on media theory in order to theorize the role of tour guides as a form of cultural mediation. It does so by analysing the work of tour guides at a site of ‘difficult heritage’, the former Nazi Party Rally Grounds in Nuremberg, Germany. The work of tour guides is here conceptualized primarily as a process in which guides, and the organization for which they work, are engaged in trying to encode preferred readings. The empirical study shows how this ‘encoding attempt’ is a complex, negotiated and sometimes conflictual process in which guides try to deal with the materiality of the site and the social dynamics of the tour group. This has implications for understanding the nature of mediation and of different forms of tourism.