Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pyrazinamide Resistance, Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineage and Treatment Outcomes in San Francisco, California

Background Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a first line agent for the treatment of active tuberculosis. PZA is also considered a potent companion drug for newer regimens under development. There are limited data on the demographic, clinical, and pathogen characteristics of PZA resistant tuberculosis. Methods Using a retrospective cohort study design, we evaluated all PZA resistant M. tuberculosis (M.tb) and M. bovis cases reported in San Francisco from 1991 to 2011. Demographic, clinical, and molecular data were analyzed. M.tb lineage was determined for all PZA resistant strains and compared to PZA susceptible strains. Results PZA resistance was identified in 1.8% (50 of 2,842) of mycobacterial isolates tested, corresponding to a case rate of 0.3 per 100,000 in the population. Monoresistant PZA infection was associated with the Hispanic population ([OR], 6.3; 95% [CI], 1.97–20.16) and 48% of cases were due to M. bovis. Infection with monoresistant PZA was also associated with extrapulmonary disease ([OR], 6.0; 95% [CI], 2.70–13.26). There was no statistically significant difference between treatment failure and mortality rates in patients infected with PZA monoresistance compared to pansusceptible controls (4% vs. 8%, p = 0.51), or those with PZA and MDR resistance (PZA-MDR) compared to MDR controls (18% vs. 29%, p = 0.40). PZA resistance was not associated with M.tb lineage. Conclusions Across two decades of comprehensive epidemiologic data on tuberculosis in San Francisco County, PZA resistance was uncommon. PZA resistance caused predominantly extrapulmonary disease and was more common in Hispanics compared to other ethnicities, with nearly half the cases attributed to M. bovis. No association was found between PZA monoresistance and M.tb lineage. Treatment outcomes were not adversely influenced by the presence of PZA resistance.
Household income and health status in children and adolescents in Britain.

BACKGROUND Mortality, health, and well-being across the lifespan are associated with socioeconomic position (typically operationalised as occupational status). There is some evidence that adolescence represents a period of 'relative equalisation' of health inequalities. Our aim was to examine the association between inequalities in household income and health in childhood and adolescence. METHODS Cross-sectional survey using multistage stratified random sample of households in Britain. Information was collected on 10438 children aged 5-15 years. RESULTS Low levels of equivalised household income was associated with poorer health for 13 out of the 22 indicators examined (odds ratio P < 0.05 for > or =1 income quintile). Multivariate analyses controlling for child characteristics, parental socioeconomic status and household composition indicated that low levels of equivalised household income increased the odds of poor health for 9 out of the 22 indicators examined. There was little evidence of any systematic differences in the extent of health inequalities across age groups (5-10 and 11-15 years). CONCLUSION Household income is related to a range of health outcomes for children and adolescents, even when other indicators of socioeconomic status are taken into account. We found little evidence that adolescence represents a period of relative equalisation of health inequalities.
Security-constrained unit commitment with wind generation and compressed air energy storage

Wind power is one of the fastest growing renewable sources of generation in the U.S. and many other countries. As wind-generated electricity continues to grow, electric utilities increasingly grapple with the challenges of connecting that power to the grid although maintaining system security. It is difficult to predict and control the output of wind generation because of wind intermittency and a reserve capacity is required to deal with inherent uncertainty. This study presents an approach for security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC) with integration of an energy storage system (ESS) and wind generation. Compressed air energy storage (CAES) is considered as an alternative solution to store energy. For economical operation and control purposes, utilities with CAES are interested in the availability and the dispatch of CAES on an hourly basis, given the specific characteristics of CAES. The main contribution of this study is the development of enhanced SCUC formulation and solution techniques with wind power, CAES and multiple constraints including fuel and emission limit. Proposed approach allows simultaneous optimisation of the energy and the ancillary services (AS). Case studies with eight-bus and 118-bus systems are presented to validate the proposed model. This study also contributes by conducting comprehensive studies to analyse the impact of CAES system on locational pricing, economics, peak-load shaving, transmission congestion management, wind curtailment and environmental perspective.
Eecient Pruning Methods for Relational Learning

This thesis is concerned with eecient methods for achieving noise-tolerance in Machine Learning algorithms that are capable of using relational background knowledge. While classical algorithms are restricted to learn propositional concepts in the form of decision trees or decision lists, relational learning algorithms are able to include into the learning process not only knowledge about data attributes and values, but also about relations between the attributes. As these algorithms use a more powerful representation language | they learn PROLOG programs for classiication | they are part of the recent eld of Inductive Logic Programming, a new research area at the intersection of Machine Learning and Logic Programming. In this work we rst review several known methods for achieving noise-tolerance and put them into a uniied framework and then introduce three new and improved algorithms. The two basic approaches to pruning are either to try to recognize noise in the data during the learning process or to rst learn a theory from the data as they are and subsequently try to detect and correct the resulting mistakes in this theory. Both approaches having their advantages, the major part of this thesis is devoted to trying to combine and integrate them into new powerful algorithms. A series of experiments with artiicial and natural data sets demonstrates the usefulness of these approaches. Having said what must be said I want to take the opportunity and thank the many people without whom this thesis would not be the same. Most importantly, my advisor, Gerhard Widmer, read numerous preliminary and nal versions of this work over and over again, and patiently improved each one of them with insightful comments and fruitful discussions. He must be as glad as I am that we are nally done. Robert Trappl has provided me with the opportunity to pursue my research interests at the OFAI. The unique atmosphere of this institute has contributed to this research in many ways. Special thanks go to my colleagues Bernhard Pfahringer for many helpful suggestions, Christian Holzbaur for leading me into the abyss of PROLOG, and to paolo petta and John Matiasek for answering a lot of untimely questions. I'm also very grateful to Ross Quinlan and Sa so D zeroski for letting me use their programs. Mike Cameron-Jones and William Cohen gave me some particularly helpful hints. Thanks are also due to the guys at the University of Chicago who taught me …
Creating and leading adaptive organisations: the nature and practice of emergent logic.

This study examines how leaders enable their organisations to adapt and succeed in complex environments. Through the joint lenses of complexity theory and the cognition and social neuroscience of leadership it focuses on how leadership directly influences the creation and ongoing function of an adaptive organisation. The study includes the comparison of four leaders through embedded case studies as an abductive approach to initial theory building, and the follow up of two of them as a comparative method of analysis, and it generates a substantive theory of leadership cognition called emergent logic. This leadership approach is especially relevant to leading complex human systems in emergent environments, the scenario for the majority of organisations in the present day. This thesis addresses two questions: How do leaders of adaptive organisations think? And what do leaders of adaptive organisations do? Among the major findings the study reveals that a critical success factor is the leader’s capacity to create and guide a complex human system by establishing and maintaining a shared mental model of its collective purpose, guided by deeply held and articulated values. The cognitive constructs of complexity and emergent logic have a direct and indirect effect on individuals and the organisation, and facilitate the creation of an adaptive operational culture and organisational mind, and the complementary enabling structures that allow for ongoing evolution through emergence, transformation and diffusion as required. Thus the organisation and its people can progressively build more complex emergent mental models and solutions in the face of increasingly common unpredictable situations, leading to the capability for organisational adaption and evolution over time. In contributing to the theory of creating and leading adaptive organisations, supported by empirical research, this study has improved our understanding of the effect of the leader’s cognitive capacity on organisational adaptability and the level of entanglement; revealed the links between the creation of adaptive organisational structures and their culture; examined the growth of individual and collective capability to manage the increasing complexity and emergence created by successful adaption and evolution; identified the common elements of various types of complex systems that are relevant to adaptive change; presented a model of emergent logic and described the empirical use of that model over time.
PENERAPAN METODE TAKE AND GIVE UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA SISWA KELAS IV

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA pada siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 1 Penglatan setelah penerapan metode Take and Give. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) yang dilaksanakan dalam dua siklus. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 1 Penglatan tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 yang berjumlah 21 orang. Objek penelitian adalah hasil belajar IPA. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode tes. Data yang didapatkan selanjutnya dianalisis untuk memperoleh mean dan persentase mean. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan terhadap hasil belajar IPA siswa. Sebelum tindakan, persentase rata-rata hasil belajar IPA siswa sebesar 62%. Setelah dilakukan tindakan pada siklus I, persentase hasil belajar IPA siswa mengalami peningkatan menjadi 72,3%. Pada siklus II, terjadi peningkatan persentase rata-rata hasil belajar menjadi 82,3%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan metode Take and Give dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA siswa kelas IV SD Negeri 1 Penglatan. Kata Kunci : take and give, hasil belajar This study aims to improve science learning outcomes in the fourth grade students of SD country 1 Penglatan after application of the method of Take and Give. This research is a classroom action research (PTK) is conducted in two cycles. The research subject is the fourth grade students of SD country 1 Penglatan 2016/2017 school year totaling 21 people. The object of research is the result of learning science. Collecting data in this study conducted with test method. The data obtained are analyzed to obtain the mean and the mean percentage. The results showed an increase of the IPA student learning outcomes. Before the action, the average percentage of students' learning outcomes by 62% IPA. After the action in the first cycle, the percentage of students' learning outcomes IPA increased to 72.3%. In the second cycle, an increase in the average percentage of learning outcomes to 82.3%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the application of the method of Take and Give to improve learning outcomes IPA fourth grade students of SD country 1 Penglatan. keyword : take and give, learning outcomes
Seasonal pheromone response by Ips pini in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A.

1 Populations of Ips pini (Say) in northern Arizona and western Montana, U.S.A. , were studied to determine regional pheromone response and to evaluate seasonal shifts in that response. A range of enantiomeric blends of the attractant ipsdienol, alone and in the presence of the synergist lanierone, were tested during spring and summer seasons over several years.
Sero-Molecular Epidemiology of Japanese Encephalitis in Zhejiang, an Eastern Province of China

Background Sporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases still have been reported in Zhejiang Province in recent years, and concerns about vaccine cross-protection and population-level immunity have been raised off and on within the public health sphere. Genotype I (GI) has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Asian countries during the past few decades, which caused considerable concerns about the potential change of epidemiology characteristics and the vaccine effectiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of JE neutralizing antibody and its waning antibody trend after live attenuated JE vaccine immunization. Additionally, this study analyzed the molecular characteristics of the E gene of Zhejiang Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) strains, and established genetic relationships with other JEV strains. Methodology/Principal Findings A total of 570 serum specimens were sampled from community population aged from 0 to 92 years old in Xianju county of Zhejiang Province in 2013–2014. Microseroneutralization test results were analyzed to estimate the population immunity and to observe antibody dynamics in vaccinated children. E genes of 28 JEV strains isolated in Zhejiang Province were sequenced for phylogenetic tree construction and molecular characteristics analysis with other selected strains. Positive JE neutralizing antibody rates were higher in residents ≥35 years old (81%~98%) and lower in residents <35 years old (0~57%). 7 or 8 years after the 2nd live attenuated vaccine dose, the antibodies against for 4 different strains with microseroneutralization test were decreased by 55%~73% on seropositive rates and by 25%~38% on GMTs respectively. JEV strains isolated in recent years were all grouped into GI, while those isolated in the 1980s belonged to GIII. On important amino acid sites related to antigenicity, there was no divergence between the Zhejiang JE virus strains and the vaccine strain (SA14-14-2). Conclusion/Significances JE neutralizing antibody positive rates increase in age ≥10 years old population, likely reflecting natural infection or natural boosting of immunity through exposure to wild virus. JE seropositivity rates were quite low in <35 years old age groups in Zhejiang Province. Waning of neutralizing antibody after live attenuated vaccine immunization was observed, but the clinical significance should be further investigated. Both the peripheral antibody response and genetic characterization indicate that current live attenuated JE vaccine conferred equal neutralizing potency against GI or GIII of wild strains. GI has replaced GIII as the dominant genotype in Zhejiang in the past few decades. Although the chance of exposure to wild JE virus has reduced, the virus still circulates in nature; therefore, it is necessary to implement immunization program for children continually and to conduct surveillance activity periodically.
Evolving fuzzy models for the position control of twin rotor aerodynamic systems

This paper proposes a set of evolving Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) fuzzy models of the nonlinear dynamics specific to the azimuth and position of Multi Input-Multi Output (MIMO) twin rotor aerodynamic systems. Separate Multi Input-Single Output (MISO) fuzzy models of the azimuth and pitch positions are derived for this MIMO system. The rule bases and the parameters of the MISO TSK fuzzy models are evolved by an online identification algorithm (OIA) that belongs to the class of incremental OIAs, which implement adding mechanisms. The experimental results conducted on aerodynamic system laboratory equipment prove the performance of the TSK fuzzy models by good output responses and root mean square error values. A performance comparison with a set of MISO TSK fuzzy models evolved by another incremental OIA is included.
Being me in Canada: Multidimensional identity and belonging of Russian-speaking immigrant youths

BEING ME IN CANADA: MULTIDIMENSIONAL IDENTITY AND BELONGING OF RUSSIAN-SPEAKING IMMIGRANT YOUTHS Jenny Glozman Advisor: University of Guelph, 2015 Susan S. Chuang Although recent attention has focused on the experiences of immigrants in Canada, few researchers have explored the experiences of invisible immigrants, and Russian-speaking immigrants in particular, whose invisible nature may impact their identity and sense of belonging following their arrival in Canada. Specifically, they may not necessarily integrate with white mainstream Canadians, but they may also not fit in with their visible minority immigrant peers. Moreover, Russian-speaking immigrants often take an indirect path to Canada which may, in turn, have unique contributions to their acculturation experiences which may fit outside of current bicultural models of acculturation. The current study’s focus on immigrant youths is due to the developmental importance of identity and belonging during this time period. Moreover, the role of context in identity and sense of belonging, including peers and politics, will be explored as both factors have been overlooked in past research. Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 decimaland second-generation Russian-speaking immigrant youths (15 to 19 years of age). A substantive theory of the identity and belonging of these youths was developed. Results indicated that the processes youths engaged in were multidirectional, flexible, and dynamic. At the core of the framework were three processes: choosing identities, expressing identities, and fitting in. The results of identity and belonging were often multidimensional, with youths choosing from and expressing more than one identity, and experiencing a sense of belonging with one or more groups. In order to facilitate these processes, youths navigated their context, with a particular focus on family, peers, community, politics, and immigration experiences. The youths’ experiences in navigating the context were both positive and negative which had an impact on their consequent identity and belonging. This study was one of first to consider the multidimensional nature of identity and belonging among immigrant youths, accounting for factors such as invisibility, indirect migration, and religious/cultural minority identities. Moreover, this study explored overlooked contextual factors such as peer group experiences (positive and negative, in-school and out of school, in-group and out-group) and the political context (multiculturalism and political conflict). Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Citizenship, Fertility, and Parental Investments

Citizenship rights are associated with better economic opportunities for immigrants. This paper studies how in a country with a large fraction of temporary migrants the fertility decisions of foreign citizens respond to a change in the rules that regulate child legal status at birth. The introduction of birthright citizenship in Germany in 2000, represented a positive shock to the returns to investment in child human capital. Consistent with Becker's "quality-quantity" model of fertility, we find that birthright citizenship leads to a reduction in immigrant fertility and an improvement in health and socio-emotional outcomes for the children affected by the reform.
Effective integrable dynamics for some nonlinear wave equation

We consider the following degenerate half wave equation on the one dimensional torus $$\quad i\partial _t u-|D|u=|u|^2u, \; u(0,\cdot)=u_0. $$ We show that, on a large time interval, the solution may be approximated by the solution of a completely integrable system-- the cubic Szego equation. As a consequence, we prove an instability result for large $H^s$ norms of solutions of this wave equation.
Impact of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system in children

AbstractThe importance of iron deficiency as a public health problem is based ultimately on the seriousness of its consequences on health. The most extensively investigated consequences of iron deficiency involve work performance and immune function. The significance of the effects on work performance is generally accepted. In contrast, data on the influence of iron deficiency on immune function are often perceived as being confusing and contradictory.We aimed to evaluate the effect of iron deficiency anemia on humoral, cellular, nonspecific immunity, and also the effect on the cytokines that are the key factors of many immunologic steps.Forty children with iron deficiency anemia and 20 age and sex-matched healthy children were included. All children were subjected to full medical history, thorough clinical examination, complete blood count, iron indices (serum iron, serum total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation), immunoglobulin assay (IgA, IgG, and IgM), interleukin (IL)-6 serum level, study of T-lymphocyte subsets, and evaluation of phagocytic function of macrophages and oxidative burst activity of neutrophils.Patients had significantly lower IgG levels, IL-6, phagocytic activity, and oxidative burst of neutrophils than controls, although there was no significant difference between patients and controls with regard to other immunoglobulins and CD4/CD8 ratio. There was significantly positive correlation between serum iron and IL-6 serum level.We concluded that humoral, nonspecific immunity (phagocytic activity and oxidative burst), and the IL-6 are influenced in patients with iron deficiency anemia. Study of these abnormalities after correction of iron deficiency is strongly needed.
Development of the Life Story in Early Adolescence

Life span developmental psychology proposes that the ability to create a coherent life narrative does not develop until early adolescence. Using a novel methodology, 10-, 12-, and 14-year-old participants were asked to tell their life stories aloud to a researcher. Later, participants separated their transcribed narratives into self-identified chapters. When life stories were assessed with measures of temporal and causal coherence, most participants in all age groups were able to tell a linear and coherent narrative. The 10-year-olds were more likely to start their narratives after birth and to use single event chapters in their stories, but they did not differ significantly from older participants in terms of the coherence or chronology of their chapters. This novel method for analyzing life narratives both supports and extends prior research on the development of life stories in adolescence.