Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The hydrological impact of geoengineering in the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP)

The hydrological impact of enhancing Earth's albedo by solar radiation management is investigated using simulations from 12 Earth System models contributing to the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). We contrast an idealized experiment, G1, where the global mean radiative forcing is kept at preindustrial conditions by reducing insolation while the CO2 concentration is quadrupled to a 4×CO2 experiment. The reduction of evapotranspiration over land with instantaneously increasing CO2 concentrations in both experiments largely contributes to an initial reduction in evaporation. A warming surface associated with the transient adjustment in 4×CO2 generates an increase of global precipitation by around 6.9% with large zonal and regional changes in both directions, including a precipitation increase of 10% over Asia and a reduction of 7% for the North American summer monsoon. Reduced global evaporation persists in G1 with temperatures close to preindustrial conditions. Global precipitation is reduced by around 4.5%, and significant reductions occur over monsoonal land regions: East Asia (6%), South Africa (5%), North America (7%), and South America (6%). The general precipitation performance in models is discussed in comparison to observations. In contrast to the 4×CO2 experiment, where the frequency of months with heavy precipitation intensity is increased by over 50% in comparison to the control, a reduction of up to 20% is simulated in G1. These changes in precipitation in both total amount and frequency of extremes point to a considerable weakening of the hydrological cycle in a geoengineered world.
Rural and small town population is growing in the 1990s

Rural and small town Canada continues to grow. Rural and small town growth rates vary widely among the provinces. Much of the growth within rural and small town areas is in the small towns. Sub-provincial data show wide regional differences within each province. The population in larger urban centres is growing faster. Thus, the share of Canada's population living in rural and small town areas has declined to 22 percent in 1996. Newfoundland is the only province with over 50 percent of its population living in rural and small town areas.
Environmental Health Environmental Health Analytical Studies Assessing the Association between Extreme Precipitation or Temperature and Drinking Water-related Waterborne Infections: a Review Analytical Studies Assessing the Association between Extreme Precipitation or Temperature and Drinking Water-

permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver Abstract Determining the role of weather in waterborne infections is a priority public health research issue as climate change is predicted to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation and temperature events. To document the current knowledge on this topic, we performed a literature review of analytical research studies that have combined epidemiological and meteorological data in order to analyze associations between extreme precipitation or temperature and waterborne disease. A search of the databases Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Web of Science was conducted, using search terms related to waterborne infections and precipitation or temperature. Results were limited to studies published in English between January 2001 and December 2013. Twenty-four articles were included in this review, predominantly from Asia and North-America. Four articles used waterborne outbreaks as study units, while the remaining articles used number of cases of waterborne infections. Results presented in the different articles were heterogeneous. Although most of the studies identified a positive association between increased precipitation or temperature and infection, there were several in which this association was not evidenced. A number of articles also identified an association between decreased precipitation and infections. This highlights the complex relationship between precipitation or temperature driven transmission and waterborne disease. We encourage researchers to conduct studies examining potential effect modifiers, such as the specific type of microorganism, geographical region, season, type of water supply, water source or water treatment, in order to assess how they modulate the relationship between heavy rain events or temperature and waterborne disease. Addressing these gaps is of primary importance in order to identify the areas where action is needed to minimize negative impact of climate change on health in the future.
Preliminary data on nutritional value of abundant species in supraforestal Pyrenean pastures

The alpine pastures of the Pyrenees have been used as summer ranges for centuries and continue to be an important forage resource for livestock husbandry to this day. Some studies attribute high nutritional values to alpine pas- tures, but recent surveys have revealed weight-loss in animals summering in Pyrenean pastures. There is virtually no information available with regard to the nutritional value of the species which constitute Pyrenean summer pastures. Twenty-three of the most common species were analysed chemically to determine their nutritional value and their capacity to meet livestock requirements. Monthly samplings of uneaten plants were performed from June to September in plots where species were abundant. These samples were analysed to determine neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), P, K and Mg content. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was calculated using the pepsin-cellulase method and metabolizable energy (ME) was estimated from it. On average, graminoids presen- ted higher levels of NDF and lower levels of the other nutrients when compared with forbs. Month effect was significant for ADL, CP, P and K. In these cases June was the month which differed significantly from other months. Crude protein, P and K contents diminished with maturity, whereas ADL and Ca levels increased. NDF, IVDMD and Mg values remained fairly constant throughout the summer in both botanical groups. This fact is noteworthy because it may provide a constant supply of ME for herbivores during the grazing period (July to September). Dicotyledoneous forbs meet livestock requirements of all the nutrients analysed except P during the grazing period. Graminoids are deficient in ME (mainly for sheep), P and Mg, and their CP content is slightly low for the requirements of sheep. When cattle and sheep diets are based mainly on graminoids, they could suffer a nutritional deficit in alpine Pyrenean pastures.
Defect Detection in Arc-Welding Processes by Means of the Line-to-Continuum Method and Feature Selection

Plasma optical spectroscopy is widely employed in on-line welding diagnostics. The determination of the plasma electron temperature, which is typically selected as the output monitoring parameter, implies the identification of the atomic emission lines. As a consequence, additional processing stages are required with a direct impact on the real time performance of the technique. The line-to-continuum method is a feasible alternative spectroscopic approach and it is particularly interesting in terms of its computational efficiency. However, the monitoring signal highly depends on the chosen emission line. In this paper, a feature selection methodology is proposed to solve the uncertainty regarding the selection of the optimum spectral band, which allows the employment of the line-to-continuum method for on-line welding diagnostics. Field test results have been conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the solution.
Tumor-Absorbed Dose Predicts Progression-Free Survival Following 131I-Tositumomab Radioimmunotherapy

The study aimed at identifying patient-specific dosimetric and nondosimetric factors predicting outcome of non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients after 131I-tositumomab radioimmunotherapy for potential use in treatment planning. Methods: Tumor-absorbed dose measures were estimated for 130 tumors in 39 relapsed or refractory non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients by coupling SPECT/CT imaging with the Dose Planning Method (DPM) Monte Carlo code. Equivalent biologic effect was calculated to assess the biologic effects of nonuniform absorbed dose including the effects of the unlabeled antibody. Evaluated nondosimetric covariates included histology, presence of bulky disease, and prior treatment history. Tumor level outcome was based on volume shrinkage assessed on follow-up CT. Patient level outcome measures were overall response (OR), complete response (CR), and progression-free survival (PFS), determined from clinical assessments that included PET/CT. Results: The estimated mean tumor-absorbed dose had a median value of 275 cGy (range, 94–711 cGy). A high correlation was observed between tracer-predicted and therapy-delivered mean tumor-absorbed doses (P < 0.001; r = 0.85). In univariate tumor-level analysis, tumor shrinkage correlated significantly with almost all of the evaluated dosimetric factors, including equivalent biologic effect. Regression analysis showed that OR, CR, and PFS were associated with the dosimetric factors and equivalent biologic effect. Both mean tumor-absorbed dose (P = 0.025) and equivalent biologic effect (P = 0.035) were significant predictors of PFS whereas none of the nondosimetric covariates were found to be statistically significant factors affecting PFS. The most important finding of the study was that in Kaplan–Meier curves stratified by mean dose, longer PFS was observed in patients receiving mean tumor-absorbed doses greater than 200 cGy than in those receiving 200 cGy or less (median PFS, 13.6 vs. 1.9 mo for the 2 dose groups; log-rank P < 0.0001). Conclusion: A higher mean tumor-absorbed dose was significantly predictive of improved PFS after 131I-tositumomab radioimmunotherapy. Hence tumor-absorbed dose, which can be estimated before therapy, can potentially be used to design radioimmunotherapy protocols to improve efficacy.
Old origin for an active mountain range: Geology and geochronology of the eastern Hindu Kush, Pakistan

Prior to accretion of the Kohistan island arc during the Late Cretaceous and final suturing of India with Asia at ca. 50 Ma, the Hindu Kush mountains along the border of Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan were situated on the active southern margin of Asia. Geology and geochronology of the eastern Hindu Kush range in Pakistan demonstrate that localized crustal melting and leucogranite intrusion took place in the Gharam Chasma area at ca. 24 Ma. More regionally developed and widespread deformation, metamorphism, and magmatism took place before collision between both India and the Kohistan island arc with Asia. Ca. 195 Ma U-Pb monazite ages on a deformed leucogranite dike from the upper Lutkho valley indicate an Early Jurassic phase of crustal melting. U-Pb monazite ages of 135–126 Ma on a staurolite schist from near Gharam Chasma are interpreted as a minimum age for staurolite-grade metamorphism. Within the Tirich Mir fault zone, pegmatite dikes crosscut the staurolite schists. U-Pb dating of uraninites from one of these pegmatite dikes reveals an age of 114 ± 2 Ma. Monazites from the same rock give ages of 125–121 Ma, possibly due to inheritance of older cores. These Jurassic–Early Cretaceous constraints on metamorphism and magmatism relate to subduction and accretion processes, perhaps including the suturing of the Karakoram and Hindu Kush terranes along the Tirich Mir fault. In general, high-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism and subduction-related granitoid magmatism in the eastern Hindu Kush suggest a high thermal gradient in an active-margin setting from Early Jurassic to Cretaceous time.
Large deviations for supercritical multitype branching processes

Large deviation results are obtained for the normed limit of a supercritical multitype branching process. Starting from a single individual of type i, let L[i] be the normed limit of the branching process, and let be the minimum possible population size at generation k. If is bounded in k (bounded minimum growth), then we show that P(L[i] ≤ x) = P(L[i] = 0) + x α F *[i](x) + o(x α ) as x → 0. If grows exponentially in k (exponential minimum growth), then we show that −log P(L[i] ≤ x) = x −β/(1−β) G*[i](x) + o (x −β/(1−β)) as x → 0. If the maximum family size is bounded, then −log P(L[i] > x) = x δ/(δ−1) H *[i](x) + o(x δ/(δ−1)) as x → ∞. Here α, β and δ are constants obtained from combinations of the minimum, maximum and mean growth rates, and F *, G * and H * are multiplicatively periodic functions.
Edema in the nephrotic syndrome: new aspect of an old enigma.

The cause of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome has been an area of intense interest by nephrologists for decades. Klisic et al. ([1][1]) in this issue of JASN have added an interesting and important new finding to the complexity of our understanding of the nephrotic syndrome. They
Using Summarization to Discover Argument Facets in Online Idealogical Dialog

More and more of the information available on the web is dialogic, and a significant portion of it takes place in online forum conversations about current social and political topics. We aim to develop tools to summarize what these conversations are about. What are the CENTRAL PROPOSITIONS associated with different stances on an issue, what are the abstract objects under discussion that are central to a speaker's argument? How can we recognize that two CENTRAL PROPOSITIONS realize the same FACET of the argument? We hypothesize that the CENTRAL PROPOSITIONS are exactly those arguments that people find most salient, and use human summarization as a probe for discovering them. We describe our corpus of human summaries of opinionated dialogs, then show how we can identify similar repeated arguments, and group them into FACETS across many discussions of a topic. We define a new task, ARGUMENT FACET SIMILARITY (AFS), and show that we can predict AFS with a . 54 correlation score, versus an ngram system baseline of . 39 and a semantic textual similarity system baseline of . 45.
[Burnout syndrome in teachers from two universities in Popayán, Colombia].

OBJECTIVE Evaluating professional exhaustion or burnout syndrome: background, syndrome and consequences amongst half-time and full-time staff working in two private universities in the city of Popayán during 2008. METHODS The study population included 44 male and female participants aged 20 to 40 who were evaluated by using a brief burnout questionnaire (BBQ). This questionnaire had been validated for Latin-American and for teachers. It was not exclusively focused on the structure of the syndrome itself but rather included background elements and consequences. The study was quantitative and cross-sectional, having a deductive hypothetical methodological focus. Descriptive statistics and the Chi-square test were used for data analysis, accepting p<0.05 statistical significance. The analysis was univariate and bivariate. RESULTS The results indicated low burnout syndrome frequency in the study population. However, 9.1 % high depersonalization frequency was found (i.e. teachers had developed negative attitudes and were insensitive to those receiving their services) and 15.9 % and 9.1 % frequencies for high physical and social consequences, respectively. Bivariate analysis revealed significant association of several factors. CONCLUSIONS The results indicated low burnout syndrome frequency in this population. However, factors which were highly associated with physical and social consequences were: being male, aged 20 to 40, having a marital relationship with a habitual partner, working full-time, working at home and spending more than 75 % of the working day interacting with the beneficiaries of the services being provided.
Structures of cyanobacteriochromes from phototaxis regulators AnPixJ and TePixJ reveal general and specific photoconversion mechanism

Cyanobacteriochromes are cyanobacterial tetrapyrrole-binding photoreceptors that share a bilin-binding GAF domain with photoreceptors of the phytochrome family. Cyanobacteriochromes are divided into many subclasses with distinct spectral properties. Among them, putative phototaxis regulators PixJs of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 and Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 (denoted as AnPixJ and TePixJ, respectively) are representative of subclasses showing red-green-type and blue/green-type reversible photoconversion, respectively. Here, we determined crystal structures for the AnPixJ GAF domain in its red-absorbing 15Z state (Pr) and the TePixJ GAF domain in its green-absorbing 15E state (Pg). The overall structure of these proteins is similar to each other and also similar to known phytochromes. Critical differences found are as follows: (i) the chromophore of AnPixJ Pr is phycocyanobilin in a C5-Z,syn/C10-Z,syn/C15-Z,anti configuration and that of TePixJ Pg is phycoviolobilin in a C10-Z,syn/C15-E,anti configuration, (ii) a side chain of the key aspartic acid is hydrogen bonded to the tetrapyrrole rings A, B and C in AnPixJ Pr and to the pyrrole ring D in TePixJ Pg, (iii) additional protein-chromophore interactions are provided by subclass-specific residues including tryptophan in AnPixJ and cysteine in TePixJ. Possible structural changes following the photoisomerization of the chromophore between C15-Z and C15-E are discussed based on the X-ray structures at 1.8 and 2.0-Å resolution, respectively, in two distinct configurations.
A methodology to define strategic processes in organizations: An exploration study in managerial holding companies

Purpose – To elaborate a methodology enabling organizations to define their strategic processes among other processes.Design/methodology/approach – A case study approach has been chosen due to the nature of this research. Case study research method is qualitative method but it can be positivist. The mix of techniques is appropriate and some degree of quantification is necessary. Three high‐level steps are designed and these steps are developed in the managerial holding companies (research case study). Findings – Because of limitations on budget and time, organizations are able to define the processes which are critical to achieve organizations' goals. This methodology has a holistic view in organizations by using balanced scorecard framework.Research limitations/implications – This research is based on a single case. Generalization based on this case should be interpreted cautiously and a limitation of the case study should be kept in mind. Furthermore, the strategy of the research case is a competitive st.
Polyps at the Site of Ureterosigmoidostomy

Anatomoclinical findings in 6 patients under long-term control of ureterosigmoidostomy, performed 5 to 26 years previously for nonneoplastic bladder pathology, are reported. Four histologically confirmed polyps are described and histopathogenetic theories are discussed. The authors suggest that these polyps arise from the ureter via glandular metaplasia due to external contact surgically created in urinary diversion.
The Transport of Contaminants in the Great Lakes

of the total fresh water in the world. They serve as an invaluable source of fresh water for municipal, industrial, agricultural, and recreational uses for approximately fifty million people in the United States and Canada. The Lakes also serve as a sink for wastes from human activities surrounding the Lakes. a use of considerable economic value, but one that interferes with other uses of the Lakes. In order to make optimum use of the Lakes, the adverse effects of these wastes must be minimized. To do this, one must be able to quantitatively predict the transport, fate, and effects of contaminants in the Great Lakes. This in tum depends on being able
First‐order based cumulative distribution function for solute concentration in heterogeneous aquifers: Theoretical analysis and implications for human health risk assessment

Quantifying the uncertainty of solute concentration in heterogeneous aquifers is an important step in both human health and ecological risk analysis. The need for a probabilistic representation of transport is justified by the incomplete characterization of the subsurface. We derive the one‐point concentration cumulative distribution function (CDF) while taking into account the spatial statistical structure of the hydraulic conductivity, space dimensionality, the injection source size, the Péclet number, and the sampling volume at the monitoring location. The CDF is application oriented and derived at first order in the log‐conductivity variance. We illustrate how several key parameters control the shape of the concentration CDF. The CDF shape is important since it reflects both uncertainty and the dilution state of the plume. The transition from a bimodal to a unimodal CDF is examined and results are further supported by analyzing the concentration coefficient of variation. Results indicate the significance of the statistical anisotropy ratio (i.e., the ratio between the hydraulic conductivity correlation scales) in determining the CDF shape. The importance of the sampling volume in the tails of the concentration CDF and a comparison between the proposed model with the β‐CDF approach (i.e., beta distribution) are also shown. Finally, we illustrate how the framework could be used in applications by evaluating the human health risk CDF. Our results are formally valid for low to moderate heterogeneous aquifers and source sizes small as compared to the hydraulic conductivity correlation length. The proposed approach can serve as a benchmark tool for other methods.
Strong inhomogeneity beneath Quaternary volcanoes revealed from the peak delay analysis of S-wave seismograms of microearthquakes in northeastern Japan

SUMMARY High-frequency S-wave envelopes of microearthquakes well reflect the medium inhomogeneity of the Earth. Defining the peak delay time as the time lag from the direct S-wave onset to the maximum amplitude arrival of its envelope, we use this quantity to evaluate the strength of multiple forward scattering and diffraction due to random inhomogeneities along the seismic ray path. Analysing peak delay times of many microearthquakes occurred along the subducting Pacific Plate for 2–4, 4–8, 8–16 and 16–32 Hz frequency bands, we find a clear path dependence of the peak delay time in relation to the distribution of Quaternary volcanoes in northeastern Japan. Peak delay times of less than 2 s are usually observed at most of the stations in the study area, but large peak delay times of more than 5 s are observed in the backarc side stations for the case that S wave propagates beneath Quaternary volcanoes. The large peak delay times are inferred to be generated at a depth of 20–60 km beneath Quaternary volcanoes by considering ray paths under a 1-D velocity structure. These strongly inhomogeneous regions are located at low-velocity and high Vp/Vs regions revealed from tomography, which suggests the inhomogeneity may be related to dykes and melts of ascending magma.