Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Physical Properties Determining Self-Organization of Motors and Microtubules

In eukaryotic cells, microtubules and their associated motor proteins can be organized into various large-scale patterns. Using a simplified experimental system combined with computer simulations, we examined how the concentrations and kinetic parameters of the motors contribute to their collective behavior. We observed self-organization of generic steady-state structures such as asters, vortices, and a network of interconnected poles. We identified parameter combinations that determine the generation of each of these structures. In general, this approach may become useful for correlating the morphogenetic phenomena taking place in a biological system with the biophysical characteristics of its constituents.
Steps Toward Deep Kernel Methods from Infinite Neural Networks

Contemporary deep neural networks exhibit impressive results on practical problems. These networks generalize well although their inherent capacity may extend significantly beyond the number of training examples. We analyze this behavior in the context of deep, infinite neural networks. We show that deep infinite layers are naturally aligned with Gaussian processes and kernel methods, and devise stochastic kernels that encode the information of these networks. We show that stability results apply despite the size, offering an explanation for their empirical success.
Staying the hand of fortune : a pluralist approach to the regulatory strategies of luck egalitarian distributive justice

How can we pursue egalitarian distributive justice? Starting from the assumption that an egalitarian distribution of advantage is one in which no one is worse off than anyone else as a matter of luck, this thesis examines how such a distribution might be brought about. It begins with an investigation of how the luck egalitarian ideal should be interpreted, advancing a critique of the ‘attributivist’ approach to conceptualizing luck developed by Andrew Mason and a (limited) defence of the ‘metaphysical’ approach favoured by G. A. Cohen and others. It then turns to the question of what can be done about the inegalitarian influence of luck on people’s levels of advantage, proposing a pluralist approach to the regulatory strategies of luck egalitarian distributive justice. It argues that, in addition to ‘redistributive compensation’, strategies of ‘levelling’ and ‘direct structural regulation’ should be included in the luck egalitarian armoury. The thesis then applies these arguments to a case study of contemporary internships in the UK. While internships have become a crucial route into employment within many professional sectors, they have yet to receive any sustained critical attention from egalitarian political philosophers. The thesis demonstrates how the distribution of internships contributes to distributive injustice and then examines the various regulatory actions luck egalitarians might endorse in response to that injustice. The ways in which contemporary injustice is produced are many and varied: the pluralist approach to luck egalitarian regulatory strategies provides a useful and clear framework within which to identify and evaluate the many and varied ways in which we might respond.
Learning, Forecasting and Optimizing: An Experimental Study

Rational Expectations (RE) models have two crucial dimensions: (i) agents on average correctly forecast future prices given all available information, and (ii) given expectations, agents solve optimization problems and these solutions in turn determine actual price realizations. Experimental tests of such models typically focus on only one of these two dimensions. In this paper we consider both forecasting and optimization decisions in an experimental cobweb economy. We report results from four main experimental treatments: (1) subjects form forecasts only, (2) subjects determine quantity only (solve an optimization problem), (3) they do both and (4) they are paired in teams and one member is assigned the forecasting role while the other is assigned the optimization task. All treatments converge to Rational Expectation Equilibrium (REE), but at different speeds. We observe that performance is the best in treatment 1 and the worst in Treatment 3. We further find that most subjects use adaptive rules to forecast prices. Given a price forecast, subjects are less likely to make conditionally optimal production decisions in Treatment 3 where the forecast is made by themselves, than in Treatment 4 where the forecast is made by the other member of their team, which suggests that “two heads are better than one” in term of the speed of finding the REE.
Gangs, Politics and Dignity in Cape Town

Steffen Jensen. Gangs, Politics and Dignity in Cape Town. Oxford: James Currey; Chicago; The University of Chicago Press; Johannesburg: Wits University Press, 2008. xx + 21 2 pp. Maps. Photographs. Figures. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. Cloth. $24.00. Paper. Gangs, Politics and Dignity in Cape Town is a compelling ethnography of racial and gendered identities in Heideveld, a gang-ridden lower-middleclass coloured township. The book examines how its residents are caught between the paradoxes of racial and gendered identities that continue to be relevant, even though apartheid was abolished more than fifteen years ago. The book carefully explores daily struggles for survival and self-worth in relation to larger political transformations. It shows how apartheid policy set out to establish coloured identity as a liminal category that is bound to specific localities and how these social categories, despite democratization, remain riddled with contradictions and tensions. Jensen explores how residents of Heideveld experience the spaces and identities that were at the heart of the apartheid era. The social category of the skollie, the prototypical coloured gangster or hoodlum, was deeply entrenched in the apartheid era. Nonetheless, even though the skollie reifies coloured men as violent and immoral, it can offer surprising opportunities for dignity. With a careful eye for ethnographic detail, Jensen also describes the discomfort that skollies experience when they transgress the moral spaces that are reminiscent of apartheid. When a group of youngsters go on an outing to the nearby touristic and predominantly white Waterfront, the unease becomes palpable. Although identities are open to renegotiation, this outing reveals their harsh restrictions and territorial boundedness. In chapter 3 Jensen avoids reifying gangsterism as a bounded racial and gendered category by first examining wider neighborhood relations. Based on interviews with gang members and their relatives and neighbors, the chapter makes clear how diffuse the boundaries between gang and nongang are. Gangs appear to be fairly chaotic and are often haphazardly organized. Despite, or perhaps because of, these diffuse boundaries, the gang embodies skollie-ness and repositions men as potentially wealthy, rebellious, and independent, as opposed to the often-voiced opinion that men are weak, financially irresponsible, socially inept, and even childlike. Chapters 4 and 5 examine how dignity and self-worth are entangled with brutal crimes and political transformation. …
Pain following stroke, initially and at 3 and 18 months after stroke, and its association with other disabilities

A general hypothesis is that pain following stroke (PFS) causes disabilities. However, the clinical implication of PFS on other disabilities after stroke and vice versa has not been fully investigated. The aims of this observational study were to analyze the correlation between PFS and other disabilities at different time points after stroke, whether PFS can be a predictor of coming disabilities and whether other disabilities can be predictors of coming PFS.
The Serendipitous Extragalactic X-Ray Source Identification (SEXSI) Program. III. Optical Spectroscopy

We present the catalog of 477 spectra from the Serendipitous Extragalactic X-ray Source Identification (SEXSI) program, a survey designed to probe the dominant contributors to the 2-10 keV cosmic X-ray background. Our survey covers 1 deg2 of sky to 2-10 keV fluxes of 1 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1, and 2 deg2 for fluxes of 3 × 10-14 ergs cm-2 s-1. Our spectra reach to R-band magnitudes of ≲24 and have produced identifications and redshifts for 438 hard X-ray sources. Typical completeness levels in the 27 Chandra fields studied are 40%-70%. The vast majority of the 2-10 keV selected sample are active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with redshifts between 0.1 and 3; our highest redshift source lies at z = 4.33. We find that few sources at z < 1 have high X-ray luminosities, reflecting a dearth of high-mass, high-accretion-rate sources at low redshift, a result consistent with other recent wide-area surveys. We find that half of our sources show significant obscuration, with NH > 1022 cm-2, independent of unobscured luminosity. We classify 168 sources as emission-line galaxies; all are X-ray-luminous (LX > 1041 ergs s-1) objects with optical spectra lacking both high-ionization lines and evidence of a nonstellar continuum. The redshift distribution of these emission-line galaxies peaks at a significantly lower redshift than does that of the sources we spectroscopically identify as AGNs. We conclude that few of these sources, even at the low-luminosity end, can be powered by starburst activity. Stacking spectra for a subset of these sources in a similar redshift range, we detect [Ne V] λ3426 emission, a clear signature of AGN activity, confirming that the majority of these objects are Seyfert 2 galaxies in which the high-ionization lines are diluted by stellar emission. We find a total of 33 objects lacking broad lines in their optical spectra that have quasar X-ray luminosities (LX > 1044 ergs s-1), the largest sample of such objects identified to date. In addition, we explore 17 AGNs associated with galaxy clusters and find that the cluster-member AGN sample has a lower fraction of broad-line AGNs than does the background sample.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind: The Effects of Expenses on Mutual Fund Flows

We argue that the purchase decisions of mutual fund investors are influenced by salient, attention-grabbing information. Investors are more sensitive to salient, in-your-face fees, like front-end loads and commissions, than operating expenses; they buy funds that attract their attention through exceptional performance, marketing, or advertising. We analyze mutual fund flows over the last 30 years and find negative relations between flows and front-end-load fees. In contrast, we find no relation between operating expenses and flows. Additional analyses indicate that marketing and advertising, the costs of which are often embedded in funds' operating expenses, account for this surprising result.
Disfluency Meets Cognitive Load in Multimedia Learning: Does Harder‐to‐Read Mean Better‐to‐Understand?

Summary In a series of four experiments, we examined the impact of disfluency in multimedia learning by testing contrasting predictions derived from disfluency theory and cognitive load theory against each other. Would a less legible text be beneficial to learning when accompanied by pictures, and what would be the role of less legible pictures? Students (N = 308) learned with text and pictures that were either easy-to-read (i.e., fluent) or harder-to-read (i.e., disfluent) about how a toilet flush works (Experiments 1–3) and about how lightning develops (Experiment 4). In line with disfluency theory, a disfluent text led to better performance in the transfer test and to more invested mental effort in Experiment 1. However, these beneficial effects could not be replicated in Experiments 2, 3, and 4, leaving open questions regarding the stability and generalizability of the disfluency effect, and thus raising concerns regarding its impact for educational practice. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescence microscopy for simultaneous observation of 3D orientation and movement and its application to quantum rod-tagged myosin V

Single molecule fluorescence polarization techniques have been used for three-dimensional (3D) orientation measurements to observe the dynamic properties of single molecules. However, only few techniques can simultaneously measure 3D orientation and position. Furthermore, these techniques often require complex equipment and cumbersome analysis. We have developed a microscopy system and synthesized highly fluorescent, rod-like shaped quantum dots (Q rods), which have linear polarizations, to simultaneously measure the position and 3D orientation of a single fluorescent probe. The optics splits the fluorescence from the probe into four different spots depending on the polarization angle and projects them onto a CCD camera. These spots are used to determine the 2D position and 3D orientation. Q rod orientations could be determined with better than 10° accuracy at 33 ms time resolution. We applied our microscopy and Q rods to simultaneously measure myosin V movement along an actin filament and rotation around its own axis, finding that myosin V rotates 90° for each step. From this result, we suggest that in the two-headed bound state, myosin V necks are perpendicular to one another, while in the one-headed bound state the detached trailing myosin V head is biased forward in part by rotating its lever arm about its own axis. This microscopy system should be applicable to a wide range of dynamic biological processes that depend on single molecule orientation dynamics.
Comparison of outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma associated with follicular lymphoma, or de novo diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma

The outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HCT) for diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) associated with follicular lymphoma (FL), which includes DLBCL with pre‐ or co‐existing FL, remains controversial, and few previous reports have compared the outcomes after allo‐HCT for FL, DLBCL associated with FL, and de novo DLBCL. We retrospectively analyzed 97 consecutive patients with FL (n = 46), DLBCL associated with FL (n = 22), or de novo DLBCL (n = 29) who received allo‐HCT at our institute between 2000 and 2010. With a median follow‐up of 53 months, the 5‐year overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were, respectively, 77% and 70% for FL, 62% and 57% for DLBCL associated with FL, and 26% and 23% for de novo DLBCL. The 5‐year cumulative incidences of non‐relapse mortality and disease progression/relapse were, respectively, 16% and 15% for FL, 19% and 24% for DLBCL associated with FL, and 36% and 41% for de novo DLBCL. By a multivariate analysis, the OS and PFS for DLBCL associated with FL were significantly better than those for de novo DLBCL, whereas they were not significantly different from those for FL. These results suggest that allo‐HCT may be a promising option for patients with not only advanced FL but also DLBCL associated with FL. Am. J. Hematol. 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[Assessment of dietary habits in haemodialysis patients with differentiated nutritional status].

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was the assessment of dietary habits in haemodialysed women and men with differentiated state of nutrition. MATERIAL AND METHOD The study was conducted into 74 haemodialysed patients who, based on BMI (kg/m2), were allocated into two research groups of women: normal-weight group n =17 (48.6%) and excessive body weight group n = 18 (51.4%) and two groups of men: normal-weight group n = 17 (43.6%) and excessive body weight group n = 22 (56.4%). Daily food rations (DFR) were quantitatively evaluated by a 24h dietary recall method covering 3 days preceding the examination. The computer program "Diet 4" designed in the Institute of Food and Nutrition in Warsaw was used for calculations. Calculations were performed using the Statistica 9.0 program. Results were compared to the nutritional standards for haemodialysed subjects. RESULTS Energetic value and basic nutrients supply was estimated and also the average content of dietary fiber and cholesterol. The results of the conducted research indicate lack of balanced content of essential nutrients in daily food rations of the patients of both sexes, irrespective of nutritional status. The diet was characterized by low energetic value and low contents of proteins and carbohydrates in all the study groups of women. The mean intake of protein (89.4 +/- 40.6 g/day) and cholesterol (343.9 +/- 207.4 mg/day) in the daily food rations of men with normal weight were found to have a significantly higher as compared to the mean intake of protein (71.9 +/- 25.2 g/day) and cholesterol (253.4 +/- 142.5 mg/day) in the daily food rations of hemodialysed men with excessive body weight. The research showed low consumption of dietary fiber in all investigated groups of women and men. CONCLUSIONS Since improper the energetic value of daily food rations and intake of the basic nutrients in the diets, may have an unfavourable effect on the disease course, the provision of regular dietary advice is a necessity.
Insulin Resistance and Serum Levels of Interleukin-17 and Interleukin-18 in Normal Pregnancy

We performed this study to evaluate the role of Interleukin-17 (IL-17) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18) in insulin resistance during normal pregnancy. This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on 97 healthy pregnant women including 32, 25, and 40 individuals in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively, and on 28 healthy non pregnant women between the autumn of 2012 and the spring of 2013. We analyzed the serum concentrations of IL-17 and IL-18 by using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance equation. No significant differences between the demographic data of the pregnant and non pregnant groups were observed. Insulin resistant in pregnant women was significantly higher than the controls (p=0.006). Serum IL-17 concentration was significantly different in non pregnant women and pregnant women in all gestational ages (p<0.05). Serum IL-18 level was significantly lower in subjects with first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy in compared to non pregnant women (p<0.05). No significant correlations were found between serum IL-17 and IL-18 levels with insulin resistance (r=0.08, p=0.34 vs. r=0.01, p=0.91, respectively). Our data suggested that IL-17 and IL-18 do not appear to attribute greatly to pregnancy deduced insulin resistance during normal pregnancy.
On Achievable Delay / Capacity Trade-offs in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Recent work of Gupta and Kumar (2000) has shown that in a multi-hop wireless network the throughput capacity per source-destination pair goes to zero as the node density increases. While it has been shown that a constant throughput scaling per source-destination pair can be achieved in mobile ad hoc networks, the delay related aspects have not been considered in detail. In this paper, we study the delay-capacity trade-off in mobile ad hoc networks. We consider two canonical random mobility models in this paper; the Brownian mobility model (BMM) and the random way-point mobility model (RWMM). We show that under the distributed 2-hop relaying protocol proposed by Grossglauser and Tse (2001), the packet delay scales as Θ(Tp(n)n) under the RWMM and O(Tp(n)n log (n)) under the BMM, where Tp(n) is the packet transmission time. We then show that the delay scales as Ω(Tp(n) √ n), under a broad class of scheduling and relaying protocols. Further, we show that the trade-off: delay/capacity ≥ Θ(Tp(n)n), is necessary as well as sufficient under our settings. We then propose two distributed protocols which achieve the above mentioned lower bound on the packet delay, and evaluate their performance in terms of the delaycapacity trade-off.
Localized measurement of atherosclerotic plaque inflammatory burden with dynamic contrast–enhanced MRI

Inflammation plays an important role in progression and rupture of atherosclerotic plaque. Dynamic contrast–enhanced MRI has been proposed as a tool to evaluate inflammation in vivo by measuring the transfer constant and partial plasma volume, which are influenced by inflammation. This study sought to demonstrate the ability of dynamic contrast–enhanced MRI to provide localized measurements of transfer constant and partial plasma volume within plaque regions of different compositions. In order to do that, a highly automatic procedure for localized measurement of dynamic contrast–enhanced MRI parameters was developed. In 47 subjects, the average transfer constant and partial plasma volume were highest in loose matrix and fibrous tissue and substantially lower in intraplaque hemorrhage, lipid rich/necrotic core, and calcification. In addition, except for hemorrhage and calcification, statistically significant differences of transfer constant and partial plasma volume were observed for any pair of these components. This suggests that transfer constant and partial plasma volume could be helpful to differentiate different plaque components and that dynamic contrast–enhanced MRI has the potential to assess inflammatory burden in specific regions. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fracture patterns of glass-ionomer cement overlays versus stainless steel bands during endodontic treatment: an ex-vivo study.

AIM To compare fracture patterns of posterior teeth temporized with: mesio-occlusal-distal (MOD) glass-ionomer cement (GIC) interim restorations, stainless steel (SS) bands, GIC dome overlays and GIC dome overlays with occlusal temporary restorations. METHODOLOGY The root canals of 92 extracted human premolars and molars were prepared with rotary NiTi instruments and dressed with calcium hydroxide paste prior to cavity preparation for standardized MOD restorations. Teeth were divided into four groups (n = 23) and temporarily restored with: GIC interim restorations (GIC group), stainless steel bands (SS group), GIC dome overlays (GIC-O group) or GIC dome overlays with intermediate restorative material (IRM) in the access cavities (GIC-IRM group). Teeth were subjected to compressive axial load until fracture; fracture forces and fracture modes were recorded. Statistical analysis included Kaplan-Meier plots, Cox proportional hazards model, one-way analysis of variance, chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS There was a significantly higher risk of failure in the GIC group compared with the SS (P < 0.001), GIC-O (P < 0.001) and GIC-IRM (P = 0.001) groups. The mean fracture force for SS was significantly higher than GIC-O (P = 0.03) and GIC-IRM (P < 0.001). GIC fracture force was significantly lower than all other groups (P < 0.001). Significantly fewer unfavourable fractures were observed in SS compared with GIC (P = 0.001), GIC-O (P = 0.007) and GIC-IRM (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Glass-ionomer cement dome overlays with reduced cuspal height and occlusal inclines may be recommended for broken-down posterior teeth, without any risk of poor aesthetics, gingival irritation or further proximal tooth structure loss. Stainless steel bands may only need to be used in extensively broken-down teeth or in the presence of parafunctional habits.
Paths of Accommodation: Muslim Societies and French Colonial Authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880-1920

Introduction - THE FRAMEWORK Space, time & structure - BASES OF ACCOMMODATION Sources, discourses & mediators of knowledge - Conquest & colonial rule - France as a 'Muslim Power' - Civil society: St. Louis in the French imperial sphere - The Sons of Ndar: the Muslim merchants of St. Louis - PATTERNS OF ACCOMMODATION The obstacles to accommodation for the Umarians - The Umarian predicament - PATHS TO ACCOMMODATION Saad Buh & the Fadiliyya way - Sidiyya Baba: co-architect of colonial Mauritania - Malik Sy: teacher in the new colonial order - Amadu Bamba: a complex path to accommodation - Conclusion