Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The myopia of crowds: Cognitive load and collective evaluation of answers on Stack Exchange

Crowds can often make better decisions than individuals or small groups of experts by leveraging their ability to aggregate diverse information. Question answering sites, such as Stack Exchange, rely on the “wisdom of crowds” effect to identify the best answers to questions asked by users. We analyze data from 250 communities on the Stack Exchange network to pinpoint factors affecting which answers are chosen as the best answers. Our results suggest that, rather than evaluate all available answers to a question, users rely on simple cognitive heuristics to choose an answer to vote for or accept. These cognitive heuristics are linked to an answer’s salience, such as the order in which it is listed and how much screen space it occupies. While askers appear to depend on heuristics to a greater extent than voters when choosing an answer to accept as the most helpful one, voters use acceptance itself as a heuristic, and they are more likely to choose the answer after it has been accepted than before that answer was accepted. These heuristics become more important in explaining and predicting behavior as the number of available answers to a question increases. Our findings suggest that crowd judgments may become less reliable as the number of answers grows.
Autumn Peak in Shooting Suicides of Children and Adolescents from Northern Finland

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents worldwide. Studies on the seasonal pattern of youth suicides are rare and the results are very contradictory and heterogeneous. Generally, suicide methods affect the pattern of suicide seasonality. Shooting is the most common suicide method among Finnish adolescents. We investigated whether shooting suicides of victims aged less than 18 years are correlated with a specific period of the year. Also, the seasonal pattern of shooting suicides in adolescents was compared with that of adult victims. Our data comprised 42 adolescent suicide victims and, for comparison, 1,926 adult suicide victims over the years 1988 to 2004 from Northern Finland.Of these, 59.5% (n = 25) of the adolescents and 28.8% (n = 554) of the adults had committed suicide by shooting.We observed that shooting suicides among the under-aged showed a significant peak in autumn (ratio 2.70, 95% CI: 1.97–3.42), while those of adult victims peaked in spring (ratio 1.19, 95% CI: 1.05–1.35). The monthly pattern of suicides correlated significantly with the mean duration of daily sunshine hours (trailing by 3 months) in the under-aged (r = 0.67, p = 0.016), but not in the adults (r = 0.06, p = 0.854). The role of firearm availability, psychosocial factors such as start of the school year, and some biological factors are discussed.
Patent Foramen Ovale With Atrial Septal Aneurysm Is Strongly Associated With Migraine With Aura: A Large Observational Study

Background A patent foramen ovale (PFO) with atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) has been identified as a risk factor for cryptogenic stroke. Patients with migraine with aura (MA) appear to be at risk for silent brain infarction, which might be related to the presence of a PFO. However, the association between MA and PFO with ASA has never been reported. We examined this association in a large observational study. Methods and Results Patients (>18 years) who underwent an agitated saline transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) at our outpatient clinics within a timeframe of 4 years were eligible to be included. Before cTEE they received a validated headache questionnaire. Two neurologists diagnosed migraine with or without aura according to the International Headache Criteria. A total of 889 patients (mean age 56.4±14.3 years, 41.7% women) were included. A PFO was present in 23.2%, an isolated ASA in 2.7%, and a PFO with ASA in 6.9%. The occurrence of migraine was 18.9%; the occurrence of MA was 8.1%. The prevalence of PFO with ASA was significantly higher in patients with MA compared to patients without migraine (18.1% vs 6.1%; OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.86‐7.44, P<0.001). However, a PFO without ASA was not significantly associated with MA (OR 1.50, 95% CI 0.79‐2.82, P=0.21). Interestingly, a PFO with ASA was strongly associated with MA (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.23‐5.95, P=0.01). Conclusion In this large observational study, PFO with ASA was significantly associated with MA only. PFO closure studies should focus on this specific intra‐atrial anomaly.
The electrical transport study of graphene nanoribbons and 2D materials beyond graphene

150 Autobiographical Statement . 153
Biodegradable Behaviors in Simulated Body Fluid of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr Alloy with Micro-Arc Oxide Coating

The effects of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) on corrosion resistance of Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy have been studied. The Mg-Gd-Y-Zr with thicker oxide coating presented higher corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid (SBF). The corrosion rates were measured by several methods including hydrogen evolution volume measurement, weight-loss method and determination of pH as an auxiliary reference. The surfaces of specimens were observed by SEM and white light confocal microscopy before and after the corrosion. Besides the effects of MAO, the pitting resulted from breakage of oxide coating played a notable role as well. This provided a new direction towards the enhancement of corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy.
Tensile Performance of Nonsterile Suture Monofilaments Affected by Test Conditions

Selection of a suture material typically depends on its tensile properties, but in the absence of an international standard test method, a comparison of properties is problem atic. A series of experiments is conducted to determine the tensile performance of non-knotted and knotted non-sterile suture monofilaments, and the effect of test conditions on this performance. Using the ear and cut loop technique, the factorial experiment includes three gauge lengths, three crosshead speeds, three non-sterile suture monofila ments, and five knot configurations. Each combination of variables is replicated five times. Different test conditions affect the ultimate strain and tenacity of both knotted and non-knotted monofilaments. Ultimate strain values are lower with increasing gauge length (when tested at the same crosshead speed) and crosshead speed (when tested at the same gauge length). All monofilaments are characterized by higher tenacity values with in creasing gauge length (at the same crosshead speed) and lower tenacity values with increasing crosshead speed (at the same gauge length). Load-extension curves and visual images of selected monofilament sutures are provided.
Assessment of Left Atrial Appendage Function by Transesophageal Echocardiography: Implications for the Development of Thrombus

BackgroundThe predilection of the left atrial appendage (LAA) for thrombus formation has long been known. Methods and ResultsWe prospectively studied the two-dimensional echocardiographic and Doppler patterns of LAA function in 82 patients by transesophageal echocardiography. In the 63 patients in sinus rhythm, LAA area was measured during LAA diastole at the onset of the electrocardiographic (ECG) P wave (LAAmax) and after LAA systole at the ECG R wave (LAAin) and LAA ejection fraction was calculated as (LAA, ax-LAAmin)/LAAmax; peak Doppler velocity was recorded from the LAA outlet. The 58 patients in sinus rhythm without LAA thrombus were grouped according to left atrial size on transthoracic echocardiography; 39 patients had a left atrial size of less than 40 mm (group 1) and 19 had a left atrial size of 40 mm or greater (group 2). Five patients in sinus rhythm had LAA thrombus. In the 19 patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter LAAmAX was measured independent of the ECG; three of these patients had LAA spontaneous contrast, four had thrombus, and one had both. Patients in sinus rhythm without LAA thrombus demonstrated a characteristic pattern of a contractile LAA apex and a noncontractile base with color flow and pulsed Doppler evidence of LAA emptying that coincided with the P wave. Patients in sinus rhythm with LAA thrombus had a mean ± SD LAAmax (8.0 ± 1.5 cm2) larger than that in group 1 (5.0 ± 1.9 cm2) (p < 0.01) but not group 2 (6.7 ± 3.1 cm2), LAA.i. (6.5 ± 1.0 cm2) larger than that in both group 1 (2.3 ± 1.5 cm2) and group 2 (4.2 ± 2.7 cm2) (p < 0.01), and LAA ejection fraction (17 ± 11%) and LAA velocity (0.24 ± 0.10 m/sec) less than those in both group 1 (55 ± 21% and 0.48 ± 0.24 m/sec, respectively) and group 2 (45 ± 27% and 0.46 ± 0.24 m/sec, respectively) (p < 0.01). Patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter with LAA spontaneous contrast and/or thrombus had LAAmax (10.4 ± t6.6 cm2) greater than that in patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter without LAA contrast and/or thrombus (6.8 ± 3.0 cm2) (p < 0.05). The LAA appeared as a static pouch in seven of eight of the former compared with in two of 11 of the latter. When attempted, Doppler demonstrated a recognizable fibrillatory LAA outflow velocity pattern in none of three in the former versus four of seven in the latter group. ConclusionsWe conclude that the LAA has a characteristic pattern of emptying in sinus rhythm. LAA thrombus formation in sinus rhythm and atrial fibrillation is associated with both poor LAA contraction and LAA dilatation. (Circulation 1991;84:223–231)
Circadian Dysfunction in a Rotenone-Induced Parkinsonian Rodent Model

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that also involves circadian rhythm alterations. Modifications of circadian rhythm parameters have been shown to occur in both PD patients and toxin-induced PD animal models. In the latter case, rotenone, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NADH]-quinone reductase), has been used to elicit degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and development of parkinsonian syndrome. The present work addresses alterations induced by rotenone on both locomotor and body temperature circadian rhythms in rats. Rotenone-treated rats exhibited abnormalities in equilibrium, postural instability, and involuntary movements. Long-term subcutaneous administration of rotenone significantly reduced mean daily locomotor activity in most animals. During rotenone administration, mean body temperatures (BTs) and BT rhythm amplitudes were significantly lower than those observed in the control group. After long-term rotenone administration, the circadian rhythms of both locomotor activity (LA) and BT displayed decreased amplitudes, lower interdaily phase stability, and higher rhythm fragmentation, as compared to the control rats. The magnitude of the LA and BT circadian rhythm alterations induced by rotenone positively correlated with degree of motor impairment. These results indicate that rotenone induces circadian dysfunction in rats through some of the same mechanisms as those responsible for the development of motor disturbances. (Author correspondence: pedro.lax@ua.es)
Activity recognition using dense long-duration trajectories

Current research on visual action/activity analysis has mostly exploited appearance-based static feature descriptions, plus statistics of short-range motion fields. The deliberate ignorance of dense, long-duration motion trajectories as features is largely due to the lack of mature mechanism for efficient extraction and quantitative representation of visual trajectories. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for extraction and representation of dense, long-duration trajectories from video sequences, and demonstrate its ability to handle video sequences containing occlusions, camera motions, and nonrigid deformations. Moreover, we test the scheme on the KTH action recognition dataset [1], and show its promise as a scheme for general purpose long-duration motion description in realistic video sequences.
Impaired Adult Neurogenesis Associated with Short-Term Memory Defects in NF-κB p50-Deficient Mice

Neurogenesis proceeds throughout adulthood in the brain of most mammalian species, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of stem/progenitor cell proliferation, survival, maturation, and differentiation have not been completely unraveled. We have studied hippocampal neurogenesis in NF-κB p50-deficient mice. Here we demonstrate that in absence of p50, the net rate of neural precursor proliferation does not change, but some of the steps leading to the final neuron differentiation status are hampered, resulting in ∼50% reduction in the number of newly born neurons in the adult mutant hippocampus. Additionally, in p50−/− mice, we observed a selective defect in short-term spatial memory performance without impairment of hippocampal-dependent spatial long-term memory and learning. Our results highlight the role of NF-κB p50 in hippocampal neurogenesis and in short-term spatial memory.
Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with TRC Tension Zone Cover

This research makes a further contribution to the existing knowledge regarding textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) structural members, and the proposed component combines the advantages of TRC and reinforced concrete (RC). This concrete member was experimentally studied and its analytical formulae were derived. Test results of the flexural experiment study indicated that the beams with the TRC layer had some increases in the first crack load, the yield load, and the ultimate moment capacity, compared with the ordinary RC beams, and furthermore the ultimate moment capacity had significant increases with the increase of the reinforcement ratio of textile. A considerable reduction in the crack width and spacing was also observed for the beam with a TRC layer, and thus the postcracking stiffness of the beam was improved. Furthermore, this concrete member has satisfactory flexural ductility. For a single reinforced concrete beam with a rectangular cross section, two types of limit failure states are presented with respect to different reinforcement ratio of textile, and for each state, the relationship between the reinforcement ratio of textile and the reinforcement ratio of steel bar is derived. The calculation methods for the ultimate moment capacity for three failure modes and the midspan deflection during the entire loading process are also presented. A comparison between the calculated and the experimental results reveals a satisfactory agreement and verifies the feasibility of the formulae.
Genetic variation in pathogen‐induced early hatching of toad embryos

Accelerated hatching is one of few defences available to embryos, and is effective against many egg‐stage risks. We present the first analysis of genetic variation in hatching plasticity, examining premature hatching of American toad embryos in response to pathogenic water moulds. We reared eggs from half‐ and full‐sib families in the presence and absence of water mould. Hatching age and hatchling size showed low cross‐environment genetic correlations, suggesting that early‐induced hatching can evolve largely independently of spontaneous hatching. We found less phenotypic and additive genetic variation for early‐induced hatching than spontaneous hatching, and a stronger correlation between egg and induced hatchling sizes. Directional selection by the pathogen may have eroded variation in early‐induced hatching, pushing it against the constraint of hatching gland development. Later hatching has a second, muscular component. This pattern of variation may characterize defences based on developmental transitions, although other inducible defences show more variation in induced phenotypes.
Let‐7f Inhibits Glioma Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting Periostin

Glioma is one of the most aggressive and malignant tumor types. Despite advances in surgery, imaging, chemotherapy, and radiation, glioma patient prognosis remains poor. Glioma pathogenesis is an urgent problem that must be solved. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small non‐coding RNAs that are key post‐transcriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA deregulation commonly occurs in human tumorigenesis. In the present study, the expression levels of Let‐7f were down‐regulated in both glioma tissues and glioma cells. The enhanced expression of Let‐7f suppressed glioma cells proliferation, migration, and invasion via direct targeting perisotin oncogenic activity. Experiments with periostin siRNA or over‐expression further suggest that Let‐7f may serve as tumor suppressors through perisotin signal. These findings provide insights regarding the role and mechanism of Let‐7f in regulating biological behavior of glioma cells via the Let‐7f/periostin axis, and Let‐7f may serve as a potential therapeutic target in glioma. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 1680–1692, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pattern of interhemispheric connections and its relationship to extrastriate visual areas in the macaque monkey

The distribution of interhemispheric connections was studied in extrastriate visual cortex of the macaque monkey. Callosal fiber terminations were identified by staining for anterograde degeneration following transection of the splenium of the corpus callosum. Retrogradely labeled cell bodies of callosal projection neurons were identified histochemically following application of horseradish peroxidase to the cut surface of the callosum. Results were displayed on unfolded, two-dimensional representations of the cortex, which permitted spatial and topological relationships between callosal recipient and callosal free cortical regions to be discerned readily. The overall pattern of callosal inputs to visual cortex can be subdivided into nine callosal recipient zones which surround seven callosal free regions in the occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes. This pattern provides reliable and useful landmarks for identifying the borders of at least five topographically organized extrastriate visual areas. There is a pronounced dorsoventral asymmetry in callosal projections, not recognized in previous studies, which reflects an asymmetry in the organization of visual areas in dorsal versus ventral halves of the occipital lobe. The pattern of callosal fiber terminations is mirrored by a very similar distribution of callosal projection neurons. There are significant regional differences in the laminar distribution of callosal projection cells, and these differences may reflect functionally distinct cortical subdivisions. A considerable degree of individual variability was found in the relationship of callosal connections to gyral and sulcal landmarks as well as in the fine structure of individual callosal recipient strips, suggesting that each animal has a unique “callosal fingerprint. ” These findings emphasize the usefulness of the callosal pathway in elucidating the functional organization of extrastriate visual cortex.
Rub epilepsy: a somatosensory evoked reflex epilepsy induced by prolonged cutaneous stimulation

TO DELINEATE RUB EPILEPSY a type of reflex epilepsy induced by prolonged or repetitive cutaneous stimulation in a circumscribed area of the body—three cases are presented, as well as one of tooth brushing epilepsy for comparison. In all three cases of rub epilepsy, cutaneous stimuli in a particular body area on the left side initially induced a sensory jacksonian march in the middle of, or in close vicinity to, the trigger zone, which led to subsequent unilateral tonic contractions with intact consciousness. By contrast, a motor jacksonian seizure without sensory aura was induced in the patient with tooth brushing epilepsy. A review of cases with rub epilepsy, including those in this paper, disclosed a striking consistency in clinical manifestations. The symptomatology of the induced seizures indicates a propagation of epileptic discharges from the postcentral gyrus to the supplementary motor area. Rub epilepsy is proposed as a separate clinical entity, clearly demarcated from other somatosensory evoked reflex epilepsies such as startle and tooth brushing epilepsy.
An axiomatic approach for simplification of sequential teams

An axiomatic framework that identifies irrelevant data at agents of a sequential team is presented. This framework relies on capturing the properties of a sequential team that do not depend on the specifics of state spaces, the probability law, and the cost functions. To capture these properties the notion of a team form is developed. A team form is then modeled as a directed acyclic graph and irrelevant data is identified using D-separation properties of specific subsets of nodes in the graph. This framework provides an algorithmic procedure for identifying and ignoring irrelevant data at agents, and thereby simplifying the form of control laws that need to be implemented.
Discriminative common vectors for face recognition

In face recognition tasks, the dimension of the sample space is typically larger than the number of the samples in the training set. As a consequence, the within-class scatter matrix is singular and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method cannot be applied directly. This problem is known as the "small sample size" problem. In this paper, we propose a new face recognition method called the discriminative common vector method based on a variation of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis for the small sample size case. Two different algorithms are given to extract the discriminative common vectors representing each person in the training set of the face database. One algorithm uses the within-class scatter matrix of the samples in the training set while the other uses the subspace methods and the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure to obtain the discriminative common vectors. Then, the discriminative common vectors are used for classification of new faces. The proposed method yields an optimal solution for maximizing the modified Fisher's linear discriminant criterion given in the paper. Our test results show that the discriminative common vector method is superior to other methods in terms of recognition accuracy, efficiency, and numerical stability.
Modeling Spatial Effect in Residential Burglary: A Case Study from ZG City, China

The relationship between burglary and socio-demographic factors has long been a hot topic in crime research. Spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity are two issues to be addressed in modeling geographic data. When these two issues arise at the same time, it is difficult to model them simultaneously. A cross-comparison of three models is presented in this study to identify which spatial effect should be addressed first in crime analysis. The negative binominal model (NB), Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) and the geographically weighted Poisson regression model (GWPR) were implemented based on a three-year residential burglary data set from ZG, China. The modeling result shows that both BHM and GWPR outperform NB as they capture either of the spatial effects. Compared to the NB model, the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of BHM and GWPR was decreased by 83.71% and 49.39%, the mean squared error (MSE) of BHM and GWPR was decreased by 97.88% and 77.15%, and the R d 2 of BHM and GWPR was improved by 26.7% and 19.1%, respectively. In comparison with BHM and GWPR, BHM fits the data better with lower MAD, MSE and higher R d 2 . The empirical analysis indicates that the percentage of renter population, percentage of people from other provinces, bus line density, and bus stop density have a significantly positive impact on the number of residential burglaries. The percentage of residents with a bachelor degree or higher, on the other hand, is negatively associated with the number of residential burglaries.