Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlation between CT and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging of Acute Cerebral Ischemia in a Rat Model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The quantitative temporal relationship between changes in CT attenuation, ADC value, and DWI signal intensity of acute ischemic tissue has not yet been determined in an animal model. This study was performed to determine the temporal relationship between CT attenuation, ADC value, and DWI signal intensity in acute cerebral ischemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT and DWI were performed at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after left MCA occlusion in 11 rats. Mean values for CT attenuation, ADC, and DWI signal intensity were determined for the ischemic hemisphere and contralateral normal hemisphere. Temporal changes in each mean value and the relationship between CT attenuation and ADC value and DWI signal intensity were evaluated. RESULTS: The decrease of CT attenuation and the increase of DWI signal intensity occurred gradually after MCA occlusion, while ADC value decreased rapidly at 1 hour. Although correlation was significant between time and rCT or rDWI (P < .01, respectively), no correlation between time and rADC was found (P = .33). There was a significant linear correlation between rCT and rDWI (r = 0.497, P < .01), but no significant correlation between rCT and rADC (P = .509) was found. CONCLUSIONS: The temporal change in CT attenuation was different from that in ADC value with no significant linear correlation between CT attenuation and ADC value for acute cerebral ischemia. However, rCT and rDWI showed a modest correlation.
Organizational commitment, supervisory commitment, and employee outcomes in the Chinese context: proximal hypothesis or global hypothesis?

This study examines the relationship between organizational commitment and supervisory commitment (commitment to supervisor) in terms of their effects on employee outcomes in the Chinese context. Based on the principle of compatibility, we hypothesized that organizational commitment and supervisory commitment served as logical mediators (global hypothesis and proximal hypothesis) for predicting organization-relevant and leader-relevant outcomes respectively. Moreover, because of the impact of personalism in Chinese culture, we predicted that supervisory commitment also significantly influenced organization-relevant outcomes, in addition to its effect on leader-relevant outcomes. Two separate questionnaires were administered to 538 subordinates and their supervisors in Taiwanese companies. Structural equation modeling and hierarchical block regression analysis shows that the principle of compatibility and personalism can explain the proposed relationship in this study. Implications and research directions are discussed in light of Chinese culture for future investigation into organizational commitment and supervisory commitment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Harmony: Collection and analysis of parallel block vectors

Efficient execution of well-parallelized applications is central to performance in the multicore era. Program analysis tools support the hardware and software sides of this effort by exposing relevant features of multithreaded applications. This paper describes parallel block vectors, which uncover previously unseen characteristics of parallel programs. Parallel block vectors provide block execution profiles per concurrency phase (e.g., the block execution profile of all serial regions of a program). This information provides a direct and fine-grained mapping between an application's runtime parallel phases and the static code that makes up those phases. This paper also demonstrates how to collect parallel block vectors with minimal application perturbation using Harmony. Harmony is an instrumentation pass for the LLVM compiler that introduces just 16-21% overhead on average across eight Parsec benchmarks. We apply parallel block vectors to uncover several novel insights about parallel applications with direct consequences for architectural design. First, that the serial and parallel phases of execution used in Amdahl's Law are often composed of many of the same basic blocks. Second, that program features, such as instruction mix, vary based on the degree of parallelism, with serial phases in particular displaying different instruction mixes from the program as a whole. Third, that dynamic execution frequencies do not necessarily correlate with a block's parallelism.
Conversion Ratio between Botox®, Dysport®, and Xeomin® in Clinical Practice

Botulinum neurotoxin has revolutionized the treatment of spasticity and is now administered worldwide. There are currently three leading botulinum neurotoxin type A products available in the Western Hemisphere: onabotulinum toxin-A (ONA) Botox®, abobotulinum toxin-A (ABO), Dysport®, and incobotulinum toxin A (INCO, Xeomin®). Although the efficacies are similar, there is an intense debate regarding the comparability of various preparations. Here we will address the clinical issues of potency and conversion ratios, as well as safety issues such as toxin spread and immunogenicity, to provide guidance for BoNT-A use in clinical practice. INCO was shown to be as effective as ONA with a comparable adverse event profile when a clinical conversion ratio of 1:1 was used. The available clinical and preclinical data suggest that a conversion ratio ABO:ONA of 3:1—or even lower—could be appropriate for treating spasticity, cervical dystonia, and blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm. A higher conversion ratio may lead to an overdosing of ABO. While uncommon, distant spread may occur; however, several factors other than the pharmaceutical preparation are thought to affect spread. Finally, whereas the three products have similar efficacy when properly dosed, ABO has a better cost-efficacy profile.
Cryogenic EBSD on ice: preserving a stable surface in a low pressure SEM

Naturally deformed ice contains subgrains with characteristic geometries that have recently been identified in etched surfaces using high‐resolution light microscopy (LM). The probable slip systems responsible for these subgrain boundary types can be determined using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), providing the etch features imaged with reflected LM can be retained during EBSD data acquisition in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Retention of the etch features requires that the ice surface is stable. Depending on the pressure and temperature, sublimation of ice can occur. The equilibrium temperature for a low pressure SEM operating at 1 × 10−6 hPa is about −112°C and operating at higher temperatures causes sublimation. Although charging of uncoated ice samples is reduced by sublimation, important information contained in the etch features are removed as the surface sublimes. We developed a method for collecting EBSD data on stable ice surfaces in a low pressure SEM. We found that operating at temperatures of <–112°C reduced sublimation so that the original etch surface features were retained. Charging, which occurred at low pressures (<1.5 × 10−6 to 2.8 × 10−5 hPa) was reduced by defocusing the beam. At very low pressures (<1.5 × 10−6 hPa) the spatial resolution with a defocused beam at 10 kV was about 3 μm in the x‐direction at −150°C and 0.5 μm at −120°C, because at higher temperature charging was less and only a small defocus was needed to compensate it. Angular resolution was better than 0.7° after orientation averaging. Excellent agreement was obtained between LM etch features and EBSD mapped microstructures. First results are shown, which indicate subgrain boundary types comprised of basal (tilt and twist) and nonbasal dislocations (tilt boundaries).
Lysosomal pH: a link between cell volume and metabolism.

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Influence of the reformulation of ingredients in bakery products on healthy characteristics and acceptability of consumers

Abstract Bakery products are highly consumed by children and adults and as cereal-derived foods are considered a fundamental part of a balanced diet, but they are usually high in sugar and saturated and trans fat and low in fibre. This study aimed to develop four different bakery products (cookies, croissants, Spanish muffins and Spanish sponge cake) with healthier properties, such as lower fat and sugar content, healthy fatty acid profile and higher fibre content. Margarine and sunflower oil were replaced with high oleic sunflower oil, and inulin was also added. After the modifications, a significant reduction of fat content and kilocalories in all cases, an increment of monounsaturated fat and a decrease in saturated fatty acids in three products were observed. The sensory analysis resulted similar results in both recipes for cookies and lower acceptability in sponge cake, croissants and muffins. Purchase intention only decreased in sponge cake.
Legacies of Biafra: Marriage, ‘Home People’ and Reproduction Among the Igbo of Nigeria

Abstract This article examines the ways in which the legacies and collective memories of Biafra, the secessionist state established at the time of Nigeria's civil war from 1967 to1970, shape contemporary Igbo practices and experiences of marriage, rural–urban ties and reproduction. The importance of appropriate and permanent marriage and the perceived necessity of dependable affinal relations for contemporary Igbos are analysed in relation to recollections of marriage during the war. The intense identification of migrant Igbos with place of origin and the importance of ‘home’ and ‘home people’ are situated in the context of the legacy of Biafra. The importance of kinship relationships for access to patron–client networks is linked to the Igbo perception of marginalization in the wake of Biafra. Igbo ideas about the significance of reproduction and the vital importance of ‘having people’ are reinforced through collective memories of Biafra. Igbo people's conceptions of Nigerian politics, their understandings of the social and economic importance of kinship and community in contemporary Nigeria, and even their reproductive decisions can be better explained by taking into account the legacies of Biafra. Résumé Cet article examine la manière dont les séquelles et les mémoires collectives du' Biafra, l'état sécessioniste formé au moment de la guerre civile au Nigeria entre 1967 et 1970, ont façonné les pratiques et expériences contemporaines igbo en matière de mariage, de liens ruraux-urbains et de reproduction. L'importance de la convenance et de la permanence du mariage, ainsi que la nécessité perçue de relations affines sûres pour les contemporains igbo sont analysées par rapport aux souvenirs de mariage pendant la guerre. L'article situe dans le contexte de l'héritage du Biafra la vive identification des migrants igbo à leur lieu d'origine et l'importance du «pays natal» et du «peuple natal». L'importance des relations de parenté dans l'accès aux réseaux patron-client est liée à la marginalization perçue par les Igbo dans le sillage du Biafra. La place donnée à la reproduction et l'importance vitale d'«avoir des siens» sont renforcées chez les Igbo à travers les mémoires collectives du Biafra. La conception que se font les Igbo de la politique nigériane, leur interprétation de l'importance sociale et économique de la parenté et de la communauté dans le Nigeria actuel, voire même leurs décisions en matière de reproduction s'expliquent plus facilement à la lumière de l'héritage du Biafra.
Word Schemas: Expectations About the Form and Meaning of New Words

This study explores students' word schemas, that is, their knowledge not just of specific words, but also about words in general that can be applied when they encounter new words. Students in 7th and 10th grade and college undergraduates were asked to rate the plausibility of made-up definitions for nonsense words. Some of the definitions, although nonexistent or extremely rare, represented plausible meanings. Other definitions, however, were constructed to violate hypothesized expectations about possible meanings of English words. Students at all grade levels were found to distinguish plausible from less plausible meanings. College undergraduates also displayed sensitivity to part of speech distinctions in a subset of the items for which the range of possible meanings was hypothesized to be different for nouns and verbs. Results show that word schemas are applied in evaluating hypotheses about possible meanings of new words and that skilled adult readers are sensitive to subtle regularities in the Englis.
The effect of multiple category membership on intergroup evaluations in a north Indian context: Class, caste and religion

In this study north Indians' evaluation of their own group and out-groups differing in religious and social status is investigated. Respondents were 317 high school pupils in Benares and Mughalserai. Three hypotheses derived from social identity theory (SIT) research for the effects of crossed-category membership and the effects of intergroup status differences were tested: 1. High-caste Hindus and upper-class Muslims will evaluate out-groups differing in either status or religion less positively than the in-group and will evaluate groups differing in both respects least positively (‘double out-group response’). 2. Low-caste Hindus and lower-class Muslims will show a ‘minority-group’ response, that is, evaluate high-status out-groups more positively than the in-group and low-status out-groups. 3. Lower-class/high-caste Hindus will show a ‘communalized’ pattern of intergroup evaluations in which Muslims are evaluated less positively than Hindus. The first hypothesis was confirmed for high-caste Hindu respondents, but not for upper-class Muslims. The second hypothesis could not be tested sufficiently for Muslims because only 12 lower-class Muslims participated in the survey. The evaluations by low-caste Hindus, however, revealed a communalized response rather than the expected minority group response. The third hypothesis was confirmed. The disconfirmations are interpreted as an effect of the majority/minority positions of Hindus and Muslims in India and the consequences of these results for SIT are further evaluated in this light.
A Sum Error Detection Scheme for Decimal Arithmetic

Users of financial and e-commerce services demand a high degree of reliability and at the same time an increasing demand of speed of processing. On the other hand, soft errors are becoming more significant due to the higher densities and reduced CMOS integration technology sizes. Among the basic arithmetic operations, addition/subtraction is the most demanded. Although in the past, binary implementations were only considered, today decimal implementations are becoming important. In this context, we introduce a modular design for fast error checking of binary and decimal (BCD) addition/subtraction operations that avoids the whole replication of the arithmetic units. Unlike other error checkers based on parity prediction or residue checking, this is a separable design that lies completely off of the critical path of the protected adder without incurring in important penalties in area or performance.
Localized feature selection for unsupervised learning

Clustering is the unsupervised classification of data objects into different groups (clusters) such that objects in one group are similar together and dissimilar from another group. Feature selection for unsupervised learning is a technique that chooses the best feature subset for clustering. In general, unsupervised feature selection algorithms conduct feature selection in a global sense by producing a common feature subset for all the clusters. This, however, can be invalid in clustering practice, where the local intrinsic property of data matters more, which implies that localized feature selection is more desirable. In this dissertation, we focus on cluster-wise feature selection for unsupervised learning. We first propose a Cross-Projection method to achieve localized feature selection. The proposed algorithm computes adjusted and normalized scatter separability for individual clusters. A sequential backward search is then applied to find the optimal (perhaps local) feature subsets for each cluster. Our experimental results show the need for feature selection in clustering and the benefits of selecting features locally. We also present another approach based on Maximal Likelihood with Gaussian mixture. We introduce a probabilistic model based on Gaussian mixture. The feature relevance for an individual cluster is treated as a probability, which is represented by localized feature saliency and estimated through Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm during the clustering process. In addition, the number of clusters is determined by integrating a Minimum Message Length (MML) criterion. Experiments carried out on both synthetic and real-world datasets illustrate the performance of the approach in finding embedded clusters. Another novel approach based on Bayesian framework is successfully implemented. We place prior distributions over the parameters of the Gaussian mixture model, and maximize the marginal log-likelihood given mixing co-efficient and feature saliency. The parameters are estimated by Bayesian Variational Learning. This approach computes the feature saliency for each cluster, and detects the number of clusters simultaneously.
Are Household Production Decisions Cooperative? Evidence on Pastoral Migration and Milk Sales from Northern Kenya

Market-based development efforts frequently create opportunities to generate income from goods previously produced and consumed within the household. Production within the household is often characterized by a gender and age division of labor. Market development efforts to improve well being may lead to unanticipated outcomes if household production decisions are non-cooperative. We develop and test models of household decision-making to investigate intra-household decision making in a nomadic pastoral setting from Kenya. Our results suggest that household decisions are contested, with husbands using migration decisions to resist wives' ability to market milk.
Mentoring Student Teachers to Design and Implement Literacy Tasks that Support Self-Regulated Reading and Writing

Self-regulated learning (SRL) researchers have paid relatively little attention to questions concerning (a) the level of experience and expertise required to create high-SRL environments, (b) how teachers acquire such expertise, and (c) how expert instruction needs to be to influence students' SRL positively. We agree with Randi and Corno (2000) that this is an important area of inquiry if instruction about SRL is to become as widespread as researchers think it should be. This study examined whether and how beginning teachers can be mentored to design tasks and develop practices that foster SRL in elementary school students. Observations of language arts lessons were analyzed to determine the extent to which student teachers' tasks and practices created opportunities for children to engage in self-regulated reading and writing. Most student teachers (85%) received a high SRL score, indicating they were designing tasks and engaging in practices that supported development of and engagement in self-regulated reading and writing. A detailed description of the support provided to student teachers for their development of high-SRL practices is provided, along with narrative descriptions of high SRL tasks and practices in two student teachers' classrooms.
Impact on the Student Experience of Extending Problem-Based and Enquiry-Based Learning

This article reports on extended research into the use of enquiry-based learning (EBL) and problem-based learning (PBL) in a human resource management undergraduate programme. The authors have collected and analysed qualitative and quantitative data over a three-year period, some of which have been previously reported (Reynolds and Benmore, 2003, 2006). Here they present their analysis of the most recent data. They present further evidence that EBL/PBL activities have a significant role to play in the development of independent learning, teamworking skills and the acquisition of deeper knowledge. However, the extent to which these benefits are realized will be influenced by key factors such as cohort culture, small group interaction and student ability levels.
Exploring locking & partitioning for predictable shared caches on multi-cores

Multi-core architectures consisting of multiple processing cores on a chip have become increasingly prevalent. Synthesizing hard realtime applications onto these platforms is quite challenging, as the contention among the cores for various shared resources leads to inherent timing unpredictability. This paper proposes the use of shared cache in a predictable manner through a combination of locking and partitioning mechanisms. We explore possible design choices and evaluate their effects on the worst-case application performance. Our study reveals certain design principles that strongly dictate the performance of a predictable memory hierarchy.
Neurobiology of Disease Efficacy of Rehabilitative Experience Declines with Time after Focal Ischemic Brain Injury

To maximize the effectiveness of rehabilitative therapies after stroke, it is critical to determine when the brain is most responsive (i.e., plastic) to sensorimotor experience after injury and to focus such efforts within this period. Here, we compared the efficacy of 5 weeks of enriched rehabilitation (ER) initiated at 5 d (ER5), ER14, or ER30 after focal ischemia, as judged by functional outcome and neuromorphological change. ER5 provided marked improvement in skilled forelimb reaching ability and ladder-rungand narrow-beam-walking tasks and attenuated the stroke-induced reliance on the unaffected forepaw for postural support. ER14 provided improvement to a somewhat lesser extent, whereas recovery was diminished after ER30 such that motor function did not differ from ischemic animals exposed to social housing. To examine potential neural substrates of the improved function, we examined dendritic morphology in the undamaged motor cortex because our previous work (Biernaskie and Corbett, 2001) suggested that recovery was associated with enhanced dendritic growth in this region. ER5 increased the number of branches and complexity of layer V neurons compared with both social housing and control animals. Dendritic arbor after ER14 (although increased) and ER30 did not differ from those exposed to social housing. These data suggest that the poststroke brain displays heightened sensitivity to rehabilitative experience early after the stroke but declines with time. These findings have important implications for rehabilitation of stroke patients, many of whom experience considerable delays before therapy is initiated.