Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An eastward propagating two‐day wave: Evidence for nonlinear planetary wave and tidal coupling in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

Temperature observations from the SABER instrument on the TIMED spacecraft are used to investigate the structure and evolution of an eastward propagating zonal wavenumber 2 disturbance with a period near two days. This oscillation obtains a maximum amplitude of nearly 10 K in the southern hemisphere mid‐latitudes during late January. The timing and location of this planetary wave is coincident with the regular quasi two‐day wave intensification that occurs annually in late January. The period, wavenumber and spatial structure of the eastward propagating two‐day wave are consistent with a wave that results from a nonlinear interaction between the quasi two‐day wave and the migrating diurnal tide. The existence of an eastward propagating wave with a period near two days coincident with the westward propagating two day wave will have an impact on the interpretation of ground based observations. Analysis of the SABER temperature observations are utilized to determine the structure and evolution of both this eastward propagating two‐day wave and the classic westward propagating zonal wavenumber 3 quasi two‐day wave during January 2005.
Video object segmentation using Bayes-based temporal tracking and trajectory-based region merging

A novel unsupervised video object segmentation algorithm is presented, aiming to segment a video sequence to objects: spatiotemporal regions representing a meaningful part of the sequence. The proposed algorithm consists of three stages: initial segmentation of the first frame using color, motion, and position information, based on a variant of the K-means-with-connectivity-constraint algorithm; a temporal tracking algorithm, using a Bayes classifier and rule-based processing to reassign changed pixels to existing regions and to efficiently handle the introduction of new regions; and a trajectory-based region merging procedure that employs the long-term trajectory of regions, rather than the motion at the frame level, so as to group them to objects with different motion. As shown by experimental evaluation, this scheme can efficiently segment video sequences with fast moving or newly appearing objects. A comparison with other methods shows segmentation results corresponding more accurately to the real objects appearing on the image sequence.
Performance Analysis of Centralized RAN Deployment with Non-Ideal Fronthaul in LTE-Advanced Networks

Centralized RAN and baseband pooling architectures are increasingly being seen as the way cellular technologies will be deployed in the future due to a number of advantages they provide to the operator. However, LTE and LTE-Advanced were designed with a distributed architecture in mind. Therefore, there are certain inherent technical issues when the link connecting the baseband and RRU (Remote Radio Unit) has a non-negligible latency. In this paper, we study the impact of this non-ideal fronthaul on the downlink and uplink performance of LTE-Advanced networks. We show that, while the impact on the peak throughput is quite severe, it is more modest when we have a larger number of active UEs. The degradation in performance is larger in the uplink than in the downlink due to the synchronous HARQ mechanism used in LTE uplink. In the downlink, we compare the performance of centralized RAN with that of distributed RAN in case of non-ideal fronthaul (FH) and backhaul (BH), respectively, and determine whether it is better to incur backhaul or fronthaul latency from a performance perspective. In the uplink, we analyze the loss in performance due to fronthaul latency. We have developed a novel look-ahead scheduling scheme that results in significant improvement in performance, especially when the number of active UEs is small.
An Application of Fuzzy Control Based on PLC in the Electrical Control System of Fancy Soap Production

Taking the electronic controlled weighing system of fancy soap production line of Tianjin Procter & Gamble Company as an example, the paper adopted fuzzy control technique and studied the fuzzy controller realized on the basis of SIMENS PLC. The paper also analyzed fuzzed input, fuzzy control decision of directly table-looking up method and the de-fuzzy of fuzzy control variables and presented part of the ladder design. The control system realized the automatic and precise control of the fancy soap production weighing process, improved the efficiency of the fancy soap production line and met the required fancy soap production precision. On-site debugging also proved the fine efficiency and reliability of the fuzzy weighing control system.
Geographic Variation in Fertility Measures in Sweden in (1749 - 1870)

We analysed geographic variation in the number of males per 100 females at birth also called the secondary sex ratio (SR), the crude birth rate (CBR), the total fertility rate (TFR) and the tw inning rate (TWR). Earlier studies have noted geographic variations in the TWR and racial differences in the SR. Statistical analyses have shown that comparisons between SRs demand large data sets because random fluctuations in moderate data are marked. Co nsequently, reliable results presuppose national birth data. In this study, we analysed historical demographic data and investigated the geographic variations between the counties in Sweden for the SR among the live born (1749 - 1869), the CBR in 1751 - 1870, the TFR in 1860 and the TWR in 1751 - 1860. We built spatial models and as regressors we used geographic co - ordinates for the residences of the counties in Sweden. The influence of the CBR and TFR on the SR and TWR was examined. For all variables, we obtaine d spatial variations, albeit of different patterns and power. Hence, no common spatial pattern for the demographic variables SR, TFR, CBR and TWR was detected, but a better fit was noted for TFR, CBR and TWR than for SR.
THE AGE OF THE RADIOLARIAN CHERTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE OPHIOLITES IN THE APENNINES (ITALY) AND CORSICA (FRANCE): A REVISION

The most recent biozonation for Jurassic radiolarians permits to establish more exactly the ages of their assemblages. Here we consider the assemblages coming from the lowest part of the cherts on top of ophiolites in the Northern Apennines, Southern Apennines and Corsica. In the Northern Apennines the oldest age, in Liguria, is latest Bajocian-early Bathonian, whereas in Tuscany it is middle Callovian-early Oxfordian to middle-late Oxfordian; the youngest age, in Liguria, is middle Bathonian to late Bathonian-early Callovian, and in Tuscany latest Oxfordian-early Kimmeridgian. In the Southern Apennines the age is middle Callovian-early Oxfordian, in Corsica it is late Bathonian-early Callovian. These datings give new indications to reconstruct the late phases of the ocean spreading that produced the Western Tethys ophiolites.
Proof Delivery Form Journal of Child Language

Learners preferentially interpret novel nouns at the basic level (‘dog’) rather than at a more narrow level (‘Labrador’). This ‘basic-level bias’ is mitigated by statistics: children and adults are more likely to interpret a novel noun at a more narrow label if they witness ‘a suspicious coincidence’ – the word applied to three exemplars of the same narrow category. Independent work has found that exemplar typicality influences learners’ inferences and category learning. We bring these lines of work together to investigate whether the content (typicality) of a single exemplar affects the level of interpretation of words and whether an atypicality effect interacts with input statistics. Results demonstrate that both fourto five-year-olds and adults tend to assign a narrower interpretation to a word if it is exemplified by an atypical category member. This atypicality effect is roughly as strong as, and independent of, the suspicious coincidence effect, which is replicated.
Patient Diagnostic Rate as Indicator of Tuberculosis Case Detection, South Africa

To address the uncertainty of the indirectly measured tuberculosis case detection rate, we used survey data stratified by HIV status to calculate the patient diagnostic rate, a directly measurable indicator, in 8 communities in South Africa. Rates were lower among HIV-negative than HIV-positive persons. Tuberculosis programs should focus on HIV-negative persons.
Ground reaction forces and EMG activity with ankle bracing during inversion stress.

PURPOSE The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of external ankle support on ground reaction forces and myoelectrical activity of selected lower extremity muscles during dynamic inversion stress. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males performed five trials of a lateral dynamic movement at a rate between 80-90% of their maximal speed under three ankle brace conditions (no brace--control, Aircast Sport-Stirrup, Active Ankle). Ground reaction forces along the mediolateral axis and EMG activity of the peroneus longus, tibialis anterior, and medial gastrocnemius were simultaneously recorded during force plate contact. RESULTS Ankle bracing did not affect peak impact force (P > 0.05), maximum loading force (P > 0.05), or peak propulsion force (P > 0.05) in the lateral direction compared with the control condition. Ankle bracing reduced the EMG activity of the peroneus longus during peak impact force compared with the control condition (P < 0.05), although no differences were noted between the two braces. Furthermore, peroneous longus activity during maximum loading force and peak propulsion remained unaffected (P < 0.05). Ankle bracing did not affect the EMG activity of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius at the point of peak impact force, maximum loading force (P > 0.05), and peak propulsion force (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ankle bracing may not affect the forces experienced at the foot and ankle, but helps reduce the strain placed on the peroneus longus during peak impact force. Furthermore, ankle bracing does not alter the function of the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius during dynamic inversion stress.
Missionaries and Morals: Climatic Discourse in Nineteenth-Century Central Southern Africa

The letters, personal papers, and journals written by British missionaries based at mission stations within and around the Kalahari region of central southern Africa in the nineteenth century provide an invaluable insight into time- and place-specific interactions with local cultures and environments. This article employs a range of unpublished and published missionary correspondence and travelogues to examine two key aspects regarding the conceptualization of and responses to climatic variability in the region. First, we explore the way in which missionaries positioned climate variability within a moral economic framework and illustrate their attitude towards local drought myths and rainmaking superstitions. This reveals a degree of conflict in the respective environmental ideologies of missionaries and the local populations. Moreover, while missionaries appear to have linked drought to moral degradation, local populations had their own “environmental religion” or climatic philosophy that located the arrival of the European within a framework of climatic change. Second, we examine the introduction of irrigation technology to the region by the missionaries. The actual construction of irrigation projects provided a forum for cultural interaction, but findings also indicate that irrigation was considered to be not only a practical response to climatic conditions in the region and a means by which the missionaries could assert some ideological control over this environment, but also a route towards moral redemption of the local populations and environments.
Rapid Eruption of the Siberian Traps Flood Basalts at the Permo-Triassic Boundary

The Siberian Traps represent one of the most voluminous flood basalt provinces on Earth. Laser-heating 40Ar/39Ar data indicate that the bulk of these basalts was erupted over an extremely short time interval (900,000 � 800,000 years) beginning at about 248 million years ago at mean eruption rates of greater than 1.3 cubic kilometers per year. Such rates are consistent with a mantle plume origin. Magmatism was not associated with significant lithospheric rifting; thus, mantle decompression resulting from rifting was probably not the primary cause of widespread melting. Inception of Siberian Traps volcanism coincided (within uncertainty) with a profound faunal mass extinction at the Permo-Triassic boundary 249 � 4 million years ago; these data thus leave open the question of a genetic relation between the two events.
A high‐altitude temporary spring in a compartmentalized carbonate aquifer: the role of low‐permeability faults and karst conduits

The aim of this research was to refine the actual conceptual model related to the activation of high‐altitude temporary springs within the carbonate Apennines in southern Italy. The research was carried out through geophysical, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic investigations at the Acqua dei Faggi experimental site during five hydrologic years.
Mesoscale distribution and abundance of four pelagic copepod species in Prydz Bay

Knowledge of copepod abundance and distribution has been limited, particularly in the Indian Ocean sector, as the use of coarse sampling gear has meant that copepods were frequently lost from the catch. This study analyses samples obtained from Prydz Bay using a fine mesh (300 μm) Rectangular Midwater Trawl (RMT1) net during summer 1992–93. Results demonstrate that a net of mesh 4.5 mm used in previous studies underestimates total copepod abundance by a factor of 38. The abundance of the smaller species has been underestimated the most. New estimates of copepod biomass indicate that copepods represent approximately 27% of krill biomass. Copepod and krill distributions are shown to be discrete at 82.4% dissimilarity. Mean temperature accounted for 33.6% of the variation in copepod distribution while two of the species showed a slight correlation with chlorophyll a pigment data. These results highlight the numerical importance of copepods and the species' distributions in the East Antarctic marine ecosystem.
Redetermination of AgNb2PS10 revealing a silver deficiency

In comparison with a previous crystallographic study [Goh et al. (2002 ▶). J. Solid State Chem. 168, 119–125] of the title compound, silver diniobium tris(disulfide) tetrathiophosphate(V), that reports a full occupation of the silver position and isotropic displacement parameters for the atoms, the current redetermination reveals a silver deficiency with a site-occupation factor of 0.88 (1) and reports all atoms with anisotropic displacement parameters. The structure of Ag0.88Nb2PS10 is composed of ∞ 1[Nb2PS10] chains, which are built up from pairs of distorted bicapped trigonal-prismatic [NbS8] polyhedra forming [Nb2S12] dimers and of tetrahedral [PS4] groups. These chains are connected via the statistically disordered Ag+ ions, forming double layers. Adjacent layers are stacked solely through van der Waals forces into a three-dimensional structure. Short and long Nb—Nb distances [2.880 (1) and 3.770 (2) Å, respectively] alternate along the chain and S2 2− and S2− anionic species are observed.
Functional Aspects of Peripheral and Spinal Cord Neurons Involved in Itch and Pain

Aresh, B. 2016. Functional Aspects of Peripheral and Spinal Cord Neurons Involved in Itch and Pain. Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine 1222. 48 pp. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. ISBN 978-91-554-9568-8. We have investigated the role of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7) and the gastrin releasing peptide receptor (Grpr) population that are involved at different levels of itch transmission. We found that mGuR7 deficient mice displayed an anaphylaxis-like behavior when provoked with histamine. Analysis of blood revealed elevated plasma levels of histamine and mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP1), two indicators of anaphylaxis, in mGluR7 deficient mice compared with control mice. Inhibition of the neurokinin 1 receptor, by preventing binding of the corresponding ligand substance P (SP), prior to provocation with histamine prevented the development of anaphylaxis in mGluR7 deficient animals. However, blocking GRPR (gastrin releasing peptide receptor) only resulted in decreased itch levels in mGluR7 deficient mice but did not prevent the systemic anaphylaxis-like behavior. Our findings indicate that mGluR7 normally functions as a brake on histaminergic itch that is mediated through GRPR as well as anaphylaxis through Substance P. Grpr has previously been shown to mediate both histaminergic and non-histaminergic itch but little is known about the GRPR neuronal population. We used a BAC cloning strategy to construct a Grpr-Cre line, which we crossed with the reporter lines tdTomato and Viaat-egfp as well as with Vglut2-lox. We could conclude that Grpr-Cre neurons are mainly excitatory interneurons located in lamina II-IV, that convey itch using VGLUT2-mediated glutamatergic transmission to the next, currently unknown, step in the labeled line of chemical itch. To eventually deduce the function of the endogenous opioids dynorphin and enkephalin, which are hypothesized to be involved in gating pain and itch in the spinal cord, we constructed two Cre lines using BAC cloning that targeted the precursor proteins preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin, respectively. Preprodynorphin-Cre neurons were mainly located in lamina II-IV and overlapped to 47% with Vglut2 mRNA, while the co-expression with the inhibitory markers Viaat-egfp and PAX2 was 13% and 28% respectively in the spinal cord. Preproenkephalin neurons were more localized to lamina III in the dorsal horn, furthermore single cell analysis showed that they overlapped to 94% with Vglut2 mRNA while 7% and 13% expressed Viaat-egfp and PAX2 respectively.
Revisiting the Thermocline Depth in the Equatorial Pacific

Abstract The thermocline depth is defined as the depth of the maximum vertical temperature gradient. In the equatorial Pacific, the depth of 20°C isotherm is widely used to represent the thermocline depth. This work proposes that under the circumstance of a significant mean climate shift, it is better to use the original definition of the thermocline depth in studying the long-term changes in mean climate and tropical coupled climate variabilities. For instance, during the transient period of global warming, the tropical thermocline is usually enhanced because the surface layer warms more and faster than the lower layers. The depth of maximum vertical temperature gradient shoals, which is consistent with the enhanced thermocline. However, the 20°C isotherm depth deepens, which suggests a weakened thermocline. This discrepancy exists in both the observations and the future climate simulations of coupled models.
Episodic triple-junction migration by rift propagation and microplates

We describe a model for episodic, open-ocean triple-junction migration based on observations of actual triple-junction evolutions. Migration progresses by repeated episodes of rift propagation, microplate formation, and microplate accretion to an adjacent, larger plate. These episodes may be highly variable in space and time depending on triple-junction geometry, velocity triangle, and other factors affecting local thermal and rheological conditions. Resulting tectonic features may include an abandoned transform fault, straight and potentially curving pseudofaults, sheared and potentially rotated abyssal-hill fabric, and a paleomicroplate with no associated failed rift. This model, developed mainly from the evolution of the Pacific-Antarctic-Nazca triple junction, may be relevant for other types of triple junctions such as the Bouvet and Azores triple junctions and ridge-ridge-ridge triple junctions in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Episodic migration is found to occur even when the triple junction is kinematically stable. This model highlights the difference between predicted kinematic stability of triple junctions and observations of their true tectonic history.
Plasticity of bat's central auditory system evoked by focal electric stimulation of auditory and/or somatosensory cortices.

Recent findings indicate that the corticofugal system would play an important role in cortical plasticity as well as collicular plasticity. To understand the role of the corticofugal system in plasticity, therefore, we studied the amount and the time course of plasticity in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC) evoked by focal electrical stimulation of the AC and also the effect of electrical stimulation of the somatosensory cortex on the plasticity evoked by the stimulation of the AC. In adult big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus), we made the following major findings. 1) Electric stimulation of the AC evokes best frequency (BF) shifts, i.e., shifts in frequency-response curves of collicular and cortical neurons. These BF shifts start to occur within 2 min, reach a maximum (or plateau) at 30 min, and then recover approximately 180 min after a 30-min-long stimulus session. When the stimulus session is lengthened from 30 to 90 min, the plateau lasts approximately 60 min, but BF shifts recover approximately 180 min after the session. 2) The electric stimulation of the somatosensory cortex delivered immediately after that of the AC, as in fear conditioning, evokes a dramatic lengthening of the recovery period of the cortical BF shifts but not that of the collicular BF shift. The electric stimulation of the somatosensory cortex delivered before that of the AC, as in backward conditioning, has no effect on the collicular and cortical BF shifts. 3) Electric stimulation of the AC evokes BF shifts not only in the ipsilateral IC and AC but also in the contralateral IC and AC. BF shifts are smaller in amount and shorter in recovery time for contralateral collicular and cortical neurons than for ipsilateral ones. Our findings support the hypothesis that the AC and the corticofugal system have an intrinsic mechanism for reorganization of the IC and AC, that the reorganization is highly specific to a value of an acoustic parameter (frequency), and that the reorganization is augmented by excitation of nonauditory sensory cortex that makes the acoustic stimulus behaviorally relevant to the animal through associative learning.
Theoretical interpretations of the speed and accuracy of positive and negative responses.

The interpretation of the reaction time difference between positive and negative responses in two-choice matching tasks has been the subject of recent controversy. Proctor and his colleagues hold that the difference represents a difference in processing between same and different judgments, whereas Ratcliff and Hacker argued that the difference can be accounted for in terms of criteria settings. In this article, the way in which several models of choice reaction time and matching can account for this reaction time difference is examined and one particular model, the diffusion model of Ratcliff (1981), is fitted to the data from three published experiments. The results of these fits provide a clear interpretation of the reaction time difference in terms of criteria settings. It is concluded that interpretation of such positive-negative reaction time differences in the absence of a specific model is hazardous at best.