Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Morte encefálica: condutas médicas adotadas em sete unidades de tratamento intensivo pediátrico brasileiras.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of brain death (BD) and its medical management and adopted protocols after its diagnosis in seven pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) located in three Brazilian regions. METHODS: A cross-sectional and multicenter study was conducted, based on the retrospective review of medical records regarding all deaths that occurred between January 2003 and December 2004 in seven Brazilian PICUs of tertiary hospitals located in Porto Alegre (two), Sao Paulo (two) and Salvador (three). Two pediatric intensive care residents from each hospital were previously trained and filled out a standard protocol for the investigation of demographic data, cause of death, diagnosis of BD, related protocols and subsequent medical management. RESULTS: A total of 525 death patients were identified and 61 (11.6%) were defined as BD. The incidence of BD was different (p = 0.015) across the seven PICUs, but with no difference across the three regions. Intracranial hemorrhage was the most frequent cause of BD (31.1%). In 80% of the cases the diagnosis of BD was confirmed by complementary exams (south = 100%, southeast = 68% and northeast = 72%; p = 0.02). The interval between the diagnosis of BD and the withdrawal of life support was different (p < 0.01) across the three regions, being faster (p = 0.04) in the south (1.8±1.9 h) than in the southeast (28.6±43.2 h) and than in the northeast (15.5±17.1 h). Only six (9.8%) children with BD were organ donors. CONCLUSION: Although a Brazilian law defining the criteria for the determination of BD has been in place since 1997, we verified that it is not followed as strictly as it should be. Consequently, unnecessary life support is offered to deceased individuals, and there is a discrete involvement of PICUs in organ donation.
When good news is scarce and bad news is good: Government responsibilities and opposition possibilities in political agenda-setting

Recent studies have drawn attention to the political contingencies of the media's political agenda-setting influence, finding, for instance, that issues from the media agenda are more likely to attract attention if a party enjoys ownership of the issue. Supplementing the debate on why political parties respond to news, it is argued in this article that ownership is only part of the picture and that policy responsibility, together with news tone, constitutes a stronger explanation of news politicisation. Opposition parties respond to bad news because they reflect negative developments in social problems for which the government could be held responsible. The government responds to good news that reflects positive developments in social problems because this could politicise policy success, but is also forced to react when news explicitly address government responsibility and thereby threatens its image as responsive and competent. Furthermore, it is shown that news tone and policy responsibility condition the incentive to politicise owned issues from the media agenda. Thus, opposition parties will not politicise owned issues when news is good because this could draw attention to government success, while government is unable and unwilling to prioritise owned issues when news is bad and instead is likely to make use of its ownership strengths when news is good and the pressure to respond is low. The arguments are tested on a large-N sample of radio news stories from Denmark (2003–2004). Opposition response is measured through parliamentary questions spurred by the news stories, while government response is indicated by references to these stories in the prime minister's weekly press meeting. Results confirm the expectations, suggesting that parties care more about the tone of news stories and the type of attention they might produce, rather than what type of issues they could serve to politicise.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis for men and transgender women who have sex with men in Brazil: opportunities and challenges

The World Health Organization recently released guidelines on the use of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for prevention of HIV infection among men and transgender women (TGW) who have sex with men based on results of randomized clinical trials. The aim of this commentary is to discuss the opportunities and challenges of incorporating PrEP into the Brazilian continuum of HIV care and prevention for men who have sex with men (MSM) and TGW.
The Expert Patient and Chronic Respiratory Diseases

The concept of “expert patient” has been developed in the last two decades to define a patient who has a significant knowledge of his/her disease and treatment in addition to self-management skills. However, this concept has evolved over the last years, and these patients are now considered, not only to be more efficient in the management of their own condition and communicating effectively with health professionals, but to also act as educators for other patients and as resources for the last, provide feedback on care delivery, and be involved in the production and implementation of practice guidelines, as well as in the development and conduct of research initiatives. There are some barriers, however, to the integration of this new contributor to the health care team, and specific requirements need to be considered for an individual to be considered as an expert. This new player has, however, a potentially important role to improve current care, particularly in respiratory health.
An analysis on data aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor network has emerged as a promising technique that revolutionizes the way of sensing information. Dense deployed sensor nodes at a specific region are likely to transfer redundant data to the base station. This increase the communicational overhead and affects network lifetime. Since energy conservation is the key issue in WSNs, data aggregation should be incorporated in order to save energy. The main aim of data aggregation technique is to collect and aggregate data in an energy efficient manner so that network lifetime is enhanced. In this paper, we present a survey on data aggregation technique in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Here, we explore different types of data aggregation algorithms based on network architecture, approaches and performance characteristics. Based on the study, the future research areas and issues to be focused are Security, Energy conservation, query processing, communication & uncertainty in sensor reading.
ACTIVITY-ACCESSIBILITY MODELS OF TRIP GENERATION

THIS PAPER EXAMINED THE EFFECT OF ACTIVITY- ACCESSIBILITY VARIABLES ON TRIP GENERATION. A SECOND ASPECT OF ACCESSIBILITY WAS STUDIED BY STRATIFYING THE ZONES OF THE STUDY AREA BY LOCATION. DATA FROM THE TRANSPORTATION STUDY IN INDIANAPOLIS WERE USED TO DEVELOP 4 SETS OF TRIP-GENERATION REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR EACH OF 13 TRIP PURPOSES. A COMPARISON OF THE DEVELOPED MODELS REVEALED THAT LOCATION ALWAYS IMPROVED THE STATISTICAL STRENGTH OF THE TRIP-GENERATION MODELS AND RELATIVE ACCESSIBILITY VARIABLES IMPROVED THE STATISTICAL STRENGTH OF TRIP-ATTRACTION MODELS MORE THAN THAT OF TRIP-PRODUCTION MODELS. STRATIFICATION ALONE IMPROVED THE MODELS MORE THAN RELATIVE ACCESSIBILITY VARIABLES ONLY. 1985 FORECAST OF DEMOGRAPHIC, SOCIOECONOMIC, AND LAND USE VARIABLES TOGETHER WITH ESTIMATES OF TRAVEL TIME ON THE PROPOSED FUTURE NETWORK WERE INPUTS TO THE 4 SETS OF DEVELOPED MODELS TO FORECAST TRIP PRODUCTIONS AND ATTRACTIONS. MORE TRIPS FOR ZONES OF THE NONCENTRAL AREA AND FEWER TRIPS FOR ZONES OF THE CENTRAL AREA WERE FORECAST BY STRATIFIED MODELS THAN BY UNSTRATIFIED MODELS. /AUTHOR/
Perspectives of the European Natural Gas Markets Until 2025

We apply the EMF 23 study design to simulate the effects of the reference case and the scenarios to European natural gas supplies to 2025. We use GASMOD, a strategic several-layer model of European natural gas supply, consisting of upstream natural gas producers, traders in each consuming European country (or region), and final demand. Our model results suggest rather modest changes in the overall supply situation of natural gas to Europe, indicating that current worries about energy supply security issues may be overrated. LNG will likely increase its share of European natural gas imports in the future, Russia will not dominate the European imports (share of ∼1/3), the Middle East will continue to be a rather modest supplier, the UK is successfully converting from being a natural gas exporter to become a transit node for LNG towards continental Europe, and congested pipeline infrastructure, and in some cases LNG terminals, will remain a feature of the European natural gas markets, but less than in the current situation.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSPIRATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL

The purpose of the current study was to identify if any significant relationships between inspiration, temperament, and positive affect existed. The dependent variable was inspiration, which was measured by the Inspiration Scale (IS). Temperament was measured by the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II and positive affect by the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). One hundred forty-five students attending a large Midwestern university and small community college participated. Initially, participants completed the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online. The IS and PANAS were administered in the student’s classroom. The data were consequently analyzed to determine if there was a correlation between inspiration and temperament, inspiration and positive affect, and inspiration and the combined effects of temperament and positive affect. The results were mixed: 1. No relationship between inspiration and temperament was discovered. ANOVA results indicated that mean inspiration scores for each temperament did not vary significantly. 2. A relationship was identified between inspiration and positive affect. Regression results suggested a positive linear relationship between inspiration and positive affect scores. 3. When inspiration was correlated with positive affect and temperament combined, no relationship was discovered. A 2 x 4 ANOVA showed no correlation between the variables. The implications these results have on psychology and counseling are discussed, along recommendations for future research. Additionally, limitations of the study, such as inherent risks associated with using self-report measures, are mentioned. The study concludes with a discussion of how future research can investigate inspiration, temperament, and positive affect. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INSPIRATION AS A PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSTRUCT, TEMPERAMENT, AND POSITIVE AFFECT
Optimal Inflation Tax under Precommitment: Theory and Evidence

The authors develop and test the orthogonality conditions implied by a dynamic model of the inflation tax. A distinguishing feature of the analysis is that the welfare loss from inflation, the money-demand function, and the time path of inflation are jointly derived from first principles of government and private-sector intertemporal optimization. Quarterly data for Argentina, Brazil, and Israel are used in implementing the model. Although the overidentifying restrictions of the model are not rejected in most cases, there are several data points characterized by higher rates of inflation than the optimal rates under precommitment. Copyright 1992 by American Economic Association.
A note on polynomial arithmetic analogue of Halton sequences

Authors’ address: IBM Research, Tokyo Research Laboratory, 1623-14 Shimotsuruma, Yamoto, Kanagawa 242, Japan; email: {tezukaj ttoku}@trlvm.vnet. ibm.com. Permission to copy without fee all or part of this material is granted provided that the copies are not made or distributed for direct commercial advantage, the ACM copyright notice and the title of the publication and its date appear, and notice is given that copying is by permission of the Association for Computing Machinery. To copy otherwise, or to republish, requires a fee and\or specific permission. @ 1994 ACM 1049-3301/94/0700-0279 $03.50
Saving Souls, Serving Society: Understanding the Faith Factor in Church-Based Social Ministry

As public funding for social services has been slashed, there has arisen an unprecedented interest in the potential (and dangers) of faith-based institutions as agents of social change. Now, as President Bush begins his second term, he has placed government funding of faith-based programs at the top of his domestic agenda. What distinguishes church-based from secular social activism? What is particularly religious about church-based social services? How do churches express their religious identity in the context of social services, and how does this affect their access to resources and partners? This book, based on a Lilly-funded study of fifteen Philadelphia churches with active outreach, seeks to answer these and other pressing questions surrounding this important and controversial issue. Providing a far more objective understanding of faith-based initiatives than previously available, this study will be of interest not only to scholars of sociology of religion, social work, and social policy, but to denominational leaders, non-profit professionals, social policy analysts, community development practitioners, and others with the common goal of aiding struggling communities.
Young's Modulus for Packaged Roma Tomatoes under Compressive Loading

Young's modulus denotes the inherent rigidity or stiffness, and resistance of a fruit to elastic deformation, and expresses the fruit's tendency to be deformed elastically under applied force. This study related the deformations encountered in packaged Roma tomatoes to Young's modulus as a strength parameter that characterizes mechanical behavior of the packaged tomatoes under compression. A 2 2 x3 factorial experimental design was applied in conducting compression tests to investigate the effects of ripeness stage, vibration level and container type on Young's modulus of the packaged tomatoes. Tomatoes of three ripeness stages: unripe (5.6 Brix%), half-ripe (3.9 Brix%) and full-ripe (3.2 Brix%), were packed in plastic crate and raffia basket. They were subjected to three levels of vibration: non-vibrated, low vibration (frequency 3.7 Hz) and high vibration (frequency 6.7 Hz), using a laboratory vibrator. The fruits were compressed in a Universal Testing Machine at a speed of 2.50mm/min; Young's Modulus was measured and force-deformation curves were obtained. Young's Modulus decreased significantly (P=0.05) with advancing ripeness stage of tomatoes and with vibration level (P=0.001) but was independent of packaging container. Average Young's Modulus ranged from 1.140Nmm to 1.875Nmm at bioyield, 13.597Nmm to 27.221Nmm at break and 15.629Nmm to 23.618Nmm at peak. These findings will be useful in predicting and controlling the deformation or complete failure that occurs in packaged tomatoes caused by compression stress during road transportation. Containers can be adequately designed with due consideration for physical characteristics of tomatoes such as shape, size, and firmness in relation to externally applied compression stresses.
Restructuring and quality : issues for tomorrow's schools

The restructuring of schools systems across the world has been controversial. Have reforms been driven by a desire to cut educational budgets or the need to improve the quality of educational provision? This book explores the restructuring movement, with a particular emphasis on how decentralisation of power has affected the quality of education. It provides a broad and international picture of educational reform.
Friendliness pays off ! Respect and Monetary Gifts in the Service Industry . ∗

We investigate the role of respect and monetary gifts in the service industry. We report findings from purchases of more than 800 doner durum, a common lunch snack. Prior to the food’s preparation, we either give a compliment about the product, or a monetary gift by tipping. We repeat the interaction on five consecutive days. Our findings show that salespersons exhibit positive reciprocity in response both to paying respect and to monetary gifts. Remarkably, the “respect-effect” even gets stronger with repeated purchases. JEL classification: D01, D03
QBO and annual cycle variations in tropical lower stratosphere trace gases from HALOE and Aura MLS observations

[1] We have analyzed thirteen years (1993 to 2005) of HALOE and over two years of EOS MLS observations (September 2004 to December 2006) for QBO and annual cycle trace variations in tropical H2O, HCl, ozone, N2O, CO, HF, and CH4. We use these results to develop the theory explaining both Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) and QBO driven fluctuations in tropical trace gases. For H2O, BDC variations drive part of the tropopause annual forcing through annual variations in the temperature as has been shown previously. For CO, the annual variations in the BDC amplify the annual fluctuations in CO at the tropopause as has recently been shown by Randel et al (2007). In both cases, the tropopause signal is carried upward by the mean BDC. For ozone, N2O, HCl and other gases, photochemical processes force fluctuations in the trace gases to be synchronized with annual and QBO variations in the zonal mean residual vertical velocity as is shown using lag correlations.
The Impact of Student Mobility, Gender, and Title I Status on Measures of School Accountability

The purpose of this study was to explore how student mobility affects school achievement in math and reading using archived testing data provided by Catawba County Schools, North Carolina. This study also explored relationships between student mobility, Title I school status, and gender when measuring academic outcomes. When measuring school achievement, non-mobile students performed higher academically than their mobile peers in math and reading. Non-Title I students also showed higher achievement in math and reading than Title I students while females outperformed males in reading. Differences in math scores were not significant. No significant interactions in math and reading achievement were found when measuring possible relationships between student mobility, Title I school status, and gender. Although the results did not show any relationships between student mobility, Title I school status, gender, and school achievement, the finding that student mobility has a significant impact on academic outcomes supports the inclusion of factoring student mobility into state and federal accountability models. It is recommended that this study be replicated in other school districts.
Hypoxaemia after Partial Gastrectomy

After partial gastrectomy there is hypoxaemia which persists for many days. This occurs in patients without complications as well as in those who develop pulmonary collapse; and although pulmonary mechanical function is much impaired as a result of the operation in both, in neither is post-operative hypoxaemia due to inadequate alveolar ventilation since the arterial (alveolar) CO2 tension is normal or even reduced (Palmer and Gardiner, 1964). The degree of hypoxaemia does not strictly parallel the reduction in pulmonary mechanical function, and it is not apparently due to a reduction in diffusing capacity (Asmussen and Nielsen, 1960). It has been suggested that it arises because the inspired air and pulmonary blood do not meet in the correct proportions in the lung, i.e., there is within the lung a disturbance of the normal ventilation to perfusion relationship (Nunn and Payne, 1962). Because arterial oxygen-tension measurement is a more sensitive method of detecting hypoxaemia at the upper end of the haemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve than oxygen-saturation measurements, we have measured arterial oxygen tensions directly and have studied the effect of ventilation to perfusion imbalance by measuring alveolararterial oxygen-tension differences and physiological dead-space to tidal-volume ratios in patients who had a partial gastrectomy.
Effectiveness Comparison of Mothers’ In-person Versus Written Nutritional Education Intervention on Infant Growth in Iran

Background: In 1990, the Iranian Ministry of Health implemented a health plan to increase mothers’ knowledge of infant feeding using health workers and health volunteers. This study evaluates the effects of nutrition education on mothers’ knowledge and whether increase in mothers’ knowledge was associated with increase in growth of their children in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: A quasi-experimental study of the impact of written nutritional education and in-person nutritional education given to the participants (mothers) from urban health centers by health workers and health volunteers. Sixteen urban health centers located in Ardabil, Iran, were selected randomly for nutritional education. A group of 303 mothers with infants younger than 6 months of age from 16 health centers participated in this study. Height-for-age Z scores and weight-for age Z scores were calculated based on the National Center for Health Statistics reference values. Results: There were signifi cant differences between maternal nutritional knowledge before and after the intervention in all groups. However, the in-person method of instruction given by health workers was more effective in increasing mothers’ knowledge than those in non-health worker volunteers intervention group. There were also significant differences between the growth rates of infants’ heights and weights before and after the intervention. Conclusions and Global Health Implications: In line with the aims of the government’s plan, the education given by health volunteers from non-governmental organizations was effective. However, it was less effective than the one given by professional health workers.
Outcome after tantalum rod implantation for treatment of femoral head osteonecrosis

Background and purpose Tantalum rod implantation has recently been proposed for treatment of early stages of femoral head osteonecrosis. The purpose of our study was to report the early results of its use in pre- and post-collapse stages of the disease. Methods We studied prospectively 27 patients who underwent tantalum rod implantation for treatment of nontraumatic femoral head osteonecrosis between December 2000 and September 2005. Patients were evaluated radiologically and clinically using the Steinberg classification and the Harris hip score (HHS). Disease stage varied between stages II and IV. Mean follow-up time was 38 (15–71) months. Results 1 patient (1 hip) died 15 months after surgery for reasons unrelated to it. 13 of 26 hips remained at the same radiographic stage, and 13 deteriorated. Mean HHS improved from 49 to 85. 6 patients required conversion to total hip arthroplasty. When the procedure was used for stages III and IV, both radiological outcome and revision rates were worse than for the stage II hips. There was, however, no difference in postoperative HHS between patients at pre- and post-collapse stages at the time of initial evaluation. Survivorship, with revision to THA as the endpoint, was 70% at 6 years. Interpretation The disease process does not appear to be interrupted, but there was a significant improvement in hip function initially in most hips. Tantalum rod implantation is a safe “buy-time” technique, especially when other joint salvage procedures are not an option. Appropriate patient selection and careful rod insertion are needed for favorable results.