Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
P 1 / HC-Pro , a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing , Interferes with Arabidopsis Development and miRNA

the guide function of the siRNA (Hammond et al., 2000; The molecular basis for virus-induced disease in Zamore et al., 2000). The RISC complexes then initiate plants has been a long-standing mystery. Infection of sequence-specific degradation of viral genomic or mesArabidopsis by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) induces a senger RNAs. RNA silencing, therefore, requires two number of developmental defects in vegetative and nucleolytic steps—DICER-like cleavage of dsRNA and reproductive organs. We found that these defects, many RISC-mediated degradation of viral RNA targets. of which resemble those in miRNA-deficient dicerRNA silencing is part of a larger set of pathways involvlike1 (dcl1) mutants, were due to the TuMV-encoded ing small RNAs (Hannon, 2002). Developmental regulaRNA-silencing suppressor, P1/HC-Pro. Suppression tion in plants and animals requires microRNAs (miRNAs), of RNA silencing is a counterdefensive mechanism which structurally resemble siRNAs except that they that enables systemic infection by TuMV. The suppresarise from structured precursor transcripts derived from sor interfered with the activity of miR171 (also known miRNA genes (Pasquinelli and Ruvkun, 2002). Proas miRNA39), which directs cleavage of several mRNAs cessing of miRNA precursors in animals requires DICER coding for Scarecrow-like transcription factors, by in(Grishok et al., 2001; Hutvágner et al., 2001; Ketting hibiting miR171-guided nucleolytic function. Out of ten et al., 2001). In plants, the multidomain DICER-LIKE1 other mRNAs that were validated as miRNA-guided (DCL1), which was formerly known by other names, such cleavage targets, eight accumulated to elevated levels as CARPEL FACTORY and SHORT INTEGUMENTS 1 in the presence of P1/HC-Pro. The basis for TuMVand (Schauer et al., 2002), catalyzes miRNA precursor proother virus-induced disease in plants may be explained, cessing (Reinhart et al., 2002), although its role in siRNA at least partly, by interference with miRNA-controlled generation is not established. Biochemical data indicate developmental pathways that share components with that different subclasses of silencing-associated small the antiviral RNA-silencing pathway. RNAs require different DICER-like proteins in plants
Forces Affecting Success in Negotiation Groups.

McGrath's Tri-forces model of the negotiation process emphasizes three major sets of role forces which act on the negotiation representatives. It is proposed that by obtaining a number of measures of these role forces for each negotiator and combining them as a battery of predictors in a multiple regression equation, negotiation group outcomes can be predicted. Data from two experimental studies are presented. They support the Triforces model as a valid representation of the factors operating in the decision-making process of negotiation groups and confirm the usefulness of the multiple regression technique.
Kinetochores moving away from their associated pole do not exert a significant pushing force on the chromosome

We used video-light microscopy and laser microsurgery to test the hypothesis that as a bioriented prometaphase chromosome changes position in PtK1 cells, the kinetochore moving away from its associated pole (AP) exerts a pushing force on the centromere. When we rapidly severed congressing chromosomes near the spindle equator between the sister kinetochores, the kinetochore that was originally "leading" the motion towards a pole (P) always (17/17 cells) continued moving P whereas the "trailing" kinetochore moving AP always stopped moving as soon as the operation was completed. This trailing kinetochore then initiated motion towards the pole it was originally moving away from up to 50 s later. The same result was observed (15/15 cells) when we selectively destroyed the leading (P moving) kinetochore on a congressing chromosome positioned > or = 3 microns from the pole it was moving away from. When we conducted this experiment on congressing chromosomes positioned within 3 microns of the pole, the centromere region either stopped moving, before switching into motion towards the near pole (2/4 cells), or it continued to move AP for 30-44 s (2/4 cells) before switching into P motion. Finally, kinetochore-free chromosome fragments, generated in the polar regions of PtK1 spindles, were ejected AP and often towards the spindle equator at approximately 2 microns/min. From these data we conclude that the kinetochore moving AP on a moving chromosome does not exert a significant pushing force on the chromosome. Instead, our results reveal that, when not generating a P force, kinetochores are in a "neutral" state that allows them to remain stationary or to coast AP in response to external forces sufficient to allow their K-fiber to elongate.
Maternal Communication Patterns, Advertising Attitudes and Mediation Behaviours in Urban India

This study examined the linkages between maternal communication patterns, advertising attitudes and television mediation behaviours among urban middle‐class mothers in India. An important concern in cross‐cultural research is the applicability and use of both frameworks and instruments developed primarily in Western contexts in non‐Western settings. The survey data from this study suggested that the family communications framework could be used for understanding Indian middle‐class mothers' advertising attitudes and mediation behaviours. As theorized, socio‐orientation was related to negative attitudes towards both advertising in general and towards children's advertising. Further, concept orientation was related to discussions about television advertising with children. The results of this study have important implications for advertising strategies, particularly the finding that urban middle‐class mothers in India have positive attitudes towards advertising, unlike their Western counterparts, whose attitudes have become increasingly negative and sceptical.
A stroll through the wor lds of robots and animals : Applying Jakob von Uexküll ’ s theory of meaning to adaptive robots and ar tificial li fe ⊕

Despite the relevance of much of Jakob von Uexküll ’s work to artificial intelli gence and the cognitive sciences, it was largely ignored until the mid1980s. Since then, much research has been devoted to the study of embodied autonomous agents (robots) and artificial li fe. Such systems are typically said to ‘ learn’ , ‘develop’ and ‘evolve’ in interaction with their environments. It could be argued that these self-organizing properties solve the problem of symbol or representation grounding in artificial intelli gence research, and thus place autonomous agents in a position of semiotic interest. Here we discuss the relevance and implications of Jakob von Uexküll ’s theory of meaning to the study of artificial organisms and their use of representation and sign processes. Furthermore, we contrast his position with more mechanistic views, and examine the relation to recent theories of embodied cognition and its biological basis, in particular the work of Maturana and Varela. Finally, we address the issue of whether and to what extent artificial organisms are autonomous and capable of semiosis. ⊕ Published in: Semiotica, 134(1-4), 701-746 (2001). [special issue “Jakob von Uexküll : A Paradigm for Biology and Semiotics” , guest editor : Kalevi Kull ]
Punishing disadvantage - a profile of children in custody

At any given time, between 2,000-3,000 children are in custody, under sentence or on remand, in England and Wales. This study, which undertook a census of nearly 6,000 children imprisoned in the second half of 2008 asked: who are these children, and why and how do they come to be in custody? No survey on this scale has been conducted in the last 25 years. As such, this study is a significant addition to our understanding of youth custody.
A low-dose mindfulness intervention and recovery from work: effects on psychological detachment, sleep quality, and sleep duration

Although playing a crucial role for the prevention of long-term health impairment, interventions aiming at the improvement of employees' recovery processes are still scarce. In this study, we therefore investigated the effectiveness of a low-dose mindfulness intervention for recovery from work. In addition, differential responding to the treatment in terms of treatment-by-baseline interactions was studied. A sample of 140 employees participated in a randomized field experiment with a self-training and a wait-list control group. Three central recovery processes (psychological detachment, sleep quality, and sleep duration) were assessed with event-sampling methodology involving daily measurements over 10 workdays. Growth curve analyses revealed intervention effects on sleep quality and sleep duration. No effects were found for psychological detachment after work and for the proposed treatment-by-baseline interactions. Our findings are discussed in the context of occupational health promotion in general and mindfulness-based interventions in specific
Anisotropic Surface State Mediated RKKY Interaction Between Adatoms on a Hexagonal Lattice

Motivated by recent numerical studies of Ag on Pt(111), we derive an expression for the RKKY interaction mediated by surface states, considering the effect of anisotropy in the Fermi edge. Our analysis is based on a stationary phase approximation. The main contribution to the interaction comes from electrons whose Fermi velocity vF is parallel to the vector R connecting the interacting adatoms; we show that, in general, the corresponding Fermi wave vector kF is not parallel to R. The interaction is oscillatory; the amplitude and wavelength of oscillations have angular dependence arising from the anisotropy of the surface-state band structure. The wavelength, in particular, is determined by the projection of this kF (corresponding to vF ) onto the direction of R. Our analysis is easily generalized to other systems. For Ag on Pt(111), our results indicate that the RKKY interaction between pairs of adatoms should be nearly isotropic and so cannot account for the anisotropy found in the studies motivating our work. However, for metals with surface-state dispersions similar to Be(10¯ 10), we show that the RKKY interaction should have considerable anisotropy.
The Regulatory and Kinase Domains but Not the Interdomain Linker Determine Human Double-stranded RNA-activated Kinase (PKR) Sensitivity to Inhibition by Viral Non-coding RNAs*

Background: Human PKR (hPKR) interdomain linker (IDL), regulatory domain, and kinase domain contributions to RNA-mediated regulation are incompletely defined. Results: Whereas the IDL plays no role, both domains are involved in RNA-mediated inhibition. Conclusion: hPKR susceptibility to viral RNA inhibitors is dictated by determinants in both domains. Significance: Human viruses evolved non-coding RNA features specific to potent hPKR inhibition. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR) is an important component of the innate immune system that presents a crucial first line of defense against viral infection. PKR has a modular architecture comprising a regulatory N-terminal dsRNA binding domain and a C-terminal kinase domain interposed by an unstructured ∼80-residue interdomain linker (IDL). Guided by sequence alignment, we created IDL deletions in human PKR (hPKR) and regulatory/kinase domain swap human-rat chimeric PKRs to assess the contributions of each domain and the IDL to regulation of the kinase activity by RNA. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy, limited proteolysis, kinase assays, and isothermal titration calorimetry, we show that each PKR protein is properly folded with similar domain boundaries and that each exhibits comparable polyinosinic-cytidylic (poly(rI:rC)) dsRNA activation profiles and binding affinities for adenoviral virus-associated RNA I (VA RNAI) and HIV-1 trans-activation response (TAR) RNA. From these results we conclude that the IDL of PKR is not required for RNA binding or mediating changes in protein conformation or domain interactions necessary for PKR regulation by RNA. In contrast, inhibition of rat PKR by VA RNAI and TAR RNA was found to be weaker than for hPKR by 7- and >300-fold, respectively, and each human-rat chimeric domain-swapped protein showed intermediate levels of inhibition. These findings indicate that PKR sequence or structural elements in the kinase domain, present in hPKR but absent in rat PKR, are exploited by viral non-coding RNAs to accomplish efficient inhibition of PKR.
Is More Always Better? Optimal Amounts of Feedback in Learning to Calibrate Sensory Awareness

Contrary to predictions from early views on motor learning, recent studies have shown that reduction of the relative frequency of feedback regarding the success in achieving a goal (knowledge of results = KR) depresses performance during acquisition; whereas, in retention and transfer tests, an inverse relationship is found between performance and KR. The present study investigated the effect of reduced relative frequency of KR on the ability to calibrate kinesthetic awareness of 90 healthy young and older subjects. Across three task versions of kinesthetic acuity, practice conditions of 100% KR were compared with 33% equally spread and 33% faded practice conditions. The results of this study show that reduced relative KR frequency depressed the performance of the older subjects but raised the performance of the younger subjects in the acquisition phase. In retention, reduced relative KR frequency produced more effective performance than 100% KR, with no difference between the two age groups or the two 33% KR frequency conditions. These results seem to imply that treatment of patients on the ability to calibrate sensory awareness is benefited by providing these patients with KR at a low frequency.
Defense analysis in self psychology: A developmental view

This article illustrates the varying transference meanings of defense analysis as conceptualized from a self psychology perspective. A case presentation is offered demonstrating the changing meanings of the analyst's defense interpretations resulting from the differing developmental contexts that organized the transference during the course of the analysis. It is emphasized that what the analyst interprets should be guided by an understanding of the primary developmental longings mobilized in the transference at any juncture.
CFD Simulation of High Temperature Air Combustion of Coal Gas at Different Air Straddle Angle

Numerical simulation was carried out on the High Temperature Air Combustion of coal gas in an industrial furnace with a multi-jet burner. A Beta-function PDF (Probability Density Function) combustion model was selected to simulate the gas combustion combined with the standard k-&#61541; turbulent model. The radiation was simulated by a Discrete Ordinates method. Thermal NOx model was used to calculate NO emission. The effect of the straddle angle of the preheated air jets on the combustion characteristics was discussed. The results showed the smaller the straddle angle of the preheated air was, the better the mixing of the fuel, oxygen and the flue gas became, which resulted in a stable flame, an enlarged low-oxygen zone, an equable temperature distribution and a suppressed local high temperature. At 15% O2 condition, when the straddle angle of the preheated air is 120°, the final NOx emission can be reduced about 65% compared with that when the straddle angle of the preheated air is360°.
The Third Great Awakening: Religion and the Civil Rights Movement

During a recent research trip to the Mississippi Department of Archives and History in Jackson, Mississippi, I studied photographs documenting the interiors of southern black homes from the early 1900s to the present. I was particularly interested in uses of religious art. Although I found little of what I was looking for, two archivists reminded me about a common feature of the visual culture of southern African-American domestic life popular at mid-century and persisting in some rural areas today. These archivists, both middle-aged black women who had grown up in Mississippi, told me that during the 1950s and 1960s every black home, no matter how rich or poor, displayed two portraits next to one another in the kitchen or living room. One was of Jesus, the other of Martin Luther King, Jr. Finding images of Jesus and King tacked side-by-side to the walls of southern black homes fifty years ago would come as no surprise to David Chappell in his book about the role of religion in the civil rights movement, Stone of Hope. For this particular visual dimension of modern African-American life symbolizes the key point to his work-that the integration of religion and politics among southern blacks laboring to overthrow the system of Jim Crow was a crucial reason for their many victories. King and his followers found a unifying sense of political purpose and a range of cultural resources in African-American churches that ultimately ensured their triumphs. By contrast, Chappell argues, segregationists failed to garner the popular support necessary to turn back threats to the "southern way of life" because they lacked the enthusiastic backing of most of their spiritual leaders; for them, religion was a source of dissent and fragmentation that undermined their defensive stand. As he puts it, "The civil rights movement succeeded for many reasons. This book isolates and magnifies one reason that has received insufficient attention: black southern activists got strength from old-time religion, and white
Moderate exercise training does not prevent the reduction in myocardial L‐type Ca2+ channels protein expression at obese rats

Authors have showed that obesity implicates cardiac dysfunction associated with myocardial L‐type calcium channels (LTCCs) activity impairments, as well as moderate exercise training (MET) seems to be an important therapeutic tool. We tested the hypothesis that MET promotes improvements on LTCCS activity and protein expression at obesity induced by unsaturated high‐fat diets, which could represent a protective effects against development of cardiovascular damage. Male Wistar rats were randomized in control (C, n = 40), which received a standard diet and obese (Ob; n = 40), which received high‐fat diet. After 20 weeks, the animals were assigned at four groups: control (C; n = 12); control submitted to exercise training (ET; n = 14); obese (Ob; n = 10); and obese submitted to exercise training (ObET; n = 11). ET (5 days/week during 12 weeks) began in the 21th week and consisted of treadmill running that was progressively increased to reach 60 min. Final body weight (FBW), body fat (BF), adiposity index (AI), comorbidities, and hormones were evaluated. Cardiac remodeling was assessed by morphological and isolated papillary muscles function. LTCCs activity was determined using specific blocker, while protein expression of LTCCs was evaluated by Western blot. Unsaturated high‐fat diet promoted obesity during all experimental protocol. MET controlled obesity process by decreasing of FBW, BF, and AI. Obesity implicated to LTCCs protein expression reduction and MET was not effective to prevent this condition. ET was efficient to promote several improvements to body composition and metabolic parameters; however, it was not able to prevent or reverse the downregulation of LTCCs protein expression at obese rats.
Dieldrin poisoning in dogs: relation to obesity and treatment

Keane, William T. , Zavon, Mitchell R. , and Witherup, Samuel H. (1969). Brit. J. industr. Med.,26, 338-341. Dieldrin poisoning in dogs: relation to obesity and treatment. The time interval required for poisoning to result in mammals from the prolonged absorption of a relatively constant amount of dieldrin, a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide, is directly related to obesity. This relationship should be applicable regardless of the route of absorption of dieldrin (ingestion, inhalation, or percutaneous). Forced feeding of a high calorific value food appears to have a place in the treatment of dieldrin poisoning and, by extension, in the treatment of poisoning from many other chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides.
‘What works' with substance users in prison?

A theoretical model for a prison‐based rehabilitation programme is described. It was developed from a theory manual, written for a prison‐centred programme in Oxfordshire run by the Ley Community, a concept‐based therapeutic community. It draws on two theoretical models that are historically separate and distinct, reviews their key theoretical components and explores integrative links. Concept‐based therapeutic communities, their origins, aims, values and methods are discussed. Cognitive behavioural group work approaches are explored and the features crucial to their effectiveness are identified. Two types of prison‐based drug treatment programmes, based on therapeutic community and cognitive behavioural approaches are described and discussed. This includes consideration of research findings into their effectiveness and identifies features that are considered crucial to a programme's success. It is suggested that the adoption of a transtheoretical model would enable an integration of concepts and components that underpin both cognitive behavioural and structured therapeutic community approaches, and may provide a pragmatic solution to any inherent theoretical tensions.
Snow sports injuries in Scotland: a case-control study

Objectives: To examine the incidence and patterns of snow sports injuries at the three largest commercial ski areas in Scotland and to identify factors associated with injury risk. Methods: A prospective case-control study of all injured people at Cairngorm, Glenshee, and Nevis Range ski areas during the 1999–2000 winter season. Personal details, snow sports related variables, diagnosis, and treatment were recorded. Control data were collected at random from uninjured people at all three areas. Random counts were performed to analyse the composition of the on slope population. Results: A total of 732 injuries were recorded in 674 people. Control data were collected from 336 people. The injury rate for the study was 3.7 injuries per 1000 skier days. Alpine skiers comprised 67% of the on slope population, snowboarders 26%, skiboarders 4%, and telemark skiers 2%. Lower limb injuries and sprains were the commonest injuries in alpine skiers and skiboarders. Snowboarders sustained more injuries to the upper limb and axial areas. Skiboarders and snowboarders had a higher incidence of fractures. After adjustment for other variables, three factors were all independently associated with injury: snowboarding (odds ratio (OR) 4.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65 to 10.08), alpine skiing (OR 3.82, CI 1.6 to 9.13), and age <16 years (OR 1.9, CI 1.14 to 3.17). More than five days of experience in the current season and at least one week of experience in total had a protective effect against injury. Conclusions: Despite a change in the composition of the alpine population at Scottish ski areas, the overall rate and pattern of injury are similar to those reported previously in comparable studies. Several factors are associated with an increased risk of injury and should be targeted in future injury prevention campaigns.
Newcomer adjustment: The relationship between organizational socialization tactics, information acquisition and attitudes

A longitudinal study was designed to investigate relationships between socialization tactics, information acquisition, and attitudinal outcomes associated with successful organizational socialization. The research was conducted over three measurements with British Army recruits during their first 8 weeks of training. The key finding is the confirmation that information acquisition mediates the relationship between organizational socialization tactics and key socialization outcomes in terms of newcomer attitudes. These results strengthen the conception of organizational socialization as primarily a learning process. In addition, these results importantly show the rapidity with which newcomers can adjust during organizational socialization.