Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Medication utilization in an urban homebound population.

BACKGROUND The number of medically homebound adults has grown with the aging of the U.S. population, yet little is known about their health care utilization. We sought to characterize the health status and medication utilization of an urban cohort of homebound adults and to identify factors associated with medication use in this population. METHODS We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of 415 patients enrolled in a primary care program for homebound adults in New York City during October 2002. Numbers of medications were obtained from formularies corroborated by home visits. For patients without prescription insurance, medication out-of-pocket costs were estimated according to average wholesale pricing. Sociodemographic and disease characteristics were obtained by chart abstraction. RESULTS The median age was 83 years (range 25-106 years). Seventy-seven percent of patients were female, 63% were non-white, and 28% spoke Spanish. Sixty-four percent of patients had Medicaid. The cohort had a mean of 8.2 (range 1-27, standard deviation 4.5) medications prescribed per month. Multivariate analysis showed that increasing age was associated with fewer medications (p <.001). Charlson comorbidity score was positively associated with number of medications (p <.001), whereas Activities of Daily Living score, a measure of functional dependence, was not. Twenty-seven percent of the cohort lacked prescription drug coverage. The total number of medications per month among the uninsured patients was 7.4 (standard deviation 4.4). Estimated median monthly out-of-pocket cost for the uninsured patients was dollar 223 (range dollar 1-dollar 1512). CONCLUSIONS For homebound patients without prescription drug coverage, medication use may represent substantial financial burden. Additional research is needed to determine whether out-of-pocket medication costs represent a barrier to care in this population.
Black Representation in Urban School Districts: From School Board To Office To Classroom

W H HAT it means for one individual to represent others is a frequent topic of discussion in the political science literature (e.g., Kuklinski 1979). A key distinction in this literature is between "passive" or "descriptive" representation and "active" representation (Pitkin 1967). Passive representation is concerned with the degree to which representatives possess the same demographic characteristics as those they represent. Often such comparisons are made at the aggregate level rather than directly between individual representatives and their constituents (Weissberg 1978). For example, the percentage of legislators who are black might be compared with the percentage of black voters in the population. Studies of the descriptive representativeness of governmental bodies are quite common, especially at the subnational level. Minority representation on city councils seems to be the favorite focus of analysis (Cole 1974; Karnig 1976; MacManus 1978; Robinson and Dye 1978; Taebel 1978; Engstrom and McDonald 1981, 1982). Racial/ethnic representation in city and/or state bureaucracies has also received a great deal of attention (Hall and Saltzstein 1977; Cayer and Sigelman 1980; Dye and Renick 1981; Hutchins and Sigelman 1981; Henderson and Preston 1984). Passive representation of minorities in urban educational systems has received much less attention and for the most part has been limited to analyses of blacks on school boards or on faculties (e.g., Mann 1974; Welch and Karnig 1978; Robinson and England 1981; Meier and England 1984). This research addresses this research gap in two ways. First, the descriptive representation of blacks among three groups of educational policymakersschool board members, school administrators, and teachers--is analyzed. Second, the determinants of black
Reacting to rape: Exploring mock jurors' assessments of complainant credibility.

This article discusses the findings of a study in which volunteers observed one of nine mini rape trial reconstructions, and were asked to deliberate as a group towards a verdict. In a context in which research with ‘real’ jurors is prohibited, these deliberations were analysed to better understand what goes on behind the closed doors of the jury room in rape cases. While previous research has established that jurors are often influenced by extra-legal factors relating to the complainant's behaviour before an alleged attack, this study explored the impact of complainant conduct during and post-assault on assessments of her credibility. More specifically, it examined the effects of (1) lack of physical resistance; (2) delayed reporting; and (3) calm emotional demeanour.
Cumulative cultural evolution in the laboratory: An experimental approach to the origins of structure in human language

We introduce an experimental paradigm for studying the cumulative cultural evolution of language. In doing so we provide the first experimental validation for the idea that cultural transmission can lead to the appearance of design without a designer. Our experiments involve the iterated learning of artificial languages by human participants. We show that languages transmitted culturally evolve in such a way as to maximize their own transmissibility: over time, the languages in our experiments become easier to learn and increasingly structured. Furthermore, this structure emerges purely as a consequence of the transmission of language over generations, without any intentional design on the part of individual language learners. Previous computational and mathematical models suggest that iterated learning provides an explanation for the structure of human language and link particular aspects of linguistic structure with particular constraints acting on language during its transmission. The experimental work presented here shows that the predictions of these models, and models of cultural evolution more generally, can be tested in the laboratory.
l ∞ -approximation via subdominants

Abstract Given a vector u and a certain subset K of a real vector space E , the problem of l ∞ -approximation involves determining an element u in K nearest to u in the sense of the l ∞ -error norm. The subdominant u ∗ of u is the upper bound (if it exists) of the set { x ∈ K : x ≺ u } (we let x ≺ y if all coordinates of x are smaller than or equal to the corresponding coordinates of y ). We present general conditions on K under which a simple relationship between the subdominant of u and a best l ∞ -approximation holds. We specify this result by taking as K the cone of isotonic functions defined on a poset ( X , ≺), the cone of convex functions defined on a subset of R N , the cone of ultrametrics on a set X , and the cone of tree metrics on a set X with fixed distances to a given vertex. This leads to simple optimal algorithms for the problem of best l ∞ -fitting of distances by ultrametrics and by tree metrics preserving the distances to a fixed vertex (the latter provides a 3-approximation algorithm for the problem of fitting a distance by a tree metric). This simplifies the recent results of Farach, Kannan, and Warnow (1995) and of Agarwala et al. (1996).
Educational expectations of Asian American youths : Determinants and ethnic differences

The study presented here explored three factors that may explain why distinct Asian American groups have higher educational expectations than do whites : favorable socioeconomic and background characteristics, demonstrated academic ability, and parents' high expectations. With data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study, the authors used linear and logistic multivariate regression models to examine these differences in educational expectations. The analyses indicated that although all Asian American ethnic groups have higher expectations than whites, the higher educational expectations of Asian American groups that are well assimilated into U.S. society are principally influenced by socioeconomic and demographic factors. Parental expectations generally explain a large portion of children's high educational expectations for all Asian American groups
The understanding of own and others' actions during infancy: "You-like-me" or "Me-like-you"

Developmental psychologists assume that infants understand other persons’ actions after and because they understand their own (“Like-me” perspective). However, there is another possibility as well, namely that infants come to understand their own actions after and because they understand other persons’ actions (“Like-you” perspective). We reviewed infant research on the influence of perceived actions on self-performed actions as well as the reverse. Furthermore, we investigated the interplay between both aspects of action understanding by means of a sequence variation. The results show the impact of agentive experience for action understanding, but not the reverse. The question whether infants’ perceived and to-be-produced actions share common representations of the perceptual and the motor system is discussed in relation to its implications for the social making of minds.
Acoustic Communication in Insects and Anurans: Common Problems and Diverse Solutions

Walk near woods or water on any spring or summer night and you will hear a bewildering (and sometimes deafening) chorus of frog, toad, and insect calls. How are these calls produced? What messages are encoded within the sounds, and how do their intended recipients receive and decode these signals? How does acoustic communication affect and reflect behavioral and evolutionary factors such as sexual selection and predator avoidance? H. Carl Gerhardt and Franz Huber address these questions among many others, drawing on research from bioacoustics, behavior, neurobiology, and evolutionary biology to present the first integrated approach to the study of acoustic communication in insects and anurans. They highlight both the common solutions that these very different groups have evolved to shared challenges, such as small size, ectothermy (cold-bloodedness), and noisy environments, as well as the divergences that reflect the many differences in evolutionary history between the groups. Throughout the book Gerhardt and Huber also provide helpful suggestions for future research.
Tumor and Stem Cell Biology De fi ciency in Mammalian Histone H 2 B Ubiquitin Ligase Bre 1 ( Rnf 20 / Rnf 40 ) Leads to Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability

Mammalian Bre1 complexes (BRE1A/B (RNF20/40) in humans and Bre1a/b (Rnf20/40) in mice) function similarly to their yeast homolog Bre1 as ubiquitin ligases in monoubiquitination of histone H2B. This ubiquitination facilitates methylation of histone H3 at K4 and K79, and accounts for the roles of Bre1 and its homologs in transcriptional regulation. Recent studies by others suggested that Bre1 acts as a tumor suppressor, augmenting expression of select tumor suppressor genes and suppressing select oncogenes. In this study, we present an additional mechanism of tumor suppression by Bre1 through maintenance of genomic stability. We track the evolution of genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells from replication-associated double-strand breaks (DSB) to specific genomic rearrangements that explain a rapid increase in DNA content and trigger breakage– fusion–bridge cycles. We show that aberrant RNA–DNA structures (R-loops) constitute a significant source of DSBs in Bre1-deficient cells. Combined with a previously reported defect in homologous recombination, generation of R-loops is a likely initiator of replication stress and genomic instability in Bre1-deficient cells. We propose that genomic instability triggered by Bre1 deficiency may be an important early step that precedes acquisition of an invasive phenotype, as we find decreased levels of BRE1A/B and dimethylated H3K79 in testicular seminoma and in the premalignant lesion in situ carcinoma. Cancer Res; 72(8); 2111–9. 2012 AACR.
Dynamic Controllability of Disjunctive Temporal Networks: Validation and Synthesis of Executable Strategies

The Temporal Network with Uncertainty (TNU) modeling framework is used to represent temporal knowledge in presence of qualitative temporal uncertainty. Dynamic Controllability (DC) is the problem of deciding the existence of a strategy for scheduling the controllable time points of the network observing past happenings only. In this paper, we address the DC problem for a very general class of TNU, namely Disjunctive Temporal Network with Uncertainty. We make the following contributions. First, we define strategies in the form of an executable language; second, we propose the first decision procedure to check whether a given strategy is a solution for the DC problem; third we present an efficient algorithm for strategy synthesis based on techniques derived from Timed Games and Satisfiability Modulo Theory. The experimental evaluation shows that the approach is superior to the state-of-the-art.
Providing Early Intervention Services in Integrated Environments

This paper briefly reviews accomplishments that have taken place during the past decade relative to integration of young children with disabilities and their nondisabled peers. Challenges for the future and the opportunities that accompany these challenges are discussed. It is suggested that the traditional concept of least restrictive environment as a continuum of placements be replaced by a concept of integration opportunities to be determined by individual child needs, family needs, and community resources. For infants and toddlers, it is suggested that a broad-based view of integration focus on integration of the child into the family and integration of the child and family into the community. Finally, the need to work toward the establishment of integrated service delivery systems through extensive personnel training and coordination of services is stressed.
The relative quality and cost-effectiveness of private and public schools for low-income families: a case study in a developing country

The “mushrooming” of private schools for low-income families has been widely noted in the literature; however, very little is known about the quality of these schools. This research explored the relative quality of private unaided (recognised and unrecognised) and government schools in low-income areas of Hyderabad, India. A preliminary census to locate unrecognised private schools – not on official lists – was conducted. Data were collected on achievement and background variables for 3,910 pupils from a stratified random sample of schools. Using multilevel modelling shows that pupils in private unrecognised and recognised schools, when controlled for age, pupil's IQ, and class average IQ, achieve higher scores in mathematics and English than equivalent pupils in government schools. There is no significant difference between private and government schools in pupil achievement in Urdu. The achievement advantage for private schools did not arise because of greater resources available, at least in terms of per pupil teacher salaries.
The Oral Bacterial Communities of Children with Well-Controlled HIV Infection and without HIV Infection

The oral microbial community (microbiota) plays a critical role in human health and disease. Alterations in the oral microbiota may be associated with disorders such as gingivitis, periodontitis, childhood caries, alveolar osteitis, oral candidiasis and endodontic infections. In the immunosuppressed population, the spectrum of potential oral disease is even broader, encompassing candidiasis, necrotizing gingivitis, parotid gland enlargement, Kaposi’s sarcoma, oral warts and other diseases. Here, we used 454 pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to examine the oral microbiome of saliva, mucosal and tooth samples from HIV-positive and negative children. Patient demographics and clinical characteristics were collected from a cross-section of patients undergoing routine dental care. Multiple specimens from different sampling sites in the mouth were collected for each patient. The goal of the study was to observe the potential diversity of the oral microbiota among individual patients, sample locations, HIV status and various dental characteristics. We found that there were significant differences in the microbiome among the enrolled patients, and between sampling locations. The analysis was complicated by uneven enrollment in the patient cohorts, with only five HIV-negative patients enrolled in the study and by the rapid improvement in the health of HIV-infected children between the time the study was conceived and completed. The generally good oral health of the HIV-negative patients limited the number of dental plaque samples that could be collected. We did not identify significant differences between well-controlled HIV-positive patients and HIV-negative controls, suggesting that well-controlled HIV-positive patients essentially harbor similar oral flora compared to patients without HIV. Nor were significant differences in the oral microbiota identified between different teeth or with different dental characteristics. Additional studies are needed to better characterize the oral microbiome in children and those with poorly-controlled HIV infections.
New economics of science, economics of scientific knowledge and sociology of science: the case of Paul David

For a little more than twenty years, the terminology used in the economics of science has changed significantly with the development of expressions such as ‘new economics of science’ (NES) and ‘economics of scientific knowledge’ (ESK). This article seeks to shed light on the use of these different terminologies by studying the work of the economist of science Paul David. We aim to use his work as a case study in order to argue for a difference between NES and ESK and to show, in a concrete way, the sociological ambiguities now going on in the economics of science.
Fas-activated Ser/Thr phosphoprotein (FAST) is a eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein that regulates mRNA stability and cell survival

The recognition of T cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) by Fas-activated Ser/Thr phosphoprotein (FAST) results in prolonged cell survival by inducing the expression of inhibitors of apoptosis. Here we show that the functional effects of FAST are dependent on its interactions with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) which is the major cytosolic cap binding protein in cells. FAST binds to eIF4E via a consensus motif (428YXXXXLL433) that is also found in eIF4G, 4E-BP1/2/3, 4E-T, and cup. A point mutation within this motif at Y428 dampens the ability of FAST to recognize eIF4E. Wild-type (WT) FAST, but not its Y428G mutant, increases the expression of co-transfected cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-1 (cIAP-1) and β-gal mRNA and protein, but inhibits the Fas-induced activation of caspase-3. Increased expression of the co-transfected proteins results, in part, from stabilization of mRNA, suggesting that FAST:eIF4E interactions can inhibit mRNA decay. We propose that eIF4E:FAST:TIA-1 complexes regulate the translation and stability of specific mRNAs that encode proteins important for cell survival.
Leading-zero anticipatory logic for high-speed floating point addition

This paper describes new Leading-Zero Anticipatory (LZA) Logic for high-speed floating-point addition (FADD). This method carries out the pre-decoding for the normalization concurrently with the addition for significand. Besides, it performs the shift operation in parallel with the rounding operation. The proposed logic consists of the simple circuit with 1.8% penalty in transistor count. The FADD core using the proposed logic operates at 160 MHz, where the core has been fabricated with 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with triple metal interconnections.
The process of becoming ill

Inevitably, reading is one of the requirements to be undergone. To improve the performance and quality, someone needs to have something new every day. It will suggest you to have more inspirations, then. However, the needs of inspirations will make you searching for some sources. Even from the other people experience, internet, and many books. Books and internet are the recommended media to help you improving your quality and performance.
Importance of zooplankton for the persistence of a deep chlorophyll layer: A limnocorral experiment

A variety of interacting physical, chemical, and biological hypotheses have been proposed to explain the formation of deep chlorophyll layers (DCL). We used an experiment to test the importance of zooplankton grazing and nutrient transport as factors maintaining the DCL. In oligotrophic Yellow Belly Lake (Sawtooth Mountains, central Idaho), which has a DCL, we compared changes in the chlorophyll profiles in 17‐m‐deep limnocorrals with and without crustacean zooplankton. 15N ammonia and rhodamine dye were added to the epilimnion or metalimnion of the corrals to measure nutrient transport and diffusivity. In the limnocorrals with zooplankton, epilimnetic macrozooplankton biomass was 2× higher and estimated grazing rates were 1.8× higher than those in the metalimnion. After 11 d, chlorophyll levels in the zooplankton treatment declined 72% in the epilimnion but only 53% in the metalimnion, leading to the maintenance of the DCL. In the treatment without zooplankton, the epilimnetic chlorophyll increased 11% and the metalimnetic algal levels decreased 41%, resulting in the formation of an epilimnetic chlorophyll maxima. Biologically mediated movement of 15N from the epilimnion and metalimnion was downward, into either the metalimnion or the hypolimnion. Turbulent movement measured with rhodamine was high in the limnocorrals, and presumably 15N also moved into adjoining strata through this process. Grazing, however, coupled with a downward movement of nutrients via sedimentation into the lower strata appears to explain the persistence of the DCL.
Studying overseas: mainland Chinese students in Singapore

This paper reports a study aimed at developing a substantive theory on the perspectives of Mainland Chinese studying in Singaporean universities. The study was guided by two research questions: (1) Why do university students from Mainland China choose to study in Singapore? and (2) How do Mainland Chinese university students manage the experience of studying in Singapore, a different cultural environment? A grounded theory approach was adopted and the so‐called theory of ‘selective pragmatism’ was generated. The theory suggests that Mainland Chinese students at Singaporean universities can be classified into three ‘types’ – the ‘intellectuals’, the ‘opportunists’ and the ‘loyalists’ – according to how they individually exercise choices and decisions based on four categories – push forces in regard to China, pull forces in regard to Singapore; individual resilience in coping and adapting to life overseas; and future career intentions. Common to all, however, is pragmatism, which is selectively exercised in different ways, thereby distinguishing the three types.
Evaluation of the Blue-Carba Test for Rapid Detection of Carbapenemases in Gram-Negative Bacilli

The Blue-Carba test (BCT) is a biochemical test for rapid (<2 h) detection of carbapenemase production in Gram-negative bacilli directly from bacterial culture ([1][1]). It is based on the in vitro hydrolysis of imipenem by bacterial colonies (direct inoculation without prior lysis), which is