Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Information-theoretic aspects in the control of dynamical systems

Information is an intuitive notion that has been quantified successfully both in physics and communication theory. In physics, information takes the form of entropy; information that one does not possess. From this connection follows a trade-off, most famously embodied in Maxwell's demon: a device able to gather information about the state of a thermodynamic system could use that information to decrease the entropy of the system. In Shannon's mathematical theory of communication, on the other hand, an entropy-like measure called the mutual information quantifies the maximum amount of information that can be transmitted through a communication channel. In this thesis, we bring together these two different aspects of information, among others, in a theoretical and practical study of control theory. Several observations indicate that such an information-theoretic study of control is possible and can be effective. One of them, is the fact that control units can be regarded intuitively as information gathering and using systems (IGUS): controllers gather information from a dynamical system by measuring its state (estimation), and then use that information to conduct a specific control action on that system (actuation). As the thesis demonstrates, in the case of stochastic systems, the information gathered by a controller from a controlled system can be quantified formally using mutual information. Moreover, it is shown that this mutual information is at the source of a limiting result relating, in the form of a trade-off, the availability of information in a control process and its performance. The consequences of this trade-off, which is very similar to the one in thermodynamics mentioned above, are investigated by looking at the practical control of various systems, notably, the control of chaotic systems. The thesis also defines and investigates the concept of controllability, central in the classical theory of control, from an information viewpoint. For this part, necessary and sufficient entropic conditions for controllability are proved. Thesis Supervisor: Seth Lloyd Title: Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Clinical Cancer esearch cer Therapy : Preclinical rmacokinetic / Pharmacodynamic Modeling Identifies 0000 and SN 29751 as Tirapazamine Analogues with roved Tissue Penetration and Hypoxic R l Killing in Tumors

wnloaded pose: Tirapazamine (TPZ) has attractive features for targeting hypoxic cells in tumors but has limlinical activity, in part because of poor extravascular penetration. Here, we identify improved TPZ gues by using a spatially resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (SR-PKPD) model that contissue penetration explicitly during lead optimization. erimental design: The SR-PKPD model was used to guide the progression of 281 TPZ analogues h a hierarchical screen. For compounds exceeding hypoxic selectivity thresholds in single-cell culSR-PKPD model parameters (kinetics of bioreductive metabolism, clonogenic cell killing potency, ion coefficients in multicellular layers, and plasma pharmacokinetics at well tolerated doses in were measured to prioritize testing in xenograft models in combination with radiation. ults: SR-PKPD–guided lead optimization identified SN29751 and SN30000 as the most promispoxic cytotoxins from two different structural subseries. Both were reduced to the corresponding e selectively under hypoxia by HT29 cells, with an oxygen dependence quantitatively similar to f TPZ. SN30000, in particular, showed higher hypoxic potency and selectivity than TPZ in tumor ltures and faster diffusion through HT29 and SiHa multicellular layers. Both compounds also ed superior plasma PK in mice and rats at equivalent toxicity. In agreement with SR-PKPD prens, both were more active than TPZ with single dose or fractionated radiation against multiple n tumor xenografts. clusions: SN30000 and SN29751 are improved TPZ analogues with potential for targeting tumor Con hypoxia in humans. Novel SR-PKPD modeling approaches can be used for lead optimization during anticancer drug development. Clin Cancer Res; 16(20); 4946–57. ©2010 AACR.
NUMERICAL STUDIES OF DENSITY-DRIVEN FLOW IN CO 2 STORAGE IN SALINE AQUIFERS

Simulations are routinely used to study the process of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sequestration in saline aquifers. In this paper, we look at some numerical aspects of the accurate modeling and simulation of the dissolution-diffusion-convection process. We perform convergence studies with respect to solver tolerances, grid resolutions, fluctuation strength, and domain size. We show that stringent tolerances and grid resolutions are needed to accurately predict onset time. Domain size must be sufficiently large to contain at least 2 extended fingers to accurately predict the long-term stabilized mass flux of CO 2 ; otherwise, finite domain effects will adversely change the flow behavior of the system we are modeling.
Clustering of galaxies in a hierarchical universe — II. Evolution to high redshift

In hierarchical cosmologies the evolution of galaxy clustering depends both on cosmological quantities such as Ω, Λ and P(k), which determine how collapsed structures – dark matter haloes – form and evolve, and on the physical processes – cooling, star formation, radiative and hydrodynamic feedback – which drive the formation of galaxies within these merging haloes. In this paper we combine dissipationless cosmological N-body simulations and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation in order to study how these two aspects interact. We focus on the differences in clustering predicted for galaxies of differing luminosity, colour, morphology and star formation rate, and on what these differences can teach us about the galaxy formation process. We show that a ‘dip’ in the amplitude of galaxy correlations between z=0 and z=1 can be an important diagnostic. Such a dip occurs in low-density CDM models, because structure forms early, and dark matter haloes of mass ∼1012 M⊙, containing galaxies with luminosities ∼L*, are unbiased tracers of the dark matter over this redshift range; their clustering amplitude then evolves similarly to that of the dark matter. At higher redshifts, bright galaxies become strongly biased and the clustering amplitude increases again. In high density models, structure forms late, and bias evolves much more rapidly. As a result, the clustering amplitude of L* galaxies remains constant from z=0 to z=1. The strength of these effects is sensitive to sample selection. The dip becomes weaker for galaxies with lower star formation rates, redder colours, higher luminosities and earlier morphological types. We explain why this is the case, and how it is related to the variation with redshift of the abundance and environment of the observed galaxies. We also show that the relative peculiar velocities of galaxies are biased low in our models, but that this effect is never very strong. Studies of clustering evolution as a function of galaxy properties should place strong constraints on models of galaxy formation and evolution.
From theft to racist brawl: the framing of Low Yat incident by Malaysian newspapers

ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct a framing analysis on the coverage of the Law Yat incident, whereby a theft case was escalated into racist brawl in Malaysia. The study compared the coverage of mainstream Malay-, English- and Chinese-language as well as alternative newspapers. The findings indicated that the newspapers reported the incident with different intensity, prominence, news sources, news frames and valence. It was found that the Law Yat incident has been highly racialized by irresponsible bloggers, social media users and politicians in the country. The findings also reflected that race and ethnicity issues remain highly politicized in Malaysia.
A balanced examination of inter-role conflict

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Noise Trading, Costly Arbitrage, and Asset Prices: Evidence from Closed‐end Funds

If arbitrage is costly and noise traders are active, asset prices may deviate from fundamental values for long periods of time. We use a sample of 158 closed-end funds to show that noise-trader sentiment, as proxied by retail-investor flows, leads to fluctuations in the discount. Nevertheless, we reject the hypothesis that noise-trader risk is the cause of the long-run discount. Instead we find that funds which are more difficult to arbitrage have larger discounts, due to: (1) the censoring of the discount by the arbitrage bounds, and (2) the freedom of managers to increase charges when arbitrage is costly. Copyright The American Finance Association 2002.
COMPUTER-GENERATING EMOTIONAL MUSIC : THE DESIGN OF AN AFFECTIVE MUSIC ALGORITHM

This paper explores one way to use music in the context of affective design. We've made a real-time music generator that is designed around the concepts of valence and arousal, which are two components of certain models of emotion. When set to a desired valence and arousal, the algorithm plays music corresponding to the intersection of these two parameters. We designed our algorithm using psychological theory of emotion and parametrized features of music which have been tested for affect. The results are a modular algorithm design, in which our parameters can be implemented in other affective music algorithms. We describe our implementation of these parameters, and our strategy for manipulating the parameters to generate musical emotion. Finally we discuss possible applications for these techniques in the fields of the arts, medical systems, and research applications. We believe that further work will result in a music generator which can produce music in any of a wide variety of commonly-perceived emotional connotations on command.
Advection-dominated accretion flows with causal viscosity

Aims. We present the basic equations and sample solutions for the steady-state global transonic solutions of the advection-dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) with a causal viscosity prescription. The procedures for the stable numerical calculations and all explicit formula for obtaining the solutions of ADAFs are also presented. Methods. We solve the transonic solutions of ADAFs by using the explicit numerical integrations, as in the Runge-Kutta method. In this calculation method, we first solve the physical values at the sonic radius where L'Hopital's rule is used. Then, we numerically solve the coupled differential equations of the radial velocity, the angular momentum, and the sound speed from the sonic radius in the inward and outward directions. Results. By the calculation procedures presented in this paper, we can cover all parameter spaces of the transonic solutions of ADAFs. Sample transonic solutions for ADAF-thick disk and ADAF-thin disk are presented. The explicit formula for the analytical expansion around the singular points, the sonic and the viscous points, are presented. If we set the diffusion timescale to null, the formalism in this study becomes the formalism of the acausal viscosity that is usually used in past studies for calculating of the ADAF structure.
Can We Trust Creativity Tests? A Review of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT)

Dr. E. Paul Torrance, "Father of Creativity," is best known for developing the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). The TTCT was developed by Torrance in 1966. It has been renormed 4 times: in 1974, 1984, 1990, and 1998. There are 2 forms (A and B) of the TTCT-Verbal and 2 forms (A and B) of the TTCT-Figural. However, in the scope of this review, only the TTCT-Figural was examined. The TTCT has been translated into more than 35 languages (Millar, 2002). It has become highly recommended in the educational field and is even used in the corporate world. It is the most widely used test of creativity (Davis, 1997) and is the most referenced of all creativity tests (Lissitz & Willhoft, 1985). Basic information is presented, including purposes, content area, norms, reliability, and validity. Strengths and weaknesses of the TTCT, including use of the TTCT in identifying gifted learners and suggestions for further development and improvement, are provided and discussed.
Does the Fed Model Travel Well ? For short run tactical allocation , yes , but not for the long-haul

Equity markets are frequently valued on the basis of the relative yields of stocks and bonds. The most widely known of these comparisons is the Fed model. We extend previous research by examining the performance of this metric across six international markets and also relative to more traditional valuation measures such as earnings and dividend yields. We find the Fed model to be poor for explaining long-run returns but that it has some merit as a short-term tactical asset allocation tool.
Effects of Early Enteral Nutrition on Patients After Emergency Gastrointestinal Surgery

AbstractEarly postoperative enteral feeding has been demonstrated to improve the outcome of patients who underwent surgery for gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, trauma, perforation, and/or obstruction. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the efficacy of early postoperative enteral nutrition (EN) after emergency surgery in patients with GI perforation or strangulation.The medical records of 484 patients, admitted between January 2007 and December 2012, were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into 2 groups: the early EN (EEN, N = 77) group and the late EN (LEN, N = 407) group. The morbidity, mortality, length of hospital, and intensive care unit (ICU) stays were compared between the 2 groups. Propensity score matching was performed in order to adjust for any baseline differences.Patients receiving EEN had reduced in-hospital mortality rates (EEN 4.5% vs LEN 19.4%; P = 0.008), pulmonary complications (EEN 4.5% vs LEN 19.4%; P = 0.008), lengths of hospital stay (median: 14.0, interquartile range: 8.0–24.0 vs median: 17.0, interquartile range: 11.0–26.0, P = 0.048), and more 28-day ICU-free days (median: 27.0, interquartile range: 25.0–27.0 vs median: 25.0, interquartile range: 22.0–27.0, P = 0.042) than those receiving LEN in an analysis using propensity score matching. The significant difference in survival between the 2 groups was also shown in the Kaplan–Meier survival curve (P = 0.042). In a further analysis using the Cox proportional hazard ratio after matching on the propensity score, EEN was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality (hazard ratio, 0.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.49; P = 0.015). EEN is associated with beneficial effects, such as reduced in-hospital mortality rates, pulmonary complications, lengths of hospital stay, and more 28-day ICU-free days, after emergency GI surgery.
Improving retrieval performance by relevance feedback

Relevance feedback is an automatic process, introduced over 20 years ago, designed to produce query formulations following an initial retrieval operation. The principal relevance feedback methods described over the years are examined briefly, and evaluation data are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the various methods. Prescriptions are given for conducting text retrieval operations iteratively using relevance feedback.
Effects of Ginseng Fruit Saponins on Serotonin System in Sprague-Dawley Rats with Myocardial Infarction, Depression, and Myocardial Infarction Complicated with Depression

Background:Our previous studies have demonstrated that the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-HT 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) in serum and platelet were associated with depression and myocardial infarction (MI), and pretreatment with ginseng fruit saponins (GFS) before MI and depression had an effect on the 5-HT system. In this study, the effects of GFS on the 5-HT system in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with MI, depression, and MI + depression were evaluated. Methods:A total of eighty SD rats were allocated to four groups: MI, depression, MI + depression, and control groups (n = 20 in each group). Each group included two subgroups (n = 10 in each subgroup): Saline treatment subgroup and GFS treatment subgroup. The levels of 5-HT, 5-HT2AR, and serotonin transporter (SERT) were quantified in serum, platelet lysate, and brain tissue through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, respectively. Results:Compared with those in the saline treatment subgroups, the levels of 5-HT in serum and platelet lysate statistically significantly increased in the GFS treatment subgroups of MI, depression, and MI + depression groups (serum: all P = 0.000; platelet lysate: P = 0.002, 0.000, 0.000, respectively). However, the 5-HT levels in brain homogenate significantly decreased in the GFS treatment subgroups compared with those in the saline treatment subgroups in MI and depression groups (P = 0.025 and 0.044 respectively), and no significant difference was observed between saline and GFS treatment subgroups in MI + depression group (P = 0.663). Compared with that in GFS treatment subgroup of control group, the 5-HT2AR levels in the platelet lysate significantly decreased in GFS treatment subgroups of MI, depression, and MI + depression groups (all P = 0.000). Compared to those in the saline treatment subgroups, the serum SERT levels significantly decreased in the GFS treatment subgroups in MI, depression, and MI + depression groups (P = 0.009, 0.038, and P = 0.001, respectively), while the SERT levels of platelet lysate significantly decreased in GFS treatment subgroup of MI group (P = 0.000), significantly increased in GFS treatment subgroup of depression group (P = 0.019), and slightly changed in GFS treatment subgroup of MI + depression group (P = 0.219). No significant changes for SERT levels in brain homogenate could be found between the saline and GFS treatment subgroups in MI, depression, and MI + depression groups (P = 0.421, 0.076 and P = 0.642). Conclusions:This study indicated that GFS might inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT from serum to platelet according to decreased 5-HT2AR in platelet and SERT in serum and platelet. The change of 5-HT in serum after GFS treatment was inconsistent with that in the brain. It seemed that GFS could not pass through the blood-brain barrier to affect the central serotonergic system.
Interactions between A2A adenosine receptor, hydrogen peroxide, and KATP channel in coronary reactive hyperemia

Myocardial metabolites such as adenosine mediate reactive hyperemia (RH) partially through glibenclamide‐sensitive KATP channels in coronary vascular smooth muscle (VSM). We tested the hypothesis that A2A receptors link to KATP channel activation via hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Using A2A knockout (KO), A2BKO, and A2A/2B double KO mice, we performed RH experiments in Langendorff‐perfused hearts and whole‐cell patch clamp experiments on isolated VSM cells. Flow repayment (ml/g) following a 15 sec occlusion in WT hearts was 6.3 ± 0.4 and reduced in A2AKO (4.5 ± 0.2), but not A2BKO (6.1 ± 0.3), mice. Catalase (1250 U/ml), which breaks down H2O2, significantly reduced flow repayment (ml/g) in WT (4.4 ± 0.4) but not A2AKO (4.1 ± 0.4) hearts. Patch clamp experiments demonstrated that adenosine (10 μM) activated a glibenclamide (10 μM)‐sensitive conductance (nS/pF) in VSM cells from WT (0.05 ± 0.01) but not A2A/A2BKO (0.02 ± 0.01) mice. Additionally, in WT VSM cells, H2O2 (1 mM) activated a glibenclamide‐sensitive conductance (0.07 ± 0.02 nS/pF). Our data indicate that A2A receptors are coupled to KATP channels, in part, via the production of H2O2 as a signaling intermediate. HL027339, HL094447, HL071802, T32 HL090610.
Pilchard &#8212; a reconfigurable computing platform with memory slot interface

A reconfigurable computing development environment called Pilchard, employing a field programmable gate array (FPGA) which plugs into a standard personal computer's (PC) 133 MHz synchronous dynamic RAM Dual In-line Memory Modules (DIMMs) slot is presented. Compared with a traditional PCI interfaced reconfigurable computing board, the DIMM interface offers higher bandwidth, a simpler interface and lower latency. A comparison of the transfer rate of the Pilchard board compared with a standard PC132 reconfigurable computing board is presented as well as an implementation of the data encryption standard (DES). Together, the board and interface generator provide an easy to use, low cost and high performance platform for reconfigurable computing.
Analysis of multi-player online game traffic based on self-similarity

When provisioning network resources, ISPs have to tackle with the difficulties imposed by the traffic characteristics and demands of the users. Multi-player online games (MPOG) are constituting a large portion of the Internet traffic. MPOG players demand high bandwidth and low delay due to high interaction in these games. Moreover, they generate bursty traffic. In this paper, we analyze the traffic characteristics of a popular MPOG type game; Call of Duty 2 version 1.0 (CoD2). We use several game sessions to extract packet size and inter-arrival time distributions. In addition to these we investigate the self-similarity of the CoD2 traffic. We observe two different behavior at server and client-side, as expected. For the server-side, traffic characteristics vary with the number of players, but the traffic is long-range dependent most of the time. There are several intervals when the traffic process is non-stationary where the analysis of self-similarity becomes trivial. For the client-side, the traffic shows little variations however there are still some cases where the analysis of self-similarity becomes intricate because the traffic process reveals deviation from stationarity.
A novel spatial pooling technique for image quality assessment based on luminance-contrast dependence

The paper presents a spatial pooling technique for image quality assessment (IQA) that is based on the idea that the adaptive mechanisms of luminance and contrast in the early vision operate independently. The work is motivated by recent vision science studies on this topic that have not been investigated yet in the field of IQA. The Structural SIMilarity index (SSIM) has been selected as the base IQA measure due to its explicit utilization of the local luminance mean and contrast of both original and degraded images. Experimental results show that a spatial pooling algorithm that only depends on the degraded image results in significantly improved image quality prediction.