Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2 Education and women ’ s labour market outcomes in India : An analysis using NSS household data by

In this paper we pose the question: to what extent is education responsible for the differential labour market outcomes of women and men in urban India. In particular, we investigate the extent to which education contributes to women's observed lower labour force participation and earnings than men, and whether any contribution of education to the gender wage differential is explained by men and women's differential educational endowments or by labour market discrimination. Our findings suggest that women do suffer high levels of wage discrimination in the Indian urban labour market, but that education contributes little to this discrimination: the wage-disadvantage effect of women's lower years of education than men is entirely offset by the wage-advantage effect of women's higher returns to education than men's. The data also indicate that for both men and women, returns to education rise with education level, confirming the findings of other recent educational rate of return studies in India and elsewhere.
Investigating the disk-corona relation in a blue AGN sample

We compile a blue AGN sample from SDSS and investigate how the ratio of hard X-ray to bolometric luminosity depends on the Eddington ratio and black hole mass. Our sample comprises 240 radio-quiet Seyfert 1 galaxies and QSOs. We find that the fraction of hard X-ray luminosity (log(L2-10keV/L-bol)) decreases with an increase of the Eddington ratio. We also find that the fraction of hard X-ray luminosity is independent of the black hole mass for radio-quiet AGNs. The relation of log(L2-10kev/L-bol) decreasing with increasing Eddington ratio indicates that X-ray bolometric correction is not a constant, from a larger sample supporting the results of Vasudevan & Fabian. We interpret our results by the disk corona evaporation/condensation model. In the frame work of this model, Compton cooling becomes efficient in cooling the corona at high accretion rates (in units of Eddington rate), leading to condensation of coronal gas to the disk. Consequently, the relative strength of the corona to the disk becomes weaker at higher Eddington ratios. Therefore, the fraction of hard X-ray emission to disk emission and hence to the bolometric emission is smaller at higher Eddington ratios. The independence of the fraction of hard X-ray luminosity with respect to the mass of the black hole can also be explained by the disk corona model since the coronal structure and luminosity (in units of Eddington luminosity) are independent of the mass of black holes.
STRONG MASS SEGREGATION AROUND A MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

We show that the mass-segregation solution for the steady-state distribution of stars around a massive black hole (MBH) has two branches: the well known weak-segregation solution and a strong segregation solution, which is analyzed here for the first time. The nature of the solution depends on the heavy-to-light stellar mass ratio MH/ML and on the unbound population number ratio NH/NL, through the relaxational coupling parameter Δ = 4NHM2H/[NLM2L(3 + MH/ML)]. When the heavy stars are relatively common (Δ ≫ 1), they scatter frequently on each other. This efficient self-coupling leads to weak mass segregation, where the stars form mass-dependent cusps near the MBH, with indices αH = 7/4 for the heavy stars and 3/2 < αL < 7/4 for the light stars (i.e. max(αH − αL) ≃ 1/4). However, when the heavy stars are relatively rare (Δ ≪ 1), they scatter mostly on light stars, sink to the center by dynamical friction and settle into a much steeper cusp with 2 ≲ αH ≲ 11/4, while the light stars form a 3/2 < αL < 7/4 cusp, resulting in strong segregation (i.e., max(αH − αL) ≃ 1). We show that the present-day mass function of evolved stellar populations with a universal initial mass function (coeval or continuously star forming) separates into two distinct mass scales, ∼1 M☉ of main sequence and compact dwarfs, and ∼10 M☉ of stellar black holes (SBHs), and have Δ < 0.1. We conclude that it is likely that many relaxed galactic nuclei are strongly segregated. We review indications of strong segregation in observations of the Galactic center and in results of numeric simulations, and briefly list possible implications of a very high central concentration of SBHs around an MBH.
The acquisition of dative alternation by German-English bilingual and English monolingual children

The vulnerability of the syntax–semantics interface in simultaneous bilingual first language acquisition is still up for debate; while some scholars have found crosslinguistic transfer at this interface, others found no such influence. To determine which kinds of syntax–semantics interface phenomena may be vulnerable, this study examines the acquisition and use of dative alternation by German-English bilingual children and adults compared with English monolingual children and German and English monolingual adults.The study shows that bilingual children interpret and comprehend dative constructions in English like their monolingual peers but their production of dative constructions in German is influenced by English. This suggests that syntax–semantics interface phenomena relating to the representation of verbs’ objects are vulnerable to influence. However, bilingual adults perform like monolinguals in both languages. These results suggest that any indeterminacy in the use of dative alternation in the adult state is due to L1 attrition rather than incomplete L1 acquisition.
Web Site Recommendation Using HTTP Traffic

Collaborative Filtering (CF) is widely used in web recommender systems, while most existing CF applications focus on transactions or page views within a single site. In this paper, we build a recommender system prototype, which suggests web sites to users, by collecting browsing events at routers without neither user nor website effort. 100 million HTTP flows, involving 11, 327 websites, are converted to user-site ratings using access frequency as the implicit rating metric. With this rating dataset, we evaluate six CF algorithms including one proposed algorithm based on IP address locality. Our experiments show that the recommendation from K nearest neighbors (Runn) performs the best by 50% p@10 (precision of top 10) and 53% p@5 (precision of top 5). Although the precision is far from ideal, our preliminary results suggest the potential value of such a centralized web site recommender system.
Biomimetic Sonar System Performing Spectrum-Based Localization

In this paper, we study echolocation by spectral analysis as a biomimetic, i.e., inspired by bats, mechanism to observe a realistic environment. We propose a method to localize, i.e., to estimate the distance and bearing of reflectors, on the basis of a time-frequency representation of the returned echo similar to the one derived by the bat's cochlea. The sonar system consists of a central transmitter, and two receivers pointing plusmn5deg outward. The method proposed reconstructs the environment by comparing the returned echoes with binaural spectral templates corresponding with echoes from different angles. We further show that a distance matrix defined on the set of templates can be used as a measure of their accuracy and reliability for localization purposes. We include experimental results that validate the system and indicate that it can deal with the complex echo signals received when confronted with realistic reflectors, i.e., possibly consisting of a large number of closely spaced scatterers.
Fast axonal transport of modulatory neuropeptides from central ganglia to components of the feeding system in Aplysia

The transport of neuropeptides from central ganglia to components of the feeding system was studied in Aplysia. Peptide transport was determined by incubating buccal or cerebral ganglia with 35S-methionine and measuring the appearance of labeled peptides by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) of extracts of target tissues. Selected nerves were left intact and passed through a Vaseline diffusion barrier separating the ganglia and their targets. Five major labeled peptides were observed to be transported from the buccal ganglia to feeding muscles. They were buccalin, FMRFamide, myomodulin, and 2 small cardioactive peptides. Each of these peptides has been shown to modulate the responses of these muscles to their motor neurons. The peptides were transported by fast axonal transport, as judged by the distance transported and the sensitivity to colchicine. When normalized to correct for differences in total incorporation, the patterns of peptide transport were reproducible between animals. The nature and amount of the peptides transported were different for different muscles. The nature of peptide transport also varied for different nerve groups. These results support the proposition that these 5 peptides act as modulatory transmitters at feeding muscles. No transport of neuropeptides from the cerebral ganglia to feeding muscles was observed, although myomodulin was specifically transported to the buccal ganglia. This suggests that this peptide may play an important role in the previously observed regulation of buccal ganglia activity by neurons in the cerebral ganglia.
Power efficient and workload balanced tiling for parallelized high efficiency video coding

The increased workload of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) and processing of high resolution videos require parallelization of the encoding/decoding process. However, to efficiently utilize the hardware resources and power budgets in a many-core processor, workload balanced parallelization of HEVC encoding is of high importance. Further, minimizing the number of active cores for processing the given HEVC encoding workload is required to decrease the power consumption. In order to address the above challenges, this work presents a HEVC parallelization technique to adaptively determine the Tile partitioning while accounting for the compute capabilities of the underlying processing cores. Afterwards, it determines a mapping of Tiled-HEVC processing on different cores such that the number of compute cores is minimized, and hence reducing the power consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that in addition to reducing the total compute cores, our technique provides up to 14.4% power savings compared to state-of-the-art uniform Tile partitioning approach.
LIPID COMPOSITION IN FAST AND SLOW GERMINATING SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L.) SEEDS

Summary. The physiochemical characteristics and lipid composition in fast and slow germinating sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) seeds were studied. The quantity of phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols in cotyledons and embryonic axes in fast germinating seeds (FG - embryo emerged within 24 h after sowing) increased progressively between the 1 st - 6 th days after sowing (DAS) compared with the slow growing seeds (SG embryo emerged after the 4 th DAS). The fatty acid composition in cotyledons of FG seeds showed increased levels of palmitic and oleic acids 6 and 8 DAS, while a decline in palmitic and stearic acids as well as accumulation of oleic and linoleic acids were observed in SG seeds. However, higher content of linolenic acid was found in the embryonic axes of FG seeds compared with SG seeds 6 and 8 DAS. The FG seeds located in the peripheral whorls of the inflorescence, with high quantity of storage lipids, contributed to the enhanced rate of germination compared with SG seeds located in the central whorls.
Repurposing everyday technologies to provide just-in-time visual supports to children with intellectual disability and autism: a pilot feasibility study with the Apple Watch®

Objectives: Everyday technologies (e.g. iPads, smart phones, Apple Watch®) might be successfully repurposed to meet the needs of children with disabilities. Although visual supports are an empirically supported treatment, they are typically not provided just-in-time (JIT). In this study, we aimed to provide JIT visual supports in the form of scene cues (representative photos or video clips) to augment spoken input to children with a dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and autism. The objectives of this study were to (a) explore whether JIT-delivered scene cues permit these children to implement directives they were unable to complete with speech alone, and (b) test the feasibility of providing scene cues on the Apple Watch® with a focus on display size. Methods: Using a case series design, five children with an intellectual disability and autism were presented with directives and required to carry out the directives with figurines and objects as a table top activity. Initially, each directive was presented in spoken form only, and static scene cues (photos) and subsequently dynamic scene cues (video clips) were provided as augmented input as needed (JIT). Results: The hierarchical JIT visual supports enabled the five children with intellectual disability and autism to carry out the majority of directives. Conclusions: The relatively small display size of the Apple Watch does not seem to hinder children with a dual diagnosis of intellectual disability and autism to glean critical information from visual supports. The JIT provision of scene cues resulted in successful directive-following in these children.
Are the times changing enough? Print media trends across four decades

Media analysis is an established area of sport sociology which has been documented by researchers systematically since the 1980s. Despite the extent and breadth of the area there have been some methodological trends which include a focus on print media, the analysis of both quantitative and qualitative content, and the analysis of the portrayal of female athletes. This study presents a unique analysis of four decades, from 1984 to 2014, of British print media covering the same two week summer period in six national newspapers, in order to assess whether societal and cultural changes have been reflected in the predominantly patriarchal domain of sport.Outcomes have been mixed, but overall it is clear that there is continued under-representation of female athletes and, that what were once considered to be the major British summer sports (athletics, cricket, golf, tennis) have been replaced by a dominance of soccer reporting. We provide an overview of the trends documented during the last four decades and offer some insight into the growth of the ‘gossip sheets’ for men.
Patent Protection and R&D with Endogenous Market Structure

In a model with endogenous number of innovating firms, we show that whether patent protection increases R&D investment is ambiguous, and depends on the market demand function and the cost of R&D. If the market size increases with number of firms, patent protection reduces R&D investment if the cost of R&D is sufficiently high, and higher product differentiation increases the possibility of lower R&D investment under patent protection. If the market size does not increase with number of firms, patent protection never reduces R&D investment. We find that welfare is lower under patent protection than under no patent protection.
Mothers may shape the variations in social organization among gorillas

When mothers continue to support their offspring beyond infancy, they can influence the fitness of those offspring, the strength of social relationships within their groups, and the life-history traits of their species. Using up to 30 years of demographic data from 58 groups of gorillas in two study sites, this study extends such findings by showing that mothers may also contribute to differences in social organization between closely related species. Female mountain gorillas remained with their sons for significantly longer than western gorillas, which may explain why male philopatry and multimale groups are more common among mountain gorillas. The presence of the putative father and other familiar males did not vary significantly between species, and we found only limited support for the socio-ecological theory that the distribution of adult males is influenced by the distribution of females. Within each gorilla species, variations in those distributions may also reflect the different stages in the typical life cycle of a group. Collectively, our results highlight the potentially far-reaching consequences of maternal support that extends beyond infancy, and they illustrate the opportunity to incorporate additional factors into phylogenetic analyses of variations in social organization, including studies of human evolution.
Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: evidence for activity of glutamate synthase.

Activities and properties of the ammonium assimilation enzymes NADP+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS) were determined in batch and continuous cultures of Candida albicans. NADP+-dependent GDH activity showed allosteric kinetics, with an S0.5 for 2-oxoglutarate of 7.5 mM and an apparent Km for ammonium of 5.0 mM. GOGAT activity was affected by the buffer used for extraction and assay, but in phosphate buffer, kinetics were hyperbolic, yielding Km values for glutamine of 750 microM and for 2-oxoglutarate of 65 microM. The enzymes GOGAT and NADP+-dependent GDH were also assayed in batch cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three other pathogenic Candida spp. : Candida tropicalis, Candida pseudotropicalis and Candida parapsilosis. Evidence is presented that GS/GOGAT is a major pathway for ammonium assimilation in Candida albicans and that this pathway is also significant in other Candida species.
ANALYSIS OF THE EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE INFLUENCES, LEADERSHIP STYLE, AND INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION ON THE DECISION MAKING BY PRINCIPALS OF STATE JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS IN SOUTH JAKARTA, INDONESIA

This causal research is aimed at obtaining the effect of emotional intelligence, leadership style, and interpersonal communication on the principal? s decision making. Survey was applied in this study which data have been analyzed by path analysis after all variables put into correlation matrix. In this research, the school principals have been chosen as a unit analysis and 40 samples were selected randomly. The result of the study finds out that the principal? s decision making is effected directly by emotional intelligence, leadership style, and interpersonal communication. It also found that principal? s decision making is effected indirectly by emotional intelligence and leadership style as well, both through interpersonal communication. Based on those findings, it could be concluded that variation which occurred at decision making of the principals might have been effected by the variations of emotional intelligence, leadership style and interpersonal communication. Keywords- Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Style, Correlation Matrix, Interpersonal Communication, Decision Making
On the Decidability of Continuous Time Specification Formalisms

We consider an interpretation of monadic second-order logic of order in the continuous time structure of finitely variable signals and show the decidability of monadic logic in this structure. The expressive power of monadic logic is illustrated by providing a straightforward meaning preserving translation into monadic logic of three typical continuous time specification formalism: temporal logic of reals, restricted duration calculus and the propositional fragment of mean value calculus. As a by-product of the decidability of monadic logic we obtain that the above formalisms are decidable even when extended by quantifiers.
Airborne measurements of nucleation mode particles II: boreal forest nucleation events

Airborne measurements of nucleation mode aerosol concentrations during nucleation events over the boreal forest of southern Finland are reported. Three case studies are analysis in an attempt to characterise the spatial scales over which these events occur and to identify the source region for particle production. For the cases presented, there is no evidence of nucleation mode particles in the Free Troposphere. Nucleation mode particles are first detected in the surface layer as the nocturnal inversion breaks up and develops into the current-day's new boundary layer. In terms of spatial variability, significant variability in the concentration of nucleation mode particles was observed and was attributed to changes in the topography which comprised a mix of forest canopy and frozen lakes. Measurements over the Gulf of Bothnia indicated no nucleation mode over the sea and confirm that the scale of the events is associated with the boreal forest scale and that the new particles are produced directly above the forest canopy.
Testing for Significance of Increased Correlation with Human Judgment

Automatic metrics are widely used in machine translation as a substitute for human assessment. With the introduction of any new metric comes the question of just how well that metric mimics human assessment of translation quality. This is often measured by correlation with human judgment. Significance tests are generally not used to establish whether improvements over existing methods such as BLEU are statistically significant or have occurred simply by chance, however. In this paper, we introduce a significance test for comparing correlations of two metrics, along with an open-source implementation of the test. When applied to a range of metrics across seven language pairs, tests show that for a high proportion of metrics, there is insufficient evidence to conclude significant improvement over BLEU.
Contextual Bandits with Similarity Information

In a multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem, an online algorithm makes a sequence of choices. In each round it chooses from a time-invariant set of alternatives and receives the payoff associated with this alternative. While the case of small strategy sets is by now well-understood, a lot of recent work has focused on MAB problems with exponentially or infinitely large strategy sets, where one needs to assume extra structure in order to make the problem tractable. In particular, recent literature considered information on similarity between arms. We consider similarity information in the setting of contextual bandits, a natural extension of the basic MAB problem where before each round an algorithm is given the context--a hint about the payoffs in this round. Contextual bandits are directly motivated by placing advertisements on web pages, one of the crucial problems in sponsored search. A particularly simple way to represent similarity information in the contextual bandit setting is via a similarity distance between the context-arm pairs which bounds from above the difference between the respective expected payoffs. Prior work on contextual bandits with similarity uses "uniform" partitions of the similarity space, so that each context-arm pair is approximated by the closest pair in the partition. Algorithms based on "uniform" partitions disregard the structure of the payoffs and the context arrivals, which is potentially wasteful. We present algorithms that are based on adaptive partitions, and take advantage of "benign" payoffs and context arrivals without sacrificing the worst-case performance. The central idea is to maintain a finer partition in high-payoff regions of the similarity space and in popular regions of the context space. Our results apply to several other settings, e.g., MAB with constrained temporal change (Slivkins and Upfal, 2008) and sleeping bandits (Kleinberg et al., 2008a).