Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Assembly of Massive Galaxies from Near-Infrared Observations of the Hubble Deep Field-South

We use a deep KAB ≤ 25 galaxy sample in the Hubble Deep Field-South to trace the evolution of the cosmological stellar mass density from z ≃ 0.5 to z ≃ 3. We find clear evidence for a decrease of the average stellar mass density at high redshift, 2 ≤ z ≤ 3.5, that is 15% of the local value, 2 times higher than observed in the Hubble Deep Field-North. To take into account for the selection effects, we define a homogeneous subsample of galaxies with 1010 M☉ ≤ M* ≤ 1011 M☉: in this sample, the mass density at z > 2 is 20% of the local value. In the mass-limited subsample at z > 2, the fraction of passively fading galaxies is at most 25%, although they can contribute up to about 40% of the stellar mass density. On the other hand, star-forming galaxies at z > 2 form stars with an average specific rate of at least ≃ 4 × 10-10 yr-1, 3 times higher than the z ≤ 1 value. This implies that UV-bright star-forming galaxies are substancial contributors to the rise of the stellar mass density with cosmic time. Although these results are globally consistent with Λ-CDM scenarios, the present rendition of semianalytic models fails to match the stellar mass density produced by more massive galaxies present at z > 2.
Groupe de Recherche en Économie et Développement International Cahier de recherche / Working Paper 07-22 Productivity and innovation: an overview of the issues

To introduce the subject, the paper compares the Canadian performance on principal indicators of productivity and innovation with the U.S. and other countries. Follows an overview of principal sources of economic welfare, economic growth and increasing productivity with a special attention given to the relationship between productivity growth and innovation. Before addressing the relationship between innovation and productivity, the paper introduces the concepts and their operational measures or indicators, the sources of innovation and their effects as well as financing and public policies in support of innovation. In the section on the link between innovation and productivity the paper surveys the representative empirical studies of this relationship on industry and enterprise level, including the evidence on private and social returns on investment in R&D and innovation in Canada and abroad. Follows a description of the current econometric modelling of micro-data on innovation and its effect on firm performance. These innovation surveysbased micro econometric studies are inspired by the four-stage CDM model that predicts (1) the probability that a firm innovates, (2) the resources it invests in the activity, (3) the commercial results of innovation and (4) the effect of innovation on firms’ performance indicators such as sales per employee, labour productivity and its growth etc. This model provides the standardized methodology for an ongoing international research project analyzing the data from innovation surveys of majority of OECD countries.
A "SECOND OPINION" ON THE ECONOMIC HEALTH OF THE AMERICAN MIDDLE CLASS

Researchers considering levels and trends in the resources available to the middle class traditionally measure the pre-tax cash income of tax units or the pre-tax, post-transfer, size-adjusted income of households. Choices regarding the income measure and sharing unit to be analyzed, as well as other methodological choices, carry significant implications for assessing income trends. In particular, we show that focusing on tax units rather than households and not adjusting for sharing unit size greatly reduces measured growth in middle class income, as does excluding the effect of taxes and the value of in-kind benefits. As an example, we demonstrate how much these distinctions change the observed distribution of benefits from the tax exclusion of employer provided health insurance.
INDOOR LOCALIZATION USING WI-FI BASED FINGERPRINTING AND TRILATERATION TECHIQUES FOR LBS APPLICATIONS

Abstract. The past few years have seen wide spread adoption of outdoor positioning services, mainly GPS, being incorporated into everyday devices such as smartphones and tablets. While outdoor positioning has been well received by the public, its indoor counterpart has been mostly limited to private use due to its higher costs and complexity for setting up the proper environment. The objective of this research is to provide an affordable mean for indoor localization using wireless local area network (WLAN) Wi-Fi technology. We combined two different Wi-Fi approaches to locate a user. The first method involves the use of matching the pre-recorded received signal strength (RSS) from nearby access points (AP), to the data transmitted from the user on the fly. This is commonly known as "fingerprint matching". The second approach is a distance-based trilateration approach using three known AP coordinates detected on the user's device to derive the position. The combination of the two steps enhances the accuracy of the user position in an indoor environment allowing location-based services (LBS) such as mobile augmented reality (MAR) to be deployed more effectively in the indoor environment. The mapping of the RSS map can also prove useful to IT planning personnel for covering locations with no Wi-Fi coverage (ie. dead spots). The experiments presented in this research helps provide a foundation for the integration of indoor with outdoor positioning to create a seamless transition experience for users.
The Effects of Economic and Political Integration on Fiscal Decentralization: Evidence from OECD Countries

This paper examines the impact of economic and political integration on the vertical government structure. It argues that, by increasing the market size and the benefits of decentralized provision of public goods, integration triggered the recent process of decentralization in OECD countries. A panel analysis relates the degree of fiscal decentralization to economic and European integration, controlling for interregional heterogeneity, economies of scale, and institutions. The results mostly support a decentralizing effect of economic integration in general and of European integration in particular for heterogeneous EU countries, whereas participation of subnational governments in national decision-making is associated with more centralization.
An Optical Ultrahigh‐Resolution Cross‐dispersed Echelle Spectrographwith Adaptive Optics

A prototype cross‐dispersed optical echelle spectrograph of very high resolution has been designed and built at Steward Observatory and tested at the Starfire Optical Range 1.5 m telescope. It is the first spectrograph to take advantage of diffraction‐limited images provided by adaptive optics in order to achieve a potential resolving power of R ∼ 600,000. The wavelength coverage in a single exposure is about 300 Å, which is approximately 100 times that of conventional spectrographs operating at comparable resolution. This was achieved by recording 60 cross‐dispersed orders across the 18 × 18 mm2 area of the CCD detector. The total efficiency of the system, including the sky and telescope transmission, spectrograph, and CCD detector, is measured to be 1.3% at peak, much higher than that of other ultrahigh‐resolution spectrographs. Sample stellar spectra with R ∼ 250,000 are presented.
Convergence and the Cypriot Economies:Time Series Theory and Evidence, 1977-2000

This paper empirically investigates the convergence hypothesis in terms of GDP per capita (or worker) and total factor productivity for both Northern and Southern Cyprus economies over the period 1977-2000. We test whether both economies during this period converge to a common steady state growth path in the neoclassical modelling framework by conducting unit root tests. We also estimate the productivity level and the ‘economic distance’ between the two economies based on the concept of ‘total factor productivity’ (TFP) and the ‘half-life’ formula respectively. The evidence indicates that there is no tendency for the two economies to converge on a common steady state growth path. The evidence also suggests that the Northern economy is less productive than the Southern one and under current conditions would cover half the ‘economic distance’ to the Southern economy in an average of 30 years.
Distinct Subsets of CD1d-restricted T Cells Recognize Self-antigens Loaded in Different Cellular Compartments

Although recent studies have indicated that the major histocompatibility complex–like, β2-microglobulin–associated CD1 molecules might function to present a novel chemical class of antigens, lipids and glycolipids, to α/β T cells, little is known about the T cell subsets that interact with CD1. A subset of CD1d-autoreactive, natural killer (NK)1.1 receptor–expressing α/β T cells has recently been identified. These cells, which include both CD4−CD8− and CD4+ T cells, preferentially use an invariant Vα14-Jα281 T cell receptor (TCR) α chain paired with a Vβ8 TCR β chain in mice, or the homologous Vα24-JαQ/Vβ11 in humans. This cell subset can explosively release key cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ upon TCR engagement and may regulate a variety of infectious and autoimmune conditions. Here, we report the existence of a second subset of CD1d-restricted CD4+ T cells that do not express the NK1.1 receptor or the Vα14 TCR. Like the Vα14+ NK1.1+ T cells, these T cells exhibit a high frequency of autoreactivity to CD1d, use a restricted albeit distinct set of TCR gene families, and contribute to the early burst of IL-4 and IFN-γ induced by intravenous injection of anti-CD3. However, the Vα14+ NK1.1+ and Vα14− NK1.1− T cells differ markedly in their requirements for self-antigen presentation. Antigen presentation to the Vα14+ NK1.1+ cells requires endosomal targeting of CD1d through a tail-encoded tyrosine-based motif, whereas antigen presentation to the Vα14− NK1.1− cells does not. These experiments suggest the existence of two phenotypically different subsets of CD1d-restricted T cells that survey self-antigens loaded in distinct cellular compartments.
Property Tax Auction Sales

We analyze sales of tax delinquent properties offered at a single property tax auction. Data on 1,073 parcels offered at the 1987 tax sale in Indianapolis are used. The two-stage Heckman selectivity model is used for the estimation. The results indicate that more valuable, developed, residential parcels located outside of the central city are more likely to sell. Higher minimum bids decrease the probability of sale. Parcels offered later in the auction are less likely to sell. The selling price is associated with a property's assessed value, with a negative premium for properties located in the city center.
Crisis Politics in Authoritarian Regimes: How Crises Catalyse Changes Under the State–Society Interactive Framework

Most studies and research on crisis management and government crises focus on nations that are advanced and democratic. Through the institutionalized mechanism of voting, the public can respond to a government's handling of a crisis without destabilizing the democratic system of government. However, the consequences of crises, particularly governance crises, in authoritarian regimes have not been adequately addressed. Drawing upon different frameworks in the field, this paper proposes a heuristic crisis development ladder and a state–society interactive framework more relevant for studying crisis management in authoritarian nations such as China. By focusing on the catalytic effect of crisis that accelerates reforms and changes, this paper argues that critical crises are politically powerful and decisive in authoritarian systems, especially in the context of an increasingly proactive civil society. This paper illustrates the crisis provoking politics that influences decision‐making under non‐democratic rule.
Stability of networked control systems with variable sampling and delay

We consider Networked Control Systems (NCSs) consisting of a LTI plant; a linear static or dynamic feedback controller; a collection of sensors that provide measureme nts to the controller; and a collection of actuators that are used to control the plant. The different elements of the control system are spatially distributed, but interconnected through a communication network. Due to the shared and unreliable channel used to connect the subsystems, the sampling interv als are uncertain and variable. Moreover, samples may be droppe d and experience uncertain and variable delays before arrivi ng at the destination. We show that the resulting NCSs can be viewed as a MIMO sampled-data system with variable sampling intervals and delay, which can be modeled by linear infinitedimensional impulsive systems. The infinite dimensionalit y of the system arises from the existence of delays. We provide conditions for the stability of the closed-loop expressed i n terms of LMIs. By solving these LMIs, one can determine positive constants related to each entity sent through the network th at determines an upper bound between the sampling time and the next update time at the destination of that entity, for which stability of the closed-loop system is guaranteed.
Respiratory Impairment after Early Red Cell Transfusion in Pediatric Patients with ALI/ARDS

Introduction. In the first 48 hours of ventilating patients with acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a multipronged approach including packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion is undertaken to maintain oxygen delivery. Hypothesis. We hypothesized children with ALI/ARDS transfused within 48 hours of initiating mechanical ventilation would have worse outcome. The course of 34 transfused patients was retrospectively compared to 45 nontransfused control patients admitted to the PICU at Helen DeVos Children's Hospital between January 1st 2008 and December 31st 2009. Results. Mean hemoglobin (Hb) prior to transfusion was 8.2 g/dl compared to 10.1 g/dl in control. P/F ratio decreased from 135.4 ± 7.5 to 116.5 ± 8.8 in transfused but increased from 148.0 ± 8.0 to 190.4 ± 17.8 (P < 0.001) in control. OI increased in the transfused from 11.7 ± 0.9 to 18.7 ± 1.6 but not in control. Ventilator days in the transfused were 15.6 ± 1.7 versus 9.5 ± 0.6 days in control (P < 0.001). There was a trend towards higher rates of MODS in transfused patients; 29.4% versus 17.7%, odds ratio 1.92, 95% CI; 0.6–5.6 Fisher exact P < 0.282. Conclusion. This study suggests that early transfusions of patients with ALI/ARDS were associated with increased ventilatory needs.
Embedded hypersurfaces with constant $m^{\text{th}}$ mean curvature in a unit sphere

In this paper, we study $n$-dimensional hypersurfaces with constant $m^{\text{th}}$ mean curvature in a unit sphere $S^{n+1}(1)$ and construct many compact nontrivial embedded hypersurfaces with constant $m^{\text{th}}$ mean curvature $H_m>0$ in $S^{n+1}(1)$, for $1\leq m\leq n-1$. In particular, if the $4^{\text{th}}$ mean curvature $H_4$ takes value between $\dfrac{1}{(\tan \frac{\pi}{k})^4}$ and $\dfrac{k^4-4}{n(n-4)}$ for any integer $k\geq3$, then there exists an $n$-dimensional ($n\geq 5$) compact nontrivial embedded hypersurface with constant $H_4$ in $S^{n+1}(1)$.
Endogenous Growth Models

Much of the recent literature distinguishes between exogenous and endogenous growth models. We have studied the former, and now we look at the latter. What is the difference? The importance difference is that in the former the steady-state growth rate is determined exogenously, e.g., technical change. In the latter, it is determined endogenously. The models are interesting because they often leave a role for policy. One of the main reasons why economists have grown interested in endogenous growth is because of an empirical puzzle. The neo-classical model predicts that countries with low per-capita incomes grow faster than those with high y, so that over time per-capita incomes converge. At first the data we had seemed to support this prediction, but soon it became evident that this result was a product of sample selection; the early data sets included only those countries that had industrialized, so their per-capita incomes had been growing closer over time. When attention was shifted to broader data sets it became apparent that poor countries were not converging, on average. For every South Korea there was a Phillipines, where per-capita income over 1960-85 grew at a slightly lower rate than in the US despite the fact that in 1960 yp =0.1yUS. This observation presents a problem for the standard model of growth. To see why assume that
National Cultural Influences on Knowledge Sharing: A Comparison of China and Russia

This paper presents a set of theoretical propositions regarding knowledge sharing in China and Russia. We argue that there are important national cultural similarities and differences between the two countries that result in certain similarities and differences in individual knowledge-sharing behaviour in Chinese and Russian organizations. We claim that vertical collectivism and particularistic social relations in China and Russia lead to intensive social relations among organizational members, which facilitate knowledge sharing between in-group members in organizations in both countries. We also maintain that differences in the essence of collectivism as well as in the extent of collectivism in the two cultural contexts lead to different intensities of knowledge sharing in Chinese and Russian organizations. Finally, we discuss theoretical and management implications of this research.
Proteomic-based discovery of nutrient-gene regulations: implications for gut health

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.
Do the Pseudospectra of a Matrix Determine its Behavior

matrix behavior cannot be inferred from the norm of the resolvent (Theorem 2). It remains to be seen, however, whether the gap between these two kinds of information may be quantiiable. For example, the gap between the norms of powers kA n k and the bound provided by the Kreiss Matrix Theorem is known to be linear in the dimension of the matrix|remarkably small, in view of the exponential factors that appear in the process of taking powers. It would be interesting to know whether analogous results may hold for more general functions p(A).
INFLUENCE OF PATIENT AGE AND COLORECTAL POLYP SIZE ON HISTOPATHOLOGY FINDINGS

Background Colorectal cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and can arise through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Colonoscopy is considered the method of choice for population-wide cancer screening. Aim To assess the characteristics of endoscopically resected polyps in a consecutive series of patients who underwent colonoscopy at a university hospital and compare histopathology findings according to patient age and polyp size. Methods Retrospective, cross-sectional of 1950 colonoscopy reports from consecutively examined patients. The sample was restricted to reports that mentioned colorectal polyps. A chart review was carried out for collection of demographic data and histopathology results. Data were compared for polyps sized ≤0.5 cm and ≥0.6 cm and then for polyps sized ≤1.0 cm and ≥1.1 cm. Finally, all polyps resected from patients aged 49 years or younger were compared with those resected from patients aged 50 years or older. Results A total of 272 colorectal polyps were resected in 224 of the 1950 colonoscopies included in the sample (11.5%). Polyps >1 cm tended to be pedunculated (p=0.000) and were more likely to exhibit an adenomatous component (p=0.001), a villous component (p=0.000), and dysplasia (p=0.003). These findings held true when the size cutoff was set at 0.5 cm. Patients aged 50 years or older were more likely to have sessile polyps (p=0.023) and polyps located in the proximal colon (p=0.009). There were no significant differences between groups in histopathology or presence of dysplasia. Conclusion Polyp size is associated with presence of adenomas, a villous component, and dysplasia, whereas patient age is more frequently associated with sessile polyps in the proximal colon.
Biodiversity of Vibrios

SUMMARY Vibrios are ubiquitous and abundant in the aquatic environment. A high abundance of vibrios is also detected in tissues and/or organs of various marine algae and animals, e.g., abalones, bivalves, corals, fish, shrimp, sponges, squid, and zooplankton. Vibrios harbour a wealth of diverse genomes as revealed by different genomic techniques including amplified fragment length polymorphism, multilocus sequence typing, repetetive extragenic palindrome PCR, ribotyping, and whole-genome sequencing. The 74 species of this group are distributed among four different families, i.e., Enterovibrionaceae, Photobacteriaceae, Salinivibrionaceae, and Vibrionaceae. Two new genera, i.e., Enterovibrio norvegicus and Grimontia hollisae, and 20 novel species, i.e., Enterovibrio coralii, Photobacterium eurosenbergii, V. brasiliensis, V. chagasii, V. coralliillyticus, V. crassostreae, V. fortis, V. gallicus, V. hepatarius, V. hispanicus, V. kanaloaei, V. neonatus, V. neptunius, V. pomeroyi, V. pacinii, V. rotiferianus, V. superstes, V. tasmaniensis, V. ezurae, and V. xuii, have been described in the last few years. Comparative genome analyses have already revealed a variety of genomic events, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, loss of genes by decay or deletion, and gene acquisitions through duplication or horizontal transfer (e.g., in the acquisition of bacteriophages, pathogenicity islands, and super-integrons), that are probably important driving forces in the evolution and speciation of vibrios. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomics through the application of, e.g., microarrays will facilitate the investigation of the gene repertoire at the species level. Based on such new genomic information, the taxonomy and the species concept for vibrios will be reviewed in the next years.
Characterization of a Novel MMS-Sensitive Allele of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mcm4+

The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex is the conserved helicase motor of the eukaryotic replication fork. Mutations in the Mcm4 subunit are associated with replication stress and double strand breaks in multiple systems. In this work, we characterize a new temperature-sensitive allele of Schizosaccharomyces pombe mcm4+. Uniquely among known mcm4 alleles, this mutation causes sensitivity to the alkylation damaging agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Even in the absence of treatment or temperature shift, mcm4-c106 cells show increased repair foci of RPA and Rad52, and require the damage checkpoint for viability, indicating genome stress. The mcm4-c106 mutant is synthetically lethal with mutations disrupting fork protection complex (FPC) proteins Swi1 and Swi3. Surprisingly, we found that the deletion of rif1+ suppressed the MMS-sensitive phenotype without affecting temperature sensitivity. Together, these data suggest that mcm4-c106 destabilizes replisome structure.