Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypothermia Protects and Prolongs the Tolerance Time of Retinal Ganglion Cells against Ischemia

Purpose Hypothermia has been shown to be neuroprotective in the therapy of ischemic stroke in the brain. To date no studies exist on the level of the inner retina and it is unclear if hypothermia would prolong the ischemic tolerance time of retinal ganglion cells, which are decisive in many ischemic retinopathies. Methods Bovine eyes were enucleated and stored either at 21°C or 37°C for 100 or 340 minutes, respectively. Afterwards the globes were dissected, the retina was prepared and either the spontaneous ganglion cell responses were measured or the retina was incubated as an organotypic culture for additional 24 hours. After incubation the retina was either processed for histology (H&E and DAPI staining) or real-time PCR (Thy-1 expression) was performed. Results Hypothermia prolonged ganglion cell survival up to 340 minutes under ischemic conditions. In contrast to eyes kept at 37°C the eyes stored at 21°C still showed spontaneous ganglion cell spiking (56.8% versus 0%), a 5.8 fold higher Thy-1 mRNA expression (not significant, but a trend) and a preserved retinal structure after 340 minutes of ischemia. Conclusion Hypothermia protects retinal ganglion cells against ischemia and prolongs their ischemic tolerance time.
Hepatoprotective effects of insulin-like growth factor I in rats with carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Bioavailability of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) is reduced in liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of IGF-I on liver histopathology and function in experimental cirrhosis. METHODS Rats received CCl4 inhalations for 11 or 30 weeks (protocols 1 and 2, respectively) and were treated with 2 microg x 100 g body wt(-1) x day(-1) IGF-I (group CI + IGF) or saline (group CI) on weeks 13 and 14 (protocol 1) or on weeks 28-30 (protocol 2). Normal rats were studied in parallel. RESULTS Serum albumin and total protein levels were reduced in CI but not in CI + IGF rats compared with normal rats. Clotting factors II, VII, and X were significantly greater in CI + IGF than in CI rats. Liver lipid peroxidation products were significantly increased in CI but not in CI + IGF rats, and liver fibrosis was less pronounced in CI + IGF than in CI animals. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and mitochondrial transmembrane potential were reduced compared with normal animals in CI but not in CI + IGF rats. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I improves liver function and reduces oxidative liver damage and fibrosis in rats with compensated or advanced liver cirrhosis. Improved mitochondrial function could play a role in the hepatoprotective effect of this hormone.
HYDRODYNAMIC MODELS OF SELF-ORGANIZED DYNAMICS: DERIVATION AND EXISTENCE THEORY ∗

This paper is concerned with the derivation and analysis of hydrodynamic models for systems of self-propelled particles subject to alignment interaction and attraction-repulsion. In- troducing various scalings, the effects of the alignment and attraction-repulsion interactions give rise to a variety of hydrodynamic limits. For instance, local alignment produces a pressure term at the hydrodynamic limit whereas near-local alignment induces a viscosity term. Depending on the scal- ings, attraction-repulsion either yields an additional pressure term or a capillary force (also termed 'Korteweg force'). The hydrodynamic limits are shown to be symmetrizable hyperbolic systems with viscosity terms. A local-in-time existence result is proved in the 2D case for the viscous model and in the 3D case for the inviscid model.
Activation of Multiple Phoneme Associates of Graphemes in Visual Word Recognition

One general issue in the domain of visual word recognition is to delineate the nature of readers' knowledge of the print-sound mapping. A more specific question is to determine whether multiple grapheme-phoneme associations are available and activated during the phonological transcoding of a letter string. Evidence for the activation of irregular associations during print-to-sound transcoding, independently from lexical influences, was assessed in a letter detection task by examining performance on target-absent pseudowords. We contrasted two types of pseudowords that could be considered homophone with a real word by application of either grapheme-phoneme correspondence rules or of multiple phonemic activation. Performance on both types of homophones was compared to nonhomophone control pseudowords, strictly equivalent in terms of orthographic similarity to the base words. The finding of a homophony disadvantage for the homophones by multiple activation was interpreted as evidence for multiple phonemic activation in the print-to-sound conversion system.
Activated microglia enhance neurogenesis via trypsinogen secretion

White matter neurons in multiple sclerosis brains are destroyed during demyelination and then replaced in some chronic multiple sclerosis lesions that exhibit a morphologically distinct population of activated microglia [Chang A, et al. (2008) Brain 131(Pt 9):2366–2375]. Here we investigated whether activated microglia secrete factors that promote the generation of neurons from white matter cells. Adult rat brain microglia (resting or activated with lipopolysaccharide) were isolated by flow cytometry and cocultured with neonatal rat optic nerve cells in separate but media-connected chambers. Optic nerve cells cocultured with activated microglia showed a significant increase in the number of cells of neuronal phenotype, identified by neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TUJ-1) labeling, compared with cultures with resting microglia. To investigate the possible source of the TUJ-1–positive cells, A2B5-positive oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and A2B5-negative cells were isolated and cocultured with resting and activated microglia. Significantly more TUJ-1–positive cells were generated from A2B5-negative cells (∼70%) than from A2B5-positive cells (∼30%). Mass spectrometry analysis of microglia culture media identified protease serine 2 (PRSS2) as a factor secreted by activated, but not resting, microglia. When added to optic nerve cultures, PRSS2 significantly increased neurogenesis, whereas the serine protease inhibitor, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor, decreased activated microglia-induced neurogenesis. Collectively our data provide evidence that activated microglia increase neurogenesis through secretion of PRSS2.
Inflammatory response of endothelial cells to hepatitis C virus recombinant envelope glycoprotein 2 protein exposure

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) encodes approximately 10 different structural and non-structural proteins, including the envelope glycoprotein 2 (E2). HCV proteins, especially the envelope proteins, bind to cell receptors and can damage tissues. Endothelial inflammation is the most important determinant of fibrosis progression and, consequently, cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the inflammatory response of endothelial cells to two recombinant forms of the HCV E2 protein produced in different expression systems (Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris). We observed the induction of cell death and the production of nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide, interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor A in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated by the two recombinant E2 proteins. The E2-induced apoptosis of HUVECs was confirmed using the molecular marker PARP. The apoptosis rescue observed when the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine was used suggests that reactive oxygen species are involved in E2-induced apoptosis. We propose that these proteins are involved in the chronic inflammation caused by HCV.
Persistent Firing Supported by an Intrinsic Cellular Mechanism in a Component of the Head Direction System

The rat postsubiculum has head direction cells that fire persistently when the rat's head is oriented in particular directions. This persistent firing is maintained even if the rat is motionless, when spatial cues are removed from the environment and in the dark, but the mechanism that supports persistent firing of the head direction cells is still unclear. Here, using in vitro whole-cell patch recording, we found that a short-triggering stimulus (as few as five induced spikes) can initiate persistent firing in cells of the postsubiculum. Pharmacological results indicated that this persistent firing is driven by a calcium-sensitive nonselective cation current. The distribution of cells with persistent firing in superficial and deep layers in the postsubiculum was similar to that of head direction cells. These results suggest that persistent firing of head direction cells in the postsubiculum could be supported by an intrinsic mechanism.
The conflicted language of interracial feedback.

How is the natural language of feedback affected when instructors are White and learners are minorities? The present research addressed this question using a website called Feedback Forward through which White undergraduates provided extensive open-ended responses on a poorly written essay supposedly drafted by either a Black or a White fellow student. Results revealed a dissociation between the substance and style of feedback to the Black writer. The Black writer received selectively more overt praise for his or her writing and writing skills, and more encouragement to pursue a writing-related career, replicating past studies of the positive bias. However, this positively biased feedback was conveyed in a selectively more “lenient” style, marked by a simpler and less analytic vocabulary, more personal pronouns, more positive emotion words, and syntax that more closely mimicked that of the poorly written essay. Discomfort supplying feedback moderated these effects. Increased discomfort was associated with more substantive criticism to the White writer, and with a more lenient style to the Black writer. In sum, minority learners may be receiving open-ended feedback that is a perplexing blend of explicit praise conveyed in an implicitly diminishing manner. Additional results showed that manipulated self-image concerns produced positively biased copyedits to the Black writer, replicating Harber, Stafford, and Kennedy (2010). Direct queries from the fictive writer—in the form of rating-based questions—also favored the Black writer, whose essay, ability, and prospects were rated higher than those of the White writer. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Bacterivory by heterotrophic nanoflagellates in marine sediments measured by uptake of fluorescently labeled bacteria

In situ grazing of heterotrophic nanoflagellates on bacteria in marine sediments was investigated. We adapted a method to study the intake of food particles, i.e. fluorescently labeled bacteria (FLB), to use with flagellates in sediments. Effects of different techniques to disperse the added FLB in sediments were studied. The variables measured were flagellate density, grazing rate, percentage of flagellates with flagellum and percentage of flagellates containing FLB. In order to relate grazing rates to flagellate biovolume, flagellate cell dimensions were measured. To correct for cell shrinkage due to fixation we measured shrinkage in 4 cultured benthic flagellate species In sandy sediments nanoflagellate grazing rates varied between 0 and 104 bacteria flagellate-' h-' and increased with increasing flagellate biovolume. Cell biovolume shrinkage ranged widely depending on species, fixation and staining (range 21 to 57 ' X , ) . No d~fferences were found between the effects of the varlous mixing methods on any of the measul-ed parameters. Percentage of total flagellates In the community ingesting FLB varied between 5 and 27. The occurrence in our sediment samples of flagellates without ingested FLB is discussed
Pollen, tapetum and orbicule development in Modiolastrum malvifolium (Malvaceae).

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although orbicular functions are still a matter of debate, they are considered by most authors to be exclusively formed by a secretory tapetum. However, the presence of orbicules on a peritapetal membrane associated with a plasmodial tapetum has been described for Abutilon pictum (Malvaceae) in a previous study. Thus, studies on other species of Malvaceae are necessary to corroborate the presence of such bodies in other members of the family. Pollen and microsporangium development of Modiolastrum malvifolium has been studied in this work. METHODS Anthers at different stages of development were processed for transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy. Membranes and pollen walls resistant to acetolysis were isolated from whole anthers. KEY RESULTS Microspore tetrads have a tetrahedral arrangement. Pollen grains are shed at the bicellular stage. The tapetum is invasive, non-syncytial and a peritapetal membrane with orbicules is formed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of the presence of orbicules on a peritapetal membrane in a species with a tapetum of an invasive, non-syncytial type. Taking into consideration all the information on the subject, it can be concluded that the presence of orbicules is not a stable criterion to differentiate between a secretory or plasmodial, or intermediate invasive, non-syncytial tapetum.
Dark energy equation of state parameter and its evolution at low redshift

In this paper, we constrain dark energy models using a compendium of observations at low redshifts. We consider the dark energy as a barotropic fluid, with the equation of state a constant as well the case where dark energy equation of state is a function of time. The observations considered here are Supernova Type Ia data, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation data and Hubble parameter measurements. We compare constraints obtained from these data and also do a combined analysis. The combined observational constraints put strong limits on variation of dark energy density with redshift. For varying dark energy models, the range of parameters preferred by the supernova type Ia data is in tension with the other low redshift distance measurements.
Tricyclic Antidepressant Amitriptyline Indirectly Increases the Proliferation of Adult Dentate Gyrus-Derived Neural Precursors: An Involvement of Astrocytes

Antidepressants increase the proliferation of neural precursors in adult dentate gyrus (DG), which is considered to be involved in the therapeutic action of antidepressants. However, the mechanism underlying it remains unclear. By using cultured adult rat DG-derived neural precursors (ADP), we have already shown that antidepressants have no direct effects on ADP. Therefore, antidepressants may increase the proliferation of neural precursors in adult DG via unknown indirect mechanism. We have also shown that amitriptyline (AMI), a tricyclic antidepressant, induces the expressions of GDNF, BDNF, FGF2 and VEGF, common neurogenic factors, in primary cultured astrocytes (PCA). These suggest that AMI-induced factors in astrocytes may increase the proliferation of neural precursors in adult DG. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effects of AMI-induced factors and conditioned medium (CM) from PCA treated with AMI on ADP proliferation. The effects of CM and factors on ADP proliferation were examined with BrdU immunocytochemistry. AMI had no effect on ADP proliferation, but AMI-treated CM increased it. The receptors of GDNF, BDNF and FGF2, but not VEGF, were expressed in ADP. FGF2 significantly increased ADP proliferation, but not BDNF and GDNF. In addition, both of a specific inhibitor of FGF receptors and anti-FGF2 antibody significantly counteracted the increasing effect of CM on ADP proliferation. In addition, FGF2 in brain is mainly derived from astrocytes that are key components of the neurogenic niches in adult DG. These suggest that AMI may increase ADP proliferation indirectly via PCA and that FGF2 may a potential candidate to mediate such an indirect effect of AMI on ADP proliferation via astrocytes.
Modulation of renal disease in autoimmune NZB/NZW mice by immunization with bacterial DNA

Preautoimmune New Zealand Black/White (NZB/NZW) mice immunized with Escherichia coli (EC) double standard (ds) DNA produce antibodies that bind mammalian dsDNA and display specificities similar to spontaneous lupus anti-DNA. Since calf thymus (CT) dsDNA fails to induce these antibodies, these results suggest a special potency of foreign DNA in inducing serological manifestations of lupus in a susceptible host. To assess the effects of DNA immunization on clinical manifestations in NZB/NZW mice, we measured renal disease and survival of mice immunized with either (a) EC dsDNA as complexes with methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) in adjuvant; (b) CT dsDNA with mBSA in adjuvant; (c)mBSA alone in adjuvant; or (d) unimmunized. After immunization with EC dsDNA, NZB/NZW mice developed significant levels of anti-dsDNA antibodies. Nevertheless, these mice had less proteinuria, nitrate/nitrite excretion, and glomerular pathology than mice immunized with either mBSA alone, CT dsDNA/mBSA complexes, or unimmunized mice. Survival of the EC dsDNA immunized mice was significantly increased compared with the other mice. Furthermore, immunization of mice after the onset of anti-DNA production and proteinuria stabilized nephritis and prolonged survival. The improvement in renal disease occurred despite the expression of autoantibodies that bound mammalian dsDNA as well as glomerular antigens. These results suggest that bacterial DNA has immunological properties that attenuate murine lupus despite the induction of pathogenic antibodies.
Relations sociales et ajustements à la crise: une analyse microstatistique comparative franco‐britannique

Dans cette etude comparative sur la France et la Grande‐Bretagne, les auteurs analysent les liens entre relations professionnelles et ajustements (des effectifs et des salaires) face a la crise de 2007–2008, en s'appuyant sur deux enquetes au niveau des etablissements, fortement comparables, l'une britannique (WERS), l'autre francaise (REPONSE), collectees en 2010–2012. Malgre des contextes differents (composition du tissu productif, temporalite et impact de la crise), les liens entre relations sociales et strategies d'ajustement semblent proches (la presence syndicale ne suffisant pas a empecher les ajustements). La differenciation des systemes de relations professionnelles ne permet donc pas d'expliquer les divergences de modes d'ajustement constatees au niveau macroeconomique.
Financial Market Imperfections and Business Cycles

This paper develops a simple model of macroeconomic behavior which incorporates the impact of financial market "imperfections," such as those generated by asymmetric information in financial markets. These information asymmetries may lead to breakdowns in markets, like that for equity, in which risks arm shared. In particular, we analyze firm behavior in the presence of equity rationing and imperfect futures markets, in which there are lags in production. Aft a consequence, firms act in a risk-averse manner. We trace out the macroeconomic consequences, and show that they are able to account for many of the widely observed aspects of actual business cycles.
Clustering of Red Galaxies near the Radio-loud Quasar 1335.8+2834 at z = 1.1

We have obtained new deep optical and near-infrared images of the field of the radio-loud quasar 1335.8+2834 at z = 1.086, where an excess in the surface number density of galaxies was reported by Hutchings et al. from optical data. We found a significant clustering of objects with very red optical-near-infrared colors, 4 ≲ R - K ≲ 6 and 3 ≲ I - K ≲ 5, near the quasar. The colors and magnitudes of the reddest objects are consistent with those of old (12 Gyr old at z = 0) passively evolving elliptical galaxies seen at z = 1.1, clearly defining a “red envelope” like that found in galaxy clusters at similar or lower redshifts. This evidence strongly suggests that the quasar resides in a moderately rich cluster of galaxies (richness class ≥0). There is also a relatively large fraction of objects with moderately red colors (3.5 < R - K < 4.5) that have a distribution on the sky similar to that of the reddest objects. They may be interpreted as cluster galaxies with some recent or ongoing star formation.
A New Study on the Driver's Emotion Model

A new driver model is presented in this paper, which considers the factors such as the driver's emotional state, driving target, driver's proficiency, personality traits, road condition, and it can overcome the problem that existing driver model can't suitable for some driving conditions, some conditions of safe driving and the emotion models are introduced about the free driving, car following, lane changing and overtaking, some factors' influence to the driver's decision is also involved, lastly, a vehicle simulation is experimented based on the model.
A Keck Survey of Gravitational Lens Systems. I. Spectroscopy of SBS 0909+532, HST 1411+5211, and CLASS B2319+051

We present new results from a continuing Keck program designed to study gravitational lens systems. We have obtained redshifts for three lens systems, SBS 0909+532, HST 1411+5211, and CLASS B2319+051. For all of these systems, either the source or lens redshift (or both) has been previously unidentified. Our observations provide some of these missing redshifts. We find (zl, zs) = (0.830, 1.377) for SBS 0909+532; (zl, zs) = (0.465, 2.811) for HST 1411+5211, although the source redshift is still tentative; and (zl,1, zl,2) = (0.624, 0.588) for the two lensing galaxies in CLASS B2319+051. The background radio source in B2319+051 has not been detected optically; its redshift is, therefore, still unknown. We find that the spectral features of the central lensing galaxy in all three systems are typical of an early-type galaxy. The observed image splittings in SBS 0909+532 and HST 1411+5211 imply that the masses within the Einstein ring radii of the lensing galaxies are 1.4 × 1011 and 2.0 × 1011 h-1 M⊙, respectively. The resulting B-band mass-to-light ratio (M/L) for HST 1411+5211 is 41.3 ± 1.2 h (M/L)⊙, a factor of ∼5 times higher than the average early-type lensing galaxy. This large mass-to-light ratio is almost certainly the result of the additional mass contribution from the cluster CL 3C 295 at z = 0.46. For the lensing galaxy in SBS 0909+532, we measure (M/L)B = 4 h (M/L)⊙, where the large errors are the result of significant uncertainty in the galaxy luminosity. While we cannot measure directly the mass-to-light ratio of the lensing galaxy in B2319+051, we estimate that (M/L)B is between 3–7 h (M/L)⊙.
iCBS: Incremental Costbased Scheduling under Piecewise Linear SLAs

In a cloud computing environment, it is beneficial for the cloud service provider to offer differentiated services among different customers, who often have different cost profiles. Therefore, cost-aware scheduling of queries is important. A practical cost-aware scheduling algorithm must be able to handle the highly demanding query volumes in the scheduling queues to make online scheduling decisions very quickly. We develop such a highly efficient cost-aware query scheduling algorithm, called iCBS. iCBS takes the query costs derived from the service level agreements (SLAs) between the service provider and its customers into account to make cost-aware scheduling decisions. iCBS is an incremental variation of an existing scheduling algorithm, CBS. Although CBS exhibits an exceptionally good cost performance, it has a prohibitive time complexity. Our main contributions are (1) to observe how CBS behaves under piecewise linear SLAs, which are very common in cloud computing systems, and (2) to efficiently leverage these observations and to reduce the online time complexity from O(N) for the original version CBS to O(log2 N) for iCBS.