Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cohesive devices in the esp textbook on accounting at university of labor and social affairs

This study is mainly aimed at analyzing cohesive devices in the reading texts on Accounting at ULSA, finding out teachers’ attitudes towards cohesion teaching. Four reading texts were chosen as core materials for the analysis of the cohesive devices. Five teachers from English Department were asked to take part in the interview in order to give ideas about their attitudes towards teaching cohesion. The analysis reveals that lexical cohesive devices are used more often in the textbooks than grammatical cohesive devices. The data from interview indicates that the teachers often teach cohesion in class but they can not cover all types of cohesion. Based on the findings, significant suggestions were provided for future applications in learning and teaching cohesion. It is hoped that the results of this research would be of some use for further study in the field.
THE EFFECTS OF HEART RATE ON BLOOD FLOW IN INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS

Det matematisk-naturvitenskapelige fakultet Universitetet i Oslo 2 Acknowledgements First of all I want to thank my supervisors Kent-Andre Mardal, Øyvind Evju and Martin Sandve Alnaes. I appreciate all the help I have gotten from discussions to e-mail answers at 9 o'clock on a Sunday. I am grateful to Simula Research Laboratory for meshes, Doppler images and computational power that have made this thesis possible. I would like to thank my mother Dagny, Jarle, Marius, Mikkel, Oda, my father Olav, Solfrid and my sister Sunniva for constructive feedback on my thesis. Also thanks my fellow students in B1002 for a great working environment and to all the friends I have met during these five years of study. Last but not least thanks to Caroline for being a patient and supportive girlfriend these last months. 3 Notation Ω A subdomain in R n. Ω(t) A subdomain in R n that varies with time t. ∂Ω The boundary of Ω. L p (Ω) Legesgue space p. C p (Ω) Space of functions which are p times differentiable. C p 0 (Ω) Space of functions which are p times differentiable with compact support. u Velocity field. We will not use common bold notation for vector functions as it will become clear due to the context if a function is vector or not. n The outward pointing normal of the boundary of a given domain. In the case of an integral the domain will be the one that is integrated over. dx We will use x as our variable over integration for all volume integrals, and it will be assumed that the functions to be integrated are functions of x. dS We will use dS to denote surface integration.
Asymptotic distributions for some quasi-efficient estimators i n echelon-form VARMA models 1

We study two linear estimators for stationary invertible VARMA models in echelon form (for identification), with known Kronecker indices. Such linear estimators are much simpler to compute than Gaussian maximum likelihood (ML) estimators often proposed for such models, which are highly nonlinear. The first estimator is an improved two-step estimator which can be interpreted as a generalized least squares (GLS) of the two-step least-squares estimator considered in Dufour and Jouini (2005), for a more general model which allows for the presence of drift parameters. The second estimator is a new relatively simple three-step linear estimator which is asymptotically equivalent to ML, hence efficient, when the innovations of the process are Gaussian. The proposed asymptotically efficient estimator is based on using modified approximate residuals which better take into account the truncation error associated with the approximate long autoregression used in the first step of the method. We show that both estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal under the assumption that the innovations are a strong white noise, possibly non-Gaussian. Explicit formulae for the asymptotic covariance matrices are provided. The proposed estimators make it relatively easy to estimate the parameters of VARMA models in echelon form, and the distributional theory does not rely on a Gaussian assumption, like maximum likelihood or the estimators considered by Hannan and Kavalieris (1984b) and Reinsel, Basu and Yap (1992). We present simulation evidence which indicate that the proposed three-step estimator typically performs better in finite samples than the alternative multi-step linear estimators suggested by Hannan and Kavalieris (1984b), Reinsel et al. (1992), and Poskitt and Salau (1995).
Mobilisation into and against Boko Haram in North-East Nigeria

Boko Haram is a jihadi movement that is now infamous for extreme violence and atrocities in northern Nigeria, and, more recently, for cross-border attacks on neighbouring countries. In less than five years a local insurrection against the Nigerian state became one of the deadliest insurgencies in the world. This chapter explores how this situation came about. The label “Boko Haram” refers to the network of people who are participating in this armed struggle (jihad), ostensibly to establish Islamic government in the region. In reality, this is not how Boko Haram are locally perceived, as their doctrine is viewed as flawed and their brutality has alienated them from the Muslim population of northern Nigeria. Their war of plunder and pillage has become progressively more arbitrary and deadly, inflicting widespread suffering and destruction on the population of the region. This has given rise to a regional military response from countries in the Lake Chad Basin and local resistance to counter Boko Haram in the form of youth vigilante groups. The Boko Haram insurgency has made Borno more insecure than at any time since Rabih Fadl Allah, the Sudanese warlord and slaver who invaded and devastated the Lake Chad Basin from 1893–1900, overrunning and pillaging Borno and destroying Kukawa, the then capital of the Borno Sultanate.2 The
The molecular gas content of the Pipe Nebula - I. Direct evidence of outflow-generated turbulence in B59?

Context. Star forming regions may share many characteristics, but the specific interplay between gravity, magnetic fields, large-scale dynamics, and protostellar feedback will have an impact on the star formation history of each region. The importance of feedback from outflows is a particular subject to debate, as we are yet to understand the details of their impact on clouds and star formation. Aims. The Pipe Nebula is a nearby molecular cloud hosting the B59 region as its only active star-forming clump. This paper focuses on the global dynamics of B59, its temperature structure, and its outflowing gas, with the goal of revealing the local and global impact of the protostellar outflows. Methods. Using HARP at the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, we have mapped the B59 region in the J = 3 → 2 transition of 12CO to study the kinematics and energetics of the outflows, and the same transitions of 13CO and C18O to study the overall dynamics of the ambient cloud, the physical properties of the gas, and the hierarchical structure of the region. Results. The B59 region has a total of ~30 M⊙ of cold and quiescent material, mostly gravitationally bound, with narrow line widths throughout. Such low levels of turbulence in the non-star-forming regions within B59 are indicative of the intrinsic initial conditions of the cloud. On the other hand, close to the protostars the impact of the outflows is observed as a localised increase of both C18O line widths from ~0.3 km s-1 to ~1 km s-1, and 13CO excitation temperatures by ~2–3 K. The impact of the outflows is also evident in the low column density material which shows signs of being shaped by the outflow bow shocks as they pierce their way out of the cloud. Much of this structure is readily apparent in a dendrogram analysis of the cloud and demonstrates that when decomposing clouds using such techniques a careful interpretation of the results is needed. Conclusions. The low mass of B59 together with its intrinsically quiescent gas and small number of protostars, allows the identification of specific regions where the outflows from the embedded sources interact the dense gas. Our study suggests that outflows are an important mechanism for injecting and sustaining supersonic turbulence at sub-parsec size scales. We find that less than half of the outflow energy is deposited as turbulent energy of the gas, however this turbulent energy is sufficient to slow down the collapse of the region.
Effects of Statin Therapy on Clinical Outcomes of Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction with Severe Systolic Heart Failure

Objective Large randomized trials have failed to show a beneficial effect of statin treatment in chronic HF. The investigators tried to evaluate the long-term effects of statin therapy in patients with new onset heart failure (HF) following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods Between January 2008 and December 2011, a total of 13,616 AMI patients were enrolled in the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) which was a prospective, multi-center, nationwide, web-based database of AMI in Korea. From this database, we studied 1,055 patients with AMI who had newly developed severe acute HF [left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%] and were discharged alive. The patients were divided into two groups, a statin group (n = 756) and a no-statin group (n = 299). We investigated the one-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including all-cause mortality, MI, and any revascularization of each group. We then performed a propensity-score matched analysis. Results In the original cohort, one-year MACEs were similar between the two groups (16.5% vs. 14.7% in the statin or no-statin groups; p = 0.47). Propensity-score matching yielded 256 pairs, and in that population we observed comparable results in terms of MACEs (18.0% vs. 12.5% in the statin or no-statin groups, p = 0.11) and mortality (5.1% vs. 3.5% in the statin or no-statin groups, p = 0.51). Cox-regression analysis revealed that statin therapy was not an independent predictor for occurrence of a MACE [Hazard ratio (HR) 1.11, 95% CI 0.79–1.57, p = 0.54] or all-cause mortality (HR 1.42, 95% CI 0.75–2.70, p = 0.28). Conclusion Statin therapy was not associated with a reduction in the long-term occurrence of MACEs or mortality in survivors of AMI with severe acute HF in this retrospective cohort study.
The Arabidopsis plastid-signalling mutant gun1 (genomes uncoupled1) shows altered sensitivity to sucrose and abscisic acid and alterations in early seedling development

Developing seedlings of the Arabidopsis gun1 (genomes uncoupled1) mutant, which is defective in retrograde plastid-to-nucleus signalling, show several previously unrecognized mutant phenotypes. gun1 seedlings accumulated less anthocyanin than wild-type seedlings when grown in the presence of 2% (w/v) sucrose, due to lower amounts of transcripts of early anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in gun1. Norflurazon and lincomycin, which induce retrograde signalling, further decreased the anthocyanin content of sucrose-treated seedlings, and altered the temporal pattern of anthocyanin accumulation. Lincomycin treatment altered the spatial pattern of sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting that plastids provide information for the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. The temporal pattern of accumulation of LHCB1 transcripts differed between wild-type and gun1 seedlings, and gun1 seedlings were more sensitive to sucrose suppression of LHCB1 transcript accumulation than wild-type seedlings. Growth and development of gun1 seedlings was more sensitive to exogenous 2% sucrose than wild-type seedlings and, in the presence of lincomycin, cotyledon expansion was enhanced in gun1 seedlings compared to the wild type. gun1 seedlings were more sensitive than wild-type seedlings to the inhibition of seedling growth and development by abscisic acid. These observations clearly implicate GUN1 and plastid signalling in the regulation of seedling development and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and indicate a complex interplay between sucrose and plastid signalling pathways.
Psychosomatic Status, Personality Traits, and Coping Styles of Bereaved and Non-Bereaved Survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake, China

Objectives This study examined personality, coping styles, and psychosomatic characteristics and their relationships in bereaved and non-bereaved earthquake survivors. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Methods A survey was conducted with a sample of 102 non-bereaved survivors and 79 bereaved survivors from Mianyang, Anyang, and similar districts 2 weeks after Wenchuan earthquake. Survivors completed questionnaires, including items about demographics, personality characteristics, coping styles, and psychosomatic status. Results Bereaved survivors had lower scores for gregariousness, trust, and optimism, but higher scores for depressed mood, loneliness, becoming easily fearful, irritation, and anxiety than non-bereaved survivors. In addition, bereaved participants scored higher for avoiding problems, self-blame, and fantasy coping styles than non-bereaved ones. Personality and coping styles significantly correlated with psychosomatic status in bereaved and non-bereaved survivors. Optimism and openness to feelings personality characteristics, and self-blame, avoiding problems, and rationalization coping styles significantly predicted psychosomatic status of bereaved survivors, whereas openness to fantasy, optimism, order, and trust personality characteristics, and self-blame and avoiding problems coping styles significantly predicted psychosomatic status of non-bereaved survivors. Conclusion Earthquake survivors experienced post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and negative emotions. Bereaved survivors experienced more serious PTSD symptoms and negative emotions relative to non-bereaved survivors. Appropriate psychological crisis interventions should be conducted for earthquake survivors, especially bereaved survivors.
Can Long-Run Restrictions Identify Technology Shocks?

Gali's innovative approach of imposing long-run restrictions on a vector autoregression (VAR) to identify the effects of a technology shock has become widely utilized. In this paper, we inves-tigate its reliability through Monte Carlo simulations using calibrated business cycle models. Overall, Gali's methodology appears to be fruitful: the impulse responses derived from the artificial data generally have the same sign and qualitative pattern as the true responses, and the approach can be informative in discriminating between alternative models. However, our results reveal some important quantitative shortcomings, including considerable estimation uncertainty about the impact of technology shocks on macroeconomic variables. More gen-erally, the conditions under which the methodology performs well appear considerably more restrictive than implied by the key identifying assumption. This underscores the importance of using economic models to guide in the implementation of the approach, in interpreting the results, and in assessing its limitations. (JEL: C32, E32, O33) Copyright (c) 2005 by the European Economic Association.
Evaluating the potentials of a marketable permits system in the field: An application to forest conservation in Shaktikhore, Nepal

A new paradigm in natural resource management has moved towards more decentralized mechanisms to reverse the degradation. One of such mechanisms is a marketable permits system (MPS). Although the properties of MPS have been studied and identified to be effective in controlled laboratory experiments, little is known about how MPS works in the real field setup. To fill the gap, this paper seeks to evaluate the effectiveness and potentials of MPS in the real forest conservation by implementing a framed field experiment. Shaktikhore, Nepal has been chosen for the experimental site, since farmers' livelihood there depends on forests and they are able to report their valuation of forestry from economic and environmental points of view. This experiment elicits economic valuation of local farmers for each unit of forestland, derives aggregate demand and supply of the permits, and with a uniform price auction (UPA), MPS field experiments were carried out to see equilibrium prices and efficiencies of the market. The results suggest that MPS is effective with high efficiency of 80% in the real field. For this success, UPA institution is identified to be the key element because (i) farmers with elementary education could understand and follow the rules of trading and (ii) they are induced to reveal their valuations of forestland through bids to buy and offers to sell. To our knowledge, this study is the first that designs and employs UPA institution under trader settings, showing the successful performance of such a MPS scheme in the real field of developing nations. Overall, our research suggests that MPS could be the effective policy option for "real" practice of natural resources management even with less administrative expertise, limited education and fewer resources to implement.
Multi task sequence learning for depression scale prediction from video

Depression is a typical mood disorder, which affects people in mental and even physical problems. People who suffer depression always behave abnormal in visual behavior and the voice. In this paper, an audio visual based multimodal depression scale prediction system is proposed. Firstly, features are extracted from video and audio are fused in feature level to represent the audio visual behavior. Secondly, long short memory recurrent neural network (LSTM-RNN) is utilized to encode the dynamic temporal information of the abnormal audio visual behavior. Thirdly, emotion information is utilized by multi-task learning to boost the performance further. The proposed approach is evaluated on the Audio-Visual Emotion Challenge (AVEC2014) dataset. Experiments results show the dimensional emotion recognition helps to depression scale prediction.
Optimising import phytosanitary inspection

Keywords: quarantine pest, plant health policy, optimization, import phytosanitary inspection, ‘reduced checks’, optimal allocation of resources, multinomial logistic regression, the Netherlands World trade is a major vector of spread of quarantine plant pests. Border phytosanitary inspection is a major barrier against introductions of quarantine pests through imported commodities, although the inspection resources are limited. This thesis provides conceptual and empirical insights that may help optimise import inspection under limited resources. The developed conceptual models analysed inspection policies under capacity constraints and in the absence of capacity constraints. The empirical models focused on finding the optimal inspection policies of propagating materials imported in the Netherlands. The results indicate that inspection effort should focus on commodities, whose inspection yields ceteris paribus greater marginal reduction in the expected costs of pest introduction. The results show that under binding capacity constraints, inspection of chrysanthemum cuttings in the Netherlands has a high marginal benefit, ranging from 8 to 49 euros for every marginal euro of inspection cost. The results further indicate that in the presence of fixed inspection costs, attaining the unconstrained allocation of inspection effort from the current, capacity constrained levels, is relatively inexpensive and greatly reduces costs to society. To expand current inspection capacities, the costs and likelihoods of pest introduction should be carefully estimated. Using the developed models for optimal allocation of inspection resources, the efficacy of the ‘reduced checks’ import inspection system in the EU was analysed. The results indicate that the expected costs of pest introduction in the EU under reduced checks could further be reduced if the economic impacts of pest introduction through various commodities are accounted for when calculating the frequencies of reduced checks. Finally, a multinomial logistic model was developed to analyse factors that determine the likelihoods of rejecting imported commodities due to phytosanitary and non-phytosanitary reasons. The results suggest that the geographical position of the exporting country, the characteristics of the importing company, the size of imported shipments, and the intended use of the commodity, among others, are significant factors based on which shipments of plant commodities can be targeted for inspection. Inspecting agencies can considerably facilitate the design of optimal inspection frameworks for the management of import phytosanitary risks by sound data-recording procedures that enable scientific analysis and provide a solid basis for reliable and applicable results.
TRANSMISSION MECHANISM AND INFLATION TARGETING: THE CESE OF COLOMBIA'S DISINFLATION

Colombia has been on a steady disinflation path since the early 1990s. In this paper, we model the transmission mechanism of monetary policy during this disinflation. We describe how inflation evolves in response to important shocks that occurred during disinflation such as the terms of trade and to the risk premium, comparing the responses across different assumptions about inflation persistence. Disinflation itself is captured by a permanent shift to the inflation target. We judge to what extent a shift towards a more forward-looking wage and price-setting determines the sacrifice ratio under disinflation.
A Comparison of GAs Penalizing Infeasible Solutions and Repairing Infeasible Solutions on the 0-1 Knapsack Problem

Constraints exist in almost every optimization problem. Different constraint handling techniques have been incorporated with genetic algorithms (GAs), however most of current studies are based on computer experiments. An example is Michalewicz's comparison among GAs using different constraint handling techniques on the 0-1 knapsack problem. The following phenomena are observed in experiments: 1) the penalty method needs more generations to find a feasible solution to the restrictive capacity knapsack than the repair method; 2) the penalty method can find better solutions to the average capacity knapsack. Such observations need a theoretical explanation. This paper aims at providing a theoretical analysis of Michalewicz's experiments. The main result of the paper is that GAs using the repair method are more efficient than GAs using the penalty method on both restrictive capacity and average capacity knapsack problems. This result of the average capacity is a little different from Michalewicz's experimental results. So a supplemental experiment is implemented to support the theoretical claim. The results confirm the general principle pointed out by Coello: a better constraint-handling approach should tend to exploit specific domain knowledge.
Structural and Electrical Properties of the τ-(P-S,S-DMEDT-TTF)2 (AuCl2) (AuCl2)y Compound with (y ≈ 0.9)

The compound τ-(P-S,S-DMEDT-TTF)2(AuCl2) (AuCl2)y (where P-S,S-DMEDT-TTF is the compound pyrazino-(S,S)-dimethyl-ethylenedithio-tetrathiofulvale) crystallizes in the non-centrosymmetric space group I-42d, with a = 7.3260(1) A and c = 67.5487(12) A (RT data) and remains tetragonal in the temperature range from RT to 100 K. This compound is a quasi-two-dimensional material and the relation of the lattice of the order part of the structure created by the donor molecules with that of the disordered anion lattice revealed by intense diffusion streaks give a value of y ≈ 0.9. In contrast to the Br and I analogs or the related compounds which contain the compound ethylenedioxy-S,S-dimethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene (abbreviated as EDO-S,S-DMEDT-TTF) as donor and which exhibit anisotropic metallic behavior down to low temperature, this compound is anisotropic semiconductor in the same temperature range. The appearance of satellites on the diffraction images recorded below 110 K indicates a structural change. Resistivity measurements show that this material is a semiconductor with anisotropy σa/σc of ca. 400–1400 at room temperature.