Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Induction of neurogenesis in the neocortex after ischemic brain injury by manipulation of endogenous neural progenitors

2 Chapter I: Introduction . 10 NEUROGENESIS IN THE ADULT MAMMALIAN BRAIN . 11 NEUROGENESIS AFTER PATHOLOGICAL STIMULATION . 13 ISCHEMIC STROKE A MAJOR KILLER.15 Cerebral pathophysiology . 16 Current clinical stroke treatments . 18 SUMMARY . 22 CHAPTER II: Molecular Cues involved in the restriction of neurogenesis after ischemia.24 INTRODUCTION . 25 METHODS.26 Induction of Ischemia . 26 Quantification of the ischemic damage and regeneration in the cortex and hippocampus.28 BrdU administration. 29 Immunohistochemistry.29 Comprehensive gene expression profiling . 29 qRT-PCR validation of Array data. 31 Statistical Analysis.32 ROBUST RECOVERY OF HIPPOCAMPAL, BUT NOT CORTICAL NEURONS, AFTER ISCHEMIA.33 COMPREHENSIVE GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING AFTER ISCHEMIA.34 DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERN BETWEEN THE CORTEX AND HIPPOCAMPUS FOLLOWING ISCHEMIA.35 IGF-I and its regulators . 37 BMP4 and its inhibitors . 40 Osteopontin upregulation in the hippocampus . 40 SUMMARY . 41 CHAPTER III: IGF-I promotes neurogenesis in the neocortex after ischemia . 56 INTRODUCTION . 57 METHODS.57 Injection of recombinant proteins.57 Immunohistochemistry.58 Quantitation of newborn neurons . 60 Statistical Analysis.61 IGF-I INFUSION LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF NEUN + /BRDU + POSITIVE CELLS IN THE CORTEX AFTER ISCHEMIA . 61 NEUN + / BRDU + IMMUNOREACTIVE CELLS ARE NEURONS.62 IGF-I STIMULATES NEUROGENESIS TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN OTHER FACTORS TESTED.65 EXTENT OF NEUROGENESIS AFTER ISCHEMIA AND IGF-I ADMINISTRATION . 67 SUMMARY . 68 CHAPTER IV: The CW is a potential source of new adult cortical neurons75 INTRODUCTION . 76 METHODS.79 Neurosphere Culture . 79
Epidemiology of herpes zoster among adults aged 50 and above in Guangdong, China

Herpes zoster (HZ) exists widely in China and most cases occur among old people, but no epidemiology information of HZ was available. We aimed to investigate the epidemiology characteristics of HZ among adults aged 50 and over in Guangdong, China. A total of 34 counties/districts were randomly selected in Guangdong, and 7149 residents aged 50 and over were investigated by local CDC professionals using accidental sampling method. There were 247 respondents having had HZ before; the lifetime prevalence of HZ among people aged 50 and above in study area was 3.46%. The prevalence in females was higher than that in males. Pearl River Delta had the highest prevalence (5.29%), while Northern Guangdong had the lowest (1.87%). The annual incidence in the year 2013, 2012 and 2011 was 5.8, 3.4 and 4.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively. Detailed investigation of HZ cases showed that all cases meted the definition of HZ and had at least 1 typical symptom. 40% cases had suffered post-herpetic neuralgia. 75.9% cases had sought aid from hospital and 9.1% of them had been hospitalized. People who sought aid from hospital had more serious level of neuralgia. The epidemiology features of HZ in Guangdong were consistent with the current findings in other countries. The results of this study can provide baseline epidemiology information of HZ for further studies.
Latitudinal clines: an evolutionary view on biological rhythms†,‡

Properties of the circadian and annual timing systems are expected to vary systematically with latitude on the basis of different annual light and temperature patterns at higher latitudes, creating specific selection pressures. We review literature with respect to latitudinal clines in circadian phenotypes as well as in polymorphisms of circadian clock genes and their possible association with annual timing. The use of latitudinal (and altitudinal) clines in identifying selective forces acting on biological rhythms is discussed, and we evaluate how these studies can reveal novel molecular and physiological components of these rhythms.
Transient Turn-ON Characteristics of the Fin p-Body IGBT

In this paper, the transient turn-ON performance of the 1200 V-class fin p-body insulated gate bipolar transistor (Fin-p IGBT) is numerically analyzed and experimentally characterized. Analysis shows that the gate self-charging effect at the turn-ON transient of the device can effectively be suppressed due to its unique structural features of wide trenches and spacer gates. As a result, the Fin-p IGBT demonstrates excellent controllability on the turn-ON dVCE/dt of the IGBT, and hence the reverse-recovery dVKA/dt of the free-wheeling diode. Compared with conventional floating p-body IGBTs, the Fin-p IGBT can achieve a significant reduction (up to 82%) in the reverse-recovery dVKA/dt, which is of great merit in suppressing the electromagnetic interference noise. Moreover, the turn-ON energy loss of the Fin-p IGBT can be reduced by 53% compared with that of the conventional one at the same reverse-recovery dVKA/dt of 10 kV/μs.
Functional expression and comparative characterization of four feline P450 cytochromes using fluorescent substrates

Abstract 1. Cytochrome P450s (CYP) are a major group of metabolizing enzymes for xenobiotics in humans and other mammals. The properties of CYP isoforms in the domestic cat, an obligate carnivore, are largely unknown at present. In this study, we studied relative expression in tissues and enzymatic properties of nine significant feline CYP isoforms. 2. CYP2E2 transcript was most abundant in the feline liver, followed by CYP2A13 and 2E1. Transcripts of CYP3A131, 1A2 and 1A1 were also present in the liver, while CYP2D6 and 3A132 were only slightly expressed. CYP3A131 was a major transcript in the small intestine. 3. Four major CYP isoforms in the feline liver and small intestine (CYP1A2, CYP2A13, CYP2E2 and CYP3A131) were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli to generate functional monooxygenase systems. We carried out screenings of 17 test compounds known to be inhibitors of CYP isoforms in other mammals as well as two anticancer drugs to assess the activity modulation of feline CYP isoforms using fluorogenic substrates. These CYP isoforms showed similar selectivity to counterparts in other mammals against inhibitors as a whole but with many exceptions. 4. The present study suggests the usefulness of the feline CYP recombinant system to obtain chemical affinity information and possible drug interactions in CYP metabolism of domestic cats.
Immunotoxicity of pesticides: a review

The intricate balance that is the hallmark of the immune system shows vulnerability to any chemical, including pesticides, that can cause structural and functional alterations to the system. The immunotoxic effects of xenobiotics include: histopathologic effects in immune tissues and organs; cellular pathology; altered maturation of immunocompetent cells; changes in B and T cell subpopulations; and functional alterations of immunocompetent cells. Pesticides, including fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides, are the only class of chemicals deliberately released into the environment because of their toxicity. Around the world, millions of people are exposed to pesticides at work and/or in their home. This article reviews evidence, from animal and human studies, on the effects of pesticides on the immune system.
Glutathione S-transferase A1, M1, P1 and T1 null or low-activity genotypes are associated with enhanced oxidative damage among haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Increased oxidative stress is a hallmark of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and protection of oxidative damage. We hypothesized that genetic polymorphism in antioxidant enzymes GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 is more frequent in ESRD and modulates the degree of oxidative stress in these patients. METHODS GSTA1, GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined in 199 ESRD patients and 199 age- and gender-matched controls. Markers of protein and lipid oxidative damage [thiol groups, carbonyl groups, advanced oxidative protein products, nitrotyrosine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and MDA adducts], together with total oxidant status and pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance were determined. RESULTS Individual GST polymorphisms influence vulnerability to both protein and lipid oxidation, with GSTM1-null gene variant having the most pronounced effect. Furthermore, a strong combined effect of null/low-activity GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTA1 and GSTP1 genotypes in terms of susceptibility towards oxidative and carbonyl stress was found in ESRD patients. When patients were stratified according to GSTM1 and GSTT1, the highest oxidant damage was noted in those with the GSTM1-null/GSTT1-null genotype. The observed effect was even stronger in patients with the third low-activity GSTP1 or GSTA1 genotype. Finally, the level of oxidative and carbonyl stress was most pronounced in the subgroup of patients with all four null or low-activity GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1 and GSTA1 genotypes. CONCLUSIONS According to the GST genotype, ESRD patients may be stratified in terms of the level of oxidative and carbonyl stress that might influence cardiovascular prognosis, but could also improve efforts towards individualization of antioxidant treatment.
The Meaning and Measurement of Responsibility Attributions

This article advances a theory of responsibility attributions in which such judgments are rooted in considerations of intensity and comparability. Informed by insights from the study of attitudinal ambivalence, the article contributes to the attribution literature in three important ways. First, we propose a new technique for measuring responsibility judgments, one that explicitly incorporates information about intensity and comparability into a single scale. Second, from a methodological standpoint, we demonstrate that our new measures of comparative responsibility ratings have greater construct validity than traditional ratings-based measures and outperform them as predictors of political evaluations. More substantively, we show that comparative responsibility ratings are politically consequential and strongly influenced presidential approval, presidential vote choice, and congressional vote choice in the United States during the 2012 elections.
Mesurer l'implication durable vis-à-vis d'un produit indépendamment du risque perçu

Certaines échelles de mesure de l'implication durable du consommateur vis-à-vis d'une classe de produit incluent les deux composantes du risque perçu. L'objet de cet article est de démontrer qu 'une telle inclusion n'est ni conceptuellement ni empiriquement fondée : l'implication durable et le risque perçu n'ont en commun que la gravité perçue d'un mauvais choix, ont des conséquences différentes sur le comportement régulier du consommateur, et donc sur sa réceptivité aux programmes marketing. Des conséquences significatives de l'implication durable ne sont pas prédites par le risque perçu, et notamment la composante incertitude. C'est ce qui apparaît dans plusieurs études, et notamment dans trois études utilisant, sur de petits échantillons, une mesure d'implication durable «Pertinence Intérêt-Attirance», en cours de validation par l'auteur.
Differential Contributions of GABA Concentration in Frontal and Parietal Regions to Individual Differences in Attentional Blink

Selective attention plays an important role in identifying transient objects in a complex visual scene. Attentional control ability varies with observers. However, it is unclear what neural mechanisms are responsible for individual differences in attentional control ability. The present study used the following attentional blink paradigm: when two targets are to be identified in rapid serial visual presentation, the processing of the first target interrupts the identification of the second one appearing within 500 ms after the first-target onset. It has been assumed that the reduction of the second-target accuracy is mainly due to a transient inhibition of attentional reorienting from the first to the second target, which is modulated by the GABA system. Using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we investigated whether individual variation of attentional blink magnitude is associated with GABA concentrations in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC), right posterior-parietal cortex (PPC), and visual cortex (VC) of humans. GABA concentrations in the PFC were related negatively to attentional blink magnitude and positively to the first-target accuracy. GABA concentrations in the PPC were positively correlated with attentional blink magnitude. However, GABA concentrations in the VC did not contribute to attentional blink magnitude and first-target accuracy. Our results suggest that frontoparietal inhibitory mechanisms are closely linked with individual differences in attentional processing and that functional roles of the GABAergic system in selective attention differ between the PFC and PPC. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Selective attention is the process of picking up task-relevant information in the environment. Attentional blink reflects time constraints of visual attention. It has been assumed that attentional blink is induced by the inhibition of attentional reorienting to other objects. This study used magnetic resonance spectroscopy to noninvasively measure concentrations of GABA, the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, in the human brain. We show that a neural interaction between GABA concentrations in the prefrontal and posterior parietal regions accounts for the interindividual variability of attentional blink magnitude. Our results provide direct evidence that the GABAergic system in the frontoparietal networks is responsible for temporal aspects of attentional control ability.
A Data Protection Framework for Learning Analytics

Most studies on the use of digital student data adopt an ethical framework derived from human-studies research, based on the informed consent of the experimental subject. However consent gives universities little guidance on the use of learning analytics as a routine part of educational provision: which purposes are legitimate and which analyses involve an unacceptable risk of harm. Obtaining consent when students join a course will not give them meaningful control over their personal data three or more years later. Relying on consent may exclude those most likely to benefit from early interventions. This paper proposes an alternative framework based on European Data Protection law. Separating the processes of analysis (pattern-finding) and intervention (pattern-matching) gives students and staff continuing protection from inadvertent harm during data analysis; students have a fully informed choice whether or not to accept individual interventions; organisations obtain clear guidance: how to conduct analysis, which analyses should not proceed, and when and how interventions should be offered. The framework provides formal support for practices that are already being adopted and helps with several open questions in learning analytics, including its application to small groups and alumni, automated processing and privacy-sensitive data.
Software cost estimation using computational intelligence techniques

This paper presents computational intelligence techniques for software cost estimation. We proposed a new recurrent architecture for Genetic Programming (GP) in the process. Three linear ensembles based on (i) arithmetic mean (ii) geometric mean and (iii) harmonic mean are implemented. We also performed GP based feature selection. The efficacy of these techniques viz Multiple Linear Regression, Polynomial Regression, Support Vector Regression, Classification and Regression Tree, Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines, Multilayer FeedForward Neural Network, Radial Basis Function Neural Network, Counter Propagation Neural Network, Dynamic Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, Tree Net, Group Method of Data Handling and Genetic Programming has been tested on the International Software Benchmarking Standards Group (ISBSG) release 10 dataset. Ten-fold cross validation is performed throughout the study. The results obtained from our experiments indicate that new recurrent architecture for Genetic Programming outperformed all the other techniques.
Psychiatric disorders in women with bulimia nervosa and their first-degree relatives: effects of comorbid substance dependence.

OBJECTIVE Women with bulimia nervosa (BN) and comorbid substance dependence often display impulsive behaviors. We assessed Axis I and II psychiatric diagnoses in their first-degree relatives in order to understand the etiological factors that may contribute to this subtype of BN. METHOD We used contemporary family-epidemiological methodology to compare the lifetime prevalence of psychiatric disorders among 47 women with BN and 44 non-eating-disordered community control women, and their first-degree relatives (177 and 190, respectively). BN probands were stratified by the presence (n = 20) or absence (n = 27) of a lifetime history of alcohol and/or drug dependence. RESULTS Social phobia, conduct disorder, and clusters B and C personality disorders were significantly more prevalent among BN probands with substance dependence than among BN probands without substance dependence or control women probands. Substance use disorders, social phobia, panic disorder, and cluster B personality disorders were significantly more prevalent among the relatives of BN probands with substance dependence than the relatives of the other two groups. DISCUSSION Women with BN and substance dependence have problems with social anxiety, antisocial behavior, and a variety of personality disturbances, and come from families where there are problems with substance use disorders, anxiety, impulsivity, and affective instability. These data raise the possibility that a familial vulnerability for impulsivity and affective instability may contribute to the development of substance dependence in a subgroup of women with BN.
The pattern of lip cancer occurrence over the 1990-2011 period in public hospitals in Madrid, Spain.

BACKGROUND Some regions of Spain along with Canada and Australia have the highest rates of lip cancer in the world. The objective of this study was to examine the trends in the pattern of occurrence of lip cancer in Madrid, Spain. METHODS Data were extracted from the Central Tumour Registry of Madrid, between 1990 and 2011. Variables examined were age, sex, topographic and morphological location and tumour histology. Two consecutive periods, 1990-2001 and 2002-2011, were studied by descriptive and analytical methods, and the data from the two periods were statistically compared. RESULTS A total of 881 cases were registered during the period 1990-2011. Comparing data between the two periods (1990-2001 and 2002-2011), subtle variations in age, histology and location were noted. Gender ratios remained constant. The mean age increased from 66.3 to 69.7 years (P < 0.05). In the second period, the histological distribution showed an increase in frequency of basal cell carcinoma, from 2.1% to 4.7%, while the frequency of squamous cell carcinomas remained constant. Basal cell carcinoma no longer predominantly occurred in women, decreasing from 80% to 21.1% (P < 0.001). The distribution by gender of squamous cell carcinoma had become more equal due an increase in its frequency in women (P < 0.001). Frequency of tumours on lip mucosa and commissure had increased between the two periods (P < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The pattern of lip cancer reported to Public Hospitals of Madrid is changing: declining rates are noted since 2001-02. However, it is necessary to monitor these data to confirm the observed trends in future years.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and cognitive function in healthy elderly men.

Subtle cognitive decrements in older people are important in terms of the associated morbidity and as a risk factor for dementia. However, their pathophysiological basis is poorly understood. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) may provide the means to investigate early changes in brain metabolite concentrations. We examined the relationships between N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr) metabolite ratios in a voxel in the parietal cortex and cognitive function in 88 healthy, non-demented, unmedicated men aged 65-70 years. We also used linear regression to give a value for each metabolite adjusted for the levels of the other two metabolites. Both NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios correlated positively with tests of verbal memory and a verbal memory factor (e.g. NAA/Cr and Logical Memory: r = 0.24, P < 0.05). Cho/Cr ratios also correlated positively with tests of visual memory (e.g. visual reproduction: r = 0.21, P < 0.05). Adjusted Cr levels correlated negatively and significantly with tests of verbal memory and the Verbal Memory Factor. The regression analysis suggested that Cr levels better explained the correlations between NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios and cognitive variables than NAA or Cho levels. These results suggest that in healthy men aged 65-70 years, metabolite levels relate to cognitive performance. Rising Cr levels may be an early marker of cognitive decline.
A novel parallel memory organization supporting multiple access types with matched memory modules

This paper introduces a Bilinear Skewed Parallel Memory (BilisPM), which can support multiple conflict-free access types and the circular addressing in X-Y directions of the 2D space. BilisPM features matched Memory Modules (MMs) and can effectively save the on-chip area. We introduce the formal specifications of BilisPM and give its hardware implementation. Experimental results show that BilisPM can reduce the chip area by 22.7% on average (38.1% at most), and its controller consumes smaller chip area at reasonable critical path delay, as compared with the traditional schemes with unmatched MMs.
Clash of Cultures: Muslims and Christians in the Ethnosizing Process

The paper explores the evolution of ethnic identities of two important and distinct immigrant religious groups. Using data from Germany, a large European country with many immigrants, we study the adaptation processes of Muslims and Christians. Individual data on language, culture, societal interactions, history of migration and ethnic self-identification are used to compose linear measures of the process of cultural adaptation. Two-dimensional variants measure integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization. Christians adapt more easily to the German society than Muslims. Immigrants with schooling in the home country and with older age at entry as well as female Muslims remain stronger attached to the country of origin. Female Muslims integrate and assimilate less and separate more than Muslim men, while there is no difference between male and female Christians. Christians who were young at entry are best integrated or assimilated, exhibiting lower separation and marginalization in the later years, while for Muslims a similar pattern is observed only for assimilation and separation. Christian immigrants with college or higher education in the home country integrate well, but Muslims do not. For both religious groups, school education in the home country leads to slower assimilation and causes more separation than no education at home. While school education has no impact on integration efforts for Muslim, it affects similar attempts of Christians negatively.