Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lateral prefrontal cortex: architectonic and functional organization

A comparison of the architecture of the human prefrontal cortex with that of the macaque monkey showed a very similar architectonic organization in these two primate species. There is no doubt that the prefrontal cortical areas of the human brain have undergone considerable development, but it is equally clear that the basic architectonic organization is the same in the two species. Thus, a comparative approach to the study of the functional organization of the primate prefrontal cortex is more likely to reveal the essential aspects of the various complex control processes that are the domain of frontal function. The lateral frontal cortex appears to be functionally organized along both a rostral–caudal axis and a dorsal–ventral axis. The most caudal frontal region, the motor region on the precentral gyrus, is involved in fine motor control and direct sensorimotor mappings, whereas the caudal lateral prefrontal region is involved in higher order control processes that regulate the selection among multiple competing responses and stimuli based on conditional operations. Further rostrally, the mid-lateral prefrontal region plays an even more abstract role in cognitive control. The mid-lateral prefrontal region is itself organized along a dorsal–ventral axis of organization, with the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex being involved in the monitoring of information in working memory and the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal region being involved in active judgments on information held in posterior cortical association regions that are necessary for active retrieval and encoding of information.
How Pig Sperm Prepares to Fertilize: Stable Acrosome Docking to the Plasma Membrane

Background Mammalian sperms are activated in the oviduct. This process, which involves extensive sperm surface remodelling, is required for fertilization and can be mimicked under in vitro fertilization conditions (IVF). Methodology/Principal Findings Here we demonstrate that such treatments caused stable docking and priming of the acrosome membrane to the apical sperm head surface without the emergence of exocytotic membrane fusion. The interacting membranes could be isolated as bilamellar membrane structures after cell disruption. These membrane structures as well as whole capacitated sperm contained stable ternary trans-SNARE complexes that were composed of VAMP 3 and syntaxin 1B from the plasma membrane and SNAP 23 from the acrosomal membrane. This trans-SNARE complex was not observed in control sperm. Conclusions/Significance We propose that this capacitation driven membrane docking and stability thereof is a preparative step prior to the multipoint membrane fusions characteristic for the acrosome reaction induced by sperm-zona binding. Thus, sperm can be considered a valuable model for studying exocytosis.
Academic Careers from a European Perspective

Internationally, the fault lines of an uncertain academic career are becoming increasingly apparent. Despite extensive preparation, young academics confront restricted opportunities to become regular members of the academic community. Many of them are on a temporary contract, often with poor working conditions and uncertainties about reappointments. A long academic career seems unobtainable, which can lead to a negative image for academic employment. Those who opt for an academic career run the risk of moving from one contract to another without the opportunity to establish a particular research program. Finkelstein, Seal, and Schuster (1998) found that a large segment of the new academic generation in the United States have entered into "temporary" positions not part of the traditional academic career ladder.
Time Periodic Solutions of the Navier-Stokes Equations with Nonzero Constant Boundary Conditions at Infinity

We construct solutions for the Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions with a time periodic force which is of compact support in a frame that moves at constant speed. These solutions are related to solutions of the problem of a body which moves within an incompressible fluid at constant speed and rotates around an axis which is aligned with the motion. In contrast to other authors who analyze stationary solutions in a frame of reference attached to the body, the analysis for the present problem is done in a frame which is moving at constant speed but is not rotating. This avoids the unpleasant unbounded linear terms which are present in a description with respect to a rotating frame.
Viral Quasispecies Evolution

SUMMARY Evolution of RNA viruses occurs through disequilibria of collections of closely related mutant spectra or mutant clouds termed viral quasispecies. Here we review the origin of the quasispecies concept and some biological implications of quasispecies dynamics. Two main aspects are addressed: (i) mutant clouds as reservoirs of phenotypic variants for virus adaptability and (ii) the internal interactions that are established within mutant spectra that render a virus ensemble the unit of selection. The understanding of viruses as quasispecies has led to new antiviral designs, such as lethal mutagenesis, whose aim is to drive viruses toward low fitness values with limited chances of fitness recovery. The impact of quasispecies for three salient human pathogens, human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatitis B and C viruses, is reviewed, with emphasis on antiviral treatment strategies. Finally, extensions of quasispecies to nonviral systems are briefly mentioned to emphasize the broad applicability of quasispecies theory.
Expression of a MHC class II transgene determines both superantigenicity and susceptibility to mammary tumor virus infection

Milk-borne mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a type B retrovirus that induces mammary carcinoma. Infectious MMTV, as well as genomically integrated mouse mammary proviruses, encode superantigens that are recognized by T cells that express appropriate T cell receptor V beta products. To determine the relationship between the superantigenic property of milk-borne MMTV and its in vivo infectivity, mice which were either positive or negative for expression of a transgene-encoded E alpha E beta class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) product were exposed to milk borne C3H MMTV. Superantigen-mediated deletion of V beta 14-expressing T cells occurred only in E alpha transgene- positive mice, indicating that the deletion was E alpha E beta dependent. When mice were analyzed for viral infection by assaying viral p28 in the milk of recipient females, significant p28 levels were found only in E alpha E beta transgene-positive mice. Similarly, the presence of C3H MMTV LTR mRNA in mammary glands, as detected by PCR, paralleled p28 levels. These findings indicate that E alpha expression or the E alpha-dependent T cell response to viral superantigen is causally related to susceptibility to MMTV infection, and that lack of a permissive class II product can protect mice from virus infection.
“Social Work Is a Profession, Not an Ideology”: A Qualitative Analysis of Student Perceptions of Social Justice Discussions in the Classroom

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to describe student perceptions of their experiences around social justice discussions in the social work classroom through a qualitative, grounded theory framework. Student responses from a qualitative section of a survey were analyzed and sorted into three categories: perceived discrimination, heightened self-awareness/self-assessment, and future social work practice. Each of these categories was derived from comparable multiple themes stemming from the student responses. A conceptual model resulting from the analysis suggests that students who shared experiences of perceived discrimination during classroom discussions could develop an enhanced self-awareness, which would result in an added empathy for clients in their future social work practice. Suggestions for teaching strategies and directions for future research are also discussed.
Resveratrol attenuates 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal-induced oxidative stress in mouse cortical collecting duct cells

Resveratrol (RSV) may provide numerous protective eff ects against chronic inflammatory diseases. Due to local hypoxia and hypertonicity, the renal medulla is subject to extreme oxidative stress, and aldehyde products formed during lipid peroxidation, such as 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), might be responsible for tubular injury. This study aimed at investigating the eff ects of RSV on renal and its signaling mechanisms. While HHE treatment resulted in decreased expression of Sirt1, AQP2, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), mouse cortical collecting duct cells (M1) cells treated with HHE exhibited increased activation of p38 MAPK, extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and increased expression of NOX4, p47phox, Kelch ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1) and COX2. HHE treatment also induced NF-κB activation by promoting IκB-α degradation. Meanwhile, the observed increases in nuclear NF-κB, NOX4, p47phox, and COX2 expression were attenuated by treatment with Bay 117082, N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), or RSV. Our findings indicate that RSV inhibits the expression of inflammatory proteins and the production of reactive oxygen species in M1 cells by inhibiting NF-κB activation.
Metabolic Transformation Plays a Primary Role in the Psychostimulant-Like Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of Selegiline [(R)-(–)-Deprenyl]

l-Deprenyl [selegiline, (R)-(–)-deprenyl] is a selective inhibitor of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and proposed as an antidepressant and an aid for cigarette-smoking cessation and treatment of psychostimulant abuse. Beneficial therapeutic effects of (R)-(–)-deprenyl may also result from indirect actions. Brain levels of dopamine and β-phenylethylamine (β-PEA), a behaviorally active endogenous trace amine, increase after (R)-(–)-deprenyl treatment due to MAO-B blockade and (R)-(–)-deprenyl is metabolized to (R)-(–)-methamphetamine and (R)-(–)-amphetamine, suggesting that (R)-(–)-deprenyl may have psychostimulant-like behavioral effects. Indeed, (R)-(–)-deprenyl produces psychostimulant-like discriminative-stimulus effects in experimental animals. Here, we tested the hypothesis that psychostimulant-like behavioral effects of (R)-(–)-deprenyl are mainly mediated by its metabolites. Male Fisher F344 rats were trained to discriminate i.p. injection of 1.0 mg/kg (S)-(+)-methamphetamine or 10.0 mg/kg cocaine from injection of saline using two-lever choice schedules of food delivery or stimulus shock termination. When (R)-(–)-deprenyl was tested by substitution, it had (S)-(+)-methamphetamine- and cocaine-like discriminative-stimulus effects, but only at doses of 10 to 30 mg/kg, doses 10 to 20 times higher than those selective for MAO-B inhibition. Ro 16-6491 [N-(2-aminoethyl)-4-chlorobenzamide hydrochloride], a selective inhibitor of MAO-B enzyme activity without psychoactive metabolites, had no psychostimulant-like discriminative effects. In addition, blockade of (R)-(–)-deprenyl's metabolism with SKF 525A (β-DEAE-diphenylpropylacetate hydrochloride; 50 mg/kg i.p.) reduced or eliminated (R)-(–)-deprenyl's psychostimulant-like discriminative effects. When β-PEA synthesis was blocked by NSD 1015 (m-hydroxy-benzyl-hydrazine; 30 mg/kg i.p.), there was a modest reversal of (R)-(–)-deprenyl's psychostimulant-like discriminative effects under some conditions, indicating a facilitatory modulation of the psychostimulant-like discriminative effects of (R)-(–)-deprenyl metabolites by elevated levels of β-PEA under certain conditions.
Effects of Fatty Acids on Intracellular [Ca2+], Mitochondrial Uncoupling and Apoptosis in Rat Pachytene Spermatocytes and Round Spermatids

The aim of this work was to explore the ability of free arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and the unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to modify calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function in rat pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids. In contrast to palmitic acid, unsaturated fatty acids produced significant increases in intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in both cell types. Increases were fatty acid specific, dose-dependent and different for each cell type. The arachidonic acid effects on [Ca2+]i were higher in spermatids than in spermatocytes and persisted when residual extracellular Ca2+ was chelated by EGTA, indicating that the increase in [Ca2+]i originated from release of intracellular calcium stores. At the concentrations required for these increases, unsaturated fatty acids produced no significant changes in the plasma membrane potential of or non-specific permeability in spermatogenic cells. For the case of arachidonic acid, the [Ca2+]i increases were not caused by its metabolic conversion to eicosanoids or anandamide; thus we attribute this effect to the fatty acid itself. As estimated with fluorescent probes, unsaturated fatty acids did not affect the intracellular pH but were able to induce a progressive decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The association of this decrease with reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production strongly suggests that unsaturated fatty acids induced mitochondrial uncoupling. This effect was stronger in spermatids than in spermatocytes. As a late event, arachidonic acid induced caspase 3 activation in a dose-dependent manner both in the absence and presence of external Ca2+. The concurrent but differential effects of unsaturated fatty acids on [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial functions are additional manifestations of the metabolic changes that germ cells undergo during their differentiation.
Evaluation of a sport-based youth development programme for refugees

ABSTRACT Various methods have been used to help vulnerable populations, including sport and physical recreation. This study was an initial evaluation of a sport and physical recreation programme for refugee youth based on the Teaching Personal and Social Responsibility (TPSR) Model. The purpose was to assess the participants’ perceptions and experiences in this programme, with the conceptual framework for acculturation serving as the theoretical background. Sixteen refugee youth participated in semi-structured interviews, with hierarchical content analysis and consensual validation procedures used for data analysis. The interviews demonstrated the participants’ positive experiences in the programme, including general enjoyment, experiencing and learning new sports, and feeling a sense of belonging. The participants also described the TPSR concepts of respect, teamwork, and leadership, along with transference of these concepts into their everyday lives. This highlights the need for such programmes to aid in the resettlement and acculturation of young refugees into a new society.
Insulin sensitivity in the offspring of women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE To determine if insulin sensitivity is altered in prepubertal offspring exposed to a diabetic intrauterine environment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifteen control children, 17 offspring of type 1 diabetic women, and 10 offspring of type 2 diabetic women, aged between 5 and 10 years, underwent a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGTT). Weight and height were measured, and body composition was calculated using bioelectrical impedance. Bergman's minimal model was applied to the glucose and insulin measurements to obtain values for insulin sensitivity (Si), acute insulin response (AIR), and glucose effectiveness (Sg). RESULTS Si was lowest in the offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers, and AIR was highest in this group, although neither of these changes reached significance (Si, P = 0.2, and AIR, P = 0.3). Offspring of type 2 diabetic mothers had higher BMI SD scores (P = 0.004) and percentage fat mass (P = 0.002) than the children in the other two groups. The BMI SD score and percentage fat mass in the subjects, as well as maternal insulin dose, were negatively correlated with offspring insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia by itself was not associated with alterations in glucose regulation in prepubertal offspring. Children of mothers with type 2 diabetes, however, were overweight, and they had a tendency for a reduced Si. The combined effect of genetic and postnatal environmental factors, rather than prenatal exposure to hyperglycemia, may place this group at risk for developing impaired glucose tolerance in later life.
Convergence in International Output

This paper proposes and tests new definitions of convergence and common trends for per capita output. We define convergence for a group of countries to mean that each country has identical long-run trends, either stochastic, while common trends allow for proportionality of the stochastic elements. These definitions lead naturally to the use of cointegration techniques in testing. Using century-long time series for 15 OECD economies, we reject convergence but find substantial evidence for common trends. Smaller samples of European countries also reject convergence but are driven by a lower number of common stochastic trends. Copyright 1995 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priming effects on word recognition in students with dyslexia

Johnson, Cynthia T. Priming Effects on Word Recognition in Students with Dyslexia. Published Doctor of Philosophy dissertation, University of Northern Colorado, 2015. Given that children and adolescents with dyslexia may struggle academically as well as socially and emotionally, it is critical to understand and develop methods for early intervention. A growing body of research has focused on reading interventions that include word priming which typically involves numerous presentations of words that are phonologically or semantically related to a target word. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of word and picture priming on the reaction times of word recognition tasks for five youth with dyslexia, aged 7-16 with dyslexia. Results of this 25-session multiple-case multiple treatment reversal design study showed that picture priming treatments assisted all participants in reading target words more quickly. Word priming treatments assisted four of the five participants in reading target words more quickly. All participants demonstrated greater decreases in their reaction times reading target words with picture primes than with word primes. The decoding ability of participants appeared to affect their perception of the benefits of the two types of intervention. Readers with less decoding ability preferred picture primes, while more advanced decoders believed word primes were more beneficial. Overall, results showed that younger and less-skilled readers showed enhanced effects of semantics as compared with older readers whose decoding skills were 4 relatively efficient. These findings are consistent with the proposition that the semantic pathway can compensate direct orthography-to-phonology translations when that process is slow and inefficient.
Development of a Sandwich ELISA for EHEC O157:H7 Intimin γ1

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen of worldwide importance that causes foodborne infections in humans. Intimin gamma 1 (intimin γ1) is one of the most important outer membrane proteins required for EHEC’s intimate adhesion to epithelial cells. Here, we generated a polyclonal antibody (pAb) and a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against intimin γ1 to develop a double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) with increased sensitivity and specificity for measuring EHEC O157:H7. To achieve this goal, a rabbit pAb was used as a capture antibody, and a mouse mAb was a detection antibody. No cross-reactivity was observed with the other genera of pathogenic bacteria tested with the DAS-ELISA, which included Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella flexneri type 2, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus suis type 2, and other 18 serotype E. coli. Detection limits of the DAS-ELISA were 1 × 103 CFU/mL for EHEC O157:H7 cultures, 1 × 104 CFU/g before enrichment, and 1 × 102 CFU/g after enrichment of contaminated samples. Field samples (n = 498) were tested using a previously established duplex-PCR method and compared to our DAS-ELISA. The DAS-ELISA had a specificity of 94.4%, a sensitivity of 91.5% and accuracy of 94.0% compared with duplex-PCR. The DAS-ELISA developed here can be applied to EHEC O157:H7 quantification in food, animal, and environmental samples.
On Policy Rules for Price Stability

Over the 1980s and 1990s, monetary policy in most industrialized countries has focussed increasingly on achieving rates of inflation at or close to price stability. The result in the 1990s has been a remarkable convergence in these economies towards relatively low rates of inflation. In some countries, such as New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Sweden the move towards price stability has been accompanied by the announcement of explicit inflation targets or target ranges.1 Other countries, such as Germany and Switzerland, have explicit medium-term inflation objectives; still others, such as Japan and the United States, have made price stability, albeit unquantified, a medium-term objective. It is evident that, to varying degrees, monetary policy in these countries is now aimed at keeping inflation low and relatively stable.
Loss of CMD2‐mediated resistance to cassava mosaic disease in plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis

Summary Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) are the two most important viral diseases affecting cassava production in Africa. Three sources of resistance are employed to combat CMD: polygenic recessive resistance, termed CMD1, the dominant monogenic type, named CMD2, and the recently characterized CMD3. The farmer‐preferred cultivar TME 204 carries inherent resistance to CMD mediated by CMD2, but is highly susceptible to CBSD. Selected plants of TME 204 produced for RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated resistance to CBSD were regenerated via somatic embryogenesis and tested in confined field trials in East Africa. Although micropropagated, wild‐type TME 204 plants exhibited the expected levels of resistance, all plants regenerated via somatic embryogenesis were found to be highly susceptible to CMD. Glasshouse studies using infectious clones of East African cassava mosaic virus conclusively demonstrated that the process of somatic embryogenesis used to regenerate cassava caused the resulting plants to become susceptible to CMD. This phenomenon could be replicated in the two additional CMD2‐type varieties TME 3 and TME 7, but the CMD1‐type cultivar TMS 30572 and the CMD3‐type cultivar TMS 98/0505 maintained resistance to CMD after passage through somatic embryogenesis. Data are presented to define the specific tissue culture step at which the loss of CMD resistance occurs and to show that the loss of CMD2‐mediated resistance is maintained across vegetative generations. These findings reveal new aspects of the widely used technique of somatic embryogenesis, and the stability of field‐level resistance in CMD2‐type cultivars presently grown by farmers in East Africa, where CMD pressure is high.
The Relationship of Strength (IPF(N), IPFkg) Compared to Running Endurance (VO2 and time to Exhaustion) in Recreationally Competitive Athletes.

2 Chapter 1: Introduction 5 Statement of Problem 5 Hypothesis 5 Pertinent Vocabulary and Definitions 8 Chapter 2: Review of Literature 8 Physiology and Mechanics for Generation of Force 8 Nervous system 8 Skeletal Muscle 10 Sarcomere and Contraction of the Sarcomere 11 Muscle Contraction Overview 12 Major Voluntary Muscles Involved in Running 13 Mechanics of The Skeletal System 13 Physiology and Mechanics for Endurance 15 VO2max 15 Absolute and Relative VO2 17 Anatomical Analysis of Running 17 Walking Gait 18 Running Gait 18 Affects of an Incline on Gait 19 Economy of Movement (Strength) 20