Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secondary Photons from High-Energy Protons Accelerated in Hypernovae

Recent observations show that hypernovae may deposit some fraction of their kinetic energy in mildly relativistic ejecta. In the dissipation process of such ejecta in a stellar wind, cosmic-ray protons can be accelerated up to ~1019 eV. We discuss the TeV to MeV gamma-ray and the X-ray photon signatures of cosmic rays accelerated in hypernovae. Secondary X-ray photons, emitted by electron-positron pairs produced via cascade processes due to high-energy protons, are the most promising targets for X-ray telescopes. Synchrotron photons emitted by protons can appear in the GeV band, requiring nearby (<40 Mpc) hypernovae for detection with GLAST. In addition, air Cerenkov telescopes may be able to detect regenerated TeV photons emitted by electron-positron pairs generated by CMB attenuation of π0-decay photons.
Selective blockage of Kv1.3 and Kv3.1 channels increases neural progenitor cell proliferation

The modulation of cell proliferation in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is believed to play a role in neuronal regeneration. Recent studies showed that K+ channel activity influenced cell proliferation. Therefore, we examined NPCs for K+ channels and tested whether NPC self renewing can be modulated by synthetic K+ channel modulators. The whole‐cell K+ current was partly K+ dependent and showed a cumulative inactivating component. Two tetra‐ethyl‐ammonium ion (TEA)‐sensitve K+ currents with different voltage dependencies ( = 65 μm, E50 = −0.3 ± 1.3 mV and = 8 mm, E50 = −15.2 ± 2.8 mV) and an almost TEA‐insensitive current were identified. Kaliotoxin blocked approximately 50% of the entire K+ currents (IC50 = 0.25 nm). These properties resembled functional characteristics of Kv1.4, Kv1.3 and Kv3.1 channels. Transcripts for these channels, as well as proteins for Kv1.3 and Kv3.1, were identified. Immunocytochemical staining revealed Kv1.3 and Kv3.1 K+ channel expression in almost all NPCs. The blockage of Kv3.1 by low concentrations of TEA, as well as the blockage of Kv1.3 by Psora‐4, increased NPC proliferation. These findings underline the regulatory role of K+ channels on the cell cycle and imply that K+ channel modulators might be used therapeutically to activate endogenous NPCs.
Loss of axons in the cat optic nerve following fetal unilateral enucleation: an electron microscopic analysis

Between the 48th day of gestation (E-48) and maturity, the number of axons in the cat optic nerve is reduced by approximately 50%. On the basis of an electron microscopic assay, the axon population of the E-48 nerve was estimated to be 328,000. In contrast, estimates from two normal adults were 159,000 and 158,000. In utero unilateral enucleation (at E-45 and E-46) attenuated the severity of this loss since the optic nerves of the experimental animals contained 200,000 and 198,000 fibers. These results indicate that prenatal binocular competition is involved in the elimination of ganglion cell axons during the normal development of the cat's visual system. The increased number of axons in the optic nerve of the prenatally enucleated animals could be due to reduced ganglion cell death or a failure to retract supernumerary axon collaterals. It is suggested that the former explanation is more consistent with what is currently known about the development of retinofugal projections.
Early Total Care versus Damage Control: Current Concepts in the Orthopedic Care of Polytrauma Patients

The management of the polytraumatized orthopedic patient remains a challenging issue. In recent years many efforts have been made to develop rescue techniques and to promote guidelines for the management of these patients. Currently controversies persist between two orthopedic approaches: the Early Total Care and the Damage Control Orthopedics. An overview of the current literature on the orthopedic management of polytrauma patient is provided. Subsequently, femoral shaft fractures, representing extremely common lesions, and pelvic ring injuries, that are associated with a high mortality rate, are analyzed in detail.
Self-reported adherence and associated factors to isoniazid preventive therapy for latent tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS at health centers in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia

Purpose This study aimed to assess self-reported adherence and associated factors to isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for latent tuberculosis among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) at health centers in Gondar town, North West Ethiopia. Patients and methods An institution-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from March 10 to June 11, 2016. A total of 154 eligible participants were included in the study, using the simple random sampling method, from the available four health centers and one teaching referral hospital that provided antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV/AIDS patients. Adherence was measured by self-report of isoniazid (INH) tablets taken for the preceding 7 days. Participants were recruited through in-depth interviews. The collected data were entered and analyzed using the statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results The adherence level to IPT was 90.3% for the last 7 days of the study. ART was initiated for 84.4%, and all of them were on a first-line regimen. Isoniazid-related side effects were reported by 48 (31.2%) participants, of which the most commonly identified were abdominal pain, vomiting, skin rash, jaundice, and numbness. Only 3 (2%) participants discontinued from the study. In the bivariate logistic regression analysis, respondents who had received an explanation about IPT were 83% times more likely to be adherent compared to those who had not received it (95% CI, AOR: 0.266 [0.23–3.127]). Respondents who had taken IPT for ≥5 months were more likely to be adherent than those who had taken it for 1–2 months [95% CI, COR: 1.484]. On the other hand, respondents who experienced side effects were 36% less likely to be adherent compared to those who did not experience any. Conclusion The level of adherence to IPT among PLWHA was high. Among the predictors reported, carelessness and/or forgetfulness, side effects, and absence from home were the major factors identified for being nonadherent. Health professionals and the Ministry of Health should design and deliver appropriate health education tips and messages. Moreover, counseling of patients who are in their first 2 months of therapy should be strengthened further.
Stephan's Quintet with XMM-Newton

The prototype compact group known as Stephan's Quintet (SQ) was observed with XMM-Newton in order to complement the excellent resolution of Chandra with high sensitivity to extended emission. SQ is a dynamic environment whose main effect, at both X-ray and optical wavelengths, appears to be ISM stripping. This is manifested by: 1) secular evolution of morphological types towards earlier types and 2) growth of diffuse emission. Virtually all cold, warm, and hot gas in SQ is found outside of the member galaxies. XMM-Newton offers the opportunity to study the hot gas with unprecedented sensitivity. We find two main components: 1) extended high surface brightness emission from shocked gas associated with an ongoing collision and 2) even more extended and unrelaxed diffuse emission that follows the stripped stellar envelope of the group.
Cellular localization and dynamics of the Mrr type IV restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli

In this study, we examined the intracellular whereabouts of Mrr, a cryptic type IV restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli K12, in response to different conditions. In absence of stimuli triggering its activity, Mrr was found to be strongly associated with the nucleoid as a number of discrete foci, suggesting the presence of Mrr hotspots on the chromosome. Previously established elicitors of Mrr activity, such as exposure to high (hydrostatic) pressure (HP) or expression of the HhaII methyltransferase, both caused nucleoid condensation and an unexpected coalescence of Mrr foci. However, although the resulting Mrr/nucleoid complex was stable when triggered with HhaII, it tended to be only short-lived when elicited with HP. Moreover, HP-mediated activation of Mrr typically led to cellular blebbing, suggesting a link between chromosome and cellular integrity. Interestingly, Mrr variants could be isolated that were specifically compromised in either HhaII- or HP-dependent activation, underscoring a mechanistic difference in the way both triggers activate Mrr. In general, our results reveal that Mrr can take part in complex spatial distributions on the nucleoid and can be engaged in distinct modes of activity.
The influence of the of initial network on the timing of Turn-to-Market decisions in research-based spin-offs

Because of a protected situation in early life, many academic spin-offs need to make the transition from a technology-based point of view to a market-based focus. The decision that initiates the change in focus is called the Turn-to-Market. This paper argues that the size and the diversity of the initial network of an academic spin-off have a direct influence on the Turn-to-Market decision. It is useful to not only consider the likelihood of this decision but also its timing relative to the achievement of technological success by means of a prototype. This opens up content-related and methodology-related areas of investigation that have not been looked into yet.
Teacher Beliefs, Knowledge, and Reported Practices Regarding Numeracy Outcomes in the Solomon Islands

The low level of basic numeracy achievement in the Solomon Islands education system is a growing concern to key stakeholders. Apart from monitoring numeracy standards, no attempt has been made to explore how Solomon Islands teachers structure mathematics teaching and learning, or the quality and effectiveness of teaching and learning in schools. It has been widely recognised that teachers' beliefs, knowledge, and practices are major influences in teaching and learning mathematics in classroom situations. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore Solomon Islands primary school teachers' beliefs, knowledge, reported practices, and professional learning experiences that enhance numeracy outcomes. The review of literature thus focuses on teacher beliefs about mathematics, its teaching, and learning; teacher pedagogical content knowledge; and professional development. Sixteen mainly urban based primary school teachers were interviewed to explore teachers' beliefs, pedagogical content knowledge, and professional learning experiences. A phenomenological approach to qualitative methodology was adopted to explore the phenomenon. A methodological triangulation of data collection was used involving a Belief Cards exercise and a semi-structured interview protocol. The combination of these methods helped to provide a coherent picture of teacher beliefs, knowledge, and practices. The results were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings of the Belief Cards exercise showed that individual teachers held disparate and inconsistent views and beliefs about mathematics, its teaching, and learning. Although the majority of the teachers agreed with beliefs about the nature of mathematics as problem solving and favoured pupil-centred approaches, when it came to specific beliefs representing pedagogic strategies about teaching and learning of mathematics, teachers held differing views about linking mathematics to real life situations; mathematics as teacher-centred and transmitted, and pupils as passive listeners; and teachers' enthusiasm about doing mathematics. The study also indicates most study teachers displayed a combination of traditional-transmission and contemporary-constructivist beliefs and views about mathematics, its teaching, and its learning. Further findings based on the interview protocol included that almost 50 per cent of the teachers claimed to have insufficient knowledge about mathematical content and theoretical perspectives about learning, inadequate specific mathematics teaching resources, and 75 per cent claimed a lack of ongoing professional development support in mathematics. Some constructivist mathematical practices were reported; however, the teaching described by some teachers tended to reflect the traditional-transmission approach to teaching and learning of mathematics. The overall results showed a disparity between teacher beliefs and practices exists.
Whole-Genome Sequencing and In Silico Analysis of Two Strains of Sporothrix globosa

Sporothrix globosa is a thermo-dimorphic fungus belonging to a pathogenic clade that also includes Sporothrix schenckii, which causes human and animal sporotrichosis. Here, we present the first genome assemblies of two S. globosa strains providing data for future comparative genomic studies in pathogenic Sporothrix species.
Bridging divergent neural models of recognition memory: Introduction to the special issue and commentary on key issues

This special issue reviews progress that has been made in recent years in understanding neural processing relevant for recognition memory. Here we describe how the nine reviews that comprise this issue weigh in on some of the most pressing and hotly debated issues in the study of recognition memory, including: (1) the number of processes that support recognition, (2) the nature of these processes, and (3) how these processes map onto neural processing events and brain structures. We then discuss the challenges inherent in attempting to incorporate the fundamentally different types of information that result from various cognitive neuroscience methods (e.g., electrophysiological recordings of neurons, lesion‐deficit studies, analyses of brain potentials and activations, modeling of behavioral responses, and phenomenological reports), and make suggestions for how to better integrate these disparate data types when making inferences about recognition memory. As the articles in this special issue make clear, great strides have been made in understanding how organisms are able to appreciate repetition. And yet, several controversies in this area have still not been resolved, but these articles clarify the core disagreements as well as the tests that must be conducted to seek resolution. This special issue as a whole should thus facilitate advancements in the future study of the neural mechanisms of recognition. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using Artificial Neural Network to Predict the Compressive Strength of Concrete containing Nano-silica

This paper presents application of artificial neural network to develop model for predicting 28 days compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement with nano-silica for which the data has been taken from various literatures. The use of nano-particle materials in concrete can add many benefits that are directly related to the durability of various cementitious materials, besides the fact that it is possible to reduce the quantities of cement in the composite. The performance of the model can be judged by the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and root mean square error have been adopted as the comparative measures against the experimental results obtained from the literature.
Visitor and Resident Images of Qingdao, China, as a Tourism Destination

This article compares the images of Qingdao, China, as perceived by visitors and residents and examines whether these images are affected by information sources, age, education, and place attachment. The data were collected using a self-administered survey of 578 visitors and 337 residents of Qingdao throughout June and July of 2009. The image construct was conceptualized into two dimensions: cognitive and affective. It was found that the images perceived by visitors and residents converged primarily on cognitive images and less so on affective images. The results of a Mann-Whitney U test reveal that the main differences between the images held by visitors and residents are in 10 cognitive images (seafood, cultural attraction, highway system, traffic congestion, airline schedules, local people, beaches, weather, scenery, and hygiene and cleanliness) and in two affective images (arousing–sleepy and exciting–gloomy). Spearman's rank correlation test revealed that there is a weak positive correlation between place attachment and the images of Qingdao perceived by both visitors and residents. Age, education, and information sources are only partially correlated with visitor and resident images, with weak correlations.
Key Impact of Vgt1 on Flowering Time Adaptation in Maize: Evidence From Association Mapping and Ecogeographical Information

An association study conducted on 375 maize inbred lines indicates a strong relationship between Vgt1 polymorphisms and flowering time, extending former quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping results. Analysis of allele frequencies in a landrace collection supports a key role of Vgt1 in maize altilatitudinal adaptation.
Why is Equity Capital Expensive for Opaque Banks?

Bank managers often claim that equity is expensive relative to debt, which contradicts the Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. This paper combines dividend signalling theories and the Diamond-Dybvig bank run model. An opaque bank must signal its solvency by paying high and stable dividends in order to keep depositors tranquil. This signalling may require costly liquidations if the return on assets has been poor, but not paying the dividend might cause panic and trigger a run on the bank. The more equity has been issued, the more liquidations are needed during bad times to pay the expected dividend to each share.
Demand for Lottery Products: A Cross-Country Analysis

Varieties of lottery games are played regularly in more than half of the world’s countries. When considering the probability of winning a lottery jackpot, we have a sense of the illogicality in buying a lottery ticket. This begs the question, why do people buy lottery products? This paper investigates the socio-economic and demographic features that help to explain the behavioural trend of lottery product purchasing throughout the world. With a multivariate linear regression analysis, this study uses macroeconomic data and qualitative variables to explain the variation of a country’s per-capita lottery sales. Some very interesting results were obtained. For example, the higher a country’s level of education, percentage of males and Christians, the higher are the lottery sales. The relationship between lottery sales and per-capita GDP is an inverted U: lottery sales increase simultaneously with increases in per-capita GDP up to a point and then start to decrease. These results are of interest because they suggest a link between certain socio-economic and demographic characteristics and consumer behaviour and may give a boost to the use of these characteristics in consumer research.
Beyond Reciprocity: Gratitude and Relationships in Everyday Life the Present Study

The emotion of gratitude is thought to have social effects, but empirical studies of such effects have focused largely on the repaying of kind gestures. The current research focused on the relational antecedents of gratitude and its implications for relationship formation. The authors examined the role of naturally occurring gratitude in college sororities during a week of gift-giving from older members to new members. New members recorded reactions to benefits received during the week. At the end of the week and 1 month later, the new and old members rated their interactions and their relationships. Perceptions of benefactor responsiveness predicted gratitude for benefits, and gratitude during the week predicted future relationship outcomes. Gratitude may function to promote relationship formation and maintenance. The empirical literature on the emotion of gratitude has much to say about whether grateful individuals will repay a benefactor or a fortunate bystander (e. The link is so strong that repayment behavior has sometimes been taken to imply feelings of gratitude. However, recent research has shown that repayment behavior can also be associated with unpleasant feelings of indebtedness (Watkins, Scheer, Ovnicek, & Kolts, 2006); this evidence suggests a need to revisit assumptions about the situational features of the positive emotion of gratitude. More important, however, apart from this one-time repayment gesture, the empirical literature is silent on the role of gratitude in interpersonal relationships. In this study, we explored aspects of gratitude that lie beyond reciprocity. We suggest that gratitude promotes relationship formation and maintenance. Previous research has suggested that the main ingredients of gratitude are an intentional gesture that is of value to the recipient that benefits bring information about the relationship motivations of the benefactor (Ames, Flynn, & Weber, 2004), we suggest an additional critical appraisal for the emotion of gratitude that is interpersonal in nature: perceived responsiveness to the self (Reis, Clark, & Holmes, 2004). Perceived responsiveness is an appraisal that is associated with feeling understood, valued, and cared for by another individual (Reis et al., 2004). For example, if one gives a gift certificate to a local mall or spends the same amount of money to give a CD that she knows is the recipient's favorite band, the latter better demonstrates responsiveness to one's self. It really is the thought that counts. Conceptualizing gratitude as a positive emotion involving inter-personal appraisals influences consideration of its function. If emotions are social coordinating systems (e.g., Keltner …
Retrospective Bias in the Displaced Worker Surveys

The Displaced Worker Survey of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics understates the number of workers displaced over the preceding five years covered by the survey by approximately one-third. The bias results from the fact that respondents' memory of displacement erodes over time. Memory loss is not randomly distributed across demographic groups, thereby making analyses based on these survey data suspect. The note reports memory-loss adjusted estimates of the number of displaced workers between 1979 and 1989 based on Displaced Worker Surveys for 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1990.
An EM Algorithm for Joint Feature Selection and Classifier Design 1

The problems of accurate classifier design and feature (predictor variable) selection have typically been considered in isolation of one another, with an independent feature selection phase often preceding the training of a classifier. However, the process of feature selection is most effective when it is undertaken with an eye towards retaining those features that are most relevant to the classification task at hand. This paper introduces a novel Bayesian algorithm that simultaneously learns the optimal nonlinear kernel classifier and the subset of predictor variables that contain complete discriminatory information for the classification. This simultaneous learning task is accomplished by an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm that optimizes a single likelihood function which rewards both good classification performance and sparse feature utilization. This algorithm constitutes a Bayesian extension of the current state-of-the-art Support Vector Machine and Relevance Vector Machine. Experimental evidence for the superior classification accuracy of this learning algorithm is presented on benchmark datasets. In addition, on high dimensional biological datasets, it is shown that the subset of predictor variables that are identified by the feature selection contains several genes whose products are already used to diagnose the same disease in current clinical practice. Corresponding Author’s email: 1 balaji@ee.duke. edu