Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological characteristics of rabies in South Korea from 1993 to 2001

In the nine years from 1993 to 2001, 210 cases of rabies were recorded in domestic animals in South Korea; 115 cattle, 94 dogs and one farmed deer were affected. The annual incidence of rabies cases increased to a peak of 64 in 1998, and then decreased to about 30 cases per year. The cases were confined to the northern part of Kyounggi and Kangwon provinces. One hundred and forty-six cases (69·5 per cent) occurred in Kyounggi and 64 cases (30·5 per cent) in Kangwon province, and about 82 per cent of them were confined to two counties in Kyounggi province (29 per cent in Paju and 28·1 per cent in Younchun) and to Chulwon county in Kangwon province (25·2 per cent). However, over several years the outbreaks gradually moved south and east in both Kyounggi and Kangwon provinces. There were more rabies cases in cattle than in dogs, suggesting that the disease is transmitted by the sylvatic cycle. To investigate the relationship between rabies in domestic animals and wild animals, 107 wild animals, including Korean raccoon dogs, badgers, weasels and feral cats, were tested for rabies; 21 of the 67 Korean raccoon dogs tested (31 per cent) were infected. The cases in domestic animals were most common in winter, from December to February, and least common in summer, from June to September.
Opioid peptides encrypted in intact milk protein sequences

Opioid agonistic and antagonistic peptides which are inactive within the sequence of the precursor milk proteins can be released and thus activated by enzymatic proteolysis, for example during gastrointestinal digestion or during food processing. Activated opioid peptides are potential modulators of various regulatory processes in the body. Opioid peptides can interact with subepithelial opioid receptors or specific luminal binding sites in the intestinal tract. Furthermore, they may be absorbed and then reach endogenous opioid receptors.
ECTX: A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing exploiting MAC-layer cooperative retransmission

We present a cross-layer approach for enabling high-throughput routing in multi-hop wireless networks. This approach builds on a MAC-layer cooperative retransmission mechanism, which is explicitly designed to exploit the benefits of MAC-layer retransmission-based reliability, cooperative communications, and link-quality awareness. Based on this mechanism, we devise a routing metric, called the expected cooperative transmission count (ECTX), to capture the combined effects of MAC-layer cooperative retransmission and per-link estimates of packet delivery ratios. We show that, compared to conventional approaches using the well-known expected transmission count (ETX) metric, our approach has two advantages in principle: 1) with the cooperative retransmission mechanism, one can effectively reduce the expected total number of packet transmissions (including retransmissions) on the same path found by ETX; 2) with the ECTX metric, one may indeed identify a more effective path and further reduce the transmission count. We discuss modifications to IEEE 802.11 MAC to incorporate the cooperative retransmission mechanism, and implement ECTX-based routing using the DSR protocol. Extensive simulations on QualNet demonstrate that ECTX-based routing is significantly more efficient than ETX-based routing, in many instances reducing the transmission count by more than 30% and yet improving the network throughput by up to 80%.
Sex-biased herbivory in Jack-inthe-pulpit ( Arisaema triphyllum ) by a specialist thrips ( Heterothrips arisaemae )

Introduction Dioecious plants offer an opportunity to examine the susceptibility of male vs. female reproductive function to herbivory and the differential effects of herbivory on each sexual morph (Watson 1995). Several recent studies have compared damage by herbivores and pathogens between genders in a number of dioecious species. However, results are contradictory, and reported patterns of herbivory and attack by pathogens vary from male-biased (e.g., Danell et al. 1985, Ågren 1987, Elmqvist et al. 1988. Polhemus 1988, Alliende 1989, Jing & Coley 1990, Krischik & Denno 1990, Boecklen & Hoffman 1993, Wolfe 1997), to female-biased (Graetz 1981, Lovett Doust & Cavers 1982, Lovett Doust & Lovett Doust 1985, Parker 1987, Oyama & Dirzo 1991, Ågren 1997), to no preference (Boecklen et al. 1994, Araujo et al. 1995, Ågren 1997). These results suggest that different mechanisms underlie gender-biased herbivory, depending on the system. Variations Sex-biased herbivory in Jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) by a specialist thrips (Heterothrips arisaemae)
Roles of Glia Limitans Astrocytes and Carbon Monoxide in Adenosine Diphosphate-Induced Pial Arteriolar Dilation in Newborn Pigs

Background and Purpose— Astrocytes, neurons, and microvessels together form a neurovascular unit allowing blood flow to match neuronal activity. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is an important signaling molecule in the brain, and dilation in response to ADP is astrocyte-dependent in rats and newborn pigs. Carbon monoxide (CO), produced endogenously by catabolism of heme to CO, iron, and biliverdin via heme oxygenase, is an important cell-signaling molecule in the neonatal cerebral circulation. We hypothesize ADP stimulates CO production by glia limitans astrocytes and that this CO causes pial arteriolar dilation. Methods— Experiments were performed using anesthetized piglet with closed cranial windows, and freshly isolated piglet astrocytes and microvessels. Astrocyte injury was caused by topical application of L-2-alpha aminoadipic acid (2 mmol/L, 5 hours). Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from under the cranial windows for measurement of ADP-stimulated CO production. CO was measured by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy analysis. Results— Before, but not after, astrocyte injury in vivo, topical ADP stimulated both CO production and dilation of pial arterioles. Astrocyte injury did not block dilation to isoproterenol or bradykinin. Chromium mesoporphyrin, an inhibitor of heme oxygenase, also prevented the ADP-induced increase in cerebrospinal fluid CO and pial arteriolar dilation caused by ADP, but not dilation to sodium nitroprusside. ADP also increased CO production by freshly isolated piglet astrocytes and cerebral microvessels, although the increase was smaller in the microvessels. Conclusions— These data suggest that glia limitans astrocytes use CO as a gasotransmitter to cause pial arteriolar dilation in response to ADP.
Neuropsychological Performance and Sleep Disturbance Following Traumatic Brain Injury

ObjectiveTo examine the relation between sleep disturbance and neurocognitive ability among persons with traumatic brain injury (TBI). DesignCorrelational research evaluating demographic and neuropsychological predictors of sleep disturbance using multiple regression analysis and analysis of variance. ParticipantsEighty-seven patients with mild to severe TBI admitted to a comprehensive outpatient neurorehabilitation program. Main Outcome MeasuresSleep disturbance assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. ResultsHierarchical regression analysis revealed that performance on selected measures of cognitive functioning significantly improved prediction of sleep disturbance, accounting for 14% of variance beyond that accounted for by injury severity and gender. The total model accounted for 31% of the variance in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores. Patients with mild TBI reported more sleep disturbance (P < .01) than did patients with severe TBI. ConclusionsSleep disturbance among patients with TBI may be associated with a particular constellation of neuropsychological abilities. These issues are discussed in relation to prior findings that indicate the involvement of additional neuropsychiatric factors associated with sleep disturbance in mild TBI.
Dual beam along-track interferometic SAR to MAP total ocean surface current vectors with the airborne wavemill proof-of-concept instrument: Impact of wind-waves

Synoptic maps of total ocean surface currents from space are needed to improve the characterisation and parameterisations of oceanic sub-mesoscale dynamics and represent their impact on global ocean circulation, air-sea exchanges and the marine ecosystem. Wavemill is a satellite mission concept based on a dual beam along-track interferometric SAR principle. An airborne proof-of-concept campaign took place in the tidally-dominated Irish Sea in 2011. A comprehensive collection of airborne flights arranged in a star pattern permitted to sample various azimuthal directions. Here, it is shown that the impact of ocean waves on the measured ocean surface motion can be as large or even larger than the strong tidal current (0.7m/s). Using in situ validation measurements and airborne Wavemill data, the azimuth dependence and magnitude of this wind-wave velocity artefact is characterised.
On proactivity and maintenance goals

Goals are an important concept in intelligent agent systems, and can take a variety of forms. One such form is maintenance goals, which, unlike achievement goals, define states that must remain true, rather than a state that is to be achieved. Maintenance goals are generally restricted to acting as trigger conditions for goals or plans, and often take no part in any deliberation process. These goals are reactive and are only acted upon when the maintenance conditions are no longer true. In this paper, we study maintenance goals that are proactive, in that the agent system needs to not only react when the maintenance conditions fail, but also anticipate the failures of these conditions, and act in order to avoid them failing. This can be done by performing actions that prevent the condition from failing, or suspending goals that will cause the maintenance conditions to fail. We provide a representation for maintenance goals that captures both their reactive and proactive aspects, algorithms that identify in advance where maintenance conditions may not hold, and mechanisms for enabling preventative actions in such situations. We also provide some experimental results on an implementation of these ideas.
A Complete Characterization of Unitary Quantum Space

Motivated by understanding the power of quantum computation with restricted number of qubits, we give two complete characterizations of unitary quantum space bounded computation. First we show that approximating an element of the inverse of a well-conditioned efficiently encoded $2^{k(n)}\times 2^{k(n)}$ matrix is complete for the class of problems solvable by quantum circuits acting on $\mathcal{O}(k(n))$ qubits with all measurements at the end of the computation. Similarly, estimating the minimum eigenvalue of an efficiently encoded Hermitian $2^{k(n)}\times 2^{k(n)}$ matrix is also complete for this class. In the logspace case, our results improve on previous results of Ta-Shma [STOC '13] by giving new space-efficient quantum algorithms that avoid intermediate measurements, as well as showing matching hardness results. Additionally, as a consequence we show that PreciseQMA, the version of QMA with exponentially small completeness-soundess gap, is equal to PSPACE. Thus, the problem of estimating the minimum eigenvalue of a local Hamiltonian to inverse exponential precision is PSPACE-complete, which we show holds even in the frustration-free case. Finally, we can use this characterization to give a provable setting in which the ability to prepare the ground state of a local Hamiltonian is more powerful than the ability to prepare PEPS states. Interestingly, by suitably changing the parameterization of either of these problems we can completely characterize the power of quantum computation with simultaneously bounded time and space.
Contrasting echogenicity in flexor digitorum profundus–flexor carpi ulnaris: A diagnostic ultrasound pattern in sporadic inclusion body myositis

Introduction: In this study we aimed to clarify whether muscle ultrasound (US) of the forearm can be used to differentiate between patients with sporadic inclusion body myositis (s‐IBM) and those with s‐IBM–mimicking diseases. Methods: We compared the echo intensity (EI) of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscle and the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscles in patients with s‐IBM (n = 6), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM; n = 6), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; n = 6). Results: We identified EI abnormalities in 100% of patients with s‐IBM, 33% of those with PM/DM, and 33% of those with ALS. An “FDP–FCU echogenicity contrast,” a US pattern involving a higher EI in the FDP than in the FCU, was observed in all patients with s‐IBM, but in none of those with PM/DM or ALS. Conclusions: FDP–FCU echogenicity contrast in muscle US is a sensitive diagnostic indicator of s‐IBM. Muscle Nerve 49: 745–748, 2014
Both prolonged remission and Lupus Low Disease Activity State are associated with reduced damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus

Objectives. To identify predictors of organ damage and specifically the relationship between prolonged disease remission or low disease activity and damage accrual in a longitudinal cohort of SLE patients. Methods. Data were prospectively assessed including the occurrence of minor/major flares. Once a year remission and Lupus Low Disease Activity State (LLDAS) were determined retrospectively. A prediction model for damage accrual during follow-up was constructed with backward logistic regression analyses. Secondly, odds ratios (ORs) for damage accrual (SLICC damage index increase of ⩾ 1 during follow-up) were calculated for patients with or without prolonged remission during 5 years, and with or without LLDAS in ⩾ 50% of observations. Results. Data from 183 patients with a median follow-up duration of 5.0 years were analysed. The most significant predictors for damage accrual were: occurrence of ⩾ 1 major flare, mean daily prednisone dose during follow-up and nephrological manifestations at baseline. Prolonged remission was present in 32.5% (38/117) and LLDAS in ⩾ 50% of observations in 64.5% (118/183) of patients. Both the presence of prolonged remission during 5 years and LLDAS in ⩾ 50% of observations were associated with a reduced risk of damage accrual (OR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.53, P = 0.001 and OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.99, P = 0.046, respectively). Conclusion. This cohort study shows that prolonged remission and LLDAS were associated with an improved outcome, as determined by yearly assessments. In order to improve the outcome in SLE patients, future studies should investigate whether these targets can be reached actively with therapeutic strategies.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Activates Inflammatory Cytokines in Human Monocytes and Macrophages via Toll-Like Receptor 2

ABSTRACT The pattern recognition receptor Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) has been implicated in the response to several human viruses, including herpes simplex viruses (types 1 and 2) and cytomegalovirus. We demonstrated that varicella-zoster virus (VZV) activates inflammatory cytokine responses via TLR2. VZV specifically induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human monocytes via TLR2-dependent activation of NF-κB, and small interfering RNA designed to suppress TLR2 mRNA reduced the IL-6 response to VZV in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Unlike other herpesviruses, the cytokine response to VZV was species specific. VZV did not induce cytokines in murine embryonic fibroblasts or in a mouse cell line, although VZV did activate NF-κB in a human cell line expressing a murine TLR2 construct. Together, these results suggest that TLR2 may play a role in the inflammatory response to VZV infection.
European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s disease: special situations

This third section of the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) Consensus on the management of Crohn’s disease concerns postoperative recurrence, fistulating disease, paediatrics, pregnancy, psychosomatics, extraintestinal manifestations, and alternative therapy. The first section on definitions and diagnosis reports on the aims and methods of the consensus, as well as sections on diagnosis, pathology, and classification of Crohn’s disease. The second section on current management addresses treatment of active disease, maintenance of medically induced remission, and surgery of Crohn’s disease.
An ERP Study of the Processing of Common and Decimal Fractions: How Different They Are

This study explored event-related potential (ERP) correlates of common fractions (1/5) and decimal fractions (0.2). Thirteen subjects performed a numerical magnitude matching task under two conditions. In the common fraction condition, a nonsymbolic fraction was asked to be judged whether its magnitude matched the magnitude of a common fraction; in the decimal fraction condition, a nonsymbolic fraction was asked to be matched with a decimal fraction. Behavioral results showed significant main effects of condition and numerical distance, but no significant interaction of condition and numerical distance. Electrophysiological data showed that when nonsymbolic fractions were compared to common fractions, they displayed larger N1 and P3 amplitudes than when they were compared to decimal fractions. This finding suggested that the visual identification for nonsymbolic fractions was different under the two conditions, which was not due to perceptual differences but to task demands. For symbolic fractions, the condition effect was observed in the N1 and P3 components, revealing stimulus-specific visual identification processing. The effect of numerical distance as an index of numerical magnitude representation was observed in the P2, N3 and P3 components under the two conditions. However, the topography of the distance effect was different under the two conditions, suggesting stimulus specific semantic processing of common fractions and decimal fractions.
(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-Octaethylporphyrinato-κ4 N)cobalt(II)–2-nitrobenzaldehyde (1/2)

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Co(C36H44N4)]·2C7H5NO3, is composed of one half of the complex, arranged about an inversion center, and a complete 2-nitrobenzaldehyde (NBA) molecule. The structure consists of columns that contain interleaved molecules of NBA and [CoII(OEP)] (OEP is 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrin), which are stacked along the a axis. The CoII atom is involved in a π interaction with the ring of the NBA molecule with a centroid–metal distance of 3.508 (6) Å. There is an intramolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bond in the NBA molecule.
Solid Argon Precipitation in a Metallic Glass: Does Free-Volume Help?

We find that small particles (∼1 nm) of solid argon are densely precipitated in a Pd40Ni20P20 metallic glass matrix after argon ion-beam irradiation with an accelerating voltage of 4 keV. This is in sharp contrast to the case of noble-gas implantations into crystalline metals, for which high-energy beam (50–300 keV) has been essential to promote creations of precursor defects, such as voids or vacancy aggregates for initial confinements of noble-gas atoms. Therefore, the present low-energy implantation implies that the argon confinements have occurred at pre-existing low-density regions in the glass matrix, providing an important clue to phenomenological free-volume entities.
Improved disease-free survival with epirubicin-based chemoendocrine adjuvant therapy compared with tamoxifen alone in one to three node-positive, estrogen-receptor-positive, postmenopausal breast cancer patients: results of French Adjuvant Study Group 02 and 07 trials.

BACKGROUND The purpose was to compare disease-free survival (DFS) between epirubicin-based chemoendocrine therapy and tamoxifen alone in one to three node-positive (N1-3), estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+), postmenopausal early breast cancer (EBC) patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed, retrospectively, 457 patients randomized in FASG 02 and 07 trials who received: tamoxifen alone (30 mg/day, 3 years); or FEC50 (fluorouracil 500 mg/m2, epirubicin 50 mg/m2, cyclophosphamide 500 mg/m2, six cycles every 21 days) plus tamoxifen started concurrently. Radiotherapy was delivered after the third cycle in FASG 02 trial, and after the sixth in FASG 07 trial. RESULTS The 9-year DFS rates were 72% with tamoxifen and 84% with FEC50-tamoxifen (P = 0.008). The multivariate analysis showed that pathological tumor size >2 cm was an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.002), and treatment effects remained significantly in favor of chemoendocrine therapy (P = 0.0008). The 9-year overall survival rates were 78% and 86%, respectively (P = 0.11). In the multivariate model, there was a trend in favor of chemoendocrine therapy (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION The addition of FEC50 adjuvant chemotherapy to tamoxifen significantly improves long-term DFS in N1-3, ER+ and postmenopausal women. Chemoendocrine therapy seems to be more effective than tamoxifen in terms of long-term survival.
Experimental Study on Polymer Mass Used to Repair Damaged Structures

A new method of repairing damaged structures by injecting the cracks with specially designed polymer mass (flexible two-component grout based on polyurethane resin) has been recently proposed. The technique is mainly dedicated to damaged masonries, especially historical structures where minimum intervention is permitted. The cracks are filled with the special injection, forming the flexible joints bonding the disrupted structural elements. The aim of the present paper is to show the results of the experimental study focused on properties of the polymer mass used for the injections. First, the material has been subjected to static compression tests. Then, the polymer mass has been examined dynamically under harmonic excitations with different frequencies and strain levels. The results of the study indicate that the tested polymer mass shows highly non-linear behaviour with relatively low resistance under small displacements and stiffening effect for higher strain levels. Moreover, it is substantially dependent on the strain rate having higher initial deformation modulus for higher strain rate values. Finally, the observed hysteretic behaviour of the material confirms its potential to dissipate the energy during vibrations preventing from further structural damage in the case of dynamic loading.
Multi-scale, multi-level, heterogeneous features extraction and classification of volumetric medical images

This paper articulates a novel method for the heterogeneous feature extraction and classification directly on volumetric images, which covers multi-scale point feature, multi-scale surface feature, multi-level curve feature, and blob feature. To tackle the challenge of complex volumetric inner structure and diverse feature forms, our technical solution hinges upon the integrated approach of locally-defined diffusion tensor (DT), DT-based anisotropic convolution kernel (DACK), DACK-based multi-scale analysis, and DT-governed curve feature growing. The extracted structural features can be further semantically classified. At the computational fronts, we design CUDA-based algorithm to conduct parallel computation for time consuming tasks. Various experiments and timing tests demonstrate the effectiveness, robustness, and high performance of our method.