Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Animal Source Foods to Improve Micronutrient Nutrition and Human Function in Developing Countries Animal Source Foods Improve Dietary Quality, Micronutrient Status, Growth and Cognitive Function in Kenyan School Children: Background, Study Design and Baseline Findings

A previous longitudinal three-country study in Egypt, Kenya and Mexico found significant positive associations between intake of animal source foods (ASF) and growth, cognitive development and physical activity. To test for a causal relationship, a controlled school feeding intervention study was designed to test the hypotheses that ASF would improve micronutrient status, growth and cognitive function in Kenyan primary school children. Twelve rural Kenyan schools with 554 children were randomized to four feeding interventions using a local vegetable stew as the vehicle. The groups were designated as Meat, Milk, Energy and Control, who received no feedings. Feeding was carried out on school days for seven terms during 21 mo. Preintervention baseline measures included nutritional status, home food intake, anthropometry, biochemical measures of micronutrient status, malaria, intestinal parasites, health status and cognitive and behavioral measures. The measurements of each child were repeated at intervals over 2 y. Baseline data revealed stunting and underweight in ;30% of children and widespread inadequate intakes and/or biochemical evidence of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of iron, zinc, vitamins A and B-12, riboflavin and calcium. Little or no ASF were eaten and fat intake was low. Malaria was present in 31% of children, and hookworm, amebiasis and giardia were widely prevalent. The outcomes measured were rates of change or increase during the intervention in cognitive function, growth, physical activity and behavior and micronutrient status. Hierarchical linear random effects modeling was used for analysis of outcomes. J. Nutr. 133: 3941S–3949S, 2003.
SELF NEGLECT POLICY AND PRACTICE: BUILDING AN EVIDENCE BASE FOR ADULT SOCIAL CARE

This research, commissioned by the Department of Health (DH), set out to identify what could be learned about current policy and practice in self-neglect, experienced as a highly challenging aspect of contemporary adult social care. A national (England) survey investigated current strategic and policy initiatives, with responses from 53 out of 152 local authorities (34.9 per cent). A series of in-depth interviews undertaken with 20 managers, 42 practitioners and 29 people who use services across 10 authorities identified approaches that have produced positive outcomes from the perspectives of those involved.
Nonlinear dynamics of speculative attacks on the Finnish markka, 1987-1992

In this paper, I estimate nonlinear autoregressive models for Finnish short-term interest rates using daily data.The nonlinear models considered in the paper are the logistic (LSTAR) and exponential (ESTAR) autoregressive models.The estimated LSTAR model appears to capture some of the interest rate dynamics associated with the speculative attacks against the Finnish markka.The combined LSTAR-GARCH models are also estimated.
Developmental Differences in Reward Sensitivity and Sensation Seeking in Adolescence: Testing Sex-Specific Associations With Gonadal Hormones and Pubertal Development

Sensation seeking has been found to increase, on average, from childhood to adolescence. Developmental scientists have hypothesized that this change could be driven by the rise of gonadal hormones at puberty, which affect reward-related processing in the brain. In a large, age-heterogeneous, population-based sample of adolescents and young adults (N = 810; ages 13–20 years), we tested for sex-specific associations between age, self-reported pubertal development, gonadal hormones (estradiol and testosterone) as measured in saliva, reward sensitivity as measured by a multivariate battery of in-laboratory tasks (including the Iowa gambling task, balloon analogue risk task, and stoplight task), and self-reported sensation seeking. Reward sensitivity was more strongly associated with sensation seeking in males than females. For both males and females, reward sensitivity was unrelated to age but was higher among those who reported more advanced pubertal development. There were significant sex differences in the effects of self-reported pubertal development on sensation seeking, with a positive association evident in males but a negative association in females. Moreover, gonadal hormones also showed diverging associations with sensation seeking—positive with testosterone but negative with estradiol. Overall, the results indicate that sensation seeking among adolescents and young adults depends on a complex constellation of developmental influences that operate via sex-specific mechanisms.
A Phenomenological Investigation of the Reporting Experience for Female Survivors of Sexual Assault on College Campuses

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Tensions between Politico‐Institutional Factors and Accounting Regulation in a Developing Economy: Insights from Institutional Theory

The study contributes to building an understanding of the impact of political forces on the information environment of listed firms in a developing economy. Specifically, it investigates the tensions between politico‐institutional factors and accounting regulation on the prolonged and incomplete implementation of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Bangladesh from 1998 to 2010. Two phases of interviews were conducted in 2010–2011 and IFRS‐related enforcement documents from 1998 to 2010 were evaluated. The study contributes that IFRSs are being diffused to developing countries like Bangladesh, but they invariably interact with local institutions (political institutions in this case), with variable outcomes (i.e. negative outcomes of IFRS implementation). Coercive, normative and mimetic isomorphisms are low in Bangladesh. Notably, political forces have been undermining mimetic isomorphism because of the high level of government intervention and the high level of political lobbying. Political institutional pressures stand in the way of mimetic isomorphism and constitute negative forces that add further tension to accounting regulation (e.g. the implementation of IFRS) in Bangladesh. Regarding the low level of normative isomorphism, there is evidence of a ‘blame culture’, with state institutions and professional accountancy institutions in the country blaming each other for the poor progress in IFRS implementation. Although the study focuses on Bangladesh, its results have implications for international policy makers (the International Accounting Standards Board, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank), as well as the governments and regulators of other developing economies facing similar challenges in implementing IFRS.
Matrix-model dualities in the collective field formulation

We establish a strong-weak coupling duality between two types of free matrix models. In the large-N limit, the real-symmetric matrix model is dual to the quaternionic-real matrix model. Using the large-N conformal invariant collective field formulation, the duality is displayed in terms of the generators of the conformal group. The conformally invariant master hamiltonian is constructed and we conjecture that the master hamiltonian corresponds to the hermitian matrix model.
How Cabinet Size and Legislative Control Shape the Strength of Transparency Laws

Prevailing thinking surrounding the politics of secrecy and transparency is biased by assumptions regarding single-party and small coalition governments. Here, the “politics of secrecy” dominates: Leaders delay or resist strong transparency and freedom of information (FOI) policies when they control parliament, and yield to strong laws because of imposition, symbolic ambition, or concessions when they do not. In effect, leaders weigh the benefits of secrecy against gains in monitorial capacity. Their support for strong transparency policies grows as the number of parties in their cabinet rises. So while the costs of surrendering secrecy trump the benefits of strong transparency reforms in single-party governments, in broad multiparty coalitions leaders trade secrecy for tools to monitor coalition “allies. ” Drawing on vivid international examples, patterns of FOI reform in Latin America, and an in-depth study of FOI in Brazil, this article generates new theoretical insights into transparency and the “politics of monitoring. ”
Religion and American Culture

1. Christendom and American Origins. 2. The Age of Democratic Revivals. 3. Protestant and Progressive America: 1860-1917. 4. Pluralistic America: 1860-1917. 5. Traditional Religion and Twentieth-Century. 6. Return to Faith and Quest for Consensus: 1941-1963. 7. Fragmented America--A Nation in Search of a Soul: 1960s-1980s. Notes to the Text. Suggestions for Further Reading. Acknowledgments and Credits. Index.
The factors that influence a lawyer’s use of and ability to develop effective electronic information seeking behaviour

Research Problem: The purpose of this research was to discover the factors that influence a New Zealand lawyer’s use of and ability to develop effective electronic information seeking behaviour. There have been no previous studies undertaken in New Zealand to understand the cognitive reasons and the reasons directly related to the resources themselves that impact on why lawyers do, or do not look for information effectively from electronic resources. Methodology: A phenomenological study design was used in order to understand an event from the viewpoint of the participants. Nine New Zealand lawyers participated, providing demographic information and taking part in semi-structured interviews. In addition two of these lawyers took part in a further participant observation. Results: The results indicated that factors personal to the applicant such as their previous training, electronic experience, personality and age have an impact on their ability to develop effective electronic information seeking behaviour. In addition external factors such as cost, time and lack of access directly related to electronic resources also have an impact. Implications: Based on the findings of this report it was found that electronic resources were considered to be an important part of a lawyer’s work and gaining increasing significance. However not all lawyers have the ability to make full use of these electronic resources. Therefore it is important that lawyers are provided with the opportunity to undertake appropriate training and to access high quality electronic resources. Further study needs to be undertaken to look at strategies and training methods required by lawyers and their employers to improve these skills.
Energetics and dynamics of a light-driven sodium-pumping rhodopsin

Significance Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2) is the first identified light-driven Na+ pump. Despite its recently resolved X-ray structure, the molecular mechanism of the translocation and gating of Na+ ions during its photocycle has remained elusive. Here we use large-scale quantum and classical simulations to prepare KR2 in transient photocycle states and show how combined electrostatic, conformational, and hydration changes drive the Na+ ions across the membrane. Our calculations identify putative ion-binding sites that can be further probed by site-directed mutagenesis experiments. The obtained results provide rational design principles to develop KR2 toward next generation optogenetic tools. The conversion of light energy into ion gradients across biological membranes is one of the most fundamental reactions in primary biological energy transduction. Recently, the structure of the first light-activated Na+ pump, Krokinobacter eikastus rhodopsin 2 (KR2), was resolved at atomic resolution [Kato HE, et al. (2015) Nature 521:48–53]. To elucidate its molecular mechanism for Na+ pumping, we perform here extensive classical and quantum molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of transient photocycle states. Our simulations show how the dynamics of key residues regulate water and ion access between the bulk and the buried light-triggered retinal site. We identify putative Na+ binding sites and show how protonation and conformational changes gate the ion through these sites toward the extracellular side. We further show by correlated ab initio quantum chemical calculations that the obtained putative photocycle intermediates are in close agreement with experimental transient optical spectroscopic data. The combined results of the ion translocation and gating mechanisms in KR2 may provide a basis for the rational design of novel light-driven ion pumps with optogenetic applications.
Health Care Costs for State Transition Models in Prostate Cancer

Objective . To obtain estimates of direct health care costs for prostate cancer (PC) from diagnosis to death to inform state transition models. Methods . A stratified random sample of PC patients residing in 3 geographically diverse regions of Ontario, Canada, and diagnosed in 1993–1994, 1997–1998, and 2001–2002, was selected from the Ontario Cancer Registry. We retrieved patients’ pathology reports to identify referring physicians and contacted surviving patients and next of kin of deceased patients for informed consent. We reviewed clinic charts to obtain data required to allocate each patient’s observation time to 11 PC-specific health states. We linked these data to health care administrative databases to calculate resource use and costs (Canadian dollars, 2008) per health state. A multivariable mixed-effects model determined predictors of costs. Results . The final sample numbered 829 patients. In the regression model, total direct costs increased with age, comorbidity, and Gleason score (all P < 0.0001). Radical prostatectomy was the most costly primary treatment health state ($4676 per 100 days). Radical prostatectomy, hormone-refractory metastatic disease ($6398 per 100 days), and final (predeath) ($13,739 per 100 days) health states were significantly more costly (P < 0.05) than nontreated nonmetastatic PC ($3440 per 100 days), whereas the postprostatectomy ($732 per 100 days) and postradiation ($1556 per 100 days) states cost significantly less (P < 0.0001). Conclusions . This study used an innovative but labor-intensive approach linking chart and administrative data to estimate health care costs. Researchers should weigh the potential benefits of this method against what is involved in implementation. Modifications in methodology may achieve similar gains with less outlay in individual studies. However, we believe that this is a promising approach for researchers wishing to advance the quality of costing in state transition modeling.
The Tax Reform Act of 1986: An Assessment in Terms of Tax Compliance Behavior

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) has sometimes been portrayed as a genuine effort to introduce fairness, simplicity, and economic growth considerations into the Internal Revenue Code of the U.S. Although regarding the TRA as far from adequate, the late Richard Musgrave did in fact regard this statute as yielding many significant changes that improved the equity and efficiency of the process of federal income taxation. The present study investigates empirically whether the TRA was so well received by taxpayers as to increase (at least in theory) the degree of federal personal income tax compliance. Although the estimates imply that this may have initially been the case, a more in-depth analysis reveals that the TRA actually exercised a statistically zero net impact on the aggregate degree of personal income tax compliance over the longer run, implying that the TRA merely required a sufficient amount of time for tax evaders to learn the new law so that they could ultimately resume their tax-evasion ways.
Accelerated wound healing mediated by activation of Toll‐like receptor 9

Wound healing is mediated through complex interactions between circulating immune cells and local epithelial and endothelial cells. Elements of the innate immune system are triggered when Toll‐like receptors (TLR) are stimulated by their cognate ligands, and previous studies suggest that such interactions can accelerate wound healing. This work examines the effect of treating excisional skin biopsies with immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) that trigger via TLR9. Results indicate that CpG (but not control) ODN accelerate wound closure and reduce the total wound area exposed over time by >40% (p<0.01). TLR9 knockout mice, a strain unresponsive to the immunomodulatory effects of CpG stimulation, are unresponsive to ODN treatment and exhibit a general delay in healing when compared with wild‐type mice. CpG ODN administration promoted the influx of macrophages to the wound site and increased the production of vascular endothelial growth factor, expediting neovascularization of the wound bed (p<0.01 for both parameters). Stimulation via TLR9 thus represents a novel strategy to accelerate wound healing.
Discharge of human muscle spindle afferents innervating ankle dorsiflexors during target isometric contractions

1 There are discrepancies in the literature about the reproducibility of forces at which human muscle spindle afferents accelerate their discharge during isometric voluntary contractions. The aim of this study was to determine for single muscle spindle afferents both the reproducibility of the ‘acceleration threshold’ and the factors contributing to variability of ‘acceleration threshold’. 2 Microneurographic recordings were made from muscle spindle afferents innervating tibialis anterior while subjects performed isometric ankle dorsiflexions. Subjects matched the force of their contractions with a visually displayed ‘ramp‐and‐hol? template. Template parameters were determined by the force of maximal isometric ankle dorsiflexion (MVC), and expressed as per cent MVC. The required ‘ramp’ rate and ‘hold’ force was adjusted between trials (range, 0.5‐5% MVC s− and 0.5‐20% MVC, respectively). The duration of the hold phase was 4 s and, following each contraction, stretch was applied transversely to the tendon to minimize the influence of any ‘after‐effects’ on spindle afferent responses in subsequent contractions. 3 For each contraction, the force at which the rate of muscle spindle discharge increased was defined as the ‘acceleration threshold’. Of twenty‐six muscle spindle afferents innervating tibialis anterior, all but two increased their discharge in the test contractions. In 90% of contractions, acceleration thresholds were less than 3.2% MVC (range, 0.01–11.9% MVC). 4 Individual muscle spindle afferents increased their discharge at similar but not identical forces in repeated contractions. There was a positive correlation between the rate of contraction and the acceleration threshold (P < 0.001), but the strength of the target contraction had no effect on the threshold, and there was no trend for thresholds to change over time. 5 The results suggest, first, that most muscle spindle endings in the human pretibial muscles receive a significant increase in fusimotor drive during relatively weak isometric efforts and secondly, that when fusimotor after‐effects are controlled, much of the residual variability in ‘acceleration threshold’ for any one spindle in repeated contractions is due to extrafusal factors, particularly variability in contraction rate.
Doping with Graphitic Nitrogen Triggers Ferromagnetism in Graphene

Nitrogen doping opens possibilities for tailoring the electronic properties and band gap of graphene toward its applications, e.g., in spintronics and optoelectronics. One major obstacle is development of magnetically active N-doped graphene with spin-polarized conductive behavior. However, the effect of nitrogen on the magnetic properties of graphene has so far only been addressed theoretically, and triggering of magnetism through N-doping has not yet been proved experimentally, except for systems containing a high amount of oxygen and thus decreased conductivity. Here, we report the first example of ferromagnetic graphene achieved by controlled doping with graphitic, pyridinic, and chemisorbed nitrogen. The magnetic properties were found to depend strongly on both the nitrogen concentration and type of structural N-motifs generated in the host lattice. Graphenes doped below 5 at. % of nitrogen were nonmagnetic; however, once doped at 5.1 at. % of nitrogen, N-doped graphene exhibited transition to a ferromagnetic state at ∼69 K and displayed a saturation magnetization reaching 1.09 emu/g. Theoretical calculations were used to elucidate the effects of individual chemical forms of nitrogen on magnetic properties. Results showed that magnetic effects were triggered by graphitic nitrogen, whereas pyridinic and chemisorbed nitrogen contributed much less to the overall ferromagnetic ground state. Calculations further proved the existence of exchange coupling among the paramagnetic centers mediated by the conduction electrons.
Increasing Returns and the Theory of International Trade

Increasing returns are as fundamental a cause of international trade as comparative advantage, but their role has until recently been neglected because of the problem of modelling market structure. Recently substantial theoretical progress has been made using three different approaches. These are the Marshallian approach, where economies of scale are assumed external to firms; the Chamberlinian approach, where imperfect competition takes the relatively tractable form of monopolistic competition; and the Cournot approach of noncooperative quantity-setting firms. This paper surveys the basic concepts and results of each approach. It shows that some basic insights are not too sensitive to the particular model of market structure. Although much remains to be done, we have made more progress toward a general analysis of increasing returns and trade than anyone would have thought possible even a few years ago.
A Biologically Plausible Architecture of the Striatum to Solve Context-Dependent Reinforcement Learning Tasks

Basal ganglia circuit is an important subcortical system of the brain thought to be responsible for reward-based learning. Striatum, the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia, serves as an input port that maps cortical information. Microanatomical studies show that the striatum is a mosaic of specialized input-output structures called striosomes and regions of the surrounding matrix called the matrisomes. We have developed a computational model of the striatum using layered self-organizing maps to capture the center-surround structure seen experimentally and explain its functional significance. We believe that these structural components could build representations of state and action spaces in different environments. The striatum model is then integrated with other components of basal ganglia, making it capable of solving reinforcement learning tasks. We have proposed a biologically plausible mechanism of action-based learning where the striosome biases the matrisome activity toward a preferred action. Several studies indicate that the striatum is critical in solving context dependent problems. We build on this hypothesis and the proposed model exploits the modularity of the striatum to efficiently solve such tasks.