Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Racism and Support of Free-Market Capitalism: A Cross-Cultural Analysis

We examined the interrelationship between people's support of market capitalism and their levels of racism, using moderately large samples in the United States and Sweden. Statistically significant and positive correlations were found between these variables within both samples. This relationship was analyzed within the framework of three alternative models of social attitudes: general conservatism theory, the gender-gap hypothesis, and social dominance theory. Although there was partial support for the general conservatism model, the data were found to be least consistent with the gender-gap hypothesis and most consistent with social dominance theory.
The relationship of neuroticism and extraversion to symptoms of anxiety and depression in the general population

Few studies have investigated the relationship of the personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion to the symptoms of depression and anxiety in the general population. A random general population sample (ages 20–70 years), from two Finnish cities was surveyed with the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). In addition, questions regarding diagnosed lifetime mental disorders, health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months, and history of mental disorders in first‐degree relatives were posed. Among the 441 subjects who participated, neuroticism correlated strongly with symptoms of depression (rs=.71, P<.001) and anxiety (rs=.69, P<.001), and somewhat with selfreported lifetime mental disorder (rs=.30, P<.001) and health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months (rs=.24, P<.001). Extraversion correlated negatively with symptoms of depression (rs=−.47, P<.001), anxiety (rs=−.36, P<.001), selfreported lifetime mental disorder (rs=−.17, P<.001), and health care use for psychiatric reasons in the past 12 months (rs=−.14, P=.004). In multiple regression models, even after adjusting for gender, age, and education, BDI scores were significantly associated with neuroticism, extraversion, and age, whereas BAI scores were associated only with neuroticism. Neuroticism is strongly associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms, and intraversion is moderately associated with depressive symptoms in the urban general population. The relationship of these personality dimensions to both selfreported lifetime mental disorders and use of health services for psychiatric reasons strengthens the clinical validity of these personality dimensions. Depression and Anxiety 23:281–289, 2006. © 2006 WileyLiss, Inc.
Factors associated with high levels of patient satisfaction with pain management.

OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine, among emergency department (ED) patients, the factors associated with a high level of satisfaction with pain management. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study in a single ED. Consecutive adult patients, with triage pain scores of ≥4 (numerical rating scale=0 to 10), were enrolled. Variables examined included demographics, presenting complaint, pain scores, nurse-initiated analgesia, analgesia administered, time to first analgesia, specific pain communication, and whether "adequate analgesia" was provided (defined as a decrease in pain score to <4 and a decrease from the triage pain score of ≥2). The level of patient satisfaction with their pain management (six-point scale: very unsatisfied to very satisfied) was determined by a blinded investigator 48 hours post discharge. Logistic regression analyses were undertaken. RESULTS Data were complete for 476 patients: mean (±standard deviation [SD]) age was 43.6 (±17.2) years, and 237 were males (49.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI]=45.2% to 54.4%). A total of 190 (39.9%, 95% CI=35.5% to 44.5%) patients were "very satisfied" with their pain management, and 207 (43.5%, 95% CI=39.0% to 48.1%) patients received adequate analgesia. Three variables were associated with the patient being very satisfied: the provision of adequate analgesia (odds ratio [OR]=7.8, 95% CI=4.9 to 12.4), specific pain communication (OR=2.3, 95% CI=1.3 to 4.1), and oral opioid administration (OR=2.0, 95% CI=1.1 to 3.4). Notably, the provision of nurse-initiated analgesia to 211 patients (44.3%, 95% CI=39.8% to 48.9%) and the short time to analgesia (median=11.5 minutes; interquartile range [IQR]=2.0 to 85.8 minutes) were not associated with being very satisfied. CONCLUSIONS The receipt of adequate analgesia (as defined) is highly associated with patient satisfaction. This variable may serve as a clinically relevant and achievable target in the pursuit of best-practice pain management.
Masculinities, Fatherhood, and Desistance From Crime

Being male constitutes a risk factor for incarceration. However, research suggests gender may have an indirect effect on men’s criminal behaviors. This author presents the theory that men’s endorsement of masculinity ideologies in the context of parenting affects their level of investment in the fathering role and has an indirect impact on their involvement with criminal justice systems through its relation to fatherhood. To test this theory, the author evaluated the link between endorsement of masculinity ideologies, fatherhood, and incarceration using secondary survey data. The findings showed male inmates’ investment in fathering was associated with their incarceration rate. They also highlighted the moderating influence of fathers’ age and fathers’ relationship with mothers. Implications for fathering programs behind bars are discussed.
Ultraviolet to Mid-Infrared Observations of Star-forming Galaxies at z ~ 2: Stellar Masses and Stellar Populations

We present the broadband UV through mid-infrared spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of a sample of 72 spectroscopically confirmed star-forming galaxies at z = 2.30 ± 0.3. Located in a 72 arcmin2 field centered on the bright background QSO, HS 1700+643, these galaxies were preselected to lie at z ~ 2 solely on the basis of their rest-frame UV colors and luminosities and should be representative of UV-selected samples at high redshift. In addition to deep ground-based photometry spanning from 0.35 to 2.15 μm, we make use of Spitzer IRAC data, which probe the rest-frame near-IR at z ~ 2. The range of stellar populations present in the sample is investigated with simple, single-component stellar population synthesis models. The inability to constrain the form of the star formation history limits our ability to determine the parameters of extinction, age, and star formation rate without using external multiwavelength information. Emphasizing stellar mass estimates, which are much less affected by these uncertainties, we find ⟨log M*/M☉⟩ = 10.32 ± 0.51 for the sample. The addition of Spitzer IRAC data as a long-wavelength baseline reduces stellar mass uncertainties by a factor of 1.5-2 relative to estimates based on optical-Ks photometry alone. However, the total stellar mass estimated for the sample is remarkably insensitive to the inclusion of IRAC data. We find correlations between stellar mass and rest-frame R band (observed Ks) and rest-frame 1.4 μm (observed 4.5 μm) luminosities, although with significant scatter. Even at rest-frame 1.4 μm, the mass-to-light ratio varies by a factor of 15 indicating that even the rest-frame near-IR, when taken alone, is a poor indicator of stellar mass in star-forming galaxies at z ~ 2. Allowing for the possibility of episodic star formation, we find that typical galaxies in our sample could contain up to 3 times more stellar mass in an old underlying burst than what was inferred from single-component modeling. In contrast, mass estimates for the most massive galaxies in the sample (M* > 1011 M☉) are fairly insensitive to the method used to model the stellar population. Galaxies in this massive tail, which are also the oldest objects in the sample, could plausibly evolve into the passive galaxies discovered at z ~ 1.7 with near-IR selection techniques. In the general framework of hierarchical galaxy formation and mergers, which implies episodic star formation histories, galaxies at high redshift may pass in and out of UV-selected and near-IR color-selected samples as they evolve from phases of active star formation to quiescence and back again.
Temperamental reactivity and negative emotionality in uncooperative children referred to specialized paediatric dentistry compared to children in ordinary dental care.

BACKGROUND Current treatment of children with dental behaviour management problems (DBMP) is based on the presupposition that their difficulties are caused by dental fear, but is this always the case? OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study temperamental reactivity, negative emotionality, and other personal characteristics in relation to DBMP in 8- to 12-year-old children. METHODS Forty-six children referred because of DBMP (study group) and 110 children in ordinary dental care (reference group) participated. The EASI tempramental survey assessed temperamental reactivity and negative emotionality, the Child Behaviour Questionnaire internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems, and the Children's Fear Survey Schedule general and dental fears. Cluster analyses and tree-based modelling were used for data analysis. RESULTS Among the five clusters identified, one could be characterized as 'balanced temperament'. Thirty-five per cent of the reference group compared to only 7% of the study group belonged to this cluster. Negative emotionality was the most important sorting variable. CONCLUSIONS Children referred because of DBMP differed from children in ordinary dental care, not only in dental fear level, but also in personal characteristics. Few of the referred children were characterized by a balanced temperament profile. It is important to consider the dual impact of emotion dysregulation and emotional reactivity in the development of DBMP.
Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via restoring mitochondrial morphology

Background Anesthetic postconditioning is a cellular protective approach whereby exposure to a volatile anesthetic renders a tissue more resistant to subsequent ischemic/reperfusion event. Sevoflurane postconditioning (SPostC) has been shown to exert cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. We hypothesized that SPostC protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury by maintaining/restoring mitochondrial morphological integrity, a critical determinant of cell fate. Methods Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) were subjected to H/R injury (3 h of hypoxia followed by 3 h reoxygenation). Intervention with SPostC (2.4% sevoflurane) was administered for 15 min upon the onset of reoxygenation. Cell viability, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, cell death, mitochondrial morphology, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were assessed after intervention. Mitochondrial fusion and fission regulating proteins (Drp1, Fis1, Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1) were assessed by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting was performed to determine the level of protein expression. Results Cardiomyocyte H/R injury resulted in significant increases in LDH release and cell death that were concomitant with reduced cell viability and reduced mitochondrial interconnectivity (mean area/perimeter ratio) and mitochondrial elongation, and with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mPTP opening. All the above changes were significantly attenuated by SPostC. Furthermore, H/R resulted in significant reductions in mitochondrial fusion proteins Mfn1, Mfn2 and Opa1 and significant enhancement of fission proteins Drp1 and Fis1. SPostC significantly enhanced Mfn2 and Opa1 and reduced Drp1, without significant impact on Mfn1 and Fis1. Conclusions Sevoflurane postconditioning attenuates cardiomyocytes hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (HRI) by restoring mitochondrial fusion/fission balance and morphology.
Students’ Reactions to Course Policy Decisions

Classroom management involves managing students’ requests for course policy changes. Instructors can adhere to the course policies or convey flexibility through making an exception for the student. The current study empirically examines students’ emotional reactions (hostility, guilt, and surprise) and fairness perceptions to course policy decisions. In Study 1 (N = 162), students had negative emotional reactions, but increased procedural fairness perceptions, to policy adherence. Study 2 (N = 341) examined the effects of the instructor’s interpersonal warmth and gender. Study 2 largely replicated the results of Study 1. Although the instructor’s gender had no effect, interpersonal warmth had a main effect on interactional fairness perceptions. Instructors can use policy adherence and interpersonal warmth to promote fairness perceptions.
Secularization on Trial: In Defense of a Neosecularization Paradigm

According to its critics, the old secularization paradigm has been tried, convicted, and executed by recent scholarship in the social sciences of religion, and is being replaced by a new (poatsecularizafion) paradigm which highlights the continued vitality of religion in modern societies. This paper argues that claims to have definitively refuted secularization theory are exaggerated. It mounts a defense of neosecularization paradigm which retains the core insights of the old paradigm while incorporating criticisms leveled against the hubris and laziness of some deployments of the concept of secularization. Following Chaves (1994), this paper argues that the core of neosecularization theory is the proposition that secularization means not the decline of religion but the declining scope of religious authority at the individual, organizational, and societal levels of analysis. Three exemplars of this perspective in the area of religion and politics are highlighted: the work of Hertzke (1988), Demerath and Williams (1992), and Casanova (1994).
Impact of pancreatic leaks on survival following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

CONTEXT Pancreatic leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy has a major impact on postoperative mortality. However, it is not clear whether pancreatic leaks affect long term survival in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to compare the long term outcome in patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy, with and without postoperative pancreatic leak. PATIENTS All 133 patients who underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy at the HepatoPancreatoBiliary Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, between June 2002 and June 2007 were identified from a prospectively held database. The study was restricted to 47 patients who had a confirmed diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. SETTING Pancreatic leak was defined as drain fluid amylase more than three times the serum level for more than 3 days post operatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Long term survival of patients with and without leaks were compared using Kaplan-Meier curves and significance was measured using the log-rank test. RESULTS Median follow-up was 30.8 months. The median actuarial survival of all ductal adenocarcinoma patients was 19 months. Pancreatic leaks occurred in 9 patients (19.1%). There were no significant differences in the overall survival or presence of recurrence between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy does not appear to impact on long-term outcome of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Are there culturgens?

Despite its importance, the linkage between genetic and cultural evolution has until now been little explored. An understanding of this linkage is needed to extend evolutionary theory so that it can deal for the first time with the phenomena of mind and human social history. We characterize the process of gene-culture coevolution, in which culture is shaped by biological imperatives while biological traits are simultaneously altered by genetic evolution in response to cultural history. A case is made from both theory and evidence that genetic and cultural evolution are inseverable, and that the human mind has tended to evolve so as to bias individuals toward certain patterns of cognition and choice rather than others. With the aid of mathematical models we trace the coevolutionary circuit: The genes prescribe structure in developmental pathways that lay down endocrine and neural systems, imposing regularities in the development of cognition and behavior; these regularities (loosely labeled "epigenetic rules") translate upward into holistic patterns of culture, which can be predicted in the form of probability density distributions (ethnographic curves); natural selection acts within human history to favor certain epigenetic rules over others; and the selection alters the frequencies of the underlying genes. The effects of genetic and cultural changes reverberate throughout the circuit and are consequently tested with the passage of each life cycle. In addition to modeling gene-culture coevolution, we apply methods from island biogeography and information theory to examine the cultural capacity of the genes, the factors determining the magnitude of cultural diversity, and the possible reasons for the uniqueness of the human achievement.
Pediatric tracheotomy wound complications: incidence and significance.

OBJECTIVES To determine the incidence and to describe wound complications and associated risk factors of pediatric tracheotomy. DESIGN Retrospective case series. SETTING Freestanding tertiary care academic pediatric hospital. PATIENTS Sixty-five consecutive children undergoing tracheotomy over 15 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Postoperative wound complications objectively and independently documented by an advanced practice nurse specializing in tracheotomy care. Secondary outcome measures included comorbidities, mortality rates, and wound status after subsequent examinations and management. RESULTS The mean (SEM) patient age at tracheotomy was 45 (8.7) months (median age, 9.1 months). The most common indication for tracheotomy was pulmonary disease (36.9%), followed by neurologic impairment and laryngeal abnormalities. There were 19 patients (29%) with and 46 patients (71%) without wound complications. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in age (P = .68) or weight (P = .55); however, infants younger than 12 months had an increased complication rate (39% vs. 17%, P = .04). The type of tracheotomy tube was predictive of postoperative wound complications (P = .02). All patients with wounds received aggressive local wound care. Five of 13 patients had complete resolution of stomal wounds, whereas 8 patients had persistent wound issues. There were 5 non-wound-related mortalities. CONCLUSIONS With attempts to classify tracheotomy wound breakdowns as reportable events, including never events, increasing emphasis is being placed on posttracheotomy care. This study demonstrates that wound breakdown in pediatric tracheotomy patients is common. These complications can be mitigated, although not prevented completely, with aggressive wound surveillance and specialized wound care.
Initial teacher training courses and non-native speaker teachers

This article reports on a study contrasting 41 native speakers (NSs) and 38 non-native speakers (NNSs) of English from two short initial teacher training courses, the Cambridge Certificate in English Language Teaching to Adults and the Trinity College London CertTESOL. After a brief history and literature review, I present findings on teachers’ backgrounds, reasons for participation, likely future teaching contexts, participants’ perceptions of which course components were most useful, and how well they felt their needs were met. NNSs are much more likely than NSs to have prior teaching experience and qualifications, they have very different reasons for taking such courses, they are more likely to teach in their home countries after completion, and they prioritize different components of the course. After discussing the implications of these findings, I conclude that current initial teacher training courses are not well suited to the needs of NNS participants, who may require a very different type of course to NS participants.
Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Controlling Maintenance and Functional Programs of RORγt+ Innate Lymphoid Cells and Intraepithelial Lymphocytes

Mucosal retinoic receptor-related orphan receptor (ROR)γt-expressing innate lymphoid cells (ILC) play an important role in the defense against intestinal pathogens and in promoting epithelial homeostasis and adaptation, thereby effectively protecting the vertebrate host against intestinal inflammatory disorders. The functional activity of RORγt+ ILC is under the control of environmental cues. However, the molecular sensors for such environmental signals are largely unknown. Recently, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has emerged as a master regulator for the postnatal maintenance of intestinal RORγt+ ILC and intraepithelial lymphocytes. AhR is a highly conserved transcription factor whose activity is regulated by environmental and dietary small molecule ligands. Here, we review the role of AhR signaling for the maintenance of intestinal immune cells and its impact on the immunological protection against intestinal infections and debilitating chronic inflammatory disorders.
Risk factors for gallstones and kidney stones in a cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

Background Gallstones and kidney stones are known complications of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Risk factors have been insufficiently studied and explanatory studies date back up to 30 years. It remains unclear, whether improved treatment options also influenced risk factors for these complications. Objectives Identifying risk factors for gallstones and kidney stones in IBD patients. Methods Using data from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study we assessed associations of diseases characteristics with gallstones and kidney stones in univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results Out of 2323 IBD patients, 104 (7.8%) Crohn’s disease (CD) and 38 (3.8%) ulcerative colitis (UC) patients were diagnosed with gallstones. Significant risk factors for gallstones were diagnosis of CD, age at diagnosis, disease activity and duration, NSAID intake, extra-intestinal manifestations and intestinal surgery. Kidney stones were described in 61 (4.6%) CD and 30 (3.0%) UC patients. Male gender, disease activity, intestinal surgery, NSAID usage and reduced physical activity were significant risk factors. Hospitalization was associated with gallstones and kidney stones. The presence of gallstones increased the risk for kidney stones (OR 4.87, p<0.001). Conclusion The diagnosis of CD, intestinal surgery, prolonged NSAID use, disease activity and duration and bowel stenosis were significantly associated with cholecystonephrolithiasis in IBD.
A pecking order of venture capital exits-What determines the optimal exit channel for venture capital backed ventures ?

I develop a model of exits from venture capital backed companies based on moral hazard. The focus is on two alternatives: a trade sale and an IPO. The alternatives differ in their governance structure. The model shows that highly profitable companies that need few oversight will go public, while less profitable companies that require more control will be sold. This suggests that the common notion that IPOs are generally more profitable than sales is wrong and observed returns suffer from a measurement bias. Finally, I present empirical evidence that IPOs have indeed higher rates of return than trade sales.