Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Get Out of my Picture! Internet-based Inpainting

Often when we review our holiday photos, we notice things we wish we could have avoided, such as vehicles, construction work, or simply other tourists. We cannot go back and retake the photo, so what can we do if we want to remove these things from our photos? We want to replace these sections of the image in a convincing way, preferably with what would really have been seen there without the occlusions. Previous work on this problem, often referred to as “inpainting”, are mainly applicable to small image regions, and rely largely on models of the local behaviour of natural images, e.g. [3, 5]. Recently, replacing large occlusions in photographs has been approached using images from the Internet [2, 7] or by combining several images captured at approximately the same time [1, 9]. In this paper we leverage recent advances in viewpoint invariant image search [8] to find other images of the same scene on the Internet. Beginning with a query image containing a target region to be replaced, we first use an online image search engine to retrieve images of the same scene, and take these to be a set of oracles. Since these images may have significant variations in viewpoint and lighting, we register each oracle to the query image using multiple homographies and a simple global photometric correction. We then use each oracle to propose a solution, by copying image data into the target region using Poisson blending. Finally, we use a Markov random field (MRF) formulation to combine the proposals into a single, occlusion-free result. Figure 1 shows the main stages of our system, and compares our result to those of two other methods.
Analysis of the spatial organization of microtubule-associated proteins

We have developed microdensitometer-computer correlation techniques to analyze the arrangement of microtubule arms and bridges (i.e., microtubule-associated proteins [MAPs]). A microdensitometer was used to scan immediately adjacent to the wall of longitudinally sectioned microtubules in positive transparency electron micrographs. Signal enhancement procedures were applied to the digitized densitometer output to produce a binary sequence representing the apparent axial spacing of MAP projections. These enhanced records were analyzed in two ways. (a) Autocorrelograms were formed for each record and correlogram peaks from a group of scans were pooled to construct a peak frequency histogram. (b) Cross-correlation was used to optimize the match between each enhanced record and templates predicted by different models of MAP organization. Seven symmetrical superlattices were considered as well as single axial repeats. The analyses were repeated with randomly generated records to establish confidence levels. Using the above methods, we analyzed the intrarow bridges of the Saccinobaculus axostyle and the MAP2 projections associated with brain microtubules synthesized in vitro. We confirmed a strict 16-nm axial repeat for axostyle bridges. For 26 MAP2 records, the only significant match was to a 12-dimer superlattice model (P less than 0.002). However, we also found some axial distances between MAP2 projections which were compatible with the additional spacings predicted by a 6-dimer superlattice. Therefore, we propose that MAP2 projections are arranged in a "saturated 12-dimer, unsaturated 6-dimer" superlattice, which may be characteristic of a wide variety of MAPs.
Notch1 regulated autophagy controls survival and suppressor activity of activated murine T-regulatory cells

Cell survival is one of several processes regulated by the Notch pathway in mammalian cells. Here we report functional outcomes of non-nuclear Notch signaling to activate autophagy, a conserved cellular response to nutrient stress, regulating survival in murine natural T-regulatory cells (Tregs), an immune subset controlling tolerance and inflammation. Induction of autophagy required ligand-dependent, Notch intracellular domain (NIC) activity, which controlled mitochondrial organization and survival of activated Tregs. Consistently, NIC immune-precipitated Beclin and Atg14, constituents of the autophagy initiation complex. Further, ectopic expression of an effector of autophagy (Atg3) or recombinant NIC tagged to a nuclear export signal (NIC-NES), restored autophagy and suppressor function in Notch1-/- Tregs. Furthermore, Notch1 deficiency in the Treg lineage resulted in immune hyperactivity, implicating Notch activity in Treg homeostasis. Notch1 integration with autophagy, revealed in these experiments, holds implications for Notch regulated cell-fate decisions governing differentiation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14023. 001
Application of the PRECEDE Model to Understanding Mental Health Promoting Behaviors in Hong Kong

The burdens related to mental illness have been increasingly recognized in many countries. Nevertheless, research in positive mental health behaviors remains scarce. This study utilizes the Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Causes in Education Diagnosis and Evaluation (PRECEDE) model to identify factors associated with mental health promoting behaviors and to examine the effects of these behaviors on mental well-being and quality of life among 941 adults in Hong Kong. Structural equation modeling shows that sense of coherence (predisposing factor), social support (reinforcing factor), and daily hassles (enabling factor) are significantly related to mental health promoting behaviors, which are associated with mental well-being and quality of life. Results of bootstrap analyses confirm the mediating role of mental health promoting behaviors on well-being and quality of life. The study supports the application of the PRECEDE model in understanding mental health promoting behaviors and demonstrates its relationships with well-being and quality of life.
Neutron powder diffraction refinement of PbZr(1 - x)Ti(x)O3.

Rietveld refinement of different structural models using neutron diffraction data for a series of powders of lead zirconate titanate, PbZr(1 - x)Ti(x)O(3) (PZT), is described. It is found that at all the compositions and temperatures studied the best results include contributions from more than one phase in order to fit the data. Consequently a new phase diagram is proposed.
Liver regeneration

Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is a very complex and well‐orchestrated phenomenon. It is carried out by the participation of all mature liver cell types. The process is associated with signaling cascades involving growth factors, cytokines, matrix remodeling, and several feedbacks of stimulation and inhibition of growth related signals. Liver manages to restore any lost mass and adjust its size to that of the organism, while at the same time providing full support for body homeostasis during the entire regenerative process. In situations when hepatocytes or biliary cells are blocked from regeneration, these cell types can function as facultative stem cells for each other. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 286–300, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of Population Differentiation and Natural Selection on the Celiac Disease Background Risk Network

Celiac disease is a common small intestinal inflammatory condition induced by wheat gluten and related proteins from rye and barley. Left untreated, the clinical presentation of CD can include failure to thrive, malnutrition, and distension in juveniles. The disease can additionally lead to vitamin deficiencies, anemia, and osteoporosis. Therefore, CD potentially negatively affected fitness in past populations utilizing wheat, barley, and rye. Previous analyses of CD risk variants have uncovered evidence for positive selection on some of these loci. These studies also suggest the possibility that risk for common autoimmune conditions such as CD may be the result of positive selection on immune related loci in the genome to fight infection. Under this evolutionary scenario, disease phenotypes may be a trade-off from positive selection on immunity. If this hypothesis is generally true, we can expect to find a signal of natural selection when we survey across the network of loci known to influence CD risk. This study examines the non-HLA autosomal network of gene loci associated with CD risk in Europe. We reject the null hypothesis of neutrality on this network of CD risk loci. Additionally, we can localize evidence of selection in time and space by adding information from the genome of the Tyrolean Iceman. While we can show significant differentiation between continental regions across the CD network, the pattern of evidence is not consistent with primarily recent (Holocene) selection across this network in Europe. Further localization of ancient selection on this network may illuminate the ecological pressures acting on the immune system during this critically interesting phase of our evolution.
Summary In situ hybridization reveals co-expression of embryonic and adult globin genes in the earliest murine erythrocyte progenitors

Erythropoiesis in the mouse begins with the production of a distinct population of red blood cells in the blood islands of the visceral yolk sac at day 7.5 postcoitum (p.c.). These primitive yolk sac red blood cells are large (about four times the volume of adult erythrocytes), nucleated and produce a distinctive set of embryonic hemoglobins (Craig and Russell, 1964; Russell and Bernstein, 1966; Barker, 1968; Chui et al., 1978). By day 11.5 p.c. , there is a major transition in which these nucleated red blood cells diminish in number and the fetal liver becomes the major hematopoietic organ. Among the hepatic epithelial cells, erythroid precursors (erythroblasts) proliferate, differentiate and enter the circulation. The liver-derived, circulating erythrocytes (called definitive erythrocytes) are small, lack nuclei and express a distinctive set of adult hemoglobins, which continue to be synthesized in the adult organs of hematopoiesis, the spleen and bone marrow (Kovach et al., 1967; Fantoni et al., 1967; Gilman and Smithies, 1968; Barker, 1968; Rifkind et al., 1969; Wong et al., 1983). The switch from embryonic to adult hemoglobins has long been recognized by the distinctive electrophoretic mobilities of the hemoglobins derived from primitive and definitive erythrocytes. In vitro culture experiments promoted the notion that there are two hematopoietic progenitor cells, one producing embryonic and the other, adult hemoglobin (Wong et al., 1986). If indeed there are two progenitor cell types, then both must originate in the yolk sac. This is so since cultured primitive erythrocytes derived from the embryo before the fetal liver is formed can synthesize adult hemoglobins (Cudennec et al., 1981; Wong et al., 1982). Another method of following globin gene expression in early erythrocyte progenitor cells is to use in situ hybridization with gene-specific riboprobes. In this way, globin transcripts can be identified from the very onset of erythropoiesis and the ‘switching’ event can be pinpointed accurately, thereby documenting the stage at which embryonic globin gene expression is replaced by that of the adult. Here we have used this approach to study the expression of the α-globin gene cluster. The hemoglobin molecule is a heme-bearing tetramer made up of two heterodimeric subunits, each composed of an α or α-like chain and a β or β-like chain. In the mouse, the β globin gene cluster resides on chromosome 7 and consists of three embryonic and two adult genes (in addition to two pseudogenes) (Leder et al., 1980; Edgell et al., 1981; Hansen et al., 1982; Hill et al., 1984). The α-globin cluster, which resides on chromosome 11, consists of one 1041 Development 116, 1041-1049 (1992) Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1992
Parallel X-fault simulation with critical path tracing technique

In this paper, a new very fast fault simulation method to handle the X-fault model is proposed. The method is based on a two-phase procedure. In the first phase, a parallel exact critical path fault tracing is used to determine all the detected stuck-at faults in the circuit, and in the second phase a postprocess is launched which will determine the detectability of X-faults.
ROTATION AND MACROTURBULENCE IN METAL-POOR FIELD RED GIANT AND RED HORIZONTAL BRANCH STARS

We report the results for rotational velocities, Vrot sin i, and macroturbulence dispersions, ζRT, for 12 metal-poor field red giant branch (RGB) stars and 7 metal-poor field red horizontal branch (RHB) stars. The results are based on Fourier transform analyses of absorption line profiles from high-resolution (R ≈ 120,000), high-S/N (≈215 per pixel; ≈345 per resolution element) spectra obtained with the Gecko spectrograph at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT). The stars were selected from the authors' previous studies of 20 RHB and 116 RGB stars, based primarily on larger-than-average line-broadening values. We find that ζRT values for the metal-poor RGB stars are very similar to those for metal-rich disk giants studied earlier by Gray and his collaborators. Six of the RGB stars have small rotational values, less than 2.0 km s−1, while five show significant rotation/enhanced line broadening, over 3 km s−1. We confirm the rapid rotation rate for RHB star HD 195636, found earlier by Preston. This star's rotation is comparable to that of the fastest known rotating blue horizontal branch (BHB) stars, when allowance is made for differences in radii and moments of inertia. The other six RHB stars have somewhat lower rotation but show a trend to higher values at higher temperatures (lower radii). Comparing our results with those for BHB stars from Kinman et al., we find that the fraction of rapidly rotating RHB stars is somewhat lower than is found among BHB stars. The number of rapidly rotating RHB stars is also smaller than we would have expected from the observed rotation of the RGB stars. We devise two empirical methods to translate our earlier line-broadening results into Vrot sin i for all the RGB and RHB stars they studied. Binning the RGB stars by luminosity, we find that most metal-poor field RGB stars show no detectable sign, on average, of rotation, which is not surprising given the stars' large radii. However, the most luminous stars, with MV ⩽ −1.5, do show net rotation, with mean values of 2–4 km s−1, depending on the algorithm employed, and also show signs of radial velocity jitter and mass loss. This “rotation” may in fact prove to be due to other line-broadening effects, such as shock waves or pulsation.
A Neural Network Decision Tree for Learning Concepts from EEG Data

To learn the multi-class conceptions from the electroencephalogram (EEG) data we developed a neural network decision tree (DT), that performs the linear tests, and a new training algorithm. We found that the known methods fail inducting the classification models when the data are presented by the features some of them are irrelevant, and the classes are heavily overlapped. To train the DT, our algorithm exploits a bottom up search of the features that provide the best classification accuracy of the linear tests. We applied the developed algorithm to induce the DT from the large EEG dataset consisted of 65 patients belonging to 16 age groups. In these recordings each EEG segment was represented by 72 calculated features. The DT correctly classified 80.8% of the training and 80.1% of the testing examples. Correspondingly it correctly classified 89.2% and 87.7% of the EEG recordings.
Reliability-Aware Dynamic Energy Management in Dependable Embedded Real-Time Systems

Recent studies show that, voltage scaling, which is an efficient energy management technique, has a direct and negative effect on system reliability because of the increased rate of transient faults (e.g., those induced by cosmic particles). In this work, we propose schemes that explore dynamic slack for energy savings while taking system reliability into consideration. The proposed schemes dynamically schedule an additional recovery to recuperate the reliability loss due to energy management. Based on the amount of available slack, the application size and the fault rate changes, we analyze when it is profitable to reclaim the slack for energy savings without sacrificing system reliability. Checkpoint technique is further explored to efficiently use the slack. Analytical and simulation results show that, the proposed reliability-aware energy management schemes can achieve comparable energy savings as ordinary energy management schemes while preserving system reliability. The ordinary energy management schemes that ignore the effects of voltage scaling on fault rate changes could lead to drastically decreased system reliability.
A 15.5 dB, wide signal swing, dynamic amplifier using a common-mode voltage detection technique

This paper presents a high-speed, low-power and wide signal swing differential dynamic amplifier using a common-mode voltage detection technique. The proposed dynamic amplifier achieves a 15.5 dB gain with less than 1 dB drop over a signal swing of 1.3 Vpp at an operating frequency of 1.5 GHz with a VDD of 1.2 V in 90 nm CMOS. The power consumption of the proposed circuit can be reduced linearly with operating frequency lowering.
Increase in mutation frequency in lung of Big Blue rat by exposure to diesel exhaust.

Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is known to cause lung tumors in rats. To clarify the mutagenicity of DE, we estimated mutant frequency (MF) and determined the mutation spectra in rat lung after exposure to DE using lambda/lacI transgenic rats (Big Blue system). Male Big Blue rats (6 weeks old) were exposed for 4 weeks to 1 or 6 mg/m(3) DE, which contains suspended particulate matter. Control rats were maintained in filtered clean air. After exposure to 6 mg/m(3) DE, MF in lung was 4.8-fold higher than in control rats (P < 0.01), but no increase in MF was observed in rats exposed to 1 mg/m(3) DE. Sixty-nine mutants were identified after exposure to 6 mg/m(3) DE. The major mutations were A:T-->G:C (18 mutations) and G:C-->A:T (19 mutations) transitions. Remarkably, G-->T transversion of the lacI gene at site 221 was a hot-spot induced by exposure to DE, and there were complex mutations in which multiple mutations occurred in a single mutant, especially in the rats exposed to 6 mg/m(3) DE. DNA adducts formed by DE were analyzed using a (32)P-post-label TLC method and the amount of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was measured using HPLC. Relative adduct level and amount of 8-OHdG were significantly increased in the rats exposed to 6 mg/m(3) DE compared with the controls (3.0- and 2.2-fold, respectively; P < 0.01). The level of cytochrome P450 1A1 mRNA was shown by northern blot analysis to be significantly increased in the lungs of rats exposed to 6 mg/m(3) DE (5.5-fold; P < 0.01). These results indicate that DE causes lesions in genomic DNA and acts as a mutagen in rat lung.
Cells, Matrix, Growth Factors, and the Surgeon The Biology of Scarless Fetal Wound Repair

ObjectiveThis review updates the surgeon about the cellular, matrix, and growth factor components of scarless fetal wound repair. Summary Background DataFetal skin wound healing is characterized by the absence of scar tissue formation. This unique repair process is not dependent on the sterile, aqueous intrauterine environment. The differences between fetal and adult skin wound healing appear to reflect processes intrinsic to fetal tissue, such as the unique fetal fibroblasts, a more rapid and ordered deposition and turnover of tissue components, and, particularly, a markedly reduced inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine profile. Scarless fetal wounds are relatively deficient in the inflammatory cytokine, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). In contrast, the fibrosis characteristic of adult wound repair may be associated with TGF-β excess. Recent experimental studies suggest that specific anti-TGF-β therapeutic strategies can ameliorate scar formation in adult wound repair and fibrotic diseases. Inhibitors of TGF-β may be important future drugs to control scar. ConclusionsBased on the scarless fetal wound repair model, a number of ways in which the matrix and cellular response of the healing adult wound might be manipulated to reduce scarring are reviewed.
Is there any Relationship Between Bladder Trabeculation and Efficacy and Safety of Intravesical Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Refractory Idiopathic Overactive Bladder Women?

Background: Intradetrusor injection of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) might serve as a minimally invasive substitute in patients with refractory idiopathic overactive bladder (RIOAB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes related to two different doses of abo-BTX-A (AboBTX-A) in patients with RIOAB. Materials and Methods: This prospective clinical trial was performed on 55 women with RIOAB. After determination of trabeculation grade, 300 (no or mild) or 500 (moderate or severe) unit of AboBTX-A (Dysport) was intravesicaly injected. Before 1, 3, and 6 months after intervention, lower urinary tract symptoms during 24 h were recorded. Results: Of the study population, 62% had severe bladder trabeculation. The mean duration of overactive bladder (OAB) was 1.76 versus 5.85 years, for no or mild versus severe trabeculation, respectively. After injections of 300- and 500-unit dosage, there were 19% and 26% early complications such as urinary retention. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in OAB score after 1 month (P < 0.001) and duration of OAB symptoms, over three follow-up times (P < 0.001). The mean preinjection OAB scores between patients with and without recurrence were statistically significant (29.36 vs. 25.07; P < 0.03). Urinary tract infection as a late complication was distinguished in four patients. Conclusion: In RIOAB, by adjusted dosage of AboBTX-A related to the grade of bladder trabeculation, in addition to maintain efficacy, consequent complications might not be affected by dosage and the drug dosage could be increased to nearly 60% with less concern associated to complication
Alternative Modified Infant-Feeding Practices to Prevent Postnatal Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Through Breast Milk: Past, Present, and Future

Preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) through breastfeeding is important to reduce the number of infected children. Research on making breastfeeding safer is a high priority. The authors reviewed the attempts to develop alternative methods, other than antiretroviral (ARV) therapy of mothers and/or babies, to decontaminate breast milk of infectious HIV-1 (free and associated with lymphocytes). They also review how these methods affect milk constituents, as well as their current and prospective status. A PubMed search for English publications on methods to prevent MTCT through breast milk was completed. Methods that have been tested, other than systemicuse or ARV or immunoprophylaxis, to reduce or prevent MTCT of HIV-1 through breast milk were broadly classified into 5 groups: (1) modified feeding practices, (2) heat treatment of milk, (3) lipolysis, (4) antimicrobial treatment of the breastfeeding mother, and (5) microbicidal treatment of infected milk. Their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, as well as future directions in the prevention of MTCT through breastfeeding.