Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Political Power of Economic Ideas: Keynesianism across Nations

John Maynard Keynes once observed that the "ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood. " The contributors to this volume take that assertion seriously. In a full-scale study of the impact of Keynesian doctrines across nations, their essays trace the reception accorded Keynesian ideas, initially during the 1930s and then in the years after World War II, in a wide range of nations, including Britain, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Scandinavia. The contributors review the latest historical evidence to explain why some nations embraced Keynesian policies while others did not. At a time of growing interest in comparative public policy-making, they examine the central issue of how and why particular ideas acquire influence over policy and politics.Based on three years of collaborative research for the Social Science Research Council, the volume takes up central themes in contemporary economics, political science, and history. The contributors are Christopher S. Allen, Marcello de Cecco, Peter Alexis Gourevitch, Eleanor M. Hadley, Peter A. Hall, Albert O. Hirschman, Harold James, Bradford A. Lee, Jukka Pekkarinen, Pierre Rosanvallon, Walter S. Salant, Margaret Weir, and Donald Winch.
Molecular Karyotyping of Human Single Sperm by Array- Comparative Genomic Hybridization

No valid method is currently available to analyze the entire genome of sperm, including aneuploidies and structural chromosomal alterations. Here we describe the optimization and application of array-Comparative Genomic Hybridization (aCGH) on single human sperm. The aCGH procedure involves screening of the entire chromosome complement by DNA microarray allowing having a molecular karyotype, and it is currently used in research and in diagnostic clinical practice (prenatal diagnosis, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis), but it has never been applied on sperm. DNA from single human sperm isolated by micromanipulator was extracted, decondensed and amplified by whole-genome amplification (WGA) and then labeled, hybridized to BAC array, and scanned by microarray scanner. Application of this protocol to 129 single sperm from normozoospermic donors identified 7.8% of sperm with different genetic anomalies, including aneuploidies and gains and losses in different chromosomes (unbalanced sperm). On the contrary, of 130 single sperm from men affected by Hodgkin lymphoma at the end of three months of chemotherapy cycles 23.8% were unbalanced. Validation of the method also included analysis of 43 sperm from a man with a balanced translocation [46,XY,t(2;12)(p11.2;q24.31)], which showed gains and losses corresponding to the regions involved in the translocation in 18.6% of sperm and alterations in other chromosomes in 16.3% of sperm. Future application of this method might give important information on the biology and pathophysiology of spermatogenesis and sperm chromosome aberrations in normal subjects and in patients at higher risk of producing unbalanced sperm, such as infertile men, carriers of karyotype anomalies, men with advanced age, subjects treated with chemotherapy, and partners of couples with repeated miscarriage and repeated failure during assisted reproduction techniques.
Compact modeling of magnetic tunnel junction

A new compact model of a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is presented in this paper. This model is intended to describe the behavior of a MTJ and to take the magnetic as well as the non-linear electronic transport phenomena into account. It should be suitable for circuits simulation and thus, it must be simple (no finite element approach, analytical current versus voltage characteristic only). For this purpose, some assumptions are made. The MTJ model is separated in two entities. The first one concerns the magnetization of a ferromagnetic thin film. The other focuses on the electrical conduction of a MTJ. Both models are implemented and coupled in VHDL-AMS in order to obtain the compact model of a MTJ, which is parameterized with 25 values (19 physical parameters and 6 semi-empirical ones). The first simulations are encouraging. They allow to retrieve classical results on MTJ and to predict interesting behaviors.
Synaptic inhibition controls transient oscillatory synchronization in a model of the insect olfactory system

In a variety of neuronal systems it has been hypothesized that inhibitory interneurons corral principal neurons into synchronously firing groups that encode sensory information and sub-serve behavior (Buzsáki and Chrobak, 1995; Buzsáki, 2008). This mechanism is particularly relevant to the olfactory system where spatiotemporal patterns of projection neuron (PN) activity act as robust markers of odor attributes (Laurent et al., 1996; Wehr and Laurent, 1996). In the insect antennal lobe (AL), a network of local inhibitory interneurons arborizes extensively throughout the AL (Leitch and Laurent, 1996) providing inhibitory input to the cholinergic PNs. Our theoretical work has attempted to elaborate the exact role of inhibition in the generation of odor specific PN responses (Bazhenov et al., 2001a,b; Assisi et al., 2011). In large-scale AL network models we characterized the inhibitory sub-network by its coloring (Assisi et al., 2011) and showed that it can entrain excitatory PNs to the odor specific patterns of transient synchronization. In this focused review, we further examine the dynamics of entrainment in more detail by simulating simple model networks in various parameter regimes. Our simulations in conjunction with earlier studies point to the key role played by lateral (between inhibitory interneurons) and feedback (from inhibitory interneurons to principal cells) inhibition in the generation of experimentally observed patterns of transient synchrony.
Target‐cell‐dependent plasticity within the mossy fibre–CA3 circuit reveals compartmentalized regulation of presynaptic function at divergent release sites

Individual axons of central neurons innervate a large number of distinct postsynaptic targets belonging to divergent functional categories such as glutamatergic principal cells and inhibitory interneurons. While each bouton along a common axon should experience the same activity pattern in response to action potential firing within the parent presynaptic neuron, accumulating evidence suggests that neighbouring boutons contacting functionally distinct postsynaptic targets regulate their release properties independently, despite being separated by only a few microns. This target‐cell‐specific autonomy of presynaptic function can greatly expand the computational prowess of central axons to allow for precise coordination of large neuronal ensembles within a given circuit. An excellent example of target‐cell‐specific presynaptic mechanisms occurs in the CA3 hippocampus where mossy fibre (MF) axons of dentate gyrus granule cells target both principal cells and local circuit inhibitory interneurons via both anatomically and functionally specialized terminals. Of particular interest, mechanisms of both short‐ and long‐term plasticity remain autonomous at these divergent release sites due to an anatomical and biochemical segregation of discrete molecular signalling cascades. Here we review roughly a decades worth of research on the MF–CA3 pathway to showcase the target‐cell dependence of presynaptically expressed NMDA receptor‐independent synaptic plasticity.
Relationship between cognitive and motor performance in physically well-recovered men with traumatic brain injury.

OBJECTIVE To explore the relationship between cognitive and motor performance in physically well-recovered men with traumatic brain injury. DESIGN Cross-sectional explorative study in a national neurorehabilitation centre. SUBJECTS Men with post-acute traumatic brain injury (n = 34; aged 19-55 years) who had recovered well physically. METHODS Cognitive performance (attention, information processing, cognitive flexibility, motor regulation, praxis of the upper limbs) and motor performance (postural balance, agility, rhythm-co-ordination) were assessed. Partial rank correlation coefficients and analyses of covariance were used to assess the associations between these tests. RESULTS Associations were found between the time taken in both Trail Making tests and performance time in the agility test (r = 0.57). The score on the Digit Symbol test correlated with time in the agility test (r = -0.52). Patients with normal performance in verbal fluency performed the tests of dynamic balance and agility 26% more quickly than those with abnormal performance. Moreover, patients with normal performance in the reproduction of rhythmic structures were 20% faster in the dynamic balance test. Motor functions of the hands associated with all the motor-performance test results. CONCLUSION Measures of information processing, attention and executive functioning may be associated with motor performance. Apart from the theoretical relevance, the finding of an association between cognitive and motor performance may have clinical relevance with regard to rehabilitation.
The role of vessel maturation and vessel functionality in spontaneous fluctuations of T2*‐weighted GRE signal within tumors

Acute hypoxia (transient cycles of hypoxia‐reoxygenation) is known to occur in solid tumors and is generally believed to be caused by tumor blood flow instabilities. It was recently demonstrated that T2*‐weighted (T2*w) gradient echo (GRE) MRI is a powerful non‐invasive method for investigating periodic changes in tumor pO2 and blood flow associated with acute hypoxia. Here, the possible correlation between tumor vessel immaturity, vessel functionality and T2*w GRE signal fluctuations was investigated. Intramuscularly implanted FSa II fibrosarcoma‐bearing mice were imaged at 4.7 T. Maps of spontaneous fluctuations of MR signal intensity in tumor tissue during air breathing were obtained using a T2*w GRE sequence. This same sequence was also employed during air–5% CO2 breathing (hypercapnia) and carbogen breathing (hypercapnic hyperoxia) to obtain parametric maps representing vessel maturation and vessel function, respectively. Vascular density, vessel maturation and vessel perfusion were also assessed histologically by using CD31 labeling, α‐smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity and Hoechst 33242 labeling, respectively. About 50% of the tumor fluctuations occurred in functional tumor regions (responsive to carbogen) and 80% occurred in tumor regions with immature vessels (lack of response to hypercapnia). The proportion of hypercapnia‐responsive voxels were found to be twice as great in fluctuating than in non‐fluctuating tumor areas (P: 0.22 vs 0.13). Similarly, the proportion of functional voxels was somewhat greater in fluctuating tumor areas (P: 0.54 vs 0.43). The mean values of MR signal changes during hypercapnia (VD) and during carbogen breathing (VF) (significant voxels only) were also larger in fluctuating than in non‐fluctuating tumor areas (P < 0.05). This study demonstrated that adequate vessel functionality and advanced vessel maturation could explain at least in part the occurrence of spontaneous T2*w GRE signal fluctuations. Functionality and maturation are not required for signal fluctuations, however, because a large fraction of fluctuations could still occur in non‐perfused and/or immature vessels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep in Psychiatric Disorders: Where are We Now?

Although the precise function of sleep is unknown, decades of research strongly implicate that sleep has a vital role in central nervous system (CNS) restoration, memory consolidation, and affect regulation. Slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep have been of significant interest to psychiatrists; SWS because of its putative role in CNS energy recuperation and cognitive function, and REM sleep because of its suggested involvement in memory, mood regulation, and possible emotional adaptation. With the advent of the polysomnogram, researchers are now beginning to understand some of the consequences of disrupted sleep and sleep deprivation in psychiatric disorders. The same neurochemistry that controls the sleep-wake cycle has also been implicated in the pathophysiology of numerous psychiatric disorders. Thus it is no surprise that several psychiatric disorders have prominent sleep symptoms. This review will summarize normal sleep architecture, and then examine sleep abnormalities and comorbid sleep disorders seen in schizophrenia, as well as anxiety, cognitive, and substance abuse disorders.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Evaluation and Management

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a rare disease involving the pulmonary vascular circuit, is defined as an elevation in pulmonary arterial pressures and is characterized by symptoms of dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope. If left untreated, the disease carries a high mortality rate, with the most common cause of death being decompensated right heart failure. Over the past 5 years, there have been significant advances in this field in regards to understanding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and classification of PAH. The availability of newer drugs has resulted in a radical change in the management of this disease with significant improvement in both quality of life and mortality. Ongoing research promises to lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the genetics, etiology, and pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension, which may ultimately translate into more effective therapeutic options.
Spectral Conditions for Negative Imaginary Systems With Applications to Nanopositioning

The negative imaginary (NI) property is exhibited by many systems such as flexible structures with force actuators and position sensors and can be used to prove the robust stability of flexible structure control systems. In this paper, we derive methods to check for the NI and strict negative imaginary (SNI) properties in both the single-input single-output as well as multi-input multi-output cases. The proposed methods are based on spectral conditions on a corresponding Hamiltonian matrix obtained for a given system transfer function matrix. Under certain conditions, a given transfer function matrix satisfies the NI property if and only if the corresponding Hamiltonian matrix has no pure imaginary eigenvalues with odd multiplicity. It is also shown that a given transfer function matrix satisfies the SNI property if and only if the corresponding Hamiltonian matrix has no eigenvalues on the imaginary axis, except at the origin. The results of this paper are applied to check the NI property in two nanopositioning applications.
Evaluation of the outcome of lifelong learning programmes for social inclusion: a phenomenographic research

Our current knowledge society does not only have an impact on labour market demands, but its citizens also have to cope with increasing social demands. A growing number of vulnerable adults lack basic competences and therefore risk social exclusion. In this respect, The European Commission as well as the OECD agree that adult education can play a significant role in increasing social inclusion of vulnerable adults. However, to date, evidence of outcome of adult education programmes in terms of social inclusion is hardly available. The present study aims to unravel the complexity of the phenomenon of adult education to enhance participants’ social inclusion. Using a phenomenographic approach, we have explored different experiences of 32 vulnerable adults who have participated in adult education courses. The results show that an increase on an individual level (activation and internalisation) is more often perceived by the interviewees than an increase on the collective level of social inclusion (participation and connection). To ensure successful results and to improve quality of the lifelong learning process it seems that particularly the variables teacher support, life circumstances, and learning contents and activities are important elements to enhance the transfer aiming to increase social inclusion.
The Predictive Validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision on General and Violent Recidivism among Various Offender Groups

The Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) is the most recent edition of a popular risk/need assessment tool designed to predict recidivism among offenders. The current investigation (N = 630) examined the predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision, its various subscales, and a Specific Risk/Need section designed to predict violent recidivism. Inmates scored significantly higher on all scales and were more likely to recidivate than probationers during a 31-month follow-up. The General Risk/Need score correlated highly with general recidivism and, to a lesser extent, with violent recidivism. It also produced similar predictive correlations among subgroups of sexual offenders, domestic violence offenders, and offenders with mental health problems. The Specific Risk/Need scale produced a slightly higher correlation with violent recidivism. The theoretical implications of these findings and practical value of this modified instrument are discussed.
Nitrogen-to-Protein Conversion Factors for Three Edible Insects: Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens

Insects are considered a nutritionally valuable source of alternative proteins, and their efficient protein extraction is a prerequisite for large-scale use. The protein content is usually calculated from total nitrogen using the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor (Kp) of 6.25. This factor overestimates the protein content, due to the presence of nonprotein nitrogen in insects. In this paper, a specific Kp of 4.76 ± 0.09 was calculated for larvae from Tenebrio molitor, Alphitobius diaperinus, and Hermetia illucens, using amino acid analysis. After protein extraction and purification, a Kp factor of 5.60 ± 0.39 was found for the larvae of three insect species studied. We propose to adopt these Kp values for determining protein content of insects to avoid overestimation of the protein content.
The Word Recognition and Spelling of Dyslexic Children.

THIS STUDY was designed to test the common assumption that children with diagnoses of developmental dyslexia use idiosyncratic processes to read and to spell words. Children aged 9 to 16 (mean age, 10.7) who met the exclusionary criteria for developmental dyslexia were administered tasks to assess (a) their use of phonological and visual information for word recognition, (b) their knowledge of spelling-sound correspondences for word recognition, (c) their use of context to facilitate word recognition, and (d) their use and knowledge of phonological and visual information for spelling. These processes were measured at the beginning and end of a school year. The dyslexic children's performance was compared with that of normal children of the same reading and spelling levels (mean age, 7.6). Dyslexic children did not use qualitatively different processes to read and spell words. The implications of the results for understanding the basic problems of dyslexia are discussed.
Thermoreversible-mucoadhesive Gel for nasal delivery of sumatriptan

The purpose of the present study was to develop intranasal delivery systems of sumatriptan using thermoreversible polymer Pluronic F127 (PF 127) and mucoadhesive polymer Carbopol 934P (C934P). Formulations were modulated so as to have gelation temperature below 34°C to ensure gelation at physiological temperature after intranasal administration. Gelation temperature was determined by physical appearance as well as by rheological measurement. The gelation temperatures of the formulations decreased by addition of increasing concentrations of Carbopol (ie, from 29°C for 18% PF127 to 23.9°C for 18% PF127, 0.5% Carbopol). The mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress, determined using sheep nasal mucosal membrane, increased with increasing concentration of Carbopol. The results of in vitro drug permeation studies across sheep nasal mucosa indicate that effective permeation coefficient could be significantly increased by using in situ gelling formulation with Carbopol concentration 0.3% or greater. Finally, histopathological examination did not detect any damage during in vitro permeation studies. In conclusion, the PF 127 gel formulation of sumatriptan, with in situ gelling and mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.
Integrin α4β7 Blockade Preferentially Impacts CCR6+ Lymphocyte Subsets in Blood and Mucosal Tissues of Naive Rhesus Macaques

Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just before and following SIV infection protected rhesus macaques from developing AIDS and partially from vaginal SIV acquisition. Recently, short-term treatment with Rh-α4β7 in combination with cART was found to lead to prolonged viral suppression after withdrawal of all therapeutic interventions. The humanized form of Rh-α4β7, vedolizumab, is a highly effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. To clarify the mechanism of action of Rh-α4β7, naive macaques were infused with Rh-α4β7 and sampled in blood and tissues before and after treatment to monitor several immune cell subsets. In blood, Rh-α4β7 increased the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, but not B cell counts, and preferentially increased CCR6+ subsets while decreasing CD103+ and CD69+ lymphocytes. In mucosal tissues, surprisingly, Rh-α4β7 did not impact integrin α4+ cells, but decreased the frequencies of CCR6+ and CD69+ CD4+ T cells and, in the gut, Rh-α4β7 transiently decreased the frequency of memory and IgA+ B cells. In summary, even in the absence of inflammation, Rh-α4β7 impacted selected immune cell subsets in different tissues. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms by which Rh-α4β7 may mediate its effect in SIV-infected macaques with implications for understanding the effect of treatment with vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Brittleness of Bayesian Inference Under Finite Information in a Continuous World

We derive, in the classical framework of Bayesian sensitivity analysis, optimal lower and upper bounds on posterior values obtained from Bayesian models that exactly capture an arbitrarily large number of finite-dimensional marginals of the data-generating distribution and/or that are as close as desired to the data-generating distribution in the Prokhorov or total variation metrics; these bounds show that such models may still make the largest possible prediction error after conditioning on an arbitrarily large number of sample data measured at finite precision. These results are obtained through the development of a reduction calculus for optimization problems over measures on spaces of measures. We use this calculus to investigate the mechanisms that generate brittleness/robustness and, in particular, we observe that learning and robustness are antagonistic properties. It is now well understood that the numerical resolution of PDEs requires the satisfaction of specific stability conditions. Is there a missing stability condition for using Bayesian inference in a continuous world under finite information?