Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Like, recommend, or respect? Altering political behavior in news comment sections

Drawing from the stereotype content model, we examine how people respond to likeminded and counter-attitudinal political comments appearing after a news article. We experimentally test how citizens behave when they are able to click on one of three different buttons posted next to others’ comments—“Like,” “Recommend,” or “Respect. ” In the experiment, political attitudes predicted button clicking, but the button label affected the strength of the relationship. In some instances, people clicked on fewer buttons associated with likeminded comments and more buttons associated with counter-attitudinal comments when the button was labeled with “Respect” as opposed to “Like” or “Recommend. ” The pattern of results for the “Recommend” button differed across two issues. The results suggest that political comments can trigger stereotypical reactions. Although the “Like” button is well known, news organizations interested in promoting less partisan behaviors should consider using a “Respect” button rather than the “Like” or “Recommend” button in comment sections.
Publication trends in newspapers and scientific journals for SSRIs and suicidality: a systematic longitudinal study

Background In the period 2003–2008, the regulatory authorities issued several warnings restricting the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in paediatrics, in reaction to safety concerns regarding the risk of suicidality. In this study, the SSRIs and suicidality controversy serves as a template to analyse the long-term publication trends regarding the benefit/risk profile of medications. The aim is to ascertain differences (in terms of numbers, categories and timing) between negative and positive newspaper and journal articles on SSRIs and suicidality and to ascertain correlations between changes in the reports and regulatory warnings. Methods A systematic review of scientific articles (Embase) and the Netherlands (NL) and the UK newspapers (LexisNexis) was performed between 2000 and 2010. Categorisation was done by ‘effect’ (related treatment effect), ‘type of article’ and ‘age group’. The articles' positive-to-negative effect ratio was determined. Differences in distribution of effect categories were analysed across sources, type of article and age group using the Mann–Whitney (two subgroups) or Kruskal–Wallis test (three or more). Findings In total, 1141 articles were categorised: 352 scientific, 224 Dutch and 565 British newspaper articles. Scientific articles were predominantly on research and were positive, whereas newspaper articles were negative (ratios=3.50—scientific, 0.69—NL and 0.94—UK; p<0.001). Articles on paediatrics were less positive in scientific journals and more negative in newspapers (ratios=2.29—scientific, 0.26—NL and 0.20—UK; p<0.001), while articles on adults were positive overall (ratios=10.0—scientific, 1.06—NL and 1.70—UK; p<0.001). In addition, negative-effect reporting trends were exacerbated following regulatory warnings and were generally opinion articles, both in scientific journals and in newspapers (2003/2004 and after 2007). Interpretation The authors found a positive publication tendency inherent in journal research articles. This apparent positive publication bias present in scientific journals, however, does not seem to prevent the dissemination of ‘bad’ news about medications. The negative tendency present in Dutch and British newspapers was perceivable in the paediatrics group and during the warnings, indicating that national news media have informed the public about this international drug safety controversy on time.
Structured learning for non-smooth ranking losses

Learning to rank from relevance judgment is an active research area. Itemwise score regression, pairwise preference satisfaction, and listwise structured learning are the major techniques in use. Listwise structured learning has been applied recently to optimize important non-decomposable ranking criteria like AUC (area under ROC curve) and MAP (mean average precision). We propose new, almost-linear-time algorithms to optimize for two other criteria widely used to evaluate search systems: MRR (mean reciprocal rank) and NDCG (normalized discounted cumulative gain) in the max-margin structured learning framework. We also demonstrate that, for different ranking criteria, one may need to use different feature maps. Search applications should not be optimized in favor of a single criterion, because they need to cater to a variety of queries. E.g., MRR is best for navigational queries, while NDCG is best for informational queries. A key contribution of this paper is to fold multiple ranking loss functions into a multi-criteria max-margin optimization. The result is a single, robust ranking model that is close to the best accuracy of learners trained on individual criteria. In fact, experiments over the popular LETOR and TREC data sets show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a test criterion is often not best served by training with the same individual criterion.
Antimutator Alleles of Yeast DNA Polymerase Gamma Modulate the Balance between DNA Synthesis and Excision

Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are an important cause of disease and perhaps aging in human. DNA polymerase gamma (pol γ ), the unique replicase inside mitochondria, plays a key role in the fidelity of mtDNA replication through selection of the correct nucleotide and 3′-5′ exonuclease proofreading. For the first time, we have isolated and characterized antimutator alleles in the yeast pol γ (Mip1). These mip1 mutations, localised in the 3′-5′ exonuclease and polymerase domains, elicit a 2–15 fold decrease in the frequency of mtDNA point mutations in an msh1-1 strain which is partially deficient in mtDNA mismatch-repair. In vitro experiments show that in all mutants the balance between DNA synthesis and exonucleolysis is shifted towards excision when compared to wild-type, suggesting that in vivo more opportunity is given to the editing function for removing the replicative errors. This results in partial compensation for the mismatch-repair defects and a decrease in mtDNA point mutation rate. However, in all mutants but one the antimutator trait is lost in the wild-type MSH1 background. Accordingly, the polymerases of selected mutants show reduced oligonucleotide primed M13 ssDNA synthesis and to a lesser extent DNA binding affinity, suggesting that in mismatch-repair proficient cells efficient DNA synthesis is required to reach optimal accuracy. In contrast, the Mip1-A256T polymerase, which displays wild-type like DNA synthesis activity, increases mtDNA replication fidelity in both MSH1 and msh1-1 backgrounds. Altogether, our data show that accuracy of wild-type Mip1 is probably not optimal and can be improved by specific (often conservative) amino acid substitutions that define a pol γ area including a loop of the palm subdomain, two residues near the ExoII motif and an exonuclease helix-coil-helix module in close vicinity to the polymerase domain. These elements modulate in a subtle manner the balance between DNA polymerization and excision.
Relation of disease activity during chronic hepatitis C infection to complexity of hypervariable region 1 quasispecies

We studied the heterogeneity in the E2/NS1 hypervariable region 1 of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome in relation to the natural course after infection. The subjects were composed of 38 chronic hepatitis C carriers who had been followed for 9 to 218 months after the onset of non‐A, non‐B (type C) hepatitis, being tested monthly for serum alanine aminotransferase levels. The complexity of the sequence heterogeneity was assessed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis. The quasispecies complexity had no relation to the route of infection, the time from infection and the duration of aminotransferase elevation after the onset. However, it had a significant relationship with the degree of aminotransferase elevation in the course of the disease. The quasispecies complexity was directly correlated with the first peak of serum aminotransferase at the onset (r = .48, P < .01) and the mean aminotransferase levels during the period of persistent aminotransferase elevation (r = .58, P < .01). Twenty‐three of the 38 patients were further followed for 24 months with biweekly alanine transaminase (ALT) tests. Their aminotransferase levels remained within the normal range during follow‐up, and no significant change was seen in the quasispecies complexity after this asymptomatic period. However among the 23 patients, the quasispecies complexity increased in six cases (26%) and decreased in five (22%). A significant direct relation was seen between changes in the quasispecies complexity and the mean aminotransferase levels during the asymptomatic period (r = .55, P = .01). These findings suggest that the development of the HCV quasispecies nature may be related to the severity of the hepatitis in the course of infection.
Capsaicin-sensitive vagal afferents modulate posttranscriptional regulation of the rat Na+/glucose cotransporter SGLT1.

INTRODUCTION the intestinal Na(+)/glucose cotransporter (SGLT1) displays rapid anticipatory diurnal rhythms in mRNA and protein expression. The vagus nerve has been implicated in the entrainment of some transporters. We aimed to clarify the influence of the vagus nerve on the diurnal entrainment pathway for SGLT1 and examine the role of vagal afferent fibers. METHODS male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to three groups, total subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, selective deafferentation of the vagus with capsaicin, or sham laparotomy. Postoperatively, animals were maintained in a 12-h light-dark cycle with food access limited to night. On the ninth postoperative day, animals were euthanized to harvest jejunal mucosa at 6-h intervals starting at 10 AM. Whole cell SGLT1 protein was measured by semiquantitative densitometry of immunoblots. Sglt1 and regulatory subunit RS1 mRNA was assessed by quantitative PCR. Fluorogold tracer technique was used to confirm adequacy of the vagotomy. RESULTS the diurnal rhythm in intestinal SGLT1, with a 5.3-fold increase in Sglt1 mRNA at 4 PM, was preserved in both vagotomy and capsaicin groups. However, the rhythmicity in SGLT1 protein expression (2.3-fold peak at 10 PM; P = 0.041) was abolished following either total vagotomy or deafferentation. Lack of change in RS1 mRNA suggests this is independent of the RS1 regulatory pathway. CONCLUSION SGLT1 transcription is independent of the vagus. However, dissociation of the protein rhythm from the underlying mRNA signal by vagotomy suggests the vagus may be involved in posttranscriptional regulation of SGLT1 in an RS1 independent pathway. Disruption following afferent ablation by capsaicin suggests this limb is specifically necessary.
Efficient estimation of maximum entropy language models with n-gram features: an SRILM extension

We present an extension to the SRILM toolkit for training maximum entropy language models with N -gram features. The extension uses a hierarchical parameter estimation procedure [1] for making the training time and memory consumption feasible for moderately large training data (hundreds of millions of words). Experiments on two speech recognition tasks indicate that the models trained with our implementation perform equally to or better than N -gram models built with interpolated Kneser-Ney discounting.
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience Aging Neuroscience

perform two or more simple categorization tasks, such as classifying the value of digits as odd or even (task A) and the color of digits as red or green (task B). In single-task blocks, they have to perform only one of the two tasks (task A or B), and in mixed-task blocks, they have to switch between both tasks A and B. This design allows calculating two types of task-switching costs: Mixing costs (or gen-eral/global switch costs) are defined as the difference in performance between single-and mixed-task blocks, and are assumed to measure the general switching ability, that is, maintaining two task sets and selecting between them. Switching costs (or specific/local switch costs) are defined as the difference in performance between switch trials (i.e., switching from A to B or B to A) and non-switch trials (repeating task A or B) within mixed-task blocks (cf. Rogers and Monsell, 1995). Switching costs are supposed to measure the ability to switch tasks at trial-to-trial transitions, that is, at a more local level of switching. Most of the aging studies so far have shown that age differences are much more pronounced for mixing costs than for switching costs, suggesting that older adults primarily have deficits with the task-set maintenance and selection, and less with the switching process itself.
Antisocial Behavior And Crime Contributions Of Developmental And Evaluation Research To Prevention And Intervention Epdf Read

The Ashgate Research Companion to Biosocial Theories of CrimeThe Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex, and CrimeHandbook of NeuroethicsThe Development of Criminal and Antisocial BehaviorHuman Development from Middle Childhood to Middle AdulthoodFamily Life, Delinquency and CrimeCauses of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile DelinquencyMeasuring Crime and CriminalityWomen and Children as Victims and Offenders: Background, Prevention, ReintegrationThe Handbook of Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile JusticeCrime and Public PolicyAnimal Cruelty, Antisocial Behaviour, and AggressionThe Wiley Handbook of Disruptive and Impulse-Control DisordersDrug Abuse and Antisocial BehaviorRisk Assessment for Juvenile Violent OffendingAntisocial Behavior and CrimeHousing, Urban Governance and Anti-social BehaviourForensic PsychologyBiological Contributions to Crime CausationThe Science, Treatment, and Prevention of Antisocial Behaviors: Evidence based practiceThe Science of Violent Behavior Development and PreventionHandbook of Crime CorrelatesHandbook of Life-Course CriminologySexually Violent Predators: A Clinical Science HandbookThe Developmental Science of AdolescenceHandbook of Research on Trends and Issues in Crime Prevention, Rehabilitation, and
Constrained models of evolution lead to improved prediction of functional linkage from correlated gain and loss of genes

MOTIVATION We compare phylogenetic approaches for inferring functional gene links. The approaches detect independent instances of the correlated gain and loss of pairs of genes from species' genomes. We investigate the effect on results of basing evidence of correlations on two phylogenetic approaches, Dollo parsminony and maximum likelihood (ML). We further examine the effect of constraining the ML model by fixing the rate of gene gain at a low value, rather than estimating it from the data. RESULTS We detect correlated evolution among a test set of pairs of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) genes, with a case study of 21 eukaryotic genomes and test data derived from known yeast protein complexes. If the rate at which genes are gained is constrained to be low, ML achieves by far the best results at detecting known functional links. The model then has fewer parameters but it is more realistic by preventing genes from being gained more than once. AVAILABILITY BayesTraits by M. Pagel and A. Meade, and a script to configure and repeatedly launch it by D. Barker and M. Pagel, are available at http://www.evolution. reading.ac. uk
Transformation invariance in pattern recognition: Tangent distance and propagation

In pattern recognition, statistical modeling, or regression, the amount of data is a critical factor affecting the performance. If the amount of data and computational resources are unlimited, even trivial algorithms will converge to the optimal solution. However, in the practical case, given limited data and other resources, satisfactory performance requires sophisticated methods to regularize the problem by introducing a priori knowledge. Invariance of the output with respect to certain transformations of the input is a typical example of such a priori knowledge. We introduce the concept of tangent vectors, which compactly represent the essence of these transformation invariances, and two classes of algorithms, tangent distance and tangent propagation, which make use of these invariances to improve performance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 181–197, 2000
Molecular pathogenesis of the von Hippel-Lindau hereditary cancer syndrome: implications for oxygen sensing.

Background The familial occurrence of blood vessel tumors of the retina, called retinal angiomas, was first described 100 years ago by Treacher Collins and Eugene von Hippel (1, 2). Approximately 20 years later a Swedish neuropathologist, Arvind Lindau, described the association of these lesions with similar lesions of the brain and spinal cord, called hemangioblastomas (3). Histopathologically, the retinal lesions and central nervous system lesions are identical. Hence, it has been suggested that they all be referred to as hemangioblastomas (4). This disorder, which came to be known as VHL disease, is also associated with an increased risk of other tumors including clear cell carcinomas of the kidney, pheochromocytomas, islet cell tumors of the pancreas, endolymphatic sac tumors, and cystadenomas of the epididymis (men) and broad ligament (women). In addition, patients with VHL disease may develop cystic changes in a variety of viscera (notably the kidneys and pancreas) as well as lesions resembling the hemangioblastomas described above in the adrenal glands, lungs, and liver.
Hirability in the Wild: Analysis of Online Conversational Video Resumes

Online social media is changing the personnel recruitment process. Until now, resumes were among the most widely used tools for the screening of job applicants. The advent of inexpensive sensors combined with the success of online video platforms has enabled the introduction of a new type of resume. Video resumes are short video messages where job applicants present themselves to potential employers. Online video resumes represent an opportunity to study the formation of first impressions in an employment context at a scale never attempted before, and to our knowledge they have not been studied from a behavioral standpoint. We collected a dataset of 939 conversational English-speaking video resumes from YouTube. Annotations of demographics, skills, and first impressions were collected using the Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdsourcing platform. Basic demographics were then analyzed to understand the population who uses video resumes to find a job, and results showed that applicants mainly consisted of young people looking for internship and junior positions. We developed a computational framework for the prediction of organizational first impressions, where the inference and nonverbal cue extraction steps were fully automated. Results demonstrate automatic prediction of first impressions of up to 27% of the variance explained for extraversion, and up to 20% for social and communication skills.
Dietary phosphorus concentrations related to breaking load and chemical bone properties in heifers.

Effects of dietary P on breaking load and chemical properties of bone were evaluated in growing beef heifers. Initially, 14 weaned Angus heifers received ad libitum a low P diet (.10% P dry basis) for 270 d. Heifers were subsequently randomly allotted into two groups (7 heifers/group) and received ad libitum either . 12 or . 20% P (dry basis). The experimental endpoint was 245 d of the treatment phase for nonpregnant and 3 wk postpartum for pregnant heifers. Results indicate that chemical and physical properties of bovine bones are sensitive to dietary P. Mineralization of rib bones was less at . 12% P (dry basis). Rib bone density (g/cm3) and mineral content expressed on a per unit volume basis (mg/cm3) were the most sensitive parameters measured. Breaking load results of 12th ribs also indicated a greater amount of mineral present in heifers receiving . 20% P (153.8 vs. 114.3 kg). Vertebral bone density and mineral concentrations on a per unit volume basis were also sensitive to dietary P and clearly ranked the two dietary P amounts, whereas percentage of bone ash or mineral concentration expressed on an ash basis did not.
Exercise capacity and mortality in older men: a 20-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND Epidemiological findings, based largely on middle-aged populations, support an inverse and independent association between exercise capacity and mortality risk. The information available in older individuals is limited. METHODS AND RESULTS Between 1986 and 2008, we assessed the association between exercise capacity and all-cause mortality in 5314 male veterans aged 65 to 92 years (mean+/-SD, 71.4+/-5.0 years) who completed an exercise test at the Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in Washington, DC, and Palo Alto, Calif. We established fitness categories based on peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved. During a median 8.1 years of follow-up (range, 0.1 to 25.3), there were 2137 deaths. Baseline exercise capacity was 6.3+/-2.4 METs among survivors and 5.3+/-2.0 METs in those who died (P<0.001) and emerged as a strong predictor of mortality. For each 1-MET increase in exercise capacity, the adjusted hazard for death was 12% lower (hazard ratio=0.88; confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.90). Compared with the least fit individuals (< or =4 METs), the mortality risk was 38% lower for those who achieved 5.1 to 6.0 METs (hazard ratio=0.62; confidence interval, 0.54 to 0.71) and progressively declined to 61% (hazard ratio=0.39; confidence interval, 0.32 to 0.49) for those who achieved >9 METs, regardless of age. Unfit individuals who improved their fitness status with serial testing had a 35% lower mortality risk (hazard ratio=0.65; confidence interval, 0.46 to 0.93) compared with those who remained unfit. CONCLUSIONS Exercise capacity is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in older men. The relationship is inverse and graded, with most survival benefits achieved in those with an exercise capacity >5 METs. Survival improved significantly when unfit individuals became fit.
Antioxidant capacity of Melampyrum barbatum – weed and medicinal plant

This study was designed to examine antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of red and yellow forms of Melampyrum barbatum L. In this study, we report the results concerning flower and leaf antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and glutathione peroxidase), reduced glutathione quantity, flavonoids, photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein contents and quantities of malonyldialdehyde, •OH and O2•− radicals; total antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method and scavenger activity by DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐pycril‐hydrasil radical) method. Lipofuscin ‘plant age pigments’ were also determined. According to our results, flowers of the red form of M. barbatum exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depth estimation using defocused stereo image pairs

In this paper we propose a new method for estimating depth using a fusion of defocus and stereo, that relaxes the assumption of a pinhole model of the camera. It avoids the correspondence problem of stereo. The main advantage of this algorithm is simultaneous recovery of depth and image restoration. The depth (blur or disparity) in the scene and the intensity process in the focused image are individually modeled as Markov random fields (MRF). It avoids the windowing of data and allows incorporation of multiple observations in the estimation procedure. The accuracy of depth estimation and the quality of the restored image are improved compared to the depth from defocus method, and a dense depth map is estimated without correspondence and interpolation as in the case of stereo.