Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A perspective on steepness, reference points, and stock assessment

We provide a perspective on steepness, reference points for fishery management, and stock assessment. We first review published data and give new results showing that key reference points are fixed when steepness and other life history parameters are fixed in stock assessments using a Beverton-Holt stock-recruitment relationship. We use both production and age-structured models to explore these patterns. For the production model, we derive explicit relationships for steepness and life history parameters and then for steepness and major reference points. For the age-structured model, we are required to generally use numerical computation, and so we provide an example that complements the analytical results of the production model. We discuss what it means to set steepness equal to 1 and how to construct a prior for steepness. Ways out of the difficult situation raised by fixing steepness and life history parameters include not fixing them, using a more complicated stock-recruitment relationship, and being more explicit about the information content of the data and what that means for policy makers. We discuss the strengths and limitations of each approach. Resume : Nous offrons une perspective sur l'inclinaison, les points de reference pour la gestion des peches et l'evaluation des stocks. Nous passons d'abord en revue les resultats publies et presentons de nouveaux resultats qui demontrent que des points de reference cles sont fixes quand l'inclinaison et d'autres parametres du cycle biologique sont fixes dans les evaluations des stocks reposant sur une relation stock-recrutement de type Beverton-Holt. Nous utilisons des modeles de production et structures par âge pour explorer ces situations. En ce qui concerne le modele de production, nous obtenons des relations explicites pour l'inclinaison et les parametres du cycle biologique, puis pour l'inclinaison et les principaux points de reference. Pour le modele structure par âge, nous devons generalement utiliser une approche numerique et presentons un exemple qui complemente les resultats analytiques du modele de production. Nous discutons de ce que signifie le fait de fixer la valeur de l'inclinaison a ` 1 et de la maniere d'etablir un a priori pour l'inclinaison. Parmi les moyens pour contourner la difficulte soulevee par la fixation de l'inclinaison et des parametres du cycle biologique figurent le fait de ne pas fixer ces valeurs, l'utilisation d'une relation stock-recrutement plus complexe et une approche plus explicite en ce qui concerne le contenu en information des donnees et ce que cela signifie pour les responsables de l'elaboration de politiques. Nous abordons les forces et les limites de chacune de ces approches. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Long-Run Monetary Facts of the United States

Economists have long been interested in long-term monetary facts. These empirical regularities constitute the factual basis of monetary theories, and there is a large body of literature devoted to the study of these facts. A recent systematic discussion of earlier studies is found in a paper by McCandless and Weber (1995). 1 In their paper, McCandless and Weber employ cross-section data for 110 countries and examine the long-run empirical relation between: growth rates of money and real income, growth rates of the money supply and the general price level, and the rate of inflation and the growth rate of real income. They report no correlation between growth rates of money and real income, except in the OECD countries, where these growth rates are positively correlated. Their results reveal a positive, close to unity correlation between growth rates of money supply and the price level. Further, their findings indicate no correlation between the rate of inflation and the growth rate of real income. This article examines long-run monetary facts, employing data from the United States. The annual data spans a 124-year period, 1875-1998. In addition to this overall period, the frequently studied 1947-1998 postWorld War II period is also analyzed. The econometric approach adopted is the cointegration methodology of Engle and Granger (1991), while the Johansen (1991) procedure is used for estimations. The results yield convincing and rigorous empirical facts and are useful additions to earlier studies of long-run monetary facts relying on descriptive explanations, or cross-section estimations, or using traditional econometric methodologies, or employing historically less encompassing databases.
The World of Lucha Libre

The World of Lucha Libre is an insider’s account of lucha libre , the popular Mexican form of professional wrestling. Heather Levi spent more than a year immersed in the world of wrestling in Mexico City. Not only did she observe live events and interview wrestlers, referees, officials, promoters, and reporters; she also apprenticed with a retired luchador (wrestler). Drawing on her insider’s perspective, she explores lucha libre as a cultural performance, an occupational subculture, and a set of symbols that circulate through Mexican culture and politics. Levi argues that the broad appeal of lucha libre lies in its capacity to stage contradictions at the heart of Mexican national identity: between the rural and the urban, tradition and modernity, ritual and parody, machismo and feminism, politics and spectacle. Levi considers lucha libre in light of scholarship about sport, modernization, and the formation of the Mexican nation-state, and in connection to professional wrestling in the United States. She examines the role of secrecy in wrestling, the relationship between wrestlers and the characters they embody, and the meanings of the masks worn by luchadors. She discusses male wrestlers who perform masculine roles, those who cross-dress and perform feminine roles, and female wrestlers who wrestle each other. Investigating the relationship between lucha libre and the mass media, she highlights the history of the sport’s engagement with television: it was televised briefly in the early 1950s, but not again until 1991. Finally, Levi traces the circulation of lucha libre symbols in avant-garde artistic movements and its appropriation in left-wing political discourse. The World of Lucha Libre shows how a sport imported from the United States in the 1930s came to be an iconic symbol of Mexican cultural authenticity.
Interprovincial Inequality in China

China has transformed itself, posting extraordinary rates of growth and increasing the living standards of nearly all its citizens. At the same time, China has become a far less equal nation, with vast differences emerging between those living in rural versus urban areas, inland versus coastal areas, and globally oriented versus more insular areas. Headlong growth coupled with rising inequality has fostered social tension, raising questions about the sustainability of China's economic transformation. In this Economic Letter, we document the increasing income inequality among Chinese provinces over the past two decades. Our discussion highlights three important facts. First, economic growth has lifted living standards throughout China, with all provinces gaining in absolute terms. Second, economic growth has benefited some provinces more than others, increasing regional income inequality. Third, no single explanation can account for the steady increase in inequality among provinces over time.These observations suggest that China, like many industrialized nations, will continue to struggle to meet its growth goals while distributing the benefits of an expanding economy more equally. Trends in income across China China's rapid growth has produced remarkable improvements in the living standards of its citizens. Data from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the United Nations point to three decades of extraordinary increases in income and consumption, vast reductions in poverty rates in both rural and urban areas, and improvements in adult literacy, infant mortality, and adult life expectancy. While such data clearly show that all provinces have benefited from growth, some provinces have fared better than others. Perhaps the most obvious divergence in incomes across China is between rural versus urban areas. Figure 1 shows median nominal disposable income (measured in renminbi or RMB) for rural and urban China, using data from the China StatisticalYearbook. Income in China's cities has grown faster than income outside urban centers, opening a rural-urban income gap that has widened continuously.Although scholars have spent considerable time studying China's rural-urban income gap, until recently the public showed little concern about the phenomenon. Several things likely kept public dissatisfaction in check. First, rural residents had access to self-produced consumption goods, primarily food, which boosted their living standards but were not included in official income measures. Second, the Chinese government used several policy levers to reduce the rural-urban gap, including subsidizing rural workers and providing price supports for agricultural commodities. Third, the gap between rural and urban incomes created an incentive …
ON SPOKEN LANGUAGE PROCESSING Progress Report No . 23 ( 1999 ) Indiana University Some Measures of Verbal and Spatial Working Memory in Eight-and Nine-Year-Old Hearing-Impaired Children with Cochlear Implants

Two groups of 8 and 9-year-old children, 45 normal-hearing (NH) and 45 hearing-impaired users of cochlear implants (CI) completed a working memory task that presented either visual-spatial cues or visual-spatial cues paired with auditory signals. In this task colored buttons were illuminated in a sequence either with or without the synchronized auditory presentation of verbal labels for the buttons (color-names or digitnames). The child was required to reproduce each sequence by pressing the appropriate buttons. The longest list length reproduced under each set of conditions was recorded. The NH group demonstrated an advantage for the auditory plus visual-spatial task over the visual-spatial-only task when the labels matched the colors of the lights. The children in the CI group did not show this same advantage. The ability of many of the CI users to correctly identify the auditory stimuli when presented in isolation did not lead to their use of the informationally redundant auditory cues. Overall, the CI group did significantly worse than the NH children even on the visual-spatial-only sequences, suggesting important differences in encoding strategies. A modified task that eliminated the visualspatial cues from the target sequence of auditory color-names was run with NH children and a second group of pediatric CI users. In this case, errors in stimulus identification were associated with reduced span scores. The highest scoring CI users obtained spans on this task equivalent to the scores of the bottom third of the NH group, indicating that when visual-spatial encoding was not an option, some CI users were capable of engaging in verbal encoding in a manner on par with some NH children.
Genetic Classification of Oral and Oropharyngeal Carcinomas Identifies Subgroups with a Different Prognosis

The common risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer are tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption, and recently the human papillomavirus (HPV) was shown to be involved in a subgroup. HPV-positive and -negative carcinomas can be distinguished on basis of their genetic profiles. Aim of this study was to investigate patterns of chromosomal aberrations of HPV-negative oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OOSCC) in order to improve stratification of patients regarding outcome. Thirty-nine OOSCCs were classified on basis of their genetic pattern determined by array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). Resulting groups were related to patient and tumor characteristics using the Fisher’s exact test and in addition to survival with the Kaplan–Meier and log rank tests. Classification distinguished three groups, one characterized by hardly any chromosomal aberration (N = 8) and another by a relatively high level (N = 26), and one with a very high level (N = 5) of chromosomal aberrations. This classification was significantly (p = 0.003) associated with survival, with the best survival in the genetically ‘silent’ group and the worst survival in the most aberrant group. The silent profile was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with wild-type TP53, an absence of alcohol consumption and a female gender. These carcinomas were negative for microsatellite instability. This classification of OOSCC was confirmed in an independent set of 89 oral carcinomas. In conclusion, the discovery of these new classes of oral and oropharyngeal cancer with unique genetic and clinical characteristics has important consequences for future basic and clinical studies.
Molecular, Immunological, and Biological Characterization of Tityus serrulatus Venom Hyaluronidase: New Insights into Its Role in Envenomation

Background Scorpionism is a public health problem in Brazil, and Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is primarily responsible for severe accidents. The main toxic components of Ts venom are low-molecular-weight neurotoxins; however, the venom also contains poorly characterized high-molecular-weight enzymes. Hyaluronidase is one such enzyme that has been poorly characterized. Methods and principal findings We examined clones from a cDNA library of the Ts venom gland and described two novel isoforms of hyaluronidase, TsHyal-1 and TsHyal-2. The isoforms are 83% identical, and alignment of their predicted amino acid sequences with other hyaluronidases showed conserved residues between evolutionarily distant organisms. We performed gel filtration followed by reversed-phase chromatography to purify native hyaluronidase from Ts venom. Purified native Ts hyaluronidase was used to produce anti-hyaluronidase serum in rabbits. As little as 0.94 µl of anti-hyaluronidase serum neutralized 1 LD50 (13.2 µg) of Ts venom hyaluronidase activity in vitro. In vivo neutralization assays showed that 121.6 µl of anti-hyaluronidase serum inhibited mouse death 100%, whereas 60.8 µl and 15.2 µl of serum delayed mouse death. Inhibition of death was also achieved by using the hyaluronidase pharmacological inhibitor aristolochic acid. Addition of native Ts hyaluronidase (0.418 µg) to pre-neutralized Ts venom (13.2 µg venom+0.94 µl anti-hyaluronidase serum) reversed mouse survival. We used the SPOT method to map TsHyal-1 and TsHyal-2 epitopes. More peptides were recognized by anti-hyaluronidase serum in TsHyal-1 than in TsHyal-2. Epitopes common to both isoforms included active site residues. Conclusions Hyaluronidase inhibition and immunoneutralization reduced the toxic effects of Ts venom. Our results have implications in scorpionism therapy and challenge the notion that only neurotoxins are important to the envenoming process.
Failure to Demonstrate That Playing Violent Video Games Diminishes Prosocial Behavior

Background Past research has found that playing a classic prosocial video game resulted in heightened prosocial behavior when compared to a control group, whereas playing a classic violent video game had no effect. Given purported links between violent video games and poor social behavior, this result is surprising. Here our aim was to assess whether this finding may be due to the specific games used. That is, modern games are experienced differently from classic games (more immersion in virtual environments, more connection with characters, etc.) and it may be that playing violent video games impacts prosocial behavior only when contemporary versions are used. Methods and Findings Experiments 1 and 2 explored the effects of playing contemporary violent, non-violent, and prosocial video games on prosocial behavior, as measured by the pen-drop task. We found that slight contextual changes in the delivery of the pen-drop task led to different rates of helping but that the type of game played had little effect. Experiment 3 explored this further by using classic games. Again, we found no effect. Conclusions We failed to find evidence that playing video games affects prosocial behavior. Research on the effects of video game play is of significant public interest. It is therefore important that speculation be rigorously tested and findings replicated. Here we fail to substantiate conjecture that playing contemporary violent video games will lead to diminished prosocial behavior.
Iterative reordering and word alignment for statistical MT

Word alignment is necessary for statistical machine translation (SMT), and reordering as a preprocessing step has been shown to improve SMT for many language pairs. In this initial study we investigate if both word alignment and reordering can be improved by iterating these two steps, since they both depend on each other. Overall no consistent improvements were seen on the translation task, but the reordering rules contain different information in the different iterations, leading us to believe that the iterative strategy can be useful.
The Impacts of U.S. Horse Slaughter Plant Closures on a Western Regional Horse Market

This study quantifies the price impacts from the closure of all U.S. horse slaughter plants in 2007 on live horses at a Montana auction. The hedonic pricing model includes supply and demand factors such as horse-specific characteristics, spatial and time effects, the U.S. economic downturn beginning in 2008, and slaughter plant closures. The hedonic model was estimated using a quantile regression, which revealed price declines of 12% to 16% for horses priced at or below $1,500 per head attributable to the end of U.S. horse slaughter.
Grounded and finite height metallic post integrated rectangular microstrip antenna to improve polarization purity over whole elevation angle

In this paper, a grounded and finite height metallic post integrated rectangular microstrip antenna has been proposed for effective suppression of XP radiations from a microstrip patch. Around 23-35 dB of XP suppression is achieved compared to a conventional patch over whole elevation angle. The proposed structure has around 10% impedance bandwidth with 6.84 dBi peak gain. The structure is easy to fabricate and finds potential applications in designing wireless communication links and array antennas with improved polarization purity.
Strongly Cohen‐Macaulay Ideals of Small Second Analytic Deviation

In this paper, the strongly Cohen‐Macaulay ideals of second analytic deviation one are characterized in terms of the depth properties of the powers of the ideal in the ‘standard range’. This provides an explanation of the behaviour of certain ideals that have appeared in the literature. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification 13H10 (primary), 13C40, 13D02, 13D25 (secondary).
A Channel Estimation Scheme for STBC-Based TDS-OFDM MIMO System

Channel estimation is a key issue in Time Domain Synchronous-Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (TDS-OFDM) system, which is usually based on pseudorandom noise (PN) sequences time domain correlation. However, in space time block coding (STBC)-based TDS-OFDM MIMO system, PN sequences received in each receiver antenna are the overlaps of multiple transmitters' linear convolution of PN sequences with corresponding channel responses. Thus, channel state information (CSI) can not be estimated accurately only by means of PN sequences time domain correlation. In this paper we propose a joint time-frequency domain channel estimation scheme for STBC-based TDS-OFDM MIMO system with 2 transmitter antennas and 2 receiver antennas. To aid the channel estimation, every two signal frames in a super frame are grouped into a signal frame group at the transmitter side. For the first frame of each signal frame group, 315 Transmission Parameters Signaling (TPS) symbols are inserted equally with 12 OFDM sub-carries intervals in both transmitter branches. While for the second frame, TPS symbols are inserted equally only in the first transmitter branch, and in the second transmitter branch zero symbols are inserted in the corresponding positions. By exploiting such an elaborate TPS inserting rule and PN sequence time domain correlation, our proposed scheme can estimate CSI easily in both time domain and frequency domain. Simulation results show that our scheme can estimate the CSI accurately: the mean absolute error between the estimated values and the original values is less than 0.01 under slow-fading channel when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is 8 dB.
Generalised integrable Hubbard models

We construct the XX and Hubbard-like models based on unitary superalgebras gl(N |M) generalizing Shastry's and Maassarani's approach. We introduce the R-matrix of the gl(N |M) XX-type model; the one of the Hubbard-like model is defined by "coupling" two independent XX models. In both cases, we show that the R-matrices satisfy the Yang-Baxter equation. We derive the corresponding local Hamiltonian in the transfer matrix formalism and we determine its symmetries. A perturbative calculation "`a la Klein and Seitz" is performed. Some explicit examples are worked out. We give a description of the two-particle scattering.
The nature of organizational leadership : understanding the performance imperatives confronting today's leaders

The nature of organizational leadership. The performance imperatives of organizational leadership: conceptual requirements of organizational leadership leadership, sense-making, and mental models social and behavioural complexity social capital and organizational leadership the acquisition of power and the emergence of organizational executives personal values, organizational vision, and strategic management the political dynamics of organizational leadership leadership, organizational evolution and technological change the financial press of organizational leadership. The staffing imperatives for organizational leadership: leader training and development leader assessment and selection assessment of leadership outcomes. Conclusion and commentary: the nature of organizational leadership - conclusions and implications leadership research methods.
Sodium Selenide Toxicity Is Mediated by O2-Dependent DNA Breaks

Hydrogen selenide is a recurrent metabolite of selenium compounds. However, few experiments studied the direct link between this toxic agent and cell death. To address this question, we first screened a systematic collection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae haploid knockout strains for sensitivity to sodium selenide, a donor for hydrogen selenide (H2Se/HSe−/Se2−). Among the genes whose deletion caused hypresensitivity, homologous recombination and DNA damage checkpoint genes were over-represented, suggesting that DNA double-strand breaks are a dominant cause of hydrogen selenide toxicity. Consistent with this hypothesis, treatment of S. cerevisiae cells with sodium selenide triggered G2/M checkpoint activation and induced in vivo chromosome fragmentation. In vitro, sodium selenide directly induced DNA phosphodiester-bond breaks via an O2-dependent reaction. The reaction was inhibited by mannitol, a hydroxyl radical quencher, but not by superoxide dismutase or catalase, strongly suggesting the involvement of hydroxyl radicals and ruling out participations of superoxide anions or hydrogen peroxide. The •OH signature could indeed be detected by electron spin resonance upon exposure of a solution of sodium selenide to O2. Finally we showed that, in vivo, toxicity strictly depended on the presence of O2. Therefore, by combining genome-wide and biochemical approaches, we demonstrated that, in yeast cells, hydrogen selenide induces toxic DNA breaks through an O2-dependent radical-based mechanism.