Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher interaction with individual male and female pupils in junior‐age classrooms

Summary A number of educational researches have shown that in mixed‐sex classrooms boys take more part in discussion and receive more attention from the teacher than girls in the same class, although the extent of this male predominance varies considerably in different studies. The present study, based on systematic observation in 34 second‐year junior classrooms, finds that boys receive a higher average level of individual attention from their teachers but that the difference between boys and girls is much less dramatic than is sometimes claimed. Further analysis shows that the higher average figure does not result from a uniform pattern in which most boys receive more attention than most girls, but from the fact that a higher proportion of boys have learning and behaviour difficulties together with a small number of other boys receiving very high levels of teacher attention. It is suggested that the imbalance in the amount of teacher interaction with boys and girls should be seen as a problem of classro.
Pupil voice on being gifted and talented in physical education: ‘They think it's just, like, a weekend sort of thing’

Background: Pupils’ views have been elicited in physical education over a long period, but is a comparatively under-examined area within literature on gifted and talented (G&T) in physical education concerns pupil voice and their accounts of being placed on their schools’ G&T register. Purpose: This small-scale qualitative study consulted pupils in physical education about being on the G&T register, the demands of their academic work, academic support available to them, what could support them and their thoughts on post-16 and career aspirations. The findings emerged from a larger research project exploring key stakeholders’ views on provision for G&T pupils in physical education within an Excellence in Cities (EiC) cluster in rural eastern England. Participants, research design and data collection: Data for this study were collected within a 4-month period from four secondary schools, three of which formed part of an EiC cluster and included a Sports College. The fourth school, which was outside the EiC cluster, worked closely with the Sports College, linking its own G&T programme to the work already established at the Sports College. Thirty-one Year 10 and 11 pupils (17 male, 14 female) were selected by the schools from their G&T registers. Seven separate focus group interviews were held and pupils also completed a questionnaire. Findings: Common patterns were reported by pupils within and across the schools reflecting their positive perceptions of being on the G&T register for physical education. While pupils valued the schools’ nurturing of their abilities, the positive nurturing of talent was not always transferred to the nurturing of their academic potential. They felt they would benefit from more support for their academic needs, especially in managing their workloads. They expressed a tension between fulfilling their commitments to training and sport on the one hand and meeting the requirements of their academic work on the other. Support offered through individual mentoring was received positively. For most, however, mentoring was sparse and appeared to be an unstructured process. In addition, many pupils spoke of the toll their dedication to their sport took on their social lives. The majority of pupils expressed a desire to continue study beyond post-16 and several mentioned the aim of attending university. Conclusions: The need for personalised and tailored individual support to help pupils meet the demands of both academic and sporting commitments was articulated in this study. Implications from the findings also indicate that a Junior Athlete Education framework might be in place at some schools but it may not always be utilised effectively or meet the authentic needs of the pupils on the G&T register for physical education. As a consequence, unstructured and informal processes, as well as patchiness of support, have been seen to work against the effectiveness of G&T programmes. These findings reinforce previous research and add valuable insight in the form of pupils’ voices and experiences.
Boys as only‐children and girls as only‐children—parental gendered expectations of the only‐child in the nuclear Chinese family in present‐day China

Studies on the effect of only‐child status on girls’ education indicate that the only‐child policy has had an unintended consequence of engendering a child‐centered culture with a strong belief and shared interest among the urban community in educating the only‐child regardless of the child’s sex. As the distribution of education by sex is frequently argued to be a key determinant for gender inequality, this finding seems to carry an unquestioned message that gender equality has been largely achieved for the only‐child generation. So far, however, few studies have examined parental gender‐specific expectations for their only children as an important factor in preparing boys and girls for their different school and social experiences. Based on data collected through semi‐structured interviews with 20 families in north China, this paper explores parental gender‐specific expectations of their only‐children. Parents’ SES is also considered in order to see how class may interact with gender in parents’ expectations for boys and girls as only‐children. The study reveals patterns of differences in parental expectations based on gender, and to a lesser degree, class. The author argues that it would be over‐optimistic to believe that only‐child status and the equally high academic aspirations parents hold for boys and girls have done away with all the deep‐rooted factors against gender equality in Chinese society. Drawing on Bourdieu’s social theory, the author discusses the implications of the findings and provides suggestions for policy efforts and further research.
Generating optimizing specializers

We propose a new method for improving the specialization of programs by inserting an interpreter between a subject program and a specializer. We formulate three specializer projections which enable us to generate specializers from interpreters. The goal is to provide a new way to control the specialization of programs, and we report the first practical results. This is a step towards the automatic production of specializers. Using an existing, self-applicable partial evaluator we succeeded in generating a stand-alone specializer for a first-order functional language which is stronger than the partial evaluator used for its generation. The generated specializer corresponds to a simple supercompiler. As an example we show that the generated specializer can achieve the same speed-up effect as the Knuth, Morris and Pratt algorithm (D.E. Knuth et al., vol. 6, no. 2, 1977) by specializing a naive matcher with respect to a fixed pattern. The generated specializer is also strong enough to handle bounded static variation, a case which partial evaluators usually can not handle. <<ETX>>
Accomplished Black North Americans and Antiracism Education: Towards Bridging a Seeming Divide

This article examines the seeming historical disconnect between antiracism education and successful, highly educated, and upwardly mobile black North Americans. Many successful blacks tend to resist racism via strategies informed by the hegemonic neoliberal and individualistic ethos, with the key strategies being educational and occupational attainment. Such individualistic strategies are opposed by antiracism education, which emphasizes battling racism on structural and institutional levels. I argue that this disconnect between middle-class black consciousness and antiracist discourse stems from the general failure of antiracist scholarship to understand adequately the complex and conflicted identities and lived experiences of many successful blacks. This failure on the part of antiracist scholarship can be attributed to a historical premising on binary racial categories and zero-sum conceptions of power. However, recent post-structuralist trends in antiracist scholarship, such as an increasing emphasis on integrative antiracism, hold the promise of creating an antiracist discourse that better resonates with successful blacks.
How many things do you like to do at once? An introduction to monochronic and polychronic time

Executive Overview Donna Vinton's preceding article provides an overview of many ways that attitudes, values, and beliefs about time can differ. This article presents a detailed look at one of those differences—between monochronic and polychronic time—which, respectively, distinguish between a preference for doing one thing at a time rather than doing two or more things simultaneously. Following an explanation of this difference, Kaufman, Lane and Lindquist's Polychronic Attitude Index, which measures the degree of an individual's polychronic orientation, is described, as is Bluedorn's Monochronic/Polychronic Orientation Scale, which measures the extent to which a department or organization is polychronic. Scoring information for both scales is included to enable readers to identify their individual orientations as well as to provide some indication of their departments' and organizations' orientations. This information can be used to manage one's self and one's organization more effectively, and advice o.
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, signified by distinctive peripheral cytokines, chemokines and the TNF family members B-cell activating factor and a proliferation inducing ligand.

OBJECTIVE Serum cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of myositis by initiating and perpetuating various cellular and humoral autoimmune processes. The aim of the present study was to describe a broad spectrum of T- and B-cell cytokines, growth factors and chemokines in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) and healthy individuals. METHODS A protein array system, denoted as multiplex cytokine assay was utilized to measure simultaneously the levels of 24 circulating cytokines, including B-cell activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL) of patients with IIMs and healthy individuals. Additionally, correlational clustering and discriminant function analysis (DFA), two multivariate, supervised analysis methods were employed to identify a subset of biomarkers in order to describe potential functional interrelationships among these pathological cytokines. RESULTS Univariate analysis demonstrated that a complex set of immune and inflammatory modulating cytokines are significantly up-regulated in patients with IIMs relative to unaffected controls including IL-10, IL-13, IFN-α, epidermal growth factor (EGF), VEGF, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), CCL3 [macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α)], CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL11 (eotaxin), whereas G-CSF was significantly reduced in IIM patients. Correlational clustering was able to discriminate between, and hence sub-classify patients with IIMs. DFA identified EGF, IFN-α, VEGF, CCL3 (MIP-1α) and IL-12p40, as analytes with the strongest discriminatory power among various myositis patients and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that these factors modulate myositis pathology and help to identify differences between subsets of the disease.
Atomic Force Microscopy Investigation of Isolated Virions of Murine Leukemia Virus

ABSTRACT Virions of mouse leukemia virus spread on glass substrates were visualized by atomic force microscopy. The size distribution mode was 145 nm, significantly larger than that for human immunodeficiency virus particles. The distribution of particle sizes is broad, indicating that no two particles are likely identical in content or surface features. Virions possess knoblike protrusions, which may represent vestiges of budding from cell membranes. Particles which split open allowed imaging of intact cores with diameters of 65 nm. They also permitted estimation of viral shell thickness (35 to 40 nm) and showed the presence of a distinct trough between the shell and the core surface.
‘Gays who cannot properly be gay’: Queer Muslims in the neoliberal European city

The article traces the framing of Muslim Europeans as the continent’s Other by focusing on the silencing of queer Muslims within public debates around ‘Islam and homosexuality’. Ignoring class as a factor in the violence produced by the gentrification of urban spaces, the pitting of the (implicitly white) gay community against the (implicitly straight) Muslim community posits the latter as a threat to the continent’s foundations that needs to be contained through forms of spatial governance in line with the neoliberal restructuring of the city. Maintaining that this is a Europe-wide phenomenon, the article looks at Amsterdam as exemplifying the European metropole as a site of pseudo-homophile Islamophobia. Simultaneously, with activist groups like the queer of color collective Strange Fruit, it is also representative of the strategies of resistance developed by groups whose presence is virtually erased through culture clash discourses, namely queer Muslims. The article argues that an intersectional queer of color activism, as practiced by Strange Fruit, and a queer of color critique building on it, allows to undermine binaries from the Muslim/European dichotomy to the normative coming out narrative, invariably positioning queers of color as ‘not properly gay’.
Unsupervised discriminative language modeling using error rate estimator

Discriminative language modeling is a successful approach to improving speech recognition accuracy. However, it requires a large amount of spoken data and manually transcribed reference text for training. This paper proposes an unsupervised training method to overcome this handicap. The key idea is to use an error rate estimator, instead of calculating the true error rate from the reference. In standard supervised approaches, the true error rate is used only for ﬁnding the Oracle, the minimum error rate hypothesis, and for prioritizing the competing hypotheses for weighted learning. Namely, we really need the error rate, not the reference. In our proposed method, estimates of the error rate are used instead, and so the references are not necessary. Our experiments show that our proposed method can generate a model that performs to the same level of accuracy as supervised methods.
Managing intrusive risky thoughts: What works?

Abstract The aim of this literature review was to consider the effectiveness of thought-suppression as a therapeutic strategy. It is a commonly held belief that thought-suppression is counter-productive and results inevitably in experiencing the forbidden thought; however, sexual offenders frequently complete treatment programmes with the notion that ‘I'll tell myself not to think like that’ is a good strategy. This review explored the evidence for and against promoting thought-suppression as an effective strategy for managing risk.
Development of Neurons and Glial Cells in Cerebral Cortex, Cultured in the Presence or Absence of Bioelectric Activity: Morphological Observations

Chronic blockade of bioelectric activity (BEA) has been shown to increase neuronal cell death in tissue culture, but the effects of this treatment on non‐neuronal cells have not been investigated. To determine which cell types are affected by chronic suppression of BEA, we investigated their morphological development in primary cultures of rat cerebral cortex, grown with or without the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX). Morphological development was monitored by phase‐contrast microscopy and by immunofluorescent staining of markers specific for neurons (NSE, MAP2, B‐50, and the 200 kD neurofilament protein), astrocytes (GFAP), oligodendrocytes (galactocerebroside), macrophages (ED‐1) and fibroblasts (fibronectin). Neurons in control cultures steadily increased in size and elaborated a dense network of axons and dendrites during the first 3 weeks. Astrocytes proliferated strongly and formed a ‘bottom‐layer’ on which other cells grew. Part of the astrocytes migrated into the peripheral area of the culture, but retracted to the centre after 14 days in vitro (DIV). Oligodendrocytes and macrophages also increased in number, but oligodendrocytes were completely lost by 28 DIV. After 3 weeks, axons that had grown into the periphery of the culture gradually retracted and/or degenerated, following the retracting astrocytes. Some of the neurons died after 21 DIV, but a large part persisted until 42 DIV. Upon TTX treatment from 5/6 DIV, cultures with few macrophages showed an increase in the proportion of necrotic nuclei at 14 and 21 DIV. The retraction of peripherally located fibres was accelerated by 3–4 days and their degeneration was augmented. Neuronal density decreased to zero between 21 and 42 DIV. Astrocytes showed a clear decrease in density from 28 DIV. Conversely, the density of macrophages was increased about two‐fold from 14 DIV. These results indicate that both neurons and glia are affected by chronic TTX treatment.
The link between early onset drinking and early onset alcohol-impaired driving in young males

Abstract Background: Young drivers represent a disproportionate number of the individuals involved in alcohol-impaired driving. Although there is a known association between drinking and alcohol-impaired driving in young drivers, the link between early onset drinking and early onset alcohol-impaired driving has not been explored. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess this link along with potentially confounding factors. Methods: The assessment used a proportional hazards model with data collected from the Buffalo Longitudinal Study of Young Men, a population-based sample of 625 males at aged 16–19. Results: Controlling for the effects of potentially relevant confounds, the early onset of drinking was the most influential factor in predicting the early onset of alcohol-impaired driving. Race and the early onset of other forms of delinquency also played a significant role in the early onset of alcohol-impaired driving. Conclusion: Preventing an early start of drinking among adolescents may be the most critical factor to address in preventing an early start of alcohol-impaired driving.
Natural Course of Meniere's Disease in Surgically-Selected Patients

Meniere's disease (MD) is considered a complex otologic disorder characterized by exacerbation and remission periods which of ten make its natural course unpredictable. Several studies in the past have analyzed the evolutionary course of MD through comparison between patients under medical treatment and those surgically treated. The present paper aimed to study the evolution of MD in a group of patients who were selected for endolymphatic sac surgery on the basis of a fluctuating stage and uncontroll able recurrent vertigo; some of them, however, did not undergo surgery for different reasons and were used as control for MD at a homogenous stage. Vertigo and tinnitus were improved by surgery in a significant number of patients in comparison with the non-surgical gro up. Hearing function, which improved few months after surgery in some patients, was found to deteriora te in the long run, in surgical and non-surgical groups. Sac surgery yielded significantly better results for two out of three Meniere's symptoms, i.e. vertigo and tinnitus, and can be considered to play a significant role in the therapy of MD at the fluctuating stage.
Emerging Procedures in Narrative Assessment: The Index of Narrative Complexity

This article summarizes norm-referenced and criterion-referenced measures of narration and introduces a new criterion-referenced narrative scoring system called the Index of Narrative Complexity (INC). The INC was designed to be used as a progress-monitoring tool. A preliminary study of the use of this scoring system is reported that yielded evidence suggesting that the INC can be scored consistently, yields similar scores across five elicitation formats, is sensitive to change after intervention, and correlates highly with the Test of Narrative Language (Gillam & Pearson, 2004). These results support the use of the INC as a clinical tool for evaluating the outcomes of narrative intervention.
Step‐by‐step: The effects of physical practice on the neural correlates of locomotion imagery revealed by fMRI

Previous studies have shown that mental imagery is a suitable tool to study the progression of the effect of practice on brain activation. Nevertheless, there is still poor knowledge of changes in brain activation patterns during the very early stages of physical practice. In this study, early and late practice stages of different kinds of locomotion (i.e., balanced and unbalanced) have been investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging during mental imagery of locomotion and stance. During the task, cardiac activity was also recorded. The cerebral network comprising supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, bilateral thalamus, and right cerebellum showed a stronger activation during the imagery of locomotion with respect to imagery of stance. The heart beat showed a significant increase in frequency during the imagery of locomotion with respect to the imagery of stance. Moreover, early stages of practice determined an increased activation in basal ganglia and thalamus with respect to late stages. In this way, it is proposed the modulation of the brain network involved in the imagery of locomotion as a function of physical practice time. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BOAT—optimistic decision tree construction

Classification is an important data mining problem. Given a training database of records, each tagged with a class label, the goal of classification is to build a concise model that can be used to predict the class label of future, unlabeled records. A very popular class of classifiers are decision trees. All current algorithms to construct decision trees, including all main-memory algorithms, make one scan over the training database per level of the tree. We introduce a new algorithm (BOAT) for decision tree construction that improves upon earlier algorithms in both performance and functionality. BOAT constructs several levels of the tree in only two scans over the training database, resulting in an average performance gain of 300% over previous work. The key to this performance improvement is a novel optimistic approach to tree construction in which we construct an initial tree using a small subset of the data and refine it to arrive at the final tree. We guarantee that any difference with respect to the “real” tree (i.e., the tree that would be constructed by examining all the data in a traditional way) is detected and corrected. The correction step occasionally requires us to make additional scans over subsets of the data; typically, this situation rarely arises, and can be addressed with little added cost. Beyond offering faster tree construction, BOAT is the first scalable algorithm with the ability to incrementally update the tree with respect to both insertions and deletions over the dataset. This property is valuable in dynamic environments such as data warehouses, in which the training dataset changes over time. The BOAT update operation is much cheaper than completely rebuilding the tree, and the resulting tree is guaranteed to be identical to the tree that would be produced by a complete re-build.