Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
wEBMT: Developing and Validating an Example-Based Machine Translation System using the World Wide Web

We have developed an example-based machine translation (EBMT) system that uses the World Wide Web for two different purposes: First, we populate the system's memory with translations gathered from rule-based MT systems located on the Web. The source strings input to these systems were extracted automatically from an extremely small subset of the rule types in the Penn-II Treebank. In subsequent stages, the source, target translation pairs obtained are automatically transformed into a series of resources that render the translation process more successful. Despite the fact that the output from on-line MT systems is often faulty, we demonstrate in a number of experiments that when used to seed the memories of an EBMT system, they can in fact prove useful in generating translations of high quality in a robust fashion. In addition, we demonstrate the relative gain of EBMT in comparison to on-line systems. Second, despite the perception that the documents available on the Web are of questionable quality, we demonstrate in contrast that such resources are extremely useful in automatically postediting translation candidates proposed by our system.
Multiphase minimal fault-tolerant wormhole routing in 2D meshes

A fault-tolerant wormhole routing algorithm using multiphase minimal routing paths for mesh networks is proposed in this paper. When routing messages come in contact with a fault region, they always select a local shortest path around the fault-region in clockwise or counter clockwise direction. The proposed algorithm can tolerate convex fault-connected regions with four virtual channels per physical channel regardless of how processors of different f-polygons overlap. The fault regions divide each routing path into multiple minimal routing paths-a multiphase minimal routing path. The performance of multiphase minimal routing vs. minimal routing is compared by simulation.
High prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism in Isfahan: Do familial components have a role?

Background: Despite elimination of iodine deficiency, the rates of both permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism (CH) in our study were higher than the comparable worldwide rates, which emphasize the major role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of CH and many studies in this regard confirm this possibility. Materials and Methods: In this review, we report all studies that established during CH screening program regarding familial and genetic component of the disease. Results: Although we could not entirely ignore the possible role of environmental and autoimmune factors in the development and function of thyroid gland, our findings strongly suggest the role of genetic factors as dominant etiologic factor in CH. Conclusion: The studies support the existence of a familial component of CH involving dominant genetic predisposition factors with a low penetrance. Considering the polygenic/multifactorial basis of CH, they suggest the possible involvement of other unknown genes in the pathogenesis of the disease, which may also follow non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance.
Standardised lung function testing.

Quality control is an essential ingredient of all clinical laboratory work and it has been difficult to achieve in clinical respiratory physiology. Tests of respiratory function call for the active cooperation of an untrained individual who has to perform quite complex manoeuvres on request. To reach the position where different laboratories would produce the same result on the same patient, a number of conditions have to be met. First, the respiratory manoeuvres requested must be identical. Secondly, the apparatus must respond in the same way to the same stimulus. Thirdly, the results have to be calculated in a standard way and expressed in conventional units. Finally, the reference or normal values have to be agreed between the laboratories, if estimates of the likelihood of normality are to be provided. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) has for a long time sponsored work into pulmonary function as part of long term studies of occupational lung disease and chronic bronchitis. As a result, a working party was set up which was concerned with the standardisation of pulmonary function tests. Recommendations on the practice of spirometry were published in 1971. ' Since then further tests have gained wide acceptance in epidemiology and the SI system of units has been introduced. It became apparent that there was a need for harmonisation of techniques and of nomenclature if comparable studies were to be made in different centres. The working party recognised that harmonisation was not an end in itself and that it would probably be effective only for well established routine tests. They therefore set out to review current techniques, concerning themselves mainly with those tests which are applied frequently, departing as little as possible from accepted practice in Europe and the United States. July 1981 was the date set for the publication of the first draft. This was circulated widely and suggestions from a number of experts were incorporated into the final version. The result is a lengthy report entitled "Standardized Lung Function Testing," which has been published as a supplement of the European
Chlamydia pneumoniae Uses the Mannose 6-Phosphate/Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 Receptor for Infection of Endothelial Cells

ABSTRACT Several mechanisms for attachment and entry of Chlamydia have been proposed. We previously determined that the major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis is glycosylated with a high-mannose oligosaccharide, and a similar structure inhibited the attachment and infectivity of C. trachomatis in epithelial cells. Because insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) was shown to enhance the infectivity of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not C. trachomatis in endothelial cells, a hapten inhibition assay was used to analyze whether the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P)/IGF2 receptor that also binds M6P could be involved in infection of endothelial cells (HMEC-1) by Chlamydia. M6P and mannose 6-phosphate-poly[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-acrylamide] (M6P-PAA) inhibited the infectivity of C. pneumoniae AR-39, but not C. trachomatis serovar UW5 or L2, while mannan inhibited the growth of C. trachomatis, but not C. pneumoniae. Using metabolically labeled organisms incubated with cells at 4°C (organisms attach but do not enter) or at 37°C (organisms attach and are internalized), M6P-PAA was shown to inhibit attachment and internalization of C. pneumoniae in endothelial cells but did not inhibit attachment or internalization of C. trachomatis serovar E or L2. These findings indicate that C. pneumoniae can utilize the M6P/IGF2 receptor and that the use of this receptor for attachment and entry differs between C. pneumoniae and C. trachomatis.
Renal function and incidence of chronic kidney disease in HIV patients: A Danish cohort study

Abstract Background: Impaired renal function is of major concern in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Methods: We used a mixed effects linear regression model to determine estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) in a population-based cohort of incident Danish HIV patients and stratified on baseline eGFR (eGFRB) < 90 and ≥ 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for chronic kidney disease (CKD) – 2 consecutive eGFR values < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 measured > 3 months apart – were estimated (time-updated Cox-regression model). Results: The effect of time with HIV on eGFR was small in both strata (− 0.09 (95% confidence interval (CI) − 0.27, 0.09) and − 0.46 (95% CI − 0.64, − 0.27) ml/min per 1.73 m2 per y). Treatment with tenofovir and indinavir was associated with lower eGFR in both strata: tenofovir − 2.00 (95% CI − 3.45, − 0.56) and − 1.94 (95% CI − 3.43, − 0.44) ml/min per 1.73 m2 and indinavir − 2.14 (95% CI − 3.63, − 0.64) and − 3.29 (95% CI − 5.25, − 1.32) ml/min per 1.73 m2. Nevirapine, atazanavir, and the combination of tenofovir and atazanavir were associated with lower eGFR in patients with eGFRB < 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and exposure to tenofovir and atazanavir in combination were associated with CKD in patients with eGFRB < 90 ml/min per 1.73 m2 (adjusted IRRs 6.08 (95% CI 2.76–13.41) and 26.75 (95% CI 9.54–75.05)). Conclusion: Tenofovir and indinavir reduce eGFR, while time with HIV only has a modest effect on this parameter. Low eGFRB is associated with an increased risk of CKD, especially when receiving HAART regimens containing the combination tenofovir/atazanavir.
The 4-metre gait speed in COPD: responsiveness and minimal clinically important difference

Usual gait speed is a consistent predictor of adverse outcomes in community-dwelling elderly people. The reliability and validity of the 4-m gait speed (4MGS) has recently been demonstrated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The aims of this study were to assess the responsiveness of the 4MGS and to estimate the minimal clinically important difference (MCID). In 301 COPD patients, 4MGS and incremental shuttle walk (ISW) were measured before and after pulmonary rehabilitation. 4MGS and ISW were also measured at baseline and 1 year later in a separate cohort of 162 COPD patients. The MCID of 4MGS was estimated using distribution and anchor-based methods. 4MGS improved significantly with pulmonary rehabilitation (mean change 0.08 m·s−1, p<0.001). The minimal detectable change at 95% confidence was 0.11 m·s−1. The MCID was estimated at 0.11 m·s−1 (anchored against ISW) and 0.08 m·s−1 (anchored against self-reported improvement). The effect size for 4MGS was greatest in frail individuals. After 12 months, mean 4MGS declined by 0.04 m·s−1. When anchored against a decline of more than the MCID for ISW, change in 4MGS was −0.11 m·s−1. The 4MGS is responsive to pulmonary rehabilitation and longitudinal change in COPD, and has potential as a simple functional assessment tool in COPD. The 4MGS may be particularly useful in frail individuals with COPD. 4-m gait speed is responsive to pulmonary rehabilitation and longitudinal change with an estimated MCID of 0.11 m/s http://ow.ly/pXdmQ
Dynamic Task Allocation in Multi-Hop Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks with Low Mobility

This paper presents a task allocation-oriented framework to enable efficient in-network processing and cost-effective multi-hop resource sharing for dynamic multi-hop multimedia wireless sensor networks with low node mobility, e.g., pedestrian speeds. The proposed system incorporates a fast task reallocation algorithm to quickly recover from possible network service disruptions, such as node or link failures. An evolutional self-learning mechanism based on a genetic algorithm continuously adapts the system parameters in order to meet the desired application delay requirements, while also achieving a sufficiently long network lifetime. Since the algorithm runtime incurs considerable time delay while updating task assignments, we introduce an adaptive window size to limit the delay periods and ensure an up-to-date solution based on node mobility patterns and device processing capabilities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that yields multi-objective task allocation in a mobile multi-hop wireless environment under dynamic conditions. Simulations are performed in various settings, and the results show considerable performance improvement in extending network lifetime compared to heuristic mechanisms. Furthermore, the proposed framework provides noticeable reduction in the frequency of missing application deadlines.
N T ] 2 0 Ja n 20 05 A generalized Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem for affine varieties

The Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem states that if f(n) is a sequence given by a linear recurrence over a field of characteristic 0, then the set of m such that f(m) is equal to 0 is the union of a finite number of arithmetic progressions in m ≥ 0 and a finite set. We prove that if X is a subvariety of an affine variety Y over a field of characteristic 0 and q is a point in Y , and σ is an automorphism of Y , then the set of m such that σm(q) lies in X is a union of a finite number of complete doubly-infinite arithmetic progressions and a finite set. We show that this is a generalization of the Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem. key words: automorphisms, affine space, Skolem-Mahler-Lech theorem Primary classification: 11D45 Secondary classification: 14R10, 11Y55, 11D88
Liver injury in acute fatty liver of pregnancy: Possible link to placental mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) is a rare disorder which is fatal if not recognized and treated early. Delivery of the feto‐placental unit results in dramatic improvement in maternal liver function, suggesting a role for the placenta. However, the mechanisms by which defects in the fetus or placenta lead to maternal liver damage are not well understood and form the focus of this study. Placenta and serum were obtained at delivery from patients with AFLP, and placental mitochondria and peroxisomes were isolated. Placental mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and fatty acid composition as well as serum antioxidants, oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, and fatty acid analysis were carried out. Hepatocytes in culture were used to evaluate cell death, mitochondrial function, and lipid accumulation on exposure to fatty acids. Oxidative stress was evident in placental mitochondria and peroxisomes of patients with AFLP, accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function. Increased levels of arachidonic acid were also seen in AFLP placenta when compared to control. Patients with AFLP also had a significant increase in oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in serum, along with decreased antioxidant levels and elevated levels of arachidonic acid. These levels of arachidonic acid were capable of inducing oxidative stress in hepatocyte mitochondria accompanied by induction of apoptosis. Exposure to arachidonic acid also resulted in increased lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Conclusion: Oxidative stress in placental mitochondria and peroxisomes is accompanied by accumulation of toxic mediators such as arachidonic acid, which may play a causative role in maternal liver damage seen in AFLP. (HEPATOLOGY 2010;51:191–200.)
The role of small and medium enterprises and poverty in Pakistan : An empirical analysis

The role of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) is very important in economic growth, employment generation and poverty alleviation. Annual time series data has been used to examine the impact of SMEs on poverty in Pakistan for the period between 1972 and 2007. Log-linear autoregressive model has been estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method using one year previous value of HCR as explanatory variable. The results of the study confirm a strong and negative impact of small scale industries’ output on poverty levels in Pakistan. The economic policy makers must focus on the establishment of formal financial markets to overcome the financial constraints faced by the SME sector in Pakistan. Simplification of lending procedures, enforcement of credit rights, and reduction in credit costs would be helpful for the establishment of robust SME sector in Pakistan.
The care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from the point of view of the nursing staff and physicians.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to describe the care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from the viewpoint of the nursing staff and physicians. BACKGROUND There has been little research on the impact of the increasing number of older people with dementia in surgical wards and the preparedness of multi-professional staff caring for them. DESIGN A qualitative, descriptive design was used. METHODS The data were collected using unstructured interviews with nursing staff (n = 19) and physicians (n = 9) who participate in caring for people with dementia in surgical wards. The collected data were analysed using inductive content analysis. RESULT The nursing staff reported that caring for people with dementia was physically and mentally demanding. Physicians regarded memory disorder-related symptoms as primary causes of patients' challenging behaviour, while in similar situations the nursing staff felt that such behaviour was related to their own personality or a deficiency in their nursing competence. The nursing staff commented that they had not received specific training in caring for people with dementia. CONCLUSION The study highlights the importance of developing nurses' skills to meet the current demands of their jobs. Thus, nursing staff urgently require additional training to safely care for this group of patients. In addition, the well-being of nursing staff needs further support, and working practices in the wards should be reviewed. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTISE Education and up-to-date information related to patient care strongly improve the quality of nursing. The results can be applied to the development of competences related to the care of older people with dementia in surgical wards from a multi-professional standpoint.
Evolution of the As‐Cast Grain Microstructure of an Ultrasonically Treated Al–2Cu Alloy

The evolution of the grain structure of an Al–2Cu alloy is investigated numerically during its solidification while being subjected to ultrasonic treatment. A CAFE (Cellular Automation Finite Element) model coupling fluid flow, heat transfer, nucleation, and grain growth is developed and validated by comparing the results of both numerical simulations and physical experiments. The model successfully describes hydrodynamic fields generated by ultrasonic treatment and their influence on microstructural evolution. This validated model is then used to study the influence of the duration of ultrasonic treatment on temperature distribution and grain structure. A predominantly equiaxed grain structure developed due to the low temperature gradient throughout the melt is a result of the enhanced convection. These results highlight the critical role played by the convection induced by acoustic streaming during casting, that is, facilitating nucleation and grain growth.
Electron Cryo-Microscopy and Single-Particle Averaging of Rift Valley Fever Virus: Evidence for GN-GC Glycoprotein Heterodimers

ABSTRACT Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a member of the genus Phlebovirus within the family Bunyaviridae. It is a mosquito-borne zoonotic agent that can cause hemorrhagic fever in humans. The enveloped RVFV virions are known to be covered by capsomers of the glycoproteins GN and GC, organized on a T=12 icosahedral lattice. However, the structural units forming the RVFV capsomers have not been determined. Conflicting biochemical results for another phlebovirus (Uukuniemi virus) have indicated the existence of either GN and GC homodimers or GN-GC heterodimers in virions. Here, we have studied the structure of RVFV using electron cryo-microscopy combined with three-dimensional reconstruction and single-particle averaging. The reconstruction at 2.2-nm resolution revealed the organization of the glycoprotein shell, the lipid bilayer, and a layer of ribonucleoprotein (RNP). Five- and six-coordinated capsomers are formed by the same basic structural unit. Molecular-mass measurements suggest a GN-GC heterodimer as the most likely candidate for this structural unit. Both leaflets of the lipid bilayer were discernible, and the glycoprotein transmembrane densities were seen to modulate the curvature of the lipid bilayer. RNP densities were situated directly underneath the transmembrane densities, suggesting an interaction between the glycoprotein cytoplasmic tails and the RNPs. The success of the single-particle averaging approach taken in this study suggests that it is applicable in the study of other phleboviruses, as well, enabling higher-resolution description of these medically important pathogens.
Experimental learning of quantum states

A photonic system is used to demonstrate that quantum states can be approximately learned using a linear number of measurements. The number of parameters describing a quantum state is well known to grow exponentially with the number of particles. This scaling limits our ability to characterize and simulate the evolution of arbitrary states to systems, with no more than a few qubits. However, from a computational learning theory perspective, it can be shown that quantum states can be approximately learned using a number of measurements growing linearly with the number of qubits. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this linear scaling in optical systems with up to 6 qubits. Our results highlight the power of the computational learning theory to investigate quantum information, provide the first experimental demonstration that quantum states can be “probably approximately learned” with access to a number of copies of the state that scales linearly with the number of qubits, and pave the way to probing quantum states at new, larger scales.
0560 Comparative Law and Economics

This chapter aims at providing a definition of this rather new subject, which is situated at the crossroads of two different scholarly traditions, comparative law and economic analysis of the law. Comparative law and economics combines the instruments and methodologies of both these two disciplines because in this way it is possible to better understand the reasons of existing legal rules and institutions and of their evolution. It uses a dynamic approach to law, by focusing on the study of phenomena of legal divergence and convergence. These phenomena may take place within a single legal system, and in this case the analysis of legal formants (a technique created by comparative law) provides the analytical tool for verifying the law in action, which may be hidden behind different formal rules. Interaction may also happen among different legal systems, and we term this latter phenomenon ‘legal transplant’, which can take place for single rules or institutions or for entire branches of law, and can be determined by different reasons which range from prestige to forced imposition. Economic analysis of law provides further analytical tools that help measure the level and entity of analogy or divergence. Beside the traditional tools of neoclassical economics, useful insights may be gained through the instruments of the new institutional economics, particularly path-dependence, which, through the analysis of the relationship between formal and informal institutions, and of these with organizations, opens new lines of interpretation of legal change. JEL classification: 0560
Anticoagulant medication at time of needle biopsy for breast cancer in relation to risk of lymph node metastasis

Anticoagulant treatment might enhance the natural defense against tumor cell dissemination caused by diagnostic needle biopsy by counteracting thrombocyte coating of such cells. To clarify whether women using anticoagulant treatment at the time of biopsy have a lower occurrence of lymph node metastasis, we conducted a nationwide Swedish cohort study of 26,528 female incident breast cancer patients in 2006–2011. Point risk ratio (RR) of risk of lymph node metastasis among users of anticoagulant treatment adjusted for age, T‐stage, socioeconomic factors, and concomitant medication was RR = 0.94, (95% CI: 0.87–1.03), and lower in younger women (RR = 0.80, 95% CI 0.50–1.29). Although nonsignificant, these associations may underestimate a true negative association since women using anticoagulant treatment are likely to have more concomitant diseases, lead an unhealthier lifestyle, and have lower participation in mammography screening. These findings provide some support for the hypothesis that anticoagulant medications might counteract breast cancer spread caused by needle biopsy.