Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coagulopathy in the trauma patient

Purpose of reviewHomeostasis represents a delicate balance between hemostatic and fibrinolytic processes. This balance permits arrest of hemorrhage after mild injury but prevents thrombosis from occurring under normal circumstances. Trauma disturbs the equilibrium between hemostatic and fibrinolytic processes, frequently producing either a hypocoagulable state or a hypercoagulable state depending on the severity of injury, degree of hemorrhage, and the nature of the resuscitation. The purpose of this review is to describe the epidemiology and pathophysiology of coagulopathy after trauma and to discuss novel methods of treating it. Recent findingsPublished reports during the past year focus on the pathophysiology of coagulopathy after trauma and novel methods of treatment. Individual effects of hypothermia and acidosis on clotting factors and platelet function have been described. The effects of varying resuscitation fluids on coagulopathy have also been described as well as the course of coagulopathy over time. Recombinant factor VIIa has emerged as a popular therapy for traumatic coagulopathy although a prospective randomized trial has yet to be published. The efficacy of several new dressings for the local control of hemorrhage has been reported. SummaryChanges in coagulation following trauma are characterized by a complex series of events that may result in either a hypocoagulable or a hypercoagulable state. Routinely analyzed coagulation parameters do not adequately describe this state and they are deficient for guiding its therapy. Several promising new agents are available for treating hemorrhage in coagulopathic trauma patients that should result in improved survival.
Firms’ Performance and Lending Constraints in Nigeria

This study analyses how banks’ lending affects firms’ performance and identifies some of the factors that have constrained finance to the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) sector, both on the supply and demand sides. The article is based on the case study of sample of 260 SMEs and interviews with managers of commercial banks in Ondo State, Nigeria. The results show that the firms that received bank loans performed better than those without loans. The study reveals that firms were reluctant to obtain loans from the banks because of high interest rates and stringent lending policies. The banks were also constrained due to the poor credit worthiness of the firms. The government should formulate policies that will compel banks to relax their stringent regulations which discourage borrowings. There should be entrepreneurial education for the entrepreneurs on financial recordings and business management.
Threshold Externalities in Economic Development

Standard one-sector growth models often have the counterfactual implication that economies with access to similar technologies will converge to a common balanced growth path. We propose an elaboration of the Diamond model that permits multiple, locally stable stationary states. This multiplicity is due to increasing social returns to scale in the accumulation of human capital.
Learning Abilities Achieved by a Single Solid‐State Atomic Switch

[*] Dr. T. Hasegawa, Dr. T. Ohno, Dr. K. Terabe, Dr. T. Tsuruoka, Dr. T. Nakayama, Prof. M. Aono WPI Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA) National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044 (Japan) E-mail: hasegawa.tsuyoshi@nims.go. jp Prof. J. K. Gimzewski Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles, CA 90095-1569 (USA)
THE DETERMINANTS OF GRADE ATTAINMENT IN LOW‐INCOME COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH

This paper presents an econometric analysis of the effects of child health on school enrollment and grade attainment in Bungladesh. It improves on past studies in a number of ways mainly by incorporating into its analysis the endogenous nature of child health. The results challenge the conclusions found in the literature. First, it finds that in Bangladesh, a child's health and his/her probability of being enrolled in school are at best weakly related. Second, it shows that once enrolled, nutritional deficiencies retard substantially school progress: Underweight children tend to be in lower grades than well-fed children of the same age. It is estimated that a one standard deviation improvement in weight-for-age would be expected to reduce the grades behind by about 0.25 years or about 13.5 percent of the actual years completed. Finally, the estimates suggest that the weight-for-age indicator appears as the best predictor of nutritional status.
The Logic of the New Pay Systems Revisited–in the Light of Experimental and Behavioral Economics

The article questions the logic of the new pay systems introduced in the public sector in many countries. The pay systems and their goals are consistent when looked upon through the lens of standard economic theory. In addition, we find no contradictions between the goals of the pay systems. However, if findings of experimental economics and behavioral economics are included in the analysis of the pay systems, this is not necessarily the case. Experimental economics and behavioral economics contribute with knowledge which must be taken into account when pay systems are designed.
Strategic Buying or Selling?: The Behavior ofVertically-Integrated Firms in the IntermediateGoods Market

This paper considers a successive oligopoly model in which a vertically-intergrated firm(VI firm) can buy or sell intermediate goods. We find that when there are only a small number of VI firms in the market, they tend to buyor even to store up intermediate goods. In our setting, a vertical merger wil l not result in market foreclosure and it always in creases social welfare.
Kinetic Analysis of the Transport of Salicylic Acid, a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug, across Human Placenta

The aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic model to describe the transplacental transfer of drugs, based on the human placental perfusion study. The maternal and fetal sides of human placentas were perfused with salicylic acid together with antipyrine, a passive diffusion marker. The drug concentration in the placental tissue was determined at the end of perfusion. A compartment model consisting of maternal space, fetal intravascular space, and placental tissue was fitted to the observed concentration profiles of salicylic acid in the maternal and fetal effluents. The developed model could adequately explain the concentration profiles of salicylic acid in the effluents with influx clearances from maternal and fetal perfusates to placental tissue of 0.0407 and 0.0813 ml/min/g cotyledon and efflux rate constants from placental tissue to maternal and fetal perfusates (k2 and k3) of 0.0238 and 0.176 min–1, respectively. The kinetics of antipyrine was adequately described by assuming rapid equilibrium between fetal perfusate and placental tissue compartments. The influx plasma clearance from the maternal side (K″1) in humans was estimated by taking into account the protein binding. The K″1/k2 value of salicylic acid was 1.07 ml/g cotyledon and was larger than that of antipyrine (0.642 ml/g cotyledon). We evaluated the transplacental transfer kinetics of salicylic acid by human placental perfusion study with various perfusion protocols. Based on the data obtained, we developed a pharmacokinetic model, which should enable us to estimate the influx profile of drugs into umbilical arterial blood from the maternal plasma concentration profile.
Returns to education: the Greek experience, 1988–1999

This article provides estimates of private rates of return to education in Greece derived from Mincerian-type earnings equations. The data come from the latest three household surveys of the country covering the 1988 to 1999 period. The empirical evidence suggests that: rates of return associated with female high school and university graduates exceed the respective rates for male graduates; rates of return pertaining to tertiary education graduates are increasing over time, whereas the corresponding rates for secondary education graduates follow an inverted U-shaped pattern and dropouts from any education degree end up with rates of return lower than the rates associated with the immediately preceding education level.
Trade unions and firms' product market power

A production function model with efficient bargaining between oligopolistic firms and unions is developed to distinguish between product market power and union power in capturing economic rents. The model is formalized using the generalized Nash bargaining solution and is empirically tested on four Belgian manufacturing sectors. The conclusions are that product market power is significantly eroded by wage rents but firms retain most of their power during negotiations. Also, the restrictions imposed on the data do not reject the hypothesis that wage erosion arises from efficient bargaining in accordance with other empirical findings for Belgian manufacturing. Copyright 1996 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Palatinose-blended sugar compared with sucrose: different effects on insulin sensitivity after 12 weeks supplementation in sedentary adults

Abstract Background: We investigated the effects of daily palatinose intake on the risk factors of metabolic syndrome in sedentary non-obese Japanese adults. Methods: Japanese adults (40 females and 10 males, age: 53 ± 9 years, range: 31–72 years old) were randomized into two groups for a double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study and given either 40 g/day palatinose-blended sugar (PS group) or 40 g/day sucrose (S group) in their diet for 12 weeks. Results: After the intervention, the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) had significantly decreased only in the PS group; the inter-group difference was significant at P = 0.006. Although the S group showed a significant increase in the leptin concentration and the systolic blood pressure, the PS group showed no significant changes; the inter-group differences were significant at P = 0.018 and P = 0.037, respectively. Conclusion: Palatinose intake possibly improves insulin sensitivity when compared with sucrose intake.
Winning the War for Managerial Talent in China: An Empirical Study

The continuous growth of the Chinese economy for the past thirty years has given rise to an increasing number of firms of all types operating in the country. The educational system has not been able to produce sufficient qualified professionals at the same rate, turnover is on the rise, and the war for talent is intense. Under the circumstances, the best strategy for a company wishing to compete in the market is to retain its existing talent. How can this be achieved? What determines job satisfaction and turnover intentions of the young generation of Chinese professionals in a very dynamic labor market? These are the questions dealt with in this study.
Molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of Schistosoma mansoni around Lake Victoria

SUMMARY Intestinal schistosomiasis continues to be a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa, and is endemic in communities around Lake Victoria. Interest is growing in the molecular evolution and population genetic structure of Schistosoma mansoni and we describe a detailed analysis of the molecular epidemiology and phylogeography of S. mansoni from Lake Victoria. In total, 388 cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) sequences were obtained from 25 sites along the Ugandan, Tanzanian and Kenyan shorelines of Lake Victoria, and 122 unique barcodes were identified; 9 corresponded to previously discovered barcodes from Lakes Victoria and Albert. A subset of the data, composed of COI sequences from miracidia from 10 individual children, was used for population genetics analyses; these results were corroborated by microsatellite analysis of 4 isolates of lab-passaged adult worms. Overall, 12 barcodes were found to be shared across all 3 countries, whereas the majority occurred singly and were locally restricted. The population genetics analyses were in agreement in revealing high diversity at the level of the human host and negligible population structuring by location. The lack of correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance in these data may be attributed to the confounding influence of high intra-individual diversity as well as human migration between communities.
Surgery for pressure ulcers in spinal cord‐injured patients following a structured treatment programme: a 10‐year follow‐up

With the aim to improve the outcomes for spinal cord‐injured patients undergoing surgery for pressure ulcers, a structured treatment programme regulating pre‐ and postoperative care and rehabilitation was introduced in 2002 in Stockholm. Fifty‐one consecutive patients operated on between 2002 and 2007 were included in a 10‐year follow‐up to evaluate the programme regarding initial healing results and long‐term ulcer and health status. At one month postoperatively, 49 out of 51 (96%) patients were completely healed. Five patients (5/44, 11%) developed recurrent or new ulcers within 3 years of surgery. Two patients were re‐operated on (2/44, 5%). Between 3 and 10 years after surgery, 9 patients (9/33, 27%) had a history of recurrent ulcers, and 6 (6/33, 18%) had a history of new ulcers, a total of 15 patients (15/33, 45%). Of these, three needed re‐operation (3/33, 9 %). The health status values using a visual analogue rating scale were 70 (median) at 3 and 10 years compared with 30 (median) preoperatively. The good initial healing, the low ulcer recurrence rate and the raise in health status indicate the value of a structured treatment programme, especially for the first few postoperative years.
Gender differences in attitudes toward abortion among Protestant seminarians.

Quelles sont les differentes attitudes des protestants face a la question de l'avortement ? Quel critere genere ces differences, plus specifiquement chez les pasteurs ? En s'appuyant sur les donnees d'un seminaire presbyterien constitue de 81 etudiants, l'A. montre que les deux attitudes possibles recoupent la difference sexuelle : les hommes sont en general plus conservateurs en matiere d'avortement que les femmes : celles-ci sont en effet majoritairement favorables a sa legalisation. L'A. explique les raisons de cet etat de fait mais aussi en mesure les consequences
Maximum Drawdown, Recovery, and Momentum

We empirically test predictability on asset price using stock selection rules based on maximum drawdown and its consecutive recovery. In various equity markets, monthly momentum- and weekly contrarian-style portfolios constructed from these alternative selection criteria are superior not only in forecasting directions of asset prices but also in capturing cross-sectional return differentials. In monthly periods, the alternative portfolios ranked by maximum drawdown measures exhibit outperformance over other alternative momentum portfolios including traditional cumulative return-based momentum portfolios. In weekly time scales, recovery-related stock selection rules are the best ranking criteria for detecting mean-reversion. For the alternative portfolios and their ranking baskets, improved risk profiles in various reward-risk measures also imply more consistent prediction on the direction of assets in future. Moreover, turnover rates of these momentum/contrarian portfolios are also reduced with respect to the benchmark portfolios. In the Carhart four-factor analysis, higher factor-neutral intercepts for the alternative strategies are another evidence for the robust prediction by the alternative stock selection rules.
Effects of Arterial Carbon Dioxide Tension on the Newborn Lamb's Cardiovascular Responses to Rapid Hemorrhage

Summary: Nineteen newborn lambs, spontaneously breathing room air, were hemorrhaged of 50% of their measured blood volume over a 30-min period. They were then observed for the following 90 min. No fluid or blood was reinfused during the study. Eight of the 19 lambs survived beyond the study period, the other 11 died at the end of the hemorrhage or during the recovery period. All lambs became hypotensive and bradycardic during the hemorrhage. All became tachycardic after the hemorrhage. Blood pressure of the survivors returned towards baseline levels whereas it continued to fall in the non-survivors. All animals became anemic, acidotic, and hypocarbic but remained normoxemic.Myocardial blood flow fell to approximately 50% of baseline levels in both survivors and non-survivors during, and at the end of the hemorrhage. It returned to near baseline levels in the survivors by 90 min posthemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow remained at baseline levels during the hemorrhage in the survivors but cerebral oxygen delivery decreased. Flow rose 10% above baseline levels 90 min after hemorrhage but oxygen delivery remained low. In the non-survivors, cerebral blood flow fell to 60% of baseline and cerebral oxygen delivery was 50% of baseline by the end of the hemorrhage.A group of five lambs was hemorrhaged and studied in the same fashion as the 19, except that they breathed 4.5% CO2 beginning 15 min before the hemorrhage, during the hemorrhage and 90 min recovery period. Four of these five survived the study period. They remained normocarbic and became more acidotic than the animals that breathed room air. Blood pressure and heart rate fell during hemorrhage but these decreases were less than in either group of room air breathing animals. During recovery they became tachycardic and blood pressure returned to baseline levels. Myocardial blood flow increased 20% above baseline by the end of hemorrhage and 40% above baseline by 90 min posthemorrhage. Cerebral blood flow increased 40% above baseline during the hemorrhage and remained at that level at the end of hemorrhage and 90 min afterwards. The increase in brain blood flow was sufficient to maintain oxygen delivery to the brain at baseline levels throughout the experiment.Speculation: We speculate that the normal response for the normocarbic lambs is to increase cerebral and myocardial blood flow in response to anemia and hypotension. Spontaneous hyperventilation with hypocarbia tends to interfere with this response both in the brain and in the myocardium. The effect of hypocarbia is greater in the myocardium. The net result is a decrease in oxygen delivery to these tissues. If the same responses were to occur in the human infant it might be important to maintain normocarbia during resuscitation of infants suffering from hemorrhagic shock.
An assessment of Kalpana-1 rainfall product for drought monitoring over India at meteorological sub-division scale

In this study, the potential of Kalpana-1 derived rainfall product is assessed for drought monitoring over India at the meteorological sub-division scale. A preliminary analysis is done for the anomalous south-west monsoon season of 2009 using two drought indices: percent of normal and Standardized Precipitation Index. A considerable difference between these two indices is observed even from the same rainfall data. The severe drought condition over most parts of India during June is not well captured by Kalpana-1 derived rainfall data. Additionally, due to underestimation of orographic rainfall by Kalpana-1 derived product, the meteorological sub-divisions located over these regions showed extreme drought condition throughout the season.
The Multiplicity of Controls and the Making of Innovation

This paper contributes to our understanding of relations between control and innovation by adding a process perspective where innovation and the use of management controls co-develop. As innovation grows, it has to pass various trials each of which links the innovation to obstacles which are mediated by unique sets of technologies of control. In this process the innovation changes and adapts. This thesis is drawn from the case of Italian Autostrade's innovation Telepass which was an automatic toll collection devise developed to make traffic fast, safe and fluid. Throughout its development it had to pass trials of technology, the network of cooperating firms, the user, the organisation, and in this process it not only developed itself, it also transformed Autostrade and required additional innovations. The set of controls included elements of budgetary planning, strategic vision, user satisfaction, productivity and highly pointed achievement targets. This multiplicity of controls changed and adapted to the innovation as the innovation unfolds. The controls were part of the innovation more likely than an external device to make it transparent. They engaged the individual trials and changed from trial to trial. This message adds to the literature which suggests that control should be structured in relation to the characteristics of the innovation. Rather than responding primarily to the strategic context and the uncertainties around the innovation, controls are involved more in trials around specific challenges to the development of innovation.
Identifying the limitations of conventional biofiltration of diffuse methane emissions at long-term operation

ABSTRACT There is growing international concern about the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly CO2 and methane. The emissions of methane derived from human activities are associated with large flows and very low concentrations, such as those emitted from landfills and wastewater treatment plants, among others. The present work was focused on the biological methane degradation at diffuse concentrations (0.2% vv−1) in a conventional biofilter using a mixture of compost, perlite and bark chips as carrier. An extensive characterization of the process was carried out at long-term operation (250 days) in a fully monitored pilot plant, achieving stable conditions during the entire period. Operational parameters such as waterings, nitrogen addition and inlet loads and contact time influences were evaluated. Obtained results indicate that empty bed residence times within 4–8 min are crucial to maximize elimination rates. Waterings and the type of nitrogen supplied in the nutrient solution (ammonia or nitrate) have a strong impact on the biofilter performance. The better results compatible with a stable operation were achieved using nitrate, with elimination capacities up to 7.6 ± 1.1 g CH4 m−3 h−1. The operation at low inlet concentrations (IC) implied that removal rates obtained were quite limited (ranging 3–8 g CH4 m−3 h−1); however, these results could be significantly increased (up to 20.6 g CH4 m−3 h−1) at higher IC, which indicates that the mass transfer from the gas to the liquid layer surrounding the biofilm is a key limitation of the process.