Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Mechanical Soundness Proof for Subtyping Over Recursive Types

Structural type systems provide an interesting alternative to the more common nominal typing scheme. Several existing languages employ structural types in some form, including Modula-3, Scala and various extensions proposed for Java. However, formalising a recursive structural type system is challenging. In particular, the need to use structural coinduction remains a hindrance for many. We formalise in Agda a simple recursive and structural type system with products and unions. Agda proves useful here because it has explicit support for coinduction and will raise an error if this is misused. The implementation distinguishes between inductively and coinductively defined types: the former corresponds to a finite representation, such as found in source code or the internals of a compiler, while the latter corresponds to a mathematical ideal with which we can coinductively define relations and proofs that are easily applied back to the inductive interpretation. As an application of this, we provide a mechanised proof of subtyping soundness against a semantic embedding of the types into Agda.
Diversity barometer: attitude changes in Sweden

ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to elucidate and discuss the results of the 2016 Diversity Barometer (Mångfaldsbarometern) and compare these results with those obtained from ten years of the longitudinal Diversity Barometers for 2005–2014. An additional aim is to demonstrate whether and how Swedish people’s experiences of and attitudes toward people with a foreign background and ethnic diversity have changed. A random sample of the Swedish population took part in the annual study, which was carried out in the form of a nationwide postal survey. The results show that negative attitudes toward ethnic and cultural diversity in general, and migrant population in particular, have increased to some extent and with respect to certain issues. Views on diversity in relation to culture and religion – especially Islam – were more negative than views on diversity in relation to work. Those who have larger experience of contact with foreigners show a more positive attitude toward diversity compared with those with limited experience and contact. Individuals who have higher education, those who identify themselves as female, younger persons and those living in large cities are more positive than other groups. In our analysis of the empirical data, we proceeded from a social work perspective and applied contact theory and group conflict theories relating attitudes to group position.
Effects of clothing perception on psychological factors and tactical intentions in fencing

Research shows body language can affect opponent perception, but presents inconsistencies for clothing. The consequences of clothing perception have received little attention. This study examined if clothing can affect perception in a sporting context and examined the effects of this change. Fencers (N = 63) completed a questionnaire displaying two conditions of a fencing opponent: an international condition and a club condition. Participants’ judgements of the opponent, self-efficacy, outcome expectations, locus of control, and tactical intentions were measured. Results showed participants perceived the international opponent to be of a higher level (p < .001) and ability (97.4%, p < .001), and they judged them more favourably (67.8%, p < .001). Self-efficacy (−16% ±19, p < .01) and outcome expectations (−26.7%, p < .001) decreased while locus of control became more external (p < .001) against the international opponent. Participants intended to be less attacking and less assertive during the first hit and throughout the match against the international opponent (p < .025). These results show that clothing can affect opponent perception within sport, impacting key psychological performance factors and tactical intentions. This study highlights the need for further investigation into person perception in sport, especially the mechanisms causing less attacking and assertive behaviour against perceived high-level opponents.
Regulation of Nitric Oxide‐Sensitive Guanylyl Cyclase

&NA; In this review, we outline the current knowledge on the regulation of nitric oxide (NO)‐sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC). Besides NO, the physiological activator that binds to the prosthetic heme group of the enzyme, two novel classes of GC activators have been identified that may have broad pharmacological implications. YC‐1 and YC‐1‐like substances act as NO sensitizers, whereas the substance BAY 58‐2667 stimulates NO‐sensitive GC NO‐independently and preferentially activates the heme‐free form of the enzyme. Sensitization and desensitization of NO/cGMP signaling have been reported to occur on the level of NO‐sensitive GC; in the present study, an alternative mechanism is introduced explaining the adaptation of the NO‐induced cGMP response by a long‐term activation of the cGMPdegrading phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5). Finally, regulation of GC expression and a possible modulation of GC activity by other factors are discussed. (Circ Res. 2003;93:96‐105.)
Molecular prey identification in Central European piscivores

Diet analysis is an important aspect when investigating the ecology of fish‐eating animals and essential for assessing their functional role in food webs across aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The identification of fish remains in dietary samples, however, can be time‐consuming and unsatisfying using conventional morphological analysis of prey remains. Here, we present a two‐step multiplex PCR system, comprised of six assays, allowing for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of fish DNA in dietary samples. This approach encompasses 78 fish and lamprey species native to Central European freshwaters and enables the identification of 31 species, six genera, two families, two orders and two fish family clusters. All targeted taxa were successfully amplified from 25 template molecules, and each assay was specific when tested against a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates inhabiting aquatic environments. The applicability of the multiplex PCR system was evaluated in a feeding trial, wherein it outperformed morphological prey analysis regarding species‐specific prey identification in faeces of Eurasian otters. Additionally, a wide spectrum of fish species was detected in field‐collected faecal samples and regurgitated pellets of Common Kingfishers and Great Cormorants, demonstrating the broad applicability of the approach. In conclusion, this multiplex PCR system provides an efficient, easy to use and cost‐effective tool for assessing the trophic ecology of piscivores in Central Europe. Furthermore, the multiplex PCRs and the primers described therein will be applicable wherever DNA of the targeted fish species needs to be detected at high sensitivity and specificity.
Magic decorator

Assigning textures and materials within 3D scenes is a tedious and labor-intensive task. In this paper, we present Magic Decorator, a system that automatically generates material suggestions for 3D indoor scenes. To achieve this goal, we introduce local material rules, which describe typical material patterns for a small group of objects or parts, and global aesthetic rules, which account for the harmony among the entire set of colors in a specific scene. Both rules are obtained from collections of indoor scene images. We cast the problem of material suggestion as a combinatorial optimization considering both local material and global aesthetic rules. We have tested our system on various complex indoor scenes. A user study indicates that our system can automatically and efficiently produce a series of visually plausible material suggestions which are comparable to those produced by artists.
High-Resolution Polarimetric Radar Observations of Snow-Generating Cells

AbstractHigh-resolution X-band polarimetric radar data were collected in 19 snowstorms over northern Colorado in early 2013 as part of the Front Range Orographic Storms (FROST) project. In each case, small, vertically erect convective turrets were observed near the echo top. These “generating cells” are similar to those reported in the literature and are characterized by ~1-km horizontal and vertical dimensions, vertical velocities of 1–2 m s−1, and lifetimes of at least 10 min. In some cases, these generating cells are enshrouded by enhanced differential reflectivity ZDR, indicating a “shroud” of pristine crystals enveloping the larger, more isotropic particles. The anticorrelation of radar reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization ZH and ZDR suggests ongoing aggregation or riming of particles in the core of generating cells. For cases in which radiosonde data were collected, potential instability was found within the layer in which generating cells were observed. The persistence of these layers sug.
A Constructive Procedure for Three-Dimensional Realization

A constructive procedure is proposed for three-dimensional (3D) single-input single-output (SISO) state-space realization. The new realization procedure exposes the structural properties of 3D Roesser model and provides important insights for multidimensional (nD) realization problem. It is computationally more efficient and leads to a possibly lower order realization than the existing algorithms. An illustrative example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure
Storage Capacity of the Hopfield Network Associative Memory

The Hop field model is a well-known dynamic associative-memory model. In this paper, we investigate various aspects of the Hop field model for associative memory. We conduct a systematic simulation investigation of several storage algorithms for Hop field networks, and conclude that the perceptron learning based storage algorithms can achieve much better storage capacity than the Hebbian learning based algorithms.
The relationship between red blood cell distribution width and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Lagos, Nigeria

Background High red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is related to impairment of erythropoiesis, reflecting chronic inflammation and increased levels of oxidative stress, both of which are telltale signs of type 2 diabetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the RDW and fasting blood sugar/blood pressure, and compare the results from diabetics with nondiabetic controls. Methods This was an unmatched case-control study involving 200 participants consisting of 100 diabetics and 100 nondiabetic controls. Blood (4.5 mL) was collected from all of the diabetics and nondiabetic controls, and placed into EDTA anticoagulant tubes. A full blood count was performed using the Sysmex KX-21N, a three-part auto analyzer able to run 19 parameters per sample, including RDW. Blood pressure was measured during sample collection and in a sitting position. Results The mean fasting blood sugar level was 95.20±30.10 mg/dL in the controls, and 147.85±72.54 mg/dL in the diabetics. The mean blood pressures for diabetics was 138/90 mmHg and for non-diabetics 120/80 mmHg. The mean RDW-SD (RDW standard deviation) was 46.44±4.64 fl in the controls, and 46.84±3.18 in the diabetics. The mean RDW-CV (RDW coefficient of variation) was 14.74%±1.94% in controls, and 14.80±0.71 for diabetics. No statistically significant correlation was found between the RDW-SD and fasting blood sugar/blood pressure in the diabetics. A statistically significant positive correlation was found between the RDW-CV and blood pressure in the diabetics. Conclusion A positive correlation between the RDW-CV and blood pressure was established in the diabetics in this study.
Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (CD-RISC) en población española.

Aunque el número de estudios sobre las propiedades psicométricas de la CD-RISC es notablemente amplio, aún hay gran falta de consenso sobre su estructura interna en población general. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio ha sido triple, verificar sus propiedades psicométricas, explorar la estructura factorial y calcular baremos de la escala de resiliencia CD-RISC para una muestra de población española. Para ello participaron 1119 personas, 324 hombres y 795 mujeres, cumplimentando las siguientes escalas: CD-RISC, Escala de Estrés Percibido, Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido, Escala de Autoeficacia, Escala de Vulnerabilidad al Estrés, Cuestionario de Personalidad Resistente y subescalas de ansiedad y depresión del SCL-90. Las evidencias de validez confirmaron las relaciones teóricas esperadas correlacionándose con las medidas descritas. El análisis factorial encontró un apoyo razonable a la hipótesis de unidimensionalidad. En cuanto a la fiabilidad se obtuvieron valores aceptables con un alfa de 0.866 y una omega de 0.862. Se obtienen resultados satisfactorios que refuerzan la utilidad y precisión de esta escala para su uso en población española, apoyando la hipótesis de unidimensionalidad y aportando baremos que permiten interpretar las puntuaciones para su aplicación tanto en investigación como en la práctica clínica.
Psychometric Assessment of a Physician-Patient Communication Behaviors Scale: The Perspective of Adult HIV Patients in Kenya

Introduction. There have been no scales specifically developed to assess physician-patient communication behaviors (PPCB) in the sub-Saharan population. Aim. We revised an existing PPCB scale and tested its psychometric properties for HIV patients in Kenya. Methods. 17 items (five-point scale) measuring PPCB were initially adopted from the Matched Pair Instrument (MPI). Between July and August 2011, we surveyed a convenient sample of 400 HIV adult patients, attending three Academic Model Providing Healthcare program (AMPATH) clinics in Eldoret, Kenya. Of these 400, eight also participated in cognitive interviews, and 200 were invited to return after one week for follow-up interviews; 134 (67%) returned and were interviewed. Construct and content validity were established using an exploratory factor analysis, bivariate analyses, internal consistency, test-retest reliability and cognitive interviews. Results. Construct and content validity supported a one-dimensional measure of 13 PPCB items. Items assessed physicians' effort to promote a favorable atmosphere for interaction with HIV patients. Biases associated with encoding and comprehension of specific terms, such as “discussion, involvement or concerns,” were noted. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .81) and one-week retest reliability scores (.82) supported the reliability of the 13-item scale. Discussion. The revised PPCB scale showed acceptable validity and reliability in Kenya.
HIV status, burden of comorbid disease, and biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation.

BACKGROUND Biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation are associated with mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population and among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected people. We compared biomarkers for inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation between HIV-infected and uninfected people in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS). METHODS Biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6]), altered coagulation (d-dimer), and monocyte activation (soluble CD14 [sCD14]) were measured in blood samples from 1525 HIV-infected and 843 uninfected VACS participants. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between HIV infection and prevalence of elevated (>75th percentile) biomarkers, adjusting for confounding comorbidities. RESULTS HIV-infected veterans had less prevalent CVD, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, hazardous drinking, and renal disease, but more dyslipidemia, hepatitis C, and current smoking than uninfected veterans. Compared to uninfected veterans, HIV-infected veterans with HIV-1 RNA ≥500 copies/mL or CD4 count <200 cells/µL had a significantly higher prevalence of elevated IL-6 (odds ratio [OR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI],1.14-2.09; OR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.60-3.16, respectively) and d-dimer (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.44-2.71, OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.22-2.32, respectively) after adjusting for comorbidities. HIV-infected veterans with a CD4 cell count <200 cells/µL had significantly higher prevalence of elevated sCD14 compared to uninfected veterans (OR, 2.60; 95% CI, 1.64-4.14). These associations still persisted after restricting the analysis to veterans without known confounding comorbid conditions. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that ongoing HIV replication and immune depletion significantly contribute to increased prevalence of elevated biomarkers of inflammation, altered coagulation, and monocyte activation. This contribution is independent of and in addition to the substantial contribution from comorbid conditions.
ApoE gene therapy: an overview and update

Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death in industrialized societies. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is an attractive candidate to treat hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease, as it is a circulating protein with pleiotropic atheroprotective actions. Here, we describe several "gene addition" approaches and on-going developments to achieve efficient delivery and long-term expression. The use of recombinant viruses is discussed, including adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) where technological advances now allow the cross-packaging of different AAV serotypes. Nonviral delivery systems are also described, including plasmids and cell-based therapy. Finally, a radical, alternative technology to gene addition, which has the potential for permanent cure in many genetic diseases, is reviewed: "targeted gene repair", which aims to correct underlying point mutations in-situ. Synthetic oligonucleotides are designed to bind specifically to defective DNA, enabling the cell's own mismatch machinery to recognize and repair the faulty DNA. Although such gene editing technology has great potential it remains inconsistent and difficult to reproduce.
Students’ Characteristics and Teachers’ Estimates about Their Academic Achievement

Abstract The relation between teachers’ expectations and students’ academic achievement has received considerable interest in the education and psychology domains. In this study, we analyze the extent to which the information about students influences the formulation of teachers’ estimates about their achievement. The sample consisted of 491 Portuguese teachers, aged between 26 and 82 years old (M age = 43 years). To assess the teachers’ estimates, we created excerpts containing information about hypothetical students, in relation to whom an estimate of academic success was required. Each excerpt had two versions (A and B), according to the more or less favorable information regarding students’ intellectual, family, self-regulation, and previous performance variables. The results show moderate differences between the estimates of the participants that received version A and those that received version B. The results are discussed considering the importance of a set of student characteristics for the way teachers develop estimates about student performance.
More Than Moore - Wafer Scale Integration of Dissimilar Materials on a Si Platform

Advances in silicon technology continue to revolutionize microelectronics. However, Si cannot do everything, particularly for high performance, high frequency RF and mixed signal applications. As a result circuits based on other materials systems, such as III-V semiconductors, are required. However, these other device technologies do not enjoy the integration density, cost benefit and manufacturing infrastructure of Si. So how can we get the 'best of both worlds'? What is the best way to integrate these dissimilar materials with Si? In this talk, we review different heterogeneous integration approaches and summarize our results on the successful wafer-scale, 3D heterogeneous integration (3DHI) of GaN HEMTs and Si CMOS. Our Au-free GaN HEMTs have been successfully fabricated entirely in a Si foundry on semi-standard, 200 mm diameter Si wafers using Cu damascene interconnects. RF performance compares favorably with GaN on SiC devices fabricated in a III-V foundry with Au-based contact and interconnect metallurgy. Oxide bonding is being used to integrate these GaN on Si wafers with Si CMOS wafers. Through-dielectric-vias (TDVs) are used to interconnect the high performance GaN RF devices/circuits with high density CMOS control and logic circuits, resulting in ultra-short, wide-bandwidth interconnects enabling circuit optimization through intimate and arbitrary placement of CMOS logic and control circuitry relative to III-V devices. Through-substrate-vias (TSVs) are used for thermal management. This 'flexible' wafer-scale, integration platform is compatible with other III-V devices, other (non-Si) device/component technologies and any node of Si CMOS or SiGe BiCMOS. The 3DHI process is being used to fabricate cost effective, high performance, digitally enhanced, RF and mixed signal ICs such as 'intelligent' and adaptive/reconfigurable transceivers.
LastingNVCache : Extending the Lifetime of Non-volatile Caches using Intra-set Wear-leveling

The limitations of SRAM viz. low-density and high leakage power have motivated the researchers to explore non-volatile memory (NVM) as an alternative. However, the write-endurance of NVMs is orders of magnitude smaller than that of SRAM, and existing cache management schemes may introduce significant write-variation, and hence, the use of NVMs for designing on-chip caches is challenging. In this paper, we present LastingNVCache, a technique for improving the cache lifetime by mitigating the intra-set write variation. LastingNVCache works on the key idea that by periodically flushing a frequently-written data-item, next time the block can be made to load into a cold block in the set. Through this, the future writes to that data-item can be redirected from a hot block to a cold block, which leads to improvement in the cache lifetime. Microarchitectural simulations have shown that for single, dual and quad-core systems, LastingNVCache provides 6.36X, 9.79X, and 10.94X improvement in lifetime, respectively. Also, its implementation overhead is small and it outperforms two recently proposed techniques for improving the lifetime of NVM caches. Keywords-Non-volatile memory (NVM), ReRAM, STT-RAM, intra-set write variation, cache lifetime, write-endurance, wearleveling.
Mobile Love in China: The Cultural Meaning and Social Implications of Mobile Communications in Romantic Relationships among Young Chinese Adults

The current study takes a qualitative approach to examining the unique use of mobile communications in romantic relationships among young Chinese adults, a research field few scholars have evinced interest in at this point in time (Lim & Soriano, 2016: p. 4). The overarching question “What is the ‘Chinese-ness’ of the mobile phone user culture of young romantic couples regarding perpetual contact, boundary maintenance, and the connectedness-autonomy tension? ” was answered by 15 semi-structured individual interviews. The findings suggest that 1) WeChat messaging was the most prominent mobile media platform used by the respondents to stay in “perpetual contact”, i.e., defined as a continuous conversation through frequent short messages between individuals not physically in the same location (Katz & Aakhus, 2002: p. 2). The interviewees wished to protect their relationship a couple by not disclosing too much or by preventing others from prying too far into it. 3) Respondents resolved the tension between the needs to connect with each other and to remain independent individuals by adopting the former approach. Respondents frequently practiced perpetual contact, supporting the Apparatgeist theory, which views mobile phones as mystical devices that allow constant communication with unseen others, combined with the collective construction of meaning (Katz & Aakhus, 2002). This current study further discusses relevant theoretical and social implications.