Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Complex Pattern of Information Spreading in Online Blog Communities

Information spreading in online social communities has attracted tremendous attention due to its utmost practical values in applications. Despite that several individual-level diffusion data have been investigated, we still lack the detailed understanding of the spreading pattern of information. Here, by comparing information flows and social links in a blog community, we find that the diffusion processes are induced by three different spreading mechanisms: social spreading, self-promotion and broadcast. Although numerous previous studies have employed epidemic spreading models to simulate information diffusion, we observe that such models fail to reproduce the realistic diffusion pattern. In respect to users behaviors, strikingly, we find that most users would stick to one specific diffusion mechanism. Moreover, our observations indicate that the social spreading is not only crucial for the structure of diffusion trees, but also capable of inducing more subsequent individuals to acquire the information. Our findings suggest new directions for modeling of information diffusion in social systems, and could inform design of efficient propagation strategies based on users behaviors.
LMC HII Region Luminosities versus Observed Ionising Stars

Abstract We use the stellar census of OB associations in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) to predict the Hα luminosities of the host HII regions, based on results from stellar atmosphere models. These values are compared to the observed HII region luminosities, yielding an estimate for the mean fraction of H-ionising photons that escape the local nebulae in this sample. We formally estimate that, overall, 0–51% of the ionising radiation escapes the local HII regions and is available to ionise the warm, ionised medium in the LMC. We find both nebulae that appear to be density-bounded and ones that appear to be radiation-bounded.
Gender Differences in Spatial Navigation

This study aims to investigate the gender differences in spatial navigation using the tasks of 2-D matrix navigation and recognition of real driving scene. The results can be summarized as followings. First, female subjects responded faster in 2-D matrix navigation task than male subjects when landmark instructions were provided. Second, in recognition task, male subjects recognized the key elements involved in the past driving scene more accurately than female subjects. In particular, female subjects tended to miss peripheral information. These results suggest the possibility of gender differences in spatial navigation. Keywords—Gender differences, Spatial navigation, 2-D matrix navigation, Recognition of driving scene.
Extending a Thesaurus in the Pan-Chinese Context

In this paper, we address a unique problem in Chinese language processing and report on our study on extending a Chinese thesaurus with region-specific words, mostly from the financial domain, from various Chinese speech communities. With the larger goal of automatically constructing a Pan-Chinese lexical resource, this work aims at taking an existing semantic classificatory structure as leverage and incorporating new words into it. In particular, it is important to see if the classification could accommodate new words from heterogeneous data sources, and whether simple similarity measures and clustering methods could cope with such variation. We use the cosine function for similarity and test it on automatically classifying 120 target words from four regions, using different datasets for the extraction of feature vectors. The automatic classification results were evaluated against human judgement, and the performance was encouraging, with accuracy reaching over 85% in some cases. Thus while human judgement is not straightforward and it is difficult to create a PanChinese lexicon manually, it is observed that combining simple clustering methods with the appropriate data sources appears to be a promising approach toward its automatic construction.
Radically elementary analysis of an interacting particle system at an unstable equilibrium

We investigate an interacting particle system consisting of two types of particles located at a finite point-lattice. The particles randomly change their type and neighboring particles randomly interchange positions. The system seems to remain at equilibrium for a substantial amount of time until it suddenly, at a critical time T , leaves equilibrium along what seems to be a deterministic trajectory. The analysis reveals, however, that the trajectories are determined randomly, but only by the systems behavior at very early times, much prior to T. In the nonstandard model used, the system randomly 'chooses' the trajectory in an infinitesimal interval (0;"), " 0, but this choice only becomes visible in the interval (T "; T). The underlying reason for this behavior is revealed by a decomposition of the systems trajectories with respect to an eigenbasis (gk)k2K of the discrete Laplace operator 4. It shows that after an initial random period the system's dynamics behaves, coordinate-wise, like t 7! e ( + k)(t T) k(! ), where is unlimited ('infinitely large'), kgk =4gk and k(! ) denotes a random quantity. The hyperfinite result obtained is translated into a standard limit theorem.
Visiting time

Prison visitation remains an under-researched and under-theorised aspect of prison life. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, this article takes an in-depth look at the lived experience of the prison visit from the perspectives of prisoners and their visitors. First, this paper describes the inherently problematic nature of current visits practice reflecting on the restrictions placed on prisoners and families and the longer term implications for their lives post-release. Whilst acknowledging these fundamental flaws, the paper then, describes what can make some visiting experiences more ‘survivable’ than others by comparing visiting experiences at two ostensibly similar prisons
Receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Kit) inhibitors: a potential therapeutic target in cancer cells

c-Kit, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is involved in intracellular signaling, and the mutated form of c-Kit plays a crucial role in occurrence of some cancers. The function of c-Kit has led to the concept that inhibiting c-Kit kinase activity can be a target for cancer therapy. The promising results of inhibition of c-Kit for treatment of cancers have been observed in some cancers such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor, acute myeloid leukemia, melanoma, and other tumors, and these results have encouraged attempts toward improvement of using c-Kit as a capable target for cancer therapy. This paper presents the findings of previous studies regarding c-Kit as a receptor tyrosine kinase and an oncogene, as well as its gene targets and signaling pathways in normal and cancer cells. The c-Kit gene location, protein structure, and the role of c-Kit in normal cell have been discussed. Comprehending the molecular mechanism underlying c-Kit-mediated tumorogenesis is consequently essential and may lead to the identification of future novel drug targets. The potential mechanisms by which c-Kit induces cellular transformation have been described. This study aims to elucidate the function of c-Kit for future cancer therapy. In addition, it has c-Kit inhibitor drug properties and their functions have been listed in tables and demonstrated in schematic pictures. This review also has collected previous studies that targeted c-Kit as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. This paper further emphasizes the advantages of this approach, as well as the limitations that must be addressed in the future. Finally, although c-Kit is an attractive target for cancer therapy, based on the outcomes of treatment of patients with c-Kit inhibitors, it is unlikely that Kit inhibitors alone can lead to cure. It seems that c-Kit mutations alone are not sufficient for tumorogenesis, but do play a crucial role in cancer occurrence.
Boundary correlation functions of the six-vertex model

We consider the six-vertex model on an N × N square lattice with the domain wall boundary conditions. Boundary one-point correlation functions of the model are expressed as determinants of N × N matrices, generalizing the known result for the partition function. In the free fermion case explicit answers are obtained. The introduced correlation functions are closely related to the problem of enumeration of alternating sign matrices and domino tilings.
Cooperative nanomaterial system to sensitize, target, and treat tumors

A significant barrier to the clinical translation of systemically administered therapeutic nanoparticles is their tendency to be removed from circulation by the mononuclear phagocyte system. The addition of a targeting ligand that selectively interacts with cancer cells can improve the therapeutic efficacy of nanomaterials, although these systems have met with only limited success. Here, we present a cooperative nanosystem consisting of two discrete nanomaterials. The first component is gold nanorod (NR) “activators” that populate the porous tumor vessels and act as photothermal antennas to specify tumor heating via remote near-infrared laser irradiation. We find that local tumor heating accelerates the recruitment of the second component: a targeted nanoparticle consisting of either magnetic nanoworms (NW) or doxorubicin-loaded liposomes (LP). The targeting species employed in this work is a cyclic nine-amino acid peptide LyP-1 (Cys-Gly-Asn-Lys-Arg-Thr-Arg-Gly-Cys) that binds to the stress-related protein, p32, which we find to be upregulated on the surface of tumor-associated cells upon thermal treatment. Mice containing xenografted MDA-MB-435 tumors that are treated with the combined NR/LyP-1LP therapeutic system display significant reductions in tumor volume compared with individual nanoparticles or untargeted cooperative system.
Preschool is a sensitive period for the influence of maternal support on the trajectory of hippocampal development

Significance Data from a longitudinal neuroimaging study beginning in the preschool period and including three brain scans through school age and early adolescence were used to investigate the effects of maternal support on the development of the hippocampus. Consistent with animal findings showing that early support enhances hippocampal development and later adaptive coping, findings demonstrated that early childhood maternal support predicted a steeper hippocampal growth trajectory. The data also suggested that early childhood was a sensitive period when the effects of support had a more powerful effect on hippocampal growth. The hippocampal growth trajectory was associated with better emotion regulation in early adolescence. Findings suggest that enhancing early childhood maternal support fosters healthy childhood brain development and emotion functioning. Building on well-established animal data demonstrating the effects of early maternal support on hippocampal development and adaptive coping, a few longitudinal studies suggest that early caregiver support also impacts human hippocampal development. How caregiving contributes to human hippocampal developmental trajectories, whether there are sensitive periods for these effects, as well as whether related variation in hippocampal development predicts later childhood emotion functioning are of major public health importance. The current study investigated these questions in a longitudinal study of preschoolers assessed annually for behavioral and emotional development, including observed caregiver support. One hundred and twenty-seven children participated in three waves of magnetic resonance brain imaging through school age and early adolescence. Multilevel modeling of the effects of preschool and school-age maternal support on hippocampal volumes across the three waves was conducted. Hippocampal volume increased faster for those with higher levels of preschool maternal support. Subjects with support 1 SD above the mean had a 2.06 times greater increase in total hippocampus volume across the three scans than those with 1 SD below the mean (2.70% vs. 1.31%). No effect of school-age support was found. Individual slopes of hippocampus volume were significantly associated with emotion regulation at scan 3. The findings demonstrate a significant effect of early childhood maternal support on hippocampal volume growth across school age and early adolescence and suggest an early childhood sensitive period for these effects. They also show that this growth trajectory is associated with later emotion functioning.
Automated Coronal Hole Detection using He I 1083 nm Spectroheliograms and Photospheric Magnetograms

A method for automated coronal hole detection using He I 1083 nm spectroheliograms and photospheric magnetograms is presented here. The unique line formation of the helium line allows for the detection of regions associated with solar coronal holes with minimal line-of-sight obscuration across the observed solar disk. The automated detection algorithm utilizes morphological image analysis, thresholding and smoothing to estimate the location, boundaries, polarity and flux of candidate coronal hole regions. The algorithm utilizes thresholds based on mean values determined from over 10 years of the Kitt Peak Vacuum Telescope daily hand-drawn coronal hole images. A comparison between the automatically created and hand-drawn images for a 11-year period beginning in 1992 is outlined. In addition, the creation of synoptic maps using the daily automated coronal hole images is also discussed.
Relationship between the hip and low back pain in athletes who participate in rotation-related sports.

CONTEXT Hip function has been proposed to be related to low back pain (LBP) because of the anatomical proximity of the hip and lumbopelvic region. To date, findings have been inconclusive, possibly because the samples studied were heterogeneous. Sub-grouping samples based on characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex might clarify research findings. OBJECTIVE To describe and summarize studies that examine 3 factors proposed to be important to the study of the hip-LBP relationship. DESIGN Review of cross-sectional studies. SETTING Academic health-care center and research laboratory. SUBJECTS 3 groups: athletes with a history of LBP who regularly participate in rotation-related sports, athletes without a history of LBP who are active but do not regularly participate in rotation-related sports, and athletes without a history of LBP who participate in rotation-related sports. MAIN OUTCOME Hip range of motion and hip-lumbopelvic region coordination. MEASURES Hip range of motion was measured with an inclinometer. Coordination was examined based on kinematics obtained with a 3-dimensional motion-capture system. RESULT Differences among groups were found based on activity demand, LBP classification, and sex. CONCLUSION When assessing athletes with and without LBP, characteristics such as activity demand, LBP classification, and sex should be considered.
Natriuretic Activity of Human and Monkey Atria

Recent evidence indicates that mammalian atria contain a substance that produces a rapid onset natriuresis in anesthetized rats. In the present experiments, small portions of human right atria obtained from patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, as well as monkey atria and ventricles obtained from the Regional Primate Center, Seattle, were boiled or acid extracted and lyophilized. These materials (30 μg/kg) were dissolved in Ringer's lactate and injected intravenously into anesthetized monkeys to determine their effects on renal function. Their effects were also compared with those of furosemide (0.1 μg/kg) and chlorothiazide (10 μg/kg). Human and monkey atrial extracts produced significant increases in sodium and calcium excretion that were independent of changes in creatinine clearance. Monkey ventricular extract had no consistent renal effects. Furosemide, but not chlorothiazide, mimicked the renal responses to human and monkey atrial extracts in terms of time of onset, duration, and pattern of electrolyte excretion. These data suggest that primate atrial tissue contains a heat- and acid-stable natriuretic factor similar to that first described in the rat, suggesting that mammalian atrial natriuretic factors are cross-reactive among species. In addition, atrial natriuretic factors may have a mechanism of action similar to that of furosemide.
Theories of Computer-Mediated Communication and Interpersonal Relations

C omputer-mediated communication (CMC) systems, in a variety of forms, have become integral to the initiation, development , and maintenance of interpersonal relationships. They are involved in the subtle shaping of communication in almost every relational context. We may observe or participate in the conversations of huge numbers of social actors, from the Twitter messages of experts we have never met to one's family's blog and from mes-saging a barely acquainted Facebook friend to coordinating with one's spouse through texting about who will pick up the kids that day or saying via e-mail that one is sorry about the fight they had that morning. Individuals exploit the features of these media to make their best impression and attract attention or to ward off unde-sired contacts (Tong & Walther, 2011a). We continually form and reform our impressions and evaluations of others online, from deciding whose recommendations to trust in discussion boards (Van Der Heide, 2008) to evaluating the friend who portrays himself online in a not quite accurate way (DeAndrea & Walther, in press). Although many people perceive that social media messages are trivial and banal, so is the stuff by which relationships are maintained The ubiquity of CMC is not sufficient impetus for it to be a focus of study in interpersonal communication research. How CMC changes our messages—how they are constructed, whether for specific relational purposes or with lesser or greater effect—remain important questions that continue to drive inquiry in interpersonal CMC research. How does the Internet affect the likelihood of having relationships? With whom? And how do we manage these relationships? How do disclosures and affectations influence others and ourselves, and how do online interpersonal processes affect the instrumental and group dynamics that technology enables? How do we exploit existing technologies for relational purposes, and how do we evade the potential dampening effects that technologies otherwise may impose on relational communication? How do technology
Effects of P deficiency on assimilation and transport of nitrate and phosphate in intact plants of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)

An experimentally-based modelling technique was applied to describe quantitatively the uptake, translocation, storage, and assimilation of NO 3 - and H 2 PO 4 - over a 9 d period in mid-vegetative growth of sand-cultured castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) which was fed 12 mM NO 3 - and either 0.5 or a severely limiting 0.005 mM H 2 PO 4 - . Model calculations were based on increments or losses of NO 3 - and reduced N or of H 2 PO 4 - and organic P in plant parts over the study period, on the concentrations of the above compounds in xylem and phloem sap, and on the previously determined flows of C and N in the same plants (Jeschke et al., 1996). Modelling allowed quantitative assessments of distribution of NO 3 - reduction and H 2 PO 4 - assimilation within the plant. In control plants 58% of total NO 3 - reduction occurred in leaf laminae, 40% in the root and 2% in stem and apical tissues. Averaged over all leaves more than half of the amino acids synthesized in laminae were exported via phloem, while the root provided 2.5-fold more amino acids than required for root growth. P deficiency led to severe inhibition of NO 3 - uptake and transport in xylem and even greater depression of NO 3 - reduction in the root but not in the shoot. Accentuated downward phloem translocation of amino acids favoured root growth and some cycling of N back to the shoot. In control plants H 2 PO 4 - was the principal form of P transported in xylem with young laminae acting as major sinks. At the stem base retranslocation of P in the phloem amounted to 30% of xylem transport. H 2 PO 4 - assimilation was more evenly distributed than NO 3 - reduction with 54% occurring in leaf laminae, 6% in the apical bud, 19% in stem tissues, 20% in the root; young tissues were more active than mature ones. In P-deficient plants H 2 PO 4 - uptake was severely decreased to 1.8% of the control. Young laminae were the major sink for H 2 PO 4 - . Considerable remobilization of P from older leaves led to substantial shoot to root translocation via phloem (50% of xylem transport). Young leaf laminae were major sites of H 2 PO 4 - assimilation (50%), followed by roots (26%) and the apical bud (10%). The remaining H 2 PO 4 - was assimilated in stem and mature leaf tissues. Old leaves exhibited 'negative' net assimilation of H 2 PO 4 - , i.e. hydrolysis of organic P exceeded phosphorylation. In young laminae of low P plants, however, rates of H 2 PO 4 - assimilation per unit fresh weight were comparable to those of the controls.
Dietary Strategies to Improve the Health of Dairy Calves

It is well documented that dairy calves are extremely susceptible to enteric diseases and mortality during the first few weeks of life. The latest reports from the USDA’s National Animal Health and Monitoring System (NAHMS, 1993; 1996; 2007) report that the national mortality rate of heifer calves from 48 hours of life to weaning is approximately 7.8 to 10.8%. Producer perceived records indicate that scours account for 56.5 to 60.5% of all pre-weaned deaths. Approximately 1⁄4 of all pre-weaned calves are therapeutically treated for scours, and the major causes of death from scours are due either to dehydration or to pathogen access to the blood causing septicemia. There is a high incidence of respiratory disease among dairy calves and it is the main contributor to high death losses, 1.8%, after weaning (NAHMS, 2007). The high incidences of disease indicate that we have much to learn about improving gastrointestinal disease resistance among pre-weaned calves. Colostrum management, how much and the composition of fluid fed, the use of various additives such as prebiotics, probiotics, and proteins from hyper-immunized egg or plasma proteins, and housing can all influence the health of pre-weaned dairy calves. In addition, there are few data that indicate that early life nutrition can have long-term impacts on leukocyte responses and disease resistance (Ballou, 2012; Ballou et al., JDS In Press; Sharon and Ballou, unpublished). This is an exciting area of research that needs to be addressed further.