Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on subjective norms.

Self-determination theory suggests that better prediction of behaviour will be observed from intentions based on attitudes than intentions based on subjective norms. Analyses of the intention-behavior relationship for both attitudinally versus normatively controlled people and attitudinally versus normatively controlled behaviours supported this hypothesis. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relationship Between the Judged Desirability of a Trait and the Probability That the Trait Will Be Endorsed

There is a rather common suspicion among many psychologists that subjects tend to give what are considered to be socially desirable responses to items in personality inventories. This suspicion has been given public expression in a recent article by Gordon (3, p. 407) who comments upon ". the motivation of a majority of respondents to mark socially acceptable alternatives to items, rather than those which they believe apply to themselves. " We have here two problems. One concerns the truthfulness of a subject's answers to items in a personality inventory, i.e., whether the response accurately describes the subject. The answer to this question implies that we have available some independent criterion in terms of which the inventory response is to be evaluated. The other problem concerns the relationship between a subject's response to an item and the social desirability of that item, i.e., whether the subject tends to give a positive answer to an item that is socially desirable and a negative answer to an item that is not. The answer to this question implies that we have available some measure of the social desirability of the item to which the response can be related. It is this problem we wish to report upon here.
Resisting the grammatical change: Nominal groups in Turkish-Norwegian codeswitching

This article deals with a particular grammatical feature in the Turkish-Norwegian codeswitching data, namely the nominal groups, with the help of the Matrix Language Frame model Myers-Scotton, 1993a [1997]). The main point here is to focus on the issue of stability, rather than change, in Turkish when in contact with Norwegian in a bilingual immigrant context. The data present us with rich information about how the Turkish grammatical frame organizes the grammatical setting both for mixed Turkish + Norwegian constituents and for Norwegian compound nouns. In both cases the necessary Turkish genitive and/or possessive markers are employed according to the Turkish grammatical rules, instead of omitting especially the possessive suffix (or, as it is also called here, the compound marker). Normally a change in Turkish spoken in Norway is expected to occur due to intense language contact, however, in this case, morphosyntactic stability is observed.
An Update of Murrayan Needs

Much research work on motives has been based on the taxonomy of psychogenic needs originally proposed by Murray and his colleagues in 1938. However, many of these needs have received little attention, and some of them may be less relevant now than they were 70 years ago. Two studies were conducted to investigate current motives. In Study 1, we used the Striving Assessment to elicit the personal strivings of 255 undergraduate university students. Murray’s taxonomy was unable to account for 50% of the 2,937 strivings. These strivings were thematically groups into 11 new categories and combined with 7 Murrayan needs to form the Comprehensive Motivation Coding System (CMCS). In Study 2, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) stories produced by 143 undergraduate student participants were coded by these two systems. Murray’s system was unable to fully account for 42% of motives identified in the TAT stories, but the CMCS was able to account for 89%. These findings suggest that Murrayan needs may not adequately describe contemporary motivations and that the CMCS has the potential to do so. However, due to the limited demographics of our sample, further investigations are needed.
Influence of Training in Artistic Skills on Mental Imaging Capacity

ABSTRACT Artistic creation often involves the use of mental images. This investigation examined the influence of training in artistic skills on mental imaging capacity in a sample of 126 subjects aged between 18 and 23 years. First- and 5th-year fine arts students were compared with regard to their performance in 2 imaging capacity tests (the Visual Elaboration Scale and the Vividness of Visual Imagery Test) and 3 tests of drawing involving spatial representation, transformation of spatial relations, and memory. The students who had undergone a longer period of artistic training performed significantly better on all 5 tests, and all drawing tasks scores correlated with each other. These results indicate that artistic training may enhance imaging capacity.
Grappling with the Oral Skills: The learning processes of the low-educated adult second language and literacy learner

This paper focuses on the learning processes in L2 literacy classes in the Netherlands, discussing specifically possible influences of the learning processes during the practice of the oral skills. To achieve a better understanding of the students’ spoken language development, classroom processes of six adult L2 literacy classes were observed during a period of eight months and students were pre- and post-assessed. In comparing the classes, notable differences in gain scores in morphosyntactic features as well as aspects of relevance and coherence in discourse surfaced. In order to explain these differences certain factors were examined in relation to learner characteristics, classroom hours and attendance, and classroom practices. The study initially looked at ten learner and classroom characteristics. Of these, only age of arrival proved to be of any significance. In the area of classroom practices the use of the computer as a support in (vocabulary) learning showed to be of essential significance, particularly in the area of morphosyntax.
Statistical Practices of Educational Researchers: An Analysis of their ANOVA, MANOVA, and ANCOVA Analyses

Articles published in several prominent educational journals were examined to investigate the use of data analysis tools by researchers in four research paradigms: between-subjects univariate designs, between-subjects multivariate designs, repeated measures designs, and covariance designs. In addition to examining specific details pertaining to the research design (e.g., sample size, group size equality/inequality) and methods employed for data analysis, the authors also catalogued whether (a) validity assumptions were examined, (b) effect size indices were reported, (c) sample sizes were selected on the basis of power considerations, and (d) appropriate textbooks and/or articles were cited to communicate the nature of the analyses that were performed. The present analyses imply that researchers rarely verify that validity assumptions are satisfied and that, accordingly, they typically use analyses that are nonrobust to assumption violations. In addition, researchers rarely report effect size statistics, nor do they routinely perform power analyses to determine sample size requirements. Recommendations are offered to rectify these shortcomings.
Do woes unite foes? Interplay of narratives, memory, emotions and attitudes in the Karabakh conflict

This article argues that effective dealing with a troubled past, especially in divided societies, cannot be achieved without certain transformations of historical narratives, particularly in school textbooks. Based on a sociocultural approach to collective memory as mediated by specific kinds of cultural tools, in particular “textual resources” in the form of narratives, the author suggests a model of progressive narrative transformation as a tool for transforming memories and changing attitudes. This model was tested in an experiment examining the interplay of different narratives, emotions and attitudes among the Azerbaijani population. The results suggest that a narrative of common suffering can backfire to remind victims of their own suffering inflicted by the enemy.
Work–Life Interventions

Despite disparities in the conceptualization of work–life balance (WLB) and work–life harmony (WLH) in the literature, there remains no evidence till date to validate these differences. Furthermore, there are currently no insights that shed light on the relationship between work–life initiatives and key business strategies of contemporary organizations. Hence, the current study investigated the differences between the constructs of WLB and WLH using a cognitive dissonance approach and assessed the impact of work–life interventions, based on these approaches, on individual creativity at work. Hundred participants, age ranging from 18 to 32 years (M = 23.94, SD = 3.87), with at least 6 months of working experience were recruited. Using an online questionnaire, participants were randomly assigned into WLB (n = 55) or WLH (n = 45) conditions. Participants were tasked to complete pre- and post-intervention measures of individual creativity, as well as a manipulation check using a cognitive dissonance scale. Results showed that participants in the WLB condition elicit higher levels of cognitive dissonance compared with participants in the WLH condition. This indicates an implicit difference in the constructs of WLB and harmony. Second, findings also suggest that work–life interventions adopting a WLH approach will have a more positive impact on individuals’ creativity at work compared with interventions targeted at achieving balance. Research, practical, and cultural implications of the findings are discussed in the article.
Teacher Stress: Directions for future research

Research on teacher stress has become a major area of international research interest. This paper reviews research findings on teacher stress and suggests five directions for future research: (i) monitoring the extent to which particular educational reforms are generating high levels of teacher stress; (ii) exploring why some teachers are able to successfully negotiate periods of career reappraisal and retain a positive commitment to the work, whilst others are not; (iii) clarifying the nature of the stress process in term of two types of triggers' one based on excessive demands and the other based on a concern with self-image; (iv) assessing the effectiveness of particular intervention strategies to reduce teacher stress; (v) exploring the impact of teacher-pupil interaction and classroom climate on teacher stress.
A Hybrid Approach to Chinese Base Noun Phrase Chunking

In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach to chunking Chinese base noun phrases (base NPs), which combines SVM (Support Vector Machine) model and CRF (Conditional Random Field) model. In order to compare the result respectively from two chunkers, we use the discriminative post-processing method, whose measure criterion is the conditional probability generated from the CRF chunker. With respect to the special structures of Chinese base NP and complete analyses of the first two results, we also customize some appropriate grammar rules to avoid ambiguities and prune errors. According to our overall experiments, the method achieves a higher accuracy in the final results.
The politics of (in)visibility: On the blind spots of women's discrimination in the academy

The aim of this study is to show how invisible institutional culture participates in the production and propagation of gender difference and hierarchy. To that end, we examine the official publications of one Israeli university in order to explore cultural mechanisms that signify hidden conceptions, ideologies and iconic images of women in the academe. Conceptualizing these publications as cultural products that operate as the public image of the university and hence participate in its overall construction of ideologies of gendered reality, we analyze, both qualitatively and quantitatively, images, visual representations and scripts of university women as they appear in the university bulletins, president's reports, and various newsletters from 1974 to 2004 (in Hebrew and in English). Having looked at over 5000 articles and photographs, we found that although the presence of women in the publications has increased over the years, their images and roles continue to be feminized and sexist. Thus, more space is devoted and more visibility given to stereotyped femininity and womanhood. Moreover, we explore the ways in which mechanisms that create a complex politics of visibility and invisibility produce contested and contradictory messages and participate in the creation of what we call the blind spots of discrimination.
Dendritic Cells: A Role for CD40 Cutting Edge: Th2 Response Induction by

We investigated the inﬂuence of dendritic cell (DC) CD40 expression on Th2 and Th1 development by in vivo transfer of Ag-pulsed bone marrow-derived DC generated from wild-type (WT) or CD40 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice. Contrary to expectation, CD40 (cid:1) / (cid:1) DC primed with Ag that inherently induce a Th2 response (soluble egg Ag from Schistosoma mansoni ) failed to induce a Th2 response or any compensatory Th1 response, whereas CD40 (cid:1) / (cid:1) DC primed with Ag that inherently induce a Th1 response ( Propionibacteri-um acnes ) generated a competent Th1 response. Thus, DC expression of CD40 is a prerequisite for initiation of Th2, but not Th1, responses by these Ag. Consistent with this, CD154 (cid:1) / (cid:1) mice, unlike WT mice, failed to mount a Th2 response when directly injected with schistosome eggs but mounted a normal Th1 response after challenge with P. acnes . CD40-CD154 interaction can therefore play a major role in Th2 response induction. The Journal of Immunology, 2002, 168: 537–540.
Why is this happened? Passive morphology and unaccusativity

Zobl discussed inappropriate passive morphology (‘be’ and the past participle) in the English writing of L2 learners, linking its occurrence to the class of unaccusative verbs and proposing that learners subsume unaccusatives under the syntactic rule for passive formation. The research reported here supports and amplifies Zobl' proposal, based on a grammaticality judgement task and a controlled production task containing verbs from a variety of subclasses of unaccusatives. The tasks were administered to Chinese L1 learners of English and a control group of English native speakers. Results show that subjects both used and judged as grammatical inappropriate passive morphology with all verbs falling under the rubric of unaccusativity. The article concludes with linguistic representations which maintain Zobl’s insights but are consistent with current theories of argument structure.
Usability of a web-based personal nutrition management tool

‘Personal Nutrition Management Tool’ (PENUMAT) is an interactive web-based application which aims to help individuals seeking nutrition information on the Internet. However, little is known about the usability of such applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of PENUMAT using multi-method approach. For an in-depth usability analysis, using a multi-method approach involving protocol analysis, interviews and a system usability scale (SUS) was adopted. The sample consisted of 10 healthy (five males and five females) volunteers between the ages of 22 and 60. The overall usability score was calculated; usability problems and users' opinions were obtained. All usability problems were classified according to the heuristics and listed with their frequencies. Overall, the usability score ranged from 77.5 to 100, with a median of 88.7. In-depth usability analysis exposed several usability problems mostly related to content, navigation and interactivity. Interview results showed that ‘being personal and private’ (70%) and ‘providing personal feedbacks' (60%) were the most appreciated characteristics of the tool. Although the tool has an acceptable overall usability score, several unnoticed usability problems of the interface design were realised with the in-depth analysis. Therefore, the importance of using a multi-method analysis of usability was pointed out.
Transformational Leadership and Performance Across Criteria and Levels: A Meta-Analytic Review of 25 Years of Research

Although transformational leadership has been studied extensively, the magnitude of the relationship between transformational leadership and follower performance across criterion types and levels of analysis remains unclear. Based on 117 independent samples over 113 primary studies, the current meta-analytic study showed that transformational leadership was positively related to individual-level follower performance across criterion types, with a stronger relationship for contextual performance than for task performance across most study settings. In addition, transformational leadership was positively related to performance at the team and organization levels. Moreover, both meta-analytic regression and relative importance analyses consistently showed that transformational leadership had an augmentation effect over transactional leadership (contingent reward) in predicting individual-level contextual performance and team-level performance. Contrary to our expectation, however, no augmentation effect of transformational leadership over contingent reward was found in predicting individual-level task performance. Instead, contingent reward explained incremental variance in individual-level task performance beyond that explained by transformational leadership.
The `boundaryless' career and career boundaries: Applying an institutionalist perspective to ICT workers in the context of Nigeria

Drawing from institutional theory, this article explores `boundaryless' careers and the nature of career boundaries in the information and communication technology (ICT) industry in Nigeria. The specific objectives are to explore: 1) whether career mobility in Nigeria reproduces or challenges contemporary projections of the `boundaryless' career (i.e. as characterized by increased inter-firm mobility) and 2) the structural boundaries (barriers) that constrain individuals' ability to enact the boundaryless career in this context. Findings of the interviews with 50 technical professionals in the Nigerian ICT industry challenge contemporary projections of `boundaryless' careers by providing evidence to support the continuing existence of career boundaries and traditional career patterns (i.e. as characterized by hierarchical and progressive movement within a single organization). Findings also suggest that ethnic allegiance, personal connections, gender discrimination, perceptions of educational qualifications and the nature of work biography constrain individuals' ability to enact the boundaryless career in the ICT industry. Overall, the article contributes the Nigerian perspective on boundaryless careers and career barriers to the growing consideration of career phenomena in different national contexts.
Learning Factored Representations in a Deep Mixture of Experts

Mixtures of Experts combine the outputs of several "expert" networks, each of which specializes in a different part of the input space. This is achieved by training a "gating" network that maps each input to a distribution over the experts. Such models show promise for building larger networks that are still cheap to compute at test time, and more parallelizable at training time. In this this work, we extend the Mixture of Experts to a stacked model, the Deep Mixture of Experts, with multiple sets of gating and experts. This exponentially increases the number of effective experts by associating each input with a combination of experts at each layer, yet maintains a modest model size. On a randomly translated version of the MNIST dataset, we find that the Deep Mixture of Experts automatically learns to develop location-dependent ("where") experts at the first layer, and class-specific ("what") experts at the second layer. In addition, we see that the different combinations are in use when the model is applied to a dataset of speech monophones. These demonstrate effective use of all expert combinations.
Working under cover: performance-related self-confidence among members of contextually devalued groups who try to pass

This paper experimentally examines the effects of passing (versus revealing) a contextually devalued identity on performance-related self-confidence. An experimental scenario was developed on the basis of the results of a pilot study. Studies 1 and 2 (total N ¼ 255) experimentally manipulate passing versus revealing a contextually devalued identity, to an ingroup or an outgroup partner. The results show that, although passing makes participants believe that their partner has more positive expectations of them, it also undermines performance-related self-confidence. Moreover, the results show that negative self-directed affect (i.e., guilt and shame) mediated the negative effect of passing on performancerelated self-confidence. Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial History: Railways, Uneven Development, and Population Change in France and Great Britain, 1850–1914

A comparative spatial history combining historical narrative, geographical thinking, and spatial analysis of historical data offers new perspectives on railway expansion and its effects in France and Great Britain during the long nineteenth century. Accessible rail transport in the rural regions of both countries opened new economic opportunities in agriculture, extractive industries, and service trades, helping to revitalize rural communities and decrease their rates of out-migration. In France, long-standing economic disparities between the developed north and the less-productive south gradually reduced. These conclusions are based, in part, on the use of historical geographical information systems (hgis) and spatial statistics, illustrating a component of spatial history.
The impact of background category information on the creation of social cliques: The role of need for cognitive closure and decisiveness

This article focuses on the role of need for cognitive closure in the process of mental model creation about social relations (i.e. social cliques). We assumed that high (vs. low) need for closure participants tend to rely on background category information when forming social cliques. We predicted that this tendency to employ categorical information as a mental aid, used in order to form social cliques, would be efficient in simple task structures (where category information overlaps with the mental model structure) but would lead to increased error rates in complex task structures (where category information is inconsistent with the model structure). The results confirmed our predictions, showing especially strong effects for the decisiveness component of need for closure. The importance of individual differences in need for closure and decisiveness in social reasoning is discussed.