Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synergism of SeaWinds and AMSR Editors

Because of the conservation of mass, the divergence of the moisture transport integrated over the depth of the atmosphere should balance the fresh water flux (evaporation-precipitation) at the surface. Monitoring these two terms is critical to the characterization of the hydrological cycle and climate change. Direct in situ measurements of moisture transport, evaporation, and precipitation are extremely sparse over ocean. The three terms were estimated independently using spaceborne microwave scatterometer and radiometers and the similar geographical distribution, as shown in the figure, is one of the best validation of the estimation technique and a clear demonstration of the science synergism of the two instruments. (courtesy of W. iii ABSTRACT A combination of spaceborn scatterometer and radiometer provides us with instantaneous observation of various physical parameters of air-sea interface, such as wind speed and direction, water vapor content, sea surface temperature (SST), and rain rate, which are essential to scientific studies of global climate changes. The combined observation also plays an important role in the operational applications, such as weather forecast and disaster prevention. The Japanese earth observation satellite, Advanced Earth Observing Satellite-II (ADEOS-II), which carried a microwave scatterometer, SeaWinds, and a microwave radiometer, Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR), was launched by the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) in December 2002, and the simultaneous observation was started. However, ADEOS-II failed in October 2003. A follow-up mission is required to continue the data flow for the operational applications and scientific studies. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is now proposing a new mission called Global Change Observation Mission-W (GCOM-W) that will carry a microwave scatterometer and radiometer. This mission will also offer unique opportunities to address key issues of the Earth Science Enterprise (ESE) at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The simultaneous operation of the active and passive microwave sensors will contribute to improve sensor algorithms to estimate physical parameters. The radiometer measurements will be used by the scatterometer for rain flagging and improving wind retrieval under rain. Scatterometer wind will be able to correct wind direction dependence of the radiometer measurements. The simultaneous observation of the water vapor, precipitation and marine surface vector winds will have a significant impact on studies of the water-energy cycle, which is one of the most important scientific topics and social issues. The mission will provide a unique data set to investigate the balance among horizontal convergence/divergence of the water vapor, evaporation …
Distinct and Overlapping Effector Functions of Expanded Human CD4+, CD8α+ and CD4-CD8α- Invariant Natural Killer T Cells

CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have diverse immune stimulatory/regulatory activities through their ability to release cytokines and to kill or transactivate other cells. Activation of iNKT cells can protect against multiple diseases in mice but clinical trials in humans have had limited impact. Clinical studies to date have targeted polyclonal mixtures of iNKT cells and we proposed that their subset compositions will influence therapeutic outcomes. We sorted and expanded iNKT cells from healthy donors and compared the phenotypes, cytotoxic activities and cytokine profiles of the CD4+, CD8α+ and CD4−CD8α− double-negative (DN) subsets. CD4+ iNKT cells expanded more readily than CD8α+ and DN iNKT cells upon mitogen stimulation. CD8α+ and DN iNKT cells most frequently expressed CD56, CD161 and NKG2D and most potently killed CD1d+ cell lines and primary leukemia cells. All iNKT subsets released Th1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) cytokines. Relative amounts followed a CD8α>DN>CD4 pattern for Th1 and CD4>DN>CD8α for Th2. All iNKT subsets could simultaneously produce IFN-γ and IL-4, but single-positivity for IFN-γ or IL-4 was strikingly rare in CD4+ and CD8α+ fractions, respectively. Only CD4+ iNKT cells produced IL-9 and IL-10; DN cells released IL-17; and none produced IL-22. All iNKT subsets upregulated CD40L upon glycolipid stimulation and induced IL-10 and IL-12 secretion by dendritic cells. Thus, subset composition of iNKT cells is a major determinant of function. Use of enriched CD8α+, DN or CD4+ iNKT cells may optimally harness the immunoregulatory properties of iNKT cells for treatment of disease.
The exercise experience in adults with arthritis: a qualitative approach.

OBJECTIVE To examine perceptions of exercise prior to arthritis, the ways in which arthritis affects exercise behavior, and current exercise behaviors in people with arthritis. METHODS Qualitative analyses were used to identify themes in 12 focus groups segmented by exercise status, education, and race. RESULTS Non exercisers identified arthritis as a factor in exercise cessation. Exercisers described making changes in type, duration, intensity, and approach to exercise after diagnosis. Exercisers also described participating in a wide range of activities, whereas nonexercisers primarily cited walking. CONCLUSIONS Intervention and marketing strategies should focus on different capabilities of exercisers and nonexercisers to modify exercise routines to accommodate arthritis.
Asset Prices and Business Cycles with Financial Shocks

We develop a production based asset pricing model with financially constrained firms to explain the observed high asset price volatility. Investment opportunities are scarce and firms face two shocks: classic productivity shocks and financial shocks that affect the tightness of the financial constraint. The source of asset price volatility in the model is the interaction between the scarcity of investment opportunities and time variation in the tightness of the financial constraint. We calibrate the model to the U.S. data and find that it generates a volatility in the price of equity comparable to the observed aggregate stock market volatility. The model also fits key aspects of the behavior of aggregate quantities, in particular, the volatility of aggregate consumption and investment.
The photosynthesis – leaf nitrogen relationship at ambient and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide: a meta‐analysis

Estimation of leaf photosynthetic rate (A) from leaf nitrogen content (N) is both conceptually and numerically important in models of plant, ecosystem, and biosphere responses to global change. The relationship between A and N has been studied extensively at ambient CO2 but much less at elevated CO2. This study was designed to (i) assess whether the A–N relationship was more similar for species within than between community and vegetation types, and (ii) examine how growth at elevated CO2 affects the A–N relationship. Data were obtained for 39 C3 species grown at ambient CO2 and 10 C3 species grown at ambient and elevated CO2. A regression model was applied to each species as well as to species pooled within different community and vegetation types. Cluster analysis of the regression coefficients indicated that species measured at ambient CO2 did not separate into distinct groups matching community or vegetation type. Instead, most community and vegetation types shared the same general parameter space for regression coefficients. Growth at elevated CO2 increased photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency for pines and deciduous trees. When species were pooled by vegetation type, the A–N relationship for deciduous trees expressed on a leaf‐mass basis was not altered by elevated CO2, while the intercept increased for pines. When regression coefficients were averaged to give mean responses for different vegetation types, elevated CO2 increased the intercept and the slope for deciduous trees but increased only the intercept for pines. There were no statistical differences between the pines and deciduous trees for the effect of CO2. Generalizations about the effect of elevated CO2 on the A–N relationship, and differences between pines and deciduous trees will be enhanced as more data become available.
Raising Potential Growth After the Crisis

This paper provides an illustrative assessment of the impacts on potential GDP over a 5 to 10-year horizon of structural reform scenarios in the areas of product and labour markets, relying on existing OECD empirical studies. Results of simulations suggest that a gradual alignment of product market regulations to best practice in a broad range of non-manufacturing sectors could boost aggregate labour productivity levels by several per cent over the next decade in many OECD countries, and by over five per cent across most of continental Europe, as well as for the BRIICS. Relaxation of job protection legislation could also raise productivity growth for a while in many OECD and non-OECD G20 countries, although the effects are estimated to be smaller than those from product market reforms. In a scenario under which they would be phased in relatively quickly, labour market reforms in the areas of unemployment benefit systems, activation policies, labour taxes and pension systems could raise employment rates by several percentage points in a number of OECD countries over a 10-year horizon. Large continental European countries would have the largest benefits to reap from reforms. The overall potential GDP gain for the average OECD country from undertaking the full range of reforms considered here might come close to 10% at a 10-year horizon, indicating the presence of ample room for structural reforms to offset the permanent GDP losses from the recent crisis.
Pulmonary radioaerosol mucociliary clearance in primary ciliary dyskinesia

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has a high mortality. Many indices have been developed to classify disease severity including the 2007 and 2011 GOLD classification and BODE index. However, no study has compared the prediction of mortality by those indices. This is an observational study of 96 patients with COPD and followed prospectively for a median of 60 months. We performed at baseline pulmonary function tests, 6-minute walking test, dyspnea scale mMRC, anthropometric and questionnaire measures of exacerbations. BODE index and GOLD 2007 and GOLD 2011 classification was calculated. The capacity of all indices to predict mortality was compared using Cox proportional hazard analysis and Kaplan Meier survival cruves. A total of 55 men and 41 women were studied, of whom 50% died during a follow-up time mean of 69 +/- 37 months. The mean FEV1 was 27% +/- 5%. Statistically significant associations were observed between mortality and BODE index (p = 0.024) and male sex (p = 0.021). Cox regression analysisshowed that the only statistically significant association was with BODE (p=0,037; IC: 95% 1,024-2,17). The Kaplan-Meier curves for BODE, 2007 GOLD and GOLD ABCD were calculated and are The BODE index predicts all cause mortality better than the old GOLD classification based on FEV1 and the new ABCD grading . We also observed that patients classified as GOLD B has higher mortality than those classified as GOLD C.
Comments on Plott and on Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler

Commenting on papers by top researchers (Kahneman, Knetsch, and Thaler, in this issue; and Plott, in this issue) can be, and in this case has been, difficult because of the paucity of valid objections around which to organize one's comments. Of course, this may just reflect the fact that neither paper is close to my major areas of interest. In any event, when facing such a problem-because when asked to be a discussant some time ago I failed to anticipate what should have been obviousthree courses of action come to mind. The most obvious, although cowardly, possibility was to call in "sick. " On reflection, I realized that this task really would not resolve my problem because a conference publication typically lurks in the background, and the organizers would surely demand that I write out my undelivered comments anyhow. It is awkward to argue continued illness when one is up and about, attending other public meetings. A second plausible tack is to think up a few questions that the authors of the paper may or may not be able to answer. Of course, if one expects to have anything left for the publication, it is wise to make sure that at least one of the questions is unanswerable using the present data or theory. A third tack is either to extract a phrase or paragraph-the "lesson of the day," as the minister used to say when I was a boy-or to select another paper from the conference as a point of departure to discuss what one would have said at somewhat greater length had the organizers of the conference invited one to be a speaker rather than a discussant. Having failed to adopt the first approach, I shall illustrate each of the others, first, by asking a few, hopefully sage questions of Kahneman et al. and, second, by using a phrase from Plott's paper and the entire nonassigned Tversky and Kahneman (in this issue) paper as two points of departure for what I really want to say.
Post-Newtonian Expansion of Gravitational Waves from a Particle in Circular Orbit around a Schwarzschild Black Hole

Based upon the formalism recently developed by one of us (MS), we analytically perform the post-Newtonian expansion of gravitational w;;tves from a test particle in circular orbit of radius ro around a Schwarzschild black hole of mass M. We calculate gravitational wave forms and luminos­ ity up to v 8 order beyond Newtonian, where v=(M/ro) 112 • In particular, we give the exact analytical values of the coefficients of In v terms at v 6 and v 8 orders in the luminosity and confirm the numerical values obtained previously by one of us (HT) and Nakamura. Our result is valid in the small mass limit of one body and gives an important guideline for the . gravitational wave physics of coalescing compact binaries.
Galactic models and white dwarf populations

We make use of a previous well-tested Galactic model, but describing the observational behaviour of the various stellar components in terms of suitable assumptions on their evolutionary status. In this way we are able to predict the expected distribution of Galactic white dwarfs (WDs), with results which appear in rather good agreement with recent estimates of the local WD luminosity function. The predicted occurrence of WDs in deep observations of selected Galactic fields is presented, and we discuss the role played by WDs in star counts. The effects on the theoretical predictions of different white dwarf evolutionary models, ages, initial mass functions and relations between progenitor mass and WD mass are also discussed.
Engaging men and boys in changing gender-based inequity in health: Evidence from programme interventions.

This review assessed the effectiveness of programmes seeking to engage men and boys in achieving gender equality and equity in health and was driven by the following questions. What is the evidence on the effectiveness of programmes engaging men and boys in sexual and reproductive health; HIV prevention treatment care and support; fatherhood; gender-based violence maternal newborn and child health; and gender socialization? How effective are these programmes? What types of programmes with men and boys show more evidence of effectiveness? What gender perspective should be applied to men and boys in health programmes? Does applying a gender perspective to work with men and boys lead to greater effectiveness in terms of health outcomes? The review analysed data from 58 evaluation studies (identified via an Internet search key informants and colleague organizations) of interventions with men and boys in: sexual and reproductive health including HIV prevention treatment care and support; fatherhood including programmes to support or encourage them to participate more actively in the care and support of their children; gender-based violence including both prevention campaigns and activities that seek to prevent mens use of violence against women as well as programmes with men who have previously used physical violence against women (sometimes known as batterer intervention programmes); maternal newborn and child health: programmes engaging men in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality and to improve birth outcomes and child health and well-being; and gender socialization: programmes that work across these four issues (or at least most of them) and critically discuss the socialization of boys and men or the social construction of gender relations. (excerpt)
Addressing Motivation in Globesity Treatment: A New Challenge for Clinical Psychology

The global epidemic of obesity and being overweight (Globesity) is rapidly becoming a major public health problem in many parts of the world, since it is often associated with many related chronic diseases (Wadden et al., 2002) including diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, kidney failure, osteoarthritis as well as psychological problems such as depression, feelings of shame, low self-esteem, and stigma (Byrne et al., 2004; Riva et al., 2006a; Manzoni et al., 2008; Villa et al., 2009; Capodaglio et al., 2010). Obesity and being overweight are also frequently connected with Binge Eating Disorder (BED), a psychopathological disorder characterized by frequent and persistent episodes of binge eating characterized by loss of control over eating within a discrete period of time, and significant distress.
Origin of a complex key innovation in an obligate insect–plant mutualism

Evolutionary key innovations give organisms access to new ecological resources and cause rapid, sometimes spectacular adaptive radiation. The well known obligate pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths is a major model system for studies of coevolution, and it relies on the key innovation in the moths of complex tentacles used for pollen collecting and active pollination. These structures lack apparent homology in other insects, making them a rare example of a novel limb. We performed anatomical and behavioral studies to determine their origin and found evidence of a remarkably simple mechanism. Morphological analyses of the tentacles and adjacent mouthparts in pollinators and closely related taxa showed that the tentacle appears abruptly in female pollinating yucca moths. Several morphological synapomorphies between the galeae, which constitute the characteristic lepidopteran proboscis, and the tentacle suggest that the tentacle evolved quickly through expression of the genetic template for the galea at an apical growth bud on the first segment of the maxillary palp. Behavioral data indicate that tentacle and proboscis movements are controlled by a shared hydraulic extension mechanism, thus no new mechanism was needed for tentacle function. Known developmental paths from other insects can explain the origin of this sex-specific key innovation in a few steps.
Gender Differences in the Russian Labor Market

In an effort to obtain an insider's view of the politics, work, and daily life in the Soviet economy, more than 2,790 of the 37,000 emigrants who arrived in the United States between 1979 and 1982 were asked hundreds of questions about their experiences during the five-year period prior to their decision to leave the country. This was done under the auspices of the Soviet Interview Project [Millar 1987]. Of interest here is the response pattern to the question: Do Soviet women have more, fewer, or the same opportunities as men to hold responsible posts in economic and political life? Nearly 60 percent of the men and 50 percent of the women reported that Soviet women had fewer opportunities than men to hold responsible positions in the economic bureaucracy; nearly 40 percent of the men and 50 percent of the women selected same opportunities. This same question2 was asked of 845 respondents in a survey conducted in Taganrog, Russia, in 1992, after perestroika but before the full impact of the newly initiated reform program was evident. More than 63 percent of the men and 74 percent of the women responded that Russian women had fewer opportunities than men in the labor market. The conclusion that conditions deteriorated for women during perestroika, or perhaps with the initiation of the transition to a market economy, is further supported by official statistics that show women to have accounted for more than 72 percent of the unemployed in Russia in 1992 [Trudoystroistvo 1993]. Using official sources alone, however, it is not possible to explain why women were at risk in the Russian economy in 1992. Nor
Research on the Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows Using Firefly Algorithm

As a key factor of logistics distribution, vehicle routing problem (VRP) is a hot research topic in management and computation science. In this paper the principle and algorithm process of firefly algorithm are introduced in detail. Then the algorithm process and solving steps are designed for vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW), including the coding and design of disturbance mechanism of elicit fireflies. In the end, the testing examples from benchmark and other literatures are conducted with good outputs, which prove the validity of the firefly algorithm for VRP.
Evidence of Preseparation Earnings Losses in the Displaced Worker Survey

This paper attempts to quantify preseparation earnings losses of workers displaced in mass layoffs using the Displaced Worker Survey, the largest and most representative sample of displaced workers. Using the 1986 Displaced Worker Survey and random samples of the 1984 and 1985 Current Population Survey as a comparison group, it is found that workers lose on average 9 percent of their earnings prior to separation as a result of wage cuts. This result is very similar to the preseparation losses found in other studies using different data sources. One implication of this finding is that those studies that only take into consideration the post-displacement losses of workers displaced in mass layoffs clearly underestimate the total costs suffered by these workers.
Dirty Liberals!

Many moral codes place a special emphasis on bodily purity, and manipulations that directly target bodily purity have been shown to influence a variety of moral judgments. Across two studies, we demonstrated that reminders of physical purity influence specific moral judgments regarding behaviors in the sexual domain as well as broad political attitudes. In Study 1, individuals in a public setting who were given a reminder of physical cleansing reported being more politically conservative than did individuals who were not given such a reminder. In Study 2, individuals reminded of physical cleansing in the laboratory demonstrated harsher moral judgments toward violations of sexual purity and were more likely to report being politically conservative than control participants. Together, these experiments provide further evidence of a deep link between physical purity and moral judgment, and they offer preliminary evidence that manipulations of physical purity can influence general (and putatively stable) political attitudes.