Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognition, learning, reinforcement, and rhythm

A Psychophysiological Theory of Reinforcement, Drive, Motivation, and Attention (S. Grossberg). Some Psychophysiological and Pharmacological Correlates of a Developmental, Cognitive, and Motivational Theory (S. Grossberg). Processing of Expected and Unexpected Events During Conditioning and Attention: A Psychophysiological Theory (S. Grossberg). Neural Dynamics of Category Learning and Recognition: Attention, Memory Consolidation, and Amnesia (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). Absolute Stability of Global Pattern Formation and Parallel Memory Storage by Competitive Networks (M.A. Cohen, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: The Gated Pacemaker (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: Aschoff's Rule in Diurnal and Nocturnal Mammals (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). A Neural Theory of Circadian Rhythms: Split Rhythms, After-Effects, and Motivational Interactions (G.A. Carpenter, S. Grossberg). Associative and Competitive Principles of Learning and Development: The Temporal Unfolding and Stability of STM and LTM Patterns (S. Grossberg).
Carbohydrate Metabolism Is Essential for the Colonization of Streptococcus thermophilus in the Digestive Tract of Gnotobiotic Rats

Streptococcus thermophilus is the archetype of lactose-adapted bacterium and so far, its sugar metabolism has been mainly investigated in vitro. The objective of this work was to study the impact of lactose and lactose permease on S. thermophilus physiology in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of gnotobiotic rats. We used rats mono-associated with LMD-9 strain and receiving 4.5% lactose. This model allowed the analysis of colonization curves of LMD-9, its metabolic profile, its production of lactate and its interaction with the colon epithelium. Lactose induced a rapid and high level of S. thermophilus in the GIT, where its activity led to 49 mM of intra-luminal L-lactate that was related to the induction of mono-carboxylic transporter mRNAs (SLC16A1 and SLC5A8) and p27Kip1 cell cycle arrest protein in epithelial cells. In the presence of a continuous lactose supply, S. thermophilus recruited proteins involved in glycolysis and induced the metabolism of alternative sugars as sucrose, galactose, and glycogen. Moreover, inactivation of the lactose transporter, LacS, delayed S. thermophilus colonization. Our results show i/that lactose constitutes a limiting factor for colonization of S. thermophilus, ii/that activation of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism constitutes the metabolic signature of S. thermophilus in the GIT, iii/that the production of lactate settles the dialogue with colon epithelium. We propose a metabolic model of management of carbohydrate resources by S. thermophilus in the GIT. Our results are in accord with the rationale that nutritional allegation via consumption of yogurt alleviates the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
Comparative Gene Expression Analysis of Susceptible and Resistant Near-Isogenic Lines in Common Wheat Infected by Puccinia triticina

Gene expression after leaf rust infection was compared in near-isogenic wheat lines differing in the Lr10 leaf rust resistance gene. RNA from susceptible and resistant plants was used for cDNA library construction. In total, 55 008 ESTs were sequenced from the two libraries, then combined and assembled into 14 268 unigenes for further analysis. Of these ESTs, 89% encoded proteins similar to (E value of ≤10−5) characterized or annotated proteins from the NCBI non-redundant database representing diverse molecular functions, cellular localization and biological processes based on gene ontology classification. Further, the unigenes were classified into susceptible and resistant classes based on the EST members assembled from the respective libraries. Several genes from the resistant sample (14-3-3 protein, wali5 protein, actin-depolymerization factor and ADP-ribosylation factor) and the susceptible sample (brown plant hopper resistance protein, caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, pathogenesis-related protein and senescence-associated protein) were selected and their differential expression in the resistant and susceptible samples collected at different time points after leaf rust infection was confirmed by RT–PCR analysis. The molecular pathogenicity of leaf rust in wheat was studied and the EST data generated made a foundation for future studies.
X-Ray, UV And Optical Analysis Of Supergiants: ϵ Ori

We present a multi-wavelength (X-ray to optical) analysis, based on non-local thermodynamic equilibrium photospheric+wind models, of the B0 Ia-supergiant: $\epsilon$~Ori. The aim is to test the consistency of physical parameters, such as the mass-loss rate and CNO abundances, derived from different spectral bands. The derived mass-loss rate is $\dot{M}/\sqrt{f_\infty}\sim$1.6$\times$10$^{-6}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ where $f_\infty$ is the volume filling factor. However, the S IV $\lambda\lambda$1062,1073 profiles are too strong in the models; to fit the observed profiles it is necessary to use $f_\infty<$0.01. This value is a factor of 5 to 10 lower than inferred from other diagnostics, and implies $\dot{M} \lesssim1 \times 10^{-7}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The discrepancy could be related to porosity-vorosity effects or a problem with the ionization of sulfur in the wind. To fit the UV profiles of N V and O VI it was necessary to include emission from an interclump medium with a density contrast ($\rho_{cl}/\rho_{ICM}$) of $\sim$100. X-ray emission in H-He like and Fe L lines was modeled using four plasma components located within the wind. We derive plasma temperatures from $1 \times 10^{6}$ to $7\times 10^{6}$ K, with lower temperatures starting in the outer regions (R$_0\sim$3-6 R$_*$), and a hot component starting closer to the star (R$_0\lesssim$2.9 R$_*$). From X-ray line profiles we infer $\dot{M} <\, 4.9\times10^{-7}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. The X-ray spectrum ($\geq$0.1 kev) yields an X-ray luminosity $L_{\rm X}\sim 2.0\times10^{-7} L_{\rm bol}$, consistent with the superion line profiles. X-ray abundances are in agreement with those derived from the UV and optical analysis: $\epsilon$ Ori is slightly enhanced in nitrogen and depleted in carbon and oxygen, evidence for CNO processed material.
GATA-2 partially rescued generation of hematopoietic cells from Jag 1 / AGM cells

The Rockefeller University Press $30.00 J. Exp. Med. 2013 Vol. 210 No. 1 71-84 www.jem. org/cgi/doi/10.1084/jem.20120993 71 Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) originate during embryonic life in association with arterial vessels including the aorta in the aorta/gonad/ mesonephros (AGM) region and the umbilical and vitelline arteries (Dzierzak and Speck, 2008). The first HSCs are detected around embryonic day (E) 10 of mouse development in hematopoietic clusters emerging from the ventral wall of the aorta in the AGM and are defined by their unique capacity to reconstitute hematopoiesis of immunodepleted adult recipients in transplantation assays. The Notch pathway is required for HSC development in the vertebrate embryo, upstream of Runx1 (Burns et al., 2005) and GATA-2 (Robert-Moreno et al., 2005), but is dispensable for yolk sac (YS) primitive hematopoiesis (Robert-Moreno et al., 2007; Bertrand et al., 2010; Bigas et al., 2010). Importantly, Gata2 but not Runx1 expression was totally impaired in the aorta of Jag1/ mutant mouse embryos, which fail to generate hematopoiesis (RobertMoreno et al., 2005, 2008). Re-expression of CORRESPONDENCE Anna Bigas: abigas@imim.es
Substance abuse and gang violence

Introduction - Richard C Cervantes Preface - Diego Vigil PART ONE: RESEARCH ISSUES Substance Abuse Among Asian/Pacific Islanders - Toshiaki Sasao Current Trends and Research Issues Patterns of Criminal Activity, Use of Alcohol and Cocaine Derivatives by Multi-Ethnic Serious Delinquent Youth - Mario R De La Rosa and Fernando I Soriano Implications for Understanding Gang Members PART TWO: LEGAL AND POLICY ISSUES The Public Health Model and Violence Prevention - Paul D Juarez Implications for Social Policy The Impact of Gangs and Drugs in the Community - Fred B Martinez Public Policy Approaches to Alcohol-Related Problems - Al Wright The Los Angeles County 'Community Model' PART THREE: PREVENTION AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES The Insidious Impact of Gang Violence - Lisa Porche-Burke and Christopher Fulton Strategies for Prevention and Intervention A Clinical Model for the Prevention of Gang Violence and Homicide - Armango Morales PART FOUR: SURVIVORS OF GANG VIOLENCE Psychological Effects of Exposure to Gang Violence - Tia Alane Nishimoto Hoffer and Richard C Cervantes Survivors Response to Gang Violence - Norma C Johnson and Saundrea D Young A Unique Treatment Model for Grief Therapy Toward a Working Typology of Grief Among Homicide Survivors - L John Key
Probabilistic Optimal Power Flow in Electricity Markets Based on a Two-Point Estimate Method

This paper presents an application of a two-point estimate method (2PEM) to account for uncertainties in the optimal power flow (OPF) problem in the context of competitive electricity markets. These uncertainties can be seen as a by-product of the economic pressure that forces market participants to behave in an "unpredictable" manner; hence, probability distributions of locational marginal prices are calculated as a result. Instead of using computationally demanding methods, the proposed approach needs 2n runs of the deterministic OPF for n uncertain variables to get the result in terms of the first three moments of the corresponding probability density functions. Another advantage of the 2PEM is that it does not require derivatives of the nonlinear function used in the computation of the probability distributions. The proposed method is tested on a simple three-bus test system and on a more realistic 129-bus test system. Results are compared against more accurate results obtained from MCS. The proposed method demonstrates a high level of accuracy for mean values when compared to the MCS; for standard deviations, the results are better in those cases when the number of uncertain variables is relatively low or when their dispersion is not large
Subthalamic Nucleus Lesion in Rats Prevents Dopaminergic Nigral Neuron Degeneration After Striatal 6‐OHDA Injection: Behavioural and Immunohistochemical Studies

Several studies have shown that antagonists of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors provide protection of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Since the substantia nigra compacta receives a moderate glutamatergic innervation from the subthalamic nucleus, we tried to determine whether subthalamic nucleus lesion could prevent the toxicity of the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA). Experiments were carried out on four groups of rats. Group 1 (n= 10) received a unilateral injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine in the striatum and group 2 (n= 10) received kainic acid in the subthalamic nucleus. Group 3 (n= 10) received an injection of kainic acid in the subthalamic nucleus and 1 week later an injection of 6‐OHDA in the striatum. Group 4 (n= 5) received the same treatment but kainic acid was replaced by saline. Apomorphine induced an ipsilateral rotation in rats of groups 2 and 3 and a contralateral rotation in rats of groups 1 and 4. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive cells in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra was not significantly different between injected and non‐injected sides in rats of groups 2 and 3, but was significantly decreased on the side ipsilateral to 6‐OHDA striatal injection in rats of groups 1 and 4. These results show that subthalamic nucleus lesion provides neuroprotection of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway against 6‐OHDA toxicity and opens a new way for slowing or stopping the progression of Parkinson's disease.
Prosthodontic Management in Conjunction with Speech Therapy in Cleft Lip and Palate: A Review and Case Report

Cleft lip and palate (CLP), a congenital disturbance needs a lot of attention with respect to its rehabilitation as a person suffering from this defect can lead a normal life given with the right type of treatment at the right time. However, if a patient cannot get surgical treatment at the appropriate time either due to availability or economic constraints, it is still possible to improve their social and psychological well-being with prosthodontic rehabilitation. The literature search was carried out through PubMed and Google scholar and manual search. The articles related to prosthodontic treatment in congestion with speech therapy and some articles on psychological assessment were considered The available prosthodontic treatment options for improvement of speech is discussed and highlighted the importance of prosthetic management of such patients along with a speech therapist. Also, a review of the available prosthetic treatment options is discussed in detail. Finally, a case report of a CLP patient treated prosthodontically with the assistance of speech pathologist is presented.
PatternHunter: faster and more sensitive homology search

MOTIVATION Genomics and proteomics studies routinely depend on homology searches based on the strategy of finding short seed matches which are then extended. The exploding genomic data growth presents a dilemma for DNA homology search techniques: increasing seed size decreases sensitivity whereas decreasing seed size slows down computation. RESULTS We present a new homology search algorithm 'PatternHunter' that uses a novel seed model for increased sensitivity and new hit-processing techniques for significantly increased speed. At Blast levels of sensitivity, PatternHunter is able to find homologies between sequences as large as human chromosomes, in mere hours on a desktop. AVAILABILITY PatternHunter is available at http://www.bioinformaticssolutions. com, as a commercial package. It runs on all platforms that support Java. PatternHunter technology is being patented; commercial use requires a license from BSI, while non-commercial use will be free.
Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in the Presence of Self-Selection : A Propensity Score Perspective *

An essential feature common to all empirical social research is variability across units of analysis. Individuals differ not only in background characteristics and outcomes of interest, but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, intervention, or stimulation. Moreover, individuals may self-select into treatment on the basis of their anticipated treatment effects. To study heterogeneous treatment effects in the presence of self-selection, Heckman and his colleagues have developed a structural approach that builds on the marginal treatment effect (MTE). In this paper, we propose a revision of the MTE-based approach through a redefinition of the MTE. Specifically, we redefine MTE as the expected treatment effect conditional on the propensity score (instead of the vector of observed covariates) as well as a latent variable representing unobserved resistance to treatment. The redefined MTE is superior to the original MTE in a number of aspects. First, while it is conditional on a unidimensional summary of covariates, it is sufficient to capture all of the treatment effect heterogeneity that is consequential for selection bias. Second, the new MTE is a bivariate function, thus much easier than the original MTE to be visualized. Third, as with the original MTE, the new MTE can also be used as a building block with which to estimate causal effects in the aggregate. However, the weights associated with the new MTE are simpler, more intuitive, and much easier to implement. Finally, the newly defined MTE allows us to directly assess treatment effect heterogeneity among individuals who are at the margin of treatment. As a result, it can be used to evaluate a wide range of policy changes with little analytical effort, and to design policy interventions that maximize the marginal benefits of treatment.
GLAD: Groningen Lightweight Authorship Detection

We present a simple and effective approach to authorship verification for Dutch, English, Spanish and Greek, which can be easily ported to yet other languages. We train a binary linear classifier both on the features describing known and unknown documents individually, and on the joint features comparing these two types of documents. The list of feature types includes, among others, character n-grams, the lexical overlap, visual text properties and a compression measure. We obtain competitive results that outperform the baseline and position our system among the top PAN shared task participants.
Neural Correlates of Learning of Complex Movement Recognition

The recognition of complex movements is a fundamental function of our everyday life. Results from object recognition, biological motion processing and theoretical modeling indicate that learning could play an important role in shaping the processing of complex movements in the human brain. The aim of this thesis is to systematically investigate visual learning mechanisms, focusing on three main questions: 1. Are humans able to learn to discriminate between very similar complex movement patterns and what are the possible constraints that influence the learning process? 2. What are the neural correlates of the learning process in the different areas of the visual cortex and is there a difference between the learning of human like movements compared to artificial articulated movement patterns at the level of the BOLD response? 3. Is it be possible to implement biologically plausible learning mechanisms into an already existing model for biological movement recognition and can the model be used to simulate the BOLD activity changes obtained from the functional imaging experiments in order to test different hypothesis about the underlying plasticity mechanisms? According to the three main research questions, the thesis is divided into three experimental chapters. Chapter 3 reports a series of psychophysical experiments that investigated whether humans are able to learn to differentiate between complex movement patterns. These patterns belonged to three different groups of movements and were all presented as point-light animations. The first group was composed of natural human movements, the second one consists of movements of artificial skeleton models containing nine segments moving in an articulated fashion and the third one consisted of the same human movements as the first one, but this time the spatial positions of the individual points were scrambled. The main focus of the psychophysical investigations was to identify possible differences in the learning process between the three different groups with respect to the time scale of the learning and the invariance properties of the learned representation. To control for the learning history of the subjects, all stimuli were generated by motion morphing. In this way it was possible to create stimuli that were completely novel to the observer. Additionally, motion morphing by linear combination of prototypical movements allowed to precisely control the spatio-temporal similarity between the individual stimuli. Chapter 4 presents the results of a series of functional imaging experiments that were carried out to identify possible neural correlates of the learning process. Because the stimuli across the conditions that had to be compared were very similar, a special fMRI adaptation paradigm was used to acquire the images. This technique allows to identify possible sub-populations of neurons within the same voxel that contribute to the encoding of different movement stimuli. In addition to the experimental runs, several localizer runs were acquired for every observer to…
An intersex (male pseudohermaphrodite) horse with 64 XX-65 XXY mosaicism.

SUMMARY The clinical, pathological and chromosomal findings in a male pseudohermaphrodite horse are reported. This animal had the appearance of a female but showed pronounced male sexual behaviour. A rudimentary penile structure emerged from skinfolds between the hind legs at a position approximately midway between the normal male and female ano-genital distances. Two small testes were present in the abdomen and the seminiferous tubules in these structures contained only supporting cells. At exploratory laparotomy, no trace of a uterus could be found. Culture of peripheral blood leucocytes revealed a 64 XX/65 XXY mosaicism. RESUME Les constatations cliniques, pathologiques, et chromosomiques sur un cheval pseudohermaphrodite mâle sont rapportees. Cet animal avait l'apparence d'une femelle, mais montrait un comportement sexuel mâle prononce. Une structure penienne rudimentaire existait entre les deux posterieurs, a mi-chemin entre les sites sexuels normaux mâle et femelle. On remarquait deux petits testicules dans l'abdomen, et les canaux seminiefres de ces organes ne renfermaient que des cellules de soutien. Lors d'une laparotomie, on ne decouvrit aucune trace d'uterus. Une culture de leucocytes du sang peripherique revela une formule chromosomique de 64 XX/65 XXY Mosaik. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Klinische, pathologische und chromosomale Befunde bei einem mannlichen, pseudohermaphroditischen Pferd werden wiedergegeben. Dieses Tier zeigte einenweiblichen Habitus aber ein deutlich mannliches Sexualverhalten. Ein Penisrudiment bestand zwischen Hautfalten ungefahr in der Halfte der normalen ano-genitalen Distanz bei Stuten und Hengsten. Zwei kleine Hoden fanden sich im Abdomen; die tubuli seminiferi wiesen nur Stutz-zellen auf. Anlasslich einer Probelaparotomie konnten keine Rudimente eines Uterus gefunden werden. Eine Kultur peripherer Leukozyten zeigte ein 64 XX/ 65 XXY Mosaik.
Neural Correlates of Multisensory Integration of Ecologically Valid Audiovisual Events

A question that has emerged over recent years is whether audiovisual (AV) speech perception is a special case of multi-sensory perception. Electrophysiological (ERP) studies have found that auditory neural activity (N1 component of the ERP) induced by speech is suppressed and speeded up when a speech sound is accompanied by concordant lip movements. In Experiment 1, we show that this AV interaction is not speech-specific. Ecologically valid nonspeech AV events (actions performed by an actor such as handclapping) were associated with a similar speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude as AV speech (syllables). Experiment 2 demonstrated that these AV interactions were not influenced by whether A and V were congruent or incongruent. In Experiment 3 we show that the AV interaction on N1 was absent when there was no anticipatory visual motion, indicating that the AV interaction only occurred when visual anticipatory motion preceded the sound. These results demonstrate that the visually induced speeding-up and suppression of auditory N1 amplitude reflect multisensory integrative mechanisms of AV events that crucially depend on whether vision predicts when the sound occurs.
Then again, how often does the Unruh–DeWitt detector click if we switch it carefully?

The transition probability in the first-order perturbation theory for an Unruh–DeWitt detector coupled to a massless scalar field in Minkowski space is calculated. It has been shown recently that the conventional iϵ regularization prescription for the correlation function leads to non-Lorentz invariant results for the transition rate, and a different regularization, involving spatial smearing of the field, has been advocated to replace it. We show that the non-Lorentz invariance arises solely from the assumption of sudden switch-on and switch-off of the detector, and that when the model includes a smooth switching function the results from the conventional regularization are both finite and Lorentz invariant. The sharp switching limit of the model is also discussed, as well as the fall-off properties of the spectrum for large frequencies.