Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Only irrelevant sad but not happy faces are inhibited under high perceptual load

Perceptual load plays a critical role in identification and awareness of stimuli. Given the differences in emotion–attention interactions, we investigated the perception of distractor emotional faces in two different load conditions under divided attention with a task based on the inattentional blindness paradigm. Participants performed a low- or high-load task with a string of letters presented against a happy, sad or neutral face (in a circular form) as the background. Participants were asked to identify the face that appeared in the critical trial. Results indicate an interaction between emotion and load. First, identification of faces with happy expression was better than chance and unaffected by load. Second, performance was worse than chance for faces with sad expression in the high-load condition, indicating inhibition of unattended sad distractor faces in the critical trial. This indicates that inhibitory processes during a difficult attentional task under divided attention influence subsequent perception of distractor stimuli especially sad faces. The results have implications for the theories of selective attention as well as the role of emotions in conscious perception.
Kecenderungan pelajar tahun akhir di Institut Kemahiran Mara terhadap bidang keusahawanan

Kajian deskriptif adalah dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kecenderungan pelajar tahun akhir di Institut Kemahiran Mara terhadap bidang keusahawanan. Faktor yang dilihat mampu mempengaruhi kecenderungan pelajar ialah pendedahan kepada kursus keusahawanan, faktor sikap, motivasi, nilai sosial dan hubungan antara skala dan item. Instrumen kajian yang dijalankan adalah set soal selidik yang mengandungi 35 item. Skala Likert telah digunakan untuk tujuan pengumpulan data dan set soal selidik tersebut telah diedarkan secara rawak kepada 200 orang pelajar tahun akhir di IKM Johor Bahru dan Melaka. Maklumat-maklumat yang diperolehi kemudiannya dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) versi 12.0 bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai min, kekerapan, dan juga peratusan. Daripada dapatan kajian yang diperolehi, nilai min purata menunjukkan bahawa pendedahan kursus keusahawanan ketika pengajian adalah pada tahap yang tinggi. Ini menunjukkan IKM perlu mengambil perhatian terhadap kursus yang diberikan. Beberapa cadangan telah dikemukakan bagi membolehkan kajian lanjutan dilakukanpada masa hadapan
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE HYDROLYSIS OF ALUMINUM COMPLEXES

This thesis focuses on the molecular-level chemistry of the solvation of aluminum salts. Fundamental aspects such as, structural characteristics of the aluminum molecules, hydrolysis, acidity, solvation structure, effect of counter ions, and chemical stability are discussed herein. Static computations augmented with the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) were used to investigate hundreds of planar and cyclic configurations of dimeric, trimeric, tetrameric, and pentameric aluminum complexes. Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) calculations were used to expand investigations to aqueous environments. This thesis consists of four articles and one additional article. The first paper focuses on the structural analysis of the hydrolysis products of AlCl3 · 6H2O. Dimeric, trimeric, and tetrameric aluminum (chloro)hydroxides were investigated in both gas and liquid phase. The liquid environment was modeled by using COSMO. The second and the additional paper concentrate on the chemistry of aluminum sulfate complexes. The second article focuses on identifying hydrolysis products of AlCl3 · 6H2O in the presence of sulfate (H2SO4). The additional paper focuses on the structural characteristics of the hydrolysis products of Al2 (SO4)3 · 18H2O. Structural information was deduced from the ESI MS results with the aid of computational methods. Detected cationic structures closely resembled the aluminum chlorohydrate analogues introduced in the first paper. The third and fourth articles are devoted to the hydrolysis, stability, and dynamics of dimeric and pentameric aluminum (chloro)hydroxides in aquatic environments. During the CPMD simulations, several spontaneous associative hydration reactions were detected in the primary hydration shell of the complexes. Dimeric aluminum chlorohydrates were detected to be stable in liquid conditions, whereas the pentameric aluminum complexes experienced significant topological changes during the simulations. Constrained simulations were used to reveal the role of chloride ions in the hydrolysis processes of dimeric complexes. The effect of the empirical van der Waals corrections to the dynamics of the simulations was also tested for the pentameric system. The results of this thesis showed unequivocally that computational chemistry provides effective tools for structural analysis of inorganic complexes such as, aluminum chlorohydrates and sulfates in both gas and liquid phase. In addition, calculations provided answers to the anomalies detected in the experiments. Hence, theoretical methods are highly recommended to be used alongside with conventional experimental methods in the interpretation of the aluminum species in aqueous solutions and to widen the overall chemical perspective of the hydrolysis of aluminum salts.
Prevalence of disease in dogs purchased from an animal rescue shelter

Northern Ireland was investigated. A postal questionnaire was completed by 556 people who had purchased a dog from the Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (uspcA) to provide information on the diseases suffered by their dog. The majority of the dogs (53.7 per cent) had an ailment, the most common being coughing and diarrhoea. Of the respondents who returned their dog to the uspcA, 92 per cent did so because the animal was unhealthy. Stray dogs were more likely to have an ailment than unwanted dogs, specifically coughing, and/or skin problems. More puppies suffered from parvovirus, vomiting, and/or diarrhoea than did juveniles or adults. Adult dogs were more likely to have a cough than juveniles or puppies. There was no association between the sex of the dogs and their ailments.
"Navigating the Different Spaces": Experiences of Inclusion and Isolation among Racially Minoritized Faculty in Canada.

The intersection of multiple identities (e.g., racialization, gender, class) strongly determines an individual’s social location. In-depth interviews with 42 racially minoritized academics in Canadian universities allowed U.S. to begin to grasp the challenges faced by those who must negotiate the different spaces in an academy that is predominately white, Eurocentric and male. Using an anti-racist framework, we found that the level of inclusion that racially minoritized academics in our study felt within their workplaces depended upon their experiences with 1) acceptance (e.g., through hiring, promotion, and tenure); 2) visibility (e.g., in terms of perceived power in informal and formal work interactions); 3) support (e.g., via collegial and administrative encouragement, assistance, collaboration and resource support); and 4) mentoring (e.g., in terms of providing and seeking mentor experiences). Our findings suggest that the increasing presence of racially minoritized academics may better serve institutional purposes of portraying a mission of diversity than actually achieving a mission of equity.
Robust Successive Compute-and-Forward Over Multiuser Multirelay Networks

This paper develops efficient compute-and-forward (CMF) schemes in multiuser multirelay networks. To solve the rank failure problem in CMF setups and to achieve full diversity of the network, we introduce two novel CMF methods, namely, extended CMF and successive CMF. The former, having low complexity, is based on recovering multiple equations at relays. The latter utilizes successive interference cancelation (SIC) to enhance system performance compared with the state-of-the-art schemes. Both methods can be utilized in a network with different number of users, relays, and relay antennas, with negligible feedback channels or signaling overhead. We derive new concise formulations and explicit framework for the successive CMF method, as well as an approach to reduce its computational complexity. Our theoretical analysis and computer simulations demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed CMF methods over the conventional schemes. Furthermore, based on our simulation results, the successive CMF method yields additional signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gains and shows considerable robustness against channel estimation error (CEE), compared with the extended CMF method.
Controversies in Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism

The approach to the diagnosis of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is under constant revision with advances in technology, noninvasive approaches, and increasing awareness of the risks of ionizing radiation. Optimal approaches in some categories of patients are controversial. Data are insufficient for evidence-based recommendations. Therefore, this survey of investigators in the field was undertaken. Even among experts there were marked differences of opinion regarding the approach to the diagnosis of acute PE. Although CT pulmonary angiography was usually the imaging test of choice, the respondents were keenly aware of the dangers of ionizing radiation. In view of advances in scintigraphic diagnosis since the Prospective Investigation of Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis (PIOPED) trial, ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) lung scans or perfusion scans alone and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) V/Q lung scans are often recommended. The choice depends on the patient’s age, gender, and complexity of the findings on the plain chest radiograph.
A Study of the Effect of Age, Gender, & GPA on the Ethical Behavior of Accounting Students

Continuing failures in the accounting profession have demonstrated a paucity of ethics at all levels. This has renewed discussions among accounting educators regarding their role in preparing accounting students to face ethical dilemmas in the accounting profession. This study first measured accounting students’ stated behavior by recording their responses to different scenarios on a Business Ethics Quiz. In a follow up experiment, these students’ grades are temporarily changed and an opportunity given to them to report the grading error. The purpose of this study is to observe whether their actual conduct (Actual Behavior) is consistent with their Stated Behavior. The results of this research indicate that, when faced with an ethical dilemma, although accounting students may state they will make ethical choices, their “Stated Behavior” had no correlation to their “Actual Behavior. ” Additional findings indicate that accounting students’ ethical choices are also not influenced by their age, gender, or GPA.
Stoking the drug target pipeline for human African trypanosomiasis

Trypanosoma brucei is the causative agent of African sleeping sickness, putting at risk up to 50 million people in sub‐Saharan Africa. Current drug therapies are limited by toxicity and difficult treatment regimes and as the development of vaccines remains unlikely, the identification of better drugs to control this deadly disease is needed. Strategies for the identification of new lead compounds include phenotypic screening or target‐based approaches. Implementation of the latter has been hampered by the lack of defined targets that are both essential and druggable. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Jones et al. ( ) report on the characterization of T. brucei pyridoxal kinase (PdxK), an enzyme required for the salvage of vitamin B6, an essential enzymatic cofactor. Genetic knock‐down and small molecule inhibitor studies were used to demonstrate that PdxK is essential for parasite growth both in vitro and in a mouse model, providing both genetic and chemical validation of the target. An enzyme assay compatible with high‐throughput screening (HTS) was developed and the X‐ray crystal structure solved, showing the potential for species selective inhibition. These studies add a greatly needed additional target into the drug discovery pipeline for this deadly parasitic infection.
Non-housekeeping genes expressed in human trabecular meshwork cell cultures

Purpose To identify non-housekeeping genes definitively expressed in the human trabecular meshwork (TM). Methods Microarray gene expression data on TM cultured cells from four studies were compared. Genes that were queried in at least three studies and assessed to be expressed in at least three studies were considered definitively expressed genes of the human TM. Housekeeping genes were removed from this set of genes. The non-housekeeping TM gene profile was analyzed for pathway enrichment and microRNA targeting, using bioinformatics tools. The results were compared with results of previous non-array based studies. Results Nine hundred and sixty-two genes were identified as non-housekeeping TM expressed genes. Analysis of these by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes led to identification of two enriched biologic pathways that achieved a highly significant Bonferroni p-value (p≤0.01): focal adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. Many of the genes were previously implicated in TM-related functions and the TM-associated disease glaucoma; however, some are novel. MicroRNAs known to be expressed in the trabecular meshwork were predicted to target some of the genes. Ten genes identified here, ALDH1A1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1), CDH11 (cadherin 11, type 2, OB-cadherin), CXCR7 (chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 7), CHI3L1 (chitinase 3-like 1), FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor 2), GNG11 (guanine nucleotide binding protein [G protein], gamma 11), IGFBP5 (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5), PTPRM (protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, M), RGS5 (regulator of G-protein signaling 5), and TUSC3 (tumor suppressor candidate 3), were also reported as TM expressed genes in three earlier non-microarray based studies. Conclusions A transcriptome consisting of 962 non-housekeeping genes definitively expressed in the human TM was identified. Multiple genes and microRNAs are proposed for further study for a better understanding of TM physiology.
Nuclear movement regulated by non-Smad Nodal signaling via JNK is associated with Smad signaling during zebrafish endoderm specification

Asymmetric nuclear positioning is observed during animal development, but its regulation and significance in cell differentiation remain poorly understood. Using zebrafish blastulae, we provide evidence that nuclear movement towards the yolk syncytial layer, which comprises extraembryonic tissue, occurs in the first cells fated to differentiate into the endoderm. Nodal signaling is essential for nuclear movement, whereas nuclear envelope proteins are involved in movement through microtubule formation. Positioning of the microtubule-organizing center, which is proposed to be crucial for nuclear movement, is regulated by Nodal signaling and nuclear envelope proteins. The non-Smad JNK signaling pathway, which is downstream of Nodal signaling, regulates nuclear movement independently of the Smad pathway, and this nuclear movement is associated with Smad signal transduction toward the nucleus. Our study provides insight into the function of nuclear movement in Smad signaling toward the nucleus, and could be applied to the control of TGFβ signaling. Summary: The movement of lateral marginal cell nuclei toward the yolk syncytial layer during endoderm specification involves the Nodal-regulated reorientation of microtubule-organizing centers, phospho-Smad2 nuclear translocation and sox32 induction.
Component Processes in Task Switching

Participants switched between two randomly ordered, two-choice reaction-time (RT) tasks, where an instructional cue preceded the target stimulus and indicated which task to execute. Task-switching cost dissipated passively while the participants waited for the instructional cue in order to know which task to execute (during the Response-Cue Interval). Switching cost was sharply reduced, but not abolished, when the participants actively prepared for the task switch in response to the instructional cue (during the Cue-Target Interval). The preparation for a task switch has shown not to be a by-product of general preparation by phasic alertness or predicting target onset. It is suggested that task-switching cost has at least three components reflecting (1) the passive dissipation of the previous task set, (2) the preparation of the new task set, and (3) a residual component.
How do implicit effects of subliminal mere exposure become explicit? Mediating effects of social interaction

Recent studies have shown that the mere exposure effect under subliminal conditions is more likely to occur for implicit attitudes than for explicit attitudes. We tested whether the implicit effects of subliminal mere exposure could spill over to the explicit level through social interaction. Preliminary experiment replicated the findings that the subliminal mere exposure effect occurs only for implicit attitudes, and not for explicit attitudes. Main experiment showed that this implicit effect could become explicit through discussion between two individuals who had been subliminally exposed to the same stimuli. However, this transformation of attitudes through social interaction did not occur when the two individuals were exposed to different stimuli. Implications were discussed in terms of justification through social interaction.
ALBI and PALBI grade predict survival for HCC across treatment modalities and BCLC stages in the MELD Era

The severity of liver dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often estimated with Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) classification or model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score. We aim to investigate the performance of albumin‐bilirubin (ALBI) and platelet‐albumin‐bilirubin (PALBI) grade, which are recently reported to be simple and objective measurements for liver reserve in HCC.
Effects of Long-term Experimental Warming on Aphid Density in the Field

Abstract Global warming is generally predicted to increase the intensity of herbivore pressure on plants. Support for this prediction often comes from short-term studies, or studies conducted in controlled laboratory settings. We examined the effect of long-term experimental warming on an aphid-sagebrush interaction (Obtusicauda coweni and Artemisia tridentata) in natural field plots in the Rocky Mountains. In no year did we find support for the prediction that warming increased aphid abundance or population growth. In fact, warming decreased aphid density on sagebrush in one year, tended to decrease aphids in a second year, and had no effect in a third year. In enclosures that excluded predators, warming decreased aphid population growth by an amount consistent with observed field density differences. Warming increased sagebrush carbon:nitrogen (C∶N) ratio and plant size, but there was no significant correlation between these variables and aphid growth or density. In a separate snow-manipulation experiment in unwarmed plots, the timing of snowmelt did not affect aphid density. In conclusion, warming reduced or did not affect aphid density in each of three years, but this effect could not be explained by differences in plant size, bulk C∶N ratio, predation, or snowmelt date. Our results suggest that long-term studies within a natural community context may provide counterexamples to the prediction that warming will increase herbivore pressure on plants.
A Foundation for Markov Equilibria in Infinite Horizon Perfect Information Games

We study perfect information games with an infinite horizon played by an arbitrary number of players. This class of games includes infinitely repeated perfect information games, repeated games with asynchronous moves, games with long and short run players, games with overlapping generations of players, and canonical non-cooperative models of bargaining. We consider two restrictions on equilibria. An equilibrium is purifiable if close by behavior is consistent with equilibrium when agents' payoffs at each node are perturbed additively and independently. An equilibrium has bounded recall if there exists K such that at most one player's strategy depends on what happened more than K periods earlier. We show that only Markov equilibria have bounded memory and are purifiable. Thus if a game has at most one long-run player, all purifiable equilibria are Markov.
Selection on breeding date and body size in colonizing coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

Selection during the colonization of new habitat is critical to the process of local adaptation, but has rarely been studied. We measured the form, direction, and strength of selection on body size and date of arrival to the breeding grounds over the first three cohorts (2003–2005) of a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) population colonizing 33 km of habitat made accessible by modification of Landsburg Diversion Dam, on the Cedar River, Washington, USA. Salmon were sampled as they bypassed the dam, parentage was assigned based on genotypes from 10 microsatellite loci, and standardized selection gradients were calculated using the number of returning adult offspring as the fitness metric. Larger fish in both sexes produced more adult offspring, and the magnitude of the effect increased in subsequent years for males, suggesting that low densities attenuated traditional size‐biased intrasexual competition. For both sexes, directional selection favoured early breeders in 2003, but stabilizing selection on breeding date was observed in 2004 and 2005. Adults that arrived, and presumably bred, early produced stream‐rearing juvenile offspring that were larger at a common date than offspring from later parents, providing a possible mechanism linking breeding date to offspring viability. Comparison to studies employing similar methodology indicated selection during colonization was strong, particularly with respect to reproductive timing. Finally, female mean reproductive success exceeded that needed for replacement in all years so the population expanded in the first generation, demonstrating that salmon can proficiently exploit vacant habitat.
Physician gender differences in general and cancer-specific prevention attitudes and practices

Background. Findings are inconsistent regarding physician gender differences in general prevention practices and cancer-specific attitudes and practices. Methods. We analyzed cross-sectional data from randomly selected physicians (N-722) to test associations of gender with prevention practices and attitudes. Results. Chi-square analyses (P<.05) showed gender differences for 14% (7/49) of the general and cancer-specific practices and attitudes tested. Multivariate analyses revealed that gender significantly (P<.05) predicted general prevention practices and cancer-specific attitudes in 4 models. Female gender predicted discussion of physical activity, violence, and use of substances. Male gender predicted belief in effectiveness of prostate-specific antigen screening. Conclusions. Overall, male and female physicians showed more similarities than differences, but physician gender was associated with a number of important general and cancer-specific prevention services. Female physicians were more likely to discuss general health prevention activities than male physicians, especially issues considered sensitive. We discuss implications for research and education.