Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bounding multiple unicasts through index coding and Locally Repairable Codes

We establish a duality result between linear index coding and Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs). Specifically, we show that a natural extension of LRCs we call Generalized Locally Repairable Codes (GLCRs) are exactly dual to linear index codes. In a GLRC, every node is decodable from a specific set of other nodes and these sets induce a recoverability directed graph. We show that the dual linear subspace of a GLRC is a solution to an index coding instance where the side information graph is this GLRC recoverability graph. We show that the GLRC rate is equivalent to the complementary index coding rate, i.e. the number of transmissions saved by coding. Our second result uses this duality to establish a new upper bound for the multiple unicast network coding problem. In multiple unicast network coding, we are given a directed acyclic graph and r sources that want to send independent messages to r corresponding destinations. Our new upper bound is efficiently computable and relies on a strong approximation result for complementary index coding. We believe that our bound could lead to an approximation guarantee for multiple unicast network coding if a plausible connection we state is verified.
An ECN probe-based connection acceptance control

Connection acceptance control is a mechanism which can be used to moderate the load placed on a network by turning away connection requests during times of overload. Traditionally these mechanisms have been implemented by setting up state within a network using signalling protocols, such as the IETF's Resource Reservation Protocol. There have been recent proposals for admission control based on end-systems probing the network to infer network load. These distributed algorithms often have less router state and hence scale more easily. This paper discusses an ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) probe-based admission control protocol that is fast, scalable and robust. The protocol's performance is then studied through simulation. It is concluded that probe-based admission control is viable in both partitioned and integrated networks, but more research is needed to understand the implications for network policy control.
Violence against women in intimate relationships: Explanations and suggestions for interventions as perceived by healthcare workers, local leaders, and trusted community members in a northern district of Vietnam

Aim: This study explored professionals' and trusted community inhabitants' explanations of the violence between intimate partners and their suggestions for preventive activities. It was performed in a rural district in northern Vietnam. Methods: A total of 20 men and 20 women were strategically selected for focus-group discussions and the analyses followed the procedure for qualitative thematic content analysis. Results: It was pointed out that violence against women was not discussed openly in the community and women subjected to violence kept silent and avoided seeking help in order not to reveal what was happening in the family. The informants perceived the violence as an interplay between individual and family-related factors and sociocultural norms and practices where Confucian ideology exerted a strong influence. When it came to prevention, there was a strong belief in educating the people and in enforcing policy and law. Conclusions: As described by the informants, traditional attitudes to gender roles and women's power disadvantage are found to be behind most of the explanations for intimate partner violence. Collaboration between sectors at local level, between the health sector and other bodies, and with community leaders as spokesmen would help to improve openness and reduce society's tolerance of violence against women. The mass media also have an important role to play.
Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population‐based observation in Ohasama, Japan

Objective To compare the predictive powers of self-measurement of blood pressure at home (home blood pressure measurement) and casual (screening) blood pressure measurement for mortality. Design A prospective cohort study. Subjects and methods We obtained home and screening blood pressure measurements for 1789 subjects aged ≥ 40 years who were followed up for a mean of 6.6 years. The prognostic significance of blood pressure for mortality was determined by the Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, past history of cardiovascular disease, and the use of antihypertensive medication. Results When the home blood pressure values and the screening blood pressure values were simultaneously incorporated into the Cox model as continuous variables, only the average of multiple (taken more than three times) home systolic blood pressure values was significantly and strongly related to the cardiovascular mortality risk. The average of the two initial home blood pressure values was also better related to the mortality risk than were the screening blood pressure values. Conclusions Home blood pressure measurement had a stronger predictive power for mortality than did screening blood pressure measurement for a general population. This appears to be the first study in which the prognostic significances of home and screening blood pressure measurements have been compared.
Explosive Nucleosynthesis in GRB Jets Accompanied by Hypernovae

Two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations are performed to investigate explosive nucleosynthesis in a collapsar using the model of MacFadyen and Woosley. It is shown that 56Ni is not produced in the jet of the collapsar sufficiently to explain the observed amount in a hypernova when the duration of the explosion is ~10 s. Even though a considerable amount of 56Ni is synthesized if all the explosion energy is deposited initially, the opening angles of the jets become too wide to realize highly relativistic outflows. From these results, it is concluded that the origin of 56Ni in hypernovae associated with GRBs is not the explosive nucleosynthesis in the jet. We consider that the idea that the origin is the explosive nucleosynthesis in the accretion disk is more promising. We also show that the explosion becomes bipolar naturally because of the deformed progenitor. This fact suggests that the 56Ni is synthesized in the accretion disk and conveyed as outflows blown along the rotation axis, which will explain the line features of SN 1998bw and the double-peaked line features of SN 2003jd. Some fraction of the gamma-ray lines from 56Ni decay in the jet will appear without losing their energies as long as the jet is a relativistic flow, which may be observed as relativistically Lorentz-boosted line profiles in the future. We show that the abundance of nuclei whose mass number ~40 in the ejecta depends sensitively on the energy deposition rate. So it may be determined by observations of chemical composition in metal-poor stars which model is the proper one.
Cardiac stress test is normal in pre‐motor Parkinson's disease

Cardiac sympathetic denervation is an early nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of the current study was to trace evidence for cardiac dysfunction abnormalities in the premotor phase of PD. We retrospectively reviewed treadmill ergometric tests of a large cohort (n = 16,841) between 2000 and 2012, that attended the Executive Screening Survey (ESS) at Sheba Medical Center. Heart rate and blood pressure profiles as well as exercise capacity were compared between subjects who later developed PD and age‐ and sex‐matched subjects (ratio 1:2) who did not. We identified 28 subjects (24 males) who developed PD at follow‐up. The PD group was older than the group of subjects who did not develop PD on first ergometric test (64.82 ± 8.82 vs. 48.91 ± 10.60 years, P < 0.001). The time between the first ergometric test and motor symptoms onset was 4.64 ± 2.86 years. Patients who later developed PD had lower maximal heart rate (P < 0.001) and lower heart rate reserve than healthy controls (P < 0.001); however, compared with age‐ and sex‐matched subjects, subjects who developed PD had similar exercise capacity and heart rate profile during rest, exercise, and recovery, even 1 year before diagnosis. In this study, we did not detect significant signs of sympathetic dysfunction during the premotor phase of PD. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Adenovirus: the first effective in vivo gene delivery vector.

The adenovirus, an 80–100 nm, nonenveloped, icosahedral capsid, double-stranded DNA virus, is a well-known cause of respiratory tract infections (Ginsberg, 1984). Adenovirus infection in humans usually is mild, but in immunocompromised individuals, it can be life threatening. The adenovirus was first isolated from human adenoids in 1953. There are over 50 known serotypes (Wilson, 1996; Hackett and Crystal, 2008). In the late 1980s, when we began to think about strategies of transferring genes in vivo, the adenovirus was known to be trophic for the respiratory epithelium. The virus had been sequenced in its entirety, many human serotypes were known, and the detailed biology of how the virus replicated and assembled was well described (Ginsberg, 1984; Russell, 2009). The stage was set, partly by serendipity, to adapt the adenovirus to be an effective means of transferring genes in vivo.
Response to: Comment on “Intervention Effects of a School-Based Health Promotion Programme on Obesity Related Behavioural Outcomes”

Evaluating multicomponent health programmes in public institutions is always a complex task and requires careful planning [1]. Reporting the outcomes in a precise and understandable manner is a further challenge for the researcher [2]. The points raised by Li et al. [3] are very valid and were also considered by us when writing the paper. Although outlined by Dreyhaupt et al. [4], not all planned analyses were incorporated in our paper [5]. Since the paper [5] (especially Methods) ended up being considerably substantial, we refrained from adding results of further statistical analyses to the paper. Further, in previous paper concerning cross-sectional results of this study, we referred to the respective consideration of clustering effects including adequate statistical methods [6, 7]. Since almost no clustering effects were observed, we refrained from introducing them in the present paper, even due to the associated complexity [2]. However, we have compared the results of the logistic regression models used and published in the paper with the results of generalised linear mixed models considering possible clustering effects in schools. Only a slight difference between odds ratios (ORs) was derived from the logistic regression models and the ORs from generalised linear mixed models for the variables “soft drink consumption” and “skipping breakfast. ” Hence, we refrained from explaining and mentioning it in the paper. To reveal these above-mentioned slight differences between the results published in the paper and those derived from mixed models accounting for clustering, we included Table 1, which shows the results from both types of analysis. The ORs for our outcome variables physical activity, screen media use, soft drink consumption, and breakfast habits show no significant differences, and therefore we assume no clustering effects in our data. Table 1 Comparison of the results derived from logistic regression models and generalised linear mixed models.
Dialect and Accent Recognition Using Phonetic-Segmentation Supervectors

We describe a new approach to automatic dialect and accent recognition which exceeds state-of-the-art performance in three recognition tasks. This approach improves the accuracy and substantially lower the time complexity of our earlier phoneticbased kernel approach for dialect recognition. In contrast to state-of-the-art acoustic-based systems, our approach employs phone labels and segmentation to constrain the acoustic models. Given a speaker’s utterance, we first obtain phone hypotheses using a phone recognizer and then extract GMM-supervectors for each phone type, effectively summarizing the speaker’s phonetic characteristics in a single vector of phone-type supervectors. Using these vectors, we design a kernel function that computes the phonetic similarities between pairs of utterances to train SVM classifiers to identify dialects. Comparing this approach to the state-of-the-art, we obtain a 12.9% relative improvement in EER on Arabic dialects, and a 17.9% relative improvement for American vs. Indian English dialects. We also see a 53.5% relative improvement over a GMM-UBM on American Southern vs. Non-Southern English.
The Role of Lactate-Mediated Metabolic Coupling between Astrocytes and Neurons in Long-Term Memory Formation

Long-term memory formation, the ability to retain information over time about an experience, is a complex function that affects multiple behaviors, and is an integral part of an individual’s identity. In the last 50 years many scientists have focused their work on understanding the biological mechanisms underlying memory formation and processing. Molecular studies over the last three decades have mostly investigated, or given attention to, neuronal mechanisms. However, the brain is composed of different cell types that, by concerted actions, cooperate to mediate brain functions. Here, we consider some new insights that emerged from recent studies implicating astrocytic glycogen and glucose metabolisms, and particularly their coupling to neuronal functions via lactate, as an essential mechanism for long-term memory formation.
Computing with Features as Formulae

This paper extends the approach to feature structures developed in Johnson (1991a), which uses Schonfinkel-Bernays' formulae to express feature structure constraints. These are shown to be a disjunctive generalization of Datalog clauses, as used in database theory. This paper provides a fixed-point characterization of the minimal models of these formulae that serves as the theoretical foundation of a forward-chaining algorithm for determining their satisfiability. This algorithm, which generalizes the standard attribute-value unification algorithm, is also recognizable as a nondeterministic variant of the semi-naive bottom-up algorithm for evaluating Datalog programs, further strengthening the connection between the theory of feature structures and databases.
A learned comparative expression measure for Affymetrix genechip DNA microarrays

Perhaps the most common question that a microarray study can ask is, "Between two given biological conditions, which genes exhibit changed expression levels? " Existing methods for answering this question either generate a comparative measure based upon a static model, or take an indirect approach, first estimating absolute expression levels and then comparing the estimated levels to one another. We present a method for detecting changes in gene expression between two samples based on data from Affymetrix GeneChips. Using a library of over 200,000 known cases of differential expression, we create a learned comparative expression measure (LCEM) based on classification of probe-level data patterns as changed or unchanged. LCEM uses perfect match probe data only; mismatch probe values did not prove to be useful in this context. LCEM is particularly powerful in the case of small microarry studies, in which a regression-based method such as RMA cannot generalize, and in detecting small expression changes. At the levels of selectivity that are typical in microarray analysis, the LCEM shows a lower false discovery rate than either MAS5 or RMA trained from a single chip. When many chips are available to RMA, LCEM performs better on two out of the three data sets, and nearly as well on the third. Performance of the MAS5 log ratio statistic was notably bad on all datasets.
Generation of Micronuclei during Interphase by Coupling between Cytoplasmic Membrane Blebbing and Nuclear Budding

Micronucleation, mediated by interphase nuclear budding, has been repeatedly suggested, but the process is still enigmatic. In the present study, we confirmed the previous observation that there are lamin B1-negative micronuclei in addition to the positive ones. A large cytoplasmic bleb was found to frequently entrap lamin B1-negative micronuclei, which were connected to the nucleus by a thin chromatin stalk. At the bottom of the stalk, the nuclear lamin B1 structure appeared broken. Chromatin extrusion through lamina breaks has been referred to as herniation or a blister of the nucleus, and has been observed after the expression of viral proteins. A cell line in which extrachromosomal double minutes and lamin B1 protein were simultaneously visualized in different colors in live cells was established. By using these cells, time-lapse microscopy revealed that cytoplasmic membrane blebbing occurred simultaneously with the extrusion of nuclear content, which generated lamin B1-negative micronuclei during interphase. Furthermore, activation of cytoplasmic membrane blebbing by the addition of fresh serum or camptothecin induced nuclear budding within 1 to 10 minutes, which suggested that blebbing might be the cause of the budding. After the induction of blebbing, the frequency of lamin-negative micronuclei increased. The budding was most frequent during S phase and more efficiently entrapped small extrachromosomal chromatin than the large chromosome arm. Based on these results, we suggest a novel mechanism in which cytoplasmic membrane dynamics pulls the chromatin out of the nucleus through the lamina break. Evidence for such a mechanism was obtained in certain cancer cell lines including human COLO 320 and HeLa. The mechanism could significantly perturb the genome and influence cancer cell phenotypes.
Reactive power compensation for wind power plants

This technical paper provides the basic guidelines for the application of reactive compensation systems to be used as part of a wind power plant. A brief history of wind plant reactive compensation system is discussed, then the fundamental needs of why reactive compensation is required. The paper will then provide some alternatives for reactive compensation, how to size the reactive compensation, and finally some of the principles on how different compensation devices work.
Etomidate elevates intracellular calcium levels and promotes catecholamine secretion in bovine chromaffin cells

Etomidate, an intravenous imidazole general anaesthetic, is thought to produce anaesthesia by modulating or activating ionotropic Cl−‐permeable GABAA receptors. Chromaffin cells are known to express functional GABAA receptors with properties similar to their neuronal counterparts. We have shown that activation of the GABAA receptors, with specific GABAA agonists, leads to cellular excitation. Our goal was to determine whether etomidate mimicked this response and to explore the functional consequences of this activation. Imaging experiments with the Ca2+‐indicator dye fura‐2 were used to assay [Ca2+]i. Bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were superfused with a variety of GABAA‐selective drugs to determine their effects on [Ca2+]i. Amperometric measurements were used to assay catecholamine release in real‐time. We show that bovine adrenal chromaffin cells were excited by etomidate at clinically relevant concentrations. Etomidate directly activated GABAA receptors found in chromaffin cells thereby elevating [Ca2+]i. The effects of etomidate were mimicked by the specific GABAA agonist muscimol and blocked by the specific antagonist bicuculline. Our data show that low concentrations of etomidate modulated GABAA receptor activation by muscimol. Blockade of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels prevented the elevation of [Ca2+]i by GABA. Application of etomidate directly to the chromaffin cells elicited robust catecholamine secretion from these cells. The data indicate that clinically relevant concentrations of etomidate can directly activate GABAA receptors, which, due to the positive anion equilibrium potential, depolarizes chromaffin cells. This depolarization activates voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels thereby stimulating catecholamine release. Our data suggest that circulating catecholamine levels may be elevated after etomidate application.
Dissociative autoionization in (1+2)-photon above-threshold excitation of H2 molecules

We have studied theoretically the effect of dissociative autoionization on the photoelectron energy spectrum in (1 + 2)-photon above-threshold ionization (ATI) of H2 molecules. We have considered excitation from the ground X 1g+(v = 0,j) state to the doubly excited autoionizing states of 1u+ and 1u symmetry, via the intermediate resonant B 1u+(v = 5,j) states. We have shown that the photoelectron energy spectrum is oscillatory in nature and shows three distinct peaks above the photoelectron energy 0.7 eV. This feature has been observed in a recent experiment by Rottke et al (1997 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 30 4049).
Multicomponent physical exercise with simultaneous cognitive training to enhance dual-task walking of older adults: a secondary analysis of a 6-month randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up

Background About one-third of people older than 65 years fall at least once a year. Physical exercise has been previously demonstrated to improve gait, enhance physical fitness, and prevent falls. Nonetheless, the addition of cognitive training components may potentially increase these effects, since cognitive impairment is related to gait irregularities and fall risk. We hypothesized that simultaneous cognitive–physical training would lead to greater improvements in dual-task (DT) gait compared to exclusive physical training. Methods Elderly persons older than 70 years and without cognitive impairment were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) virtual reality video game dancing (DANCE), 2) treadmill walking with simultaneous verbal memory training (MEMORY), or 3) treadmill walking (PHYS). Each program was complemented with strength and balance exercises. Two 1-hour training sessions per week over 6 months were applied. Gait variables, functional fitness (Short Physical Performance Battery, 6-minute walk), and fall frequencies were assessed at baseline, after 3 months and 6 months, and at 1-year follow-up. Multiple regression analyses with planned comparisons were carried out. Results Eighty-nine participants were randomized to three groups initially; 71 completed the training and 47 were available at 1-year follow-up. DANCE/MEMORY showed a significant advantage compared to PHYS in DT costs of step time variability at fast walking (P=0.044). Training-specific gait adaptations were found on comparing DANCE and MEMORY: DANCE reduced step time at fast walking (P=0.007) and MEMORY reduced gait variability in DT and DT costs at preferred walking speed (both trend P=0.062). Global linear time effects showed improved gait (P<0.05), functional fitness (P<0.05), and reduced fall frequency (−77%, P<0.001). Only single-task fast walking, gait variability at preferred walking speed, and Short Physical Performance Battery were reduced at follow-up (all P<0.05 or trend). Conclusion Long-term multicomponent cognitive–physical and exclusive physical training programs demonstrated similar potential to counteract age-related decline in physical functioning.