Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
There is still room for disagreement about vaginal delivery of breech infants at term

Judith Lumley argued that there is no room left for disagreement about vaginal delivery of breech infants at term in her commentary of the Term Breech Trial. This large, international trial indicated that a policy of planned caesarean section reduced perinatal mortality, late neonatal mortality and serious neonatal morbidity by two-thirds. This combined outcome was found in 17/1039 pregnancies in the planned caesarean section group compared with 52/1039 pregnancies in the planned vaginal birth group (RR 0.33; 95% CI: 0.19–0.56). No differences were found in maternal mortality or serious maternal morbidity between the two groups: 41/1041 in the planned caesarean section group compared with 33/1042 in the planned vaginal birth group (RR 1.24; 95% CI: 0.79–1.95). Both findings, however, can be criticised for methodological reasons. Investigating the details of stillbirths, neonatal deaths and neonatal and maternal morbidities more closely, the data are less convincing than are now echoed in all commentaries, workshops and newspapers.
Trust in and legitimacy of the police among American college students

The purpose of this study is to assess whether police fairness, effectiveness, assistance and fear of crime variables help explain trust in the police among university students. Five hundred questionnaires were distributed to all students in randomly selected summer courses offered by the university in 2012; 414 questionnaires were filled and returned, yielding a response rate of about 83%. Ordinary least square regression was used to estimate the effects of our independent variables on college students’ trust in the police. The results show that police fairness and police assistance were significantly related to trust in the police after accounting for respondents’ demographic characteristics. However, fear of crime and police effectiveness did not predict students’ trust in the police. This study was carried out on a sample of college students in one Carnegie 1 institution, thus findings have limited generalisability and need to be interpreted with caution. Our research and findings add another small piece to the theoretical confusion, and inconsistent findings, on the topics of factors supporting trust in the police which now characterises the literature, but do not undermine the basic policy value of procedural justice. This study can provide useful references for policing scholars, policy makers and police practitioners.
FABP7 and HMGCS2 Are Novel Protein Markers for Apocrine Differentiation Categorizing Apocrine Carcinoma of the Breast

Apocrine carcinoma of the breast is a distinctive malignancy with unique morphological and molecular features, generally characterized by being negative for estrogen and progesterone receptors, and thus not electable for endocrine therapy. Despite the fact that they are morphologically distinct from other breast lesions, no standard molecular criteria are currently available for their diagnosis. Using gel-based proteomics in combination with mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry we have identified two novel markers, HMGCS2 and FABP7 that categorize the entire breast apocrine differentiation spectrum from benign metaplasia and cysts to invasive stages. Expression of HMGCS2 and FABP7 is strongly associated with apocrine differentiation; their expression is retained by most invasive apocrine carcinomas (IAC) showing positive immunoreactivity in 100% and 78% of apocrine carcinomas, respectively, as compared to non-apocrine tumors (16.7% and 6.8%). The nuclear localization of FABP7 in tumor cells was shown to be associated with more aggressive stages of apocrine carcinomas. In addition, when added to the panel of apocrine biomarkers previously reported by our group: 15-PGDH, HMGCR and ACSM1, together they provide a signature that may represent a golden molecular standard for defining the apocrine phenotype in the breast. Moreover, we show that combining HMGCS2 to the steroidal profile (HMGCS2+/Androgen Receptor (AR)+/Estrogen Receptor(ER)-/Progesteron Receptor (PR)- identifies IACs with a greater sensitivity (79%) as compared with the steroidal profile (AR+/ER-/PR-) alone (54%). We have also presented a detailed immunohistochemical analysis of breast apocrine lesions with a panel of antibodies against proteins which correspond to 10 genes selected from published transcriptomic signatures that currently characterize molecular apocrine subtype and shown that except for melanophilin that is overexpressed in benign apocrine lesions, these proteins were not specific for morphological apocrine differentiation in breast.
A Distributed Dynamic Frequency Allocation Algorithm

We consider a network model where the nodes are grouped into a number of clusters and propose a distributed dynamic frequency allocation algorithm that achieves performance close to that of a centralized optimal algorithm. Each cluster chooses its transmission frequency band based on its knowledge of the interference that it experiences. The convergence of the proposed distributed algorithm to a sub-optimal frequency allocation pattern is proved. For some specific cases of spatial distributions of the clusters in the network, asymptotic bounds on the performance of the algorithm are derived and comparisons to the performance of optimal centralized solutions are made. These analytic results and additional simulation studies verify performance close to that of an optimum centralized frequency allocation algorithm. It is demonstrated that the algorithm achieves about 90% of the Shannon capacities corresponding to the optimum/near-optimum centralized frequency band assignments. Furthermore, we consider the scenario where each cluster can be in active or inactive mode according to a two-state Markov model. We derive conditions to guarantee finite steady state variance for the output of the algorithm using stochastic analysis. Further simulation studies confirm the results of stochastic modeling and the performance of the algorithm in the time-varying setup.
A statistical comparison of written language and nonlinguistic symbol systems

Are statistical methods useful in distinguishing written language from nonlinguistic symbol systems? Some recent articles (Rao et al. 2009a, Lee et al. 2010a) have claimed so. Both of these previous articles use measures based at least in part on bigram conditional entropy, and subsequent work by one of the authors (Rao) has used other entropic measures. In both cases the authors have argued that the methods proposed either are useful for discriminating between linguistic and nonlinguistic systems (Lee et al.), or at least count as evidence of a more ‘inductive’ kind for the status of a system (Rao et al.). Using a larger set of nonlinguistic and comparison linguistic corpora than were used in these and other studies, I show that none of the previously proposed methods are useful as published. However, one of the measures proposed by Lee and colleagues (2010a) (with a different cut-off value) and a novel measure based on repetition turn out to be good measures for classifying symbol systems into the two categories. For the two ancient symbol systems of interest to Rao and colleagues (2009a) and Lee and colleagues (2010a)—Indus Valley inscriptions and Pictish symbols, respectively—both of these measures classify them as nonlinguistic, contradicting the findings of those previous works.
Language problem or language conflict? Narratives of immigrant women’s experiences in the US

This article investigates how Latin American women who migrate to the US frame their language experiences through narratives told in sociolinguistic interviews. As narratives reflect and shape social realities and relationships, narrative analysis can illuminate how individuals position themselves relative to language obstacles and ideologies, thus providing insights into processes that are central to the migration experiences of millions of individuals. We found that women related two types of stories: language conflict narratives, in which language was presented as part of a broader ethnic or social conflict, and language difficulty narratives, which focused on individual, personal problems with language experienced by protagonists. Our analysis illustrates how interviewers’ questions, and the interviewees’ language conflict narratives in particular, confirm, reproduce, but also contest central language ideologies and dominant discourses about migration in the US.
Expanding the Ecological Lens in Child Welfare Practice to Include Other Animals

Sixty-nine million U.S. households have companion animals and most of these families consider these animals to be family members. Research shows that children have powerful emotional connections with animals that can be both beneficial and harmful. Considerable research findings report that violence against animals often co-occurs with, indicates, or predicts other forms of family violence, including child abuse. A companion animal may be an abused child's confidante, and separation from that animal through foster care may be a source of stress and grief for that child. Child welfare agencies are slowly acknowledging some animal-human relationships, especially in regard to animal abuse and family violence, yet professional acceptance of the significance of animals in the lives of children is often piecemeal. Being a meaningful part of the family system means that including questions and observations about the past and current presence ofanimals in child welfare households, the meaning those animals have for each family member, their care, and whether any of them have been hurt or killed is important to effective family-centered practice. This article discusses how taking a more ecological approach by consciously integrating animal-human relationships into child welfare practice can help caseworkers make a more accurate and useful assessment of child safety and well-being.
Learning About Categories in the Absence of Training: Profound Amnesia and the Relationship Between Perceptual Categorization and Recognition Memory

Previous evidence suggests that amnesics can categorize stimuli as well as normal individuals but are significantly worse at recognizing those stimuli. In an extreme case, a profoundly amnesic individual, E.P., was found to have near-normal categorization, yet, unlike most amnesics, was unable to recognize better than chance. This evidence has been used to argue against the possibility that a common memory system underlies these cognitive processes. However, we provide evidence that the experimental procedures typically used to test amnesic individuals may be flawed in that initial exposure to category members may be unnecessary to observe accurate categorization of test stimuli. We experimentally “induced” profound amnesia in normal individuals by telling them they had viewed subliminally presented stimuli, which were never actually presented. Using the same experimental paradigm used to test amnesics, we observed that participants' recognition performance was completely at chance, as should be expected, yet categorization performance was quite good.
Suspicion of pulmonary embolism in outpatients: nonspecific chest pain is the most frequent alternative diagnosis

Objectives. Several recent studies have focused on identifying clinical predictors of embolism. However, although pulmonary embolism is ruled out in 70–85% of the patients in whom it is suspected, data on the clinical characteristics and discharge diagnosis of such patients are scarce. Our aim was to evaluate whether clinical characteristics would allow predicting alternative diagnoses other than pulmonary embolism thereby ruling out venous thromboembolism.
One Hour of Myocardial Ischemia Decreases the Activity of the Stimulatory Guanine-Nucleotide Regulatory Protein Gs

The effect of 1 hour of myocardial ischemia on the function of the stimulatory guaninenucleotide- binding protein G1 was examined. This study follows our recent finding that myocardial ischemia increases the density of β-adrenoreceptors in a conscious canine model while having the opposite effect on the activity of adenylate cyclase. Coronary artery occlusion was induced in five conscious dogs and verified by measurement of blood flow using the Doppler and microsphere techniques. Alterations in the level and function of G1 were examined in sarcolemmal membranes prepared from ischemic and nonischemic regions of the left ventricle. After 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion, the functional activity of sarcolemmal G1, as determined by reconstitution with eye" membranes, decreased by 27 ± 7% in the ischemic zone. Cholera toxin labeling performed in parallel with the reconstitution studies demonstrated a similar decrease of 28 ± 7%. This was associated with decreases in basal activity and decreases in adenylate cyclase activity stimulated by GTP, GTP phis isoproterenol, sodium fluoride, and forskoBn. Thus, a delect distal to the β-adrenoreceptor occurs in the transduction of adrenergjc signals to the heart as a consequence of 1 hour of ischemia.
STRESSORS AMONG SOUTH AFRICAN SOCCER OFFICIALS: A PROFILE ANALYSIS

The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of selected stressors to the level of stress experienced by South African soccer officials. Forty-two South African Football Association (SAFA) accredited officials, attending a training camp in Potchefstroom, participated in this study. The group comprised of 40 male and two female officials. The average age of the officials was 37.52 (±6.09) years, and the period for which they were accredited as a SAFA official ranged from 2 to 27 years. The Ontario Soccer Officials’ Survey (OSOS) was used to determine the perceived levels of stress. The results indicated that fitness concerns were rated as the highest contributor to the stress experienced followed by role-culture conflicts, fear of failure, peer conflicts, interpersonal conflict, time pressures and lastly, fear of physical harm. The Spearman Rank Order Correlation showed a high correlation between the number of years the officials were accredited with SAFA and the total level of stress they experienced. Furthermore, the results indicated that 60% of the officials, who served as an accredited official for longer than 12 years, experienced five to seven stressors, which contributed to the total level of perceived stress. Keywords: Soccer; Officials; Acute stress; Certification; Sport; South Africa South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation , 2012, 34(2): 53-62.
Key-consonant theory: comparative analysis of Spanish and English

OF THE THESIS Key-Consonant Theory: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and English by Selene Gongora Baltazar Master of Arts in Linguistics San Diego State University, 2011 Key-consonant theory is not just concerned with trying to find a meaning to consonants, but to use this information in order to facilitate learning the vocabulary of a second language (L2). Furthermore, this theory broadens the aspects of how we learn our first language (L1) because it shows deep connections between entities and what we associate to them. This understanding could potentially be applied to an L2 making it easier to recall many other new words, an unavoidable and tedious task. There are two goals for this thesis: to apply key-consonant theory to Spanish and to compare the results to English. Using my native speaker intuition, words beginning with eight consonants were categorized by semantic relationships; those categories were later put together into a metaphoric extension where a visual and stronger relationship is shown among the final categories. Within the metaphoric extension, there is one key word (in bold) and the others are sub-meanings as they branch out. These metaphoric extensions are the final results of the data that were then compared to bar-Lev’s data in English. What is most interesting from the comparison, but not surprising, is the similarity between both languages, which reveals both languages’ common history, the influence of Latin. As Spanish speakers learn English, and vice versa, one of the goals of such results is to encourage them to make connections on their own and be able to make an educated guess about a word’s definition instead of having to rely heavily on a dictionary. The reader should be warned that there is no concrete proof of the results; they simply try to explain the phenomenon of how we to associate one entity to another through language. It might be a concept hard to grasp, but without a doubt it is a point of view that opens up minds and possibilities. There has already been extensive research on the topic; it is not a new idea that consonants carry meaning, so I only wish to contribute results for one more language. I believe this theory also makes an attempt to portray how our mind does not solely focus on one meaning for an entity, but rather how it makes connections beyond our immediate thoughts. We are often unaware of this process and this thesis also sheds some light on its complexity.
Metabolic energy reduction by glucose deprivation and low gas exchange preserves platelet function after 48 h storage at 4 °C

Introduction We showed earlier that metabolically suppressed platelets (MSP) prepared by incubation in glucose‐free, antimycin A medium at 37 °C better sustained storage at 4 °C than untreated controls at 22 °C. However, the use of the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A is incompatible with platelet transfusion.
Prospective Field Study of Transovarial Dengue-Virus Transmission by Two Different Forms of Aedes aegypti in an Urban Area of Bangkok, Thailand

ABSTRACT: A prospective field study was conducted to determine transovarial dengue-virus transmission in two forms of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in an urban district of Bangkok, Thailand. Immature Aedes mosquitoes were collected monthly for one year and reared continuously until adulthood in the laboratory. Mosquitoes assayed for dengue virus were processed in pools and their dengue virus infection status was determined by one-step RT-PCR and nested-PCR methods. Of a total 15,457 newly emerged adult Ae. aegypti, 98.2% were dark and 1.8% of the pale form. The results showed that the minimum infection rate (MIR) by transovarial transmission (TOT) of dengue virus during the one-year study ranged between 0 to 24.4/1,000 mosquitoes. Dengue virus TOT increased gradually during the hot summer months, reaching a peak in AprilJune, while dengue cases peaked in September, a rainy month near the end of the rainy season. Therefore, mosquito infections due to TOT were prevalent four months before a high incidence of human infections. TOT dengue virus infections occurred in both forms of Ae. aegypti. All four dengue serotypes were detected, with DEN-4 predominant, followed by DEN-3, DEN1, and DEN-2, respectively.
Treatment of Unstable Thoracolumbar Burst Fractures by Indirect Reduction and Posterior Stabilization: Short-Segment Versus Long-Segment Stabilization

In order to compare short-segment stabilization with long-segment stabilization for treating unstable thoracolumbar fractures, we studied fifty patients suffered from unstable thoracolumbar burst fractures. Thirty of them were managed with long-segment posterior transpedicular instrumentation and twenty patients with short-segment stabilization. The mean follow up period was 5.2 years. Pre-operative and post-operative radiological parameters, like the Cobb angle, the kyphotic deformation and the Beck index were evaluated. A statistically significant difference between the two under study groups was noted for the Cobb angle and the kyphotic deformation, while, as far as the Beck index is concerned, no significant difference was noted. In conclusion, either the long-segment or the short-segment stabilization is able for reducing the segmental kyphosis and the vertebral body deformation postoperatively. However, as time goes by, the long-segment stabilization is associated with better results as far as the radiological parameters, the indexes and the patient’s satisfaction are concerned.
Characteristics of Cancer Patients in Internet Cancer Support Groups

The purpose of this study was to describe characteristics of cancer patients who were attending Internet cancer support groups and to provide direction for future research. A total of 204 cancer patients were recruited through Internet cancer support groups by posting the study announcement on the Web sites of such groups. The participants were asked to fill out Internet survey questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics and health/disease status. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including t tests, analysis of variance, and Chi-square tests. Findings indicate that cancer patients recruited through Internet cancer support groups tended to be middle-aged, well-educated, female, and middle class. The findings also indicate that there were significant differences in some characteristics according to gender and ethnicity. Based on the findings, some implications are suggested for future research using and developing Internet cancer support groups.
Genetic Testing of Newborns for Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility – The MIDIA Study

1.1 Background and status of knowledge Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease that develops in genetically susceptible individuals whose immune system destroys the majority of insulin-secreting βcells in pancreatic islets (Eizirik et al., 2009). The incidence of T1D has increased more than twoto threefold over the past half century, the most striking example being Finland where it has risen from 12 to 63/100,000 (Knip & Siljander, 2008; Patterson et al., 2009). This increase in incidence has not been paralleled by an increase in the frequency of major risk genes, including HLA class II, insulin, PTPN22, CTLA-4 and IL2RA (Barrett et al., 2009). Indeed, the prevalence of the classical HLA class II genes, which account for approximately 40% of genetic risk, appears to be decreasing (Gillespie et al., 2004; Fourlanos et al., 2008). There are now more than 40 risk loci associated with T1D with the majority of non-HLA genes displaying odds ratio <1.2. (Barrett et al., 2009). Moreover, most individuals who possess T1D risk genes do not develop the disease. Importantly, the concordance rate among monozygotic twins ranges from as low as 25 to 65% (Redendo et al., 1999, 2008; Hyttinen et al., 2003) and is approximately 6% in siblings. A common explanation has been that changes in environment must contribute to the increase in the disease. In particular, environmental exposures to dietary antigens and microbes have been implicated (Knip et al., 2005; Lefebvre et al., 2006). However, no single pathogenic environmental agent has been identified that explain all cases. In all likelihood, T1D develops by various combinations of pathways in response to commonly encountered environmental exposures.
Variation in academics’ accounts of tutorials

There is a growing literature that has examined academics’ approaches to, and accounts of, teaching. One aspect that has not been examined is academics’ perceptions of particular teaching methods. In this study, academics’ accounts of tutorials at the University of Oxford were used as an ‘ideal type’ in order to examine whether there is variation in the ways that academics experience a single teaching method. An analysis of interviews with 20 academics led to the development of four qualitatively different ways in which academics described the purpose of tutorials. This article examines whether there appeared to be systematic subject‐based differences in the ways academics described tutorials, as well as examining relations between academics’ accounts of tutorials and their approaches to teaching. In doing so, the study offers insight into the different ways in which academics account for a particular teaching and learning task, which has important implications for the approach that is taken to supporting university teaching more generally.