Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Entwicklungsniveaus sozio-moralischen Denkens:

Zusammenfassung. Der Einsatz standardisierter Fragebogen zur Erfassung des Entwicklungsniveaus sozio-moralischen Denkens ist in manchen Untersuchungsbereichen unangemessen. Wenn diese Verfahren in solchen Bereichen dennoch Verwendung finden, liegt dies oftmals darin begrundet, das die Durchfuhrung von Interviews sehr aufwendig ist. Schriftliche Verfahren mit offenem Antwortformat bieten hier eine praktikable Alternative. So haben Gibbs, Basinger und Fuller (1992) das Sociomoral Reflection Measure - Short Form (SRM-SF) entwickelt und gute Testkennwerte erzielt. Die Studie uberpruft, ob das SRM-SF auf deutschsprachige Verhaltnisse ubertragbar ist. Hierfur wurde eine deutschsprachige Version des SRM-SF (SRM-SF-D) entwickelt und getestet. In einer Stichprobe von 350 Jugendlichen (M = 15.6 Jahre) ergab sich eine ausreichende interne Konsistenz fur die Skala. Statistisch signifikante Unterschiede im Entwicklungsniveau waren zwischen Jahrgangsstufen, Schultypen und Geschlechtern zu verzeichnen. Zudem differenzie.
Bullying Among Adolescents in North Cyprus and Turkey

Peer bullying has been studied since the 1970s. Therefore, a vast literature has accumulated about the various predictors of bullying. However, to date there has been no study which has combined individual-, peer-, parental-, teacher-, and school-related predictors of bullying within a model. In this sense, the main aim of this study was to test a multifactor model of bullying among adolescents in North Cyprus and Turkey. A total of 1,052 adolescents (554 girls, 498 boys) aged between 13 and 18 (M = 14.7, SD = 1.17) were recruited from North Cyprus and Turkey. Before testing the multifactor models, the measurement models were tested according to structural equation modeling propositions. Both models indicated that the psychological climate of the school, teacher attitudes within classroom, peer relationships, parental acceptance-rejection, and individual social competence factors had significant direct effects on bullying behaviors. Goodness-of-fit indexes indicated that the proposed multifactor model fitted both data well. The strongest predictors of bullying were the psychological climate of the school following individual social competence factors and teacher attitudes within classroom in both samples. All of the latent variables explained 44% and 51% of the variance in bullying in North Cyprus and Turkey, respectively.
Sociology of Law in a Digital Society - A Tweet from Global Bukowina

Is it possible to determine the Facebook Gemeinschaft or the living law of the global file-sharing community ? What are the social facts of twitter or the intuitive law of Chinese microbloggers ? This paper argues that digitisation of society, the reliance on digital networks, protocol, algorithms and completely new sets of organisational structures for social communities, have vast implications for core interests within socio-legal research. This, I argue, should therefore be seen as potential for a possible revival of socio-legal classical theorists, following from the fact that several of them struggled to grasp the role of law and norms in a society that in many cases were also in a technology-related metamorphosis. This relates to norm pluralism, or possibly an anomic state in which norms fail to describe reality as it is perceived. For example, copyright law does not describe the reality of distribution and reproduction of cultural content as conceptualised by the younger generation, which leads to its decreased legitimacy in society. However, here I suggest two complementary traits. First, the study of how we conceptualise law in relation to reality, I argue, could benefit from using findings in cognitive theory relating to conceptual metaphor theory. Language and legal language are expanding and are renegotiated in relation to the massive need to conceptualise digital phenomena. Secondly, I argue that the inherent preconditions in the technologies themselves are of particular socio-legal relevance. This means that the regulating aspects of (programming) code deserve extra attention when studying the socio-legal aspects of a digital society. 1
Occupational Exposure to Needle Stick and Sharp Injuries and Associated Factors among Health Care Workers in Awi Zone, Amhara Regional State, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016

Background Needle stick and sharp injuries were one of the major risk factors for blood and body fluid borne infections at health care facilities. Objective To assess occupational exposure to needle stick and sharp injuries and associated factors among health care workers in Awi zone, 2016. Methods institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among 193 health care workers. Study participants were selected using systematic random sampling technique. Result When queried, 18.7% of the respondents' encountered needle stick and sharp injury in the last 1 year. Participants who practiced needle recapping and had job related stress were 21.3 and 7.3 times more likely to face needle stick and sharp injury, respectively. However, those who apply universal precautions and acquire the required skill were 99% and 96% times less likely to face needle stick and sharp injury, respectively, than their counterparts. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of needle stick and sharp injury was relatively low as compared to previous studies. Recapping of needle after use, job related stress, not applying universal precautions, and lack of the required skill were associated with needle stick and sharp injuries. Therefore, health care providers should apply universal precaution.
Spoken Word Recognition in Reading Disabled Children.

This study compared spoken word recognition in 39 reading disabled and 61 normally achieving children on a speech gating task and examined the relationships among speech recognition, phonemic awareness, and reading. Children listened to increasingly longer segments of the speech input from word onset and guessed the identity of the target word. Words were either high or low frequency and had few or many similarly sounding word neighbors in the listener's lexicon. Reading disabled children needed more of the speech input than normally achieving peers to identify target words with few similarly sounding neighbors. The amount of speech input for recognition predicted the youngest children's reading performance, after variance due to measures of phonemic awareness and receptive vocabulary were accounted for. The argument is developed that spoken word recognition may be developmentally delayed in those with reading disabilities and may play a causal role in these children's failure to acquire adequate alphabetic knowledge.
FGF-Dependent, Context-Driven Role for FRS Adapters in the Early Telencephalon

FGF signaling, an important component of intercellular communication, is required in many tissues throughout development to promote diverse cellular processes. Whether FGF receptors (FGFRs) accomplish such varied tasks in part by activating different intracellular transducers in different contexts remains unclear. Here, we used the developing mouse telencephalon as an example to study the role of the FRS adapters FRS2 and FRS3 in mediating the functions of FGFRs. Using tissue-specific and germline mutants, we examined the requirement of Frs genes in two FGFR-dependent processes. We found that Frs2 and Frs3 are together required for the differentiation of a subset of medial ganglionic eminence (MGE)-derived neurons, but are dispensable for the survival of early telencephalic precursor cells, in which any one of three FGFRs (FGFR1, FGFR2, or FGFR3) is sufficient for survival. Although FRS adapters are dispensable for ERK-1/2 activation, they are required for AKT activation within the subventricular zone of the developing MGE. Using an FRS2,3-binding site mutant of Fgfr1, we established that FRS adapters are necessary for mediating most or all FGFR1 signaling, not only in MGE differentiation, but also in cell survival, implying that other adapters mediate at least in part the signaling from FGFR2 and FGFR3. Our study provides an example of a contextual role for an intracellular transducer and contributes to our understanding of how FGF signaling plays diverse developmental roles. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT FGFs promote a range of developmental processes in many developing tissues and at multiple developmental stages. The mechanisms underlying this multifunctionality remain poorly defined in vivo. Using telencephalon development as an example, we show here that FRS adapters exhibit some selectivity in their requirement for mediating FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling and activating downstream mediators that depend on the developmental process, with a requirement in neuronal differentiation but not cell survival. Differential engagement of FRS and non-FRS intracellular adapters downstream of FGFRs could therefore in principle explain how FGFs play several distinct roles in other developing tissues and developmental stages.
ABT-263 Enhances Sensitivity to Metformin and 2-Deoxyglucose in Pediatric Glioma by Promoting Apoptotic Cell Death

Pediatric high grade glioma is refractory to conventional multimodal treatment, highlighting a need to develop novel efficacious therapies. We investigated tumor metabolism as a potential therapeutic target in a panel of diverse pediatric glioma cell lines (SF188, KNS42, UW479 and RES186) using metformin and 2-deoxyglucose. As a single agent, metformin had little effect on cell viability overall. SF188 cells were highly sensitive to 2-deoxyglucose however, combination of metformin with 2-deoxyglucose significantly reduced cell proliferation compared to either drug alone in all cell lines tested. In addition, the combination of the two agents was associated with a rapid decrease in cellular ATP and subsequent AMPK activation. However, increased cell death was only observed in select cell lines after prolonged exposure to the drug combination and was caspase independent. Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins have been indicated as mediators of resistance against metabolic stress. Therefore we sought to determine whether pharmacological inhibition of BCL-2/BCL-xL with ABT-263 could potentiate apoptosis in response to these agents. We found that ABT-263 increased sensitivity to 2-deoxyglucose and promoted rapid and extensive cell death in response to the combination of 2-deoxyglucose and metformin. Furthermore, cell death was inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK suggesting that ABT-263 potentiated caspase-dependent cell death in response to 2-deoxyglucose or its combination with metformin. Overall, these data provide support for the concept that targeting metabolic and anti-apoptotic pathways may be an effective therapeutic strategy in pediatric glioma.
A Theory of Sport and Politics

The study of international relations purports to explain how nation-states and individuals interact around the globe. Yet one major area of such interaction – international sport – remains exceedingly understudied. This in spite of the fact that countries have gone to war over sport, fought for sovereign recognition through sport, and that citizens around the world have it as a daily part of their lives. Indeed it is astounding that a phenomenon that matters so much has been so little studied by a field that purports to explain relations between states and humans around the world. These deficiencies became more apparent in 2008 when we witnessed the world's biggest country hosting the world's biggest sporting event. The Beijing Olympics, though entertaining and exciting, showed how little we have thought about the link between sport and international politics. This article introduces a framework for understanding the link between sport and politics. Its point of entry is to argue that many of the questions about how China portrayed itself during the Olympics and whether the Games marked China's rise as a responsible power cannot be answered without first understanding how sport in general is related to a country's political development, and its sense of nationhood. My arguments do not represent new breakthroughs in political science, rather I attempt merely to offer a systematic way of thinking about how sports and the Olympics matter in world politics through three inter-related causal pathways relating to a country's sense of self, its diplomacy, and its capacity for change.
Cohorts in Educational Leadership Programs: Benefits, Difficulties, and the Potential for Developing School Leaders

Cohorts are an innovation being employed in many educational leadership programs. To determine faculty perceptions of the advantages and liabilities of this approach, including the potential of cohorts to develop quality school leaders, a large-scale survey of educational leadership program faculty was conducted. The perceptions of both cohort users and nonusers were captured, revealing sharp contrasts in how those embracing or rejecting cohorts view this innovation. Promising lines of future inquiry also are discussed.
Race, identity, and representation in education

Three separate themes form the basis of this collection: the conceptualization of race as a category within the literature; the presentation of multidisciplinary theoretical and empirical work that discusses the issue of race and education; and the creation of a forum for scholars in the First and Third Worlds which would allow for dialogue on national and international levels. The volume brings together many of the most articulate and visible scholars across the humanities and social sciences. The issue of race and representation is explored in the fields of education, cultural and women's studies, literature, sociology and African-American studies. Despite differing orientations, however, the contributors all share a common concern for stressing the importance of social context, nuance and language in understanding the dynamics of race relations. McCarthy has published "Race and Curriculum" (Falmer Press, 1990); Crichlow has published "Becoming Somebody" (Falmer Press, 1992).
A human endothelial cell-restricted, externally disposed plasmalemmal protein enriched in intercellular junctions

We have raised an mAb to a previously undescribed 135-kD externally disposed integral membrane protein that is enriched in the intercellular junctional domain of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. This protein localizes at the appositional surfaces of cells as they become confluent and is stably expressed in the junctional zones of confluent monolayers. This protein is expressed in situ on continuous endothelia of all blood vessels in all human tissues examined. Moreover, this protein, as determined by mAb immunocytochemistry, is not expressed by any other cell type. This protein may mediate endothelial-specific functions restricted to the intercellular domain. It may also serve as a unique cell surface marker for the identification and purification of human endothelial cells.
CONVERGENCE OF INCOME ACROSS PENNSYLVANIA COUNTIES

The neoclassical growth model implies that if two economies have the same preferences and technology, the poorer country will tend to grow faster in per capita terms. The relatively homogeneous counties of Pennsylvania provide an excellent test of the model's convergence predictions. There is no evidence of absolute convergence of income levels among Pennsylvania counties. The divergence between the very highest and very lowest income counties is due to changes in relative county wages. I utilize a set of panel data to properly account for individual effects, and find a conditional convergence rate of 2 percent.
Fluidity in the self-concept: the shift from personal to social identity

Dominant personality models of the self-concept (e.g. self-schema theory) conceive of the self as a relatively stable cognitive representation or schema. The self-schema controls how we process self-relevant information across a myriad of situations. Conversely, self-categorization theory argues that self-perception is highly variable and context-dependent. It was hypothesized in two studies (N=114 and 200) that the effect of personal self-schemas on information-processing would be eliminated when the context makes a conflicting higher-order identity salient. Results largely supported self-categorization theory. Across various dependent measures (trait endorsements, response latencies, and confidence in self-descriptions), participants generally responded in line with the salient identity, even if this pattern of responding directly contradicted their personal self-schema. Implications for dominant personality models of the self-concept are examined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with degenerative aortic stenosis.

BACKGROUND In patients with severe degenerative aortic stenosis (DAS) the operative mortality risk is 3% for isolated aortic valve replacement (AVR), but it significantly increases in patients with concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) and internal carotid artery stenosis (ICAS). AIM To assess the frequency of ICAS > or = 50% and factors determining its occurrence in patients with severe calcified DAS referred for AVR. METHODS The study included 104 patients (67 men), aged 63.4+/-8.4 years, with symptomatic moderate-to-severe DAS (aortic valve area <1.5 cm2) undergoing coronary angiography prior to valve surgery. In all patients Doppler ultrasound of carotid arteries was performed with the assessment of lumen stenosis. RESULTS Significant CAD, defined as at least one lumen reduction > or = 50% in a main coronary artery, was found in 44 (42.3%) patients and ICAS > or = 50% in 13 (12.5%) patients. Among patients with DAS, 12 (27.3%) out of 44 patients with significant CAD and 1 (1.7%) out of 60 patients without CAD had ICAS > or = 50% (p <0.001). The frequency of ICAS > or = 50% increased with advancing CAD, occurring in 4 (25%) out of 16 patients with 1-vessel CAD, 3 (25%) out of 12 with 2-vessel CAD and (31.3%) out of 16 patients with 3-vessel CAD (p <0.001). The independent ICAS predictors by multivariate regression analysis were identified as: concomitant CAD (p <0.001), diabetes (p=0.054), cigarette smoking (p=0.08) and decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (p=0.039). ICAS > or = 50% was found to be an independent predictor of CAD (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS ICAS > or = 50% occurs in 13% of patients with isolated DAS and in 27% of those with DAS and CAD. Independent ICAS risk factors were identified as CAD, diabetes and cigarette smoking. Duplex ultrasound of carotid arteries should be considered in patients with DAS and concomitant CAD prior to AVR.
State Dependence in Pharmaceutical Prescription Choice: Implications for Physician Authority and Market Structure

Exploiting a rich dataset on complete physician and patient prescription histories of anti-ulcer medication in Italy over a three-year period, we explore the extent of persistence in pharmaceutical prescription choices over time. The results have important implications along two dimensions. First, persistence in choice behavior over time and across doctors can shed light on the degree of patient versus physician authority in dictating drug prescriptions. Second, apart from authority issues, choice persistence implies switching costs in drug markets. The presence of switching costs can have importance e ects both on competition and entry conditions in pharmaceutical markets and in the consumer welfare and (insurer) cost of the lifetime treatment of disease. [Verify:] Controlling for unobserved heterogeity with either xed or random e ects estimators lessens but does not eliminate the strength of these ndings. Preliminary: comments welcome. We thank Drs. Giuseppe Traversa and Roberto Da Cas at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita' for allowing us access to the data. The authors may be contacted at gsc@econ.duke. edu and castorp@leland.stanford. edu
Thromboembolic Complications in Arthroscopic Surgery

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a relatively rare complication of arthroscopic surgery but has the potential to cause significant morbidity and even mortality. VTE has been reported after shoulder and knee arthroscopy prompting controversial guidelines to be proposed. More limited studies are available regarding hip and ankle arthroscopy and 1 case of deep venous thrombosis in the contralateral leg status after hip arthroscopy exists. No reports have been published regarding VTE after elbow or wrist arthroscopy to these authors’ knowledge. In this article, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to analyze the incidence, treatment, and prevention of thromboembolic complications in arthroscopy.
The Development of a Community of Inquiry over Time in an Online Course: Understanding the Progression and Integration of Social, Cognitive and Teaching Presence.

The purpose of this study was to explore the dynamics of an online educational experience through the lens of the Community of Inquiry framework. Transcript analysis of online discussion postings and the Community of Inquiry survey were applied in order to understand the progression and integration of each of the Community of Inquiry presences. The results indicated significant change in teaching and social presence categories over time. Moreover, survey results yielded significant relationships among teaching presence, cognitive presence and social presence, and students’ perceived learning and satisfaction in the course. The findings have important implications theoretically in terms of confirming the framework and practically by identifying the dynamics of each of the presences and their association with perceived learning and satisfaction.
The impact of Greek Orthodoxy on entrepreneurship: a theoretical framework

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to offer a theoretical framework for the analysis of the eventual implications of Greek Orthodoxy for business and entrepreneurial activities in general. Design/methodology/approach - The paper examines the basic concepts, tenets and principles – in particular, those being of interest to business and entrepreneurship – of a specific religious worldview, Greek Orthodoxy. It then applies these religious norms to value-based entrepreneurial pursuits and assesses their potential impact on entrepreneurial motivation and action. Particular emphasis is given to the societal relevance of this comprehensive worldview. In this respect, it is argued that Greek Orthodoxy's binding principles should also be examined in their relationship with ethno-religious communities underlying the formation of entrepreneurial networks beneficial to economic prosperity and overall welfare. Findings - The paper conceptualises the potential benefits derived from a specific religious worldview, as well as its capacity to enrich entrepreneurial discourses. While these benefits are primarily situated at the individual level (at least to the degree to which religious beliefs can inform decisions), there is a rationale in viewing religious truth claims as constituent of ethno-religious identities of both local and immigrant communities. Propositions exemplifying the behaviour of entrepreneurs who draw from such important ethic and religious resources are also offered. Limitations of the present study, as well as areas of prospective research, are equally taken into consideration. Originality/value - The paper attempts to offer a tentative framework epitomising the significance of Greek Orthodoxy for the world of business and entrepreneurship. It further provides the theoretical foundations of future empirical research on religious-based entrepreneurial attitudes in the wider context of Eastern Orthodoxy.