Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Aalborg Universitet Experimental Study of the Benefits of a Second Antenna at the User Side in a Massive MIMO System

MassiveMIMO is commonly described as a large number of base station (BS) antennas serving a smaller number of single-antenna users. However, adding a second antenna to the user handset opens the possibility to exploit multiplexing techniques and obtain higher throughput. This paper is based on a measurement campaign comprising a BS with 64 elements reconfigurable into three shapes: 1) a very large arraywith 6-m aperture; 2) a large arraywith 2m aperture; and 3) a compact two dimensional arraywith 25 cm by 28 cm sides.We study the throughput in single-user andmulti-user scenarios using both non-linear optimal and linear precoders. The experimental results show that the throughput increases when adding a second antenna, but the increase is lower than in Gaussian channels due to the intra-user correlation. However, increasing the number of BS antennas, massive MIMO achieves more benefits from the second antenna. A large number of users in the system and the inter-user correlation reduce the benefits of a second antenna in the user handset. INDEX TERMS Massive MIMO, multi-user MIMO, channel measurements, indoor propagation, antenna arrays.
Electron work function at grain boundary and the corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline metallic materials

Due to their high grain boundary density, nanocrystalline materials possess unusual mechanical, physical and chemical properties. Extensive research on nanocrystalline materials has been conducted in recent years. Many studies have shown that corrosion, one of important properties of nanocrystalline materials, is crucial to their applications. In this article, the activity of electrons at grain boundaries of metallic surfaces is analyzed based the electron work function (EWF), the minimum energy required to attract electrons from inside a metal. It is demonstrated that at grain boundaries, the electron work function decreases, indicating that at a grain boundary, electrons are more active. As a result, the surface becomes more electrochemically reactive. Such increase in electrochemical reactivity has negative effect on the corrosion resistance of nanocrystalline materials. However, for a passive nanocrystalline metal or alloy, the nanocrystalline structure is beneficial to its corrosion resistance through rapid formation of a protective passive film. The mechanisms responsible for the variation in EWF at grain boundary and effects of nanocrystallization on corrosion are discussed in this article.
Polymorphisms of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B and aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 and the blood and salivary ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations of Japanese alcoholic men.

BACKGROUND The effects of genetic polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2) on alcohol metabolism are striking in nonalcoholics, and the effects of genetic polymorphism of alcohol dehydrogenase-1B (ADH1B) are modest at most, whereas genetic polymorphisms of both strongly affect the susceptibility to alcoholism and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancer of drinkers. METHODS We evaluated associations between ADH1B/ADH1C/ALDH2 genotypes and the blood and salivary ethanol and acetaldehyde levels of 168 Japanese alcoholic men who came to our hospital for the first time in the morning and had been drinking until the day before. RESULTS The ethanol levels in their blood and saliva were similar, but the acetaldehyde levels in their saliva were much higher than in their blood, probably because of acetaldehyde production by oral bacteria. Blood and salivary ethanol and acetaldehyde levels were both significantly higher in the subjects with the less active ADH1B*1/*1 genotype than in the ADH1B*2 carriers, but none of the levels differed according to ALDH2 genotype. Significant linkage disequilibrium was detected between the ADH1B and ADH1C genotypes, but ADH1C genotype did not affect the blood or salivary ethanol or acetaldehyde levels. High blood acetaldehyde levels were found even in the active ALDH2*1/*1 alcoholics, which were comparable with the levels of the inactive heterozygous ALDH2*1/*2 alcoholics with less active ADH1B*1/*1. The slope of the increase in blood acetaldehyde level as the blood ethanol level increased was significantly steeper in alcoholics with inactive heterozygous ALDH2*1/*2 plus ADH1B*2 allele than with any other genotype combinations, but the slopes of the increase in salivary acetaldehyde level as the salivary ethanol level increased did not differ between the groups of subjects with any combinations of ALDH2 and ADH1B genotypes. CONCLUSIONS The ADH1B/ALDH2 genotype affected the blood and salivary ethanol and acetaldehyde levels of nonabstinent alcoholics in a different manner from nonalcoholics, and clear effects of ADH1B genotype and less clear effects of ALDH2 were observed in the alcoholics. Alterations in alcohol metabolism as a result of alcoholism may modify the gene effects, and these findings provide some clues in regard to associations between the genotypes and the risks of alcoholism and UADT cancer.
Ten-year literature review of global endometrial ablation with the NovaSure® device

This review examines the peer-reviewed literature describing prospective studies that report amenorrhea rates, patient satisfaction, and surgical reintervention rates following the NovaSure® endometrial ablation procedure. A search of the English-language literature published from 2000 to 2011 was conducted using PubMed. Ten prospective studies, six single-arm NovaSure trials, and four randomized controlled trials comparing the NovaSure procedure with other global endometrial ablation modalities met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. The follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 60 months. Amenorrhea rates for the NovaSure procedure ranged from 30.0% to 75.0%. Patients who reported being satisfied with the NovaSure procedure ranged from 85.0% to 94.0%. In randomized controlled trials with other global endometrial ablation modalities, amenorrhea rates at 12 months with the NovaSure procedure ranged from 43.0% to 56.0%, while other modalities ranged from 8% to 24%. In addition, this manuscript reviews the following: the NovaSure technology; use of the NovaSure procedure in the office setting; intraoperative and postoperative pain; effects on premenstrual syndrome (PMS); dysmenorrhea; special circumstances, including presence of uterine disease, history of cesarean delivery, coagulopathy, or use of anticoagulant medication; post-procedure uterine cavity assessment and cancer risk; contraception and pregnancy; and safety.
Two caesium vanadium hydrogenphosphates with tunnelled structures: Cs(2)V(2)O(3)(PO(4))(HPO(4)) and Cs(2)[(VO)(3)(HPO(4))(4)(H(2)O)].H(2)O.

Dicaesium divanadium trioxide phosphate hydrogenphosphate, Cs(2)V(2)O(3)(PO(4))(HPO(4)), (I), and dicaesium tris[oxidovanadate(IV)] hydrogenphosphate dihydrate, Cs(2)[(VO)(3)(HPO(4))(4)(H(2)O)]. H(2)O, (II), crystallize in the monoclinic system with all atoms in general positions. The structures of the two compounds are built up from VO(6) octahedra and PO(4) tetrahedra. In (I), infinite chains of corner-sharing VO(6) octahedra are connected to V(2)O(10) dimers by phosphate and hydrogenphosphate groups, while in (II) three vanadium octahedra share vertices leading to V(3)O(15)(H(2)O) trimers separated by hydrogenphosphate groups. Both structures show three-dimensional frameworks with tunnels in which Cs(+) cations are located.
Elevated levels of IFNγ and LIGHT in the spinal cord of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a paralytic and fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by the gradual loss of both upper and lower motoneurons. There is compelling evidence from ALS experimental models that neuroinflammation actively contributes to motoneuron damage. We recently proposed that interferon gamma (IFNγ), a potent proinflammatory cytokine, induces motoneuron death by eliciting the activation of the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LT‐βR) through its ligand LIGHT. Here, we explore the pertinence of this non‐cell‐autonomous mechanism in human ALS.
Ultrafast Ultrasound Imaging Using Combined Transmissions With Cross-Coherence-Based Reconstruction

Plane-wave-based ultrafast imaging has become the prevalent technique for non-conventional ultrasound imaging. The image quality, especially in terms of the suppression of artifacts, is generally compromised by reducing the number of transmissions for a higher frame rate. We hereby propose a new ultrafast imaging framework that reduces not only the side lobe artifacts but also the axial lobe artifacts using combined transmissions with a new coherence-based factor. The results from simulations, in vitro wire phantoms, the ex vivo porcine artery, and the in vivo porcine heart show that our proposed methodology greatly reduced the axial lobe artifact by 25±5 dB compared with coherent plane-wave compounding (CPWC), which was considered as the ultrafast imaging standard, and suppressed side lobe artifacts by 15 ± 5 dB compared with CPWC and coherent spherical-wave compounding. The reduction of artifacts in our proposed ultrafast imaging framework led to a better boundary delineation of soft tissues than CPWC.
The Role of Socioeconomic Status in the Narrative Story Retells of School-Aged English Language Learners.

Purpose We examined the relationship between maternal level of education as an index of socioeconomic status (SES) on the narrative story retells of school-aged children who are English language learners (ELLs) to guide interpretation of results. Method Using data available from the Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts database (Miller & Iglesias, 2012), we were able to compare the language samples of 907 ELL students in kindergarten and 2nd grade whose parents had different levels of education. We used a simple linear regression to see if maternal level of education was predictive of measures of vocabulary, syntax, and narrative structure in Spanish and English narrative story retells. Results There were no differences in language measures between children from different SES backgrounds for the Spanish language samples. There were differences with the English language samples in four of the five measures for the kindergarten sample and only three of five measures for the older children, with a smaller percentage of the variance explained. Conclusion Despite common knowledge that SES has a negative influence on language, the actual influence on the narrative productions of school-aged ELLs was less than anticipated for English and absent for Spanish. The implications for assessment are discussed and concluded.
Asthma and the achievement gap among urban minority youth.

OBJECTIVES To outline the prevalence and disparities of asthma among school-aged urban minority youth, causal pathways through which poorly controlled asthma adversely affects academic achievement, and proven or promising approaches for schools to address these problems. METHODS Literature review. RESULTS Asthma is the most common chronic disease affecting youth in the United States; almost 10 million youth under 18 (14%) have received a diagnosis and 6.8 million (9%) have active asthma. Average annual prevalence estimates were approximately 45% higher for Black versus White children (12.8% vs. 8.8%), as were average annual estimates of asthma attacks (8.4% vs. 5.8%). Urban minority youth have highly elevated prevalence of poorly controlled asthma as evidenced by overuse of emergency departments and under-use of efficacious medications. Poorly controlled asthma has functional consequences on cognition, connectedness with school, and absenteeism. Exemplary asthma programs include management and support systems, school health and mental health services, asthma education, healthy school environments, physical education and activity, and coordination of school, family, and community efforts. CONCLUSIONS Asthma and, more importantly, poorly controlled asthma are highly and disproportionately prevalent among school-aged urban minority youth, has a negative impact on academic achievement through its effects on cognition, school connectedness, and absenteeism, and effective practices are available for schools to address this problem. To reduce the adverse effects of poorly controlled asthma on learning, a multifaceted approach to asthma control and prevention in which schools can and must play a central role is essential.
Modeling global water use for the 21st century : The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative and its approaches

Abstract. To sustain growing food demand and increasing standard of living, global water use increased by nearly 6 times during the last 100 years, and continues to grow. As water demands get closer and closer to the water availability in many regions, each drop of water becomes increasingly valuable and water must be managed more efficiently and intensively. However, soaring water use worsens water scarcity conditions already prevalent in semi-arid and arid regions, increasing uncertainty for sustainable food production and economic development. Planning for future development and investments requires that we prepare water projections for the future. However, estimations are complicated because the future of the world's waters will be influenced by a combination of environmental, social, economic, and political factors, and there is only limited knowledge and data available about freshwater resources and how they are being used. The Water Futures and Solutions (WFaS) initiative coordinates its work with other ongoing scenario efforts for the sake of establishing a consistent set of new global water scenarios based on the shared socio-economic pathways (SSPs) and the representative concentration pathways (RCPs). The WFaS "fast-track" assessment uses three global water models, namely H08, PCR-GLOBWB, and WaterGAP. This study assesses the state of the art for estimating and projecting water use regionally and globally in a consistent manner. It provides an overview of different approaches, the uncertainty, strengths and weaknesses of the various estimation methods, types of management and policy decisions for which the current estimation methods are useful. We also discuss additional information most needed to be able to improve water use estimates and be able to assess a greater range of management options across the water–energy–climate nexus.
Concrete Over the Top--Or, is there Life After Peak?

Test results are presented that show the postpack response of concretes of 3 different strengths under triaxial stress states. These test results clearly show the transition from brittle to ductile behavior under increasing confinement, the residual strength, and the strain behavior at and after peak. Some evidence that indicates that Drucker's postulate may be relaxed for concrete is presented also. Concrete of different strengths behave similarly, with increasing brittleness for higher strength concretes.
The presynaptic ribbon maintains vesicle populations at the hair cell afferent fiber synapse

The ribbon is the structural hallmark of cochlear inner hair cell (IHC) afferent synapses, yet its role in information transfer to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) remains unclear. We investigated the ribbon’s contribution to IHC synapse formation and function using KO mice lacking RIBEYE. Despite loss of the entire ribbon structure, synapses retained their spatiotemporal development and KO mice had a mild hearing deficit. IHCs of KO had fewer synaptic vesicles and reduced exocytosis in response to brief depolarization; a high stimulus level rescued exocytosis in KO. SGNs exhibited a lack of sustained excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs). We observed larger postsynaptic glutamate receptor plaques, potentially compensating for the reduced EPSC rate in KO. Surprisingly, large-amplitude EPSCs were maintained in KO, while a small population of low-amplitude slower EPSCs was increased in number. The ribbon facilitates signal transduction at physiological stimulus levels by retaining a larger residency pool of synaptic vesicles.
An instrument to assess self-efficacy in introductory algorithms courses

W e report on the development and validation of an instrument to assess self-efficacy in an introductory algorithms course. The instrument was designed based upon previous work by Ramalingam and Wiedenbeck and evaluated in a multi-institutional setup. We performed statistical evaluations of the scores obtained using this instrument and compared our findings with validated psychometric measures. These analyses show our findings to be consistent with self-efficacy theory and thus suggest construct validity.
Serum concentrations of haptoglobin and hemopexin in favism and thalassemia.

The serum levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and hemopexin (Hx) have been investigated in favism and thalassemia. In 25 children with favism, Hp was absent in 22 and both Hp and Hx in 7 cases. In 45 children with Cooley’s anemia, Hp was absent in 13 and Hx in 37 cases. In 25 adult carriers of thalassemia minor, the findings were similar to those observed in healthy controls. The absence of Hx in spite of moderate hemolysis in most cases of Cooley’s anemia is emphasized.
Review of the flood risk management system in Germany after the major flood in 2013

Widespread flooding in June 2013 caused damage costs of €6 to 8 billion in Germany, and awoke many memories of the floods in August 2002, which resulted in total damage of €11.6 billion and hence was the most expensive natural hazard event in Germany up to now. The event of 2002 does, however, also mark a reorientation toward an integrated flood risk management system in Germany. Therefore, the flood of 2013 offered the opportunity to review how the measures that politics, administration, and civil society have implemented since 2002 helped to cope with the flood and what still needs to be done to achieve effective and more integrated flood risk management. The review highlights considerable improvements on many levels, in particular (1) an increased consideration of flood hazards in spatial planning and urban development, (2) comprehensive property-level mitigation and preparedness measures, (3) more effective flood warnings and improved coordination of disaster response, and (4) a more targeted maintenance of flood defense systems. In 2013, this led to more effective flood management and to a reduction of damage. Nevertheless, important aspects remain unclear and need to be clarified. This particularly holds for balanced and coordinated strategies for reducing and overcoming the impacts of flooding in large catchments, cross-border and interdisciplinary cooperation, the role of the general public in the different phases of flood risk management, as well as a transparent risk transfer system. Recurring flood events reveal that flood risk management is a continuous task. Hence, risk drivers, such as climate change, land-use changes, economic developments, or demographic change and the resultant risks must be investigated at regular intervals, and risk reduction strategies and processes must be reassessed as well as adapted and implemented in a dialogue with all stakeholders.
Addressing Age-Related Bias in Sentiment Analysis

Computational approaches to text analysis are useful in understanding aspects of online interaction, such as opinions and subjectivity in text. Yet, recent studies have identified various forms of bias in language-based models, raising concerns about the risk of propagating social biases against certain groups based on sociodemographic factors (e.g., gender, race, geography). In this study, we contribute a systematic examination of the application of language models to study discourse on aging. We analyze the treatment of age-related terms across 15 sentiment analysis models and 10 widely-used GloVe word embeddings and attempt to alleviate bias through a method of processing model training data. Our results demonstrate that significant age bias is encoded in the outputs of many sentiment analysis algorithms and word embeddings. We discuss the models' characteristics in relation to output bias and how these models might be best incorporated into research.
Fabrication and thermoelectric properties of Yb-doped ZrNiSn half-Heusler alloys

Half-Heusler (HH) alloys constitute an important class of materials that exhibit promising potential in high-temperature thermoelectric (TE) power generation. In this work, we synthesized Zr1−x Yb x NiSn (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 and 0.10) HH alloys using a time-efficient levitation melting and spark plasma sintering procedure. X-ray diffraction showed that the samples were predominantly single phased, and that the lattice constant increased systematically with increasing Yb doping ratio. The doping effects of Yb on the thermoelectric properties were studied. It was found that Yb doping consistently decreased the electrical and thermal conductivities. On the other hand, the effects of Yb doping on the Seebeck coefficient were found to be non-monotonic. The magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient (n-type) was increased upon Yb doping up to x = 0.02, above which Yb doping introduced notable p-type conduction. As a result, the room-temperature Seebeck coefficient of the x = 0.10 sample became positive although the magnitude was not high. The thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, reached a maximum of ∼0.38 at 900 K for the x = 0.01 sample. Selective doping on the Ni and Sn sites are necessary to further optimize the TE performance of Zr1−x Yb x NiSn alloys.
Treatment of mining waste leachate by the adsorption process using spent coffee grounds

ABSTRACT The removal of heavy metals from mining waste leachate by spent coffee grounds has been investigated. In synthetic solutions, metal uptake was studied in batch adsorption experiments as a function of pH, contact time, initial metal concentration, adsorbent concentration, particle size, and the effect of co-ions (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd, Ni, Zn). Results showed that adsorption was significantly affected by pH, showing the highest affinity within a pH range of 5–7. Sorption of heavy metals reached equilibrium in 3 h. Removal percentages of metals ions increased with increasing dosage. Particle size did not have a significant influence on metal uptake. The adsorption of heavy metals was found to fit Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Maximum Zn, Cd and Ni uptake values were calculated as 10.22, 5.96 and 7.51 mg/g, respectively, using unwashed coffee grounds (UCG) as the adsorbent and 5.36, 4.28 and 4.37 mg/g when employing washed coffee grounds as the adsorbent. The presence of co-ions inhibited the uptake of heavy metals, divalent ions having a more negative effect than monovalent ions. The results obtained in the experiments with mining waste leachate showed that UCG is effective in removing heavy metals.
Enhancement and Local Regulation of Metal Quenching Using Atomized Sprays

In atomized spray quenching, the spraying water is atomized into fine droplets of the size of about 20 μm by compressed air and sprayed onto a hot surface. Only single droplets touch the surface, become deformed, and transfer heat. The drops partially evaporate and then move away from the superposed airflow. Thus, the vapor film is avoided as it is the case for other quenching techniques. It is demonstrated that the unintended collapses of the vapor film (Leidenfrost problem) at edges, corners, roughness peaks, etc., is eliminated by this technique. In this way, mass lumped regions of work pieces can be cooled more intensively than the edges. Consequently, a uniform temperature distribution with reduced thermal stresses can be obtained. The heat transfer was measured by infrared thermography. One side of the metallic sheet of 3 mm thickness was quenched by atomized spray and the surface temperature was measured on other side by an IR camera. The heat transfer coefficient is mainly determined by the impingement density. Heat transfer coefficient of 10,000 W/m2/K can be achieved within film boiling regime. This value is about three times higher than that of conventional spray quenching.