Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
2011 6th International Conference on Risks and Security of Internet and Systems (crisis) an Energy and Memory-efficient Key Management Scheme for Mobile Heterogeneous Sensor Networks

― Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology is being increasingly adopted in a wide variety of applications ranging from home/building and industrial automation to more safety critical applications including e-health or infrastructure monitoring. Considering mobility in the above application scenarios actually introduces additional technological challenges, especially with respect to security. The resource constrained devices should be robust to diverse security attacks and communicate securely while they are moving in the considered environment. To this aim, proper authentication and key management schemes supporting node mobility should be used. This paper presents an effective mutual authentication and key establishment scheme for heterogeneous sensor networks consisting of numerous mobile sensor nodes and only a few more powerful fixed sensor nodes. Moreover, OMNET++ simulations are used to provide a comprehensive performance evaluation of the proposed scheme. The obtained results show that the proposed solution assures better network connectivity, consumes less memory, has low communication overhead during the authentication and key establishment phase and has better network resilience against mobile nodes attacks compared with existing approaches for authentication and key establishment.
Compliant, Cynical, or Critical

This article explores how school-aged Chinese youth make meaning of the civic roles of citizens in the context of a society with a powerful one-party government. We examined how 16 focus groups (N = 64) of adolescents from urban and rural schools in Shanghai and Nantong talked about the causes and solutions of social problems facing China. Our analysis revealed a broad range of explanations of social problems, framed by contrasting narratives about the power relationship between the government and citizens. We explore how two narratives, categorized as cynical and compliant, dominated the group discussions in urban and rural schools, respectively, and how a third narrative, categorized as critical, also emerged.
An examination of amotivated students within the Sport Education Model

The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and experiences of 33 amotivated students (i.e. students with low levels of motivation) during four consecutive seasons of the Sport Education Model. A qualitative case-study approach was utilized within this study and data was collected using interviews, field notes and reflective journals. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative method that examined emergent themes. Findings revealed the features of team affiliation and a holistic game-play evaluation facilitated changes to amotivated students' perceptions of a sport-based physical education class. In addition, an interplay among those students identified as amotivated students with high-social capital and the teacher were key to changes in student perceptions and experiences.
Other Japanese educations and Japanese education otherwise

Education in the United States was in a state of “crisis” at the time of the 1983 release of A Nation at Risk, the landmark report on the US education reform. This was the time when the rising Japanese economy started threatening the post-war US economic dominance and conservative figures such as Ronald Reagan gained popular support. Subsequent US debates over education reform put Japanese education in the spotlight, driving many American education researchers to travel to Japan to learn the “secret” of its educational and by implication its economic success. A large number of books and journal articles about Japanese schooling – or what I have called elsewhere the “foundational studies” (Takayama, 2010) – were published in the 1980s and early 1990s (e.g., Cummings, 1980; Finkelstein, Imamura, & Tobin, 1991; Hess & Azuma, 1991; Lewis, 1995; Peak, 1991; Tobin, Wu, & Davidson, 1989; Shields, 1993; White, 1987). As one observer rightly reflects, “cross-national attraction anywhere in the world has rarely been as strong as was US attraction to Japanese education” (Rappleye, 2007, p. 38) at that time. Behind the unprecedented US interest in Japanese education loomed the political interests of the US and Japanese governments. While the US administrations touted Japanese education as the “secret” of the “Japanese economic miracle”, they also needed an external source of legitimacy for radical reform of their own system. The overwhelmingly positive representation of Japanese education, provided by many American educational scholars and popular media outlets, was appropriated to paint a
Some soft tissue characteristics at implant abutments with different surface topography. A study in humans.

BACKGROUND : If an implant with a rough surface is exposed to the oral cavity, it may accumulate greater amounts of plaque than a smooth surface, which may lead to severe problems with mucositis and peri-implantitis. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate the early inflammatory response to mucosa-penetrating abutments prepared with varying surface roughness. METHODS : Nine patients had all five of their original abutments exchanged to test abutments for a 4-week period. The test abutments were prepared with five different roughnesses. The surface roughness was measured with an optical profilometer. At the end of the test period, clinical evaluation was performed; the health of the surrounding mucosa, the amount of accumulated plaque and marginal bleeding were registered. One biopsy was taken from each test abutment. Qualitative and quantitative histological evaluations were performed. RESULTS : There was a statistically significant difference between patients regarding the amount of accumulated plaque on the abutment surfaces and inflammatory cells, but no difference between the surface modifications in relation to plaque accumulation or number of inflammatory cells. CONCLUSION : No relation was found between inflammatory response and abutment surface roughness after an evaluation time of 4 weeks in a human test model.
Reduced use of environmentally friendly modes of transportation caused by perceived mobility necessities: An extension of the theory of planned behavior.

An extended version of the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) was used to explain travel mode choice. As a new predictor, perceived mobility necessities (PMNs) were introduced, which are defined as people’s perceptions of mobilityrelated consequences of their personal living circumstances. The database consisted of a survey of 1,545 car users in 3 large German cities. Using structural equation modeling, PMNs were integrated into TPB and showed the expected significant negative effect on use of environmentally friendly modes. In-depth interviews with 82 selected participants indicated that PMN moderates the relationship between public transportation attitude and intention. This moderator effect was confirmed by a regression analysis. The extension of TPB by PMN allows deduction of more differentiated intervention strategies. Private car use causes serious global and local environmental problems, such as global warming, pollution, and noise. In addition to technological solutions and an optimization of the infrastructure, an effective overall solution to these problems would require behavioral change of individual car users. Certain living situations may make it more difficult to reduce car use than other situations. For some people, car use is a means of coping with the pressures, constraints, and demands of modern life (Goodwin, 1997). Increasing demands of the labor market with regard to employees’ flexibility and mobility, increasing female participation in labor, and a decline in traditional household structures seem to result in a higher perceived necessity to be mobile all the time, which is what we refer to as perceived mobility necessity (PMN). We think that high PMN increases private car use because alternative modes (e.g., public transportation) do not sufficiently meet the need for flexibility and spontaneity. How PMNs can be conceptualized and how they can be integrated into a theoretical framework of explaining the use of environmentally friendly 1 This research was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2 Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Sonja Haustein, Fakultat fur Psychologie, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. E-mail: sonja.haustein@ rub.de
The Adaptation of the Family Environment Scale to Chinese Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong

Abstract Moos and Moos' (1986) Family Environment Scale (FES) was adapted to the Chinese children and adolescents in Hong Kong. The major sample included 1.174 subjects from three elementary schools and seven high schools. Two subscales. Expressiveness and Independence and a few items were deleted based on the psychometric analysis. The FES scale intercorrelations were consistent, and the factor pattern of the remaining eight scales was explicable in terms of the characteristics of the Chinese culture. Result also showed chat middle class families in general had a more positive family social environment than the working class families.
Extensive and Intensive Trade Margins: A State-by-State View

This paper examines a topic of increasing interest, the potential determinants of extensive (i.e., number of firms) and intensive (i.e., average exports per firm) trade margins, using state-level trade to 190 countries. In addition to distance and country size, other factors affecting trade costs and export demand are explored. In state-by-state regressions, these other factors exhibit more consistent and statistically significant effects on the extensive than on the intensive trade margin. One noteworthy finding is that U.S. foreign direct investment has a positive effect on both margins. In regressions using all state-level data simultaneously, some factors affect both margins, but not necessarily in the same way. For example, the impact of the communications infrastructure in the importing country affects the extensive margin positively and the intensive margin negatively. Finally, reasons for differences across states, such as state size and trade missions, are identified.
Beneficial effects of oral magnesium supplementation on insulin sensitivity and serum lipid profile.

BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have associated low dietary Mg2+ intake with insulin resistance (IR) and increased risk for metabolic syndrome; however, the effect of Mg2+ supplementation on IR has not been adequately investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of oral Mg2+ supplementation on insulin sensitivity (IS) and serum lipids. MATERIAL/METHODS Forty-eight patients with mild uncomplicated hypertension participated in the study. Among them, 24 subjects were assigned to 600 mg of pidolate Mg2+ daily in addition to lifestyle recommendations for a 12-week period, and another 24 age- and sex-matched controls were only given lifestyle recommendations. At baseline and study-end, blood sampling for determination of fasting glucose and insulin levels, serum lipids and other standard laboratory tests, as well as an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for estimation of IS indices, were performed in all subjects. RESULTS In the Mg2+ supplementation group the OGTT-derived IS indices of Stumvoll, Matsuda and Cedercholm in were increased between baseline baseline and study-end. In contrast, none of these parameters were changed in the control group. Reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, along with a parallel increase in HDL-cholesterol levels, were evident at study-end in the intervention group, but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that oral Mg2+ supplementation improves IS and lipid profile in mildly hypertensive patients. These potential beneficial effects of Mg2+ on associated metabolic factors could be helpful for patients with hypertension in terms of overall cardiovascular risk reduction.
Association of serum soluble heat shock protein 60 with toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism and severity of coronary artery disease

Early atherosclerotic lesions are characterised by a relative abundance of inflammatory cells such as activated T lymphocytes, indicating involvement of immunoinflammatory process in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.1 One of the antigens stimulating recruitment of these T cells is believed to be heat shock protein (HSP). HSP60 (human) has been shown to enhance production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 12, and interleukin 15 and to mediate monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. In a large population based study, Xu et al 2 have shown a correlation between soluble HSP60 (sHSP60) and the severity of carotid atherosclerosis. The association of sHSP60 in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), however, remains to be clarified. Human HSP60 has been shown to require functional toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a receptor involved in innate immunity, for stimulating production of tumour necrosis factor α and macrophages. Recently, two polymorphisms in the TLR4 gene, Thr399Ile and Asp299Gly, have been associated with lower concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines and a reduced extent or progression of carotid atherosclerosis.3 We hypothesised that serum sHSP60 would be associated with CAD and interact with TLR4 variants, determining the severity of prevalent CAD. The present study was designed to assess the association of sHSP60 with TLR4 polymorphisms with the severity of CAD. A prospective study of 329 consecutive patients admitted for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery under the care of one surgical unit between August 2002 and November 2003 was carried out. The median age of the cohort was 65 years (range 40–80 years) with a male to female ratio of 4:1. Exclusion criteria were a recent history of myocardial infarction; unstable angina; infection; associated valvar heart disease; a history of inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus; and use of immunosuppresive drugs such as steroids. The presence …
Super-diversity and its implications

Abstract Diversity in Britain is not what it used to be. Some thirty years of government policies, social service practices and public perceptions have been framed by a particular understanding of immigration and multicultural diversity. That is, Britain's immigrant and ethnic minority population has conventionally been characterized by large, well-organized African-Caribbean and South Asian communities of citizens originally from Commonwealth countries or formerly colonial territories. Policy frameworks and public understanding – and, indeed, many areas of social science – have not caught up with recently emergent demographic and social patterns. Britain can now be characterized by ‘super-diversity,’ a notion intended to underline a level and kind of complexity surpassing anything the country has previously experienced. Such a condition is distinguished by a dynamic interplay of variables among an increased number of new, small and scattered, multiple-origin, transnationally connected, socio-economically differentiated and legally stratified immigrants who have arrived over the last decade. Outlined here, new patterns of super-diversity pose significant challenges for both policy and research.
Accounting ambiguity and structural change

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an emergent model showing the change potential inherent in the mirroring of time-space bound metrics and numbers in management accounting (MA) and other cognitive frames. Design/methodology/approach - An observation-based qualitative field study of a change project in a large manufacturing company is used as the basis for the analysis. Findings - The empirical study shows that as actors recurrently mirror time-space bound metrics/numbers in MA and other cognitive frames, three forms of ambiguity may occur. Definitional ambiguities occur as actors' extant MA frame cannot fully account for the metric as such, while representational ambiguities occur as actors perceive uncertainties as to what a particular number stands for “in reality”. Operational ambiguities, finally, occur as actors perceive uncertainties as to how time-space bound numbers can be “causally” explained. In the emergent model, the paper shows how these different forms of ambiguity constitute important sources of critical and collective reflection of, and subsequent change in, both metrics and MA and other cognitive frames. Originality/value - Through identifying and elaborating on the change potential inherent in the interplay between cognitive frames and time-space bound metrics and numbers, the study adds a partial, yet previously largely unexplored answer to the paradox of embedded agency in a MA context (i.e. how actors may change existing cognitive (MA) frames when their interpretations and actions are largely constrained and shaped by these very frames). Also, the study shows that it may not necessarily be the content of MA information
Parental Involvement, Homework, and TV Time: Direct and Indirect Effects on High School Achievement

The current concern over the state of American education highlights the need to understand the important influences on school learning, especially those influences that are potentially manipulable. Parental involvement in students' academic and social lives, time spent doing homework, and leisure TV viewing are three variables generally considered to influence academic achievement, variables that may also be interrelated. In the present study, the direct and indirect effects of TV time, homework, and parental involvement on high school seniors' achievement were investigated by using the massive High School and Beyond data set. As expected, homework had an important, positive effect on student achievement, and TV time had a smaller, negative effect. Parental involvement had no direct effect on seniors' achievement scores but did positively influence the amount of time that seniors spent on homework. Further analysis suggested the possibilities of low homework demands and of excessive weekday TV viewing. Given the time spent on TV and homework and their influence on achievement, we suggest that these variables be considered in the current push for educational improvement. There is much concern over the current state of American education. This latest round of interest in public schooling, although building for years, seems to have crystallized in the 1983 report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education. The commission's findings, although probably not surprising to those familiar with education, have perhaps never been spelled out so clearly for the general public. According to the report, about 13% of all 17-ycarolds in the United States today can be considered functionally illiterate; the average achievement on most standardized tests is now lower than 29 years ago, when Sputnik was launched; Scholastic Aptitude Test scores declined steadily from 1963 to 1980 (National Commission on Excellence in Education, 1983). Further, recent studies have suggested that American students' achievement is far surpassed by that of their foreign (especially Japanese) counterparts in mathematics and science (Stevenson, 1983; Walberg, 1984). It seems that learning, at least as measured by academic achievement, has suffered in American schools, a situation that seems more alarming considering that education may be America's largest enterprise (Walberg). Thus, the title of the commission's report—"A Nation at Risk"— seems quite appropriate. Despite current interest, such concerns with the products of schooling are neither new (cf. Silberman, 1970) nor confined to U.S. schools (cf. Marks, Cox, & Pomian-Srzednicki, 1983). Fortunately, the influences on school learning are becoming better understood (cf. Walberg, 1984), and many such
Academic Dishonesty: Behaviors, Sanctions, and Retention of Adjudicated College Students

Academic dishonesty, also known as academic misconduct, includes a variety of actions such as plagiarism, cheating on tests using text messaging or concealed notes, exchanging work with other students, buying essays from students or on the Internet, and having other students write examinations (Diekhoff, LaBeff, Shinohara, & Yasukawa, 1999; Ellery, 2008; Underwood & Szabo, 2003). Although academic dishonesty is believed to be widespread among college students, very few are caught and fewer still are sanctioned. This study examined students who were accused of academic misconduct at a large institution. We used an unobtrusive behavioral indicator of misconduct, collecting and analyzing 421 Description of Alleged Academic Misconduct forms over two academic years (2007–2009). Plagiarism accounted for 49% of the violations, while receiving external assistance accounted for (35%). Approximately 91.5% of reported cases occurred among undergraduate level classes (freshman=43.5%, sophomore=15%, junior=9%, senior=24%). Approximately 98% of individuals were found responsible with 80% or more receiving three or more sanctions.
Payments and Participation: The Incentives to Join Cooperative Standard Setting Efforts

type="main"> Formal, cooperative standard setting continues to grow in importance for the global economy. And as standards become more pervasive, the stakes rise for all participants. It is not surprising then that many standards are covered by intellectual property rights, that battles over the licensing of those rights have reached a fevered pitch in several industries, and that competition agencies around the globe are seriously weighing whether and how to intervene in the standard setting process. One suggestion for such an intervention is the imposition of a licensing cap, referred to as the incremental value rule. We evaluate this proposal and find that even in contexts where this rule is efficient from an ex-post point of view, it induces important distortions in the decisions of firms to innovate and participate in standard setting organizations (SSO). Such a rule reduces the R&D investment that a firm makes in relevant technologies and lowers the probability that it will join the SSO. We characterize a variation of the incremental value rule for defining fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory that accounts for both investment and participation incentives.