Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Head direction maps remain stable despite grid map fragmentation

Areas encoding space in the brain contain both representations of position (place cells and grid cells) and representations of azimuth (head direction cells). Previous studies have already suggested that although grid cells and head direction cells reside in the same brain areas, the calculation of head direction is not dependent on the calculation of position. Here we demonstrate that realignment of grid cells does not affect head direction tuning. We analyzed head direction cell data collected while rats performed a foraging task in a multi-compartment environment (the hairpin maze) vs. an open-field environment, demonstrating that the tuning of head direction cells did not change when the environment was divided into multiple sub-compartments, in the hairpin maze. On the other hand, as we have shown previously (Derdikman et al., 2009), the hexagonal firing pattern expressed by grid cells in the open-field broke down into repeating patterns in similar alleys when rats traversed the multi-compartment hairpin maze. The grid-like firing of conjunctive cells, which express both grid properties and head direction properties in the open-field, showed a selective fragmentation of grid-like firing properties in the hairpin maze, while the head directionality property of the same cells remained unaltered. These findings demonstrate that head direction is not affected during the restructuring of grid cell firing fields as a rat actively moves between compartments, thus strengthening the claim that the head direction system is upstream from or parallel to the grid-place system.
“The Internet is a Mask”: High School Students' Suggestions for Preventing Cyberbullying

Introduction: Interactions through technology have an important impact on today's youth. While some of these interactions are positive, there are concerns regarding students engaging in negative interactions like cyberbullying behaviors and the negative impact these behaviors have on others. The purpose of the current study was to explore participant suggestions for both students and adults for preventing cyberbullying incidents. Methods: Forty high school students participated in individual, semi-structured interviews. Participant experiences and perceptions were coded using constant comparative methods to illustrate ways in which students and adults may prevent cyberbullying from occurring within their school and community. Results: Students reported that peers would benefit from increasing online security, as well as becoming more aware of their cyber-surroundings. Regarding adult-provided prevention services, participants often discussed that there is little adults can do to reduce cyberbullying. Reasons included the difficulties in restricting online behaviors or providing effective consequences. However, some students did discuss the use of in-school curricula while suggesting that adults blame people rather than technology as potential ways to prevent cyberbullying. Conclusion: Findings from the current study indicate some potential ways to improve adult efforts to prevent cyberbullying. These strategies include parent/teacher training in technology and cyberbullying, interventions focused more on student behavior than technology restriction, and helping students increase their online safety and awareness.
Agreement in visual scoring of sleep stages among laboratories in Japan

The sleep EEG visual scoring method of Rechtschaffen and Kales (1968) has been widely used for a long time. It requires a great amount of skill, time and effort, but still presents problems. Twenty years ago, Monroe (1969) reported significant differences among scorers from different laboratories, and this still seems to be the case (Ferri et al. 1989). Slow wave sleep (SWS) was one of the main areas of inter-rater disagreement (Kubicki et al. 1982; Monroe 1969; Ferri et al. 1989). Some computer-based scoring systems have been developed to resolve these problems (Lubin et al. 1969; Martin et al. 1972; Stanus et al. 1987). Although these methods compare favourably with visual scoring (e.g. Crawford 1986; Kubicki et al. 1989), it is possible that the agreement rate between computer and visual scoring will vary from one laboratory to another. In order to see how the situation compares in Japan, we have also conducted a study to investigate the inter-laboratory reliability for scoring of each sleep stage. The polysomnograms (PSGs) of two healthy male volunteers (subjects A and B; aged 21, 23y, respectively) were recorded from 23.00 hours to 07.00 hours. The PSGs consisted of one EEG channel (C3-A2; time constant =0.3 s no high-frequency filter), two EOG channels (Al-1 cm vertically above outer canthus of left eye; Al-1 cm vertically below outer canthus of right eye; time constant =5.0s; no high-frequency filter), and one EMG (two electrodes on the submental muscle; time constant =0.01 s; no high-frequency filter). Gains were: EEG 5 mm = 50 pV; EOG 2 mm/50 pV; EMG 8 mm/50 pV. Ten experienced scorers, each from a different laboratory, scored the same paper recordings of subject A and B independently in the way commonly used at their laboratory. The laboratories were members of the Japan Committee for Automatic Analysis of Sleep (JCAAS). The agreement rate for each stage between pairs of scorers was studied epoch by epoch. We calculated the agreement rate for each stage according to the following equation:
Introduction to Challenging Behaviour

This paper is an introduction to a topic that most health professionals are likely to encounter at some time in their career. It has been derived from a review of the relevant literature and from work with people with cerebral palsy who challenge services. Challenging behaviour is relatively common among people with learning disabilities, particularly when the learning disability is severe in nature. It also occurs, although less frequently, in other groups where there may be severe physical disability involving deficits in social and expressive language skills or additional sensory impairment. There are potentially serious consequences for the person who displays challenging behaviour, not least of which are the possibilities of limited learning experiences and social isolation. Unless the behaviour of people displaying challenging behaviour is properly understood and addressed, it will be difficult to involve them in structured activities. Their quality of life will, as a consequence, be seriously impaired. For those who self-abuse causing repeated physical injury to themselves, there may be permanent physical damage and disfigurement. Understanding challenging behaviour is the first step to a recognition that all people, regardless of disability, have a right to be included in the structure of mainstream society.
Improving multiclass pattern recognition by the combination of two strategies

We present a new method of multiclass classification based on the combination of one-vs-all method and a modification of one-vs-one method. This combination of one-vs-all and one-vs-one methods proposed enforces the strength of both methods. A study of the behavior of the two methods identifies some of the sources of their failure. The performance of a classifier can be improved if the two methods are combined in one, in such a way that the main sources of their failure are partially avoided.
Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia during magnesium infusion therapy in a pre-eclamptic patient

We present a case of prominent hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia attributed to magnesium infusion in a preeclamptic patient. Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia is an underrecognized cause of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. Our report illustrates the effects of magnesium therapy on serum calcium and potassium, necessitating close electrolytes monitoring when used.
Empirical mode decomposition: an analytical approach for sifting process

The present letter proposes an alternate procedure that can be effectively employed to replace the essentially algorithmic sifting process in Huang's empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. Recent works have demonstrated that EMD acts essentially as a dyadic filter bank that can be compared to wavelet decompositions. However, the origin of EMD is algorithmic in nature and, hence, lacks a solid theoretical framework. The present letter proposes to resolve the major problem in the EMD method-the mean envelope detection of a signal-by a parabolic partial differential equation (PDE)-based approach. The proposed approach is validated by employing several numerical studies where the PDE-based sifting process is applied to some synthetic composite signals.
187 MHz Subthreshold-Supply Charge-Recovery FIR

This paper presents a finite impulse response (FIR) filter chip that relies on a charge-recovery logic family to achieve multi-MHz clock frequencies with subthreshold DC supply levels. Fabricated in a 0.13 ¿m CMOS process with Vth,nmos = 0.40 V, the FIR operates with a two-phase power-clock in the 5 MHz-187 MHz range and with DC supplies in the 0.16 V-0.36 V range. Using a single DC supply, the chip achieves its most energy-efficient operating point when resonating at 20 MHz with a 0.27 V supply. Recovering 89 % of the energy supplied to its 57 pF per-phase load, it consumes 15.57 pj per cycle and yields 17.37 nW/Tap/MHz/InBit/ CoeffBit. Using two subthreshold DC supplies at 20 MHz, energy per cycle can be further reduced by 17.1 %, yielding 14.40 nW/Tap/ MHz/InBit/CoeffBit.
Profiles of Personal Resiliency in Youth Who Have Experienced Physical or Sexual Abuse

To determine whether children and adolescents (7-17 years old) who had experienced physical, sexual, or both types of abuse reflected distinct profiles of personal resiliency, we administered the Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) to 250 youth. We performed cluster analyses with T scores for the RSCA Self-Mastery, Relatedness, and Emotional Reactivity scales, and four profiles of resiliency representing high (20%), average (28%), and slightly below-average (30%) resiliency, and high vulnerability (22%) were identified. The youth with the high vulnerability profile described themselves as more depressed and were rated by their parents as having more internalizing and externalizing problems than the youth with high resiliency. We propose different treatment approaches that might be used with youth representing each of the four different profiles.
Role of tumor location in selecting patients for percutaneous versus surgical cryoablation of renal masses.

INTRODUCTION To characterize the relationship between tumor location and choice in selecting surgical cryoablation (SCA) versus percutaneous cryoablation (PCA) for treatment of renal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS MEDLINE search was performed to identify studies in which cryoablation was used as therapy for renal masses. Tumor location was stratified as anterior, posterior, or lateral. Lesions were also described by endophycity (endo-, meso-, or exophytic) and polarity (upper, mid, or lower pole). Treating specialty was stratified as urology, radiology, or both. Comorbidity reporting rates were indexed for each manuscript. RESULTS Thirty-seven manuscripts included 2344 lesions treated by SCA or PCA formed the basis for the analysis. Comparing SCA versus PCA series, anterior/posterior designation was reported in 31% versus 47% of series; endophycity designation was reported in 17% versus 40% of series; and polarity designation was reported in 48% versus 47% of series (all p values > 0.05). Amongst those lesions treated by SCA, 44% were anterior lesions and 28% were posterior, while among PCA-treated lesions 9% were anterior and 81% were posterior. Tumor location description was entirely absent in 32% (14/44) of published series. CONCLUSIONS Despite data that tumor location is integral to choice of treatment for renal mass, anatomic tumor descriptors are vastly underreported in the cryotherapy literature. Nearly one third of masses treated with SCA are on the posterior surface of the affected kidney, and may be amenable to PCA, thus avoiding risk of general anesthesia and intraabdominal dissection in comorbid cohorts. Better reporting of objective measures of tumor anatomy and location in cryosurgery literature may facilitate standardization of treatment protocols in patients with renal mass.
Human Pose Estimation with CNNs and LSTMs Automatische

Human pose estimation from images and videos has been a very important research field in computer vision. In this thesis, we present an end-to-end approach to human pose estimation task that based on a deep hybrid architecture that combines convolutional neural network (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). CNNs used to map the input image to feature space (fixed dimensionality), and then deep RNNs to decode the target sequence pose from the feature space. We experimented different RNNs architectures and we found out that deep bidirectional LSTM outperformed other architectures. Additionally, we tested different training strategies and influence of temporal information. Our final model is trained to minimize the average Euclidean distance between the ground-truth 3D joint coordinates and those predicted by our method. To validate our approaches, we experimented on several datasets. Our experiments on Patient MoCap dataset outperformed algorithm, which is deemed stateof-art. We also evaluated on Human3.6M dataset, we achieved 19 cm. These results show the accuracy of the model and the integrity of the estimated pose that learned from the training data. Our quantitative and qualitative observations verify that our method makes significantly accurate. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to show that CNNs+RNNs models can make accurate 3D joint coordinates estimation from depth images.
Transfusion-free Management of Gastrointestinal Bleeding: The Experience of a Bloodless Institute

Goals: The Institute for Patient Blood Management and Bloodless Medicine at the Englewood Hospital has considerable experience in managing patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who do not accept blood-derived products. We present our data and experience over the last 8 years in managing such patients. Background: There is paucity of data on management and outcomes of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients who do not accept blood-derived products. Study: We performed a retrospective study of patients from 2003 to 2011 presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding who do not accept blood-derived products. Inclusion criteria were either overt bleeding with a presenting hemoglobin (Hb) of <12 g/dL or a decrease in Hb of >1.5 g/dL. Results: Ninety-six patients who met the inclusion criteria were included. Forty-one upper and 48 lower gastrointestinal bleeding sources were identified. Mean Hb was 8.8 g/dL and mean nadir was 6.9 g/dL. Among 37 patients (80.5%) with Hb ⩽6.0 g/dL, 30 (81%) survived. Four of 7 patients (57%) with a Hb <3 g/dL survived. The overall mortality rate was 10.4%. In unadjusted logistic regression models, age [1.06 (1.01-1.12 y)], admission to ICU [6.37(1.27-31.9)], and anticoagulation use [6.95 (1.57-30.6)] were associated with increased mortality. Initial Hb [0.68 (0.51-0.92)] and nadir Hb [0.48 (0.29-0.78)] inversely predicted mortality. Conclusions: These results suggest that transfusion-free management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage can be effective with mortality comparable with the general population accepting medically indicated transfusion. Management of these patients is challenging and requires a dedicated multidisciplinary team approach knowledgeable in techniques of blood conservation.
Cold-based Mountain Glaciers on Mars: Western Arsia Mons Fan-shaped Deposits

Surface environmental conditions on Mars are currently extremely cold and hyperarid, most equivalent to polar deserts on Earth. Coupling newly acquired Mars data with fieldbased observations regarding the flow, surface morphology, and depositional history of polar glaciers in Antarctica, we show that the multiple facies of an extensive fan-shaped deposit on the western flanks of Arsia Mons volcano are consistent with deposition from cold-based mountain glaciers. An outer ridged facies that consists of multiple laterally extensive, arcuate and parallel ridges, resting without disturbance on both well-preserved lava flows and an impact crater, is interpreted as drop moraines formed at the margin of an ablating and predominantly receding cold-based glacier. A knobby facies that consists of equidimensional knobs, each to several kilometers in diameter, is inward of the ridges; this facies is interpreted as a sublimation till derived from in situ downwasting of ashrich glacier ice. A third facies comprising distinctive convex-outward lobes with concentric parallel ridges and aspect ratios elongated downslope likely represents rock-glacier deposits, some of which may still be underlain by a core of glacier ice. Taken together, these surficial deposits show that the western flank of Arsia Mons was occupied by an extensive mountain glacial system accumulating on, and emerging from, the upper slopes of the volcano and spreading downslope to form a piedmont-like fan.
Self-consistent simulation of quantum transport and magnetization dynamics in spin-torque based devices

This letter presents a self-consistent solution of quantum transport, using the nonequilibrium Green’s function method, and magnetization dynamics, using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert formulation. This model is applied to study “spin-torque” induced magnetic switching in a device where the transport is ballistic and the free magnetic layer is sandwiched between two antiparallel (AP) ferromagnetic contacts. A hysteretic current-voltage characteristic is predicted at room temperature, with a sharp transition between the bistable states that can be used as a nonvolatile memory. It is further shown that this AP pentalayer device may allow significant reduction in the switching current, thus facilitating integration of nanomagnets with electronic devices.
HELIUM ATMOSPHERES ON WARM NEPTUNE- AND SUB-NEPTUNE-SIZED EXOPLANETS AND APPLICATIONS TO GJ 436b

Warm Neptune- and sub-Neptune-sized exoplanets in orbits smaller than Mercury’s are thought to have experienced extensive atmospheric evolution. Here we propose that a potential outcome of this atmospheric evolution is the formation of helium-dominated atmospheres. The hydrodynamic escape rates of Neptune- and sub-Neptune-sized exoplanets are comparable to the diffusion-limited escape rate of hydrogen, and therefore the escape is heavily affected by diffusive separation between hydrogen and helium. A helium atmosphere can thus be formed—from a primordial hydrogen–helium atmosphere—via atmospheric hydrodynamic escape from the planet. The helium atmosphere has very different abundances of major carbon and oxygen species from those of a hydrogen atmosphere, leading to distinctive transmission and thermal emission spectral features. In particular, the hypothesis of a helium-dominated atmosphere can explain the thermal emission spectrum of GJ 436b, a warm Neptune-sized exoplanet, while also being consistent with the transmission spectrum. This model atmosphere contains trace amounts of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, with the predominance of CO over CH4 as the main form of carbon. With our atmospheric evolution model, we find that if the mass of the initial atmosphere envelope is 10−3 planetary mass, hydrodynamic escape can reduce the hydrogen abundance in the atmosphere by several orders of magnitude in ∼10 billion years. Observations of exoplanet transits may thus detect signatures of helium atmospheres and probe the evolutionary history of small exoplanets.
Trans-Ethnical Shift of the Risk Genotype in the CETP I405V with Longevity: A Chinese Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis

Background The I405V polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene (CETP) has been suggested to be a protective factor conferring longevity in Ashkenazi Jews, although findings in other races are not supportive. This paper describes a case-control study and a meta-analysis conducted to derive a more precise estimation of the association between CETP 405V and longevity. Methods We enrolled 1,021 ethnic Han Chinese participants (506 in the longevity group and 515 controls), then performed a meta-analysis that integrated the current study and previously published ones. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were calculated for allele contrasts, dominant and recessive inheritance models to assess the association between CETP 405V and longevity according to the ethnic stratification. Results Our case-control data indicated that CETP 405V is a longevity risk allele in all genetic models (P additive=0.008; P dominant=0.008, ORdominant=0.673; P recessive=0.017, ORrecessive=0.654) after adjustment for the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, body mass index and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A synergy was detected between 405V and APOE ε4 (P=0.001, OR=0.530). Eight studies were eligible for meta-analysis, which confirmed 405V is the risky allele against longevity in all genetic models: allele contrasts (OR=0.81, 95%CI=0.74-0.88), dominant model (OR=0.72, 95%CI=0.64-0.82) and recessive model (OR=0.80, 95%CI=0.67-0.96). After ethnic stratification, 405V remained a risk allele in East Asians but no significant association was found in Europeans or white Americans. Conclusion Our case-control study suggests CETP 405V as a risk allele against longevity in Chinese. The meta-analysis suggests the involvement of CETP 405V is protective in Ashkenazi Jews but is a risk allele against longevity in the East Asian (Chinese) population.
Geographic Localization of Housestaff Inpatients Improves Patient–Provider Communication, Satisfaction, and Culture of Safety

Abstract: This study assesses whether geographic localization of housestaff patients contributes to improved patient knowledge of diagnosis, patient satisfaction, provider satisfaction, and workplace culture of safety. Due to national changes to graduate medical education, housestaff patients were localized to a single general medicine ward. Ninety-three patients prelocalization, 64 patients postlocalization, 26 localized physicians, and 10 localized nurses were surveyed. Validated questionnaires assessed patients’ experiences during hospitalization, and physician and nurse job satisfaction. Fifty-seven percent of patients knew their diagnosis prior to localization, compared to 80% postlocalization (p < .0001). Prior to localization, 39% of patients who reported experiencing anxieties or fears during hospitalization felt physicians frequently discussed these emotions with them compared to 85% after localization (p < .0001). Before localization, 51% of patients stated that doctors spent 4 min or more daily with them discussing care, compared to 91% after localization (p < .0001). Both physician and nurse opinion significantly improved regarding some but not all aspects of collaboration, teamwork, patient safety, appropriate handling of errors, and culture of safety. The average length of stay was unchanged and the change in 30-day readmission rate was not statistically significant. Localization of patients to a single inpatient ward improved patient knowledge and satisfaction, and some aspects of interprofessional communication and workplace culture of safety.