Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Orbital blowout fractures: experimental evidence for the pure hydraulic theory.

BACKGROUND The mechanism of injury and the underlying biomechanics of orbital blowout fractures remain controversial. The "hydraulic" theory proposes that a generalized increased orbital content pressure results in direct compression and fracturing of the thin orbital bone. OBJECTIVE To examine the pure hydraulic mechanism of injury by eliminating the factor of globe-to-wall contact and its possible contribution to fracture thresholds and patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five fresh human cadaver specimens were used for the study. In each cadaver head, 1 orbit was prepared to mimic the normal physiologic condition by increasing the hypotony of the cadaver globe to normal intraocular pressure (15-20 mm Hg) with intravitreous injection of isotonic sodium chloride solution (saline). The second orbit served as a "hydraulic control," whereby the globe and orbital contents were exenterated and replaced by a saline-filled balloon at physiologic intraocular pressure. A 1-kg pendulum measuring 2.5 cm in diameter was used to strike the cadaver heads. Drop heights ranged from 0.2 m to 1.1 m (1960 mJ to 10 780 mJ energy). Each head was struck twice, once to each orbit. Direct visualization, high-speed videography, and computed tomographic scans were used to determine injury patterns at various heights between the 2 orbits. RESULTS A fracture threshold was found at a drop height of 0.3 m (2940 mJ). Fracture severity and displacement increased with incremental increases in drop height (energy). Fracture displacement, with herniation of orbital contents, was obtained at heights above 0.5 m (4900 mJ). Isolated orbital floor fractures were obtained at lower heights, with medial wall fractures occurring in conjunction with floor fractures at higher energies (> or =6860 mJ). The globe intact side and balloon (hydraulic control) side showed nearly identical fracture patterns and levels of displacement at each drop height. CONCLUSIONS This study provides support for the "hydraulic" theory and evidence against the role of direct globe-to-wall contact in the pathogenesis of orbital blowout fractures. In addition, the orbital floor was found to have a lower threshold for fracture than the medial wall. Preliminary threshold values for fracture occurrence and soft tissue displacement were obtained.
Effects of Low Temperature Thermal Cycling And Moisture On Izod Notch Toughness of a Glass FRP

Notched Izod impact tests were conducted on wet and dry specimens of a pultruded, glass fiber-reinforced polymer composite after thermal cycling between 25 and −50oC. Specimens were impacted following the application of 50, 150, and 300 thermal cycles. The results indicate that moisture initially had a beneficial effect on the notch toughness, probably due to a reduction in residual stresses from matrix swelling. After 300 thermal cycles, the beneficial effect of moisture was negated, likely due to an increase in damage from freeze/thaw expansion of the water, and a reduction in the overall moisture state in the composite. Further research is needed to quantify the damage accumulation during low-temperature thermal cycling.
The microRNA bantam regulates a developmental transition in epithelial cells that restricts sensory dendrite growth

As animals grow, many early born structures grow by cell expansion rather than cell addition; thus growth of distinct structures must be coordinated to maintain proportionality. This phenomenon is particularly widespread in the nervous system, with dendrite arbors of many neurons expanding in concert with their substrate to sustain connectivity and maintain receptive field coverage as animals grow. After rapidly growing to establish body wall coverage, dendrites of Drosophila class IV dendrite arborization (C4da) neurons grow synchronously with their substrate, the body wall epithelium, providing a system to study how proportionality is maintained during animal growth. Here, we show that the microRNA bantam (ban) ensures coordinated growth of C4da dendrites and the epithelium through regulation of epithelial endoreplication, a modified cell cycle that entails genome amplification without cell division. In Drosophila larvae, epithelial endoreplication leads to progressive changes in dendrite-extracellular matrix (ECM) and dendrite-epithelium contacts, coupling dendrite/substrate expansion and restricting dendrite growth beyond established boundaries. Moreover, changes in epithelial expression of cell adhesion molecules, including the beta-integrin myospheroid (mys), accompany this developmental transition. Finally, endoreplication and the accompanying changes in epithelial mys expression are required to constrain late-stage dendrite growth and structural plasticity. Hence, modulating epithelium-ECM attachment probably influences substrate permissivity for dendrite growth and contributes to the dendrite-substrate coupling that ensures proportional expansion of the two cell types.
Between the Structural and the Personal: Situated Sense-Makings of “Race”

Using a critical intercultural communication perspective and cultural studies interviewing method, this study traces individuals’ subjective sense-makings of diversity through the trope of “race. ” Such sense-makings represent the key (and taken-for-granted) locus of the structural and personal where social actors live out the constructions of diversity and race in deeply felt ways. Our study reveals how individuals articulate and understand race via raceless diversity encodings (whereby race is seemingly stripped of its power inequalities, and all racial/ethnic groups are made equal) and racial pivoting (whereby participants both discursively pull away from and move toward race to suit their individual experiences).
The Crosslinguistic Study of Sentence Processing.

Functionalism and the Competition Model ELIZABETH BATES and BRIAN MACWHINNEY The development of sentence interpretation in Hungarian CSABA PLEH and BRIAN MACWHINNEY The development of role assignment in Hebrew, JEFFREY L.SOKOLOV Cue validity, cue cost and processing types in sentence comprehension in French and Spanish, MICHELE KAIL Cues to sentence interpretation in Warlpiri, EDITH L.BAVIN and TIM SHOPEN Cognitive structures in language production: a cross-linguistic study SHIKARIPUR N.SRIDHAR Cross-linguistic studies of sentence production, ELIZABETH BATES and ANTONELLA DEVESCOVI Sentence processing strategies in adult bilinguals, KERRY KILBORN and TAKEHIKO ITO The learner's problem of arranging words, WOLFGANG KLEIN and CLIVE PERDUE Cross-linguistic studies of aphasia, ELIZABETH BATES and BEVERLY WULFECK The acquisition of cue-category mappings, JANET McDONALD Maximum likelihood models for sentence processing JANET McDONALD and BRIAN MACWHINNEY.
A Case of 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type II (HSD3B2) Deficiency Picked up by Neonatal Screening for 21-Hydroxylase Deficiency: Difficulties and Delay in Etiologic Diagnosis

Background: 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II deficiency, a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia, is characterized by varying degrees of salt loss and incomplete masculinization in males and mild virilization or normal external genitalia in females. The clinical signs may be difficult to recognize, increasing the risk of a neonatal adrenal crisis. In addition, elevated 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione levels due to peripheral HSD3B1 activity may lead to a delay of the correct diagnosis and even to misdiagnosis as CYP21 deficiency. Method: We report a patient who was detected on neonatal screening for 21-hydroxylase deficiency, in part because of cross-reactivity in the commonly used assay. Results: The diagnostic difficulties in this case were overcome by the use of more specific antibodies. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the importance of confirming the etiological diagnosis with molecular genetic analyses.
Human Alternative Macrophages Populate Calcified Areas of Atherosclerotic Lesions and Display Impaired RANKL-Induced Osteoclastic Bone Resorption Activity

Rationale: Vascular calcification is a process similar to bone formation leading to an inappropriate deposition of calcium phosphate minerals in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Monocyte-derived macrophages, located in atherosclerotic lesions and presenting heterogeneous phenotypes, from classical proinflammatory M1 to alternative anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, could potentially display osteoclast-like functions. Objective: To characterize the phenotype of macrophages located in areas surrounding the calcium deposits in human atherosclerotic plaques. Methods and Results: Macrophages near calcium deposits display an alternative phenotype being both CD68 and mannose receptor–positive, expressing carbonic anhydrase type II, but relatively low levels of cathepsin K. In vitro interleukin-4-polarization of human primary monocytes into macrophages results in lower expression and activity of cathepsin K compared with resting unpolarized macrophages. Moreover, interleukin-4 polarization lowers expression levels of the osteoclast transcriptional activator nuclear factor of activated T cells type c-1, associated with increased gene promoter levels of the transcriptional repression mark H3K27me3 (histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation). Despite higher expression of the receptor activator of nuclear factor &kgr;B receptor, receptor activator of nuclear factor &kgr;B ligand/macrophage colony-stimulating factor induction of nuclear factor of activated T cells type c-1 and cathepsin K expression is defective in these macrophages because of reduced Erk/c-fos–mediated downstream signaling resulting in impaired bone resorption capacity. Conclusions: These results indicate that macrophages surrounding calcium deposits in human atherosclerotic plaques are phenotypically defective being unable to resorb calcification.
A scoring algorithm to predict survival for patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma: a stratification tool for prospective clinical trials.

PURPOSE We developed a clinically useful scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival for patients with clear cell metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 727 patients treated with radical nephrectomy for clear cell RCC from 1970 to 2000 who had distant metastases at nephrectomy (285) or in whom metastases subsequently developed (442). A scoring algorithm to predict cancer specific survival was developed using the regression coefficients from a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS There were 606 deaths from clear cell RCC at a median of 1.0 years (range 0 to 14) following metastatic RCC. Constitutional symptoms at nephrectomy (+2), metastases to the bone (+2) or liver (+4), metastases in multiple simultaneous sites (+2), metastases at nephrectomy (+1) or within 2 years of nephrectomy (+3), complete resection of all metastatic sites (-5), tumor thrombus level I to IV (+3), and the primary pathological features of nuclear grade 4 (+3) and histological tumor necrosis (+2) were significantly associated with death from RCC. All patients started with a score of 0 and points were added or subtracted as indicated in parentheses. Cancer specific survival rates at 1 year were 85.1%, 72.1%, 58.8%, 39.0%, and 25.1%, respectively, for patients with scores of -5 to -1, scores of 0 to 2, scores of 3 to 6, scores of 7 or 8, and scores of 9 or more. CONCLUSIONS This scoring algorithm can be used to predict cancer specific survival for patients with metastatic clear cell RCC.
Shared Long-Range Regulatory Elements Coordinate Expression of a Gene Cluster Encoding Nicotinic Receptor Heteromeric Subtypes

ABSTRACT The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) β4/α3/α5 gene cluster encodes several heteromeric transmitter receptor subtypes that are essential for cholinergic synaptic transmission in adrenal gland, autonomic ganglia, pineal gland, and several nuclei in the central nervous system. However, the transcriptional mechanisms coordinating expression of these subunit genes in different cell populations are unknown. Here, we used transgenic methods to investigate long-range transcriptional control of the cluster. A 132-kb P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) encoding the rat cluster recapitulated the neurally- and endocrine-restricted expression patterns of the endogenous β4/α3/α5 genes. Mutation of ETS factor binding sites in an enhancer, β43′, embedded in the β4 3′-untranslated exon resulted in greatly diminished β4, α3, and α5 expression in adrenal gland and to a lesser extent in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) but not in other tissues. Phylogenetic sequence analyses revealed several conserved noncoding regions (CNRs) upstream of β4 and α5. Deletion of one of them (CNR4) located 20 kb upstream of β4 resulted in a dramatic decrease in β4 and α3 expression in the pineal gland and SCG. CNR4 was sufficient to direct LacZ transgene expression to SCG neurons, which express the endogenous β4α3α5 subunits, and pineal cells, which express the endogenous β4α3 combination. Finally, CNR4 was able to direct transgene expression to major sites of expression of the endogenous cluster in the brain. Together, our findings support a model in which cell type-specific shared long-range regulatory elements are required for coordinate expression of clustered nAChR genes.
Added sugars: consumption and associated factors among adults and the elderly. São Paulo, Brazil.

OBJECTIVE To investigate added sugar intake, main dietary sources and factors associated with excessive intake of added sugar. METHODS A population-based household survey was carried out in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. Cluster sampling was performed and the study sample comprised 689 adults and 622 elderly individuals. Dietary intake was estimated based on a 24-hour food recall. Usual nutrient intake was estimated by correcting for the within-person variance of intake using the Iowa State University (ISU) method. Linear regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with added sugar intake. RESULTS Average of energy intake (EI) from added sugars was 9.1% (95% CI: 8.9%; 9.4%) among adults and 8.4% (95% CI: 8.2%; 8.7%) among the elderly (p < 0.05). Average added sugar intake (% EI) was higher among women than among men (p < 0.05). Soft drink was the main source of added sugar among adults, while table sugar was the main source of added sugar among the elderly. Added sugar intake increased with age among adults. Moreover, higher socioeconomic level was associated with added sugar intake in the same group. CONCLUSIONS Added sugar intake is higher among younger adults of higher socioeconomic level. Soft drink and table sugar accounted for more than 50% of the sugar consumed.
Pairing Cholinergic Enhancement with Perceptual Training Promotes Recovery of Age-Related Changes in Rat Primary Auditory Cortex

We used the rat primary auditory cortex (A1) as a model to probe the effects of cholinergic enhancement on perceptual learning and auditory processing mechanisms in both young and old animals. Rats learned to perform a two-tone frequency discrimination task over the course of two weeks, combined with either the administration of a cholinesterase inhibitor or saline. We found that while both age groups learned the task more quickly through cholinergic enhancement, the young did so by improving target detection, whereas the old did so by inhibiting erroneous responses to nontarget stimuli. We also found that cholinergic enhancement led to marked functional and structural changes within A1 in both young and old rats. Importantly, we found that several functional changes observed in the old rats, particularly those relating to the processing and inhibition of nontargets, produced cortical processing features that resembled those of young untrained rats more so than those of older adult rats. Overall, these findings demonstrate that combining auditory training with neuromodulation of the cholinergic system can restore many of the auditory cortical functional deficits observed as a result of normal aging and add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that many age-related perceptual and neuroplastic changes are reversible.
Breakfast Eating Pattern and Ready-to-Eat Cereals Consumption among Schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur.

BACKGROUND Studies from the West have demonstrated that ready-to-eat cereals (RTECs) are a common form of breakfast and more likely to be consumed by children. This study aimed to investigate the breakfast eating pattern and RTECs consumption among schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, a total of 382 schoolchildren, aged 10 and 11 years old, were recruited from seven randomly selected primary schools in Kuala Lumpur. Information on socio-demographics, breakfast eating patterns, and perceptions of RTECs and dietary intake (24-hour dietary recalls) were obtained. RESULTS Among the respondents, only 22% of them consumed breakfast on a regular basis. The most commonly eaten food by children at breakfast was bread (27.2%), followed by biscuits (22.2%) and RTECs (20.5%). The majority of them (93%) reported that they consumed RTECs sometimes during the week. Chocolate RTECs (34.1%), corn flake RTECs (30.3%), and RTECs coated with honey (25.1%) were the most popular RTECs chosen by children. Respondents who consumed RTECs showed a significantly higher intake in calories, carbohydrate, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and fibre (P < 0.05), compared to those who skipped breakfast and those who had breakfast foods other than RTECs. CONCLUSION The lower levels of breakfast consumption among schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur need serious attention. RTEC is a nutritious food which is well accepted by a majority of the schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur. Nutrition intervention should be conducted in the future to include a well-balanced breakfast with the utilisation of RTECs for schoolchildren.
Beyond Freedom & Dignity

In this profound and profoundly controversial work, a landmark of 20th-century thought originally published in 1971, B. F. Skinner makes his definitive statement about humankind and society. Insisting that the problems of the world today can be solved only by dealing much more effectively with human behavior, Skinner argues that our traditional concepts of freedom and dignity must be sharply revised. They have played an important historical role in our struggle against many kinds of tyranny, he acknowledges, but they are now responsible for the futile defense of a presumed free and autonomous individual; they are perpetuating our use of punishment and blocking the development of more effective cultural practices. Basing his arguments on the massive results of the experimental analysis of behavior he pioneered, Skinner rejects traditional explanations of behavior in terms of states of mind, feelings, and other mental attributes in favor of explanations to be sought in the interaction between genetic endowment and personal history. He argues that instead of promoting freedom and dignity as personal attributes, we should direct our attention to the physical and social environments in which people live. It is the environment rather than humankind itself that must be changed if the traditional goals of the struggle for freedom and dignity are to be reached. Beyond Freedom and Dignity urges us to reexamine the ideals we have taken for granted and to consider the possibility of a radically behaviorist approach to human problems--one that has appeared to some incompatible with those ideals, but which envisions the building of a world in which humankind can attain its greatest possible achievements.
Constructing the Relationship between Individual Differences of Faculty Members and the Continuance Intension of Using LMS Systems

One of the major innovations in higher education institutions emerges in the form of learning management systems (LMSs). The objective of this paper is to conceptualize the relationship between faculty member's individual differences and LMS continuance in the higher education context. In essence, the individual differences between faculty members are viewed as influencing an instructor's attitude and intention to continue using the LMS technology. The proposed integrative framework is supported by theoretical and empirical findings from prior Information Systems usage research.
A Versatile 90-nm CMOS Charge-Pump PLL for SerDes Transmitter Clocking

This paper presents a low-jitter charge-pump phase-locked loop (PLL) built in standard 90-nm CMOS for 1 to 10 Gb/s wireline SerDes transmitter clocking. The PLL employs a programmable dual-path loop filter with integral path and resistorless sample-reset proportional path that are independently controlled for flexible setting of closed-loop bandwidth and peaking. Frequency is synthesized by a digitally calibrated LC-VCO achieving 45% calibration tuning range with inversion-mode nMOS varactors and area-efficient helical inductors. Following calibration, 4.8% hold range compensates for VCO sensitivity to supply voltage and temperature drift. The PLL exhibits 0.81 ps rms jitter at 10 Gb/s. Critical for ASICs integrating noisy digital cores and multiple SerDes channels, design considerations to minimize jitter induced by supply noise are described. Deep-submicron CMOS effects on design are also examined to improve manufacturability and performance
A 3-D HAP-MIMO channel model based on dynamic properties of scatterers

A three dimensional (3-D) channel model including both stationary and moving scatterers for high altitude platforms (HAPs) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication systems is proposed in this paper. An M-step 2-state Markov process is incorporated into this model to depict the reappearance behavior of both scatterers. The survival probabilities of scatterers are derived by using Chapman-Kolmogorov (C-K) equations, and closed-form expressions are derived in this paper. In addition, the corresponding space-time correlation function (ST-CF) is obtained, and the closed-form expression for the ST-CF of moving scatterers is derived. Finally, numerical analysis shows the ability of the proposed channel model to capture the dynamic characteristics of HAP-MIMO channel. The utility of the proposed channel model is demonstrated by comparing with measurement results.
Liouville Theory with Boundary

We study N = 2 Liouville theory with arbitrary central charge in the presence of boundaries. After reviewing the theory on the sphere and deriving some important structure constants, we investigate the boundary states of the theory from two approaches, one using the modular transformation property of annulus amplitudes and the other using the bootstrap of disc two-point functions containing degenerate bulk operators. The boundary interactions describing the boundary states are also proposed, based on which the precise correspondence between boundary states and boundary interactions is obtained. The open string spectrum between D-branes is studied from the modular bootstrap approach and also from the reflection relation of boundary operators, providing a consistency check for the proposal.
Peripheral Synucleinopathy in Early Parkinson's Disease: Submandibular Gland Needle Biopsy Findings

Finding a peripheral tissue biopsy site to diagnose early PD would be of value for clinical care, biomarker validation, and as research enrollment criteria. Whereas autopsy and advanced PD studies suggest that the submandibular gland is an important biopsy site, there are no studies in early PD. The aim of this study was to determine whether needle biopsy of the submandibular gland reveals Lewy type alpha‐synucleinopathy in early PD.