Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Can Classical Schwarz Methods Applied to Hyperbolic Systems Converge Even without Overlap?

Over the last two decades, classical Schwarz methods have been extended to systems of hyperbolic partial differential equations, and it was observed that the classical Schwarz method can be convergent even without overlap in certain cases. This is in strong contrast to the behavior of classical Schwarz methods applied to elliptic problems, for which overlap is essential for convergence. Over the last decade, optimized Schwarz methods have been developed for elliptic partial differential equations. These methods use more effective transmission conditions between subdomains, and are also convergent without overlap for elliptic problems. We show here why the classical Schwarz method applied to the hyperbolic problem converges without overlap for the Cauchy-Riemann equations and Maxwell's equations. The reason is that the method is equivalent to a simple optimized Schwarz method for an equivalent elliptic problem. Using this link, we show how to develop more efficient Schwarz methods than the classical ones for the Cauchy-Riemann and Maxwell's equations. We illustrate our findings with numerical results. 1. Introduction. Schwarz algorithms experienced a second youth over the last decades, when distributed computers became more and more performant and available. Fundamental convergence results for the classical Schwarz methods were derived for many partial differential equations, and can now be found in several authoritative reviews, see [3, 40, 39], and books, see [34, 32, 38]. The Schwarz methods were also extended to systems of partial differential equations, such as the time harmonic Maxwell equations, see [7, 11, 1], or to linear elasticity [17, 18], but much less is known about the behavior of the Schwarz methods applied to systems of equations. This is true in particular for the Euler equations, to which the Schwarz algorithm was first applied in [30, 31], where classical (characteristic) transmission conditions are used at the interfaces, or with more general interface conditions in [6]. The analysis of such algorithms applied to systems proved to be very different from the scalar case, see [14, 15]. Over the last decade, a new class of Schwarz methods was developed for scalar partial differential equations, namely the optimized Schwarz methods. These methods use more effective transmission conditions than the classical Dirichlet conditions at the interfaces between subdomains. New transmission conditions were originally proposed for three different reasons: first, to obtain Schwarz algorithms that are convergent without overlap, see [26] for Robin conditions. The second motivation for changing the transmission conditions was to obtain a convergent …
Rapid climate‐driven loss of breeding habitat for Arctic migratory birds

Millions of birds migrate to and from the Arctic each year, but rapid climate change in the High North could strongly affect where species are able to breed, disrupting migratory connections globally. We modelled the climatically suitable breeding conditions of 24 Arctic specialist shorebirds and projected them to 2070 and to the mid‐Holocene climatic optimum, the world's last major warming event ~6000 years ago. We show that climatically suitable breeding conditions could shift, contract and decline over the next 70 years, with 66–83% of species losing the majority of currently suitable area. This exceeds, in rate and magnitude, the impact of the mid‐Holocene climatic optimum. Suitable climatic conditions are predicted to decline acutely in the most species rich region, Beringia (western Alaska and eastern Russia), and become concentrated in the Eurasian and Canadian Arctic islands. These predicted spatial shifts of breeding grounds could affect the species composition of the world's major flyways. Encouragingly, protected area coverage of current and future climatically suitable breeding conditions generally meets target levels; however, there is a lack of protected areas within the Canadian Arctic where resource exploitation is a growing threat. Given that already there are rapid declines of many populations of Arctic migratory birds, our results emphasize the urgency of mitigating climate change and protecting Arctic biodiversity.
A Superlinearly-Convergent Proximal Newton-type Method for the Optimization of Finite Sums

We consider the problem of optimizing the strongly convex sum of a finite number of convex functions. Standard algorithms for solving this problem in the class of incremental/stochastic methods have at most a linear convergence rate. We propose a new incremental method whose convergence rate is superlinear - the Newton-type incremental method (NIM). The idea of the method is to introduce a model of the objective with the same sum-of-functions structure and further update a single component of the model per iteration. We prove that NIM has a superlinear local convergence rate and linear global convergence rate. Experiments show that the method is very effective for problems with a large number of functions and a small number of variables.
Neurophysiologic Intraoperative Monitoring of Trigeminal and Facial Nerves

Summary The trigeminal and facial nerves are placed at risk in a number of surgical procedures. The use of electromyography, nerve conduction studies, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, and other techniques are described. Application to specific surgical types and the associated evidence for impact on surgical outcomes are discussed.
Alpha-Stable Paradigm in Finanical Markets.

Statistical models of financial data series and algorithms of forecasting and investment are the topic of this research. The objects of research are the historical data of financial securities, statistical models of stock returns, parameter estimation methods, effects of self-similarity and multifractality, and algorithms of financial portfolio selection. The numerical methods (MLE and robust) for parameter estimation of stable models have been created and their efficiency were compared. Complex analysis methods of testing stability hypotheses have been created and special software was developed (nonparametric distribution fitting tests were performed and homogeneity of aggregated and original series was tested; theoretical and practical analysis of self-similarity and multifractality was made). The passivity problem in emerging markets is solved by introducing the mixed-stable model. This model generalizes the stable financial series modeling. 99% of the Baltic States series satisfy the mixed stable model proposed. Analysis of stagnation periods in data series was made. It has been shown that lengths of stagnation periods may be modeled by the Hurwitz zeta law (insteed of geometrical). Since series of the lengths of each run are not geometrically distributed, the state series must have some internal dependence (Wald-Wolfowitz runs test corroborates this assumption). The inner series dependence was tested by the Hoel criterion on the order of the Markov chain. It has been concluded that there are no ∗Department of Mathematical Research in Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str. 50, Kaunas, LT 51368, Lithuania †School of Economics and Business Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, and KIT, Kollegium am Schloss, Bau II, 20.12, R210, Postfach 6980, D-76128, Karlsruhe, Germany & Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3110, USA & Chief-Scientist, FinAnalytica INC. ‡Operational Research Sector at Data Analysis Department, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Akademijos 4, Vilnius LT-08663, Lithuania §School of Economics and Business Engineering, University of Karlsruhe, Kollegium am Schloss, Bau II, 20.12, R210, Postfach 6980, D-76128, Karlsruhe, Germany ¶Operational Research Sector at Data Analysis Department, Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Akademijos 4, Vilnius LT-08663, Lithuania
The Coxsackievirus 2B Protein Increases Efflux of Ions from the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi, thereby Inhibiting Protein Trafficking through the Golgi*

Coxsackievirus infection leads to a rapid reduction of the filling state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi Ca2+ stores. The coxsackievirus 2B protein, a small membrane protein that localizes to the Golgi and to a lesser extent to the ER, has been proposed to play an important role in this effect by forming membrane-integral pores, thereby increasing the efflux of Ca2+ from the stores. Here, evidence is presented that supports this idea and that excludes the possibility that 2B reduces the uptake of Ca2+ into the stores. Measurement of intra-organelle-free Ca2+ in permeabilized cells revealed that the ability of 2B to reduce the Ca2+ filling state of the stores was preserved at steady ATP. Biochemical analysis in a cell-free system further showed that 2B had no adverse effect on the activity of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase, the Ca2+-ATPase that transports Ca2+ from the cytosol into the stores. To investigate whether 2B specifically affects Ca2+ homeostasis or other ion gradients, we measured the lumenal Golgi pH. Expression of 2B resulted in an increased Golgi pH, indicative for the efflux of H+ from the Golgi lumen. Together, these data support a model that 2B increases the efflux of ions from the ER and Golgi by forming membrane-integral pores. We have demonstrated that a major consequence of this activity is the inhibition of protein trafficking through the Golgi complex.
Soil Fertility and plant Nutrition Research On Tef in Ethiopia

The necessity of fertilizing tef especially with nitrogen (N) has been proven both by nationwide and site-specific fertilizer trials. Phosphorous (P) application is of secondary importance and is recommended at minimum levels of application, except on highly weathered red soil that fix considerable quantity of the applied p. the optimum rate of N application is 60 kg ha- 1 . Applications beyond this rate aggravate lodging, indicating the need for the development of non-lodging varieties. Generally, it has been possible to increase tef grain yield up to 2.5t ha -1 on research fields and 2 t ha -1 on farmers ' fields following improved cultural practices including fertilizer application against the national average of 1 t ha -1 . Because the application time of N is largely influenced by climatic and soil factors, it is difficult to make general recommendations. However, in order to minimize N loss due to leaching or other means, split application where N is applied during the maximum growth period of the crop is recommended; conversely, for lower levels of N, one time application at the appropriate growth stage has been considered a better practice. When tef is growth after legume crop, reducing the rate of N by 50% did not result in any significant yield reduction compared to yield obtained from the recommended dose of N application. The results from other studies that dealt with dry-matter accumulation and nutrient uptake, mycorrhizal and micronutrient relationships in the crop, N-use efficiency of tef varieties, Fe-nutrition and effects of alley cropping are described .
Phagocytosis by Thrombocytes is a Conserved Innate Immune Mechanism in Lower Vertebrates

Thrombocytes, nucleated hemostatic blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates, are regarded as the functional equivalent of anucleated mammalian platelets. Additional immune functions, including phagocytosis, have also been suggested for thrombocytes, but no conclusive molecular or cellular experimental evidence for their potential ingestion and clearance of infiltrating microbes has been provided till date. In the present study, we demonstrate the active phagocytic ability of thrombocytes in lower vertebrates using teleost fishes and amphibian models. Ex vivo, common carp thrombocytes were able to ingest live bacteria as well as latex beads (0.5–3 μm in diameter) and kill the bacteria. In vivo, we found that thrombocytes represented nearly half of the phagocyte population in the common carp total peripheral blood leukocyte pool. Phagocytosis efficiency was further enhanced by serum opsonization. Particle internalization led to phagolysosome fusion and killing of internalized bacteria, pointing to a robust ability for microbe elimination. We find that this potent phagocytic activity is shared across teleost (Paralichthys olivaceus) and amphibian (Xenopus laevis) models examined, implying its conservation throughout the lower vertebrate lineage. Our results provide novel insights into the dual nature of thrombocytes in the immune and homeostatic response and further provide a deeper understanding of the potential immune function of mammalian platelets based on the conserved and vestigial functions.
Reliability of gait speed measured by a timed walking test in patients one year after stroke

Objective: To assess the reliability of gait speed in late-stage stroke patients. Design: Test–retest reliability of three timed walks to 10 metres repeated during two assessments one week apart. Setting: The patient's home. Subjects: Twenty-two stroke patients with mobility problems more than one year after stroke. Main outcome measure: Gait speed measured in seconds taken to walk 10 metres. Statistical analysis: Intraclass correlations (ICCs) with 95% con”dence interval (CI) and the Bland and Altman method for assessing agreement by calculating the mean difference between measurements (d–); the 95% CI for d–; the standard deviation of the difference (SDdiff); a reliability coef”cient and the 95% limits of agreement. Results: There was a trend for decreased times taken to walk 10 metres both within each assessment and between assessments. ICCs for within assessment reliability were 0.95–0.99. The d– (SDdiff) for the second and third walks for assessment 1 was –1.00 (2.63) seconds and for assessment 2 was –0.70 (1.58) seconds. The reliability coef”cient was 5.26 for assessment 1 and 3.17 for assessment 2. ICCs for between-assessment reliability were 0.87–0.88. The d – (SDdiff) for the comparison of the third walks at assessment 1 and assessment 2 was –0.90 (5.01) seconds. The reliability coef”cient was 10.02 and the 95% limits of agreement were –10.92 to +9.12 seconds. Conclusion: Within-assessment gait speed measured at home is highly reliable. The between-assessment reliability of gait speed measurement is less reliable but comparable with other studies.
Comparison of the Effect of Mouthwashes with and without Zinc and Fluocinolone on the Healing Process of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus

Background and aims Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disorder with unspecified etiology, appearing as a result of stress, genetic predisposition and immunologic factors. Erosive type of the disease is more important because of its clinical symptoms of pain, irritation and malignancy risk. Despite various medications used, a definite cure for lichen planus is un-known. Regarding the effect of zinc on healing of ulcers, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of a mouthwash with and without zinc and fluocinolone on healing of erosive oral lichen planus. Materials and methods Twenty randomly-selected patients with erosive oral lichen planus were divided into two groups of 10. One group received zinc mouthwash with fluocinolone ointment and the other group received placebo with ointment. The largest dimension of the ulcers was measured by digital calipers and the intensity of pain was determined by visual ana-logue scale. Data was analyzed with Mann-Whitney U test. Results Pain, irritation and lesion surface area decreased in both groups. Decrease in pain severity was identical in both groups (P = 0.11). However, decrease in surface area with zinc mouthwash plus fluocinolone was more than that with only fluocinolone (P = 0.037). Conclusion 0.2% zinc mouthwash plus fluocinolone and only fluocinolone were both effective in decreasing pain, irrita-tion, and surface area of OLP. However, decrease in surface area with zinc mouthwash plus fluocinolone was more than that with fluocinolone alone.
Exploring the Effect of Disease Outbreaks on Farm Structure Change: A Dynamic Analysis for Canadian Pig Industry

Over the past four decades, the Canadian pig industry has experienced significant structural change with a dramatic decrease in the number of pig farms and an increase in pig numbers per farm (defined as type 1 structural change). This study aims to investigate whether pig diseases (including porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRS), porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), and porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED)) have played a role in structural change in the Canadian pig industry. Given that most structural change analysis focuses on structural change at the national level, we are interested in assessing whether examining the influences on structural change at a national level overor under-estimates the impacts of key economic factors when heterogeneous responses across the disaggregated census division (CD) level are considered. From CD level data, we find 69% of the CDs across the country experienced structural change with decreases in both pig farm number and total pig numbers (defined as type 2 structural change). From national level analyses, the regression results present pig disease outbreaks did negatively affect farm structure adjustment. By comparing each factor’s coefficients derived from the CD (type 1 and type 2 structural change) and the national level analyses, our study detects significant underestimation of the impacts of individual explanatory factors on farm structure at the national level and suggests the necessity to conduct analyses at the disaggregated level for a better understanding for policy analysis purposes.
Genetics of Common Polygenic Ischaemic Stroke: Current Understanding and Future Challenges

Stroke is the third commonest cause of death and the major cause of adult neurological disability worldwide. While much is known about conventional risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and incidence of smoking, these environmental factors only account for a proportion of stroke risk. Up to 50% of stroke risk can be attributed to genetic risk factors, although to date no single risk allele has been convincingly identified as contributing to this risk. Advances in the field of genetics, most notably genome wide association studies (GWAS), have revealed genetic risks in other cardiovascular disease and these techniques are now being applied to ischaemic stroke. This paper covers previous genetic studies in stroke including candidate gene studies, discusses the genome wide association approach, and future techniques such as next generation sequencing and the post-GWAS era. The review also considers the overlap from other cardiovascular diseases and whether findings from these may also be informative in ischaemic stroke.
EIF 3 p 170 , a Mediator of Mimosine Effect on Protein Synthesis and Cell Cycle Progression

l-Mimosine, a plant amino acid, can reversibly block mammalian cells at late G1 phase and has been suggested to affect translation of mRNAs such as p27, the CDK inhibitor. However, the mechanism of this effect is not known. Regulation of translation generally occurs at the initiation step that, in mammalian cells, is a complex process that requires multiple eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) and ribosome. The effects of mimosine on initiation factors or regulators consequently will influence translation initiation. P170, a putative subunit of eIF3, has been suggested to be nonessential for eIF3 function to form preinitiation complexes and it may function as a regulator for translation of a subset of mRNAs. In this article, we tested this hypothesis and investigated whether eIF3 p170 mediates mimosine effect on mRNA translation. We found that p170 translation was dramatically reduced by mimosine due to its iron-chelating function. The decreased expression of p170 by mimosine caused diminished de novo synthesis of tyrosinated -tubulin and elevated translation of p27 before cell cycle arrest. These observations suggest that p170 is likely an early response gene to mimosine treatment and a mediator for mimosine effect on mRNA translation. The effect of p170 on the synthesis of tyrosinated -tubulin and p27 in a reciprocal manner also suggests that p170 functions as a regulator for mRNA translation.
Permission Re-Delegation: Attacks and Defenses

Modern browsers and smartphone operating systems treat applications as mutually untrusting, potentially malicious principals. Applications are (1) isolated except for explicit IPC or inter-application communication channels and (2) unprivileged by default, requiring user permission for additional privileges. Although inter-application communication supports useful collaboration, it also introduces the risk of permission redelegation. Permission re-delegation occurs when an application with permissions performs a privileged task for an application without permissions. This undermines the requirement that the user approve each application's access to privileged devices and data. We discuss permission re-delegation and demonstrate its risk by launching real-world attacks on Android system applications; several of the vulnerabilities have been confirmed as bugs. We discuss possible ways to address permission redelegation and present IPC Inspection, a new OS mechanism for defending against permission re-delegation. IPC Inspection prevents opportunities for permission redelegation by reducing an application's permissions after it receives communication from a less privileged application. We have implemented IPC Inspection for a browser and Android, and we show that it prevents the attacks we found in the Android system applications.
A Psychometric Analysis Of the Family Environment Scale

Psychometric properties of the Moos (1979) Family Environment Scale (FES) were studied in a sample of 73 two-parent and 19 single-parent families. Mothers and fathers completed the FES questionnaire while the child in the family closest to 11 years old was administered the FES in an interview. Moos reported initial internal consistency estimates (Kuder-Richardson 20s) between . 64 and . 79. In this study, KR20s ranged from . 24 to . 75 for the entire sample, and differences among mothers, fathers, and children in the KR20s calculated for each group were found. Although Moos hypothesized three dimensions into which the 10 subscales fall, confirmatory factor analysis using LISREL VI did not support this assertion.
Visiting Patterns and Personality of Foursquare Users

The study of personality can now provide us with greater insights into human behaviour, when combined with data from social and mobile networks. In this paper we study the relationship between the types of locations that Foursquare users visit and their personality. Using the five-factor personality model, personality profiles were obtained for 173 participating Foursquare users whose activities were analysed, representing a total of 474, 539 check-ins across the globe. In this paper we present initial results concerning the number and types of venues and the relationship with personality traits. Particular correlations are identified concerning the openness, conscientiousness and neuroticism of participants and their levels of Foursquare activity. Extracting different categories of venues reveals variation in the correlation strength of personality traits of the users. As far as we are aware this is the first study of its type, linking human personality with spatial behaviour in mobile social networks.