Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Face Processing: Psychological, Neuropsychological, and Applied Perspectives

How do we recognise familiar faces? What factors determine facial attractiveness? How does face processing develop in infants and children? Why do face reconstruction systems, such as Photofit and E-Fit, produce such poor likenesses of the original face? Face Processing: psychological, neuropsychological and applied perspectives is the first major textbook for 20 years that seeks to answer questions like these. Drawing on the most recent research in the field, and organised around the three main research perspectives - psychological, neuropsychological, and applied - it provides insights on issues of relevance to students from a wide range of disciplines. Face recognition and expression perception have generated a large amount of research over the last decade, and with high profile media coverage of related issues, such as the misidentification of Brazilian student, Jean Charles de Menezes, face processing is a hot topic within the study of psychology. Face Processing captures the excitement in the field, and with reference to a wealth of studies and real-world phenomena, it reveals how our understanding of face processing has developed over the years. The first section of the book, on the psychological perspectives of face processing, considers how we are able to recognise familiar faces; how we can extract information such as emotion, sex and age from a face; and how face processing abilities develop. The second section covers the neuropsychological perspectives, and examines the disorders of face recognition that arise following brain injury, and asks whether faces are a 'special' class of visual stimuli. Finally, a section on the applied perspectives of face processing describes face reconstruction systems, such as Identikit and Photofit, and their limitations; it discusses methods of constructing facial composites, and the phenomenon of 'verbal overshadowing', whereby verbal descriptions of visual stimuli subsequently leads to a temporary impairment in people's ability to recognise those stimuli. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, this book is the perfect resource for students studying face processing as part of a psychology degree, and the breadth of its coverage makes it of relevance to computer science students, medical students with an interest in neurology, and students of forensic science, too.
Controlling for Lexical Closeness in Survey Research: A Demonstration on the Technology Acceptance Model

: Word co-occurrences in text carry lexical information that can be harvested by data-mining tools such as latent semantic analysis (LSA). In this research perspective paper, we demonstrate the potency of using such embedded information by demonstrating that the technology acceptance model (TAM) can be reconstructed significantly by analyzing unrelated newspaper articles. We suggest that part of the reason for the phenomenal statistical validity of TAM across contexts may be related to the lexical closeness among the keywords in its measurement items. We do so not to critique TAM but to praise the quality of its methodology. Next, putting that LSA reconstruction of TAM into perspective, we show that empirical data can provide a significantly better fitting model than LSA data can. Combined, the results raise the possibility that a significant portion of variance in survey based research results from word co-occurrences in the language itself regardless of the theory or context of the study. Addressing this possibility, we suggest a method to statistically control for lexical closeness.
Similar Impact of CD8+ T Cell Responses on Early Virus Dynamics during SIV Infections of Rhesus Macaques and Sooty Mangabeys

Despite comparable levels of virus replication, simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) infection is non-pathogenic in natural hosts, such as sooty mangabeys (SM), whereas it is pathogenic in non-natural hosts, such as rhesus macaques (RM). Comparative studies of pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection can thus shed light on the role of specific factors in SIV pathogenesis. Here, we determine the impact of target-cell limitation, CD8+ T cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells on virus replication in the early SIV infection. To this end, we fit previously published data of experimental SIV infections in SMs and RMs with mathematical models incorporating these factors and assess to what extent the inclusion of individual factors determines the quality of the fits. We find that for both rhesus macaques and sooty mangabeys, target-cell limitation alone cannot explain the control of early virus replication, whereas including CD8+ T cells into the models significantly improves the fits. By contrast, including NK cells does only significantly improve the fits in SMs. These findings have important implications for our understanding of SIV pathogenesis as they suggest that the level of early CD8+ T cell responses is not the key difference between pathogenic and non-pathogenic SIV infection.
Biogenesis of synaptic vesicles in vitro

Synaptic vesicles are synthesized at a rapid rate in nerve terminals to compensate for their rapid loss during neurotransmitter release. Their biogenesis involves endocytosis of synaptic vesicle membrane proteins from the plasma membrane and requires two steps, the segregation of synaptic vesicle membrane proteins from other cellular proteins, and the packaging of those unique proteins into vesicles of the correct size. By labeling an epitope-tagged variant of a synaptic vesicle protein, VAMP (synaptobrevin), at the cell surface of the neuroendocrine cell line PC12, synaptic vesicle biogenesis could be followed with considerable precision, quantitatively and kinetically. Epitope-tagged VAMP was recovered in synaptic vesicles within a few minutes of leaving the cell surface. More efficient targeting was obtained by using the VAMP mutant, del 61-70. Synaptic vesicles did not form at 15 degrees C although endocytosis still occurred. Synaptic vesicles could be generated in vitro from a homogenate of cells labeled at 15 degrees C. The newly formed vesicles are identical to those formed in vivo in their sedimentation characteristics, the presence of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin, and the absence of detectable transferrin receptor. Brain, but not fibroblast cytosol, allows vesicles of the correct size to form. Vesicle formation is time and temperature-dependent, requires ATP, is calcium independent, and is inhibited by GTP-gamma S. Thus, two key steps in synaptic vesicle biogenesis have been reconstituted in vitro, allowing direct analysis of the proteins involved.
Seasonal variation in the occurrence of ischemic stroke and subarachnoid hemorrhage in Siberia, Russia. A population‐based study

Epidemiological studies on the relationship between stroke occurrence and the seasons in different countries produced inconsistent results and little is known about these associations in a general population. We report a population‐based study of 214 patients with first‐ever ischemic stroke (IS, data for 1992) and 64 patients with first‐ever subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) registered in the 25–74 years old population of Oktiabrsky District of Novosibirsk, Russia in 1982–92. IS and SAH incidence in four seasons (winter, spring, summer, autumn) was evaluated by means of a chi‐square test. Poisson regression analysis was used to compute the rate ratios (RRs) and corresponding confidence intervals (CIs) for the occurrence ofIS and SAH in winter, spring, and autumn compared with summer. Seasonal variations in the occurrence of IS were significant for the group of young men (25–64 years) and the group of older women (65–74 years) only. The age and sex adjusted RR of the occurrence of IS in winter was 49% greater than in summer (95%CI 1–119%). When men and women were analyzed separately and the rates were adjusted for age, a significantly higher risk of IS was found only in men (RR = 2.48; 95% CI 1.27–4.83) in spring compared with summer. No seasonality was observed for the occurrence of SAH in both men and women. Our findings indicate that there is a significantly greater incidence of ischemic stroke during winter in Siberia, Russia, whereas the incidence of SAH does not show a seasonal variation.
Vitamin E Analogs, a Novel Group of “Mitocans,” as Anticancer Agents: The Importance of Being Redox-Silent

The search for a selective and efficient anticancer agent for treating all neoplastic disease has yet to deliver a universally suitable compound(s). The majority of established anticancer drugs either are nonselective or lose their efficacy because of the constant mutational changes of malignant cells. Until recently, a largely neglected target for potential anticancer agents was the mitochondrion, showing a considerable promise for future clinical applications. Vitamin E (VE) analogs, epitomized by α-tocopheryl succinate, belong to the group of “mitocans” (mitochondrially targeted anticancer drugs). They are selective for malignant cells, cause destabilization of their mitochondria, and suppress cancer in preclinical models. This review focuses on our current understanding of VE analogs in the context of their proapoptotic/anticancer efficacy and suggests that their effect on mitochondria may be amplified by modulation of alternative pathways operating in parallel. We show here that the analogs of VE that cause apoptosis (which translates into their anticancer efficacy) generally do not possess antioxidant (redox) activity and are prototypical of the mitocan group of anticancer compounds. Therefore, by analogy to Oscar Wilde's play The Importance of Being Earnest, we use the motto in the title “the importance of being redox-silent” to emphasize an essentially novel paradigm for cancer therapy, in which redox-silence is a prerequisite property for most of the anticancer activities described in this communication.
Reinforcement Learning Algorithms for MDPs

Reinforcement learning is a learning paradigm concerned with learning to control a system so as to maximize a numerical performance measure that expresses a long-term objective. The goal in reinforcement learning is to develop efficient learning algorithms, as well as to understand the algorithms' merits and limitations. In this article we focus on a few selected algorithms of reinforcement learning which build on the powerful theory of dynamic programming. Keywords: reinforcement learning; Markov Decision Processes; temporal difference learning; stochastic approximation; function approximation; least-squares methods; Q-learning; actor-critic methods; policy gradient; natural gradient
Effect of Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy on Plasma Apelin Level in Mitral Stenosis Patients

Background: Apelin is an endogenous peptide with positive inotropic property secreted by the heart besides other tissues. Plasma apelin levels are altered in chronic heart failure with left ventricular dysfunction. However, the effect of left atrial hemodynamic overload on plasma apelin levels in mitral stenosis (MS) is unknown. In this observational study, we estimated plasma apelin level in MS patients, before and twelve weeks after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) and compared with plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, mitral valvular pressure gradient and quality of life measure. Methods: Venous blood samples were drawn from 10 MS patients and 10 age-matched controls, with informed consent. Apelin was estimated by competitive ELISA and BNP using an auto-analyzer. PTMC was done by atrial septal puncture and Inoue balloon. Self-administered Kansas City cardiomyopathy questionnaire (KCCQ) was used to assess quality of life. Variables distributed normally were expressed as mean ± S.D. and others as median (interquartile range) and analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. A p-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: MS patients belonged to NYHA class II & III, had pulmonary artery hypertension but left ventricular ejection fraction>50%. Plasma apelin was lower [320 (167, 515) vs. 570 (415, 680) pg/ml; p=0.028] and BNP level higher [44 (15, 117) vs. 6 (5, 10) pg/ml; p=0.001] in MS patients compared to controls, respectively. PTMC decreased mitral valvular pressure gradient [6.7 (5.0, 8.7) vs. 20.5 (12.4, 27.2) mm of Hg; p=0.012] and improved KCCQ score (84 ± 7 vs. 54 ± 10%; p<0.001) but did not change plasma apelin and BNP levels [330 (192, 465) and 42 (19, 86) pg/ml, respectively]. Conclusion: Plasma apelin is depressed and BNP level raised in MS patients. Changes in plasma apelin level may occur slower compared to hemodynamic and functional improvement post PTMC.
Efficient algorithms for substring near neighbor problem

In this paper we consider the problem of finding the approximate nearest neighbor when the data set points are the substrings of a given text <i>T</i>. Specifically, for a string <i>T</i> of length <i>n</i>, we present a data structure which does the following: given a pattern <i>P</i>, if there is a substring of <i>T</i> within the distance <i>R</i> from <i>P</i>, it reports a (possibly different) substring of <i>T</i> within distance <i>cR</i> from <i>P</i>. The length of the pattern <i>P</i>, denoted by <i>m</i>, is <i>not</i> known in advance. For the case where the distances are measured using the Hamming distance, we present a data structure which uses <i>Õ</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1+1/<i>c</i></sup>) space<sup>1</sup> and with <i>Õ</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1/<i>c</i></sup> + <i>mn</i><sup><i>o</i>(1)</sup>) query time. This essentially matches the earlier bounds of [Ind98], which assumed that the pattern length <i>m</i> is <i>fixed in advance</i>. In addition, our data structure can be constructed in time <i>Õ</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1+1/<i>c</i></sup> + <i>n</i><sup>1+<i>o</i>(1)</sup><i>M</i><sup>1/3</sup>), where <i>M</i> is an upper bound for <i>m</i>. This essentially matches the preprocessing bound of [Ind98] as long as the term <i>Õ</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1+1/<i>c</i></sup>) dominates the running time, which is the case when, e.g., <i>c</i> < 3.We also extend our results to the case where the distances are measured according to the <i>l</i><inf>1</inf> distance. The query time and the space bound are essentially the same, while the preprocessing time becomes <i>Õ</i>(<i>n</i><sup>1+1/<i>c</i></sup> + <i>n</i><sup>1+<i>o</i>(1)</sup><i>M</i><sup>2/3</sup>).
Research of Interindividual Differences in Physiological Response under Hot-Dry and Warm-Wet Climates

Somatotype and habitus parameters may affect physiological control system, so the changes of physiological parameters are not the same when various people work in hot-dry and warm-wet climates. In this paper, a chamber built in Tianjin University was used to simulate comfortable, hot-dry and warm-wet climates. Sixty healthy university students were selected as subjects who were divided into four groups based on somatotype and habitus differences. The subjects were asked to exercise on a treadmill at moderate and heavy work intensities. Physiological parameters (rectal temperature and heart rate) were measured after every 10-min work in the climate chamber. For different groups, the change trends of physiological parameters were different. With the enhancement of experimental conditions, the differences among four groups were weakened. Body surface area per unit of body mass (BSA/mass), percentage of body fat (%fat), and maximum oxygen consumption per unit of body mass (VO 2max /mass) were adopt to establish a revised body characteristic index (RBCI). RBCI was proved having significant correlation with physiological parameters, which means RBCI as the combined factors of somatotype and habitus parameters can be applied to evaluate the effect of individual characteristics on physiological systems.
Violation of the Leggett – Garg inequality with weak measurements of photons

Department of Physics and Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia; Physics Department, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501; Groupe d’Optique Quantique, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique—Graduate School, F91127 Palaiseau Cedex, France; Centre for Quantum Photonics, H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Merchant Venturers Building, Woodland Road, Bristol, BS8 1UB, United Kingdom; and Centre for Quantum Dynamics and Centre for Quantum Computer Technology, Griffith University, Brisbane, 4111, Australia
Extensive pleural and pericardial effusion in chronic myeloid leukemia during treatment with dasatinib at 100 mg or 50 mg daily

Dasatinib is considered an effective drug in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia. Although reported to be well-tolerated, severe events such as pleural or pericardial effusion have been reported at 140 mg daily. We examined our chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with dasatinib at 100 mg or 50 mg daily and identified 4 of 13 patients who developed marked effusion formation. In 2 patients, grade III/IV pleural and/or pericardial effusions were recorded. All 4 patients had received previous anti-leukemia therapy but none had pre-existing cardiac or pulmonary diseases. In 3 patients, dasatinib had to be discontinued despite treatment with diuretics and glucocorticosteroids. In conclusion, dasatinib-treated chronic myeloid leukemia patients are at risk for the development of pleural and pericardial effusions even when the drug is administered at 100 mg or 50 mg daily. Therefore, all patients should be examined for pre-existing comorbidity and risk factors before starting dasatinib and all should have repeated chest X-rays during long-term dasatinib therapy.
Proteomics of HCV virions reveals an essential role for the nucleoporin Nup98 in virus morphogenesis

Significance Virion proteomics represents a powerful and unbiased approach to gain insights into the process of virus assembly and the host factors important for infection. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), it is known that infectious virions are assembled alongside endogenous lipoproteins to give rise to a chimeric lipoviral particle. Host-derived apolipoproteins coat the exterior of circulating particles, making for a veiled pathogen. The protein composition of HCV remains, however, undefined. Here, using MS, we identified novel viral and cellular proteins specifically associated with HCV virions and discovered an essential interaction between the capsid protein and the nucleoporin Nup98 that is required for virion biogenesis. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a unique enveloped virus that assembles as a hybrid lipoviral particle by tightly interacting with host lipoproteins. As a result, HCV virions display a characteristic low buoyant density and a deceiving coat, with host-derived apolipoproteins masking viral epitopes. We previously described methods to produce high-titer preparations of HCV particles with tagged envelope glycoproteins that enabled ultrastructural analysis of affinity-purified virions. Here, we performed proteomics studies of HCV isolated from culture media of infected hepatoma cells to define viral and host-encoded proteins associated with mature virions. Using two different affinity purification protocols, we detected four viral and 46 human cellular proteins specifically copurifying with extracellular HCV virions. We determined the C terminus of the mature capsid protein and reproducibly detected low levels of the viral nonstructural protein, NS3. Functional characterization of virion-associated host factors by RNAi identified cellular proteins with either proviral or antiviral roles. In particular, we discovered a novel interaction between HCV capsid protein and the nucleoporin Nup98 at cytosolic lipid droplets that is important for HCV propagation. These results provide the first comprehensive view to our knowledge of the protein composition of HCV and new insights into the complex virus–host interactions underlying HCV infection.
Training Induces Cognitive Bias: The Case of a Simulation-Based Emergency Airway Curriculum

Introduction Training-induced cognitive bias may affect performance. Using a simulation-based emergency airway curriculum, we tested the hypothesis that curriculum design would induce bias and affect decision making. Methods Twenty-three novice anesthesiology residents were randomized into 2 groups. The primary outcome measure was the initiation of supraglottic airway and cricothyroidotomy techniques in a simulated cannot-ventilate, cannot-intubate scenario during 3 evaluation sessions. Secondary outcomes were response times for device initiation. After a baseline evaluation and didactic lecture, residents received an initial practical training in either surgical cricothyroidotomy (CRIC group) or supraglottic airway (SGA group). After the midtest, the groups switched to receive the alternate training. Results From baseline to midtest, the SGA group increased initiation of supraglottic airway but not cricothyroidotomy. The CRIC group increased initiation of cricothyroidotomy but not supraglottic airway. After completion of training in both techniques, the SGA group increased initiation of both supraglottic airway and cricothyroidotomy. In contrast, the CRIC group increased initiation of cricothyroidotomy but failed to change practice in supraglottic airway. Final test response times showed that the CRIC group was slower to initiate supraglottic airway and faster to initiate cricothyroidotomy. Discussion Practical training in only 1 technique caused bias in both groups despite a preceding didactic lecture. The chief finding was an asymmetrical effect of training sequence even after training in both techniques. Initial training in cricothyroidotomy caused bias that did not correct despite subsequent supraglottic airway training. Educators must be alert to the risk of inducing cognitive bias when designing curricula.
Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided Games

Influence of the Numbers of Players in the Heart Rate Responses of Youth Soccer Players Within 2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3 and 4 vs. 4 Small-sided Games The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate (HR) responses within and between small-sided games (SSG) training methods in elite young soccer players. Twenty-seven youth soccer players (age: 16.5 ± 0.5 years, height: 174.5 ± 5.5 cm, weight: 62.9 ± 8.3, velocity at maximal aerobic speed (MAS): 15.9 ± 0.9 km.h-1) performed 3 different SSG (2 vs. 2, 3 vs. 3, 4 vs. 4 without goalkeeper). In each SSG, HR was continuously measured and expressed as a mean percentage of HR reserve (%HRreserve). The mean %HRreserve calculated during the SSG was significantly lower during 4 vs. 4 (70.6 ± 5.9 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (80.1 ± 3.6 %, p<0.001) and 3 vs. 3 (81.5 ± 4.3 %, p<0.001) SSG. Regardless of the time spent above 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 % of HRreserve, 4 vs. 4 solicited lower percentage of time than 3 vs. 3 and 2 vs. 2. Intersubject coefficients of variation were significantly higher during 4 vs. 4 compared to 2 vs.2 and 3 vs. 3. The %HRreserve after 30s of recovery was significantly higher for 3 vs. 3 (70.6 ± 5.3 %) compared to 2 vs. 2 (65.2 ± 4.8 %, p<0.05) and 4 vs. 4 (61.6 ± 9.3 %, p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the physiological demands is higher during 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 compared to 4 vs. 4 in youth soccer players. This difference could be due to that young soccer players do not have the same technical ability and experience as adult players and thus, their activity during the 2 vs. 2 and 3 vs. 3 induces a greater physical demand due to their lack of experience. The age of the players could be linked with the physical demands within small-sided games.