Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming

Humanity is risking the health of the natural environment through a myriad of interventions, including the atmospheric emission of trace gases such as carbon dioxide, the use of ozone-depleting chemicals, the engineering of massive land-use changes, and the destruction of the habitats of many species. It is imperative that we learn to protect our common geophysical and biological resources. Although scientists have studied greenhouse warming for decades, it is only recently that society has begun to consider the economic, political, and institutional aspects of environmental intervention. To do so raises formidable challenges of data modeling, uncertainty, international coordination, and institutional design.Attempts to deal with complex scientific and economic issues have increasingly involved the use of models to help analysts and decision makers understand likely future outcomes as well as the implications of alternative policies. This book presents in detail a pair of models of the economics of climate change. The models, called RICE-99 (for the Regional Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy) and DICE-99 (for the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy) build on the authors' earlier work, particularly their RICE and DICE models of the early 1990s. They can help policy makers design better economic and environmental policies.
Endovascular embolization of very small cerebral aneurysms.

BACKGROUND Very small cerebral aneurysms are considered to be one of the challenges for endovascular treatment, with difficulty for catheterization and high risk for intraoperative rupture. We report the treatment of very small (< 3-mm) cerebral aneurysms by coil embolization. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 11 consecutive patients with very small aneurysms treated by coil embolization in our institute between February 2007 and February 2009. RESULTS Three-dimensional rotational angiography (3DRA) was most accurate in the detection of these aneurysms; 3DRA revealed the aneurysms in two patients in whom conventional angiography failed to demonstrate the aneurysms. The Hunt-Hess (HH) grade was grade 0 (unruptured aneurysm) in one patient and grade I in ten patients. Coil embolization was successfully performed in 11 patients. Complete (n = 8) or near complete (n = 3) immediate occlusion was obtained. One or three soft coils were used in all the patients with the shortest available length. Balloon assistance was used in one patient and stent assistance was used in seven patients. Although coil migration into the MCA was seen in one patient and intraoperative aneurismal rupture occurred in one patient, no untoward clinical complication was seen. Follow-up DSA in 11 patients demonstrated persistent occlusion (n = 9) or progressive thrombosis (n = 2) of the aneurysms. All the patients with available follow-up had a modified Rankin Score (mRS) of 0. CONCLUSION HH grade 0 and I very small cerebral aneurysms can be treated by endovascular coil embolization. Use of short, soft coils and balloon/stent assistance is useful.
Recent trends in HIV and other STIs in the United Kingdom: data to the end of 2002

Sexual health in the United Kingdom has deteriorated in recent years with further increases in HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) reported in 2002. This paper describes results from the available surveillance data in the United Kingdom from the Health Protection Agency and its national collaborators. The data sources range from voluntary reports of HIV/AIDS from clinicians, CD4 cell count monitoring, a national census of individuals living with HIV, and the Unlinked Anonymous Programme, to statutory reports of STIs from genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics and enhanced STI surveillance systems. In 2002, an estimated 49 500 adults aged over 15 years were living with HIV in the United Kingdom, of whom 31% were unaware of their infection. Diagnoses of new HIV infections have doubled from 1997 to 2002, mainly driven by heterosexuals who acquired their infection abroad. HIV transmission also continues within the United Kingdom, particularly among homo/bisexual men who, in 2002, accounted for 80% of all newly diagnosed HIV infections acquired in the United Kingdom. New diagnoses of syphilis have increased eightfold, and diagnoses of chlamydia and gonorrhoea have doubled from 1997 to 2002 overall; STI rates disproportionately affect homo/bisexual men and young people. Effective surveillance is essential in the provision of timely information on the changing epidemiology of HIV and other STIs; this information is necessary for the targeting of prevention efforts and through providing baseline information against which progress towards targets can be monitored.
Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions for a Long‐Term Corn‐Soybean Rotation with Tillage and Phosphorus Fertilization

Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0427 Received 21 Dec. 2012. *Corresponding author (Noura.Ziadi@agr.gc.ca). © Soil Science Society of America, 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison WI 53711 USA All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Changes in Soil Phosphorus Fractions for a Long-Term Corn-Soybean Rotation with Tillage and Phosphorus Fertilization Nutrient Management & Soil & Plant Analysis
Role of the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems in yeast growth and response to stress conditions

Sulphydryl groups (‐SH) play a remarkably broad range of roles in the cell, and the redox status of cysteine residues can affect both the structure and the function of numerous enzymes, receptors and transcription factors. The intracellular milieu is usually a reducing environment as a result of high concentrations of the low‐molecular‐weight thiol glutathione (GSH). However, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are the products of normal aerobic metabolism, as well as naturally occurring free radical‐generating compounds, can alter this redox balance. A number of cellular factors have been implicated in the regulation of redox homeostasis, including the glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin systems. Glutaredoxins and thioredoxins are ubiquitous small heat‐stable oxidoreductases that have proposed functions in many cellular processes, including deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, repair of oxidatively damaged proteins, protein folding and sulphur metabolism. This review describes recent findings in the lower eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are leading to a better understanding of their role in redox homeostasis in eukaryotic cell metabolism.
Large-Scale Variability in the Midlatitude Subtropical and Subpolar North Pacific Ocean: Observations and Causes

Abstract Altimetric data from the 8-yr TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) mission (Oct 1992–Jul 2000) are used to investigate large-scale circulation changes in the three current systems of the midlatitude North Pacific Ocean: the North Pacific Current (NPC), the Alaska gyre, and the western subarctic gyre (WSG). To facilitate the understanding of the observed changes, a two-layer ocean model was adopted that includes first-mode baroclinic Rossby wave dynamics and barotropic Sverdrup dynamics. The NPC intensified steadily over the T/P period from 1992 to 1998. Much of this intensification is due to the persistent sea surface height (SSH) drop on the northern side of the NPC. A similar SSH trend is also found in the interior of the Alaska gyre. Both of these SSH changes are shown to be the result of surface wind stress curl forcing accumulated along the baroclinic Rossby wave characteristics initiated from the eastern boundary. In addition to the interior SSH signals, the intensity of the Alaska gyre is shown to depend .
Spectral efficiency of uplink SCMA system with CSI estimation

Sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a non-orthogonal multiple access scheme. This scheme allows to increase the number of active users inside a given time-frequency resource. The paper considers the spectral efficiency of coded uplink SCMA system in block fading channel with account for channel state information estimation quality. Two channel estimation schemes are investigated, one is based solely on pilot signals, another uses hard decisions after SCMA decoding to improve estimation quality. Orthogonal and non-orthogonal pilot signals are considered. Increasing the number of pilot signals improves channel state information, but, on the other hand, it reduces spectral efficiency of the communication system, so the number of pilots should be minimized. The simulation results are provided for different pilot signal lengths. Spectral efficiency obtained with channel estimation based on orthogonal pilot sequences is equivalent to it in the case of data-aided estimation with SCMA non-orthogonal pilots. For small number of pilot symbols, the energy gain of data-aided algorithm is approximately 1 dB as compared with an estimate based on pilot signals only. For the investigated SNR range (SNR < 10 dB) and short non-orthogonal pilot signals, four iterations of Message Passing Algorithm are required for data-aided estimation and detection without decreasing spectral efficiency.
The effect of dilatancy on velocity anisotropy in Westerly granite

Jacketed samples of Westerly granite were fractured at confining pressures up to 1 kbar and at strain rates of 2 × 10−5; s−1 and 3 × 10−7 s−1. Compressional and horizontally as well as vertically polarized shear velocities were measured in orthogonal directions perpendicular to the compression axis. The strains in three orthogonal directions were monitored by strain gauges and compared with the results obtained by optical holography. At approximately 60% of the ultimate axial strain the onset of dilatancy is noted by a decrease in the Vs and Vp velocities. As failure was approached, the compressional velocity across the fault decreased by nearly 40% for the low-strain-rate case versus about 22% for the high-strain-rate case. In order to characterize the stress-induced cracks during dilatancy, an analysis of the velocity data was carried out following the approach of Anderson et al. [1974] with the assumptions that flat spheroidal cracks were oriented perpendicular to three orthogonal directions and that the effects of oblique cracks was vectorially divided between the effects of three mutually perpendicular crack types. The comparison between the observed velocities and those calculated from the three crack densities on the basis of the above assumptions showed good agreement. The degree of dilatancy was determined from the differences between the strains measured perpendicularly to the compression axis and the estimated elastic strains in those directions. The aspect ratios for the flat spheroidal cracks were calculated to be 1/400 to 1/800, which are in line with those determined by Hadley [1976].
Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change, epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures

Stockholm University and WHO, within a project funded by the European Commission (EVK2-2000-00070), reviewed the impacts of climate change and adaptation on Lyme borreliosis (LB) in Europe. LB is the most common vector-borne disease in Europe. The highest incidence is reported from Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Slovenia, as well as from the northern countries bordering the Baltic Sea. LB is a multi-system disorder that is treatable with antibiotics, but may lead to severe complications of the neurological system, the heart, and the joints. LB is caused by a spirochete (Borrelia burgdorferi s.l.), which is transmitted to humans by ticks, in Europe mainly the species Ixodes ricinus. Reservoir animals are small rodents, insectivores, hares and birds. Ticks may live for more than three years and are highly sensitive to changes in seasonal climate. Daily seasonal climatic conditions directly impact tick survival and activity. Indirectly, climate affects both tick and pathogen occurrence through effects on habitat conditions and reservoir animal density. In addition, climate-induced changes in land use and in recreational behaviour influence human exposure to infected ticks and thus disease prevalence. Since the 1980s, tick vectors have increased in density and spread into higher latitudes and altitudes in Europe. It can be concluded that future climate change in Europe will facilitate a spread of LB into higher latitudes and altitudes, and contribute to increased disease occurrence in endemic areas. In some locations, where climate conditions will become too hot and dry for tick survival, LB will disappear. There is a need to strengthen preventive measures such as information to the general public, surveillance activities within a pan-European network and to use standardized methods to provide data for future research activities.
Enhancements to Hidden Markov Models for Gene Finding and Other Biological Applications

In this thesis, we present enhancements of hidden Markov models for the problem of finding genes in DNA sequences. Genes are the parts of DNA that serve as a template for synthesis of proteins. Thus, gene finding is a crucial step in the analysis of DNA sequencing data. Hidden Markov models are a key tool used in gene finding. This thesis presents three methods for extending the capabilities of hidden Markov models to better capture the statistical properties of DNA sequences. In all three, we encounter limiting factors that lead to trade-offs between the model accuracy and those limiting factors. First, we build better models for recognizing biological signals in DNA sequences. Our new models capture non-adjacent dependencies within these signals. In this case, the main limiting factor is the amount of training data: more training data allows more complex models. Second, we design methods for better representation of length distributions in hidden Markov models, where we balance the accuracy of the representation against the running time needed to find genes in novel sequences. Finally, we show that creating hidden Markov models with complex topologies may be detrimental to the prediction accuracy, unless we use more complex prediction algorithms. However, such algorithms require longer running time, and in many cases the prediction problem is NP-hard. For gene finding this means that incorporating some of the prior biological knowledge into the model would require impractical running times. However, we also demonstrate that our methods can be used for solving other biological problems, where input sequences are short. As a model example to evaluate our methods, we built a gene finder ExonHunter that outperforms programs commonly used in genome projects.
Growth differentiation factor 15 as a useful biomarker for mitochondrial disorders

The diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders (MDs) is occasionally difficult because patients often present with solitary, or a combination of, symptoms caused by each organ insufficiency, which may be the result of respiratory chain enzyme deficiency. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15) has been reported to be elevated in serum of patients with MDs. In this study, we investigated whether GDF‐15 is a more useful biomarker for MDs than several conventional biomarkers.
Middle Devonian Bivalvia from the Solsville Member (Marcellus Formation), central New York State. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 174, article 3

196 Introduction . : . 196 Evaluation of Previous Studies . 198 Notation . 199 Classification . 200 Shell Orientation . 200 Measurements . 202 Preparation and Photography . 202 Acknowledgments . 202 Stratigraphy and Paleoenvironment . 203 General Stratigraphy . 203 Paleoecology . 204 Paleobiogeography . 209 Systematic Paleontology . 214 Order Pterioida Newell, 1965 . 214 Family Pterineidae Miller, 1877 . 214 Genus Ptychopteria Hall, 1883. 214 Ptychopteriafasciculata (Goldfuss), 1836 . 214 Family Ambonychiidae Miller, 1877 . 224 Genus Gosseletia Barrois, 1882 . 224 Gosseletia triquetra (Conrad), 1838 . 226 Order Arcoida Stoliczka, 1871 . 236 Family Cyrtodontidae Ulrich, 1894 . 236 Genus Ptychodesma Hall and Whitfield, 1872 . 236 Ptychodesma knappianum Hall and Whitfield, 1872. 236 Order Nuculoida Dall, 1889 . 245 Family Nuculidae Gray, 1824 . 245 Genus Nuculoidea Williams and Breger, 1916 . 245 Nuculoidea deceptriformis, New Species . 247 Family Malletiidae Adams and Adams, 1858. 258 Genus Nuculites Conrad, 1841 . 258 Nuculites oblongatus Conrad, 1841 . 260 Nuculites triqueter Conrad, 1841 . 267 Genus Palaeoneilo Hall and Whitfield, 1869 . 271 Palaeoneilo constricta (Conrad), 1842 . 271 Palaeoneilo Jilosa (Conrad), 1842 . 276 Order Pholadomyoida Newell, 1965 . 284 Family Grammysiidae Miller, 1877 . 284 Genus Grammysioidea Williams and Breger, 1916 . 284 Grammysioidea alveata (Conrad), 1841 . 285 Grammysioidea cf. elliptica (Hall and Whitfield), 1869 . 290 Order Modiomorphoida Newell, 1969 . 292 Family Modiomorphidae Miller, 1877 . 292 Genus Modiomorpha Hall and Whitfield, 1869 . 292 Modiomorpha concentrica (Conrad), 1838 . 292 Modiomorpha mytiloides (Conrad), 1841 . 295 Order Unionoida Stoliczka, 1871 . 300 Family Palaeomutelidae Weir, 1967 . 300 Genus Nyassa Hall and Whitfield, 1869 . 300 Nyassa dorsata (Goldfuss), 1840 . 300 Order Veneroida Adams and Adams, 1856 . 304 Family Mactromyidae Cox, 1929 . 304 Genus Paracyclas Hall, 1843 . 304 Paracyclas rugosa (Goldfuss), 1837 . 305 Literature Cited . 312
Stepping Off the Hedonic Treadmill: Individual Differences in Response to Major Life Events

Theorists have long maintained that people react to major life events but then eventually return to a setpoint of subjective well-being. Yet prior research is inconclusive regarding the extent of interindividual variability. Recent theoretical models suggest that there should be heterogeneity in long-term stress responding (Bonanno, 2004; Muthen & Muthen, 2000). To test this idea, we used latent growth mixture modeling to identify specific patterns of individual variation in response to three major life events (bereavement, divorce, and marriage). A four-class trajectory solution provided the best fit for bereavement and marriage, while a three-class solution provided the best fit for divorce. Relevant covariates predicted trajectory class membership. The modal response across events was a relatively flat trajectory (i.e., no change). Nevertheless, some trajectories diverged sharply from the modal response. Despite the tendency to maintain preevent levels of SWB, there are multiple and often divergent trajectories in response to bereavement, divorce, and marriage, underscoring the essential role of individual differences.
Cutaneous haptic feedback to ensure the stability of robotic teleoperation systems

Cutaneous haptic feedback can be used to enhance the performance of robotic teleoperation systems while guaranteeing their safety. Delivering ungrounded cutaneous cues to the human operator conveys in fact information about the forces exerted at the slave side and does not affect the stability of the control loop. In this work we analyze the feasibility, effectiveness, and implications of providing solely cutaneous feedback in robotic teleoperation. We carried out two peg-in-hole experiments, both in a virtual environment and in a real (teleoperated) environment. Two novel 3-degree-of-freedom fingertip cutaneous displays deliver a suitable amount of cutaneous feedback at the thumb and index fingers. Results assessed the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach. Cutaneous feedback was outperformed by full haptic feedback provided by grounded haptic interfaces, but it outperformed conditions providing no force feedback at all. Moreover, cutaneous feedback always kept the system stable, even in the presence of destabilizing factors such as communication delays and hard contacts.
Plantation disease and pest management in the next century

Abstract The extensive development of plantation forestry in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere marks one of the great industrial successes of the 20th Century. Early experience led to the discovery that certain trees, although not particularly impressive in their areas of origin, can grow rapidly in exotic situations. More importantly, they are sufficiently genetically malleable to become outstanding plantation species through breeding. Perhaps the best examples of such trees are Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus grandis. By the early 1960's, diseases and pests were recognised as two of the most important threats to exotic plantation forestry. It was realised that separation of the crop from its natural enemies was responsible for the initial outstanding productivity ofexotic plantation forestry. Gradually, new pathogens have been introduced in plantations in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere. The impact of these problems has been offset by new technologies that enhance the production of elite planting stock. During the course ofthe 21st Century, we will experience the emergence of many new strategies to cope with disease and insect pests in intensively managed and genetically modified plantations. The impact of DNA based technologies that enhance breeding will be one of the first developments, followed by the deployment of transgenic trees and microbes. The rapid emergence of DNA based technologies will bring tremendous opportunities to forestry, including its capacity to deal with pests and diseases. However, early experiences are likely to also be beset with problems. These will include a negative perception of transgenics by environmental action groups and the public. Successful forestry will, however, rest on persistence and patience while problems are addressed. Winning industries will be those that have harnessed new opportunities and that have developed the strategies to capitalise on these when concerns linked to safe deployment have been addressed.