Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anatomical characteristics and visibility of mental foramen and accessory mental foramen: Panoramic radiography vs. cone beam CT

Background The mental foramen (MF) is a small foramen located in the anterolateral region of the mandible through which the mental nerve and vessels emerge. The knowledge on the anatomic characteristics and variations of MF is very important in surgical procedures involving that area. The aim of this study was two-fold: firstly, to analyze the anatomic characteristics of MF and the presence of accessory mental foramen (AMF) using CBCT and, secondly, to compare the capability of CBCT and PAN in terms of MF and AMF visualization, as well as influencing factors. Material and Methods A sample of 344 CBCT scans was analyzed for presence and characteristics (i.e. diameter, area, shape, exit angle) of MF and AMF. Subsequently, corresponding PANs were analyzed to ascertain whether MF and AMF were visible. Results Out of the 344 patients, 344 (100%) MFs and 45 (13%) AMFs were observed on CBCT. Regarding gender, MF diameter and area, MF-MIB and MF-MSB distances, and exit angle were all significantly higher in males. Also, statistically significant differences were found in terms of age and dental status. Statistically significant differences in MF long and short diameters and MF area were found with respect to AMF presence (p=.021, p=.008, p=.021). Only 83.87% of the MFs and 45.83% of the AMFs identified on CBCT were also visible on PANs. MF diameter, shape, exit angle, and age had a significant influence on MF visualization on PAN (B=.43, p=.005; B=-.55, p=.020; B=.20, p=.008; B=.61, p=.005). Conclusions PAN is not an adequate technique to properly identify MF and AMF. Diameter, shape, exit angle, and age are all factors influencing MF visualization on PAN images. For surgery involving the MF anatomical region, a preoperative radiological study with CBCT is of crucial importance to avoid complications. Key words:Mental foramen, accessory mental foramen, mandibular anatomy, cone beam computed tomography, panoramic radiography.
A Unified Convex Surrogate for the Schatten-p Norm

The Schatten-p norm (0 < p < 1) has been widely used to replace the nuclear norm for better approximating the rank function. However, existing methods are either 1) not scalable for large scale problems due to relying on singular value decomposition (SVD) in every iteration, or 2) specific to some p values, e.g., 1/2, and 2/3. In this paper, we show that for any p, p1, and p2 > 0 satisfying 1/p = 1/p1 + 1/p2, there is an equivalence between the Schatten-p norm of one matrix and the Schatten-p1 and the Schatten-p2 norms of its two factor matrices. We further extend the equivalence to multiple factor matrices and show that all the factor norms can be convex and smooth for any p > 0. In contrast, the original Schatten-p norm for 0 < p < 1 is non-convex and non-smooth. As an example we conduct experiments on matrix completion. To utilize the convexity of the factor matrix norms, we adopt the accelerated proximal alternating linearized minimization algorithm and establish its sequence convergence. Experiments on both synthetic and real datasets exhibit its superior performance over the state-of-the-art methods. Its speed is also highly competitive.
A decade of herd protection after introduction of meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccination.

BACKGROUND Vaccination with meningococcal serogroup C (MenC) conjugate (MCC) polysaccharide vaccines led to a substantial decline in MenC disease in the vaccinated and the unvaccinated population. The decline in the unvaccinated population can be explained by herd protection by reduced colonization of meningococci expressing the MenC capsule. The duration of such herd protection is unknown. METHODS In a nationwide study from the Netherlands, we compared MenC invasive disease between 1998 and the introduction of MCC vaccination (2002) with that from 2002 to 2012, in age groups eligible and not eligible for vaccination. The proportions of isolates from clonal complexes with high serogroup C capsule expression rate during carriage (sequence type [ST] 11 and ST-8 complex) was compared between the pre- and postvaccination periods. RESULTS A total of 814 patients with invasive MenC disease were included for analysis. There was a 99% decline in MenC disease in patients eligible for vaccination and a 93% decline in those not eligible. Thirty-six percent of the overall MenC reduction between the first and last 4 years of the observation period occurred in the unvaccinated population. Clonal complex was determined in 350 (43%) isolates. The proportion of cases caused by clonal complex ST-11 and ST-8 serogroup C meningococci decreased from 251 of 268 (94%) before, to 46 of 57 (81%) after MCC vaccine introduction (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence that herd protection results from reduced carriage of virulent meningococci. Herd protection was responsible for >36% of MCC vaccine impact and lasted for ≥10 years.
Foreign entrant survival and foreign market share: Canadian companies' experience in united states medical sector markets

We show that successful foreign market entry is related to the extent of foreign presence in an industry at the time of entry. Survival of 31 Canadian‐based businesses that entered 24 U.S. medical sector markets between 1968 and 1989 tended to be somewhat longer in product markets in which foreign‐based businesses held a moderate market share when the Canadian businesses entered than in low and high foreign share product markets. The result controls several other industry and business‐level factors, including industry concentration, entry year, corporate size, related diversification, entry mode, and service sector status.
User-Centric Intercell Interference Nulling for Downlink Small Cell Networks

Small cell networks are regarded as a promising candidate to meet the exponential growth of mobile data traffic in cellular networks. With a dense deployment of access points, spatial reuse will be improved, and uniform coverage can be provided. However, such performance gains cannot be achieved without effective intercell interference management. In this paper, a novel interference coordination strategy, called user-centric intercell interference nulling, is proposed for small cell networks. A main merit of the proposed strategy is its ability to effectively identify and mitigate the dominant interference for each user. Different from existing works, each user selects the coordinating base stations (BSs) based on the relative distance between the home BS and the interfering BSs, called the interference nulling (IN) range, and thus interference nulling adapts to each user's own interference situation. By adopting a random spatial network model, we derive an approximate expression of the successful transmission probability to the typical user, which is then used to determine the optimal IN range. Simulation results shall confirm the tightness of the approximation, and demonstrate significant performance gains (about 35-40%) of the proposed coordination strategy, compared with the non-coordination case. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed strategy outperforms other interference nulling methods. Finally, the effect of imperfect channel state information (CSI) is investigated, where CSI is assumed to be obtained via limited feedback. It is shown that the proposed coordination strategy still provides significant performance gains even with a moderate number of feedback bits.
Roles of Amphipathic Helices and the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) Domain of Endophilin in Membrane Curvature Generation*

Control of membrane curvature is required in many important cellular processes, including endocytosis and vesicular trafficking. Endophilin is a bin/amphiphysin/rvs (BAR) domain protein that induces vesicle formation by promotion of membrane curvature through membrane binding as a dimer. Using site-directed spin labeling and EPR spectroscopy, we show that the overall BAR domain structure of the rat endophilin A1 dimer determined crystallographically is maintained under predominantly vesiculating conditions. Spin-labeled side chains on the concave surface of the BAR domain do not penetrate into the acyl chain interior, indicating that the BAR domain interacts only peripherally with the surface of a curved bilayer. Using a combination of EPR data and computational refinement, we determined the structure of residues 63–86, a region that is disordered in the crystal structure of rat endophilin A1. Upon membrane binding, residues 63–75 in each subunit of the endophilin dimer form a slightly tilted, amphipathic α-helix that directly interacts with the membrane. In their predominant conformation, these helices are located orthogonal to the long axis of the BAR domain. In this conformation, the amphipathic helices are positioned to act as molecular wedges that induce membrane curvature along the concave surface of the BAR domain.
A Very Bright, Highly Magnified Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 3.07

Using Hubble Space Telescope imaging and Keck spectroscopy, we report the discovery of a very bright, highly magnified (~30 times) Lyman break galaxy (LBG) at z = 3.07 in the field of the massive z = 0.33 cluster MACS J2135.2-0102. The system comprises two high surface brightness arcs with a maximum extent of 3'', bracketing a central object that we identify as a massive early-type galaxy at z = 0.73. We construct a lens model that reproduces the main features of the system using a combination of a galaxy-scale lens and the foreground cluster. We show that the morphological, spectral, and photometric properties of the arcs are consistent with them arising from the lensing of a single ~L LBG. The most important feature of this system is that the lensing magnification results in an apparent magnitude of r = 20.3, making this one of the brightest LBGs known. Such a high magnification provides the opportunity of obtaining very high signal-to-noise ratio (and potentially spatially resolved) spectroscopy of a high-redshift galaxy to study its physical properties. We present initial imaging and spectroscopy demonstrating the basic properties of the system and discuss the opportunities for future observations.
Improving the Stability of MRI Parameter Estimates using Regional Sub-Sampling

In our previous work we have shown empirically how the use of regional subsets of data could be used to improve the errors on estimated tissue density parameters for MRI segmentation. Here a discussion of the current state of the art in the literature and justification for the need for this work is followed with an investigation into the theoretical origins of this improvement. We show that this approach can be related to conventional regression techniques and the performance can be predicted using estimates of the Minimum Variance Bound (MVB). By doing so we can prove that the Fisher information available for estimation of parameters is increased by discarding data (on the basis of spatial information) when the interpretation of this data is otherwise highly ambiguous (i.e. density functions overlap). All mathematical derivations are provided, along with simulation results designed to illustrate the improved parameter accuracy over a range of typical MRI contrast variation.
Can We Finish the Revolution? Gender, Work-Family Ideals, and Institutional Constraint

Why has progress toward gender equality in the workplace and at home stalled in recent decades? A growing body of scholarship suggests that persistently gendered workplace norms and policies limit men’s and women’s ability to create gender egalitarian relationships at home. In this article, we build on and extend prior research by examining the extent to which institutional constraints, including workplace policies, affect young, unmarried men’s and women’s preferences for their future work-family arrangements. We also examine how these effects vary across education levels. Drawing on original survey-experimental data, we ask respondents how they would like to structure their future relationships while experimentally manipulating the degree of institutional constraint under which they state their preferences. Two clear patterns emerge. First, as constraints are removed and men and women can opt for an egalitarian relationship, the majority choose this option, regardless of gender or education level. Second, women’s relationship structure preferences are more responsive than men’s to the removal of institutional constraints through supportive work-family policy interventions. These findings shed light on important questions about the role of institutions in shaping work-family preferences, underscoring the notion that seemingly gender-traditional work-family decisions are largely contingent on the constraints of current workplaces.
Lighting Quality Evaluations Using Images On A High Dynamic Range Display

: Limited research comparing participant ratings of luminous environments to ratings of images of those environments indicates that images can be a reasonable surrogate for the real space, particularly on ratings related to aesthetics. However, the realism of such images when presented on computer screens is potentially limited by conventional display technologies that cannot reproduce the full range of luminances in real spaces. In this pilot experiment we used a new, high dynamic range (HDR) computer monitor capable of producing screen luminances and contrasts comparable to those in a real space. Fifty-four participants viewed three images of a conventional office in two display modes: HDR monitor and conventional monitor. Participants rated each image for room appearance, environmental satisfaction and realism. These ratings were also compared to similar ratings made by participants in an earlier experiment (reported in 1998) who occupied the real spaces depicted in the images. Results indicate that computer screen images are perceived in a similar way as real luminous environments. HDR images are perceived differently than images on a conventional monitor: they are rated as brighter and less attractive, as expected. Given their more authentic luminances, HDR images should be perceived as more similar to the real space, but our results neither support nor refute this.
A Replication by Any Other Name

Replication research is essential to scientific knowledge. Reviews of replication studies often electronically search for replicat* as a textword, which does not identify studies that replicate previous research but do not self-identify as such. We examined whether the 83 intervention studies published in six non-categorical research journals in special education in 2013 and 2014 might be considered replications regardless of using the term replicat* by applying criteria related to (a) the stated purpose of the study and (b) comparing the findings of the study with the results of previous studies. We coded 26 intervention studies as replications. Authors of 17 of these studies reported that their findings solely agreed with the results of the original study(ies). Author overlap occurred for half of the replicative studies. The likelihood of findings being reproduced did not vary as a function of author overlap. We discuss implications and recommendations based on these findings.
Degenerate four-wave mixing in triply resonant Kerr cavities

We demonstrate theoretical conditions for highly efficient degenerate four-wave mixing in triply resonant nonlinear (Kerr) cavities. We employ a general and accurate temporal coupled-mode analysis in which the interaction of light in arbitrary microcavities is expressed in terms of a set of coupling coefficients that we rigorously derive from the full Maxwell equations. Using the coupled-mode theory, we show that light consisting of an input signal of frequency ω0 − �ω can, in the presence of pump light at ω0, be converted with quantumlimited efficiency into an output shifted signal of frequency ω0 + �ω , and we derive expressions for the critical input powers at which this occurs. We find the critical powers in the order of 10 mW, assuming very conservative cavity parameters (modal volumes ∼10 cubic wavelengths and quality factors ∼1000). The standard ManleyRowe efficiency limits are obtained from the solution of the classical coupled-mode equations, although we also derive them from simple photon-counting “quantum” arguments. Finally, using a linear stability analysis, we demonstrate that maximal conversion efficiency can be retained even in the presence of self- and cross-phase modulation effects that generally act to disrupt the resonance condition.
Strongly Interacting Neutrinos as the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays: A Quantitative Analysis

Scattering processes in the cosmic microwave background limit the propagation of ultra high energy charged particles in our Universe. For extragalactic proton sources resonant photopion production results in the famous Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin (GZK) cutoff at about 4x10^10 GeV expected in the spectrum observed on Earth. The faint flux of ultra high energy cosmic rays of less than one event per year and cubic kilometer and the large systematic uncertainties in the energy calibration of cosmic ray showers is a challenge for cosmic ray observatories and so far the GZK cutoff has not been unambiguously confirmed. We have investigated the possibility that the primaries of super-GZK events are strongly interacting neutrinos which are not subject to the GZK cutoff. For the flux of protons and neutrinos from extragalactic optically thin sources and a flexible parameterization of the neutrino-nucleon cross section we have analyzed the cosmic ray spectra observed at AGASA and HiRes taking also into account results from horizontal events at AGASA and contained events at RICE. We find that scenarios of strongly interacting neutrinos are still compatible with the data requiring a steep increase of the inelastic neutrino-nucleon cross section by four order of magnitude within one energy decade compared to the Standard Model predictions. We also discuss the impact of the preliminary cosmic ray spectrum observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory.
Toward “optimal” integration of terrestrial biosphere models

Multimodel ensembles (MME) are commonplace in Earth system modeling. Here we perform MME integration using a 10‐member ensemble of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) from the Multiscale synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). We contrast optimal (skill based for present‐day carbon cycling) versus naïve (“one model‐one vote”) integration. MsTMIP optimal and naïve mean land sink strength estimates (−1.16 versus −1.15 Pg C per annum respectively) are statistically indistinguishable. This holds also for grid cell values and extends to gross uptake, biomass, and net ecosystem productivity. TBM skill is similarly indistinguishable. The added complexity of skill‐based integration does not materially change MME values. This suggests that carbon metabolism has predictability limits and/or that all models and references are misspecified. Resolving this issue requires addressing specific uncertainty types (initial conditions, structure, and references) and a change in model development paradigms currently dominant in the TBM community.
A bundle approach to efficient MAP-inference by Lagrangian relaxation

Approximate inference by decomposition of discrete graphical models and Lagrangian relaxation has become a key technique in computer vision. The resulting dual objective function is convenient from the optimization point-of-view, in principle. Due to its inherent non-smoothness, however, it is not directly amenable to efficient convex optimization. Related work either weakens the relaxation by smoothing or applies variations of the inefficient projected subgradient methods. In either case, heuristic choices of tuning parameters influence the performance and significantly depend on the specific problem at hand. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach based on bundle methods from the field of combinatorial optimization. It is directly based on the non-smooth dual objective function, requires no tuning parameters and showed a markedly improved efficiency uniformly over a large variety of problem instances including benchmark experiments. Our code will be publicly available after publication of this paper.
SenticNet 3: A Common and Common-Sense Knowledge Base for Cognition-Driven Sentiment Analysis

SenticNet is a publicly available semantic and affective resource for concept-level sentiment analysis. Rather than using graph-mining and dimensionality-reduction techniques, SenticNet 3 makes use of "energy flows" to connect various parts of extended common and common-sense knowledge representations to one another. SenticNet 3 models nuanced semantics and sentics (that is, the conceptual and affective information associated with multi-word natural language expressions), representing information with a symbolic opacity of an intermediate nature between that of neural networks and typical symbolic systems.
Climate and hydrographic variability in the Indo‐Pacific Warm Pool during the last millennium

Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and δ18O derived sea surface temperature and salinity records from the Makassar Strait, Indonesia, show a long‐term cooling and freshening trend, as well as considerable centennial‐scale variability during the last millennium. The warmest temperatures and highest salinities occurred during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), while the coolest temperatures and lowest salinities occurred during the Little Ice Age (LIA). These changes in the western Pacific, along with observations from other high resolution records indicate a regionally coherent southern displacement of the Inter‐tropical Convergence Zone during the LIA, with more arid conditions in the northern tropics and wetter conditions in the southern tropics.
Changes in muscle strength, muscle fibre size and myofibrillar gene expression after immobilization and retraining in humans

1 Changes in muscle strength, vastus lateralis fibre characteristics and myosin heavy‐chain (MyoHC) gene expression were examined in 48 men and women following 3 weeks of knee immobilization and after 12 weeks of retraining with 1866 eccentric, concentric or mixed contractions. 2 Immobilization reduced eccentric, concentric and isometric strength by 47 %. After 2 weeks of spontaneous recovery there still was an average strength deficit of 11 %. With eccentric and mixed compared with concentric retraining the rate of strength recovery was faster and the eccentric and isometric strength gains greater. 3 Immobilization reduced type I, IIa and IIx muscle fibre areas by 13, 10 and 10 %, respectively and after 2 weeks of spontaneous recovery from immobilization these fibres were 5 % smaller than at baseline. Hypertrophy of type I, IIa and IIx fibres relative to baseline was 10, 16 and 16 % after eccentric and 11, 9 and 10 % after mixed training (all P < 0.05), exceeding the 4, 5 and 5 % gains after concentric training. Type IIa and IIx fibre enlargements were greatest after eccentric training. 4 Total RNA/wet muscle weight and type I, IIa and IIx MyoHC mRNA levels did not change differently after immobilization and retraining. Immobilization downregulated the expression of type I MyoHC mRNA to 0.72‐fold of baseline and exercise training upregulated it to 0.95 of baseline. No changes occurred in type IIa MyoHC mRNA. Immobilization and exercise training upregulated type IIx MyoHC mRNA 2.9‐fold and 1.2‐fold, respectively. For the immobilization segment, type I, IIa and IIx fibre area and type I, IIa and IIx MyoHC mRNA correlated (r= 0.66, r= 0.07 and r=−0.71, respectively). 5 The present data underscore the role muscle lengthening plays in human neuromuscular function and adaptation.