Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constructing Enemies: ‘Islamic Terrorism’ in Political and Academic Discourse

Abstract The term ‘Islamic terrorism’ has become a ubiquitous feature of Western political and academic counter-terrorism discourse in recent years. Examining over 300 political and academic texts and employing a discourse analytic approach, this article attempts to describe and dissect the central terms, assumptions, labels, narratives and genealogical roots of the language and knowledge of ‘Islamic terrorism’ and to reflect on its practical and normative consequences. It concludes that for the most part, political and academic discourses of ‘Islamic terrorism’ are unhelpful, not least because they are highly politicized, intellectually contestable, damaging to community relations and practically counter-productive.
Effects of interference control on visuospatial working memory

The aim of this study was to estimate the effects on working memory efficiency of interference control mechanisms that act during selective attention on the perception of external stimuli (access) as well as the mechanisms that operate on internal representations of this memory system (deletion). These effects were examined as a function of task difficulty by increasing the memory load. Working memory performance was evaluated when access and deletion functions were active and under noninterference conditions. Subjects were able to efficiently apply the access and deletion functions during trials of low or moderate difficulty, but during trials of high difficulty, they were only able to apply the access functions and failed to activate the deletion functions. These results provide evidence supporting the independency of each of these interference control functions. Only the ability to control interference from internal memory representations is vulnerable to task difficulty and is predictive of working memory performance.
Estrogen receptor beta is expressed in human stomach adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE In stomach adenocarcinoma, the role of the hormonal receptor, estrogen receptor (ER), has been controversial. Recently, a new estrogen receptor, called estrogen receptor beta (ER beta), was found to be expressed in various tissues including normal gastrointestinal tract. In this paper, the expression of ER beta in stomach adenocarcinomas has been investigated for the first time, specifically in signet ring cell adenocarcinomas, together with surrounding non-cancerous tissues. METHODS By immunohistochemistry the expression of ER alpha and beta was studied in 29 stomach adenocarcinomas, ten signet ring cell adenocarcinomas, and 19 other adenocarcinomas. Western blotting was performed to examine the immunohistochemical result. Statistical studies (Student's t test and chi(2)-test) explored the relation between the immunohistochemical result and clinicopathological characteristics. RESULTS All 29 adenocarcinomas, including the signet ring cell ones, demonstrated clear ER beta nucleus staining. Lymphocytes, venous endothelial cells, smooth muscle, and non-cancerous stomach glands also showed strong ER beta staining, while no staining was observed in the immunohistochemistry of ER alpha. Western blotting showed equivalent ER beta protein levels in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues, which was consistent with the results of immunohistochemical staining. Among signet ring cell adenocarcinomas of the stomach, cytoplasm were stained in addition to nuclei, specifically in patients under the age of 40 years. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that the effects of estrogen in stomach cancer, as well as those in normal stomach, may be mediated by ER beta, and that the role of ER beta may differ by the subtype of stomach adenocarcinoma - specifically signet ring cell adenocarcinomas and other ones - although large scale samples are needed to confirm these findings.
Can mobile health training meet the challenge of ‘measuring better’?

ABSTRACT Mobile learning has seen a large uptake in use in low- and middle-income countries. This is driven by rhetorics of easy scaling, reaching the hard-to-reach and the potential for generating analytics from the applications used by learners. Healthcare training has seen a proliferation of apps aimed at improving accountability through tracking and measuring workplace learning. A view of the mobile phone as an agent of change is thus linked with a technocentric approach to measurement. Metrics, initially created as proxies for what gets done by health workers, are now shaping the practices they were intended to describe. In this paper, we show how, despite some valiant efforts, ‘measuring better’ remains difficult to achieve due to entrenched views of what measurement consists of. We analyse a mobile health (mHealth) classification framework, drawing out some implications of how it has been used in training health workers. These lead us to recommend moving away from a view of mobile learning linked tightly to accountability and numbers. We suggest a focus on an alternative future, where ‘measuring better’ is promoted as part of socio-cultural views of learning and linked with a social justice conceptualisation of development.
Why so much stability? Research note Partial single-peakednes s: An extension and clarification

Niemi (1969), in an important but neglected paper, found that when orderings were drawn from a simulation based on the impartial culture, the greater the proportion of voter orderings that were single-peaked (a condition he called partial single-peakedness), the more likely was there to be a transitive group ordering. Niemi also found that the likelihood of transitivity increased with n, group size - approaching one as n grew large. Niemi's simulation was restricted to the case of three alternatives. Also, he provided no theoretical explanation for the results of his simulation. Here we provide a theoretical explanation for Niemi's results in terms of a model based on the idea of net preferences, and we extend his results for the general case of any finite number of alternatives, m, for electorates that are large relative to the number of alternatives being considered. In addition to providing a rationale for Niemi's (1969) simulation results, the ideas of net preferences and opposite preference we make use of have a wide range of potential applications.
Bioequivalence Study of Two Metformin Formulations

Abstract A randomized single-dose cross-over study was conducted on 24 healthy male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two metformin (CAS 657-24-9) tablet formulations, Emiphage™ (test) and a commercially available original preparation (reference). A dose of 850 mg was administered after an overnight fast with a washout period of seven days. Eighteen blood samples were collected over 32 h. Metformin concentrations in deproteinized serum were determined by a locally validated High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) assay, and pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed by the standard non-compartmental method. Mean Â± SD maximum concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), area under the curve (AUC0→t and AUC0→∞), and elimination half-life (t1/2) were 1.73 Â± 0.54 and 1.86 ± 0.67 µg/ml, 2.6 ±1.2 and 2.0 ± 1.0 h, 10.72 ± 3.93 and 10.82 ± 3.72 µg · h/ml, 11.53 ± 4.14 and 11.6 ± 3.84 µg · h/ml, and 3.1 ± 0.7 and 3.1 ± 0.9 h for the test and reference formulation, respectively. The parametric 90% confidence intervals on the mean of the difference (test - reference) between log-transformed values of the two formulations were 82.92% to 98.78%, 85.95% to 101.47%, and 77.82% to 100.4% for AUC0→t, AUC0→∞, and Cmax, respectively. The results indicate that the two formulations can be considered equivalent in the extent of absorption under fasting conditions.
Student Victimization by Peers: Comparison Between Bedouin and Non-Bedouin Arab Students in Israel

ABSTRACT School violence is a social phenomenon that has been a great source of concern for the educational system and for parents. The results of the current study are part of a comprehensive study conducted among a nationally representative sample of students in Israel (Benbenishty, 2003). This study examines the issue of peer victimization among Arab students as measured by self-report questionnaires. The sample of the current study consists of 10,441 students from 192 schools (6,329 non-Bedouin Arab students from 114 schools and 4,112 Bedouin students from 78 schools). We found that non-Bedouin Arab students reported slightly more verbal-social victimization than did Bedouin students. In contrast to these results, Bedouin students reported significantly higher levels of moderate physical victimization and severe physical victimization. Furthermore, the statistical interaction between gender, grade level, and national/cultural group, as well as reported victimization was examined. Several possible interpretations of the results will be presented. Additionally, the implications for the field of social work practice and policy will be discussed as well as recommendations for future research.
Increasing African Americans' Participation in Higher Education: African American High-School Students' Perspectives

Researchers and policymakers rarely include the individuals who are the focus of their studies in the development of solutions to their own problems. Although individuals or groups are often asked their opinions about their plight, they are seldom asked to participate in the development of programs or models that will improve their lives. The very individuals who would be most affected and who should be the first to be consulted are not given a voice in the dialogue, as if they had no stake in these important decisions that determine the course of the policies that will affect their lives. The process of deciding how to increase African Americans' participation in higher education, one of the most important commodities for upward mobility in our society, provides a prime example. African American high-school students are rarely, if ever, asked for their perceptions of the problems or, more important, for their ideas about possible solutions. My intent in this study was to explore African American high-school students' perceptions of barriers to African Americans' participation in higher education and to explore their perceptions of effective programs for addressing the problems. In particular, this study asked two primary questions: What are the barriers African Americans face in their decision to participate in higher education? What are the solutions that African
Communication and the Evolution of Society

Translator's Introduction. 1. What is Universal Pragmatics? 2. Moral Development and Ego Identity. 3. Historical Materialsim and the Development of Normative Structures. 4. Towards a Reconstruction of Historical Materialism. 5. Legitimation Problems in the Modern State. Notes. Index.
Cardiovascular disease in renal patients--a matter of stem cells?

A direct passage manometer includes a body into which at least two rectilinear channels open into a recessed curved surface at a central portion thereof. A diaphragm seals the curved surface at the center of the body and is fixed in place by a load cell. The load cell has a movement amplifying device and indicator mounted thereon. The movement amplifying device rests on the diaphragm, connects to the indicator and is fixed in place by the load cell. The opening holes of the two channels are elliptical in profile and machined so as to avoid any retention zones.
Religiosity in relation to depression and well-being among adolescents – a comparison of findings among the Anglo-Saxon population and findings among Austrian high school students

The aim of this study was to examine if the relationships between religiosity and less depression/greater well-being predominantly found in the Anglo-Saxon language regions can be replicated in the German-speaking region. Religiosity was assessed with the Index of Core Spiritual Experiences (INSPIRIT) and the Religious Well-Being (RWB) – both measures of intrinsic religiosity, Religious socialisation and questions concerning religious practice. Depression/well being were assessed with the Depression–Happiness Scale (DHS) and Existential Well-Being (EWB). With a sample of 201 high school students, religious practice was not found to be significantly correlated with any measure of depression/well-being as expected. The INSPIRIT and the RWB were not significantly associated with the DHS, but they were – to a very small extent – with the EWB. These results differ from the Anglo-Saxon findings, except for the significant positive correlation between intrinsic religiousness and EWB.
Less invasive new vaginoplasty using laparoscopy, atelocollagen sponge, and hand-made mould.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to validate the therapeutic efficacy of the innovative surgical approach using laparoscopy, atelocollagen sponge, and hand-made mould on the achievement of a satisfactory neovagina in patients with vaginal agenesis. STUDY DESIGN The current study involved four patients diagnosed as having Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome. After creating a vaginal tunnel, the mould wrapped with atelocollagen sponge was placed within the neovagina. The hand-made mould made of expanded polystyrene was started to insert into the neovagina at 7 days after operation. Since this mould is lighter and easier to adjust compared with the previous commercialized ones, it was less stressful for the patients to master the procedure than previous methods. RESULTS Average operation time was 124 minutes with average blood loss being 45 ml. Average hospital stay was 23 days. The mean length of the neovagina one week postoperation was 8 cm with two fingers in width in all patients. No remarkable postoperative complications were noted. At two months after surgery, the neovagina was confirmed to be completely epithelialized in all patients, assessed by Schiller's test. CONCLUSIONS This innovative surgical procedure using a mould wrapped with atelocollagen sponge may be a more useful approach for the treatment of vaginal agenesis.
Interfaces between bariatric surgery and oral health: a longitudinal survey.

PURPOSE To evaluate oral changes, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, dental wear and salivary flow in bariatric patients. Fifty four obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery were studied before (n=54), up after 3 months (n=24) and 6 months (n=16). METHODS Indices for evaluating oral conditions were: DMFT, CPI, DWI and salivary flow. OIDP questionnaire was used to assess the impact of oral health on quality of life. ANOVA and Spearman correlation were used (p<0.05). RESULTS DMFT was 17.6 ± 5.7, 18.4 ± 4.1 and 18.3 ± 5.5 (P>0.05), presence of periodontal pockets in 50%, 58% and 50% of patients (p>0.05), tooth wear in dentin present in 81.5%, 87.5% and 87.5% before, 3 and 6 months after surgical treatment respectively. There were differences between the three periods for prevalence and severity of dental wear (p = 0.012). Salivary flow was 0.8 ± 0.5 ml/min before surgery, 0.9 ± 0.5 ml/min for 3 months and 1.1 ± 0.5m/min for 6 months (p>0.05). The impact of oral health on quality of life decreased with time after bariatric surgery (p= 0.029). CONCLUSION The lifestyle changes after bariatric surgery and these changes may increase the severity of pre-existing dental problems. However, these alterations in oral health did not influence the quality of life.
Postnatal development of caudate input neurons in the cat

Lectin‐bound horseradish peroxidase (WG‐HRP) was pressure‐injected into the caudate nucleus (Cd) of neonatal (< 24 hours of age) and adult cats in order to assess the postnatal development of monosynaptic Cd input neurons. Tissue was processed for peroxidase activity with a benzidine dihydrochloride chromagen. The injection of WG‐HRP produced relatively similar labelled zones of marker uptake in the caudate nuclei of both neonates and adults. Similar axonal projections were also labelled in both age groups. While many characteristics of retrogradely labelled Cd input neurons were apparently constant throughout postnatal life, each of these features had a particular developmental modification. (1) Regardless of age, neuronal somata that projected to the Cd were located in the neocortex, thalamus, substantia nigra, mesencephalic raphe nuclei, and globus pallidus. In each of these brain sites, labelled Cd input neurons appeared to migrate postnatally. (2) The Cd afferent axons originated from the same neuronal lines in neonates and adults‐small‐to‐medium‐sized cortical neurons and medium‐sized‐to‐large fusiform cells in all other brain sites. In each of the brain sites, labelled neurons displayed marked postnatal somatic growth. (3) In both age groups, there was a characteristic intrasomatic reaction product density in the labelled neurons located in each brain site (substantia nigra > thalamus = raphe = globus pallidus > cortex). In each of these brain sites, the intrasomatic reaction product density was less in neonates than in adults.
Codifying implementation guidelines for a collaborative improvement initiative

The application of action learning in inter-organizational settings is largely undeveloped. This article presents a description of and reflection on an action learning approach to enabling collaborative improvement in the extended manufacturing enterprise. The article focuses in particular on implementing the action learning approach. However, the contribution of this piece goes beyond the particular setting of collaborative improvement in the extended manufacturing enterprise. Of particular significance is the process of developing a set of guidelines for managers, implementation guidelines, codifying emergent organizational experience of managers for application in other settings. This development represents an application of action learning in the generation of actionable knowledge for managers and researchers.
Using explicit affective attitudes to tap impulsive influences on health behaviour: a commentary on Hofmann et al. (2008)

Hofmann, Friese, and Wiers (2008) present a compelling case for simultaneously considering impulsive and reflective influences on health behaviour and also the role of situational or dispositional moderators of these relationships. It is clear from work over the past two decades in the health domain that particular emphasis has been placed on exploring the reflective influences on health behaviour (see Conner & Norman, 1996, 2005 for reviews of predominantly reflective models of health behaviour). This work emphasises the role of key variables such as outcome expectancies, self-efficacy and the formation of strong and stable goal intentions in determining health behaviour. Hofmann and colleagues make the important point that this is not the whole picture: health behaviours are also determined by impulsive influences. As Hofmann et al. also note the relative impact of these impulsive and reflective influences on health behaviours varies as a function of various situational and dispositional moderators (e.g., low cognitive resources or motivation promote the greater influence of reflective influences). There are a number of ‘dual process’ models developed in recent years in an attempt to integrate these different influences on behaviour. We concur with Hofmann et al. that the Reflective Impulsive Model (RIM) developed by Strack and Deutsch (2004) may represent a particularly useful dual process model in relation to furthering our understanding of the reflective and impulsive influences on health behaviours. In this commentary, we wish to draw attention to one issue in relation to examining the role of reflective and impulsive influences on health behaviours: the types of measures used to tap these differing influences. Hofmann et al. (2009) suggest that reflective processes are tapped by self-report measures (e.g., self-report questionnaires), while impulsive influences are tapped by implicit measures (e.g., responses to the Implicit Association Test). We will argue that it may be unwise to assume that impulsive influences on behaviour can only be tapped by implicit measures. Indeed it will be argued that explicit measures of affective attitudes may also tap impulsive influences on behaviour. Two lines of evidence will be presented to support this view and the need for further research on this issue highlighted. The first line of evidence focusses on a role for affective attitudes independent of
Title Sal-like 4 (SALL4) suppresses CDH1 expression and maintains cell dispersion in basal-like breast cancer

In cell cultures, the dispersed phenotype is indicative of the migratory ability. Here we characterized Sal-like 4 (SALL4) as a dispersion factor in basal-like breast cancer. Our shRNA-mediated SALL4 knockdown system and SALL4 overexpression system revealed that SALL4 suppresses the expression of adhesion gene CDH1, and positively regulates the CDH1 suppressor ZEB1. Cell behavior analyses showed that SALL4 suppresses intercellular adhesion and maintains cell motility after cell–cell interaction and cell division, which results in the dispersed phenotype. Our findings indicate that SALL4 functions to suppress CDH1 expression and to maintain cell dispersion in basal-like breast cancer. 2013 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Bipolar II: Not so different when co‐morbidity excluded

Subjects with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder types I and II who had been selected to be free of recent substance abuse and severe character pathology as part of their participation in two research studies, were compared on a number of clinical features. No significant differences were observed between bipolar I and II subjects on any of these measures. These results are consistent with the suggestion that previously reported differences between bipolar I and II might be attributable in part to the presence of character pathology and substance abuse in unselected bipolar II populations. Depression 3:154–156 (1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low glucose metabolism during brain stimulation in older Down's syndrome subjects at risk for Alzheimer's disease prior to dementia.

OBJECTIVE Down's syndrome is characterized by the genetically programmed accumulation of substantial Alzheimer's disease neuropathology after age 40 and the development of early dementia years later, providing a unique human model to investigate the preclinical phases of Alzheimer's disease. Older nondemented adults with Down's syndrome show normal rates of regional cerebral glucose metabolism at rest before the onset of dementia, indicating that their neurons maintain function at rest. The authors hypothesized that an audiovisual stimulation paradigm, acting as a stress test, would reveal abnormalities in cerebral glucose metabolism before dementia in the neocortical parietal and temporal areas most vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease. METHOD Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was assessed by means of positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose in eight younger (mean age = 35 years, SD = 2) and eight older (mean age = 50, SD = 7) healthy, nondemented adults with trisomy 21 Down's syndrome. PET scans were performed at rest and during audiovisual stimulation in the same scanning session. Levels of general intellectual functioning and compliance were similar in the two groups. RESULTS At rest the two groups showed no difference in glucose metabolism in any cerebral region. In contrast, during audiovisual stimulation the older subjects with Down's syndrome had significantly lower glucose metabolic rates in the parietal and temporal cortical areas. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in cerebral metabolism during stimulation appeared in the first cortical regions typically affected in Alzheimer's disease. These results indicate that a stress test paradigm can detect metabolic abnormalities in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease despite normal cerebral metabolism at rest.