Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute renal failure following massive mannitol infusion.

Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic agent widely used in the treatment of cerebral edema and in the prophylaxis of acute renal failure [1]. The kidneys are the major source of excretion of mannitol (90% excreted within 24 h of intravenous administration) [2]. Renal insufficiency will markedly impair excretion, leading to accumulation in extracellular fluid space [1, 2]. Thus, mannitol intoxication has been reported to be a potentially life-threatening complication when mannitol is used unrestrictedly in patients with established renal failure [3, 4]. The aim of this letter is to report on a patient with diabetic nephropa-thy and no known other predisposing factors in whom acute oliguric renal failure occurred as a consequence of infusion of massive quantities of mannitol. A 50 year-old woman arrived at the emergency room with progressive obnubilation and right hemiparesis. She had a history of diabetic nephropathy, and 6 months earlier suffered an episode of acute renal failure due to iodic contrast medium, remaining with a creatinine clearance of 18 ml/min. Intracranial haemorrage was suspected, and 200 g of mannitol was administered as well as thiopental sodium, insulin, ranitidine, and dexamethasone. A computerized tomography scan without contrast medium did not show signs of cerebral bleeding. Serum creatinine was 248 μmol/l, urea 27 mmol/l, Na 130, and K 4.5 mmol/l. Within the first 2 h the patient presented diuresis of 758 ml, though later she was anuric and did not respond to furosemide. Morever, consciousness decreased progressively until the patient entered profound coma. Haemodynamic stability was maintained throughout. During the following 48 h the patient was anuric and presented hypervolaemic signs which led to the institution of peritoneal dialysis. The patient required mechanical ventilation due to Cheyne-Stokes respiration. Twelve hours after Table 1. Laboratory data
Generalized Design Equations for Class-E Power Amplifiers with Finite DC Feed Inductance

In literature, it is widely accepted that the design of class-E power amplifier (PA) with finite dc feed inductance requires a long iterative solution procedure. To avoid such iterative solution methods, analytical design equations should be known. The problem associated with the finite dc feed inductance class-E PA is usually ascribed to the fact that the circuit element values are transcendental functions of the input parameters which is assumed to prevent the derivation of exact or fully analytical design equations. Using a proper analytical method, exact design solutions for class-E PA with any inductor value can however be derived. A mathematically exact analysis of the idealized class-E PA with finite dc feed inductance has been done and analytical expressions showing the relation between the circuit elements and the input parameters are found. These analytical expressions have been simplified to obtain explicit, relatively simple design equations. In this paper, it presents these relatively simple design equations. Using these design equations, class-E PA with finite dc feed inductance can be designed without iterative design procedures. The current paper discusses these simplified versions of the exact solution of general class-E PA with finite dc feed inductance, and discusses some implications of these design equations
Overweight Is an Additional Prognostic Factor in Acute Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis

Background/Aims: It is generally accepted that there is a correlation between obesity and poor outcome in acute pancreatitis (AP); however, the relationship between overweight and the prognosis of AP is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between overweight and the prognosis of AP. Methods: MEDLINE and PubMed were searched using the terms ‘acute pancreatitis’, ‘obesity’, ‘overweight’, and ‘body mass index’ (‘BMI’). All prospective clinical studies correlating BMI and AP were included. Obesity and overweight were defined as BMI ≧30 and from 25 to 30, respectively. A meta-analysis was performed with the endpoints severe AP (SAP), local complications, systemic complications, and mortality. Results: Eight studies including 939 patients were found. The incidence rates of SAP (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.34–4.60), local complications (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.20–5.57), and mortality (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.22–11.83) were increased in overweight patients with AP. No difference was detected in the incidence of systemic complications between the normal-weight and overweight patients (OR 1.62, 95% CI 0.76–3.43). In addition, the correlation between obesity and poor prognosis was again confirmed. Conclusion: Overweight is an additional prognostic factor of severity, local complications, and mortality in AP.
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Phase 2 Study of the Proapoptotic Agent AT-101 Plus Docetaxel, in Second-Line Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Background: AT-101 is an inhibitor of Bcl-2 family proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, and Bcl-w. In vivo and in vitro studies have exhibited broad activity of AT-101, including synergy with docetaxel in non-small cell lung cancer tumor models. Methods: We conducted a prospective, randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Eligible patients must have received one prior chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer and may also have received therapy with an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor. Patients received AT-101 (40 mg b.i.d. × 3 days) or placebo in combination with docetaxel (75 mg/m2 on day 1) every 21 days. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) as determined by independent review; other endpoints include overall survival and PFS by investigator determination. Approximately 102 patients were planned to provide 70 events (80% power, hazard ratio [HR] of 0.6, one-sided alpha of 0.1). Results: One hundred six patients were assigned to treatment and 105 patients received at least one dose of AT-101 or placebo. Baseline factors were balanced between treatment groups: median age 59 years; 77% men, and 79% current or former smokers. Ninety-three percent of patients had distant metastatic disease at randomization and 56% squamous histology. The most frequently reported adverse events were fatigue (18%), anemia (18%), and dyspnea (18%). No statistically significant differences in serious adverse events were observed between AT-101 and placebo; grade 1/2 headaches appeared more frequently with AT-101 (9% versus 0%) and neutropenia was reported more frequently in the docetaxel plus placebo arm compared with docetaxel plus AT-101 (17% versus 8%). Unlike trials with continuous daily dosing of AT-101, no cases of small bowel obstruction were reported. The response rate and median PFS were not different between the arms by independent review, PFS 7.5 weeks for docetaxel plus AT-101 and 7.1 weeks for docetaxel plus placebo arms (HR, 1.04; p = 0.57). The median overall survival was 7.8 months for docetaxel plus AT-101 versus 5.9 months for docetaxel plus placebo (HR, 0.82; p = 0.21). Conclusions: The primary endpoint of improved PFS for AT-101 plus docetaxel was not met. AT-101 plus docetaxel was well tolerated with an adverse event profile indistinguishable from the base docetaxel regimen. AT-101 is the first oral, pan Bcl-2 family inhibitor to exhibit a possible survival benefit in a randomized study.
Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Lantana camara, Ageratum houstonianum and Eupatorium adenophorum

Essential oils have applications in folk medicine, food preservation, and as feed additives. The essential oils of Lantana camara Linn. (Verbenaceae), Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (Asteraceae) and Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (Asteraceae) were analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). In L. camara oil, of the total identified (83.91%) volatile constituents, five constituents [3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatriene (28.86%), β-caryophyllene (12.28%), zingiberene (7.63%), γ-curcumene (7.50%) and α-humulene (3.99%)] represented the major ones. In A. houstonianum oil, among the total identified volatile constituents (94.51%), three [precocene-II (52.64%), precocene-I (22.45%) and β-caryophyllene (9.66%)] represented the major ones. In E. adenophorum oil, of the total identified volatile constituents (84.95%), six [1-napthalenol (17.50%), α-bisabolol (9.53%), bornyl acetate (8.98%), β-bisabolene (6.16%), germacrene-D (5.74%) and α- phellandrene (3.85%)] represented the major ones. The antibacterial activity expressed as Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) (μg/mL) was determined by the broth dilution method. The essential oil of E. adenophorum had antibacterial activity against Arthrobacter protophormiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Rhodococcus rhodochrous, and Staphylococcus aureus with MBC values of 200, 100, 100, 12.5, and 200, respectively. The essential oil of A. houstonianum showed antibacterial activity against M. luteus and R. rhodochrous with MBC of 100 and 12.5, but not against A. protophormiae, E. coli, and S. aureus. The essential oil of L. camara showed antibacterial activity against A. protophormiae, M. luteus, R. rhodochrous and S. aureus with MBC of 50, 25, 12.5, and 200, respectively, but not against E. coli. MBC was lowest for R. rhodochrous for all the three essential oils.
DANTE‐prepared pulse trains: A novel approach to motion‐sensitized and motion‐suppressed quantitative magnetic resonance imaging

Delay alternating with nutation for tailored excitation (DANTE) pulse trains are well appreciated as frequency‐selective excitation methods in Fourier transform NMR and for spatial tagging in MRI. In this study, nonselective DANTE pulse trains are used in combination with gradient pulses and short repetition times as motion‐sensitive preparation modules. We show that while the longitudinal magnetization of static tissue is mostly preserved, flowing spins are largely (or fully) attenuated as they fail to establish transverse steady state due to a spoiling effect caused by flow along the applied gradient. The attenuation of flowing spins is effectively insensitive to spin velocity (above a low threshold) and can be approximately quantified with a simple T1 longitudinal magnetization decay model. The relevant analytical equations for moving spins and static spins during DANTE module application are derived for both transient and steady state epochs. The equations are validated by comparing analytical solutions and numerical Bloch equation simulations against experimental observations in phantoms and in vivo. Based on this contrast mechanism, the application of the DANTE preparation to black blood vessel imaging is proposed. A simple demonstration of DANTE black blood imaging modules shows that it provides excellent blood signal suppression and static tissue signal preservation. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid degradation of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilms by PlyC, a bacteriophage-encoded endolysin.

OBJECTIVES Streptococcus pyogenes, or Group A streptococcus (GAS), has a propensity to colonize human tissues and form biofilms. Significantly, these biofilms are a contributing mechanism of antibiotic treatment failure in streptococcal disease. In this study, we evaluate a streptococcal-specific bacteriophage-encoded endolysin (PlyC), which is known to lyse planktonic streptococci, on both static and dynamic streptococcal biofilms. METHODS PlyC was benchmarked against antibiotics for MIC, MBC and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC). A biomass eradication assay based on crystal violet staining of the biofilm matrix was also used to quantify the anti-biofilm properties of PlyC. Finally, conventional fluorescence microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy were used to study the effects of PlyC on static and dynamic biofilms of GAS. RESULTS PlyC and antibiotics had similar MIC (range 0.02-0.08 mg/L) and MBC (range 0.02-1.25 mg/L) values on planktonic GAS. However, when GAS grew in biofilms, the MBEC values for antibiotics rose to clinically resistant values (≥400 mg/L) whereas PlyC had MBEC values two orders of magnitude lower by mass and four orders of magnitude lower by molarity than the conventional antibiotics. Laser scanning confocal microscopy revealed that PlyC destroys the biofilm as it diffuses through the matrix in a time-dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that while streptococcal cells within a biofilm rapidly become refractory to traditional antibiotics, the biofilm matrix is readily destroyed by the lytic actions of PlyC.
Early Serum Galactomannan Trend as a Predictor of Outcome of Invasive Aspergillosis

ABSTRACT The monitoring and prediction of treatment responses to invasive aspergillosis (IA) are difficult. We determined whether serum galactomannan index (GMI) trends early in the course of disease may be useful in predicting eventual clinical outcomes. For the subjects recruited into the multicenter Global Aspergillosis Study, serial GMIs were measured at baseline and at weeks 1, 2, and 4 following antifungal treatment. Clinical response and survival at 12 weeks were the outcome measures. GMI trends were analyzed by using the generalized estimation equation approach. GMI cutoffs were evaluated by using receiver-operating curve analyses incorporating pre- and posttest probabilities. Of the 202 study patients diagnosed with IA, 71 (35.1%) had a baseline GMI of ≥0.5. Week 1 GMI was significantly lower for the eventual responders to treatment at week 12 than for the nonresponders (GMIs of 0.62 ± 0.12 and 1.15 ± 0.22, respectively; P = 0.035). A GMI reduction of >35% between baseline and week 1 predicted a probability of a satisfactory clinical response. For IA patients with pretreatment GMIs of <0.5 (n = 131; 64.9%), GMI ought to remain low during treatment, and a rising absolute GMI to >0.5 at week 2 despite antifungal treatment heralded a poor clinical outcome. Here, every 0.1-unit increase in the GMI between baseline and week 2 increased the likelihood of an unsatisfactory clinical response by 21.6% (P = 0.018). In summary, clinical outcomes may be anticipated by charting early GMI trends during the first 2 weeks of antifungal therapy. These findings have significant implications for the management of IA.
Identification of initially appearing glycine‐immunoreactive neurons in the embryonic zebrafish brain

Glycine is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system of vertebrates. Here, we report the initial development of glycine‐immunoreactive (Gly‐ir) neurons and fibers in zebrafish. The earliest Gly‐ir cells were found in the hindbrain and rostral spinal cord by 20 h post‐fertilization (hpf). Gly‐ir cells in rhombomeres 5 and 6 that also expressed glycine transporter 2 (glyt2) mRNA were highly stereotyped; they were bilaterally located and their axons ran across the midline and gradually turned caudally, joining the medial longitudinal fascicles in the spinal cord by 24 hpf. Gly‐ir neurons in rhombomere 5 were uniquely identified, since there was one per hemisegment, whereas the number of Gly‐ir neurons in rhombomere 6 were variable from one to three per hemisegment. Labeling of these neurons by single‐cell electroporation and tracing them until the larval stage revealed that they became MiD2cm and MiD3cm, respectively. The retrograde labeling of reticulo‐spinal neurons in Tg(glyt2:gfp) larva, which express GFP in Gly‐ir cells, and a genetic mosaic analysis with glyt2:gfp DNA construct also supported this notion. Gly‐ir cells were also distributed widely in the anterior brain by 27 hpf, whereas glyt2 was hardly expressed. Double staining with anti‐glycine and anti‐GABA antibodies demonstrated distinct distributions of Gly‐ir and GABA‐ir cells, as well as the presence of doubly immunoreactive cells in the brain and placodes. These results provide evidence of identifiable glycinergic (Gly‐ir/glyt2‐positive) neurons in vertebrate embryos, and they can be used in further studies of the neurons' development and function at the single‐cell level. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 616–632, 2014
Modulation of microglial / macrophage activation by macrophage inhibitory factor ( TKP ) or tuftsin ( TKPR ) attenuates the disease course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Background: Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used mouse model for multiple sclerosis (MS). During the of progression of EAE, microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the brain, become activated and accumulate around demyelinated lesions. Microglial activation is mediated by the extracellular protease tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA), and mice lacking tPA display altered EAE progression. In this study, we have used pharmacological inhibitors and stimulators of microglial/ macrophage activation to examine the temporal requirement for microglial activation in EAE progression and to determine whether such approaches might potentially be of therapeutic value. Results: Intervention using the tripeptide macrophage/microglia inhibitory factor MIF (TKP) and the tetrapeptide macrophage/microglial stimulator tuftsin (TKPR) attenuated EAE symptoms and revealed that the timing of macrophage/microglial activation is critical for the clinical outcome of EAE. We show that the disease progression can potentially be manipulated favorably at early stages by altering the timing of microglial activation, which in turn alters the systemic immune response to favor upregulation of T helper cell 2 genes that promote recovery from EAE. Conclusion: Preventative and therapeutic modulation of macrophage/microglial activity significantly alters the outcome of EAE at symptomatic stages. Specific molecular targets have been identified that represent potential avenues of exploration for the treatment and prevention of MS. Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease with symptoms that include neurological impairment and motor deficits. MS results from immune attack on myelin, which leads to axonal and neuronal degeneration. A commonly used MS animal model is experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). EAE does not occur spontaneously, but does mimic some of the pathological and histological hallmarks of MS. During EAE, T cells recognizing components of myelin become activated, migrate to the CNS and cause autoimmune inflammation [1], which results in CNS infiltration of CD4+, CD8+ T cells and B cells. The inflammatory process includes secretion of proinflammatory T helper1 Published: 16 July 2007 BMC Immunology 2007, 8:10 doi:10.1186/1471-2172-8-10 Received: 26 October 2006 Accepted: 16 July 2007 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2172/8/10 © 2007 Bhasin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Code Smells in iOS Apps: How Do They Compare to Android?

With billions of app downloads, the Apple App Store and Google Play Store succeeded to conquer mobile devices. However, this success also challenges app developers to publish high-quality apps to keep attracting and satisfying end-users. In particular, taming the ever-growing complexity of mobile apps to cope with maintenance and evolution tasks under such a pressure may lead to bad development choices. While these bad choices, a.k. a. code smells, are widely studied in object-oriented software, their study in the context of mobile apps, and in particular iOS apps, remains in its infancy. Therefore, in this paper, we consider the presence of object-oriented and iOS-specific code smells by analyzing 279 open-source iOS apps. As part of this empirical study, we extended the Paprika toolkit, which was previously designed to analyze Android apps, in order to support the analysis of iOS apps developed in Objective-C or Swift. We report on the results of this analysis as well as a comparison between iOS and Android apps. We comment our findings related to the quality of apps in these two ecosystems. Interestingly, we observed that iOS apps tend to contain the same proportions of code smells regardless of the development language, but they seem to be less prone to code smells compared to Android apps.
Integrated evaluation of PAM50 subtypes and immune modulation of pCR in HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and HER2-targeted agents in the CherLOB trial.

BACKGROUND The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of (and relative contribution of) tumor-related and immune-related diversity of HER2-positive disease on the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus anti-HER2 agents. PATIENTS AND METHODS The CherLOB phase II study randomized 121 HER2-positive breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, lapatinib or both. Tumor samples from diagnostic core biopsy were centralized. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated on H&E slides. Intrinsic subtyping was carried out using the research-based 50-gene prediction analysis of a microarray (PAM50) subtype predictor. Immune-related gene signatures were also evaluated. RESULTS Continuous Str-TILs and It-TILs were significantly associated with pCR [OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.02-1.05 (P < 0.001) and OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04-1.15 (P < 0.001) for Str-TILs and It-TILs, respectively]. According to PAM50, the subtype distribution was as follows: HER2-enriched 26.7%, Luminal A 25.6%, Luminal B 16.3%, Basal-like 14% and Normal-like 17.4%. The highest rate of pCR was observed for the HER2-enriched subtype (50%), followed by Basal-like, Luminal B and Luminal A (χ(2) test, P = 0.026). Immune gene signatures significantly associated with pCR in univariate analyses were identified: most of them maintained a significant association with pCR in multivariate analyses corrected for PAM50 subtypes, whereas TILs did not. CONCLUSIONS In this study, both tumor-related and immune-related features contribute to the modulation of pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus anti-HER2 agents. Immune signatures rather than TILs added significant prediction of pCR beyond PAM50 intrinsic subtypes.
Aptamer-Based Extraction of Ergot Alkaloids from Ergot Contaminated Rye Feed

Ergot alkaloids are mycotoxins which can be found in food based on cereal-crops, due to a contamination of plants by fungi of the genus Claviceps. The ingestion of ergot contaminated cereal crops can lead to a severe poisoning known as ergotism. For food and feed safety purposes, the extraction of ergot alkaloids from ergot contaminated flour was investigated. For the specific recognition of ergot alkaloids, DNA aptamer ligands specially selected for ergot alkaloids were grafted onto silica gel in order to construct a specific solid phase extraction system. The aptamer-functionalized silica gels were used to extract ergot alkaloids from a contaminated rye feed sample. The presence of ergot alkaloids eluted from the aptamer-functionalized silica gels was analyzed using LC-QTOF-MS. By using this simple system, it was possible to specifically extract ergosine, ergokryptine and ergocornine from an ergot contaminated rye feed sample. This aptamer-based extraction tool shows the applicability of aptamers for the specific extraction of toxins or natural compounds from turbid matrices in a one-step procedure.