Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of two nights sleep deprivation and two nights recovery sleep on response inhibition

This study examined the effects of two nights of total sleep deprivation (TSD) and two nights of recovery sleep on response inhibition. Thirty‐eight young, healthy adults performed a Go‐NoGo task at 14 : 00 after: (1) a normal night of sleep; (2) each of two consecutive nights of TSD; and (3) each of two consecutive nights of recovery sleep; they also performed the task at 05 : 00 during the first night of sleep deprivation. We hypothesized that TSD would lead to an impaired ability to withhold a response that would be reversed with recovery sleep. Subjects did experience a significant increase in false positive responses throughout all of TSD, errors of omission (i.e. missed ‘go’ targets) were not significant until after the second night of TSD. Both components (withholding a response and automatic responding) of the task returned to baseline levels after one night of recovery sleep. These data suggest that individuals experience difficulty in withholding an inappropriate response during TSD, even when they are able to attend to the incoming stimuli and respond accurately to appropriate stimuli.
Speculation with memory

This thesis considers asset price evolution in financial markets, deriving the price dynamics from micro-economic considerations. In contrast to most models of speculative price evolution in which the Efficient Market Hypothesis is assumed valid, and thus the price process is Markovian, we introduce dependence on past prices via the action of speculators endeavouring to profit by extracting information from the price history. Such speculators, called chartists, form a large portion of the agents in financial markets. However, hitherto no satisfactory continuous time model of their impact on market behaviour has been developed. This thesis attempts to close that gap. By modelling price evolution by a linear stochastic integro-differential equation and making exogenous allowances for the fluctuation of agents’ participation levels and the periodicity present in such markets, we show th a t several properties of financial markets can be qualitatively mimicked: the relationship between heterogeneity and fat-tailed returns distributions, the autocorrelation term structure of the returns, the relationship between volatility and volume and the relative success of chart speculators. Our model outlines mechanisms by which speculative bubbles or crashes arise, and demonstrates th a t certain types of derivative pricing are robust to the violation of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. These applied results are based on new findings in the theory of stochastic integro-differential equations which are developed in this thesis. We establish that such equations have unique, continuous solutions whose paths have the same local topology as those of Brownian Motion and which can be expressed in terms of the resolvent of a related deterministic integro-differential equation. By using the techniques of stochastic analysis (in particular the Ito Calculus) and the theory of deterministic integro-differential equations, we determine the pathwise asymptotics, a.s. growth of the extrema and asymptotic distributional character of the evolution.
Quenched Disordered Ferromagnets

We review and compare different approaches for studying the influence of quenched, random disorder in three-dimensional Ising and Potts models for ferromagnets subject to impurities. From a theoretical view point, field theoretic renormalisation gr oup studies provide quite accurate results. Experiments carried out on crystalline mixtures of compounds lead to measurements of criticial exponents as accurate as three digits. Numerically, extensive Monte Carlo simulations are shown to be of comparable accuracy. Finally, we also discuss recently generated high-temperature series expansions for the free energy and susceptibility. Wit hin this approach, using the star-graph expansion technique, quenched disorder averages can be calculated exactly while keeping the disorder strength p as well as the dimension d as symbolic parameters.
Attachment relationships of preschool-aged children of mothers with HIV and HIV-related psychosis

ABSTRACT Children from mothers with HIV-related psychosis are frequently raised in challenging contexts, yet the extent to which these children grow up in insecure or disordered attachment relationships is unknown. Using the Strange Situation Procedure the distribution of attachment relationships of children from mothers with HIV and psychosis (n = 45) was compared with children from mothers with HIV without psychosis (n = 41). No significant differences in the distributions were found between the two groups and attachment was not associated with specific psychotic symptomatology. Security of attachment was associated with more people providing the mother with emotional support, but only in the psychosis group. Disordered attachment (24%) was more often found in the total sample than in studies with other normal and high risk populations. Recommendations were made for future research about factors facilitating resilience in the children and on interventions increasing emotional support for affected mothers.
After Transition: Health and Social Care Needs of Young Adults with Long-Term Neurological

There has been little work on the use or costs of health and social care services required to enable young adults with these conditions to live independently. PSSRU was asked by the Department of Health to look at young adults aged 18–25 years with neurological conditions who have started to be supported by adult services. Links were made with the Department’s Long-term Neurological Conditions Research Initiative which commenced in 2007 (www.ltnc.org.uk/ research.htm).
Low-Rank Correlations in Heterogeneous Neural Circuits

A central question in neuroscience is to understand how firing patterns are used to transmit information. Theoretical work shows us that the entire distribution of spiking statistics (such as firing rates) across the population will affect common measures of coding (such as Fisher information). These statistics will be affected by neuronal diversity, which is widely observed in the nervous system; however, many theoretical studies of spiking statistics do not include this feature. Here, we study the population distribution of first- and second-order spiking statistics of recurrently coupled excitatory-inhibitory spiking networks with conductance-based synapses. We systematically compare networks with and without intrinsic heterogeneity (modeled by threshold variation), and in different firing regimes. We found that with stronger excitatory coupling, low-rank structure emerged in the correlation matrix. This structure was related to a positive relationship between pairwise correlations and firing rates, which emerged in this firing regime. To explain these findings, we used linear response theory to predict the full correlation matrix and to decompose correlations in terms of graph motifs. We then used this decomposition to explain why covariation of correlations with firing rate --- a relationship previously explained in common input-driven feedforward networks --- emerges in some recurrent networks but not in others.
Explicitness of Consequence Information in Privacy Warnings: Experimentally Investigating the Effects on Perceived Risk, Trust, and Privacy Information Quality

Utility that modern smartphone technology provides to individuals is most often enabled by technical capabilities that are privacy-affecting by nature, i.e. smartphone apps are provided with access to a multiplicity of sensitive resources required to implement context-sensitivity or personalization. Due to the ineffectiveness of current privacy risk communication methods applied in smartphone ecosystems, individuals’ risk assessments are biased and accompanied with uncertainty regarding the potential privacy-related consequences of long-term app usage. Warning theory suggests that an explicit communication of potential consequences can reduce uncertainty and enable individuals to make better-informed cost-benefit trade-off decisions. We extend this design theory to the field of information privacy warning design by experimentally investigating the effects of explicitness in privacy warnings on individuals’ perceived risk and trustworthiness of smartphone apps. Our results suggest that explicitness leads to more accurate risk and trust perceptions and provides an improved foundation for informed decision-making.
Detection and quantification of a wide range of fMRI temporal responses using a physiologically‐motivated basis set

The temporal dynamics of fMRI responses can span a broad range, indicating a rich underlying physiology, but also posing a significant challenge for detection. For instance, in human auditory cortex, prolonged sound stimuli (∼30 sec) can evoke responses ranging from sustained to highly phasic (i.e., characterized by prominent peaks just after sound onset and offset). In the present study, we developed a method capable of detecting a wide variety of responses, while simultaneously extracting information about individual response components, which may have different neurophysiological underpinnings. Specifically, we implemented the general linear model using a novel set of basis functions chosen to reflect temporal features of cortical fMRI responses. This physiologically‐motivated basis set (the “OSORU” basis set) was tested against (1) the commonly employed “sustained‐only” basis “set” (i.e., a single smoothed “boxcar” function), and (2) a sinusoidal basis set, which is capable of detecting a broad range of responses, but lacks a direct relationship to individual response components. On data that included many different temporal responses, the OSORU basis set performed far better overall than the sustained‐only set, and as well or better than the sinusoidal basis set. The OSORU basis set also proved effective in exploring brain physiology. As an example, we demonstrate that the OSORU basis functions can be used to spatially map the relative amount of transient vs. sustained activity within auditory cortex. The OSORU basis set provides a powerful means for response detection and quantification that should be broadly applicable to any brain system and to both human and non‐human species. Hum. Brain Mapp. 20:168–183, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospect Theory and Information Security Investment Decisions

Most articles that discuss the economics of security focus on the use of rational choice decision models for evaluating investment alternatives. However, security investment decisions involve risk and several researchers have noted that risk related decisions often violate the fundamental principles of rational choice decision models. Accordingly, we assert that problems exist with using these models to explain security investment decisions. Further, we believe that the development of prescriptive models to guide investment decisions requires a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes involved. To test these ideas, we introduce a study that uses prospect theory to analyze security practitioners’ investment decisions. The article includes a discussion of our methodology to electronically assess security practitioners’ preference patterns. Additionally, we discuss data collection efforts which are currently in-process and future plans to analyze the collected data. Interim analytical results of data received prior to AMCIS 2012 will be presented to conference attendees.
Fluid simulation using Laplacian eigenfunctions

We present an algorithm for the simulation of incompressible fluid phenomena that is computationally efficient and leads to visually convincing simulations with far fewer degrees of freedom than existing approaches. Rather than using an Eulerian grid or Lagrangian elements, we represent vorticity and velocity using a basis of global functions defined over the entire simulation domain. We show that choosing Laplacian eigenfunctions for this basis provides benefits, including correspondence with spatial scales of vorticity and precise energy control at each scale. We perform Galerkin projection of the Navier-Stokes equations to derive a time evolution equation in the space of basis coefficients. Our method admits closed-form solutions on simple domains but can also be implemented efficiently on arbitrary meshes.
Reversible Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation Mediate Genome-Wide, Promoter-Dependent and Locus-Specific Changes in Gene Expression During Plant Development

Histone acetylation and deacetylation activate or repress transcription, yet the physiological relevance of reversible changes in chromatin structure and gene expression is poorly understood. We have shown that disrupting the expression of AtHD1 that encodes a putative Arabidopsis thaliana histone deacetylase induces a variety of developmental abnormalities. However, causal effects of the AtHD1 disruption on chromatin structure and gene expression are unknown. Using Arabidopsis spotted oligo-gene microarray analysis, here we report that >7% of the transcriptome was up- or downregulated in A. thaliana plants containing a T-DNA insertion in AtHD1 (athd1-t1), indicating that AtHD1 provides positive and negative control of transcriptional regulation. Remarkably, genes involved in ionic homeostasis and protein synthesis were ectopically expressed, whereas genes in ionic homeostasis, protein transport, and plant hormonal regulation were repressed in athd1-t1 leaves or flowers, suggesting a role of AtHD1 in developmental and environmental regulation of gene expression. Moreover, defective AtHD1 induced site-specific and reversible acetylation changes in H3-Lys9, H4-Lys12, and H4 tetra-lysines (residues 5, 8, 12, and 16) in homozygous recessive and heterozygous plants. Transcriptional activation was locus specific and often associated with specific acetylation sites in the vicinity of promoters, whereas gene repression did not correlate with changes in histone acetylation or correlated directly with H3-Lys9 methylation but not with DNA methylation. The data suggest that histone acetylation and deacetylation are promoter dependent, locus specific, and genetically reversible, which provides a general mechanism for reversible gene regulation responsive to developmental and environmental changes.
A Comparison of Elemental Abundance Ratios in Globular Clusters, Field Stars, and Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies

We have compiled a sample of globular clusters with high-quality stellar abundances from the literature to compare to the chemistries of stars in the Galaxy and in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. Of the 45 globular clusters examined, 29 also have kinematic information. Most of the globular clusters belong to the Galactic halo; however, a significant number have disk kinematics or belong to the bulge. Focusing on the [α/Fe] and light r-process element ratios, we find that most globular cluster stars mimic field stars of similar metallicities, and neither clearly resembles the currently available stellar abundances in dwarf galaxies (including globular clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud). The exceptions to these general elemental ratio comparisons are already known in the literature, e.g., ω Centauri, Palomar 12, and Terzan 7 associated with the Sagittarius remnant and Ruprecht 106, which has a high radial velocity and low [α/Fe] ratio. A few other globular clusters show more marginal peculiarities. The most notable one is the halo cluster M68, which has a high galactocentric rotational velocity, a slightly younger age, and a unique [Si/Ti] ratio. The [Si/Ti] ratios decrease with increasing [Fe/H] at intermediate metallicities, which is consistent with very massive stars playing a larger role in the early chemical evolution of the Galaxy. The chemical similarities between globular clusters and field stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -1.0 suggests a shared chemical history in a well-mixed early Galaxy. The differences in the published chemistries of stars in the dwarf spheroidal galaxies suggest that neither the globular clusters, halo stars, nor thick disk stars had their origins in small isolated systems like the present-day Milky Way dwarf satellites.
A Divergence-free Upwind Code for Multidimensional Magnetohydrodynamic Flows

A description is given for preserving 𝛁 ∙ = 0 in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) code that employs the upwind, total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme and Strang type operator splitting for multidimensionality. The method is based on the staggered mesh technique to constrain the transport of magnetic field: the magnetic field components are defined at grid interfaces with their advective fluxes on grid edges, while other quantities are defined at grid centers. The magnetic field at grid centers for the upwind step is calculated by interpolating the values from grid interfaces. The advective fluxes on grid edges for the magnetic field evolution are calculated from the upwind fluxes at grid interfaces. Then the magnetic field can be maintained with 𝛁 ∙ = 0 exactly, if this is so initially, while the upwind scheme is used for the update of fluid quantities. The correctness of the code is demonstrated through tests comparing numerical solutions either with analytic solutions or with numerical solutions from a code using an explicit divergence-cleaning method. Also, the robustness is shown through tests involving realistic astrophysical problems.
Quantitative Comparison of Xen and KVM

initial results from and quantitative analysis of two leading open source hypervisors, Xen and KVM. This study focuses on the overall performance, performance isolation, and scalability of virtual machines running on these hypervisors. Our comparison was carried out using a benchmark suite that we developed to make the results easily repeatable. Our goals are to understand how the different architectural decisions taken by different hypervisor developers affect the resulting hypervisors, to help hypervisor developers realize areas of improvement for their hypervisors, and to help users make informed decisions about their choice of hypervisor.
THE VALUE OF CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

INTRODUCTION Drucker (1985) argued that innovation is the tool of entrepreneurship. In addition, both innovation and entrepreneurship demand creativity. Creativity is a process by which a symbolic domain in the culture is changed. New songs, new ideas, new machines are what creativity is about Mihaly(1997). Creativity is the ability to make or otherwise bring into existences something new, whether a new solution to a problem, a new method or device, or a new artistic object or form. Wyckoff (1991) defines creativity as new and useful. Creativity is the act of seeing things that everyone around us sees while making connections that no one else has made. Creativity is moving from the known to the unknown. Culture exerts a negative force on creativity according to Pearce (1974), however, " were it not for creativity, culture itself would not be created. " No entrepreneur or enterprise, however successful and big, can continue to hold a place of leadership unless it recognizes that modern business operates in a world of galloping change which creates new problems, risk and opportunities and for which they have to mobilize the enterprise's resources before changes make their impact felt. To do successfully, the entrepreneur and enterprise should know where this firm is going and how the firm will get there. This is turn requires a clear definition of the company's business which will enable it to continually adopt operations to the realities of the market place, 'the very corner stone of survival and growth " Innovation is defined as adding something new to an existing product or process. The key words are adding and existing. The product or process has already been created from scratch and has worked reasonably well. When it is changed so that it works better or fulfils a different need, then there is innovation on what already exists. Innovation is the successful exploitation of new ideas.
Development and Evaluation of the Online Addiction Medicine Certificate: Free Novel Program in a Canadian Setting

Background Despite the enormous burden of disease attributable to drug and alcohol addiction, there remain major challenges in implementing evidence-based addiction care and treatment modalities. This is partly because of a persistent lack of accessible, specialized training in addiction medicine. In response, a new online certificate in addiction medicine has been established in Vancouver, Canada, free of charge to participants globally. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate and examine changes in knowledge acquisition among health care professionals before and after the completion of an online certificate in addiction medicine. Methods Learners enrolled in a 17-module certificate program and completed pre- and postknowledge tests using online multiple-choice questionnaires. Knowledge acquisition was then evaluated using a repeated measures t test of mean test scores before and after the online course. Following the certificate completion, a subset of learners completed the online course evaluation form. Results Of the total 6985 participants who registered for the online course between May 15, 2017 and February 22, 2018, 3466 (49.62%) completed the online pretest questionnaire. A total of 1010 participants completed the full course, achieving the required 70% scores. TThe participants self-reported working in a broad range of health-related fields, including nursing (n=371), medicine (n=92), counseling or social work (n=69), community health (n=44), and pharmacy (n=34). The median graduation year was 2010 (n=363, interquartile range 2002-2015). Knowledge of the addiction medicine increased significantly postcertificate (mean difference 28.21; 95% CI 27.32 to 29.10; P<.001). Physicians scored significantly higher on the pretest than any other health discipline, whereas the greatest improvement in scores was seen in the counseling professions and community outreach. Conclusions This free, online, open-access certificate in addiction medicine appeared to improve knowledge of learners from a variety of disciplines and backgrounds. Scaling up low threshold learning opportunities may further advance addiction medicine training, thereby helping to narrow the evidence-to-practice gap.
Psychological Resilience And Self Esteem-Related Components On Career Adaptation and Career Optimism

The purpose of the present research was to examine the relationships between career adaptability (CA), career optimism (CO), resilience and self-esteem. A hierarchical regression analysis was specified to determine whether career adaptability and optimism predicted by resilience and self-esteem components. The participants in the research group were 39 males and 138 females with an age range of 21–30 years old (M = 22.26). The 150 of the participants were senior college students and 27 of participants were teachers in an exam preparation course. As a result of this study, it was seen that there was no gender difference in terms of career adaptability. However, when the career optimism is examined, it is seen that women draw a more positive picture than men. When the factors affecting career adaptability and career optimism are examined, psychological resilience, self-liking and self-competence behavior are defined as factors affecting career adaptability. However, only self-competence is seen to be effective on career optimism.