Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lithium versus antidepressants in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder.

BACKGROUND The main rationale for the use of lithium in the long-term treatment of unipolar affective disorder is its efficacy in treating bipolar affective disorder and resistant depression. However, there is considerable uncertainty about which pharmacological intervention is most effective in the long-term treatment of recurrent unipolar affective disorder. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of lithium versus antidepressants for the long-term treatment of recurrent affective disorder. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Registers (CCDANCTR-Studies and CCDANCTR-References) on 2/9/2005. Reference lists of relevant papers and major textbooks of affective disorder were checked. Experts in the field and pharmaceutical companies were contacted regarding unpublished material. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials comparing lithium against antidepressant medication for the long-term treatment of patients with a diagnosis of affective disorder. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. We collected adverse effects information from the trials. MAIN RESULTS Eight trials involving 475 people were included. Two of the studies included a mixed group of participants with either bipolar or unipolar disorder. Relapse was defined as admission to hospital and when all kinds of relapses were considered (both depressive and manic), there was a statistically significant difference in favour of lithium (relative risk (RR) fixed effect 0.34, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.82). The results did not exclude the point of no effect, when the random-effects model was used (RR random effects 0.40, 95% CI 0.14 to 1.18). There were no other statistically significant differences between lithium and antidepressants according to all other outcomes considered. Manic or depressive relapse was defined as prescription of non-study medication for mood disorder, manic or depressive relapse (as defined by the study authors), quality of life, social functioning, occupational functioning, overall drop-out rate, drop-out rate due to side-effects, troublesome side-effects, mortality due to all causes and specifically suicides. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There was adequate efficacy evidence for lithium or antidepressants preventing relapse in unipolar affective disorder, however their relative efficacy was unknown. When considering lithium or antidepressant long-term therapy, patients and clinicians should take into account the patient's clinical history, the side-effects and the individual's likely adherence to the recommended treatment regime. Large-scale, long-term randomised trials in unselected groups of subjects with unipolar affective disorder are needed.
Congenital Scoliosis Caused by a Unilateral Failure of Vertebral Segmentation With Contralateral Hemivertebrae

Study Design. The medical records and serial spine radiographs of 59 consecutive patients with congenital scoliosis caused by unilateral unsegmented bar with contralateral hemivertebrae were reviewed. Objectives. To study the presentation, natural history, and treatment of these patients. Summary and Background Data. This is the least common type of congenital scoliosis. Methods. The mean age at diagnosis was 4 years 1 month. Forty‐three patients were observed without treatment for a mean of 6 years and 1 month. Prophylactic arthrodesis was performed in 10 patients before they were 5 years old. Thirty‐five patients had a corrective procedure and arthrodesis after they were 5 years old. Results. Thoracolumbar curves had the worst prognosis: without management all but two exceeded 50° when the patients were 2 years old. All untreated curves exceeded 88°. Midthoracic curves had only a slightly less severe prognosis, and all but one exceeded 40° by the time the patient was 2 years old. All untreated curves exceeded 70°. In eight of the 14 patients whose congenital curves had their apexes at T5, T6, or T7, a long secondary structural curve developed on the opposite side in the thoracolumbar region, and this contributed significantly to the overall deformity. Occult intraspinal anomalies were present in 24 patients (41%). Surgical treatment after the patient was 5 years old was not successful in producing significant correction of these severe rigid deformities. Conclusion. These patients have the most rapidly progressive and severely deforming of all types of congenital scoliosis. All midthoracic, thoracolumbar, and lumbar curves require immediate prophylactic surgical treatment by anterior and posterior arthrodesis‐preferably in the first year of life.
Longer storage of red blood cells is associated with increased in vitro erythrophagocytosis

Refrigerated storage of red blood cells (RBCs) induces numerous changes that may target the cells for erythrophagocytosis following transfusion. The influence of storage upon the phagocytosis of unseparated and fractionated young and old stored RBCs was investigated using two in vitro quantitative phagocytosis assays.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Darunavir and Etravirine in HIV-1–Infected, Treatment-Experienced Patients in the Gender, Race, and Clinical Experience (GRACE) Trial

Objectives. Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of darunavir and etravirine among HIV-1–infected, treatment-experienced adults from GRACE, by sex and race. Methods. Patients received darunavir/ritonavir 600/100mg twice daily plus other antiretrovirals, which could include etravirine 200mg twice daily. Population pharmacokinetics for darunavir and etravirine were determined over 48 weeks and relationships assessed with virologic response and safety. Rich sampling for darunavir, etravirine, and ritonavir was collected in a substudy at weeks 4, 24, and 48. Results. Pharmacokinetics were estimated in 376 patients for darunavir and 190 patients for etravirine. Median darunavir AUC12h and C0h were 60,642ng·h/mL and 3624ng/mL, respectively; and for etravirine were 4183ng · h/mL and 280ng/mL, respectively. There were no differences in darunavir or etravirine AUC12h or C0h by sex or race. Age, body weight, or use of etravirine did not affect darunavir exposure. No relationships were seen between darunavir pharmacokinetics and efficacy or safety. Patients with etravirine exposure in the lowest quartile generally had lower response rates. Rich sampling showed no time-dependent relationship for darunavir, etravirine, or ritonavir exposure over 48 weeks. Conclusions. Population pharmacokinetics showed no relevant differences in darunavir or etravirine exposure by assessed covariates. Lower etravirine exposures were associated with lower response rates.
Cytokine Profiles of Tear Fluid From Patients With Pediatric Lacrimal Duct Obstruction.

Purpose This study evaluated the cytokine levels in unilateral tear samples from both sides in patients with pediatric lacrimal duct obstruction. Methods Fifteen cases of unilateral lacrimal duct obstruction (mean, 26.9 ± 28.7 months old) were enrolled in this study. Tear samples were collected separately from the obstructed side and the intact side in each case before surgery, which was performed under general anesthesia or sedation. The levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-17A then were measured in each tear sample. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed for the IL-6 levels in the tears. We also measured the postoperative tear fluid levels of IL-6 in those cases from which tear fluid samples could be collected after the surgery. Results Only the IL-6 concentration was significantly higher on the lacrimal duct-obstructed sides, compared to the control sides (P < 0.001). An ROC curve analysis for the IL-6 levels in tears showed a high value for discriminating the lacrimal duct-obstructed side from the control side (area under the ROC curve [AUC], 0.99; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.968-1). Significant decrease of the tear fluid IL-6 levels was observed in the seven cases from which tear fluid samples also could be collected after the surgery (P = 0.016). Conclusions The IL-6 level in tear fluid was significantly higher on the sides with lacrimal duct obstruction, compared to the control sides, and could be a biomarker for pediatric lacrimal duct obstruction.
Understanding the limits of self‐control: Positive affect moderates the impact of task switching on consecutive self‐control performance

Performing consecutive self-control tasks typically leads to deterioration in self-control performance. This effect can be explained within the strength model of self-control or within a cognitive control perspective. Both theoretical frameworks differ in their predictions with regard to the impact of affect and task characteristics on self-control deterioration within a two-task paradigm. Whereas the strength model predicts decrements in self-control performance whenever both tasks require a limited resource, under a cognitive control perspective, decrements should only occur when people switch to a different response conflict in the second task. Moreover, only the cognitive control model predicts an interaction between task switching and positive affect. In the present research, we investigated this interaction within a two-task paradigm and found evidence that favored a cognitive control interpretation of the results. Positive affect only benefitted consecutive self-control performance if response conflicts in the two tasks were different (resisting sweets followed by a Stroop task). If they were the same (two consecutive Stroop tasks), positive affect impaired self-control performance. These effects were partially replicated in the second study that also examined negative affect, which did not affect self-control performance. We conclude that drawing on cognitive control models could add substantially to research on self-control. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HOW DO CFOS MAKE CAPITAL BUDGETING AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISIONS ? by

e recently conducted a comprehensive survey that analyzed the current practice of corporate finance, with particular focus on the areas of capital budgeting and capital structure. The survey results enabled us to identify aspects of corporate practice that are but the opinions expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of FEI. We thank the FEI executives who responded to the survey. Graham acknowledges financial support from the Alfred P. Sloan Research Foundation. 1. In the original JFE version of this paper, we show that our sample of respondents is representative of the overall population of 4,400 firms, is fairly representative of Compustat firms, and is not adversely affected by nonresponse bias. The next largest survey that we know of studies 298 large firms and is presented in consistent with finance theory, as well as aspects that are hard to reconcile with what we teach in our business schools today. In presenting these results, we hope that some practitioners will find it worthwhile to observe how other companies operate and perhaps modify their own practices. It may also be useful for finance academics to consider differences between theory and practice as a reason to revisit the theory. We solicited responses from approximately 4,440 companies and received 392 completed surveys, representing a wide variety of firms and industries. 1 The survey contained nearly 100 questions and explored both capital budgeting and capital structure decisions in depth. The responses to these questions enabled us to explore whether and how these corporate policies are interrelated. For example, we investigated whether companies that made more aggressive use of debt financing also tended to use more sophisticated capital budgeting techniques, perhaps because of their greater need for discipline and precision in the corporate investment process. More generally, the design of our survey allowed for a richer understanding of corporate decision-making by analyzing the CFOs' responses in the context of various company characteristics, such as size, P/E ratio, leverage, credit rating, dividend policy, and industry. We also looked for systematic relationships between corporate financial choices and managerial factors, such as the extent of top management's stock ownership, and the age, tenure, and education of the CEO. By testing whether the responses W
Preventing suicide among Indigenous Australians

OVERVIEW This chapter begins with an overview of the recent epidemiological trends in suicide and attempted suicide for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and how this compares with the situation in other post-colonial English-speaking nations such as Canada, the USA and New Zealand. We then review qualitative studies exploring the meaning of suicide within the Indigenous community context, how these inform our understandings of suicidal behaviour and their value for informing preventive action. These highlight the individual, community or situational factors which appear to be associated with increased risk for suicide and suicidal behaviour. Life-course studies of individuals who develop suicidal behaviour or complete suicide are also considered to identify the specific situations and processes that trigger or escalate suicidal behaviour. Recent Australian and international data indicate certain social circumstances, particularly contexts of ‘bereavement overload’, where suicidal behaviours may become socially contagious, with ‘copy-cat’ suicidal behaviour. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what works in prevention, early intervention and post-vention including proactive bereavement support, containment of suicide clusters, as well as longer-term strategies for community healing following collectively experienced trauma.
The Impact of Arithmetic Representation on Implementing MLP-BP on FPGAs: A Study

In this paper, arithmetic representations for implementing multilayer perceptrons trained using the error backpropagation algorithm (MLP-BP) neural networks on field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are examined in detail. Both floating-point (FLP) and fixed-point (FXP) formats are studied and the effect of precision of representation and FPGA area requirements are considered. A generic very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language (VHDL) program was developed to help experiment with a large number of formats and designs. The results show that an MLP-BP network uses less clock cycles and consumes less real estate when compiled in an FXP format, compared with a larger and slower functioning compilation in an FLP format with similar data representation width, in bits, or a similar precision and range
Dairy consumption and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among Iranian women

Abstract Objective Although recent studies have shown an inverse relationship between dairy consumption and metabolic abnormalities, we are aware of no study evaluating the association between dairy consumption and circulating levels of inflammatory markers. The current study was undertaken to assess the association between the consumption of high-fat and low-fat dairy products and circulating levels of inflammatory markers among Tehrani women aged 40–60 years. Design In a cross-sectional study of 486 apparently healthy women aged 40–60 years, we assessed usual dietary intakes by means of an FFQ. Anthropometric measurements were made and fasting blood samples were taken for measuring inflammatory markers. Results The reported mean (sd) daily intake of low- and high-fat dairy consumption was 85 (sd 23) and 101 (sd 29) g/d, respectively. After control for age, BMI, waist circumference and other potential confounders, low-fat dairy consumption was inversely associated with C-reactive protein (β = −0.04), IL-6 (β = −0.02) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (β = −0.06); with further adjustment for dietary intakes, the associations remained significant just for soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (β = −0.03). High-fat dairy intake was positively associated with log-transformed values of serum amyloid A (β = 0.08) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (β = 0.05), both before and after adjustment for all potential confounding variables. No overall significant associations were found between total dairy consumption and inflammation. Conclusions The current study indicates an independent relationship between high-fat as well as low-fat dairy consumption, not total dairy intake, and some markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Further studies are required to identify responsible components of dairy products and related mechanisms of action.
Deciphering the hippocampal polyglot: the hippocampus as a path integration system.

Hippocampal 'place' cells and the head-direction cells of the dorsal presubiculum and related neocortical and thalamic areas appear to be part of a preconfigured network that generates an abstract internal representation of two-dimensional space whose metric is self-motion. It appears that viewpoint-specific visual information (e.g. landmarks) becomes secondarily bound to this structure by associative learning. These associations between landmarks and the preconfigured path integrator serve to set the origin for path integration and to correct for cumulative error. In the absence of familiar landmarks, or in darkness without a prior spatial reference, the system appears to adopt an initial reference for path integration independently of external cues. A hypothesis of how the path integration system may operate at the neuronal level is proposed.
Cognitive processes involved in Justice Sensitivity: Selective information search

Correlational studies have repeatedly shown that justice sensitivity is linked with stronger emotional and behavioral reactions following an unjust event. The cognitive processes that transmit these effects are still largely unknown. The present paper investigates whether people high in justice sensitivity differ from people low in justice sensitivity in how they select information when required to make a justice judgment. Ninety-six students read one of two scenarios about an unfair allocation of money. Afterwards they were asked to pick from a list of questions that were relevant to only one of the scenarios. Participants high in justice sensitivity picked more relevant questions than people low in justice sensitivity. This effect does not reflect a motivated bias to detect injustice. Results suggest that a variable that we have named "selective information search' is part of the cognitive processes that transform justice sensitivity into behavior.
THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT SEX DETERMINATION: EXPERIMENTAL TESTS WITH A SHORT-LIVED LIZARD

Abstract Why is the sex of many reptiles determined by the temperatures that these animals experience during embryogenesis, rather than by their genes? The Charnov-Bull model suggests that temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) can enhance maternal fitness relative to genotypic sex determination (GSD) if offspring traits affect fitness differently for sons versus daughters and nest temperatures either determine or predict those offspring traits. Although potential pathways for such effects have attracted much speculation, empirical tests largely have been precluded by logistical constraints (i.e., long life spans and late maturation of most TSD reptiles). We experimentally tested four differential fitness models within the Charnov-Bull framework, using a short-lived, early-maturing Australian lizard (Amphibolurus muricatus) with TSD. Eggs from wild-caught females were incubated at a range of thermal regimes, and the resultant hatchlings raised in large outdoor enclosures. We applied an aromatase inhibitor to half the eggs to override thermal effects on sex determination, thus decoupling sex and incubation temperature. Based on relationships between incubation temperatures, hatching dates, morphology, growth, and survival of hatchlings in their first season, we were able to reject three of the four differential fitness models. First, matching offspring sex to egg size was not plausible because the relationship between egg (offspring) size and fitness was similar in the two sexes. Second, sex differences in optimal incubation temperatures were not evident, because (1) although incubation temperature influenced offspring phenotypes and growth, it did so in similar ways in sons versus daughters, and (2) the relationship between phenotypic traits and fitness was similar in the two sexes, at least during preadult life. We were unable to reject a fourth model, in which TSD enhances offspring fitness by generating seasonal shifts in offspring sex ratio: that is, TSD allows overproduction of daughters (the sex likely to benefit most from early hatching) early in the nesting season. In keeping with this model, hatching early in the season massively enhanced body size at the beginning of the first winter, albeit with a significant decline in probability of survival. Thus, the timing of hatching is likely to influence reproductive success in this short-lived, early maturing species; and this effect may well differ between the sexes.
NARSİSTİK KİŞİLİK ENVANTERİ'NİN TÜRKÇE'YE STANDARDİZASYONU

Narsisizm, yazinda ilk kez Psikiyatri ve Klinik Psikoloji bilim dallari tarafindan tanimlanmis olmasina ragmen, gunumuzde orgutsel davranis ve yonetim alanlarinin arastirma konulari arasina girmistir. Ozellikle son yillarda narsisizmin orgutlere yansimalarini konu alan uluslararasi arastirmalarin sayisinda artis gozlenmektedir. Arastirma sonuclarina gore; isgoren tutum ve davranislarina yon verebilen narsisizm, liderlerde goruldugunde orgut acisindan bir risk ya da kazanca donusebilmektedir. Ulusal yazin incelendiginde ise konuya iliskin calisma sayisinin azligi, arastirmacilar acisindan narsisizmin hala patolojik bir olgu olarak algilandigi seklinde aciklanabilir. Bu makale ile orgutsel davranis ve insan kaynaklari yonetimi gibi alanlarda calisan arastirmacilarin ilgisinin cekilmesi ve klinik amacli olmayan bir narsisizm olceginin kullanimlarina sunulmasi amaclanmistir. Arastirma kapsaminda, uluslararasi literaturde yaygin olarak kullanilan ve 2006 yilinda 16 soruya indirgenen Narsistik Kisilik Envanteri-NKE’nin (Narcissistic Personality Inventory-NPI) Turkce’ye standardizasyonu yapilmistir. Olcek iki farkli akademisyen tarafindan Turkce’ye tercume edilmis ve ucuncu bir akademisyen tarafindan geri cevirisi yapilarak aslina uygunlugu kontrol edilmistir. Iki ayri orneklem uzerinde, olcegin ic guvenirligi ve yapisal gecerliligi test edilmistir. Universite ogrencileri uzerinde gerceklestirilen pilot uygulama sonucunda, olcek guvenirligini dusuren ve olcege anlamli katkida bulunmadigi gorulen ifadeler revize edilmistir. Arastirmanin ikinci orneklemini ulusal ve uluslararasi olcekteki isletmelerin calisanlari olusturmustur. Elde edilen bulgulara gore NKE ’nin yeterli guvenirlik ve gecerlilik degerlerine sahip oldugu gorulmustur.
Thinking about Generations: Conceptual Positions and Policy Implications

Three traditions of social theory are examined in this article, with a special emphasis being given to the ways that the concept of “generation” has been conceived and developed over time. These include Psychodynamic, Sociological, and Gerontological approaches with attention drawn to the similarities and differences among them. It is concluded that while conceptual development has been uneven, taken together, they provide a rich basis for a critical examination of contemporary social problems with implications for policy toward intergenerational relationships.