Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Routing and Flow Control In MANETs

Improving the performance of the Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs) is a challenge. MANETs present several constraints such as dynamic topology, wireless link communication and limited resources like bandwidth and energy. Routing without taking into account these constraints degrades performance and aggravates congestion problem. This paper proposes a new solution combining QoS (Quality of Service) routing protocol and flow control mechanism. This QoS routing protocol selects the routes with more resources in an intelligent manner rather than diffusion. It returns the best route offering a higher transmission rate, a less delay and a more stability. This protocol uses a new metric to compute the most stable route. To reinforce the congestion avoidance, we add a flow control mechanism to adjust the sender's transmission rate for each route. The solution is modeled by the ant systems. The results obtained under the Network Simulator (NS2.31) show that our QoS routing protocol improves the network performance compared to QoS-AODV protocol. The addition of flow control mechanism produces significant improvements in network system performance.
Educational Studies and Teacher Education

This article discusses the historical relationship between educational studies and British teacher education. Following a brief introduction it provides an overview of initial teacher training (ITT) developments since 1952, the launch date of the BJES, before tracing the rise of educational studies and its so-called ‘foundation disciplines’. The fourth section discusses a range of criticisms levelled against the teach-ing of educational studies within ITT programmes. Examples of discon-tent voiced by student teachers, higher education personnel and the New Right are considered in the light of changing attitudes and policies towards British ITT. It is argued that the attack upon the theoretical aspects of educational studies has been more sustained - and has had more impact - in England than in other parts of the UK. The article draws conclusions in respect of education as an academic subject, the current state of the foundation disciplines, the place of educational studies within teacher education programmes and comparative dimensions.
The relationship between traffic offending and other general criminal activity: The role of alcohol, time and place.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between traffic offending and other types of crime. In addition to examine the contributions of alcohol, place and time as predictors of incidents requiring police attendance. METHOD: Participants in the current study were first response operational police officers (N = 500) who completed a modified activity log over a 5 week period, identifying the type, time and location of incidents requiring their attendance as well as the number of incidents that were associated with alcohol (N = 5,184). RESULTS: The results indicate that time, place and incident type all have an influence on whether an incident attended by a police officer is alcohol related. Alcohol related incidents are more likely to occur in particular locations in the late evenings and early mornings on the weekends. In particular, there was a strong association between the occurrence of alcohol related disturbances and alcohol related serious traffic offences in regards to place and time. In general stealing and property offences were not alcohol related and occur in daylight hours during weekdays. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate the importance of time and place in predicting the occurrence of alcohol related offences thus providing support for place based theories of crime. The findings also suggest that targeting specific offences such as disturbances that are concentrated at certain times and places through problem oriented policing may have potential for reducing serious traffic offences.
Generating Effective Test Sequences for BPEL Testing

With the popularity of Web Services and Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), quality assurance of SOA applications, such as testing, has become a research focus. Programs implemented by Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BPEL), which can compose partner Web Services into activities, are one popular kind of SOA applications. The unique features of BPEL programs bring new challenges into testing. Without explicit user interfaces, a BPEL test case is a sequence of messages that can be received by the BPEL program under test. Although the research on message-sequence generation and instance routing issues are very popular in testing of object-oriented programs, previous research has not studied the message sequence generation issues induced by unique features of BPEL as a new language.In this paper, we propose an approach to generating effective message sequences for testing BPEL. In particular,we model the BPEL program under test as a message sequence graph (MSG), and generate message sequences based on MSG. We performed an experimental study on our approach with six BPEL programs. The results show that the BPEL message sequences generated using our approach can effectively expose faults.
Can Residents Assess Other Providers' Infant Lumbar Puncture Skills?: Validity Evidence for a Global Rating Scale and Subcomponent Skills Checklist

Objectives The aims of this study were to provide validity evidence for infant lumbar puncture (ILP) checklist and global rating scale (GRS) instruments when used by residents to assess simulated ILP performances and to compare these metrics to previously obtained attending rater data. Methods In 2009, the International Network for Simulation–based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education (INSPIRE) developed checklist and GRS scoring instruments, which were previously validated among attending raters when used to assess simulated ILP performances. Video recordings of 60 subjects performing an LP on an infant simulator were collected; 20 performed by subjects in 3 categories (beginner, intermediate, and expert). Six blinded pediatric residents independently scored each performance (3 via the GRS, 3 via the checklist). Four of the 5 domains of validity evidence were collected: content, response process, internal structure (reliability and discriminant validity), and relations to other variables. Results Evidence for content and response process validity is presented. When used by residents, the checklist performed similarly to what was found for attending raters demonstrating good internal consistency (Cronbach &agr; = 0.77) and moderate interrater agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.47). Residents successfully discerned beginners (P < 0.01, effect size = 2.1) but failed to discriminate between expert and intermediate subjects (P = 0.68, effect size = 0.34). Residents, however, gave significantly higher GRS scores than attending raters across all subject groups (P < 0.001). Moderate correlation was found between GRS and total checklist scores (P = 0.49, P < 0.01). Conclusions This study provides validity evidence for the checklist instrument when used by pediatric residents to assess ILP performances. Compared with attending raters, residents appeared to over-score subjects on the GRS instrument.
The Expression of MHC Class II Genes in Macrophages Is Cell Cycle Dependent1

Using different drugs, we stopped the cell cycle of bone marrow-derived macrophages at different points. After IFN-γ stimulation, macrophages arrested at the G1 phase of the cell cycle did not increase cell surface expression of the MHC class II IA. This inhibition is specific, because, under the same conditions, IFN-γ induces the expression of Fcγ receptors and the inducible NO synthase mRNA. Treatments that inhibit macrophage proliferation by blocking the cell cycle at the G1 phase, such as adenosine, forskolin, or LPS, blocked the IFN-γ induction of IA. Under IFN-γ treatment, the steady-state levels of IAα and IAβ mRNA did not increase in cells arrested at the G1 phase and the half-life of the MHC mRNA was not modified. These data suggest that the cell cycle modulation of IFN-γ-induced MHC II gene expression occurs at the transcriptional level. The expression of the class II transactivator mRNA induced by IFN-γ was also blocked when macrophages were arrested at the G1 phase of the cell cycle, suggesting that the lack of IFN-γ response occurs at the early steps of MHC class II expression. Finally, macrophages arrested at the G1 phase showed increased basal levels of cell surface IA due to an increase of the translational efficiency. These data show that the expression of MHC class II genes is regulated by the cell cycle.
Variable Mapping of System Level Design

This report presents a variable-memory mapping approach of the system level design, which maps the variables of the system behavior to the memories of the system architecture. It first introduces a novel memory size model to compute the required minimal memory sizes when allowing variables with un-overlapped lifetime to share the same memory portion. It then presents variable mapping algorithms for different design assumptions. The variable mapping algorithms are applied before obtaining some implementation details, such as bus topology and bus protocols, which moves the variable mapping to the earliest design stage.
Balancing traffic load in wireless networks with curveball routing

We address the problem of balancing the traffic load in multi-hop wireless networks. We consider a point-to-point communicating network with a uniform distribution of source-sink pairs. When routing along shortest paths, the nodes that are centrally located forward a disproportionate amount of traffic. This translates into increased congestion and energy consumption. However, the maximum load can be decreased if the packets follow curved paths. We show that the optimum such routing scheme can be expressed in terms of geometric optics and computed by linear programming. We then propose a practical solution, which we call Curveball Routing which achieves results not much worse than the optimum. We evaluate our solution at three levels of fidelity: a Java high-level simulator, the ns2 simulator, and the Intel Mirage Sensor Network Testbed. Simulation results using the high-level simulator show that our solution successfully avoids the crowded center of the network, and reduces the maximum load by up to 40%. At the same time, the increase of the expected path length is minimal, i.e., only 8% on average. Simulation results using the ns2 simulator show that our solution can increase throughput on moderately loaded networks by up to 15%, while testbed results show a reduction in peak energy usage by up to 25%. Our prototype suggests that our solution is easily deployable.
De-dyking Queer Space(s): Heterosexual Female Visibility in Gay and Lesbian Spaces

In this article I focus on research concerned with the commercial gay and lesbian scene of Newcastle upon Tyne, the ‘Pink Triangle’, demonstrating the effect of sexual identity and gender identity in the limiting of claims by lesbians to spatial inclusion in venues located in the city’s ‘gay scene’. The study suggests that the inclusion of heterosexual women into gay and lesbian identified venues and spaces, often through their relationship with gay men, is affecting issues of safety, comfort and inclusion/exclusion for lesbians and some gay men. Gay and lesbian identified venues are increasingly focused on the consumption of leisure experiences, where claiming a lesbian or gay identity is no longer sufficient in accessing such sites, with access to capital and the adoption of ‘mixed’ venue policies opening (once marginalized) gay and lesbian identified spaces to the female heterosexual consumer. Finally, the article considers what consequences such developments may have for contemporary understandings of spatial claims and identities in ‘gay spaces’.
Emotional dissonance, emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction in call centre workers

The rapid rise of the service sector, and in particular the call centre industry has made the study of emotional labour increasingly important within the area of occupational stress research. Given high levels of turnover and absenteeism in the industry this article examines the emotional demands (emotional labour) of call centre work and their relationship to the job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion in a sample of South Australian call centre workers (N = 98) within the theoretical frameworks of the job demand – control model, the effort – reward imbalance model, and the job demands – resources model. Qualitatively the research confirmed the central role of emotional labour variables in the experience of emotional exhaustion and satisfaction at work. Specifically the research confirmed the pre-eminence of emotional dissonance compared to a range of emotional demand variables in its potency to account for variance in emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. Specifically, emotional dissonance mediated the effect of emotional labour (positive emotions) on emotional exhaustion. Furthermore emotional dissonance was found to be equal in its capacity to explain variance in the outcomes compared to the most frequently researched demand measure in the work stress literature (psychosocial demands). Finally, emotional dissonance was found to exacerbate the level of emotional exhaustion at high levels of psychosocial demands, indicating jobs combining high levels of both kinds of demands are much more risky. Future theorizing about work stress needs to account for emotional demands, dissonance in particular. Potential ways to alleviate emotional exhaustion due to emotional dissonance is to reduce other psychosocial demands, increase rewards, support and control as conceptualized in the JDR model. Ways to boost job satisfaction are to increase control, support, and rewards.
The Moderating Impact of Types of Caregiving on Job Demands, Resources, and Their Relation to Work-to-Family Conflict and Enrichment

This research aims to examine for whom combining work and family/caregiving may be most harmful. Employed parents, elder caregivers, and the sandwiched generation were compared with their coworkers without such responsibilities. Based on the job demands–resources model, we assumed that high job demands/low job resources would relate to work-to-family conflict (WFC) and low job demands/high job resources to work-to-family enrichment. However, this effect would depend on employees’ family/caregiving responsibilities. Using a large sample of Slovenian employees (N = 1,285), we found support for the moderating role of the type of caregiving responsibility between workload and WFC. In addition, the type of caregiving had a moderating effect on the relationship between coworker support and WFC. Support was also found for the differential impact of job resources on work-to-family enrichment. The results therefore indicate the relevance of types of caregiving responsibility in work–family research and practice.
The Association of Maternal Depressive Symptoms with Child Externalizing Problems: The Role of Maternal Support Following Child Sexual Abuse

This study examines the role of abuse-specific maternal support in the association between parent depressive symptoms and child externalizing problems in a sample of children with a history of sexual abuse. In total, 106 mother–child dyads were studied. The association between maternal depressive symptoms and child delinquency behaviors was found to partially operate through abuse-specific maternal support, which was assessed via parent report. Implications of the findings for parenting programs are discussed, and future research directions are considered.
Neural Correlates of Fluid Reasoning in Children and Adults

Fluid reasoning, or the capacity to think logically and solve novel problems, is central to the development of human cognition, but little is known about the underlying neural changes. During the acquisition of event-related fMRI data, children aged 6–13 (N = 16) and young adults (N = 17) performed a task in which they were asked to identify semantic relationships between drawings of common objects. On semantic problems, participants indicated which of five objects was most closely semantically related to a cued object. On analogy problems, participants solved a visual propositional analogy (e.g., shoe is to foot as glove is to…? ) by indicating which of four objects would complete the problem; these problems required integration of two semantic relations, or relational integration. Our prior research on analogical reasoning in adults implicated left anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) in the controlled retrieval of individual semantic relationships, and rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (RLPFC) in relational integration. In this study, age-related changes in the recruitment of VLPFC, temporal cortex, and other cortical regions were observed during the retrieval of individual semantic relations. In contrast, age-related changes in RLPFC function were observed during relational integration. Children aged 6–13 engage RLPFC too late in the analogy trials to influence their behavioral responses, suggesting that important changes in RLPFC function take place during adolescence.
Towards a generative approach to activity recognition and segmentation

As research on action recognition matures, the focus is gradually shifting away from categorizing manually-segmented clips into basic action units to parsing and understanding long action sequences that make up human daily activities. There is a long history of applying structured models for the analysis of temporal sequences. Yet, while they seem like an obvious choice for the recognition of human activities, they have not quite reached a level of maturity in vision which is comparable to that speech recognition. With the widespread availability of large video datasets, combined with recent progress in the development of compact feature representations, the time seems ripe to revisit structured generative approaches. We propose an end-to-end generative framework which uses reduced Fisher Vectors (FVs) in conjunction with structured temporal models for the segmentation and recognition of video sequences. It shows that the overall generative properties of FVs make them especially suitable for a combination with generative models like Gaussian Mixtures. The proposed approach is extensively evaluated on a variety of action recognition datasets ranging from human cooking activities to animal behavioral analysis. It shows that the architecture, despite its simplicity, it is able to outperform complex state-of-the-art approaches on all larger datasets.
The Prevalence of Behavior Problems Among People with Intellectual Disability Living in Community Settings

With the desegregation processes of services for people with intellectual disability (ID) that is taking place in most Western countries there is a need for more knowledge related to the prevalence of behavior problems among people living in community settings. This study investigates the prevalence of behavior problems among 140 adolescents and adults with ID living in 5 municipalities in Norway using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (Aman & Singh, 1986, 1994). Twenty percent of the sample were reported to show severe behavior disorder or “challenging behavior,” and this gives a prevalence for challenging behavior of 63.6 people per 100,000 base population. On the average, people showing challenging behavior had 7 behaviors rated as severe problems. A total of 60 participants were reported to have moderate or severe behavior problems, giving a prevalence for moderate and severe behavior problems of 136.3 per 100,000 base population. There were more people with profound ID and more people with autism in the group with challenging behavior and more people with Down syndrome in the group with mild or no problems. Those with severe behavior problems were perceived to be significantly less satisfied with their life situation than people without severe behavior problems. Challenging behavior seems to have a significant negative impact on the quality of life of people with ID. The results of this and other studies of challenging behavior among individuals with ID who live in areas with different service structures, using base population information, are important for analyzing the impact of reforms and different service systems on the life quality and well-being of people with ID.
The Fabric of Thought: Priming Tactile Properties During Reading Influences Direct Tactile Perception

The present studies examined whether implied tactile properties during language comprehension influence subsequent direct tactile perception, and the specificity of any such effects. Participants read sentences that implicitly conveyed information regarding tactile properties (e.g., Grace tried on a pair of thick corduroy pants while shopping) that were either related or unrelated to fabrics and varied in implied texture (smooth, medium, rough). After reading each sentence, participants then performed an unrelated rating task during which they felt and rated the texture of a presented fabric. Results demonstrated that the texture properties implied in sentences influence direct tactile perception. Specifically, after reading about a smooth or rough texture, subsequent fabric ratings became notably smoother or rougher, respectively. However, we also show that there was some specificity to these effects: Fabric-related sentences elicited more specific and interactive effects on subsequent ratings. Together, we demonstrate that under certain circumstances, language comprehension can prime tactile representations and affect direct tactile perception. Results are discussed with regard to the nature and scope of multimodal mental simulation during reading.
The occurrence of eye blinks during a guilty knowledge test

Abstract In the present experiment we examined whether eye blinks could discriminate between guilty and innocent examinees in a Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT). Based on the assumption that guilty examinees would experience more cognitive load when responding to the key items than to the control items, we hypothesized that they would display fewer eye blinks during the key items than during the control items. For innocent examinees, responding to the key and control items should be equally demanding, and no differences in eye blinks between key and control items were expected. A total of 26 participants took part in an experiment where 13 guilty examinees committed a mock theft (of an exam paper) and the remaining 13 innocent examinees went on with their normal business. All participants underwent a GKT whereby their eye blinks were measured. Both guilty and innocent examinees displayed the pattern of eye blinks that we predicted. The implications of the findings are discussed.
A SUBJECT-OBJECT ASYMMETRY IN THE ACQUISITION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES IN KOREAN AS A SECOND LANGUAGE

A variety of studies have reported that learners of English as a second language find subject relative clauses easier to produce and comprehend than direct object relatives, but it is unclear whether this preference should be attributed to structural factors or to a linear distance effect. This paper seeks to resolve this issue and to extend our understanding of SLA in general by investigating the interpretation of subject and direct object relative clauses by English-speaking learners of Korean, a left-branching language in which subject gaps in relative clauses are more distant from the head than are object gaps. The results of a comprehension task conducted with 53 beginning and intermediate learners point toward a strong preference for subject relative clauses, favoring the structural account.