Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subject Definition and Selection Criteria for Stuttering Research in Adult SUbjects

The principal topics assigned to this author were to review subject definition and selection criteria reported in experiments investigating speech behaviors in adult stutterers, to determine whether the typical description of these criteria is sufficient to meet the demands of scientific investigation and replication, and to discuss a number of topics that should be considered in the development of subject definition and selection criteria. Although the organization of this paper is largely motivated by the assigned topics, I have deviated somewhat by reviewing in Section I the definitions of stutterers and stuttering that typically appear in the literature. The review is followed by a discussion of how the precise and careful use of these definitions bear directly on the development of subject definition and selection criteria. Section II represents the primary focus of the paper and includes: (a) a review of typical subject definition and selection criteria, and (b) a discussion of a number of topics that should be considered in the development ofthese criteria. The argument that appropriate subject definition and selection criteria is an essential component of good experimental technique is based on the ubiquitous observations that so many of the overt characteristics of the disorder are highly variable across subjects at all levels of measurement. The argument developed here is that until the many facets of the heterogeneity of stuttering are better understood, criteria should err on the side of over-defining rather than under-defining essential details about the stutterer and his or her behaviors. 231 Finally, because this paper centers on experiments dealing with adults, much of what is written here presumes that the procedures employed in the experiments of interest are common to that population and are more physiologically based and invasive than those commonly used with children who stutter. Problems associated with the development of subject definition and selection criteria in the latter population group are considered in detail in a paper entitled "Childhood stuttering: What is it and who does it? " by Edward Conture (1990). lAo An overview Definitions of stuttering continue to evolve with our theories and abilities to measure various aspects of the disorder. Traditionally, most definitions are descriptions of behaviors. They are typically presented as a comprehensive list of behaviors that are common to all stutterers and that differentiate stuttering from normal speech. An often cited example of a descriptive definition is given by Wingate: "The term 'stuttering' means: I. (a) …
Effect of Drill Point Angle on Surface Integrity when Drilling Titanium Alloy

Surface integrity of machined component is of major importance for the reliability and safety requirements during in service especially for the aerospace applications. This paper presents an investigation on the effect of drill geometry on the surface integrity of drilled hole of Ti-6AL-4V during drilling operation. Drilling experiments were conducted under the MQL using a special vegetable oil known as Jatropha oil. Experimental results revealed that drill point angle and coolant-lubricant conditions significantly influence the surface integrity which include surface roughness, micorhardness and microstructure defects. The surface roughness decreased with greater drill point angle. The subsurface deformation layer thickness was approximately 9 - 15 μm from the top of the machined surface. Microhardness profiles of the last hole indicated that the subsurface deformation extend up to a 150 to 200 μm until it reaches to the average hardness.
Dynamic Covariance Models for Multivariate Financial Time Series

The accurate prediction of time-changing covariances is an important problem in the modeling of multivariate financial data. However, some of the most popular models suffer from a) overfitting problems and multiple local optima, b) failure to capture shifts in market conditions and c) large computational costs. To address these problems we introduce a novel dynamic model for time-changing covariances. Over-fitting and local optima are avoided by following a Bayesian approach instead of computing point estimates. Changes in market conditions are captured by assuming a diffusion process in parameter values, and finally computationally efficient and scalable inference is performed using particle filters. Experiments with financial data show excellent performance of the proposed method with respect to current standard models.
High levels of nuclear heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) are associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer

Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcriptional regulator of the cellular response to heat and a wide variety of other stressors. We previously reported that HSF1 promotes the survival and proliferation of malignant cells. At this time, however, the clinical and prognostic significance of HSF1 in cancer is unknown. To address this issue breast cancer samples from 1,841 participants in the Nurses’ Health Study were scored for levels of nuclear HSF1. Associations of HSF1 status with clinical parameters and survival outcomes were investigated by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazard models. The associations were further delineated by Kaplan–Meier analysis using publicly available mRNA expression data. Our results show that nuclear HSF1 levels were elevated in ∼80% of in situ and invasive breast carcinomas. In invasive carcinomas, HSF1 expression was associated with high histologic grade, larger tumor size, and nodal involvement at diagnosis (P < 0.0001). By using multivariate analysis to account for the effects of covariates, high HSF1 levels were found to be independently associated with increased mortality (hazards ratio: 1.62; 95% confidence interval: 1.21–2.17; P < 0.0013). This association was seen in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive population (hazards ratio: 2.10; 95% confidence interval: 1.45–3.03; P < 0.0001). In public expression profiling data, high HSF1 mRNA levels were also associated with an increase in ER-positive breast cancer-specific mortality. We conclude that increased HSF1 is associated with reduced breast cancer survival. The findings indicate that HSF1 should be evaluated prospectively as an independent prognostic indicator in ER-positive breast cancer. HSF1 may ultimately be a useful therapeutic target in cancer.
Interferon-γ Release Assays for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis and Tuberculosis Infection in HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Despite the widespread use of interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs), their role in diagnosing tuberculosis and targeting preventive therapy in HIV-infected patients remains unclear. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review to contribute to the evidence-based practice in HIV-infected people. Methodology/Principal Findings We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Biomedicine databases to identify articles published between January 2005 and July 2011 that assessed QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) and T-SPOT®. TB (T-SPOT.TB) in HIV-infected adults. We assessed their accuracy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis and incident active tuberculosis, and the proportion of indeterminate results. The search identified 38 evaluable studies covering a total of 6514 HIV-infected participants. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for tuberculosis were 61% and 72% for QFT-GIT, and 65% and 70% for T-SPOT.TB. The cumulative incidence of subsequent active tuberculosis was 8.3% for QFT-GIT and 10% for T-SPOT.TB in patients tested positive (one study each), and 0% for QFT-GIT (two studies) and T-SPOT.TB (one study) respectively in those tested negative. Pooled indeterminate rates were 8.2% for QFT-GIT and 5.9% for T-SPOT.TB. Rates were higher in high burden settings (12.0% for QFT-GIT and 7.7% for T-SPOT.TB) than in low-intermediate burden settings (3.9% for QFT-GIT and 4.3% for T-SPOT.TB). They were also higher in patients with CD4+ T-cell count <200 (11.6% for QFT-GIT and 11.4% for T-SPOT.TB) than in those with CD4+ T-cell count ≥200 (3.1% for QFT-GIT and 7.9% for T-SPOT.TB). Conclusions/Significance IGRAs have suboptimal accuracy for confirming or ruling out active tuberculosis disease in HIV-infected adults. While their predictive value for incident active tuberculosis is modest, a negative QFT-GIT implies a very low short- to medium-term risk. Identifying the factors associated with indeterminate results will help to optimize the use of IGRAs in clinical practice, particularly in resource-limited countries with a high prevalence of HIV-coinfection.
Relational Bayesian Networks

A new method is developed to represent probabilistic relations on multiple random events. Where previously knowledge bases containing probabilistic rules were used for this purpose, here a probability distribution over the relations is directly represented by a Bayesian network. By using a powerful way of specifying conditional probability distributions in these networks, the resulting formalism is more expressive than the previous ones. Particularly, it provides for constraints on equalities of events, and it allows to define complex, nested combination functions.
Topical Influence on Twitter : A Feature Construction Approach

In this paper we discuss the task of discovering topical inﬂuence within the online social network T WITTER . The main goal of this research is to discover who the inﬂuential users are with respect to a certain given topic. For this research we have sampled a portion of the T WITTER social graph, from which we have distilled topics and topical activity, and constructed a set of diverse features which we believe are useful in capturing the concept of topical inﬂuence. We will use several correlation and classiﬁcation techniques to determine which features perform best with respect to the T WITTER network. Our ﬁndings support the claim that only looking at simple popularity features such as the number of followers is not enough to capture the concept of topical inﬂuence. It appears that more intricate features are required.
The Mycovirus CHV1 Disrupts Secretion of a Developmentally Regulated Protein in Cryphonectria parasitica

ABSTRACT Infection of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica with Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1) causes disruption of virulence, pigmentation, and sporulation. Transcriptional downregulation of key developmentally regulated fungal genes occurs during infection, but vegetative growth is unaffected. Previous studies showed that CHV1 utilizes trans-Golgi network (TGN) secretory vesicles for replication. In this study, the fungal cell surface hydrophobin cryparin was chosen as a marker to follow secretion in virally infected and noninfected strains. Subcellular fractionation, cryparin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, and Western blot studies confirmed that vesicles containing cryparin copurify with the same fractions previously shown to contain elements of the viral replication complex and the TGN resident endoprotease Kex2. This vesicle fraction accumulated to a much greater concentration in the CHV1-infected strains than in noninfected strains. Pulse-chase analysis showed that the rates and amount of cryparin being secreted by the CHV1 containing strains was much lower than in noninfected strains, and the dwell time of cryparin within the cell after labeling was significantly greater in the CHV1-infected strains than in the noninfected ones. These results suggest that the virus perturbs a specific late TGN secretory pathway resulting in buildup of a key protein important for fungal development.
Relative Efficacy of Amethocaine Gel and Lidocaine–Prilocaine Cream for Port-a-Cath Puncture in Children

Background. Lidocaine–prilocaine cream (EMLA) is currently standard therapy to alleviate procedural pain in children. One of the disadvantages of lidocaine–prilocaine is the need to wait for 60 minutes for adequate skin anesthesia. Amethocaine gel (Ametop) is a new topical anesthetic that requires a shorter application time for skin anesthesia. Objectives. To compare the relative efficacy and safety of amethocaine gel and lidocaine–prilocaine cream in children with cancer undergoing Port-a-Cath puncture and to determine which patient factors influence judgments about pain. Methods. Randomized, blinded, crossover study. Each child received either 1 g of amethocaine gel for 30 minutes, preceded by a placebo gel for 30 minutes, or 1 g of lidocaine–prilocaine cream for 60 minutes. Children rated the pain using the faces scale, for which scores ranged from 0 to 5. Parents and attending nurse operators rated pain on a 10-cm visual analog scale. Results. Thirty-nine children participated. The mean age was 10.2 years (range: 5–16 years), and 69% were male. There were no differences in mean pain assessments between amethocaine and lidocaine–prilocaine as rated by the children (2.0 vs 0.5), parents (2.6 vs 6.4), or nurse operators (2.0 vs 0.9). No serious adverse effects were detected with either preparation. Pain scores assigned by parents and children were not influenced by age, gender, duration of diagnosis, or anesthetic regimen (amethocaine versus lidocaine–prilocaine) in the child. Nurses, however, rated pain higher for younger children, and in males during pretreatment with lidocaine–prilocaine. Conclusion. Amethocaine achieves similar anesthesia to lidocaine–prilocaine during Port-a-Cath administration in children, with an application time that is half of lidocaine–prilocaine. Pain assessments were not influenced by age, gender, or duration of diagnosis of the child. Nurses may perceive that pain is greater for younger children and in males. lidocaine–prilocaine, amethocaine, pain, children, Port-a-Cath puncture.
JAK2 mediates the acute response to decreased cell volume in mouse preimplantation embryos by activating NHE1

Preimplantation mouse embryos are particularly sensitive to increased osmolarity within their normal physiological range. The detrimental effects can be alleviated by organic osmolytes such as glycine transported into early embryos, an effect thought to be due to the organic osmolyte replacing a portion of intracellular inorganic ions accumulated during acute cell volume regulation. However, no mechanism of cell volume regulation dependent on inorganic ions has been identified in preimplantation embryos. We found that decreased cell volume rapidly activated Na+/H+ exchange in preimplantation mouse embryos. This activity was likely mediated by the NHE1 (Slc9a1) isoform, since it was blocked by the highly selective NHE1 inhibitor, cariporide, which also inhibited the ability of the 1‐cell embryo to maintain cell volume. How NHE1 is activated by decreased cell volume is not generally well understood. Full activation of NHE1 by decreased cell volume in 2‐cell mouse embryos required the activity of the tyrosine kinase Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), since NHE1 activation was inhibited by the general tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, several selective inhibitors of Jak2, and dominant negative Jak2 expressed in 2‐cell embryos. Decreased cell volume furthermore resulted in increased tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in 2‐cell embryos detected both by anti‐phosphotyrosine antibody and an antibody directed against active phospho‐Jak2. Thus, Jak2 apparently serves as a cell volume sensor in embryos. Evidence from pharmacological inhibitors further indicated that NHE1 activation by decreased cell volume was dependent on calmodulin activity, likely downstream of Jak2, and required active phospholipase C. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 428–438, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Discovery of a Field Methane Dwarf from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Commissioning Data

We report the discovery of the coolest field dwarf yet known, selected as an unresolved object with extremely red colors from commissioning imaging data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Its spectrum from 0.8 to 2.5 μm is dominated by strong bands of H2O and CH4. Its spectrum and colors over this range are very similar to those of Gl 229B, the only other known example of a methane dwarf. It is roughly 1.2 mag fainter than Gl 229B, suggesting that it lies at a distance of ~10 pc. Such a cool object must have a mass well below the hydrogen-burning limit of 0.08 M☉ and therefore is a genuine brown dwarf, with a probable mass in the range 0.015-0.06 M☉ for an age range of 0.3-5 Gyr.
Apply HIP to Handover Procedures in Hybrid Access Mode LTE Femtocells

Femtocell networks that use Home evolved NodeB (HeNB) and existing networks for backhaul connectivity can fulfill the upcoming demand for high data rates in wireless communication systems as well as extend the coverage area. In this paper we seem handover between femtocell and macrocell as a heterogeneous handover and apply the Host Identity Protocol (HIP) with Media Independent Handover (MIH) to achieve handover execution. It considers handover parameters for, including interference, velocity, RSS and quality of service (QoS) level. We propose a new handover strategy based on HIP between the femtocell and the macrocell for LTE (Long Term Evolution) -based networks in hybrid access mode. This strategy can avoid unnecessary handovers and can reduce handover failure.
A Second Knowledge Classification : Boisot ' s I-Space Model

In this paper, we survey a number of different knowledge management strategies and a range of driving forces for knowledge management activities. We then attempt to produce a simple classification tool that will allow us to link the drivers to the KM strategies, using a number of published heuristics. Finally, a case study is presented in which we apply the method suggested and discuss its usefulness.
An energy-efficient slack distribution technique for multimode distributed real-time embedded systems

In multimode distributed systems, active task sets are assigned to their distributed components for realizing one or more functions. Many of these systems encounter runtime task variations at the input and across the system while processing their tasks in real time. Very few efforts have been made to address energy efficient scheduling in these types of distributed systems. In this paper, we propose an analytical model for energy efficient scheduling in distributed real-time embedded systems to handle time-varying task inputs. A new slack distribution scheme is introduced and adopted during the schedule of the task sets in the system. The slack distribution is made according to the service demand at the nodes which affects the energy consumption in the system. The active component at a node periodically determines the service rate and applies voltage scaling according to the dynamic traffic condition observed at various network nodes. The proposed approach uses a comprehensive traffic description function at nodes and provides adequate information about the worst-case traffic behavior anywhere in the distributed network, thereby enhancing the system power management capabilities. We evaluate the proposed technique using several benchmarks employing an event driven simulator and demonstrate its performance for multimode applications. Experimental results indicate significant energy savings in various examples and case studies.
IS-741 Attenuates Local Migration of Monocytes and Subsequent Pancreatic Fibrosis in Experimental Chronic Pancreatitis Induced by Dibutyltin Dichloride in Rats

Objectives: Chronic pancreatitis consists of excessive leukocyte infiltration and fibrosis. IS-741 has been reported to be an antiinflammatory drug through an inhibitory action on cell adhesion. In this study, we investigated whether IS-741 could inhibit the progression of pancreatic fibrosis through monocyte infiltration. Moreover, we investigated the effect of IS-741 on rat pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs). Methods: Chronic pancreatitis was induced by dibutyltin dichloride in rats. From days 7 to 28 after dibutyltin dichloride application, IS-741 or distilled water was administered. At days 14 and 28, histological [hematoxylin-eosin stain and immunostain for ED1 and &agr; smooth muscle actin (&agr;-SMA)] and biochemical evaluations (intrapancreatic amylase, protein, cytokines, chemokines, and &agr;-SMA) were performed. In vitro, rat PSCs were incubated with cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor simultaneously with IS-741, and their proliferation and activation were examined. Results: Histologically, IS-741 inhibited pancreatic fibrosis and decreased the number of ED1- and &agr;-SMA-positive cells. The intrapancreatic expression of cytokines, chemokine, and &agr;-SMA were also decreased. In vitro, IS-741 has no direct effect on the proliferation, &agr;-SMA expression, and collagen synthesis of PSCs. Conclusions: These results suggest that IS-741 suppressed macrophage infiltration and subsequent pancreatic fibrosis and that the infiltration of monocytes into pancreas is essential for pancreatic fibrosis.Abbreviations: IS-741 - N-(2-sulfonylamino-5-trifluoromethyl-3-pyridyl) carboxamide derivative, MCP-1 - monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
Amino acid contents and biological value of protein in various amaranth species

Amino acid content before and after heat treatment was assessed in grain of six selected amaranth varieties and four species: Amaranthus cruentus, A. hypochondriacus, A. caudatus and A. hybridus, cultivated in the Czech Republic. High content of Lys and Arg was detected in both heat treated and untreated grains, as well as satisfactory content of Cys and lower levels of Met, Val, Ile and Leu. The latter three amino acids appear as limiting. Chemical scores of essential amino acids and essential amino acid index (EAAI) were determined. EAAI value of 90.4% shows the favourable nutritional quality of amaranth protein, which is almost comparable with egg protein. Heat treatment by popping at 170 to 190°C for 30 s resulted in decreased EAAI to 85.4%. Of the essential amino acids under study, Val and Leu contents decreased significantly ( P < 0.05). The relatively high content of essential amino acids in amaranth grain predetermines its use as a substitution of meat-and-bone meals.
Highly-magnified, multiply-imaged radio counterparts of the sub-mm starburst emission in the cluster-lens MS0451.6-0305

Context. Previous authors have reported the detection of intrinsically faint sub-mm emission lensed by the cluster MS0451.6-0305. They suggest that this emission arises from a merging system composed of a Ly-break galaxy and a pair of extremely red objects which are multiply-imaged in the optical/NIR observations. Aims. Since the submm emission presents an unusually large angular extent (similar to 1'), the possible radio emission asociatted with that system can help to identify optical/NIR counterparts due to the higher spatial resolution and astrometric accuracy of the radio observations. Methods. Archive VLA data (BnA configuration at 1.4 GHz) was reduced and analysed. A simple lens model was constructed to aid the interpretation of the radio and pre-existing sub-mm and optical/NIR data. Results. We present a 1.4 GHz map of the central region of MS0451.6-0305 and report the detection of gravitationally lensed radio emission, coincident with the previously discovered sub-mm lensed emission. The overall morphology and scale of the radio and sub-mm emission are strikingly similar, extending (similar to 1') across the sky. This observation strongly suggests that the radio and sub-mm emission arise from the same sources. Preliminary estimates of the total S-850 (mu m)/S (1.4 GHz) flux density ratio appear to be consistent with that expected from distant star forming galaxies. The radio emission is resolved into 7 distinct components, and the overall structure can be explained, using a simple lens model, with three multiply-imaged radio sources at z similar to 2.9. One of these sources is predicted to lie in the middle of the previously mentioned merging system in the source plane, suggesting that it is related to the intense star formation generated during the merging process.