Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Employment status and family role attitudes: A trend analysis for the Netherlands

Using data from 14 repeated cross-sectional surveys (N = 19,961), this study investigated trends in the family role attitudes of full-time, part-time and non-working men and women since the 1980s. The results show that in the Netherlands inter-cohort effects are considerably smaller in magnitude than intra-cohort (period) effects in driving changes in attitudes. Large differences were found between women working in paid employment (both full-time and part-time) and non-working women, and these differences remained remarkably stable over the years. Further, part-time working men seem much more egalitarian in their views on family roles than full-time working men. Although these differences declined somewhat over the years, a substantial gap remains.
Uncertain Associations of Major Bleeding and Concurrent Use of Antiplatelet Agents and Chinese Medications: A Nested Case-Crossover Study

Despite the evidence that some commonly used Chinese medications (CMs) have antiplatelet/anticoagulant effects, many patients still used antiplatelets combined with CMs. We conducted a nested case-crossover study to examine the associations between the concomitant use of antiplatelets and CMs and major bleeding using population-based health database in Taiwan. Among the cohort of 79,463 outpatients prescribed antiplatelets (e.g., aspirin and clopidogrel) continuously, 1,209 patients hospitalized with new occurring bleeding in 2012 and 2013 were included. Those recruited patients served as their own controls to compare different times of exposure to prespecified CMs (e.g., Asian ginseng and dong quai) and antiplatelet agents. The periods of case, control 1, and control 2 were defined as 1–4 weeks, 6–9 weeks, and 13–16 weeks before hospitalization, respectively. Conditional logistic regression analyses found that concurrent use of antiplatelet drugs with any of the prespecified CMs in the case period might not significantly increase the risks of bleeding over that in the control periods (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.51 to 1.95 and OR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.97). The study showed no strong relationships between hospitalization for major bleeding events and concurrent use of antiplatelet drugs with the prespecified CMs.
From Passive to Proactive Motivation: The Importance of Flexible Role Orientations and Role Breadth Self‐efficacy

Despite the widely held belief that a proactive workforce is necessary for competitive advantage, research investigating how to assess and promote such change is limited. Two potentially important precursors to proactivity include flexible role orientation (FRO) and role breadth self-efficacy (RBSE). These concepts have been shown to have construct validity and to be distinct from related dispositional variables, but their discriminant validity in terms of outcome variables has not been demonstrated. In this article, I show that FRO and RBSE are factorially distinct from outcomes commonly used in organisational research (job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and job strain). I also show that, as expected, the proactive motivation and traditional outcome variables have different relationships with various predictor variables. I outline the study implications, and suggest a broader research agenda on proactive motivation.
The extracellular domain of CD45 controls association with the CD4-T cell receptor complex and the response to antigen-specific stimulation

The CD45 tyrosine phosphatase plays an important role in regulating T lymphocyte activation, but the function of the different isoforms of CD45 is not known. T cell transfectants have been prepared that express individual CD45 isoforms in cells with a well-defined T cell receptor (TCR) from the D10 T helper 2 clone. We find that cells bearing low molecular weight CD45 isoforms are far more efficient in responding to stimulation with peptide and antigen-presenting cells compared with cells bearing high molecular weight CD45 isoforms. One hypothesis for the preferential activation of cells that express low molecular weight CD45 isoforms is that they interact with other cell surface antigens important in TCR signaling, altering their phosphorylation status and affecting the character of the signal transduction pathway. In this report, using cells expressing single isoforms, we demonstrate that low molecular weight isoforms of CD45 preferentially associate with CD4 and the TCR complex compared with high molecular weight isoforms. The molecular basis for this interaction was further examined using a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-linked form of CD45Null (lacking tyrosine phosphatase domains), which preferentially associated with CD4 compared with GPI-linked CD45ABC, and cytoplasmic tail mutants of CD4, which retained the ability to coassociate. Using this panel of transfectants, it is clear that the interaction between CD4 and CD45 does not require the cytoplasmic domains of CD45, but is dependent on the specific external domain of the various isoforms: low molecular weight species were more likely to associate with the CD4-TCR complex than the higher molecular weight isoforms, and their ability to coassociate correlated with the magnitude of the response to specific antigen.
Multivariate Analyses to Assess the Effects of Surgeon and Hospital Volume on Cancer Survival Rates: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Taiwan

Background Positive results between caseloads and outcomes have been validated in several procedures and cancer treatments. However, there is limited information available on the combined effects of surgeon and hospital caseloads. We used nationwide population-based data to explore the association between surgeon and hospital caseloads and survival rates for major cancers. Methodology A total of 11677 patients with incident cancer diagnosed in 2002 were identified from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Survival analysis, the Cox proportional hazards model, and propensity scores were used to assess the relationship between 5-year survival rates and different caseload combinations. Results Based on the Cox proportional hazard model, cancer patients treated by low-volume surgeons in low-volume hospitals had poorer survival rates, and hazard ratios ranged from 1.3 in head and neck cancer to 1.8 in lung cancer after adjusting for patients’ demographic variables, co-morbidities, and treatment modality. When analyzed using the propensity scores, the adjusted 5-year survival rates were poorer for patients treated by low-volume surgeons in low-volume hospitals, compared to those treated by high-volume surgeons in high-volume hospitals (P<0.005). Conclusions After adjusting for differences in the case mix, cancer patients treated by low-volume surgeons in low-volume hospitals had poorer 5-year survival rates. Payers may implement quality care improvement in low-volume surgeons.
Psychopathology of Common Sense

It is well established by psychopathological research that disorders of self-experience are among the main features of schizophrenic prodromes in a pathogenetic sense. Disorders of the phenomenal self, as "lack of ipseity" (the vanishing of the feeling of being embedded in oneself and of distinctiveness between the self and the outer world) and "hyper-reflexivity" (the monitoring of one's own life entailing the tendency to objectify parts of one's own self in an outer space) are considered key phenomena of schizophrenic vulnerability. In this paper, I argue that the analyses of the disorders of phenomenal self catch only some dimensions of schizophrenic vulnerability, since they mainly focus on the pathological changes in subjective experience of an isolated self and disregard the fact that the self is not purely personal. Because our existence is fundamentally tied to a social existence, the feeling of one's own self and the sense of "reality" of an experience are products of intersubjectivity and not only a private process based on introspection or reflexivity in which one is engaged in an idiosyncratic way. Building on, and extending, contributions of the phenomenological tradition, I attempt to demonstrate that intuitive attunement is the basic prerequisite for establishing one's sense of "reality" (feeling familiarly related to one's environment) and for establishing one's sense of "ipseity" (the sense of existing as a subject of awareness). In the last part of the paper, I show the importance of the concepts "lack of attunement" and "antagonomia" (the rejection of conventional knowledge and intuitive attunement, experienced as dangerous sources of loss of individuality) to establish a comprehensive theory of schizophrenic vulnerability. I finally discuss the implications of this view for empirical research and clinical management of schizophrenic vulnerability.
Assessing the Validity of a Stage Measure on Physical Activity in a Population-Based Sample of Individuals With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes

This study was designed to test the validity of a transtheoretical model's physical activity (PA) stage measure with intention and different intensities of behavior in a large population-based sample of adults living with diabetes (Type 1 diabetes, n = 697; Type 2 diabetes, n = 1,614) and examine different age groups. The overall specificity (classified correctly as inactive) for Type 1 diabetes was 69.3% based on the percentage of individuals in precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation not meeting Canada's PA guidelines. Sensitivity (classified correctly as active) was 82.5% based on the proportion of active participants in action and maintenance. In the Type 2 diabetes group, the overall specificity and sensitivity was 63.9% and 88.2%, respectively. No significant differences were found between the diabetes groups for stage distribution patterns, and sensitivity and specificity values. The majority of the study hypotheses related to intention and behaviors were confirmed, providing further supportive evidence for the utility of this PA staging measure for the diabetes population.
A Framework for the Evaluation of the Hierarchical Complexity of Network Topology in EEG Functional Connectivity

Understanding the complex hierarchical topology of functional brain networks is a key aspect of functional connectivity research. Such topics are obscured by the widespread use of sparse binary network models which are fundamentally different to the complete weighted networks derived from functional connectivity. We offer an alternative framework for functional brain networks designed specifically for CWN analysis, generalising widely used binary network models to CWN form and analysing the main topological features of brain networks- integration, regularity and modularity- over the full range of densities. Importantly, we introduce two techniques to probe the hierarchical complexity of topologies which complement and enhance this framework. Firstly, a new metric to measure hierarchical complexity, secondly, a Weighted Complex Hierarchy (WCH) null model for EEG functional connectivity. By controlling the parameters of the model, the highest complexity is found to arises between a random topology and a strict 'class-based' topology. Further, the model has equivalent complexity to EEG phase-lag networks at peak performance. Hierarchical complexity attains greater magnitude and range of differences between different networks than the previous commonly used complexity metric and our WCH model offers a much broader range of network topology than the standard scale-free and small-world models at a full range of densities. Our metric and model provide a full characterisation of hierarchical complexity. Importantly, our framework shows a scale of complexity arising between random and regular topologies at one extreme and star and strict 'class-based' topologies at the other.
Does Diffusion Lesion Volume Above 70 mL Preclude Favorable Outcome Despite Post-Thrombolysis Recanalization?

Background and Purpose— Whether to withhold recanalization treatment when the diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion exceeds a given volume is unsettled. Our aim was to assess the impact of recanalization on outcome in patients with baseline DWI lesion ≥70 mL (DWI≥70 mL) treated ⩽4.5 hours from onset. We hypothesized that recanalization is beneficial in a sizeable fraction of these patients and that this is associated with a larger DWI lesion reversal. Methods— We analyzed 267 consecutive patients treated with intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator for middle cerebral artery territory stroke in whom an occlusion was present on magnetic resonance angiography and 24-hour recanalization and 90-day clinical outcome could be assessed. After stratification relative to the 70-mL DWI lesion cut point, we calculated the odds ratio for recanalization of the primary arterial occlusive lesion (AOL score ≥2) to predict favorable outcome (modified Rankin scale score ⩽2). DWI lesion reversal was compared between recanalizers with DWI≥70 mL with favorable and unfavorable outcomes. Results— Median (interquartile range) DWI lesion volume was 22 mL (10–60), and median onset time to imaging was 116 minutes (86–151). Twelve (22%) of the 54 patients with DWI≥70 mL experienced favorable outcome, of which 9 had recanalized. In patients with DWI≥70 mL, recanalization was significantly associated with favorable outcome after adjustment for age and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (odds ratio =4.72 [1.09–20.32]; P=0.0375). Among recanalizers with DWI≥70 mL, absolute and relative DWI reversal volumes were larger in those with favorable as compared with unfavorable outcome (18.8 mL [12.2–47.6] versus 8.5 mL [4.3–31.1]; P=0.17; and 19.6% [10.9–62.8] versus 8.7% [3.9–16.5], respectively; P=0.049). Conclusions— Patients with DWI lesion volume ≥70 mL can benefit from recanalization after intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. This may partly reflect a larger amount of DWI lesion reversal.
Independent domains of gait in older adults and associated motor and nonmotor attributes: validation of a factor analysis approach.

BACKGROUND Gait is an important predictor of survival in older adults. Gait characteristics help to identify markers of incipient pathology, inform diagnostic algorithms and disease progression, and measure efficacy of interventions. However, there is no clear framework to guide selection of gait characteristics. This study developed and validated a model of gait in older adults based on a strong theoretical paradigm. METHODS One hundred and eighty-nine older adults with a mean (SD) age of 69.5 (7.6) years were assessed for 16 spatiotemporal gait variables using a 7-m instrumented walkway (GAITRite) while walking for 2 minutes. Principal components analysis and factor analysis "varimax" procedure were used to derive a model that was validated using a multimethod approach: replication of previous work; association of gait domains with motor, cognitive, and behavioral attributes; and discriminatory properties of gait domains using age as a criterion. RESULTS Five factors emerged from the principal components analysis: pace (22.5%), rhythm (19.3%), variability (15.1%), asymmetry (14.5%), and postural control (8.0%), explaining 79.5% of gait variance in total. Age, executive function, power of attention, balance self-efficacy, and physical fatigue were independently and selectively associated with 4 gait domains, explaining up to 40.1% of total variance. Median age discriminated pace, variability, and postural control domains. CONCLUSIONS This study supports a 5-factor model of gait in older adults with domains that preferentially select for motor, cognitive, and behavioral attributes. Future research is required to validate the model. If successful, it will facilitate hypothesis-driven research to explain underlying gait mechanisms, identify contributory features to gait disturbance, and examine the effect of intervention.
Failed cooperative, but not competitive, interaction between large-scale brain networks impairs working memory in schizophrenia

Background A large-scale network named the default mode network (DMN) dynamically cooperates and competes with an external attention system (EAS) to facilitate various cognitive functioning that is prominently impaired in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is related to the disrupted competition and/or cooperation between these two networks. Method A total of 35 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were scanned using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging during n-back working memory (WM) processing. Brain activities of the DMN and EAS were measured using general linear modelling of the functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Dynamic interaction between the DMN and EAS was decomposed into two directions using Granger causality analysis. Results We observed a significant failure of DMN suppression in patients with schizophrenia, which was significantly related to WM/attentional deficit. Granger causality modelling showed that in healthy controls, while the EAS inhibitorily influenced the DMN, the DMN exerted an ‘excitatory’ or cooperative influence back on the EAS, especially in those with lower WM accuracy. In schizophrenia, this ‘excitatory’ DMN→EAS influence within the reciprocal EAS–DMN loop was significantly reduced, especially in patients with WM/attentional deficit. Conclusions The dynamic interaction between the DMN and EAS is likely to be comprised of both competitive and cooperative influences. In healthy controls, both the ‘inhibitory’ EAS→DMN interaction and ‘excitatory’ DMN→EAS interaction are correlated with WM performance. In schizophrenia, reduced ‘cooperative’ influence from the DMN to dorsal nodes of the EAS occurs in the context of non-suppression of the DMN and may form a possible pathophysiological substrate of WM deficit and attention disorder.
Testing the island rule: primates as a case study

The island rule states that after island colonization, larger animals tend to evolve reduced body sizes and smaller animals increased sizes. Recently, there has been disagreement about how often, if ever, this rule applies in nature, and much of this disagreement stems from differences in the statistical tests employed. This study shows, how different tests of the island rule assume different null hypotheses, and that these rely on quite different biological assumptions. Analysis and simulation are then used to quantify the biases in the tests. Many widely used tests are shown to yield false support for the island rule when island and mainland evolution are indistinguishable, and so a Monte Carlo permutation test is introduced that avoids this problem. It is further shown that tests based on independent contrasts lack power to detect the island rule under certain conditions. Finally, a complete reanalysis is presented of recent data from primates. When head–body length is used as the measure of body size, reports of the island rule are shown to stem from methodological artefacts. But when skull length or body mass are used, all tests agree that the island rule does hold in primates.
Extending Interactional Theory: The Labeling Dimension

Interactional theory argues that theoretical variables and delinquency have reciprocal causal relationships. While empirical support for the reciprocal relationships has been found, the impact of delinquency on later changes in the variables, including attenuated attachment to family, needs more elaboration. Labeling theory may offer a constructive extension to interactional theory, given their common emphases on theoretical integration, age-varying effects, and reciprocal relationships. The present study suggests an extended interactional model with the labeling dimension. Using structural equation modeling, both the original and extended models were tested with longitudinal data from a nationally representative sample. The present study tested statistical and substantive significance of the paths hypothesized by each model. Findings lend support for the extended interactional model; providing as much as a 48.2% increase in its explanatory power when compared to the original interactional model. The extended interactional model incorporating labeling theory may contribute to both interactional theory and labeling theory for juvenile delinquency.
Rear-Flank Outflow Dynamics and Thermodynamics in the 10 June 2010 Last Chance, Colorado, Supercell

AbstractOn 10 June 2010, the second Verification of the Origins of Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX2) armada observed a supercell thunderstorm near Last Chance, Colorado. Tempest unmanned aircraft system (UAS) data collected in the rear-flank outflow revealed what appeared to be an elevated outflow head, turbulent wake, and a cold rear-flank internal surge (RFIS). Surface thermodynamic and kinematic data collected by the StickNet and mobile mesonet indicated that the outflow wake may have extended to or very near the surface, perhaps modifying or outright replacing the leading edge of the outflow at times. Single-Doppler data collected by the NOAA X-Pol Mobile Polarimetric Doppler Radar (NOXP) were supportive of the possibility of a downdraft in the outflow wake associated with low-level divergence. A conceptual model of the hypothesized rear-flank outflow structure in the nontornadic phase of the Last Chance supercell is presented. The observed turbulent wake is consistent with mixing associated with the rel.
Earning a living for former students with special educational needs. Does class placement matter?

This article discusses the extent to which former special needs students – now in their late 20s – achieve economic independence. The emphasis is on class placement – that is, whether being educated in special or regular classes in upper secondary school contributes to favourable occupational outcomes. The empirical evidence is based on interviews of 373 young Norwegians who were surveyed regularly for more than 10 years. The analyses reveal that nearly half of the young adults found jobs that made them economically independent. Students schooled in regular classes attained vocational or academic competence and obtained a driving licence to a much greater degree than did students educated in special classes. In turn this increased the chances of earning a living. That is the indirect effect of class placement. The direct positive effect of schooling in regular classes was observed among people with rather low functional abilities and among those who did not succeed in attaining competence or obtaining a driving licence.
Idiopathic arterial calcification in infancy

Two cases of idiopathic generalized arterial calcification in infancy are described. The changes in the vessels consist of calcification in relation to the internal elastic lamina, with secondary subintimal proliferation of fibrous tissue and, occasionally, extension into the media. They are usually most marked in the coronary arteries, with resulting myocardial disease, and acute congestive cardiac failure is the most common presentation and cause of death. The histological picture resembles closely the arterial changes that may occur in severe renal disease, hyperparathyroidism, primary bone disease, hypervitaminosis D, and occasional cases of congenital heart disease.