Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self-regulated black hole accretion, the M−σ relation and the growth of bulges in galaxies

We argue that the velocity dispersions and masses of galactic bulges and spheroids are byproducts of the feedback that regulates rapid black hole growth in protogal axies. We suggest that the feedback energy liberated by accretion must pass through the accreting material, in an energy-conserving flux near the black hole and a momentum-conserving flux farther away from the black hole. If the inflowing gas dominates the gravitational potential outside the Bondi radius, feedback from Eddington-limited accretion drives the density profile of the gas to that of a singular isothermal sphere. We find that the velocity dispersion associated with the isothermal potential, σ, increases with time as the black hole mass M grows, in such a way that M σ 4 . The coefficient of this proportionality depends on the radius at which the flow switches from energy conserving to momentum conserving, and gives the observed M-a relation if the transition occurs at ∼100 Schwarzschild radii. We associate this transition with radiative cooling and show that bremsstrahlung, strongly boosted by inverse Compton scattering in a two-temperature (T p >> T e ) plasma, leads to a transition at the desired radius. According to this picture, bulge masses M b are insensitive to the virial masses of their dark matter haloes, but correlate linearly with black hole mass. Our analytic model also explains the M b -σ (Faber-Jackson) relation as a relic of black hole accretion. The model naturally explains why the M-a relation has less scatter than either the M-M b (Magorrian) or the Faber-Jackson relation. It suggests that the M-a relation could extend down to very low velocity dispersions, and predicts that the relation should not evolve with redshift.
Analyzing Thinking Styles ofStudents Studying at PhysicalEducation and Sports Academies of Public and Private Universities

Thinking in general includes features obtained from observation, experience, intuition, reasoning and other channels; also, itis themanner ofdisciplining ofapplication,analysisand evaluations, and mental process in order to understand the current situation(Ozden,2003). Thinkingstyleisdescribed based on mental self-government and as the preferred way of using the individuals � mindsand knowledge,and the preferredwayofthinking(Sternberg,1997). Thecurrentstudywasdonein orderto determine the thinkingstylesofstudentsstudyingatphysical educationandsports aademiesofpublicandprivateuniversities.Students from Istanbul State University and Halic Private University attended this study. Amongst the total of 296volunteering students, 153 were female and 143 were male. In order to determine the thinking styles of the students,96 itemThinkingStylesscaledevelopedbySnbl(2004)wasused.Usingthis five pointLikerttype scale the studentsthinking styles were found as legislative,executive,judicial,monarchic,hierarchic,oligarchic,anarchic, global,local,internal,external,liberal and conservative.Asaresultofthe analysismade, itwas foundthatallstudentswith regard to schooltype, genderand academicdepartments,usedLegislativethinkingstylethe leastwhich corresponds to the statement ofRarely=2 � and usedAnarchic � thinking style the most which corresponds to the statement of �Sometimes=3 �. Also, it was seen that public university students, female students and training education students useAnarchicthinking style more when compared with the opposing groups.
Intestinal Immune Responses to an Inactivated Oral Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vaccine and Associated Immunoglobulin A Responses in Blood

ABSTRACT An inactivated oral enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC) vaccine against ETEC diarrhea was given to 25 adult Swedish volunteers. The vaccine consisted of formalin-killed E. coli bacteria expressing the most common colonization factor antigens (CFAs), i.e., CFA/I, -II, and -IV, and recombinantly produced cholera B subunit (CTB). Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody responses in intestinal lavage fluid to CTB and CFAs were determined and compared with corresponding responses in stool extracts and serum as well as with IgA antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood. Two doses of vaccine induced significant IgA responses to the different CFAs in lavage fluid in 61 to 87% of the vaccinees and in stool in 38 to 81% of them. The most frequent responses were seen against CFA/I. The magnitudes of the antibody responses against CTB and CFA/I in stool correlated significantly (CTB,P < 0.01; CFA/I, P < 0.05) with those in intestinal lavage. Intestinal lavage responses against CFAs were best reflected by the ASC responses, with the sensitivity of the ASC assay being 80 to 85%, followed by stool (sensitivity of 50 to 88%) and serum antibody (sensitivity of 7 to 65%) analyses. CTB-specific immune responses were seen in >90% of the vaccinees in all assays.
Enjoyment of learning and learning effort in primary school: the significance of child individual characteristics and stimulation at home and at preschool

The present paper was written under the auspices of the interdisciplinary research group ‘Educational Processes, Competence Development, and Selection Decisions at Preschool and Primary School Age (BiKS)’ (FOR 543), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). The surveys were conceptualised and supervised as part of the developmental psychology sub-project (headed by S. Weinert) and the primary education sub-project (headed by H.-G. Roßbach). We would like to thank the German Research Foundation for funding the research group and the participating children, parents, early years educators, teachers, assistants, and members of staff for their commitment and cooperation.
Assessment of patients' experience of discomforts during respirator therapy

Patients (n = 158) who had been respirator-treated and who could remember the treatment were retrospectively (after >2 months) interviewed about their experiences. Of all patients. 47% had felt anxiety and/or fear during the treatment. These feelings were intimately related to the experience of agony/panic (p < .001) and insecurity (p < .001). Inability to talk and communicate was found to be the dominating reason (p < .001) for evoking such feelings and also made it difficult for the patients to sleep and rest (p < .05); no correlation to pain was found. Difficulties to synchronize with the respirator in connection with suctioning also caused feelings of anxiety/fear (p < .01). agony/ panic (p < .01), and insecurity (p < .001). Even as long as 4 yr after respirator treatment, most patients (90%) who remember the treatment still recall the situation as unpleasant and stress-evoking. The isolation due to communication difficulties was a greater problem than direct airway-related nursing care activities. This relationship between communication difficulties and severe emotional reactions should be considered in the nursing care of respirator-treated patients. (Crit Care Med 1989; 17:1068)
Anti‐Metastatic Effect of Supercritical Extracts from the Citrus hassaku Pericarp via Inhibition of C‐X‐C Chemokine Receptor Type 4 (CXCR4) and Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9)

The fruit of hassaku (Citrus hassaku Hort. ex Tanaka) is locally known as phalsak in Korea. Recently, the fruit extract has been known to exhibit in vivo preventive effects against UVB‐induced pigmentation, antiallergic activity, and enhancement of blood fluidity. However, the exact mechanisms of how supercritical extracts of phalsak peel (SEPS) inhibits tumor metastasis and invasion are still not fully understood. We found that SEPS could downregulate the constitutive expression of both CXCR4 and HER2 in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells as compared with other cells. SEPS also suppressed matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) expression and its enzymatic activity under non‐cytotoxic concentrations. Neither proteasome inhibition nor lysosomal stabilization had any effect on the SEPS‐induced decrease in CXCR4 expression. A detailed study of the underlying molecular mechanisms revealed that the regulation of the downregulation of CXCR4 was at the transcriptional level, as indicated by downregulation of mRNA expression, suppression of NF‐κB activity, and inhibition of chromatin immunoprecipitation activity. Suppression of CXCR4 expression by SEPS correlated with the inhibition of CXCL12‐stimulated invasion of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Overall, our results indicate, for the first time, that SEPS can suppress CXCR4 and MMP‐9 expressions through blockade of NF‐κB activation and thus has the potential to suppress metastasis of breast cancer. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
REDUCTION OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES IN WATER BY APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND WAVES AND ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION

Humic substances mainly humic acids constitute the major fraction of natural organic matter in water supplies. They play an important role in the formation of harmful disinfection by products. Degradation of humic acids by means of ultraviolet radiation and ultrasonic irradiation processes was investigated in a laboratory-scale batch photoreactor equipped with an 300 W immersed-type medium-pressure mercury vapour lamp and sonoreactor with low frequency (42 kHz) plate type transducer at 170 W of acoustic power with emphasis on the effect of various parameters on degradation efficiency. Experiments were performed at humic acids initial concentrations varying between 2.5-10 mg/L. Oxidation of humic substances has been followed over time by measuring total organic carbon and UV absorbance in 254 nm and 436 nm. Initial results indicated a strong capacity of photolysis for degradation of humic substances. The results also showed that ultrasonic alone cannot be an efficient method for degradation of humic substances in comparison with UV process. The maximum degradation efficiency of humic substances after 90 min of irradiation, however, was only 5.7% and reached a maximum value of 9.5% after 300 min of irradiation. It was found that total organic carbon can be removed effectively by photolysis. It was also found that lower concentrations of humic substances favor the humic substances degradation. Also, the experimental results indicated that the kinetics of ultrasono-oxidation and photo-oxidation processes fit well by pseudo-first order kinetics.
In situ detection of transcripts for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in cyanobacterial heterocysts

Heterocysts of free-living cyanobacteria lack ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. Nevertheless, using in situ hybridizations, we demonstrate that transcripts for the rbcL and rbcS genes are present in both heterocysts and vegetative cells of Anabaena spp. in association with, or isolated from, the Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis. In contrast, rbcLS transcripts were detected only in vegetative cells of the free-living cyanobacterium Anabaena strain 7120. Under anaerobic growth conditions that inhibited heterocyst differentiation, transcripts for nitrogenase were present in all cells composing Anabaena strain 7120 filaments, whereas rbcL and rbcS transcripts were not detected. Thus, transcriptional regulation of genes related to photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation is under environmental, as well as developmental, control in Anabaena spp. In addition, these results suggest either the possible retention of regulatory patterns in symbiotically derived cyanobacterial isolates or differences in expression of rbcLS genes in different free-living cyanobacteria.
Induction of intensive tumor suppression by antiangiogenic photodynamic therapy using polycation‐modified liposomal photosensitizer

The authors previously observed that antiangiogenic scheduling of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was effective in causing tumor regression through hemostasis. It would thus be expected that photosensitizer entrapped in polycation liposomes (PCLs) would be efficiently taken up in tumor‐derived angiogenic vascular endothelial cells due to the strong electrostatic adhesion between the polycation and the plasma membrane, thus resulting in enhanced phototherapeutic efficacy.
The Development of Subcutaneous Sarcomas in Rodents Exposed to Peroxisome Proliferators Agonists

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) represent therapeutic targets for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Rodent carcinogenicity studies have revealed a link between γ and dual γ/α PPAR agonist treatment and the increased incidence of subcutaneous (SC) liposarcomas/fibrosarcomas or hemangiosarcomas, but very little has been reported for potent and selective PPARα agonists. We present a mode of action framework for the development of SC mesenchymal tumors in rodents given PPAR agonists. (1) Tumor promotion results from pharmacologically mediated recruitment (proliferation and differentiation), thermogenesis and adipogenesis of stromovascular cells, and subsequent generation of oxidative free radicals. (2) Tumor initiation consists of chemotype-driven mitochondrial dysfunction causing uncontrolled oxidative stress and permanent DNA damage. Promotion is characterized by enhanced adipogenesis in the SC adipose tissue, where the baseline PPARγ expression and responsiveness to PPARγ ligands is the highest, and by thermogenesis through expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and the PPARγ co-activator 1 α (PGC-1α), two factors more highly expressed in brown versus white adipose tissue. Initiation is supported by the demonstration of mitochondrial uncoupling and OXPHOS Complexes dysfunction (Complexes III, IV and V) by compounds associated with increased incidences of sarcomas (muraglitazar and troglitazone), but not others lacking malignant tumor effects (pioglitazone, rosiglitazone).
Beclin 1 Is Required for Neuron Viability and Regulates Endosome Pathways via the UVRAG-VPS34 Complex

Deficiency of autophagy protein beclin 1 is implicated in tumorigenesis and neurodegenerative diseases, but the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Previous studies showed that Beclin 1 coordinates the assembly of multiple VPS34 complexes whose distinct phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase III (PI3K-III) lipid kinase activities regulate autophagy at different steps. Recent evidence suggests a function of beclin 1 in regulating multiple VPS34-mediated trafficking pathways beyond autophagy; however, the precise role of beclin 1 in autophagy-independent cellular functions remains poorly understood. Herein we report that beclin 1 regulates endocytosis, in addition to autophagy, and is required for neuron viability in vivo. We find that neuronal beclin 1 associates with endosomes and regulates EEA1/early endosome localization and late endosome formation. Beclin 1 maintains proper cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) distribution and total levels, and loss of beclin 1 causes a disruption of active Rab5 GTPase-associated endosome formation and impairment of endosome maturation, likely due to a failure of Rab5 to recruit VPS34. Furthermore, we find that Beclin 1 deficiency causes complete loss of the UVRAG-VPS34 complex and associated lipid kinase activity. Interestingly, beclin 1 deficiency impairs p40phox-linked endosome formation, which is rescued by overexpressed UVRAG or beclin 1, but not by a coiled-coil domain-truncated beclin 1 (a UVRAG-binding mutant), Atg14L or RUBICON. Thus, our study reveals the essential role for beclin 1 in neuron survival involving multiple membrane trafficking pathways including endocytosis and autophagy, and suggests that the UVRAG-beclin 1 interaction underlies beclin 1's function in endocytosis.
On pointwise adaptive nonparametric deconvolution

We consider estimating an unknown function f from indirect white noise observations with particular emphasis on the problem of nonparametric deconvolution. Nonparametric estimators that can adapt to unknown smoothness of f are developed. The adaptive estimators are specified under two sets of assumptions on the kernel of the convolution transform. In particular, kernels having Fourier transform with polynomially and exponentially decaying tails are considered. It is shown that the proposed estimates possess, in a sense, the best possible abilities for pointwise adaptation.
Navigating Guilt, Shame, and Fear of Appearing Racist: A Conceptual Model of Antiracist White Feminist Identity Development

In this study, I employed narrative inquiry supported by intersectionality theory to explore the experiences of 6 antiracist, White, feminist undergraduate women. A conceptual model of antiracist identity development emerged from the data. Participants described vivid experiences with guilt, shame, and fear that kept them from engaging in allied behavior. While participants acknowledged the importance of moving through fear so they could engage in action, they often struggled to do so. Implications for educators and directions for future research are provided.
Vulnerability of Polarised Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells to Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Depends on the Route of Application

Background and Aims Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a Fusarium derived mycotoxin, often occurring on cereals used for human and animal nutrition. The intestine, as prominent barrier for nutritional toxins, has to handle the mycotoxin from the mucosa protected luminal side (apical exposure), as well as already absorbed toxin, reaching the cells from basolateral side via the blood stream. In the present study, the impact of the direction of DON exposure on epithelial cell behaviour and intestinal barrier integrity was elucidated. Methods A non-transformed intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2), cultured in membrane inserts, serving as a polarised in vitro model to determine the effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) on cellular viability and tight junction integrity. Results Application of DON in concentrations up to 4000 ng/mL for 24, 48 and 72 hours on the basolateral side of membrane cultured polarised IPEC-J2 cells resulted in a breakdown of the integrity of cell connections measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), as well as a reduced expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin 3. Epithelial cell number decreased and nuclei size was enlarged after 72 h incubation of 4000 ng/mL DON from basolateral. Although necrosis or caspase 3 mediated apoptosis was not detectable after basolateral DON application, cell cycle analysis revealed a significant increase in DNA fragmentation, decrease in G0/G1 phase and slight increase in G2/M phase after 72 hours incubation with DON 2000 ng/mL. Conclusions Severity of impact of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol on the intestinal epithelial barrier is dependent on route of application. The epithelium appears to be rather resistant towards apical (luminal) DON application whereas the same toxin dose from basolateral severely undermines barrier integrity.
Dissociation in Conditioned Dopamine Release in the Nucleus Accumbens Core and Shell in Response to Cocaine Cues and during Cocaine-Seeking Behavior in Rats

The dopaminergic innervation of the nucleus accumbens is generally agreed to mediate the primary reinforcing and locomotor effects of psychostimulants, but there is less consensus on conditioned dopamine (DA) release during drug-seeking behavior. We investigated the neurochemical correlates of drug-seeking behavior under the control of a drug-associated cue [a light conditioned stimulus (CS+)] and to noncontingent presentations of the CS+ in the core and shell subregions of the nucleus accumbens. Rats self-administered cocaine under a continuous reinforcement schedule in which a response on one of two identical levers led to an intravenous cocaine infusion (0.25 mg/infusion) and a 20 sec light CS+. Response requirements for cocaine and the CS+ were then progressively increased until stable responding was established under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. During microdialysis, rats were presented noncontingently with a set of 10 sec CS+ and neutral tone stimuli (CS−) before and after a 90 min period during which they responded for cocaine under a second-order schedule. Results showed the following: (1) nucleus accumbens DA increased in both the core and shell during intravenous cocaine self-administration; (2) noncontingent presentations of a cocaine-associated CS+ led to increased DA release selectively in the nucleus accumbens core; and (3) extracellular DA levels were unaltered in both core and shell during a protracted period of drug-seeking behavior under the control of the same cocaine-associated cue. These results indicate that the mesolimbic dopamine system is activated after exposure to drug-associated stimuli under specific conditions.
Lattice-based access control models

Lattice-based access control models were developed in the early 1970s to deal with the confidentiality of military information. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, researchers applied these models to certain integrity concerns. Later, application of the models to the Chinese Wall policy, a confidentiality policy unique to the commercial sector, was demonstrated. A balanced perspective on lattice-based access control models is provided. Information flow policies, the military lattice, access control models, the Bell-LaPadula model, the Biba model and duality, and the Chinese Wall lattice are reviewed. The limitations of the models are identified. <<ETX>>
Prevalence of Cytomegalovirus IgG Antibodies among Pregnant Women Visiting Antenatal Clinic, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the predominant viral infections that lead to congenital diseases and teratogenic risks during the perinatal stage. There is paucity of seroepidemiological data on anti-CMV IgG antibody in pregnant women in Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria. This study was aimed at determining the seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus IgG antibody among pregnant women visiting antenatal clinic, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria. One hundred and seventy-four sera from the pregnant women were screened by Enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG antibody. Data analysis was done using SPSS software. In this study, 105 of the 174 pregnant women were seropositive for CMV IgG antibodies giving an antibody prevalence of 60%. There was no association found between CMV IgG seropositivity and the subjects’ demographic characteristics, however, the 60.0% prevalence of CMV-IgG antibody observed amongst pregnant women in this study demands for vaccines and regular testing for the presence of CMV and its related risk factors in antenatal clinic.