Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Normalized Mutual Information to evaluate overlapping community finding algorithms

Given the increasing popularity of algorithms for overlapping clustering, in particular in social network analysis, quantitative measures are needed to measure the accuracy of a method. Given a set of true clusters, and the set of clusters found by an algorithm, these sets of clusters must be compared to see how similar or different the sets are. A normalized measure is desirable in many contexts, for example assigning a value of 0 where the two sets are totally dissimilar, and 1 where they are identical. A measure based on normalized mutual information, [1], has recently become popular. We demonstrate unintuitive behaviour of this measure, and show how this can be corrected by using a more conventional normalization. We compare the results to that of other measures, such as the Omega index [2].
Patients’ Acceptance towards a Web-Based Personal Health Record System: An Empirical Study in Taiwan

The health care sector has become increasingly interested in developing personal health record (PHR) systems as an Internet-based telehealthcare implementation to improve the quality and decrease the cost of care. However, the factors that influence patients’ intention to use PHR systems remain unclear. Based on physicians’ therapeutic expertise, we implemented a web-based infertile PHR system and proposed an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) that integrates the physician-patient relationship (PPR) construct into TAM’s original perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU) constructs to explore which factors will influence the behavioral intentions (BI) of infertile patients to use the PHR. From ninety participants from a medical center, 50 valid responses to a self-rating questionnaire were collected, yielding a response rate of 55.56%. The partial least squares (PLS) technique was used to assess the causal relationships that were hypothesized in the extended model. The results indicate that infertile patients expressed a moderately high intention to use the PHR system. The PPR and PU of patients had significant effects on their BI to use PHR, whereas the PEOU indirectly affected the patients’ BI through the PU. This investigation confirms that PPR can have a critical role in shaping patients’ perceptions of the use of healthcare information technologies. Hence, we suggest that hospitals should promote the potential usefulness of PHR and improve the quality of the physician-patient relationship to increase patients’ intention of using PHR.
D &/I ~~nat~a',

A simulation study using a watershed scale forest hydrology model (DRAINWAT) was conducted to evaluate potential effects of climate change on the hydrology of a 3,000 ha managed plne forest in coastal North Carolina. The model was first validated with a five-year (1996-2000) data set fro111 the study site and then run with 50-years (1951-00) of historic weather data from Plymouth, NC to determine the long-term hydrology. Later, separate sinlulations were conducted with 2001-2025 climate change data sets projected by two existing Global Circulation Models (GCM), Canadian Climate Change (CGC1) and the British nlodel (f-ladCM2). The predicted average annual outflow of 308 mm for the 1996-00 study period (average a~lnual rainfall (AAR) of 1232 mm) was 15% lower than the average of 362 n11n for the 195 1-00 period (AAR = 1288 min). Simuiation results using 200 1-25 climate data projected by the CGC 1 model yielded a significantly (p<0.0001) lower average outflow (167 mm) compared to 380 Inm for the HadCM2. This indicates that the CGC1 model (AAK =1129 mm) predicted much drier conditions (14% runoff coefficient) and the HadCM2 (AAR -: 1358 111111, n~nof'f coefficient = 27%) predicted only 5% higher (p'0.5) outflow than the 50 year historic data sl~owed. Interestingly, the distribution of runoff coefficients for the HadCM2 was almost the same as that for the historic data, indicating minor potential effect of this climate change scenario on drainage. Both the GCM climate scenarios predicted significantly (pc0.005) l~igher ET than the historic. Water table depth is predicted deeper by the CGC 1 nlocfel due to lower precipitation input and higher ET. However, the clitnate changes even under a drier and hotter scenario may not have significantly reduced tree water use although drainage may have been reduced greatly. The ET predicted by the HadCM2 (1008 mm) and CGC 1 (1 02 1 mm) were slnsilar, indicating the increase in temperature predicted by the CGC 1 model has less of an effect on the soil moisture limiting the tree growth than the increased rainfall predicted by HadCM2.
Designing Analog Fountain Timing Channels: Undetectability, Robustness, and Model-Adaptation

In existing model-based timing channels, the requirement for the target model to be shared between the sender and the receiver limits the sender's ability to adapt to changes in the inter-packet delay (IPD) distribution of the application traffic. In this paper, using analog fountain codes (AFCs) with a general model-fitting coding framework, we design timing channel schemes that allow the sender to change the target model without synchronizing with the receiver. We first propose analog fountain timing channels based on symbol transition when the application packet streams have IPD distribution that is shape similar to the distribution of AFC code symbol values. For more general packet streams, we then propose analog fountain timing channels based on symbol split in which the linearly mapped symbols are split using a symbol probability split matrix to mimic the IPD distribution of the application traffic. We use real VoIP and SSH traffic to compare the proposed schemes with model-based timing channels using LT codes and AFC. Experimental results show that both the proposed schemes are model-secure. The robustness of the two schemes is higher than the model-based timing channels using LT codes whereas not as good as those using AFC when the sender and receiver sides are synchronized with respect to the target model. Moreover, when the sender and the receiver are not synchronized with respect to the model, the robustness of the proposed schemes is significantly higher than model-based timing channels.
Mathematical Modeling for a PEM Fuel Cell

The objective of this problem is the study of the mechanisms that take place in the cathode Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) of a Hydrogen-Oxygen Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell. Within a Gas Diffusion Membrane, transport of liquid water, water vapor, oxygen, nitrogen and heat are the main processes taking place. This is modeled using convection-diffusion equations for both oxygen and water vapor in the layer supplemented with suitable boundary conditions. The goals in this work include (1) the numerical solution of the scaled two-dimensional problem, (2) the validation of the one-dimensional solutions, (3) an analysis of the anisotropic nature of the membrane, and (4) a better treatment of the temperature and pressure along the layer. The group was able to solve numerically the two-dimensional problem after the introduction of dimensionless variables. The solutions obtained using two different numerical schemes were compared. The non-dimensionalization introduces a small parameter which relates the aspect ratio between the height and the width of the layer. In the asymptotic case when this small parameter approaches zero the problem reduces to a set of two ODEs. The solution of these equations was compared against results previously obtained for the one-dimensional case. The convection-diffusion equations were generalized to consider the anisotropic nature of the layer. The resulting equations were solved numerically. For some particular choices, the distribution of oxygen along the layer appears to be more efficient as compared to the isotropic case.
Drug Resistance in Chronically Affected Mastitic Cows in Two Districts of Indian State of Kashmir

The milk from 300 different cross bred cows suffering from the chronic clinical and subclinical mastitis was collected from the two districts of Indian Kashmir. The microbes from the milk were isolated using different culture media and the microorganisms were identified using biochemical methods and genetic characterization of 16S rRNA genes of the microbes. The tests revealed that the majority of the cows were affected with mixed bacterial infections comprising mainly of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, E. coli, Klebsiella along with yeasts and molds. The highest resistance against antibiotics was shown by coliforms and Staphylococcus aureus. The two antibiotics viz., cefixime, cloramphenicol were most effective against almost all pathogens. The axenic cultures derived from the milk were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity tests with thirteen different types of antibiotics. It was found that about 40% of the cultures obtained from the affected cows were resistant to multiple antibiotics that are normally affective against them. This resistance of antibiotics is mainly due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the veterinary medications which finds its way in soil due to their excretion in urine and feces. The presence of antibiotics in soil results in the evolution of resistant genes in soil microbiota which finds its way back to the animal microbes through various horizontal gene transfer mechanisms.
Fall Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Elderly Depending on Their Physical Function, Cognitive Status and Symptoms of Depression

Falls are the leading cause of unintentional injuries and injury-related disability, morbidity and mortality in the geriatric population. Therefore, they may also lower quality of life. The aim of this study was to analyze the fall risk factors in the community-dwelling elderly depending on their physical function, cognitive status and symptoms of depression. The study involved 304 individuals aged 65–100 years with a mean age of 78.6 ± 7.4. This survey-based study was conducted using the Geriatric Environmental Inquiry, the Barthel Scale (BS), the Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and the Tinetti Test (TT). There was a statistically significant correlation between the BS, the TT and the incidence of falls (p < 0.05). The number of falls correlated significantly with the results of the BS (R = −0.39), the GDS (R = 0.18), and the TT (R = −0.40). A statistically significant correlation was also noted between the TT results and the results of the BS (R = 0.77), the AMTS (R = 0.40) and the GDS (R = −0.37). The incidence of falls may significantly increase in people with a lower functional status, which may be related to cognitive process disturbances and lower affective functioning. A comprehensive geriatric assessment, related to all aspects of advanced-age patients’ efficiency, is recommended. Fall prevention strategies should include actions undertaken to evaluate and treat depression and cognitive disturbances.
Dietary Salt Intake and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE Many guidelines recommend that patients with type 2 diabetes should aim to reduce their intake of salt. However, the precise relationship between dietary salt intake and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes has not been previously explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Six hundred and thirty-eight patients attending a single diabetes clinic were followed in a prospective cohort study. Baseline sodium excretion was estimated from 24-h urinary collections (24hUNa). The predictors of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were determined by Cox regression and competing risk modeling, respectively. RESULTS The mean baseline 24hUNa was 184 ± 73 mmol/24 h, which remained consistent throughout the follow-up (intraindividual coefficient of variation [CV] 23 ± 11%). Over a median of 9.9 years, there were 175 deaths, 75 (43%) of which were secondary to cardiovascular events. All-cause mortality was inversely associated with 24hUNa, after adjusting for other baseline risk factors (P < 0.001). For every 100 mmol rise in 24hUNa, all-cause mortality was 28% lower (95% CI 6–45%, P = 0.02). After adjusting for the competing risk of noncardiovascular death and other predictors, 24hUNa was also significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality (sub-hazard ratio 0.65 [95% CI 0.44–0.95]; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes, lower 24-h urinary sodium excretion was paradoxically associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Interventional studies are necessary to determine if dietary salt has a causative role in determining adverse outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and the appropriateness of guidelines advocating salt restriction in this setting.
Reduced Size Microwave Fractal Meander Dipole Antenna with Reconfigurable Feature

Reconfigurable antennas find applications in cognitive radio (CR) systems such as that in handheld unit and base station terminal [1]. The antenna has the capability to change its operating frequency within a specified frequency range, change its polarization, or its radiation pattern as desired. The design includes varying the antenna length using RF pin diodes, or MEMS switches [1]-[3]. Thus, tunable feature can be integrated. Embedding fractal technology into an antenna makes it possible to reduce the physical size, increase its operating bandwidth and directivity. Fractal geometries include Koch, Sierpinski, Hilbert and Minkowski curves. A Hilbert curve patch antenna which uses six MEMS switches to configure the radiation pattern from 12.34 GHz to 12.65 GHz has been proposed [4][5]. Four MEMS switches have been used in a Sierpinski Gasket dipole to switch the frequency operation from 14 GHz (band 1) to 8 GHz and 25 GHz (band 2) [6]. Other studies on reconfigurable fractal antennas made use of Sierpinski gasket, Hilbert curve and von Koch geometry, respectively [7][13]. The presence of harmonics is undesirable in many applications. The incorporation of fractals can cause significant undesired harmonic problems associated with higher order modes of the antenna. This paper presents the design of a reduced size Koch meander dipole antenna that has tunable capability of a reconfigurable operation within the observed range of 400 MHz to 3.5 GHz. Each undesired harmonic is removed using one or two stubs that is similar to [14]. Previously, a linear Koch dipole has been reported [3].
The Whole is Other Than the Sum: Perceived Contrast Summation Within Color and Luminance Plaids

The apparent contrast of a plaid is a reflection of the neural relationship between the responses to its two orthogonal component gratings. To investigate the perceived contrast summation of the responses to component gratings in plaids, we compared the apparent contrasts of monocular plaids to a component grating presented alone across chromaticity and spatial frequency. Observers performed a contrast-matching task for red–green color and luminance stimuli at low- and medium-spatial frequencies. Using the measured points of subjective equality between plaids and gratings, we evaluate perceived contrast summation across conditions, which may vary between 1 (no summation) and 2 (full summation). We show that achromatic plaids have higher perceived contrast summation than chromatic plaids. The greatest difference occurs at the medium-spatial frequency, with summation highest for achromatic plaids (1.87) and lowest for chromatic plaids (1.49), while at low-spatial frequencies, there is a smaller summation difference between achromatic (1.72) and chromatic (1.65) plaids. These results are consistent with recent theories of distinct cross-orientation suppression and summation mechanisms in color and luminance vision. Two control experiments for binocular versus monocular viewing, and the overall size of the stimulus patches did not reveal any differences from our main results.
Progress in Case-Based Planning

Case-based planning (CBP) is an approach to automated planning that tries to save computational effort by reusing previously found solutions. In 2001, Spalazzi published a survey of work in CBP; here, we present an updated overview of systems that have contributed to the evolution of the field or addressed some issues related to planning by reuse in a novel way. The article presents relevant planners so that readers gain insight into the operation of these systems. This analysis will allow readers to understand the approaches both in the quality of the solutions and in the complexity of finding them.
The evolution and impact of code smells: A case study of two open source systems

Code smells are design flaws in object-oriented designs that may lead to maintainability issues in the further evolution of the software system. This study focuses on the evolution of code smells within a system and their impact on the change behavior (change frequency and size). The study investigates two code smells, God Class and Shotgun Surgery, by analyzing the historical data over several years of development of two large scale open source systems. The detection of code smells in the evolution of those systems was performed by the application of an automated approach using detection strategies. The results show that we can identify different phases in the evolution of code smells during the system development and that code smell infected components exhibit a different change behavior. This information is useful for the identification of risk areas within a software system that need refactoring to assure a future positive evolution.
Growth Response and Feed Utilization of Juvenile Hybrid Catfish Fed Diets Containing Distiller's Dried Grains with Solubles to Replace a Combination of Soybean Meal and Corn Meal

Abstract A feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile hybrid catfish (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × blue catfish I. furcatus) to evaluate distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a replacement for a combination of soybean meal (SBM) and corn meal (CM). Twenty-five 75-L glass aquaria were each stocked with 30 juvenile hybrid catfish (initial weight = 1.16–1.25 g). Five replicates were randomly assigned to each of five dietary treatments. Diet 1, the basal diet, contained 32% SBM and 20% CM (no DDGS and no lysine supplementation) and was based on a practical diet formulated for channel catfish. Diet 2 contained 20% DDGS and 0% lysine supplementation; diet 3 contained 20% DDGS and 0.10% lysine supplementation; diet 4 contained 30% DDGS and 0% lysine supplementation; and diet 5 contained 30% DDGS and 0.20% lysine supplementation. Fish were fed at a restricted rate equaling 5% of wet body weight twice daily for 8 weeks. There were no significant differences in percent weight gain or f.
Global Asymptotic Stabilization of a Spinning Top With Torque Actuators Using Stereographic Projection

The dynamical equations for a spinning top are derived in which theorientation is specified by a complex variable using stereographic projectionof Poisson's equations. Necessary and sufficient conditions for Lyapunovstability of the uncontrolled motion of the spinning top are derived usingthe Energy-Casimir method. Control laws that globally asymptoticallystabilize the spinning top to the sleeping motion using two torque actuatorsare synthesized by employing techniques from the theory of systems in cascadeform and generalized using Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman theory with zero dynamics.In short, this paper provides a nice example where the interplay betweendynamics and control leads to elegant and powerful results.
1 Currency Hedging and Corporate Governance : A Cross-country Analysis

Corporate governance can provide mechanisms to effectively monitor the use of derivatives. Using a sample of firms from 34 countries over the period 1990 to 1999, I find that firms with strong governance use currency derivatives for value-maximizing reasons as established by theory. On the other hand, firms with weak governance use such derivatives mostly for managerial self-interests and selective hedging. These results are robust to using a sample of U.S. firms, the use of foreign denominated debt as an alternative strategy to hedge currency risk, selection bias, and a possible endogeneity between hedging policies, corporate governance, and other financial policies. Overall, the results serve as the first comprehensive evidence on the impact of corporate governance on why firms use derivatives and consequently why they hedge. JEL classification: G32; G34.
Towards A Backward Perturbation Analysis For Data Least Squares Problems

Given an approximate solution to a data least squares (DLS) problem, we would like to know its minimal backward error. Here we derive formulas for what we call an “extended” minimal backward error, which is at worst a lower bound on the minimal backward error. When the given approximate solution is a good enough approximation to the exact solution of the DLS problem (which is the aim in practice), the extended minimal backward error is the actual minimal backward error, and this is also true in other easily assessed and common cases. Since it is computationally expensive to compute the extended minimal backward error directly, we derive a lower bound on it and an asymptotic estimate for it, both of which can be evaluated less expensively. Simulation results show that for reasonable approximate solutions, the lower bound has the same order as the extended minimal backward error, and the asymptotic estimate is an excellent approximation to the extended minimal backward error.
In Google We Trust: Users' Decisions on Rank, Position, and Relevance

An eye tracking experiment revealed that college student users have substantial trust in Google’s ability to rank results by their true relevance to the query. When the participants selected a link to follow from Google’s result pages, their decisions were strongly biased towards links higher in position even if the abstracts themselves were less relevant. While the participants reacted to artificially reduced retrieval quality by greater scrutiny, they failed to achieve the same success rate. This demonstrated trust in Google has implications for the search engine’s tremendous potential influence on culture, society, and user traffic on the Web.
It Takes Two to Tango: Overpayment and Value Destruction in M&A Deals

This study adds to the literature demonstrating the adverse market reaction to acquisitions by overconfident CEOs (e.g., Malmendier and Tate, 2008). In particular, it explores the parallel role played by overconfident target firm CEOs in explaining the premium paid, and value destruction in such deals, and, most importantly, the “perfect storm” of the interaction between the two overconfident parties. Our results indicate that overconfident CEOs tend to pay a higher premium in acquisitions than their non-overconfident counterparts. However, the premium paid when both acquiring firm and target firm CEOs are overconfident is between 7% to 9% higher than if neither, or only one, side of the deal manifests such behavioral bias. We also show how the adverse market reaction to deals by overconfident acquirers is augmented when target firm CEOs are similarly prone to this judgmental bias. In particular, we report how when both acquiring and target firm CEO overconfidence exist concurrently, the market marks down the acquirer‟s share price on bid announcement by around 11% to 12% compared with deals where neither, or only one, party is overconfident. It is the danse macabre of overconfident acquirer and target firm CEOs that seems to lead to the greatest overpayment and loss of shareholder value in takeovers. Our results suggest that the interaction between acquirer and target firm overconfidence may provide a possible explanation for the overpayment problem, well rehearsed in the finance literature, and, in particular, help to explain the most value destructive deals.