Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infectious Aetiology of Cancer: Developing World Perspective

Infection attributable cancers contribute over 1/4th of all cancers in the developing countries (26.3%) compared to the developed countries (7.7%), (Parkin, 2006). Overwhelming majority are related to viral infections. In contrast to other carcinogens where it is usually a ‘hit and run’ kind of situation, with infectious agents particularly viruses one may precisely demonstrate and prove its presence and integration within host neoplastic cells. Oncogenic DNA viral genome incorporates itself directly into host cells DNA while oncogenic RNA viral genome is transcribed into host cell DNA by reverse transcriptase. Neoplastic transformation usually follows. Oncogenic mechanisms include acting as promoter, transforming protooncogenes into oncogenes. Credit goes to Dr Peyton Rous, a noble laureate pathologist who demonstrated that it was possible to transmit tumours from one animal to other like transmission of an infection. Human tumours with proven or proposed viral aetiology include ‘Human papillomavirus (HPV)’, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), Hepatitis B and C viruses, RNA retroviruses like ‘Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV1)’, ‘Human Herpes Virus-8 (HHV-8). Bacteria with proven carcinogenic potential include ‘Helicobacter pylori’. Among fungi aflatoxins produced by ‘Aspergillus flavus’ are potent carcinogens. Among parasites ‘Schistosoma’ and ‘Clonorchis sinensis’ are implicated in the causation of cancer.
Frontstage Dramaturgy, Backstage Drama: An Ethnographic Study of the Provision of Hotel Accommodation

ii Acknowledgments . iv Table of Contents . vii List of Tables . ix List of Figures . x List of Appendices . xi Chapter 1 . 1 1 Introduction . 1 1.1 The provision of service . 3 1.2 The realities of service interactions . 6 1.3 Dynamics between the organization and the service interactions . 7 1.4 Research questions . 10 Chapter 2 . 14 2 Research methods & setting . 14 2.1 Theoretical approach . 14 2.2 Empirical approach . 19 2.3 The research site, HotelCo . 21 2.4 My role as an ethnographer . 23 2.5 Data Collection and analysis . 27 2.6 Statement of reflexivity . 30 Chapter 3 . 33 3 The Provision of Accommodation . 33 3.1 Accommodation for money: the simple images . 33 3.2 Accommodation: a phenomenological experience . 37 3.3 HotelCo-customer interactions . 50 3.4 Summary . 56
Behaviors of Preschoolers with Visual Impairments in Indoor Play Settings

This article reports on a study of the interaction, play, and other behaviors of 24 preschoolers with visual impairments and no other disabilities in the indoor play areas of two programs. The study found that the children interacted and played at lower levels than expected for 2–5 year olds and that their learning medium (visual or tactile) seemed to affect both the amount of interaction and the amount and type of play in which they engaged.
Immunotherapy approaches in the treatment of malignant brain tumors

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Despite standard‐of‐care treatment, consisting of maximal surgical resection followed by chemoradiation, both morbidity and mortality associated with this disease remain very poor. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and well tolerated therapies. Advancing knowledge of the intricate interplay between malignant gliomas and the immune system, coupled with the recent launch of immunotherapy research for other cancers, has led to a veritable increase in immunotherapy investigation for glioblastoma and other malignant gliomas. This clinical review highlights the recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy and the complex correlation of the immune system with primary brain tumors, with special attention to multiple immunotherapy modalities currently being investigated for malignant glioma, including peptide vaccines, dendritic cell vaccines, oncolytic viruses, chimeric T‐cell receptors, and checkpoint inhibitors. Cancer 2017;123:734–50. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Validation of midbrain positron emission tomography measures for nigrostriatal neurons in macaques

Development of an effective therapy to slow the inexorable progression of Parkinson disease requires a reliable, objective measurement of disease severity. In the present study, we compare presynaptic positron emission tomography (PET) tracer uptake in the substantia nigra (SN) to cell loss and motor impairment in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated nonhuman primates.
Intrapulmonary vascular dilatations are common in portopulmonary hypertension and may be associated with decreased survival

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) are pulmonary vascular complications of portal hypertension with divergent clinicopathologic features and management. The presence of intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs), detected by agitated saline contrast‐enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE), is an essential feature of HPS but is not typically characteristic of POPH. Although IPVDs have been reported rarely in POPH, the prevalence and significance of this finding have not been systematically studied. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 80 consecutive patients diagnosed with POPH from January 1, 2002 to June 30, 2014 with documentation of cTTE findings, pulmonary hemodynamics, oxygenation, and survival. A total of 34 of the 80 patients (42%) underwent cTTE during initial diagnosis of POPH. IPVDs were detected in 20/34 patients (59%); intracardiac shunting was detected in 9/34 patients (26%; 4 also had IPVDs); and 9 patients (26%) had negative cTTE with no evidence of IPVD or intracardiac shunting. Patients with IPVD had decreased survival as compared to those without IPVD (P = 0.003), a trend that persisted after exclusion of liver transplant recipients (P = 0.07). The IPVD group had a trend toward higher Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score with and without incorporating sodium (MELD or MELD‐Na; P = 0.05 for both). The right ventricular index of myocardial performance (RIMP) was lower in the IPVD group (median, 0.4 versus 0.6; P = 0.006). Patients with moderate or large IPVDs (n = 6) had worse oxygenation parameters (partial pressure of arterial oxygen, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, and alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient) as compared to the rest of the cohort. Unexpectedly, IPVDs were frequently documented in POPH and associated with decreased survival. To further understand this observation, we recommend screening for IVPD in all patients with POPH. Liver Transpl 21:1355‐1364, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Educating archivists in library and information science schools : KALIPER project: Final report

The development of graduate level archival education has been slow. In the past ten years, however, this process has accelerated, and firmer foundations have been created in universities throughout North America. The strength of these graduate-level archival education programs can be seen in the diversification and increased visibility of archival programs; greater numbers of full-time and tenure-track faculty; a broader array of course offerings specifically in the archives and records area; and the nascent development of degrees acknowledging the archives and records field. This article traces the development and the status of archival programs within library and information science (LIS).
Online and markerless motion retargeting with kinematic constraints

Transferring motion from a human demonstrator to a humanoid robot is an important step toward developing robots that are easily programmable and that can replicate or learn from observed human motion. The so called motion retargeting problem has been well studied and several off-line solutions exist based on optimization approaches that rely on pre-recorded human motion data collected from a marker-based motion capture system. From the perspective of human robot interaction, there is a growing interest in online and marker-less motion transfer. Such requirements have placed stringent demands on retargeting algorithms and limited the potential use of off-line and pre-recorded methods. To address these limitations, we present an online task space control theoretic retargeting formulation to generate robot joint motions that adhere to the robotpsilas joint limit constraints, self-collision constraints, and balance constraints. The inputs to the proposed method include low dimensional normalized human motion descriptors, detected and tracked using a vision based feature detection and tracking algorithm. The proposed vision algorithm does not rely on markers placed on anatomical landmarks, nor does it require special instrumentation or calibration. The current implementation requires a depth image sequence, which is collected from a single time of flight imaging device. We present online experimental results of the entire pipeline on the Honda humanoid robot - ASIMO.
Input to Language: The Phonetics and Perception of Infant-Directed Speech

Over the first year of life, infant perception changes radically as the child learns the phonology of the ambient language from the speech she is exposed to. Since infant-directed speech attracts the child’s attention more than other registers, it is necessary to describe that input in order to understand language development, and to address questions of learnability. In this review, evidence from corpora analyses, experimental studies, and observational paradigms is brought together to outline the first comprehensive empirical picture of infant-directed speech and its effects on language acquisition. The ensuing landscape suggests that infant-directed speech provides an emotionally and linguistically rich input to language acquisition.
Bridging the divide: a survey of nurses' opinions regarding barriers to, and facilitators of, research utilization in the practice setting.

BACKGROUND Many researchers have explored the barriers to research uptake in order to overcome them and identify strategies to facilitate research utilization. However, the research-practice gap remains a persistent issue for the nursing profession. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of perceived influences on nurses' utilization of research, and explore what differences or commonalities exist between the findings of this research and those of studies that have been conducted in various countries during the past 10 years. DESIGN Nurses were surveyed to elicit their opinions regarding barriers to, and facilitators of, research utilization. The instrument comprised a 29-item validated questionnaire, titled Barriers to Research Utilisation Scale (BARRIERS Scale), an eight-item scale of facilitators, provision for respondents to record additional barriers and/or facilitators and a series of demographic questions. METHOD The questionnaire was administered in 2001 to all nurses (n=761) working at a major teaching hospital in Melbourne, Australia. A 45% response rate was achieved. RESULTS Greatest barriers to research utilization reported included time constraints, lack of awareness of available research literature, insufficient authority to change practice, inadequate skills in critical appraisal and lack of support for implementation of research findings. Greatest facilitators to research utilization reported included availability of more time to review and implement research findings, availability of more relevant research and colleague support. CONCLUSION One of the most striking features of the findings of the present study is that perceptions of Australian nurses are remarkably consistent with reported perceptions of nurses in the US, UK and Northern Ireland during the past decade. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE If the use of research evidence in practice results in better outcomes for our patients, this behoves us, as a profession, to address issues surrounding support for implementation of research findings, authority to change practice, time constraints and ability to critically appraise research with conviction and a sense of urgency.
Clinical data sets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase-resistant mutants explained by a mathematical model

Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection during the clinical latency phase with drugs inhibiting reverse transcriptase (RT) reduces the HIV-1 RNA load and increases the CD4+ T-cell count. Typically, however, the virus evolves mutations in the RT gene that circumvent the drugs. We develop a mathematical model for this situation. The model distinguishes quiescent from activated CD4+ T cells, incorporates the fact that only activated cells can become productively infected by HIV-1, embodies empirical estimates for the drug resistance and the mutation frequency for each of the HIV-1 drug-resistant mutants, and assumes the antiviral immune response to remain constant over the course of the experiments. We analyze clinical data on the evolution of drug-resistant mutants for the RT inhibitors lamivudine and zidovudine. The results show that the evolutionary sequence of the drug-resistant mutants in both data sets is accounted for by our model, given that lamivudine is more effective than zidovudine. Thus, current empirical estimates of the mutation frequencies and the drug resistances of the mutants suffice for explaining the data. We derive a critical treatment level below which the wild-type HIV-1 RNA load can rebound before the first drug-resistant mutant appears. Our zidovudine data confirm this to be the case. Thus, we demonstrate in the model and the data that the rebound of the HIV-1 RNA load in the case of zidovudine is due to the outgrowth of wild-type virus and the first drug-resistant mutant, whereas that in the case of lamivudine can only be due to the drug-resistant mutants. The evolution of drug resistance proceeds slower in the case of zidovudine because (i) zidovudine is not as effective as lamivudine and (ii) the first zidovudine drug-resistant mutant is competing with the rebounding wild-type virus.
Segregation of Formulated Bulk Powders due to Electrostatic Effects

Particle electrification is a common phenomenon that occurs in many powder handling industries such as pharmaceuticals and detergents etc. The unit operations involved in the manufacture of pharmaceutical formulations frequently subject particles to frictional sliding and impact against processing surfaces, giving rise to tribo-electric charging. Pharmaceutical materials, in particular, are susceptible to electrostatic charging due to their low bulk density, small particle size and often irregular shape and electrically insulating nature. The electrostatic charge may cause particles to adhere to container surfaces leading to a loss of powder through deposition; however the problem often extends further and affects the end products’ quality. Segregation can also occur when powders have been subjected to tribo-electrification. In this paper we investigate whether such adhesion resulting from the electrostatic charging could give rise to the segregation of components within a binary mixture. Binary mixtures comprising of α-lactose monohydrate (α-LM) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were firstly tribo-charged and then the wall adhered particles were separated by a selective dissolution of one component and the filtration of the non-dissolving component, followed by a gravimetric analysis. The findings reveal that a considerable level of segregation can take place on the wall-adhered particles.
Dynamics of Bacterial Communities during the Ripening Process of Different Croatian Cheese Types Derived from Raw Ewe's Milk Cheeses

Microbial communities play an important role in cheese ripening and determine the flavor and taste of different cheese types to a large extent. However, under adverse conditions human pathogens may colonize cheese samples during ripening and may thus cause severe outbreaks of diarrhoea and other diseases. Therefore in the present study we investigated the bacterial community structure of three raw ewe's milk cheese types, which are produced without the application of starter cultures during ripening from two production sites based on fingerprinting in combination with next generation sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Overall a surprisingly high diversity was found in the analyzed samples and overall up to 213 OTU97 could be assigned. 20 of the major OTUs were present in all samples and include mostly lactic acid bacteria (LAB), mainly Lactococcus, and Enterococcus species. Abundance and diversity of these genera differed to a large extent between the 3 investigated cheese types and in response to the ripening process. Also a large number of non LAB genera could be identified based on phylogenetic alignments including mainly Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcacae. Some species belonging to these two families could be clearly assigned to species which are known as potential human pathogens like Staphylococcus saprophyticus or Salmonella spp. However, during cheese ripening their abundance was reduced. The bacterial genera, namely Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Thermoanerobacterium, E. coli, Hafnia, Pseudomonas, Janthinobacterium, Petrotoga, Kosmotoga, Megasphaera, Macrococcus, Mannheimia, Aerococcus, Vagococcus, Weissella and Pediococcus were identified at a relative low level and only in selected samples. Overall the microbial composition of the used milk and the management of the production units determined the bacterial community composition for all cheese types to a large extend, also at the late time points of cheese ripening.
Glomerular glucocorticoid receptor expression is reduced in late responders to steroids in adult-onset minimal change disease.

BACKGROUND Compared to children, adult patients with minimal change disease (MCD) tend to have a slower response to steroids, but little is known about the factors influencing the steroid responsiveness in these patients. In this study, we investigated the difference in the expression of the glomerular glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) according to steroid responsiveness in 28 adult-onset MCD patients. METHODS Based on the response to steroid treatment, the patients were divided into early responders (ER, n=20) and late responders (LR, n=8) according to the response to steroids on the basis of 4 weeks of treatment. The clinical and laboratory findings, and the glomerular mRNA and protein expression of GCR and nephrin, assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively, were compared between the ER and LR groups. Ten microscopic haematuric patients in whom renal biopsy was performed and revealed no histological abnormalities were included for control (C). RESULTS The mRNA expression of GCR was significantly lower in the LR than that in the ER group (P<0.01), whereas it was comparable between the C and ER groups. GCR protein expression was also decreased in the LR compared with the C and ER groups. In contrast, there was no significant difference in nephrin mRNA expression among the three groups. On the other hand, the GCR mRNA expression correlated inversely with the time to complete remission (r= -0.49, P<0.05), but not with the amount of proteinuria at presentation. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the levels of glomerular GCR expression may be a useful predictor of steroid responsiveness in adult-onset MCD patients.
The Cℓ‐free process

The Cℓ ‐free process starts with the empty graph on n vertices and adds edges chosen uniformly at random, one at a time, subject to the condition that no copy of Cℓ is created. For every ℓ≥4 we show that, with high probability as n→∞ , the maximum degree is O((nlogn)1/(ℓ−1)) , which confirms a conjecture of Bohman and Keevash and improves on bounds of Osthus and Taraz. Combined with previous results this implies that the Cℓ ‐free process typically terminates with Θ(nℓ/(ℓ−1)(logn)1/(ℓ−1)) edges, which answers a question of Erdős, Suen and Winkler. This is the first result that determines the final number of edges of the more general H‐free process for a non‐trivial class of graphs H. We also verify a conjecture of Osthus and Taraz concerning the average degree, and obtain a new lower bound on the independence number. Our proof combines the differential equation method with a tool that might be of independent interest: we establish a rigorous way to ‘transfer’ certain decreasing properties from the binomial random graph to the H‐free process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. 44, 490–526, 2014
General Education Teachers' Goals and Expectations for Their Included Students with Mild and Severe Disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to examine general education teachers' goals and expectations for their included students with mild and severe disabilities. Participants were seven inclusive classroom teachers who were interviewed about their goals and expectations regarding one of their included students with a mild disability and one of their included students with a severe disability. Teachers described their primary goals for students with severe disabilities to be in the area of social development and reported that academic performance for these children was of little relevance. For children with mild disabilities, goals and expectations focused on classroom and behavior skills, academic performance, and improved self-confidence. Findings are considered in relation to a model of differential expectations (Cook, 2001; Cook & Semmel, 2000), which suggests that teachers' attitudes towards students conform to their perceptions of the obviousness of the child's disability.
Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, and Concomitant Radiotherapy for Resected Patients with High Risk Head and Neck Cancer

Abstract Many resected patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer are found on pathological assessment to have high-risk features for recurrence. We thus performed a feasibility trial of post-operative radiotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin in high-risk carcinoma of the head and neck. All patients were planned for 6 cycles of weekly paclitaxel (40 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC=1) and concomitant radiotherapy, 60 Gy in 6 weeks. The most common side effect was grade 3 and 4 mucositis in 5/6 patients and g-tube placement in 4/6 patients. Five out of 6 patients remain alive without evidence of disease at a mean time of 19 months since completion of therapy. Our pilot study treated 6 postoperative patients. Since 4 of 6 enrolled patients were unable to complete the treatment as prescribed, we conclude that this regimen is not feasible. With an 83% grade 3 or 4 mucositis rate and 67% of patients enrolled requiring feeding tube placement, this regimen is not tolerable.