Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Virtual Machine Replay System Based on Para-virtualized Xen

Operating system debugging and system security are two important issues which are attracted more and more attentions. However, traditional solutions of software debugging can not make an integrated replay towards the status of operating system. Moreover, most intrusion detection methods all depend on the operating system excessively, but operating system ex-poses so many interfaces to outside that it can not ensure its own security and is attacked vulnerably. Therefore, a para-virtualized model based full system replay is developed in this paper. According to the para-virtualized device model pro-vided by Xen, this system captures the non-deterministic events in the target operating system through a real-time monitoring module, and saves the data and time point of these events occurrence as log file elaborately. Using these data, we can make a full-system replay to the target operating system accurately. Compared with the previous replay systems, this system is more efficient and has two prominent advantages: no need to modify the target operating system, and no need to reboot the target operating system before executing replay.
Gamma-ray-induced cell killing and chromosome abnormalities in the bone marrow of p53-deficient mice.

Resistance to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation has been demonstrated in a wide variety of cell types with defects in the p53 gene (thymocytes, splenic B and T cells, in vitro hemopoietic colony-forming cells and intestinal cells of the mouse, embryo cells of the rat, and human Burkitt's lymphoma cells). In contrast, Slichenmeyer et al. (Cancer Res. 53, 4164-4167, 1993) found no evidence of resistance in fibroblasts derived from p53 null mice. The aim of our study was to compare the radiation response of hemopoietic colony-forming cells (in vitro CFC) and of fibroblastoid colony-forming cells or units (CFU-F) within the same tissue (marrow) in p53 null mice (-/-), heterozygotes (+/-) and wild-type animals (+/+). We have also tested the hypothesis that, in proliferating cells, radiation-induced cell killing is mediated through chromosome damage by examining the relationship between these end points in hemopoietic cells of the three mouse types. Both in vitro CFC and CFU-F of -/- mice were resistant to cell killing compared with +/+ and +/- mice whose cellular sensitivities were indistinguishable. The resistance was characterized by a broader "shoulder" on the cell survival curve, i.e. a higher extrapolation number but similar D0 values using the multitarget model or a lower alpha coefficient using the linear-quadratic model. The frequency of chromosomally abnormal marrow cells after irradiation was similar for the three genotypes. However, marrow cells with aberrations carried more aberrations in -/- mice than in +/+ or +/- mice such that the total number of aberrations per 100 cells was higher in -/- mice. Since there were no differences in the yields of aberrations between genotypes in spleen lymphocytes or in CFU-F (both noncycling at the time of irradiation) and less mitotic inhibition in -/- marrow cells than in +/+ or +/- cells, the chromosomal radiosensitivity of -/- marrow hemopoietic cells might be related to reduced cell cycle delay allowing insufficient time for repair, but other explanations have been considered. We postulate that the radiation resistance of both hemopoietic CFC and CFU-F in -/- mice is a consequence of the failure of DNA/chromosome damage to trigger apoptosis or permanent cell cycle arrest to the same extent as in the +/+ or +/- mice: hence the lack of correlation between chromosome damage and cell death in the three mouse types.
Effects of an outdoor education intervention on the mental health of schoolchildren

This study aimed at examining the effects of an outdoor educational intervention on the mental health of schoolchildren. Two elementary schools participated (N = 230); one experimental school where the intervention was implemented, and the other a reference school. Demographic questions and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire were completed by the parents. An outdoor educational intervention was implemented at the experimental school, and the data collection was repeated after one year. The results point towards a small but non-significant improvement in mental health at the experimental school while adjusting for demographics. However, this effect was significantly moderated by gender: boys generally fared better than girls at the intervention school, relative to the reference school. The results indicate that it may be important to address gender issues when educational programmes are implemented in schools.
Use of crystalline glucosamine sulfate in osteoarthritis

The pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis is traditionally accomplished with nonspecific symptomatic agents, which are generally effective only for acute symptom relief. Compounds are under investigation that might exert specific effects on osteoarthritis pathogenesis and thus induce at least a similar short-term symptomatic effect, but also control disease progression in the long term. Glucosamine sulfate reverses the proinflammatory and joint-degenerating effects of interleukin-1 by inhibiting the cytokine intracellular signaling pathway. Clinical trials with the crystalline glucosamine sulfate formulation approved as a prescription drug, predominantly at the dose of 1500 mg once daily, demonstrated a specific symptom-modifying effect over short- and long-term treatment courses. Two 3-year trials suggested that the drug also has joint structure-modifying properties and, therefore, might be useful as a disease-modifying agent in osteoarthritis. However, efficacy data obtained with this prescription glucosamine sulfate formulation may not be applicable to all glucosamine products that are available as dietary supplements. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis and the most prevalent among rheumatic diseases. It is a degenerative joint disorder with minimal signs of inflammation, which may affect all diarthrodial joints and whose most appropriate definition combines a description of the pathology of the disease with pain that occurs with joint use [1]. Osteoarthritis is particularly frequent at the large, weight-bearing joints of the lower limbs. Radiographic osteoarthritic changes of the knee tibiofemoral compartment occur in 5–15% of the general population aged 35–74 years in the Western world [2]. Symptomatic knee disease occurs in approximately 6% of US adults over 30 years of age [3], with general incidence and prevalence increasing two- to tenfold from age 30 to 65 years [4]. The impact on disability attributable to knee osteoarthritis is similar to that due to cardiovascular disease and greater than that caused by any other medical condition in the elderly [5]. Treatment guidelines for knee and hip osteo
Design Consideration and Evaluation of a 12/8 High-Torque Modular-Stator Hybrid Excitation Switched Reluctance Machine for EV Applications

This paper presents a 12/8-pole, three-phase, modular-stator hybrid excitation switched reluctance machine (MSHSRM) assisted with permanent magnets (PMs) as well as its design consideration and performance evaluation. The basic operating principle is illustrated through a specific form of this machine, and the magnetic equivalent circuit model is built and analyzed. Then, the main parameters of the machine are optimized by the finite-element method. The static magnetic characteristics and dynamic performance of this novel machine are simulated and compared with other two SRMs, one is segmented 12/8 SRM without PM, and the other is the conventional 12/8 SRM with unsegmented structure. Finally, two motor prototypes, including one MSHSRM and one conventional SRM of the same size are manufactured. The static magnetic characteristic and dynamic operation of two motor drives are measured to confirm the predictions. The simulation and experimental results indicate that this MSHSRM has higher power and stronger load capacities than the conventional SRM in whole speed range with higher torque/power density and higher torque per ampere.
Optimization of carbohydrate fatty acid ester synthesis in organic media by a lipase from Candida antarctica.

The effect of solvents and solvent mixtures on the synthesis of myristic acid esters of different carbohydrates with an immobilized lipase from C. antarctica was investigated. The rate of myristyl glucose synthesized by the enzyme was increased from 3.7 to 20.2 micromol min(-1) g(-1) by changing the solvent from pure tert-butanol to a mixture of tert-butanol:pyridine (55:45 v/v), by increasing the temperature from 45 degrees C to 60 degrees C, and by optimizing the relative amounts of glucose, myristic acid, and the enzyme preparation. Addition of more than 2% DMSO to the tert-butanol:pyridine system resulted in a reduction of enzyme activity. Lowering the water content of the enzyme preparation below 0.85% (w/w) resulted in significant decreases in enzyme activity, while increasing the water content up to 2.17% (w/w) did not significantly affect the enzyme activity. The highest yields of myristyl glucose were obtained when an excess of unsolubilized glucose was present in the reaction system. In this case, all of the initially solubilized and a significant amount of the initially unsolubilized glucose was converted to the ester within 24 h of incubation, resulting in a myristyl glucose concentration of 34 mg/mL(-1). Myristic acid esters of fructose (22.3 micromol min(-1) g(-1)), alpha-D-methyl-glucopyranoside (26.9 micromol min(-1) g(-1)) and maltose (1.9 micromol min(-1) g(-1)) could also be prepared using the tert-butanol:pyridine solvent system. No synthesis activity was observed with maltotriose, cellobiose, sucrose, and lactose as substrate.
Mobile Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) provide a convenient way to monitor the physical environment. They consist of a large number of sensors that have sensing, computing, and communication abilities. In the past, sensors were considered as static, but the network functionality would degrade when some sensors were broken. Today, the emerging hardware techniques have promoted the development of mobile sensors. Introducing mobility to sensors not only improves their capability but also gives them flexibility to deal with node failure. The article studies the research progress of mobile sensor networks, which embraces both system hardware and dispatch software. For system hardware, we review two popular types of mobile sensor platforms. One is to integrate mobile robots with sensors, whereas the other is to use existing conveyances to carry sensors. Dispatch software includes two topics. We first address how to solve different coverage problems by using a purely mobile WSN and then investigate how to dispatch mobile sensors in a hybrid WSN to perform various missions including data collection, faulty recovery, and event analysis. A discussion about research challenges in mobile sensor networks is also presented in the article.
Hardware-Accelerated Colored Stochastic Shadow Maps

This paper extends the stochastic transparency algorithm that models partial coverage to also model wavelength-varying transmission. It then applies this to the problem of casting shadows between any combination of opaque, colored transmissive, and partially covered (i.e., α-matted) surfaces in a manner compatible with existing hardware shadow mapping techniques. Colored Stochastic Shadow Maps have a similar resolution and performance profile to traditional shadow maps, however they require a wider filter in colored areas to reduce hue variation.
Alleviating communication challenges in film scoring: an interaction design approach

Film Scoring is a creative and collaborative activity that involves several practitioners, in particular music specialists (film composers) and non specialists (filmmakers). These practitioners face recurrent challenges in communication primarily because they do not share the same musical language. In this paper we present the results of research undertaken into the communication process between filmmakers and composers, with particular focus on the challenges experienced by the two parties. We then propose and discuss an interaction design approach to progress towards appropriate computer-based solutions.
Bridging Conditional and Marginal Inference for Spatially Referenced Binary Data

Spatially referenced binary data are common in epidemiology and public health. Owing to its elegant log‐odds interpretation of the regression coefficients, a natural model for these data is logistic regression. To account for missing confounding variables that might exhibit a spatial pattern (say, socioeconomic, biological, or environmental conditions), it is customary to include a Gaussian spatial random effect. Conditioned on the spatial random effect, the coefficients may be interpreted as log odds ratios. However, marginally over the random effects, the coefficients no longer preserve the log‐odds interpretation, and the estimates are hard to interpret and generalize to other spatial regions. To resolve this issue, we propose a new spatial random effect distribution through a copula framework which ensures that the regression coefficients maintain the log‐odds interpretation both conditional on and marginally over the spatial random effects. We present simulations to assess the robustness of our approach to various random effects, and apply it to an interesting dataset assessing periodontal health of Gullah‐speaking African Americans. The proposed methodology is flexible enough to handle areal or geo‐statistical datasets, and hierarchical models with multiple random intercepts.
Feature engineering combined with machine learning and rule-based methods for structured information extraction from narrative clinical discharge summaries

OBJECTIVE A system that translates narrative text in the medical domain into structured representation is in great demand. The system performs three sub-tasks: concept extraction, assertion classification, and relation identification. DESIGN The overall system consists of five steps: (1) pre-processing sentences, (2) marking noun phrases (NPs) and adjective phrases (APs), (3) extracting concepts that use a dosage-unit dictionary to dynamically switch two models based on Conditional Random Fields (CRF), (4) classifying assertions based on voting of five classifiers, and (5) identifying relations using normalized sentences with a set of effective discriminating features. MEASUREMENTS Macro-averaged and micro-averaged precision, recall and F-measure were used to evaluate results. RESULTS The performance is competitive with the state-of-the-art systems with micro-averaged F-measure of 0.8489 for concept extraction, 0.9392 for assertion classification and 0.7326 for relation identification. CONCLUSIONS The system exploits an array of common features and achieves state-of-the-art performance. Prudent feature engineering sets the foundation of our systems. In concept extraction, we demonstrated that switching models, one of which is especially designed for telegraphic sentences, improved extraction of the treatment concept significantly. In assertion classification, a set of features derived from a rule-based classifier were proven to be effective for the classes such as conditional and possible. These classes would suffer from data scarcity in conventional machine-learning methods. In relation identification, we use two-staged architecture, the second of which applies pairwise classifiers to possible candidate classes. This architecture significantly improves performance.
Functional Insight into the C-Terminal Extension of Halolysin SptA from Haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7

Halolysin SptA from haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7 consists of a subtilisin-like catalytic domain and a C-terminal extension (CTE) containing two cysteine residues. In this report, we have investigated the function of the CTE using recombinant enzymes expressed in Haloferax volcanii WFD11. Deletion of the CTE greatly reduced but did not abolish protease activity, which suggests that the CTE is not essential for enzyme folding. Mutational analysis suggests that residues Cys303 and Cys338 within the CTE form a disulfide bond that make this domain resistant to autocleavage and proteolysis under hypotonic conditions. Characterization of full-length and CTE-truncation enzymes indicates the CTE not only confers extra stability to the enzyme but also assists enzyme activity on protein substrates by facilitating binding at high salinities. Interestingly, homology modeling of the CTE yields a β-jelly roll-like structure similar to those seen in Claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (clostridial C-CPE) and collagen binding domain (CBD), and the CTE also possesses collagen-binding activity, making it a potential candidate as an anchoring unit in drug delivery systems.
Mining Workspace Updates in CVS

The version control archive CVS records not only all changes in a project but also activity data such as when developers create or update their workspaces. Furthermore, CVS records when it has to integrate changes because of parallel development. In this paper, we analyze the CVS activity data of four large open-source projects CCC, JBOSS, JEDIT, and PYTHON to investigate parallel development: What is the degree of parallel development? How frequently do conflicts occur during updates and how are they resolved? How do we identify changes that contain integrations?
Dielectric properties and morphology of polymer composites filled with dispersed iron

The dielectric properties and the structure of various metal–polymer composites, based on a polymer matrix of polyamide (PA), polyethylene (PE), polyoxymethylene (POM), or blend PE/POM filled with dispersed iron (Fe) particles, have been investigated in this work. In PE–Fe, PA–Fe, and POM–Fe composites the filler spatial distribution is random. In the PE/POM–Fe composites, the polymer matrix is two-phase and the filler particles are localized only in the POM phase, resulting in an ordered distribution of the dispersed filler particles within the blend. The concentration and frequency dependence of the dielectric permittivity, e′, and the dielectric loss tangent, tanδ, are described in terms of the percolation theory. The experimental values of the critical exponents (namely, s, r, and y) are in good agreement with those predicted by the theory for the composites with random filler distribution. The PE/POM–Fe composites demonstrate low value of the percolation threshold, PC, and high values of the critical exponents r and y. This is attributed to the specific structure of these composites. A schematic model for the morphology of the composites studied has been proposed. This model explains the peculiar behavior of the PE/POM–Fe composites by assuming ordered distribution of the filler particles in a binary polymer matrix. The proposed model is in good agreement with the results of optical microscopy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 3013–3020, 2003
The Apical Loop of the HIV-1 TAR RNA Hairpin Is Stabilized by a Cross-loop Base Pair*

The TAR hairpin of the HIV-1 RNA genome is indispensable for trans-activation of the viral promoter and virus replication. The TAR structure has been studied extensively, but most attention has been directed at the three-nucleotide bulge that constitutes the binding site of the viral Tat protein. In contrast, the conformational properties of the apical loop have remained elusive. We performed biochemical studies and molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate that the TAR loop is structured and stabilized by a cross-loop base pair between residues C30 and G34. Mutational disruption of the cross-loop base pair results in reduced Tat response of the LTR promoter, which can be rescued by compensatory mutations that restore the base pair. Thus, Tat-mediated transcriptional activation depends on the structure of the TAR apical loop. The C30-G34 cross-loop base pair classes TAR in a growing family of hairpins with a structured loop that was recently identified in ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and several viral and cellular mRNAs.
Importance Modulates the Temporal Features of Self-Referential Processing: An Event-Related Potential Study

A growing number of studies have demonstrated preferential processing of self-related information. However, previous research has been limited in examining the distinction between processes related to the self and those related to the non-self, it remains unclear how self-related information with differing levels of importance is processed within the self. The present study examined how the importance of self-related content affects the neural activity involved in self-referential processing. The behavioral results showed that the participants had faster responses to more important self-related content. The event-related potential (ERP) results showed that early attention resources were diverted to the identification of highly important self-related content compared with minimally important self-related content, as reflected by the enhanced P200. Furthermore, the N200 amplitude for highly important self-related content was smaller than for moderately important self-related content which, in turn, were smaller than minimally important self-related content. Moreover, the P300 amplitudes were modulated by the degree of importance of self-related content, whereby a higher importance of self-related content led to larger P300 amplitudes. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an effect of the degree of importance of the self-related content at both behavioral and neurophysiological levels.
Fluency, Adequacy, or HTER? Exploring Different Human Judgments with a Tunable MT Metric

Automatic Machine Translation (MT) evaluation metrics have traditionally been evaluated by the correlation of the scores they assign to MT output with human judgments of translation performance. Different types of human judgments, such as Fluency, Adequacy, and HTER, measure varying aspects of MT performance that can be captured by automatic MT metrics. We explore these differences through the use of a new tunable MT metric: TER-Plus, which extends the Translation Edit Rate evaluation metric with tunable parameters and the incorporation of morphology, synonymy and paraphrases. TER-Plus was shown to be one of the top metrics in NIST's Metrics MATR 2008 Challenge, having the highest average rank in terms of Pearson and Spearman correlation. Optimizing TER-Plus to different types of human judgments yields significantly improved correlations and meaningful changes in the weight of different types of edits, demonstrating significant differences between the types of human judgments.
To err is (perfectly) human: behavioural and neural correlates of error processing and perfectionism

Abstract The attitude towards one’s own imperfection strongly varies between individuals. Here, we investigated variations in error-related activity depending on two sub-traits of perfectionism, Personal Standard Perfectionism (PSP) and Evaluative Concern Perfectionism (ECP) in a large scale functional magnetic resonance imaging study (N = 75) using a digit-flanker task. Participants with higher PSP scores showed both more post-error slowing and more neural activity in the medial-frontal gyrus including anterior cingulate cortex after errors. Interestingly, high-EC perfectionists with low PSP showed no post-error slowing and the highest activity in the middle frontal gyrus, whereas high-EC perfectionists with high PSP showed the lowest activity in this brain area and more post-error slowing. Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that perfectionists with high concerns but low standards avoid performance monitoring to avoid the worry-inducing nature of detecting personal failure and the anticipation of poor evaluation by others. However, the stronger goal-oriented performance motivation of perfectionists with high concerns and high standards may have led to less avoidance of error processing and a more intense involvement with the imperfect behaviour, which is essential for improving future performance.