Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of graded arterial pressure decrement on renal clearance of creatinine, p-aminohippurate and sodium.

I N A previous study designed to establish the relationship of renal blood flow to arterial perfusion pressure in the intact kidney of the dog, it was demonstrated that due to apparent renal autonomy, blood flow was maintained despite considerable decrease in perfusion pressure (I). This resulted in a curvilinear pressureflow relationship convex toward the pressure axis. Since direct blood flow measurements only were made in this study, no conclusion could be drawn with regard to the behavior of the renal arterioles in this mechanism. Forster and M,aes (2) studied the effects of elevation of mean arterial blood pressure on the clearance of creatinine and p-aminohippurate (PAH) in rabbits whose kidneys had been denervated and whose adrenal glands had been demedullated. They found that when blood pressure was elevated by neurogenic mechanisms resulting from clamping of the carotid arteries that these clearances remained remarkably constant. This apparent constancy of glomerular filtration rate and effective plasma flow appeared to result from increase in afferent arteriolar resistance. In the present study, the effect of graded decrease in arterial blood pressure on the clearance of PAH, taken to measure effective plasma flow, and on creatinine clearance, measuring glomerular filtration rate, was studied in dogs. In addition, the reduction in glomerular filtration which accompanied the decrease in arterial pressure afforded an opportunity to examine the effect of reduced sodium load on the renal mechanism for sodium excretion. This was of particular interest because of the phenomenon of sodium retention accompanying the reduction in glomerulat filtration rate and effective plasma flow noted in congestive heart failure (3, 4).
On accelerated cross-reference maximum likelihood estimates for positron emission tomography

The state of art of positron emission tomography (PET) takes into account the accidental coincidence events and attenuation. The maximum likelihood estimator can handle this kind of random variation in the reconstruction of a PET image. However, the reconstruction is ill-posed and needs regularization. The boundary information, either from an expert or from the other medical modality of the same object, like the X-ray CT scan, MRT, and so forth, can be used to regularize the reconstruction. The authors have investigated new, efficient and robust approaches to extract the related but incomplete boundary information. Fast algorithms adapted from the expectation/conditional maximization (ECM) and space alternating generalized expectation maximization (SAGE) algorithms are proposed to accelerate the computation. The method of generalized approximate cross validation (GACV) is adjusted to select the penalty parameter from observed data quickly. The Monte Carlo studies demonstrate the improvement.
Statistical Eigenmode Transmission for the MU-MIMO Downlink in Rician Fading

In this paper, we study the achievable ergodic sum-rate of multiuser multiple-input multiple-output downlink systems in Rician fading channels. We first derive a lower bound on the average signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio by using the Mullen's inequality, and then use it to analyze the effect of channel mean information on the achievable ergodic sum-rate. A novel statistical-eigenmode space-division multiple-access (SE-SDMA) downlink transmission scheme is then proposed. For this scheme, we derive an exact analytical closed-form expression for the achievable ergodic rate and present tractable tight upper and lower bounds. Based on our analysis, we gain valuable insights into the impact of the system parameters, such as the number of transmit antennas, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and Rician $K$-factor, on the system sum-rate. Results show that the sum-rate converges to a saturation value in the high SNR regime and tends to a lower limit for the low Rician $K$-factor case. In addition, we compare the achievable ergodic sum-rate between SE-SDMA and zero-forcing beamforming with perfect channel state information at the base station. Our results reveal that the rate gap tends to zero in the high Rician $K$-factor regime.
Recovery-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy for recent-onset bipolar disorder: randomised controlled pilot trial.

BACKGROUND Despite evidence for the effectiveness of structured psychological therapies for bipolar disorder no psychological interventions have been specifically designed to enhance personal recovery for individuals with recent-onset bipolar disorder. AIMS A pilot study to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of a new intervention, recovery-focused cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), designed in collaboration with individuals with recent-onset bipolar disorder intended to improve clinical and personal recovery outcomes. METHOD A single, blind randomised controlled trial compared treatment as usual (TAU) with recovery-focused CBT plus TAU (n = 67). RESULTS Recruitment and follow-up rates within 10% of pre-planned targets to 12-month follow-up were achieved. An average of 14.15 h (s.d. = 4.21) of recovery-focused CBT were attended out of a potential maximum of 18 h. Compared with TAU, recovery-focused CBT significantly improved personal recovery up to 12-month follow-up (Bipolar Recovery Questionnaire mean score 310.87, 95% CI 75.00-546.74 (s.e. = 120.34), P = 0.010, d = 0.62) and increased time to any mood relapse during up to 15 months follow-up (χ2 = 7.64, P<0.006, estimated hazard ratio (HR) = 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.78). Groups did not differ with respect to medication adherence. CONCLUSIONS Recovery-focused CBT seems promising with respect to feasibility and potential clinical effectiveness. Clinical- and cost-effectiveness now need to be reliably estimated in a definitive trial.
Assessment Using AutoCAD Software of the Preparation of Dentin Walls in Root Canals Produced by 4 Different Endodontic Instrument Systems

Objectives. To compare the effectiveness of four instrument systems for preparing oval root canals: manual instrumentation (Step-Back technique), ProTaper Universal, ProTaper Next, and Wave One. Material and Methods. For the purpose of this assessment, 60 teeth extracted for orthodontic or periodontal reasons, specifically canines and premolars with full coronal and root anatomy, were used and 15 samples were assigned to each group. The section of the canals was compared before and after instrumenting and the section of untouched canal wall was measured using AutoCAD software. The data was analysed by means of Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results. In the apical third, 100% of the canals were prepared with all the systems. In the middle third, a p value of 0.5989 in the Kruskal-Wallis test was obtained, which indicates no significant difference between the groups. At the coronal third level, the results obtained revealed that Wave One had a significantly lower mean average than the rest (p < 0.05). Conclusions. There are no differences between the various root canal instrument systems in the apical and middle thirds. At the coronal third level, Wave One system showed performance significantly worse than the rest, among which there were no differences.
Social networks, individual orientations, and employee innovation outcomes: A multi-theoretical perspective

OF DISSERTATION SOCIAL NETWORKS, INDIVIDUAL ORIENTATIONS, AND EMPLOYEE INNOVATION OUTCOMES: A MULTI-THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE I examine individual innovation in organizations from a social network perspective. I employ two theoretical lenses to examine innovation outcomes in three separate empirical studies. First, I use a sociopolitical framework to examine how political skill and social network structure interact to predict successful innovation initiation and, ultimately, career success. I find that innovation initiation mediates the relationship between political skill and career success. Moreover, structural holes in employees’ social networks moderate the mediated relationship between political skill and career success such that the relationship is stronger for employees with many structural holes in their social network. Second, I use social resources theory to examine how the characteristics of employees’ social network contacts affect individual innovation behavior. Results suggest that there is a positive relationship between the average amount of professional experience of one’s social network contacts and individual innovation behavior. Similarly, there is a positive relationship between the average creativity level of one’s social network contacts and individual innovation behavior. Each of these relationships is moderated by social structure such that the relationships are stronger for those with fewer structural holes in their social networks. Third, I develop and validate a scale to assess employee behavioral orientations toward brokering disconnected social network contacts. The scale is found to demonstrate convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity based on data from two field sites and one student sample. Results indicate that the scale is positively related to innovation support behavior.
Pediatric inpatient falls and injuries: a descriptive analysis of risk factors.

PURPOSE This study identified patient characteristics and environmental factors related to falls and injuries at one pediatric hospital. DESIGN AND METHODS This descriptive study was part of a multisite study based on inpatient pediatric falls reported over a 6-month period. RESULTS Fall prevalence was . 84/1,000 patient days. Thirty-one of the 53 falls (58.5%) resulted in injury; 17% required treatment. Of the injured children, 83% were developmentally appropriate, 58% were in the hospital room, and five fell from a bed. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Comprehensive fall prevention programs are required to promote patient safety.
Aftereffects and the Representation of Stereoscopic Surfaces

The structure of human disparity representation is examined through (i) adaptation experiments and (ii) model simulations of the data. Section 3 presents results of adaptation experiments designed to illuminate the structure of human disparity representation. Section 4 presents model simulations of three different disparity representation schemes. In the experiments, participants adapted to a 0.133 cycle deg−1 sinusoidally corrugated surface with 10 min of arc peak-to-trough disparity. A flat test surface was briefly presented, in which the aftereffect surface was perceived. Adapt and test surfaces were placed on disparity pedestals and thus presented in front of or behind the plane of fixation. The adapt surface could be offset from the fixation plane by ±8 to 24 min of arc. The test surface could be offset from the fixation plane by ±8 to 48 min of arc. The depth aftereffect was measured in different disparity planes by a nulling method and ‘topping-up’ procedure. Aftereffect tuning functions were obtained whose bandwidths, magnitudes, and tuning depended on the disparity planes of both the adapt and test surfaces. These parameters were used to constrain the models tested in section 4. On the basis of the two studies, it is argued that the human stereoscopic system encodes spatial changes of disparity using channels localised within disparity planes. A localised disparity-gradient model of the human representation of disparity is proposed.
Sorption of nitroaromatics to soils: Comparison of the importance of soil organic matter versus clay

Nitroaromatic compounds are produced and used in large quantities worldwide and are frequently detected contaminants in the environment. Sorption is one of the fundamental processes controlling the transport and availability of nitroaromatics, but previous studies have focused mainly on sorption to model clay minerals, whereas little attention has been paid to the sorptive interactions with natural soils. Findings in this study show that soil organic matter (SOM) was the predominant soil component controlling sorption of 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and nitrobenzene to three typical Chinese soils, and sorption to clay minerals was much less important. The weak sorption to clay minerals was due to the type of exchangeable cations of the soils, and after saturating the soil clay minerals with K+ and Cs+, sorption to clay minerals increased significantly. Compared with the apolar phenanthrene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and nitrobenzene exhibited much higher nonhydrophobic affinity to SOM, likely because of the π‐π electron donor‐acceptor interaction between the nitroaromatic molecules and the aromatic structure of the SOM. Moreover, the polarity and aromaticity of SOM might also have important effects on sorption of nitroaromatics. Sorption of nitroaromatics to natural soils appears to be more complicated than sorption of apolar hydrophobic organic compounds, and this complexity should be taken into account in environmental management such as risk calculation and transport modeling.
Socially Desirable Responding on the MMPI -2, MCMI-III, and PAI in a substance abuse treatment setting

Objectively scored measures of psychopathology are increasingly relied upon to aid in the diagnosis of mental disorders and treatment planning, and three commonly used measures are the MMPI-2, MCMI-III, and PAL A difficulty with such measures, however, is that response sets are subject to both intentional and unintentional distortion by examinees. Underreporting of psychopathology and attempts to present oneself in an overly favorable light can be particularly difficult to detect. Therefore, scales and other indices have been developed to identify underreporting and defensiveness. Paulhus (2002) has developed and refined a model for this phenomenon of underreporting, which he calls Socially Desirable Responding (SDR). The intercorrelations of the major underreporting indicators of the three instruments were evaluated, extending prior work that examined the concurrent validity of pairs of the measures by examining all three at once and using a different sample. Correlations between scales obtained in this study were found to be overwhelmingly similar to correlations reported in previous studies. The factor structure of the underreporting indices of the MMPI-2, MCMI-III, and PAI was examined in light of Paulhus's SDR model. The ability of the major SDR scales to correctly differentiate patients referred for either evaluation or treatment in a substance abuse treatment setting was examined. The strongest predictors of group membership proved to be S from the MMPI-2, Compulsiveness from the MCMI-III, and K from the MMPI-2, respectively.
Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth

This paper presents a fully specified model of long-run growth in which knowledge is assumed to be an input in production that has increasing marginal productivity. It is essentially a competitive equilibrium model with endogenous technological change. In contrast to models based on diminishing returns, growth rates can be increasing over time, the effects of small disturbances can be amplified by the actions of private agents, and large countries may always grow faster than small countries. Long-run evidence is offered in support of the empirical relevance of these possibilities.
Aberrant Processing of the WSC Family and Mid2p Cell Surface Sensors Results in Cell Death of Saccharomyces cerevisiae O-Mannosylation Mutants

ABSTRACT Protein O mannosylation is a crucial protein modification in uni- and multicellular eukaryotes. In humans, a lack of O-mannosyl glycans causes congenital muscular dystrophies that are associated with brain abnormalities. In yeast, protein O mannosylation is vital; however, it is not known why impaired O mannosylation results in cell death. To address this question, we analyzed the conditionally lethal Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein O-mannosyltransferase pmt2 pmt4Δ mutant. We found that pmt2 pmt4Δ cells lyse as small-budded cells in the absence of osmotic stabilization and that treatment with mating pheromone causes pheromone-induced cell death. These phenotypes are partially suppressed by overexpression of upstream elements of the protein kinase C (PKC1) cell integrity pathway, suggesting that the PKC1 pathway is defective in pmt2 pmt4Δ mutants. Congruently, induction of Mpk1p/Slt2p tyrosine phosphorylation does not occur in pmt2 pmt4Δ mutants during exposure to mating pheromone or elevated temperature. Detailed analyses of the plasma membrane sensors of the PKC1 pathway revealed that Wsc1p, Wsc2p, and Mid2p are aberrantly processed in pmt mutants. Our data suggest that in yeast, O mannosylation increases the activity of Wsc1p, Wsc2p, and Mid2p by enhancing their stability. Reduced O mannosylation leads to incorrect proteolytic processing of these proteins, which in turn results in impaired activation of the PKC1 pathway and finally causes cell death in the absence of osmotic stabilization.
Factors Affecting Vocalization in Tengmalm’s Owl (Aegolius funereus) Fledglings during Post-Fledging Dependence Period: Scramble Competition or Honest Signalling of Need?

Begging behaviour of nestlings has been intensively studied for several decades as a key component of parent-offspring conflict. There are essentially two main theories to account for intensity of food solicitation among offspring: that intensity of begging is related to some form of scramble competition between nest mates or that it offers honest signalling of need to parents. The vast majority of studies which have addressed begging behaviour have been based on observations of, and experiments on, nestlings and have not considered begging behaviour, during the post-fledging period. Begging vocalizations in this post-fledging phase of dependence have rarely been studied, despite the importance of vocalizations as a communication method between offspring and parents, particularly for nocturnal species. We radiotracked 39 fledglings of the Tengmalm’s owl (Aegolius funereus) in two years with different availability of prey: 2010 (n = 29 fledglings) and 2011 (n = 10 fledglings) and made 1320 nightly localizations in which we recorded presence or absence of begging calls. Within years, the most important measures related to the probability of vocalization were body condition at fledging, time of night, number of surviving siblings, age and weather conditions. Begging intensity increased with age in both years; however, in the year with low prey availability fledglings vocalized significantly more often. The main factor causing these differences between years was probably the different availability of prey, affecting breeding success, post-fledging behaviour, and thus also both short- and long-term needs of offspring. We believe that our results suggest honest signalling of their fledgling’s need.
GLOMOsys: Specifications of a Global Model on Processing Styles

We are excited about the spurs of innovative ideas brought up in the nine excellent commentaries. Some even include original studies triggered by our article— this is more than we could have hoped for. It also confirms one of our predictions that broad concepts increase creative thought. With GLOMOsys, we indeed aimed at a broad integrative model with both high predictive power and applied value. As the constructive and collegial commentaries reveal, this attempt is appreciated but does not go without challenge. Particularly, a broad model sometimes goes at the expense of specificity and leaves some open questions. In the following reply we respond to the commentaries by first elaborating on the cognitive and functional foundation of the model, namely, procedural priming and novelty. We also specify why we speak about “systems” and what we mean by global versus local processing. Then, more specific implications for the domains of creativity, affect, and counterfactual thinking will be addressed.
Towards a hepatitis A vaccine. A review

Hepatitis A is an acute inflammation of the liver caused by a virus (HAV) whose morphology and physical characteristics resemble members of the enterovirus group. The disease, which is characterized by fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, abdominal discomfort and jaundice has an average incubation period of 28–30 days and is spread from person to person by the faecal-oral route. Common-vehicle outbreaks have been reported following contamination of food or water and epidemics may occur in closed communities (institutions, day-care centres) or in the general community when there is a breakdown of environmental sanitation. Many infections, especially in children, are subclinical; the case fatility rate for patients requiring hospitalization is low and long-term sequelae are unknown.
A Comparison of Intakes of Breast-Fed and Bottle-Fed Infants during the First Two Days of Life

Objective: In the first days of life, breast-fed infants consume minimal amounts of milk; this may be explained by substrate limitation (limited milk output) and/or by self-limitation (through low appetite and/or suck-swallow competency). The spontaneous milk intake of unrestricted formula-fed infants has not been studied to date. We compared the spontaneous formula intake of unrestricted formula-fed infants to that of breast-fed infants over the first 48 hours of life. We hypothesized that 1) spontaneous formula intake of unrestricted infants is much higher than that of breast-fed infants and 2) spontaneous formula intake correlates positively with gestational age or birthweight. Methods: We studied 43 healthy, term infants. By maternal choice, 15 infants were exclusively breast-fed and 28 were formula-fed ad libitum every four hours. Breast-fed infants were weighed before and one hour after initiation of feeding, and intake was calculated from the difference between the measurements and corrected individually for the infant’s normal postnatal decrease in body weight. Bottles offered to formula-fed infants contained 60 cc, and the remainder was carefully measured. Intakes were expressed as cc/kg/d, and weight changes as % of birthweight. Statistical methods included Student’s t tests and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Breast feeding on Day 1 was 9.6±10.3 (mean±SD) vs. 18.5±9.6 cc/kg/d in formula-fed infants (p=0.011); on Day 2 it was 13.0±11.3 vs. 42.2±14.2 cc/kg/d (p<0.001). Breast-fed infants lost significantly more weight on Day 2 (p=0.015). In multiple regression, when the dependent variable was the second-day intake, the significant independent variables were group (higher intake in the formula-fed group), weight loss (the higher the weight loss, the lower the intake), and first-day intake (the higher the first-day intake, the higher the second-day intake). Conclusion: Newborn infants offered formula ad libitum every four hours consumed much larger amounts than breast-fed infants fed according to the same schedule. In addition, weight loss was more marked in breast-fed infants on Day 2 of life.