Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
bathymetric and gravity anomalies hotspot interactions: Constraints from along-isochron -

We analyzed bathymetric and gravity anomalies along present and paleoaxes of oceanic spreading centers influenced by the Iceland, Azores, Galápagos, Tristan, and Easter hotspots. Residual bathymetry (up to 4.7 km) and mantle Bouguer gravity (up to2340 km) anomalies are maximum at on-axis hotspots and decrease with increasing ridge-hotspot separation distance (D), until becoming insignificant at D ;500 km. Along-isochron widths of bathymetric anomalies (up to 2700 km) depend inversely on paleo–spreading rate, reflecting the extent to which plume material will flow along axis before being swept away by the spreading lithosphere. Flux balance arguments suggest that the five hotspots feed material to ridges with comparable fluxes of;2.2 3 10 km/m.y. Assuming that the amplitudes of these geophysical anomalies reflect temperature-dependent crustal thickness and mantle density variations, we suggest that ridge temperature anomalies are maximum (150–225 C) when plumes are ridge centered and decrease with increasing ridge-hotspot distance due to cooling of the ridgeward-migrating plume material.
Family Dynamic and Structural Correlates of Adolescent Substance Abuse: A Comparison of Families of Non-Substance Abusers and Substance Abusers.

This study examined the relationship between family factors and adolescents substance abuse by comparing the families of adolescents who do not abuse drugs or alcohol with the families of those who do. The subjects were 89 white adolescent males, with a mean age of 16 years, primarily from the rural areas of a Mid-Atlantic state. The relationship between each of the family dynamic factors (cohesion, adaptability, family strengths, family togetherness, parents' marital happiness, and parental drug and alcohol use) and adolescent substance abuse was significant at the . 0005 level. Four of the fice structural variables also proved to be significantly related to adolescent substance abuse. The results of this study support and expand upon previous research indicating that adolescent drug and alcohol use is greatly affected by family factors and that adolescents who abstain from drug and alcohol use and abuse come from families who are qualitatively different from the families of adolescents who use and abuse .
Ernst Mayr and the modern concept of species

Ernst Mayr played a central role in the establishment of the general concept of species as metapopulation lineages, and he is the author of one of the most popular of the numerous alternative definitions of the species category. Reconciliation of incompatible species definitions and the development of a unified species concept require rejecting the interpretation of various contingent properties of metapopulation lineages, including intrinsic reproductive isolation in Mayr's definition, as necessary properties of species. On the other hand, the general concept of species as metapopulation lineages advocated by Mayr forms the foundation of this reconciliation, which follows from a corollary of that concept also advocated by Mayr: the proposition that the species is a fundamental category of biological organization. Although the general metapopulation lineage species concept and Mayr's popular species definition are commonly confused under the name “the biological species concept,” they are more or less clearly distinguished in Mayr's early writings on the subject. Virtually all modern concepts and definitions of the species category, not only those that require intrinsic reproductive isolation, are to be considered biological according to the criterion proposed by Mayr. Definitions of the species category that identify a particular contingent property of metapopulation lineages (including intrinsic reproductive isolation) as a necessary property of species reduce the number of metapopulation lineages that are to be recognized taxonomically as species, but they cause conflicts among alternative species definitions and compromise the status of the species as a basic category of biological organization.
Formal Theories for Logspace Counting

We introduce two-sorted theories in the style of Cook and Nguyen for the complexity classes ParityL and DET, whose complete problems include determinants over GF(2) and Z, respectively. The definable functions in these theories are the functions in the corresponding complexity classes; thus each theory formalizes reasoning using concepts from its corresponding complexity class.
Wear particles from metal-on-metal total hip replacements: Effects of implant design and implantation time

Abstract Detailed characterization of wear particles is necessary to understand better the implant wear mechanisms and the periprosthetic tissue response. The purposes of the present study were to compare particle characteristics of current with older designs of metal-on-metal (MM) total hip replacements (THRs), and to determine the effect of implantation time on wear particle characteristics. Metal wear particles isolated from periprosthetic tissues from 19 patients with MM THRs of current and older designs and at different implantation times (very short, longer, and very long) were studied using transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The particles from the current design implants with implantation times of not more than 15 months (very short term) were almost exclusively round to oval chromium oxide particles. In all other cases, although the predominance was still round to oval chromium oxide particles, greater proportions of cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) particles, mainly needle-shaped, were detected. Very long term THRs implanted for more than 20 years had the highest percentage of needle-shaped Co-Cr-Mo particles. Particle lengths were not markedly different between the different designs and implantation times except for the current design implants of not more than 15 months, which had a significantly smaller mean length of 39 nm. In conclusion, the implant design did not seem to have a significant influence on particle characteristics whereas the implantation time appeared to have the most effect on the particles. It should be noted that, because of the limited number of tissue retrievals available, some uncertainty remains regarding the generality of these findings.
SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF TUBELESS PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is commonly used to treat patients with complex renal calculi. Placing a nephrostomy tube is the last step after completing PNL. Significant early postoperative discomfort after percutaneous procedure is usually secondary to nephrostomy tubes. The goal of this study is to evaluate the safety of tubeless PNL. A total of 45 patients with mean age of 46.6 years entered the study. Tubeless PNL was performed in 28 patients and 17 patients were treated with standard PNL. The results of 2 groups were compared with t test. In both groups, PNL was performed successfully without any significant complication. Postoperative hospitalization in standard group was 3.71 day and in tubeless group was 1.65 day that significant statistical difference was observed ( P
Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of the benefits of peer review

The paper draws initially on theoretical literature describing schools and universities as, necessarily, dialogic learning communities, which is then applied to an investigation into the use of peer review in teacher education in an Australian university. The empirical research described was completed with pre-service teachers of religious education, and it explores the implications for the learning of those pre-service teachers in a university and in school settings. Advantages of peer review by pre-service teachers include helping them to identify, understand and address their strengths and limitations. The work was described as a positive experience, supporting the expectations of the authors that it could and should be positive, despite some of the previous literature in the field emphasising negative experiences of peer review. Activities used for this research were themselves models of professional learning, representing a ‘research attitude’ of the pre-service teachers to their own work. That can in turn be applied to the research attitude of university tutors and, just as significantly, of teachers and pupils in schools. Pre-service teachers were seeing themselves as researchers in learning communities, and were able to understand how they might transfer this approach into the classrooms in which they would be working. Although a small-scale piece of empirical research, it nevertheless helps to clarify some of the ways in which teacher education can model, and influence, the nature of schools as learning communities.
Self-esteem, victimisation and perception of peer relationships in obese children and adolescents

Obesity in childhood has been associated with psychosocial problems including low self-esteem and body dissatisfaction. Obese children and adolescents are vulnerable to overweight-related victimisation. This too has psychological consequences. This study examined the prevalence of overweight-related victimisation in obese children and adolescents who attended a residential activity-based weight loss camp. The association between obesity and overweight-related teasing to self-esteem, body dissatisfaction and social relationships were considered. In addition, the impact of the camp on these psychological variables was investigated. Height, weight, self-esteem, victimisation, body dissatisfaction and social relationships were assessed for 109 participants at the start and end of camp. Data were also collected from 68 non-obese comparison children. Obese campers were significantly lower in the self-concept domains of social acceptance, physical appearance, athletic ability and global self-esteem. They showed greater body dissatisfaction. Social relationships were poorer for obese males than non-obese males, and the obese children and adolescents percieved themselves to be less popular than non-obese rated themselves. 40% of obese girls and 50% of obese boys reported overweight-related victimisation, compared with 9% of non-obese males and 4% of non-obese females. Overweight-related victimisation was associated with lower ratings of social acceptance, athletic competence and global self-esteem. It was not associated with increased body dissatisfaction. Camp attendance was associated with weight loss, improvements in global selfworth, physical appearance and athletic self-competence, and decreases in body dissatisfaction. Improvements were also seen in perception of their popularity. The results demonstrate the high prevalence and negative impact of over-weight related victimisation in obese children. Difficulties in social relationships of obese children and adolescents are highlighted. Psychological benefits of the weight-loss camp were demonstrated. Further research is required to investigate vulnerability and protective factors for overweight-related teasing.
Mindsight: Image, Dream, Meaning

Introduction 1. Images and Percepts 2. The Mind's Eye 3. Imaginative Seeing 4. The Space of Imagery 5. The Picture Theory of Images 6. What Are Dreams? 7. Dream Belief 8. Delusion 9. The Imagination of the Child 10. Cognitive Imagination 11. Negation 12. Meaning 13. The Imagination Spectrum Notes Bibliography Index
EVALUATION OF HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHANGES OF DENTAL PULP IN ADVANCED PERIODONTAL DISEASES

Abstract- The adverse effects of periodontal disease on dental pulp has been debated for many years. This case- control study was performed to assess the possible effects of advanced periodontal disease on the structure of dental pulp. Fifty-two permanent teeth extracted because of advanced periodontitis with  5mm attachment loss and grade III mobility were compared to fifty-two control teeth, obtained from systemically healthy adults. Two groups were matched for age and teeth types. Inflammation, fibrosis, calcification and necrosis were observed in the (27.8- 40%), (0-59.4%), (0-26.4%) and (0-20.9%) of the different sections of the study group, and (0%), (9.7-50%), (0-11.6%) and (0%) of the control group (P < 0.05). Abnormal pulp tissue was observed in the (33.3-88.1%) and (12.9-50.5%) of different sections of the study and control groups respectively (P < 0.05). Complete necrosis of dental pulp occurred only when depth of adjacent periodontal pocket reached the apical third of the root. There was an increase in frequency of pathologic changes as the depth of periodontal pocket increased (P = 0.00). We conclude that advanced periodontal disease can affect the dental pulp, although not necessarily leading to complete pulp disintegration. Careful consideration of diagnostic and treatment planning in patients with endodontic-periodontal involvement is recommended. Fibrosis and diffuse calcification of dental pulp in teeth with advanced periodontal involvement may endanger root canal therapy; if needed.
Future HVDC-grids employing modular multilevel converters and hybrid DC-breakers

The necessary shift from fossil fuels to regenerative sources imposes a great challenge for future power transmission. A large, meshed HVDC-Grid is proposed by several experts as the best and most efficient solution. For meshed DC-Grids, however, new and essential requirements - especially regarding availability and reliability - have to be researched very thoroughly. Fast and reliable handling of DC-faults must be ensured without disturbing the energy flow in the whole grid. The following paper deals with the key components (Modular Multilevel Converters and DC-Breakers) in large meshed HVDC-Grids. A comparison between suitable submodule topologies with DC-fault handling abilities is presented alongside with a new topology for a hybrid DC-Breaker.
Evaluating Equating Accuracy and Assumptions for Groups that Differ in Performance.

Accurate equating results are essential when comparing examinee scores across exam forms. Previous research indicates that equating results may not be accurate when group differences are large. This study compared the equating results of frequency estimation, chained equipercentile, item response theory (IRT) true-score, and IRT observed-score equating methods. Using mixed-format test data, equating results were evaluated for group differences ranging from 0 to . 75 standard deviations. As group differences increased, equating results became increasingly biased and dissimilar across equating methods. Results suggest that the size of group differences, the likelihood that equating assumptions are violated, and the equating error associated with an equating method should be taken into consideration when choosing an equating method.
[Community-based study on disease burden of diarrhea in Zhejiang province].

OBJECTIVE To study the status on economic burden of diarrhea in Zhejiang province so as to provide evidence for allocation of health resource as well as decision-making on health issues. METHODS Multi-phases stratified random cluster sampling was used to select samples in the population. Data was collected on the incidence of diarrhea in the last two weeks as well as on the related cost due to medical care etc. RESULTS The overall incidence (person per year) of diarrhea was 0.26, with 0.29 in the rural and 0.22 in the urban areas respectively. The incidence of diarrhea in children less than 5 was 0.66 (person per year), higher than in any of the age groups. The average direct cost of medical treatment was 69.23 Yuan with average direct cost of non-medical care was 8.29 Yuan for every person, while the indirect cost was 48.43 Yuan. In conclusion, the average disease burden of diarrhea in the province was 1.697 billion Yuan per year, which accounted for 1 per thousand of the GDP, with 1.217 billion Yuan in rural area and 0.480 billion Yuan in the urban areas respectively. The direct cost of medical care was 0.886 billion Yuan (52.21%) and the direct cost due to non-medical care was 0.124 billion Yuan (7.31%). The indirect cost appeared to be 0.480 billion Yuan (40.48%). Factors that affecting the cost would relate to: severity of diarrhea, medical insurance, location of residential area, age and education background of the patients, etc. CONCLUSION Programs on diarrhea prevention and control should be strengthened to reduce the economic burden caused by this disease while special attention should be paid to those children who are under 5 years of age and living in the rural areas.
Solving the Capacity Optimization Problem under Demand Uncertainty

This paper provides theoretical and practical insight into the solution of the investment project optimization problem under uncertainty. A case study recommends the use of statistical simulation, which is shown to be a powerful, practical, flexible and comprehensive tool for managerial decision-making purposes, even as it takes into account exogeneous uncertainty, as well as endogeneous processes structurally vested in the project. Results show that excess capacity may have a value exceeding its cost, which can be assessed either through comparison of available variants, or by carrying out a full optimization. From the theoretical point of view, the relationship of the problem to real-option analysis is investigated in more detail. Even though it obviously does contain real options, in principle, as various project alternatives differ in terms of their flexibility to alter operating scale, the proposed solution clearly surmounts some of the limitations of prevalent realoption models.
An On-Line Algorithm for the Location of Cross Point Faults in Programmable Logic Arrays

An on-line algorithm is developed for the location of single cross point faults in a PLA (FPLA). The main feature of the algorithm is the determination of a fault set corresponding to the response obtained for a failed test. For the apparently small number of faults in this set, all other tests are generated and a fault table is formed. Subsequently, an adaptive procedure is used to diagnose the fault. Functional equivalence test is carried out to determine the actual fault class if the adaptive testing results in a set of faults with identical tests. The large amount of computation time and storage required in the determination, a priori, of all the fault equivalence classes or in the construction of a fault dictionary are not needed here. A brief study of functional equivalence among the cross point faults is also made.
Evolution of a Cellular Immune Response in Drosophila: A Phenotypic and Genomic Comparative Analysis

Understanding the genomic basis of evolutionary adaptation requires insight into the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation. However, even changes in molecular pathways associated with extreme variation, gains and losses of specific phenotypes, remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we investigate the large interspecific differences in the ability to survive infection by parasitoids across 11 Drosophila species and identify genomic changes associated with gains and losses of parasitoid resistance. We show that a cellular immune defense, encapsulation, and the production of a specialized blood cell, lamellocytes, are restricted to a sublineage of Drosophila, but that encapsulation is absent in one species of this sublineage, Drosophila sechellia. Our comparative analyses of hemopoiesis pathway genes and of genes differentially expressed during the encapsulation response revealed that hemopoiesis-associated genes are highly conserved and present in all species independently of their resistance. In contrast, 11 genes that are differentially expressed during the response to parasitoids are novel genes, specific to the Drosophila sublineage capable of lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation. These novel genes, which are predominantly expressed in hemocytes, arose via duplications, whereby five of them also showed signatures of positive selection, as expected if they were recruited for new functions. Three of these novel genes further showed large-scale and presumably loss-of-function sequence changes in D. sechellia, consistent with the loss of resistance in this species. In combination, these convergent lines of evidence suggest that co-option of duplicated genes in existing pathways and subsequent neofunctionalization are likely to have contributed to the evolution of the lamellocyte-mediated encapsulation in Drosophila.
An r-process Enhanced Star in the Dwarf Galaxy Tucana III

Chemically peculiar stars in dwarf galaxies provide a window for exploring the birth environment of stars with varying chemical enrichment. We present a chemical abundance analysis of the brightest star in the newly discovered ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate Tucana III. Because it is particularly bright for a star in an ultra-faint Milky Way (MW) satellite, we are able to measure the abundance of 28 elements, including 13 neutron-capture species. This star, DES J235532.66−593114.9 (DES J235532), shows a mild enhancement in neutron-capture elements associated with the r-process and can be classified as an r-I star. DES J235532 is the first r-I star to be discovered in an ultra-faint satellite, and Tuc III is the second extremely low-luminosity system found to contain r-process enriched material, after Reticulum II. Comparison of the abundance pattern of DES J235532 with r-I and r-II stars found in other dwarf galaxies and in the MW halo suggests a common astrophysical origin for the neutron-capture elements seen in all r-process enhanced stars. We explore both internal and external scenarios for the r-process enrichment of Tuc III and show that with abundance patterns for additional stars, it should be possible to distinguish between them.