Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acute lateral ankle sprain to chronic ankle instability: a pathway of dysfunction

ABSTRACT Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) have been reported as one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries observed in sports and in individuals who are recreationally active. Approximately 40% of individuals who sustain a LAS develop a condition known as chronic ankle instability (CAI). Years of research has identified numerous impairments associated with CAI such as decreases in range of motion (ROM), strength, postural control, and altered movement patterns during functional activities when compared to individuals with no LAS history. As a result, an impairment-based rehabilitation model was developed to treat the common impairments associated with CAI. The impairment-based rehabilitation model has been shown to be an effective rehabilitation strategy at improving both clinical and patient-oriented outcomes in patients with CAI. To date, the efficacy of an impairment-based rehabilitation model has not been evaluated in patients with an acute LAS. Prior to implementing an impairment-based model for the treatment of an acute LAS, similarities between impairments associated with acute LAS and CAI across the spectrum of the healing process is warranted. Therefore, the purpose of this review paper is to compare and contrast impairments and treatment techniques in individuals with an acute LAS, sub-acute LAS, and CAI. A secondary purpose of this review is to provide clinical commentary on the management of acute LAS and speculate how the implementation of an impairment-based rehabilitation strategy for the treatment of acute LAS could minimize the development of CAI. The main findings of this review were that similar impairments (decreased ROM, strength, postural control, and functional activities) are observed in patients with acute LAS, sub-acute LAS, and CAI, suggesting that the impairments associated with CAI are a continuation from the original impairments developed during the initial LAS. Therefore, the use of an impairment-based model may be advantageous when treating patients with an acute LAS.
Towards a social model approach to counselling disabled clients

The social model of disability has emerged over the past 30 years in Britain to challenge the dominant individual, particularly medical and tragedy, models. This social model is borne from the experiences of disabled people and essentially defines disability as the discrimination faced by people with impairments. This paper explores the possible conflicts between some counselling approaches that can individualise and personalise problems and disability as a political issue. Drawing on research with counsellors and disabled clients, we illustrate the social construction of disability as an individualised problem within the counselling process. Considering the implications for counselling practice, we argue for an approach to counselling which recognises the social model of disability as the basis for social change.
Evaluation of the American Heart Association Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guideline for Women

Background—The 2007 update to the American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women recommend a simplified approach to risk stratification. We assigned Women's Health Initiative participants to risk categories as described in the guideline and evaluated clinical event rates within and between strata. Methods and Results—The Women's Health Initiative enrolled 161 808 women ages 50 to 79 years and followed them prospectively for 7.8 years (mean). Applying the 2007 AHA guideline categories, 11% of women were high risk, 72% at-risk, and 4% at optimal risk; 13% of women did not fall into any category, that is, lacked risk factors but did not adhere to a healthy lifestyle (moderate intensity exercise for 30 minute most days and <7% of calories from saturated fat). Among high risk, at-risk, and optimal risk women, rates of myocardial infarction/coronary death were 12.5%, 3.1%, and 1.1% per 10 years (P for trend <0.0001); the event rate was 1.3% among women who could not be categorized. We observed a graded relationship between risk category and cardiovascular event rates for white, black, Hispanic, and Asian women, although event rates differed among ethnic groups (P for interaction=0.002). The AHA guideline predicted coronary events with accuracy similar to current Framingham risk categories (area under receiver operating characteristic curve for Framingham risk, 0.665; for AHA risk, 0.664; P=0.94) but less well than proposed Framingham 10-year risk categories of <5%, 5% to 20%, and >20% (area under receiver operating characteristic curve for Framingham risk, 0.724; for AHA risk, 0.664; P<0.0001). Conclusions—Risk stratification as proposed in the 2007 AHA guideline is simple, accessible to patients and providers, and identifies cardiovascular risk with accuracy similar to that of the current Framingham algorithm. Clinical Trial Registration—clinicaltrials.gov. Identifier: NCT00000611.
Situating Homelessness in South Korea During and After the Asian Debt Crisis

This study traces homeless policies in South Korea that were established during and after the Asian Debt Crisis of 1998-2001. Similarities and differences between South Korea and the United States are compared regarding the neoliberal regulation of the poor and their urban space and highlights the South Korean division of the homeless into those deserving of and undeserving of state welfare relief. Despite superficial differences between South Korean and U.S. categorizations, common impacts include the reification of the ideologies and practices of gendered divisions of labor. Two additional commonalities are considered here: that operations of service distribution in South Korea are spatially organized and regulated according to similar patterns, and that responsibility for homeless people is increasingly delegated to the spatially contained Third Sector.
Association of Caffeine and Hearing Recovery After Acoustic Overstimulation Events in a Guinea Pig Model.

IMPORTANCE Noise-induced hearing loss is an increasingly worrisome problem. Although caffeine intake is common in people involved in noise-related environments, the effect of caffeine on the recovery of hearing after a temporary threshold shift requires further understanding. OBJECTIVES To determine whether caffeine impairs hearing recovery in a guinea pig model exposed to acoustic overstimulation. DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS This experiment at the McGill University Auditory Sciences Laboratory used 24 female albino guinea pigs (age, 6 months; weight, 500-600 g) divided randomly into 3 groups of 8 animals each. Group 1 was exposed to caffeine; group 2, acoustic overstimulation events (AOSEs); and group 3, both. Data were collected from July 1, 2013, to March 30, 2014, and analyzed from April 1 to August 1, 2014. INTERVENTIONS Daily caffeine dose for groups 1 and 3 consisted of 25 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally for 15 days. The AOSEs were administered on days 1 and 8 and consisted of 1 hour of 110-dB pure-tone sound. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Serial auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests to determine the audiological threshold shift and recovery were obtained at baseline and on days 1 (1 hour after the first AOSE), 4, 8 (before and 1 hour after the second AOSE), 11, and 15. Scanning electron and light microscopy of the cochleas were performed to determine morphologic changes. RESULTS The day 1 post-AOSE measurement resulted in a similar threshold shift in all animals in groups 2 and 3 at all frequencies tested (8, 16, 20, and 25 kHz). The maximum threshold shift was at 16 kHz, with a mean of 66.12 dB. By day 8, the threshold shift in group 2 recovered completely at all frequencies except 20 kHz, where a mean threshold shift of 20.63 dB of sound pressure level (SPL) was present. Hearing impairment in group 3 persisted in 8-, 16-, and 25-kHz frequencies with thresholds of 21.88, 28.13, and 26.25 dB SPL, respectively (P = .001). After a second AOSE at day 8, similar threshold shift and outcome were recorded on day 15 compared with day 8, with a mean threshold shift at 20 kHz of 29.38 dB SPL in group 2 and mean threshold shifts at 8, 16, 20, and 25 kHz of 29.38, 35.63, 40.63, and 38.75 dB SPL, respectively, in group 3. The difference in ABR threshold recovery was in concordance with scanning electronic and light microscopy findings for each group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A daily dose of caffeine was found to impair the recovery of hearing after an AOSE.
Curcumin-Loaded PLA Nanoparticles: Formulation and Physical Evaluation

Curcumin is a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma domestica (Zingiberaceae) that possesses diverse pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticarcinogenic activities. Although phase I clinical trials have shown curcumin as a safe drug even at high doses (12 g/day) in humans, poor bioavaibility largely limits its pharmacological activity. Nanoencapsulation in biodegradable polymers is a promising alternative to improve curcumin bioavaibility. In this study, curcumin was encapsulated in biodegradable polymer poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) nanoparticles via the emulsification-solvent evaporation method. Optimization of selected parameters of this method including the type of solvent, surfactant concentration, drug loading, sonication time, and centrifugation speed, were performed to obtain polymeric nano-carriers with optimum characteristics. Dichloromethane was used as the solvent and vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) was used as the surfactant. Four minutes of sonication time and centrifugation at 10500 rpm were able to produce spherical nanoparticles with average size below 300 nm. The highest encapsulation efficiency was found on PLA nanoparticles containing 5% of curcumin at 89.42 ± 1.04%. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential of 5% curcumin-PLA nanoparticles were 387.50 ± 58.60 nm, 0.289 ± 0.047, and −1.12 mV, respectively. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies showed partial interaction between the drug and polymer.
Student Cohorts

The study was designed to trouble the commonsense notion in the field that cohorts, groups of students who move through an educational program together, provide the optimal structure for preparing future teachers. Using collaborative inductive methods, this study by two university researchers of their teaching within a preservice education program explored the following questions: What is the relationship between the positive aspects of being a community and students’ ability and willingness to become critical practitioners? What happens to relationships between students and between students and faculty when there are ruptures or critical incidents within the community? How is the role of faculty members teaching cohorts different from the role of faculty members teaching classes organized in more traditional ways? The study raises questions about various factors that affect community within the cohort and about differences between students’ and faculty’s perceptions of critical ruptures within the classroom.
Computed tomographic assessment of lateral lamella of cribriform plate and comparison of depth of olfactory fossa.

INTRODUCTION Endoscopic sinus surgery is an upcoming branch in rhinological practice but with some major risks since it has to play around the skull base area. Lateral lamella of cribriform plate is the thinnest area of the skull base. Thus this study is undertaken to evaluate the height of lateral lamella of cribriform plate and the depth of olfactory fossae by the help of computed tomographic images. METHODS Computed tomographic study of 50 patients was done in Advanced Imaging and Diagnostic center, Kathmandu Medical College. Coronal sections at the centre of infra-orbital foramina were taken as reference slide. The height of cribriform plate point was subtracted from the height of medial ethmoidal roof point to measure the length of lateral lamella of cribriform plates on both sides. RESULTS The median height of LLCP in 100 slides was 2.8 mm. LLCP height was 0 to 3.9 mm in 86 slides, 4 to 7 mm in 12 slides and greater than 7mm in 2 slides. The LLCP length was greater in right side in 28 (56%) patients and was greater in left side in 19 (38%) patients. It was equal in both sides in only three patients (6%). CONCLUSIONS As regards the length of LLCP; 0 to 3.9 mm length was most common. The olfactory fossa depth was more in the right side compared to the left side. Thus, right side is more vulnerable to injury during surgery. Thus adequate caution has to be exercised by the rhinological surgeon during endoscopic sinus surgery.
A MASSIVE PROTOSTAR EMBEDDED IN THE SCUBA CORE JCMT 18354-0649S

We report the discovery of an extremely red object embedded in the massive SCUBA core JCMT 18354-0649S. This object is not associated with any known radio or far-IR source, though it appears in Spitzer IRAC data obtained as part of the GLIMPSE survey. At shorter wavelengths, this embedded source exhibits an extreme color, K − L′ = 6.7. At an assumed distance of 5.7 kpc, this source has a near-IR luminosity of ∼1000 L☉. Its spectral energy distribution (SED) rises sharply from 2.1 μm to 8 μm, similar to that of a Class 0 young stellar object. Theoretical modeling of the SED indicates that the central star has a mass of 6–12 M☉, with an optical extinction of more than 30. As both inflow and outflow motions are present in JCMT 18354-0649S, we suggest that this deeply embedded source is (1) a massive protostar in the early stages of accretion, and (2) the driving source of a massive molecular outflow evident in HCN J = 3–2 profiles observed toward this region.
Clinical significance of histological classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia

Patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) can be subdivided into groups based on the histological appearance of lung tissue obtained by surgical biopsy. The quantitative impact of histological diagnosis, baseline factors and response to therapy on survival has not been evaluated. Surgical lung biopsy specimens from 168 patients with suspected IIP were reviewed according to the latest diagnostic criteria. The impact of baseline clinical, physiological, radiographic and histological features on survival was evaluated using Cox regression analysis. The predictive value of honeycombing on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) as a surrogate marker for usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) was examined. The response to therapy and survival of 39 patients treated prospectively with high-dose prednisone was evaluated. The presence of UIP was the most important factor influencing mortality. The risk ratio of mortality when UIP was present was 28.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5–148.0; p=0.0001) after controlling for patient age, duration of symptoms, radiographic appearance, pulmonary physiology, smoking history and sex. Honeycombing on HRCT indicated the presence of UIP with a sensitivity of 90% and specificity of 86%. Patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia were more likely to respond or remain stable (9 of 10) compared to patients with UIP (14 of 29) after treatment with prednisone. Patients remaining stable had the best prognosis. The risk ratio of mortality for stable patients compared to nonresponders was 0.32 (95% CI 0.11–0.93; p=0.04) in all patients and 0.33 (95% CI 0.12–0.96; p=0.04) in patients with UIP. The histological diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia is the most important factor determining survival in patients with suspected idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The presence of honeycombing on high-resolution computed tomography is a good surrogate for usual interstitial pneumonia and could be utilized in patients unable to undergo surgical lung biopsy. Patients with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia are more likely to respond or remain stable following a course of prednisone. Patients remaining stable following prednisone therapy have the best prognosis.
A short proof of the Gittins index theorem

Provides a short and elementary proof of the Gittins index theorem for the multi-armed bandit problem, for the case where each bandit is modeled as a finite-state semi-Markov process. The author also indicates how this proof can be extended to the branching bandits and Klimov problems. <<ETX>>
Stable “Waterbelt” climates controlled by tropical ocean heat transport: A nonlinear coupled climate mechanism of relevance to Snowball Earth

Ongoing controversy about Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events motivates a theoretical study of stability and hysteresis properties of very cold climates. A coupled atmosphere‐ocean‐sea ice general circulation model (GCM) has four stable equilibria ranging from 0% to 100% ice cover, including a “Waterbelt” state with tropical sea ice. All four states are found at present‐day insolation and greenhouse gas levels and with two idealized ocean basin configurations. The Waterbelt is stabilized against albedo feedback by intense but narrow wind‐driven ocean overturning cells that deliver roughly 100 W m−2 heating to the ice edges. This requires three‐way feedback between winds, ocean circulation, and ice extent in which circulation is shifted equatorward, following the baroclinicity at the ice margins. The thermocline is much shallower and outcrops in the tropics. Sea ice is snow‐covered everywhere and has a minuscule seasonal cycle. The Waterbelt state spans a 46 W m−2 range in solar constant, has a significant hysteresis, and permits near‐freezing equatorial surface temperatures. Additional context is provided by a slab ocean GCM and a diffusive energy balance model, both with prescribed ocean heat transport (OHT). Unlike the fully coupled model, these support no more than one stable ice margin, the position of which is slaved to regions of rapid poleward decrease in OHT convergence. Wide ranges of different climates (including the stable Waterbelt) are found by varying the magnitude and spatial structure of OHT in both models. Some thermodynamic arguments for the sensitivity of climate, and ice extent to OHT are presented.
Increased Response Latency for Complicated Movements and A “Memory Drum” Theory of Neuromotor Reaction

Abstract The theory proposes a nonconscious mechanism that uses stored information (motor memory) to channel existing nervous impulses from brain waves and general afferent stimuli into the appropriate neuromotor coordination centers, subcenters, and efferent nerves, thus causing the desired movement. A consequent hypothesis requires that the simple reaction time will become longer when the response movement is required to be of greater complexity. Data obtained on college men and women, and 12- and 8-year-old boys, are in agreement with the hypothesis. Replacing a very simple finger movement with an arm movement of moderate complexity slows the reaction by about 20 percent; additional complexity produces a further slowing of 7 percent. The speed of the arm movement is considerably faster in college men than in younger boys or in college women. The correlation between reaction time and speed of movement averages approximately zero. Individual differences in ability to make a fast arm movement are about 70.
Endoscopic control of posterior epistaxis

Abstract Control of bleeding vessels by suction cautery under endoscopic vision was used on 38 patients suffering from posterior epistaxis. Twelve patients also required the insertion of nasal tampons at the end of the cautery procedure. Eight patients, six of them hypertensive, had recurrent epistaxis post-operatively. Five patients needed further cautery in order to control the bleeding. Three patients required temporary balloon tamponade, and a single patient had internal maxillary ligation. Temporary palatal numbness in three patients was the only post-operative complication. Otherwise, the technique has the potential advantages of simplicity, safety, effectiveness and simplified post-operative care.
virtio: towards a de-facto standard for virtual I/O devices

The Linux Kernel currently supports at least 8 distinct virtualization systems: Xen, KVM, VMware's VMI, IBM's System p, IBM's System z, User Mode Linux, lguest and IBM's legacy iSeries. It seems likely that more such systems will appear, and until recently each of these had its own block, network, console and other drivers with varying features and optimizations. The attempt to address this is virtio: a series of efficient, well-maintained Linux drivers which can be adapted for various different hypervisor implementations using a shim layer. This includes a simple extensible feature mechanism for each driver. We also provide an obvious ring buffer transport implementation called vring, which is currently used by KVM and lguest. This has the subtle effect of providing a path of least resistance for any new hypervisors: supporting this efficient transport mechanism will immediately reduce the amount of work which needs to be done. Finally, we provide an implementation which presents the vring transport and device configuration as a PCI device: this means guest operating systems merely need a new PCI driver, and hypervisors need only add vring support to the virtual devices they implement (currently only KVM does this). This paper will describe the virtio API layer as implemented in Linux, then the vring implementation, and finally its embodiment in a PCI device for simple adoption on otherwise fully-virtualized guests. We'll wrap up with some of the preliminary work to integrate this I/O mechanism deeper into the Linux host kernel.
Investigation of methacrylonitrile metabolism and the metabolic basis for the differences in its toxicity in rats and mice.

Methacrylonitrile (MAN) is an industrial chemical used to manufacture plastics and elastomers. The reported p.o. LD50 of MAN is 200 to 230 mg/kg in rats and 17 mg/kg in mice. Present investigations were undertaken to further characterize MAN metabolism and to study the metabolic basis for the species differences in its toxicity. Male F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice received a single gavage dose of 11.5 or 1.15 mg of [14C]MAN/kg and were placed in glass metabolism cages. Elimination of MAN in rats occurred primarily in expired air as unchanged MAN, acetone and CO2. Three major urinary metabolites of MAN were identified as N-acetyl-S-(2-cyanopropyl)-L-cysteine, N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine and a deoxyuridine isomer. Quantitatively, rats and mice excreted ca. 7 and 49% of the high MAN dose in urine as N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxypropyl)-L-cysteine, respectively. In addition, rats eliminated significantly more MAN-derived CO2 and deoxyuridine than mice. MAN elimination was almost complete within 24 hr after dosing and the tissue concentrations of MAN-derived radioactivity were, with the exception of the urinary bladder, consistently higher in rats than in mice. In conclusion, a quantitative difference between rats and mice in forming the epoxide intermediate, higher efficiency of mice to conjugate this intermediate with glutathione and greater capacity of rats to degrade it to acetone and CO2 are thought to contribute to the higher sensitivity of mice to MAN acute toxicity.