Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intracellular free Ca2+ movements in cultured cardiac myocytes as shown by rapid scanning confocal microscopy.

Two-dimensional images of intracellular free Ca2+ movements in cultured cardiac myocytes were obtained at 33-ms intervals with a Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescence probe, fluo-3, and a rapid scanning confocal laser microscope, a prototype of Nikon RCM8000. The cells used were isolated from the ventricular myocardium of neonatal mice, cultured for approximately 72 h and loaded with fluo-3. One type of cytoplasmic Ca2+ movement observed was a simultaneous increase in [Ca2+] throughout the cytoplasm, termed a "spike"; another type was a local increase in [Ca2+] propagating in the cytoplasm, termed a "wave. " Cells with either spike or wave or both types of movements were observed. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) 10(-5) M, nicardipine 10(-6) M, and increased extracellular potassium concentration (40 mM) selectively inhibited spike, and ryanodine 10(-6) M and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) 3 x 10(-6) M selectively inhibited wave. These results indicate that spike was triggered by depolarization-induced Ca2+ influx across the sarcolemma, whereas wave was a propagating local increase in Ca2+ due to Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). On spike, nuclear [Ca2+] was shown to increase and decrease synchronously with cytoplasmic [Ca2+], with a delay and slower time course.
Nmr study of collagen‐water interactions

A proton magnetic resonance study of different cross‐linked collagens was performed as a function of water content and temperature. Collagens from three connective tissues (calf, steer, and cow) were chosen according to the different number of nonreducible multivalent cross‐links, which increases during the life of animal. Samples were hydrated under five well‐defined water activities (Aw) ranging from 0.44 to 0.85. The transverse and cross‐relaxation times of water protons were studied as a function of temperature from −20 up to 100°C. From the temperature dependence of relaxation rates, the dynamics of water molecules can be described according to different processes: exchange of protons at the higher temperatures and dipole‐dipole interactions that prevail at the lower temperatures. The exchange processes are analyzed as a function of the residence lifetime of water molecules at the protein interface and of the transfer of spin energy from water protons to macromolecule protons. The proton dipole‐dipole interactions are related to the relaxation parameters of protein and water protons. All the relaxation parameters showed specific behavior for the 0.44 water activity for every tissue. The collagen tissue from calf also showed distinct behavior in comparison with other tissues. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Hybrid Approach to Detect Driver Drowsiness Utilizing Physiological Signals to Improve System Performance and Wearability

Driver drowsiness is a major cause of fatal accidents, injury, and property damage, and has become an area of substantial research attention in recent years. The present study proposes a method to detect drowsiness in drivers which integrates features of electrocardiography (ECG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to improve detection performance. The study measures differences between the alert and drowsy states from physiological data collected from 22 healthy subjects in a driving simulator-based study. A monotonous driving environment is used to induce drowsiness in the participants. Various time and frequency domain feature were extracted from EEG including time domain statistical descriptors, complexity measures and power spectral measures. Features extracted from the ECG signal included heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), including low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and LF/HF ratio. Furthermore, subjective sleepiness scale is also assessed to study its relationship with drowsiness. We used paired t-tests to select only statistically significant features (p < 0.05), that can differentiate between the alert and drowsy states effectively. Significant features of both modalities (EEG and ECG) are then combined to investigate the improvement in performance using support vector machine (SVM) classifier. The other main contribution of this paper is the study on channel reduction and its impact to the performance of detection. The proposed method demonstrated that combining EEG and ECG has improved the system’s performance in discriminating between alert and drowsy states, instead of using them alone. Our channel reduction analysis revealed that an acceptable level of accuracy (80%) could be achieved by combining just two electrodes (one EEG and one ECG), indicating the feasibility of a system with improved wearability compared with existing systems involving many electrodes. Overall, our results demonstrate that the proposed method can be a viable solution for a practical driver drowsiness system that is both accurate and comfortable to wear.
THE PROBLEM OF VOLUNTARINESS AND COERCION IN THE NEGOTIATED PLEA

This paper focuses on the narrow question whether prosecutorial or judicial negotiation of a reduced charge or sentence for a criminal defendant in exchange for a guilty plea renders the plea "involuntary. " I begin by clarifying the conditions under which choices in general are considered voluntary or coerced. In Part II, I measure the practice of plea bargaining against this general theory of voluntary choice. I argue that a negotiated guilty plea is not intrinsically involuntary but that many of the conditions commonly a part of plea bargaining may render it so. The negotiated plea can be defended from the charge of coercion only if these conditions can be, and are, eliminated. I also show that overt "threats" of prosecutorial or judicial reprisal are not the only way of coercing a guilty plea. Under certain conditions, apparent "offers" of leniency can be coercive as well. The past few years have witnessed an intensified debate over the propriety of the practice of plea bargaining. This debate has ranged over a broad spectrum of questions, such as whether the practice is consistent with due process and equal protection of law and with the theoretical assumptions of the adversarial process, whether it undermines the accuracy of trials, whether it reduces respect for the judicial process, and whether it places a burden on the right to trial or impinges upon the right against self-incrimination. In addition to these considerations of procedural fairness, some critics have argued that the practice is unfair to society because it produces sentences so lenient that they defeat the aims of the criminal justice system (Kipnis, 1976). Although most of these are important and profound ques
Issues Surrounding Use of Online Discussion Groups on Traditional Undergraduate Psychology Modules

This paper discusses issues relating to the use of online discussion groups on psychology modules, drawing on the results from three studies investigating Level 1 students' use of asynchronous computer mediated communication (CMC). The first study examined the language use of large groups of students using CMC to discuss essay topics. The second study compared the online and face-to-face discourse of small groups of students evaluating a journal article, in terms of critical thinking. The third study investigated the use of CMC to support small groups of students engaged in problem based learning (PBL). The paper concludes with some recommendations for practitioners.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NEISSERIA PIGMENTS

Several species of the nonpathogenic Neisseria are pigmented, ranging from yellow to a yellowgreen. The use of this characteristic for species identification (Bergey's Manual of Detminative Bactriology) has been questioned by Wilson (1928), Wilson and Smith (1928), and Wilson and Miles (1946). Since little if anything is known of the nature of the pigment produced by Neisseria, this study was undertaken to characterize and compare pigments extracted from representative species of the genus.
Closed-form designs for source-relay joint precoder in MIMO AF relaying systems with decision feedback receiver

In this paper, we provide a new design scheme which jointly optimizes the source and relay precoders in multiple-input multiple-output amplify-and-forward relaying systems with minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) decision feedback equalizer (DFE) at the destination node. Instead of conventional optimal designs which require an iterative method, we propose a simple and near optimal closed-form scheme. First, we extend the decomposable property of the error covariance matrix based on linear MMSE receiver to our case. Next, we suggest a new scheme which jointly finds the source and relay precoders with a closed-form solution. Simulation results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed method is less than 1 dB away from the optimal solution with much reduced complexity.
Information and wisdom in the practice of knowledge

Extending current theories, this paper merges binarized western and Indigenous ideologies into a fused “one world” view by addressing how two knowledge systems—namely wisdom-based knowledge (WBK) and information-based knowledge (IBK) articulate together. I suggest that current educational systems worldwide are based on IBK, which is replacing and/or annexing the WBK of Indigenous societies. I argue that if WBK is the first imprint on children, then WBK will form their ideological foundation. Noting that those of us who have higher education are recognized by the dominant society and within our own societies as authorities, I suggest that those of us with higher degrees need to change our positions from “information providers and brokers” to “warriors of the truth” (Alfred, 2004, p. 95) against the hegemony of dominant cultures.
AUTOMATIC CATTLE LOCATION TRACKING USING IMAGE PROCESSING 2

Behavioural scientists track animal behaviour patterns through the construction of ethograms which detail the activities of cattle over time. To achieve this, scientists currently view video footage from multiple cameras located in and around a pen, which houses the animals, to extract their location and determine their activity. This is a time consuming, laborious task, which could be automated. In this paper we extend the well-known Real-Time Compressive Tracking algorithm to automatically determine the location of dairy and beef cows from multiple video cameras in the pen. Several optimisations are introduced to improve algorithm accuracy. An automatic approach for updating the bounding box which discourages the algorithm from learning the background is presented. We also dynamically weight the location estimates from multiple cameras using boosting to avoid errors introduced by occlusion and by the tracked animal moving in and out of the field of view.
Path Analysis of Local Adaptation in Two Ecotypes of the Annual Plant Diodia teres Walt. (Rubiaceae)

Reciprocal transplant experiments were conducted to measure local adaptation in morphologically distinct ecotypes of the weedy annual dicot poorjoe (Diodia teres). Local ecotypes were generally favored in comparisons of survival, growth, and seed production. Pathcoefficient analysis was used to estimate coefficients of a model of causal relations among fitness components (nge-specific sizes and seed production) and to examine how differences in growth between ecotypes over a succession of phases lead to selection against introduced ecotypes at the level of seed production. The path-coefficient analysis revealed large differences between ecotypes in performance over many intervals and in many relations between fitness components. However, differences did not occur at all growth stages, and introduced ecotypes were superior in several comparisons. Path-coefficient analysis offers insights into the comparative adaptation of ecotypes beyond those possible from analyses that do not account for causal relations among fitness components. By focusing attention on life-history stages at which fitness differences arise between ecotypes, it can facilitate investigations of ecophysiological and other mechanisms underlying adaptive differences among ecotypes.
Expression of Treg/Th17 cells as well as related cytokines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Objective: To investigate the expressions of peripheral regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper cells (Th17) as well as related cytokines in peripheral blood of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods: One hundred four cases of IBD patients admitted in our hospital were selected for this study. One hundred cases of people receiving healthy physical examination were included in the control group in the corresponding period. The levels of CD4+CD25+Treg and Th17 subsets were analyzed in peripheral blood of two groups using flow cytometry. The expressions of IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA and protein were detected using real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and ELISA. Results: Compared with the control group, the proportion of Treg in peripheral blood was decreased significantly in observation group (P<0.05), the proportion of Th17 cells was increased significantly (P<0.05), and Treg/Th17 was decreased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expressions of IL-10 and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein in peripheral blood of patients were significantly down-regulated in observation group, while the expressions of Th17 cytokines IL-17 and IL-23 mRNA and protein were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion: The proportion of Th17 and increased cytokine level suggested the inflammatory level was higher in IBD patients. The down regulations of Treg and cytokine suggested that the immunosuppression function was down-regulated in IBD patients, and the disproportionality might be one of the mechanisms of IBD.
Saccade trial type probability and its effects on residual inhibition and task switching costs

Eye movement circuitry involved in saccade production offers a model for studying cognitive control: visually-guided prosaccades are reflex-like, while goal-driven antisaccades rely upon complex control processes. By manipulating the relative proportion of these saccade types, this study sought to illuminate differences in cognitive load and corresponding behavioral responses. Results indicated that prosaccade percent correct decreased when there was a smaller ratio of prosaccades in the run, yet antisaccade percent correct was constant across runs. Increasing probability of antisaccades in a run led to slower reaction times for both saccade types, particularly after a previous antisaccade trial. The effects of saccade type probability were investigated further by modifying the stimulus timing. With a shorter cue, the proportion of antisaccades in the run modulated antisaccade response characteristics. These findings suggest that residual inhibition from antisaccades alters performance based on the cognitive load, task switching demands, and stimulus timing within a run. INDEX WORDS: Cognitive Control, Antisaccade, Cognitive Load, Inhibition, Task Switching, Stimulus Design SACCADE TRIAL TYPE PROBABILITY AND ITS EFFECTS ON RESIDUAL INHIBITION AND TASK SWITCHING COSTS
High Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori hopQ II Genotype Isolated from Iranian Patients with Gastroduodenal Disorders

Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, and noncardia gastric cancer. Several putative virulence factors for H. pylori have been identified including vacA, babA, and iceA. HopQ is one of the outer membrane proteins involved in bacterial adherence to gastric mucosa and has been suggested to also play a role in the virulence of H. pylori. Due to the substantial geographic differences in the prevalence of H. pylori virulence factors reported, the main purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between different H. pylori virulence hopQ alleles (types I and II) and patients with gastroduodenal disorders. The presence of H. pylori and hopQ alleles in gastric biopsy specimens was identified by specific PCR assays. H. pylori type II hopQ was found to be significantly associated with gastric cancer patients (odds ratio: 3.47, 95% CI: 1.56–5.89). Information about the prevalence of H. pylori hopQ type II can be used for determining the high-risk diseases type which is actually colonized by H. pylori hopQ type II positive strains. The presence of H. pylori hopQ type II should be investigated in different geographical regions as confirmatory findings may provide a definite biomarker attributed to the pathogenesis of certain severe digestive diseases.
A survey of population in an area of Worcestershire from 1660-1850 on the basis of parish records

Abstract An attempt was recently made at Birmingham to assess the possibility of using material from parish registers to clear up some of the outstanding questions relating to the population of England in the eighteenth century. The records of fifteen parishes around and including the small town of Bromsgrovce were used. The method of selection and evaluation is explained. Starting from the hearth tax returns of 1662-1674, base populations are calculated at intervals up to 1811. On this basis, crude birth, death, marriage, and infant and child mortality rates are derived. The effects of the smallpox epidemic of 1725-1730 are traced through several decades. An attempt is made to evaluate the resulting series and the conclusion is reached that given certain conditions (such as comparative absence of nonconformity in the chosen region), useful studies of these registers could be made. To use fully all the available information, a family card index would have to be used in preference to a mere counting of hea.
Ionizing Radiation and the Risk of Childhood Cancer : A Census-Based Nationwide Cohort Study

Background: Exposure to medium or high doses of ionizing radiation is a known risk factor for cancer in children. The extent to which low dose radiation from natural sources contributes to the risk of childhood cancer remains unclear. Objectives: In a nationwide census-based cohort study, we investigated whether the incidence of childhood cancer was associated with background radiation from terrestrial gamma and cosmic rays. Methods: Children aged <16 years in the Swiss National Censuses in 1990 and 2000 were included. The follow-up period lasted until 2008 and incident cancer cases were identified from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. A radiation model was used to predict dose rates from terrestrial and cosmic radiation at locations of residence. Cox regression models were used to assess associations between cancer risk and dose rates and cumulative dose since birth. Results: Among 2,093,660 children included at census, 1,782 incident cases of cancer were identified including 530 with leukemia, 328 with lymphoma, and 423 with a tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). Hazard ratios for each mSv increase in cumulative dose of external radiation were 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.05) for any cancer, 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) for leukemia, 1.01 (0.96, 1.05) for lymphoma, and 1.04 (1.00, 1.08) for CNS tumors. Adjustment for a range of potential confounders had little effect on the results. Conclusions: Our study suggests that background radiation may contribute to the risk of cancer in children including leukemia and CNS tumors.
Overreporting church attendance in America : Evidence that demands the same verdict : Church attendance in the United States

People Nice People? Evidence from the National Survey of Black Americans. " Social Forces 71:411-30. Groves, Robert M. and Lars E. Lyberg. 1988. "An Overview of Nonresponse Issues in Telephone Surveys. " Pp. 191-211 in Telephone Survey Methodology, edited by R. M. Groves, P. P. Biemer, L. E. Lyberg, J. T. Massey, W. L. Nicholls II, and J. Wakesberg. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Hadaway, C. Kirk, Penny Long Marler, and Mark Chaves. 1993. "What the Polls Don't Show: A Closer Look at U.S. Church Attendance. " American Sociological Review 58:741-52. Hertel, Bradley R. 1995. "Work, Family, and Faith. " Pp. 81-121 in Work, Family, and Religion in Contemporary Society, edited by N. T. Ammerman and W. C. Roof. New York: Routledge. Kosmin, Barry A. 1991. The National Survey of Religious Identification: 1989-90 [MRDF]. New York: The Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York [producer, distriburtor]. Kosmin, Barry A. and Seymour P. Lachman. 1993. One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society. New York: Harmony Books. Massey, James T. and Steven L Botman. 1988. "Weighting Adjustments for Random Digit Dialed Surveys. " Pp. 143-60 in Telephone Survey Methodology, edited by R. M. Groves, P. P. Biemer, L. E. Lyberg, J. T. Massey, W. L. Nicholls II, and J. Wakesberg. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Miller, Warren E. and the National Election Studies (NES). 1995. American National Election Studies Cumulative Data File, 1952-1994 [MRDF]. 8th ICPSR version. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, Center for Political Studies [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Morgan, S. Philip. 1983. "A Research Note on Religion and Morality: Are Religious People Nice People? " Social Forces 61:683-92. Smith, Tom W. 1991. "Counting Flocks and Lost Sheep: Trends in Religious Preference Since World War II. " GSS Social Change Report. No. 26, revised January 1991. Chicago, IL: National Opinion Research Center. University of North Carolina. 1996. Southern Focus Poll [MRDF]. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, Institute for Research in Social Science [producer and distributor]. Woodberry, Robert D. 1997a. "How Then Shall We Measure? : Adjusting Survey Methodology to Remove the Gap between Head-Counts and Survey Estimates of Church Attendance. " Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May 15-18, Norfolk, VA. Woodberry, Robert D. 1997b. "'The Missing Fifty-Percent: Accounting for the Gap between Survey Estimates and Head-Counts of Church Attendance. " Master's thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN.
Integration of WebQuest in a social studies course and motivation of pre-service teachers

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of designing WebQuests on the pre-service social studies teachers’ motivation in instructional technologies and material design course. There were a total of 108 pre-service social studies teachers, 68 in treatment group and 40 in control group, involved in this study. The researchers used a Likert-type questionnaire consisting of 34 negative and positive statements. This questionnaire was designed to evaluate a situational measure of ones’ motivation. This questionnaire was used as a pre-and-post-test in the study that took place over seven weeks. It was administered to the participants by the researchers before and after the instruction during a single class period. In the analysis of the quantitative data, the paired-samples t-test, the independent-samples t-test, and ANCOVA with  = . 05 were employed. The study indicated that there was a statistically significant difference found in the participants’ motivation between treatment and control groups favoring the treatment group. In other words, students who designed WebQuest-based applications during the course showed greater motivational performance than students who did not.