Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Advances in Medical Education and Practice Dovepress Status of Simulation in Health Care Education: an International Survey

Simulation is rapidly penetrating the terrain of health care education and has gained growing acceptance as an educational method and patient safety tool. Despite this, the state of simulation in health care education has not yet been evaluated on a global scale. In this project, we studied the global status of simulation in health care education by determining the degree of financial support, infrastructure, manpower, information technology capabilities, engagement of groups of learners, and research and scholarly activities, as well as the barriers, strengths, opportunities for growth, and other aspects of simulation in health care education. We utilized a two-stage process, including an online survey and a site visit that included interviews and debriefings. Forty-two simulation centers worldwide participated in this study, the results of which show that despite enormous interest and enthusiasm in the health care community, use of simulation in health care education is limited to specific areas and is not a budgeted item in many institutions. Absence of a sustainable business model, as well as sufficient financial support in terms of budget, infrastructure, manpower, research, and scholarly activities, slows down the movement of simulation. Specific recommendations are made based on current findings to support simulation in the next developmental stages.
Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010

Abstract. Because of the slow accumulation and long residence time of carbon in biomass and soils, the present state and future dynamics of temperate forests are influenced by management that took place centuries to millennia ago. Humans have exploited the forests of Europe for fuel, construction materials and fodder for the entire Holocene. In recent centuries, economic and demographic trends led to increases in both forest area and management intensity across much of Europe. In order to quantify the effects of these changes in forests and to provide a baseline for studies on future land-cover–climate interactions and biogeochemical cycling, we created a temporally and spatially resolved reconstruction of European forest management from 1600 to 2010. For the period 1600–1828, we took a supply–demand approach, in which supply was estimated on the basis of historical annual wood increment and land cover reconstructions. We made demand estimates by multiplying population with consumption factors for construction materials, household fuelwood, industrial food processing and brewing, metallurgy, and salt production. For the period 1829–2010, we used a supply-driven backcasting method based on national and regional statistics of forest age structure from the second half of the 20th century. Our reconstruction reproduces the most important changes in forest management between 1600 and 2010: (1) an increase of 593 000 km2 in conifers at the expense of deciduous forest (decreasing by 538 000 km2); (2) a 612 000 km2 decrease in unmanaged forest; (3) a 152 000 km2 decrease in coppice management; (4) a 818 000 km2 increase in high-stand management; and (5) the rise and fall of litter raking, which at its peak in 1853 resulted in the removal of 50 Tg dry litter per year.
Power requirements for superior H-mode confinement on Alcator C-Mod: experiments in support of ITER

Power requirements for maintaining sufficiently high confinement (i.e. normalized energy confinement time H98 ⩾ 1) in H-mode and its relation to H-mode threshold power scaling, Pth, are of critical importance to ITER. In order to better characterize these power requirements, recent experiments on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak have investigated H-mode properties, including the edge pedestal and global confinement, over a range of input powers near and above Pth. In addition, we have examined the compatibility of impurity seeding with high performance operation, and the influence of plasma radiation and its spatial distribution on performance. Experiments were performed at 5.4 T at ITER relevant densities, utilizing bulk metal plasma facing surfaces and an ion cyclotron range of frequency waves for auxiliary heating. Input power was scanned both in stationary enhanced Dα (EDA) H-modes with no large edge localized modes (ELMs) and in ELMy H-modes in order to relate the resulting pedestal and confinement to the amount of power flowing into the scrape-off layer, Pnet, and also to the divertor targets. In both EDA and ELMy H-mode, energy confinement is generally good, with H98 near unity. As Pnet is reduced to levels approaching that in L-mode, pedestal temperature diminishes significantly and normalized confinement time drops. By seeding with low-Z impurities, such as Ne and N2, high total radiated power fractions are possible, along with substantial reductions in divertor heat flux (>4×), all while maintaining H98 ∼ 1. When the power radiated from the confined versus unconfined plasma is examined, pedestal and confinement properties are clearly seen to be an increasing function of Pnet, helping to unify the results with those from unseeded H-modes. This provides increased confidence that the power flow across the separatrix is the correct physics basis for ITER extrapolation. The experiments show that Pnet/Pth of one or greater is likely to lead to H98 ⩾ 1 operation, and also that such a condition can be made compatible with a low-Z radiative impurity solution for reducing divertor heat loads to levels acceptable for ITER.
Open Capsulorrhaphy with Suture Anchors for Recurrent Anterior Dislocation of the Shoulder

Forty of 42 consecutive open capsulorrhaphies with suture anchors for treatment of traumatic recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder were reviewed after a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Two patients were lost to follow-up. Follow-up was conducted according to the rating systems of Rowe and the Society of American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. The surgical outcome was satisfactory in 38 patients (95%). Eighteen of the 22 patients who were involved in competitive overhead or collision sports before surgery returned to their preoperative sports levels. One patient, whose operation was unsuccessful, experienced recurrent dislocation. In one patient, a deep infection that occurred as a complication of the surgical technique healed after suture anchor removal. Although a longer follow-up is necessary, this technique appears to have encouraging results as it avoids the risks related to the use of screws and staples.
Optimal control via initial state of an infinite order hyperbolic system

Various optimization problems associated with the optimal control of second order time delay hyperbolic systems have been studied in [5], [6], [7], [8], [9] and [10] respectively. In this paper, we consider an optimal control problem for a linear infinite order hyperbolic system. One from the initial conditions is given by control function. Sufficient conditions for the existence of a unique solution of such hyperbolic equations with the Dirichlet boundary conditions are presented. The performance functional has the quadratic form. The time horizon T is fixed. Finally, we impose some constraints on the control. Making use of the Lions scheme ([11]), necessary and sufficient conditions of optimality for the Dirichlet problem with the quadratic performance functional and constrained control are derived.
Developmental stages of cultivated strawberry flowers in relation to chilling sensitivity

During strawberry flower development, a down-shift of temperatures below 2°C translates into injury to reproductive organs from early stages of bud development until the flower opens. Pollen development is especially vulnerable to chilling but carpels were also affected at the end of their maturation. By associating flower developmental stages to specific bud sizes, it was possible to identify when critical processes are taking place during flower development. These results can be used to shed light on susceptibility to low temperatures of other fruiting crops belonging to the Rosaceae.
Automatic imitation in dogs

After preliminary training to open a sliding door using their head and their paw, dogs were given a discrimination task in which they were rewarded with food for opening the door using the same method (head or paw) as demonstrated by their owner (compatible group), or for opening the door using the alternative method (incompatible group). The incompatible group, which had to counterimitate to receive food reward, required more trials to reach a fixed criterion of discrimination performance (85% correct) than the compatible group. This suggests that, like humans, dogs are subject to ‘automatic imitation’; they cannot inhibit online the tendency to imitate head use and/or paw use. In a subsequent transfer test, where all dogs were required to imitate their owners' head and paw use for food reward, the incompatible group made a greater proportion of incorrect, counterimitative responses than the compatible group. These results are consistent with the associative sequence learning model, which suggests that the development of imitation depends on sensorimotor experience and phylogenetically general mechanisms of associative learning. More specifically, they suggest that the imitative behaviour of dogs is shaped more by their developmental interactions with humans than by their evolutionary history of domestication.
Acute migraine headache: Possible sensitization of neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus?

Objective To investigate trigeminal sensory processing in patients with migraine using a novel “nociception-specific” blink reflex. Methods Seventeen patients with unilateral migraine headache were studied within 6 hours of onset. Blink reflexes were elicited with a standard stimulating electrode (standard blink reflex) and concentric stimulating electrode (nociception-specific blink reflex) during the acute migraine attack, after treatment with IV lysine acetylsalicylate (1,000 mg) or oral zolmitriptan (5 mg) and interictally. Results After standard stimulation, no differences were detected for the R1 and R2 onset latencies and areas under the curve (AUC) between the different time points and the headache and nonheadache side. Nociception-specific stimulation revealed a shortening of R2 onset latencies (44.3 ± 5.4 ms for headache side vs 48.9 ± 5.8 ms for nonheadache side) during the acute migraine attack compared with the headache-free interval (49.8 ± 5.3 vs 49.8 ± 4.5 ms). The AUC of the R2 increased on the headache side by 680% and on the nonheadache side by 230% compared with the headache-free interval. Drug treatment parallel to pain relief increased the onset latencies (zolmitriptan: 48.0 ± 8.2 ms for headache side vs 52.3 ± 7.6 ms for nonheadache side; lysine acetylsalicylate: 48.0 ± 5.0 ms for headache side vs 51.2 ± 5.6 ms for nonheadache side) and reduced the AUC of R2 (zolmitriptan by 45% and lysine acetylsalicylate by 48%). Conclusion The data suggest temporary sensitization of central trigeminal neurons during acute migraine attacks.
Optimistic Gittins Indices

We propose a tightening sequence of optimistic approximations to the Gittins index in “Optimistic Gittins Indices. ” We show that the use of these approximations in concert with the use of an increasing discount factor appears to offer a compelling alternative to state-of-the-art index schemes proposed for the Bayesian multiarmed bandit problem. We prove that the use of these optimistic indices constitutes a regret optimal algorithm. Perhaps more interestingly, the use of even the loosest of these approximations appears to offer substantial performance improvements over state-of-the-art alternatives while incurring little to no additional computational overhead relative to the simplest of these alternatives.
Quotients of countably based spaces are not closed under sobrification

In this note we show that quotients of countably based spaces (qcb spaces) and topological predomains, as introduced by M. Schröder and A. Simpson, are not closed under sobrification. As a consequence, replete topological predomains need not be sober, that is, in general, repletion is not given by sobrification. Our counterexample also shows that a certain tentative ‘equaliser construction’ of repletion fails for qcb spaces. Our results also extend to the more general class of core compactly generated spaces.
Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a pulsed light‐induced stress

Aims: Pulsed light (PL) technology is an efficient surface decontamination process. Used in low transmitted energy conditions, PL induces a stress that can be perceived by bacteria. The effect of such a PL stress was investigated on the highly environmental adaptable germ Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1.
An anatomical and electrophysiological study of the genitofemoral nerve and some of its targets in the male rat

Anatomical descriptions of the genitofemoral nerve (GFn) innervating the lower pelvic area are contradictory. Here we re‐examine its origin and innervation by its various branches of principal target organs in the male rat. Using gross dissection, electrophysiological techniques and retrograde tracing of motoneurones with horseradish peroxidase, we confirm that the GFn originates from lumbar spinal nerves 1 and 2, and that at the level of the common iliac artery it divides into a lateral femoral and a medial genital branch. In contrast to previous studies, we report that the genital and not the femoral branch innervates the abdominal–inguinal skin, and not only the genital but also the femoral branch innervates the cremaster muscle (Cm) surrounding the testes. Motoneurones innervating the Cm proper are located in the ventral nucleus of L1 and L2, and those innervating the muscular transition region of the rostral Cm are located in the ventral nucleus in L1 and the ventrolateral nucleus in L2. The GFn may contribute to male reproductive performance by transmitting cutaneous information during copulation and, via contraction of the Cm to promote ejaculation, the protective displacement of the testes into the abdominal cavity during fighting and as a sperm‐protecting thermoregulatory measure.
The Anatomical Basis for Dystonia: The Motor Network Model

Background The dystonias include a clinically and etiologically very diverse group of disorders. There are both degenerative and non-degenerative subtypes resulting from genetic or acquired causes. Traditionally, all dystonias have been viewed as disorders of the basal ganglia. However, there has been increasing appreciation for involvement of other brain regions including the cerebellum, thalamus, midbrain, and cortex. Much of the early evidence for these other brain regions has come from studies of animals, but multiple recent studies have been done with humans, in an effort to confirm or refute involvement of these other regions. The purpose of this article is to review the new evidence from animals and humans regarding the motor network model, and to address the issues important to translational neuroscience. Methods The English literature was reviewed for articles relating to the neuroanatomical basis for various types of dystonia in both animals and humans. Results There is evidence from both animals and humans that multiple brain regions play an important role in various types of dystonia. The most direct evidence for specific brain regions comes from animal studies using pharmacological, lesion, or genetic methods. In these studies, experimental manipulations of specific brain regions provide direct evidence for involvement of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and other regions. Additional evidence also comes from human studies using neuropathological, neuroimaging, non-invasive brain stimulation, and surgical interventions. In these studies, the evidence is less conclusive, because discriminating the regions that cause dystonia from those that reflect secondary responses to abnormal movements is more challenging. Discussion Overall, the evidence from both animals and humans suggests that different regions may play important roles in different subtypes of dystonia. The evidence so far provides strong support for the motor network model. There are obvious challenges, but also advantages, of attempting to translate knowledge gained from animals into a more complete understanding of human dystonia and novel therapeutic strategies.
SUBACUTE SCLEROSING LEUKOENCEPHALITIS: II. CHEMICAL STUDIES INCLUDING ABNORMAL MYELIN AND AN ABNORMAL GANGLIOSIDE PATTERN

Chemical studies were done on cerebral white matter, gray matter, and myelin of a case of subacute selerosing leukoencephalitis. Myelin was obtained in one-third the normal yield and was found to have an abnormal lipid composition but a normal lipid-protein ratio, normal solubility properties in CHCl3-CH3OH and normal morphology. The myelin cholesterol was increased by 50 per cent with a concomitant decrease of cerebrosides, sulfatides and ethanolaminc phosphatides. The white matter showed a pattern typical of severe demyelination, whereas the gray matter was relatively normal. Total solids of white matter were 50 per cent of normal; the cholesterol ester was 27 per cent of total lipid with large decreases in proteolipid protein, cerebrosides and ethanolamine phosphatides and smaller decreases in other lipids. During the myelin isolation a light, abnormal fraction was found which was 57 per cent cholesterol ester and presumably represents the sudanophilic material. A ganglioside abnormality was found only in the white matter. The total amount of gangliosides were twice normal on a dry weight basis and were found to have greatly increased amounts of the usually minor gangliosides, G2a, G3a, G5 and G6 These 4 gangliosides accounted for 57 per cent of the total lipid neuraminic acid.
Detecting Polygenic Adaptation in Admixture Graphs

Polygenic adaptation occurs when natural selection changes the average value of a complex trait in a population, via small shifts in allele frequencies at many loci. Here, Racimo, Berg, and Pickrell present a method. An open question in human evolution is the importance of polygenic adaptation: adaptive changes in the mean of a multifactorial trait due to shifts in allele frequencies across many loci. In recent years, several methods have been developed to detect polygenic adaptation using loci identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Though powerful, these methods suffer from limited interpretability: they can detect which sets of populations have evidence for polygenic adaptation, but are unable to reveal where in the history of multiple populations these processes occurred. To address this, we created a method to detect polygenic adaptation in an admixture graph, which is a representation of the historical divergences and admixture events relating different populations through time. We developed a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to infer branch-specific parameters reflecting the strength of selection in each branch of a graph. Additionally, we developed a set of summary statistics that are fast to compute and can indicate which branches are most likely to have experienced polygenic adaptation. We show via simulations that this method—which we call PolyGraph—has good power to detect polygenic adaptation, and applied it to human population genomic data from around the world. We also provide evidence that variants associated with several traits, including height, educational attainment, and self-reported unibrow, have been influenced by polygenic adaptation in different populations during human evolution.
Optimum interface properties for metal matrix composites

Due to the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch (CTE) between the fiber and the matrix, high residual sresses exist in metal matrix composite systems upon cool down from processing temperature to room temperature. An interface material can be placed between the fiber and the matrix to reduce the high tensile residual stresses in the matrix. A computer program was written to minimize the residual stress in the matrix subject to the interface material properties. The decision variables are the interface modulus, thickness and thermal expansion coefficient. The properties of the interface material are optimized such that the average distortion energy in the matrix and the interface is minimized. As a result, the only active variable is the thermal expansion coefficient. The optimum modulus of the interface is always the minimum allowable value and the interface thickness is always the maximum allowable value, independent of the fiber/matrix system. The optimum interface thermal expansion coefficient is always between the values of the fiber and the matrix. Using this analysis, a survey of materials was conducted for use as fiber coatings in some specific composite systems.
Polynomial Interior Point Cutting Plane Methods

Polynomial cutting plane methods based on the logarithmic barrier function and on the volumetric center are surveyed. These algorithms construct a linear programing relaxation of the feasible region, find an appropriate approximate center of the region, and call a separation oracle at this approximate center to determine whether additional constraints should be added to the relaxation. Typically, these cutting plane methods can be developed so as to exhibit polynomial convergence. The volumetric cutting plane algorithm achieves the theoretical minimum number of calls to a separation oracle. Long-step versions of the algorithms for solving convex optimization problems are presented.
This is not a one-horse race: understanding player types in multiplayer pervasive health games for youth

Technology-based interventions for promoting health behavior-change frequently leverage multiplayer game mechanics such as group-based competitions. However, health interventions successful for groups writ large may not always translate to successful behavior change at the individual level. In this paper, we explore the tension between group and individual success, based on an empirical study on a long-term real-world deployment of a pervasive health game for youth. We report five distinctive player types along the dimensions of motivation, behavior, and influence on others. Based on the findings, we provide design suggestions to help game designers integrate group-based mechanisms that maximize intervention effectiveness.
Factors associated with fatigue in a family medicine clinic in the United Arab Emirates.

BACKGROUND Fatigue is a common symptom in Family Medicine and it has many associated factors. The Arabian Gulf provides a unique setting for studying these factors, in particular the UAE where rapid development has been a prominent feature. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to sample a group of GP attenders and examine the factors which were associated with fatigue in the UAE. METHODS A fatigue scale, psychological questionnaire, detailed history, physical examination and laboratory testing were administered to a sample of attenders at a Family Medicine clinic. RESULTS Fatigue was more prevalent than in western studies (males 34.0%, females 38. 2%). It was strongly associated with anxiety, especially in younger adults, and it has been recognized that rapid social change is felt most acutely in young adults and adolescents. Depression in females was also a factor. Lack of exercise, obesity and illiteracy played a minor role in the severity of fatigue. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue appears to be a cultural 'idiom of distress', a way of expressing anxiety or depression in a rapidly changing society.