Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Plutinos and Twotinos of the Kuiper Belt

We illuminate dynamical properties of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) in the 3 : 2 (Plutino) and 2 : 1 ("Twotino") Neptunian resonances within the model of resonant capture and migration. We analyze a series of numerical integrations, each involving the four migratory giant planets and 400 test particles distributed throughout trans-Neptunian space, to measure the efficiencies of capture into the 3 : 2 and 2 : 1 resonances, the efficiencies of capture into Kozai-type secular resonances, and the libration centers and amplitudes of resonant particles, all as functions of the migration speed. We synthesize instantaneous snapshots of the spatial distribution of ∼104 resonant KBOs, from which we derive the longitudinal variation of the sky density of each resonant family. Twotinos cluster ±75° away from Neptune's longitude, while Plutinos cluster ±90° away. Such longitudinal clustering persists even for surveys that are not volume limited in their ability to detect resonant KBOs. Remarkably, between -90° and -60° of Neptune's longitude we find the ratio of sky densities of Twotinos to Plutinos to be nearly unity, despite the greater average distance of Twotinos, assuming the two resonant populations are equal in number and share the same size, albedo, and inclination distributions. We couple our findings to observations to crudely estimate that the intrinsic Twotino population is within a factor of ∼3 of the Plutino population. Most strikingly, the migration model predicts a possible asymmetry in the spatial distribution of Twotinos: more Twotinos may lie at longitudes behind that of Neptune than ahead of it. The magnitude of the asymmetry amplifies dramatically with faster rates of migration and can be as large as ∼300%. A differential measurement of the sky density of 2 : 1 resonant objects behind and in front of Neptune's longitude would powerfully constrain the migration history of that planet.
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Mitigate the Effects of Complement Attack by Endocytosis of C5b-9

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell death is a hallmark of age-related macular degeneration. The alternative pathway of complement activation is strongly implicated in RPE cell dysfunction and loss in age-related macular degeneration; therefore, it is critical that RPE cells use molecular strategies to mitigate the potentially harmful effects of complement attack. We show that the terminal complement complex C5b-9 assembles rapidly on the basal surface of cultured primary porcine RPE cells but disappears over 48 h without any discernable adverse effects on the cells. However, in the presence of the dynamin inhibitor dynasore, C5b-9 was almost completely retained at the cell surface, suggesting that, under normal circumstances, it is eliminated via the endocytic pathway. In support of this idea, we observed that C5b-9 colocalizes with the early endosome marker EEA1 and that, in the presence of protease inhibitors, it can be detected in lysosomes. Preventing the endocytosis of C5b-9 by RPE cells led to structural defects in mitochondrial morphology consistent with cell stress. We conclude that RPE cells use the endocytic pathway to prevent the accumulation of C5b-9 on the cell surface and that processing and destruction of C5b-9 by this route are essential for RPE cell survival.
Propeller Perforator Flaps in Distal Lower Leg: Evolution and Clinical Applications

Simple or complex defects in the lower leg, and especially in its distal third, continue to be a challenging task for reconstructive surgeons. A variety of flaps were used in the attempt to achieve excellence in form and function. After a long evolution of the reconstructive methods, including random pattern flaps, axial pattern flaps, musculocutaneous flaps and fasciocutaneous flaps, the reappraisal of the works of Manchot and Salmon by Taylor and Palmer opened the era of perforator flaps. This era began in 1989, when Koshima and Soeda, and separately Kroll and Rosenfield described the first applications of such flaps. Perforator flaps, whether free or pedicled, gained a high popularity due to their main advantages: decreasing donor-site morbidity and improving aesthetic outcome. The use as local perforator flaps in lower leg was possible due to a better understanding of the cutaneous circulation, leg vascular anatomy, angiosome and perforasome concepts, as well as innovations in flaps design. This review will describe the evolution, anatomy, flap design, and technique of the main distally pedicled propeller perforator flaps used in the reconstruction of defects in the distal third of the lower leg and foot.
The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown: Morphosyllabic Sentiment Tagging of Unseen Words

The omnipresence of unknown words is a problem that any NLP component needs to address in some form. While there exist many established techniques for dealing with unknown words in the realm of POS-tagging, for example, guessing unknown words' semantic properties is a less-explored area with greater challenges. In this paper, we study the semantic field of sentiment and propose five methods for assigning prior sentiment polarities to unknown words based on known sentiment carriers. Tested on 2000 cases, the methods mirror human judgements closely in three- and two-way polarity classification tasks, and reach accuracies above 63% and 81%, respectively.
Is Peritonitis Risk Increased in Elderly Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis? Report from the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry (RDPLF)

♦ Introduction: This study was carried out to examine whether or not elderly patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) had an increased risk of peritonitis. ♦ Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study based on data from the French Language Peritoneal Dialysis Registry. We analyzed 8,396 incident patients starting PD between January 2003 and December 2010. The end of the observation period was 31 December 2012. Patients were separated into 2 age groups: up to 75 and over of 75 years old. ♦ Results: Among 8,396 patients starting dialysis there were 3,173 patients older than 75. When using a Cox model, no association was found between age greater than 75 years and increased risk of peritonitis (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.97 [0.88 – 1.07]). Diabetes (HR: 1.14 [1.01 – 1.28] and continuous ambulatory PD (HR: 1.13 [1.04 – 1.23]) were significantly associated with a higher risk of peritoneal infection whereas nurse-assisted PD was associated with a lower risk of peritonitis (HR: 0.85 [0.78 – 0.94]. In the analysis restricted to the 3,840 self-care PD patients, there was no association between age older than 75 years and risk of peritonitis. ♦ Conclusion: The risk of peritonitis is not increased in elderly patients on PD in a country where assisted PD is available.
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Emotion Recognition in Huntington's Disease: a Systematic Review

There is increasing interest in the nature of the emotion recognition deficit in Huntington's disease (HD). There are conflicting reports of disproportionate impairments for some emotions in some modalities in HD. A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted for studies investigating emotion recognition in HD. Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO and Pubmed were searched from 1993 to 2010, and citations and reference lists were searched. 1724 citations were identified. Sixteen studies were included. In manifest HD evidence of impaired recognition of facial expressions of anger was found consistently, although recognition of all negative emotions (facial and vocal) tended to be impaired. In premanifest HD impairments were inconsistent, but are seen in all facial expressions of negative emotion. Inconsistency may represent the variability inherent in HD although may also be due to between-study differences in methodology. Current evidence supports the conclusion that recognition of all negative emotions tends to be impaired in HD, particularly in the facial domain. Future work should focus on using more ecologically-valid tests, and testing inter-modality differences. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license. Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neu-rodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat on chromosome 4. It is classically characterised by involuntary movements and cognitive and psychiatric deficits, with the onset of motor signs usually occurring in mid-adulthood. There is, however , often evidence for subtle cognitive and behavioural deficits ahead of these motor features (Lawrence et al., 1998; Snowden et al., 2002). The ability to recognise emotions in others is a key social skill, and much work has focused on studying the expression and recognition of canonical emotions (happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, anger and disgust) which appear to be cross-cultural, and which it is argued have a biological basis (Ekman, 1992, 1993). More recently, attempts have been made to elucidate the neural substrates of emotion recognition, with lesion studies and functional brain imaging providing new insights into the pathways underlying this skill Over the last two decades there has been increasing interest in emotion recognition deficits in people with HD, and this interest is justified on both clinical and neurobiological grounds. HD is relatively common (Harper, 2002; Novak and Tabrizi, 2010) and has the potential for presymptomatic diagnosis (and therefore early intervention with disease-modifying therapies). These factors lend particular urgency to the search for biomarkers of brain dysfunction in HD, and emotion recognition is a promising …
The Influence Of Gender On Spanish Boards Of Directors: An Empirical Analysis

Many studies have examined the impact of various characteristics of the board of directors on firm value. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of female board membership on firm value, with the exception of a number of U.S. studies. The aim of this paper is to investigate this issue in a specific context - the Spanish market. We find that the stock market reacts positively to the announcement of a female board appointment, using a non-parametric test, though the result is inconclusive when a parametric test is used. We also find an insignificant relationship between the presence and percentage of women on the board, and firm value, and we find that the opposite causal relationship is also insignificant. Muchos estudios han investigado el impacto de varias caracteristicas del consejo de administracion en el valor de la empresa. Sin embargo, se ha prestado poca atencion a influencia de la mujer como miembro del consejo en dicho valor, salvo en algunos estudios estadounidenses. El objetivo de este trabajo es investigar esta relacion en el contexto espanol. Los resultados muestran que el mercado reacciona positivamente al anuncio del nombramiento de una mujer como consejera, utilizando un test no parametrico, aunque los resultados son no significativos cuando el test usado es parametrico. Tambien se muestra un efecto no significativo, tanto de la presencia como del porcentaje de mujeres en el consejo, sobre el valor de la compania, y viceversa.
Ocular Safety of Intravitreal Connective Tissue Growth Factor Neutralizing Antibody

ABSTRACT Purpose: To detect the safety of intravitreal injection of anti-connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) (IVAC) in rat eyes in order to apply this neutralizing antibody for experimental animal studies. Methods: Forty-five Lister Hooded male pigmented rats were divided into five groups that received IVAC (2 μl) corresponding to the doses of 10 (B), 20 (C), 50 (D), and 100 μg/ml (E), equal to 1.25, 2.5, 6.25, and 12.5 µg/ml of antibody concentration in rat vitreous, respectively. The sham group (A) received 2 μl of normal saline. Full field electroretinography (ERG) was performed at baseline and on days 7 and 28 after IVAC. The animals were euthanized and the corresponding eyes were subjected to routine histopathology, immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and terminal transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results: Scotopic rod b-wave amplitude and maximal combined b-wave amplitude were 111.89 ± 71.2 and 178.57 ± 55.58 μV, respectively, at baseline which significantly reduced to 79.31 ± 52.59 and 128.73 ± 41.61 μV, respectively, after 28 days in group E (p < 0.05). There was no significant reduction of amplitudes in other groups with lower doses of anti-CTGF antibody. Retinal ganglion cells were significantly decreased in group E as compared to other groups. GFAP immune reactivity was not significant in any of the groups. TUNEL test showed inner retinal neural cell apoptosis only in group E. Conclusions: ERG, histopathologic, and apoptotic assays revealed no toxic effects of 10–50 μg/ml of IVAC in rat eyes. Using 100 μg/ml IVAC led to a significant toxic effect in terms of functional, histopathologic, and TUNEL findings.
Six Month In Situ High-Resolution Carbonate Chemistry and Temperature Study on a Coral Reef Flat Reveals Asynchronous pH and Temperature Anomalies

Understanding the temporal dynamics of present thermal and pH exposure on coral reefs is crucial for elucidating reef response to future global change. Diel ranges in temperature and carbonate chemistry parameters coupled with seasonal changes in the mean conditions define periods during the year when a reef habitat is exposed to anomalous thermal and/or pH exposure. Anomalous conditions are defined as values that exceed an empirically estimated threshold for each variable. We present a 200-day time series from June through December 2010 of carbonate chemistry and environmental parameters measured on the Heron Island reef flat. These data reveal that aragonite saturation state, pH, and pCO2 were primarily modulated by biologically-driven changes in dissolved organic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (TA), rather than salinity and temperature. The largest diel temperature ranges occurred in austral spring, in October (1.5 – 6.6°C) and lowest diel ranges (0.9 – 3.2°C) were observed in July, at the peak of winter. We observed large diel total pH variability, with a maximum range of 7.7 – 8.5 total pH units, with minimum diel average pH values occurring during spring and maximum during fall. As with many other reefs, the nighttime pH minima on the reef flat were far lower than pH values predicted for the open ocean by 2100. DIC and TA both increased from June (end of Fall) to December (end of Spring). Using this high-resolution dataset, we developed exposure metrics of pH and temperature individually for intensity, duration, and severity of low pH and high temperature events, as well as a combined metric. Periods of anomalous temperature and pH exposure were asynchronous on the Heron Island reef flat, which underlines the importance of understanding the dynamics of co-occurrence of multiple stressors on coastal ecosystems.
Selective Innervation of Neostriatal Interneurons by a Subclass of Neuron in the Globus Pallidus of the Rat

A subpopulation of neurons in the globus pallidus projects to the neostriatum, which is the major recipient of afferent information to the basal ganglia. Given the moderate nature of this projection, we hypothesized that the pallidostriatal projection might exert indirect but powerful control over principal neuron activity by targeting interneurons, which comprise only a small percentage of neostriatal neurons. This was tested by the juxtacellular labeling and recording of pallidal neurons in combination with immunolabeling of postsynaptic neurons. In addition to innervating the subthalamic nucleus and output nuclei, 6 of 23 labeled pallidal neurons projected to the neostriatum. Both the firing characteristics and the extent of the axonal arborization in the neostriatum were variable. However, light and electron microscopic analysis of five pallidostriatal neurons revealed that each neuron selectively innervated neostriatal interneurons. A large proportion of the boutons of an individual axon (19–66%) made contact with parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons. An individual parvalbumin-immunoreactive neuron (n = 27) was apposed on average by 6.7 boutons (SD = 6.1) from a single pallidal axon (n = 2). Individual pallidostriatal boutons typically possessed more than one symmetrical synaptic specialization. In addition, 3–32% of boutons of axons from four of five pallidal neurons contacted nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons. Descending collaterals of pallidostriatal neurons were also found to make synaptic contact with dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons of the substantia nigra. These data imply that during periods of cortical activation, individual pallidal neurons may influence the activity of GABAergic interneurons of the neostriatum (which are involved in feed-forward inhibition and synchronization of principle neuron activity) while simultaneously patterning neuronal activity in basal ganglia downstream of the neostriatum.
Adaptation May Cause Some of the Face Caricature Effect

One of the ways to demonstrate a caricature preference is to ask participants to adjust a face image over a range from anti-caricature to caricature until it shows the best likeness to a specific individual. Since facial adaptation, whereby exposure to a face influences subsequent perception of faces, is rapid, it is possible that adaptation promotes the selection of a caricatured image. We tested whether giving participants a reference average face image, to counteract any adaptation, would reduce the degree of caricature selected for famous faces. Results confirmed a significant decrease but, even without an average, participants chose an anti-caricatured image. These data suggest a role for adaptation in generating caricature preferences while also suggesting such preferences are not inevitable.
PSR J1016 −5857: A YOUNG RADIO PULSAR WITH POSSIBLE SUPERNOVA REMNANT, X-RAY, AND γ-RAY ASSOCIATIONS

We report the discovery of a young and energetic pulsar in the Parkes multibeam survey of the Galactic plane. PSR J1016 −5857 has a rotation period of 107 ms and period derivative of 8 . 0×10−14, implying a characteristic age of 21 kyr and spin-down luminosity of 2 . 6× 1036 erg s−1. The pulsar is located just outside, and possibly interacting with, the shell supernova remnant G284.3 −1 8. Archival X-ray data show a source near the pulsar position which is consistent with emission from a pulsar win d nebula. The pulsar is also located inside the error box of the unidentifiedEGRET source 3EG J1013 −5915, for which it represents a plausible counterpart. Subject headings: ISM: individual (G284.3−1.8, 3EG J1013 −5915) — pulsars: individual (PSR J1016 −5857) — supernova remnants
Video stabilization for a hand-held camera based on 3D motion model

In this paper, a video stabilization technique is presented. There are four steps in the proposed approach. We begin with extracting feature points from the input image using the Lowe SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) point detection technique. This set of feature points is then matched against the set of feature points detected in the previous image using the Wyk et al. RKHS (Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space) graph matching technique. We can calculate the camera motion between the two images with the aid of a 3D motion model. Expected and unexpected components are separated using a motion taxonomy method. Finally, a full-frame technique to fill up blank image areas is applied to the transformed image.
Separable Functors in Corings

We develop some basic functorial techniques for the study of the categories of comodules over corings. In particular, we prove that the induction functor stemming from every morphism of corings has a left adjoint, called ad-induction functor. This construction generalizes the known adjunctions for the categories of Doi-Hopf modules and entwined modules. The separability of the induction and ad-induction functors are characterized, extending earlier results for coalgebra and ring homomorphisms, as well as for entwining structures.
Fe K and ejecta emission in SNR G15.9+0.2 with XMM-Newton

Aims: We present a study of the Galactic supernova remnant SNR G15.9+0.2 with archival XMM-Newton observations. Methods: EPIC data are used to investigate the morphological and spectral properties of the remnant, searching in particular for supernova ejecta and Fe K line emission. By comparing the SNR's X-ray absorption column density with the atomic and molecular gas distribution along the line of sight, we attempt to constrain the distance to the SNR. Results: Prominent line features reveal the presence of ejecta. Abundance ratios of Mg, Si, S, Ar, and Ca strongly suggest that the progenitor of SNR G15.9+0.2 was a massive star with a main sequence mass likely in the range 20-25 $M_{\odot}$, strengthening the physical association with a candidate central compact object detected with Chandra. Using EPIC's collective power, Fe K line emission from SNR G15.9+0.2 is detected for the first time. We measure the line properties and find evidence for spatial variations. We discuss how the source fits within the sample of SNRs with detected Fe K emission and find that it is the core-collapse SNR with the lowest Fe K centroid energy. We also present some caveats regarding the use of Fe K line centroid energy as a typing tool for SNRs. Only a lower limit of 5 kpc is placed on the distance to SNR G15.9+0.2, constraining its age to $t_{SNR} \gtrsim 2$ kyr.
High-Multiplicity HIV-1 Infection and Neutralizing Antibody Evasion Mediated by the Macrophage-T Cell Virological Synapse

ABSTRACT Macrophage infection is considered to play an important role in HIV-1 pathogenesis and persistence. Using a primary cell-based coculture model, we show that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) efficiently transmit a high-multiplicity HIV-1 infection to autologous CD4+ T cells through a viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) receptor- and actin-dependent virological synapse (VS), facilitated by interactions between ICAM-1 and LFA-1. Virological synapse (VS)-mediated transmission by MDM results in high levels of T cell HIV-1 integration and is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude more efficient than cell-free infection. This mode of cell-to-cell transmission is broadly susceptible to the activity of CD4 binding site (CD4bs) and glycan or glycopeptide epitope-specific broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNMAbs) but shows resistance to bNMAbs targeting the Env gp41 subunit membrane-proximal external region (MPER). These data define for the first time the structure and function of the macrophage-to-T cell VS and have important implications for bNMAb activity in HIV-1 prophylaxis and therapy. IMPORTANCE The ability of HIV-1 to move directly between contacting immune cells allows efficient viral dissemination with the potential to evade antibody attack. Here, we show that HIV-1 spreads from infected macrophages to T cells via a structure called a virological synapse that maintains extended contact between the two cell types, allowing transfer of multiple infectious events to the T cell. This process allows the virus to avoid neutralization by a class of antibody targeting the gp41 subunit of the envelope glycoproteins. These results have implications for viral spread in vivo and the specificities of neutralizing antibody elicited by antibody-based vaccines.