Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low SNR Capacity of Fading Channels with Peak and Average Power Constraints

Flat-fading channels that are correlated in time are considered under peak and average power constraints. For discrete-time channels, a new upper bound on the capacity per unit time is derived. A low SNR analysis of a full-scattering vector channel is used to derive a complimentary lower bound. Together, these bounds allow us to identify the exact scaling of channel capacity for a fixed peak to average ratio, as the average power converges to zero. The upper bound is also asymptotically tight as the average power converges to zero for a fixed peak power. For a continuous time infinite bandwidth channel, Viterbi identified the capacity for M-FSK modulation. Recently, Zhang and Laneman showed that the capacity can be achieved with non-bursty signaling (QPSK). An additional contribution of this paper is to obtain similar results under peak and average power constraints
THE PAN-STARRS1 DISTANT z > 5.6 QUASAR SURVEY: MORE THAN 100 QUASARS WITHIN THE FIRST GYR OF THE UNIVERSE

Luminous quasars at can be studied in detail with the current generation of telescopes and provide us with unique information on the first gigayear of the universe. Thus far, these studies have been statistically limited by the number of quasars known at these redshifts. Such quasars are rare, and therefore, wide-field surveys are required to identify them, and multiwavelength data are required to separate them efficiently from their main contaminants, the far more numerous cool dwarfs. In this paper, we update and extend the selection for the quasars presented in Bañados et al. (2014) using the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) survey. We present the PS1 distant quasar sample, which currently consists of 124 quasars in the redshift range that satisfy our selection criteria. Of these quasars, 77 have been discovered with PS1, and 63 of them are newly identified in this paper. We present the composite spectra of the PS1 distant quasar sample. This sample spans a factor of ∼20 in luminosity and shows a variety of emission line properties. The number of quasars at presented in this work almost doubles the previously known quasars at these redshifts, marking a transition phase from studies of individual sources to statistical studies of the high-redshift quasar population, which was impossible with earlier, smaller samples.
Weighted Sobolev spaces and capacity.

Let Ω be an open set in R and 1 < p < ∞ . In this paper we consider the theory of weighted Sobolev spaces H with weight function in Muckenhoupt’s Ap -class. Our main purpose is to provide a coherent exposition of the behavior of functions in weighted Sobolev spaces and this leads us to use a concept of capacity. The motivation arises from the theory of partial differential equations, see e.g. [F], [HKM]. Most of the results we present are probably not new but according to our knowledge they have not yet appeared in printed form. We define the weighted Sobolev space H(Ω;w) to be the completion of C(R) with respect to the norm
The risk of dying in alcohol-related automobile crashes among habitual drunk drivers.

BACKGROUND Reports suggest that people who drive while intoxicated by alcohol may do so repeatedly. We hypothesized that persons arrested for driving while impaired might be at increased risk for death in an alcohol-related motor vehicle crash. To evaluate this possibility, we studied the deaths of drivers in alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents in North Carolina over a 10-year period. METHODS We compared drivers who died in motor vehicle crashes from 1980 through 1989 and who had blood alcohol concentrations of at least 20 mg per deciliter (4.3 mmol per liter), referred to as the case drivers, with those who died in crashes but had blood alcohol concentrations below 20 mg per deciliter, referred to as the control drivers. We identified case drivers and control drivers through the state Medical Examiner System. We then searched North Carolina driver-history files for the five years before each death to identify arrests for driving while impaired. RESULTS We linked a total of 1646 case drivers and 1474 control drivers to their driver-history files. Case drivers were more likely than control drivers to have been arrested for driving while impaired (26 percent vs. 3 percent). After we controlled for potential confounding variables, case drivers 21 to 34 years of age were 4.3 times more likely (95 percent confidence interval, 2.7 to 6.8) than control drivers to have been arrested for driving while impaired; case drivers 35 years of age or older were 11.7 times more likely (95 percent confidence interval, 6.8 to 20.1). The strength of the association appeared to increase with the number of prior arrests. Case drivers were also more likely than the general population of currently licensed drivers to have been arrested. CONCLUSIONS Arrests for driving while impaired substantially increase the risk of eventual death in an alcohol-related crash. Aggressive intervention in the cases of people arrested for driving while impaired may decrease the likelihood of a future fatal alcohol-related crash.
Indistinguishability of the components of random spanning forests

We prove that the inﬁnite components of the Free Uniform Spanning Forest (FUSF) of a Cayley graph are indistinguishable by any invariant property, given that the forest is diﬀerent from its wired counterpart. Similar result is obtained for the Free Minimal Spanning Forest (FMSF). We also show that with the above assumptions there can only be 0, 1 or inﬁnitely many components. These answer questions by Benjamini, Lyons, Peres and Schramm for the case of unimodular random graphs, which have been open for the FUSF up to now. Our methods apply to a more general class of percolations, those satisfying “weak insertion tolerance”, and work beyond Cayley graphs, in the more general setting of unimodular random graphs.
Long term follow up of rheumatic fever and predictors of severe rheumatic valvar disease in Brazilian children and adolescents

Objectives: To investigate the progress of rheumatic fever (RF) and the predictors of severe chronic valvar disease. Design: Patients prospectively followed up since their first attack of acute RF (ARF). Setting: Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil. Patients: 258 children and adolescents who met the revised Jones criteria for RF. The follow up period ranged from 2–15 years. Main outcome measures: The presence and severity of mitral or aortic valvar disease were determined by both clinical and Doppler echocardiographic examinations. The variables associated with severe chronic valvar disease were initially identified by the Kaplan-Meier method and, later, by multivariate analysis. Results: Doppler echocardiography of 258 patients studied showed that 186 (72.1%) developed chronic valvar disease and 41 (15.9%) progressed to severe chronic mitral or aortic lesions. Of 146 patients who developed carditis, 49 (33.6%) had a normal clinical examination in the chronic phase but only nine (6.2%) had normal Doppler echocardiographic findings—that is, 40 (27.4%) patients progressed to chronic subclinical valvar disease. Moderate or severe carditis, recurrences of ARF, and mother’s low educational level were risk factors in predicting severe chronic valvar diseases. Conclusion: The increased risk of progressing to severe chronic valvar disease was associated with moderate or severe carditis, recurrences of ARF, and mother’s low educational level. Hence, in a country such as Brazil, the options available for disease control are mainly primary and secondary prophylaxis.
Power-Efficient Sum of Absolute Differences Hardware Architecture Using Adder Compressors for Integer Motion Estimation Design

Sum of absolute differences (SAD) calculation is one of the most time-consuming operations of video encoders compatible with the high efficiency video coding standard. SAD hardware architectures employ an adder tree to accumulate the coefficients from absolute difference between two video blocks. This paper exploits different adder compressors structures into the SAD hardware architecture. The architectures were synthesized to 45-nm CMOS standard cells. Synthesis results show that SAD architecture using 8–2 compressor composed with 4–2 compressors and Kogge–Stone adder in the recombination line reduces power dissipation by 25.5% on average when compared with the SAD architecture using conventional adders from a state-of-the-art synthesis tool. Our throughput analysis shows that the designed SAD units are capable of encoding full HD ( $1920\times 1080$ ) videos in real time at 30 frames/s.
THE COSMOLOGICAL TIME FUNCTION

Let be a time-oriented Lorentzian manifold and d the Lorentzian distance on M. The function is the cosmological time function of M, where as usual p< q means that p is in the causal past of q. This function is called regular iff for all q and also along every past inextendible causal curve. If the cosmological time function of a spacetime is regular it has several pleasant consequences: (i) it forces to be globally hyperbolic; (ii) every point of can be connected to the initial singularity by a rest curve (i.e. a timelike geodesic ray that maximizes the distance to the singularity); (iii) the function is a time function in the usual sense; in particular, (iv) is continuous, in fact, locally Lipschitz and the second derivatives of exist almost everywhere.
Mesodermal cell displacements during avian gastrulation are due to both individual cell-autonomous and convective tissue movements

Gastrulation is a fundamental process in early development that results in the formation of three primary germ layers. During avian gastrulation, presumptive mesodermal cells in the dorsal epiblast ingress through a furrow called the primitive streak (PS), and subsequently move away from the PS and form adult tissues. The biophysical mechanisms driving mesodermal cell movements during gastrulation in amniotes, notably warm-blooded embryos, are not understood. Until now, a major challenge has been distinguishing local individual cell-autonomous (active) displacements from convective displacements caused by large-scale (bulk) morphogenetic tissue movements. To address this problem, we used multiscale, time-lapse microscopy and a particle image velocimetry method for computing tissue displacement fields. Immunolabeled fibronectin was used as an in situ marker for quantifying tissue displacements. By imaging fluorescently labeled mesodermal cells and surrounding extracellular matrix simultaneously, we were able to separate directly the active and passive components of cell displacement during gastrulation. Our results reveal the following: (i) Convective tissue motion contributes significantly to total cell displacement and must be subtracted to measure true cell-autonomous displacement; (ii) Cell-autonomous displacement decreases gradually after egression from the PS; and (iii) There is an increasing cranial-to-caudal (head-to-tail) cell-autonomous motility gradient, with caudal cells actively moving away from the PS faster than cranial cells. These studies show that, in some regions of the embryo, total mesodermal cell displacements are mostly due to convective tissue movements; thus, the data have profound implications for understanding cell guidance mechanisms and tissue morphogenesis in warm-blooded embryos.
Mapping the Domain of Medical Informatics

Summary Objectives: The domain of medical informatics (MI) is not well defined. It covers a wide range of research topics. Our objective is to characterize the field of MI by means of the scientific literature in this domain. Methods: We used titles and abstracts from MEDLINE records of papers published between July 1993 and July 2008, and extracted uni-, bi- and trigrams as features. Starting with the ISI category of medical informatics, we applied a semi-automated procedure to identify the set of journals and proceedings pertaining to MI. A clustering algorithm was subsequently applied to the articles from this set of publications. Results: MI literature can be divided into three subdomains: 1) the organization, application, and evaluation of health information systems, 2) medical knowledge representation, and 3) signal and data analysis. Over the last fifteen years, the field has remained relatively stable, although most journals have shifted their focus somewhat. Conclusions: We identified the scientific literature pertaining to the field of MI, and the main areas of research. We were able to show trends in the field, and the positioning of different journals within this field.
G protein‐coupled receptor 84, a microglia‐associated protein expressed in neuroinflammatory conditions

G protein‐coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is a recently discovered member of the seven transmembrane receptor superfamily whose function and regulation are unknown. Here, we report that in mice suffering from endotoxemia, microglia express GPR84 in a strong and sustained manner. This property is shared by subpopulations of peripheral macrophages and, to a much lesser extent, monocytes. The induction of GPR84 expression by endotoxin is mediated, at least in part, by proinflammatory cytokines, notably tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), because mice lacking either one or both of these molecules have fewer GPR84‐expressing cells in their cerebral cortex than wild‐type mice during the early phase of endotoxemia. Moreover, when injected intracerebrally or added to microglial cultures, recombinant TNF stimulates GPR84 expression through a dexamethasone‐insensitive mechanism. Finally, we show that microglia produce GPR84 not only during endotoxemia, but also during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. In conclusion, this study reports the identification of a new sensitive marker of microglial activation, which may play an important regulatory role in neuroimmunological processes, acting downstream to the effects of proinflammatory mediators. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate guidelines for the management of infertility across the primary care-secondary care interface

Abstract Objective: To investigate the effect of clinical guidelines on the management of infertility across the primary care-secondary care interface. Design: Cluster randomised controlled trial. Setting: General practices and NHS hospitals accepting referrals for infertility in the Greater Glasgow Health Board area. Participants: All 221 general practices in Glasgow; 214 completed the trial. Intervention: General practices in the intervention arm received clinical guidelines developed locally. Control practices received them one year later. Dissemination of the guidelines included educational meetings. Main outcome measures: The time from presentation to referral, investigations completed in general practice, the number and content of visits as a hospital outpatient, the time to reach a management plan, and costs for referrals from the two groups. Results: Data on 689 referrals were collected. No significant difference was found in referral rates for infertility. Fewer than 1% of couples were referred inappropriately early. Referrals from intervention practices were significantly more likely to have all relevant investigations carried out (odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.75, P=0.025). 70% of measurements of serum progesterone concentrations during the midluteal phase and 34% of semen analyses were repeated at least once in hospital, despite having been recorded as normal when checked in general practice. No difference was found in the proportion of referrals in which a management plan was reached within one year or in the mean duration between first appointment and date of management plan. NHS costs were not significantly affected. Conclusions: Dissemination of infertility guidelines by commonly used methods results in a modest increase in referrals having recommended investigations completed in general practice, but there are no detectable differences in outcome for patients or reduction in costs. Clinicians in secondary care tended to fail to respond to changes in referral practice by doctors. Guidelines that aim to improve the referral process need to be disseminated and implemented so as to lead to changes in both primary care and secondary care. What is already known on this topic Most previous research into clinical guidelines has focused on their development and implementation Evidence is lacking about the outcomes and costs associated with the use of clinical guidelines What this study adds Clinical guidelines that may alter the balance of care between general practice and hospital settings require more intensive implementation than guidelines aimed at either setting on its own The cost effectiveness of clinical guidelines should not be assumed
Edwardsiella tarda-Induced Inhibition of Apoptosis: A Strategy for Intracellular Survival

Edwardsiella tarda is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that can infect a wide range of freshwater and marine fish. One salient feature of E. tarda is the ability to survive and replicate in various host cells. In this study, we observed that E. tarda replicated robustly in the zebrafish cell line ZF4, and that E. tarda-infected cells exhibited no detectable signs of apoptosis. Global transcriptome analysis and quantitative real-time RT-PCR revealed that E. tarda infection generally significantly downregulated pro-apoptotic genes and upregulated anti-apoptotic genes. To investigate the role of apoptosis in E. tarda infection, two upregulated anti-apoptotic genes (Fech and Prx3) and two downregulated pro-apoptotic genes (Brms1a and Ivns1a) were overexpressed in zebrafish. Subsequent infection study showed that Fech and Prx3 overexpression significantly promoted E. tarda dissemination in and colonization of fish tissues, while Brms1a and Ivns1a overexpression significantly reduced E. tarda dissemination and colonization. Consistently, when Fech and Prx3 were knocked down in zebrafish, E. tarda infection was significantly inhibited, whereas Brms1a and Ivns1a knockdown significantly enhanced E. tarda infection. These results indicate for the first time that E. tarda prevents apoptosis in teleost as a strategy for intracellular survival, and that some putative apoptotic genes of teleost function in the apoptosis pathway probably in a manner similar to that in mammalian systems.
Botulinum Toxin Injections as a Method for Chemically Denervating Skeletal Muscle to Test Functional Hypotheses: A Pilot Study in Lepomis cyanellus

In this study, we demonstrate that botulinum toxin can be used to chemically denervate muscles to test functional hypotheses. We injected research‐grade type A botulinum toxin complex into pectoral fin abductors (abductor superficialis) of green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) to determine whether chemical denervation would eliminate the ability of a particular muscle to contribute to overall pectoral fin movements. Reduction of target muscle activity occurred within 8 d of the injection, and paralysis was confirmed using electromyography. No paralysis was seen in the adjacent muscles (abductor profundus) or in positive controls (saline injections). Paralysis occurred more slowly and at lower doses than previously documented for mammals. However, botulinum toxin complex (500 kDa) was used here, whereas previous studies have used purified toxin (150 kDa). Therefore, differences in physiological responses between fish and mammals cannot yet be distinguished from differences caused by the toxin type. However, we note that the toxin complex is less likely to diffuse across muscle fascia (because it is large), which should minimize paralytic effects on adjacent muscles. We suggest that botulinum toxin holds great promise as a chemical denervation agent in functional studies of animal locomotion and feeding behaviors.
An ex‐ante evaluation of the use of seasonal climate forecasts for millet growers in SW Niger

This work assesses the value of climate forecasts for millet growers in Niger. We quantify the potential value of three kinds of categorical forecasts assigning cumulated rainfall during the forthcoming rainy season by tercile (dry, normal, or humid): (i) a realistic imperfect tercile forecast; (ii) a perfect tercile forecast; and (iii) a perfect tercile forecast which includes a prediction of rainy season onset and offset dates. Eighteen management strategies are assessed. Corresponding yields are computed using the SARRA‐H crop model then converted into utility by taking into account risk‐aversion. Simulations over an historical 18‐year period 1990‐2007 show that benefit is lowest with imperfect tercile forecasts (+6.9%), higher (+11%) with perfect tercile forecasts, and reaches + 31% when enhanced adaptation strategies and additional climatic indices are available. These results show that improving existing forecast systems by including the prediction of onset and cessation of rainfall is of great value. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Optimal detection of changepoints with a linear computational cost

We consider the problem of detecting multiple changepoints in large data sets. Our focus is on applications where the number of changepoints will increase as we collect more data: for example in genetics as we analyse larger regions of the genome, or in finance as we observe time-series over longer periods. We consider the common approach of detecting changepoints through minimising a cost function over possible numbers and locations of changepoints. This includes several established procedures for detecting changing points, such as penalised likelihood and minimum description length. We introduce a new ∗R. Killick is Senior Research Associate, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (E-mail: r.killick@lancs.ac.uk). P. Fearnhead is Professor, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (E-mail: p.fearnhead@lancs.ac.uk). I.A. Eckley is Senior Lecturer, Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK (E-mail: i.eckley@lancs.ac.uk). The authors are grateful to Richard Davis and Alice Cleynen for providing the Auto-PARM and PDPA software respectively. Part of this research was conducted whilst R. Killick was a jointly funded Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) / Shell Research Ltd graduate student at Lancaster University. Both I.A. Eckley and R. Killick also gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the EPSRC grant number EP/I016368/1. 1 ar X iv :1 10 1. 14 38 v3 [ st at . M E ] 9 O ct 2 01 2 method for finding the minimum of such cost functions and hence the optimal number and location of changepoints that has a computational cost which, under mild conditions, is linear in the number of observations. This compares favourably with existing methods for the same problem whose computational cost can be quadratic or even cubic. In simulation studies we show that our new method can be orders of magnitude faster than these alternative exact methods. We also compare with the Binary Segmentation algorithm for identifying changepoints, showing that the exactness of our approach can lead to substantial improvements in the accuracy of the inferred segmentation of the data.