Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emerging Patterns of Behavior in Marriage: Deviations or Innovations?

The mass media are replete with sensational stories of free love, swinging, communes, and group marriages, usually implying ruptured standards, moral decay, and threats to the institution of marriage. Moralists point with alarm to one out of four marriages ending in divorce, freely circulating swinger ad magazines, campus orgies, and flourishing communes. Here is their proof that the minions of hell are fast taking over. Fortunately there is another, more positive, explanation for these phenomena. Viewed in the context of diffusion of innovation, we are witnessing the realignment of traditional marital relationship patterns rather than deviations from the norm. As Beigel (1969) indicated, this is a supportive development aimed at reforming monogamous marriage. Diffusion of innovation refers to the process of change and the generally accepted means of determining which of many possible changes is actually taking hold. It has been found that no matter how long a particular practice has been accepted by small groups here and there, such changes do not move into the main stream of society until approximately seven to ten per cent of the population adopt them (Pemberton, 1936). Once this level of saturation is reached, general acceptance rapidly follows, so that within a few years, the vast majority of people can be expected to accept ideas, or activities, that may have been the norm for a small percentage of the population for decades. As an example of this kind of change, despite social disapproval, some women were smoking cigarettes over a generation ago, but it was not until World War II that this activity was accepted generally as proper behavior. When acceptance did come, it happened almost overnight-in just under a decade (Ramey, 1963). This paper presents a paradigm, or model, for research in the area of evolutionary sexual behavior in marriage. This model serves three purposes. First, it provides a basis for systematic classification of current research on alternative sexual life styles for pair-bonded couples, particularly free love, swinging, communal living, and group marriage. We shall examine some of this research and shall organize anal
Intra- and Intercontinental Molecular Variability of an Alu Insertion in the 3' Untranslated Region of the LDLR Gene

Abstract One-hundred three individuals from two Mongolian, two Siberian, and ten native American populations were studied in relation to a 340-bp sequence from an Alu insertion located in the 3' untranslated region of the LDLR gene. Seven haplotypes have been determined, and haplotype B1 was the most common, accounting for about half the sequences found. In general, diversity values are quite high, about 2.5 times higher than those found in other autosomal Alu sequences. Almost all (93%) of the variability occurs at the intrapopulation level, but the greatest among-group differentiation (6-8%) was found when we grouped in a single population all Native Americans plus Siberian Eskimos and Chukchi and compared them with Mongolians. This result is compatible with earlier mtDNA and Y-chromosome suggestions of a single origin for the first colonizers of the American continent. With this nuclear locus it was not possible to broadly distinguish between Central and South American natives. No evidence of selection or marked demographic changes was obtained with these data.
Disrupting masculinised spaces: teachers working for gender justice

This article rejects the notion that schools have become excessively feminised spaces that are failing to adequately provide for the educational needs of boys. This construction of schools as feminised has provided the impetus for the development of what have become known as ‘boy‐friendly’ pedagogies. Unfortunately such pedagogies work with essentialist assumptions about masculinity and as such have the potential to reinscribe and valorise those forms of masculinity that are oppressive to others and, in some instances, result in self‐harm. The authors thus contend that boy‐friendly approaches to schooling often work against the interests of more gender‐just practices in schools, and beyond. Drawing on one set of data from a broader study, they highlight the masculinised spaces operating in one all‐boys’ school. They suggest that a boy‐friendly pedagogy here would be highly inappropriate in terms of promoting gender justice. They therefore foreground the philosophies and practices of one group of teachers who are concerned with implementing a transformational pedagogy in their classrooms and suggest that whilst, in this instance, such pedagogies are not without their problems, they offer insights into how such masculinised spaces can be disrupted.
Chapter III. Marital Satisfaction, Relationships, and Roles

The current study is one of the few attempts to examine the quality of marital relations in long-remarried families in diverse types of stepfamilies and compare them to long-established marriages in never-divorced families using a multimeasure, multirespondent design, which included observations. Early in a remarriage the new stepparent is often in a position of greater marginality than the biological parent is, and the marital relationship may be less central than in nonstepfamilies. Thus, the important differences between first marriages and remarriages may be in the salience rather than in the quality of the marital relationship. This will be explored as relations among family subsystems and child adjustment are examined in subsequent chapters.
The Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Hyperbaric and Diving Environments Two faces of nitric oxide : implications for cellular mechanisms of oxygen toxicity

Allen BW, Demchenko IT, Piantadosi CA. Two faces of nitric oxide: implications for cellular mechanisms of oxygen toxicity. J Appl Physiol 106: 662–667, 2009. First published October 9, 2008; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.91109. 2008. — Recent investigations have elucidated some of the diverse roles played by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in events that lead to oxygen toxicity and defend against it. The focus of this review is on toxic and protective mechanisms in hyperoxia that have been investigated in our laboratories, with an emphasis on interactions of nitric oxide (NO) with other endogenous chemical species and with different physiological systems. It is now emerging from these studies that the anatomical localization of NO release, which depends, in part, on whether the oxygen exposure is normobaric or hyperbaric, strongly influences whether toxicity emerges and what form it takes, for example, acute lung injury, central nervous system excitation, or both. Spatial effects also contribute to differences in the susceptibility of different cells in organs at risk from hyperoxia, especially in the brain and lungs. As additional nodes are identified in this interactive network of toxic and protective responses, future advances may open up the possibility of novel pharmacological interventions to extend both the time and partial pressures of oxygen exposures that can be safely tolerated. The implications of a better understanding of the mechanisms by which NO contributes to central nervous system oxygen toxicity may include new insights into the pathogenesis of seizures of diverse etiologies. Likewise, improved knowledge of NO-based mechanisms of pulmonary oxygen toxicity may enhance our understanding of other types of lung injury associated with oxidative or nitrosative stress.
The Contribution of Local Media to Community Involvement

Do local media contribute to individuals' involvement in a community? The “community integration hypothesis” has long held they do, but a recent test based on a stricter measurement criterion shows the extent of contribution may have been overestimated. Results also suggest some media contribute more than others, and the relative contribution of each medium depends upon the individual's stage of settling into the community. The study is based on a probability telephone survey of 432 respondents.
Genomic rearrangements and the evolution of clusters of locally adaptive loci

Significance Genome scans often find that the loci involved in local adaptation tend to cluster together on chromosomes. A leading explanation suggests that clusters evolve because the probability of a new mutation establishing is higher when occurring near another locally adapted mutation, because such architectures are seldom disrupted by recombination. I show that this theory is unlikely to explain empirically observed clusters. Instead, simulations show that clusters are more likely to form through genomic rearrangements that bring coadapted loci close together. This suggests that ecological selection may play an important role in shaping genome architecture, in contrast to many nonadaptive explanations. Numerous studies of ecological genetics have found that alleles contributing to local adaptation sometimes cluster together, forming “genomic islands of divergence. ” Divergence hitchhiking theory posits that these clusters evolve by the preferential establishment of tightly linked locally adapted mutations, because such linkage reduces the rate that recombination breaks up locally favorable combinations of alleles. Here, I use calculations based on previously developed analytical models of divergence hitchhiking to show that very few clustered mutations should be expected in a single bout of adaptation, relative to the number of unlinked mutations, suggesting that divergence hitchhiking theory alone may often be insufficient to explain empirical observations. Using individual-based simulations that allow for the transposition of a single genetic locus from one position on a chromosome to another, I then show that tight clustering of the loci involved in local adaptation tends to evolve on biologically realistic time scales. These results suggest that genomic rearrangements may often be an important component of local adaptation and the evolution of genomic islands of divergence. More generally, these results suggest that genomic architecture and functional neighborhoods of genes may be actively shaped by natural selection in heterogeneous environments. Because small-scale changes in gene order are relatively common in some taxa, comparative genomic studies could be coupled with studies of adaptation to explore how commonly such rearrangements are involved in local adaptation.
Human resource practices, organizational commitment and intention to stay

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of key human resource (HR) practices on permanent employees' organizational commitment and intention to stay. These practices include facilitating of person-organization fit (P-O fit), designing effective remuneration and recognition, creating sufficiently challenging assignments, and implementing training and career development. Design/methodology/approach - The study was carried out in three phases. First, 13 experts (e.g. academics, HR managers and organizational psychologists) were interviewed using the Delphi technique. Second, in-depth interviews with 12 HR managers were conducted. Third, 457 employees from nine Australian organizations responded to a survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses. Findings - Organizational commitment was positively affected by P-O fit, remuneration, recognition, and an opportunity to undertake challenging employment assignments. Intention to stay was significantly related to P-O fit, remuneration, recognition, training and career development. Surprisingly, training and career development was not significantly related to organizational commitment and challenging assignment was not significantly related to intention to stay. Originality/value - This paper contributes to existing knowledge by testing HR practices in large public and private Australian organizations, which are impacted by demographic changes, increasing dependence on outsourcing, and industrial relations reforms. Thus, the results of this study will provide practitioners with better insights into some practices that could elevate organizational commitment and retention of employees.
Women's Depiction by the Mass Media

So angry at the blatant sexism of the mass media as to be blinded, students of the media's presentation of women have been more politically sophisticated than theoretically sound. In part, their research has been crippled by dependence upon the academic study of mass communications, a field hardly known for its intellectual vigor, but one whose problems must be understood in order to see why research on women and the media is theoretically stalled. The American Study of the Mass Media In the years following World War II, the media grew exponentially. So did study of the media. Perhaps because the media associated with the "mass" were insistently differentiated from high culture and intellectual substance, no academic field was willing to give such study a home. Instead, just as interdisciplinary teams of social scientists had cooperated during the war to study propaganda, they now cooperated to study the mass media. Perhaps defensively, the field became ponderously "scientific. " To demonstrate that the media constituted an intellectually valid subject, researchers embraced the sophisticated techniques of modern social science and simultaneously hired themselves out as media consultants. Working for both Madison Avenue and the media conglomerates, they were asked to supply practical answers to seemingly
Negative regulation of urokinase receptor activity by a GPI-specific phospholipase C in breast cancer cells

The urokinase receptor (uPAR) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that promotes tissue remodeling, tumor cell adhesion, migration and invasion. uPAR mediates degradation of the extracellular matrix through protease recruitment and enhances cell adhesion, migration and signaling through vitronectin binding and interactions with integrins. Full-length uPAR is released from the cell surface, but the mechanism and significance of uPAR shedding remain obscure. Here we identify transmembrane glycerophosphodiesterase GDE3 as a GPI-specific phospholipase C that cleaves and releases uPAR with consequent loss of function, whereas its homologue GDE2 fails to attack uPAR. GDE3 overexpression depletes uPAR from distinct basolateral membrane domains in breast cancer cells, resulting in a less transformed phenotype, it slows tumor growth in a xenograft model and correlates with prolonged survival in patients. Our results establish GDE3 as a negative regulator of the uPAR signaling network and, furthermore, highlight GPI-anchor hydrolysis as a cell-intrinsic mechanism to alter cell behavior.
Effects of Optimistic versus Realistic Previews of Training Programs on Self-Reported Transfer of Training.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of realistic versus optimistic previews of training programs on training transfer. Hicks and Klimoski (1987) suggested that a realistic training preview should increase trainee motivation by clarifying expectations and by matching training programs to individual needs. In contrast, this study predicted that an informative and optimistic training preview would not only help trainees see the relevance of the training program to their own jobs but also increase outcome expectations, self-efficacy, motivation, learning, and transfer. When quantity of information was held constant across training preview conditions, the optimistic training preview had a more positive impact on outcome expectations, motivation, learning, reactions to training, and transfer than the realistic training preview.
Motion Parallel to Line Orientation: Disambiguation of Motion Percepts

Four experiments demonstrate that lines indicating path of movement can generate rotational percepts in a multistable motion display that usually produces only horizontal or vertical motion percepts. The properties of the path-of-movement lines are predicted by a neural-network theory of visual perception. Experimental results validate the theory's predictions by demonstrating that movement of the display elements seems to follow an increasing luminance gradient in lines but not bars, and that illusory contours have similar effects. Experimental results also demonstrate that, in a choice between movement along lines drawn parallel or orthogonal to possible motion paths, observers more often see movement along the lines parallel to the motion path. These results suggest modifications to current computational and neurophysiological theories of motion perception.
Trends in birthweight in the north of England

This article describes trends in population birthweight distribution in the north of England between 1982 and 2000, and reviews the international literature on recent birthweight trends in industrialized populations. Two contrasting trends were observed: an increase in low birthweight from 7.0% to 7.7% of all births, and an increase in births weighing 3500 g or more, consistent with an increase in mean birthweight. The rate of multiple births increased over the study period, and multiple births accounted for about half of the increase in low birthweight. Multiple births are rising due to increasing maternal age, and the development and use of assisted reproductive technologies. Low birthweight increased in both multiple and singleton births, due entirely to increased low-birthweight live births. There was a substantial reduction in low-birthweight stillbirths. The rise in low-birthweight live births is multifactorial, but changes in registration practice and increased elective delivery are likely contributory factors. The increase in high birthweights is likely to reflect reductions in smoking during pregnancy, and increased maternal height and weight. The dramatic recent rise in maternal body mass index (BMI) at booking is likely to have a substantial impact on birthweight and adverse perinatal outcomes in coming decades.
What Determines Bird Beauty in Human Eyes?

ABSTRACT Some authors have argued that human preferences for “beautiful” birds may skew the selection of species used to promote conservation programs. This evokes questions about the importance of color, shape, and other appearance traits of bird in affecting human preferences for birds. The aim of this study was to assess the traits affecting human preferences towards all non-passerine and five passerine bird families (n = 102), and to see whether such preferences correspond within a family or are species-specific. Using an Internet survey, we asked 200 human respondents to evaluate pictures of bird species, with two randomly chosen from each family, according to their attractiveness. The respondents were mainly from the Czech and Slovak Republics, but 67 came from other countries (the majority of which were English-speaking). An additional 100 respondents, exclusively from the Czech and Slovak Republics, evaluated the same pictures converted to silhouettes, to test the effect of shape versus color. We included various factors such as morphometric traits (i.e., measurements of body segments and the area the bird silhouette filled in the picture), body weight of the species, and colors, lightness, and saturation of the pictures in the statistical analyses, to help explain any variation in human preferences. We found that human preferences were significantly affected by bird morphology; however, the colors blue and yellow, as well as the overall lightness, were significant as well. The preferences for species belonging to the same family were positively correlated, possibly due to similarity in the body shape of related species. We suggest that finding the traits that determine human preferences toward birds may help conservationists promote a conservation program based on the selection of the correct, scientifically determined, flagship species.
The Internal—External Security Nexus

The central contention of this article holds that scholars do not adequately assess and explain the influence of transboundary security issues on government behaviour. Their assessment is not adequate because they do not fully conceptualize the relationship between internal and external security concerns. Their explanations are not adequate because existing theories cannot fully explain how and why states respond to transboundary security issues. To rectify these concerns, stimulate and structure further research, and encourage scholarly dialogue, we build an analytical framework for (a) understanding what we describe as the ‘nexus’ of internal and external security matters, and (b) explaining why that nexus may change state behaviour on transboundary security issues. The resulting framework encourages a strong focus on the nature of transboundary problems before studying their implications for changes in perceptions, policies, politics and polity.
The Role of Individualism-Collectivism in the Individual Creative Process

This study is among the first to examine how individuals’ cultural value orientations impact 2 separate stages of creativity: idea generation and idea implementation. A total of 247 Chinese employees completed questionnaires including individualism–collectivism culture orientation and their idea generation behavior. Supervisor ratings of idea implementation were obtained to avoid single-source bias. Partial correlation results showed that both horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism had positive influences on idea generation, but vertical collectivism had a positive impact on idea implementation. Although vertical individualism was not correlated to either idea generation or idea implementation, it moderated the relationship between these two stages such that idea generation predicted idea implementation better among high vertical individualists than among low vertical individualists. Theoretical contributions and practical implications are discussed.
Un perfil psicosocial de adolescentes agresores y víctimas en la escuela: análisis de las diferencias de género

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar un perfil psicosocial de adolescentes agresores, víctimas, agresores/víctimas y estudiantes no implicados, considerando las diferencias de género. El perfil psicosocial del adolescente se define en el presente estudio de acuerdo con los siguientes indicadores de ajuste: autoestima general, satisfacción con la vida, sintomatología depresiva, reputación ideal no conformista e implicación en la comunidad. Los participantes del estudio fueron 1884 estudiantes españoles (52% chicos y 48% chicas) con un rango de edad comprendido entre los 11 y los 17 años (M = 13.7, DT = 1.4). Los resultados del análisis de varianza señalan que los adolescentes implicados como agresores/víctimas muestran el perfil psicosocial menos adaptativo y los alumnos no implicados el perfil más saludable de los cuatro grupos analizados. Además, se encontraron diferencias significativas entre chicos y chicas dentro del perfil psicosocial de agresor, víctima y no implicado. Sin embargo, los adolescentes clasificados como agresores/víctimas no muestran diferencias significativas entre los géneros en ninguna de las variables analizadas. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas de estos resultados.
Exocrine pancreatic disease and the malabsorption syndrome in tropical Africa.

EDITORIAL, COMMENT The study of malabsorption in Uganda, East Africa, has revealed that the majority of patients who have steatorrhoea suffer from exocrine pancreatic disorders. The differing incidence of malabsorption syndromes in a hospital community in Kampala, Uganda, has been compared with the incidence in both temperate and tropical climates and the clinical and laboratory features of this syndrome are discussed.