Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alternating Strategies for Sequential Circuit Atpg I Introduction

A new sequential circuit test generator, ALT-TEST, is described which alternates repeatedly between two phases of test generation. The rst phase uses a simulation-based genetic algorithm, while the second phase uses a deterministic algorithm. The fast execution of the rst phase combines with the more powerful test sequence generation and redundancy-identiication capabilities of the second phase to produce test sets having high fault cover-ages in low execution times. The eeectiveness of the approach is demonstrated on the ISCAS89 sequential benchmark circuits and several synthesized circuits. Much research has been done in the area of automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) for sequential circuits 1-21]. Both deterministic and simulation-based algorithms have been used. In a typical deterministic test generator, each target fault is rst excited, the fault eeects are propagated to a primary output (PO), and the required state is then justiied through reverse time processing. In a simulation-based test generator 8-19], the complexity of backtracing values through logic gates is avoided, and processing occurs in the forward direction only. Candidate tests are generated usually by targeting several faults simultaneously; a logic or fault simulator is used to select the best test to apply in a given time frame. Genetic algorithms (GAs) have been used eeectively to control the selection of candidate tests 15-19]. Experience has shown that in some circuits, the GA does much better than the deterministic approach, while in other circuits, better results are obtained using a determin-istic test generator. Deterministic algorithms are eeective in deriving tests for control-dominant circuits and in identifying untestable faults. On the other hand, simulation-based algorithms perform well for data-dominant circuits, and signiicant speedups have been observed 15,17,18,19]. Furthermore, GA-based algorithms tend to generate more compact test sets when accurate tness functions are used 17,18]. A judicious combination of the two approaches can therefore be expected to provide high fault coverages, compact test sets, and low execution times. Two diier-ent hybrid implementations have been reported in the past 20,21]. Saab's CRIS-hybrid test generator 20] uses a logic-simulation-based approach, switching from simulation-based to deterministic test generation when a xed number of test vectors are generated without improving the fault coverage. Several targeted faults may be identiied as untestable during the deterministic phase, and simulation-based test generation resumes after a test sequence is obtained from the deterministic procedure. In the GA-HITEC hybrid test generator 21], deterministic algorithms for fault excitation and fault eeect propagation are combined …
Microbial diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare biosphere”

The evolution of marine microbes over billions of years predicts that the composition of microbial communities should be much greater than the published estimates of a few thousand distinct kinds of microbes per liter of seawater. By adopting a massively parallel tag sequencing strategy, we show that bacterial communities of deep water masses of the North Atlantic and diffuse flow hydrothermal vents are one to two orders of magnitude more complex than previously reported for any microbial environment. A relatively small number of different populations dominate all samples, but thousands of low-abundance populations account for most of the observed phylogenetic diversity. This “rare biosphere” is very ancient and may represent a nearly inexhaustible source of genomic innovation. Members of the rare biosphere are highly divergent from each other and, at different times in earth's history, may have had a profound impact on shaping planetary processes.
New Catalogs of Compact Radio Sources in the Galactic Plane

Archival data have been combined with recent observations of the Galactic plane using the Very Large Array to create new catalogs of compact centimetric radio sources. The 20 cm source catalog covers a longitude range of -20° < l < 120°; the latitude coverage varies from ±0. °8 to ±2. °7. The total survey area is ∼331 deg2; coverage is 90% complete at a flux density threshold of ∼14 mJy, and over 5000 sources are recorded. The 6 cm catalog covers 43 deg2 in the region -10° < l < 42°, |b| < 0. °4 to a 90% completeness threshold of 2.9 mJy; over 2700 sources are found. Both surveys have an angular resolution of ∼6″. These catalogs provide a 30% (at 20 cm) to 50% (at 6 cm) increase in the number of high-reliability compact sources in the Galactic plane, as well as greatly improved astrometry, uniformity, and reliability; they should prove useful for comparison with new mid- and far-infrared surveys of the Milky Way.
Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents: concepts, processes and influences

espanolEl presente articulo ofrece un panorama actualizado de lo que ha constituido el estudio de la regulacion emocional en la infancia y la adolescencia desde la perspectiva de la psicologia del desarrollo. El documento se basa principalmente en la revision de publicaciones de revistas indexadas entre los anos 2001 y 2016. En primer lugar, se discuten los aspectos conceptuales de la definicion de regulacion emocional, luego se examinan influencias neurobiologicas y ambientales sobre los mecanismos regulatorios para finalmente analizar las caracteristicas del desarrollo de los procesos de regulacion emocional desde la infancia temprana hasta el final de la adolescencia, enfatizando en los alcances para cada periodo vital. El objetivo ultimo de esta revision es proporcionar un fundamento teorico solido para el estudio de la regulacion emocional en ninos y adolescentes colombianos, una poblacion que aun no ha sido objeto de investigacion en cuanto a este tema EnglishThis article provides an updated overview about the studies on emotion regulation in children and adolescents from the perspective of developmental psychology. It is mainly based on articles published in indexed psychology journals between the years 2001 and 2016. Conceptual aspects of the definition of emotional regulation are discussed, followed by an examination of neurobiological and environmental influences that impact the regulation of emotion during infancy and adolescence. Finally, characteristics of the development of the regulatory processes are analyzed from infancy to late adolescence, emphasizing the vital regulatory scopes for each period. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide a documented basis for the study of emotion regulation in Colombian children and adolescents, a neglected population in regards to this topic.
Romantic relationship investment and commitment: An expansion of the Investment Model conceptualization

ii Acknowledgments . iv List of Figures . vii List of Tables . viii List of Abbreviations . ix Introduction . 1 Extending the Investment Model . 8 Aims of the Current Studies . 12 General Method . 13 Procedure . 13 Participants . 14 Data Preparation . 16 Measures . 18 Study 1 . 23
Consistency of Risk Preference Measures: An Artefactual Field Experiment from Rural China

ABSTRACT A variety of measures have been developed to elicit individual risk preferences. How these measures perform in the field, in particular in developing countries with non-student subjects, is still an open question. We implement an artefactual field experiment in rural China to investigate (i) consistency across incentivised experimental risk measures, (ii) consistency in risk preferences elicitation between non-incentivised survey measures and incentivised experiments, and (iii) possible explanations for risk preference inconsistency across measures. We find that inconsistent risk preferences across survey and experimental measures may be explained by ambiguity preferences. In the survey, subjects may mix risk and ambiguity preferences.
MNCs and Interdependencies in Internationalisation Processes ( dr )

The literature on internationalisation processes has largely been concerned with the trajectory of a subsidiary unit in its host country. Following Johanson and Vahlne’s (1990) suggestion refining the Uppsala model, in this paper we consider how simultaneous and interdependent internationalisation processes in multinational corporations can interact over time. Using the case of the historical trajectory of the subsidiary of a British firm in Brazil, we demonstrate how interdependencies in internationalisation processes across multiple spatial and temporal contexts can impact upon that trajectory. Based on this case, we put forward three propositions concerning the impact of interdependencies on the uniformity, direction and rhythm of internationalisation processes.
Factors Affecting Exam Completion Speed, Exam Performance, and Nonexam Performance

This study investigates how factors such as student achievement goals for a course, language skills, outside work commitments, and test anxiety are related to performance on multiple-choice exams and nonexam assignments. The study also explores whether these factors explain the time taken to complete exams and whether exam completion speed is related to exam performance. We find that exam performance is negatively related to test anxiety and avoidance goals and positively related to study effort, performance approach goals, and English language skills. Performance on nonexam assignments is positively related to performance approach goals and a review-oriented test-taking strategy and related in an inverted U-shaped relationship to outside employment. Overall, the results suggest that students who are motivated to get good grades do the best—not those most engaged in the course or those interested in mastering the subject. Students who take longer to complete multiple-choice exams tend to be those who have weaker language skills, those with more test anxiety and those who utilize a review-oriented test-taking strategy. However, exam-taking speed is best viewed as a symptom of these factors; it is not related to exam performance when controlling for those factors.
Segmenting printed text and handwritten annotation by Spectral Partitioning

This paper addresses the problem of segmenting handwritten annotations on scientific research papers. The motivation of this work is to geometrically segment the complex cases of handwritten annotations, including marks, cuts and special symbols along, with the regular text. Our work particularly focuses on documents that have multi-oriented handwritten [1] annotations rather than annotations in controlled scenario [2]. Spectral Partitioning is adopted as the segmentation scheme to separate the printed text and annotations. A new feature Envelope Straightness is developed and included in our feature set. This leads to an improvement of accuracy over the state-of-the-art features. The experiments are performed on two datasets: 40 documents authored by two writers from IAM dataset, comprising only printed and handwritten text and a self created dataset of 40 scientific papers from various proceedings annotated by a reader, comprising varied types of annotations. In the framework of spectral partitioning, our feature set has achieved a recall of 98.39% for printed text and precision of 85.40% for handwritten annotations on our dataset. For IAM dataset our feature set has achieved a recall of 81.89% for printed text and a precision of 69.67% for handwritten annotations. The results achieved on both dataset are better compared with results obtained using [3] [1].
Revisiting Cross-Country Correlation Anomalies

It is well known that the two-country real business cycle model (as initially proposed by Backus, Kehoe and Kydland (1992)) has di‐culty producing positive cross-country correlations of hours worked and investment. Recently, Baxter and Farr (2005) found that adding endogenous capital utilization rates to a two-country model raises these correlations. However, their results show that for realistic parameter values, the model still cannot match both correlations simultaneously as the cross-country correlation of investment is consistently too low. A flrst contribution of this paper is to show that learning-by-doing is another mechanism that raises the cross-country correlations of investment and hours. A second contribution is the flnding that a two-country model with learning-by-doing and endogenous capital utilization produces positive cross-country correlations of hours and investment that are in the range observed empirically. A third contribution is to show that the model with learning-by-doing and capital utilization can produce positive cross-country correlations of output, consumption, investment and hours when technology shocks are uncorrelated across countries and there are international spillovers in the accumulation of organizational capital.
Iodine status and thyroid function of pregnant, lactating women and infants (0-1 yr) residing in areas with an effective Universal Salt Iodization program.

OBJECTIVE To assess the iodine nutrition and thyroid function of pregnant women, lactating women and infants residing in areas where the Universal Salt Iodization program is in place. METHODS Pregnant women, lactating women and infants were selected randomly in the regions where iodized salt coverage rate is more than 90% since 2000. Urine iodine levels of pregnant woman, lactating woman and infants, milk iodine of lactating woman, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4 of women were tested respectively. RESULTS Median Urinary Iodine (MUI) of infants, three groups of pregnant women (first, second and third trimester) and two groups lactating women (breastfeeding less than or more than six months) were 233, 174, 180, 147, 126 and 145 microg/L, respectively. Median milk iodine of lactating women was 163 microg/L. Percentage of milk iodine < 150 microg/L of early lactating women was 40% less than that of late lactating women (p < 0.01). There was a positive correlation between urine iodine of infants and milk iodine of lactating women (r = 0.526, p = 0.000). T4 of two women were above or below the reference range. Total 15.4% women's TSH were abnormal. Most of these women's urinary iodine were lower than 150 microg/L. CONCLUSION Iodine status of most of the target population for Universal Salt Iodization program is adequate, but iodine deficiency still existed in some. To assure every new life's brain not be damaged by iodine deficiency, iodine status of targeted populations should be monitored and supplements provided according to the monitoring outcomes.
L-shaped Microstrip Antenna for Wideband

In this paper, analysis of double L-slot loaded patch antenna is presented. The antenna can be designed for applicable in C-band space communication system. The proposed antenna provide much improved bandwidth (6 %). The 3dB bandwidth of the antenna is found to be 410 MHz for the central frequency of 6.9 GHz. The theoretical results obtained from the analysis are compared with IE3D simulated and experimental results which are in good agreement.
Polarization Shadows of Extragalactic Sources by the Local Magnetoionic Interstellar Medium

We report depolarization of extragalactic sources in the NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) by local structures in the interstellar medium. The sky density of polarized sources drops by a factor of 2-4 in regions with angular scales ~10°, implying up to 40% depolarization on average per source. Some of these polarization shadows are associated with H II regions, but three are associated with regions of depolarized diffuse Galactic emission. The absence of a correlation between the depth of polarization shadows and Hα intensity suggests that some shadows are related to structure in the magnetic field. At least some polarization shadows are caused by partial bandwidth depolarization in the NVSS. Alternatively, some may be caused by regions with small-scale (≲1'') variations in rotation measure.
Brain Regulation of Energy Metabolism

In healthy individuals, energy intake is in balance with energy expenditure, which helps to maintain a normal body weight. The brain's inability to control energy homeostasis underlies the pathology of hyperphagia and obesity. The brain detects body energy excess and deficit by sensing the levels of circulating metabolic hormones and nutrients and by receiving metabolic information from the periphery via the autonomic nervous system. A specialized neuronal network coordinates energy intake behavior and the metabolic processes affecting energy expenditure. Here, we briefly review neuronal mechanisms by which our body maintains energy balance.
Incongruous stimulus pairing and conditional discrimination training: effects on relational responding.

In Experiment 1, 5 subjects were exposed to a stimulus-pairing procedure in which two nonsense syllables, identified by a letter-number code as A1 and C2, each predicted the onset of a sexual film clip, and the nonsense syllables A2 and C1 each predicted the onset of a nonsexual film clip. Subjects were then exposed to a matching-to-sample test in which the nonsense syllables A1 and A2 were presented as sample stimuli and C1 and C2 were presented as comparison stimuli and vice versa (i.e., C stimuli as samples and A stimuli as comparisons). All subjects matched A1 with C2 and A2 with C1. Subjects were then trained on the conditional discriminations A1-B1, A2-B2, B1-C1, B2-C2, after which the matching-to-sample test was again administered. All subjects continued to match A1 with C2 and A2 with C1 in accordance with the earlier stimulus-pairing contingencies. An additional 5 subjects were exposed first to conditional discrimination training and testing before being exposed to the incongruous stimulus pairing and matching-to-sample testing. Under these conditions, 4 of the 5 subjects always matched A1 with C1 and A2 with C2. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1, except that a matching-to-sample test was not administered following the initial training procedure. Under these conditions, matching-to-sample test performances were controlled by the contingencies that had immediately preceded the test. Experiment 3 indicated that initial matching-to-sample test performances were unlikely to change, even after repeated exposure to incongruous training and testing. Experiment 4 demonstrated that pretraining with unrelated stimulus sets increased the sensitivity of matching-to-sample test performances to incongruous contingencies when they were similar in format to those arranged during pretraining. These data may have implications for a behavior-analytic interpretation of attitude formation and change.
The Halo Effect: Suppression of Pink Bollworm on Non-Bt Cotton by Bt Cotton in China

In some previously reported cases, transgenic crops producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have suppressed insect pests not only in fields planted with such crops, but also regionally on host plants that do not produce Bt toxins. Here we used 16 years of field data to determine if Bt cotton caused this “halo effect” against pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in six provinces of the Yangtze River Valley of China. In this region, the percentage of cotton hectares planted with Bt cotton increased from 9% in 2000 to 94% in 2009 and 2010. We found that Bt cotton significantly decreased the population density of pink bollworm on non-Bt cotton, with net decreases of 91% for eggs and 95% for larvae on non-Bt cotton after 11 years of Bt cotton use. Insecticide sprays targeting pink bollworm and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera) decreased by 69%. Previously reported evidence of the early stages of evolution of pink bollworm resistance to Bt cotton in China has raised concerns that if unchecked, such resistance could eventually diminish or eliminate the benefits of Bt cotton. The results reported here suggest that it might be possible to find a percentage of Bt cotton lower than the current level that causes sufficient regional pest suppression and reduces the risk of resistance.
Data Analysis Project: Leveraging Massive Textual Corpora Using n-Gram Statistics

Abstract : We study methods of efficiently leveraging massive textual corpora through n-gram statistics. Specifically, we explore algorithms that use a database of frequency counts for sequences of tokens in a teraword Web corpus to correct spelling mistakes and to extract a list of instances of some category given only the name of the target category. For spelling correction, we use a novel correction algorithm and demonstrate high accuracy in correcting both real-word errors and non-word errors. For category extraction, we show promising preliminary results for a variety of categories. We conclude that n-gram statistics provide an efficient way to use information contained in a massive corpus of text using relatively simple algorithms. The report ends with a reflection on problems encountered, possible solutions, and future work.
Changes in child exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (CHETS) study after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland: national cross sectional survey

Objective To detect any change in exposure to secondhand smoke among primary schoolchildren after implementation of smoke-free legislation in Scotland in March 2006. Design Comparison of nationally representative, cross sectional, class based surveys carried out in the same schools before and after legislation. Setting Scotland. Participants 2559 primary schoolchildren (primary 7; mean age 11.4 years) surveyed in January 2006 (before smoke-free legislation) and 2424 in January 2007 (after legislation). Outcome measures Salivary cotinine concentrations, reports of parental smoking, and exposure to tobacco smoke in public and private places before and after legislation. Results The geometric mean salivary cotinine concentration in non-smoking children fell from 0.36 (95% confidence interval 0.32 to 0.40) ng/ml to 0.22 (0.19 to 0.25) ng/ml after the introduction of smoke-free legislation in Scotland—a 39% reduction. The extent of the fall in cotinine concentration varied according to the number of parent figures in the home who smoked but was statistically significant only among pupils living in households in which neither parent figure smoked (51% fall, from 0.14 (0.13 to 0.16) ng/ml to 0.07 (0.06 to 0.08) ng/ml) and among pupils living in households in which only the father figure smoked (44% fall, from 0.57 (0.47 to 0.70) ng/ml to 0.32 (0.25 to 0.42) ng/ml). Little change occurred in reported exposure to secondhand smoke in pupils' own homes or in cars, but a small decrease in exposure in other people's homes was reported. Pupils reported lower exposure in cafes and restaurants and in public transport after legislation. Conclusions The Scottish smoke-free legislation has reduced exposure to secondhand smoke among young people in Scotland, particularly among groups with lower exposure in the home. We found no evidence of increased secondhand smoke exposure in young people associated with displacement of parental smoking into the home. The Scottish smoke-free legislation has thus had a positive short term impact on young people's health, but further efforts are needed to promote both smoke-free homes and smoking cessation.