Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hubble Space Telescope NICMOS Polarization Measurements of OMC-1

We present 2 μm polarization measurements of positions in the IRc2 and BN regions of the Orion Molecular Cloud (OMC-1) made with NICMOS Camera 2 (0.″2 resolution) on the Hubble Space Telescope. Our results are as follows: BN is ~29% polarized by dichroic absorption and appears to be the illuminating source for most of the nebulosity to its north and for up to ~5'' to its south. Although the stars are probably all polarized by dichroic absorption, there are a number of compact but non-point-source objects that could be polarized by a combination of both dichroic absorption and local scattering of starlight. We identify several candidate YSOs, including an approximately edge-on bipolar YSO 8. ″7 east of BN, and a deeply embedded variable star. Additional strongly polarized sources are IRc2-B, IRc2-D, and IRc7, all of which are obviously self-luminous at mid-infrared wavelengths and may be YSOs. None of these is a reflection nebula illuminated by a star located near radio source I, as was previously suggested. Other IRc sources are clearly reflection nebulae: IRc3 appears to be illuminated by IRc2-B or a combination of the IRc2 sources, and IRc4 and IRc5 appear to be illuminated by an unseen star in the vicinity of radio source I, or by star n or IRc2-A. Trends in the magnetic field direction are inferred from the polarization of the 26 stars that are bright enough to be seen as NICMOS point sources. The most polarized star has a polarization position angle different from its neighbors by ~40°, but in agreement with the grain alignment inferred from millimeter polarization measurements of the cold dust cloud in the southern part of OMC-1.
Landscape models to understand steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) distribution and help prioritize barrier removals in the Willamette basin, Oregon, USA

We use linear mixed models to predict winter steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) redd density from geology, land use, and climate variables in the Willamette River basin, Oregon. Landscape variables included in the set of best models were alluvium, hillslope < 6%, landslide-derived geology, young (<40 years) forest, shrub vegetation, agricultural land use, and mafic volcanic geology. Our approach enables us to model the temporal correlation between annual redd counts at the same site while extracting patterns of relative redd density across sites that are consistent even among years with varying strengths of steelhead returns. We use our model to predict redd density (redds per kilometre) upstream of 111 probable migration barriers as well as the 95% confidence interval around the redd density prediction and the total number of potential redds behind each barrier. Using a metric that incorporates uncertainty, we identified high-priority barriers that might have been overlooked using only stream length or mean.
Lactate Utilization by an In Situ Perfused Trout Heart: Effects of Workload and Blockers of Lactate Transport

Lactate utilization was studied in an in situ perfused trout heart preparation that was capable of performing at levels similar to in vivo maximum cardiac performance. Hearts were perfused with modified Cortland saline containing 0.5 mmol l −1 iodoacetic acid (to block endogenous glycolysis) and varying amounts of lactate (1 or 10 mmoll −1 ). We confirmed previous observations that lactate utilization is limited by substrate availability. However, contrary to previous observations, exogenous fuel availability did not limit cardiac performance, even at the high workload. Furthermore, when plentiful (i.e. 10 mmol l −1 ), exogenous lactate was preferred over endogenous fuel and was able to supply the heart9s energy requirements at both the low and high workloads. Pyruvate at 10- fold greater concentration, had no apparent effect on lactate utilization at the high workload. α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (α-CIN) (2.5 mmoll −1 ) proved to be an unsuitable probe of lactate transport in the trout heart as it caused a reduction in both lactate utilization and cardiac performance. However, addition of 20 μmol l −1 isobutyl carbonyl lactyl anhydride or 100 μmol l −1 4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2′-disulphonic acid (putative lactate transport blockers) to the perfusate virtually abolished lactate oxidation at the high workload without affecting cardiac performance. These observations suggest that lactate uptake by the in situ perfused trout heart is carrier-mediated.
The bivalve Glycymeris planicostalis as a high-resolution paleoclimate archive for the Rupelian (Early Oligocene) of central Europe

Abstract. Current global warming is likely to result in a unipolar glaciated world with unpredictable repercussions on atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. These changes are expected to affect seasonal extremes and the year-to-year variability of seasonality. To better constrain the mode and tempo of the anticipated changes, climatologists require ultra-high-resolution proxy data of time intervals in the past, e.g., the Oligocene, during which boundary conditions were similar to those predicted for the near future. In the present paper, we assess whether such information can be obtained from shells of the long-lived bivalve mollusk Glycymeris planicostalis from the late Rupelian of the Mainz Basin, Germany. Our results indicate that the studied shells are pristinely preserved and provide an excellent archive for reconstructing changes of sea surface temperature on seasonal to interannual timescales. Shells of G. planicostalis grew uninterruptedly during winter and summer and therefore recorded the full seasonal temperature amplitude that prevailed in the Mainz Basin ~ 30 Ma. Absolute sea surface temperature data were reconstructed from δ18Oshell values assuming a δ18Owater signature that was extrapolated from coeval sirenian tooth enamel. Reconstructed values range between 12.3 and 22.0 °C and agree well with previous estimates based on planktonic foraminifera and shark teeth. However, temperatures during seasonal extremes vary greatly on interannual timescales. Mathematically re-sampled (i.e., corrected for uneven number of samples per annual increment) winter and summer temperatures averaged over 40 annual increments of three specimens equal 13.6 ± 0.8 and 17.3 ± 1.2 °C, respectively. Such high-resolution paleoclimate information can be highly relevant for numerical climate studies aiming to predict possible future climates in a unipolar glaciated or, ultimately, polar-ice-free world.
Simultaneous photometry and spectroscopy of the newly discovered γ Doradus variable HR 8330=HD 207223

We present BV photometry and simultaneous high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopy of the newly-discovered g Doradus variable HR 8330 taken during the 1997 and 1998 observing seasons. We calculate power spectra for the Band V-band data sets and for the time series defined throughout the observing season at each point across the Fe ii l4508.289 and the Ti ii l4501.278 line profiles to search for periodic variability. Period analysis reveals a single, 2.6-d period in both the photometric and the spectroscopic data, with a 2378 phase lag between them. Based on the location of HR 8330 in the HR diagram and the characteristics of its photometric and spectroscopic variations, we conclude that HR 8330 is a bona fide g Doradus-type pulsating variable.
Dynamics of synaptically coupled integrate-and-fire-or-burst neurons.

The minimal integrate-and-fire-or-burst (IFB) neuron model reproduces the salient features of experimentally observed thalamocortical (TC) relay neuron response properties, including the temporal tuning of both tonic spiking (i.e., conventional action potentials) and postinhibitory rebound bursting mediated by a low-threshold calcium current. In this paper we consider networks of IFB neurons with slow synaptic interactions and show how the dynamics may be described with a smooth firing-rate model. When the firing rate of the IFB model is dominated by a refractory process the equations of motion simplify and may be solved exactly. Numerical simulations are used to show that a pair of reciprocally interacting inhibitory spiking IFB TC neurons supports an alternating rhythm of the type predicted from the firing-rate theory. A change in a single parameter of the IFB neuron allows it to fire a burst of spikes in response to a depolarizing signal, so that it mimics the behavior of a reticular (RE) cell. Within a continuum model we show that a network of RE cells with on-center excitation can support a fast traveling pulse. In contrast, a network of inhibitory TC cells is found to support a slowly propagating lurching pulse.
Declines in Trust in Others and Confidence in Institutions Among American Adults and Late Adolescents, 1972–2012

Between 1972 and 2012, Americans became significantly less trusting of each other and less confident in large institutions, such as the news media, business, religious organizations, the medical establishment, Congress, and the presidency. Levels of trust and confidence, key indicators of social capital, reached all-time or near-all-time lows in 2012 in the nationally representative General Social Survey of adults (1972–2012; N = 37,493) and the nationally representative Monitoring the Future survey of 12th graders (1976–2012; N = 101,633). Hierarchical modeling analyses separating the effects of time period, generation, and age show that this decline in social capital is primarily a time-period effect. Confidence in institutions is also influenced by generation, with Baby Boomers lowest. Trust was lowest when income inequality was high, and confidence in institutions was lowest when poverty rates were high. The prediction of a sustained revival in social capital after 2001 seems to have been premature.
Diet and risk of breast cancer

Diet may play a role in both promoting and inhibiting human breast cancer development. In this review, nutritional risk factors such as consumption of dietary fat, meat, fiber, and alcohol, and intake of phytoestrogen, vitamin D, iron, and folate associated with breast cancer are reviewed. These nutritional factors have a variety of associations with breast cancer risk. Type of fat consumed has different effects on risk of breast cancer: consumption of meat is associated with heterocyclic amine (HCA) exposure; different types of plant fiber have various effects on breast cancer risk; alcohol consumption may increase the risk of breast cancer by producing acetaldehyde and reactive oxygen species (ROS); intake of phytoestrogen may reduce risk of breast cancer through genomic and non-genomic action; vitamin D can reduce the risk of breast cancer by inhibiting the process of cancer invasion and metastasis; intake of dietary iron may lead to oxidative stress, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation; and lower intake of folate may be linked to a higher risk of breast cancer.
The effects of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases: lag structures.

OBJECTIVE To assess the lag structure between air pollution exposure and elderly cardiovascular diseases hospital admissions, by gender. METHODS Health data of people aged 64 years or older was stratified by gender in São Paulo city, Southeastern Brazil, from 1996 to 2001. Daily levels of air pollutants (CO, PM10, O3, NO2, and SO2) , minimum temperature, and relative humidity were also analyzed. It were fitted generalized additive Poisson regressions and used constrained distributed lag models adjusted for long time trend, weekdays, weather and holidays to assess the lagged effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions up to 20 days after exposure. RESULTS Interquartile range increases in PM10 (26.21 microg/m(3)) and SO2 (10.73 microg/m(3)) were associated with 3.17% (95% CI: 2.09-4.25) increase in congestive heart failure and 0.89% (95% CI: 0.18-1.61) increase in total cardiovascular diseases at lag 0, respectively. Effects were higher among female group for most of the analyzed outcomes. Effects of air pollutants for different outcomes and gender groups were predominately acute and some "harvesting" were found. CONCLUSIONS The results show that cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo are strongly affected by air pollution.
C*-Algebras over Topological Spaces: Filtrated K-Theory

Abstract We define the filtrated $\text{K}$ -theory of a ${{\text{C}}^{*}}$ -algebra over a finite topological space $X$ and explain how to construct a spectral sequence that computes the bivariant Kasparov theory over $X$ in terms of filtrated $\text{K}$ -theory. For finite spaces with a totally ordered lattice of open subsets, this spectral sequence becomes an exact sequence as in the Universal Coefficient Theorem, with the same consequences for classification. We also exhibit an example where filtrated $\text{K}$ -theory is not yet a complete invariant. We describe two ${{\text{C}}^{*}}$ -algebras over a space $X$ with four points that have isomorphic filtrated $\text{K}$ -theory without being $\text{KK}\left( X \right)$ -equivalent. For this space $X$ , we enrich filtrated $\text{K}$ -theory by another $\text{K}$ -theory functor to a complete invariant up to $\text{KK}\left( X \right)$ -equivalence that satisfies a Universal Coefficient Theorem.
Gene transfer of human neuregulin-1 attenuates ventricular remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy rats

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a cardioactive growth factor released from endothelial cells. However, the effect of NRG-1 on ventricular remodeling in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the pathophysiological role of NRG-1 in a rat model of DCM. Rat cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) were transfected with human NRG-1 (hNRG-1) lentivirus. The hNRG-1 medium was utilized to culture rat cardiomyocytes. The cardiomyocytes were counted with a hemacytometer to determine the proliferation index and Annexin V/propidium iodide double staining was employed to examine the apoptotic rate. A rat model of DCM was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The hNRG-1 lentivirus was injected into the myocardium of the DCM model rats. Four weeks after the lentiviral injection, cardiac catheterization was performed to evaluate the cardiac function. Apoptotic cells were determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Left ventricular sections were stained with Masson’s trichrome to investigate the myocardial collagen content. The expression levels of related genes and proteins were analyzed. The results indicated that hNRG-1 conditioned medium stimulated the proliferation and counteracted the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in vitro. In the rats with DCM, gene transfer of hNRG-1 to the myocardium improved heart function, as indicated by invasive hemodynamic measurements. In addition, hNRG-1 reduced the number of apoptotic cells, decreased the expression of bax and increased the expression of bcl-2 in the myocardium of the DCM model rats. Myocardial fibrosis and type I and III pro-collagen mRNA levels in the myocardium were significantly reduced by hNRG-1. hNRG-1 also increased the expression of phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS in the myocardium. In conclusion, the gene transfer of hNRG-1 ameliorates cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Although further studies are required, NRG-1 appears to protect cardiomyocytes against apoptosis and to reduce the extent of myocardial interstitial fibrosis.
Pretty printing with lazy dequeues

There are several purely functional libraries for converting tree structured data into indented text, but they all make use of some backtracking. Over twenty years ago, Oppen published a more efficient imperative implementation of a pretty printer. This article shows that the same efficiency is also obtainable without destructive updates by developing a similar but purely functional Haskell implementation with the same complexity bounds. At its heart lie two lazy double ended queues.
Letter N-Gram-based Input Encoding for Continuous Space Language Models

We present a letter-based encoding for words in continuous space language models. We represent the words completely by letter n-grams instead of using the word index. This way, similar words will automatically have a similar representation. With this we hope to better generalize to unknown or rare words and to also capture morphological information. We show their influence in the task of machine translation using continuous space language models based on restricted Boltzmann machines. We evaluate the translation quality as well as the training time on a German-to-English translation task of TED and university lectures as well as on the news translation task translating from English to German. Using our new approach a gain in BLEU score by up to 0.4 points can be achieved.
DESIGN MODEL OF FUZZY LOGIC MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS CONTROL SYSTEM

This research work addresses the medical diagnosis regarding the normality of a human function in human brain and the diagnosis of hemorrhage and brain tumor. It enhances the control strategies in the medical field to diagnose a disease. This system using fuzzy logic design: fuzzifier, inference engine, rule base, and defuzzification is capable to be used for medical diagnosis giving the entries of five inputs: Protein , Red blood cells , Lymphocytes , Neutrophils and Eosinophils, and taking three outputs: Normal, Hemorrhage and Brain Tumor. The medical diagnosis fuzzy rules are formulated and applied using MATLAB simulation for the system. The simulation results are found in agreement with the design based calculated results. This research work proposes to develop a control system to enhance the efficiency to diagnose a disease related to human brain.
Wavelet Network Model and Its Application to the Prediction of Hydrology

Based on the multi-time scale and the nonlinear characteristics of the observed time series, a new hybrid model between wavelet analysis and artificial neural network (ANN): wavelet network model, has been suggested. The present model absorbs some merits of wavelet transform and artificial neural network. Case studies, the short and long term prediction of hydrological time series, have been researched. The comparison results revealed that the suggested model could increase the forecasted accuracy and prolong the length time of prediction. The wavelet network model is satisfied. (Nature and Science 2003;1(1):67-71).
Understanding Relationship Marketing Outcomes

The importance of developing and maintaining enduring relationships with customers of service businesses is generally accepted in the marketing literature. A key challenge for researchers is to identify and understand how managerially controlled antecedent variables influence important relationship marketing outcomes (e.g., customer loyalty and word-of-mouth communication). Relational benefits, which have a focus on the benefits consumers receive apart from the core service, and relationship quality, which focuses on the overall nature of the relationship, represent two approaches to understanding customer loyalty and word of mouth. This article integrates these two concepts by positioning customer satisfaction and commitment as relationship quality dimensions that partially mediate the relationship between three relational benefits (confidence benefits, social benefits, and special treatment benefits) and the two outcome variables. The results provide support for the model and indicate that the concepts of customer satisfaction, commitment, confidence benefits, and social benefits serve to significantly contribute to relationship marketing outcomes in services.
by the Rey-Auditory Verbal Learning Test with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as measured Impaired memory and learning abilities in patients

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to assess andcharacterise verbal memory impairment in patients withsystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by the Rey AuditoryVerbal Learning Test (Rey AVLT). Methods: 40 consecutive, unselected patients with SLEwere evaluated with the Rey AVLT, a clinical and researchtool for the study of multiple learning and memorymeasures. All patients were assessed for disease activity,damage, presence of antiphospholipid antibodies anddepression. Findings were compared with those of 40healthy controls matched for age, sex and education.Results: The study group included 40 patients with SLE(37 females, 3 males), median age 33 years (range 20–59), median disease duration 8 years (range 0.3–32). Themedian disease activity measured by the SLE DiseaseActivity Index (SLEDAI) was 4 (range 0–16). Mediandamage measured by the SLICC/ACR (Systemic LupusInternational Collaborating Clinics/American College ofRheumatology) damage index score was 0 (range 0–4). Depression was detected in 16/40 patients. Severalaspects of the memory domain, as measured by the ReyAVLT, were impaired in the SLE group, using analysis ofvariance with repeated measures. The learning curve ofpatients with SLE was significantly less steep comparedwith that of controls, (p=0.036), the rate of wordsomitted from trial to trial was higher in the SLE group(p=0.034) and retrieval was less efficient in SLEcompared with controls (p=0.004). The significance ofthese findings was maintained after omitting patients withstroke or depression.Conclusion: Learning ability was impaired in patientswith SLE with a poor and inefficient learning strategy, asreflected by an impaired learning curve, repeatedomissions and impaired retrieval. This pattern of memorydeficit resembles that seen in patients with frontal lobedamage and warrants further localising brain studies.Central nervous system (CNS) involvement insystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a commonmanifestation affecting 14–75% of patients withSLE.
Corporate Investment and Asset Price Dynamics: Implications for the Cross-Section of Returns

We show that corporate investment decisions can explain the conditional dynamics in expected asset returns. Our approach is similar in spirit to Berk, Green, and Naik (1999) , but we introduce to the investment problem operating leverage, reversible real options, fixed adjustment costs, and finite growth opportunities. Asset betas vary over time with historical investment decisions and the current product market demand. Book-to-market effects emerge and relate to operating leverage, while size captures the residual importance of growth options relative to assets in place. We estimate and test the model using simulation methods and reproduce portfolio excess returns comparable to the data. Copyright 2004 by The American Finance Association.
Exotic Beta Revisited

While traditional portfolios are defined by their asset class allocations—especially to equities—we propose portfolios comprised of simple and intuitive risk premia that are uncorrelated with equities, which we call “exotic betas. ” Dynamically adjusting exposures across these exotic betas to reflect observable variation in risk premia over time is akin to value investing and can improve both risk and return in traditional portfolios. These exotic betas perform well over a variety of market conditions, are low cost, and can be delivered in transparent and relatively liquid form.
Neuro-fuzzy modeling and control

Fundamental and advanced developments in neuro-fuzzy synergisms for modeling and control are reviewed. The essential part of neuro-fuzzy synergisms comes from a common framework called adaptive networks, which unifies both neural networks and fuzzy models. The fuzzy models under the framework of adaptive networks is called adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which possess certain advantages over neural networks. We introduce the design methods for ANFIS in both modeling and control applications. Current problems and future directions for neuro-fuzzy approaches are also addressed. >