Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current concepts in diagnosis of unusual salivary gland tumors

Salivary gland tumors are relatively uncommon and account for approximately 3-6% of all neoplasms of the head and neck. Tumors mostly involve the major salivary glands, 42.9-90% of which occur in the parotid glands and 8-19.5% in the sub-mandibular glands; tumors in the sub-lingual glands being uncommon. Despite the plethora of different malignant salivary gland tumor presented to pathologists for diagnosis, there is consensus on a limited number of pathologic observations that determine treatment and outcome. There are few absolutes in salivary gland tumor diagnosis given the marked spectrum and overlap of differentiated cell types that participate in the numerous benign and malignant tumors. Thus, there are enumerating antibodies that may be helpful in resolving difficult differential diagnoses when applied with astute morphologic correlation. In general, immunohistochemistry as an ancillary diagnostic tool should be used sparingly and wisely as a morphologic adjunct because of the lack of specificity of many markers for specific histologic tumor types. The aim of this review is to discuss the molecular profiling of salivary gland neoplasms and correlate this with histogenesis of salivary gland neoplasms. We have elected to discuss and illustrate some of the unusual salivary gland tumors that the practicing pathologist find difficult to diagnose. These have been selected because they readily simulate each other but have very different clinical therapies and, therefore, should be included routinely in differential diagnosis.
Inter-Frame Coding For Broadcast Communication

A novel inter-frame coding approach to the problem of varying channel-state conditions in broadcast wireless communication is developed in this paper; this problem causes the appropriate code-rate to vary across different transmitted frames and different receivers as well. The main aspect of the proposed approach is that it incorporates an iterative rate-matching process into the decoding of the received set of frames, such that: throughout inter-frame decoding, the code-rate of each frame is progressively lowered to or below the appropriate value, and prior to applying or re-applying conventional physical-layer channel decoding on it. This iterative rate-matching process is asymptotically analyzed in this paper. It is shown to be optimal, in the sense defined in the paper. Consequently, the data-rates achievable by the proposed scheme are derived. Overall, it is concluded that, compared to the existing solutions, inter-frame coding presents a better complexity versus data-rate tradeoff. In terms of complexity, the overhead of inter-frame decoding includes operations that are similar in type and scheduling to those employed in the relatively-simple iterative erasure decoding. In terms of data-rates, compared to the state-of-the-art two-stage scheme involving both error-correcting and erasure coding, inter-frame coding increases the data-rate by a factor that reaches up to 1.55×.
Enthalpy of hydrogen bond formation in a protein-ligand binding reaction.

Parallel measurements of the thermodynamics (free-energy, enthalpy, entropy and heat-capacity changes) of ligand binding to FK506 binding protein (FKBP-12) in H2O and D2O have been performed in an effort to probe the energetic contributions of single protein-ligand hydrogen bonds formed in the binding reactions. Changing tyrosine-82 to phenylalanine in FKBP-12 abolishes protein-ligand hydrogen bond interactions in the FKBP-12 complexes with tacrolimus or rapamycin and leads to a large apparent enthalpic stabilization of binding in both H2O and D2O. High-resolution crystallographic analysis reveals that two water molecules bound to the tyrosine-82 hydroxyl group in unliganded FKBP-12 are displaced upon formation of the protein-ligand complexes. A thermodynamic analysis is presented that suggests that the removal of polar atoms from water contributes a highly unfavorable enthalpy change to the formation of C=O.HO hydrogen bonds as they occur in the processes of protein folding and ligand binding. Despite the less favorable enthalpy change, the entropic advantage of displacing two water molecules upon binding leads to a slightly more favorable free-energy change of binding in the reactions with wild-type FKBP-12.
A Component Analysis of Self-Management Training with Behaviorally Disordered Youth

The purpose of this study was to analyze the interaction effects among three components of self-management training: self-monitoring, self-evaluation/self-reinforcement, and self-instruction upon the appropriate and inappropriate verbal behaviors of three behaviorally disordered students. An extension of the A-B-A-B design was used to assess interaction effects. A combination of all three components and the combination of self-instruction and self-monitoring were the most effective treatments across all three subjects. Self-monitoring and self-evaluation/self-reinforcement, when employed as individual treatments, were least effective, while self-instruction was the most effective treatment when employed in isolation. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Differences in Diffusion Tensor Imaging–Derived Metrics in the Corpus Callosum of Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Without and With Gadolinium-Enhancing Cerebral Lesions

Objective To analyze differences in corpus callosum diffusion tensor imaging metrics among patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) with enhancing and nonenhancing cerebral lesions. Methods One-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between MS subtype, the presence of enhancing lesions, and fractional anisotropy (FA)/mean diffusivity (MD) values of the genu, body, and splenium of the corpus callosum from 22 patients with RRMS and 25 patients with SPMS. Results Analyses of variance: The subjects with SPMS with enhancing lesions had significantly lower genu and body FA values than those with nonenhancing SPMS and significantly lower genu, body, and splenium FA values than those with RRMS. Regression models: Enhancement was associated with decreased genu FA (P = 0.014). Secondary progressive MS was associated with decreased genu (P = 0.002) and splenium FA (P < 0.001) and significantly increased MD values. Conclusion Patients with SPMS with enhancing lesions may be at increased risk for neuronal damage compared to nonenhancing SPMS and RRMS subtypes.
When Judges Have a Hunch - Intuition and Experience in Judicial Decision-Making

This essay aims to approach an issue which is disregarded in current jurisprudential debates - the issue of the judicial hunch. First of all, it is disregarded because nowadays one major paradigm in legal theory is that of the “legal reasoning” - even its title suggests a paradigm where one considers the act of judging a rational act, and it’s also normatively implied that is how it is supposed to be. Second of all, because even when a judge talks about his hunches, the legal theorist considers this a marginal case, an accident. I aim to argue that hunches and intuitions take place much more often than we think; they are present at all levels of the judiciary, in easy and hard cases, at all levels of expertise. In fact, the argument will go stronger than that: hunches are an essential component of the act of judging. One consequence will be that the phrase “legal reasoning,” if it has to be used properly, designates but part of the judicial decision making process and it has less importance than legal theorists usually give it.
A novel prognostic factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: protein disulfide isomerase

Background/Aims Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been implicated in the survival and progression of some cancer cells, by compensating for endoplasmic reticulum stress by upregulating the protein-folding capacity. However, its prognostic role in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been investigated. Methods We collected HCC tissues from 83 HCC patients who underwent surgical resection for an immunohistochemical study of PDI. Overall survival (OS) was measured from the date of surgical resection until the date of death from any cause. Radiological progression was evaluated using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors in an independent radiological assessment. Results PDI expression was found to be increased in human HCC compared to adjacent nontumor tissues. Increased immunopositivity for PDI was associated with a high Edmondson-Steiner grade (p = 0.028). Univariate analysis of patients who had undergone surgical resection for HCC showed that tumor PDI upregulation is a significant risk factor for poor OS (p = 0.016; hazard ratio [HR], 1.980) and time to progression (TTP; p = 0.007; HR, 1.971). Multivariate analyses revealed that high PDI expression was an independent predictor of a shorter TTP (p = 0.015; HR, 1.865) and poor OS (p = 0.012; HR, 2.069). Conclusions Upregulated PDI expression is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features of HCC; thus, PDI might serve as an independent prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target for HCC patients.
Kin discrimination and sex ratios in a parasitoid wasp

Sex ratio theory provides a clear and simple way to test if nonsocial haplodiploid wasps can discriminate between kin and nonkin. Specifically, if females can discriminate siblings from nonrelatives, then they are expected to produce a higher proportion of daughters if they mate with a sibling. This prediction arises because in haplodiploids, inbreeding (sib‐mating) causes a mother to be relatively more related to her daughters than her sons. Here we formally model this prediction for when multiple females lay eggs in a patch, and test it with the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. Our results show that females do not adjust their sex ratio behaviour dependent upon whether they mate with a sibling or nonrelative, in response to either direct genetic or a range of indirect environmental cues. This suggests that females of N. vitripennis cannot discriminate between kin and nonkin. The implications of our results for the understanding of sex ratio and social evolution are discussed.
The Effect of Strength Training on Three-Kilometer Performance in Recreational Women Endurance Runners

In this study, we investigated whether a heavy strength training program, as an additive to an endurance running program, would cause significant improvements in 3-km run time in a group of recreationally fit women when compared with endurance-only (EO) training. Sixteen women aged between 18 and 27 years of age were randomly assigned to either an EO group (n = 9) or a concurrent strength and endurance (CSE) group (n = 7). A 10-week training program for both groups consisted of an endurance running program performed three afternoons per week. The CSE group also participated in strength training on the morning of each running session. Testing was conducted pre and post training in a 3-km time trial and measured &OV0312;o2peak, running economy, muscular strength (1 repetition maximum), and body composition and girth. There was a trend (P = 0.07) toward greater improvement in 3-km performance time for the CSE group (106.7 ± 91.4 seconds) when compared with the EO group (77.3 ± 93.0 seconds). Further, the CSE group showed an increase in strength levels when compared with the EO group. The CSE group showed significant increases (P ≤ 0.05) in the parallel squat and hamstring curl, and a significant increase (P ≤ 0.05) was also found in upper body strength for the bench press (11.9% increase) when compared with the EO group. There were no significant differences between the two groups for &OV0312;o2peak, running economy, body composition, or girth measurements. This study found no negative or compatibility problems when heavy strength training was added to an endurance running program, and a nonsignificant increase in improvement for 3-km times was evident.
The Role of Context in Neural Morphological Disambiguation

Languages with rich morphology often introduce sparsity in language processing tasks. While morphological analyzers can reduce this sparsity by providing morpheme-level analyses for words, they will often introduce ambiguity by returning multiple analyses for the same surface form. The problem of disambiguating between these morphological parses is further complicated by the fact that a correct parse for a word is not only be dependent on the surface form but also on other words in its context. In this paper, we present a language-agnostic approach to morphological disambiguation. We address the problem of using context in morphological disambiguation by presenting several LSTM-based neural architectures that encode long-range surface-level and analysis-level contextual dependencies. We applied our approach to Turkish, Russian, and Arabic to compare effectiveness across languages, matching state-of-the-art results in two of the three languages. Our results also demonstrate that while context plays a role in learning how to disambiguate, the type and amount of context needed varies between languages.
Effect of statins on the mortality of patients with ischaemic heart disease: population based cohort study with nested case–control analysis

Objective: To measure the effect of statins on mortality for community based patients with ischaemic heart disease and determine whether the likely benefits are similar for women, the elderly, and patients with diabetes. Design: Open prospective cohort study with nested case–control analysis. Setting: 1.18 million patients registered with 89 practices spread across 23 strategic health authority areas within the UK. All practices had a minimum of eight years of longitudinal data and were contributing to the UK QRESEARCH database. Subjects: All patients with a first diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease between January 1996 and December 2003 Outcomes: Adjusted hazard ratio with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all cause mortality (cohort analysis) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI (case–control analysis) for current use of statins. Adjustments were made for current use of aspirin, β blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, co-morbidity (myocardial infarction, diabetes, hypertension, congestive cardiac failure), smoking, body mass index, and quintile of deprivation. Results: 13 029 patients had a first diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease in the study period giving an incidence rate of 3.38/1000 person years. 2266 patients with ischaemic heart disease died during the 43 460 person years of observation giving an overall mortality rate of 52.1/1000 person years (95% CI 50.0 to 54.3). In the case–control analysis, patients taking statins had a 39% lower risk of death than did patients not taking statins (adjusted OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.72) after use of other medication, co-morbidity, smoking, body mass index, and deprivation were taken into account. The benefits found in this study compared favourably with those found in the randomised controlled trials, although the current study population is at higher overall risk. The benefits extend to women, patients with diabetes, and the elderly and can be seen within two years of treatment. Longer duration of usage was associated with lower OR for risk of death with a 19% reduction in risk of death with each additional year of treatment (adjusted OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.86 per year). Mortality was similarly reduced among patients prescribed atorvastatin (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.79) and simvastatin (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.76). Conclusions: The benefits of statins found in randomised controlled trials extend to unselected community based patients. The benefits can be seen within the first two years of treatment and continue to accrue over time. Since patients in the community are likely to be at higher risk than those in trials, the potential benefits from statins are likely to be greater than expected.
In search of the master therapist : emotional competence and client outcome : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Psychotherapy for clients is an interpersonal, often emotional, process facilitated under guidance from their therapist. Whilst the literature offers some tantalising clues as to which therapist-emotional qualities are beneficial for establishing good working relationships, which tend to lead to positive client change, little is known about which specific emotional skills successful therapists use to achieve this process. The purpose of the present study was to gain insight into how excellent therapists use their emotion in therapy to help clients achieve positive outcomes. Three therapists with high client outcome ratings engaged in semi-structured interviews, and resulting transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Participants spoke of genuine congruence in warmth and caring characteristics; sensitivity to client needs; harbouring positive expectations of their therapeutic methods and clients; possessing strong self-reflective and emotion regulation skills; often experiencing strong empathy but moderating their empathic expression; balancing the client relationship and therapeutic process; working collaboratively with their clients; and prioritising client emotional needs over their own. Implications, study limitations and future directions for research are discussed.
Freesurfer vs manual tracing: Detecting future cognitive decline in healthy older adults at-risk for Alzheimer's disease

FREESURFER VS MANUAL TRACING: DETECTING FUTURE COGNITIVE DECLINE IN HEALTHY OLDER ADULTS AT-RISK FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE Alissa M. Butts, M.S. Marquette University, 2013 Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative pathological process that is thought to begin years prior to observable symptom onset. The hippocampus appears to be particularly vulnerable to the underlying brain pathology of AD. Hippocampal volume is a sensitive measure in predicting conversion from mild cognitive impairment to AD, but less is known regarding the use of hippocampal volume in asymptomatic individuals at risk for AD who eventually decline. The inconsistent findings may, in part, be due to the chosen method of hippocampal segmentation. FreeSurfer (FS) and manual tracings (MT) are two common segmentation techniques that have unique costs and benefits. The present study directly compared hippocampal volumes generated by FS and MT in a longitudinal design assessing cognitively healthy elders, with varying degree of risk for AD, over a 4.5-year period. After 4.5 years, 15 participants demonstrated cognitive decline, while 45 remained stable. The results suggest FS consistently produced larger hippocampal volumes than MT, but neither method distinguished between groups at baseline. Longitudinally, individuals who declined experienced a more progressive pattern of atrophy compared to those who remained stable. These data suggest that hippocampal volume over time may be a useful variable in determining cognitive change over time, with the addition of other known risk factors, such as genetic risk. This study also suggests that in presymptomatic individuals, MT may not provide added benefit over the use of the more cost-effective FS.
Follicular streamers (stelae) in scarring and non‐scarring alopecia

Background: Follicular streamers are residual fibrovascular tracts representing the impermanent lower third of the hair follicle below the bulge region. Streamers are generally not counted in transverse alopecia samples as they may represent catagen/telogen (CT) follicles and vellus‐like (VL) follicles, or be mistaken as follicular scars.
Subgroup analyses in Orgalutran trials.

I read with interest the European–Middle East Orgalutran trial (The European Orgalutran Study Group et al., 2000) and I noticed that the study extensively monitored hormonal assays (LH, FSH, oestradiol). It is well known that sufficient stimulation of both theca cells and granulosa cells by LH and FSH is required for adequate oestradiol biosynthesis (Short, 1962; Schoot et al., 1992) and hence endometrial proliferation and receptivity. Recent in-vivo evidence also demonstrates that dominant follicle development and oestradiol production are also dependent on late-follicular phase LH concentrations (Zeleznik et al., 1974; Sullivan et al., 1999). However, in contrast to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, the suppression of LH secretion by GnRH antagonists is more pronounced than that of FSH (Hall et al., 1988). Whether this more pronounced suppression could have an impact on clinical outcome is still a matter of debate. I was wondering if a subgroup analysis was done in the antagonisttreated group (those who got pregnant and those who did not) based on the difference in ratios between basal FSH and LH and their concentrations on day of HCG administration.
Attachment, perceptions of social support, and social integration: Implications for adolescents at risk of school dropout

This study investigated the relationship between perceived social support and indices of school dropout risk. Theories of attachment and social integration provided the conceptual background for the study. Middle adolescents (36 girls, 39 boys, average age 14.37) completed the IPPA, assessing perceived social support from parents, peers, and teachers. Students were designated 'at risk' or 'not at risk' based on stringent indices of academic risk. Compared to 'not at risk' adolescents, those 'at risk' perceived: lower trust in, and higher alienation from, mothers, fathers, and teachers; lower overall support from mothers and teachers; and lower perceptions of mothers as sources of communicative support. Significant group differences were found in perceptions of relative support from mothers, fathers, peers and teachers. For the 'not at risk' group, peer support was associated with fewer risk indices. Mother support and communication, and teacher trust and alienation were associated with the likelihood of risk.
The Effect of Recast vs. Self Correction on Writing Accuracy: The Role of Awareness

Studies in support of the facilitative role of correction in either forms of recast, repetition, confirmations, compression checks, or clarification request abound (Ellis, 2003). Among these studies recast has proved to be the most frequent type of error correction in classroom [30] [32]; however, self-correction or elicitation might make students notice the gap more than recast. To illuminate the difference, two methods of recast and self correction were applied to two groups of students to see if there would be any difference between two methods on the students' writing accuracy regarding the use of past tense. Man Whitney, along with Wilcoxon, was run as the main statistical techniques to examine the effectiveness of methods of error correction on students' writing accuracy. The result of this study showed that there is no significant difference between the two methods of correction although students improve after treatment; however, self correction outperformed recast and recast did not improve students' accuracy in posttest.