Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deceiving Google’s Cloud Video Intelligence API Built for Summarizing Videos

Despite the rapid progress of the techniques for image classification, video annotation has remained a challenging task. Automated video annotation would be a breakthrough technology, enabling users to search within the videos. Recently, Google introduced the Cloud Video Intelligence API for video analysis. As per the website, the system can be used to "separate signal from noise, by retrieving relevant information at the video, shot or per frame" level. A demonstration website has been also launched, which allows anyone to select a video for annotation. The API then detects the video labels (objects within the video) as well as shot labels (description of the video events over time). ,,,,,,In this paper, we examine the usability of the Google's Cloud Video Intelligence API in adversarial environments. In particular, we investigate whether an adversary can subtly manipulate a video in such a way that the API will return only the adversary-desired labels. For this, we select an image, which is different from the video content, and insert it, periodically and at a very low rate, into the video. We found that if we insert one image every two seconds, the API is deceived into annotating the video as if it only contained the inserted image. Note that the modification to the video is hardly noticeable as, for instance, for a typical frame rate of 25, we insert only one image per 50 video frames. We also found that, by inserting one image per second, all the shot labels returned by the API are related to the inserted image. We perform the experiments on the sample videos provided by the API demonstration website and show that our attack is successful with different videos and images.
Experimental Characterization of the Properties of Double-Lap Needled and Hybrid Joints of Carbon/Epoxy Composites

The effect of through-thickness reinforcement by thin 1 mm steel needles (z-pins) on the static tensile strength of double-lap joints of a carbon/epoxy composite was investigated. Two types of joints—z-pinned and hybrid (including glued ones)—were considered. The joints were reinforced in the overlap region with 9, 25, or 36 z-pins. Comparing mechanical properties of the double-lap joints with the corresponding characteristics of their unpinned counterparts, the z-pins were found to be highly effective: the strength and stiffness of the pinned joints increased up to 300% and 280%, respectively. These improvements were due to a transition in the failure mechanism from debonding of the joint in the absence of z-pins to pullout or shear rupture of z-pins or to the tensile failure of laminate adherends, depending on the volume content of the pins.
Fetuses, Orphans, and a Famous Violinist: On the Ethics and Politics of Abortion

In this paper, I urge feminists to re-center fetal moral status in their theorizing about abortion. I argue that fundamental feminist normative commitments are at odds with efforts to de-emphasize fetal moral status: The feminist commitment to ensuring care for dependents supports surprising conclusions with regard to the ethics of abortion, and the feminist commitment to politicizing the personal has surprising conclusions regarding the politics of abortion. But these feminist insights also support the conclusion that, conditional on fetal moral status, care for unwanted fetuses would be a social obligation that only derivatively falls to women who are unwillingly pregnant.
Luminosity and Mass Function of the Galactic open cluster NGC 2422

We present UBVRI photometry of the open cluster NGC 2422 (age ∼ 10 8 yr) down to a limiting magnitude V � 19. These data are used to derive the Luminosity and Mass Functions and to study the cluster spatial distribution. By considering the color-magnitude diagram data and adopting a representative cluster main sequence, we obtained a list of candidate cluster members based on a photometric criterion. Using a reference field region and an iterative procedure, a correction for contam- inating field stars has been derived in order to obtain the Luminosity and the Mass Functions in the M = 0.4−3.5 Mrange. By fitting the spatial distribution, we infer that a non-negligible number of cluster stars lies outside our investigated region. We have estimated a correction to the Mass Function of the cluster in order to take into account the "missing" cluster stars. The Present Day Mass Function of NGC 2422 can be represented by a power-law of index α = 3.07 ± 0.08 (rms) - the Salpeter Mass Function in this notation has index α = 2.35 - in the mass range 0.9 ≤ M/M� ≤ 2.5. The index α and the total mass of the cluster are very similar to those of the Pleiades.
Dynamic Address Configuration in Mobile Ad hoc Networks

The majority of routing protocols for ad hoc networks assume that mobile nodes are configured a priori with unique IP addresses before they enter a network; however, not all nodes have pre-as signed static IP addresses. Therefore, dynamic address assignmen t is a desirable feature for deploying mobile ad hoc networks. Typic ally, dynamic configuration in a wired network is accomplished by u sing the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP). In mobile ad hoc networks, however, there is no fixed infrastructure and node s do not have access to a centralized server to acquire IP addresses. Further, due to node mobility, network partitions and merges are freq uent occurrences. Such events create the possibility of duplicate addresses within the network. Therefore, a centralized approach cann ot be applied in these networks; a distributed and dynamic mechanis m is needed for nodes to acquire and maintain a unique IP address i n mobile ad hoc networks. This paper presents an address autoc onfiguration protocol to provide address assignment to mobile nodes during the formation and maintenance of ad hoc networks. Sim ulation results show that mobile nodes can acquire unique IP add resses within a short time with minimum overhead, and the protocol o perates correctly and quickly to detect network partitions and merges.
Systematics of Malaysian woolly bats (Vespertilionidae: Kerivoula) inferred from mitochondrial, nuclear, karyotypic, and morphological data

Abstract Examining species boundaries using data from multiple independent sources is an appropriate and robust method to identify genetically isolated evolutionary units. We used 5 data sets—cytochrome b (Cytb), cytochrome c oxidase (COI), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), karyotypes, and morphology—to estimate phylogenetic relationships and species limits within woolly bats, genus Kerivoula, from Southeast Asia. We genetically analyzed 54 specimens of Kerivoula from Malaysia, assigned to 6 of the 10 species currently reported from the country. Phylogenetic analyses of nuclear AFLPs (33 specimens) and mitochondrial DNA sequences from Cytb (51 specimens) and COI (48 specimens) resulted in similar statistically supported species-level clades with minimal change in branching order. Using comparisons of cranial and dental morphology and original species descriptions, we assigned the resulting phylogenetic clades to K. hardwickii, K. intermedia, K. lenis, K. minuta, K. papillosa, K pellucida, and 1 unidentified species. Karyotypes further documented variability among the 6 clades. Five different karyotypes were identified, with 2 species having indistinguishable karyotypes. We compared our COI gene sequence data to 110 specimens of Kerivoula from Southeast Asia made available by researchers of the Barcode of Life Database. Our Cytb and AFLP species identifications were congruent with those in the COI database. Intraspecific geographic variation of about 5–7% sequence divergence was observed in Cytb and COI genes within both K. hardwickii and K. minuta. Relaxed molecular clock analyses indicated a late Oligocene to early Miocene origin of the Kerivoulinae with intraspecific diversification events coinciding with the late Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in at least 6 species. Specimens from Sabah (northeastern Borneo) showed relatively high genetic divergence compared to those between Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak (southwestern Borneo), indicating Pleistocene or Pliocene refugia in Borneo. We conclude that at least 1 distinct lineage of Kerivoula is yet to be described from Borneo and that the intraspecific geographic variation in some species agrees with previous studies on the diversification of flora and fauna in Borneo.
Canonical labelling of graphs in linear average time

Canonical labelling of graphs (CL, for short) can be used, e.g., to test isomorphism. We prove that a simple vertex classification procedure results after only two refinement steps in a CL of random graphs with probability 1 - exp(-cn). With a slight modification we obtain a linear time CL algorithm with only exp(-cn log n/log log n) probability of failure. An additional depth-first search yields a CL of all graphs in linear average time.
ANALISIS PERTANYAAN PADA BUTIR SOAL READING COMPREHENSION PADA TEST TOEIC

Penelitian mengenai model test TOEIC ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan deskripsi dan penjelasan yang komprehensif mengenai sejumlah aspek yang terkait dengan butir butir soal yang ada. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan pola pertanyaan pada butir soal Completion dan Error Recognition pada Reading TOEIC, (2) mendeskripsikan konteks bacaan pada soal pemahaman teks Reading TOEIC, (3) mendeskripsikan pola pertanyan pada butir soal pemahaman teks pada Reading TOEIC, dan (4) memaparkan frekuensi masing masing tipe pertanyaan pada butir soal pemahaman teks pada Reading. Lingkup penelitian ini adalah model test TOEIC, khususnya structure dan reading comprehension yang diambil dari beberapa buku latihan test TOEIC. Data terdiri dari 500 butir soal yang yang diambil dari buku latihan TOEIC yang diterbitkan oleh Barron’s Educational Series, Prentice Hall, dan Longman. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa teknik dokumentasi. Data dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif interpretatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebagai berikut: (1) komponen linguistik yang ditanyakan pada bagian Completion and Error recognition meliputi pertanyaan tentang penguasaan vocabulary (54.34%), Class of words (15%) (Verb, Noun, Adjective), Verb tense (11.33%), determiner (5.33%) preposition (4%), conjunction (3.67%), Degree of comparison in Adjective (3.33%), dan Conditional sentence (3%); (2) Konteks bacaan pada butir soal Reading Comprehension meliputi bisnis, manufacturing, finance and Budgeting, Offices, personnel, purchasing, housing/corporate property, travel, dining out, entertainment, dan Health; (3) pola pertanyaan Reading Comprehension meliputi: (a) gagasan utama dan kemungkinan judul yang tepat, (b) informasi yang tersurat dalam teks, (c) informasi yang tersirat, dan (d) dan tujuan penulisan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas disimpulkan bahwa penguasaan kosakata sangat penting untuk keberhasilan dalam test TOEIC karena 50%-nya berupa penguasaan kosakata.
Sexual Satisfaction and Relationship Happiness in Midlife and Older Couples in Five Countries

Sexuality research focuses almost exclusively on individuals rather than couples, though ongoing relationships are very important for most people and cultures. The present study was the first to examine sexual and relationship parameters of middle-aged and older couples in committed relationships of 1–51 years duration. Survey research was conducted in Brazil, Germany, Japan, Spain, and the U.S. targeting 200 men aged 40–70 and their female partners in each country, with 1,009 couples in the final sample. Key demographic, health, physical intimacy, sexual behavior, sexual function, and sexual history variables were used to model relationship happiness and sexual satisfaction. The median ages were 55 for men and 52 for women; median relationship duration was 25 years. Relationship satisfaction in men depended on health, physical intimacy, and sexual functioning, while in women only sexual functioning predicted relationship satisfaction. Models predicting sexual satisfaction included significant physical intimacy and sexual functioning for both genders and, for men, more frequent recent sexual activity and fewer lifetime partners. Longer relationship duration predicted greater relationship happiness and sexual satisfaction for men. However, women in relationships of 20 to 40 years were significantly less likely than men to report relationship happiness. Compared to men, women showed lower sexual satisfaction early in the relationship and greater sexual satisfaction later. Within the long-term committed relationship context, there were significant gender differences in correlates of sexual and relationship satisfaction, with sexual functioning a common predictor of both types of satisfaction and physical intimacy a more consistent and salient predictor for men.
Human Capital and Economic Development *

Health and education are both components of human capital and contributors to human welfare. One index of human welfare, which incorporates income, education and health, shows that Africa’s level of ‘human development’ is the lowest of any region in the world. In this paper we will frequently compare Africa with South Asia. While Africa’s level of human development is lower than that of South Asia, its per capita income is higher. Africa’s poor economic performance has been most marked in its growth rate which has been half that of South Asia. As Africa has found since 1980, slow economic growth severely limits the ability of governments and households to fund further investments in health and education. Low investments in human capital may impinge on already low growth rates of income. Such interrelations might be thought to imply a vicious circle of development, but this should not be overstated. Poor countries have considerable discretion over how much to invest in health and education. Since Independence, Africa has achieved a rapid growth of some aspects of human capital particularly in the expansion of education despite starting from a low level of income. The expansion of the human capital stock has not been matched by a commensurate rise in physical capital. The result has been low growth of incomes and low returns to the educational investment. This paper provides an overview of Africa’s achievements in the formation of human capital, and its impact on economic growth and welfare. Human capital, economic growth and welfare are closely interrelated. Section 2 provides an assessment of Africa’s human development in the context of other developing regions. Section 3 turns to the central issue of how to promote economic growth in Africa and the role of human capital in that process. Section 4 presents evidence on the linkages between education and health outcomes, while section 5 provides some concluding remarks.
Determinants of Persistence Among Science Teacher-Trainees: Examining the Role of Self-Efficacy, Task Value, and Academic Hope

ABSTRACT Grounded in the expectancy-value and hope theories, the present study was conducted to examine the extent to which self-efficacy, task value, and academic hope predict persistence among science teacher-trainees in Uganda. The sample consisted of 278 undergraduate science teacher-trainees selected from a large public university in northern Uganda. Data were collected using several scales from the modified Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Academic Hope Scale, and College Persistence Questionnaire and analyzed using structural equation modeling. Task value and academic hope significantly predicted students’ persistence. Academic hope made a greater contribution to students’ persistence compared to task value. The combined effect of task value and academic hope did not make any significant contribution to students’ persistence. The study highlights the need to strengthen students’ hopeful thinking and task value in order to increase their chances of completing their studies. Implications of the study findings for educational practice and for the training of science teacher-trainees are elaborated in the article.
Small Concentration Asymptotics and Instrumental Variables Inference

Poskitt and Skeels (2003) provide a new approximation to the sampling distribution of the IV estimator in a simultaneous equations model, the approximation is appropriate when the concentration parameter associated with the reduced form model is small. A basic purpose of this paper is to provide the practitioner with easily implemented inferential tools based upon extensions to these small concentration asymptotic results. We present various approximations to the sampling distribution of functions of the IV estimator based upon small concentration asymptotics, and investigate hypothesis testing procedures and confidence region construction using these approximations. It is shown that the test statistics advanced are asymptotically pivotal and that the associated critical regions generate locally uniformly most powerful invariant tests. The confidence regions are also shown to be valid. The small-concentration asymptotic approximations lead to a non-standard application of standard distributions, facilitating numerical implementation using commonly available software.
Coordinated learning by exploiting sparse interaction in multiagent systems

Multiagent learning provides a promising paradigm to study how autonomous agents learn to achieve coordinated behavior in multiagent systems. In multiagent learning, the concurrency of multiple distributed learning processes makes the environment nonstationary for each individual learner. Developing an efficient learning approach to coordinate agents’ behavior in this dynamic environment is a difficult problem especially when agents do not know the domain structure and at the same time have only local observability of the environment. In this paper, a coordinated learning approach is proposed to enable agents to learn where and how to coordinate their behavior in loosely coupled multiagent systems where the sparse interactions of agents constrain coordination to some specific parts of the environment. In the proposed approach, an agent first collects statistical information to detect those states where coordination is most necessary by considering not only the potential contributions from all the domain states but also the direct causes of the miscoordination in a conflicting state. The agent then learns to coordinate its behavior with others through its local observability of the environment according to different scenarios of state transitions. To handle the uncertainties caused by agents’ local observability, an optimistic estimation mechanism is introduced to guide the learning process of the agents. Empirical studies show that the proposed approach can achieve a better performance by improving the average agent reward compared with an uncoordinated learning approach and by reducing the computational complexity significantly compared with a centralized learning approach. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unexplained sudden death in patients on the waiting list for renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND The incidence of unexplained sudden death (SD) and the factors involved in its occurrence in patients with chronic kidney disease are not well known. METHODS We investigated the incidence and the role of co-morbidities in unexplained SD in 1139 haemodialysis patients on the renal transplant waiting list. RESULTS Forty-four patients died from SD of undetermined causes (20% of all deaths; 3.9 deaths/1000 patients per year), while 178 died from other causes and 917 survived. SD patients were older and likely to have diabetes, hypertension, past/present cardiovascular disease, higher left ventricular mass index, and lower ejection fraction. Multivariate analysis showed that cardiovascular disease of any type was the only independent predictor of SD (P = 0.0001, HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.46-3.22). Alterations closely associated with ischaemic heart disease like angina, previous myocardial infarction and altered myocardial scan were not independent predictors of SD. The incidence of unexplained SD in these haemodialysis patients is high and probably a consequence of pre-existing cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Factors influencing SD in dialysis patients are not substantially different from factors in the general population. The role played by ischaemic heart disease in this context needs further evaluation.
C5a Receptor Activation

Hormones and sensory stimuli activate serpentine receptors, transmembrane switches that relay signals to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins). To understand the switch mechanism, we subjected 93 amino acids in transmembrane helices III, V, VI, and VII of the human chemoattractant C5a receptor to random saturation mutagenesis. A yeast selection identified 121 functioning mutant receptors, containing a total of 523 amino acid substitutions. Conserved hydrophobic residues are located on helix surfaces that face other helices in a modeled seven-helix bundle (Baldwin, J. M., Schertler, G. F., and Unger, V. M. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 272, 144–164), whereas surfaces predicted to contact the surrounding lipid tolerate many substitutions. Our analysis identified 25 amino acid positions resistant to nonconservative substitutions. These appear to comprise two distinct components of the receptor switch, a surface at or near the extracellular membrane interface and a core cluster in the cytoplasmic half of the bundle. Twenty-one of the 121 mutant receptors exhibit constitutive activity. Amino acids substitutions in these activated receptors predominate in helices III and VI; other activating mutations truncate the receptor near the extracellular end of helix VI. These results identify key elements of a general mechanism for the serpentine receptor switch.
INFLUENCE OF INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN CHINESE ADOLESCENTS: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF ATTENTION PROBLEMS

Adolescent mental health has become a public concern, and it is necessary to know how problem behaviors affect academic achievement. The current study surveyed 12,672 adolescents in eastern China, and results indicated clinical cut-offs on each problem behavior. We then examined how internalizing problems lead to negative academic results. Findings suggest Attention problems are a key factor. Anxiety/ depression and somatic complaints have no direct effect on academic performance but are mediated by attention problems. This study can serve practice of schooling and parenting, and provide basis for developing clinical intervention strategy in China.