Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Optimal Spacing of Study: A Multiscale Context Model of Memory

When individuals learn facts (e.g., foreign language vocabulary) over multiple study sessions, the temporal spacing of study has a significant impact on memory retention. Behavioral experiments have shown a nonmonotonic relationship between spacing and retention: short or long intervals between study sessions yield lower cued-recall accuracy than intermediate intervals. Appropriate spacing of study can double retention on educationally relevant time scales. We introduce a Multiscale Context Model (MCM) that is able to predict the influence of a particular study schedule on retention for specific material. MCM's prediction is based on empirical data characterizing forgetting of the material following a single study session. MCM is a synthesis of two existing memory models (Staddon, Chelaru, & Higa, 2002; Raaijmakers, 2003). On the surface, these models are unrelated and incompatible, but we show they share a core feature that allows them to be integrated. MCM can determine study schedules that maximize the durability of learning, and has implications for education and training. MCM can be cast either as a neural network with inputs that fluctuate over time, or as a cascade of leaky integrators. MCM is intriguingly similar to a Bayesian multiscale model of memory (Kording, Tenenbaum, & Shadmehr, 2007), yet MCM is better able to account for human declarative memory.
The Social Behaviors of Experts in Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games

We examine the social behaviors of game experts in Everquest II, a popular massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMO). We rely on exponential random graph models (ERGM) to examine the anonymous privacy-protected social networks of 1,457 players over a five-day period. We find that those who achieve the most in the game send and receive more communication, while those who perform the most efficiently at the game show no difference in communication behavior from other players. Both achievement and performance experts tend to communicate with those at similar expertise levels, and higher-level experts are more likely to receive communication from other players.
Reverse‐Engineering Visualizations: Recovering Visual Encodings from Chart Images

We investigate how to automatically recover visual encodings from a chart image, primarily using inferred text elements. We contribute an end‐to‐end pipeline which takes a bitmap image as input and returns a visual encoding specification as output. We present a text analysis pipeline which detects text elements in a chart, classifies their role (e.g., chart title, x‐axis label, y‐axis title, etc.), and recovers the text content using optical character recognition. We also train a Convolutional Neural Network for mark type classification. Using the identified text elements and graphical mark type, we can then infer the encoding specification of an input chart image. We evaluate our techniques on three chart corpora: a set of automatically labeled charts generated using Vega, charts from the Quartz news website, and charts extracted from academic papers. We demonstrate accurate automatic inference of text elements, mark types, and chart specifications across a variety of input chart types.
Why Some Companies Emerge Stronger and Better from a Crisis: Seven Essential Lessons for Surviving Disaster

Why Some Companies Emerge Stronger and Better from a Crisis: Seven Essential Lessons for Surviving Disaster Ian I. Mitroff AMACOM (2005) 238 pages, Hardback, $18.45 Reviewed by: Peter Finley, Nova Southeastern University We live in an era in which business-related crisis is relatively commonplace. For business managers who are responsible for seeing their business through crises, the questions are no longer whether they will experience crises, but rather when and in what form. Successfully navigating a crisis will depend on the actions a business takes in the time between accepting that crisis can happen and the actual crisis itself. Mitroff draws on over twenty-five years of experience in the field of crisis management to challenge the reader to consider possibilities that are uncomfortable and intimidating and then to prepare to meet these challenges head on. Mitroff makes a compelling case that crisis management can no longer be solely focused on preparing for and reacting to breakdowns stemming from "normal" disruption to business, such as fires, faulty designs, and manufacturing errors. Rather, attention must be given to the new age of crisis, which arises from intentional acts to break up organizational systems through the exploitation of weaknesses, include acts of terrorism, theft, and product tampering. In making his case, he addresses the fact that many businesses hide behind a mask of denial, sure that their business is not large enough, important enough, or geographically situated to be concerned with such threats. The author suggests there are seven distinct competencies, or intelligences, that an organization must demonstrate to survive crises, including (1) accepting that crisis can occur, (2) using creative thinking to consider types of crisis, (3) understanding that businesses are affected by challenges that are universal in nature, (4) seeing crisis and solutions as complex, but understanding that preparation can simplify the path to survival, (5) using controlled paranoia to discover where a business is vulnerable, (6), making crisis management central to all business activity, and (7) understanding the connection between our work and our spirit. The chapters are divided to give each intelligence due consideration, and there are examples throughout. Chapters open with useful quotes and short stories that are alluded to within the chapter, underscoring the real-world application of each competency. Mitroff also includes a list of arguments to be made in each chapter, which helps prepare the reader for the new concepts and also acts as a refresher during subsequent readings. …
Evolution of star formation and gas

In these lectures I review observations of star-forming molecular clouds in our Galaxy and nearby galaxies to develop a physical intuition for understanding star formation in the local and high-redshift Universe. A lot of this material is drawn from early work in the field since much of the work was done two decades ago and this background is not generally available in the present literature. I also attempt to synthesise our well-developed understanding of star formation in low-redshift galaxies with constraints from theory and observations at high redshift to develop an intuitive model for the evolution of galaxy mass and luminosity functions in the early Universe. The overall goal of this contribution is to provide students with background helpful for analysis of far-infrared (FIR) observations from Herschel and millimetre/submillimetre (mm/submm) imaging with ALMA (the Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimetre Array). These two instruments will revolutionise our understanding of the interstellar medium (ISM) and associated star formation and galaxy evolution, both locally and in the distant Universe. To facilitate interpreting the FIR spectra of Galactic star-forming regions and high-redshift sources, I develop a model for the dust heating and radiative transfer in order to elucidate the observed infrared (IR) emissions. I do this because I am not aware of a similar coherent discussion in the literature.
A therapy dog's impact on daytime activity and night-time sleep for older persons with Alzheimer's disease - A case study

Background: Animal-Assisted Therapy using dogs have been described as having a calming effect, decrease sundowning and blood-pressure in persons with Alzheimer’s disease. The aim was to investigate how continuous and scheduled visits by a prescribed therapy dog affected daytime and night-time sleep for persons with Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: In this case study, registration of activity and sleep curves was conducted from five persons with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease living at a nursing home, over a period of 16 weeks using an Actiwatch. Data was analysed with descriptive statistics. Result: The study shows no clear pattern of effect on individual persons daytime activity and sleep when encounter with a therapy dog, but instead points to a great variety of possible different effects that brings an increased activity at different time points, for example during night-time sleep. Conclusions: Effects from the use of a Animal-Assisted Therapy with a dog in the care of persons with Alzheimer’s disease needs to be further investigated and analysed from a personcentred view including both daytime and nightime activities.
Weighting Finite-State Transductions With Neural Context

How should one apply deep learning to tasks such as morphological reinﬂection, which stochastically edit one string to get another? A recent approach to such sequence-to-sequence tasks is to compress the input string into a vector that is then used to generate the output string, using recurrent neural networks. In contrast, we propose to keep the traditional architecture, which uses a ﬁnite-state transducer to score all possible output strings , but to augment the scoring function with the help of recurrent networks. A stack of bidirectional LSTMs reads the input string from left-to-right and right-to-left, in order to summarize the input context in which a transducer arc is applied. We combine these learned features with the transducer to deﬁne a probability distribution over aligned output strings, in the form of a weighted ﬁnite-state automaton. This reduces hand-engineering of features, allows learned features to examine unbounded context in the input string, and still permits exact inference through dynamic programming. We illustrate our method on the tasks of morphological reinﬂection and lemmatization.
Multimorbidity in elderly hospitalised patients and risk of Clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective study with the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS)

Objectives To identify the role of chronic comorbidities, considered together in a literature-validated index (Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, CIRS), and antibiotic or proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) treatments as risk factors for hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in elderly multimorbid hospitalised patients. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Subacute hospital geriatric care ward in Italy. Participants 505 (238 male (M), 268 female (F)) elderly (age ≥65) multimorbid patients. Main outcome measures The relationship between CDI and CIRS Comorbidity Score, number of comorbidities, antibiotic, antifungal and PPI treatments, and length of hospital stay was assessed through age-adjusted and sex-adjusted and multivariate logistic regression models. The CIRS Comorbidity Score was handled after categorisation in quartiles. Results Mean age was 80.7±11.3 years. 43 patients (22 M, 21 F) developed CDI. The prevalence of CDI increased among quartiles of CIRS Comorbidity Score (3.9% first quartile vs 11.1% fourth quartile, age-adjusted and sex-adjusted p=0.03). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients in the highest quartile of CIRS Comorbidity Score (≥17) carried a significantly higher risk of CDI (OR 5.07, 95% CI 1.28 to 20.14, p=0.02) than patients in the lowest quartile (<9). The only other variable significantly associated with CDI was antibiotic therapy (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.21 to 5.66, p=0.01). PPI treatment was not associated with CDI. Conclusions Multimorbidity, measured through CIRS Comorbidity Score, is independently associated with the risk of CDI in a population of elderly patients with prolonged hospital stay.
A Current Index Approach to Compensate Commutation Phase Error for Sensorless Brushless DC Motors With Nonideal Back EMF

Commutation phase errors during implementation are inevitable in the sensorless drive of the brushless dc (BLDC) motor. This paper analyzed the current waveform during the conducting phase under commutation phase error and nonideal back electromotive force (EMF). The relation between the elapsed time of the commutation phase error with the current waveform, the supplied voltage, and the nonideal back-EMF is derived. Based on this relationship, a reliable optimization method for commutation phase errors compensation is presented. Such method is to minimize the elapsed time of the commutation phase error with robustness properties with respect to parameter variations. In such a way, the peak values of the current at the front and back of the current waveform at each conducting period become more identical, which leads to minimum torque ripple. A digital signal processor-based sensorless BLDC motor controller to implement the proposed method is developed to verify its effectiveness experimentally. Experiment results showed that the proposed sensorless drive is capable of running in different speed and load torque with good performance.
Interplay between Wnt2 and Wnt2bb controls multiple steps of early foregut-derived organ development

The vertebrate liver, pancreas and lung arise in close proximity from the multipotent foregut endoderm. Tissue-explant experiments uncovered instructive signals emanating from the neighbouring lateral plate mesoderm, directing the endoderm towards specific organ fates. This suggested that an intricate network of signals is required to control the specification and differentiation of each organ. Here, we show that sequential functions of Wnt2bb and Wnt2 control liver specification and proliferation in zebrafish. Their combined specific activities are essential for liver specification, as their loss of function causes liver agenesis. Conversely, excess wnt2bb or wnt2 induces ectopic liver tissue at the expense of pancreatic and anterior intestinal tissues, revealing the competence of intestinal endoderm to respond to hepatogenic signals. Epistasis experiments revealed that the receptor frizzled homolog 5 (fzd5) mediates part of the broader hepatic competence of the alimentary canal. fzd5 is required for early liver formation and interacts genetically with wnt2 as well as wnt2bb. In addition, lack of both ligands causes agenesis of the swim bladder, the structural homolog of the mammalian lung. Thus, tightly regulated spatiotemporal expression of wnt2bb, wnt2 and fzd5 is central to coordinating early liver, pancreas and swim bladder development from a multipotent foregut endoderm.
Recent trends in HIV prevalence in a remote setting of southern India: insights into arranging HIV control policies.

INTRODUCTION Constant vigilance of the dynamics of HIV prevalence is important in estimating, regulating, and implementing prevention programs. The objective of this study was to investigate the trend in the prevalence of HIV infection over six years among specific demographic groups in the remote district of southern India. METHODOLOGY All high-risk attendees of the Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre, Government Theni Medical College between April 2005 and December 2010 were included in this study. Characteristics including age, sex, place of residence, literacy, and HIV sero-status were collected as per the guidelines of the National AIDS Control Organization. RESULTS A total of 50,043 data sets were analyzed; 3,282 (6.6%) tested positive for HIV infection. The prevalence of HIV infection among the ≤ 25 age group was significantly lower as compared to the elderly (4.4% vs. 6.9%; odds ratio 0.62; 95% confidence interval 0.55-0.71; p < 0.01). There was a decline in HIV prevalence among both age groups (P(trend) < 0.01 for ≤ 25 year-old; -82.3% and P(trend) < 0.01 for > 25-year old, -14.2%), males (P(trend) < 0.01; -50.9%), the urban population (P(trend) < 0.01; -45.9%), and illiterates (P(trend) < 0.01; -68%). The trend of HIV prevalence among females (P(trend) = 0.48; +9.1%), the rural population (P(trend) = 0.95; -7.1%), and literate population (P(trend) = 0.44; +28%) was statistically insignificant. CONCLUSION HIV prevalence is stable in the female population, while it is decreasing in male population, indicating that current interventions must be strengthened to reduce HIV prevalence among females.
Drag reduction in turbulent boundary layers by in-plane wall motion

Drag-reduction techniques capable of reducing the level of turbulent friction through wall-parallel movement of the wall are described, with special emphasis placed on spanwise movement. The discussion is confined to active open-loop control strategies, although feedback control is briefly mentioned with regard to peculiarities of spanwise sensing and/or actuation. Theoretical considerations are first given to explain why spanwise motion is expected to be particularly effective in skin-friction drag reduction. A review of the spanwise oscillating-wall technique is given next, with discussion of recent results and prospects. Last, waves of spanwise velocity are addressed, either spanwise- or streamwise-travelling. The latter include the oscillating wall as a special case. The generalized Stokes layer—i.e. the laminar, transverse oscillating boundary layer that develops under the action of the streamwise-travelling waves—is described, and its importance in determining turbulent drag reduction discussed. Finally, open issues like energetic efficiency and its dependence on Reynolds number are addressed.
Mechanisms involved in vitamin E transport by primary enterocytes and in vivo absorption Published, JLR Papers in Press, June 20, 2007.

It is generally believed that vitamin E is absorbed along with chylomicrons. However, we previously reported that human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells use dual pathways, apolipoprotein B (apoB)-lipoproteins and HDLs, to transport vitamin E. Here, we used primary enterocytes and rodents to identify in vivo vitamin E absorption pathways. Uptake of [3H]α-tocopherol by primary rat and mouse enterocytes increased with time and reached a maximum at 1 h. In the absence of exogenous lipid supply, these cells secreted vitamin E with HDL. Lipids induced the secretion of vitamin E with intermediate density lipoproteins, and enterocytes supplemented with lipids and oleic acid secreted vitamin E with chylomicrons. The secretion of vitamin E with HDL was not affected by lipid supply but was enhanced when incubated with HDL. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein inhibition reduced vitamin E secretion with chylomicrons without affecting its secretion with HDL. Enterocytes from Mttp-deficient mice also secreted less vitamin E with chylomicrons. In vivo absorption of [3H]α-tocopherol by mice after poloxamer 407 injection to inhibit lipoprotein lipase revealed that vitamin E was associated with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and small HDLs containing apoB-48 and apoA-I. These studies indicate that enterocytes use two pathways for vitamin E absorption. Absorption with chylomicrons is the major pathway of vitamin E absorption. The HDL pathway may be important when chylomicron assembly is defective and can be exploited to deliver vitamin E without increasing fat consumption.
Negative Relevance Feedback for Improving Retrieval in Large-Scale Image Collections

Retrieval engines provide results according to user request. Nevertheless, reaching satisfaction can not be guaranteed with simple retrieval step. Therefore, it is necessary to communicate this dissatisfaction to the system through relevance feedback techniques. Indeed, with the growing number of image collections and by applying approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) algorithms to resolve the curse of dimensionality, the semantic gap may increase. For this reason, an additional step of relevance feedback is needful to add semantics to the next retrieval iterations. In this paper, a classification of the different relevance feedback techniques related to region-based image retrieval applications is elaborated. Moreover, a new technique of relevance feedback based on re-weighting regions of the query-image by selecting a set of negative examples is detailed. Furthermore, the general context to carry out this technique which is the large-scale heterogeneous image collections indexing and retrieval is presented. In fact, the main contribution of the proposed work is affording efficient results with the minimum number of relevance feedback iterations for high dimensional image databases. Experiments and assessments are carried out within an RBIR system for "Wang" data set in order to prove the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
Symptom Prevalence of ADHD in a Community Residential Substance Abuse Treatment Program

Objective: ADHD is a common comorbid condition with substance use disorder. This study seeks to examine the discrepancy in the prevalence rate between those previously diagnosed with ADHD and those diagnosed while in treatment. It is hypothesized that clients with ADHD would have earlier unsuccessful terminations from treatment than non-ADHD clients and that the ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS Version 1.1) would be a reliable predictor. Method: Participants (N = 87) are admitted to a publicly funded 28-day residential treatment program. All participants are screened with the ASRS and participate in a clinical assessment evaluation. Results: A significant difference is found between the clinical record rate of 3.44% and the 43.68% rate found during treatment. The ASRS significantly predicts ADHD. Conclusions: The use of the ASRS is recommended and should be incorporated into standard intake assessment protocols. Careful diagnostic interviews are urged to determine if clients in residential treatment have ADHD.
Adolescent Autonomy Development and Problematic Eating Patterns

Adolescent Autonomy Development and Problematic Eating Patterns Kaitlyn A. Ferris Adolescence is a developmental time period associated with increased autonomy from parents and more independent decision-making. Adolescents strive to control areas of their life once solely controlled by parents, and food and eating decisions are two areas over which adolescents may want to have sole control. In addition, there may be heterogeneity in adolescents’ beliefs about food-related behavior as well as adolescents’ actual eating patterns. The current study examined parents’ and adolescents’ domain beliefs about food and whether adolescents’ domain beliefs about such behaviors were associated with problematic eating patterns. Participants included 102 female caregiver-adolescent dyads with children between the ages of 12-17 years (M = 14.65) and female caregivers between the ages of 29 to 65 years (M = 43.79). Female caregivers and adolescents completed self-report measures which assessed decision-making about various food-related behaviors, the harmfulness of different eating behaviors, and adolescents’ engagement in problematic (under-/over-eating) eating patterns. Female caregivers viewed decisions about food-related issues as requiring more parental input than adolescents, while older teens viewed food-related issues as up to them to decide compared to younger teens. Female caregivers and adolescents, regardless of age, did not differ in their harmfulness judgments about food and eating behavior. Additionally, increased adolescent decision-making about food-related behavior was associated with increased over-eating behavior, while increased adolescent harmfulness ratings of food were associated with increased restrictive eating.