Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Should Governments Subsidize Health? The Case of Mass Deworming

We discuss how evidence and theory can be combined to provide insight on the appropriate subsidy level for health products, focusing on the specific case of deworming. Although intestinal worm infections can be treated using safe, low-cost drugs, some have challenged the view that mass school-based deworming should be a policy priority. We review well-identified research which both uses experimental or quasi-experimental methods to demonstrate causal relationships and adequately accounts for epidemiological externalities from deworming treatment, including studies of deworming campaigns in the Southern United States, Kenya, and Uganda. The existing evidence shows consistent positive impacts on school participation in the short run and on academic test scores, employment, and income in the long run, while suggesting that most parents will not pay for deworming treatment that is not fully subsidized. There is also evidence for a fiscal externality through higher future tax revenue, which may exceed the cost of the program. Our analysis suggests that the economic benefits of school-based deworming programs are likely to exceed their costs in places where worm infestations are endemic. This would likely be the case even if the benefits were only a fraction of estimates in the existing literature.
Local circuit interactions between oriens/alveus interneurons and CA1 pyramidal cells in hippocampal slices: electrophysiology and morphology

Electrophysiological and anatomical techniques were used to determine the role, in the hippocampal circuitry, of local circuit neurons located at the oriens/alveus border (O/A interneurons). Intracellular recording from these cells showed that their response characteristics were clearly nonpyramidal: high input resistance, short membrane time constant, short-duration action potential, pronounced, brief afterhyperpolarizations (AHP), and nondecremental firing during intrasomatic depolarizing current pulses. Intracellular Lucifer yellow (LY) injection and subsequent fluorescence microscopy confirmed their nonpyramidal nature. O/A interneuron somata were bipolar or multipolar; their dendrites projected mostly parallel to the alveus, except for 1 or 2 processes that turned perpendicularly, and ascended through stratum oriens and pyramidale and into radiatum. Their axons were seen to branch profusely in stratum oriens and pyramidale. Simultaneous intracellular recordings from O/A interneurons and CA 1 pyramidal cells showed that pyramidal cells directly excite these interneurons. Major hippocampal afferents also directly excited the O/A interneurons. In a small number of interneuron-pyramidal pairs, stimulation of the O/A interneuron directly inhibited pyramidal cells. In one case, reciprocal connections were observed: The pyramidal cell excited the interneuron, and the interneuron inhibited the pyramidal cell. In 1 interneuron-to- interneuron pair, an inhibitory connection from O/A interneuron to stratum pyramidale interneuron was also observed. With intracellular HRP injections into O/A interneurons and subsequent electron microscopy, we observed that O/A interneuron axons made contacts with pyramidal and nonpyramidal cells. HRP-filled symmetric synaptic contacts were found on pyramidal cell dendrites and somata. HRP-filled axons also made contacts with pyramidal cell initial segments. HRP- filled O/A interneuron axon contacts were also found on nonpyramidal cell dendrites in stratum oriens. These electrophysiological and anatomical results suggest that O/A interneurons make synaptic contact with pyramidal cells and may mediate feedforward and feedback inhibition onto CA 1 pyramidal cells.
Phenomenology , Behaviors , and Goals Differentiate Discrete Emotions

Prior research has typically attempted to distinguish one emotion from another by identifying distinctive expressions, physiology, and subjective qualities. Recent theories claim emotions can also be differentiated by distinctive action tendencies, actions, and emotivational goals. To test hypotheses from both older and more recent theories, 100 Ss were asked to recall experiences of particular negative emotions and answer questions concerning what they felt, thought, felt like doing, actually did, and wanted. Results support hypotheses specifying characteristic responses for fear, sadness, distress, frustration, disgust, dislike, anger, regret, guilt, and shame. The findings indicate that discrete emotions have distinctive goals and action tendencies, as well as thoughts and feelings. In addition, they provide empirical support for hypothesized emotion states that have received insufficient attention from researchers.
The Prevalence of Migraine in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Context Migraine is a major dilemma and problem which affects public health and results to reduced quality of life. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine in Iran. Evidence Acquisition A systematic search was conducted using Pub Med, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Ovid, Google Scholar, as well as Iranian databases including: MagIran, IranMedex and Scientific Information Databank, from 2000 to November, 2015. The Der-Simonian/Laird’s random-effects model, with a 95% confidence interval was employed to estimate the overall pooled prevalence. Heterogeneity was investigated using subgroup analysis based on sample size and time of study. Results Thirty studies comprising 33,873 participants met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. The overall prevalence of migraine in Iran was 14% (95% CI, 12% to 17%), respectively. The overall prevalence was (8%; 95% CI 6% to 11%) according to the international classification of headache disorders (ICHD-1), (17%; 95% CI 13% to 21%) according to ICHD-2, and (18%; 95% CI 7% to 30%) according to the other questionnaire for migraine screener (ID Migraine), respectively. Meta-regression demonstrated that the prevalence of migraine increased by year of publication and decreased by sample size. Conclusions The prevalence of migraine in Iran, which was estimated as 14%, was similar or even higher than that reported world-wide. Migraine can have impact on the economic productivity of any country; therefore it is necessary to educate people on the early detection and the discovery of an effective treatment of migraine. More thorough review of further studies in this field is recommended.
Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Brain Structure in Psychosis: A Systematic Review Combining In Vivo Structural Neuroimaging and Post Mortem Studies

It is unclear yet whether cannabis use is a moderating or causal factor contributing to grey matter alterations in schizophrenia and the development of psychotic symptoms. We therefore systematically reviewed structural brain imaging and post mortem studies addressing the effects of cannabis use on brain structure in psychosis. Studies with schizophrenia (SCZ) and first episode psychosis (FEP) patients as well as individuals at genetic (GHR) or clinical high risk for psychosis (ARMS) were included. We identified 15 structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (12 cross sectional / 3 longitudinal) and 4 post mortem studies. The total number of subjects encompassed 601 schizophrenia or first episode psychosis patients, 255 individuals at clinical or genetic high risk for psychosis and 397 healthy controls. We found evidence for consistent brain structural abnormalities in cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptor enhanced brain areas as the cingulate and prefrontal cortices and the cerebellum. As these effects have not consistently been reported in studies examining non-psychotic and healthy samples, psychosis patients and subjects at risk for psychosis might be particularly vulnerable to brain volume loss due to cannabis exposure
A new apparent quasar pair: Q2225‐403A,B

A B ST R A C T W e reportthe serendipitousdiscovery ofa previously unknown quasarat10:5 00 from Q2225-403(z = 2:410). Theobservation ofthebroad em ission lineofM gii�2798 and of the surrounding Feii m ultipletsindicatesthatthecom panion quasarisat z = 0:932. Thespectrum ofQ2225-403showsa num berofabsorption lines,them ostnoteworthy istheM gii lineatthesam eredshiftofthecom panion,suggestingthatweareprobing the gaswithin the halo � 80 kpc from the closerquasar.From high resolution NIR im ages we were able to resolve the host galaxiesofthe two quasars.Basing on the known surface density ofquasarsin the 2dF survey we estim ate thatthe probability
Detectability of Anthropogenic Changes in Annual Temperature and Precipitation Extremes

This paper discusses a study of temperature and precipitation indices that may be suitable for the early detection of anthropogenic change in climatic extremes. Anthropogenic changes in daily minimum and maximum temperature and precipitation over land simulated with two different atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models are analyzed. The use of data from two models helps to assess which changes might be robust between models. Indices are calculated that scan the transition from mean to extreme climate events within a year. Projected changes in temperature extremes are significantly different from changes in seasonal means over a large fraction (39%‐66%) of model grid points. Therefore, the detection of changes in seasonal mean temperature cannot be substituted for the detection of changes in extremes. The estimated signal-to-noise ratio for changes in extreme temperature is nearly as large as for changes in mean temperature. Both models simulate extreme precipitation changes that are stronger than the corresponding changes in mean precipitation. Climate change patterns for precipitation are quite different between the models, but both models simulate stronger increases of precipitation for the wettest day of the year (4.1% and 8.8%, respectively, over land) than for annual mean precipitation (0% and 0.7%, respectively). A signal-to-noise analysis suggests that changes in moderately extreme precipitation should become more robustly detectable given model uncertainty than changes in mean precipitation.
Techniques Use by Science, Technology and Mathematics (STM) Teachers for Controlling Undesirable Classroom Behaviours in Anambra State Secondary Schools.

This study investigated the techniques used by secondary school Science Technology and Mathematics (STM) teachers in controlling undesirable behaviours in their classrooms. It adopted descriptive survey design in which 178 Anambra State teachers teaching STM subjects in senior secondary were involved in the research. Two sections of questionnaire used for data collection were validated and coefficients of internal consistency found to be 0.82 and 0.79. Data collected were analyzed using mean, percentage and t-test. Findings revealed that: Teachers always use traditional techniques science classroom; there is a significant difference in the mean rating of experienced and beginning teachers on their use of various techniques for controlling students’ behaviours in favour of experienced teachers and male and female teachers do not differ significantly in their use of various techniques. It was recommended that beginning teachers should face orientation on use of the techniques. Key words: Undesirable behaviour, management, adolescents, experience and beginning teachers.
A Rhetoric-Orientation View of Social Entrepreneurship

This paper aims to extend the understanding of the ways in which social entrepreneurs give sense to and legitimize their work by introducing a rhetoric-orientation view of social entrepreneurship (SE). ,This study uses computer-aided text analysis and computational linguistics to study 191 interviews of social and business entrepreneurs. It offers validation and exploration of new concepts pertaining to the rhetoric orientations of SE. ,This study confirms prior untested assumptions that the rhetoric of social entrepreneurs is more other, stakeholder engagement and justification-oriented and less self-oriented than the rhetoric of business entrepreneurs. It also confirms that the rhetoric of both types of entrepreneurs is equally economically oriented. ,This research makes new contribution to the SE literature by introducing three new orientations, namely, solution, impact and geographical, which reflect distinctive rhetorical themes used by social entrepreneurs, and by revealing that social entrepreneurs use terms associated with other, stakeholder engagement, justification, economic, solution, impact and geographical orientations differently than business entrepreneurs.
A T cell receptor transgenic model of severe, spontaneous organ‐specific autoimmunity

The development of mouse models of human organ‐specific autoimmune diseases has been hampered by the need to immunize mice with autoantigens in potent adjuvants. Even autoantigen‐specific T cell receptor transgenic models of autoimmunity have proven to be complex as the transgenic mice frequently fail to develop disease spontaneously. We have isolated a CD4+ T cell clone (TxA23)that recognizes the gastric parietal cell antigen, H/K ATPase α‐chain630–641, from a mouse with autoimmune gastritis that developed after thymectomy on day 3 of life. The T cell receptor α and β genes from this clone were used to generate A23 transgenic mice. All A23 transgenic animals spontaneously developed severe autoimmune gastritis, and evidence of disease was detected as early as day 10 of life. Gastritis could be transferred to immunocompromised mice with a limited number of transgenic thymocytes (103), but as many as 107 induced only mild disease in wild‐type animals. Due to the complete penetrance of spontaneous disease, identity of the auto‐antigen, susceptibility to immunoregulation, and close relation to autoimmune gastritis in man, A23 transgenic mice represent a unique CD4+ T cell‐mediated disease model for understanding the multiple factors regulating organ‐specific autoimmunity.
Modifier of Cell Adhesion Regulates N-Cadherin-Mediated Cell-Cell Adhesion and Neurite Outgrowth

Modifier of cell adhesion (MOCA) is a member of the dedicator of cytokinesis 180 family of proteins and is highly expressed in CNS neurons. MOCA is associated with Alzheimer's disease tangles and regulates the accumulation of amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid. Here, we report that MOCA modulates cell-cell adhesion and morphology. MOCA increases the accumulation of adherens junction proteins, including N-cadherin and β-catenin, whereas reducing endogenous MOCA expression lowers cell-cell aggregation and N-cadherin expression. MOCA colocalizes with N-cadherin and actin in areas of cell-cell and cell substratum contact and is expressed in neuronal processes. MOCA accumulates during neuronal differentiation, and its expression enhances NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and morphological complexity. We conclude that MOCA regulates N-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and neurite outgrowth.
ROS1 5-methylcytosine DNA glycosylase is a slow-turnover catalyst that initiates DNA demethylation in a distributive fashion

Arabidopsis ROS1 belongs to a family of plant 5-methycytosine DNA glycosylases that initiate DNA demethylation through base excision. ROS1 displays the remarkable capacity to excise 5-meC, and to a lesser extent T, while retaining the ability to discriminate effectively against C and U. We found that replacement of the C5-methyl group by halogen substituents greatly decreased excision of the target base. Furthermore, 5-meC was excised more efficiently from mismatches, whereas excision of T only occurred when mispaired with G. These results suggest that ROS1 specificity arises by a combination of selective recognition at the active site and thermodynamic stability of the target base. We also found that ROS1 is a low-turnover catalyst because it binds tightly to the abasic site left after 5-meC removal. This binding leads to a highly distributive behaviour of the enzyme on DNA substrates containing multiple 5-meC residues, and may help to avoid generation of double-strand breaks during processing of bimethylated CG dinucleotides. We conclude that the biochemical properties of ROS1 are consistent with its proposed role in protecting the plant genome from excess methylation.
Personality disorder and the outcome of depression: Meta-analysis of published studies

Background There is conflicting evidence about the influence of personality disorder on outcome in depressive disorders. Aims Meta-analysis of studies in which a categorical assessment of personality disorder or no personality disorder was made in people with depressive disorders, and categorical outcome (recovered/not recovered) also determined. Method Systematic electronic search of the literature for relevant publications. Hand searches of Journal of Affective Disorders and recent reviews, with subsequent meta-analysis of selected studies. Results Comorbid personality disorder with depression was associated with a doubling of the risk of a poor outcome for depression compared with no personality disorder (random effects model OR=2.18, 95% C11.70–2.80), a robust finding maintained with only Hamilton-type depression criteria at outcome (OR=2.20, 95% C11.61–3.01). All treatments apart from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) showed this poor outcome, and the ECT group was small. Conclusions Combined depression and personality disorder is associated with a poorer outcome than depression alone.
Graph and analytical models for emergency evacuation

Cyber-Physical-Human Systems (CPHS) combine sensing, communication and control to obtain desirable outcomes in physical environments for human beings, such as buildings or vehicles. A particularly important application area is emergency management. While recent work on the design and optimisation of emergency management schemes has relied essentially on discrete event simulation, which is challenged by the substantial amount of programming or reprogramming of the simulation tools, the scalability and the computing time needed to obtain useful performance estimates, this paper proposes an approach that offers fast estimates based on graph models and probability models. We show that graph models can offer insight into the critical areas in an emergency evacuaton and that they can suggest locations where sensor systems are particularly important and may require hardening. On the other hand, we also show that analytical models based on queueing theory can provide useful estimates of evacuation times and for routing optimisation. The results are illustrated with regard to the evacuation of a three story building.
Proteolytic and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria grown in goat milk

We examined 62 strains and 21 trade starter cultures from the collection of LB Bulgaricum PLC for proteolytic and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) grown in goat milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the fermentation of caseins, α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin by LAB, using the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) spectrophotometric assay and sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The proteolysis targeted mainly caseins, especially β-casein. Whey proteins were proteolyzed, essentially β-lactoglobulin. The proteolytic activity of Lactococcus lactis l598, Streptococcus thermophilus t3D1, Dt1, Lactobacillus lactis 1043 and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus b38, b122 and b24 was notably high. The proteolysis process gave rise to medium-sized peptide populations. Most of the examined strains showed antimicrobial activity against some food pathogens, such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella cholere enteridis, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua and Enterobacter aerogenes. The most active producers of antimicrobial-active peptides were strains of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and S. thermophilus, which are of practical importance. The starter cultures containing the examined species showed high proteolytic and antimicrobial activity in skimmed goat milk. The greatest antimicrobial activity of the cultures was detected against E. aerogenes. The obtained results demonstrated the significant proteolytic potential of the examined strains in goat milk and their potential for application in the production of dairy products from goat's milk. The present results could be considered as the first data on the proteolytic capacity of strains and starter cultures in goat milk for the purposes of trade interest of LB Bulgaricum PLC.
Passive Advection and the Degenerate Elliptic Operators

The Kraichnan model of passive advection is an exactly solvable model that has a very similar phenomenology to the full Navier-Stokes turbulence, but is much simpler in many respects. I’ll only give a very short reminder for the reader. More detailed introductions to the problem we are addressing can be found e.g. in [9] and [14]. See also [7], [15] and [16]. Let T (t, x) ∈ R, x ∈ R be a scalar quantity satisfying
An analytical RED function design guaranteeing stable system behavior

This paper introduces the procedure for an analytical derivation of the drop probability function for the random early detection queue management mechanism. The procedure is based on a model of the TCP window system stability with methods of control theory. The term stability refers to the oscillation amplitude of the steady state queue size. The outcome is a polynomial function of the queue size, which can be approximated with a power function of the queue size. Besides the goal of achieving low oscillations for the whole load range, this derived function shows yet other advantages. There are no parameters to adjust, which extends the applicability of RED to a wide range of load situations applying the derived function. Additionally, the under-utilization at low loads, as often experienced with the original RED function, is avoided automatically. Simulations show clear evidence that the derived function outperforms the original linear RED function.
Notes on the Generalized Ramanujan Conjectures

1. GLn Ramanujan's original conjecture is concerned with the estimation of Fourier coe! cients of the weight 12 holomorphic cusp form " for SL(2,Z) on the upper half plane H. The conjecture may be reformulated in terms of the size of the eigen- values of the corresponding Hecke operators or equivalently in terms of the local representations which are components of the automorphic representation associated with " . This spectral reformulation of the problem of estimation of Fourier coef- ficients (or more generally periods of automorphic forms) is not a general feature. For example, the Fourier coe! cien ts of Siegel modular forms in several variables carry more information than just the eigenvalues of the Hecke operators. Another example is that of half integral weight cusp forms on H where the issue of the size of the Fourier coe! cients is equivalent to special instances of the Lindelf Hypoth- esis for automorphic L-functions (see (Wal), (I-S)). As such, the general problem of estimation of Fourier coe! cients appears to lie deeper (or rather farther out of reach at the present time). In these notes we discuss the spectral or representation theoretic generalizations of the Ramanujan Conjectures (GRC for short). While we are still far from being able to establish the full Conjectures in general, the approximations to the conjectures that have been proven su! ce for a number of the intended applications. We begin with some general comments. In view of Langlands Functoriality Conjectures (see (A1)) all automorphic forms should be encoded in the GLn auto- morphic spectrum. Moreover, Arthur's recent conjectural description of the discrete spectrum for the decomposition of a general group (A2),(A3) has the e# ect of re- ducing the study of the spectrum of a classical group, for example, to that of GLn.