Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Matthew Effects for Whom?

Which children are most at risk of experiencing a Matthew effect in reading? We investigated this question using population-based methodology. First, we identified children entering kindergarten on socio-demographic factors (i.e., gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) known to index the relative risks and resources available to them as beginning readers. Second, we fitted growth curve models to the kindergarten-third-grade reading scores of these children as they participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Class (ECLS-K) study. Third, we compared the relative reading achievement (as measured in standard deviation units from the sample's overall mean across the study's time points) of the children who were most and least at risk for reading disabilities. We found that the population subgroups most at risk for reading disabilities fell further behind typical readers over time. By contrast, those least at risk for reading disabilities did not move further ahead. Based on these findings, we conclude that a one-sided Matthew effect exists and that, moreover, it is likely to be experienced by children who are at greatest risk for reading disabilities.
MIMO HetNets with wireless backhaul: An energy-efficient design

Dense and heterogeneous networks (HetNets) are being deployed to provide better coverage and throughput, thus improving the quality of experience at mobile users. Besides the important implications for energy consumption, the trend towards densification calls for more and more wireless links to forward a massive backhaul traffic into the core network. It is critically important to take into account the presence of a wireless backhaul for the energy-efficient design of HetNets. In this paper, we provide a general framework to analyze the energy efficiency of a two-tier MIMO heterogeneous network with wireless backhaul under spatial multiplexing and dynamic time division duplex. We find that a two-tier HetNet with wireless backhaul can be significantly more energy efficient than a one-tier cellular network. However, this requires the backhaul bandwidth to be carefully allocated according to the network load conditions.
Clinical manifestations of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in the ambulatory setting.

INTRODUCTION In June 2009, the World Health Organization declared an influenza pandemic associated with the pandemic (H1N1) 2009 strain. It was summer in the northern hemisphere, and therefore travelling and vacation time, which also provided an increased opportunity for the dissemination of respiratory diseases. METHODOLOGY We reviewed the paper case report forms from all the patients with influenza-like illnesses with nasopharyngeal samples submitted for laboratory diagnosis of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection during the first wave of pandemic influenza that occurred between June and August 2009, in the central region of Portugal. RESULTS From all the patients with influenza-like illnesses, one third was found positive for pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Individuals under the age of 29 (75%) were the most affected. Most of the patients (91%) presented with fever. A group of symptoms were positively correlated with the probability of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection: cough, epistaxis, lack of dyspnea or vomiting, fever, headache and myalgia. CONCLUSIONS During the first wave of the pandemic influenza, young individuals were the most affected, and in the ambulatory setting, presentation was of a mild febrile illness without complications.
Why are Banks Exposed to Monetary Policy?

We propose a model of banks’ exposure to movements in interest rates and their role in the transmission of monetary shocks. Since bank deposits provide liquidity, higher interest rates allow banks to earn larger spreads on deposits. Therefore, if risk aversion is higher than one, banks’ optimal dynamic hedging strategy is to take losses when interest rates rise. This risk exposure can be achieved by a traditional maturity-mismatched balance sheet and amplifies the effects of monetary shocks on the cost of liquidity. The model can match the level, time pattern, and cross-sectional pattern of banks’ maturity mismatch. (JEL E43, E44, E51, E52, G21, G32)
Further Validation of a U.S. Adult Social Self-Efficacy Inventory in Chinese Populations

The authors report further validity evidence for the Chinese version of a U.S. adult social self-efficacy inventory, the “Perceived Social Self-Efficacy” (PSSE) scale in Chinese populations. Study 1 participants were 323 new graduate students enrolled at a large university in an east coast city of the People’s Republic of China. Differential item functioning analysis indicated that the internal structure of the Chinese PSSE scale was invariant over individuals with different levels of respect for authority. Study 2 participants were 204 undergraduate students enrolled at a medium-sized university in the southeast region of China. Chinese PSSE scores were significantly related to scores in the three components of subjective well-being: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect. Personal self-esteem and two collective self-esteem dimensions were found to mediate the above relationships.
Influx in Ocular Bacterial Infection Mediator of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2 Is a

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa- infected cornea are required to clear bacteria from affected tissue, yet their persistence may contribute to irreversible tissue destruction. This study examined the role of C-X-C chemokines in PMN inﬁltration into P. aeruginosa- infected cornea and the contribution of these mediators to disease pathology. After P. aeruginosa challenge, corneal PMN number and macrophage inﬂammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) and KC levels were compared in mice that are susceptible (cornea perforates) or resistant (cornea heals) to P. aeruginosa infection. While corneal PMN myeloperoxidase activity (indicator of PMN number) was similar in both groups of mice at 1 and 3 days postinfection, by 5–7 days postinfection corneas of susceptible mice contained a signiﬁcantly greater number of inﬂammatory cells. Corneal MIP-2, but not KC, levels correlated with persistence of PMN in the cornea of susceptible mice. To test the biological relevance of these data, resistant mice were treated systemically with rMIP-2. This treatment resulted in increased corneal PMN number and signiﬁcantly exacerbated corneal disease. Conversely, administration of neutralizing MIP-2 pAb to susceptible mice reduced both PMN inﬁltration and corneal destruction. Collectively, these ﬁndings support an important role for MIP-2 in recruitment of PMN to P. aeruginosa -infected cornea. These data also strongly suggest that a timely down-regulation of the host inﬂammatory response is critical for resolution of infection. The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 164: 1037–1045.
Characterization of a Mycobacterium leprae antigen related to the secreted Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein MPT32

Secreted proteins may serve as major targets in the immune response to mycobacteria. To identify potentially secreted Mycobacterium leprae antigens, antisera specific for culture filtrate proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were used to screen a panel of recombinant antigens selected previously by leprosy patient sera. Four potentially secreted antigens were identified by this approach, and one was recognized by antibodies specific for MPT32, a secreted M. tuberculosis protein. The DNA coding for the M. leprae antigen, which we have designated 43L, was isolated and characterized and found to encode a 25.5-kDa protein that is preceded by a consensus signal peptide of 39 amino acids. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of 43L shows 50% homology with the 20 known N-terminal amino acids of MPT32, and 47% homology was found with the N terminus of a 45/47-kDa antigen complex identified in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. These findings indicate that 43L represents an antigen related to MPT32 and the M. bovis BCG 45/47-kDa complex and that 43L is likely to be a protein secreted by M. leprae. Purified recombinant 43L protein is recognized by antibodies and T cells from healthy contacts and leprosy patients, illustrating that secreted proteins are of importance in the immune response to M. leprae.
STRUCTURE OF AZ31 MAGNESIUM ALLOY AFTER ECAP PROCESSING

The paper presents results of investigations of mechanical properties and micro-structure specimens made of AZ31 magnesium alloy after the ECAP processing. These properties and micro-structure are influenced by technological factors during application of the ECAP method, namely by selection of suitable temperature for processing. The ECAP tool is presented by new shape geometry of channel. Measurement of micro-hardness showed an increased value after application of higher number of passes in agreement with high occurrence of fine grains.
Estrogen replacement, aging, and cell‐mediated immunity after injury

We recently demonstrated that aged mice are less likely to survive following traumatic injury and are more immunosuppressed than young mice who sustain comparable injuries. Immunosuppression in severely injured patients and in rodent models of burn injury is associated with a marked elevation in proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). We reported that after sustaining a moderate‐size scald injury, aged mice have higher circulating levels of IL‐6 than young, injured mice. As proestrus levels of estrogen have been reported to boost immune responses and attenuate IL‐6 production, in the present study, we went on to determine if estrogen replacement in aged female mice restored cellular immunity and proinflammatory cytokine production. After injury, in placebo‐treated, aged animals, there was a >75% suppression in the delayed‐type hypersensitivity response relative to placebo‐treated, sham‐injured, aged mice (P<0.05). In contrast, estrogen supplementation before injury yielded a partial recovery in this response, such that the mice were suppressed by only 40% relative to sham‐injured, aged mice (P<0.05). There was a fourfold increase in the circulating level of IL‐6 in burn‐injured, aged mice who received placebo hormone replacement relative to sham‐injured mice given placebo (P<0.05). This level of cytokine was lowered by nearly 50% in aged, estrogen‐treated mice. Most remarkably, estrogen replacement improved survival from 42% (in the absence of estrogen) to 70% in aged, burn‐injured mice. Further investigation will be needed to determine if age‐ and gender‐specific therapies are needed for the treatment of all trauma patients.
The Effects of Target Attractiveness on Men's Sexual Arousal in Response to Erotic Auditory Stimuli

Abstract Previous research on sexual arousal resulting from auditory stimuli indicates that visual imagery acts as a mediator between stimulus input and resulting arousal. This leads to the question of whether imagery, and subsequent arousal, can be manipulated by providing differing information to hold in semantic memory. This research hypothesizes that attractive images, held within semantic memory and pattern matched with an erotic auditory stimulus, facilitate higher and more rapid self-reported arousal than do unattractive images. Participants in an unattractive condition experienced slower rates and lower mean levels of arousal in response to an auditory stimulus compared with participants in an attractive or no picture condition. No differences existed between groups in maximum arousal scores or the tendency to visualize the target during the listening task. Implications for the role of imagery in sexual response, possible measurement issues, and suggestions for future research are addressed in the discussion.
Efectos de la Asimetría de Género en la Representación Social del Desempleo Femenino The Effects of Gender Asymmetry in the Social Representation of Female Unemployment

Basandose en la teoria del nucleo central (Abric, 1976, 1987), el objetivo del estudio fue analizar la representacion social que jovenes en formacion profesional tienen sobre el desempleo masculino y femenino. En el estudio participaron 231 jovenes de 3 centros de formacion tecnologica elegidos intencionadamente del Departamento de los Pirineos Atlanticos en Francia, los que respondieron a un cuestionario con preguntas de evocacion y de refutacion. Los resultados del analisis lexicografico y categorial mostraron las especificidades del desempleo femenino, organizado en relacion a la dimension familiar, y las del masculino, organizado en relacion a la dimension individual. Los porcentajes de refutacion, por su parte, mostraron que los elementos centrales del desempleo femenino y del masculino son los mismos. Estos resultados evidencian la organizacion en base al genero de la representacion social del desempleo, en la que sigue vigente la asignacion tradicional de los roles de genero. Palabras clave: desempleo, asimetria de genero, representaciones sociales, nucleo central, sistema periferico Based on the theory of the central core (Abric, 1976, 1987), the aim of the study was to analyze the social representation of male and female unemployment held by young people with vocational training studies. In the study 231 students from 3 purposively chosen technology training centers in the Pyrenees-Atlantiques Department in France completed a questionnaire containing evocation and refutation items. The results of the lexicographic and categorical analysis showed the specificities of female unemployment, organized along the family dimension and of male unemployment, organized around the individual dimension. In contrast, percentages related to the refutation questionnaires showed the same core elements in both female and male unemployment. These results suggest that the social representation of unemployment is differently organized as a function of gender, thus implying that the traditional views of gender roles still persist.
Anaesthesia with midazolam/medetomidine/fentanyl in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera) compared to anaesthesia with xylazine/ketamine and medetomidine/ketamine.

We studied four different drug regimes for anaesthetic management in chinchillas and evaluated and compared their cardiovascular and respiratory effects. In this randomized, cross-over experimental study, seven adult chinchillas, five females, two males [515 +/- 70 (SD) g] were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: group 1 [midazolam, medetomidine and fentanyl (MMF), flumazenil, atipamezole and naloxone (FAN); MMF-FAN] received 1.0 mg/kg midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine and 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl i.m. , and for reversal 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil, 0.5 mg/kg atipamezole and 0.05 mg/kg naloxone s.c. after 45 min; group 2 (MMF) 1.0 mg/kg midazolam, 0.05 mg/kg medetomidine and 0.02 mg/kg fentanyl i.m. ; group 3 [xylazine/ketamine (X/K)] 2.0 mg/kg xylazine and 40.0 mg/kg ketamine i.m. ; and group 4 [medetomidine/ketamine (M/K)] 0.06 mg/kg medetomidine and 5.0 mg/kg ketamine i.m. Reflexes were judged to determine anaesthetic stages and planes. Anaesthesia with X/K and M/K was associated with a prolonged surgical tolerance and recovery period. By reversing MMF, recovery period was significantly shortened (5 +/- 1.3 min versus 40 +/- 10.3 min in MMF without FAN, 73 +/- 15.0 min in X/K, and 31 +/- 8.5 min in M/K). Without reversal, MMF produced anaesthesia lasting 109 +/- 16.3 min. All combinations decreased respiratory and heart rate but compared with X/K and M/K, respiratory and cardiovascular complications were less in the MMF groups. Focussing on the clinical relevance of the tested combinations, completely reversible anaesthesia showed two major advantages: anaesthesia can be antagonized in case of emergency and routinely shortens recovery. In small animals particularly these advantages lead to less complications and discomfort and thus often can be lifesaving. As all analgesic components (medetomidine and fentanyl) are reversed, postoperative analgesia should be provided before reversal of anaesthesia.
Expression of B‐cell‐specific markers in different burkitt lymphoma subgroups

Forty‐three Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines were examined for the expression of 5 monoclonal antibody (MAb)‐identified B‐cell‐specific markers and immunoglobulin production. All (13) EBV‐negative BL lines were CALLA+LB‐I‐, whereas 30 EBV‐carrying lines showed a more heterogeneous pattern. In the EBV‐negative lines, the follicle mantle zone markers BA‐I and 35.IC5 were expressed concordantly, at a different level in each line. This coordination was disrupted in EBV‐carrying lines. In the EBV‐negative lines, there was also an inverted correlation between the expression of 35.IC5 and the germinal center marker BLA, suggesting that some etiologically important event, perhaps the translocation, had fixed the cells at different stages of their transition from one zone to the other. This inverted relationship was also disrupted in the EBV‐carrying lines, suggesting that EBV can interfere with the maturation program of the BL cell. This conclusion was also supported by a comparison between 5 EBV‐negative BL lines and their EBV‐converted sublines. All converted lines have undergone marker changes, but the degree and nature of these changes was different for each EBV‐BL line. Both the coordinated expression of BA‐I and 35.1C5 and the inverted relationship between CALLA and LB‐I were disrupted in several other convertants. We have reexamined our previous finding (Ehlin‐Henriksson and Klein, 1984) that the majority of the variant translocation‐carrying BL lines were CALLA‐LB‐I +, in contrast to the majority of the typical translocation carriers that were mostly CALLA+ LB‐I‐. All II EBV‐negative lines were CALLA+ LB‐I‐, irrespective of the type of translocation. Among the EBV‐carrying lines, 4 of 17 typical (8; 14) translocation carriers were CALLA‐LB‐I +, whereas 7 of the 12 variant translocation‐carrying lines were CALLA‐ LB‐I+. The remaining two expressed both antigens to some extent. The difference is statistically significant at the 0.03 level.
Early Postnatal Secondhand Smoke Exposure Disrupts Bacterial Clearance and Abolishes Immune Responses in Muco-Obstructive Lung Disease

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has been linked to the worsening of ongoing lung diseases. However, whether SHS exposure affects the manifestation and natural history of imminent pediatric muco-obstructive airway diseases such as cystic fibrosis remains unclear. To address these questions, we exposed Scnn1b transgenic (Scnn1b-Tg+) mice to SHS from postnatal day (PND) 3–21 and lung phenotypes were examined at PND22. Although a majority of filtered air (FA)-exposed Scnn1b-Tg+ (FA-Tg+) mice successfully cleared spontaneous bacterial infections by PND22, the SHS-exposed Scnn1b-Tg+ (SHS-Tg+) mice failed to resolve these infections. This defect was associated with suppressed antibacterial defenses, i.e., phagocyte recruitment, IgA secretion, and Muc5b expression. Whereas the FA-Tg+ mice exhibited marked mucus obstruction and Th2 responses, SHS-Tg+ mice displayed a dramatic suppression of these responses. Mechanistically, downregulated expression of IL-33, a stimulator of type II innate lymphoid cells, in lung epithelial cells was associated with suppression of neutrophil recruitment, IgA secretions, Th2 responses, and delayed bacterial clearance in SHS-Tg+ mice. Cessation of SHS exposure for 21 d restored previously suppressed responses, including phagocyte recruitment, IgA secretion, and mucous cell metaplasia. However, in contrast with FA-Tg+ mice, the SHS-Tg+ mice had pronounced epithelial necrosis, alveolar space consolidation, and lymphoid hyperplasia; indicating lagged unfavorable effects of early postnatal SHS exposure in later life. Collectively, our data show that early postnatal SHS exposure reversibly suppresses IL-33 levels in airspaces which, in turn, results in reduced neutrophil recruitment and diminished Th2 response. Our data indicate that household smoking may predispose neonates with muco-obstructive lung disease to bacterial exacerbations.
Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories

Public diplomacy is a term much used but seldom subjected to rigorous analysis. This article—which draws heavily on a report commissioned by the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office in the spring of 2007—sets out a simple taxonomy of public diplomacy's components and their interrelationships. These components are (1) listening, (2) advocacy, (3) cultural diplomacy, (4) exchange, and (5) international broadcasting. It examines five successful and five unsuccessful uses of each individual component drawing from the history of U.S., Franco-German, Swiss, and British diplomatic practice. The failures arise chiefly from a discrepancy between rhetoric and reality. The final section applies the author's taxonomy to the challenges of contemporary public diplomacy and places special emphasis on the need to conceptualize the task of the public diplomat as that of the creator and disseminator of “memes” (ideas capable of being spread from one person to another across a social network) and as a creator and facilitator of networks and relationships.
Statistical analysis of amino acid patterns in transmembrane helices: the GxxxG motif occurs frequently and in association with beta-branched residues at neighboring positions.

To find motifs that mediate helix-helix interactions in membrane proteins, we have analyzed frequently occurring combinations of residues in a database of transmembrane domains. Our analysis was performed with a novel formalism, which we call TMSTAT, for exactly calculating the expectancies of all pairs and triplets of residues in individual sequences, taking into account differential sequence composition and the substantial effect of finite length in short segments. We found that the number of significantly over and under-represented pairs and triplets was much greater than the random expectation. Isoleucine, glycine and valine were the most common residues in these extreme cases. The main theme observed is patterns of small residues (Gly, Ala and Ser) at i and i+4 found in association with large aliphatic residues (Ile, Val and Leu) at neighboring positions (i.e. i+/-1 and i+/-2). The most over-represented pair is formed by two glycine residues at i and i+4 (GxxxG, 31.6 % above expectation, p<1x10(-33)) and it is strongly associated with the neighboring beta-branched residues Ile and Val. In fact, the GxxxG pair has been described as part of the strong interaction motif in the glycophorin A transmembrane dimer, in which the pair is associated with two Val residues (GVxxGV). GxxxG is also the major motif identified using TOXCAT, an in vivo selection system for transmembrane oligomerization motifs. In conjunction with these experimental observations, our results highlight the importance of the GxxxG+beta-branched motif in transmembrane helix-helix interactions. In addition, the special role for the beta-branched residues Ile and Val suggested here is consistent with the hypothesis that residues with constrained rotameric freedom in helical conformation might reduce the entropic cost of folding in transmembrane proteins. Additional material is available at http://engelman.csb. yale. edu/tmstat and http://bioinfo.mbb. yale. edu/tmstat.
The cloning of normal "mast" cells in tissue culture.

A method is described for the cloning of normal mouse “mast” cells in tissue culture in a soft agar medium. The colonies contain cells in different stages of differentiation. It was shown that a colony can be initiated by a single colony forming unit, and that colonies are formed as a result of cell multiplication. Cell suspensions from adult spleen gave about 3 colonies per 105 cells seeded. A re-cloning of these colonies gave about 3 colonies per 103 cells seeded. The frequency of colonies from SWR mice was higher with adult spleen than with adult thymus. No such colonies were obtained with adult lymph node cells. The formation of colonies was shown to require the presence of an embryo cell feeder layer. Since the feeder layers were seeded underneath the agar, the results indicate that the substance(s) required for the growth and differentiation of “mast” cells can pass through agar.