Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Holocene summer temperature reconstruction from sedimentary chlorophyll content, with treatment of age uncertainties, Kurupa Lake, Arctic Alaska

Quantitative records of pre-industrial temperature changes are fundamental for understanding long-term natural climate variability. We used visible reflectance spectroscopy to measure chlorophyll content (and its derivatives) in a sediment core from Kurupa Lake, north-central Brooks Range, Alaska, to reconstruct summer temperature and the number of annual non-freezing days over the past 5.7 ka. A calibration-in-time approach was used to convert downcore changes in chlorophyll content to the climate variables, and an ensemble approach was used to integrate age and calibration uncertainties. The strongest correlation (rmedian = 0.69, pmedian = 0.02, RMSEP = 1.9°C) is for summer (June through September) temperature using the 20th Century Reanalysis Project dataset. The chlorophyll-inferred 3-year-mean summer temperature shows that the warmest century (3.0–2.9 ka BP) was about 3.0°C (90% range of the ensemble members = 2.3–4.0°C) higher and that the coldest century (1.4–1.3 ka BP) was about 5.5°C lower (90% range = −7.6°C to −5.0°C) than during the reference period (AD 1961–1990). Century-to-century temperature changes over the past 5.7 ka at Kurupa Lake have been large (90% range = −2.8°C to 3.1°C shifts in centennial mean), including the shift between the 19th and 20th centuries, which was above the 90th percentile of temperature changes across all representations of the reconstruction. In contrast to most Northern Hemisphere temperature reconstructions, Kurupa Lake shows no overall millennial-scale cooling trend. We suggest that increased summer duration (by 4.3 days during the last 6 ka) along with no long-term increase in sea-ice cover over the adjacent Chukchi Sea counter-balanced the influence of decreased insolation intensity on the aquatic productivity in Kurupa Lake.
Industrial Organization Theory and Experimental Economies

The Introduction of laboratory experimentation in economics was motivated by theories of industrial organization and market performance. The first published market experiments were those of Edward H. Chamberlin (1948). He explored the behavioral characteristics of markets he described as being "purely" but not "perfectly" competitive and he thought that the principles of monopolistic competition would be more useful than the textbook theory of demand and supply in explaining the observed behavior. Austin C. Hoggatt (1959) and Heinz Sauermann and Reinhard Selten (1959) both focused on markets with three competitors and independently provided the first experimental evidence that the Cournot model might be a reasonably accurate description of oligopolistic behavior. Oligopoly and bilateral monopoly motivated the classic work of Lawrence E. Fouraker and Sidney Siegel (1963) which introduced several of the techniques still used today. Vernon L. Smith's (1962) sensitivity to the organization of the U.S. security industry led him to the fundamental discovery that the law of competitive demand and supply can be observed operating in an experimental environment. The field of experimental economics has experienced substantial evolution during the intervening twenty years. This paper is an attempt to provide an introduction to the methods and an assessment of available results which might now be useful to the students of industrial organization.
A ubiquitous Smart Parenting and Customized Education service robot

In this paper, we introduce a u-SPACE service robot, designed to help children who may be left alone while their caregivers are away from home. In order to protect children from indoor dangers, this service robot provides customized guiding messages taking into account the location information and behavioral patterns of a child, after the detection of dangerous objects and situations. And these guiding messages are vocalized by our emotional speech generation system. This emotional speech generation system is also being put to use in reading fairy tales to a child, as a part of a home education service. The outward appearance of the u-SPACE service robot is modeled on a teddy bear, in order to provide a safe and comforting environment for children. Two touch sensors designed for basic interactions between a child and the robot are installed on each hand of the robot, and an RFID tag is placed inside the body. A PDA with a Wi-Fi communication module, a touch screen, and a speaker is used as a main operating device of this u-SPACE service robot.
Models of Bounded Rationality: Empirically Grounded Economic Reason

Part 1 The structure of complex systems: Causal ordering - causality in economic models causal ordering, comparative statics, and near decomposability, ( with Y. Iwasaki) causality and model abstraction, (with Y. Iwasaki) simulating large systems - simulation of large-scale systems by aggregation prediction and prescription in systems modelling. Part 2 The advance of information technology: the rural-urban population balance again the impact of electronic communications on organizations the steam engine and the computer - what makes technology revolutionary managing in an information-rich world on the alienation of workers and management. Part 3 Motivation and the theory of the firm: a mechanism for social selection and successful altruism organizations and markets altruism and economics - a summary statement altruism and economics - social implications. Part 4 Behaviourial economics and bounded rationality: behaviourial economics - preface to "Handbook of behaviourial economics" behaviourial economics bounded rationality satisfying empirical methods in economics - behaviourial research - theory and public policy methodological foundations of economics preface to "La theorie moderne de l'enterprise - l'approche institutionelle initial and boundary conditions in economic theory - on the behaviourial and rational foundations of economic dynamics rationality in psychology and economics the state of economic science - the failure of armchair economics why economists disagree the state of economic science economic reasoning in words and pictures - effect of mode of data presentation on reasoning about economic markets (with H.J.M. Tabachneck).
Kaldor versus Prebisch on Employment and Industrialization

A significant ingredient has been conceivably left out from this Journal regarding the important discussions of the symposium on Kaldor's growth laws (Gomulka, 1983; Michl, 1985; Thirlwall, 1983, inter alia), namely, the fact that just four years after Kaldor enunciated his laws (1966), and three years after he made a mild allusion to their potential use in developing countries (1967, lecture III); Ratl Prebisch (1970) pronounced an altemative theory relating to the explanation of the same fundamental Wilogy of economic growth, that is, the dynamic relationship that exists among the rates of growth oflaborproductivity, employment, and total output growth. Whereas Kaldor in his inaugural Cambridge Lecture (1966) suggested-using a Smithian frameworkthat in twelve of the OECD countries, these variables were all positively correlated; Prebisch (1970) proposed, contrary to Kaldor's view and evidence, that in Latin America there existed strong tradeoffs and conflicts, especially between laborproductivity in manufacturing industry and the growth of employment in the secondary sector. Prebisch, however, never substantiated this conclusion with objective data and/or an appropriate model of employment growth. It was more of a scientific intuition on his part, an instinctive felling as it were. The objective of this communication is to develop the Prebisch employment model and to test it with the relevant data for the Latin American region during the period of import substitution industrialization (ISI), 1950-68, then to compare it with Kaldor's model. Can Kaldor's theory be applied to Latin America? Does Kaldor or Prebisch provide a better explanation of economic growth in Latin America? An econometric identification problem related to implicit theorizing in the analysis of Kaldor is demonstrated. Finally, the cross-sectional results
Myelination of Congenitally Dysmyelinated Spinal Cord Axons by Adult Neural Precursor Cells Results in Formation of Nodes of Ranvier and Improved Axonal Conduction

Emerging evidence suggests that cell-based remyelination strategies may be a feasible therapeutic approach for CNS diseases characterized by myelin deficiency as a result of trauma, congenital anomalies, or diseases. Although experimental demyelination models targeted at the transient elimination of oligodendrocytes have suggested that transplantation-based remyelination can partially restore axonal molecular structure and function, it is not clear whether such therapeutic approaches can be used to achieve functional remyelination in models associated with long-term, irreversible myelin deficiency. In this study, we transplanted adult neural precursor cells (aNPCs) from the brain of adult transgenic mice into the spinal cords of adult Shiverer (shi/shi) mice, which lack compact CNS myelin. Six weeks after transplantation, the transplanted aNPCs expressed oligodendrocyte markers, including MBP, migrated extensively along the white matter tracts of the spinal cord, and formed compact myelin. Conventional and three-dimensional confocal and electron microscopy revealed axonal ensheathment, establishment of paranodal junctional complexes leading to de novo formation of nodes of Ranvier, and partial reconstruction of the juxtaparanodal and paranodal molecular regions of axons based on Kv1.2 and Caspr (contactin-associated protein) expression by the transplanted aNPCs. Electrophysiological recordings revealed improved axonal conduction along the transplanted segments of spinal cords. We conclude that myelination of congenitally dysmyelinated adult CNS axons by grafted aNPCs results in the formation of compact myelin, reconstruction of nodes of Ranvier, and enhanced axonal conduction. These data suggest the therapeutic potential of aNPCs to promote functionally significant myelination in CNS disorders characterized by longstanding myelin deficiency.
Tensor product weight modules over the Virasoro algebra

The tensor product of highest weight modules with intermediate series modules over the Virasoro algebra was discussed by Zhang [A class of representations over the Virasoro algebra, J. Algebra 190 (1997) 1–10]. Since then the irreducibility problem for the tensor products has been open. In this paper, we determine the necessary and sufficient conditions for these tensor products to be simple. From non‐simple tensor products, we can get other interesting simple Virasoro modules. We also obtain that any two such tensor products are isomorphic if and only if the corresponding highest weight modules and intermediate series modules are isomorphic, respectively. Our method is to develop a ‘shifting technique’ and to widely use Feigin–Fuchs' theorem on singular vectors of Verma modules over the Virasoro algebra.
Formation of GaAs/GaSb Core-Shell Heterostructured Nanowires Grown by Molecular-Beam Epitaxy

In this paper, we demonstrated the growth of GaAs/GaSb core-shell heterostructured nanowires on GaAs substrates, with the assistance of Au catalysts by molecular-beam epitaxy. Time-evolution experiments were designed to study the formation of GaSb shells with different growth times. It was found that, by comparing the morphology of nanowires for various growth times, lateral growth was taking a dominant position since GaSb growth began and bulgy GaSb particles formed on the nanowire tips during the growth. The movement of catalyst Au droplets was witnessed, thus, the radial growth was enhanced by sidewall nucleation under the vapor-solid mechanism due to the lack of driving force for axial growth. Moreover, compositional and structural characteristics of the GaAs/GaSb core-shell heterostructured nanowires were investigated by electron microscopy. Differing from the commonly anticipated result, GaSb shells took a wurzite structure instead of a zinc-blende structure to form the GaAs/GaSb wurzite/wurzite core-shell heterostructured nanowires, which is of interest to the research of band-gap engineering. This study provides a significant insight into the formation of core-shell heterostructured nanowires.
A Genomic Approach for Distinguishing between Recent and Ancient Admixture as Applied to Cattle

Genomic data facilitate opportunities to track complex population histories of divergence and gene flow. We developed a metric, scaled block size (SBS), which uses the nonrecombined block size of introgressed regions of chromosomes to differentiate between recent and ancient types of admixture, and applied it to the reconstruction of admixture in cattle. Cattle are descendants of 2 independently domesticated lineages, taurine and indicine, which diverged more than 200 000 years ago. Several breeds have hybrid ancestry between these divergent lineages. Using 47 506 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we analyzed the genomic architecture of the ancestry of 1369 individuals. We focused on 4 groups with admixed ancestry, including 2 anciently admixed African breeds (n = 58; n = 43), New World cattle of Spanish origin (n = 51), and known recent hybrids (n = 46). We estimated the ancestry of chromosomal regions for each individual and used the SBS metric to differentiate the timing of admixture among groups and among individuals within groups. By comparing SBS values of test individuals with standards with known recent hybrid ancestry, we were able to differentiate individuals of recent hybrid origin from other admixed cattle. We also estimated ancestry at the chromosomal scale. The X chromosome exhibits reduced indicine ancestry in recent hybrid, New World, and western African cattle, with virtually no evidence of indicine ancestry in New World cattle.
Information (in) Chains: Information Transmission Through Production Chains

We study the transmission of information in a model with a vertical input-output structure and dispersed information. Firms observe input prices with noise that endogenize the precision of information that is public within a stage but not across stages. In contrast to the case with an exogenous and overall public signal, our main result is that agents may find it optimal to rely less on public information along the chain. A direct implication is that, while information precision remains unchanged with exogenous public signals (information chains), it may decrease along the chain when semi-public signals are endogenous (information in chains).
From Glossaries to Ontologies: Extracting Semantic Structure from Textual Definitions

Learning ontologies requires the acquisition of relevant domain concepts and taxonomic, as well as non-taxonomic, relations. In this chapter, we present a methodology for automatic ontology enrichment and document annotation with concepts and relations of an existing domain core ontology. Natural language definitions from available glossaries in a given domain are processed and regular expressions are applied to identify general-purpose and domain-specific relations. We evaluate the methodology performance in extracting hypernymy and non-taxonomic relations. To this end, we annotated and formalized a relevant fragment of the glossary of Art and Architecture (AAT) with a set of 10 relations (plus the hypernymy relation) defined in the CRM CIDOC cultural heritage core ontology, a recent W3C standard. Finally, we assessed the generality of the approach on a set of web pages from the domains of history and biography.
Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right

Covering such current issues as the rise of the Right, US intervention in Third World politics, feminism and satellite broadcasting, this is an investigative analysis of the power and the aspirations of the Christian Right, from its control of a multibillion dollar braodcasting industry to its counterinsurgent "missionary" work in the developing world. Sara Diamond identifies the propagandists, the fundraisers and the "freedom fighters" who aid and abet the most regressive US government policies. She exposes Christian Right activism in the Republican Party and demonstrates the calculated political operations of the movement - mobilization of anti-feminist women, efforts to delegitimize progressive Christianity and sponsorship of "low intensity conflict" projects in Central America, Southern Africa and the Philippines. The book is based on extensive first-hand research, which involved hundreds of interviews, attendance at Evangelical meetings and more than ten years of monitoring religious broadcasting.
Detecting human motion with support vector machines

This work presents a method for detection of humans in video sequences. The intended application of the method is outdoor surveillance. In such an uncontrolled environment, the appearance of humans varies hugely due to clothing, identity, weather and amount and direction of light. The idea is therefore to detect patterns of human motion, which to a large extent is independent of the differences in appearance. To this end, a support vector machine is trained with dense optical flow patterns originating from humans. The subjects are moving in different angles to the camera plane, on different image scales. This trained SVM is the core of a human detection algorithm which searches optical flow images for human-like motion patterns.
The Effects of Fiscal Decentralization on the Size of Government: A Meta-Analysis

This study examines the effects of decentralization on the size and scope of government. I use meta-regression analysis in this article to elucidate the impact of differences in study design on study findings. The results indicate that the study's unit of analysis and choice of decentralization measure impact estimates of the effect of decentralization on government size. In particular, studies utilizing the local unit of analysis and federalism measure of decentralization are more likely to find that government shrinks as decentralization increases while studies utilizing the fragmentation measure appear more likely to find the opposite result.
Self-Organization of Creole Community in a Scale-Free Network

Creolization is a self-organization process of new language community. Thus far, a simulation study of the emergence of creoles has been reported in a mathematical framework. In this paper we introduce a scale-free network to the framework. We show that local creole communities are organized, regardless of the degree of exposure to non-parental languages, in contrast to the non-spatial model, and that hub agents affect forming communities.
Determining large groups and varieties from small subgroups and subvarieties

This course will consist of two parts with the common theme of analyzing a geometric object via geometric sub-objects which are ‘small’ in an appropriate sense. This is an expanded course outline which includes some background references as well as some exercises relevant to this background. For an explanation of terminology used in the next three paragraphs, see the following sections. In the first half of the course, we will begin by describing the work of H. W. Lenstra, Jr., on finding generators for the unit groups of subrings of number fields. Lenstra discovered that from the point of view of computational complexity, it is advantageous to first consider the units of the ring of S-integers of L for some moderately large finite set of places S. This amounts to allowing denominators which only involve a prescribed finite set of primes. We will develop a generalization of Lenstra’s method which applies to find generators of small height for the S-integral points of certain algebraic groups G defined over number fields. We will focus on G which are compact forms of GLd for d ≥ 1. In the second half of the course, we will turn to smooth projective surfaces defined by arithmetic lattices. These are Shimura varieties of complex dimension 2. We will try to generate subgroups of finite index in the fundamental groups of these surfaces by the fundamental groups of finite unions of totally geodesic projective curves on them, that is, via immersed Shimura curves. In both settings, the groups we will study are S-arithmetic lattices in a product of Lie groups over local fields. We will use the structure of our generating sets to consider several open problems about the geometry, group theory, and arithmetic of these lattices. In particular, we will consider the structure of the cohomology of S-arithmetic groups and characteristic p analogues. We will also discuss connections with the congruence subgroup problem, which is open in many of the cases under consideration in this project.
Towards supporting creative design: analysis of the use of the TRENDS system according to designers' expertise

Towards the end of favoring the emergence of new ideas in design situations, we first characterize cognitive processes involved in creative design and we describe a new computational system, called TRENDS, which aims at helping designers find inspirational material. Then, we present an exploratory study that contributes to a better understanding of the use of this system for performing a creative task, according to the users' level of expertise in design. The obtained results allow us to point out differences of use by novices and experienced designers and, on these bases, to suggest complementary support depending on the designers' level of expertise.
The two general activation systems of affect: Structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence

D. Watson and A. Tellegen (1985) proposed a consensual structure of affect based on J. A. Russell's (1980) circumplex. The authors' review of the literature indicates that this 2-factor model captures robust structural properties of self-rated mood. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that the circumplex does not fit the data closely and needs to be refined. Most notably, the model's dimensions are not entirely independent; moreover, with the exception of Pleasantness-Unpleasantness, they are not completely bipolar. More generally, the data suggest a model that falls somewhere between classic simple structure and a true circumplex. The authors then examine two of the dimensions imbedded in this structure, which they label Negative Activation (NA) and Positive Activation (PA). The authors argue that PA and NA represent the subjective components of broader biobehavioral systems of approach and withdrawal, respectively. The authors conclude by demonstrating how this framework helps to clarify various affect-related phenomena, including circadian rhythms, sleep, and the mood disorders.
African growth miracle or statistical tragedy? Interpreting trends in the data over the past two decades

This paper reviews the current problems of national accounting in Sub-Saharan Africa. With the current uneven application of methods and availability of data, any ranking of countries according to gross domestic product levels is misleading. It is increasingly acknowledged that the problems associated with national accounts in Africa may have caused growth to be underestimated, and there are concerns that gross domestic product does not capture or cohere with concurrent trends on poverty and wealth from other surveys. It is argued that this varies from country to country, and that in some countries current wealth is underestimated, whereas in others recent growth is overestimated.