Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Testing for Unit Roots: What Should Students Be Taught?

Abstract Unit-root testing strategies are unnecessarily complicated because they do not exploit prior knowledge of the growth status of the time series, they worry about unrealistic outcomes, and they double- or triple-test for unit roots. The authors provide a testing strategy that cuts through these complications and so facilitates teaching this dimension of the unit-root phenomenon. F tests are used as a vehicle for understanding, but t tests are recommended in the end, consistent with common practice.
Relationship between Exchange Rate and Stock Prices in India - an Empirical Analysis

The dynamic linkage between exchange rate and stock prices has been subjected to extensive research for over a decade and attracted considerable attention from researchers worldwide during the Asian crisis of 1997-98. The issue is also important from the viewpoint of recent large cross-boarder movement of funds. In India the issue is also gaining importance in the liberalization era. With this background, the present study examines the causal relationship between returns in stock market and forex market in India. Using daily data from March 1993 to December 2002, we found that causal link is generally absent though in recent years there has been strong causal influence from stock market return to forex market return. The results, however, are tentative and we need further in-depth research to identify the causes and consequences of the findings.
In-hospital mortality and long-term survival after coronary artery bypass surgery in young patients.

OBJECTIVES Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is performed for symptomatic and prognostic reasons. We aimed to determine the factors that contribute to in-hospital mortality and long-term survival in young patients (aged less than 65) undergoing CABG. METHODS A prospective database was retrospectively analysed and cross-correlated with the United Kingdom's Strategic Tracing Service to evaluate survival in patients under the age of 65, following isolated primary CABG. Univariate-, multivariate logistic with Cox regression- and neural network analyses were performed. RESULTS Patients under the age of 65, who had undergone isolated CABG between April 1997 and March 2010 were studied;n = 5967. In-hospital mortality was 1.1% and long-term mortality was 13.5%; median follow-up 7.9 years. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that atrial fibrillation, 'urgent' operation status, postoperative creatinine kinase (CKMB), moderate or poor left ventricular (LV) function, and female sex were significant factors predicting in-hospital mortality. Cox regression demonstrated that age, diabetes (oral and insulin controlled), moderate and poor LV function, cerebrovascular disease, dialysis, left internal mammary artery (LIMA) usage, postoperative CKMB, atrial fibrillation, 'urgent' operation status, and peripheral vascular disease were significant factors determining long-term survival. Radial artery use, off-pump surgery, composite arterial grating and graft number had no effect on in-hospital mortality or long-term survival. Neural network analysis confirmed the factors identified by logistic and Cox multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS The risk factors for in-hospital mortality in patients under the age of 65 include postoperative CKMB, urgent operation status, LV function, female sex and atrial fibrillation. Significant factors determining long-term survival in the under-65 age group include age, atrial fibrillation, diabetes (diet and insulin controlled), LV function, cerebrovascular disease, dialysis, LIMA usage, 'urgent' operation status, CKMB and peripheral vascular disease.
Financial Disclosure and Bond Insurance*

Regulators typically assume that public financial disclosure is necessary for the efficient functioning of capital markets. Economists recognize that other mechanisms, such as insurance, can mitigate problems that occur when buyers have less information than sellers. We examine whether public financial disclosures and bond insurance are substitutes. Our data are from municipal issuers in Michigan, where financial disclosure is required by the state, and Pennsylvania, where disclosure is unregulated. We study municipal issuers because they are not covered by federal securities laws and state laws often allow issuers to choose the level of financial disclosure. Overall, we find that when disclosure is unregulated, issuers substitute between disclosure and insurance. When disclosure is required by state law, issuers use less insurance. Our results imply that required accounting disclosure is not necessarily optimal since rational issuers will trade off public disclosure and insurance when free to do so.
Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 1835

We present the analysis of 30 ks of Chandra observations of the galaxy cluster Abell 1835. Overall, the X-ray image shows a relaxed morphology, although we detect substructure in the inner 30-kpc radius. Spectral analysis shows a steep drop in the X-ray gas temperature from ∼12 keV in the outer regions of the cluster to ∼4 keV in the core. The Chandra data provide tight constraints on the gravitational potential of the cluster which can be parametrized by a Navarro, Frenk & White model. The X-ray data allow us to measure the X-ray gas mass fraction as a function of radius, leading to a determination of the cosmic matter density of . The projected mass within a radius of ∼150 kpc implied by the presence of gravitationally lensed arcs in the cluster is in good agreement with the mass models preferred by the Chandra data. We find a radiative cooling time of the X-ray gas in the centre of Abell 1835 of about . Cooling-flow model fits to the Chandra spectrum and a deprojection analysis of the Chandra image both indicate the presence of a young cooling flow (∼ with an integrated mass deposition rate of within a radius of 30 kpc. We discuss the implications of our results in the light of recent Reflection Grating Spectrograph (RGS) observations of Abell 1835 with XMM-Newton.
WHY PEOPLE EVADE TAXES IN THE CZECH AND SLOVAK REPUBLICS: A TALE OF TWINS

The present paper uses a survey of 1062 Czechs and 524 Slovaks to ask why people evade taxes. We maintain that the Czech and Slovak Republics are “twins” separated at birth and that divergences between these countries since their separation in 1992 can explain divergences in their rates of tax evasion. High Slovak tax rates and lower Czech tax rates seem to explain little of the difference in evasion between the two countries. Rising Czech incomes seems the main reason that Czech Republic evades more taxes. We also look at detailed demographic and psychological reasons for tax evasion. We find that morality is a strong deterrent to evasion.
Tertiary network in mammalian mitochondrial tRNAAsp revealed by solution probing and phylogeny

Primary and secondary structures of mammalian mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs are divergent from canonical tRNA structures due to highly skewed nucleotide content and large size variability of D- and T-loops. The nonconservation of nucleotides involved in the expected network of tertiary interactions calls into question the rules governing a functional L-shaped three-dimensional (3D) structure. Here, we report the solution structure of human mt-tRNAAsp in its native post-transcriptionally modified form and as an in vitro transcript. Probing performed with nuclease S1, ribonuclease V1, dimethylsulfate, diethylpyrocarbonate and lead, revealed several secondary structures for the in vitro transcribed mt-tRNAAsp including predominantly the cloverleaf. On the contrary, the native tRNAAsp folds into a single cloverleaf structure, highlighting the contribution of the four newly identified post-transcriptional modifications to correct folding. Reactivities of nucleotides and phosphodiester bonds in the native tRNA favor existence of a full set of six classical tertiary interactions between the D-domain and the variable region, forming the core of the 3D structure. Reactivities of D- and T-loop nucleotides support an absence of interactions between these domains. According to multiple sequence alignments and search for conservation of Leontis–Westhof interactions, the tertiary network core building rules apply to all tRNAAsp from mammalian mitochondria.
Industry Long-Term Return Reversal

Given that extreme industry returns may herald long-term structural changes in the industries involved that may eventually lead to reversals in industry fortunes, we investigate the evidence for long-term return reversal in industry returns. Our study employs both pure contrarian strategies and late-stage contrarian strategies, and includes extra-long strategy formation periods (up to 132 months) to allow sufficient time for structural changes to begin. We find strong evidence of reversals in the long-term returns of industries. These reversals continue for many years (with valuation effects observed up to 10 years after commencement) and are difficult to reconcile with overreaction.
The Wealth Effects of Merger Activities: Further Evidence from Real Estate Investment Trusts

This paper examines the effect of merger announcements on target firm shareholder wealth. The sample is limited to Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) targets. Previous corporate acquisition studies report strong pre-announcement and announcement day price appreciation for target firms. Significant positive abnormal returns are detected for the REIT targets at announcement but not during the pre-announcement period.
The Real Effects of Government-Owned Banks: Evidence from an Emerging Market

type="main"> Using plant-level data for Brazilian manufacturing firms, this paper provides evidence that government control over banks leads to significant political influence over the real decisions of firms. I find that firms eligible for government bank lending expand employment in politically attractive regions near elections. These expansions are associated with additional (favorable) borrowing from government banks. Further, these persistent expansions take place just before competitive elections, and are associated with lower future employment growth by firms in other regions. The analysis suggests that politicians in Brazil use bank lending to shift employment towards politically attractive regions and away from unattractive regions.
Spectral Projected Gradient Methods on Convex

A new method is introduced for large scale convex constrained optimization. The general model algorithm involves, at each iteration, the approximate minimization of a convex quadratic on the feasible set of the original problem and global convergence is obtained by means of nonmonotone line searches. A speciic algorithm, the Inexact Spectral Projected Gradient method (ISPG), is implemented using inexact projections computed by Dykstra's alternating projection method and generates interior iterates. The ISPG method is a generalization of the Spectral Projected Gradient method (SPG), but can be used when projections are diicult to compute. Numerical results for constrained least-squares rectangular matrix problems are presented.
Defining Anxious Depression: Going beyond Comorbidity

Objective: Since publication of the DSM-IV, there remains a group of patients with depression and anxiety symptoms who are not well classified. We therefore wanted to determine more accurately the type of patients best described by the term “anxious depression. ” We also wanted to review the literature to assess the most appropriate treatment(s) for these patients. Method: We surveyed the medical literature published after 1994 for all articles containing the relevant terms and assessed all possible articles in detail to determine those relevant to the diagnosis and those that involved relevant clinical studies. Results: The term anxious depression can encompass 3 groups of patients: those with comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) and an anxiety disorder, those with MDD but with subthreshold anxiety symptoms, and those with subthreshold depressive and subthreshold anxiety symptoms (also called mixed anxiety and depressive disorder). Conclusions: Based upon our literature review, we believe that the term anxious depression should only be used for the second group; that is, those patients with an MDD and subthreshold anxiety symptoms. From our literature review to determine the most appropriate treatment for this group of patients, it appears likely that drugs inhibiting the reuptake of both noradrenaline and serotonin may have greater clinical utility than single-action drugs such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, it is also clear that much more research needs to be undertaken in this important patient group so that we can better understand its prevalence, clinical features, and treatment.
Microeconomics: A Modern Approach

Section 1: INTRODUCTION. 1. Economics and Institutions: A Shift of Emphasis. Section 2: PREFERENCES, UTILITIES, DEMAND, AND UNCERTAINTY. 2. Consumers and Their Preferences. 3. Utilities--Indifference Curves. 4. Demand and Behavior in Markets. 5. Some Applications of Consumer, Demand, and Welfare Analysis. 6. Uncertainty and the Emergence of Insurance. 7. Uncertainty--Applications and Criticisms. Section 3: PRODUCTION AND COST. 8. The Discovery of Production and Its Technology. 9. Cost and Choice. 10. Cost Curves. Section 4: DECISIONS AND GAMES. 11. Game Theory and the Tools of Strategic Business Analysis. 12. Decision Making Over Time. 13. The Internal Organization of the Firm. Section 5: MARKETS. 14. Perfectly Competitive Markets: Short Run Analysis. 15. Competitive Markets in the Long Run. 16. Market Institutions and Auctions. 17. The Age of Entrepreneurship: Monopoly. 18. Natural Monopoly and the Economics of Regulation. 19. The World of Oligopoly: Preliminaries to Successful Entry. 20. Market Entry and the Emergency of Perfect Competition. Section 6: EXCHANGE AND GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM. 21. The Problem of Exchange. 22. General Equilibrium and the Origins of the Free-Market and Interventionist Ideologies. Section 7: BREAKDOWNS AND MARKET FAILURE. 23. Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection: Informational Market Failures. 24. Externalities: The Free Market--Interventionist Battle Continues. Section 8: INPUT MARKETS AND THE ORIGINS OF CLASS STRUGGLE. 25. Public Goods, the Consequences of Strategic Voting Behavior, and the Role of Government. 26. Input Markets and the Origins of Class Conflict.
Differential screening and suppression subtractive hybridization identified genes differentially expressed in an estrogen receptor-positive breast carcinoma cell line.

Differences in gene expression are likely to explain the phenotypic differences between hormone-responsive and hormone-unresponsive breast cancer. We have identified differentially expressed cDNAs in the estrogen receptor (ER)-positive MCF7 breast carcinoma cell line compared with the ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line. Differential screening isolated four differentially expressed genes: cytokeratin 8, cytokeratin 18, Hsp27 and GPCR -Br. To identify differentially expressed genes of lower abundance, suppression subtractive hybridization was utilized and 29 differentially expressed clones were isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that 11 clones were from previously described genes: HEK8, neuropeptide Y receptor Y1, p21 WAF-1, p55 PIK, cytokeratin 18 (cloned twice), fructose-1,6-biphosphatase, cytokeratin 8, TGFbeta1 binding protein, elongation factor 1alpha2 and pS2. The remaining 18 clones did not match sequences in the GenBank/EMBL database, indicating that they may be novel genes. Expression of pS2, neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 and three novel clones was induced by estradiol, indicating estrogen-responsiveness. The expression pattern of one novel gene, DEME -6, correlated with expression of ER and ERF -1/ AP -2gamma in a panel of breast carcinoma cell lines. A 2.6 kb cDNA of DEME -6 was sequenced and contains an open reading frame of 574 amino acids that demonstrates 62.4% similarity with a gene from Caenorhabditis elegans chromosome III. Expression of DEME -6 was also detected in primary breast carcinomas but not in normal breast tissue, as determined by RT-PCR. These findings support the hypothesis that a set of genes coordinately regulated with ER , but not necessarily estradiol-responsive, are characteristic of the hormone-responsive breast cancer phenotype.
Entrepreneurship Education in the Philippines

This study presents the current state of entrepreneurship education in the Philippines. The status of entrepreneurship education is evaluated through the analysis of entrepreneurship education curricula and practices in the Philippines and to suggest policy measures in the promotion, development and creation, growth, and sustainability of more entrepreneurial undertaking. Entrepreneurship education in the Philippines is heavily focused on the development of entrepreneurs in terms of encouraging start-ups. However, there is lack of focus in developing creativity and innovation as a mindset of the student in the formal education system. There is also minimal support from the academe and industry to aid nascent entrepreneurial undertaking to grow and sustain the business.
Test of a Causal HRM-Performance Linkage Model: Evidence from the Greek Manufacturing Sector

Although several studies have recognized the relationship between HRM policies and organizational performance, the mechanisms through which HRM policies lead to organizational performance remain unexplored. This paper investigates the pathways leading from HRM policies to organizational performance by using structural equation modelling. Specifically, we used SEM to test a research framework that is constituted by a set of causal relationships between organizational and other contingencies, business strategies, HRM policies, HRM outcomes, and organizational performance. Employing data from 178 organisations operating in the Greek manufacturing sector, results indicate that the impact of HRM policies on organizational performance is mediated through the HRM outputs of skills, attitudes and behaviour, and moderated by business strategies, organizational context and other contingencies. Thus, the paper not only supports that HRM policies have a positive impact on organizational performance but also explains the mechanisms through which HRM policies improve organizational performance.
Confidence intervals for random effects meta‐analysis and robustness to publication bias

The DerSimonian–Laird confidence interval for the average treatment effect in meta‐analysis is widely used in practice when there is heterogeneity between studies. However, it is well known that its coverage probability (the probability that the interval actually includes the true value) can be substantially below the target level of 95 per cent. It can also be very sensitive to publication bias. In this paper, we propose a new confidence interval that has better coverage than the DerSimonian–Laird method, and that is less sensitive to publication bias. The key idea is to note that fixed effects estimates are less sensitive to such biases than random effects estimates, since they put relatively more weight on the larger studies and relatively less weight on the smaller studies. Whereas the DerSimonian–Laird interval is centred on a random effects estimate, we centre our confidence interval on a fixed effects estimate, but allow for heterogeneity by including an assessment of the extra uncertainty induced by the random effects setting. Properties of the resulting confidence interval are studied by simulation and compared with other random effects confidence intervals that have been proposed in the literature. An example is briefly discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metagenomic Insights into the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes Carried by the Microorganisms Adhering to Solid Digesta in the Rumen of Cows

The ruminal microbial community is a unique source of enzymes that underpin the conversion of cellulosic biomass. In this study, the microbial consortia adherent on solid digesta in the rumen of Jersey cattle were subjected to an activity-based metagenomic study to explore the genetic diversity of carbohydrolytic enzymes in Jersey cows, with a particular focus on cellulases and xylanases. Pyrosequencing and bioinformatic analyses of 120 carbohydrate-active fosmids identified genes encoding 575 putative Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) and proteins putatively related to transcriptional regulation, transporters, and signal transduction coupled with polysaccharide degradation and metabolism. Most of these genes shared little similarity to sequences archived in databases. Genes that were predicted to encode glycoside hydrolases (GH) involved in xylan and cellulose hydrolysis (e.g., GH3, 5, 9, 10, 39 and 43) were well represented. A new subfamily (S-8) of GH5 was identified from contigs assigned to Firmicutes. These subfamilies of GH5 proteins also showed significant phylum-dependent distribution. A number of polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs) were found, and two of them contained genes encoding Sus-like proteins and cellulases that have not been reported in previous metagenomic studies of samples from the rumens of cows or other herbivores. Comparison with the large metagenomic datasets previously reported of other ruminant species (or cattle breeds) and wallabies showed that the rumen microbiome of Jersey cows might contain differing CAZymes. Future studies are needed to further explore how host genetics and diets affect the diversity and distribution of CAZymes and utilization of plant cell wall materials.
Behavioral Biases in Forward Rates as Forecasts of Future Exchange Rates: Evidence of Systematic Pessimism and Under-Reaction

Even though the forward-spot relationship in currency markets is very important for policy makers and for corporate and investment managers, it remains a theoretical and empirical puzzle. In theory the forward rate should be an unbiased forecast of the future spot rate, but this hypothesis has little empirical support. For the currencies of the nine major industrialized countries, this paper documents that in spite of the very high trading volumes in currency markets, consistent with evidence for other asset markets, revisions in the forward rate forecasts of the future spot exchange rate reflect systematic pessimism and under-reaction to new information.
Lack of Intestinal Epithelial Atg7 Affects Paneth Cell Granule Formation but Does Not Compromise Immune Homeostasis in the Gut

Genetic polymorphisms of autophagy-related genes have been associated with an increased risk to develop inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Autophagy is an elementary process participating in several cellular events such as cellular clearance and nonapoptotic programmed cell death. Furthermore, autophagy may be involved in intestinal immune homeostasis due to its participation in the digestion of intracellular pathogens and in antigen presentation. In the present study, the role of autophagy in the intestinal epithelial layer was investigated. The intestinal epithelium is essential to maintain gut homeostasis, and defects within this barrier have been associated with the pathogenesis of IBD. Therefore, mice with intestinal epithelial deletion of Atg7 were generated and investigated in different mouse models. Knockout mice showed reduced size of granules and decreased levels of lysozyme in Paneth cells. However, this was dispensable for gut immune homeostasis and had no effect on susceptibility in mouse models of experimentally induced colitis.