Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STANDING STABILITY OF HEMIPARETIC PATIENTS ESTIMATED IN DIFFERENT WAYS UDC 616

The objective of the present study was to investigate the postural stability of hemiplegic patients as opposed to that of healthy subjects and to compare patients with right or left hemispheric lesions. Twenty hemiparetic patients (12 female and 8 male) and nine healthy subjects of the same age (8 females and 2 males) volunteered for the study. The subjects were tested under three conditions. 1. Habitual, quiet standing on both feet for 1 minute, eyes open or closed. The centre of pressure excursion was determined. 2. Measurement of body sway which determines head and shoulder movement as part of the Romberg test. 3. The Fukuda stepping test. The length of the excursion of the centre of pressure for hemiplegic subjects was longer than for the healthy subjects especially in the eyes closed condition. Body sway was significantly greater for patients with right hemisphere lesions. In the Romberg test the hemiparetic patients showed longer anteror-posterior and latero-medial head excursions compared to normal subjects. The patients with right hemisphere lesions displayed greater values than the patients with a right hemiparesis except for the neck tilt. In the Fukuda stepping test the forward, lateral and angle deviation, and rotation on the vertical axis were significantly greater for hemiparetic subjects. The left side paretic patients showed greater forward deviation, but significantly less rotation on the vertical axis. We concluded that the visual input plays a more significant role for hemiparetic patients than for healthy people. Right hemisphere lesions, compared to those of the left hemisphere, worsen standing stability. It seems that the vestibular area in the central nervous system was damaged in most of the patients studied because the side on which the hemisphere lesion was located had a greater influence on body rotation and lateral deviation than the side dominance.
XMM-Newton observations reveal AGN in apparently normal galaxies

We have performed a detailed analysis of 3 optically normal galaxies extracted from the XMM Bright Serendipitous Source Sample. Thanks to the good statistics of the XMM-Newton data, we have unveiled the presence of an AGN in all of them. In particular, we detect both X-ray obscured (NH > 10 22 cm −2 ) and unobscured (NH < 10 22 cm −2 ) AGNs with intrinsic 2-10 keV luminosities in the range between 10 42 -10 43 erg s −1 . We find that the X-ray and optical properties of the sources discussed here could be explained assuming a standard AGN hosted by galaxies with magnitudes MR < M ∗ , taking properly into account the absorption associated with the AGN, the optical faintness of the nuclear emission with respect to the host galaxy, and the inadequate set-up and atmospheric conditions during the optical spectroscopic observations. Our new spectroscopic observations have revealed the expected AGN features also in the optical band. These results clearly show that optical spectroscopy sometimes can be inefficient in revealing the presence of an AGN, which instead is clearly found from an X-ray spectroscopic investigation. This remarks the importance of being careful in proposing the identification of X-ray sources (especially at faint fluxes) when only low quality optical spectra are in hand. This is particularly important for faint surveys (such as those with XMM-Newton and Chandra), in which optically dull but X-ray active objects are being found in sizeable numbers.
Does Junior Inherit? Refinancing and the Blocking Power of Second Mortgages

Refinancing a first mortgage puts legal principles in conflict when other, junior, liens also exist. On one hand, the principle that seniority follows time priority leaves the new refinancing mortgage junior to mortgages that were junior to the original, refinanced first mortgage. On the other hand, the principle of equitable subrogation gives the refinancing mortgage the seniority of the claim it paid down. States resolve this tension differently, thus differentiating how much a second mortgage impedes refinancing of the first. We exploit this cross-state variation to identify the impact on mortgage refinancing and find that refinancing is significantly more likely in the states following the principle of equitable subrogation when the homeowner also has a second mortgage.
Intrusion detection in enterprise systems by combining and clustering diverse monitor data

Intrusion detection using multiple security devices has received much attention recently. The large volume of information generated by these tools, however, increases the burden on both computing resources and security administrators. Moreover, attack detection does not improve as expected if these tools work without any coordination. In this work, we propose a simple method to join information generated by security monitors with diverse data formats. We present a novel intrusion detection technique that uses unsupervised clustering algorithms to identify malicious behavior within large volumes of diverse security monitor data. First, we extract a set of features from network-level and host-level security logs that aid in detecting malicious host behavior and flooding-based network attacks in an enterprise network system. We then apply clustering algorithms to the separate and joined logs and use statistical tools to identify anomalous usage behaviors captured by the logs. We evaluate our approach on an enterprise network data set, which contains network and host activity logs. Our approach correctly identifies and prioritizes anomalous behaviors in the logs by their likelihood of maliciousness. By combining network and host logs, we are able to detect malicious behavior that cannot be detected by either log alone.
A universal lower bound on the free energy cost of molecular measurements

The living cell uses a variety of molecular receptors to read and process chemical signals that vary in space and time. We model the dynamics of such molecular level measurements as Markov processes in steady state, with a coupling between the receptor and the signal. We prove exactly that, when the the signal dynamics is not perturbed by the receptors, the free energy consumed by the measurement process is lower bounded by a quantity proportional to the mutual information. Our result is completely independent of the receptor architecture and dependent on signal properties alone, and therefore holds as a general principle for molecular information processing.
On the Location and Composition of the Dust in the MCG-6-30-15 Warm Absorber

The warm absorber observed in the Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG-6-30-15 is known to consist of at least two zones and very likely contains dust. Hubble Space Telescope images of MCG-6-30-15 show a dust lane crossing the galaxy just below the nucleus. In this paper, we argue that this dust lane is responsible for the observed reddening of the nuclear emission and the Fe  edge hinted at in the Chandra spectrum of MCG-6-30-15. We further suggest that the gas within the dust lane can comprise much of the low ionization component (i.e., the one contributing the O  edge) of the observed warm absorber. Moreover, placing the warm absorbing material at such distances (hundreds of pc) can account for the small outflow velocities of the low ionization absorption lines as well as the constancy of the O  edge. Photoionization models of a dusty interstellar gas cloud (with a column appropriate for the reddening toward MCG-6-30-15) using a toy Seyfert 1 spectral energy distribution show that it is possible to obtain a significant O  edge (τ ∼ 0.2) if the material is ∼150 pc from the ionizing source. For MCG-6-30-15, such a distance is consistent with the observed dust lane. We emphasize the point first made by Kraemer et al.: dusty interstellar material will likely contribute to the warm absorber, and should be included in spectral modeling. The current data on MCG-6-30-15 is unable to constrain the dust composition within the warm absorber. Astronomical silicate is a viable candidate, but there are indications of a very low O abundance in the dust, which is inconsistent with a silicate origin. If true, this may indicate that there were repeated cycles of grain destruction and growth from shocks in the interstellar medium of MCG-6-30-15. Pure iron grains are an unlikely dust constituent due to the limit on their abundance in the Galaxy, yet they cannot be ruled out. The high column densities inferred from the highly ionized zone of the warm absorber implies that this gas is dust-free.
Fourier Phase Analysis of SDSS Galaxies

We present a first analysis of the clustering of SDSS galaxies using the distribution function of the sum of Fourier phases over three closed wavevectors. Since the Fourier phases are statistically independent of the Fourier amplitudes, the phase statistics plays a complementary role to the conventional two-point statistics of galaxy clustering. We find that the observed distribution functions of the phase sum are in good agreement with the lowestorder approximation from perturbation theory. From comparison of observations with mock catalogs constructed from N-body simulations, we find that the observed phase correlations for the galaxies within the range of the absolute magnitude, −22 <M r < −18, agree well with those for Λ-dominated spatially flat cold dark matter predictions with σ8 =0 . 9 evolved from the Gaussian initial condition. This agreement implies that the galaxy biasing is approximately linear in redshift space. Instead, assuming that the galaxy biasing is described by a quadratic deterministic function δg = b1δm +( b2/2)(δ 2 −� δ 2 m � ) at scale larger than 30 h −1 Mpc, we find that the resulting b2/b1 is well fitted by b2/b1 =0 . 54(±0.06) −0.62(±0.08) σ8 and is almost insensitive to the cosmology and luminosity in those ranges. Indeed, b2/b1 is nearly zero when σ8 =0 . 9.
Spatial and temporal properties of luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina

Luminosity horizontal cells in the turtle retina respond approximately linearly to visual stimuli with contrast levels spanning a large part of the physiological range. We characterized the response properties of these cells under conditions of low photopic background illumination by measuring their spatial and temporal frequency transfer functions. Our experimental results indicate in two ways that, under these conditions, feedback from luminosity horizontal cells to cones does not play a major role in the mechanisms underlying the spatial and temporal tuning of horizontal cell responses. First, the shape of the spatial transfer function depended only weakly on the temporal frequency with which it was measured. Second, the shape of the temporal transfer function depended only weakly on the spatial frequency with which it was measured.
IARC MONOGRAPHS PROGRAMME ON THE EVALUATION OF CARelNOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS'

ln 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans and to produce monographs on individual chemicals. The Monographs programme has since been expanded to include consideration of exposures to complex mixtures of chemicals (which occur, for example, in some occupations and as a result of human habits) and of exposures to other agents, such as radiation and viruses. With Supplement 6 (lARC, 1987a), the title of the series was modified from lARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans to lARC Monographs on the Evaluation
microRNA-21 Regulates Astrocytic Response Following Spinal Cord Injury

Astrogliosis following spinal cord injury (SCI) involves an early hypertrophic response that serves to repair damaged blood–brain barrier and a subsequent hyperplastic response that results in a dense scar that impedes axon regeneration. The mechanisms regulating these two phases of astrogliosis are beginning to be elucidated. In this study, we found that microRNA-21 (miR-21) increases in a time-dependent manner following SCI in mouse. Astrocytes adjacent to the lesion area express high levels of miR-21 whereas astrocytes in uninjured spinal cord express low levels of miR-21. To study the role of miR-21 in astrocytes after SCI, transgenic mice were generated that conditionally overexpress either the primary miR-21 transcript in astrocytes or a miRNA sponge designed to inhibit miR-21 function. Overexpression of miR-21 in astrocytes attenuated the hypertrophic response to SCI. Conversely, expression of the miR-21 sponge augmented the hypertrophic phenotype, even in chronic stages of SCI recovery when astrocytes have normally become smaller in size with fine processes. Inhibition of miR-21 function in astrocytes also resulted in increased axon density within the lesion site. These findings demonstrate a novel role for miR-21 in regulating astrocytic hypertrophy and glial scar progression after SCI, and suggest miR-21 as a potential therapeutic target for manipulating gliosis and enhancing functional outcome.
How Does Illiquidity Affect Delegated Portfolio Choice?

In response to how they are compensated, mutual fund managers who are underperforming by mid-year are likely to increase the risk of their portfolios toward the year-end. We argue that an increase in the liquidity of the stocks that managers use to shift risk can lead to an increase in the size of their risky bets. This in turn hurts fund investors by increasing the costs of misaligned incentives associated with delegated portfolio management. We provide both theoretical and empirical results that are consistent with this argument. We use decimalization as an exogenous shock to liquidity to identify causal effects.
Prevalence of HIV-Associated Metabolic Abnormalities among Patients Taking First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Uganda

Introduction. While the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy decreased HIV-related morbidity and mortality rates in the sub-Saharan Africa, a subsequent increase in metabolic abnormalities has been observed. We sought to determine the prevalence of HIV-associated metabolic abnormalities among patients on first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in an ART clinic in Kampala, Uganda. Methods. Four hundred forty-two consecutive patients on first-line ART for at least 12 months were screened for eligibility in a cross-sectional study, and 423 were enrolled. Pre-ART patient characteristics were abstracted from medical charts, examinations included anthropometric measurement and physical assessment for lipodystrophy. Results. The prevalence of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia was 16.3% (69/423) and 81.5% (345/423), respectively. Prevalence of dyslipidemia between stavudine- and zidovudine-based regimens (91% versus 72%; P < 0.001). Being on stavudine (aOR 4.79, 95%, 2.45–9.38) and peak body weight (aOR 1.44, 95% CI 1.05–1.97) were independent risk factors for dylipidemia. Stavudine (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.93) use was associated with lower risk for hyperglycemia while, and older age (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.11–1.56) and having a family history of DM (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.10–4.34) were independent risk factors for hyperglycemia. Conclusions. HIV-associated metabolic complications were prevalent among patients on thymidine analogue-containing ART regimens. Screening for lipid and glucose abnormalities should be considered in ART patients because of cardiovascular risks.
The Science of Genetics. An Introduction to Heredity

An attempt to condense the important knowledge in a broad field into a small volume is fraught with danger. It is particularly hazardous when the field at issue is one which straddles two established disciplines such as biochemistry and microbiology. A. H. Rose is aware of the problems inherent in his task, and it is probably due in no small part to this awareness that he brings it off so well. His book is descriptive enough to allow the biochemist to understand something of the organisms with which he works, and it never fails to indicate to the biologist the chemical basis of natural phenomena where that basis is known. However, no book of three hundred pages can give the descriptive biologist or the chemical enzymologist the range of information of an H. A. Barker or a C. B. van Neil. Therefore, the information presented must be carefully chosen for its seminal function; it must lead the interested reader to further researches in the literature. The early chapters of this book, particularly the excellent treatments on molecular architecture and on the role of environmental factors in growth, are admirably open-ended. The chapter on energy-yielding metabolism is less successful. The strong emphasis on general pathways of heterotrophic carbohydrate metabolism leads to neglect of the autotrophic energy-yielding reactions peculiar to microorganisms. A great deal of knowledge about autotrophs has become available in recent years, and almost none of it is presented here. It is particularly surprising to see only three pages devoted to photosynthesis, and one would have liked to see a much more complete treatment of mechanisms of oxidation in chemolithotrophs. The latter part of the book, dealing with anabolism and cell biology, is to be commended. It is up-to-date, stimulating, and well-presented. One measure of the efforts of the author to keep abreast of a rapidly-changing literature is the fact that almost none of the small amount of dated material in the book is dated by more than six months. A final commendation is due Dr. Rose for his frequent discussion of experimental technique. For the active investigator a brief discussion of technique is invaluable in determining the relevance of an experiment to his interest. Such discussions abound here. Rose said in his introduction to the first edition that he feared that his book would have no particular place since it was such a short coverage of a large subject. Those fears were groundless; the book should be useful for everyone from the advanced undergraduate to the established investigator. PAUL T. MAGEE
Checking the Feasibility of Dial-a-Ride Instances Using Constraint Programming

In the dial-a-ride problem (DARP), a fleet of vehicles must serve transportation requests made by users that need to be transported from an origin to a destination. In this paper we develop the first exact algorithm which is able to either efficiently prove the infeasibility or to provide a feasible solution. Such an algorithm could be used in a dynamic setting for determining whether it is possible or not to accept an incoming request. The algorithm includes solution space reduction procedures, and filtering algorithms for some DARP relaxations. Computational results show that the filtering algorithms are effective and that the resulting algorithm is advantageous on the more constrained instances.
Adolescents’ Involvement in Romantic Relationships and Problem Behavior: The Moderating Effect of Peer Norms

This study examined how peer norms condition the effect of romantic involvement on adolescents’ externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. We hypothesized that, as a result of social control and social learning, adolescents who start a romantic relationship report more problem behavior when romantic involvement was not normative behavior in the peer group. We tested this hypothesis for two different peer groups: the friendship network and the class. Using large-scale panel data of Dutch adolescents (N = 2,302; Mage = 14.5) collected in 222 school classes that included sociometric measures, we found that adolescents who started dating reported more problem behavior if dating was not in line with the class’ norm compared with when dating was in line with the class’ norm. Friends’ norms did not moderate the association between romantic involvement and problem behavior.
An exploration of galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering in the Millennium-XXL simulation

The combination of galaxy-galaxy lensing and galaxy clustering data has the potential to simultaneously constrain both the cosmological and galaxy formation models. In this paper we perform a comprehensive exploration of these signals and their covariances through a combination of analytic and numerical approaches. First, we derive analytic expressions for the projected galaxy correlation function and stacked tangential shear profile and their respective covariances, which include Gaussian and discreteness noise terms. Secondly, we measure these quantities from mock galaxy catalogues obtained from the Millennium-XXL simulation and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation. We find that on large scales (R>10 Mpc/h), the galaxy bias is roughly linear and deterministic. On smaller scales (R<5 Mpc/h) the bias is a complicated function of scale and luminosity, determined by the different spatial distribution and abundance of satellite galaxies present when different magnitude cuts are applied, as well as by the mass dependence of the host haloes on magnitude. Our theoretical model for the covariances provides a reasonably good description of the measured ones on small and large scales. However, on intermediate scales (1<R<10 Mpc/h), the predicted errors are ~2-3 times smaller, suggesting that the inclusion of higher-order, non-Gaussian terms in the covariance will be required for further improvements. Importantly, both our theoretical and numerical methods show that the galaxy-galaxy lensing and clustering signals have a non-zero cross-covariance matrix with significant bin-to-bin correlations. Future surveys aiming to combine these probes must take this into account in order to obtain unbiased and realistic constraints.
Metabolic Expenditures of Lunge Feeding Rorquals Across Scale: Implications for the Evolution of Filter Feeding and the Limits to Maximum Body Size

Bulk-filter feeding is an energetically efficient strategy for resource acquisition and assimilation, and facilitates the maintenance of extreme body size as exemplified by baleen whales (Mysticeti) and multiple lineages of bony and cartilaginous fishes. Among mysticetes, rorqual whales (Balaenopteridae) exhibit an intermittent ram filter feeding mode, lunge feeding, which requires the abandonment of body-streamlining in favor of a high-drag, mouth-open configuration aimed at engulfing a very large amount of prey-laden water. Particularly while lunge feeding on krill (the most widespread prey preference among rorquals), the effort required during engulfment involve short bouts of high-intensity muscle activity that demand high metabolic output. We used computational modeling together with morphological and kinematic data on humpback (Megaptera noveaangliae), fin (Balaenoptera physalus), blue (Balaenoptera musculus) and minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) whales to estimate engulfment power output in comparison with standard metrics of metabolic rate. The simulations reveal that engulfment metabolism increases across the full body size of the larger rorqual species to nearly 50 times the basal metabolic rate of terrestrial mammals of the same body mass. Moreover, they suggest that the metabolism of the largest body sizes runs with significant oxygen deficits during mouth opening, namely, 20% over maximum at the size of the largest blue whales, thus requiring significant contributions from anaerobic catabolism during a lunge and significant recovery after a lunge. Our analyses show that engulfment metabolism is also significantly lower for smaller adults, typically one-tenth to one-half . These results not only point to a physiological limit on maximum body size in this lineage, but also have major implications for the ontogeny of extant rorquals as well as the evolutionary pathways used by ancestral toothed whales to transition from hunting individual prey items to filter feeding on prey aggregations.