Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Melatonin protects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle

Abstract: Melatonin has been shown to diminish ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury in many tissues. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the protective antioxidant effect of melatonin in skeletal muscle during I/R injury. Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into three groups. Hindlimb ischemia was achieved by clamping the common femoral artery in two groups but not in control group. Limbs were rendered ischemic for 1.5 hr; at the end of the reperfusion period of 1.5 hr muscle tissue samples were taken for the histological evaluation and biochemical analysis. Melatonin (10 mg/kg) was injected i.p. in the I/R + Mel group at the onset of ischemia whereas the vehicle solution was injected in the I/R group. In I/R + Mel group histological damage was significantly less than in the I/R group (P < 0.001). In the I/R + Mel group, the mean malonedialdehyde level was lower than in the I/R group (P < 0.01) and was quite near to the levels in the control group (P > 0.05). Glutathione levels were found to be reduced in the I/R group compared with the control (P < 0.01) and I/R + Mel group (P < 0.01). Melatonin has a protective effect against I/R injury in skeletal muscle and may reduce the incidence of compartment syndrome, especially after acute or chronic peripheral arterial occlusions.
The Organizational Climate of Middle Schools.

Middle schools are becoming increasingly more pervasive ‐ all but replacing traditional junior high schools. Because they are neither elementary nor high schools, the organizational climates of middle schools are unlikely to be adequately tapped by standard measures designed for other structures. Conceptualizes and develops a measure of the organizational climate of middle schools, generates a typology of school climates based on openness, and tests the relationship between climate and authenticity in teacher and principal behaviour. Finds that openness in the school climate is directly related to authenticity in both.
Drinking Among Young Adults

Both college and noncollege populations face a high risk of becoming heavy drinkers and experiencing negative consequences of alcohol use. Because young people in these populations do not tend to identify themselves as having alcohol problems, they may be more readily identified through proactive screening in locations where they are likely to seek treatment related to alcohol problems, such as hospital emergency rooms, their college campuses, or workplaces. This article summarizes research on screening and brief interventions for alcohol use among young adults, particularly brief motivational interventions (BMIs).
MARITAL UNIONS AND UNMARRIED COHABITATION IN BANGKOK, THAILAND

Cohabitation has been understudied in the Thai context where national data on the complex forms of contemporary unions remain extremely rare. This paper uses data of the National Survey on HIV/AIDS Risk Behaviours and ART Knowledge in Thailand (NSBS), 2006 to understand the issue of cohabitation in contemporary Thailand. The data were collected from 6048 individuals aged 18–59, among whom about half were aged 18–24. In general, cohabitation is still uncommon in Thailand, accounting for only 2.4 per cent of 18–59-year-old individuals. The multivariate analysis of the study sample in Bangkok, where cohabitation is most common, suggests that married individuals and cohabiters are significantly different in terms of geographical area, age, education, religion, religiosity and work. Results reveal both consistent and different effects across genders. Further research on family formation in Thailand should acknowledge the complex forms of sexual unions and explore how differentials in background characteristics between married persons and cohabiters affect other aspects of family processes such as the well-being of couples and children.
Multicultural Training Experiences as Predictors of Psychology Students' Cultural Competence

The psychologists in the western world, including Australia, are required to be culturally competent because of the cultural diversity of these societies. Previous studies conducted in North America and Europe have found multicultural teaching, clinical experience with culturally diverse clients, and discussion of multicultural counselling issues in supervision to be related to the practitioner's cultural competency. The present study examined factors contributing to trainee psychologists' perceived level of cultural competence. It was hypothesised that multicultural teaching, clinical experience, and supervision would be related to students' level of cultural competence. One hundred twenty‐seven postgraduate clinical psychology students completed an online survey battery that included demographic information, a social desirability measure, and the Multicultural Mental Health Awareness Scale. This hypothesis was partially supported. Clinical experience and supervision focusing on multicultural issues were found to be related to participants' perceived cultural competence; however, multicultural teaching was not. These results provide insight into how universities around Australia can facilitate future psychologists' competence in working with clients from different cultural backgrounds.
High Level of Construal and Psychological Distance Reduce Melioration

We examined how level of construal and psychological distance affected performance in a task in which value of alternatives depended on frequency of choice. Melioration, a sub-optimal choice strategy that fails to take into account such value changes, has been found to be prevalent and difficult to change. Participants repeatedly chose between two buttons to earn as many coins as possible. Button A earned N coins, button B earned N + 3 coins, and N was the number of A presses in the last five trials. In this situation, B has a higher immediate payoff, but because choosing A increases the return from both buttons for the next five trials, maximizing A choices is the optimal strategy. We predicted that because a global perspective is needed to appreciate the dependency of value on frequency of choice, frequency of choosing the globally maximizing alternative (A) would increase when participants apply a higher level of construal and assume a more psychologically distal perspective. Study 1 manipulated construal level through segmenting the sequence of trials into segments of different size, with bigger segments representing higher level of construal. In Study 2, participants played a practice game, and we manipulated the probability of playing the actual game. Both a higher level of construal and a lower probability of playing the actual game (higher distance) increased the number of A choices. These results suggest that a broad perspective that is induced by high level of construal or by psychological distancing may reduce sub-optimal, meliorating choice
Annulate lamellae in phloem cells of virus-infected Sonchus plants

The occurrence of annulate lamellae (AL) in differentiating phloem of Sonchus oleraceus (Compositae) singly infected with sowthistle yellow vein virus (SYVV) and doubly infected with a combination of SYVV and beet yellow stunt virus is documented by electron microscopy. Cell types in which AL were found were immature sieve elements and phloem parenchyma cells. AL were found only in cells that also contained SYVV particles although a direct association between the virus and AL was not apparent. The substructure of the AL and the relationships between the AL and the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum are similar to those reported in other descriptions of this organelle in the literature. This report appears to be the first one concerning the association of AL with a plant virus disease.
Anticipation, event plausibility and scene constraints: Evidence form eye movements

We often use language to refer to items within our immediate proximity whereby the constraints of the visual context serves to restrict the number of possible referents, making it easier to anticipate which item will most likely be referred to next. However, we also use language to refer to past, future, or even imagined events. In such cases, anticipation is no longer restricted by the visual context and may now be influenced by real-world knowledge. In a set of eye-tracking experiments we explored the mapping of language onto internal representations of visually available scenes, as well as previously viewed scenes. Firstly, we were interested in how event-plausibility is able to influence our internal representations of described events and secondly, how these representations might be modulated by the nature of the visual context (as present or absent). Our findings showed that when describing events in the context of a concurrent scene the eye movement patterns during the unfolding language indicated that participants anticipated both plausible and implausible items. However, when the visual scene was removed immediately before the onset of spoken language participants anticipated plausible items, but not implausible items – only by providing a more constraining linguistic context did we find anticipatory looks to the implausible items. This suggests that in the absence of a visual context we require a more constraining linguistic context to achieve the same degree of constraint provided by a concurrent visual scene. We conclude that the conceptual representations activated during language processing in a concurrent visual context are quantitatively different from those activated when the visual context to which that language applies is absent.
Phospho-4 eBP 1 and eIF 4 E overexpression synergistically drives disease progression in clinically confined clear cell renal cell carcinoma

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most aggressive and lethal form of renal cell carcinoma accounts for over 90% of metastasis that occur following curative surgery for clinically confined disease. High relapse rates have prompted the evaluation of targeted therapies for the prevention or delay of metastatic disease in highrisk patients, with biomarkers offering significant potential to guide and improve patient management in this setting. In this current study we examined the value of the 4E-BP1/eIF4E axis for prognostic significance and risk stratification in patients with clinically confined ccRCC. This axis is a critical convergence point for many signalling pathways that are targeted by current therapies for the treatment of advanced RCC. Immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated 4E-BP1 (p4E-BP1) and total eIF4E was performed on tissue microarrays containing tumour cores from 135 patients with localised ccRCC. For both biomarkers 39% of all evaluable cores stained positive, with a strong correlation observed between the presence of p4E-BP1 and the overexpression of eIF4E within the same tumour (P = 0.005). Further, the combined expression of p4E-BP1 and eIF4E was associated with significantly worse diseasefree survival of 2.9 vs 5.7 yrs compared to patients whose tumours expressed only one, or neither, of the biomarkers (P < 0.001). Cox-regression analysis confirmed the ability of the p4EBP1/eIF4E signature to independently identify high-risk patients with a Hazard Ratio of 4.2 (CI = 2.1-8.6; P < 0.001), compared to 3.3 for tumour grade 3 and 4, and 2.3 for tumour stage 3 and 4. These data show the powerful prognostic value of the p4E-BP1/eIF4E signature for potential management of patients with clinically confined ccRCC, and in addition provides insights into the possible key synergistic determinants of disease progression and treatment response.
Relationship Between Supranormal Oxygen Tension and Outcome After Resuscitation From Cardiac Arrest

Background— Laboratory and recent clinical data suggest that hyperoxemia after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is harmful; however, it remains unclear if the risk of adverse outcome is a threshold effect at a specific supranormal oxygen tension, or is a dose-dependent association. We aimed to define the relationship between supranormal oxygen tension and outcome in postresuscitation patients. Methods and Results— This was a multicenter cohort study using the Project IMPACT database (intensive care units at 120 US hospitals). Inclusion criteria were age >17 years, nontrauma, cardiopulmonary resuscitation preceding intensive care unit arrival, and postresuscitation arterial blood gas obtained. We excluded patients with hypoxia or severe oxygenation impairment. We defined the exposure by the highest partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) over the first 24 hours in the ICU. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. We tested the association between PaO2 (continuous variable) and mortality using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for patient-oriented covariates and potential hospital effects. Of 4459 patients, 54% died. The median postresuscitation PaO2 was 231 (interquartile range 149 to 349) mm Hg. Over ascending ranges of oxygen tension, we found significant linear trends of increasing in-hospital mortality and decreasing survival as functionally independent. On multivariable analysis, a 100 mm Hg increase in PaO2 was associated with a 24% increase in mortality risk (odds ratio 1.24 [95% confidence interval 1.18 to 1.31]. We observed no evidence supporting a single threshold for harm from supranormal oxygen tension. Conclusion— In this large sample of postresuscitation patients, we found a dose-dependent association between supranormal oxygen tension and risk of in-hospital death.
Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation Modulates Thalamic Neuronal Activity

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective tool for the treatment of advanced Parkinson's disease. The mechanism by which STN DBS elicits its beneficial effect, however, remains unclear. We previously reported STN stimulation increased the rate and produced a more regular and periodic pattern of neuronal activity in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi). Here we extend our observations to neurons in the pallidal [ventralis lateralis pars oralis (VLo) and ventralis anterior (VA)] and cerebellar [ventralis lateralis posterior pars oralis (VPLo)] receiving areas of the motor thalamus during STN DBS. Stimulation parameters that produced improvement in rigidity and bradykinesia resulted in changes in the pattern and power of oscillatory activity of neuronal activity that were similar in both regions of the motor thalamus. Neurons in both VA/VLo and VPLo tended to become more periodic and regular with a shift in oscillatory activity from low to high frequencies. Burst activity was reduced in VA/VLo, but was not significantly changed in VPLo. There was also a significant shift in the population of VA/VLo neurons that were inhibited during STN DBS, whereas VPLo neurons tended to be activated. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that STN DBS increases output from the nucleus and produces a change in the pattern and periodicity of neuronal activity in the basal ganglia thalamic network, and that these changes include cerebellar pathways likely via activation of adjacent cerebello-thalamic fiber bundles.
After the offence : the construction of crime and its consequences by families of serious offenders

This thesis examines the experiences of relatives of those accused or convicted of serious offences such as murder, manslaughter, rape and sex offences. Relatives' accounts focus on the discovery of the offence as traumatic and life-changing, comparable in many ways to bereavement. Accounts of life before this point polarised and were either problem-identifying or normalising. Participants passed through several stages after discovering the offence as they began to feel they were coping and as the criminal justice process progressed. Responsibilities within the family were renegotiated and new responsibilities emerged which particularly revolved around the offender and his or her needs. Female relatives, and primarily mothers and wives, tended to take on these new tasks. Relatives experience secondary stigma because of their kin relationship to a serious offender, but this is more than just a stigma by association. Relatives are themselves subject to a 'web of shame' on the basis of contamination and blame. The thesis explores the accounts that relatives construct about the offence and about their own actions. When accounting for the offence, relatives were found to use 'actor adjustments' and 'act adjustments' of various types. Many participants were searching around for reasons and trying to understand why the offence had happened; formulating these accounts was part of that process. The thesis considers why relatives use self-help and what it offers. It is argued that self-help provides a 'collective narrative' for understanding experience which relatives use as a resource along with other sources to understand their circumstances. Most participants in the research were female, as are most participants in self-help services for relatives of offenders, and reasons for this are considered. The thesis is based upon in-depth interviews with 32 relatives of serious offenders and participant observation of a self-help organisation for families of serious offenders over several years.
Women who come to treatment as a result of a DUI offense

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered Texas substance abuse treatment between 2000 and 2005. They were on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. They were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of an administrative dataset collected on clients in publicly funded programs in Texas. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and bivariate and multivariate models were constructed. Only findings significant at . 001 are presented in this abstract. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI has increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. They were more likely than males to be white (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 v. 19 years), to be unemployed (75% v. 56%), and to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% v. 23%). The women were more likely to be divorced with minor children (22% v. 5%) and to have come to treatment to regain custody of their children (11% vs. 2%). Males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% v. 44%). Women were more likely to have injected drugs (31% v. 23%), to use substances daily (42% v. 40%), and at admission to be treated for depression or anxiety (21% v. 10%). They were less likely to complete treatment (67% v 72%). They reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. At follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% v.7%). At discharge, 67% of the women and 72% of the men completed treatment. For women, having been in residential treatment and receiving medication for their mental health problems were the best predictors of completing treatment. At 90-day follow-up, 41% of women and 47% of men were contacted. Some 34% of the women and 39% of the men reported being abstinent in the month prior to follow-up. Those who had completed treatment were twice as likely to be abstinent and living in a household where they were exposed to alcohol abuse or drug use was the strongest predictor of not being abstinent. CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprise only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they are more impaired and face more problems than their male counterparts. Additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring disorders, less chaotic living conditions after treatment, and more carefully targeted countermeasures, including closer supervision after treatment and use of vehicle control mechanisms, may be necessary to help these women achieve and maintain abstinence to prevent additional DUI episodes.
Coherent Dialogue with Attention-Based Language Models

We model coherent conversation continuation via RNN-based dialogue models equipped with a dynamic attention mechanism. Our attention-RNN language model dynamically increases the scope of attention on the history as the conversation continues, as opposed to standard attention (or alignment) models with a fixed input scope in a sequence-to-sequence model. This allows each generated word to be associated with the most relevant words in its corresponding conversation history. We evaluate the model on two popular dialogue datasets, the open-domain MovieTriples dataset and the closed-domain Ubuntu Troubleshoot dataset, and achieve significant improvements over the state-of-the-art and baselines on several metrics, including complementary diversity-based metrics, human evaluation, and qualitative visualizations. We also show that a vanilla RNN with dynamic attention outperforms more complex memory models (e.g., LSTM and GRU) by allowing for flexible, long-distance memory. We promote further coherence via topic modeling-based reranking.
Solution structures of calcitonin-gene-related-peptide analogues of calcitonin-gene-related peptide and amylin.

Near-u.v. and far-u.v. c.d. spectra of human alpha-calcitonin-gene-related peptide (h alpha CGRP), analogues and fragments of CGRP and amylin were recorded in aqueous solution and in trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water mixtures. All peptides contained significant amounts of alpha-helix in aqueous solution, and this amount increased on adding TFE. The helical content was unaffected by pH and salt. However, amylin contained much less helix than CGRP and the c.d. spectrum was more temperature-sensitive. A band in the near-u.v. c.d. spectrum of CGRP (but not present in the spectrum of amylin) was attributed to the disulphide bond in CGRP. The intensity of this band was pH-dependent and titrated with a pKa of 6.5, suggesting the involvement of histidine ionization.
Supervisor’s Role as an Antecedent of Training Transfer and Motivation to Learn in Training Programs

Training and development program literature highlights two major characteristics of supervisor’s role: support and communication. The ability of supervisors to provide adequate support and practice good communication style in relation to training programs may lead to increased training transfer and motivation to learn. Though the nature of this relationship is significant, little is known about the predictive properties of supervisor’s roles in training program literatures. Therefore, this study was conducted to measure the effect of supervisor’s role on training transfer and motivation to learn using 110 usable questionnaires gathered from employees who have attended training programs in a state public work agency in East Malaysia, Malaysia. The results of exploratory factor analysis confirmed that the measurement scales used in this study satisfactorily met the acceptable standards of validity and reliability analyses. Further, the outcomes of stepwise regression analysis showed four important findings: first, support insignificantly correlated with motivation to learn. Second, communication significantly correlated with motivation to learn. Third, support significantly correlated with transfer of training. Finally, communication significantly correlated with transfer of learning. Statistically, this result confirms that support is an important antecedent of motivation to learn and communication is an important antecedent of motivation to learn. Conversely, support and communication are important antecedents of training transfer in the studied organization. In addition, discussion, implications and conclusion are elaborated.