Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Starbursts versus Truncated Star Formation in Nearby Clusters of Galaxies

We present long-slit spectroscopy, B- and R-bandpass imaging, and 21 cm observations of a sample of early-type galaxies in nearby clusters, which are known to be either in a star-forming phase or to have had star formation that recently terminated. From the long-slit spectra, obtained with the Blanco 4 m telescope, we find that emission lines in the star-forming cluster galaxies are significantly more centrally concentrated than in a sample of field galaxies. The broadband imaging reveals that two currently star-forming early-type galaxies in the Pegasus I cluster have blue nuclei, again indicating that recent star formation has been concentrated. In contrast, the two galaxies for which star formation has already ended show no central color gradient. The Pegasus I galaxy with the most evident signs of ongoing star formation (NGC 7648), exhibits signatures of a tidal encounter. Neutral hydrogen observations of that galaxy with the Arecibo radio telescope reveal the presence of ∼4 × 108 M⊙ of H I. Arecibo observations of other current or recent star-forming early-type galaxies in Pegasus I indicate smaller amounts of gas in one of them, and only upper limits in others. These observations indicate that NGC 7648 in the Pegasus I cluster owes its present star formation episode to some form of tidal interaction. The same may be true for the other galaxies with centralized star formation, but we cannot rule out the possibility that their outer disks have been removed via ram pressure stripping, followed by rapid quenching of star formation in the central region.
Altered Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone Secretion by Calcium in Pregnant and Lactating Rats

We have previously shown that the serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration in lactating (L) rats is not suppressed by high serum Ca2+ to the same extent as in nonmated (NM) rats. To investigate further Ca2+ regulation of PTH secretion, parathyroid cells from NM rats and rats in late pregnancy and at peak lactation were dispersed and incubated for 2 h in medium containing 0.52–2.05 mM Ca2+. Medium PTH was assayed with a homologous immunoradiometric assay (IRMA). At the two highest Ca2+ levels (1.81 and 2.05 mM), medium PTH was significantly higher (p = 0.031) for cells from L rats than for cells from NM rats. In contrast, significantly less (p < 0.001) PTH was secreted for the L group versus the NM group at medium Ca2+ values of 1.27 and 1.46 mM. Estimated set points for L and NM groups were 1.17 mM and 1.35 mM, respectively, corresponding closely to the prevailing serum Ca2+ for these two groups. Consistent with the present in vitro data, high serum PTH (>40 pg/ml) in L rats occurred only at serum Ca2+ values below 1.27 mM. Elevated serum PTH at lower serum Ca2+ levels was also seen in pregnant rats. Dispersed parathyroid cells from 20− to 21‐day pregnant rats secreted significantly more PTH (p = 0.028) than cells from NM rats at all Ca2+ levels tested (1.1–1.6 mM). In conclusion, the relationship between extracellular Ca2+ and PTH secretion is altered in rats during late pregnancy and at peak lactation, perhaps as part of the adaptation to the demands for calcium for pre‐ and postnatal growth.
Row Sampling for Matrix Algorithms via a Non-Commutative Bernstein Bound

We focus the use of \emph{row sampling} for approximating matrix algorithms. We give applications to matrix multipication; sparse matrix reconstruction; and, \math{\ell_2} regression. For a matrix \math{\matA\in\R^{m\times d}} which represents \math{m} points in \math{d\ll m} dimensions, all of these tasks can be achieved in \math{O(md^2)} via the singular value decomposition (SVD). For appropriate row-sampling probabilities (which typically depend on the norms of the rows of the \math{m\times d} left singular matrix of \math{\matA} (the \emph{leverage scores}), we give row-sampling algorithms with linear (up to polylog factors) dependence on the stable rank of \math{\matA}. This result is achieved through the application of non-commutative Bernstein bounds. We then give, to our knowledge, the first algorithms for computing approximations to the appropriate row-sampling probabilities without going through the SVD of \math{\matA}. Thus, these are the first \math{o(md^2)} algorithms for row-sampling based approximations to the matrix algorithms which use leverage scores as the sampling probabilities. The techniques we use to approximate sampling according to the leverage scores uses some powerful recent results in the theory of random projections for embedding, and may be of some independent interest. We confess that one may perform all these matrix tasks more efficiently using these same random projection methods, however the resulting algorithms are in terms of a small number of linear combinations of all the rows. In many applications, the actual rows of \math{\matA} have some physical meaning and so methods based on a small number of the actual rows are of interest.
What does S‐palmitoylation do to membrane proteins?

S‐palmitoylation is post‐translational modification, which consists in the addition of a C16 acyl chain to cytosolic cysteines and which is unique amongst lipid modifications in that it is reversible. It can thus, like phosphorylation or ubiquitination, act as a switch. While palmitoylation of soluble proteins allows them to interact with membranes, the consequences of palmitoylation for transmembrane proteins are more enigmatic. We briefly review the current knowledge regarding the enzymes responsible for palmitate addition and removal. We then describe various observed consequences of membrane protein palmitoylation. We propose that the direct effects of palmitoylation on transmembrane proteins, however, might be limited to four non‐mutually exclusive mechanistic consequences: alterations in the conformation of transmembrane domains, association with specific membrane domains, controlled interactions with other proteins and controlled interplay with other post‐translational modifications.
Insulin activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in human skeletal muscle in vivo.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether insulin-stimulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) activity is detectable in needle biopsies of human skeletal muscle. Sixteen healthy nonobese males matched for age, percent fat, fasting insulin, and fasting glucose participated in one of two experimental protocols. During an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) protocol, insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase activity was determined from percutaneous needle biopsies at 2, 5, and 15 min post-insulin administration (0.025 U/kg). In the second group, a 2-h, 100 mU . m-2 . min-1 euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp was performed, and biopsies were obtained at 15, 60, and 120 min after insulin infusion was begun. Insulin stimulated PI3-kinase activity by 1.6 +/- 0.2-, 2. 2 +/- 0.3-, and 2.2 +/- 0.4-fold at 2, 5, and 15 min, respectively, during the IVGTT. During the clamp protocol, PI3-kinase was elevated by 5.3 +/- 1.3-, 8.0 +/- 2.6-, and 2.7 +/- 1.4-fold above basal at 15, 60, and 120 min, respectively. Insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase activity at 15 min post-insulin administration was significantly greater during the clamp protocol vs. the IVGTT (P < 0.05). These observations suggest that insulin-stimulated PI3-kinase activity is detectable in needle biopsies of human skeletal muscle, and furthermore, that the euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp protocol may be a useful tool to assess insulin signaling in vivo.
On the p-independence boundedness property of Calderón-Zygmund theory

Abstract For 0 ≦ α < 1 we construct examples of even integrable functions Ω on the unit sphere 𝕊 d-1 with mean value zero satisfying such that the L 2-bounded singular integral operator T Ω given by convolution with the distribution p.v. Ω(x/|x|)|x|-d is not bounded on L p (ℝ d ) when . In particular, we construct operators T Ω that are bounded on L p exactly when p = 2.
Casimir Energy and Radius Stabilization in Five and Six Dimensional Orbifolds

We compute the one-loop Casimir energy of gravity and matter fields, obeying various boundary conditions, in 5-dimensional S^1/Z_2 and 6-dimensional T^2/Z_k orbifolds. We discuss the role of the Casimir energy in possible radius stabilization mechanisms and show that the presence of massive as well as massless fields can lead to minima with zero cosmological constant. In the 5-d orbifold, we also consider the case where kinetic terms localized at the fixed points are not small. We take into account their contribution to the Casimir energy and show that localized kinetic terms can also provide a mechanism for radius stabilization. We apply our results to a recently proposed 5-dimensional supersymmetric model of electroweak symmetry breaking and show that the Casimir energy with the minimal matter content is repulsive. Stabilizing the radius with zero cosmological constant requires, in this context, adding positive bulk cosmological constant and negative brane-tension counterterms.
Functional neuroanatomy of intuitive physical inference

Significance Perceiving the physical structure of the world and predicting how physical events will unfold over time are central to our daily lives. Recent behavioral and computational research has suggested that our physical intuitions may be supported by a “physics engine” in the brain akin to the physical simulation engines built into video games. However, to date, there has been almost no investigation of the brain areas involved in intuitive physical inference. Here, using fMRI, we show that a variety of physical inference tasks as well as simply viewing physically rich scenes engage a common brain network in frontal and parietal cortices. These findings open the door to the cognitive neuroscientific study of physical inference in the human brain. To engage with the world—to understand the scene in front of us, plan actions, and predict what will happen next—we must have an intuitive grasp of the world’s physical structure and dynamics. How do the objects in front of us rest on and support each other, how much force would be required to move them, and how will they behave when they fall, roll, or collide? Despite the centrality of physical inferences in daily life, little is known about the brain mechanisms recruited to interpret the physical structure of a scene and predict how physical events will unfold. Here, in a series of fMRI experiments, we identified a set of cortical regions that are selectively engaged when people watch and predict the unfolding of physical events—a “physics engine” in the brain. These brain regions are selective to physical inferences relative to nonphysical but otherwise highly similar scenes and tasks. However, these regions are not exclusively engaged in physical inferences per se or, indeed, even in scene understanding; they overlap with the domain-general “multiple demand” system, especially the parts of that system involved in action planning and tool use, pointing to a close relationship between the cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in parsing the physical content of a scene and preparing an appropriate action.
Vitamin A supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa.

We welcome the opportunity to address the comments of Drs Massof and Finkelstein 1 in their editorial that accompanies our article 2 in the June 1993 issue of theArchives. The editorialists inaccurately state that our conclusion was based on a single aspect of the cone electroretinogram (ERG). In fact, our conclusion regarding the beneficial effect of vitamin A supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa (RP) was based on two objective tests of retinal function—the 30-Hz (flicker) ERG and the 0.5-Hz (single flash) ERG. The 30-Hz ERG provides a measure of cone function, and the 0.5-Hz ERG, a measure of cone and rod function in combination. We reported that patients receiving 15 000 IU/d of vitamin A had a significantly slower rate of decline of remaining ERG amplitude on average than those not receiving this supplement, not only for 30-Hz responses ( P =.01) but also for 0.5-Hz responses ( P =.04). The editorialists
Mechanisms for the Direct Electron Transfer of Cytochrome c Induced by Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified electrodes can promote the direct electron transfer (DET) of cytochrome c (Cyt c). There are several possible mechanisms that explain the DET of Cyt c. In this study, several experimental methods, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, circular dichroism, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy were utilized to investigate the conformational changes of Cyt c induced by MWCNTs. The DET mechanism was demonstrated at various nano-levels: secondary structure, spatial orientation, and spin state. In the presence of MWCNTs, the secondary structure of Cyt c changes, which exposes the active site, then, the orientation of the heme is optimized, revolving the exposed active center to the optimum spatial orientation for DET; and finally, a transition of spin states is induced, providing relatively high energy and a more open microenvironment for electron transfer. These changes at different nano-levels are closely connected and form a complex process that promotes the electron transfer of Cyt c.
Prevalence of positive coeliac disease serology and HLA risk genotypes in a multiethnic population of adults in Canada: a cross-sectional study

Objectives Coeliac disease (CD) is a complex autoimmune disorder with known genetic risk factors. Approximately 1% of individuals of European ancestry have CD, but the prevalence among different ethnicities living in Canada remains unknown. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of positive CD serology in a population of Canadian adults living in Toronto, and to determine whether the prevalence of CD seropositivity and predisposing human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DQ2/DQ8 risk genotypes differ between major ethnocultural groups. Design Cross-sectional screening study of participants from the Toronto Nutrigenomics and Health and the Toronto Healthy Diet studies. Setting University campus and households across Toronto, Canada. Participants: free-living Adults (n=2832) of diverse ethnocultural backgrounds. Main outcome measures Prevalence of positive CD serology was determined by screening for antitissue transglutaminase antibodies in individuals with predisposing HLA-DQ2/DQ8 genotypes. HLA genotypes were determined using six single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HLA gene region. Results Of the 2832 individuals screened, a total of 25 (0.88%; 95% CI 0.57% to 1.30%) were determined to have positive CD serology. The majority of seropositive CD cases were undiagnosed (87%). Prevalence was highest among Caucasians (1.48%; 95% CI 0.93% to 2.23%), and similar in those of ‘Other’ (0.74%; 95% CI 0.09% to 2.63%) or ‘Unknown’ (0.43; 95% CI 0.01% to 2.36%) ethnicity. No cases of positive CD serology were identified among East Asian or South Asian individuals. East Asians had a lower prevalence of HLA risk genotypes than Caucasians and South Asians (p<0.005). Conclusions The prevalence of positive CD serology among Canadian adults living in Toronto is likely ~1%, with 87% of cases being undiagnosed. These findings suggest the need for better screening in high genetic risk groups. Trial registration number NCT00516620; Post-results.
Amino Acid Residues Essential for Function of the MexF Efflux Pump Protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ABSTRACT At least four broad-spectrum efflux pumps (Mex) are involved in elevated intrinsic antibiotic resistance as well as in acquired multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Substrate specificity of the Mex pumps has been shown to be determined by the cytoplasmic membrane component (MexB, MexD, MexF, and MexY) of the tripartite efflux pump system. Alignment of their amino acid sequences with those of the homologous AcrB and AcrD pump proteins of Escherichia coli showed conservation of five charged amino acid residues located in or next to transmembrane segments (TMS). These residues were mutated in the MexF gene by site-directed mutagenesis and replaced by residues of opposite or neutral charge. MexF proteins containing combined D410A and A411G substitutions located in TMS4 were completely inactive. Similarly, the substitutions E417K (next to TMS4) and K951E (TMS10) also caused loss of activity towards all tested antibiotics. The substitution E349K in TMS2 resulted in a MexF mutant protein which was unable to transport trimethoprim and quinolones but retained partial activity for the transport of chloramphenicol. All mutated MexF proteins were expressed at comparable levels when tested by Western blot analysis. It is concluded that charged residues located in or close to TMS are essential for proper function of MexF.
Characterizations of particle size distribution of the droplets exhaled by sneeze

This work focuses on the size distribution of sneeze droplets exhaled immediately at mouth. Twenty healthy subjects participated in the experiment and 44 sneezes were measured by using a laser particle size analyser. Two types of distributions are observed: unimodal and bimodal. For each sneeze, the droplets exhaled at different time in the sneeze duration have the same distribution characteristics with good time stability. The volume-based size distributions of sneeze droplets can be represented by a lognormal distribution function, and the relationship between the distribution parameters and the physiological characteristics of the subjects are studied by using linear regression analysis. The geometric mean of the droplet size of all the subjects is 360.1 µm for unimodal distribution and 74.4 µm for bimodal distribution with geometric standard deviations of 1.5 and 1.7, respectively. For the two peaks of the bimodal distribution, the geometric mean (the geometric standard deviation) is 386.2 µm (1.8) for peak 1 and 72.0 µm (1.5) for peak 2. The influences of the measurement method, the limitations of the instrument, the evaporation effects of the droplets, the differences of biological dynamic mechanism and characteristics between sneeze and other respiratory activities are also discussed.
Coupling effect of transmission lines by HEMP based on CST

High-altitude nuclear electromagnetic pulse(HEMP) has a significant effect on electronic devices by cables. This paper makes an analysis of field-wire coupling. With the software of Computer Simulation Technology(CST) constructing the model, coupling current has been acquired. The effect of length, height and impedance on coupling current has been gained. To our surprise, the rise time of HEMP is faster than the time of coupling current. This provides HEMP hardening with the crucial basis.
Polyps of the rectum and colon

Four hundred and thirty-three patients with adenomatous polyps were examined and followed up. It was found that well differentiated adenomas are stable but dedifferentiated polyps can lead to invasive cancer, usually over a long period of time. Thus the concept of malignant transformation becomes meaningless, and should be replaced by an initial histological evaluation of polyps of the rectum and colon so that their development can be predicted.
Not Tb-proof: latent tuberculosis in Kuala Lumpur Hospital health care workers.

Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among health care workers in Kuala Lumpur Hospital, Malaysia’s largest tertiary public hospital. A two-step sampling procedure was used to obtain a proportionate sample of workers from each hospital department. Those selected underwent a selfadministered questionnaire on possible occupational risk factors and a standardized tuberculin sensitivity test (TST). TST induration of ≥15 mm was considered positive for LTBI. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association of possible work factors with LTBI.
Bridging the myoplasmic gap II: more recent advances in skeletal muscle excitation–contraction coupling

ABSTRACT In skeletal muscle, excitation–contraction (EC) coupling relies on the transmission of an intermolecular signal from the voltage-sensing regions of the L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.1) in the plasma membrane to the channel pore of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) nearly 10 nm away in the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Even though the roles of CaV1.1 and RyR1 as voltage sensor and SR Ca2+ release channel, respectively, have been established for nearly 25 years, the mechanism underlying communication between these two channels remains undefined. In the course of this article, I will review current viewpoints on this topic with particular emphasis on recent studies. Summary: This article reviews recent work regarding the communication between the L-type Ca2+ channel (CaV1.1) and the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) that supports excitation–contraction coupling in skeletal muscle.
Cascaded ATN Grammars

A generalization of the notion of ATN grammar, called a cascaded ATN (CATN), is presented. CATN's permit a decomposition of complex language understanding behavior into a sequence of cooperating ATN's with separate domains of responsibility, where each stage (called an ATN transducer) takes its input from the output of the previous stage. The paper includes an extensive discussion of the principle of factoring -- conceptual factoring reduces the number of places that a given fact needs to be represented in a grammar, and hypothesis factoring reduces the number of distinct hypotheses that have to be considered during parsing.
Spectrum estimation by wavelet thresholding of multitaper estimators

Current methods for power spectrum estimation by wavelet thresholding use the empirical wavelet coefficients derived from the log periodogram. Unfortunately, the periodogram is a very poor estimate when the true spectrum has a high dynamic range and/or is rapidly varying. In addition, because the distribution of the log periodogram is markedly non-Gaussian, special wavelet-dependent thresholding schemes are needed. These difficulties can be bypassed by starting with a multitaper spectrum estimator. The logarithm of this estimator is close to Gaussian distributed if a moderate number (/spl ges/5) of tapers are used. In contrast to the log periodogram, log multitaper estimates are not approximately pairwise uncorrelated at the Fourier frequencies, but the form of the correlation can be accurately and simply approximated. For scale-independent thresholding, the correlation acts in accordance with the wavelet shrinkage paradigm to suppress small-scale "noise spikes" while leaving informative coarse scale coefficients relatively unattenuated. This simple approach to spectrum estimation is demonstrated to work very well in practice. Additionally, the progression of the variance of wavelet coefficients with scale can be accurately calculated, allowing the use of scale-dependent thresholds. This more involved approach also works well in practice but is not uniformly preferable to the scale-independent approach.
Wrinkling of a compressed elastic film on a viscous layer

A compressively strained elastic film bonded to a viscous layer can form wrinkles. The present study provides a theoretical model for the wrinkling process. The elastic film is modeled with the nonlinear theory of a thin plate subject to in-plane and out-of-plane loads. The flow of the viscous layer is modeled with the theory of lubrication. The interface between the elastic film and the viscous layer is assumed to be perfect with no slipping or debonding. A set of partial differential equations evolves the deflection and the in-plane displacements as functions of time. A linear stability analysis identifies the critical wave number, below which the elastic film is unstable and the wrinkles can grow. For any fixed wave number less than the critical wave number, the wrinkles reach a kinetically constrained equilibrium configuration, in which the stress is partially relaxed in the elastic film and the viscous layer stops flowing. Numerical simulations reveal rich dynamics of the system with many unstable equilibrium configurations.