Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Challenging the Raunkiaeran shortfall and the consequences of using 1 imputed databases 2 3

Challenging the Raunkiaeran shortfall and the consequences of using 1 imputed databases 2 3 Lucas Jardim*, Luis Mauricio Bini, José Alexandre Felizola Diniz-Filho, Fabricio 4 Villalobos 5 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; 6 Red de Biología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, A.C. , Carretera antigua a Coatepec 7 351, El Haya, 91070 Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico 8
Regulation of Mouse Hepatic α-Amino-β-Carboxymuconate-ϵ-Semialdehyde Decarboxylase, a Key Enzyme in the Tryptophan-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Pathway, by Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays a critical role in the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis. α-Amino-β-carboxymuconate-ϵ-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) is the key enzyme regulating de novo synthesis of NAD from l-tryptophan (Trp), designated the Trp-NAD pathway. Acmsd gene expression was found to be under the control of both hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Constitutive expression of ACMSD mRNA levels were governed by HNF4α and downregulated by activation of PPARα by the ligand Wy-14,643 ([4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio]acetic acid]), as revealed by studies with hepatic HNF4α-null mice and PPARα-null mice, respectively. Transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift analyses showed an HNF4α binding site in the Acmsd gene promoter that directed transactivation of reporter gene constructs by HNF4α. The Acmsd promoter was not responsive to PPARα in transactivation assays. Wy-14,643 treatment decreased HNF4α protein levels in wild-type, but not PPARα-null, mouse livers, with no changes in HNF4α mRNA. These results show that Wy-14,643, through PPARα, post-transcriptionally down-regulates HNF4α protein levels, leading to reduced expression of the HNF4α target gene Acmsd.
Confirmatory factor analysis of the flow state scale in sports

Abstract The present investigation was designed to assess the psychometric properties of the Flow State Scale (FSS) in sports using confirmatory factor analysis. It is a self‐report instrument consisting of 36 items measuring nine different factors. A series of three studies were conducted, using a total of 1083 athletes, men and women, from ten individual sports. The aim of the first study was to translate the FSS into Greek following the back‐translation procedure. The aim of the second study was to test the nine first‐order factor model according to the original structure (Jackson & Marsh, 1996). The results of this second study indicated an acceptable fit to the model. Correlations among the FSS and similar validated instruments were performed, providing further support to the factor structure of the FSS, through construct validity. The purpose of the third study was to test four alternative measurement models through confirmatory factor analysis, a nine first‐order factor model, and three hierarchical models positing one or three second‐order factors. The results of the third study indicated an acceptable fit for the nine first‐order factor model, as well as for the third hierarchical model, whereas the single hierarchical model provided a poor fit. Overall, the present investigation supported the multidimensional nine first‐order factor of the FSS in sports.
Children of schizophrenic patients: preliminary observations on early development.

We have observed the early development of children of 2 schizophrenic parents. Three of the 4 children raised by their original schizophrenic parents developed clear-cut signs of depression and irritability in infancy. None of the 4 infants raised by foster parents developed any such clear-cut signs of emotional disorder. Our data suggest that the parental behavior of their schizophrenic mothers was at least partially responsible for the early emotional mal-development observed in their 3 infants. All 3 schizophrenic mothers were consistently depressed with their infants. The "contagion of depression" from mother to infant was discussed and it was suggested that this phenomenon caused an enduring depressive pattern of affective discharge in the infants we observed. It was also noted that all 3 schizophrenic mothers indulged in relatively little active play with their infants and showed relatively little pleasurable responsiveness to their infants. Certain observations suggested to us that a mother with ac.
Src Family Kinases Modulate the Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function in Response to TNF-α: Crosstalk with p38 Signaling

Activation of Src Family Kinase (SFK) signaling is required for the increase in endothelial permeability induced by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. However, we previously demonstrated that activation of endogenous SFKs by expression of dominant negative C-terminal Src Kinase (DN-Csk) is not sufficient to decrease endothelial adherens junction integrity. Basal SFK activity has been observed in normal venular endothelia and was not associated with increased basal permeability. The basal SFK activity however was found to contribute to increased sensitivity of the venular endothelium to inflammatory mediator-induced leakage. How SFK activation achieves this is still not well understood. Here, we show that SFK activation renders human dermal microvascular endothelial cells susceptible to low doses of TNF-α. Treatment of DN-Csk-expressing cells with 50 pg/ml TNF-α induced a loss of TEER as well as drastic changes in the actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion proteins. This synergistic effect was independent of ROCK or NF-κB activity. TNF-α-induced p38 signaling was required for the synergistic effect on barrier function, and activation of the p38 MAPK alone was also able to induce changes in permeability only in monolayers with active SFKs. These results suggest that the activation of endogenous levels of SFK renders the endothelial barrier more susceptible to low, physiologic doses of TNF-α through activation of p38 which leads to a loss of endothelial tight junctions.
Open vocabulary language modeling for binary response typing interfaces

We contrast language modeling for binary response typing interfaces with the more standard use of language models for full sequence disambiguation in applications like speech recognition. We highlight a key issue for construction of these language models: using Huffman coding versus simpler binary coding tree topologies. We then introduce novel methods for handling of selection error within the model itself. Surprisingly, we find that the difference between optimal Huffman coding and simpler linear coding is reduced not only with improved language models (which was expected and is verified) but also with increased selection error rates.
Increasing Reading Achievement of Students From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds

egislative language, mandated by the newly reauthorized Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEIA) of 2004 and the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) of 2001, underscores a number of issues relevant to students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds displaying reading-achievement difficulties. In this article, we offer strategies derived from scientific, research-based interventions to close the gaps in early literacy skills that are often observed for students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds.
diverse protein families Genome-scale phylogenetic function annotation of large and Material Supplemental

Open Access Open Access option. Genome Research Freely available online through the License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ described at as a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License), ). After six months, it is available under http://genome.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Understanding Minds and Metaphors: Insights from the Study of Figurative Language in Autism

This article reviews recent work on autistic individuals' understanding of figurative language. One currently influential theory of autism proposes that the key impairments in imagination, socialization, and communication spring from a fundamental deficit in "theory of mind"--the ability to attribute mental states to self and to others. Autism, then, presents a fascinating test case for theories such as Sperber and Wilson's (1986) relevance theory, which claims a crucial role for the understanding of intentions in everyday communication. In this article, I present evidence that understanding of simile, metaphor, and irony by children with autism is closely related to their level of theory of mind ability. The case of autism demonstrates the crucial role of the understanding of intentions in normal human communication, both "literal" and figurative.
Analysing current trends in care of acute myocardial infarction using PERFECT data

Abstract Introduction: This article in the supplement issue on the Performance, Effectiveness, and Costs of Treatment episodes (PERFECT)-project describes the PERFECT AMI (acute myocardial infarction) Database, which is developed to measure the performance of hospitals and hospital districts in Finland. We analyse annual trends and regional differences in performance indicators and whether the utilisation of services and costs of hospital care are related to improvement in survival of AMI patients. Material and methods. The study population consists of ten annual cohorts (1998–2007) of patients hospitalised for AMI. Results. Since 1998 the treatment pattern has changed rather radically, the utilisation rate of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has increased and coronary procedures have been performed earlier after myocardial infarction. Outcome measured by various measures of mortality has improved considerably. However, trends in the development of the use of services and outcomes are not similar between hospital districts. An increase in cost was positively and statistically significantly related to decrease in mortality, but the effect was not very strong. Conclusion. There is potential for decreased mortality from actions that do not increase the costs and for enhancing performance in the regions and hospitals with poor performance.
3D Modeling of Wave-Seabed-Pipeline in Marine Environments

In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed, based on the Finite Element Method, to ana- lyse the behaviour of soil under the wave loading. The pipeline is assumed to be rigid and anchored within a trench. The influence of wave obliquity on seabed responses, the pore pressure and soil stresses, are studied, which cannot be handled by the existing 2D models. It is revealed that three-dimensional characteristics systematically affect the distribution of soil response around the circumference of the underwater pipeline. Based on new 3D model, the effects of wave and soil char- acteristics and trench configuration on the wave-induced seabed instability are discussed in detail.
Decomposing Money: Ontological options and spreads

Debates about the nature and origin of the social foundations of money can have no closure. There is a range of credible, but sometimes inconsistent, positions. This paper conjectures that the framing of debates is itself precluding the recognition that these ‘foundations’ are themselves conjuncturally specific. At critical historical points of monetary crisis or innovation, it is the divergence between theories that gives analytical potence, for it reveals different aspects of social instability and change. Hence, the paper frames theories of the social foundations of money as presenting ‘ontological spreads’ which are generally quite narrow but widen at critical times when the social foundations of money show instability.
Assigning Function Tags to Parsed Text

It is generally recognized that the common nonterminal labels for syntactic constituents (NP, VP, etc.) do not exhaust the syntactic and semantic information one would like about parts of a syntactic tree. For example, the Penn Tree-bank gives each constituent zero or more 'function tags' indicating semantic roles and other related information not easily encapsulated in the simple constituent labels. We present a statistical algorithm for assigning these function tags that, on text already parsed to a simple-label level, achieves an F-measure of 87%, which rises to 99% when considering 'no tag' as a valid choice.
A randomized trial of nebulized 3% hypertonic saline with salbutamol in the treatment of acute bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants

Acute bronchiolitis is a common disorder of infants that often results in hospitalization. Apart from supportive care, no therapy has been shown to influence the course of the disease, except for a possible effect of nebulized hypertonic saline (HS). To determine whether this does have beneficial effects on length of stay in hospital or on severity scores, we undertook a double‐blind, randomized, controlled trial in a pediatric department of a Portuguese hospital.
Millionaires Around the World: Analisys of Quiz Shows in America, Israel and Poland

The study analyzes the content of questions in the quiz show Who Wants to be a Millionaire, uses Fiske's knowledge level' model to identify the knowledge level of the program and compares the American, Israeli and Polish versions of the game. One thousand five hundred and twenty questions (488 from American programs, 582 from Israeli programs and 450 from Polish programs) were sampled. The results indicate that in all the countries the academic knowledge level is predominant and specific topics vary greatly, covering different fields from light entertainment to politics, languages, science and mathematics, geography, religion, sport, food and leisure, high culture and economics. The lighter topics are considerably over-represented in the easier small-prize questions, whereas the intellectually challenging topics are more frequent among the harder big-money questions. Cultural differences are minor
Detecting urban vegetation from IKONOS data using an object-oriented approach

Urban vegetation plays a very important role in urban planning, environmental protecting, and sustainable development policy making. High resolution remote sensing imageries like IKONOS can provide such information economically and timely. However, the traditional classifying method based on pixel results in poor accuracy for the increased resolution causes not only in inter-class spectral variability but also intra-class spectral variability. Thus, developing a new method to extract thematic information from high resolution remotely sensed data might become one of the most challenging tasks of remote sensing within the coming years. This research proposed an object-oriented method to obtain the distribution of grass and tree in urban environment. The whole process included two steps: first, the original IKONOS data and the derived data of NDVI and VI were segmented at scale 5 and then, the objects obtained from this finer segmentation process were classified into two categories (vegetation and non-vegetation) using the feature space composed of mean NDVI, ratio near- infra, mean VI, ratio green band, and mean red band; second, the data of IKONOS, NDVI and VI within the vegetation area were segmented at scale 100, and then the objects from this lager scale segmentation were classified by the feature of Stddev red- infra into grass and tree. The result of accuracy assessment showed that the proposed method had produced distributed vegetation with over 97% overall accuracy.
Isolation and Characterization of Thymitaq (AG337) and 5-Fluoro-2-deoxyuridylate-resistant Mutants of Human Thymidylate Synthase from Ethyl Methanesulfonate-exposed Human Sarcoma HT1080 Cells*

Thymidylate synthase plays an essential role in the synthesis of DNA. Recently, several new and specific thymidylate synthase inhibitors that occupy the folate binding site, including Tomudex®, BW1843U89, and Thymitaq, have demonstrated therapeutic activity in patients with advanced cancer. In order to find drug-resistant forms of human thymidylate synthase for gene therapy applications, human sarcoma HT1080 cells were exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate and Thymitaq selection. Thymitaq-resistant clonal derived sublines were established, and analysis indicated that both gene amplification and point mutations contributed to drug resistance. Eight mutant cDNAs that were identified from Thymitaq-resistant sublines were generated by site-directed mutagenesis and transfected into thymidylate synthase-negative cells. Only K47E, D49G, or G52S mutants retain enzyme activity. Moreover, cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that D49G and G52S transfected cells, besides displaying resistance to Thymitaq with IC50 values 40- and 12-fold greater than wild-type enzyme transfected cells, respectively, also lead to fluorodeoxyuridine resistance (26- and 97-fold in IC50 values, respectively) but not to Tomudex or BW1843U89. Characterization of the purified altered enzymes obtained from expression in Escherichia coli is consistent with the cell growth inhibition results. We postulate that the D49G or G52S mutation leads to the structural perturbation of the highly conserved Arg50 loop, decreasing the binding of thymidylate synthase to the inhibitors, Thymitaq and fluorodeoxyuridylate.
Structural Parallelism and Discourse Coherence: A Test of Centering Theory

Abstract Three experiments investigate the effects of utterance structure and anaphoric reference on discourse comprehension. These factors are examined in the context of utterance pairs with parallel constituent structure (e.g., Josh criticized Paul. Then Marie insulted him ). Previous studies of structural parallelism have shown that an ambiguous pronoun (e.g., him ) is biased to corefer with an antecedent in the same structural position (e.g., Paul ). Of interest was whether parallelism can also influence the capacity for a pronoun to facilitate discourse comprehension and whether the centering model of discourse coherence can account for such effects. Most generally, centering predicts that a pronoun will increase coherence when it corefers with the subject of the previous utterance and that a single pronoun is sufficient to optimize local coherence. Experiment 1 addresses the interpretation of ambiguous pronouns and shows that preferred antecedents for both subject and nonsubject pronouns were entities realized in the same grammatical role. Experiment 2 examines the comprehension of utterances containing a pronoun whose antecedent occupies either a parallel or nonparallel position. The results show that utterances are coherent only when the pronoun corefers with a parallel antecedent. Experiment 3 evaluates how the presence of multiple anaphoric links facilitates comprehension and shows that more than one pronoun may be necessary to make an utterance locally coherent. Overall, the results reveal several limitations in centering theory and suggest that a more detailed account of utterance structure is necessary to capture how coreference influences the coherence of discourse.
Simple but complex: components of the simple view of reading across grade levels

Northwestern UniversityThe purpose of this study was to examine the simple view of reading (SVR) andcontributions of verbal proﬁciency and reading ﬂuency to reading comprehension forfourth-, seventh- and ninth-grade readers (N5271). The SVR explained a signiﬁcantproportion of variance in reading comprehension for all grades with decreasingexplained variance in higher grades. The variance explained by decoding decreasedfrom fourth grade to higher grades. The variance explained by listening com-prehension increased from fourth- to seventh-grade, but did not change from seventh-to ninth-grade. In all grades, verbal proﬁciency and reading ﬂuency contributedsubstantial additional variance to reading comprehension beyond the SVR. Changesin the predictive relation between listening and reading comprehension and factorsinﬂuencing reading comprehension in each grade are discussed.
Being There: On the Imaginative Aspects of Understanding Others and Being Understood

Abstract The empathic work of understanding is often written about as if it depended solely on the emotional, imaginative, or mind reading capabilities of the empathizer. But if it is embedded in an intersubjective encounter that necessitates ongoing dialog for its accuracy, then it implicates the imaginative and emotional capacities of the person to be understood as well. I argue that we should be investigating more actively the ways in which people in different times and places promote or discourage understanding of themselves. [empathy, anthropology, imagination, Toraja, work of empathy]
Beliefs about Chronic Wasting Disease Risks across Multiple States, Years, and Interest Groups

) in several states and provinces. The disease causes abnormalbehavior, emaciation, and death in all infected animals (Williams, Miller, Kreeger, Kahn,& Thorne, 2002). There is no evidence that CWD is transmissible to humans or causeshuman health problems (Belay et al., 2004). Researchers and agency officials are quick topoint out, however, that they are not absolutely certain that it is safe to eat meat frominfected animals (Salman, 2003). Extensive research has examined the pathology, epidemiology, transmission, andclinical signs of CWD (see Williams et al., 2002 for a review). Research on the humandimensions of CWD, however, is limited and has primarily addressed economic impactsof CWD and hunters’ behavior and acceptance of management actions in response to thedisease (e.g., Bishop, 2004; Needham, Vaske, & Manfredo, 2004; Vaske, Needham,Newman, Manfredo, & Petchenik, 2006). Little empirical attention has focused ondescribing hunters’ and non-hunters’ current beliefs about CWD and the extent to whichthese beliefs are consistent across multiple states, years, and interest groups. This findingsabstract helps to address these knowledge gaps.Data were obtained from mail surveys of: (a) residents and non-residents who hunteddeer with a gun in 2003 in Arizona, Colorado, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota,Utah, Wisconsin, or Wyoming; (b) residents and nonresidents who hunted elk with a gunin 2003 in Colorado, Utah, or Wyoming; (c) residents and nonresidents who hunted deeror elk with a gun in 2004 in Colorado; and (d) hunters and non-hunters residing inWisconsin’s southwest CWD eradication zone (i.e., 1,351 mi
A Simulation Analysis of Reliability in Erasure-Coded Data Centers

Erasure coding has been widely adopted to protect data storage against failures in production data centers. Given the hierarchical nature of data centers, characterizing the effects of erasure coding and redundancy placement on the reliability of erasure-coded data centers is critical yet largely unexplored. This paper presents a comprehensive simulation analysis of reliability on erasure-coded data centers. We conduct the analysis by building a discrete-event simulator called SIMEDC, which reports reliability metrics of an erasure-coded data center based on the configurable inputs of the data center topology, erasure codes, redundancy placement, and failure/repair patterns of different subsystems obtained from statistical models or production traces. Our simulation results show that placing erasure-coded data in fewer racks generally improves reliability by reducing cross-rack repair traffic, even though it sacrifices rack-level fault tolerance in the face of correlated failures.