Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of Ritonavir and Delavirdine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

ABSTRACT To evaluate the pharmacokinetic effect of adding delavirdine mesylate to the antiretroviral regimens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients stabilized on a full dosage of ritonavir (600 mg every 12 h), 12 HIV-1-infected subjects had delavirdine mesylate (400 mg every 8 h) added to their current antiretroviral regimens for 21 days. Ritonavir pharmacokinetics were evaluated before (day 7) and after (day 28) the addition of delavirdine, and delavirdine pharmacokinetics were evaluated on day 28. The mean values (± standard deviations) for the maximum concentration in serum (Cmax) of ritonavir, the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0-12), and the minimum concentration in serum (Cmin) of ritonavir before the addition of delavirdine were 14.8 ± 6.7 μM, 94 ± 36 μM · h, and 3.6 ± 2.1 μM, respectively. These same parameters were increased to 24.6 ± 13.9 μM, 154 ± 83 μM · h, and 6.52 ± 4.85 μM, respectively, after the addition of delavirdine (P is <0.05 for all comparisons). Delavirdine pharmacokinetic parameters in the presence of ritonavir included a Cmax of 23 ± 16 μM, an AUC0-8 of 114 ± 75 μM · h, and a Cmin of 9.1 ± 7.5 μM. Therefore, delavirdine increases systemic exposure to ritonavir by 50 to 80% when the drugs are coadministered.
IGF‐I restores satellite cell proliferative potential in immobilized old skeletal muscle

One of the key factors responsible for the age-associated reduction in muscle mass may be that satellite cell proliferation potential (number of doublings contained within each cell) could become rate limiting to old muscle regrowth. No studies have tested whether repeated cycles of atrophy-regrowth in aged animals deplete the remaining capacity of satellite cells to replicate or what measures can be taken to prevent this from happening. We hypothesized that there would be a pronounced loss of satellite cell proliferative potential in gastrocnemius muscles of aged rats (25- to 30-mo-old FBN rats) subjected to three cycles of atrophy by hindlimb immobilization (plaster casts) with intervening recovery periods. Our results indicated that there was a significant loss in gastrocnemius muscle mass and in the proliferative potential of the resident satellite cells after just one bout of immobilization. Neither the muscle mass nor the satellite cell proliferation potential recovered from their atrophied values after either the first 3-wk or later 9-wk recovery period. Remarkably, application of insulin-like growth factor I onto the atrophied gastrocnemius muscle for an additional 2 wk after this 9-wk recovery period rescued approximately 46% of the lost muscle mass and dramatically increased proliferation potential of the satellite cells from this muscle.
Reperfusion decreases myogenic reactivity and alters middle cerebral artery function after focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE After focal cerebral ischemia, the function of cerebral arteries is critical to maintain cerebrovascular resistance and minimize damage to ischemic brain regions during reperfusion. In this study we examined the contractile function of isolated and pressurized middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) after 2 hours of occlusion with either 1 to 2 minutes or 24 hours of reperfusion using the intraluminal suture model of transient focal ischemia in rats. METHODS MCAs were dissected after 2 hours of occlusion with either 1 to 2 minutes (OCC, n = 8) or 24 hours (RPF, n = 5) of reperfusion and compared with those of controls that did not have surgery (n = 5). Isolated MCAs were mounted on two glass cannulas in an arteriograph chamber that allowed control over transmural pressure (TMP) and measurement of lumen diameter. Responses to changes in TMP (including myogenic reactivity, basal tone, and passive distensibility) and sensitivity to serotonin and acetylcholine were compared. RESULTS Increasing TMP from 25 to 75 mm Hg caused vasoconstriction and development of tone that was similar in control and OCC arteries: percent tone was 33 +/- 5% versus 25 +/- 7% (P > .05). In contrast, tone was severely diminished in RPF MCAs after 24 hours of reperfusion: percent tone = 8 +/- 4% (P < .01). Sensitivity to serotonin was reduced in OCC arteries, increasing the EC50 value from 0.04 +/- 0.1 to 0.11 +/- 0.02 mumol/L (P < .05); after 24 hours of reperfusion, sensitivity of RPF MCAs was similar to control. Vasodilation to 10.0 mumol/L acetylcholine was significantly impaired only in RPF arteries: percent increased lumen diameter was 19 +/- 3% (control) and 13 +/- 4% (OCC, P > .05) versus 9 +/- 2% (RPF, P < .01). Passively, OCC MCAs were more distensible, which was reversed after 24 hours of reperfusion; RPF vessels had distensibility similar to that of control arteries but thicker arterial walls. CONCLUSIONS Abnormal structure and function of MCAs occur after 2 hours of ischemia, with diminished myogenic reactivity and tone associated with longer reperfusion.
Infection of Serratia marcescens by bacteriophage chi

Bacteriophage X has attracted attention because of its characteristic host range: it attacks motile cells of both Salmonella and Escherichia species (V. Sertic and N. A. Boulgakov, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. 123:951, 1936; E. W. Maynell, J. Gen. Microbiol. 25:253, 1961; S. M. Zottu and J. Adler, personal communication). The receptor site of x has been shown to be on the flagella of these bacteria. Sensitivity to X is determined not only by the presence of motile flagella but also by the specificity of flagellar surface structure. For example, bacteria with flagellar antigens of the g-complex are resistant to X. This note reports that phage X is also able to infect motile strains of Serratia marcescens. The Serratia strains used were B-181-2 through B-181-10, B-182-1 through B-182-9, B-183-2, and B-183-3 from the culture collection at the Institute of Applied Microbiology of the University of Tokyo. One of these 20 strains, B-181-6, was nonflagellate and, consequently, nonmotile. The remaining 19 strains were motile, having peritrichous flagella with normal curvature. The fraction of the motile cells in broth culture differed among the strains, ranging from 50 to 100%. Sensitivities of these Serratia strains to phage X and its host-range mutant M8, which is able to attack Salmonella possessing the g-complex antigen [I. Sasaki, Virus (Osaka) 12:168, 19621, were examined by the spotting method of E. W. Meynell (J. Gen. Microbiol. 25:253, 1961). The bacteriophage used was propagated on Salmonella abortivoequina strain SJ241, which is sensitive to both x and M8 and has been used as a standard indicator strain of x. It was found that the nonmotile strain, B-181-6, was completely resistant to both X and M8, whereas the remaining 19 motile strains were lysed by both x and M8. The plaques formed with the latter strains were clear and indistinguishable in size and shape from those formed with S. abortivoequina SJ241. When the culture contained some fraction of nonmotile cells, clearing was not complete, and turbid, but discernible, spots appeared.
Hybrid fibers: a base for creating new sensing fibers

Hybrid optical fibers are fiber-type waveguides including multimaterial large-aspect ratio nano- and microstructures. Using our pressure-assisted melt-filling approach various hybrid waveguides have been fabricated inside photonic crystal fibers by filling the air holes with materials such as noble metals, semiconductors, fluids or low-melting compound glasses. In this talk I will review our latest results on fiber-based plasmonics and nonlinear optics, with the focus on the basic physical working principle and of such novel nanophotonic structures.
Model-based food volume estimation using 3D pose

We are developing a dietary assessment system to automatically identify and quantify foods and beverages consumed by analyzing meal images captured with a mobile device. After food items are segmented and identified, accurately estimating the volume of the food in the image is important for determining the nutrient content of the food. In this paper, we proposed a novel food portion size estimation method for rigid food items using a single image. First, we create a 3D graphical model during the training step using 3D reconstruction from multiple views. Then, for each food image, we determine the translation and elevation parameters of each of the food items, which are relative to the camera coordinate through camera calibration. Using these geometric parameters we project the pre-built 3D model of each food item back to the image plane. Subsequently, the remaining degrees-of-freedom (DOF) for the final pose is estimated by image similarity measure. The experimental results of our volume estimation method for four food categories validate the accuracy and reliability of our model-based approach.
An efficient traffic detouring method by using device-to-device communication technologies in heterogeneous network

In recent years, HETerogeneous NETworks (HET-NET) arises as a promising network technique to manage a large number of mobile devices. By using the networks having different coverage size in the HETNET, it enables to increase the network capacity drastically. However, sometimes variations in user distribution causes inhomogeneous traffic load among the networks having different coverage size in the HETNET. On the other hand, Device-to-Device (D2D) communication technologies have attracted much attention as another solution to increase the network capacity. The direct communication between user devices creates flexible networks. Thus, we focus on utilizing D2D communication technologies in HETNET to avoid the inhomogeneous load among the networks having different coverage size. In this paper, a traffic detouring method is proposed and the advantage of the proposed method is analyzed with some mathematical expressions. Additionally, numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposal.
Hepatitis E virus: identification of type-common epitopes

Large epidemic outbreaks of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B viral hepatitis (ET-NANBH) have been documented in developing countries. A molecular clone derived from the causative agent, the hepatitis E virus (HEV), has recently been described (G.R. Reyes, M.A. Purdy, J.P. Kim, K.-C. Luk, L.M. Young, K.E. Fry, and D. Bradley, Science 247:1335-1339, 1990). We now report the isolation, by serologic screening, of two cDNA clones derived from a fecal sample collected during a 1986 outbreak of ET-NANBH in Telixtac, Mexico. The cDNA clones encode epitopes that specifically reacted with acute- and convalescent-phase sera collected during five different ET-NANBH epidemics and represent the initial cloning of the Mexico strain of HEV. Recombinant fusion proteins expressed from these clones were also recognized by antibodies from cynomolgus macaques experimentally infected with HEV. The cDNA clones were shown to be derived from HEV by their specific hybridization to the previously recognized full-length genomic RNA transcript of approximately 7.5 kb. In addition, however, subgenomic polyadenylated transcripts of approximately 2.0 and approximately 3.7 kb were also identified in HEV-infected cynomolgus monkey liver. Sequences homologous to the epitope clones were isolated from the Burma strain of the virus, and these demonstrated reactivity comparable to that seen with the Mexico strain epitopes. When compared with the available full-length sequence of the Burma strain of HEV, it was discovered that the cDNA clones were encoded in different open reading frames (ORFs). The comparison between Mexico and Burma HEV strains indicated amino acid homologies of 90.5 and 73.5% for these epitope-encoding clones derived from ORF2 and ORF3, respectively. The identification of these clones not only has provided insight into the expression strategy of HEV but has also resulted in a source of recombinant protein useful in the diagnosis of HEV-induced hepatitis.
Text Categorization with Considering Temporal Patterns of Term Usages

In document categorization method by using similarity measures based on word vectors, it is important to determine key words to characterize each document. However, conventional methods select the key words based on their frequency or/and particular importance index such as tf-idf. In this paper, we propose a method to characterize each document by using temporal clusters of technical term usages. The method obtains document clusters based on the similarity between the document that are characterized by the temporal patterns of an importance index for considering temporal differences of the term usages In the experiment, we compare document categorization results based on document clustering by using the two types of feature sets about two sets of bibliographical documents. By regarding to the experimental results, we discuss the usefulness of the temporal patterns of term usages to characterize the documents.
Male relatedness and familiarity are required to modulate male-induced harm to females in Drosophila

Males compete over mating and fertilization, and often harm females in the process. Inclusive fitness theory predicts that increasing relatedness within groups of males may relax competition and discourage male harm of females as males gain indirect benefits. Recent studies in Drosophila melanogaster are consistent with these predictions, and have found that within-group male relatedness increases female fitness, though others have found no effects. Importantly, these studies did not fully disentangle male genetic relatedness from larval familiarity, so the extent to which modulation of harm to females is explained by male familiarity remains unclear. Here we performed a fully factorial design, isolating the effects of male relatedness and larval familiarity on female harm. While we found no differences in male courtship or aggression, there was a significant interaction between male genetic relatedness and familiarity on female reproduction and survival. Relatedness among males increased female lifespan, reproductive lifespan and overall reproductive success, but only when males were familiar. By showing that both male relatedness and larval familiarity are required to modulate female harm, these findings reconcile previous studies, shedding light on the potential role of indirect fitness effects on sexual conflict and the mechanisms underpinning kin recognition in fly populations.
Maxillary sinus floor elevation using the (transalveolar) osteotome technique with or without grafting material. Part I: Implant survival and patients' perception.

OBJECTIVES To analyze the survival and success rates of implants installed utilizing the (transalveolar) osteotome technique, to compare peri-implant soft tissue parameters and marginal bone levels of osteotome-installed implants with implants placed using standard surgical procedures, and to evaluate patient-centered outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS During 2000 to 2005, 252 Straumann dental implants were inserted in 181 patients. The surgical technique was a modification of the original osteotome technique presented by Summers. In addition to the clinical examination, the patients were asked to give their perception of the surgical procedure, utilizing a visual analogue scale. RESULTS The cumulative survival rate of the osteotome-installed implants after a mean follow-up time of 3.2 years, was 97.4% (95% confidence intervals: 94.4-98.8%). From the 252 implants inserted, three were lost before loading and another three were lost in the first and second year. According to residual bone height the survival was 91.3% for implant sites with < or =4 mm residual bone height, and 90% for sites with 4 mm and 5 mm, when compared with that of 100% in sites with bone height of above 5 mm. According to implant length the survival rates were 100% for 12 mm, 98.7% for 10 mm, 98.7% for 8 mm and only 47.6% for 6 mm implants. Soft tissue parameters (pocket probing depth, probing attachment level, bleeding on probing and marginal bone levels) did not yield any differences between the osteotome-installed and the conventionally placed implants. More than 90% of the patients were satisfied with the implant therapy and would undergo similar therapy again if necessary. The cost associated with implant therapy was considered to be justified. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the osteotome technique was a reliable method for implant insertion in the posterior maxilla, especially at sites with 5 mm or more of preoperative residual bone height and a relatively flat sinus floor.
Publish/subscribe delay-tolerant message-oriented middleware for resilient communication

The rapid growth of wireless technologies has resulted in mobile phones and wireless devices becoming essential and ubiquitous elements in everyday domestic and business activity. Wireless devices are also used by emergency and support services. While wireless communication is more flexible than wired communication, it is often not robust, and the coverage is not always complete. In this article, we describe a mobile middleware architecture using delay-tolerant network (DTN) technology, and publish/subscribe concepts. The purpose of the middleware is to add resilience and reach to wireless communications, and reduce battery drainage of the mobile devices and hence extend operational lifetime. The same technology has the potential to provide a fallback communication platform providing greater penetration than that which would otherwise be available in situations where the conventional cellular structure is no longer working or access is limited. It can enable mobile users to connect through the help of multiple radio interface technologies and to exploit physical movement using the inherent relaying capability of DTNs. The approach exploits the synergy between publish/subscribe message-oriented middleware (MOM) and DTN, as neither requires an end-to-end connection at one moment in time. Scenarios based on exploiting any available connection, communication even when there is extreme wireless coverage failure, and a prototype developed on the Android mobile platform are presented. Some relevant issues are also analyzed related to the practical deployment, viz. message routing, energy efficiency, and security.
RuleGrowth: mining sequential rules common to several sequences by pattern-growth

Mining sequential rules from large databases is an important topic in data mining fields with wide applications. Most of the relevant studies focused on finding sequential rules appearing in a single sequence of events and the mining task dealing with multiple sequences were far less explored. In this paper, we present RuleGrowth, a novel algorithm for mining sequential rules common to several sequences. Unlike other algorithms, RuleGrowth uses a pattern-growth approach for discovering sequential rules such that it can be much more efficient and scalable. We present a comparison of RuleGrowth's performance with current algorithms for three public datasets. The experimental results show that RuleGrowth clearly outperforms current algorithms for all three datasets under low support and confidence threshold and has a much better scalability.
Partial Hippocampal Kindling Decreases Efficacy of Presynaptic GABAB Autoreceptors in CA1

The effect of partial hippocampal kindling, a model of temporal lobe seizure, on monosynaptic inhibition mediated by GABA was studied. Kindled rats were given 15 nonconvulsive hippocampal afterdischarges, and control rats were given low frequency or no stimulations. At 1–2 d after kindling, paired-pulse depression (PPD) of the IPSCs recorded in CA1 neurons in vitro was significantly smaller in kindled as compared with control rats. The difference in PPD persisted for at least 21 d after kindling. The decrease in PPD of the IPSCs after partial hippocampal kindling was likely caused by a reduced GABA autoinhibition after downregulation of presynaptic GABABreceptors. The GABAB antagonist CGP35348 (1 mm) suppressed PPD of the IPSCs more strongly in control than in kindled rats. Direct activation of the presynaptic GABAB receptors by baclofen suppressed the monosynaptic IPSCs significantly more in control than in kindled rats. The decay rate of a single-pulse IPSC was faster in kindled than in control rats on day 1 or day 21 after partial kindling. The difference in IPSC decay between kindled and control rats was found with or without a GABAB receptor antagonist. The low efficacy of the presynaptic GABAB receptors in kindled rats may provide compensatory stabilization of the postsynaptic membrane against further seizures or plasticity.
Metabolic Consequences of High-Fat Diet Are Attenuated by Suppression of HIF-1α

Obesity is associated with tissue hypoxia and the up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Prior studies in transgenic mice have shown that HIF-1α plays a role in the metabolic dysfunction associated with obesity. Therefore, we hypothesized that, after the development of diet-induced obesity (DIO), metabolic function could be improved by administration of HIF-1α antisense oligonucleotides (ASO). DIO mice were treated with HIF-1α ASO or with control ASO for 8 weeks and compared with an untreated group. We found that HIF-1α ASO markedly suppressed Hif-1α gene expression in adipose tissue and the liver. HIF-1α ASO administration induced weight loss. Final body weight was 41.6±1.4 g in the HIF-1α ASO group vs 46.7±0.9 g in the control ASO group and 47.9±0.8 g in untreated mice (p<0.001). HIF-1α ASO increased energy expenditure (13.3±0.6 vs 12±0.1 and 11.9±0.4 kcal/kg/hr, respectively, p<0.001) and decreased the respiratory exchange ratio (0.71±0.01 vs 0.75±0.01 and 0.76±0.01, respectively, p<0.001), which suggested switching metabolism to fat oxidation. In contrast, HIF-1a ASO had no effect on food intake or activity. HIF-1α ASO treatment decreased fasting blood glucose (195.5±8.4 mg/dl vs 239±7.8 mg/dl in the control ASO group and 222±8.2 mg/dl in untreated mice, p<0.01), plasma insulin, hepatic glucose output, and liver fat content. These findings demonstrate that the metabolic consequences of DIO are attenuated by HIF-1α ASO treatment.
Impact of diabetes in the Friedreich ataxia clinical outcome measures study

Friedreich ataxia (FA) is a progressive neuromuscular disorder caused by GAA triplet repeat expansions or point mutations in the FXN gene. FA is associated with increased risk of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study assessed the age‐specific prevalence of FA‐associated DM and its impact on neurologic outcomes.
Effect of Directional Solidification Variables on the Microstructures of Single‐Crystal Turbine Blades of Nickel‐Based Superalloy

Single‐crystal turbine blades of nickel‐based superalloy are directionally solidified at different withdrawal rates of 0.0017 cm s−1–0.01 cm s−1 aiming to investigate the evolution of as‐cast microstructures. The results show that the average primary and secondary dendrite arm spacings, λ1¯ and λ2¯ , decrease with increasing withdrawal rate, although the complicated geometry of the blades results in local nonhomogeneity of dendrite arm spacings. The experimentally achieved values of λ1¯ can be reasonably predicted by Ma and Sahm's theoretical model, in which the effect of the secondary dendrite on the primary dendrite arm spacing is considered. With increasing withdrawal rate, the shape of the γ/γ′ eutectic varies from a large block‐like eutectic island to an interconnected small strip‐like morphology. In addition to this, the average size of the γ/γ′ eutectic gradually decreases with increasing withdrawal rate. A reduction in the average sizes of the γ′ precipitates in the dendrite core and interdendritic region is also observed with increasing withdrawal rate. The microsegregation levels of Al, Ti, Ta, Cr, Co, and Mo are alleviated with increasing withdrawal rate.