Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Archaeal nitrification in the ocean

Marine Crenarchaeota are the most abundant single group of prokaryotes in the ocean, but their physiology and role in marine biogeochemical cycles are unknown. Recently, a member of this clade was isolated from a sea aquarium and shown to be capable of nitrification, tentatively suggesting that Crenarchaeota may play a role in the oceanic nitrogen cycle. We enriched a crenarchaeote from North Sea water and showed that its abundance, and not that of bacteria, correlates with ammonium oxidation to nitrite. A time series study in the North Sea revealed that the abundance of the gene encoding for the archaeal ammonia monooxygenase alfa subunit (amoA) is correlated with a decline in ammonium concentrations and with the abundance of Crenarchaeota. Remarkably, the archaeal amoA abundance was 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those of bacterial nitrifiers, which are commonly thought to mediate the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite in marine environments. Analysis of Atlantic waters of the upper 1,000 m, where most of the ammonium regeneration and oxidation takes place, showed that crenarchaeotal amoA copy numbers are also 1–3 orders of magnitude higher than those of bacterial amoA. Our data thus suggest a major role for Archaea in oceanic nitrification.
ANALYSIS OF DRUG COST TOWARD CAPITATION COST FOR TOP DISEASES IN SPECIAL REGION OF YOGYAKARTA PUBLIC HEALTH CENTERS

Objective: In this study wanted to analyze the differences between actual and standard of prescription cost. Researchers also conducted an analysis to see whether there was a difference between actual and standard of drug value in the amount of capitation fund.Methods: This study was a retrospective observational analytic. Medical prescriptions (January 2015–June 2015) will be obtained at several Puskesmas in D.I Yogyakarta. Mann–Whitney test was performed to conduct whether there was a difference between actual and standard of prescription cost. Independent sample t-test was performed to conduct whether there was a difference between actual and standard of drug value in the amount of capitation fund.Results: Based on the data, it showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between actual and standard of prescription cost. There was also a significant difference between actual and standard of drug value in the amount of capitation fund at Puskesmas in Yogyakarta city and Bantul district. The difference of value caused by prescription cost value factor that there is duration component in calculation. Yet in Sleman district, there was no significant difference (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant difference between actual and standard of prescription cost. There was also a significant difference between actual and standard of drug value in the amount of capitation fund at Puskesmas in Yogyakarta city and Bantul district. Yet in Sleman district, there was no significant difference.
Modular Analysis of Petri Nets

This paper shows how two of the most important analysis methods for Petri nets can be performed in a modular way. We illustrate our techniques by means of modular Place/Transitions nets (modular PT-nets) in which the individual modules interact via shared places and shared transitions. For place invariants we show that it is possible to construct invariants of the total modular PT-net from invariants of the individual modules. For state spaces, we show that it is possible to decide behavioural properties of the modular PT-net from state spaces of the individual modules plus a synchronization graph, without unfolding to the ordinary state space. The generalization of our techniques to high-level Petri nets is rather straightforward.
Influence of a Threatened‐Species Focus on Conservation Planning

Abstract: Conservation efforts at local, regional, and global scales often focus on threatened species despite recent calls to adopt more equitable and potentially more economically rational approaches. Critics contend that conservation planning centered only on threatened species fails to deliver cost‐efficient conservation outcomes. We explored how planning to preserve threatened mammal species would influence the efficiency and effectiveness of conservation investments in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. We found that the explicit protection of threatened species delivered cost‐efficient outcomes in this situation, afforded adequate protection to over 90% of those species not yet considered endangered, and contributed to the partial protection of the remainder. We used Marxan, a conservation planning tool, to determine the frequency that planning units are selected in efficient reserve systems and assessed the relative risk of deforestation of each planning unit. Our methods allowed us to identify areas of the region that require the most urgent conservation action.
Hydra, a powerful model for aging studies

Cnidarian Hydra polyps escape senescence, most likely due to the robust activity of their three stem cell populations. These stem cells continuously self-renew in the body column and differentiate at the extremities following a tightly coordinated spatial pattern. Paul Brien showed in 1953 that in one particular species, Hydra oligactis, cold-dependent sexual differentiation leads to rapid aging and death. Here, we review the features of this inducible aging phenotype. These cellular alterations, detected several weeks after aging was induced, are characterized by a decreasing density of somatic interstitial cell derivatives, a disorganization of the apical nervous system, and a disorganization of myofibers of the epithelial cells. Consequently, tissue replacement required to maintain homeostasis, feeding behavior, and contractility of the animal are dramatically affected. Interestingly, this aging phenotype is not observed in all H. oligactis strains, thus providing a powerful experimental model for investigations of the genetic control of aging. Given the presence in the cnidarian genome of a large number of human orthologs that have been lost in ecdysozoans, such approaches might help uncover novel regulators of aging in vertebrates.
The legacy of Vladimir Andreevich Steklov

Vladimir Andreevich Steklov, an outstanding Russian mathematician whose 150th anniversary is celebrated this year, played an important role in the history of mathematics. Largely due to Steklov’s efforts, the Russian mathematical school that gave the world such giants as N. Lobachevsky, P. Chebyshev, and A. Lyapunov, survived the revolution and continued to flourish despite political hardships. Steklov was the driving force behind the creation of the Physical–Mathematical Institute in starving Petrograd in 1921, while the civil war was still raging in the newly Soviet Russia. This institute was the predecessor of the now famous mathematical institutes in Moscow and St. Petersburg bearing Steklov’s name.
Apparent slip and drag reduction for the flow over superhydrophobic and lubricant-impregnated surfaces

The motion of a liquid above textured surfaces, impregnated with either a gas or a lubricant oil, is considered by homogenizing the microscopic near-wall flow to obtain protrusion heights (or Navier slip lengths), which can then be used in (macroscopic) direct numerical simulations of turbulence. The microstructure of the wall consists in longitudinally aligned ridges; this renders the small-scale Stokes problem amenable to decoupling into two problems, solved by the boundary element method with full account of the deformation of the liquid-lubricant interface, finally yielding two different protrusion heights, a longitudinal and a transverse one, respectively h|| and h⊥. Such heights are then employed in direct numerical simulations of the turbulent flow in a channel bounded by superhydrophobic or lubricant-impregnated walls, demonstrating the reduction in skin-friction drag which can be achieved with the rise in protrusion height difference, h = h|| − h⊥. The results are in good agreement with an analytical approximation, provided h+ ( h scaled in wall units) remains below 2 and the protrusion heights small in magnitude.
Comparative trial of norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of women with localized, acute, symptomatic urinary tract infections and antimicrobial effect on periurethral and fecal microflora

Forty-three women with acute, symptomatic urinary tract infections were randomized to receive either norfloxacin (400 mg) twice daily or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160-800 mg) twice daily for 10 days. Of the 43 patients, 7 (16%) had low-count bacteriuria and pyuria and were included in the evaluation. Escherichia coli was isolated in 72% of the infections, whereas coagulase-negative staphylococci were isolated in 14%. All isolates were susceptible to the assigned study drug. The MICs for 90% of the strains susceptible to norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were less than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to 0.8-16 micrograms/ml, respectively. The cure rates for norfloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were 95 and 90%, respectively. There were 17 patients with presumptive upper tract infections; only 1 of these relapsed after therapy. The effects on the periurethral flora were similar in both groups, but the infecting organism was eradicated from the fecal flora in 93% of the patients treated with norfloxacin and in 57% of the patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. More early reinfections occurred in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group, with resistant organisms appearing in urine and in the periurethral and fecal flora in all cases. Three patients in each group experienced adverse clinical effects, but these were more severe in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group. No adverse hematological or biochemical changes were noted. From these results, we concluded that norfloxacin is at least as effective as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the therapy of acute, symptomatic urinary tract infections in women.
Identification of Polymers as Major Components of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols

Results from photooxidation of aromatic compounds in a reaction chamber show that a substantial fraction of the organic aerosol mass is composed of polymers. This polymerization results from reactions of carbonyls and their hydrates. After aging for more than 20 hours, about 50% of the particle mass consists of polymers with a molecular mass up to 1000 daltons. This results in a lower volatility of this secondary organic aerosol and a higher aerosol yield than a model using vapor pressures of individual organic species would predict.
Recurrent Fever in Children

Children presenting with recurrent fever may represent a diagnostic challenge. After excluding the most common etiologies, which include the consecutive occurrence of independent uncomplicated infections, a wide range of possible causes are considered. This article summarizes infectious and noninfectious causes of recurrent fever in pediatric patients. We highlight that, when investigating recurrent fever, it is important to consider age at onset, family history, duration of febrile episodes, length of interval between episodes, associated symptoms and response to treatment. Additionally, information regarding travel history and exposure to animals is helpful, especially with regard to infections. With the exclusion of repeated independent uncomplicated infections, many infective causes of recurrent fever are relatively rare in Western countries; therefore, clinicians should be attuned to suggestive case history data. It is important to rule out the possibility of an infectious process or a malignancy, in particular, if steroid therapy is being considered. After excluding an infectious or neoplastic etiology, immune-mediated and autoinflammatory diseases should be taken into consideration. Together with case history data, a careful physical exam during and between febrile episodes may give useful clues and guide laboratory investigations. However, despite a thorough evaluation, a recurrent fever may remain unexplained. A watchful follow-up is thus mandatory because new signs and symptoms may appear over time.
End-to-end TCP-friendly streaming protocol and bit allocation for scalable video over wireless Internet

With the convergence of wired-line Internet and mobile wireless networks, as well as the tremendous demand on video applications in mobile wireless Internet, it is essential to an design effective video streaming protocol and resource allocation scheme for video delivery over wireless Internet. Taking both network conditions in the Internet and wireless networks into account, in this paper, we first propose an end-to-end transmission control protocol (TCP)-friendly multimedia streaming protocol for wireless Internet, namely WMSTFP, where only the last hop is wireless. WMSTFP can effectively differentiate erroneous packet losses from congestive losses and filter out the abnormal round-trip time values caused by the highly varying wireless environment. As a result, WMSTFP can achieve higher throughput in wireless Internet and can perform rate adjustment in a smooth and TCP-friendly manner. Based upon WMSTFP, we then propose a novel loss pattern differentiated bit allocation scheme, while applying unequal loss protection for scalable video streaming over wireless Internet. Specifically, a rate-distortion-based bit allocation scheme which considers both the wired and the wireless network status is proposed to minimize the expected end-to-end distortion. The global optimal solution for the bit allocation scheme is obtained by a local search algorithm taking the characteristics of the progressive fine granularity scalable video into account. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed schemes.
Recovering Riemannian metrics in monotone families from boundary data

We discuss the inverse problem of determining the anisotropic conductivity of a body described by a compact, orientable, Riemannian manifold M with boundary ∂M, when measurements of electric voltages and currents are taken on all of ∂M. Specifically we consider a one-parameter family of conductivity tensors, extending results obtained in [3] where the simpler Euclidean case is considered. Our problem is equivalent to the geometric one of determining a Riemannian metric in a monotone one-parameter family of metrics from its Dirichlet-to-Neumann map on ∂M.
Preparation of colloidal crystal template for inverse opal hydrogels

Abstract Colloidal crystal template for inverse opal hydrogel is constructed by vertical deposition method using monodispersed silica nanospheres. By adjusting the concentration of monodispersed silica nanospheres, it is found that well-structured silica template with more than 20 layers is formed when the concentration of the silica is 3.5 wt%. To enhance its strength, the prepared template is put in an oven at 500 °C for 2 h. The surface of the template is divided into many blocks by cracks formed in the process of heat treatment. The number of blocks varies with the rising time of the temperature from 25 to 500 °C. Under the same magnification, blocks formed with the rising time of 150 min can be nearly 4 times more than the blocks with a rising time of 300 min or 500 min, which means the slow rising velocity of the temperature can lead to a better colloidal crystal template with fewer blocks.
Comments on the National Toxicology Program Draft Background Document for Formaldehyde A Meta-Analysis of Formaldehyde Exposure and Risk of Leukemia and Nasopharyngeal Cancer

In 2006, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified formaldehyde as carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2006). In Monograph 88, IARC decided that the epidemiologic evidence available was strong but not sufficient to conclude that formaldehyde specifically causes leukemia in humans. However, IARC noted that studies reporting excess mortality from nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) provided sufficient evidence of formaldehyde's carcinogenicity, thus providing the basis for the labeling of formaldehyde as carcinogenic. The NPC results were based primarily on the statistically significant excess of NPC deaths among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde in a large US cohort.
The effect of service convenience on post-purchasing behaviours

Purpose – This paper attempts to investigate the casual relationships among service convenience, perceived service value, perceived service guarantee strength, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Although previous studies have addressed the importance of these variables, the understanding of the mediating effect of customer‐perceived service value and the moderating effect of customer‐perceived service guarantee strength on customer post‐purchasing behaviours still remain key issues.Design/methodology/approach – A statistical analysis of the collected questionnaires was computed based on the 498 usable responses from the four branches of the selected Chinese chain restaurant. Structural equation modelling is the essential analysis methodology used to examine the hypothesised relationships among the variables.Findings – Analysis confirms that customer satisfaction is positively influenced by service convenience, whereas customer loyalty is positively influenced by customer satisfaction. Furthermore, custom.
Caregiver burden and psychosocial services in patients with early and late onset Alzheimer's disease.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of the study was to analyse caregiver burden and consumption of psychosocial services in a consecutive group of patients with early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) compared with a matching group with late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a case-control study with 42 patients who were matched according to disease severity at the time of diagnosis. Caregivers in both groups were interviewed using the Neuro Psychiatric Inventory (NPI), the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale and the Resource Utilization in Dementia scale. The quantitative outcomes were compared statistically. RESULTS The EOAD group had a significantly higher ADL score than the LOAD group. There was a trend towards caregivers in the LOAD group spending more time helping the patients, and they needed more social services than the EOAD group. NPI scores were not significantly different, but a tendency towards a higher caregiver burden in the EOAD group was observed. CONCLUSION The higher caregiver burden in patients with EOAD--despite a better ADL function than LOAD patients--suggests that the existing psychosocial services might be particularly insufficient for caregivers in EOAD. FUNDING The study was funded by a three-month scholarship grant from the research fund at Roskilde Hospital. TRIAL REGISTRATION not relevant.
Chemopreventive Efficacy of Raloxifene, Bexarotene, and Their Combination on the Progression of Chemically Induced Colon Adenomas to Adenocarcinomas in Rats

Estrogen receptor (ER)-β signaling is associated positively in colon tumor progression, whereas downregulation or loss of function of retinoid X receptor (RXR)-α occurs in colon tumors. The chemopreventive efficacies of the estrogen antagonist raloxifene and the selective RXR agonist bexarotene were tested individually and in combination, during promotion and progression stages of colon tumorigenesis. Colon tumors were induced in male F344 rats with azoxymethane and at early adenoma stage, groups of rats (36 or 45 per group) were fed diets containing raloxifene (1.5 or 3 ppm), bexarotene (50 or 100 ppm), or their low-dose combinations for 40 weeks. Raloxifene or bexarotene alone significantly suppressed colon adenocarcinoma formation in terms of multiplicities (mean ± SE): control, 3.59 ± 0.25; 1.5 ppm raloxifene, 2.51 ± 0.29 (P < 0.004); 3 ppm raloxifene, 2.14 ± 0.28 (P < 0.0001); 50 ppm bexarotene, 2.25 ± 0.32 (P < 0.001); 100 ppm bexarotene, 2.1 ± 0.27 (P < 0.0001); and 1.5 ppm raloxifene + 50 ppm bexarotene, 1.57 ± 0.21 (P < 0.0001). The low-dose combination caused significant (56%) inhibition of adenocarcinomas as compared with control diet fed rats. Tumors exposed to raloxifene, bexarotene and/or the combination showed significant suppression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, and β-catenin with an increased apoptotic cells (3-fold) and p21 expression (3.8-fold) as compared tumors of rats fed control diet. The combination of low doses of raloxifene and bexarotene significantly suppressed the progression of colonic adenomas to adenocarcinomas and may be useful for colon cancer prevention and/or treatment in high-risk individuals. Cancer Prev Res; 6(12); 1251–61. ©2013 AACR.
Nutt regulation ? Popular intoxicants : what lessons can be learned from the last 40 years of alcohol and cannabis

In this paper we discuss the relative physical, psychological and social harms of the two most frequently used intoxicant drugs in the UK, namely cannabis and alcohol. Over the past 40 years, the use of both drugs has risen significantly with differential consequences. It is argued that increased policing of cannabis use under the current drug classification system will lead to increased criminalization of young people, but is unlikely to significantly reduce the rates of schizophrenia and psychosis. In comparison, increases in alcohol drinking are related to significant increases in liver cirrhosis hospital admissions and mortality, at a time when mortality rates from other major causes are on the decline. A recent expert-led comparison of the health and social harms to the user and to others caused by the most commonly used drugs in the UK showed alcohol to be more than twice as harmful as cannabis to users, and five times as harmful as cannabis to others. The findings underline the need for a coherent, evidence-based drugs policy that enables individuals to make informed decisions about the consequences of their drug use.
Weak ordering-a new definition

A memory model for a shared-memory multiprocessor commonly and often implicitly assumed by programmers is that of sequential consistency, which guarantees that all memory accesses will appear to execute atomically and in program order. An alternative model, weak ordering, offers greater performance potential. The central hypothesis of this work is that programmers prefer to reason about sequentially consistent memory, rather than have to think about weaker memory, or even write buffers. Following this hypothesis, weak ordering is defined as a contract between software and hardware. By this contract, software agrees to some formally specified constraints, and hardware agrees to appear sequentially consistent, at least to the software that obeys those constraints. The authors illustrate the power of the new definition with a set of software constraints that forbid data races and with an implementation for cache-coherent systems that is not allowed by the old definition. <<ETX>>