Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relation between veratridine reaction dynamics and macroscopic Na current in single cardiac cells

Veratridine modification of Na current was examined in single dissociated ventricular myocytes from late-fetal rats. Extracellularly applied veratridine reduced peak Na current and induced a noninactivating current during the depolarizing pulse and an inward tail current that decayed exponentially (tau = 226 ms) after repolarization. The effect was quantitated as tail current amplitude, Itail (measured 10 ms after repolarization), relative to the maximum amplitude induced by a combination of 100 microM veratridine and 1 microM BDF 9145 (which removes inactivation) in the same cell. Saturation curves for Itail were predicted on the assumption of reversible veratridine binding to open Na channels during the pulse with reaction rate constants determined previously in the same type of cell at single Na channels comodified with BDF 9145. Experimental relationships between veratridine concentration and Itail confirmed those predicted by showing (a) half-maximum effect near 60 microM veratridine and no saturation up to 300 microM in cells with normally inactivating Na channels, and (b) half-maximum effect near 3.5 microM and saturation at 30 microM in cells treated with BDF 9145. Due to its known suppressive effect on single channel conductance, veratridine induced a progressive, but partial reduction of noninactivating Na current during the 50-ms depolarizations in the presence of BDF 9145, the kinetics of which were consistent with veratridine association kinetics in showing a decrease in time constant from 57 to 22 and 11 ms, when veratridine concentration was raised from 3 to 10 and 30 microM, respectively. As predicted for a dissociation process, the tail current time constant was insensitive to veratridine concentration in the range from 1 to 300 microM. In conclusion, we have shown that macroscopic Na current of a veratridine-treated cardiomyocyte can be quantitatively predicted on the assumption of a direct relationship between veratridine binding dynamics and Na current and as such can be successfully used to analyze molecular properties of the veratridine receptor site at the cardiac Na channel.
Relationship Maintenance versus Relationship Change: A Dialectical Dilemma

The dialectical assumption that change is at the heart of social processes contradicts the emphasis on stability and consistency that exists in most conceptualizations of relationship maintenance. After an elaborated description of the major tenets of dialectical thinking, this article explores ways of transcending this contradiction, thereby advancing a reconceptualization of maintenance processes and an expanded agenda for research on the issue.
Social work in a multicultural society: New challenges and needs for competence

Social work in a multicultural society represents new and different challenges for practitioners. We have turned to social workers in the field to find out how they experience working with clients from diverse backgrounds, cultures and nationalities and how they respond to the challenges they are faced with. In the first part of the article, the answers given by the social workers will be presented; in the second part of the article we will focus upon the schools of social work and discuss how these institutions may prepare the students for their professional roles in a multicultural society.
The Role of Insight in Intellectual Giftedness

retarded. If our claim is correct, then the continuity of intelligence assumed by IQ tests may be masking a particularly important set of skills that distinguish the intellectually gifted from the intellectually average or subaverage. We propose here a subtheory of intellectual giftedness based upon the centrality of insight skills in giftedness. We refer to our proposal as a &dquo;subtheory&dquo; in order to emphasize our view that, although insight skills represent an important part of the story of intellectual giftedness, they do not represent the whole story. Certainly other psychological functions constitute other parts of the story as well (see, e.g., Renzulli, 1976; Sternberg, 1981). We do believe, however, that insight skills form a particularly important part of intellectual giftedness. Before proceeding to a presentation of our views, it would be helpful to put them in historical context by considering two major views of the nature of intellectual giftedness. The
Teachers’ Reports of Their Cognitive Processes During Teaching

Each of 12 experienced teachers taught a social studies lesson to three groups of junior high students under experimental conditions. After each 3-hour lesson, teachers viewed four brief videotaped segments of their teaching and responded to a structured interview concerning their cognitive processes while teaching. Teachers’ responses were audiotaped and coded. Reports were characterized most frequently by a sequence of observing student reactions, judging them to be satisfactory, and continuing teaching. Differences in reports were related to teachers’ cognitive styles and abilities, to teachers’ planning statements, and to student achievement and attitude.
Comorbidity In Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder An Analysis of Community and Clinical Studies1

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is alleged to be associated with high rates of concurrent psychological disorders. This paper considers the available literature regarding comorbidity in PTSD and reviews in detail the findings to date. This critical evaluation includes studies of clinical samples, veterans community surveys, and population surveys. It also presents new data drawn from 50 PTSD cases assessed at the Boston PTSD Center using a comprehensive, multidimensional diagnostic procedure. The data firmly support the notion that PTSD, regardless of the nature of the trauma, is associated with high rates of other major psychological disorders including substance abuse, major depression, and personality disorders. Despite these findings the issue of cause and effect surrounding comorbidity remains open at this time. More research is needed to determine if exposure to extreme stressors in fact produces the broad spectrum of psychopathology suggested by individuals with PTSD or whether individuals with intrinsic vulnerability are more likely to develop PTSD when exposed to extreme stressors. Implications of the findings from this review are discussed with respect to concepts in diagnosis and comorbidity.
Exploring the Role of Materials in Policy Change: Innovation in Low-Energy Housing in the UK

There remains uncertainty in models of the policy process about how and when radical change takes place. Most policy authors focus on explaining incremental change, and yet in practice a pattern of change described as punctuated equilibrium has been observed, with periods of stability interspersed with periods of rapid, abrupt change. It is argued here that the influence of materials and technologies—the substance of policy—must be incorporated into models of the policy process in order to help further our understanding of radical change. Concepts from science and technology studies concerning the inseparability of social and technical spheres are used to explore how people and materials interact to create opportunities for radical change. These ideas are particularly relevant to policy sectors comprising durable, capital-intensive infrastructure, such as housing. Drawing on examples from the UK housing sector, ideas about policy networks and large technical systems are synthesised to develop a more holistic, interdisciplinary account of policy change.
Reconciling the contact and threat hypotheses: does ethnic diversity strengthen or weaken community inter-ethnic relations?

The literature on whether community diversity has a positive effect on individuals' inter-ethnic attitudes (contact hypothesis) or a negative effect (threat hypothesis) remains inconclusive. Most studies infer mechanisms of contact or threat based on the relationship between diversity and mean levels of prejudice in a community. We suggest that both processes of threat and contact may be occurring with increasing diversity. By applying a measure of individual-level contact, this paper demonstrates that increasing community diversity does have a negative effect on inter-ethnic attitudes but only among individuals without inter-ethnic ties. Among those who do form ties, increasing diversity has no effect – that is, contact moderates the negative effect of community diversity. However, this relationship is further moderated by levels of disadvantage in the community. This paper has important implications for the use of the contact/threat hypotheses in studies of contextual diversity and the wider debate on rising diversity in the UK.
The (Charmed) Circle Game: Reflections on Sexual Hierarchy Through Multiple Sexual Relationships

The purpose of this study is to capture the lived experience of eight men and women with multiple partners in Hong Kong. By investigating their ways of coping with social and moral pressures, the study aims to explore the tension between proper masculinity/femininity and personal desires which often result in the trespassing of what is socially defined as ‘good’, ‘normal’ and ‘natural’. Their selective appropriation of cultural norms and gender ideals offers a vantage point not only to recuperate a lived version of ‘Chinese’ sexuality, but also to re-visit Gayle Rubin’s concept of sexual hierarchy.
Computational Model of Chromosome Aberration Yield Induced by High- and Low-LET Radiation Exposures

We present a computational model for calculating the yield of radiation-induced chromosomal aberrations in human cells based on a stochastic Monte Carlo approach and calibrated using the relative frequencies and distributions of chromosomal aberrations reported in the literature. A previously developed DNA-fragmentation model for high- and low-LET radiation called the NASARadiationTrackImage model was enhanced to simulate a stochastic process of the formation of chromosomal aberrations from DNA fragments. The current version of the model gives predictions of the yields and sizes of translocations, dicentrics, rings, and more complex-type aberrations formed in the G0/G1 cell cycle phase during the first cell division after irradiation. As the model can predict smaller-sized deletions and rings (<3 Mbp) that are below the resolution limits of current cytogenetic analysis techniques, we present predictions of hypothesized small deletions that may be produced as a byproduct of properly repaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) by nonhomologous end-joining. Additionally, the model was used to scale chromosomal exchanges in two or three chromosomes that were obtained from whole-chromosome FISH painting analysis techniques to whole-genome equivalent values.
A CENSUS OF BARYONS AND DARK MATTER IN AN ISOLATED, MILKY WAY SIZED ELLIPTICAL GALAXY

We present a study of the dark and luminous matter in the isolated elliptical galaxy NGC 720, based on deep X-ray observations made with the Chandra and Suzaku observatories. The gas properties are reliably measured almost to R2500, allowing us to place good constraints on the enclosed mass and baryon fraction (fb) within this radius (M2500 = (1.6 ± 0.2) × 1012 M☉, fb,2500 = 0.10 ± 0.01; systematic errors are typically ≲20%). The data indicate that the hot gas is close to hydrostatic, which is supported by good agreement with a kinematical analysis of the dwarf satellite galaxies. We confirm at high significance (∼20σ) the presence of a dark matter (DM) halo. Assuming a Navarro–Frenk–White DM profile, our physical model for the gas distribution enables us to obtain meaningful constraints at scales larger than R2500, revealing that most of the baryons are in the hot gas. We find that fb within the virial radius is consistent with the Cosmological value, confirming theoretical predictions that a ∼ Milky Way mass (Mvir = 3.1+0.4−0.3 × 1012 M☉) galaxy can sustain a massive, quasi-hydrostatic gas halo. While fb is higher than the cold (cool gas plus stars) baryon fraction typically measured in similar-mass spiral galaxies, both the gas fraction (fg) and fb in NGC 720 are consistent with an extrapolation of the trends with mass seen in massive galaxy groups and clusters. After correcting for fg, the entropy profile is close to the self-similar prediction of gravitational structure formation simulations, as observed in massive galaxy clusters. Finally, we find a strong heavy metal abundance gradient in the interstellar medium, qualitatively similar to those observed in massive galaxy groups.
Corporate Control and Multiple Large Shareholders∗

Many firms have more than one blockholder, but finance theory suggests that one blockholder should be sufficient to bestow all benefits on a firm that arise from concentrated ownership. This paper identifies a reason why more blockholders may arise endogenously. We consider a setting where multiple shareholders have endogenous conflicts of interest depending on the size of their stake. Such conflicts arise because larger shareholders tend to be less well diversified and would therefore prefer the firm to pursue more conservative investment policies. When the investment policy is determined by a shareholder vote, a single blockholder may be able to choose an investment policy that is far away from the dispersed shareholders’ preferred policy. Anticipating this outcome reduces the price at which shares trade. A second blockholder (or more) can mitigate the conflict by shifting the voting outcome more towards the dispersed shareholders’ preferred investment policy and this raises the share price. The paper derives conditions under which there are blockholder equilibria. The model shows how different ownership structures affect firm value and the degree of underpricing in an IPO.
Wine Is for Drinking, Water Is for Washing: Student Opinions About International Exchange Programs

This article reports on a study done among students who participated in student exchange programs, both in the United States and other parts of the world, between January 2001 and May 2003. Issues such as why students decide to study abroad, why they select a certain institution, how their home institution compares to a partner institution abroad, and what they consider to be the relevance of their international experience were investigated. Students agreed with the literature on the topic to a large extent and were very positive about the experience. Some interesting differences of opinion between incoming (to United States) and outgoing (from United States) students were observed.
Collaborative Categorization on the Web: Approach, Prototype, and Experience Report

Collaborative categorization is an emerging direction for research and innovative applications. Arguably, collaborative categorization on the Web is an especially promising emerging form of collaborative Web systems because of both, the widespread use of the conventional Web and the emergence of the Semantic Web providing with more semantic information on Web data. This paper discusses this issue and proposes two approaches: collaborative categorization via category merging and collaborative categorization proper. The main advantage of the first approach is that it can be rather easily realized and implemented using existing systems such as Web browsers and mail clients. A prototype system for collaborative Web usage that uses category merging for collaborative categorization is described and the results of field experiments using it are reported. The second approach, called collaborative categorization proper, however, is more general and scales better. The data structure and user interface aspects of an approach to collaborative categorization proper are discussed.
Preform Characterization in VARTM Process Model Development

Vacuum-Assisted Resin Transfer Molding (VARTM) is a Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) process where both resin injection and fiber compaction are achieved under pressures of 101.3 kPa or less. Originally developed over a decade ago for marine composite fabrication, VARTM is now considered a viable process for the fabrication of aerospace composites (1,2). In order to optimize and further improve the process, a finite element analysis (FEA) process model is being developed to include the coupled phenomenon of resin flow, preform compaction and resin cure. The model input parameters are obtained from resin and fiber-preform characterization tests. In this study, the compaction behavior and the Darcy permeability of a commercially available carbon fabric are characterized. The resulting empirical model equations are input to the 3- Dimensional Infiltration, version 5 (3DINFILv.5) process model to simulate infiltration of a composite panel.
Kinship Social Support and Adolescent Racial Socialization Beliefs: Extending the Self to Family

This study explored the relationship between adolescent reports of the level of kinship support they experience as members of an extended family network and racial socialization beliefs. A large grupofAfricanAmericanadolescents(n = 229) was administered the Scale ofRacial SocializationforAdolescents (SORS-A), the Kinship Social Support Scale (KSS), and a question regarding the amount of parental communication about racism. MANOVA results indicate significant differences between adolescents with high, moderate, and low levels of kinship support across three offour SORS-A factors (i.e., spiritual and religious coping, extended family caring, and cultural pride reinforcement). These factors make up the proactive dimension of adolescent racial socialization beliefs. The protective dimension (i.e., racism awareness teaching) was nonsignificant in relationship to kinship support. Future research on the importance of the relationship of ecological networks and racial socialization attitudes is discussed.
Cognitive Therapy for Depression

The development of cognitive therapy, one of the most promising interventions for the treatment of depression and other nonpsychotic disorders, has been strongly influenced by basic research in social and cognitive psychology. The approach is predicated on a two-factor cognitive theory of emotion and accords a central role to the operation of schematic knowledge structures and information-processing heuristics. Procedures designed to produce change in existing depresotypic beliefs are grounded in principles emerging from that basic literature, and strategies derived from attribution theory appear to contribute to the apparent capacity of cognitive therapy to prevent the emergence of future depressive episodes. Clearly, the development and articulation of cognitive therapy have benefited greatly from basic research in experimental social and cognitive psychology.
Surface Impedance Boundary Conditions in Terms of Various Formalisms

When a surface impedance boundary condition is implemented in a numerical formulation, it must be represented in terms of the state variables of that formulation. The usual practice is to derive high order surface impedance boundary conditions, which take into account the curvature of the conductor surface, and express them as relations between tangential components of the electric and magnetic fields or between tangential and normal components of the magnetic field. In the present paper, general expressions of high order surface impedance boundary conditions are obtained by solving the diffusion equation using perturbation techniques, under the hypothesis that the skin depth is much smaller than the characteristic size of the conductor's surface. The obtained formulas are applicable to various electromagnetic vector quantities and describe the behavior of the fields not only on the surface of the conductor but also in the whole skin layer. A simple numerical example is used to validate the derived expressions.
Association between physical frailty and cognitive scores in older adults

Objective: to investigate the association between physical frailty and cognitive scores in older adults at an Open University of the Third Age in Southern Brazil. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study with convenience sample comprising 100 elderly, conducted from March to June 2013. For cognitive assessment, we applied the Mini Mental State Examination and the Edmonton Frail Scale. Results: there was a predominance of females (93%), with a mean age of 65.6 years. 81% of the participants were classified as non-frail, 16% as apparently vulnerable to frailty, and 3% as mild frailty. There was a significant association between cognitive performance and frailty (p<0.006). Conclusion: the research on the association between physical frailty and cognitive scores in older people promotes the construction of gerontological care plans aimed at managing this syndrome.
Location Verification Systems Under Spatially Correlated Shadowing

The verification of the location information utilized in wireless communication networks is a subject of growing importance. In this work, we formally analyze, for the first time, the performance of a wireless location verification system (LVS) under the realistic setting of spatially correlated shadowing. Our analysis illustrates that anticipated levels of correlated shadowing can lead to a dramatic performance improvement of a received signal strength (RSS)-based LVS. We also analyze the performance of an LVS that utilizes differential received signal strength (DRSS), formally proving the rather counter-intuitive result that a DRSS-based LVS has identical performance to that of an RSS-based LVS, for all levels of correlated shadowing. Even more surprisingly, the identical performance of RSS and DRSS-based LVSs is found to hold even when the adversary does not optimize his true location. Only in the case where the adversary does not optimize all variables under his control, do we find the performance of an RSS-based LVS to be better than a DRSS-based LVS. The results reported here are important for a wide range of emerging wireless communication applications whose proper functioning depends on the authenticity of the location information reported by a transceiver.
Contemporary Use of Traditional Contraception in sub-Saharan Africa.

In this chapter we use DHS data to explore patterns of traditional contraceptive method use in sub-Saharan Africa. In so doing we must work with the assumption that any bias in the reporting of these methods is fairly constant across categories of women and that it will not distort comparisons across groups. While this assumption imposes an important limitation on our study smaller studies on traditional methods tend to corroborate the differentials documented here. For example in the detailed survey conducted in Ouagadougou in 2010 better-educated women and women born in the capital are more likely to use periodic abstinence (Rossier Senderowicz and Soura 2014) as shown in the DHS data for the same city and year. The characterization of these informal methods as “traditional” is somewhat misleading. “Traditional” contraception implies a method used in the past and likely to be abandoned with the spread of modern contraception and the advance of socioeconomic development (Johnson-Hanks 2002; Basu 2005). This term may have been appropriate for describing the Western fertility transition as when modern methods were introduced in these countries traditional methods had been in use there for a long time and were indeed largely replaced by newer methods. In contemporary developing countries however it is not clear how widespread the practices of periodic abstinence and withdrawal were prior to the introduction of modern contraception and thus the designation of “traditional” may be less accurate in these settings. Further it is uncertain whether the pattern of method switching seen in Western countries will play out similarly in these regions. A number of recent studies have questioned the appropriateness of considering these informal methods as traditional as they have found that better-off urban women are the greater “traditional” method users in Cameroon (Johnson-Hanks 2002) India (Basu 2005) and Ghana (Machiyama and Cleland 2014). (excerpt)