Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measuring message propagation and social influence on Twitter.com

Although extensive studies have been conducted on online social networks (OSNs), it is not clear how to characterize information propagation and social influence, two types of important but not well defined social behavior. This paper presents a measurement study of 58M messages collected from 700K users on Twitter.com, a popular social medium. We analyze the propagation patterns of general messages and show how breaking news (Michael Jackson's death) spread through Twitter. Furthermore, we evaluate different social influences by examining their stabilities, assessments, and correlations. This paper addresses the complications as well as challenges we encounter when measuring message propagation and social influence on OSNs. We believe that our results here provide valuable insights for future OSN research.
Collaborative Teaching and Making Sense of Symbols: Comment on Lampert's "Knowing, Doing, and Teaching Multiplication"

Two of the most compelling issues currently in the cognitive science of instruction are (a) settings for instruction that engage students as active learners and (b) relations between intuitive understanding and knowledge of symbolic procedures. Lampert's article (this issue) provides important insights on both of these topics. Lampert's contribution to the first issue extends current thinking about instructional settings significantly. Her style of teaching could be called collaborative instruction. She engages with her students in collaborative work toward the goal of making sense of mathematical ideas and procedures. Lampert's collaborative teaching is related to recent studies of active learning. Most of this work has involved modeling and coaching by a teacher, with students encouraged to become active monitors of their own performance. Examples include Palincsar and Brown's (1984) method of reciprocal teaching for reading comprehension, Bereiter and Scardamalia's (1982) hints for evaluating written composition, and Schoenfeld's (in press) coaching of metacognitive monitoring in mathematical problem solving. Collins and Brown (in press) have noted that these studies all use an aspect of apprenticeship, where students are encouraged to acquire skills that a master exhibits. Collaborative instruction differs from apprenticeship in an interesting and subtle way. Both are versions of proleptic instruction (Rogoff & Gardner, 1984; Wertsch & Stone, 1979) in which students learn by participating in the solution of problems. The difference is in the focus of activity. In apprenticeship of the kind used in recent studies, a teacher presents a model that students learn to emulate. For example, in Palincsar and Brown's (1984) recipro-
Cardiovascular risk during early adult life. Risk markers among participants in "Live for Life" health promotion programme in Sweden.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To study differences in cardiovascular lifestyle risk factors and biological risk markers in early adult life, with special attention to age and sex differences. Lifestyle cardiovascular risk factors included dietary habits, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol habits, psychosocial strain, and mental stress. Biological risk markers included anthropometric variables, arterial blood pressure, and serum cholesterol concentration. DESIGN: A combined individual and community based preventive programme, including health examinations. SETTING: All communities in the County of Skaraborg in south western Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: Altogether 12,982 men and women aged 30 or 35 years who underwent health examinations over seven years. MAIN RESULTS: In both sexes, biological risk markers studied were worse in 35 year old subjects than in 30 year olds. Furthermore, a larger proportion of men aged 35 years were smokers and were physically inactive compared with 30 year old men. However, dietary habits were better in both sexes in the upper age group. At both ages there were also significant differences between men and women. Women, compared with men, had better dietary habits and lower alcohol consumption but smoked more and experienced greater mental stress and psychosocial strain. All biological risk markers were worse in men than in women at both ages studied. During the observation period, some improvement of the health profile of the participants was observed, indicating a beneficial effect of the intervention programme. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the risk of cardiovascular disease, as assessed from studying lifestyle and biological risk markers, increases early in life, suggesting that preventive measures should start early.
Comprehension Processes of Verbal Irony: The Effects of Salience, Egocentric Context, and Allocentric Theory of Mind

The present study investigated the comprehension processes of verbal irony by clarifying the temporally distinct contributions of three information sources, namely, salience-based lexical meaning, egocentric context, and allocentric Theory of Mind. We predicted that salience-based lexical meaning initially activates the literal representation of an ironic utterance. This is immediately followed by the activation of the ironic representation supported by the automatic interaction between salience-based lexical meaning and egocentric context. Finally, overall interpretation is achieved by incorporating the information from Theory of Mind, which is provided by effortful processing. Salience-based representations are retained rather than suppressed. Cognitive load prevents incorporating the allocentric information given by Theory of Mind, resulting in an egocentric interpretation. The experimental results supported our hypothesis: both ironic representations (Experiment 1) and salience-based literal representations (Experiment 2a) become active early on. Cognitive load prevented the deactivation of unintended ironic representations (Experiment 3) and did not affect the retention of salience-based representations (Experiment 4). Intentional irony required longer reading times than unintentional irony and literal utterances (Experiment 5).
Prognostic factors and outcomes of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia after first relapse

Background Patients with acute myeloid leukemia who are treated with conventional chemotherapy still have a substantial risk of relapse; the prognostic factors and optimal treatments after relapse have not been fully established. We, therefore, retrospectively analyzed data from patients with acute myeloid leukemia who had achieved first complete remission to assess their prognosis after first relapse. Design and Methods Clinical data were collected from 70 institutions across the country on adult patients who were diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia and who had achieved a first complete remission after one or two courses of induction chemotherapy. Results Among the 1,535 patients who were treated with chemotherapy alone, 1,015 relapsed. Half of them subsequently achieved a second complete remission. The overall survival was 30% at 3 years after relapse. Multivariate analysis showed that achievement of second complete remission, salvage allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, and a relapse-free interval of 1 year or longer were independent prognostic factors. The outcome after allogeneic transplantation in second complete remission was comparable to that after transplantation in first complete remission. Patients with acute myeloid leukemia and cytogenetic risk factors other than inv(16) or t(8;21) had a significantly worse outcome when they did not undergo salvage transplantation even when they achieved second complete remission. Conclusions We found that both the achievement of second complete remission and the application of salvage transplantation were crucial for improving the prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukemia in first relapse. Our results indicate that the optimal treatment strategy after first relapse may differ according to the cytogenetic risk.
Performance Modeling of Differential Fair Buffer Allocation

The Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR) service is viewed as the most promising ATM service for carrying aggregate TCP/IP traffic over large distances. In this work, we develop an analytical model to assess the performance of TCP over the Differential Fair Buffer Allocation implementation suggested by the ATM Forum. We consider the problem of a single GFR VC fed by multiple TCP Reno sources. The proposed model distinguishes itself from prior work in two The first author of this work was supported in part by the “Comissionat per a Universitats i Recerca” of the “Generalitat de Catalunya” under Project 1999SGR00126 and the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst through the Technical University Hamburg-Harburg. Corresponding Author. Current Mailing Address: Institut für Neuroinformatik, ETHZ/UNIZH, Winterthurerstr. 190, Haus 55, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail: vincent@ini.phys.ethz.ch ways: it captures the behavior of aggregate TCP traffic and it explicitly allows for queue analysis. From a modeling point of view, our study shows that the reactive behavior of TCP in congestion avoidance can be approximated by a two-node Markov chain. In terms of performance measures, we quantify the impact of traffic aggregation on queueing performance. Among many other results, our model predicts that, although the mean queue length seems to reach a maximum at a certain aggregation level, the mean loss probability appears to increase linearly with the number of sources.
Nearest neighbor parameters for Watson–Crick complementary heteroduplexes formed between 2′-O-methyl RNA and RNA oligonucleotides

Results from optical melting studies of Watson–Crick complementary heteroduplexes formed between 2′-O-methyl RNA and RNA oligonucleotides are used to determine nearest neighbor thermodynamic parameters for predicting the stabilities of such duplexes. The results are consistent with the physical model assumed by the individual nearest neighbor-hydrogen bonding model, which contains terms for helix initiation, base pair stacking and base pair composition. The sequence dependence is similar to that for Watson–Crick complementary RNA/RNA duplexes, which suggests that the sequence dependence may also be similar to that for other backbones that favor A-form RNA conformations.
Gender representation in a Hong Kong primary English textbook series: the relationship between language planning and social policy

Language-in-education planning in the form of materials planning has an important role to play in achieving a society's social goals. Gender stereotyping has been found in previous language textbook studies. Although gender bias has declined, some recent studies suggest that it still exists. This study analysed the content and language of a recently published Hong Kong English language textbook series for grade one students to explore its gender representation. The results of the study showed that males and females were almost equally represented and were portrayed in a similar range of activities. Females were also more visible in both illustrations and texts. The phenomena of females being underrepresented and male dominance that occurred in the previous textbook studies did not exist in the textbook series examined, though males were still mentioned first when two nouns were paired for gender. One implication that can be drawn from the results is that gender stereotyping or how gender is represented in textbooks should be an important factor to be considered when school teachers select textbooks for their students, and this aspect should be highly emphasized in the government's policy manual for selection of textbooks for use in schools, given the fact that textbooks may have strong influence on children's development of values and attitudes.
Situational Analysis

Situational analysis is a framework for professional practice and research in educational psychology. The process is guided by a set of practice principles requiring that psychologists’ work is evidence-based, ecological, collaborative and constructive. The framework is designed to provide direction for psychologists who wish to tailor their fieldwork to the diverse situations in which they work. Situational analysis supports psychologists to recognize and work with diversity in the educational community at individual and systems levels and to undertake research projects. The open and collaborative, rather than prescriptive, consultation process supports the development of unique solutions for particular situations. It checks that interventions are built on the supportive features of referral situations. The framework has two aspects, style, the particular theoretical orientation and structure, the problem-solving method used to track information through from referral to intervention. The framework guides psychologists to focus their projects and determine the salient dimensions of referral situations. It invites them to propose evidence-supported relationships between the dimensions for the purpose of determining the most constructive interventions. Psychologists are encouraged to prepare to use this flexible framework through the acquisition of a broad range of educational, psychological and professional knowledge.
Examining Perceptions of School Safety Strategies, School Climate, and Violence

The two main aims of the research were to (a) examine any differences in perceptions of school climate and safety practices between students and teachers and (b) investigate whether school climate and major safety variables predict the perceived importance of safety strategies. Using 184 student reports and 32 teacher reports, results revealed teachers’ perceptions of the connection/climate items were significantly higher than students’ perceptions. Students’ feelings of school climate and violence were associated with ratings on the importance of safety strategies, such that higher ratings on the connection/climate and incivility and disruption scales significantly predicted the perceived importance of rule enforcement strategies.
The attitudes of Helping Agents Towards the Alcoholic Client: The Influence of Experience, Support, Training, and Self-Esteem

Summary Proposals that future services for the alcoholic client should be based in the community are likely to be obstructed by the negative therapeutic attitudes of the majority of community agents. In seeking to explain such attitudes, this paper considers the relationship between a measure of an overall therapeutic attitude towards the alcoholic client and four independent variables. These are: experience with alcoholic clients; support from colleagues when working with such clients; training in alcohol and alcohol related problems; and self-esteem. Data collected on three occasions from students attending the Summer Schools on Alcoholism are analysed cross-sectionally and longitudinally. The analysis suggests that support and experience are independently related to overall therapeutic attitudes, explaining a large proportion of the variance. The effects of training and self-esteem appear to be contingent upon the agent's level of support and experience. Different levels of the independent variables are seen to explain the differences in therapeutic attitudes of different groups of agents. In particular, it is demonstrated that agents who specialise in working with drinkers have more positive attitudes than those who do not, because they have greater access to these independent variables. The implication of the findings far the development of community services are considered, and related to the action research experiments of the Maudsley Alcohol Pilot Project.
Oxidative Stress in COPD: Sources, Markers, and Potential Mechanisms

Markers of oxidative stress are increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are able to alter biological molecules, signaling pathways and antioxidant molecule function, many of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD. However, the involvement of ROS in the development and progression of COPD is not proven. Here, we discuss the sources of ROS, and the defences that have evolved to protect against their harmful effects. We address the role that ROS may have in the development and progression of COPD, as well as current therapeutic attempts at limiting the damage they cause. Evidence has indicated that the function of several key cells appears altered in COPD patients, and expression levels of important oxidant and antioxidant molecules may be abnormal. Therapeutic trials attempting to restore equilibrium to these molecules have not impacted upon all facets of disease and whilst the theory behind ROS influence in COPD appears sound, current models testing relevant pathways to tissue damage are limited. The heterogeneity seen in COPD patients presents a challenge to our understanding, and further research is essential to identify potential targets and stratified COPD patient populations where ROS therapies may be maximally efficacious.
Enzymes involved in organellar DNA replication in photosynthetic eukaryotes

Plastids and mitochondria possess their own genomes. Although the replication mechanisms of these organellar genomes remain unclear in photosynthetic eukaryotes, several organelle-localized enzymes related to genome replication, including DNA polymerase, DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA topoisomerase, single-stranded DNA maintenance protein, DNA ligase, primer removal enzyme, and several DNA recombination-related enzymes, have been identified. In the reference Eudicot plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the replication-related enzymes of plastids and mitochondria are similar because many of them are dual targeted to both organelles, whereas in the red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, plastids and mitochondria contain different replication machinery components. The enzymes involved in organellar genome replication in green plants and red algae were derived from different origins, including proteobacterial, cyanobacterial, and eukaryotic lineages. In the present review, we summarize the available data for enzymes related to organellar genome replication in green plants and red algae. In addition, based on the type and distribution of replication enzymes in photosynthetic eukaryotes, we discuss the transitional history of replication enzymes in the organelles of plants.
Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to cefpodoxime: determination of MICs and disk diffusion zone diameters

We studied the susceptibilities of 77 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to four antibiotics: cefpodoxime, ceftriaxone, penicillin, and tetracycline. All strains were susceptible to ceftriaxone. Cefpodoxime MICs (range, 0.001 to 0.125 micrograms/ml) were parallel to and approximately four times those of ceftriaxone, and all strains will probably be considered susceptible to cefpodoxime. Disk diffusion zone diameters for cefpodoxime ranged from 35 to 57 mm. Of the strains, 32% were penicillin resistant and 51% were tetracycline resistant (MIC, greater than or equal to 2 micrograms/ml). Susceptibility measurements were consistent for disk diffusion zone diameter and MIC, with an overall agreement of 215 of 225 (96%) for ceftriaxone, penicillin, and tetracycline combined. On the basis of these in vitro data, cefpodoxime should be evaluated in the treatment of gonorrhea.
Leading the way: women’s experiences as sports coaches

Explores women’s under‐representation from sports coaching roles in general and from high status roles in particular. In‐depth interviews were carried out with 20 women who coached one of the following sports: cricket, gymnastics, netball, squash or swimming. A purposive sample ensured that the coaches reflected different levels of commitment to coaching. Witz’s model of occupational closure, used by her to analyse the medical profession, provided the basis for analysing the women’s experiences as coaches. Analysis of the interview data revealed that exclusionary and demarcationary strategies operated to limit women’s access to coaching roles. Such strategies included gendering the coaching role as a masculine role and closing access to networks of coaches. Women challenged such strategies through inclusionary and dual closure strategies by drawing on their coaching qualifications, their experiences as competitive athletes and the successes of the athletes whom they coached.
Effect of enhancing curd formation during the first colostrum feed on absorption of gamma glutamyl transferase by newborn calves.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of curd formation within the abomasum, on the absorption of gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) from colostrum in newborn calves. DESIGN An in vivo physiological study with controls, and in vitro examination of calf abomasal fluid. PROCEDURES Newborn calves were taken from cows without allowing them to suckle. They were fed either 1.5 kg colostrum or 1.5 kg colostrum plus rennet, with intervals between calving and colostrum feeding ranging from 0.4 to 12.7 h. Absorption of proteins from the whey component of colostrum was assessed from the rise in activity of serum GGT. In in vitro studies, colostrum was incubated with bovine amniotic fluid, newborn calf abomasal fluid or newborn calf forestomach contents, with or without rennet, to test the curd inhibiting effects of components in the abomasal fluid of newborn calves. RESULTS In vivo: addition of rennet to the colostrum feed reduced the proportion of calves with serum GGT activity below 500 U/L by 60%. In vitro: 43% of newborn calves lacked curd forming activity in their abomasal fluid, and that deficiency was corrected by adding rennet to the incubation medium. CONCLUSIONS Some calves are born with low amounts of curd forming enzyme activity in the abomasum. This may compromise their ability to absorb large whey proteins from the first feed of colostrum. Adding rennet to the first colostrum feed may improve passive immunity in those calves.
Homesickness: A Systematic Review of the Scientific Literature

Large-scale migration in contemporary society underscores the need to learn about the complex experience of leaving home and relocating within or beyond one's own country. Separate consideration of various types of stressors associated with geographic moves is called for, because these are likely to be associated with different (but mutually exacerbating) correlates and consequences, perhaps leading to comorbidity. Homesickness (HS) is a frequent component of relocation, known to be related to certain adjustment difficulties and health problems, as well as clinical disorders. However, an up-to-date, comprehensive overview of scientific investigations of HS is lacking. Therefore, this article systematically reviews empirical research on HS, focusing on temporary sojourns from home. Fifty-five articles that conformed to adequate design and methodological criteria were identified in the literature. These studies reveal indicative patterns of findings relating to the prevalence, consequences, predictors, and prevention/treatment strategies for HS. Gaps in knowledge about phenomena and manifestations associated with HS are also discussed. Importantly, it is demonstrated that the inclusion of stressors in the new place when assessing HS limits understanding. We suggest theory-guided directions for future research.