Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shifting niches for community structure detection

We present a new evolutionary algorithm for community structure detection in both undirected and unweighted (sparse) graphs and fully connected weighted digraphs (complete networks). Previous investigations have found that, although evolutionary computation can identify community structure in complete networks, this approach seems to scale badly due to solutions with the wrong number of communities dominating the population. The new algorithm is based on a niching model, where separate compartments of the population contain candidate solutions with different numbers of communities. We experimentally compare the new algorithm to the well-known algorithms of Pizzuti and Tasgin, and find that we outperform those algorithms for sparse graphs under some conditions, and drastically outperform them on complete networks under all tested conditions.
Concerted overexpression of the genes encoding p21 and cyclin D1 is associated with growth inhibition and differentiation in various carcinomas.

AIMS: To investigate the expression of the genes encoding cyclin D1 and p21 in proliferative and non-proliferative cells, as demonstrated by the Ki67 antibody, and to correlate these findings with differentiation. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence double staining were performed on three breast cancers, two squamous cell cancers of the head and neck, and one ovarium cystadenocarcinoma. In addition, the in vitro effect of cyclin D1 on p21 gene expression in MCF7 breast cancer cells was evaluated. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence double staining showed a differentiation related gradient in the detection of the Ki67 antigen, cyclin D1, and p21 in squamous cell cancers of the head and neck: Ki67 was detected in the basal layers of the tumour and the cyclin D1 and p21 genes were coexpressed in the higher, more differentiated layers of the tumour. The breast and ovarian cancers often had cells that coexpressed the p21 and cyclin D1 genes, whereas coexpression of cyclin D1 and Ki67 did not occur. Western blot analysis of the MCF7 breast cancer cells showed an upregulation of p21 production when cyclin D1 gene expression was induced. CONCLUSION: Overexpression of the cyclin D1 gene seems to lead to growth arrest in a variety of human cancers, possibly through the induction of p21 by cyclin D1. In squamous cell cancer, concerted overexpression of the genes encoding cyclin D1 and p21 might also induce differentiation.
Decision Problems for Recognizable Languages of Infinite Pictures

Altenbernd, Thomas and Wohrle have considered in [ATW02] acceptance of languages of infinite two-dimensional words (infinite pictures) by finite tiling systems, with the usual acceptance conditions, such as the Buchi and Muller ones, firstly used for infinite words. Many classical decision problems are studied in formal language theory and in automata theory and arise now naturally about recognizable languages of infinite pictures. We first review in this paper some recent results of [Fin09b] where we gave the exact degree of numerous undecidable problems for Buchi-recognizable languages of infinite pictures, which are actually located at the first or at the second level of the analytical hierarchy, and ''highly undecidable". Then we prove here some more (high) undecidability results. We first show that it is $\Pi_2^1$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable languages of infinite pictures is unambiguous. Then we investigate cardinality problems. Using recent results of [FL09], we prove that it is $D_2(\Sigma_1^1)$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is countably infinite, and that it is $\Sigma_1^1$-complete to determine whether a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is uncountable. Next we consider complements of recognizable languages of infinite pictures. Using some results of Set Theory, we show that the cardinality of the complement of a Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures may depend on the model of the axiomatic system ZFC. We prove that the problem to determine whether the complement of a given Buchi-recognizable language of infinite pictures is countable (respectively, uncountable) is in the class $\Sigma_3^1 \setminus (\Pi_2^1 \cup \Sigma_2^1)$ (respectively, in the class $\Pi_3^1 \setminus (\Pi_2^1 \cup \Sigma_2^1)$).
LEARNING AND ADAPTATION IN COMPUTER VISION

In this thesis we analyze the topics of adaptation and learning in the context of computer vision. Until now the ability of humans to adapt and learn how to solve new tasks from their own experience remain impossible to replicate in an artificial system. Even if computers can beat humans on small, constrained domains, the generality of the human mind has no counterpart in the digital world. The keys to understand and replicate a brain in a robot, could be to try to discover the general principles that govern our internal algorithms and to formalize them mathematically, and then to implement them in software. If it is true that our brains are the product of an long process of adaptation to the environment, we could be able to “predict” our biology studying the world itself. In this thesis we will show that, on one hand, it is possible to learn basic features of the processing of the neurons of the primary visual cortex from the row visual data and, on the other hand, we can learn such a high level visual skills as object classification. The obtained results support the idea that these two aspects are critical for the comprehension of biological intelligence, and, hence, for creating an artificial cognitive agent.
Pituitary-ovarian axis during lactational amenorrhoea. I. Longitudinal assessment of follicular growth, gonadotrophins, sex steroids and inhibin levels before and after recovery of menstrual cyclicity.

BACKGROUND Comparisons of follicular development and hormonal profile in the same women during and after lactational amenorrhoea (LA) are scarce. We report follicular growth, pituitary and ovarian hormone serum levels in the same women during LA and in follicular phases after resumption of menstrual cyclicity. METHODS Serum samples were obtained from 10 women during LA between days 60 and 89 post-partum and between days 1 and 4 (early follicular phase; EFP) and 7 and 10 (mid-follicular phase; MFP) of the second and third cycles after LA. RESULTS The number of follicles >3 mm and diameter of the largest follicle were significantly higher during LA when compared to EFP and MFP. Serum levels of inhibin B were similar in LA and EFP and increased significantly in MFP. Pro-alphaC was significantly higher in EFP than in LA and MFP. Estradiol was similar during all stages. In comparison with EFP and MFP, LA is associated with higher prolactin levels, normal or slightly elevated gonadotrophins and increased number and size of follicles without a parallel increase in estradiol, inhibin B and Pro-alphaC. CONCLUSIONS During LA, there is a profound dissociation between follicular growth and follicular endocrine activity, which suggests an alteration in the stimulus-response relationship at the follicular level.
Chernobyl's Subclinical Legacy: Prenatal Exposure to Radioactive Fallout and School Outcomes in Sweden. NBER Working Paper No. 13347.

Japanese atomic bomb survivors irradiated 8-25 weeks after ovulation subsequently suffered reduced IQ [Otake and Schull, 1998]. Whether these findings generalize to low doses (less than 10 mGy) has not been established. This paper exploits the natural experiment generated by the Chernobyl nuclear accident in April 1986, which caused a spike in radiation levels in Sweden. In a comprehensive data set of 562,637 Swedes born 1983-1988, we find that the cohort in utero during the Chernobyl accident had worse school outcomes than adjacent birth cohorts, and this deterioration was largest for those exposed approximately 8-25 weeks post conception. Moreover, we find larger damage among students born in regions that received more fallout: students from the eight most affected municipalities were 3.6 percentage points less likely to qualify to high school as a result of the fallout. Our findings suggest that fetal exposure to ionizing radiation damages cognitive ability at radiation levels previously considered safe.
Association of Fibrinogen with Severity of Stable Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetic Mellitus

Background. Some studies have suggested a relation of plasma fibrinogen to the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, whether plasma fibrinogen can predict the presence and severity of CAD in patients with diabetes mellitus has not been determined. Methods. A total of consecutive 373 diabetic patients with typical angina pectoris who received coronary angiography were enrolled and classified into three groups by tertiles of Gensini score (GS, low group <8; intermediate group 8~28; high group >28). The relationship between fibrinogen and GS was evaluated. Results. There were correlations of fibrinogen with hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein, and GS (r = 0.17, r = 0.52, and r = 0.21, resp.; all P < 0.001). Area under the receivers operating characteristic curve of fibrinogen was 0.62 (95% CI 0.56–0.68, P < 0.001) for predicting a high GS. Multivariate analysis suggested that plasma fibrinogen was an independent predictor of a high GS for diabetic patients (OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.88, and P = 0.026) after adjusting for traditional risk factors of CAD. Conclusions. The present data indicated that plasma fibrinogen, a readily measurable systematic inflammatory marker, appeared to be an independent predictor for the severity of CAD in diabetic patients.
A Remarkable Case of Micro-Endemism in Laonastes aenigmamus (Diatomyidae, Rodentia) Revealed by Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data

L. aenigmamus is endemic to the limestone formations of the Khammuan Province (Lao PDR), and is strongly specialized ecologically. From the survey of 137 individuals collected from 38 localities, we studied the phylogeography of this species using one mitochondrial (Cyt b) and two nuclear genes (BFIBR and GHR). Cyt b analyses reveal a strong mtDNA phylogeographical structure: 8 major geographical clades differing by 5–14% sequence divergence were identified, most of them corresponding to distinct karst areas. Nuclear markers display congruent results but with a less genetic structuring. Together, the data strongly suggest an inland insular model for Laonastes population structure. With 8 to 16 evolutionary significant units in a small area (about 200×50 km) this represents an exceptional example of micro-endemism. Our results suggest that L. aenigmamus may represent a complex of species and/or sub-species. The common ancestor of all Laonastes may have been widely distributed within the limestone formations of the Khammuan Province at the end of Miocene/beginning of the Pliocene. Parallel events of karst fragmentation and population isolation would have occurred during the Pleistocene or/and the end of the Pliocene. The limited gene flow detected between populations from different karst blocks restrains the likelihood of survival of Laonastes. This work increases the necessity for a strict protection of this rare animal and its habitat and provides exclusive information, essential to the organization of its protection.
Limitations of the Hamiltonian treatment for collisionless astrophysical accretion flows

In the Hamiltonian treatment of purely mechanical systems, the canonical and actual momentum of a particle are the same. In contrast, for a plasma of charged particles and electromagnetic fields, those two momenta are different. We show how this distinction is fundamental in identifying the limitations of a recent attempt by Binney (2003) to rule out two-temperature collisionless astrophysical accretion flows from Hamiltonian theory. This illus- trates the Hamiltonian method for astrophysical plasmas, its relation to the equations of motion, and its role in practical calculations. We also discuss how the complete Hamiltonian treatment of a plasma should couple the particle mo- tion to a fully dynamical treatment of the electromagnetic fields. Our results stand independent from the discussion of Quataert (2003) who argued that time scale calculated in Binney (2003) is not the equipartition time as claimed. Mc 2 is converted into escaping ra- diation. This estimate is consistent with the radiative efficiency of the integrated luminosity of quasars with the observed space density of supermassive black holes. However, a puzzling discrepancy has emerged: the measured luminosities of the central sources in some nearby galaxies are smaller than this standard estimate by
The microbiome of the oral mucosa in irritable bowel syndrome

abstract Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a poorly understood disorder characterized by persistent symptoms, including visceral pain. Studies have demonstrated oral microbiome differences in inflammatory bowel diseases suggesting the potential of the oral microbiome in the study of non-oral conditions. In this exploratory study we examine whether differences exist in the oral microbiome of IBS participants and healthy controls, and whether the oral microbiome relates to symptom severity. The oral buccal mucosal microbiome of 38 participants was characterized using PhyloChip microarrays. The severity of visceral pain was assessed by orally administering a gastrointestinal test solution. Participants self-reported their induced visceral pain. Pain severity was highest in IBS participants (P = 0.0002), particularly IBS-overweight participants (P = 0.02), and was robustly correlated to the abundance of 60 OTUs, 4 genera, 5 families and 4 orders of bacteria (r2 > 0.4, P < 0.001). IBS-overweight participants showed decreased richness in the phylum Bacteroidetes (P = 0.007) and the genus Bacillus (P = 0.008). Analysis of β-diversity found significant separation of the IBS-overweight group (P < 0.05). Our oral microbial results are concordant with described fecal and colonic microbiome-IBS and -weight associations. Having IBS and being overweight, rather than IBS-subtypes, was the most important factor in describing the severity of visceral pain and variation in the microbiome. Pain severity was strongly correlated to the abundance of many taxa, suggesting the potential of the oral microbiome in diagnosis and patient phenotyping. The oral microbiome has potential as a source of microbial information in IBS.
Co-ordinated development of the leaf midrib xylem with the lamina in Nicotiana tabacum.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The water-transport capacity of leaf venation is positively related to the leaf-lamina area, because the number and diameter of vein-xylem conduits are controlled to match the lamina area. This study aimed to investigate how this co-ordinated relationship between the leaf-lamina area and vein-xylem characteristics is achieved by examining the midrib xylem of tobacco leaves. METHODS The changes in the midrib-xylem characteristics over time were quantified using leaves with four different final lamina areas. The measured data were fitted to sigmoidal functions. From the constants of the fitted curves, the final values in mature leaves, maximal developmental rates (V(Dev)) and developmental duration (T(Dev)) were estimated for each of the xylem characteristics. Whether it is the lamina or the midrib xylem that drives the co-ordinated development was examined by lamina removal from unfolding leaves. The effects of the application of 0·1 % IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) to leaves with the laminas removed were also analysed. KEY RESULTS For both the leaf lamina and the midrib-xylem characteristics, the differences in final values among leaves with different lamina areas were more strongly associated with those in V(Dev). Notably, the V(Dev) values of the midrib-xylem characteristics were related to those of the leaf-lamina area. By lamina removal, the conduit diameter was reduced but the number of conduits did not significantly change. By IAA application, the decrease in the conduit diameter was halted, and the number of conduits in the midrib xylem increased. CONCLUSIONS According to the results, the V(Dev) values of the lamina area and the midrib-xylem characteristics changed in a co-ordinated manner, so that the water-transport capacity of the midrib xylem was positively related to the leaf-lamina area. The results also suggest that IAA derived from the leaf lamina plays a crucial role in the development of the leaf venation.
There is No Sprawl Syndrome: A New Typology of Metropolitan Land Use Patterns

We investigate the spatial patterns of land use in a representative sample of 50 large U.S. metropolitan areas in 1990, computing 14 indices measuring both job and housing locations. These indices are reduced to seven independent empirical factors via principal component methods. Sampled areas may be categorized in one of four distinctive groups, based on a cluster analysis of their land use patterns: (1) deconcentrated, dense areas: intensively and continuously developed but without major clusters; (2) leapfrog areas: highly concentrated pockets amid generally low density, discontinuous development; (3) compact, core-dominant areas: development with high proximity to the central nucleus, but only moderate density and continuity; (4) dispersed areas: development extending far from the core without notable concentrations or nuclei. Since none of these types manifest uniformly sprawl-like features on all dimensions of land use, we think it inappropriate to consider sprawl as a syndrome measurable by a unidimensional scale. On the contrary, metropolitan areas manifest spatial patterns evincing four distinctive combinations of sprawl-like dimensions. This implies that anti-sprawl policies must be tailored for the particular patterns extant in the area at hand.
Choice blindness in financial decision making

Choice Blindness is an experimental paradigm that examines the interplay between individuals’ preferences, decisions, and expectations by manipulating the relationship between intention and choice. This paper expands upon the existing Choice Blindness framework by investigating the presence of the effect in an economically significant decision context, specifically that of pension choice. In addition, it investigates a number of secondary factors hypothesized to modulate Choice Blindness, including reaction time, risk preference, and decision complexity, as well as analysing the verbal reports of non-detecting participants. The experiment was administered to 100 participants of mixed age and educational attainment. The principal finding was that no more than 37.2% of manipulated trials were detected over all conditions, a result consistent with previous Choice Blindness research. Analysis of secondary factors found that reaction time, financial sophistication and decision complexity were significant predictors of Choice Blindness detection, while content analysis of non-detecting participant responses found that 20% implied significant preference changes and 62% adhered to initial preferences. Implications of the Choice Blindness effect in the context of behavioural economics are discussed, and an agenda for further investigation of the paradigm in this context is outlined.
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ITS ROLE IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) refers to strategies corporations or firms conduct their business in a way that is ethical, society friendly and beneficial to community in terms of development. CSR is a process with the aim to embrace responsibility for the company's actions and encourage a positive impact through its activities on the environment, consumers, employees, communities, stakeholders and all other members of the public sphere who may also be considered as stakeholders. This article analyses the meaning of CSR based on some theories available in literature. It is argued that three theories namely utilitarian, managerial and relational theories of CSR supported by works of other scholars in the area could be used to suggest that CSR becomes an international concern due to globalized nature of business that knows no border. These groups of theories are chosen because they are interdisciplinary in nature covering aspects of economic system, the managerial aspects of the corporation and the beneficiaries. The paper then highlights the role of CSR in community development based on an international perspective due to the heterogeneity of CSR in its understanding and practices in various countries of the world. The organization of the article is as follows: First, theories of CSR are analyzed in order to look at their emphases of meaning, perspective, and approaches. Second, the roles of CSR are highlighted specifically in community development because the very logic of CSR is towards seeing its impact in community socially, environmentally and economically. Third, competencies required by CSR managers are discussed in order to have a better understanding of the practical aspects of CSR. Finally conclusions and implications for future research are discussed.
Classes of Kernels for Machine Learning: A Statistics Perspective

In this paper, we present classes of kernels for machine learning from a statistics perspective. Indeed, kernels are positive definite functions and thus also covariances. After discussing key properties of kernels, as well as a new formula to construct kernels, we present several important classes of kernels: anisotropic stationary kernels, isotropic stationary kernels, compactly supported kernels, locally stationary kernels, nonstationary kernels, and separable nonstationary kernels. Compactly supported kernels and separable nonstationary kernels are of prime interest because they provide a computational reduction for kernel-based methods. We describe the spectral representation of the various classes of kernels and conclude with a discussion on the characterization of nonlinear maps that reduce nonstationary kernels to either stationarity or local stationarity.
Integral field spectroscopy of H2 and CO emission in IRAS 18276-1431: evidence for ongoing post-AGB mass-loss

We present K-band integral field spectroscopy of the bipolar post-AGB object IRAS 18276-1431 (OH 17.7-2.0) using SINFONI on the VLT. This allows us to image both the continuum and molecular features in this object from 1:95 2:45µm with a spatial resolution down to 70 mas and a spectral resolution of � 5000. We detect a range of H2 ro-vibrational emission lines which are consistent with shock excitation in regions of dense (� 10 7 cm 3 ) gas with shock velocities in the range 25 30 km s 1 . The distribution of H2 emission in the bipolar lobes suggests that a fast wind is impinging on material in the cavity walls and tips. H2 emission is also seen along a line of sight close to the obscured star as well as in the equatorial region to either side of the stellar position which has the appearance of a ring with radius 0.3 arcsec. This latter feature may be radially cospatial with the boundary between the AGB and post-AGB winds. The first overtone 12 CO bandheads are observed longward of 2.29 µm with the v = 2 0 bandhead prominently in emission. The CO emission has the same spatial distribution as the K-band continuum and therefore originates from an unresolved central source close to the star. We interpret this as evidence for ongoing mass loss in this object. This conclusion is further supported by a rising K-band continuum indicating the presence of warm dust close to the star, possibly down to the condensation radius. The red-shifted scattered peak of the CO bandhead is used to estimate a dust velocity along the bipolar axis of 95 km s 1 for the collimated wind. This places a lower limit of � 125 yr on the age of the bipolar cavities, meaning that the collimated fast wind turned on very soon after the cessation of AGB mass loss.