Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Life Disease Programming during the Preconception and Prenatal Period: Making the Link between Stressful Life Events and Type-1 Diabetes

Background To assess the risk of developing Type-1 diabetes among children who were exposed to maternal bereavement during the prenatal or 1-year preconception period. Methods We identified N = 1,548,746 singleton births born in Denmark between January 1st 1979 through December 31st 2004, and their next of kin. Altogether, 39,857 children were exposed to bereavement during their prenatal life. The main outcome of interest was hospitalization for type-1 diabetes (ICD 8: 249; ICD 10: E10). Results We found the strongest association for type-1 diabetes among children exposed to traumatic father or sibling deaths (aIRR: 2.03, 1.22–3.38); the association was mainly seen for girls (aIRR: 2.91, 1.61–5.26). Conclusions We found evidence to suggest that female fetuses exposed to severe prenatal stress are at increased risk for developing type-1 diabetes.
LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION AND MONITORING IN NORTHEAST THAILAND USING LANDSAT 5 TM DATA

The study of the land cover is one of the most important factors for planning and managing activities concerning the use of land surface on this earth. Remote sensing techniques have improved mapping and interpretation of data as a means of understanding and effectively managing the present resources for sustainable development. This paper is a study of land use changes of Mahasarakham province from 1981 to 2004 using criteria of the Land Development Department. The land classification and the stages of overlaying the results for three periods of time for the purpose of figuring out the areas which had caused the changes of the use of land during the last 23 years are the focus of this work. It was found that from the years 1981 95 % of the total land was composed of agricultural areas for growing rice, different kinds of fruit and perennial trees, while less than 5 % of the land in the urban or the community areas was reserved for agriculture. For the use of land from 1995 to 2004, it was found that the urban and the community areas enormously expanded while the field crops and forests apparently decreased. According to the analytical interpretation by using supervised classification in the years 2000-2004, it was found that most of the areas, i.e., 75%, were made up of cultivated areas, such as rice fields, crop fields and the output of the interpretation was very close to that of the visual interpretation.
The behavioural phenotype and the support needs of girls and women with Rhett syndrome and their families

The study was designed to (i) investigate the behavioural characteristics of individuals with Rett syndrome and (ii) the impact that severity of behavioural and clinical symptoms has on family well-being. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess differences in behavioural characteristics within subjects and across groups with rare genetic syndromes using standardised measurements. The sample was followed-up after 16 months to examine developmental changes. Three studies were conducted: a national survey of individuals with Rett syndrome and their families, direct behavioural observation of 11 individuals with Rett syndrome in the natural environment and a longitudinal follow-up of the national survey. Results confirmed that behaviours such as hand stereotypies, breathing abnormalities and sleep disturbances are typical of the syndrome. Other behaviours, such as autistic features, impulsivity and overactivity, self-injurious behaviour and depression were also investigated. Although the behaviours were reported in some of the participants, these were not typical of the syndrome. Although some trends were highlighted in the analysis of the longitudinal study, the behavioural features of the group were found to be stable over time. Family stress, anxiety and depression were found to be related to increased severity in areas such mood, fear/anxiety, body rocking and expressionless face and not related to the severity of the clinical phenotype. Results of the longitudinal family study were consistent with the cross-sectional study in that increased severity of behavioural problems is linked to worse maternal psychological well-being. Behaviours mostly seen in the group who were observed were: hand stereotypies, breathing abnormalities and self-injurious behaviours. Hand stereotypies were very frequent for the vast majority of the participants. However, analysis suggested that these stereotypies were less frequent when the girls/women were engaged in another activity using the hands. Breathing abnormalities were observed in the younger girls and the behaviour tended to attract adult attention.
Which cheek did Jesus turn?

In portraiture, subjects are mostly depicted with a greater portion of the left side of their face (left hemiface) facing the viewer. This bias may be induced by the right hemisphere's dominance for emotional expression and agency. Since negative emotions are particularly portrayed by the left hemiface, and since asymmetrical hemispheric activation may induce alterations of spatial attention and action-intention, we posited that paintings of the painful and cruel crucifixion of Jesus would be more likely to show his left hemiface than observed in portraits of other people. By analyzing depictions of Jesus's crucifixion from book and art gallery sources, we determined a significantly greater percent of these crucifixion pictures showed the left hemiface of Jesus facing the viewer than found in other portraits. In addition to the facial expression and hemispatial attention-intention hypotheses, there are other biblical explanations that may account for this strong bias, and these alternatives will have to be explored in future research.
Incipient sympatric speciation in Midas cichlid fish from the youngest and one of the smallest crater lakes in Nicaragua due to differential use of the benthic and limnetic habitats?

Abstract Understanding how speciation can occur without geographic isolation remains a central objective in evolutionary biology. Generally, some form of disruptive selection and assortative mating are necessary for sympatric speciation to occur. Disruptive selection can arise from intraspecific competition for resources. If this competition leads to the differential use of habitats and variation in relevant traits is genetically determined, then assortative mating can be an automatic consequence (i.e., habitat isolation). In this study, we caught Midas cichlid fish from the limnetic (middle of the lake) and benthic (shore) habitats of Crater Lake Asososca Managua to test whether some of the necessary conditions for sympatric speciation due to intraspecific competition and habitat isolation are given. Lake As. Managua is very small (<900 m in diameter), extremely young (maximally 1245 years of age), and completely isolated. It is inhabited by, probably, only a single endemic species of Midas cichlids, Amphilophus tolteca. We found that fish from the limnetic habitat were more elongated than fish collected from the benthic habitat, as would be predicted from ecomorphological considerations. Stable isotope analyses confirmed that the former also exhibit a more limnetic lifestyle than the latter. Furthermore, split‐brood design experiments in the laboratory suggest that phenotypic plasticity is unlikely to explain much of the observed differences in body elongation that we observed in the field. Yet, neutral markers (microsatellites) did not reveal any genetic clustering in the population. Interestingly, demographic inferences based on RAD‐seq data suggest that the apparent lack of genetic differentiation at neutral markers could simply be due to a lack of time, as intraspecific competition may only have begun a few hundred generations ago.
Emotional, Behavioral and Social Adjusment Screening at School Entry: Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation-30 Scale -

Objective: The main aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale-30 (SCBE-30). Method: 417 children (221 boys, 196 girls) between ages 31 to 73 (58 + 8.5) months, their mothers and their preschool teachers participated into the study. Teachers completed the SCBE-30 and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaires. Mothers completed questionnaires to report the child behavior problems and emotion regulation. Data on effortful control came from direct behavioral observations of 130 children. Results: Internal consistency and test-retest reliability coefficients supported the measure\'s reliability. The three-factor structure of the original form consisting of Anger-Aggression, Social Competence and Anxiety-Withdrawal factors was replicated in the Turkish sample. A total of 204 boys and 183 girls were divided into early childhood (42-59 months) and school entry (60-73 months) groups. Mean scores and percentile ranks were calculated for each group and gender to establish the preliminary norms. Significant relations between the SCBE subscales and child age, gender, behavior problems, emotion regulation as well as effortful control skills supported the measure\'s validity. Discussion: Results supported the reliability and validity of this short and comprehensive screening instrument for early identification of at-risk children who can benefit from preventive interventions.
Local GABA concentration is related to network-level resting functional connectivity

Anatomically plausible networks of functionally inter-connected regions have been reliably demonstrated at rest, although the neurochemical basis of these ‘resting state networks’ is not well understood. In this study, we combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and resting state fMRI and demonstrated an inverse relationship between levels of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA within the primary motor cortex (M1) and the strength of functional connectivity across the resting motor network. This relationship was both neurochemically and anatomically specific. We then went on to show that anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), an intervention previously shown to decrease GABA levels within M1, increased resting motor network connectivity. We therefore suggest that network-level functional connectivity within the motor system is related to the degree of inhibition in M1, a major node within the motor network, a finding in line with converging evidence from both simulation and empirical studies. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.01465. 001
Expanded Tropism of Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 R5 Strains to CD4+ T-Cell Lines Determined by the Capacity To Exploit Low Concentrations of CCR5

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) strains predominantly use the chemokine receptor CCR5, while syncytium-inducing (SI) strains use CXCR4. In vitro, SI isolates infect and replicate in a range of CD4+ CXCR4+ T-cell lines, whereas NSI isolates usually do not. Here we describe three NSI strains that are able to infect two CD4+ T-cell lines, Molt4 and SupT1. For one strain, a variant of JRCSF selected in vitro, replication on Molt4 was previously shown to be conferred by a single amino-acid change in the V1 loop (M.T. Boyd et al., J. Virol. 67:3649–3652, 1993). On CD4+ cell lines expressing different coreceptors, these strains use CCR5 predominantly and do not replicate in CCR5-negative peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from individuals homozygous for Δ32 CCR5. Furthermore, infection of Molt4 and SupT1 by each of these three strains is potently inhibited by ligands for CCR5, including 2D7, a monoclonal antibody specific for CCR5. CCR5 mRNA was present in both Molt4 and SupT1 by reverse transcription-PCR, although CCR5 protein could not be detected either on the cell surface or in intracellular vesicles. The expanded tropism of the three strains shown here is therefore not due to adaptation to a new coreceptor but due to the capacity to exploit extremely low levels of CCR5 on Molt4 and SupT1 cells. This novel tropism observed for a subset of primary HIV-1 isolates may represent an extended tropism to new CD4+ cell types in vivo.
The relationships between team learning activities and team performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate how different team learning activities relate to different types of team performance as rated by team members and managers.Design/methodology/approach – The 624 respondents, working in 88 teams in seven different organizations indicate their perceptions of team learning and their performance ratings of the team. Moreover, managers in the organization are asked to evaluate the team performance.Findings – Team member ratings of effectiveness are positively related to the boundedness and stability of the team and information processing and negatively related to information acquisition. Manager ratings of effectiveness are positively related to boundedness and stability, information processing and information storage and retrieval. Team member ratings of efficiency are positively related to information processing and negatively related to information acquisition. Manager ratings of efficiency are positively related to boundedness and stability and informat.
Expression of p27/kip1 is down‐regulated in human prostate carcinoma progression

p27Kip1 is a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor whose down‐regulation has been observed in several tumour models, including breast, colorectal, and gastric carcinomas. The purpose of this study was to assess p27Kip1 protein expression in normal and benign prostatic epithelia as well as the possible existence of abnormalities in prostate carcinoma progression. p27Kip1 expression was immunohistochemically analysed in 51 normal tissue samples, 11 nodular hyperplasias (NH), 22 high‐grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PIN), 56 localized prostate adenocarcinomas, and 19 metastases. Immunoblotting was performed in ten cases. Normal prostate epithelium and NH showed diffuse and intense p27Kip1 nuclear expression in most cases. A significant p27Kip1 down‐regulation was observed in many carcinomas when compared with benign epithelium. Forty‐seven cases (84 per cent) were low p27Kip1 expressors (<50 per cent positive cells) and nine cases (16 per cent) were high p27Kip1 expressors. p27Kip1 down‐regulation was also consistently seen in PIN. Fourteen out of 19 metastases (74 per cent) were low p27Kip1 expressors. Six metastatic samples had their corresponding primary tumour analysed and three cases showed decreased expression in the metastasis. It is concluded that p27Kip1 is constitutively expressed in normal and benign prostatic tissue. This expression is clearly down‐regulated in neoplastic progression from the preinvasive lesions through invasive carcinoma and metastases and this therefore occurs in early stages of neoplastic transformation. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycemic Responses, Appetite Ratings and Gastrointestinal Hormone Responses of Most Common Breads Consumed in Spain. A Randomized Control Trial in Healthy Humans

The present study was carried out to determine the glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), insulinemic index (InI), appetite ratings and postprandial plasma concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones related to the control of food intake after the ingestion of the five most common breads consumed in Spain with different compositions and manufacturing processes. Twenty-two healthy adults participated in a randomized crossover study. The breads tested were Ordinary, Precooked-Frozen, Candeal-flour, Alfacar whites and Wholemeal. All breads portions were calculated to supply 50 g of available carbohydrates. In addition, 50 g of glucose was used as a reference. A linear mixed-effects model was used to compare data calculated for all breads with glucose load. The GI value varied from 61 for the Wholemeal, to Alfacar 68, Ordinary 76, and 78 and 86 for the Precooked-Frozen and Candeal-flour breads, respectively. Wholemeal and Alfacar had lower GI than glucose. All tested breads had a lower GL (ranged 9 to 18) compared with glucose. Wholemeal GL was similar to Alfacar, but lower than the other white breads. InI were significantly lower for all breads (ranged 68 to 73) compared with glucose, and similar among them. The intake of the Wholemeal bread led to a higher release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide compared with the Ordinary and Precooked breads and to a higher release of pancreatic polypeptide compared with the Precooked-Frozen bread. All breads affected appetite ratings similarly. In conclusion, based on GL, the Wholemeal bread would be expected to exert a favorable glycemic response.
Large-Scale User Perception of Synthetic Stroke Gestures

Researchers are increasingly being concerned with the resemblance of synthetic gestures; i.e., how human-like they are, as perceived by end users. However, evaluations in this regard have been scarce and/or inconclusive. In this paper, we compared stroke gestures produced by two modern synthesizing techniques (GPSR and G3) against the same gestures produced by humans. We conducted an online study involving 623 participants, who provided binary assessments for near 6K gesture images. We found that it is difficult to tell human and synthetic gestures apart, but also that gestures synthesized with G3 are perceived as if they were human-generated more often than those synthesized with GPSR. Our results enable a deeper understanding of synthetic gestures' production, which can inform the design of gesture interaction.
`It's a Woman's Cry for Help': A Relational Perspective on Postnatal Depression

The two most influential bodies of work on postnatal depression are studies informed by the medical model and feminist analyses. This article begins by reviewing medical and feminist theories, highlighting their contributions to our understanding of postnatal depression as well as their limitations. In particular, clinical studies have focused on the individual mother and her circumstances, while feminist theories have emphasized the sociopolitical context at the expense of the individual. This article argues that a relational approach, which takes `relationship' as a unit of analysis, and explores women's feelings in terms of their relationships to themselves, their interpersonal relationships, and their varying relationships to cultural and structural opportunities and constraints, provides a fruitful way of understanding postnatal depression. The article discusses a qualitative study of 18 women's experiences which aimed to develop such an understanding of postnatal depression. Drawing on feminist and relational methodology and theory, the study sought to explore and prioritize women's own understandings and accounts of their experiences; elucidate the processes through which the women became depressed; and understand postnatal depression in terms of the similarities and differences between the women and their lives.
Sensitivity of offshore wind turbine operation & maintenance costs to key operational parameters

Due to the lack of operator knowledge and the deployment of new technology in future large offshore wind farms, significant uncertainty exists in the field of offshore wind farm operation and maintenance (O&M). In order to investigate this uncertainty as well as explore the feasibility of novel O&M strategies, simulation is required. This paper outlines a new modelling approach which allows identification of the key costs and operational parameters of O&M in order to quantify the sensitivity of overall O&M costs to variations of these parameters. In addition, several key areas requiring greater understanding are identified and two case studies demonstrating how the developed model can provide new insights into these areas are presented. This paper applies an auto-regressive (AR) climate modelling approach to concurrently simulate representative wind and wave time series coupled with Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) based failure simulation. Both these simulation approaches are well established in the field of reliability modelling however, this work represents the first time that both wind and wave climate simulations have been coupled and applied to offshore wind O&M. The AR climate modelling approach allows a synthetic time series to be rapidly produced based on site data. The hourly short term correlations as well as medium term access windows of up to several days required for maintenance operations are captured while preserving the overall observed distribution. The seasonality observed in wind speed and wave heights is also incorporated. Failures are simulated based on failure rates available in the public domain and associated time to repair is based on the simulated weather climate. This time series based approach allows constraints on access vehicle capabilities, type and availability to be applied and the influence on wind farm availability and O&M costs examined. Lost earnings associated with downtime are also captured using the simulated wind speed time series. An initial study, examining the influence of reliability and time to repair of key components on overall availability and costs is presented for different sized turbines demonstrating how the benefits of reduced maintenance action is affected by turbine size. A further study, exploring the degree to which overall O&M costs are influenced by variation in vessel hire costs is also shown, demonstrating the capability of the modelling approach. Finally, various potential novel areas for investigation are identified for future work highlighting the benefit of the modelling approach.
CD8+ T-Cells Expressing Interferon Gamma or Perforin Play Antagonistic Roles in Heart Injury in Experimental Trypanosoma Cruzi-Elicited Cardiomyopathy

In Chagas disease, CD8+ T-cells are critical for the control of Trypanosoma cruzi during acute infection. Conversely, CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the myocardium during chronic infection may cause tissue injury leading to chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC). Here we explored the role of CD8+ T-cells in T. cruzi-elicited heart injury in C57BL/6 mice infected with the Colombian strain. Cardiomyocyte lesion evaluated by creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme activity levels in the serum and electrical abnormalities revealed by electrocardiogram were not associated with the intensity of heart parasitism and myocarditis in the chronic infection. Further, there was no association between heart injury and systemic anti-T. cruzi CD8+ T-cell capacity to produce interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and to perform specific cytotoxicity. Heart injury, however, paralleled accumulation of anti-T. cruzi cells in the cardiac tissue. In T. cruzi infection, most of the CD8+ T-cells segregated into IFNγ+ perforin (Pfn)neg or IFNγnegPfn+ cell populations. Colonization of the cardiac tissue by anti-T. cruzi CD8+Pfn+ cells paralleled the worsening of CCC. The adoptive cell transfer to T. cruzi-infected cd8 −/− recipients showed that the CD8+ cells from infected ifnγ−/− pfn +/+ donors migrate towards the cardiac tissue to a greater extent and caused a more severe cardiomyocyte lesion than CD8+ cells from ifnγ +/+ pfn −/− donors. Moreover, the reconstitution of naïve cd8 −/− mice with CD8+ cells from naïve ifnγ +/+ pfn −/− donors ameliorated T. cruzi-elicited heart injury paralleled IFNγ+ cells accumulation, whereas reconstitution with CD8+ cells from naïve ifnγ −/− pfn +/+ donors led to an aggravation of the cardiomyocyte lesion, which was associated with the accumulation of Pfn+ cells in the cardiac tissue. Our data support a possible antagonist effect of CD8+Pfn+ and CD8+IFNγ+ cells during CCC. CD8+IFNγ+ cells may exert a beneficial role, whereas CD8+Pfn+ may play a detrimental role in T. cruzi-elicited heart injury.