Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psycho-Sociological Review of Criminal Thinking Style

Criminal thinking has been long established as a very important predictor of criminal behaviour, however far less research effort has been undertaken to understand what variables can predict the emergence of criminal thinking. Considering the importance of criminal thinking, we feel it necessary to conduct a systematic review of the literature on criminal thinking in order to bring together what is currently known regarding the factors that relate to, and predict, habitual criminal thinking styles. This paper provides a brief overview of the state of the science on criminal thinking and indicates the need for future research in this context and the areas this future research should focus upon.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Brucella Specific Antibody and Real-Time PCR for Detecting Brucella Spp . in Milk and Cheese in Şanlıurfa , Turkey

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published online: July 05, 2016 October 22, 2016 October 30, 2016 November 23, 2016 The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of anti-Brucella antibody and Brucella spp. DNA in cow, sheep and goat milk and in Urfa cheese collected from markets and bazaars in Şanlıurfa, located in southeast of Turkey. A total of 258 samples consisting of 178 raw milk (48 cow milk, 65 sheep milk and 65 goat milk) samples and 80 Urfa cheese samples were investigated. AntiBrucella antibody was detected by indirect ELISA (i-ELISA), and the presence of Brucella spp. DNA was screened by real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR). 16.6% of the cow, 6.1% of the goat and 6.1% of the sheep milk and 16.25% of the cheese samples were found as positive for brucella antibodies by iELISA. The RT-PCR assay amplified Brucella DNA from 18.75, 7.6 and 6.1% cow, goat and sheep milk samples respectively. Brucella DNA was amplified from 22.5% cheese samples. The 11.2% and 13.9% of the samples were found as positive by i-ELISA and RT-PCR respectively. This study indicates that milk and milk products consumed in Şanlıurfa poses a risk to public health in terms of brucellosis. The combining usage of both i-ELISA and RT-PCR methods could lead to more reliable results to detect anti-Brucella antibody and Brucella spp. DNA from milk and cheese samples. ©2016 PVJ. All rights reserved
The Role of Environment in the Development of Reading Skills

The purpose of this study was to extend previous studies on the influence of environmental measures on intelligence scores by examining how proximal and distal measures of children's environments in the preschool period and in the primary-grade period are related to their performance on reading achievement tests. Reading performance was explored using two approaches. The first approach involved the identification of children within a longitudinal sample who had poor reading skills at 8 years of age. The second approach used the full range of reading scores to explore whether factors influencing poor reading were different from those influencing good reading. Participants were 113 children, including 35 children with poor reading skills, who were part of a longitudinal study of cognitive development. Socioeconomic status (SES), Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) scores at 3 and 10 years of age, and school-administered and individually administered reading achievement scores were obtained. Both SES and HOME scores were found to be related to reading abilities, but preschool environment measures were more strongly and consistently related to and predictive of reading scores. Differences in the patterns of correlations and the results of the predictive models were found between the full sample and the poor readers. Variables other than proximal and distal measures of the environment are involved in the development of reading skills.
Pupillary and vergence behaviors related to the cognition of motion induced by radial optic flow

Objective: Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is an ophthalmologic disease of still unknown origin. Irene Loewenfeld hypothesized from observations in single cases that the central sympathetic inhibition was reduced in POAG. Such hypothesis was based on the shape or in other words the dynamics of the pupillary light reflex (PLR). Our aim was to investigate this hypothesis in a clinical trial in normals and POAG patients with standard pupillographic procedures regarding the PLR and spontaneous pupillary oscillations in darkness.
Recent observation of short range nucleon correlations in nuclei and their implications for the structure of nuclei and neutron stars

Novel processes probing the decay of nucleus after removal of a nucleon with momentum larger than Fermi momentum by hard probes nally proved unambiguously the evidence for long sought presence of short-range correlations (SRCs) in nuclei. In combination with the analysis of large Q 2 , A(e,e’)X processes at x > 1 they allow us to conclude that (i) practically all nucleons with momenta 300 MeV/c belong to SRCs, consisting mostly of two nucleons, ii) probability of such SRCs in medium and heavy nuclei is 25%, iii) a fast removal of such nucleon practically always leads to emission of correlated nucleon with approximately opposite momentum, iv) proton removal from twonucleon SRCs in 90% of cases is accompanied by a removal of a neutron and only in 10% by a removal of another proton. We explain that observed absolute probabilities and the isospin structure of two nucleon SRCs conrm the
Multiple Pathways to Recovery, Multiple Roads to Well-Being: An Analysis of Recovery Pathways in the Australian Life in Recovery Survey

ABSTRACT It is generally acknowledged that there are multiple pathways to recovery from alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems. These may include participation in AOD treatment, mutual aid, or other activities. It is unclear whether particular sociodemographic characteristics shape a person’s recovery journey or whether particular recovery pathways are associated with improved well-being. This article explores these questions using data from the Australian Life in Recovery study (N = 573). Compared to treatment and/or mutual aid pathway groups, the natural recovery group were less likely to have used mental health services and were more socially connected during periods of addiction. Since being in recovery, mutual aid pathway groups more strongly identified as being in recovery and having social networks consisting of a greater proportion of people in recovery compared to the natural recovery group. People in all pathway groups reported high well-being, and there were no significant differences in well-being measures between groups. Findings suggest that people in recovery may experience high well-being irrespective of the pathway they take, but social factors may be influential in which pathways people take. Treatment and recovery systems need to offer multiple recovery pathways so that people can take the pathway that suits them best.
The globular cluster mass/low mass X-ray binary correlation: implications for kick velocity distributions from supernovae

Optical and X-ray studies of six nearby galaxies show that the probability a globular cluster will be an X-ray source is consistent with being linearly proportional to its mass. We show that this result is consistent with some recent estimates of the velocity kick distributions for isolated radio pulsars - those which are the sum of two Maxwellians, with the slower distribution at about 100 km s-1 - so long as a large fraction of the retained binaries are in binary systems with other massive stars. We confirm that over a large sample of galaxies, metallicity is clearly a factor in determining whether a globular cluster will contain an X-ray binary, and we estimate the transformations between color and metallicity for a large number of optical filter combinations. We also show that the core interaction rate is roughly linearly proportional to the stellar mass of a globular cluster for the Milky Way when one bins the clusters by mass.
High precision Monte Carlo simulations of interfaces in the three-dimensional Ising model: a comparison with the Nambu-Goto effective string model

Motivated by the recent progress in the effective string description of the interquark potential in lattice gauge theory, we study interfaces with periodic boundary conditions in the three-dimensional Ising model. Our Monte Carlo results for the associated free energy are compared with the next-to-leading order (NLO) approximation of the Nambu-Goto string model. We find clear evidence for the validity of the effective string model at the level of the NLO truncation.
Empirical evidence of animals used in biomedical research in unani medicine: An appraisal

The Unani system of medicine is principally based on humoural theory which was propounded by Hippocrates. According to this theory, health and disease depends on the equilibrium of four humours i.e. blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. From the ancient times, experiment on animals has been part of research for so many discoveries in Unani system of medicine. The notable ancient Unani physicians such as Aristotle and Erasustratus have dissected animals for the study of anatomy and physiology of various organs. Both of them have been considered as pioneers of anatomy in medical science. The most notable ancient Unani physician Galen has also performed vivisections. He did experiment on roosters to evaluate the efficacy and safety of one of the most commonly used antidote i.e. tiryaq. Ibn al-Nafis described blood circulation in mammals. Razi had tested toxicity of mercury in monkeys. Ibn Zuhr, a most versatile physician had developed some surgical procedures in animals before applying them on human being. Presently, animals are integrally being used for the evaluation of safety and efficacy of drugs. The antiarrythmic property of Ajamline has been first tested in animals. Likewise, cardioprotective effect of Khamira abresham Hakim Arshad Wala has been evaluated in isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats. All these studies amply prove that preclinical studies are also part of biomedical research in Unani medicine since its inception.
ON MICROBIOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF FOOD

Although numerous papers on Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA) of food products have been published, a number of issues related to it remain unresolved. This paper explains the role of Microbiological Risk Assessment in the context of Risk Analysis as outlined by Codex Alimentarius. It reviews some representative work in the area, with particular emphasis on the objectives, outputs and conclusions of the studies, and on how researchers propose using the resulting Risk Estimate for decision making. Several problems and sources of confusion concerning MRA are identified, such as terminology, the application of Risk Estimates to establish Food Safety Objectives and microbiological criteria for foods, lack of data, and the difference between Risk Assessment and the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system (HACCP). In the context of Codex Alimentarius, MRA was developed as a tool for decision making and priority setting by government risk managers. However, elements of Risk Assessment can be used for other purposes. A transparent description of a Risk Assessment study is useful for Risk Communication. Industrial food safety managers can compare the effect of various hypothetical production scenarios using estimates of the level and the probability of a pathogen in the product at the time that it is consumed. This limited form of Risk Assessment could better be called Safety Assessment, and can be used as a tool for food product and process development.
How Students View the Boundaries Between Their Science and Religious Education Concerning the Origins of Life and the Universe

ABSTRACT Internationally in secondary schools, lessons are typically taught by subject specialists, raising the question of how to accommodate teaching which bridges the sciences and humanities. This is the first study to look at how students make sense of the teaching they receive in two subjects (science and religious education [RE]) when one subject's curriculum explicitly refers to cross‐disciplinary study and the other does not. Interviews with 61 students in seven schools in England suggested that students perceive a permeable boundary between science and their learning in science lessons and also a permeable boundary between religion and their learning in RE lessons, yet perceive a firm boundary between science lessons and RE lessons. We concluded that it is unreasonable to expect students to transfer instruction about cross‐disciplinary perspectives across such impermeable subject boundaries. Finally, we consider the implications of these findings for the successful management of cross‐disciplinary education.
Early Life Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Reprograms Neural Anti-Inflammatory Pathways

A single postnatal exposure to the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), reduces the neuroimmune response to a subsequent LPS exposure in the adult rat. The attenuated fever and proinflammatory response is caused by a paradoxical, amplified, early corticosterone response to LPS. Here we identify the mechanisms underlying the heightened corticosterone response to LPS in adults after early life exposure to LPS. In postnatal LPS-treated rats, hypothalamic corticotrophin-releasing hormone mRNA, pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA, and circulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone were all increased after adult exposure to LPS without significant modification to hippocampal or hypothalamic glucocorticoid receptor mRNA or protein or vagally mediated afferent signaling to the brain. Postnatal LPS administration did cause a persistent upregulation of the LPS Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) mRNA in liver and spleen, but not in brain, pituitary, or adrenal gland. In addition, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which is a prostaglandin biosynthetic enzyme and is normally undetectable in most peripheral tissue, was constitutively expressed in the liver. Adult immune activation of the upregulated TLR4 and COX-2 caused a rapid, amplified rise in circulating, but not brain, prostaglandin E2 that induced an early, enhanced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Thus, postnatal LPS reprograms the neuroimmune axis by priming peripheral tissues to create a novel, prostaglandin-mediated activation of the HPA axis brought about by increased constitutive expression of TLR4 and COX-2.
Comparative Study SPOC vs. MOOC for Socio-Technical Contents from Usability and User Satisfaction

According to literature, usability and user satisfaction directly influence learning achievement. However, few studies address those elements in MOOCs (massive open online courses). Relevant questions such as “Are drop-out rates similar between SPOCs (small private open courses) and MOOCs? ” and “Are there significant usability and satisfaction differences between both formats? ” may help improve initiatives and dissemination policies regarding open knowledge. This study aims to upgrade guidelines for the conversion of SPOCs into MOOCs, by exploring usability and satisfaction in both formats. A quantitative research based on a questionnaire was designed, and the validated SUSE (Satisfaction and Usability of Software in Education) instrument was applied to 7 courses of each type, with the same contents, and 5,192 students. The results revealed validity and reliability, with higher satisfaction scores on the open platform. Genders, regions of residence, and age groups also provided interesting findings: students are predominantly male, young, and from diverse geographic locations. Women, the younger, and residents of economically disadvantaged regions evaluated their experiences more positively. Both formats present significantly lower dropout rates (47.50% in MOOCs and 36.94% in SPOCs) and higher completion rates (52.50% in MOOCs and 63.06% in SPOCs) compared to those generally observed in free enrollment courses.
A Two-Step Clustering Approach to Extract Locations from Individual GPS Trajectory Data

High-accuracy location identification is the basis of location awareness and location services. However, because of the influence of GPS signal loss, data drift and repeated access in the individual trajectory data, the efficiency and accuracy of existing algorithms have some deficiencies. Therefore, we propose a two-step clustering approach to extract individuals’ locations according to their GPS trajectory data. Firstly, we defined three different types of stop points; secondly, we extracted these points from the trajectory data by using the spatio-temporal clustering algorithm based on time and distance. The experimental results show that the spatio-temporal clustering algorithm outperformed traditional extraction algorithms. It can avoid the problems caused by repeated access and can substantially reduce the effects of GPS signal loss and data drift. Finally, an improved clustering algorithm based on a fast search and identification of density peaks was applied to discover the trajectory locations. Compared to the existing algorithms, our method shows better performance and accuracy.
Justice and adaptation to climate change

Adaptation to climate change presents dilemmas of justice to the international community, including those around the responsibility of developed countries to assist developing countries in adapting to changing climate. We propose a framework for analysing justice issues in these contexts and examine justice implications of international environmental law on adaptation. We argue that adaptation involves both distributive and procedural justice; the former focusing on the incidence of consequences of adaptive responses and the latter on how decisions on adaptation are made. Moreover, both consequentialist and deontological concerns must be recognised in the two areas of justice. Adaptation is comprised of inaction and proactive and reactive responses at the international, national, local and individual levels. Inaction at higher levels delegates the responsibility for adaptation to lower levels, and higher-level responses influence alternatives that are available at lower levels. Justice is thus always implicit in the choice of adaptive responses. We discuss how international law on adaptation expresses a commitment to assist developing countries but does not provide a clear foundation for it and does not resolve how the burden of funding ought to be shared and how the adaptation funds ought to be distributed. The Marrakech Accords of the Framework Convention on Climate Change have increased the emphasis on procedural justice, such as the role of developing countries in decisions on adaptation. While creating ways to acknowledge and hear developing country and local voices, the recent legal changes do not create full rights to participation in decision-making on adaptive responses.
The Downregulation of GFI1 by the EZH2-NDY1/KDM2B-JARID2 Axis and by Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Associated Factors Allows the Activation of the HCMV Major IE Promoter and the Transition to Productive Infection

Earlier studies had suggested that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the control of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection. Here we show that productive HCMV infection is indeed under the control of histone H3K27 trimethylation. The histone H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, and its regulators JARID2 and NDY1/KDM2B repress GFI1, a transcriptional repressor of the major immediate-early promoter (MIEP) of HCMV. Knocking down EZH2, NDY1/KDM2B or JARID2 relieves the repression and results in the upregulation of GFI1. During infection, the incoming HCMV rapidly downregulates the GFI1 mRNA and protein in both wild-type cells and in cells in which EZH2, NDY1/KDM2B or JARID2 were knocked down. However, since the pre-infection levels of GFI1 in the latter cells are significantly higher, the virus fails to downregulate it to levels permissive for MIEP activation and viral infection. Following the EZH2-NDY1/KDM2B-JARID2-independent downregulation of GFI1 in the early stages of infection, the virus also initiates an EZH2-NDY1/ΚDM2Β-JARID2-dependent program that represses GFI1 throughout the infection cycle. The EZH2 knockdown also delays histone H3K27 trimethylation in the immediate early region of HCMV, which is accompanied by a drop in H3K4 trimethylation that may contribute to the shEZH2-mediated repression of the major immediate early HCMV promoter. These data show that HCMV uses multiple mechanisms to allow the activation of the HCMV MIEP and to prevent cellular mechanisms from blocking the HCMV replication program.
Evaluation of the modifying effects of unfavourable genotypes on classical clinical risk factors for ischaemic stroke

Objectives: Ischaemic stroke is a frequent heterogeneous multifactorial disease that is affected by a number of genetic mutations and environmental factors. We hypothesised the clinical importance of the interactions between common, unfavourable genetic mutations and clinical risk factors in the development of ischaemic stroke. Methods: The Factor V Leiden G1691A (Leiden V), the prothrombin G20210A, the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T (MTHFR C677T) mutations, the angiotensin converting enzyme I/D (ACE I/D), and apolipoprotein allele e4 (APO e4) genotypes were examined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 867 ischaemic stroke patients and 743 healthy controls. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the roles of the co-occurrences of the clinical risk factors and common genetic mutations in ischaemic stroke. Results: The Leiden V mutation in combination with hypertension or diabetes mellitus increased the risk of ischaemic stroke. We found synergistic effects between the ACE D/D and MTHFR 677TT genotypes and drinking or smoking. The presence of the APO e4 greatly facilitated the unfavourable effects of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, or drinking on the incidence of ischaemic stroke. Conclusion: In certain combinations, pairing of common unfavourable genetic factors, which alone confer only minor or non-significant risk, with clinical risk factors can greatly increase the susceptibility to ischaemic stroke.
An automatic identifier of Confinement Regimes at JET combining Fuzzy Logic and Classification Trees

In modern thermonuclear fusion devices it is possible to distinguish distinct types of plasma confinement regimes which have different performance in terms of confinement time. Discriminating among them could represent a useful feature for an efficient control of a plasma experiment. An automatic identifier based on fuzzy logic is here proposed together with an unsupervised technique, using classification and regression trees, for selecting, among several diagnostic signals available, the inputs to be provided to the identifier.
Assessing the Impact of Time Spent in Restrictive Housing Confinement on Subsequent Measures of Institutional Adjustment Among Men in Prison

Proponents of restrictive housing argue that its use is an effective deterrent of antisocial behavior, while its critics maintain that the setting causes serious psychological damage and increases noncompliance with institutional rules and expectations. Unfortunately, few studies exist that examine the influence of restrictive housing on behavioral outcomes. This investigation adds to this gap in knowledge by assessing the impact of time spent in restrictive housing confinement on subsequent measures of institutional adjustment among men in prison. Logistic regression analyses reveal no statistically significant relationships between the number of days spent in restrictive housing and subsequent measures of institutional misconduct, and uncover a small, but significant, negative relationship with subsequent placement in restrictive housing. The research and policy implications of these results are discussed.