Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Urinary Biomarkers at Early ADPKD Disease Stage

Background Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by a decline in renal function at late disease stage when the majority of functional renal parenchyma is replaced by cystic tissue. Thus, kidney function, assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) does not well represent disease burden in early disease. Here, we investigated various urinary markers for tubular injury and their association with disease burden in ADPKD patients at early disease course. Methods ADPKD patients between 18 and 40 years with an eGFR greater or equal to 70 ml per min per 1.73m2 were eligible for this cross-sectional study. Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL), Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1), and Uromodulin (UMOD) were investigated by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Clara Cell Protein 16 (CC16) was investigated by Latex Immuno Assay. Cryoscopy was performed to assess urine osmolality and Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR) was calculated. The association and the predictive properties of the markers on eGFR and height adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) was evaluated using multiple regression analysis, incorporating different control variables for adjustment. Internal bootstrapping validated the obtained results. Results In 139 ADPKD patients (age 31 ±7 years, mean eGFR of 93 ± 19 ml per min per 1.73 m2) the total kidney volume was negatively correlated with eGFR and UMOD and positive associated with age, UACR, KIM-1 and urine osmolality after adjustment for possible confounders. Urine osmolality and htTKV were also associated with eGFR, whereas no association of CC16, NGAL and UMOD with eGFR or htTKV was found. Conclusion UACR and urinary KIM-1 are independently associated with kidney size but not with renal function in our study population. Urine osmolality was associated with eGFR and kidney volume following adjustment for multiple confounders. Despite statistical significance, the clinical value of our results is not yet conceivable. Further studies are needed to evaluate the property of the aforementioned biomarkers to assess disease state at early ADPKD stage.
Psychological adjustment after breast cancer: a systematic review of longitudinal studies

Breast cancer (BC) can be a traumatic and stressful experience for women, but there are wide‐ranging differences in the ways in which women respond and adapt to BC. This systematic review examines which sociodemographic, disease‐related, and psychosocial factors near diagnosis predict later psychological adjustment to BC.
The communication and influence of confidence and uncertainty

While the social influence of confidence has been shown to be an influential factor in persuasion, previous research, using numerically expressed confidence, has identified a number of factors that mediate its influence (e.g. Paese and Kinnaly, 1993; Price and Stone, 2004; Sniezek and Buckley, 1995; Zarnoth and Sniezek, 1997). However, it is important to take a more ecological approach to this research to look at confidence as it is commonly expressed in our day-to-day lives. Hence, this thesis reports a series of nine inter-linked experiments examining the influence of different levels of verbal confidence on choice and interpersonal perceptions. Chapter 2 identifies the levels of confidence associated with some everyday expressions of confidence, expressions that are used as ‘confidence cues’ in subsequent experimental chapters. Chapter 3 examines the influence of confidence cues with different types of task, and Chapter 4 relates these influences to individual differences. Task type is found to have a significant effect on the extent of influence confidence exerts, with Need for Closure further mediating this. Chapter 5 considers our perceptions of speakers who express different levels of confidence. Increasing levels of speaker confidence lead to speakers being perceived more positively in terms of competency, but too much confidence is detrimental in terms of how much a speaker is liked. Chapters 6 and 7 then examine whether these perceptions, and the subsequent use of their information, change when performance feedback is made available. Feedback is shown to have a considerable impact upon these factors, although the influence of confidence does not become redundant. Chapter 8 examines whether our own confidence level affects the extent to which a speaker’s confidence influences us, then Chapter 9 determines if a speaker’s confidence exerts a positive or negative influence, while Chapter 10 investigates how the influence of confidence is influenced by the timing of the advice. Overall, the results indicate that confidence is a potent form of influence, providing evidence that a confidence heuristic is used, whereby a speaker’s confidence is taken as a cue to their accuracy, knowledge, and competency. The extent to which the confidence heuristic is used when making choices strongly depends on one’s own level of confidence, whether this was due to the type of task being tackled, the difficulty of the task, or the timing of the advice, with people relying more on the confidence heuristic as their own confidence decreased. Issues raised by this thesis, and directions for further research are considered in the Discussion.
The Paradoxes of Time Travel

T IME travel, I maintain, is possible. The paradoxes of time travel are oddities, not impossibilities. They prove only this much, which few would have doubted: that a possible world where time travel took place would be a most strange world, different in fundamental ways from the world we think is ours. I shall be concerned here with the sort of time travel that is recounted in science fiction. Not all science fiction writers are clear-headed, to be sure, and inconsistent time travel stories have often been written. But some writers have thought the problems through with great care, and their stories are perfectly consistent. 1 If I can defend the consistency of some science fiction stories of time travel, then I suppose parallel defenses might be given of some controversial physical hypotheses , such as the hypothesis that time is circular or the hypothesis that there are particles that travel faster than light. But I shall not explore these parallels here. What is time travel? Inevitably, it involves a discrepancy between time and time. Any traveler departs and then arrives at his destination; the time elapsed from departure to arrival (positive, or perhaps zero) is the duration of the journey. But if he is a time traveler, the separation in time between departure and arrival does not equal the duration of his journey. He departs; he travels for an hour, let us say; then he arrives. The time he reaches is not the time one hour after his departure. It is later, if he has traveled toward the future; earlier, if he has traveled toward the past. If he has traveled far toward the past, it is earlier even than his departure. How can it be that the same two events, his departure and his arrival, are separated by two unequal amounts of time? It is tempting to reply that there must be two independent time dimensions; that for time travel to be possible , time must be not a line but a plane. 2 Then a pair of events may have two unequal separations if they are separated more in one of the time dimensions than in the other. The lives of common people occupy straight diagonal lines across the plane of time, sloping at a rate of exactly one hour of time 1 per hour of time 2. The life of the time traveler occupies a bent …
Stresin Ratlarda Bazı Karaciğer Enzimleri (AST, ALT, ALP) Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Bu calismada, stresin ratlarda karaciger enzimlerinden AST, ALT ve ALP degerleri uzerine etkileri arastirilmistir. Arastirmada yaklasik 200-250 g agirliginda 12 adet yetiskin Sprague Dawley irki erkek rat, kontrol (n=6) ve deneme (n=6) olarak 2 gruba ayrildi. Calismada kontrol grubuna 1.0 ml izotonik serum, deneme grubuna ise 4 mg/kg (1 ml=50 IU) /birey dozunda ACTH (Synacthen Depot) intraperitoneal (i.p.) uygulandi. Bu uygulamadan 3 saat sonra, tum hayvanlardan ksilazol ve ketasol anestezisi altinda uygun teknikler kullanilarak kan ornekleri alindi. Kontrol grubunda serum AST, ALT, ALP degerleri sirasiyla, 43±8, 25±5 ve 200±34 iken, deneme grubunda bu veriler, 129±22, 172±15 ve 452±49 (U/I) olarak bulundu. Deneme grubunda ACTH uygulamasiyla olusturulan stres sonucunda, karaciger enzim degerleri onemli olcude yukseldi ve istatistiksel olarak anlamli bulundu (P<0.05). Sonuc olarak, stresin turu ne olursa olsun vucutta karaciger gibi hayati organlar uzerine olumsuz etkileri kacinilmazdir. Stres zamaninda ortadan kaldirilmadigi takdirde vucutta geriye donusumsuz hasarlar meydana getirebilmektedir. Yapilan bu calismada da ratlarda 50 IU ACTH (ip.) uygulamasindan 3 saat sonra alinan kan orneklerinden serum AST, ALT ve ALP degerlerinde belirgin bir artis tespit edilmistir.
Methodological commons: arts and humanities e-Science fundamentals

The application of e-Science technologies to disciplines in the arts and humanities raises major questions as to how those technologies can be most usefully exploited, what tools and infrastructures are needed for that exploitation, and what new research approaches can be generated. This paper reviews a number of activities in the UK and Europe in the last 5 years which have sought to address these questions through processes of experimentation and targeted infrastructure development. In the UK, the AHeSSC (Arts and Humanities e-Science Support Centre) has played a coordinating role for seven projects funded by the Arts and Humanities e-Science Initiative. In Europe, DARIAH (Digital Research Infrastructure for the Arts and Humanities) has sought to develop a deeper understanding of research information and communication in the arts and humanities, and to inform the development of e-infrastructures accordingly. Both sets of activity have indicated a common requirement: to construct a framework which consistently describes the methods and functions of scholarly activity which underlie digital arts and humanities research, and the relationships between them. Such a ‘methodological commons’ has been formulated in the field of the digital humanities. This paper describes the application of this approach to arts and humanities e-Science, with reference to the early work of DARIAH and AHeSSC.
Contribution of selected wild and cultivated leafy vegetables from South India to lutein and beta-carotene intake.

Carotenoids, especially lutein and beta-carotene, offer benefits to human health in general and to eye health in particular. However, more data on the contribution of plant foods to carotenoid intake is of importance for developing strategies for promoting eye health in regions where cataract is highly prevalent such as in South India. The most frequently consumed 5 uncultivated and 5 commercially grown South Andhra Pradesh leafy vegetables were selected based on interviews with 100 local women. The lutein and beta-carotene contents of fresh and cooked samples were determined using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Lutein values ranged from 53 to 143 microg/g and 58 to 175 microg/g in fresh and cooked samples, respectively. beta-carotene contents were found to range from 45 to 119 microg/g in fresh samples and from 40 to 159 microg/g in cooked samples. No significant difference was observed between the carotenoid contents of wild and commercially grown species. According to their reported frequency of consumption, the 10 species considered in this study contribute 40% of the daily recommended intake of beta-carotene. This is the first report of lutein content in fresh samples of Celosia argentea L. , Rumex vesicarius L. , Digera muricata (L.) Mart. , and Amaranthus cruentus L. as well as in cooked samples of all species included in this study.
Cutting Edge: Programed Death (PD) Ligand-1/PD-1 Interaction Is Required for CD8+ T Cell Tolerance to Tissue Antigens1

Constitutive presentation of tissue Ags by dendritic cells results in tolerance of autoreactive CD8+ T cells; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this study we show that programmed death (PD)-1, an inhibitory receptor of the CD28 family, is required for tolerance induction of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. An antagonistic Ab against PD-1 provoked destructive autoimmune diabetes in RIP-mOVA mice expressing chicken OVA in the pancreatic islet cells, which received naive OVA-specific CD8+ OT-I cells. This effect was mediated by the PD ligand (PD-L) PD-L1 but not by PD-L2. An increased number of effector OT-I cells recovered from the pancreatic lymph nodes of anti-PD-L1-treated mice showed down-regulation of PD-1. Furthermore, the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 interaction during the priming phase did not significantly affect OT-I cell division but enhanced its granzyme B, IFN-γ, and IL-2 production. Thus, during the presentation of tissue Ags to CD8+ T cells, PD-1/PD-L1 interaction crucially controls the effector differentiation of autoreactive T cells to maintain self-tolerance.
Cognitive Tempo and Complex Problem Solving.

LAWRY, JANICE A. ; WELSH, MARILYN C. ; and JEFFREY, WENDELL E. Cognitive Tempo and Complex Problem Solving. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1983, 54, 912-920. Both betweenand within-group differences in problem-solving performance were evaluated in children (age 9-11 years) identified as having reflective or impulsive cognitive tempos. Cognitive tempo was first assessed using Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures test (MFFT), and children were later tested on the Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM). As the SPM problem sets became more difficult, both groups showed a pattern of increasing latencies and decreasing accuracy. Reflectives had reliably greater increases in latency across sets than impulsives. However, change in latency from the first to the last set was a better predictor of overall accuracy in impulsives than reflectives. Canonical correlations for the entire sample-yielded strong relationships between the MFFT and the more analytical SPM problem sets. Response latency contributed more to these relationships than did accuracy. Within-group analyses of response performance patterns appear to provide greater understanding of individual differences than between-group comparisons have in the past.
Immediate splenectomy decreases mortality and improves cognitive function of rats after severe traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem all over the world. It frequently causes a considerable social burden because of its high incidence of death and long-term disability, especially in the case of severe TBI. Recent studies revealed that the spleen might contribute to secondary brain injury after ischemia or intracerebral hemorrhage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significance of the spleen in traumatic brain edema after severe TBI. METHODS We established a severe TBI model with rats and performed splenectomy to observe the mortality, brain water content, cognitive function (water maze), and cytokines levels, including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, and IL-10, in the blood plasma (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and their mRNA expression levels in injured brain tissue (quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction). RESULTS The immediate splenectomy after TBI significantly decreased the death rate from 35.42% to 14.89% and eliminated the brain water content of the injured brain, especially at days 2 and 3. The Morris water maze assessment showed an improved spatial reference memory in rats that underwent both TBI and splenectomy when compared with those in the TBI group, 4 weeks later. Splenectomy reduced the IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 contents in the blood serum after TBI, and the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the ipsilateral brain tissue also decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that splenectomy has a protective effect on rats with severe TBI by inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6, both systematically and locally in the injured brain, hence leading to a decreased mortality and improved cognitive function.
THE APHASIC SYMPTOM-COMPLEX: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis*

That destruction of Broca's area causes aphasia appears to be established beyond doubt through such cases as the striking one of Simon, which actually resembled an experiment. However, other conscientious and experienced observers are also correct in insisting that Broca's area is not the only speech center, and that circumscribed lesions in the region of the Sylvian fissure can produce aphasia. We may now ask what lies near the Sylvian fissure, and we note a gyrus on the convex surface of the cerebrum, running in a curve directed posteriorly and superiorly, almost enclosing the Sylvian fissure. From the central sulcus it runs anteriorly in a distinct longitudinal tract, the . first frontal gyrus. Its posterior peduncle is in the first temporal gyrus, just clearly discernible as the longitudinal tract. That the whole is to be considered as one gyrus is clear from comparison with the brains of animals, such as dogs.
PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN SENILE PSYCHOSES AND THEIR PSYCHOBIOLOGIC SIGNIFICANCE

The results of a pathologic study of 24 cases of senile psychoses are reported. In all cases the cerebral cortex showed widespread nonspecific cell changes with less extensive but diffuse cell losses, an abundance of senile plaques and variable amounts of lipoid material. Neurofibril lesions of the Alzheimer type, usually in small or moderate numbers, occurred in all but two cases. The neuroglial reaction was as a rule weak. Involvement of the basal ganglia was common. Proliferative alterations of the small cerebral vessels were regularly observed but were regarded as secondary or complicating features. Atherosclerotic changes were frequent, though in the great majority of instances they were not severe enough to occupy a prominent place in the pathologic picture. A search for physical factors that might modify the normal aging process and be responsible for the development of a senile psychosis has proved unproductive. There was a lack of correlation between the histologic changes and the degree of intel.
Newly qualified physical education teachers' experiences of developing subject knowledge prior to, during and after a Postgraduate Certificate in Education course

Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) inspections of secondary Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE) physical education courses in England between 1996 and 1998 (OFSTED, 1999) were critical of student teachers' subject knowledge. The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of subject knowledge and influences on the development of that subject knowledge in a sample of three newly qualified teachers (NQTs) who had completed a PGCE physical education course in England. The research comprised semi-structured interviews and analysis of documentation. Among these three NQTs there were some similarities, but more differences in terms of the development of subject knowledge as well as different influences on the development of subject knowledge. These results suggest that teacher educators may need to be flexible in how they approach and support the development of student teachers' subject knowledge. Results also suggest that teacher educators should work more closely with colleagues teaching sports-related undergraduate degree courses to support the development of subject knowledge for those students who wish to progress to a PGCE physical education course.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in a Patient with Clinically Isolated Spinal Cord Syndrome

Background. The association between cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) and multiple sclerosis (MS) has already been reported in patients with clinically definite MS in relation to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) or previously performed lumbar puncture (LP). Case Summery. We report a 29-year-old Indian female who presented with a clinically isolated spinal cord syndrome according to the revised 2010 McDonald Criteria. She developed CVT after a lumbar puncture and two days of finishing the course of IVMP. Conclusion. We conclude that the sequence of doing lumbar puncture followed by high-dose IVMP may increase the risk of CVT. A prophylactic anticoagulation may be indicated in this setting.
The Coherence of Visual Narratives

Memory for visual narratives was examined as a function of cinematic structure. Four visual narratives were constructed, with each narrative taking place within a single location and presenting an interaction between two main characters. Two separate experiments examined the influence of establishing shots and directional continuity on subjects' memory for the depicted events. In a 2 × 2 design, the narratives began with or without an establishing shot and preserved or violated directional continuity. Experiment 1 showed that subjects can accurately recognize the flow of action in visual narratives, even without establishing shots, as long as directional continuity is preserved, but that establishing shots allow the viewer to construct a comprehensive representation of spatial layout. Experiment 2 introduced a reconstruction task to assess memory for the narratives, showing not only that directional continuity provided a framework for establishing spatial coherence but that this spatial framework enhanced subjects' ability to remember the depicted activities in the appropriate sequence. In general, these experiments identified two important psychological principles for restructuring real-world activities into coherent filmed sequences.
Two Distinct Roles of ARABIDOPSIS HOMOLOG OF TRITHORAX1 (ATX1) at Promoters and within Transcribed Regions of ATX1-Regulated Genes[C][W]

This work shows that the H3K4 trimethylase ATX1 regulates gene expression via mechanisms different from those reported for its yeast or mammalian homologs. It finds that ATX1 affects transcription at the promoters of target genes by a mechanism distinct from its ability to trimethylate lysine 4 of histone H3 within genes. The Arabidopsis thaliana trithorax-like protein, ATX1, shares common structural domains, has similar histone methyltransferase (HMT) activity, and belongs in the same phylogenetic subgroup as its animal counterparts. Most of our knowledge of the role of HMTs in trimethylating lysine 4 of histone H3 (H3K4me3) in transcriptional regulation comes from studies of yeast and mammalian homologs. Little is known about the mechanism by which ATX1, or any other HMT of plant origin, affects transcription. Here, we provide insights into how ATX1 influences transcription at regulated genes, playing two distinct roles. At promoters, ATX1 is required for TATA binding protein (TBP) and RNA Polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment. In a subsequent event, ATX1 is recruited by a phosphorylated form of Pol II to the +300-bp region of transcribed sequences, where it trimethylates nucleosomes. In support of this model, inhibition of phosphorylation of the C-terminal domain of Pol II reduced the amounts of H3K4me3 and ATX1 bound at the +300-nucleotide region. Importantly, these changes did not reduce the occupancy of ATX1, TBP, or Pol II at promoters. Our results indicate that ATX1 affects transcription at target genes by a mechanism distinct from its ability to trimethylate H3K4 within genes.