Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Permutation Representations on Schubert Varieties

This paper defines and studies permutation representations on the equivariant cohomology of Schubert varieties, as representations both over C and over C[t1, t2, . , tn]. We show these group actions are the same as an action of simple transpositions studied geometrically by M. Brion, and give topological meaning to the divided difference operators of Berstein-GelfandGelfand, Demazure, Kostant-Kumar, and others. We analyze these representations using the combinatorial approach to equivariant cohomology introduced by Goresky-Kottwitz-MacPherson. We find that each permutation representation on equivariant cohomology produces a representation on ordinary cohomology that is trivial, though the equivariant representation is not.
A phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study of chemo-immunotherapy combination using motolimod with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in recurrent or persistent ovarian cancer: a Gynecologic Oncology Group partners study

Background A phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in women with recurrent epithelial ovarian carcinoma to evaluate the efficacy and safety of motolimod—a Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist that stimulates robust innate immune responses—combined with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), a chemotherapeutic that induces immunogenic cell death. Patients and methods Women with ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal carcinoma were randomized 1 : 1 to receive PLD in combination with blinded motolimod or placebo. Randomization was stratified by platinum-free interval (≤6 versus >6–12 months) and Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) performance status (0 versus 1). Treatment cycles were repeated every 28 days until disease progression. Results The addition of motolimod to PLD did not significantly improve overall survival (OS; log rank one-sided P = 0.923, HR = 1.22) or progression-free survival (PFS; log rank one-sided P = 0.943, HR = 1.21). The combination was well tolerated, with no synergistic or unexpected serious toxicity. Most patients experienced adverse events of fatigue, anemia, nausea, decreased white blood cells, and constipation. In pre-specified subgroup analyses, motolimod-treated patients who experienced injection site reactions (ISR) had a lower risk of death compared with those who did not experience ISR. Additionally, pre-treatment in vitro responses of immune biomarkers to TLR8 stimulation predicted OS outcomes in patients receiving motolimod on study. Immune score (tumor infiltrating lymphocytes; TIL), TLR8 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, mutational status in BRCA and other DNA repair genes, and autoantibody biomarkers did not correlate with OS or PFS. Conclusions The addition of motolimod to PLD did not improve clinical outcomes compared with placebo. However, subset analyses identified statistically significant differences in the OS of motolimod-treated patients on the basis of ISR and in vitro immune responses. Collectively, these data may provide important clues for identifying patients for treatment with immunomodulatory agents in novel combinations and/or delivery approaches. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT 01666444.
A microtubule-associated protein in Drosophila melanogaster: identification, characterization, and isolation of coding sequences

Microtubules and microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) have been isolated from cultured cells of Drosophila melanogaster by a taxol- dependent polymerization procedure. The principal MAPs are a group of four polypeptides with similar electrophoretic mobilities corresponding to approximately Mr 205,000 (the 205K MAP). These proteins are resistant to precipitation by boiling. One mouse monoclonal antibody and one polyclonal rabbit antiserum specific for the Mr 205,000 MAP were produced and characterized by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence. Both antibody preparations stain the Mr 205,000 molecules and an Mr 255,000 molecule in immunoblots of Drosophila cell homogenates; the rabbit antiserum also stains an Mr 150,000 triplet. Both preparations stain the microtubules of the mitotic spindle, and the rabbit antiserum stains the cytoplasmic microtubules as well. Experiments using affinity-purified rabbit antiserum demonstrate that it is the Mr 205,000 species that is located in the mitotic apparatus and on cytoplasmic microtubules. A random shear genomic library was produced in the expressing vector lambda gt11 and screened with the rabbit antiserum to isolate the DNA sequences encoding these polypeptides. Several cross-hybridizing clones were recovered, shown to encode antigenic determinants in the Mr 205,000 MAP, and characterized by hybridization to Northern blots of mRNA and Southern blots of genomic DNA. Analysis by in situ hybridization reveals that the gene encoding the 205K MAP is located in polytene region 100EF.
A recursive nonstandard model of normal open induction

Abstract Models of normal open induction are those normal discretely ordered rings whose nonnegative part satisfy Peano's axioms for open formulas in the language of ordered semirings. (Where normal means integrally closed in its fraction field.) In 1964 Shepherdson gave a recursive nonstandard model of open induction. His model is not normal and does not have any infinite prime elements. In this paper we present a recursive nonstandard model of normal open induction with an unbounded set of infinite prime elements.
Changes in artistic style after minor posterior stroke

Background: Two professional painters experienced significant changes in their art as the main consequence of minor stroke located in the left occipital lobe or thalamus. Methods: The features of this artistic conversion were analysed on the basis of extensive neurological, neuropsychological, and psychiatric evaluations. Results: Both painters, initially unaware of the artistic changes, exhibited mild signs of executive dysfunction, but no general cognitive decline. The first painter, who showed mild visual-perceptive difficulties (dyschromatopsia and scotoma in his right upper visual field after left occipital stroke), together with increased anxiety and difficulty in emotional control, switched to a more stylised and symbolic art. The second painter, who also presented features of emotionalism related to his left latero-thalamic stroke, switched from an impressionist style to a more joyous and geometric, but more simplistic, abstract art. Conclusions: These findings show that mild cognitive and affective modifications due to focal posterior brain lesions can have significant repercussions on artistic expression.
Multiphoton absorption of 1.3 μm wavelength femtosecond laser pulses focused inside Si and SiO2

We investigate the non-linear absorption of 1.3 μm femtosecond laser pulses strongly focused inside silicon and fused silica. Through transmission diagnostics, multiphoton initiated energy deposition is clearly observed inside these two materials with nanojoules laser pulse energy when using 0.3 numerical aperture objective. For silicon, the non-linear interaction is strongly dependent on the focusing depth due to the presence of spherical aberration contrarily to fused silica. Below the surface, we find a difference of three orders of magnitude between the intensity thresholds for non-linear absorption at 1.3 μm wavelength inside the two tested materials due to the difference of number of photons required for non-linear absorption. By measuring the transmission of the ionizing pulses during multiple pulse irradiation, irreversible modifications of the material are monitored inside fused silica in accordance with previous studies at 800 nm. For similar laser energy deposition, the response of bulk silicon remains unchanged over more than twenty thousands pulses suggesting no irreversible modifications are initiated.
Activation of a Novel Injury-Induced Calcium-Permeable Channel That Plays a Key Role in Causing Extended Neuronal Depolarization and Initiating Neuronal Death in Excitotoxic Neuronal Injury

Protracted elevation in intracellular calcium caused by the activation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor is the main cause of glutamate excitotoxic injury in stroke. However, upon excitotoxic injury, despite the presence of calcium entry antagonists, calcium unexpectedly continues to enter the neuron, causing extended neuronal depolarization and culminating in neuronal death. This phenomenon is known as the calcium paradox of neuronal death in stroke, and it represents a major problem in developing effective therapies for the treatment of stroke. To investigate this calcium paradox and to determine the source of this unexpected calcium entry after neuronal injury, we evaluated whether glutamate excitotoxicity activates an injury-induced calcium-permeable channel responsible for conducting a calcium current that underlies neuronal death. We used a combination of whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recordings, fluorescent calcium imaging, and neuronal cell death assays in a well characterized primary hippocampal neuronal culture model of glutamate excitotoxicity/stroke. Here, we report activation of a novel calcium-permeable channel upon excitotoxic glutamate injury that carries calcium current even in the presence of calcium entry inhibitors. Blocking this injury-induced calcium-permeable channel for a significant time period after the initial injury is still effective in preventing calcium entry, extended neuronal depolarization, and delayed neuronal death, thereby accounting for the calcium paradox. This injury-induced calcium-permeable channel represents a major source for the initial calcium entry following stroke, and it offers a new target for extending the therapeutic window for preventing neuronal death after the initial excitotoxic (stroke) injury.
Junior faculty experiences with informal mentoring

Mentoring is one way in which new faculty can acquire the skills needed for a successful academic career. Little is known about how informal mentoring is operationalized in an academic setting. This study had two main objectives: (1) to determine if junior faculty identify as having an informal mentor(s) and to describe their informal mentoring relationships; and (2) to identify the areas in which these faculty seek career assistance and advice. The study employed a grounded theory approach. Subjects were recruited from the clinical teaching faculty and were 3–7 years into their first faculty position. Theoretical sampling was employed in which data analysis proceeded along-side data collection, and collection ceased when saturation of themes was reached. Saturation was reached at ten subjects. Data were collected by individual interviews. Four topics recurred: qualities sought in mentors, processes by which guidance is obtained, content of the guidance received and barriers. Faculty obtained guidance in two principal ways: (a) through collegial working relationships; and (b) through discussion with senior clinicians as part of the evaluative system in the department. Participants discussed the degree of mentoring they received in the areas of: career focus, orientation to the organization, transition of role from trainee to faculty and work/nonwork balance. Barriers identified included an evaluative role and conflict of interest on the mentor's part. Junior faculty identify some relationships from which they receive guidance; however, limitations in these relationships result in a lack of mentorship on career direction and on balancing career with personal life.
Small-world brain networks in schizophrenia

Summary Over the last decade the combination of brain neuroimaging techniques and graph theoretical analysis of the complex anatomical and functional networks in the brain have provided an exciting new platform for exploring the etiology of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. This review introduces the current status of this work, focusing on the topological properties of human brain networks – called ‘small-world brain networks’ – and on the disruptions in these networks in schizophrenia. The evidence supporting the findings of reduced efficiency of information exchange in schizophrenia both within local brain regions and globally throughout the brain is reviewed and the potential relationship of these changes to cognitive and clinical symptoms is discussed. Finally we propose some suggestions for future research.
ON THE MAXIMUM MASS OF STELLAR BLACK HOLES

We present the spectrum of compact object masses: neutron stars and black holes (BHs) that originate from single stars in different environments. In particular, we calculate the dependence of maximum BH mass on metallicity and on some specific wind mass loss rates (e.g., Hurley et al. and Vink et al.). Our calculations show that the highest mass BHs observed in the Galaxy Mbh ∼ 15 M☉ in the high metallicity environment (Z = Z☉ = 0.02) can be explained with stellar models and the wind mass loss rates adopted here. To reach this result we had to set luminous blue variable mass loss rates at the level of ∼10−4 M☉ yr−1 and to employ metallicity-dependent Wolf–Rayet winds. With such winds, calibrated on Galactic BH mass measurements, the maximum BH mass obtained for moderate metallicity (Z = 0.3 Z☉ = 0.006) is Mbh,max = 30 M☉. This is a rather striking finding as the mass of the most massive known stellar BH is Mbh = 23–34 M☉ and, in fact, it is located in a small star-forming galaxy with moderate metallicity. We find that in the very low (globular cluster-like) metallicity environment the maximum BH mass can be as high as Mbh,max = 80 M☉ (Z = 0.01 Z☉ = 0.0002). It is interesting to note that X-ray luminosity from Eddington-limited accretion onto an 80 M☉ BH is of the order of ∼1040 erg s−1 and is comparable to luminosities of some known ultra-luminous X-ray sources. We emphasize that our results were obtained for single stars only and that binary interactions may alter these maximum BH masses (e.g., accretion from a close companion). This is strictly a proof-of-principle study which demonstrates that stellar models can naturally explain even the most massive known stellar BHs.
Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses

In the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in South America. The main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins (Paspalum spp. contaminated by Claviceps paspali, Lolium perenne infected by Neotyphodium lolii, Cynodon dactylon infected by Claviceps cynodontis, and Poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by Festuca arundinacea (syn. Festuca elatior) infected by Neotyphodium coenophialum (syn. Acremonium coenophialum), and photosensitization in pastures contaminated by toxigenic Pithomyces chartarum. Other mycotoxicoses in grazing cattle include slaframine toxicity in clover pastures infected by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and diplodiosis in cattle grazing in corn stubbles. The mycotoxicoses caused by contaminated concentrated food or byproducts in cattle include poisoning by toxins of Aspergillus clavatus, which contaminate barley or sugar beetroot by-products, gangrenous ergotism or dysthermic syndrome caused by wheat bran or wheat screenings contaminated with Claviceps purpurea, and acute respiratory distress caused by damaged sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas). The main mycotoxicosis of horses is leukoencephalomalacia caused by the fumonisins B1 and B2 produced by Fusarium spp. Poisoning by C. purpurea and F. elatior infected by N. coenophialum has also been reported as a cause of agalactia and neonatal mortality in mares. Slaframine toxicosis caused by the ingestion of alfalfa hay contaminated by R. leguminicola has also been reported in horses.
A Planning Tool for Minimizing Reshuffles in Container Terminals

One of the more important problems in container terminal is related to the Container Stacking Problem. A container stack is a type of temporary store where containers await further transport by truck, train or vessel. The main efficiency problem for an individual stack is to ensure easy access to containers at the expected time of transfer. Since stacks are ’last-in, first-out’, and the cranes used to relocate containers within the stack are heavily used, the stacks must be maintained in a state that minimizes on-demand relocations. In this paper, we present a new domain-dependent planning heuristic for finding the best configuration of containers in a bay. Thus, given a set of outgoing containers, our planner minimizes the number of relocations of containers in order to allocate all selected containers in an appropriate order to avoid further reshuffles.
Approximating happens-before order: interplay between static analysis and state space traversal

Techniques and tools for verification of multi-threaded programs must cope with the huge number of possible thread interleavings. Tools based on systematic exploration of a program state space employ partial order reduction to avoid redundant thread interleavings. The key idea is to make non-deterministic thread scheduling choices only at statements that read or modify the global state shared by multiple threads. We focus on the approach to partial order reduction used in tools such as Java Pathfinder (JPF), which construct the program state space on-the-fly, and therefore can use only information available in the current program state and execution history to identify statements that may be globally-relevant. In our previous work, we developed a field access analysis that provides information about fields that may be accessed during program execution, and used it in JPF for more precise identification of globally-relevant statements. We build upon that and propose a may-happen-before analysis that computes a sound approximation of the happens-before ordering. Partial order reduction techniques can use the happens-before ordering to detect pairs of globally-relevant field access statements that cannot be interleaved arbitrarily (due to thread synchronization), and based on that avoid making unnecessary thread scheduling choices. The may-happen-before analysis combines static analysis with knowledge of information available from the dynamic program state. Results of experiments with several Java programs show that usage of the may-happen-before analysis further improves the performance of JPF.
Contrasting Biogeographic and Diversification Patterns in Two Mediterranean-Type Ecosystems

The five Mediterranean regions of the world comprise almost 50,000 plant species (ca 20% of the known vascular plants) despite accounting for less than 5% of the world’s land surface. The ecology and evolutionary history of two of these regions, the Cape Floristic Region and the Mediterranean Basin, have been extensively investigated, but there have been few studies aimed at understanding the historical relationships between them. Here, we examine the biogeographic and diversification processes that shaped the evolution of plant diversity in the Cape and the Mediterranean Basin using a large plastid data set for the geophyte family Hyacinthaceae (comprising ca. 25% of the total diversity of the group), a group found mainly throughout Africa and Eurasia. Hyacinthaceae is a predominant group in the Cape and the Mediterranean Basin both in terms of number of species and their morphological and ecological variability. Using state-of-the-art methods in biogeography and diversification, we found that the Old World members of the family originated in sub-Saharan Africa at the Paleocene–Eocene boundary and that the two Mediterranean regions both have high diversification rates, but contrasting biogeographic histories. While the Cape diversity has been greatly influenced by its relationship with sub-Saharan Africa throughout the history of the family, the Mediterranean Basin had no connection with the latter after the onset of the Mediterranean climate in the region and the aridification of the Sahara. The Mediterranean Basin subsequently contributed significantly to the diversity of neighbouring areas, especially Northern Europe and the Middle East, whereas the Cape can be seen as a biogeographical cul-de-sac, with only a few dispersals toward sub-Saharan Africa. The understanding of the evolutionary history of these two important repositories of biodiversity would benefit from the application of the framework developed here to other groups of plants present in the two regions.
Towards a multi-physics modelling framework for thrombolysis under the influence of blood flow

Thrombolytic therapy is an effective means of treating thromboembolic diseases but can also give rise to life-threatening side effects. The infusion of a high drug concentration can provoke internal bleeding while an insufficient dose can lead to artery reocclusion. It is hoped that mathematical modelling of the process of clot lysis can lead to a better understanding and improvement of thrombolytic therapy. To this end, a multi-physics continuum model has been developed to simulate the dissolution of clot over time upon the addition of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The transport of tPA and other lytic proteins is modelled by a set of reaction–diffusion–convection equations, while blood flow is described by volume-averaged continuity and momentum equations. The clot is modelled as a fibrous porous medium with its properties being determined as a function of the fibrin fibre radius and voidage of the clot. A unique feature of the model is that it is capable of simulating the entire lytic process from the initial phase of lysis of an occlusive thrombus (diffusion-limited transport), the process of recanalization, to post-canalization thrombolysis under the influence of convective blood flow. The model has been used to examine the dissolution of a fully occluding clot in a simplified artery at different pressure drops. Our predicted lytic front velocities during the initial stage of lysis agree well with experimental and computational results reported by others. Following canalization, clot lysis patterns are strongly influenced by local flow patterns, which are symmetric at low pressure drops, but asymmetric at higher pressure drops, which give rise to larger recirculation regions and extended areas of intense drug accumulation.
Circular High-Strength Concrete Columns under Concentric Compression

Circular columns with concrete strengths in the range of 60 MPa to 124 MPa were tested under concentric compression. The columns were confined with different volumetric ratios, grades, and spacings of circular reinforcement. Tests included both poorly confined and well-confined columns. The results provided insight into the strength and deformability of circular high-strength concrete (HSC) columns and were used to generate design information for confinement of these columns. The test data indicate that HSC columns exhibit extremely brittle behavior unless confined by lateral reinforcement. The columns require higher confinement pressure than those with normal strength concrete. The additional pressure required can by provided by increasing the volumetric ratio and/or the grade of transverse reinforcement. The p(sub s)f (sub yt)/f'(sub c) ratio was found to be a suitable design parameter for confinement of circular high-strength concrete columns up to a concrete strength level of 124 MPa. Transverse spiral reinforcement of up to 1,000 MPa was observed to be effective in confining concrete. The results further indicated that circular hoops are as effective as circular spirals when the hoops are prevented from opening under lateral expansion.