Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of preexposure-test and conditioning-test intervals on the magnitude of latent inhibition

: Using the conditioned taste aversion paradigm, two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of the interval between preexposure and test and that between conditioning and test on the magnitude of latent inhibition. Experiment 1 revealed that the degree of latent inhibition was attenuated when rats were given a 21-day interval between preexposure and test. It was also found that this attenuation was more marked in subjects which were given conditioning immediately after preexposure than those which were conditioned shortly before the test. Retention interval between preexposure and test was reduced to 12 days in Experiment 2, and exactly the same pattern of results as those found in Experiment 1 was obtained. These findings suggest that the memory of conditioning as well as that of preexposure decreases its retrievability after a long retention interval, although the former is more retainable than the latter.
Modeling Interactional Influence in Advice Exchanges: Advice Giver Goals and Recipient Evaluations

This study examined how advice givers' self-reported interaction goals influence recipients' evaluations of advice. A typology of giver goals was developed based on message production theories, and the influence of goal pursuit on evaluations of advice was analyzed in interactions between friends (N=189 dyads). In the structural equation model, several giver goals directly affected recipients' evaluations of specific advice features (e.g., greater effort to give efficacious and feasible advice resulted in ratings of advice as more efficacious and feasible). In turn, recipient evaluations of specific message features influenced their ratings of advice message quality. Advice giver goals of efficacy/feasibility, politeness, and novelty led to positive recipient ratings, whereas effort to change the recipient's mind led to negative evaluations.
Keeping it in-house: How audience affects responses to group criticism

It is often assumed that group-directed criticism is best kept 'in-house', but the effects of audience on responses to criticism have not been directly examined. Consistent with predictions, ingroup members who criticized the group to an outgroup audience were seen to be making a less appropriate choice of audience (Experiments 2 and 3), aroused more negative feelings (Experiment 1), were downgraded more strongly on personality traits (Experiment 2), and were seen to be doing more damage to the group (Experiment 2) than were ingroup members who kept their criticisms in-house. Experiment 3 showed that, whereas moderate identifiers agreed with the comments less and showed weaker friendly intentions toward the critic when an outgroup audience as compared to an ingroup audience was chosen, high identifiers agreed with the criticisms just as strongly-and showed more friendly intentions toward the critic-when they were made to an outgroup as compared to an ingroup audience. Results are discussed in light of the broader literature on identity threat. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stuck between ‘the rock’ and a hard place: rural crisis and re-imagining rural Newfoundland feminine subjectivities

There has been a growing body of research exploring the mobility experiences of rural youth as they migrate in search of work, education and leisure. In this article we contribute to this body of knowledge by examining the mobility experiences of young women (16–24 years) living on the southwest coast of Newfoundland, Canada. In contrast to dominant constructions of rural crisis that position out-of-the-way places as in decline, dying or dead, we argue that the young women in our study articulated complex, affective relations to place. In so doing, they negotiated localized histories, prevailing social relations, broader discursive constructions and embodied affective connections in forging their emplaced feminine subjectivities. We argue that foregrounding the complex and at times contradictory relationships that the young women articulated with their rural homes is an important step in prying open dominant albeit constraining constructions of the rural, thereby allowing for alternative and more inhabitable imaginings of out-of-the-way places.
The relationship among family interaction patterns and career indecision and career decision-making self-efficacy

efforts have applied a family systems perspective to the understanding of career development. Family systems theory proposes that the family operate as a system or unit, where patterns of interacting evolve and are maintained. The family is a dynamic network of interdependencies that exerts functional influences on the behaviors of individual members. Bratcher (1982) proposed that family systems play a crucial role in the career decision-making of individuals. This notion
JDeodorant: identification and application of extract class refactorings

Evolutionary changes in object-oriented systems can result in large, complex classes, known as "God Classes". In this paper, we present a tool, developed as part of the JDeodorant Eclipse plugin, that can recognize opportunities for extracting cohesive classes from "God Classes" and automatically apply the refactoring chosen by the developer.
Biodistribution and Immunogenicity of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Intraarticular Chondrocyte Xenotransplantation

Xenogeneic chondrocytes and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are considered a potential source of cells for articular cartilage repair. We here assessed the immune response triggered by xenogeneic chondrocytes when injected intraarticularly, as well as the immunoregulatory effect of allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSC after systemic administration. To this end, a discordant xenotransplantation model was established by injecting three million porcine articular chondrocytes (PAC) into the femorotibial joint of Lewis rats and monitoring the immune response. First, the fate of MSC injected using various routes was monitored in an in vivo imaging system. The biodistribution revealed a dependency on the injection route with MSC injected intravenously (i.v.) succumbing early after 24 h and MSC injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) lasting locally for at least 5 days. Importantly, no migration of MSC to the joint was detected in rats previously injected with PAC. MSC were then administered either i.v. 1 week before PAC injection or i.p. 3 weeks after to assess their immunomodulatory function on humoral and adaptive immune parameters. Anti-PAC IgM and IgG responses were detected in all PAC-injected rats with a peak at week 2 postinjection and reactivity remaining above baseline levels by week 18. IgG2a and IgG2b were the predominant and long-lasting IgG subtypes. By contrast, no anti-MSC antibody response was detected in the cohort injected with MSC only, but infusion of MSC before PAC injection temporarily augmented the anti-PAC antibody response. Consistent with a cellular immune response to PAC in PAC-injected rats, cytokine/chemokine profiling in serum by antibody array revealed a distinct pattern relative to controls characterized by elevation of multiple markers at week 2, as well as increases in proliferation in draining lymph nodes. Notably, systemic administration of allogeneic MSC under the described conditions did not diminish the immune response. IL-2 measurements in cocultures of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes with PAC indicated that PAC injection induced some T-cell hyporesponsiveness that was not enhanced in the cohorts additionally receiving MSC. Thus, PAC injected intraarticularly in Lewis rats induced a cellular and humoral immune response that was not counteracted by the systemic administration of allogeneic MSC under the described conditions.
Comparison of clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer and age-adjusted D-dimer interpretation to exclude venous thromboembolism

Summary Two new strategies for interpreting D-dimer results have been proposed: i) using a progressively higher D-dimer threshold with increasing age (age-adjusted strategy) and ii) using a D-dimer threshold in patients with low clinical probability that is twice the threshold used in patients with moderate clinical probability (clinical probability-adjusted strategy). Our objective was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of age-adjusted and clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer interpretation in patients with a low or moderate clinical probability of venous thromboembolism (VTE). We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical data and blood samples from two prospective studies. We compared the negative predictive value (NPV) for VTE, and the proportion of patients with a negative D-dimer result, using two D-dimer interpretation strategies: the age-adjusted strategy, which uses a progressively higher D-dimer threshold with increasing age over 50 years (age in years × 10 µg/L FEU); and the clinical probability-adjusted strategy which uses a D-dimer threshold of 1000 µg/L FEU in patients with low clinical probability and 500 µg/L FEU in patients with moderate clinical probability. A total of 1649 outpatients with low or moderate clinical probability for a first suspected deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism were included. The NPV of both the clinical probability-adjusted strategy (99.7%) and the age-adjusted strategy (99.6%) were similar. However, the proportion of patients with a negative result was greater with the clinical probability-adjusted strategy (56.1% vs, 50.9%; difference 5.2%; 95% CI 3.5% to 6.8%). These findings suggest that clinical probability-adjusted D-dimer interpretation is a better way of interpreting D-dimer results compared to age-adjusted interpretation.
Hepatotoxicity following separate administration of two phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (sildenafil & tadalafil) and opioid (tramadol); evaluation of possible reversal following their withdrawal

The use of phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5i) and tramadol in the absence of erectile and ejaculatory dysfunctions in Nigeria has become a norm. In this study, we comparatively assess the effects of chronic use of these drugs on hepatotoxicity. Fifty male albino wistar rats weighing 180–200g were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=10) as follows; control, sildenafil (1mg/100g b.w), tadalafil (1mg/100g b.w), tramadol (2mg/100g b.w) and sildenafil+tramadol treated group (1mg/100g and 2mg/100g b.w, respectively). Drugs were orally administered, once, every two days for 8weeks, at the end of which five animals were sacrificed per group (batch 1), while the remaining five animals per group were allowed for another 8weeks without drug administration (batch 2). Serum concentration of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP) and bilirubin were assessed in both batches. Serum concentrations of AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin were significantly (p
School Change through Gifted Education: Effects on Elementary Students' Attitudes toward Learning

The Schoolwide Enrichment Model (SEM), a comprehensive system intended to nurture behavioral giftedness without total reliance on a priori gifted program identification procedures, has been proposed as a school change model. This study examined the effectiveness of SEM on student attitudes toward learning among 1,935 elementary school students in 6 middle-class schools. Both quantitative and qualitative data analyses indicated that students' attitudes toward learning were positively influenced by their schools' participation in the SEM treatment. These results provide some rationale for schools to employ SEM, often restricted to gifted programs, as a schoolwide means for improving attitudes toward learning among all students, and at the same time, programming appropriately for the most able students.
A Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning with WorldView-2 Pan-Sharpened Imagery for Tea Crop Mapping

Tea is an important but vulnerable economic crop in East Asia, highly impacted by climate change. This study attempts to interpret tea land use/land cover (LULC) using very high resolution WorldView-2 imagery of central Taiwan with both pixel and object-based approaches. A total of 80 variables derived from each WorldView-2 band with pan-sharpening, standardization, principal components and gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture indices transformation, were set as the input variables. For pixel-based image analysis (PBIA), 34 variables were selected, including seven principal components, 21 GLCM texture indices and six original WorldView-2 bands. Results showed that support vector machine (SVM) had the highest tea crop classification accuracy (OA = 84.70% and KIA = 0.690), followed by random forest (RF), maximum likelihood algorithm (ML), and logistic regression analysis (LR). However, the ML classifier achieved the highest classification accuracy (OA = 96.04% and KIA = 0.887) in object-based image analysis (OBIA) using only six variables. The contribution of this study is to create a new framework for accurately identifying tea crops in a subtropical region with real-time high-resolution WorldView-2 imagery without field survey, which could further aid agriculture land management and a sustainable agricultural product supply.
Motivation and Transactional, Charismatic, and Transformational Leadership: A Test of Antecedents

Relationships between leaders' motivation and their use of charismatic, transactional, and / or transformational leadership were examined in this study. One hundred eighty-six leaders and 759 direct reports from a variety of organizations were sampled. Leaders were administered the Motivation Sources Inventory (MSI) while followers reported leaders' full range leadership behaviors using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-rater version). Leaders were also administered the self-rating version of the Multi-factor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ-rater version). The Motivation Sources Inventory subscales subsequently significantly correlated with leader self-reports of inspirational motivation, idealized influence (behavior) and individualized consideration (range, r = .10 to .29), as well as with raters' perceptions of inspirational motivation, idealized influence (behavior) and individualized consideration (range, r = .18 to .19). The Motivation Sources Inventory subscales significantly correlated with leaders' self-reports of charisma, transactional and laissez-faire leadership (range, r = .12 to .28), with rater-reports of the same variables (range, r = .16 to .29).
Clinical outcome of children with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis.

OBJECTIVE Evaluate the outcomes of pediatric patients with Henoch-Sch6nlein purpura nephritis andfind the parameters correlated with outcomes of treatment. MATERIAL AND METHOD Review of medical records was performed in twenty patients diagnosed with Henoch-Schinlein purpura nephritis. Demographic data, clinical parameters and records of treatment at diagnosis and the last visit were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Median age at diagnosis was 8-year-old and median follow-up time was 39 months. All patients had urine protein to creatinine ratio (UPCR) of more than 1.0 g/g while ten patients had hypoalbuminemia. Renal pathology results were class I, II, and III in 2, 14, and 4 patients respectively. Prednisolone was prescribed in all patients and cyclophosphamide was given in 13 patients. All patients had first resolution of proteinuria at median time of six months (range 2-47 months). At the last visit, 13 patients (65%) had remission of proteinuria (remission group), while seven patients (35%) became proteinuric relapse (relapse group) with UPCR > 0.2 g/g. Interestingly, the remission group had median time to first resolution of proteinuria shorter than the relapse group (6 months and 19 months, p < 0.001). Moreover, estimated glomerular filtration rate at diagnosis correlated negatively with UPCR at the last visit (r = -0.773, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION Pediatric patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis who presented with heavy proteinuria had favorable outcome after treatment. The patients who had early resolution ofproteinuria remained in remission more than those who had late resolution.
Transformational Potential of Focus Group Practice in Participatory Action Research

In Participatory Action Research (PAR), group processes are central in facilitating change and focus groups are widely used by action researchers. However, the epistemological basis upon which focus group practice is grounded has not been closely examined and its transformational role has been taken for granted. This might impede the development of the focus group as a distinctive research practice and the realization of its transformational potential. Against the background of three participatory action research projects carried out in the National Health Service of the UK, the author shares her experience of using a variety of focus group methods for facilitating change in health promotion practice. Practical examples are used to explore the relationships between focus group practice and its epistemological grounding. It is suggested that the transformational potential of the focus group lies in the equal value placed on different ways of knowing by an extended epistemological framework and the dynamic of knowing and doing embedded in the PAR process.
Working at a Cynical Distance: Implications for Power, Subjectivity and Resistance

Subjectivity and power are important concepts for understanding corporate culture engineering in critical organization studies. Although recent research indicates that many workers do identify with the organization as a result of these management strategies, they have also shown that some workers resist through dis-identification, in particular cynicism. Managerialist literature views cynicism as a psychological defect that needs to be `corrected', while a radical humanist approach constructs cynicism as a defence mechanism, a way of blocking the colonization of a pre-given self. We highlight a third and increasingly dominant perspective that suggests cynicism is a process through which employees dis-identify with cultural prescriptions, yet often still perform them. Cynical employees have the impression that they are autonomous, but they still practice the corporate rituals nonetheless. We label this the `ideology' interpretation because in dis-identifying with power, it is inadvertently reproduced at the same time. We argue that this approach to cynicism raises significant implications for key concepts in organization studies: those of power, subjectivity and resistance. The implications we pursue are that cultural power may work through dis-identification (rather than just identification), subjectivity may be radically `external' (rather than something `within') and thus what counts as disruptive resistance must be re-evaluated.
RhoGDI deficiency induces constitutive activation of Rho GTPases and COX-2 pathways in association with breast cancer progression

Rho GDP Dissociation Inhibitor (RhoGDI) is a key regulator of Rho GTPases. Here we report that loss of RhoGDI significantly accelerated xenograft tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in animal models. At the molecular level, RhoGDI depletion resulted in constitutive activation of Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Cdc42, and Rac1. This was accompanied by Rho GTPase translocation from the cytosol to membrane compartments. Notably, COX-2 protein levels, mRNA expression, and biological activity were markedly increased in RhoGDI-deficient cells. The upregulated expression of COX-2 was directly associated with increased Rho GTPase activity. Further, we assessed the expression level of RhoGDI protein in breast tumor specimens (n = 165) by immunohistochemistry. We found that RhoGDI expression is higher in the early stages of breast cancer followed by a significant decrease in malignant tumors and metastatic lesions (p 0.01). These data suggest that downregulation of RhoGDI could be a critical mechanism of breast tumor development, which may involve the hyperactivation of Rho GTPases and upregulation of COX-2 activity. Additional studies are warranted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of inhibiting Rho GTPases and COX-2 for treating breast cancers.
ISSP position stand: To sample or to specialize? Seven postulates about youth sport activities that lead to continued participation and elite performance

Abstract A comprehensive approach to sport expertise should consider the entire situation that is comprised of the person, the task, the environment, and the complex interplay of these components (Hackfort, 1986). Accordingly, the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (Côté, Baker, & Abernethy, 2007; Côté & Fraser‐Thomas, 2007) provides a comprehensive framework for sport expertise that outlines different pathways of involvement in sport. In pathways one and two, early sampling serves as the foundation for both elite and recreational sport participation. Early sampling is based on two main elements of childhood sport participation: 1) involvement in various sports and 2) participation in deliberate play. In contrast, pathway three shows the course to elite performance through early specialization in one sport. Early specialization implies a focused involvement on one sport and a large number of deliberate practice activities with the goal of improving sport skills and performance during childhood. This paper proposes seven postulates regarding the role that sampling and deliberate play, as opposed to specialization and deliberate practice, can have during childhood in promoting continued participation and elite performance in sport
Situational Variability of Experiential and Rational Information-Processing Styles in Stressful Situations

In this study, we investigated the reliability and validity of the Perceived Modes of Processing Inventory (PMPI) by Burns and D’Zurilla, which measures two types of information processing, experiential and rational. We administered the dispositional and situation-specific format of the PMPI to a sample of 64 eating-disorder (ED) patients. In the situation-specific format we manipulated the nature of the situation and the degree of emotional involvement. Results show a good reliability and validity of the dispositional and situation-specific format of the PMPI. The situation-specific format of the PMPI showed that ED patients show more rational than experiential processing in practical situations, and more experiential processing in interpersonal situations. These differences were more pronounced in situations with high emotional involvement. Finally, assessed situation-specific processing styles predicted particular ED-related behaviors and coping styles. The implications of the findings for therapeutic .
Adaptation, the Coding Catastrophe and Disaster Management in Natural Vision

If we stare at a waterfall for a while and then shift our gaze away, our visual environment will appear to move upward. First reported by Aristotle ∼330 BC, this phenomenon is known as the waterfall illusion or the motion aftereffect ([Anstis et al., 1998][1]). The motion aftereffect is a