Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating Social Responsibility and Marketing Strategy: An Introduction

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is increasingly being recognized by firms as central to core business activities, as opposed to a peripheral consideration largely associated with philanthropy. This trend has major ramifications for marketing strategy that were explored at an international conference on “Integrating Social Responsibility and Marketing Strategy” held at the Boston University School of Management in September 2003. The conference was co-chaired by C.B. Bhattacharya of Boston University and N. Craig Smith of London Business School and sponsored by the Aspen Institute’s Business and Society Program; Boston University School of Management; London Business School; the Marketing Science Institute; and the California Management Review and the Center for Responsible Business at the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley.This Special Issue of California Management Review on “Integrating SocialResponsibility and Marketing Strategy, edited by C.B. Bhattacharya, N. Craig Smith, and David Vogel, contains a subset of the papers presented at the conference following a process of peer review. In the first article, “Doing Better at Doing Good,” based on their ongoing consumer research in this domain, Bhattacharya and Sen propose a contingent, detailed model of when, why, and how consumers respond to CSR initiatives. A key insight from their model is that in addition to the sponsoring company, the participating consumers and the issue/cause also benefit from social initiatives. A broad perspective is also offered by Waddock and Bodwell in the second article, “Managing Responsibility. ” The authors identify parallels with the total quality movement and propose total responsibility management as an appropriate response to pressures today for increased corporate attention to CSR.
FGF-dependent generation of oligodendrocytes by a hedgehog-independent pathway

During development, spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursors (OPCs) originate from the ventral, but not dorsal, neuroepithelium. Sonic hedgehog (SHH) has crucial effects on oligodendrocyte production in the ventral region of the spinal cord; however, less is known regarding SHH signalling and oligodendrocyte generation from neural stem cells (NSCs). We show that NSCs isolated from the dorsal spinal cord can generate oligodendrocytes following FGF2 treatment, a MAP kinase dependent phenomenon that is associated with induction of the obligate oligogenic gene Olig2. Cyclopamine, a potent inhibitor of hedgehog signalling, did not block the formation of oligodendrocytes from FGF2-treated neurosphere cultures. Furthermore, neurospheres generated from SHH null mice also produced oligodendrocytes, even in the presence of cyclopamine. These findings are compatible with the idea of a hedgehog independent pathway for oligodendrocyte generation from neural stem cells.
The Value-Relevance of Changes in Financial Leverage Beyond Growth in Assets and GAAP Earnings

The economic performance of a firm is not directly observable. Prior research has shown that accounting earnings and cash flows measure the otherwise unobservable economic performance. However, these measures of performance are noisy and other variables can help us learn about economic performance. We argue that changes in financial leverage provide information about performance beyond what is available from earnings and cash flows. This concept is different from the traditional view in which financial leverage is a measure of risk. We show that changes in financial leverage are value-relevant beyond accounting earnings. As part of this analysis, we also provide evidence on the value-relevance of growth in assets. For both changes in financial leverage and growth in assets, we document that the information in these variables is incremental to the information in earnings, operating cash flows, and accruals. Although our focus is on contemporaneous returns, we also find that the market does not impound available information in changes in financial leverage in a timely fashion.
Molecular characterization of a second abortive phage resistance gene present in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ME2

The fifth phage resistance factor from the prototype phage-insensitive strain Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ME2 has been characterized and sequenced. The genetic determinant for Prf (phage resistance five) was subcloned from the conjugative plasmid pTN20, which also encodes a restriction and modification system. Typical of other abortive resistance mechanisms, Prf reduces the efficiency of plaquing to 10(-2) to 10(-3) and decreases the plaque size and burst size of the small isometric-headed phage p2 in L. lactis subsp. lactis LM0230. However, normal-size plaques occurred at a frequency of 10(-4) and contained mutant phages that were resistant to Prf, even after repeated propagation through a sensitive host. Prf does not prevent phage adsorption or promote restriction and modification activities, but 90% of Prf+ cells infected with phage p2 die. Thus, phage infections in Prf+ cells are aborted. Prf is effective in both L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains against several small isometric-headed phages but not against prolate-headed phages. The Prf determinant was localized by Tn5 mutagenesis and subcloning. DNA sequencing identified a 1,056-nucleotide structural gene designated abiC. Prf+ expression was obtained when abiC was subcloned into the lactococcal expression vector pMG36e. abiC is distinct from two other lactococcal abortive phage resistance genes, abiA (Hsp+, from L. lactis subsp. lactis ME2) and abi416 (Abi+, from L. lactis subsp. lactis IL416). Unlike abiA, the action of abiC does not appear to affect DNA replication. Thus, abiC represents a second abortive system found in ME2 that acts at a different point of the phage lytic cycle.
Finite element analysis for stent in patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) complication can pose several problems to neonates. Practices that use commonly available stents for neonates have been shown to generate others problems such as re-stenosis and thrombosis formation. Thus, there is a need to introduce a specialized stent for PDA application. In this study, initial effort to design a PDA stent has been started. Investigations were focused on the effect of flow dynamics to the failure of the stent inserted into the PDA. Load effects on stent were modeled using finite element modeling software. Unsteady flow effects including both systolic and diastolic conditions were used to mimic physiological conditions. Stress distributions on the stents struts are analyzed to determine critical area of high stress. Several types of stent including slotted stents and diamond shape stent were used for comparisons. The materials of stents are stainless steels 316L and Cobalt-Chromium L605. The results show that blood flow only contributes to 10-15 percent of the total stress required for the stent to fail. Distribution of the stresses was found to be highest in the area of joints of the struts for all types studied. The ratio of the maximum stress experienced by the struts to the minimum was roughly double. Comparing all the stresses experienced by the stents, the slotted stent was found to the most susceptible to least favorable.
Unintended Consequences: Pre-Service Science Teachers' Immersion in Modeling-Based Inquiry in Tropical Ecology

Learning modeling-based scientific inquiry (MBI) can be a challenge for educators and students alike. Teacher educators have used various approaches, experiences, and tools to aid in preparing future science teachers to use MBI in the classroom. However, this ambitious vision of practice remains elusive for most science teachers. This qualitative case study investigates the following research questions: (1) What and how do participants learn from immersion in an authentic modeling-based ecology experience that is intended to be both a science experience and a science teaching experience? (2) What are the unintended consequences of learning that is situated in modeling-based inquiry for pre-service teachers? Findings from this study indicate that authentic inquiry experiences, if too far-removed from teachers’ prior or future classroom practice, will not transfer easily to a teacher’s practice. Furthermore, a short-term experience engaging with scientists might emphasize science content and obscure the instructor’s focus on science teaching practices. Findings from this study can inform science teacher educators about the affordances and limitations of situating learning in a modeling-based inquiry community of practice. Keywords : modeling-based inquiry, pre-service teachers, science teacher education, ecology education
Consumer Behavior in Press Sector: The Influence of Reasons for Reading on the Choice of Digital Channel

ABSTRACT The development of the Internet in recent years is affecting working of most businesses. One of the sectors most affected is journalism, which is becoming more and more important on the Web. This study analyzes the dual nature of computing mediums from the perspective of demand, contrasting the existence of differentiated reading behaviors between the digital and traditional medium. We also identify the motivations behind reading the press and analyze the relationship between these motivations and the choice of the digital press. Thus, the two mediums could be considered complementary products, since they satisfy just one need and it is the same for both, but at the same time are associated with different reasons and occasions of use.
Alterations in enteric nerve and smooth-muscle function in inflammatory bowel diseases.

: Although there is much focus on the factors that lead to the expression of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with a view to identifying the cause(s) and cure, work is still required to better understand the pathophysiology of the disease, with views to developing innovative treatment approaches for those patients with established and often complicated disease. This review examines the nature and extent of enteric nerve and smooth-muscle involvement in IBD. Parallels are drawn with recent animal studies, which clearly demonstrate that the deeper neuromuscular tissues of the gut are rapidly and profoundly altered after even superficial degrees of inflammation in the mucosa, and that this can occur without penetration of these tissues by the inflammatory response. In the enteric nervous system, there are quantitative and qualitative changes in neurotransmitter content, and recent work has shown that these agents (e.g., substance P) possess proinflammatory properties, whereas other (e.g., calcitonin gene-related peptide) possess antiinflammatory actions. Thus, the balance of neurotransmission clearly is important in determining the expression of diseases. With respect to muscle, inflammation-induced changes lead to alterations in contractility, which contribute to altered motility. There are also trophic changes and collagen formation that contribute to strictures of Crohn's disease. More recent work has focused on the ability of muscle to influence immune function through cytokine production, antigen presentation, and adhesion molecule expression to activate T lymphocytes. Thus, the neuromuscular tissues act not just as "innocent bystanders" but also as "active participants" in the inflamed gut.
Class, Patriarchy, and Women's Work in Bangladesh

1976-1978 data from a rural district in Bangladesh are used to analyze the status of women in that country. The functioning social system of the country is a patriarchy which allows men to dominate women in all aspects of life. In the rural areas patriarchy combines with the economic class system to produce a rigid division of labor along sex lines a segregated labor market and a stratified system which places women at risk of abrupt declines in status. Kinship political and religious factors combine to subordinate women. The economic status of women is totally dependent on their husbands; when they lose their husbands they also lose their status. The patriarchal system seems to be in disequilibrium today in that normative male obligations towards women are being ignored while the system still imposes the female obligations within the system. An analysis of time spent at labor shows that men generally work outside the home while women work near the home. The nature of womens work is detailed. This sexual classification holds true across class lines. Different work patterns hours worked and authority relations are characteristic of each state in a womans life. Hierarachy between women is based on age young women being subservient to older women. Child care is only time intensive for women in the 1st years of the childs life. High fertility is a means for women to guarantee some sort of economic security for themselves.
Essays on the Transmission and Diffusion of Productive Knowledge in International Economics

Numerous empirical studies have shown the difficulties associated with the transmission of knowledge and the limitations of its diffusion process. What are the implications of these difficulties and limitations to international economics? This dissertation deals with this question by looking at how productive knowledge plays a role in the evolution of the comparative advantage of nations and the international expansion of multinational corporations. The first chapter finds that a country is 65% more likely to start exporting a good that is being exported by any of its geographic neighbors, consistently with evidence on the limited geographic patterns of knowledge diffusion. The second chapter finds that migrants, serving as carriers of productive knowledge, play a role in explaining the appearances of new export industries in both their sending and receiving countries. In particular, in terms of their ability to induce exports in the average country, an increase of only 65,000 people in the stock of migrants is associated with about 15% increase in the likelihood of adding a new product to a country’s export basket. The figure becomes 15,000 for skilled migrants. The third chapter looks at how the barriers to knowledge transmission within the firm limit the horizontal expansion of multinational corporations. The findings suggest that multinational corporations are, on average, about 12% less likely to horizontally expand a sector that is one standard deviation above the mean in the knowledge intensity scale. iii
Role of concept map in teaching general awareness and pharmacotherapy of HIV/AIDS among second professional medical students

Objective: Medical students as future doctors will play an important role in caring for HIV-infected patients. This study assessed and evaluated the existing level of knowledge of MBBS students about HIV/AIDS given through lecture delivery methods and by use of concept map (CM). Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 150 professional MBBS students of tertiary care hospital. A pretest was conducted by giving 10 multiple choice questions (MCQ) of general awareness and 15 questions regarding pharmacotherapy of HIV/AIDS. In between pre- and post-test, a session of 1-week integrated teaching module was organized. After completion of integrated teaching, 2 h session of CM on general awareness and pharmacotherapy of HIV/AIDS was taken. A posttest was conducted using MCQs and problem-based question (PBQ) to assess the effect of integrated teaching and CM on their knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Feedback was also taken from the students to regarding their views about CM. Results: There was a significant increase in student’s score in MCQ test after integrated teaching than pretest (P < 0.05). There was also significant improvement in PBQ score after CM than that of after integrated teaching (P < 0.05). Students’ perception about the effectiveness of CM was positive. Conclusion: CM can make a significant improvement in the knowledge of medical students and were motivated and developed interest in the subject.
An Empirical-Investigation Of The Relative Performance Evaluation Of Corporate-Executives

This paper investigates empirically whether top corporate executives are compensated as if their performance is evaluated relative to the performance of competitors.1 This research extends previous investigations into the structural relation between executive compensation and absolute measures of firm performance.2 The premise of these investigations was that tying executive pay to firm performance helps align the goals of executives with the goals of the firm's owners. The efficiency
Factors affecting high school graduation rates in metropolitan Atlanta public schools

EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP OGBUAGU, ARUNMA B. CHRISTY B.ED. FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC! UNIVERSITY OF PORT-HARCOURT, 1987 M.ED KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY, 1996 FACTORS AFFECTING HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATION RATES IN METROPOLITAN ATLANTA PUBLIC SCHOOLS Committee Chair: Dr. Trevor Turner Dissertation dated May 2011 The purpose of this study was to critically examine the graduation rate of students who enroll in high schools in Georgia, and to identif~’ the variables that may be impacting their graduation rate. The dependent variable was graduation rate and the independent variables were socioeconomic status (SES), class size, student attendance, teacher qualifications, teacher experience, school location, percent of students passing the Georgia High School Graduation Test (GHSGT) mathematics test, percent of students passing GHSGT social studies test, percent of students passing GHSGT English ! language arts test, percent of students passing GHSGT science test, and percent of students passing GHSGT writing test. The quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The data are presented in two parts,
The contemporary contradictions of egalitarianism: an empirical analysis of the relationship between the old and new left/right alignments

This paper deals with the often-observed complex relationship between the so-called old, ‘economic’ left/right alignment (egalitarianism) and the new, ‘cultural’ alignment. Many authors have observed that the less educated members of society occupy an apparently contradictory position, combining a leftist stand in favor of more equality and government intervention, with a rightist stand on minority rights, the treatment of criminals, and other aspects of democratic citizenship. Various explanations have been offered for this paradox. This paper proposes an explanation in terms of vulnerability and the way in which it is culturally processed. Less educated people are often vulnerable and long for more equality. The stronger their desire for equality, the greater their frustration when feeling vulnerable, and the greater the need to cope with that vulnerability. They do so, using particular narrative-coping strategies that create an affinity with the attitudes that form the new left/right alignment. One such coping strategy is based on feelings of relative deprivation. In the empirical part of the paper it is shown that relative deprivation completely explains the paradoxical position of the less educated, and that, when taking feelings of deprivation into account, the two left/right dimensions are in fact independent of each other at all levels of education, creating a situation that leads to tensions within parties that pursue egalitarian policies. The mechanism uncovered in this analysis reveals a tension at the heart of egalitarianism: the stronger the longing for equality among the vulnerable members of society, the more likely they are to opt for right wing positions on the new left/right dimension.
Analysis of VCO Phase Noise in Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops

This paper presents a phase noise analysis of charge-pump phase-locked-loops. Fundamental results from the theory of discrete-time systems are employed to derive closed-form expressions of noise transfer functions and design guidelines. The proposed expressions allows predicting the PLL in-band noise and spurs induced by VCO internal white and flicker noise sources and by external interferences coupled to VCO most sensitive nodes. To verify the correctness of the presented theoretical results, a simulation method is developed, which takes into account the time-varying nonlinear characteristics of the VCO and which is much more efficient than transistor-level noise simulations.
Arctic Tropospheric Winds Derived from TOVS Satellite Retrievals

Abstract Accurate three-dimensional wind fields are essential for diagnosing a variety of important climate processes in the Arctic, such as the advection and deposition of heat and moisture, changes in circulation features, and transport of trace constituents. In light of recent studies revealing significant biases in upper-level winds over the Arctic Ocean from reanalyses, new daily wind fields are generated from 22.5 yr of satellite-retrieved thermal-wind profiles, corrected with a recently developed mass-conservation scheme. Compared to wind measurements from rawinsondes during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic (SHEBA) experiment, biases in satellite-retrieved winds are near zero in the meridional direction, versus biases of over 50% for reanalyses. Errors in the zonal component are smaller than those observed in reanalysis winds in the upper troposphere, while in the lower troposphere the effects of Greenland introduce uncertainty in the mass-conservation calculation. Further reduction in error m.
How Can White Pre-Service Teachers Experience the Power of Literacy?

This study is concerned with the oppressive power of literacy. While most of the critical literacy literature focuses on how to empower the marginalized against oppression, inadequate attention is paid to whether the dominant are aware of the oppressive power they possess. It is argued that unless the dominant are cognizant of what they have against the marginalized, empowerment is difficult to be realized in literacy education. Hence, the focus of this study is to explore how teacher educators can design a curriculum that helps predominantly White pre-service teachers experience, and reflect critically on, the oppressive power of literacy. It is hoped that through this experience they can rethink the role they play in literacy education.
The Influence of Partisanship, Ideology, and the Law on Redistricting Decisions in the Federal Courts

Redistricting cases offer a unique opportunity to test the effects of partisan favoritism in judging and to investigate when partisanship might influence decision making distinctly from ideology. How partisan are federal judges? In an analysis of federal district court cases from 1981 to 2007, this study finds that federal judges are neither neutral arbiters nor crass partisans. Instead, judging in redistricting cases can best be described in terms of constrained partisanship. When redistricting law is clear, judges eschew decision making that furthers their party’s interests. However, where legal precedent is ambiguous, partisan favoritism exacts a strong influence on judicial behavior.
The Measurement of Relatedness: An Application to Corporate Diversification

Employing commodity flow data from input-output (IO) tables, we construct two IO-based measures to capture interindustry and intersegment vertical relatedness and complementarity. At the industry level, we demonstrate that the new IO-based measures outperform traditional measures based on Standard Industry Classification (SIC) codes. At the firm level, we report that firms increase their degree of vertical relatedness and complementarity over time. The increasing pattern is robust; it is not sensitive to accounting changes in segment definition, different weighting methods, and different IO data employed. As an application, we examine the valuation effects of relatedness in the context of corporate diversification. Copyright 2000 by University of Chicago Press.