Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Caddies and ‘Cronies’: Golf and changing patterns of exclusion and inclusion in post-apartheid South Africa

Abstract The golf course is a significant social and ecological space which contributes to both increasing social polarisation and environmental injustice. Golf illustrates the shift from race to class-based exclusion that has characterised South Africa since 1994. and the increasing conspiCUOUS consumption that shift has involved. The paper first demonstrates how golf involves the exclusion of the majority of South Africans from crucial resources. and then how golf is promoting inclusion into a new power elite that is marked by the co-existence of political and economic power.
Complementary roles of medial temporal lobes and mid‐dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for working memory for novel and familiar trial‐unique visual stimuli

It has been suggested that working memory (WM) for novel information requires the medial temporal lobes (MTL), but is not necessary for WM for familiar stimuli. In previous studies that directly compared WM for novel and familiar stimuli, only the novel stimuli were trial‐unique. Here, 16 young human subjects performed a Sternberg WM task with visual scenes while in a functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner. All task stimuli were trial‐unique, but were either new (Novel condition) or previously learned (Familiar condition). This design allowed investigation of whether MTL and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity is related specifically to the novelty/familiarity of the stimuli or to their trial‐unique status during WM. We observed greater hippocampal and parahippocampal activity during encoding and maintenance for novel than for familiar stimuli. In contrast, right mid‐dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) activity was greater during encoding of familiar than novel stimuli. The mid‐dlPFC was not recruited during maintenance or for retrieval when the Familiar condition was contrasted with the Novel condition. However, left mid‐dlPFC activity was present at retrieval when correct Match trials (i.e. hits) were contrasted with correct Non‐match trials (i.e. correct rejections) for the Novel condition. The results support the hypothesis that MTL regions are required for the encoding and maintenance of novel stimuli during WM, demonstrating that the observed MTL activity is not related to the trial‐uniqueness of the stimuli per se. Furthermore, the observed activation pattern in mid‐dlPFC suggests a role for the mid‐dlPFC in executive control‐associated processes related to monitoring of scene familiarity at encoding and retrieval during WM.
Militarized Compellent Threats, 1918–2001

The study of military coercion is a central topic in international relations, and in recent years research on coercive threats has yielded a long list of important theoretical innovations. In 1960, Thomas Schelling drew a distinction between threats meant to deter and those designed to compel, but empirical research about coercion has paid much more attention to deterrence than compellence. This is problematic because deterrence and compellence are thought to operate according to different dynamics. This article introduces the Militarized Compellent Threats dataset, which is designed specifically to help test hypotheses about the use and effectiveness of compellent threats in international politics. I describe the rationale behind the dataset, present coding procedures and basic descriptive statistics, and offer comparisons to several related datasets.
Laparoscopic left and right adrenalectomy from an anterior approach – is there any difference? Outcomes in 176 consecutive patients

Introduction Traditionally, in open surgery, right adrenalectomy is considered technically more demanding than its left-sided counterpart. This belief is supposed to be attributable mainly to different anatomic characteristics of the adrenal veins. Whether this opinion is also correct for laparoscopic adrenalectomy remains elusive. Aim To compare the outcomes of left versus right laparoscopic adrenalectomy from an anterior approach. Material and methods Retrospective statistical analysis of a prospectively compiled database of consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a single center with focus on potential differences in the left- versus right-sided procedure in terms of demographic parameters, tumor size, operating time, occurrence of serious intraoperative complications, conversion, length of hospital stay and re-operation rate. Results One hundred seventy-six patients underwent elective laparoscopic adrenalectomy – 80 left-sided (45.45%) and 96 right-sided (54.55%). No significant difference was found between the groups in terms of age (54.09 ±11.2 vs. 56.27 ±11.6; p = 0.2), tumor size (3.39 ±1.86 vs. 3.26 ±1.66; p = 0.64), operating time (71.84 ±22.33 vs. 72.06 ±30.99; p = 0.95), occurrence of serious intraoperative complications (7.5% vs. 10.4%; p = 0.5), conversion (1.25% vs. 1.04%; p = 0.9), length of hospital stay (4.52 ±1.30 vs. 4.37 ±1.91; p = 0.55) or reoperation rate (5% vs. 1%; p = 0.11). There was no mortality. Conclusions No significant difference was found between the left and right laparoscopic adrenalectomy in terms of operating time, occurrence of serious intraoperative complications, conversion rate or postoperative outcome. Therefore, the opinion that the right-sided procedure is more difficult does not seem to be justified for laparoscopic adrenalectomy from the anterior approach.
Influential Communication Factors in Employment Interviews

This study explored the factor structure underlying communication behaviors in employment interviews, and the effects of interviewer gender and age. Results revealed six dimensions of influential communication factors in employment interviews: resourcefulness, written credentials, support for arguments, social attributes, comport ment, and style. An applicant's support for arguments and social attributes appeared to be more important to younger recruiters than to older recruiters, but neither gender nor gender by age interaction significantly affected factor importance.
Pain Catastrophizing Predicts Pain Intensity, Disability, and Psychological Distress Independent of the Level of Physical Impairment

ObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to examine the relation between catastrophizing and pain intensity, pain-related disability, and psychological distress in a group of patients with chronic pain, controlling for the level of physical impairment. Furthermore, it was examined whether these relations are the same for three subgroups of chronic pain patients: those with chronic low back pain, those with chronic musculoskeletal pain other than low back pain, and those with miscellaneous chronic pain complaints, low back pain and musculoskeletal pain excluded. DesignCorrelational, cross-sectional. Patients and SettingParticipants in this study were 211 consecutive referrals presenting to a university hospital pain management and research center, all of whom had a chronic pain problem. ResultsOverall, chronic pain patients who catastrophize reported more pain intensity, felt more disabled by their pain problem, and experienced more psychological distress. Regression analyses revealed that catastrophizing was a potent predictor of pain intensity, disability, and psychological distress, even when controlled for physical impairment. No fundamental differences between the three subgroups were found in this respect. Finally, it was demonstrated that there was no relation between physical impairment and catastrophizing. ConclusionsIt was concluded that for different subgroups of chronic pain patients, catastrophizing plays a crucial role in the chronic pain experience, significantly contributing to the variance of pain intensity, pain-related disability, and psychological distress. These relations are not confounded by the level of physical impairment. Some clinical implications of the results are discussed. Finally, the authors concluded that these results support the validity of a cognitive–behavioral conceptualization of chronic pain–related disability.
BioNLP Shared Task 2011 - Bacteria Biotope

This paper presents the Bacteria Biotope task as part of the BioNLP Shared Tasks 2011. The Bacteria Biotope task aims at extracting the location of bacteria from scientific Web pages. Bacteria location is a crucial knowledge in biology for phenotype studies. The paper details the corpus specification, the evaluation metrics, summarizes and discusses the participant results.
Stochasticity in Natural Forage Production Affects Use of Urban Areas by Black Bears: Implications to Management of Human-Bear Conflicts

The rapid expansion of global urban development is increasing opportunities for wildlife to forage and become dependent on anthropogenic resources. Wildlife using urban areas are often perceived dichotomously as urban or not, with some individuals removed in the belief that dependency on anthropogenic resources is irreversible and can lead to increased human-wildlife conflict. For American black bears (Ursus americanus), little is known about the degree of bear urbanization and its ecological mechanisms to guide the management of human-bear conflicts. Using 6 years of GPS location and activity data from bears in Aspen, Colorado, USA, we evaluated the degree of bear urbanization and the factors that best explained its variations. We estimated space use, activity patterns, survival, and reproduction and modeled their relationship with ecological covariates related to bear characteristics and natural food availability. Space use and activity patterns were dependent on natural food availability (good or poor food years), where bears used higher human density areas and became more nocturnal in poor food years. Patterns were reversible, i.e., individuals using urban areas in poor food years used wildland areas in subsequent good food years. While reproductive output was similar across years, survival was lower in poor food years when bears used urban areas to a greater extent. Our findings suggest that bear use of urban areas is reversible and fluctuates with the availability of natural food resources, and that removal of urban individuals in times of food failures has the potential to negatively affect bear populations. Given that under current predictions urbanization is expected to increase by 11% across American black bear range, and that natural food failure years are expected to increase in frequency with global climate change, alternative methods of reducing urban human-bear conflict are required if the goal is to prevent urban areas from becoming population sinks.
Contested voices? Methodological tensions in creative visual research with children

This paper contributes to the body of work within the social studies of childhood on creative visual methods and the emerging critique on the participatory assumptions of child-centred creative visual methodology. Drawing on ethnographically informed research with a group of children aged 8–12 years which utilised a range of creative methods including child-led video and photography, the paper provides a methodological focus on the children’s interactions with the adult research team, each other and with the children whom they filmed, interviewed and photographed. The paper suggests that attention to the dynamics between children as researchers and participants is essential for understanding how children’s voices are made (and diminished) in child-led creative visual methods. Methodological attention to the ways in which children’s voices are differently (and unequally) heard in the research encounter is essential for evaluating what such methods bring to research with children and challenges theorisations of a singular children’s voice suggested in the literature.
Child Social Development in Context

In his later writings, Bronfenbrenner revised his ecological theory, resulting in the bioecological model that gave prominence to proximal processes and the relationship between the context and individual characteristics. Drawing on the bioecological model, we hypothesized that (a) contextual influences will be mediated by proximal processes, (b) proximal processes will have a more powerful impact on children’s development than contextual factors, and (c) the effect of contextual and proximal processes will vary as a function of child characteristic and developmental outcome. Data used were from a sample of 28,064 six- to eleven-year-olds in the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. A multigroup structural equation model that employed a process-person-context research design was used to analyze the data. In general, support was found for the meditational hypothesis and the hypothesis that the impact of contextual factors and proximal processes varies as a function of person and the developmental outcome. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that proximal processes exert a more powerful effect on development than contextual factors.
Mobile Authentication Service : Curbing circulation of fake Medicines and Assessing Consumer ' s Response

Background: Mobile Authentication Service (MAS) was introduced to reduce the incidence of fake and counterfeit medicines distribution. MAS involved the participation of regulators, manufacturers and consumers in curbing fake drugs distribution. Mobile Authentication Service involves consumers scratching codes placed beneath a panel on the blister packs of medicines and texting the codes to a specified number as a Short Messaging Service (SMS). The consumer receives a text confirming the authenticity or otherwise of the medicine. Objectives: The study objective was to assess public response to MAS and the effectiveness of MAS in curbing fake drug distribution. Methods: A questionnaire was developed to interview key personnel of two companies using MAS. The questionnaire contained questions that assessed the effectiveness of MAS from the perspective of manufacturers, as well as the report of fake using MAS by consumers and their rating of consumers' response to MAS (SMS queries). Monthly sales for products with MAS in unit pack size and consumers' SMS queries received by the companies were collected where available and analyzed. Results: The result showed consumers' queries (SMS) were low compared to sales record (18-55%). In spite of this low usage of MAS, MAS was reported as effective in curbing fake drug distribution by companies' key personnel interviewed using the service. Conclusion: Consumer response to MAS is low, but MAS is effectively curbing circulation of fake medicines. There is need to promote this service among consumers and encourage other drug manufacturer to use it on their products.
A GCM Motif Protein Is Involved in Placenta-specific Expression of Human Aromatase Gene*

A new cis-element, trophoblast-specific element 2 (TSE2) is located in the placenta-specific enhancer of the human aromatase gene that dictates its tissue-specific expression. In the minimum enhancer region, an element similar to the trophoblast-specific element (TSE), originally described for the human chorionic gonadotropin α-subunit gene, also exists (Yamada, K., Harada, N., Honda, S., and Takagi, Y. (1995)J. Biol. Chem. 270, 25064–25069). The co-presence of TSE and TSE2 is required to direct trophoblast-specific expression driven by a heterologous thymidine kinase promoter. A 2562-base pair cDNA clone encoding a 436-amino acid protein that binds to TSE2 was isolated from a human placental cDNA library using a yeast one-hybrid system with the TSE2 as a reporter sequence. The protein was revealed to be identical to hGCMa, a mammalian homologue of theDrosophila GCM (glia cells missing) protein. Expression of hGCMa is restricted to the placenta. The protein also binds to PLE1 in the leptin promoter among other cis-elements reported to confer placenta-specific expression, suggesting that hGCMa is a placenta-specific transcription regulator, possibly involved in the expression of multiple placenta-specific genes.
A 2.4 GHz CMOS quadrature LC-oscillator/mixer

Coupled LC oscillators are very often used to achieve quadrature outputs. In this paper we present an expression for the oscillation frequency of a coupled oscillator considering the effect of mismatches. Then we calculate the new value of the resonator effective Q due to varying of the oscillation frequency, and we evaluate the correspondent phase noise degradation. We show that this degradation is critical for high quality factor inductors. We evaluate the capability of a coupled LC oscillator to perform the mixing function by inserting a signal in the oscillator feedback structure. The theoretical results are confirmed by simulation.
A Dynamic Hobbesian Approach to Aggression and Self-Regulation

Theory and metatheory combine to create the unique paradigm that influences how researchers interpret data and make hypotheses. By examining one combination of theory (dynamic systems) and metatheory (a Hobbesian outlook), this paper provides a solid theoretical framework for examining self-regulation, aggression, and resource control. This paradigm encourages researchers to consider the functions of aggression (reactive vs. instrumental) and forms of self-regulation (active vs. automatic) as unique constructs and generates hypotheses about their development and interaction. These hypotheses were tested in a sample of preschool children, and results showed that active regulation, automatic regulation, and aggression uniquely predict a significant portion of the variance in teacher-rated resource control.
Hormone therapy in elderly women; a comparative study with alendronate of the effects on bone, cardiovascular risk factors, periodontal conditions and quality of life

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced skeletal mass and deterioration of the microachitecture of the skeleton. Consequently, skeletal fragility and risk of fracture increase (Anonymous 1993). Thirty percent of 65–70-year-old women have osteoporosis, and after the age of 80 its prevalence increases up to 70 %. Postmenopausal women with osteoporosis seem to be at an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Furthermore, the deterioration of oral health, as shown by attachment loss of teeth, is proportional to the severity of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis can be treated with many different forms of medication, but data on the efficacy and safety of estrogen treatment comes mainly from early postmenopausal women. We randomized 90 elderly osteoporotic women between 65 and 80 years of age to receive hormone therapy (HT) (a continuous combination of 2 mg oral estradiol plus 1 mg norethisterone acetate) or 10 mg of alendronate daily or their combination for two years and compared the treatments with regard to their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and turnover, and two surrogate markers of the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), C-reactive protein (CRP) and E-selectin, as well as oral health. The effect of HT on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was studied in a population-based cohort of 1663 postmenopausal women, mean age 68 years, out of which 585 women were estrogen users and 1078 were non-users. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at 0, 12 and 24 months. Urinary N-telopeptide (NTX) of type I collagen, a marker of bone resorption, and serum aminoterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen (PINP), a marker of bone formation, were assayed every six months of treatment. Two surrogate markers of CVD risk, serum CRP and E-selectin, were assayed at 0, 6, and 12 months. Dental, periodontal and intraand extraoral status, saliva analyses, panoramic tomography of the jaws, buffering capacity, oral yeasts and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-8 levels were studied to evaluate oral health status and for mouth symptoms a structured questionnaire was used. The HRQOL was measured by means of a generic, comprehensive, 15-dimensional, standardized, self-administered questionnaire. Lumbar spine BMD increased similarly in all treatment groups, ranging from 6.8 % to 8.4 % at 12 months and from 9.1 % to 11.2 % at 24 months. Only HT increased femoral neck BMD significantly at both 12 (4.9 %) and 24 months (5.8 %). At the latter time point the HT group differed significantly from the other groups
Biomechanical measurements of stopping and stripping torques during screw insertion in five types of human and artificial humeri

During orthopedic surgery, screws are inserted by “subjective feel” in humeri for fracture fixation, that is, stopping torque, while trying to prevent accidental over-tightening that causes screw–bone interface failure, that is, stripping torque. However, no studies exist on stopping torque, stripping torque, or stopping/stripping torque ratio in human or artificial humeri. This study evaluated five types of humeri, namely, human fresh-frozen (n = 19), human embalmed (n = 18), human dried (n = 15), artificial “normal” (n = 13), and artificial “osteoporotic” (n = 13). An orthopedic surgeon used a torque screwdriver to insert 3.5-mm-diameter cortical screws into humeral shafts and 6.5-mm-diameter cancellous screws into humeral heads by “subjective feel” to obtain stopping and stripping torques. The five outcome measures were raw and normalized stopping torque, raw and normalized stripping torque, and stopping/stripping torque ratio. Normalization was done as raw torque/screw–bone interface area. For “gold standard” fresh-frozen humeri, cortical screw tests yielded averages of 1312 N mm (raw stopping torque), 30.4 N/mm (normalized stopping torque), 1721 N mm (raw stripping torque), 39.0 N/mm (normalized stripping torque), and 82% (stopping/stripping torque ratio). Similarly, fresh-frozen humeri gave cancellous screw average results of 307 N mm (raw stopping torque), 0.9 N/mm (normalized stopping torque), 392 N mm (raw stripping torque), 1.2 N/mm (normalized stripping torque), and 79% (stopping/stripping torque ratio). Of the five cortical screw parameters for fresh-frozen humeri versus other groups, statistical equivalence (p ≥ 0.05) occurred in four cases (embalmed), three cases (dried), four cases (artificial “normal”), and four cases (artificial “osteoporotic”). Of the five cancellous screw parameters for fresh-frozen humeri versus other groups, statistical equivalence (p ≥ 0.05) occurred in five cases (embalmed), one case (dried), one case (artificial “normal”), and zero cases (artificial “osteoporotic”). Stopping/stripping torque ratios were relatively constant for all groups at 77%–88% (cortical screws) and 79%–92% (cancellous screws).
Environmental Ethics from the Japanese Perspective

The subject of Western environmental ethics has been widely written about and discussed but the same can not be said of ‘Japanese’ environmental ethics. This discipline has not been covered in any branch of Japanese philosophy nor has there been sufficient pressure exerted by ecologists on Japanese thinkers and writers to explain how the Japanese code addresses environmental concerns. Although some Japanese scholars have in the past articulated their ideas on working with the natural world, the field covering the spirit and core of Japanese environmental ethics remains largely unexplored. This paper examines and compares the discipline of Japanese environmental ethics, a ‘bottom up process’, with that of the Western model, a ‘top down process’. It defines, and presents a new insight into environmental ethics from the Japanese perspective where the concept of ‘living with nature’ is more sensitive towards the environment than is the Western one of ‘taming nature’.