Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Supplemental Material for “ The role of nucleus accumbens in knowing when to respond ”

Supplemental Methods Subjects: Male Long-Evans rats (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA), weighing between 275-325g on arrival, were individually housed and were given ad libitum access to food and water, except during testing. Beginning five days before testing and continuing until testing ended, rats were food deprived to 85% of their baseline body weight. The animals were placed on a 12 hour light/dark cycle and tested only during the light cycle. Rats were tested at the University of Maryland, School of Medicine in accordance with University of Maryland and NIH guidelines.
Donor Bone Marrow-Derived T Cells Inhibit GVHD Induced by Donor Lymphocyte Infusion in Established Mixed Allogeneic Hematopoietic Chimeras

Delayed administration of donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to established mixed chimeras has been shown to achieve anti-tumor responses without graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Herein we show that de novo donor BM-derived T cells that are tolerant of the recipients are important in preventing GVHD in mixed chimeras receiving delayed DLI. Mixed chimeras lacking donor BM-derived T cells developed significantly more severe GVHD than those with donor BM-derived T cells after DLI, even though both groups had comparable levels of total T cells at the time of DLI. Post-DLI depletion of donor BM-derived T cells in mixed chimeras, as late as 20 days after DLI, also provoked severe GVHD. Although both CD4 and CD8 T cells contributed to the protection, the latter were significantly more effective, suggesting that inhibition of GVHD was not mainly mediated by CD4 regulatory T cells. The lack of donor BM-derived T cells was associated with markedly increased accumulation of DLI-derived alloreactive T cells in parenchymal GVHD target tissues. Thus, donor BM-derived T cells are an important factor in determining the risk of GVHD and therefore, offer a potential therapeutic target for preventing and ameliorating GVHD in the setting of delayed DLI in established mixed chimeras.
Testing Elderly People's Fear of Crime Using a Virtual Environment

The fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of potential crimes. This fear often restricts normal daily activities and lowers the quality of life. For elderly people, fear of crime has a practical effect on their activities. Thus, the study of the fear of crime has been one of the important subjects in the victimization study. However, since there was no common agreement on the definition of the fear of crime among researchers, the methodological issues of measuring the fear of crime have been debated for decades. The methods that are most frequently used in measuring fear of rime are victimization surveys and interviews. These methods have inherent limitations of measuring fear of crime particularly with elderly people. This paper explores a new way of measuring fear of crime using a virtual environment from the behavioural aspects. The case study shows the research experiments with the elderly people who make a choice of routes in the virtual environment that replicates the Vancouver Chinatown. The experimental results suggest that this new method of measuring fear of crime using a virtual environment has many benefits particularly when it is used with elderly people. The limitations of this method and the future research are discussed.
The problematic relationship of communicative planning theory and the Finnish legal culture

Among theorists, there are rather strong differences in opinion whether communicative planning theory helps to fight or advances neo-liberalism. This article takes some distance to the debate concerning the role of communication in planning and analyses it from the point of view of different legal cultures in different European countries. It is argued in the article that the sources of legitimacy of public planning might be fundamentally different outside the Anglo-American context, in which communicative planning theory has largely been developed. Planning works in different ways in different national contexts; this is why it is not obvious that communicative planning theory would help to fight neo-liberalism in planning. The article explores the topic from the Finnish perspective, and draws on writings about legal mentality and comparative law.
On the General Analysis of Coordinated Regularized Zero-Forcing Precoding: An Application to Two-Tier Small-Cell Networks

General analysis of expected per-terminal signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and ergodic per-cell sum spectral efficiency for a multi-cellular system with coordinated regularized zero-forcing (RZF) precoding is presented. An application to two-tier small-cell networks is considered, assuming independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and semi-correlated Rayleigh fading channels, with spatial correlation at the base station. Our analysis caters for equal and unequal correlation matrices for each terminal. For the i.i. d. case and when each terminal is assigned an equal correlation matrix, our expressions are averaged over the eigenvalue densities of the channel correlation matrices, which follow an uncorrelated and correlated complex central Wishart distribution. With unequal correlation matrices, we exploit the high signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) convergence of RZF precoding to zero-forcing (ZF) precoding and use a second-order Neumann series expansion to derive closed-form approximations to the expected RZF SINR and ergodic sum spectral efficiency, via the expected ZF SNR and ergodic sum spectral efficiency. Our numerical results show the adverse effects of intercellular interference, along with the improvements in the above-mentioned performance metrics with network-wide coordination over cell-wide and macro-only coordination strategies. The derived expressions are robust to changes in system dimensions, operating SNRs, and correlation levels.
Multi-Band, Wide-Beam, Circularly Polarized, Crossed, Asymmetrically Barbed Dipole Antennas for GPS Applications

This communication presents a multi-band, circularly polarized (CP), wide beamwidth, highly efficient antenna for use in global positioning systems (GPS). The primary radiating elements are two crossed printed dipoles, which incorporate a 90° phase delay line realized with a vacant-quarter printed ring to produce the CP radiation and broadband impedance matching. To achieve multiple resonances, each dipole arm is divided into four branches with different lengths, and a printed inductor with a barbed end is inserted in each branch to reduce the radiator size. An inverted, pyramidal, cavity-backed reflector is incorporated with the crossed dipoles to produce a unidirectional radiation pattern with a wide 3-dB axial ratio (AR) beamwidth and a high front-to-back ratio. The multi-band antennas have broad impedance matching and 3-dB AR bandwidths, which cover the GPS L1-L5 bands.
Optimality of Human Contour Integration

For processing and segmenting visual scenes, the brain is required to combine a multitude of features and sensory channels. It is neither known if these complex tasks involve optimal integration of information, nor according to which objectives computations might be performed. Here, we investigate if optimal inference can explain contour integration in human subjects. We performed experiments where observers detected contours of curvilinearly aligned edge configurations embedded into randomly oriented distractors. The key feature of our framework is to use a generative process for creating the contours, for which it is possible to derive a class of ideal detection models. This allowed us to compare human detection for contours with different statistical properties to the corresponding ideal detection models for the same stimuli. We then subjected the detection models to realistic constraints and required them to reproduce human decisions for every stimulus as well as possible. By independently varying the four model parameters, we identify a single detection model which quantitatively captures all correlations of human decision behaviour for more than 2000 stimuli from 42 contour ensembles with greatly varying statistical properties. This model reveals specific interactions between edges closely matching independent findings from physiology and psychophysics. These interactions imply a statistics of contours for which edge stimuli are indeed optimally integrated by the visual system, with the objective of inferring the presence of contours in cluttered scenes. The recurrent algorithm of our model makes testable predictions about the temporal dynamics of neuronal populations engaged in contour integration, and it suggests a strong directionality of the underlying functional anatomy.
Early Childhood Computer Experience and Cognitive Development among Urban Low-Income Preschoolers

This study investigates the association between home computer experience and cognitive development among preschool children in inner-city Head Start programs. Approximately 200 children enrolled in four Head Start centers in Detroit, Michigan were recruited to participate in this study. Data was collected from parents regarding the children's experience with computers in the home environment, including their access to a computer, the amount of time spent on the computer, and types of programs used on the computer. Each child was assessed using the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) and the Boehm Test of Basic Concepts, Third Edition Preschool (Boehm-3). Results suggest that using a computer is positively correlated with some aspects of cognitive development. After controlling for parent's education and household income, children who had access to a computer in their home had significantly higher scores of the Verbal, Perceptual-Performance, and General Cognitive scales of the MSCA. Furthermore, frequency of children's computer use was related to scores on the Boehm-3. These results suggest that early computer use at home may be a positive influence in young children's cognitive development.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the ALK gene in 2,045 non-small cell lung cancer patients from North-Western Spain (Galicia)

Identification of anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) gene rearrangements is a standard diagnostic test in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The current study describes the experience of ALK rearrangement detection of a referral center in the public health care system of Galicia in North-Western Spain. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) patterns of the ALK gene and the clinical and pathological features of these patients are reported. This study is also of interest for comparative purposes due to the relative geographical isolation of the area, which could have contributed to particular genetic features. A total of 2,045 tissue samples from NSCLC patients were collected between October 2010 and July 2015 and tested for ALK rearrangements by FISH. Examination of 1,686 paraffin-embedded tissue specimens and 395 cytological samples (306 cell block preparations and 53 cytological smears) was conducted, and any associations between the FISH results and clinicopathological features were assessed. The rate of successful evaluation was marginally higher in tissue samples than in cytological samples (92.9% vs. 84.1%); this difference was not significant. ALK rearrangements were identified in 82 patients(4%): 65 (79.3%) in tissue specimens, 15 (18.3%) in cell block samples and 2 (2.4%) in cytological smears. This genetic translocation appeared to be associated with a non-smoking history, younger age, female gender, stage IV and adenocarcinoma histological type. The findings demonstrate that ALK evaluation by FISH is feasible in tissue and cytological samples. The clinical and pathological features of the ALK-positive series of patients are similar to those previously reported in the literature.
Does assessed multicultural group work really pull UK students’ average down?

Despite the fundamental importance of multicultural group work activities in the curriculum, previous literature has shown that home and international students do not spontaneously mix and would rather be involved in monocultural work groups. One of the major causes for this lies in the home students' belief that assessed multicultural group work has a detrimental effect on their individual average mark. Using data from a large cohort enrolled on a first-year business studies programme of a UK university, this study employs regression analysis to empirically investigate the extent to which this belief is supported by the data. The results suggest that the performance of culturally mixed groups is neither a function of the individual ability of the least able group member, nor of the average ability of the members of the group. Instead, in this context, the group work mark is more likely to reflect the ability of the most able group member. The data also indicate that assessed multicultural group work has,.
Patterns of Maternal Directiveness by Ethnicity Among Early Head Start Research Participants

SYNOPSIS Objective . Using the Early Head Start dataset, this study examined change over time in European American, African American, and Mexican American mothers' directiveness during play with their young children and associations between these patterns and their children's engagement with and negativity toward them. The influences of maternal positive and negative regard were also investigated. Design . Mother–child dyads (938 European American, 849 African American, and 465 Mexican American) participated in semistructured play sessions when children were 1, 2, 3, and 5 years old. Videotapes were coded for mothers' directiveness, positive regard, and negative regard and for children's engagement with and negativity toward their mothers. Results . All three groups declined in directiveness over time, but varied in initial levels and in rates and patterns of decline. European American mothers had the lowest directiveness ratings and African American mothers had the highest; Mexican American mothers showed the steepest declines after the first observation. Directiveness had generally negative implications for children's behavior toward their mothers, although Mexican American children were least affected. In all three groups, maternal positive regard weakened, while maternal negative regard strengthened, inverse relations between directiveness and child engagement. Conclusions . Although there are ethnic differences in levels of directiveness during play with 1- to 5-year-olds, there are also across-group commonalities in the negative implications of high directiveness, especially in the contexts of low positive and high negative maternal regard.
Patterns of Racial Identity Development of African American Adolescent Males and Females

This study examines the patterns of racial identity expression for 174 African American adolescent females and 111 African American adolescent males between the ages of 14 and 18. Participants were given the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale (RIAS-B) as an assessment of attitudes that characterize self-concept issues concerning race. It was predicted that African American adolescents would predominantly endorse internalization attitudes, and endorse pre-encounter attitudes the least. It was further predicted that there would be a difference in pattern expression for males and females. Results revealed that African American adolescents widely endorsed internalization attitudes that represent a healthy, self-defined racial transcendence. African American adoles-centfemales endorsed significantly less pre-encounter attitudes (prediscovery of racial identity) than their male counterparts. Racial identity development as part of the global search for identity of adolescence and the present limitations in measuring adolescent racial identity attitudes are discussed.
Migration and the evolution of sexual dichromatism: evolutionary loss of female coloration with migration among wood-warblers

The mechanisms underlying evolutionary changes in sexual dimorphism have long been of interest to biologists. A striking gradient in sexual dichromatism exists among songbirds in North America, including the wood-warblers (Parulidae): males are generally more colourful than females at northern latitudes, while the sexes are similarly ornamented at lower latitudes. We use phylogenetically controlled comparative analysis to test three non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for the evolution of sexual dichromatism among wood-warblers. The first two hypotheses focus on the loss of female coloration with the evolution of migration, either owing to the costs imposed by visual predators during migration, or owing to the relaxation of selection for female social signalling at higher latitudes. The third hypothesis focuses on whether sexual dichromatism evolved owing to changes in male ornamentation as the strength of sexual selection increases with breeding latitude. To test these hypotheses, we compared sexual dichromatism to three variables: the presence of migration, migration distance, and breeding latitude. We found that the presence of migration and migration distance were both positively correlated with sexual dichromatism, but models including breeding latitude alone were not strongly supported. Ancestral state reconstruction supports the hypothesis that the ancestral wood-warblers were monochromatic, with both colourful males and females. Combined, these results are consistent with the hypotheses that the evolution of migration is associated with the relaxation of selection for social signalling among females and that there are increased predatory costs along longer migratory routes for colourful females. These results suggest that loss of female ornamentation can be a driver of sexual dichromatism and that social or natural selection may be a stronger contributor to variation in dichromatism than sexual selection.
An open trial of gabapentin in acute alcohol withdrawal using an oral loading protocol.

AIMS Anticonvulsants are increasingly being advocated for the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) to avoid the addictive properties of established medications. Because earlier works showed that moderate gabapentin doses were too low to clearly ameliorate severe AWS, we tested a higher gabapentin entry dose. METHODS Inpatients (n = 37) with severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms (Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol revised (CIWA-AR) score > or =15 points) were given gabapentin 800 mg, and if their symptom score reduced within 2 h, they were termed 'early responders' and were then treated for 2 days with 600 mg gabapentin q.i. d. (i.e. a total of 3200 mg in the first 24 h) before beginning a taper. RESULTS Twenty-seven (73%) were early responders (baseline CIWA-AR improved from 17.3 +/- 2.6 to 8.0 +/- 3.6 points). In the remaining 10 patients, baseline CIWA-AR deteriorated within 2 h (from 20.1 +/- 4.6 to 21.5 +/- 4.65 points). These patients were switched to clomethiazole (n = 4) or clonazepam (n = 6), which is the usual treatment. Three of the 'early responders' worsened in the next 36 h and were then reclassified and treated as 'non-responders'. Among them, two developed an epileptic seizure. CONCLUSION Oral 800 mg gabapentin (loaded up to 3200 mg in the first 24 h) is helpful only in reducing less severe and less complicated acute AWS.
Mission impossible? Reflecting upon the relationship between physical education, youth sport and lifelong participation

It is widely believed that school physical education (PE) is or, at the very least, can (even should) be a crucial vehicle for enhancing young people's engagement with physically active recreation (typically but not exclusively in the form of sport) in their leisure and, in the longer run, over the life-course. Despite the prevalence of such beliefs, there remains a dearth of evidence demonstrating a ‘PE effect’. Indeed, the precise nature of the relationship between PE, youth1 sport and lifelong participation is seldom explored other than in implicit, often speculative and discursive, ways that simply take-for-granted the positive effects of the former (PE) on the latter (youth and adult participation in sport and physically active recreation). Using largely European studies to frame the issue, this article reflects upon the supposedly ‘causal’ relationship between PE, youth sport and lifelong participation and, in doing so, highlights the inherent problems associated with attempts to identify, characterise and establish a ‘PE effect. ’ In the process, the article points to a need for more longitudinal and biographical research exploring sports careers and the sporting habituses of young people, not least in order to better understand in precisely what circumstances PE interventions might work to enhance youth involvement in sport and physical activity and, subsequently, lifelong participation.
Trends and Challenges in Experimental Macromolecular Crystallography

Macromolecular X-ray crystallography underpins the vigorous field of structural molecular biology having yielded many protein, nucleic acid and virus structures in fine detail. The understanding of the recognition by these macromolecules, as receptors, of their cognate ligands involves the detailed study of the structural chemistry of their molecular interactions. Also these structural details underpin the rational design of novel inhibitors in modern drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, from such structures the functional details can be inferred, such as the biological chemistry of enzyme reactivity. There is then a vast number and range of types of biological macromolecules that potentially could be studied. The completion of the protein primary sequencing of the yeast genome, and the human genome sequencing project comprising some 105 proteins that is underway, raises expectations for equivalent three dimensional structural databases.
Peer-Assisted Learning in Physical Education: A Review of Theory and Research

In this article we provide a review of theory and research on the use of peers to influence learning outcomes in physical education. First, we summarize the empirical literature on the use of peers in general education. Next, Piaget’s equilibration theory, Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, and Skinner’s behavior analytic theory are discussed with particular reference to their implications for the use of peers in educational settings. This is followed by a review of findings from research studies using peers in physical education settings and includes suggestions for future research. We conclude with a discussion of implications for practice.
Is There a Multiplicative Adverse Effect of Cardiovascular and Kidney Disease on Neuropsychological Measures?

Increasing age is accompanied by increased incidence and comorbidity of various chronic diseases. Many of these conditions, such as cardiovascular and kidney disease, can lead to declines in cognitive functioning. A simple additive effect may be commonly assumed. We here evaluate the hypothesis that such effects may be multiplicative/interactive rather than simply additive, resulting in disproportionate decrements in performance on tests of different cognitive functions. Participants were the 1,782 Canadians aged 65 years and older who completed the clinical assessment of the national Canadian Study of Health and Aging and who were without dementia. Participants were categorized as having either kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, neither, or both. Scores on a measure of verbal fluency showed the predicted interaction effects, but not in the predicted pattern of worst performance in the group with both disorders. Reasons for the relative lack of observed main effects of disease and multiplicative interactions, such as the exclusion of people with dementia and nature of the sample from the community, are discussed.