Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Motivation in Physical Activity Contexts: The Relationship of Perceived Motivational Climate to Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Efficacy

This study examined the relationship between perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy and determined the role of goal orientation and perceived motivational climate in predicting intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. College students (N = 285) enrolled in beginning tennis classes completed a battery of questionnaires assessing perceived motivational climate, goal orientation, intrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, and perceived ability. Perceptions of mastery climate were positively associated with enjoyment, effort, perceived competence, and self-efficacy and were inversely related to tension. In males, dispositional goal orientation and perceived motivational climate emerged as equally important predictors of intrinsic motivation, while mastery motivational climate was the only significant predictor of self-efficacy. In females, performance motivational climate was the strongest predictor of intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy. Perceived normative ability accounted fo.
Origins of narcissism in children

Significance Narcissistic individuals feel superior to others, fantasize about personal successes, and believe they deserve special treatment. When they feel humiliated, they often lash out aggressively or even violently. Unfortunately, little is known about the origins of narcissism. Such knowledge is important for designing interventions to curtail narcissistic development. We demonstrate that narcissism in children is cultivated by parental overvaluation: parents believing their child to be more special and more entitled than others. In contrast, high self-esteem in children is cultivated by parental warmth: parents expressing affection and appreciation toward their child. These findings show that narcissism is partly rooted in early socialization experiences, and suggest that parent-training interventions can help curtail narcissistic development and reduce its costs for society. Narcissism levels have been increasing among Western youth, and contribute to societal problems such as aggression and violence. The origins of narcissism, however, are not well understood. Here, we report, to our knowledge, the first prospective longitudinal evidence on the origins of narcissism in children. We compared two perspectives: social learning theory (positing that narcissism is cultivated by parental overvaluation) and psychoanalytic theory (positing that narcissism is cultivated by lack of parental warmth). We timed the study in late childhood (ages 7–12), when individual differences in narcissism first emerge. In four 6-mo waves, 565 children and their parents reported child narcissism, child self-esteem, parental overvaluation, and parental warmth. Four-wave cross-lagged panel models were conducted. Results support social learning theory and contradict psychoanalytic theory: Narcissism was predicted by parental overvaluation, not by lack of parental warmth. Thus, children seem to acquire narcissism, in part, by internalizing parents’ inflated views of them (e.g., “I am superior to others” and “I am entitled to privileges”). Attesting to the specificity of this finding, self-esteem was predicted by parental warmth, not by parental overvaluation. These findings uncover early socialization experiences that cultivate narcissism, and may inform interventions to curtail narcissistic development at an early age.
Balancing Ambition and Gender Among Decision Makers

In this article, we use an original laboratory experiment to test how people react to ambitious decision makers, allowing for interactions with gender. In the experiment, participants are told two decision makers will be dividing some valuable resource on their behalf. One decision maker (either high or low in ambition) is “appointed. ” Participants vote from a slate of candidates, about whom they have information on gender and ambition, for the second decision maker. We find that people tend to associate high ambition with male and self-interested behavior and that the selection of the second decision maker depends on the level of ambition of the first decision maker as well as perceptions of gender of that decision maker. We conclude by suggesting important implications for research on vote choice and representation.
Long‐term serological follow‐up of blood donors with an HTLV‐Indeterminate Western Blot: Antibody Profile of Seroconverters and Individuals With False Reactions

The high proportion of indeterminate results of the screening test for human T‐lymphotropic virus (HTLV) infection has been a challenge worldwide. In this study, 60 persons with seroindeterminate results for HTLV were followed until their serological status was defined. At least two independent serological tests (EIA and WB) from sequential samples were performed at an average interval of 4.4 years, totaling 141 serum samples tested. Seroconversion occurred in 12 individuals (reactive by EIA, positive by WB and PCR), and 48 were classified as false reactions (non‐reactive EIA and negative PCR, but indeterminate WB). The seroconverter group had epidemiological features similar to those seen in HTLV‐1 carriers, and the average time of follow‐up for seroconversion was 4 years. In the group with false reactions, the most frequent indeterminate WB pattern in the samples was the presence of p24 alone. This pattern was absent in the seroconverter group, suggesting that p24 alone is an indicator of false reactivity. In contrast, the presence of p19 and p24 seems to be an indicator of true reactivity, since this pattern was frequent (66.7%) among the seroconverters and much less common (10.4% of the first samples) among the individuals with false reactions (P = 0.0001). Thus, HTLV infection may be suspected when reactivity to p19 and p24 is observed. Individuals with an indeterminate WB pattern should be followed‐up and retested. The improvement of the HTLV algorithm screening of blood donors has been necessary to reduce inconclusive results and to avoid unnecessary follow‐up to define the status of infection. J. Med. Virol. 82:1746–1753, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross-Cultural Differences in the Self Concept

Twenty-six Malaysian (Collectivist), 32 Australian, and 20 British (Individualist) subjects completed ten statements beginning with "I am. " The responses were coded according to whether they were idiocentric, group, or allocentric self-references. The scores were then weighted according to the rank order in which they appeared on the questionnaire. As predicted by Hofstede's model, people from the collectivist culture produced significantly more group and fewer idiocentric self-descriptions than did people from the individualist cultures. The data support a pan-cultural model of the self in which cross-cultural variations in the self-concept are not treated as categorically different, but as reflecting the relative salience of the self's constituent components.
Mutation of the Zinc-Binding Metalloprotease Motif Affects Bacteroides fragilis Toxin Activity but Does Not Affect Propeptide Processing

ABSTRACT To evaluate the role of the zinc-binding metalloprotease in Bacteroides fragilis toxin (BFT) processing and activity, the zinc-binding consensus sequences (H348, E349, H352, G355, H358, and M366) were mutated by site-directed-mutagenesis. Our results indicated that single point mutations in the zinc-binding metalloprotease motif do not affect BFT processing but do reduce or eliminate BFT biologic activity in vitro.
Pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating peptide counteracts hedgehog‐dependent motor neuron production in mouse embryonic stem cell cultures

Pituitary adenylyl cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP; ADCYAP1) is a neuropeptide that regulates a wide array of functions within the brain and periphery. We and others have previously demonstrated that PACAP and its high‐affinity receptor PAC1 are expressed in the embryonic mouse neural tube, suggesting that PACAP plays a role in early brain development. Moreover, we previously showed that PACAP antagonizes the mitotic action of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in postnatal cerebellar granule precursors. In the present study, we demonstrate that PACAP completely blocked Shh‐dependent motor neuron generation from embryonic stem cell cultures and reduced mRNA levels of the Shh target gene Gli‐1 and several ventral spinal cord patterning genes. In vivo examination of motor neuron and other patterning markers in embryonic day 12.5 spinal cords of wild‐type and PACAP‐deficient mice by immunofluorescence, on the other hand, revealed no obvious alterations in expressions of Islet1/2, MNR2, Lim1/2, Nkx2.2, or Shh, although the Pax6‐positive area was slightly expanded in PACAP‐deficient spinal cord. Caspase‐3 staining revealed low, and similar, numbers of cells undergoing apoptosis in embryonic wild‐type vs. PACAP‐deficient spinal cords, whereas a slight but significant increase in number of mitotic cells was observed in PACAP‐deficient mice. Thus, although PACAP has a strong capacity to counteract Shh signaling and motor neuron production in vitro, corresponding patterning defects associated with PACAP loss may be obscured by compensatory mechanisms. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Executive Function in Children, Adolescents, and Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Introduction to the Special Issue

Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that can be broadly defined as higher order cognitive abilities that allow for strategic planning, cognitive flexibility, self-regulation, and goal-directed behavior. This broad, multidimensional view of EFs is problematic from a measurement perspective and has rightly been criticized by researchers such as Pennington and Ozonoff (1996) who noted, “in both neuropsychology and cognitive psychology, the definition of EFs is provisional and under-specified” (p. 55). Nevertheless, a plethora of studies have investigated EFs in clinical and nonclinical samples, and numerous definitions of this construct exist in the literature. These definitions tend to differ with respect to the degree of emphasis placed on control processes (e.g., Denckla, 1996), working memory (e.g., Pennington, Bennetto, McAleer, & Roberts, 1996), strategic planning (Welsh & Pennington, 1988), behavioral inhibition (Barkley, 1997), and other components thought to be part of EF. In a previous special issue of Developmental Neuropsychology concerning EFs, Fletcher (1996) pointed out that EFs are difficult to define and require careful operationalization, and measures of EF are factorially complex, but the components can be separated and measured. The purpose of this special issue is to present current research findings concerning EFs in preschoolers, children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), taking into account, gender, comorbidity, genetic, and physiological findings. Research across a variety of disciplines, including genetic, behavioral, neuropsychological, neurometabolite, DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, 27(1), 1–10 Copyright © 2005, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
An Analog Circuit Approximation of the Discrete Wavelet Transform for Ultra Low Power Signal Processing in Wearable Sensor Nodes

Ultra low power signal processing is an essential part of all sensor nodes, and particularly so in emerging wearable sensors for biomedical applications. Analog signal processing has an important role in these low power, low voltage, low frequency applications, and there is a key drive to decrease the power consumption of existing analog domain signal processing and to map more signal processing approaches into the analog domain. This paper presents an analog domain signal processing circuit which approximates the output of the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) for use in ultra low power wearable sensors. Analog filters are used for the DWT filters and it is demonstrated how these generate analog domain DWT-like information that embeds information from Butterworth and Daubechies maximally flat mother wavelet responses. The Analog DWT is realised in hardware via gmC circuits, designed to operate from a 1.3 V coin cell battery, and provide DWT-like signal processing using under 115 nW of power when implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process. Practical examples demonstrate the effective use of the new Analog DWT on ECG (electrocardiogram) and EEG (electroencephalogram) signals recorded from humans.
Late 20th-Century Persistence and Decline of the Female Homemaker in Germany and the United States

The article compares changes in West German and American women's mid-career job exits and re-entries and introduces an innovative event-history model to compare mobility across three decades using 1940s and 1950s birth cohorts from the German Life History Study and the US National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women. Processes by which transitions through parenthood and marriage impact women's labour market participation vary by country and cohort, evidence that changing gender relations, norms and institutions provide unique options and restrictions for women's family and career trajectories. Homemaking is in decline in both countries, but event-history models show that this decline is due to different life course dynamics in each country: women's job attachment has increased throughout the family cycle in the US, while German women still exit the labour market, but at motherhood rather than marriage, and for shorter durations. Employment interruptions have become more penalizing for women in both countries.
Hypothalamic Deep Brain Stimulation Reduces Weight Gain in an Obesity-Animal Model

Prior studies of appetite regulatory networks, primarily in rodents, have established that targeted electrical stimulation of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) can alter food intake patterns and metabolic homeostasis. Consideration of this method for weight modulation in humans with severe overeating disorders and morbid obesity can be further advanced by modeling procedures and assessing endpoints that can provide preclinical data on efficacy and safety. In this study we adapted human deep brain stimulation (DBS) stereotactic methods and instrumentation to demonstrate in a large animal model the modulation of weight gain with VMH-DBS. Female Göttingen minipigs were used because of their dietary habits, physiologic characteristics, and brain structures that resemble those of primates. Further, these animals become obese on extra-feeding regimens. DBS electrodes were first bilaterally implanted into the VMH of the animals (n = 8) which were then maintained on a restricted food regimen for 1 mo following the surgery. The daily amount of food was then doubled for the next 2 mo in all animals to produce obesity associated with extra calorie intake, with half of the animals (n = 4) concurrently receiving continuous low frequency (50 Hz) VMH-DBS. Adverse motoric or behavioral effects were not observed subsequent to the surgical procedure or during the DBS period. Throughout this 2 mo DBS period, all animals consumed the doubled amount of daily food. However, the animals that had received VMH-DBS showed a cumulative weight gain (6.1±0.4 kg; mean ± SEM) that was lower than the nonstimulated VMH-DBS animals (9.4±1.3 kg; p<0.05), suggestive of a DBS-associated increase in metabolic rate. These results in a porcine obesity model demonstrate the efficacy and behavioral safety of a low frequency VMH-DBS application as a potential clinical strategy for modulation of body weight.
Indications for Surgical Removal of the Eye in Rural Areas in Cameroon

Objective To determine the main clinical indications for surgical removal of the eye in rural areas in Cameroon. Design Retrospective non-comparative case series. Participants A total of 253 patients presenting to the Manna eye clinic Nkongsamba who underwent destructive eye surgery (DES) between January 2006 and December 2010 were reviewed. Main Outcome Measure Age, gender, occupation, prior medication, visual acuity, operation indications, and type of operation. Results There were 58.10% (n = 147) men and 41.90% (n = 106) women. Median age was 29 years (interquartile range: 14–69 years); age ranged from 10 to 88 years. A total of 67.19% (n = 170) of participants were farmers and lived in rural zones. In all, 79.05% (n = 200) confessed to have trying a medication before the presentation. Surgical indications included infective causes (perforated corneal ulcer 33.20% (n = 84) and endophthalmitis 18.20% (n = 46)), trauma 17.40% (n = 44), painful blind eyes 11.50% (n = 29), malignancy 10.70% (n = 27), and others 9.10% (n = 23). Conclusion The most common causes of DES in this series could be avoided. Therefore, preventive measures including extensive health education of the public and traditional healers on the risks linked to the use of traditional medicines in ophthalmology and the late presentation of eye disease, quality control of the campaigns that offer free cataract operations in the country.
The Differential Effects of Extracurricular Activities on Attributions in Resume Evaluation

This study examines the effects that extracurricular activities have on the attributions a resume reader makes about an applicant. Three characteristics of extracurricular activities (number of activities, holding positions of leadership, and relevance of the activities) were manipulated across 24 resumes of fictitious college graduates. Some 219 raters read the resumes and made judgments about the level of the applicant's quality. The results showed a main effect for the number of activities, a main effect for holding leadership positions, and a main effect for relevance of the activity. Furthermore, a three-way interaction revealed the differential effects that the relevance of the activities had on the attributions at different levels of leadership and number of activities. A mix of career-related and social activities garnered higher ratings for those who held leadership positions in five activities. However, for those who were leaders in only two activities or were not leaders in five, having only career-related activities earned them higher ratings. For applicants who were not leaders in two activities, relevance of the activities played no role.
Optimal bounds for Johnson-Lindenstrauss transforms and streaming problems with sub-constant error

The Johnson-Lindenstrauss transform is a dimensionality reduction technique with a wide range of applications to theoretical computer science. It is specified by a distribution over projection matrices from R<sup><i>n</i></sup> → <i>R</i><sup><i>k</i></sup> where <i>k</i> ≪ <i>d</i> and states that <i>k</i> = <i>O</i>(ε<sup>−2</sup> log 1/Δ) dimensions suffice to approximate the norm of any fixed vector in R<sup><i>d</i></sup> to within a factor of 1 ± ε with probability at least 1 − Δ. In this paper we show that this bound on <i>k</i> is optimal up to a constant factor, improving upon a previous Ω(ε<sup>−2</sup> log 1/Δ)/log(1/ε) dimension bound of Alon. Our techniques are based on lower bounding the information cost of a novel one-way communication game and yield the first space lower bounds in a data stream model that depend on the error probability Δ. For many streaming problems, the most naïve way of achieving error probability Δ is to first achieve constant probability, then take the median of <i>O</i>(log 1/Δ) independent repetitions. Our techniques show that for a wide range of problems this is in fact optimal! As an example, we show that estimating the <i>l</i><sub><i>p</i></sub>-distance for any <i>p</i> ∈ [0, 2] requires Ω(ε<sup>−2</sup> log <i>n</i> log 1/Δ) space, even for vectors in {0, 1}<sup><i>n</i></sup>. This is optimal in all parameters and closes a long line of work on this problem. We also show the number of distinct elements requires Ω(ε<sup>−2</sup> log 1/Δ + log <i>n</i>) space, which is optimal if ε<sup>−2</sup> = Ω(log <i>n</i>). We also improve previous lower bounds for entropy in the strict turnstile and general turnstile models by a multiplicative factor of Ω(log 1/Δ). Finally, we give an application to one-way communication complexity under product distributions, showing that unlike in the case of constant Δ, the VC-dimension does not characterize the complexity when Δ = <i>o</i>(1).
The use of corporate social disclosures in the management of reputation and legitimacy: a cross sectoral analysis of UK Top 100 Companies

Recent years have witnessed an escalation in corporate social reporting (CSR) by UK companies (Gray, Kouhy and Lavers 1995). Whilst some elements of CSR reporting are required by law, much of it represents voluntary reporting. By investigating the non-mandatory reporting of two aspects of social responsibility, corporate community involvement (CCI) and environmental impact, this paper seeks to explore why companies choose to make such disclosures. It specifically asks whether companies are primarily motivated by the strategic need to manage their reputation and legitimacy rather than by the recognition of their ethical accountability, which is the stated purpose of reports produced by cutting edge companies (Clarke 1998).
Quantification of micro‐organisms in binary mixed populations by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy

H. OBERREUTER, F. MERTENS, H. SEILER and S. SCHERER.2000. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used for the first time to determine the ratios of different microorganisms in mixtures. Exemplarily, systems composed of two food‐associated yeast species (Saccharomyces cerevisiae/Hanseniaspora uvarum) and two yoghurt lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus/Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus) were investigated. Determination of the cell number ratio in the lactic acid bacteria system was possible with a minimal prediction accuracy of ±16 ratio percentage points while the minimum accuracy of prediction in the yeast two‐component system was ± 4% (both at a 95% confidence level). These results show that FT‐IR spectroscopy is potentially a rapid method for the quantification of cell ratios in mixtures of two different microorganisms, provided that the cell ratio does not drop below a certain, system‐specific threshold.
Toward an Understanding of the Link between Work-Family Enrichment and Individual Health

Decades of research have focused on the negative impact multiple roles can have on workplaces and homes. However, little attention has been given to the individual benefits that may result from simultaneous participation in these roles. Fortunately, a recent construct, work-family enrichment, has emerged which considers positive influences that one domain (i.e., work, family) has on another. This study utilized the 18item Carlson, Kacmar, Wayne, and Grzywacz, (2006) enrichment scale and the Madsen, John, and Miller (2005) adapted individual health scale to study correlations and linkages among health constructs (i.e., mental-emotional and physical) and the various dimensions of work-family enrichment.
Desistance and social marginalization

This paper examines the issue of desistance by considering the relationship between societal constraints and individual choices in the process of moving away from crime. The question of the distribution of those opportunities and resources to support desistance is raised within the context of a specific population—Aboriginal peoples of Canada. The impact of colonization resulting in economic and social marginalization, high rates of incarceration, and the generational transmission of trauma related to the experience of residential schools are factors which are related both to individual choice and external societal constraints. Structure, culture and biography are factors which must be addressed in the case of members of a marginalized population who wish to follow a path of desistance. The opportunity to participate in a community-based program that provides social capital in the form of marketable skills, connections to the wider society and personal healing through the reacquisition cultural traditions is seen as one way to overcome structural constraints while at the same time supporting an individual decision to desist from crime.