Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A complete characterisation of All-versus-Nothing arguments for stabiliser states

An important class of contextuality arguments in quantum foundations are the All-versus-Nothing (AvN) proofs, generalising a construction originally due to Mermin. We present a general formulation of All-versus-Nothing arguments, and a complete characterisation of all such arguments which arise from stabiliser states. We show that every AvN argument for an n-qubit stabiliser state can be reduced to an AvN proof for a three-qubit state which is local Clifford-equivalent to the tripartite GHZ state. This is achieved through a combinatorial characterisation of AvN arguments, the AvN triple Theorem, whose proof makes use of the theory of graph states. This result enables the development of a computational method to generate all the AvN arguments in $\mathbb{Z}_2$ on n-qubit stabiliser states. We also present new insights into the stabiliser formalism and its connections with logic.
18F‐AV‐1451 binds to putamen in multiple system atrophy

MSA is a synucleinopathy. It may exhibit a binding pattern similar to that expected for Parkinson’s disease (PD) in the PET studies with F-AV-1451, a recently developed radiotracer specific for pathological tau protein. Contrary to our expectations, we report on 4 consecutive probable parkinsonian-type MSA patients in whom increased F-AV1451 binding was detected in the atrophic putamen. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic deficit was confirmed by the FN-3-fluoropropyl-2-betacarboxymethoxy-3-beta-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) PET scan in all 4 patients, who underwent F-AV-1451 PET scans. Subcortical binding patterns in these patients were compared with that of 30 healthy controls. This study was approved by the institutional review board of Gangnam Severance Hospital (Seoul, Republic of Korea), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. All 4 MSA patients showed volume atrophy and reduced F-FP-CIT uptake in the putamen, which clearly mirrored increased F-AV-1451 binding in the posterior putamen (Fig. 1A–C). When compared to the mean standard uptake value ratio (SUVR) values of controls, 3 patients (patients 2–4) showed greater F-AV-1451 binding in the posterior FIG. 1. A: Native [18F]-AV-1451 PET scan showing an axial view of the basal ganglia. B: T1 weighted MRI showing an axial view of the midbrain. C/D: Axial and midsagittal view of z-transformed deviations of [18F]-AV-1451 uptake from a norm cohort.
Deep Neural Decision Forests

We present Deep Neural Decision Forests - a novel approach that unifies classification trees with the representation learning functionality known from deep convolutional networks, by training them in an end-to-end manner. To combine these two worlds, we introduce a stochastic and differentiable decision tree model, which steers the representation learning usually conducted in the initial layers of a (deep) convolutional network. Our model differs from conventional deep networks because a decision forest provides the final predictions and it differs from conventional decision forests since we propose a principled, joint and global optimization of split and leaf node parameters. We show experimental results on benchmark machine learning datasets like MNIST and ImageNet and find on-par or superior results when compared to state-of-the-art deep models. Most remarkably, we obtain Top5-Errors of only 7.84%/6.38% on ImageNet validation data when integrating our forests in a single-crop, single/seven model GoogLeNet architecture, respectively. Thus, even without any form of training data set augmentation we are improving on the 6.67% error obtained by the best GoogLeNet architecture (7 models, 144 crops).
Epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in papillary thyroid carcinoma

Recent studies have indicated that somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene have been identified in a subset of patients with nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are associated with sensitivity to the EGFR‐tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors. These mutations have been reported to be almost exclusively found in a pulmonary adenocarcinoma subgroup of NSCLC, with a low frequency in other solid tumors. We describe a patient with advanced‐stage papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) whose disease had been diagnosed as pulmonary adenocarcinoma at first, and who had a marked response to the EGFR‐tyrosine‐kinase inhibitor, gefitinib. An in‐frame deletion in exon 19 that eliminated 4 amino acids at positions 746 through 750, which is one of the common drug‐sensitive mutations in pulmonary adenocarcinoma, and a serine‐to‐proline substitution at codon 752, were found in a tumor specimen of the patient. We subsequently searched for mutations in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain in primary tumors from 23 patients with PTC, and drug‐sensitive mutations commonly observed in pulmonary adenocarcinoma were found in 7 of these patients. Our observation of a high frequency of the EGFR‐activating mutations in PTC suggests that the EGFR mutation may be an important event in the development of PTC. EGFR gene amplification, also considered to be a predictor of response to EGFR‐tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors, was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); however, only 1 FISH‐positive tumor was detected. Our data suggest that EGFR‐tyrosine‐kinase inhibitors may deserve consideration in the treatment of a subset of patients with PTC, just as with pulmonary adenocarcinoma. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined Administration of MF59-Adjuvanted A/H5N1 Prepandemic and Seasonal Influenza Vaccines: Long-Term Antibody Persistence and Robust Booster Responses 1 Year after a One-Dose Priming Schedule

ABSTRACT Having previously demonstrated the feasibility of administering A/H5N1 and seasonal influenza vaccine antigens in an MF59-adjuvanted tetravalent formulation, we now report on long-term antibody persistence and responses to a booster dose of a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent influenza vaccine in adults. The primary objective was the evaluation of responses to a booster dose of tetravalent influenza vaccine containing seasonal (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) and avian (A/H5N1, clade 2) influenza virus strains administered to 265 healthy 18- to 40-year-old volunteers 1 year after priming with one or two clade 1 A/H5N1 doses. Secondary objectives were assessment of reactogenicity, safety, and antibody persistence 1 year after priming with a combined seasonal-pandemic, tetravalent vaccine. Responses to seasonal strains met all European licensure criteria; seroprotection rates were 94 to 100%, 100%, and 61 to 90% for A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains, respectively. Anamnestic responses were observed against homologous and heterologous A/H5N1 strains whether priming with one or two A/H5N1 doses, with a monovalent A/H5N1 vaccine, or with a tetravalent vaccine. A single dose of MF59-adjuvanted A/H5N1 vaccine given alone or as part of a fixed combination with a seasonal influenza vaccine was sufficient to prime adult subjects, resulting in robust antigen-specific and cross-reactive antibody responses to heterologous booster immunization 1 year later. These data support the feasibility of incorporating prepandemic priming into seasonal influenza vaccination programs. (This study has been registered at clinicaltrials.gov under registration no. NCT00481065.)
ISWI Regulates Higher-Order Chromatin Structure and Histone H1 Assembly In Vivo

Imitation SWI (ISWI) and other ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factors play key roles in transcription and other processes by altering the structure and positioning of nucleosomes. Recent studies have also implicated ISWI in the regulation of higher-order chromatin structure, but its role in this process remains poorly understood. To clarify the role of ISWI in vivo, we examined defects in chromosome structure and gene expression resulting from the loss of Iswi function in Drosophila. Consistent with a broad role in transcriptional regulation, the expression of a large number of genes is altered in Iswi mutant larvae. The expression of a dominant-negative form of ISWI leads to dramatic alterations in higher-order chromatin structure, including the apparent decondensation of both mitotic and polytene chromosomes. The loss of ISWI function does not cause obvious defects in nucleosome assembly, but results in a significant reduction in the level of histone H1 associated with chromatin in vivo. These findings suggest that ISWI plays a global role in chromatin compaction in vivo by promoting the association of the linker histone H1 with chromatin.
SemFacet: semantic faceted search over yago

In this paper we demonstrate a system SemFacet, that is a proof of concept prototype for our semantic faceted search approach. SemFacet is implemented on top of the Yago knowledge base, powered by the OWL 2 RL triple store RDFox, and the full text search engine Lucene. SemFacet has provided very encouraging results. Via logical reasoning SemFacet can automatically (i) extract facets, (ii) update the faceted query interface with facets relevant for the current stage of the users query construction's session. SemFacet supports faceted queries that are much more expressive than the ones of traditional faceted search applications; in particular SemFacet allows to (i) relate several collections of documents, and (ii) change the focus of queries (and, thus, SemFacet provides control over the documents in the query output to be displayed on the screen). Our approach is fully declarative: the same backend implementation can be used to power faceted search over any application, provided that metadata and knowledge are represented in RDF and OWL 2.
Lactoferrin effect on lymphocyte cytokines and apoptosis is independent of exercise.

BACKGROUND Strenuous exercise increases apoptosis of intestinal lymphocytes (IL). Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a protein found in milk products, affects lymphocyte apoptosis and the expression of TH1 and TH2 cytokines. OBJECTIVE The purpose was to determine whether bLf affects apoptosis and TH1 (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and TH2 (interleukin-10) cytokine expression in IL of mice given strenuous exercise. METHODS : Female C57BL/6 mice (n = 89), given three bouts of treadmill exercise, were killed either immediately, 24 h after the last bout, or before initiation of exercise; within exercise conditions, mice were fed control (0% bLf) or bLf-supplemented (2% bLf) diet for 12 d until sacrifice. IL were enumerated, and apoptosis and cytokine expression were determined by Western blot analysis; markers of stress (corticosterone and iso-prostanes) were measured in the plasma by radioimmunoassay and direct immunoassay. RESULTS Exercise increased IL loss (P < 0.05) and the expression of caspase 3 (P < 0.001), heat shock protein 70 (P < 0.01), and interleukin-10 (P < 0.05) in mouse IL; bLf did not alter these responses. However, bLf reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in mouse IL (P < 0.05), possibly through decreased nuclear factor kappaB expression (P < 0.05) in the supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS Dietary bLf does not affect IL apoptosis after exercise but may confer intestinal protection through changes in cytokine expression, independent of exercise.
Circulating microRNA biomarker studies: pitfalls and potential solutions.

BACKGROUND Circulating microRNAs have been proposed as disease biomarkers that may aid in risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of treatment response. The perceived opportunity has loomed particularly large in neoplastic disease, where alterations in cancer cells are thought to be reflected in the extracellular space as affected cells release upregulated miRNAs or fail to release apparently downregulated species. Despite the promise of miRNA biomarkers, evaluation of the diagnostic specificity and reproducibility of reported markers suggests that realizing this promise remains a work in progress. CONTENTS This review examines issues of diagnostic specificity and reproducibility that have afflicted circulating miRNA studies. Surveying the breast cancer literature as an example, few miRNAs are reported consistently. Furthermore, it is posited that the assumptions underlying models of direct contributions of diseased tissue to biofluid miRNA profiles may not hold. Suggestions for improving diagnostic specificity and reliability are provided. SUMMARY To maximize the likelihood of return on investment as miRNAs continue to be evaluated as specific and clinically useful markers, a focus is needed on miRNAs found in specific carriers, such as extracellular vesicles. Alternative sampling techniques should be developed, and nonblood biofluids should be considered. Careful optimization and standardization of preanalytical and analytical methods is needed to ensure that future results, positive or negative, are reliable.
Do Performance Strategies Moderate the Relationship Between Personality and Training Behaviors? An Exploratory Study

The aim of the present research was to investigate the relationship between personality traits, performance strategies, and training behaviors. In two studies we distributed the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP), the Test of Performance Strategies-2 (TOPS-2), and the Quality of Training Inventory (QTI) to British gymnasts (n = 93 and n = 71, respectively). The results revealed additive and interactive effects of personality and performance strategies on training behaviors. Conscientiousness and goal-setting each independently predicted quality of preparation, goal-setting moderated the relationship between extraversion and distractibility, and emotional stability and emotional control largely independently predicted coping with adversity. The results suggest that athletes’ personalities and performance strategies should both be considered when attempting to maximize training effectiveness and that performance strategies are sometimes more effective for some people than for others.
A Dose-Escalation Study of Recombinant Human Interleukin-18 Using Two Different Schedules of Administration in Patients with Cancer

Purpose: Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is an immunostimulatory cytokine with antitumor activity in preclinical models. A phase I study of recombinant human IL-18 (rhIL-18) was done to determine the toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and biological activities of rhIL-18 administered at different doses in two different schedules to patients with advanced cancer. Experimental Design: Cohorts of three to four patients were given escalating doses of rhIL-18 as a 2-h i.v. infusion either on 5 consecutive days repeated every 28 days (group A) or once a week (group B) for up to 6 months. Toxicities were graded using standard criteria. Blood samples were obtained for safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic measurements. Results: Nineteen patients (10 melanoma and 9 renal cell cancer) were given rhIL-18 in doses of 100, 500, or 1,000 μg/kg (group A) or 100, 1,000, or 2,000 μg/kg (group B). Common side effects included chills, fever, headache, fatigue, and nausea. Common laboratory abnormalities included transient, asymptomatic grade 1 to 3 lymphopenia, grade 1 to 4 hyperglycemia, grade 1 to 2 anemia, neutropenia, hypoalbuminemia, liver enzyme elevations, and serum creatinine elevations. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. Biological effects of rhIL-18 included transient lymphopenia and increased expression of activation antigens on lymphocytes. Increases in serum concentrations of IFN-γ, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-18–binding protein were observed following dosing. Conclusions: rhIL-18 can be given in biologically active doses by either weekly infusions or daily infusions for 5 days repeated every 28 days to patients with advanced cancer. Toxicity was generally mild to moderate, and a maximum tolerated dose of rhIL-18 by either schedule was not determined.
Focus of Attention and Aesthetic Response

In the present study, focus of attention to musical elements was investigated in an attempt to ascertain which elements are perceived as most prominent in relation to aesthetic response as demonstrated in previous work. One hundred experienced musicians listened to the last 20 minutes of Act I of Puccini's La Bohème. Fifty musicians indicated via the Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) which of five musical elements (Melody, Rhythm, Timbre, Dynamics, or Everything) commanded their attention as they listened throughout the excerpt. Additionally, another 50 subjects, divided into five groups of 10 subjects each, registered their degree of attention for each specific musical element; these subjects had only one element presented on the CRDI dial with instructions to register their degree of attention to this specific element throughout the selection. Results from those subjects who tracked all elements simultaneously indicated that the highest percentage of attention throughout the entire excerpt was registered for Dynamics, followed closely by the elements Everything, Melody, Rhythm, and Timbre. For those subjects who responded to only one element, the highest degree of attentiveness was registered for Melody, followed by the elements Dynamics and Everything. Timbre was next in degree-of-attentiveness rating, and rhythm was by far the lowest. The element Melody was most closely related to aesthetic responsiveness for this Puccini excerpt.
School consultation: The training needs of teachers and school psychologists

This paper describes the roles of teachers and school psychologists and presents an overview of current and prospective methods of providing services to special needs children. On the basis of the literature and professional experience, it is suggested that changes are needed in the provision of special education services. The consultative relationship between teachers and school psychologists is viewed as the key to successful classroom intervention for special needs children. Although each profession brings expertise into the consultative relationship, better training is needed for teachers and school psychologists to ensure that effective intervention strategies are developed.
Examining the Process of Developing a Research-Based Mathematics Curriculum and Its Policy Implications

The implementation of “research-based” mathematics curricula is increasingly becoming a central element of mathematics education reform policies. Given the recent focus on grounding mathematics curriculum policies in research, it is important to understand precisely what it means for a curriculum to be research-based. Using the Curriculum Research Framework (CRF), this paper examines the development process of Math Trailblazers to help situate decision-making processes related to curricula in the broader mathematics education policy landscape. In the process of developing and revising the curriculum, the development and research teams have specifically developed field test materials, researched ways in which teachers and students use and learn with the materials in a small number of classrooms, and then completed research-based revisions of the curriculum materials. While certain elements of the CRF are represented in the research and revision process, other elements, such as why and under what conditions the curriculum is effective, are underrepresented. Making visible research and development processes of research-based mathematics curricula has profound implications for understanding the effectiveness of certain policy initiatives. Merging policy, practice, and research is a difficult activity, but a critical one for enhancing the effectiveness of these fields in education. As these fields become increasingly intertwined, policymakers should be sensitive to the different demands of each field, and look for opportunities to enhance the capacities of organizations that exist at this nexus.
[Effects of folic acid fortification in the rates of malformations at birth in Chile].

BACKGROUND The effects of folic acid fortification on neural tube defects is well known. Other reports show a beneficial effect of the fortification on orofacial clefts, urinary malformations and defects caused by limb reduction. AIM To determine the changes in prevalence of congenital malformations after the start of flour folic acid fortification in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS The rates of 22 malformations occurring in the maternity of the University of Chile Clinical Hospital and other Chilean hospitals participating in the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) were compared before and after the start of flour folic acid fortification. RESULTS After the start of folic acid fortification a significant reduction in the rates of anencephalia, spina bifida and diaphragmatic hernia, was observed. The rates of all other malformations remained stable or increased. The rates of all malformations at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital had a steady increase until 2005 and were significantly higher than in the rest of hospitals participating in ECLAMC. CONCLUSIONS Folic acid fortification was associated with an expected reduction in rates of spina bifida and anencephalia and an unexpected reduction in the rates of diaphragmatic hernia.
Pathways maintaining physical health problems from childhood to young adulthood: The role of stress and mood

Objective: Poor physical health in childhood is associated with a variety of negative health-related outcomes in adulthood. Psychosocial pathways contributing to the maintenance of physical health problems from childhood to young adulthood remain largely unexamined, despite evidence that factors such as negative mood and stress impact physical health. Design: The current study tested the direct and indirect effects of ongoing health, chronic stress, health-related chronic stress, and depressive symptoms at age 20 on the link between health problems in childhood and young adulthood (age 21) in a longitudinal sample (n = 384). Main Outcome Measures: The hypotheses were tested using a multiple mediation path analysis framework; the primary outcome measure was a composite index of health status markers in young adulthood. Results: The proposed model provided an adequate fit for the data, with significant total indirect effects of the four mediators and significant specific indirect effects of health-related chronic stress and depressive symptoms in maintaining health problems from childhood into young adulthood. Conclusions: Health problems are maintained from early childhood into young adulthood in part through psychosocial mechanisms. Depressive symptoms and health-related chronic stress have significant, unique effects on the relationship between health problems in early childhood and young adulthood.