Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Causes of Degradation in $\hbox{Bi}_{2} \hbox{Sr}_{2}\hbox{CaCu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{8+{\rm x}}$ Round Wires and Coils by Quenching at 4.2 K

One of the remaining challenges for the implementation of commercial Ag-alloy-sheathed $\hbox{Bi}_{2}\hbox{Sr}_{2}\hbox{CaCu}_{2}\hbox{O}_{8+{\rm x}}$ (Bi2212) wires in high-field superconducting magnets is quench protection. To develop an effective quench protection system, it is important to understand the conditions that must be avoided during a quench so that the conductor is not degraded. While these conditions are understood for NbTi and $\hbox{Nb}_{3} \hbox{Sn}$, they are conductor specific and there remains a lack of data and understanding of the limiting conditions for Bi2212 wires. Here, quenches are induced in short strands and small coils of Bi2212 round wires at 4.2 K. The quench conditions are varied to identify the threshold conditions resulting in wire degradation. These conditions are quantified in terms of the maximum temperature, the maximum time rate of change of the temperature, and the maximum temperature spatial gradient along the length of the wire. It is found that the time rate of change of the temperature (thermal shock) is not a primary driver for degradation but that both the maximum temperature and its spatial gradient play a key role. It is not clear, however, whether the temperature gradient along the length of the wire, or radially from the center of the wire to the surface, dominates. It is also found that threshold values for these parameters vary between different Bi2212 wires and, thus, must be identified for the specific wire to be used in a magnet system. Implications of these results on quench protection are discussed.
Subtle roles of neural cell adhesion molecule and myelin‐associated glycoprotein during Schwann cell spiralling in P0‐deficient mice

Peripheral nerves of P0‐deficient mice display a severe dysmyelinating phenotype, confirming the view that P0 mediates myelin formation and compaction. In addition to the compromised myelin organization, an elevated expression of several cell recognition molecules was described in the axon–Schwann cell units of P0‐deficient mice. The present study was performed to focus on the subcellular localization and functional roles of two of these up‐regulated molecules, the neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM) and the myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG). We show by postembedding immunoelectron microscopy that in peripheral nerves of P0‐deficient mice both molecules are expressed in noncompacted myelin‐like regions. In addition, N‐CAM, but not MAG, is detected in partially compacted myelin. By the generation of P0/N‐CAM‐ and P0/MAG‐deficient double mutants, we investigated the roles of the dysregulated molecules in P0‐deficient mice. In 4‐week‐old double mutants, the dysmyelinating phenotype of the axon–Schwann cell units was very similar to that seen in the P0‐deficient single mutants, suggesting that neither N‐CAM nor MAG are responsible for the poor myelin compaction in P0‐deficient mice. However, the noncompacted turns surrounding the abnormally compacted regions were significantly reduced in number in P0/MAG mutants as compared to P0 or N‐CAM/P0 mice. During formation of myelin sheaths, absence of N‐CAM resulted in a transient retardation of Schwann cell spiralling in P0‐deficient mice, whereas absence of MAG impaired Schwann cell spiralling for a more extended time period. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that MAG and also N‐CAM can play significant roles during myelin formation in the peripheral nervous system. Because these functional roles are detectable only in the absence of P0, our results confirm the view that myelin‐related molecules can play distinct, but also partially overlapping roles. GLIA 27:203–212, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upper ocean mixing controls the seasonality of planktonic foraminifer fluxes and associated strength of the carbonate pump in the oligotrophic North Atlantic

Abstract. Oligotrophic regions represent up to 75% of Earth's open-ocean environments. They are thus areas of major importance in understanding the plankton community dynamics and biogeochemical fluxes. Here we present fluxes of total planktonic foraminifera and 11 planktonic foraminifer species measured at the Oceanic Flux Program (OFP) time series site in the oligotrophic Sargasso Sea, subtropical western North Atlantic Ocean. Foraminifera flux was measured at 1500 m water depth, over two ~ 2.5-year intervals: 1998–2000 and 2007–2010. We find that foraminifera flux was closely correlated with total mass flux, carbonate and organic carbon fluxes. We show that the planktonic foraminifera flux increases approximately 5-fold during the winter–spring, contributing up to ~ 40% of the total carbonate flux. This was primarily driven by increased fluxes of deeper-dwelling globorotaliid species, which contributed up to 90% of the foraminiferal-derived carbonate during late winter–early spring. Interannual variability in total foraminifera flux, and in particular fluxes of the deep-dwelling species (Globorotalia truncatulinoides, Globorotalia hirsuta and Globorotalia inflata), was related to differences in seasonal mixed layer dynamics affecting the strength of the spring phytoplankton bloom and export flux, and by the passage of mesoscale eddies. As these heavily calcified, dense carbonate tests of deeper-dwelling species (3 times denser than surface dwellers) have greater sinking rates, this implies a high seasonality of the biological carbonate pump in oligotrophic oceanic regions. Our data suggest that climate cycles, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation, which modulates nutrient supply into the euphotic zone and the strength of the spring bloom, may also in turn modulate the production and flux of these heavily calcified deep-dwelling foraminifera by increasing their food supply, thereby intensifying the biological carbonate pump.
Continuous Surgical Decompression for Solitary Bone Cyst of the Jaw in a Teenage Patient

Background A solitary bone cyst or simple bone cyst is a nonneoplastic osseous lesion, with no epithelial lining, also considered as a pseudocyst. These lesions, with an intact bony wall and fluid-filled, are frequently discovered by chance in radiological studies. The etiopathogenesis has not been studied in depth, and the management remains controversial. Case Presentation We present a clinical case of a 15-year-old boy who underwent an orthopantomography to assess the development and position of the third molars during a routine postorthodontic check-up. By chance, the X-ray identified an asymptomatic radiolucent image in the left jaw, measuring 12.0 mm × 17.8 mm and compatible with a solitary bone cyst involving teeth 35 and 36. We describe our technique for performing minimally invasive decompression of the lesion using a microperforated catheter. We describe the entire course of the follow-up, both clinical and radiological, until complete cure. Conclusions This straightforward continuous decompression technique poses no problems for the patient, has a low risk of sequelae, and is clearly cost-effective. In view of the highly satisfactory evolution, whenever possible, we favor this minimally invasive technique for the treatment of solitary bone cysts in the jaw.
Functional Status in Hemodialysis - A Comparative Study with FIM, ADLQ and 7D5L Instruments

There is only limited information on the functional status (FS) of patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) from developing countries where the etiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and demographic profile are different. The study aims to assess the FS in patients with CKD using three validated generic instruments. A total of 116 adult patients on HD with a dialysis vintage >3 months were enrolled. FS was assessed using three generic tools – Functional Independence Measure (FIM) (scores 18–126), Seven domains and five levels (7D5L) (scores 0–28), and Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ) (scores 0–6) scales. A higher FIM and ADLQ scores and lower 7D5L score indicated good FS. The mean age of patients was 41.28 ± 15.44 years. About 77.6% were males and 80.2% were unemployed. About 67.2% were receiving twice-weekly HD, and 28.4% were receiving thrice-weekly dialysis. The mean scores were 119.05 ± 11.42 with FIM, 6.44 ± 4.26 with 7D5L, and 5.51 ± 1.19 with ADL instruments. More than 80% showed full functional independence with ADLQ instrument. With FIM, the overall scores showed a tendency for functional independence, but the subdomains involving locomotion/mobility were impaired to a greater extent. The proportion of patients with full independence was less with 7D5L. We observed an inferior FS in individuals <40 years. Patients on HD were functionally independent as assessed by FIM and ADLQ instruments. However, 7D5L appeared to be better in identifying mild to moderate limitations in daily activities. The domains involving motor tasks seem to be affected to a greater extent. The current scales for assessing FS do not incorporate a time-dependent component.
Association of prostate cancer risk with genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor and androgen receptor.

BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is an increasingly common disease for which there are few well-established risk factors. Family history data suggest a genetic component; however, the majority of prostate cancer cases cannot be explained by a single-gene model. Prostate cell division is influenced by two steroid hormones, testosterone and vitamin D, the action of each being mediated by its respective receptor. The genes for the two receptors are candidates in a multigenic model for prostate cancer susceptibility. PURPOSE We examined genetic polymorphisms in two steroid receptors, the androgen receptor (AR) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR), in a case-control pilot study of prostate cancer. METHODS Fifty-seven non-Hispanic white case patients with prostate cancer and 169 non-Hispanic white control subjects were genotyped for a previously described microsatellite (CAG repeats) in the AR gene and for a newly discovered poly-A microsatellite in the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of the VDR gene. To compare genotypes with respect to prostate cancer risk, we estimated odds ratios (ORs) by using logistic regression. ORs were also estimated separately for advanced and localized cases of disease. All P values resulted from two-sided tests. RESULTS Both the AR and the VDR polymorphisms were associated, individually and after mutual adjustment, with prostate cancer. Adjusted ORs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for prostate cancer were 2.10 (95% CI = 1.11-3.99) for individuals carrying an AR CAG allele with fewer than 20 repeats versus an allele with 20 or more repeats and 4.61 (95% CI = 1.34-15.82) for individuals carrying at least one long (A18 to A22) VDR poly-A allele versus two short (A14 to A17) poly-A alleles. For both the AR and VDR genes, the at-risk genotypes were more strongly associated with advanced disease than with localized disease. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot study, genetic variation in both the VDR and the AR genes was associated with prostate cancer, and both genes appear to preferentially confer risk for advanced disease. These two genetic risk factors, if confirmed, are among the strongest risk factors yet identified for prostate cancer. IMPLICATIONS These results are consistent with a multigenic model of prostate cancer susceptibility. On the basis of the joint effect of several genetic loci, one might ultimately be able to construct a risk profile to predict advanced disease, so that men whose disease is unlikely to progress to an advanced stage can possibly be spared aggressive treatment.
Acute Charles Bonnet Syndrome following Hughes procedure

ABSTRACT A 69-year-old male experienced monocular formed visual hallucinations after occlusion of the right eye following resection of eyelid basal cell carcinoma and reconstruction with a Hughes procedure (tarsoconjunctival flap). His symptoms included recurrent, well-defined, organized, complex, formed images of small children playing in the snow. These visual phenomena occurred only in the occluded eye, began several hours after surgery, and recurred intermittently several times daily for 4 days, lasting several minutes with each occurrence. The patient retained insight into the false nature of the images throughout the duration of his symptoms, and the hallucinations resolved spontaneously while the flap was still in place. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of Charles Bonnet Syndrome (CBS) following a Hughes procedure in a patient with normal visual acuity in the non-occluded fellow eye. Unlike other reported cases of acute onset CBS following transient monocular occlusion, hallucinations in the occluded eye remitted prior to restoration of vision in the occluded eye. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the potential for CBS following even transient monocular occlusion and should consider warning patients about its potential to occur.
One‐fifth of basal cell carcinomas have a morphoeic or partly morphoeic histology: Implications for treatment

A retrospective analysis of the histopathology reports for all first or single basal cell carcinomas (1567) surgically treated over a 13‐year period, was undertaken. Basal cell carcinomas classified by standard skin pathology nomenclature were divided into three groups: purely morphoeic basal cell carcinomas, partly morphoeic basal cell carcinomas and non‐morphoeic basal cell carcinomas. A morphoeic or partly morphoeic histology was reported in 21.8% of basal cell carcinomas, particularly on the head and neck and in those over the age of 64 years. This percentage may increase further as patients live longer, and has important implications for treatment selection.
Comparison of sulbactam/cefoperazone with imipenem as empirical monotherapy for febrile granulocytopenic patients.

SIR-We read with attention the article by Winston et al. [1] that described a clinical trial in which sulbactam/cefoperazone was compared with imipenem in patients with febrile granulocytopenia. We would like to comment on some aspects of the design and conduct of the trial. First, in reference to selection criteria, both fever and neutropenia are not in agreement with the Guidelines for the Evaluation of New Anti-Infective Drugs for the Treatment of Febrile Episodes in Neutropenic Patients [2]. In addition, it is not mentioned if measurement of temperature was oral or axillary. It seems evident that oral measurement is the commonly accepted method [2-4]. Another point is that patients were not stratified as recommended in the guidelines [2]. Although the study results show homogenous groups, we believe that a priori stratification of the patients according to type of tumor and bone marrow transplant is advisable [5, 6]. The report does not specify if patients with septic shock, CNS infections, or HIV infection, or those receiving previous systemic antibiotics were excluded, as seems logical and was contemplated by other investigators [5, 7]. With respect to the patients' treatment, the estimated duration of treatment was not specified in the Patients and Methods section. Although the period of patient's inclusion is also not indicated in the article, this point is clearly explained according to neutrophil count, duration of fever, and risk factors, in the 1997 Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America [4]. With reference to the classification of the response to therapy, it is not clear what is meant by "overall clinical improvement. " In this sense, the Guidelines [2] and other investigators [5] require resolution of clinical signs of infection (whenever present). Furthermore, a period of maintenance of a normal temperature and a period in which primary infection must not recur are required [2, 5]. Finally, the policy for treatment modification is not mentioned in the Patients and Methods section. Because it is commonly accepted that investigations must be reproducible, we believe that the previously mentioned points should be clearly specified in the methodology of published clinical trials.
Integrating Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission Into Routine Antenatal Care: The Key to Program Expansion in Cameroon

With funds from Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board implemented a program to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (PMTCT) as part of its routine antenatal care, with single-dose maternal and infant peripartum nevirapine (NVP) prophylaxis of HIV-positive mothers and their babies. Nurses, midwives, nurse aides, and trained birth attendants counseled pregnant women, obtained risk factor data, and offered free HIV testing with same-day results. From February 2000 through December 2004, this program rapidly expanded to 115 facilities in 6 of Cameroon's 10 provinces, not only to large hospitals but to remote health centers staffed by trained birth attendants. We trained 690 health workers in PMTCT and counseled 68,635 women, 91.9% of whom accepted HIV testing. Of 63,094 women tested, 8.7% were HIV-1-positive. Independent risk factors for HIV-1 infection included young age at first sexual intercourse, multiple sex partners, and positive syphilis serology (P < 0.001 for each). We counseled 98.7% of positive and negative mothers on a posttest basis. Of 5550 HIV-positive mothers, we counseled 5433 (97.9%) on single-dose NVP prophylaxis. Consistent training and programmatic support contributed to rapid upscaling and high uptake and counseling rates.
A Methodology for Studying 802.11p VANET Broadcasting Performance With Practical Vehicle Distribution

In a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), the performance of the communication protocol is heavily influenced by the vehicular density dynamics. However, most of the previous works on VANET performance modeling paid little attention to vehicle distribution or simply assumed homogeneous car distribution. It is obvious that vehicles are distributed nonhomogeneously along a road segment due to traffic signals and speed limits at different portions of the road, as well as vehicle interactions that are significant on busy streets. In light of the inadequacy, in this paper, we present an original methodology to study the broadcasting performance of 802.11p VANETs with practical vehicle distribution in urban environments. First, we adopt the empirically verified stochastic traffic models, which incorporate the effect of urban settings (such as traffic lights and vehicle interactions) on car distribution and generate practical vehicular density profiles. Corresponding 802.11p protocol and performance models are then developed. When coupled with the traffic models, they can predict broadcasting efficiency, delay, and throughput performances of 802.11p VANETs based on the knowledge of car density at each location on the road. Extensive simulation is conducted to verify the accuracy of the developed mathematical models with the consideration of vehicle interaction. In general, our results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology on modeling protocol performance in practical signalized road networks and shed insights into the design and development of future communication protocols and networking functions for VANETs.
B Cell Help by CD1d-Rectricted NKT Cells

B cell activation and antibody production against foreign antigens is a central step of host defense. This is achieved via highly regulated multi-phase processes that involve a variety of cells of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. MHC class II-restricted CD4+ T cells specific for peptide antigens, which acquire professional follicular B cell helper functions, have been long recognized as key players in this process. Recent data, however, challenge this paradigm by showing the existence of other helper cell types. CD1d restricted NKT cells specific for lipid antigens are one such new player and can coopt bona fide follicular helper phenotypes. Their role in helping antigen-specific B cell response to protein antigens, as well as to the so called “help-less” antigens that cannot be recognized by T follicular helper cells, is being increasingly elucidated, highlighting their potential pathophysiological impact on the immune response, as well as on the design of improved vaccine formulations.
Long‐term effectiveness of cognitive therapy in major depressive disorder

Cognitive therapy of depression, based on the cognitive theory of depression, is an established treatment for major depressive disorder. Although few clinicians expect acute treatment of depression with antidepressant medication to prevent long‐term relapse of the illness, some practitioners of cognitive therapy report long‐term effectiveness in preventing relapse after short‐term treatment. We set out to reanalyze follow‐up studies in the literature, using intent‐to‐treat principles to assess the long‐term effects of acute treatment with cognitive therapy. From an initial reference list of 97 citations that met our search criteria (controlled clinical trials of cognitive therapy in depression with follow‐up), we found five trials that met our inclusion criteria. This report reviews and reanalyzes these five trials, published between 1981 and 1992, which compare cognitive therapy and tricyclic antidepressant therapy. Overall, the evidence favors a longer‐term effect for cognitive therapy over tricyclic antidepressants alone. Depression and Anxiety 00:000–000, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into Protein Aggregation by NMR Characterization of Insoluble SH3 Mutants Solubilized in Salt-Free Water

Protein aggregation in vivo has been extensively associated with a large spectrum of human diseases. On the other hand, mechanistic insights into protein aggregation in vitro were incomplete due to the inability in solubilizing insoluble proteins for high-resolution biophysical investigations. However, a new avenue may be opened up by our recent discovery that previously-thought insoluble proteins can in fact be solubilized in salt-free water. Here we use this approach to study the NMR structural and dynamic properties of an insoluble SH3 mutant with a naturally-occurring insertion of Val22 at the tip of the diverging turn. The obtained results reveal: 1) regardless of whether the residue is Val, Ala, Asp or Arg, the insertion will render the first hNck2 SH3 domain to be insoluble in buffers. Nevertheless, all four mutants could be solubilized in salt-free water and appear to be largely unfolded as evident from their CD and NMR HSQC spectra. 2) Comparison of the chemical shift deviations reveals that while in V22-SH3 the second helical region is similarly populated as in the wild-type SH3 at pH 2.0, the first helical region is largely unformed. 3) In V22-SH3, many non-native medium-range NOEs manifest to define non-native helical conformations. In the meanwhile a small group of native-like long-range NOEs still persists, indicating the existence of a rudimentary native-like tertiary topology. 4) Although overall, V22-SH3 has significantly increased backbone motions on the ps-ns time scale, some regions still own restricted backbone motions as revealed by analyzing 15N relaxation data. Our study not only leads to the establishment of the first high-resolution structural and dynamic picture for an insoluble protein, but also shed more light on the molecular events for the nonhierarchical folding mechanism. Furthermore, a general mechanism is also proposed for in vivo protein aggregation triggered by the genetic mutation and posttranslational modification.