Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fifty-five year changes in species composition on dry prairie remnants in south-central Wisconsin1

Abstract Ten dry prairie remnants in south-central Wisconsin first sampled in 1950 were resampled in 2005 to determine changes in species presence and frequency and to characterize differences between species that increased and decreased in abundance. Combined species richness over all sites has increased (from 147 to 189), but this largely reflects the recruitment of exotic species, woody vegetation, and taller shade-tolerant species. Mean native species richness per site decreased (from 65.2 to 59.7) reflecting the loss of rarer and shorter forbs while mean exotic species richness increased greatly (from 0.3 to 10.1). Although the average number of habitat generalist species per site has remained constant (13.0 vs. 13.6), the number of habitat specialists has declined (from 27.4 to 21.7) contributing to declines in floristic quality. The five native species that decreased in occurrence and 15 that decreased in frequency tended to be short, non-clonal specialist forbs. The seven native increaser species tended to be tall, clonal, and/or woody generalists. Efforts to conserve dry prairies should thus focus on those species most at risk (i.e., rare, short-statured, and non-clonal) and the processes that sustain them. Burning and removing exotic species and woody vegetation appear to enhance our ability to conserve and maintain plant diversity in dry prairie remnants.
First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole

We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) images of M87, using observations from April 2017 at 1.3 mm wavelength. These images show a prominent ring with a diameter of ~40 μas, consistent with the size and shape of the lensed photon orbit encircling the "shadow" of a supermassive black hole. The ring is persistent across four observing nights and shows enhanced brightness in the south. To assess the reliability of these results, we implemented a two-stage imaging procedure. In the first stage, four teams, each blind to the others' work, produced images of M87 using both an established method (CLEAN) and a newer technique (regularized maximum likelihood). This stage allowed us to avoid shared human bias and to assess common features among independent reconstructions. In the second stage, we reconstructed synthetic data from a large survey of imaging parameters and then compared the results with the corresponding ground truth images. This stage allowed us to select parameters objectively to use when reconstructing images of M87. Across all tests in both stages, the ring diameter and asymmetry remained stable, insensitive to the choice of imaging technique. We describe the EHT imaging procedures, the primary image features in M87, and the dependence of these features on imaging assumptions.
Characteristics and Management of Blunt Renal Injury in Children

Background: Renal trauma in the pediatric population is predominately due to blunt mechanism of injury. Our purpose was to determine the associated injuries, features, incidence, management, and outcomes of kidney injuries resulting from blunt trauma in the pediatric population in a single level I trauma center. Methods: This was a retrospective chart and trauma registry review of all pediatric blunt renal injuries at a regional level I trauma center that provides care to injured adults and children. The inclusion dates were January 2001–June 2014. Results: Of 5790 pediatric blunt trauma admissions, 68 children sustained renal trauma (incidence: 1.2%). Only two had nephrectomies (2.9%). Five renal angiograms were performed, only one required angioembolization. Macroscopic hematuria rate was significantly higher in the high-grade injury group (47% vs. 16%; P = 0.031). Over half of the patients had other intra-abdominal injuries. The liver and spleen were the most frequently injured abdominal organs. Conclusion: Blunt renal trauma is uncommon in children and is typically of low American Association for the Surgery of Trauma injury grade. It is commonly associated with other intra-abdominal injuries, especially the liver and the spleen. The nephrectomy rate in pediatric trauma is lower compared to adult trauma. Most pediatric blunt renal injury can be managed conservatively by adult trauma surgeons.
Insights into Deep-Sea Sediment Fungal Communities from the East Indian Ocean Using Targeted Environmental Sequencing Combined with Traditional Cultivation

The fungal diversity in deep-sea environments has recently gained an increasing amount attention. Our knowledge and understanding of the true fungal diversity and the role it plays in deep-sea environments, however, is still limited. We investigated the fungal community structure in five sediments from a depth of ∼4000 m in the East India Ocean using a combination of targeted environmental sequencing and traditional cultivation. This approach resulted in the recovery of a total of 45 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and 20 culturable fungal phylotypes. This finding indicates that there is a great amount of fungal diversity in the deep-sea sediments collected in the East Indian Ocean. Three fungal OTUs and one culturable phylotype demonstrated high divergence (89%–97%) from the existing sequences in the GenBank. Moreover, 44.4% fungal OTUs and 30% culturable fungal phylotypes are new reports for deep-sea sediments. These results suggest that the deep-sea sediments from the East India Ocean can serve as habitats for new fungal communities compared with other deep-sea environments. In addition, different fungal community could be detected when using targeted environmental sequencing compared with traditional cultivation in this study, which suggests that a combination of targeted environmental sequencing and traditional cultivation will generate a more diverse fungal community in deep-sea environments than using either targeted environmental sequencing or traditional cultivation alone. This study is the first to report new insights into the fungal communities in deep-sea sediments from the East Indian Ocean, which increases our knowledge and understanding of the fungal diversity in deep-sea environments.
MORTGAGE MARKET CHANNELS AND FAIR LENDING: AN ANALYSIS OF HMDA DATA

The research reported in this study was funded by the Ford Foundation. We would like to give special thanks to Gary Fauth who directed the econometrics research and Dawn Patric for managing the enhanced HMDA database. We would like to acknowledge the staff of the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University for their support. Any opinions expressed do not necessarily represent the views of Harvard University, the Ford Foundation, the Blue Ribbon Advisory Committee, or any of the persons or organizations that provide support to the Joint Center for Housing Studies. McCarthy of the Ford Foundation and thanks them for their continuing efforts on behalf of lower-income people and communities. We would also like to acknowledge the study's Blue Ribbon Advisory Committee established by the Joint Center for Housing Studies. These Committee members provided helpful comments throughout the project. The Advisory Committee included senior officials from bank regulatory agencies, as well as nationally recognized experts drawn from the housing and mortgage finance industries and national and local non-profit community development and advocacy organizations. A list of Advisory Committee members may be found in Appendix B. For decades " fair lending " issues have received attention in both public policy arenas and the popular press, but the release of 2004 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act (HMDA) data with loan pricing information has sparked a new round of discussion. Using these data, the paper seeks to better understand the rapid growth of subprime lending, the organization of U.S. capital markets, and the many distinct mortgage channels that link mortgage investors with mortgage borrowers. In particular, the paper seeks to advance the discussion by examining how the structure of the mortgage industry and the uneven application of mortgage market regulations combine to permit unfair mortgage pricing with respect to race and ethnicity. Today's increasingly complex mortgage market includes a number of distinct mortgage delivery channels. Starting from the borrower and working toward the investor, these channels include three levels of activity: 1) the individuals (mortgage brokers, correspondent lenders and loan officers) that conduct the initial marketing and sales efforts to generate loan applications; 2) the organizations (bank or non-bank entities) that evaluate these applications, underwrite and initially fund the loans; and 3) the entities that purchase loans either to hold as investments or securitize and sell on national and international capital markets (Government Sponsored Entities (GSEs) or other mortgage conduits). The various …
Statistical Analysis of Haralick Texture Features to Discriminate Lung Abnormalities

The Haralick texture features are a well-known mathematical method to detect the lung abnormalities and give the opportunity to the physician to localize the abnormality tissue type, either lung tumor or pulmonary edema. In this paper, statistical evaluation of the different features will represent the reported performance of the proposed method. Thirty-seven patients CT datasets with either lung tumor or pulmonary edema were included in this study. The CT images are first preprocessed for noise reduction and image enhancement, followed by segmentation techniques to segment the lungs, and finally Haralick texture features to detect the type of the abnormality within the lungs. In spite of the presence of low contrast and high noise in images, the proposed algorithms introduce promising results in detecting the abnormality of lungs in most of the patients in comparison with the normal and suggest that some of the features are significantly recommended than others.
Deficiency in Either 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 Augments Innate Antiviral Immune Responses

Genetic deletion of both 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 was found to protect cells against viral infections. Here we demonstrate that the individual loss of either 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) is sufficient to confer viral resistance. shRNA-mediated silencing of 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 renders MEFs resistant to viruses, and compared to wild type cells, MEFs knockout for either 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 exhibit enhanced translation of Irf-7 and consequently increased innate immune response to viruses. Accordingly, the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, influenza virus and Sindbis virus is markedly suppressed in these cells. Importantly, expression of either 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 in double knockout or respective single knockout cells diminishes their resistance to viral infection. Our data show that loss of 4E-BP1 or 4E-BP2 potentiates innate antiviral immunity. These results provide further evidence for translational control of innate immunity and support targeting translational effectors as an antiviral strategy.
Shaping Agribusiness and its Impact on the Competitive Environment of Agricultural Enterprises

The paper deals with the key issues of contemporary food system development and their economic content related to the position of agricultural enterprises. It explains, that the problem faced by the whole Europe and thus also by the Czech Republic, i.e. how to compete successfully on an increasingly globalised food market, fully concerns the shaping of a new agriculture structure and all its sectors, which are more-or-less related to the food and non food sector based upon agricultural raw materials production. By generalising the typical features in the running integration processes within this economy segment, essential tendencies of changes in the present-day business environment which affect both the supply and demand sides of market formation, concerning production, processing and merchandise of food are characterised. New challenging approaches for agricultural enterprises as well as from the the CAP regulation policy point of view in this business branch are evaluted there.
A review of performance and pathogenicity of male and female Schistosoma mansoni during the life-cycle

The sexual life-history traits of Schistosoma mansoni have been reviewed to compare male and female performance and pathogenicity against Biomphalaria glabrata during the life-cycle. A meta-analysis was used on pooled results from different experiments. In most cases, there was no difference between males and females but male cercariae were significantly more infectious than female cercariae. Conversely, cercarial production and cercarial life-span were significantly greater for females than for males; furthermore, females have a tendency to occur in molluscs of larger size. Each difference is discussed and interpreted when possible in terms of male and female differences in transmission strategies. The female strategy may consist of producing many long-living larvae. The male strategy may consist of producing few short-living larvae and would invest in the quality of these larvae instead of their quantity or their life-span.
Clinicopathological spectrum of BCR-ABL-Negative myeloproliferative neoplasms with correlation with janus-associated kinase 2 mutation

Abstract Background: Non chronic myelogenous leukemia (non-CML)/BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) (apart from chronic neutrophilic leukemia and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, which are rare). They are uncommon clonal disorders of adults, with an incidence ranging from 0.5 to 3/100,000 persons, BCR-ABL negative, and characterized by the activation of Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2). Very few studies have been reported from India. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of this study were to analyze the clinicopathological spectrum and to determine the frequency of JAK2 mutation in patients of non-CML/BCR-ABL negative MPNs. Materials and Methods: Clinical and morphological features and frequency of JAK2 mutation in patients with PV, ET, and PMF were studied at a tertiary care hospital. The material was retrieved from the hematopathology records and reviewed. Results: JAK2V617F mutation was found in 10 of 14 cases (71%) of MPNs, 100% in PV, 50% in ET, and 71% of idiopathic myelofibrosis. The presence of JAK2V617F mutation was associated with a higher hemoglobin level (P < 0.05), a higher TLC (P < 0.05), and higher age (P < 0.05). Results showed that there are morphologic differences, and megakaryocytic morphology represents a useful clue for the differential diagnosis of these three BCR-ABL-negative MPN subtypes. Conclusion: The JAK2 V617F mutation was detected in 71% of patients with MPN disorders. Peripheral blood mutation screening for JAK2 V617F should be incorporated into the initial evaluation of patients suspected to have MPNs. Differences in megakaryocytic morphology provide the histomorphological hallmark of BCR-ABL-negative MPN subtypes.
[Prevalence of serologic markers of hepatitis B and D viruses in children of the Caiabi and Txucarramãe tribes from the Indian Reservation of Xingu, central Brazil].

The medical literature has shown that the inhabitants of the Amazon region are highly affected by hepatitis B and delta viruses infection, but this has never been studied in Indian children by age group. A study of the prevalence of serological markers of hepatitis B and delta viruses in Indian children aged 0 to 14 years living in the PIX was carried out. This Park is located in Central Brazil, a region which is in the transition between the savannab to the south and the Amazon jungle to the north. To determine the prevalence of HBV and HDV markers in Indian children and to characterize the route of HBV transmission in this region. Out of the 17 tribes living in the PIX, two--the Caiabi and the Txucarramae--were chosen because both live in the North part of the Park, but have quite different ways of life. The overall prevalence of HBV serum markers was: HBsAg, 4.5%; anti-HBs, 39.6%; anti-HBc, 44.1%; any marker of HBV, 47.3%; and anti-HDV, 0.0%. However, a striking difference in the prevalence of hepatitis B markers was observed between the two tribes: younger Caiabi children were much less affected than the Txucarramae ones. The prevalence of HBsAg in fertile women was 12%, being anti-HBe positive. Our data suggest that HBV infection is highly prevalent among Indian children living in this Indigenous Park and vertical infection is not an important route of transmission in either tribes.
Trojan Horse Strategy in Agrobacterium Transformation : Abusing MAPK Defense Signaling

www.sciencemag. org (this information is current as of November 5, 2007 ): The following resources related to this article are available online at http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/318/5849/453 version of this article at: including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services, http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/318/5849/453/DC1 can be found at: Supporting Online Material http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/content/full/318/5849/453#otherarticles , 5 of which can be accessed for free: cites 14 articles This article http://www.sciencemag. org/cgi/collection/botany Botany : subject collections This article appears in the following http://www.sciencemag. org/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining
The complete mitochondrial genome of Reticulitermes leptomandibularis (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of a lower termite, Reticulitermes leptomandibularis is a typical circular DNA molecule of 15,920 bp in length. The genome contains 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, and a non-coding region (D-loop). The overall sequence of R. leptomandibularis is A/T biased with a percentage of 65.36%. The phylogenetic tree constructed using complete mitochondrial genomes of Reticulitermes genus revealed that R. leptomandibularis was closest to Reticulitermes aculabialis and formed a sister group to Reticulitermes speratus. This whole mt genome provides molecular resource for evolution analysis within termites especially the genus Reticulitermes.
Adaptive confidence sets for kink estimation

: We consider estimation of the location and the height of the jump in the γ -th derivative - a kink of order γ - of a regression curve, which is assumed to be H¨older smooth of order s ≥ γ + 1 away from the kink. Optimal convergence rates as well as the joint asymptotic normal distribution of estimators based on the zero-crossing-time technique are established. Further, we construct joint as well as marginal asymptotic conﬁdence sets for these parameters which are honest and adaptive with re- spect to the smoothness parameter s over subsets of the H¨older classes. The ﬁnite-sample performance is investigated in a simulation study, and a real data illustration is given to a series of annual global surface temperatures.
Deontic Reasoning With Emotional Content: Evolutionary Psychology or Decision Theory?

Three experiments investigated the contrasting predictions of the evolutionary and decision-theoretic approaches to deontic reasoning. Two experiments embedded a hazard management (HM) rule in a social contract scenario that should lead to competition between innate modules. A 3rd experiment used a pure HM task. Threatening material was also introduced into the antecedent, p, of a deontic rule, if p then must q. According to the evolutionary approach, more HM responses (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000) are predicted when p is threatening, whereas decision theory predicts fewer. All 3 experiments were consistent with decision theory. Other theories are discussed, and it is concluded that they cannot account for the behavior observed in these experiments.
Practical Attacks Against Privacy and Availability in 4G/LTE Mobile Communication Systems

Mobile communication systems now constitute an essential part of life throughout the world. Fourth generation "Long Term Evolution" (LTE) mobile communication networks are being deployed. The LTE suite of specifications is considered to be significantly better than its predecessors not only in terms of functionality but also with respect to security and privacy for subscribers. We carefully analyzed LTE access network protocol specifications and uncovered several vulnerabilities. Using commercial LTE mobile devices in real LTE networks, we demonstrate inexpensive, and practical attacks exploiting these vulnerabilities. Our first class of attacks consists of three different ways of making an LTE device leak its location: A semi-passive attacker can locate an LTE device within a 2 sq.km area within a city whereas an active attacker can precisely locate an LTE device using GPS co-ordinates or trilateration via cell-tower signal strength information. Our second class of attacks can persistently deny some or all services to a target LTE device. To the best of our knowledge, our work constitutes the first publicly reported practical attacks against LTE access network protocols. We present several countermeasures to resist our specific attacks. We also discuss possible trade-offs that may explain why these vulnerabilities exist and recommend that safety margins introduced into future specifications to address such trade-offs should incorporate greater agility to accommodate subsequent changes in the trade-off equilibrium.
Imaging , Diagnosis , Prognosis PIK 3 CA Mutation Is Associated with a Favorable Prognosis among Patients with Curatively Resected Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose: PIK3CA encodes the catalytic subunit of PI3K, p110a. Mutant PIK3CA stimulates the AKT pathway and promotes cancer cell proliferation. PIK3CA mutations have been associated with poor prognosis in patientswith colorectal or lung cancer. In contrast, the relationship between PIK3CAmutations and favorable prognoses has been shown in breast cancer. However, the influence of PIK3CAmutations on the prognosis of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains unclear. Experimental Design: Using a nonbiased database of 219 curatively resected ESCCs and eight esophageal cancer cell lines, we evaluated PIK3CA mutational status by pyrosequencing. The expression of p53 and phosphorylated AKT (i.e., AKT activation) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results: PIK3CA mutations in exon 9 and/or 20 were detected in 46 cases (21%). No ESCC cell line harbored PIK3CA mutations. PIK3CA mutations were significantly associated with phosphorylated AKT expression, but not with p53 expression, sex, age at surgery, tobacco use, alcohol use, or histologic grade. Compared with wild-type PIK3CA cases, patients with PIK3CAmutations in exons 9 and/or 20 experienced significantly better disease-free survival [log-rank P1⁄4 0.0089; univariate HR: 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15–0.75, P 1⁄4 0.0042; multivariate HR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.10–0.86, P 1⁄4 0.021] and overall survival (log-rank P 1⁄4 0.012; univariate HR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.16–0.78, P 1⁄4 0.0060; multivariate HR: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.10–0.90, P 1⁄4 0.028). Conclusion: PIK3CA mutations in ESCC are associated with longer survival, suggesting its role as a prognostic biomarker. Future studies are needed to confirm this association and to elucidate the exact mechanisms by which PIK3CA mutations affect tumor behavior. Clin Cancer Res; 19(9); 2451–9.