Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can the States Address Equity and Innovation? Rethinking the State's Fiscal Role in Public Education.

With federal funds accounting for only 7% of public elementary and secondary education revenue, funding responsibility for K-12 education is split primarily between state and local governments. Since the 1980s, state governments have generally assumed primary fiscal responsibility, with local governments supplying the rest of the necessary revenue. There is, however, a noticeable variation in the level of funding responsibility across the 50 states. This paper examines the effects of this variation in state funding responsibility, considering the impact of this variation on equity and innovation. The paper also notes the state-house political party dynamics that may play a mediating role in this relationship and considers the effect of funding responsibility on achievement. It addresses two guiding questions: (1) What is the relationship between state funding responsibility and funding disparity, as measured by a set of five different indicators? ; and (2) How does state funding responsibility affect a state's willingness to adopt innovative policies such as standards and . accountability measures, charter schools, school district takeover, and public school vouchers? In addressing these questions, the paper is organized into five sections: (1) "Introduction"; (2) "Theoretical Background and the Research Base; (3) "Data and Methodology"; (4) "Results"; and (5) "Implications. " The paper finds that state fiscal responsibility has served a redistributive function and higher levels of state funding are significantly related to a narrower gap between rich and poor districts, even when using a set of control variables. (Contains 45 references, 24 notes, 17 tables, and 1 figure.) (BT) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Can the states address equity and innovation? Rethinking the state's fiscal role in public education Kenneth K. Wong Vanderbilt University ken.won&Nanderbiltedu Peabody College, Box 514 Nashville, TN 37203 Francis X. Shen Harvard University fxshen@fas.harvard. edu Littauer Hall, North Yard Cambridge, MA 02138 Paper prepared for the 98th Meeting of the American Political Science Association. August 28th September 1, 2002, Boston, MA. N kr) PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS Cr) BEEN GRANTED BY 7tK tA)061 cr) C. ) TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 1 0 67 COPY AVAILABLE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 4 This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy.
Studies on toxicity to cockerel chicks of raw full-fat neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) seed kernel

Toxicity to cockerel chicks of raw full-fat neem seed kernel (RFK) was tested. Graded doses of 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 g RFK/kg diet replaced similar levels of peanut. Each diet was offered to 30 chicks ad libitum for 35 days. The RFK depressed (P<0.05) appetite and severely (P<0.01) decreased mass gain of chicks independent of the doses used. It also induced haemorrhagic anaemia (P<0.01) and leucocytosis (P<0.05) at 150 g or more RFK/kg diet. The leucocytosis largely resulted from heterophilia. At an inclusion rate of 150 g or more RFK/kg, aspartate aminotransferase activity was elevated (P<0.05) while cholesterol concentration was lowered (P<0.05). However, activity of alanine aminotransferase and concentrations of bilirubin, creatinine and uric acid did not differ significantly among the cockerels. Lesions associated with RFK included emaciation and paleness of carcasses, kidney congestion and mucous enteritis. Microscopically, there was coagulative necrosis of mucosal cells involving the submucosal glands and sloughing of intestinal villi, focal hepatocytic drop-out and haemorrhagic and oedematous nephritis. The overall effect was a highly significant (P<0.01) mortality of cockerels, which was dose-dependent; and all birds fed on 300 g RFK/kg diet died before day 35 of feeding.
Successful Treatment of Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Recalcitrant Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis with Cyclosporine: Case Report and Literature Review

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is a cutaneous reaction principally induced by drugs. Spontaneous resolution is observed in most patients. However, severe cases required systemic corticosteroid administration. Hydroxychloroquine, which is used to treat some dermatologic and rheumatologic diseases because of its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, is an uncommon cause of AGEP. A 67-year-old female patient presented with severe AGEP due to hydroxychloroquine treatment. She was recalcitrant to supportive care and systemic corticosteroid treatment butwas successfully treated with cyclosporine. Hydroxychloroquine-induced AGEP occurs in women with underlying rheumatologic diseases, has a longer latent period, and has a severe course usually requiring systemic treatment.
COVERT : Compositional Analysis of Android Inter-App Vulnerabilities

Android is the most popular platform for mobile devices. It facilitates sharing of data and services among applications using a rich inter-app communication system. While access to resources can be controlled by the Android permission system, enforcing permissions is not sufficient to prevent security violations, as permissions may be mismanaged, intentionally or unintentionally. Android’s enforcement of the permissions is at the level of individual apps, allowing multiple malicious apps to collude and combine their permissions or to trick vulnerable apps to perform actions on their behalf that are beyond their individual privileges. In this paper, we present COVERT, a tool for compositional analysis of Android inter-app vulnerabilities. COVERT’s analysis is modular to enable incremental analysis of applications as they are installed, updated, and removed. It statically analyzes the reverse engineered source code of each individual app, and extracts relevant security specifications in a format suitable for formal verification. Given a collection of specifications extracted in this way, a formal analysis engine (e.g., model checker) is then used to verify whether it is safe for a combination of applications—holding certain permissions and potentially interacting with each other—to be installed together. Our experience with using COVERT to examine over 200 real-world apps corroborates its ability to find inter-app vulnerabilities in bundles of some of the most popular apps on the market.
Evaluations of retraining programs in OECD countries : implications for economies in transition

This paper presents evaluative information on retraining schemes for unemployed adults in OECD countries. These evaluations fall into three categories: experimental evaluations that compare the effects of retraining programs for participants and a control group chosen prior to scheme's initiation; quasi-experimental evaluations that chose the control group after the program is completed; and non-specific evaluations that use no control group. The authors discuss the correlates - the specific labor market problem addressed, general market conditions, and intervention design - of success and failure of these schemes, separately for programs for workers laid-off en masse and the long-term unemployed. Finally, they draw the implications of these findings for countries in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
Pathogenic Potential of Saccharomyces Strains Isolated from Dietary Supplements

Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a beneficial role in health because of its intrinsic nutritional value and bio-functional properties, which is why it is also used as a dietary supplement. However, the perception that S. cerevisiae is harmless has changed due to an increasing number of infections caused by this yeast. Given this scenario, we have tested whether viable strains contained in dietary supplements displayed virulence-associated phenotypic traits that could contribute to virulence in humans. We have also performed an in vivo study of the pathogenic potential of these strains using a murine model of systemic infection by intravenous inoculation. A total of 5 strains were isolated from 22 commercial products and tested. Results highlight one strain (D14) in terms of burden levels in brains and kidneys and ability to cause death, whereas the other two strains (D2 and D4) were considered of low virulence. Our results suggest a strong relationship between some of the virulence-associated phenotypic traits (ability to grow at 39°C and pseudohyphal growth) and the in vivo virulence in a mouse model of intravenous inoculation for isolates under study. The isolate displaying greatest virulence (D14) was evaluated in an experimental murine model of gastrointestinal infection with immunosuppression and disruption of mucosal integrity, which are common risk factors for developing infection in humans, and results were compared with an avirulent strain (D23). We showed that D14 was able to spread to mesenteric nodes and distant organs under these conditions. Given the widespread consumption of dietary supplements, we recommend only safe strains be used.
Maternal effects mechanism of population cycling: a formidable competitor to the traditional predator–prey view

In the language of mathematics, one needs minimally two interacting variables (two dimensions) to describe repeatable periodic behaviour, and in the language of density dependence, one needs delayed, not immediate, density dependence to produce cyclicity. Neither language specifies the causal mechanism. There are two major potential mechanisms: exogenous mechanisms involving species interactions as in predator–prey or host–parasite, and endogenous mechanisms such as maternal effects where population growth results from the cross-generational transmission of individual quality. The species interactions view stemming from a major observation of Elton and a simultaneous independent theory by Lotka and Volterra is currently dominant. Most ecologists, when faced with cyclic phenomena, automatically look for an interacting species one step below or above in a food chain in order to find an explanation. Maternal effects hypothesis, verbally suggested in the 1950s, had only found its theoretical implementation in the 1990s. In a relatively short time, the degree of acceptance of this view grew to the level of a ‘minority opinion’ as evidenced by the widely used textbook of Begon et al. This short review attempts to describe the arguments for and against this internal two-dimensional approach.
OCCURRENCE OF PHAGOSOMES AND PHAGO-LYSOSOMES IN DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THE NEPHRON IN RELATION TO THE REABSORPTION, TRANSPORT, DIGESTION, AND EXTRUSION OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE

The size, number, and location of lysosomes, phagosomes, and phago-lysosomes in different segments of the proximal and distal tubules, in the collecting tubules, and in invading macrophages of the kidneys of rats were compared by staining lysosomes (acid phosphatase) red, and phagosomes (injected horseradish peroxidase) blue in separate sections, and by staining phago-lysosomes purple by successive application of the reactions for the two enzymes in the same sections. It was concluded from these observations that the absorption of the foreign protein from the lumen and its gradual digestion in large phago-lysosomes took place mainly in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the outer cortex. Several segments of the proximal convoluted tubules were distinguished on the basis of differences in the size and location of the phago-lysosomes and the amounts of peroxidase ingested. The distal tubules showed, in addition to moderate numbers of phago-lysosomes, many small phagosomes in the apical and basal zones of the cells. Moderate numbers of phagosomes and phago-lysosomes were observed in the cells of the collecting tubules. Macrophages showing very large phago-lysosomes were seen in the peritubular capillaries of the medulla, after injection of peroxidase. When high doses of peroxidase were administered, enlarged phago-lysosomes, parts of which seemed to be extruded into the lumen, were formed in the terminal segments of the proximal convoluted tubules.
Empathy Moderators-Agent familiarity and emotional context influence the everyday empathic responding of young children with autism

Whereas research addressing empathy in ASD tends to employ pencil-and-paper and lab-based behavioural methods, the current study is novel in eliciting parent-report data regarding everyday empathy, sampling various emotional situations regularly encountered by children. Parents of typically-developing children and children diagnosed with ASD and DS completed the newly-developed Day-to-Day Child Empathy Questionnaire. Analysis of descriptions of their children’s responses to the various empathy-inducing situations supports the notion of an empathy deficit in ASD, confirming previous laboratory-based findings. However, important moderation effects were also demonstrated, for both control and clinical groups. In particular, parents reported children in all groups to be more likely to respond empathically to a familiar agent. The nature of children’s responses also according to the specific emotional context.
Potassium level changes--arrhythmia contributing factor in chronic kidney disease patients.

UNLABELLED As the renal function progressive decline is often correlated to diuresis impairment, potassium level changes represent a major pathophysiological factor in monitoring chronic kidney disease. Even more, potassium level imbalance could lead to life-threatening situations with the risk of severe rhythm disorders appearance. The aim of the study was to determine in which degree the serum potassium changes are implicated in arrhythmias development in CKD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 678 CKD patients (predialysis and dialysed patients) to whom we recorded biohumoral and clinical features in correlations with the possibility of arrhythmias genesis. RESULTS we noticed, in our predialysis group, an important correlation between hyper-/hypokalemia and arrhythmias appearance, more frequent during hypokalemia episodes (OR=4.04, respectively OR=7.5). The same situation was observed in chronic dialysis group. CONCLUSIONS Hypokalemia is a stronger risk factor than hyperkalemia, but all together, any minimal changes in serum potassium levels could determine arrhythmia in CKD patients.
Estimating the Extent of Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus Infection

Background Eight outbreaks of paralytic polio attributable to circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) have highlighted the risks associated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) use in areas of low vaccination coverage and poor hygiene. As the Polio Eradication Initiative enters its final stages, it is important to consider the extent to which these viruses spread under different conditions, so that appropriate strategies can be devised to prevent or respond to future cVDPV outbreaks. Methods and Findings This paper examines epidemiological (temporal, geographic, age, vaccine history, social group, ascertainment), and virological (type, genetic diversity, virulence) parameters in order to infer the numbers of individuals likely to have been infected in each of these cVDPV outbreaks, and in association with single acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases attributable to VDPVs. Although only 114 virologically-confirmed paralytic cases were identified in the eight cVDPV outbreaks, it is likely that a minimum of hundreds of thousands, and more likely several million individuals were infected during these events, and that many thousands more have been infected by VDPV lineages within outbreaks which have escaped detection. Conclusions Our estimates of the extent of cVDPV circulation suggest widespread transmission in some countries, as might be expected from endemic wild poliovirus transmission in these same settings. These methods for inferring extent of infection will be useful in the context of identifying future surveillance needs, planning for OPV cessation and preparing outbreak response plans.
Alternative Origins to Interorganizational Trust: An Interdependence Perspective on the Shadow of the Past and the Shadow of the Future

Despite the widespread acceptance of trust as an informal governance institution, our understanding of its origins is nascent. Our review of the literature identified two distinct explanations: Trust emerges from either a shadow of the past (i.e., prior history) or a shadow of the future (i.e., expectations of continuity). In this paper we develop and empirically examine a third perspective: The potential interdependence of these two explanations. Our results strongly endorse this third perspective. We find that prior history does not directly affect trust; instead, the observed positive relationship between the two is mediated by expectations of continuity. Consistent with this result, analyses further show that a longer prior history makes the effect of continuity on trust much stronger than a shorter prior history. We interpret these findings as suggesting: (1) the criticality and centrality of a shadow of the future (i.e., a forward-looking calculus) in generating trust in interorganizational exchanges and (2) that a shadow of the past plays a facilitating, albeit indirect, role in trust building. Our conceptual model also extends the conventional use of the transaction cost logic to show how reciprocal investments in asset specificity and uncertainty drive expectations of continuity, and consequently, interorganizational trust. Our results also show, unexpectedly, that prior history has a direct negative effect on trust after specifying the mediating path of continuity. Our moderation analysis indicates when this effect occurs: When weak expectations of continuity exist, trust is lower for exchanges characterized by a longer prior history, suggesting a potential darkside of overembedded ties.
Inquiry-Based Science Education as Multiple Outcome Interdisciplinary Research and Learning (MOIRL).

The article provides the basis for a model of inquiry-based science education in which K-12 teachers’ and pupils’ engage in authentic science experiences as participants of a scientific research project, which we refer to as Multiple Outcome Interdisciplinary Research and Learning (MOIRL). We provide the basis for the model for inquiry based science education (IBSE) by first describing how the model came about through our 10 years of research on how people learn to do science in research groups. We then turn to the literature on the relationship among scientific inquiry, inquiry learning and MOIRL. As our case studies of MOIRL projects show, by being participants along with scientists and their graduate/undergraduate students in authentic scientific research, school pupils learn how to do science and gain a better understanding of scientific concepts. Productive disciplinary engagement can be fostered with learning environments that are problematic in the sense that they encourage students to ask and seek answers to intellectual questions. By incorporating as many stakeholders and outcomes as possible, the likelihood increases of pupils’ learning of science concepts and processes. In addition, the incorporation of multiple stakeholders and outcomes provides pupils with a view of the many authentic ways that science and scientific inquiry is connected to the world outside of school, which increases the likelihood that they study more science and aspire to scientific careers. Finally, the MOIRL projects provide teachers with the opportunity to engage in scientific research, which can better prepare them to teach science as inquiry and through the use of inquiry methods.
System test case prioritization of new and regression test cases

Test case prioritization techniques have been shown to be beneficial for improving regression-testing activities. With prioritization, the rate of fault detection is improved, thus allowing testers to detect faults earlier in the system-testing phase. Most of the prioritization techniques to date have been code coverage-based. These techniques may treat all faults equally. We build upon prior test case prioritization research with two main goals: (1) to improve user-perceived software quality in a cost effective way by considering potential defect severity and (2) to improve the rate of detection of severe faults during system-level testing of new code and regression testing of existing code. We present a value-driven approach to system-level test case prioritization called the prioritization of requirements for test (PORT). PORT prioritizes system test cases based upon four factors: requirements volatility, customer priority, implementation complexity, and fault proneness of the requirements. We conducted a PORT case study on four projects developed by students in advanced graduate software testing class. Our results show that PORT prioritization at the system level improves the rate of detection of severe faults. Additionally, customer priority was shown to be one of the most important prioritization factors contributing to the improved rate of fault detection.
Present in Many Human Tumors and Human Tumor Cell Lines Identification of an Anionic Form of Glutathione Transferase Updated

Glutathione transferase (GST) activity and GST isoenzyme composi tion have been determined for 24 human neoplasms and 6 human tumor cell lines. Substantial activity (40-1010 milliunits/mg protein) was iden tified in all tumor specimens examined and three of the tumor cell lines. Three tumor cell lines, the human small cell carcinoma line SW2-10S, the Burkitt's lymphoma derived cell line Raji, and the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7, contained minimal GST activity. Although the small size of the tumor samples precluded isoenzyme analysis by substrate specificities, analysis of GST activity following sample sepa ration by isoelectric focusing indicated that the predominant(comprising at least 70% of the l-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene-conjugating activity) GST isoenzyme in each of these primary tumor (17 of 17) and tumor cell line (3 of 3) extracts was anionic (isoelectric point, 4.5-4.8). In three tumor samples, adenocarcinomas of the lung, colon, and stomach, analysis by isoelectric focusing identified minor but detectable (10-20% of total) cationic GST. The anionic form of GST has been purified to homogeneity from three primary human tumors: a malignant melanoma; a mesothelioma; and a breast carcinoma. GST from these tumors consists of two subunits each of M, 25,200. On Western blot analysis, antibodies raised against the anionic GST purified from mesothelioma detect protein of M, ~ 25,000 in extracts of both normal kidney and tumors containing anionic GST activity but not in extracts of human liver that did not contain detectable anionic activity. The amino acid compositions of these proteins were quite similar to that previously described for GST-ir and the amino-terminal amino acid sequences for these tumor-derived isoenzymes are identical to one another and to that previously described for GST-ir from human placenta. GST is a major enzymatic activity in many human malignancies, comprising as much as 3% of the cytosolic protein of some tumors. Anionic GST is the predominantform of glutathione transferase activity in many human tumors and human tumor cell lines. In selected tumor samples the predominantanionic GST isoenzyme has been identified as a member of the pi class of this enzyme family. In addition, at least 3 of 17 tumor samples contained lesser but detectable amounts of cationic GST, probably of the alpha class. By conjugating glutathione with electrophilic anticancer drugs, the substantial levels of GST in human tumors may have a role in the innate or acquired resistance of these neoplasms to anticancer therapy.