Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EDITORIAL: Systematic reviews and meta-analysis

Conclusions about medical interventions or the causes of disease are based upon reviews of the scientific literature. Single studies usually have limited statistical power or may be difficult to interpret or generalize and so the findings from a single study can rarely justify a change in clinical practice or in an aetiological theory. Even when planning larger studies or mega-trials (Yusuf et al. 1984), a thorough review of existing literature is needed and the results of the study need to be placed in that context, though single studies can exert an important and powerful influence.
Activation of Multi‐modal Cortical Areas Underlies Short‐term Memory

We wanted to examine whether there are cortical fields active in short‐term retention of sensory information, independent of the sensory modality. To control for selective attention, response selection and motor output, the cortical activity during short‐term memory (STM) tasks was compared with that during detection (DT) tasks. Using positron emission tomography and [15O]‐butanol as a tracer, we measured the regional cerebral blood flow in ten subjects during three STM tasks in which the subjects had to keep in mind: (i) the pitch of tones; (ii) frequencies of a vibrating stylus; and (iii) luminance levels of a monochrome light. Another group of ten subjects undertook three tasks in which subjects detected changes in similar stimuli. Six cortical fields were significantly more activated during STM than during DT. These fields were activated irrespective of sensory modality, and were located in the left inferior frontal gyrus, right superior frontal gyrus, right inferior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate, left frontal operculum and right ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Since the DT tasks and the STM tasks differed only with respect to the STM component, we conclude that the neuronal activity specifically related to retention of the stimuli during the delays was located in these six multi‐modal cortical areas. Since no differences were observed in the sensory‐specific association cortices, the results indicate further that the activity in the sensory‐specific association cortices due to selective attention is not different from the activity underlying short‐term retention of sensory information.
Adjusting the Phenology Model of Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Washington State Apple Orchards

Abstract Studies were conducted with codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. , to fit cumulative curves for the occurrence of injured fruits and male moth catches in sex pheromone-baited traps as a function of accumulated degree-days after the start of moth flight. Twelve data sets were collected from seven apple, Malus domestica Bordhausen, orchards in Washington State from 2003 to 2006. Cumulative data were grouped across years for orchards either treated with sex pheromone dispensers or untreated and fit to logistic equations for both the first and second generation. No significant differences were found for the cumulative curves of moth flight or egg hatch between pheromone-treated and untreated orchards; thus, these data were combined. These new logistic models for moth flight and egg hatch were compared with a widely used distributed-delay model originally developed in Michigan. The cumulative flight curves for the logistic and distributed-delay models were statistically different (slopes) for the first but not the second generation. Cumulative egg hatch in the logistic model was significantly different from the distributed-delay model (intercepts and slopes) for both generations. Most strikingly, the timing of 50% egg hatch during the first generation was delayed 100 DD in the logistic model. The potential impact of this change in the characterization of codling moth’s phenology on the effectiveness of insecticide programs targeting eggs and newly eclosed larvae was examined. Possible explanations for this significant difference between the models are discussed.
Large-Scale, High-Resolution Neurophysiological Maps Underlying fMRI of Macaque Temporal Lobe

Maps obtained by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are thought to reflect the underlying spatial layout of neural activity. However, previous studies have not been able to directly compare fMRI maps to high-resolution neurophysiological maps, particularly in higher level visual areas. Here, we used a novel stereo microfocal x-ray system to localize thousands of neural recordings across monkey inferior temporal cortex (IT), construct large-scale maps of neuronal object selectivity at subvoxel resolution, and compare those neurophysiology maps with fMRI maps from the same subjects. While neurophysiology maps contained reliable structure at the sub-millimeter scale, fMRI maps of object selectivity contained information at larger scales (>2.5 mm) and were only partly correlated with raw neurophysiology maps collected in the same subjects. However, spatial smoothing of neurophysiology maps more than doubled that correlation, while a variety of alternative transforms led to no significant improvement. Furthermore, raw spiking signals, once spatially smoothed, were as predictive of fMRI maps as local field potential signals. Thus, fMRI of the inferior temporal lobe reflects a spatially low-passed version of neurophysiology signals. These findings strongly validate the widespread use of fMRI for detecting large (>2.5 mm) neuronal domains of object selectivity but show that a complete understanding of even the most pure domains (e.g., faces vs nonface objects) requires investigation at fine scales that can currently only be obtained with invasive neurophysiological methods.
Pregnancy: outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating-disordered women.

OBJECTIVE This study investigates both the impact of eating disorders (ED) on pregnancy outcome and the impact of pregnancy on cognitive and behavioral symptoms of EDs. METHOD Data on pregnancy outcome (live birth [LB], therapeutic abortion [TAB], and spontaneous abortion [SAB]) and ED symptomatology were collected as part of a large, prospective longitudinal study of anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Data were gathered using a semistructured interview administered every 6 months to 246 subjects. RESULTS We identified 54 women who reported 82 pregnancies (46 LB, 25 TAB, and 11 SAB). Pregnancy outcome was not significantly related to any of the clinical variables studied. Women with BN showed a significant decrease in the severity of their ED symptoms during pregnancy, and this decrease was sustained through 9 months postpartum. Women with AN also demonstrated a significant reduction in ED symptoms, however, these symptoms returned to prepregnancy levels by 6 months postpartum. CONCLUSIONS Our prospective findings reveal an elevated TAB rate for ED women along with a general reduction in the severity of ED symptoms during pregnancy.
Complex networks: The key to systems biology

Though introduced recently, complex networks research has grown steadily because of its potential to represent, characterize and model a wide range of intricate natural systems and phenomena. Because of the intrinsic complexity and systemic organization of life, complex networks provide a specially promising framework for systems biology investigation. The current article is an up-to-date review of the major developments related to the application of complex networks in biology, with special attention focused on the more recent literature. The main concepts and models of complex networks are presented and illustrated in an accessible fashion. Three main types of networks are covered: transcriptional regulatory networks, protein-protein interaction networks and metabolic networks. The key role of complex networks for systems biology is extensively illustrated by several of the papers reviewed.
A Framework of Feature Selection Methods for Text Categorization

In text categorization, feature selection (FS) is a strategy that aims at making text classifiers more efficient and accurate. However, when dealing with a new task, it is still difficult to quickly select a suitable one from various FS methods provided by many previous studies. In this paper, we propose a theoretic framework of FS methods based on two basic measurements: frequency measurement and ratio measurement. Then six popular FS methods are in detail discussed under this framework. Moreover, with the guidance of our theoretical analysis, we propose a novel method called weighed frequency and odds (WFO) that combines the two measurements with trained weights. The experimental results on data sets from both topic-based and sentiment classification tasks show that this new method is robust across different tasks and numbers of selected features.
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of the Chain Drive System of a Heavy Duty Apron Feeder

Mechanical models of a chain drive system are proposed and applied to the theoretical analysis of chain drive system of a certain type of heavy duty apron feeder in mobile crushing station, including a five-bar model discussing the speed fluctuation problems of the chain drive system, an elastic collision model probing the effects of impulsive loads and a model of meshing area revealing the stress of chain links. Theoretical analysis indicates that the teeth number and sprocket pitch have the most influential effect on the vibration in the conveying direction; external impulsive loads are caused a significant increment of chain force, especially when loads caused by large materials; the initial pressure angle affects the roller chain stress conditions immensely. Then, multi-body dynamics models are established for the verification of theoretical results and dynamic simulation. Simulation results are in good agreement with the theoretical results and illustrate that impulsive loads affect chain tension significantly.
Uganda Newborn Study (UNEST) trial: Community-based maternal and newborn care economic analysis

The Uganda Newborn Study (UNEST) was a two-arm cluster Randomized Control Trial to study the effect of pregnancy and postnatal home visits by local community health workers called 'Village Health Teams' (VHT) coupled with health systems strengthening. To inform programme planning and decision making, additional economic and financial costs of community and facility components were estimated from the perspective of the provider using the Excel-based Cost of Integrating Newborn Care Tool. Additional costs excluded costs already paid by the government for the routine health system and covered design, set-up, and 1-year implementation phases. Improved efficiency was modelled by reducing the number of VHT per village from two to one and varying the number of home visits/mother, the programme's financial cost at scale was projected (population of 100 000). 92% of expectant mothers (n = 1584) in the intervention area were attended by VHTs who performed an average of three home visits per mother. The annualized additional financial cost of the programme was $83 360 of which 4% ($3266) was for design, 24% ($20 026) for set-up and 72% ($60 068) for implementation. 56% ($47 030) went towards health facility strengthening, whereas 44% ($36 330) was spent at the community level. The average cost/mother for the community programme, excluding one-off design costs, amounted to $22.70 and the average cost per home visit was $7.50. The additional cost of the preventive home visit programme staffed by volunteer VHTs represents $1.04 per capita, 1.8% of Uganda's public health expenditure per capita ($59.00). If VHTs were to spend an average of 6 h a week on the programme, costs per mother would drop to $13.00 and cost per home visit to $3.20, in a population of 100 000 at 95% coverage. Additional resources are needed to rollout the government's VHT strategy nationally, maintaining high quality and linkages to quality facility-based care.
A Physiological Approach to the Concept of Anxiety

CLEAR THINKING about the problem of anxiety is made difficult by terminological contradictions; and no clarification is possible until this confusion of words and concepts is completely eliminated. At first thought this is somewhat surprising; because when used in its primary descriptive sense the word characterizes a simple, conscious experience which no human being can fail to recognize: to wit, an uneasy apprehensiveness which may creep up slowly, which may remain as a chronic state, or which may come and go with explosive suddenness. It needs no psychiatrist or analyst to recognize, describe, and name this commonplace and universal human experience. However, in psychoanalytic usage, the term anxiety has been expanded to cover a wide variety of other things. Originally, it was simply a name for the specific conscious emotion, irrespective of the circumstances which evoked it. Later, however, this emotional state was called "anxiety" primarily when it was precipitated by situations that were devoid of actual danger, whereas a qualified name was used for the same emotion when danger was actual (i.e. "Real Angst") or "objective anxiety. " Or again, the word has been used not for the emotional state proper, but rather to characterize a variety of anticipatory situations or possible pre-
A Survey of Security and Privacy in Online Social Networks

This survey highlights the major issues concerning privacy and security in online social networks. Firstly, we discuss research that aims to protect user data from the various attack vantage points including other users, ad-vertisers, third party application developers, and the on-line social network provider itself. Next we cover social network inference of user attributes, locating hubs, and link prediction. Because online social networks are so saturated with sensitive information, network inference plays a major privacy role. As a response to the issues brought forth by client-server architectures, distributed social networks are discussed. We then cover the challenges that providers face in maintaining the proper operation of an online social network including minimizing spam messages, and reducing the number of sybil accounts. Finally, we present research in anonymizing social network data. This area is of particular interest in order to continue research in this ﬁeld both in academia and in industry.
Seasonality and Idiosyncratic Risk in Mutual Fund Performance

This paper examines the relationship between seasonality, idiosyncratic risk and mutual fund returns using multifactor models. We use a large sample containing the return histories of 728 UK mutual funds over a 23-year period to measure fund performance. We present evidence that idiosyncratic risk cannot be eliminated, we also find evidence of seasonality in all fund categories. Specifically, we find a close relation between the seasonality and the end of the tax-year. We document that the idiosyncratic risk puzzle cannot explain seasonality in fund performance in the UK. Although, we do find that idiosyncratic risk can account for the seasonality in the month of April. Thus, the results show a link between the tax-loss selling hypothesis in April and idiosyncratic risk in that month. Finally, we report evidence that idiosyncratic risk is negatively related to expected returns for most fund classes.
Malignant melanoma and Papillon-Lefvre syndrome.

To the Editor. — Papillon-Lefevre syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by keratosis palmaris et plantaris and periodontosis, which leads to premature loss of both the deciduous and permanent teeth. An increased susceptibility to infections has been described that includes furunculosis, abscesses of the skin and liver, and hidradenitis suppurativa in 21% of the patients. In some patients, arachnodactyly has also been reported. In a comprehensive review by Haneke 1 in 1979 of 120 cases reported in the literature, no cases of malignant neoplasms were observed. We describe herein a patient with the Papillon-Lefevre syndrome in whom malignant melanoma developed. Report of a Case. — A 31-year-old man had had the Papillon-Lefevre syndrome since infancy, with severe dorsal keratosis palmaris et plantaris, periodontosis, abscesses of the skin, furunculosis, and arachnodactyly (proved by roentgenograms). The patient had noticed a lesion present on one finger for almost eight months and had observed
Fast Scene Recognition and Camera Relocalisation for Wide Area Augmented Reality Systems

This paper focuses on online scene learning and fast camera relocalisation which are two key problems currently limiting the performance of wide area augmented reality systems. Firstly, we propose to use adaptive random trees to deal with the online scene learning problem. The algorithm can provide more accurate recognition rates than traditional methods, especially with large scale workspaces. Secondly, we use the enhanced PROSAC algorithm to obtain a fast camera relocalisation method. Compared with traditional algorithms, our method can significantly reduce the computation complexity, which facilitates to a large degree the process of online camera relocalisation. Finally, we implement our algorithms in a multithreaded manner by using a parallel-computing scheme. Camera tracking, scene mapping, scene learning and relocalisation are separated into four threads by using multi-CPU hardware architecture. While providing real-time tracking performance, the resulting system also possesses the ability to track multiple maps simultaneously. Some experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the validity of our methods.
Cooperation without Culture? The Null Effect of Generalized Trust on Intentional Homicide: A Cross-National Panel Analysis, 1995–2009

Sociologists, political scientists, and economists all suggest that culture plays a pivotal role in the development of large-scale cooperation. In this study, I used generalized trust as a measure of culture to explore if and how culture impacts intentional homicide, my operationalization of cooperation. I compiled multiple cross-national data sets and used pooled time-series linear regression, single-equation instrumental-variables linear regression, and fixed- and random-effects estimation techniques on an unbalanced panel of 118 countries and 232 observations spread over a 15-year time period. Results suggest that culture and large-scale cooperation form a tenuous relationship, while economic factors such as development, inequality, and geopolitics appear to drive large-scale cooperation.
Working memory load disrupts gaze-cued orienting of attention

A large body of work has shown that a perceived gaze shift produces a shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of the seen gaze. A controversial issue surrounds the extent to which this gaze-cued orienting effect is stimulus-driven, or is under a degree of top-down control. In two experiments we show that the gaze-cued orienting effect is disrupted by a concurrent task that has been shown to place high demands on executive resources: random number generation (RNG). In Experiment 1 participants were faster to locate targets that appeared in gaze-cued locations relative to targets that appeared in locations opposite to those indicated by the gaze shifts, while simultaneously and continuously reciting aloud the digits 1–9 in order; however, this gaze-cueing effect was eliminated when participants continuously recited the same digits in a random order. RNG was also found to interfere with gaze-cued orienting in Experiment 2 where participants performed a speeded letter identification response. Together, these data suggest that gaze-cued orienting is actually under top-down control. We argue that top-down signals sustain a goal to shift attention in response to gazes, such that orienting ordinarily occurs when they are perceived; however, the goal cannot always be maintained when concurrent, multiple, competing goals are simultaneously active in working memory.
Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type

When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This senile dementia of the alzheimer type can help you to solve the problem. It can be one of the right sources to develop your writing skill.
Relative mortality and long term survival for the non-diabetic lower limb amputee with vascular insufficiency

On a well defined non-diabetic amputation group with vascular insufficiency consisting of 10,191 amputations during the period 1982 to 1992 the Standard Mortality Rate (SMR) and the long term survival (Kaplan-Meyer) were analysed. The SMR for the total group was 8.6 (8.4–8.9) times the expected mortality the first year after amputation, decreasing to 3.2 (3.3–3.4) the second year. SMR in relation to age, gender and level of amputation was analysed. In the long term survival studies the median survival time (50% survival) for the total group was 1.8 years. Significant relation was found between the long term survival and gender, age and level of amputation.
Energy conservation in a circuit with single electron tunnel junctions

Much research is currently being carried out in the field of nanoelectronic circuit design. One of the proposed quantum devices is the Single Electron Tunneling (SET) device. This SET device consists of a tunnel junction, through which only an integer number of electrons can tunnel. A new local tunnel condition is derived in this paper. The derivation is based on the discrete character of the tunnel current, represented by a delta function.
Noise-gain tradeoff in RF SiGe HBTs

This work examines the trade-off between noise figure and gain in SiGe HBT RF technology. Based on the linear noisy two-port theory, analytical expressions for the minimum noise figure, the optimum source admittance, and the associated gain are derived. For many current RF applications of SiGe HBTs operating at frequencies comparable to or smaller than f/sub T///spl radic//spl beta/, /spl beta/ must be increased through SiGe profile optimization to further reduce noise. This noise improvement, however, also results in a degradation of associated gain, as experimentally observed. The implications of the noise-gain trade-off for RF integrated circuit design are discussed.
Food fortification with folic acid and twinning among California infants

This study sought to determine whether a change in twinning prevalence was associated with mandatory folic acid fortification. As of January 1998, it became mandatory in the United States that grain products be fortified with folic acid. The effectiveness of this fortification for neural tube defects has been explored, but other possible implications of fortification has not. We computed the prevalence of twinning among more than 2.5 million California births occurring from 1990 to 1999. The prevalence of twin births in California increased over the last decade with increases observed among most maternal race/ethnic, age, and parity groupings. Unadjusted prevalence measures did not reveal substantial increases in twinning prevalence among these groupings after the fortification period relative to the period immediately preceding it. Analyses that simultaneously adjusted for age, parity, race/ethnicity, sexes of twin pair (as a measure of zygosity), year of birth, and fortification period also did not reveal an association between fortification and twinning. Our results do not suggest a change in twinning prevalence associated with folic acid fortification of the US food supply among women delivering in California. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.