Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Global statistical regularities modulate the speed of visual search in patients with focal attentional deficits

There is growing evidence that the statistical properties of ensembles of similar objects are processed in a qualitatively different manner than the characteristics of individual items. It has recently been proposed that these types of perceptual statistical representations are part of a strategy to complement focused attention in order to circumvent the visual system’s limited capacity to represent more than a few individual objects in detail. Previous studies have demonstrated that patients with attentional deficits are nonetheless sensitive to these sorts of statistical representations. Here, we examined how such global representations may function to aid patients in overcoming focal attentional limitations by manipulating the statistical regularity of a visual scene while patients performed a search task. Three patients previously diagnosed with visual neglect searched for a target Gabor tilted to the left or right of vertical in displays of horizontal distractor Gabors. Although the local sizes of the distractors changed on every trial, the mean size remained stable for several trials. Patients made faster correct responses to targets in neglected regions of the visual field when global statistics remained constant over several trials, similar to age-matched controls. Given neglect patients’ attentional deficits, these results suggest that stable perceptual representations of global statistics can establish a context to speed search without the need to represent individual elements in detail.
Formulation and Evaluation of Microspheres Based on Gelatin-Mucin Admixtures for the Rectal Delivery of Cefuroxime Sodium

Purpose: Swellable microspheres based on polymers or their admixtures are frequently employed as drug delivery systems to achieve a controlled release and site-specific targeting of the incorporated drug. The objective of the present study was to enhance the rectal delivery of cefuroxime sodium by entrapping it into water-swellable gelatin-mucin microspheres. Method: Cefuroxime sodium-loaded microspheres containing admixtures of gelatin and porcine mucin were prepared via an emulsification-crosslinking technique. The drug entrapment efficiency of the microspheres was evaluated in citrate/phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) while the swelling properties was evaluated in both simulated gastric fluid (SGF) without pepsin and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) without pancreatin (pH 1.2). Release of cefuroxime sodium from the microspheres was evaluated in vitro in SIF and further evaluated in vivo after rectal administration to male Wistar rats. Result: Results obtained showed that a high entrapment efficiency, most notably manifested in microspheres formulated with equal portions of gelatin and mucin, led to a high release (up to 85 %) and also a high bioavailability of the incorporated drug. Formulations based on varying portions of gelatin and mucin also showed high drug loading efficiency which also resulted in high drug release in SIF within 3 h. Drug release from the different formulations was observed to be rapid and generally showed a biphasic pattern. The mean AUC was shown to be formulation-dependent with values of 168±1. 93µg. h/ml for the control, 262±3.47 µg. h/ml for microspheres based on gelatine only and 328±2.55 µg. h/ml for microspheres formulated with equal parts of gelatin and mucin. Conclusion: The inclusion of S-mucin in the composition of the microspheres has an enhancer effect on the release and rectal bioavailability of cefuroxime sodium which may be exploited in the design of a rectal delivery system of the drug.
An Integrated High-Level On-Line Test Synthesis Tool

Several researchers have recently implemented on-line testability in the form of duplication-based self-checking digital system design, early in the design process. The authors consider the on-line testability within the optimization phase of iterative, cost function-driven high-level synthesis, such that self-checking resources are inserted automatically without any modification of the source behavioral hardware description language code. This is enabled by introducing a metric for the on-line testability. A new variation of duplication (namely inversion testing) is also proposed and used, providing the system with an additional degree of freedom for minimizing hardware overheads associated with test resource insertion. Considering the on-line testability within the synthesis process facilitates fast and painless design space exploration, resulting in a versatile high-level-synthesis process, capable of producing alternative realizations according to the designer's directions, for alternative target technologies. Finally, the fault escape probability of the overall scheme is discussed theoretically and evaluated experimentally
Physcomitrella patens hairpins revealed by analysis of the MIR 319 Sliced microRNA targets and precise loop-first processing of Material Supplemental

Expression profiling of the 59 ends of uncapped mRNAs (‘‘degradome’’ sequencing) can be used to empirically catalog microRNA (miRNA) targets, to probe patterns of miRNA hairpin processing, to examine mRNA decay, and to analyze accumulation of endogenous short interfering RNA (siRNA) precursors. We sequenced and analyzed the degradome of the moss Physcomitrella patens, an important model system for functional genomic analyses in plant evolution. A total of 52 target mRNAs of 27 different Physcomitrella miRNA families were identified. Many targets of both more conserved and less conserved miRNA families encoded putative regulatory proteins. Remnants of MIRNA hairpin processing also populated the degradome data and indicated an unusual ‘‘loop-first’’ mode of precise processing for the MIR319 gene family. Precise loop-first processing was confirmed for native Physcomitrella, rice, and Arabidopsis MIR319 hairpins, as well as an Arabidopsis artificial MIRNA (aMIRNA) based upon a MIR319 backbone. MIR319 is thus a conserved exception to the general rule of loop-last processing of MIRNA hairpins. Loop-first MIR319 processing may contribute to the high efficacy of a widely used MIR319-based strategy for aMIRNA production in plants.
Confronting Information Asymmetries: Evidence from Real Estate Markets

This paper studies the role of asymmetric information in commercial real estate markets in the U.S. We propose a novel and exogenous measure of information based on the quality of property tax assessments in different regions. Employing direct and indirect information variables, we find strong evidence that information considerations are significant in this market. We show that market participants resolve information asymmetries by purchasing nearby properties, trading properties with long income histories, and avoiding transactions with informed professional brokers. The evidence that the choice of financing is used to address information concerns is mixed and weak.
Structural Consensus among Antibodies Defines the Antigen Binding Site

The Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) of antibodies are assumed to account for the antigen recognition and binding and thus to contain also the antigen binding site. CDRs are typically discerned by searching for regions that are most different, in sequence or in structure, between different antibodies. Here, we show that ∼20% of the antibody residues that actually bind the antigen fall outside the CDRs. However, virtually all antigen binding residues lie in regions of structural consensus across antibodies. Furthermore, we show that these regions of structural consensus which cover the antigen binding site are identifiable from the sequence of the antibody. Analyzing the predicted contribution of antigen binding residues to the stability of the antibody-antigen complex, we show that residues that fall outside of the traditionally defined CDRs are at least as important to antigen binding as residues within the CDRs, and in some cases, they are even more important energetically. Furthermore, antigen binding residues that fall outside of the structural consensus regions but within traditionally defined CDRs show a marginal energetic contribution to antigen binding. These findings allow for systematic and comprehensive identification of antigen binding sites, which can improve the understanding of antigenic interactions and may be useful in antibody engineering and B-cell epitope identification.
Protein B23 is an important human factor for the nucleolar localization of the human immunodeficiency virus protein Tat

Nucleolar shuttle protein B23 was found to bind to human immunodeficiency virus protein Tat, and this binding required the nucleolar localization motif of Tat. A fusion protein containing the B23 binding domain and beta-galactosidase caused mislocalization of Tat to the cytoplasm and inhibited the transactivation activity of Tat. These data suggest that B23 is a human factor necessary for the nucleolar localization of Tat.
Use of Oxfendazole to Control Porcine Cysticercosis in a High-Endemic Area of Mozambique

A randomized controlled field trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg of oxfendazole (OFZ) treatment for control of porcine cysticercosis was conducted in 4 rural villages of Angónia district, north-western Mozambique. Two hundred and sixteen piglets aged 4 months were selected and assigned randomly to OFZ treatment or control groups. Fifty-four piglets were treated at 4 months of age (T1), while another 54 piglets were treated at 9 months of age (T2) and these were matched with 108 control pigs from the same litters and raised under the same conditions. Baseline data were collected on the prevalence of porcine cysticercosis using antigen ELISA (Ag-ELISA), as well as knowledge and practices related to Taenia solium transmission based on questionnaire interviews and observations. All animals were followed and re-tested for porcine cysticercosis by Ag-ELISA at 9 and 12 months of age when the study was terminated. Overall prevalence at baseline was 5.1% with no significant difference between groups. At the end of the study, 66.7% of the controls were found positive, whereas 21.4% of the T1 and 9.1% of the T2 pigs were positive, respectively. Incidence rates of porcine cysticercosis were lower in treated pigs as compared to controls. Necropsy of 30 randomly selected animals revealed that viable cysts were present in none (0/8) of T2 pigs, 12.5% (1/8) of T1 pigs and 42.8% (6/14) of control pigs. There was a significant reduction in the risk of T. solium cysticercosis if pigs were treated with OFZ either at 4 months (OR = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.05–0.36) or at 9 months of age (OR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.02–0.16). Strategic treatment of pigs in endemic areas should be further explored as a means to control T. solium cysticercosis/taeniosis.
Cytomegalovirus DNA Load Patterns Developing After Lung Transplantation Are Significantly Correlated With Long-Term Patient Survival

Background. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes complications after lung transplantation (LuTX). We have investigated whether patient survival is associated with CMV DNA load patterns developing in EDTA-plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) during the first year after LuTX and whether patients’ predispositions influence this development. Materials and Methods. CMV DNA loads in plasma and BAL were investigated serially in 84 LuTX recipients. Various patient characteristics and variants in mannose-binding lectin and toll-like receptor 2 genes were analyzed. Patient survival beyond 1 year posttransplantation and influence of patient-specific factors on viral load development were assessed by Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression methods. Results. Four distinct group patterns were observed: (a) less than 1000 copies CMV DNA/mL in plasma and BAL (42%); (b) more than 1000 copies/mL in BAL only (21%); (c) one limited episode (25%), or (d) more than one episode of more than 1000 copies/mL plasma (12%). The risk of death after the first year was elevated 14-fold in group D and sixfold in group B. CMV DNA load patterns were not associated with patient-specific factors except CMV-D+/R− status. Initial and peak plasma CMV DNA levels were significantly increased in group D. Conclusions. Active CMV replication that is not limited after one episode of CMV DNAemia leads to significantly decreased long-term survival after LuTX.
Monte-Carlo Planning in Large POMDPs

This paper introduces a Monte-Carlo algorithm for online planning in large POMDPs. The algorithm combines a Monte-Carlo update of the agent's belief state with a Monte-Carlo tree search from the current belief state. The new algorithm, POMCP, has two important properties. First, Monte-Carlo sampling is used to break the curse of dimensionality both during belief state updates and during planning. Second, only a black box simulator of the POMDP is required, rather than explicit probability distributions. These properties enable POMCP to plan effectively in significantly larger POMDPs than has previously been possible. We demonstrate its effectiveness in three large POMDPs. We scale up a well-known benchmark problem, rocksample, by several orders of magnitude. We also introduce two challenging new POMDPs: 10 x 10 battleship and partially observable PacMan, with approximately 1018 and 1056 states respectively. Our Monte-Carlo planning algorithm achieved a high level of performance with no prior knowledge, and was also able to exploit simple domain knowledge to achieve better results with less search. POMCP is the first general purpose planner to achieve high performance in such large and unfactored POMDPs.
Immunohistochemical detection of co‐localizing cytokine and antibody producing cells in the extrafollicular area of human palatine tonsils

In vitro experiments have documented the role of cytokines in the regulation of the human humoral immune response. Which cytokines arc operative in vivo and in which lymphoid compartment interactions between cytokine‐producing T cells and antibody‐forming B cells occur is still unclear. For that reason we studied human tonsils using immunohistochemical techniques. In tissue sections from tonsils in a resting stage after recurrent tonsillitis we observed cells producing IL‐1 α and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) which were exclusively localized in the mantle zone of the follicle and in the extrafollicular area. Furthermore, a high frequency of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)‐producing cells was detected in the extrafollicular area, but not inside the follicles. Occasional IL‐2‐ and IL‐4‐producing cells were found in the extrafollicular area. Immunohistochemical detection of antibody isotypes revealed that B cells, IgM‐membrane‐positive, were localized inside the follicles and mantle zones, whereas IgD‐membrane‐positive cells were mainly found in the mantle zones of secondary follicles. In contrast, plasma cells producing IgGl‐4 and IgAl‐2 were found in the extrafollicular area. No IgD and IgE antibody‐forming cells were detected in tonsils, whereas IgM antibody‐forming cells were detected in the xtrafollicular area. The co‐localization of cytokine‐producing cells and antibody‐forming cells in human tonsil suggests that T‐B cell interactions, required for B cell differentiation and isotype switching, take place in the extrafollicular area.
Gene Expression Profiling Reveals New Potential Players of Gonad Differentiation in the Chicken Embryo

Background In birds as in mammals, a genetic switch determines whether the undifferentiated gonad develops into an ovary or a testis. However, understanding of the molecular pathway(s) involved in gonad differentiation is still incomplete. Methodology/Principal Findings With the aim of improving characterization of the molecular pathway(s) involved in gonad differentiation in the chicken embryo, we developed a large scale real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction approach on 110 selected genes for evaluation of their expression profiles during chicken gonad differentiation between days 5.5 and 19 of incubation. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the resulting datasets discriminated gene clusters expressed preferentially in the ovary or the testis, and/or at early or later periods of embryonic gonad development. Fitting a linear model and testing the comparisons of interest allowed the identification of new potential actors of gonad differentiation, such as Z-linked ADAMTS12, LOC427192 (corresponding to NIM1 protein) and CFC1, that are upregulated in the developing testis, and BMP3 and Z-linked ADAMTSL1, that are preferentially expressed in the developing ovary. Interestingly, the expression patterns of several members of the transforming growth factor β family were sexually dimorphic, with inhibin subunits upregulated in the testis, and bone morphogenetic protein subfamily members including BMP2, BMP3, BMP4 and BMP7, upregulated in the ovary. This study also highlighted several genes displaying asymmetric expression profiles such as GREM1 and BMP3 that are potentially involved in different aspects of gonad left-right asymmetry. Conclusion/Significance This study supports the overall conservation of vertebrate sex differentiation pathways but also reveals some particular feature of gene expression patterns during gonad development in the chicken. In particular, our study revealed new candidate genes which may be potential actors of chicken gonad differentiation and provides evidence of the preferential expression of BMPs in the developing ovary and Inhibin/Activin subunits in the developing testis.
The Sum of All FEARS: Investor Sentiment and Asset Prices

We use daily Internet search volume from millions of households to reveal market-level sentiment. By aggregating the volume of queries related to household concerns (e.g., "recession," "unemployment," and "bankruptcy"), we construct a Financial and Economic Attitudes Revealed by Search (FEARS) index as a new measure of investor sentiment. Between 2004 and 2011, we find FEARS (i) predict short-term return reversals, (ii) predict temporary increases in volatility, and (iii) predict mutual fund flows out of equity funds and into bond funds. Taken together, the results are broadly consistent with theories of investor sentiment.
Attachment and Psychopathology

Part 1 General considerations: attachment and psychopathology, Atkinson clinical implications of attachment concepts, Rutter patterns of attachment and sexual behaviour, Crittenden. Part 2 Risk and prediction: attachment networks in postdivorce families, Bretherton et al intergenerational transmission of attachment, Van Ijzendoorn and Bakermans-Kranenburg attachment and childhood behaviour problems in normal, at-risk and clinical samples, Goldberg the role of attachment processes in externalizing psychopathology in young children, Greenberg et al morality, disruptive behaviour, borderline personality disorder, crime, and their relationship to security of attachment, Fonagy et al. Part 3 In the clinic: toddlers' internalization of maternal attributions as a factor in quality of attachment, Lieberman intergenerational transmission of relationship psychopathology, Zeanah et al.
How to assess epidemiological studies

Assessing the quality of an epidemiological study equates to assessing whether the inferences drawn from it are warranted when account is taken of the methods, the representativeness of the study sample, and the nature of the population from which it is drawn. Bias, confounding, and chance can threaten the quality of an epidemiological study at all its phases. Nevertheless, their presence does not necessarily imply that a study should be disregarded. The reader must first balance any of these threats or missing information with their potential impact on the conclusions of the report.
Alignment of Multimodal Sensory Input in the Superior Colliculus through a Gradient-Matching Mechanism

The superior colliculus (SC) is a midbrain structure that integrates visual, somatosensory, and auditory inputs to direct head and eye movements. Each of these modalities is topographically mapped and aligned with the others to ensure precise behavioral responses to multimodal stimuli. While it is clear that neural activity is instructive for topographic alignment of inputs from the visual cortex (V1) and auditory system with retinal axons in the SC, there is also evidence that activity-independent mechanisms are used to establish topographic alignment between modalities. Here, we show that the topography of the projection from primary somatosensory cortex (S1) to the SC is established during the first postnatal week. Unlike V1–SC projections, the S1–SC projection does not bifurcate when confronted with a duplicated retinocollicular map, showing that retinal input in the SC does not influence the topography of the S1–SC projection. However, S1–SC topography is disrupted in mice lacking ephrin-As, which we find are expressed in graded patterns along with their binding partners, the EphA4 and EphA7, in both S1 and the somatosensory recipient layer of the SC. Together, these data support a model in which somatosensory inputs into the SC map topographically and establish alignment with visual inputs in the SC using a gradient-matching mechanism.
Interviewing and Change Strategies for Helpers: Fundamental Skills and Cognitive Behavioral Interventions

This innovative revision of a respected text skillfully combines evidence-based interviewing skills and cognitive-behavioral intervention change strategies applicable to a wide range of client ages, cultural backgrounds, and problems in living. The book interweaves attention to conceptual and empirical foundations with a practical skills emphasis on real-life factors in contemporary settings with diverse clientele. Long commended for its synthesis of up-to-date professional knowledge with case models, learning activities, and guided feedback, INTERVIEWING AND CHANGE STRATEGIES FOR HELPERS adds significant new content on vital topics such as ethics, critical thinking, technology, managed care, client resistance, and cultural diversity. Now in its Fifth Edition, the interdisciplinary team of Cormier and Nurius blend updates and a proven instructional format focusing on knowledge, skills, commitments, and tools at the core of what is needed by today's professional helpers.