Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
White Matter Lesions in an Unselected Cohort of the Elderly: Molecular Pathology Suggests Origin From Chronic Hypoperfusion Injury

Background and Purpose— “Incidental” MRI white matter (WM) lesions, comprising periventricular lesions (PVLs) and deep subcortical lesions (DSCLs), are common in the aging brain. Direct evidence of ischemia associated with incidental WM lesions (WMLs) has been lacking, and their pathogenesis is unresolved. Methods— A population-based, postmortem cohort (n=456) of donated brains was examined by MRI and pathology. In a subsample of the whole cohort, magnetic resonance images were used to sample and compare WMLs and nonlesional WM for molecular markers of hypoxic injury. Results— PVL severity was associated with loss of ventricular ependyma (P=0.004). For DSCLs, there was arteriolar sclerosis compared with normal WM (vessel wall thickness and perivascular enlargement; both P<0.001). Capillary endothelial activation (ratio of intercellular adhesion molecule to basement membrane collagen IV; P<0.001) and microglial activation (CD68 expression; P=0.002) were elevated in WMLs. Immunoreactivity for hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) HIF1&agr; and HIF2&agr; was elevated in DSCLs (P=0.003 and P=0.005). Other hypoxia-regulated proteins were also increased in WMLs: matrix metalloproteinase-7 (PVLs P<0.001; DSCLs P=0.009) and the number of neuroglobin-positive cells (WMLs P=0.02) reaching statistical significance. The severity of congophilic amyloid angiopathy was associated with increased HIF1&agr; expression in DSCLs (P=0.04). Conclusion— The data support a hypoxic environment within MRI WMLs. Persistent HIF expression may result from failure of normal adaptive mechanisms. WM ischemia appears to be a common feature of the aging brain.
Carbonate Source Rocks in the Jurassic Smackover Trend of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida

The Smackover trend is a belt of carbonate, evaporite, and clastic rocks of Late Jurassic age that rims the Gulf Coast of the United States from Texas to the Florida panhandle. This study focuses on the eastern end of the trend, where recent exploration has resulted in numerous oil and gas discoveries. Stratigraphic and geochemical data indicate that the oil and gas were generated from algal-rich lime mudstones (argillaceous content topical less than 6%) of the lower Smackover Formation. The hydrocarbons are present in carbonate grainstones of the overlying upper Smackover Formation and/or sandstones of the underlying Norphlet Formation. Results of this study and of similar studies in other areas of the world indicate that carbonate rocks with good source potential are typically light-brown to black, fine-grained, laminated limestones. Such rocks were laid down in a rather restricted range of depositional environments, the most important of which (very shallow settings with restricted circulation and isolated basins on broad platforms) occupy specific, predictable positions on carbonate shelves. Recognition of these facts can aid explorationists in locating reservoirs associated with carbonate source rocks.
Oceanic Euxinia in Earth History: Causes and Consequences

Euxinic ocean conditions accompanied significant events in Earth history, including several Phanerozoic biotic crises. By critically examining modern and ancient euxinic environments and the range of hypotheses for these sulfidic episodes, we elucidate the primary factors that influenced the generation of euxinia. We conclude that periods of global warmth promoted anoxia because of reduced solubility of oxygen, not because of ocean stagnation. Anoxia led to phosphate release from sediments, and continental configurations with expansive nutrient-trapping regions focused nutrient recycling and increased regional nutrient buildup. This great nutrient supply would have fueled high biological productivity and oxygen demand, enhancing oxygen depletion and sulfide buildup via sulfate reduction. As long as warm conditions prevailed, these positive feedbacks sustained euxinic conditions. In rare, extreme cases, euxinia led to biotic crises, a hypothesis best supported by evidence from the endPermian mass extinction.
New Solution of Classical Hydraulic Jump

This technical note, applying dimensional analysis and incomplete self-similarity, proposes a new functional relationship for the sequent depth ratio for hydraulic jumps over both smooth and rough horizontal beds. For the smooth bed condition, experimental measurements in the literature were used to calibrate the new relationship. For the rough bed condition the data of a previous investigation were used with new measurements carried out in a rectangular horizontal flume having a gravel bed. Finally, a generalized solution of the sequent depth ratio is proposed.
Predictive Value of Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio in Clinical Outcomes of Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Unstable Angina Pectoris

We sought to determine the prognostic value of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP). A total of 308 (mean age 59.22 ± 11.93) patients with NSTEMI and UAP were prospectively evaluated. The study population was divided into tertiles based on admission NLR values. The patients were followed for clinical outcomes for up to 3 years after discharge. In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, 3-year mortality was 21.6% in patients with high NLR versus 3% in the low-NLR group (P < .001). In a receiver–operating characteristic curve analysis, an NLR value of 3.04 was identified as an effective cut point in NSTEMI and UAP of a 3-year cardiovascular mortality (area under curve [AUC] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.8-0.92). An NLR value >3.04 yielded a sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 71%. Admission NLR is the strong and independent predictor of a 3-year cardiovascular mortality in patients with NSTEMI and UAP.
Miocene detachment in Crete and exhumation P‐T‐t paths of high‐pressure metamorphic rocks

A major problem posed by the geology of Crete is the horizontal contact of an upper unit without Miocene metamorphism onto a metamorphosed lower one with Early Miocene high pressure/low temperature (HP/LT) parageneses. This very sharp contact is roughly parallel to the major Oligo-Miocene thrust planes which were reactivated as a large-scale detachment which allowed exhumation of high-pressure units. We describe the extensional deformation and the metamorphic evolution of the lower plate. Most first-order deformation features relate to the retrogression from high-pressure to low-pressure conditions. A N-S pervasive stretching is observed everywhere, often associated with a top-to-the-north sense of shear. The extreme variation of thickness of the Phyllite-Quartzite nappe (upper part of the lower plate) is probably the result of large-scale boudinage similar to the one seen in large outcrops. The most important observation is the systematic occurrence of fresh carpholite immediately below the base of the Tripolitza nappe except in northwestern Crete where a late extensional shear zone is present. Deeper in the nappe pile carpholite is systematically retrograded. This observation reveals a drastically different PT history for the upper part of the Phyllite-Quartzite nappe. It also suggests that the late extensional shear zone found along the northern side of Crete cuts inside the metamorphic structure and brings the nonmetamorphosed Tripolitza nappe directly in contact with the deeper parts of the Phyllite-Quartzite nappe. PT-t paths suggest a fast temperature decrease in the top of the Phyllite-Quartzite during retrogression and, hence, during the top-to-the-north shear. The deeper part of the Phyllite-Quartzite nappe shows a low-temperature regime throughout, but its PT path includes an isothermal decompression in the first stage. We produce a tentative map of domains having experienced similar PT trajectories during decompression. The overall cool regime is related to the continuous underthrusting of cola continental units during exhumation. Isothermal decompression observed in the core of the Phyllite-Quartzite Nappe implies fast exhumation during extension and the faster cooling of the upper part is related to a continuous displacement toward the north of a cooler unit during exhumation. Single grain 39Ar-40Ar ages obtained on phengites (15–25 Ma) in various structural sites are in good agreement with these conclusions and with the geological context suggesting that underthrusting of cold units at the front the accretionnary complex occurred contemporaneously with unroofing below a north dipping detachment near the top of the wedge. The age of this detachment is bracketed between the end of the high-pressure event (20 Ma) and the deposition of the breccia (Early to Middle Miocene) in the Neogene basins.
A longitudinal examination of alcohol pharmacotherapy adoption in substance use disorder treatment programs: patterns of sustainability and discontinuation.

OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were to (a) identify the patterns of disulfiram (Antabuse) and tablet naltrexone (Revia) adoption over a 48-month period in a nationally representative sample of privately funded programs that deliver substance use disorder treatment; (b) examine predictors of sustainability, later adoption, discontinuation, and nonadoption of disulfiram and tablet naltrexone; and (c) measure reasons for medication discontinuation. METHOD Two waves of data were collected via face-to-face structured interviews with 223 program administrators. RESULTS These data demonstrated that adoption of medications for alcohol use disorders (AUDs) was a dynamic process. Although nonadoption was the most common pattern, approximately 20% of programs sustained use of the AUD medications and 30% experienced organizational change in adoption over the study period. Bivariate multinomial logistic regression models revealed that organizational characteristics were associated with sustainability including location in a hospital setting, program size, accreditation, revenues from private insurance, referrals from the criminal justice system, number of medical staff, and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at baseline. Two patterns of discontinuation were found: Programs either discontinued use of all substance use disorder medications or replaced disulfiram/tablet naltrexone with a newer AUD medication. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that adoption of AUD medications may be positively affected by pressure from accreditation bodies, partnering with primary care physicians, medication-specific training for medical staff, greater availability of resources to cover the costs associated with prescribing AUD medications, and amending criminal justice contracts to include support for AUD medication use.
The Antiviral Efficacy of the Murine Alpha-1 Interferon Transgene against Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Requires the Presence of CD4+, α/β T-Cell Receptor-Positive T Lymphocytes with the Capacity To Produce Gamma Interferon

ABSTRACT Alpha/beta interferons (IFN-α/βs) are known to antagonize herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by directly blocking viral replication and promoting additional innate and adaptive, antiviral immune responses. To further define the relationship between the adaptive immune response and IFN-α/β, the protective effect induced following the topical application of plasmid DNA containing the murine IFN-α1 transgene onto the corneas of wild-type and T-cell-deficient mice was evaluated. Mice homozygous for both the T-cell receptor (TCR) β- and δ-targeted mutations expressing no αβ or γδ TCR (αβ/γδ TCR double knockout [dKO]) treated with the IFN-α1 transgene succumbed to ocular HSV-1 infection at a rate similar to that of αβ/γδ TCR dKO mice treated with the plasmid vector DNA. Conversely, mice with targeted disruption of the TCR δ chain and expressing no γδ TCR+ cells treated with the IFN-α1 transgene survived the infection to a greater extent than the plasmid vector-treated counterpart and at a level similar to that of wild-type controls treated with the IFN-α1 transgene. By comparison, mice with targeted disruption of the TCR β chain and expressing no αβ TCR+ cells (αβ TCR knockout [KO]) showed no difference upon treatment with the IFN-α1 transgene or the plasmid vector control, with 0% survival following HSV-1 infection. Adoptively transferring CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells from wild-type but not IFN-γ-deficient mice reestablished the antiviral efficacy of the IFN-α1 transgene in αβ TCR KO mice. Collectively, the results indicate that the protective effect mediated by topical application of a plasmid construct containing the murine IFN-α1 transgene requires the presence of CD4+ T cells capable of IFN-γ synthesis.
Alteration of key hyporheic functions through biological and physical clogging along a nutrient and fine‐sediment gradient

The hyporheic zone bears key hydro‐ecological functions such as hydrological connectivity of surface and groundwater ecosystems and biogeochemical regulation of substance dynamics. These functions are controlled by the sediment permeability that in turn is affected by biological and physical clogging. A number of conceptual models have been developed on the interactions and feedbacks between these functionalities; surprisingly, comprehensive field data are scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess these functions and their vulnerability along a stressor gradient of nutrient and fine‐sediment input at riffle scale. Three sampling sites along the Kharaa River (Northern Mongolia) were selected that represented conditions from being unaffected, affected by biological clogging and impaired by physical clogging. A significant impact on the hydrological connectivity was detected, as the vertical downward flux and the solute penetration depth decreased along the reaches. Simultaneously, the heterogeneity in biogeochemical patterns and the vertical extent of the oxygen gradients declined. Whilst biological clogging was apparently unstable and the biofilm supported the hyporheic organic carbon pool, it revealed to affect the two functions to a lesser extent when compared with physical clogging. In contrast, physical clogging seemed to be more permanent and restricted microbial metabolism to the uppermost centimetres, thus decreasing the active sediment depth. Moreover, fine‐sediment particles enhanced the sediment surface area, thereby creating a high respiration potential that resulted in high values of community respiration and subsequent oxygen depletion. Concluding, the control of fine‐sediment emissions has to be a priority issue in river restoration and catchment management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prevalence of Undiagnosed Cardiovascular Risk Factors and 10-Year CVD Risk in Male Steel Industry Workers

Objective: To assess the prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a cohort of male steelworkers in South Wales, UK. Methods: Male steel industry workers (n = 221) with no prior diagnosis of CVD or diabetes accepted a CVD risk assessment within the work environment. Demographic, anthropometric, family, and medical histories were all recorded and capillary blood samples obtained. The 10-year CVD risk was predicted using the QRISK2–2012 algorithm. Results: Up to 81.5% of workers were either overweight or obese. More than 20% of workers were found to have diastolic hypertension, high total cholesterol, and/or a total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio of six or more. Over one quarter of workers assessed had an increased 10-year CVD risk. Conclusions: Despite a physically demanding occupation, risk assessment in the workplace uncovered significant occult factors in CVD risk in a sample of male heavy industry workers.
Effect of Modest Salt Reduction on Skin Capillary Rarefaction in White, Black, and Asian Individuals With Mild Hypertension

Microvascular rarefaction occurs in hypertension. We carried out a 12-week randomized double-blind crossover trial to determine the effect of a modest reduction in salt intake on capillary rarefaction in 71 whites, 69 blacks, and 29 Asians with untreated mildly raised blood pressure. Both basal and maximal (during venous congestion) skin capillary density were measured by capillaroscopy at the dorsum and the side of the fingers. In addition, we used orthogonal polarization spectral imaging to measure skin capillary density at the dorsum of the fingers and the hand web. With a reduction in salt intake from 9.7 to 6.5 g/day, there was an increase in capillary density (capillaries per millimeter squared) from 101±21 to 106±23 (basal) and 108±22 to 115±22 (maximal) at the dorsum, and 101±25 to 107±26 (basal) and 110±26 to 116±26 (maximal) at the side of the fingers (P<0.001 for all). Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging also showed a significant increase in capillary density both at the dorsum of the fingers and the web. Subgroup analysis showed that most of the changes were significant in all of the ethnic groups. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the change in 24-hour urinary sodium and the change in capillary density at the side of the fingers. These results demonstrate that a modest reduction in salt intake, as currently recommended, improves both functional and structural capillary rarefactions that occur in hypertension, and a larger reduction in salt intake would have a greater effect. The increase in capillary density may possibly carry additional beneficial effects on target organs.
Synchronous Multisensory Stimulation Blurs Self-Other Boundaries

In a study that builds on recent cognitive neuroscience research on body perception and social psychology research on social relations, we tested the hypothesis that synchronous multisensory stimulation leads to self-other merging. We brushed the cheek of each study participant as he or she watched a stranger’s cheek being brushed in the same way, either in synchrony or in asynchrony. We found that this multisensory procedure had an effect on participants’ body perception as well as social perception. Study participants exposed to synchronous stimulation showed more merging of self and the other than participants exposed to asynchronous stimulation. The degree of self-other merging was determined by measuring participants’ body sensations and their perception of face resemblance, as well as participants’ judgment of the inner state of the other, closeness felt toward the other, and conformity behavior. The results of this study show how multisensory integration can affect social perception and create a sense of self-other similarity.
Highlights of Stellar Modeling with PHOENIX

We briefly describe the current version of the PHOENIX code. We then present some illustrative results from the modeling of Type Ia and Type II supernovae, hot stars, and irradiated giant planets. Good fits to observations can be obtained, when account is taken for spherically symmetric, line-blanketed, static or expanding atmospheres.
Brain–computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness

Background: Recent neuroimaging research has strikingly demonstrated the existence of covert awareness in some patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). These findings have highlighted the potential for the development of simple brain–computer interfaces (BCI) as a diagnosis in behaviourally unresponsive patients. Objectives: This study here reviews current EEG-based BCIs that hold potential for assessing and eventually assisting patients with DoC. It highlights key areas for further development that might eventually make their application feasible in this challenging patient group. Methods: The major types of BCIs proposed in the literature are considered, namely those based on the P3 potential, sensorimotor rhythms, steady state oscillations and slow cortical potentials. In each case, a brief overview of the relevant literature is provided and then their relative merits for BCI applications in DoC are considered. Results: A range of BCI designs have been proposed and tested for enabling communication in fully conscious, paralysed patients. Although many of these have potential applicability for patients with DoC, they share some key challenges that need to be overcome, including limitations of stimulation modality, feedback, user training and consistency. Conclusion: Future work will need to address the technical and practical challenges facing reliable implementation at the patient's bedside.
Functional Roles of Astrocyte Calcium Elevations: From Synapses to Behavior

Astrocytes are fundamental players in the regulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. They display unique morphological and phenotypical features that allow to monitor and to dynamically respond to changes. One of the hallmarks of the astrocytic response is the generation of calcium elevations, which further affect downstream cellular processes. Technical advances in the field have allowed to spatially and to temporally quantify and qualify these elevations. However, the impact on brain function remains poorly understood. In this review, we discuss evidences of the functional impact of heterogeneous astrocytic calcium events in several brain regions, and their consequences in synapses, circuits, and behavior.
Analysis of Incidence Angle and Distance Effects on Terrestrial Laser Scanner Intensity: Search for Correction Methods

The intensity information from terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) has become an important object of study in recent years, and there are an increasing number of applications that would benefit from the addition of calibrated intensity data to the topographic information. In this paper, we study the range and incidence angle effects on the intensity measurements and search for practical correction methods for different TLS instruments and targets. We find that the range (distance) effect is strongly dominated by instrumental factors, whereas the incidence angle effect is mainly caused by the target surface properties. Correction for both effects is possible, but more studies are needed for physical interpretation and more efficient use of intensity data for target characterization.