Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role Structure and Analysis of the Family

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Validation of a commercial serodiagnostic kit for diagnosing pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease.

SETTING A commercial serodiagnostic kit for diagnosing pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC-PD) was developed and launched in Japan in 2011. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of this kit in routine clinical settings. METHODS In this retrospective single-centre study, data on serum levels of anti-glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core IgA antibody (U/ml) measured using the kit were analysed in patients diagnosed with MAC-PD according to American Thoracic Society criteria, in those with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) or pulmonary M. kansasii disease and in healthy volunteers. RESULTS The anti-GPL-core IgA antibody levels of serum were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in patients with MAC-PD (n = 485) than in those with PTB (n = 133) or pulmonary M. kansasii disease (n = 23) or in healthy subjects (n = 265). When the cut-off level was set at 0.7 U/ml, the sensitivity and specificity were respectively 78.6% and 96.9%. Higher antibody levels were observed in patients with greater extent of disease on chest computed tomography (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The serodiagnostic kit revealed good sensitivity and specificity. The antibody levels may reflect disease activity. Additional work is needed to determine whether the diagnostic assay could be used in conjunction with current diagnostic criteria to improve the diagnosis of MAC-PD.
RBM7 subunit of the NEXT complex binds U-rich sequences and targets 3′-end extended forms of snRNAs

The Nuclear Exosome Targeting (NEXT) complex is a key cofactor of the mammalian nuclear exosome in the removal of Promoter Upstream Transcripts (PROMPTs) and potentially aberrant forms of other noncoding RNAs, such as snRNAs. NEXT is composed of three subunits SKIV2L2, ZCCHC8 and RBM7. We have recently identified the NEXT complex in our screen for oligo(U) RNA-binding factors. Here, we demonstrate that NEXT displays preference for U-rich pyrimidine sequences and this RNA binding is mediated by the RNA recognition motif (RRM) of the RBM7 subunit. We solved the structure of RBM7 RRM and identified two phenylalanine residues that are critical for interaction with RNA. Furthermore, we showed that these residues are required for the NEXT interaction with snRNAs in vivo. Finally, we show that depletion of components of the NEXT complex alone or together with exosome nucleases resulted in the accumulation of mature as well as extended forms of snRNAs. Thus, our data suggest a new scenario in which the NEXT complex is involved in the surveillance of snRNAs and/or biogenesis of snRNPs.
The effect of visual display properties and gain presentation mode on the perceived naturalness of virtual walking speeds

Individuals tend to find realistic walking speeds too slow when relying on treadmill walking or Walking-In-Place (WIP) techniques for virtual travel. This paper details three studies investigating the effects of visual display properties and gain presentation mode on the perceived naturalness of virtual walking speeds: The first study compared three different degrees of peripheral occlusion; the second study compared three different degrees of perceptual distortion produced by varying the geometric field of view (GFOV); and the third study compared three different ways of presenting visual gains. All three studies compared treadmill walking and WIP locomotion. The first study revealed no significant main effects of peripheral occlusion. The second study revealed a significant main effect of GFOV, suggesting that the GFOV size may be inversely proportional to the degree of underestimation of the visual speed. The third study found a significant main effect of gain presentation mode. Allowing participants to interactively adjust the gain led to a smaller range of perceptually natural gains and this approach was significantly faster. However, the efficiency may come at the expense of confidence. Generally the lower and upper bounds of the perceptually natural speeds were higher for treadmill walking than WIP. However, not all differences were statistically significant.
Evolution in the Drosophila ananassae species subgroup

Drosophila ananassae and its relatives have many advantages as a model of genetic differentiation and speciation. In this report, we examine evolutionary relationships in the ananassae species subgroup using a multi-locus molecular data set, karyotypes, meiotic chromosome configuration, chromosomal inversions, morphological traits, and patterns of reproductive isolation. We describe several new taxa that are the closest known relatives of D. ananassae. Analysis of Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes, shared chromosome arrangements, pre-mating isolation, and hybrid male sterility suggests that these taxa represent a recent evolutionary radiation and may experience substantial gene flow. We discuss possible evolutionary histories of these species and give a formal description of one of them as D. parapallidosa Tobari sp. n. The comparative framework established by this study, combined with the recent sequencing of the D. ananassae genome, will facilitate future studies of reproductive isolation, phenotypic variation, and genome evolution in this lineage.
Review Article: Herbal Approach for Obesity Management

Obesity, a complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Usage of herbs for the management of obesity in the recent times is attracting attention. A web and manual based literature survey was conducted to assess the amount of information available on the herbal products for weight management. Traditional literature, PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar databases were screened up to February 2012. The search words were “obesity”, “herbal medicine/products/extracts”, “medicinal plants”, “traditional medicine”, “Ayurvedic medicine” without narrowing/limiting searching words or elements. Publications only with abstracts/full articles and books were reviewed in the search. Based on the available literature, for many of the herbal and weight loss products, there is little published information and there have been no clinical trials or the level of evidence is limited. Our literature survey also indicated that these herbal products fall under an acceptable level of evidence or with no scientific background at all, or they have a scientific rational but not to an acceptance level. Attempts were made in the review to define the features of possible herbal weight loss product. An ideal herbal anti obesity product should reduce the weight by 10% over placebo of treatment by showing an evidence of improvement of bio markers like blood pressure, lipids and glycemia without any side effects.
Women Athletes' Personal Responses to Sexual Harassment in Sport

The examination of sexual harassment in sport has become an active research field within the past two decades. It is especially important for sport psychology consultants to understand this issue because they have professional opportunities to influence both individual and organizational responses to it. This article uses interview data from an investigation of sexual harassment in sport to examine the personal responses of 25 elite female athletes to their experiences of sexual harassment. The athletes reacted with disgust, fear, irritation, and anger when the sexually harassing incidents occurred. They also demonstrated individual, internally focused responses to the harassment rather than collective, externally focused ones. This suggests that sport organizations have much work to do on both education and organizational change if sexual harassment is to be challenged and eradicated. The findings also indicate that sport psychology consultants have a role to play in equipping athletes with the necessary skills to avert or confront sexual harassment in sport.
The Relation of Self-Efficacy and Grade Goals to Academic Performance

Four studies were conducted to examine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and performance in college courses. Measures of academic grade goals and ability were also obtained. The first study was used to select valid items from a larger pool of self-efficacy measures. The items were further revised and the new item set was then tested out on the sample from study 4. A final set of items was selected and the resulting self-efficacy scale replicated on two other samples (studies 2 and 3). Self-efficacy was found to be significantly related to academic performance and to self-set academic grade goals. Grade goals and ability were also related to course performance. These results are consistent with laboratory studies of the relation of self-efficacy and goals to task performance.
Cyclic AMP and calcium in the differential control of Mytilus gill cilia.

Lateral (L) cilia of Mytilus gill are activated by serotonin which, in molluscan systems, is known to activate adenylate cyclase. Triton-extracted models of L-cells, arrested at greater than 10(-6) M Ca++, are stimulated to beat by the addition of 10(-5) M cAMP while still under Ca++ arrest conditions, suggesting that cAMP-activation is not mediated by alterations of Ca++ levels. Using isolated, permeabilized cilia, we find, independent of [Ca++], that cAMP-dependent protein phosphorylation in L-cilia occurs uniquely and reversibly on three low molecular weight polypeptides of 23,000, 18,000, and 14,000 daltons. Phosphorylation is maximal at cAMP concentrations above 0.5 microM. The phosphorylated chains partially co-extract at high salt with a 14S dynein fraction and have approximately the same molecular weights as reported for dynein light chains. Such conditions mainly extract the outer dynein arm, about 40% of the Mg++-ATPase activity, and a corresponding amount of the cAMP phosphorylated chains. However, the three polypeptides sediment together at 10-11S, clearly separable from the 14S dynein ATPase. Using a gel-overlay technique, we find that calmodulin binds to axonemal polypeptides of L-cilia with molecular weights of 18,000 and 13,000, independent of Ca++, while in mixed-population cilia, only a 12,000 dalton chain binds calmodulin, in a Ca++ dependent manner. In neither case are calmodulin binding proteins found in the high salt fraction containing the cAMP-dependent phosphorylated chains, indicating that, in spite of some similarity in molecular weight, the cAMP-phosphorylated and calmodulin binding polypeptides are different. Also, double-labelling indicates that only the 18,000 dalton chains co-migrate. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Temporal cycles in speech production

The term macroplanning has been used to refer to the construction of semantic-conceptual structures that enable speakers to accomplish communicative goals during spontaneous speech production. One form of evidence provided as support for the existence of macroplanning are temporal cycles in speech fluency. The assumption is that speakers alternate between phases of low fluency, during which they prepare macroplans, and high fluency, during which macroplans are executed in speech. Existing models of macroplanning suggest that temporal cycles therefore reflect a scheduling problem between processes competing for the capacity of shared resources. Time series analyses confirmed the existence of temporal cycles in spontaneous spoken discourse. In addition, evidence that topic shifts generally precede periods of increasing fluency in the temporal cycle was thought to be consistent with the assumption that the cycle reflects macroplanning activity. Existing models of macroplanning are reviewed in light of these results, and problems associated with the underlying assumptions of these models are discussed.
Frontiers in Synaptic Neuroscience Synaptic Neuroscience

Since the initial discoveries of spike timing-dependent plasticity it has been proposed as a mechanism by which receptive field maps and sensory selectivity can be formed and modified in vivo (Song and Abbott, 2001; Clopath et al., 2010). STDP has been observed in sensory cortices just following birth, and is also thought to provide a mechanism for modifying synaptic strength in adult-Although synaptic plasticity can occur throughout life, the induction and expression mechanisms of both frequency-dependent plasticity and STDP are believed to change over development. For example, adult plasticity in response to sensory deprivation is believed to result primarily from the potentiation of spared (sensory-driven) inputs and not by depression of the lost (sensory-independent) inputs (Glazewski and Fox, 1996). Similarly, both frequency-and spike timing-dependent LTD (tLTD) are difficult to induce following postnatal day 30 This suggests that while the ability to strengthen and weaken sensory synapses remains throughout life, changes in synaptic proteins that occur throughout development may influence how plasticity is induced or expressed. Herein, we describe mechanisms by which STDP can be shaped through development via the expression of synaptic proteins in the cortices of the somatosensory, visual, and auditory systems (Table 1). Although STDP has been observed in many neocortical layers (Egger et al., for simplicity we focus on the synaptic connection between cortical layer (L) 4 and
Author/Audience Interaction in the Preschool: The Role of Social Interaction in Literacy Learning

This study investigated the role of social interaction in the literacy learning of twenty-one 3- and 4-year-olds. Over a period of 8 months, data were collected at a classroom writing center using the ethnographic techniques of participant/observation, field notes, collection of written texts, audio and video tape. Patterns in the data indicated that author/audience conversation occurring as children completed self-selected literacy activities encouraged them to (a) activate, confirm/disconfirm, and revise their existing hypotheses about literacy; (b) form new literacy knowledge; (c) become audiences for their own texts; (d) internalize the audience's perspective and use this information to plan texts for absent audiences; (e) experience literacy activities beyond their independent abilities; and (f) with their teachers, build shared understandings about literacy. Overall, the findings indicate that children's self-selected literacy activities are rich contexts for literacy learning, and that social interaction, as part of these events, provides the predictable context and motivation for literacy learning, as well as influencing the kinds of literacy strategies children internalize and use independently.
Constraint-based haptic rendering of point data for teleoperated robot grasping

We present an efficient 6-DOF haptic algorithm for rendering interaction forces between a rigid proxy object and a set of unordered point data. We further explore the use of haptic feedback for remotely supervised robots performing grasping tasks. The robot captures the geometry of a remote environment (as a cloud of 3D points) at run-time using a depth camera or laser scanner. An operator then uses a haptic device to position a virtual model of the robot gripper (the haptic proxy), specifying a desired grasp pose to be executed by the robot. The haptic algorithm enforces a proxy pose that is non-colliding with the observable environment, and provides both force and torque feedback to the operator. Once the operator confirms the desired gripper pose, the robot computes a collision-free arm trajectory and executes the specified grasp. We apply this method for grasping a wide range of objects, previously unseen by the robot, from highly cluttered scenes typical of human environments. Our user experiment (N=20) shows that people with no prior experience using the visualization system on which our interfaces are based are able to successfully grasp more objects with a haptic device providing force-feedback than with just a mouse.
Transforming marginalised adult learners’ views of themselves: Access to Higher Education courses in England

Adult learners on Access to Higher Education courses struggled with institutional and social structures to attend their courses, but transformed their identities as learners through them. Although asymmetrical power relationships dominated the intentional learning communities of their courses, their work was facilitated by collaborative cultures and supportive tutors, and students gained the confidence to construct their own emergent communities of practice for learning. The students attended seven further education colleges in the East Midlands of England. Data were collected by mixed methods within a social constructivist framework from students and their tutors.
A reproducible number-based sizing method for pigment-grade titanium dioxide

Summary A strong demand for reliable characterization methods of particulate materials is triggered by the prospect of forthcoming national and international regulations concerning the classification of nanomaterials. Scientific efforts towards standardized number-based sizing methods have so far been concentrated on model systems, such as spherical gold or silica nanoparticles. However, for industrial particulate materials, which are typically targets of regulatory efforts, characterisation is in most cases complicated by irregular particle shapes, broad size distributions and a strong tendency to agglomeration. Reliable sizing methods that overcome these obstacles, and are practical for industrial use, are still lacking. By using the example of titanium dioxide, this paper shows that both necessities are well met by the sophisticated counting algorithm presented here, which is based on the imaging of polished sections of embedded particles and subsequent automated image analysis. The data presented demonstrate that the typical difficulties of sizing processes are overcome by the proposed method of sample preparation and image analysis. In other words, a robust, reproducible and statistically reliable method is presented, which leads to a number-based size distribution of pigment-grade titanium dioxide, for example, and therefore allows reliable classification of this material according to forthcoming regulations.
Molecular Imaging of Innate Immune Cell Function in Transplant Rejection

Background— Clinical detection of transplant rejection by repeated endomyocardial biopsy requires catheterization and entails risks. Recently developed molecular and cellular imaging techniques that visualize macrophage host responses could provide a noninvasive alternative. Yet, which macrophage functions may provide useful markers for detecting parenchymal rejection remains uncertain. Methods and Results— We transplanted isografts from B6 mice and allografts from Balb/c mice heterotopically into B6 recipients. In this allograft across major histocompatability barriers, the transplanted heart undergoes predictable progressive rejection, leading to graft failure after 1 week. During rejection, crucial macrophage functions, including phagocytosis and release of proteases, render these abundant innate immune cells attractive imaging targets. Two or 6 days after transplantation, we injected either a fluorescent protease sensor or a magnetofluorescent phagocytosis marker. Histological and flow cytometric analyses established that macrophages function as the major cellular signal source. In vivo, we obtained a 3-dimensional functional map of macrophages showing higher phagocytic uptake of magnetofluorescent nanoparticles during rejection using magnetic resonance imaging and higher protease activity in allografts than in isografts using tomographic fluorescence. We further assessed the sensitivity of imaging to detect the degree of rejection. In vivo imaging of macrophage response correlated closely with gradually increasing allograft rejection and attenuated rejection in recipients with a genetically impaired immune response resulting from a deficiency in recombinase-1 (RAG-1−/−). Conclusions— Molecular imaging reporters of either phagocytosis or protease activity can detect cardiac allograft rejection noninvasively, promise to enhance the search for novel tolerance-inducing strategies, and have translational potential.
Teaching in the Foundation Stage—how current systems support teachers’ knowledge and understanding of children’s speech and language

This paper discusses the knowledge, skills and understandings of Foundation Stage teachers in relation to children’s speech and language development. Results from a questionnaire to 294 teachers reveal limited initial and post qualification training. Teachers’ knowledge of specific aspects of children’s language revealed that key areas for training were centred on the identification of children who may have speech and language difficulties and speech sound development. The discussion centres on how changes to the curriculum in initial teacher training, in the consolidation of the revised Special Educational Needs Code of Practice and in the assessment requirements within the Foundation Stage may impact on teachers’ knowledge of speech and language development and on their ability to identify children who have speech and language difficulties.
Youth, action sports and political agency in the Middle East: Lessons from a grassroots parkour group in Gaza

In this paper we build upon recent scholarship on the globalization of youth culture and sport to examine the growing popularity of action sports in the Middle East. We focus on the development of the urban physical practice of parkour (also known as free running)—the act of running, jumping, leaping through an urban environment as fluidly, efficiently and creatively as possible—among Middle Eastern youth. Drawing upon interviews and media analysis of various print, digital and social media, we reveal how youth (particularly young men) in Gaza developed their own unique parkour group, despite various social, cultural, economic, physical and psychological obstacles. We explain the proactive approaches adopted by these young men to find appropriate training spaces, to develop the skills of local children and youth, and to support their peer groups. In particular, we describe how these young men are creatively engaging social media (e.g., YouTube, Facebook, Twitter) to gain inspiration from the transnational parkour community, and also for opening new dialogue and establishing informal cultural exchanges with parkour enthusiasts around the world. We conclude by offering some broader comments for the Sport for Development and Peace Building (SDP) movement, encouraging youth-focused SDP initiatives to move beyond the ‘deficit model’ and toward more collaborative projects that provide space for local voices and acknowledge youth agency.
Shadow removal for light field images

In this paper, we present an automatic method to remove shadows in light field images. Taking into account the internal structure of the light field data, depth map of the captured scene is extracted to calculate the surface normal. Using nonlocal matching by combining chromaticity, normal and spatial location information in an anisotropic window, the shadow confidence of each pixel is established. For effectively utilizing the prior knowledge, MRF (Markov random fields) is introduced to obtain the shadow label of each pixel iteratively. Once obtained the shadow labels of pixels, inpainting with an energy minimize framework is used to remove shadows. The experimental results on real data demonstrate good performance of this algorithm.