Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The second economy in Tanzania

Every country has its second, underground, unofficial, irregular or parallel economy. By their nature they are hidden and defy accurate and formal measurement. They provoke conceptual and definitional arguments among analysts. There has recently been a surge of interest; anecdote, newspaper reports and \u2018educated guesses' have increasingly been replaced by serious analysis. However, most of the new generation of studies are of developed economies. This book examines the effect on a developing economy. It explores the causes, identifies the key sectoral manifestations and reveals the various groups of actors. It attempts to establish the size of the second economy of Tanzania. Various factors drove the official economy into distress. Tanzanian peasants, wage earners and firms resorted to legitimate and illegitimate activities to overcome state control and shortage of basic necessities. This pioneering study will be invaluable for policy makers, international funding bodies and for students who are faced with trying to understand the realities of life behind the formal facade of economic theory and official statistics.
Parallels and Paradoxes: Explorations in Music and Society

Israeli Daniel Barenboim, one of the finest musicians of our times, and Palestinian Edward Said, eminent literary critic and leading expert on the Middle East, have been close friends for years. "Parallels and Paradoxes" is a series of discussions between the two friends about music, politics, literature and society, Barenboim and Said talk about, among other subjects, the differences between writing prose and music; the compromising politician versus the uncompromising artist; Beethoven as the ultimate sonata composer; Wagner (Barenboim is considered by many to be the greatest living conductor of his work); great teachers; and the power of culture to transcend national differences. Illuminating and deeply moving, "Parallels and Paradoxes" is an affectionate and impassioned exchange of ideas.
Study on gas sensing properties and mechanism of Ag-doped SnO2 gas sensor to H2

H2 is one of the main fault characteristic gases dissolved in transformer oil, which can indicate the electric faults, such as high energy discharge, spark discharge and partial discharge, and partial oil overheating phenomenon. Detection the content of H2 has an important significance for transformer diagnosis and state assessment. Gas sensing detection technology is the core of online monitoring device. In this paper, for the detection of dissolved H2, based on the density functional theory and the first-principles, pure and Ag-doped SnO2 models and gas adsorption models were built, and theoretical calculations were conducted. Meanwhile, pure and Ag-doped SnO2 gas sensing materials were synthesized with hydrothermal method. Then SnO2 based gas sensors were fabricated and their gas sensing properties were measured. Finally, its gas sensing mechanism was discussed based on the macro gas sensing properties and micro simulating calculations. The results indicated that, Ag doping can improve the gas sensing properties of SnO2 nanostructures to H2, Ag doping sensor has better effect than pure sensor for H2 detection, such as a lower optimum operating temperature of 340 °C, lower detection limit of 10 µL/L with higher sensitivity. The role of the dopant of Ag into the SnO2 and the sensing mechanism had also been discussed in this work. The experimental results verifies the feasibility and accuracy of study the gas sensing performances of SnO2 based gas sensors using the first-principles calculation based on the density functional theory, further perfecting its gas sensing mechanism of SnO2 based gas sensor and providing us a fresh idea and feasible way to develop different kinds dopant of metal or metal-oxide gas sensors with high performances.
Employee-Management Trust and M&A Activity

We examine the relation between the trust that employees have in management and the M&A activity of firms. We measure this trust by using rankings compiled by the Great Place to Work Institute (GPWI) from 1998 to 2011. Although the volume of M&A activity is not significantly different for firms with strong cultures of trust (“SCT firms”) versus other firms, the relative size of acquisitions announced by SCT firms is significantly smaller than the size of acquisitions announced by other firms. Furthermore, when SCT firms announce relatively large acquisitions, bidder returns and the percent change in the combined values of bidders and targets are lower than the corresponding returns for other firms. Finally, when SCT firms make large acquisitions, they are significantly more likely to suffer a loss in their GPWI ranking as compared with other SCT firms. Overall, the results are consistent with the conclusion that the M&A policies of firms are influenced by a culture of trust between employees and management.
Extended linear-homothetic preferences and the Cournot

This paper introduces the ‘extended linear-homothetic’ preferences to model consumer choice. Specifically, we extend Datta and Dixon’s (2000) ‘standard linear-homothetic’ preferences by adding an additional term to the unit cost function. This term captures the relative importance of price interactions within sectors on the unit cost of utility. In an economy composed of a large number of sectors (K) with a sufficiently large number of firms (n) in each, the ‘extended linear-homothetic’ preferences yield (perceived) linear demands in own strategy and competitors’ strategies where goods are characterized as substitutes. Thus, the linearity and homotheticity properties of the preferences open the possibility to develop a tractable model of oligopoly in general equilibrium. An additional novelty introduced by the ‘extended linear-homothetic’ preferences is the presence of a sectoral-specific price index in product demand. For n small, this implies that firms internalize the sectoral price effects of their individual pricing strategies. The latter, we argue, may provide us with a link between nonatomistic price and wage setters and the monetary authority.
Impact of Financial Development on Exchange Rate Volatility and Long-Run Growth Relationship of Bangladesh

Empirical results show that exchange rate volatility has a negative impact on the economic growth of Bangladesh. In contrast, this paper endeavors to analyze whether level of financial development of Bangladesh has any impact on the exchange rate volatility and growth relationship. To test this, Ordinary Least Square technique has been used considering the interaction between financial development and exchange rate volatility. The findings of the study confirm that growth of this country is adversely affected by exchange rate variability because of the poorly developed financial market of Bangladesh. As the level of financial development is thin, anticipation of exchange rate fluctuations discourages innovation which in turn lowers the growth of Bangladesh. Hence, despite of exchange rate controls have been in place for a long time, those trades oriented policies failed to raise the long run growth of Bangladesh.
An analysis of monthly calendar anomalies in the Pakistani stock market : a study of the Gregorian and Islamic calendars

• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
Mechanosensory based orienting behaviors in fluvial and lacustrine populations of mottled sculpin ( Cottus bairdi )

We compared prey-orienting and rheotactic behaviors in a fluvial (Coweeta Creek) and lacustrine (Lake Michigan) population of mottled sculpin. Blinded sculpin from both populations exhibited unconditioned, mechanosensory based rheotaxis to low velocity flows. Whereas Lake Michigan sculpin generally showed increasing levels of positive rheotaxis to increasing velocities, Coweeta Creek sculpin show varying levels of positive rheotaxis at low to intermediate velocities and often reduced positive rheotaxis or even negative rheotaxis at the highest velocities (12 cm s−1). Blinded Lake Michigan, but not Coweeta Creek mottled sculpin exhibited an orienting response to a small (3 mm diameter) artificial prey (50 Hz vibrating sphere). In conclusion, the two populations differed in the strength and polarity of the rheotactic response at higher velocities and in their responsiveness to mechanosensory cues from epibenthic prey sources. These behavioral differences have most likely arisen from different learning experiences in different habitats and from the greater importance of visual cues to the Coweeta Creek mottled sculpin and mechanosensory cues to Lake Michigan mottled sculpin in the sensory guidance of orienting behaviors.
Fitting the Log Skew Normal to the Sum of Independent Lognormals Distribution

Sums of lognormal random variables (RVs) occur in many important problems in wireless communications especially in interferences calculation. Several methods have been proposed to approximate the lognormal sum distribution. Most of them requires lengthy Monte Carlo simulations, or advanced slowly converging numerical integrations for curve fitting and parameters estimation. Recently, it has been shown that the log skew normal distribution can offer a tight approximation to the lognormal sum distributed RVs. We propose a simple and accurate method for fitting the log skew normal distribution to lognormal sum distribution. We use moments and tails slope matching technique to find optimal log skew normal distribution parameters. We compare our method with those in literature in terms of complexity and accuracy. We conclude that our method has same accuracy than other methods but more simple. To further validate our approach, we provide an example for outage probability calculation in lognormal shadowing environment based on log skew normal approximation.
A Phase II Trial of the Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor Flavopiridol in Patients with Previously Untreated Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer 1

Purpose:Flavopiridol is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor with preclinical activity against non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), inhibiting tumor growth in vitro and in vivo by cytostatic and cytotoxic mechanisms. A Phase II trial was conducted to determine the activity and toxicity of flavopiridol in untreated patients with metastatic NSCLC. Experimental Design:A total of 20 patients were treated with a 72-h continuous infusion of flavopiridol every 14 days at a dose of 50 mg/m/day and a concentration of 0.1–0.2 mg/ml. Dose escalation to 60 mg/m/day was permitted if no significant toxicity occurred. Response was initially assessed after every two infusions; patients treated longer than 8 weeks were then assessed after every four infusions. Plasma levels of flavopiridol were measured daily during the first two infusions to determine steady-state concentrations. Results:This study was designed to evaluate a total of 45 patients in two stages. However, because no objective responses were seen in the first 20 patients, the early-stopping rule was invoked, and patient accrual was halted. In four patients who received eight infusions, progression was documented at 15, 20, 40, and 65 weeks, respectively. The most common toxicities included grade 1 or 2 diarrhea in 11 patients, asthenia in 10 patients, and venous thromboses in 7 patients. The mean6 SD steady-state concentration of drug during the first infusion was 200 6 89.9 nM, sufficient for cytostatic effects inin vitro models. Conclusions: At the current doses and schedule, flavopiridol does not have cytotoxic activity in NSCLC, although protracted periods of disease stability were observed with an acceptable degree of toxicity.
Analysis of computer vision based techniques for motion detection

Motion detection or moving object detection in a video is a process of identification of the change of physical position of the object. Nowadays the field of computer vision based motion detection has attracted many researchers due to its vast applications in the field of intelligent video surveillance, traffic monitoring, event detection, people tracking and behavior analysis etc. Four basic approaches background subtraction, frame difference; temporal difference and optical flow estimation based motion analysis have been discussed and analyzed in terms of their usability and computational time in this paper. Further the various related work under these approaches have been discussed and analyzed. The review presented in this paper is an attempt to provide the thorough understanding of various traditional approaches for motion detection and to present the current scenario of research in this area.
Novel Transformation Techniques Using Q-Heaps with Applications to Computational Geometry

Using the notions of Q-heaps and fusion trees developed by Fredman and Willard, we develop general transformation techniques to reduce a number of computational geometry problems to their special versions in partially ranked spaces. In particular, we develop a fast fractional cascading technique, which uses linear space and enables sublogarithmic iterative search on catalog trees in the case when the degree of each node is bounded by $O(\log^{\epsilon}n)$ for some constant $\epsilon >0$, where $n$ is the total size of all the lists stored in the tree. We apply the fast fractional cascading technique in combination with the other techniques to derive the first linear-space sublogarithmic time algorithms for two fundamental geometric retrieval problems: orthogonal segment intersection and rectangular point enclosure.
Noise in the Visual System May Be Early

1. Previous claims that visual. detection is photon noise limited. (e.g., Rose, 1942, 1948) have been criticized on the grounds that the observer's overall efficiency, from stimulus to decision, is strongly dependent on the experimental conditions (Barlow, 1962). However, the observer's overall efficiency depends not only on the amount of noise in the system. It also depends on the efficiency of the observer's algorithm for reducing the multidimensional noisy data to a single number upon which a detection decision may he. made. Our visual Most models of visual performance incorporate random variations: noise. Sometimes the model maker injects this randomness as an afterthought, to account for trial-to-trial variations in subjects' responses, Sometimes the noise is an essential part of the model. as in probability summation, where the key idea is the random detection that can occur in any of many independent channels (e.g.,Graham, 1977). Recent psychophysical evidence indicates that the main source of noise limiting visual detection is in the proximal stimulus: the photon noise arising from the random nature of light absorption (Banks,Geisler & Bennett, 1987; Cohn, 1976; Krauskopf & Reeves, 1980; Pelli, 1981, 1983, 1990). While noise undoubtedly arises at every stage of visual processing, it is a hallmark of well-engineered systems, and apparently of human vision (at near-threshold contrasts), that the gains of each stage are sufficient to amplify the unavoidable noise of the first stage (i.e. photon noise) so that it dwarfs the additional noises that arise at later stages. 1 This chapter argues that psychophysical models of the visual system should incorporate noise at the first stage, an equivalent input noise added to the stimulus, rather than injecting an arbitrary noise later. The observer's equivalent input noise is susceptible to direct measurement psychophysically (Pelli, 1981. 1983, 1990), thus removing many degrees of freedom from the specification of the model (Ahumada, 1987; Ahumada & Watson, 1985). Physiological models may usefully represent noise arising at each stage, but with appropriate simplifying assumptions (e.g., linearity) these models will be equivalent to a black-
REPRESENTING ORDINAL CHANGE IN DYNAMIC POINT SYMBOLS FOR EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS

In mapping for emergency management, the stakes are high, and it is crucial that maps convey accurate information to enable emergency managers to quickly make correct decisions. As situations change within a crisis, it becomes essential for maps to display both the location and status of critical entities. The current standard for point symbolization for emergency management uses static point symbols to represent location as well as entity status; however, the need to have this information update in real time introduces a dynamic element to the question of symbolization; these types of dynamic symbols are called synchronic. Prior research on symbol design provides contradicting recommendations for data symbolization, and currently there are no empirically-based guidelines for synchronic point symbol design. In this study, I tested a set of symbols representing the status of geospatial point data, using multiple visual variables. I tested four visual variables or combinations of variables (hue-texture, texture, value, and ordered hue-value) in a reaction time/accuracy experiment, examining symbol level identification and change detection, mimicking synchronic symbol dynamics. Results show that participants performed the fastest and most accurately at symbol level identification with the texture variable, but in the change detection task, they performed the fastest and most accurately with hue-texture and ordered hue-value. I discuss the implications of these findings for symbol design, and how the results can be explained in light of the concepts of visual integrality and separability. I conclude with recommendations for symbol set design for ordinal data in a synchronic dynamic context.
‘Change is a journey’: investigating the complex process of educational change within Scottish primary physical education

This thesis investigates the experiences of generalist primary teachers, in Scotland, as they instigated curriculum and pedagogical change in physical education. Five primary teachers with an additional qualification in physical education, the Postgraduate Certificate in 3-14 physical education (PGCert), were followed within their school contexts over an academic year. In contrast to much of the preceding literature this research provides empirical work at the micro level on educational change from the perspective of the individual teacher: illuminating the reciprocal relationship between professional learning and educational change. A qualitative, interpretivist approach underpinned the gathering and analysis of data. This approach reflected the focus of the study which was to understand and make sense of the multiple realities, experiences and views of participant teachers evolving from their social, cultural and historical contexts. Data were gathered using semi-structured interviews, unstructured interviews about teachers’ planning and observations of physical education lessons. The theoretical framework that was used to interrogate the data incorporated situated learning theory (Lave and Wenger, 1991), professional learning and educational change literature; in particular the work of Fullan was utilised to explore his concept of ‘change agentry’. The first line of analysis establishes how the participant teachers approached teaching and learning in physical education prior to engaging with the PGCert. Thereafter the PGCert is examined to ascertain how the format and structure of this professional development opportunity came to influence the participant teachers. In the final analysis, an over-view of each teacher’s narrative in regards to their role in the change process is presented, outlining the curricular and pedagogical changes they initiated within their school contexts. Taken together, these findings contribute to research on educational change providing detailed analysis over an extended period of time of the motivating factors, constraints and complex character of change from the perspective of teachers within their individual school contexts. In the present educational climate where teachers are expected to be leaders of curricular and pedagogical change this study provides empirical evidence of teachers exercising their autonomy and integrating professional learning within their practice as they initiate and implement change.
An S-brane solution with acceleration and small enough variation of G

An S-brane solution with two non-composite electric branes and a set of l scalar fields is considered. The intersection rule for branes corresponds to the Lie algebra A_2. The solution contains five factor spaces with the fifth one interpreted as ``our'' 3-dimensional space. It is shown that there exists a time interval where accelerating expansion of ``our'' 3-dimensional space is compatible with small enough value of effective gravitational ``constant'' variation.
Cooperative efects on the formation of 4-methyloxycarbonyl-2-azetidinone clusters

In this paper we study the manifestations of cooperative effects in the formation of clusters4-methyloxycarbonyl-2-azetidinone. Structural properties of the clusters were obtained at the DFT/B3LYP/6-311Gd level of calculation, while the energetic ones were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311Gd, B3LYP/6-31++Gd,p and HCTH407/6-31++Gd,p DFT levels. The calculated structural parameters were compared with those corresponding to crystal structures reported for similar compounds in the Cambridge Structural Database. It is obtained that the theoretically optimized clusters form hydrogen bond patterns resembling those patterns reported for the crystal structure of azetidinone derivatives. We find that, due to the formation of consecutives hydrogen bonds of the type N-H…O between the 2-azetodinone rings, the addition of monomers gradually increases the stabilization energy per monomer of the system. It is also observed that after the hexamer formation, the value of this stabilization energy tends to reach an asymptotic limit, behavior typical of the existence of cooperative effects. Additionally, manifestations of these effects were observed in the variations with the size of the clusters of the calculated charges and of the structural parameters.
Influence of Promoter Polymorphisms of the TNF-α (-308G/A) and IL-6 (-174G/C) Genes on Therapeutic Response to Etanercept in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Summary Background: The study was undertaken to assess the influence of functional -308G/A TNF-α (rs 1800629) and -174G/C IL-6 (rs1800795) promoter polymorphisms on the therapeutic response to etanercept, a TNF-α blocker, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Seventy-three patients suffering from active RA were studied, at baseline and 6 and 12 months after therapy. The therapeutic response was estimated according to the European League Against Rheumatism response criteria. Patients were genotyped for -308G/A TNF-α and -174G/C IL-6 polymorphisms by the PCR-RFLP method, and the influence of genotype on etanercept response was assessed. Results: No difference in the percentage of responders (patients who had DAS28 improvement > 1.2) between patients with the TNF-α-308GG and GA and AA genotype was detected after 6 and 12 months of treatment. After 12 months of treatment the percentage of responders was significantly increased in patients with the IL-6 -174GG genotype compared with those with the GC or CC genotype (p=0.006 by Chi-square test). Evaluation of the patients according to their combined IL-6/TNF-α genotypes showed that patients with the IL-6 -174GG / TNF-α -308GG genotype were more frequent among the responders compared to those with other combined genotypes (p=0.022 by Chisquare test). More precisely, all patients with the combined IL-6 -174GG / TNF-α -308GG genotype were responders after 12 months of etanercept treatment. Conclusions: The study suggests that patients who are genetically low TNF-α and IL-6 producers are the best responders to etanercept therapy.