Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Individual and Average Behavior of Particles in a Protoplanetary Nebula

We study the interaction between gas and particles in a protoplanetary disk, using both analytical and numerical approaches. We first present analytical expressions for the trajectories of individual particles undergoing gas drag in the disk, in the asymptotic cases of very small particles (Epstein regime) and very large particles (Stokes regime). Using a Boltzmann averaging method, we obtain an analytic expression for the evolution of the average density, velocity, and dispersion of the particles as a function of distance above the midplane of the disk. Using successive moments of the Boltzmann equation, we derive the equivalent fluid equations for the average motion of the particles; these are intrinsically different in the Epstein and Stokes regimes. A simple closure of the moment equations is proposed in both regimes. These fluid equations provide much better prospects for the study of more complex problems related to protoplanetary accretion disks, since for general initial size and phase-space distributions the evolution of the average behavior of the particles can be evaluated numerically with much less computational time than that required for the numerical integration of the orbits of all individual particles. In a companion paper, for instance, we use them for the analysis of a shearing instability induced by the sedimentation of the particles. In the present work we test the adequacy of the fluid formulation against a set of idealized numerical experiments. In the Epstein regime, we study an idealized uniform initial distribution of small particles. We obtain a set of analytic solutions for the fluid equations, which are found to be in good agreement with those obtained from numerical integration of the orbits of many particles. We also verify that any initial velocity dispersion is quickly damped out by the surrounding gas on the short stopping timescale, which provides closure and justifies the description of the particles as a fluid with a linear drag force and negligible pressure. In the Stokes regime, as the large particles oscillate across the midplane with declining amplitude, their velocity dispersion remains comparable to their average speed. Their sedimentation is analogous to the cooling of a pressure-supported fluid. We propose an empirical closure scheme for the moment equations of the Stokes particles fluid and test it against idealized numerical experiments. In both cases, this method can eventually be applied to study the evolution of particle distributions in protostellar disks after additional effects such as collision, sublimation, and condensation are included.
Transdermal testosterone treatment in women with impaired sexual function after oophorectomy.

BACKGROUND The ovaries provide approximately half the circulating testosterone in premenopausal women. After bilateral oophorectomy, many women report impaired sexual functioning despite estrogen replacement. We evaluated the effects of transdermal testosterone in women who had impaired sexual function after surgically induced menopause. METHODS Seventy-five women, 31 to 56 years old, who had undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy received conjugated equine estrogens (at least 0.625 mg per day orally) and, in random order, placebo, 150 microg of testosterone, and 300 microg of testosterone per day transdermally for 12 weeks each. Outcome measures included scores on the Brief Index of Sexual Functioning for Women, the Psychological General Well-Being Index, and a sexual-function diary completed over the telephone. RESULTS The mean (+/-SD) serum free testosterone concentration increased from 1.2+/-0.8 pg per milliliter (4.2+/-2.8 pmol per liter) during placebo treatment to 3.9+/-2.4 pg per milliliter (13.5+/-8.3 pmol per liter) and 5.9+/-4.8 pg per milliliter (20.5+/-16.6 pmol per liter) during treatment with 150 and 300 microg of testosterone per day, respectively (normal range, 1.3 to 6.8 pg per milliliter [4.5 to 23.6 pmol per liter]). Despite an appreciable placebo response, the higher testosterone dose resulted in further increases in scores for frequency of sexual activity and pleasure-orgasm in the Brief index of Sexual Functioning for Women (P=0.03 for both comparisons with placebo). At the higher dose the percentages of women who had sexual fantasies, masturbated, or engaged in sexual intercourse at least once a week increased two to three times from base line. The positive-well-being, depressed-mood, and composite scores of the Psychological General Well-Being Index also improved at the higher dose (P=0.04, P=0.03, and P=0.04, respectively, for the comparison with placebo), but the scores on the telephone-based diary did not increase significantly. CONCLUSIONS In women who have undergone oophorectomy and hysterectomy, transdermal testosterone improves sexual function and psychological well-being.
TITLE Review of the literature on coffee stops as a road safety measure AUTHORS

Caffeine is a widely available mild stimulant thought to promote alertness. It has been suggested that the consumption of caffeine could be promoted at designated ‘coffee stops’ by the side of the road in rest areas. However, there is some concern that coffee stops might encourage driving when a driver should be resting. Although such roadside initiatives have been operating in Australia and overseas for many years, there are few quantitative evaluations examining the road safety benefits of such programs. Based on empirical research evidence, there is some support for the provision of coffee at roadside rest stops to temporarily alleviate fatigue when driving. However, the combination of drinking caffeine (approximately two cups of coffee) and napping (i.e., 15 minutes) during a break appears to be more beneficial than caffeine alone. Therefore, to enhance the beneficial effects of coffee stops, drivers feeling fatigued should be encouraged to take a 10 to 15 minute nap and to consume coffee. However, even though caffeine has a beneficial effect in alleviating fatigue, these effects are only temporary, lasting for about two hours. Consequently, caffeine alone should not be promoted as a substitute for sleep.
Remediating politics: feminist and queer formations in digital networks

This thesis examines feminist and queer actors emerging in highly mediated environments and the forms of political organisation and critical knowledge production they engage in. It indicates that older debates around gender and sexuality are being reformulated in digital networks and identifies alternative understandings which are being developed. The study foregrounds a performative conceptualisation and argues that political realities are produced in dynamic configurations of communication media, discourses and bodies. It suggests that network technologies constitute sources of vulnerability and anxiety for feminists and stresses the significance of registering how embodied subjectivities emerge from these experiences. To achieve its aims and to map activity happening across different spaces and scales, the project attended to context-specific processes of mediation at the intersections of online and offline settings. It employed ethnographic methods, internet visualisation, in-depth interviewing and textual analysis to produce the following key outcomes: it registered changing understandings of the political in relation to new media amongst a network of women's organisations in London; it investigated the centrality of social media and global connections in the shaping of local queer political communities in Brighton; it complicated ideas of control, labour and affect to analyse emerging sexual identities in online spaces like nofauxx.com, and offline postporn events; finally, it traced feminist actors gathering around new reproductive technologies, at the crossing fields of grassroots activism and the academy. Today, women's groups and queer activists increasingly use networked communication for mobilisation and information-sharing. In a climate of widespread scepticism towards both representational politics and traditional media, questions about the role of digital networks in enabling or limiting political engagement are being raised. This thesis aims to contribute to these debates by accounting for the ways in which feminist and queer activists in digital networks reformulate the relationship between communication media and politics.
Misconceptions about Mirror-Induced Motor Cortex Activation

Observation of self-produced hand movements through a mirror, creating an illusion of the opposite hand moving, was recently reported to induce ipsilateral motor cortex activation, that is, motor cortex activation for the hand in rest. The reported work goes far beyond earlier work on motor cortex activation induced by action observation, by implying a complete reversal of contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex activation under mirror view conditions. Such a reversal would represent an unprecedented degree of neural plasticity. We considered such a reversal physiologically implausible and conducted a study with an improved design. The results refute the reversal of contralateral and ipsilateral motor cortex activation under mirrored viewing conditions as methodologically unsound. The investigation confirmed, however, more subtle expressions of motor cortical activity induced by self-produced movements observed through a mirror.
Protein Carbonyl as a Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in Severe Leptospirosis, and Its Usefulness in Differentiating Leptospirosis from Dengue Infections

Pathogenesis of disease severity in leptospirosis is not clearly understood whether it is due to direct damage by pathogen or by adverse immune responses. Knowledge on biomarkers of oxidative stress which could be used in identifying patients with severe illness has shown to be of great value in disease management. Thus, the main aim of this study was to assess the damage to serum proteins and lipids, and their significance as biomarkers of oxidative stress in severe leptospirosis. In regions endemic for both leptospirosis and dengue, leptospirosis cases are often misdiagnosed as dengue during dengue epidemics. Therefore, the second aim was to assess the potential of the oxidative stress markers in differentiating severe leptospirosis from critical phase dengue. We measured serum antioxidants (uric acid and bilirubin), total antioxidant capacity (AOC), protein carbonyl (PC) and lipid hydroperoxide (LP) in patients with severe leptospirosis (n = 60), mild leptospirosis (n = 50), dengue during the critical phase (n = 30) and in healthy subjects (n = 30). All patient groups had similar total antioxidant capacity levels. However, the presence of significantly high uric acid and total bilirubin levels may reflect the degree of renal and hepatic involvement seen in severe leptospirosis patients (p<0.02). Serum PC and LP levels were significantly higher in leptospirosis patients compared to critical phase dengue infections (p<0.005). Moreover, high serum PC levels appear to differentiate SL from DC [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.96; p<0.001]. Serum PC may be a reliable biomarker of oxidative damage to serum proteins to identify severe leptospirosis patients (AUC = 0.99) and also to differentiate severe leptospirosis from mild cases (AUC = 0.78; p<0.005) indicating its contribution to pathogenesis. Use of serum PC as an indicator of leptospirosis severity and as an oxidative stress biomarker in differentiating leptospirosis from dengue would provide the opportunity to save lives via prompt patient management.
Modeling mind-wandering: a tool to better understand distraction

When we get distracted, we may engage in mind-wandering, or task-unrelated thinking, which impairs performance on cognitive tasks. Yet, we do not have cognitive models that make this process explicit. On the basis of both recent experiments that have started to investigate mind-wandering and introspective knowledge from for example meditators, we built a process model of distraction in the form of mind-wandering. We then tested the model by predicting performance on tasks used in mind-wandering studies. We showed that we could both predict task performance as well as the participants’ responses to questions about what they were thinking about. This improved understanding of mind-wandering could be used in the future to revise our models of when, how, and why distraction occurs. For example, our model could be used to examine how the effect of distraction on task performance depends on the type of mind-wandering (e.g., rumination versus day-dreaming).
Using educational theory and moral psychology to inform the teaching of ethics in computing

In this paper, we explore the teaching of ethics in computing related fields. The article intends to share ideas on moral development and the nature of morality, specifically as it relates to changes that educators may be trying to elicit within students when teaching ethics. The paper then addresses educational theories that are better suited to enabling moral development with suggestions on how these theories might shape classroom climate and instructional approaches.
NITROGEN LEACHING LOSSES ON A VOLCANIC ASH SOIL AS AFFECTED BY THE SOURCE OF FERTILISER

ABSTRACT An intact lysimeters study was carried out to measure the potential nitrogen (N) losses onan andisoil of Southern Chile with different fertilisers. The treatments tested were: fishslurry (FS), dairy slurry (DS), potassium nitrate (IF) and a control treatment (C), with no Naddition. An equivalent amount of 150 kg of total N ha -1 was applied to each lysimeter andthen the equivalent to 1260 mm of rainfall was irrigated over a 90 days period. Leachatesamples were analysed for nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and organic N (No). Total N losseswere calculated as the product between drainage and the respective N concentration in theleachates. Lowest N losses were obtained in the control and FS treatments (66 kg N ha -1 )and the greatest amount was obtained in the IF treatment (261 kg N ha -1 ). Nitrogen wasmainly lost as nitrate and No (each was 49% of the total N losses). High soil organic matterof andisoils can be more relevant than fertiliser for N leaching losses. Palabras claves: Lodo de pescado, purines de lecheria, fertilizante inorganico, calidad deagua
Automated reverse engineering of nonlinear dynamical systems

Complex nonlinear dynamics arise in many fields of science and engineering, but uncovering the underlying differential equations directly from observations poses a challenging task. The ability to symbolically model complex networked systems is key to understanding them, an open problem in many disciplines. Here we introduce for the first time a method that can automatically generate symbolic equations for a nonlinear coupled dynamical system directly from time series data. This method is applicable to any system that can be described using sets of ordinary nonlinear differential equations, and assumes that the (possibly noisy) time series of all variables are observable. Previous automated symbolic modeling approaches of coupled physical systems produced linear models or required a nonlinear model to be provided manually. The advance presented here is made possible by allowing the method to model each (possibly coupled) variable separately, intelligently perturbing and destabilizing the system to extract its less observable characteristics, and automatically simplifying the equations during modeling. We demonstrate this method on four simulated and two real systems spanning mechanics, ecology, and systems biology. Unlike numerical models, symbolic models have explanatory value, suggesting that automated “reverse engineering” approaches for model-free symbolic nonlinear system identification may play an increasing role in our ability to understand progressively more complex systems in the future.
EEG classification of imagined syllable rhythm using Hilbert spectrum methods

We conducted an experiment to determine whether the rhythm with which imagined syllables are produced may be decoded from EEG recordings. High density EEG data were recorded for seven subjects while they produced in imagination one of two syllables in one of three different rhythms. We used a modified second-order blind identification (SOBI) algorithm to remove artefact signals and reduce data dimensionality. The algorithm uses the consistent temporal structure along multi-trial EEG data to blindly decompose the original recordings. For the four primary SOBI components, joint temporal and spectral features were extracted from the Hilbert spectra (HS) obtained by a Hilbert–Huang transformation (HHT). The HS provide more accurate time-spectral representations of non-stationary data than do conventional techniques like short-time Fourier spectrograms and wavelet scalograms. Classification of the three rhythms yields promising results for inter-trial transfer, with performance for all subjects significantly greater than chance. For comparison, we tested classification performance of three averaging-based methods, using features in the temporal, spectral and time–frequency domains, respectively, and the results are inferior to those of the SOBI-HHT-based method. The results suggest that the rhythmic structure of imagined syllable production can be detected in non-invasive brain recordings and provide a step towards the development of an EEG-based system for communicating imagined speech.
CD28 expression is required after T cell priming for helper T cell responses and protective immunity to infection

The co-stimulatory molecule CD28 is essential for activation of helper T cells. Despite this critical role, it is not known whether CD28 has functions in maintaining T cell responses following activation. To determine the role for CD28 after T cell priming, we generated a strain of mice where CD28 is removed from CD4+ T cells after priming. We show that continued CD28 expression is important for effector CD4+ T cells following infection; maintained CD28 is required for the expansion of T helper type 1 cells, and for the differentiation and maintenance of T follicular helper cells during viral infection. Persistent CD28 is also required for clearance of the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium from the gastrointestinal tract. Together, this study demonstrates that CD28 persistence is required for helper T cell polarization in response to infection, describing a novel function for CD28 that is distinct from its role in T cell priming. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03180. 001
Toward a Civic Rhetoric for Technologically and Scientifically Complex Places: Invention, Performance, and Participation

The spaces in which public deliberation most often takes place are institutionally, technologically, and scientifically complex. In this article, we argue that in order to participate, citizens must be able to invent valued knowledge. This invention requires using complex information technologies to access, assemble, and analyze information in order to produce the professional and technical performances expected in contemporary civic forums. We argue for a civic rhetoric that expands to research the complicated nature of interface technologies, the inventional practices of citizens as they use these technologies, and the pedagogical approaches to encourage the type of collaborative and coordinated work these invention strategies require.
Managers as lazy, stupid careerists? Contestation and stereotypes among software engineers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a qualitative study of software engineers’ perception of dress code, career, organizations, and of managers. Design/methodology/approach – The software engineers interviewed work in three European and two US companies. The research is based on ethnographic data, gathered in two longitudinal studies during the period 2001-2006. The methods used in the study include open-ended unstructured interviews, participant observation, collection of stories, and shadowing. Findings – It was found that the majority of software engineers denounce formal dress-codes. The notion of career was defined by them mostly in terms of occupational development. They perceived their own managers as very incompetent. Their view on corporations was also univocally negative. The findings confirm that software engineers form a very distinctive occupation, defining itself in opposition to the organization. However, their distinctiveness may be perceived not only as a manifestation of independence but also contrarily, as simply fulfilling the organizational role they are assigned by management. Originality/value – The study contributes to the organizational literature by responding to the call for more research on high-tech workplace practices, and on non-managerial occupational roles.
Using independent component analysis to obtain feature space for reliable ECG Arrhythmia classification

Electrocardiogram (ECG) reflects the activities of the human heart and reveals hidden information on its structure and behaviour. The information is extracted to gain insights that assist explanation and identification of diverse pathological conditions. This was traditionally done by an expert through visual inspection of ECGs. The complexity and tediousness of this onus hinder long-term monitoring and rapid diagnosis, computerised and automated ECG signal processing are therefore sought after. In this paper an algorithm that uses independent component analysis (ICA) to improve the performance of ECG pattern recognition is proposed. The algorithm deploys the basis functions obtained via the ICA of typical ECG to extract ICA features of ECG signals for further pattern recognition, with the hypothesis that components of an ECG signal generated by different parts of the heart during normal and arrhythmic cardiac cycles might be independent. The features obtained via the ICA together with the R-R interval and QRS segment power are jointly used as the input to a machine learning classifier, an artificial neural network in this case. Results from training and validation of the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database shows significantly improved performance in terms of recognition accuracy. This new method also allows for the reduction of the number of inputs to the classifier, simplifying the system and increasing the real-time performance. The paper presents the algorithm, discusses the principle algorithm and presents the validation results.
Papilledema associated with increased intracranial pressure in Addison's disease.

Papilledema associated with increased intracranial pressure in patient with Addison's disease. Spinal fluid pressure determinations and ventriculography not undertaken. Ultimate disappearance of choking. Thrombosis of intracranial dural sinuses probable explanation for ocular signs. L. S. (J.H.H.560011), a white woman aged 20, had been anemic for five years after severe pyelonephritis. She had complained of episodes of headache, associated with vomiting, and excessive weakness for five months before she was seen by us at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Three months prior to our examinations it had been recognized that the patient had Addison's disease (chronic adrenal insufficiency), and she had been given desoxycorticosterone acetate (percorten®). During this time, because of severe headaches with vomiting, she had been twice admitted to the hospital. On the last such admission she had been given two blood transfusions and had not evidenced any immediate reaction to the transfusion. Her eyegrounds were said to be normal