Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Plethora of Virulence Strategies Hidden Behind Nuclear Targeting of Microbial Effectors

Plant immune responses depend on the ability to couple rapid recognition of the invading microbe to an efficient response. During evolution, plant pathogens have acquired the ability to deliver effector molecules inside host cells in order to manipulate cellular and molecular processes and establish pathogenicity. Following translocation into plant cells, microbial effectors may be addressed to different subcellular compartments. Intriguingly, a significant number of effector proteins from different pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses, oomycetes, fungi, nematodes, and bacteria, is targeted to the nucleus of host cells. In agreement with this observation, increasing evidence highlights the crucial role played by nuclear dynamics, and nucleocytoplasmic protein trafficking during a great variety of analyzed plant–pathogen interactions. Once in the nucleus, effector proteins are able to manipulate host transcription or directly subvert essential host components to promote virulence. Along these lines, it has been suggested that some effectors may affect histone packing and, thereby, chromatin configuration. In addition, microbial effectors may either directly activate transcription or target host transcription factors to alter their regular molecular functions. Alternatively, nuclear translocation of effectors may affect subcellular localization of their cognate resistance proteins in a process that is essential for resistance protein-mediated plant immunity. Here, we review recent progress in our field on the identification of microbial effectors that are targeted to the nucleus of host plant cells. In addition, we discuss different virulence strategies deployed by microbes, which have been uncovered through examination of the mechanisms that guide nuclear localization of effector proteins.
Target strength measurements of Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community animals

A 200-kHz echosounder modified to digitize the envelope of the received echoes directly into a computer was used to measure the ex situ target strength (TS) of live animals from the Hawaiian mesopelagic boundary community as a function of animal size, tilt and roll angle, and biological classification. Dorsal aspect TS (in dB//1 m) at 200 kHz was related to the animal’s length: myctophid fish TS=20 log (standard length in cm)−58.8, r2=0.91, squid TS=18.8 log (mantle length in cm)−61.7, r2=0.81, shrimp TS=19.4 log (length in cm)−74.1, r2=0.83. Tilting the fish 5° and 10° changed the measured TS by up to 3.0 dB, decreasing TS as the fish was tilted forward and increasing TS as the fish was tilted backwards. In shrimp, forward tilt increased TS while backward tilt decreased TS by up to 3.3 dB. No consistent trend in squid TS change was observed with tilt angle. Roll angles of 5° and 10° increased the TS of all groups by up to 3.0 dB. Myctophid lateral aspect TS was consistently about 6 dB higher than the dor.
Acoustic Intensity Causes Perceived Changes in Arousal Levels in Music: An Experimental Investigation

Listener perceptions of changes in the arousal expressed by classical music have been found to correlate with changes in sound intensity/loudness over time. This study manipulated the intensity profiles of different pieces of music in order to test the causal nature of this relationship. Listeners (N = 38) continuously rated their perceptions of the arousal expressed by each piece. An extract from Dvorak's Slavonic Dance Opus 46 No 1 was used to create a variant in which the direction of change in intensity was inverted, while other features were retained. Even though it was only intensity that was inverted, perceived arousal was also inverted. The original intensity profile was also superimposed on three new pieces of music. The time variation in the perceived arousal of all pieces was similar to their intensity profile. Time series analyses revealed that intensity variation was a major influence on the arousal perception in all pieces, in spite of their stylistic diversity.
Job-Related Training and Benefits for Individuals: A Review of Evidence and Explanations

This paper reviews the literature on job-related training and the effects of these investments for different groups of individuals. The paper also elaborates on the theories, empirical explanations, and policy implications that can be drawn from these findings. Employer-provided training is by far the most important source of further education and training after an individual enters the labour market. A substantial portion of these human capital investments are financed by firms and it appears that the contribution by individuals are in most circumstances relatively modest. At the same time, substantial gains for individuals participating in training are documented in a large number of studies. The benefits are not only confined to wage returns as research has also shown that training leads to increased internal employability and job-security; and external labour market effects such as higher labour participation rates, lower unemployment, and shorter unemployment periods. Training is not equally distributed among employees. Older, low skilled workers, and to some extent female workers typically receive less training than other groups of employees. However, we do not find any clear-cut evidence that returns to training varies with gender, educational or skills levels, which suggests that inequalities do not arise because of differences in returns to training, but are more a consequence of inequalities of the distribution of training investments. The findings of this review further suggest that the returns to training are higher in the case that it is financed by the employer and that the returns to training are substantially higher for those leaving for a new employer. Employer-financed training appears, however, to lower the probability of an individual leaving for a new job elsewhere. The analysis of the distribution of returns to training reveals that although individuals benefit from these investments, the employer reaps most of the returns to training which suggests that the productivity effects are substantially larger than wage effects.
The Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This paper investigates the nature of FDI flows into the economy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), its impacts and the various determinants, which govern its levels and performances. The paper discusses FDI in the KSA with respect to overall trends including stages, sources and their regional, sectoral and sub-sectoral distributions. Positive trends are observable in both contracted and actual FDI stocks with common jumps occurring in the early eighties because of the infusion of massive FDI into the petrochemicals sub-sector of the Kingdom. FDI in the KSA is seen to be predominantly of the Joint venture form while Greenfield investments are expected to accelerate after the imposition of a New Investment Law permitting these types of investments. Sectorally, the Manufacturing sector attracts the largest share of FDI flowing into the Kingdom. This is attributable to the fact that most of FDI tended to flow to the heavy Petrochemical industry comprising the majority's share of total foreign investments in the Kingdom? s Manufacturing sector. The paper then discusses the determinants of both contracted and actual FDI. The roles of market size, economic integration via international trade, wage rates, and country risk in attracting FDI to the KSA were investigated. Empirical methods used to gauge the issues include causality tests on FDI and other variables of the KSA economy plus conventional regression models on the determinants of FDI themselves. Results obtained on the empirical trials show that activity GDP levels affect FDI in its contracted and actual forms positively, significantly and in a robust fashion. Exports proved a significant negative determinant of the KSA's FDI. This was attributed to the fact FDI and exports - which are largely Oil in nature may be viewed as substitutes from the host country perspective. Domestic investments proved to be negative determinants on the contracted FDI with the indication of a possible 'crowding-out' effect in that regard. The socio-political risk variable were mostly significant, thus validating the conjecture that with lower risk, FDI tended to increase for the Kingdom.
Simulation and animation of the operation of a fast food restaurant

A model was developed for the Simulation and Animation of the Drive-Thru (DT) and the lobby sections of a fast food restaurant. A discrete, non continuous, parallel simulation of the operation using animation in the Witness environment has made it possible to utilize real time data or forecasted data to optimize scheduling and maximize operation efficiency. Performance measures such as the number of customers balking from the system, the average time each customer spends in the system, the average waiting time for the customers, the average queue length before and after placing an order, the average time to fill an order and even the average utilization of each employee could be determined. The results could serve as basis to provide recommendations on how to improve efficiency and throughput for the fastest growing industry and the largest employer in the US. The modeling methodology and the tracking mechanism could also prove useful for the manufacturing or other service industries employing similar queuing techniques.
Multinational corporations and employee relations

In the 1980s there was a growing debate surrounding the impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) on employee relations, particularly in the UK. Furthers this research with an empirical study of the employee relations practices of three groups of MNCs (US, Japanese and German) in one UK region, Wales. This analysis is set within the context of rapid industrial, economic and social restructuring in Wales, including the demise of traditional industrial sectors such as coal and steel and the growth of foreign ownership. Concludes that MNCs have made a significant impact on the creation of a new industrial relations climate, but that there are differences in the practices of the three groups.
Functional Gap Junctions in the Schwann Cell Myelin Sheath

The Schwann cell myelin sheath is a multilamellar structure with distinct structural domains in which different proteins are localized. Intracellular dye injection and video microscopy were used to show that functional gap junctions are present within the myelin sheath that allow small molecules to diffuse between the adaxonal and perinuclear Schwann cell cytoplasm. Gap junctions are localized to periodic interruptions in the compact myelin called Schmidt–Lanterman incisures and to paranodes; these regions contain at least one gap junction protein, connexin32 (Cx32). The radial diffusion of low molecular weight dyes across the myelin sheath was not interrupted in myelinating Schwann cells from cx32-null mice, indicating that other connexins participate in forming gap junctions in these cells. Owing to the unique geometry of myelinating Schwann cells, a gap junction-mediated radial pathway may be essential for rapid diffusion between the adaxonal and perinuclear cytoplasm, since this radial pathway is approximately one million times faster than the circumferential pathway.
Reduction of tail length in New Zealand sheep

Literature evidence revealed several sources of genes that could be used to shorten the tails of sheep. Genes from the Northern short-tail group are preferable as there are no known detrimental effects on viability. Tail length from anus to tip, divided by the distance from anus to hock and calculated as a percentage was used to correct tail length for body size differences. Adjusted tail length of the progeny was best explained by additive effects for adjusted tail length of the sire (P<0.001) and dam breed (P<0.001). A small but significant interaction was also evident (P<0.01). Mean tail length was shortest for Finnish Landrace lambs (88mm) and longest for Wiltshire x Cheviot lambs (251mm). Cheviot lambs had long tails (226mm), while various crosses between Finnish Landrace and Cheviots suggest that mean tail length will be the average of the parents. The experiment suggests inheritance of a number of genes and that it will therefore be straightforward to produce genetically-docked tails using cross breeding followed by selection and interbreeding.
Increasing arterial wall injury after long-term implantation of two types of stent in a porcine coronary model.

AIMS There is increased late loss in luminal diameter following long-term coronary stenting, compared with balloon angioplasty. We evaluated short- and long-term vessel wall injury after experimental implantation of two stent designs as well as balloon angioplasty and their relationship to neointimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Wiktor stents and Palmaz-Schatz stents were implanted in normal coronary arteries of pigs (balloon/artery ratio: 0.9-1.1). In control coronary arteries, balloon angioplasty was performed. At 1, 4 and 12 weeks, the vessel injury score, neointimal thickness and inflammatory response were assessed by histology. The vessel injury score increased over time in both Wiktor and Palmaz-Schatz stents: 0.9 +/- 0.1, 1.5 +/- 0.5 and 1.7 +/- 0.6 (mean +/- SD) for Wiktor stents and 0.7 +/- 0.2, 1.0 +/- 0.1 and 1.2 +/- 0.3 for Palmaz-Schatz stents at 1, 4 and 12 weeks follow-up, respectively. No increase in injury was seen in balloon angioplasty controls. Inflammation was seen in both stented groups but was absent 12 weeks after balloon angioplasty. No strong correlation between injury and neointimal thickness was apparent. CONCLUSION Stents induce chronic injury in contrast to balloon angioplasty. Stent design (coil vs slotted tube) as well as inflammation may influence vessel response.
Type 1 diabetes mellitus and gluten induced disorders

Over the last five decades the association between coeliac disease and other autoimmune disorders such as autoimmune thyroid disease or diabetes mellitus type 1 has been well established through many studies and to this day is subject to on-going clinical and scientific investigation worldwide. While no link has been established between celiac disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus, coeliac disease is common in patients with type 1 diabetes. The improvement of symptoms in patients with both conditions through dietary intervention, in the form of a gluten free diet, has been widely described within the literature. Our objectives were to review and synthesise the current knowledge on the nutritional treatment for patients with both conditions.
Production and characterization of tyrosinase activity in Pycnoporus sanguineus CCT-4518 Crude extract

Tyrosinase is an enzyme of industrial interest. The production and characterization of tyrosinase from P. sanguineus CCT-4518 were investigated. The selection of inductors, luminosity influence, inoculum size and type of culture medium on the production of tyrosinase and the effect of inhibitors on enzyme activity were performed. Optimum conditions for intracellular tyrosinase production was observed after 2 days using 0.15% L-tyrosine as inducer, in the presence of light, with inoculum size of 10 mycelium discs, using 2% malt extract broth medium, incubated at 30°C, and constant agitation of 150 rpm. Tyrosinase activity was completely inhibited by the addition of 6 mM salicylhydroxamic acid or phenylthiourea, however an inhibition of 4.15% was recorded by the addition of 0.1 mM sodium azide. No inhibition could be detected in case of 0.1 mM phenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride addition. Optimal conditions for intracellular tyrosinase activity using L-dopa as substrate were observed at pH 6.6 and 45°C. Thermal stability studies indicated that the enzyme is stable at 45°C for 15 minutes. Higher temperatures decreased tyrosinase activity. Enzyme production was confirmed by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the protein profile was investigated by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Home-Product Bias, Capital Mobility, and the Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks in Open Economies

This paper uses a dynamic general equilibrium two-country optimizing model to analyze the consequences of international capital mobility for the effects of monetary policy in open economies. The model shows that the difference between the short-run output effects of monetary policy shocks in a world of high capital mobility and those in a world of low capital mobility decreases if households have a home-product bias in preferences. This result implies that, in contrast to conventional wisdom derived from the textbook Mundell-Fleming model, the empirically observed integration of international financial markets need not result in a significant change in the propagation of monetary policy shocks if households have a strong bias for consuming home products.
1 Relational Warm Glow and Giving in Social Groups Kimberley

We study charitable giving within social groups. Exploiting a unique dataset, we establish three key relationships between social group size and fundraising outcomes: (i) a positive relationship between group size and the total number of donations; (ii) a negative relationship between group size and the amount given by each donor; (iii) no relationship between group size and the total amount raised by the fundraiser. We rule out classic free-riding to explain these relationships since the number of social group members is only a subset of total contributors. Instead, the findings are consistent with the notion that giving in social groups is motivated by “relational” warm glow.
Suppression of vortex shedding for flow around a circular cylinder using optimal control

Adjoint formulation is employed for the optimal control of flow around a rotating cylinder, governed by the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations. The main objective consists of suppressing Karman vortex shedding in the wake of the cylinder by controlling the angular velocity of the rotating body, which can be constant in time or time‐dependent. Since the numerical control problem is ill‐posed, regularization is employed. An empirical logarithmic law relating the regularization coefficient to the Reynolds number was derived for 60⩽Re⩽140. Optimal values of the angular velocity of the cylinder are obtained for Reynolds numbers ranging from Re=60 to Re=1000. The results obtained by the computational optimal control method agree with previously obtained experimental and numerical observations. A significant reduction of the amplitude of the variation of the drag coefficient is obtained for the optimized values of the rotation rate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ectopic expression of prion protein (PrP) in T lymphocytes or hepatocytes of PrP knockout mice is insufficient to sustain prion replication.

The cellular form of the Prion protein (PrPC) is necessary for prion replication in mice. To determine whether it is also sufficient, we expressed PrP under the control of various cell- or tissue-specific regulatory elements in PrP knockout mice. The interferon regulatory factor-1 promoter/Emu enhancer led to high PrP levels in the spleen and low PrP levels in the brain. Following i.p. scrapie inoculation, high prion titers were found in the spleen but not in the brain at 2 weeks and 6 months, showing that the lymphoreticular system by itself is competent to replicate prions. PrP expression directed by the Lck promoter resulted in high PrP levels on T lymphocytes only but, surprisingly, did not allow prion replication in the thymus, spleen, or brain following i.p. inoculation. A third transgenic line, which expressed PrP in the liver under the control of the albumin promoter/enhancer-albeit at low levels-also failed to replicate prions. These results show that expression of PrP alone is not sufficient to sustain prion replication and suggest that additional components are needed.
Acute Stress among Healthcare Staff during a Public Health Emergency in MÃÂ©xico

The United Nations through the World Health Organization has shown that crises or disasters can have a profound impact on the population’s physical and mental health(World Health Organization, 2003). In 2009 a new strain of the human influenza virus (AH1N1) appeared and reached pandemic levels, initiating an epidemiological alert in Mexico in April of the same year. Its impact was significant because it was a new subtype of the virus, especially for the severity of the symptoms and number of deaths, which required taking security, hygiene and social isolation measures to reduce the risk of contagion. In critical periods, clear, direct, objective and timely information is the most important preventive measure. However, when the available information is inadequate, depressive or anxious emotional reactions and distress may be observed in risk behaviours among the general population. Straus and collaborators (2004) suggested that during an outbreak, limited availability of information about the disease can have a negative impact on healthcare staff. In addition, Maunder (2004) highlights the importance of effective risk communication. In the case of healthcare providers, when they are overwhelmed by the emergency, the capacity and quality of the service provided may be affected.
Female Labour Supply, Flexibility of Working Hours, and Job Mobility in the Netherlands

In the empirical literature on labour supply, several static models are developed to incorporate constraints on working hours. These models do not address to what extent working hours are constrained within jobs, and to what extent working hours can be adjusted by means of changing employer. The aim of this paper is to measure the flexibility of working hours within and between jobs by utilizing subjective information on individual preferences to adjustments in working hours. The potential endogeneity of both the subjective information and job mobility will be taken into account. Furthermore, we argue that the Netherlands is an interesting country for the study of working hour flexibility, as part-time employment is fairly common. Empirical analysis based on a sample of employed women in the Dutch Socio-Economic Panel (1987-1989) shows, however, that the flexibility of working hours within jobs is low. Job mobility is a means of adjustment in working hours mainly for women who want to work more hours.