Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mapping auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

BACKGROUND Perceptions of speech in the absence of an auditory stimulus (auditory verbal hallucinations) are a cardinal feature of schizophrenia. Functional neuroimaging provides a powerful means of measuring neural activity during auditory hallucinations, but the results from previous studies have been inconsistent. This may reflect the acquisition of small numbers of images in each subject and the confounding effects of patients actively signaling when hallucinations occur. METHODS We examined 6 patients with schizophrenia who were experiencing frequent auditory hallucinations, using a novel functional magnetic resonance imaging method that permitted the measurement of spontaneous neural activity without requiring subjects to signal when hallucinations occurred. Approximately 50 individual scans were acquired at unpredictable intervals in each subject while they were intermittently hallucinating. Immediately after each scan, subjects reported whether they had been hallucinating at that instant. Neural activity when patients were and were not experiencing hallucinations was compared in each subject and the group as a whole. RESULTS Auditory hallucinations were associated with activation in the inferior frontal/insular, anterior cingulate, and temporal cortex bilaterally (with greater responses on the right), the right thalamus and inferior colliculus, and the left hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS Auditory hallucinations may be mediated by a distributed network of cortical and subcortical areas. Previous neuroimaging studies of auditory hallucinations may have identified different components of this network.
Diagnostic Problems in Anal Pathology

Anal squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions are increasing in incidence in the United States and Europe. This trend predates human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and has been associated with persistent high-risk human papilloma virus (HPV) genotype infection, previous lower genital tract dysplasia/carcinoma, high frequency anoreceptive intercourse, heavy cigarette smoking, immunosuppression in solid organ transplant and immune disorders, and human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity. Screening protocols for at-risk patients are under active investigation and pathologists are often asked to assess anal canal and perianal biopsies for the presence of dysplasia and/or invasive carcinoma. Because underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of anal cancer and precancer may lead to inappropriate treatment, it is important for the pathologist to be aware of current screening strategies, specific risk lesions, and the role of pathology in initial diagnosis and evaluation of anal biopsy and/or resection specimens. Standardized histologic criteria and uniform terminology should be used for reporting all anal canal and perianal squamous intraepithelial lesions. HPV subtyping, anal cytology, and recently identified biomarkers, such as p16INK4a and Becton Dickinson ProEx C may provide additional information in problematic cases, but it is important to be aware of the limitations of these assays. HPV has been linked to all the major histologic subtypes of anal carcinoma (eg, basaloid, cloacogenic, transitional, etc.) and this association is strongest for anal canal lesions. With the possible exception of the microcystic pattern, histologic subtype does not seem to predict prognosis; and anal squamous cell carcinomas should be classified as either keratinizing or nonkeratinizing. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas have a worse prognosis and should be distinguished from poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and neuroendocrine tumors. Very well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with pushing margins (so-called giant condyloma of Buschke and Lowenstein) should be classified as verrucous carcinoma; this tumor shows aggressive local infiltration but does not metastasize. As all anal condylomata may harbor foci of high-grade dysplasia or invasive carcinoma, careful sectioning and complete histologic examination is required.
Diasporic Masculinities

Diasporic Masculinities This article is based on reflections that have grown during the ongoing research on construction of masculinities and sexualities in different diasporic spaces. By focusing on theoretical and contextual reflections regarding conditions of leaving, arrival and residency among Iranian-born men who live in Sydney, Stockholm and London, this article focuses on intersecting factors that construct masculinities in different diasporic spaces. Migratory masculine subjectivities are not only shifting and plural, but also reveal the multiple interactions of factors such as race, age, class, self and community, past and present, the political and the religious and through the continual negotiation of identity.
A Survey of Adult Aphasia and Related Language Disorders

Introduction to aphasia and related disorders focal etiology and localization of dysfunction cognitive foundations of language functions investigation of aphasia the syndromes of aphasia multifocal neuropathologies and disorders right hemisphere systems and dysfunction pragmatics and discourse comprehensive tests for aphasia supplemental tests and measures recovery, prognosis and efficacy of treatment principles of language treatment implementation of language treatment.
Expression of two isoforms of the vacuolar-type ATPase subunit B in the zebrafish Danio rerio

SUMMARY In the present study we tested the hypothesis that two isoforms of the regulatory subunit B of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) are expressed in the zebrafish Danio rerio. The complete coding sequences for both isoforms, vatB1 and vatB2, were cloned and sequenced. BLASTX analysis revealed the greatest similarity to amino acid sequences of B subunits from the European eel Anguilla anguilla and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The isoforms were expressed in a bacterial system and the recombinant proteins verified using isoform-specific antibodies directed against vatB isoforms of the eel. The distribution of both isoforms in zebrafish tissues was investigated using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The results revealed that at the RNA level both isoforms were expressed in all tested organs, i.e. the gills, swimbladder, heart, kidney, liver, spleen, intestine and skeletal muscle. At the protein level, however, there were tissue-specific variations in the levels of the two vatB isoforms expressed. The highest amounts of V-ATPase were detected in total protein preparations from gill, heart and liver tissue. In liver tissue, however, the western blot analysis indicated that vatB1 was not as prominent as vatB2, and immunohistochemistry revealed that antibodies directed against vatB1 yielded a very weak staining in a number of cells, while an antibody directed against vatB1 and vatB2 yielded a strong staining in virtually every cell. Similarly, neurosecretory cells of the small intestine were stained with an antibody directed against vatB1 and vatB2, but not with an antibody specific for vatB1. Therefore we conclude that the differential expression of two isoforms of the V-ATPase subunits, which may serve different functions as in several mammalian species, may also be a common phenomenon in teleost fish.
Kidney Tissue Reconstruction by Fetal Kidney Cell Transplantation: Effect of Gestation Stage of Fetal Kidney Cells

Dialysis and kidney transplantation, current therapies for kidney failure, have limitations such as severe complications, donor shortage, and immune‐related problems. The development of an alternative treatment for kidney failure is demanded. The present study shows that the transplantation of fetal kidney cells reconstitutes functional kidney tissue, and that the gestation stage of kidney cells influences the kidney reconstitution. Fetal kidney cells were isolated from metanephroi of rat fetuses at various gestation stages and transplanted into the omentum or kidney of immunodeficient mice. Immunophenotype analysis of fetal kidney cells showed apparent expression of stem cell markers. Three weeks after transplantation, histological analyses of retrieved grafts revealed the formation of kidney structures, including fluorescently labeled transplanted cells, suggesting the potential of fetal kidney cells to reconstitute kidney tissues. The grafts retrieved from omentum contained cystic fluids with concentrated solutes. However, transplanted early fetal kidney cells had also differentiated into nonrenal tissues such as bone and cartilage. In addition, transplantation of fetal kidney cells from a later gestation stage resulted in poor kidney structure formation. Kidney‐specific genes were strongly expressed in the earlier cell transplants. The cells at an earlier gestation stage had higher colony forming ability than the cells at a later stage. This study demonstrates the reconstitution of kidney tissue by transplanting fetal kidney cells and the presence of an optimal time window in which fetal kidney cells regenerate kidney tissues.
The utility of the Taipan snake venom assay in assessing lupus anticoagulant status in individuals receiving or not receiving an oral vitamin K antagonist

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the Taipan snake venom time (TSVT) assay in the detection of lupus anticoagulant in patients receiving or not receiving oral vitamin K antagonists. Blood samples were collected from individuals requiring investigation for the presence of a lupus anticoagulant. The TSVT test was run in parallel with the dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) assay and anticardiolipin antibody assays. Results were assessed by Bayesian statistics. Two thousand and five plasma samples were obtained from 1335 individuals. One thousand, one hundred and eleven individuals were not receiving oral vitamin K antagonists; of these, 451 had a lupus anticoagulant by conventional testing, and the TSVT showed a sensitivity of 22%, specificity of 98%, positive predictive value of 80%, negative predictive value of 78%, positive likelihood ratio of 12.3 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.790. Two hundred and ten of the 224 patients receiving oral vitamin K antagonists were known to have a persistent lupus anticoagulant prior to oral anticoagulation. In this setting, TSVT had a sensitivity of 39% and specificity of 93%, but the dRVVT had a 50% false-positive rate, which meant that despite having a higher sensitivity at 61% than the TSVT, its specificity was only 53%. TSVT is a specific but insensitive assay for the lupus anticoagulant in individuals not receiving oral vitamin K antagonists, when assessed against the dRVVT as the gold standard. It can be argued that despite the TSVT's poor sensitivity in patients taking oral vitamin K antagonists, its high specificity and positive predictive value make it a preferable assay to the dRVVT to diagnose lupus anticoagulant in this group.
The Morphological Identity of Insect Dendrites

Dendrite morphology, a neuron's anatomical fingerprint, is a neuroscientist's asset in unveiling organizational principles in the brain. However, the genetic program encoding the morphological identity of a single dendrite remains a mystery. In order to obtain a formal understanding of dendritic branching, we studied distributions of morphological parameters in a group of four individually identifiable neurons of the fly visual system. We found that parameters relating to the branching topology were similar throughout all cells. Only parameters relating to the area covered by the dendrite were cell type specific. With these areas, artificial dendrites were grown based on optimization principles minimizing the amount of wiring and maximizing synaptic democracy. Although the same branching rule was used for all cells, this yielded dendritic structures virtually indistinguishable from their real counterparts. From these principles we derived a fully-automated model-based neuron reconstruction procedure validating the artificial branching rule. In conclusion, we suggest that the genetic program implementing neuronal branching could be constant in all cells whereas the one responsible for the dendrite spanning field should be cell specific.
Hearing conservation in acoustic neuroma surgery via the posterior fossa

Abstract An increasing number of patients with an acoustic neuroma present with useful hearing in the tumour ear. Surgical removal of these tumours via the posterior fossa route may enable preservation of the cochlear nerve and otic capsule without increasing the morbidity to the facial nerve. The results of treating 51 cases of acoustic neuroma via the posterior fossa is presented. Forty four tumours measured less than 20 mm in diameter in the cerebellopontine angle and surgery was undertaken with hearing preservation as a principle objective. In 26 cases, the cochlear nerve was preserved anatomically and post-operative hearing at levels better than mean pure tone threshold of 50 dB or 50 per cent speech discrimination was recorded in 14 patients. The preservation of hearing represents a worthwhile surgical goal in selected patients with an acoustic neuroma without increasing the operative morbidity.
Predictors of the authenticity of Internet health rumours.

BACKGROUND The Internet is becoming an important source of health information; however, unverified health rumours may be included in health-related search results. There is a critical need to provide health information seekers with methods that are specifically geared towards the identification of the authenticity of health rumours. METHODS Using 453 health rumours collected from a definitive online reference of rumours in China, this study investigates which features contribute to distinguishing between true and false rumours with a logistic regression model. RESULTS There are measurable differences between true and false health rumours on the Internet. The lengths of rumour headlines and statements and the presence of pictures are negatively correlated to the probability that a rumour is true, whereas a rumour is more likely to be true if it contains elements such as numbers, source cues and hyperlinks. Finally, dread health rumours are more likely to be true than wish ones. CONCLUSIONS Despite the growing number of studies on rumours, the identification of the authenticity of rumours has received little attention. This study proposes some rules of thumb to help online users ascertain rumour veracity and make decisions.
Original Contribution Association between Height and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality: A Prospective Study of 35,000 Twin Pairs

1 Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. 2 Division of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 3 Danish Twin Registry, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark. 4 Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. 5 Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
Compressed sensing on the image of bilinear maps

For several communication models, the dispersive part of a communication channel is described by a bilinear operation T between the possible sets of input signals and channel parameters. The received channel output has then to be identified from the image T(X, Y) of the input signal difference sets X and the channel state sets Y. The main goal in this contribution is to characterize the compressibility of T(X, Y) with respect to an ambient dimension N. In this paper we show that a restricted norm multiplicativity of T on all canonical subspaces X and Y with dimension S resp. F is sufficient for the reconstruction of output signals with an overwhelming probability from O((S + F) log N) random sub-Gaussian measurements. Thus, in this case, the number of degrees of freedom of each output grows only additively instead of multiplicatively with the input dimensions (sparsity) S and F. This is a relevant improvement in the output compressibility and suggests a substantially reduced rate in compressed sampling algorithms.
Broadband doherty power amplifier and linearization

This paper will review the recent progress in broadband Doherty power amplifier (PA) and low feedback sampling rate digital predistortion (DPD) techniques. Continuous mode impedance matching method is proposed for Doherty PA for bandwidth enhancement, which utilizes the cross-matching technique to realize the physical output matching network. Owing to the compressive sensing method, the behavioral model can be extracted by using the aliased feedback signal, the broadband PA nonlinearity can be well corrected by the estimated output, and the feedback sampling rate can be reduced drastically.
Probability Weighting in Damage Claiming Decisions

We present experimental evidence suggesting that insurance policyholders ignore the possibility of damage recurrence when deciding whether to submit a claim for a current small loss. The neglect results in successive claiming for current small damage levels. When the probability of damage recurrence is disclosed, subjects increase their cutoff damage for submitting a claim, and the recurrence probability is significantly overweighted in accordance with Prospect Theory principles. Our results suggest that regulatory agencies and insurance companies should consider disclosure of statistical information on damage recurrence to policyholders. [
Institutional and learner readiness for eLearning in the Maldives

For Maldives, an island nation consisting of over 1190 islands, eLearning is the ideal form of delivery for higher education students on the 200 inhabited islands. This study explores Maldivian college students’ and their institutes’ eLearning readiness. Mixed methods research has been conducted using two questionnaires (one for the students and one for the lecturers) and semi-structured interviews. One hundred and eleven students from two private higher education institutes completed the questionnaires, 10 students were selected for interviews out of which 9 completed the interview. Students’ technological skills, access to technology and learning abilities, as well as their level of eLearning efficacy, are measured and further explored through interviews. Their lifestyle and family and workplace environments’ conduciveness for eLearning is explored. Similarly, 45 lecturers completed the questionnaire to obtain lecturers’ and institutes’ readiness for online teaching. The responses from the questionnaires allow exploration of Maldivian higher education students and institutes’ readiness for eLearning. Lecturers’ readiness is assessed by their skills and abilities to support eLearning students. Readiness of institutes are explored using semi-structured interviews with 2 senior staff from each college. The role of the three elements of the Community of Inquiry Framework: Cognitive Presence, Teaching Presence and Social Presence, in eLearning, is also explored through questionnaires and interviews. The research study’s findings are significant as it is the first research in the Maldives to provide such a case in support of eLearning readiness in higher education. The research study supports the transferability of the findings to comparable colleges and student populations in the Maldives.
Predicting Wave Glider speed from environmental measurements

In the ocean science community, researchers have begun employing novel sensor platforms as integral pieces in oceanographic data collection, which have significantly advanced the study and prediction of complex and dynamic ocean phenomena. These innovative tools are able to provide scientists with data at unprecedented spatiotemporal resolutions. This paper focuses on the newly developed Wave Glider platform from Liquid Robotics. This vehicle produces forward motion by harvesting abundant natural energy from ocean waves, and provides a persistent ocean presence for detailed ocean observation. This study is targeted at determining a kinematic model for offline planning that provides an accurate estimation of the vehicle speed for a desired heading and set of environmental parameters. Given the significant wave height, ocean surface and subsurface currents, wind speed and direction, we present the formulation of a system identification to provide the vehicle's speed over a range of possible directions.
Mechanotransduction in mechanically coupled pulsating cells: transition to collective constriction and mesoderm invagination simulation

Embryonic differentiation and morphogenesis require the coordination of the cascades of gene product expression with the morphogenetic sequence of development. The influence of mechanical deformations driven by morphogenetic movements on biochemical activities was recently revealed by the existence of mechanotransduction processes in development, involving both gene transcription and protein behaviour. In the early Drosophila embryo, apical stabilization of Myosin-II leading to mesoderm invagination at the onset of gastrulation was proposed to be triggered in response to the activation of the Fog mechanotransduction pathway by the Snail-dependent active mechanical oscillations of cell apex sizes. Here we simulate the mesoderm as mechanically coupled cells, with pulsatile forces of constriction at the cell level mimicking Snail-dependent active fluctuations of apexes. We define a critical apex diameter triggering active constriction that mimics the activation of the Fog mechanotransduction pathway leading to cell constriction. We find that collective movements trigger the dynamical transition to constriction predicting the experimental dynamics of mesoderm cell apex size decrease with a modulus of contractility four times higher than the passive modulus of elastic deformation of the cells. The contraction wave is activated in a pulsation frequency-dependent process, and propagates at multicellular scales through local cell–cell mechanical interactions. By reproducing the pattern of Snail and Fog gene product protein expression in a simulation of ventral cells, the model phenocopies the pattern of Myo-II apical stabilization, and the dynamic pattern of constriction that initiates along a central sub-domain of the mesoderm. We propose that multicellular mechanical collective effects couple with mechanotransduction biochemical mechanisms to trigger the transition of collective coordinated constriction, through a mechano-genetic process ensuring efficient and regular mesoderm invagination.
Prehistoric obsidian exchange in Melanesia: a perspective from the Talasea sources

The Talasea region in West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea figures prominently in the prehistory of the western Pacific. During the last 12,000 years at least, it was a major source of the obsidian which was transported widely throughout the western Pacific Islands, particularly during the time of Lapita pottery (e.g. Ambrose and Green 1972; Ambrose 1976; Best 1987; Specht et al. 1981; cf. Allen and White in press). In addition, Lapita pottery sites have been found around Talasea (Specht 1974), giving rise to speculation about the role of Talasea obsidian during the Lapita pottery period, particularly in the context of possible long-distance exchange (e.g. Green 1987:224).