Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Transcriptional Patterns and Mycological Phenotypes following Infection of Fusarium graminearum by Four Mycoviruses

Many fungi-infecting viruses, which are termed mycoviruses, have been identified, and most do not cause any visible symptoms. Some mycoviruses, however, can attenuate the virulence of the infected fungi, a phenomenon referred to as hypovirulence. To study fungus responses to virus infection, we established a model system composed of Fusarium graminearum and four mycoviruses including FgV1 (Fusarium graminearum virus 1), FgV2, FgV3, and FgV4. FgV1 and FgV2 infections caused several phenotypic alterations in F. graminearum including abnormal colony morphology, defects in perithecium development, and reductions in growth rate, conidiation, and virulence. In contrast, FgV3 and FgV4 infections did not cause any phenotypic change. An RNA-Seq-based analysis of the host transcriptome identified four unique Fusarium transcriptomes, one for each of the four mycoviruses. Unexpectedly, the fungal host transcriptome was more affected by FgV1 and FgV4 infections than by FgV2 and FgV3 infections. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that FgV1 and FgV3 infections resulted in down-regulation of host genes required for cellular transport systems. FgV4 infection reduced the expression of genes involved in RNA processing and ribosome assembly. We also found 12 genes that were differentially expressed in response to all four mycovirus infections. Unfortunately, functions of most of these genes are still unknown. Taken together, our analysis provides further detailed insights into the interactions between mycoviruses and F. graminearum.
Nicotine replacement therapy as a treatment for complex aphthosis

Abstract Complex aphthosis, the occurrence of recurrent oral and genital aphthous ulceration without manifestations of systemic disease, is relatively uncommon and of unknown aetiology. We describe a case of complex aphthosis which began within weeks of stopping smoking. After failing to respond to conventional agents, the patient was successfully treated with nicotine lozenges. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is known to be less common in smokers and there have been previous reports of nicotine being used as successful treatments for RAS and Behçet's disease. We discuss the mechanisms of action of nicotine whereby nicotine could influence the natural history of aphthous ulceration. We recommend considering its use when conventional management has failed, particularly in ex-smokers.
Cisplatin: polymorphism and structural insights into an important chemotherapeutic drug.

The changing face of cisplatin: The complete crystal structures, including the details of extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding in two enantiotropic polymorphs of the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin, have been elucidated. A massive thermal hysteresis effect exists between the two polymorphs, α and β, that are active at ambient temperatures.
Towards an integrated understanding of cardiac arrhythmogenesis − Growing roles of experimental pathology

Cardiac arrhythmias have long been regarded as derangement of electrical impulse initiation and conduction within the heart. However, underlying mechanisms for arrhythmogenesis are not fully understood solely from the electrophysiological viewpoint. This review article discusses pathogenesis of arrhythmias from non‐electrical aspects, which were elucidated by spatiotemporal imaging of functional molecules in combination with morphological analysis of living heart tissues. Intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) overload, caused by myocardial injury, provokes Ca2+ waves that could lead to abnormal excitations, i.e., triggered arrhythmias. Depressed Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, caused by ischemia, heart failure, or T‐tubular remodeling, results in spatiotemporally inhomogeneous [Ca2+]i dynamics that could disturb impulse conduction, leading to reentrant tachyarrhythmias. Impairment of the gap junction‐mediated intercellular communications, which provokes derangement of impulse propagation of the myocardium, also leads to reentrant arrhythmias. Interpositions of non‐cardiomyocytes, especially fibroblasts, in the myocardium could also contribute to arrhythmogenesis via heterocellular gap‐junctional coupling with cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, alterations in myocardial histology, e.g., density and arrangements of myocytes in association with gap‐junctional distributions, could constitute important pathologic bases of atrial fibrillation. Integration of these molecular, functional, and morphological features of the myocardium, unveiled by experimental pathological approaches, would pave a new way for understanding pathogenesis of cardiac arrhythmias.
Disclosure, Uncertainty, and the Option Value of Equity

This study examines the link between disclosure, cash flow uncertainty, and the option value of equity. Building upon Merton (1974), I model the equity of a levered firm as a call option whose equilibrium value is increasing in the variance of future cash flows. Modeling levered equity as an option allows for calculation of the firm’s vega, where vega measures the sensitivity of equity value to increases in expected cash flow variance. Using multiple measures of disclosure, I find that higher vega firms are more likely to issue disclosures that increase or sustain expected cash flow variance, consistent with firms promoting uncertainty when the marginal benefit is high. Specifically, I find that higher vega firms are associated with increases in option-implied volatilities in short-windows surrounding managerial guidance. Higher vega firms are also less likely to issue guidance but, when doing so, their earnings guidance is less specific and followed by increases in analyst forecast dispersion. Similarly, I find a negative relation between vega and a hand-collected index of voluntary disclosures. Finally, I demonstrate a positive relation between vega and absolute earnings surprises suggesting that higher vega firms are less likely to pre-empt earnings news. Taken together, the results are consistent with the option value of equity creating incentives for firms to raise uncertainty through disclosures.
Sustained Spatial Attention in Touch: Modality-Specific and Multimodal Mechanisms

Sustained attention to a body location results in enhanced processing of tactile stimuli presented at that location compared to another unattended location. In this paper, we review studies investigating the neural correlates of sustained spatial attention in touch. These studies consistently show that activity within modality-specific somatosensory areas (SI and SII) is modulated by sustained tactile-spatial attention. Recent evidence suggests that these somatosensory areas may be recruited as part of a larger cortical network,also including higher-level multimodal regions involved in spatial selection across modalities. We discuss, in turn, the following multimodal effects in sustained tactile-spatial attention tasks. First, cross-modal attentional links between touch and vision, reflected in enhanced processing of task-irrelevant visual stimuli at tactuallyattended locations, are mediated by common (multimodal) representations of external space. Second, vision of the body modulates activity underlying sustained tactile-spatial attention, facilitating attentional modulation of tactile processing in between-hand (when hands are sufficiently far apart) and impairing attentional modulation in within-hand selection tasks. Finally, body posture influences mechanisms of sustained tactile-spatial attention, relying, at least partly, on remapping of tactile stimuli in external, visuallydefined, spatial coordinates. Taken together, the findings reviewed in this paper indicate that sustained spatial attention in touch is subserved by both modality-specific and multimodal mechanisms. The interplay between these mechanisms allows flexible and efficient spatial selection within and across sensory modalities.
A constant-head well permeameter method for measuring field-saturated hydraulic conductivity above an impermeable layer

Hydrologic understanding of mountainous and northern regions of Canada is poor owing to the lack of critical field data such as hydraulic conductivity. A portable field instrument, the Guelph permeameter (GP), is a promising tool for measuring field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in remote watersheds inaccessible by motorized vehicles. In order to extend the applicability of the GP method to relatively thin soils underlain by impermeable bedrock or permafrost, a new set of shape factors was determined by numerical simulation. The new shape factors gave accurate values of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity when tested in the laboratory. The impermeable layer causes flow around the auger hole to be primarily horizontal. Therefore, the GP method measures a predominantly horizontal field-saturated hydraulic conductivity in these thin soils. The measured conductivity represents a weighted average of the soil surrounding the submerged surface of the auger hole. In layered soil, the weight is greater for t.
Improved outcome of cardiogenic shock at the acute stage of myocardial infarction: a report from the USIK 1995, USIC 2000, and FAST-MI French nationwide registries.

AIM The historical evolution of incidence and outcome of cardiogenic shock (CS) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients is debated. This study compared outcomes in AMI patients from 1995 to 2005, according to the presence of CS. METHOD AND RESULTS Three nationwide French registries were conducted 5 years apart, using a similar methodology in consecutive patients admitted over a 1-month period. All 7531 AMI patients presenting ≤48 h of symptom onset were included. The evolution of mortality was compared in the 486 patients with CS vs. those without CS. The incidence of CS tended to decrease over time (6.9% in 1995; 5.7% in 2005, P = 0.07). Thirty-day mortality was considerably higher in CS patients (60.9 vs. 5.2%). Over the 10-year period, mortality decreased for both patients with (70-51%, P = 0.003) and without CS (9-4%, P < 0.001). In CS patients, the use of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) increased from 20 to 50% (P < 0.001). Time period was an independent predictor of early mortality in CS patients (OR for death, 2005 vs. 1995 = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.27-0.75, P = 0.005), along with age, diabetes, and smoking status. When added to the multivariate model, PCI was associated with decreased mortality (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.24-0.58, P < 0.001). In propensity-score-matched cohorts, CS patients with PCI had a significantly higher survival. CONCLUSIONS Cardiogenic shock remains a clinical concern, although early mortality has decreased. Improved survival is concomitant with a broader use of PCI and recommended medications at the acute stage. Beyond the acute stage, however, 1-year survival has remained unchanged.
Vitamin D in schizophrenia and depression: a clinical review

Evidence from preclinical and clinical studies supports a role for vitamin D deficiency in many mental disorders. In this review, we discuss the role of vitamin D in the aetiology and treatment of schizophrenia and depression and their physical health comorbidities. Although observational studies support a potential association between vitamin D and schizophrenia and depression, sufficient high-quality evidence from clinical trials does not yet exist to establish a place for vitamin D supplementation in optimising clinical response or promoting physical health. Completed randomised controlled trials are needed to provide insights into the efficacy and safety of vitamin D in the management of mental disorders.After reading this article you will be able to: •outline the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in schizophrenia•describe the associations of vitamin D with schizophrenia and depression•know how to assess, and consider treatment for, vitamin D deficiency.F. G. has received support or honoraria for CME, advisory work and lectures from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Lundbeck, Otsuka, Roche and Sunovion, and has a family member with professional links to Lilly and GSK, including shares. She is in part funded by the National Institute for Health Research's (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London and the South London Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care Funding scheme, and by the Maudsley Charity. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care.
Can Reliance be Placed on a Single Meta-Analysis?

Meta-analysis replaced statistical significance with effect size in the hope of resolving controversy concerning evaluation of treatment effects. Statistical significance measured reliability of the effect of treatment, not its efficacy. It was strongly influenced by the number of subjects investigated. Effect size as assessed originally, eliminated this influence but by standardizing the size of the treatment effect could distort it. Meta-analyses which combine the results of studies which employ different subject types, outcome measures, treatment aims, no-treatment rather than placebo controls or therapists with varying experience can be misleading. To ensure discussion of these variables meta-analyses should be used as an aid rather than a substitute for literature review. While meta-analyses produce contradictory findings, it seems unwise to rely on the conclusions of an individual analysis. Their consistent finding that placebo treatments obtain markedly higher effect sizes than no treatment hopefully will render the use of untreated control groups obsolete.
A Distributed (2+ε)-Approximation for Vertex Cover in O(logδ/ε log log δ) Rounds

We present a simple deterministic distributed (2+ε) approximation algorithm for minimum weight vertex cover, which completes in O(logδ/εlog logδ) rounds, where δ is the maximum degree in the graph, for any ε > 0 which is at most O(1). For a constant ε, this implies a constant approximation in Ologδ/log log δ) rounds, which contradicts the lower bound of [KMW10].
The Design and Implementation of a Rekeying-Aware Encrypted Deduplication Storage System

Rekeying refers to an operation of replacing an existing key with a new key for encryption. It renews security protection to protect against key compromise and enable dynamic access control in cryptographic storage. However, it is non-trivial to realize efficient rekeying in encrypted deduplication storage systems, which use deterministic content-derived encryption keys to allow deduplication on ciphertexts. We design and implement a rekeying-aware encrypted deduplication (REED) storage system. REED builds on a deterministic version of all-or-nothing transform, such that it enables secure and lightweight rekeying, while preserving the deduplication capability. We propose two REED encryption schemes that trade between performance and security and extend REED for dynamic access control. We implement a REED prototype with various performance optimization techniques and demonstrate how we can exploit similarity to mitigate key generation overhead. Our trace-driven testbed evaluation shows that our REED prototype maintains high performance and storage efficiency.
Temporal organization of bi-directional traffic in the ant Lasius niger (L.)

SUMMARY Foraging in ants is generally organized along well-defined trails supporting a bi-directional flow of outbound and nestbound individuals and one can hypothesize that this flow is maximized to ensure a high rate of food return to the nest. In this paper we examine the effect of bottlenecks on the temporal organization of ant flow. In our experiments ants had to cross a bridge to go from their nest to a food source. Two types of bridges were used: one with and one without bottlenecks. Traffic counts show that, in spite of the bottlenecks and the reduction of path width, the volume of traffic and the rate of food return were the same on both bridges. This was due to a change in the temporal organization of the flow: when path width decreases alternating clusters of inbound and outbound ants were observed crossing the bridge. This organization limits the number of head-on encounters and thus allows to maintain the same travel duration as on the wide bridge. A model is proposed to assess in various conditions the importance of the behavioural rules observed at the individual level for the regulation of traffic flow. It highlights how the interplay between the value of the flow and cooperative behaviours governs the formation and size of the clusters observed on the bridge.
Numerical study of wake and aerodynamic forces on two tandem circular cylinders at Re = 103

Three-dimensional large eddy simulations were carried out to investigate the flow around two tandem circular cylinders at a subcritical Reynolds number of Re = 103. The cylinder center-to-center spacing ratio L/D is varied from 1.25 to 6, where D is the cylinder diameter. In order to enhance the understanding of flow physics around two circular cylinders, particular attention is devoted to fluctuating forces, shear-layer reattachment, flow separation, wake recirculation, Strouhal number (St), and phase lag (ϕ) between the fluctuating lift of the two cylinders. The flow structure around the cylinders is highly sensitive to L/D. A change in L/D thus leads to overshoot flow (L/D ≤ 1.25), reattachment flow (1.5 ≤ L/D ≤ 3.5), and coshedding flow (L/D ≥ 4). The boundaries are characterized by drastic changes in the flow structure and a discontinuous drop/rise in St and forces. The St drops at the boundary between overshoot and reattachment flow regimes and jumps at the boundary between reattachment and coshedding flow regimes, while fluctuating forces and ϕ both jump at both boundaries. The flow separation on the downstream cylinder is much delayed (122°–128°) in the reattachment flow regime compared to that on the single cylinder (95°) or upstream cylinder (92°–95.5°). The fluctuating pressure on the entire surface of either cylinder is low for the overshoot flow because the two cylinders are enclosed by the upstream-cylinder-generated shear layers having the longest wake recirculation. The ϕ is almost zero in the overshoot flow. With increasing L/D, ϕ linearly increases in the reattachment and coshedding regimes with different gradients, larger in the latter regime than in the former, by nearly twice.
Short Term Effect of Calcium Hydroxide, Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement on the Strength of Bovine Root Dentin

Introduction Some studies in dental literature have proposed that short term and long term exposure of root dentin to calcium hydroxide predisposes it to fracture. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and a recently introduced endodontic material, calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement may be used instead of calcium hydroxide and might have an effect on the strength of root dentin. Therefore, the aim of this in vitro study was to compare the short-term effect of calcium hydroxide, MTA and CEM cement on the strength of bovine root dentin. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, 15 freshly extracted intact bovine incisors were selected. A cylinder with uniform wall thickness (internal diameter of 2.5 and external diameter of 5.5) was prepared. The cylinders were cut longitudinally into 4 symmetrical pieces. The 60 prepared samples were divided into four groups (n =15). The samples were placed in 4 petri-dishes containing calcium hydroxide, MTA, CEM cement and normal saline as the control group. They were then subjected to flexural forces applied by Instron universal machine. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey test. Results The mean flexural force in the calcium hydroxide, MTA and CEM cement groups was significantly lower than that in the control teeth (77.9 N, 90.66 N, 94.40 N, compared to 125.12 N respectively, P=0.001). There were no significant differences between calcium hydroxide, MTA and CEM cement group. Conclusion MTA and CEM cement decreased the flexural strength of bovine root dentin, like their counterpart calcium hydroxide. Further studies are required to determine the effect of these materials on human root dentin clinically.
The Growth of Articular Eminence Height During Craniofacial Growth Period

ABSTRACT This study was done to study the growth of the articular eminence height during the postnatal craniofacial growth period. Ninety (90) skulls were divided into three equal groups, named A, B, and C. The A group belonged to individuals showing deciduous dentition, the B group showed mixed dentition, and the C group permanent dentition. The skulls were stabilized so that the FH plane was really horizontal. This was assured using a common facial bow, inserted into the acoustic meatuses and the infraorbital foramen, and a common water-level device. Using a silicone type impression material, impressions were taken of all temporal fossae. Special care was taken in order that the base of the materials was parallel to the FH plane. After setting, the impression was removed and a common eggslicer was used to cut the material into sections of 2.5mm each. The three middle sections were removed, photo copied with a common photocopy machine, enlarged to a 200% scale and the height of the eminentia were measured by using an electronic caliper. The mean of the three calculations was reduced to its normal value, and was tabulated for each eminence. The study concluded that the articular eminence height grows at a very high rate until the age of seven (the period of deciduous dentition, development, and function), almost stops until the age of eleven (the period of mixed dentition), and acquires the rest of its height by the age of 20. This growth plan more nearly approximates the somatic or the general growth curve.
Effects of Vietnamese Rice Bran Oil as Vegetable Shortening Substitution on the Physical and Sensory of Baked Cookies

Background: Rice bran oil (RBO) has been well known for its high free fatty acids, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, more micronutrients, longer shelf-life, more stable at high temperature, better taste as well as good flavor to food products. RBO also offers higher content of iodine compared to that of another bakery shortening. Then, as a consequence, a successful application of RBO into baked products such as cookies would be nutritionally advantageous. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of RBO on the physiochemical and sensory quality of baked cookies and to develop new recipe to make good cookies from RBO with improved nutritional values. Materials and Methods: The Vietnamese RBO used in this study was commercially refined oil of simply brand. Results: During 45 days of storage, moisture content increased significantly, and the fat content decreased significantly. The storage duration also which had a negative effect on the sensorial quality of cookies of all attributes scored was reduced. Based on the results of proximate analysis and sensory evaluation, it is concluded that, by increasing the percentage of RBO, quality of cookies was improved.