Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The ecology of a continental evolutionary radiation: Is the radiation of sigmodontine rodents adaptive?

Evolutionary radiations on continents are less well‐understood and appreciated than those occurring on islands. The extent of ecological influence on species divergence can be evaluated to determine whether a radiation was ultimately the outcome of divergent natural selection or else arose mainly by nonecological divergence. Here, we used phylogenetic comparative methods to test distinct hypotheses corresponding to adaptive and nonadaptive evolutionary scenarios for the morphological evolution of sigmodontine rodents. Results showed that ecological variables (diet and life‐mode) explain little of the shape and size variation of sigmodontine skulls and mandibles. A Brownian model with varying rates for insectivory versus all other diets was the most likely evolutionary model. The insectivorous sigmodontines have a faster rate of morphological evolution than mice feeding on other diets, possibly due to stronger selection for features that aid insectivory. We also demonstrate that rapid early‐lineage diversification is not accompanied by high morphological divergence among subclades, contrasting with island results. The geographic size of continents permits spatial segregation to a greater extent than on islands, allowing for allopatric distributions and escape from interspecific competition. We suggest that continental radiations of rodents are likely to produce a pattern of high species diversification coupled with a low degree of phenotypic specialization.
of Antigen Receptor-Driven T Cells Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Regulates Survival

Peripheral T lymphocytes undergo activation by antigenic stimulation and function in hypoxic areas of inﬂammation. We demonstrated in CD3-positive human T cells accumulating in inﬂammatory tissue expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (cid:1) (HIF-1 (cid:1) ), indicating a role of hypoxia-mediated signals in regulation of T cell function. Surprisingly, accumulation of HIF-1 (cid:1) in human T cells required not only hypoxia but also TCR/CD3-mediated activation. Moreover, hypoxia repressed activation-induced cell death (AICD) by TCR/CD3 stimulation, resulting in an increased survival of the cells. Microarray analysis suggested the involvement of HIF-1 target gene product adrenomedullin (AM) in this process. Indeed, AM receptor antagonist abrogated hypoxia-mediated repression of AICD. Moreover, synthetic AM peptides repressed AICD even in normoxia. Taken together, we propose that hypoxia is a critical determinant of survival of the activated T cells via the HIF-1 (cid:1) -AM cascade, deﬁning a previously unknown mode of regulation of peripheral immunity. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 171: 6534–6540. successful immune response is achieved by rapid mo-bilization of circulating peripheral T cells and antigen-driven expansion of a certain fraction of the cells in situ. Subsequently, accumulated T cells may need to be cleared away to prevent a harmful over-response or for preservation of homeostasis within the T cell compartment of peripheral immunity. An apoptotic process termed activation-induced cell death (AICD) 3 triggered by repeated
Lexical-Pragmatic and Prosodic Effects on Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution in Aphasia

This study examined aphasic adults’ on-line sensitivity to lexical-pragmatic and prosodic cues during resolution of syntactic ambiguities. Participants (12 with aphasia, 12 controls) listened to sentences such as “While the parents watched/danced the child sang a song…. ” Only the aphasic group was sensitive to conflicting cues at the ambiguous noun phrase (the child). Both groups showed evidence of reanalysis at the main verb (sang) when the cues biased the listener to a direct object interpretation of “the child. ” Although both groups were sensitive to the cues, how they were used differed in control and aphasic participants.
Schizophrenia in males of cognitive performance: discriminative and diagnostic values.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the discriminative and diagnostic values of neuropsychological tests for identifying schizophrenia patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 36 male schizophrenia outpatients and 72 healthy matched volunteers was carried out. Participants underwent the following neuropsychological tests: Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Verbal Fluency, Stroop test, Mini Mental State Examination, and Spatial Recognition Span. Sensitivity and specificity estimated the diagnostic value of tests with cutoffs obtained using Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. The latent class model (diagnosis of schizophrenia) was used as gold standard. RESULTS Although patients presented lower scores in most tests, the highest canonical function for the discriminant analysis was 0.57 (Verbal Fluency M). The best sensitivity and specificity were obtained in the Verbal Fluency M test (75 and 65, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The neuropsychological tests showed moderate diagnostic value for the identification of schizophrenia patients. These findings suggested that the cognitive impairment measured by these tests might not be homogeneous among schizophrenia patients.
Do lower entry-level students benefit most from engagement-centered teaching in a compulsory first year mathematics subject?

In Australian universities there has been increase in the proportion of students entering with low numerical skills. Yet, science disciplines require increasingly sophisticated mathematical and computational methods. This misalignment is especially challenging in highly diverse student cohorts. We investigated how an engagement-focused delivery of a first year quantitative skills subject altered (i) students' affective attributes, (ii) their appraisal of their own learning and (iii) how these measures related to student achievement for lower and higher entrylevel student groups. We found no change between the start and the end of semester in students' affective attributes. Further, our results (i) suggest that students improved their judgement of their understanding and skills by the end of the semester and (ii) encourage ongoing development and evaluation of engagement-focused teaching strategies to lift the performance of lower entrylevel students.
Brain Mechanisms in Problem Solving and Intelligence: A Lesion Survey of the Rat Brain

1. Introduction. - 2. General Methods. - 3. Lesion Placements and Learning Syndromes. - 4. Maps of Learning Systems. - 5. General Findings. - 6. The Nonspecific Mechanism and Psychometric g. - 7. Interpreting the Results of the Problem-Solving Atlas: Penfield's Centrencephalic Theory. - 8. Implications of Centrencephalic Theory. - 9. Epilogue. - References.
Understanding social enterprise model development through discursive interpretations of social enterprise policymaking in Australia (2007-2013)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the prior work on social enterprise (SE) model comparisons by exposing the difficulties in producing universally comparative SE models. Furthermore, this paper seeks to trace different dominant stories of SE based on a combined historical and discursive analysis of Australian institutions shaping SE development. Design/methodology/approach – This paper emulates the methodological approach taken by Kerlin (2013) and uses the same indices and measures adopted in this original model comparison. Although the valuable contribution of macro-level model comparison studies to the growing SE knowledge base is noted, it is proposed that categorisations are naturally exclusionary by their design, omitting emergent SE models and their institutional influences. These omissions pose difficulties for recognising and conceptualising hybrid organisations that often traverse institutional boundaries and frameworks (Doherty et al., 2014). A discourse analysis of SE pol.
Detection of Type A Trichothecene Di-Glucosides Produced in Corn by High-Resolution Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

The existence of di-glucosylated derivative of T-2 toxin in plant (corn powder) was confirmed for the first time in addition to that of HT-2 toxin. These masked mycotoxins (mycotoxin glucosides) were identified as T-2 toxin-di-glucoside (T2GlcGlc) and HT-2 toxin-di-glucoside (HT2GlcGlc) based on accurate mass measurements of characteristic ions and fragmentation patterns using high-resolution liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometric (LC-Orbitrap MS) analysis. Although the absolute structure of T2GlcGlc was not clarified, two glucose molecules were suggested to be conjugated at 3-OH position in tandem when considering the structure of T-2 toxin. On the other hand, the specification of the structure seems to be more complicated in the case of HT2GlcGlc, since HT-2 toxin has two possible positions (at 3-OH and 4-OH) to be glusocylated. In addition, 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol-glucoside (MASGlc) was also detected in the identical sample.
Aging Well: Surprising Guideposts to a Happier Life

AGING WELL: SURPRISING GUIDEPOSTS TO A HAPPIER LIFE. George E. Vaillant, MD. New York: Little, Brown & Co., 2002. Pp. 273- $14.99ISBN 0-316-09007-7. Pb. Reviewed by Kathryn R. Ward and Geoffrey W. Sutton (Evangel University/Springfield, MO). What are the key factors in successful aging? Dr. Vaillant, a noted psychiatrist, researcher, and director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, provides a lucid summary of the findings from the longest longitudinal study of adult development. He offers readers a comprehensive look at a wide range of data in the context of developmental theories. He supports the quantitative findings with salient participant examples that enhance his conclusions and make the work highly readable. Vaillant divides the book into 12 chapters followed by 11 appendices, research notes, acknowledgements, and various tables and figures. He begins the first chapter with a brief introduction, followed by the basis for the study - not only to observe the process of development, but also to understand the factors that influence the process. Next, he defines the variables. For example, he operationally defines successful aging as a "vital reaction to change, to disease, and to conflict" (p. 15), which he continually demonstrates by using excerpts from participant interviews. He digresses into an examination of the three groups in the study. Formerly individual studies, they were combined to create the present meta-project. He concludes chapter one with a personal introduction, a disclosure of his biases, and an overview of the advantages and limitations of these prospective studies. In chapter two, Vaillant describes social and emotional maturation. Erikson's developmental tasks form the base for the assessment of social development. These were supplemented by two new tasks of career consolidation and keeper of the meaning. He assessed emotional development using measures based on psychoanalytic coping mechanisms. In chapter three, Vaillant discusses the study's data on the relationship between childhood factors and adult development. He summarizes the research by stating that "what goes right in childhood predicts the future far better than what goes wrong" (p. 95). Chapters four through six provide detailed descriptions of the assessments of later adult developmental tasks (gene rati vi ty, keeper of the meaning, and integrity). All of the findings seem to have supported his earlier hypothesis: that each task (not necessarily all together - some participants did not go through keeper of the meaning) is a predictor of successful aging in its own right. …
Self‐formed waterfall plunge pools in homogeneous rock

Waterfalls are ubiquitous, and their upstream propagation can set the pace of landscape evolution, yet no experimental studies have examined waterfall plunge pool erosion in homogeneous rock. We performed laboratory experiments, using synthetic foam as a bedrock simulant, to produce self‐formed waterfall plunge pools via particle impact abrasion. Plunge pool vertical incision exceeded lateral erosion by approximately tenfold until pools deepened to the point that the supplied sediment could not be evacuated and deposition armored the pool bedrock floor. Lateral erosion of plunge pool sidewalls continued after sediment deposition, but primarily at the downstream pool wall, which might lead to undermining of the plunge pool lip, sediment evacuation, and continued vertical pool floor incision in natural streams. Undercutting of the upstream pool wall was absent, and our results suggest that vertical drilling of successive plunge pools is a more efficient waterfall retreat mechanism than the classic model of headwall undercutting and collapse in homogeneous rock.
Food Intake and Dietary Glycaemic Index in Free-Living Adults with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

A recent Cochrane review concluded that low glycaemic index (GI) diets are beneficial in glycaemic control for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There are limited UK data regarding the dietary GI in free-living adults with and without T2DM. We measured the energy and macronutrient intake and the dietary GI in a group (n = 19) of individuals with diet controlled T2DM and a group (n = 19) without diabetes, matched for age, BMI and gender. Subjects completed a three-day weighed dietary record. Patients with T2DM consumed more daily portions of wholegrains (2.3 vs. 1.1, P = 0.003), more dietary fibre (32.1 vs. 20.9 g, P < 0.001) and had a lower diet GI (53.5 vs. 57.7, P = 0.009) than subjects without T2DM. Both groups had elevated fat and salt intake and low fruit and vegetable intake, relative to current UK recommendations. Conclusions: Patients with T2DM may already consume a lower GI diet than the general population but further efforts are needed to reduce dietary GI and achieve other nutrient targets.
Benchmarking of Bootstrap Temporal Stereo using Statistical and Physical Scene Modelling

Temporal stereo vision algorithms can offer improved robustness, however, this can only be delivered after several frames of a stereo image sequence have been processed. We present a new method of bootstrapping temporal stereo which can overcome such start-up problems by applying additional coarse-to-fine pre-processing to the first few images in a stereo sequence. To gauge the performance of temporal bootstrapping, we have employed a new algorithmic evaluation technique that uses statistical and physical scene modelling to produce accurate result errors data. The performance of the bootstrap temporal stereo algorithm, as determined by the automatic evaluation technique, as well the results from real stereo image sequences, are presented.
Pharmacodynamics Methyltransferase on Mercaptopurine and Thioguanine Differential Effects of Targeted Disruption of Thiopurine

The recessive deficiency in thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), caused by germ-line polymorphisms in TPMT, can cause severe toxicity after mercaptopurine. However, the significance of heterozygosity and the effect of the polymorphism on thioguanine or in the absence of thiopurines is not known. To address these issues, we created a murine knockout of Tpmt . Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies of mercaptopurine and thioguanine were done in Tpmt / , Tpmt , and Tpmt mice and variables were compared among genotypes. Methylated thiopurine and thioguanine nucleotide metabolites differed among genotypes after treatment with mercaptopurine (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.044, respectively) and thioguanine (P = 0.011 and P = 0.002, respectively). Differences in toxicity among genotypes were more pronounced following treatment with 10 daily doses of mercaptopurine at 100 mg/kg/d (0%, 68%, and 100% 50-day survival; P = 0.0003) than with thioguanine at 5 mg/ kg/d (0%, 33%, and 50% 15-day survival; P = 0.07) in the Tpmt / , Tpmt , and Tpmt genotypes, respectively. Myelosuppression and weight loss exhibited a haploinsufficient phenotype after mercaptopurine, whereas haploinsufficiency was less prominent with thioguanine. In the absence of drug challenge, there was no apparent phenotype. The murine model recapitulates many clinical features of the human polymorphism; indicates that mercaptopurine is more affected by the TPMT polymorphism than thioguanine; and provides a preclinical system for establishing safer regimens of genetically influenced antileukemic drug therapy. [Cancer Res 2007;67(10):4965–72]
An equivalence of the EM and ICE algorithm for exponential family

We compare the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm with another iterative approach, namely, the iterative conditional estimation (ICE) algorithm, which was formally introduced in the field of statistical segmentation of images. We show that in case the probability density function (PDF) belongs to the exponential family, the EM algorithm is one particular case of the ICE algorithm.
A Novel Strategy for Selection and Validation of Reference Genes in Dynamic Multidimensional Experimental Design in Yeast

Background Understanding the dynamic mechanism behind the transcriptional organization of genes in response to varying environmental conditions requires time-dependent data. The dynamic transcriptional response obtained by real-time RT-qPCR experiments could only be correctly interpreted if suitable reference genes are used in the analysis. The lack of available studies on the identification of candidate reference genes in dynamic gene expression studies necessitates the identification and the verification of a suitable gene set for the analysis of transient gene expression response. Principal Findings In this study, a candidate reference gene set for RT-qPCR analysis of dynamic transcriptional changes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was determined using 31 different publicly available time series transcriptome datasets. Ten of the twelve candidates (TPI1, FBA1, CCW12, CDC19, ADH1, PGK1, GCN4, PDC1, RPS26A and ARF1) we identified were not previously reported as potential reference genes. Our method also identified the commonly used reference genes ACT1 and TDH3. The most stable reference genes from this pool were determined as TPI1, FBA1, CDC19 and ACT1 in response to a perturbation in the amount of available glucose and as FBA1, TDH3, CCW12 and ACT1 in response to a perturbation in the amount of available ammonium. The use of these newly proposed gene sets outperformed the use of common reference genes in the determination of dynamic transcriptional response of the target genes, HAP4 and MEP2, in response to relaxation from glucose and ammonium limitations, respectively. Conclusions A candidate reference gene set to be used in dynamic real-time RT-qPCR expression profiling in yeast was proposed for the first time in the present study. Suitable pools of stable reference genes to be used under different experimental conditions could be selected from this candidate set in order to successfully determine the expression profiles for the genes of interest.
AOGNets: Deep AND-OR Grammar Networks for Visual Recognition

This paper presents a method of learning deep AND-OR Grammar (AOG) networks for visual recognition, which we term AOGNets. An AOGNet consists of a number of stages each of which is composed of a number of AOG building blocks. An AOG building block is designed based on a principled AND-OR grammar and represented by a hierarchical and compositional AND-OR graph. Each node applies some basic operation (e.g., Conv-BatchNorm-ReLU) to its input. There are three types of nodes: an AND-node explores composition, whose input is computed by concatenating features of its child nodes; an OR-node represents alternative ways of composition in the spirit of exploitation, whose input is the element-wise sum of features of its child nodes; and a Terminal-node takes as input a channel-wise slice of the input feature map of the AOG building block. AOGNets aim to harness the best of two worlds (grammar models and deep neural networks) in representation learning with end-to-end training. In experiments, AOGNets are tested on three highly competitive image classification benchmarks: CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and ImageNet-1K. AOGNets obtain better performance than the widely used Residual Net and its variants, and are tightly comparable to the Dense Net. AOGNets are also tested in object detection on the PASCAL VOC 2007 and 2012 using the vanilla Faster RCNN system and obtain better performance than the Residual Net.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of State Space Models From Frequency Domain Data

This paper addresses the problem of estimating linear time invariant models from observed frequency domain data. Here an emphasis is placed on deriving numerically robust and efficient methods that can reliably deal with high order models over wide bandwidths. This involves a novel application of the expectation-maximization algorithm in order to find maximum likelihood estimates of state space structures. An empirical study using both simulated and real measurement data is presented to illustrate the efficacy of the solutions derived here.
From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism

Part 1 Part One: Marxism in Theory and Practice Chapter 2 "Ideology" in Marx and Engels Revisited and Revised Chapter 3 Is It Immaterial that There's a "Material" in "Historical Materialism"? Chapter 4 Marxism, "Ideology," and Moral Objectivism Chapter 5 The Moral Epistemology of Stalinism Part 6 Part Two: Race and Clas Chapter 7 Under Class Under Standings Chapter 8 European Specters Part 9 Part Three: Critical Race Theory Chapter 10 White Supremacy as Socio-Political System Chapter 11 White Supremacy and Racial Justice Chapter 12 The "Racial Contract" as Methodology
The two C-terminal tyrosines stabilize occluded Na/K pump conformations containing Na or K ions

Interactions of the three transported Na ions with the Na/K pump remain incompletely understood. Na/K pump crystal structures show that the extended C terminus of the Na,K–adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) α subunit directly contacts transmembrane helices. Deletion of the last five residues (KETYY in almost all Na/K pumps) markedly lowered the apparent affinity for Na activation of pump phosphorylation from ATP, a reflection of cytoplasmic Na affinity for forming the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation. ATPase assays further suggested that C-terminal truncations also interfere with low affinity Na interactions, which are attributable to extracellular effects. Because extracellular Na ions traverse part of the membrane’s electric field to reach their binding sites in the Na/K pump, their movements generate currents that can be monitored with high resolution. We report here electrical measurements to examine how Na/K pump interactions with extracellular Na ions are influenced by C-terminal truncations. We deleted the last two (YY) or five (KESYY) residues in Xenopus laevis α1 Na/K pumps made ouabain resistant by either of two kinds of point mutations and measured their currents as 10-mM ouabain–sensitive currents in Xenopus oocytes after silencing endogenous Xenopus Na/K pumps with 1 µM ouabain. We found the low affinity inhibitory influence of extracellular Na on outward Na/K pump current at negative voltages to be impaired in all of the C-terminally truncated pumps. Correspondingly, voltage jump–induced transient charge movements that reflect pump interactions with extracellular Na ions were strongly shifted to more negative potentials; this signals a several-fold reduction of the apparent affinity for extracellular Na in the truncated pumps. Parallel lowering of Na affinity on both sides of the membrane argues that the C-terminal contacts provide important stabilization of the occluded E1P(Na3) conformation, regardless of the route of Na ion entry into the binding pocket. Gating measurements of palytoxin-opened Na/K pump channels additionally imply that the C-terminal contacts also help stabilize pump conformations with occluded K ions.