Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Allelic variation in the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) gene does not predict response to clozapine.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that interindividual differences in response to clozapine therapy might be attributable to the D4 dopamine receptor (DRD4) alleles they carry. Different alleles of the D4 dopamine receptor, coded by the DRD4 gene, differ in the affinity with which they bind the atypical antipsychotic drug clozapine in vitro. This may have physiologic implications. Clinical response to clozapine therapy varies among patients. The observation that, in vitro, clozapine binds the protein products of different DRD4 alleles with differing affinity characteristics suggested this hypothesis. METHOD The region of the DRD4 gene that encodes the putative third cytoplasmic loop of the D4 receptor contains a 48-base pair sequence repeated a variable number of times. With use of polymerase chain reaction amplification, we assessed this variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism in a series of schizophrenic and schizoaffective subjects who had been treated with clozapine, and related genotype with treatment response, to test the hypothesis that DRD4 alleles lead to varying response to clozapine. RESULTS Allelic variation at the DRD4 locus does not predict clinical response to clozapine relative to either fluphenazine hydrochloride or placebo in subjects with treatment-refractory schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. CONCLUSIONS DRD4 alleles do not predict therapeutic response to clozapine in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. There are implications from these data for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and the mechanism of clozapine's therapeutic effect are discussed.
Instructional Leadership and School Achievement:Validation of a Causal Model

The purpose of this study is to test a theoretical causal model concerning how elementary and secondary school principals can influence school student achievement through the frequency of implementation of certain instructional leadership behaviors. After controlling for contextual variables, we hypothesized that three latent variables related to principal instructional leadership (school governance, instructional organization, school climate) affected student achievement. A total of 332 teachers and 56 school principals participated in the study. We conducted separate analyses of the proposed model at the individual and school level. The results confirm that the proposed model fit the data. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the results.
Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy

C A P I T A L IS M and socialism are generally taken to be irreconcilable opposites, and the conflict between their adherents has seemed so intense as to threaten the survival of the human species. In practice, no doubt, all sorts of compromises, accommodations and mixtures of the two are possible, but conceptually, considered as blueprints for the organization of society, capitalist and socialist ownership of the means of production appear mutually exclysive. I shall argue that this is by no means the case-that capitalism and socialism are, in fact, conceptually quite compatible; that a society be at the same time capitalist and socialist (by that I do not refer to a 'mixed economy') involves no contradiction. For it turns out, on closer examination than the matter usually receives, that capitalism and socialism are features of different parts of the social structure, and are therefore not necessarily in competition or conflict with one another-at least, not conceptually (whether they could in practice coexist with one another is a different and empirical question, which is raised by, for example, 'functionalist' theories of social structure'). In brief, while capitalism is a feature of society's economic organization, socialism is rather an aspect of its political system. In fact, as we shall see, socialism is a part of political democracy, and any democratic political system is therefore necessarily socialist.
Search and Recombination Process to Innovate: A Review of the Empirical Evidence and a Research Agenda

The view of innovation as a process of searching and recombining existing knowledge elements has been adopted in several industries. The innovation management literature has recognized the fundamental role that search and recombination play in innovation development. However, the relevant research has provided complex, fragmented and mixed results. The authors aim to identify areas of convergence and provide directions for future research by collecting empirical evidence regarding how firms conduct the search and recombination process. They conducted a systematic literature review of 87 empirical articles in the innovation management field. The review reveals differences among the solutions adopted both within and across organizational boundaries. Specifically, it shows that the variety and diversity of knowledge elements are critical in creating breakthrough innovations. Therefore, this paper discusses how to provide access to a variety of knowledge elements. It also highlights other fundamental questions calling for further investigation, such as how scientific knowledge elements are successfully recombined and how recombination and search dynamics occur in small and medium‐sized firms. The review concludes by summarizing the current state of affairs and suggests promising directions for future investigation.
Theoretical Error Bounds for the Value and Policy Function Iteration Algorithms : An Application for Recursive Dynamic Models with Inequality Constraints

This paper derives theoretical error bounds for the Policy and Value Function Iteration algorithms applied to Recursive Dynamic Models with continuous decision variables and inequality constraints. This paper proves two main theorems. The first one uses a recent result due to Santos and Rust (2004). The theorem extends the result by combining a feasible version of the Policy Function Iteration algorithm with the barrier method for a model with an arbitrary number of state and decision variables. This constitutes a significant difference with the original theorem, since it is no longer necessary to assume the interiority of the solutions. The Algorithm converges at a rate of 1.5 for a given grid size. The second theorem, for problems with only one continuous endogenous state variable, uses a feasible version of the Value Function Iteration Algorithm, the barrier method and a cubic Variation Diminishing Spline Approximation. The algorithm converges at a linear rate, given the grid size. Finally, under a certain configuration of the parameters, the maximization problem in this last theorem is in the convex class, which can be solved in polynomial type complexity, and the policy function is first order differentiable. These last results enables the algorithm to avoid the Course of Dimensionality for the maximization problem in the Bellman Equation and the use of first order perturbation methods, thus, constitutes an extension of existing theorems that deals only with equality constraints (see Judd, 1994).
Family Business Performance from a Governance Perspective: A Review of Empirical Research

Given the complexity of the family business phenomenon, empirical research has still reached no consensus on whether family control is beneficial or detrimental to firm performance. To shed new light on this issue, this paper covers more than 350 articles published in 37 top finance and management journals. More specifically, it provides an in‐depth analysis of the family business governance system in three steps. First, after examining the various family business definitions and measures of performance used in empirical research, the authors discuss the findings on the direct effect of family control on performance in different geographical regions. Second, the authors pay special attention to the choice of ownership structures by business families and analyse how family owners influence strategic decisions faced by their corporations, including the succession process. Finally, the authors explore the interaction of family control with other governance devices to gain a better understanding of family firms' corporate decision‐making and performance. The holistic approach highlights the need to contemplate the multiple relations that exist among the various governance dimensions of family firms to explain their unique performance. In addition to enhancing understanding of family business conduct, the authors emphasize the need to go beyond the borders of the family firm to identify its external antecedents and consequences. By integrating the finance and management perspectives and analysing the theoretical frameworks and methodologies used in these disciplines, the review highlights the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance family business research and thus to consolidate it as a distinctive academic field.
Child and Family Program Evaluation: Learning to Enjoy Complexity

The demand for program evaluation has grown so dramatically over the past 20 years that virtually all programs-big and small, well-funded and grassroots, new and veteran-are now expected to undertake it. The current popularity of "outcomes-based accountability" provides a backdrop for this "cautionary tale" about the uses and misuses of evaluation, and the necessity to match evaluations more precisely to the characteristics of the programs themselves, and to the particular resources and constraints inherent in each evaluation context. The Five-Tiered Approach to Evaluation-applied to a statewide home visiting program for young families in Massachusetts-is offered as a conceptual framework for this "matching" process.
The Relationship between Self-Concealment and Disclosure, Early Experiences, Attachment, and Social Comparison

Talking therapies rely on the client being able to reveal their inner feelings and thoughts; however, some people find this type of disclosure very difficult. Given the potential therapeutic disruptive effects of problems in self-disclosure and self-concealment, this study set out to explore the associations between self-concealment, self-disclosure, early life experiences, attachment style, social comparison, and psychopathology in 92 students. Results show that self-concealment and fear of self-disclosure are related to negative social comparison (feeling inferior), depression, and anxiety. Fear of disclosure is more strongly related to depression, anxiety, and stress than self-concealment. Mediator analysis revealed recalling having to act submissively in childhood is associated with insecure adult attachment and this in turn predicts fear of disclosure. A second mediator analysis revealed that insecure adult attachment is associated with fear of disclosure and this in turn predicts depression.
Perioperative haemodynamic therapy

Purpose of reviewTo discuss the perioperative monitoring tools and targets for haemodynamic optimization and to assess the influence of goal-directed therapy (GDT) on organ function, complications and outcome in different categories of surgical patients. Recent findingsThe choice of perioperative haemodynamic monitoring for GDT depends on the surgery-related and the patient-related risk. Conventional monitoring and minimally invasive approaches can be used for perioperative optimization of low-risk to moderate-risk patients. Thermodilution methods and continuous cardiac output/oxygen transport monitoring are the most reliable techniques for major surgery and high-risk/unstable patients. An important goal of perioperative haemodynamic therapy is to maintain cardiac function and organ perfusion, optimizing the balance between oxygen delivery and consumption. Several studies, using different monitoring tools and end-points, have shown that GDT provides optimal haemodynamic performance, improves organ function, reduces the number of complications and time to ICU and hospital discharge and decreases the mortality rate in high-risk surgical patients. SummaryGDT provides a number of benefits in major surgery. Based on adequate monitoring, the goal-directed algorithms facilitate early detection of pathophysiological changes and influence the perioperative haemodynamic therapy that can improve the clinical outcome. The perioperative GDT should be early, adequate and individualized for every patient.
Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis: Combination ERCP and Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy for Pancreatic Duct Stones

Background: Chronic pancreatitis is commonly associated with debilitating abdominal pain, in part due to pancreatic duct obstruction. Pancreatic stones are often impossible to extract from the duct with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography alone. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is commonly used for fragmentation of obstructing nephrolithiasis and has demonstrated effectiveness in management of pancreatic stones. Our aim was to examine the outcomes of the first 30 patients with symptomatic pancreatic stones treated with a combination of ESWL and endoscopic therapies. Methods: Patients with symptomatic chronic calcific pancreatitis referred for ESWL (2005–2009) were included. Technical success of ESWL was defined as a) stone fragmentation sufficient to allow extraction of main duct stones at ERCP or b) absence of the targeted main pancreatic duct stones on follow-up radiography. Clinical success of ESWL was defined by Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGII) score of at least slightly improved. Results: Thirty patients underwent ESWL. One patient was excluded due to adenocarcinoma. Technical success was achieved in 17/29 (58.6%) patients. 25 (86.2%) patients were available for follow-up (median 35 months, range 3–52 months). Fifteen of twenty-five (60%) patients experienced clinical improvement (10 patients very much improved), but there was no significant reduction in the proportion taking narcotics (50% before vs. 44.4% after ESWL). Pancreatic surgery has been avoided to date in 16 (64%) of the 25 patients. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach, combining ERCP and ESWL, to painful obstructing pancreatic duct stones provided symptomatic improvement and allowed pancreatic surgery to be avoided in the majority of patients.
Phonological Skills Are (Probably) One Cause of Success in Learning to Read: A Comment on Castles and Coltheart

Castles and Coltheart (2004) argued that the causal link between children's underlying phonological awareness and success in learning to read remains unproven. We argue that the balance of evidence does favor such a causal link. We also argue, however, that learning to read depends on broader language skills and that, like other aspects of development, it needs to be seen in the context of a multicausal system.
Energy optimization by exploiting execution slacks in streaming applications on Multiprocessor Systems

Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) offers great potential for optimizing the energy efficiency of Multiprocessor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs). The conventional approaches for processor voltage and frequency adjustment are not suitable for streaming multimedia applications due to the cyclic nature of dependencies in the executing tasks which can potentially violate the throughput constraints. In this paper, we propose a methodology that applies DVFS for such cyclic dependent tasks. The methodology involves an off-line analysis that assumes worst-case execution times of tasks to identify the executions that can be slowed down and an on-line analysis to utilize the slacks arising from tasks that finish their execution before the worst-case execution times. Thus, the methodology minimizes energy consumption during both off-line and on-line analysis while satisfying the throughput constraints. Experiments based on models of real-life streaming multimedia applications show that the proposed methodology reduces the overall energy consumption by 43% when compared to existing approaches.
ParaFS: A Log-Structured File System to Exploit the Internal Parallelism of Flash Devices

File system designs are undergoing rapid evolution to exploit the potentials of flash memory. However, the internal parallelism, a key feature of flash devices, is hard to be leveraged in the file system level, due to the semantic gap caused by the flash translation layer (FTL). We observe that even flash-optimized file systems have serious garbage collection problems, which lead to significant performance degradation, for write-intensive workloads on multi-channel flash devices. In this paper, we propose ParaFS to exploit the internal parallelism while ensuring efficient garbage collection. ParaFS is a logstructured file system over a simplified blocklevel FTL that exposes the physical layout. With the knowledge of device information, ParaFS first proposes 2-D data allocation, to maintain the hot/cold data grouping in flash memory while exploiting channel-level parallelism. ParaFS then coordinates the garbage collection in both FS and FTL levels, to make garbage collection more efficient. In addition, ParaFS schedules read/write/erase requests over multiple channels to achieve consistent performance. Evaluations show that ParaFS effectively improves system performance for write-intensive workloads by 1.6× to 3.1×, compared to the flash-optimized F2FS file system.
Framing Contests in Environmental Disputes: Paying Attention to Media and Cultural Master Frames

Few researchers have studied the contests between organizational sponsors' different frames and their reception in the media. This paper builds on a case study that illustrates a potential problem for strategic communicators: The media largely ignored the frames of the organizational actors. Instead a typical media frame, the “horse race frame,” was used. Communication professionals have to pay attention to such media frames, but it is also suggested that practitioners are more likely to succeed if it is possible to strategically construct master frames, that is, frames with a wider cultural resonance than issue-specific frames.
Photodiodes for Monolithic CMOS Circuit Applications

An optoelectrical power supply unit compatible with standard CMOS processes designed for microscale applications is presented. The system is based on an earlier version consisting of a photodiode that converts optical power to electrical power, and a dc/dc converter that increases the photodiode anode voltage to desirable levels. It has the ability to operate continuously or intermittently. The latter operation mode employs additional system elements and requires the modulation of the input laser beam. A prototype was fabricated in UMC 0.18-μm triple-well standard CMOS process along with a direct conversion self-mixing receiver block on a die of 1525 μm × 1525 μm area. Performance measurements were done using a laser source of 650-nm wavelength at different power levels. For an input laser power of 80 mW, the source can provide an output current of 2.18 mA at a supply voltage of 1.2 V. The proposed system can be used to power integrated digital and low-power analog communication and medical microsystems.
Values and Management: The role of the primary school headteacher

ABSTRACT The extent to which primary headteachers have become 'chief executives' as a consequence of the introduction of 'market forces' to schooling is investigated through action research techniques. The head as manager is contrasted with a more holistic view as the leading professional whose authority has been perceived chiefly in terms of intellectual, moral and management values. The research suggests that in coping with the pressures of managing current reforms, heads are vulnerable to adopting a form of leadership where they feel forced to deal with the immediacy of management problems at the expense of more highly regarded professional knowledge and values needed to secure the quality of school life and its academic standards.
Second Law Analysis in Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

This paper reports the numerical determination of the entropy generation due to heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid friction in steady state for laminar double diffusive convection, in an inclined enclosure with heat and mass diffusive walls, by solving numerically the mass, momentum, species conservation and energy balance equations, using a Control Volume Finite-Element Method. The influences of the inclination angle, the thermal Grashof number and the buoyancy ratio on total entropy generation were investigated. The irreversibilities localization due to heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid friction is discussed for three inclination angles at a fixed thermal Grashof number.
Is neuroscience facing up to statistical power

It has been demonstrated that the statistical power of many neuroscience studies is very low, so that the results are unlikely to be robustly reproducible. How are neuroscientists and the journals in which they publish responding to this problem? Here I review the sample size justifications provided for all 15 papers published in one recent issue of the leading journal Nature Neuroscience. Of these, only one claimed it was adequately powered. The others mostly appealed to the sample sizes used in earlier studies, despite a lack of evidence that these earlier studies were adequately powered. Thus, concerns regarding statistical power in neuroscience have mostly not yet been addressed.
An Investigation of Chinese Students' Learning Styles at an English-medium University in Mainland China

This paper reports on an investigation of Chinese tertiary students’ perceptual learning styles at an English-medium university in mainland China. Results revealed that 1) a wide variety of learning styles was distributed among Chinese EFL students, a majority of them favoring tactile, kinesthetic, and visual learning styles; 2) gender differences existed but were not statistically significant in the learning-style preferences between male and female students; 3) English majors and Non-English majors showed statistically significant differences in their tactile learning and kinesthetic learning; 4) English majors differed significantly from Non-English majors in their tactile learning and kinesthetic learning; 5) postgraduates and undergraduates were significantly different in their preferences for auditory learning and individual learning. These results provided insightful implications for tertiary English teaching in China.
Spontaneous Detachment of the Leading Head Contributes to Myosin VI Backward Steps

Myosin VI is an ATP driven molecular motor that normally takes forward and processive steps on actin filaments, but also on occasion stochastic backward steps. While a number of models have attempted to explain the backwards steps, none offer an acceptable mechanism for their existence. We therefore performed single molecule imaging of myosin VI and calculated the stepping rates of forward and backward steps at the single molecule level. The forward stepping rate was proportional to the ATP concentration, whereas the backward stepping rate was independent. Using these data, we proposed that spontaneous detachment of the leading head is uncoupled from ATP binding and is responsible for the backward steps of myosin VI.