Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Earnings management as a scope of art - Empirical analysis of accrual-based and real earnings management in Finnish listed companies during 2001-2010

This study examines whether mandatory IFRS adoption in 2005 has affected earnings management practices in Finnish publicly quoted companies. Earnings management is analyzed by covering both accrual-based and real earnings management. The study also explores whether there are annual changes in the level of earnings management which do not relate to IFRS adoption. The study is quantitative in nature and applies OLS regression to explore changes in the level of earnings management. Real earnings management is studied by examining sales manipulation and overproduction. The sample consists of companies publicly quoted in Helsinki Stock Exchange in 2001–2010. The results suggest that accrual-based earnings management and overproduction have increased after IFRS adoption. Additionally, study results offer some support for increased level of sales manipulation after IFRS. In relation to the yearly analysis, the results indicate that there are annual changes in the levels of all three earnings management types during the sample period which are not explained by IFRS adoption.
Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Background— Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) experience immunodeficiency because of defects in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and the concomitant reduction in reactive oxygen intermediates. This may result in a reduction in atherosclerotic injury. Methods and Results— We prospectively assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, biomarkers of inflammation and neutrophil activation, and the presence of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography quantified subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid and coronary arteries of 41 patients with CGD and 25 healthy controls in the same age range. Univariable and multivariable associations among risk factors, inflammatory markers, and atherosclerosis burden were assessed. Patients with CGD had significant elevations in traditional risk factors and inflammatory markers compared with control subjects, including hypertension, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and low high-density lipoprotein. Despite this, patients with CGD had a 22% lower internal carotid artery wall volume compared with control subjects (361.3±76.4 mm3 versus 463.5±104.7 mm3; P<0.001). This difference was comparable in p47phox- and gp91phox-deficient subtypes of CGD and independent of risk factors in multivariate regression analysis. In contrast, the prevalence of coronary arterial calcification was similar between patients with CGD and control subjects (14.6%, CGD; 6.3%, controls; P=0.39). Conclusions— The observation by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography of reduced carotid but not coronary artery atherosclerosis in patients with CGD despite the high prevalence of traditional risk factors raises questions about the role of NADPH oxidase in the pathogenesis of clinically significant atherosclerosis. Additional high-resolution studies in multiple vascular beds are required to address the therapeutic potential of NADPH oxidase inhibition in cardiovascular diseases. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01063309.
Fast(er) Exact Decoding and Global Training for Transition-Based Dependency Parsing via a Minimal Feature Set

We first present a minimal feature set for transition-based dependency parsing, continuing a recent trend started by Kiperwasser and Goldberg (2016a) and Cross and Huang (2016a) of using bi-directional LSTM features. We plug our minimal feature set into the dynamic-programming framework of Huang and Sagae (2010) and Kuhlmann et al. (2011) to produce the first implementation of worst-case O(n^3) exact decoders for arc-hybrid and arc-eager transition systems. With our minimal features, we also present O(n^3) global training methods. Finally, using ensembles including our new parsers, we achieve the best unlabeled attachment score reported (to our knowledge) on the Chinese Treebank and the “second-best-in-class” result on the English Penn Treebank.
Activating PIK3CA Mutations Induce an Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR)/Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Paracrine Signaling Axis in Basal-like Breast Cancer*

Mutations in PIK3CA, the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) have been shown to transform human mammary epithelial cells (MECs). These mutations are present in all breast cancer subtypes, including basal-like breast cancer (BLBC). Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we identified 72 protein expression changes in human basal-like MECs with knock-in E545K or H1047R PIK3CA mutations versus isogenic MECs with wild-type PIK3CA. Several of these were secreted proteins, cell surface receptors or ECM interacting molecules and were required for growth of PIK3CA mutant cells as well as adjacent cells with wild-type PIK3CA. The proteins identified by MS were enriched among human BLBC cell lines and pointed to a PI3K-dependent amphiregulin/EGFR/ERK signaling axis that is activated in BLBC. Proteins induced by PIK3CA mutations correlated with EGFR signaling and reduced relapse-free survival in BLBC. Treatment with EGFR inhibitors reduced growth of PIK3CA mutant BLBC cell lines and murine mammary tumors driven by a PIK3CA mutant transgene, all together suggesting that PIK3CA mutations promote tumor growth in part by inducing protein changes that activate EGFR.
Cloud-based malware detection for evolving data streams

Data stream classification for intrusion detection poses at least three major challenges. First, these data streams are typically infinite-length, making traditional multipass learning algorithms inapplicable. Second, they exhibit significant concept-drift as attackers react and adapt to defenses. Third, for data streams that do not have any fixed feature set, such as text streams, an additional feature extraction and selection task must be performed. If the number of candidate features is too large, then traditional feature extraction techniques fail. In order to address the first two challenges, this article proposes a multipartition, multichunk ensemble classifier in which a collection of v classifiers is trained from r consecutive data chunks using v-fold partitioning of the data, yielding an ensemble of such classifiers. This multipartition, multichunk ensemble technique significantly reduces classification error compared to existing single-partition, single-chunk ensemble approaches, wherein a single data chunk is used to train each classifier. To address the third challenge, a feature extraction and selection technique is proposed for data streams that do not have any fixed feature set. The technique's scalability is demonstrated through an implementation for the Hadoop MapReduce cloud computing architecture. Both theoretical and empirical evidence demonstrate its effectiveness over other state-of-the-art stream classification techniques on synthetic data, real botnet traffic, and malicious executables.
Characterization of the Interaction between the Nuclease and Reverse Transcriptase Activity of the Yeast Telomerase Complex

ABSTRACT Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that mediates extension of the dG-rich strand of telomeres in most eukaryotes. Like telomerase derived from ciliated protozoa, yeast telomerase is found to possess a tightly associated endonuclease activity that copurifies with the polymerization activity over different affinity-chromatographic steps. As is the case for ciliate telomerase, primers containing sequences that are not complementary to the RNA template can be efficiently cleaved by the yeast enzyme. More interestingly, we found that for the yeast enzyme, cleavage site selection is not stringent, since blocking cleavage at one site by the introduction of a nonhydrolyzable linkage can lead to the utilization of other sites. In addition, the reverse transcriptase activity of yeast telomerase can extend either the 5′- or 3′-end fragment following cleavage. Two general models that are consistent with the biochemical properties of the enzyme are presented: one model postulates two distinct active sites for the nuclease and reverse transcriptase, and the other invokes a multimeric enzyme with each protomer containing a single active site capable of mediating both cleavage and extension.
Towards Autonomous Network Domains

The Internet is currently evolving beyond what its architecture can support. Often, the mechanisms that allow the Internet to adapt to increasingly conflicting sets of new requirements break some of its basic design principles and can thus severely interfere with end-to-end communication. This paper recognizes that increased autonomy of network regions is a key requirement for future internetworking. It outlines a new internetworking architecture that enables interoperation among a set of autonomous, heterogeneous network domains. The architecture is based on a global identity space and does not require global addressing or a shared internetworking protocol. It integrates the new concept of dynamic network composition with other recent architectural concepts, such as decoupling locators from identifiers.
Decentralized Dynamic Channel Allocation for MIMO Systems

A common scenario in wireless communication systems is one where several systems coexist in the same area and communicate using the same portion of the spectrum, possibly even using different radio interfaces. Herein, we consider non-cooperative spectrum sharing rules for decentralized iterative dynamic channel allocation, based on utility functions, for multi-user systems with multiple antennas at both transmitters and receivers. Using the link rate as a utility function often leads to a suboptimal high-interference situation. The key to obtaining good separation over the scheduling slots, leading to higher spectral utilization, is a proper choice of utility function for the users. To obtain a decentralized scheduler with these desired properties, we introduce the idea of modifying the utility function and investigate its affect on the sum rate. A numerical example illustrates the performance compared to a scheduler employing the link rate as utility function.
Mosquito management: Views of accountability and their variance across neighborhoods in Perth, Western Australia

Public demand for residential land near natural wetlands has risen in Australia without sufficient account being given to the health risks posed by mosquitoes. A study conducted over the 2015-2016 Summer assessed residents’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the management of backyard mosquito breeding. Backyard inspections identified breeding habitats and quantified the mosquito fauna associated with residential dwellings. Residents living closer to natural mosquito breeding sites were more likely to regard mosquito management and abatement as a joint responsibility shared with their local government authority and seemed willing to take action within their own residential lot to reduce mosquito breeding potential. As distance from natural mosquito breeding sites increased, resident attitudes seemed to increasingly reflect a view of mosquito control as ‘someone else’s responsibility’; typically one for government to address. Consistent with this, residents living further from natural breeding sites appeared less likely to identify mosquito breeding potential in their own backyards or to take steps to reduce container breeding capacity. Rather than fear-related communication, public campaigns that emphasize better understanding of mosquito breeding and accurately communicate risks and responsibilities seem important if disease risks posed by mosquitoes are to
Familiar Face Detection in 180ms

The visual system is tuned for rapid detection of faces, with the fastest choice saccade to a face at 100ms. Familiar faces have a more robust representation than do unfamiliar faces, and are detected faster in the absence of awareness and with reduced attentional resources. Faces of family and close friends become familiar over a protracted period involving learning the unique visual appearance, including a view-invariant representation, as well as person knowledge. We investigated the effect of personal familiarity on the earliest stages of face processing by using a saccadic-choice task to measure how fast familiar face detection can happen. Subjects made correct and reliable saccades to familiar faces when unfamiliar faces were distractors at 180ms—very rapid saccades that are 30 to 70ms earlier than the earliest evoked potential modulated by familiarity. By contrast, accuracy of saccades to unfamiliar faces with familiar faces as distractors did not exceed chance. Saccades to faces with object distractors were even faster (110 to 120 ms) and equivalent for familiar and unfamiliar faces, indicating that familiarity does not affect ultra-rapid saccades. We propose that detectors of diagnostic facial features for familiar faces develop in visual cortices through learning and allow rapid detection that precedes explicit recognition of identity.
Development of a Quantitative Method for Evaluation of Skin Radiance and Its Relationship with Skin Surface Topography

Skin radiance is an important determinant of skin beauty that almost all women desire. However, the optical reflection characteristics that create the perception of skin radiance are not fully established. The skin properties associated with radiance have received little attention. The aim of this study is to examine the optical characteristics of skin radiance and its associations with other skin properties. We established a method for evaluating skin radiance by measuring the intensities of specular and diffuse reflection components and investigated their age dependence. The results indicated high levels of both specular and diffusion reflection in radiant skin. An age-dependent decrease and a slight increase of diffuse and specular reflection, respectively, were found in the group aged 60─79 years. We examined the number of ridges and surface roughness of corneocyte cells. High specular reflectance was associated with low numbers of the ridges and surface roughness values of corneocyte cells. Because well-conditioned skin shows high numbers of ridges, smoothing the corneocyte cell surface effectively enhances the specular skin reflection value.
Prevalence and Assessment of Clinical Management of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Female Sex Workers in Two Cities of India

Objective. Control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among female sex workers (FSWs) is an important strategy to reduce HIV transmission. A study was conducted to determine the prevalence and assess the current clinical management of STIs in India. Methods. FSWs attending three clinics for regular checkups or symptoms were screened for study eligibility. A behavioral questionnaire was administered, clinical examination performed, and laboratory samples collected. Results. 417 study participants reported a mean number of 4.9 (SD 3.5) commercial clients in the last week. 14.6% reported anal sex in the last three months. Consistent condom use with commercial and regular partners was 70.1% and 17.5%, respectively. The prevalence of gonorrhea was 14.1%, chlamydia 16.1%, and trichomoniasis 31.1% with a third of all infections being asymptomatic. Syphilis seropositivity was 10.1%. Conclusions. At study sites, presumptive treatment for gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis screening should continue. Presumptive treatment for trichomoniasis should be considered. Consistent condom use and partner treatment need to be reemphasized.
Processor Shadowing: Maximizing Expected Throughput in Fault-Tolerant Systems

This paper studies parallel processing as a device for increasing fault tolerance. In the first of two basic models, a single job with a given running time is to be run on a finite set of processors; each processor is subject to failure but only while running a job. If a job is running on only one processor, and that processor fails, then the job must be restarted on another processor, assuming not all processors have already failed. To avoid such losses in accrued running time when at least two processors are available, it can be decided at any time to run the job synchronously on two processors in parallel, a replication technique we call shadowing. Clearly, shadowing has its own downside: while two processors are running, the failure rate is doubled. We show how to resolve this trade-off optimally; we devise a policy that schedules shadowing in such a way as to maximize the probability that the job finishes before all processors fail. We prove that the policy is of threshold type. That is, depending on the number of processors and the duration of the job, there is an optimal time to begin shadowing; once started, shadowing continues so long as neither processor fails and the job does not complete. We also show that the thresholds are monotone in the number of processors, i.e., if more processors are initially available, then shadowing should be started sooner. In the second of our two models, we have the same set-up except that we have an unbounded number of jobs, each having the same running time, and the objective is to maximize the expected number of jobs completed before all processors fail. We show that the optimal policy is again of threshold type, but that the thresholds are, surprisingly, not monotone in the number of processors. The optimal thresholds have a curious oscillatory behavior that we study in detail. Variants of the above problems are also analyzed using the same methods; several other variants are left as interesting open problems.
Job Scheduling based on Harmonization between the Requested and Available Processing Power in the Cloud Computing Environment

The Cloud Computing is a most recent computing paradigm where IT services are provided and delivered over the Internet on demand and pay as you go. On the other hands, the taskscheduling problem is considered one of the main challenges in the Cloud Computing environment, where a good mapping between the available resources and the users’s tasks is needed to reduce the execution time of the users’ tasks (i.e., reduce make-span), in the same time, increase the degree of capitalization from resources (i.e., increase resource utilization). In this paper, a new task scheduling algorithm has been proposed and implemented to reduce the make-span, as well as, increase the resources utilization by considering independent tasks. The proposed algorithm is based on calculating the total processing power of the available resources (i.e., VMs) and the total requested processing power by the users’ tasks,then allocating a group of users’ tasks to each VM according to the ratio of its needed power corresponding to the total processing power of all VMs. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, a comparative study has been done among the proposed algorithm, and the existed GA, and PSO algorithms. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other algorithms by reducing make-span and increasing the resources utilization.
Alkylation of Adenosine Deaminase and Thioredoxin by Acrylamide in Human Cell Cultures

Acrylamide is an α,β-unsaturated vinyl monomer that causes cytotoxicity due to its alkylating properties. In recent years several proteins have been identified that are alkylated by acrylamide in vivo. This finding might explain the neurotoxic effects of acrylamide in humans. However, the list of potential acrylamide target proteins is far from being complete. In particular, the proteins that mediate the cytotoxicity of acrylamide in cell cultures remained unknown. Here we identify two novel acrylamide target proteins in human cell cultures (Jurkat, HepG2 and Caco-2), adenosine deaminase and thioredoxin
A complex containing p34cdc2 and cyclin B phosphorylates the nuclear lamin and disassembles nuclei of clam oocytes in vitro

Cell-free extracts prepared from activated clam oocytes contain factors which induce phosphorylation of the single 67-kD lamin (L67), disassemble clam oocyte nuclei, and cause chromosome condensation in vitro (Dessev, G., R. Palazzo, L. Rebhun, and R. Goldman. 1989. Dev. Biol. 131:469-504). To identify these factors, we have fractionated the oocyte extracts. The nuclear lamina disassembly (NLD) activity, together with a protein kinase activity specific for L67, appear as a single peak throughout a number of purification steps. This peak also contains p34cdc2, cyclin B, and histone H1-kinase activity, which are components of the M-phase promoting factor (MPF). The NLD/L67-kinase activity is depleted by exposure of this purified material to Sepharose conjugated to p13suc1, and is restored upon addition of a p34cdc2/p62 complex from HeLa cells. The latter complex phosphorylates L67 and induces NLD in the absence of other clam oocyte proteins. Our results suggest that a single protein kinase activity (p34cdc2-H1 kinase, identical with MPF) phosphorylates the lamin and is involved in the meiotic breakdown of the nuclear envelope in clam oocytes.
Quantifying the Role of Oceanic Feedbacks on ENSO Asymmetry

The role of oceanic feedbacks in determining the asymmetry of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) magnitude, spatial structure, and duration is quantified on the basis of a novel temperature variance budget. Results confirm previous studies that in the eastern Pacific, El Niño warm temperature anomalies are larger in magnitude than La Niña cold temperature anomalies mainly due to stronger positive oceanic feedbacks for El Niño. We find that La Niña cold anomalies are typically stronger than El Niño warm anomalies in the central Pacific with a faster growth rate for cold anomalies, due to a stronger positive thermocline feedback and weaker nonlinear damping. The thermocline feedback related to recharge oscillator dynamics plays a dominate role and leads to asymmetry in the duration of El Niño and La Niña events. In particular, the thermocline feedback becomes significantly negative during the late decaying phase of El Niño and speeds up its demise.