Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic Interdependence and the Educational Development of Bilingual Children

The central thesis of this paper is that a cognitively and academically beneficial form of bilingualism can be achieved only on the basis of adequately developed first language (L1) skills. Two hypotheses are formulated and combined to arrive at this position. The “developmental interdependence” hypothesis proposes that the development of competence in a second language (L2) is partially a function of the type of competence already developed in L1 at the time when intensive exposure to L2 begins. The “threshold” hypothesis proposes that there may be threshold levels of linguistic competence which a bilingual child must attain both in order to avoid cognitive disadvantages and allow the potentially beneficial aspects of bilingualism to influence his cognitive and academic functioning. These hypotheses are integrated into a model of bilingual education in which educational outcomes are explained as a function of the interaction between background, child input and educational treatment factors. It is suggested that many evaluations of bilingual education programs have produced uninterpretable data because they have failed to incorporate the possibility of these interactions into their research designs.
Differentiating Dispositional Self-Forgiveness from Other-Forgiveness: Associations with Mental Health and Life Satisfaction

Much of the literature on forgiveness assumes that the process of self-forgiveness and other-forgiveness involved the same processes although there is less research self-forgiveness. The literature also supports associations between unforgiveness and poorer mental health with anger as an implied causal link. Two cross-sectional studies are reported designed to differentiate between dispositional self- and other-forgiveness. In response to face validity issues in the Mauger and colleagues (1992) Forgiveness of Self and others Scale, the scale was factor analyzed and a revised scale with improved face validity and factor structure was produced. In study 1, 297 undergraduates completed measures of mental health, life satisfaction, trait anger, and the revised Mauger scale. Using path analysis with AMOS17, two models based on associations reported in the research and clinical literature were tested. Other-unforgiveness was unrelated to mental health and life satisfaction while self-unforgiveness was a predict.
Altered Peak Knee Valgus during Jump-Landing among Various Directions in Basketball and Volleyball Athletes

Purpose Excessive knee valgus during landing tasks is a contributing factor to knee injuries. Most studies have examined lower extremity biomechanics during the forward direction of a jump-landing task. Athletes perform many movements in the air and land in multi-directions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the peak knee valgus angle (PKVA) during one leg jump-landing in various directions. Methods Eighteen male basketball and volleyball athletes participated in the study. Participants performed one leg jump-landing tests from a 30 cm height platform in four directions. Knee valgus motion was measured using Vicon™ motion system. The data were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA. Results Direction significantly (P<0.001) influenced the PKVA during landing. Significantly higher PKVA was observed for the lateral (8.8°±4.7°) direction as compared to forward (5.8°±4.6°) direction (P<0.05). The PKVA in 30° diagonal (7.5°±4.6°) and 60° diagonal (7.7°±5.7°) directions was higher than in the forward direction (P<0.05). Conclusion One leg jump-landing in lateral and diagonal directions results in a higher PKVA compared to landing in a forward direction and could lead to a higher risk of knee injury.
Multiplex Assay Detection of Immunoglobulin G Antibodies That Recognize Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium parvum Antigens

ABSTRACT Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are common enteric parasitic diseases that have similar routes of transmission. In this work, we have identified epitopes within the Giardia variant-specific surface protein (VSP) sequences that are recognized by IgG antibodies from 13 of 14 (93%) sera from patients with stool-confirmed giardiasis. The conserved epitopes are shared among VSPs from both of the assemblages that commonly infect humans, and they are likely to be structural, as both sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment and dithiothreitol reduction decrease antibody recognition. In a multiplex bead assay (MBA), we used three VSP fragments from an assemblage A Giardia strain, three VSP fragments from assemblage B strains, and the α-1 giardin structural antigen to detect IgG antibodies to Giardia and used the recombinant 17- and 27-kDa antigens to simultaneously detect IgG antibodies to Cryptosporidium. The MBA differentiated between sera from Giardia and Cryptosporidium outbreaks and also identified a giardiasis outbreak that may have included cryptosporidiosis cases. Approximately 40% of cryptosporidiosis outbreak samples had high MBA responses for both the 27- and 17-kDa antigens, while <10% of nonoutbreak and giardiasis outbreak samples had high responses. At least 60% of giardiasis outbreak samples were positive for antibodies to multiple Giardia antigens, while ≤12% of nonoutbreak samples and samples from U.S. and British Columbia cryptosporidiosis outbreaks met our definition for Giardia seropositivity. A MBA using multiple parasite antigens may prove useful in the epidemiologic analysis of future waterborne or food-borne outbreaks of diarrheal disease.
The rnb Gene of Synechocystis PCC6803 Encodes a RNA Hydrolase Displaying RNase II and Not RNase R Enzymatic Properties

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms that share characteristics with bacteria and chloroplasts regarding mRNA degradation. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a model organism for cyanobacteria, but not much is known about the mechanism of RNA degradation. Only one member of the RNase II-family is present in the genome of Synechocystis sp PCC6803. This protein was shown to be essential for its viability, which indicates that it may have a crucial role in the metabolism of Synechocystis RNA. The aim of this work was to characterize the activity of the RNase II/R homologue present in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. The results showed that as expected, it displayed hydrolytic activity and released nucleoside monophosphates. When compared to two E. coli counterparts, the activity assays showed that the Synechocystis protein displays RNase II, and not RNase R characteristics. This is the first reported case where when only one member of the RNase II/R family exists it displays RNase II and not RNase R characteristics.
Climate change – psychology’s contribution

Climate change is a word on everybody’s lips at the moment. But, what role can we, as psychologists, both individually and within our sub-disciplinary groups play in reducing and adapting to the impacts of society’s ‘carbon footprint’? This article argues that the issue of climate change raises an important set of research and public policy questions which psychologists are well placed to help address. In particular, we focus on the issues of sustainable behaviour change and nuclear power.
Can Music Influence Language and Cognition?

Evidence has suggested that music can improve behavioural performance in several domains, including intelligence. Scientists have also discovered that music can modify the brain at both functional and structural levels. Such neural changes can impact several domains, but one domain seems to be particularly influenced by music—namely, language. Music and language seem to share special features that allow music to improve and shape language processing. This review will first discuss neuroimaging findings related to music training or musical expertise. Then, the influence of music on language processing outcomes will be considered. Finally, we will look into several future directions at the theoretical level, focusing on the relationship between music and language. Also, it will be argued that there are plausible applications for such findings, in particular when considering music as a rehabilitation tool.
Continuity and change in Cameroonian land policy

This article discusses the evolution of modern land policy in Cameroon. Emphasis is placed on the land reform efforts of the country’s different colonial and post-colonial governments, especially the nature and rationale for these efforts. It is argued that while there might have been some changes in the tactics employed by the different governments, the rationale has always been the same, namely to bestow the state with as much control as possible over land. Such control is necessary to facilitate attainment of the state’s ideological, economic and political objectives. Continuity in the land reform policies is thus explained by the fact that these objectives have remained unchanged since the colonial era.
Survey of i.v. paracetamol (acetaminophen) use in neonates and infants under 1 year of age by UK anesthetists

Background: The license for i.v. paracetamol has recently been extended to include term neonates and infants aged 1 year, at a uniform dose across this age range of 7.5 mg·kg−1, total daily dose 30 mg·kg−1·day−1. We were interested to survey current i.v. paracetamol prescribing practices of anesthetists in the UK, in neonates and infants under 1 year of age.
Laboratory testing policies and their effects on routine surveillance of community antimicrobial resistance.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of laboratory testing policies, particularly selective testing, rule-based reporting and isolate identification, on estimates of community antimicrobial resistance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibiotic resistance estimates were analysed from an all-Wales dataset for approximately 300 000 community isolates of common pathogens. RESULTS Selective testing policies were often associated with markedly increased resistance, particularly for second-line testing. Site-specific testing tended to yield variant resistance estimates for eye and ear isolates. Estimates from rule-based reporting deviated markedly from test-result-based reporting. Urinary isolates reported as Escherichia coli showed greater susceptibility than those reported as undifferentiated urinary 'coliforms'. The proportion of isolates tested for an antibiotic by a laboratory was a useful indicator of selective testing in this dataset. Selective testing policies had invariably been applied where the proportion of isolates of a species tested against an antibiotic was <90%. As this proportion fell with increasingly selective policies, divergence from pooled-all-Wales non-selective estimates tended to increase, with a bias to increased resistance. CONCLUSIONS Selective testing, rule-based reporting and urinary coliform identification policies all had significant effects upon resistance estimates. Triage based upon the proportion of isolates tested seemed a useful tool in assigning analysis resources. Where <20% of isolates were tested, selective policies with inherent bias to increased resistance were common, the low number of isolates gave high potential sampling errors, and little confidence could be placed in the resistance estimate. Where 20-90% of isolates were tested, detailed analysis sometimes revealed resistance estimates that might be usefully retrieved. Where >/=90% of isolates were tested, there was no evidence of selective testing, and inter-laboratory variation in estimates appeared to be safely ascribable to other effects, e.g. methodology or real variation in resistance levels.
Inequality Regimes

In this article, the author addresses two feminist issues: first, how to conceptualize intersectionality, the mutual reproduction of class, gender, and racial relations of inequality, and second, how to identify barriers to creating equality in work organizations. She develops one answer to both issues, suggesting the idea of “inequality regimes” as an analytic approach to understanding the creation of inequalities in work organizations. Inequality regimes are the interlocked practices and processes that result in continuing inequalities in all work organizations. Work organizations are critical locations for the investigation of the continuous creation of complex inequalities because much societal inequality originates in such organizations. Work organizations are also the target for many attempts to alter patterns of inequality: The study of change efforts and the oppositions they engender are often opportunities to observe frequently invisible aspects of the reproduction of inequalities. The concept of inequality regimes may be useful in analyzing organizational change projects to better understand why these projects so often fail and why they succeed when this occurs.
More than just a brain: emotions and the doctoral experience

While the epistemological and ontological challenges faced by doctoral candidates are well documented, the same cannot be said of the emotional dimensions of the journey. This paper draws on Activity Theory in exploring the role of emotion in the longitudinal doctoral learning experiences of six international PhD candidates studying in Australia. Analysis reveals that writing and supervision practices are common sites of tension but that the prevailing culture of silence militates against systemic change.
Human-to-human interfaces for remote service kiosks: the potential of audiovisual communication

Face-to-face service, implemented as a fully automatic remote self-service, is a common way to digitalize public and private services. Continually diversifying user groups have repeatedly challenged this strategy and the user-centeredness in the systems design. Interface personalization has been used to improve web services but service production still suffers from complex interaction processes, trust, and security problems. One solution for the problems would be a human-to-human interface-based remote system via the Internet. When designed to utilize audiovisual communication in the online interaction of real people, a kiosk interface remains simple, enables the personalization of the actual customer service with the trust, security, and ease of use ensuing from the need of the service and the individual facilitating the interaction.
Placebo-controlled trial of itraconazole for treatment of acute vaginal candidiasis

Itraconazole is a new orally active triazole antifungal agent with enhanced activity against Candida species. In the clinical trial described in this paper, we compared the efficacy and safety of itraconazole capsules with those of clotrimazole vaginal tablets and placebo oral capsules for women with acute vulvovaginal candidiasis. Ninety-five patients were randomized in a 2:1:1 fashion to receive itraconazole (200 mg/day), clotrimazole (200 mg/day), or placebo (two capsules per day) for 3 consecutive days. Clinical success rates (cure and improvement) were similar for women who received itraconazole (96%) and clotrimazole (100%) 1 week posttreatment. These response rates were statistically superior to those obtained with placebo treatment (77%, P < 0.05). Negative mycological cultures were found in 95, 73, and 32% of the patients treated with clotrimazole, itraconazole, and placebo, respectively (P < 0.005) [active treatments versus placebo]). By 4 weeks posttreatment, the clinical failure rate for itraconazole was less than that observed for clotrimazole (17 versus 30%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance (P > 0.05; beta = 0.81). Mycological response rates for itraconazole and clotrimazole were also similar. No patients enrolled in this study discontinued treatment because of an adverse event. Minor side effects were reported by 35, 4, and 41% of patients who received itraconazole, clotrimazole, and placebo, respectively. The most common side effects associated with itraconazole therapy were nausea and headache. In summary, itraconazole was found to be as effective and safe as clotrimazole in women with acute candida vaginitis. Moreover, oral therapy was highly favored over intravaginal treatment in our survey of patients.
The costs and benefits of processing emotional stimuli during rapid serial visual presentation

Using a dual-target identification task during rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), we examined facilitation and interference effects exerted by emotional stimuli. Emotionally arousing first targets (T1s) were encoded with higher accuracy than neutral T1s. At the same time, identification of a second neutral target (T2) was impaired reflecting a failure of disengaging attention from arousing T1s. Similar interference was triggered by arousing filler stimuli that were not voluntarily searched for in the RSVP stream (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we showed that interference is reduced (though facilitation for arousing T1s is maintained) when the second task itself involves variations in emotional arousal. Vice versa, when arousal associated with the T2 stimulus was predictable, interference recurred (Experiment 4). Our findings indicate that the perceived emotional intensity of a stimulus is a determinant of successful identification during RSVP: Encoding of arousing stimuli is reliably facilitated. Interference effects with subsequent processing arise independently and are strongly modulated by the overall task context and specific processing strategies.
A theory of term weighting based on exploratory data analysis

Techniques of exploratory data analysis are used to study the weight of evidence that the occurrence of a query term provides in support of the hypothesis that a document is relevant to an information need. In particular, the relationship between the document frequency and the weight of evidence is investigated. A correlation between document frequency normalized by collection size and the mutual information between relevance and term occurrence is uncovered. This correlation is found to be robust across a variety of query sets and document collections. Based on this relationship, a theoretical explanation of the efficacy of inverse document frequency for term weighting is developed which differs in both style and content from theories previously put forth. The theory predicts that a “flattening” of idf at both low and high frequency should result in improved retrieval performance. This altered idf formulation is tested on all TREC query sets. Retrieval results corroborate the prediction of improved retrieval performance. In conclusion, we argue that exploratory data analysis can be a valuable tool for research whose goal is the development of an explanatory theory of information retrieval.
Coalitions , Agreements and E ¢ ciency E ¤ rosyni

If agents negotiate openly and form coalitions, can they reach e¢ cient agreements? We address this issue within a class of coalition formation games with externalities where agents preferences depend solely on the coalition structure they are associated with. We derive Ray and Vohras (1997) notion of equilibrium binding agreements using von Neumann and Morgenstern abstract stable set and then extend it to allow for arbitrary coalitional deviations (as opposed to nested deviations assumed originally). We show that, while the extended notion facilitates the attainment of e¢ cient agreements, ine¢ cient agreements can nevertheless arise, even if utility transfers are possible. Journal of Economic Literature Classi cation Number : C71 C72.
Reading Philosophy with Background Knowledge and Metacognition

This paper describes how and why I help students learn how to read philosophy. I argue that explicit reading instruction should be part of lower level philosophy courses. Specifically, students should be given metacognitively informed instruction that explicitly discusses relevant background knowledge. In the postscript, I note that student reactions to this type of instruction verify its necessity. The appendix contains a “How to Read Philosophy” handout that I use in my classes.
Developing attitude to science scales for use with children of ages from five to eleven years

This paper reports on the development stages of three attitudes to science and school scales for use with children aged from 5-11 years. The investigation is part of a project intended to improve pupil achievement in science in 16 schools in an English city. The base-line performance of the attitude scales with over 800 pupils is reported. Attitude sub-scales measure 'liking school', 'independent investigator', 'science enthusiasm', the 'social context' of science, and 'science as a difficult subject' with Cronbach Alpha reliabilities for the year groups varying from above 0.8 to below 0.7. For the sample, both boys' and girls' enthusiasm for science declines progressively with age alongside a similar decline in their perception that science is difficult.
Through a different lens: exploring Reggio Emilia in a Welsh context

In Wales, concerns about the perceived over‐formalisation of young children’s educational experiences led to the introduction of a Foundation Phase Framework for children aged three to seven years that advocates a more holistic, play‐based approach. Following the staging of the Reggio Emilia travelling exhibition, funding was secured for a project in which teachers explored Reggio philosophy and practices as a means of gaining insight into their thinking and pedagogy. Given the introduction of the Foundation Phase, the project also intended to support teachers’ explorations of child‐led learning. Looking at their practice ‘through another lens’ exposed teachers’ commitment to an approach dominated by prescribed, subject‐related outcomes. This approach influenced the way in which the teachers interpreted key aspects of Reggio philosophy and contributed to their difficulties with ‘supporting’ child‐led learning. The paper concludes that moving away from a ‘subject‐centred’ approach, particularly when the Framework includes prescribed learning outcomes, may be extremely challenging for teachers.
A Cross-Cultural Assessment of School Connectedness: Testing Measurement Invariance With United States and Chilean Adolescents

Positive associations between measures of school or academic connectedness and behavioral and academic outcomes suggest that connectedess is an important protective factor for adolescents in the United States. However, little is known about the meaning or measurement of academic connectedness, outside the United States, and especially in South America where rapid economic and educational changes are underway. Using the Hemingway: Measure of Adolescent Connectedness measurement invariance analyses were conducted that compared Chilean and United States samples. Results revealed that although all scales reflected factorial validity in both cultures, the connectedness to school, teachers, and self-in-the-future factors were noninvariant across groups, whereas the factors of connectedness to peers and self-in-the-present were invariant across groups. Consequently, all of these subscales can be used in both contexts, but comparing United States and Chilean youth on three subscales may be ill advised.
The Spiritual Land Rush: Merit and Morality in New Chinese Buddhist Temple Construction

This article explores factors contributing to a boom in Buddhist temple construction in contemporary mainland China. In contrast to recent studies focusing on struggles between religious believers and the state over the revival of local temples and churches, this article examines the culture of merit making and morality building that leads clergy and lay practitioners to form translocal networks with the aim of constructing temples in rural areas where they have few or any cultural ties. The author explores how temple building is driven by differing moral visions within the urban Buddhist community, but with little consideration for the culture and history of the people in the localities where the temples are constructed.