Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender and Turnover: A Re-examination of the Impact of Sex on Intent and Actual Job Changes

Gender as a correlate of turnover has been inconclusive as a factor in understanding the development of a turnover decision. Yet, it is a decisive factor in the operation of key labor market processes which directly affect the entry and exit of labor to and from work organizations. Two possible conceptual and methodological explanations for this seemingly contradictory situation are proposed which distinguish "intent" from "actual turnover" and disaggregate male and female components of the "sex" variable. The lower and less consistent labor force participation rates of women in contrast to men led us to hypothesize that actual turnover behavior and intent to leave will be gender-specific, as well as influenced by differing sets of labor market and work environment factors. Three propositions testing these hypothesized relationships between gender and "intent" and "actual turnover" were examined. A representative sample of 506 textile workers located at 15 separate worksites was examined. A series of logistic models was devised which first began by clarifying the dual link between gender and both the intent to leave and actual turnover. Identical but separate logistic regression models were performed on men and women. This was followed by assessing if differing sets of biodemographic, perceived work environmental, and labor market variables explain differences for men and women in intent and/or actual turnover behavior. The results establish that women had greater rates of actual turnover than men, but no differences were found in the intent to leave. Both groups perceived their work environment similarly. The logistic analysis, however, confirmed that gender was a significant explanator of actual turnover but lot of intent. Contrasting alternative logistic models disclosed that different antecedent variables explained variations between men and women in both intent and turnover. These results help explain the inconsistent results linking gender to turnover, as well as emphasize that gender differences are crucial to understanding the development of a turnover decision. These results are then interpreted in light of the significance of gender to other forms of organizational behavior.
Hurting no-one else's body but your own : people with intellectual disability who self injure in a forensic service

Background This paper details the experiences of nine people with mild/moderate intellectual disability who self injure; looking beyond the clinical presentations in an attempt to capture the perceptions these people have of their care in a medium secure unit. Methods A phenomenological approach was used, and during in-depth interviews, the participants gave rich descriptions of their experiences of self-injury. Results The analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes; coping strategies, staff and the organizational response - therapeutic communication, close observation and looking to the future. As a coping strategy, self-injury was seen as an effective means of reducing distress - there were unique and common reasons for this distress. Common themes relating to the actions and reactions of health professionals and the organizational response were evident within all accounts. Conclusions The theoretical and clinical implications for service users are discussed.
A Fully Integrated Inductor-Based GaN Boost Converter With Self-Generated Switching Signal for Vehicular Applications

An inductor-based GaN dc-boost converter with self-generated switching signal is proposed to remove power and area consuming gate drivers for toggling a large transistor switch. All the active and passive components are integrated on a 3 mm ×3 mm die using 0.25-μm GaN-on-SiC process. The circuit operates at 680-MHz switching frequency with 0.24 W/mm2 power density at 20-V output voltage for vehicular applications with 12-V car battery input.
Astrocyte glycogen and brain energy metabolism

The brain contains glycogen but at low concentration compared with liver and muscle. In the adult brain, glycogen is found predominately in astrocytes. Astrocyte glycogen content is modulated by a number of factors including some neurotransmitters and ambient glucose concentration. Compelling evidence indicates that astrocyte glycogen breaks down during hypoglycemia to lactate that is transferred to adjacent neurons or axons where it is used aerobically as fuel. In the case of CNS white matter, this source of energy can extend axon function for 20 min or longer. Likewise, during periods of intense neural activity when energy demand exceeds glucose supply, astrocyte glycogen is degraded to lactate, a portion of which is transferred to axons for fuel. Astrocyte glycogen, therefore, offers some protection against hypoglycemic neural injury and ensures that neurons and axons can maintain their function during very intense periods of activation. These emerging principles about the roles of astrocyte glycogen contradict the long held belief that this metabolic pool has little or no functional significance. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficiency of different protocols for enamel clean-up after bracket debonding: an in vitro study

Objective: This study aimed to assess the efficiency of six protocols for cleaning-up tooth enamel after bracket debonding. Methods: A total of 60 premolars were divided into six groups, according to the tools used for clean-up: 12-blade bur at low speed (G12L), 12-blade bur at high speed (G12H), 30-blade bur at low speed (G30L), DU10CO ORTHO polisher (GDU), Renew System (GR) and Diagloss polisher (GD). Mean roughness (Ra) and mean roughness depth (Rz) of enamel surface were analyzed with a profilometer. Paired t-test was used to assess Ra and Rz before and after enamel clean-up. ANOVA/Tukey tests were used for intergroup comparison. The duration of removal procedures was recorded. The association between time and variation in enamel roughness (∆Ra, ∆Rz) were evaluated by Pearson's correlation test. Enamel topography was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: In Groups G12L and G12H, original enamel roughness did not change significantly. In Groups G30L, GDU, GR and GD, a smoother surface (p < 0.05) was found after clean-up. In Groups G30L and GD, the protocols used were more time-consuming than those used in the other groups. Negative and moderate correlation was observed between time and (∆Ra, ∆Rz); Ra and (∆Ra, ∆Rz); Rz (r = - 0.445, r = - 0.475, p < 0.01). Conclusion: All enamel clean-up protocols were efficient because they did not result in increased surface roughness. The longer the time spent performing the protocol, the lower the surface roughness.
Toward a New Sociology of Rights: A Genealogy of “Buried Bodies” of Citizenship and Human Rights

Although a thriving social science literature in citizenship has emerged in the past two decades, to date there exists neither a sociology of rights nor a sociology of human rights. Theoretical obstacles include the association of rights with the philosophical discourse of normativity, the abstraction of universalism, and the individualism attributed to rights-bearers. Parallel historical obstacles dating from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948 include American exceptionalism and racism, cultural relativism, the institutional primacy of sovereignty, and the privileging of civil rights over socioeconomic rights. Except in the United States, today human rights discourse is the lingua franca of global struggles*; building a sociology of rights as a collective project is now imperative. This article unearths and reconstructs 60 years of political clashes, intellectual debates, and struggles for inclusion and recognition surrounding human rights and citizenship—much of which has been hidd.
Identity Theory as a Guide to Understanding Fathers' Involvement With Their Children

Identity theory was used to explore fathers' involvement with their children. Eighty-nine married couples with preschool children completed questionnaires and interviews providing information on how involved they were in child-rearing activities. Participants rated the centrality of their parent versus worker status and of the nurturing role. Results indicated that fathers did not differ on any involvement measures regardless of whether they rated the parent or worker status most central. However, fathers who considered the nurturing role highly central to their sense of self engaged in significantly more interaction and responsibility behaviors with their children and were significantly more involved overall than fathers low on nurturing role centrality. Specific behaviors and attitudes of mothers were significantly related to fathers' assessments of nurturing role centrality. Results hold important implications for the refinement of identity theory and for the development of parenting programs and public policy initiatives designed to increase father involvement.
Cultivation Analysis: An Overview

If future historians wanted to know about the common cultural environment of stories and images into which a child was born in the second half of the 20th century, where would they turn? How would they describe its action structure, thematic content, and representation of people? How would they trace the ebb and flow of its currents? Pathetic to say, they would find no other source than our own Cultural Indicators database and reports.
An exploration of the value and mechanisms of befriending for older adults in England

ABSTRACT Social isolation and loneliness in older adults are growing problems. Empirical research suggests that loneliness can lead to poorer health outcomes including higher mortality rates. Befriending has been shown to decrease loneliness and depression although the exact mechanisms of action are unclear. In this study we aimed to explore experiences and identify key ‘ingredients’ of befriending through interviews conducted with 25 older adults who had used five different befriending services across England. We used Berkman's theoretical model of how individual social networks impact on health to help interpret our data and explore the mechanisms of befriending for older adults. Findings suggest that befriending offers some compensation for loss of elective relationships from older adults’ social networks, providing opportunities for emotional support and reciprocal social exchange through development of safe, confiding relationships. Good conversational skills and empathy were the foundation of successful relationships within which commonalities were then sought. Befrienders broadened befriendees’ perspectives on life (particularly among older adults in residential care). Social engagement was a powerful mechanism of action, particularly in terms of connecting people back into the community, reinforcing meaningful social roles and connecting to a past life that had often been significantly disrupted by loss. Understanding key components and mechanisms of befriending for older adults may facilitate development of more effective and theoretically sound befriending services.
Generational differences and similarities among Puerto Rican and Mexican mothers' experiences with familial ethnic socialization

We used focus group methodology to explore differences and similarities in the process of familial ethnic socialization among first-and second-generation Mexican and Puerto Rican mothers (N = 75). Across all groups, mothers communicated the importance and purposefulness of familial ethnic socialization practices that took place in their homes. A number of similarities emerged across national origin and generational groups, indicating that there were numerous shared experiences that did not change with greater time in the US and did not vary by national origin. Nevertheless, differences across generational status and within national origin groups were also discovered. Findings are discussed within the context of Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory and an acculturative framework.
What's in a Name? Chinese Learners and the Practice of Adopting ‘English’ Names

This paper examines the widespread practice of Chinese learners choosing (and sometimes refusing) to adopt English and Anglicised names. Data collected from questionnaires and interviews with both students and teachers are analysed in order to arrive at an understanding of why such a practice has arisen and continues to be perpetuated throughout institutions of higher education. Evidence will suggest that this practice cannot be divorced from Chinese learners' perceptions of themselves, their own culture, and their experience of learning English. It will highlight strategies of both compliance and resistance employed by students when they adopt and exchange names: strategies which say much about their attitudes to British culture and learning English in particular. At the same time, teachers' attitudes to students' names will be seen to highlight, at a basic level, some of the difficulties encountered when East meets West in the classroom. The paper concludes by suggesting that China's unique relationship to ELT is fundamental to Chinese learners adopting ‘English’ names.
The Amino-terminal Domain of the Vacuolar Proton-translocating ATPase a Subunit Controls Targeting and in Vivo Dissociation, and the Carboxyl-terminal Domain Affects Coupling of Proton Transport and ATP Hydrolysis*

The 100-kDa “a” subunit of the vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) is encoded by two genes in yeast, VPH1 and STV1. The Vph1p-containing complex localizes to the vacuole, whereas the Stv1p-containing complex resides in some other intracellular compartment, suggesting that the a subunit contains information necessary for the correct targeting of the V-ATPase. We show that Stv1p localizes to a late Golgi compartment at steady state and cycles continuously via a prevacuolar endosome back to the Golgi. V-ATPase complexes containing Vph1p and Stv1p also differ in their assembly properties, coupling of proton transport to ATP hydrolysis, and dissociation in response to glucose depletion. To identify the regions of the a subunit that specify these different properties, chimeras were constructed containing the cytosolic amino-terminal domain of one isoform and the integral membrane, carboxyl-terminal domain from the other isoform. Like the Stv1p-containing complex, the V-ATPase complex containing the chimera with the amino-terminal domain of Stv1p localized to the Golgi and the complex did not dissociate in response to glucose depletion. Like the Vph1p-containing complex, the V-ATPase complex containing the chimera with the amino-terminal domain of Vph1p localized to the vacuole and the complex exhibited normal dissociation upon glucose withdrawal. Interestingly, the V-ATPase complex containing the chimera with the carboxyl-terminal domain of Vph1p exhibited a higher coupling of proton transport to ATP hydrolysis than the chimera containing the carboxyl-terminal domain of Stv1p. Our results suggest that whereas targeting and in vivo dissociation are controlled by sequences located in the amino-terminal domains of the subunit a isoforms, coupling efficiency is controlled by the carboxyl-terminal region.
Cervical spine fractures in the elderly: factors influencing survival in 65 cases.

To evaluate whether a cervical spine fracture increases the death risk in elderly patients, and to define risk factors, we studied the survival of 65 patients (26 women) with a mean age of 77 (66-99) years. 8 of the patients were tetraparetic. In 35 patients, the upper cervical spine was fractured. 7 patients suffered from ankylosing spondylitis. Severe co-morbidity was present in 16. Survival status and the date of death were retrieved from the government official personal registry. The expected survival was calculated from data retrieved from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Variables having a possible relation with survival (i.e., a p-value < 0.10 when entered into a Kaplan-Meier survival analysis) were used in a Cox multiple regression survival analysis. 53 (24-105) months after injury, 25 of the 65 patients had died. The survival was significantly lower than the expected values. Severe co-morbidity (risk ratio: 5,6), neurological injury (6,4), high age (1,1), and ankylosing spondylitis (5,5) proved to be significant risk factors for death. Thus, a cervical spine fracture may lead to earlier death in a patient with a severe co-morbidity. A neurological complication constitutes a risk also for a previously healthy individual. Patients having ankylosing spondylitis (with increased death risk) run a higher than normal risk of sustaining a cervical spine fracture.
Opinion survey of the Hong Kong general public regarding genomic science and technology and their ethical and social implications

The study's objective is to survey the attitudes of Chinese people living in Hong Kong toward genomic science and technology (GST) and their ethical and social implications. Using a 24-item questionnaire, 877 Cantonese-speaking residents between age 18 and 64 with minimum high school education are interviewed by telephone. Multiple regression analysis identifies education level as the most important demographic variable. Overall, respondents have mild agreement with genetic determinism and the use of GST for disease prevention but not for non-therapeutic genetic enhancement and production of “genetically modified” crops or meat. Respondents strongly believe that GST tampers with nature and resources should be used to solve other healthcare problems first. Respondents also show little concern that personal genetic information may be abused by their employers or schools and have only a minimal willingness to share personal genetic information with their family members.
Cyclic variations in multiplanar knee laxity influence landing biomechanics.

PURPOSE Females vary substantially in their multiplanar cyclic knee laxity changes across the menstrual cycle. The biomechanical implications of these cyclic changes are relatively unknown. Our purpose was to first cluster females based on their cyclic changes in anterior knee laxity (AKL), genu recurvatum (GR), varus-valgus (VV), and internal-external (IER) rotation knee laxity across the menstrual cycle. We then compared changes in landing biomechanics from days of minimum to maximum laxity between female clusters and a group of males. METHODS A total of 49 males and 71 females were measured for AKL, GR, VV, and IER and underwent biomechanical analysis of a double-leg drop jump (0.45 m) at two time points: day of minimum (T₁) and maximum (T₂) AKL in each female across her menstrual cycle (males matched in time). Cluster analysis identified four distinct patterns of multiplanar cyclic knee laxity changes from T₁ to T₂ (C₁-C₄). Males were classified as a separate group. RESULTS When landing from a jump, female clusters who increased both sagittal and frontal plane laxity from T₁ to T₂ (C₃, C₄) had 3.7° to 5.2° greater net movement toward knee valgus from T₁ to T₂ compared with females who did not increase both sagittal and frontal plane laxity (C₁) (P = 0.041). Females who increased IER without increasing AKL from T₁ to T₂ (C₂) had -3.7° to -8.1° greater net movement toward knee internal rotation when compared with females who increased both AKL and IER (C₃, C₄) or males who maintained similar laxity from T1 to T2. CONCLUSIONS Changes in knee joint kinematics across the menstrual cycle were dependent on both the absolute and the relative magnitude of multiplanar knee laxity changes. The combination of relatively greater knee valgus coupled with relatively greater external rotation in those with large multiplanar knee laxity changes (C₄) suggests an increased susceptibility to high-risk knee joint positions on ground contact and early in the landing phase.
Law That Does Not Fit Society: Sentencing Guidelines as a Neoclassical Reaction to the Dilemmas of Substantivized Law

Chances of realizing a legal rationality that does not fit society are limited. Referring to weber's "Sociology of Law," to related themes in the sociology of polity, organizations, and occupations, and to recent debates on technocratization, juridification, delegalization, and responsive law, this article presents a theoretical discussion of this thesis. An empirical case, using the neoclassical concept of sentencing guidelines, exemplified by the federal and Minnesota cases, supports the argument. The neoclassical movement, aiming to reverse the substantivation of law and to correct lack of due process, functional failures, disparities, and discrimination, faces considerable impediments and may result in counterproductive effects. The article demostrates that (1) societal conditions that caused substantivation hamper reformalization in the political process; organizational and occupational consequences of substantivation also impede (2) political and (3) implementation chances of neoclassical instruments; and (4) impediments to reformalization derive from the method of central guidance used to reestablish sociologically formal rationality.
A social cognitive examination of responses to family conflicts by Arfican-American and Chinese-American carrgivers

Conflict between caregivers and their family members has been examined in relation to caregiver burden. However, specific theoretical models have not been applied to analyses of caregiver family conflicts. Nor has there been much research on the family conflicts of ethnic minority caregivers. Using Selman's1 interpersonal conflict strategies and their related levels of social perspective coordination as our framework, we content analyzed conflict reports of African-American and Chinese-American caregivers. Overall, there were more similarities in the strategies and social perspective coordination levels of the two groups than differences. In narratives where conflict was present (78 percent), about half of caregivers in both groups reported higherlevel conflict strategies, and half reported lower-level strategies. More advanced social perspective coordination seemed associated with greater satisfaction with family sharing of responsibilities in both groups. If these data patterns bear up under further testing, training in conflict resolution and social perspective coordination skills may prove an effective means of fostering better social relationships and sharing arrangements between caregivers and family members, and be a worthwhile complement to existing stress reduction interventions for caregivers.