Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spectral absorption of biomass burning aerosol determined from retrieved single scattering albedo during ARCTAS

Actinic flux, as well as aerosol chemical and op- tical properties, were measured aboard the NASA DC-8 air- craft during the ARCTAS (Arctic Research of the Compo- sition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites) mis- sion in Spring and Summer 2008. These measurements were used in a radiative transfer code to retrieve spectral (350- 550 nm) aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) for biomass burning plumes encountered on 17 April and 29 June. Re- trieved SSA values were subsequently used to calculate the absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE) over the 350-500 nm range. Both plumes exhibited enhanced spectral absorption with AAE values that exceeded 1 (6.78 ± 0.38 for 17 April and 3.34 ± 0.11 for 29 June). This enhanced absorption was primarily due to organic aerosol (OA) which contributed significantly to total absorption at all wavelengths for both 17 April (57.7 %) and 29 June 56.2 %). OA contributions to absorption were greater at UV wavelengths than at visible wavelengths for both cases. Differences in AAE values be- tween the two cases were attributed to differences in plume age and thus to differences in the ratio of OA and black carbon (BC) concentrations. However, notable differences between AAE values calculated for the OA (AAEOA) for 17 April (11.15 ± 0.59) and 29 June (4.94 ± 0.19) suggested differences in the plume AAE values might also be due to differences in organic aerosol composition. The 17 April OA was much more oxidized than the 29 June OA as denoted by a higher oxidation state value for 17 April (+0.16 vs. 0.32). Differences in the AAEOA, as well as the overall AAE, were thus also possibly due to oxidation of biomass burning pri- mary organic aerosol in the 17 April plume that resulted in the formation of OA with a greater spectral-dependence of absorption.
Detecting deception in interrogation settings

Bag-of-words deception detection systems outperform humans, but are still not always accurate enough to be useful. In interrogation settings, the language of questions influences the language of responses. We develop a technique to correct for such influences and apply it to question-and-answer datasets. Surprisingly, such correction is not sufficient - those being deceptive react to prompting words in qualitatively different ways to those telling the truth. Accurate detection of deception in interrogation settings therefore requires modelling word use in both questions and answers.
Factors associated with undercorrected refractive errors in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

Aims: To identify characteristics of people with clinically relevant undercorrected refractive errors. Methods: The Blue Mountains Eye Study was a population based survey of 3654 Australians aged 49–97 years. Examinations included a standardised refraction and measurement of presenting and best corrected visual acuity. Clinically relevant undercorrected refractive error was defined as improvement of ≥10 letters (2+ lines on the logMAR chart) in subjects with presenting acuity 6/9 or worse. Associations with a range of demographic and ocular variables were explored, adjusting for age and sex, presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Undercorrected refractive error was present in 814/3654 subjects (10.2%). Older age (p <0.001), hyperopia (OR 1.45, CI 1.15 to 1.83), longer interval from last eye examination (p <0.001), past occupation as tradesperson (OR 1.64, 1.13 to 3.29) or labourer (OR 2.00, CI 1.39 to 2.89), receipt of government pension (OR 1.47, CI 1.12 to 1.94), and living alone (OR 1.34, CI 1.05 to 1.72) were all associated with undercorrected refractive error. Past or current use of distance glasses (OR 0.25, CI 0.20 to 0.32) and driving (OR 0.67, CI 0.52 to 0.86) were associated with a lower prevalence. Conclusions: Increasing age and measures of socioeconomic disadvantage and isolation were found to predict undercorrected refractive error. Given the documented impacts from correctable visual impairment, these findings suggest a need to target education and eye care services.
PATTERNS OF GENDER DIFFERENCES ON MATHEMATICS ITEMS ON THE SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST

Gender differences in performance on the mathematics section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) persist. To add to our understanding of these differences, we systematically examined differential item functioning (DIF) on six forms of the SAT in order to identify relative strengths and weaknesses for male and female students associated with three general areas: the points being tested, the format in which the test items are presented, and the subject matter in which the test items are embedded. In each set of comparisons, the DIF procedure matches male and female students on the basis of overall mathematics score on the test and then identifies test items on which groups with the same total score perform differently. Results suggest that there are identifiable patterns of gender differences in how male and female students arrive at their total scores. These differences have implications for test developers, policymakers, and teachers of mathematics.
Collagenase IV plays an important role in regulating hair cycle by inducing VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β expression

Background It has been reported that collagenases (matrix metalloproteinase 2 [MMP-2] and matrix metalloproteinase 9 [MMP-9]) are associated with hair cycle, whereas the mechanism of the association is largely unknown. Methods The mice were randomly allocated into four groups: saline, and 5, 10, and 15 nM SB-3CT. Immunohistochemical analysis was employed to examine MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were performed to determine mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, IGF-1, TGF-β, and GAPDH. Growing hair follicles from anagen phase III–IV were scored based on hematoxylin and eosin staining. Hair regrowth was also evaluated. Results Results showed that mRNA expressions of enzymes changed with a peak at late anagen and a trough at telogen after depilation. Immunostaining showed that the highest expression of MMP-2 was more than that of MMP-9, and the highest expression of enzymes changed during anagen. The localizations of MMP-2 changed from dermal papilla, keratinocyte strand, out of root sheath, and basal plate at early anagen, to hair bulb, inner root sheath, and outer root sheath at late anagen. The localization of MMP-9 changed from partial keratinocyte to dermal papilla at early anagen and to outer root sheath at late anagen. VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β have been shown to regulate hair growth. We found mRNA and protein expressions of VEGF and IGF-1 fluctuated with a peak at anagen and a decrease at catagen to telogen. In contrast, mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β changed with highest and lowest levels at anagen and telogen, respectively. With selective inhibitor of collagenase IV, SB-3CT, mice showed significant suppressed hair growth and decreased expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β. The MMPs agonist also significantly increased expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β. Meanwhile, SB-3CT treatment significantly suppressed hair growth. Conclusion All these data suggest that the type IV collagenases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, play important roles in hair cycle, and this could be mediated by induced expression of VEGF, IGF-1, and TGF-β.
Adjustments to decline: A longitudinal study

While elementary and secondary level administrators have already faced the need to cope with declining enrollments and decreased funding, exacerbated by inflation, higher education officials have had more time to consider the effects of declining enrollments. If administrative practices are to be based on knowledge rather than trial and error, then decline in organizations needs to be studied. There is a dearth of research in this area (Whetten, 1980) despite the utility of such research (Boulding, 1975). Although there have been an increasing number of such studies at the elementary and secondary levels, the effects of decline are likely to be different at the postsecondary level. Differences in organizational structure (grades vs. academic disciplines) and the voluntary nature of postsecondary enrollments lead to differences among academic subunits, so that some grow while others have declining enrollments (Hills & Mahoney, 1978; Salancik & Pfeffer, 1974). Most of the higher education literature on the expected decline focuses on institution-wide responses (Bowen & Glenny, undated; Cyert, 1978; Mayhew, 1979; Mortimer & Tierney, 1979). Much of it is prescriptive (based on logic), but undocumented by empirical research (Levine, 1978; Mayhew, 1979). Some studies have documented specific actions taken during decline (Bowen & Glenny, undated; Duke, Hallenger, Kuntz, & Robinson, 1980; Hirsh, 1976; Manns & March, 1978). In addition, a number of empirical studies have shown that administrative expenditures actually increase during decline (Ford, 1980; Freeman & Hannan, 1975; Hannan & Freeman, 1978; Tsouderos, 1955.) This paper examines the responses of an academic subunit, a college within a university, to declining enrollment and funding over a period of
Middle class Colombian children’s evaluations of personal, moral, and social-conventional interactions in the classroom

The aim of this study was to investigate Colombian children’s evaluations of locus of control, compliance, teacher legitimacy, and teacher methods of conflict resolution regarding personal, moral, and social-conventional interactions in the classroom setting. Sixty-three middle class Colombian children at 3 years (n = 20), 5 years (n = 24), and 7 years (n = 19) of age, almost evenly divided by gender, were individually interviewed. With increasing age, children judged that children, not teachers, should make decisions (locus of control) about choice of activities and choice of playmates, and for some social-conventional issues as well. The vast majority of children, with increasing age, preferred that teachers use negotiation and explanation instead of punishment when responding to all types of conflicts, personal, moral, and social-conventional ones. Colombian children’s reasoning about personal, moral, and social-conventional events was not strictly “hierarchical” or “authority-oriented” as might be expected from recent cultural theorising.
Post-merger identification as a function of pre-merger identification, relative representation and pre-merger status

This experiment examined the impact of pre-merger identification (low, high), pre-merger group status (low, high) and relative representation (low, high) upon identification with a new merger group. In the first phase of the study, 156 university students were assigned to a pre-merger team of ‘inductive’ thinkers. Pre-merger identification was manipulated by giving the participants feedback about the extent to which they used the inductionist style. Pre-merger status was manipulated by informing participants that their team had performed worse or better than a deductionist team on a decision-making task. In the second phase, the two pre-merger teams were combined into a merger team of analyst thinkers. Relative representation was manipulated by maintaining most or none of the features of the pre-merger team in this new merger team. The results revealed that high pre-merger identifiers identified more strongly with the merger group than did low pre-merger identifiers, but only when the relative representation was high. Pre-merger status did not influence post-merger identification. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Politics of Studentification and `(Un)balanced' Urban Populations: Lessons for Gentrification and Sustainable Communities?

This paper explores the politics of studentification in the UK. It is argued that there is a paradox between New Labour's vision of sustainable communities and the geographical effects of the promotion of higher education—in a similar vein to policies to generate `positive' gentrification. This contention hinges on the absence of a national policy on the supply of student housing, which dictates how enlarged student populations should be integrated into established communities, or dispersed to other parts of towns and cities. It is asserted that the lack of government policy and the incapacity of institutional actors to intervene or regulate the residential geographies of students are yielding `unbalanced' populations. This is a factor in the rise of studentification and the fragmentation of established communities. Ironically, some activists argue these `lost' communities signified lucid exemplars that the sustainable communities policy seeks to engender. These new geographies also obscure the positives of a student population and may foster resentment and conflict between students and established residents. More specifically, the paper illustrates how debates of planning and housing legislation are integral for addressing the challenges of studentification. The paper concludes by considering some possible lessons of studentification for mitigating the negatives of gentrification.
A Comparative Study on Language Identification Methods

In this paper we present two experiments conducted for comparison of different language identification algorithms. Short words-, frequent words- and n-gram-based approaches are considered and combined with the Ad-Hoc Ranking classification method. The language identification process can be subdivided into two main steps: first a document model is generated for the document and a language model for the language; second the language of the document is determined on the basis of the language model and is added to the document as additional information. In this work we present our evaluation results and discuss the importance of a dynamic value for the out-of-place measure.
Effect of Gender and Computer Experience on Attitudes toward Computers

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which gender and prior computer exposure (has a computer at home; participated in a computer course; knows how to work with computers) affect students' attitudes toward computers prior to computer instruction in school. An attitude questionnaire including cognitive and affective attitude scales was administered to 222 Israeli pupils in grades 8 through 10 who study in schools where computers have not yet been introduced. The results showed that prior computer exposure (in particular, having a computer at home), had a stronger effect on attitudes toward computers than sex. Pupils owning computers were more motivated to become familiar with computers; felt a stronger need for computers in their lives and had more positive affective attitudes toward computers than pupils who don't have computers at home. Sex differences in affective and cognitive attitudes were also observed where boys had significantly more positive affective attitudes toward computers than girls. They perceived computers as being more “enjoyable,” “special,” “important,” “friendly,” and “cheaper” than girls. Furthermore, boys tended to hold more stereotyped attitudes about who is capable of using computers and had more positive attitudes toward the computer as a medium of instruction than girls.
Representation of the Gender of Human Faces by Infants: A Preference for Female

Six experiments based on visual preference procedures were conducted to examine gender categorization of female versus male faces by infants aged 3 to 4 months. In experiment 1, infants familiarized with male faces preferred a female face over a novel male face, but infants familiarized with female faces divided their attention between a male face and a novel female face. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these asymmetrical categorization results were likely due to a spontaneous preference for females. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the preference for females was based on processing of the internal facial features in their upright orientation, and not the result of external hair cues or higher-contrast internal facial features. While experiments 1 through 4 were conducted with infants reared with female primary caregivers, experiment 5 provided evidence that infants reared with male primary caregivers tend to show a spontaneous preference for males. Experiment 6 showed that infants reared with female primary caregivers displayed recognition memory for individual females, but not males. These results suggest that representation of information about human faces by young infants may be influenced by the gender of the primary caregiver.
The Home Literacy Environment and Preschool Children's Reading Skills and Interest

Research Findings: This study explored the association between the home literacy environment (HLE), conceptualized as comprising parents’ reading beliefs and home literacy practices, and preschoolers’ reading skills and reading interest. It also identified factors in the HLE that predict emerging reading competence and motivation to read. A total of 193 children age 6 years from 14 preschools across Singapore and their parents participated in the study. The parents completed a reading belief inventory, a family literacy activity inventory, and a demographic questionnaire that surveyed the child's reading interest. The children were administered a battery of standardized literacy tests. The study found a moderate relationship between the HLE and children's reading competencies and a strong relationship between the HLE and children's reading interest. When parents’ education level and children's age were controlled, hierarchical multiple regression analyses found that family literacy activities contributed more unique variance to children's reading outcomes and reading interest than did parents’ reading beliefs. Active parental involvement was the strongest component of the HLE, with parent–child engagement in reading and writing emerging as the best predictor of both the child's emerging reading skills and reading interest. With respect to reading beliefs, parents’ efficacy in supporting literacy development before their child attended school positively predicted reading competence, as did parents’ affect and verbal participation in fostering reading interest. However, verbal participation negatively predicted Singapore children's reading competence. Practice or Policy: The implications of the results were discussed.
Transgenic Mouse Expressing Optical MicroRNA Reporter for Monitoring MicroRNA-124 Action during Development

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) fine-tune target protein synthesis by suppressing gene expression, temporally changing along development and possibly in pathological conditions. A method to monitor the action of miRNAs in vivo shall help understand their dynamic behavior during development. In this study, we established a transgenic mouse harboring miR-124 responsive element in their luciferase-eGFP reporter transgenes which enabled monitoring the action of miR-124 in the brain and other organs in vivo by the bioluminescence imaging. The mouse model was produced and verified by imaging ex vivo so that luminescence by luciferase shone and then reduced during development with miR-124 expression. Bioluminescence dramatically decreased in the brain between embryonic day 13 and 16 as endogenous miR-124 expression increased, which sustained into adulthood. The inverse relationship of miR-124 expression was observed with luciferase bioluminescence and activity ex vivo as well as in vivo. Taken together, one can use this microRNA-transgenic mouse to investigate the temporal changes of microRNA action in vivo in the brain as well as in other organs.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN HOST STAR ACTIVITY AND PLANET MASS FOR CLOSE-IN EXTRASOLAR PLANETS?

The activity levels of stars are influenced by several stellar properties, such as stellar rotation, spectral type, and the presence of stellar companions. Analogous to binaries, planetary companions are also thought to be able to cause higher activity levels in their host stars, although at lower levels. Especially in X-rays, such influences are hard to detect because coronae of cool stars exhibit a considerable amount of intrinsic variability. Recently, a correlation between the mass of close-in exoplanets and their host star's X-ray luminosity has been detected, based on archival X-ray data from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey. This finding has been interpreted as evidence for star–planet interactions. We show in our analysis that this correlation is caused by selection effects due to the flux limit of the X-ray data used and due to the intrinsic planet detectability of the radial velocity method, and thus does not trace possible planet-induced effects. We also show that the correlation is not present in a corresponding complete sample derived from combined XMM-Newton and ROSAT data.
On giant components and treewidth in the layers model

Given an undirected n‐vertex graph G(V, E) and an integer k, let Tk(G) denote the random vertex induced subgraph of G generated by ordering V according to a random permutation π and including in Tk(G) those vertices with at most k – 1 of their neighbors preceding them in this order. The distribution of subgraphs sampled in this manner is called the layers model with parameter k. The layers model has found applications in studying ℓ‐degenerate subgraphs, the design of algorithms for the maximum independent set problem, and in bootstrap percolation. In the current work we expand the study of structural properties of the layers model. We prove that there are 3‐regular graphs G for which with high probability T3(G) has a connected component of size Ω(n) , and moreover, T3(G) has treewidth Ω(n) . In contrast, T2(G) is known to be a forest (hence of treewidth 1), and we prove that if G is of bounded degree then with high probability the largest connected component in T2(G) is of size O(logn) . We also consider the infinite grid ℤ2 , for which we prove that T4(ℤ2) contains a unique infinite connected component with probability 1. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 48, 524–545, 2016
Stochastic collapsed variational Bayesian inference for biterm topic model

It is useful for many applications to find out meaningful topics from short texts, such as tweets and comments on websites. Since directly applying conventional topic models (e.g., LDA) to short texts often produces poor results, as a general approach to short texts, a biterm topic model (BTM) was recently proposed. However, the original BTM implementation uses collapsed Gibbs sampling (CGS) for its inference, which requires many iterations over the entire dataset. On the other hand, for LDA, there have been proposed many fast inference algorithms throughout the decade. Among them, a recently proposed stochastic collapsed variational Bayesian inference (SCVB0) is promising because it is applicable to an online setting and takes advantage of the collapsed representation, which results in an improved variational bound. Applying the idea of SCVB0, we develop a fast one-pass inference algorithm for BTM, which can be used to analyze large-scale general short texts and is extensible to an online setting. To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, we conducted several experiments using short texts on Twitter. Experimental results showed that our algorithm found out meaningful topics significantly faster than the original algorithm.