Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
This pervasive violence may be the legacy of South Africa ’ s socio-political history of apartheid and violent repression , combined with ongoing socio-economic inequality and deprivation

The South African population is exposed to multiple forms of violence. Using nationally representative data from 4,351 South African adults, this study examined the relative risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) associated with political, domestic, criminal, sexual and other (miscellaneous) forms of assault in the South African population. Violence exposure was assessed using the ‘worst event’ list from the WHO’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a separate questionnaire assessing experiences of human rights abuses, and lifetime PTSD was assessed according to the APA’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria using the CIDI. Findings indicated that over a third of the South African population has been exposed to some form of violence. The most common forms of violence experienced by men were criminal and miscellaneous assaults, while physical abuse by an intimate partner, childhood physical abuse and criminal assaults were most common for women. Among men, political detention and torture were the forms of violence most strongly associated with a lifetime diagnosis of PTSD, while rape had the strongest association with PTSD among women. At a population level, criminal assault and childhood abuse were associated with the greatest number of PTSD cases among men, while intimate partner violence was associated with the greatest number of PTSD cases among women. Recommendations for mental health service provision in South Africa and for future research on the relative risk for PTSD are offered. Corresponding Author E-Mail: Debbie.Kaminer@uct.ac. za; dkam@global.co.za. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Soc Sci Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2009 November 1. Published in final edited form as: Soc Sci Med. 2008 November ; 67(10): 1589–1595. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed. 2008.07. 023. N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript N IH PA Athor M anscript
RpStacks: Fast and Accurate Processor Design Space Exploration Using Representative Stall-Event Stacks

CPU architects perform a series of slow timing simulations to explore large processor design space. To minimize the exploration overhead, architects make their best efforts to accelerate each simulation step as well as reduce the number of simulations by predicting the exact performance of designs. However, the existing methods are either too slow to overcome the large number of design points, or inaccurate to safely substitute extra simulation steps with performance predictions. In this paper, we propose RpStacks, a fast and accurate processor design space exploration method to 1) identify the current design point's key performance bottlenecks and 2) estimate the exact impacts of latency adjustments without launching an extra step of simulations. The key idea is to selectively collect the information about performance-critical events from a single simulation, construct a small number of event stacks describing the latency of distinctive execution paths, and estimate the overall performance as well as stall-event composition using the stacks. Our proposed method significantly outperforms the existing design space exploration methods in terms of both the latency and the accuracy. For investigating 1,000 design points, RpStacks achieves 26 times speedup on average over a variety of applications while showing high accuracy, when compared to a popular x86 timing simulator.
The future of occupational health psychology

A partir de la prise en consideration de la nature changeante du travail, on a identifie trois themes prospectifs pour la psychologie de la sante au travail: 1) l’examen des caracteristiques des lieux de travail; 2) la recherche sur les effets des pratiques organisationnelles; 3) la recherche-action. On recense aussi cinq categories de recherches dans la psychologie de la sante au travail, chacune pouvant contribuer a sa facon aux developpements futurs du domaine: 1) la recherche explicative (le developpement conceptuel de modeles de stress au travail, le developpement d’une perspective d’action personnelle); 2) la recherche descriptive (des etudes epidemiologiques, les relations avec les parametres organisationnels objectifs); 3) le developpement des outils (la standardisation des questionnaires de stress au travail, l’evaluation des performances); 4) la recherche-action (l’utilisation de programmes de recherche plus rigoureux, l’evaluation cout-efficacite); 5) le changement organisationnel (des comptes rendus plus systematiques des projets de changement, une plus grande attention portee a la mise en oeuvre des projets). Finalement, pour que la psychologie de la sante au travail puisse se developper a l’avenir d’une facon plus equilibree, on insiste sur la necessite d’une mutation theorique en passant d’un modele de la maladie a un modele de la sante authentique. Taking into account the changing nature of work, three future topics for occupational health psychology were identified: (1) surveillance of workplace characteristics; (2) research on effects of organisational practices; (3) intervention research. Furthermore, five types of research in occupational health psychology are distinguished, each of which may contribute in its own specific way to future developments in the field: (1) explanatory research (e.g. conceptual development of job stress models, development of a personal agency perspective); (2) descriptive research (e.g. epidemiological studies, relationships with objective organisational parameters); (3) tool development (e.g. standardisation of job stress questionnaires, benchmarking); (4) intervention research (e.g. the use of more rigorous research designs, evaluation of cost-effectiveness); (5) organisational change (e.g. more systematic accounts of change projects, more attention for implementation of projects). Finally, the necessity of a paradigm shift from a disease model towards a genuine health model is emphasised so that occupational health psychology may develop in future in a more balanced way.
Mucosal Immunization with a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine Reduces Virus Transmission in a Mouse Model

ABSTRACT Pandemic influenza is a major public health concern, but conventional strain-matched vaccines are unavailable early in a pandemic. Candidate “universal” vaccines targeting the viral antigens nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2), which are conserved among all influenza A virus strains and subtypes, could be manufactured in advance for use at the onset of a pandemic. These vaccines do not prevent infection but can reduce disease severity, deaths, and virus titers in the respiratory tract. We hypothesized that such immunization may reduce virus transmission from vaccinated, infected animals. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied mouse models for direct-contact and airborne transmission of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. We established conditions under which virus transmission occurs and showed that transmission efficiency is determined in part at the level of host susceptibility to infection. Our findings indicate that virus transmission between mice has both airborne and direct-contact components. Finally, we demonstrated that immunization with recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing NP and M2 significantly reduced the transmission of virus to cohoused, unimmunized mice in comparison to controls. These findings have broad implications for the impact of conserved-antigen vaccines, not only in protecting the vaccinated individual but also in protecting others by limiting influenza virus transmission and potentially reducing the size of epidemics. IMPORTANCE Using a mouse model of influenza A virus transmission, we demonstrate that a candidate “universal” influenza vaccine both protects vaccinated animals from lethal infection and reduces the transmission of virus from vaccinated to nonvaccinated mice. This vaccine induces immunity against proteins conserved among all known influenza A virus strains and subtypes, so it could be used early in a pandemic before conventional strain-matched vaccines are available and could potentially reduce the spread of infection in the community.
Comment on "Population Size Does Not Influence Mitochondrial Genetic Diversity in Animals"

Bazin et al. (Reports, 28 April, 2006, p. 570) found no relationship between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity and population size when comparing across large groups of animals. We show empirically that species with smaller populations, as represented by eutherian mammals, exhibit a positive correlation between mtDNA and allozyme variation, suggesting that mtDNA diversity may correlate with population size in these animals.
Understanding Place Attachment Among Second Home Owners

Many high amenity rural communities are growing rapidly and have high rates of seasonal residence, with concomitant “impacts” on longer term permanent residents. The de facto stance that seasonal residents are “outsiders” marginalizes their experience and treats as givens questions that should remain open to empirical scrutiny. This article compares seasonal and year-round resident attachment to such a landscape. Counter to popular assumptions, seasonal residents exhibit higher levels of attachment, but its creation and meaning base varies: Year-rounder attachment is rooted in social networks and community meanings, whereas seasonal attachment is fostered through meanings of environmental quality and escape from day-to-day cares.
Drowning not waving: burnout and mental health nursing

Abstract Mental health nursing as one of the human services professions has frequently been associated with stress and burnout. The three dimensions of burnout; emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and reduced personal accomplishment have major implications for the quality of the service that mental health nurses are capable of giving. Various studies have demonstrated mental health nurses suffer a high degree of burnout. Other studies have identified the stressors associated with mental health nursing that may be precursors to burnout. The Evaluation of the National Mental Health Strategy (1998) demonstrated that the Strategy was achieving many of its objectives. The objectives that have been achieved in service delivery have produced a work environment that has many of the identified stressors associated with burnout. Therefore, it is imperative that strategies are implemented that address the problem of stress and burnout in the current mental health system.
Mood, reasoning, and central executive processes.

How positive induced mood states affect reasoning was investigated in three experiments. In Experiment 1, consistent with resource allocation theory (H. C. Ellis & P. W. Ashbrook, 1987), both positive and negative mood suppressed performance on a deontic version of Wason's selection task (P. W. Cheng & K. J. Holyoak, 1985)—participants confirmed where they normally falsify. Experiment 2 revealed the same confirmatory responses for participants performing a concurrent distracter task, indicating that induced mood states suppress reasoning by depleting central executive resources. This hypothesis was directly tested in Experiment 3. Participants in a positive, but not in a negative, mood state showed suppressed performance on the Tower of London task (T. Shallice, 1982)—the classical central executive task. The robust positive mood effects and the confirmation effects are discussed in terms of the D. A. Norman and T. Shallice (1986) model of central executive function and recent accounts of selection task performance (L. Cosmides, 1989; K. I. Manktelow & D. E. Over, 1991; M. Oaksford & N. Chater, 1994).
ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOMEN: A STUDY OF GENDER AND ACADEMIC DOMAIN DIFFERENCES IN A SAMPLE OF TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

In this study the effects were examined of gender, academic domain, and grade level on attitudes towards women in 626 university students. Undergraduates were drawn from Faculty of Education, the School of Health, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, and Faculty of Engineering at a Turkish university. A Turkish version of the short version of the Attitude Towards Women Scale (Spence, Helmreich, & Stapp, 1973) was administered and factor analyzed. Variance analysis applied to total scores revealed a significant main effect of gender on attitude towards women only. Females reported significantly more liberal views than males. Multivariate variance analysis results applied on 6 subscales showed that females were more liberal in vocational, educational, and intellectual behavior; freedom and independence; drinking, swearing, and dirty jokes; and marital relations. Dating, etiquette, and courtship; and premarital sexual behavior subscales indicated males’ and females’ views were not significantly different.
Police Aesthetics. Literature, Film, and the Secret Police in Soviet Times

the party’ (222). In the final section, Palmowski addresses the meaning of Heimat for East Germans in everyday contexts. He argues that most individuals created their own meaning for events and places, one that differed greatly from the official transcript. Using two case studies drawn from the vastly different towns of Holungen and Dabel, Palmowski looks at how Heimat activities were infused with multiple layers of political meaning. His findings here echo those of the first two sections – individuals were able to replace official interpretations of socialist Heimat, while demonstrating a de facto acceptance of existing power structures. The largest drawback of the book is the lack of any sense of a chronological development of SED Heimat policies over time. The examples that Palmowski uses are well chosen, but they are not presented in strict chronological order and thus become isolated events without some broader explanation of how the party’s approach to Heimat evolved. The division of the book into three parts works well to isolate national, local and personal approaches towards Heimat, but it contributes to this same sense of floating in time. Overall, Palmowski presents us with an insightful and important work of cultural history. His emphasis on Heimat allows him to access areas of society that social and political historians have traditionally ignored or undervalued. His conclusion points to the fact that, despite the massive effort by the GDR to cultivate a distinctly socialist concept of Heimat, the regime ultimately failed to achieve this goal. None the less, the participation of East German citizens in Heimat activities did provide the state with an avenue through which to exert a certain level of ‘soft’ power and influence over its population so that GDR Heimat policy did succeed – at least to a limited degree – in providing the regime with an alternative means of exerting authority.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research Cerebrospinal Fluid Adenosine Deaminase Activity: a Complimentary Tool in the Early Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis

Background: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the commonest form of neurotuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli (MTB). The diagnosis of TBM is often difficult. A reliable, cost-effective and rapid diagnostic test, which can be performed in any standard pathology laboratory, could be of help in the diagnosis of TBM. In the present study we measured the adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of TBM and non-TBM patients.
The aerodynamics of hovering flight in Drosophila

SUMMARY Using 3D infrared high-speed video, we captured the continuous wing and body kinematics of free-flying fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, during hovering and slow forward flight. We then `replayed' the wing kinematics on a dynamically scaled robotic model to measure the aerodynamic forces produced by the wings. Hovering animals generate a U-shaped wing trajectory, in which large drag forces during a downward plunge at the start of each stroke create peak vertical forces. Quasi-steady mechanisms could account for nearly all of the mean measured force required to hover, although temporal discrepancies between instantaneous measured forces and model predictions indicate that unsteady mechanisms also play a significant role. We analyzed the requirements for hovering from an analysis of the time history of forces and moments in all six degrees of freedom. The wing kinematics necessary to generate sufficient lift are highly constrained by the requirement to balance thrust and pitch torque over the stroke cycle. We also compare the wing motion and aerodynamic forces of free and tethered flies. Tethering causes a strong distortion of the stroke pattern that results in a reduction of translational forces and a prominent nose-down pitch moment. The stereotyped distortion under tethered conditions is most likely due to a disruption of sensory feedback. Finally, we calculated flight power based directly on the measurements of wing motion and aerodynamic forces, which yielded a higher estimate of muscle power during free hovering flight than prior estimates based on time-averaged parameters. This discrepancy is mostly due to a two- to threefold underestimate of the mean profile drag coefficient in prior studies. We also compared our values with the predictions of the same time-averaged models using more accurate kinematic and aerodynamic input parameters based on our high-speed videography measurements. In this case, the time-averaged models tended to overestimate flight costs.
FTY720, a fungus metabolite, inhibits in vivo growth of androgen‐independent prostate cancer

FTY720, a derivative of fungus, has demonstrated dramatic anticancer effect in several malignancies recently. Our study evaluates the therapeutic potential of FTY720 in the treatment of androgen‐independent prostate cancer using a human prostate cancer xenograft in nude mice. CWR22R, an androgen‐independent human prostate tumor xenograft was inoculated into castrated nude mice and the animals were administrated with either normal saline or FTY720 (10 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection for 20 days. Body weight and tumor volume were recorded every 2 days, and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were also measured before and after the treatment. The effect of FTY720 on tumor cell proliferation was examined using antibodies against PCNA and Ki‐67 by immunohistochemical staining, MTT assay and colony forming assay, whereas apoptotic effect of FTY720 was evaluated by TUNEL assay and immunostaining using antibodies against cleaved caspase 3 and Bcl‐2. In addition, the potential inhibitory effect of FTY720 on prostate cancer angiogenesis and metastasis was investigated by immunostaining of CD31, VEGF, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin. Our results showed that FTY720 treatment led to suppression of CWR22R tumor growth without causing any detectable side effects in nude mice. The FTY720‐induced tumor suppression was correlated with decreased serum PSA level as well as reduced proliferation rate, suppression of angiogenic factors, and restoration of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin expression. In addition, the FTY720‐treated tumors showed increased apoptosis rate demonstrated by increased TUNEL‐ and cleaved caspase 3‐positive cells, and decreased Bcl‐2 expression. Our results suggest a potential novel agent in the suppression of androgen‐independent prostate cancer. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PIN-FORMED1 and PINOID regulate boundary formation and cotyledon development in Arabidopsis embryogenesis

In dicotyledonous plants, two cotyledons are formed at bilaterally symmetric positions in the apical region of the embryo. Single mutations in the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) and PINOID (PID) genes, which mediate auxin-dependent organ formation, moderately disrupt the symmetric patterning of cotyledons. We report that the pin1 pid double mutant displays a striking phenotype that completely lacks cotyledons and bilateral symmetry. In the double mutant embryo, the expression domains of CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON1 (CUC1), CUC2 and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM), the functions of which are normally required to repress growth at cotyledon boundaries, expand to the periphery and overlap with a cotyledon-specific marker, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER. Elimination of CUC1, CUC2 or STM activity leads to recovery of cotyledon growth in the double mutant, suggesting that the negative regulation of these boundary genes by PIN1 and PID is sufficient for primordium growth. We also show that PID mRNA is localized mainly to the boundaries of cotyledon primordia and early expression of PID mRNA is dependent on PIN1. Our results demonstrate the redundant roles of PIN1 and PID in the establishment of bilateral symmetry, as well as in the promotion of cotyledon outgrowth, the latter of which involves the negative regulation of CUC1, CUC2 and STM genes, which are boundary-specific downstream effectors.
Use and evaluation of a technology-rich experimental collaborative classroom

In order to pilot a shift towards greater use of collaborative learning in our higher education programs, the University of Hong Kong has invested in the development of a prototype technology-enhanced collaborative learning space. The space was created by retrofitting a vacant studio, turning it into an innovative classroom space in which collaborative learning is promoted and facilitated both through the provision of technology and by the physical layout of the room. We have used the space to pioneer collaborative learning both by holding professional development workshops for faculty in the room and also by helping academic staff to run experimental courses in the learning space. The opportunity to offer professional development and support for academic staff in this environment is particularly valuable as it ensures they do not simply deliver traditional didactic lectures in a space designed to promote interactive student learning and engagement. By using the space as a ‘student’ they are able to consider how they may use collaborative learning environments with their students. This paper describes use of the room for professional development of academic staff and also provides two examples of the use and evaluation of the room by faculty who used the room to teach experimental classes.