Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Round Numbers: Pragmatic Aspects of Numerical Expressions

This paper describes and explains some regularities in the frequency of numbers in text. An analysis of number frequencies in text corpora in Dutch, English, German, and French confirms the expectation that frequency is highly dependent on two factors: magnitude and roundness. Roundness (defined as number frequency in an approximation context) proves to be related to three arithmetical properties: ‘10-ness’, ‘2-ness’, and ‘5-ness’. In predicting the frequency of numbers irrespective of their context ‘2½-ness’ should be added to these factors, as is suggested in the work of Sigurd (1988). The role of the four number characteristics found in this study can be explained by the preference of the language user for using base numbers, and for doubling and halving quantities.
Prevalence and Prognostic Impact of Diabetes in Takotsubo Syndrome: Insights From the International, Multicenter GEIST Registry

OBJECTIVE In view of low prevalence rates, diabetes is discussed as a protective factor for the occurrence of Takotsubo syndrome (TTS). Furthermore, it was associated with improved outcome in a small single-center analysis. Therefore, this study assessed the prevalence and prognostic relevance of concomitant diabetes in TTS. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 826 patients with TTS were enrolled in an international, multicenter, registry-based study (eight centers in Italy and Germany). All-cause mortality was compared between patients with diabetes and patients without diabetes, and the independent predictive value of diabetes was evaluated in multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes was 21.1% (n = 174). TTS patients with diabetes were older (P < 0.001), were more frequently male (P = 0.003), had a higher prevalence of hypertension (P < 0.001), physical triggers (P = 0.041), and typical apical ballooning (P = 0.010), had a lower left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.008), had a higher rate of pulmonary edema (P = 0.032), and had a longer hospital stay (P = 0.009). However, 28-day all-cause mortality did not differ between patients with diabetes and patients without diabetes (6.4% vs. 5.7%; hazard ratio [HR] 1.11 [95% CI 0.55–2.25]; P = 0.772). Longer-term follow-up after a median of 2.5 years revealed a significantly higher mortality among TTS patients with diabetes (31.4% vs. 16.5%; P < 0.001), and multivariate regression analysis identified diabetes as an independent predictor of adverse outcome (HR 1.66 [95% CI 1.16–2.39]; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Diabetes is not uncommon in patients with TTS, is associated with increased longer-term mortality rates, and is an independent predictor of adverse outcome irrespective of additional risk factors.
Interleukin‐6 induces the lineage commitment of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal multipotent cells through down‐regulation of Sox2 by osteogenic transcription factors

Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells that differ in size and morphology. BM‐MSCs become committed to the osteogenic lineage as senescence approaches and lose multipotency. Nevertheless, little is known about the effects of cell‐cell interaction between different populations on stemness loss and lineage commitment. The current study aimed to identify mechanisms by which cell‐cell interactions between heterogeneous BM‐MSCs affect stemness and lineage commitment of multipotent subpopulation. The lineage commitment of primitive multipotent cells was strongly induced in the presence of cytokines secreted by senescent‐like cells in a cell culture insert system. Senescent‐like cells secreted higher levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) than primitive multipotent cells in a human cytokine array. IL‐6 induced the lineage commitment and stemness loss in multipotent cells by decreasing Sox2 expression. Furthermore, we confirmed that IL‐6 decreased the transcriptional activity of Sox2 through up‐regulation of Runx2 and Dlx5. We suggest a mechanism by which IL‐6 modulates the expression of Sox2, resulting in decreased multipotency and causing primitive multipotent cells to undergo osteogenic lineage commitment. This is the first study to identify mechanisms in which the cell‐cell interactions between the different populations play important roles in the stemness loss and lineage commitment of multipotent populations. —Yoon, D. S. , Kim, Y. H. , Lee, S. , Lee, K. ‐M. , Park, K. H. , Jang, Y. , Lee, J. W. Interleukin‐6 induces the lineage commitment of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal multipotent cells through down‐regulation of Sox2 by osteogenic transcription factors. FASEB J. 28, 3273–3286 (2014). www.fasebj. org
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Children’s physical activity levels during organised sports practices

Objectives: This study measured the physical activity levels of children during practice sessions of four popular organised sports in Australia. Design: Cross-sectional observational design. Methods: Participants comprised children from four local organised sports clubs in suburban Adelaide, South Australia. The sports examined were Australian Rules Football (AFL), girls’ netball, boys’ soccer and girls’ soccer. Each participant wore a waist-mounted GT3X or GT3X + Actigraph accelerometer in either one or two of the practice sessions. Results: Participants typically spent 40–50% of each sport practice session in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Participants in the boys’ soccer teams spent signiﬁcantly greater time in MVPA (mean = 47% of practice time, 95% CI = 37%, 57%) than participants in the girls’ netball teams (mean = 40%, 95% CI = 30%, 50%), participants in the girls’ soccer teams (mean = 38%, 95% CI = 28%, 48%) and participants in the boys’ AFL teams (mean = 40%, 95% CI = 36%, 44%). The practice sessions contributed approximately half of the 60 min of MVPA per day recommended by physical activity guidelines for children and young people. Conclusions: The results suggested that organised sports provide a supportive environment for physical activity accrual; however, one practice session is insufﬁcient for children to reach the amount of MVPA recommended in daily physical activity guidelines. © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Sports Medicine Australia.
Intrauterine growth restriction – part 2

Abstract Small for gestational age (SGA) infants have been classically defined as having birth weight less than two standard deviations below the mean or less than the 10th percentile of a population-specific birth weight for specific gestational age, whereas intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) has been defined as a rate of foetal growth that is less than normal for the population and for the growth potential of a specific infant. SGA infants have more frequent problems such as perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia, hypoglycaemia, polycythaemia and many more when compared with their appropriate for gestational age counterpart. They too have growth retardation and various major and subtle neurodevelopmental handicaps, with higher rates of perinatal and neonatal mortality. With the advent of newer technologies, even though the perinatal diagnosis of these SGA/IUGR foetuses has increased, but still perinatal morbidity and mortality rates are higher than normal foetuses and infants. In this part, we have covered neonatal IUGR classification, postnatal diagnosis, short-term and long-term complications faced by these IUGR infants.
Energy and Spectral Efficiency of Very Large Multiuser MIMO Systems

A multiplicity of autonomous terminals simultaneously transmits data streams to a compact array of antennas. The array uses imperfect channel-state information derived from transmitted pilots to extract the individual data streams. The power radiated by the terminals can be made inversely proportional to the square-root of the number of base station antennas with no reduction in performance. In contrast if perfect channel-state information were available the power could be made inversely proportional to the number of antennas. Lower capacity bounds for maximum-ratio combining (MRC), zero-forcing (ZF) and minimum mean-square error (MMSE) detection are derived. An MRC receiver normally performs worse than ZF and MMSE. However as power levels are reduced, the cross-talk introduced by the inferior maximum-ratio receiver eventually falls below the noise level and this simple receiver becomes a viable option. The tradeoff between the energy efficiency (as measured in bits/J) and spectral efficiency (as measured in bits/channel use/terminal) is quantified for a channel model that includes small-scale fading but not large-scale fading. It is shown that the use of moderately large antenna arrays can improve the spectral and energy efficiency with orders of magnitude compared to a single-antenna system.
Effects of a psychosocial intervention programme combined with exercise in community‐dwelling older adults with chronic pain: A randomized controlled trial

Although researchers have recommended exercise training and psychosocial intervention to manage chronic pain, an effective intervention for Japanese community‐dwelling older adults with chronic pain has not been established. This randomized controlled trial examined whether exercise training combined with psychosocial intervention more effectively improves pain, psychological status and physical activity than does exercise training alone in this population.
Novel Mechanism of Negative Regulation of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase (Cyp24a1) Transcription

Background: CYP24A1 is the principal enzyme involved in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. Results: The SWI/SNF complex and PRMT5 converge at the transcriptional level to control 1,25(OH)2D3-induced Cyp24a1 gene expression. Conclusion: PRMT5-mediated repression represents a novel mechanism of negative regulation of Cyp24a1. Significance: Our study reveals key factors involved in the regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism and therefore in the control of calcium homeostasis. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex facilitates gene transcription by remodeling chromatin using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. Recent studies have indicated an interplay between the SWI/SNF complex and protein-arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs). Little is known, however, about the role of SWI/SNF and PRMTs in vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated transcription. Using SWI/SNF-defective cells, we demonstrated that Brahma-related gene 1 (BRG1), an ATPase that is a component of the SWI/SNF complex, plays a fundamental role in induction by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) of the transcription of Cyp24a1 encoding the enzyme 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase involved in the catabolism of 1,25(OH)2D3. BRG1 was found to associate with CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β and cooperate with VDR and C/EBPβ in regulating Cyp24a1 transcription. PRMT5, a type II PRMT that interacts with BRG1, repressed Cyp24a1 transcription and mRNA expression. Our findings indicate the requirement of the C/EBP site for the inhibitory effect of PRMT5 via its methylation of H3R8 and H4R3. These findings indicate that the SWI/SNF complex and PRMT5 may be key factors involved in regulation of 1,25(OH)2D3 catabolism and therefore in the maintenance of calcium homeostasis by vitamin D. These studies also define epigenetic events linked to a novel mechanism of negative regulation of VDR-mediated transcription.
A one-month repeated oral dose toxicity study of methotrexate in unilaterally nephrectomized rats.

A repeated oral dose toxicity study of methotrexate (MTX) was conducted in order to examine whether the enhancement of MTX toxicity would occur in unilaterally nephrectomized (UNX) rats. UNX rats or sham-treated (SHAM) rats received dosages of 0, 0.06, 0.2 or 0.6 mg/kg/day (control animals received physiological saline). Toxic effects of MTX observed in this study were not different from studies already conducted, i.e., myelo- and lympho-toxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity and renal toxicity were evident in the animals given MTX. Toxic effects of MTX in the UNX rats were more severe than those in the SHAM rats; a higher number of dead and moribund animals was observed among the UNX rats, and abnormal clinical signs appeared a few days earlier in the UNX rats. In the hematological examination, a decreased number of the blood cells in the UNX rats was observed at the lower dose level as compared to SHAM rats. The nontoxic dose of MTX in SHAM rats and UNX rats was 0.06 mg/kg/day and below 0.06 mg/kg/day, respectively. According to the results of a toxicokinetic examination conducted in the animals receiving 0.2 mg/kg/day, AUC and T 1/2terminal of MTX in the UNX rats were higher than those of SHAM rats. It was considered that the enhancement of the MTX toxicity in UNX rats was caused by the longer exposure of MTX in UNX rats. Serum UN and Cr of the UNX rats receiving physiological saline were higher than those of the corresponding SHAM rats, which suggested a slightly decreased GFR had been induced in UNX rats in this study. However, decreased PSP excretion was not observed in the UNX rats and urine volume of the UNX rats was equivalent to that of SHAM rats. Thus, it was considered that vicarious hypertrophy occurred in the residual kidney and decreased renal function was not evident in the UNX rats. This study demonstrated that the enhancement of toxicity of MTX had occurred even though a decreased renal function was not evident.
Étude par microscopie Électronique en transmission des dislocations dans la pyrite FeS2

Abstract The component α〈100〉 of b is generally normal to the defect plane. This dislocation is not glissile. Very rarely, this component is parallel to the fault plane. We have also observed partial dislocations, with b = ± R; these dislocations lie in the fault plane but never at the end of the stacking fault.ELECTRON MICROSCOPY STUDY OF DISLOCATIONS IN PYRITE (FeS) Natural pyrites (FeS2) from several sources have been studied by transmission electron microscopy at 100 kV. Total dislocations with Burgers vector b = α〈100〉 are identified. Partial dislocations bordering stacking faults (displacement vector R) have a Burgers vector that can be written as The component a〈100〉 of b is gencrally normal to the tlefcct plane. ThisVery rarely, this component i R parallel to the fault We have also observed partial dislocations, with b = ± R; them dislocations dislocation is not glissile. plane lie in the fault plane but never at the end of the stacking fault.
Reducing initial cell-search latency in mmWave networks

Millimeter-wave (mmWave) networks rely on directional transmissions, in both control plane and data plane, to overcome severe path-loss. Nevertheless, the use of narrow beams complicates the initial cell-search procedure where we lack sufficient information for beamforming. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of random beamforming for cell-search. We develop a stochastic geometry framework to analyze the performance in terms of failure probability and expected latency of cell-search. Meanwhile, we compare our results with the naive, but heavily used, exhaustive search scheme. Numerical results show that, for a given discovery failure probability, random beamforming can substantially reduce the latency of exhaustive search, especially in dense networks. Our work demonstrates that developing complex cell-discovery algorithms may be unnecessary in dense mmWave networks and thus shed new lights on mmWave system design.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

The articles in this issue of MRS Bulletin provide a sample of what is novel and unique in the field of in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The advent of improved cameras and continued developments in electron optics and stage designs have enabled scientists and engineers to enhance the capabilities of previous TEM analyses. Currently, novel in situ experiments observe and record the behavior of materials in various heating, cooling, straining, or growth environments. In situ TEM techniques are invaluable for understanding and characterizing dynamic microstructural changes. They can validate static TEM experiments and inspire new experimental approaches and new theories.
A multiscale, hierarchical model of pulse dynamics in arid-land ecosystems

Ecological processes in arid lands are often described by the pulse-reserve paradigm, in which rain events drive biological activity until moisture is depleted, leaving a reserve. This paradigm is frequently applied to processes stimulated by one or a few precipitation events within a growing season. Here we expand the original framework in time and space and include other pulses that interact with rainfall. This new hierarchical pulse-dynamics framework integrates space and time through pulse-driven exchanges, interactions, transitions, and transfers that occur across individual to multiple pulses extending from micro to watershed scales. Climate change will likely alter the size, frequency, and intensity of precipitation pulses in the future, and arid-land ecosystems are known to be highly sensitive to climate variability. Thus, a more comprehensive understanding of arid-land pulse dynamics is needed to determine how these ecosystems will respond to, and be shaped by, increased climate variability.
A Mechanistic 1D Finite Element Model for Nonlinear Analysis of FRP-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

An efficient frame finite element (FE) is developed and applied for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams flexurally strengthened with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) strips/plates. The developed nonlinear model is able to capture different failure modes associated with concrete crushing and cracking, yielding of steel, FRP rupture and intermediate crack-induced debonding of FRP sheets/plates. The element is formulated using force interpolation concept and a simple approach based on application of discrete springs and linear interpolation of bond forces along the element axis is adopted to take account of shear-slip. The developed formulation and analytical tool are employed to predict the loading capacity and the load-deflection response of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with FRP and the numerically simulated responses agree well with the corresponding experimental results. The major features of this frame element are its simplicity and efficiency compared with more complex FEs which makes it a suitable tool for practical use in design-oriented parametric studies.
Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Nutrients after the Establishment of Caragana intermedia Plantation on Sand Dunes in Alpine Sandy Land of the Tibet Plateau

The Gonghe Basin region of the Tibet Plateau is severely affected by desertification. Compared with other desertified land, the main features of this region is windy, cold and short growing season, resulting in relatively difficult for vegetation restoration. In this harsh environment, identification the spatial distribution of soil nutrients and analysis its impact factors after vegetation establishment will be helpful for understanding the ecological relationship between soil and environment. Therefore, in this study, the 12-year-old C. intermedia plantation on sand dunes was selected as the experimental site. Soil samples were collected under and between shrubs on the windward slopes, dune tops and leeward slopes with different soil depth. Then analyzed soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP) and available potassium (AK). The results showed that the spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients was existed in C. intermedia plantation on sand dunes. (1) Depth was the most important impact factor, soil nutrients were decreased with greater soil depth. One of the possible reasons is that windblown fine materials and litters were accumulated on surface soil, when they were decomposed, more nutrients were aggregated on surface soil. (2) Topography also affected the distribution of soil nutrients, more soil nutrients distributed on windward slopes. The herbaceous coverage were higher and C. intermedia ground diameter were larger on windward slopes, both of them probably related to the high soil nutrients level for windward slopes. (3) Soil “fertile islands” were formed, and the “fertile islands” were more marked on lower soil nutrients level topography positions, while it decreased towards higher soil nutrients level topography positions. The enrichment ratio (E) for TN and AN were higher than other nutrients, most likely because C. intermedia is a leguminous shrub.
Differences between motion capture and video analysis systems in calculating knee angles in elite-standard race walking

ABSTRACT Race walking is an event where the knee must be straightened from first contact with the ground until midstance. The aim of this study was to compare knee angle measurements between 2D videography and 3D optoelectronic systems. Passive retroreflective markers were placed on the right leg of 12 race walkers and 3D marker coordinate data captured (250 Hz), with 2D video data (100 Hz) recorded simultaneously. Knee angle data were first derived based on the markers’ coordinates, and separately by using a 3D model that also incorporated thigh and shank clusters; the video data were analysed using both automatic tracking and manual digitising, creating four conditions overall. Differences were calculated between conditions for stance (using root mean square values), and at discrete events. There were few differences between systems, although the 3D model produced larger angles at midstance than using automatic tracking and marker coordinates (by 3 – 6°, P < 0.05). These differences might have occurred because of how the 3D model locates the hip joint, and because of the addition of marker clusters. 2D videography gave similar results to the 3D model when using manual digitising, as it allowed for errors caused by skin movement to be corrected.
Factors shaping expectations for complete relief from symptoms during rehabilitation for patients with spine pain

ABSTRACT Objective: Patient expectations are related to treatment outcome across a broad variety of patient conditions. Here we sought to examine factors associated with the expectation of complete relief from treatment for spinal pain. Design: Secondary analysis of data pooled from two randomized controlled trials of conservative rehabilitation interventions. Patients: 252 patients (103 men, 149 women) with neck (n = 140) or back (n = 112) pain. Methods: We used logistic regression model with backward elimination to test which patient clinical or demographic factors were most related to the expectation of complete relief. Main Outcome Measures: The expectation of complete recovery, which was collected at the baseline examination visit in the primary trials. Results: The final model examining the contributions of patient and clinical characteristics to the expectation of complete relief included two significant interactions. First, increasing disability was associated with increased odds of expecting complete recovery in women while there was very little change for men across levels of disability (OR 0.9 [95%CI 0.8, 0.9]). Second, patients with low fear and a sudden onset of pain had higher odds of expecting recovery than patients with a gradual onset of pain (OR 0.7 [95%CI 0.5, 0.97]). A main effect for education level of the patient was also significant with better odds for expecting complete recovery for college educated patients compared to those with graduate school education (OR 5.0 [95%CI 1.9, 13.4]). Conclusion: The results should assist physical therapists to recognize patients who may have lower expectations of recovery and plan pre-treatment education interventions.