Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ekistics, the science of human settlements.

"Ekistics starts with the premise that human settlements are susceptible of systematic investigation". Constantinos A. Doxiadis SYNOPSIS: In order to create the cities of the future, we need to systematically develop a science of human settlements. This science, termed Ekistics, will take into consideration the principles man takes into account when building his settlements, as well as the evolution of human settlements through history in terms of size and quality. The target is to build the city of optimum size, that is, a city which respects human dimensions. Since there is no point in resisting development, we should try to accommodate technological evolution and the needs of man within the same settlement.
The Effects of Ketamine on the Temporal Summation (Wind-Up) of the RIII Nociceptive Flexion Reflex and Pain in Humans

Animal studies have suggested that the temporal summation of nociceptive inputs might play a significant role in the development of central sensitization (i.e., hyperexcitability of central nociceptive neurons) and hyperalgesia via the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. To further analyze these processes in humans, we evaluated the effects of small systemic doses of ketamine on the temporal summation (i.e., wind-up) of both the nociceptive flexion (RIII) reflex and sensations of pain in six healthy volunteers. The RIII reflex was recorded from the biceps femoris and was elicited by electrical stimulation of the sural nerve. First, the recruitment (stimulus/response) curve for the reflex was built using stimuli up to the pain tolerance threshold (applied once every 6 s). A series of 15 stimuli was then applied once a second at an intensity of 1.2 times the reflex threshold. These procedures were performed both before and after the randomized IV injection of either 0.15 mg/kg ketamine or a placebo. The RIII reflex threshold and its recruitment curve were not significantly altered after the injection of ketamine or placebo. By contrast, the significant increases (i.e., wind-up) in both the reflex responses and the sensations of pain observed during the higher frequency stimulation were significantly reduced after the administration of ketamine, but not placebo. This method might be useful for quantifying and analyzing the wind-up phenomenon and, thus, for studying the neurophysiological and pharmacological mechanisms underlying hyperalgesia in humans. Implications The wind-up phenomenon (i.e., the progressive increase of the responses induced by repetitive nociceptive stimuli) was characterized in humans by using electrophysiological recordings of the nociceptive flexion reflex. We showed that, as in animals, this phenomenon, which might represent an elementary form of the central sensitization involved in various painful syndromes, depends on the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, because it was selectively reduced after the administration of ketamine.
Sexual knowledge and practices of college girls in rural Gujarat India.

In India under the influence of various socio-cultural factors a large number of parents marry off their daughters during adolescence. In many traditional and conservative societies sex is still considered taboo and sexual matters are generally not discussed in the family. Moreover until recently India had one of the lowest female literacy rates in the world. All these factors considered together imply that in many parts of India a large number of young girls with low literacy levels get married during their early adolescence. Their lack of adequate knowledge about sexual matters and contraception results in early and successive pregnancies and sexual disharmony. Furthermore research studies have documented that a large number of myths and misconceptions associated with normal human sexuality are prevalent among various socio-cultural groups in our country thereby further aggravating the confusion. There is a general paucity of data regarding the sexual behaviour of adolescent girls in India and their knowledge concerning sexual matters. The present study was undertaken to determine the knowledge of human sexuality physiology of reproduction and contraception among first-year college girls. It also assessed the role of various demographic and socio-cultural factors such as parental education and socioeconomic background on their level of awareness. (excerpt)
Orientasi Tujuan, Atribusi Penyebab, dan Belajar Berdasar Regulasi Diri

The aims of this research were: (1) to test the difference of self regulated learning based on goal orientation of senior high school students in Yogyakarta, (2) to test difference of self regulated learning based on causal attribution of senior high school students in Yogyakarta, (3) to test difference of self regulated learning based on interaction between goal orientation and causal attribution of high school students in Yogyakarta. Participants were 488 Grade XI students of SMA Negeri ”A” Bantul, SMA Negeri “B” Bantul, SMA Negeri “C” Sanden, and SMA Negeri “D” Bambanglipuro. Data were collected using self regulated learning scale, mastery goal orientation scale, performance goal orientation scale, causal attribution scale of success, and causal attribution scale of failure. The data were analyzed using the technique of analysis of variance. The results suggest that: (1) there is significant difference of self regulated learning based on goal orientation (F=36.814 p=0.000), (2) there is significant difference of self regulated learning based on causal attribution of success (F=31.081 p=0.000), (3) there is significant difference of self regulated learning based on causal attribution of failure (F=21.837 p=0.000), 4) there is significant difference of self regulated learning based on interaction between goal orientation and causal attribution of success (F=2.983 p=0.031), and 5) there is no significant difference of self regulated learning based on interaction between goal orientation and causal attribution of failure (F=2.444 p=0.063) Keywords: self regulated learning, mastery goal orientation, performance goal orientation, causal attribution of success, causal attribution of failure
Detection and Monitoring of Acute Myocarditis Applying Quantitative Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Background— Cardiovascular magnetic resonance based on the Lake Louise Criteria is used to make the diagnosis of acute myocarditis. Novel quantitative parametric mapping techniques promise to overcome some of its limitations. We aimed to evaluate quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance to detect and monitor acute myocarditis. Methods and Results— Eighteen patients with clinical diagnosis of acute myocarditis (25 years [23–38 years]; 78% males) were prospectively enrolled and repeatedly underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance at 1.5 T seven days (5–10 days) after symptom onset (FU0), after 5 weeks (FU1), and after 6 months (FU2). Eighteen age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance included imaging of edema, hyperemia, necrosis, and fibrosis using semiquantitative T2-weighted spin echo, T2 mapping, and T1 mapping before and 3 and 10 minutes after gadobutrol administration. Extracellular volume for diffuse and late gadolinium enhancement for focal fibrosis were assessed. Compared with controls, patients had significantly higher global T2 times at FU0 (55.1 ms [53.3–57.2 ms] versus 50.2 ms [49.2–52.0 ms]; P<0.001) and at FU1 (52.0 ms [52.0–53.2 ms]; P=0.007), which normalized at FU2 (50.9 ms [49.6–53.3 ms]; P=0.323). Global native T1 times in patients were elevated acutely (1004 ms [988–1048 ms] versus 975 ms [957–1004 ms]; P=0.002) and remained elevated throughout the follow-up (FU1: 998 ms [990–1027 ms]; P=0.014; FU2: 1000 ms [972–1027 ms]; P=0.044). Global extracellular volume fraction was statistically not different between patients and controls (P=0.057). 77.8% (14/18) of patients had focal late gadolinium enhancement. T2 ratio was significantly elevated in patients with myocarditis at FU0 (2.2 [2.0–2.3] versus 1.6 [1.5–1.7]; P<0.001). The difference decreased during follow-up (FU1: 1.9 [1.7–1.9]; P=0.001 and FU2: 1.7 [1.7–1.8]; P=0.053). The diagnostic accuracy to discriminate between patients with acute myocarditis and healthy controls was 86% for T2>52 ms, 78% for native T1>981 ms, 74% for extracellular volume fraction >0.24, and 100% for T2 ratio >1.9. Conclusions— Although both T2 and T1 mapping reliably detected acute myocarditis, only T2 mapping discriminated between acute and healed stages, underlining the incremental value of T2 mapping.
Effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder: a pilot study in China.

OBJECTIVE The primary aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole on motor and vocal tics in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder (TD). The secondary aim was to assess the response of TD-associated behaviors to aripiprazole exposure. METHODS This was an 8-week, open-label trial with flexible dosing strategy of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with TD. A total of 72 patients, aged 6-18 years, participated in the 8-week trial. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), the Clinical Global Impressions-Tics (CGI-Tics), and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were compared at the baseline, weeks 2 and 4, and end point. The side effects of aripiprazole, electrocardiogram (ECG), and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. RESULTS Over the 8-week trial, aripiprazole administration was associated with a significant decrease in total tic severity as measured by the YGTSS (50.3% reduction by week 8). The mean scores of motor tic in the YGTSS were 17.42 +/- 4.83, 12.93 +/- 3.76, 8.39 +/- 3.70, and 6.75 +/- 3.95 at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, and end point. A significant decrease in the scores was observed in week 2 compared to the baseline, and the scores continued to decrease for the remainder of the study period (degrees of freedom [df ] = 3, F = 96.02, p = 0.000). The mean phonic tic scores were 12.71 +/- 4.60, 8.53 +/- 3.26, 6.10 +/- 2.50, and 3.63 +/- 2.20 at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, and end point, respectively. A significant change was observed during week 2 compared to the baseline, and this change continued for the rest of the study period (df = 3, F = 95.16, p = 0.000). Significant improvement was also observed according to the CGI-Tics severity. The mean CGI-Tics severity score was 4.77 +/- 1.69 at baseline and decreased to 2.20 +/- 1.39 at end point (t = 10.70, p = 0.000). A significant reduction of behavior symptoms was noticed according to the CBCL and its subscales between baseline and end point. The majority of subjects tolerated aripiprazole well. The extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) during this study were negligible. In all 21 (29.2%) of the 72 participants complained of nausea and 19 (26.4%) of them reported sedation. There was no significant difference of BMI between the two phases (df = 64, t = -0.94, p = 0.352). There were no significant changes in laboratory results. ECG monitoring revealed no significant impact on cardiac conduction by aripiprazol. CONCLUSION In this preliminary open-label trial, aripiprazole showed effectiveness in treating tic symptoms without causing significant weight gain or other serious side effects. Aripiprazole could be an option for TD cases that do not respond to conventional therapies. Further controlled, double-blind studies are warranted.
Analyzing users' web surfing patterns to trace terrorists and criminals

Regular users, as well as criminals and terrorists, are using the Internet for various purposes. Today, current Big-Data technology allows law enforcement authorities to create a huge repository that contains all the surfing activity performed by all users over a considerable period of time. Our theoretical exploration suggests that such a repository contains valuable forensic information that may help to pinpoint suspected criminals or terrorists, and in certain cases can even preempt an upcoming criminal act. In this paper, we suggest how Big-Data analytics should be employed to perform such detections. For each user our detection model derives typical surfing patterns that relate to the topics of interest, frequency of accessing the information, when the information is accessed, etc. Significant deviations from those patterns, particularly when coupled with an event of interest (EOI), such as hit and runs or terrorist attacks, may indicate the subject's active involvement in the event. We provide an outline of the model and the related architecture, which may serve as guidelines for future research.
Ploidy as a prognostic indicator in oesophageal squamous carcinoma and its relationship to various histological criteria

One hundred surgically resected squamous cell carcinomas of the oesophagus were studied retrospectively to assess the significance of DNA aneuploidy as determined by flow cytometry using paraffin‐embedded tissue. DNA aneuploidy was not an independent prognostic indicator but was found to be associated with tumour necrosis and host/tumour interface fibrosis. When tumours confined to submucosa or muscle wall were assessed, diploid tumours had a poorer survival rate than DNA aneuploid tumours. Other histological variables studied were tumour differentiation, depth of infiltration, glandular and small cell differentiation, lymphatic and vascular spread and host inflammatory response. These failed to show any significant association with ploidy.
Regular review: HIV infection in children.

HIV has transformed paediatric practice in developing countries. A specialty that once dealt mainly with acute illnesses is now consumed, in many settings, with managing chronically ill and dying children. Last year, 600 000 children were newly infected with HIV, over 90% in sub-Saharan Africa and almost all having acquired the virus by vertical transmission, from mother to child.1 The statistics do not adequately portray the suffering and disrupted lives of the most vulnerable of the world's population. The HIV pandemic has eroded many of the hard earned gains made in reducing infant and child mortality. The United Nations Program on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) recently reported that, by 2010, a doubling in child mortality is expected in regions with a high prevalence of infection. Globally, the number of orphans from AIDS will increase from the current 13.2 million to 44 million by 2010.2 Already, one child in 10 is an orphan in some countries. Finding appropriate responses to this crisis must rank as the single most important global challenge to child health in the next decade. This article reviews advances in preventing vertical transmission, antiretroviral treatment, and vaccine development, and we attempt to predict future developments. #### Summary points HIV infection and AIDS have severely disrupted child health services in many developing countries Efforts to prevent viral transmission form mother to child are inadequate in resource poor settings The choice between breast feeding and feeding with formula milk remains controversial An effective AIDS vaccine can be expected in the next 10 years New antiretroviral treatments and innovative treatment strategies continue to be developed A focus beyond education and promoting the use of condoms is required in poor countries The review is based on a Medline search of original papers and reviews, unpublished material, presentations and abstracts from recent scientific meetings, …
Callous-Unemotional Behaviors in Young Girls: Shared and Unique Effects Relative to Conduct Problems

Among girls, little is known about the shared and unique associations that callous-unemotional (CU) behaviors and conduct problems have with aspects of emotional and behavioral dysregulation and with parenting practices. This study examined these associations using a large community-based sample of young girls (N = 990). The findings revealed that hyperactivity–impulsivity and negative emotionality were positively and uniquely associated with conduct problems, but not with CU behaviors, after controlling for co-occurring conduct problems. Conduct problems were also positively associated with both generalized anxiety and panic/somatic anxiety. In contrast, CU behaviors were negatively related to generalized anxiety problems after controlling for co-occurring conduct problems. The results also indicated that conduct problems were more closely associated with harsh punishment and low parental warmth among girls with low versus high CU behaviors.
Term Premium Dynamics and the Taylor Rule 1

We explore the bond-pricing implications of an endowment economy where (i) habit-formation preferences result in time-varying term premiums in real yields, and (ii) a monetary policy Taylor rule determines inflation and nominal term premiums. A calibrated version of the model matches the observed term structure of both the mean and volatility of yields. In addition, unlike a comparable model with exogenous inflation, a Taylor rule that matches the properties of observed inflation creates nominal term premiums that remain volatile even at long maturities. Experiments with different parameter values for the Taylor rule demonstrate that the nominal term premiums can be highly sensitive to monetary policy, and that the recent decrease in the level and volatility of the nominal yields could be the result of a more aggressive monetary policy. JEL Classification: D51, E43, E52, G12.
What factors support or inhibit secondary mathematics pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks during professional experience?

ABSTRACT There is an acknowledged gap between the theory presented in university preparation programmes and the reality of classroom practice that has resulted in many secondary mathematics pre-service teachers failing to implement university-endorsed teaching strategies. Using responses to a questionnaire and interviews, this qualitative study examined the factors that support or inhibit secondary mathematics pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks during professional experience. The results showed that even though the majority of pre-service teachers reported having beliefs compatible with using problem-solving tasks, the secondary students’ ability, preparation time, and the cooperating teacher were key factors that inhibited pre-service teachers’ implementation of problem-solving tasks. It is recommended that pre-service teachers regularly visit classrooms to observe the evolving implementation of problem-solving approaches. Furthermore, cooperating teachers should be required to attend professional development before the professional experience so they understand the goals of the university preparation programme and have the requisite skills and knowledge to support the implementation of problem-solving tasks in learning mathematics.
The Role of Tandem Double-J Ureteral Stents in the Management of Malignant Ureteral Obstruction.

AIM The management of malignant ureteral obstruction (MUO) is a challenging but common problem for urologists. The different techniques currently used to address this complicated issue include percutaneous nephrostomy, extra-anatomical stents, retrograde (single) stent insertion, and metallic stents. In those situations where single ureteral stent insertion has failed, retrograde tandem or twin ureteral stent (TUS) insertion can be completed. The aim of this study was to report our clinical experience and also assess the efficacy of TUS insertion within our tertiary referral center. METHODS Data were prospectively collected from patients requiring TUSs over an 8-year period between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014. A number of variables, including the improvement in renal function following TUS insertion, were recorded. RESULTS Twenty-two TUS insertion procedures were performed on 15 patients between the period of January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2014. The mean patient age was 68.0 years (39-85 years). There were 15 primary insertions as well as 7 subsequent stent changes. The average prenephrostomy creatinine was 428 μmol/L; an average improvement of 196 μmol/L was observed after percutaneous drainage. Serum creatinine after TUS remained stable on discharge, 214 μmol/L vs 227 μmol/L preoperatively, p = 0.34. Eleven patients died at a median 131 days post-TUS insertion. TUS failure occurred in three patients; this was characterized by rising creatinine and worsening hydronephrosis. Patients with failing TUS had a median life expectancy of 45.6 days compared with 162.5 days for those with functioning TUS (p < 0.05). Overall, the patency rate at 3 months was 80%. CONCLUSION TUS insertion is a technically efficient and effective procedure in the management of MUO, with the majority of patients treated dying of the underlying condition with functioning stents in situ.
Interstitial cells of cajal and inflammation-induced motor dysfunction in the mouse small intestine.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) play an important role in the control of gastrointestinal motility. We aimed to determine a potential role for ICC in the pathophysiology of inflammation-induced motor disorders. METHODS Effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on electrical pacemaker activity, the structure of ICC associated with Auerbach's plexus, and in vivo motor patterns were studied in the mouse small intestine. RESULTS Between days 1 and 15 after infection, structural damage occurred in the network of ICC, particularly in the processes connecting ICC to each other and to smooth muscle cells. This was associated with desynchronization of electrical pacemaker activity. Abnormal slow wave activity occurred, including doubling of frequency and electrical quiescence, leading to the development of ectopic pacemaker activity in vivo. In vivo motor patterns in the small intestine changed from consistent peristaltic contractile activity in control animals to periods of quiescence alternating with both orally and aborally propagating contractile activity in the presence of inflammation. Sixty days after infection, all parameters studied had returned to normal values. CONCLUSIONS Inflammation-induced alterations in the network of ICC of the small intestine associated with Auerbach's plexus lead to disorganization of motor patterns. Because of the strong temporal correlation between damage to the ICC network, electrical uncoupling, the appearance of ectopic pacemaker activity, and the occurrence of retrograde peristalsis, it is concluded that ICC can play a major role in inflammation-induced motor disturbances.
How to stop

Eukaryotic genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) through cycles of initiation, elongation and termination. Termination remains the least understood stage of transcription. Here we discuss the role of RNAP II occupancy downstream of the 3′ends of genes and its links with termination and mRNA 3′ processing.
The Similarity and Liking Effects on Interpersonal Attraction: A Test of the Two-Dimensional Cognitive Model

In the two-dimensional model of interpersonal attraction, cognitively evaluated respect for capacity of and trust in willingness to facilitate goals/needs of each other have been postulated to be necessary for relationship development. However, the extant literature shows supremacy of trust over respect in drawing two strangers together. The present authors hypothesized that trust and respect might drive attraction equally when the partnerâ€™s liking for the participant is known along with attitude similarity between them. When attitude similarity and partnerâ€™s liking were manipulated and both respect and trust were measured before attraction in an experiment (N = 176), there were similar additive effects on the three responses of trust, respect, and attraction. Importantly, and as hypothesized, trust and respect equally mediated the similarity and liking effects when trust was conceptualized as preceding respect in determining attraction.