Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Host Resistance to Infectious Illness in Adulthood

Objective: Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for adult morbidity and mortality primarily attributable to cardiovascular disease. Here, we examine whether childhood SES is associated with adult host resistance to infectious illness, and whether the effect is limited to a critical period of low SES exposure, can be undone by changes in childhood SES, and is explained by adult SES. Methods: Three hundred thirty-four healthy volunteers reported their own and their parents' level of education and the ages during their childhood when their parents owned their homes. Volunteers' current home ownership was recorded from real estate records. Subsequently, they were given nasal drops containing 1 of 2 rhinoviruses and were monitored in quarantine for infection and signs/symptoms of a common cold. Results: For both viruses, susceptibility to colds decreased with the number of childhood years during which their parents owned their home (odds ratios by tertiles adjusted for demographics, body mass, season, and prechallenge viral-specific immunity were 3.7 for fewest years, 2.6 and 1). This decreased risk was attributable to both lower risk of infection and lower risk of illness in infected subjects. Moreover, those whose parents did not own their home during their early life but did during adolescence were at the same increased risk as those whose parents never owned their home. These associations were independent of parent education level, adult education and home ownership, and personality characteristics. Conclusions: A marker of low income and wealth during early childhood is associated with decreased resistance to upper respiratory infections in adulthood. Higher risk is not ameliorated by higher SES during adolescence and is independent of adult SES.
Desire for Revenge and Attitudes Toward the Khmer Rouge Tribunal Among Cambodians

This study examined determinants of desire for revenge among survivors of the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime and its impact on attitudes toward the upcoming KR justice tribunal. The KR genocide resulted in the deaths of approximately 2 million Cambodians. Almost 30 years later, a UN-ratified tribunal is finally about to get under way to put on trial the few remaining leaders of the KR regime. One hundred thirty survivors of the KR regime currently living in Cambodia were administered a broad set of measures relevant to trauma-related adjustment and attitudes toward the upcoming KR tribunal in a structured interview format. Access to social support during the KR regime, current socioeconomic status, benefit-finding-related coping, and trauma disclosure were shown to be unique determinants of desire for revenge. Desire for revenge, in turn, was predictive of more favorable attitudes toward the KR tribunal. The contribution of these findings to the existing literature on desire for revenge in the context of mass-level traumatic victimization and its implications for justice tribunals are discussed.
News Selection Patterns as a Function of Race: The Discerning Minority and the Indiscriminating Majority

This study examines whether White majority and Black minority members differ in selecting news stories that featured either individuals of their own group or dissimilar others. Hypotheses derived from social-cognitive theory, social comparison theory, and distinctiveness theories were tested utilizing unobtrusive observations of news story selections. This selective exposure research design overcomes methodological constraints of previous experimental studies that employed self-reports and forced-exposure techniques to measure responses of Blacks and Whites to race-specific media sources. Our sample consisted of 112 Blacks and 93 Whites, who browsed 10 online news stories while exposure was unobtrusively logged via software. The news site displayed equal numbers of Black and White characters, with the pictures associated with the news stories rotated across participants. Results indicate that Whites showed no preference based on the race of the character featured in the news story. In contrast, Blacks strongly preferred news stories featuring Blacks and spent more than twice the reading time on them compared to exposure to news stories featuring Whites.
Adapting the large neighborhood search to effectively solve pickup and delivery problems with time windows

Pickup and delivery problems with time windows (PDP-TW) are challenging combinatorial optimization problems widely occurring in modern distribution and transportation industry. A previous proposal successfully adapted and combined the well-known push forward insertion heuristic (PFIH) with a new repair-based swap operator as a computationally reduced version of the large neighborhood search (LNS) to efficiently solve the PDP-TWs. We focus on a more systematic scheme to adapt the LNS in order to effectively solve PDP-TWs. Up to our knowledge, this work represents the first attempt to systematically adapt LNS for solving PDP-TWs. Besides, the empirical results obtained by our search proposals affirmed the attractive capability of the LNS approach to effectively reduce the total distance traveled in solving PDP-TWs, with similar results also achieved by the original LNS method in tackling the conventional vehicle routing problems with time windows. Lastly, our proposal of adapting LNS to solve hard combinatorial problems opens up many possible directions for future investigations.
School Performance, Status Relations, and the Structure of Sentiment: Bringing the Teacher Back In.

Research has failed to support the assumption that the academic difficulties of many minority and low-SES youth are due to their "outsider" standing relative to the middle-class culture that dominates schools. This study suggests that this proposition exaggerates the cultural hegemony of educational operations. Data on children in the first grade of a large, socially heterogeneous urban public school system show that not all teachers are given to status-related biases. Rather, teachers' own social origins exercise a strong influence on how they react to the status attributes of their students. In particular, low-status and minority pupils experience their greatest difficulties in the classrooms of high-status teachers. They are evaluated by their teachers as less mature, their teachers hold lower performance expectations for them, and their teachers score exceptionally low on perceived-school-climate measures. Moreover, year-end marks and standardized-test scores of such pupils apparently are depressed by these indicators of pupil-teacher social distance and teacher disaffection. A model of pupil-teacher background congruence is proposed as an alternative to the cultural hegemony framework, and the implications of such fit for the interpersonal dynamics of the classroom are discussed.
Living in One World: Searle’s Social Ontology and Semiotics

Searle’s social ontology concerns the question of how it is that we are to reconcile different aspects of reality but takes for granted a particular kind of naturalism based on his unexplicated “basic facts” of nature. The consequence of this approach is that Searle’s ontology deals specifically with social reality and its institutions, and never directly with the basic facts upon which his position rests. Paradoxically, this naturalistic assumption alienates his theory from its connection with the basic facts because the nature of this connection is taken for granted and not explicitly shown how nature is connectable to the social world. I hope to show that Searle’s project is redeemed by biosemiotic theory that makes an explicit connection between the beginnings of sociality, which is where Searle’s work starts off, and the biological and physical nature of things, which is what Searle’s work takes for granted but what biosemiotics explicates.
Choice of graft material and postoperative healing in endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leak.

OBJECTIVE To compare the postoperative healing profiles of graft materials used for endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study with 1 to 21 months of follow-up. SETTING Tertiary referral, academic medical center. PATIENTS Consecutive sample of patients undergoing endoscopic repair of CSF leak from March 2007 through May 2009. INTERVENTION Endoscopic repair of CSF leak with acellular dermis, collagen matrix, or sinonasal mucosal grafts. Graft success, time to full graft mucosalization, and duration of graft or donor site crusting were assessed during the postoperative period. RESULTS Forty repairs were performed on 37 patients: 17 with mucosal grafts, 10 with acellular dermis, and 13 with collagen matrix grafts. The mean follow-up time was 5.3 months (range, 0.5-21.0 months). Two patients had partial graft loss; none had a recurrence of CSF leak. There was a significant difference in time to mucosalization with acellular dermis (11.7 weeks) when compared with collagen matrices (6.6 weeks) or mucosa (4.9 weeks) (P < .001). Graft crusting was more prolonged with acellular dermis (9.4 weeks) than with collagen matrices (5.1 weeks) (P = .04). No patients with mucosal grafts had graft crusting. Donor site crusting was present only in the mucosal group, with an average duration of 6.5 weeks (range, 1.0-20.0 weeks). CONCLUSIONS Mucosal grafts, acellular dermis, and collagen matrices have similar success rates in endoscopic repair of CSF leak. Acellular dermis grafts have longer time to mucosalization and more weeks of crusting than mucosal or collagen matrix grafts.
NCME 2008 Presidential Address: The Impact of Anchor Test Configuration on Student Proficiency Rates

Examined in this study were the effects of reducing anchor test length on student proficiency rates for 12 multiple-choice tests administered in an annual, large-scale, high-stakes assessment. The anchor tests contained 15 items, 10 items, or five items. Five content representative samples of items were drawn at each anchor test length from a small universe of items in order to investigate the stability of equating results over anchor test samples. The operational tests were calibrated using the one-parameter model and equated using the mean b-value method. The findings indicated that student proficiency rates could display important variability over anchor test samples when 15 anchor items were used. Notable increases in this variability were found for some tests when shorter anchor tests were used. For these tests, some of the anchor items had parameters that changed somewhat in relative difficulty from one year to the next. It is recommended that anchor sets with more than 15 items be used to mitigate the instability in equating results due to anchor item sampling. Also, the optimal allocation method of stratified sampling should be evaluated as one means of improving the stability and precision of equating results.
Nonlinear finite-element analysis and biomechanical evaluation of the lumbar spine

A finite-element analysis (FEA) model of an intact lumbar disc-body unit was generated. The vertebral body of the FEA model consisted of a solid tetrahedral core of trabecular bone surrounded by a cortical shell. The disc consisted of an incompressible nucleus surrounded by nonlinear annulus fibers embedded in a solid ground substance. The purpose was to create a FEA model suitable for clinical purposes as fracture assessment, instrumentation with pedicle screws, and bone remodeling. Testing of the FEA model was performed nonlinear for a number of loading conditions, and the results were compared with experimental data from the literature. The results showed good agreement. The formulation of the FEA model can be justified for the tested loading conditions.
Content credibility of accounts derived from live and video presentations

Purpose. The present experiment examined the success rate of well-trained raters in judging the truthfulness of witness statements. Statements from children aged 7-8 years, children aged 10-11 years and adults were rated for the presence of 15 of the 19 original Criteria-Based Content Analysis (CBCA) criteria (Steller & Kohnken, 1989). Method. This experiment comprised a 3 (age of participant) × 3 (nature of account) design. One-third of the participants took part in a photography session, one-third watched a video recording of a peer taking part in a photography session, and one-third were party to a verbal description regarding the photography session but neither participated in it themselves nor saw a video recording. The first two groups then gave truthful accounts of their experiences in a subsequent interview. However, the third group was asked, by the experimenter, to lie during the interview and to try to convince the interviewers that they also had taken part in a photography session. Results. The CBCA criteria discriminated between truthful accounts based on actual involvement and fabricated accounts. However, the criteria did not significantly discriminate between those truthful accounts based on watching a video recording and fabricated accounts. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the truthful accounts based on participation and the truthful accounts based on observation. Further, CBCA was equally effective in discriminating between participative truthful accounts and fabricated accounts for all three age groups. Conclusions. CBCA was found to be a very useful tool in discriminating between truthful accounts based on direct experience of an event and fabricated accounts (overall hit rate, 70%). Also, CBCA was found to discriminate between truthful acounts based on actual experience and truthful accounts based on watching a video. This latter finding has implications for the real world when children and adults use information from television programmes and videos on which to base false allegations. Finally, CBCA was found to be equally effective for use with accounts from adults as well as children.
Metals (Ag+, Cd2+, Cr6+) affect ATPase activity in the gill, kidney, and muscle of freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus following acute and chronic exposures

Freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus were individually acutely exposed to different concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL) of Cd2+, Cr6+, and Ag+ for 96 h and 0.05 μg/mL concentration of the same metals for different periods (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 days) chronically. Following each experimental protocol, Na+/K+‐ATPase, Mg2+‐ATPase, and Ca2+‐ATPase activities were measured in the gill, kidney, and muscle of O. niloticus. In vitro experiments were also performed to determine the direct effects of metal ions (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 μg/mL) on ATPases. Except Ag+, none of the metals caused fish mortality within 30 days. Silver killed all the fishes within 16 days. Metal exposures generally decreased Na+/K+‐ATPase and Ca2+‐ATPase activities in the tissues of O. niloticus, although there were some fluctuations in Mg2+‐ATPase activity. Ag+ and Cd2+ were found to be more toxic to ATPase activities than Cr6+. It was also observed that metal efficiency was higher in the gill than in the other tissues. Results indicated that the response of ATPases varied depending on metals, exposure types, and tissues. Because ATPases are sensitive to metal toxicity, their activity can give valuable data about fish physiology. Therefore, they may be used as a sensitive biomarker in environmental monitoring in contaminated waters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 28: 707–717, 2013.
Accounting the Unaccounted: Case of Women’s Participation in Shellfish Harvesting in the Sultanate of Oman

Abstract This exploratory study is aimed at documenting some basic socioeconomic attributes of fisherwomen engaged in shellfish gathering in the southern part of the Sultanate of Oman. The primary data were collected through face-to-face interviews with participants. The survey results were evaluated from a gender and development perspective, and plausible policy measures are advocated. It is hoped that the findings of this exploratory research will generate new insights into the design of testable hypothesis for future research, with a well-defined focus on the enhancement of the well-being and livelihoods of Omani fisherwomen.
Doctors and dirty work--the case of alcoholism.

Doctors’treatment of certain classes of patient as dirty work is often ascribed to irrational reasons such as ignorance and prejudice. This is certainly true of the research tradition which seeks to explain why doctors avoid or dislike alcoholics. However, based on informal interviews with a group of Scottish general practitioners, I argue that, although all may be ignorant in some ways and a few are perhaps prejudiced, there are nevertheless other and quite rational grounds for their general avoidance of alcoholics. For alcoholics break three broad principles which shape conventional medical practice: the assumption of medical expertise, the belief that medical matters fall largely within the‘natural’sphere of things; and the assumption that, despite the doctors’inability to intervene or order, patients are normally motivated to comply with medical instructions. To break one principle would make matters difficult enough, to break all three renders normal consultations highly problematic. I conclude by noting that, although alcoholism has some unique features, the difficulties which its treatment entails are common to much of psychiatric practice also.
Africentric Cultural Values, Psychological Help-Seeking Attitudes, and Self-Concealment in African American College Students

This study investigated the relationships among Africentric cultural values (i.e., the extent to which an individual adheres to a worldview emphasizing communalism, unity, harmony, spirituality, and authenticity), favorable psychological help-seeking attitudes, perceived counseling stigma, and selfconcealment (i.e., the tendency to withhold personal, sensitive information that is perceived as negative or upsetting) in a sample of African American college students. The authors found that for both African American women and men, higher degrees of Africentric cultural values were associated with greater perceived stigma about counseling and greater self-concealment. In addition, findings indicated that neither favorable psychological help-seeking attitudes nor perceived counseling stigma significantly mediated the relationship between Africentric cultural values and self-concealment behavior. Implication of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Reference resistance indices of the umbilical, fetal middle cerebral and uterine arteries at 24–42 weeks of gestation

The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to construct new reference ranges for Doppler flow velocity waveform resistance indices for the fetal umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, placental and non‐placental uterine arteries and the placentocerebral ratio in a large and minimally selected population attending a single clinic. Study design and data analysis adhered to a number of stringent and validated methodological recommendations derived both from the recent literature and from a review of earlier publications in this field. The final database comprised initial routine Doppler velocimetry at 24–42 weeks' gestation in 1675 pregnancies. Separate regression models were fitted to estimate the mean and standard deviation at each gestational age for each vessel. New charts, centile tables and regression equations are presented for the resistance indices of the fetal umbilical artery, middle cerebral artery, placental and non‐placental uterine arteries and the mean of both uterine arteries and for the placentocerebral ratio. Copyright © 1997 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Self-Regulated Learning and Open Writing.

In our study, we describe a situation where students take ownership of their learning and, on their own initiative, use digital tools actively in their learning activities. In our research we were interested in students who used weblogs and in the dynamic relationship between students and the weblogs they create. In particular, we were interested in how self-regulated learning was facilitated both by the technology that enables the creation of the weblogs, and in the content, or open writings, that are posted on the weblog. The article begins with an introduction to weblogs. We then present the results of the analysis of the affordances of weblogs to facilitate self-regulated learning. We used a category system developed by experts from the universities of Aalborg, Amsterdam and Bergen to structure our study of the weblogs which we received from Bergen students. One of our most interesting findings was that students’ reflection on both their own learning and access to other’s reflections on their learning was a powerful tool to collectively develop a conceptual understanding of a topic. We could call this collective self-regulation.
Oppositional positions: children's construction of gender in talk and role plays based on adult occupation

Summary This paper examines primary school children's constructions of gender during talk about their own lives, and in role plays based on adult occupational scenarios. Examining children's interview talk, it is argued that gender category maintenance is evident in the children's constructions, and that because of this, many children presented gender as oppositional (in opposition and opposite) in their interviews. The role play interaction is then analysed, beginning with an examination of who gained first choice of the role play scenario and role, and whether children took up traditional gender‐stereotypical occupational roles. Children's interactive constructions of the various occupational roles, and the ways in which some of these appeared to be taken up according to gender, are then discussed. It is further argued that gender category maintenance leads to the construction of symbolic gender cultures in the plays, via the presentation of genders as oppositional. Having explored these different const.
The Mediterranean Diet and Nutritional Adequacy: A Review

The Mediterranean dietary pattern, through a healthy profile of fat intake, low proportion of carbohydrate, low glycemic index, high content of dietary fiber, antioxidant compounds, and anti-inflammatory effects, reduces the risk of certain pathologies, such as cancer or Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Nutritional adequacy is the comparison between the nutrient requirement and the intake of a certain individual or population. In population groups, the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy can be assessed by the probability approach or using the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) cut-point method. However, dietary patterns can also be used as they have moderate to good validity to assess adequate intakes of some nutrients. The objective of this study was to review the available evidence on the Nutritional Adequacy of the Mediterranean Diet. The inclusion of foods typical of the Mediterranean diet and greater adherence to this healthy pattern was related to a better nutrient profile, both in children and adults, with a lower prevalence of individuals showing inadequate intakes of micronutrients. Therefore, the Mediterranean diet could be used in public health nutrition policies in order to prevent micronutrient deficiencies in the most vulnerable population groups.