Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specific Entrainment of Mitral Cells during Gamma Oscillation in the Rat Olfactory Bulb

Local field potential (LFP) oscillations are often accompanied by synchronization of activity within a widespread cerebral area. Thus, the LFP and neuronal coherence appear to be the result of a common mechanism that underlies neuronal assembly formation. We used the olfactory bulb as a model to investigate: (1) the extent to which unitary dynamics and LFP oscillations can be correlated and (2) the precision with which a model of the hypothesized underlying mechanisms can accurately explain the experimental data. For this purpose, we analyzed simultaneous recordings of mitral cell (MC) activity and LFPs in anesthetized and freely breathing rats in response to odorant stimulation. Spike trains were found to be phase-locked to the gamma oscillation at specific firing rates and to form odor-specific temporal patterns. The use of a conductance-based MC model driven by an approximately balanced excitatory-inhibitory input conductance and a relatively small inhibitory conductance that oscillated at the gamma frequency allowed us to provide one explanation of the experimental data via a mode-locking mechanism. This work sheds light on the way network and intrinsic MC properties participate in the locking of MCs to the gamma oscillation in a realistic physiological context and may result in a particular time-locked assembly. Finally, we discuss how a self-synchronization process with such entrainment properties can explain, under experimental conditions: (1) why the gamma bursts emerge transiently with a maximal amplitude position relative to the stimulus time course; (2) why the oscillations are prominent at a specific gamma frequency; and (3) why the oscillation amplitude depends on specific stimulus properties. We also discuss information processing and functional consequences derived from this mechanism.
Detecting the Boundaries of Urban Areas in India: A Dataset for Pixel-Based Image Classification in Google Earth Engine

Urbanization often occurs in an unplanned and uneven manner, resulting in profound changes in patterns of land cover and land use. Understanding these changes is fundamental for devising environmentally responsible approaches to economic development in the rapidly urbanizing countries of the emerging world. One indicator of urbanization is built-up land cover that can be detected and quantified at scale using satellite imagery and cloud-based computational platforms. This process requires reliable and comprehensive ground-truth data for supervised classification and for validation of classification products. We present a new dataset for India, consisting of 21,030 polygons from across the country that were manually classified as “built-up” or “not built-up,” which we use for supervised image classification and detection of urban areas. As a large and geographically diverse country that has been undergoing an urban transition, India represents an ideal context to develop and test approaches for the detection of features related to urbanization. We perform the analysis in Google Earth Engine (GEE) using three types of classifiers, based on imagery from Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 as inputs. The methodology produces high-quality maps of built-up areas across space and time. Although the dataset can facilitate supervised image classification in any platform, we highlight its potential use in GEE for temporal large-scale analysis of the urbanization process. Our methodology can easily be applied to other countries and regions.
Gender Bias in Teacher Education Texts

This content analysis investigated the treatment of gender in 23 teacher education textbooks published between 1998 and 2001. Given the decades of research documenting the impact of gender bias in schools, the authors anticipated stronger, fairer texts than those analyzed 20 years ago. Clearly, there has been progress, but it is minimal. Introductory/foundation texts provide slightly more than 7% of content to gender issues; methods texts average little more than 1%. Although a commitment to gender fairness is verbalized in several of these texts, specific resources and strategies to achieve that goal are often absent. Inadequate, stereotypic, and even inaccurate treatment of gender is commonplace. Tomorrow’s teachers may learn the importance of verbalizing support for equity without the expectation that they can actually help make it a reality.
Revisiting the Ants of Melanesia and the Taxon Cycle: Historical and Human-Mediated Invasions of a Tropical Archipelago

Understanding the historical evolution of biotas and the dynamics of contemporary human-mediated species introductions are two central tasks of biology. One hypothesis may address both—the taxon cycle. Taxon cycles are phases of range expansion and contraction coupled to ecological and evolutionary niche shifts. These historical invasion processes resemble human-mediated invasions in pattern and possibly mechanism, but both the existence of historical cycles and the roles of recent introductions are in question. We return to the system that originally inspired the taxon cycle—Melanesian ants—and perform novel tests of the hypothesis. We analyze (i) the habitat distributions of Fiji’s entire ant fauna (183 species), (ii) ecological shifts associated with the in situ radiation of Fijian Pheidole in a phylogenetic context, and (iii) the ecological structure of a massive exotic ant invasion of the archipelago. Our analyses indicate lineages shift toward primary habitats, higher elevation, rarity, and ecological specialization with increasing level of endemism, consistent with taxon cycle predictions. The marginal habitats that historically formed a dispersal conduit in the Pacific are now mostly replaced by human-modified habitats dominated by a colonization pulse of exotic species. We propose this may represent the first phase of an incipient global cycle of human-mediated colonization, ecological shifts, and diversification.
Semantic feature analysis as a treatment for aphasic dysnomia: A replication

Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA) is a treatment technique designed to improve lexical retrieval by increasing the level of activation within a semantic network. The purpose of this study was to replicate the Boyle and Coelho (1995) study in which SFA was applied with a mild non-fluent aphasic individual resulting in improved confrontation naming of trained and untrained items but no generalization to connected speech. The present study investigated whether a comparable treatment effect could be demonstrated, and to what extent severity and type aphasia might impact overall outcome. SFA was applied to an individual with a moderate fluent aphasia secondary to a closed head injury. Gains in confrontation naming of both trained and untrained stimulus pictures were noted as well as measures of connected speech. Potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
Practices of judgement and domestic geographies of affect

This paper describes how practices of judgement take place from within the ‘life’ of ‘everyday life’. It does this, in part, to counter the assumption that the expression of taste necessarily acts as a strategy of distinction that creates hierarchized relations between different types of body. Instead the paper argues that considering practices to be of everyday life involves attuning to how different modalities of the more-than-rational are bound up with the making of value. This means, however, refusing to suspect the making of a judgement. In contrast, the paper exemplifies an ethos of engagement that functions affectively to discern traces of something better in these most judged of practices. Practices of judgement with music are thereafter disclosed as concerned with the momentary (re)ordering of what William Connolly (1999) has termed ‘thought imbued intensities and feelings’. They occur from within the contradictory, often confused, affective imperatives that both circulate to pleat together everyday life and form the multiple, intersecting, topologies of affect that enact domestic time-space.
Survivin protein expression positively correlated with proliferative activity of cancer cells in bladder cancer.

CONTEXT Survivin is an inhibitor of apoptosis that is selectively over-expressed in common human cancers, but not in normal tissues, and that correlates with aggressive disease and unfavorable outcomes. AIMS To identify the role of survivin in bladder carcinogenesis and the correlation between survivin protein expression and the occurrence of spontaneous apoptosis, proliferative activity of cancer cells. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Retrospective analysis. METHODS AND MATERIAL Bladder transitional cell cancer (BTCC) tissue samples for 128 patients were investigated, with normal bladder tissues serving as controls. From these tumor samples, 42 (32.8%) were grade I, 59 (46.1%) were grade II, and 27 (21.1%) were grade III; 72 (56.2%) were superficial, 56 (43.8%) were invasive. The survivin protein level was quantified by Western blot analysis. The apoptotic index (AI) using in situ labeling apoptotic DNA fragment kit and the Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67LI) with an anti-Ki-67 monoclonal antibody were analyzed in these tumors, respectively. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Differences in the S/beta ratio between tumor grade and stage were evaluated by using unpaired t-test and F-test. The relationships between the S/beta ratios and AIs, Ki-67LIs of tumors were evaluated by Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS High survivin levels were detected by Western blot analysis in tumor tissue extracts. None of the expression of survivin protein was found in normal bladder tissues. Survivin levels were significantly different from different clinical stages and pathological grades of the tumors (P > 0.05, respectively). Spearman rank correlation test revealed a positively correlation between survivin protein level and the proliferative activity (P < 0.001) and failed to find significant correlation between AI and survivin protein level (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Survivin protein expression played an important role in the malignant progression of BTCC.
Continuous-Time Visual-Inertial Odometry for Event Cameras

Event cameras are bioinspired vision sensors that output pixel-level brightness changes instead of standard intensity frames. They offer significant advantages over standard cameras, namely a very high dynamic range, no motion blur, and a latency in the order of microseconds. However, due to the fundamentally different structure of the sensor's output, new algorithms that exploit the high temporal resolution and the asynchronous nature of the sensor are required. Recent work has shown that a continuous-time representation of the event camera pose can deal with the high temporal resolution and asynchronous nature of this sensor in a principled way. In this paper, we leverage such a continuous-time representation to perform visual-inertial odometry with an event camera. This representation allows direct integration of the asynchronous events with microsecond accuracy and the inertial measurements at high frequency. The event camera trajectory is approximated by a smooth curve in the space of rigid-body motions using cubic splines. This formulation significantly reduces the number of variables in trajectory estimation problems. We evaluate our method on real data from several scenes and compare the results against ground truth from a motion-capture system. We show that our method provides improved accuracy over the result of a state-of-the-art visual odometry method for event cameras. We also show that both the map orientation and scale can be recovered accurately by fusing events and inertial data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work on visual-inertial fusion with event cameras using a continuous-time framework.
Multicast capacity of large homogeneous multihop wireless networks

Most existing work on multicast capacity of large homogeneous networks is based on a simple model for wireless channel, namely the Protocol Model. In this paper, we exploit a local capacity tool called arena which we introduced recently in order to render multicast accessible to analysis also under more realistic, and notably less pessimistic channel models. Through the present study we find three regimes of the multicast capacity (lambdam) for a homogeneous network depending on the ratio of terminals among the nodes of the network. We note that the upper bounds we establish under the more realistic channel assumptions are only radic(log(n)) larger than the existing bounds. Further, we propose a multicast routing and time scheduling scheme to achieve the computed asymptotic bound over all channel models except the simple Protocol Model. To this end, we employ percolation theory among other analytical tools. Finally, we compute the multicast capacity of large mobile wireless networks. Comparing the result to the static case reveals that mobility increases the multicast capacity. However, the mobility gain decreases when increasing the number of terminals in a fixed size mobile network.
Environmental risk factors and children's achievement from middle childhood to early adolescence.

This study examined the long-term effects of low family income and stressful life events on math and reading achievement test percentile scores for 1,253 children. Four birth cohorts were followed for 2-4 years so that achievement across Grades 2 through 7 could be examined. Two types of analytic models, the multiplicative risk factor model and the cumulative risk model, were used. The moderating effects of ethnicity and gender were also explored. The results suggest that low income and minority ethnic status are significant risk factors for children's achievement. No systematic evidence was found for a large impact of life events on reading achievement, and the effects of such events on math achievement appear to be best understood as part of the larger context of multiple risk factors during childhood. The findings suggest a differential impact of risk factors on math achievement compared with reading achievement.
A threat in the elder: the impact of task‐instructions, self‐efficacy and performance expectations on memory performance in the elderly

Widely used explicit memory tasks seem to overestimate age-related differences in memory performance. Social and personal factors may buffer or undermine the effect of age on memory performance. In two studies, the performance of older adults was compared with the performance of younger adults. Tasks were presented either as memory tasks or non-memory tasks. Older adults' performance on a memory task improved when the task-instructions did not explicitly emphasize the memory component of the task. In the first study, results revealed that memory self-efficacy beliefs play a moderator role on the impact of task-instruction on memory performance, so that lower levels of memory self-efficacy correlate with lower performance in the memory emphasizing task condition but not in the orientation emphasizing task condition. In a second study actual performance expectations were measured. For older participants only, expectations were sensitive to task-instructions and mediated the relation between tasks-instructions and performances. These findings suggest that observed age-related differences in memory performance may be significantly exaggerated by the testing situation and by a low memory self-efficacy and low memory performance expectancies prevalent among older adults. Copyright # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiated effects of community schooling on cognitive and social-emotional learning outcomes

Community schools are becoming increasingly popular. They aim to enhance children’s educational performance by offering extended educational and social services. As community schools mainly focus on disadvantaged children, this study evaluates the effects of community schooling on the educational outcomes of these pupils. We focus on care pupils and pupils whose parents have a low educational attainment. We hypothesize that community schools are particularly beneficial to care pupils, namely, pupils with additional educational needs, and for pupils with parents with lower levels of educational attainment. Our analyses show that both pupil groups benefit in terms of reduced underachievement. The duration of community school attendance as such does not affect cognitive outcomes, but it proves beneficial to the educational achievement of both groups when the community school subsidy is taken into account as well. We show that different community school activities have partly contrary effects on care pupils and non-care pupils.
On the number of complete subgraphs and circuits contained in graphs

and denote by KP the complete graph of p vertices . A well known theorem of TUR. áN [6] states that every 9(n ; m(n, p) + 1) contains a Kp and that this result is best possible. Thus in particular every á(2n ; n 2 + 1) contains a triangle. Denote by f„(p ; 1) the largest integer so that every W(n; m(n, p) + 1) contains at least fn(p ; l) distinct K p 's. RADEMACHER proved that fn(3 ; 1) = [n/2] and I proved [1] that there exists a constant 0 < c < z so that for every
California Women and Their Dreams: A Historical and Sub-Cultural Comparison of Dream Content

This study investigates the influence of sub-cultural membership on women's dream content, and time trends in dreaming over the past forty years. Dream series anonymously collected from 100 women attending the University of California, Berkeley, were scored for characters, emotions, setting, aggression, friendliness and sexuality. Each subject voluntarily reported five consecutive dreams on standardized forms. A demographic questionnaire administered to subjects and non-subjects found no differences. Randomized dream reports were scored twice by two independent raters. The current sample reported more emotions, more aggression, and more victimization by females than the normative, 1950 sample. Asian-American content was compared with non-Asian-American content and the 1950 data. Asian-American women reported similar aggressive patterns to those of the 1950 sample, and more unfamiliar settings than non-Asian-Americans. An integrative explanation of the results is presented, and suggestions for future dream content research are made.
Dividend policy: Evidence of Government-Linked Companies (GLCs)

The Malaysian Government-Linked Companies (GLCs) had lagged significantly in terms of total shareholder's return which was measured by dividend payout. Indeed, GLCs are unique from other entities. Therefore, the main objective of this study attempts to identify the relationship between six characteristics of GLCs and dividend payout ratios that include corporate governance mechanisms. Thirty one GLCs in Malaysia are included for this study and the data are collected from Thomson One Banker database and Annual Reports from 2004 to 2007. The results clearly indicate that profitability, cash flow and board independence affect GLC's dividend payout ratio. This model reveals approximately 23% of the factors dominantly influence the dividend policy in the Malaysian GLCs and provides remarkable evidence that corporate governance is one of the areas that might be explored in future research in the dividend policy study of GLCs by incorporating other governance elements.
FAMILY ORIGINS AND THE SCHOOLING PROCESS: EARLY VERSUS LATE INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS*

This paper explores the potential role of family socioeconomic factors in school achievement outcomes at two separate periods in the lifecourse-early in childhood and during late adolescence. Using data from an 18-year longitudinal study of families and their children which provides measures of parental socioeconomic characteristics across this entire period, we examine several issues related to the influence of early and late family factors on achievement outcomes assessed during the period of the completion of secondary schooling. We examine the extent to which differing conclusions are reached through the use of parental socioeconomic variables assessed during these two periods, and we explore the question of the relative impact of these two sets of influences. Our results indicate that, in part due to the intertemporal consistency of some socioeconomic variables, most relationships are quite similar using either the early or later variables. While these patterns make it very difficult in some instances to ascertain the relative effects of early and late socioeconomic factors, our analytic results point to a potentially stronger role of early socioeconomic factors in cognitive development and school learning. In a single instance-the case offamily size-we find independent effects on school achievement from both early and late socioeconomic experiences. A central theme in the literature on social stratification, from classical sociological writ
Linear discriminant model for information retrieval

This paper presents a new discriminative model for information retrieval (IR), referred to as linear discriminant model (LDM), which provides a flexible framework to incorporate arbitrary features. LDM is different from most existing models in that it takes into account a variety of linguistic features that are derived from the component models of HMM that is widely used in language modeling approaches to IR. Therefore, LDM is a means of melding discriminative and generative models for IR. We present two algorithms of parameter learning for LDM. One is to optimize the average precision (AP) directly using an iterative procedure. The other is a perceptron-based algorithm that minimizes the number of discordant document-pairs in a rank list. The effectiveness of our approach has been evaluated on the task of ad hoc retrieval using six English and Chinese TREC test sets. Results show that (1) in most test sets, LDM significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art language modeling approaches and the classical probabilistic retrieval model; (2) it is more appropriate to train LDM using a measure of AP rather than likelihood if the IR system is graded on AP; and (3) linguistic features (e.g. phrases and dependences) are effective for IR if they are incorporated properly.
Cortical involvement for action imitation of hand/arm postures versus finger configurations: an fMRI study

We used fMRI to study the human imitation of hand/arm postures and finger configuration, subjects imitated hand/arm postures in the hand condition, and they imitated finger configurations in the finger condition. Compared with the control condition, only the finger condition showed significant activation in Broca's area and symmetrical activation in the bilateral inferior parietal lobes, while the hand condition showed left lateralised superior parietal activation pattern. Our findings suggest that Broca's area might be involved more in the imitation of finger configuration than that of hand/arm postures. The result of parietal activation patterns was fully consistent with formerly reported clinical findings, and the relationship between the lesion laterality and the patients' perfomance of hand/finger action imitation.
The Dynamics of Cash

Little is known about how firms manage cash policy over time. This paper fills this gap by examining if and how firms manage cash toward a target cash ratio. Estimating partial adjustment models of cash, we find that firms actively adjust their cash toward a target; however, the speed of adjustment is slow and there is large dispersion in the speed of adjustment across firms. We investigate the causes for this and find evidence consistent with the presence of adjustment costs. We also examine the implications of these results for previous interpretations of cross-sectional results. To do this, we simulate firms’ cash paths allowing for costly adjustment and find that the emerging patterns question the interpretation of some of the standard results in the empirical cash literature