Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Underwater acrobatics by the world's largest predator: 360° rolling manoeuvres by lunge-feeding blue whales

The extreme body size of blue whales requires a high energy intake and therefore demands efficient foraging strategies. As an obligate lunge feeder on aggregations of small zooplankton, blue whales engulf a large volume of prey-laden water in a single, rapid gulp. The efficiency of this feeding mechanism is strongly dependent on the amount of prey that can be captured during each lunge, yet food resources tend to be patchily distributed in both space and time. Here, we measured the three-dimensional kinematics and foraging behaviour of blue whales feeding on krill, using suction-cup attached multi-sensor tags. Our analyses revealed 360° rolling lunge-feeding manoeuvres that reorient the body and position the lower jaws so that a krill patch can be engulfed with the whale's body inverted. We also recorded these rolling behaviours when whales were in a searching mode in between lunges, suggesting that this behaviour also enables the whale to visually process the prey field and maximize foraging efficiency by surveying for the densest prey aggregations. These results reveal the complex manoeuvrability that is required for large rorqual whales to exploit prey patches and highlight the need to fully understand the three-dimensional interactions between predator and prey in the natural environment.
Why Entrepreneurs Often Experience Low, Not High, Levels of Stress

While creating and running new ventures, entrepreneurs are exposed to conditions known to generate high levels of stress (e.g., rapid change, unpredictable environments, work overload, personal responsibility for others). Thus, it has been assumed that they often experience intense stress. A markedly different possibility, however, is suggested by Attraction-Selection-Attrition (ASA) theory. This perspective suggests that persons who are attracted by, selected into, and persist in entrepreneurship may be relatively high in the capacity to tolerate or effectively manage stress. In contrast, persons who are relatively low in this capacity tend to exit from entrepreneurship either voluntarily or involuntarily. As a result, founding entrepreneurs as a group are predicted to experience low rather than high levels of stress while running new ventures. Results supported this reasoning: Founding entrepreneurs reported lower levels of stress when compared to participants in a large national survey of perceived stress. Additional findings indicate that entrepreneurs’ relatively low levels of stress derive, at least in part, from high levels of psychological capital (a combination of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience). Psychological capital was negatively related to stress, and stress, in turn, was negatively related to entrepreneurs’ subjective well-being. Furthermore, and also consistent with ASA theory, the stress-reducing effects of psychological capital were stronger for older than younger entrepreneurs.
Dissecting the African Internet : An Intra-Continental Study

Africa has the lowest rate of Internet penetration in the world. This is set to change with Africa predicted to be a major driving force in expanding global uptake. Despite this, recent studies have observed generally poor Internet performance on the continent. This paper presents a large-scale measurement study of the African Internet. It focusses on mapping the performance and topological characteristics of intra-Africa connectivity. Our analysis discovers a series of “communities”, in which countries have built up low delay interconnectivity, dispelling the myth that intradelays in Africa are universally poor. Unfortunately, this does not extend to the remainder of the continent, which typically suffers from excessively high intercountry delays, often exceeding 300ms. To explain this, we explore the intra-continental topology to discover a number of shortcomings, most notably an excessive reliance on international transit providers rather than local peering.
Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings, 1977-1984

Foreward Introduction: Foucault and the politics of Experience Lawrence D. Kritzman 1. The Minimalist Self 2. Critical Theory/Intellectual History 3. An aesthetics of Existence 4. Politics and Reason 5. The Art of Telling the Truth 6. On Power 7. Power and Sex 8. The Dangerous Individual 9. Practicing Criticism 10. Social Security 11. Confinement, Psychiatry, Prison 12. Iran: The Spirit of a World Without Spirit 13. The Battle for Chastity 14. The Return of Morality 15. The Concern for Truth 16. Sexual Morality and the Law 17. Sexual Choice, Sexual Act: Foucault and Homosexuality 18. The Functions of Literature 19. Contemporary Music and Its Public 20. The Masked Philosopher
Examining the relationship between self-reported mood management and music preferences of Australian teenagers

The influence of music on the moods and behaviour of young people has been much contested. Whilst some parties accuse the music industry of purposefully poisoning the minds of youth, others understand the relationship between teenagers and their music preferences as reciprocal. This article reports on an investigation examining what 111 Australian adolescents reported about changes in their mood before and after listening to self-selected genres of music. Most young people reported using music to improve their mood, particularly when their initial state was already positive; however when feeling sad or stressed, some young people reported a worsening mood. Correlational analysis revealed that whilst the distressed young people in this sample were more likely to prefer listening to angry music and have a preference for metal, they did not report a more negative effect on their mood than any other genre of music. The researchers conclude that mixed methodologies may be better suited for examining this complex phenomenon and for avoiding overly simplistic interpretations of data. Music therapists are encouraged to initiate dialogue with distressed young people in order to increase their consciousness about whether their mood improves or worsens when listening to self-selected music.
From names to entities using thematic context distance

Name ambiguity arises from the polysemy of names and causes uncertainty about the true identity of entities referenced in unstructured text. This is a major problem in areas like information retrieval or knowledge management, for example when searching for a specific entity or updating an existing knowledge base. We approach this problem of named entity disambiguation (NED) using thematic information derived from Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) to compare the entity mention's context with candidate entities in Wikipedia represented by their respective articles. We evaluate various distances over topic distributions in a supervised classification setting to find the best suited candidate entity, which is either covered in Wikipedia or unknown. We compare our approach to a state of the art method and show that it achieves significantly better results in predictive performance, regarding both entities covered in Wikipedia as well as uncovered entities. We show that our approach is in general language independent as we obtain equally good results for named entity disambiguation using the English, the German and the French Wikipedia.
Integrating Two Subtypes of Depression

According to Blatt and Zuroff's 1992 specific vulnerability hypothesis, individuals high in self-criticism or dependency will likely exhibit increases in depressive symptoms following negative achievement and interpersonal events, respectively. The hopelessness theory hypothesizes a distinct subtype of depression, hopelessness depression, with a unique symptom profile. Recent evidence suggests a possible link between dependency or self-criticism and hopelessness depression. The present study examined whether early adolescents with high levels of self-criticism and/or dependency are vulnerable to developing hopelessness depression symptoms following negative events congruent with their personality predispositions. Seventy-nine seventh grade children completed questionnaires assessing self-criticism, dependency, and depressive symptoms. Ten weeks later, depressive symptoms and the occurrence of negative events were assessed. In line with hypotheses, children high in self-criticism exhibited increases in hopelessness but not nonhopelessness depression symptoms following negative achievement but not interpersonal events. Contrary to predictions, children high in dependency exhibited no increases in hopelessness or nonhopelessness depression symptoms following negative events in either domain.
Lehrerbelastung und Unterrichtsqualität aus der Perspektive von Lehrenden und Lernenden

Der Fragebogen zu Arbeitsbezogenen Verhaltens- und Erlebensmustern (AVEM; Schaarschmidt & Fischer, 1996, 1997) erfasst anhand von 11 Subskalen personale und soziale Ressourcen bei der Bewaltigung berufsbezogener Anforderungen. In Clusteranalysen mit Lehrerinnen und Lehrern resultierten in den meisten vorliegenden Studien vier Typen (Gesundheitstyp, Schontyp, Risikotyp A, Risikotyp B). Bisherige Arbeiten zum Zusammenhang zwischen dieser Typologie und Unterrichtsverhalten verwendeten ausschlieslich Selbstberichtsdaten von Lehrkraften. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit sich die erlebte Belastung von Mathematiklehrkraften auch in dem von den Schulern berichteten Unterrichtsverhalten dieser Lehrkrafte widerspiegelt. Datenbasis ist eine Stichprobe von 314 Klassen der 9. Jahrgangsstufe und ihrer Mathematiklehrkrafte, die im Rahmen der nationalen PISA-Erhebung 2003 befragt wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zum einen die clusteranalytische Replizierbarkeit der Schaarschmidtschen Typologie. Zum zweiten fand.
The Zinc Transporter SLC39A14/ZIP14 Controls G-Protein Coupled Receptor-Mediated Signaling Required for Systemic Growth

Aberrant zinc (Zn) homeostasis is associated with abnormal control of mammalian growth, although the molecular mechanisms of Zn's roles in regulating systemic growth remain to be clarified. Here we report that the cell membrane-localized Zn transporter SLC39A14 controls G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-mediated signaling. Mice lacking Slc39a14 (Slc39a14-KO mice) exhibit growth retardation and impaired gluconeogenesis, which are attributable to disrupted GPCR signaling in the growth plate, pituitary gland, and liver. The decreased signaling is a consequence of the reduced basal level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) caused by increased phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in Slc39a14-KO cells. We conclude that SLC39A14 facilitates GPCR-mediated cAMP-CREB signaling by suppressing the basal PDE activity, and that this is one mechanism for Zn's involvement in systemic growth processes. Our data highlight SLC39A14 as an important novel player in GPCR-mediated signaling. In addition, the Slc39a14-KO mice may be useful for studying the GPCR-associated regulation of mammalian systemic growth.
Describing the values of Filipino adolescents: a comparison with pan-cultural norms

An etic approach was used to describe the values of Filipino adolescents and to show how pan-cultural comparisons using a values survey can complement emic approaches to studying values. Participants were 752 adolescents who answered the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ). The results indicate that PVQ has structural validity and adequate internal consistency. Ranks of the value types were compared with pan-cultural student norms; the results indicate that (a) Filipino adolescents’ value type hierarchies are substantially similar (same top, same middle, same bottom ranked values), and (b) Filipino adolescents gave higher rankings for hedonism and stimulation and lower ranking for achievement.
A SPATIAL MODEL FOR THE ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES

The voter model, with mutations occurring at a positive rate α, has a unique equilibrium distribution. We investigate the logarithms of the relative abundance of species for these distributions in d ≥ 2. We show that, as α → 0, the limiting distribution is right triangular in d = 2 and uniform in d ≥ 3. We also obtain more detailed results for the histograms that biologists use to estimate the underlying density functions.
An Image Understanding System Using Attributed Symbolic Representation and Inexact Graph-Matching

This paper presents a powerful image understanding system that utilizes a semantic-syntactic (or attributed-synibolic) representation scheme in the form of attributed relational graphs (ARG's) for comprehending the global information contents of images. Nodes in the ARG represent the global image features, while the relations between those features are represented by attributed branches between their corresponding nodes. The extraction of ARG representation from images is achieved by a multilayer graph transducer scheme. This scheme is basically a rule-based system that uses a combination of model-driven and data-driven concepts in performing a hierarchical symbolic mapping of the image information content from the spatial-domain representation into a global representation. Further analysis and inter-pretation of the imagery data is performed on the extracted ARG representation. A distance measure between images is defined in terms of the distance between their respective ARG representations. The distance between two ARG's and the inexact matching of their respective components are calculated by an efficient dynamic programming technique. The system handles noise, distortion, and ambiguity in real-world images by two means, namely, through modeling and embedding them into the transducer's mapping rules, as well as through the appropriate cost of error-transformation for the inexact matching of the ARG image representation. Two illustrative experiments are presented to demonstrate some capabilities of the proposed system. Experiment I deals with locating objects in multiobject scenes, while Experiment II is concerned with target detection in SAR images.
A Path-Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness

An explanation of the effects of leader behavior on subordinate satisfaction, motivation, and performance is presented. The explanation is derived from a path-goal theory of motivation. Dimensions of leader behavior such as leader initiating structure, consideration, authoritarianism, hierarchical influence, and closeness of supervision are analyzed in terms of path-goal variables such as valence and instrumentality. The theory specifies some of the situational moderators on which the effects of specific leader behaviors are contingent. A set of general propositions are advanced which integrate and explain earlier fragmentary research findings. Several specific predictions are made to illustrate how the general propositions can be operationalized. The usefulness of the theory is demonstrated by showing how several seemingly unrelated prior research findings could have been deduced from its general propositions and by applying it to reconcile what appear to be contradictory findings from prior studies. Results of two empirical studies are reported that provide support for seven of eight hypotheses derived directly from the general propositions of the theory. A third study designed to test three of the original eight hypotheses is also reported. Two of these three hypotheses are successfully replicated. In the light of these results and the integrative power of the theory, it is argued that the theory shows promise and should be further tested with experimentallas well as correlational methods.
In vivo MR spectroscopic imaging of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in healthy and cancerous breast tissues by selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer (Sel‐MQC): A preliminary study

The spatial distribution of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in healthy and cancerous human breast tissues was measured in vivo with a selective multiple‐quantum coherence transfer (Sel‐MQC) technique. This method selectively detected the olefinic methylene protons (‐CH = CH‐) of PUFA at 5.3 ppm that were coupled with allylic methylene protons (‐CH2‐CH2‐CH=) of unsaturated acyl chain at 2.8 ppm. Unwanted lipid coherences and tissue water signal were dephased in a single scan. Breast PUFA were mapped at 1 cm3 voxel resolution in sagittal slices of nine breasts in six healthy female volunteers that were compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in one breast cancer patient. The healthy breast tissue displayed continuous PUFA distribution. In some individuals, PUFA appeared throughout the breast tissue; in others they were only located in the central breast area. Decreased PUFA levels were detected in the IDC of the breast cancer patient. The magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) measurement was consistent with the histological findings, ultrasound, and mammography images. PUFA patterns are sensitive to abnormal breast tissue changes including malignant transformations, and thus may serve as a biomarker for early diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of breast disease. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxygen and Asteroids 3 DYNAMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ASTEROID BELT

Hundreds of thousands of asteroids have been discovered in the asteroid belt and in nearEarth space. Oxygen is an abundant element in meteorites and presumably in most asteroids. Spectral refl ectance measurements of asteroids in the visible and near-infrared can identify oxygen-bearing minerals such as those found in the olivine, pyroxene, and serpentine groups due to their distinctive absorption features. Interpretation of the mineralogy of asteroids is complicated by the effects of space weathering, which tends to redden and darken the surfaces of asteroids. Asteroids are primarily classifi ed into a number of taxonomic classes and subclasses according to their spectral properties in the visible wavelength region. However, asteroids with similar spectral properties in the visible may have different spectral properties in the nearinfrared and, therefore, different interpreted mineralogies. Defi nite trends in the abundances of different taxonomic classes versus heliocentric distance are apparent. These trends appear to be a function of both composition differences and degree of heating. However, dynamical processes have signifi cantly affected these trends. Close observation of asteroids by spacecraft, such as NEAR-Shoemaker to 433 Eros and Hayabusa to 25143 Itokawa, are currently the best way to discern the mineralogies of individual asteroids.
HSP 27 and HSP 70 expression in squamous cell carcinoma : An immunohistochemical study

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of proteins that are known to play a significant role in the repair of denatured proteins in the cell. It seems that cytoprotective properties of HSPs may help in malignant progression by facilitating tumor cell growth and survival. The purpose of this study is to evaluate HSP27 and HSP70 expression in various histopathological grades of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective-analytical study, the sections of 51 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of SCC from various sites of oral and paraoral regions and 10 normal oral mucosa were immunostained by Novolink Polymer technique to determine the expression of HSP27 and HSP70. Then the data were analyzed according to the Kruskal–Walis, Mann–Whitney and the Spearman correlation tests (P<0.05). Results: The expression of HSP27 in well-differentiated SCC was significantly higher than normal epithelium (P=0.007) and in moderately differentiated SCC higher than poorly-differentiated SCC (P=0.023). Inverse correlation was observed between HSP27 expression and SCC’s histopathological grade (P=0.001, r=-0.448). There was no significant difference between HSP70 staining of specimens (P=0.38). Conclusions: The present study revealed that the expression level of HSP27 was inversely related to histopathological grade of SCC and it may provide prognostic value for patients with SCC, but there was no significant relationship between the expression of HSP70 and histopathological grades of SCC.
Emotional Distress as a Predictor for Low Back Disability: A Prospective 12-Year Population-Based Study

Study Design. A population-based, prospective cohort. Objective. To study associations between emotional distress and long-term low back disability in a general population. Summary of Background Data. In primary and hospital care studies, emotional, cognitive, and personality factors have been associated with low back disability, while the association between distress and novel back pain episodes has been uncertain. Methods. A randomly drawn cohort of 1152 occupationally active persons aged 20–55 years was interviewed with a comprehensive psychosocial questionnaire in 1990, and was followed for 12 years in national registers over sickness, rehabilitation, and disability benefits. Data on emotional distress, earlier low back pain (LBP), education, life style, psychosocial, and work-related factors were collected at baseline. Results. Long-term benefits due to low back disability were granted to 131 persons (11.4%) in the follow-up period. In multivariate analysis, earlier LBP, emotional distress, low grade of education, and high physical job stress were associated with low back disability. Persons with both emotional distress and earlier back pain were most at risk for disability (hazard ratio 2.91, 95% confidence interval 1.60–5.29). Persons with emotional distress but no earlier episodes of LBP had no increased risk for low back disability (hazard ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.34–1.45). Conclusions. Emotional distress is a predictor for low back disability in persons with earlier LBP, but not in persons without. To prevent low back disability, emotional distress should be considered and treated in persons with LBP.
Is Islam more conflict prone than other religions? A cross‐sectional study of ethnoreligious conflict

This study assesses the validity of the stereotype (which this author does not endorse) of the Islamic militant using data from the Minorities at Risk dataset as well as additional data on religion. The results show that there is insufficient evidence to support the stereotype of the Islamic militant. However, religion tends to be a more important factor in conflicts involving Islamic ethnoreligious groups. Also, Islamic majority groups control governments which are disproportionally autocratic. The latter difference provides a partial but by no means total explanation for the first difference.
Is liver transplantation safe and effective in elderly (≥70 years) recipients? A case-controlled analysis.

BACKGROUND Elderly patients are evaluated for liver transplantation (LT) with increasing frequency, but outcomes in this group have not been well defined. METHODS A linkage of the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) and the University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) databases identified 12,445 patients who underwent LT during 2007-2011. Two cohorts were created consisting of, respectively, elderly recipients aged ≥70 years (n = 323) and recipients aged 18-69 years (n = 12,122). A 1:1 case-matched analysis was performed based on propensity scores. RESULTS Elderly recipients had lower Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores at LT (median 15 versus 19; P < 0.0001), more often underwent transplantation at high-volume centres (46% versus 33%; P < 0.0001) and more often received grafts from donors aged >60 years (24% versus 15%; P < 0.0001). The two cohorts had similar hospital lengths of stay, in-hospital mortality, hospital costs and 30-day readmission rates. There were no differences in graft survival between the two cohorts (P = 0.10), but elderly recipients had worse longterm overall survival (P = 0.009). However, a case-controlled analysis confirmed similar perioperative hospital outcomes, graft survival and longterm patient survival in the two matched cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Elderly LT recipients accounted for <3% of all LTs performed during 2007-2011. Selected elderly recipients have perioperative outcomes and survival similar to those in younger adults.