Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Menopausal Hormone Therapy (MHT)

The perceptions of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) have evolved considerably. Observational studies suggested that MHT could relieve vasomotor symptoms and prevent coronary heart disease (CHD). However, randomized controlled trials later showed no reduction in CHD and an increased risk of stroke. Subsequent analyses of these trials have shown that in women younger and closer to menopause, the risks associated with MHT may not be as great as originally thought. Several organizations, including the North American Menopause Society, the International Menopause Society, and the Endocrine Society, have published guidelines and statements that help health care providers translate the research findings into clinical practice. A common theme from these organizations is the need for health care providers to tailor information to their patients so they may make informed treatment decisions (especially considering the media attention MHT has received). It is particularly important to individualize therapy, considering patients’ risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, venous thromboembolic disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer. Ongoing research in women younger than those in prior trials is evaluating lower doses of MHT and directly comparing transdermal and oral formulations. Such research should help define the population of women most likely to benefit from MHT without undue risk of adverse outcomes.
Project mentality: a threat to effective implementation and sustainability of donor funded projects in Pakistan.

International donors have played a significant role in assisting ministries of health to implement health systems reform strategies in developing countries. With increased involvement of donor agencies in health reforms efforts, two concerns have gained paramount importance and attention: effectiveness and the sustainability. Like many other developing countries, the Ministry of Health (MoH) in Pakistan has also implemented innumerable donor funded projects, particularly during the last decade. Every time a project concludes, the concerns on its effective implementation, corruption, mismanagement and the sustainability are raised in the media. This is followed by repetition of the same story for the next project without drawing any lessons from the previous experience. This article argues that continuous influx of donor driven projects has inculcated a peculiar organizational culture in the public health sector, which influences the long-term sustainability and the effectiveness of these projects. Besides the well known political interference and bureaucratic barriers, a less tangible and insufficiently recognized phenomenon of "Project Mentality" portrays this transformed culture in the public sector in Pakistan. Any distorted organizational culture may affect the work environment and hence the ability of the health personnel to practice in a professional manner.1 A change in organizational culture is essential for institutional transformation and effective leadership2, but a wrong culture can sabotage visions and values.3
Motor Vehicle Fatalities Among Gulf War Era Veterans: Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Circumstances

Objectives. Our objective was to describe fatal motor vehicle crashes (MVC) among veterans of the 1991 Gulf War era and to compare the distribution of crash and individual characteristics between those deployed to the Gulf War (GWV) and those not deployed (NDV). Methods. We compared individual characteristics, crash mechanisms, and crash circumstances between 765 GWV and 553 NDV who died from MVC within the first five years of the war, between May 1991 and December 1995. Results. Overall, GWV and NDV who died from a MVC were more likely to be enlisted males (97%), 21–30 years old (72%), have a high school education or less (91%), drive a passenger car (52%), and not use restraints (60%). The overall annual rate of motor vehicle fatalities for GWV (23.6 per 100,000; 95% confidence interval: 21.9–25.3) was significantly greater than the rate for NDV (15.9, 95% CI: 14.6–17.3). GWV with the highest motor vehicle fatality rates include males (24.8, 95% CI: 23.0–26.6), 17–20 year olds (105.0, 95% CI: 78.2–138.1), and those not married (27.3, 95% CI: 25.1–30.1). Adjusting for differences in age distribution across GWV and NDV did not account for the difference in rates. Characteristics of MVC fatalities that were over-represented among GWV include serving as regular active duty (p = 0.001), having a high school education or less (p = 0.01), being involved in a single-vehicle crash (p = 0.008), and dying within the first hour following the crash (p = 0.004). Also, we identified a greater proportion of alcohol-related crashes among GWV during the late night and early morning hours. Conclusions. The highest rates of motor vehicle fatality among young, single males in the military mirror the experience of the general population. Further research is necessary to determine modifiable risk factors that can be targeted for specific interventions and whether the elevated late night alcohol-related crash rate among GWV is an effect of deployment or an inherent population bias among those selected for operational deployments.
Accounting Disclosure and Real Effects

In this paper I advocate and illustrate a new approach to the study of accounting measurement and disclosure that is strikingly different from the usual studies of disclosure in pure exchange economies. This new approach studies the "real effects" of accounting disclosure, arguing that how accountants measure and report firms' economic transactions, earnings and cash flows to capital markets has strong effects on firms' real decisions and on resource allocation in the economy. I explicitly study the real effects of accounting for firms' intangible investments and accounting for firms' derivatives/hedge activities. I also shed new light on more fundamental accounting issues such as the real effects of imprecision in accounting measurement and the real effects of periodic performance reporting. Studies of real effects have the potential to inform accounting policy debates since they are built around very specific economic transactions and their accounting treatment.
Women's Wages in Women's Work: A U.S./Canada Comparison of the Roles of Unions and "Public Goods" Sector Jobs

In this paper, we investigate the mechanism by which the femaleness of occupations has a negative effect on women's wages. We relate US/Canada differences in labor market institutions, the returns to skills and other dimensions of the wage structure, such as occupational rents, to corresponding differences in the rewards to female jobs. Our analysis, which uses US data from the CPS-ORG for 1988 and Canadian data from the 1988 LMAS, uncovers intriguing US/Canada differences in the effect of occupational gender composition on women's wages. The estimated effect for Canadian women is generally small and not statistically significant, while estimates for American women are relatively large and comparable to the evidence in previous studies. Relating these differences to cross-country variation in other wage determinants reveals that higher rates of unionization, and the higher occupation wage effects for certain public good sector jobs such as educational services, work to the advantage of Canadian women. We also find that the relatively higher pay of integrated jobs in the United States helps account for the larger negative effect of gender composition on women's wages in this country. Dans cet article, nous etudions le mecanisme par lequel le taux de feminite des occupations peut avoir un effect negatif sur les salaires des femmes. Nous utilisons une comparaison internationale Etats-Unis/Canada pour relier les differences institutionnelles du marche du travail, les differences dans les rendements des qualifications et dans d'autres dimensions de la structure salariale, comme les rentes occupationnelles, a des differences dans la remuneration des emplois a predominance feminine. Notre analyse, qui utilise les donnees americaines provenant des CPS-ORG pour 1988 et les donnees canadiennes provenant de l'enquete sur l'activite aussi pour 1988, demontre l'existence de differences interessantes entre les Etats-Unis et le Canada quant a l'effet du taux de feminite des occupations sur les salaires des femmes. L'effet estime pour les canadiennes, dans leur ensemble, est generalement petit et n'est pas statistiquement significatif, alors que l'effet estime pour les americaines est relativement important et comparable aux resultats des etudes anterieures. Lorsque nous relions ces differences internationales aux autres determinants de la structure salariale, nous trouvons que les taux de syndication relativement eleves, et les effets fixes relativement eleves des occupations procurant des biens publics sont a l'avantage des canadiennes. Nous trouvons aussi que les salaires relativement plus eleves des occupations integrees aux Etats-Unis contribuent a l'effet negatif du taux de feminite des occupations sur les salaires des femmes dans ce pays.
Courting Public Opinion: Supreme Court Impact on Public Opinion Reconsidered

Prepared for Presentation at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, IL, April 19-22, 2006. This research has been supported by the National Science Foundation (SES-0519608). Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. We thank the staff of the Indiana Survey Research Center, particularly John Kennedy and Dom Powell, for assistance designing and executing the survey. We would also like to thank Larry Baum, Matt Courser, and Chris Zorn.
Detection of erythropoietin misuse by the Athlete Biological Passport combined with reticulocyte percentage.

The sensitivity of the adaptive model of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and reticulocyte percentage (ret%) in detection of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) misuse was evaluated using both a long-term normal dose and a brief high dose treatment regime. Sixteen subjects received either 65 IU rHuEPO × kg-1 every second day for two weeks (normal-dose), 390 IU rHuEPO × kg-1 on three consecutive days (high-dose), or frequent placebo treatment for 13 days in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover design. Blood variables were measured 4, 11, and 25 days following treatment initiation. The ABP based on haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and OFF-hr score ([Hb] - 60 × √ret%) yielded atypical profiles following both normal-dose and high-dose treatment (0 %, 31 %, 13 % vs. 21 %, 33 %, 20 % at days 4, 11, and 25 after normal and high dose, respectively). Including ret% as a stand-alone marker for atypical blood profiles increased (P < 0.05) the sensitivity of the adaptive model at day 11 to 63 % and 67 % for normal-dose and high-dose rHuEPO administration, respectively. In conclusion, ~30 % of subjects injecting a normal-dose rHuEPO for two weeks or a high-dose rHuEPO for three days will present an atypical ABP profile. Including ret% as a stand-alone parameter improves the sensitivity two-fold. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Welfare Costs of Inflation and Interest-Bearing Money

This note extends the Lucas' analysis of the welfare cost of inflation to an economy with interest-bearing deposits. Lower and upper bounds to Lucas' measure of the welfare cost of inflation are also provided. The upper bound is shown to lie between Lucas' measure of the welfare cost of inflation and the area under the money-demand curve.
Prognostic Value of Diagnostic Sonography in Patients With Plantar Fasciitis

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the sonographic appearance of the plantar fascia is predictive of the treatment (ie, pain) response in patients receiving supportive therapy for proximal plantar fasciitis. This study was a secondary analysis of data obtained from a randomized controlled trial of ambulatory adults, which examined the efficacy of 3 different foot supports for plantar fasciitis.
You don't know what you're doing! The impact of managerial change on club performance in the English Premier League

It is widely regarded that the role of the football manager is one of chronic insecurity. The pressure on the modern day football manager for consistently high club performance is intense, particularly due to the continuing rise in revenues available to clubs competing in elite leagues. Managerial change often occurs when a clubs’ form declines. However, whether managerial change is beneficial for a club remains unclear. This study addresses this area of examination by analysing data on managerial changes within the last decade (2003/2004 to 2012/2013) in the English Premier League. The main findings of this study were that managerial changes led to an increase in points per match but did not necessarily lead to an improvement in final league position. Further analysis revealed that when considering final league position, clubs in the bottom half of the table improved their final league position, while clubs in the top half did not.
Market Timing the Trading of International Mutual Funds: Weekend, Weekday and Serial Correlation Strategies

Predictability and exploitability of daily anomalies in returns for US-based international mutual funds is this paper's focus. Market timing strategies examined include simple weekend, complex weekday, and restricted weekend strategies, and those related to serial correlation in foreign indexes. All are compared to a buy-and-hold strategy, are adjusted for risk, and include investments in money market funds when called for, in contrast to most other studies. The 123 funds examined are in nine fund categories, including Europe, Asia, Japan, Latin America, and emerging markets and combinations thereof. These are matched to foreign market indexes that approximate their country or regional composition using country indexes or Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) indexes. Over the daily period January 4, 1993 to October 31, 2002, the foreign indexes are tested for day-of-the-week and serial correlation effects. Trading strategies using these effects with the most related foreign indexes are imposed on the funds and the equally weighted portfolio of funds in each category. Superior performance is associated with the serial correlation strategy, when compared to buy-and-hold, as well as simple weekend, complex, and restricted weekend strategies. These also perform better than a buy-and-hold, with the complex being best. All results are robust to Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen measures of performance. The strategies, especially those based on serial correlation, are also superior in terms of Treynor-Mazuy and Henriksson-Merton market timing models. Further, our results are robust to different time periods surrounding the 1997 Asian currency crisis and September 11, 2001, different hold-out samples, and to sub-samples of load versus no-load funds. Copyright (c) 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Information Sharing During the Klondike Gold Rush

When George Carmack struck gold in the Yukon territory on 17 August 1896, he freely shared the details and started what would eventually be three waves of rushes. This reflected a social norm of the Klondike, namely that any miner who struck gold would share this information. Miners did not behave this way in other nineteenth-century gold rushes. The article's hypothesis is that the extreme mining conditions and local geography of the Yukon led to very secure property rights over mining claims. Therefore, it took only a small incentive payment to induce miners to act in the social interest.
Livestock production economics on communal land in Botswana: effects of tenure, scale and subsidies

This study looked at the economic and financial characteristics of three range-based livestock systems on communal land in Botswana. Small-scale traditional livestock keeping is inherently efficient and provides important household income. However, these private returns are attributable to subsidies, and economic efficiency is very low due to open access. Low input, unfenced, cattle post production is economically efficient, but the returns to land are low. Fenced commercial ranching is not privately or economically viable in the more remote communal land. The loss of favoured European market access for beef could make all the systems studied economically unsound. The current subsidies to livestock production might be more economically efficient if they were redirected, from input costs reduction, to directly support initiatives that enhance the average herd productivity.
Lessons for Europe from the U.S. Growth Resurgence

This paper analyses the sources of U.S. labour productivity growth in the late 1990s and presents projections for both output and labour productivity growth. We show that investment in information technology (IT) played a substantial role in the U.S. productivity revival and that similar trends are evident in data for other leading OECD countries. We then outline a methodology for projecting trend output and productivity growth for the broadly defined U.S. economy. Our base-case projection puts trend productivity growth at 1.78 percent per year over the next decade with a range of 1.14 to 2.38 percent, reflecting fundamental uncertainties about the rate of technical progress in IT-production and investment in IT-equipment and software. Our central projection is below the average growth rate of 2.07 percent during 1995 -2000. Similar projections for Europe must await more complete information. (JEL J2)
Self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) for diffusion-based molecular communication systems

Enhancing the communications performance of diffusion based molecular communications system whilst being considerate about the energy requirements is an ever present problem for researchers. Here it is proposed for the first time, that self-orthogonal convolutional codes (SOCCs) might be a candidate solution moving forward. Analysis is conducted that shows the performance comparisons between both un-coded systems and those which employ Hamming codes. The specific metrics used herein are with respect to coding gain and critical distance. The results show that a (3,2,13) SOCC provides the largest coding gain compared with all Hamming codes over a BER range of 10-5 to 10-9 and furthermore, also has the shortest critical distance.
Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Clinical Update

Context: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and heterogeneous malignancy with incompletely understood pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Patients present with hormone excess (e.g. virilization, Cushing’s syndrome) or a local mass effect (median tumor size at diagnosis > 10 cm). This paper reviews current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in ACC. Evidence Acquisition: Original articles and reviews were identified using a PubMed search strategy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) covering the time period up until November 2005. The following search terms were used in varying combinations: adrenal, adrenocortical, cancer, carcinoma, tumor, diagnosis, imaging, treatment, radiotherapy, mitotane, cytotoxic, surgery. Evidence synthesis: Tumors typically appear inhomogeneous in both computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with necroses and irregular borders and differ from benign adenomas by their low fat content. Hormonal analysis reveals evidence of steroid hormone secretion b.
Product Imitation, Product Differentiation and International Trade

Using the Hotelling approach to product differentiation, this article derives the equilibrium product configurations and prices when two firms enter and sell in two interdependent markets separated by barriers to trade. It shows that product imitation and no trade as well as product differentiation with two-way or one-way trade are all consistent with the equilibrium. Copyright 1995 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Information systems innovation among organizations

In an era of revolutionary new developments in basic information technology, innovation in its employment among organizations is increasingly crucial to competitive survival and success. The Information Systems (IS) unit within the business is largely responsible for meeting this challenge. Yet, current theory explains little about IS innovation and its role in organizational innovation in general. We suggest some needed foundations. IS innovations are posited to be of three types: Type I innovations confined to the IS task; Type II innovations supporting administration of the business; and Type III innovations imbedded in the core technology of the business. Diffusion among organizations is conjectured to occur by means of a communication circuit in which each IS unit is linked to its professional and business environments. Systematic differences in adoption and evolution patterns among IS innovation types are expected. Three specific IS innovations---data administration, the information center, and material requirements planning (MRP)---illustrate.
Means-Tested Age-Pension and Saving

We investigate whether households adjust retirement savings decisions in re-sponse to changes in the means-tested public pension plans. The policy in question lowered the taper rate of the assets test on the age pension in Australia in 2007. We use HILDA, a detailed micro panel data-set for Australian households and focus on the age group between 50 and 64 in 2006, prior to the reform. We compare savings behaviours of those who were constrained to increase financial wealth because of the assets test prior to the reform with those who were not constrained, and find that assets tests do have a perverse impact on saving.
Notch3 Null Mutation in Mice Causes Muscle Hyperplasia by Repetitive Muscle Regeneration

Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells responsible for growth, maintenance, and repair of postnatal skeletal muscle. Although several studies have demonstrated that Notch signaling plays a critical role in muscle regeneration through promoting proliferation and self‐renewal of satellite cells, the function of Notch3 is yet to be elucidated. We analyzed muscle regeneration in Notch3‐deficient mutant mice. We found a remarkable overgrowth of muscle mass in the Notch3‐deficient mice but only when they suffered repetitive muscle injuries. Immunochemical analysis found that Notch3 was expressed in Pax7+/MyoD− quiescent satellite cells and also in Pax7+/MyoD+‐activated satellite cells, but the expression was restricted to around half the population of each cell type. In Notch3‐deficient mice, the number of sublaminar quiescent satellite cells was significantly increased compared with those in control mice. We also found that primary cultured myoblasts isolated from the Notch3‐deficient mice proliferated faster than those from control mice. Analysis of cultured myofibers revealed that the number of self‐renewing Pax7‐positive satellite cells attached to the myofiber was increased in the Notch3‐deficient mice when compared with control mice. The data obtained in this study suggested that Notch3 pathway might be distinct from Notch1 in muscle regeneration. Because overexpression of Notch3 activated the expression of Nrarp, a negative feedback regulator of Notch signaling, Notch3 might act as a Notch1 repressor by activating Nrarp. STEM CELLS 2010;28:2205–2216