Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Glioneurocytoma: Tumor With Glial and Neuronal Differentiation

We report two cases of low-grade glioma in which multiple cellular components, including cells with dense-core granules consistent with "neurocytes," were identified on electron microscopic studies. The first patient was an apparently normal boy until the onset of seizures at age 10 months. Initially, the seizures improved with phenobarbital treatment, but good seizure control was never achieved. Computed tomographic scan at age 23 months showed a calcified, nonenhancing left parietal mass. This tumor was composed of sheets of cells with clear cytoplasm and round to oval nuclei. Mucinous intercellular material stained positively with periodic acid-Schiff, mucicarmine, and alcian blue stains. Foci of calcification were evident. The second patient was a 13-year-old boy with a left parasagittal parieto-occipital mass who presented with a 4-month history of seizures and declining school performance. The tumor was composed of sheets of astrocytes with dark, hyperchromatic, pleomorphic nuclei in a fibrillary and microcystic background. The tumor contained the pleomorphism seen in the adult variant of pilocytic astrocytoma, as well as the microcystic component seen in the juvenile variety. Ultrastructurally in both cases, there were occasional tumor cells having round to oval nuclei with moderate amounts of cytoplasm containing 150- to 250-nm-diameter dense-core granules. These cells were admixed with the majority of tumor cells, which in case 1 had the ultrastructural features of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and in case 2 had features of protoplasmic or pilocytic astrocytes. Our cases bear superficial resemblance to dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumors; however, dysplastic ganglion cells are an essential component for that diagnosis, and there were no dysplastic ganglion cells in either of our cases. Cells containing dense-core granules (neurocytes) were found in both our cases by electron microscopy and appear to be a part of a neoplastic process. The significance of neurocytes in low-grade gliomas is not known. Cerebral tumors consisting of neuroblasts/neurocytes in toto or in part have been increasingly recognized in recent years, and our cases add to the spectrum of such neoplasms. (J Child Neurol 1995;10:219-226).
The role of stents in the treatment of congenital heart disease: Current status and future perspectives

Intravascular or intracardiac stenoses occur in many forms of congenital heart disease (CHD). Therefore, the implantation of stents has become an accepted interventional procedure for stenotic lesions in pediatric cardiology. Furthermore, stents are know to be used to exclude vessel aneurysm or to ensure patency of existing or newly created intracardiac communications. With the further refinement of the first generation of devices, a variety of “modern” stents with different design characteristics have evolved. Despite the tremendous technical improvement over the last 20 years, the “ideal stent” has not yet been developed. Therefore, the pediatric interventionalist has to decide which stent is suitable for each lesion. On this basis, currently available stents are discussed in regard to their advantages and disadvantages for common application in CHD. New concepts and designs developed to overcome some of the existing problems, like the failure of adaptation to somatic growth, are presented. Thus, in the future, biodegradable or growth stents might replace the currently used generation of stents. This might truly lead to widening indications for the use of stents in the treatment of CHD.
Choice or necessity: do immigrants and their children choose self-employment for the same reasons?

Using a generational cohort method and the 1981 and 2006 Canadian Census 20 per cent sample files, this study examines whether the effects of three important determinants of self-employment – expected earnings differentials between paid and self-employment, difficulties in the labour market, and ethnic enclave – differ between immigrants and non-immigrants. Unemployment had a stronger push effect on self-employment among immigrant fathers than among Canadian-born fathers. Expected earnings differential had a stronger effect among Canadian-born fathers than among immigrant fathers. Sons of both immigrants and the Canadian-born were more strongly affected by expected earnings differentials than were their fathers, while unemployment was not a significant factor for them. Ethnic enclave was not positively associated with the self-employment rates among both immigrants and their children.
Vertical Integration and Input Flows

We use broad-based yet detailed data from the economy's goods-producing sectors to investigate firms' ownership of production chains. It does not appear that vertical ownership is primarily used to facilitate transfers of goods along the production chain, as is often presumed: roughly one-half of upstream establishments report no shipments to downstream establishments within the same firm. We propose an alternative explanation for vertical ownership, namely that it promotes efficient intrafirm transfers of intangible inputs. We show evidence consistent with this hypothesis, including the fact that, after a change of ownership, an acquired establishment begins to resemble the acquiring firm along multiple dimensions.
Poland's politics and the travails of transition after 2001: The 2005 elections

Abstract As previously, the 2005 election in Poland saw the defeat of the incumbent government, but unlike previous elections, it marked the end of the Solidarity – successor party divide that had characterised Polish politics since 1989. The near simultaneity of parliamentary and presidential election campaigns made the campaigns indistinguishable, and each interacted with the other. Party programmes were similar; transition-related issues dominated the election. Its unexpected victor was Law and Justice (PiS), which sought a radical break with the trajectory of post-communist development and a moral revolution in a new ‘Fourth Republic’. PiS successfully appropriated the welfare mantle of the discredited social democrats and mobilised traditional conservative and religious values. Despite formal plans for a PiS coalition with Civic Platform, the election resulted unexpectedly in PiS's coalition with the radical parties Self-Defence and the League of Polish Families.
Personal Income Taxes and the January Effect: Small Firm Stock Returns Before the War Revenue Act of 1917: A Note

This paper tests the tax explanation of the January effect by examining small firm stock returns before the War Revenue Act of 1917. No evidence of a turn-of-the-year effect is found. This paper also extends previous authors' work on the subject to 191829. A January effect is found during that period. THE LARGE ABNORMAL RETURNS earned by small firm stocks during the first few days of January is attracting considerable attention from financial economists. Specifically, Keim [10] shows that over the entire 1963-79 period the average difference between risk-adjusted returns of small and large firms is about 0.7% per day during January. Even more striking is the finding of Keim [9] that over the entire 1931-78 period the relation between daily abnormal returns and size is always negative and more pronounced in January than in any other month. Similarly, Ibbotson and Sinquefield [8] note that the average return on the quintile of NYSE stocks with the lowest market values exceeds the return on the Standard and Poor's Corporate Index for 50 of the 56 Januarys from 1926-81. There is no accepted theory linking the excess returns of small firms in January with the change of the tax year. Nevertheless, the plausibility of a relation between taxes and stock return seasonality has led Roll [17], Brown et al. [6] Berges, McConnell, and Schlarbaum [2], and Reinganum [16], among others, to investigate personal income taxes as an explanation for the "January effect. " This paper uses a different methodology and reaches stronger conclusions than any of the above papers. Specifically, I examine the returns of small firms for the period from 1900 to 1929. Prior to the Revenue Act of 1917, marginal income tax rates for investors were very low (or zero). The major finding of this paper is that there is no evidence that small firms earned abnormal returns in January prior to the 1917 tax act. I also show that a January effect does appear during the years 1918-29. Therefore, I cannot reject a tax explanation for the "January effect. "
An examination of social support influences on participation for older adults with chronic health conditions

Abstract Social support can improve participation in everyday activities among older adults with chronic health conditions, but the specific types of support that are needed are unclear. Purpose: This study examined the types of social support that most strongly predict participation in everyday activities. Method: Two hundred and twenty-seven participants completed a self-administered cross-sectional survey. The sample included adults aged 60 years or more with arthritis, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or heart disease. Participation was defined as satisfaction with participation in 11 life areas. Social support was defined as availability of tangible, affectionate, emotional/informational and positive social interaction support. Results: Multiple regression analyses showed that participants who perceived greater tangible support and positive social interaction support had higher satisfaction with participation than participants with lower levels of these types of support. Conclusions: Targeting and developing tangible and social interaction support may help to facilitate satisfaction with participation for older adults with chronic conditions. Creating networks for companionship appears equally as important as providing support for daily living needs. Implications for Rehabilitation Varying types of social support can improve participation in older adults with chronic health conditions. Tangible support and positive social interaction support are the strongest predictors of participation. Creating networks for companionship may be equally as important as providing support for daily living needs.
[Prevalence of dental fluorosis and additional sources of exposure to fluoride as risk factors to dental fluorosis in schoolchildren of Campeche, Mexico].

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis, and to evaluate supplementary fluoride sources as potential risk factors to fluorosis in school children aged 6-9. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in 320 children attending elementary schools protected by a public preventive dental program in the city of Campeche, Mexico. A self-administered questionnaire directed to the mothers was delivered through the schools and collected in the same way. The examiners were trained and calibrated (kappa > 0.90) in modified Dean's Index. The fluorosis community index (FCI) was calculated. Bivariate analyses were made with Chi2 test; odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Logistic regression was used in the final model. RESULTS Fluorosis prevalence was 56.3%, with very mild fluorosis present in 45% of children, mild in 10%, and severe in just 1.3%. The FCI was 0.7. The multivariate model showed that the effect of the supplementary fluoride sources was different between children that started brushing with toothpaste before two years of age (OR = 6.15; IC 95% = 2.03-18.67) and after (OR = 2.14; IC 95% = 1.16-3.94). CONCLUSIONS Fluorosis prevalence was high for mild modalities, and low for more severe levels. According to FCI the dental fluorosis constitute a public health problem in the studied sample. Exposure to diverse fluoride sources -above and beyond the fluoridated salt program- was a risk factor for dental fluorosis in this community. Results suggest that toothpaste use in children two years of age and younger should be cautious, limited to follow current guidelines, and supervised by parents to minimize the risk of dental fluorosis.
An Investigation of People's Time Orientation, Attitudes, and Behavior Toward Advertising in an International Context

ABSTRACT Past studies have indicated that there are cross-cultural/national differences among people's perception of time and how they use time available for them and what factors affect their time-related purchasing and consumption decisions. It is stated that each culture or subculture could have its own dominant construct of time. The present study examines time use and orientation and time attitudes toward different activities, including advertising in an emerging economy of Georgia. Study results indicate that present orientation and consciousness of future, planning orientation, time saving, realization of present in the light of past, and action orientation are salient factors channeling time orientations of Georgian consumers.
I Just Ran Two Million Regressions

In this paper I try to move away from the Extreme Bounds method of identifying "robust" empirical relations in the economic growth literature. Instead of analyzing the extreme bounds of the estimates of the coefficient of a particular variable, I analyze the entire distribution. My claim in this paper is that, if we do this, the picture emerging from the empirical growth literature is not the pessimistic "Nothing is Robust" that we get with the extreme bound analysis. Instead, we find that a substantial number of variables can be found to be strongly related to growth.
MHC class II tetramers identify peptide-specific human CD4(+) T cells proliferating in response to influenza A antigen.

Antigen-specific T helper cells present in peripheral blood at very low frequencies are capable of rapid clonal expansion during antigenic challenge. The exquisite specificity of this response provides for activation and expansion of a very select cohort of T cells, a feature we have used to directly identify and quantify human epitope-specific T helper cells from peripheral blood. Soluble tetramerized class II MHC molecules, loaded with an immunodominant peptide from hemagglutinin (HA) and labeled with fluorescent dyes, were constructed and used to directly identify antigen-specific T cells from influenza-immune individuals. After 7 days of proliferation in response to stimulation by HA peptide or whole influenza vaccine, cells staining positive with the HA tetramer had undergone between 6 and 9 divisions and were CD3(+), CD4(+), CD25(+), and CD8(-), characteristic of activated T helper cells responding to antigen. The HA epitope-specific component of the complex response to whole influenza vaccine represented a major subset of proliferating T helper cells. Soluble class II tetramers allow a direct approach for the analysis of immunodominant antigenic specificities. The identification of antigen-specific T helper cells in the peripheral blood provides a means for tracking the immune response against infectious agents and in autoimmune disease. This article may have been published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci. org.
Do Laws Influence the Cost of Real Estate Brokerage Services? A State Fixed Effects Approach

A FTC‐DOJ study argues that state laws and regulations may inhibit the unbundling of real estate brokerage services in response to new technology. Our data show that 18 states have changed laws in ways that promote unbundling since 2000. We model brokerage costs as measured by number of agents in a state‐level annual panel vector autoregressive framework, a novel way of analyzing wasteful competition. Our findings support a positive relationship between brokerage costs and lagged house price and transactions. We find that change in full‐service brokers responds negatively (by well over two percentage points per year) to legal changes facilitating unbundling.
The effects of behavioural factors in investment decision-making: a survey of institutional investors operating at the Nairobi Stock Exchange

This study investigated the role of behavioural finance and investor psychology in investment decision-making at the Nairobi Stock Exchange with special reference to institutional investors. Using a sample of 23 institutional investors, the study established that behavioural factors such as representativeness, overconfidence, anchoring, gambler's fallacy, availability bias, loss aversion, regret aversion and mental accounting affected the decisions of the institutional investors operating at the NSE. Moreover, these investors made reference to the trading activity of the other institutional investors and often exhibited an institutional-herding behaviour in their investment decision-making.
Auditors' Consideration of Corporate Governance and Management Control Philosophy in Preplanning and Planning Judgments

The professional literature (e.g., COSO 1992, POB 1993), recent auditing standards (e.g., SAS Nos. 78 and 82), and prior research (e.g., Beasley 1996; Beasley et al. 1999; Dechow et al. 1996) highlight the importance of corporate governance and management control philosophy in ensuring the integrity of the financial‐reporting process. We examine the link between these two macro‐level factors and both preplanning (e.g., client acceptance, business risk judgments) and planning judgments (e.g., extent and timing of testing). Ninety‐six auditors evaluated a hypothetical client with corporate governance and management control philosophy characteristics that were either strong or weak. More experienced auditors performed preplanning (client acceptance) judgments, while the remaining auditors performed planning judgments related to the extent and timing of substantive testing. As predicted, management control philosophy and the governance structure did affect the preplanning and planning judgments, with a strong.
The Effect of Business and Financial Market Cycles on Credit Ratings: Evidence from the Last Two Decades

We analyze the effect of business and financial market cycles on credit ratings using a sample of firms from the Russell 3000 index that are rated by Standard and Poor's over the period 1986–2012. We also examine investor reaction to credit rating actions in different stages of business and financial market cycles. We document that credit rating agencies are influenced by business and financial market cycles; they assign lower credit ratings during downturns of business and financial market cycles and higher ratings during upturns. Our study is the first to find strong evidence of pro-cyclicality in credit ratings using a long window. We also document stronger investor reaction to negative credit rating actions during downturns. Our results confirm theoretical predictions and inform regulators.
Combination Therapy in Treatment of Experimental Pulmonary Aspergillosis: In Vitro and In Vivo Correlations of the Concentration- and Dose- Dependent Interactions between Anidulafungin and Voriconazole by Bliss Independence Drug Interaction Analysis

ABSTRACT We studied the antifungal activity of anidulafungin (AFG) in combination with voriconazole (VRC) against experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in persistently neutropenic rabbits and further explored the in vitro and in vivo correlations by using Bliss independence drug interaction analysis. Treatment groups consisted of those receiving AFG at 5 (AFG5 group) and 10 (AFG10 group) mg/kg of body weight/day, VRC at 10 mg/kg every 8 h (VRC group), AFG5 plus VRC (AFG5+VRC group), and AFG10 plus VRC (AFG10+VRC group) and untreated controls. Survival throughout the study was 60% for the AFG5+VRC group, 50% for the VRC group, 27% for the AFG10+VRC group, 22% for the AFG5 group, 18% for the AFG10 group, and 0% for control rabbits (P < 0.001). There was a significant reduction of organism-mediated pulmonary injury, measured by infarct scores, lung weights, residual fungal burdens, and galactomannan indexes, in AFG5+VRC-treated rabbits versus those treated with AFG5 and VRC alone (P < 0.05). In comparison, AFG10+VRC significantly lowered only infarct scores and lung weights in comparison to those of AFG10-treated animals (P < 0.05). AFG10+VRC showed no significant difference in other outcome variables. Significant Bliss synergy was found in vivo between AFG5 and VRC, with observed effects being 24 to 30% higher than expected levels if the drugs were acting independently. These synergistic interactions were also found between AFG and VRC in vitro. However, for AFG10+VRC, only independence and antagonism were observed among the outcome variables. We concluded that the combination of AFG with VRC in treatment of experimental IPA in persistently neutropenic rabbits was independent to synergistic at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day but independent to antagonistic at 10 mg/kg/day, as assessed by Bliss independence analysis, suggesting that higher dosages of an echinocandin may be deleterious to the combination.
Cross-sectional analysis of BMI and some lifestyle variables in Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians

Epidemiological studies on vegetarians indicate that appropriately planned vegetarian diets are associated with certain health benefits, which may lower mortality and morbidity. A healthy lifestyle, such as regular physical activity and avoidance of harmful practices, such as smoking and heavy drinking, could also influence these positive health-related outcomes in vegetarians. This study reports BMI, smoking and drinking habits, engagement in physical activity, medication use and subjective health perception in a vegetarian population (women: n = 206, mean age 37.0 ± 12.3 years; men: n = 120, mean age 42.3 ± 15.9 years) as compared with a reference Belgian population (women: n = 4993, mean age 49.8 ± 18.0 years; men: n = 4666, mean age 48.0 ± 17.1 years). When considering the vegetarian group as a whole, the vegetarians had a lower mean BMI compared with the reference population (respectively 22.1 ± 3.1 kg/m2 compared with 24.6 ± 4.8 kg/m2 for women (p < 0.001) and respectively 22.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2 compared with 25.7 ± 4.0 kg/m2 for men (p < 0.001)). Vegetarians smoked less than subjects of the reference group (13.5% compared with 28.5% respectively; p < 0.001). During weekdays the percentage of subjects consuming alcoholic drinks in the two populations was comparable (32.8 in the vegetarian and 35.8 in the reference population; p = 0.159). During the weekend, more subjects of the reference population drank alcohol compared with the vegetarian subjects (70.2% vs. 58.6% respectively; p = 0.026). More vegetarians were involved in intensive physical activity (over 4 h per week) compared with the reference population (36.8% vs. 17.3% respectively; p < 0.001), while fewer vegetarians were involved in moderate physical activity (up to 4 h per week) compared with subjects of the reference group (28.2% and 51.0% respectively; p < 0.001). Percentages of subjects involved in no physical activity were comparable in both groups (vegetarians 34.9 vs. reference subjects 31.8; p = 0.625). Use of prescribed medication was lower among the vegetarians (25.5% compared with 47.3% in the reference population; p < 0.001), while use of non-prescribed drugs was comparable between both groups (34.1% in the vegetarian group and 28.2% in the reference group; p = 0.580). More vegetarian subjects perceived their health to be good to very good compared with the subjects of the reference population (90.4% vs. 77.2% respectively; p < 0.001). The significant difference for the BMI values when comparing the vegetarian males and females with the reference population cannot be completely explained by the evaluated lifestyle characteristics. However, the lower BMI values in vegetarians are in agreement with the literature.