Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Womens rising employment and the future of the family in industrial societies.

A critical analysis was provided of the economic independence hypothesis and Beckers theories of marriage and family behavior. Historically there have been assessments of the fit between womens labor force participation and patterns of marriage formation divorce and fertility in order to determine how much coincidence played a role. Also examined were how well the theories of womens economic independence explain delayed marriage nonmarriage or both. Empirical evidence at the micro level was used to indicate the extent of support for economic independence theories. Specific attention was directed to Gary Beckers specialization theories; it was posited that specialization might actually put families and marriage at risk. Recent trends have shown a tremendous decline in mens labor market position which theories need to begin addressing. The specialization-trading model of marriage of marital relationships inevitably leads to a prediction of a decline in marriage. Low fertility means reduced need for womens specialization in home production and a low productivity population. A more adaptive family strategy for a modern industrial society would be based on both parents working. Increased womens employment serves as a substitute for the work of their children for enhancing social mobility and as a stabilizing factor in the familys economic equilibrium over the development cycle. When mens economic position and its impact on marriage behavior is modeled by Wilson and Neckerman a threshold effect emerges where for instance the rise of black female-headed families in the US is considered reflective of the decline in the marriageable supply of men. Census data on moderately well educated and less well educated males indicated a deteriorated labor market position between 1950 and 1980. 1) Mens labor market declines accelerated after 1970. 2) 25-34 year old male non-graduates as well as very young men experienced labor market declines. 3) Male high school graduates also suffered declines in employment particularly Blacks. These three trends occurred throughout the declines in prime marrying ages. Chinhui Juhn revealed that mens unemployment declined over time and once out of work there was little reentry into the work force. Deterioration in earnings was also evident. Earnings ratio data can obscure relationships. Mens declining earnings are effecting the ratio because womens earnings have remained stable since the mid 1980s. Even the economic position of college graduates who experienced income declines in the 1970s does not explain the continued rise in delayed marriage by the 1980s.
The Entrepreneurial Personality in the Context of Resources, Environment, and the Startup Process—A Configurational Approach

The goal of this interdisciplinary study is to analyze the entrepreneurial personality in the context of resources, environment, and the startup process based on a configurational approach. The study focuses on the startup process. A questionnaire was developed to measure the configuration areas of personality, personal resources, environment, and organizing activities. A representative sample of 1,169 nascent entrepreneurs and new business owner–managers was examined. Three startup configurations were found which reveal different patterns of personality characteristics. These patterns are interpreted in the context of aspects of the environment, the resources, and the startup process.
Mission statements exposed

In the strategic management literature mission statements are said to be an inseparable part of corporate strategy. It has been argued that they have an impact on the performance of the organization, yet the evidence is unclear. This study is an investigation into the relationship between the financial success of hospitality enterprises and their mission statements. Mission statements of 30 top hospitality enterprises were evaluated. This sample is of significance as it represents some of the largest corporations, and about 200 of the largest brands in the hospitality industry. The mission statements were scored and these scores were tested for correlation with three financial performance indicators. The results indicated that while there was a statistically significant correlation between the mission statements and the annual turnover, there was no significant correlation with the net profit margin or the return on equity. The article concludes by considering how firms may improve their performance by better managing their mission statements.
Education, economic inequality and the promises of the social investment state

Since the mid-nineties, social policy orientation in advanced societies has moved towards the social investment state model. This transformation of social policy towards preventive (“early”) investment in education rather than (“later”) economic redistribution, or towards social investment rather than “passive” social spending, raises the question of whether, and if so, what kind of associations exist between educational and economic inequalities. This question is addressed in this paper using an international comparison of 20 advanced economies. The results of the analyses suggest that education as an “equalizer” should not be overestimated, and that social investment policy should not be narrowly understood as “education only politics”. Direct redistribution is much more likely than education to combat poverty in advanced societies. Yet, the analyses also show that reducing educational deprivation (as one dimension of inequality of educational outcomes) positively influences the degree of economic inequality. In addition, reducing economic inequalities in the parent’s generation enhances equality in educational outcomes in the children’s generation.
Exploring the Energy and Carbon Literacy Structure for Hospitality and Tourism Practitioners: Evidence from Hotel Employees in Taiwan

This study identifies and examines the components and the structure of energy and carbon literacy for hospitality and tourism practitioners. A questionnaire survey was administered to collect data from a sample of hotel employees in Taiwan, and 369 valid questionnaires were obtained for data analysis. The research findings demonstrate that hotel employees overall display appropriate energy and carbon literacy. Among the three dimensions of the literacy structure, perceived knowledge of energy conservation and carbon reduction (ECCR) positively influences associated attitudes and behavior. Additionally, ECCR attitudes significantly mediate the relationship between ECCR knowledge and behavior. This suggests that managers should initially provide an eco-friendly workplace and motivated strategies to raise employees' environmental awareness and sensitivity in order to enhance their ECCR intentions and associated behavior. Finally, this study highlights how managers can contribute to the environment through improving the energy and carbon literacy of employees.
Asymmetric Information and Corporate Social Responsibility

This article addresses the question whether companies benefit from their commitment to corporate social responsibility (CSR). The authors argue that firms which score high on CSR activities build investor confidence and find evidence that they benefit from lower information asymmetry. The authors measure information asymmetry by insider trading, which is defined as the trading of a company’s shares by corporate insiders who have an information advantage with the aim to reap gains or avoid losses. Using a sample of U.S. firms listed in the MSCI World Index during the period 2004 to 2013 and the firm- and industry-level CSR rating from Global Engagement Service (GES), the authors show that insider transactions in firms with a high score on CSR activities lead to lower abnormal returns. This investigation extends current literature on the business case for CSR by explaining the influence of CSR activities on asymmetric information.
A profile of European accounting research: evidence from leading research journals

This paper attempts both to advance understanding about the research profile of accounting in Europe and to evaluate the role of The European Accounting Review in the dissemination of Europe-based accounting research. Empirical evidence supporting this investigation was gathered from all the papers published in thirteen top accounting journals during the period 1992 to 1997. Our results show that (i) a vast majority of European contributions to well-regarded journals are authored by scholars affiliated to British higher education organizations. Therefore, the overwhelming dominance of British accounting academics over Europe-based accounting research posits considerable doubts on the extent to which it is correct to form the notion of European accounting research. Our results suggest that such a notion is strongly shaped by one constituency of the European setting, that is, by researchers affiliated to British higher education institutions. (ii) The European Accounting Review has played a significant role in the diffusion of Europe-based accounting research. The journal constitutes the sole venue providing international visibility to scholars of eleven continental European countries. Moreover, The European Accounting Review has published a significant proportion of contributions from scholars of the other fifteen European countries. (iii) There exists limited mobility of non-English written accounting research across European countries. Lastly, the paper posits some suggestions for further work in this area.
Boehmeria nivea attenuates LPS-induced inflammatory markers by inhibiting p38 and JNK phosphorylations in RAW264.7 macrophages

Abstract Context: Boehmeria nivea (Linn.) Gaudich (Urticaceae), a natural herb, has a long history of treating several diseases including wound healing. However, the anti-inflammatory effect of B. nivea has not been investigated. Objective: We investigated whether the 70% ethanol extract of B. nivea (Ebn) can exert anti-inflammatory activity. Several phenolic compounds of extracts were determined to provide further information on the correlation between anti-inflammatory effects and phenolic compounds. Materials and methods: We prepared a 70% ethanol extract of B. nivea leaves and evaluated its anti-inflammatory activity (200, 400, 800, 1200 µg/mL) by measuring the secretions of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 macrophages. The total phenolic compounds were determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method and major compounds were determined by HPLC. Results: Ebn was able to abolish the LPS-induced secretions of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. It also decreased the protein levels (IC50 = 186 µg/mL) of LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The LPS stimulated p38, JNK and ERK phosphorylations significantly more than the controls. Surprisingly, although Ebn reduced p38 and JNK phosphorylations, it did not influence ERK phosphorylation. We found that Ebn revealed several major compounds such as chlorogenic acid (1.96 mg/100 g), rutin (46.48 mg/100 g), luteolin-7-glucoside (11.29 mg/100 g), naringin (1.13 mg/100 g), hesperidin (23.69 mg/100 g) and tangeretin (1.59 mg/100 g). Discussion and conclusion: Boehmeria nivea exerts an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages by inhibiting p38 and JNK, suggesting that it may be used as a functional ingredient against inflammation.
Disability, Poverty, and Schooling in Developing Countries:

Analysis of 14 household surveys from 13 developing countries suggests that 1–2 percent of the population have disabilities. Adults with disabilities typically live in poorer than average households: disability is associated with about a 10 percentage point increase in the probability of falling in the two poorest quintiles. Much of the association appears to reflect lower educational attainment among adults with disabilities. People of ages 6–17 with disabilities do not live in systematically wealthier or poorer households than other people of their age, although in all countries studied they are significantly less likely to start school or to be enrolled at the time of the survey. The order of magnitude of the school participation deficit associated with disability—which is as high as 50 percentage points in 3 of the 13 countries—is often larger than deficits related to other characteristics, such as gender, rural residence, or economic status differentials. The results suggest a worrisome vicious cycle.
Genome‐wide identification of pseudogenes capable of disease‐causing gene conversion

Pseudogenes are remnants of gene duplication (nonprocessed pseudogenes) and retrotransposition (processed pseudogenes) events. This study describes methods for identifying gene conversion candidates from predicted pseudogenes. Pseudogenes may accumulate and harbor sequence variations over time that become disease‐causing mutations when transferred to genes by gene conversion. A total of 14,476 pseudogenes were identified, including 3,426 nonprocessed pseudogenes. In addition, 1,945 nonprocessed pseudogenes that are localized near their progenitor gene were evaluated for their possible role in gene conversion and disease. All 11 known, human cases of gene conversion (with deleterious effects) involving pseudogenes were successfully identified by these methods. Among the pseudogenes identified is a retinitis pigmentosa 9 (RP9) pseudogene that carries a c.509A>G mutation which produces a p.Asp170Gly substitution that is associated with the RP9 form of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa (adRP). The c.509A>G mutation in RP9 is a previously unrecognized example of gene conversion between the progenitor gene and its pseudogene. Notably, two processed pseudogenes also contain mutations associated with diseases. An inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase 1 (IMPDH1) pseudogene carries a c.676G>A mutation that produces a p.Asp226Asn substitution that causes the retinitis pigmentosa 10 (RP10) form of adRP; and a phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) pseudogene (PGK1P1) carries a c.837T>C mutation that produces a p.Ile252Thr substitution that is associated with a phosphoglycerate kinase deficiency. Ranking of nonprocessed pseudogenes as candidates for gene conversion was also performed based on the sequence characteristics of published cases of pseudogene‐mediated gene conversion. All results and tools produced by this study are available for download at: http://genome.uiowa. edu/pseudogenes. Hum Mutat 27(6), 545–552, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of tied aid on trade flows between donor and recipient countries

This paper aims to contribute to the current debate on aid effectiveness and suitability by examining a specific aspect of the problem: the theoretical and empirical relationship between tied aid and trade flows. In the first part, we evaluate the theoretical implications of the use of tied aid as a hidden trade policy. The possibility that aid flows directly benefit the donor country (especially its exporters) can make aid more viable from the domestic point of view, but since it also might affect foreign competitors, international conflicts can arise. These issues are examined in a framework adapted from the well-known strategic trade policy literature, showing that tied aid cannot be considered equivalent to an export subsidy. The second part of the paper is empirical and tests some propositions suggested by the theory. We estimate the impact of tied aid on total imports of recipient countries in order to examine whether the distortionary impact of tied aid overcomes the trade generating effect. We also look at the consequences of tied aid on the donor's market share in the recipient country in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy in supporting domestic exporters. The (preliminary) evidence shows that tied aid does not necessarily generate trade flows and that the donor's export shares are not correlated to the degree of tying.
Duodenal Bulb Biopsies in Celiac Disease: A Multicenter Study

Objectives: Celiac disease (CD)–related lesions have been reported in duodenal bulb biopsies, sometimes the bulb mucosa being the only one affected. The aim was to verify in a significant series whether histological lesions are always present in the bulb of celiac patients, what is the prevalence of lesions when isolated to the bulb, and if similar lesions are present in nonceliac subjects. Methods: We studied 665 children with CD (241 males, range 9 months–15 years, 8 months), at diagnosis on a gluten-containing diet, and 348 age- and sex-matched gastroenterological controls submitted to upper endoscopy for gastroenterological complaints. During endoscopy, multiple biopsies (1 bulb and 4 distal duodenum samples) were taken. Anti-endomysium antibodies were evaluated by immunofluorescence method, anti–human tissue–transglutaminase antibodies by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or radioimmunoassay. Human leukocyte antigen-DRB1, -DQA1, and -DQB1 genes were typed by polymerase chain reaction sequence–specific primers repeat method. Results: In all of the patients with CD, histological lesions were present in the bulb sample; in 16 of them, the lesions were present only in the bulb. Patchy villous atrophy was found in 20 children. All of the patients with CD were anti-endomysium and/or anti-transglutaminase positive. The controls showed neither autoantibody positivity nor mucosal changes compatible with CD. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that CD-related histological lesions are always present in the bulb; sometimes this specific site is the only one affected. Therefore, we suggest taking 2 biopsies from the bulb and 2 from the distal duodenum for CD diagnosis.
Standardization of Advertising for Western Europe

This article presents the principal factors pro and con as to the growth of standardized advertising practices in Western Europe. The author's presentations to the Fourth Congress of the International Advertising Association in Madrid in September, 1961, and to the Indiana University Second International Seminar on Marketing Management in Stresa, Italy, in July, 1962, have been brought up to date for readers of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING.
Teleworking: an assessment of the benefits and challenges

Of all the changes in work over the last century, arguably the greatest impact upon the way work is done can be attributed to the exponential growth of flexible working patterns. The basis of flexible working is captured by a BT plc strap‐line: work is not a place where you go but rather something you do! As the renowned futurist, Alvin Toffler, has indicated – “work is not necessarily going to take place in offices or factories. It is going to take place everywhere, anytime” (Toffler, A., The Third Wave, Morrow, New York, NY, 1980). There is a wealth of guidance available on how to improve the flexibility available within organizations from the enormous range of “flexible working solutions” books through to the consultancies that now include flexible working as prominent packages in their service portfolio. In this paper, the teleworking means of flexible working is explored and an assessment is made of its growth, advantages and disadvantages, implementation programs for successful teleworking and a case assessing the advances that BT plc have made in becoming a teleworking organization.
Customizing Europe: transposition as bottom-up implementation

ABSTRACT European Union (EU) implementation research has neglected situations when member states go beyond the minimum requirements prescribed in EU directives (gold-plating). The top–down focus on compliance insufficiently accounts for the fact that positive integration actually allows member states to transcend the EU's requirements to facilitate context-sensitive problem-solving. This study adopts a bottom–up implementation perspective. Moving beyond compliance, it introduces the concept of ‘customization’ to depict how transposition results in tailor-made solutions in a multilevel system. The study analyses the hitherto unexplored veterinary drug regulations of four member states. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis and formal theory evaluation, this article assesses how policy and country-level factors interact. Results reveal the countries’ different customization styles. The latter simultaneously reflect the interplay of domestic politics with institutions, and the ‘fit’ of EU regulatory modes with domestic, sectoral interventionist styles. Compliance approaches cannot fully explain these fine-grained patterns of Europeanization.
Rethinking Bicameral Strength: A Three-Dimensional Approach

Bicameralism remains a common legislative arrangement, providing a classic potential check on political executives. But this potential is not always realised, leading scholars to ask which factors contribute to bicameralism that is ‘strong’. One well-established analysis is that of Arend Lijphart, in his account of majoritarian and consensus democracies. This bases bicameral strength on two dimensions: ‘symmetry’ of the two chambers' formal powers and ‘incongruence’ of their composition. Other theorists reason in similar ways. But recent British developments, backed by evidence from other states, expose flaws in this approach. A more convincing theory must be ‘three-dimensional’, recognising the centrality of perceived legitimacy to bicameral strength. Legitimacy is fundamental to understanding bicameralism, due both to the composition of some second chambers and to the role of all such chambers in challenging democratically elected first chambers. Lijphart did note that legitimacy affected the dynamics of bicameralism, but its role is both more central, and significantly more complex, than he suggested.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK)

Allometric scaling is widely used to predict human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical species, and many different approaches have been proposed over the years to improve its predictive performance. Nevertheless, prediction errors are commonly observed in the practical application of simple allometry, for example, in cases where the hepatic metabolic clearance is mainly determined by enzyme activities, which do not scale allometrically across species. Therefore, if good correlation was noted for some drugs, poor correlation was observed for others, highlighting the need for other conceptual approaches. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are now a well-established approach to conduct extrapolations across species and to generate simulations of pharmacokinetic profiles under various physiological conditions. While conventional pharmacokinetic models are defined by drug-related data themselves, PBPK models have richer information content and integrate information from various sources, including drug-dependent, physiological, and biological parameters as they vary in between species, subjects, or with age and disease state. Therefore, the biological and mechanistic bases of PBPK models allow the extrapolation of the kinetic behavior of drugs with regard to dose, route, and species. In addition, by providing a link between tissue concentrations and toxicological or pharmacological effects, PBPK modeling represents a framework for mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models.