Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Minrank of Random Graphs

The <italic>minrank</italic> of a directed graph <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is the minimum rank of a matrix <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$M$ </tex-math></inline-formula> that can be obtained from the adjacency matrix of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula> by switching some ones to zeros (i.e., deleting edges) and then setting all diagonal entries to one. This quantity is closely related to the fundamental information-theoretic problems of (linear) <italic>index coding</italic> (Bar-Yossef <italic>et al.</italic>), network coding (Effros <italic>et al.</italic>), and distributed storage (Mazumdar, ISIT, 2014). We prove tight bounds on the minrank of directed Erdős–Rényi random graphs <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G(n,p)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for all regimes of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p\in [{0,1}]$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. In particular, for any constant <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$p$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, we show that <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathsf {minrk}(G) = \Theta (n/\log n)$ </tex-math></inline-formula> with high probability, where <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is chosen from <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G(n,p)$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This bound gives a near quadratic improvement over the previous best lower bound of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega (\sqrt {n})$ </tex-math></inline-formula> (Haviv and Langberg), and partially settles an open problem raised by Lubetzky and Stav. Our lower bound matches the well-known upper bound obtained by the “clique covering” solution and settles the linear index coding problem for random knowledge graphs.
Advantages to transforming the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve into likelihood ratio co‐ordinates

Traditionally, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for a diagnostic test plots true positives (sensitivity) against false positives (one minus specificity). However, this representation brings with it several drawbacks. A transformation to positive and negative likelihood ratio co‐ordinates, scaled by base‐ten logarithms, offers several advantages. First we motivate the use of positive and negative likelihood ratios, emphasizing their relationship to modification of the odds ratio. Then we highlight properties of likelihood ratios using the traditional ROC axes. Finally, we demonstrate ROC curves and their properties after conversion to likelihood ratio co‐ordinates. These graphs do not waste space for tests lacking diagnostic power, and offer a simple visual assessment of a test's impact on the odds ratio. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple modification of the Hill estimator with applications to robustness and bias reduction

Suppose that X1, · · · , Xn are i.i. d. random variables with P (Xi > x) = xL(x) and define X(1) ≥ X(2) ≥ · · · ≥ X(n) to be the order statistics. The Hill estimator (Hill, 1975) of the tail index α is a pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator based on the exponential approximation of the normalized log-spacings Yj = j ln(X(j)/X(j+1)) for j = 1, · · · , k. In practice, the Hill estimator can be extremely dependent on the choice of k = kn and is inherently non-robust to large values Yj, which bias the Hill estimator downward. In this paper, we introduce a simple robustification of the Hill estimator that has a bounded influence curve and is Fisher consistent. The estimator is straightforward to compute and can be tuned to have a specified asymptotic efficiency (with respect to the Hill estimator) between 0 and 1. The resulting family of estimators can also be used to reduce the asymptotic bias of the Hill estimator. We also consider extensions to modifications of the Hill estimator based on exponential regression methods (Feuerverger and Hall, 1999; Beirlant et al., 1999).
Recognition of emerging adulthood in UK rheumatology: the case for young adult rheumatology service developments.

Current available evidence is persuasive of the need to improve the transition and transfer of young people with chronic rheumatic disease to adult-centred rheumatology services [1, 2]. Recent years have witnessed the arrival of long-awaited governmental support for this in the form of several major documents including the National Service Framework (NSF) for Children, Young People and Maternity Services [3, 4] and Transition: Getting it Right [5]. These have been further supported by important documents from professional bodies including the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health [6] and the Royal College of Nursing [7]. Although transition starts ideally in early adolescence, it does not finish until the young adult is participating fully in adult health care. Much of the research in transition has been paediatrically driven and it is now timely to start addressing what happens following transfer to adult-centred care. This article proposes one way forward—that of developing rheumatology services specifically for 16to 25-yr-olds—and presents the evidence to support it. Unfortunately age criteria is a wellrecognized barrier within adolescent health developments. In the following discussion, the term adolescent will refer to 10to 19-yr-olds (as defined in the National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services, NSF) [3, 4] and the term young adults to incorporate late adolescence and the early twenties i.e. up to the age of 25 yrs.
Association of blood monocyte and lymphocyte count and disease-free interval in dogs with osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND Identification of biomarkers that predict outcomes in dogs with osteosarcoma (OSA) would be valuable to veterinarians and owners. Leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood are associated with outcomes in some types of cancer in humans. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that increased numbers of monocytes would be associated with reduced disease-free interval (DFI) in dogs with OSA. ANIMALS Medical data from 69 dogs with appendicular OSA treated with amputation and chemotherapy were selected for study. METHODS Retrospective study. Statistical associations were assessed by univariate and multivariate analysis. Information about DFI and leukogram values, tumor location, and serum alkaline phosphatase was abstracted from the medical record. RESULTS Higher numbers of circulating monocytes (>0.4×10(3) cells/μL) and lymphocytes (>1.0×10(3) cells/μL) before treatment were found to be significantly (P<.05) associated with shorter DFI in dogs with OSA. Other parameters associated with poor outcomes were increased alkaline phosphatase, primary tumor location, and age. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These results indicated that pretreatment evaluation of monocyte and lymphocyte counts provided prognostic information for dogs with appendicular OSA. Notably, most animals in this study had monocyte counts within the normal reference range, indicating that variations within the reference range of leukocyte values might also have prognostic significance.
TESTING HUMAN URINE AS A LOW-TECH BAIT FOR ANASTREPHA SPP. (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) IN SMALL GUAVA, MANGO, SAPODILLA AND GRAPEFRUIT ORCHARDS

Abstract We evaluated the attractiveness of three aqueous dilutions of human urine (HU 50, 25, and 12.5%) to adults of pestiferous and nonpestiferous Anastrepha species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in small guava, grapefruit, mango, and sapodilla orchards with glass McPhail traps. As control treatments we used a commercially available hydrolyzed protein bait (Captor Plus®) and tap water. In the guava orchard, the three urine dilutions were as effective as hydrolyzed protein in attracting A. fraterculus. Also, when 25 and 50% urine were used, 93 and 96%, respectively, of the adults captured were females. In the grapefruit orchard, protein-baited traps captured significantly more A. ludens than urine-baited traps. In the mango orchard, both A. obliqua and A. serpentina were more attracted to hydrolyzed protein than to any other bait treatment. In the sapodilla orchard, traps baited with 50% urine surpassed all other treatments in the capture of A. serpentina and A. obliqua. Our findings indicate that human urine performs as well or better than hydrolyzed protein in certain types of orchards. They also support the notion that there is no “universal” Anastrepha bait. We conclude that human urine is a viable, low-tech alternative Anastrepha bait for subsistence or low income, small-scale fruit growers in rural Latin America.
Circulating LH and FSH levels and testicular function in hamsters during light deprivation and subsequent photoperiodic stimulation.

The relationship between testicular function and peripheral gonadotropin levels was investigated in adult hamsters throughout a 60-day period of light deprivation and then again after a return to normal light cycles (L:D, 14:10). Hypophyseal LH and plasma LH and FSH concentrations declined slowly and progressively (at least 5-fold) during the 60-day period of constant darkness. Thedecline in gonadotropin release was associated with a 73% decrease in plasma testosterone concentrations and a 4-fold reduction in the capacity of testicular tissue to convert [7-3H]progesterone to [3H]testosterone in vitro (p < 0.05). Testis atrophy accompanied the collapse of the hypophysealgonadonal endocrine system as evidenced by a 98% reduction in the relative number of step 7 spermatids and the absence of step 17 spermatids from the seminiferous epithelium. Once previously light-deprived hamsters (i.e., 60 days) were exposed o L:D, 14:10 cycles, hypophyseal LH and plasma LH and FSH levels returned to near control levels w.
Unambiguous Tracking of BOC Signals Using Coherent Combination of Dual Sidebands

The ionospheric effect breaks the correlation of carrier phases between dual sidebands of binary offset carrier (BOC) signal. Thus, the conventional sideband processing algorithms usually perform non-coherent combination of the dual sidebands, which degrades the tracking accuracy and sensitivity. In order to improve the accuracy, this letter proposes a computationally effective tracking algorithm that involves coherent combination of BOC dual sidebands. The tracking loop of the proposed algorithm includes a novel design of a subcarrier discriminator using the differential carrier phase of dual sidebands. Simulation results show that proposed algorithm achieves simultaneous high precision and low computational complexity for high-order BOC.
Stability Boundary for Haptic Rendering: Influence of Physical Damping

Physical damping is increasing the z-width of haptic simulations. This paper derives the normalized stability boundaries for physically damped one degree of freedom haptic devices colliding with a virtual wall represented as spring-damper system. These boundaries are independent of the haptic device's mass and the sampling time. Furthermore, the dependency of the maximum stable virtual stiffness is discussed. Moreover, this paper illustrates that the passive region which is defined by Colgate's passivity condition is a subset inside the stable region for undelayed systems, but not for delayed systems
Theta phase synchronization between the human hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex supports learning of unexpected information

Events that violate predictions are thought to not only modulate activity within the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, but also to enhance communication between the two regions. Several studies in rodents have shown that synchronized theta oscillations facilitate communication between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during salient events, but it remains unclear whether similar oscillatory mechanisms support interactions between the two regions in humans. Here, we had the rare opportunity to conduct simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the human hippocampus and prefrontal cortex from two patients undergoing presurgical evaluation for pharmaco-resistant epilepsy. Recordings were conducted during a task that involved encoding of contextually expected and unexpected visual stimuli. Across both patients, hippocampal-prefrontal theta phase synchronization was significantly higher during encoding of unexpected study items, compared to contextually expected study items. In contrast, we did not find increased theta synchronization between the prefrontal cortex and rhinal cortex. Our findings are consistent with the idea that theta oscillations orchestrate communication between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex during the processing of contextually salient information.
Analysis of the Genome of a Korean Isolate of the Pieris rapae Granulovirus Enabled by Its Separation from Total Host Genomic DNA by Pulse-Field Electrophoresis

Background Most traditional genome sequencing projects involving viruses include the culture and purification of the virus particles. However, purification of virions may yield insufficient material for traditional sequencing. The electrophoretic method described here provides a strategy whereby the genomic DNA of the Korean isolate of Pieris rapae granulovirus (PiraGV-K) could be recovered in sufficient amounts for sequencing by purifying it directly from total host DNA by pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Methodology/Principal Findings The total genomic DNA of infected P. rapae was embedded in agarose plugs, treated with restriction nuclease and methylase, and then PFGE was used to separate PiraGV-K DNA from the DNA of P. rapae, followed by mapping of fosmid clones of the purified viral DNA. The double-stranded circular genome of PiraGV-K was found to encode 120 open reading frames (ORFs), which covered 92% of the sequence. BLAST and ORF arrangement showed the presence of 78 homologs to other genes in the database. The mean overall amino acid identity of PiraGV-K ORFs was highest with the Chinese isolate of PiraGV (∼99%), followed up with Choristoneura occidentalis ORFs at 58%. PiraGV-K ORFs were grouped, according to function, into 10 genes involved in transcription, 11 involved in replication, 25 structural protein genes, and 15 auxiliary genes. Genes for Chitinase (ORF 10) and cathepsin (ORF 11), involved in the liquefaction of the host, were found in the genome. Conclusions/Significance The recovery of PiraGV-K DNA genome by pulse-field electrophoretic separation from host genomic DNA had several advantages, compared with its isolation from particles harvested as virions or inclusions from the P. rapae host. We have sequenced and analyzed the 108,658 bp PiraGV-K genome purified by the electrophoretic method. The method appears to be generally applicable to the analysis of genomes of large viruses.
The Purchasing Power Parity Puzzle

FIRST ARTICULATED by scholars of the ISalamanca school in sixteenth century Spain,1 purchasing power parity (PPP) is the disarmingly simple empirical proposition that, once converted to a common currency, national price levels should be equal. The basic idea is that if goods market arbitrage enforces broad parity in prices across a sufficient range of individual goods (the law of one price), then there should also be a high correlation in aggregate price levels. While few empirically literate economists take PPP seriously as a short-term proposition, most instinctively believe in some variant of purchasing power parity as an anchor for long-run real exchange rates. Warm, fuzzy feelings about PPP are not, of course, a substitute for hard evidence. There is today an enormous and evergrowing empirical literature on PPP, one that has arrived at a surprising degree of consensus on a couple of basic facts. First, at long last, a number of recent studies have weighed in with fairly persuasive evidence that real exchange rates (nominal exchange rates adjusted for differences in national price levels) tend toward purchasing power parity in the very long run. Consensus estimates suggest, however, that the speed of convergence to PPP is extremely slow; deviations appear to damp out at a rate of roughly 15 percent per year. Second, short-run deviations from PPP are large and volatile. Indeed, the one-month conditional volatility of real exchange rates (the volatility of deviations from PPP) is of the same order of magnitude as the conditional volatility of nominal exchange rates. Price differential volatility is surprisingly large even when one confines attention to relatively homogenous classes of highly traded goods. The purchasing power parity puzzle then is this: How can one reconcile the enormous short-term volatility of real exchange rates with the extremely slow rate at which shocks appear to damp out? Most explanations of short-term exchange rate volatility point to financial factors such as changes in portfolio preferences, short-term asset price bubbles, and monetary shocks (see, for example, Maurice Obstfeld and Rogoff forthcoming). Such shocks can have substantial effects on the real economy in the presence of sticky nominal wages and prices. I See Lawrence H. Officer (1982, ch. 3) for an extensive discussion of the origins of PPP theory; see also Dornbusch (1987).
Chemotherapy induces the cancer-associated fibroblast phenotype, activating paracrine Hedgehog-GLI signalling in breast cancer cells

Cancer cells recruit normal cells such as fibroblasts to establish reactive microenvironments. Via metabolic stress, catabolism and inflammation, these cancer-associated fibroblasts set up a synergistic relationship with tumour cells, that contributes to their malignancy and resistance to therapy. Given that chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, the possibility that healthy cell damage affects the metastatic risk or the prospect of developing a second malignancy becomes relevant. Here, we demonstrate that standard chemotherapies phenotypically and metabolically transform stromal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts, leading to the emergence of a highly glycolytic, autophagic and pro-inflammatory microenvironment. This catabolic microenvironment, in turn, activates stemness (Sonic hedgehog/GLI signalling), antioxidant response and interferon-mediated signalling, in adjacent breast cancer cells. Thus, we propose a model by which chemotherapy-induced catabolism in healthy fibroblasts constitutes a source of energy-rich nutrients and inflammatory cytokines that would activate stemness in adjacent epithelial cells, possibly triggering new tumorigenic processes. In this context, immune cell recruitment would be also stimulated to further support malignancy.
Defense Responses in Grapevine (cv. Mourvèdre) after Inoculation with the Botryosphaeria Dieback Pathogens Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata and Their Relationship with Flowering

As a result of the increasing economic impact of grapevine trunk diseases on viticulture worldwide, efficient and viable control strategies are urgently needed. However, understanding both plant-pathogen interactions and plant physiological changes related to these diseases is fundamental to such an achievement. In this study, we analyzed the effect of inoculation with the Botryosphaeria dieback fungal agents, Neofusicoccum parvum and Diplodia seriata, with and without inflorescence removal at the onset of G stage (separated clusters), I stage (flowering) and M stage (veraison). A measure of lesion size and real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction-based analysis were carried out. The results clearly show the importance of inflorescences in the development of lesions associated with Botryosphaeria dieback pathogens inoculated on green stems of adult vines, especially at the onset of flowering. At flowering, the biggest necroses were observed with the inflorescences present, as well as an activation of the studied defense responses. Thus, an ineffective response to the pathogen could be consistent with a possible metabolic reprogramming linked to the host phenophase.
Nitric oxide as inflammatory mediator in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): evidence from an animal model

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe anxiety disorder that may develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event. Recent clinical evidence has suggested the involvement of neurodegenerative pathology in the illness, particularly with brain imaging studies revealing a marked reduction in hippocampal volume. Of greater significance is that these anatomical changes appear to be positively correlated with the degree of cognitive deficit noted in these patients. Stress-induced increases in plasma cortisol have been implicated in this apparent atrophy. Although not definitive, clinical studies have observed a marked suppression of plasma cortisol in PTSD. The basis for hippocampal neurodegeneration and cognitive decline therefore remains unclear. Stress and glucocorticoids increase glutamate release, which is recognized as an important mediator of glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxicity. Recent preclinical studies have also noted that glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) play a causal role in anxiety-related behaviors. Because of the prominent role of NO in neuronal toxicity, cellular memory processes, and as a neuromodulator, nitrergic pathways may have an important role in stress-related hippocampal degenerative pathology and cognitive deficits seen in patients with PTSD. This paper reviews the preclinical evidence for involvement of the NO-pathway in PTSD, and emphasizes studies that have addressed these issues using time-dependent sensitization – a putative animal model of PTSD.
Fatigue before and after mild traumatic brain injury: Pre–post-injury comparisons in relation to ApolipoproteinE

Primary objective: To assess the incidence of fatigue for persons following a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and to evaluate the relationship between fatigue and APOE genotype. As fatigue is often found to be influenced by anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance, these factors were also measured. Methods and procedures: Thirty-one persons who sustained a MTBI were drawn from a population-based longitudinal study. Each person who sustained a MTBI was matched by age, gender, education and APOE genotype with two non-head injury controls. Self-reported pre- and post-injury incidence of fatigue, anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance was compared within-group and between groups. Results: For the MTBI group, incidence of fatigue was almost twice as common post- than pre-injury, whereas there was no corresponding change in a non-injured control group. Within the MTBI-group, post-injury fatigue was particularly common for carriers of the APOEϵ4 allele. Conclusions: Fatigue is common sequela after a MTBI and especially pronounced for carriers of the APOEϵ4 allele.