Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring incarcerated women's memorable messages and the effects of prison relationships on doing time

EXPLORING INCARCERATED WOMEN’S MEMORABLE MESSAGES AND THE EFFECTS OF PRISON RELATIONSHIPS ON DOING TIME By Kimberly Ann Bender Pathways research have consistently cited relational problems as reasons women become involved in crime or maintain their criminal involvement. Yet once women enter prison, they employ relational strategies to make doing time easier. Thus, relationships play an important part in the lives of female offenders. However, little is known about the directional nature (i.e., positive and negative) of women’s prison relationships or the verbal interactions that take place. Drawing from communication and relational theories, the purpose of the current study was to advance the understanding of the types of verbal memorable messages women receive from people in the prison environment, the types of behavior they associate with the messages, the positive and negative relationships women maintain in prison, and how prison relationships are connected to doing time. Using in-depth interviews and surveys from a random sample of 60 women incarcerated in a single women’s prison, data reveal the use of memorable messages as strategies to navigate the prison experience and self-assess personal behavior. Memorable messages were often received from other incarcerated women and came to mind when women engaged in behaviors they were proud of, not proud of and avoided. Most messages were positive and used to accomplish goals that would assist with reentry into the community. However, some messages were negative in nature and left a few women feeling discouraged, while other women went against the message in an effort to prove it wrong. Women’s positive relationships were characterized by positive behavior, trust and honesty, while negative relationships were characterized by negative behavior, backstabbing and abuse from a romantic partner. Though few relationships were maintained with correctional officers, women perceived officers as helpful. Most women spent their free time with at least one other woman, but detailed the importance of alone time. Findings suggest the need for staff and inmate training to improve communication skills, which can positively impact women during and post-incarceration. Training on strategies for identifying and terminating negative relationships is also suggested for women in prison.
Overnight Changes in the Cerebral Vascular Response to Isocapnic Hypoxia and Hypercapnia in Healthy Humans: Protection Against Stroke

Background and Purpose— The reduction in hypercapnic cerebral vascular reactivity that occurs in the morning after sleep is associated with an increased risk of cerebral ischemia and stroke. It is not known if the cerebral vascular response to hypoxia is similarly reduced in the morning, but such a reduction could be considered a further risk factor for cerebral vascular disease. Methods— To test if the cerebral vascular response to hypoxia is reduced in the morning, the overnight changes in the left middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAV) in response to isocapnic hypoxia (IH) and hypercapnia before and after a normal night sleep were determined in 18 individuals. Results— From evening to morning, hypercapnic cerebral vascular reactivity decreased significantly (evening 2.0±0.4, morning 1.3±0.2 cm/sec/mm Hg; P<0.05); in contrast, the increase in MCAV in response to IH (−10% SaO2) was unchanged (evening 9.0±1.4, morning 8.7±2.2%; P>0.05). Conclusions— Our findings indicate that substantial differences exist in the regulation of the cerebral circulation in response to hypoxia and hypercapnia on waking from sleep. An intact cerebral vascular response to IH, during this time period, could be interpreted as a protective mechanism against cerebral ischemia and stroke; this is of particular relevance to patients with obstructive sleep apnea who arouse from sleep during hypoxia.
A study on etiologic agents and clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis in Yazd, Iran

Background and Purpose: Dermatophytosis is one of the most common infections of skin, hair, and nails, caused by a group of keratinophilic fungi known as dermatophytes. Species identification of these fungi is of great significance from epidemiological and therapeutic points of view. The objective of the present study was to investigate dermatophytosis and its causative agents in patients, referring to the Central Mycology Laboratory of Yazd University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Materials and Methods: In total, 139 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytosis were examined during 12 months from February 2014 to February 2015. Skin scrapings were assessed through direct microscopic examinations and culture studies. Dermatophyte isolates were identified based on colony morphology on potato dextrose agar and dermatophyte test medium, nutritional requirements, urease and hair perforation tests, and microscopic characteristics on slide cultures. Results: Dermatophytosis was mycologically confirmed in 26 (18.70%) out of 139 cases. Although there was a statistically insignificant difference between male and female subjects, men were dominantly affected. Infection was significantly common in the age group of ≤ 29 years (P<0.043). The most common clinical manifestation of dermatophytosis was tinea corporis (69.2%), followed by tinea cruris (15.4%), tinea manuum (11.5%), and tinea pedis (3.8%). Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex was the main etiologic agent (38.5%), followed by T. rubrum (23%), T. violaceum (15.5%), T. verrucosum (11.5%), Microsporum canis (7.7%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (3.8%). Conclusion: In comparison with previous research, epidemiology of dermatophytosis has changed in Yazd over the past decades. Therefore, periodical investigations on the epidemiological aspects of this infection are required for efficient control and prevention of this cutaneous dermatophytic disease.
The Galactic Center stellar cluster: The central arcsecond

With 10 years of high-resolution imaging data now available on the stellar cluster in the Galactic Center, we analyze the dynamics of the stars at projected distances ≤1.2″ from the central black hole candidate Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We find evidence for radial anisotropy of the cluster of stars surrounding Sgr A*. We confirm/find accelerated motion for 6 stars, with 4 stars having passed the pericenter of their orbits during the observed time span. We calculated/constrained the orbital parameters of these stars. All orbits have moderate to high eccentricities. The center of acceleration coincides with the radio position of Sgr A*. From the orbit of the star S2, currently the most tightly constrained one, we determine the mass of Sgr A* to 3.3 ± 0.7 × 106 M⊙ and its position to 2.0 ± 2.4 mas East and 2.7 ± 4.5 mas South of the nominal radio position. The data provide compelling evidence that Sgr A* is a single supermassive black hole.
Sustained Hypoxia Elicits Competing Spinal Mechanisms of Phrenic Motor Facilitation

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) induces phrenic long-term facilitation (pLTF), a form of spinal motor plasticity. Competing mechanisms give rise to phrenic motor facilitation (pMF; a general term including pLTF) depending on the severity of hypoxia within episodes. In contrast, moderate acute sustained hypoxia (mASH) does not elicit pMF. By varying the severity of ASH and targeting competing mechanisms of pMF, we sought to illustrate why moderate AIH (mAIH) elicits pMF but mASH does not. Although mAIH elicits serotonin-dependent pLTF, mASH does not; thus, mAIH-induced pLTF is pattern sensitive. In contrast, severe AIH (sAIH) elicits pLTF through adenosine-dependent mechanisms, likely from greater extracellular adenosine accumulation. Because serotonin- and adenosine-dependent pMF interact via cross talk inhibition, we hypothesized that pMF is obscured because the competing mechanisms of pMF are balanced and offsetting during mASH. Here, we demonstrate the following: (1) blocking spinal A2A receptors with MSX-3 reveals mASH-induced pMF; and (2) sASH elicits A2A-dependent pMF. In anesthetized rats pretreated with intrathecal A2A receptor antagonist injections before mASH (PaO2 = 40–54 mmHg) or sASH (PaO2 = 25–36 mmHg), (1) mASH induced a serotonin-dependent pMF and (2) sASH induced an adenosine-dependent pMF, which was enhanced by spinal serotonin receptor inhibition. Thus, competing adenosine- and serotonin-dependent mechanisms contribute differentially to pMF depending on the pattern/severity of hypoxia. Understanding interactions between these mechanisms has clinical relevance as we develop therapies to treat severe neuromuscular disorders that compromise somatic motor behaviors, including breathing. Moreover, these results demonstrate how competing mechanisms of plasticity can give rise to pattern sensitivity in pLTF. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Intermittent hypoxia elicits pattern-sensitive spinal plasticity and improves motor function after spinal injury or during neuromuscular disease. Specific mechanisms of pattern sensitivity in this form of plasticity are unknown. We provide evidence that competing mechanisms of phrenic motor facilitation mediated by adenosine 2A and serotonin 2 receptors are differentially expressed, depending on the pattern/severity of hypoxia. Understanding how these distinct mechanisms interact during hypoxic exposures differing in severity and duration will help explain interesting properties of plasticity, such as pattern sensitivity, and may help optimize therapies to restore motor function in patients with neuromuscular disorders that compromise movement.
Characterizing industrial control system devices on the Internet

Industrial control system (ICS) devices with IP addresses are accessible on the Internet and play a crucial role for critical infrastructures like power grid. However, there is a lack of deep understanding of these devices' characteristics in the cyberspace. In this paper, we take a first step in this direction by investigating these accessible industrial devices on the Internet. Because of critical nature of industrial control systems, the detection of online ICS devices should be done in a real-time and non-intrusive manner. Thus, we first analyze 17 industrial protocols widely used in industrial control systems, and train a probability model through the learning algorithm to improve detection accuracy. Then, we discover online ICS devices in the IPv4 space while reducing the noise of industrial honeypots. To observe the dynamics of ICS devices in a relatively long run, we have deployed our discovery system on Amazon EC2 and detected online ICS devices in the whole IPv4 space for eight times from August 2015 to March 2016. Based on the ICS device data collection, we conduct a comprehensive data analysis to characterize the usage of ICS devices, especially in the answer to the following three questions: (1) what are the distribution features of ICS devices, (2) who use these ICS devices, and (3) what are the functions of these ICS devices.
Bullying in Recreation and Sport Settings: Exploring Risk Factors, Prevention Efforts, and Intervention Strategies

Bullying is a social phenomenon defined as repeated negative actions that involve a differential of power whereby the individual who is more powerful attacks or harasses the individual who is less powerful with an intention to harm or disturb (Olweus, 1993). The social, emotional, and physical consequences for youth who are bullied are significant. Research on bullying, bullying prevention, and bullying intervention has focused mainly on the school settings and the role of school administrators and teachers (Monks et al., 2009). Bullying occurs in out-of-school settings including recreation and sport settings, but limited research exists. The purpose of the study was to explore (a) factors that are perceived as contributing to bullying behavior in youth-serving recreation and sport environments and (b) what administrators and staff do to prevent bullying and to respond when it occurs. Semistructured, face-to-face interviews were used to collect data in 31 youth-serving sport and recreation organizations from 31 administrators and 40 leaders, coaches, or supervisors representing 10 municipal recreation departments, 16 nonprofit organizations, and five commercial organizations in New Brunswick, Canada. The findings suggest organizational culture, program elements, bullying behaviors that begin in other settings, and peer group dynamics define perceptions of bullying as well as prevention and intervention efforts. Administrators trained staff to prevent and respond to bullying, developed procedures that communicated expectations related to behavior, and clearly expressed their values related to safe environments for program participants in an effort to create a climate that would not support bullying. Competitive environments, limited supervision, and unstructured time were program elements perceived as increasing the likelihood of bullying behaviors. Administrators and leaders worked at altering program elements to reduce opportunities for bullying behavior to develop or thrive. It was discovered that not all peer relationship problems begin within the recreation and sport context, but rather can spill over from school, neighborhood, or home settings. Finally, there was understanding that positive group norms need to be created and the ways in which groups are structured can influence a climate that can either promote supportive relationships or fuel bullying behaviors.
Evaluation of platelet function during extended storage in additive solution, prepared in a new container that allows manual buffy-coat platelet pooling and leucoreduction in the same system.

BACKGROUND A novel and practical storage container designed for manual buffy-coat pooling and leucodepletion was evaluated to assess its filtration performance and to analyse the quality of stored leucoreduced buffy-coat-derived platelet pools. MATERIALS AND METHODS To analyse the grifols leucored transfer PL system, blood was collected from random donors into standard triple bag systems, and fractionated using standard procedures to obtain buffy-coats. Ten leucodepleted platelet pools were prepared each from five units of buffy-coats in additive solution. Concentrates were stored for 10 days at 22 °C on an end-over-end agitator. On days 0, 5, 7, and 10 of storage, samples were tested using standard in vitro platelet parameters. RESULTS The use of this novel system for volume reduction and leucodepletion of buffy-coats resuspended in additive solution led to platelet pools that met the European requirements. pH was maintained well, declining from an initial value of 7.11±0.04 to 6.88±0.08 after 10 days. Parameters of cell lysis, response to a hypotonic stimulus and aggregation induced by agonists (arachidonic acid, ristocetin, collagen or thrombin receptor activating peptide) were also well-preserved. During storage, the quality profile of the platelet pools remained very similar to that previously reported in platelet concentrates in terms of metabolism, platelet activation (CD62, CD63, sCD62), expression of glycoproteins Ib and IIb/IIIa, capacity of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to become activated upon ADP stimulation, and release of biological response modifiers (sCD40L and RANTES). DISCUSSION This new system allows the preparation of leucodepleted buffy-coat platelet pools in additive solution with good preservation of platelet function. The logistics of the procedure are relatively simple and it results in good-quality components, which may reduce costs and ease the process of buffy-coat pooling and leucocyte reduction in transfusion services.
Face recognition via local sparse coding

In this paper the face recognition problem is addressed in a part-based sparse approach through the comparison of respective facial regions between different images. To this purpose, a sparse coding procedure is applied to non-overlapping patches derived from frontal-face images, in order to extract local facial information. An adequate measure is introduced, incorporating the resulted sparse representation along with the Hamming distance, in order to express pairwise similarities between faces. Finally, a simple Nearest Neighbor classifier is employed to determine the identity of each facial image. In addition, a new criterion is presented for the rejection of outliers. The emerged face recognition scheme is evaluated using publicly available facial image databases, and the results are compared with those of other well-established recognition methods.
Representation of Object-Centered Space by Neurons of the Supplementary Eye Field

The supplementary eye field (SEF) is a region of cortex located on the dorsomedial shoulder of the frontal lobe, considered to be involved in the control of eye movements. SEF neurons show spatially selective activity during visually- and memory-guided saccades. The selectivity exhibited by SEF neurons has been described as being related to an eye- or head-centered reference frame. We have previously shown that SEF neurons exhibit selectivity in an object-centered reference frame: neurons will fire selectively when saccades are directed to one end of a bar or another, irrespective of the absolute location of the bar in space.It is not well known how SEF neurons display selectivity for object-centered locations. In order to better understand the mechanism of this phenomenon, we performed three studies. In the first study, we asked how SEF neurons encode locations in both egocentric and object-centered reference frames. We recorded from single SEF neurons while monkeys performed tasks requiring spatial representation in either eye-centered or object-centered reference frames. Different SEF neurons encoded locations in eye-centered coordinates only, object-centered coordinates only, or in complex combinations of the two.In the second study, we tested whether object-centered selectivity is an innate property of SEF neurons or whether it is acquired through learning. We recorded the activity of SEF neurons before and after training monkeys to perform an object-centered task. Some SEF neurons exhibited object-centered selectivity before training. Following training, this number was increased, as was the intensity of object-centered spatial selectivity.In the third study, we investigated whether the object-centered selectivity seen in SEF neurons during performance of an object-centered task is reduced during performance of a non-object-centered task. We recorded from SEF neurons while monkeys performed either an object-centered task or a color matching task with an object as a target. An equivalent number of neurons showed object-centered selectivity in both tasks, but the strength of selectivity was slightly higher during performance of the object-centered task. We conclude from the results of these studies that neurons in the SEF are critically involved in the dynamic representation of locations using multiple spatial reference frames.
E-Service Quality and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction and Trust: An Empirical Study on Greek Customers of Internet Shops

The use of Internet as a mean of shopping goods and services is growing over the past decade. Businesses in the e-commerce sector realize that the key factors for success are not limited to the existence of a website and low prices but must also include high standards of e-quality. Research indicates that the attainment of customer satisfaction brings along plenty of benefits. Furthermore, trust is of paramount importance, in ecommerce, due to the fact that that its establishment can diminish the perceived risk of using an internet service. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of customer perceived quality of an internet shop on customers’ satisfaction and trust. In addition, the possible effect of customer satisfaction on trust is also examined. An explanatory research approach was adopted in order to identify causal relationships between e-quality, customer satisfaction and trust. This was accomplished through field research by utilizing an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was largely based on existing constructs in relative literature. E-quality was divided into 5 dimensions, namely ease of use, e-scape, customization, responsiveness, and assurance. After being successfully pilot-tested by the managers of 3 Greek companies developing ecommerce software, 4 managers of Greek internet shops and 5 internet shoppers, the questionnaire was distributed to internet shoppers in central Greece. This process had as a result a total of 171 correctly answered questionnaires. Reliability tests and statistical analyses were performed to both confirm scale reliability and test research hypotheses. The findings indicate that all the examined e-quality dimensions expose a significant positive influence on customer satisfaction, with ease of use, e-scape and assurance being the most important ones. One the other hand, rather surprisingly, the only e-quality dimension that proved to have a significant positive impact on trust was customization. Finally, satisfaction was revealed to have a significant positive relation with trust.
The Golgi apparatus: insights from lipid biochemistry.

Discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898 [ l , 21, the Golgi apparatus has long fascinated cytologists because of its distinct morphology (Fig. 1). This organelle, which is found in all eukaryotic cells, consists of flat cisternae arranged in parallel to form the characteristic ‘stacks’ that are interconnected by cisternal or tubular-reticular bridges. In addition, numerous small membranous vesicles are usually found associated with the organelle. The Golgi apparatus is currently the focus of much attention among cell and membrane biologists because of its central role in directing protein traffic within cells. At least three areas, the cis, medial, and trans subsections can be seen by electron microscopy. The cis compartments are often situated closest to the nucleus, while the trans elements are most distant. From biochemical studies we know that there are at least three functionally distinct compartments that operate sequentially to build the oligosaccharide chains on transported glycoproteins and to ‘sort’ proteins destined for transport to other regions of the cell (e.g. the lysosomes, cell surface or secretory granules). Excellent reviews on various