Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intelligence and Personality 1 Intelligence and Personality

Intelligence and Personality One purpose of this chapter is to explore the conceptual relation of intelligence to personality. Another is to review empirical research on the relation of intelligence to other traits. Personality and intelligence have often been viewed as distinct domains that intersect only to a very limited degree. However, research on both personality and intelligence over the last three decades suggests the possibility that, both conceptually and empirically, intelligence could be integrated with larger models of personality. Such an integration may allow a more unified conception of the structure and sources of individual differences. Following presentation of working definitions for intelligence and personality, the chapter reviews arguments for and against three of the most common distinctions that are drawn between intelligence and personality. These three dichotomies provide an overview of the major conceptual issues at stake. Given the amount of thought that has been devoted to the conceptual relation of intelligence to personality, this chapter cannot hope to be comprehensive. Additional perspectives can be found in three excellent edited collections the chapter discusses whether intelligence can be located within the Big Five model (John, Naumann, & Soto, 2008). Finally, the Big Five personality dimensions serve to organize a review of empirical associations of intelligence with various personality traits, with a separate section at the end for associations with sociopolitical orientation. In 1994, a group of 52 experts in the study of intelligence and related fields endorsed the following definition of intelligence (Gottfredson, 1997a, p. 13): Intelligence is a very general mental capability that, among other things, involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience. It is not merely book learning, a narrow academic skill, or test-taking smarts. Rather it reflects a broader and deeper capability for comprehending our surroundings— " catching on, " " making sense " of things, or " figuring out " what to do. This definition emphasizes that intelligence represents the ability to solve problems (including problems of comprehension) by thinking. Intelligence is widely considered to occupy the apex of a hierarchy of more specific abilities that are all related to each other (Carroll, 1993). Indeed, the concept of a general intelligence, or Intelligence and Personality 3 " g, " was first elaborated in psychology because of the so-called " positive manifold, " the tendency for performance on all cognitive tests to be positively …
Uncertainty avoidance , IT perceptions , use and adoption : Distributed teams in two cultures

Variations in cross-country adoption of Information Technology (IT) are not only due to economic but also cultural factors. The adoption of new technologies involves risk and uncertainty. Cultures with high levels of Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) feel threatened by the unknown and tend to conform to existing norms and procedures. Consequently, they tend to exhibit lower rates of IT adoption. This study explores the relationship between the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension in Hofstede’s framework and the perceptions of distributed groups toward group technology in two countries with significant differences in the level of UA. According to the results of the study, there are significant statistical differences in groups’ perceptions toward IT. Cultural differences do impact perceptions and attitudes toward IT and, ultimately, the adoption and use of IT.
The Dynamics of General Equilibrium: A Comment on Professor Gintis

This is a comment on Gintis (2007, 'The Dynamics of General Equilibrium', Economic Journal 117 (523) , 1280–1309), who provides an agent-based model of a Walrasian economy where the tâtonnement is replaced by imitation. His simulations show that the economy converges to the Walrasian equilibrium. Gintis concludes that 1) his stability results provide some justification for the importance placed upon the Walrasian model, and 2) models allowing agents to imitate successful others lead to an economy with a reasonable level of stability and efficiency. Since these conclusions appear to be intended as general, we caution that Gintis's findings can only be accepted for Walrasian models without capital goods; in models with capital goods imitation-based adjustments alter the equilibrium's data (which makes the demonstration of stability impossible) and raise other important problems (absent from Gintis's simulations) still awaiting exploration.
The effect of LCZ696 (sacubitril/valsartan) on amyloid‐β concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy subjects

Aims LCZ696 (angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor) is a novel drug developed for the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Neprilysin is one of multiple enzymes degrading amyloid‐β (Aβ). Its inhibition may increase Aβ levels. The potential exists that treatment of LCZ696, through the inhibition of neprilysin by LBQ657 (an LCZ696 metabolite), may result in accumulation of Aβ. The aim of this study was to assess the blood–brain‐barrier penetration of LBQ657 and the potential effects of LCZ696 on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ isoforms in healthy human volunteers. Methods In a double‐blind, randomized, parallel group, placebo‐controlled study, healthy subjects received once daily LCZ696 (400 mg, n = 21) or placebo (n = 22) for 14 days. Results LCZ696 had no significant effect on CSF AUEC(0,36 h) of the aggregable Aβ species 1–42 or 1–40 compared with placebo (estimated treatment ratios 0.98 [95% CI 0.73, 1.34; P = 0.919] and 1.05 [95% CI 0.82, 1.34; P = 0.702], respectively). A 42% increase in CSF AUEC(0,36 h) of soluble Aβ 1–38 was observed (estimated treatment ratio 1.42 [95% CI 1.05, 1.91; P = 0.023]). CSF levels of LBQ657 and CSF Aβ 1–42, 1–40, and 1–38 concentrations were not related (r 2 values 0.022, 0.010, and 0.008, respectively). Conclusions LCZ696 did not cause changes in CSF levels of aggregable Aβ isoforms (1–42 and 1–40) compared with placebo, despite achieving CSF concentrations of LBQ657 sufficient to inhibit neprilysin. The clinical relevance of the increase in soluble CSF Aβ 1–38 is currently unknown.
Preferences, common knowledge and speculative trade

We study the proposition that if it is common knowledge that en allocation of assets is ex-ante pareto efficient, there is no further trade generated by new information. The key to this result is that the information partitions and other characteristics of the agents must be common knowledge and that contracts, or asset markets, must be complete. It does not depend on learning, on 'lemons' problems, nor on agreement regarding beliefs and the interpretation of information. The only requirement on preferences is state-additivity; in particular, traders need not be risk-averse. We also prove the converse result that 'no-trade results' imply that traders' preferences can be represented by state-additive utility functions. We analyze why examples of other widely studied preferences (e.g., Schmeidler (1989)) allow 'speculative' trade.
On the Choice of Control Variables in the Crime Equation

Although control variables are the reason for multiple regression, surprising little attention is given to the process of locating and selecting the controls. If important controls are omitted, estimates can be biased and inconsistent whereas using too many controls can reduce efficiency and mask effects. We advocate a much broader search for controls than is customary, at least in the crime literature, and then the use of the general-to-specific methodology to select the relevant controls. We illustrate this procedure using a fixed effects panel data design evaluating the effect of legalized abortion on crime.
Chamlong Srimuang and the new Thai politics

This volume examines the career of Chamlong Srimuang, and his role in the new Thai political movements ranged in opposition to the military and bureaucracy. A celibate and vegetarian, Srimuang is best known for spearheading the mass protest which ousted Suchinda Kraprayoon from power in 1992.
Knowledge transfer between Russian and Western firms: Whose absorptive capacity is in question?

Purpose – This paper seeks to challenge some assumptions that have long existed in the international business and knowledge management literature about knowledge transfer between Western and Russian firms. It aims to open a debate among scholars and practitioners in these fields on issues related to knowledge transfer in this context.Design/methodology/approach – The paper offers a critical analysis of issues regarding knowledge transfer and absorptive capacity in the context of business interactions between Russian and Western firms.Findings – The paper argues that in the later stages of post‐Socialist transition it is no longer valid to attach rigidly the roles, respectively, of sole receiver to Russian and sole transmitter to Western firms. Further, the paper questions the view that problems in the knowledge transfer process are mainly attributable to the lack of absorptive capacity in Russian firms. As post‐Socialist transition has advanced, this is no longer the typical case. While Russian firms have.
A Novel Approach to Simulate the Interaction between Grass and Dynamic Objects

-Grass animation plays an important role in various applications, such as virtual reality, computer games and special effects of movies. In recent years, varieties of approaches have been proposed to simulate the interaction between grass and the wind field. However, simulation of grass-object interaction is seldom involved due to the complexity of physical interaction and the high computational cost. In this paper, we present a novel method to animate realistic interaction between grass and dynamic objects. The representation of large-scale grassland relies on three different levels of detail that could reduce the rendering cost and still allow high-fidelity rendering of grasses close to the viewer. According to different levels of detail, two animation approaches are applied: physicallybased method, which deals with the deformation of geometricalbased grass blades that close to the viewer; procedural method, which handles billboard-based grass. Besides, seamless dynamic transition between different levels is taken into account. Experiments demonstrate our method not only can realistically simulate the interaction between massive amounts of grass and the dynamic object, but also can overcome the deficiencies of existing approaches. Key-Words: Grass Animation; Levels of Detail (LOD); Billboard; Collision Detection; Dynamic Simulation
Linear Polarization Observations of Water Masers in W3 IRS 5

We present a magnetic field mapping of water maser clouds in the star-forming region W3 IRS 5, which has been made on the basis of the linear polarization VLBI observation. Using the Very Long Baseline Array at 22.2 GHz, 16 of 61 detected water masers were found to be linearly polarized with polarization degrees up to 13%. Although 10 polarized features were widely distributed in the whole W3 IRS 5 water maser region, they had position angles similar to the magnetic field vectors (~75° east from the north). The magnetic field vectors are roughly perpendicular to the spatial alignments of the maser features. They are consistent with the hourglass model of the magnetic field, which was previously proposed to explain the magnetic field in the whole W3 Main region (r ~ 0.1 pc). They are, on the other hand, not aligned to the directions of maser feature proper motions observed previously. This implies that the W3 IRS 5 magnetic field was controlled by a collapse of the W3 Main molecular cloud rather than by the outflow originated from W3 IRS 5.
Competing with Network Externalities and Price Discrimination

This Paper examines competition between a dominant network and a challenging network with third-degree or perfect price-discrimination, allowing for arbitrary configurations of network externalities, as well as horizontal and vertical product differentiation. Domination in the coordination game played by consumers is achieved through an adequate resolution that favours one firm over the other, and is interpreted as a reputation effect. Price-discrimination in this context has a strong impact because cross-subsidisation allows a firm to coordinate the choices of consumers, reducing the impact of reputation effects. Competitive strategies subsidize the participation of some consumers in order to create a bandwagon effect on others. This drastically intensifies competition and reduces average equilibrium prices. Because bandwagon effects are due to the incompatibility of networks, under perfect price-discrimination, both networks prefer to be compatible. Price-discrimination promotes efficiency by reducing the extent of excess inertia, but new features of excess momentum and market instability appear. A network may also have incentives to unilaterally degrade the quality for some targeted group of consumers in order to weaken competition.
Chinese International Student Campus Involvement and Friendship Network Patterns in the United States

In 2013, Chinese students are the largest group of international students in the United States, with over 230,000 Chinese students comprising more than 28% of America’s international student population. One common assumption is that Chinese international students are not integrating with their host campus communities. This study examines two key areas in Chinese student campus integration: involvement in organizations and friendship network patterns. In particular, the influences of perceived English language ability and perceived cultural understanding of the United States are explored, along with their correlations with involvement and social networks. Chinese student involvement and friendships with the American host population are also compared to overall satisfaction with their university experience and their sense of belonging at the institution. Results are based on three original research questionnaires that were administered to 74 first-year Chinese international students at the University of Kansas in the United States over the course of one academic year. The data also includes in-depth interviews with 15 of these students. Previous studies suggest that English language and cultural understanding influence student involvement. However, this study found that neither perceived English language ability nor perceived cultural understanding of the United States correlated with Chinese student participation in campus organizations or the number of friendships made with Americans. However, despite the lack of direct correlation, both variables were shown to influence the types of engagements that Chinese students have with organizations and their American peers. Participants in this study demonstrated relatively low levels of involvement with campus organizations and significantly fewer friendships with American students than with fellow Chinese students. Despite this, participants still demonstrated an overall contentment with their American university experience and showed a
Aortic Valve Area, Stroke Volume, Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Remodeling, and Fibrosis in Aortic Stenosis Assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Comparison Between High and Low Gradient and Normal and Low Flow Aortic Stenosis

Background—Recent works using echocardiography suggested that low gradient (LG), low flow (LF) aortic stenosis (AS) has more pronounced left ventricular (LV) concentric remodeling, smaller LV cavity size, and more interstitial fibrosis compared with high gradient (HG) normal flow (NF) AS. Therefore, we evaluated the accuracy of echocardiographic measurements and compared remodeling and fibrosis in different types of AS by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods and Results—A total of 128 patients (73±11 years of age; 75 men) with aortic valve area (AVA) <0.6 cm2/m2 and ejection fraction >50% by echocardiography underwent CMR to measure planimetric AVA, phase-contrast indexed stroke volume, LV mass, and focal fibrosis. Using <40 mm Hg and indexed stroke volume <35 mL/m2 by echocardiography as criteria for LG and LF, 69 (54%) patients were HG/NF, 28 (22%) HG/LF, 17 (13%) LG/NF, and 14 (11%) LG/LF AS. LV outflow tract area, indexed stroke volume, and AVA correlated well between echocardiography and CMR (r=0.7, 0.61, and 0.65, respectively; P<0.001 for all). By CMR, however, planimetric AVA was larger in LF/LG (0.54±0.08 cm2/m2) and LG/NF (0.61±0.08 cm2/m2) than in HG/LF (0.46±0.07 cm2/m2; P<0.05) AS, and indexed LV mass was lower in LG/LF (75±12 g/m2) and LG/NF (81±18 g/m2) than in HG/LF (100±27 g/m2; P<0.05) AS. All groups of AS had similar LV volumes, predominantly concentric hypertrophy remodeling, and similar amounts of focal fibrosis. Conclusions—CMR confirmed overall accuracy of echocardiographic classification of AS but demonstrated that LG/LF and LG/NF AS have larger AVA, less LV hypertrophy, and similar focal fibrosis compared with HG/LF AS. This challenges the view that LG/LF AS is a more advanced state of AS.
Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade

Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water-scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce nitrogen concentrations from fertilizers and pesticides released into streams and aquifers to allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on international trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries, and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.
A World Wide Web-based antimicrobial stewardship program improves efficiency, communication, and user satisfaction and reduces cost in a tertiary care pediatric medical center.

BACKGROUND Antimicrobial stewardship programs aim to reduce inappropriate hospital antimicrobial use. At the Johns Hopkins Children's Medical and Surgical Center (Baltimore, MD), we implemented a World Wide Web-based antimicrobial restriction program to address problems with the existing restriction program. METHODS A user survey identified opportunities for improvement of an existing antimicrobial restriction program and resulted in subsequent design, implementation, and evaluation of a World Wide Web-based antimicrobial restriction program at a 175-bed, tertiary care pediatric teaching hospital. The program provided automated clinical decision support, facilitated approval, and enhanced real-time communication among prescribers, pharmacists, and pediatric infectious diseases fellows. Approval status, duration, and rationale; missing request notifications; and expiring approvals were stored in a database that is accessible via a secure Intranet site. Before and after implementation of the program, user satisfaction, reports of missed and/or delayed doses, antimicrobial dispensing times, and cost were evaluated. RESULTS After implementation of the program, there was a $370,069 reduction in projected annual cost associated with restricted antimicrobial use and an 11.6% reduction in the number of dispensed doses. User satisfaction increased from 22% to 68% and from 13% to 69% among prescribers and pharmacists, respectively. There were 21% and 32% reductions in the number of prescriber reports of missed and delayed doses, respectively, and there was a 37% reduction in the number of pharmacist reports of delayed approvals; measured dispensing times were unchanged (P = .24). In addition, 40% fewer restricted antimicrobial-related phone calls were noted by the pharmacy. CONCLUSION The World Wide Web-based antimicrobial approval program led to improved communication, more-efficient antimicrobial administration, increased user satisfaction, and significant cost savings. Integrated tools, such as this World Wide Web-based antimicrobial approval program, will effectively enhance antimicrobial stewardship programs.
Evaluation of tropospheric and stratospheric ozone trends over Western Europe from ground-based FTIR network observations

Within the European project UFTIR (Time series of Upper Free Troposphere observations from an European ground-based FTIR network), six ground-based stations in Western Europe, from 79 degrees N to 28 degrees N, all equipped with Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) instruments and part of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC), have joined their efforts to evaluate the trends of several direct and indirect greenhouse gases over the period 1995-2004. The retrievals of CO, CH4, C2H6, N2O, CHClF2, and O-3 have been optimized. Using the optimal estimation method, some vertical information can be obtained in addition to total column amounts. A bootstrap resampling method has been implemented to determine annual partial and total column trends for the target gases. The present work focuses on the ozone results. The retrieved time series of partial and total ozone columns are validated with ground-based correlative data (Brewer, Dobson, UV-Vis, ozonesondes, and Lidar). The observed total column ozone trends are in agreement with previous studies: 1) no total column ozone trend is seen at the lowest latitude station Izana (28 degrees N); 2) slightly positive total column trends are seen at the two mid-latitude stations Zugspitze and Jungfraujoch (47 degrees N), only one of them being significant; 3) the highest latitude stations Harestua (60 degrees N), Kiruna (68 degrees N) and Ny-Alesund (79 degrees N) show significant positive total column trends. Following the vertical information contained in the ozone FTIR retrievals, we provide partial columns trends for the layers: ground-10 km, 10-18 km, 18-27 km, and 27-42 km, which helps to distinguish the contributions from dynamical and chemical changes on the total column ozone trends. We obtain no statistically significant trends in the ground-10 km layer for five out of the six ground-based stations. We find significant positive trends for the lower-most stratosphere at the two mid-latitude stations, and at Ny-Alesund. We find smaller, but significant trends for the 18 27 km layer at Kiruna, Harestua, Jungfraujoch, and Izana. The results for the upper layer are quite contrasted: we find significant positive trends at Kiruna, Harestua, and Jungfraujoch, and significant negative trends at Zugspitze and Izana. These ozone partial columns trends are discussed and compared with previous studies.
Overreaction, Delayed Reaction, and Contrarian Profits

This paper presents a decomposition of short-horizon contrarian profits into various sources based on an analysis os stock price reactions to common factors an firm-specific information. In sharp contrast with the conclusions in the extant literature, we find that the lead-lag structure in stock prices contributes less than 5% of the observed contrarian profits with most of the profits being attributable to stock price overreaction.