Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
WORKING PEOPLE WHO ALSO CARE FOR THE ELDERLY

The workforce of a district health authority in south east England was surveyed using two successive postal questionnaires, to determine how many of them had outside work caring commitments to elderly persons. Details of the services and supports received by care receivers and caregivers were further analysed and ways in which worker‐carers could be assisted by employers and work colleagues were explored. Fourteen per cent of this workforce had outside work commitments to caring for elderly people (17% of part‐time workers and 12% of full‐time workers). Worker‐carers were usually female, older than non‐carers, working part‐time and earning low incomes. They tended to be caring for elderly female relatives, living close by, and approximately half were unaided by statutory or voluntary services. Worker‐carers’ support was mainly from family and friends. At work a supportive and accepting attitude from colleagues and line‐managers was valued, as were part‐time jobs and flexihours. Seventy‐eight per cent of worker‐carers wanted to continue with their dual roles. More attention, particularly within the work environment, needs to be paid to ways of supporting working people who also care for the elderly. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The social dimension: Social dimensions of attribution

Attribution theory should be made more social. Socially shared patterns of individual thought, feeling and behaviour are the building blocks for any more social approach and these are essentially different from the individualistic phenomena which underlie many traditional theories in social psychology. Study of these collective representations has, furthermore, been a European undertaking and one which the present chapter will attempt to transpose to the field of attribution theory. The study of collective representations grows out of Durkheim's (1898) notion of representations collectives and, as its name suggests, is concerned with more social forms of cognition. Lukes (1975), in his critical study of Durkheim, elucidates in which ways this sort of representation is collective: in its origins … in its reference or object … [and] in being common to the members of a society or group … Durkheim wanted to say both that representations collectives are socially generated and that they refer to, and are in some sense ‘about’, society. (Lukes 1975: 7) These social representations, it may be argued, constitute a more pertinent cognitive basis for social psychology than the individual processes emphasized by traditional research in social psychology. The three meanings of the term ‘social’ selected by Lukes suggested our initial attempts at ‘socializing’ attribution theory.
The Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(vinyl Chloride) Films Containing Organotin(IV) Complexes as Photostabilizers

Three organotin(IV) complexes containing ciprofloxacin as a ligand (Ph3SnL, Me2SnL2 and Bu2SnL2; 0.5% by weight) were used as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride films (40 µm thickness) upon irradiation with ultraviolet light (λmax = 313 at a light intensity = 7.75 × 10−7 ein dm−3 S−1) at room temperature. The efficiency of organotin(IV) complexes as photostabilizers was determined by monitoring the changes in the weight, growth of specific functional groups (hydroxyl, carbonyl and carbene), viscosity, average molecular weight, chain scission and degree of deterioration of the polymeric films upon irradiation. The results obtained indicated that organotin(IV) complexes stabilized poly(vinyl chloride) and the dimethyltin(IV) complex was the most efficient additive. The surface morphologies of poly(vinyl chloride) films containing organotin(IV) complexes were examined using an atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscopy. These showed that the surface of polymeric films containing organotin(IV) complexes were smoother and less rough, compared to the surface of the blank films. Some mechanisms that explained the role of organotin(IV) complexes in poly(vinyl chloride) photostabilization process were proposed.
What makes your opinion popular?: predicting the popularity of micro-reviews in foursquare

Location based social networks (LBSNs), such as Foursquare, allow users to post micro-reviews, or tips, about the visited places (venues) and to "like" previously posted reviews. Tips may help attracting future visitors, besides providing valuable feedback to business owners. In particular, the number of "likes" a tip receives ultimately reflects its popularity or helpfulness among users. In that context, accurate predictions of which tips will attract more attention (i.e., "likes") can drive the design of automatic tip filtering and recommendation schemes and the creation of more effective marketing strategies. Previous efforts to automatically assess the helpfulness of online reviews targeted mainly more verbose and formally structured reviews often exploiting textual features. However, tips are typically much shorter and contain more informal content. Thus, we here propose and evaluate new regression and classification based models to predict the future popularity of tips. Our experimental evaluation shows that a linear regression strategy, using features of both the user who posted the tip and the venue where it was posted as predictors, produces results that are at least as good as those produced by more sophisticated approaches and/or by using each set of features in isolation.
Mitochondrial Macrohaplogroup Associated with Muscle Power in Healthy Adults

Abstract The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of mitochondrial haplogroups on aerobic and anaerobic performance phenotypes such as maximum oxygen consumption, muscle power, and muscle mass. We recruited 474 healthy Japanese individuals and measured their physical performance phenotypes such as peak oxygen uptake, muscle power, and muscle mass. The genotypes for 186 polymorphisms in the mitochondrial DNA were determined, and the haplotypes were classified into 2 macrohaplogroups (i. e., N and M) and 12 haplogroups (i. e., F, B, A, N9a, N9b, M7a, M7b, G1, G2, D4a, D4b, and D5). When we compared the 2 major Japanese macrohaplogroups, leg extension power (P=0.0395), leg extension power based on body weight (P=0.0343), and vertical jump performance (P=0.0485) were significantly higher in subjects with mitochondrial macrohaplogroup N than in those with macrohaplogroup M. However, peak oxygen uptake was similar between the 2 groups. When we analyzed the 12 haplogroups, all of the measured parameters were similar among them. In conclusion, mitochondrial macrohaplogroup N may be one of the determinant factors of anaerobic physical performance phenotype such as muscle power.
Hierarchical Cucker-Smale Model Subject to Random Failure

Consider a system of autonomous interacting agents in R3, where each agent adjusts its velocity according to its own past velocity and a weighted mean of the relative velocities of its superiors in a certain prescribed hierarchy. Furthermore, each agent, at each time step, can fail to see any of its superiors with a certain probability, the failure rate probability. We prove that for agent interactions with linear or sub-linear distance dependent rate of decay, the flocking results valid for the non-failure deterministic model introduced by Shen also hold true, independently of the failure rate probability.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection among HIV/AIDS Patients in Eastern China

Toxoplasmosis, a neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, occurs throughout the world. Human T. gondii infection is asymptomatic in 80% of the population; however, the infection is life-threatening and causes substantial neurologic damage in immunocompromised patients such as HIV-infected persons. The major purpose of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in subjects infected with HIV/AIDS in eastern China. Our findings showed 9.7% prevalence of anti-T. gondii IgG antibody in HIV/AIDS patients, which was higher than in intravenous drug users (2.2%) and healthy controls (4.7%), while no significant difference was observed in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgM antibody among all participants (P>0.05). Among all HIV/AIDS patients, 15 men (7.7%) and 10 women (15.9%) were positive for anti-T. gondii IgG antibody; however, no significant difference was detected in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody between males and females. The frequency of anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibody was 8.0%, 13.2%, 5.5%, and 0% in patients with normal immune function (CD4+ T-lymphocyte count ≥500 cells/ml), immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥200 and <500 cells/ml), severely immunocompromised patients (cell count ≥50 and <200 cells/ml), and advanced AIDS patients, respectively (cell count <50 cells/ml), while only 3 immunocompromised patients were positive for anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. The results indicate a high seroprevalence of T. gondii infection in HIV/AIDS patients in eastern China, and a preventive therapy for toxoplasmosis may be given to HIV/AIDS patients based on CD4+ T lymphocyte count.
Genetic Engineering of the Phosphocarrier Protein NPr of the Escherichia coli Phosphotransferase System Selectively Improves Sugar Uptake Activity*

Background: HPr and NPr phosphorylate different proteins of the PTS system with negligible cross-reactivity. Results: Transplanting a few residues from HPr into NPr transferred HPr-like specificity with wild type efficiencies and differential activities. Conclusion: Few changes were needed to produce a functional chimera, showing a straightforward instance of protein evolution. Significance: These results further our understanding of the protein-protein recognition mechanisms regulating protein phosphorylation. The Escherichia coli phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) in prokaryotes mediates the uptake and phosphorylation of its numerous substrates through a phosphoryl transfer chain where a phosphoryl transfer protein, HPr, transfers its phosphoryl group to any of several sugar-specific Enzyme IIA proteins in preparation for sugar transport. A phosphoryl transfer protein of the PTS, NPr, homologous to HPr, functions to regulate nitrogen metabolism and shows virtually no enzymatic cross-reactivity with HPr. Here we describe the genetic engineering of a “chimeric” HPr/NPr protein, termed CPr14 because 14 amino acid residues of the interface were replaced. CPr14 shows decreased activity with most PTS permeases relative to HPr, but increases activity with the broad specificity mannose permease. The results lead to the proposal that HPr is not optimal for most PTS permeases but instead represents a compromise with suboptimal activity for most PTS permeases. The evolutionary implications are discussed.
Methods for measurement of LDL-cholesterol: a critical assessment of direct measurement by homogeneous assays versus calculation.

BACKGROUND Because LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) is a modifiable risk for coronary heart disease, its routine measurement is recommended in the evaluation and management of hypercholesterolemia. We critically examine here the new homogeneous assays for direct determination of LDL-C. APPROACH This review relies on published studies and data of the authors using research and routine methods for LDL-C determination. We review experience with methods from their earlier use in lipid research laboratories through the transition to routine clinical testing and the recent development of homogeneous assays. We focus on comparative evaluations and characterizations and the performance of the assays. CONTENT Homogeneous assays seem to be able to meet current National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) requirements for LDL-C testing for precision (CV <4%) and accuracy (bias <4%), when samples collected from nonfasting individuals are used. In addition, all five currently available assays have been certified by the Cholesterol Reference Methods Laboratory Network. The homogeneous methods also appear to better classify individuals into NCEP cutpoints than the Friedewald calculation. However, the limited evaluations to date raise questions about their reliability and specificity, especially in samples with atypical lipoproteins. CONCLUSIONS Available evidence supports recommending the homogeneous assays for LDL-C to supplement the Friedewald calculation in those cases where the calculation is known to be unreliable, e.g., triglycerides >4000 mg/L. Before the homogeneous assays can be confidently recommended to replace the calculation in routine practice, more evaluation is needed.
Relation of serum adiponectin levels and obesity with breast cancer: a Japanese case-control study.

BACKGROUND It is known that obesity is one of the risk factors for breast cancer although the association may differ between ethnic groups and with the menopausal status. Recently obesity-related risk factors including serum adiponectin and insulin levels have been analyzed together with BMI in association with breast cancer risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured serum high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin and insulin levels in a hospital based case-control study, including 66 sets of Japanese female breast cancer cases and age and menopausal status matched controls. Serum levels of HMW adiponectin, insulin levels and body mass index (BMI) were examined in association with breast cancer risk with adjustment for the various known risk factors by menopausal status. RESULTS Women in the highest HMW adiponectin levels showed significant reduced risk of breast cancer in both pre and postmenopausal women (odds ratio (OR), 0.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.00-0.26 and 0.13; 0.03-0.57, respectively). Lower BMI showed decreased breast cancer risk in both pre and postmenopausal women (OR, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.00-0.69, OR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.07-1.11, respectively). CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that higher serum HMW adiponectin levels and lower BMI are associated with a decreased breast cancer risk in both pre and postmenopausal women in Japan, adding evidence for the obesity link.
Do Status Symbols in Marketing Increase Product Evaluations? An Experimental Analysis of Group Differences on Product Evaluations for Scarce and Brand-Presence Products

ABSTRACT The desire for status is a strong motivational force that encourages consumers to appraise products/brands associated with high social standing. This research investigates two social status marketing techniques (scarcity and the presence of a brand) on product evaluations and tests whether particular characteristics (i.e., according to gender, cultural orientation, and consumers' desire for unique products) explain differences. Based on an experimental study conducted in the United States, evaluations are higher for social status marketing techniques. Females evaluate brand-presence products more highly, and consumers with a high desire for unique products evaluate scarce products more highly. This study assists marketers in developing a successful strategy to target specific consumer groups.
What eyes can tell about the use of relevance criteria during predictive relevance judgment?

This paper reports on the preliminary findings of a user study that explored how searchers fixate on information associated with different relevance criteria during the process of predictive relevance judgment. In order to address this objective a user study was conducted that involved the completion of questionnaires, use of eye tracking technology, talk aloud protocols and post-search interviews. As opposed to previous studies, the present research asked participants to search for real information needs that represented different search contexts (e.g. from searches about personal interest to academic related searches). This permitted the identification of several relevance criteria that naturally occur across different search contexts and the emergence of some fixation patterns, not observed before, associated to the use of these criteria. The paper concludes with a discussion of the impact and implication of this study in the wider context of relevance judgment and information seeking in context research.
Synergistic effects in the activation of a streptococcal deoxyribonuclease by bivalent metal ions.

This paper is a full account of our finding (Stone & Burton, 1961) that suitable pairs of bivalent metal ions show large synergistic effects on both the initial rate and the final extent of hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid by a streptococcal deoxy- ribonuclease. The enzyme preparation was the same as that used by Potter & Laskowski (1959), whose results indicate that the enzyme is a deoxy-ribonucleate oligonucleotidohydrolase (EC 3.1.4.5). Streptodornase has often been used as a trivial name for the streptococcal deoxyribonucleases, of which Wannamaker (1958) has distinguished three types, produced
Intimate partner violence in lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex and queer communities

Intimate partner violence within LGBTIQ relationships was largely unacknowledged until recently and as such has been absent from governmental, policy and service/practice responses to intimate partner violence (Ball & Hayes, 2009). Research in the area has also been scarce (Calton et al., 2015). Government, policy, research, justice and practice-based responses to intimate partner violence have overwhelmingly assumed a heterosexual framework in which women feature as victims and men as perpetrators (Ball & Hayes, 2009). While LGBTIQ communities have had some effect regarding the acknowledgement of the issue within government agencies, this has not always translated into a substantive policy or practice response (Ball & Hayes, 2009; Tayton, Kaspiew, Moore & Campo, 2014). There has also been a lack of acknowledgement of intimate partner violence within LGBTIQ communities themselves. The reasons for this are multiple and complex and include an inability to recognise abuse outside of dominant understandings of gendered power dynamics (Irwin, 2006; Ristock, 2011).
Mechanisms underlying the monocyte-mediated antibody-dependent killing of Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood stages

The relevance of the antibody-dependent cellular inhibition (ADCI) of Plasmodium falciparum to clinical protection has been previously established by in vitro studies of material obtained during passive transfer of protection by immunoglobulin G in humans. We here report further in vitro investigations aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying this ADCI effect. Results obtained so far suggest that (a) merozoite uptake by monocytes (MN) as well as by polymorphonuclear cells has little influence on the course of parasitemia; (b) the ADCI effect is mediated by a soluble factor released by MN; (c) this or these factors are able to block the division of surrounding intraerythrocytic parasites at the one nucleus stage; (d) the critical triggering antigen(s) targeted by effective Abs would appear to be associated with the surface of merozoites, as opposed to that of infected red blood cells; (e) the MN receptor for Abs effective in ADCI is apparently Fc gamma RII, and not RI; (f) MN function is up- and down- regulated by interferon-gamma and interleukin 4, respectively; and (g) of several potential mediators released by MN, only tumor necrosis factor (TNF) proved of relevance. The involvement of TNF in defense may explain the recently described increased frequency of the TNF-2 high- expression promoter in individuals living in endemic regions despite its compromising role in severe malaria.
Bridging Space Over Time: Global Virtual Team Dynamics and Effectiveness

Global virtual teams are internationally distributed groups of people with an organizational mandate to make or implement decisions with international components and implications. They are typically assigned tasks that are strategically important and highly complex. They rarely meet in person, conducting almost all of their interaction and decision making using communications technology. Although they play an increasingly important role in multinational organizations, little systematic is known about their dynamics or effectiveness. This study built a grounded theory of global virtual team processes and performance over time. We built a template based on Adaptive Structuration Theory (DeSanctis and Poole 1994) to guide our research, and we conducted a case study, observing three global virtual teams over a period of 21 months. Data were gathered using multiple methods, and qualitative methods were used to analyze them and generate a theory of global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness. First, we propose that effective global virtual team interaction comprises a series of communication incidents, each configured by aspects of the team's structural and process elements. Effective outcomes were associated with a fit among an interaction incident's form, decision process, and complexity. Second, effective global virtual teams sequence these incidents to generate a deep rhythm of regular face-to-face incidents interspersed with less intensive, shorter incidents using various media. These two insights are discussed with respect to other literature and are elaborated upon in several propositions. Implications for research and practice are also outlined.
Single image haze removal algorithm using pixel-based airlight constraints

Fast single image dehazing has been a challenging problem in many fields, such as computer vision and real-time applications. The existing image dehazing algorithms cannot achieve a trade-off between the dehazing performance and the computational complexity. The proposed approach first applies the mean filter twice to estimate airlight, which include pixel-based dark channel and bright channel constraints. And then the relationship between channel values of the restored image and atmospheric light is qualitatively analyzed to give the optimum estimate of atmospheric light. Using the airlight and atmospheric light, we can easily restore the scene radiance via the atmospheric scattering model. Compared with others, the main advantage of the proposed approach is its high speed and significant visibility improvement even in the sky and white areas. This speed allows the enhanced haze image to be applied in real-time processing applications. A comparative study and quantitative evaluation are proposed with a few other state of the art algorithms which demonstrates that similar or better quality results are obtained.
Signal extraction and the formulation of unobserved components models

This paper looks at unobserved components models and examines the implied weighting pat- terns for signal extraction. There are three main themes. The first is the implications of correlated disturbances driving the components, especially those cases in which the correlation is perfect. The second is how setting up models with t- distributed disturbances leads to weighting patterns which are robust to outliers and breaks. The third is a comparison of implied weighting patterns with kernels used in nonparametric trend estimation and equivalent kernels used in spline smoothing. We also examine how weighting patterns are affected by heteroscedasticity and irregular spacing and provide an illustrative example.