Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nd, Sr and Pb isotope geochemistry of the Lower Lavas, E Greenland Tertiary Igneous Province

Summary New Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic and trace-element data are presented for the Lower Lavas and some Plateau Basalts. Ranges of isotopic compositions are large among the lower and middle Vandfaldsdalen Formation lavas (87Sr/86Sr=0.7033–0.7073; 143Nd/144Nd=0.5124–0.5130; 206Pb/204Pb=15.1–17.5; 207Pb/204Pb=14.7–15.6; 208Pb/204Pb=35.0–39.1) and show a decrease in range of values with stratigraphic height. The youngest flows among the Lower Lavas have compositions similar to the Plateau Basalts of the late Skrænterne and Igtertiva Formations as well as of Nansen Fjord and Wiedemann Fjord, all of which are near to Icelandic composition (87Sr/86Sr=0.7031–0.7036; 143Nd/144Nd=0.5129–0.5131; 206Pb/204Pb=17.1–18.4; 207Pb/204Pb=15.3–15.4; 208Pb/204Pb=37.6–38.0). The lavas constitute two groups, one of which (group 2) is restricted to the lower parts of the succession. The source for this group can be modelled by mixing between an enriched old lithospheric mantle and an ocean island basalt (OIB)-type mantle with a relatively small component of depleted asthenosphere. The other group (group 1) is the most common and can be modelled by mixing between a typical Icelandic source component and a second, less enriched, lithospheric mantle component. Contamination from continental crust was of minor overall importance. The geochemical evolution in basic E Greenland Tertiary lavas is believed to reflect the interaction between the asthenospheric mantle, 3 Ga old continental lithospheric mantle and the mantle jet which is presently positioned under Iceland. With time the most enriched lithospheric source quickly decayed while the less enriched lithospheric source was important during most of Vandfaldsdalen Formation times. The OIB-type source prevailed throughout lava eruption with the asthenospheric contribution larger in the Miki Formation and the Plateau Basalts.
Altitude and growth: a study of the patterns of physical growth of a high altitude Peruvian Quechua population.

Data on physical growth were obtained for a sample of 1202 Quechua subjects, aged 2 to 35 years from the district of Nunoa, Puno, located in the southern highlands (altitude 4000–5500m) of Peru. These data were supplemented by a three-year longitudinal study of 300 subjects, aged 1 to 22 years. The patterns of physical growth of members of the indigenous population of Nunoa are characterized by (1) late sexual dimorphism, (2) slow and prolonged growth in body size, (3) late and poorly defined adolescent stature spurt in both males and females, and (4) accelerated development in chest size. The socio-economic factors associated with urban-rural and altitude differences appear to be reflected in greater deposition of subcutaneous fat and increased weight but do not seem to influence the development of stature. We suggest the pattern of growth of this population is related to the hypoxic effects of high altitude, and/or reflects a genetic adaptation to such stress. The anthropometric and physiological studies conducted during this and previous studies and the comparative data from Peruvian populations situated at lower altitudes document the specific adaptive response of the chest wall to the hypoxic effects of high altitude.
North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre Surface Variability (1895–2009)

Abstract Surface temperature, salinity, and density are examined in the northeastern part of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre over the last 115 years of measurements. This region presents coherent variability in space but also between different seasons, with relatively small trends and large multidecadal variability. The most significant trend is a lowering in surface density. Multidecadal variability in T and S is large and is usually similar, with the largest difference between the two in the 1920s and a tendency of T to lead S. Multidecadal T and S are correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index at 0 or 1-yr lag for T and 0 to 3-yr lag for S. This suggests a strong contribution of advection. The lag between T and S is also suggestive of a contribution of air–sea fluxes of heat or freshwater, but probably more so at high frequencies than at the multidecadal time scales. Salinity higher frequency is correlated with NAO at a 2–3-yr lag, whereas T higher frequency variability presents.
Improved Fully Unsupervised Parsing with Zoomed Learning

We introduce a novel training algorithm for unsupervised grammar induction, called Zoomed Learning. Given a training set T and a test set S, the goal of our algorithm is to identify subset pairs Ti, Si of T and S such that when the unsupervised parser is trained on a training subset Ti its results on its paired test subset Si are better than when it is trained on the entire training set T. A successful application of zoomed learning improves overall performance on the full test set S. We study our algorithm's effect on the leading algorithm for the task of fully unsupervised parsing (Seginer, 2007) in three different English domains, WSJ, BROWN and GENIA, and show that it improves the parser F-score by up to 4.47%.
Preparation of Luminescent Metal-Organic Framework Films by Soft-Imprinting for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Sensing

A novel technique for the creation of metal-organic framework (MOF) films based on soft-imprinting and their use as gas sensors was developed. The microporous MOF material [Zn2(bpdc)2(bpee)] (bpdc = 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxylate; bpee = 1,2-bipyridylethene) was synthesized solvothermally and activated by removing the occluded solvent molecules from its inner channels. MOF particles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and fluorescence spectroscopy, showing high crystallinity and intense photoluminescence. Scanning electron microscope images revealed that MOF crystals were mainly in the form of microneedles with a high surface-to-volume ratio, which together with the high porosity of the material enhances its interaction with gas molecules. MOF crystals were soft-imprinted into cellulose acetate (CA) films on quartz at different pressures. Atomic force microscope images of soft-imprinted films showed that MOF crystals were partially embedded into the CA. With this procedure, mechanically stable films were created, with crystals protruding from the CA surface and therefore available for incoming gas molecules. The sensing properties of the films were assessed by exposing them to saturated atmospheres of 2,4-dinitrotoluene, which resulted in a substantial quenching of the fluorescence after few seconds. The soft-imprinted MOF films on CA/quartz exhibit good sensing capabilities for the detection of nitroaromatics, which was attributed to the MOF sensitivity and to the novel and more efficient film processing method based on soft-imprinting.
Systematic review of text messaging as an intervention for adolescent obesity

Purpose:Adolescent overweight and obesity is a significant problem for health care with associated quality of life and financial concerns. This systematic review investigated text messaging as an intervention to treat or prevent obesity in adolescent populations. Data sources:The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement was used as a guideline for the literature search and interpretation of findings. CINAHL, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PsycINFO, and SocINDEX were searched using a combination of search terms. The initial 95 articles that met the search criteria were narrowed to seven that fit the focus. Conclusions:Text messaging is acceptable to adolescents as an obesity treatment but data about content and timing of messages vary. The effects of text messaging on body mass index (BMI) were difficult to determine because messaging was often part of a multicomponent intervention. Text messaging as an intervention for adolescent obesity was used in various settings. There were no included studies from primary care settings. Implications for practice:Further research is needed to determine the effect of messages on BMI and the most helpful content, timing, and frequency. This information may provide advanced practice nurses with effective, affordable tools to manage adolescent obesity in different settings.
On a problem of Mahler and Szekeres on approximation by roots of integers

which is the smallest element of the set (α). Their paper, which motivates the present work, does not seem to be very well known, although a number of results concerning the distribution of the sequence ‖αn‖, n = 1, 2, 3, . , can be given in terms of (α). For example, Mahler’s [6] result—asserting that, given any rational noninteger number p/q > 1 and any positive number ε, the inequality ‖(p/q)n‖ > (1 − ε) holds for all but finitely many positive integers n—can be written as limn→∞‖(p/q)n‖1/n = 1; that is, (p/q) = {1}. This result was extended by Corvaja and Zannier [3], who established that (α) = {1} holds for every algebraic number α > 1 such that α is not a Pisot number for every positive integer m. Recall that α > 1 is a Pisot number if it is an algebraic integer whose conjugates over Q (if any) all lie in the open unit disc |z| < 1. Our first theorem gives a complete characterization of the set (α) for every algebraic number α > 1.
A numerical study of turbulent mixing in eruption clouds using a three-dimensional fluid dynamics model

[1] The dynamics of eruption clouds in explosive volcanic eruptions are governed by entrainment of ambient air into eruption clouds by turbulent mixing. We develop a new numerical pseudo gas model of an eruption cloud by employing three-dimensional coordinates, a third-order accuracy scheme, and a fine grid size in order to investigate the behavior of entrainment due to turbulent mixing. The quantitative features of entrainment are measured by a proportionality constant relating the inflow velocity at the edge of the flow to the average vertical velocity (i.e., the entrainment coefficient). Our model has successfully reproduced the quantitative features of entrainment observed in the laboratory experiments as well as fundamental features of the dynamics of eruption clouds, such as the generation of eruption columns and/or pyroclastic flows. The value of the entrainment coefficient for eruption clouds is estimated from the column height and critical condition for column collapse by comparing results of our model with those of previous one-dimensional models. It is suggested that the value of the entrainment coefficient for an eruption cloud is approximately constant, although the value estimated from the critical condition for column collapse (k ∼ 0.07) is slightly smaller than that based on the column height (k ∼ 0.1). This difference reflects the vertical change of flow structure in the eruption cloud. The eruption cloud in the upper region exhibits a meandering instability, which leads to efficient mixing, whereas the cloud near the vent maintains a concentric structure with an inner dense core surrounded by an outer shear region. Our model is consistent with previous one-dimensional models for steady eruption clouds supported by the laboratory experiments, and it is also applicable to unsteady and transient features of actual eruption clouds.
Determinants of Under-Five Childhood Diarrhea in Kotebe Health Center, Yeka Sub City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Case Control Study

Background: It is a fact that diarrheal diseases caused major public health problem in children under-five years of age, especially in developing countries like Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based unmatched case-control study design was conducted. A case in this study was a child under-five years of age visited Kotebe health center for treatment and a control was a child under-five years of age without diarrhea that came to the center for vaccination and treatment of other cases. A face-to-face interview based on a pre-tested, structured questionnaire was conducted with mothers/ caretakers with trained nurses. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to measure the association between dependent and independent variables, calculating odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set at α ≤ 0.05. Multivariable analyses were applied to identify the relative effect of explanatory variables on the dependent variable. Result: A total of 350 study subjects, including 117 cases and 233 controls, were recruited into the study. The study revealed that some factors remained independently associated with the risk of diarrhea, namely age of the children AOR (95%CI); 4.22 (1.36-13.14), maternal education AOR (95%CI); 0.33 (0.16-0.65), supplementary feeding commencing time AOR (95%CI); 0.30 (0.09-0.95) and hand washing after cleaning child bottom AOR (95%CI); 0.59 (0.35-0.99) with p-value ≤ 0.05. Conclusion: From this study, associated factors of diarrhea were identified. The finding is important for health intervention and supports the view that investing in girls’ education has substantial benefits on child health
A 60 dB SNDR 35 MS/s SAR ADC With Comparator-Noise-Based Stochastic Residue Estimation

We present a SAR ADC with comparator-noise-based stochastic residue estimation. The circuit uses a 9 cycle SAR converter to generate a residue, which is then quantized by clocking 16 noisy comparators four times each and digitally calculating the most likely input voltage for the obtained distribution of zeros and ones. The ADC achieves a 60.9 dB SNDR for a near-Nyquist input at 35 MS/s for a purely dynamic power consumption of 12 μW/MHz.
Can MODIS EVI monitor ecosystem productivity in the Amazon rainforest?

The enhanced vegetation index (EVI) obtained from satellite imagery has often been used as a proxy of vegetation functioning and productivity in the Amazon rainforest. However, recent studies indicate that EVI patterns are strongly affected by satellite data artifacts. Hence, it is unclear if EVI is sensitive to subtle seasonal variations in evergreen Amazon forest productivity. This study analyzes 12 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) EVI in order to evaluate its response to factors driving productivity in the Amazon. We show that, after removing cloud and aerosol contamination, and correcting bidirectional reflectance distribution function effects, radiation and rainfall extremes show no influence on EVI anomalies. However, EVI seasonal patterns are still evident after accounting for Sun‐sensor geometry effects. This remaining pattern cannot be explained by solar radiation or rainfall, but it is significantly correlated to gross primary production (GPP). Nevertheless, we argue that the causality between GPP and EVI should be interpreted with caution.
Neutrophilic infiltration within the airway smooth muscle in patients with COPD

Background: COPD is an inflammatory disorder characterised by chronic airflow limitation, but the extent to which airway inflammation is related to functional abnormalities is still uncertain. The interaction between inflammatory cells and airway smooth muscle may have a crucial role. Methods: To investigate the microlocalisation of inflammatory cells within the airway smooth muscle in COPD, surgical specimens obtained from 26 subjects undergoing thoracotomy (eight smokers with COPD, 10 smokers with normal lung function, and eight non-smoking controls) were examined. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to quantify the number of neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, CD4+ and CD8+ cells localised within the smooth muscle of peripheral airways. Results: Smokers with COPD had an increased number of neutrophils and CD8+ cells in the airway smooth muscle compared with non-smokers. Smokers with normal lung function also had a neutrophilic infiltration in the airway smooth muscle, but to a lesser extent. When all the subjects were analysed as one group, neutrophilic infiltration was inversely related to forced expiratory volume in 1 second (% predicted). Conclusions: Microlocalisation of neutrophils and CD8+ cells in the airway smooth muscle in smokers with COPD suggests a possible role for these cells in the pathogenesis of smoking induced airflow limitation.
RPTPα is essential for NCAM-mediated p59fyn activation and neurite elongation

The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) forms a complex with p59fyn kinase and activates it via a mechanism that has remained unknown. We show that the NCAM140 isoform directly interacts with the intracellular domain of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPα, a known activator of p59fyn. Whereas this direct interaction is Ca2+ independent, formation of the complex is enhanced by Ca2+-dependent spectrin cytoskeleton–mediated cross-linking of NCAM and RPTPα in response to NCAM activation and is accompanied by redistribution of the complex to lipid rafts. Association between NCAM and p59fyn is lost in RPTPα-deficient brains and is disrupted by dominant-negative RPTPα mutants, demonstrating that RPTPα is a link between NCAM and p59fyn. NCAM-mediated p59fyn activation is abolished in RPTPα-deficient neurons, and disruption of the NCAM–p59fyn complex in RPTPα-deficient neurons or with dominant-negative RPTPα mutants blocks NCAM-dependent neurite outgrowth, implicating RPTPα as a major phosphatase involved in NCAM-mediated signaling.
Requirement for Par-6 and Bazooka in Drosophila border cell migration

Polarized epithelial cells convert into migratory invasive cells during a number of developmental processes, as well as when tumors metastasize. Much has been learned recently concerning the molecules and mechanisms that are responsible for generating and maintaining epithelial cell polarity. However, less is known about what becomes of epithelial polarity proteins when various cell types become migratory and invasive. Here, we report the localization of several apical epithelial proteins, Par-6, Par-3/Bazooka and aPKC, during border cell migration in the Drosophila ovary. All of these proteins remained asymmetrically distributed throughout migration. Moreover, depletion of either Par-6 or Par-3/Bazooka by RNAi resulted in disorganization of the border cell cluster and impaired migration. The distributions of several transmembrane proteins required for migration were abnormal following Par-6 or Par-3/Bazooka downregulation, possibly accounting for the migration defects. Taken together, these results indicate that cells need not lose apical/basal polarity in order to invade neighboring tissues and in some cases even require such polarity for proper motility.
Spatio-Temporal Markov Random Field for Video Denoising

This paper presents a novel spatio-temporal Markov random field (MRF) for video denoising. Two main issues are addressed in this paper, namely, the estimation of noise model and the proper use of motion estimation in the denoising process. Unlike previous algorithms which estimate the level of noise, our method learns the full noise distribution nonparametrically which serves as the likelihood model in the MRF. Instead of using deterministic motion estimation to align pixels, we set up a temporal likelihood by combining a probabilistic motion field with the learned noise model. The prior of this MRF is modeled by piece-wise smoothness. The main advantage of the proposed spatio-temporal MRF is that it integrates spatial and temporal information adaptively into a statistical inference framework, where the posteriori is optimized using graph cuts with alpha expansion. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed approach on benchmark data sets and real videos to show the advantages of our algorithm compared with previous single frame and multi-frame algorithms.
Tail dynamics during the growth phase of the 24 November 1996, substorm event: Near‐Earth reconnection confined in the plasma sheet

[1] The present study examines a substorm event on 24 November 1996, with an emphasis on magnetic field and plasma flow measurements in the magnetotail during the growth phase. The unique and most intriguing feature of this event is a systematic change of the flow direction from earthward to tailward observed by the Geotail satellite at X ∼ −21 RE. Good correlation between VX and BX is found for the intervals of both earthward and tailward flows, which suggests that observed variations of the flow velocity were caused by satellite motion relative to the plasma sheet rather than the temporal change of the velocity itself. It is inferred that the earthward and tailward flows lasted at least 9 and 5 min, respectively. The signs of BZ and BY variations also changed systematically along with the sign of VX. These results are consistent with the idea that the observed flow reversal was caused by the earthward movement of a neutral line, which might be formed at a preceding pseudobreakup or even earlier. It is inferred that the associated reconnection did not reach the lobe magnetic field, and that the neutral line is convected toward the Earth along with the background plasma. Interestingly, during the interval of the flow reversal, other satellites observed typical growth-phase features. The geosynchronous magnetic field continued to be stretched in the midnight sector. The Interball and IMP8 satellites observed a continuous increase of the lobe field strength at X = −20 and −34 RE, respectively, in the premidnight sector. It is therefore concluded that the tail current intensification during the growth phase is a global process, whereas the near-Earth reconnection is a local process, which, at its early stage, can proceed independently from the overall storage of the tail magnetic energy.
Masses and Ages for 230,000 LAMOST Giants, via Their Carbon and Nitrogen Abundances

We measure carbon and nitrogen abundances to a precision of dex for 450,000 giant stars from their low-resolution ( ) LAMOST DR2 survey spectra. We use these and measurements, together with empirical relations based on the APOKASC sample, to infer stellar masses and implied ages for 230,000 of these objects to 0.08 dex and 0.2 dex respectively. We use The Cannon, a data-driven approach to spectral modeling, to construct a predictive model for LAMOST spectra. Our reference set comprises 8125 stars observed in common between the APOGEE and LAMOST surveys, taking seven APOGEE DR12 labels (parameters) as ground truth: , , , , , , and . We add seven colors to the Cannon model, based on the g, r, i, J, H, K, W1, W2 magnitudes from APASS, 2MASS, and WISE, which improves our constraints on and by up to 20% and on by up to 70%. Cross-validation of the model demonstrates that, for high- objects, our inferred labels agree with the APOGEE values to within 50 K in temperature, 0.04 mag in , and dex in , , , , and . We apply the model to 450,000 giants in LAMOST DR2 that have not been observed by APOGEE. This demonstrates that precise individual abundances can be measured from low-resolution spectra and represents the largest catalog to date of homogeneous stellar , , masses, and ages. As a result, we greatly increase the number and sky coverage of stars with mass and age estimates.
TRX: A Formally Verified Parser Interpreter

Parsing is an important problem in computer science and yet surprisingly little attention has been devoted to its formal verification. In this paper, we present TRX: a parser interpreter formally developed in the proof assistant Coq, capable of producing formally correct parsers. We are using parsing expression grammars (PEGs), a formalism essentially representing recursive descent parsing, which we consider an attractive alternative to context-free grammars (CFGs). From this formalization we can extract a parser for an arbitrary PEG grammar with the warranty of total correctness, i.e., the resulting parser is terminating and correct with respect to its grammar and the semantics of PEGs; both properties formally proven in Coq.