Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parathyroid Hormone-activated Volume-sensitive Calcium Influx Pathways in Mechanically Loaded Osteocytes*

This paper documents for the first time a volume-sensitive Ca2+ influx pathway in osteocytes, which transmits loading-induced signals into bone formation. Stretch loading by swelling rat and chicken osteocytes in hypo-osmotic solution induced a rapid and progressive increase of cytosolic calcium concentration, [Ca2+] i . The influx of extracellular Ca2+ explains the increased [Ca2+] i that paralleled the increase in the mean cell volume. Gadolinium chloride (Gd3+), an inhibitor of stretch- activated cation channels, blocked the [Ca2+] i increase caused by hypotonic solutions. Also, the expression of α1C subunit of voltage-operatedl-type Ca2+ channels (α1C) is required for the hypotonicity-induced [Ca2+] i increase judging from the effect of α1C antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) specifically potentiated the hypotonicity-induced [Ca2+] i increase in a dose-dependent manner through the activation of adenyl cyclase. The increases induced by both PTH and hypotonicity were observed primarily in the processes of the osteocytes. In cyclically stretched osteocytes on flexible-bottomed plates, PTH also synergistically elevated the insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA level. Furthermore, Gd3+ and α1C antisense significantly inhibited the stretch-induced insulin-like growth factor-1 mRNA elevation. The volume-sensitive calcium influx pathways of osteocytes represent a mechanism by which PTH potentiates mechanical responsiveness, an important aspect of bone formation.
Leptomeningeal metastasis

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic progressive, usually fatal disease of uncertain pathogenesis that is associated with the presence of mutant measles virus in the CNS. The diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and an elevated titre of measles antibodies in the CSF. Electroencephalography, imaging studies and measles antibody synthesis rate in the CSF provide supportive laboratory data. When CSF studies are negative, a brain biopsy is indicated to assess the presence of inclusion bodies, measles virus antigens or viral RNA.
Response of the equatorial Pacific to chlorophyll pigment in a mixed layer isopycnal ocean general circulation model

The influence of phytoplankton on the upper ocean dynamics and thermodynamics in the equatorial Pacific is investigated using an isopycnal ocean general circulation model (OPYC) coupled with a mixed layer model and remotely sensed chlorophyll pigment concentration from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). In the equatorial Pacific heat accumulation due to a higher abundance of chlorophyll pigments in the equatorial Pacific leads to a decrease of the mixed layer thickness. This generates anomalous westward geostrophic currents north and south of the equator. In the western equatorial Pacific, these anomalous geostrophic currents merge into and strengthen the equatorial undercurrent (EUC), supplying water mass from the 200 m depth to the eastern equatorial Pacific. This chlorophyll‐induced response of the undercurrent enhances upwelling around 110W, resulting in a lower sea surface temperature (SST) than without chlorophyll. Thus, thermal gradients due to absorption of solar radiation by phytoplankton may contribute remotely to equatorial upwelling in the eastern Pacific.
The Peptidoglycan of Stationary-Phase Mycobacterium tuberculosis Predominantly Contains Cross-Links Generated by l,d-Transpeptidation

ABSTRACT Our understanding of the mechanisms used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to persist in a “dormant” state is essential to the development of therapies effective in sterilizing tissues. Gene expression profiling in model systems has revealed a complex adaptive response thought to endow M. tuberculosis with the capacity to survive several months of combinatorial antibiotic treatment. We show here that this adaptive response may involve remodeling of the peptidoglycan network by substitution of 4→3 cross-links generated by the d,d-transpeptidase activity of penicillin-binding proteins by 3→3 cross-links generated by a transpeptidase of l,d specificity. A candidate gene, previously shown to be upregulated upon nutrient starvation, was found to encode an l,d-transpeptidase active in the formation of 3→3 cross-links. The enzyme, LdtMt1, was inactivated by carbapenems, a class of β-lactam antibiotics that are poorly hydrolyzed by the M. tuberculosis β-lactamases. LdtMt1 and carbapenems may therefore represent a target and a drug family relevant to the eradication of persistent M. tuberculosis.
Metabolic similarities between fertilization and phagocytosis. Conservation of a peroxidatic mechanism

At the time of fertilization, sea urchin eggs release a peroxidase which, together with H2O2 generated by a respiratory burst, is responsible for hardening of the fertilization membrane. We demonstrate here that the ovoperoxidase of unfertilized eggs is located in cortical granules and, after fertilization, is concentrated in the fertilization membrane. Fertilization of sea urchin eggs or their parthenogenetic activation with the ionophor A23187 also results in (a) the conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form (iodination), (b) the deiodination of eggs exogenously labeled with myeloperoxidase and H2O2, (c) the degradation of thyroxine as measured by the recovery of the released radioiodine at the origin and in the inorganic iodide spot on paper chromatography, and (d) the conversion of estradiol to an alcohol-precipitable form (estrogen binding). The iodination reaction and the binding of estradio occurs predominantly in the fertilization membrane where the ovoperoxidase is concentrated. From the estimation of the kinetics of incorporation of iodine, we determine that the peroxidative system is active for 30 min after fertilization, long after hardening of the fertilization membrane is complete. Most of the bound iodine is lost during the hatching process. Iodination of albumin is catalyzed by the material released from the egg during fertilization, when combined with H2O2 and iodide. Iodination, thyroxine degradation, and estradiol binding are inhibited by azide, cyanide, aminotriazole, methimazole, ascorbic acid and ergothioneine, all of which can inhibit peroxidase-catalyzed reactions. These responses of the sea urchin egg to fertilization are strikingly similar to the changes induced in polymorphonuclear leukocytes by phagocytosis and, in both instances, a peroxidative mechanism may be involved.
Low-frequency oscillations measured in the periphery with near-infrared spectroscopy are strongly correlated with blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signals

Abstract. Low-frequency oscillations (LFOs) in the range of 0.01–0.15 Hz are commonly observed in functional imaging studies, such as blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Some of these LFOs are nonneuronal and are closely related to autonomic physiological processes. In the current study, we conducted a concurrent resting-state fMRI and NIRS experiment with healthy volunteers. LFO data was collected simultaneously at peripheral sites (middle fingertip and big toes) by NIRS, and centrally in the brain by BOLD fMRI. The cross-correlations of the LFOs collected from the finger, toes, and brain were calculated. Our data show that the LFOs measured in the periphery (NIRS signals) and in the brain (BOLD fMRI) were strongly correlated with varying time delays. This demonstrates that some portion of the LFOs actually reflect systemic physiological circulatory effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that NIRS is effective for measuring the peripheral LFOs, and that these LFOs and the temporal shifts between them are consistent in healthy participants and may serve as useful biomarkers for detecting and monitoring circulatory dysfunction.
Innovation Studies Utrecht ( ISU ) Working Paper Series Political Economies and Environmental Futures for the Sharing Economy

The sudden rise of the sharing economy has sparked an intense public debate about its definition, its effects and its future regulation. Here, I attempt to provide analytical guidance by defining the sharing economy as the practice that consumers grant each other temporary access to their under-utilized physical assets. Using this definition, the rise of the sharing economy can be understood as occurring at the intersection of three salient economic trends: peer-to-peer exchange, access over ownership and circular business models. I shortly discuss some of the environmental impacts of online sharing platforms and then articulate three possible futures of the sharing economy: a capitalist future cumulating into monopolistic super-platforms allowing for seamless services, a state-led future that shifts taxation from labour to capital and redistributes the gains of sharing from winners to losers, and a citizen-led future based on cooperatively owned platforms under democratic control. The nature and size of the social and environmental impacts are expected to differ greatly in each of the three scenarios.
A trait-based ecosystem model suggests that long-term responsiveness to rising atmospheric CO2 concentration is greater in slow-growing than fast-growing plants

Summary 1. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration (Ca) has a direct and measurable effect on plant growth. However, it does not affect all plant species equally, which could lead to shifts in competitive dominance of species in ecosystems. 2. We used a dynamic plant carbon–nitrogen model to systematically examine how species traits affect the long-term Ca responsiveness of C3 plants when growing as established monocultures in the field. The model was tested against responses of 7 C3 herbaceous species growing in a free-air Ca enrichment (FACE) experiment (BioCON) in Minnesota, USA. 3. Model simulations showed that several species traits affected the Ca response strongly, giving rise to a number of testable hypotheses about interspecific differences in responsiveness to Ca. The largest responses to rising Ca were obtained for species with low carbon-use efficiency (net primary production: gross primary production ratio), low foliar carbon allocation, low stomatal conductance, low instantaneous photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency and low specific leaf area. 4. In general, our model predicted that, for established plants growing in resource-limited field conditions, species with slow growth rates would be most responsive to elevated Ca. This prediction was supported by data from the BioCON experiment. 5. Our model also predicts that, for young plants growing in non-resource-limited conditions, species with high growth rates will be most responsive to elevated Ca. This difference in species ranking under different resource availabilities is largely explained by the indirect effects of Ca on leaf area. Leaf-area feedbacks favour fast-growing species the most during leaf-area expansion, but following stand maturation they favour slow-growing species the most. 6. These results imply that species that respond strongly to elevated Ca in short-term (nonresource-limited) glasshouse experiments are unlikely to also be the most responsive in resource-limited field conditions, and therefore that we cannot directly extrapolate from glasshouse experiments to predict which species will be most responsive to elevated Ca in the long term.
Mapping the crustal structure under active volcanoes in central Tohoku, Japan using P and PmP data

We present high‐resolution tomographic images of the crust under the active arc volcanoes in the central part of Northeast Japan (Tohoku) determined by using arrival times of first P waves and post‐critically reflected waves from the Moho discontinuity (PmP). Results of detailed resolution analyses show that the addition of PmP data can improve significantly the resolution of the lower crustal structure. After the PmP data are included in the tomographic inversion, the low‐velocity (low‐V) anomalies in the lower crust under the active volcanoes can be better imaged. The low‐V zones are clearly visible in the entire crust beneath the volcanoes extending from the surface down to the Moho discontinuity. Arc‐magma related, deep, low‐frequency microearthquakes are located around the low‐V zones in the lower crust under the volcanoes, which occurrence is probably associated with the movement of fluid magma under the volcanoes.
CT screening for lung cancer: so near, yet so far

The UK Lung Screen team in their positional statement outlined the issues to be explored by the trial on CT screening for lung cancer.1 Although it seems to be a large, well-planned study, we believe that there are some shortcomings in this study that may undermine its significance. There are several other aspects of CT screening that need to be investigated in order to determine the suitability …
The Hyperbow Controller: Real-Time Dynamics Measurement of Violin Performance

In this paper, the design and construction of a new violin interface, the Hyperbow, is discussed. The motivation driving the research of this instrument was the desire to create a violin bow capable of measuring the most intricate aspects of violin techniquethe subtle elements of physical gesture that immediately and directly impact the sound of the instrument while playing. In order to provide this insight into the subtleties of bow articulation, a sensing system has been integrated into a commercial carbon fiber bow to measure changes in position, acceleration, and the downward and lateral strains of the bow stick. The sensors were fashioned using an electromagnetic field sensing technique, commercial MEMS accelerometers, and foil strain gauges. The measurement techniques used in this work were found to be quite sensitive and yielded sensors that were easily controllable by a player using traditional right hand bowing technique.
Influence of processing on trypsin inhibitor activity of faba beans and its physiological effect

Changes in the trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) of faba beans (Vicia faba L. Major) were investigated after beans were soaked in distilled water, citric acid, and sodium bicarbonate solutions. The soaking solution was discarded. The effect of cookingsdiscarding both soaking and cooking solutionsswas also studied. Finally, a dry-heating process was examined. Soaking treatment produced a slight decrease of trypsin inhibitor activity. Cooking the presoaked seeds brought about the total or partial removal of TIA, depending on the soaking solution used. TIA was partially removed after dryheating. Trypsin inhibitor activity analyses were completed with 28-day biological trials for raw and dry-heated faba beans. For 21 and 28 days of experimental time food intake, protein intake, and weight gain were similar for rats fed raw and dry-heated faba beans. However, after 28 days protein efficiency ratio (PER) and food transformation index (FTI) improved in rats fed dry-heated faba beans compared with those fed raw faba beans. This was related to lower TIA values found in dry-heated faba beans.
All‐sky radiation over a glacier surface in the Southern Alps of New Zealand: characterizing cloud effects on incoming shortwave, longwave and net radiation

Clouds are important features of many high‐altitude and glaciated areas, yet detecting their presence and specifying their effects on incoming shortwave (SW↓), longwave (LW↓) and net all‐wave radiation (Rnet) remains challenging in these environments. These limitations hamper efforts to understand atmospheric controls on glacier surface mass balance (SMB) in the Southern Alps of New Zealand, as both cloud and airmass forcing accompanies key synoptic controls on SMB. Multi‐year datasets of four‐component broadband radiation from two sites at Brewster Glacier, Southern Alps of New Zealand, are used here to develop cloud metrics to account for the effects of clouds on SW↓, LW↓ and Rnet. On average 23% of top‐of‐atmosphere shortwave radiation (SWTOA) is attenuated by the clear‐sky atmosphere, while clouds attenuate a further 31%, resulting in <50% of SWTOA being received at the surface. The transmission of shortwave radiation by clouds (trc) during overcast conditions is found to vary with season and airmass characteristics. A simple parameterization is developed to account for lower trc observed during periods of higher water vapour pressure. Cloud metrics derived at the site show overcast conditions are frequent (45% of period) and strongly dependent on wind direction, highlighting the dominant role of orography in cloud formation and enhancement in the Southern Alps. The effect of clouds on Rnet exhibits a distinct seasonal variation; during summer when albedo and trc are lower, clouds decrease Rnet by 20–40 W m−2, while during autumn, winter and spring, clouds enhance Rnet by approximately 20 W m−2. Idealized modelling shows that these patterns are strongly dependent on albedo and extend across the elevation range of glaciers in the Southern Alps. Thus, overcast conditions appear to aid the extension of ablation into spring and autumn by increasing the energy available for snow and ice melt.
Associations between Maternal Body Composition and Appetite Hormones and Macronutrients in Human Milk

Human milk (HM) appetite hormones and macronutrients may mediate satiety in breastfed infants. This study investigated associations between maternal adiposity and concentrations of HM leptin, adiponectin, protein and lactose, and whether these concentrations and the relationship between body mass index and percentage fat mass (%FM) in a breastfeeding population change over the first year of lactation. Lactating women (n = 59) provided milk samples (n = 283) at the 2nd, 5th, 9th and/or 12th month of lactation. Concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, total protein and lactose were measured. Maternal %FM was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. Higher maternal %FM was associated with higher leptin concentrations in both whole (0.006 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.008) and skim HM (0.005 ± 0.002 ng/mL, p = 0.007), and protein (0.16 ± 0.07 g/L, p = 0.028) concentrations. Adiponectin and lactose concentrations were not associated with %FM (0.01 ± 0.06 ng/mL, p = 0.81; 0.08 ± 0.11 g/L, p = 0.48, respectively). Whole milk concentrations of adiponectin and leptin did not differ significantly over the first year of lactation. These findings suggest that the level of maternal adiposity during lactation may influence the early appetite programming of breastfed infants by modulating concentrations of HM components.
Sea surface and high-latitude temperature sensitivity to radiative forcing of climate over several glacial cycles

AbstractA compilation is presented of global sea surface temperature (SST) records that span around one glacial cycle or more, and it is compared with changes in the earth’s radiative balance over the last 520 000 years, as determined from greenhouse gas concentrations, albedo changes related to ice sheet area and atmospheric dust fluctuations, and insolation changes. A first scenario uses global mean values for the radiative changes, and a second scenario uses zonal means for 10° latitude bands for a more regionally specific perspective. On the orbital time scales studied here, a smooth increase of SST response from the equator to high latitudes is found when comparison is made to global mean radiative forcing, but a sharply “stepped” increase at 20°–30° latitude when comparing with the more regionally specific forcings. The mean global SST sensitivities to radiative change are within similar limits for both scenarios, around 0.8 ± 0.4°C (W m−2)−1. Combined with previous estimates of 1.3–1.5 times strong.
VISUAL SEARCH CENTRALITY AND MINIMUM MAP SIZE

Cartographers are frequently faced with the task of designing maps for publications in which space allocated for graphics is small. This study examined the relationship between map size (visual angle) and visual search centrality in light of the findings of Enoch (1959) who reported that a visual angle of 9° was critical to several parameters of visual search. Eye movements for 16 subjects were recorded during three map analysis tasks involving a total of 96 maps in which four different sized graphics were used. Experimental results indicated that the larger the image, the greater the number of fixations. The duration of each fixation, however, was shown to decrease with increasing visual angle. It appears, as suggested by Enoch, that maps at least 9° in size and larger promote visual search centrality and may result in more efficient visual processing. Les cartographes sont souvent places dans une situation ou ils doivent concevoir des cartes pour des publications ou l'espace alloue aux graphiques est tr.
Learning, detecting, understanding, and predicting concept changes

The demand for learning machines that can adapt to concept change, the change over time of the statistical properties of a target variable, has become more urgent. We, therefore, propose a system in which multiple online and offline classifiers are used for learning changing concepts. Our system is able to: respond to both sudden and gradual changes, handle recurring concepts, detect the occurrence of change, understand the hidden contexts of past concepts, and predict the next concept. We evaluate the effectiveness of our system's elements and demonstrate that our system performed well with synthetic concept-drifting and concept-shifting datasets.
Detecting Awareness in Children by Using an Auditory Intervention

Background:The incidence of awareness has been reported to be higher in children than in adults. Accurately assessing awareness in children is difficult, and the lack of a specific measure of awareness makes it difficult to determine exactly how many and why children are aware. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and timing of awareness in children by using auditory stimuli applied during anesthesia. Methods:Three easily identified animal noises were played repeatedly through headphones during three specific phases of anesthesia in 539 children aged 5–12 yr. Children were not told that this would happen. Awareness was determined with a structured interview on days 1 and 3 after the anesthetic. All positive responses were sent to four adjudicators for assessment, and awareness was defined as having occurred if all adjudicators agreed that the child was aware. Results:Five hundred children were interviewed at least once after the anesthetic. Thirty-five reports were sent to the adjudicators, and one child was classified as aware. This child was deemed to be aware even though he did not report hearing an animal. Conclusions:The incidence of awareness in this study is less than reported previously.
Market Microstructure : A Survey of Microfoundations , Empirical Results , and Policy Implications

We survey the literature analyzing the price formation and trading process, and the consequences of market organization for price discovery and welfare. We o er a synthesis of the theoretical microfoundations and empirical approaches. Within this framework, we confront adverse selection, inventory costs and market power theories to the evidence on transactions costs and price impact. Building on these results, we proceed to an equilibrium analysis of policy issues. We review the extent to which market frictions can be mitigated by such features of market design as the degree of transparency, the use of call auctions, the pricing grid, and the regulation of competition between liquidity suppliers or exchanges. *Biais is from Toulouse University, Glosten is from Columbia University, and Spatt is from Carnegie Mellon University. We are grateful for helpful comments from Peter Bossaerts, Catherine Casamatta, Thierry Foucault, Ravi Jagannathan, Maureen O'Hara, Christine Parlour, Patrik Sandas and Avanidhar Subrahmanyam.