Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Independent emergence of artemisinin resistance mutations among Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia.

BACKGROUND The emergence of artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia threatens malaria treatment efficacy. Mutations in a kelch protein encoded on P. falciparum chromosome 13 (K13) have been associated with resistance in vitro and in field samples from Cambodia. METHODS P. falciparum infections from artesunate efficacy trials in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam were genotyped at 33 716 genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Linear mixed models were used to test associations between parasite genotypes and parasite clearance half-lives following artesunate treatment. K13 mutations were tested for association with artemisinin resistance, and extended haplotypes on chromosome 13 were examined to determine whether mutations arose focally and spread or whether they emerged independently. RESULTS The presence of nonreference K13 alleles was associated with prolonged parasite clearance half-life (P = 1.97 × 10(-12)). Parasites with a mutation in any of the K13 kelch domains displayed longer parasite clearance half-lives than parasites with wild-type alleles. Haplotype analysis revealed both population-specific emergence of mutations and independent emergence of the same mutation in different geographic areas. CONCLUSIONS K13 appears to be a major determinant of artemisinin resistance throughout Southeast Asia. While we found some evidence of spreading resistance, there was no evidence of resistance moving westward from Cambodia into Myanmar.
Convexification of Power Flow Equations for Power Systems in Presence of Noisy Measurements

This paper is concerned with the power system state estimation (PSSE) problem that aims to find the unknown operating point of a power network based on a given set of measurements. We first study the power flow (PF) problem as an important special case of PSSE. PF is known to be non-convex and NP-hard in the worst case. To this end, we propose a set of semidefinite programs (SDPs) with the property that they all solve the PF problem as long as the voltage angles are relatively small. Associated with each SDP, we explicitly characterize the set of all complex voltages that can be recovered via that convex problem. As a generalization, the design of an SDP problem that recovers multiple nominal points and a neighborhood around each point is also cast as a convex program. The results are then extended to the PSSE problem, where the measurements used in the PF problem are subject to noise. A two-term objective function is employed for each convex program developed for the PSSE problem: (i) one term accounting for the non-convexity of the power flow equations, (ii) another one for estimating the noise levels. An upper bound on the estimation error is derived with respect to the noise level and the proposed techniques are demonstrated on multiple test systems, including a 9241-bus European network. Although the focus of the paper is on power networks, the developed results apply to every arbitrary state estimation problem with quadratic measurement equations.
Are Public Firms Always Less Innovative than Private Firms?

type="main"> The effect of information spillovers is analysed in a mixed duopoly where a profit-maximizing private firm and a market-share-maximizing public firm decide whether to invest in a process innovation. It is shown that, when the spillover effect is rather strong, the public firm innovates in order to acquire a larger market share, while the private firm prefers that its rival invests in the new technology and reaps the benefits of technological leakages if investment costs are moderate. Thus, when information spillovers are taken into account, the public firm sometimes behaves more innovatively than the private firm, which is contrary to the well-known results. Furthermore, in a mixed duopoly where only the public firm invests, its average cost exceeds that of its competitor, but investment remains an efficient strategy compared with non-investment.
Optimal control of networked systems with limited communication: a combined heuristic and convex optimization approach

This paper discusses the optimal H/sub /spl infin// control problem for networked systems with limited communication constraint. The limited communication constraint in control networks is taken into consideration in controller design by employing the notion of communication sequence. Our objective is to find an optimal communication sequence and the corresponding optimal controller for the given plant and communication resource under the H/sub /spl infin// performance index. For a given communication sequence, the problem is formulated into a periodic control problem for which a direct LMI design method is developed. We also propose a heuristic search method for seeking a sub-optimal communication sequence, which in conjunction with the convex optimization gives a solution to the optimal limited communication control problem. As compared with the exhaustive search of communication sequence, our approach greatly reduces the computational cost. Examples are given to illustrate the design method. It clearly indicates that the solution of the heuristic search converges to the optimal communication sequence.
Debt, Cash Flow and Inflation Incentives: A Swedish Example

The fiscal gains from, and hence the political incentives to, an increase in inflation rate of ten percentage points may be substantial: with Swedish data from 1994, these gains would have been an annual real flow of 3-4 percent of GDP, or a capitalized value of nearly 100 percent of GDP. They would mainly have arisen from the nominalistic features of the tax and transfer systems rather than from the traditional sources: seignorage and real depreciation of the public debt. The welfare costs of such an inflation increase would have been even larger, however, and would thus have reduced net welfare. Possible institutional reforms, aimed at making the political costs of inflation more equal to the social costs, are presented and discussed
Automatic Neural Processing of Disorder-Related Stimuli in Social Anxiety Disorder: Faces and More

It has been proposed that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with automatic information processing biases resulting in hypersensitivity to signals of social threat such as negative facial expressions. However, the nature and extent of automatic processes in SAD on the behavioral and neural level is not entirely clear yet. The present review summarizes neuroscientific findings on automatic processing of facial threat but also other disorder-related stimuli such as emotional prosody or negative words in SAD. We review initial evidence for automatic activation of the amygdala, insula, and sensory cortices as well as for automatic early electrophysiological components. However, findings vary depending on tasks, stimuli, and neuroscientific methods. Only few studies set out to examine automatic neural processes directly and systematic attempts are as yet lacking. We suggest that future studies should: (1) use different stimulus modalities, (2) examine different emotional expressions, (3) compare findings in SAD with other anxiety disorders, (4) use more sophisticated experimental designs to investigate features of automaticity systematically, and (5) combine different neuroscientific methods (such as functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology). Finally, the understanding of neural automatic processes could also provide hints for therapeutic approaches.
THE CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF Tetrahymena pyriformis TRANSLATION ELONGATION FACTOR 1 B α AND γ SUBUNITS

The multi-subunit eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 (eEF1) consists of two functionally distinct parts: G-protein eEF1A and guanine nucleotide exchange factor eEF1B. Here, we report on the cloning of cDNAs of both the α and γ subunits of the eEF1B from the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. The open reading frame of the eEF1Bγ cDNA encodes a 399-amino acid long polypeptide with a calculated molecular mass of 45.2 kDa. The eEF1Bα cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 228 amino acids. The calculated molecular mass of this protein is 25.2 kDa. The overall deduced amino acid sequences of eEF1Bα and eEF1Bγ show a considerable homology with the families of α and γ proteins from other eukaryotic organisms. We demonstrated that eEF1Bγ is an RNA-binding protein which is able to bind to different RNAs.
Boundary Formation and Compartition in the Avian Diencephalon

The diencephalon comprises three functionally distinct regions: synencephalon, dorsal thalamus, and ventral thalamus. Patterning of the diencephalon has been proposed to involve subdivision of its anteroposterior axis into segments, neuromeres or prosomeres (Bergquist and Kallen, 1954; Vaage, 1969; Figdor and Stern, 1993; Rubenstein et al., 1994; Redies et al., 2000; Yoon et al., 2000). However, the number and sequence of diencephalic neuromeres, or even their existence, are uncertain. We have examined the proposed subdivisions by morphology, gene expression, acquisition of boundary-specific phenotypes, and cell lineage restriction. We find that at stage 16 in chick the diencephalon is divided into synencephalon and parencephalon. The synencephalon exhibits neuromeric morphology, expresses Prox, and acquires neuromere boundary properties at its interface with both the midbrain and the parencephalon. Although the mesencephalic/synencephalic boundary restricts cell mixing, the synencephalic/parencephalic boundary does not. Similarly, there is no lineage restriction between the parencephalon and the more rostral forebrain (secondary prosencephalon). Subdivision of the parencephalon into ventral and dorsal thalamus involves the formation of a narrow intraparencephalic territory, the zona limitans intrathalamica (zli). This is correlated with the acquisition of cell lineage restriction at both anterior and posterior borders of the zli, the appearance of boundary-specific properties, and Gbx2 and Dlx2 expression in dorsal thalamic and ventral thalamic territories, respectively. At stage 22, the synencephalon is divided into two domains, distinguished by differential gene expression and tissue morphology, but associated with neither a boundary phenotype nor cell lineage restriction. Our results suggest that the diencephalon does not have an overt segmental pattern.
How natural disasters can affect environmental concerns, risk aversion, and even politics: evidence from Fukushima and three European countries

We study the impact of the Fukushima disaster on environmental concerns, well-being, risk aversion, and political preferences in Germany, Switzerland, and the UK. In these countries, overall life satisfaction did not significantly decrease, but the disaster significantly increased environmental concerns among Germans. One underlying mechanism likely operated through the perceived risk of a similar meltdown of domestic reactors. After Fukushima, more Germans considered themselves as “very risk averse. ” However, drastic German policy action shut down the oldest reactors, implemented the phaseout of the remaining ones, and proclaimed the transition to renewables. This shift in energy policy contributed to the subsequent decrease in environmental concerns, particularly among women, Green party supporters, and people living in close distance to the oldest reactors. In Germany, political support for the Greens increased significantly, whereas in Switzerland and the UK, this increase was limited to people living close to reactors.
Glycosylation Is a Major Regulator of Phenylpropanoid Availability and Biological Activity in Plants

The phenylpropanoid pathway in plants is responsible for the biosynthesis of a huge amount of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine. Both flavonoids and lignins are synthesized at the end of this very diverse metabolic pathway, as well as many intermediate molecules whose precise biological functions remain largely unknown. The diversity of these molecules can be further increased under the action of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) leading to the production of glycosylated hydroxycinnamates and related aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Glycosylation can change phenylpropanoid solubility, stability and toxic potential, as well as influencing compartmentalization and biological activity. (De)-glycosylation therefore represents an extremely important regulation point in phenylpropanoid homeostasis. In this article we review recent knowledge on the enzymes involved in regulating phenylpropanoid glycosylation status and availability in different subcellular compartments. We also examine the potential link between monolignol glycosylation and lignification by exploring co-expression of lignin biosynthesis genes and phenolic (de)glycosylation genes. Of the different biological roles linked with their particular chemical properties, phenylpropanoids are often correlated with the plant's stress management strategies that are also regulated by glycosylation. UGTs can for instance influence the resistance of plants during infection by microorganisms and be involved in the mechanisms related to environmental changes. The impact of flavonoid glycosylation on the color of flowers, leaves, seeds and fruits will also be discussed. Altogether this paper underlies the fact that glycosylation and deglycosylation are powerful mechanisms allowing plants to regulate phenylpropanoid localisation, availability and biological activity.
K-Corrections and Filter Transformations in the Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-Infrared

Template fits to observed galaxy fluxes allow calculation of K-corrections and conversions among observations of galaxies at various wavelengths. We present a method for creating model-based template sets given a set of heterogeneous photometric and spectroscopic galaxy data. Our technique, nonnegative matrix factorization, is akin to principal component analysis (PCA), except that it is constrained to produce nonnegative templates, it can use a basis set of models (rather than the delta-function basis of PCA), and it naturally handles uncertainties, missing data, and heterogeneous data (including broadband fluxes at various redshifts). The particular implementation we present here is suitable for ultraviolet, optical, and near-infrared observations in the redshift range 0 < z < 1.5. Since we base our templates on stellar population synthesis models, the results are interpretable in terms of approximate stellar masses and star formation histories. We present templates fitted with this method to data from Galaxy Evolution Explorer, Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopy and photometry, the Two Micron All Sky Survey, the Deep Extragalactic Evolutionary Probe, and the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. In addition, we present software for using such data to estimate K-corrections.
Coalitions and Partnerships in Community Health

Preface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. PART I: MAKING THE CASE FOR COALITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS. 1 Historical Perspective of Coalitions. 2 Principles of Collaboration and Partnering: Coalitions Defined. 3 Why Coalitions? 4 The Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT). PART II: BUILDING EFFECTIVE COALITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS. 5 Lead Agency, Coalition Staff, and Leadership. 6 Coalition Membership and Teamwork. 7 Essential Coalition Processes. 8 Coalition Infrastructure. PART III: SUSTAINING EFFECTIVE COALITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS. 9 Marketing the Coalition and Its Agenda. 10 Funding, Resource Development, and Sustainability. PART IV: COALITIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS IN ACTION. 11 Community Assessment. 12 Coalitions and Planning. 13 Coalition Activities and Interventions. 14 Evaluating Coalitions and Partnerships. 15 Coalitions and Partnerships: Their Promise and Future. References. Name Index. Subject Index.
Trade Impacts on Skill Acquisition Via Variety Expansion

We show that trade enhances skill formation through gains from trade via variety expansion a la Krugman. Although workers are identical as unskilled labour, they differ in productivity as skilled labour. Workers become skilled by incurring training costs. By introducing these settings into a trade model with monopolistic competition, we show that, although trade makes all agents better off, its effect is stronger for skilled than unskilled workers, which stimulates skill acquisition. As a result of less productive workers becoming skilled, the wage dispersion among skilled workers increases.
An efficient finite precision RBF-M neural network architecture using support vectors

This paper investigates the effects of using limited precision for efficient implementations of the RBF-M neural network. This architecture employs only simple arithmetic operators and is characterized by simple LMS training in an expanded feature space generated by RBF functions centered around support vectors selected via a simple algorithm. The classification performances of our low complexity, finite precision architecture are similar and even better to those obtained using the more complex SVM.
Characterization and Mutational Analysis of Omega-Class GST (GSTO1) from Apis cerana cerana, a Gene Involved in Response to Oxidative Stress

The Omega-class of GSTs (GSTOs) is a class of cytosolic GSTs that have specific structural and functional characteristics that differ from those of other GST groups. In this study, we demonstrated the involvement of the GSTO1 gene from A. cerana cerana in the oxidative stress response and further investigated the effects of three cysteine residues of GSTO1 protein on this response. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) showed that AccGSTO1 was highly expressed in larvae and foragers, primarily in the midgut, epidermis, and flight muscles. The AccGSTO1 mRNA was significantly induced by cold and heat at 1 h and 3 h. The TBA (2-Thiobarbituric acid) method indicated that cold or heat resulted in MDA accumulation, but silencing of AccGSTO1 by RNAi in honeybees increased the concentration of MDA. RNAi also increased the temperature sensitivity of honeybees and markedly reduced their survival. Disc diffusion assay indicated that overexpression of AccGSTO1 in E. coli caused the resistance to long-term oxidative stress. Furthermore, AccGSTO1 was active in an in vitro DNA protection assay. Mutations in Cys-28, Cys-70, and Cys-124 affected the catalytic activity and antioxidant activity of AccGSTO1. The predicted three-dimensional structure of AccGSTO1 was also influenced by the replacement of these cysteine residues. These findings suggest that AccGSTO1 plays a protective role in the response to oxidative stress.
On the reliability of the black hole mass and mass-to-light ratio determinations with Schwarzschild models

In this Letter, we investigate the claim of Valluri, Merritt & Emsellem, namely that the use of Schwarzschild dynamical (orbit-based) models leads to an indeterminacy regarding the estimation of the free parameters like the central black hole mass and the stellar mass-to-light ratio of the galaxy under study. We examine this issue with semi-analytic two-integral models, which are not affected by the intrinsic degeneracy of three-integral systems. We confirm the Valluri et al. result, and observe the so-called widening of the X 2 contours as the orbit library is expanded. We also show that, although two-dimensional data coverage helps in constraining the orbital structure of the modelled galaxy, it does not in principle solve the indeterminacy issue, which mostly originates from the discretization of such an inverse problem. We show that adding regularization constraints stabilizes the confidence level contours on which the estimation of black hole mass and stellar mass-to-light ratio is based. We therefore propose to use regularization systematically as a tool to prevent the solution from depending on the orbit library. Regularization, however, introduces an unavoidable bias on the derived solutions. We hope that the present Letter will trigger some more research directed at a better understanding of the issues addressed here.
Do make or buy decisions matter? The influence of organizational governance on technological performance

This paper investigates how firms' decisions to outsource or internalize production affect their technological performance. While several popular arguments and some anecdotal evidence suggest a direct association between outsourcing and technological performance, the effects of firms' governance decisions are likely to be contingent upon several specific attributes underlying a given exchange. This paper first demonstrates how standard performance models can improperly suggest a positive relationship between firms' outsourcing decisions and their technological performance. Models that account for firm- and transaction-specific features are then presented, which indicate that neither outsourcing nor internalization per se result in superior performance; rather, a firm's technological performance is contingent upon the alignment between firms' governance decisions and the degree of contractual hazards. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System

The importance of the International Monetary System is evident in the daily news stories about fluctuating currencies and in dramatic events, such as the recent reversals in the Mexican economy. It has become increasingly apparent that one cannot understand the international economy without knowing how its monetary system operates. This volume tells the story of the international financial system over the past 150 years. It is intended not only for economists, but also for a general audience of historians, political scientists, professionals in government and business, and anyone with a broad interest in international economic and political relations. The book demonstrates that insights into the International Monetary System and effective principles for governing it can result only if is seen as a historical phenomenon extending from the gold standard period to interwar instability, then to Bretton Woods and, finally, to the post-1973 period of fluctuating currencies. Eichengreen analyzes the shift from pegged to floating exchange rates in the 1970s, and ascribes that change to the growing capital mobility that has made pegged rates difficult to maintain. However, he shows that capital mobility was also high prior to World War I, yet this did not prevent the maintenance of fixed exchange rates. What was critical for the successful maintenance of fixed exchange rates during that period was the fact that governments were relatively insulated from democratic politics and, thus, from pressure to trade off exchange rate stability for other goals, such as the reduction of unemployment. Today, pegging exchange rates would require very radical reforms of a sort that governments are understandably reluctant to embrace. The implication seems undeniable: floating rates are here to stay. Barry Eichengreen is the author of "Golder Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1918-1939".