Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CD8 T–Lymphocyte–Mediated Regulation of Ovalbumin–Specific Murine IgE Responses

In recent years there has been increasing evidence to suggest that CD8 T cells, traditionally seen as cytotoxic cells, play an important role in the regulation of an IgE response [1]. Previous studies in our laboratory using a rat model of induced IgE have demonstrated that in vivo depletion of CD8 T cells greatly enhanced the ensuing IgE response, and that this enhancement could be suppressed by the adoptive transfer of antigen-specific, MHC class-I-restricted αâ TcR CD8 T-cell clones back into the recipient rats [2, 3]. To define the mechanisms by which CD8 T cells suppress IgE, a murine model was set up in both high-responder BALB/c and mid-responder C57BL/6 mice. Previous work has shown both strains able to generate vigorous total and ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE responses to OVA/alum in vivo, without prior CD8 T-cell depletion as in the rat model, as well as a strong specific T-cell proliferative response in vitro. In this study we demonstrate that antigen-specific in vivo primed CD8 T cells suppress both total and specific IgE responses, without affecting the concomitant IgG1 response, and that this suppression correlates to the priming dose administered to donor mice, and the number of cells adoptively transferred into recipients. We also show that IgE: Roles, Regulation, Receptors
Space isotropy and weak equivalence principle in a scalar theory of gravity

We consider a preferred-frame bimetric theory in which the scalar gravitational field both influences the metric and has direct dynamical effects. A modified version ("v2") is built, by assuming now a locally-isotropic dilation of physically measured distances, as compared with distances evaluated with the Euclidean space metric. The dynamical equations stay unchanged: they are based on a consistent formulation of Newton's second law in a curved space-time. To obtain a local conservation equation for energy with the new metric, the equation for the scalar field is modified: now its l.h. s. is the flat wave operator. Fluid dynamics is formulated and the asymptotic scheme of post-Newtonian approximation is adapted to v2. The latter also explains the gravitational effects on light rays, as did the former version (v1). The violation of the weak equivalence principle found for gravitationally-active bodies at the point-particle limit, which discarded v1, is proved to not exist in v2. Thus that violation was indeed due to the anisotropy of the space metric assumed in v1.
Circular resistor networks for electrical impedance tomography with partial boundary measurements

We introduce an algorithm for the numerical solution of electrical impedance tomography (EIT) in two dimensions, with partial boundary measurements. The algorithm is an extension of the one in Borcea et al (2008 Inverse Problems 24 035013 (31pp)) and Vasquez (2006 PhD Thesis Rice University, Houston, TX, USA) for EIT with full boundary measurements. It is based on resistor networks that arise in finite volume discretizations of the elliptic partial differential equation for the potential on so-called optimal grids that are computed as part of the problem. The grids are adaptively refined near the boundary, where we measure and expect better resolution of the images. They can be used very efficiently in inversion, by defining a reconstruction mapping that is an approximate inverse of the forward map, and acts therefore as a preconditioner in any iterative scheme that solves the inverse problem via optimization. The main result in this paper is the construction of optimal grids for EIT with partial measurements by extremal quasiconformal (Teichmüller) transformations of the optimal grids for EIT with full boundary measurements. We present the algorithm for computing the reconstruction mapping on such grids, and we illustrate its performance with numerical simulations. The results show an interesting trade-off between the resolution of the reconstruction in the domain of the solution and distortions due to artificial anisotropy induced by the distribution of the measurement points on the accessible boundary.
The upper atmospheric research collaboratory

A lthough observations of upper atmospheric phenomena are made at all latitudes, because of the characteristics of the earth’s magnetic field, most ground-based instruments are concentrated at high latitudes, particularly in the Arctic. Many of these facilities are in remote areas and are relatively difficult to reach. With the ending of the Cold War in the early 1990s, inexpensive military flights to many of these remote areas ended, making access more difficult and more expensive. Fortunately, these changing circumstances coincided with the emergence of the Internet. It occurred to a number of scientists in the field that network connections to these remote facilities could improve access and have a beneficial effect on the practice of science. Obviously network access to remote facilities would ameliorate the transportation difficulties, but in addition, it would provide greater access to such facilities for scientists and students at all kinds of institutions and would offer great flexibility for the scheduling of observations to coincide with scientifically important events. For instance, spontaneous coordinated scientific campaigns in response to events such as solar flares would be possible. These problems and opportunities fit very nicely the vision of a collaboratory [1]. In 1992, a group of space scientists, computer scientists, and behavioral scientists at the University of Michigan obtained funding from the National Science Foundation to launch the Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory (UARC). UARC is a 6-year project to design, develop, deploy, and evaluate a testbed collaboratory. The Upper Atmospheric Research Collaboratory
Effects of housing system on the costs of commercial egg production1

This article reports the first publicly available egg production costs compared across 3 hen-housing systems. We collected detailed data from 2 flock cycles from a commercial egg farm operating a conventional barn, an aviary, and an enriched colony system at the same location. The farm employed the same operational and accounting procedures for each housing system. Results provide clear evidence that egg production costs are much higher for the aviary system than the other 2 housing systems. Feed costs per dozen eggs are somewhat higher for the aviary and lower for the enriched house compared with the conventional house. Labor costs are much lower for the conventional house than the other 2, and pullet costs are much higher for the aviary. Energy and miscellaneous costs are a minimal part of total operating costs and do not differ by housing system. Total capital investments per hen-capacity are much higher for the aviary and the enriched house. Capital costs per dozen eggs depend on assumptions about appropriate interest and depreciation rates. Using the same 10% rate for each housing system shows capital costs per dozen for the aviary and the enriched housing system are much higher than capital costs per dozen for the conventional house. The aviary has average operating costs (feed, labor, pullet, energy, and miscellaneous costs that recur for each flock and vary with egg production) about 23% higher and average total costs about 36% higher compared with the conventional house. The enriched housing system has average operating costs only about 4% higher compared with the conventional house, but average total costs are 13% higher than for the conventional house.
Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data on inverse model parameter estimation

Abstract. Eddy covariance data are increasingly used to estimate parameters of ecosystem models. For proper maximum likelihood parameter estimates the error structure in the observed data has to be fully characterized. In this study we propose a method to characterize the random error of the eddy covariance flux data, and analyse error distribution, standard deviation, cross- and autocorrelation of CO2 and H2O flux errors at four different European eddy covariance flux sites. Moreover, we examine how the treatment of those errors and additional systematic errors influence statistical estimates of parameters and their associated uncertainties with three models of increasing complexity – a hyperbolic light response curve, a light response curve coupled to water fluxes and the SVAT scheme BETHY. In agreement with previous studies we find that the error standard deviation scales with the flux magnitude. The previously found strongly leptokurtic error distribution is revealed to be largely due to a superposition of almost Gaussian distributions with standard deviations varying by flux magnitude. The crosscorrelations of CO2 and H2O fluxes were in all cases negligible (R2 below 0.2), while the autocorrelation is usually below 0.6 at a lag of 0.5 h and decays rapidly at larger time lags. This implies that in these cases the weighted least squares criterion yields maximum likelihood estimates. To study the influence of the observation errors on model parameter estimates we used synthetic datasets, based on observations of two different sites. We first fitted the respective models to observations and then added the random error estimates described above and the systematic error, respectively, to the model output. This strategy enables us to compare the estimated parameters with true parameters. We illustrate that the correct implementation of the random error standard deviation scaling with flux magnitude significantly reduces the parameter uncertainty and often yields parameter retrievals that are closer to the true value, than by using ordinary least squares. The systematic error leads to systematically biased parameter estimates, but its impact varies by parameter. The parameter uncertainty slightly increases, but the true parameter is not within the uncertainty range of the estimate. This means that the uncertainty is underestimated with current approaches that neglect selective systematic errors in flux data. Hence, we conclude that potential systematic errors in flux data need to be addressed more thoroughly in data assimilation approaches since otherwise uncertainties will be vastly underestimated.
Sediment Sorting in the Deposits of Turbidity Currents Created by Experimental Modeling of Explosive Subaqueous Eruptions

Deposits of turbidity currents induced by subaqueous volcanic eruptions are increasingly recognized in settings ranging from lakes to the deep sea. These “eruption‐fed density currents” have high current temperatures and low‐density particles, which affect current dynamics and deposit features. Field data indicate that deposit thickness and grain size decrease downflow at a changing rate. This trend is similar for deposits of noneruptive turbidity currents, but with volcanic activity, the deposits often exhibit a break in slope of the profile of deposit thickness and grain size distribution. Here we present laboratory results on density currents that address the effects of variations in grain density and water temperature on flow properties and depositional processes. Parallel runs were performed under identical flow conditions using quartz sand and pyroclastic sediment. Each grain type was used in one series of runs in which a hot density current enters a cold environment and one series in which a cold current enters a similarly cold environment. Experiments in which the inflow contained hot water and low‐density sediment tended to emplace the deposit center of mass proximally; sedimentation also reduced bulk current density below that of the ambient water, giving rise to a buoyant plume from which suspension sedimentation occurred. By contrast, experiments in which the inflow contained cold water and high‐density sediment tended to deposit mass distally, with no accompanying plume. Results of the study have special relevance to submarine volcaniclastic deposits but also illuminate fundamental aspects of how grain properties and water temperature affect the driving force of density currents.
Vascular Renin‐Angiotensin System and Neurotransmission in Hypertensive Persons

The existence of a vascular renin-angiotensin system and its role in modulating sympathetic activity were evaluated in forearm arterioles of hypertensive individuals. Isoproterenol (0.03, 0.01, 0.3 /ig/100 ml/min for 5 minutes each; n=S) was infused into the brachial artery, and active and inactive renin, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine forearm balance (venous-arterial differences corrected for forearm blood flow by strain-gauge plethysmography) were measured. Isoproterenol caused vasodilation and a dose-dependent active and inactive renin, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine outflow, an effect blunted by propranolol (10 /tg/100 ml/min). To evaluate the role of local angiotensin II on ^-mediated norepinephrine overflow, the experiment was repeated with captopril (2.5 jtg/100 ml/min for 10 minutes; n=5), which abolished angiotensin II release and significantly reduced norepinephrine overflow. To test whether angiotensin II facilitates both prejunctional norepinephrine release and its postjunctional action, we evaluated the effect of exogenous angiotensin II, infused into the brachial artery at low concentrations (0.001 jig/100 ml/min), on forearm vasoconstriction and norepinephrine release induced by endogenous sympathetic activation (application of a lower body negative pressure: —10 and —20 mm Hg for 5 minutes, n=10) and on the vasoconstrictor effect of local norepinephrine (0.0015, 0.005, 0.015, 0.05, 0.15 Aig/100 ml/min for 3 minutes each; n=6). Although angiotensin II increased the vasoconstricting effect and the norepinephrine release induced by lower body negative pressure, it failed to affect norepinephrine-mediated vasoconstriction. Our data indicate the existence in hypertensive individuals of a vascular reninangiotensin system that seems to modulate sympathetic activity through the presynaptic facilitation of norepinephrine release.
Colour Coded Health Care The Impact of Race and Racism on Canadians ’ Health

Colour Coded Health Care offers a review of relevant academic and community-based research on racial disparities in the health of Canadians appearing between 1990-2010. In addition to surveying the research on mortality and morbidity by racialized groups in Canada, it surveys the evidence of bias, discrimination and stereotyping in health care delivery. This research shows non-European immigrants are twice as likely as the Canadian-born to report deterioration in health subsequent to immigration. Moreover, Black immigrants were 76 percent more likely to assess themselves as “unhealthy” than other racialized groups. Recent research on the physiological impact of racism suggests that living in a racist environment increases the risk of illness for racialized individuals. Some studies also suggest that racialized people experience racism in their interactions with the health care system, which may have an impact on access to health care and to life-saving screening procedures. This survey concludes by looking at recommendations from other jurisdictions for the collection of data by racialized group including measurement of health care inequities.
Polar Ultraviolet Imager observations of global auroral power as a function of polar cap size and magnetotail stretching

The Polar Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) instrument can quantitatively determine important magnetospheric descriptors, notably including substorm onset time and global auroral output. Previous research has related the input variables of the magnetospheric system, namely solar wind parameters, to various output variables. However, a complex system such as the magnetosphere includes, in addition to inputs and outputs, state variables. Polar cap flux and magnetotail stretching are two such that can be estimated from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) series satellites. We herein determine that both polar cap flux, Φc, and the magnetotail stretching index, b2i, do correlate well with 40-min averages of nightside auroral power observed by UVI. There were a total of n = 638 distinct 40-min intervals within which b2i, Φc, and nightside auroral power could be determined. The correlations with premidnight auroral power were r = 0.72 for Φc and r = −0.76 for b2i. The multiple-correlation coefficient of these two variables with nightside auroral power was 0.81. These sample correlations are far better than the sample correlations of solar wind input variables to nightside auroral power. Thus accurate space weather forecasting can demonstrably benefit greatly by monitoring current magnetospheric state variables (nowcasting), rather than attempting to reproduce output variables solely from solar wind inputs. Attempts to predict substorm onsets were less successful. Although the average polar cap flux prior to onset is larger than normal, the difference is not large enough to have significant predictive capability. Specifically, polar cap flux averaged 404 ± 133 and 422 ± 148 MWb for the entire years of 1996 and 1997, respectively, while the polar cap flux at the time of substorm onset averaged 455 ± 143 MWb.
Hemodynamic Profiles of Methoxamine and B‐HT 933 in Spinalized Ganglion‐Blocked Dogs

The hemodynamic profiles of methoxamine and B-HT 933 during a stepwise-increased infusion in spinalized ganglion-blocked dogs show that both compounds induce a dose-dependent increase in arterial blood pressure due to an increase in total peripheral resistance. Methoxamine initially also increases cardiac output, which contributes to the increase in blood pressure. The increased cardiac output is the result of an increased stroke volume, because heart rate is unchanged. B-HT 933 increases neither cardiac output nor heart rate. Because neither compound stimulates the heart directly, the increase in stroke volume induced by methoxamine can be due only to an increased venous return. B-HT 933 appears to be devoid of an effect on the capacitance vessels, because stroke volume and cardiac output are unchanged. The present study suggests that under in vivo conditions, postjunctional α2-adrenoceptors in the capacitance vessels of the dog are not functional.
Rethinking Rumination

The response styles theory (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991) was proposed to explain the insidious relationship between rumination and depression. We review the aspects of the response styles theory that have been well-supported, including evidence that rumination exacerbates depression, enhances negative thinking, impairs problem solving, interferes with instrumental behavior, and erodes social support. Next, we address contradictory and new findings. Specifically, rumination appears to more consistently predict the onset of depression rather than the duration, but rumination interacts with negative cognitive styles to predict the duration of depressive symptoms. Contrary to original predictions, the use of positive distractions has not consistently been correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms in correlational studies, although dozens of experimental studies show positive distractions relieve depressed mood. Further, evidence now suggests that rumination is associated with psychopathologies in addition to depression, including anxiety, binge eating, binge drinking, and self-harm. We discuss the relationships between rumination and worry and between rumination and other coping or emotion-regulation strategies. Finally, we highlight recent research on the distinction between rumination and more adaptive forms of self-reflection, on basic cognitive deficits or biases in rumination, on its neural and genetic correlates, and on possible interventions to combat rumination.
Comparison of water vapor measurements from POLINAT 2 with ECMWF analyses in high‐humidity conditions

During the Pollution From Aircraft in the North Atlantic Flight Corridor (POLINAT 2) experiment, water vapor content was measured during 12 flights of the Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft und Raumfahrt Falcon research aircraft by means of a frost-point hygrometer. The last three flights were coordinated with the flights of the NASA DC8 aircraft, taking part in the Subsonic Assessment Ozone and Nitrogen Oxide Experiment (SONEX). The measurements were generally performed in high-humidity and cloudy environments. Synthesized profiles of humidity and cloud cover along the flight tracks were retrieved from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analyses. It is shown that the measurements of supersaturation are generally correlated to the occurrence of clouds as indicated by the model cloud cover product. However, there are large discrepancies between the mixing ratio from the analyses and the measurements: the model underestimates the water vapor content. Some reasons for this underestimation are put forward, and the consequences for the investigation of the occurrence of contrail formation and persistence, when using such analyses, are pointed out.
Progress Towards a Cartesian Cut-Cell Method for Viscous Compressible Flow

We present preliminary development of an approach for simulating high Reynolds number steady compressible flow in two space dimensions using a Cartesian cut-cell finite volume method. We consider both laminar and turbulent flow with both low and high cell Reynolds numbers near the wall. The approach solves the full Navier-Stokes equations in all cells, and uses a wall model to address the resolution requirements near boundaries and to mitigate mesh irregularities in cut cells. We present a quadratic wall model for low cell Reynolds numbers. At high cell Reynolds numbers, the quadratic is replaced with a newly developed analytic wall model stemming from solution of a limiting form of the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model which features a forward evaluation for flow velocity and exactly matches characteristics of the SA turbulence model in the field. We develop multigrid operators which attain convergence rates similar to inviscid multigrid. Investigations focus on preliminary verification and validation of the method. Flows over flat plates and compressible airfoils show good agreement with both theoretical results and experimental data. Mesh convergence studies on sub- and transonic airfoil flows show convergence of surface pressures with wall spacings as large as approx.0. 1% chord. With the current analytic wall model, one or two additional refinements near the wall are required to obtain mesh converged values of skin friction.
Aircraft observations of large raindrops in warm, shallow, convective clouds

Raindrop size distributions have been obtained using airborne optical array probes during the 1985 Joint Hawaiian Warm Rain Project near Hilo. Drops often extended to 4 or 5 mm diameter, and on one occasion even reached 8 mm—much larger than had been previously reported. Large raindrops were detected frequently enough to indicate that they may be a regular feature of tropic clouds which are rather shallow but convectively active. The preliminary analysis of the data, involving some simple cloud physics calculations, indicates that the conditions in these clouds are well suited for the growth and survival of large raindrops. The presence of large raindrops suggests that a number of wide-spread views on the formation and evolution of warm rain should be altered, and that earlier data obtained in the orographic clouds of Hawaii should not be extrapolated uncritically to all types of warm rain.