Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ownership and Growth

This article suggests how state enterprises can be incorporated into the theoretical and empirical growth literature. Specifically, it shows that if state enterprises are less efficient than private firms, invest less, employ less skilled labor, and are less eager to adopt new technology, then a large state enterprise sector tends to be associated with slow economic growth, all else remaining the same. The empirical evidence for 1978-92 indicates that, through a mixture of these channels, an increase in the share of state enterprises in employment by one standard deviation could reduce per capita growth by one to two percentage points a year from one country to another.
Self-Confidence and Personal Motivation

We analyze the value placed by rational agents on self-confidence, and the strategies employed in its pursuit. Confidence in one's abilities generally enhances motivation, making it a valuable asset for individuals with imperfect willpower. This demand for self-serving beliefs (which can also arise from hedonic or signaling motives) must be weighed against the risks of overconfidence. On the supply side, we develop a model of self-deception through endogenous memory that reconciles the motivated and rational features of human cognition. The resulting intrapersonal game of strategic communication typically leads to multiple equilibria. While "positive thinking" can improve welfare, it can also be self-defeating (and nonetheless pursued).
Does Activation Really Spread ?

In this article we consider three versions of the spreading activation model for retrieval of information from memory. Predictions are derived for activation spreading down a linear network structure as a function of time. To test these predictions, two experiments were performed in which facilitation as a function of time was measured for target words in a linearly structured paragraph. A target word was primed either by a word near to the target in the paragraph structure or by a word far from the target. Results showed that facilitation begins at about the same time for the far and near conditions. This is inconsistent with the predictions derived from the models. Implications of these results are discussed and alternative conceptions of the activation process are described.
Loneliness in Marriage

Earlier studies of loneliness have obtained quite confusing results about gender differences. This might be due to the fact that many earlier studies have used very limited and special samples. In the present study of 2795 representative Swedes, 15-80 years of age, it is found that there certainly is a gender difference in loneliness, but that this difference is restricted to married individuals between 20 and 49 years of age. Several possible explanations of this observation are tested, among them the assumption that women more willingly acknowledge their loneliness. This explanation is refuted by the fact that the gender difference in loneliness was not general but was restricted to a certain group of married respondents. Other hypotheses of the causes of the observed gender differences in loneliness are related to assumptions of women having higher expectations for intimacy in a relationship and women having lower self-esteem. Even if gender differences are shown to exist in these respects, they do not explain the observed gender differences in loneliness, neither do differences in the social networks of men and women. The results of the study cannot rule out the remaining explanation, that the observed gender differences in loneliness are due not to social-psychological factors, but to a more basic difference in which men and women react to the stresses and strains in a relationship.
HEART-VECTOR AND LEADS

The purpose of electrocardiographic investigation is to find out something about the heart itself by means of an accurate knowledge of its electric action. This may be represented by the so-called heart-vector, a directed quantity, indicating in which direction electricity is propagated by the heart. The amount of each lead at a given instant depends on the heart-vector. The latter changes during the heart beat in direction and magnitude and, consequently, the value of the lead, too, changes with time. The relation between heart disease and leads is, at the root, very complicated. One can, however, analyse this relation by dividing it into a relation between heart disease and heartvector and a relation between heart-vector and leads. The first relation is only to be found on the ground of medical experience. The second relation, on the contrary, is of a purely physical nature, and will be the subject of our discussion. A long time ago Einthoven et al. (1913) with his so-called triangle rule, tried to formulate the relation between the heart-vector (which he called the manifest potential difference) and the three limb leads. Einthoven himself realized very well that this rule gives only an approximation of the truth. What the significance is of this approximation can be decided only by measurement. We have tried to formulate the physical problem and next to obtain, by measurements on a phantom, the data necessary for the application of the fundamental solution of the physical problem.
The “Roll” of the State: Government, Neoliberalism and Housing Assistance in Four Advanced Economies

The neoliberal restructuring of government policies in developed nations since the 1970s has stimulated many observers to observe the “roll back” of the state from social assistance, including housing. Some suggest that the “roll out” of new forms of state activity are occurring. This paper argues that perceptions of “roll back” and “roll out” arise from a particular conception of the capacity of the state that focuses on apparent state action over discursive production. A modified version of governmentality theory is deployed to demonstrate that despite perceptions of a weakening state housing assistance presence in Australia, the UK, the Netherlands and New Zealand, the conceptive and discursive role of the state has remained strong. The paper concludes by arguing that greater appreciation of the persistent pragmatic capacity of the state to define the objects, subjects and relationships of housing policy fruitfully illuminates the condition of the state under neoliberalism.
Analysis of the sensitivity properties of a model of vector-borne bubonic plague

Model sensitivity is a key to evaluation of mathematical models in ecology and evolution, especially in complex models with numerous parameters. In this paper, we use some recently developed methods for sensitivity analysis to study the parameter sensitivity of a model of vector-borne bubonic plague in a rodent population proposed by Keeling & Gilligan. The new sensitivity tools are based on a variational analysis involving the adjoint equation. The new approach provides a relatively inexpensive way to obtain derivative information about model output with respect to parameters. We use this approach to determine the sensitivity of a quantity of interest (the force of infection from rats and their fleas to humans) to various model parameters, determine a region over which linearization at a specific parameter reference point is valid, develop a global picture of the output surface, and search for maxima and minima in a given region in the parameter space.
On doing two things at once. II. Elimination of the psychological refractory period effect.

The psychological refractory period (PRP) effect of interference between 2 choice reaction time tasks a t short intertask intervals was eliminated when both of the tasks were ideomotor compatible. The P R P effect was, however, obtained when either or both of these tasks were replaced by stimulus-response compatible tasks that were not ideomotor compatible. I t was concluded that a major source of the P R P effect is a limited capacity mechanism that (a) translates between an encoded stimulus and a response code, and (b) is not needed when a task is ideomotor compatible.
Controlling Network Latency in Mixed Hadoop Clusters: Do We Need Active Queue Management?

With the advent of big data, data center applications are processing vast amounts of unstructured and semi-structured data, in parallel on large clusters, across hundreds to thousands of nodes. The highest performance for these batch big data workloads is achieved using expensive network equipment with large buffers, which accommodate bursts in network traffic and allocate bandwidth fairly even when the network is congested. Throughput-sensitive big data applications are, however, often executed in the same data center as latency-sensitive workloads. For both workloads to be supported well, the network must provide both maximum throughput and low latency. Progress has been made in this direction, as modern network switches support Active Queue Management (AQM) and Explicit Congestion Notifications (ECN), both mechanisms to control the level of queue occupancy, reducing the total network latency. This paper is the first study of the effect of Active Queue Management on both throughput and latency, in the context of Hadoop and the MapReduce programming model. We give a quantitative comparison of four different approaches for controlling buffer occupancy and latency: RED and CoDel, both standalone and also combined with ECN and DCTCP network protocol, and identify the AQM configurations that maintain Hadoop execution time gains from larger buffers within 5%, while reducing network packet latency caused by bufferbloat by up to 85%. Finally, we provide recommendations to administrators of Hadoop clusters as to how to improve latency without degrading the throughput of batch big data workloads.
Inside the Black Box

The current study investigates how visitation affects inmates’ social capital and whether it influences inmates’ perceptions of costs incurred by their family members and friends as a result of incarceration. We use data from a recent survey of male prisoners to examine different aspects of visitation, such as types of visitors and frequency of visitation. The findings suggest that prison visitation contributes to the maintenance of inmates’ social capital and could potentially shape their perceptions of the informal costs of reoffending. Regular visitation during incarceration may play a crucial role in successful reentry.
Intracellular calcium reduces light‐induced excitatory post‐synaptic responses in salamander retinal ganglion cells

1 The whole‐cell patch clamp technique was used to study the effect of intracellular Ca2+ on light‐evoked EPSCs in on‐off ganglion cells in salamander retinal slices. Both AMPA and NMDA receptors contributed to the light‐evoked responses. 2 In the presence of strychnine and picrotoxin, ganglion cells responded to light onset and offset with transient inward currents at ‐70 mV. These currents were reduced by 35 ± 3 % when the light stimulus was preceded by a depolarizing step from ‐70 to 0 mV. 3 The inhibitory effect of depolarization on light‐evoked EPSCs was strongly reduced in the presence of 10 mm BAPTA. 4 The degree of EPSC inhibition by the prepulse holding potential followed the current‐voltage relationship of the Ca2+ current found in the ganglion cell. 5 In the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist AP‐7, glutamate‐dependent current was nearly abolished when high Ca2+ was substituted for high Na+ solution. 6 The release of Ca2+ from internal stores by caffeine or inositol trisphosphate reduced the EPSCs by 36 ± 5 and 38 ± 11 %, respectively, and abolished the inhibitory effect of depolarization. 7 The inhibitory effect of depolarization on EPSCs was reduced 5‐fold in the presence of AP‐7, but was not reduced by the AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX. 8 Neither inhibition of Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent enzymes, nor inhibition of protein kinase A or C had any significant effect on the depolarization‐induced inhibition of EPSCs. 9 Our data suggest that elevation of [Ca2+]i, through voltage‐gated channels or by release from intracellular stores, reduced primarily the NMDA component of the light‐evoked EPSCs.
DB2 Universal Database Performance Tuning

DB2 Universal Database is the flagship Relational Database from IBM. By building on decades of groundbreaking IBM Database Research projects, DB2 Universal Database benefits from a pervasive and continuous infusion of advanced technology ranging from first-class optimizer and compiler technology to advanced locking, logging and recovery mechanisms, all designed with a common thread of high performance in both OLTP and complex query environments. This article will take the reader on a whirlwind tour of DB2 Universal Database, with a focus on the new auto-configuration tools. Find out how its open platform support exploits a rich repertoire of data storage techniques and how the latest Java-based administration tools can be used to quickly build and configure a DB2 Universal Database for maximum performance.
A developmental examination of children's understanding of task difficulty in the physical domain

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine children's understanding of task difficulty in the physical domain using the developmental component of Nicholls’ theory of achievement motivation as a framework. Children (N = 144; 8 boys and 8 girls at each age from 5–13 years) enrolled in public schools in a Southern city were participants. They were shown one normative and two objective arrays with structured interview questions following each array. A Piagetian structural analysis of the children's responses revealed the same three levels of understanding of task difficulty that Nicholls’ previously identified: egocentric, objective, and normative. Further, a nonparametric test of association between ordinal variables showed a significant positive relationship between children's age and their levels of understanding of task difficulty. No significant gender differences emerged for children's understanding of task difficulty. Children's personal preferences for task difficulty levels (i.e., easy, moderate, difficult) were assessed for those who were identified as possessing a mature conception of task difficulty (i.e., rated at Level 3). Qualitative analysis revealed that approximately 30% of the children indicated that if given a choice they would prefer to play an easy game that did not provide an optimal challenge. These results provide partial evidence to support Nicholls’ (1989) claim that as children develop a mature understanding of ability some will be at risk of displaying maladaptive motivational patterns.
In Vitro Spectrophotometry of Tooth Discoloration Induced by Tooth-Colored Mineral Trioxide Aggregate and Calcium-Enriched Mixture Cement

Introduction: There are numerous factors that can lead to tooth discoloration after endodontic treatment, such as penetration of endodontic materials into the dentinal tubules during root canal treatment. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare discoloration induced by tooth colored mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement in extracted human teeth. Methods and Materials: Thirty two dentin-enamel cuboid blocks (7×7×2 mm) were prepared from extracted maxillary central incisors. Standardized cavities were prepared in the middle of each cube, leaving 1 mm of enamel and dentin on the labial surface. The specimens were randomly divided into two study groups (n=12) and two positive and negative control groups (n=4). In either study groups the cavities were filled with MTA or CEM cement. The positive and negative control groups were filled with blood or left empty, respectively. The cavities were sealed with composite resin and stored in normal saline. Color measurement was carried out by spectrophotometry at different time intervals including before (T0), and 1 week (T1), 1 month (T2) and 6 months (T3) after placement of materials. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare the discoloration between the groups; the material type was considered as the inter-subject factor. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: No significant differences were detected between the groups in all time intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Tooth discoloration was similarly detectable with both of the two experimental materials.
Perceived Distributive Injustice, the Key Factor in Nurse’s Disruptive Behaviors: A Qualitative Study

Introduction: Disruptive behaviors are one of the most topics affecting the wellbeing of organizations, therefore, it has become a significant research area. The purpose of this study was to determine experiences and perceptions of nurses who were involved in disruptive behaviors. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted by using a conventional content analysis. The data was obtained through 15 unstructured and in-depth interviews with nurses in six hospitals of Tehran city, Iran. A purposive sampling method was used. All interviews were recorded, typed and analyzed simultaneously. Results: The main theme obtained from the nurses’ views and experiences analysis about disruptive behaviors were injustice and discrimination in hospitals including injustice in payments, work division, interactions, and judgment and evaluations. Conclusion: It seems that the best way to prevent and correct the disruptive behaviors was to eliminate the perceived nurses’ injustice feeling and establishment the justice and fairness in organizations.
Age and Activity-Level Differences in the Use of Exercise Imagery

The purposes of this study were to assess age, gender, and activity level differences in the use of exercise imagery. The participants included 401 individuals between the ages of 18 to 65 (M = 38.75, SD = 13.75) who completed demographic assessments, a measure of leisure time exercise (Godin & Shephard, 1985), and the Exercise Imagery Inventory (Giacobbi, Hausenblas, & Penfield, 2005). The results indicated that active individuals used appearance/health imagery significantly more than those who were less active while a significant age by activity level interaction was also observed. Pairwise comparisons revealed that 18- to 25-yars olds who were more active reported significantly greater use of exercise technique than 45- to 65-year old individuals within the same activity level classification. A significant gender-by-age interaction also revealed that 18- to 25-year-old males reported significantly greater use of technique imagery than 45- to 65-year old males. Theoretical and practical issues in the study of mental imagery within exercise settings are discussed.
Animals, Emperors, Senses: Exploring a Story-based Learning Design in a Museum Setting

The aim of this qualitative case study was to explore the use of stories as tools for learning within formal and informal learning environments. The design was based on three areas of interest: (a) the story as a tool for learning; (b) the student as subjects engaging with the story; and (c) the context in which the story learning activity takes place. In this study, students were engaged in a themed exhibit about human and animal senses at a public science centre. A story was created to support students’ engagement and interaction with the themed exhibit. The story was specially designed to provide opportunities for designing and conducting inquiry-based investigations in pre- and post-activities at school and at the science centre. Seven classes (20–25 students each) from third to sixth grade participated in the study. Four classes where fourth graders. Grades 3, 5, and 6 were each represented by one class. Data were collected through observations, teacher and student interviews, lesson plans, and assignments in a period of six months. The analysis of the data showed that three parameters influenced the use of the story: (a) the ways in which teachers used the story; (b) students’ and teachers’ understanding of the story-based learning activities; and (c) structural and design components of the story. These findings illustrate the value of stories, as learning tools, in science education and have implications for story-based learning designs in formal and informal learning environments.
BreaKmer: detection of structural variation in targeted massively parallel sequencing data using kmers

Genomic structural variation (SV), a common hallmark of cancer, has important predictive and therapeutic implications. However, accurately detecting SV using high-throughput sequencing data remains challenging, especially for ‘targeted’ resequencing efforts. This is critically important in the clinical setting where targeted resequencing is frequently being applied to rapidly assess clinically actionable mutations in tumor biopsies in a cost-effective manner. We present BreaKmer, a novel approach that uses a ‘kmer’ strategy to assemble misaligned sequence reads for predicting insertions, deletions, inversions, tandem duplications and translocations at base-pair resolution in targeted resequencing data. Variants are predicted by realigning an assembled consensus sequence created from sequence reads that were abnormally aligned to the reference genome. Using targeted resequencing data from tumor specimens with orthogonally validated SV, non-tumor samples and whole-genome sequencing data, BreaKmer had a 97.4% overall sensitivity for known events and predicted 17 positively validated, novel variants. Relative to four publically available algorithms, BreaKmer detected SV with increased sensitivity and limited calls in non-tumor samples, key features for variant analysis of tumor specimens in both the clinical and research settings.
Listening to the monkey: Class, youth and the formation of a musical habitus

This article explores the musical lives and music-related activities of a group of young people living on a deprived housing estate in North East England. Through the use of ethnography, I uncover how central aspects of these young people’s taste for, and uses of, their preferred ‘new monkey’ music function in respect of the values inscribed in their community’s past, the problems and challenges facing them in the present, as well as their anticipations of the future. To help think through the complex and sometimes contradictory processes at work within these young musico-cultural lives, I employ and specifically adapt a key Bourdieusian concept to encouraging thinking about such issues in terms of a musical habitus. As an invitation to explore the nexus of personal, social and historical factors that conjoin music’s possibilities with the contexts and conditions of lived practices, the concept of musical habitus reveals substantial explanatory potential.