Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Haline hurricane wake in the Amazon/Orinoco plume: AQUARIUS/SACD and SMOS observations

At its seasonal peak the Amazon/Orinoco plume covers a region of 106 km2in the western tropical Atlantic with more than 1 m of extra freshwater, creating a near‐surface barrier layer (BL) that inhibits mixing and warms the sea surface temperature (SST) to >29°C. Here new sea surface salinity (SSS) observations from the Aquarius/SACD and SMOS satellites help elucidate the ocean response to hurricane Katia, which crossed the plume in early fall, 2011. Its passage left a 1.5 psu high haline wake covering >105 km2 (in its impact on density, the equivalent of a 3.5°C cooling) due to mixing of the shallow BL. Destruction of this BL apparently decreased SST cooling in the plume, and thus preserved higher SST and evaporation than outside. Combined with SST, the new satellite SSS data provide a new and better tool to monitor the plume extent and quantify tropical cyclone upper ocean responses with important implications for forecasting.
SUPPLE: A Practical Parser for Natural Language Engineering Applications

We describe SUPPLE, a freely-available, open source natural language parsing system, implemented in Prolog, and designed for practical use in language engineering (LE) applications. SUPPLE can be run as a stand-alone application, or as a component within the GATE General Architecture for Text Engineering. SUPPLE is distributed with an example grammar that has been developed over a number of years across several LE projects. This paper describes the key characteristics of the parser and the distributed grammar.
Principles and applications of BPCS steganography

Steganography is a technique to hide secret information in some other data without leaving any apparent evidence of data alternation. All of the traditional steganographic techniques have limited information-hiding capacity. They can hide only 10 percent of the data mounts of the vessel. This is because the principle of those techniques was either to replace a special part of the frequency components of the vessel image, or to replace all the least significant bits of a multi-valued image with the secret information.
Turkey: The Slippery Slope from Reformist to Revolutionary Polarization and Democratic Breakdown

Under the Justice and Development Party AKP and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey has become one of the most polarized countries in the world, and has undergone a significant democratic breakdown. This article explains how polarization and democratic breakdown happened, arguing that it was based on the built-in, perverse dynamics of an “authoritarian spiral of polarizing-cum-transformative politics. ” Furthermore, I identify ten causal mechanisms that have produced pernicious polarization and democratic erosion. Turkey’s transformation since 2002 is an example of the broader phenomenon of democratic erosion under new elites and dominant groups. The causes and consequences of pernicious polarization are analyzed in terms of four subperiods: 2002–2006, 2007, 2008–2013, and 2014–present. In the end, what began as a potentially reformist politics of polarization-cum-transformation morphed into an autocratic-revolutionary one. During this process, polarization and AKP policies; the politicization of formative rifts that had been a divisive undercurrent since nation-state formation; structural transformations; and the opposition’s organizational, programmatic, and personal shortcomings fed and reinforced each other.
Generation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Producing Neurons from Precursors of the Embryonic and Adult Forebrain

We have explored the plastic ability of neuronal precursors to acquire different identities by manipulating their surrounding environment. Specifically, we sought to identify potential signals involved in the specification of forebrain dopaminergic neurons. Here we describe culture conditions under which tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression is induced in neuronal precursors, which were derived directly from the embryonic striatum and adult subependyma (SE) of the lateral ventricle or generated from multipotent forebrain stem cells. TH was successfully induced in all of these cell types by 24 hr exposure to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) and glial cell conditioned media (CM). The greatest magnitude of the inductive action was on embryonic striatal precursors. Although FGF2 alone induced limited TH expression in striatal cells (1.1 ± 0.2% of neurons), these actions were potentiated 17.5-fold (19.6 ± 1.5% of neurons) when FGF2 was coadministered with B49 glial cell line CM. Of these TH-immunoreactive cells, ∼15% incorporated bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), indicating that they were newly generated, and 95% coexpressed the neurotransmitter GABA. To investigate whether precursors of the adult forebrain subependyma were competent to respond to the instructive actions of FGF2+CM, they were first labeled in vivo with a pulse of BrdU. Although none of the cells expressed TH in control, 0.2% of total cells showed TH immunoreactivity in FGF2+CM-treated cultures. Under these same conditions only, in vitro-generated precursors from epidermal growth factor-responsive stem cells exhibited TH expression in 10% of their total neuronal progeny. Regulation of neurotransmitter phenotype in forebrain neuronal precursors, by the synergistic action of FGF2 and glial-derived diffusible factors, may represent a first step in understanding how these cells are generated in the embryonic and adult brain and opens the prospect for their manipulation in vitro and in vivo for therapeutic use.
A Framework for Group Key Management for Multicast Security

Internet Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months. Internet Drafts may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is not appropriate to use Internet Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as a "working draft" or "work in progress. " To view the entire list of current Internet-Drafts, please check the "1id-abstracts.txt" listing contained in the Internet-Drafts Shadow Directories on ftp.is. co.za (Africa), ftp.nordu. net (Northern Europe), ftp.nis. garr.it (Southern Europe), munnari.oz. au (Pacific Rim), ftp.ietf. org (US East Coast), or ftp.isi. edu (US West Coast). Abstract This document provides a framework for group key management for multicast security, motivated by three main considerations, namely the multicast application, scalability and trust-relationships among entities. It introduces two planes corresponding to the network entities and functions important to multicasting and to security. The key management plane consists of two hierarchy-levels in the form of a single 'trunk region' (inter-region) and one or more 'leaf regions' (intra-region). These regions are defined to have unique group keys and are open to differing (inter-region or intra-region) group key management protocols. The advantages of the framework among others are that it is scalable, it has reduced complexity and allows the independence in regions of group key management.
Swarm Intelligence Based Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) Approach for Maximizing the Lifetime of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper attempts to undertake the study of maximizing the lifetime of Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are typically power-constrained with limited lifetime, and thus it is necessary to know how long the network sustains its networking operations. Heterogeneous WSNs consists of different sensor devices with different capabilities. We can enhance the quality of monitoring in wireless sensor networks by increasing the coverage area. One of major issue in WSNs is finding maximum number of connected coverage. This paper proposed a Swarm Intelligence, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) based approach. Ant colony optimization algorithm provides a natural and intrinsic way of exploration of search space of coverage area. Ants communicate with their nestmates using chemical scents known as pheromones, Based on Pheromone trail between sensor devices the shortest path is found. The methodology is based on finding the maximum number of connected covers that satisfy both sensing coverage and network connectivity. By finding the coverage area and sensing range, the network lifetime maximized and reduces the energy consumption
Projective simulation applied to the grid-world and the mountain-car problem

We study the model of projective simulation (PS) which is a novel approach to artificial intelligence (AI). Recently it wasshown that the PS agent performs well in a number of simple task environments, also when compared to standard models ofreinforcement learning (RL). In this paper we study the performance of the PS agent further in more complicated scenarios. Tothat end we chose two well-studied benchmarking problems, namely the “grid-world” and the “mountain-car” problem, whichchallenge the model with large and continuous input space. We compare the performance of the PS agent model with those ofexisting models and show that the PS agent exhibits competitive performance also in such scenarios.
A Clinico-Pathological Presentation of Solitary Thyroid Nodule

Background: Thyroid nodules represent a difficult diagnostic problem. They are quite common in the population, while clinically apparent thyroid cancer the principal concern of both patient and physician is comparatively rare. Materials and method: We prospectively evaluated the clinical and pathological profile of 50 consecutive patients presenting with solitary thyroid nodule. Results: Most common age group was 30-39 years (4th decade) with a female: male ratio=6:1. Overall malignancy rate was 32%. The diagnostic assessment by Fine needle aspiration cytology
Understanding Mobile Searcher Attention with Rich Ad Formats

Mobile Search experiences have evolved significantly from a few blue links that require users to click. Recent search and ad units surface instant information to the user in a variety of visually rich formats that include images, horizontal swipes, and vertical scrolls. These innovative experiences call for new metrics and models to better understand searcher behavior on mobile phones. In this paper, we study how the presence of ads and their formats impacts searcher's gaze and satisfaction. We systematically vary presentation format of the sponsored result, while controlling for other factors, such as position and quality of organic results. We experiment with several configurations of text ad and rich ad formats. Our findings indicate that showing rich ad formats improve search experience, by drawing more attention to the information-rich ad and allowing users to interact to view more offers, which increases user satisfaction with search. In addition, we extend prior work by comparing the performance of various models to infer user's gaze from viewport data. Our models improve accuracy of existing viewport-based gaze inference methods by 30% in Pearson's correlation. Together, our findings show that viewport data can be used for fast, accurate and scalable measurement of user attention on a per-element basis, for both ads as well as organic search results.
CagI Is an Essential Component of the Helicobacter pylori Cag Type IV Secretion System and Forms a Complex with CagL

Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of type B gastritis, peptic ulcers, gastric adenocarcinoma and MALT lymphoma, uses the Cag type IV secretion system to induce a strong proinflammatory response in the gastric mucosa and to inject its effector protein CagA into gastric cells. CagA translocation results in altered host cell gene expression profiles and cytoskeletal rearrangements, and it is considered as a major bacterial virulence trait. Recently, it has been shown that binding of the type IV secretion apparatus to integrin receptors on target cells is a crucial step in the translocation process. Several bacterial proteins, including the Cag-specific components CagL and CagI, have been involved in this interaction. Here, we have examined the localization and interactions of CagI in the bacterial cell. Since the cagI gene overlaps and is co-transcribed with the cagL gene, the role of CagI for type IV secretion system function has been difficult to assess, and conflicting results have been reported regarding its involvement in the proinflammatory response. Using a marker-free gene deletion approach and genetic complementation, we show now that CagI is an essential component of the Cag type IV secretion apparatus for both CagA translocation and interleukin-8 induction. CagI is distributed over soluble and membrane-associated pools and seems to be partly surface-exposed. Deletion of several genes encoding essential Cag components has an impact on protein levels of CagI and CagL, suggesting that both proteins require partial assembly of the secretion apparatus. Finally, we show by co-immunoprecipitation that CagI and CagL interact with each other. Taken together, our results indicate that CagI and CagL form a functional complex which is formed at a late stage of secretion apparatus assembly.
Learning While Black: A Culturally Informed Model of the Impostor Phenomenon for Black Graduate Students

This study presents a culturally informed model of the impostor phenomenon construct for Black graduate students who attend predominantly White universities. The impostor phenomenon is an internal sense of intellectual fraudulence and a tendency to attribute success to external factors, such as luck. However, the original construct was conceptualized with a sample of White individuals and may not capture the culturally relevant factors for Black graduate students such as race or racial discrimination. Furthermore, only one empirical study investigates impostor feelings in Black graduate students. The current study addresses these gaps by using focus groups to qualitatively investigate the impostor phenomenon in 12 Black graduate students. Inductive thematic analysis revealed five themes (Awareness of Low Racial Representation, Questioning Intelligence, Expectations, Psychosocial Costs, and Explaining Success Externally) and multiple subthemes. The findings extend the original construct, contribute to a culturally informed framework for understanding the impostor phenomenon in Black graduate students, and have implications for theory, educators, clinicians, and researchers.
Receivers with chip-level decision feedback equalizer for CDMA downlink channels

For the code division multiple access (CDMA) downlink channel, we investigate the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) at chip-level to effectively suppress multiple-access interference (MAI) when the spreading sequences are orthogonal. The structure of the receiver with the chip-level DFE has been investigated and the minimum mean-square error solution has been derived. Due to the inherent structure of the chip-level DFE, some iterative techniques with hard and soft decisions have been proposed. It is shown that the proposed receivers with the chip-level DFE can provide satisfactory performance. In comparison with the adaptive chip-level linear equalizer, the number of users can be doubled by using adaptive chip-level DFE at a bit-error rate of 10/sup -3/. Throughout the paper, we assume that scrambled orthogonal codes are used for spreading sequences.
Frictional dynamics of finger pads are governed by four length-scales and two time-scales

The evolution of the contact area of a finger pad against a surface is critical during tactile interaction, whether for gripping or discriminating surfaces. The contact area made by a finger pad is commonly considered at two distinct length scales corresponding to the gross area, Agross, and to the smaller ridge area, Aridge, that excludes the interstitial spaces between the ridges. Here, these quantities were obtained from high-resolution imaging of contacts during loading and stress relaxation. While AgroSS rapidly reaches an ultimate value, the contact made by the ridges is initially formed from unconnected junctions with a total contact area, Ajunct, which continues to increase for several seconds during the holding period. Thus, the contact area grows in a two-step process where the number of junctions made by the ridges first increases, followed by a growth of their size and connectivity. Immediately after contact the stratum corneum is in a glassy state and the individual junctions form a multiple asperity contact. At longer contact times, the asperities soften owing to the occlusion of moisture excreted from the sweat pores in the ridges. Thus, the real area of contact, Areal, which drives the creation of friction, grows with time at a relatively slow rate. It is concluded that multi-asperity dynamic contact models should be preferred compared with static models in order to describe the physics of finger pad contact mechanics and friction.
Prioritizing Pregnant Women’s Preferences to Receive Health Information Before and During Pregnancy in Semnan in 2014 - 2015

Background: Given that family health is tied to women health, illness, or death of a woman has an adverse effect on the health of her child, family, and community; awareness of women’s preferences in receiving health information can help to improve and modify the methods of informing and providing appropriate services to them, and also makes pregnant women training more efficient and more effective. Objectives: The aim of this study is to prioritize the preferences of women before and during pregnancy on receiving health information. Patients and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on pregnant women who had referred to health care centers affiliated to Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2014. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was developed. Results: The results showed that 17.5% (n = 35) of the participants reported their information needs about physical health to become pregnant, 36% (n = 72) psychological readiness for pregnancy and 57.5% (n = 115) domestic violence and its impact on the health of the mother and fetus. Number of previous delivery had a negative and significant relationship with the pregnant women’s preferences (B = - 1.31, P < 0.001). Conclusions: It is concluded that the most of pregnant women are oblivious to their health for getting pregnant and some of them experience symptoms of mental disorders in reproductive age. The findings show that domestic violence is a hidden and persistent epidemic among the pregnant women. Women, who had more previous delivery, needed this information less.
Effect of Binary Source Companions on the Microlensing Optical Depth Determination toward the Galactic Bulge Field

Currently, gravitational microlensing survey experiments toward the Galactic bulge field use two different methods of minimizing the blending effect for the accurate determination of the optical depth τ. One is measuring τ based on clump giant (CG) source stars, and the other is using "difference image analysis" (DIA) photometry to measure the unblended source flux variation. Despite the expectation that the two estimates should be the same assuming that blending is properly considered, the estimates based on CG stars systematically fall below the DIA results based on all events with source stars down to the detection limit. Prompted by the gap, we investigate the previously unconsidered effect of companion-associated events on τ determination. Although the image of a companion is blended with that of its primary star and thus not resolved, the event associated with the companion can be detected if the companion flux is highly magnified. Therefore, companions work effectively as source stars to microlensing, and thus the neglect of them in the source star count could result in a wrong τ estimation. By carrying out simulations based on the assumption that companions follow the same luminosity function as primary stars, we estimate that the contribution of the companion-associated events to the total event rate is ~5fbi% for current surveys and can reach up to ~6fbi% for future surveys monitoring fainter stars, where fbi is the binary frequency. Therefore, we conclude that the companion-associated events comprise a nonnegligible fraction of all events. However, their contribution to the optical depth is not large enough to explain the systematic difference between the optical depth estimates based on the two different methods.
When Institutional Work Backfires: Organizational Control of Professional Work in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Integrating institutional and role theories, this paper develops a Logics-Roles-Action (LRA) framework for understanding how for-profit organizations structure institutional work to managerially control the work of professionals they employ. Structurally, this institutional work involves three elements: (1) internalizing pluralistic logics (logics), (2) institutionalizing distinct roles embedded in these logics (roles), and (3) scripting goal-oriented role enactment plans (action). The LRA framework also posits that social knowledge of clients and publics is a critical factor in precipitating institutional change from the institutional work of organizations, whether intended or not. An empirical examination of the LRA framework in the pharmaceutical industry evidences four distinct organizational strategies that script role enactments of sales professionals in their interactions with physicians. Each strategy is intended to reaffirm prevailing institutional logics, but eventually backfires by disrupting the very institutional structures that it seeks to maintain and replicate. We show that this disruptive effect is mediated by changes in the social knowledge of institutional work. We close with theoretical and managerial implications for organizational structuring of institutional work and dynamics of institutional change.
A Firm Level Study of Information Technology Productivity by Industry Using Financial and Market Based Measures

Information technology productivity has been studied on a macroeconomic level, a specific application level, as well as at a firm level. None of these studies has firmly determined whether there is an absence of productivity gains despite increased information technology expenditures (often known as the Productivity Paradox). This study reviews a specific year, 1995, using publicly available InformationWeek data from their IW 500 and analyzes productivity of the firm using both market and financial based measures stratified by overall industry type. This study is to determine whether a Productivity Paradox is observed after eliminating the overall industry impact.
From implementation to design: tailoring and the emergence of systematization in CSCW

In this paper, we look at how people working in a governmental labor inspection agency tailor their shared PC environment. Starting with standard off-the-shelf software, the tailors adapt that software to the particular workplace in which they are embedded, at the same time that they modify and extend the practices of that workplace. Over time, their adaptations and the tailoring processes themselves become structured and systematized within the organization. This tendency toward systematization is in part a response to the requirement that the results of tailoring be sharable across groups of users. Our study focuses on several dimensions of the work of tailoring: construction, organizational change, learning, and politics. We draw two kinds of lessons for system development: how better to support the work of tailors, and how system developers can learn from and cooperate with tailors.