Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fat mass exerts a greater effect on cortical bone mass in girls than boys.

CONTEXT It is unclear whether fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) differ in the way they influence cortical bone development in boys and girls. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate the contributions of total body FM and LM to parameters related to cortical bone mass and geometry. DESIGN/SETTING We conducted a longitudinal birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. PARTICIPANTS A total of 4005 boys and girls (mean age, 15.5 yr) participated in the study. OUTCOME MEASURES We measured cortical bone mass, cortical bone mineral content (BMC(C)), cortical bone mineral density, periosteal circumference (PC), and endosteal circumference by tibial peripheral quantitative computed tomography. RESULTS LM had a similar positive association with BMC(C) in boys and girls [regression coefficients with 95% confidence interval (CI); P for gender interactions: boys/girls, 0.952 (0.908, 0.997); P = 0.85]. However, the mechanisms by which LM influenced bone mass differed according to gender because LM was positively associated with PC more strongly in girls [boys, 0.579 (0.522, 0.635); girls, 0.799 (0.722, 0.875); P < 0.0001], but was only associated with cortical bone mineral density in boys [boys, 0.443 (0.382, 0.505); girls, 0.014 (-0.070, 0.097); P < 0.0001]. There was a stronger positive association between FM and BMC(C) in girls [boys, 0.227 (0.185, 0.269); girls, 0.355 (0.319, 0.392); P < 0.0001]. This reflected both a greater positive association of FM with PC in girls [boys, 0.213 (0.174, 0.253); girls, 0.312 (0.278, 0.347); P = 0.0002], and a stronger negative association with endosteal circumference(PC) [boys, -0.059 (-0.096, 0.021); girls, -0.181 (-0.215, -0.146); P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSIONS Whereas LM stimulates the accrual of cortical bone mass to a similar extent in boys and girls, FM is a stronger stimulus for accrual of cortical bone mass in girls, reflecting a greater tendency in females for FM to stimulate periosteal growth and suppress endosteal expansion.
Charitable Giving of Alumni : Microdata Evidence From A Large Public

This research examines the "age-donation" profile of gift-giving alumniai a large public university, based on a pooled micro-data random sample of 4,242 alumni (1926/27-1989/90 graduates) who gave cash gifts during the 1975/76-1989/90 fiscal years. The covariance regression model results indicate lack of statistically significant difference between gift-giving women and men. However, the School of Business graduates, alumni who proceeded to obtain graduate degrees from this university, and alumni members of non-Greek social organizations gave significantly more. Moreover, alumni contributions varied systematically over the business cycle and a 1962 Federal Court Order to desegregate the university racially reduced donationshut not significantly. Given the 63-year cycle studied, the growth rates of alumni donations of money are projected to decline after roughly age 52, which falls short of the typical retirement age.
Effects of Workplace Generalized and Sexual Harassment on Abusive Drinking Among First Year Male and Female College Students: Does Prior Drinking Experience Matter?

ABSTRACT Background: Workplace harassment, a known risk factor for adult drinking, is understudied in college samples, but may help explain observed gender differences in drinking patterns. Objective: We examine effects of sexual and generalized workplace harassment on changes in drinking behavior over the first semesters of college, and the extent to which these effects differ based on prematriculation drinking for men and women students. Method: Data derive from two waves of a longitudinal study of eight Midwestern colleges and universities. Data were collected from 2080 employed students via a Web-based survey assessing sexual and generalized workplace harassment, stressful life events, drinking to intoxication, and binge drinking prior to freshman year (fall 2011) and approximately one year later (summer to fall 2012). At baseline, lifetime drinking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, and demographics were also assessed. Results: Linear-mixed modeling indicated that employed women students who were frequent drinkers prematriculation were at risk for high levels of drinking associated with workplace harassment, while men who were nondrinkers were most at risk of increasing problem drinking over time when exposed to workplace harassment. Conclusions: Alcohol use prevention efforts directed towards employed students are needed both prior to and during college, to instruct students how to identify workplace harassment and cope in healthier ways with stressful workplace experiences. These efforts might be particularly useful in stemming problematic drinking among women who drink frequently prior to college, and preventing men who are nondrinkers upon college entry from initiating problematic drinking during subsequent enrollment years.
Media construction of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict : the case of the German press and the German public

Abstract: Based on the assumption that acceptance and effects of media frames depend on the audience's a priori understanding of the respective issue, the present paper combines findings of the Anti-Semitism and the Criticism of Israel (ASCI) survey with a series of content-analytical and experimental studies on the media coverage of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the German press. The results of the studies indicate that the short time effects of media peace frames must not be overestimated. In the long run, however, peace journalism will strengthen the peace forces within society, and reduce the share of hard-liners on both sides.
Genetic Influences on Midlife Functioning

R egardless of the definition of “midlife,” most of the research in this area is typically normative. Behavioral genetic designs, on the other hand, focus on individual differences, on partitioning genetic and environmental sources. Our goal in this chapter is to provide a review of behavioral genetic studies of midlife, focusing, when possible, on longitudinal findings. Surprisingly little research of this nature has been explicitly devoted to the adult years (between 30 and 65 years of age), although several twin and family studies are either maturing into midlife, have included individuals in midlife because they were parents of adolescents, or have included participants under the age of 65 in studies of aging.
Quantitative genetic inheritance of morphological divergence in a lake–stream stickleback ecotype pair: implications for reproductive isolation

Ecological selection against hybrids between populations occupying different habitats might be an important component of reproductive isolation during the initial stages of speciation. The strength and directionality of this barrier to gene flow depends on the genetic architecture underlying divergence in ecologically relevant phenotypes. We here present line cross analyses of inheritance for two key foraging‐related morphological traits involved in adaptive divergence between stickleback ecotypes residing parapatrically in lake and stream habitats within the Misty Lake watershed (Vancouver Island, Canada). One main finding is the striking genetic dominance of the lake phenotype for body depth. Selection associated with this phenotype against first‐ and later‐generation hybrids should therefore be asymmetric, hindering introgression from the lake to the stream population but not vice versa. Another main finding is that divergence in gill raker number is inherited additively and should therefore contribute symmetrically to reproductive isolation. Our study suggests that traits involved in adaptation might contribute to reproductive isolation qualitatively differently, depending on their mode of inheritance.
“It is better to die”: experiences of traditional health practitioners within the HIV treatment as prevention trial communities in rural South Africa (ANRS 12249 TasP trial)

ABSTRACT The ANRS 12249 Treatment-as-Prevention (TasP) cluster-randomized trial in rural South Africa uses a “test and treat” approach. Home-based testing services and antiretroviral treatment initiation satellite clinics were implemented in every cluster as part of the trial. A social science research agenda was nested within TasP with the aim of understanding the social, economic and contextual factors that affect individuals, households, communities and health systems with respect to TasP. Considering the rural nature of the trial setting, we sought to understand community perceptions and experiences of the TasP Trial interventions as seen through the eyes of traditional health practitioners (THPs). A qualitative study design was adopted using four repeat focus group discussions conducted with nine THPs, combined with community walks and photo-voice techniques, over a period of 18 months. A descriptive, interpretive and explanatory approach to analysis was adopted. Findings indicate that THPs engaged with the home-based testing services and HIV clinics established for TasP. Specifically, home-based testing services were perceived as relatively successful in increasing access to HIV testing. A major gap observed by THPs was linkage to HIV clinics. Most of their clients, and some of the THPs themselves, found it difficult to use HIV clinics due to fear of labelling, stigma and discrimination, and the ensuing personal implications of unsolicited disclosure. On the one hand, a growing number of patients diagnosed with HIV have found sanctuary with THPs as alternatives to clinics. On the other hand, THPs in turn have been struggling to channel patients suspected of HIV into clinics through referrals. Therefore, acceptability of the TasP test and treat approach by THPs is a major boost to the intervention, but further success can be achieved through strengthened ties with communities to combat stigma and effectively link patients into HIV care, including partnerships with THPs themselves.
Increased levels of SV2A botulinum neurotoxin receptor in clinical sensory disorders and functional effects of botulinum toxins A and E in cultured human sensory neurons

Background There is increasing evidence that botulinum neurotoxin A may affect sensory nociceptor fibers, but the expression of its receptors in clinical pain states, and its effects in human sensory neurons, are largely unknown. Methods We studied synaptic vesicle protein subtype SV2A, a receptor for botulinum neurotoxin A, by immunostaining in a range of clinical tissues, including human dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, peripheral nerves, the urinary bladder, and the colon. We also determined the effects of botulinum neurotoxins A and E on localization of the capsaicin receptor, TRPV1, and functional sensitivity to capsaicin stimuli in cultured human dorsal root ganglion neurons. Results Image analysis showed that SV2A immunoreactive nerve fibers were increased in injured nerves proximal to the injury (P = 0.002), and in painful neuromas (P = 0.0027); the ratio of percentage area SV2A to neurofilaments (a structural marker) was increased proximal to injury (P = 0.0022) and in neuromas (P = 0.0001), indicating increased SV2A levels in injured nerve fibers. In the urinary bladder, SV2A nerve fibers were found in detrusor muscle and associated with blood vessels, with a significant increase in idiopathic detrusor over-activity (P = 0.002) and painful bladder syndrome (P = 0.0087). Colon biopsies showed numerous SV2A-positive nerve fibers, which were increased in quiescent inflammatory bowel disease with abdominal pain (P = 0.023), but not in inflammatory bowel disease without abdominal pain (P = 0.77) or in irritable bowel syndrome (P = 0.13). In vitro studies of botulinum neurotoxin A-treated and botulinum neurotoxin E-treated cultured human sensory neurons showed accumulation of cytoplasmic vesicles, neurite loss, and reduced immunofluorescence for the heat and capsaicin receptor, TRPV1. Functional effects included dose-related inhibition of capsaicin responses on calcium imaging after acute treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E. Conclusion Differential levels of SV2A protein expression in clinical disorders may identify potential new targets for botulinum neurotoxin therapy. In vitro studies indicate that treatment with botulinum neurotoxins A and E may affect receptor expression and nociceptor function in sensory neurons.
Study of the status of occupational ennui of college physical education teachers in Henan province and its relation with the occupational self concept

The author studied the status of occupational ennui of college physical education teachers in Henan province and its relation with the occupational self concept,and revealed the following findings: 1) in an overall sense the degree of occupational ennui of college physical education teachers in Henan province is not serious,but their emotional exhaustion is relatively evident;2) occupational ennui of physical education teachers is significantly correlative with the occupational self concept;3) the job satisfaction,teacher and student relationship and interper-sonal perception in the occupational self concept play a significant role in predicting occupational ennui.
A Behavioral and Neural Evaluation of Prospective Decision-Making under Risk

Making the best choice when faced with a chain of decisions requires a person to judge both anticipated outcomes and future actions. Although economic decision-making models account for both risk and reward in single-choice contexts, there is a dearth of similar knowledge about sequential choice. Classical utility-based models assume that decision-makers select and follow an optimal predetermined strategy, regardless of the particular order in which options are presented. An alternative model involves continuously reevaluating decision utilities, without prescribing a specific future set of choices. Here, using behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, we studied human subjects in a sequential choice task and use these data to compare alternative decision models of valuation and strategy selection. We provide evidence that subjects adopt a model of reevaluating decision utilities, in which available strategies are continuously updated and combined in assessing action values. We validate this model by using simultaneously acquired fMRI data to show that sequential choice evokes a pattern of neural response consistent with a tracking of anticipated distribution of future reward, as expected in such a model. Thus, brain activity evoked at each decision point reflects the expected mean, variance, and skewness of possible payoffs, consistent with the idea that sequential choice evokes a prospective evaluation of both available strategies and possible outcomes.
Sustained agile usage: a systematic literature review

Context: Agile methodologies (AM) emerged as a popular alternative to formalized methods, and have gained widespread acceptance in both the academic and industrial contexts. While most research has focused on their early stages of adoption and use, there is little evidence that agile methodologies have been effectively used beyond the adoption stage. Objective: The objective of this paper is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the various factors that impact the sustained usage of agile methods. Method: We performed a systematic literature review to identify empirical studies relating to agile usage. We followed the guidelines provided for conducting systematic literature reviews in software engineering [<u>1, 2</u>] using the following distinct stages: 1) protocol development and the search strategy, 2) exclusion process, 3) data extraction, and 4) data synthesis. Results: Our review identified nine critical factors viz., Management Support, Attitude, Motivation, Team Composition, Training, Agile Mindset, Technical Competence and Expertise, Agile Engineering Practices, and Methodology Champion. Conclusions: Our review highlights the significance of nine critical factors that impact sustained usage of AM in organizations. Our findings also indicate that the right balance and combination of various factors with an emphasis on continuous improvement will be crucial for achieving true agile sustainability in organizations.
Molecular Detection of Lymph Node Metastases in Breast Cancer Patients: Results of a Multicenter Trial Using the One-Step Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay

Purpose: Accurate assessment of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) of breast cancer is important but involves a heavy workload for the pathologist. We conducted a multicenter clinical trial in Japan to evaluate a new automated assay system for cytokeratin 19 mRNA, the one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay (Sysmex), to detect lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. Experimental Design: Surgically obtained axillary lymph nodes were sectioned into four pieces, two of which were examined with the OSNA assay. The other two adjacent pieces were examined with H&E and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratin 19. Serial sections at 0.2-mm intervals were used in trial 1 to determine the specificity of the OSNA assay, and three pairs of sections cut from the sliced surfaces of the pieces were used in trial 2 to compare the accuracy of the OSNA assay with that of a routine pathologic examination for SLNs in Japan. Results: In trial 1, the sensitivity and specificity were 95.0% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 75.1-99.9%] and 97.1% (95% CI, 91.8-99.4%), respectively, for 124 axillary lymph nodes obtained from 34 patients. In trial 2, the agreement between findings of the assay and of the pathologic examination was 92.9% (95% CI, 90.1-95.1%) for 450 axillary lymph nodes obtained from 164 patients. Conclusion: The OSNA assay can detect lymph node metastasis as accurately as can conventional pathology and thus can be an effective addition to or alternative for rapid intraoperative examination of SLNs.
In Vivo Functional and Myeloarchitectonic Mapping of Human Primary Auditory Areas

In contrast to vision, where retinotopic mapping alone can define areal borders, primary auditory areas such as A1 are best delineated by combining in vivo tonotopic mapping with postmortem cyto- or myeloarchitectonics from the same individual. We combined high-resolution (800 μm) quantitative T1 mapping with phase-encoded tonotopic methods to map primary auditory areas (A1 and R) within the “auditory core” of human volunteers. We first quantitatively characterize the highly myelinated auditory core in terms of shape, area, cortical depth profile, and position, with our data showing considerable correspondence to postmortem myeloarchitectonic studies, both in cross-participant averages and in individuals. The core region contains two “mirror-image” tonotopic maps oriented along the same axis as observed in macaque and owl monkey. We suggest that these two maps within the core are the human analogs of primate auditory areas A1 and R. The core occupies a much smaller portion of tonotopically organized cortex on the superior temporal plane and gyrus than is generally supposed. The multimodal approach to defining the auditory core will facilitate investigations of structure–function relationships, comparative neuroanatomical studies, and promises new biomarkers for diagnosis and clinical studies.
Drift-free multiple description intra video coding

This paper proposes a multiple description coding scheme based on a multi-loop structure, which prevents drift distortion accumulation in intra predicted slices. The drift is compensated by generating a controlled amount of side information used by the decoder whenever any description is lost in the corresponding network path. The experimental results show that intra predicted slices do not suffer from drift and their quality is significantly improved (e.g., 6-8 dB) at reduced redundancy cost, (e.g., 0.2-0.25), in comparison with the open loop implementation. Error propagation in subsequent frames is also evaluated when one description is lost for a whole frame and for two rows of macroblocks. In both cases the overall video quality is significantly improved and considering normal GOP sizes the redundancy introduced by the proposed scheme is negligible.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha levels in blood cord is directly correlated with the body weight of mothers

Obesity has emerged as major public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies indicate that in many regions of the world, children and teenagers are increasingly affected by obesity, which contributes for a pessimistic projection for the near future. Maternal obesity has been implicated in metabolic disorders of the offspring, but there are no biological markers that can be detected early on life that predict the development of obesity in the offspring.
Clinical characteristics and molecular genetic analysis of 22 patients with neonatal diabetes from the South-Eastern region of Turkey: predominance of non-KATP channel mutations

Background Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) is a rare form of monogenic diabetes and usually presents in the first 6 months of life. We aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and molecular genetics of a large Turkish cohort of NDM patients from a single centre and estimate an annual incidence rate of NDM in South-Eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Design and methods NDM patients presenting to Diyarbakir Children State Hospital between 2010 and 2013, and patients under follow-up with presumed type 1 diabetes mellitus, with onset before 6 months of age were recruited. Molecular genetic analysis was performed. Results Twenty-two patients (59% males) were diagnosed with NDM (TNDM-5; PNDM-17). Molecular genetic analysis identified a mutation in 20 (95%) patients who had undergone a mutation analysis. In transient neonatal diabetes (TNDM) patients, the genetic cause included chromosome 6q24 abnormalities (n=3), ABCC8 (n=1) and homozygous INS (n=1). In permanent neonatal diabetes (PNDM) patients, homozygous GCK (n=6), EIF2AK3 (n=3), PTF1A (n=3), and INS (n=1) and heterozygous KCNJ11 (n=2) mutations were identified. Pancreatic exocrine dysfunction was observed in patients with mutations in the distal PTF1A enhancer. Both patients with a KCNJ11 mutation responded to oral sulphonylurea. A variable phenotype was associated with the homozygous c. -331C>A INS mutation, which was identified in both a PNDM and TNDM patient. The annual incidence of PNDM in South-East Anatolian region of Turkey was one in 48 000 live births. Conclusions Homozygous mutations in GCK, EIF2AK3 and the distal enhancer region of PTF1A were the commonest causes of NDM in our cohort. The high rate of detection of a mutation likely reflects the contribution of new genetic techniques (targeted next-generation sequencing) and increased consanguinity within our cohort.