Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leaf Development

Abstract The shoot system is the basic unit of development of seed plants and is composed of a leaf, a stem, and a lateral bud that differentiates into a lateral shoot. The most specialized organ in angiosperms, the flower, can be considered to be part of the same shoot system since floral organs, such as the sepal, petal, stamen, and carpel, are all modified leaves. Scales, bracts, and certain kinds of needle are also derived from leaves. Thus, an understanding of leaf development is critical to an understanding of shoot development. Moreover, leaves play important roles in photosynthesis, respiration and photoperception. Thus, a full understanding of leaves is directly related to a full understanding of seed plants. The details of leaf development remain unclear. The difficulties encountered in studies of leaf development, in particular in dicotyledonous plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Henyn. , are derived from the complex process of leaf development, during which the division and elongation of cells occur at the same time and in the same region of the leaf primordium (Maksymowych, 1963; Poethig and Sussex, 1985). Thus, we cannot divide the entire process into unit processes in accordance with the tenets of classical anatomy. Genetic approaches in Arabidopsis, a model plant (Meyerowitz and Pruitt, 1985), have provided a powerful tool for studies of mechanisms of leaf development in dicotyledonous plants, and various aspects of the mechanisms that control leaf development have been revealed in recent developmental and molecular genetic studies of Arabidopsis (for reviews, see Tsukaya, 1995 and 1998; Van Lijsebettens and Clarke, 1998; Sinha, 1999; Van Volkenburgh, 1999; Tsukaya, 2000; Byrne et al., 2001; Dengler and Kang, 2001; Dengler and Tsukaya, 2001; Tsukaya, 2001). In this review, we shall examine the information that is currently available about various mechanisms of leaf development in Arabidopsis. Vascular patterning is also an important factor in the determination of leaf shape, and this topic is reviewed in this resource by Turner (see also Dengler and Kang, 2001). The interested reader is also referred to work on the basic characterization of the vascular patterning in foliage leaves of Arabidopsis has been carried out by Candela et al. (1999) and Semiarti et al. (2001). For terminology, see Fig. 1.
A CFAR Adaptive Subspace Detector Based on a Single Observation in System-Dependent Clutter Background

In this paper, the problem of detecting target in system-dependent clutter (SDC) background with a single observation from the test cell is researched. Classical detectors, such as the generalized likelihood ratio detectors (GLRDs) and the adaptive matched filters (AMFs), etc., usually deal with the clutter and the noise as a whole. The low rank detectors (LRDs) make use of the low rank property of the clutter to improve the detection performance. However, the performance of LRDs degrades when the signal is not orthogonal with respect to (w.r.t.) the clutter. In this paper, an adaptive subspace detector for SDC (SDC-ASD) background which deals with the clutter and the noise separately is proposed. The SDC-ASD designs the test statistic by replacing the signal and the clutter covariance matrix with their maximum likelihood estimations (MLEs). Its theoretical false alarm probability and detection probability are analytically deduced. Analytical results show that the test statistic has the form of non-central F distribution. Besides, it is shown that the SDC-ASD has constant false alarm rate (CFAR) performance w.r. t. the clutter and the noise. Numerical experiments are provided to validate the detection performance of the SDC-ASD in dealing with the target detection in SDC background.
Paediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: epidemiology and outcome.

INTRODUCTION Little information is available regarding the outcome of children in our local population who sustained pre-hospital cardiac arrest. This study was performed to determine the survival rate among children after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, to describe the epidemiology, and to identify predictors of survival. METHODS The records of 85 children who presented to a paediatric emergency department in cardiac arrest, between 1 June 1997 and 31 September 2001, were reviewed. The characteristics of the patients, cardiac arrest circumstances, and the outcomes of arrest were analysed. RESULTS 85 children presented to the emergency department in cardiac arrest during the 52-month study period. 26 out of 85 children (30.6 percent) with cardiac arrest had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after resuscitation efforts at the emergency department. Only four (4.7 percent) survived to be discharged from hospital and three of them survived beyond one year. Two of the cardiac arrest survivors had no change in the neurological status, with the remaining two sustaining severe neurological deficits. Emergency medical service was activated in only 63.7 percent of the patients. 34 percent of the arrests were witnessed, and only 22.9 percent of the children received bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). The positive predictors for survival to hospital discharge in a bivariate analysis were witnessed arrest (p-value is equal to 0.012), presence of bystander CPR (p-value is equal to 0.003), and duration of resuscitation (p-value is equal to 0.028). None who had more than 30 minutes of resuscitation in the emergency department survived. In a multivariate analysis with a logistic regression model, the only two independent predictors of ROSC were witnessed arrest (odds ratio is 3.049; 95% confidence interval [CI] is 1.101-8.444; p-value is equal to 0.032) and duration of resuscitation (odds ratio is 0.353; 95% CI is 0.146 - 0.854; p-value is equal to 0.021). CONCLUSION Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in children has a poor prognosis and prolonged resuscitation at the emergency department beyond 30 minutes does not improve survival.
The evolution of a DTN routing protocol - PRoPHETv2

Research within Delay- and Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN) has evolved into a mature research area. PRoPHET is a routing protocol for DTNs that was developed when DTN research was in its infancy and which has been studied by many. In this paper we investigate how the protocol can evolve to meet new challenges that has been identified through research and practical experience. We propose some minor modifications to the routing metric calculations done in PRoPHET which has potential to alleviate some issues and improve the performance of the protocol. Using these modifications, we define an updated version of the protocol called PRoPHETv2. We run simulations to verify the operation of the protocol and compare its performance against the original version of the protocol as well as some other routing protocols. The evaluations are done using both traces from an existing DTN deployment and a synthetic mobility model. Since the basic mechanisms of the protocol remain the same, migrating existing implementations to the new version of PRoPHET is possible with limited effort.
Self-Powered RFID Sensor Tag for Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis of Transformer Winding

This paper presents a transformer winding fault diagnosis and prognosis method based on self-powered radio frequency identification (RFID) sensor tag. The proposed RFID sensor tag, which consists of RFID tag, power management circuit, MCU, and accelerometer, can acquire the vibration signals of transformer winding from the tank by accelerometer, and then wirelessly transmit the signals to the RFID reader. An inductive energy harvester utilizing surrounding magnetic field is optimized as power supply for the proposed sensor tag, including the MCU and the accelerometer. A customized ac–dc converter together with a low-dropout voltage regulator is designed to provide stable dc voltage for the proposed sensor tag. The RFID reader compiles the data from all the RFID sensor tags and then transmits them to the remote monitoring software which is developed to display the diagnosis results and alert messages. The experimental results show that the proposed energy harvester can provide 197- $\mu \text{w}$ power in a 50-Hz magnetic field, and the ac–dc converter is capable of providing 2.5-V dc voltage to power the circuitry. The measured maximum power consumption of the proposed sensor tag is 147 $\mu \text{w}$ . Furthermore, the achieved reliable communication distance is 13 m in the test scenario. The experimental results show that the proposed method is effective in term of the diagnosis and prognosis of transformer winding.
Relations are more than Bytes: Re-thinking the Benefits of Smart Services through People and Things

Critical approaches to smart technologies have emerged in HCI that question the conditions necessary for smart technologies to benefit people. Smart services rely on a relation of trust and sense of security between people and technology requiring a more expansive definition of security. Using established design methods, we worked with two residents' groups to critically explore and rethink smart services in the home and city. From our data analysis, we derive insights about perceptions and understandings of trust, privacy and security of smart devices, and identify how technological security needs to work in concert with social and relational forms of security for smart services to be effective. We conclude with an orientation for HCI that focuses on designing services for and with smart people and things.
Efficient FPGA Implementations of Point Multiplication on Binary Edwards and Generalized Hessian Curves Using Gaussian Normal Basis

Efficient implementation of point multiplication is crucial for elliptic curve cryptographic systems. This paper presents the implementation results of an elliptic curve crypto-processor over binary fields GF(2m) on binary Edwards and generalized Hessian curves using Gaussian normal basis (GNB). We demonstrate how parallelization in higher levels can be performed by full resource utilization of computing point addition and point-doubling formulas for both binary Edwards and generalized Hessian curves. Then, we employ the ω-coordinate differential formulations for computing point multiplication. Using a lookup-table (LUT)-based pipelined and efficient digit-level GNB multiplier, we evaluate the LUT complexity and time-area tradeoffs of the proposed crypto-processor on an FPGA. We also compare the implementation results of point multiplication on these curves with the ones on the traditional binary generic curve. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first FPGA implementation of point multiplication on binary Edwards and generalized Hessian curves represented by ω-coordinates.
Correlation of cellular immunity with human papillomavirus 16 status and outcome in patients with advanced oropharyngeal cancer.

OBJECTIVE to determine whether the favorable outcome associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) 16-positive oropharyngeal cancer is related to a patient's adaptive immunity. SETTING academic medical center. PATIENTS forty-seven of 66 previously untreated patients (6 of 20 patients with stage III and 41 of 46 with stage IV cancer) in a prospective clinical trial of chemoradiotherapy. INTERVENTION all patients were treated with a single course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by either surgery (for nonresponders) or chemoradiotherapy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES pretreatment levels (percentages and absolute counts) of CD3, CD4, CD8, natural killer, and B cells and overall white blood cell counts were measured by flow cytometry. Correlations of subsets with HPV-16 status, tumor subsite, cancer stage, T class, N class, smoking status, performance status, sex, response to chemoradiotherapy, p53 mutation type, epidermal growth factor receptor expression, and disease-specific and overall survival were determined. RESULTS after a median follow-up of 6.6 years, improved survival was associated with an elevated percentage of CD8 cells (P = .04), a low CD4:CD8 ratio (P = .01), low epidermal growth factor receptor expression (P = .002), and HPV status (P = .02). The percentage of CD8 cells was significantly higher (P = .04) and the CD4:CD8 ratio was significantly lower (P = .02) in HPV-16-positive patients. A higher percentage of CD8 cells was associated with response to induction chemotherapy (P = .02) and complete tumor response after chemoradiotherapy (P = .045). CONCLUSION these findings confirm previous correlations of outcome with circulating CD8 cell levels and support the conjecture that improved adaptive immunity may play a role in the favorable prognosis of patients with HPV-16-positive cancers.
The Venice specimen of Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (Dinosauria, Ornithopoda)

Ouranosaurus nigeriensis is an iconic African dinosaur taxon that has been described on the basis of two nearly complete skeletons from the Lower Cretaceous Gadoufaoua locality of the Ténéré desert in Niger. The entire holotype and a few bones attributed to the paratype formed the basis of the original description by Taquet (1976). A mounted skeleton that appears to correspond to O. nigeriensis has been on public display since 1975, exhibited at the Natural History Museum of Venice. It was never explicitly reported whether the Venice specimen represents a paratype and therefore, the second nearly complete skeleton reported in literature or a third unreported skeleton. The purpose of this paper is to disentangle the complex history of the various skeletal remains that have been attributed to Ouranosaurus nigeriensis (aided by an unpublished field map of the paratype) and to describe in detail the osteology of the Venice skeleton. The latter includes the paratype material (found in 1970 and collected in 1972), with the exception of the left femur, the right coracoid and one manus ungual phalanx I, which were replaced with plaster copies, and (possibly) other manus phalanges. Some other elements (e.g., the first two chevrons, the right femur, the right tibia, two dorsal vertebrae and some pelvic bones) were likely added from other individual/s. The vertebral column of the paratype was articulated and provides a better reference for the vertebral count of this taxon than the holotype. Several anatomical differences are observed between the holotype and the Venice specimen. Most of them can be ascribed to intraspecific variability (individual or ontogenetic), but some are probably caused by mistakes in the preparation or assemblage of the skeletal elements in both specimens. The body length of the Venice skeleton is about 90% the linear size of the holotype. Osteohistological analysis (the first for this taxon) of some long bones, a rib and a dorsal neural spine reveals that the Venice specimen is a sub-adult; this conclusion is supported by somatic evidence of immaturity. The dorsal ‘sail’ formed by the elongated neural spines of the dorsal, sacral and proximal caudal vertebrae characterizes this taxon among ornithopods; a display role is considered to be the most probable function for this bizarre structure. Compared to the mid-1970s, new information from the Venice specimen and many iguanodontian taxa known today allowed for an improved diagnosis of O. nigeriensis.
Overconfidence in Initial Self-Efficacy Judgments: Effects on Decision Processes and Performance

Abstract Judgments of task-specific, expected performance (i.e., self-efficacy) can affect the activities one chooses to pursue and the extent of effort devoted to these activities. However, relatively little is known about the accuracy of self-efficacy judgments or their effects on behavior, performance, and perceptions of performance in complex cognitive tasks. The results of a pilot study and experiment indicate that initial, "first-impression" self-efficacy judgments made in cognitively complex tasks are biased toward overestimates of personal ability (i.e., "overconfidence"). The experiment manipulated performance expectations to illuminate how overestimates of initial self-efficacy affect decision making. Inducing positive expectations produced overconfidence in choice accuracy, but did not increase effort, attention to strategy, or performance relative to mildly negative and strongly negative expectations. In contrast, inducing mildly negative expectations increased effort, attention to strategy, and performance relative to strongly negative expectations. The results suggest that the demotivational effects of initial negative expectations are more robust than the motivational effects of initial positive expectations. ln addition, inducing mildly negative expectations may improve performance more than positive expectations in at least some tasks and settings.
A novel anti-melanoma SRC-family kinase inhibitor

The major drawback of melanoma therapy with BRAF and MAPK inhibitors is the innate and acquired drug resistance. We therefore explored alternative targets and developed a new compound, SAB298, that is a SRC-family kinase (SFK) inhibitor. The drug is cytotoxic to patient-derived melanoma cells regardless of oncogene expression and inhibits tumor growth in vivo. As expected, it inhibited SRC and PI3K activity, and had the additional property of ERBB2 inhibition, that lead to inactivation of the two ERK phosphatases PP2A and SHP2. In 57% of the melanoma cell lines tested, the consequent increase in ERK activity lead to proteolytic degradation of its substrate, the lineage specific transcription factor MITF, likely contributing to growth arrest. Treatment with a combination of SAB298 and AZD6244 (selumetinib), induced a synergistic growth inhibition, suggesting that the new compound could be used in the clinic as a substitute for, or in combination with MAPK inhibitors.
The Osteoblastogenesis Potential of Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Myeloma Patients Who Had Received Intensive Therapy

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by advanced osteolytic lesions resulting from the activation of osteoclasts (OCs) and inhibition of osteoblasts (OBs). OBs are derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow (BM), however the pool and function of BMMSCs in MM patients (MM-BMMSCs) are reduced by myeloma cells (MCs) and cytokines secreted from MCs and related anti-MM treatment. Such reduction in MM-BMMSCs currently cannot be restored by any means. Recently, genetic aberrations of MM-BMMSCs have been noted, which further impaired their differentiation toward OBs. We hypothesize that the MSCs derived from adipose tissue (ADMSCs) can be used as alternative MSC sources to enhance the pool and function of OBs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the osteogenesis ability of paired ADMSCs and BMMSCs in MM patients who had completed intensive therapy. Fifteen MM patients who had received bortezomib-based induction and autologous transplantation were enrolled. At the third month after the transplant, the paired ADMSCs and BMMSCs were obtained and cultured. Compared with the BMMSCs, the ADMSCs exhibited a significantly higher expansion capacity (100% vs 13%, respectively; P = .001) and shorter doubling time (28 hours vs 115 hours, respectively; P = .019). After inducing osteogenic differentiation, although the ALP activity did not differ between the ADMSCs and BMMSCs (0.78 U/µg vs 0.74±0.14 U/µg, respectively; P = .834), the ADMSCs still exhibited higher calcium mineralization, which was determined using Alizarin red S (1029 nmole vs 341 nmole, respectively; P = .001) and von Kossa staining (2.6 E+05 µm2 vs 5 E+04 µm2, respectively; P = .042), than the BMMSCs did. Our results suggested that ADMSCs are a feasible MSC source for enhancing the pool and function of OBs in MM patients who have received intensive therapy.
First evidence of a magnetic field on Vega Towards a new class of magnetic A-type stars ⋆

Aims. We report the detection of a magnetic field on Vega through spe ctropolarimetric observations. Methods. We acquired 257 Stokes V, high signal-to-noise and high-resolution echelle spectra during four consecutive nights wit h the NARVAL spectropolarimeter at the 2-m Telescope Bernard Lyot of Observatoire du Pic du Midi (France). A circularly polarized signal in line profiles is unambiguously detected after comb ining the contribution of about 1200 spectral lines for each spectrum and summing the signal over the 257 spectra. Due to the low amplitude of the polarized signal, various tests have been performed to discard the possibility of a spurious polarized signal. The y all point towards a stellar origin of the polarized signal. Results. Interpreting this polarization as a Zeeman signature leads to a value of−0.6± 0.3 G for the disk-averaged line-of-sight component of the surface magnetic field. This is the first stro ng evidence of a magnetic field in an A-type star which is not an Ap chemically peculiar star. Moreover, this longitudinal magnetic field is smaller by about two orders of magnitude than th e longitudinal magnetic field (taken at its maximum phase) of the most weakly magnetic Ap stars. Magnetic fields similar to the Vega magnet ic field could be present but still undetected in many other A-type stars.
ADjoint: An Approach for the Rapid Development of Discrete Adjoint Solvers

An automatic differentiation tool is used to develop the adjoint code for a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solver. Rather than using automatic differentiation to differentiate the entire source code of the computational fluid dynamics solver, we have applied it selectively to produce code that computes the flux Jacobian matrix and the other partial derivatives that are necessary to compute total derivatives using an adjoint method. The resulting linear discrete adjoint system is then solved using the portable, extensible toolkit for scientific computation. This selective application of automatic differentiation is the central idea behind the automatic differentiation adjoint (ADjoint) approach. This approach has the advantage that it is applicable to arbitrary sets of governing equations and cost functions, and that it is exactly consistent with the gradients that would be computed by exact numerical differentiation of the original solver. Furthermore, the approach is largely automatic, thus avoiding the lengthy development times usually required to develop adjoint solvers for partial differential equations. These significant advantages come at the cost of increased memory requirements for the adjoint solver. Derivatives of drag and lift coefficients are validated, and the low computational cost and ease of implementation of the method are shown.
Examining Augmented Virtuality Impairment Simulation for Mobile App Accessibility Design

With mobile apps rapidly permeating all aspects of daily living with use by all segments of the population, it is crucial to support the evaluation of app usability for specific impaired users to improve app accessibility. In this work, we examine the effects of using our augmented virtuality impairment simulation system--Empath-D--to support experienced designer-developers to redesign a mockup of commonly used mobile application for cataract-impaired users, comparing this with existing tools that aid designing for accessibility. We show that the use of augmented virtuality for assessing usability supports enhanced usability challenge identification, finding more defects and doing so more accurately than with existing methods. Through our user interviews, we also show that augmented virtuality impairment simulation supports realistic interaction and evaluation to provide a concrete understanding over the usability challenges that impaired users face, and complements the existing guidelines-based approaches meant for general accessibility.