Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Machine Translation

This paper reports results of the 1992 Evaluation of machine translation (MT) systems in the DARPA MT initiative and results of a Pre-test to the 1993 Evaluation. The DARPA initiative is unique in that the evaluated systems differ radically in languages translated, theoretical approach to system design, and intended end-user application. In the 1992 suite, a Comprehension Test compared the accuracy and interpretability of system and control outputs; a Quality Panel for each language pair judged the fidelity of translations from each source version. The 1993 suite evaluated adequacy and fluency and investigated three scoring methods.
Adolescent frugality and perseverance as functional extensions of personality

The current study examined how adolescent personality contributes to the development of frugality and perseverance. In addition, the study examined how frugality and perseverance promote parental involvement and school engagement in adolescence. Participants were taken from waves 3, 4, and 5 of the Flourishing Families Project and included 341 two-parent families with at least one adolescent between the ages of 12-15 at Wave 3 (mean age = 13.28, SD = 1.01, 48.4% female), 92.6% of whom had complete data for Wave 4 (1 year later). The first major finding revealed that adolescent conscientiousness, agreeableness, and emotional stability predicted frugality and perseverance via structural equation modeling. The second major finding was that parental involvement promoted adolescent school engagement. The current study helps to better understand the interplay between adolescent personality, frugality, perseverance, parental involvement, and school engagement.
The cucumovirus 2b gene drives selection of inter-viral recombinants affecting the crossover site, the acceptor RNA and the rate of selection

RNA–RNA recombination is an important pathway in virus evolution and has been described for many viruses. However, the factors driving recombination or promoting the selection of recombinants are still unclear. Here, we show that the small movement protein (2b) was able to promote selection of RNA 1/2–RNA 3 recombinants within a chimeric virus having RNAs 1 and 2 from cucumber mosaic virus, and RNA 3 from the related tomato aspermy virus, along with heterologous 2b genes. The source of the 2b also determined the selection of the acceptor RNA and the crossover site, as well as affecting the rate of selection of the recombinant RNAs. The nature of the RNA 3 also influenced the selection of the recombinant RNAs. A 163-nt tandem repeat in RNA 3 significantly affected the rate of selection of the recombinant RNA, while a single nucleotide within the repeat affected the crossover site. The recombination occurred in a non-random manner, involved no intermediates and probably was generated via a copy-choice mechanism during (+) strand RNA synthesis.
Combined Analysis of Two-Year Follow-Up from Two Open-Label Randomized Trials Comparing Efficacy of Three Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Backbones for Previously Untreated HIV-1 Infection: OzCombo 1 and 2

Abstract Purpose: To compare inhibition of HIV replication, improvements in CD4+ T-cell counts, metabolic parameters, and body shape changes after 2 years of assigned therapy in OzCombo patients. Method: Study participants were those who were recruited into the open-label OzCombo 1 (1996/1997) and OzCombo 2 (1997/1998) trials. Patients in OzCombo 1 were randomized to receive indinavir in combination with zidovudine+lamivudine (AZT+3TC; n = 35), stavudine (d4T)+3TC (n = 34), or d4T+didanosine (ddI) (n = 37). OzCombo 2 patients were randomized to the same nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbones with nevirapine (n = 20, 22, 23, respectively). The mean time-weighted changes from baseline in CD4 T-cell count/mL, HIV RNA (log copies/mL plasma), and proportions with detectable viral load (<500 copies plasma HIV RNA/mL) between NRTI arms over 2 years were compared by formal meta-analysis. A cross-sectional study of metabolic and body shape complications was also undertaken. Results: For the comparison of d4T+3TC and d4T+ddI to AZT+3TC, mean differences in time-weighted change from baseline in CD4 T-cell count/μL and log copies HIV RNA/mL adjusted for baseline CD4+ T-cell and HIV RNA counts were: –44 (p = .08) and –14 (p = .56) cells/μL and –0.1 (p = .40) and –0.1 (p = .6) copies/mL. Odds ratios for detectable viral load in the last study quarter were 0.6 (p = .44) and 1.0 (p = .95). The mean percent leg fat was lower in the d4T+3TC and d4T+ddI than the AZT+3TC arm (mean difference 5.1% [p = .07] and 7.6% [p = .02], respectively). Conclusion: For all regimens, virological control and immunological response were maintained over 2 years. Regimens containing d4T and particularly d4T+ddI were significantly associated with increased peripheral fat loss compared with AZT+3TC.
Budget-Feasible Online Incentive Mechanisms for Crowdsourcing Tasks Truthfully

Mobile crowd sensing (MCS) is a new paradigm that takes advantage of pervasive mobile devices to efficiently collect data, enabling numerous novel applications. To achieve good service quality for an MCS application, incentive mechanisms are necessary to attract more user participation. Most existing mechanisms apply only for the offline scenario where all users report their strategic types in advance. On the contrary, we focus on a more realistic scenario where users arrive one by one online in a random order. Based on the online auction model, we investigate the problem that users submit their private types to the crowdsourcer when arriving, and the crowdsourcer aims at selecting a subset of users before a specified deadline for maximizing the value of services (assumed to be a nonnegative monotone submodular function) provided by selected users under a budget constraint. We design two online mechanisms, OMZ and OMG, satisfying the computational efficiency, individual rationality, budget feasibility, truthfulness, consumer sovereignty, and constant competitiveness under the zero arrival-departure interval case and a more general case, respectively. Through extensive simulations, we evaluate the performance and validate the theoretical properties of our online mechanisms.
Student assignment feedback

This paper presents the results of a small scale action research project in which a group of seven Year 2 undergraduate initial teacher education (ITE) students experienced three interventions which were concerned with feedback on essay assignments - provision of traditional written tutor feedback; completion of a tutor feedback analysis worksheet; and an experience of peer marking, with an opportunity for resubmission of work. After each intervention students were asked to reflect on the effectiveness of the intervention. The paper presents a brief overview of recent research on the topic of assignment feedback, and the results of this project are considered in the context of this.
Surveillance of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria in King Khalid Hospital, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia, During 2013

Background Research to understand and control the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a public health priority. Objectives This study was conducted to study epidemiology and resistant pattern of bacteria causing infection in different King Khalid hospital units. Patients and Methods All samples were sent to the lab and routinely processed according to the standard microbiological procedures. Then, the cultures yielding growth were selected for the study. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility test for all clinical isolates were processed by using MicroScan instrumentation. A total of 428 clinical samples were collected within 8 months; out of them, 300 clinical isolates were subjected to validation test. Results Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the commonly identified Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus was the only identified Gram-positive bacterium. The most common infections were taken from the wounds (39.0%), urinary tract (32.3%), and bloodstream (17.8%). The most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria were found on female surgical ward (100%) followed by ICU (90.2%), and male surgical ward (88.2%). The overall results of antibiotic resistance were 100% for S. aureus, 93.3% K. pneumonia, 75.7 % E. coli, and 100% for P. aeruginosa. Staphylococcus aureus showed high resistance to ampicillin and linezolid (94.1%). High (86.95%) and full resistance (100%) against ampicillin were observed from E. coli and K. pneumonia, respectively. P. aeruginosa was fully resistant to 4 antibiotics of cefazoline, cefoxitin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions The study was useful in determining the risk factors and defining different hospital units which should be targeted for measures to prevent infection.
Using generic templates to promote the use of high quality learning designs in higher education

Designing for learning in the higher education sector is a complex task, especially in light of the increasing diversity of the student body. With research pointing to an inverse relationship between student engagement and attrition rates, lecturers need to be mindful of a wide range of student ability levels, socio-economic backgrounds, learning styles, and specific curriculum requirements when designing for their students’ learning. Learning design is a professional activity for which many of our academic staff are not trained. There are examples of learning designs which apply the most recent research into learning but a number of studies have shown that they are not widely utilised in all universities. This current study took a mixed methods approach to explore whether generic templates (a learning design pattern to which subject content can be added) could be used to share well-researched, high quality learning designs across a range of disciplines. The results revealed that generic learning design templates can provide a means for lecturers to access a broad range of learning designs but there are barriers to sharing these in the higher educational sector. At a time when providing students with a quality learning environment is considered highly desirable, it might be time these barriers were reviewed. By using generic templates, lecturers might be encouraged to explore new learning designs and reflect on how their existing teaching approaches affect their students’ learning.
On the discretization schemes for the CIR (and Bessel squared) processes

In this paper, we focus on the simulation of the Cox-Ingersoll-Ross processes and present several discretization schemes of both the implicit and explicit types. We study their strong and weak convergence. We also examine numerically their behaviour and compare them to the schemes already proposed by Deelstra and Delbaen and Diop. Finally, we gather all the results obtained and recommend, in the standard case, the use of one of our explicit schemes.
Effects of Crocin Supplementation during In Vitro Maturation of Mouse Oocytes on Glutathione Synthesis and Cytoplasmic Maturation

Background Crocin is an active ingredient of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) and its antioxidant properties have been previously investigated. This carotenoid scavenges free radicals and stimulates glutathione (GSH) synthesis; consequently, it may protect cells against oxidative stress. The aim of this research is to protect oocytes from oxidative stress by the addition of a natural source antioxidant. Materials and Methods In the present in vitro experimental study, we collected cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) from mouse ovaries of euthanized, 6-8 week-old female Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mice. Oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) in the presence of either crocin (5 or 10 μg/ml), 5 mM buthionine-[S-R]- sulfoximine (BSO), or the combination of crocin plus BSO. Oocytes that matured in vitro in a medium without crocin or BSO supplements were considered as controls. Following 16-18 hours of IVM, matured oocytes (n=631) were fertilized by capacitated sperm from NMRI male mice, and cultured in vitro for up to 96 hours to assess preimplantation embryonic development. The levels of GSH in metaphase II (MII) oocytes after IVM (n=240) were also assessed by the 5, 5-dithio-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-GSH reductase recycling assay. Results Supplementation of IVM media with 10 µg/ml crocin significantly (P<0.05) increased nuclear maturation, preimplantation development and GSH concentrations compared with the control group. Maturation of oocytes in IVM medium supplemented with BSO alone or the combination of 5 µg/ml crocin and BSO drastically decreased GSH concentrations and subsequently resulted in low rates of maturation, fertilization and blastocyst development. However, the combination of 10 µg/ml crocin with 5 mM BSO increased the level of nuclear maturation which was comparable to the control group. Conclusion Supplementation of IVM media with crocin can improve nuclear maturation rates and subsequent developmental potential of mouse oocytes. This may occur by its beneficial effect in increasing GSH concentrations in MII oocytes.
Emotion Transmission in the Classroom Revisited: A Reciprocal Effects Model of Teacher and Student Enjoyment

Enjoyment is one of the most relevant and frequently experienced discrete emotions for both teachers and students in classroom learning contexts. Based on theories of emotion transmission between interaction partners, we propose a reciprocal effects model linking teachers’ and students’ enjoyment in class. The model suggests that there are positive reciprocal links between teachers’ and students’ enjoyment and that these links are mediated by teachers’ and students’ observations of each other’s classroom behaviors. The model was tested using 3-wave longitudinal data collected across the 1st 6 months of a school year from N = 69 teachers (78% female) and their 1,643 students from Grades 5 to 10 (57% female). A multilevel structural equation model confirmed our mediation hypotheses. Teacher enjoyment at the beginning of the school year (Time 1 [T1]) was positively related to student perceptions of teachers’ enthusiasm during teaching 4 weeks later (T2), which was positively related to student enjoyment at midterm (T3). Further, student enjoyment at T1 was positively related to teacher perceptions of their students’ engagement in class at T2, which was positively related to teacher enjoyment at T3. This study is the first to provide longitudinal evidence of reciprocal emotion transmission between teachers and students. Implications for future research and teacher training are discussed.
Awareness and Merge Conflicts in Distributed Software Development

Collaborative software development requires programmers to coordinate their work and merge individual contributions into a consistent shared code base. Traditionally, coordination follows a series of update-modify-commit" cycles, where merge conflicts arise upon committing if individual modifications have diverged and must be explicitly reconciled. Researchers have been suggesting that providing timely awareness information about "who's changing what" may not only help deal with conflicts but, more generally, improve the effectiveness of collaboration. This paper investigates the impact of awareness information in the context of globally distributed software development. Based on an analysis of data from 105 student developers constituting 12 development teams located in different countries, we analyze, among other things: 1) the frequency of merge conflicts and insufficient awareness, 2) the impact of distribution on team awareness, 3) the perceived impact of conflicts and lack of awareness on productivity, motivation, and project punctuality. Our findings include: 1) lack of awareness occurs more frequently than merge conflicts, 2) information about remote team members is missing roughly as often as information about colocated ones, 3) insufficient awareness information affects more negatively programmer's performance than merge conflicts.
Phase and alignment noise in grating interferometers

Diffraction gratings have been proposed as core optical elements in future laser interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. In this paper, we derive equations for the coupling between alignment noise and phase noise at diffraction gratings. In comparison to a standard reflective component (mirror or beam splitter) the diffractive nature of the gratings causes an additional coupling of geometry changes into alignment and phase noise. Expressions for the change in angle and optical path length of each outgoing beam are provided as functions of a translation or rotation of the incoming beam with respect to the grating. The analysis is based entirely on the grating equation and the geometry of the set-up. We further analyse exemplary optical set-ups which have been proposed for the use in future gravitational-wave detectors. We find that the use of diffraction gratings yields a strong coupling of alignment noise into phase noise. By comparing the results with the specifications of current detectors, we show that this additional noise coupling results in new, challenging requirements for the suspension and isolation systems for optical components.
Post-Mortem Memory Analysis of Cold-Booted Android Devices

As recently shown in 2013, Android-driven smartphones and tablet PCs are vulnerable to so-called cold boot attacks. With physical access to an Android device, forensic memory dumps can be acquired with tools like FROST that exploit the remanence effect of DRAM to read out what is left in memory after a short reboot. While FROST can in some configurations be deployed to break full disk encryption, encrypted user partitions are usually wiped during a cold boot attack, such that a post-mortem analysis of main memory remains the only source of digital evidence. Therefore, we provide an in-depth analysis of Android's memory structures for system and application level memory. To leverage FROST in the digital investigation process of Android cases, we provide open-source Volatility plugins to support an automated analysis and extraction of selected Dalvik VM memory structures.
Differential cell cycle and proliferation marker expression in ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN)

Aims: Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive tumour following a multistep progression model through precursors called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). Identification of reliable prognostic markers would help in improving survival. The aim of this study was to investigate the role as well as the prognostic significance of different cell cycle and proliferation markers, namely p21, p27, p53 and Ki‐67, in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Methods: We analysed the expression of p21, p27, p53 and Ki‐67, in 210 ductal pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 40 PanIN‐3 cases and 40 normal controls combined in a tissue microarray. The results were correlated with clinicopathological and follow‐up data. Results: Our study revealed a differential p27, p21, p53, and Ki‐67 expression between ductal adenocarcinoma, PanIN‐3 and normal pancreas. p27 expression progressively decreased from normal pancreas to PanIN and to pancreatic cancer. Decreased p27 and increased p53 expression showed a significant association with the T stage. A Ki‐67 >5% correlated with reduced survival. Conclusions: In pancreatic cancer, loss of p27 and increased p53 expression is associated with a more aggressive phenotype. p27 may play an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. A Ki‐67 >5% independently predicted poor outcome.
An XMM–Newton survey of broad iron lines in Seyfert galaxies

We present an analysis of the X-ray spectra of a sample of 37 observations of 26 Seyfert galaxies observed by XMM–Newton in order to characterize their iron Kα emission. All objects show evidence for iron line emission in the 6–7 keV band. A narrow ‘core’ at 6.4 keV is seen almost universally in the spectra, and we model this using a neutral Compton reflection component, assumed to be associated with distant, optically thick material such as the molecular torus. Once this, and absorption by a zone of ionized gas in the line of sight is accounted for, less than half of the sample observations show an acceptable fit. Approximately two-thirds of the sample shows evidence for further, broadened emission in the iron K band. When modelled with a Gaussian, the inferred energy is close to that expected for neutral iron, with a slight redshift, and an average velocity width of ∼0.1c. The mean parameters are consistent with previous ASCA results and support the idea that the broad components can be associated with the accretion disc. Before proceeding to that conclusion, we test an alternative model comprising a blend of three to four narrow, unshifted emission lines (including the 6.4-keV core), together with one to two zones of highly ionized gas in the line of sight. Around one-third of the objects are not adequately fitted by this model, and in general better fits are obtained with a relativistic disc line model, which has fewer free parameters. None the less we find that absorption by ionized gas affects the spectrum above 2.5 keV in approximately half the sample. There is evidence for multiple ionized zones in at least three objects, but in all those cases a blurred reflector is required in addition to the complex absorption. We also identify a number of narrow emission and absorption features around the Fe complex, and the significance and interpretation of these lines is discussed. After accounting for these additional complexities, we determine the typical parameters for the broad reflection. The emission is found to come, on average, from a characteristic radius ∼15 rg and the average disc inclination is ∼ 40°. The broad reflection is on average significantly weaker, by a factor of ∼2, than that expected from a flat disc illuminated by a point source. Notwithstanding these average properties, the objects exhibit a significant and wide range of reflection parameters. We find that 30 per cent of the sample observations can be explained solely with narrow-line components, with no evidence for broadened emission at all. A further 25 per cent show evidence for significant broad emission, but at a characteristic radius relatively far from the black hole. The remaining ∼45 per cent are best fitted with a relativistically blurred reflection model. In 12/37 observations the characteristic emission radius is constrained to be <50 rg, where the gravitational redshift is measurable. For at least this subsample, our observations verify the potential for X-ray spectroscopy to diagnose the strong-gravity regime of supermassive black holes.