Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizational interdependence and intra-organizational structure.

The relationship between organizational interdependence was investigated specifically the number of joint programs and internal organizational behavior for health and welfare organizations. A model of organizational interdependence produces 5 hypotheses about organizations which are tested with data for 16 social welfare and health organizations located in a midwestern metropolis in 1967. The hypotheses were: a high degree of complexity varies directly with a high number of joint programs; a high degree of program innovation varies directly with a number of joint programs; a high rate of internal communication varies directly with a high number of joint programs; a high degree of centralization varies inversely with a high number of joint programs; and a high degree of formalization varies inversely with a high number of joint programs. 10 organizations were private; 6 were either public or branches of public agencies. These organizations were all the larger welfare organizations that provide rehabilitiation psychiatric services and services for the mentally retarded. Interviews were conducted with 520 staff members of these 16 organizations. The following were among the study findings: 1) organizations with many joint programs were more complex organizations i.e. they were more highly professionalized and had more diversified occupational structures; 2) organizations with many joint programs were more innovative organizations; 3) organizations with many joint programs had more active internal communication channels; 4) organizations with many joint programs had slightly more decentralized decision making structures; and 5) there was no relationship between formalization and the number of joint programs. A greater degree of complexity was observed i.e. more occupational diversity and greater professionalism of staff in those organizations with the most joint programs. Participation in joint programs is 1 mechanism for adding new occupational specialties to the organization at a reduced cost. With an increase in division of labor organizations become more complex and more innovative. The need for resources to support such innovations promotes interdependent relations with organizations and the greater integration of the organizations in a community structure.
Professional/Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction for Employed Lawyers

This paper presents the results of a two part field study designed to examine issues of organizational-professional conflict (OPC) amongst employed layers (corporate counsel). The study adopts the Johnson (1972) collegiate/oligarchic typology, and hypothesises that the unexpectedly low OPC found by Aranya and Ferris (1984) amongst employed accountants is a function of the nature of the profession. It replicates the Aranya and Ferris study using subjects from a collegiate profession where, arguably, external reference groups and traditions are more powerful. Using standard multi-variate analysis, the study suggests that for this sample, OPC is no more of an issue than in the Aranya and Ferris study. There was, however, evidence of career factors impacting strongly upon organizational commitment, suggesting that previous ideas on the nature of the link between professionals and their employers are an oversimplification. The theoretical and practical iplications of these findings are discussed.
Cyclin D1 and Cdk4 protein induction in motor neurons after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The mechanism of spinal cord injury has been thought to be related to the vulnerability of spinal motor neuron cells against ischemia. However, the mechanisms of such vulnerability are not fully understood. We hypothesized that spinal motor neurons might be lost by programmed cell death and investigated a possible mechanism of neuronal death by detection of double-strand breaks in genomic DNA and immunohistochemical analysis for cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) 4. METHODS We used a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model with a balloon catheter. Spinal cord was removed at 8 hours and 1, 2, and 7 days after 15 minutes of transient ischemia, and histological changes were studied with hematoxylin-eosin staining. In situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), DNA fragment with gel electrophoresis, Western blot analysis for cyclin D1 and Cdk4, and temporal profiles of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 immunoreactivity were investigated. RESULTS Most motor neurons were preserved until 2 days but were selectively lost at 7 days of reperfusion. Immunocytochemistry showed positive TUNEL selectively at 2 days of reperfusion in spinal motor neuron nuclei. Typical ladders of oligonucleosomal DNA fragments were detected at 2 days of reperfusion. Immunoreactivity of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 proteins was induced selectively at 8 hours in motor neuron nuclei, which eventually died. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that induction of cyclin D1 and Cdk4 may be implicated in programmed cell death change after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits.
Intravenous iron as adjuvant therapy: a two-edged sword?

The importance of iron in the manufacture of erythrocytes is self-evident. In recent years, the treatment of anaemia of end-stage renal disease with recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin) has been optimized by adequate iron supply. Intravenous therapy with dextran-free iron compounds has become the ideal and necessary companion of epoetin therapy. Anxiety has been expressed by clinicians and researchers over the impact of excess levels of iron following i.v. administration. Their concerns have included the potential for short-term side effects such as anaphylactic reactions and response to 'free iron'. Long-term concerns have included the possibility of increased infection, oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease with higher levels of iron. The literature also implies that i.v. iron could be a 'two-edged sword', i.e. on the one hand, it optimizes epoetin therapy, while on the other, it puts the patient at greater risk of other complications. This review assesses the evidence for these concerns and concludes that i.v. therapy with dextran-free iron compounds, such as iron sucrose, optimizes epoetin therapy with no direct evidence of any short-term or long-term complications.
To unite or divide: mitochondrial dynamics in the murine outer retina that preceded age related photoreceptor loss

Mitochondrial function declines with age and is associated with age-related disorders and cell death. In the retina this is critical as photoreceptor energy demands are the greatest in the body and aged cell loss large (~30%). But mitochondria can fuse or divide to accommodate changing demands. We explore ageing mitochondrial dynamics in young (1 month) and old (12 months) mouse retina, investigating changes in mitochondrial fission (Fis1) and fusion (Opa1) proteins, cytochrome C oxidase (COX III), which reflects mitochondrial metabolic status, and heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) that is a mitochondrial chaperon for protein folding. Western blots showed each protein declined with age. However, within this, immunostaining revealed increases of around 50% in Fis1 and Opa1 in photoreceptor inner segments (IS). Electron microscope analysis revealed mitochondrial fragmentation with age and marked changes in morphology in IS, consistent with elevated dynamics. COX III declined by approximately 30% in IS, but Hsp60 reductions were around 80% in the outer plexiform layer. Our results are consistent with declining mitochondrial metabolism. But also with increased photoreceptor mitochondrial dynamics that differ from other retinal regions, perhaps reflecting attempts to maintain function. These changes are the platform for age related photoreceptor loss initiated after 12 months.
The Temporal Reciprocity of Values and Beliefs: A Longitudinal Study within a Major Life Transition †

Values and beliefs (or social axioms) are important personality constructs, but little previous work has examined the relationship between the two, and none has examined their real–life longitudinal effects on one another. Major life transitions—such as moving to a new culture—can challenge existing values and beliefs and therefore provide a particularly useful context for the analysis of value and belief change. The main aim of this research was to examine whether values may predict theoretically meaningful belief change and vice versa. Polish migrants participated in the study shortly after their arrival in the UK and at two, subsequent, nine–month intervals (N = 172). Cross–lagged effects suggested reciprocal effects of values and beliefs, depending on the value involved. Findings are discussed in light of current debates over personality change, as well as the broader impact of significant life transitions on personality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Saccades and Postsaccadic Oscillations in the Presence of Smooth Pursuit

A novel algorithm for detection of saccades and postsaccadic oscillations in the presence of smooth pursuit movements is proposed. The method combines saccade detection in the acceleration domain with specialized on- and offset criteria for saccades and postsaccadic oscillations. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by comparing the detection results to those of an existing velocity-based adaptive algorithm and a manually annotated database. The results show that there is a good agreement between the events detected by the proposed algorithm and those in the annotated database with Cohen's kappa around 0.8 for both a development and a test database. In conclusion, the proposed algorithm accurately detects saccades and postsaccadic oscillations as well as intervals of disturbances.
The role of deferoxamine in the prevention of gentamicin ototoxicity: a histological and audiological study in guinea pigs

Conclusion. The addition of deferoxamine to gentamicin seems to confer partial functional and histological protection to the cochlea. Objective. Aminoglycosides are known ototoxic agents. The toxicity occurs via an activation process involving the formation of an iron–gentamicin complex with free radical production. Iron chelation will supposedly limit this toxic effect. This study aimed to determine the possible cochleoprotective role of deferoxamine on the ototoxic effect of gentamicin. Materials and methods. Sixty healthy active guinea pigs, weighing 400–600 g, with an average age of 6 months were used. They were divided into three groups. Group 1 received intramuscular gentamicin 8 mg/kg/day, group 2 received gentamicin 8 mg/kg/day and deferoxamine 150 mg/kg twice daily for 19 days and group 3 served as a control. All animals had a baseline measurement of distortion product autoacoustic emissions. At the end of 33 days they were submitted to another measurement and then the animals were sacrificed and their cochleas were examined histologically by light and transmission electron microscopy.Results. In group 1 the mean amplitude post-injection ranged from 5.83 dB at 1001 Hz to 22.33 dB at 6348 Hz. In the deferoxamine + gentamicin group the mean amplitude post-injection ranged from 5.10 dB at 1001 Hz, to 24.45 dB at 6348 Hz. This was statistically significant. At 4004, 5042 and 6348 Hz group 2 showed less histological damage than group 1.
Gender differences in student performance in large lecture classrooms using personal response systems (‘clickers’) with narrative case studies

This study investigated gender differences in science learning between two pedagogical approaches: traditional lecture and narrative case studies using personal response systems (‘clickers’). Thirteen instructors of introductory biology classes at 12 different institutions across the USA and Canada used two types of pedagogy (Clicker Cases and traditional lecture) to teach eight topic areas. Three different sets of multiple regression analysis were conducted for three separate dependent variables: posttest score, change in score from posttest to final, and transfer score. Interactions between gender and pedagogical approach were found across the three analyses. Women either performed better with Clicker Cases, or about the same with either instructional method, but men performed markedly better with lectures in most topic areas. Our results suggest that men and women experience two pedagogical approaches—Clicker Cases and lectures—differently, and that Clicker Cases are more favorable for women than for men.
Desempenho da gestão pública: que variáveis compõem a aprovação popular em pequenos municípios?

A analise da gestao publica desenvolvida neste estudo focaliza fatores explicativos associados ao desempenho dos governos em municipios de pequeno porte. As diferencas encontradas no desempenho da gestao publica em municipios, definidas por alguns fatores especificos que se procura desvendar, sao reveladoras nao so da variedade entre contextos e condicionalidades, como tambem da diversidade de constrangimentos que a descentralizacao encontra nos governos locais. No âmbito da literatura, alguns estudos sinalizam na direcao de que fatores estruturais, como o desempenho fiscal dos governos, determinariam a possibilidade maior ou menor de sucesso de um dado governo local. Outros trabalhos apresentam fatores associados diretamente ao nivel e natureza das demandas e a consequente forma de provisao social, como sendo fundamentais a aprovacao ou nao da gestao. Outros estudos ainda sugerem que as investigacoes prossigam na perspectiva das efetivas condicoes politico-institucionais da implementacao das politicas sociais no âmbito dos municipios. Diante da evidencia de tantos fatores distintos que parecem importar para o desempenho da gestao municipal, e oportuno perguntar: existe uma correlacao entre os atributos da gestao e a avaliacao do seu desempenho? O trabalho analisa um universo de 75 municipios no Nordeste brasileiro, distribuidos entre os estados de Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte e Paraiba, durante a gestao 1993-1996. Discute e elege o Indice de Aprovacao Popular como indicador do desempenho da gestao e investiga a influencia de fatores especificos, supostamente explicativos desse desempenho. Mediante uma analise de “clusters”, os resultados do estudo terminam por apontar semelhancas e diferencas entre grupos de municipios, com niveis distintos de desempenho da gestao, enfatizando a predominância de fatores associados a acao efetiva da gestao como determinantes da aprovacao popular.
Fine-Tuning Synthesis of Yersinia pestis LcrV from Runaway-Like Replication Balanced-Lethal Plasmid in a Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Vaccine Induces Protection against a Lethal Y. pestis Challenge in Mice

ABSTRACT A balanced-lethal plasmid expression system that switches from low-copy-number to runaway-like high-copy-number replication (pYA4534) was constructed for the regulated delayed in vivo synthesis of heterologous antigens by vaccine strains. This is an antibiotic resistance-free maintenance system containing the asdA gene (essential for peptidoglycan synthesis) as a selectable marker to complement the lethal chromosomal ΔasdA allele in live recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASVs) such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain χ9447. pYA4534 harbors two origins of replication, pSC101 and pUC (low and high copy numbers, respectively). The pUC replication origin is controlled by a genetic switch formed by the operator/promoter of the P22 cro gene (O/Pcro) (PR), which is negatively regulated by an arabinose-inducible P22 c2 gene located on both the plasmid and the chromosome (araC PBADc2). The absence of arabinose, which is unavailable in vivo, triggers replication to a high-copy-number plasmid state. To validate these vector attributes, the Yersinia pestis virulence antigen LcrV was used to develop a vaccine against plague. An lcrV sequence encoding amino acids 131 to 326 (LcrV196) was optimized for expression in Salmonella, flanked with nucleotide sequences encoding the signal peptide (SS) and the carboxy-terminal domain (CT) of β-lactamase, and cloned into pYA4534 under the control of the Ptrc promoter to generate plasmid pYA4535. Our results indicate that the live Salmonella vaccine strain χ9447 harboring pYA4535 efficiently stimulated a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response that protected mice against lethal challenge with Y. pestis strain CO92 introduced through either the intranasal or subcutaneous route.
Visualization of IFNβ production by plasmacytoid versus conventional dendritic cells under specific stimulation conditions in vivo

Type I interferons, a protein family of multiple IFNαs and a single IFNβ, initially identified on the basis of their antiviral activities have recently been attributed important roles in bacterial and parasitic infections. To assess the cellular sources of IFNβ, the IFN produced first in most situations, we created an IFNβ reporter-knockin mouse, in which yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) is expressed from a bicistronic mRNA linked by an internal ribosomal entry site to the endogenous IFNβ mRNA. This YFP expression allows spatiotemporal tracking of the initiation of the type I IFN response on a single-cell level. In vitro bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦs) and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) show IFNβ production from distinct cell subpopulations in response to defined pathogen compounds. A subpopulation of GMCSF-derived BMDCs produced IFNβ after poly(I:C), 3′5′-cytidylylguanosine (CpG), or LPS treatment, whereas Flt3-L-cultured plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) responded mainly to CpG. After poly(I:C) injection in vivo, IFNβ-producing cells localize to the splenic marginal zone and the lymph node subcapsular sinus. Infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) induces IFNβ/YFP expression exclusively in few activated pDCs at the T cell/B cell interface of the splenic white pulp. This IFNβ/YFP reporter mouse represents a reliable tool for the visualization and characterization of IFNβ-producing cells in vitro and in vivo.
A preliminary typology of organisational response to allegations of workplace bullying: see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil

Organisational representative response is an important factor to consider when counselling employees who have experienced bullying and are considering approaching their organisation for assistance. The author argues that not all responses are supportive and that some responses can further harm an employee. The author presents a review of representative responses, developed from bullying cases the author saw as a counsellor or trainer. The author reviews three organisational representative responses to allegations of bulling: (1) the behaviour is acceptable; (2) the behaviour is inappropriately equally attributed to both parties as a personality conflict; and (3) the behaviour is harmful and inappropriate. The author concludes that counsellors must review potential organisational representative responses with employees and recommends mandatory training for organisational representatives.
GluN2D NMDAR subunit contribution to the stimulation of brain activity and gamma oscillations by ketamine; implications for schizophrenia

Prepulse inhibition in WT and GluN2D-KO mice. (A) The startle response amplitude to a 120 dB tone without a prepulse tone in GluN2D-KO mice and WT mice. (B) Prior presentation of a prepulse tone elicited a larger inhibition of the startle response at each of the three prepulse intensities than in the WT mice. Data represent mean number ± SEM,** p ˂ 0.01. Prepulse inhibition (PPI), wherein a weak preceding auditory tone reduces the startle response to a loud tone, has been associated with SZ symptoms in humans and in animal models of SZ (Javitt and Freedman, 2015). A defect in PPI is also seen following
Hydrogen Peroxide Acts Upstream of Nitric Oxide in the Heat Shock Pathway in Arabidopsis Seedlings1[C][W]

Nitric oxide rescues the sensitivity to heat in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. We previously reported that nitric oxide (NO) functions as a signal in thermotolerance. To illustrate its relationship with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the tolerance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to heat shock (HS), we investigated the effects of heat on Arabidopsis seedlings of the following types: the wild type; three NADPH oxidase-defective mutants that exhibit reduced endogenous H2O2 levels (atrbohB, atrbohD, and atrbohB/D); and a mutant that is resistant to inhibition by fosmidomycin (noa1, for nitric oxide-associated protein1). After HS, the NO levels in atrbohB, atrbohD, and atrbohB/D seedlings were lower than that in wild-type seedlings. Treatment of the seedlings with sodium nitroprusside or S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine partially rescued their heat sensitivity, suggesting that NO is involved in H2O2 signaling as a downstream factor. This point was verified by phenotypic analyses and thermotolerance testing of transgenic seedlings that overexpressed Nitrate reductase2 and NOA1, respectively, in an atrbohB/D background. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays, western blotting, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction demonstrated that NO stimulated the DNA-binding activity of HS factors and the accumulation of HS proteins through H2O2. These data indicate that H2O2 acts upstream of NO in thermotolerance, which requires increased HS factor DNA-binding activity and HS protein accumulation.
Classroom Universals to Prevent Problem Behaviors

The overarching intent of positive behavior support (PBS) is to create environments that support social and learning outcomes and in doing so prevent the occurrence of problem behaviors. An essential feature in providing PBS in schools includes the implementation of classroom universal practices designed for all students. Classroom universals are those organizational and teacher instructional practices that are essential in preventing the occurrence of problem behaviors while simultaneously increasing academic achievement. The purpose of this article is to provide clear descriptions and examples of classroom universals that, when applied consistently and collectively, help create safe and effective classrooms. Since the amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1997, educational systems adopting the features of PBS have successfully addressed discipline problems for a substantial majority of students (Crone & Horner, 2003; Lewis, Newcomer, Trussell, & Richter, 2006). Positive behavior support focuses on each aspect of the school environment, including the classroom, and has demonstrated the value of applying a 3-tiered approach to early intervention and prevention of problem behaviors (Colvin, Kame’enui, & Sugai, 1993; Colvin, Sugai, Good, & Lee, 1997; Lewis, Sugai, & Colvin, 1998; Sugai et al., 2000; Taylor-Greene, et al., 1997; Todd, Horner, Sugai, & Sprague, 1999). The three-tiered approach of PBS has been further validated in the reauthorization of IDEA in 2004, which encourages schools to incorporate Response to Intervention by providing levels of assessment and support to struggling students (National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities, 2005). Positive behavior support is a general term that refers to the application of positive behavioral interventions and systems to achieve socially important behavior change (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). The overarching intent of PBS is to create environments that support