Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Quality of Writing Tasks and Students’ Use of Academic Language in Spanish

This study investigates the quality of the writing tasks assigned to native Spanish speakers in bilingual (Spanish-English) contexts, and the relationship between task quality and students’ use of an academic register in their native language. Fifty-six language arts tasks were collected from 26 grade 4 and 5 teachers, and four student writing samples were collected in response to each task (N = 224). Multilevel modeling revealed that variation in students’ use of key features of academic language in their writing was associated with the cognitive demand of writing tasks. Findings suggest that students’ opportunities to respond to challenging tasks when writing in their native language are rare and that the rigor of writing tasks may relate to students’ production and development of academic language.
FACTORIAL VALIDITY OF THE REYNOLDS INTELLECTUAL ASSESSMENT SCALES FOR REFERRED STUDENTS

The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales (RIAS) is a recently developed, individually administered psychometric instrument designed to measure general cognitive ability, as well as verbal (crystallized) intelligence, nonverbal (fluid) intelligence, and memory. Test reviewers have recommended the use of the RIAS despite the fact that, although the RIAS has been in circulation for more than four years, there is a paucity of independent research published about its psychometric properties. The purpose of the current study was to examine the factor structure of the RIAS across three samples of school-age children: the RIAS norming sample; the data reported by Nelson, Canivez, Lindstrom, and Hatt; and a new, independent sample of students referred for special education services. Using confirmatory factor analytic techniques, this study found that a two-factor model, positing verbal and nonverbal factors, fit all three data sets better than a one-factor model. Furthermore, the two-factor model demonstrated partial measurement invariance across the three samples, although the verbal factor showed much stronger invariance, construct reliability, and overall interpretability than did the nonverbal factor. Implications of this study for practitioners are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical Lessons to Be Learned from Patients Developing Chronic Myeloid Leukemia While on Immunosuppressive Therapy after Solid Organ Transplantation: Yet Another Case after Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Chronic myeloid leukemia developing after transplantation of solid organs and concomitant immunosuppression is a rare but still significant clinical phenomenon. We here describe an additional case of a 62-year-old male patient developing CML after orthotopic heart transplantation and medication with cyclosporine A, mofetil-mycophenolate, and steroids. Initial antileukemic therapy was imatinib at a standard dose and within 15 months of therapy a complete cytogenetic response was noted. In this report we discuss the clinical implications of these rare but biologically important cases.
Valence Effects in Reasoning about Evaluative Traits

Reasoning about evaluative traits was investigated among a group of 7- and 8-year-olds (N = 34), a group of 11- to 13-year olds (N = 25), and a group of adults (N = 23) to determine whether their inferences would be sensitive to the valence of social and academic traits. Four aspects of trait-relevant beliefs were examined: (1) malleability, (2) stability over time, (3) origin in terms of nature versus nurture, and (4) an inference criterion that concerns how readily traits are inferred. Although there was evidence of an age-related decrease in the tendency to emphasize positive information, participants of all ages responded that positive traits are less malleable and more stable over time than negative traits, that the positive influences of biological and environmental factors are likely to override the negative influences, and that competence can be more readily inferred from positive outcomes than from negative outcomes.
Skin testing

In this issue of Allergy, Niemeijer et al. (8, 9) discuss the most suitable concentrations of allergen for skin testing. They used a positive RAST as an indicator of sensitization and clinical history (CH) as an indicator of clinical allergy. The basis for documentation of diagnostic efficiency must be standardization of all materials and procedures. Since both skin test methods and the composition and total allergenic potency of extracts are essential, data given in the papers by Niemeijer et al. (8, 9) are valid only in situations when the same methods and materials are used. Only then is it possible for others to draw conclusions on the degree of sensitization and allergic disease in patients tested in the routine. Therefore, methods and materials used must be well defined to ensure that results obtained can be utilized by readers.
THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON CARBON EMISSIONS IN AFRICA

The paper explored the influence of financial development on carbon emissions in West African countries using pooled ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed and random effects with data spanning from 2003 to 2014. On the theoretical front, arguments for both financial development led positive impact on carbon emissions and financial development led negative impact on carbon emissions are quite compelling. Empirical studies on the role played by financial development on carbon emissions produced quite divergent and conflicting findings. It is clear from both theoretical and empirical sides that the influence of financial development on carbon emissions is still a contentious issue which is yet to be resolved in literature. Overally, pooled OLS approach (both lagged and non-lagged variable) shows that only domestic credit provided by financial sector resulted in the significant increase in carbon emissions in Western African countries.
Event‐related potential (ERP) studies of memory encoding and retrieval: A selective review

As event‐related brain potential (ERP) researchers have increased the number of recording sites, they have gained further insights into the electrical activity in the neural networks underlying explicit memory. A review of the results of such ERP mapping studies suggests that there is good correspondence between ERP results and those from brain imaging studies that map hemodynamic changes. This concordance is important because the combination of the high temporal resolution of ERPs with the high spatial resolution of hemodynamic imaging methods will provide a greatly increased understanding of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of the brain networks that encode and retrieve explicit memories. Microsc. Res. Tech. 51:6–28, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FIRST DETECTIONS OF THE [N ii] 122 μm LINE AT HIGH REDSHIFT: DEMONSTRATING THE UTILITY OF THE LINE FOR STUDYING GALAXIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE

We report the first detections of the [N ii] 122 μm line from a high-redshift galaxy. The line was strongly (>6σ) detected from SMMJ02399−0136, and H1413+117 (the Cloverleaf QSO) using the Redshift (z) and Early Universe Spectrometer on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. The lines from both sources are quite bright with line to far-infrared (FIR) continuum luminosity ratios that are ∼7.0 × 10−4 (Cloverleaf) and 2.1 × 10−3 (SMMJ02399). With ratios 2–10 times larger than the average value for nearby galaxies, neither source exhibits the line-to-continuum deficits seen in nearby sources. The line strengths also indicate large ionized gas fractions, ∼8%–17% of the molecular gas mass. The [O iii]/[N ii] line ratio is very sensitive to the effective temperature of ionizing stars and the ionization parameter for emission arising in the narrow-line region (NLR) of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). Using our previous detection of the [O iii] 88 μm line, the [O iii]/[N ii] line ratio for SMMJ02399−0136 indicates that the dominant source of the line emission is either stellar H ii regions ionized by O9.5 stars, or the NLR of the AGN with ionization parameter log(U) = −3.3 to −4.0. A composite system, where 30%–50% of the FIR lines arise in the NLR also matches the data. The Cloverleaf is best modeled by a superposition of ∼200 M82-like starbursts accounting for all of the FIR emission and 43% of the [N ii] line. The remainder may come from the NLR. This work demonstrates the utility of the [N ii] and [O iii] lines in constraining properties of the ionized medium.
Ideology in the US Welfare Debate: Neo-Liberal Representations of Poverty:

This article discusses the political ideologies underlying the welfare debate in the US. It argues that conservative arguments and rhetoric, that were in the margin of the political debate in the early 1980s, have been naturalized in the mainstream discussion on welfare and poverty in the US. A sample of 11 articles taken from the relatively liberal news magazine Newsweek is compared with conservative ideology concerning welfare and poverty to illustrate this argument. This transformation of the welfare debate is placed in the broader context of a changing political climate and dominant ideology, in which the socially inclusive `Keynesianism' (or corporate-liberalism) has been increasingly replaced by the neo-liberal ideology of unfettered market forces. The conservative argument concerning poverty which stresses cultural factors and induces victim-blaming is part and parcel of the neo-liberal discourse of individualism and laissez-faire economics.
Communication and Guilt in a Prisoner's Dilemma

In this article, the authors measure experienced guilt in a prisoner's-dilemma experiment with preplay communication. The authors find that feelings of guilt only arise in the case of unilateral defection and that they are stronger when players have mutually agreed to cooperate. The authors also find that fining unilateral defection reduces feelings of guilt.
Endothelial cells are essential for ovarian stromal tissue restructuring after xenotransplantation of isolated ovarian stromal cells.

BACKGROUND Grafting of isolated follicles represents an approach to prevent the risk of reimplanting malignant cells with cryopreserved ovarian fragments. Optimal conditions and cell types required to sustain human follicular growth need to be identified. To help improve the grafting technique, we investigated whether short-term xenografting of a suspension containing ovarian stromal and endothelial cells without follicles could enhance graft survival and revascularization. METHODS In human ovary, CD34 selectively labels endothelial cells of blood vessels. A CD34-replete ovarian stromal cell group, including stromal and endothelial cells, was obtained after enzymatic digestion of fresh human ovarian cortex. Magnetic-activated cell sorting was used to establish a CD34-depleted ovarian stromal cell group. Proportions of CD34-positive cells were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Cell suspensions were embedded in human plasma clots and grafted (n = 10 for each group, 7 days) to the ovarian bursa of nude mice. Angiogenesis was quantified after human/mouse CD34 immunostaining. RESULTS CD34-replete grafts had a well-organized and vascularized stromal structure, containing tubular components staining for human CD34 and corresponding to functional vessels, as evidenced by intraluminal red blood cells. CD34-depleted grafts tended to be smaller than CD34-replete grafts and poorly vascularized with central necrosis. Global microvessel density was higher in the CD34-replete than depleted group (337.9 versus 187.3 vessels/mm(2), P < 0.05), with a greater proportion of human vessels (68.02 versus 6.95%, respectively, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the importance of co-transplanting ovarian endothelial and stromal cells to ensure the formation of a well-vascularized and structured ovarian-like stroma after short-term xenografting, for future application in the transplantation of isolated follicles.
TMEM 16 F ( Anoctamin 6 ) , an anion channel of delayed Ca 2 + activation

Anion channels are involved in several physiological processes , including housekeeping functions such as maintenance of cytoplasmic ion composition, pH regulation, and cell volume regulation (Nilius and Droogmans, 2003; more specialized physiological functions such as trans-epithelial electrolyte/fluid transport in absorbing and excreting epithelia (Larsen, 2011) and muscle contraction and excitability (Jentsch et al., 2002; Hartzell et al., 2005). Furthermore, intracellular Cl  channels are important for maintaining electroneutrality when protons and Ca 2+ ions are transported into intracellular compartments (Jentsch et al., 2002). These functions are maintained by various types of Cl  channels whose mechanisms of activation and molecular identities are often not known. Activation stimuli include ligand-gating, cAMP-dependent phosphorylation, voltage-gating, cell swelling, and increases in intracellular Ca 2+ 2+-activated Cl  channels (CaCCs) were first described in Xenopus laevis oocytes (Miledi et al., 1982; Barish, 1983) and Sal-amander rods (Bader et al., 1982) and have since been found in many cell types where they have important functions in, e.g., membrane excitability in cardiac muscle and neurons (André et al. regulation of vascular tone (Angermann et al., 2006), and photoreception (Lalonde et al., 2008). At low Ca 2+ concentrations, CaCCs are characterized by time-dependent outward rectification and activation in a voltage-dependent manner by raised intracellular concentration of free Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i). At subsaturating [Ca 2+ ] i , CaCCs are slowly activated and deactivated by depolariz-ing and hyperpolarizing plasma membrane potentials, respectively. A higher Ca 2+ sensitivity at depolarizing potentials contributes to the outward rectification (Nilius et al., 1997). At saturating [Ca 2+ ] i , the channels are fully activated at all physiologically relevant membrane potentials , and rectification is decreased with the current-voltage relationship approaching linearity
The Conserved KNOX Domain Mediates Specificity of Tobacco KNOTTED1-Type Homeodomain Proteins

Overproduction of the tobacco KNOTTED1-type homeodomain proteins NTH1, NTH15, and NTH23 in transgenic tobacco plants causes mild, severe, and no morphological alterations, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequences of the homeodomains and adjacent ELK domains are highly conserved, and the N-terminal KNOX domains also are moderately conserved. To investigate the contributions of both the conserved and divergent regions to the severity of morphological alterations, we generated chimeric proteins by exchanging different regions of NTH1, NTH15, and NTH23. The severity of the abnormal phenotype was dependent upon the synergistic action of both the N terminus, containing the KNOX domain, and the C terminus, containing the ELK homeodomain. Detailed analysis focusing on the C terminus revealed that the C-terminal half of the ELK domain is more effective in inducing the abnormal phenotypes than are the homeodomains. For the N terminus, severe morphological alterations were induced by exchanging a part of the KNOX domain of NTH1 with the corresponding region of NTH15. This limited region in the KNOX domain of all homeodomain proteins includes a predicted α-helical region, but only that in NTH15 is predicted to form a typical amphipathic structure. We discuss the possibility, based on these results, that the secondary structure of the KNOX domain is important for the induction of abnormal morphology in transgenic tobacco plants.
Labour Market Outcomes of Second Generation Immigrants: How Heterogeneous are They Really?

The second and third generation of immigrants have been the centre of a lively debate about the economic integration of immigrants into their host societies, but there is little empirical evidence on the German case. In this study I comprehensively portray the labour market outcomes of second generation immigrants in Germany. Special attention is attributed to observable heterogeneity in terms of country of origin and unobservable heterogeneity in terms of parental human capital, neighbourhood effects, and mixed marriage background. Pooled, static and dynamic panel data models, and a decomposition analysis are used to estimate and explain the average differences in hourly wages and unemployment probabilities separately for men and women. The results suggest that the second generation cannot be considered as one homogeneous group: some groups perform better, equally or worse than comparable German natives. Also, relative outcomes in wages depend mainly on observable characteristics, whereas relative unemployment risks are mainly driven by unobservable factors.
Maintaining page coherence for dynamic HTML pages

Fueled la.rgely by the gaining popularity of World Wide Web (web) servers and browsers, more and more sites have published their databases to the Internet/Intranet. This allows users to retrieve and explore database items as "dynamic" HTML pages. Existing dynamic HTML pages are passive. When the content of a database is changed, the corresponding dynamic HTML page does not get reflected. We term this, the page coherence problem. In this paper, we illustrate the limitations of current web browsers in addressing the page coherence problem. We next illustrate that since a dynamic HTML page is maintained in the storage cache of a web client, maintaining the coherence of a dynamic HTML page is similar in spirit to cache coherence problem. However, since a web server is both stateless and connectionless, conventional "push-based" cache coherence approaches that require a server to invalidate and propagate the updates to the cache are not feasible. We propose a page coherence mechanism which requires a web client to take an active role in invalidating and updating its cache and thus, a dynamic HTML page. We illustrate our' implementation on Netscape Navigator using Netscape Plugins, The effectweness of our" mechanism is also studied
Cardioprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury by near-infrared light in rats.

UNLABELLED Abstract Objective: Myocardial reperfusion injury can induce further cardiomyocyte death and contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial ischemia, cardiac surgery, or circulatory arrest. Exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light at the time of reoxygenation protects neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and HL-1 cells from injury. We hypothesized that application of NIR at 670 nm would protect the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS We assessed the protective role of NIR in in vivo and in vitro rat models of ischemia-reperfusion injury. RESULTS NIR application had no effect on the function of the nonischemic isolated heart, and had no effect on infarct size when applied during global ischemia. In the in vivo model, NIR commencing immediately before reperfusion decreased infarct size by 40%, 33%, 38%, and 77%, respectively, after regional ischemic periods of 30, 20, 15, and 10 min. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was significantly reduced in the 15 min group, whereas creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were not affected. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the safety of NIR application in an in vitro rat isolated model. In addition, we have demonstrated safety and efficacy when using NIR for cardioprotection in an in vivo rat ischemia model, and that this cardioprotection is dependent upon some factor present in blood, but not in perfusion buffer. RESULTS show potential for cTnI, but not CK or LDH, as a biomarker for cardioprotection by NIR. NIR may have therapeutic utility in providing myocardial protection from ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Effects of chronic and acute smoking on AMLRs in older and younger listeners

Chronic and acute smoking effects on the auditory middle latency response (AMLR) were studied in older (55–81 years) and younger (19–30 years) normal-hearing listeners. Forty healthy participants were selected for one of four groups: older smokers, older nonsmokers, younger smokers, or younger nonsmokers. Biochemical urine analyses confirmed participant categorization as smoker or nonsmoker. Click-evoked AMLRs were acquired once from nonsmokers and twice (chronic condition, acute condition) from smokers. Waveform latency (V, Na, Pa) and relative amplitude (V-Na, Na-Pa) were examined with two independent variables (age, smoking) using MANOVA. Results (n=40) revealed no chronic effect of smoking in the AMLR from smokers compared to nonsmokers. However, in both older and younger smokers (n=20), Na-Pa amplitude was significantly larger in the acute compared to the chronic smoking condition, indicating an acute smoking effect. There was no interaction of smoking and aging. This is a first study describing long-term, chronic and acute smoking effects on AMLRs in older compared to younger listeners. Results suggest that cigarette smoking is an important variable for AMLR research and clinical practice.
Comparison of viral isolation, direct immunofluorescence, and indirect immunoperoxidase techniques for detection of genital herpes simplex virus infection

Seventy-six consecutive patients presenting to a genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) clinic were enrolled in a study comparing viral isolation (VI), indirect immunoperoxidase (indirect IP), and direct immunofluorescence (direct FA) techniques for the detection of HSV antigen. Of the 76 patients, 61 (80%) demonstrated HSV by VI, compared with 66% by indirect IP and 55% by direct FA (P less than 0.05). Genital lesions from nine patients demonstrated HSV antigen by direct FA or indirect IP but were VI negative; eight of nine patients had subsequent episodes of genital HSV confirmed by VI. During the vesicular-pustular stage of the disease, VI was positive in 90%, indirect IP was positive in 76%, and direct FA was positive in 71% of the lesions, whereas with ulcerative lesions, VI was positive in 72%, indirect IP was positive in 55%, and direct FA was positive in 38%. These commercially available rapid viral diagnostic techniques are specific and useful, if adequate specimens are obtained from early genital lesions.
Big Data and analytics in higher education: Opportunities and challenges

Institutions of higher education are operating in an increasingly complex and competitive environment. This paper identifies contemporary challenges facing institutions of higher education worldwide and explores the potential of Big Data in addressing these challenges. The paper then outlines a number of opportunities and challenges associated with the implementation of Big Data in the context of higher education.The paper concludes by outlining future directions relating to the development and implementation of an institutional project on Big Data.
Classification from a Riemannian graph embedding viewpoint

In this paper, we employ graph embeddings for classification tasks. To do this, we explore the relationship between kernel matrices, spaces of inner products and statistical inference by viewing the embedding vectors for the nodes in the graph as a field on a Riemannian manifold. This leads to a setting where the inference process may be cast as a Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) estimation over a Gibbs field whereby the graph Laplacian can be related to a Gram matrix of scalar products. This not only allows for a better understanding of graph spectral techniques, but also provides a means for classifying nodes in the graph without the need to compute the embedding explicitly by using a Mercer kernel. We illustrate how the developments presented here can be used for purposes of classification, where we use the graph Laplacian as a kernel matrix. We present classification results on synthetic data and four UCI datasets. We also apply our method to real-world image labelling and compare our results to those yielded by alternatives elsewhere in the literature.