Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling of BLDC Motor with Ideal Back- EMF for Automotive Applications

Automotive Industry is targeting sustainable transportation in near future. Therefore hybrid and electric vehicles are going to be popular due to their sustainability, energy saving and zero emission. Electric motors play significant role in EV's. In-wheel motor technology is being used in modern electric vehicles to improve efficiency, safety and controllability of vehicle nowadays. BLDC motor have been demanding as in-wheel motor in electric vehicles because of high efficiency, desired torque versus speed characteristics, high power density and low maintenance cost. In this paper BLDC motor with ideal back-EMF is modeled and simulated in MATLAB / SIMULINK. Simulation model of the controller and BLDC drive are also presented. In order to validate the model various simulation models are studied. Simulations results depict from developed model are satisfactory and show correct performance of model.
Measuring the Total-Factor Carbon Emission Performance of Industrial Land Use in China Based on the Global Directional Distance Function and Non-Radial Luenberger Productivity Index

Industry is a major contributor to carbon emissions in China, and industrial land is an important input to industrial production. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the carbon emission performance of industrial land use is necessary for making reasonable carbon reduction policies that promote the sustainable use of industrial land. This paper aims to analyze the dynamic changes in the total-factor carbon emission performance of industrial land use (TCPIL) in China by applying a global directional distance function (DDF) and non-radial Luenberger productivity index. The empirical results show that the eastern region enjoys better TCPIL than the central and western regions, but the regional gaps in TCPIL are narrowing. The growth in NLCPILs (non-radial Luenberger carbon emission performance of industrial land use) in the eastern and central regions is mainly driven by technological progress, whereas efficiency improvements contribute more to the growth of NLCPIL in the western region. The provinces in the eastern region have the most innovative and environmentally-friendly production technologies. The results of the analysis of the influencing factors show implications for improving the NLCPIL, including more investment in industrial research and development (R&D), the implementation of carbon emission reduction policies, reduction in the use of fossil energy, especially coal, in the process of industrial production, actively learning about foreign advanced technology, properly solving the problem of surplus labor in industry and the expansion of industrial development.
Versatile but temperamental: a morphological study of palmaris longus in the cadaver.

INTRODUCTION Palmaris longus (PL) is one of the most variable muscles in our body and is vestigial functionally. Its long tendon and its superficial location make it an ideal source for tendon harvesting. Variations such as absence, duplication and reversal have far reaching clinical impact. The aim of this study is to estimate the presence, variants and nerve supply of the PL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Upper extremity of 24 cadavers was dissected and PL was examined. The results were compared to other studies on the PL and literature survey was carried out. RESULTS Thirty nine specimens showed normal morphology and four showed complete agenesis. Other morphological variations seen included - reversed, hybrid, fusiform, fleshy and bifurcated tendon of insertion. CONCLUSION Every surgeon must be aware of the variations of the versatile but temperamental PL. Prior knowledge of the layout of the muscle helps in planning intricate surgeries to which this tendon is put use to.
Media Consumption and Public Connection: Toward a Typology of the Dispersed Citizen

This paper explores the nature and extent of citizens’ connection to public space through media consumption. It reports on a study of data from two qualitative sources: panel responses and individual in-depth interviews. The authors’ findings are, first, that people's media consumption and forms of public connection may be significantly constrained by limitations on their time—not just objectively, but also subjectively (their sense of lacking time to use media or pursue information). Second, such is the complexity of how people think about their public connection that research methodologies must be sensitive to the details of people's reflexivity, while enabling effective typologies of the positions people take up in thought and practice. Third, such research may reveal not a consensus, but instead a range of incompatible framings of whether public connection matters and how it can be achieved. Research should aim, therefore, not at a redefinition of something as unified as “civic culture,” but rather at tracking the hetereogeneity of the “dispersed citizen. ”
Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women from Tlaxcala, Mexico

Cervical cancer is an important health problem in women living in developing countries. Infection with some genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most important risk factor associated with cervical cancer. Little information exists about HPV genotype distribution in rural and suburban regions of Mexico. Thus, we determined the prevalence of HPV genotypes in women from Tlaxcala, one of the poorest states in central Mexico, and we evaluated age infection prevalence and risk factors associated with cervical neoplasm. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 236 women seeking gynecological care at the Mexican Institute for Social Security in Tlaxcala, Mexico. Cervical scrapings were diagnosed as normal, low-grade, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL, HGSIL). Parallel samples were used to detect HPV genotypes by PCR assays using type-specific primers for HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, and 31. An epidemiological questionnaire was applied. Prevalence of HPV infection was 31.3%. From the infected samples, prevalence of HPV 16 was 45.9%; HPV 18, 31.1%; HPV 31, 16.2%; HPV 6, 10.8%; HPV 11, 6.7%. With regard to age, the highest HPV prevalence (43.5%) was found in the 18- to 24-year-old group and the lowest (19%) in the 45- to 54-year-old group. None of the risk factors showed association with cervical neoplasia grade. HPV 16 was the most common in cervical lesions. HPV was present in 22% of normal samples and, of these, 82.6% represented high-risk HPVs. Tlaxcala showed HPV prevalence comparable to that of the largest cities in Mexico, with higher prevalence for HPV 31.
Plagiarism and overseas students: stereotypes again?

I appreciate Sowden’s efforts in exploring plagiarism in relation to culture, and his arguing against stereotypical views of overseas students studying in English-speaking countries. Although I agree with Sowden that culture plays a significant role in students’ learning styles, and perhaps in the way plagiarism is interpreted cross-culturally, I would like to argue that culture is not the only influencing factor and should not be seen as solely responsible for plagiarism in students’ academic work. To support my points, I will first provide examples on how plagiarism is viewed in Vietnam. Then, I will argue that there appear to be several reasons why Western academics may rush to accuse overseas students of plagiarism.
The rates of type Ia supernovae - I. Analytical formulations

The aim of this paper is to provide a handy tool to compute the impact of type Ia SN (SNIa) events on the evolution of stellar systems. An effective formalism to couple the rate of SNIa explosions from a single burst of star formation and the star formation history is presented, which rests upon the definition of the realization probability of the SNIa event ($\ensuremath{A_{\rm Ia}}$) and the distribution function of the delay times ($\ensuremath{f_{\rm Ia}}$($\ensuremath{\tau}$)). It is shown that the current SNIa rate in late type galaxies constrains $\ensuremath{A_{\rm Ia}}$ to be on the order of 10 -3 (i.e. 1 SNIa every 1000 $\ensuremath{M_\odot}$ of gas turned into stars), while the comparison of the current rates in early and late type galaxies implies that $\ensuremath{f_{\rm Ia}}$ ought to be more populated at short delays. The paper presents analytical formulations for the description of the $\ensuremath{f_{\rm Ia}}$ function for the most popular models of SNIa progenitors, namely Single Degenerates (Chandrasekhar and Sub-Chandrasekhar exploders), and Double Degenerates. These formulations follow entirely from general considerations on the evolutionary behavior of stars in binary systems, modulo a schematization of the outcome of the phases of mass exchange, and compare well with the results of population synthesis codes, for the same choice of parameters. The derivation presented here offers an immediate astrophysical interpretation of the shape of the $\ensuremath{f_{\rm Ia}}$ functions, and have a built in parametrization of the key properties of the alternative candidates. The important parameters appear to be the minimum and maximum masses of the components of the binary systems giving rise to a SNIa explosions, the distribution of the primary mass and of the mass ratios in these systems, the distribution of the separations of the DD systems at their birth. The various models for the progenitors correspond to markedly different impact on the large scales; correspondingly, the model for the progenitor can be constrained by examining the relevant observations. Among these, the paper concentrates on the trend of the current SNIa rate with parent galaxy type. The recent data by Mannucci et al. (2005, A&A, 433, 807) favor the DD channel over the SD one, which tends to predict a too steep distribution function of the delay times. The SD scenario can be reconciled with the observations only if the distribution of the mass ratios in the primordial binaries is flat and the accretion efficiency onto the WD is close to 100%. The various models are characterized by different timescales for the Fe release from a single burst stellar population. In particular the delay time within which half of the SNIa events from such a population have occurred, ranges between 0.3 and 3 Gyr, for a wide variety of hypothesis on the progenitors.
Modifications of the MUlti stimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA) for use in audiology

Abstract Objective: Two modifications of the standardised MUlti Stimulus test with Hidden Reference and Anchor (MUSHRA), namely MUSHRA simple and MUSHRA drag&drop, were implemented and evaluated together with the original test method. The modifications were designed to maximise the accessibility of MUSHRA for elderly and technically non-experienced listeners, who constitute the typical target group in hearing aid evaluation. Design: Three MUSHRA variants were assessed based on subjective and objective measures, e.g. test–retest reliability, discrimination ability, time exposure and overall preference. With each method, participants repeated the task to rate the quality of several hearing aid algorithms four times. Study sample: Fifty listeners grouped into five subject classes were tested, including elderly and technically non-experienced participants with normal and impaired hearing. Normal-hearing, technically experienced students served as controls. Results: Both modifications can be used to obtain compatible rating results. Both were preferred over the classical MUSHRA procedure. Technically experienced listeners performed best with the modification MUSHRA drag&drop. Conclusions: The comprehensive comparison of the MUSHRA variants demonstrates that the intuitive modification MUSHRA drag&drop can be generally recommended. However, considering e.g. specific evaluation demands, we suggest a differentiated and careful application of listening test methods.
Myocardial protection after monophosphoryl lipid A: studies of delayed anti‐ischaemic properties in rabbit heart

1 Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA) is a non‐pyrogenic derivative of Salmonella lipopolysaccharide. Administration of this agent at high doses to rats and at low doses to dogs was previously shown to confer marked protection against ischaemia‐reperfusion 24 h later, although the cellular mechanisms of this delayed protection are obscure. We hypothesized that MLA pretreatment causes the induction of the 70 kDa cytoprotective stress protein HSP70i in the myocardium. If this were the case, protection against ischaemia‐reperfusion injury would be observed both in vitro and in vivo. 2 Rabbits were pretreated with MLA 0.035 mg kg−1, i.v. or vehicle solution. For the in vitro study, hearts were isolated 24 h later and Langendorff‐perfused with Krebs‐Henseleit buffer at 37°C. Global ischaemia was induced for 20 min followed by 120 min reperfusion. Recovery of post‐ischaemic left ventricular function and lactate dehydrogenase efflux was similar in MLA and vehicle pretreated hearts and there was no significant difference in the percentage of infarction of the left ventricle determined by triphenyltetrazolium staining (MLA 22.4±5.2%, vehicle 24.8±5.1%). 4 When 30 min regional ischaemia and 120 min reperfusion was instituted in pentobarbitone‐anaesthetized rabbits 24 h after pretreatment with MLA or vehicle, the percentage infarction within the risk zone was reduced from 42.6±5.7% in vehicle pretreated animals to 19.6±4.4% in MLA pretreated animals (P<0.01). 4 Determination of myocardial HSP70i content by Western blot analysis showed that MLA treatment did not increase HSP70i immunoreactivity. 5 We conclude that MLA at this dose confers protection only against ischaemia‐reperfusion injury in vivo and that this protection is not related to induction of HSP70i. Because protection was observed only in vivo it seems possible that the delayed protection conferred by MLA is mediated by effects on humoral or blood‐borne factors.
Expertise and expert performance in sport

We review contemporary research focusing on expertise and expert performance in sport. The deliberate practice theoretical framework is presented, and the level of investment in purposeful practice needed to reach the elite level in sport is illustrated. We highlight some of the adaptations that occur as a result of extended engagement in practice and training, with particular reference to perceptual-cognitive skills, such as anticipation and decision-making. These psychological adaptations are explained through reference to long-term working memory theory. Finally, the expert performance approach is presented as a guiding framework for studying expertise in sport, and some suggestions for future research are proposed. The study of expertise and expert performance in sport offers a unique source of data that help promote understanding of the factors that constrain human achievement and the extent to which these may be overcome by systematic engagement in practice and training.
Dynamic Probabilities of Restrictions in State Space Models: An Application to the Phillips Curve

Using the Savage–Dickey density ratio and an alternative approach that uses more relaxed assumptions, we develop methods to calculate the probability that a restriction holds at a point in time without assuming that the restriction holds at any other points in time. Both approaches use MCMC output only from the unrestricted model to compute the time-varying posterior probabilities for all models of interest. Using U.S. data, we find the probability that the long-run Phillips curve is vertical to be fairly high, but decreases over time. The probability that the NAIRU is not identified fluctuates over time, but increases after 1990.
Nuclear calcium signalling by individual cytoplasmic calcium puffs

It is known that the nucleoplasmic ionised calcium concentration (Can) controls nuclear functions such as transcription, although the source and nature of the signals which modulate Can are unclear. Using confocal imaging, we investigated the subcellular origin of Can signals in Fluo‐3‐loaded HeLa cells. Our data indicate that all signals which increased Can were of cytoplasmic origin. Can was elevated during the propagation of global Ca waves within cells. More strikingly, we found that individual cytoplasmic elementary release events e.g. Ca puffs, evoked by physiological levels of stimulation, caused transient Can increases. Significantly, >70% of all Ca puffs originated within a 2–3 μm perinuclear zone and propagated anisotropically across the entire nucleus. Due to the relatively slow relaxation of Can transients compared with those in the cytoplasm, repetitive perinuclear Ca puffs were integrated into a ‘staircase’ of increasing Can. Due to the effective diffusion of Ca in the nucleoplasm, the nucleus served as a ‘Ca tunnel’, distributing Ca to parts of the cytosol which were otherwise not within the cytoplasmic diffusion radii of Ca puffs. Given the close proximity of the majority of puff sites to the nucleus, it seems that the elementary Ca release system is designed to facilitate nuclear Ca signalling. Consequently, Ca‐dependent regulation of nuclear function must be considered at the microscopic elementary level.
Beginning of individual human life at 13th week of development

When does individual human life (personhood) begin? Brain cortex is necessary for the personhood but there exist two different types of cortex with two different stages of development. While neocortex does not begin to get organized before 24 weeks, allocortex is already formed at 13th week of development. Allocortical structures such as hippocampal formation and amygdala are involved in the emotions and memory, and regarded as the seat of personhood. At 13th week, fetus has an adult type allocortex by functional and anatomic definition and it is the most reasonable time at which to fix the start of individual human life (personhood). Most religious traditions hold that what makes one a person is the possession of a soul. Ensoulment seems to occur when allocortex is formed at 13th week of development. Allocortical birth theory suggests that abortion and embryo research are acceptable ethically up to the point of allocortex formation.
Iron status and anaemia in Sri Lankan secondary school children: A cross-sectional survey

Background Iron deficiency, the most common micronutrient disorder and cause of anaemia globally, impairs growth, cognition, behaviour and resistance to infection. Methods/Results As part of a national survey of inherited haemoglobin variants in 7526 students from 72 secondary schools purposefully selected from the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, we studied 5912 students with a normal haemoglobin genotype. Median age was 16.0 (IQR 15.0–17.0) years and 3189 (53.9%) students were males. Most students were Sinhalese (65.7%), with fewer Tamils (23.1%) and Muslims (11.2%). Anaemia occurred in 470 students and was more common in females (11.1%) than males (5.6%). Haemoglobin, serum ferritin, transferrin receptor and iron were determined in 1196 students with low red cell indices and a structured sample of those with normal red cell indices (n = 513). The findings were weighted to estimate the frequencies of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia classified according to WHO criteria. Iron depletion (serum ferritin <15ug/ml) occurred in 19.2% and cellular iron deficiency (low serum ferritin and transferrin receptor >28.1 nmol/l) in 11.6% students. Iron deficiency anaemia (cellular iron deficiency with low haemoglobin) occurred in only 130/2794 (4.6%) females and 28/2789 (1.0%) males. Iron biomarkers were normal in 83/470 (14.6%) students with anaemia. In multiple regression analysis, the odds for iron depletion and cellular iron deficiency were about one-third in males compared with females, and the odds for iron deficiency anaemia were about one fifth in males compared to females. Tamil ethnicity and age <16 years increased the risk of all three stages of iron deficiency and living at high altitude significantly reduced the risk of iron depletion. Conclusions Low iron status and anaemia remain common problems in Sri Lankan secondary school students especially females, younger students and the socioeconomically disadvantaged Tamil population. More research is needed to identify factors other than low iron status that contribute to anaemia in adolescents.
Compass as a Measure of the efficacy of couples therapy

Abstract This study examined the extent to which a brief, structured couples therapy program based on Imago Relationship Therapy was associated with improvements on the COMPASS scales of individual psychological functioning as well as on a measure of relationship satisfaction, the Marital Satisfaction Inventory. An examination of pre- to post-treatment differences revealed statistically significant differences on three of the four COMPASS scales and all three MSI scales. The rate of improvement in individual distress per couples therapy session was approximately equal to the improvement, found in previous studies, yielded by individual therapy. The results support previous findings that couples therapy may be an effective modality for the treatment of intrapersonal difficulties, and suggest that both relationship and individual distress indices should be utilized in the evaluation of the efficacy of marital therapies.
Classroom Peer Relations of Children Participating in a Pull-Out Enrichment Program

We compared the classroom peer relations of fourth, fifth, and sixth graders participating in a pull-out enrichment program (Creative Learning in a Unique Environment [CLUE]) with all other classmates. Data included peer sociometric assessments, evaluations of friendship relationships, and peer nominations as aggressors and as victims of aggression. Relative to other classmates, CLUE children (a) were evaluated by peers as having greater social acceptability and social competence, (b) demonstrated greater awareness of reciprocity in friendship relationships, and (c) were perceived less often as an aggressor or as a victim of aggression. These children did not have more friends or best friends than their peers, but they had more valued positions within the peer network. These findings suggest that a pull-out enrichment program can be associated with enhanced peer relations in the classroom, an effect not evident in the current research literature.
No Place Like Home: Relationships and Family Life Among Lesbians and Gay Men

In this portrait of the everyday world of lesbian and gay relationships, Christopher Carrington captures the experiences of creating and maintaining a home and a "chosen" family. Observing lesbians and gay men as they go about their daily routines, Carrington unveils the complex, frequently hidden, and sometimes artful ways that gay people make a family and home for themselves. Based on a careful analysis of interviews and field evidence, "No Place Like Home" demonstrates how gay and lesbian couples attempt to strike a balance between work and family obligations, and how they must also struggle against forces undermining their relationships. Carrington skillfully addresses the conflicts that surround domestic tasks and shows how gay and lesbian couples sometimes hold unspoken or unrealistic expectations about household and family life. Carrington brings such expectations into the open, and in the process he challenges many stereotypes about gay and lesbian family life, from the myth of gay family affluence to the notion that such relationships are beacons of equality. He argues that family life really varies by class, gender, race, occupation, and neighborhood. Finally, with one eye on the day-to-day domestic lives of diverse gay and lesbian households and the other eye on the public policy options now emerging to address lesbian and gay family life, Carrington makes the case for expanding domestic partnership policies instead of attaining legal marriage as the ideal solution for achieving happiness, equity, and longevity for lesbian and gay families.