Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison among gold standard techniques used for the validation of methods for occlusal caries detection

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the agreement among four techniques used as gold standard for the validation of methods for occlusal caries detection. Sixty‐five human permanent molars were selected and one site in each occlusal surface was chosen as the test site. The teeth were cut and prepared according to each technique: stereomicroscopy without coloring (1), dye enhancement with rhodamine B (2) and fuchsine/acetic light green (3), and semi‐quantitative microradiography (4). Digital photographs from each prepared tooth were assessed by three examiners for caries extension. Weighted kappa, as well as Friedman's test with multiple comparisons, was performed to compare all techniques and verify statistical significant differences. Results: kappa values varied from 0.62 to 0.78, the latter being found by both dye enhancement methods. Friedman's test showed statistical significant difference (P < 0.001) and multiple comparison identified these differences among all techniques, except between both dye enhancement methods (rhodamine B and fuchsine/acetic light green). Cross‐tabulation showed that the stereomicroscopy overscored the lesions. Both dye enhancement methods showed a good agreement, while stereomicroscopy overscored the lesions. Furthermore, the outcome of caries diagnostic tests may be influenced by the validation method applied. Dye enhancement methods seem to be reliable as gold standard methods. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aero-Structural Wing Design Optimization Using High-Fidelity Sensitivity Analysis

Abstract : This paper develops and implements a framework for the computation of coupled aero-structural sensitivities which are required for the design of aircraft where aeroelastic interactions are significant. All aero-structural sensitivities are computed using high-fidelity models of both the aerodynamics and the structure of the wing with a coupled-adjoint approach that uses single discipline sensitivity information to calculate the sensitivities of the coupled system. The sensitivities of drag with respect to a set of shape design variables are computed using the aero-structural adjoint method and compared with sensitivities given by the complex-step derivative approximation and finite-di erences. The aero-structural adjoint is shown to be both accurate and e cient, and to have a significant cost advantage when the gradient of a small number of functions with respect to a large number of design variables is needed. To demonstrate the usefulness of computing aero-structural sensitivities with the proposed method, results of two drag minimization problems with 190 shape design variables are presented. These results emphasize the importance of aero-structural coupling even in a conventional swept-wing design.
(cid:1) V -Integrins mediate the mechanoprotective action of osteopontin in podocytes

mediate the mechanoprotective action of osteopontin in podocytes. mechanical load in podocytes due to glomerular hypertension is one of the important factors leading to podocyte damage and chronic kidney disease. In previous studies, we have shown that mechanical stretch increases osteopontin (OPN) expression in podocytes and that exogenous OPN is mechanoprotective via facilitating cytoskeletal reorganization of podocytes. In the present study, we asked whether the mechanoprotective effect of OPN in podocytes is mediated through speciﬁc integrins and whether endogenous OPN of podocytes is required for mechanoprotection. Conditionally immortalized mouse podocytes and primary podocytes (PP) from OPN (cid:2) / (cid:2) and OPN (cid:3) / (cid:3) mice were used. Cyclic biaxial mechanical stretch (0.5 Hz, 7% linear strain) was applied for up to 3 days. Stretch-induced cell loss was (cid:4) 30% higher in OPN (cid:2) / (cid:2) PP compared with OPN (cid:3) / (cid:3) PP. Increased cell loss of OPN (cid:2) / (cid:2) PP was rescued by OPN coating. Analysis of integrin expression by RT-PCR, application of RGD and SLAYGLR peptides and anti-integrin antibodies, small-interfering RNA knockdown of integrins, and application of kinase inhibitors identiﬁed (cid:1) V -integrins ( (cid:1) V (cid:5) 1 , (cid:1) V (cid:5) 3 , and (cid:1) V (cid:5) 5 ) to mediate the mechanoprotective effect of OPN in podocytes involving focal adhesion kinase, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our results demonstrate that endogenous OPN of podocytes plays a nonredundant role in podocyte adaptation to mechanical stretch, and that OPN signaling via (cid:1) V -integrins may represent a relevant therapeutical target in podocytes. itors (against FAK, MAPK, PI 3-kinase, and Src) that abolished the mechanoprotective effect of OPN in PCL affected the cell number of stretched OPN (cid:3) / (cid:3) PP but not the cell number of stretched OPN (cid:2) / (cid:2) PP. These data show that FAK, MAPK, PI 3-kinase, and Src are involved in the signaling cascade of the mechanoprotective effect of OPN in podocytes.
Adaptive Power Management for the On-Chip Communication Network

An on-chip communication network is most power efficient when it operates just below the saturation point. For any given traffic load the network can be operated in this region by adjusting frequency and voltage. For a deflective routing network we propose the design of a central controller for dynamic frequency and voltage scaling. Given history information including the load and frequency in the network, the controller adjusts the frequency and voltage such that the network operates just below the saturation point. We provide control mechanisms for continuous and discrete frequency ranges. With a discrete frequency range and taking into account voltage switching delays, we evaluate the control mechanism under stochastic, smoothly varying and very bursty traffic. Experiments demonstrate that adaptive control is very effective in minimizing power consumption at reasonable performance. Compared with a fixed high frequency network, the adaptively controlled network is significantly more power efficient. We compare it to fixed frequency networks, which are either too slow exhibiting unbounded delays, or are dimensioned for the worst case with very high frequency and are very power hungry
Bilateral superficial median arteries

A superficial artery may be present in the forearm, arising from the axillary, brachial or superficial brachial arteries and crossing over the origin of the flexor muscles of the forearm to reach the palm (Adachi, 1928; Bergman et al. 1988). When this superficial artery continues as the normal ulnar artery accompanying the ulnar nerve at the wrist, it is referred to as the superficial ulnar artery, with an incidence of ∼4%. When the artery passes below or superficial to the flexor retinaculum in the middle of the forearm, sometimes continuing to join the superficial palmar arch, it is called the superficial median artery, with an incidence of ∼1%. We have observed a relatively rare variation involving the presence of a superficial median artery in both upper limbs. We discuss the clinical importance and the developmental aspects of this arterial variation.
p160 RhoA-binding Kinase ROKα Induces Neurite Retraction*

We previously reported that the activation of prostaglandin E receptor EP3 subtype caused neurite retraction via small GTPase Rho in the EP3B receptor-expressing PC12 cells (Katoh, H., Negishi, M., and Ichikawa, A. (1996) J. Biol. Chem.271, 29780–29784). However, a potential downstream effector of Rho that induces neurite retraction was not identified. Here we examined the morphological effect of p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROKα, a target for RhoA recently identified, on the nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells. Microinjection of the catalytic domain of ROKα rapidly induced neurite retraction similar to that induced by microinjection of a constitutively active Rho, RhoV14, whereas microinjection of the kinase-deficient catalytic domain of ROKα did not induce neurite retraction. This morphological change was observed even though C3 exoenzyme, which was known to inactivate Rho, had been preinjected. On the other hand, microinjection of the Rho-binding domain or the pleckstrin homology domain of ROKα inhibited the EP3 receptor-induced neurite retraction. These results demonstrate that ROKα induces neurite retraction acting downstream of Rho in neuronal cells.
Determination of Whether Quorum Quenching Is a Common Activity in Marine Bacteria by Analysis of Cultivable Bacteria and Metagenomic Sequences

ABSTRACT The abundance of quorum quenching (QQ) activity was evaluated in cultivable bacteria obtained from oceanic and estuarine seawater and compared with the frequency of QQ enzyme sequences in the available marine metagenomic collections. The possible role of the high QQ activity found among marine bacteria is discussed.
Discrete Models for Seismic Analysis of Liquid Storage Tanks of Arbitrary Shape and Fill Height

A finite element method (FEM)-based formulation is developed for an effective computation of the eigenmode frequencies, the decomposition of total liquid mass into impulsive and convective parts, and the distribution of wall pressures due to sloshing in liquid storage tanks of arbitrary shape and fill height. The fluid motion is considered to be inviscid (slip wall condition) and linear (small free-surface steepness). The natural modal frequencies and shapes of the sloshing modes are computed, as a function of the tank fill height, on the basis of a conventional FEM modeling. These results form the basis for a convective-impulsive decomposition of the total liquid mass, at any fill height, for the first few (two or three at most) sloshing modes, which are by far the most important ones in comparison to all other higher modes. This results into a simple yet accurate and robust model of discrete masses and springs for the sloshing behavior. The methodology is validated through comparison studies involving vertical cylindrical tanks. Additionally, the application of the proposed methodology to conical tanks and to the seismic analysis of spherical tanks on a rigid or flexible supporting system is demonstrated and the results are compared to those obtained by rigorous FEM analyses.
Interstellar Turbulence and Star Formation

Abstract We provide a brief overview of recent advances and outstanding issues in simulations of interstellar turbulence, including isothermal models for interior structure of molecular clouds and larger-scale multiphase models designed to simulate the formation of molecular clouds. We show how self-organization in highly compressible magnetized turbulence in the multiphase ISM can be exploited in simple numerical models to generate realistic initial conditions for star formation.
Gap Junctions and Connexon Hemichannels in Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Intercellular communication via gap junctions is thought to play an important role in embryonic cell survival and differentiation. Classical studies demonstrated both dye and electrical coupling of cells in the inner cell mass of mouse embryos, as well as the development of restrictions against coupling between cells of the inner cell mass and surrounding trophectoderm. Here we demonstrate extensive gap junctional communication between human embryonic stem (ES) cells, the pluripotent cells isolated from the inner cell mass of preimplantation blastocysts. Human ES cells maintained in vitro expressed RNA for 18 of the 20 known connexins; only connexin 40.1 (Cx40.1) and Cx50 were not detected by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 were visualized by immunofluorescence at points of contact between adjacent cells. Electron microscopy confirmed that neighboring cells formed zones of tight membrane apposition characteristic of gap junctions. Fluorescent dye injections demonstrated extensive coupling within human ES cell colonies growing on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells, whereas dye coupling between human ES cells and adjacent MEFs was extremely rare. Physiological recordings demonstrated electrical and dye coupling between human ES cells in feeder‐free monolayers and between isolated human ES cell pairs. Octanol, 18‐α‐glycyrrhetinic acid, and arylaminobenzoates inhibited transjunctional currents. Dye uptake studies on human ES cell monolayers and recordings from solitary human ES cells gave evidence for the surface expression of connexon hemichannels. Human ES cells provide a unique system for the study of human connexin proteins and their potential functions in cellular differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency.
Dissociative Experiences in China

ABSTRACT The Dissociative Experiences Scale was administered to a non-clinical sample in Shanghai, China (N = 618) and the results were compared with a previous sample of the general population from Winnipeg, Canada (N = 1055). The Dissociative Disorders Interview Schedule was administered to the 618 Chinese participants and results were compared with those of the Canadian participants (N = 502). In addition, both measures were administered to a sample of Chinese psychiatric in-patients (N = 423) and outpatients (N = 304). Rates of childhood trauma and dissociation were far lower in the Chinese non-clinical sample than in the two Chinese psychiatric patient groups, and far lower than in the Canadian general population. Among the 618 respondents in the Chinese non-clinical sample, no childhood sexual abuse was reported and only one person reported childhood physical abuse. These rates of childhood abuse were far lower than in other non-clinical samples from China; for example, rates were 16.7% for sexual abuse of girls and 10.5% for sexual abuse of boys in a previous study. Among the more traumatized Chinese psychiatric patients, and among the Canadian respondents, dissociative experiences were much more common than in the Chinese general population. The data provide a base frequency for dissociation in non-clinical samples reporting little or no childhood physical and sexual abuse.
Surgical risk as related to time of intervention in the repair of intracranial aneurysms.

I T IS generally agreed that the surgical risk in intracranial aneurysm is closely related to the patient 's condition at the time of surgery, as well as to other factors such as age, associated disease, and the location of the aneurysm. Many criteria have been proposed 1,2,5 for the determination of surgical risk; some are based upon whether or not the patient is "conscious," others upon the number of days that have passed since the last hemorrhage, and still others upon the patient 's age. We have felt that the intensity of the meningeal inflammatory reaction, the severity of neurological deficit, and the presence or absence of significant associated disease should provide the best clinical criteria for the estimate of surgical risk. Our modification of Botterell's classification 3 has been applied to 275 consecutive cases of intracranial aneurysm treated by the faculty and resident staff of the Ohio State University and affiliated hospitals over a 12year period (Table 1). In this series, a lmost all cases were graded at admission and again just prior to operation. I t is recognized that such classifications are arbi trary and that the margins between categories may be ill defined. We are, nevertheless, of the opinion that a fairly sharp differentiation is possible among patients who have few or no meningeal signs, patients who have welldefined meningeal signs but no neurological deficit, and patients who show neurological malfunction. Associated disease was sufficient to change the graded risk when it was unequivocally present and, in the judgment of the surgeon, severe enough to influence the patient 's operative or postoperative course. We did not consider it necessary for the patient to have recovered completely from all symptoms and signs of the hemorrhage to be considered an optimal or Grade I risk. Table 2 shows the relative distribution of
Sparse representation with temporal max-smoothing for acoustic event detection

In order to incorporate long temporal-frequency structure for acoustic event detection, we have proposed a spectral patch based learning and representation method. The learned spectral patches were regarded as acoustic words which were further used in sparse encoding for acoustic feature representation and modeling. In our previous study, during feature encoding stage, each spectral patch was encoded independently. Considering that spectral patches taken from a time sequence should keep similar representations for neighboring patches after encoding, in this study, we propose to enhance the temporal correlation of feature representation using a temporal max-smoothing algorith-m. The max-smoothing tries to pick up the maximum response in a local time window as the representative feature for detection task. We tested the new feature for automatic detection of acoustic events which were selected from lecture audio data. Experimental results showed that the temporal max-smoothing signiﬁcantly improved the performance.
Central Control of Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis Anatomical organization of the rat organum vasculosum laminae terminalis

vasculosum of the laminae terminalis (OVLT) is a circumventricular organ located along the ventral part of the anterior wall of the third ventricle. Because it lacks a complete blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-borne signals detected in the OVLT provide the brain with information from the periphery and contribute to the generation of centrally mediated responses to humoral feedback and physiological stressors. Experimental studies on the rat OVLT are hindered by a poor understanding of its precise anatomical dimensions and cellular organization. In this study, we use histological techniques to charac-terize the spatial outline of the rat OVLT and to examine the location of neurons, astrocytes, tanycytes, and ependymocytes within its conﬁnes. Our data reveal that OVLT neurons are embedded in a dense network of tanycyte processes. Immunostaining against the neuronal marker NeuN revealed that neurons are distributed throughout the OVLT, except for a thick midline septum, which comprises densely packed cells of unknown function or lineage. Moreover, the most ventral aspect of the OVLT is devoid of neurons and is occupied by a dense network of glial cell processes that form a thick layer between the neurons and the pial surface on the ventral aspect of the nucleus. Lastly, combined detection of NeuN and c-Fos protein following systemic injection of hypertonic NaCl revealed that neurons responsive to this stimulus are located along
CMU OAQA at TREC 2016 LiveQA: An Attentional Neural Encoder-Decoder Approach for Answer Ranking

In this paper, we present CMU’s question answering system that was evaluated in the TREC 2016 LiveQA Challenge. Our overall approach this year is similar to the one used in 2015. This system answers real-user submitted questions from Yahoo! Answers website, which involves retrieving relevant web pages, extracting answer candidate texts, ranking and selecting answer candidates. The main improvement this year is the introduction of a novel answer passage ranking method based on attentional encoder-decoder recurrent neural networks (RNN). Our method uses one RNN to encode candidate answer passage into vectors, and then another RNN to decode the input question from the vectors. The perplexity of decoding the question is then used as the ranking score. In the TREC 2016 LiveQA evaluations, human assessors gave our system an average score of 1.1547 on a three-point scale and the average score was . 5766 for all the 26 systems evaluated.
Successful T cell priming in B cell-deficient mice

B cells are an abundant population of lymphocytes that can efficiently capture, process, and present antigen for recognition by activated or memory T cells. Controversial experiments and arguments exist, however, as to whether B cells are or should be involved in the priming of virgin T cells in vivo. Using B cell-deficient mice, we have studied the role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells in a wide variety of tests, including assays of T cell proliferation and cytokine production in responses to protein antigens, T cell killing to minor and major histocompatibility antigens, skin graft rejection, and the in vitro and in vivo responses to shistosome eggs. We found that B cells are not critical for either CD4 or CD8 T cell priming in any of these systems. This finding lends support to the notion that the priming of T cells is reserved for specialized cells such as dendritic cells and that antigen presentation by B cells serves distinct immunological functions.
Be Careful What You Backpropagate: A Case For Linear Output Activations & Gradient Boosting

In this work, we show that saturating output activation functions, such as the softmax, impede learning on a number of standard classification tasks. Moreover, we present results showing that the utility of softmax does not stem from the normalization, as some have speculated. In fact, the normalization makes things worse. Rather, the advantage is in the exponentiation of error gradients. This exponential gradient boosting is shown to speed up convergence and improve generalization. To this end, we demonstrate faster convergence and better performance on diverse classification tasks: image classification using CIFAR-10 and ImageNet, and semantic segmentation using PASCAL VOC 2012. In the latter case, using the state-of-the-art neural network architecture, the model converged 33% faster with our method (roughly two days of training less) than with the standard softmax activation, and with a slightly better performance to boot.
In Search for Pheromone Receptors: Certain Members of the Odorant Receptor Family in the Desert Locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Are Co-expressed with SNMP1

Under given environmental conditions, the desert locust (Schistocera gregaria) forms destructive migratory swarms of billions of animals, leading to enormous crop losses in invaded regions. Swarm formation requires massive reproduction as well as aggregation of the animals. Pheromones that are detected via the olfactory system have been reported to control both reproductive and aggregation behavior. However, the molecular basis of pheromone detection in the antennae of Schistocerca gregaria is unknown. As an initial step to disclose pheromone receptors, we sequenced the antennal transcriptome of the desert locust. By subsequent bioinformatical approaches, 119 distinct nucleotide sequences encoding candidate odorant receptors (ORs) were identified. Phylogenetic analyses employing the identified ORs from Schistocerca gregaria (SgreORs) and OR sequences from the related species Locusta migratoria revealed a group of locust ORs positioned close to the root, i.e. at a basal site in a phylogenetic tree. Within this particular OR group (termed basal or b-OR group), the locust OR sequences were strictly orthologous, a trait reminiscent of pheromone receptors from lepidopteran species. In situ hybridization experiments with antennal tissue demonstrated expression of b-OR types from Schistocerca gregaria in olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) of either sensilla trichodea or sensilla basiconica, both of which have been reported to respond to pheromonal substances. More importantly, two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization experiments showed that most b-OR types were expressed in cells co-expressing the “sensory neuron membrane protein 1” (SNMP1), a marker indicative of pheromone-sensitive OSNs in insects. Analyzing the expression of a larger number of SgreOR types outside the b-OR group revealed that only a few of them were co-expressed with SNMP1. In summary, we have identified several candidate pheromone receptors from Schistocerca gregaria that could mediate responses to pheromones implicated in controlling reproduction and aggregation behavior.