Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Nursing Managers’ Leadership Styles and Nurses’ Job Burnout: A Study at Shahid Dr. Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz, Iran

Background:: Burnout, which is mostly found among workers in social services like nursing and teaching, is a continued response to stressful stimuli at work. Objectives:: Considering the importance of management in nursing, we investigated the relationship between managers’ leadership styles and nurses’ burnout. Patients and Methods:: This cross-sectional study was performed at Shahid Dr. Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz, in 2011. It was based on the Maslach Burnout Model. A random sample of 207 nurses completed a questionnaire assessing demographic characteristics, a burnout measure, and the multifactor leadership questionnaire (MLQ). Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS. The study period was from January to March 2011. Results:: Burnout scores for emotional exhaustion were above average (27.26), for depersonalization were low (5.96), and for reduced personal accomplishment were high (30.85). In addition, both transformational (P = 0.03) and transactional leadership (P = 0.04) had a significant negative relationship with total burnout and also with emotional exhaustion (P value = 0.01) and depersonalization (P = 0.003). Laissez-faire leadership had a significant negative relationship with reduced personal accomplishment (P = 0.004). Conclusions:: This study sheds light on the effective role of transformational leadership in improving nursing management and reducing burnout among nurses. Because this style of leadership enhances creativity and motivation among nurses, it can decrease burnout. Transactional leadership, because of its emphasis on collaboration, also reduces burnout. Therefore a combination of these two styles can reduce nurses’ burnout.
Interleukin‐1 inhibits firing of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and enhances GABAergic inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials

In vitro electrophysiological data suggest that interleukin‐1 may promote non‐rapid eye movement sleep by inhibiting spontaneous firing of wake‐active serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). Interleukin‐1 enhances GABA inhibitory effects. DRN neurons are under an inhibitory GABAergic control. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that interleukin‐1 inhibits DRN serotonergic neurons by potentiating GABAergic inhibitory effects. In vitro intracellular recordings were performed to assess the responses of physiologically and pharmacologically identified DRN serotonergic neurons to rat recombinant interleukin‐1β. Coronal slices containing DRN were obtained from male Sprague–Dawley rats. The impact of interleukin‐1 on firing rate and on evoked post‐synaptic potentials was determined. Evoked post‐synaptic potentials were induced by stimulation with a bipolar electrode placed on the surface of the slice ventrolateral to DRN. Addition of interleukin‐1 (25 ng/mL) to the bath perfusate significantly decreased firing rates of DRN serotonergic neurons from 1.3 ± 0.2 Hz (before administration) to 0.7 ± 0.2 Hz. Electrical stimulation induced depolarizing evoked post‐synaptic potentials in DRN serotonergic neurons. The application of glutamatergic and GABAergic antagonists unmasked two different post‐synaptic potential components: a GABAergic evoked inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials and a glutamatergic evoked excitatory post‐synaptic potentials, respectively. Interleukin‐1 increased GABAergic evoked inhibitory post‐synaptic potentials amplitudes by 30.3 ± 3.8% (n = 6) without affecting glutamatergic evoked excitatory post‐synaptic potentials. These results support the hypothesis that interleukin‐1 inhibitory effects on DRN serotonergic neurons are mediated by an interleukin‐1‐induced potentiation of evoked GABAergic inhibitory responses.
Occurrence of Bull Trout in Naturally Fragmented Habitat Patches of Varied Size

Abstract Bull trout Salvelinus confluentus and other salmonids in the Pacific Northwest are believed at risk of local and regional extinctions because of ongoing habitat loss and fragmentation. Biologists have focused on defining and protecting critical stream channel characteristics, but there is little information regarding the scale or spatial geometry of habitat that may be necessary for the species' long-term persistence. We investigated the influence of habitat patch size on the occurrence of bull trout by determining the presence or absence of fish in naturally fragmented watersheds of the Boise River basin in Idaho. We defined patches of potential habitat for bull trout as watersheds above 1,600 m elevation, a criterion based on the presumed restriction of local populations by stream temperature. We used logistic regression to investigate the possible influence of patch size as well as stream width and gradient on the occurrence of bull trout at reach, stream, and patch scales of analysis. Both st.
Motor and representational framing of space

A round bale which is wound by an agricultural round baler and consists of stalk crops, at least the interior of the round bale consisting of stalk crops cut into small pieces in the longitudinal direction of the stalks and the round bale being provided with a cover which consists of baler twine wound crosswise around the bale and/or of a netting web wound therearound.
95% of basidiospores fall within 1 m of the cap: a field-and modeling-based study

Plant establishment patterns suggest that ectomycorrhizal fungal (EMF) inoculant is not found ubiquitously. The role of animal vectors dispersing viable EMF spores is well documented. Here we investigate the role of wind in basidiospore dispersal for six EMF species, Inocybe lacera, Laccaria laccata, Lactarius rufus, Suillus brevipes, Suillus tomentosus and Thelephora americana. Basidiospores adhered to microscope slides placed on three 60 cm transects radiating from sporocarps. Morphological characteristics of species as well as average basidiospore volume were recorded. Number of basidiospores was quantified at specific distances to produce actual dispersal gradients. We found a negative exponential decay model using characteristics for each species fit the field data well. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance of basidiospores was calculated for each species. The 95% modeled downwind dispersal distance increased with increasing cap height and decreasing basidiospore volume for the species sampled, with 95% of basidiospores predicted to fall within 58 cm of the cap. Differences in anatomical characteristics of EMF species influence how far basidiospores are dispersed by wind. We discuss the role of wind dispersal leading to patterns of EMF establishment during primary succession.
Hemodialysis Tunneled Catheter-Related Infections

Catheter-related bloodstream infections, exit-site infections, and tunnel infections are common complications related to hemodialysis central venous catheter use. The various definitions of catheter-related infections are reviewed, and various preventive strategies are discussed. Treatment options, for both empiric and definitive infections, including antibiotic locks and systemic antibiotics, are reviewed.
High Prevalence, Genetic Diversity and Intracellular Growth Ability of Legionella in Hot Spring Environments

Background Legionella is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, and hot springs are a major source of outbreaks of this disease. It is important from a public health perspective to survey hot spring environments for the presence of Legionella. Methods Prospective surveillance of the extent of Legionella pollution was conducted at three hot spring recreational areas in Beijing, China in 2011. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and sequence-based typing (SBT) were used to describe the genetic polymorphism of isolates. The intracellular growth ability of the isolates was determined by interacting with J774 cells and plating the dilutions onto BCYE agar plates. Results Overall, 51.9% of spring water samples showed Legionella-positive, and their concentrations ranged from 1 CFU/liter to 2,218 CFU/liter. The positive rates of Legionella were significantly associated with a free chlorine concentration of ≥0.2 mg/L, urea concentration of ≥0.05 mg/L, total microbial counts of ≥400 CFU/ml and total coliform of ≥3 MPN/L (p<0.01). The Legionella concentrations were significantly associated with sample temperature, pH, total microbial counts and total coliform (p<0.01). Legionella pneumophila was the most frequently isolated species (98.9%), and the isolated serogroups included serogroups 3 (25.3%), 6 (23.4%), 5 (19.2%), 1 (18.5%), 2 (10.2%), 8 (0.4%), 10 (0.8%), 9 (1.9%) and 12 (0.4%). Two hundred and twenty-eight isolates were analyzed by PFGE and 62 different patterns were obtained. Fifty-seven L. pneumophila isolates were selected for SBT analysis and divided into 35 different sequence types with 5 main clonal groups. All the 57 isolates had high intracellular growth ability. Conclusions Our results demonstrated high prevalence and genetic polymorphism of Legionella in springs in Beijing, China, and the SBT and intracellular growth assay results suggested that the Legionella isolates of hot spring environments were pathogenic. Improved control and prevention strategies are urgently needed.
A Phenomenological Exploration of the Experiences of International Students

International students have an undeniable effect on the higher education (HE) landscape worldwide, from economics and political strategies to HE efforts to focus on and improve ‘the student experience’. However, most previous research about students’ motivations for having an international experience and experiences of student engagement has focused on factors identified from the staff perspective rather than that of the students. As ‘student engagement’ is a widely used term in HE policy and practice, it is important to increase understanding: of the concept itself; how motivations influence student engagement; and how different types of student engagement may affect students’ perceptions of their experiences. Therefore, this research explores the nature of the relationships between identified motivations, types of student engagement, and perceptions of international students at a university in the United Kingdom (UK) in order to increase understanding of the students’ experiences from the students’ perspective. Using a phenomenological approach with a mixed methods design, data was collected from students during the 2012/13 academic year which included 249 questionnaires and 10 semi-structured interviews. Students reported various motivations which impacted their decision to come to the UK for part of their HE experience and also had an effect on how they engaged in their international experiences. Additionally, responses from students indicate that students tend to focus on the non-academic aspects of their experiences (i.e. social interactions, friendships, travel, clubs and societies, etc.) when reflecting on their international experiences with other students as opposed to academic aspects (i.e. studying, coursework, etc.). Finally, the findings suggest, when compared with academic engagement behaviours, international students’ perceptions of their experience were more influenced by behaviours for non-academic engagement; specifically, data indicates that non-academic engagement behaviours can decrease students’ concerns whilst abroad and also have a positive influence on students’ overall perceptions about their international experience.
LUC - Land Uptake Control - A GIS-based Approach

Land use caused by urbanisation is one of the main causes of political and social conflicts and altered environmental quality of land. It is a widespread feeling that the zero-balance objective (i.e. new areas can be urbanized only if already urbanized areas are restored) is feasible, at least in developed country, where the population is stabilizing around constant values. But it is very important to control the transient, between the current almost unrestricted situation and the zero-balance regime. Therefore, this paper proposes land uptake control procedures, based on geographical information systems and remote sensing.
From Games to Giving: Social Value Orientation Predicts Donations to Noble Causes

The central purpose of the present research is to examine the ability of social value orientation (i.e., prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientation), as measured with methods rooted in game theory (i.e., decomposed games), to predict real-life prosocial behavior. Consistent with hypotheses, results revealed that individual differences in social value orientation are predictive of various donations. Relative to individualists and competitors, prosocials reported to engage in a greater number of donations, especially donations to organizations aimed at helping the poor and the ill. Results are discussed in terms of theory and methodology regarding the individual differences in social value orientation, as well as in terms of societal implications for enhancing donations to noble causes.
The significance of low bcl-2 expression by CD45RO T cells in normal individuals and patients with acute viral infections. The role of apoptosis in T cell memory

The bcl-2 gene product has been shown to prevent apoptotic cell death. We have now investigated the bcl-2 protein expression by resting and activated mature T cell populations. Freshly isolated CD45RO+ T cells within CD4+ and CD8+ subsets expressed significantly less bcl-2 than CD45RO- (CD45RA+) T cells (p < 0.001). When CD45RA+ T cells within both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets were activated in vitro, the transition to CD45RO phenotype was associated with a decrease in bcl-2 expression. Patients with acute viral infections such as infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus infections or chickenpox, resulting from varicella zoster virus infection, had circulating populations of activated CD45RO+ T cells which also showed low bcl-2 expression. In these patients, a significant correlation was seen between low bcl-2 expression by activated T cells and their apoptosis in culture (r = 0.94, p < 0.001). These results suggest that the primary activation of T cells leads to the expansion of a population that is destined to perish unless rescued by some extrinsic event. Thus the suicide of CD45RO+ T cells could be prevented by the addition of interleukin 2 to the culture medium which resulted in a concomitant increase in the bcl- 2 expression of these cells. Alternatively, apoptosis was also prevented by coculturing the activated T lymphocytes with fibroblasts, which maintained the viability of lymphoid cells in a restinglike state but with low bcl-2 expression. The paradox that the CD45RO+ population contains the primed/memory T cell pool yet expresses low bcl-2 and is susceptible to apoptosis can be reconciled by the observations that maintenance of T cell memory may be dependent on the continuous restimulation of T cells, which increases their bcl-2 expression. Furthermore, the propensity of CD45RO+ T cells to extravasate may facilitate encounter with fibroblast-like cells in tissue stroma and thus be an important additional factor which promotes the survival of selected primed/memory T cells in vivo.
Intrauterine growth restriction combined with a maternal high‐fat diet increases hepatic cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein receptor activity in rats

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and maternal consumption of a high‐saturated‐fat diet (HFD) increase the risk of hypercholesterolemia, a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Many pregnant women eat a HFD, thus exposing the fetus to a HFD in utero. The cumulative effect of in utero exposure to IUGR and a HFD on offspring cholesterol levels remains unknown. Furthermore, little is known about the mechanism through which IUGR and maternal HFD consumption increase cholesterol. We hypothesize that IUGR combined with a maternal HFD would increase offspring serum and hepatic cholesterol accumulation via alteration in levels of key proteins involved in cholesterol metabolism. To test our hypothesis we used a rat model of surgically induced IUGR and fed the dams a regular diet or a HFD. HFD‐fed dams consumed the same kilocalories as regular diet‐fed dams, with no difference between surgical intervention groups. In the offspring, IUGR combined with a maternal HFD increased hepatic cholesterol levels, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor protein levels, and Ldlr activity in female rat offspring at birth and both sexes at postnatal day 14 relative to non‐IUGR offspring both from regular diet‐ and HFD‐fed dams. These findings suggest that IUGR combined with a maternal HFD increases hepatic cholesterol accumulation via increased LDL cholesterol uptake into the liver with resulting persistent increases in hepatic cholesterol accumulation.
A Multi-horizon Scale for Volatility a Multi-horizon Scale for Volatility *

We decompose volatility of a stock market index both in time and scale using wavelet filters and design a probabilistic indicator for volatilities, analogous to the Richter scale in geophysics. The peak-over-threshold method is used to fit the generalized Pareto probability distribution for the extreme values in the realized variances of wavelet coefficients. The indicator is computed for the daily Dow Jones Industrial Average index data from 1896 to 2007 and for the intraday CAC40 data from 1995 to 2006. The results are used for comparison and structural multi-resolution analysis of extreme events on the stock market and for the detection of financial crises.
Synthesis of Multitask Implementations of Simulink Models With Minimum Delays

Model-based design of embedded control systems using Synchronous Reactive (SR) models is among the best practices for software development in the automotive and aeronautic industry. SR models allow to formally verify the correctness of the design and automatically generate the implementation code. This feature is a major productivity enhancement and, more importantly, can ensure correct-by-design software provided that the code generator is provably correct. This paper presents an improvement of code generation technology for SR obtained via a novel algorithm for optimizing the multitask implementation of Simulink models on single-processor platforms with limited availability of memory. Existing code generation tools require the addition of zero-order hold (ZOH) blocks, and therefore additional memory, and possibly also additional functional delays whenever there is a rate transition in the computation and communication flow. Our algorithm leverages a novel efficient encoding of the scheduling feasibility region to find the task implementation of function blocks with minimum additional functional delays within timing and memory constraints. The algorithm is applied to an automotive case study with tens of function blocks and very high utilization to test its applicability to complex systems.
Sources of earnings dispersion in a linked employer-employee dataset : evidence from Norway

We estimate a standard human capital earnings model, augmented to allow for different firm-specific wage premia. The earnings of an individual depend on her human capital bundle and the earnings mark-up of the firm she is currently working for. We use linked employer-employee data from Norway which allows us to directly estimate the skill premium as a function of firm specific variables such as plant size, the capital/labour ratio, market share, unionisation and openness to trade. We document the impact of job reallocation and skill sorting on earnings dispersion. We find a large potential effect of labour reallocation on earnings dispersion.
Using Heuristic-Search Based Engines for Estimating Human Skill at Chess

Establishing heuristic-search based chess programs as appropriate tools for estimating human skill levels at chess may seem impossible due to the following issues: the programs’ evaluations and decisions tend to change with the depth of search and with the program used. In this research, we provide an analysis of the differences between heuristic-search based programs in estimating chess skill. We used four different chess programs to perform analyses of large data sets of recorded human decisions, and obtained very similar rankings of skill-based performances of selected chess players using any of these programs at various levels of search. A conclusion is that, given two chess players, all the programs unanimously rank one player to be clearly stronger than the other, or all the programs assess their strengths to be similar. We also repeated our earlier analysis with the program CRAFTY of World Chess Champions with currently one of the strongest chess programs, RYBKA 32, and obtained qualitatively very similar results as with CRAFTY. This speaks in favour of computer heuristic search being adequate for estimating skill levels of chess players, despite the above stated issues.
The hydrodynamic and conformational properties of denatured proteins in dilute solutions

Published data on the characterization of unfolded proteins in dilute solutions in aqueous guanidine hydrochloride are analyzed to show that the data are not fit by either the random flight or wormlike chain models for linear chains. The analysis includes data on the intrinsic viscosity, root‐mean‐square radius of gyration, from small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and hydrodynamic radius, from the translational diffusion coefficient. It is concluded that residual structure consistent with that deduced from nuclear magnetic resonance on these solutions can explain the dilute solution results in a consistent manner through the presence of ring structures, which otherwise have an essentially flexible coil conformation. The ring structures could be in a state of continual flux and rearrangement. Calculation of the radius of gyration for the random‐flight model gives a similar reduction of this measure for chains joined at their endpoints, or those containing loop with two dangling ends, each one‐fourth the total length of the chain. This relative insensitivity to the details of the ring structure is taken to support the behavior observed across a range of proteins.