Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Bayesian non-parametric method to detect clusters in Planck data

We show how one may expect a significant number of Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) detections in future Planck data without any of the typical assumptions needed in present component separation methods, such as concerning the power spectrum or the frequency dependence of any of the components, circular symmetry or a typical scale for the clusters. We reduce the background by subtracting an estimate of the point sources, dust and cosmic microwave background (CMB). The final SZ effect map is estimated in Fourier space. The catalogue of returned clusters is complete above flux ≈200 mJy (353 GHz), while the lowest flux reached by our method is ≈70 mJy (353 GHz). We predict a large number of detections (∼9000) over four-fifths of the sky. This large number of SZ detections will allow a robust and consistent analysis of the evolution of the cluster population with redshift and will have important implications for determining the best cosmological model.
A high-throughput routing for multiuser diversity multicast

In this paper, we introduce a new routing strategy that allows high-throughput and channel-aware multi-rate multicast in wireless networks. This new routing strategy, based on the so-called End-to-end Multicast Session Efficiency (EMSE), is founded on the multi-user diversity (MUD) and the wireless broadcast advantage (WBA) features. It aims at: i) joining users that provide the best-received multicast throughput, ii) guaranteeing the use of homogenous capacities, iii) considering the effect of the transmission/retransmission number needed to exploit the multi-rate diversity on the routing throughput and iv) constructing the multicast structure composed of paths that give the best end-to-end throughput. Compared to other routing strategies and multicast schemes, the new routing algorithms show considerable improvement in terms of the average throughput and an important reduction in the relays number needed to convey the multicast data.
RBF network optimization of complex microwave systems represented by small FDTD modeling data sets

This paper outlines an original algorithm of neural optimization backed by three-dimensional full-wave finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and suitable for viable computer-aided design of complex microwave (MW) systems. The frequency response of an S-parameter is optimized with a decomposed radial basis function (RBF) network capable of dealing with various MW devices. The key feature of the optimization is the dynamic generation of as much FDTD data as the network needs to find a solution satisfying the constraints or the stopping criteria. Other functions contributing to the reduction of computational cost include a choice of an RBF type, radius optimization of the Gaussian RBF, optimization of the regularization parameter, etc. Performance of the algorithm is illustrated by its application to the systems, which can be adequately described only with the full-wave numerical analysis: a double waveguide window, a loaded MW oven, and a patch antenna with two long slits. In all these examples, the network demonstrates excellent generalizing capabilities with the use of relatively small data sets, and the optimized solutions are obtained within fairly reasonable time. The algorithm is shown to be advantageous over conventional gradient and nongradient local-optimization techniques because it is independent of the starting point and having the potential to find the "best" local optimum in the specified domain. Finally, parameters of FDTD simulations and the network operations influencing the computational cost of the optimization are thoroughly discussed.
Repetitive Intermittent Hypoxia Induces Respiratory and Somatic Motor Recovery after Chronic Cervical Spinal Injury

Spinal injury disrupts connections between the brain and spinal cord, causing life-long paralysis. Most spinal injuries are incomplete, leaving spared neural pathways to motor neurons that initiate and coordinate movement. One therapeutic strategy to induce functional motor recovery is to harness plasticity in these spared neural pathways. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) (72 episodes per night, 7 nights) increases synaptic strength in crossed spinal synaptic pathways to phrenic motoneurons below a C2 spinal hemisection. However, CIH also causes morbidity (e.g., high blood pressure, hippocampal apoptosis), rendering it unsuitable as a therapeutic approach to chronic spinal injury. Less severe protocols of repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia may elicit plasticity without associated morbidity. Here we demonstrate that daily acute intermittent hypoxia (dAIH; 10 episodes per day, 7 d) induces motor plasticity in respiratory and nonrespiratory motor behaviors without evidence for associated morbidity. dAIH induces plasticity in spared, spinal pathways to respiratory and nonrespiratory motor neurons, improving respiratory and nonrespiratory (forelimb) motor function in rats with chronic cervical injuries. Functional improvements were persistent and were mirrored by neurochemical changes in proteins that contribute to respiratory motor plasticity after intermittent hypoxia (BDNF and TrkB) within both respiratory and nonrespiratory motor nuclei. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that repetitive acute intermittent hypoxia may be an effective and non-invasive means of improving function in multiple motor systems after chronic spinal injury.
On the particle acceleration near the light surface of radio pulsars

Accepted 1999 November 2. Received 1999 November 1; in original form 1999 July 19 ABSTRA C T The two-fluid effects on the radial outflow of relativistic electron‐positron plasma are considered. It is shown that for a sufficiently large Michel magnetization parameter s @ 1 and multiplication parameter la n=nGJ @ 1; the one-fluid MHD approximation remains correct in the whole regionjEj ,jBj: In the case when the longitudinal electric current is smaller than the Goldreich‐Julian one, the acceleration of particles near the light surface jEjajBj is determined. It is shown, as in the previously considered cylindrical geometry, that almost all the electromagnetic energy is transformed into the energy of particles in the narrow boundary layer D4=4 , l 21 :
Testing an Extended Theoretical Framework to Explain Variance in Use of a Public Health Information System

Objectives: This study examined determinants of using an immunization registry, explaining the variance in use. The technology acceptance model (TAM) was extended with contextual factors (contextualized TAM) to test hypotheses about immunization registry usage. Commitment to change, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, job-task changes, subjective norm, computer self-efficacy and system interface characteristics were hypothesized to affect usage. Method: The quantitative study was a prospective design of immunization registry end-users in a state in the United States. Questionnaires were administered 100 end-users after training and system usage. Results: The results showed that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm and job-tasks change influenced usage of the immunization registry directly, while computer self-efficacy and system interface characteristics influenced usage indirectly through perceived ease of use. Perceived ease of use also influenced usage indirectly through perceived usefulness. The effect of commitment to change on immunization registry usage was insignificant. Conclusion: Understanding the variables that impact information system use in the context of public health can increase the likelihood that a system will be successfully implemented and used, consequently, positively impacting the health of the public. Variables studied should be adequate to provide sufficient information about the acceptance of a specified technology by end users.
Supplier Relationships and Small Business Use of Trade Credit

This paper sheds some light on the empirical importance of supplier relationships, including ethnic ties, for the use of trade credit by minority-owned small businesses. Results based on the 1993 National Survey of Small Business Finance (NSSBF) indicate that ethnic differences in the use of trade credit are present after conditioning on an extensive list of control variables. This holds especially for Black-owned businesses, and we find that they use less trade credit, are less likely to take advantage of discounts for early payment, and are more likely to have payments past due. We use neighborhood survey data to explore the importance of supplier relationships for the use of trade credit by Black- and Hispanic-owned businesses. Although Black and Hispanic owners are equally likely to be offered trade credit, the relationship effects vary by ethnicity. Closer relationships with suppliers as measured by ethnic ties and geographical proximity are associated with more trade credit for Hispanic-owned businesses. In contrast, this result does not hold for Black-owned firms. The neighborhood survey results suggest the idea of looking for ethnic differences in the effects of relationships at the national level as well. Although good supplier-level measures of relationships are not available in the NSSBF, we use census data to construct MSA-level measures of the prevalence of minority-owned businesses. We then explore how location in an MSA with a higher proportion of businesses of the same ethnicity is associated with the use of trade credit by minority owners relative to White-owned firms. We find that a higher MSA share for Hispanic-owned businesses is generally associated with a reduction in differences in the use of trade credit by Hispanic owners relative to White owners. No clear association is apparent between the MSA share for Black-owned businesses and their use of trade credit.Thus, the ethnic differences in the effects of relationships evident in the neighborhood surveys seem to be consistent with the results from the national survey
Exact Number of Mosaic Patterns in Cellular Neural Networks

This work investigates mosaic patterns for the one-dimensional cellular neural networks with various boundary conditions. These patterns can be formed by combining the basic patterns. The parameter space is partitioned so that the existence of basic patterns can be determined for each parameter region. The mosaic patterns can then be completely characterized through formulating suitable transition matrices and boundary-pattern matrices. These matrices generate the patterns for the interior cells from the basic patterns and indicate the feasible patterns for the boundary cells. As an illustration, we elaborate on the cellular neural networks with a general 1 × 3 template. The exact number of mosaic patterns will be computed for the system with the Dirichlet, Neumann and periodic boundary conditions respectively. The idea in this study can be extended to other one-dimensional lattice systems with finite-range interaction.
P/2006 VW139: a main-belt comet born in an asteroid collision?

In this paper, we apply different methods to examine the possibility that a small group of 24 asteroids dynamically linked to a main-belt comet P/2006 VW139, recently discovered by the Pan-STARRS1 survey telescope, shares a common physical origin. By applying the hierarchical clustering and backward integration methods, we find strong evidence that 11 of these asteroids form a sub-group which likely originated in a recent collision event, and that this group includes P/2006 VW139. The objects not found to be part of the 11-member sub-group, which we designate as the P/2006 VW139 family, were either found to be dynamically unstable or are likely interlopers which should be expected due to the close proximity of the Themis family. As we demonstrated, statistical significance of the P/2006 VW139 family is >99 per cent. We determine the age of the family to be 7.5 ± 0.3 Myr, and estimate the diameter of the parent body to be ∼11 km. Results show that the family is produced by an impact which can be best characterized as a transition from the catastrophic to the cratering regime. The dynamical environment of this family is studied as well, including the identification of the most influential mean motion and secular resonances in the region. Our findings now make P/2006 VW139 the second main-belt comet to be dynamically associated with a young asteroid family, a fact with important implications for the origin and activation mechanism of such objects.
Spatially coded signal model for active arrays

This paper addresses the problem of target detection and localization by radar or active sonar systems. A novel configuration, in which the transmitted signals are spatially coded, is proposed. The main advantages of this new configuration are: avoiding beam-shape loss, having a larger virtual array aperture and therefore narrower beams, increasing the angular resolution, and having the ability to detect and localize a greater number of targets. This configuration enables array processing in the transmit mode in addition to the receive mode. The generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and the maximum-likelihood (ML) estimator are derived for target detection and localization according to the new model configuration. The performance of the array processing algorithms for this problem is studied theoretically and via simulations.
Evaluation of plaque stabilization by fluvastatin with carotid intima- medial elasticity measured by a transcutaneous ultrasonic-based tissue characterization system.

AIM As an approach to tissue characterization, we attempted to classify in vivo carotid plaque tissues in terms of arterial wall elasticity instead of echogenicity on B-mode scanning and investigated whether the effect of fluvastatin on carotid elasticity can be detected in hypercholesterolemic patients. METHODS In 170 subjects, simultaneous measurements of intima-media thickness (IMT) and elastic modulus in the circumferential direction (E(theta)) were performed using a new transcutaneous high-resolution Doppler technique. RESULTS From the observation of various tissues, an elasticity library was obtained as follows: lipid core, 22+/-15 kPa; calcification, 674+/-384 kPa; lipid core- and calcification-free plaques, 173+/-69 kPa; smooth muscle, 104+/-32 kPa; blood clot, 85+/-68 kPa; fibrosis, 273+/-173 kPa.The effect of fluvastatin (30 mg/day, n=62) was assessed over 12 months using the elasticity distribution and serum markers. The statin reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity CRP, mean IMT and mean E(theta), and increased nitrite/nitrate. In the max IMT > or =1.1 mm group, both E(theta) and IMT decreased significantly. On the other hand, in the max IMT <1.1 mm group, E(theta) but not IMT decreased significantly. The histogram of the subgroups showing increased E(theta) with max IMT> or =1.1 mm revealed a decrease in areas corresponding to E(theta) of 20200 kPa (lipid/smooth muscle-rich tissue) and an increase in relatively hardened areas of <250 kPa (collagen fibers). CONCLUSION Non-invasive echographic carotid arterial elasticity measurement is useful for the classification of atherosclerotic plaques and evaluation of chronological and histopathological changes.
Disclosing early steps of protein-primed genome replication of the Gram-positive tectivirus Bam35

Protein-primed replication constitutes a generalized mechanism to initiate DNA or RNA synthesis in a number of linear genomes of viruses, linear plasmids and mobile elements. By this mechanism, a so-called terminal protein (TP) primes replication and becomes covalently linked to the genome ends. Bam35 belongs to a group of temperate tectiviruses infecting Gram-positive bacteria, predicted to replicate their genomes by a protein-primed mechanism. Here, we characterize Bam35 replication as an alternative model of protein-priming DNA replication. First, we analyze the role of the protein encoded by the ORF4 as the TP and characterize the replication mechanism of the viral genome (TP-DNA). Indeed, full-length Bam35 TP-DNA can be replicated using only the viral TP and DNA polymerase. We also show that DNA replication priming entails the TP deoxythymidylation at conserved tyrosine 194 and that this reaction is directed by the third base of the template strand. We have also identified the TP tyrosine 172 as an essential residue for the interaction with the viral DNA polymerase. Furthermore, the genetic information of the first nucleotides of the genome can be recovered by a novel single-nucleotide jumping-back mechanism. Given the similarities between genome inverted terminal repeats and the genes encoding the replication proteins, we propose that related tectivirus genomes can be replicated by a similar mechanism.
Link Classification

Blog links raise three key questions: Why did the author make the link, what exactly is he pointing at, and what does he feel about it? In response to these questions we introduce a link model with three fundamental descriptive dimensions where each dimension is designed to answer one question. We believe the answers to these questions can be utilized to improve search engine results for blogs. While proving this is outside the scope of this paper, we do prove that knowing the rhetorical role of a link helps determine what the author was pointing at and how he feels about it. Introduction and Related Work Based upon the insights gain from Rhetorical Structure Theory we assert that links have a rhetorical role in posts forming relationships between their two ends. With slight modifications, the three basic assumptions of RST(Thompson & Mann 1987) apply to blogs: 1. Links form an organized hierarchy of clauses in a conversation. 2. Links can be described by the purpose of the writer, his assumptions about his audience, and the organization of his message. 3. Links are asymmetric placing unequal importance upon the source and the sink of the link. In RST it is possible for a relation to exist between three or more spans of text, links however only go from the source to the target making them a special case of relations within RST. Taken with the traditional strengths of SVMs in the general field of text classification(Joachims 1998) ranging from sentiment detection in movie(Pang, Lee, & Vaithyanathan 2002) and product(Dave, Lawrence, & Pennock 2003) reviews, to splog detection(Kolari, Finin, & Joshi 2006) SVMs are the tool of choice for our work. While Joachims recomends removing stop words in (Joachims 1998) I have chosen not to since conjunctions and other such stop words are correlated to rhetorical structures as implied by the converse of Mann and Thompson’s assertion that RST relations are “useful in predicting other facts about the text, such as the kinds of conjunctions that will appear in certain places. ”(Mann & Thompson 1986) Copyright c © 2008, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. Proposed Link Model Dimensions • Reference What the link points to in the sink url and how it is being used by the source url. – Item: Objects and places. – Event: Actions in the past, present, or future. – Entity: People and organizations. – Idea: Facts, theories, hypotheticals, arguments, and abstract concepts. • Rhetorical Intention Why the author created the link, and how it is being used. – Topic: To continue talking about another post as the main topic of this post. – Evidence: To provide support for a claim. – Define: To define, or specify which term or thing. – Cite Source: To credit the original source. – Provide Background: Provide info tangential to the topic. • Sentiment How the author feels about the link. – Positive Sentiment: Both explicit and implicit. – Negative Sentiment: Both explicit and implicit. – No Sentiment: No discernible sentiment.
The Quality of Accounting Information in Politically Connected Firms

We document that the quality of earnings reported by politically connected firms is significantly poorer than that of similar non-connected companies. Our results are not due to firms with ex-ante poor earnings quality establishing connections more often. Instead, our results suggest that, because of a lesser need to respond to market pressures to increase the quality of information, connected companies can afford disclosing lower quality accounting information. In particular, lower quality reported earnings is associated with a higher cost of debt only for the non-politically connected firms in the sample.
The Emergence of Strong Property Rights: Speculation from History

How did citizens acquire rights protecting their property from the depredations of the government? In this paper, we argue that one important factor strengthening respect for property is how it is distributed. When there is some specificity associated with property, and property is held by those who are most productive, the distribution of property becomes relatively easy to defend. By contrast, when property is owned by those who get rents simply by virtue of ownership, the distribution of property becomes much harder to defend. We speculate on why some countries have been able to develop a climate of respect for property rights while others have not.
Intracytoplasmic domains of MHC class II molecules are essential for lipid-raft-dependent signaling

In addition to their role in antigen presentation, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules have been widely described as signaling proteins in diverse antigen-presenting cells (APCs) including B cells and dendritic cells. By contrast, little is known of the signaling function of MHC class II molecules expressed in solid tumors. We describe the functional organization and signaling ability of I-Ak expressed in a sarcoma, and report the recruitment of I-Ak to lipid rafts after MHC class II engagement. Lipid raft integrity was required for I-Ak-mediated reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and translocation of protein kinase C-α(PKC-α) to the precise site of stimulation via I-Ak. Truncation of the intracytoplasmic domains of I-Ak did not perturb I-Ak recruitment to lipid rafts but abrogated PKC-αtranslocation and actin rearrangement. PKC-αwas detected in lipid microdomains and enrichment of activated PKC-αin lipid rafts was induced by I-Ak signaling. Ordering of the molecular events following engagement of the MHC class II molecules revealed that I-Ak recruitment to lipid rafts precedes signaling. This is consistent with the absence of a requirement for the intracytoplasmic tails for localization to lipid rafts. These data reveal that lipid-rich microdomains play a key role in MHC class II-mediated signaling in a solid tumor.
Density Scaling and Anisotropy in Supersonic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

We study the statistics of density for supersonic turbulence in a medium with magnetic pressure larger than the gaseous pressure. Our simulations exhibit clumpy density structures, with the contrast increasing with the Mach number. At Mach 10, the densities of some clumps are 3 orders of magnitude higher than the mean density. These clumps give rise to a flat and approximately isotropic density spectrum corresponding to the random distribution of clumps in space. We claim that the clumps originate from our random, isotropic turbulence driving. When the contribution from those clumps is suppressed by studying the logarithm of density, the density statistics exhibit scale-dependent anisotropy consistent with the models in which density structures arise from shearing by Alfvén waves. It is noteworthy that originally such models were advocated for the case of low-Mach, nearly incompressible turbulence.