Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Changing Geographies of Ethnic Diversity in England and Wales, 1991-2011

While ethnic diversity is traditionally an urban characteristic, new spaces of diversity are emerging. This challenges our current understandings of the geographies of ethnic diversity and forces us to consider the more intricate spatial patterns and processes of ethnic group population change. Ethnic diversity, now a key feature of contemporary society in Britain, is an issue of public, policy, political, and academic interest; the 2011 Census provided an opportunity to update our knowledge of how diversity has grown, and in what ways. This paper explores the new geographies of ethnic diversity in England and Wales, mapping the evolving landscape of diversity over two decades. The paper makes use of measures of diversity and clustering for small areas (wards) for consistent geographies for 1991–2011, and for the most recent decade using a district level urban–rural area classification. There is evidence of a spreading out of ethnic diversity from urban centres towards areas traditionally less diverse. Spatial mixing has increased – the period also saw a growth of minority ethnic groups in areas outside own‐group clusters. The increased share of all ethnic groups (White British and minority) in less urban areas challenges claims of ‘White flight’ from diversity. Increased ethnic diversity is clearly an important feature of contemporary population change, and the coming years are likely to see continued mixing between people and within places – and in new locales. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Social Competence in the Community Adjustment of Persons with Developmental Disabilities

This paper reviews literature and professional practices which affect the community adjustment and adaptation of developmentally disabled persons. The role of social competence in determining satisfactory adjustments to community-based vocational and residential settings by adult persons with developmental disabilities is explored. The paper is divided into five sections. Section one briefly reviews the community adjustment status of persons with developmental disabilities. Section two discusses the construct of social competence in terms of definitional issues and social validation approaches within community-based vocational and residential settings. Section three describes three types of adjustment (behavioral, social, personal) that are considered important to successful community adaptation. Section four reviews the consequences that accrue to developmentally disabled persons from adjustment failure in vocational and residential settings. Finally, section five advocates for adoption of a social ecological approach in the study of community adjustment for developmentally disabled persons and presents a series of recommendations governing future efforts in this area.
Dynamically Allocated Hub in Task-Evoked Network Predicts the Vulnerable Prefrontal Locus for Contextual Memory Retrieval in Macaques

Neuroimaging and neurophysiology have revealed that multiple areas in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are activated in a specific memory task, but severity of impairment after PFC lesions is largely different depending on which activated area is damaged. The critical relationship between lesion sites and impairments has not yet been given a clear mechanistic explanation. Although recent works proposed that a whole-brain network contains hubs that play integrative roles in cortical information processing, this framework relying on an anatomy-based structural network cannot account for the vulnerable locus for a specific task, lesioning of which would bring impairment. Here, we hypothesized that (i) activated PFC areas dynamically form an ordered network centered at a task-specific “functional hub” and (ii) the lesion-effective site corresponds to the “functional hub,” but not to a task-invariant “structural hub. ” To test these hypotheses, we conducted functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments in macaques performing a temporal contextual memory task. We found that the activated areas formed a hierarchical hub-centric network based on task-evoked directed connectivity, differently from the anatomical network reflecting axonal projection patterns. Using a novel simulated-lesion method based on support vector machine, we estimated severity of impairment after lesioning of each area, which accorded well with a known dissociation in contextual memory impairment in macaques (impairment after lesioning in area 9/46d, but not in area 8Ad). The predicted severity of impairment was proportional to the network “hubness” of the virtually lesioned area in the task-evoked directed connectivity network, rather than in the anatomical network known from tracer studies. Our results suggest that PFC areas dynamically and cooperatively shape a functional hub-centric network to reallocate the lesion-effective site depending on the cognitive processes, apart from static anatomical hubs. These findings will be a foundation for precise prediction of behavioral impacts of damage or surgical intervention in human brains.
Enhanced Virulence of Chlamydia muridarum Respiratory Infections in the Absence of TLR2 Activation

Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted pathogen and is associated with infant pneumonia. Data from the female mouse model of genital tract chlamydia infection suggests a requirement for TLR2-dependent signaling in the induction of inflammation and oviduct pathology. We hypothesized that the role of TLR2 in moderating mucosal inflammation is site specific. In order to investigate this, we infected mice via the intranasal route with C. muridarum and observed that in the absence of TLR2 activation, mice had more severe disease, higher lung cytokine levels, and an exaggerated influx of neutrophils and T-cells into the lungs. This could not be explained by impaired bacterial clearance as TLR2-deficient mice cleared the infection similar to controls. These data suggest that TLR2 has an anti-inflammatory function in the lung during Chlamydia infection, and that the role of TLR2 in mucosal inflammation varies at different mucosal surfaces.
Differential expression of duplicated binary toxin genes binA/binB in Lysinibacillus sphaericus C3‐41

Due to the self‐produced binary toxins BinA/BinB, some Lysinibacillus sphaericus isolates exhibit high toxicity against mosquito larvae and are utilized in mosquito control programmes. Previous whole‐genome sequencing revealed the presence of a large plasmid pBsph in L. sphaericus C3‐41, which contains a 30·5‐kb duplication of the genome including the binary toxin genes binA/binB. This was confirmed by Southern blot and qPCR experiments in this study. Mutants of L. sphaericus C3‐41, bearing disruptions of the chromosomal‐bin (C3‐41ΔCab) or the plasmid‐bin (C3‐41ΔPab) and a plasmid‐cured strain G725, were generated. It was observed that the three mutants, especially that of C3‐41ΔPab and G725, had lower mRNA level from the early to middle sporulation phase and expressed less binary toxin during the whole sporulation phase. The mosquitocidal activity of the wild strain against 4th instar Culex quinquefasciatus larvae determined by LC50 displayed about 4, 15 and 35 times higher than that of C3‐41ΔCab, C3‐41ΔPab and G725 respectively. These results suggest that both chromosomal‐ and plasmid‐borne bin genes, especially the latter, contribute to the full toxicity of the wild strain. The study provides an important clue for the evolution and application of mosquitocidal L. sphaericus.
Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review

Associations between exercise and mental well-being have been documented repeatedly over the last two decades. More recently, there has been application of exercise interventions to clinical populations diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders with evidence of substantial benefit. Nonetheless, attention to the efficacy of exercise interventions in clinical settings has been notably absent in the psychosocial treatment literature, as have been calls for the integration of these methods within the clinical practice of psychologists. In this article, we provide a quantitative and qualitative review of these efficacy studies in clinical samples and discuss the potential mechanism of action of exercise interventions, with attention to both biological and psychosocial processes. The meta-analysis of 11 treatment outcome studies of individuals with depression yielded a very large combined effect size for the advantage of exercise over control conditions: g = 1.39 (95% CI: .89-1.88), corresponding to a d = 1.42 (95% CI: .92-1.93). Based on these findings, we encourage clinicians to consider the role of adjunctive exercise interventions in their clinical practice and we discuss issues concerning this integration.
Psychoanalysis and General Psychiatry: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder as Paradigm

To certain areas once dominated by psychoanalytic conceptualizations of psychopathology and pathogenesis, general psychiatry has in recent years made significant contributions. The obsessive-compulsive disorder is cited as an example, and illustrations of such contributions are described and discussed. Some implications for psychoanalytic theory and research are suggested.
Using a relevant threat, EPPM and interpersonal communication to change hand-washing behaviours on campus

Abstract This paper focuses on a hand-washing campaign conducted at a mid-sized university in the western USA. Using the theoretical framework of the extended parallel process model (EPPM), formative, focus group research was conducted. It was determined that common threats used in hand-washing campaigns such as spreading germs and getting sick were not relevant to the students in the target audience, did not have high susceptibility, nor high response efficacy. Rather, the students indicated the grossness of urine and faeces on the hands was the most relevant threat that would yield the highest behaviour change and so campaign messages focusing on the 'gross' factor were created and placed in the randomly selected experimental dorms. Behavioural observations were conducted immediately before and after the campaign. A post-campaign online survey was completed by 518 dorm residents. Results indicate that using EPPM to create health communication messages yields positive behaviour change when formative research is conducted to determine not only self and response efficacy for the behaviour, and susceptibility and severity for the threat, but more importantly, to also determine the most relevant threat for the target audience. Results also appear to support an integrated communication approach to campaign success, as discussion about campaign messages with friends yielded increased variance in hand washing among these students. A version of this paper was presented at the Kentucky Conference on Health Communication,17–19th April, 2008.
The response-window regression method—Some problematic assumptions: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998).

A new response-window regression method for evaluating unconscious semantic priming (S. C. Draine & A. G. Greenwald, 1998) is consideredFour assumptions of the method are discussed: (a) the assumption of standard (ordinary least squares) regression; (b) the assumption of comparable direct and indirect measures; (c) the assumption of linear relationship; and (d) the assumption of forced responding. Situations with strong relationships in the data between indirect- and direct-task measures, coupled with nonstandard regression techniques, provide the strongest evidence from this method. Situations in which the indirect- and direct-task measures show essentially no relationship in the data demand closely reasoned arguments and careful statistical treatment. Draine and Greenwald (1998), following prior work by Greenwald and colleagues (Greenwald & Draine, 1997; Greenwald, Draine, & Abrams, 1996; Greenwald, Klinger, & Schuh, 1995), have proposed an intriguing new method for demonstrating unconscious semantic priming. The method combines a response-window procedure for maximizing the size of semantic-priming effects with a regression method for evaluating the strength of "unconscious" priming. When done carefully, this methodological approach may provide evidence for unconscious priming. This article highlights certain issues in the application of the regression method and the response-window method and offers several guidelines for strong interpretation. The following assumptions of the method are considered and discussed: (a) the assumption of standard regression; (b) the assumption of comparable direct and indirect measures; (c) the assumption of linear relation- ship; and (d) the assumption of forced responding.
The effects of different motivational climates on students' achievement goals, motivational strategies and attitudes toward physical education☆

The aim of this study was to analyse whether conducting physical education lessons according to different motivational climates leads to a significant difference between students' achievement goals, motivational strategies and attitudes towards physical education. Participants (81-ninth grade students) were allocated to one of three experimental groups. The researchers conducted a 12-week programme of physical education lessons with the experimental groups. The programme used the same lesson plans; however, in each experimental group, the researchers created different motivational climates (mastery, performance approach or performance avoidance) according to the Motivational Climate Observer Control List. The students' achievement goals, motivational strategies and attitudes towards physical education were measured at the beginning and end of the semester. Consequently, it was observed that the mastery-and performance-approach focused-motivational climates within physical education lessons produced positive outputs in terms of cognitive and affective scores.
Der SF-12 - Das Problem der Missing Data

Zusammenfassung. Der SF-12 stellt die Kurzform der Short Form 36 Health Survey dar. Ein wenig beachteter Nachteil im Algorithmus zur Bildung der Skalenindizes liegt darin, dass die Bildung der Skalenwerte nur dann empfohlen wird, wenn alle Items von einer Person beantwortet wurden. Ist dies nicht der Fall, ist die entsprechende Person nicht mit Werten des SF-12 reprasentiert (Missing Case). Im Rahmen einer Studie zum Wirksamkeitsvergleich in der orthopadischen medizinischen Rehabilitation konnten zu Beginn (t1) und Ende (t2) der Rehabilitationsmasnahme insgesamt 1176 Patienten erreicht werden. Trotz weitestgehend vollstandiger Datensatze kam es zu t1 zu 29 % fehlender Falle im SF-12. Die Verteilungsanalyse dieser Missing Data wies v. a. darauf hin, dass es Personen hoheren Alters und geringerer Schulbildung sind, die die Items des SF-12 nicht beantworteten. Insbesondere bei den aufwandig formulierten Items gibt es einen hohen Anteil fehlender Werte. Eine Uberarbeitung des Instruments mit dem Ziel der Vereinfachung der Fragestellungen scheint damit erforderlich. Schlusselworter: SF-12, Missing data, Gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualitat Missing Data in SF-12 Health Survey: Finding the causes
Approaches to Managing Safety With Lenalidomide in Hematologic Malignancies

Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent approved in relapsed multiple myeloma with dexamethasone, for transfusion-dependent anemia in myelodysplastic syndrome associated with deletion 5q, and in relapsed/progressive mantle cell lymphoma following bortezomib. In recent clinical trials, lenalidomide has shown promising activity in hematologic malignancies, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Starting doses and dosing schedules vary by malignancy, with lenalidomide started at a lower dose for CLL than for NHL or multiple myeloma. Certain adverse events (AEs) are common across tumor types (e.g., neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue), whereas others are more often associated with CLL patients (e.g., tumor lysis syndrome and tumor flare reaction). Effective management requires awareness of these differences as well as appropriate prophylaxis, monitoring, and treatment of AEs. This article reviews the efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in CLL and NHL, focusing on approaches for the advanced practitioner to improve patient quality of life through optimal management of side effects. With these steps, lenalidomide can be administered safely, at the best starting doses and with minimal dose interruptions or reductions across hematologic malignancies.
Prognostic factors for survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: univariate and multivariate analyses including recursive partitioning and amalgamation algorithms in 1,052 patients. The European Lung Cancer Working Party.

PURPOSE This study attempted to determine the prognostic value for survival of various pretreatment characteristics in patients with nonresectable non-small-cell lung cancer in the context of more than 10 years of experience of a European Cooperative Group. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included in the analysis all eligible patients (N = 1,052) with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer registered onto one of seven trials conducted by the European Lung Cancer Working Party (ELCWP) during one decade. The patients were treated by chemotherapy regimens based on platinum derivatives. We prospectively collected 23 variables and analyzed them by univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS The global estimated median survival time was 29 weeks, with a 95% confidence interval of 27 to 30 weeks. After univariate analysis, we applied two multivariate statistical techniques. In a Cox regression model, the selected explanatory variables were disease extent, Karnofsky performance status, WBC and neutrophil counts, metastatic involvement of skin, serum calcium level, age, and sex. These results were confirmed by application of recursive partitioning and amalgamation algorithms (RECPAM), which led to classification of the patients into four homogeneous subgroups. CONCLUSION We confirmed by our analysis the role of well-known independent prognostic factors for survival, but also identified the effect of the neutrophil count, rarely studied, with the use of two methods: a classical Cox regression model and a RECPAM analysis. The classification of patients into the four subgroups we obtained needs to be validated in other series.
Expression of Mn-Superoxide Dismutase Gene in Nontumorigenic and Tumorigenic Human Mammary Epithelial Cells

Manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), localized at the mitochondrial matrix, has the ability to protect cells against oxidative damage. It has been reported that low levels of Mn-SOD gene expression cause the development of certain kind of tumors. On the other hand, overexpression of Mn-SOD gene may play an important role in the development of cancer. In our study, we find that Mn-SOD activity was higher in nonaggressive (MCF-7) and aggressive (BT-549 and 11-9-14) breast cancer cell lines compared to that of nontumorigenic (MCF-12A and MCF-12F) mammary epithelial cell lines. We also observed an increased expression of Mn-SOD gene in cancerous cell lines. The elevated level of SOD activity in nonaggressive and aggressive breast epithelial cell lines was associated with some changes in nucleotide sequence.
Custodial fathers: myths, realities, and child support policy

Men are increasingly receiving custody of their children, and single-father families with children are increasing at a faster rate than even single-mother families. Howewer, many observers still believe that there are few custodial fathers. Indeed, there are number of myths concerning custodial fathers. We examine three data sets and determine that many of these assumptions about custodial fathers are simply not true. We argue that current child support policies should be re-examined to ensure that they follow the same principles when the custodial parent is the father as when the custodial parent is the mother.
From death metal to R&B? Consistency of music preferences among Dutch adolescents and young adults

The structure of music preferences has been investigated extensively. However, development of music preferences in terms of consistency of music taste is as yet understudied. In this study, intra-individual consistency of music taste was assessed among Dutch adolescents and young adults over three points in time in a 21-month period. An internet-based panel of 236 participants was asked to list their top three favourite artists or bands, and to rate their preferences for a range of music genres. Genre ratings were grouped into five styles: pop, urban, elite, rock and dance, using factor analysis. Thus there were three measures of music taste for each participant over time: favourite artists, preference for musical genres and styles. Findings indicated that favourite artists tended to have a high turnover rate, that genres were rated relatively consistently with moderate to high q-correlations (between .41 and .67), and that style preferences were highly consistent (q-correlations between .77 and .86). Differences in consistency over time across gender and educational level were not substantive, but age was positively related to music taste consistency. It is concluded that music taste is already well developed in early adolescence, and crystallizes further during late adolescence and early adulthood.
Poststructural feminism in education: An overview

Feminists in education increasingly use poststructuralism to trouble both discursive and material structures that limit the ways we think about our work. This overview of poststructural feminism presents several key philosophical concepts ? language; discourse; rationality; power, resistance, and freedom; knowledge and truth; and the subject ? as they are typically understood in humanism and then as they have been reinscribed in poststructuralism, paying special attention to how they have been used in education.
Organizational Commitment Across Cultures: The Impact of Antecedents on Korean Employees

This study analyzed whether demographic and situational factors identified in the U.S.-based literature had the same antecedent influence on the commitment of 1192 employees in 27 large Korean firms. Consistent with U.S. studies, the Korean employees' position in the hierarchy, tenure in their current position and age all were significantly related to organizational commitment. Total tenure and education were not related. As for the situational antecedents, except for management style, all the others were significantly related. Specifically, as organization size increased, commitment decreased; as the structure became more employee focused, commitment increased; and the more positive the organizational climate perceptions, the more the commitment. Although the exceptions need to be explained, this study provides beginning evidence that the theoretical constructs predicting the organizational commitment of employees may have cross-cultural validity.
Where the Streets Have a Name: Income Comparisons in the US

This paper analyses how neighbors' income affect agents' well-being using unprecedented data from the BRFSS and the City of Somerville. We conduct a multi-scale approach at the county, ZIP code and street-levels and find that the association between well-being and neighbors' income follows an inverted U-shaped pattern in the size of the area. We find a negative relationship between well-being and neighbors' income in the county of residence, but the opposite at the ZIP code-level. Our results are consistent with the fact that agents enjoy living in a rich ZIP code but also having poor faraway neighbors since they have preferences for high social status. We test explicitly this interpretation by including amenities and the relative rank in the local income distribution in our model. At the street-level, we find a negative association between neighbors' income and self-reported well-being indicating the presence of income comparisons between very close neighbors.