Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can We Trust the Privacy Policies of Android Apps?

Recent years have witnessed the sharp increase of malicious apps that steal users' personal information. To address users' concerns about privacy risks, more and more apps are accompanied with privacy policies written in natural language because it is difficult for users to infer an app's behaviors according to the required permissions. However, little is known whether these privacy policies are trustworthy or not. It is worth noting that a questionable privacy policy may result from careless preparation by an app developer or intentional deception by an attacker. In this paper, we conduct the first systematic study on privacy policy by proposing a novel approach to automatically identify three kinds of problems in privacy policy. After tackling several challenging issues, we realize our approach in a system, named PPChecker, and evaluate it with real apps and privacy policies. The experimental results show that PPChecker can effectively identify questionable privacy policies with high precision. Moreover, applying PPChecker to 1,197 popular apps, we found that 282 apps (i.e., 23.6%) have at least one kind of problems. This study sheds light on the research of improving and regulating apps' privacy policies.
The p-adic Valuation of Eulerian Numbers: Trees and Bernoulli Numbers

In this work, the p-adic valuation of Eulerian numbers is explored. A tree whose nodes contain information about the p-adic valuation of these numbers is constructed, and this tree, along with some classical results for Bernoulli numbers, is used to compute the exact p divisibility for the Eulerian numbers when the first variable lies in a congruence class and p satisfies some regularity properties.
The lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) machinery: A nonconventional transporter for lipopolysaccharide assembly at the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

The outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative is a unique lipid bilayer containing LPS in its outer leaflet. Because of the presence of amphipathic LPS molecules, the OM behaves as an effective permeability barrier that makes Gram-negative bacteria inherently resistant to many antibiotics. This review focuses on LPS biogenesis and discusses recent advances that have contributed to our understanding of how this complex molecule is transported across the cellular envelope and is assembled at the OM outer leaflet. Clearly, this knowledge represents an important platform for the development of novel therapeutic options to manage Gram-negative infections.
ECOS: Evolving Connectionist Systems and the ECO Learning Paradigm

The paper presents a framework called ECOS for Evolving COnnectionist Systems. ECOS evolve through incremental learning. They can accommodate any new input data, including new features, new classes, etc. New connections and new neurons are created during operation. The ECOS framework is used to develop a particular type of evolving neural networks - evolving fuzzy neural networks. A novel training method is introduced and called eco training. ECOS are four (to six) orders of magnitude faster than the multilayer perceptrons, or fuzzy neural networks, trained with the backpropagation algorithm. This is illustrated on benchmark problems, as well as on a real-time problem such as the task of voice recognition and person identification.
On the efficacy of screening for breast cancer.

BACKGROUND 'Mammography' (screening for breast cancer by X-ray examination) came to be widely-although not universally-accepted in the 1980s when a number of clinical trials demonstrated a substantial reduction in risk. Early detection, before the disease spread, permitted therapy that was simultaneously less invasive and more effective. Questions that remained were largely about efficacy for younger women and optimal frequency for older women. The consensus was challenged in a series of papers by two researchers at the Nordic branch of the Cochrane collaboration, Gøtzsche and Olsen, who concluded that mammography does not save lives: instead, it exposes women to unnecessary surgical procedures. METHODS Qualitative review. RESULTS The basis for the Gøtzsche-Olsen critique turns out to be simple. Studies that found a benefit from mammography were discounted as being of poor quality; remaining negative studies were combined by meta-analysis. The critique therefore rests on judgements of study quality, but these judgements are based on misreadings of the data and the literature. CONCLUSION The prior consensus on mammography was correct.
Priorities for the primary prevention of breast cancer

Despite recent calls to intensify the search for new risk factors for breast cancer, acting on information that we already have could prevent thousands of cases each year. This article reviews breast cancer primary prevention strategies that are applicable to all women, discusses the underutilization of chemoprevention in high‐risk women, highlights the additional advances that could be made by including young women in prevention efforts, and comments on how the molecular heterogeneity of breast cancer affects prevention research and strategies. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:186–194. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Dynamic partitioning and coverage control with asynchronous one-to-base-station communication

We propose algorithms to automatically deploy a group of mobile robots to provide coverage of a non-convex environment with communication limitations. In settings such as hilly terrain or for underwater ocean gliders, peer-to-peer communication can be impossible and frequent communication to a central base station may be impractical. This paper instead explores how to perform coverage control when each robot has only asynchronous and sporadic communication with a base station or, alternatively, with the rest of the team. Our approach evolves overlapping territories and provably converges to a centroidal Voronoi partition at equilibrium. We also describe how the use of overlapping territories allows our algorithm to smoothly handle dynamic changes to the robot team.
Spectroscopic Study for Detection and Grading of Breast Carcinoma In vitro

2Abs tract: The breas t cancer–related changes in the molecular organic and inorganic composi tions were in v e s t ig a ted by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy techniques . Surgically excis ed human breas t cancer s pecimens from fifty fem a le patients aged from 26– 74 years old were analyzed (in parallel with normal tissues obtained from the specimens) and diagnosed 50 norm al (N), 9 fibrocysti c changes (F), 11 i nvasi ve lobular carcinoma (ILC) and 30 invas ive duc t c a rc inoma (IDC). The quantitative analys is of the deconvoluted FTIR spectra for (ILC) and (IDC) groups showed remarkable decreas e in the lipid/protein and collagen/protein ratios. The rates of decreas e in the former ratio were 16. 76 % an d 32.94 % and those of the latter ratio were 9.3 % and 19.76 % for ILC and IDC, respecti vely. On the other hand, the F group had pronounced increase in lipid/protein ratio (26.58%) and less increase rate in collagen/protein ratio (8.13%). The nu c le ic a c id/collagen ratio s howed rates of increas e for F (7.92%), ILC (11.88%) and IDC (17.82%) groups . Irres pect iv e t o t h e carcinoma type (ILC or IDC), grade III of malignancy s howed much more rates of change in lipid/protein (-39.30%), collagen/protein (-27.90%) and nucleic acid/collagen (+12.87%) than their correspondi ng val ues of grade II, -15.60%, -11.62% and +5.94%, respecti vely. FTIR inorganic results showed calcifications of type Ð (calcium phosphate) with three different structures namely are; carbonate-bearing apatite, carbonate-free apatite and pyrophosphates. The AA analysis s h o w ed higher calcium concentration in malignant samples in comparison with the normal ones. In conclus ion, the spectroscopi c resul ts are in good concordance with the his topathological evaluation. Therefore, the IR analysis is likely to characterize the molecular abnormalities in b reas t tis sue s to the order of carcinoma grades and identifying the microcalcification type.
Risk Aversion and the Labor Margin in Dynamic Equilibrium Models

The household's labor margin has a substantial effect on risk aversion, and hence asset prices, in dynamic equilibrium models even when utility is additively separable between consumption and labor. This paper derives simple, closed-form expressions for risk aversion that take into account the household's labor margin. Ignoring this margin can dramatically overstate the household's true aversion to risk. Risk premia on assets priced with the stochastic discount factor increase essentially linearly with risk aversion, so measuring risk aversion correctly is crucial for asset pricing in the model.
WBI-DDI: Drug-Drug Interaction Extraction using Majority Voting

This work describes the participation of the WBI-DDI team on the SemEval 2013 ‐ Task 9.2 DDI extraction challenge. The task consisted of extracting interactions between pairs of drugs from two collections of documents (DrugBank and MEDLINE) and their classification into four subtypes: advise, effect, mechanism, and int. We developed a two-step approach in which pairs are initially extracted using ensembles of up to five different classifiers and then relabeled to one of the four categories. Our approach achieved the second rank in the DDI competition. For interaction detection we achieved F1 measures ranging from 73 % to almost 76 % depending on the run. These results are on par or even higher than the performance estimation on the training dataset. When considering the four interaction subtypes we achieved an F1 measure of 60.9 %.
Learning from Nature to Build Intelligent Autonomous Robots

Information processing within autonomous robots should follow a biomimetic approach. In contrast to traditional approaches that make intensive use of accurate measurements, numerical models and control theory, the proposed biomimetic approach favors the concepts of perception, situation, skill and behavior - concepts that are used to describe human and animal behavior as well. Sensing should primarily be based on those senses that have proved their effectiveness in nature, such as vision, tactile sensing and hearing. Furthermore, human-robot communication should mimic dialogues between humans. It should be situation-dependent, multimodal and primarily based on spoken natural language and gestures. Applying these biomimetic concepts to the design of our robots led to adaptable, dependable and human-friendly behavior, which was proved in several short- and long-term experiments
Feedback trading and the behavioural ICAPM: multivariate evidence across international equity and bond markets

In this article we develop a ‘behavioural’ Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model (ICAPM) in which the behavioural impetus comes from the feedback trading implications for the autocorrelation of returns. We apply the model in a setting of paired equity and bond investments, employing a bivariate diagonal Berndt–Engle–Kraft–Kroner (BEKK) framework. Our empirics rely on daily equity and bond index returns across six major economies, over the period 1 January 1990 to 30 June 2005. We find evidence supporting the theory that the observed dynamics of serial correlation can be a function of both volatility and conditional covariance (between equity and bonds). Moreover, our behavioural ICAPM shows empirical promise as a useful model of asset pricing in markets that display the feedback trading phenomenon.
Reconstitution of synaptic Ion channels from rodent and human brain in Xenopus oocytes: a biochemical and electrophysiological characterization

Disruption in the expression and function of synaptic proteins, and ion channels in particular, is critical in the pathophysiology of human neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. However, very little is known regarding the functional and pharmacological properties of native synaptic human ion channels, and their potential changes in pathological conditions. Recently, an electrophysiological technique has been enabled for studying the functional and pharmacological properties of ion channels present in crude membrane preparation obtained from post‐mortem frozen brains. We here extend these studies by showing that human synaptic ion channels also can be studied in this way. Synaptosomes purified from different regions of rodent and human brain (control and Alzheimer's) were characterized biochemically for enrichment of synaptic proteins, and expression of ion channel subunits. The same synaptosomes were also reconstituted in Xenopus oocytes, in which the functional and pharmacological properties of the native synaptic ion channels were characterized using the voltage clamp technique. We show that we can detect GABA, (RS)‐α‐Amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid, and NMDA receptors, and modulate them pharmacologically with selective agonists, antagonists, and allosteric modulators. Furthermore, changes in ion channel expression and function were detected in synaptic membranes from Alzheimer's brains. Our present results demonstrate the possibility to investigate synaptic ion channels from healthy and pathological brains. This method of synaptosomes preparation and injection into oocytes is a significant improvement over the earlier method. It opens the way to directly testing, on native ion channels, the effects of novel drugs aimed at modulating important classes of synaptic targets.
Physiological responses of firefighters and performance predictors during a simulated rescue of hospital patients

There is incomplete information about how physically demanding rescue work may be. The aim therefore of this paper was to examine the physiological responses of firefighters during a simulated rescue of hospital patients and to relate the firefighters' performance to their endurance, strength and working technique. Fourteen part-time male firefighters with a maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 4.4 ± 0.3 l/min (mean ± SD) served as subjects in this study. First, each firefighter ascended six floors (a 20.5 m vertical ascent) carrying tools, wearing protective clothing and a breathing apparatus, an extra mass of 37 kg. He thereafter ‘rescued’ six persons by dragging each person on a fire-sheet on a flat floor. The technique used was recorded and the O2 uptake and the heart rate were measured continuously during the whole operation. The blood lactate concentration and the subjective rating of perceived exertion were measured during and just after the rescue. The VO2max and the muscle strength were measured in the laboratory. The whole operation was carried out in the course of 5–9 min. The operation was a virtual all-out effort and the peak blood lactate concentration was 13 ± 3 mmol/l. The peak oxygen uptake was 3.7 ± 0.5 l/min (84% of the VO2max) during the operation. Large and heavy firefighters carried out the task faster than smaller ones. The VO2max in absolute terms and the dragging technique used were both related to the rescue performance. Rescuing patients at a hospital was physically very demanding and the time needed to complete the task depended on the VO2max in absolute values and the working technique used. A minimum VO2max of 4 l/min for firefighters was recommended.
Nutrition Assessment, Counseling, and Support Interventions to Improve Health-Related Outcomes in People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Background:Although numerous studies have shown that severe to moderate wasting at the time of antiretroviral therapy initiation is strongly predictive of mortality, it remains unclear whether nutritional interventions at or before antiretroviral therapy initiation will improve outcomes. This review examines data on nutrition assessment, counseling, and support interventions in resource-limited settings. Methods:We identified articles published between 2005 and 2014 on the effectiveness of nutrition assessment, counseling, and support interventions, particularly its impact on 5 outcomes: mortality, morbidity, retention in care, quality of life, and/or prevention of ongoing HIV transmission. We rated the overall quality of individual articles and summarized the body of evidence and expected impact for each outcome. Results:Twenty-one articles met all inclusion criteria. The overall quality of evidence was weak, predominantly because of few studies being designed to directly address the question of interest. Only 2 studies were randomized trials with no food support control groups. The remainder were randomized studies of one type of food support versus another, cohort (nonrandomized) studies, or single-arm studies. Ratings of individual study quality ranged from “medium” to “weak,” and the quality of the overall body of evidence ranged from “fair” to “poor. ” We rated the expected impact on all outcomes as “uncertain. ” Conclusions:Rigorous better designed studies in resource-limited settings are urgently needed to understand the effectiveness of nutrition assessment and counseling alone, as well as studies to understand better modalities of food support (targeting, timing, composition, form, and duration) to improve both short- and long-term patient retention in care and treatment, and clinical outcomes.
Immune Response Varies with Rate of Dispersal in Invasive Cane Toads (Rhinella marina)

What level of immunocompetence should an animal maintain while undertaking long-distance dispersal? Immune function (surveillance and response) might be down-regulated during prolonged physical exertion due to energy depletion, and/or to avoid autoimmune reactions arising from damaged tissue. On the other hand, heightened immune vigilance might be favored if the organism encounters novel pathogens as it enters novel environments. We assessed the links between immune defense and long-distance movement in a population of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) in Australia. Toads were radio-tracked for seven days to measure their activity levels and were then captured and subjected to a suite of immune assays. Toads that moved further showed decreased bacteria-killing ability in their plasma and decreased phagocytic activity in their whole blood, but a heightened skin-swelling response to phytohemagglutinin. Baseline and post-stress corticosterone levels were unrelated to distance moved. Thus, long-distance movement in cane toads is associated with a dampened response in some systems and enhanced response in another. This pattern suggests that sustained activity is accompanied by trade-offs among immune components rather than an overall down or up-regulation. The finding that high mobility is accompanied by modification of the immune system has important implications for animal invasions.
The impact of the ATM concept on video coding

The induction of the asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) concept may significantly influence the coding of video services for broadband networks. The authors show how the absence of a physical channel structure and the ability to switch bursty traffic can be used to enhance video coding. Packetization defects and their impact on picture quality, coding algorithms, and synchronization schemes are studied. The authors describe variable-bit-rate coding and report on the results obtained with a hardware implementation of a variable-bit-rate video codec. Statistical multiplexing gain figures are given. The influence of cell loss on image quality is discussed and simulation results are given. A layered coding model offering good cell loss concealment properties and high flexibility is described. >
Geometric texture synthesis and transfer via geometry images

In this paper, we present an automatic method which can transfer geometric textures from one object to another, and can apply a manually designed geometric texture to a model. Our method is based on geometry images as introduced by Gu et al. The key ideas in this method involve geometric texture extraction, boundary consistent texture synthesis, discretized orientation and scaling, and reconstruction of synthesized geometry. Compared to other methods, our approach is efficient and easy-to-implement, and produces results of high quality.
High HIV risk in a cohort of male sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya

Objectives Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of HIV-1 acquisition and transmission, yet there remains limited data in the African context, and for men who sell sex to men (MSM SW) in particular. Methods We enrolled 507 male sex workers in a Nairobi-based prospective cohort study during 2009–2012. All participants were offered HIV/STI screening, counselling and completed a baseline questionnaire. Results Baseline HIV prevalence was 40.0% (95% CI 35.8% to 44.3%). Prevalent HIV infection was associated with age, less postsecondary education, marijuana use, fewer female partners and lower rates of prior HIV testing. Most participants (73%) reported at least two of insertive anal, receptive anal and insertive vaginal sex in the past 3 months. Vaginal sex was reported by 37% of participants, and exclusive MSM status was associated with higher HIV rates. Condom use was infrequent, with approximately one-third reporting 100% condom use during anal sex. HIV incidence was 10.9 per 100 person-years (95% CI 7.4 to 15.6). Predictors of HIV risk included history of urethral discharge (aHR 0.29, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.98, p=0.046), condom use during receptive anal sex (aHR 0.05, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.41, p=0.006) and frequency of sex with male partners (aHR 1.33/sex act, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.75, p=0.04). Conclusions HIV prevalence and incidence were extremely high in Nairobi MSM SW; a combination of interventions including increasing condom use, pre-exposure prophylaxis and access to effective treatment is urgently needed to decrease HIV transmission in this key population.
Design-driven narrative: using stories to prototype and build immersive design worlds

This paper examines the role of narrative in the process of interactive experience design, focusing on the potential uses of narrative in prototyping and iteration efforts to uncover deeper and more meaningful responses from users by engaging them in the co-creation of narratives of use around the design. We created a series of narrative fictions with embedded design concepts, and built low-fi prototype artifacts for directed storytelling sessions with twelve participants. We conclude with a discussion of findings regarding the opportunities to more effectively use narrative techniques and immersive storytelling to create valuable experiences between designers and users.