Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unit Root Tests in the Presence of Multi-Variance Break and Level Shifts That Have Power Against the Piecewise Stationary Alternative

Structural breaks in the level as well as in the volatility have often been exhibited in economic time series. In this paper, we propose new unit root tests when a time series has multiple shifts in its level and the corresponding volatility. The proposed tests are Lagrangian multiplier type tests based on the residual's marginal likelihood which is free from the nuisance mean parameters. The limiting null distributions of the proposed tests are the χ2distributions, and are affected not by the size and the location of breaks but only by the number of breaks. We set the structural breaks under both the null and the alternative hypotheses to relieve a possible vagueness in interpreting test results in empirical work. The null hypothesis implies a unit root process with level shifts and the alternative connotes a stationary process with level shifts. The Monte Carlo simulation shows that our tests are locally more powerful than the OLSE-based tests, and that the powers of our tests, in a fixed time span, remain stable regardless the number of breaks. In our application, we employ the data which are analyzed by Perron (1990), and some results differ from those of Perron's (1990).
Evaluation of the Asymmetry in Photoelectron Distribution Around the GEOTAIL Spacecraft

We examine photoelectron distributions detected by the low-energy-particle (LEP) instrument onboard the GEOTAIL spacecraft by means of both data analysis and numerical simulations. Statistical data analysis shows asymmetries in the photoelectron distributions. For photoelectrons incident normal to the spacecraft spin axis, a higher flux is observed in the dawnward than in the duskward sector of the LEP. The distribution significantly depends on the ratio of the photoelectron energy to the spacecraft potential. Our numerical simulations reveal that the asymmetry is caused by the electrostatic potential around the thin antenna located at +18deg anticlockwise (viewed from the top) relative to the LEP. Photoelectrons in the dawnward sector are preferentially carried from the sunlit surface by this potential. For upward/downward incident photoelectrons, a higher flux of upward photoelectrons is observed in the antisunward than in the sunward sector, whereas downward photoelectrons show a weak asymmetry. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the greater flux of upward photoelectrons is caused by the electrons emitted from the sunlit surface; they are attracted to the antisunward sector. Based on these results, the asymmetries in the photoelectron distribution measured around GEOTAIL are found to be caused by the asymmetric positioning of the thin antennas relative to the LEP.
Nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy presenting with peripheral retinal vasoocclusion: case report.

PURPOSE To report a case of nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy presenting with severe peripheral retinal vasoocclusion. METHODS Interventional case report. CASE REPORT A 44-year-old woman complained of blurred vision and photopsia in both eyes. She has no history of cancer or autoimmune disease. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 in the left eye and 20/30 in the right eye. Constriction of the visual field sparing central vision was found. Fluorescein angiography revealed severe peripheral retinal vasoocclusion, panretinal degeneration, and cystoid macular edema. Optical coherence tomography demonstrated intraretinal fluid. Electroretinography showed decreased amplitude of a- and b-waves in both scotopic and photopic tests. The implicit time was generally within normal limits. The amplitude of flicker response was also diminished. Multifocal electroretinography showed declined signal all over the macular region. Systemic workup including whole body positron emission tomography/computed tomography for cancer screening showed negative results. Only antirecoverin antibody was positive. Under the impression of nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy, systemic and local immunosuppressive therapy was given and showed improvement. CONCLUSION Nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathies are uncommon retinal degenerations with visual loss associated with unique clinical symptoms and findings and with serum antiretinal autoantibodies. Severe peripheral retinal vasoocclusion was not reported. Early detection and timely treatment with immunosuppression could result in clinical improvement.
Seasonal variability of the main components in essential oil of Mentha × piperita L.

BACKGROUND Mentha × piperita is an important and commonly used flavoring plant worldwide. Its constituents, primarily menthol and menthone, change in the essential oil depending on internal and external factors, of which environmental conditions appear very important. The experiment was established in 2010 for three vegetation season, in order to observe the quantitative changes of the main components of peppermint. The determination of menthol, menthone, limonene, menthyl acetate, menthofuran and β-caryophyllene was registered. RESULTS In the experimental season 2011 and 2012 a higher mean temperature than in 2010 and extreme rainfall in July 2011 and 2012 were recorded. Different environmental conditions affected the development of M. × piperita plants and the content and composition of the essential oil. CONCLUSION Seasonal and maturity variations are interlinked with each other, because the specific ontogenic growth stage differed as the season progressed. Fluctuations in monthly and seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns affected the quality of peppermint essential oil.
Les statistiques scolaires comme représentation et comme activité

Jean-Pierre Briand, Jean-Michel Chapoulie, Henri Peretz : Die Satistiken zum Schulwesen ale Vorstellung und als Aktvitat. ; ; Diese empirische Untersuchung, der in Frankreich zwischen 1920 und 1950 vom Unterrichtswesen veroffentlichen Statistiken, zeigt, dass diese Statistiken in all ihren Eigenschaften bestimmt werden von den Notwendigkeiten der Schulfuhrung und den wahrend dieser Periodě dem Schulbetrieb zugeschriebenen verschiedenen Aspekten. Somit messen die Statistiken uber die Zahl der Unterrichteten zunachst nicht eine ihrer Eigenschaften — ihr Schulverhalten — sondern einen Aspekt der Aktivitat der Schuleinrichtung, gesehen durch die Kategorien dieser Einrichtung. Im zweiten Teil, befasst sich der Artikel mit den Problemen der Verwendung von Schulerstatistiken zur Untersuchung der Schulungsentwicklungen. Es werden somit systematisch die verschiedenen institutionellen Faktoren untersucht, die die erfasste Schtilerzahl beeinflussen. Diese Analyse zeigt die zahlreichen Mangel in der Verwendung von Schulerstatistiken in verschiedenen vorausgehenden Untersuchungen, und deutet eine Verwandschaft an zwischen den ublichen Interpretationsarten dieser Angaben und den Beweisfuhrungschemata, die zur Aufzeichnung der Entwicklung der Scolarisation verwendet werden. Diese Beweisfuhrungschemata neigen unter anderem dazu, die institutionellen Faktoren zu unterschatzen und die Entwicklungen des Schulbesuchs von den institutionellen Prozessen zu trennen, in die sie sich einreihen.
Evaluation and Management of Gastric Superficial Neoplastic Lesions

Gastric cancer is one of the most common and lethal cancers in the world. In Portugal, it is a major health problem presenting one of the highest incidence rates among European countries. In most Western countries, gastric cancer is generally diagnosed in advanced stages. Nevertheless, with the widespread use of upper endoscopy, gastric superficial neoplastic lesions are being increasingly recognized and diagnosed. However, there are no clear recommendations regarding who should be screened for its presence and only recently guidelines concerning the evaluation and management of these lesions were published. In this review, we summarize the current scientific evidence regarding diagnosis and management of gastric superficial neoplastic lesions. Topics like screening, diagnosis, endoscopic evaluation, management, treatment, pathologic evaluation and follow-up of patients with these lesions are covered and areas of future research are discussed. Whenever possible, evidence-based recommendations are made, and on the other cases expert opinion is presented.
KRAS-dependent sorting of miRNA to exosomes

Mutant KRAS colorectal cancer (CRC) cells release protein-laden exosomes that can alter the tumor microenvironment. To test whether exosomal RNAs also contribute to changes in gene expression in recipient cells, and whether mutant KRAS might regulate the composition of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs), we compared small RNAs of cells and matched exosomes from isogenic CRC cell lines differing only in KRAS status. We show that exosomal profiles are distinct from cellular profiles, and mutant exosomes cluster separately from wild-type KRAS exosomes. miR-10b was selectively increased in wild-type exosomes, while miR-100 was increased in mutant exosomes. Neutral sphingomyelinase inhibition caused accumulation of miR-100 only in mutant cells, suggesting KRAS-dependent miRNA export. In Transwell co-culture experiments, mutant donor cells conferred miR-100-mediated target repression in wild-type-recipient cells. These findings suggest that extracellular miRNAs can function in target cells and uncover a potential new mode of action for mutant KRAS in CRC. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.07197. 001
‘Cruel optimism’: teacher attachment to professionalism in an era of performativity

Abstract This study provides a critical exploration of the way teachers’ attachment to notions of professionalism may facilitate a process whereby teachers find themselves obliged to enact centralised and local education policies that they do not believe in but are required to implement. The study argues that professionalism involves an entanglement of (past) occupational and (present) organisational discourses and that the remainders of the former facilitate the enactment of the latter. The study draws on Berlant’s notion of cruel optimism to help understand this process, whereby teachers’ attachment to professionalism may assist them in undermining the very values they believe it embodies.
The relation between ER stress and HLA-B27 misfolding

Nowadays, understanding complex association among HLA-B27, ER stress pathways and Spondyloarthropathies (SpAs) has been considered to be important situation. Hitherto, many theories have been claimed by researchers in order to explain this association, but HLA-B27 misfolding theory can be the key theory among all theories. HLA-B27 misfolding is related to UPR (Unfolded Protein Response) and EOR (ER Overload Mechanism), since UPR mechanism protect ER homeostasis against misfolded protein and EOR system provide normal ER function to work on accumulating protein. On the other hand, ER associated degradation (ERAD) degrades unfolded or misfolded proteins which are re-translocated to cytosol for degradation. Present work aims to summarize the main pathways of UPR and ERAD, and then to reveal the relation between the tendency of HLA-B27 to misfold, ER stress and SpAs, especially Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS). Correspondence to: ulce Sari-Kaplan, Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi, Genetikve Biyomühendislik Bölümü, Okan Üniversitesi Tuzla Kampüsü, 34959 Akfırat-Tuzla, İstanbul, Turkey, Tel: +90 216 677 16302456, E-mail: gulce.sari@ okan.edu. tr
Sequencing and alignment of mitochondrial genomes of Tibetan chicken and two lowland chicken breeds

Tibetan chicken lives in high-altitude area and has adapted well to hypoxia genetically. Shouguang chicken and Silky chicken are both lowland chicken breeds. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences of the three chicken breeds were all sequenced. The results showed that the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of Shouguang chicken and Silky chicken consist of 16784 bp and 16785 bp respectively, and Tibetan chicken mitochondrial genome varies from 16784 bp to 16786 bp. After sequence analysis, 120 mutations, including 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in tRNA genes, 9 SNPs and 1 insertion in rRNA genes, 38 SNPs and 1 deletion in D-LOOP, 66 SNPs in protein-coding genes, were found. This work will provide clues for the future study on the association between mitochondrial genes and the adaptation to hypoxia.
Decentralized supervisory control of discrete event systems without loss of information

Conventional decentralized control of discrete event systems consists in using local supervisors that observe locally the plant and compute local enabling/disabling decisions; the latter are transmitted to fusion modules that combine them to generate global decisions that are applied to the plant. We propose an unconventional approach where the local supervisors do not compute local decisions, they rather transmit all their local observations to fusion modules that combine them to generate global decisions. The proposed architecture is qualified as information loss-free (ILF), because all the information observed by the local supervisors is available to the fusion modules for making their global decisions. We justify the ILF control approach and prove that if the plant is slower than the control system, then: ILF control is equivalent to a combination of several centralized control architectures, and ILF control is more general than any conventional decentralized architecture. We also show that the slowness of the plant is necessary in any control architecture.
cDNA cloning of carrot extracellular beta-fructosidase and its expression in response to wounding and bacterial infection.

We isolated a full-length cDNA for apoplastic (extracellular or cell wall-bound) beta-fructosidase (invertase), determined its nucleotide sequence, and used it as a probe to measure changes in mRNA as a result of wounding of carrot storage roots and infection of carrot plants with the bacterial pathogen Erwinia carotovora. The derived amino acid sequence of extracellular beta-fructosidase shows that it is a basic protein (pl 9.9) with a signal sequence for entry into the endoplasmic reticulum and a propeptide at the N terminus that is not present in the mature protein. Amino acid sequence comparison with yeast and bacterial invertases shows that the overall homology is only about 28%, but that there are short conserved motifs, one of which is at the active site. Maturing carrot storage roots contain barely detectable levels of mRNA for extracellular beta-fructosidase and these levels rise slowly but dramatically after wounding with maximal expression after 12 hours. Infection of roots and leaves of carrot plants with E. carotovora results in a very fast increase in the mRNA levels with maximal expression after 1 hour. These results indicate that apoplastic beta-fructosidase is probably a new and hitherto unrecognized pathogenesis-related protein [Van Loon, L.C. (1985). Plant Mol. Biol. 4, 111-116]. Suspension-cultured carrot cells contain high levels of mRNA for extracellular beta-fructosidase and these levels remain the same whether the cells are grown on sucrose, glucose, or fructose.
Application of Area Predicted TCG Algorithm in Floorplanning with Boundary Constraint

Floorplanning determines the positions of blocks on a chip subject to various objectives. In practical physical design, on the requirement of placing some blocks along the boundaries of the chip such as the blocks can be connected to I/O pads, the floorplanning with boundary constraint is raised. In this paper, we apply a floorplanning algorithm named area predicted transitive closure graphs (AP-TCG) to solve the problem. We integrate the feasible conditions of boundary constraints into the perturbations and guarantee the intermediate solution is feasible. Experimental result shows that our approach can obtain high quality results in floorplanning with boundary constraints efficiently.
Beyond Attitude Structure: Toward the Informational Determinants of Attitude

The author argues that marketing research has focused too narrowly on the static structure of attitude at the expense of its informational determinants. An experimental study investigates the effects of one fundamental dimension of advertising content on the components of attitude structure. Specifically, the results suggest that the factualness/evaluativeness of a persuasive message exerts a positive effect on those beliefs considered most important; that these beliefs in turn determine affect; and that these effects of communication on attitude components are mediated by a set of intervening cognitive reactions, such as perceived message credibility. These findings suggest implications for marketing decisions, public policy, and the future course of attitude research in marketing.
Endurance Exercise and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Supplementation Up-Regulate CYP17A1 and Stimulate Testosterone Biosynthesis

A new role for fat supplements, in particular conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), has been delineated in steroidogenesis, although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The aims of the present study were to identify the pathway stimulated by CLA supplementation using a cell culture model and to determine whether this same pathway is also stimulated in vivo by CLA supplementation associated with exercise. In vitro, Leydig tumour rat cells (R2C) supplemented with different concentrations of CLA exhibited increasing testosterone biosynthesis accompanied by increasing levels of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein. In vivo, trained mice showed an increase in free plasma testosterone and an up-regulation of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein. The effect of training on CYP17A1 expression and testosterone biosynthesis was significantly higher in the trained mice supplemented with CLA compared to the placebo. The results of the present study demonstrated that CLA stimulates testosterone biosynthesis via CYP17A1, and endurance training led to the synthesis of testosterone in vivo by inducing the overexpression of CYP17A1 mRNA and protein in the Leydig cells of the testis. This effect was enhanced by CLA supplementation. Therefore, CLA-associated physical activity may be used for its steroidogenic property in different fields, such as alimentary industry, human reproductive medicine, sport science, and anti-muscle wasting.
Hierarchical selection of variables in sparse high-dimensional regression

We study a regression model with a huge number of interacting variables. We consider a specific approximation of the regression function under two assumptions: (i) there exists a sparse representation of the regression function in a suggested basis, (ii) there are no interactions outside of the set of the corresponding main effects. We suggest an hierarchical randomized search procedure for selection of variables and of their interactions. We show that given an initial estimator, an estimator with a similar prediction loss but with a smaller number of non-zero coordinates can be found.
The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: Racialized Social Democracy and the "White" Problem in American Studies

SHORTLY AFTER WORLD WAR II, A FRENCH REPORTER ASKED EXPATRIate Richard Wright his opinion about the "Negro problem" in the United States. The author replied "There isn't any Negro problem; there is only a white problem. "' By inverting the reporter's question, Wright called attention to its hidden assumptions-that racial polarization comes from the existence of blacks rather than from the behavior of whites, that black people are a "problem" for whites rather than fellow citizens entitled to justice, and that unless otherwise specified, "Americans" means whites.2 But Wright's formulation also placed political mobilization by African Americans in context, attributing it to the systemic practices of aversion, exploitation, denigration, and discrimination practiced by people who think of themselves as "white. " Whiteness is everywhere in American culture, but it is very hard to see. As Richard Dyer argues, "white power secures its dominance by seeming not to be anything in particular. "3 As the unmarked category against which difference is constructed, whiteness never has to speak its name, never has to acknowledge its role as an organizing principle in social and cultural relations.4 To identify, analyze, and oppose the destructive consequences of whiteness, we need what Walter Benjamin called "presence of mind. " Benjamin wrote that people visit fortune-tellers not so much out of a desire to know the future but rather out of a fear of not noticing some
Hypercalcemia in children and adolescents

Purpose of review In this review, we define hypercalcemia levels, common causes for hypercalcemia in children, and treatment in order to aid the practicing pediatrician. Recent findings One rare cause of hypercalcemia in the child is familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (also termed familial benign hypercalcemia). Mutations that inactivate the Ca2+-sensing receptor gene FHH have been described as an autosomal dominant disorder, but recently milder mutations in the CASR have been shown to cause hypercalcemia when homozygous. Summary Normal serum levels of calcium are maintained through the interplay of parathyroid, renal, and skeletal factors. In this review, we have distinguished the neonate and infant from the older child and adolescent because the causes and clinical features of hypercalcemia can differ in these two age groups. However, the initial approach to the medical treatment of severe or symptomatic hypercalcemia is to increase the urinary excretion of calcium in both groups. In most cases, hypercalcemia is due to osteoclastic bone resorption, and agents that inhibit or destroy osteoclasts are, therefore, effective treatments. Parathyroid surgery, the conventional treatment for adults with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism, is recommended for all children with primary hyperparathyroidism.
Fabrication of CMOS-compatible nanopillars for smart bio-mimetic CMOS image sensors

In this paper, nanopillars with heights of 1μm to 5μm and widths of 250nm to 500nm have been fabricated with a near room temperature etching process. The nanopillars were achieved with a continuous deep reactive ion etching technique and utilizing PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) and Chromium as masking layers. As opposed to the conventional Bosch process, the usage of the unswitched deep reactive ion etching technique resulted in nanopillars with smooth sidewalls with a measured surface roughness of less than 40nm. Moreover, undercut was nonexistent in the nanopillars. The proposed fabrication method achieves etch rates four times faster when compared to the state-of-the-art, leading to higher throughput and more vertical side walls. The fabrication of the nanopillars was carried out keeping the CMOS process in mind to ultimately obtain a CMOS-compatible process. This work serves as an initial step in the ultimate objective of integrating photo-sensors based on these nanopillars seamlessly along with the controlling transistors to build a complete bio-inspired smart CMOS image sensor on the same wafer.