Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXAMINATION OF SENTENCE PROCESSING WITH CONTINUOUS VS . INTERRUPTED PRESENTATION PARADIGMS

This paper presents three studies which examine the susceptibility of sentence processing to intrusion by extra-sentential target words in two on-line dual-task techniques commonly used to study sentence processing: the cross-modal continuous-sentence (CMCS) paradigm and the unimodal visual sentenceinterruption (UVSI) paradigm. It provides a direct empirical examination of issues raised by McKoon and Ratcliff, 1994; 1996 (see also Nicol, Fodor, Swinney, 1994) with and about these techniques. In all three studies, sentential materials were presented to subjects together with a target word (to which a lexical decision was made) which either constituted a good or bad continuation of the sentence at the point at which the target word was presented (always some point before the end of the sentence). Materials were identical for all studies; only the manner of presentation of the sentence materials differed. The results demonstrated that a technique in which the probe target interrupts the presentation of the sentence encourages the integration of the probe word into the on-going sentence. Such was the case in Experiment 1, which used the word by word UVSI paradigm. In this, decisions to target items that constituted a 'good fit' were facilitated relative to 'bad fit' items. By contrast, the CMCS approach used in 'Experiment 2 involved presentation of a visual probe during the ongoing auditory presentation of the sentence (thus allowing the sentence to continue uninterruptedly). Results demonstrated no facilitation of the 'good fit' compared with 'bad fit' targets. Experiment 3 explored whether it was the cross-modality or the uninterrupted, fluent nature of the presentation which prevented integration of a target into the sentence in Experiment 2. A 'disrupted', nonfluent version of the CMSC paradigm (one hypothesized to be susceptible to Intrusion) was employed and intrusion was demonstrated via facilitation of 'good fit' compared with 'bad fit' targets. These three studies support the view that online experimental techniques which provide standardly fluent and continuous (rather than interrupted) sentence presentation constitute sensitive, Intrusion resistant, paradigms with which to examine language comprehension. They thus provide empirical evidence strongly counter to arguments made by McKoon & Ratcliff (1994) concerning such techniques. In particular, crossmodal lexical priming techniques (Swinney, Onifer, Prather, Hirshkowitz, 1979; Nicol, Fodor, Swinney, 1994), when used appropriately, are demonstrated to be sensitive, unconfounded methodologies for monitoring structural processing. 2 Nicol, Swinney, Love & Hald
Antiepileptic Drugs and Bone Metabolism in Children

There are conflicting results concerning bone metabolism in children receiving antiepileptic medication, with data concentrating on neurologically impaired patients. We performed a multicenter cross-sectional study in otherwise healthy children who received monotherapy with valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, sulthiame, levetiracetam, or topiramate for at least 6 months. Data on calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-OH vitamin D, and parathormone were collected. Among 128 patients, 24.4% had hypocalcemia, 25.4% hypophosphatemia, and 13.3% (n = 17) 25-OH vitamin D levels <10 ng/mL. All patients were clinically asymptomatic. Mean calcium concentrations were found to be significantly lower among the study population (2.41 mmol/L) compared with healthy controls (2.53 mmol/L). Lowest mean concentration was observed in patients treated with sulthiame followed by oxcarbazepine and valproic acid. No influence of calcium intake or therapy on bone metabolism was noted. Effects on bone metabolism of anticonvulsive monotherapy are not restricted to neurologically impaired children but also affect otherwise healthy children.
Investigating Polymer Conformation in Poly (Ethylene Oxide) (PEO) Based Systems for Pharmaceutical Applications A Raman Spectroscopic Study of the Hydration Process

The purpose of this work is to investigate the relation of hydration and the degree of crystallinity for poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) tablets using Raman spectroscopic methods and complementary thermal analysis for pharmaceutical interests. The influence of the tableting process is also investigated by measuring the degree of crystallinity and the melting point of PEO powder and tablets. The hydration of the PEO tablets is performed in different relative (RH) humidity environments and the water uptake and the degree of crystallinity of the tablets are measured by TGA and DSC. The dry and hydrated tablets are investigated by Raman spectroscopy. The low frequency region in the Raman spectrum reflects the degree of crystallinity of PEO. The DSC results show a decrease in the degree of crystallinity by tableting and the hydration process. However, the slight decrease in the degree of crystallinity of PEO does not show significant difference in the low frequency Raman spectra, only a slight broadening of the LAM band, at 280 cm-1, is observed. By measuring the PEO tablet immersed in water the hydration process can be followed in-situ with Raman spectroscopy. With changes from dry (fully crystalline) to wet state (amorphous), changes in band intensity and shape are found at 230 cm-1, 280 cm-1, 363 cm-1, 535 cm-1 and 580 cm-1. During hydration, the bands at 230 cm-1 and 363 cm-1 decrease in intensity and the sharp LAM band at 280 cm-1 is replaced by the broad D-LAM band. Among the vibrational bands observed, the band at 363 cm-1 is the most suitable to quantitatively follow the ingress of water into the PEO tablet and the continuous decrease of the degree of crystallinity, due to the least interference of the spectral compounds.
In-house, overnight physician staffing: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian adult and pediatric intensive care units*

Objective:Physician staffing is an important determinant of patient outcomes following intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We conducted a national survey of in-house after-hours physician staffing in Canadian ICUs. Design:Cross-sectional survey. Setting:Canadian adult and pediatric ICUs. Participants:ICU directors. Interventions:ICU directors of Canadian adult and pediatric ICUs were surveyed to describe overnight staffing by interns, residents, critical care medicine trainees, clinical assistants, and ICU physicians in their ICUs. Measurements and Main Results:Data were collected regarding hospital and ICU demographics and ICU staffing. For ICUs with in-house overnight physicians, we documented physician experience, shift duration, and clinical responsibilities outside the ICU. We identified 98 Canadian ICU directors, of whom 88 (90%) responded. Dedicated in-house physician coverage overnight was reported in 53 (60%) ICUs, including 13 (15%) in which ICU staff physicians stayed in-house overnight. Compared with ICUs without in-house physicians, those with in-house physicians had more ICU beds (15 vs. 8.5, p = .0001) and fewer ICU staff physicians (5 vs. 7, p = .03). For the 271 physicians who provide overnight staffing, the median level of postgraduate experience was 3 yrs (range, <1 yr, >10 yrs); 129 (48%) had <3 months of ICU experience. Most shifts (83%) were >20 hrs long. Conclusions:In-house overnight physician staffing in Canadian ICUs varies widely. Only a minority of ICUs comply with the 2003 Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines for adult ICUs recommending continuous in-house staffing by ICU staff physicians. The duration of most ICU shifts raises concern about workload-associated fatigue and medical error. The impact of current nighttime staffing requires further evaluation with respect to patient outcomes.
Reduced Specificity of Autobiographical Memory and Depression

It has been widely established that depressed mood states and clinical depression, as well as a range of other psychiatric disorders, are associated with a relative difficulty in accessing specific autobiographical information in response to emotion-related cue words on an Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT; J. M. G. Williams & K. Broadbent, 1986). In 8 studies the authors examined the extent to which this relationship is a function of impaired executive control associated with these mood states and clinical disorders. Studies 1–4 demonstrated that performance on the AMT is associated with performance on measures of executive control, independent of depressed mood. Furthermore, Study 1 showed that executive control (as measured by verbal fluency) mediated the relationship between both depressed mood and a clinical diagnosis of eating disorder and AMT performance. Using a stratified sample in Study 5, the authors confirmed the positive association between depressed mood and impaired performance on the AMT. Studies 6–8 involved experimental manipulations of the parameters of the AMT designed to further indicate that reduced executive control is to a significant extent driving the relationship between depressed mood and AMT performance. The potential role of executive control in accounting for other aspects of the AMT literature is discussed.
Dating deformation using crushed alkali feldspar: 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of shear zones in the Wyangala Batholith, NSW, Australia

Diffusion parameters have been estimated for K-feldspar in and adjacent to mylonite shear zones in the Wyangala Batholith. The parameters obtained suggest that deformation during mylonitisation would have caused argon systematics to reset because diffusion distances were reduced by cataclasis, deformation and/or recrystallisation. However, the mineral lattice remained sufficiently retentive to allow subsequently produced radiogenic argon to be retained. 40Ar/39Ar geochronology is thus able to constrain operation of these biotite-grade ductile shear zones to the period from ca 380 Ma to ca 360 Ma, at the end of the Tabberabberan Orogeny.
Multi-dimensional Boltzmann Sampling of context-free Languages

This paper addresses the uniform random generation of words from a context-free language (over an alphabet of size $k$), while constraining every letter to a targeted frequency of occurrence. Our approach consists in an extended -- multidimensional -- version of the classic Boltzmann samplers~\cite{Duchon2004}. We show that, under mostly \emph{strong-connectivity} hypotheses, our samplers return a word of size in $[(1-\varepsilon)n, (1+\varepsilon)n]$ and exact frequency in $\mathcal{O}(n^{1+k/2})$ expected time. Moreover, if we accept a tolerance interval of length in $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$ for the number of occurrences of each letters, our samplers perform an approximate-size generation of words in expected $\mathcal{O}(n)$ time. We illustrate these techniques on the generation of Tetris tessellations with uniform statistics in the different types of tetraminoes.
How should functional imaging of patients with disorders of consciousness contribute to their clinical rehabilitation needs?

Purpose of reviewWe discuss the problems of evidence-based neurorehabilitation in disorders of consciousness, and recent functional neuroimaging data obtained in the vegetative state and minimally conscious state. Recent findingsPublished data are insufficient to make recommendations for or against any of the neurorehabilitative treatments in vegetative state and minimally conscious state patients. Electrophysiological and functional imaging studies have been shown to be useful in measuring residual brain function in noncommunicative brain-damaged patients. Despite the fact that such studies could in principle allow an objective quantification of the putative cerebral effect of rehabilitative treatment in the vegetative state and minimally conscious state, they have so far not been used in this context. SummaryWithout controlled studies and careful patient selection criteria it will not be possible to evaluate the potential of therapeutic interventions in disorders of consciousness. There also is a need to elucidate the neurophysiological effects of such treatments. Integration of multimodal neuroimaging techniques should eventually improve our ability to disentangle differences in outcome on the basis of underlying mechanisms and better guide our therapeutic options in the challenging patient populations encountered following severe acute brain damage.
Host–pathogen coevolution in human tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of antiquity. Yet TB today still causes more adult deaths than any other single infectious disease. Recent studies show that contrary to the common view postulating an animal origin for TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), the causative agent of TB, emerged as a human pathogen in Africa and colonized the world accompanying the Out-of-Africa migrations of modern humans. More recently, evolutionarily ‘modern’ lineages of MTBC expanded as a consequence of the global human population increase, and spread throughout the world following waves of exploration, trade and conquest. While epidemiological data suggest that the different phylogenetic lineages of MTBC might have adapted to different human populations, overall, the phylogenetically ‘modern’ MTBC lineages are more successful in terms of their geographical spread compared with the ‘ancient’ lineages. Interestingly, the global success of ‘modern’ MTBC correlates with a hypo-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages, possibly reflecting higher virulence, and a shorter latency in humans. Finally, various human genetic variants have been associated with different MTBC lineages, suggesting an interaction between human genetic diversity and MTBC variation. In summary, the biology and the epidemiology of human TB have been shaped by the long-standing association between MTBC and its human host.
Suspended sediment and discharge relationships to identify bank degradation as a main sediment source on small agricultural catchments

Variability of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) versus discharge relationships in streams is often high and illustrates variable particle origins or availability. Particle availability depends on both new sediment supply and deposited sediment stock. The aim of this study is to improve SSC–discharge relationship interpretation, in order to determine the origins of particles and to understand the temporal dynamics of particles for two small streams in agricultural catchments from northwestern France. SSC and discharge were continuously recorded at the outlets and data were examined at different time‐scales: yearly, monthly, with distinction between flood periods and non‐flooding periods, and individual flood events. Floods are classified in relation to SSC–discharge hysteresis, and this typology is completed by the analysis of SSC–discharge ranges during rising and falling flow. We show that particles are mainly coming from channel, banks, either by hydraulic erosion or by cattle trampling. Particle availability presents a seasonal dynamics with a maximum at the beginning of autumn when discharge is low, decreasing progressively during autumn to become a minimum in winter when discharge is the highest, and increasing again in spring. Bank degradation by cattle is the determining factor in the suspended sediment dynamics. Cattle bank‐trampling produces sediment, mostly from spring to autumn, that supplies the deposited sediment stock even outside floods. This hydrologically independent process hides SSC–discharge correlation classically linked to hydraulic erosion and transport. Differences in SSC–discharge relationships and suspended sediment budgets between streams are related to differences in transport capacity and bank degradation by cattle trampling and channelization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cloud structure and atmospheric composition of Jupiter retrieved from Galileo near‐infrared mapping spectrometer real‐time spectra

The first four complete spectra recorded by the near infrared mapping spectrometer (NIMS) instrument on the Galileo spacecraft in 1996 have been analyzed. These spectra remain the only ones which have been obtained at maximum resolution over the entire NIMS wavelength range of 0.7–5.2 μm. The spectra cover the edge of a “warm” spot at location 5°N, 85°W. We have analyzed the spectra first with reflecting layer models and then with full multiple scattering models using the method of correlated-k. We find that there is strong evidence for three different cloud layers composed of a haze consistent with 0.5-μm radius tholins at 0.2 bar, a cloud of 0.75-μm NH3 particles at about 0.7 bar, and a two-component NH4SH cloud at about 1.4 bars with both 50.0- and 0.45-μm particles, the former being responsible for the main 5-μm cloud opacity. The NH3 relative humidity above the cloud tops is found to decrease slightly as the 5-μm brightness increases, with a mean value of approximately 14%. We also find that the mean volume mixing ratio of ammonia above the middle (NH4SH) cloud deck is (1.7±0.1) × 10−4 and shows a similar, though less discernible decrease with increasing 5-μm brightness. The deep volume mixing ratios of deuterated methane and phosphine are found to be constant and we estimate their mean values to be (4.9±0.2) × 10−7 and (7.7±0.2) × 10−7, respectively. The fractional scale height of phosphine above the 1 bar level is found to be 27.1±1.4% and shows a slight decrease with increasing 5-μm brightness. The relative humidity of water vapor is found to be approximately 7%, but while this and all the previous observations are consistent with the assumption that “hot spots” are regions of downwelling, desiccated air, we find that the water vapor relative humidity increases as the 5-μm brightness increases.
Melbourne urban heat island contamination of temperature trend maps in Victoria, Australia

Abstract The paper presents a regression analysis of the temperature data measured by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in their historical measuring stations in Victoria. All the downloaded data was free of quality issues and referred to specific geographical locations, with only minor gaps in the recorded data. Temperatures at stations located in regional Victoria show no growth in the long, medium and short term. Temperatures in the greater Melbourne area show growth biased by the establishment of a metropolitan heat island. Corrected for the heat island effect, the temperature changes are minimal.
Upper mantle seismic wave attenuation: Effects of realistic partial melt distribution

Frequency dependence of seismic velocity and attenuation resulting from viscoelastic relaxation of partially molten mantle is estimated. We consider the contribution of the melt squirt mechanism, through which pressure differences between disk-shaped inclusions are equalized by melt passing through connecting tubes. The pressure differences arise as a result of shear strain compressing disk-shaped pores differently on the basis of disk orientation with respect to the applied shear. The frequencies over which the transition from the unrelaxed to the relaxed states occurs are determined by representing the melt as a network of tubes connecting oblate ellipsoidal pores. The pressure equalization process is modeled by a system of first-order linear differential equations, whose eigenvalues are the characteristic frequencies for melt squirt relaxation. It is shown that in this framework the set of frequencies is invariant to the absolute scale of the system but is sensitive to melt bulk modulus and viscosity, as well as distribution of melt inside pores and conduits. Use of realistic solid and melt physical properties and pore and conduit geometries demonstrates that it is the relaxed modulus that is most likely excited in the seismic band and that melt mobility has little effect on seismic attenuation. Some conceivable melt distributions, however, would result in detectable attenuation in the seismic band. In all cases investigated, attenuation increases with frequency, indicating that melt squirt is not responsible for global upper mantle Q observations.
Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) Haplotypes are Associated with Increased Risk of Gastric Cancer in Kashmir Valley

Background/Aim: Phospholipase C epsilon 1 (PLCE1) plays a crucial role in carcinogenesis and progression of several types of cancers. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2274223) in PLCE1 has been identified as a novel susceptibility locus. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of three potentially functional SNPs (rs2274223A > G, rs3765524C > T, and rs7922612C > T) of PLCE1 in gastric cancer patients from Kashmir Valley. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted in 108 GC cases and 195 healthy controls from Kashmir Valley. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Data were statistically analyzed using χ2 test and logistic regression models. A P value of less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: The frequency of PLCE1 A2274223C3765524T7922612, G2274223C3765524T7922612, and G2274223T3765524C7922612 haplotypes were higher in patients compared with controls, conferred high risk for GC [odds ratio (OR) =6.29; P = 0.001; Pcorr = 0.003], (OR = 3.23; P = 0.011; Pcorr = 0.033), and (OR = 5.14; P = 0.011; Pcorr = 0.033), respectively. Smoking and salted tea are independent risk factors for GC, but we did not find any significant modulation of cancer risk by PLCE1 variants with smoking or excessive consumption of salted tea. Conclusion: These results suggest that variation in PLCE1 may be associated with GC risk in Kashmir Valley.
Superconformal defects in the tricritical Ising model

We study superconformal defect lines in the tricritical Ising model in 2 dimensions. By the folding trick, a superconformal defect is mapped to a superconformal boundary of the = 1 superconformal unitary minimal model of c = 7/5 with D6−E6 modular invariant. It turns out that the complete set of the boundary states of c = 7/5 D6−E6 model cannot be interpreted as the consistent set of superconformal defects in the tricritical Ising model since it does not contain the ``no defect'' boundary state. Instead, we find a set of 18 consistent superconformal defects including ``no defect'' and satisfying the Cardy condition. This set also includes some defects which are not purely transmissive or purely reflective.
Predicting energy expenditure with loads while standing or walking very slowly.

Abstract : Six men each carried loads of 32, 40 and 50 kg while walking at 1.0, 0.8, 0.6, 0.4 and 0.2 m/s, to extend the range of speed down to the standstill level. Metabolic cost of standing with 0, 10, 30 or 50 kg backpacks was also investigated in 10 men to evaluate the energy expenditure of load carriage while standing. Energy expenditure increased with external load, both standing and walking. No increased inefficiency occurred with very slow walking; M decreased smoothly as speed approached zero. The revised predictive formula, empirically derived, which now covers standing and the whole range of walking speeds, is presented where: M = metabolic rate, watt; W = subject weight, kg; L = load carried, kg; V = speed of walking, m/s; G = grade, %; N = terrain factor (N = 1. 0 for treadmill). The new formula not only extends the range of application but also allows an adjustment for load as a function of body weight and permits easier calculation of energy expenditure.