Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comparison of preschool behaviors with peers when children enroll in child-care as infants or older children

Abstract Ninety-six children (47 girls) and their mothers participated in a study designed to examine the influences and interactions of maternal attachment security and age enrolled in child-care on children's social competence with peers. Children entered child-care arrangements that included peer contacts as infants (n = 37); 3-year-olds (n = 37); 4-year-olds (n = 10) or never (n=12). The security of the children's maternal attachment was assessed at ages 12 and 48 months. Children's social competence with peers was assessed at age 4 years in a playgroup of unfamiliar peers and in child-care. Children with more secure infant maternal attachments and with earlier child-care enrolment were more socially competent. There were no main effects for 4-year-old maternal attachment. Children with less secure 4-year-old maternal attachments were more socially competent if they enrolled earlier in child-care.
HLA-G expression and regulation during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients.

BACKGROUND Deregulated immune response fails to control biofilm-forming bacteria, as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. HLA-G is an immune-modulatory molecule involved in respiratory diseases and infections. MATERIALS & METHODS HLA-G mRNA and protein were analyzed in plasma and exhaled breath condensate from CF patients undergoing intravenous antibiotic treatment, CF cell line and murine model. RESULTS Therapy normalizes HLA-G plasmatic in CF patients suggesting a systemic anti-inflammatory role while in CF airway system, higher expression of HLA-G is associated with P. aeruginosa infection. CF cell line and murine model expressed higher HLA-G molecules in the presence of P. aeruginosa. CONCLUSION Plasmatic and lung HLA-G expression suggest a role in reducing systemic inflammation and supporting P. aeruginosa infection.
Preschool Children's Visual Attention to Attributes of Television

Preschool children’s visual attention to nearly three hours of a heterogeneous sample of children’s programing was examined in relationship to the presence of 37 simple visual and auditory attributes of television programs. A factor analysis of the attributes indicated that they were largely independent, with the exception of two factors, which were labeled “women and children” and “puppets. ” Attributes and factors that were positively related to attention were the puppet factor, women and children factor, auditory changes, peculiar voices, movement, cuts, sound effects, laughter, and applause. Attributes that were negatively related to attention were adult male voices, extended zooms and pans, eye contact, and still shots. Other attributes had both positive and negative effects on attention depending on whether the child was looking at the TV at the time the attribute occurred. It is suggested that attributes are positive or negative to the degree to which they signal informative comprehensible content. Sixteen years ago McLuhan (McLuhan, 1964) suggested that the form of a message is a critical determinant of its impact. Nevertheless, research on children’s television viewing has concentrated primarily on message content rather than form. Recently, however, there has been a growing research interest in the formal properties of the television medium. This interest stems not only from McLuhan’s ideas, but also from a general growth of cog
Pituitary craniopharyngioma with tooth formation

A classic pituitary craniopharyngioma was removed from the suprasellar and intrasellar regions of a 4‐year‐old boy. In each of 2 separate surgical specimens, a rudimentary tooth was found buried within the tumor. The implication of this finding in characterizing the embryology of the development of the tooth and pituitary is discussed. It is concluded that this tumor arose from tissue which, by the production of a tooth, expressed its fullest capacity of differentiation, and that the craniopharyngioma is developmentally related to the adamantinoma of the jaw.
Poverty-of-the-Stimulus and SLA Epistemology: Considering L2 Knowledge of Aspectual Phrasal Semantics

Coupling a review of previous studies on the acquisition of grammatical aspects undertaken from contrasting paradigmatic views of second language acquisition (SLA) with new experimental data from L2 Portuguese, the present study contributes to this specific literature as well as general debates in L2 epistemology. We tested 31 adult English learners of L2 Portuguese across three experiments, examining the extent to which they had acquired the syntax and (subtle) semantics of grammatical aspect. Demonstrating that many individuals acquired target knowledge of what we contend is a poverty-of-the-stimulus semantic entailment related to the checking of aspectual features encoded in Portuguese preterit and imperfect morphology (see also Goodin-Mayeda and Rothman (2007), Montrul and Slabakova (2003), Slabakova and Montrul (2003)), namely, a [±accidental] distinction that obtains in a restricted subset of contexts, we conclude that UG-based approaches to SLA are in a better position to tap and gauge underlying morphosyntactic competence, since based on independent theoretical linguistic descriptions, they make falsifiable predictions that are amenable to empirical scrutiny, seek to describe and explain beyond performance, and can account for L2 convergence on poverty-of-the-stimulus knowledge as well as L2 variability/optionality (e.g., Lardiere (2007), Prévost and White (2000), Goad and White (2006), Slabakova (2008)).
On laughter and disagreement in multiparty assessment talk

Abstract This study examines the interactional upshots of laughter in multiparty network conferences. It focuses on the tightly coordinated interactive work preceding, overlapping with, and following upon laughter in exchanges characterized by participants' displays of disagreement. The data are part of a larger corpus from a project focusing upon discursive practices in youth detention homes in Sweden. In sequences of disagreement, parties would often laugh, make use of others' laughter, or noticeably not laugh. Laughter was found to establish participants' orientation toward a situation as sensitive or tense. Typically, the participants seemed to laugh at an awkward situation rather than at a particular person. Laughter occurred at specific locations in the flow of talk, often when it seemed difficult to continue the interaction along the lines of current disagreement. Moreover, in relation to laughter, the analysis accentuates other salient features of interaction. For instance, laughter is shown to be an efficient tool for structuring interaction, as it provided both lay and professional participants opportunities to participate meaningfully in the flow of talk without actually expressing much through words. The findings are discussed in terms of locally situated means of participating in multiparty adversative exchanges in formal network meetings.
Pioglitazone Improves Mitochondrial Function in the Remnant Kidney and Protects against Renal Fibrosis in 5/6 Nephrectomized Rats

Pioglitazone is a type of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist and has been demonstrated to be effective in chronic kidney diseases (CKD) treatment. However, the underlying mechanism involved in the renoprotection of pioglitazone has not been fully revealed. In the present study, the renoprotective mechanism of pioglitazone was investigated in 5/6 nephrectomized (Nx) rats and TGF-β1-exposed HK-2 cells. Pioglitazone attenuated renal injury and improved renal function, as examined by 24 h urinary protein, blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine in Nx rats. Renal fibrosis and enhanced expressions of profibrotic proteins TGF-β1, fibronectin and collagen I caused by Nx were significantly alleviated by pioglitazone. In addition, pioglitazone protected mitochondrial functions by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane potential, inhibiting ROS generation, maintaining ATP production and the activities of complexes I and III, and preventing cytochrome C leakage from mitochondria. Pioglitazone also upregulated the expression levels of ATP synthase β, COX I and NDUFB8, which were downregulated in the kidney of Nx rats and TGF-β1-exposed HK-2 cells. Furthermore, pioglitazone increased fusion proteins Opa-1 and Mfn2 expressions and decreased fission protein Drp1 expression. The results imply that pioglitazone may exert the renoprotective effects through modulating mitochondrial electron transport chain and mitochondrial dynamics in CKD. Finally, these recoveries were completely or partly inhibited by GW9662, which suggests that these effects at least partly PPARγ dependent. This study provides evidence for the pharmacological mechanism of pioglitazone in the treatment of CKD.
Transmit-Receive Antenna Pair Selection in Full Duplex Systems

In this letter, a novel transmit-receive antenna pair selection (TRAPS) scheme is proposed for bidirectional full-duplex (FD) communications between two nodes, where each node is equipped with two antennas, used for either transmission or reception. Specifically, one transmit and receive antenna combination is selected based on two system performance criteria: 1) maximum sum-rate (Max-SR), and 2) minimum symbol-error-rate (Min-SER). For the Max-SR approach, we obtain a sum-rate upper bound. And for the Min-SER, a SER lower bound is derived, by introducing a simple near-optimal Min-Max criterion. Finally, we compare the proposed TRAPS approaches with the traditional FD communication system in terms of average sum-rate and SER, respectively. Simulation results verify our analysis, and show a significant performance improvement.
Backscattering properties of boreal forests at the C- and X-bands

The backscattering properties of boreal forests are studied using empirical airborne and spaceborne radar data from Finland. Airborne measurements were carried out in the summer of 1992 by the HUTSCAT scatterometer at the Teijo test area in southern Finland. The HUTSCAT scatterometer is an eight-channel helicopter-borne profiling radar operating at the C- and X-bands. The ranging capability of the HUTSCAT scatterometer was employed in the semiempirical modeling of forest backscatter. The backscatter profile information was used in the analysis of the canopy transmissivity and the canopy backscattering coefficient by distinguishing backscattering contributions from the canopy and the ground. Additionally, ERS-1 C-band satellite SAR measurements were obtained for the Teijo test area and for the reference test area in Sodankyla in northern Finland. The radar results were compared with operational ground-based forest assessment data on forest compartments (stands) of the area. The key parameter investigated was the stem (bole) volume per hectare. The results obtained show the behavior of the canopy transmissivity and the canopy backscatter as a function of stem volume (directly related to the forest biomass). The influence of seasonal and diurnal changes on, and the effects of the changes in soil moisture to the backscattering coefficient were also investigated. >
The response to alpha blockade in benign prostatic hyperplasia is related to the percent area density of prostate smooth muscle

The objective of the present study was to determine whether the smooth muscle content of the prostate adenoma is related to the clinical response to terazosin, a long‐acting selective alpha, blocker. Multiple random biopsies of the prostate were obtained from 26 male subjects with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) prior to initiating therapy with terazosin. Double immunoenzymatic staining and computer‐assisted quantitative color image analysis were utilized to quantify the area density of smooth muscle, connective tissue, glandular epithelium, and glandular lumen. The clinical response to alpha blockade was based upon changes in peak urinary flow rate and the Boyarsky symptom score. A significant direct relationship was observed between the percent area density of smooth muscle and the percent change in peak urinary flow rate. A statistically significant correlation between the percent area density of smooth muscle and the percent change in Boyarsky symptom score was not observed. The percent area density of prostate smooth muscle in the subjects exhibiting a favorable clinical response was 38% greater than the nonre‐sponders (P = 0.068). The clinical response to alpha blockade in BPH is related to the area density of prostate smooth muscle.
Carotid Plaque Pathology: Thrombosis, Ulceration, and Stroke Pathogenesis

Background and Purpose— To determine the relationship between ulceration, thrombus, and calcification of carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques and symptoms of ipsilateral or contralateral stroke. Methods— We compared microscopic plaque morphology from patients with and without stroke symptoms ipsilateral or contralateral to the plaque. Plaques were characterized for ulceration, thrombus, and calcification. We analyzed plaques from 241 subjects: 170 patients enrolled in the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS) and 71 patients enrolled in the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET); 128 subjects had no history of stroke symptoms, 80 subjects had ipsilateral symptoms, and 33 had contralateral symptoms. Results— Plaque ulceration was more common in plaques taken from symptomatic patients than those without symptoms (36% versus 14%; P<0.001); frequency of ulceration was similar for plaques associated with ipsilateral (34%) and contralateral (42%) symptoms. Thrombus was most common in plaques taken from patients with both ipsilateral symptoms and ulceration. The extent of calcification was unassociated with stroke symptoms. Conclusion— Carotid plaque ulceration and thrombosis are more prevalent in symptomatic patients. Ulceration is more common in symptomatic patients regardless of side of carotid symptoms, whereas thrombus is associated with ipsilateral symptoms and plaque ulceration. Preoperative identification of carotid ulceration and thrombus should lead to greater efficacy of stroke prevention by carotid endarterectomy.
The particulate nature of matter in science education and in science

This article addresses ideas about the particulate nature of matter that are considered to be correct or acceptable in science education and studies of children's misconceptions. It argues that science teachers and educators use educational as well as scientific criteria for correctness, and that these criteria do not always coincide. Relations between the particulate nature of matter in science and science education are analyzed in an attempt to make more intelligible children's inclination to attribute all kinds of macroscopic properties to particles. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparison of a quick drinking screen with the timeline followback for individuals with alcohol problems.

OBJECTIVE Two major strategies have typically been used to assess recent drinking: (1) Daily Estimation (DE) measures such as the Timeline Followback (TLFB) and (2) Quantity-Frequency (QF) summary measures. Although QF measures provide a quick and easy measure of consumption, they have been criticized as not being able to capture sporadic and unpatterned drinking (e.g., days that reflect important social and/or health risks). The TLFB, a psychometrically sound drinking assessment method, is able to capture all drinking, including sporadic heavy days and unpatterned drinking. In some situations, however, recall of daily drinking may not be possible or practical (e.g., limited time; no resources). This article compares results obtained by using a QF measure and a DE measure to assess problem drinkers' pretreatment drinking. METHOD The current study, part of a large community mail intervention with 825 alcohol abusers, compared results from two drinking measures covering the same time interval that were administered on two different occasions approximately 2.5 weeks apart. Both measures, the Quick Drinking Screen (QDS; a QF summary measure that collected data by telephone) and the TLFB (a self-administered daily estimation measure), collected drinking data for the year prior to the interview. RESULTS Although the QDS and the TLFB are very different drinking measures, remarkably similar aggregate drinking data were obtained for five drinking variables. CONCLUSIONS When it is not necessary or possible to gather detailed drinking data, the QDS produces reliable brief summary measures of drinking, at least for not severely alcohol dependent individuals. Also, respondents do not appear to use a repetitive response pattern when completing the TLFB.
Interruptions in the Tower of London Task: Can Preparation Minimise Disruption?

Responding to computer-initiated notifications requires a shift in attention and therefore disrupts the flow of work. Two exploratory experiments investigate how this decrement can be minimised when a short preparatory time is available before switching to deal with the interrupting task. The execution phase of a computer-based Tower of London task was interrupted by the requirement to perform simple verbal reasoning problems, incurring a cost relative to continuous plan execution. The goal-activation model (Altmann & Trafton, 2002) proposes a critical time period before engaging in the interruption (the “interruption lag”) during which cues pertaining to the primary task can be encoded to facilitate subsequent task resumption. Experiment 1 demonstrated that resumption times were significantly quicker when the interruption was preceded by a three second interruption lag, and that time to complete the interrupting task was also reduced. In Experiment 2, participants chose when to engage in the secondary task. Although this did not benefit task resumption times relative to unexpected interruptions, it significantly reduced completion times on the secondary task. The results are interpreted within the framework of the goal-activation model and suggest that the interruption lag is beneficial in terms of performance on both the primary and interrupting tasks.
Cultural Proximity: Crisis, Time and Social Memory in Central Greece

In Trikala, central Greece, specific historical events significantly inform understandings of the present economic crisis through what is termed “cultural proximity”. This is the notion that previous times of social and economic turmoil, apparently distant points in time, are embodied within the context of the present. Some past epochs of prosperity and crisis have proved more significant than others in shaping contemporary crisis experience. As accounts of the Great Famine of 1941–1943 are brought to the fore by the current economic crisis, concepts of lineal time and the nationalization of critical events must be interrogated. Through considering theories of time as proposed by Michel Serres, this paper addresses how specific historical events can become embodied during the current economic crisis.
Do Foreigners Facilitate Information Transmission ?

Using the degree of accessibility in emerging markets, or investibility, as a proxy to measure of the severity of the market frictions affecting a stock in local markets, we assess whether investibility has a significant influence on the cross-autocorrelations of stocks in emerging markets, and whether this is due to the slow diffusion of common information across stocks. We show that returns of portfolios of highly-investable firms lead returns of portfolios of non-investable firms, but not vice versa. Moreover, this lead-lag effect is not driven by other known determinants such as size, trading volume, or analyst coverage and is not a purely intra-industry phenomenon. These patterns arise because stock prices of highly-investable firms adjust faster to market-wide information. We confirm that greater investibility reduces the delay with which individual stock prices respond to the global and local market information. Our findings support the slow information diffusion hypothesis as a cause of the lead—lag effect in stock returns. The results also provide insights as to why financial liberalization in the form of greater investibility might yield more informationally efficient stock prices in emerging markets.
PHOSPHATASE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE EYE.

Introduction Since alkaline phosphatase was first reported in the retina by deConciliis in 1934,1much study has gone into the chemical and histochemical demonstration of various phosphatases in the eye. Until recently most attention was directed to acid and alkaline phosphatase. In the past few years interest has shifted to certain "specific" phosphatases whose optimal activity occurs within or close to the physiological range of tissue pH and whose substrates are known to play important roles in intermediary metabolism. Various types of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) have been demonstrated in retina, ciliary body, iris sphincter, choroid, corneal epithelium, corneal endothelium, and lens capsule and epithelium.2In certain of these loci the enzyme is thought to be concerned with cation transport. 5′-Nucleotidase has been detected in the choroid and retina.3Yet there is little histochemical evidence for the localization of these enzymes in the eye. In 1957 Wachstein and
“High 5!” Strategies to Enhance Comprehension of Expository Text

This article reviews theoretical and research evidence to support the explicit and systematic teaching of five comprehension strategies that will help all students tackle expository texts with success. The article explains the “High 5! ” strategies and how to teach them. An example of a lesson is included to show how the five strategies connect with students' background knowledge to enhance comprehension.
The usefulness of the verbal receptivity construct in instructional communication research

Perceptions of verbal receptivity of dyadic partners have recently been incorporated into interpersonal research. Receptivity of a teacher appears likely to be associated with student learning. However, it was suspected that perceptions of teacher responsiveness, a factor found very important in previous research, might overlap with perceptions of receptivity to the point that the latter construct would not be useful for predicting additional variability in student learning. While both verbal receptivity and responsiveness were found to be significantly correlated with both affective and cognitive learning, the data indicated that measures of verbal receptivity and responsiveness were highly correlated. Analyses of variance found that verbal receptivity contributed significantly to cognitive learning but non‐significantly to affective learning (except affect for instructor) when the effects of responsiveness were accounted for. Receptivity probably would be best considered as a subset of the larger respon.