Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic Nitrate-Dependent Iron(II) Bio-Oxidation by a Novel Lithoautotrophic Betaproteobacterium, Strain 2002

ABSTRACT Microbial nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidation is known to contribute to iron biogeochemical cycling; however, the microorganisms responsible are virtually unknown. In an effort to elucidate this microbial metabolic process in the context of an environmental system, a 14-cm sediment core was collected from a freshwater lake and geochemically characterized concurrently with the enumeration of the nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microbial community and subsequent isolation of a nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microorganism. Throughout the sediment core, ambient concentrations of Fe(II) and nitrate were observed to coexist. Concomitant most probable number enumeration revealed the presence of an abundant nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing microbial community (2.4 × 103 to 1.5 × 104 cells g−1 wet sediment) from which a novel anaerobic, lithoautotrophic, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium, strain 2002, was isolated. Analysis of the complete 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain 2002 was a member of the beta subclass of the proteobacteria with 94.8% similarity to Chromobacterium violaceum, a bacterium not previously recognized for the ability to oxidize nitrate-dependent Fe(II). Under nongrowth conditions, both strain 2002 and C. violaceum incompletely reduced nitrate to nitrite with Fe(II) as the electron donor, while under growth conditions nitrate was reduced to gaseous end products (N2 and N2O). Lithoautotrophic metabolism under nitrate-dependent Fe(II)-oxidizing conditions was verified by the requirement of CO2 for growth as well as the assimilation of 14C-labeled CO2 into biomass. The isolation of strain 2002 represents the first example of an anaerobic, mesophilic, neutrophilic Fe(II)-oxidizing lithoautotroph isolated from freshwater samples. Our studies further demonstrate the abundance of nitrate-dependent Fe(II) oxidizers in freshwater lake sediments and provide further evidence for the potential of microbially mediated Fe(II) oxidation in anoxic environments.
A Longitudinal Study of Canadian Student Leadership Practices

Over a period of three years (2006-2008) students entering [university] were asked to complete the Student Leadership Practices Inventory (S-LPI), and 2,855 initial responses were received. Responding students were asked to complete the S-LPI again at the end of their first and third years of study. No significant differences were found in student use of the leadership practices based on age, geographic origin, or whether the student lived on or off campus during his or her first year. Significant differences were found based on students’ gender and program of study. Implications for leadership development programming are considered.
EssenCES, a short questionnaire for assessing the social climate of forensic psychiatric wards.

BACKGROUND A supportive ward atmosphere is considered by many to be a precondition for successful treatment in forensic psychiatry, but there is a clear need for a valid and economic climate evaluation instrument. AIMS To validate a short questionnaire, designed for assessing forensic psychiatric wards. Climate dimensions measured with the 'Essen Climate Evaluation Schema' (EssenCES) are 'Therapeutic Hold', 'Patients' Cohesion and Mutual Support' and 'Safety' (versus threat of aggression and violence). METHOD In 17 forensic mental hospitals in Germany, patients and staff completed the EssenCES and other questionnaires. Problematic events were recorded over a period of 3 weeks on each ward. RESULTS The anticipated three factor structure of the instrument was confirmed. The pattern of correlations also provided support for the validity of the subscales. CONCLUSIONS The climate questionnaire is an economic and valid instrument for assessing the ward atmosphere in forensic psychiatry. Findings from a pilot study in England give confidence to the structural validity of the English version too.
Open interconnected model of basal ganglia‐thalamocortical circuitry and its relevance to the clinical syndrome of Huntington's disease

The early stages of Huntington's disease (HD) present with motor, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. Correspondingly, current models implicate dysfunction of the motor, associative, and limbic basal ganglia‐thalamocortical circuits. Available data, however, indicate that in the early stages of the disease, striatal damage is mainly restricted to the associative striatum. Based on an open interconnected model of basal ganglia‐thalamocortical organization, we provide a detailed account of the mechanisms by which associative striatal pathology may lead to the complex pattern of motor, cognitive, and emotional symptoms of early HD. According to this account, the degeneration of a direct and several indirect pathways arising from the associative striatum leads to impaired functioning of: (1) the motor circuit, resulting in chorea and bradykinesia, (2) the associative circuit, resulting in abnormal eye movements, “frontal‐like” cognitive deficits and “cognitive disinhibition,” and (3) the limbic circuit, resulting in affective and psychiatric symptoms. When relevant, this analysis is aided by comparing the symptomatology of HD patients to that of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease, since in the latter there is similar dysfunction of direct pathways but opposite dysfunction of indirect pathways. Finally, we suggest a potential novel treatment of HD and provide supportive evidence from a rat model of the disease. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Persistent shifts in Caribbean coral microbiota are linked to the 2010 warm thermal anomaly.

The response of corals to warm temperature anomalies includes changes in coral bacterial assemblages. There are clear differences between the microbiota of bleached and healthy corals. However, few studies have tracked the microbiota of individual colonies throughout a warming event. We used 454 pyrosequencing and repeated measures to characterize bacterial assemblages in 15 Gorgonia ventalina colonies before, during, 4 months after, and 1 year after the 2010 Caribbean warm thermal anomaly. In the latter three sampling times, the G. ventalina microbiota differed significantly from the microbiota of Orbicella faveolata colonies, which were sampled only at these three times. O. faveolata microbiota did not exhibit coordinated shifts through time. Notably, the microbiota of the repeatedly sampled G. ventalina colonies shifted persistently from before to during, after, and long after the warming event. The same pattern emerges from the norm of reaction for the individual G. ventalina colonies. This is the first study to show persistent shifts in coral microbiota in association with a warm thermal anomaly. Whether shifting microbiota is adaptive or maladaptive, the lasting change in bacterial assemblages following this warming event identifies a new way that coral microbiota shape the response of coral colonies under thermal stress.
Situating knowledges: positionality, reflexivities and other tactics

This article addresses the discussion, particularly prominent among feminist geographers, of reflexivity as a strategy for marking geographical knowledges as situated. It argues that, if the aim of feminist and other critical geographies is to acknowledge their partiality, then the particular form of reflexivity advocated needs careful consideration. Feminist geographers most often recommend a kind of reflexivity that aims, even if only ideally, at a full understanding of the researcher, the researched and the research context. The article begins with the author's failure at that kind of reflexivity, and that particular reflexivity is then discussed and described as ‘transparent’ in its ambitious claims to comprehensive knowledge. The article then goes on to explore critiques of transparent reflexivity, many of which have been made by feminist geographers themselves. The article concludes by suggesting that some recent discussions of the uncertainties of research practice offer another model of feminist reflexivity that may succeed more effectively in questioning the researcher's practice of knowledge production.
Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta‐analysis

Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) is a promising intervention for the treatment of the anxiety disorders. The main objective of this meta‐analysis is to compare the efficacy of VRET, used in a behavioral or cognitive‐behavioral framework, with that of the classical evidence‐based treatments, in anxiety disorders. A comprehensive search of the literature identified 23 studies (n = 608) that were included in the final analysis. The results show that in the case of anxiety disorders, (1) VRET does far better than the waitlist control; (2) the post‐treatment results show similar efficacy between the behavioral and the cognitive behavioral interventions incorporating a virtual reality exposure component and the classical evidence‐based interventions, with no virtual reality exposure component; (3) VRET has a powerful real‐life impact, similar to that of the classical evidence‐based treatments; (4) VRET has a good stability of results over time, similar to that of the classical evidence‐based treatments; (5) there is a dose–response relationship for VRET; and (6) there is no difference in the dropout rate between the virtual reality exposure and the in vivo exposure. Implications are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 0:1–9, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postactivation potentiation in human knee extensors during dynamic passive movements.

PURPOSE Postactivation potentiation (PAP), i.e., the increase in twitch torque following a maximal voluntary conditioning contraction, has been shown to depend on muscle contractile conditions (e.g., muscle length). Few studies, however, have investigated the extent of twitch PAP under dynamic conditions in human subjects. Therefore, the aim of the present experiment was to test the twitch PAP during passive dynamic movements following isometric conditioning contractions on nine healthy men. METHODS Maximal twitches were evoked on the knee extensor muscles before and exactly 5 s after a 3-s conditioning maximal voluntary isometric contraction. PAP was determined at a constant joint angle under isometric conditions, during and immediately after passive shortening and lengthening with slow and fast angular velocities (30 and 150 degrees .s). RESULTS Our results indicate a significant PAP increase with increasing shortening angular velocity (34.6 +/- 13.2% and 51.9 +/- 21.1% at 30 degrees .s and 150 degrees .s velocities, respectively), whereas PAP was significantly lower during lengthening (15.2 +/- 15.2%) as compared with isometric conditions (28.5 +/- 18.3%). Similar results were obtained when PAP was determined isometrically but immediately following passive shortening or lengthening (30 degrees .s). CONCLUSION These data indicate that PAP affects dynamic torque production capacity and that PAP is dependent on contractile conditions. Furthermore, the similar extent of PAP during and immediately after passive movements suggests a PAP history dependency. Our results therefore suggest that PAP is recommended more for improving shortening performance than for lengthening.
Acquired, non‐amyloid related factor X deficiency: review of the literature

Summary. Factor X (FX) deficiency is a rare coagulopathy due to congenital deficiency (Stuart–Prower disease) or in association with primary amyloidosis. Acquired and isolated FX deficiency occurring in the absence of a plasma cell dyscrasia has only been infrequently described. After recently diagnosing and treating a case of acquired, isolated FX deficiency, we embarked upon a review of the literature to help guide clinicians who may face this clinical situation. The literature was reviewed to identify cases of isolated, acquired FX deficiency unrelated to congenital deficiency, use of vitamin K antagonists, or amyloidosis. There were 34 cases of acquired FX deficiency identified, occurring in association with malignancy, drug exposure and infection. The majority of described cases (38%) were preceded by a non‐specific respiratory viral illness. The initial presentation was variable, ranging from no bleeding to life‐threatening haemorrhage. Twenty per cent of patients had musculoskeletal bleeding resembling patients with haemophilia. Both the prothrombin time and the activated partial thromboplastin time were markedly prolonged in nearly all patients. In 26% of patients, a specific FX inhibitor was identified. Numerous therapies have been utilized in patients with acquired FX deficiency including high‐dose glucocorticoids, plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin. In 18% of patients, the coagulopathy resolved spontaneously. All patients achieved a complete recovery. Acquired factor X deficiency is a rare disorder, commonly associated with a preceding viral illness and a circulating FX inhibitor. Although multiple treatment modalities have been described with variable success, in many cases, it is a self‐limited condition.
An autopsied case of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with mutation in the prion protein gene codon 232 and type 1+2 prion protein

A 68‐year‐old Japanese man gradually showed abnormal behavior and gait disturbance with bradykinesia. Slowly progressive dementia, including memory disturbance and disorientation, was also observed. Cerebral cortical hyperintensity on diffusion‐weighted MRI was observed 6 months after onset. The patient progressed to an akinetic mutism state with mild myoclonus, and atypical periodic sharp‐wave complexes were observed by electroencephalogram 13 months after onset. He was clinically suspected of having atypical CJD and died after 19 months total disease duration. The brain weighed 1160 g and showed mild atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum with ventricular dilatation. Spongiform changes with varying vacuole size and gliosis was extensive in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia. Neuron loss in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and thalamus was relatively mild. The cerebellum showed mild spongiform changes of the molecular layer and mild neuron loss in the Purkinje cell layer. PrP immunostaining showed mainly coarse‐type combined with diffuse synaptic‐type PrP deposition in the cerebral gray matter. Some perivacuolar‐type PrP deposition was also present. Numerous plaque‐type PrP depositions were observed in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Analysis of the PrP gene revealed a methionine‐to‐arginine (Met‐to‐Arg) substitution at codon 232 (M232R) with Met homozygosity at codon 129. Western blot analysis of protease‐resistant PrP indicated type 2 dominant PrP combined with type 1. Genetic CJD with M232R substitution in the PrP gene has only been reported in Japan. Although two clinical phenotypes (rapid‐type and slow‐type) were suggested in the M232R CJD cases (despite the presence of the same PrP genotype), the pathological and molecular backgrounds have not been well understood because there have only been a few autopsied case reports. This is the first case report of M232R CJD presenting with 1 + 2 PrP.
Emotion Recognition from Text Using Knowledge-based ANN

This paper proposes an emotion recognition system. Human emotion can be expressed through many kinds of medium such as speech, image, facial expression, and so forth. This paper focuses on the textual data of them. Proposed system is a hybrid system that uses alternatively two methods, keyword-based and machine learning method. Keyword-based methods are traditional approaches using emotional keywords to make a decision of emotional state. They are very correct if emotional keywords exist within text segment. However, there is nothing to do if keywords to be able to catch emotional state do not exist. Therefore, in the case of no emotional keywords, our proposed method uses KBANN to able to infer emotional state through implicit knowledge constructed with the third-party information. Finally, through experiments, we show that the proposed system is more accurate than some previous approaches.
Automatic Technology Mapping for Asynchronous Designs

Asynchronous design styles have been increasing in popularity as device sizes shrink and concurrency is exploited to increase system performance. However, asynchronous designs are difficult to implement correctly because the presence of hazards, which are of little consequence to most parts of synchronous systems, can cause improper circuit operation. Many asynchronous design styles, together with accompanying automated synthesis algorithms, address the issues of design complexity and correctness. Typically, these synthesis systems take a high-level description of an asynchronous system and produce a logic-level description of the resultant design that is hazard-free for transitions of interest. The designer then must manually translate this logic-level description into a technology-specific implementation composed of an interconnection of elements from a semi-custom cell library. At this stage, the designer must be careful not to introduce new hazards into the design. The size of designs is limited in part by the inability to safely (and reliably) map the technology-independent description into an implementation. In this thesis, we address the problem of technology mapping for two different asynchronous design styles. We first addressed the problem for burst-mode designs. We developed theorems and algorithms for hazard-free mapping of burst-mode designs, and implemented these algorithms on top of an existing synchronous technology mapper. We incorporated this mapper into a toolkit for asynchronous design, and used the toolkit to implement a low-power infrared communications chip. We then extended this work to apply to the problem of hazard-free technology mapping of speed-independent designs. The difficulty in this design style is in the decomposition phase of the mapping algorithm, and we developed theory and algorithms for correct hazard-free decomposition of this design style. We also developed an exact covering algorithm which takes advantage of logic sharing within the design. These algorithms were implemented within the burst-mode technology mapper to produce a technology mapper suitable for speed-independent designs.
The English Version of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory

The article examines the structure of the Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI), an indigenous Chinese assessment instrument, in two English-speaking samples. In Study 1, the English version of the CPAI was developed and administered to a sample of 675 Singaporean Chinese. Factor analysis showed that the factor structure of the English version CPAI was similar to the structure of the original Chinese version in the normative sample. Joint factor analysis of the English version CPAI and the NEO-FFI showed that the Interpersonal Relatedness factor of the CPAI was not covered by the NEO-FFI, whereas the Openness domain of the NEO-FFI was not covered by the CPAI. In Study 2, the English version CPAI was administered to a Caucasian American sample. The factor structure was similar to those of the Singaporean sample and Chinese normative sample. The implications of administering the CPAI in non-Chinese cultures are discussed.
A Mental Cutting Test on Female Students Using a Stereographic System

Astereographicmentalcuttingtest(hereafterSMCT)wasconducted toanalyze3Dspatialabilitiesevaluatedbyastandardmentalcuttingtest(here- after MCT). The results of the analysis indicated that the MCT mainly re∞ects the abilities in making and manipulating three-dimensional mental images. The results also indicated that the subjects came to recognize 3D shapes more easily by using stereograms. However, the stereogramsdid not have any efiect on com- plicated mental image processing tasks such as transformation of a section to a true shape view. Also, low scoring subjects in this study could not recognize the testsolidanditscuttingplanewell,andtheywereunabletoformcorrectimages
Validation of the Inventory of Professional Functioning (IPF): Occupational Health of Social Workers

This article reports on the validation of the Inventory of Professional Functioning (IPF), a four-dimensional scale designed to measure the professional functioning of social workers. The IPF was developed as an outcome measure to be used with independent measures of substance use, depression, distress, relationship problems, and organizational variables, as well as protective factors such as social support, self-esteem, and coping strategies. Data from a random sample of 215 social workers were collected in an anonymous Internet survey that measured factors related to social workers' health. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the new measure was found to have acceptable reliability and construct validity at the scale level. Convergent and discriminant validity were established at the scale level of analysis by examining correlations of the items of the IPF and its subscales with Class I, II, and III Criterion variables. The IPF is a useful measure to assess employee strengths in the workplace.
Localization of antigenic activity and immunogenic capacity in different conformational domains of procollagen peptide

The antibody response to the amino‐terminal CNBr peptide of sheep procollagen which consists of a globular and a collagenous segment, was studied in inbred strains of mice. The determinants reacting with antibody could be localized in the globular domain and were lost by reduction of disulfide bridges. The ability to induce an antibody response required the collagen‐like sequences and was independent of the triple‐helical conformation of this segment. The data were interpreted as indicating a different conformation dependence of hapten and carrier determinants.
CODES OF CONDUCT FOR OPEN-MINDED DISCUSSION AND RESOLUTION OF ETHICAL ISSUES IN CHINA

Developing a consensus on ethical rules has been regarded critical to developing an ethical organization. This study proposes that explicit ethical rules are valuable as a foundation for employees to discuss possible ethical violations open-mindedly, and in a manner that they consider fair to one another and conducive to interpersonal relationships and further discussion. In critical incident interviews, 101 Chinese mainland employees described a specific occasion where their ethical values were at issue. Case examples and structural equation analyses indicated that the presence of clearly formulated ethical rules facilitated the open-minded discussion of opposing views, also called constructive controversy, regarding actual ethical issues, that in turn developed interactive justice, strengthened interpersonal relationships, and promoted confidence in future discussions within the organization about ethical issues. These results were interpreted as suggesting that codes of ethics and constructive controversy helped employees to identify common boundaries and to avoid personal antagonism. However, explicit codes and engagement in constructive controversy had no impact on the furtherance of employees' own ethical values, a result that was interpreted as indicating that ethical codes may fail to empower employees to develop and apply their own ethical values if they are imposed