Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Febrile Convulsion in 3- to 60-Month-Old Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Controversy exists regarding the association between Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), iron status, and Febrile Convulsion (FC) during childhood. In this article, a systematic review and meta-analysis is conducted in order to determine possible association and the degree of association between these statuses and FC. To identify all studies related to IDA and FC, various references such as MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (OVID), Web of sciences (Thomson Reuters) and Google scholar were searched (up until 15 January 2013). Heterogeneity was assessed using the Q statistic, Tau2, and I2. Additionally, subgroup analyses were performed. The outcome of primary interest was the overall Odds Ratio (OR) of FC for IDA and standard mean differences (SMD) of ferritin level. In total, 21 articles were considered to assess the association between IDA and FC. Anemia was more prevalent among the FC patients compared with the controls and the overall OR was 1.52 (95% CI=1.03 to 2.25). In addition, the pooled OR for 17 studies performed in the populations with low and moderate prevalence of anemia was 2.04 (95% CI=1.46 to 2.85). Furthermore, 12 studies assessed the association between the ferritin level and FC. The overall SMD was -0.02 with a 95% CI of -0.09 to 0.06. Besides, the pooled SMD of ferritin was -0.57 (95% CI=-0.7 to -0.46) in 6 studies reporting no difference between the FC and the control group with respect to temperature. IDA was associated with a moderate increased risk of FC in children, particularly in the areas with low and moderate prevalence of anemia.
An Equilibrium Model of Asset Pricing and Moral Hazard

This article develops an integrated model of asset pricing and moral hazard. It is demonstrated that the expected dollar return of a stock is independent of managerial incentives and idiosyncratic risk, but the equilibrium price of the stock depends on them. Thus, the expected rate of return is affected by managerial incentives and idiosyncratic risk. It is shown, however, that managerial incentives and idiosyncratic risk affect the expected rate of return through their influence on systematic risk rather than serve as independent risk factors. It is also shown that the risk aversion of the principal in the model leads to less emphasis on relative performance evaluation than in a model with a risk-neutral principal. Copyright 2005, Oxford University Press.
Three Stages and Four Neural Systems in Time Estimation

Gibbon's scalar expectancy theory assumes three processing stages in time estimation: a collating level in which event durations are automatically tracked, a counting level that reads out the time-tracking system, and a comparing level in which event durations are matched to abstract temporal references. Pöppel's theory, however, postulates a dual system for perception of durations below and above 2 s. By testing the neurophysiological plausibility of Gibbon's proposal using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we validate a three-staged model of time estimation and further show that the collating process is duplicated. Although the motor system automatically tracks durations below 2 s, mesial brain regions of the so-called “default mode network” keep track of longer events. Our results further support unique counting and comparing systems, involving prefrontal and parietal cortices in collators' readout, and the temporal cortex in contextual time estimation. These findings provide a coherent neuroanatomical framework for two theories of time perception.
On the Choice of the Discount Rate and the Role of Financial Variables and Physical Parameters in Estimating the Levelized Cost of Energy

The levelized cost of energy (LCOE) approach has become popular, especially in the field of renewable energy. We argue that when assessing levelized cost of energy, different rates should be used for borrowing and discount rates. We further argue that the risk-free rate should be used for discounting when assessing and comparing the cost of energy across different producers and technologies. Recent analyses used the same rate for borrowing and discounting, which leads to underestimation of the cost for risky borrowers and to distorted sensitivities of the cost to financial and non-financial factors. Specifically, it is shown that they may lead to gross underestimation of the importance of solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency when applied to photovoltaics. The importance of device efficiency is re-established under the treatment of the discount rate proposed here.
Black Scholes Pricing Concept

In some papers it have been remarked that derivation of the Black Scholes Equation (BSE) contains mathematical ambiguities. In particular there are two problems which can be raise by accepting Black Scholes (BS) pricing concept. One is technical derivation of the BSE and other the pricing definition of the option.In this paper, we show how the ambiguities in derivation of the BSE can be eliminated. We pay attention to option as a hedging instrument and present definition of the option price based on market risk weighting. In such approach, we define random market price for each market scenario. The spot price then is interpreted as a one that reflects balance between profit-loss expectations of the market participants.
The evolution of substructure in galaxy, group and cluster haloes – III. Comparison with simulations

In a previous paper, we described a new method for including detailed information about substructure in semi-analytic models of halo formation based on merger trees. In this paper, we compare the predictions of our model with results from self-consistent numerical simulations. We find that in general the two methods agree extremely well, particularly once numerical effects and selection effects in the choice of haloes are taken into account. As expected from the original analyses of the simulations, we see some evidence for artificial overmerging in the innermost regions of the simulated haloes, either because substructure is being disrupted artificially or because the group-finding algorithms used to identify substructure are not detecting all the bound clumps in the highest-density regions. Our analytic results suggest that greater mass and force resolution may be required before numerical overmerging becomes negligible in all current applications. We discuss the implications of this result for observational and experimental tests of halo substructure, such as the analysis of discrepant magnification ratios in strongly lensed systems, terrestrial experiments to detect dark matter particles directly or indirect detection experiments searching for positrons, gamma-rays, neutrinos or other dark matter decay or annihilation products.
Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide

Preface Acknowledgements 1. The Burundi paradox 2. The meta-conflict: violence as discourse 3. History as prologue 4. The crystallization of ethnic tensions 5. The 1972 watershed 6. The restructuring of state-society relations 7. The 1988 killings: the anatomy of fear 8. Toward a grand settlement 9. Hegemony, consociationalism, democracy, or none of the above? 10. Epilogue References Index.
The Effects of Public Infrastructure and R&D Capital on the Cost Structure and Performance of U.S. Manufacturing Industries

In this paper the authors examine the effects of publicly financed infrastructure and R&D capitals on the cost structure and productivity performance of twelve two-digit U.S. manufacturing industries. The results suggest that there are significant productive effects from these two types of capital. Their effects on the cost structure vary across industries and their contributions to growth of labor productivity vary over time as well. Not only is the cost function shifted downward in each industry, generating productivity inducement, but the factor demand in each industry is also affected by the two types of public capitals, suggesting bias effects. The authors also calculate the marginal benefits of these services in each industry and estimate the 'social' rates of return to these capitals for the industries in their sample.
Evaluating the Effects of Non-Neutral Molecular Markers on Phylogeny Inference

Nucleotide substitution models used in molecular phylogenetics do not account for nucleotide sequences evolving under selection, yet selection is rarely tested for. If non-neutral markers violate these models (i.e. non-independence of sites), it is expected that their reconstructed topologies be incongruent with those inferred from neutral ones and conclusions made from those phylogenies should be reexamined. Using rhodopsin as a phylogenetic marker has recently been called into question for exactly this reason. Rhodopsin is assumed to have evolved under strong positive selection for organisms that inhabit similar aquatic environments, making it unsuitable for the phylogenetics of aquatic organisms, but it is unclear what the effects of non-neutrality on phylogeny estimation are. To evaluate potential incongruence of neutral versus non-neutral markers, and the notion that rhodopsin should not be used in the molecular phylogenetics of fishes, a molecular dataset of 78 acanthomorph taxa and sequences from four nuclear, protein coding loci (including rhodopsin), were examined. Only one marker was found to be neutral while the remaining tests, for all other loci, rejected the null hypothesis of neutrality. To evaluate the possible effect(s) of positively versus negatively selected sites, the three non-neutral markers were analyzed to determine the presence of positively and negatively selected codons. To determine congruence in topology among ML trees inferred by individual neutral and non-neutral markers, as well as the combined (concatenated) dataset, tree, comparisons of distances among trees and hypothesis (topology) testing were carried out. Results of the tree distance metrics and topology testing support the notion that neutrality alone does not determine congruence in topology, and those data that are inferred to have evolved under selection should not necessarily be excluded. In addition, the number of sites inferred to have evolved under positive selection does not predict congruence with other markers or the topology inferred with the concatenated dataset.
Comment on Michael Woodford, 'Inflation Targeting and Financial Stability'

Michael Woodford’s paper “Inflation Targeting and Financial Stability” presents a case for tighter monetary policy, “leaning against the wind,” in order to reduce the probability of a financial crisis. However, the introduction of financial-stability instruments (macroprudential instruments) that have a more direct effect on leverage than the policy rate allows monetary-policy and financial-stability policy to be conducted separately, with monetary policy focusing on the traditional objective of stabilizing inflation and resource allocation and financial-stability policy focusing on the objective of financial stability.
THE SIZE-STAR FORMATION RELATION OF MASSIVE GALAXIES AT 1.5 < z < 2.5

We study the relation between size and star formation activity in a complete sample of 225 massive (M* > 5 × 1010 M☉) galaxies at 1.5 < z < 2.5, selected from the FIREWORKS UV–IR catalog of the CDFS. Based on stellar population synthesis model fits to the observed rest-frame UV–NIR spectral energy distributions, and independent MIPS 24 μm observations, 65% of the galaxies are actively forming stars, while 35% are quiescent. Using sizes derived from two-dimensional surface brightness profile fits to high-resolution (FWHMPSF ∼ 0.″45) ground-based ISAAC data, we confirm and improve the significance of the relation between star formation activity and compactness found in previous studies, using a large, complete mass-limited sample. At z ∼ 2, massive quiescent galaxies are significantly smaller than massive star-forming galaxies, and a median factor of 0.34 ± 0.02 smaller than galaxies of similar mass in the local universe. Thirteen percent of the quiescent galaxies are unresolved in the ISAAC data, corresponding to sizes <1 kpc, more than five times smaller than galaxies of similar mass locally. The quiescent galaxies span a Kormendy relation which, compared to the relation for local early types, is shifted to smaller sizes and brighter surface brightnesses and is incompatible with passive evolution. The progenitors of the quiescent galaxies were likely dominated by highly concentrated, intense nuclear starbursts at z ∼ 3–4, in contrast to star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2 which are extended and dominated by distributed star formation.
Web personalization in technology acceptance

This paper studies the role of web personalization in technology acceptance in consumer context. Web personalization has been extensively studied in various research streams. We try to study the effect of web personalization in context of technology acceptance. Most previous studies on web personalization have focused on e-commerce. We choose our domain of study as E Governance which has received much less research attention, particularly on user behavior and web personalization. We use Consumer Acceptance and use of Information Technology (UTAUT2) as the model to study consumer acceptance of an online government service channel. We follow a randomized experimental design to test how web personalization moderates the impact of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, hedonic motivation, price and habit on consumer's intention to use a technology.
An Update and Extension to SEM Guidelines for Admnistrative and Social Science Research

Among the several approaches proposed for estimating interactions in latent variable models in CBSEM, Bollen and Paxton (1998) and Little et al. (2006) describe procedures that do not require special-purpose software, and so are accessible to all CBSEM users. Bollen and Paxton described an approach using two-stage least squares (2SLS), an analytical approach used in regression to overcome estimation problems which would confound OLS. 2SLS associates each predictor in a regression model with an instrumental variable. In the first stage, each predictor is regressed on its instrument, then in the second stage the ultimate dependent variable is regressed on the expected or predicted portion of each predictor from the first stage.
Phosphorus dynamics in lowland streams as a response to climatic, hydrological and agricultural land use gradients

Climate and hydrology are relevant control factors for determining the timing and amount of nutrient losses from agricultural fields to freshwaters. In this study, we evaluated the e ect of agricultural intensification on the concentrations, dynamics and export of phosphorus (P) in streams in two contrasting climate and hydrological 5 regimes (temperate Denmark and subtropical Uruguay). We applied two alternative nutrient sampling programmes (high frequency composite sampling and low frequency instantaneous-grab sampling) and three alternative methods to estimate exported P from the catchments. A source apportionment model was applied to evaluate the contribution derived from point and di use sources in all four catchments studied. Cli10 matic and hydrological characteristics of catchments expressed as flow responsiveness (flashiness), exerted control on catchment and stream TP dynamics, having consequences that were more significant than the outcome of di erent TP monitoring and export estimation strategies. The impact of intensification of agriculture di ered between the two contrasting climate zones. Intensification had a significant impact on subtropical 15 climate with much higher total (as high as 4436 µg P L 1 ), particulate, dissolved and reactive soluble P concentrations and higher P export (as high as 5.20 kg P ha 1 year 1 ). However, we did not find an increased contribution of particulate P to total P as consequence of higher stream flashiness and intensification of agriculture. The high P concentrations at low flow and predominance of dissolved P in subtropical streams ac20 tually exacerbate the environmental and sanitary risks associated with eutrophication. In the other hand, temperate intensively farmed stream had lower TP than extensively farmed stream. Our results suggest that the lack of environmental regulations of agricultural production has more severe consequences on water quality, than climatic and hydrological di erences between the analysed catchments. 25
Functions of autophagy in plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism

Carbon and nitrogen are essential components for plant growth. Although models of plant carbon and nitrogen metabolisms have long been established, certain gaps remain unfilled, such as how plants are able to maintain a flexible nocturnal starch turnover capacity over various light cycles, or how nitrogen remobilization is achieved during the reproductive growth stage. Recent advances in plant autophagy have shed light on such questions. Not only does autophagy contribute to starch degradation at night, but it participates in the degradation of chloroplast proteins and even chloroplasts after prolonged carbon starvation, thus help maintain the free amino acid pool and provide substrate for respiration. The induction of autophagy under these conditions may involve transcriptional regulation. Large-scale transcriptome analyses revealed that ATG8e belongs to a core carbon signaling response shared by Arabidopsis accessions, and the transcription of Arabidopsis ATG7 is tightly co-regulated with genes functioning in chlorophyll degradation and leaf senescence. In the reproductive phase, autophagy is essential for bulk degradation of leaf proteins, thus contributes to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) both under normal and low-nitrogen conditions.
Microbial Community Composition of Polyhydroxyalkanoate-Accumulating Organisms in Full-Scale Wastewater Treatment Plants Operated in Fully Aerobic Mode

The removal of biodegradable organic matter is one of the most important objectives in biological wastewater treatments. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA)-accumulating organisms (PHAAOs) significantly contribute to the removal of biodegradable organic matter; however, their microbial community composition is mostly unknown. In the present study, the microbial community composition of PHAAOs was investigated at 8 full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), operated in fully aerobic mode, by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and post-FISH Nile blue A (NBA) staining techniques. Our results demonstrated that 1) PHAAOs were in the range of 11–18% in the total number of cells, and 2) the microbial community composition of PHAAOs was similar at the bacterial domain/phylum/class/order level among the 8 full-scale WWTPs, and dominant PHAAOs were members of the class Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. The microbial community composition of α- and β-proteobacterial PHAAOs was examined by 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis and further by applying a set of newly designed oligonucleotide probes targeting 16S rRNA gene sequences of α- or β-proteobacterial PHAAOs. The results demonstrated that the microbial community composition of PHAAOs differed in the class Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, which possibly resulted in a different PHA accumulation capacity among the WWTPs (8.5–38.2 mg-C g-VSS−1 h−1). The present study extended the knowledge of the microbial diversity of PHAAOs in full-scale WWTPs operated in fully aerobic mode.
Personnel Allocation in Middle Schools in the State of New Jersey: An Examination of School Context, Accountability Pressure, and Teacher Assignments.

OF THE DISSERTATION The key focus of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was to improve public education for all students in the United States, with an emphasis on closing the achievement gap between advantaged and disadvantaged students (Kantor & Lowe, 2006; Linn, Baker & Betebenner, 2002). The notion behind NCLB, to close the achievement gap, was praised, even by the Act’s opponents (Kantor & Lowe, 2006; Hursh, 2007). However, the methods and systems mandated by the Act to meet this goal were met with controversy, as were the studies and data that supported the system of high-stakes testing for driving gains in student achievement (Ellis, 2007; Hursh, 2007; Jones, 2007; Karen, 2005; Linn, Baker & Betebenner, 2002; Nelson et. al., 2007; Nichols, 2007; Roach & Frank, 2007; Vasquez-Heilig & Darling-Hammond, 2008). Many unforeseen consequences have occurred that are likely a result of the individual states adopting and enforcing high-stakes testing programs as mandated by NCLB. The narrowing of the curriculum (Dillon, 2006; Ellis, 2007; Hursh, 2007; Jones, Jones, & Hargrove, 2003; Kohn, 2000; Kozol, 2005; McNeil, 2000), an increased focus on basic-skills only education (Booher-Jennings, 2005; Ellis, 2007; Kohn, 2000), the reduction of attention and time devoted to non-tested subject areas (Dillon, 2006; Kantor & Lowe, 2006; Marx & Harris, 2006; Parsad & Spiegelman, 2012; Winstead, 2011) , and
A Multistage Stochastic Programming Approach for the Planning of Offshore Oil or Gas Field Infrastructure Under Decision Dependent Uncertainty

The planning of offshore oil or gas field infrastructure under uncertainty is addressed in this paper. The main uncertainties considered are in the initial maximum oil or gas flowrate, recoverable oil or gas volume and water breakthrough time of the reservoir, which are represented by discrete distributions. Furthermore, it is assumed that these uncertainties are not immediately realized, but are gradually revealed as a function of design and operation decisions. In order to account for these decision-dependent uncertainties, we propose a multistage stochastic programming model that captures the complex economic objectives and nonlinear reservoir behavior, and simultaneously optimizes the investment and operation decisions over the entire planning horizon. The proposed solution algorithm relies on a duality based branch and bound method involving subproblems as nonconvex mixed-integer nonlinear programs. Several examples involving nonlinear reservoir models are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed method.
Intrusion-Tolerant Shared Memory through a P2P Overlay Segmentation

This paper describes our experience in developing an infrastructure which allows building intrusion-tolerant shared memory for large-scale systems. The infrastructure makes use of a P2P overlay and of the concept of State Machine Replication (SMR). Segmentation is introduced on the overlay key space to allow the use of algorithms for SMR. In this paper we describe the proposed infrastructure in its stratification and corresponding algorithms. An analysis about the algorithms and their costs is also presented.