Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characterizations of the Lagrange-Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Property

In this note, we revisit the classical first order necessary condition in mathematical programming in infinite dimension. The constraint set being defined by C = g−1(K) where g is a smooth map between Banach spaces, and K a closed convex cone, we show that existence of Lagrange-Karush-Kuhn-Tucker multipliers is equivalent to metric subregularity of the multifunction defining the constraint, and is also equivalent to a generalized Abadie’s qualification condition. These results extend widely previous ones like [10, 11, 12, 16] by removing convexity type assumptions on the data. Key-words: Lagrange and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker multipliers, metric subregularrity, error bounds, Abadie’s qualification condition.
Translating default logic into standard autoepistemic logic

Since Konolige's translation of default logic into strongly grounded autoepistemic logic, several other variants of Moore's original autoepistemic logic that embody default logic have been studied. All these logics differ significantly from Moore's autoepistemic logic (standard AEL) in that expansions are subject to additional groundedness-conditions. Hence, the question naturally arises whether default logic can be translated into standard AEL at all. We show that a modular translation is not possible. However, we are able to construct a faithful polynomial-time translation from default logic into standard AEL, which is nonmodular. Our translation exploits the self-referentiality of AEL. It uses as an important intermediate step an embedding of Marek's and Truszczyn´ski's nonmonotonic logic N into standard AEL. It follows from our results that the expressive power of standard AEL is strictly greater than that of default logic.
Epistocracy for Online Deliberative Bioethics

Abstract: The suggestion that deliberative democratic approaches would suit the management of bioethical policymaking in democratic pluralistic societies has triggered what has been called the “deliberative turn” in health policy and bioethics. Most of the empirical work in this area has focused on the allocation of healthcare resources and priority setting at the local or national level. The variety of the more or less articulated theoretical efforts behind such initiatives is remarkable and has been accompanied, to date, by an overall lack of method specificity. We propose a set of methodological requirements for online deliberative procedures for bioethics. We provide a theoretical motivation for these requirements. In particular, we discuss and adapt an “epistocratic” proposal and argue that, regardless of its merits as a general political theory, a more refined version of its normative claims can generate a useful framework for the design of bioethical forums that combine maximal inclusiveness with informed and reasonable deliberation.
Provisional results of the 2011 Census of India: Slowdown in growth, ascent in literacy, but more missing girls

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to compare the new Census 2011 results with the results of the previous Censuses and assess the progress in trends of population growth, literacy rate, and sex ratio imbalance and also to highlight the critical socioeconomic issues based on short-term trends and patterns. Design/methodology/approach - The paper is structured in a “commentary and perspective” format. The paper assesses key demographic and socioeconomic features of India's population using 2011 Census data, and compares progress in population and social trends with the results of previous Censuses. The paper also uses data from the National Family Health Survey (2005-2006) and the United Nations World Population Prospects (2008) to complement Census results and understand the underlying reasons for the progress or deterioration in critical demographic and socioeconomic indicators. Findings - The provisional results of the 2011 Census data reveal a mixed bag of insights. On the positive side, there has been steady progress in population stabilization and a swift ascent in female literacy since 1991. These encouraging trends, among others, represent major driving forces of demographic and economic returns for India in the coming decades. However, on the negative side, the 2011 Census reveals a deplorable deterioration in the female-male ratio of the child population aged 0-6 years, despite India's enforcement of targeted policy measures following the 2001 Census. The country needs to take careful stock of this issue, as its advancing demographic transition and changing socioeconomic circumstances are rapidly translating into an adverse trend of girl child discrimination. Originality/value - This study compares India's most recent two Censuses and provides original analytical insights into India's progress in population stabilization and development, and the setbacks it faces in terms of gender inequalities. Region and state-wise analyses are additional contributions based on disaggregated state level data from the recent two Censuses.
Ranking XPaths for extracting search result records

Extracting search result records (SRRs) from webpages is useful for building an aggregated search engine which combines search results from a variety of search engines. Most automatic approaches to search result extraction are not portable: the complete process has to be rerun on a new search result page. In this paper we describe an algorithm to automatically determine XPath expressions to extract SRRs from webpages. Based on a single search result page, an XPath expression is determined which can be reused to extract SRRs from pages based on the same template. The algorithm is evaluated on a six datasets, including two new datasets containing a variety of web, image, video, shopping and news search results. The evaluation shows that for 85% of the tested search result pages, a useful XPath is determined. The algorithm is implemented as a browser plugin and as a standalone application which are available as open source software.
Emergence Of Consciousness And Qualia From A Complex Brain

Abstract Qualia are private conscious experiences of which the associated feelings can be reported to other people. Whether qualia are amenable to scientific exploration has often been questioned, which is challenged by the present article. The following arguments are given: 1. the configuration of the brain changes continuously and irreversibly, because of genetic and environmental influences and interhuman communication; 2. qualia and consciousness are processes, rather than states; 3. private feelings, including those associated with qualia, should be positioned in the context of a personal brain as being developed during life; 4. consciousness and qualia should be understood in the context of general system theory, thus concluding that isolated, in vitro, properties of neurons and other brain constituents might marginally contribute to the understanding of higher brain functions, mind or qualia; 5. current in vivo approaches have too little resolution power - in terms of space and time - to delineate individual and subjective brain processes. When subtle personalized properties of the nervous system can be assessed in vivo or in vitro, qualia can scientifically be investigated. We discuss some approaches to overcome these barriers.
Technology, the Technology Complex and the Paradox of Technological Determinism

This paper examines the working definitions of the term 'technology' across a range of disciplines such as industrial relations, organizational behaviour, operations management and development economics. The precise 'subdefinition' of technology in use depends on the disciplinary problematic. We develop a conceptual device called the technology complex to reveal the pattern that is observable when a large number of subdefinitions are compared. The technology complex is a list of the distinctive 'elements' that comprise the disciplinary subdefinitions of technology and it orders this list of elements from the 'physical' to the 'cultural'. The technology complex captures the idea that a working definition of technology will be some selection from the elements of the complex. The technology complex also captures the idea that in its most general sense 'technology' is 'knowledge related to artefacts'. We apply the technology complex to the issue of determinism in technological and social change using the examples of aircraft design and robotics. We argue that there is not an 'either—or' issue between the social and the technological influences on change since the terms are not distinct: 'technology' always includes some aspect of the social. We show how what appears to be 'technological determinism' in the examples of aircraft design and robotics use can be understood through the technology complex.
Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey

Abstract Objective To examine the patterns of consumption of foods high in solid fats and added sugars (SoFAS) in Brazil. Design Cross-sectional study; individual dietary intake survey. Food intake was assessed by means of two non-consecutive food records. Foods providing >9·1 % of energy from saturated fat, or >1·3 % of energy from trans fat, or >13 % of energy from added sugars per 100 g were classified as high in SoFAS. Setting Brazilian nationwide survey, 2008–2009. Subjects Individuals aged ≥10 years old. Results Mean daily energy intake was 8037 kJ (1921 kcal), 52 % of energy came from SoFAS foods. Contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake was higher among women (52 %) and adolescents (54 %). Participants in rural areas (43 %) and in the lowest quartile of per capita family income (43 %) reported the smallest contribution of SoFAS foods to total energy intake. SoFAS foods were large contributors to total saturated fat (87 %), trans fat (89 %), added sugar (98 %) and total sugar (96 %) consumption. The SoFAS food groups that contributed most to total energy intake were meats and beverages. Top SoFAS foods contributing to saturated fat and trans fat intakes were meats and fats and oils. Most of the added and total sugar in the diet was supplied by SoFAS beverages and sweets and desserts. Conclusions SoFAS foods play an important role in the Brazilian diet. The study identifies options for improving the Brazilian diet and reducing nutrition-related non-communicable chronic diseases, but also points out some limitations of the nutrient-based criteria.
Alpha-1-antitrypsin suppresses oxidative stress in preeclampsia by inhibiting the p38MAPK signaling pathway: An in vivo and in vitro study

This present study was designed to investigate the effects of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) on oxidative stress in preeclampsia (PE) by regulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) signaling pathway. HTR8/SVneo cells were randomly assigned into normal, hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), HR + AAT and HR + siRNA-AAT groups. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of p-p38MAPK, AAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and activating transcription factor2 (ATF2). Flow cytometry, scratch test, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and the 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiazol (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay were conducted to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis, cell migration, proliferation and cytotoxicity, respectively. Mouse models in PE were established, which were divided into normal pregnancy (NP), PE and PE + AAT groups with blood pressure and urine protein measured. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to detect the activity of oxidative stress-related kinases and expressions of inflammatory cytokines and coagulation-related factors in cells and mice placenta. Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were performed to detect AAT and p38MAPK expressions, apoptosis-related protein expressions, and apoptosis rate in mice placenta. Compared with the normal group, the H/R group had decreased expression of AAT, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-Px, cell proliferation and migration, but increased p38MAPK, STAT1, ATF2, MDA, H2O2, inflammatory cytokines, coagulation-related factors, cell cytotoxicity, ROS, apoptotic factors and apoptosis rate. Compared with the H/R group, the HR + ATT group had increased expressions of AAT, activity of SOD and GSH-Px, cell proliferation and migration but decreased p38MAPK, STAT1, ATF2, malonyldialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, inflammatory cytokines and coagulation-related factors, cell cytotoxicity, ROS, apoptotic factors and apoptosis rate, while opposite results were observed in the HR + siRNA-ATT group. Compared with the NP group, the PE group had decreased activity of SOD and GSH-Px but increased MDA, H2O2, AAT, p38MAPK, inflammatory cytokines, coagulation-related factors and apoptosis rate. The indexes in the PE + AAT group were between the NP and PE groups. Thus, we concluded that AAT suppressed oxidative stress in PE by inhibiting p38MAPK signaling pathway.
Indoor positioning of shoppers using a network of Bluetooth Low Energy beacons

In this paper we present our work on the indoor positioning of users (shoppers), using a network of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons deployed in a large wholesale shopping store. Our objective is to accurately determine which product sections a user is adjacent to while traversing the store, using RSSI readings from multiple beacons, measured asynchronously on a standard commercial mobile device. We further wish to leverage the store layout (which imposes natural constraints on the movement of users) and the physical configuration of the beacon network, to produce a robust and efficient solution. We introduce our node-graph model of user location, which is designed to represent the location layout. We also present our experimental work which includes an investigation of signal characteristics along and across aisles. We propose three methods of localization, using a “nearest-beacon” approach as a base-line; exponentially averaged weighted range estimates; and a particle-filter method based on the RSSI attenuation model and Gaussian-noise. Our results demonstrate that the particle filter method significantly out-performs the others. Scalability also makes this method ideal for applications run on mobile devices with more limited computational capabilities.
Effect of Behavioral Context on Representation of a Spatial Cue in Core Auditory Cortex of Awake Macaques

Primary auditory cortex plays a crucial role in spatially directed behavior, but little is known about the effect of behavioral state on the neural representation of spatial cues. Macaques were trained to discriminate binaural cues to sound localization, eventually allowing measurement of thresholds comparable to human hearing. During behavior and passive listening, single units in low-frequency auditory cortex showed robust and consistent tuning to interaural phase difference (IPD). In most neurons, behavior exerted an effect on peak discharge rate (58% increased, 13% decreased), but this was not accompanied by a detectable shift in the best IPD of any cell. Neurometric analysis revealed a difference in discriminability between the behaving and passive condition in half of the sample (52%), but steepening of the neurometric function (29%) was only slightly more common than flattening (23%). This suggests that performance of a discrimination task does not necessarily confer an advantage in understanding the representation of the spatial cue in primary auditory cortex but nevertheless revealed some physiological effects. These results suggest that responses observed during passive listening provide a valid representation of neuronal response properties in core auditory cortex.
The incidence and prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with family history

Purpose Epidemiological data showed that nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was a regional malignancy. It suggested that genetic factor may play an important role in tumorigenesis of NPC. The aim was to investigate the incidence and the prognosis of NPC patients with family history. Methods The clinical data of patients with NPC treated in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center from January 2008 to December 2012 were reviewed, and the patients with family history were selected. The prognosis of patients with family history was follow-up. The 5-year overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Results There were 3.64% (135/3706) NPC patients with family history of NPC. Eighty-three percent (112/135) patients had only one family member suffering from NPC previously, and 74.1% (100/135) patients who had family history only in first-degree family members. Excluding five patients lost to follow-up, 130 patients were eventually used to analyze the prognosis. The 5-year OS, LRFS, and DMFS rates of all patients with family history were 84.1%, 83.4%, and 83.8%, respectively. There were no significant differences of OS, LRFS and DMFS between one relative group and at least two relatives group. In addition, the degree of NPC had no association with OS, LRFS and DMFS, respectively. Conclusion Our results showed that there was an incidence rate of 3.64% NPC patients with family history. These patients had a satisfied prognosis, and the prognosis of NPC patients with family history in different degree or numbers of relatives had no significant differences.
Implementation and evaluation of a simulation curriculum for paediatric residency programs including just-in-time in situ mock codes.

OBJECTIVE To develop, implement and evaluate a simulation-based acute care curriculum in a paediatric residency program using an integrated and longitudinal approach. DESIGN Curriculum framework consisting of three modular, year-specific courses and longitudinal just-in-time, in situ mock codes. SETTING Paediatric residency program at BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia. INTERVENTIONS The three year-specific courses focused on the critical first 5 min, complex medical management and crisis resource management, respectively. The just-in-time in situ mock codes simulated the acute deterioration of an existing ward patient, prepared the actual multidisciplinary code team, and primed the surrounding crisis support systems. Each curriculum component was evaluated with surveys using a five-point Likert scale. RESULTS A total of 40 resident surveys were completed after each of the modular courses, and an additional 28 surveys were completed for the overall simulation curriculum. The highest Likert scores were for hands-on skill stations, immersive simulation environment and crisis resource management teaching. Survey results also suggested that just-in-time mock codes were realistic, reinforced learning, and prepared ward teams for patient deterioration. CONCLUSIONS A simulation-based acute care curriculum was successfully integrated into a paediatric residency program. It provides a model for integrating simulation-based learning into other training programs, as well as a model for any hospital that wishes to improve paediatric resuscitation outcomes using just-in-time in situ mock codes.
Device performance in a fully functional 800MHz DDR3 spin torque magnetic random access memory

With the recent sampling of Everspin Technologies spin torque magnetoresistive random access memory (ST-MRAM), the performance gap between the high speed volatile memories of SRAM and DRAM and the non-volatile memories of hard disk drives (HDD), Flash and PCRAM has been significantly reduced. We have demonstrated a fully functional 64Mb DDR3 ST-MRAM built on 90nm CMOS technology. This device combines the high speed operation of DDR3 with 1.6 GT/s (DDR3-1600) and the endurance of DRAM with the non-volatility of HDD, Flash or PCRAM. Full functionality has been verified from 0°C to 70°C at up to 800MHz using a March6N pattern with full memory cycling and 0 fails. The memory element used was a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) with CoFeB-based magnetic layers and an MgO tunnel barrier. This paper compares the performance of ST-MRAM in speed, non-volatility and endurance with the various memory solutions available on the market.
Grandparents raising grandchildren because of alcohol and other drug issues

In 2003, there were 22,500 families in Australia where grandparents were raising grandchildren. Many of these are due to substance abuse problems by the children's parents. This article explores the issues faced by these grandparents, which include health and ageing related issues, impacts on family relationships, legal and custody problems, social isolation, lifestyle upheaval, physical and emotional stress, and financial hardship and disadvantage. The children and their parents are also affected. In response, the article outlines the policy and service recommendations of the Canberra Mothercraft Society, which include early intervention and government financial assistance.
An examination of the corporate social and environmental disclosures of BHP from 1983‐1997: A test of legitimacy theory

This study examines the social and environmental disclosures of BHP Ltd (one of the largest Australian companies) from 1983 to 1997 to ascertain the extent and type of annual report social and environmental disclosures over the period, and whether such disclosures can be explained by the concepts of a social contract and legitimacy theory. This research is also motivated by the opportunity to compare and contrast results with those of Guthrie and Parker, in whose study the social and environmental disclosures made by BHP Ltd were also the focus of analysis. In testing the relationship between community concern for particular social and environmental issues (as measured by the extent of media attention), and BHP’s annual report disclosures on the same issues, significant positive correlations were obtained for the general themes of environment and human resources as well as for various sub‐issues within these, and other, themes. Additional testing also supported the view that management release positive social and environmental information in response to unfavourable media attention. Such results lend support to legitimation motives for a company’s social and environmental disclosures. A trend in providing greater social and environmental information in the annual report of BHP in recent years, and its variable pattern, was also evidenced.