Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficiency First or Equity First? Two Principles and Rationality of Social Choice

The Pareto efficiency criterion is often in conflict with the equity criteria as no-envy or as egalitarian-equivalence: An allocation x that is Pareto superior to another allocation y can be inferior to y in consideration of equity. This paper formalizes two differnet principles of social choice under possible conflict of efficiency and equity. The efficiency-first principle requires that we should always select from efficient allocations, and when the efficiency criterion is not at all effective as a guide for selection, i.e., when all the available allocations are efficient or there is no efficient allocation, we should apply an equity criterion to choose desirable allocations. The equity-first principle reverses the lexicographic order of application of the two criteria. We examine rationality of the social choice rules satisfying these two principles. It is shown that the degree of rationality varies widely depending on which principle the social choice rules represent. Several impossibility and possibility results as well as a characterization theorem are obtained.
Rural adolescents' reading motivation, achievement and behavior across transition to high school

ABSTRACT The authors examined 1,781 rural students' reading motivation and behavior across the transition from middle to high school. Using expectancy-value theory, they investigated how motivational variables predicted changes in reading behavior and achievement across the transition in terms of their expectancies, values, and out-of-school reading behaviors. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant increases in vocabulary, intrinsic value, and out-of-school reading, whereas significant decreases were found in attainment value. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated students' subjective expectancy for success was a significant predictor of increases in both comprehension and vocabulary scores. Students' utility value interacted with intrinsic value in predicting reading comprehension scores. In terms of change in students' reading behavior, their perceptions of intrinsic value and utility value were significant predictors. Gender interacted significantly with expectancies in predicting behaviors. Findings have implications for instructional support, particularly as it relates to reading motivation across the transition from middle to high school.
Male sterility, fitness gain curves and the evolution of gender specialization from distyly in Erythroxylum havanense

The evolution of dioecy from a monomorphic hermaphroditic condition requires two mutations, one producing females and one producing males. Conversely, a single mutation sterilizing one sexual function in one morph of distylous species would result in functional dioecy because such a mutation also affects the complementary function in the other morph. In this study, we tested these ideas with Erythroxylum havanense, a distylous species with morph‐biased male sterility. Based on sex allocation theory we evaluated whether the invasion of thrum females is favoured over the maintenance of this morph cosexuals. Completely male sterile thrum plants obtained higher fitness returns than hermaphrodites or partial male sterile individuals of the same morph, thus favouring the invasion of female thrum plants. We concluded that because fruit production of pin individuals depends on the pollen produced by thrum plants, the invasion of thrum females would result on the evolution of functional dioecy.
A prospective validation study of the START:AV

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the validity and reliability of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV) to determine if it has predictive accuracy in relation to physical aggression, severe verbal aggression, property damage and self-harm, in a medium secure setting. In addition, the authors hoped to provide some of the first descriptive data available for the START:AV among a UK adolescent population in a medium secure adolescent unit. Design/methodology/approach The sample consisted of 90 female and male adolescents, with and without developmental disabilities. It was important to explore the measure’s predictive accuracy across specific population groups, such as between males and females, as well as those with developmental disabilities, and those without. Findings Some significant relationships were found between the START:AV and adverse outcomes. For instance, total strength and vulnerability scores were predictive for verbal and physical aggression. Differences in predictive validity were evident when comparisons were made between males and females, with relationships being evident amongst the male population only. When splitting the male sample into developmental disability and non-developmental disability groups, significant relationships were found between strength and vulnerability scores and verbal and physical aggression. Practical implications A number of practical implications are considered, such as the START:AV is relevant for use with adolescents in hospital settings and the significant inverse relationship between strength scores and negative outcomes supports the importance of considering protective/strength factors when working with at risk youths. Originality/value There is currently limited validation data for the START:AV in the UK or elsewhere.
The clustering evolution of the galaxy distribution

We follow the evolution of the galaxy population in a ΛCDM cosmology by means of high-resolution N-body simulations in which the formation of galaxies and their observable properties are calculated using a semi-analytic model. We display images of the spatial distribution of galaxies in the simulations that illustrate its evolution and provide a qualitative understanding of the processes responsible for the various biases that develop. We consider three specific statistical measures of clustering at Graphic and Graphic: the correlation length (in both real and redshift space) of galaxies of different luminosity, the morphology–density relation and the genus curve of the topology of galaxy isodensity surfaces. For galaxies with luminosity below L∗, the Graphic correlation length depends very little on the luminosity of the sample, but for brighter galaxies it increases very rapidly, reaching values in excess of 10-h−1Mpc. The ‘accelerated’ dynamical evolution experienced by galaxies in rich clusters, which is partly responsible for this effect, also results in a strong morphology–density relation. Remarkably, this relation is already well-established at Graphic. The genus curves of the galaxies are significantly different from the genus curves of the dark matter, however this is not a result of genuine topological differences but rather of the sparse sampling of the density field provided by galaxies. The predictions of our model at Graphic will be tested by forthcoming data from the 2dF and Sloan galaxy surveys, and those at Graphic by the DEEP and VIRMOS surveys.
Pseudo‐empirical likelihood ratio confidence intervals for complex surveys

The authors show how an adjusted pseudo‐empirical likelihood ratio statistic that is asymptotically distributed as a chi‐square random variable can be used to construct confidence intervals for a finite population mean or a finite population distribution function from complex survey samples. They consider both non‐stratified and stratified sampling designs, with or without auxiliary information. They examine the behaviour of estimates of the mean and the distribution function at specific points using simulations calling on the Rao‐Sampford method of unequal probability sampling without replacement. They conclude that the pseudo‐empirical likelihood ratio confidence intervals are superior to those based on the normal approximation, whether in terms of coverage probability, tail error rates or average length of the intervals.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Return-to-work of sick-listed workers without an employment contract-what works ?

Background: In the past decade flexible labour market arrangements have emerged as a significant change in the European Union labour market. Studies suggest that these new types of labour arrangements may be linked to ill health, an increased risk for work disability, and inadequate vocational rehabilitation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were: 1. to examine demographic characteristics of workers without an employment contract sick-listed for at least 13 weeks, 2. to describe the content and frequency of occupational health care (OHC) interventions for these sick-listed workers, and 3. to examine OHC interventions as possible determinants for return-to-work (RTW) of these workers. Methods: A cohort of 1077 sick-listed workers without an employment contract were included at baseline, i.e. 13 weeks after reporting sick. Demographic variables were available at baseline. Measurement of cross-sectional data took place 4–6 months after inclusion. Primary outcome measures were: frequency of OHC interventions and RTW-rates. Measured confounding variables were: gender, age, type of worker (temporary agency worker, unemployed worker, or remaining worker without employment contract), level of education, reason for absenteeism (diagnosis), and perceived health. The association between OHC interventions and RTW was analysed with a logistic multiple regression analysis. Results: At 7–9 months after the first day of reporting sick only 19% of the workers had (partially or completely) returned to work, and most workers perceived their health as fairly poor or poor. The most frequently reported (49%) intervention was 'the OHC professional discussed RTW'. However, the intervention 'OHC professional made and discussed a RTW action plan' was reported by only 19% of the respondents. The logistic multiple regression analysis showed a significant positive association between RTW and the interventions: 'OHC professional discussed RTW'; and 'OHC professional made and discussed a RTW action plan'. The intervention 'OHC professional referred sick-listed worker to a vocational rehabilitation agency' was significantly associated with no RTW. Conclusion: This is the first time that characteristics of a large cohort of sick-listed workers without an employment contract were examined. An experimental or prospective study is needed to explore the causal nature of the associations found between OHC interventions and RTW. Published: 14 July 2009 BMC Public Health 2009, 9:232 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-232 Received: 6 February 2009 Accepted: 14 July 2009 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2458/9/232 © 2009 Vermeulen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ANALYTICAL THEORY FOR THE INITIAL MASS FUNCTION. II. PROPERTIES OF THE FLOW

Recently, Hennebelle and Chabrier derived an analytical theory for the mass spectrum of non-self-gravitating clumps associated with overdensities in molecular clouds and for the initial mass function (IMF) of gravitationally bound prestellar cores, as produced by the turbulent collapse of the cloud. In this companion paper, we examine the effects of the nonisothermality of the flow, of the turbulence forcing and of local fluctuation of the velocity dispersion, on the mass function. In particular, we investigate the influence of a polytropic equation of state (eos) and of the effective adiabatic exponent γ and find that it has a drastic influence on the low-mass part of the IMF. We also consider a barotropic eos (i.e., a piecewise polytropic eos) that mimics the thermal behavior of the molecular gas and compare the prediction of our theory with the results of numerical simulations and with the observationally derived IMF, for cloud parameters which satisfy Larson-type relations. We find that for clouds whose density is, at all scales, almost an order of magnitude larger than the density inferred for the CO clumps in the Galaxy, a good agreement is obtained between the theory and the observed IMF, suggesting that star formation preferentially occurs in high-density environments. We derive an analytical expression for the IMF which generalizes the expression previously obtained for the isothermal case. This easy-to-implement analytical IMF should serve as a template to compare observational or numerical results with the theory.
Markets, Morality, and Economic Growth: Competition Affects Utilitarian Judgment

Scholars since Hume and Smith have debated possible causal connections between market experiences and moral beliefs. Of particular interest today are questions related to incentive designs: for example, could the structure of employment affect moral attitudes? Here, I study the impact of employment structure on three normative issues: utilitarian versus deontological values, other-regarding preferences, and charitable donations. Through a labor market intermediary, I randomly assigned workers to competitive or piece-rate work conditions. The groups were given a moral question posing a conflict between utilitarian and deontological values, and offered a choice to make a charitable donation. The moral question was accompanied by an illustration that made salient outgroup considerations. Four results emerge: Competitively structured work experiences increased deontological value choices, deontological commitments towards outgroup members, and donations by productive workers relative to non-productive workers; and the effects on deontological value choices differ over economic development. I reconcile these results with a formal model based on experimental findings in affective moral psychology. When competition is perceived as unfair or unfamiliar, negative affect triggers deontological value choices, but when it is perceived as familiar or even fun, positive affect increases utilitarian attitudes. If utilitarian attitudes lead to market-oriented policies, multiple steady states arise where some countries sustain high utilitarianism, market-orientation, and economic growth, and vice versa. This perspective helps explain the intellectual history of the doux commerce thesis.
Support vector machines for recognizing shifts in correlated and other manufacturing processes

Traditional statistical process control (SPC) techniques of control charting are not applicable in many process industries where the data from the facilities are often autocorrelated. This is often true in piece-part manufacturing industries that are highly automated and integrated. Several attempts have been made in the literature to extend traditional SPC techniques to deal with autocorrelated parameters. However, these extensions pose several serious limitations. The literature discusses several machine-learning methods based on radial basis function (RBF) networks and multi-layer perceptron (MLP) networks to address the limitations, with some success. This paper demonstrates that support vector machines (SVMs) can be extremely effective in minimizing both Type-I errors (probability that the method would wrongly declare the process to be out of control or generate a false alarm) and Type-II errors (probability that the method will be unable to detect a true shift or trend present in the process) in these autocorrelated processes. Even while employing the simplest type of polynomial kernels, the SVMs were extremely good at detecting shifts in papermaking and viscosity datasets (available in the literature) and performed as well or better than traditional as well as machine learning methods. It was also observed that SVMs are good at minimizing both Type-I and Type-II errors even in monitoring non-correlated processes. When tested on datasets available in the literature, they once again performed as well or better than the classical Shewhart control charts and other machine learning methods.
A context ontology for service provisioning and consumption

Nowadays services as those provided by smart cities, health smart services, as well as common services (e.g., telephonic services, e-mail services), have a great economic impact for organisations and represent an important mean to deliver value to their consumers. The malfunctions of both the services themselves as well as the entities responsible for their execution and consumption might cause economic losses, consumers' dissatisfaction and even shorten the service life cycle, among other risks. To avoid malfunctions beyond maintaining quality levels desired, it is important to take into account the widest possible context information that cause either positive or negative effects around services and entities involved in their provisioning and consumption. In this paper, we propose an upper ontology for service provisioning and consumption from a service-centric perspective. Specifically, we focus on software services, although we could argue for more generic applications. The contribution is the analysis, evaluation and reuse of existing proposals on context models to identify the strengths and weaknesses of its current status as well as to identify contexts not yet considered, and consolidate an integrated view of these proposals. The ultimate intention is to provide a well-defined and consolidated infrastructure of context information as a common body of knowledge, that could be instantiated on variety of use cases, for example, to be instantiated by monitors as context information useful to be monitored, or to be used as context information that allows knowing which contexts affect a service when a user consumes it, among others.
RETRIAL QUEUES FOR PERFORMANCE MODELLING AND EVALUATION OF HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS

In this paper a single server retrial queue with a finite number of heterogeneous sources of calls is investigated. It is assumed when a given source is idle it will generate a primary call after an exponentially distributed time. If the server is free at the time of the request’s arrival then the call starts to be served. The service time is also exponentially distributed. During the service time the source cannot generate a new primary call. After service the source moves into free state and can generate a new call again. If the server is busy at the time of the arrival of a primary call, then the source starts generating so called repeated calls with exponentially distributed times until it finds the server free. As before, after service the source becomes free and can generate a new primary call again. We assume that the primary calls, repeated attempts and service times are mutually independent. This queueing system and its variants could be used to model magnetic disk memory systems, local area networks with CSMA/CD protocols and collision avoidance local area networks and could contribute as a building block for larger heterogeneous networks. The novelty of this model is the heterogeneity of the calls, which means that each call is characterized by its own arrival, repeated and service rates. The aim of the paper is to give the usual steady-state performance measures of the system. To do so, an efficient software tool, MOSEL ( Modeling, Specification and Evaluation Language ) developed at the University of Erlangen, Germany, is used to formulate and solve the problem. Several sample numerical results illustrate the power of the tool showing the effect of different parameters on the system’s measures.
The Effects of Interface Design About Mobile Phones 0n Older Adults' Usage

The number of the older adults possessing cellular phones has increased within recent years in China. The aim of the study was to determine the user interface design methods for older adults using mobile phones. The widespread and continued growth of mobile information technology means that it brings great convenience and promptness for people. Most of the companies take aim the young man's psychology that they pursue fashion, and produce kinds of brands. However, facing the difficult setting and the un-operational keys, the older people don't know how to operate it. Based on this background, the present paper analyzed the elderly manner about using mobile phones and the communicating features. Sixty older people (age 65-75 years) who are come from different cities in China solved tasks on this investigations and tests. According to the elderly physiological and psychological characteristics, this study carried out the older adults using mobile phone interface design strategies.
The effect of self‐directed work teams on work ethic

This study examined the work ethic of manufacturing machine operators between self-directed work teams and traditional work groups using four work ethic subscales: dependable, considerate, ambitious, and cooperative (Dawson, 1999; Petty, 1991). Differences in measured work ethic scores were also compared across six demographic variables: age, gender, level of education, years of full-time work experience, years of experience as a supervisor, and work shift preference. Findings showed that there were significant differences in the work ethic between those two team structures and age groups. Implications for future research were presented.
Logistic regression of attitudes and coverage for influenza vaccination among Italian Public Health medical residents

Summary Introduction. A few number of literature specifically addresses vaccination uptake among Public Health Residents (PHRs). Influenza vaccine attitudes and risk perceptions of PHRs across Italy were studied, contributing to literature on influenza vaccination uptake predictors, in particular among young physicians. Methods. An online survey was conducted in 25 Schools of Public Health in Italy in 2011-2012. Results were analysed using prevalence and logistic regression methods. Results. A total of 365 Italian public health residents were included in the study. Vaccination uptake was confirmed by 22.2 and 33.2% of PHRs in 2010-2011 and 2011-2012, respectively. For the 2010-2011 influenza season, vaccination was associated with male sex (adj-OR 3.43; 95%CI = 1.5-7.84) and vaccination history (adj-OR 29.44; 95%CI = 6.4-135.04). For the 2011-2012 season, vaccination was significantly associated with having had between one and three influenza vaccinations in the previous five years (adj-OR 11.56; 95%CI = 6.44-20.75) or more than three (adj-OR 136.43; 95%CI = 30.8-604.7) and with individual participation in general population vaccination campaigns (adj- OR 1.85; 95%CI = 1.01-3.41). Discussion. Italian residents in public health have no confidence and a low personal risk perception about vaccinations therefore taking no measures to protect patients, general population and themselves. Annual influenza vaccination acceptance is associated with influenza vaccine uptake in the previous years and personal involvement in general population vaccination campaigns. These factors should be considered for the design of future campaigns targeting public health residents.