Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the temporal dynamics of spatial stimulus-response transfer between spatial incompatibility and Simon tasks

The Simon effect refers to the performance (response time and accuracy) advantage for responses that spatially correspond to the task-irrelevant location of a stimulus. It has been attributed to a natural tendency to respond toward the source of stimulation. When location is task-relevant, however, and responses are intentionally directed away (incompatible) or toward (compatible) the source of the stimulation, there is also an advantage for spatially compatible responses over spatially incompatible responses. Interestingly, a number of studies have demonstrated a reversed, or reduced, Simon effect following practice with a spatial incompatibility task. One interpretation of this finding is that practicing a spatial incompatibility task disables the natural tendency to respond toward stimuli. Here, the temporal dynamics of this stimulus-response (S-R) transfer were explored with speed-accuracy trade-offs (SATs). All experiments used the mixed-task paradigm in which Simon and spatial compatibility/incompatibility tasks were interleaved across blocks of trials. In general, bidirectional S-R transfer was observed: while the spatial incompatibility task had an influence on the Simon effect, the task-relevant S-R mapping of the Simon task also had a small impact on congruency effects within the spatial compatibility and incompatibility tasks. These effects were generally greater when the task contexts were similar. Moreover, the SAT analysis of performance in the Simon task demonstrated that the tendency to respond to the location of the stimulus was not eliminated because of the spatial incompatibility task. Rather, S-R transfer from the spatial incompatibility task appeared to partially mask the natural tendency to respond to the source of stimulation with a conflicting inclination to respond away from it. These findings support the use of SAT methodology to quantitatively describe rapid response tendencies.
Embodiment and place in autobiographical remembering: a relational-material approach

The relationship between place and remembering has been a longstanding matter of phenomenological concern. The role of the ‘lived body’ in mediating acts of remembering in context is clearly crucial. In this paper we contribute to an ‘expanded view of memory’ by describing how remembering difficult or problematic events ― ‘vital memories’ ― draws upon inter-subjective and inter-objective relations. We discuss two conceptual tools that provide an analytic framework ― the concept of ‘life space’ drawn from Kurt Lewin (1936) and the idea of the ‘setting specificity’ of remembering. From this perspective we can see that the ‘lived body’ does not constitute a singular unity but rather a ‘plurality’ of potential bodies that have ‘operative solidarity’ (cf. Simondon, 2009) with the material relations in which they are constituted. Drawing on the work of Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, we argue that ‘body memories’ need to be analysed from within the embodied material-relational perspective wherein they are afforded.
Exploring the Patterns of Verbal Agreement of Collective Noun-Headed Subjects in a Parsed Corpus of Present-Day English

This study explores verbal agreement variation with collective noun-headed subjects taking plural of-dependents in a set of data retrieved from a parsed version of the corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbE). The results show how syntactic distance between the subject and the verb (and also the complexity of the modifier(s) of the of-PP) reduces the influence that these plural of-PPs exert on the verb, thus lowering the rate of plural agreement.
Changes in Attitudes Toward Interprofessional Learning and Collaboration Among Physical Therapy Students Following a Patient Code Simulation Scenario

Purpose:This study examined changes in physical therapy (PT) student attitudes toward interprofessional collaboration (IPC) and interprofessional learning (IPL) following an opportunity to engage in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario with nursing students. Methods:Thirty-four PT and 17 nursing students participated. During the PT interaction, the simulator's blood pressure and pulse oximetry dropped and heart rate increased until ventricular tachycardia appeared on the electrocardiogram monitor and a full code occurred. The nursing students directed and assisted the PT students in responding to the medical emergency. Four surveys examining changes in attitudes toward IPL and IPC were completed: the Interdisciplinary Education Perception Scale (IEPS), the Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS), the Attitudes Toward Healthcare Teams Scale (ATHCTS), and the Team Skills Scale (TSS). Paired sample t tests were used to examine pre- and post-simulation differences. Results:For the PT student participants, statistically significant improvements were noted for the IEPS subscale examining competency and autonomy (P = .03), the RIPLS subscale examining teamwork and collaboration (P = .03), and the ATHCTS for team value (P = .012) and efficiency (P = .018). The TSS also increased significantly (P < .001). Conclusions:The code simulation positively altered student attitudes toward IPC and IPL. Interprofessional experiences of this type can be used to build teamwork and increase understanding between disciplines.
Ageism at university: A comparative analysis of young and older adult students

ABSTRACT This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the negative stereotypes of older persons described by young and older adult university students at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. This study is innovative in that it compares three analytical perspectives: the perception of young students (18–27 years); the perception of older adult students (50 years and above) regarding older persons (hetero-stereotypes); and, finally, the perception of older adult students with regard to themselves as part of the group of older adult students (self-stereotypes). The sample is made up of 460 young students and 148 older adult students who completed the Questionnaire on Negative Ageing Stereotypes (QNAS), comprising three dimensions: health; character and personality; and social relationships and motivation. A statistical analysis was subsequently carried out using the independent samples t-test in the IBM Statistics 19.0 program. Of note among the principal results is the low level of negative stereotypes reported among the groups studied, as well as the existence of significant differences in their means, which indicate that the negative stereotypes of the groups differed. The most stereotyped of the dimensions analyzed was character and personality. In contrast, the least-stereotyped dimension was that of social relationships and motivation. Finally, the dimension of health occupied an intermediate position. With regard to the three perspectives studied, the older adult group (hetero-stereotypes) was the most stereotyped, followed by the young students and, finally, the older adult students with reference to self-stereotypes.
From my own flesh and blood: An exploratory examination of discrimination from family for Black/White Multiracial people

This qualitative study examined instances of racial discrimination from family members among 36 Black/White Multiracial individuals. Forms of discrimination included stereotyping, identity invalidation, racist comments, lack of acknowledgment, vicarious discrimination, and negativity. Participants responded to discrimination by distancing themselves from family members, resisting, and/or dismissing discrimination. Discriminatory experiences made race more salient for participants. Participants reported feeling hurt, alienated, and confused following discrimination. Implications of findings for social workers counseling Multiracial people and interracial families are discussed.
MixUp as Directional Adversarial Training

In this work, we explain the working mechanism of MixUp in terms of adversarial training. We introduce a new class of adversarial training schemes, which we refer to as directional adversarial training, or DAT. In a nutshell, a DAT scheme perturbs a training example in the direction of another example but keeps its original label as the training target. We prove that MixUp is equivalent to a special subclass of DAT, in that it has the same expected loss function and corresponds to the same optimization problem asymptotically. This understanding not only serves to explain the effectiveness of MixUp, but also reveals a more general family of MixUp schemes, which we call Untied MixUp. We prove that the family of Untied MixUp schemes is equivalent to the entire class of DAT schemes. We establish empirically the existence of Untied Mixup schemes which improve upon MixUp.
Lack of Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol on Cancer: Meta-Analysis of Individual Data from 175,000 People in 27 Randomised Trials of Statin Therapy

Background Statin therapy reduces the risk of occlusive vascular events, but uncertainty remains about potential effects on cancer. We sought to provide a detailed assessment of any effects on cancer of lowering LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) with a statin using individual patient records from 175,000 patients in 27 large-scale statin trials. Methods and Findings Individual records of 134,537 participants in 22 randomised trials of statin versus control (median duration 4.8 years) and 39,612 participants in 5 trials of more intensive versus less intensive statin therapy (median duration 5.1 years) were obtained. Reducing LDL-C with a statin for about 5 years had no effect on newly diagnosed cancer or on death from such cancers in either the trials of statin versus control (cancer incidence: 3755 [1.4% per year [py]] versus 3738 [1.4% py], RR 1.00 [95% CI 0.96-1.05]; cancer mortality: 1365 [0.5% py] versus 1358 [0.5% py], RR 1.00 [95% CI 0.93–1.08]) or in the trials of more versus less statin (cancer incidence: 1466 [1.6% py] vs 1472 [1.6% py], RR 1.00 [95% CI 0.93–1.07]; cancer mortality: 447 [0.5% py] versus 481 [0.5% py], RR 0.93 [95% CI 0.82–1.06]). Moreover, there was no evidence of any effect of reducing LDL-C with statin therapy on cancer incidence or mortality at any of 23 individual categories of sites, with increasing years of treatment, for any individual statin, or in any given subgroup. In particular, among individuals with low baseline LDL-C (<2 mmol/L), there was no evidence that further LDL-C reduction (from about 1.7 to 1.3 mmol/L) increased cancer risk (381 [1.6% py] versus 408 [1.7% py]; RR 0.92 [99% CI 0.76–1.10]). Conclusions In 27 randomised trials, a median of five years of statin therapy had no effect on the incidence of, or mortality from, any type of cancer (or the aggregate of all cancer).
Spatiotemporal Properties of the Action Potential Propagation in the Mouse Visual Cortical Slice Analyzed by Calcium Imaging

The calcium ion (Ca2+) is an important messenger for signal transduction, and the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) changes in response to an excitation of the cell. To reveal the spatiotemporal properties of the propagation of an excitatory signal with action potentials in the primary visual cortical circuit, we conducted a Ca2+ imaging study on slices of the mouse visual cortex. Electrical stimulation of layer 4 evoked [Ca2+]i transients around the stimulus electrode. Subsequently, the high [Ca2+]i region mainly propagated perpendicular to the cortical layer (vertical propagation), with horizontal propagation being restricted. When the excitatory synaptic transmission was blocked, only weak and concentric [Ca2+]i transients were observed. When the action potential was blocked, the [Ca2+]i transients disappeared almost completely. These results suggested that the action potential contributed to the induction of the [Ca2+]i transients, and that excitatory synaptic connections were involved in the propagation of the high [Ca2+]i region in the primary visual cortical circuit. To elucidate the involvement of inhibitory synaptic connections in signal propagation in the primary visual cortex, the GABAA receptor inhibitor bicuculline was applied. In this case, the evoked signal propagated from layer 4 to the entire field of view, and the prolonged [Ca2+]i transients were observed compared with the control condition. Our results suggest that excitatory neurons are widely connected to each other over the entire primary visual cortex with recurrent synapses, and inhibitory neurons play a fundamental role in the organization of functional sub-networks by restricting the propagation of excitation signals.
Bystander Intervention: Examining Recognition and Response to Sexual Violence on a College Campus

ii Acknowledgements . iv Dedication . v List of Tables . xi List of Figures . xiii Chapter I: Introduction . 1 Effects of Sexual Violence. 2 Historical Overview of Sexual Violence Prevention Programs . 3 The Bystander Intervention Approach . 3 The Green Dot Bystander Intervention Program . 4 Statement of the Problem . 5 Theoretical Framework . 6 Purpose of the Study . 8 Research Questions . 9 Significance of the Study . 9 Limitations . 11 Assumptions . 11 Definition of Terms. 12 Organization of the Study . 15
The Correlation of Perceived Discrimination and Psychological Well-Being among the Manjo Ethnic Minority in Kaffa Zone, Ethiopia.

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being of Manjo ethnic minority in Kaffa zone, Ethiopia. One hundred and forty nine (149) study participants from the Manjo ethnic minority were randomly selected and filled out the perceived discrimination and psychological well-being questionnaire scales. Pearson Product moment correlation was computed to determine the strength and direction of relationship between their perception of discrimination by others and the psychological well-being report. Perceived discrimination is a variability of thought that results from an act of segregation and distancing of an individual or group of individuals mainly because of bias and prejudice. The psychological well-being variable was measured by six dimensions, which are named as autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relationship with others, purpose in life and self-acceptance of individuals. The result of the study showed the presence of a strong and significant negative correlation between the Manjos’ perception of discrimination they experience from other ethnic groups and the corresponding psychological well-being state.
Semantic component selection - SemaCS

In component based software development, project success or failure largely depends on correct software component evaluation. All available evaluation methods require time to analyse components. Due to the black box nature of components, preliminary judgments are made based on vendor descriptions. As there is no standard way of describing components, descriptions have to be interpreted using semantics and domain knowledge. This paper presents a semi-automated generic method for component identification and classification based on generic domain taxonomy and user generated semantic input. Every query is semantically tailored to what is being looked for, arriving at better results then it is currently possible using available automated categorisation systems.
Evaluation of Different Topographic Corrections for Landsat TM Data by Prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in Topographically Complex Landscapes

The reflected radiance in topographically complex areas is severely affected by variations in topography; thus, topographic correction is considered a necessary pre-processing step when retrieving biophysical variables from these images. We assessed the performance of five topographic corrections: (i) C correction (C), (ii) Minnaert, (iii) Sun Canopy Sensor (SCS), (iv) SCS + C and (v) the Processing Scheme for Standardised Surface Reflectance (PSSSR) on the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) reflectance in the context of prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in hilly landscapes in north-eastern Australia. The performance of topographic corrections on the TM reflectance was assessed by (i) visual comparison and (ii) statistically comparing TM predicted FPC with ground measured FPC and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-derived FPC estimates. In the majority of cases, the PSSSR method performed best in terms of eliminating topographic effects, providing the best relationship and lowest residual error when comparing ground measured FPC and LiDAR FPC with TM predicted FPC. The Minnaert, C and SCS + C showed the poorest performance. Finally, the use of TM surface reflectance, which includes atmospheric correction and broad Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effects, seemed to account for most topographic variation when predicting biophysical variables, such as FPC.
Non-Local Noise Estimation for Adaptive Image Denoising

Image denoising is a classical linear inverse problem with applications in remote sensing, medical imaging, astronomy and surveillance. This article addresses the image denoising problem using a non-local noise estimation based on the spatial redundancy offered by natural images. A low dimensional signal subspace is estimated using the statistical strength of singular value decomposition (SVD), which reduces the computational burden and enhances the local basis screening. A multiple regression based approach is then applied on the estimated basis to calculate the observation noise and the whole image is restored by patch based processing. The proposed method is adaptive in the sense that all the algorithm parameters are learned from the observed noisy data. The simulated comparisons shows comparatively high performance of the proposed algorithm comparing to the other image denoising techniques.
Dynamic Interaction of cBid with Detergents, Liposomes and Mitochondria

The BH3-only protein Bid plays a key role in the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, but its mechanism of action is still not completely understood. Here we studied the two main activation events of Bid: Caspase-8 cleavage and interaction with the membrane bilayer. We found a striking reversible behaviour of the dissociation-association events between the Bid fragments p15 and p7. Caspase-8 cleavage does not induce per se separation of the two Bid fragments, which remain in a stable complex resembling the full length Bid. Detergents trigger a complete dissociation, which can be fully reversed by detergent removal in a range of protein concentrations from 100 µM down to 500 nM. Incubation of cBid with cardiolipin-containing liposomes leads to partial dissociation of the complex. Only p15 (tBid) fragments are found at the membrane, while p7 shows no tendency to interact with the bilayer, but complete removal of p7 strongly increases the propensity of tBid to become membrane-associated. Despite the striking structural similarities of inactive Bid and Bax, Bid does not form oligomers and reacts differently in the presence of detergents and membranes, highlighting clear differences in the modes of action of the two proteins. The partial dissociation of cBid triggered by the membrane is suggested to depend on the strong and specific interaction between p15 and p7. The reversible disassembly and re-assembly of the cBid molecules at the membrane was as well proven by EPR using spin labeled cBid in the presence of isolated mitochondria. The observed dynamic dissociation of the two Bid fragments could allow the assistance to the pore-forming Bax to occur repeatedly and may explain the proposed “hit-and-run" mode of action of Bid at the bilayer.
Tremor and Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Background Klinefelter’s syndrome (KS) has been associated with tremor, but reports on tremor phenomenology and treatment are limited. Case Reports Patient 1 is a 17-year-old male with a dystonic tremor treated with deep brain stimulation (DBS). Patient 2 is a 57-year-old male with a predominant left hand resting tremor and dystonic features. Discussion Our cases suggest that the tremor in patients with KS may be dystonic in nature. Patient 1 is also the third reported case of successful treatment with DBS. These cases have implications for elucidating the underlying neurobiological mechanism of tremor and identifying treatment options.
Similarity Analysis of Position Specific Motif Matrices using Lacunarity for Promoter Sequences

Understanding the knowledge accumulated in a large sequence data has become an increasingly important research. The focus of this study is to create position specific scoring matrices (PSMM) for biological sequences called promoter sequences and apply fractal measure called 'lacunarity' to find the similarity existing between them. For the experiments, the promoter data created exclusively for this study using the NCBI database is used. The promoters of length 500bps of the enzyme pyruvate kinase from the glycolysis pathway in different organisms is considered because of its universal presence. The results show high similarity between the organisms belonging to the same family. From this study lacunarity analysis seems to be a very powerful measure to interpret the similarity between promoter sequences across the species.
Near light correction for image relighting and 3D shape recovery

In this paper, we propose a near-light illumination model for image relighting and 3D shape recovery. Classic methods such as used by the popular RTI software from Cultural Heritage Imaging assume that lighting is infinitely far away from the scene. However, this constraint is impossible to achieve in practice: light sources cannot be too far away from the scene due to space and power constraints. This causes non-uniform illumination artifacts due to variations in the distance between the light source and points in the scene. We correct this effect to provide much more uniformly lit images that yield more appealing image for relighting applications. Furthermore, we use our near-light model for more accurate photometric stereo calculations of surface normals, eliminating the “potato-chip” shaped surface reconstruction error that results from violating the far-light assumption. We verify our model with both free-form capture using hand-held flash as the illumination source, and capture using LED lights mounted on a dome shaped surface.
Cantor Bernstein property

The classical CantorBernstein theorem says that two sets X;Y which admit injective mappings X ! Y and Y ! X have the same cardinality. We obtain a di¤erent problem when the sets are equipped with an additional structure which should be preserved by the mappings (isomorphisms). It has been generalized to boolean algebras by Sikorski and Tarski: For any two -complete boolean algebras A and B and elements a 2 A and b 2 B, if B = [0; a]A and A = [0; b]B , then A = B. This result has been generalized to MV-algebras in [8] and [2], to orthomodular lattices in [3] and to more general structures, e.g. e¤ect algebras and pseudo-BCK-algebras, in subsequent papers (see the selected references at the end). There is another line of research, initiated in [3]. Here the question is which algebras satisfy the CantorBernstein theorem in its original form by Sikorski and Tarski, without any additional condition. We summarize some results for orthomodular lattices from [3, 4] and compare them to the situation in MV-algebras.