Alport syndrome and the X chromosome: implications of a diagnosis of Alport syndrome in females.

oxygenase-1 deficiency: the first autopsy case. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 125–130 40. Hancock WW, Buelow R, Sayegh MH, Turka LA. Antibodyinduced transplant arteriosclerosis is prevented by graft expression of anti-oxidant and anti-apoptotic genes. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1392–1396 41. Lee TS, Chang CC, Zhu Y, Shyy JY. Simvastatin induces heme oxygenase-1: a novel mechanism of vessel protection. Circulation 2004; 110: 1296–1302 42. Wu BJ, Kathir K, Witting PK et al. Antioxidants protect from atherosclerosis by a heme oxygenase-1 pathway that is independent of free radical scavenging. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 1117–1127 43. Wang R, Shamloul R, Wang X, Meng Q, Wu L. Sustained normalization of high blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats by implanted hemin pump. Hypertension 2006; 48: 685–692 44. Motterlini R, Gonzales A, Foresti R, Clark JE, Green CJ, Winslow RM. Heme Oxygenase-1–derived carbon monoxide contributes to the suppression of acute hypertensive responses in vivo. Circ Res 1998; 83: 568–577 45. Wang R, Wu L. The chemical modification of KCa channels by carbon monoxide in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 8222–8226 46. Morita T, Perrella MA, Lee ME, Kourembanas S. Smooth muscle cell-derived carbon monoxide is a regulator of vascular cGMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92: 1475–1479 47. Johnson FK, Johnson RA, Durante W, Jackson KE, Stevenson BK, Peyton KJ. Metabolic syndrome increases endogenous carbon monoxide production to promote hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290: R601–608 48. Teran FJ, Johnson RA, Stevenson BK et al. Heme oxygenasederived carbon monoxide promotes arteriolar endothelial dysfunction and contributes to salt-induced hypertension in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288: R615–622 49. Kaide J-I, Zhang F, Wei Y et al. Carbon monoxide of vascular origin attenuates the sensitivity of renal arterial vessels to vasoconstrictors. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 1163–1171 50. Thorup C, Jones CL, Gross SS, Moore LC, Goligorsky MS. Carbon monoxide induces vasodilation and nitric oxide release but suppresses endothelial NOS. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 1999; 277: F882–889 51. Nath KA, Balla G, Vercellotti GM et al. Induction of heme oxygenase is a rapid, protective response in rhabdomyolysis in the rat. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 267–270 52. Nath KA, Haggard JJ, Croatt AJ, Grande JP, Poss KD, Alam J. The indispensability of heme oxygenase-1 in protecting against acute heme protein-induced toxicity in vivo. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1527–1535 53. Pittock ST, Norby SM, Grande JP et al. MCP-1 is up-regulated in unstressed and stressed HO-1 knockout mice: Pathophysiologic correlates. Kidney Int 2005; 68: 611–622 54. Shiraishi F, Curtis LM, Truong L et al. Heme oxygenase-1 gene ablation or expression modulates cisplatin-induced renal tubular apoptosis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000; 278: F726–736 55. Nath KA, Grande JP, Haggard JJ et al. Oxidative Stress and Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 in the Kidney in Sickle Cell Disease. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 893–903 56. Belcher JD, Mahaseth H, Welch TE, Otterbein LE, Hebbel RP, Vercellotti GM. Heme oxygenase-1 is a modulator of inflammation and vaso-occlusion in transgenic sickle mice. J Clin Invest 2006; 116: 808–816 57. Juncos JP, Grande JP, Murali N et al. Anomalous renal effects of tin protoporphyrin in a murine model of sickle cell disease. Am J Pathol 2006; 169: 21–31 58. Nath KA, Agarwal A, Vogt BA. Functional consequences of induction of heme oxygenase. In: Goligorsky MS, Stein JH, eds. Contemporary Issues in Nephrology: Special issue: Acute renal failure: New concepts and therapeutic strategies. ChurchillLivingstone, New York, USA: 199597–118