Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Wilson's disease presenting as depressive disorder.

S. Clinical and nutritional profile of children with celiac disease. A 11-year-old girl was admitted with abnormal movements involving the left side of the body. Her symptoms started 9 months back when her father died. She became moody, irritable and lost interest in play and activities. She developed excessive fears, crying spells and disturbed sleep. She had loss of appetite and started losing weight. Her handwriting and academic performance deteriorated. The symptoms gradually increased and she was taken to a psychiatrist. A diagnosis of reactive depression was made and she was put on fluoxetine and thioridazine. About 4 months later she developed the abnormal movements and was admitted to our hospital. She was born of non-consanguineous parents. She had normal developmental milestones and average academic performance before the illness. There was no past history of jaundice and no family history of any significant illness. On examination the child was conscious with occasional jerky movements of limbs. Her cranial nerves and optic fundi were normal. There was hypertonia involving all four limbs, slurred speech and ataxic gait. Deep tendon and plantar reflexes were normal with no sensory or cerebellar signs. Mental status examination revealed depressive features like depressed mood, prolonged reaction time, crying spells and ideas of hopelessness and worthlessness. There were no psychotic symptoms and her primary mental functions were intact. A diagnosis of major depressive disorder as per the DSM IV diagnostic criteria(1) and thioridazine-induced extra pyramidal symptoms was made. The extrapyramidal symptoms persisted even after stopping thioridazine. Hence the possibility of organic extrapyramidal lesions was considered. Ophthalmology examination revealed bilateral KF rings, which pointed to the diagnosis of Wilson's disease. Investigations were also suggestive of Wilson's disease(2,3). Her serum cerulo-plasmin level was very low and serum copper normal. Her complete blood count, ESR and peripheral smear were normal. Urine copper estimation could not be done due to technical reasons. Ultrasound scan showed increased echotexture of liver with no enlargement. The liver function tests were normal. CT scan head showed mild cerebral atrophy and hypo dense lesions involving the brain stem and putamen. She was advised copper free diet and started on zinc 200 mg daily initially,
Deformations of the midfacial complex in twins with orofacial clefts.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the craniofacial morphology in twins with cleft lip and/or palate (OFC) and localize differences, compared with noncleft (NC) twins. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING School of Dentistry, University of Michigan. SAMPLE Posteroanterior cephalographs of 32 pairs of dizygotic, concordant, like-sexed twins. The NC group consisted of 20 pairs of noncleft twins. The cleft twin (CT) group consisted of 12 pairs of concordant twins (both exhibited OFC). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Changes in linear distances, differences in form difference matrices, and visualization of deformations of thin-plate spline (TPS) transformation grids. RESULTS Linear analysis indicated significant reductions in interorbital distance ( approximately 12%; p <.01) and reduced maxillary heights ( approximately 27%; p <.001) in CTs. Euclidean distance matrix analysis strongly supported these findings, confirmed that the form matrices were significantly different (p <.05), and indicated relative decreases in internasal width ( approximately 12%) and maxillary base width ( approximately 10%). The TPS analysis produced a transformation grid that showed superoinferior compression, suggesting that OFC is associated with a downward displacement of the nasomaxillary complex as well as distortion in the region of the maxillary base. CONCLUSIONS Twins with orofacial clefts differ from their unaffected counterparts by a midfacial skeletal morphology characterized by decreases in interorbital and internasal widths and relatively shorter maxillary basal heights and widths. Although most of these differences appear to be due to compression and regionalized deformation, the resultant inferior displacement of the medial region of the midface concomitant with horizontal widening in the presumptive palatal region may be a development model associated with OFC.
Quantitative methods for trade-barrier analysis

Part 1 Policy issues involving nontariff barriers: informational needs for corrective policy action the costs and consequences of protectionism implications of NTBs for trade and development policies NTBs and the Uruguay Round the trade potentials of the socialists countries. Part 2 Quantitative approaches to trade barrier analysis: the nontariff measure inventory approach economic effects of NTBs - a general analysis methods for quantifying specific nontariff barriers special purpose estimation procedures. Part 3 Simulating the effects of trade liberalization: basic features of partial equilibrium trade models the data and parameters illustrative policy applciations. Part 4 The implications of NTB inventory studies: the global importance of nontariff measures the sectorial coverage of nontariff measures national variations in nontariff measure usage nontariff measures in developing countries. Part 5 The trade and economic consequences of NTBs: studies based on the inventory approach studies of agricultural trade barriers studies relating to textiles and clothing studies relating to ferrous metals studies relating to other manufactured products. Appendices: country-product classification for trade barrier analysis approximating the effective rate of protection tariff protection in developed and developing countries a glossary of nontariff measures the Punta del Este Ministerial declaration.
The continuing salience of race: Discrimination and diversity in South Africa

Abstract The end of apartheid has brought a resurgence of research into racial identities, attitudes and behaviour in South Africa. The legacy of systematic racial ordering and discrimination under apartheid is that South Africa remains deeply racialised, in cultural and social terms, as well as deeply unequal, in terms of the distribution of income and opportunities. South Africans continue to see themselves in the racial categories of the apartheid era, in part because these categories have become the basis for post-apartheid ‘redress’, in part because they retain cultural meaning in everyday life. South Africans continue to inhabit social worlds that are largely defined by race, and many express negative views of other racial groups. There has been little racial integration in residential areas, although schools provide an important opportunity for inter-racial interaction for middle-class children. Experimental and survey research provide little evidence of racism, however. Few people complain about racial discrimination, although many report everyday experiences that might be understood as discriminatory. Racial discrimination per se seems to be of minor importance in shaping opportunities in post-apartheid South Africa. Far more important are the disadvantages of class, exacerbated by neighbourhood effects: poor schooling, a lack of footholds in the labour market, a lack of financial capital. The relationship between race and class is now very much weaker than in the past. Overall, race remains very important in cultural and social terms, but no longer structures economic advantage and disadvantage.
Impact of mean arterial pressure on progression of arterial stiffness in peritoneal dialysis patients under strict volume control strategy.

INTRODUCTION Arterial stiffness is an important contributor to the increased cardiovascular burden of uremia. The aim of the study was to identify determinants of arterial stiffness progression in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with strict volume control. PATIENTS AND METHODS 89 prevalent PD patients were enrolled. Assessment of arterial stiffness was performed at baseline and after nine months on average (range 8 - 12 months) by carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV). RESULTS Mean age was 51 ± 13 y; preceeding time on PD was 40 ± 34 months. 57% of the patients were men and 9% were diabetic. At baseline, mean cf- PWV was 8.7 ± 2.7 m/s and was significantly higher in patients with diabetes and on automated PD therapy. Cf-PWV was positively correlated with age, history of cardiovascular disease, mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood glucose, left atrium diameter and left ventricular mass index. Sixty patients underwent a second cf-PWV measurement. 36% had progression of arterial stiffness. Delta cf- PWV value was 2.08 ± 1.89 m/s for progressors and -1.25 ± 1.43 m/s; p < 0.01 for nonprogressors (p < 0.01). In logistic regression analysis, the change in MAP was the only predictor for progression of arterial stiffness. CONCLUSIONS MAP is the main determinant of arterial stiffness progression. Our results suggest that efficient blood pressure control may contribute to preserved or reduced arterial stiffness in PD patients.
Athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of deterrents to performance-enhancing drug use

Policies to prevent performance-enhancing drug use in sport are implicitly based on a form of deterrence theory, whereby the threat of sanctions deters prohibited behaviour. While deterrents generally fail to deter serious criminal actions, criminological research suggests that deterrents can be effective with certain types of offences or offenders. This study explored the perceptions of elite athletes (n = 488) and coaches (n = 92) of two forms of deterrents to performance-enhancing drug use (legal and material loss sanctions) and a range of other anti-doping policy issues. There were marked differences in the perceived deterrent effect for athletes and coaches, with coaches consistently seeing deterrents as less credible than athletes. Both groups endorsed sanctions for the coaches and clubs of doping athletes and expressed support for the withdrawal of commercial and government sponsorship for such athletes. Findings are discussed in relation to the increasing focus of anti-doping campaigns towards elite coaches rather than athletes.
Cyclic flame propagation in premixed combustion

Abstract In experiments of hot surface ignition and subsequent flame propagation, a puffing flame instability is observed in mixtures that are stagnant and premixed prior to ignition. By varying the size of the hot surface, power input, and combustion vessel volume, it was determined that the instability is a function of the interaction of the flame, with the fluid flow induced by the combustion products rather than the initial plume established by the hot surface. Pressure ranges from 25 to 100 kPa and mixtures of n-hexane/air with equivalence ratios between $\phi = 0. 58$ and 3.0 at room temperature were investigated. Equivalence ratios between $\phi = 2. 15$ and 2.5 exhibited multiple flame and equivalence ratios above $\phi = 2. 5$ resulted in puffing flames at atmospheric pressure. The phenomenon is accurately reproduced in numerical simulations and a detailed flow field analysis revealed competition between the inflow velocity at the base of the flame and the flame propagation speed. The increasing inflow velocity, which exceeds the flame propagation speed, is ultimately responsible for creating a puff. The puff is then accelerated upward, allowing for the creation of the subsequent instabilities. The frequency of the puff is proportional to the gravitational acceleration and inversely proportional to the flame speed. A scaling relationship describes the dependence of the frequency on gravitational acceleration, hot surface diameter, and flame speed. This relation shows good agreement for rich n-hexane/air and lean hydrogen/air flames, as well as lean hexane/hydrogen/air mixtures.
Hypogonadism Makes Dyslipidemia in Klinefelter's Syndrome

Klinefelter's syndrome (KS) is a genetic syndrome that presents with hypogonadism and is associated with metabolic syndrome. Patients demonstrating hypogonadism show a greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome due to changes in body composition. We aimed to determine the association between KS and dyslipidemia. The KS group comprised 55 patients who visited the infertility clinic for an infertility evaluation and were confirmed as having a diagnosis of KS. The control group comprised 120 patients who visited the clinic for health screening. Patient characteristics were compared between the two groups with respect to height, weight, body mass index (BMI), testosterone, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels. Height and weight were significantly greater in patients belonging to the KS group, but no statistically significant difference was found with respect to the BMI. Testosterone levels in patients belonging to the KS group were significantly lower compared to the control group (2.4 ± 2.6 vs. 5.2 ± 1.8 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Compared to the control group, TG levels in patients belonging to the KS group were increased (134.9 ± 127.8 vs. 187.9 ± 192.1 mg/dL, P = 0.004) and HDL cholesterol was significantly decreased (51.2 ± 22.0 vs. 44.0 ± 9.5 mg/dL, P = 0.009). LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.076 and P = 0.256, respectively). Significant differences were noted between patients belonging to the KS group and normal control group with respect to elevated TG and decreased HDL cholesterol levels.
Acute myocardial infarction in the young--the role of smoking. The Investigators of the International Tissue Plasminogen Activator/Streptokinase Mortality Trial.

Patients who received thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction in a large international trial were divided into two groups on the basis of age; those < or = 40 years (n = 269) and those > 40 years (n = 7787). The younger group included more men (89.9% vs 75.9%, P = 0.009) and fewer patients had a history of coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. A family history of cardiovascular disease was significantly more prevalent among the young patients (53.4% vs 41.9%, P = 0.0002). Significantly more younger patients than older patients were smokers at the time of infarction (76.2% vs 42.9%, P < 0.0001) and the average number of cigarettes smoked per day was also significantly higher in young patients (27.8 +/- 14.3 vs 19.9 +/- 12.9, P < 0.01). Younger patients had a better outcome, with lower rates of cardiogenic shock (1.1% vs 7.0%, P = 0.0002), stroke (0.0% vs 1.9%, P = 0.02) and haemorrhage (1.9% vs 5.9%, P = 0.006), as well as a better Killip class at discharge (Killip > 1 in 4.5% vs 8.0%, P < 0.001), and lower hospital and 6-month mortality (0.7% and 3.1% vs 8.3% and 12%, P < 0.001, respectively). The better outcome of younger patients with acute myocardial infarction is related to their better baseline characteristics. Young patients with acute myocardial infarction have a strong family history of cardiovascular disease and a high prevalence of smoking. Smoking is the most important modifiable risk factor in these patients.
A PLEA FOR DIALOGUE DRIVEN PERFORMANCE-BASED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FROM THE DUTCH PUBLIC SECTOR

In the Netherlands performance-based management systems are at the core of changes denoted as New Public Financial Management (Olson et al., 1998, p. 18). In local, regional and central government very similar objectives of performance management underpinned initiatives in the 1980s and 1990s; namely the Policy and Management Instruments project in local and regional governments (ter Bogt and van Helden, 2005) and the Result-Oriented Management Control initiative in central government (van Helden and Mol, 2001). Also, performancebased management techniques have been introduced in professional organizations outside core-government but within the public sector, such as hospitals, universities, courts and the prosecution service. This paper aims to explore and examine those factors that explain the success or lack of success of performance measurement systems in the public sector. The paper will review three studies on the adoption of performance measurement systems in the Dutch public sector. The introduction, implementation and use of these systems will be evaluated according to several criteria, such as their goals, design principles, content (types of performance indicators included), as well as incentives and disincentives for their success. Our main claim will be that performance measurement systems in the public sector will be successful if these systems are developed and used in an interactive way between managers and professionals. The remainder of the paper will be structured as followed. We will first provide some theoretical reflections regarding the adoption and use of performance measurement systems. These reflections will lead to the formulation of research questions which will be subsequently used to interpret and evaluate three cases
Oxidation of Olive Oils during Microwave and Conventional Heating for Fast Food Preparation

The oxidation stability of extra virgin and refined olive oils produced in different countries were studied under different conditions of microwave heating (microwave oven Electrolux, 2450 MHz, 500 W) and conventional heating (200°C). Oils were heated in a microwave oven and in a conventional oven for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 20, 25, and 30 minutes. The evaluated parameters were peroxide value, content of conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes (deter - mined by absorbance at 233 nm and 274 nm, respectively), and fatty acid composition by GC. During microwave and conventional heating peroxide values and contents of dienoic compounds differed significantly between control and the heated samples. The microwave treatment did not produce significantly greater amount of oxidation products than traditional heating.
Panic disorder in older adults: evidence from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions

This study aims to investigate: (1) the association of panic disorder with childhood parental loss and recent stressful life events; (2) the co‐existence of panic disorder with major depressive disorder (MDD) as well as alcohol dependence; and (3) the impact of panic disorder on medical conditions, obesity, healthcare service utilization, and health‐related quality of life.
Information Security Inside Organizations - A Positive Model and Some Normative Arguments Based on New Institutional Economics

This work develops an abstract, theory-founded understanding of organization-internal infor­mation security. For this purpose, established knowledge from the field of information security is restructured on the basis of two different dimensions: The historical dimension distinguishes three "eras" of information security and relates them to concurrent changes of prevailing computing paradigms. The "security triangle" identifies and characterizes three different "meta-measures" for realizing information security inside organizations and highlights the existence of a higher-level regulatory framework. Additionally, the work is based on principles from the field of New Institutional Economics. In particular, the concepts of information asymmetries, transaction costs and principal-agent relations are explicated as well as their relevance to the establishment of cooperation among individuals. Cooperation is in turn modeled as consisting of the two partial problems of coordination and motivation. These theoretical foundations are then merged into an economically inspired positive model of information security inside organizations. The model provides abstract and theory-founded explanations for the changes of prevailing information security practices that happened in the past. Besides this explanatory use, the positive model is also applied in a prospective manner. Current technological developments will presumably lead to increasingly "interwoven" compu­ting structures and thus to another change of the prevailing computing paradigm. The application of the model to the changed givens suggests that now-established practices like behavioral guidelines or those means usually associated with the term "security culture" will prove inefficient and thus inadequate in the future. Organizations will therefore have to use alternative approaches or to modify existing ones for realizing information security under the changed circumstances. Various possibilities for doing so have been suggested in the past. Some of these are evaluated on the basis of the economically inspired, positive model. This analysis leads to well-founded suggestions which of the approaches should be applied under what conditions. Furthermore, the economic understanding also supports the development of new approaches that have so far not been thought of. As a final aspect, the future role of the higher-level regulatory framework is illuminated. It is shown that this framework will have to be adopted to the upcoming changes in order to protect organizations from being forced to apply highly inefficient practices for compliance reasons alone. Overall, the positive model developed in this work provides explanations for what can be observed in the field of organization-internal information security, allows for well-founded predictions about what can be expected for the future and leads to normative arguments regarding necessary changes of established approaches and practices. It might therefore prove valuable for future research in a multitude of ways.
Negotiating what counts as English language teaching: official curriculum and its enactment in two Singaporean secondary classrooms

In his 1996 essay on curricula in an age of globalisation, Kress points to the role of the state and its educational system as determining actors when it comes to responding to the effects and pressures of the heteroglossia, hybridity, multilingualism and plurality of semiotic forms that characterise a global era. What is needed, he argues, are ‘relevant and productive curricula’, which teach ‘quite new kinds of dispositions, attitudes and skills’, going beyond the teaching of static forms. In order to give students access to the ways and modes of communication which will be essential in the future, language curricula would have to make it their priority to raise students' awareness of the relative value of linguistic resources and to provide them with the dexterity to act relevantly in and through language in a wide variety of continually shifting social and geographical spaces. This article describes how the 2001 English language syllabus in Singapore schools, though with its foregrounding of students' ability to negotiate language in a wide array of contexts an enlightened response to Kress's call, has run the danger of being undermined in favour of a back‐to‐basics agenda. Looking at classroom observation and interview data from two representative Secondary 2 teachers, it provides an account of how they assemble and negotiate the objectives of the official curriculum of the syllabus as they understand them. The article shows that the lack of congruence that emerges between official and enacted curriculum is the result of an array of factors, among which competing demands and discourses around teaching English, inadequate systemic support, and rather anachronistic ways of theorising text and text‐type or genre, appear the most obvious.