Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MinIE: Minimizing Facts in Open Information Extraction

The goal of Open Information Extraction (OIE) is to extract surface relations and their arguments from natural-language text in an unsupervised, domain-independent manner. In this paper, we propose MinIE, an OIE system that aims to provide useful, compact extractions with high precision and recall. MinIE approaches these goals by (1) representing information about polarity, modality, attribution, and quantities with semantic annotations instead of in the actual extraction, and (2) identifying and removing parts that are considered overly specific. We conducted an experimental study with several real-world datasets and found that MinIE achieves competitive or higher precision and recall than most prior systems, while at the same time producing shorter, semantically enriched extractions.
Evidence for Detrimental Cross Interactions between Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Cells

Here we have collected evidence suggesting that chronic changes in the NO homeostasis and the rise of reactive oxygen species bioavailability can contribute to cell dysfunction in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients. We report that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), derived from a female LHON patient with bilateral reduced vision and carrying the pathogenic mutation 11778/ND4, display increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), as revealed by flow cytometry, fluorometric measurements of nitrite/nitrate, and 3-nitrotyrosine immunodetection. Moreover, viability assays with the tetrazolium dye MTT showed that lymphoblasts from the same patient are more sensitive to prolonged NO exposure, leading to cell death. Taken together these findings suggest that oxidative and nitrosative stress cooperatively play an important role in driving LHON pathology when excess NO remains available over time in the cell environment.
"The UK Decision re EMU: Implications of Currency Blocs for Trade and Business Cycle Correlations"

Recent econometric estimates suggest that currency unions have far greater effects on trade patterns than previously believed. Since currency unions are good for trade, and trade is good for growth, that is one major argument in favor of EMU. If there were evidence that the boost to trade within EMU was likely to come in part at the expense of trade with outsiders, that would imply something stronger, for a neighbor such as the United Kingdom: that life outside EMU would get progressively less attractive in the future. But there is no such evidence, either for currency unions in general (according to Frankel-Rose) or for the first three years of EMU in particular (according to Micco, Stein, and Ordonez). Furthermore, there are the usual countervailing arguments for retaining monetary independence, particularly the famous asymmetric shocks. One possible argument for waiting is that UK trade with euroland is still increasing, probably due to lagged effects of joining the EU and the Single Market initiative. Estimates suggest that the growing trade links in turn lead to growing cyclical correlation. The implication is that the UK may better qualify for the optimum currency area criteria in the future than in the past. On the other hand, if, as a result of waiting to enter, London loses to Frankfurt its position as the leading financial center in the European time zone, that loss may not be readily recoverable in the future.
Orthographic Representation and Phonemic Segmentation in Skilled Readers: A Cross-Language Comparison

The long-lasting effect of reading experience in Hebrew and English on phonemic segmentation was examined in skilled readers Hebrew and English orthographies differ in the way they represent phonological information Whereas each phoneme in English is represented by a discrete letter, in unpointed Hebrew most of the vowel information is not conveyed by the print, and, therefore, a letter often corresponds to a CV utterance (i e, a consonant plus a vowel) Adult native speakers of Hebrew or English, presented with words consisting of a consonant, a vowel, and then another consonant, were required to delete the first “sound” of each word and to pronounce the remaining utterance as fast as possible Hebrew speakers deleted the initial CV segment instead of the initial consonant more often than English speakers, for both Hebrew and English words Moreover, Hebrew speakers were significantly slower than English speakers in correctly deleting the initial phoneme, and faster in deleting the whole syllable These results suggest that the manner in which orthography represents phonology not only affects phonological awareness during reading acquisition, but also has a long-lasting effect on skilled readers' intuitions concerning the phonological structure of their spoken language
Evolution of Mechanical Properties of Porous Alumina during Free Sintering and Hot Pressing

This comparative study addresses the influence of microstructural evolution on mechanical properties of porous alumina sintered with and without the application of uniaxial pressure. A complete set of data on Young's modulus, long-crack fracture toughness, and fracture strength for two alumina powders as a function of density was obtained. The evolution of fracture strength with increased density was modeled using a porosity-dependent crack-tip fracture toughness, linked to the contact area of grains and a porosity-dependent size of the largest defect. The defect shape factor was found independent of porosity. A uniaxial pressure of 13 MPa during densification had negligible effect on the relation of strength to porosity.
The decision making process including assessment of ethical principles in the commitment of police-referred, psychiatric patients.

OBJECTIVES to identify determinants for psychiatric commitment and analyse physicians' assessment of ethical principles concerning interested groups on the decision to commit a psychiatric patient. DESIGN a prospective physician survey concerning commitment of patients brought by police to a psychiatric emergency unit. PATIENTS Two hundred consecutive, police-conveyed patients. OUTCOME MEASURE psychiatric commitment. PREDICTOR VARIABLES psychiatric symptoms, diagnosis, risk for suicide/violence, ethical benefits/costs, physicians' gender, age and education. RESULTS 56% of the patients were committed. Commitment correlated with a low score on the function assessment scale, patients' negative/ambivalent attitude towards hospitalisation, and diagnosis of psychosis or organic mental disorder. More specialists believed hospitalisation to fulfil patients' autonomy and benefit patients, families, and the community. CONCLUSIONS dangerousness was often not identified as an indication for commitment. Assessments of commitment's ethical benefits for a patient compared to costs for violation of the patient's autonomy often gave more weight to the former.
Targeting of the purine biosynthesis host cell pathway enhances the activity of tenofovir against sensitive and drug-resistant HIV-1.

BACKGROUND Targeting host-cell pathways to increase the potency of nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) is an important strategy for clinical investigation. Resveratrol is a natural product that inhibits cellular ribonucleotide reductase, prolonging the S phase of the cell cycle and preferentially lowering dATP levels. METHODS We performed in vitro evaluation of resveratrol on the antiviral activity of adenosine analog tenofovir (TFV) against sensitive and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), from subtypes B and C, in primary cells. RESULTS Resveratrol enhanced the antiviral activity of TFV by up to 10-fold and restored susceptibility of TFV-resistant viruses. Resveratrol prevented wild-type HIV-1 from developing phenotypic resistance to TFV. Notably, resveratrol enhanced TFV activity against sensitive and resistant HIV-1 from both subtypes B and C. CONCLUSIONS Prolonged wide-scale use of thymidine analogs in the setting of viral failure has limited the efficacy of second-line NRTI-based regimens in Africa. Moreover, the extensive use of ddI and d4T has led to high frequencies of the K65R mutation, further compromising TFV efficacy. In light of increasing resistance to commonly used NRTIs in global HIV treatment programs, targeting nucleoside biosynthesis with resveratrol, or derivatives with improved bioavailabilities, is a potential strategy to maintain, enhance, and restore susceptibility of commonly used NRTIs.
Mesenchymal stem cells administered after liver transplantation prevent acute graft‐versus‐host disease in rats

Acute graft‐versus‐host disease is a serious and life‐threatening complication of liver transplantation (LT) that occurs in 1% to 2% of liver allograft recipients. It is associated with a high mortality rate, and effective therapies are lacking. In our established rat model, a relative decrease in regulatory T cells (Tregs) was previously shown to be associated with acute graft‐versus‐host disease after liver transplantation (LT‐aGVHD). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to treat graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and they have been shown to induce Tregs, which have immunomodulatory effects. In this study, when a treatment with donor‐ or recipient‐derived MSCs was administered from day 8 to day 14 after the typical symptoms of LT‐aGVHD started, the recipients were not cured, and their survival time was not prolonged. However, when MSCs of different origins were administered from day 0 to day 6 after LT, the recipients survived significantly longer than the control group, and the surviving MSC‐treated rats did not show typical LT‐aGVHD symptoms. In vivo tracings of carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester–stained MSCs did not show significant accumulations in the target organs after administration. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the Treg ratios in peripheral blood were more higher for the MSC‐treated groups versus the control group. More immunohistochemically stained forkhead box P3–positive cells were also found in the intestines of the MSC‐treated groups versus the control group. Further investigations of the function of MSCs showed that they could increase the Treg ratio in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and lead to a greater reduction in MLR proliferation in vitro. In conclusion, the post‐LT administration of MSCs of either donor or recipient origin could prevent the onset of LT‐aGVHD in our rat model. Liver Transpl 18:696–706, 2012. © 2012 AASLD.
Divergence in brain composition during the early stages of ecological specialization in Heliconius butterflies

During speciation across ecological gradients, diverging populations are exposed to contrasting sensory and spatial information that present new behavioural and perceptive challenges. These challenges may be met by heritable or environmentally induced changes in brain function which mediate behaviour. However, few studies have investigated patterns of neural divergence at the early stages of speciation, inhibiting our understanding of the relative importance of these processes. Here, we provide a novel case study. The incipient species pair, Heliconius erato and H. himera, are parapatric across an environmental and altitudinal gradient. Despite ongoing gene flow, these species have divergent ecological, behavioural and physiological traits. We demonstrate that these taxa also differ significantly in brain composition, in particular in the relative levels of investment in structures that process sensory information. These differences are not explained solely by environmentally‐induced plasticity, but include heritable, nonallometric shifts in brain structure. We suggest these differences reflect divergence to meet the demands of contrasting sensory ecologies. This conclusion would support the hypothesis that the evolution of brain structure and function play an important role in facilitating the emergence of ecologically distinct species.
Multiple Modes of Cell Death Discovered in a Prokaryotic (Cyanobacterial) Endosymbiont

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically-based cell death mechanism with vital roles in eukaryotes. Although there is limited consensus on similar death mode programs in prokaryotes, emerging evidence suggest that PCD events are operative. Here we present cell death events in a cyanobacterium living endophytically in the fern Azolla microphylla, suggestive of PCD. This symbiosis is characterized by some unique traits such as a synchronized development, a vertical transfer of the cyanobacterium between plant generations, and a highly eroding cyanobacterial genome. A combination of methods was used to identify cell death modes in the cyanobacterium. Light- and electron microscopy analyses showed that the proportion of cells undergoing cell death peaked at 53.6% (average 20%) of the total cell population, depending on the cell type and host developmental stage. Biochemical markers used for early and late programmed cell death events related to apoptosis (Annexin V-EGFP and TUNEL staining assays), together with visualization of cytoskeleton alterations (FITC-phalloidin staining), showed that all cyanobacterial cell categories were affected by cell death. Transmission electron microscopy revealed four modes of cell death: apoptotic-like, autophagic-like, necrotic-like and autolytic-like. Abiotic stresses further enhanced cell death in a dose and time dependent manner. The data also suggest that dynamic changes in the peptidoglycan cell wall layer and in the cytoskeleton distribution patterns may act as markers for the various cell death modes. The presence of a metacaspase homolog (domain p20) further suggests that the death modes are genetically programmed. It is therefore concluded that multiple, likely genetically programmed, cell death modes exist in cyanobacteria, a finding that may be connected with the evolution of cell death in the plant kingdom.
The Reality Game

We introduce an evolutionary game with feedback between perception and reality, which we call the reality game. It is a game of chance in which the probabilities for different objective outcomes (e.g. heads or tails in a coin toss) depend on the amount wagered on those outcomes. By varying the 'reality map', which relates the amount wagered to the probability of the outcome, it is possible to move continuously from a purely objective game in which probabilities have no dependence on wagers to a purely subjective game in which probabilities equal the amount wagered. We study self-reinforcing games, in which betting more on an outcome increases its odds, and self-defeating games, in which the opposite is true. This is investigated in and out of equilibrium, with and without rational players, and both numerically and analytically. We introduce a method of measuring the inefficiency of the game, similar to measuring the magnitude of the arbitrage opportunities in a financial market. We prove that the inefficiency converges to equilibrium as a power law with an extremely slow rate of convergence: the more subjective the game, the slower the convergence.
Evidence for neural accommodation to a writing system following learning

Native English speakers with no knowledge of Chinese were trained on 60 Chinese characters according to one of three mapping conditions: orthography to pronunciation and meaning (P + M), orthography to pronunciation (P), and orthography to meaning (M). Following the training, fMRI scans taken during passive viewing of Chinese characters showed activation in brain regions that partially overlap the regions found in studies of skilled Chinese readers, but typically not found in alphabetic readers. Areas include bilateral middle frontal (BA 9), right occipital (BA 18/19), and fusiform (BA 37) regions. The activation pattern of Chinese characters was similar across the three groups. However, peak location was different in the left middle frontal region between groups. Direct contrasts between the groups also revealed stronger activation of left middle frontal in the P + M group. The results suggest that learners acquired skill in reading Chinese characters using a brain network similar to that used by Chinese native speakers. The results are consistent with the system accommodation hypothesis: The brain's reading network accommodates to features of an acquired writing system. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biodistribution of Etanercept to Tissues and Sites of Inflammation in Arthritic Rats

Many monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other protein drugs have targets usually residing within tissues, making tissue concentrations of mAbs relevant to their pharmacologic effects. Therefore, knowledge of tissue distribution kinetics is important to better understand their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The tissue distribution of mAbs is affected by many physiologic factors that may be altered in disease status. In the present work, we studied the tissue distribution kinetics of the fusion protein etanercept in inflamed joint tissues and examined the impact of inflammation on the tissue distribution of etanercept. Etanercept concentration profiles in plasma, blister fluid, and different tissues were obtained from healthy and collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) rats by use of a fluorescence quantification method via IRDye800CW labeling. Stepwise minimal and full physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) approaches were applied to characterize the distribution kinetics of etanercept in tissues in healthy and diseased animals. Etanercept exhibited modest tissue access (tissue/plasma area under the concentration curve [AUC] ratios 0.03–0.15 and estimated tissue reflection coefficients [σ] of 0.6–1.0), but with good penetration into arthritic paws (tissue/plasma AUC ratio 0.23 and σ 0.36). Etanercept exposure in the inflamed paws of CIA rats was approximately 3-fold higher than in normal paws taken from either CIA or healthy rats (tissue/plasma AUC ratios 0.23 versus 0.07 and σ 0.36 versus 0.71). The tissue distribution kinetics of etanercept in arthritic paws were well characterized with PBPK modeling approaches. Etanercept shows good penetration to arthritic paws in CIA rats. Our study indicates that inflammation produced increased tissue distribution of etanercept in CIA rats.
Suzaku Wide-Band X-Ray Spectroscopy of the Seyfert 2 AGN in NGC 4945

Suzaku observed a nearby Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC4945, which hosts one of the brightest active galactic nuclei above 20 keV. Combining data from the X-ray CCD camera (XIS) and the Hard X-ray Detector (HXD), the AGN intrinsic nuclear emission and its reprocessed signals were observed simultaneously. The intrinsic emission is highly obscured with an absorbing column of ∼ 5 × 10 24 cm −2 , and was detectable only above ∼ 10 keV. The spectrum below 10 keV is dominated by reflection continuum and emission lines from neutral/ionized material. Along with a neutral iron Kα line, a neutral iron Kβ and a neutral nickel Kα line were detected for the first time from this source. The neutral lines and the cold reflection continuum are consistent with both originating in the same location. The Compton down-scattered shoulder in the neutral Fe-Kα line is ∼ 10% in flux of the narrow core, which confirms that the line originates from reflection rather than transmission. The weakness of the Compton shoulder also indicates that the reflector is probably seen nearly edge-on. Flux of the intrinsic emission varied by a factor of ∼ 2w ithin∼ 20 ks, which requires the obscuring material to be geometrically thin. Broadband spectral modeling showed that the solid angle of the neutral reflector is less than a few ×10 −2 × 2π. All this evidence regarding the reprocessed signals
Groups possessing extensive hierarchical decompositions

The class h픉 of groups is the smallest class of groups which contains all finite groups and is closed under the following operator: whenever G admits a finite‐dimensional contractible G‐CW‐complex in which all stabilizer groups are in h픉, then G is itself in h픉. The class h픉 admits a natural filtration indexed by the ordinals. For example, h0픉 is the class of all finite groups and h1픉 contains all groups of finite virtual cohomological dimension. We show that, for each countable ordinal α, there is a countable group that is in h픉\ hα픉. Previously this was known only for α = 0, 1 and 2. The groups that we construct contain torsion. We also review the construction of a torsion‐free group that lies in h픉 \ h2픉.
Core needle biopsy as a diagnostic tool to differentiate phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma.

HYPOTHESIS Core needle biopsy is a useful diagnostic tool in differentiating phyllodes tumor from fibroadenoma. DESIGN The radiology database was queried for patients who underwent core needle biopsies of fibroepithelial lesions that raised the possibility of phyllodes tumor. These diagnoses were then compared with the final pathological diagnoses after surgical excision. SETTING The data were gathered from the Comprehensive Breast Center, Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center, a tertiary care, university-based medical center. RESULTS From August 21, 1998, to December 14, 2001, 57 core needle biopsies were identified in which the specimen raised the possibility of phyllodes tumor. The median age of the patients was 42 years (range, 16-77 years). The median diameter of all lesions was 1.1 cm (range, 0.6-3.6 cm). Of the 57 specimens, 25 had core biopsies in which the pathological findings favored a diagnosis of fibroadenoma over phyllodes tumor. Twenty-three had initial core biopsies favoring phyllodes tumor. Nine of the core biopsies were equivocal. Of the 25 patients with specimens favoring fibroadenoma, excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of fibroadenoma in 23, and phyllodes tumor was found in 2. The negative predictive value was 93%. Of the 23 core biopsies favoring phyllodes tumor, 19 were confirmed on excisional biopsy, while 4 were fibroadenoma. The positive predictive value was 83%. In the equivocal core biopsies, 5 were fibroadenoma and 4 were phyllodes tumor on final pathological analysis. None of the lesions studied were determined to be malignant on final analysis. CONCLUSIONS Core needle biopsy can significantly reduce the need for operative management of fibroepithelial lesions. A core needle biopsy with results favoring fibroadenoma should allow the breast physician to treat the lesion as a fibroadenoma, with observation and close follow-up or with enucleation. Core needle histologic examination of phyllodes tumor allows the physician to preoperatively plan the definitive management at one surgical procedure, reducing the need for reoperations.