Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Detecting Untranslated Content for Neural Machine Translation

Despite its promise, neural machine translation (NMT) has a serious problem in that source content may be mistakenly left untranslated. The ability to detect untranslated content is important for the practical use of NMT. We evaluate two types of probability with which to detect untranslated content: the cumulative attention (ATN) probability and back translation (BT) probability from the target sentence to the source sentence. Experiments on detecting untranslated content in Japanese-English patent translations show that ATN and BT are each more effective than random choice, BT is more effective than ATN, and the combination of the two provides further improvements. We also confirmed the effectiveness of using ATN and BT to rerank the n-best NMT outputs.
The effect of rumen ciliates on chitinolytic activity, chitin content and the number of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of selected protozoa on the degradation and concentration of chitin and the numbers of fungal zoospores in the rumen fluid of sheep. Three adult ewes were fed a hay-concentrate diet, defaunated, then monofaunated with Entodinium caudatum or Diploplastron affine alone and refaunated with natural rumen fauna. The average density of the protozoa population varied from 6.1 · 104 (D. affine) to 42.2 · 104 cells/ml rumen fluid (natural rumen fauna). The inoculation of protozoa in the rumen of defaunated sheep increased the total activity of chitinolytic enzymes from 2.9 to 3.6 μmol N-acetylglucosamine/g dry matter (DM) of rumen fluid per min, the chitin concentration from 6.3 to 7.2 mg/g DM of rumen fluid and the number of fungal zoospores from 8.1 to 10.9 · 105 cells/ml rumen fluid. All examined indices showed diurnal variations. Ciliate population density was highest immediately prior to feeding and lowest at 4 h thereafter. The opposite effects were observed for the numbers of fungal zoospores, the chitin concentration and chitinolytic activity. Furthermore, it was found that chitin from zoospores may account for up to 95% of total microbial chitin in the rumen fluid of sheep. In summary, the examined ciliate species showed the ability of chitin degradation as well as a positive influence on the development of the ruminal fungal population.
Detecting Sparse Mixtures: Rate of Decay of Error Probability

We study the rate of decay of the probability of error for distinguishing between a sparse signal with noise, modeled as a sparse mixture, from pure noise. This problem has many applications in signal processing, evolutionary biology, bioinformatics, astrophysics and feature selection for machine learning. We let the mixture probability tend to zero as the number of observations tends to infinity and derive oracle rates at which the error probability can be driven to zero for a general class of signal and noise distributions via the likelihood ratio test. In contrast to the problem of detection of non-sparse signals, we see the log-probability of error decays sublinearly rather than linearly and is characterized through the $\chi^2$-divergence rather than the Kullback-Leibler divergence for "weak" signals and can be independent of divergence for "strong" signals. Our contribution is the first characterization of the rate of decay of the error probability for this problem for both the false alarm and miss probabilities.
Sequencing and Gene Expression Analysis of Leishmania tropica LACK Gene

Background Leishmania Homologue of receptors for Activated C Kinase (LACK) antigen is a 36-kDa protein, which provokes a very early immune response against Leishmania infection. There are several reports on the expression of LACK through different life-cycle stages of genus Leishmania, but only a few of them have focused on L.tropica. Methods The present study provides details of the cloning, DNA sequencing and gene expression of LACK in this parasite species. First, several local isolates of Leishmania parasites were typed in our laboratory using PCR technique to verify of Leishmania parasite species. After that, LACK gene was amplified and cloned into a vector for sequencing. Finally, the expression of this molecule in logarithmic and stationary growth phase promastigotes, as well as in amastigotes, was evaluated by Reverse Transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) technique. Results The typing result confirmed that all our local isolates belong to L.tropica. LACK gene sequence was determined and high similarity was observed with the sequences of other Leishmania species. Furthermore, the expression of LACK gene in both promastigotes and amastigotes forms was confirmed. Conclusion Overall, the data set the stage for future studies of the properties and immune role of LACK gene products.
Comment on guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK.

Sir, In the Guidelines for prophylaxis and treatment of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the UK, the Joint Working Party states for empirical treatment that ‘The prevalence level at which flucloxacillin or other penicillinasestable penicillins, in a patient group, becomes no longer the drug of choice is debatable, but 10% resistance has been used as a guide for avoiding the use of empirical gentamicin in Gram-negative infection and we would recommend the same threshold is used when contemplating treatment of staphylococcal infections with isoxazolylpenicillins or cephalosporins. This threshold may be adjusted depending on the apparent severity of infection. ’ This threshold (of 10%) ignores the evidence that b-lactam drugs are more effective than glycopeptides for infections caused by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in the eradication of infection, prevention of recurrence and prevention of death. Moreover, it was impossible to show an advantage of glycopeptide appropriate empirical treatment over inappropriate treatment. The 10% threshold means that in order to offer appropriate treatment (vancomycin) to 10 patients with severe infections caused by MRSA, 90 people with severe infections caused by MSSA will be given less effective treatment (vancomycin and not cloxacillin). To try and take this factor into account, we have looked at 429 patients with S. aureus bacteraemia included in the Beilinson Bacteremia Database. The fatality rate in patients given inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was 38% (69 of 183), versus 24% (57 of 246) in patients given appropriate treatment, P = 0.007. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio was 1.8 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.7]. In patients with MSSA bacteraemia, the fatality ratewas 28% (47 of 166) in patients treated with vancomycin versus 8% (4 of 48) in patients given cloxacillin,P = 0.004, univariate odds ratio of 4.3 (95% CI 1.5–12.8). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio was larger than the univariate ones. If indeed the advantage of cloxacillin over vancomycin as empirical treatment is at least as large as that of appropriate versus inappropriate treatment, the threshold of the baseline susceptibility to methicillin for preferring vancomycin over cloxacillin in a patient suspected of harbouring a severe infection with S. aureus should be 50% rather than 10%.
Causes and Prevention of Laparoscopic Bile Duct Injuries: Analysis of 252 Cases From a Human Factors and Cognitive Psychology Perspective

ObjectiveTo apply human performance concepts in an attempt to understand the causes of and prevent laparoscopic bile duct injury. Summary Background DataPowerful conceptual advances have been made in understanding the nature and limits of human performance. Applying these findings in high-risk activities, such as commercial aviation, has allowed the work environment to be restructured to substantially reduce human error. MethodsThe authors analyzed 252 laparoscopic bile duct injuries according to the principles of the cognitive science of visual perception, judgment, and human error. The injury distribution was class I, 7%; class II, 22%; class III, 61%; and class IV, 10%. The data included operative radiographs, clinical records, and 22 videotapes of original operations. ResultsThe primary cause of error in 97% of cases was a visual perceptual illusion. Faults in technical skill were present in only 3% of injuries. Knowledge and judgment errors were contributory but not primary. Sixty-four injuries (25%) were recognized at the index operation; the surgeon identified the problem early enough to limit the injury in only 15 (6%). In class III injuries the common duct, erroneously believed to be the cystic duct, was deliberately cut. This stemmed from an illusion of object form due to a specific uncommon configuration of the structures and the heuristic nature (unconscious assumptions) of human visual perception. The videotapes showed the persuasiveness of the illusion, and many operative reports described the operation as routine. Class II injuries resulted from a dissection too close to the common hepatic duct. Fundamentally an illusion, it was contributed to in some instances by working too deep in the triangle of Calot. ConclusionsThese data show that errors leading to laparoscopic bile duct injuries stem principally from misperception, not errors of skill, knowledge, or judgment. The misperception was so compelling that in most cases the surgeon did not recognize a problem. Even when irregularities were identified, corrective feedback did not occur, which is characteristic of human thinking under firmly held assumptions. These findings illustrate the complexity of human error in surgery while simultaneously providing insights. They demonstrate that automatically attributing technical complications to behavioral factors that rely on the assumption of control is likely to be wrong. Finally, this study shows that there are only a few points within laparoscopic cholecystectomy where the complication-causing errors occur, which suggests that focused training to heighten vigilance might be able to decrease the incidence of bile duct injury.
Prosodic strength intrinsic to lexical items: A corpus study on tone reduction in Tone4+Tone4 words in Mandarin Chinese

This study explored word-level prosodic strength in Mandarin Chinese reflected by tone reduction on the second syllables in Tone4+Tone4 words, by examining the slope difference between the two consecutive tones as an indicator for tonal reduction. It was found that firstly, the occurrence of tonal reduction is dependent on the internal structure of the word: words formed by apposition, (pseudo-)suffixation and replication were more vulnerable to tonal reduction than verb-object words and loanwords were. Secondly, with regards to language proficiency, higher proficiency speakers do larger amount of reduction than lower proficiency speakers do. Thirdly, the prosodic position has an asymmetrical influence on tone realization for words susceptible or unsusceptible to tone reduction: words susceptible to reduction shows heavier reduction in utterance-final positions than in non-final positions, while words not susceptible to tonal reduction do not show heavier reduction in utterance-final positions, and even show slight strengthening on the second tone in some cases. It is argued that tone reduction in T4+T4 words reflected the existence of fine-grained degrees of prosodic strength intrinsic to lexical items.
THE CHEMICAL ENRICHMENT HISTORY OF THE SMALL MAGELLANIC CLOUD AND ITS GRADIENTS

We present stellar metallicities derived from Ca ii triplet spectroscopy in over 350 red giant branch stars in 13 fields distributed in different positions in the Small Magellanic Cloud, ranging from ∼1° to ∼4° from its center. In the innermost fields, the average metallicity is [Fe/H] ∼−1. This value decreases when we move away toward outermost regions. This is the first detection of a spectroscopic metallicity gradient in this galaxy. We show that the metallicity gradient is related to an age gradient, in the sense that more metal-rich stars, which are also younger, are concentrated in the central regions of the galaxy.
Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of the new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: a prospective controlled multicenter study.

CONTEXT Although a large number of women of reproductive age use new selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and half of all pregnancies are unplanned, no data exist on the safety of these agents for the human fetus. OBJECTIVE To assess fetal safety and risk of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline. DESIGN A prospective, multicenter, controlled cohort study. SETTING Nine Teratology Information Service centers in the United States and Canada. PATIENTS All women who were counseled during pregnancy following exposure to a new SSRI and followed up by the participating centers. Controls were randomly selected from women counseled after exposure to nonteratogenic agents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of major congenital malformations. RESULTS A total of 267 women exposed to an SSRI and 267 controls were studied. Exposure to SSRIs was not associated with either increased risk for major malformations (9/222 live births [4.1%] vs 9/235 live births [3.8%] in the controls, relative risk, 1.06, 95% confidence interval, 0.43-2.62) or higher rates of miscarriage, stillbirth, or prematurity. Mean (SD) birth weights among SSRI users (3439 [505] g) were similar to the controls (3445 [610] g) as were the gestational ages (39.4 [1.7] weeks vs 39.4 [1.9] weeks). CONCLUSION The new SSRIs, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline, do not appear to increase the teratogenic risk when used in their recommended doses.
Sonic Hedgehog and TDP-43 Participate in the Spontaneous Locomotor Recovery in a Mouse Model of Spinal Motoneuron Disease

Several studies have attempted to repair the damaged spinal cord (SC) by stimulating neurogenesis or neuroplasticity, with limited success. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is involved in neural induction and stem cell functioning, but recent findings also suggest its role in regeneration and functional recovery. Transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) is a nuclear DNA/RNA binding protein involved in transcription and RNA processing. Recent findings have reported cytoplasmic inclusions containing TDP-43 in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although substantial attention has been given to the toxic effects of this protein, the functional role of TDP-43 remains largely unclear. We used a mouse model of neurotoxic motoneuron depletion to study the role of the above-described factors in the compensatory changes occurring after the lesion. The injection of cholera toxin-B saporin into the gastrocnemius muscle caused a partial motoneuron death accompanied by an impairment of locomotion. Interestingly, motor activity was significantly restored as soon as one month later. Moreover, we observed an activity-dependent modification of Shh and synaptic proteins: synapsin-I and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptors. Notably, the motor performance of lesioned animals correlated with the expression of synapsin-I and Shh. Conversely, the expression of Shh significantly correlated with the levels of synapsin-I, GluR2, and TDP-43. The results suggest that Shh and TDP-43 are crucial parts of a complex mechanism of neuroplasticity in a mouse model of SC motoneuron disease.
The Pleasure of Being Aggressive in Male Incarcerated Criminals

Maximization of pleasure (hedonicity) is a major mechanism in human decision-making by optimizing behavior, as previous research has shown on both sensory pleasure and purely mental pleasure (such as playing video- games or solving mathematical problems). Our group also documented that pleasure is a major factor in decision-making in social situations related to interpersonal aggression: people tend to make aggressive behavioral decisions as a function of the resulting pleasure. The present study tried to verify whether this trend was also found in inmates. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation on the relationship between pleasure and aggression performed in a prison. Fifty three male inmates in a Spanish prison condemned for severe legal transgressions and serving long detention were compared with seventy five male university students who served as controls. They responded to self-reported questionnaires devised to examine how hedonicity influences decision-making in the case of aggressiveness. Socially conflictive situations were described, with four alternative options ranging from passive to highly aggressive response. A similar bell-shaped trend was present in both populations -aggressive behaviors of medium intensity were rated as significantly less unpleasant than the most passive and most aggressive behaviors-, even though the degree of hedonicity was significantly higher in the inmates, who rated mild and moderate aggressive responses as pleasurable. Inmates also voted for an unexpected lower of aggressiveness than controls, which may be explained by social desirability. Conclusion: the sametrend is found in both populations: mild aggressive behavior may be pleasurable to the aggressor, but only up to a certain level. But this seems to be stronger in inmates: they showed hedonicity when experiencing higher level of aggression. Such a result is consistent with a fundamental role of hedonicity in decision making.
Logarithmic Sobolev and Poincaré inequalities for the circular Cauchy distribution

In this paper, consider the circular Cauchy distribution $\mu_x$ on the unit circle $S$ with index $0\le |x|<1$, we study the spectral gap and the optimal logarithmic Sobolev constant for $\mu_x$, denoted respectively as $\lambda_1(\mu_x)$ and $C_{\mathrm{LS}}(\mu_x). $ We prove that $\frac{1}{1+|x|}\le \lambda_1(\mu_x)\le 1$ while $C_{\mathrm{LS}}(\mu_x)$ behaves like $\log(1+\frac{1}{1-|x|})$ as $|x|\to 1. $
Reducing the Influence of Soil Moisture on the Estimation of Clay from Hyperspectral Data: A Case Study Using Simulated PRISMA Data

Soil moisture hampers the estimation of soil variables such as clay content from remote and proximal sensing data, reducing the strength of the relevant spectral absorption features. In the present study, two different strategies have been evaluated for their ability to minimize the influence of soil moisture on clay estimation by using soil spectra acquired in a laboratory and by simulating satellite hyperspectral data. Simulated satellite data were obtained according to the spectral characteristics of the forthcoming hyperspectral imager on board of the Italian PRISMA satellite mission. The soil datasets were split into four groups according to the water content. For each soil moisture level a prediction model was applied, using either spectral indices or partial least squares regression (PLSR). Prediction models were either specifically developed for the soil moisture level or calibrated using synthetically dry soil spectra, generated from wet soil data. Synthetically dry spectra were obtained using a new technique based on the effects caused by soil moisture on the optical spectrum from 400 to 2400 nm. The estimation of soil clay content, when using different prediction models according to soil moisture, was slightly more accurate as compared to the use of synthetically dry soil spectra, both employing clay indices and PLSR models. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the a priori knowledge of the soil moisture class can reduce the error of clay estimation when using hyperspectral remote sensing data, such as those that will be provided by the PRISMA satellite mission in the near future.
Glycerol Production by Fermenting Yeast Cells Is Essential for Optimal Bread Dough Fermentation

Glycerol is the main compatible solute in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When faced with osmotic stress, for example during semi-solid state bread dough fermentation, yeast cells produce and accumulate glycerol in order to prevent dehydration by balancing the intracellular osmolarity with that of the environment. However, increased glycerol production also results in decreased CO2 production, which may reduce dough leavening. We investigated the effect of yeast glycerol production level on bread dough fermentation capacity of a commercial bakery strain and a laboratory strain. We find that Δgpd1 mutants that show decreased glycerol production show impaired dough fermentation. In contrast, overexpression of GPD1 in the laboratory strain results in increased fermentation rates in high-sugar dough and improved gas retention in the fermenting bread dough. Together, our results reveal the crucial role of glycerol production level by fermenting yeast cells in dough fermentation efficiency as well as gas retention in dough, thereby opening up new routes for the selection of improved commercial bakery yeasts.
CERES Edition-2 Cloud Property Retrievals Using TRMM VIRS and Terra and Aqua MODIS Data—Part I: Algorithms

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) Project was designed to improve our understanding of the relationship between clouds and solar and longwave radiation. This is achieved using satellite broad-band instruments to map the top-of-atmosphere radiation fields with coincident data from satellite narrow-band imagers employed to retrieve the properties of clouds associated with those fields. This paper documents the CERES Edition-2 cloud property retrieval system used to analyze data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Visible and Infrared Scanner and by the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectrometer instruments on board the Terra and Aqua satellites covering the period 1998 through 2007. Two daytime retrieval methods are explained: the Visible Infrared Shortwave-infrared Split-window Technique for snow-free surfaces and the Shortwave-infrared Infrared Near-infrared Technique for snow or ice-covered surfaces. The Shortwave-infrared Infrared Split-window Technique is used for all surfaces at night. These methods, along with the ancillary data and empirical parameterizations of cloud thickness, are used to derive cloud boundaries, phase, optical depth, effective particle size, and condensed/frozen water path at both pixel and CERES footprint levels. Additional information is presented, detailing the potential effects of satellite calibration differences, highlighting methods to compensate for spectral differences and correct for atmospheric absorption and emissivity, and discussing known errors in the code. Because a consistent set of algorithms, auxiliary input, and calibrations across platforms are used, instrument and algorithm-induced changes in the data record are minimized. This facilitates the use of the CERES data products for studying climate-scale trends.