Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A parallel, real-time garbage collector

We describe a parallel, real-time garbage collector and present experimental results that demonstrate good scalability and good real-time bounds. The collector is designed for shared-memory multiprocessors and is based on an earlier collector algorithm [2], which provided fixed bounds on the time any thread must pause for collection. However, since our earlier algorithm was designed for simple analysis, it had some impractical features. This paper presents the extensions necessary for a practical implementation: reducing excessive interleaving, handling stacks and global variables, reducing double allocation, and special treatment of large and small objects. An implementation based on the modified algorithm is evaluated on a set of 15 SML benchmarks on a Sun Enterprise 10000, a 64-way UltraSparc-II multiprocessor. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a parallel, real-time garbage collector. The average collector speedup is 7.5 at 8 processors and 17.7 at 32 processors. Maximum pause times range from 3 ms to 5 ms. In contrast, a non-incremental collector (whether generational or not) has maximum pause times from 10 ms to 650 ms. Compared to a non-parallel, stop-copy collector, parallelism has a 39% overhead, while real-time behavior adds an additional 12% overhead. Since the collector takes about 15% of total execution time, these features have an overall time costs of 6% and 2%.
The Neuroanatomical Axis for Control of Energy Balance

The hypothalamic feeding-center model, articulated in the 1950s, held that the hypothalamus contains the interoceptors sensitive to blood-borne correlates of available or stored fuels as well as the integrative substrates that process metabolic and visceral afferent signals and issue commands to brainstem mechanisms for the production of ingestive behavior. A number of findings reviewed here, however, indicate that sensory and integrative functions are distributed across a central control axis that includes critical substrates in the basal forebrain as well as in the caudal brainstem. First, the interoceptors relevant to energy balance are distributed more widely than had been previously thought, with a prominent brainstem complement of leptin and insulin receptors, glucose-sensing mechanisms, and neuropeptide mediators. The physiological relevance of this multiple representation is suggested by the demonstration that similar behavioral effects can be obtained independently by stimulation of respective forebrain and brainstem subpopulations of the same receptor types (e.g., leptin, CRH, and melanocortin). The classical hypothalamic model is also challenged by the integrative achievements of the chronically maintained, supracollicular decerebrate rat. Decerebrate and neurologically intact rats show similar discriminative responses to taste stimuli and are similarly sensitive to intake-inhibitory feedback from the gut. Thus, the caudal brainstem, in neural isolation from forebrain influence, is sufficient to mediate ingestive responses to a range of visceral afferent signals. The decerebrate rat, however, does not show a hyperphagic response to food deprivation, suggesting that interactions between forebrain and brainstem are necessary for the behavioral response to systemic/ metabolic correlates of deprivation in the neurologically intact rat. At the same time, however, there is evidence suggesting that hypothalamic-neuroendocrine responses to fasting depend on pathways ascending from brainstem. Results reviewed are consistent with a distributionist (as opposed to hierarchical) model for the control of energy balance that emphasizes: (i) control mechanisms endemic to hypothalamus and brainstem that drive their unique effector systems on the basis of local interoceptive, and in the brainstem case, visceral, afferent inputs and (ii) a set of uni- and bidirectional interactions that coordinate adaptive neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to changes in metabolic status.
Comparison of BTX Profiles and Their Mutagenicity Assessment at Two Sites of Agra, India

In the present study, the concentrations of three volatile organic compounds (VOCs), namely, acronym for benzene, toluene, and xylenes (BTX) were assessed because of their role in the tropospheric chemistry. Two representative sites, a roadside and a petrol pump, were chosen for sample collection. VOCs were collected using SKC-activated charcoal tubes and SKC personal sampler and characterized by gas chromatograph using flame ionization detector. Among BTX, benzene had the highest concentration. At the roadside, mean concentration of benzene, toluene, o-,m-xylene, and p-xylene were 14.7 ± 2.4 μgm−3, 8.1 ± 1.2 μgm−3, 2.1 ± 0.8 μgm−3, and 5.1 ± 1.2 μgm−3, respectively. At the petrol pump, the mean concentrations of benzene, toluene, o-,m-xylene and p-xylene were 19.5 ± 3.7 μgm−3, 12.9 ± 1.1 μgm−3, 3.6 ± 0.5 μgm−3 and 11.1 ± 1.5 μgm−3, respectively, and were numerically higher by a fraction of 2. Monthly variation of BTX showed maximum concentration in winter. Inter-species ratios and inter-species correlation indicated traffic as the major source of BTX. Extracts of samples were positive in both Salmonella typhimurium tester strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation suggesting the presence of direct mutagens in ambient air that can cause both frame-shift and base-pair mutation. The mutagenic response was greater for TA100 than TA98 suggesting greater activity for base-pair mutagenicity than frame-shift mutagenicity and was found to be statistically significant.
Analyses of DC Inductance Used in ICPT Power Pick-Ups for Maximum Power Transfer

It is very common in ICPT (inductively coupled power transfer) systems to use a DC inductor in a power pickup to increase output power. This is because the DC inductor helps to maintain a continuous current flow in the pick-up circuit so that power can be continuously delivered from the AC side of a rectifier to the DC side. However, how to determine the inductance of this DC inductor remains an unsolved theoretical problem, so trial and error approach is normally used in practical design. This paper analyzes in detail the effect of the DC inductance on the maximum power capacity of a parallel tuned pick-up, and the maximum possible power that can be transferred. Although it is difficult to determine the accurate maximum power when the equivalent series resistance of the inductor is considered, a suitable inductance is recommended for achieving the practical maximum power. Simulations and experimental results have proved the usability of these analyses results and the recommended inductance
Experience With Vena Cava Filters at a Large Community Hospital and Level-I Trauma Center

Introduction: Inferior vena cava filters (IVCF) are used liberally in clinical practice and have been associated with multiple complications. Herein, we present results from our institution. Methods: Records of consecutive patients discharged between January 1, 2009 and 2012 were reviewed. Indications were subcategorized under absolute, relative, and prophylactic. Student t test and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were employed. Results: During this period, 254 vena cava filters (VCF) were placed. Of these, 65 were placed for absolute indication, 28 for relative, and 161 for prophylaxis. Follow-up imaging was available for 96 patients of which 15 showed complications. Successful retrieval of 19 filters was achieved. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that most IVCF are being placed for prophylaxis with low retrieval rate. This contradicts current recommendations. Moreover frequent migration and penetration of IVCF can lead to serious complications. Strict enforcement of IVCF placement guidelines and setting up of filter clinics for timely retrieval is suggested.
Don't Count on ASR to Transcribe for You: Breaking Bias with Two Crowds

A crowdsourcing approach for collecting high-quality speech transcriptions is presented. The approach addresses typical weakness of traditional semi-supervised transcription strategies that show ASR hypotheses to transcribers to help them cope with unclear or ambiguous audio and speed up transcriptions. We explain how the traditional methods introduce bias into transcriptions that make it difficult to objectively measure system improvements against existing baselines, and suggest a two-stage crowdsourcing alternative that, first, iteratively collects transcription hypotheses and, then, asks a different crowd to pick the best of them. We show that this alternative not only outperforms the traditional method in a side-by-side comparison, but it also leads to ASR improvements due to superior quality of acoustic and language models trained on the transcribed data.
In vitro reconstruction of a human capillary‐like network in a tissue‐engineered skin equivalent

For patients with extensive burns, wound coverage with an autologous in vitro reconstructed skin made of both dermis and epidermis should be the best alternative to split‐thickness graft. Unfortunately, various obstacles have delayed the widespread use of composite skin substitutes. Insufficient vascularization has been proposed as the most likely reason for their unreliable survival. Our purpose was to develop a vascular‐like network inside tissue‐engineered skin in order to improve graft vascularization. To reach this aim, we fabricated a collagen biopolymer in which three human cell types—keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and umbilical vein endothelial cells—were cocultured. We demonstrated that the endothelialized skin equivalent (ESE) promoted spontaneous formation of capillary‐like structures in a highly differentiated extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemical analysis and transmission electron microscopy of the ESE showed characteristics associated with the microvasculature in vivo (von Willebrand factor, Weibel‐Palade bodies, basement membrane material, and intercellular junctions). We have developed the first endothelialized human tissue‐engineered skin in which a network of capillary‐like tubes is formed. The transplantation of this ESE on human should accelerate graft revascularization by inosculation of its preexisting capillary‐like network with the patient's own blood vessels, as it is observed with autografts. In addition, the ESE turns out to be a promising in vitro angiogenesis model. —Black, A. F. , Berthod, F. , L’Heureux, N. , Germain, L. , Auger, F. A. In vitro reconstruction of a human capillary‐like network in a tissue‐engineered skin equivalent. FASEB J. 12, 1331–1340 (1998)
CMOS-compatible 60 GHz Harmonic Optoelectronic Mixer

We present 60 GHz harmonic optoelectronic mixers based on Si avalanche photodetectors (APDs) fabricated by the standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The characteristics of APDs and harmonic optoelectronic mixers are investigated in order to optimize their performances. At the avalanche on-set voltage of APD, efficient harmonic optoelectronic mixing at 60 GHz band is obtained. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of applying harmonic optoelectronic mixers for fiber-supported millimeter-wave communication systems, down-link data transmission of 5 MS/s, 32 quadrature modulation (QAM) signals in 60 GHz band is successfully performed.
Psychological Stress Is Associated With Heightened Physiological Arousal During NREM Sleep in Primary Insomnia

The objective of this study was to evaluate cross-sectional relationships among symptoms of psychological stress, sleep, and physiological arousal during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in a sample of 30 patients with chronic, primary insomnia (mean age, 30.2 years, 60% female). Study measures included indexes of subjective stress, visually scored sleep, and physiological arousal during NREM sleep: quantitative electroencephalogram (QEEG) and quantitative electrocardiogram (QEKG) measures. Psychological stress was more strongly related to indexes of physiological arousal during NREM sleep than to visually scored measures of sleep. Higher levels of perceived stress were associated with decreased EEG delta power (rho = −0.50, p < .01) and increased EEG beta power (rho = 0.38, p < .05). Increased frequency of stress-related avoidance behaviors was associated with decreased EKG high-frequency power (rho = −0.46, p < .05). Although QEEG measures were significantly correlated with sleep maintenance (QEEG delta power rho = 0.45, p < .01; QEEG beta power rho = −0.54, p < .01) and time spent in delta sleep (QEEG delta power rho = 0.65, p < .001; QEEG beta power rho = −0.65, p < .001), QEKG measures were unrelated to visually scored measures of sleep. Perceived stress and stress-related avoidance behaviors were associated with multiple indexes of physiological arousal during NREM sleep in patients with chronic, primary insomnia.
Stack semantics of type theory

We give a model of dependent type theory with one univalent universe and propositional truncation interpreting a type as a stack, generalizing the groupoid model of type theory. As an application, we show that countable choice cannot be proved in dependent type theory with one univalent universe and propositional truncation.
Age, fitness, and regional blood flow during exercise in the heat.

During dynamic exercise in warm environments, the requisite increase in skin blood flow (SkBF) is supported by an increase in cardiac output (Qc) and decreases in splanchnic (SBF) and renal blood flows (RBF). To examine interactions between age and fitness in determining this integrated response, 24 men, i.e., 6 younger fit (YF), 6 younger sedentary (YS), 6 older fit (OF), and 6 older sedentary (OS) rested for 50 min, then exercised at 35 and 60% maximal O2 consumption (VO2max) at 36 degrees C ambient temperature. YF had a significantly higher Qc and SkBF than any other group during exercise, but fitness level had no significant effect on any measured variable in the older men. At 60% VO2max, younger subjects had significantly greater decreases in SBF and RBF than the older men, regardless of fitness level. Total flow redirected from these two vascular beds (deltaSBF + deltaRBF) followed YF >> YS > OF > OS. A rigorous 4-wk endurance training program increased exercise SkBF in OS, but deltaSBF and deltaRBF were unchanged. Under these conditions, older men distribute Qc differently to regional circulations, i.e., smaller increases in SkBF and smaller decreases in SBF and RBF. In younger subjects, the higher SkBF associated with a higher fitness level is a function of both a higher Qc and a greater redistribution of flow from splanchnic and renal circulations, but the attenuated splanchnic and renal vasoconstriction in older men does not appear to change with enhanced aerobic fitness.
Race and sexually transmitted diseases in women with and without borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to examine the history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among women with borderline personality disorder (BPD) with and without a lifetime substance use disorder (SUD) and to compare their histories to those of a group of women with a current nonpsychotic axis I disorder. METHODS Two-hundred fifteen women completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I diagnoses (SCID-I), Structured Interview for DSM-IV Personality for Axis II diagnoses (SIDP-IV), and a sexual health interview. African American women were oversampled because little is known about BPD in African American women and because they are at greater risk for STDs than non-African American women. RESULTS Women with a lifetime SUD (especially cannabis use disorder) reported more STD risk factors and STDs than women without a lifetime SUD. BPD dimensional scores and African American race were predictors of STD, even after controlling for age, socioeconomic status (SES), SUDs, and participation in the sex trade. CONCLUSIONS Determining predictors of STDs within at-risk subpopulations may help reduce the spread of STDs and prevent HIV infection within these groups by helping providers identify women at the highest risk of infection.
Preparation of Siloxane-modified Tetraglycidyl Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposites - Its Thermal and Morphological Properties

The organic—inorganic hybrid involving hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS)-modified epoxy, filled with organo-modified flurohectorite clay of various percentages (1—5 wt%) were prepared via in situ polymerization using γ-amino propyltriethoxysilane as cross-linking agent in the presence of dibutyltindilaurate catalyst. The reactions involved during the curing process between epoxy and siloxane were confirmed by FT-IR. The results of differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis show that the glass transition temperatures of the clay-filled hybrid epoxy systems are lower than that of neat epoxy. The data obtained from the thermal studies indicated that improved thermal stability was due to the incorporation of nanoclay into siloxane-modified epoxy hybrid systems. The morphologies of the siloxane containing epoxy—clay hybrid systems show heterogeneous character, due to the partial incompatibility of HTPDMS. Scanning electron microscopy indicates the phase separation, induced by the polymerization, occurs in the HTPDMS-modified epoxy hybrids to yield spherical particles of siloxane-rich phase, which are uniformly dispersed in the continuous epoxy matrix. Microstructures of nanocomposites were ascertained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. The formation of exfoliated structure of organoclay was confirmed from the XRD pattern and shows interlayer spacing between 3.42 and 8.50 Å. Hybrid epoxy nanocomposites containing higher percentage composition of organo-modified flurohectorite clay contents (up to 5 wt%) display more pronounced improvements in thermal properties and moisture resistance than corresponding unmodified epoxy matrices.
Deposition of aerosols in cylindrical tubes and in human lung airways

Aerosol transport and deposition is of interest in many industrial and medical applications. This research is focused on two specific topics: deposition of aerosols in cylindrical tubes with emphasis on thermophoresis and deposition in real human lung airways. A numerical technique and a CFD code FLUENT are explored and used to estimate particle deposition efficiency due to thermophoresis in cylindrical tubes. Discrete phase modeling (DPM) employing Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm in CFD code FLUENT and user defined functions for thermophoretic force were used to predict the particle deposition efficiencies. Further, limited experiments were conducted to measure the thermophoretic deposition efficiency of carbon nanoparticles in a cylindrical tube. Real lung airway geometry for computational purposes was developed using Computed Tomography (CT) scan images of chest. Using image segmentation, volume rendering and surface processing tools in two commercially available software programs, the real lung airway surface geometry was extracted with good anatomical detail. Particle deposition was modeled using species transport and reaction modeling for molecular phase radioactive polonium-218 species in air. DPM model was also used to compute deposition of particles inhaled in the real lung airway geometry. The computational models used were verified against available experimental data for simpler single bifurcation geometries. Particle deposition efficiencies were computed using the DPM model for carbon nanoparticles of sizes 100 to 1000 nm.
A Synchrophasor Assisted Frequency and Voltage Stability Based Load Shedding Scheme for Self-Healing of Power System

This paper presents a new scheme for load curtailment in the power system required for its self-healing under critical contingencies, which may pose a threat to frequency as well as the voltage stability of the system. The load shedding requirement in the system has been calculated based on the computed disturbance power as well as the voltage stability condition of the system, with the aid of real-time data, assumed to be available from the synchrophasor based wide area monitoring and control system (WAMCS). This scheme assesses voltage stability based on a dynamic voltage stability criterion, formulated using a Voltage Stability Risk Index (VSRI). Suitable locations for the load curtailments have been chosen according to the VSRI, calculated at each load bus. Performance of the proposed scheme has been tested on New England 39-bus system and a practical 246-bus Indian system. The results are compared with a conventional under frequency load shedding scheme and an adaptive load shedding scheme.
Expanding Rural Cellular Networks with Virtual Coverage

The cellular system is the world's largest network, providing service to over five billion people. Operators of these networks face fundamental trade-offs in coverage, capacity and operating power. These trade-offs, when coupled with the reality of infrastructure in poorer areas, mean that upwards of a billion people lack access to this fundamental service. Limited power infrastructure, in particular, hampers the economic viability of wide-area rural coverage. In this work, we present an alternative system for implementing large-scale rural cellular networks. Rather than providing constant coverage, we instead provide virtual coverage: coverage that is only present when requested. Virtual coverage powers the network on-demand, which reduces overall power draw, lowers the cost of rural connectivity, and enables new markets. We built a prototype cellular system utilizing virtual coverage by modifying a GSM base station and a set of Motorola phones to support making and receiving calls under virtual coverage. To support the billions of already-deployed devices, we also implemented a small radio capable of adding backwards-compatible support for virtual coverage to existing GSM handsets. We demonstrate a maximum of 84% power and cost savings from using virtual coverage. We also evaluated virtual coverage by simulating the potential power savings on real-world cellular networks in two representative developing counties: one in sub-Saharan Africa and one in South Asia. Simulating power use based on realworld call records obtained from local mobile operators, we find our system saves 21-34% of power draw at night, and 7-21% during the day. We expect even more savings in areas currently off the grid. These results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing such a system, particularly in areas with solar or otherwise-intermittent power sources.
On the support of physical measures in gauge theories

It is proven that the physical measure for the two-dimensional Yang-Mills theory is purely singular with respect to the kinematical Ashtekar-Lewandowski measure. For this, an explicit decomposition of the gauge orbit space into supports of these two measures is given. Finally, the results are extended to more general (e.g. confining) theories. Such a singularity implies, in particular, that the standard method of determining the physical measure via ``exponential of minus the action times kinematical measure'' is not applicable.