Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Safety of Inhaled Cyclosporin A (ADI628) after Single and Repeated Administration in Healthy Male and Female Subjects and Asthmatic Patients

Severe asthmatics treated with oral/inhaled corticosteroids are at risk of side effects (adrenal suppression). Oral cyclosporin A has been effective in asthma treatment, and nebulized cyclosporin A has been administered for ∼6 months with no nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity, suggesting a wider therapeutic margin for an inhaled cyclosporin A for treatment of asthma. Single‐ and repeated‐dose studies in healthy and asthmatic male and female subjects were conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of a new formulation of inhaled cyclosporin A (ADI628) metered‐dose inhaler (MDI). ADI628 had roughly dose‐linear increases in blood concentrations with moderate variability after single and multiple administration in healthy subjects. Steady‐state ADI628 concentrations reflected an effective half‐life of 7.0 to 12.5 hours. No overt gender‐related differences were observed after single inhaled 10 mg ADI628 dose. However, asthmatics and females (20 mg dose group) had lower ADI628 concentrations as compared to healthy males, probably due to lower inspiratory flow rates and probably not due to disease‐ or gender‐related differences in metabolism/elimination of ADI628. Renal excretion was a minor route of elimination for ADI628 with no dose‐ or gender‐related differences. The blood ADI628 exposure in humans was 1/3‐ to 1/6‐fold lower than the no‐effect dose in dogs. Also, the blood ADI628 exposure after the highest inhaled dose was much lower than after the administration of the efficacious oral cyclosporin A dose (3 mg/kg) for treating asthma. The highest steady‐state dose (10 mg bid) resulted in ADI628 concentrations that are not typically associated with systemic nephrotoxicity or immunosuppression. Furthermore, repeated inhaled doses of ADI628 were safe and generally well tolerated with no apparent systemic immunosuppressive activity in healthy and asthmatic subjects.
Improving automatic query classification via semi-supervised learning

Accurate topical classification of user queries allows for increased effectiveness and efficiency in general-purpose Web search systems. Such classification becomes critical if the system is to return results not just from a general Web collection but from topic-specific back-end databases as well. Maintaining sufficient classification recall is very difficult as Web queries are typically short, yielding few features per query. This feature sparseness coupled with the high query volumes typical for a large-scale search service makes manual and supervised learning approaches alone insufficient. We use an application of computational linguistics to develop an approach for mining the vast amount of unlabeled data in Web query logs to improve automatic topical Web query classification. We show that our approach in combination with manual matching and supervised learning allows us to classify a substantially larger proportion of queries than any single technique. We examine the performance of each approach on a real Web query stream and show that our combined method accurately classifies 46% of queries, outperforming the recall of best single approach by nearly 20%, with a 7% improvement in overall effectiveness.
Response of Rice to Different Salinity Levels during Different Growth Stages

Salt accumulation in irrigated soils is one of the main factors that diminish crop productivity since most of the crops are not halophytic. A greenhouse experiment was conducted in Rasht, North of Iran during May to June 2010 as a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatments in this study were application of four levels of saline irrigation water (2, 4, 6 and 8 dS/m, respectively) at four growth stages (tillering, panicle initiation, panicle emergence and ripening). The aim of this study was to determine the effect salinity levels on some agronomic characters of rice. The results of this study showed that increase in salinity levels of irrigation water significantly decreased length of filled panicle, number of filled grains per filled panicle, number of spikelets per filled panicle and total number of spikelets per panicles but effect of different salinity levels on percentage of ratio of filled panicle number to tiller number and percentage of ratio of yield to straw weight was not significant. The least of these yield components were observed at the highest salinity level (8 dS/m). In different growth stages of rice, all yield components were different. Final growth stages, i.e., panicle emergence and ripening showed less sensitivity to salinity but primary stages, i.e., tillering and panicle initiation were more sensitive to salinity. Therefore, irrigation with saline water can be used in the final stages of plant growth, i.e. panicle emergence and ripeness.
Color-blind : The treatment of race and ethnicity in social psychology

We explore the extent to which race and ethnicity have been incorporated in social psychological scholarship and argue that social psychologists should, and can, do better in this regard. First, we discuss why social psychologists should consider race more seriously. We question whether scholars can reasonably continue to assume that basic social psychological processes and theories apply equally well to different racial and ethnic groups. Second, we document the extent to which social psychology has engaged issues of race and ethnicity through a content analysis of the last three decades of Social Psychology Quarterly and the two most comprehensive sourcebooks for social psychology. Comparisons with other specialty journals in sociology and psychology and with the increasing research on gender over the same period highlight the extent to which race has been neglected in social psychology. Finally, in looking to the future, we discuss how race can be given more attention in light of recent methodological advances and emerging research programs.
Abnormal functional connectivity during visuospatial processing is associated with disrupted organisation of white matter in autism

Disruption of structural and functional neural connectivity has been widely reported in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) but there is a striking lack of research attempting to integrate analysis of functional and structural connectivity in the same study population, an approach that may provide key insights into the specific neurobiological underpinnings of altered functional connectivity in autism. The aims of this study were (1) to determine whether functional connectivity abnormalities were associated with structural abnormalities of white matter (WM) in ASD and (2) to examine the relationships between aberrant neural connectivity and behavior in ASD. Twenty-two individuals with ASD and 22 age, IQ-matched controls completed a high-angular-resolution diffusion MRI scan. Structural connectivity was analysed using constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) based tractography. Regions for tractography were generated from the results of a previous study, in which 10 pairs of brain regions showed abnormal functional connectivity during visuospatial processing in ASD. WM tracts directly connected 5 of the 10 region pairs that showed abnormal functional connectivity; linking a region in the left occipital lobe (left BA19) and five paired regions: left caudate head, left caudate body, left uncus, left thalamus, and left cuneus. Measures of WM microstructural organization were extracted from these tracts. Fractional anisotropy (FA) reductions in the ASD group relative to controls were significant for WM connecting left BA19 to left caudate head and left BA19 to left thalamus. Using a multimodal imaging approach, this study has revealed aberrant WM microstructure in tracts that directly connect brain regions that are abnormally functionally connected in ASD. These results provide novel evidence to suggest that structural brain pathology may contribute (1) to abnormal functional connectivity and (2) to atypical visuospatial processing in ASD.
Solution Structure of the Iron−Sulfur Cluster Cochaperone HscB and Its Binding Surface for the Iron−Sulfur Assembly Scaffold Protein IscU

The interaction between IscU and HscB is critical for successful assembly of iron−sulfur clusters. NMR experiments were performed on HscB to investigate which of its residues might be part of the IscU binding surface. Residual dipolar couplings (1DHN and 1DCαHα) indicated that the crystal structure of HscB [Cupp-Vickery, J. R. , and Vickery, L. E. (2000) Crystal structure of Hsc20, a J-type cochaperone from Escherichia coli, J. Mol. Biol. 304, 835−845] faithfully represents its solution state. NMR relaxation rates (15N R1, R2) and 1H−15N heteronuclear NOE values indicated that HscB is rigid along its entire backbone except for three short regions which exhibit flexibility on a fast time scale. Changes in the NMR spectrum of HscB upon addition of IscU mapped to the J-domain/C-domain interface, the interdomain linker, and the C-domain. Sequence conservation is low in the interface and in the linker, and NMR changes observed for these residues likely result from indirect effects of IscU binding. NMR changes observed in the conserved patch of residues in the C-domain (L92, M93, L96, E97, E100, E104, and F153) were suggestive of a direct interaction with IscU. To test this, we replaced several of these residues with alanine and assayed for the ability of HscB to interact with IscU and to stimulate HscA ATPase activity. HscB(L92A,M93A,F153A) and HscB(E97A,E100A,E104A) both showed decreased binding affinity for IscU; the (L92A,M93A,F153A) substitution also strongly perturbed the allosteric interaction within the HscA·IscU·HscB ternary complex. We propose that the conserved patch in the C-domain of HscB is the principal binding site for IscU.
Influence of hypothalamic lesions on the induction and growth of mammary cancers in Sprague-Dawley rats receiving 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene.

Lesions of the median eminence of the tuber cinereum of the hypothalamus inhibit the induction of mammary cancer in Sprague-Dawley female rats that subsequently receive intragastric 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. In contrast, such lesions significantly accelerate the growth of established mammary cancer and cancel the inhibiting effect of ovariectomy.
The project planning myth in international development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to improve understanding and practice of project management by assessing whether two of its core myths also prevail in international development (ID): first, that project managers (PMs) plan fully for project success, including implementation success and end‐user satisfaction; and second, that they can focus on “getting things done”, free of concern for strategic issues.Design/methodology/approach – The analysis of a high‐profile World Bank project and of the policies and rules under which their PMs operate serves as a means to carry out the research. The authors uncover certain “facts” that challenge the myths that prevail in standard project management. Furthermore, they examine how these facts and the corollaries they produce guide the behaviours of PMs differently in the ID field.Findings – In the ID field, and contrary to the standard practice in project management, it is found that: PMs are not involved in overall planning, and are limited to implementation pla.
Pulsatile secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in healthy humans.

Both atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are involved in sodium and water homoeostasis in healthy humans. The plasma concentrations of the natriuretic peptides can be used to differentiate between dyspnoea of cardiac and pulmonary origin, and the degree of elevation of the peptide levels in the plasma in heart failure is a measure of the severity of the disease. However, the patterns of secretion of ANP and BNP are not clear either in healthy humans or in patients. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypotheses that both ANP and BNP are secreted in pulses in healthy humans, and that this phenomenon can be revealed by determination of ANP and BNP in peripheral venous blood samples. In 12 healthy subjects, blood samples were drawn every 2 min through an intravenously inserted plastic needle over a period of 2 h. Plasma concentrations of ANP and BNP were determined by RIAs, and the results were analysed for pulsatile behaviour by Fourier transformation. Pulsatile secretion of ANP was seen in 10 out of 12 subjects [nu=0.028 min(-1) (median; range 0.013-0.047 min(-1)), i.e. a pulse of ANP with an interval of 36 min (range 21-77 min)]. Pulsatile secretion of BNP was seen in nine out of 12 patients [nu=0. 021 min(-1) (range 0.013-0.042 min(-1)), i.e. a pulse of BNP with an interval of 48 min (range 24-77 min)]. The main conclusion is that the secretion patterns of both ANP and BNP are pulsatile in most healthy humans. Consequently, it is important to study whether pulsatile secretion also occurs in heart failure in order to obtain the most informative predictive values both in the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea and in the evaluation of the severity of the disease.
Recognizing the temporal distinctions between landscape genetics and phylogeography

The steadily advancing fields of landscape genetics and phylogeography share many goals. However, there are some very distinct differences between these two disciplines, including the kinds of data and analyses commonly used, the timescale over which these data are informative, and the hypotheses the data are used to examine. Recently, a number of studies appear to have confused or synonymized phylogeography and landscape genetics. The difference is not merely semantic; understanding the distinctions between these fields is important for ensuring that researchers are aware of the temporal scale over which their data are informative.
A Double-Exponential Fast Gauss Transform Algorithm for Pricing Discrete Path-Dependent Options

This paper develops algorithms for the pricing of discretely sampled barrier, lookback, and hindsight options and discretely exercisable American options. Under the Black-Scholes framework, the pricing of these options can be reduced to evaluation of a series of convolutions of the Gaussian distribution and a known function. We compute these convolutions efficiently using the double-exponential integration formula and the fast Gauss transform. The resulting algorithms have computational complexity of O(nN), where the number of monitoring/exercise dates is n and the number of sample points at each date is N, and our results show the error decreases exponentially with N. We also extend the approach and provide results for Merton's lognormal jump-diffusion model.
Comparison of most‐to‐least to error correction for teaching receptive labelling for two children diagnosed with autism

Prompting systems are guidelines of when to provide learners with prompts and when to fade prompts. Today, there are several prompting systems implemented to teach receptive labeling to individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders and other disabilities. This study compared most-to-least prompting to an error correction procedure involving feedback and remedial trials for teaching two children with autism a variety of receptive labels. All teaching was implemented in a one-to-one instructional setting. Researchers taught each participant how to receptively identify 18 pictures; nine were taught using error correction and nine were taught using most-to-least. The researchers utilized an adapted alternating treatment design nested into a multiple probe design to evaluate the two procedures. Results indicated that participants were able to reach mastery criterion on 100% of skills taught using the error correction and were able to reach mastery criterion on 88.9% of skills taught using most-to-least. Additionally, error correction tended to require fewer trials for participants to reach mastery criterion.
Structural Validity of the Fear of Success Scale

Fear of success is a dispositional form of anxiety that can have harmful effects on athletes' motivation and performance; however, empirical research on fear of success in sport has been limited. Zuckerman and Allison's (1976) Fear of Success Scale (FOSS) has been the most popular fear of success measure used in sport, yet it is laden with theoretical, technical, and psychometric concerns that may limit the validity of scores. This study was designed to evaluate the structural validity of FOSS scores to establish whether existing models of scores are appropriate for people engaged in recreational and intercollegiate athletic pursuits. Confirmatory factor analyses of plausible one-factor and three-factor models did not reveal adequate fit for either model. Recommendations for advancing fear of success measurement are presented.
Generalized rectification in the L1-norm with application to robust array processing

We present in this paper a multiple linear regression scheme in the L1-norm which operates on the array output covariance matrix. The proposed method rectifies the covariance matrix by exploiting the structural properties resulting from the array geometry. In the case of a defective sensor, it is able to fully restore the covariance which would be observed if all sensors were working correctly. Simulations in Direction Of Arrival estimation with a uniform circular array demonstrate the interest of this L1 approach compared to conventional L2 techniques.
Prevalence of Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Western Alaska Native People: The Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health (WATCH) Study

Hypertension is a common chronic disease and a key risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. The Western Alaska Tribal Collaborative for Health study consolidates baseline data from four major cohorts residing in the Norton Sound and Yukon‐Kuskokwim regions of western Alaska. This consolidated cohort affords an opportunity for a systematic analysis of high blood pressure and its correlates in a unique population with high stroke rates over a wide age range. While the prevalence of hypertension among western Alaska Native people (30%, age‐standardized) is slightly less than that of the US general population (33%), cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of mortality in this rural population. The authors found that improvement is needed in hypertension awareness as about two thirds (64%) of patients reported awareness and only 39% with hypertension were controlled on medication. Future analyses assessing risk and protective factors for incident hypertension in this population are indicated.
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS IN BLOOD AND TISSUES OF FREE-RANGING AND CAPTIVE RHINOCEROS

Several disease syndromes in captive rhinoceroses have been linked to low vitamin status. Blood samples from captive and free-ranging black (Diceros bicornis) and white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) and tissue samples of captive individuals from four rhinoceros species were analysed for vitamins A and E. Circulating vitamin A levels measured as retinol for free-ranging versus captive black and white rhinoceros were 0.04 (±0.03 SD) vs. 0.08 (±0.08) and 0.07 (±0.04) vs. 0.06 (±0.02) μg/ml, respectively. Circulating vitamin E levels measured as α-tocopherol were 0.58 (±0.30) vs. 0.84 (±0.96) and 0.62 (±0.48) vs. 0.77 (±0.32) μg/ml, respectively. In contrast to earlier findings, there was no significant difference in vitamin E concentration between captive and free-ranging black rhinoceros. When the samples of captive black rhinoceros were grouped into those taken before 1990 and after 1990, however, those collected before 1990 had significantly lower (P < 0.001) vitamin E levels (0.46 ± 0.83 μg/ml) and those collected in 1990 or later significantly higher (P < 0.001) vitamin E levels (1.03 ± 1.04 μg/ml) than the captive population as a whole. This is probably due to increased dietary supplementation. There were significant differences in circulating vitamin concentrations in black rhinoceroses from different regions in the wild. Serum 25-hydroxy (OH) vitamin D3 averaged 55.7 ng/ml in free-ranging rhinoceroses; no carotenoids were detected in any blood samples. Captive black and white rhinoceroses appear to be adequately supplemented in vitamin A and E. Captive Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) had significantly lower vitamin A concentrations in blood (P < 0.001) and higher vitamin A concentrations in liver tissue samples (P < 0.001) than other rhinoceros species. Equine requirements are not recommended as a model for rhinoceros vitamin requirements.
The allure of violence: men, race and masculinity on the South African goldmines, 1900–1950

In the history of the modern industrial world the Witwatersrand stands out in four key respects. First, the size of the workforce which grew from around 200,000 men in 1910 to over 400,000 in 1940; second, the longevity of an industry that has continued almost uninterrupted for well over a century; third its geographical concentration; and fourth, its exclusively male demographic character. All four of these features suggest that we need to pay very close attention to an important question: What kinds of masculinities, to use Connell's term, were forged on the South African gold mines? A succinct answer does spring to mind. The gold mines fashioned explicitly racial masculinities and an intensely monitored legal, economic and geographical boundary between them. Between 1900 and 1950 and probably for some time thereafter, the definitive encounter between white and black men in South Africa was underground on the gold mines. The evidence that we have on the relationship suggests that it was characterised by.
A retrospective analysis of kidney function and risk factors by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in elderly Chinese patients

Abstract Chronic kidney disease accounts for much of the increased mortality, especially in the elder population. The prevalence of this disease is expected to increase significantly as the society ages. Our aim was to evaluate the kidney function and risk factors of reduced renal function among elderly Chinese patients. This study retrospectively collected clinical data from a total of 1062 inpatients aged 65 years or over. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Renal function and risk factors were also analyzed. For all 1062 subjects, the mean eGFR was 71.0 ± 24.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, and the incidence rates of reduced renal function, proteinuria, hematuria and leukocyturia were 31.1%, 11.8%, 6.6% and 8.7%, respectively. The eGFR values were 83.4 ± 28.4, 72.2 ± 22.9, 67.8 ± 24.3 and 58.8 ± 29.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 in the groups of 60–69, 70–79, 80–89 and ≥90 years age group (F = 15.101, p = 0.000), respectively; while the incidences of reduced renal function were 12.8%, 27.0%, 37.8% and 51.7% (χ2 = 36.143, p = 0.000). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that hyperuricemia (OR = 4.62, p = 0.000), proteinuria (OR = 3.96, p = 0.000), urinary tumor (OR = 2.92, p = 0.015), anemia (OR = 2.45, p = 0.000), stroke (OR = 1.96, p = 0.000), hypertension (OR = 1.83, p = 0.006), renal cyst (OR = 1.64, p = 0.018), female (OR = 1.54, p = 0.015), coronary artery disease (OR = 1.53, p = 0.008) and age (OR = 1.05, p = 0.000) were the risk factors of reduced renal function. In conclusion, eGFR values decreased by age, while the incidence of reduced renal function, proteinuria, hematuria and leukocyturia increased with age. Treatment and control of comorbidities may slow the decline of renal function in elderly patients.