Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cosmic radio noise absorption events associated with equatorward drifting arcs during a substorm growth phase

Abstract. Cosmic radio noise absorption (CNA) events associated with equatorward drifting arcs during a substorm growth phase are studied by using simultaneous optical auroral, IRIS imaging riometer and EISCAT incoherent scatter radar measurements. The CNA is generally attributed to energetic particle precipitation in the D-region. However, it has been argued that plasma irregularities or enhanced electron temperature (Te) in the E-region could also produce CNA. Both of the latter mechanisms are related to intense electric fields in the ionosphere. We present two events which occur during a substorm growth phase in the evening MLT sector. In both of the events, an auroral arc is drifting equatorward, together with a region of CNA (auroral absorption bay) located on the equatorward side and outside of the arc. Both of the events are associated with enhanced D-region electron density on the equatorward side of the auroral arc, but in the second event, a region of intense electric field and enhanced electron temperature in the E-region is also located on the equatorward side of the arc. We show that in the studied events neither plasma instabilities nor enhanced Te play a significant role in producing the measured CNA, but the CNA in the vicinity of the equatorward drifting arcs is produced by D-region energetic electron precipitation. Key words. Ionosphere (auroral ionosphere; particle precipitation; electric fields and currents)
EFFECTS OF TEXT ILLUSTRATION ON CHILDREN'S LEARNING OF A SCHOOL SCIENCE TOPIC

Summary. The effect of text and illustration on the learning of a school science topic by 13-year-old children was investigated. 272 children studying integrated science in the second year of two comprehensive schools were given texts with varied picture content. Learning was measured by a criterion-referenced objective items test which differentiated between the effects of pictures on their own, text on its own, the general effect of pictures when added to text and the specific effect of pictures associated redundantly with parts of the text. The results indicate that there is no general motivational effect of pictures on the learning of text, but that with higher ability levels the effect of specific pictures is beneficial whilst with less able children they distract. In addition, there is some evidence to indicate that when materials are presented in traditional worksheet mode they might be learned more efficiently than the same materials presented in microcomputer mode.
Simplification and innovation in US Spanish

This article discusses two phenomena of linguistic change that are taking place in the Spanish spoken by the Mexican-American community of the United States. It tries to determine whether changes occurring in descriptive discourse, specifically in the opposition ser/estar, and in conditional discourse, specifically in the apodosis of the conditional sentences with present/future reference, occur as manifestations of simplification processes. It also tries to determine the role played by the contact language in these processes of linguistic changes. The data examined show that the acceleration of the two changes in the bilingual community has been the result of processes of linguistic simplification. This strategy, used by the speakers to reduce the cognitive load, has brought about the development of linguistic systems much simpler than the previous ones. The two resulting linguistic systems represent linguistic innovations because the previous systems only had the conservative forms. The present systems have at least two forms that are competing for the same semantic domain, but the innovative forms are very powerful and their imposition seems to be probable.
Human-Machine Symbiosis, 50 Years On

Licklider advocated in 1960 the construction of computers capable of working symbiotically with humans to address problems not easily addressed by humans working alone. Since that time, many of the advances that he envisioned have been achieved, yet the time spent by human problem solvers in mundane activities remains large. I propose here four areas in which improved tools can further advance the goal of enhancing human intellect: services, provenance, knowledge communities, and automation of problem-solving protocols.
THE THREE-STAGE MODEL OF VOLUNTEERS' DURATION OF SERVICE

The main objective of this paper was to describe the latest results of a longitudinal study carried out by our research team with a sample of social work volunteers, whose one-year follow-up has just been completed, allowing us to draw up what we have called the “Threestage model of volunteers’ duration”. Use of this model overcomes some of the apparent contradictions between the different models of volunteerism. For example, for the Functional Model, motivations, and more specifically their satisfaction, would be the best predictors of service duration, however, for the Role Identity Model, what best predicts service duration would be role identity. We assume that in the initial phase of volunteerism, motivations and their satisfaction are more closely related to service duration than role identity. Nevertheless, to predict longer duration of service and greater involvement, the fundamental variable is organizational commitment. Finally, the Role Identity Model is that which best explains sustained volunteerism. Instruments used included the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire (Mowday, Steers, & Porter, 1979) reduced and adapted by Davila & Chacon, and The Role Identity Scale (Grube & Pilavin, 2000, adapted by Davila & Chacon, 2004).
A cost-utility analysis of adding a bivalent or quadrivalent HPV vaccine to the Irish cervical screening programme.

BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and in Ireland it is the ninth most commonly diagnosed cancer in women. Almost 100% of these cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Two newly developed vaccines against HPV infection have become available. This study is a cost-utility analysis of the HPV vaccine in Ireland, and it compares the cost-effectiveness profiles of the two vaccines. METHODS A cost-utility analysis of the HPV vaccine in Ireland was performed using a Markov model. A cohort of screened and vaccinated women was compared with an unvaccinated screened cohort, and both cohorts were followed over their lifetimes. The model looked at uptake of services related to HPV disease in both cohorts. Outcomes were measured in quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Extensive sensitivity analysis was done. RESULTS For the base case analysis, the model showed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for quadrivalent HPV vaccination would be 25,349 euros/QALY and 30,460 euros/QALY for the bivalent vaccine. The ICER for the quadrivalent vaccine ranged from 2877 euros to 36,548 euros, and for the bivalent from 3399 euros to 45,237 euros. At current prices, the bivalent vaccine would need to be 22% cheaper than the quadrivalent vaccine in order to have equivalent cost effectiveness. CONCLUSION HPV vaccination has the potential to be very cost effective in Ireland. The quadrivalent vaccine is more cost effective than the bivalent vaccine.
Mining relational databases with multi-view learning

Most of today's structured data resides in relational databases where multiple relations are formed by foreign key joins. In recent years, the field of data mining has played a key role in helping humans analyze and explore large databases. Unfortunately, most methods only utilize "flat" data representations. Thus, to apply these single-table data mining techniques, we are forced to incur a computational penalty by first converting the data into this "flat" form. As a result of this transformation, the data not only loses its compact representation but the semantic information present in the relations are reduced or eliminated. In this paper, we describe a classification approach, which addresses this issue by operating directly on relational databases. The approach, called MVC (Multi-View Classification), is based on a multi-view learning framework. In this framework, the target concept is represented in different views and then independently learned using single-table data mining techniques. After constructing multiple classifiers for the target concept in each view, the learners are validated and combined by a meta-learning algorithm. Two methods are employed in the MVC approach, namely (1) target concept propagation and (2) multi-view learning. The propagation method constructs training sets directly from relational databases for use by the multi-view learners. The learning method employs traditional single-table mining techniques to mine data straight from a multi-relational database. Our experiments on benchmark real-world databases show that the MVC method achieves promising results in terms of overall accuracy obtained and run time, when compared with the FOIL and CrossMine learning methods.
Groups, Teams, and Creativity: The Creative Potential of Idea-generating Groups

On voit apparaitre une nouvelle litte´rature traitant de la cre´ativite´ et de l’innovation dans les groupes et les e´quipes. Bien que de nombreaux facteurs inhibent la cre´ativite´ des groupes, nos investigations et analyses indiquent que l’interaction dans les groupes et e´quipes serait une source fe´conde d’innovations et d’ide´es cre´atives. On pre´sente dans cet article un mode`le the´orique de la cre´ativite´ dans les groupes producteurs d’ide´es et l’impact sur le travail en e´quipe et les recherches a` venir. There is an emerging literature on group and team creativity and innovation. Although there are many factors that appear to inhibit creativity in groups, our review and analysis suggests that interaction in groups and teams can be an important source of creative ideas and innovations. A theoretical model of creativity in idea-generating groups is developed and implications for teamwork and future research are presented.
Children's Adjustment Following Divorce: Risk and Resilience Perspectives

The empirical literature on the longer-term adjustment of children of divorce is reviewed from the perspective of (a) the stressors and elevated risks that divorce presents for children and (b) protective factors associated with better adjustment. The resiliency demonstrated by the majority of children is discussed, as are controversies regarding the adjustment of adult children of divorce. A third dimension of children's responses to divorce, that of lingering painful memories, is distinguished from pathology in order to add a useful complement to risk and resilience perspectives. The potential benefits of using an increasingly differentiated body of divorce research to shape the content of interventions, such as divorce education, by designing programs that focus on known risk factors for children and that assist parents to institute more protective behaviors that may enhance children's longer-term adjustment is discussed.
Towards holistic Web-based information retrieval: an agent-based approach

We present an agent-based system for bolstering holistic information retrieval via the WWW. In Ellis' holistic model of information seeking behaviors, the information seeking activities include: selection of sources, browsing and differentiating, monitoring as well as extraction. Through the use of a query processing agent (QPA), information filtering agents (IFAs) and information monitoring agents (IMAs), these activities can be automated. By establishing subclass relations among (key)words the query processing agent (QPA) expands a query with a list of subqueries to select appropriate URLs. Using three relevance metrics: word relations, frequency and nearness of keywords, the IFA is used to determine the relevance of a page. Additionally, IMAs can be used to track changes in the content of selected pages, paragraphs or tables in Web sites. Empirical results demonstrated that the QPA can find appropriate number of Web sites, and IFAs are effective in filtering relevant information. As part of an on-going work, an Information Extraction Agent is currently being designed and developed.
Cross-talk between fMLP and Vitronectin Receptors Triggered by Urokinase Receptor-derived SRSRY Peptide*

The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) sustains cell migration through its capacity to promote pericellular proteolysis, regulate integrin function, and mediate chemotactic signaling in response to urokinase. We have characterized the early signaling events triggered by the Ser-Arg-Ser-Arg-Tyr (SRSRY) chemotactic uPAR sequence. Cell exposure to SRSRY peptide promotes directional migration on vitronectin-coated filters, regardless of uPAR expression, in a specific and dose-dependent manner, with maximal effect at a concentration level as low as 10 nm. A similar concentration profile is observed in a quantitative analysis of SRSRY-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangements, mostly consisting of filamentous structures localized in a single cell region. SRSRY analogues with alanine substitutions fail to drive F-actin formation and cell migration, indicating a critical role for each amino acid residue. As with ligand-dependent uPAR signaling, SRSRY stimulates protein kinase C activity and results in ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The involvement of the high affinity N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe receptor (FPR) in this process is indicated by the finding that 100 nm N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe inhibits binding of D2D3 to the cell surface, as well as SRSRY-stimulated cell migration and F-actin polarization. Moreover, cell exposure to SRSRY promotes FPR-dependent vitronectin release and increased uPAR·αvβ5 vitronectin receptor physical association, indicating that αvβ5 activity is regulated by the SRSRY uPAR sequence via FPR. Finally, we provide evidence that αvβ5 is required for SRSRY-dependent ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas it is not required for protein kinase C activation. The data indicate that the ability of uPAR to stimulate cell migration and cytoskeletal rearrangements is retained by the SRSRY peptide alone and that it is supported by cross-talk between FPR and αvβ5.
On the Asymptotic Optimality of the Gradient Scheduling Algorithm for Multiuser Throughput Allocation

We consider the model whereN queues (users) are served in discrete time by a generalized switch. The switch state is random, and it determines the set of possible service rate choices (scheduling decisions) in each time slot. This model is primarily motivated by the problem of scheduling transmissions ofN data users in a shared time-varying wireless environment, but also includes other applications such as input-queued cross-bar switches and parallel flexible server systems.The objective is to find a scheduling strategy maximizing a concave utility functionH( u1,., uN ), whereu n s are long-term average service rates (data throughputs) of the users, assuming users always have data to be served.We prove asymptotic optimality of the gradient scheduling algorithm (which generalizes the well-known proportional fair algorithm) for our model, which, in particular, allows for simultaneous service of multiple users and for discrete sets of scheduling decisions. Analysis of the transient dynamics of user throughputs is the key part of this work.
Do Common Factors Account for Counseling Outcome

This study drew from common factors as an explanatory model for how counseling produces client change. Client self-report measures for 3 common factors—client factors, client–counselor relationship factors, and client expectancy factors—were examined at a counseling training clinic. Regression analyses revealed that 2 factors significantly predicted treatment outcome: client expectancy and the therapeutic alliance. One variable from client factors—abuse history—had a nonsignificant but modest relationship with outcome.
The Comparative Study of Cultures

The problems of individual and group adjustment are related to a cultural situation and therefore involve studies of cultures, of social organization and education, of the capacity and opportunity of the individual for adjustment, of the failures in adaptation, and of the changes in cultural situations which require continuous readjustment. As the social sciences become concerned with the problems of human behavior especially in its relation with problems of education, contacts of races and nationalities, crime and insanity, there is a renewed interest in the comparative examination of the specific cultural systems of racial and national groups and the behavior of individuals in special cultural situations. In this paper it is assumed (1) that the diversities in behavior are the result of different interpretations of experience rather than different levels in a uniform course of cultural evolution, (2) that the theories of difference in degrees of mental endowment among races and populations have not been sustained, and (3) that emphasis should be placed on the culture area rather than on the natural environment. The reaction of personalities to the cultural situation can best be approached in terms of the definition of the situation. On the social level these definitions are represented by moral and legal codes, political policies, organizations, and institutions. Culture epochs and mass conversions are inaugurated by the propaganda of definitions of the situations.
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is involved in the decarboxylation of aspartate in the bundle sheath of maize

We recently showed that maize (Zea mays L.) leaves contain appreciable amounts of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; R.P. Walker, R.M. Acheson, L.I. Tecsi, R.C. Leegood [1997] Aust J Plant Physiol 24: 459-468). In the present study, we investigated the role of PEPCK in C4 photosynthesis in maize. PEPCK activity and protein were enriched in extracts from bundle-sheath (BS) strands compared with whole-leaf extracts. Decarboxylation of [4-14C]aspartate (Asp) by BS strands was dependent on the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and Mn2+, was stimulated by ATP, was inhibited by the PEPCK-specific inhibitor 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, and was independent of illumination. The principal product of Asp metabolism was phosphoenolpyruvate, whereas pyruvate was a minor product. Decarboxylation of [4-14C]malate was stimulated severalfold by Asp and 3-phosphoglycerate, was only slightly reduced in the absence of Mn2+ or in the presence of 3-mercaptopicolinic acid, and was light dependent. Our data show that decarboxylation of Asp and malate in BS cells of maize occurs via two different pathways: Whereas malate is mainly decarboxylated by NADP-malic enzyme, decarboxylation of Asp is dependent on the activity of PEPCK.
Entrenchment-Based Horn Contraction

The AGM framework is the benchmark approach in belief change. Since the framework assumes an underlying logic containing classical Propositional Logic, it can not be applied to systems with a logic weaker than Propositional Logic. To remedy this limitation, several researchers have studied AGM-style contraction and revision under the Horn fragment of Propositional Logic (i.e., Horn logic). In this paper, we contribute to this line of research by investigating the Horn version of the AGM entrenchment-based contraction. The study is challenging as the construction of entrenchment-based contraction refers to arbitrary disjunctions which are not expressible under Horn logic. In order to adapt the construction to Horn logic, we make use of a Horn approximation technique called Horn strengthening. We provide a representation theorem for the newly constructed contraction which we refer to as entrenchment-based Horn contraction. Ideally, contractions defined under Horn logic (i.e., Horn contractions) should be as rational as AGM contraction. We propose the notion of Horn equivalence which intuitively captures the equivalence between Horn contraction and AGM contraction. We show that, under this notion, entrenchment-based Horn contraction is equivalent to a restricted form of entrenchment-based contraction.
Programming

Children at an early age easily acquire new technical and technological knowledge, and their abilities and skills surpass all expectations. Nowadays, children are already familiar with and interested in new technologies from a very young age, as it is an integral part of everyday life and has great potential for future development. In light of this, programming robots in kindergarten emerges as a very relevant and popular topic, which is precisely the subject of this paper
Calomys callosus chronically infected by Toxoplasma gondii clonal type II strain and reinfected by Brazilian strains is not able to prevent vertical transmission

Considering that Toxoplasma gondii has shown high genetic diversity in Brazil, the aim of this study was to determine whether Calomys callosus chronically infected by the ME-49 strain might be susceptible to reinfection by these Brazilian strains, including vertical transmission of the parasite. Survival curves were analyzed in non-pregnant females chronically infected with ME-49 and reinfected with the TgChBrUD1 or TgChBrUD2 strain, and vertical transmission was analyzed after reinfection of pregnant females with these same strains. On the 19th day of pregnancy (dop), placentas, uteri, fetuses, liver, spleen, and lung were processed for detection of the parasite. Blood samples were collected for humoral and cellular immune response analyses. All non-pregnant females survived after reinfection and no changes were observed in body weight and morbidity scores. In pregnant females, parasites were detected in the placentas of ME-49 chronically infected females and reinfected females, but were only detected in the fetuses of reinfected females. TgChBrUD2 reinfected females showed more impaired pregnancy outcomes, presenting higher numbers of animals with fetal loss and a higher resorption rate, in parallel with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and IgG2a subclass antibodies. Vertical transmission resulting from chronic infection of immunocompetent C. callosus is considered a rare event, being attributed instead to either reactivation or reinfection. That is, the pregnancy may be responsible for reactivation of the latent infection or the reinfection may promote T. gondii vertical transmission. Our results clearly demonstrate that, during pregnancy, protection against T. gondii can be breached after reinfection with parasites belonging to different genotypes, particularly when non-clonal strains are involved in this process and in this case the reinfection promoted vertical transmission of both type II and Brazilian T. gondii strains.
Sticky information vs. Backward-looking indexation: Inflation inertia in the U.S

This paper compares two approaches towards the empirical inertia of inflation and output. Two variants that produce persistence are added to a baseline DSGE model of sticky prices: 1) sticky information applied to firms, workers, and households; and 2) a backward-looking inflation indexation along with habit formation. The rival models are then estimated using U.S. data in order to determine their plausibility. It is shown that the sticky information model is better at predicting inflation, wage inflation, and the degree of price stickiness. Output dynamics, however, are better explained by habit persistence.