Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the safety of the single dose, two drug regimens used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis

This review of the safety of the co-administration regimens to be used in programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (albendazole+ivermectin or albendazole+diethylcarbamazine [DEC]) is based on 17 studies conducted in Sri Lanka, India, Haiti, Ghana, Tanzania, Kenya, Ecuador, the Philippines, Gabon, Papua New Guinea, and Bangladesh. The total data set comprises 90635 subject exposures and includes individuals of all ages and both genders. Results are presented for hospital-based studies, laboratory studies, active surveillance of microfilaria-positive and microfilaria-negative individuals, and passive monitoring in both community-based studies and mass treatment programmes of individuals treated with albendazole (n=1538), ivermectin (9822), DEC (576), albendazole+ivermectin (7470), albendazole+DEC (69020), or placebo (1144). The most rigorous monitoring, which includes haematological and biochemical laboratory parameters pre- and post-treatment, provides no evidence that consistent changes are induced by any treatment; the majority of abnormalities appear to be sporadic, and the addition of albendazole to either ivermectin or DEC does not increase the frequency of abnormalities. Both DEC and ivermectin show, as expected, an adverse event profile compatible with the destruction of microfilariae. The addition of albendazole to either single-drug treatment regimen does not appear to increase the frequency or intensity of events seen with these microfilaricidal drugs when used alone. Direct observations indicated that the level of adverse events, both frequency and intensity, was correlated with the level of microfilaraemia. In non microfilaraemic individuals, who form 80–90% of the ‘at risk’ populations to be treated in most national public health programmes to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF), the event profile with the compounds alone or in combination does not differ significantly from that of placebo. Data on the use of ivermectin+albendazole in areas either of double infection (onchocerciasis and LF), or of loiais (with or without concurrent LF) are still inadequate and further studies are needed. Additional data are also recommended for populations infected with Brugia malayi, since most data thus far derive from populations infected with Wuchereria bancrofti.
The Effect of Bisphosphonate (Pamidronate) On Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Rabbits

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of local administration of bisphosphonate i.e.pamidronate (antiresorptive drug), during orthodontic tooth movement in experimental albino Newzealand rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current study was conducted on 20 male Newzealand albino rabbits of 3.75 to 4 kg wt for a period of three weeks (21days). Animals were equally divided into 2 groups ( Group-1 Control & Group-2 Experimental ). Orthodontic appliance of 100gm force Nitinol closed coil spring was stretched and placed between mandibular molar and incisors in either group of animals. Bisphosphonate (Pamidronate) was injected mesial to the mandibular molar in the mucoperiosteal area. On the last day i.e. 21 st day of the study all animals were sacrificed and mandibles were dissected from both groups along with the appliance. The amount of mesial drift of molar was found clearly in the dissected mandibles and measured with flexible manual scale. RESULTS: On 21 st day of experiment, both groups of animals were sacrificed and the diastema was measured between 1 st and 2 nd molar on dissected mandibles. In this study the statistical analysis was done by Student 't'test . The statistical analysis has shown a significant difference between the control (4.960 ± 0.455 mm) and the experimental group (2.389 ± 0.362 mm). CONCLUSION: The present study was concluded that locally injected bisphosphonate -pamidronate had reduced molar tooth movement in rabbits, this concept may be applicable in near future for the purpose of orthodontic anchorage
Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia.

OBJECTIVE Among various methods of providing analgesia during surgery for e.g., parenteral opiates and NSAIDS, epidural anaesthesia and analgesia seem to have beneficial efficacy and less side effect profiles. METHODS This study was conducted in 1.53 patients coming for operation at KMCTH between August 2003 to August 2004. Patients were divided in two groups, one group were operated under sole epidural anaesthesia and the other group received a combination of either general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia. RESULTS 39 (25.5%) patients underwent sole lumbar epidurals, 36 (23.5%) patients received a combination with spinal (CSE) and 78 (51.0%) were under Combination with general anaesthesia. The patients were interviewed among whom it was found that satisfactory analgesia was reported by 75 cases and 73 cases reported excellent analgesia. Patchy anaesthesia observed in 5 cases who underwent sole epidural anaesthesia. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Patients undergoing major surgery with epidural anaesthesia and analgesia had stable cardiovascular parameters, minimal neuroendocrine response, less respiratory complications including SIRS and sepsis, lower incidence of thromboembolic events, less blood loss, reduced hospital stay and better pain control.
The Social Responsibility of Psychology

before his death, Martin Luther King, Jr. addressed a meeting of the American Psychological Association about the social and moral responsibility of psychologists.1 Dr. King urged his audience to use their training and skills to help solve the racial, political, educational, and economic problems facing the black community. He expressed hope that the profession of psychology would begin to address these problems and direct attention towards reforming the "power interests" in America who demonstrate little concern for the poor and disadvantaged. The need for psychologists to accept their social responsibility is even more urgent today. Speaking before a national meeting of the American Psychiatric Association on May 8, 1974, Detroit Mayor Coleman Young charged that the psychiatric profession is being misused by a racist society to justify the exploitation of blacks and the poor. Mayor Young suggested that instead of changing people's minds to conform to an unhealthy society, psychiatrists should work to change society. "Let's deal with the social disorders, let's deal with the cause, and maybe we can lessen the effects. "2 Psychologists must become aware of the unhealthy social conditions affecting the physical and psychological well-being of minority and poor Americans.
Injection of Short-Lived Radionuclides into the Early Solar System from a Faint Supernova with Mixing Fallback

Several short-lived radionuclides (SLRs), some of which should have formed just prior to or soon after the solar system formation, were present in the early solar system. Stellar nucleosynthesis has been proposed as the mechanism for the production of SLRs in the solar system, but no appropriate stellar source has been found that explains the abundances of all solar system SLRs. In this study, we propose a faint supernova with mixing and fallback as a stellar source of SLRs with mean lives of <5 Myr (26Al,41Ca,53Mn, and 60Fe) in the solar system. In such a supernova, the inner region of the exploding star experiences mixing, a small fraction of mixed materials is ejected, and the rest undergoes fallback onto the core. The modeled SLR abundances agree well with their solar system abundances if mixing fallback occurs within the C/O-burning layer. In some cases, the initial solar system abundances of the SLRs can be reproduced within a factor of 2. The dilution factor of supernova ejecta to the solar system materials is ~10−4, and the time interval between the supernova explosion and the formation of the oldest solid materials in the solar system is ~1 Myr. If the dilution occurred due to spherically symmetric expansion, a faint supernova should have occurred near the solar system-forming region in a star cluster.
Effects of Cheap Talk on Consumer Willingness‐To‐Pay for Golden Rice

A large body of literature suggests willingness-to-pay is overstated in hypothetical valuation questions as compared to when actual payment is required. Recently, "cheap talk" has been proposed to eliminate the potential bias in hypothetical valuation questions. Cheap talk refers to process of explaining hypothetical bias to individuals prior to asking a valuation question. This study explores the effect of cheap talk in a mass mail survey using a conventional value elicitation technique. Results indicate that cheap talk was effective at reducing willingness-to-pay for most survey participants; however, consistent with previous research, cheap talk did not reduce willingness-to-pay for knowledgeable consumers.
Antimicrobial activity of different Lactobacillus species against multi- drug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Background Lactobacilli are the well known friendly bacteria for their probiotic activities against pathogens. The inhibitory activity of different strains of lactobacilli either obtained as commercial products or isolated from human feces was investigated against the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The isolates were selected as the most resistant strains when challenged with anti-pseudomonal antibiotics already in clinical practice. Materials and Methods Both the plate spot test as well as the agar cup method were used for screening of Lactobacillus strains against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results A Lactobacillus acidophilus strain isolated from feces of an Iranian child showed a strong anti-pseudomonal activity (90 percent after 72h incubation) against the multi-drug resistant clinical isolates while a Lactobacillus reuteri strain isolated from a commercial oral product resulted in relatively weak response and a Lactobacillus acidophilus strain isolated from a commercial vaginal product did not show any inhibitory activity. In a kinetic study the lactobacillus sensitive Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a significant bacteriostatic activity in vitro in the presence of lactobacillus supernatants. Conclusion Some lactobacilli exhibit significant inhibitory activity against the multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Impact of graphic and text warnings on cigarette packs: findings from four countries over five years

Objectives: To examine the impact of health warnings on smokers by comparing the short-term impact of new graphic (2006) Australian warnings with: (i) earlier (2003) United Kingdom larger text-based warnings; (ii) and Canadian graphic warnings (late 2000); and also to extend our understanding of warning wear-out. Methods: The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey (ITC Project) follows prospective cohorts (with replenishment) of adult smokers annually (five waves: 2002–2006), in Canada, United States, UK and Australia (around 2000 per country per wave; total n = 17 773). Measures were of pack warning salience (reading and noticing); cognitive responses (thoughts of harm and quitting); and two behavioural responses: forgoing cigarettes and avoiding the warnings. Results: All four indicators of impact increased markedly among Australian smokers following the introduction of graphic warnings. Controlling for date of introduction, they stimulated more cognitive responses than the UK (text-only) changes, and were avoided more, did not significantly increase forgoing cigarettes, but were read and noticed less. The findings also extend previous work showing partial wear-out of both graphic and text-only warnings, but the Canadian warnings have more sustained effects than UK ones. Conclusions: Australia’s new health warnings increased reactions that are prospectively predictive of cessation activity. Warning size increases warning effectiveness and graphic warnings may be superior to text-based warnings. While there is partial wear-out in the initial impact associated with all warnings, stronger warnings tend to sustain their effects for longer. These findings support arguments for governments to exceed minimum FCTC requirements on warnings.
Mitochondrial dynamics in diabetic cardiomyopathy.

SIGNIFICANCE Cardiac function is energetically demanding, reliant on efficient well-coupled mitochondria to generate adenosine triphosphate and fulfill the cardiac demand. Predictably then, mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with cardiac pathologies, often related to metabolic disease, most commonly diabetes. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), characterized by decreased left ventricular function, arises independently of coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis. Dysregulation of Ca(2+) handling, metabolic changes, and oxidative stress are observed in DCM, abnormalities reflected in alterations in mitochondrial energetics. Cardiac tissue from DCM patients also presents with altered mitochondrial morphology, suggesting a possible role of mitochondrial dynamics in its pathological progression. RECENT ADVANCES Abnormal mitochondrial morphology is associated with pathologies across diverse tissues, suggesting that this highly regulated process is essential for proper cell maintenance and physiological homeostasis. Highly structured cardiac myofibers were hypothesized to limit alterations in mitochondrial morphology; however, recent work has identified morphological changes in cardiac tissue, specifically in DCM. CRITICAL ISSUES Mitochondrial dysfunction has been reported independently from observations of altered mitochondrial morphology in DCM. The temporal relationship and causative nature between functional and morphological changes of mitochondria in the establishment/progression of DCM is unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Altered mitochondrial energetics and morphology are not only causal for but also consequential to reactive oxygen species production, hence exacerbating oxidative damage through reciprocal amplification, which is integral to the progression of DCM. Therefore, targeting mitochondria for DCM will require better mechanistic characterization of morphological distortion and bioenergetic dysfunction.
Reflexes: Abstractions for integrating highly responsive tasks into Java applications

Achieving submillisecond response times in a managed language environment such as Java or C# requires overcoming significant challenges. In this article, we propose Reflexes, a programming model and runtime system infrastructure that lets developers seamlessly mix highly responsive tasks and timing-oblivious Java applications. Thus enabling gradual addition of real-time features, to a non-real-time application without having to resort to recoding the real-time parts in a different language such as C or Ada. Experiments with the Reflex prototype implementation show that it is possible to run a real-time task with a period of 45 μs with an accuracy of 99.996% (only 0.001% worse than the corresponding C implementation) in the presence of garbage collection and heavy load ordinary Java threads.
Relaxation processes and conduction mechanism of epoxy resin filled with graphene oxide

In this work, mono-layer and multi-layer graphene oxide were used as fillers to be mixed with epoxy resin, where water solution, ultrasonication and magnetic stirring were used to achieve an optimal dispersion. The dispersion state of graphene oxide was observed by both scanning electron microscope (short as SEM) and transmission electron microscope (short as TEM). Different relaxation processes were studied over a wide range of temperature and frequency by an impendence analyzer. The observed nonlinear relationship between the electrical conductivity and the applied electric field strength potentially can be applied for field grading. This was verified by electric field simulations. Based on the experimental results, the nature of the interface interaction between epoxy resin and graphene oxide, the relaxation processes and the conduction mechanism of the studied epoxy-based nanocomposites were discussed.
Elastic registration of fMRI data using Bezier-spline transformations

A three-dimensional (3-D) elastic registration algorithm has been developed to find a veridical transformation that maps activation patterns from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments onto a 3-D high-resolution anatomical dataset. The proposed algorithm uses trilinear Bezier-splines and a 3-D voxel-based optimization technique to determine the transformation that maps the functional data onto the coordinate system of the anatomical dataset. Simple conditions are presented which guarantee that the data are mapped one-to-one on each other. Two voxel-based similarity measures, the linear correlation coefficient and the entropy correlation coefficient, are used. Their performance with respect to the registration of fMRI data is compared. Tests on simulated and real data have been performed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. Our results demonstrate that subvoxel accuracy can be achieved even for noisy low-resolution multislice datasets with local distortions up to 10 mm. Although the method is optimized for the registration of functional and anatomical MR images, it can also be used for solving other elastic registration problems.
Fine-Grained Proper Noun Ontologies for Question Answering

The WordNet lexical ontology, which is primarily composed of common nouns, has been widely used in retrieval tasks. Here, we explore the notion of a fine-grained proper noun ontology and argue for the utility of such an ontology in retrieval tasks. To support this claim, we build a fine-grained proper noun ontology from unrestricted news text and use this ontology to improve performance on a question answering task.
Clinical supervision and support for nurses: an evaluation study.

AIM To assess the effects of clinical supervision and informal support on qualified nurses. RATIONALE Earlier small-scale research studies have provided conflicting evidence about the impact of clinical supervision, hence the need for this larger-scale study. DESIGN Survey design drawing on an opportunity sample of 211 qualified nurses from 11 randomly selected hospital and community NHS Trusts in one region in England. Quantitative data collection used the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and the Nursing in Context Questionnaire (NICQ), while qualitative data were based on written critical incidents. The analysis compared supervized with unsupervized nurses. FINDINGS The critical incident analysis revealed that supervized nurses continued to use informal support networks as well as their supervision sessions to discuss clinical issues. The MBI found no significant differences in levels of burnout between supervized and unsupervized nurses. However, the NCIQ detected some statistically significant differences, with supervized nurses reporting a more listening and supportive management, coping better at work and feeling that they had better access to support than unsupervized nurses. Closer analysis found that this positive finding was particularly strong among the more junior supervized nurses. CONCLUSION Where resources are limited, it is better to concentrate on providing clinical supervision to more junior grades of nurses as a valued form of support during their early years as qualified practitioners.
Reproductive responses to spatial and temporal prey availability in a coastal Arctic fox population.

1. Input of external subsidies in the Arctic may have substantial effects on predator populations that otherwise would have been limited by low local primary productivity. 2. We explore life-history traits, age-specific fecundity, litter sizes and survival, and the population dynamics of an Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population to explore the influence of the spatial distribution and temporal availability of its main prey; including both resident and migrating (external) prey resources. 3. This study reveals that highly predictable cross-boundary subsidies from the marine food web, acting through seasonal access to seabirds, sustain larger local Arctic fox populations. Arctic fox dens located close to the coast in Svalbard were found to have higher occupancy rates, as expected from both high availability and high temporal and spatial predictability of prey resources (temporally stable external subsidies). Whereas the occupancy rate of inland dens varied between years in relation to the abundance of reindeer carcasses (temporally varying resident prey). 4. With regard to demography, juvenile Arctic foxes in Svalbard have lower survival rates and a high age of first reproduction compared with other populations. We suggest this may be caused by a lack of unoccupied dens and a saturated population.
Neuro-hormonal control of sexual behavior in insects.

In the life of a sexually reproducing organism there is no single act more important in an evolutionary sense than copulation. An unmated individual is an evolutionary dead-end whose genes are lost to future generations of its species. Approximately the same outcome lies in store for the genes of indi­ viduals which mate inappropriately and leave offspring of reduced fitness or no offspring at all. This opening statement serves to emphasize the strength of the selective forces acting on behaviors and physiological mechanisms related to the act of copulation. It may be assumed that each behavior or physiologi­ cal mechanism influencing mating has an adaptive significance in promoting reproductive success. In insects, location and selection of a suitable mate de­ pends primarily on inherited mechanisms owing to limitations of time, neural circuitry, and lack of parental care. Even though internally controlled, the development and performance of mating behavior must be sensitive to envi­ ronmental conditions if for no other reason than that successful copulation demands the cooperation of a member of the opposite sex. Mutual stimula­ tion of mating partners seems to be the predominant pattern in insects; there­ fore, it seems appropriate to look for control mechanisms in the area of coor­ dination of sensory input and motor responses, i.e. in the central nervous sys­ tem. The efficiency of the reproductive effort will be increased if there is some method of synchronizing the act of copulation with the presence of mature or nearly mature gametes and, in the case of the male, the ability to produce the secretions necessary for sperm transfer. Oocyte development and the produc­ tion of accessory gland substances are dependent on the synthesis of specific proteins. This protein synthesis is stimulated in most cases by hormones re­ leased into the blood, of which the hormonal product of the copora allata predominates. Both nervous and hormonal mechanisms are important in coordinating reproductive processes. The neuroendocrine system is the essen­ tial connecting link between the two coordinating systems, operating so that behavior can be coordinated with gamete maturation. There exists a consider­ able body of literature which concerns itself with the identification and de-
Observational Cosmology

Despite the title, I am afraid that I will not be able to really do justice to the broad topic I was given to review. But I will show the current striking level of precise consistency between the CMB and LSS data within the ΛCDM theoretical framework (with the acronyms CMB and LSS standing for Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structures). This part is largely based on the recent preprint "Planck 2018 results. I. Overview, and the cosmological legacy of Planck" where I had a chance to express my views at length on this topics :-). Then after briefly recalling some of the currently open questions that cosmology will soon help address, as well as the tensions between some experimental results, I offer a short overview of experimental prospects which will insure that cosmology will remain as exciting in the coming decades as it has been in the last five!