Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A PENALTY‐LOGIC SIMPLE‐TRANSITION MODEL FOR STRUCTURED SEQUENCES

We study the problem of learning to infer hidden‐state sequences of processes whose states and observations are propositionally or relationally factored. Unfortunately, standard exact inference techniques such as Viterbi and graphical model inference exhibit exponential complexity for these processes. The main motivation behind our work is to identify a restricted space of models, which facilitate efficient inference, yet are expressive enough to remain useful in many applications. In particular, we present the penalty‐logic simple‐transition model, which utilizes a very simple‐transition structure where the transition cost between any two states is constant. While not appropriate for all complex processes, we argue that it is often rich enough in many applications of interest, and when it is applicable there can be inference and learning advantages compared to more general models. In particular, we show that sequential inference for this model, that is, finding a minimum‐cost state sequence, efficiently reduces to a single‐state minimization (SSM) problem. We then show how to define atemporal‐cost models in terms of penalty logic, or weighted logical constraints, and how to use this representation for practically efficient SSM computation. We present a method for learning the weights of our model from labeled training data based on Perceptron updates. Finally, we give experiments in both propositional and relational video‐interpretation domains showing advantages compared to more general models.
Disentangling trend and cycle in the EUR-11 unemployment series

A variety of statistical methods and econometric techniques can be used attempting to disentangle the non-cyclical trend component of a time series and its purely cyclical part. This paper serves the purpose to demonstrate the potential contribution from the use of unobserved components modelling techniques to decompose the EUR-11 unemployment series. In general, unobserved components models appear to be an attractive and quite flexible tool to discriminate between the cyclical and the trend component in unemployment; in particular, the multivariate version of the model allows to use information contained in the price series to assist the decomposition of the unemployment rate. Consequently, this specification is potentially closer to the NAIRU concept than univariate filtering techniques.
Worn Tool Forces Based on Ploughing Stresses

Recent work in modeling of the ploughing mechanism in basic metal machining may provide a means of estimating the additional forces to be expected when cutting with a worn tool. The results predict the rubbing stresses due to the finite radius of an unworn tool edge. Since an unworn tool can be thought of as a worn tool with a wear land width VB = 0, these stresses can make up part of a strategy for predicting the additional forces incurred by a worn tool. This paper develops a wear model by proposing a technique for utilizing the stresses predicted by the ploughing model to estimate the stresses on the flank based on both elastic contact and plastic flow at the flank. Orthogonal cutting experiments with worn tools were performed to test the approach. Predictions for these tests, as well as for previously published results, are presented and show great promise for achieving a reliable wear-force prediction strategy.
Complete enumeration of two-Level orthogonal arrays of strength d with d + 2 constraints

Enumerating nonisomorphic orthogonal arrays is an important, yet very difficult, problem. Although orthogonal arrays with a specified set of parameters have been enumerated in a number of cases, general results are extremely rare. In this paper, we provide a complete solution to enumerating nonisomorphic two-level orthogonal arrays of strength d with d + 2 constraints for any d and any run size n = λ2 d . Our results not only give the number of nonisomorphic orthogonal arrays for given d and n, but also provide a systematic way of explicitly constructing these arrays. Our approach to the problem is to make use of the recently developed theory of J-characteristics for fractional factorial designs. Besides the general theoretical results, the paper presents some results from applications of the theory to orthogonal arrays of strength two, three and four.
All Children Can Learn: Lessons from the Kentucky Reform Experience. The Jossey-Bass Education Series.

Introduction: An Ambitious Plan for Improving Schools. THE GROUNDWORK FOR STATEWIDE REFORM. The Legal and Legislative Battles (R. Pankratz). Resource Equity and Educational Adequacy (J. Adams). A New Vision for Public Schooling (J. Foster). A Legislator's Viewpoint"A Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity," (H. Holland). IMPROVING STUDENT LEARNING. Statewide Performance Assessment and School Accountability (J. Poggio). Linking Curriculum and Instruction to Performance Standards (S. Clements). Challenges in Implementing Kentucky's Primary School Program (J. Raths). A Student's Viewpoint"You've Got to Learn to Work with People Above and Below You," (H. Holland). STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF EDUCATORS. Promoting the Professional Development of Teachers (G. McDiarmid & T. Corcoran). Improving Schools and School Leaders (P. Kannapel & P. Coe. Setting Standards for Teachers and Teacher Education (R. Pankratz & B. Banker). A Teacher's Viewpoint"We Don't Have Any Answers," (H. Holland). A School Leader's Viewpoint"I Didn't Know How Far-Reaching This One Would Be," (H. Holland). DEVELOPING NEW FORMS OF GOVERNANCE. Educators and Parents as Partners in School Governance (J. David). A New Mission for the Department of Education (S. Lusi & P. Goldberg. Engaging Parents and Citizens in School Reform (R. Sexton). A Parent's Viewpoint"It's Going to Take a Whole Lot of People to Do It," (H. Holland). Conclusion: Insights from a Decade of School Reform (R. Pankratz & J. Petrosko).
Interactive comment on “ Comparison of seven packages that compute ocean carbonate chemistry ” by J . C

As the authors point out, there is a significant interest in correctly performing the various equilibrium calculations that allow one to link the composition of a seawater system (with respect to the concentrations of all the various acid-base species that are present in the seawater) to the more limited number of composition variables that can be measured by some form of chemical analysis. Furthermore, such calculations (and
Brain-Computer Interfacing in Tetraplegic Patients with High Spinal Cord Injury

One basic rationale for Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) is to enable severely paretic persons to interact again with their environment. While advancements of BCI techniques are significant in healthy volunteers, there are only few studies that investigated the applicability of BCIs in patients afflicted by spinal cord injury (SCI), and the spatiotemporal characteristics of sensorimotor cortical event-related potentials in these subjects is largely unknown. In this study we evaluated the feasibility and performance rate of the Berlin Brain-Computer Interface in a first-session setting in high-level SCI with tetraplegia. In a one-dimensional online feedback four out of seven subjects were were able to control the BCI via attempted movements with their plegic limbs during the first session with a mean accuracy of 75%. Interestingly, subjects achieved an even higher perfomance rate of about 83 % (range: 74-95%) in a ‘cursor off’ mode, in which the feedback signal was provided only at the end of each trial. In contrast to a previous SCI-BCI study, topographical and temporal patterns of event related desynchronizations (ERDs) in the μand β-frequency bands were well distinguishable in these patients.
Total life-cycle assessment of PEM fuel cell car

Most life-cycle assessments of fuel cells, fuel cell vehicles and other hydrogen technologies to date have focussed on single issues, such as air pollution or greenhouse gas emissions. The current investigation aims to be more comprehensive, by looking at specific technology in actual production, with the aim to create 1) an inventory of substances with potential harm, from PEM fuel cell production, over the system in which it is used to final disposition, 2) an impact analysis including environmental effects, health effects and less tangible social effects, 3) a damage assessment accounted in terms of actual physical damage, 4) an assessment in comparative terms, weighing the different damage contributions on a common scale as far as possible, and 5) suggesting alternative procedures during production, materials choice, conditions of use, and finally decommissioning, that will reduce those impacts deemed critical, eventually by formulating norms and regulation to govern the use of fuel cells in society.
The sub-leading asymptotic behaviour of area correlations in the Barrett–Crane model

The Barrett–Crane spin foam model for quantum gravity provides an excellent setting for testing analytical and numerical tools used to probe spin foam models. Here, we complete the report on the numerical analysis of the single 4-simplex area correlations begun in (2009 Phys. Lett. B 670 403–6), discussing the next-to-leading order corrections (‘one-loop’ corrections) with particular attention to their measure dependence, and the difference between the Gaussian and Bessel ansatz for the boundary state.
Comment on “New Antioxidant Drugs for Neonatal Brain Injury”

In their thought-provoking and well-documented review, Tataranno et al. [1] have summarized the “new body” of knowledge about antioxidant drugs for neonatal brain injury. The authors, however, did not mention that D-Penicillamine (DPA) therapy is being used in the neonatal period (treatment in various forms of hyperbilirubinemia [2] and the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), which, despite its peripheral location, the retina or neural portion of the eye, is actually part of the central nervous system [3, 4]) ever since 1973. Our recently published case reports, together with other convincing cases which participated in the long-term (28–40 years) follow-up, suggested that DPA therapy of newborn infants may have significant neuroprotective effects in cases jeopardized by bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) or ROP [5]. This unexpected effect may be related to DPA capability to alter the nitric oxide (NO) system [6–9] and its strong antioxidant effects [10–12]. NO synthesized in the central nervous system produces a myriad of effects. For example, it plays a role in the control of blood flow, learning and memory, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, immune responsiveness, and cell survival. It is also implicated in numerous pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, cerebral ischemia, and disorders of the basal ganglia caused by metals (Wilson's disease), bilirubin (BIND), or other pathologic conditions (Parkinsonism). The use of chelation therapy for nonmetal overload indications continues to be investigated. Furthermore, the mechanism of DPA in the reduction of serum bilirubin is based on the fact that this drug inhibits the rate limited enzyme (heme oxigenase) in heme metabolism [13]. Because those enzymes that play an important role in antioxidant defense and drug metabolism (peroxidases, catalase, and cytochrome P-450) are heme proteins, it can be assumed that in preventing hyperbilirubinemia, ROP, and oxygen toxicity, the mechanism of action of DPA is identical: the protection of biomembranes against lipid peroxidation caused by free radical. Low molecular weight disulfides are the major products of DPA metabolism in humans. The oxidation of DPA in vivo may also important in the mode of action of the drug through simultaneous reduction of oxygen species. Finally, we can say that DPA fulfills the criteria of a hybrid drug in the neonatal period by its ability to modulate both oxidative stress and NO pathway and can be a neuroprotective agent in the pathophysiology of neurologic dysfunction [14].
The Compromise Effect in Market Settings

The attraction effect and compromise effect are common factors when making choices in one’s daily life or in market settings. The problem under investigation was if the compromise effect with more realistic settings would still produce the same results as previous literature suggests (Huber et al., 1982; Huber & Puto, 1983; Sheng, et al., 2005; Simonson, 1989; Simonson & Tversky, 1992) and if the implementation of a “sold out” condition would be an important condition that would influence participant’s choices of products. 36 participants were divided into three groups in study 1 (set 1, set 2, set 3 of products). Similarly in the second study, a total of 88 participants were divided into three groups (dual product condition, compromise condition, and sold out condition). In study 1, the compromise effect was evident with more realistic settings. The findings of study 2 showed that in the sold out condition, participants chose the lesser quality products. The results of both studies allow marketers and consumers to strategize their decisions when buying or selling products.
Quark Number Fluctuations in a Chiral Model at Finite Baryon Chemical Potential

We discuss the net quark and isovector fluctuations as well as off-diagonal quark flavor susceptibilities along the chiral phase transition line in the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model. The model is formulated at nonzero quark and isospin chemical potentials with nonvanishing vector couplings in the isoscalar and isovector channels. We study the influence of the quark chemical potential on the quark flavor susceptibilities in detail and the dependence of the results on model parameters as well as on the quark mass. The NJL model findings are compared with recent lattice results obtained in two-flavor QCD at finite chemical potential. On a qualitative level, the NJL model provides a consistent description of the dependence of quark number fluctuations on temperature and baryon chemical potential. The phase diagram and the position of the tricritical point in the NJL model are also discussed for different parameter sets.
Virtual Reality Distraction Analgesia

Medical procedures that cause moderate to severe pain occur over a wide spectrum of patient ages and medical settings, yet do not always warrant formal anesthesia or deep sedation. For example, in conscious children with cutaneous burn injuries, the intense and repeated ‘therapeutic’ pain of daily burn wound debridement and/or post-burn physical therapy exacerbates the significant pain of the underlying burn injury itself, and can contribute to long-term complications of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and diminished quality of life. Pharmacologic analgesia and/or sedation are the cornerstones of treatment, but are often inadequate and limited by drug side effects. Thus, analgesic treatment for procedural pain is often complemented by non-pharmacologic techniques, such as cognitive modulation by attention/distraction or hypnosis.
Geometric Morphometrics on Gene Expression Patterns Within Phenotypes: A Case Example on Limb Development

How the genotype translates into the phenotype through development is critical to fully understand the evolution of phenotypes. We propose a novel approach to directly assess how changes in gene expression patterns are associated with changes in morphology using the limb as a case example. Our method combines molecular biology techniques, such as whole-mount in situ hybridization, with image and shape analysis, extending the use of Geometric Morphometrics to the analysis of nonanatomical shapes, such as gene expression domains. Elliptical Fourier and Procrustes-based semilandmark analyses were used to analyze the variation and covariation patterns of the limb bud shape with the expression patterns of two relevant genes for limb morphogenesis, Hoxa11 and Hoxa13. We devised a multiple thresholding method to semiautomatically segment gene domains at several expression levels in large samples of limb buds from C57Bl6 mouse embryos between 10 and 12 postfertilization days. Besides providing an accurate phenotyping tool to quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene expression patterns within developing structures, our morphometric analyses revealed high, non-random, and gene-specific variation undergoing canalization during limb development. Our results demonstrate that Hoxa11 and Hoxa13, despite being paralogs with analogous functions in limb patterning, show clearly distinct dynamic patterns, both in shape and size, and are associated differently with the limb bud shape. The correspondence between our results and already well-established molecular processes underlying limb development confirms that this morphometric approach is a powerful tool to extract features of development regulating morphogenesis. Such multilevel analyses are promising in systems where not so much molecular information is available and will advance our understanding of the genotype–phenotype map. In systematics, this knowledge will increase our ability to infer how evolution modified a common developmental pattern to generate a wide diversity of morphologies, as in the vertebrate limb.
Slow glitches in the pulsar B1822 − 09

The pulsar B1822 − 09 (J1825 − 0935) experienced a series of ﬁve unusual slow glitches over the 1995–2004 interval. The results of further study of this unusual glitch phenomenon are presented. It is also reported the detection a new glitch of typical signature that occurred in the pulsar period in 2006 January.
Physiological role of transverse-axial tubular system in cardiac ventricular myocytes: a simulation study

Experimental data related to the transverse-axial tubular system of guinea pig and rat ventricular myocytes were incorporated into quantitative models of their electrical activity. The results of simulations suggest that activity-dependent depletion of Ca2+ within the tubular lumen decreases the intracellular Ca2+ load and intracellular Ca2+ transients in both species. However, considerable species differences in the magnitude of the depletion, its frequency dependence and the resulting effect on cellular activity were observed
My Precious. The Role of Appropriability Strategies in Shaping Innovative Performance

The strategies firms use to protect their intellectual property and knowledge can strongly influence their ability to capture the benefits of their innovative efforts. In attempting to appropriate their innovations, firms can choose from a range of mechanisms, including patents, trade secrets and lead times. Yet, little is known about how the use of different appropriability mechanisms may shape innovative performance. Using a large-scale database of UK manufacturing firms, we examine how legal (such as patents) and fast mover (such as secrecy) appropriability strategies shape performance. We find that both strategies are curvilinearly (taking an inverted U-shape) related to innovative performance, indicting that some firms may suffer from a myopia of protectiveness, relying too heavily on appropriation to the detriment of other activities.
Revisiting the Link between Growth and Federalism: A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach

Following the ambiguous results in the literature aimed at understanding the empirical link between fiscal federalism and economic growth, this paper revisits the question using a Bayesian Model Averaging approach. The analysis suggests that the failure to appropriately account for model uncertainty may have previously led to biased estimates. The results from a sample of 23 OECD countries over 1975-2000 indicate that after controlling for unobserved country heterogeneity, there is no robust link, neither positive, nor negative, between output growth and fiscal federalism (measured as sub-national governments’ share of own source tax revenue).
Disentangling capacity control from price optimization

Standard revenue management (RM) methods typically work with an integrated forecast of demand and customer choice at booking class level and then maximize revenue by optimally controlling class availability. We show that the structure of the RM problem can be decomposed into two sub-problems: capacity control and price optimization for incoming customer requests. For capacity control in practice often bid prices, the dual variables to the capacity constraints, are used. Price optimization on the other hand needs forecasts of passengers’ willingness to pay. We propose to use two separate and tailored forecast models for both optimization tasks and discuss the advantages of this forecast separation. Furthermore, for the task of bid price calculation, we present a robust forecast model that is independent of booking classes and the actual control mechanism. It depends on historical booking data and bid prices only, but does not require historical fares and availabilities, which are often not available in good quality.
Driver Distraction Detection Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning

Real-time driver distraction detection is the core to many distraction countermeasures and fundamental for constructing a driver-centered driver assistance system. While data-driven methods demonstrate promising detection performance, a particular challenge is how to reduce the considerable cost for collecting labeled data. This paper explored semi-supervised methods for driver distraction detection in real driving conditions to alleviate the cost of labeling training data. Laplacian support vector machine and semi-supervised extreme learning machine were evaluated using eye and head movements to classify two driver states: attentive and cognitively distracted. With the additional unlabeled data, the semi-supervised learning methods improved the detection performance (G-mean) by 0.0245, on average, over all subjects, as compared with the traditional supervised methods. As unlabeled training data can be collected from drivers' naturalistic driving records with little extra resource, semi-supervised methods, which utilize both labeled and unlabeled data, can enhance the efficiency of model development in terms of time and cost.