Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The DEEP2 galaxy redshift survey: evolution of the colour–density relation at 0.4 < z < 1.35

Using a sample of 19464 galaxies drawn from the DEEP2 Galaxy Redshift Survey, we study the relationship between galaxy colour and environment at 0.4 1, being larger in regions of greater galaxy density. At all epochs probed, we also find a small population of red, morphologically early-type galaxies residing in regions of low measured overdensity. The observed correlations between the red fraction and local overdensity are highly significant, with the trend at z > 1 detected at a greater than 5σ level. Over the entire redshift regime studied, we find that the colour-density relation evolves continuously, with red galaxies more strongly favouring overdense regions at low z relative to their red-sequence counterparts at high redshift. At z ≥ 1.3, the red fraction only weakly correlates with overdensity, implying that any colour dependence to the clustering of ∼L* galaxies at that epoch must be small. Our findings add weight to existing evidence that the build-up of galaxies on the red sequence has occurred preferentially in overdense environments (i.e. galaxy groups) at z≤ 1.5. Furthermore, we identify the epoch (z ∼ 2) at which typical ∼L* galaxies began quenching and moved on to the red sequence in significant number. The strength of the observed evolutionary trends at 0 < z < 1.35 suggests that the correlations observed locally, such as the morphology-density and colour-density relations, are the result of environment-driven mechanisms (i.e. 'nurture') and do not appear to have been imprinted (by 'nature') upon the galaxy population during their epoch of formation.
Purinergic receptor‐mediated effects of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate in urological malignant diseases

Adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP) mediates a variety of biological functions and has been shown to play a physiological role in almost every system in the body. In the genito‐urinary system, extracellular ATP has been shown to play a functional role in several different capacities, ranging from nociception in the ureter and bladder, to erectile dysfunction via its action on different ‘purinergic receptors’. Discovery of the trophic effects of ATP has led to a surge in interest in this signalling system in various malignancies. To date five P2 receptor subtypes have been implicated in the growth inhibition of cancer cells, namely P2X5, P2X7, P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y11. Limited data are available on urological malignancies. ATP induces its anti‐neoplastic effect primarily via purinergic receptor‐mediated apoptosis via calcium‐independent pathways, and this has been confirmed in vitro and in vivo. Studies have highlighted functional roles for the P2X5 and/or P2Y11 receptors in both hormone refractory prostate cancer and high‐grade bladder cancer, although the contributory effect of pro‐apoptotic P2X7 receptors remains unclear. Clinical trials have shown intravenous ATP successfully attenuates a range of systemic symptoms associated with advanced malignancies. This raises the possibility that selective targeting of specific aberrant pathways may allow for treatment of advanced primary malignancies and their systemic effects.
Soil and pine foliage nutrient responses 15 years after competing-vegetation control and their correlation with growth for 13 loblolly pine plantations in the southern United States

Influences of competition-control treatments on long-term soil and foliar nutrition were examined using a re- gional data set (the Competition Omission Monitoring Project) that documents loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation development for 15 years after early intensive woody and (or) herbaceous control. Examined were trends for macro- nutrients in soils sampled at years 0 and 15 and in pine foliage at years 2, 6, and 15 and their correlations with one another and with pine growth. Early control treatments resulted in distinct plantation successional patterns with con- trasting herbaceous and woody components, all under pine-dominated canopies. There was an overall decrease in soil nutrient concentrations after 15 years of pine-plantation management, while C, N, and Ca decreased most after vegeta- tion control. Early herbaceous treatments resulted in significantly less foliar N and K at year 15 as well. Foliar nutrient contents and fascicle mass at year 2 tended to be better correlated with year-15 pine volume than values at year 6 or year 15. Year-15 P concentrations had the strongest correlations between soil and foliar nutrient levels (r = 0.71-0.77). By year 15, intensive pine culture and vegetation control had placed demands on soil nutrient supplies to support en- hanced growth that have not yet been replaced.
Class II Correction-Reducing Patient Compliance: A Review of the Available Techniques

The correction of Class II malocclusions has been hampered by the use of appliances which require the patient to co-operate with headgear, elastics, or the wearing of a removable appliance. ‘Non-compliance therapy’ involves the use of appliances which minimize the need for such co-operation and attempt to maximize the predictability of results. This article reviews and describes the types of appliances used, and their mode of action-based on the current available research.
An empirical study on the factors affecting continuous usage intention of double reinforcement interactive e-portfolio learning system

The purpose of this study is to investigate students' behavior of continuance intentions to use the double reinforcement interactive e-portfolio learning system. This study combined the technology acceptance model (TAM) and IS Continuance Post-Acceptance model, and try to find out what will affect the continuous usage intention. The participants of this study were 53 university students currently attending multimedia courses. We used path-analysis to identify causal effects among the factors. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, confirmation and Satisfaction will influence continuance intention. 2. Confirmation has the most influence on perceived usefulness, satisfaction and continuance intention.
Tomography-Based Heat and Mass Transfer Characterization of Reticulate Porous Ceramics for High-Temperature Processing

Reticulate porous ceramics employed in high-temperature processes are characterized for heat and mass transfer. The exact 3D digital geometry of their complex porous structure is obtained by computer tomography and used in direct pore-level simulations to numerically calculate their effective transport properties. Two-point correlation functions and mathematical morphology operations are applied for the geometrical characterization that includes the determination of porosity, specific surface area, representative elementary volume edge size, and mean pore size. Finite volume techniques are applied for conductive/convective heat transfer and flow characterization, which includes the determination of the thermal conductivity, interfacial heat transfer coefficient, permeability, Dupuit–Forchheimer coefficient, residence time, tortuosity, and diffusion tensor. Collision-based Monte Carlo method is applied for the radiative heat transfer characterization, which includes the determination of the extinction coefficient and scattering phase function.
Remarks on the Darboux transform of isothermic surfaces

We study Darboux and Christo el transforms of isothermic surfaces in Euclidean space. Using quaternionic calculus we derive a Riccati type equation which characterizes all Darboux transforms of a given isothermic surface. Surfaces of constant mean curvature turn out to be special among all isothermic surfaces: their parallel surfaces of constant mean curvature are Christo el and Darboux transforms at the same time. We prove | as a generalization of Bianchi's theorem on minimal Darboux transforms of minimal surfaces | that constant mean curvature surfaces in Euclidean space allow 1 3 Darboux transforms into surfaces of constant mean curvature. We indicate the relation between these Darboux transforms and Backlund transforms of spherical surfaces. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classi cation: (Primary) 53A10, (Secondary) 53A50, 53C42.
Combination therapy of interleukin-2 and sorafenib improves survival benefits and prevents spontaneous pulmonary metastasis in murine renal cell carcinoma models.

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of combination therapy consisting of recombinant human interleukin-2 and sorafenib for survival efficacy and the suppression of metastasis in murine renal cell carcinoma models. METHODS Lung-metastasized renal cell carcinoma mice were treated with various combinations of recombinant human interleukin-2 and sorafenib. Tumor growth was observed using a bioluminescence imaging system. Next, the nephrectomized renal cell carcinoma mice were administered various combinations of recombinant human interleukin-2 and sorafenib, followed by a lung resection in order to examine lung metastasis by bioluminescence imaging. RESULTS The increased life-span ratio in mice receiving combination therapy was 1.45, whereas that in mice treated with sorafenib or recombinant human interleukin-2 alone therapy was 1.28 and 1.07, respectively. The concomitant administration of recombinant human interleukin-2 and sorafenib had a metastasis-inhibitory effect, whereas the other treatments failed. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that combination therapy of recombinant human interleukin-2 and sorafenib may offer better outcomes than either monotherapy with recombinant human interleukin-2 or sorafenib with respect to survival benefits and the prevention of pulmonary metastasis in renal cell carcinoma patients.
Real Exchange Rate Undervaluation and Growth: Is there a Total Factor Productivity Growth Channel?

Undervaluation of the currency is generally believed to affect growth through two main transmission channels: the "capital accumulation channel" and the "total factor productivity (TFP) growth channel". This paper carries out the first empirical investigation on the TFP growth channel. More specifically, we provide answers to the three following questions: Does undervaluation of the currency boost the overall productivity level in the economy? If so, does this "undervaluation-induced" productivity improvement significantly enhance growth? And finally, what is the magnitude of the TFP growth channel compared to the capital accumulation channel? The analysis is conducted on a panel of 72 countries over 1970-2008. The results give strong support to the TFP growth channel: a 10% increase in undervaluation enhances growth on average by 0.14% via an improvement in productivity. Most interestingly, our estimates suggest that this channel conveys the most important part of the growth-enhancing effect of undervaluation. The model has been subject to various robustness checks to support these findings.
Adolescent Perceptions and Beliefs of Proactive-Reactive Aggression Explored Through the Social Information Processing Model of Aggression.

Human aggression is a frequently studied aspect of human behavior. Although great strides have been made not one single theory can fully explain the complexity of aggression. The Social Information Processing model of aggression (Crick and Dodge, 1994) has served as a useful tool to examine differences amongst individuals. This model considers mechanisms through which every individual processes social information, ultimately leading towards behavior. This study examined adolescent aggression through the Social Information Processing model. Participants consisted of 149 male and female students from a large urban school district in southwestern United States. Each participant was assessed with measures of attribution intent, quality of knowledge structures, and reactive-proactive
Cerebrovascular response to acute hypocapnic and eucapnic hypoxia in normal man.

Alterations in human cerebral blood flow and related blood constituents were studied during exposure to acute hypoxia. Observations were made during serial inhalation of decreasing O(2) concentrations with and without maintenance of normocarbia, during 8 min inhalation of 10% O(2), and after hyperventilation at an arterial P(O2) of about 40 mm Hg. In the range of hypoxemia studied, from normal down to arterial P(O2) of about 40 mm Hg, the magnitude of the cerebral vasodilator response to hypoxia appeared to be largely dependent upon the coexisting arterial CO(2) tension. The mean slope of the increase in cerebral blood flow with decreasing arterial O(2) tension rose more quickly (P < 0.05) when eucapnia was maintained when compared with the slope derived under similar hypoxic conditions without maintenance of eucapnia. When 12 subjects inhaled 10% oxygen, cerebral blood flow rose to more than 135% of control in four whose mean decrease in arterial CO(2) tension was - 2.0 mm Hg. The remaining eight had flows ranging from 97 to 120% of control, and their mean decrease in CO(2) tension was - 5.1 mm Hg. When mean arterial P(O2) was 37 mm Hg, hyperventilation was carried out in 10 subjects. Arterial P(O2) increased insignificantly, arterial P(CO2) declined from 34 to 27 mm Hg (P < 0.05), and cerebral blood flow which had been 143% of control decreased to 109%, a figure not significantly different from control.These data demonstrate the powerful counterbalancing constrictor effects of modest reductions in CO(2) tension on the vasodilator influence of hypoxia represented by arterial P(O2) reductions to about 40 mm Hg. Indeed, mild hyperventilation completely overcame the vasodilator effect provided by an arterial O(2) tension as low as 40 mm Hg. The effects of hypoxia on the control of the cerebral circulation must be analyzed in terms of the effects of any associated changes in CO(2) tension.
Self-Reported Attachment Patterns and Rorschach-Related Scores of Ego Boundary, Defensive Processes, and Thinking Disorders

In this study, we addressed associations between self-reported attachment scales (anxiety and avoidance) and Rorschach (1921/1942) indexes indicating ego-boundary perception (barrier and penetration), use of projective identification, devaluation and splitting defenses, and Comprehensive System (Exner, 2005) scores that represent boundary blurring (incongruous and fabulized combinations). In this study, we extended the sample and findings described by Berant, Mikulincer, Shaver, and Segal (2005) using a nonclinical sample of 89 Israeli adults. We found significant associations between attachment orientations and Rorschach indexes dynamically related to anxiety. We also found a trend toward association between attachment orientation and avoidance. We discuss the theoretical and clinical implications of these findings.
Prevalence of Type-2 Diabetes in Patients with Hepatitis C and B Virus Infection in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and B virus (HBV) infections. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of HCV- and HBV-positive patients admitted to King Abdul Aziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, was conducted from January 1999 to September 2000. The following data were collected and analysed: demographic data, the presence and type of DM, details of the treatment, body mass index (BMI), family history of DM, serum transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and presence of liver cirrhosis on liver biopsy. A total of 399 patients were included in the study. Results: 165 (41%) were anti-HCV positive and 234 (59%) were HBsAg positive. Type-2 diabetes was present in 35 of 165 (21.2%) patients with HCV infection, and 33 of 234 (14.1%) with HBV infection. 94% of anti-HCV-positive type-2 diabetes were older than 40 years and 6% were younger, while for nondiabetics the corresponding percentages were 55 and 45%, respectively. 76% of HBsAg-positive type-2 diabetics were older than 40 and 24% were younger, while the corresponding percentages for nondiabetics were 27 and 73%, respectively. Anti-HCV-positive type-2 diabetics, when compared to nondiabetics, had a higher BMI, a frequent family history of DM, elevated serum transaminases, thrombocytopenia, and liver cirrhosis on biopsy. HBsAg-positive type-2 diabetics had only a more frequent family history of DM than did nondiabetics. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that type-2 diabetes is more common in patients with an HCV than with an HBV infection.
The Effect of Fatigue on Functional Stability in the Basketball Players with Functional Ankle Instability

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of basketball-specific fatigue on the dynamic postural control of the basketball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects in this study included 28 basketball players in the Youth League in Kerman. Their ages ranged between 16 and 21 years old. Based on the results of ankle instability questionnaire (CAIT) and the medical approval, the participants were selectively divided in two groups: a group of 16 subjects with functional ankle instability and a group of 12 healthy subjects. “Basketball Movement Specific Circuit” protocol was used to induce basketball-specific fatigue, and Y test was employed to quantify postural control. Specifically, Y test was administered as a pretest and posttest at the beginning and the end of the fatigue protocol. To make sure that the intended fatigue was really induced, Borg Scale was employed and the participants were asked to express their true feeling about the intensity of the exercise at the beginning and the end of the protocol. The result of analyzing data through dependent T-test indicated that dynamic postural control significantly decreased after the induction of fatigue in both groups. In addition, running independent T-test determined that fatigue equally affected the participants of both groups. This means that the participants in the experimental group coordinated postural control mechanisms with fatigue. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that both healthy players and those with functional ankle instability are susceptible to ankle sprain when they feel fatigue due to defect in postural control.
EFFECT OF MILK UREA AND PROTEIN LEVELS ON FERTILITY INDICES IN COWS

An analysis of the effect of milk urea and protein levels in four consecutive lactations on fertility indices of Blackand- White Polish Holstein-Friesian cows, milk recorded in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie province has been made. Poorer fertility indices were found in first-calf heifers and second lactation cows receiving energy-deficient diets and in older (third and fourth lactation) cows receiving excess dietary protein and energy. Best fertility was found in young cows fed excess protein (>3.60%) regardless of milk urea levels, and in older cows having lower and optimum levels regardless of protein levels. Cow fertility is differentiated more by milk protein levels than by urea content. Fertility parameters were poorer in first and second lactation cows than in older cows. The coefficients of correlation between milk urea and protein levels and fertility indices were very low, with the only significant differences between protein content vs. calving interval and reproductive rest period.
Supervised random walks: predicting and recommending links in social networks

Predicting the occurrence of links is a fundamental problem in networks. In the link prediction problem we are given a snapshot of a network and would like to infer which interactions among existing members are likely to occur in the near future or which existing interactions are we missing. Although this problem has been extensively studied, the challenge of how to effectively combine the information from the network structure with rich node and edge attribute data remains largely open. We develop an algorithm based on Supervised Random Walks that naturally combines the information from the network structure with node and edge level attributes. We achieve this by using these attributes to guide a random walk on the graph. We formulate a supervised learning task where the goal is to learn a function that assigns strengths to edges in the network such that a random walker is more likely to visit the nodes to which new links will be created in the future. We develop an efficient training algorithm to directly learn the edge strength estimation function. Our experiments on the Facebook social graph and large collaboration networks show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art unsupervised approaches as well as approaches that are based on feature extraction.
Requirement traceability: A model-based approach

Requirements tractability remains challenging, particularly in the prevalence of code centric approaches. Similarly, within the emerging model centric paradigm, requirements traceability is addressed only to a limited extent. To facilitate such traceability, we call for representing requirements as first class entities in the emerging paradigm of model-oriented programming. This has the objective of enabling software developers, modelers, and business analysts to manipulate requirements entities as textual model and code elements. To illustrate the feasibility of such an approach, we propose a Requirement-Oriented Modeling and Programming Language (ROMPL) that demonstrates how modeling abstractions can be utilized to manage the behavior and relationships of key requirements entities.
Suppression of IL-22-producing T helper 22 cells by RPE cells via PD-L1/PD-1 interactions.

PURPOSE To determine whether RPE cells can suppress a novel T helper subset, the Th22 cells, via costimulatory interactions. METHODS Primary RPE cells were established from normal C57BL/6 mice. The target CD4(+) Th22 cells from spleen cells in wild-type control or knockout donors were used. T cell activation was assessed by examining BrdU incorporation (proliferation) and cytokine production. Expression of costimulatory molecules on RPE cells and expression of costimulatory receptors on target Th22 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Neutralizing antibodies were used to abolish the suppression function. In addition, human RPE cells and target Th22 cells induced from human CD4(+) cells were also used in similar experiments. RESULTS Cultured RPE cells significantly suppressed activation of target Th22 cells (e.g., T cell proliferation and IL-22 production). Moreover, human RPE cells suppressed Th22 cell lines and T cell clones established from active uveitis patients. Although cultured RPE cells expressed various costimulatory molecules including programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), only PD-L1 on the RPE cells was actually delivered to the target Th22 cells. Th22 cells greatly express programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and RPE cells failed to suppress IL-22 expression by target Th22 cells from PD-1 knockout donors. In addition, if neutralizing antibodies for PD-L1 were cocultured with RPE cells, Th22 suppression was impaired. CONCLUSIONS RPE cells express PD-L1 costimulatory molecules and suppress bystander Th22-type PD-1(+) bystander T cells through negative costimulatory interactions.
A Generalisation of Dillon's APN Permutation With the Best Known Differential and Nonlinear Properties for All Fields of Size $2^{4k+2}$

The existence of almost perfect nonlinear (APN) permutations operating on an even number of variables was a long-standing open problem, until an example with six variables was exhibited by Dillon et al. in 2009. However it is still unknown whether this example can be generalized to any even number of inputs. In a recent work, Perrin et al. described an infinite family of permutations, named butterflies, operating on $(4k+2)$ variables and with differential uniformity at most 4, which contains the Dillon APN permutation. In this paper, we generalize this family, and we completely solve the two open problems raised by Perrin et al. Indeed we prove that all functions in this larger family have the best known nonlinearity. We also show that this family does not contain any APN permutation besides the Dillon permutation, implying that all other functions have differential uniformity exactly four.