Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Misspecifications of Stimulus Presentation Durations in Experimental Psychology: A Systematic Review of the Psychophysics Literature

Background In visual psychophysics, precise display timing, particularly for brief stimulus presentations, is often required. The aim of this study was to systematically review the commonly applied methods for the computation of stimulus durations in psychophysical experiments and to contrast them with the true luminance signals of stimuli on computer displays. Methodology/Principal Findings In a first step, we systematically scanned the citation index Web of Science for studies with experiments with stimulus presentations for brief durations. Articles which appeared between 2003 and 2009 in three different journals were taken into account if they contained experiments with stimuli presented for less than 50 milliseconds. The 79 articles that matched these criteria were reviewed for their method of calculating stimulus durations. For those 75 studies where the method was either given or could be inferred, stimulus durations were calculated by the sum of frames (SOF) method. In a second step, we describe the luminance signal properties of the two monitor technologies which were used in the reviewed studies, namely cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitors. We show that SOF is inappropriate for brief stimulus presentations on both of these technologies. In extreme cases, SOF specifications and true stimulus durations are even unrelated. Furthermore, the luminance signals of the two monitor technologies are so fundamentally different that the duration of briefly presented stimuli cannot be calculated by a single method for both technologies. Statistics over stimulus durations given in the reviewed studies are discussed with respect to different duration calculation methods. Conclusions/Significance The SOF method for duration specification which was clearly dominating in the reviewed studies leads to serious misspecifications particularly for brief stimulus presentations. We strongly discourage its use for brief stimulus presentations on CRT and LCD monitors.
Sixteen Years of Dreams Following Spousal Bereavement

This study compares two contrasting models concerning the relationship of dreams to phases of bereavement. To accomplish this, a content analysis of a widower's 16-year dream diary was conducted. While there was a small tendency for dreams of the deceased being alive again to occur earlier in the diary, and dreams of being separated from the deceased to occur later, in general there was no evidence of an orderly emergence of dream themes across time. These findings are supportive of more recent views of bereavement that stress the importance of redefining a relationship with the deceased rather than resolving grief in an orderly and timely manner. More generally, the present study contributes to a growing recognition that dreams can be a valuable tool for studying reactions to bereavement.
Ameliorative effect of citrus peel extract on castration-induced oxidative stress in liver and kidney of rats -

Article history: The present work aimed to investigate the effect of methanolic extract of citrus peel in the redox status of liver and kidney in castrated rats. Twenty four Wistar albino rats were used. They were divided into 4 groups (n = 6). Group I was used as control. Group II was castration group, Group III was normal rats treated with citrus peel and Group IV was citrus peel castration group. Liver and kidney function and oxidative stress markers were measured. In addition, histopathological changes of liver and kidney were examined. Castration enhanced lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide production in both liver and kidney with concomitant reduction in glutathione. In addition, castration caused liver and kidney injuries as indicated by histopathological changed of the liver and kidney with a disturbance in the functions of liver and kidney. Citrus peel protected liver and kidney through decreasing the oxidative stress stimulating the antioxidant defense system. From the present results, it can be concluded that the decrease in liver and kidney damages during citrus peel treatment may be due to the inhibition of oxidative stress overproduction and maintenance of antioxidant defense mechanisms of this extract.
Accounting/art and the emancipatory project: some reflections

If we are concerned to develop an emancipatory accounting, and if we are sensitive towards the tendencies to ethnocentrism, chronocentrism and dogmatism, we can potentially gain insights from the social and critical theoretical analysis of any phenomena, whatever be their location in time and space. This is the position held by advocates of critical and interdisciplinary research in accounting. Adopts this position and draws from the critique of art. More specifically, points to insights for the development of any emancipatory accounting by concentration on debates on the role of art in the emancipatory project that took place in early twentieth century Germany.
Comparative Studies of Vertebrate Platelet Glycoprotein 4 (CD36)

Platelet glycoprotein 4 (CD36) (or fatty acyl translocase [FAT], or scavenger receptor class B, member 3 [SCARB3]) is an essential cell surface and skeletal muscle outer mitochondrial membrane glycoprotein involved in multiple functions in the body. CD36 serves as a ligand receptor of thrombospondin, long chain fatty acids, oxidized low density lipoproteins (LDLs) and malaria-infected erythrocytes. CD36 also influences various diseases, including angiogenesis, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, malaria, diabetes, steatosis, dementia and obesity. Genetic deficiency of this protein results in significant changes in fatty acid and oxidized lipid uptake. Comparative CD36 amino acid sequences and structures and CD36 gene locations were examined using data from several vertebrate genome projects. Vertebrate CD36 sequences shared 53–100% identity as compared with 29–32% sequence identities with other CD36-like superfamily members, SCARB1 and SCARB2. At least eight vertebrate CD36 N-glycosylation sites were conserved which are required for membrane integration. Sequence alignments, key amino acid residues and predicted secondary structures were also studied. Three CD36 domains were identified including cytoplasmic, transmembrane and exoplasmic sequences. Conserved sequences included N- and C-terminal transmembrane glycines; and exoplasmic cysteine disulphide residues; TSP-1 and PE binding sites, Thr92 and His242, respectively; 17 conserved proline and 14 glycine residues, which may participate in forming CD36 ‘short loops’; and basic amino acid residues, and may contribute to fatty acid and thrombospondin binding. Vertebrate CD36 genes usually contained 12 coding exons. The human CD36 gene contained transcription factor binding sites (including PPARG and PPARA) contributing to a high gene expression level (6.6 times average). Phylogenetic analyses examined the relationships and potential evolutionary origins of the vertebrate CD36 gene with vertebrate SCARB1 and SCARB2 genes. These suggested that CD36 originated in an ancestral genome and was subsequently duplicated to form three vertebrate CD36 gene family members, SCARB1, SCARB2 and CD36.
Effects of Marital Disruption on Children's School Aptitude and Achievement.

The effects of marital disruption on the academic aptitude and achievement of fourthgrade children were examined by comparing children in three types of families: early disrupted single-mother, recently disrupted single-mother, and never disrupted two-parent families. The data are from a longitudinal study of a community population of school children. Outcome measures were tests of aptitude and achievement at grade 4, teacher and parent ratings of school performance at grade 3, and tests of cognitive skills at preschool screening. Analyses controlling for gender, birth order, maternal employment, and maternal education showed that children in recently disrupted single-motherfamilies had greater problems in some but not all areas of school achievement and performance than children in early disrupted single-mother families or children in never disrupted two-parent families.
Spatiotemporally differential inhibition of pyramidal cells in the cat motor cortex.

1. The spatiotemporal pattern of inhibition in the cat motor cortex was studied in in vitro slice preparations in the presence of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV). 2. After intracortical microstimulation (0.5-6 microA), fast and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were produced in layers II-VI pyramidal cells and selectively reduced with bicuculline methiodide and phaclofen, respectively. 3. Fast IPSPs were maximally produced by stimulation of the same layer where their cell bodies were located, and they decreased in amplitude as the more superficial layer was stimulated. In contrast, slow IPSPs were maximally produced by stimulation of layer II regardless of the location of the recorded pyramidal cell and decreased in amplitude as the deeper layer was stimulated. 4. The reduction of amplitude of fast IPSPs, in response to a vertical shift of the stimulation site toward more superficial layers, was always correlated with an increase in rise time and with a shift of the reversal potential to a more hyperpolarized level. 5. When the stimulation site was moved horizontally to the more lateral site, fast IPSPs increased in latency and decreased in amplitude gradually without appreciable changes in rise time. Fast IPSPs could be evoked from horizontally remote sites of up to 800-1,200 microns. 6. Inhibitory interneurons, which are responsible for evoking fast IPSPs, appear to be distributed through almost all layers to send horizontally spreading parallel axons making synaptic contacts at different electrotonic distances along apical dendrites of single pyramidal cells. 7. Horizontal spreads were much less in slow IPSPs (< 340-680 microns). The time-to-peak of slow IPSPs produced in layer V pyramidal cells (159.5 +/- 6.8 ms, mean +/- SD, n = 10) was significantly (P < 0.0001) longer than that in layers II and III pyramidal cells (128.5 +/- 7.5 ms, n = 7). Asymmetric reversal properties of slow IPSPs were seen, suggesting the spatial dispersion of synaptic inputs along apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. 8. In layer V pyramidal cells, the time-to-peak of slow IPSPs decreased with increasing membrane hyperpolarization, indicating that the later portion of slow IPSPs was more sensitive to the membrane-potential change than the early portion. This further indicates that the late portion of slow IPSPs is generated at synapses on the more proximal dendrite of pyramidal cells than the early portion, contrary to that expected from the Rall's model of passive dendrite under the condition of synchronous inputs. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
IL-18, but not IL-12, Regulates NK Cell Activity following Intranasal Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection1

Infection of the respiratory tract with HSV type 1 (HSV-1) can have severe clinical complications, yet little is known of the immune mechanisms that control the replication and spread of HSV-1 in this site. The present study investigated the protective role of IL-12 and IL-18 in host defense against intranasal HSV-1 infection. Both IL-12 and IL-18 were detected in lung fluids following intranasal infection of C57BL/6 (B6) mice. IL-18-deficient (B6.IL-18−/−) mice were more susceptible to HSV-1 infection than wild-type B6 mice as evidenced by exacerbated weight loss and enhanced virus growth in the lung. IL-12-deficient (B6.IL-12−/−) mice behaved similarly to B6 controls. Enhanced susceptibility of B6.IL-18−/− mice to HSV-1 infection correlated with a profound impairment in the ability of NK cells recovered from the lungs to produce IFN-γ or to mediate cytotoxic activity ex vivo. The weak cytotoxic capacity of NK cells from the lungs of B6.IL-18−/− mice correlated with reduced expression of the cytolytic effector molecule granzyme B. Moreover, depletion of NK cells from B6 or B6.IL-12−/− mice led to enhanced viral growth in lungs by day 3 postinfection; however, this treatment had no effect on viral titers in lungs of B6.IL-18−/− mice. Together these studies demonstrate that IL-18, but not IL-12, plays a key role in the rapid activation of NK cells and therefore in control of early HSV-1 replication in the lung.
Therapeutic approaches in treating Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease – what does the future hold?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is one of the human prion disorders. It has a rapid disease course and is invariably fatal. Currently, no therapy is available. The causative agent is thought to be the prion protein, which acquires a pathological isoform through a conformational change and is hardly degradable. Experimental research has identified several substances, which were able to modestly inhibit the formation and propagation of pathological prion configurations. However, these substances were only effective when administered around the time of inoculation with the pathological prion. This review discusses the possibilities and limitations encountered in the development of pharmacotherapeutics for CJD.
Unnecessary Dieting Intention and Behavior among Female Students in Naha City, Japan

Weight concerns and dieting are prevalent among female adolescents both in Western and Asian countries. They can result in negative psychological and physiological consequences. This study aimed to examine the relative importance of social and personal factors in the decision to diet among female adolescent students in Japan, applying the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected from five junior high schools and three high schools in Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture, in 2010, through self-administered questionnaires. The data of 756 female students were assessed. The independent variables included social factor variables (norms) and personal factor variables (attitude to dieting, perceived behavior control, body esteem, body-figure discrepancy and past dieting). The dependent variables were dieting intention and behavior. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed to examine three models: model 1 (age and obesity index), model 2 (social factor variables with age and obesity index) and model 3 (all variables). Although model 2 failed to explain a substantial proportion of the variance, model 3 explained approximately a half of the variance for intention (R2 = 0.507) and more than one third of the variance for behavior (R2 = 0.376). Past experience of dieting was the best predictor of both dieting intention and behavior. Body esteem was the second best predictor for dieting behavior. In conclusion, personal factors are more likely than social factors to drive the dieting decision. Diet education programs should consider targeting frequent dieters and those with poor body esteem.
Securing DNP3 and Modbus with AGA12-2J

This paper describes the use of the American Gas Association AGA 12-2 Standard for the encryption of SCAD A communication messages. This encryption can be added as a wrapper layer to byte-oriented protocols such as DNP3 and Modbus and consequently can be applied to existing communication systems. AGA 12-2 complies with the upcoming IEEE 1689 and IEEE 1711 standards for securing SCADA communication. AGA 12-2 describes a SCADA cryptographic module (SCM) that can be applied as a "bump- in-the-wire" device placed in series with the communication interface for the SCM function can be performed internally within a SCADA device.
Introspection in Consumer Research: Implementation and Implications

On the basis of a review of introspective methods in other social science disciplines, we identify five categories of introspection: (1) researcher introspection, (2) guided introspection, (3) interactive introspection, (4) syncretic combinations, and (5) reflexivity within research. We draw from this literature a set of six methodological issues relevant to the conduct of introspection in consumer research. Because of the recent publication of consumer behavior papers that rely extensively or even exclusively on the researchers' life experiences as data, we consider these methodological issues in detail regarding the conduct of researcher introspection. On the basis of substantive and methodological developments in other categories of introspection, researcher introspection is critiqued in terms of data collection and recording issues, its lack of separation of the roles of the researcher and introspector, and its exclusive focus on one individual. Because of the difficulties of overcoming critical methodological limitations inherent in this research approach, we conclude that researcher introspection has severely limited potential to contribute to future research in consumer behavior. In contrast, we suggest that appropriate use of guided introspection and reflexivity within research can be used to advance theory in consumer behavior. We conclude by discussing the balance between openness and rigor necessitated by the pluralistic composition of the field of consumer research.
Physical characterisation of near-Earth asteroid (1620) Geographos. Reconciling radar and thermal-infrared observations

The Yarkovsky (orbital drift) and YORP (spin state change) effects play important roles in the dynamical and physical evolution of asteroids. Thermophysical modelling of these observed effects, and of thermal-infrared observations, allows a detailed physical characterisation of an individual asteroid to be performed. We perform a detailed physical characterisation of near-Earth asteroid (1620) Geographos, a potential meteor stream source and former spacecraft target, using the same techniques as previously used in Rozitis et al. (2013) for (1862) Apollo. We use the advanced thermophysical model (ATPM) on published light-curve, radar, and thermal-infrared observations to constrain the thermophysical properties of Geographos. The derived properties are used to make detailed predictions of the Yarkovsky orbital drift and YORP rotational acceleration, which are then compared against published measurements to determine Geographos's bulk density. We find that Geographos has a thermal inertia of 340 +140/-100 J m-2 K-1 s-1/2, a roughness fraction of >50%, and a bulk density of 2100 +550/-450 kg m-3 when using the light-curve-derived shape model with the radar-derived maximum equatorial diameter of 5.04 +/- 0.07 km. It is also found that the radar observations had overestimated the z-axis in Geographos's shape model because of their near-equatorial view. This results in a poor fit to the thermal-infrared observations if its effective diameter is kept fixed in the model fitting. The thermal inertia derived for Geographos is slightly higher than the typical values for a near-Earth asteroid of its size, and its derived bulk density suggests a rubble-pile interior structure. Large uncertainties in shape model z-axes are likely to explain why radar and thermal-infrared observations sometimes give inconsistent diameter determinations for other asteroids.
Biological prognostic markers in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND Multiple novel therapeutic options have emerged in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including monoclonal antibodies and different classes of biological agents. With this increased diagnostic sophistication, novel prognostic markers are needed to stratify patients according to risk factors, particularly those with a mechanistic underpinning, to provide the basis for individually tailored treatment. METHODS Numerous prognostic markers have been proposed in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and this review discusses the more studied and the most widely used prognostic markers in DLBCL in the rituximab era. RESULTS Prognostic markers in DLBCL include a range of biomarkers assessed by morphology, immunohistochemistry, and relatively novel molecular methods including gene expression profiling, high-resolution array comparative genomic hybridization, and next-generation sequencing. Most of these methods are not routinely used due to substantial cost, technical complexity, and the requirement for fresh or frozen tissue. CONCLUSIONS Efforts are underway to translate previous microarray findings to platforms that can be readily used in routine clinical practice with high reproducibility, precise measurements, and minimal loss of information. At the present time, there is no consensus on which biological prognostic markers should be routinely assessed in patients with DLBCL, and practices vary widely among different institutions. With more global approaches, the ability to assess biomarkers in the cellular or tumor context may be possible, resulting in a better understanding of their biological and prognostic significance.
Case Study of Youth Empowerment Scheme of Niger State, Nigeria in Poverty Alleviation

This study investigated the role of the Youth Empowerment Scheme (Project YES) of Niger State, Nigeria as a non-governmental organization in poverty alleviation through skills acquisition. The study was carried out to determine the impact of Project YES in poverty alleviation in the State and also to determine whether the scheme has succeeded in empowering its beneficiaries in terms of skill acquisition for selfempowerment. A survey design was adopted for the study. The study revealed that the Scheme has succeeded in empowering its beneficiaries by way of vocational skills acquisition hence contributing to a change in their socio-economic status. Based on the findings, the study recommends among others the urgent need to introduce the scheme at the Local Government Area levels to cater for the poverty stricken rural dwellers, and also the need for government at all levels to encourage individuals, philanthropists and philanthropic organizations to set up poverty alleviation related NGOs to supplement her effort in fighting the scourge of poverty in Nigeria.
Stark Broadening of Carbon and Oxygen Lines in Hot DQ White Dwarf Stars: Recent Results and Applications

Abstract White dwarf stars are traditionally found to have surface compositions made primarily of hydrogen or helium. However, a new family has recently been uncovered, the so-called hot DQ white dwarfs, which have surface compositions dominated by carbon and oxygen with little or no trace of hydrogen and helium (Dufour et al. 2007, 2008, 2010). Deriving precise atmospheric parameters for these objects (such as the effective temperature and the surface gravity) requires detailed modeling of spectral line profiles. Stark broadening parameters are of crucial importance in that context. We present preliminary results from our new generation of model atmospheres including the latest Stark broadening calculations for C II lines and discuss the implications as well as future work that remains to be done.
Factor structure of the inventory of adult temperament styles

Temperament refers to stylistic and relatively stable traits that subsume intrinsic tendencies to act and react in somewhat predictable ways to people, events, and stimuli. Temperament can be defined by four bipolar styles: extroversion-introversion, practical-imaginative, thinking-feeling, and organized-flexible. These four styles provide the theoretical structure for the group administered Inventory of Adult Temperament Styles (IATS). Validity evidences are reported on 853 middle class adults (43% female), ages 15 through 54 (M = 26.5, SD = 8.6), who were studying at universities or working in Sao Paulo state (Brazil). The degree items are consistent with the four temperament styles was examined through item response theory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results confirm the proposed theoretical structure. Invariance testing suggests that scores reflecting temperament styles have similar meanings for men and women. Implications as well as future directions for research are discussed.