Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Anhedonia in Psychiatric Patients: The Pleasure Scale

In two studies of depressed, manic, schizophrenic, and normal subjects, a scale for measuring the intensity of subjects' pleasureable responses to normally emjoyable situations (the Pleasure Scale) evidenced good internal reliability and moderate agreement with the Chapman Anhedonia Scale and Indexes of depressive symptom severity. Only the depressed patients showed extremely anhedonic responses. Although more than half the depressed patients evidenced pleasure scores in the normal range, about 185 of them seemed more anhedonic than any norma subject. A mixture analysis resolved depressed patient scores into two distinct distributions: a normal-range distribution (88% of depressives) and an extremely anhedonic distribution (12%). The findings provide some support for the existence of a qualitatively distinct subtype of major depression that has been variously defined an "endogenomorphic" or "melancholic. "
How Self-Construal Affects Dispositionalism in Attributions

Many studies have found that cultures differ in the extent to which people prefer dispositional over situational attributions for social behavior. One explanation of this difference relates attribution to variations in self-construal. Since the assumption that independent vs. interdependent self-construals have a causal impact on attributions cannot directly be tested in cross-national comparisons, we examined it using experimental priming techniques. Study 1 shows that previously described cultural differences in dispositionalism in attributions are mirrored by the priming of independent vs. interdependent self-contents. Studies 2 and 3 show that the same pattern of differences in attributions can be produced by having participants think about themselves in a context-independent or context-dependent manner. Together, the findings support the view of culture as situated cognition: attributions are impacted by both accessible self-contents and the degree of context-dependency of self-related thoughts.
LOLA Object Manipulation in an Unstructured Environment

LOLA won the Office Cleanup event at the 1995 Robot Competition and Exhibition, held as part of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence. The event called for a robot to pick up trash in an unstructured environment and sort it such that the recyclable trash winded up in the recycle bin and the regular trash in the trash bin. The only allowable information lola was given beforehand were model-based descriptions of the trash and recyclables, which it located using color vision. Much of LOLA's success can be attributed to the simple, fast algorithms and methods that also model sensor uncertainty. The ideas and design philosophy that went into LOLA borrow heavily from those of previous competitors' to which we are greatly indebted. These methods and ideas are discussed here.
D‐type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy

D‐type cyclins are proto‐oncogenic components of the ‘RB pathway’, a G1/S regulatory mechanism centred around the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (pRB) implicated in key cellular decisions that control cell proliferation, cell‐cycle arrest, quiescence, and differentiation. This study focused on immunohistochemical and immunochemical analysis of human adult testis and 32 testicular tumours to examine the differential expression and abundance of cyclins D1, D2, and D3 in relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy. In normal testis, the cell type‐restricted expression patterns were dominated by high levels of cyclin D3 in quiescent Leydig cells and the lack of any D‐type cyclin in the germ cells, the latter possibly representing the only example of normal mammalian cells proliferating in the absence of these cyclins. Most carcinoma‐in‐situ lesions appeared to gain expression of cyclin D2 but not D1 or D3, while the invasive testicular tumours showed variable positivity for cyclins D2 and D3, but rarely D1. An unexpected correlation with differentiation rather than proliferation was found particularly for cyclin D3 in teratomas, a conceptually significant observation confirmed by massive up‐regulation of cyclin D3 in the human teratocarcinoma cell line NTera2/D1 induced to differentiate along the neuronal lineage. These results suggest a possible involvement of cyclin D2 in the early stages of testicular oncogenesis and the striking examples of proliferation‐independent expression point to potential dual or multiple roles of the D‐type cyclins, particularly of cyclin D3. These findings extend current concepts of the biology of the cyclin D subfamily, as well as of the biology and oncopathology of the human adult testis. Apart from practical implications for the assessment of proliferation and oncogenic aberrations in human tissues and tumours, this study may inspire further research into the emerging role of the cyclin D proteins in the establishment and/or maintenance of the differentiated phenotypes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Age of Infusion Site and Type of Rapid-Acting Analog on Pharmacodynamic Parameters of Insulin Boluses in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes Receiving Insulin Pump Therapy

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of type of insulin analog and age of insertion site on the pharmacodynamic characteristics of a standard insulin bolus in youth with type 1 diabetes receiving insulin pump therapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Seventeen insulin pump–treated adolescents with type 1 diabetes underwent two euglycemic clamp procedures after a 0.2 unit/kg bolus of either insulin aspart or lispro on day 1 and day 4 of insulin pump site insertion. The glucose infusion rate (GIR) required to maintain euglycemia was the primary pharmacodynamic measure. RESULTS—There were no statistically significant differences in any of the pharmacodynamic parameters between aspart and lispro during day 1 and day 4. However, when the two groups were combined, time to discontinuation of exogenous glucose infusion, and time to half-maximal onset and offset of insulin action were observed significantly earlier during day 4 compared with day 1 (P = 0.03–0.0004), but the overall area under the GIR curve was similar on day 1 and day 4. CONCLUSIONS—With both insulin aspart and lispro, there is an earlier peak and shorter duration of action with increasing duration of infusion site use, but overall insulin action is not affected.
Fitness increases with partner and neighbour allopreening

Altruism and selfishness are fundamental characteristics of human and animal societies. Among colonial biparental species, breeding outcome depends on interactions between mates and neighbours. However, the relationships between cooperation within and among partnerships and fitness have not been fully investigated. We show that in the highly colonial common guillemot (Uria aalge), altruistic behaviour (allopreening) towards a mate was positively related to long-term fitness, whereas allopreening a neighbour was related to current fitness. Turnover is much lower within than between pairs, so our results suggest that allopreening within pairs generates fitness returns at longer timescales than between pairs. Allopreening not only removes ectoparasites and maintains plumage condition, but may also have important social functions. We found a negative relationship between fight rate and allopreen rate between breeding neighbours, with nests exhibiting low breeding success having a higher frequency of fights with neighbours. We also found evidence for reciprocity in allopreening. Thus, allopreening may function as a reciprocal stress reducer, to decrease the likelihood of fights and associated breeding failure. We suggest that altruistic behaviour has long-term benefits for the survival of the offspring when living in a crowded neighbourhood.
Contextual Modulation of Amygdala Responsivity to Surprised Faces

We recently demonstrated a functional relationship between fMRI responses within the amygdala and the medial prefrontal cortex based upon whether subjects interpreted surprised facial expressions positively or negatively. In the present fMRI study, we sought to assess amygdalamedial prefrontal cortex responsivity when the interpretations of surprised faces were determined by contextual experimental stimuli, rather than subjective judgment. Subjects passively viewed individual presentations of surprised faces preceded by either a negatively or positively valenced contextual sentence (e.g., She just found 500 vs. She just lost 500). Negative and positive sentences were carefully matched in terms of length, situations described, and arousal level. Negatively cued surprised faces produced greater ventral amygdala activation compared to positively cued surprised faces. Responses to negative versus positive sentences were greater within the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas responses to positive versus negative sentences were greater within the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. The present study demonstrates that amygdala response to surprised facial expressions can be modulated by negatively versus positively valenced verbal contextual information. Connectivity analyses identified candidate corticalsubcortical systems subserving this modulation.
Anticipatory Public Speaking State Anxiety as a Function of Body Sensations and State of Mind

This study examined the relationships among a public speaker's body sensations, state of mind, and anticipatory public speaking state anxiety. A negative relationship was found to exist between speaker state of mind and anticipatory public speaking anxiety, and a positive relationship was found between speaker body sensations and anticipatory public speaking anxiety. Moreover, speaker state of mind and body sensations combined to predict anticipatory public speaking anxiety.
Aberrant Cell Division and Random FtsZ Ring Positioning in Escherichia coli cpxA* Mutants

ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, certain mutations in thecpxA gene (encoding a sensor kinase of a two-component signal transduction system) randomize the location of FtsZ ring assembly and dramatically affect cell division. However, deletion of the cpxRA operon, encoding the sensor kinase and its cognate regulator CpxR, has no effect on division site biogenesis. It appears that certain mutant sensor kinases (CpxA*) either exhibit hyperactivity on CpxR or extend their signalling activity to one or more noncognate response regulators involved in cell division.
Prevention of thrombosis in pregnancy: How practical are consensus derived clinical practice guidelines?

Thromboembolic disease (TED) has, for many years, consistently been identified as one of the leading causes of direct maternal mortality. In November 2009, the RCOG published a guideline on the prevention of TED that has been rapidly adopted by hospital trusts in the UK. The aim of our study was to determine the number and profile of women in our population that would require treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and the cost implications of such treatment if these guidelines were implemented. A retrospective review of the first 100 women who delivered at the Coombe Women & Infants University Hospital (CWIUH) in 2010 was conducted and risk stratification applied at the relevant time points. A total of 51% were deemed to be at intermediate or high risk of TED at some point during pregnancy. In 35 of the 51 women (70%), this risk was attributable to factors such as age > 35 years, parity ≥ 3, BMI > 30 kg/m2 or cigarette smoking. In our obstetric population, the percentage of women with these risk factors was: 25.5%, 8.5%, 19% and 16.7%, respectively. Implementation of this guideline would increase the hospital annual expenditure on LMWH by a factor of 17. The strategy of attributing risk by accumulating factors that individually have a low risk of TED and are prevalent in the population needs to be re-visited. The cost of implementation of these guidelines is not inconsiderable in the absence of data to indicate that clinical outcome is improved with their implementation.
The link between STM and sentence comprehension: A neuropsychological rehabilitation study

A memory rehabilitation study was conducted with two patients with contrasting impairments in verbal short-term memory (STM): one with impaired phonological STM (pSTM) and one with impaired semantic STM (sSTM). Two treatments were employed, each designed to improve separate aspects of STM: phonological and semantic. The pSTM treatment selectively improved sensitivity to phonological effects in STM, and the sSTM treatment brought about increased lexical effects on verbal STM performance. There was also some evidence of type-specific generalisation to sentence comprehension, in that the pSTM patient showed post-treatment improvement on sentence repetition after the pSTM treatment, and the sSTM patient showed improved sentence anomaly judgement after the sSTM but not the pSTM treatment. The findings are discussed in relation to theories on the components involved in STM, and the role of STM in sentence processing.
Fiscal Discipline and the Cost of Public Debt Service: Some Estimates for OECD Countries

We use a panel of 16 OECD countries over several decades to investigate the effects of government debts and deficits on long-term interest rates. In simple static specifications, a one-percentage-point increase in the primary deficit relative to GDP increases contemporaneous long-term interest rates by about 10 basis points. In a vector autoregression (VAR), the same shock leads to a cumulative increase of almost 150 basis points after 10 years. The effect of debt on interest rates is non-linear: only for countries with above-average levels of debt does an increase in debt affect the interest rate. World fiscal policy is also important: an increase in total OECD-government borrowing increases each country's interest rates. However, domestic fiscal policy continues to affect domestic interest rates even after controlling for worldwide debts and deficits.
Learning by Drilling: Inter-Firm Learning and Relationship Persistence in the Texas Oilpatch

Production in many industries, such as construction and heavy manufacturing, relies on inputs from both lead firms and contractors. These firms’ joint productivity often hinges on their ability to share information and coordinate activities, suggesting that they have strong incentives to learn about each other’s personnel, procedures, and expertise. This learning differs from standard learning-by-doing in that it is relationship-specific: its benefits are not appropriable outside the relationship in which the learning takes place. In this paper, I empirically examine the importance of relationship-specific learning using high-frequency data from oil and gas drilling. I find that the joint productivity of a lead firm and its drilling contractor is enhanced significantly as they accumulate experience working together. This result is robust to other relationship specificities. I also find that firms appear to recognize the benefits of joint experience: controlling for other specificities, lead firms are more likely to work with contractors with which they have substantial prior experience than those with which they have worked relatively little.
Religion and Medicine III: Developing a Theoretical Model

In this third of a four-article series on religion and medicine, I describe a theoretical model to illustrate the complex pathways by which religion may influence physical health. Genetic factors, childhood training, psychological and social influences, health behaviors, and healthcare practices are discussed as part of this model. Considerable space is given to recent advances in psychoneuroimmunology and to stress-induced cardiovascular changes that demonstrate physiological pathways by which cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes may influence susceptibility to disease and disease course. I also discuss research illustrating the important role that social support plays in moderating the physiological effects of stress and improving health outcomes. If religious beliefs and practices improve coping, reduce stress, prevent or facilitate the resolution of depression, improve social support, promote healthy behaviors, and prevent alcohol and drug abuse, then a plausible mechanism exists by which physical health may be affected.
Development and initial evidence of validity of a short form of the physical self-perception profile for Greek adults

The aim of the study was the development of a valid and reliable short form of the physical self-perception profile. Data were collected from three samples of Greek adults, spanning 17–67 years. (Sample 1: n = 595; Sample 2: n = 602; Sample 3: n = 609). The physical self-perception profile—short form (PSPP-SF) comprised 15 items with three items per subscale of sport competence, body attractiveness, physical condition, physical strength, and physical self-worth (PSW). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the measurement model of PSPP-SF responses with good internal consistency per subscale. Data indicated an equivalent item interpretation across gender, weight status, exercise behaviour, age, and educational level. The mediating role of PSW in the relationship of global self-esteem with physical subdomain perceptions was also supported. Further, PSPP-SF scores supported the hierarchical conceptualisation of the physical self-concept and largely discriminated non-exercisers and regular exercise participants.
Health costs from hospitalization with H1N1 infection during the 2009–2010 influenza pandemic compared with non-H1N1 respiratory infections

Background The first positive patient with influenza A (H1N1) was recorded in March 2009 and the pandemic continued with new outbreaks throughout 2010. This study’s objective was to quantify the total cost of inpatient care and identify factors associated with the increased cost of the 2009–2010 influenza A pandemic in comparison with nonviral respiratory infection. Methods In total, 133 positive and 103 negative H1N1 patients were included from three tertiary care hospitals during the two waves of H1N1 in 2009 and 2010. The health costs for protective equipment and pharmaceuticals and hospitalization (medications, laboratory, and diagnostic tests) were compared between H1N1 positive and negative patients. Results The objective of the study was to quantify the means of daily and total costs of inpatient care. Overall, cost was higher for H1N1 positive (€61,0117.72) than for H1N1-negative patients (€464,923.59). This was mainly due to the protection measures used and the prolonged hospitalization in intensive care units. In H1N1-negative patients, main contributors to cost included additional diagnostic tests due to concern regarding respiratory capacity and laboratory values, as well as additional radiologic and microbial culture tests. The mean duration of hospitalization was 841 days for H1N1 positive and 829 days for negative patients. Conclusion Cost was higher in H1N1 patients, mainly due to the protection measures used and the increased duration of hospitalization in intensive care units. An automated system to monitor patients would be desirable to reduce cost in H1N1 influenza.
The inclination of mandibular incisors revisited.

OBJECTIVE To reassess the inclination of lower incisors and evaluate possible associations with gender, age, symphyseal parameters, and skeletal pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve hundred and seventy-two (605 females, 667 males) cephalograms of untreated subjects of a craniofacial growth study (age: 8-16 years) were evaluated. Correlations between the angulation of the lower incisors and age, symphyseal distances (height, width, and depth), symphyseal ratios (height-width, height-depth), and skeletal angles (divergence of the jaws and gonial angle) were investigated for all ages separately and for both sexes independently. RESULTS The inclination of lower incisors increased over age (8 years: girls = 93.9° [95% CI, 92.3°-95.7°], boys = 93.3° [95% CI, 91.8°-94.9°]; 16 years: girls = 96.1° [95% CI, 94.1°-98.2°], boys = 97.1° [95% CI, 95.6°-98.6°]). Inclination of lower incisors correlated with the divergence of the jaws for all ages significantly or highly significantly, except for boys and girls 9 years of age and girls 11 and 12 years of age, for which only a tendency was observed. Similarly, a strong correlation to gonial angle could be observed. No correlation could be found between the inclination of lower incisors and any symphyseal parameters (absolute measurements and ratios), except for symphyseal depth. CONCLUSION Lower incisor inclination is linked to the subject's sex, age, and skeletal pattern. It is not associated with symphyseal dimensions, except symphyseal depth. Factors related to natural inclination of lower incisors should be respected when establishing a treatment plan.
Automatic stance-swing phase detection from accelerometer data for peroneal nerve stimulation

The development of implantable peroneal nerve stimulators has increased interest in sensors which can detect the different phases of walking (stance and swing). Accelerometers with a potential for implantation are studied as detectors for the swing phase of walking to replace footswitches. Theoretically, one can show that accelerometers can be used to distinguish between stance and swing phase. Using accelerometers attached between the ankle and knee joints, the equivalent acceleration of the ankle joint was calculated. This resulted in a typical and reproducible signal in which the different walking phases were identified. Automatic detection algorithms based on cross-correlation calculations were developed and tested. Measurements from four healthy and four hemiplegic subjects resulted in a total of 317 and 272 steps, respectively. The testing of one of the hemiplegic subjects was considered to be a failure due to large disturbances in the acceleration signal during the swing phase of walking, which may be related to the use of crutches. <<ETX>>
Piecewise $H_{\infty}$ Controller Design of Uncertain Discrete-Time Fuzzy Systems With Time Delays

This paper considers the robust H infin control of uncertain discrete-time fuzzy systems with time delays based on piecewise Lyapunov--Krasovskii functionals. It is shown that the stability with H infin disturbance attenuation performance can be established for the closed-loop fuzzy control systems if there exists a piecewise Lyapunov--Krasovskii functional, and moreover, the functional and the corresponding controller can be obtained by solving a set of linear matrix inequalities that are numerically feasible. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency and the advantage of the proposed method.
Heuristic Versus Systematic Processing of Specialist Versus Generalist Sources in Online Media

In exploring why specialist sources (e.g., CNN.com) are more persuasive than generalist sources (e.g., CBS. com), this study examines theoretical mechanisms related to information-processing differences caused by these sources. When we have a chain of sources (Websites and agents) in online media, does specialization of one of them bias the processing of underlying information? Does it trigger the authority heuristic and promote heuristic, rather than systematic, processing? If so, does it affect affective trust more than cognitive trust? An experiment (N = 140) was conducted with an online wine shopping task. Participants showed greater trust in Website, Web agent, and product descriptions when exposed to a specialist Web agent than to a generalist Web agent. Theoretical implications are discussed.