Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
How Self-Conception May Lead to Inequality Effect of Hierarchical Roles on the Equality Rule in Organizational Resource-Sharing Tasks

This research examined the influence of role (leader or follower) within a group on the use of the equality rule (dividing resources equally) in allocation decisions. Different positions in the organizational hierarchy may activate different role schemas on how individuals should behave. Role schemas for leaders communicate that they should act responsibly, but also that they deserve certain privileges relevant to the allocation situation. It was predicted that leaders would allocate more resources to themselves than to their followers. The results of three studies (two scenario studies and one experimental study) revealed that leaders violated the equality rule by allocating more than a fair share of resources to themselves. Results also showed that leaders used the equality rule more for identifiable decisions (high accountability) than for unidentifiable decisions (low accountability). Findings are discussed in terms of leadership and social decision theories. Practical implications are outlined.
Management by Trust: A Conceptual Model

The management by trust (MBT) model is developed to ascertain the most effective system of management. It involves a trust-based managerial approach to design organizational structures and processes, assimilate conflicts, and integrate goals as an independent variable, and effective performance as a dependent variable. The theoretical soundness of the model is established through a survey of research literature, while its validity is determined through action and basic objective researches conducted by the author in India. MBT action research interventions in two plants led to significant improvement in several performance measures and generated a trusting climate. Field data collected from two industrial organiza tions in a basic objective research reveal that effective and ineffective organizations differ in terms of their adherence to trust-based and distrust-based managerial approaches, respectively. Tentatively, the MBT system seems to be an effective managerial device for accomplishing improved performance in industrial organizations.
A Dynamical Model for the Low Efficiency of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming

In the past decade, researchers have been able to obtain pluripotent stem cells directly from an organism’s differentiated cells through a process called cell reprogramming. This opens the way to potentially groundbreaking applications in regenerative and personalized medicine, in which ill patients could use self-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells where needed. While the process of reprogramming has been shown to be possible, its efficiency remains so low after almost ten years since its conception as to render its applicability limited to laboratory research. In this paper, we study a mathematical model of the core transcriptional circuitry among a set of key transcription factors, which is thought to determine the switch among pluripotent and differentiated cell types. By employing standard tools from dynamical systems theory, we analyze the effects on the system’s dynamics of overexpressing the core factors, which is what is performed during the reprogramming process. We demonstrate that the structure of the system is such that it can render the switch from an initial stable steady state (differentiated cell type) to the desired stable steady state (pluripotent cell type) highly unlikely. This finding provides insights into a possible reason for the low efficiency of current reprogramming approaches.
Design of a Subthreshold-Supply Bootstrapped CMOS Inverter Based on an Active Leakage-Current Reduction Technique

This brief presents a bootstrapped CMOS inverter operated with a subthreshold power supply. In addition to improving the driving ability, a large gate voltage swing from -VDD to 2VDD suppresses the subthreshold leakage current. As compared with other reported works, the proposed bootstrapped inverter uses fewer transistors operated in the subthreshold region. Therefore, our design has shorter delay time. The Monte Carlo analysis results indicate that a sigma of delay time is only 6.3 ns under the process and temperature variations with 200-mV operation. Additionally, a test chip is fabricated in the 90-nm SPRVT low-K CMOS process. Chip measurement results demonstrate the feasibility of operating ten-stage bootstrapped inverters with a 200-fF loading of each stage at 200-mV VDD. The test chip is able to achieve 10-MHz clock rate at 200 mV VDD, the power consumption is 1.01 μW, and the leakage power is 107 nW.
Adolescent Motherhood: A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies

Purpose To synthesize qualitative studies on the phenomenon of adolescent motherhood. Methods Databases were searched for qualitative studies regarding the experience of adolescent motherhood (years 1990–2001). Noblit and Hare’s (1988) meta-ethnographic comparative method was used for synthesizing the research. A total of 251 citations were found, with a subgroup of 50 studies on “adolescent motherhood” and “qualitative studies. ” Twenty-five studies conducted in the United States, Canada, China, England, and Australia met the sample inclusion criteria. The combined sample of participants across studies was 257 adolescent mothers. Results Certain characteristics are common to the studies of adolescent motherhood. Five overarching metaphors were found: (1) the reality of motherhood brings hardship; (2) living in the two worlds of adolescence and motherhood; (3) motherhood as positively transforming; (4) baby as stabilizing influence; and (5) supportive context as turning point for the future. Clinical Implications Nurses working in hospital, home care, community, and school settings can use the results of this metasynthesis to obtain a clearer picture of how adolescents feel during pregnancy, and the types of nursing interventions that can be developed to help them.
Screening for autism in preterm children: diagnostic utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire

Objective Preterm survivors are at high risk for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The diagnostic utility of the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) in screening for ASD was assessed in extremely preterm children at 11 years of age. Design All babies born at <26 weeks gestation in UK and Ireland from March through December 1995 were recruited to the EPICure Study. Of 307 survivors, 219 (71%) were assessed at 11 years. Parents of 173 children completed the SCQ to screen for autistic features and the Development and Well Being Assessment (DAWBA) psychiatric interview. A consensus diagnosis of ASD was assigned by two child psychiatrists following review of the DAWBA parental interview and corresponding DAWBA teacher questionnaire. Setting Community-based follow-up. Results Using the established SCQ cut-off (scores ≥15), 28 (16%) extremely preterm children screened positive for ASD. Eleven (6%) were assigned a diagnosis of ASD. Using this cut-off, the SCQ had 82% sensitivity and 88% specificity for identifying ASD in this population. Using a receiver operating characteristic curve, SCQ scores ≥14 had optimal diagnostic utility (area under curve: 0.94; sensitivity: 91%; specificity: 86%). Positive predictive value was relatively low (31%) resulting in numerous over-referrals. However, children with false positive screens had significantly worse neuro-developmental, cognitive and behavioural outcomes than those with true negative screens. Conclusion The SCQ has good diagnostic utility for identifying ASD in extremely preterm children and is a useful screening tool in this population. Children with false positive screens represent a high-risk group in whom further diagnostic assessment would be beneficial.
TIME-DEPENDENT INHIBITION AND TETRAHYDROBIOPTERIN DEPLETION OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE CAUSED BY CIGARETTES

Smoking causes a dysfunction in endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (eNOS), which is ameliorated, in part, by administration of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). The exact mechanism by which the nitric oxide deficit occurs is unknown. We have previously shown that aqueous extracts of chemicals in cigarettes (CE) cause the suicide inactivation of neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) by interacting at the substrate-binding site. In the current study, we have found that CE directly inactivates eNOS by a process that is not affected by the natural substrate l-arginine and is distinct from the mechanism of inactivation of nNOS. We discovered that CE causes a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent inactivation of eNOS in an in vitro system containing the purified enzyme, indicating a metabolic component to the inactivation. The CE-treated eNOS but not nNOS was nearly fully reactivated upon incubation with excess BH4, suggesting that BH4 depletion is a potential mechanism of inactivation. Moreover, in the presence of CE, eNOS catalyzed the oxidation of BH4 to dihydrobiopterin and biopterin by a process attenuated by high concentrations of superoxide dismutase but not catalase. We speculate that a redox active component in CE, perhaps a quinone compound, causes oxidative uncoupling of eNOS to form superoxide, which in turn oxidizes BH4. The discovery of a direct inactivation of eNOS by a compound(s) present in tobacco provides a basis not only for further study of the mechanisms responsible for the biological effects of tobacco but also a search for a potentially novel inactivator of eNOS.
A feasibility randomised controlled trial of the DECIDE intervention: dementia carers making informed decisions

Summary Family carers report high levels of decisional conflict when deciding whether their relative with dementia can continue to be cared for in their own home. We tested, in a feasibility randomised controlled trial, the first decision aid (the DECIDE manual) aiming to reduce such conflict. Twenty family carers received the DECIDE intervention, and 21 received usual treatment. The intervention group had reduced decisional conflict compared with controls (mean difference −11.96, 95% confidence interval −20.10 to −3.83, P=0.005). All carers receiving the intervention completed and valued it, despite some still reporting difficulties with family conflict and problems negotiating services.
School Innovation

The primary aim of this research is to identify cultural determinants of organizational learning and knowledge creation practices, which could be the driving factors for the innovation process in school settings (Mulford, 1998; Silins et al., 2002). A conceptual process model for school innovation was developed. In contrast to previous approaches, this research primarily focused on environmental factors and practical processes rather than on individual and policy-related components. The major factors and processes included a supportive learning culture, school autonomy of teachers and departmental collaboration in the school setting. Furthermore, as an endogenous variable of this research, a practical organizational knowledge creation process among teachers and administrators was measured. Organizational knowledge creation is the critical component for school reform and innovation. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach was used to evaluate the complex structure of the proposed research constructs. Results suggest that a supportive organizational learning culture positively and significantly impacts all three constructs, but that school job autonomy does not have a statistically significant direct impact on departmental creativity and knowledge creation practices in school systems. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations for further research are discussed.
3 Merger and Acquisition Transactions and Executive Compensation: A Review of the Empirical Evidence

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to review the existing empirical evidence and provide an integrative framework for the growing body of literature that is situated at the intersection of two highly debated topics: merger and acquisition (M&A) activities and executive compensation. The proposed framework structures the literature along two dimensions, such as M&A phases and firm's role in a M&A deal, allowing us to identify three main streams of research and five different conceptualizations of causal relationships between M&A transactions and executive compensation. Making a comprehensive review of empirical studies conducted to date we aim at shedding more light on the current and emerging knowledge in this field of investigation, discussing the inconsistencies encountered within each stream of research and suggesting promising directions for further exploration.
Individual study, interactive multimedia, or cooperative learning : Which activity best supplements lecture-based distance education?

Distance education is the fastest growing form of domestic and international education (M. S. Mclsaac & C. N. Gunawardena, 1996, p. 403). Unfortunately, research investigating effective use of distance education has not kept pace with implementation. In this study, the authors evaluated how lecture-based distance education could best be supplemented with various learning activities. Undergraduate volunteers participated in 1 of 3 post-distance-education lecture activities: individual study, cooperative learning, or interactive multimedia. Then they were tested on knowledge of lecture material and were asked how much they enjoyed the distance education experience. Results indicated that although the interactive multimedia group enjoyed the learning activity more than the cooperative learning and individual study groups, the cooperative learning group learned the most.
Injurious ventilatory strategies increase cytokines and c-fos m-RNA expression in an isolated rat lung model.

We examined the effect of ventilation strategy on lung inflammatory mediators in the presence and absence of a preexisting inflammatory stimulus. 55 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to either intravenous saline or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 50 min of spontaneous respiration, the lungs were excised and randomized to 2 h of ventilation with one of four strategies: (a) control (C), tidal volume (Vt) = 7 cc/kg, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) = 3 cm H2O; (b) moderate volume, high PEEP (MVHP), Vt = 15 cc/kg; PEEP = 10 cm H2O; (c) moderate volume, zero PEEP (MVZP), Vt = 15 cc/kg, PEEP = 0; or (d) high volume, zero PEEP (HVZP), Vt = 40 cc/kg, PEEP = 0. Ventilation with zero PEEP (MVZP, HVZP) resulted in significant reductions in lung compliance. Lung lavage levels of TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, MIP-2, and IFNgamma were measured by ELISA. Zero PEEP in combination with high volume ventilation (HVZP) had a synergistic effect on cytokine levels (e.g., 56-fold increase of TNFalpha versus controls). Identical end inspiratory lung distention with PEEP (MVHP) resulted in only a three-fold increase in TNFalpha, whereas MVZP produced a six-fold increase in lavage TNFalpha. Northern blot analysis revealed a similar pattern (C, MVHP < MVZP < HVZP) for induction of c-fos mRNA. These data support the concept that mechanical ventilation can have a significant influence on the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory milieu of the lung, and thus may play a role in initiating or propagating a local, and possibly systemic inflammatory response.
Academic Dishonesty among Tertiary Institution Students: An Exploration of the Societal Influences Using SEM Analysis

This study examined the influence of societal factors on academic dishonest conducts of the Nigerian tertiary education students. A total of two hundred and thirty-one Nigerian students drawn from three of the public universities in Malaysia (IIUM, UPM, & USM) were included in the study. An instrument tagged: “Academic Dishonesty Survey (ADS)” was used for data collection. Both the Principal Component Analysis method (PCA), reliability tests via (cronbach’s alpha), and average variance extracted (AVE) were employed to generate adequate supports for convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs of the instrument. The result of the full-fledged structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that societal factor had indirect effect on academic conducts of students through cognitive processes. Implications of the study were discussed and suggestions were advanced. This study examined the influence of societal factors on academic dishonest conducts of the Nigerian tertiary education students. A total of two hundred and thirty-one Nigerian students drawn from three of the public universities in Malaysia (IIUM, UPM, & USM) were included in the study. An instrument tagged: “Academic Dishonesty Survey (ADS)” was used for data collection. Both the Principal Component Analysis method (PCA), reliability tests via (cronbach’s alpha), and average variance extracted (AVE) were employed to generate adequate supports for convergent and discriminant validity of the constructs of the instrument. The result of the full-fledged structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that societal factor had indirect effect on academic conducts of students through cognitive processes. Implications of the study were discussed and suggestions were advanced.
Nature, extent, and importance of what psychotherapy trainees do not disclose to their supervisors.

Nondisclosures in supervision were studied for 108 supervisees. Supervisees reported an average of 8.06 nondisclosures ranging in importance level. Negative reactions to the supervisor were the most frequent type of nondisclosure. The most frequent reasons for nondisclosures were perceived unimportance, that the nondisclosure was too personal, negative feelings, and a poor alliance. The manner of nondisclosure was usually passive. Most nondisclosures were discussed with someone else, typically a peer. Supervisor style was related to content of and reasons for nondisclosure. Supervisees were less satisfied when they reported more negative reactions to supervisors and when they did not disclose because of poor alliances, supervisor incompetence, and fear of political suicide. Thus, nondisclosure affects the process of supervision. Further research is needed on how nondisclosures in supervision affect supervision and therapy processes.
Justice perceptions of performance appraisal practices

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the underlying structure of employees' justice perceptions in the context of their organizations' performance appraisal practices.Design/methodology/approach – Ten multi‐item scales were designed to measure the perceived fairness of performance appraisal practices. A nested confirmatory factor analysis of employee responses (n=188) compared the four justice dimensions (i.e. procedural, distributive, interpersonal, informational) to five plausible alternatives. Construct validity was demonstrated through a structural equation model of matched employee and supervisor responses (n=117). Findings – The confirmatory factor analysis showed evidence of four distinct but highly correlated justice constructs. Results supported hypothesized relationships between procedural justice and helpful behaviors toward the organization via appraisal system satisfaction; distributive justice with appraisal satisfaction; and interpersonal and informational justice and helpful be.
Genetic Structure and Molecular Diversity of Cacao Plants Established as Local Varieties for More than Two Centuries: The Genetic History of Cacao Plantations in Bahia, Brazil

Bahia is the most important cacao-producing state in Brazil, which is currently the sixth-largest country worldwide to produce cacao seeds. In the eighteenth century, the Comum, Pará and Maranhão varieties of cacao were introduced into southern Bahia, and their descendants, which are called ‘Bahian cacao’ or local Bahian varieties, have been cultivated for over 200 years. Comum plants have been used to start plantations in African countries and extended as far as countries in South Asia and Oceania. In Brazil, two sets of clones selected from Bahian varieties and their mutants, the Agronomic Institute of East (SIAL) and Bahian Cacao Institute (SIC) series, represent the diversity of Bahian cacao in germplasm banks. Because the genetic diversity of Bahian varieties, which is essential for breeding programs, remains unknown, the objective of this work was to assess the genetic structure and diversity of local Bahian varieties collected from farms and germplasm banks. To this end, 30 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to genotype 279 cacao plants from germplasm and local farms. The results facilitated the identification of 219 cacao plants of Bahian origin, and 51 of these were SIAL or SIC clones. Bahian cacao showed low genetic diversity. It could be verified that SIC and SIAL clones do not represent the true diversity of Bahian cacao, with the greatest amount of diversity found in cacao trees on the farms. Thus, a core collection to aid in prioritizing the plants to be sampled for Bahian cacao diversity is suggested. These results provide information that can be used to conserve Bahian cacao plants and applied in breeding programs to obtain more productive Bahian cacao with superior quality and tolerance to major diseases in tropical cacao plantations worldwide.
The Teacher's "Practical Knowledge" Report of a Case Study

As a teacher and as a curriculum worker, I have been disturbed by the inadequacy of the existing conceptualization of the role of the teacher within the field of curriculum. The prevailing view of the teacher as a passive transmitter of knowledge does not accord with my own experience, in teaching and in work with teachers, of what the teaching act requires. But a view of the teacher as playing a role in the implementation of new curricula, adapting and changing the materials which come his or her way, may also be inadequate insofar as it rests on similar assumptions about the teacher's ability to initiate and shape actively the classroom situation. In an effort to conceptualize more adequately the role of the teacher, I propose a view of the teacher as holding and using "practical knowledge. " This view was elaborated and explored in a case study (Elbaz 1980) consisting of a series of open-ended discussions with one teacher, an experienced high school English teacher. These discussions, tape-recorded and transcribed, provided data in terms of which the conception of practical knowledge was elaborated, as well as illustration and insight into how practical knowledge is held. In beginning the study, I sought to explain the hold which the negative, passive view of the teacher has on educational thought by looking first at the way curriculum development is conceived. When the curriculum development process is seen as a linear progression, with ends kept separate from means, one result is a radical distinction between theory and practice, with the consequent problems of how to "apply" theory to practice. It is apparent that teachers are ultimately the people whose task it is to translate theoretical notions into practice and that classroom events are the "embodiment of the curriculum" (Westbury 1977). But there is an unwillingness to view the work done by teachers as the complex activity that it is. This is reflected in persistent research efforts to reduce the manifold realities of the classroom to two or three simple factors or to positions along a single dimension. A simplistic view of the process by which curricular prescriptions come to be embodied in classroom practice, however, has one advantage of sorts for developers. If the teacher's task can