Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Using Bilingual Comparable Corpora

An unsupervised method for word sense disambiguation using a bilingual comparable corpus was developed. First, it extracts statistically significant pairs of related words from the corpus of each language. Then, aligning pairs of related words translingually, it calculates the correlation between the senses of a first-language polysemous word and the words related to the polysemous word, which can be regarded as clues for determining the most suitable sense. Finally, for each instance of the polysemous word, it selects the sense that maximizes the score, i.e., the sum of the correlations between each sense and the clues appearing in the context of the instance. To overcome both the problem of ambiguity in the translingual alignment of pairs of related words and that of disparity of topical coverage between corpora of different languages, an algorithm for calculating the correlation between senses and clues iteratively was devised. An experiment using Wall Street Journal and Nihon Keizai Shimbun corpora showed that the new method has promising performance; namely, the applicability and precision of its sense selection are 88.5% and 77.7%, respectively, averaged over 60 test polysemous words.
How the breadwinning role and sex of employees influence beliefs about referent choice and job satisfaction

13 This research starts from the premise that women's entry into, and substantial representation in, the workforce has changed the nature of the relationship between family and work roles. Specifically, the purpose is to show that the roles people play in their families significantly affects their determination of job satisfaction. Equity theory and relative deprivation theory suggest that a pivotal factor in determining job satisfaction is the selection and use of a referent. In practice, however, the research on referent use in job satisfaction has nol considered family role effects because job satisfaction research has focused almost exclusively on the work domain. This research seeks to expand upon this literature by hypothesizing that family role will influence the choice of the referent and will be a meaningful explanatory variable in job satisfaction models. Analysis of the survey results reveals basic support for the inclusion of family role in models of job satisfaction in four job satisfaction contexts. The family role variable of breadwiiming status is positively related to job satisfaction and emerges as a better explanatory variable for job satisfaction responses than respondent sex. The effects of family role on referent choice, however, are not consistent or strong'. Instead, only 'it should be noted that this lack of effect may very well be an artifact of a sample that revealed relatively fewer family obligations than would be likely for the general population.
Implementing the cylindrical algebraic decomposition within the Coq system

The Coq system is a Curry–Howard based proof assistant. Therefore, it contains a full functional, strongly typed programming language, which can be used to enhance the system with powerful automation tools through the implementation of reflexive tactics. We present the implementation of a cylindrical algebraic decomposition algorithm within the Coq system, whose certification leads to a proof producing decision procedure for the first-order theory of real numbers.
Randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine versus placebo in patients prodromally symptomatic for psychosis.

OBJECTIVE This study assessed the efficacy of olanzapine in delaying or preventing conversion to psychosis and reducing symptoms in people with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia. METHOD This randomized trial occurred at four North American clinics in the Prevention Through Risk Identification, Management, and Education project. Outpatients received olanzapine (5-15 mg/day, N=31) or placebo (N=29) during a 1-year double-blind treatment period and no treatment during a 1-year follow-up period. Efficacy measures included the conversion-to-psychosis rate and Scale of Prodromal Symptoms scores. RESULTS During the treatment year, 16.1% of olanzapine patients and 37.9% of placebo patients experienced a conversion to psychosis, a nearly significant difference. The hazard of conversion among placebo patients was about 2.5 times that among olanzapine-treated patients, which also approached significance. In the follow-up year, the conversion rate did not differ significantly between groups. During treatment, the mean score for prodromal positive symptoms improved more in the olanzapine group than in the placebo group, and the mixed-model repeated-measures least-squares mean score showed significantly greater improvement between weeks 8 and 28 with olanzapine. The olanzapine patients gained significantly more weight (mean=8.79 kg, SD=9.05, versus mean=0.30 kg, SD=4.24). CONCLUSIONS A significant treatment difference in the conversion-to-psychosis rate was not demonstrated. However, these results may be influenced by low power. The nearly significant differences suggest that olanzapine might reduce the conversion rate and delay onset of psychosis. Olanzapine was efficacious for positive prodromal symptoms but induced weight gain. Further treatment research in this phase of illness is warranted.
On the Instantaneous Spectrum of Gamma-Ray Bursts

A theoretical attempt to identify the physical process responsible for the afterglow emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) is presented, leading to the occurrence of thermal emission in the comoving frame of the shock wave which gives rise to the bursts. The determination of the luminosities and spectra involves integration over an infinite number of Planckian spectra, weighted by appropriate relativistic transformations, each one corresponding to a different viewing angle in the past light cone of the observer. The relativistic transformations have been computed using the equations of motion of GRBs within our theory, giving special attention to the determination of the equitemporal surfaces. The only free parameter of the present theory is the "effective emitting area" in the shock wave front. A self-consistent model for the observed hard-to-soft transition in GRBs is also presented. When applied to GRB 991216 a precise fit (χ2≃1.078) of the observed luminosity in the 2–10 keV band is obtained. Similarly, detailed estimates of the observed luminosity in the 50–300 keV and in the 10–50 keV bands are obtained.
Violence, crime and mentally disordered offenders : concepts and methods for effective treatment and prevention

Evidence-Based Treatment for Mentally Disordered Offenders (R. Muller-Isberner & S. Hodgins). Offenders with Brain Damage (N. Nedopil). Personality Disordered Offenders: Conceptualization, Assessment and Diagnosis of Personality Disorder (H. Burke & S. Hart). Psychopathic Offenders (S. Wong). Offenders with Schizophrenia (J. Bloom & W. Wilson). Offenders with Major Affective Disorders (D. Eaves, et al.). Pharmacological Treatments for Psychotic Offenders (L. Citrome & J. Volavka). Pharmacological Treatments for Personality Disordered Offenders (J. Tiihonen). Community-Based Treatment Programmes (K. Heilbrun & L. Peters). Conclusion (S. Hodgins). Index.
Cultural adaptation (IM)possible? Measuring prejudice in Japan with the affect misattribution procedure.

The present study served two purposes. First of all, the reliability and validity of a variant of the Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) adapted to Asian samples was tested. Secondly, we aimed at assessing prejudice towards Koreans by means of the AMP and the Implicit Association Test (IAT) as well as different self-report measures. The AMP variant was reliable and showed meaningful correlations with some self-report measures, but not with the IAT. Furthermore, both in the AMP and the IAT, participants demonstrated prejudice against Koreans, whereas the self-report measures showed a less consistent pattern of prejudice. Our discussion focuses on chances and challenges of using indirect and direct measures in Asian samples.
The predictive utility of hypnotizability: the change in suggestibility produced by hypnosis.

OBJECTIVE The predictive utility of hypnotizability, conceptualized as the change in suggestibility produced by a hypnotic induction, was investigated in the suggested reduction of experimental pain. METHOD One hundred and seventy-three participants were assessed for nonhypnotic imaginative suggestibility. Thereafter, participants experienced hypnotic and nonhypnotic imaginative analgesia suggestions, counterbalanced for order. Hypnotic suggestibility was then assessed. RESULTS Hypnotizability, operationalized as hypnotic suggestibility with imaginative suggestibility statistically controlled (Braffman & Kirsch, 1999), predicted intraindividual differences in responding to the hypnotic and imaginative analgesia suggestions. Higher hypnotizability was associated with relatively greater response to the hypnotic analgesia suggestion than to the imaginative analgesia suggestion. CONCLUSIONS Operationalized in this way, hypnotizability may be a useful predictor of the effect of adding a hypnotic induction to a specific imaginative suggestion.
Visible Light-Induced Degradation of Methylene Blue in the Presence of Photocatalytic ZnS and CdS Nanoparticles

ZnS and CdS nanoparticles were prepared by a simple microwave irradiation method under mild conditions. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, TEM and EDX. The results indicated that high purity of nanosized ZnS and CdS was successfully obtained with cubic and hexagonal crystalline structures, respectively. The band gap energies of ZnS and CdS nanoparticles were estimated using UV-visible absorption spectra to be about 4.22 and 2.64 eV, respectively. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was carried out using physical mixtures of ZnS and CdS nanoparticles under a 500-W halogen lamp of visible light irradiation. The residual concentration of methylene blue solution was monitored using UV-visible absorption spectrometry. From the study of the variation in composition of ZnS:CdS, a composition of 1:4 (by weight) was found to be very efficient for degradation of methylene blue. In this case the degradation efficiency of the photocatalyst nanoparticles after 6 h irradiation time was about 73% with a reaction rate of 3.61 × 10−3 min−1. Higher degradation efficiency and reaction rate were achieved by increasing the amount of photocatalyst and initial pH of the solution.
Capital Structure and Market Reactions to Dividend Initiation

We examine the interaction between capital structure and dividend initiation. Reasons often given for the positive abnormal return when firms initiate dividends are the signaling of asymmetric information and the reductions of agency costs. Theory also suggests that these are reasons for choosing debt in the capital structure. This study finds that the effect of initiating dividends is dampened when there is debt in the capital structure. It also shows that the abnormal return is not always increasing in dividend yield, particularly for highly levered companies. Highly levered companies do benefit from wealth transfers from bondholders when dividends are announced. For these firms, paying dividends increases equity value because shareholders are given priority over bondholders for some of the firm’s cash flows. The results of this paper show that capital structure does matter, in a way that is consistent with both the information signaling hypothesis as well as the agency cost hypothesis. * The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Phone: (215) 898-7617. E-mail: taranto@wharton.upenn. edu I am grateful to Paul Asquith, Mintao Fan, Hayne Leland, Rich Lyons, Terry Marsh, David Tien and Nick Wonder for their comments. Comments and suggestions will be greatly appreciated and can be sent to taranto@wharton.upenn. edu
Throughput-Oriented Scheduling On Chip Multithreadi ng Systems

The unpredictable nature of modern workloads, char acte ized by frequent branches and control transfer s, can result in processor pipeline utilization as low as 19%. Chip multithreading (CMT), a processor archit ecture combining chip multiprocessing and hardware multith reading, is designed to address this issue. Hardwar e vendors plan to ship CMT systems within the next year, so n ow is the time for us to understand how to get the most performance out of these systems. In this work we demonstrate how to leverage operat ing system scheduling to improve performance on CMT systems, and keep them performing well even when co ntention for shared resources is high. We have stud ied several of the most-contended shared resources in CMT syste ms in order to understand how contention for these r ources affects overall system performance. Having analyze d th processor pipeline, L1 data cache and L2 cach e, we have found that contention for the processor pipeline is not likely to be an issue for typical workloads, p oor hit rate in the L1 does not have a signification impact on overall throughput, but sub-optimal performance in the L2 d oes have a potential to noticeably hurt performance. To produc e good L2 performance, we have used a scheduling po licy based on the balance-set principle. With this approach, w e are able to reduce miss rates in the L2 by 20-40% and improve system throughput by 16-32%. To achieve a similar i mprovement in hardware the size of the L2 cache wou ld have to be quadrupled.
Bipolar saline-enhanced electrode for radiofrequency ablation: results of experimental study of in vivo porcine liver.

PURPOSE To evaluate whether a bipolar saline-enhanced radiofrequency (RF) ablation system embedded in one needle is able to consistently produce homogeneous and predictable areas of coagulation necrosis with or without the Pringle maneuver of vascular inflow occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS RF ablation (480 kHz) of the liver was performed in 24 healthy pigs by means of laparotomy: group A (n = 5), 4-cm distance between electrodes 1 and 2; group B (n = 7), 4-cm distance and the Pringle maneuver; group C (n = 5), 2-cm distance; and group D (n = 7), 2-cm distance with the Pringle maneuver. Twenty percent NaCl solution was infused continuously at a rate of 100 mL/h via each electrode during the procedure. The pigs were followed up, and they were euthanized on the 7th day. Livers were removed for histologic assessment. Time, impedance, current, power output, specific voltage of the contacts, energy output, temperatures in the liver, volume of the lesion, and energy delivered per lesion volume were determined and compared among groups. Predictability of lesion volume was evaluated with the coefficient of variability. Mean values of the variables were compared among the groups by means of one-way analysis of variance or Kruskall-Wallis test. RESULTS Impedance at the end of the RF ablation procedure was almost twofold lower than the corresponding initial value in all groups. In Pringle groups B and D, regular ellipsoids of coagulation necrosis were created (mean lesion volume, 149.50 cm3 +/- 34.26 and 69.43 cm3 +/- 15.48, respectively). In non-Pringle groups A and C, the shape of coagulation necrosis was influenced by the vessels encountered, and mean lesion size was lower than that in the Pringle groups (P <.01). The coefficient of variability of lesion size was lower in the Pringle groups (23% and 22%, respectively) than that in the non-Pringle groups (75% and 30%, respectively). CONCLUSION The bipolar saline-enhanced RF ablation method produces homogeneous and predictable areas of coagulation necrosis between two electrodes, regardless of the distance between them, preferably with vascular inflow occlusion.
Measurement Invariance and the Role of Body Consciousness in Depressive Symptoms

The purposes of this article are threefold: (a) to test measurement invariance of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (OBCS), a central tool for testing objectification theory, across men and women, given that measurement invariance is a prerequisite for gender comparisons; (b) to examine the mediating role of body shame in the link between body surveillance and depressive symptoms for both men and women; and (c) to investigate whether body surveillance and subsequent body shame could explain, at least in part, gender differences in depressive symptoms. Two studies were conducted with two college samples (N = 360 and 278). Results indicate that factor loadings of OBCS differed for the gender groups, revealing that body surveillance and body shame items for women and body control beliefs for men are more closely aligned with their intended latent factors. Our analyses also supported the proposed two mediation models: body shame mediated the relation between body surveillance and depressive symptoms for both gender groups; and body surveillance and related body shame mediated the gender difference in depressive symptoms. Overall our studies highlight that testing measurement invariance can expose differences in scale functioning for men and women, calling into question findings based on the use of those scales.
Comparing fast implementations of bit permutation instructions

Recently, a number of candidate instructions have been proposed to efficiently compute arbitrary bit permutations. Among these, GRP is the most attractive, having utility for other applications in addition to permutation such as sorting and having good inherent cryptographic properties. However, the current implementation of GRP is the slowest of the candidates; BFLY, on the other hand, is the fastest. In this paper, we examine the possibility of executing GRP on a butterfly or an inverse butterfly network.
The limits of positivism revisited.

The title alludes to a paper (Smith, 1987) in the British Journal of Social Work called 'The limits of positivism in social work research'. At the time it was written, it was not unusual to hear academic colleagues argue that there was something inherently conservative about positivist approaches to social research, and that such approaches inevitably served the interests of the powerful and maintained the status quo. I was never clear about the stages involved in this argument and remained unpersuaded by it, and this was not the line followed in the article (though I might be more readily persuaded now, for reasons discussed later in this paper). Instead, the 1987 article was mainly taken up with a critique of the work of Brian Sheldon, as the leading advocate over the previous ten years - and, as it turned out, over the next fifteen - of what would now be called 'evidence-based practice'.
Towards String-To-Tree Neural Machine Translation

We present a simple method to incorporate syntactic information about the target language in a neural machine translation system by translating into linearized, lexicalized constituency trees. An experiment on the WMT16 German-English news translation task resulted in an improved BLEU score when compared to a syntax-agnostic NMT baseline trained on the same dataset. An analysis of the translations from the syntax-aware system shows that it performs more reordering during translation in comparison to the baseline. A small-scale human evaluation also showed an advantage to the syntax-aware system.
On learning k-parities with and without noise

We first consider the problem of learning k-parities in the on-line mistake-bound model: given a hidden vector x ∈ {0,1} n with |x| = k and a sequence of “questions” a1,a2,··· ∈ {0,1} n , where the algorithm must reply to each question with hai,xi (mod 2), what is the best tradeoff between the number of mistakes made by the algorithm and its time complexity? We improve the previous best result of Buhrman et. al. [BGM10] by an exp(k) factor in the time complexity. Second, we consider the problem of learning k-parities in the presence of classification noise of rate � ∈ (0, 1/2). A polynomial time algorithm for this problem (when � > 0 and k = ! (1)) is a longstanding challenge in learning theory. Grigorescu et al. [GRV11] showed an algorithm running in time n k/2
Doctor–patient interaction for irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: a systematic perspective

Background and aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is defined by specific validated symptom criteria and encompasses several different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms that express a common set of symptoms. However, IBS is poorly understood by patients. We aimed to explore how a diagnosis of IBS affects the interaction between patients and their physicians. Methods A comprehensive literature search for studies in the English language addressing this issue was conducted using Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Database, Psychinfo, Cinahl, Embase, Web of Science and manual recursive search of reference lists. Investigators reviewed and abstracted data from articles fulfilling our inclusion criteria: primary care patients, all ages, gender and ethnic groups diagnosed with IBS by a general practitioner (GP). Results Retrieval of 121 articles generated only four that met inclusion criteria. Research methods of three studies relied solely on qualitative subjective, anecdotal patient narratives, a bias in favor of patients’ negative opinion, absence of objective physician diagnostic criteria, pre-testing questions for two studies, follow-up and patient verification of accounts for accuracy. The fourth study included objective physician diagnostic criteria, quantitative measures, a pre-testing questionnaire, and both patient and doctor perspectives. There was a disparity between patient and GP perception regarding the nature, severity and consequences of IBS in primary care, leading patients to perceive this interaction as one of dissatisfaction. The fourth study revealed GP management of IBS mostly meets patient's expectations areas of concern centered on etiology, diagnostic criteria and dietary advice. Disparity seems to lie with the physician, who needs to provide more trust, knowledge, and sympathy, create rapport and be forthcoming with information, while keeping information simple and understandable. Patient dissatisfaction stems from the actual information provided and how this is communicated. Conclusions There is evidence that some IBS patients in primary care experience dissatisfaction and negative attitudes in GP interactions. Future research should take into account personality attributes and cross-situational stability in addition to methodological implications of studies. GPs may be the first avenue for IBS patients to vent their frustration, and appropriate education programs for optimal management of patients with IBS are needed in primary care.
International Perspectives on the Legal Environment for Selection

Perspectives from 22 countries on aspects of the legal environment for selection are presented in this article. Issues addressed include (a) whether there are racial/ethnic/religious subgroups viewed as “disadvantaged,” (b) whether research documents mean differences between groups on individual difference measures relevant to job performance, (c) whether there are laws prohibiting discrimination against specific groups, (d) the evidence required to make and refute a claim of discrimination, (e) the consequences of violation of the laws, (f) whether particular selection methods are limited or banned, (g) whether preferential treatment of members of disadvantaged groups is permitted, and (h) whether the practice of industrial and organizational psychology has been affected by the legal environment.