Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trusting Others ‐ How Parents Shape the Generalized Trust of Their Children

How do parents in North America inculcate generalized values about trusting others in their children? Using a self-collected data set with over 1,400 children sampled in the U.S. and Canada as well as matching surveys and selective in-depth interviews with their parents, this article attempts to link parental child-rearing approaches and values to children’s generalized trust. We find that over the last decades children increasingly score lower on generalized trust than their parents. Moreover, most parents, independent of their own trust levels, attempt to instill in their children distrust in unknown people. This trend is potentially rooted in a dramatic rise in news reporting about child crime and stranger abduction. The thesis of this article is that drastic warnings about strangers and related child-rearing methods may not remain without consequences.
A Comparison of American and Nepalese Children's Concepts of Freedom of Choice and Social Constraint

Recent work has shown that preschool-aged children and adults understand freedom of choice regardless of culture, but that adults across cultures differ in perceiving social obligations as constraints on action. To investigate the development of these cultural differences and universalities, we interviewed school-aged children (4-11) in Nepal and the United States regarding beliefs about people's freedom of choice and constraint to follow preferences, perform impossible acts, and break social obligations. Children across cultures and ages universally endorsed the choice to follow preferences but not to perform impossible acts. Age and culture effects also emerged: Young children in both cultures viewed social obligations as constraints on action, but American children did so less as they aged. These findings suggest that while basic notions of free choice are universal, recognitions of social obligations as constraints on action may be culturally learned.
Morphological variability in the comprehension of agreement: an argument for representation over computation

Previous accounts of morphological variability disagree over whether its cause is representational or computational in nature. Under a computational account, variability is confined to production; under a representational account, variability extends to comprehension and is qualitatively similar to variability in production. This article presents experimental evidence from the comprehension and production of gender and number agreement in second language (L2) Spanish clitics and adjectives. Intermediate-level participants show variability across comprehension and production; across tasks, masculine defaults are adopted. Advanced-level participants show less variability, although evidence for masculine defaults emerges across tasks. Number agreement proved relatively unproblematic, except in the production of adjective agreement where singular defaults are systematically adopted by intermediate- and advanced-level speakers. The qualitative similarity of variability across comprehension and production supports a representational account; however, previous research disfavours an account based in syntactic deficits. This article argues for a theory of morphological variability that places the representational cause in the morphology, rather than the syntax.
Multi-approach model for improving agrochemical safety among rice farmers in Pathumthani, Thailand

The large-scale use of agrochemicals has raised environmental and human health concerns. A comprehensive intervention strategy for improving agrochemical safety among rice farmers in Thailand is lacking. The objective of this study is to develop a model in order to improve farmers’ health and prevent them from being exposed to agrochemical hazards, in addition to evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention in terms of agrochemical safety. This study was conducted between October 2009 and January 2011. It measures changes in the mean scores of agrochemical knowledge, health beliefs, agrochemical use behaviors, and in-home pesticide safety. Knowledge of agrochemical use constitutes a basic knowledge of agrochemicals and agrochemical safety behaviors. Health beliefs constitute perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers to using agrochemicals. Agrochemical use behaviors include self-care practices in terms of personal health at specific times including before spraying, while spraying, during storage, transportation, waste management, and health risk management. Fifty rice farmers from Khlong Seven Community (study group) and 51 rice farmers from Bueng Ka Sam community (control group) were randomly recruited with support from community leaders. The participants were involved in a combination of home visits (ie, pesticide safety assessments at home) and community participatory activities regarding agrochemical safety. This study reveals that health risk behaviors regarding agrochemical exposure in the study area are mainly caused by lack of attention to safety precautions and the use of faulty protective gear. After 6 months, the intervention program showed significant improvements in the overall scores on knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, and home pesticide safety in the study group (P < 0.05). Therefore, this intervention model is effective in improving agrochemical safety behaviors among Khlong Seven Community rice farmers. These findings demonstrate that a multi-approach model for improving agrochemical safety behaviors can lead to sustainable prevention of agrochemical hazards for farmers.
Estimating the Eigenvalue Error of Markov State Models

We consider a continuous-time, ergodic Markov process on a large continuous or discrete state space. The process is assumed to exhibit a number of metastable sets. Markov state models (MSMs) are designed to represent the effective dynamics of such a process by a Markov chain that jumps between the metastable sets with the transition rates of the original process. MSMs have been used for a number of applications, including molecular dynamics (cf. [F. Noe et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106 (2009), pp. 19011–19016]), for more than a decade. The rigorous and fully general (no zero temperature limit or comparable restrictions) analysis of their approximation quality, however, has only recently begun. Our first article on this topics [M. Sarich, F. Noe, and Ch. Schutte, Multiscale Model. Simul. , 8 (2010), pp. 1154–1177] introduces an error bound for the difference in propagation of probability densities between the MSM and the original process on long timescales. Herein we provide upper bounds for the erro.
Born To Be a Teacher: What Am I Doing in a College of Education?

Abstract This study examined the beliefs about teaching by pre-interns entering a college of education's holistic teaching and learning program. Of interest were the students' beliefs about the concepts of teaching and learning and the sources of those beliefs. Qualitative interviews were conducted during the students' first year of enrollment in curriculum-related coursework. Students discussed how they chose education as a career, how they thought of themselves as teachers, and what they believed were the sources of their knowledge about teaching. All of the participants were interested in teaching in public school primary grades. Data analysis revealed a belief in a “special calling” or “gift” that would make them more successful than other individuals for this career. They indicated that this “gift” alone was enough to allow them to be successful in teaching. Most of their beliefs developed from their own experiences as students, and from the comments of others (primarily teachers) who stated a belief that the student had natural abilities. Recommendations are made about the use of more reflective teaching methods to force students to confront the level of their skills and compare their perceptions with reality early in the teacher education process
Equity in education: an international comparison of pupil perspectives

rather than offering a carefully curated insight into the complex and often problematic nature of ICT-enabled online communication and collaboration. This is enhanced by the lack of an overarching framework or an even division of parts. The editors have attempted to cover a wide range of issues and tools associated with online collaboration and communication but do not always succeed in looking at them in depth. Many readers will find certain parts and chapters too short for their needs. For example, while Part III looks at wikis and instant messaging over four different chapters, the arguably more substantive task of actually mapping out the conceptual basis of the ‘web 2.0’ moniker is covered in a chapter in Part VII which consists of a much-read online piece by Tim O’Reilly. Similarly, Part VIII focuses on the vast area of ‘social networking’ through the inclusion of a single article that is widely available online. In this sense, while readers less familiar with the topic will find the book easy to engage with, more experienced scholars and academics might get a feeling of ‘deja-lu’ [sic] from the majority of contributions. At times the book appears fragmented and struggling to be covering what is now considered to be ‘old ground’ in the field of online communication and collaboration, failing to adopt a more coherent and critical stance. Having trawled through the 22 chapters, the reader would have welcomed a critical conclusion linking all the contributions together and providing further insight and suggestions for the future. These shortcomings aside, this Reader does constitute a useful starting guide for students or readers unfamiliar with the literature as such it is to be cautiously recommended for those who wish to know more about the potential of the Internet, without necessarily spending more time there.
Installment options close to expiry

We use an asymptotic expansion to study the behavior of installment options close to expiry. Installment options are contracts where the price is paid over the life of the option rather than as a lump sum at the time of purchase, and where the contract can be allowed to lapse at any time. Series solutions are obtained for the location of the free boundary and the price of the option.
Designing Anti-inflammatory Drugs from Parasitic Worms: A Synthetic Small Molecule Analogue of the Acanthocheilonema viteae Product ES-62 Prevents Development of Collagen-Induced Arthritis

In spite of increasing evidence that parasitic worms may protect humans from developing allergic and autoimmune diseases and the continuing identification of defined helminth-derived immunomodulatory molecules, to date no new anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed from these organisms. We have approached this matter in a novel manner by synthesizing a library of drug-like small molecules based upon phosphorylcholine, the active moiety of the anti-inflammatory Acanthocheilonema viteae product, ES-62, which as an immunogenic protein is unsuitable for use as a drug. Following preliminary in vitro screening for inhibitory effects on relevant macrophage cytokine responses, a sulfone-containing phosphorylcholine analogue (11a) was selected for testing in an in vivo model of inflammation, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Testing revealed that 11a was as effective as ES-62 in protecting DBA/1 mice from developing CIA and mirrored its mechanism of action in downregulating the TLR/IL-1R transducer, MyD88. 11a is thus a novel prototype for anti-inflammatory drug development.
Specific expression of the LIM/Homeodomain protein Lim‐1 in horizontal cells during retinogenesis

The LIM/homeodomain transcription factor Lim‐1 has been shown to play an essential role in early embryonic patterning during vertebrate development. Here we report the spatial and temporal expression patterns of Lim‐1 during retinal development as detected by immunohistochemistry using a specific anti‐Lim‐1 antibody. By double‐immunostaining, we have demonstrated for the first time that Lim‐1 is exclusively expressed within the horizontal cell type in the adult retina. In the developing mouse retina, Lim‐1 commences its expression in migratory horizontal cell precursors streaming toward the future horizontal cell layer in the ventricular zone. Moreover, its expression during retinogenesis is spatially and temporally coincident with that of the calcium‐binding protein calbindin D‐28k in horizontal cells. These data together suggest a possible role for Lim‐1 in terminal differentiation and maintenance of horizontal cells, and that Lim‐1 can serve as a specific molecular marker for the study of horizontal cell specification. Dev Den;217:320–325. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relatively local neurons in a distributed representation: A neurophysiological perspective

s Connectionist models provide a promising alternative to the traditional computational approach that has for several decades dominated cognitive science and artificial intelligence, although the nature of connectionist models and their relation to symbol processing remains controversial. Connectionist models can be characterized by three general computational features: distinct layers of interconnected units, recursive rules for updating the strengths of the connections during learning, and "simple" homogeneous computing elements. Using just these three features one can construct surprisingly elegant and powerful models of memory, perception, motor control, categorization, and reasoning. What makes the connectionist approach unique is not its variety of representational possibilities (including "distributed representations") or its departure from explicit rule-based models, or even its preoccupation with the brain metaphor. Rather, it is that connectionist models can be used to explore systematically the complex interaction between learning and representation, as we try to demonstrate through the analysis of several large networks.
Equal‐quantum Action Spectra Indicate Fluence‐rate–selective Action of Multiple Photoreceptors for Photomovement of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus ¶

Unicellular thermophilic cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus displayed phototaxis on agar plate at 55°C. Equal‐quantum action spectra for phototactic migration were determined at various fluence rates using the Okazaki Large Spectrograph as the light source. The shapes of the action spectra drastically changed depending on the fluence rate of the unilateral monochromatic irradiation: at a low fluence rate (3 μmol/m2/s), only lights in the red region had significant effect; at a medium fluence rate (10 μmol/m2/s), four major action peaks were observed at 530 nm (green), 570 nm (yellow), 640 nm (red) and 680 nm (red). At high fluence rates (30–90 μmol/m2/s), the former two peaks remained, while red peaks at 640 nm and 680 nm disappeared and, interestingly, an action peak around 700–740 nm (far‐red) newly appeared. These results indicate that two or more distinct photoreceptors are involved in the phototaxis and that suitable photoreceptors are selectively active in response to the stimulus of light fluence rates. Far‐red or red background lights irradiated vertically from above drastically inhibited phototaxis toward red light or far‐red light, respectively. These results indicate involvement of some phytochrome(s).
Characteristics of Violence in State Government

This study examines workplace victimization of state government employees. The scope of the violence, demographic and job-related characteristics of victims, levels of violence, and the relationships between victims and perpetrators are explored. Findings indicate that violence is widespread, although it is primarily verbal in nature. Significant relationships are found between the victim's job classification and violence, as well as the association between the victim and perpetrator and the level of violence. Results support studies citing managerial and public safety job categories as high risk for violence but do not find significant workplace violence among domestic partners.
Regulation of Ste20-like kinase, SLK, activity: Dimerization and activation segment phosphorylation

The Ste20-like kinase, SLK, has diverse cellular functions. SLK mediates organ development, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal remodeling, cytokinesis, and cell survival. Expression and activity of SLK are enhanced in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and overexpression of SLK was shown to induce apoptosis in cultured glomerular epithelial cells (GECs) and renal tubular cells, as well as GEC/podocyte injury in vivo. The SLK protein consists of a N-terminal catalytic domain and an extensive C-terminal domain, which contains coiled-coils. The present study addresses the regulation of SLK activity. Controlled dimerization of the SLK catalytic domain enhanced autophosphorylation of SLK at T183 and S189, which are located in the activation segment. The full-length ectopically- and endogenously-expressed SLK was also autophosphorylated at T183 and S189. Using ezrin as a model SLK substrate (to address exogenous kinase activity), we demonstrate that dimerized SLK 1–373 or full-length SLK can effectively induce activation-specific phosphorylation of ezrin. Mutations in SLK, including T183A, S189A or T193A reduced T183 or S189 autophosphorylation, and showed a greater reduction in ezrin phosphorylation. Mutations in the coiled-coil region of full-length SLK that impair dimerization, in particular I848G, significantly reduced ezrin phosphorylation and tended to reduce autophosphorylation of SLK at T183. In experimental membranous nephropathy in rats, proteinuria and GEC/podocyte injury were associated with increased glomerular SLK activity and ezrin phosphorylation. In conclusion, dimerization via coiled-coils and phosphorylation of T183, S189 and T193 play key roles in the activation and signaling of SLK, and provide targets for novel therapeutic approaches.
The Survey for Ionization in Neutral Gas Galaxies. I. Description and Initial Results

We introduce the Survey for Ionization in Neutral Gas Galaxies (SINGG), a census of star formation in H I-selected galaxies. The survey consists of Hα and R-band imaging of a sample of 468 galaxies selected from the H I Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS). The sample spans three decades in H I mass and is free of many of the biases that affect other star-forming galaxy samples. We present the criteria for sample selection, list the entire sample, discuss our observational techniques, and describe the data reduction and calibration methods. This paper focuses on 93 SINGG targets whose observations have been fully reduced and analyzed to date. The majority of these show a single emission line galaxy (ELG). We see multiple ELGs in 13 fields, with up to four ELGs in a single field. All of the targets in this sample are detected in Hα, indicating that dormant (non-star-forming) galaxies with M ≳ 3 × 107 M☉ are very rare. A database of the measured global properties of the ELGs is presented. The ELG sample spans 4 orders of magnitude in luminosity (Hα and R band), and Hα surface brightness, nearly 3 orders of magnitude in R surface brightness and nearly 2 orders of magnitude in Hα equivalent width (EW). The surface brightness distribution of our sample is broader than that of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectroscopic sample, the EW distribution is broader than prism-selected samples, and the morphologies found include all common types of star-forming galaxies (e.g., irregular, spiral, blue compact dwarf, starbursts, merging and colliding systems, and even residual star formation in S0 and Sa spirals). Thus, SINGG presents a superior census of star formation in the local universe suitable for further studies ranging from the analysis of H II regions to determination of the local cosmic star formation rate density.
Native-sized recombinant spider silk protein produced in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli results in a strong fiber

Spider dragline silk is a remarkably strong fiber that makes it attractive for numerous applications. Much has thus been done to make similar fibers by biomimic spinning of recombinant dragline silk proteins. However, success is limited in part due to the inability to successfully express native-sized recombinant silk proteins (250–320 kDa). Here we show that a 284.9 kDa recombinant protein of the spider Nephila clavipes is produced and spun into a fiber displaying mechanical properties comparable to those of the native silk. The native-sized protein, predominantly rich in glycine (44.9%), was favorably expressed in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli within which the glycyl-tRNA pool was elevated. We also found that the recombinant proteins of lower molecular weight versions yielded inferior fiber properties. The results provide insight into evolution of silk protein size related to mechanical performance, and also clarify why spinning lower molecular weight proteins does not recapitulate the properties of native fibers. Furthermore, the silk expression, purification, and spinning platform established here should be useful for sustainable production of natural quality dragline silk, potentially enabling broader applications.
Tighter Linear Program Relaxations for High Order Graphical Models

Graphical models with High Order Potentials (HOPs) have received considerable interest in recent years. While there are a variety of approaches to inference in these models, nearly all of them amount to solving a linear program (LP) relaxation with unary consistency constraints between the HOP and the individual variables. In many cases, the resulting relaxations are loose, and in these cases the results of inference can be poor. It is thus desirable to look for more accurate ways of performing inference. In this work, we study the LP relaxations that result from enforcing additional consistency constraints between the HOP and the rest of the model. We address theoretical questions about the strength of the resulting relaxations compared to the relaxations that arise in standard approaches, and we develop practical and efficient message passing algorithms for optimizing the LPs. Empirically, we show that the LPs with additional consistency constraints lead to more accurate inference on some challenging problems that include a combination of low order and high order terms.
Satisfaction with facial appearance among subjects affected by a cleft.

OBJECTIVE This study examined the satisfaction of patients with clefting and their parents with facial appearance and how this alters with age. The relationship between satisfaction with appearance and psychosocial functioning was also examined. DESIGN Prospective SETTING Subjects were recruited for the study from nine hospital-based clinics. PARENTS, PARTICIPANTS: All subjects has some type of cleft and were 10, 15 or 20 years of age. In all, 111 subjects with clefting and 62 parents were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Facial appearance was rated on a subjective ordinal scale of 1 to 7; psychosocial adjustment was measured with the Childhood Experience Questionnaire. RESULTS Self-satisfaction with appearance among the 10- and 15-year-old subjects correlated with their psychosocial adjustment (p = .027). The 20-year-old subjects were, on average, significantly more satisfied with their appearance than the 10- and 15-year-olds (p = .009 and p = .012, respectively). However, some 20-year-old subjects remained greatly dissatisfied with aspects of their facial appearance. Subjects with visible anomalies were significantly more dissatisfied with their appearance than subjects with invisible anomalies (p = .035). The 15-year-old subjects were identified as being significantly more dissatisfied with appearance than their parents (p = .005). CONCLUSIONS Subjects affected by a cleft with visible impairments are more dissatisfied with their facial appearance than are subjects with invisible impairments. Satisfaction with facial appearance among 10- and 15-year-old subjects with a cleft may be associated with their self-reported levels of psychosocial functioning. Measuring self-satisfaction with appearance may help to identify subjects at risk from adjustment problems.