Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mismatch in microbial food webs: predators but not prey perform better in their local biotic and abiotic conditions

Abstract Understanding how trophic levels respond to changes in abiotic and biotic conditions is key for predicting how food webs will react to environmental perturbations. Different trophic levels may respond disproportionately to change, with lower levels more likely to react faster, as they typically consist of smaller‐bodied species with higher reproductive rates. This response could cause a mismatch between trophic levels, in which predators and prey will respond differently to changing abiotic or biotic conditions. This mismatch between trophic levels could result in altered top‐down and bottom‐up control and changes in interaction strength. To determine the possibility of a mismatch, we conducted a reciprocal‐transplant experiment involving Sarracenia purpurea food webs consisting of bacterial communities as prey and a subset of six morphologically similar protozoans as predators. We used a factorial design with four temperatures, four bacteria and protozoan biogeographic origins, replicated four times. This design allowed us to determine how predator and prey dynamics were altered by abiotic (temperature) conditions and biotic (predators paired with prey from either their local or non‐local biogeographic origin) conditions. We found that prey reached higher densities in warmer temperature regardless of their temperature of origin. Conversely, predators achieved higher densities in the temperature condition and with the prey from their origin. These results confirm that predators perform better in abiotic and biotic conditions of their origin while their prey do not. This mismatch between trophic levels may be especially significant under climate change, potentially disrupting ecosystem functioning by disproportionately affecting top‐down and bottom‐up control.
FOURIER TRANSFORM

Let B be a convex body in the plane. The purpose of this paper is a systematic study of the geometric properties of the boundary of B , and the consequences of these properties for the distribution of lattice points in rotated and translated copies of (cid:26)B ( (cid:26) being a large positive number), irregularities of distribution, and the spherical average decay of the Fourier transform of the characteristic function of B . The analysis makes use of two notions of \dimension" of a convex set. The (cid:12)rst notion is de(cid:12)ned in terms of the number of sides required to approximate a convex set by a polygon up to a certain degree of accuracy. The second is the fractal dimension of the image of the Gauss map of B . The results stated in terms of these quantities are essentially sharp and lead to a nearly complete description of the problems in question.
Asymptotic Generalization Bound of Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis

Fisher's linear discriminant analysis (FLDA) is an important dimension reduction method in statistical pattern recognition. It has been shown that FLDA is asymptotically Bayes optimal under the homoscedastic Gaussian assumption. However, this classical result has the following two major limitations: 1) it holds only for a fixed dimensionality D, and thus does not apply when D and the training sample size N are proportionally large; 2) it does not provide a quantitative description on how the generalization ability of FLDA is affected by D and N. In this paper, we present an asymptotic generalization analysis of FLDA based on random matrix theory, in a setting where both D and N increase and D/N → γ ε [0,1). The obtained lower bound of the generalization discrimination power overcomes both limitations of the classical result, i.e., it is applicable when D and N are proportionally large and provides a quantitative description of the generalization ability of FLDA in terms of the ratio γ = D/N and the population discrimination power. Besides, the discrimination power bound also leads to an upper bound on the generalization error of binary-classification with FLDA.
Observing H2 Emission in Forming Galaxies

We study the H2 cooling emission of forming galaxies and discuss their observability using the future infrared facility Single Aperture Far-Infrared Observatory (SAFIR). Forming galaxies with mass ≲1011 M☉ emit most of their gravitational energy liberated by contraction in molecular hydrogen line radiation, although a large part of thermal energy at virialization is radiated away by the hydrogen Lyα emission. For more massive objects, the degree of heating due to dissipation of kinetic energy is so great that the temperature does not drop below 104 K, and the gravitational energy is emitted mainly by the Lyα emission. Therefore, the total H2 luminosity attains the peak value of L ~ 1042 ergs s-1 for forming galaxies whose total mass Mtot ~ 1011 M☉. If these sources are situated at redshift z ~ 8, they can be detected by rotational lines of 0-0 S(3) at 9.7 μm and 0-0 S(1) at 17 μm by SAFIR. An efficient way to find such H2 emitters is to look at the Lyα emitters, since the brightest H2 emitters are also luminous in Lyα emission.
Cure fraction models using mixture and non-mixture models

ABSTRACT We introduce the Weibull distributions in presence of cure fraction, censored data and covariates. Two models are explored in this paper: mixture and non-mixture models. Inferences for the proposed models are obtained under the Bayesian approach, using standard MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) methods. An illustration of the proposed methodology is given considering a life- time data set.
LOCK-IN OF EXTRAPOLATIVE EXPECTATIONS IN AN ASSET PRICING MODEL

This paper examines an agent's choice of forecast method within a standard asset pricing model. A representative agent may choose: (1) a fundamentals-based forecast that employs knowledge of the dividend process, (2) a constant forecast that is based on a simple long-run average, or (3) a time-varying forecast that extrapolates from the last observation. I show that an agent who is concerned about minimizing forecast errors may inadvertently become “locked-in” to an extrapolative forecast. In particular, the initial use of extrapolation alters the law of motion of the forecast variable so that the agent perceives no accuracy gain from switching to one of the alternative forecast methods. The model can generate excess volatility of stock prices, time-varying volatility of returns, long-horizon predictability of returns, bubbles driven by optimism about the future, and sharp downward movements in stock prices that resemble market crashes.
Design Requirements for Brushless Permanent Magnet Generators for Use in Small Renewable Energy Systems

This paper reviews some of the arrangements and connection requirements for a permanent-magnet generator. It illustrates the importance of winding reactance minimization when using a diode bridge rectifier. It uses modern CAD methods to design a small PM generator and verifies the performance using simulation software. The design is modified to improve the generator size. This highlights that increasing the electrical loading in an attempt to reduce the generator size can lead to a large reduction in power factor, where a controlled rectifier would have to be used instead of a diode bridge rectifier.
An update on the spinal and peripheral pathways of pain signalling

Abstract Painful or potentially tissue-damaging stimuli are detected by primary sensory afferents that innervate the skin as well as internal tissues. The neurons that give rise to sensory afferents are located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and transmit sensory information to the spinal cord where it is processed and further relayed to higher brain regions to ultimately generate the perception of pain. Both the DRGs as well as the spinal cord comprise a variety of morphologically, molecularly and functionally diverse neurons. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the different types of sensory neurons and their proposed role in pain signalling. Moreover, I will discuss how pain related sensory information is processed in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord with an emphasis on recently delineated neural circuits that mediate pain hypersensitivity in the setting of nerve injury and inflammation.
Geochemical Modulation of Pesticide Sorption on Smectite Clay

H U I L I , † B R I A N J . T E P P E N , † D A V I D A . L A I R D , ‡ C L I F F T . J O H N S T O N , § A N D S T E P H E N A . B O Y D † , * Environmental Science and Policy Program, and Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, National Soil Tilth Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa 50011, Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Avaliação do nível de alfabetização científica de estudantes de biologia

Esta pesquisa objetiva comparar e analisar o grau de alfabetização científica entre ingressantes e concluintes do Curso de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isso, foi utilizado o Teste de Alfabetização Científica Básica, criado pelos pesquisadores Rudiger C. Laugksch e Peter E. Spargo, em 1996. Entre outros resultados, pode-se afirmar que a média de acertos dos estudantes foi de 78,4% e as médias dos ingressantes e concluintes não diferiram significativamente entre si (=0,05). Em síntese, pode-se afirmar que essa pesquisa fornece subsídios para promover melhorias no ensino da Ciência e da Tecnologia neste curso de graduação
NE2001. II. Using Radio Propagation Data to Construct a Model for the Galactic Distribution of Free Electrons

In Paper I we present a new model for the Galactic distribution of free electrons. In this paper we describe the input data and methodology for determining the structure and parameters of the model. Tables of the input data are provided and several figures are used to demonstrate why particular Galactic structures are needed. We identify lines of sight on which discrete regions either enhance or diminish the dispersion or the scattering. Most do not coincide with known \ion{H}{2} regions or supershells, most likely because the enhancements correspond to column densities smaller than detection thresholds for the emission measure in recombination-line surveys.
The Odd One Out: Identifying and Characterising Anomalies

In many situations there exists an abundance of positive examples, but only a handful of negatives. In this paper we show how in binary or transaction data such rare cases can be identified and characterised. Our approach uses the Minimum Description Length principle to decide whether an instance is drawn from the training distribution or not. By using frequent itemsets to construct this compressor, we can easily and thoroughly characterise the decisions, and explain what changes in an example would lead to a different verdict. Furthermore, we give a technique through which, given only a few negative examples, the decision landscape and optimal boundary can be predicted—making the approach parameter-free. Experimentation on benchmark and real data shows our method provides very high classification accuracy, thorough and insightful characterisation of decisions, predicts the decision landscape reliably, and can pinpoint observation errors. Moreover, a case study on real MCADD data shows we provide an interpretable approach with state-of-the-art performance for screening newborn babies for rare diseases.
Long‐term variations of North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity downscaled from a coupled model simulation of the last millennium

The observed historical record of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs) is relatively short and is subject to potential biases owing to a lack of observation platforms such as aircraft reconnaissance and satellite imagery in earlier decades. Therefore, studies of long‐term variability in TC activity are hindered by the limitations and uncertainty within the historical data. An alternative approach is to study long‐term Atlantic TC variability within the framework of a coupled ocean‐atmosphere climate model simulation. We have taken such an approach using a simulation of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Climate System Model 1.4 forced with estimated natural and anthropogenic forcing over the past millennium. Atmospheric variables from the long‐term model simulation are used to drive a recently developed downscaling relationship that simulates TC genesis and tracking over the course of the 1150 year model simulation. This downscaling process generates a long‐term synthetic TC track data set, free of observational biases, though subject to limitations in the model climatology. The synthetic TC data are used to perform an analysis of long‐term variability in Atlantic TCs, specifically focusing on TC landfalls, within the context of the coupled model simulation. Ultimately, analysis of various TC time series reveals that counts of landfalling TCs and even landfalling hurricanes track relatively well with the total basin‐wide TC activity on multidecadal and longer timescales.
Limited Observability as a Constraint in Contract Design

Limited observability is the assumption that economic agents can only observe a finite amount of information. Given this constraint, contracts among agents are necessarily finite and incomplete in comparison to the ideal complete contract that we model as infinite in detail. We consider the extent to which finite contracts can approximate the idealized complete contracts. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to identify properties of agents' preferences that determine whether or not finiteness of contracts causes significant inefficiency: (ii) to evaluate the performance of finite contracts against the ideal optimal contracts in principal-agent and bilateral bargaining models.
Representations of LGBT ageing and older people in Australia and the UK

While there is evidence of the cultural scripts lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) older people use in making sense of their lives, little attention has been given to how these scripts are themselves produced. This article examines cultural representations of LGBT ageing and older people in 40 UK and Australian websites. It is argued that these sites form part of a cultural imaginary about LGBT ageing and older people accessed by policy makers and service providers. Employing membership categorization analysis, the study revealed attributes attached to LGBT ageing categories that related to constraint and celebration narratives. It also uncovered anomalies within the text of 23 websites where celebration and constraint attributes were juxtaposed, although in 15 websites only celebration representations were apparent. The findings highlight the complexity of some representations of LGBT ageing and older people, and the limitations of framing LGBT ageing and older people in homogenous ways.
Computing Rigid Components of Pseudo-triangulation Mechanisms in Linear Time

We investigate the problem of detecting rigid components (maximal Laman subgraphs) in a pseudo-triangulation mechanism and in arbitrary pointed planar frameworks. For general Laman graphs with some missing edges, it is known that rigid components can be computed in O ( n 2 ) time. Here we make substantial use of the special geometry of pointed pseudo-triangulation mechanisms to achieve linear time. The main application is a more robust implementation and a substantial reduction in numerical computations for the solution to the Carpenter’s Rule problem given by the second author.
Investigating the Early Signals of Banking Sector Vulnerabilities in Central and East European Emerging Markets

This paper considers the joint role of macro-economic and bankspecific factors in explaining the occurrence of banking problems in the twenty-one Central and East European emerging markets over the recent decade. Using data at the individual bank level we show, using a logit model, that the macroeconomic factors play a central role in determining banking sector instability in the early stages of difficulty, while the bankspecific factors are more important in the later stages and gain more weight as the banking sector develops and the institutional framework becomes mature.
The Millennium Galaxy Catalogue: the Mbh–Lspheroid derived supermassive black hole mass function

Supermassive black hole (SMBH) mass estimates are derived for 1743 galaxies from the Millennium Galaxy Catalogue (MGC) using the recently revised empirical relation between SMBH mass and the luminosity of the host spheroid. The MGC spheroid luminosities are based on R 1/n bulge plus exponential-disc decompositions. The majority of black hole masses reside between 10 6 M ⊙ and an upper limit of 2 x 10 9 M ⊙ . Using previously determined space-density weights, we derive the SMBH mass function which we fit with a Schechter-like function. Integrating the black hole mass function over 10 6 < M bh /M ⊙ < 10 10 gives an SMBH mass density of (3.8 ± 0.6) x 10 5 h 3 70 M ⊙ Mpc ―3 for early-type galaxies and (0.96 ± 0.2) x 10 5 h 3 70 M ⊙ Mpc ―3 for late-type galaxies. The errors are estimated from Monte Carlo simulations which include the uncertainties in the M bh ―L relation, the luminosity of the host spheroid and the intrinsic scatter of the M bh ―L relation. Assuming SMBHs form via baryonic accretion, we find that (0.008 ± 0.002) h 3 70 per cent of the Universe's baryons are currently locked up in SMBHs. This result is consistent with our previous estimate based on the M bh -n (Sersic index) relation.
Studies on the mechanism of polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion using fluorescent membrane and cytoplasmic probes

The mechanism by which polyethylene glycol (PEG) mediates cell fusion has been studied by examining the movements of membrane lipids and proteins, as well as cytoplasmic markers, from erythrocytes to monolayers of cultured cells to which they have been fused. Fluorescence and freeze-fracture electron microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching have yielded the following results: (a) In the presence of both fusogenic and nonfusogenic PEG membranes are brought together at closely apposed contact regions. (b) Fluorescent lipid probes quickly spread from the membranes of erythrocytes to cultured cells in the presence of both fusogenic and nonfusogenic PEG. (c) Proteins of the erythrocyte membranes were never observed to diffuse into the cultured cell membrane. (d) Water-soluble proteins did not diffuse from the erythrocyte interior into the target cell cytoplasm until the PEG was removed. These data suggest that the coordinate action of two distinct components is necessary for fusion as mediated by PEG. Presumably, the polymer itself promotes close apposition of the adjacent cell membranes but the fusion stimulus is provided by the additives contained in commercial PEG.
Heteroclinic path to spatially localized chaos in pipe flow

In shear flows at transitional Reynolds numbers, localized patches of turbulence, known as puffs, coexist with the laminar flow. Recently, Avila et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 110, 2013, 224502) discovered two spatially localized relative periodic solutions for pipe flow, which appeared in a saddle-node bifurcation at low Reynolds number. Combining slicing methods for continuous symmetry reduction with Poincaré sections for the first time in a shear flow setting, we compute and visualize the unstable manifold of the lower-branch solution and show that it extends towards the neighbourhood of the upper-branch solution. Surprisingly, this connection even persists far above the bifurcation point and appears to mediate the first stage of the puff generation: amplification of streamwise localized fluctuations. When the state-space trajectories on the unstable manifold reach the vicinity of the upper branch, corresponding fluctuations expand in space and eventually take the usual shape of a puff.
Therapeutic Strategy for the Prevention of Pseudorabies Virus Infection in C57BL/6 Mice by 3D8 scFv with Intrinsic Nuclease Activity

3D8 single chain variable fragment (scFv) is a recombinant monoclonal antibody with nuclease activity that was originally isolated from autoimmune-prone MRL mice. In a previous study, we analyzed the nuclease activity of 3D8 scFv and determined that a HeLa cell line expressing 3D8 scFv conferred resistance to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and pseudorabies virus (PRV). In this study, we demonstrate that 3D8 scFv could be delivered to target tissues and cells where it exerted a therapeutic effect against PRV. PRV was inoculated via intramuscular injection, and 3D8 scFv was injected intraperitoneally. The observed therapeutic effect of 3D8 scFv against PRV was also supported by results from quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, southern hybridization, and immunohistochemical assays. Intraperitoneal injection of 5 and 10 μg 3D8 scFv resulted in no detectable toxicity. The survival rate in C57BL/6 mice was 9% after intramuscular injection of 10 LD50 PRV. In contrast, the 3D8 scFv-injected C57BL/6 mice showed survival rates of 57% (5 μg) and 47% (10 μg). The results indicate that 3D8 scFv could be utilized as an effective antiviral agent in several animal models.
Electrical analysis of a domino logic cell with GOS faults

Gate-oxide shorts (GOS) have an increasing impact on the integrated circuit production yield due to the reduction of the related dimensions. The detection of GOS is a challenging issue in the field of testing. This paper presents a detailed study of the impact of a GOS fault affecting a domino logic circuit. Indeed, domino logic specific clocked operating principle induces a different behavior from standard full CMOS cells under the effect of a GOS, which can enable GOS detection. Finally, some clues to enhance GOS detection in domino cells are proposed.
Humanin: a mitochondrial signaling peptide as a biomarker for impaired fasting glucose‐related oxidative stress

Mitochondrial RNR‐2 (mt‐RNR2, humanin) has been shown to play a role in protecting several types of cells and tissues from the effects of oxidative stress. Humanin (HN) functions through extracellular and intracellular pathways adjusting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Addition of HN improved insulin sensitivity in animal models of diabetes mellitus but no clinical studies have been carried out to measure HN levels in humans associated with hyperglycemia. The plasma levels of HN in participants attending a diabetes complications screening clinic were measured. Clinical history and anthropometric data were obtained from all participants. Plasma levels of HN were measured by a commercial ELISA kit. All data were analyzed applying nonparametric statistics and general linear modeling to correct for age and gender. A significant decrease (P = 0.0001) in HN was observed in the impaired fasting glucose (IFG) group (n = 23; 204.84 ± 92.87 pg mL−1) compared to control (n = 58; 124.3 ± 83.91 pg mL−1) consistent with an adaptive cellular response by HN to a slight increase in BGL.