Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Shaft Grounding— A Solution to Motor Bearing Currents

Variable Frequency Drives induce shaft voltages onto the shaft of the driven motor because of the extremely high speed switching of the insulated gate bipolar transistors which produce the pulse width modulation used to control AC motors in heating, ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. This voltage induced on the shaft becomes great enough to overcome the dielectric of the oil film in the bearing causing bearing discharges known as electrical discharge machining effect. Unless mitigation for these shaft voltages is employed in the motor, the motor’s bearings may become damaged from the electrical bearing currents which cause pitting and excessive bearing noise, fluting and finally motor failure. The cause of this problem and commonly applied mitigation methods are discussed as well as a new and highly effective conductive micro fiber shaft grounding ring technology which resolves these problems.
The Role of Actin Cytoskeleton in Dendritic Spines in the Maintenance of Long-Term Memory

Evidence indicates that long-term memory formation involves alterations in synaptic efficacy produced by modifications in neural transmission and morphology. However, it is not clear how such alterations induced by learning, that encode memory, are maintained over long period of time to preserve long-term memory. This is especially intriguing as the half-life of most of the proteins that underlie such changes is usually in the range of hours to days and these proteins may change their location over time. In this review we describe studies that indicate the involvement of dendritic spines in memory formation and its maintenance. These studies show that learning leads to changes in the number and morphology of spines. Disruption in spines morphology or manipulations that lead to alteration in their number after consolidation are associated with impairment in memory maintenance. We further ask how changes in dendritic spines morphology, induced by learning and reputed to encode memory, are maintained to preserve long-term memory. We propose a mechanism, based on studies described in the review, whereby the actin cytoskeleton and its regulatory proteins involved in the initial alteration in spine morphology induced by learning are also essential for spine structural stabilization that maintains long-term memory. In this model glutamate receptors and other synaptic receptors activation during learning leads to the creation of new actin cytoskeletal scaffold leading to changes in spines morphology and memory formation. This new actin cytoskeletal scaffold is preserved beyond actin and its regulatory proteins turnover and dynamics by active stabilization of the level and activity of actin regulatory proteins within these memory spines.
The Evolution of Multicellularity: A Minor Major Transition?

Benefits of increased size and functional specialization of cells have repeatedly promoted the evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors. Many requirements for multicellular organization (cell adhesion, cell-cell communication and coordination, programmed cell death) likely evolved in ancestral unicellular organisms. However, the evolution of multicellular organisms from unicellular ancestors may be opposed by genetic conflicts that arise when mutant cell lineages promote their own increase at the expense of the integrity of the multicellular organism. Numerous defenses limit such genetic conflicts, perhaps the most important being development from a unicell, which minimizes conflicts from selection among cell lineages, and redistributes genetic variation arising within multicellular individuals between individuals. With a unicellular bottleneck, defecting cell lineages rarely succeed beyond the life span of the multicellular individual. When multicellularity arises through aggregati.
Empirically derived decision trees for the treatment of late-life depression.

OBJECTIVE Several predictors of treatment response in late-life depression have been reported in the literature. The aim of this analysis was to develop a clinically useful algorithm that would allow clinicians to predict which patients will likely respond to treatment and thereby guide clinical decision making. METHOD A total of 461 patients with late-life depression were treated under structured conditions for up to 12 weeks and assessed weekly with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17). The authors developed a hierarchy of predictors of treatment response using signal-detection theory. The authors developed two models, one minimizing false predictions of future response and one minimizing false predictions of future nonresponse, to offer clinicians two clinically useful treatment algorithms. RESULTS In the first model, early symptom improvement (defined by the relative change in HAM-D-17 total score from baseline to week 4), lower baseline anxiety, and an older age of onset predict response at 12 weeks. In the second model, early symptom improvement represents the principal guide in tailoring treatment, followed by baseline anxiety level, baseline sleep disturbance, and--for a minority of patients--the adequacy of previous antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our two models, developed to help clinicians in different clinical circumstances, illustrate the possibility of tailoring the treatment of late-life depression based on clinical characteristics and confirm the importance of early observed changes in clinical status.
A convergent numerical scheme for the Camassa--Holm equation based on multipeakons

The Camassa{Holm equation utiuxxt+3uuxi2uxuxxiuuxxx = 0 enjoys special solutions of the form u(x;t) = n=1 pi(t)e ijxiqi(t)j , denoted multipeakons, that interact in a way similar to that of solitons. We show that given initial data ujt=0 = u0 in H 1 (R) such that u i uxx is a positive Radon measure, one can construct a sequence of multipeakons that converges in L 1 (R;H 1 (R)) to the unique global solution of the Camassa{Holm equation. The approach also provides a convergent, energy preserving nondissipative nu- merical method which is illustrated on several examples.
Solvability of the free boundary value problem of the Navier-Stokes equations

In this paper, we study the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations on a moving domain in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ of finite depth, bounded above by the free surface and bounded below by a solid flat bottom. We prove that there exists a unique, global-in-time solution to the problem provided that the initial velocity field and the initial profile of the boundary are sufficiently small in Sobolev spaces.
Towards a Theory of Digital Literacy: Three Scenarios for the Next Steps

This paper focuses on the discussion of the digital literacy skills that are considered necessary for effective and mindful learning in the emerging digital environments. To date, the discourse on this important subject has been practice-oriented, and lacks a sound integrative framework and theoretical foundation. This grave lacuna in the current discourse on learning in general, and on learning in the digital culture in particular, calls for a clear and theoretically-grounded view of the basic literacies required for effective learning in digital environments. Accordingly, this paper reviews an integrative framework for digital literacy recently suggested by Eshet-Alkalai (2004; 2005) as a starting point for the much-needed theorization. Two basic strategies – the conservative and the skeptical – are considered for this purpose. The first strategy relies on the basic assumption of the current discourse that "digital skills" are indeed nothing but skills. The second strategy, based on doubts concerning this assumption, leads to two different skeptical hypotheses. The first contends that the skill-oriented discourse can be reduced to the older discourses on learning styles and multiple intelligences; the second attempts to reduce it to the much more fundamental discourse on the clash between the modern book-based and the post modern digital cultures.
Methylene Blue Attenuates Lung Injury Induced by Hindlimb Ischemia Reperfusion in Rats

Objective This study was aimed to investigate the protective effect of methylene blue against lung injury induced by reperfusion of ischemic hindlimb in a rat model. Methods Twenty-four healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally randomized into three groups: sham (SM) group, ischemia reperfusion (IR) group, and methylene blue (MB) group. Rats in both IR and MB groups were subjected to 4 h of ischemia by clamping the left femoral artery and then followed by 4 h of reperfusion. Treatment with 1% methylene blue (50 mg/kg) was administrated intraperitoneally at 10 min prior to reperfusion in the MB group. After 4 h of reperfusion, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in lung tissue were detected; inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-6, were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); correspondingly, the morphological changes and water content in both gastrocnemius muscle and lung samples were evaluated. Results Hindlimb IR caused remarkable morphological abnormalities and edema in both muscle and lung tissues. SOD activity was decreased, both the MPO activity and MDA level in lung tissue, as well as IL-1β and IL-6 levels in BALF, were increased in the IR group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IR group, SOD activity was increased, whereas MPO activity and MDA level in lung tissue and IL-1β and IL-6 levels in BALF were decreased in the MB group (p < 0.05). Also, the histological damage and edema in both lung and muscle tissues were significantly attenuated by the treatment of methylene blue. Conclusion Methylene blue attenuates lung injury induced by hindlimb IR in rats, at least in part, by inhibiting oxidative stress.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURFACE ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE-LIKE ENZYMES OF HELA CELLS INFECTED WITH HERPES VIRUS

HeLa cells infected with herpes simplex virus have been examined in thin sections by electron microscopy after cytochemical staining for the presence of surface enzymes splitting adenosine triphosphate. As with uninfected HeLa cultures (18), the opaque enzyme reaction product was localized at the plasma membranes of about half the cells, tending to be present where there were microvilli and absent on smooth surfaces. Where mature extracellular herpes particles were found in association with cell membranes showing the enzyme activity, they were invariably likewise stained, and conversely, those mature particles which lay close against cells without reaction product at the surface were themselves free of it. Particles found budding into cytoplasmic vacuoles were also always without opaque deposit since this was never seen at vacuolar membranes, even in cells having the activity at the surface. The enzyme reaction product thus provided a marker indicating the manner in which the particles escape from cells and mature by budding out through cellular membranes, carrying, in the process, a portion of the latter on to themselves to form the outer viral limiting membrane. In some instances, virus particles were observed with more opaque material covering them than was present at the cell membrane with which they were associated. This finding has been taken as evidence for a physiological waxing and waning of surface enzyme activity of adenosine triphosphatase type. The fine structure of the mature extracellular virus as prepared here, using glutaraldehyde fixation, is also recorded. The observations and interpretations are discussed in full.
Schooling the public on boys: the ongoing salience in media representations of the “crisis” in boys’ education

Abstract This paper explores the salience of the “crisis” in boys’ education as it is articulated in Australian print media. We will consider the ways in which this crisis is expressed through a gendered language which simultaneously represents boys as “forgotten” by teaching practices thought to be prioritising girls’ learning, and as an equity (disadvantaged) grouping who require specialised teaching methods different from those currently offered within the Australian school system. Further, we will examine the extent to which feminist-inspired reforms in education are either implicitly or explicitly referenced as an explanation for boys’ apparently poor education attainment, and relatedly consider the work of “experts” supporting claims of a pro-feminine bias that adversely affects boys’ learning outcomes, particularly those experts offering neurological or psychological/cognitive findings which assert a biological basis for gender difference. In this context, we argue that rather than advancing gender equity in schools, popular public discourse, as presented in Australian print media, reinforces and perpetuates notions of gender difference and masculine entitlement.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Classification Based On Dynamic Beats Segmentation

The Electrocardiogram (ECG) has been introduced for decades as a powerful tool for diagnosing heart diseases. The majority of publications in the automatic ECG based diagnosis domain have utilized a fixed segmentation for heartbeats which doesn't consider the changes that can occur in heart rate over time. In this paper, an automatic reliable method for diagnosing heartbeats with a new heart rate invariant segmentation procedure is proposed. The segmented heartbeats are decomposed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The resulting wavelet coefficients are reduced using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) and then classified using a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier into five main categories that represent 15 classes. Moreover, in order to increase the reliability of the proposed method, not only the overall accuracy is considered but also the average accuracy for each class. The achieved results using the MIT-BIH database for the average accuracy and the overall accuracy are 96.35% and 99.5% respectively.
Not all links are equal: Exploiting Dependency Types for the Extraction of Protein-Protein Interactions from Text

The extraction of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) reported in scientific publications is one of the most studied topics in Text Mining in the Life Sciences, as such algorithms can substantially decrease the effort for databases curators. The currently best methods for this task are based on analyzing the dependency tree (DT) representation of sentences. Many approaches exploit only topological features and thus do not yet fully exploit the information contained in DTs. We show that incorporating the grammatical information encoded in the types of the dependencies in DTs noticeably improves extraction performance by using a pattern matching approach. We automatically infer a large set of linguistic patterns using only information about interacting proteins. Patterns are then refined based on shallow linguistic features and the semantics of dependency types. Together, these lead to a total improvement of 17.2 percent points in F1, as evaluated on five publicly available PPI corpora. More than half of that improvement is gained by properly handling dependency types. Our method provides a general framework for building task-specific relationship extraction methods that do not require annotated training data. Furthermore, our observations offer methods to improve upon relation extraction approaches.
Relationship of Suicide Acceptability to Self-reports of Suicidal Ideation and Behavior

Objectives:To assess the suicide acceptability in various difficult life situations and the relationship of the suicide acceptability to thoughts or acts of self-harm among urban and rural residents.Methods:The Survey Schedule of Suicide-Related Behaviors,Risk Factors and Attitudes in China was administered to randomly selected respondents aged 18 and older from 20 urban neighborhoods in Beijing and Shenyang(N=1003),and from 20 rural villages in Heibei and Shandong(N=1009). The 24-item subscale of suicide acceptability was used to assesses the likelihood that respondents would consider suicide if they encountered different types of life problems on a 1~5 Likert scale(1=definitely not consider,5=definitely consider). Results:There were significant differences in total acceptability score between urban residents [median(IQR):11.5(3.1~25.0)] and rural residents [13.5(4.2~27.1)](P=0.042). The rates of self-reported active suicidal ideation were significantly lower in urban residents(7.0% vs.14.9%,P0.001). Multivariate analysis of the full sample showed that the suicide acceptability was greater in young persons with more education and with prior suicidal ideation.Stratified analysis by residence found that acceptability in urban residents was related to younger age and prior suicidal ideation while acceptability in rural residents was related to higher educational attainment and prior suicidal ideation(β=-0.09,0.13;0.17,0.19;P0.01 or 0.001). Conclusion:Suicide acceptability is most consistently associated with prior suicidal ideation.Other related factors vary by population cohort.
Purification and Polar Localization of Pneumococcal LytB, a Putative Endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase: the Chain-Dispersing Murein Hydrolase

ABSTRACT The DNA region encoding the mature form of a pneumococcal murein hydrolase (LytB) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. LytB was purified by affinity chromatography, and its activity was suggested to be the first identified endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase of Streptococcus pneumoniae. LytB can remove a maximum of only 25% of the radioactivity from [3H]choline-labeled pneumococcal cell walls in in vitro assays. Inactivation of the lytB gene of wild-type strain R6 (R6B mutant) led to the formation of long chains but did not affect either total cell wall hydrolytic activity at the stationary phase of growth or development of genetic competence. Longer chains were formed when the lytB mutation was introduced into the M31 strain (M31B mutant), which harbors a complete deletion of lytA, which codes for the major autolysin. Furthermore, the use of this mutant revealed that LytB is the first nonautolytic murein hydrolase of pneumococcus. Purified LytB added to pneumococcal cultures of R6B or M31B was capable of dispersing, in a dose-dependent manner, the long chains characteristic of these mutants into diplococci or short chains, the typical morphology of R6 and M31 strains, respectively. In vitro acetylation of purified pneumococcal cell walls did not affect the activity of LytB, whereas that of the LytA amidase was drastically reduced. On the other hand, the use of a translational fusion between the gene (gfp) coding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and lytB supports the notion that LytB accumulates in the cell poles of either the wild-type R6, lytB mutants, or ethanolamine-containing cells (EA cells). The GFP-LytB fusion protein was also able to unchain the lytB mutants but not the EA cells. In contrast, translational fusion protein GFP-LytA preferentially bound to the equatorial regions of choline-containing cells but did not affect their average chain length. These observations suggest the existence of specific receptors for LytB that are positioned at the polar region on the pneumococcal surface, allowing localized peptidoglycan hydrolysis and separation of the daughter cells.
Intertemporal Choice as Discounted Value Accumulation

Two separate cognitive processes are involved in choosing between rewards available at different points in time. The first is temporal discounting, which consists of combining information about the size and delay of prospective rewards to represent subjective values. The second involves a comparison of available rewards to enable an eventual choice on the basis of these subjective values. While several mathematical models of temporal discounting have been developed, the reward selection process has been largely unexplored. To address this limitation, we evaluated the applicability of the Linear Ballistic Accumulator (LBA) model as a theory of the selection process in intertemporal choice. The LBA model formalizes the selection process as a sequential sampling algorithm in which information about different choice options is integrated until a decision criterion is reached. We compared several versions of the LBA model to demonstrate that choice outcomes and response times in intertemporal choice are well captured by the LBA process. The relationship between choice outcomes and response times that derives from the LBA model cannot be explained by temporal discounting alone. Moreover, the drift rates that drive evidence accumulation in the best-fitting LBA model are related to independently estimated subjective values derived from various temporal discounting models. These findings provide a quantitative framework for predicting dynamics of choice-related activity during the reward selection process in intertemporal choice and link intertemporal choice to other classes of decisions in which the LBA model has been applied.
Is a Long-term Business Relationship an Implied Contract? Two Views of Relationship Disengagement

Current knowledge of business-to-business relationship dissolution centres upon definitions of relationship dissolution, models of dissolution, antecedents for dissolution, and dissolution strategies. In this paper an empirical case example of a terminated business relationship in the aftermath stage of the dissolution process is presented. William Baird sued Marks and Spencer for 53.6m pounds for breach of contract. The relationship between the actors was long-term, exclusive, and involved substantial investment in specific assets. There was no written contract in place, yet one actor considered that the relationship was equal to an implied contract. The contribution of the paper is to discuss the possibility for legal redress using the transaction cost economics, relational contracting, and industrial networks literatures.
dbDEMC 2.0: updated database of differentially expressed miRNAs in human cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are often deregulated in cancer and are thought to play an important role in cancer development. Large amount of differentially expressed miRNAs have been identified in various cancers by using high-throughput methods. It is therefore quite important to make a comprehensive collection of these miRNAs and to decipher their roles in oncogenesis and tumor progression. In 2010, we presented the first release of dbDEMC, representing a database for collection of differentially expressed miRNAs in human cancers obtained from microarray data. Here we describe an update of the database. dbDEMC 2.0 documents 209 expression profiling data sets across 36 cancer types and 73 subtypes, and a total of 2224 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. An easy-to-use web interface was constructed that allows users to make a quick search of the differentially expressed miRNAs in certain cancer types. In addition, a new function of ‘meta-profiling’ was added to view differential expression events according to user-defined miRNAs and cancer types. We expect this database to continue to serve as a valuable source for cancer investigation and potential clinical application related to miRNAs. dbDEMC 2.0 is freely available at http://www.picb. ac.cn/dbDEMC.
Lack of N regions in fetal and neonatal mouse immunoglobulin V-D-J junctional sequences

Much of T and B lymphocyte receptor diversity derives from the addition of nontemplated N regions at the junctions of receptor gene elements, although fetal T cells expressing gamma/delta receptors lack N regions. I have sequenced immunoglobulin H chain variable regions of PCR- amplified DNA and cDNA from fetal and newborn mouse liver and spleen cells. These sequences showed an absence of N regions. Only 1/87 DNA sequences and 17/146 RNA sequences contained N regions, in striking contrast to adult Ig sequences. These data show that N region insertion is a developmentally regulated process in B cells as well as in T cells, and demonstrate that receptor diversity in neonatal B cells is limited by the absence of N regions as well as by biased usage of Vh genes.