Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Voting Record of Justice Stewart on First Amendment Cases

,While retired Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart never rivaled Justices Douglas, Black, or Brennan as a leading advocate of First Amendment rights, those Court observers concerned with the rights of free expression will miss his presence on the Court. What were Stewart's views on fm press and free speech? What was his contribution to the development of First Amendment philosophy? The study reported here was designed to quantify the retired Justice's voting record on First Amendment issues in the context of the voting records of his colleagues and those Supreme Court Justices who preceded him. A 1958 Eisenhower appointee, the politically moderate Ohio Republican.1 in 23 years on the nation's highest court, proved to be an individual thinker with a deep appreciation for free expression. Just as his support of New Deal programs while leading the Yale student newspaper during the depression era defied Republican tradition.2 his positions on obscenity, libel and other First Amendment issues often cast him at odds with conservative Republican colleagues on the court. In fact, his views on the constitutional guarantee of a free press often wen more aligned with the absolute and near-
The Effectiveness of Drug Court Programming for Specific Kinds of Offenders

Numerous evaluations have documented that drug court programs can and do work (Belenko, 1998, 1999, 2001; Gottfredson, Najaka, & Kearly, 2003); however, to date, less attention has been paid to specific issues such as how well drug courts work for certain types of offenders. In particular, there has been a lack of attention paid to the personal characteristics that may be thought of as “risk factors” among participants, especially their drug of choice. Of particular interest in this study are the following questions: First, are drug courts equally effective for offenders charged with methamphetamine-related crimes versus other types of drug offenders? Second, is the drug court model equally effective for offenders charged with Driving While Intoxicated (DWI) compared to other types of drug-involved offenders? Data from a hybrid drug court operating in a small urban area in the upper Midwest was used to examine the above questions. Information on 87 individuals who had participated in this drug court program and 124 similar offenders who were sentenced to prison followed by traditional parole were analyzed. Results indicated that the drug court reduced recidivism for methamphetamine-involved and other types of drug-using offenders; however, among DWI offenders, drug court graduation was not related to reduced recidivism, as it was among non-DWI offenders. Implications for drug court programming and future research are discussed.
Repetition Effects From Paraphrased Text: Evidence for an Integrated Representation Model of Text Representation

The effect of text repetition on reading performance and memory was examined. Participants read a set of short passages, each twice in succession. The second reading was either the same text or a paraphrased version of the original text. Both same texts and paraphrased texts were read faster during the second reading, but the repetition effect was slightly smaller for paraphrased texts. This was reflected by changes in global measures of reading performance (e.g., reduced reading time) and by reduced fixation durations on individual words. The results are consistent with a model of text repetition effects in which wording is represented in an abstract, context-independent manner, whereas the situation described by the text is represented in an episodic, context-dependent manner
Media and Participation: A Site of Ideological-Democratic Struggle

The proliferation of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the advent of the interactive Web 2.0 technologies have given rise to discussions about participation in the media sphere. Media participation has a longer and intense history. It has played an important role in various societal fields throughout recent history. Still, as an area of research and practice, media participation has multiple definitions and conflicting forces which frustrates both its researchers and practitioners. It is this complexity and the frustrations that it breeds that underscores the need for books such as Nico Carpentier’s “Media and Participation – a Site of Ideological Democratic Struggle”. The goal of this book was to chart the boundaries of (media) participation by providing both theoretical tools and empirical evidence on what it entails. To accomplish this goal, Professor Carpentier begins with an analysis of the existing literature, treating media participation as an evolving unsettled concept and as the object of political-ideological struggle that swings between the minimalist and maximalist articulations. The book starts by “defining participation: an interdisciplinary overview” where the author discusses democratic theory and participation, as well as, audience participation and communication. Next, key concepts with regards Media and Participation: A Site of Ideological – Democratic Struggle
Structural insights into abasic site for Fpg specific binding and catalysis: comparative high-resolution crystallographic studies of Fpg bound to various models of abasic site analogues-containing DNA

Fpg is a DNA glycosylase that recognizes and excises the mutagenic 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and the potentially lethal formamidopyrimidic residues (Fapy). Fpg is also associated with an AP lyase activity which successively cleaves the abasic (AP) site at the 3′ and 5′ sides by βδ-elimination. Here, we present the high-resolution crystal structures of the wild-type and the P1G defective mutant of Fpg from Lactococcus lactis bound to 14mer DNA duplexes containing either a tetrahydrofuran (THF) or 1,3-propanediol (Pr) AP site analogues. Structures show that THF is less extrahelical than Pr and its backbone C5′–C4′–C3′ diverges significantly from those of Pr, rAP, 8-oxodG and FapydG. Clearly, the heterocyclic oxygen of THF is pushed back by the carboxylate of the strictly conserved E2 residue. We can propose that the ring-opened form of the damaged deoxyribose is the structure active form of the sugar for Fpg catalysis process. Both structural and functional data suggest that the first step of catalysis mediated by Fpg involves the expulsion of the O4′ leaving group facilitated by general acid catalysis (involving E2), rather than the immediate cleavage of the N-glycosic bond of the damaged nucleoside.
The clinicopathologic patterns of prostatic diseases and prostate cancer in Saudi patients.

OBJECTIVE To determine the clinicopathologic patterns of prostatic diseases in Saudi patients, with special emphasis on prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS The records of patients who underwent histopathological examinations of their prostatic specimens in King Abdulaziz University Medical City and King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, between June 2003 and June 2008 were reviewed retrospectively. The age, indications for biopsy, histological diagnosis, and Gleason grading of cancer patients, were studied. RESULTS The study included 330 patients aged 37-100 years (median=68). Specimens included 233 transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) biopsies, 85 transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), 8 simple prostatectomies, 3 radical prostatectomies, and one radical cystoprostatectomy. Indications for TRUS guided biopsy in PCa patients were elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) (85.2%), abnormal digital rectal examination (5.5%) or both (9.3%). Prostate specific antigen values <4 ng/ml were found in 13.6% of PCa patients. Among others, adenocarcinoma was found in 28.5%, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) alone in 43.3%, BPH with inflammation in 20.3% and inflammation alone in 4.2%. In specimens of TURP or simple prostatectomy for apparently benign disease, incidental PCa was detected in 14/93 (15%). The Gleason sum of > or = 6 was found in 92.8% of patients. CONCLUSION The incidence of prostate cancer in Saudi Arabia is low compared to the western countries. However, incidental PCa detected in presumed benign disease appears to be rising. Further future studies addressing this issue are needed to confirm the potential rising trend, and its possible etiology. Our findings support the recommendations to lower the PSA cutoff value for prostatic biopsy to 2.5 rather than 4 ng/ml.
Salinomycin induced ROS results in abortive autophagy and leads to regulated necrosis in glioblastoma

Glioblastoma is the most frequent malignant brain tumor. Even with aggressive treatment, prognosis for patients is poor. One characteristic of glioblastoma cells is its intrinsic resistance to apoptosis. Therefore, drugs that induce alternative cell deaths could be interesting to evaluate as alternative therapeutic candidates for glioblastoma. Salinomycin (SLM) was identified through a chemical screening as a promising anticancer drug, but its mechanism of cell death remains unclear. In the present work we set out to elucidate how SLM causes cell death in glioblastoma cell lines (both established cell lines and brain tumor stem cell lines), aiming to find a potential antitumor candidate. In addition, we sought to determine the mechanism of action of SLM so that this mechanism can be can be exploited in the fight against cancer. Our data showed that SLM induces a potent endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress followed by the trigger of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and an aberrant autophagic flux that culminated in necrosis due to mitochondria and lysosomal alterations. Of importance, the aberrant autophagic flux was orchestrated by the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Alleviation of ROS production restored the autophagic flux. Altogether our data suggest that in our system the oxidative stress blocks the autophagic flux through lipid oxidation. Importantly, oxidative stress could be instructing the type of cell death in SLM-treated cells, suggesting that cell death modality is a dynamic concept which depends on the cellular stresses and the cellular mechanism activated.
Then and now: Perspectives on the status of elementary reading instruction by prominent reading educators

Abstract This study queried members of the Reading Hall of Fame about elementary school reading instruction. Results from closed and open items revealed three major themes: (a) a neo‐traditional view toward the teaching and learning of reading; (b) frustration with the fadism and ideological debates in the field; and (c) the necessity of enhancing teacher knowledge at the university and in public school settings. The perspectives of Reading Hall of Fame members of today were then compared to those of prominent reading educators of the past (Morrison, 1963), revealing both similarities and differences in the evaluation of elementary reading education then and now.
Nickel hydroxides and related materials: a review of their structures, synthesis and properties

This review article summarizes the last few decades of research on nickel hydroxide, an important material in physics and chemistry, that has many applications in engineering including, significantly, batteries. First, the structures of the two known polymorphs, denoted as α-Ni(OH)2 and β-Ni(OH)2, are described. The various types of disorder, which are frequently present in nickel hydroxide materials, are discussed including hydration, stacking fault disorder, mechanical stresses and the incorporation of ionic impurities. Several related materials are discussed, including intercalated α-derivatives and basic nickel salts. Next, a number of methods to prepare, or synthesize, nickel hydroxides are summarized, including chemical precipitation, electrochemical precipitation, sol–gel synthesis, chemical ageing, hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis, electrochemical oxidation, microwave-assisted synthesis, and sonochemical methods. Finally, the known physical properties of the nickel hydroxides are reviewed, including their magnetic, vibrational, optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The last section in this paper is intended to serve as a summary of both the potentially useful properties of these materials and the methods for the identification and characterization of ‘unknown’ nickel hydroxide-based samples.
Human aquaporin‐11 is a water and glycerol channel and localizes in the vicinity of lipid droplets in human adipocytes

For a long time Aquaporin‐7 has been the only aquaporin associated with the adipose tissue, and its dysregulation has been linked to the underlying mechanisms of obesity. However, the presence of alternative glycerol channels within the adipose tissue has been postulated, which has prompted us to the search of alternate glycerol transport routes in adipocytes. In view of this, it is hypothesized that Aquaporin‐11 (AQP11) would have a role in adipocyte cell biology.
How feeling happy during off-job activities helps successful recovery from work: A day reconstruction study

This diary study builds on the effort-recovery and broaden-and-build theories to examine whether the subjective experience of off-job activities (work-related, household, social, physical, low-effort) matters for an individual's daily recovery from work. It was hypothesized that momentary happiness experienced during off-job activities stops the prolongation of load reactions from work-related effort, and builds personal resources that benefit daily recovery from work. Using a day reconstruction method, 384 participants recruited via a Dutch website reconstructed their time spent on, and happiness during, off-job activities, and their daily recovery on workdays over a two-week period. Results of hierarchical linear modelling showed that work-related and household activities during off-job time were negatively associated with recovery at bedtime when happiness during such activities was low, but not when happiness was high. Social and physical activities were associated positively with recovery when happiness during such activities was high, but negatively when happiness was low, indicating that such activities only aid recovery when they are enjoyed. The findings expand knowledge on recovery by showing that it is not just the time spent on off-work activities but the subjective experience of such activities that plays a pivotal role in the way they are linked to recovery.
How do text‐picture relations affect the informational effectiveness of television newscasts?

The following study investigates the influence of text‐picture relations on the communication of information by television news. Specifically, it is aimed at comparing the effects of so‐called standard pictures (i.e., the routine pictures footage of events that is constantly used in news bulletins) with pictures that actually match and illustrate the news text itself. The effect of text‐picture relations was studied in an experiment employing 100 subjects and manipulating four forms of pictorial accompaniment to news messages. The results show that standard pictures, which suggest authenticity and actuality but do not correspond to the information in the text, do not facilitate retention of news content. The paper therefore not only confirms that pictures can enhance retention of news information, but appears to define the conditions under which they do so.
Optimizations and fitting procedures for the liljencrants-fant model for statistical parametric speech synthesis

Every parametric speech synthesizer requires a good excitation model to produce speech that sounds natural. In this paper, we describe efforts toward building one such model using the Liljencrants-Fant (LF) model. We used the Iterative Adaptive Inverse Filtering technique to derive an initial estimate of the glottal ﬂow derivative (GFD). Candidate pitch periods in the estimated GFD were then located and LF model parameters estimated using a gradient descent optimization algorithm. Residual energy in the GFD, after subtracting the ﬁtted LF signal, was then modeled by a 4-term LPC model plus energy term to extend the excitation model and account for source information not captured by the LF model. The ClusterGen speech synthesizer was then trained to predict these excitation parameters from text so that the excitation model could be used for speech synthesis. ClusterGen excitation predictions were further used to reinitialize the excitation ﬁtting process and iteratively improve the ﬁt by including modeled voicing and segmental in-ﬂuences on the LF parameters. The results of all of these meth-ods have been conﬁrmed both using listening tests and objective metrics.
Mobilizing the Law in China: “Informed Disenchantment” and the Development of Legal Consciousness

This article critically examines the development of legal consciousness among legal aid plaintiffs in Shanghai. It is based on 16 months of research at a large legal aid center and in-depth interviews with 50 plaintiffs. Chinese legal aid plaintiffs come to the legal process with high expectations about the possibility of protecting their rights; however, they also have only a vague and imprecise knowledge of legal procedure and their actual codified rights. Through this process of legal mobilization, plaintiffs' legal consciousness changes in two separate dimensions: changes in one's feelings of efficacy and competency vis-a-vis the law, and changes in one's perception/evaluation of the legal system. Put another way, the first dimension is “How well can I work the law? ” and the second is “How well does the law work? ” In this study I observe positive changes in feelings of individual efficacy and competency that are combined with more negative evaluations/perceptions of the legal system in terms of its fairness and effectiveness. The positive feelings of efficacy and voice provided by the legal process encourage labor dispute plaintiffs in the post-dispute period to plan new lawsuits and to help friends and relatives with their legal problems. Disenchantment with the promises of the legal system does not lead to despondency, but to more critical, informed action. This study provides new evidence on the nature of China's developing legal system with a focus on the social response to the state-led “rule of law” project.
Measurement of the distribution volume of gadopentetate dimeglumine at echo-planar MR imaging to quantify myocardial infarction: comparison with 99mTc-DTPA autoradiography in rats.

PURPOSE To measure the fractional distribution volume of gadopentetate dimeglumine in normal and reperfused infarcted myocardium at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging by using the fractional distribution volume of technetium 99m-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) as an independent reference. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rats were subjected to 1 hour of coronary artery occlusion and 1 hour of reperfusion before inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging or autoradiography. Regional change in relaxation rate (delta R1) ratios for myocardium over blood were compared with radioactivity ratios for myocardium over blood after the injection of 99mTc-DTPA. RESULTS Both delta R1 and radioactivity ratios demonstrated equilibrium distribution and hence represent partition coefficients (lambda). The fractional distribution volumes were greater in infarcted myocardium (0.90 +/- 0.05 for gadopentetate dimeglumine and 0.89 +/- 0.04 for 99mTc-DTPA) than in normal myocardium (0.23 +/- 0.02 for gadopentetate dimeglumine and 0.16 +/- 0.01 for 99mTc-DTPA). Area at risk at autoradiography was not significantly different from that at histomorphometry. The infarction size defined by using triphenyltetrazolium chloride was 13% +/- 4 smaller than that defined by using autoradiography. CONCLUSION The fractional distribution volumes of gadopentetate dimeglumine and 99mTc-DTPA are similar and indicate extracellular distribution in normal myocardium and intracellular as well as extracellular distribution in reperfused infarction. Because the failure of cells to exclude these agents is indicative of necrosis, contrast medium-enhanced MR imaging may be useful to quantify myocardial infarction.
Calcium Orthophosphate-Containing Biocomposites and Hybrid Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

The state-of-the-art on calcium orthophosphate (CaPO4)-containing biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials suitable for biomedical applications is presented. Since these types of biomaterials offer many significant and exciting possibilities for hard tissue regeneration, this subject belongs to a rapidly expanding area of biomedical research. Through the successful combinations of the desired properties of matrix materials with those of fillers (in such systems, CaPO4 might play either role), innovative bone graft biomaterials can be designed. Various types of CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials those are either already in use or being investigated for biomedical applications are extensively discussed. Many different formulations in terms of the material constituents, fabrication technologies, structural and bioactive properties, as well as both in vitro and in vivo characteristics have been already proposed. Among the others, the nano-structurally controlled biocomposites, those containing nanodimensional compounds, biomimetically fabricated formulations with collagen, chitin and/or gelatin, as well as various functionally graded structures seem to be the most promising candidates for clinical applications. The specific advantages of using CaPO4-based biocomposites and hybrid biomaterials in the selected applications are highlighted. As the way from a laboratory to a hospital is a long one and the prospective biomedical candidates have to meet many different necessities, the critical issues and scientific challenges that require further research and development are also examined.
THE ACCUMULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE INCOMPATIBILITIES IN AFRICAN CICHLID FISH

The rate at which different components of reproductive isolation accumulate with divergence time between species has only been studied in a limited, but growing, number of species. We measured premating isolation and hybrid inviability at four different ontogenetic stages from zygotes to adults in interspecific hybrids of 26 pairs of African cichlid species, spanning the entire East African haplochromine radiation. We then used multiple relaxed molecular clock calibrations to translate genetic distances into absolute ages to compare evolutionary rates of different components of reproductive isolation. We find that premating isolation accumulates fast initially but then changes little with increasing genetic distance between species. In contrast, postmating isolation between closely related species is negligible but then accumulates rapidly, resulting in complete hybrid inviability after 4.4/8.5/18.4 million years (my). Thus, the rate at which complete intrinsic incompatibilities arise in this system is orders of magnitude lower than rates of speciation within individual lake radiations. Together these results suggest divergent ecological adaptations may prevent populations from interbreeding and help maintain cichlid species diversity, which may be vulnerable to environmental degradation. By quantifying the capacity to produce viable hybrids between allopatric, distantly related lineages our results also provide an upper divergence time limit for the “hybrid swarm origin” model of adaptive radiation.