Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Fluid Flow Is an Environmental Modifier of Renal Epithelial Function

Although solitary or sensory cilia are present in most cells of the body and their existence has been known since the sixties, very little is been known about their functions. One suspected function is fluid flow sensing- physical bending of cilia produces an influx of Ca++, which can then result in a variety of activated signaling pathways. Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) is a progressive disease, typically appearing in the 5th decade of life and is one of the most common monogenetic inherited human diseases, affecting approximately 600,000 people in the United States. Because ADPKD is a slowly progressing disease, I asked how fluid flow may act, via the primary cilium, to alter epithelial physiology during the course of cell turnover. I performed an experiment to determine under what conditions fluid flow can result in a change of function of renal epithelial tissue. A wildtype epithelial cell line derived the cortical collecting duct of a heterozygous offspring of the Immortomouse (Charles River Laboratory) was selected as our model system. Gentle orbital shaking was used to induce physiologically relevant fluid flow, and periodic measurements of the transepithelial Sodium current were performed. At the conclusion of the experiment, mechanosensitive proteins of interest were visualized by immunostaining. I found that fluid flow, in itself, modifies the transepithelial sodium current, cell proliferation, and the actin cytoskeleton. These results significantly impact the understanding of both the mechanosensation function of primary cilia as well as the understanding of ADPKD disease progression.
Encouraging a deep approach to learning through curriculum design

Accounting educators are concerned by research suggesting that accounting students frequently adopt a surface approach to learning given that this approach has been shown to result in undesirable learning outcomes (Eley, 1992; Booth et al., 1999). Despite mixed empirical evidence, the possibility of encouraging students to adopt a deep approach to learning through interventions in the learning context is suggested by the approaches to learning and metacognition literatures. Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985) provides principles upon which such interventions might be based. This paper, first, provides a rich description of an intervention in an introductory accounting course to encourage a deep approach to learning by improving students' written communication skills. Second, the effectiveness of the intervention is examined by comparing students' approaches to learning, using Biggs' (1987a) Study Process Questionnaire, with those at another leading Australian university offering a more ‘traditional’ course. The findings broadly confirm the effectiveness of the intervention, both in encouraging a deep approach, and in improving overall course results.
The Inevitability of Future Revolutionary Surprises

Although social scientists have written extensively on revolutions, none of their theories has shown much predictive success in practice. Recent revolutions surprised social scientists as much as anyone else. This article proposes that revolutionary surprises will occur repeatedly, although it is possible to identify countries relatively likely to experience a sudden explosion. The argument hinges on preference falsification-the act of misrepresenting one's preferences under perceived social pressures. By falsifying their preferences with regard to the incumbent regime, disgruntled citizens distort perceptions of the potential for political change. The article's key proposition may be refuted by building a model that successfully predicts when and where revolutions will occur.
The Advanced Placement Program Now Has a History

Talk given by Charles R. Keller at the College Board-DePauw University Conference for School and College Teachers of History, in Greencastle, Indiana, June 27, 1958. Mr. Keller is Brown Professor of History and chairman of the Department of History at Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts. He served as Director of the College Board’s Advanced Placement Program, 1955-57. IT WAS four years ago, in late June 1954, that the first conference for school and college teachers of history was held under Advanced Place-
Evolutionary algorithms and dynamic programming

Recently, it has been proven that evolutionary algorithms produce good results for a wide range of combinatorial optimization problems. Some of the considered problems are tackled by evolutionary algorithms that use a representation, which enables them to construct solutions in a dynamic programming fashion. We take a general approach and relate the construction of such algorithms to the development of algorithms using dynamic programming techniques. Thereby, we give general guidelines on how to develop evolutionary algorithms that have the additional ability of carrying out dynamic programming steps.
Sociology and modern systems theory

processes. Until this is realized, Buckley maintains, arguments about sociological analysis will remain at the 'sophomoric' level. Peter Medawar, talking about Spencer, has pointed out that philosophers create systems because it gives them a nice warm comfortable feeling inside, and it is easy to see how all existing sociological theory can be knitted into the empty naturalistic metaphysics of systems theory, with the consequent illusions of scientific progress, intellectual omniscience and academic security. But too many analytical and empirical sacrifices are made on the way. First, one set of inferences from the concept of system will not do for all physical, biological and social phenomena. For some, inferences predicting entropy will be all right; for others, and certainly for social systems, inferences predicting the opposite of increasing complexity, heterogeneity and interdependence will be more accurate. Buckley does not make this clear. Second, it will not do to make the simple distinction between open and closed systems. Both types are impossible extremes, and instruments for making finer discriminations in between are required. Third, decisions must be made about what is system and what is environment. Fourth, the muddle in systems analysis over what level of entity is being discussed has to be confronted. Fifth, there must be more logical sophistication about what kinds of explanation are being proferred. Buckley mounts an obscure, elliptical attack on conventional causality, confuses functional and teleological propositions, and yet rejects the former and subscribes to the latter. In so doing he suggests that a system is both the sum of individual purposes and something more than this, but dismisses as irrelevant the question of how individual purposes are generated. Sixth, and related to this, it is essential to expose the metaphysic about human nature that lies underneath systems theory, because it denies the distinction between belief
Regulation of hepatic fat and glucose oxidation in rats with lipid‐induced hepatic insulin resistance

Pyruvate dehydrogenase plays a critical role in the regulation of hepatic glucose and fatty acid oxidation; however, surprisingly little is known about its regulation in vivo. In this study we examined the individual effects of insulin and substrate availability on the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase flux (VPDH) to tricarboxylic acid flux (VTCA) in livers of awake rats with lipid‐induced hepatic insulin resistance. VPDH/VTCA flux was estimated from the [4‐13C]glutamate/[3‐13C]alanine enrichments in liver extracts and assessed under conditions of fasting and during a hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp, whereas the effects of increased plasma glucose concentration on VPDH/VTCA flux was assessed during a hyperglycemic clamp in conjunction with infusions of somatostatin and insulin to maintain basal concentrations of insulin. The effects of increases in both glucose and insulin on VPDH/VTCA were examined during a hyperinsulinemic‐hyperglycemic clamp. The effects of chronic lipid‐induced hepatic insulin resistance on this flux were also examined by performing these measurements in rats fed a high‐fat diet for 3 weeks. Using this approach we found that fasting VPDH/VTCA was reduced by 95% in rats with hepatic insulin resistance (from 17.2 ± 1.5% to 1.3 ± 0.7%, P < 0.00001). Surprisingly, neither hyperinsulinemia per se or hyperglycemia per se were sufficient to increase VPDH/VTCA flux. Only under conditions of combined hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia did VPDH/VTCA flux increase (44.6 ± 3.2%, P < 0.0001 versus basal) in low‐fat fed animals but not in rats with chronic lipid‐induced hepatic insulin resistance. Conclusion: These studies demonstrate that the combination of both hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia are required to increase VPDH/VTCA flux in vivo and that this flux is severely diminished in rats with chronic lipid‐induced hepatic insulin resistance. (HEPATOLOGY 2011.)
Predicting metabolic engineering knockout strategies for chemical production: accounting for competing pathways

MOTIVATION Computational modeling in metabolic engineering involves the prediction of genetic manipulations that would lead to optimized microbial strains, maximizing the production rate of chemicals of interest. Various computational methods are based on constraint-based modeling, which enables to anticipate the effect of genetic manipulations on cellular metabolism considering a genome-scale metabolic network. However, current methods do not account for the presence of competing pathways in a metabolic network that may diverge metabolic flux away from producing a required chemical, resulting in lower (or even zero) chemical production rates in reality-making these methods somewhat over optimistic. RESULTS In this article, we describe a novel constraint-based method called RobustKnock that predicts gene deletion strategies that lead to the over-production of chemicals of interest, by accounting for the presence of competing pathways in the network. We describe results of applying RobustKnock to Escherichia coli's metabolic network towards the production of various chemicals, demonstrating its ability to provide more robust predictions than those obtained via current state-of-the-art methods.
The Impact of Management Style on the Intention to Share knowledge in China

Knowledge management (KM) is a dominant theme in the behaviour of contemporary organisations. While KM has been extensively studied in developed economies, it is much less well understood in developing economies, notably those that are characterised by different social and cultural traditions to the mainstream of Western societies. This is notably the case in China. In this paper, we develop and test a theoretical model that explains the impact of management style and interpersonal trust on the intention of information and knowledge workers in China to share their knowledge with their peers. All but one of the hypotheses are supported, with 28.7% of the variance in employees’ intention to share knowledge explained. We discuss the theoretical contributions of the paper, identify future research opportunities, and highlight the implications for practicing managers.
Negotiating multiple identities within multiple frames: an analysis of first‐generation college students

This article draws from narratives, collected from 79 first‐generation college (FGC) students across several different campuses, to explore the saliency of FGC student status and the various ways in which it is enacted during interactions with others. Communication theory of identity serves as the study's theoretic foundation. Multiple points of analysis capture the complex nature of identity negotiation for FGC students. Findings warrant three conclusions: (1) the salience of FGC status in their daily interactions varies considerably among students; (2) FGC status appears to be more important for individuals who also identify as co‐cultural group members; and (3) FGC students appear to lack any significant sense of communal identity.
Perspectives on Struggling English Language Learners: Case Studies of Two Chinese-Canadian Children

Chinese learners are often stereotyped as high achievers and overlooked in literacy research. This year-long, qualitative study in a combined Grade 4/5 classroom presents the cases of two struggling Chinese-Canadian learners. The study offers a new perspective on struggling learners by revealing a complex, multilayered understanding of these learners from different social members' viewpoints. I provide detailed descriptions of these learners' literacy experiences and dispositions of learning at school and at home, and their teachers' and parents' perspectives on their struggles with English literacy. The findings suggest that several home and school cultural discontinuities and pedagogical influences contributed to the children's difficulty with literacy. The discontinuities included (1) parents' preference for word-by-word decoding versus teachers' preference for semantic connections between pages, (2) parents' and teachers' different interpretations of what and how much homework should be given, (3) parents' and teachers' perspectives on the causes of the children's low literacy performance, and (4) lack of communication between the school and home. The pedagogical influences included (1) decontextualized literacy activities and lack of direct instruction, (2) instructional materials that were detached from the learners' cultural backgrounds, (3) insufficient recognition and utilization of students' resources in their first language, and (4) problematic assessment of these learners. The study raises critical issues in understanding the multivoicedness concerning struggling English language learners and provides educators with guidance for effective instructional planning and for building school-parent partnerships.
Three-Dimensional Morphometry of Single Endothelial Cells with Substrate Stretching and Image-Based Finite Element Modeling

Morphologically accurate reproduction of the behavior of endothelial cells is a key to understanding their mechanical behavior in cyclically inflated arteries and to quantitatively correlating this with cellular responses. We developed a novel technique to measure the three-dimensional geometry of cells on the substrate being stretched. We obtained sliced images of cells using confocal laser-scanning microscopy, and created image-based finite element models in the unloaded state assuming neo-Hookean material. Comparison of numerical predictions and experiments involving six cells when the substrate was stretched by 15% showed that the deformed geometry agreed with an average error of 0.55 m, roughly one-hundredth the size of a cell, for the lower half of the range of cellular height. Numerical sensitivity analyses showed that the cellular deformation under substrate stretching, that is, displacement boundaries, is insensitive to the absolute value of the elastic modulus, but depends on the nuclear to cytoplasmic modulus ratio.
pH and temperature-induced molten globule-like denatured states of equinatoxin II: a study by UV-melting, DSC, far- and near-UV CD spectroscopy, and ANS fluorescence.

Thermal denaturation of equinatoxin II (EqTxII) in glycine buffer solutions (pH 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, and 3.5) and in triple distilled water (pH 5.5-6.0) was examined by differential scanning calorimetry, UV and CD spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy of the added hydrophobic fluorescent probe ANS. At pH 5.5-6.0 and at temperatures below 60 degrees C, the protein exists in a native state characterized by a pronounced tertiary structure, a beta-rich secondary structure and a low degree of ANS-binding. At higher temperatures, it undergoes a two-state conformational transition, (delta H degree)VH = (delta H degree)DSC, into an unfolded state, which is characterized by a complete collapse of its tertiary structure and an incomplete denaturation of its secondary structure. At acidic pH, the EqTxII temperature-induced conformational transition appears at lower temperatures as non-two-state transition accompanied by the formation of an intermediate state which shows characteristics of molten globules, i.e., absence of defined tertiary structure, increase in alpha-rich secondary structure, and high affinity for ANS. At pH 2.0, the low-temperature initial state of EqTxII is already partially denatured; the tertiary structure is partially disrupted, and a pronounced inequality (delta H degree)VH > (delta H degree)DSC is observed. At pH value of 1.1 and below 60 degrees C, EqTxII exists in a stable acid-denatured compact state which shows all the characteristics of a molten globule, which even at 95 degrees C is not completely denatured. According to numerous studies on the pore forming toxins, such acid-denatured compact states may contribute to the protein's ability to penetrate into biological membranes.
Estimating the Reliability of a Single-Item Measure

Single-item measures of employees' attitudes and beliefs are generally discouraged because their (internal consistency) reliability cannot be estimated. This results in the concern that reliability may be unacceptably low, particularly when compared to scales used to measure the same construct. A method for estimating the reliability of a single-item measure is demonstrated on original data that included both a single-item and a multiple-item measure of three constructs, namely, Over-all Job Satisfaction, Perceived Amount of Participation, and Desired Amount of Participation in decision-making. The average minimum estimated reliability for these single-item measures is . 57; however, a realistic yet conservative estimate of their likely minimum reliability is at least . 70.
Self-Reported Marital Quality of Military Families Living Off-Post in a Midwestern Community

Military, student, and other wives from a sample of 212 wives and both spouses from a sample of 79 couples from the Midwest are compared on a variety of self-report measures of marital quality. While few significant differences were found among the three groups, those that were significant favored the military couples. In these samples, the strengths of military families appeared sufficient to offset the stresses peculiar to their family life. The results suggest that not all military families can be fairly characterized as problematic or dysfunctional.
Event BAGGING: A novel event summarization approach in multiview surveillance videos

Due to advancement in digital multimedia technologies, huge amount of video contents in such arenas as sports, surveillance, news, etc., is becoming widely available. Due to factors like presence of inactive frames, inter-view dependencies and frequent illumination changes, whole video content may not be important. Moreover, users may not have the adequate time to access/ store the entire video in real time. We propose a machine learning ensemble method to summarize the events in multiview videos, as a solution to the aforementioned issues. In order to make the accurate decision on keyframes, we trained our ensembles using meta approach where the inter-dependency and illumination changes of views are considered in the training phase. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art models with the best Recall and F-measure. The computing analysis of the model also indicates that it meets all requirements of real-time applications.
The Role of High Spatial Frequencies in Face Perception

The relevance of low and high spatial-frequency information for the recognition of photographs of faces has been investigated by testing recognition of faces that have been either low-pass (LP) or high-pass (HP) filtered in the spatial-frequency domain. The highest resolvable spatial frequency was set at 15 cycles per face width (cycles fw−1). Recognition was much less accurate for images that contained only the low spatial frequencies (up to 5 cycles fw−1) than for images that contained only spatial frequencies higher than 5 cycles fw−1. For faces HP filtered above 8 cycles fw−1, recognition was almost as accurate as for faces LP filtered below 8 cycles fw−1, although the energy content of the latter greatly exceeded that of the former. These findings show that information conveyed by the higher spatial frequencies is not redundant. Rather, it is sufficient by itself to ensure recognition.
Gender and Metaphor: Descriptions of Familiar Persons

This study investigates the extent to which metaphors used to describe familiar or known persons are gendered. University students (N = 461) described someone they know well using metaphors or similes in an open-ended essay. We hypothesized that there will be few gendered metaphors with the attendant gender stereotypes because respondents have access to individuating, personal attributes of the targeted person. Respondents generated 1,648 metaphors, but we analyzed only 32 metaphors used 5 or more times. Those metaphors that were used to describe women significantly more than men were sun, flower, and mother, whereas the metaphor rabbit was used to describe men more than women. Content analysis of the 32 most frequently used metaphors revealed that women are described as cheerful, dependent, and attractive, whereas men are described as strong or sturdy and big or tall. The data speak more powerfully to gender similarity than difference; however, the significance placed on physical appearance for both familiar men and women is noteworthy.
Generosity Pays in the Presence of Direct Reciprocity: A Comprehensive Study of 2×2 Repeated Games

By applying a technique previously developed to study ecosystem assembly [Capitán et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 168101 (2009)] we study the evolutionary stable strategies of iterated 22 games. We focus on memory-one strategies, whose probability to play a given action depends on the actions of both players in the previous time step. We find the asymptotically stable populations resulting from all possible invasions of any known stable population. The results of this invasion process are interpreted as transitions between different populations that occur with a certain probability. Thus the whole process can be described as a Markov chain whose states are the different stable populations. With this approach we are able to study the whole space of symmetric 22 games, characterizing the most probable results of evolution for the different classes of games. Our analysis includes quasi-stationary mixed equilibria that are relevant as very long-lived metastable states and is compared to the predictions of a fixation probability analysis. We confirm earlier results on the success of the Pavlov strategy in a wide range of parameters for the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, but find that as the temptation to defect grows there are many other possible successful strategies. Other regions of the diagram reflect the equilibria structure of the underlying one-shot game, albeit often some non-expected strategies arise as well. We thus provide a thorough analysis of iterated 22 games from which we are able to extract some general conclusions. Our most relevant finding is that a great deal of the payoff parameter range can still be understood by focusing on win-stay, lose-shift strategies, and that very ambitious ones, aspiring to obtaining always a high payoff, are never evolutionary stable.