Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fish Species Distribution in Seagrass Habitats of Chesapeake Bay are Structured by Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Abstract Seagrass habitats have long been known to serve as nursery habitats for juvenile fish by providing refuges from predation and areas of high forage abundance. However, comparatively less is known about other factors structuring fish communities that make extensive use of seagrass as nursery habitat. We examined both physical and biological factors that may structure the juvenile seagrass-associated fish communities across a synoptic-scale multiyear study in lower Chesapeake Bay. Across 3 years of sampling, we collected 21,153 fish from 31 species. Silver Perch Bairdiella chrysoura made up over 86% of all individuals collected. Nine additional species made up at least 1% of the fish community in the bay but were at very different abundances than historical estimates of the fish community from the early 1980s. Eight species, including Silver Perch, showed a relationship with measured gradients of temperature or salinity and Spot Leiostomus xanthurus showed a negative relationship with the presence of macroalgae. Climate change, particularly increased precipitation and runoff from frequent and intense events, has the potential to alter fish—habitat relationships in seagrass beds and other habitats and may have already altered the fish community composition. Comparisons of fish species to historical data from the 1970s, our data, and recent contemporary data in the late 2000s suggests this has occurred.
The role of prosody and gesture in the perception of mock impoliteness

Abstract Within the impoliteness literature, an important distinction has beenmade between genuine and mock (or non-genuine) impoliteness (Culpeper1996, 2011; Bernal 2008, among others). Even though mock impoliteness hasgenerally been analyzed within an impoliteness framework, recent proposalssuggest that it is an essentially different pragmatic phenomenon that requiresa continuous conversational evaluation (Haugh and Bousfield 2012). Thepresent study had the goal of assessing the offline evaluation process of targetgenuine vs. mock impoliteness utterances, specifically the role the situational/discourse contexts, as well as prosodic and gestural patterns, play in their interpretation.A total of 97 participants were either asked to rate the degree ofimpoliteness of target genuine and mock impoliteness utterances in isolation(Experiment 1), or to rate the same utterances preceded with a set of matchedand mismatched situational/discourse contexts which favored either a genuineor a mock impoliteness interpretation (Experiment 2). The results of the twoexperiments show that (a) evaluations of intended mock impoliteness utterancesgenerate more uncertainty in listeners than intended genuine impolite utterances;and (b) mock impoliteness evaluations are characterized by a moreactive use of gestural cues. These results provide evidence that mock impolitenesstriggers a more complex evaluation procedure of a phenomenon that lieson the boundary between polite and impolite behavior.
Inference Suboptimality in Variational Autoencoders

Amortized inference allows latent-variable models trained via variational learning to scale to large datasets. The quality of approximate inference is determined by two factors: a) the capacity of the variational distribution to match the true posterior and b) the ability of the recognition network to produce good variational parameters for each datapoint. We examine approximate inference in variational autoencoders in terms of these factors. We find that divergence from the true posterior is often due to imperfect recognition networks, rather than the limited complexity of the approximating distribution. We show that this is due partly to the generator learning to accommodate the choice of approximation. Furthermore, we show that the parameters used to increase the expressiveness of the approximation play a role in generalizing inference rather than simply improving the complexity of the approximation.
Predictive Formula for Refraction of Autologous Lenticule Implantation for Hyperopia Correction.

PURPOSE To create a formula to predict refractive correction of autologous lenticule implantation for correction of hyperopia (with myopia in one eye and hyperopia in the contralateral eye). METHODS In this prospective study, 10 consecutive patients (20 eyes) who had myopia in one eye and hyperopia in the contralateral eye were included. The preoperative spherical equivalent was -3.31 ± 1.73 diopters (D) for the myopic eyes and +4.46 ± 1.97 D for the hyperopic eyes. For each patient, the myopic eye was treated with small incision lenticule extraction and the lenticule was subsequently implanted into the contralateral hyperopic eye. The average length of follow-up was 17 months. RESULTS All of the operations were successful without complications. At the last visit, the efficacy index (postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity/preoperative corrected distance visual acuity [CDVA]) of the hyperopic eyes was 0.94 ± 0.35 and the safety index (postoperative CDVA/preoperative CDVA) was 1.36 ± 0.38. No eyes lost any lines of visual acuity. Six of 10 (60%) of the implanted eyes were within ±1.00 D of the intended refractive target. A predictive formula was derived: Lenticule implantation achieved correction (D) (LAC) = 1.224 Lenticule refractive power (D) (LRP) - 0.063 (R2 =0.92, P < .001). On corneal topography, there was a significant increase in the corneal anterior surface keratometry value postoperatively, whereas the posterior surface keratometry value remained stable (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Autologous lenticule implantation could provide a reliable method of correcting hyperopia. The refractive correction formula may require further verification and adjustment. [J Refract Surg. 2017;33(12):827-833. ].
Biofilms Formed by Isolates from Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Patients Are Heterogeneous and Insensitive to Fluconazole

ABSTRACT Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a global health problem affecting ∼75% of women at least once in their lifetime. Here we examined the epidemiology of VVC in a patient cohort to identify the causative organisms associated with VVC. Biofilm-forming capacity and antifungal sensitivity profiles were also assessed. We report a shifting prevalence of Candida species with heterogeneous biofilm-forming capacity, which is associated with altered antifungal drug sensitivity.
Rumination and self-defining memories in the context of health concerns

Individuals with health anxiety report experiencing a strong sense of vulnerability to illness. Such beliefs may be driven by the biased recollection of past illness-related events. However, little research has explored the role of memory in health anxiety. In other disorders, rumination has also been identified as a process that leads individuals to recall memories dominated by the content of their concerns. This study examined the proposition that rumination might impact the content of “self-defining” autobiographical memories among 60 college students with varying health anxiety (35% with clinical-level health anxiety). Participants were randomised to experiential/ruminative self-focus conditions, and then they completed the Self-Defining Memory Task. Responses were coded for valence and illness-relatedness. Results indicated that rumination led participants to retrieve more illness-related self-defining memories, while higher health anxiety scores were associated with more negative, but not more illness-focused memories. Ruminative thinking appears to activate health concerns, and may play a role in maintaining ongoing health anxiety.
Operative mortality and stroke after on-pump vs off-pump surgery in high-risk patients: an analysis of 83,914 coronary bypass operations.

OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to compare the early outcomes of off-pump and on-pump surgeries in high-risk patient groups. METHODS The outcomes of 83,914 high-risk patients undergoing off-pump or on-pump isolated coronary bypass surgery identified from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2005 to 2010 were compared using propensity analysis. RESULTS Off-pump surgery was associated with a significant reduction in stroke rates compared with on-pump surgery in propensity-matched patients ≥ 80 years (odds ratio [OR] 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-0.93, P = 0.02), those with peripheral vascular disease (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.36-0.77, P = 0.001) and those with aortic atherosclerosis (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.13-0.72, P = 0.007). In these high-risk subgroups, off-pump surgery was associated with an absolute risk reduction in stroke rates of 0.5, 0.5 and 1.2%, respectively: the minimum number needed to treat to prevent one stroke is 200 patients. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality or the incidence of postoperative renal failure or respiratory failure between off-pump and on-pump surgeries in these patient subgroups, or in patients with preoperative renal failure, or chronic obstructive airways disease. CONCLUSIONS High-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery gain a short-term benefit from off-pump approaches due to a small absolute reduction in the risk of postoperative stroke.
Associations of Ischemic Lesion Volume With Functional Outcome in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 24-Hour Versus 1-Week Imaging

Background and Purpose— Ischemic lesion volume (ILV) on noncontrast computed tomography at 1 week can be used as a secondary outcome measure in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Twenty-four–hour ILV on noncontrast computed tomography has greater availability and potentially allows earlier estimation of functional outcome. We aimed to assess lesion growth 24 hours after stroke onset and compare the associations of 24-hour and 1-week ILV with functional outcome. Methods— We included 228 patients from MR CLEAN trial (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands), who received noncontrast computed tomography at 24-hour and 1-week follow-up on which ILV was measured. Relative and absolute lesion growth was determined. Logistic regression models were constructed either including the 24-hour or including the 1-week ILV. Ordinal and dichotomous (0–2 and 3–6) modified Rankin scale scores were, respectively, used as primary and secondary outcome measures. Results— Median ILV was 42 mL (interquartile range, 21–95 mL) and 64 mL (interquartile range: 30–120 mL) at 24 hours and 1 week, respectively. Relative lesion growth exceeding 30% occurred in 121 patients (53%) and absolute lesion growth exceeding 20 mL occurred in 83 patients (36%). Both the 24-hour and 1-week ILVs were similarly significantly associated with functional outcome (both P<0.001). In the logistic analyses, the areas under the curve of the receiver–operator characteristic curves were similar: 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.80–0.90) and 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.82–0.91) for including the 24-hour and 1-week ILV, respectively. Conclusions— Growth of ILV is common 24-hour poststroke onset. Nevertheless, the 24-hour ILV proved to be a valuable secondary outcome measure as it is equally strongly associated with functional outcome as the 1-week ILV. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.isrctn. com. Unique identifier: ISRCTN10888758.
Efficacy of the Aussie Optimism Program: Promoting Pro-social Behavior and Preventing Suicidality in Primary School Students. A Randomised-Controlled Trial

The efficacy of an enhanced version of the Aussie Optimism Program (AOP) was investigated in a cluster randomized controlled trial. Grade 6 students aged 10–11 years of age (N = 2288) from 63 government primary schools in Perth, Western Australia, participated in the pre, post, and follow-up study. Schools were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: Aussie Optimism with teacher training, Aussie Optimism with teacher training plus coaching, or a usual care condition that received the regular Western Australian Health Education Curriculum. Students in the Aussie Optimism conditions received 20, 1-h lessons relating to social and interpersonal skills and optimistic thinking skills over the last 2 years of primary school. Parents in the active conditions received a parent information booklet each year, plus a self-directed program in Grade 7. Students and parents completed the Extended Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Students who scored in the clinical range on the Emotional Symptoms Scale were given The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents IV, to assess suicidal ideation and behavior, and depressive and anxiety disorders. Results indicated that Aussie Optimism with teacher training plus coaching was associated with the best outcomes: a significant increase in student-reported pro-social behavior from pre-test to post-test 1 (maintained at post-test 2) and significantly lower incidence rates from suicidal ideation at post-test 2 and follow-up. No significant intervention effects on anxiety and depressive disorders, and total difficulties were reported. These findings suggest that the AOP with teacher training along with coaching may have the potential to positively impact on suicidality and pro-social behavior in the pre-adolescent years.
Effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure on central circulation.

BACKGROUND In an experimental model we investigated the effects of a gradual increase in intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) on the central circulation. METHODS Seven pigs were anaesthetized, mechanically ventilated and instrumented. IAP was gradually increased by 5 mm Hg up to 30 mm Hg by abdominal banding in normovolaemic animals, and then they were made hypovolaemic after blood withdrawal. Right atrial pressure (RAP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) at each step and aortic, femoral and inferior vena cava blood flows were measured. Left ventricular end-diastolic area (LVEDA) was determined using epicardial echocardiography. RESULTS Cardiac output maintained at mild IAP was reduced to 76 (24)% of the initial value at 30 mm Hg IAP [mean (sd)] in normovolaemic animals, and 72 (22)% (P<0.001) in hypovolaemic animals. In normovolaemic animals the LVEDA and LVEDP were significantly increased at an IAP of 10 and 15 mm Hg by 26 (24)% and 38 (23)%, respectively. At these IAP values, the difference between the RAP and IAP was positive. When this gradient became negative, that is beyond 15 mm Hg in normovolaemia and for all IAP values in hypovolaemic animals, the LVEDA declined, reaching 78 (16)% and 62 (22)% (P<0.05) of the initial values in normovolaemic and hypovolaemic groups at the highest IAP value. CONCLUSIONS These results showed that a gradual increase in IAP led to a redistribution of abdominal blood volume towards the thoracic compartment, at IAP lower than 15 mm Hg in normovolaemia, and at its expense at higher values of IAP. In hypovolaemia there was no thoracic compartment gain. Whereas the absolute or transmural RAPs were not informative of the direction of this blood shift, an RAP greater than IAP was associated with an intrathoracic compartment gain.
Competition for red-cockaded woodpecker roost and nest cavities: effects of resin age and entrance diameter

AnsmAcr. -Competition for roost and nest cavities was investigated in a Texas population of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) habitat. Twenty-two percent ofall examined cavities were occupied by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers, and 46% were occupied by other species. Red-cockaded Woodpeckers did not roost in the open or in sub-optimum cavities due to the presence of other species, with one temporary exception. Southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) were a potential competitor. Similar to Red-cockaded Woodpeckers, flying squirrels preferred cavities with small entrance diameters, and their use of cavities was not hampered by the presence of a resin barrier or woodpecker cluster status (active vs inactive). Other potentially competing species were either rare or restricted to enlarged cavities no longer used by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers. These data suggest that competition for cavities is not an important factor in this particular population of Texas Red-cockaded Woodpeckers during the period prior to breeding. Received 3 Nov. 1988, accepted I May 1989. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) inhabits mature pine forests in the southeastern United States. Red-cockaded Woodpecker population structure is complex, consisting of parent-offspring groups termed clans (Ligon 1970). A Red-cockaded Woodpecker clan typically consists of a breeding pair and some male offspring of previous years (Ligon 1970, Gowaty and Lennartz 1985). Non-breeding male clan members, called helpers, assist the breeding pair in maintaining cavities, feeding young, and other activities (Baker 197 1, Ligon 1970, Lennartz and Harlow 1979). Female offspring disperse prior to the breeding season following fledging (Gowaty and Lennartz 1985, J. A. Jackson pers. comm.). Clans occupy clusters consisting of one to many cavity trees that provide roosting and nesting sites (Ligon 1970, 1971; Hooper and Lennartz 1983). Due to climate and the historical importance of fire, southeastern pine forests provide minimal numbers of dead trees and limbs for cavity construction by woodpeckers (Ligon 1970, 197 1). But Red-cockaded Woodpeckers are unique among woodpeckers in their nearly exclusive use of living pines for cavity sites (Ligon 1970, Short 1979). Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities are typically excavated in the trunks of pines, often below the lowest branches (Ligon 1970, Wood 1983). Entrance tunnels that pass through living, resin-transporting tissue, slope upward to the
Exploring the Association between Race and Health among Older Adults Who Are Incarcerated

One of the little known ironies in the field of prison health is the notion that prison may actually have health-stabilizing effects for some groups. This study contributes to this line of inquiry by examining a variety of physical and mental health indicators among an older cohort of prisoners. Furthermore, this study's focus on race addresses a notable gap in the growing literature on older prisoner health. A cross-section of 625 males who were incarcerated residing in a northeastern state prison system was surveyed and data on self-reported health status and stress and individual demographics characteristics were collected. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to quantify racial differences with respect to self-reported stress after adjusting for potential confounders. Results suggest that Black men who are older and incarcerated appear to be more resilient than White men who are older. An association was found between race and self-reported stress though not statistically significant. Health status is a significant predictor of self-reported stress in univariate and multivariate analyses. Having ever committed a violent offense and having received mental health services (in and out patient) are statistically associated with self-reported stress. Black men who were older in this study appear to cope better with stress related to incarceration than White men who were older, which may in turn affect other physical and mental health outcomes. Future research is needed to address factors that stabilize health and reduce stress among a racially diverse, aging prison population.
Stability of the Syndesmosis After Posterior Malleolar Fracture Fixation

Background: We sought to define the rate of syndesmotic instability after anatomic reduction of the posterior malleolus when posterior stabilization of a trimalleolar or trimalleolar equivalent ankle fracture was chosen vs when a supine position and initially conservative management of the posterior elements was chosen. Methods: The types of syndesmotic and posterior malleolar fixation used to treat adult patients with ankle fractures involving the posterior malleolus at our level I trauma center were retrospectively assessed (N = 198). Specifically, both bimalleolar and trimalleolar fractures were included. Exclusion criteria included pilon fractures, trimalleolar fractures with Chaput fragments, and neurologic injury. Demographics, fracture classification, initial operative position, medial clear space, and posterior malleolar fragment size were recorded for each fracture. Results: In total, 151 patients (76.3%) were initially positioned supine, 27.2% of whom had syndesmotic instability requiring operative stabilization. Almost 25% of supine patients also underwent posterior malleolar stabilization for posterior instability. Overall, 73 (48.3%) patients who were initially treated in the supine position needed some form of additional stabilization. Forty-seven patients (23.7%) were initially positioned prone. Syndesmotic stability was restored in 97.9% of these patients. This 2.1% rate of instability vastly differs from the 13-fold higher syndesmotic instability rate observed in the supine group (P < .001). Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that the rate of syndesmotic instability was reduced in trimalleolar and trimalleolar equivalent fractures when prone positioning and direct fixation of the posterior malleolus were first performed. Using traditional preoperative estimates of posterior stability to determine the need for posterior malleolar fixation may be inadequate since almost a quarter of patients treated supine received posterior stabilization. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative series.
Factors associated with psychological distress among young women in Kisumu, Kenya

Background Attention to mental health issues is growing globally. In many countries, including Kenya, however, assessment of psychological distress, especially in rural areas, is limited. Methods We analyzed data from young women screened for a longitudinal contraceptive ring study in Kisumu, Kenya. Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with recent moderate and high psychological distress, as measured by the Kessler (K-6) psychological distress scale. Results Among the 461 women screened, most (58.4%) were categorized as having moderate psychological distress, 20.8% were categorized as having low or no psychological distress, and 20.8% were categorized as having high psychological distress. Moderate psychological distress (vs low/no) was significantly more likely among women who reported a history of forced sex and were concerned about recent food insecurity. High (vs low/no) psychological distress was significantly more likely among women who reported a history of forced sex, who were concerned about recent food insecurity, and who self-reported a sexually transmitted infection. Conclusion To reduce psychological distress, a focus on prevention as well as care methods is needed. Girls need a path toward a healthy and productive adulthood with a focus on education, which would help them gain skills to avoid forced sex. Women would benefit from easy access to social services and supports that would help them with basic needs like food security among other things. A holistic or ecological approach to services that would address mental, educational, social, health, and economic issues may have the highest chance of having a long-term positive impact on public health.