Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Host Plant Selection by Larvae of the Muga Silk Moth, Antheraea assamensis, and the Role of the Antenna and Maxillary Palp

Abstract The importance of olfactory senses in food preference in fifth instar larvae of Antheraea assamensis Helfer (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) was examined by subjecting larvae with only antennae or maxillary palpi after microsurgery to food and odor choice tests. Mean percent consumption, total consumption, and choice indices were used as parameters for drawing conclusions. The foods used were two hosts, two non-hosts, and a neutral medium (water). Both antennae and maxillary palpi were fully competent in preference for host plants, Persea bombycina Kostermans (Laurales: Lauraceae) and Litsea polyantha Juss, over the non-hosts, Litsea grandifolia Teschner and Ziziphus jujuba Miller (Rosales: Rhamnaceae). Both were competent in rejecting the non-hosts, L. grandifolia and Z. jujuba. The odor choice test was carried out using a Y-tube olfactometer and showed similar results to the ingestive tests. The results indicate the necessity of functional integration of a combination of olfactory and gustatory sensilla present in different peripheral organs in food acceptance by A. assamensis larvae.
Epileptic Networks in Focal Cortical Dysplasia Revealed Using Electroencephalography–Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Surgical treatment of focal epilepsy in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) is most successful if all epileptogenic tissue is resected. This may not be evident on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), so intracranial electroencephalography (icEEG) is needed to delineate the seizure onset zone (SOZ). EEG‐functional MRI (fMRI) can reveal interictal discharge (IED)‐related hemodynamic changes in the irritative zone (IZ). We assessed the value of EEG‐fMRI in patients with FCD‐associated focal epilepsy by examining the relationship between IED‐related hemodynamic changes, icEEG findings, and postoperative outcome.
“The goal is to enable students to communicate”: Communicative competence and target varieties in TEFL practices in Sweden and Germany

Abstract This paper compares teaching practices of English as a foreign language in Sweden and Germany based on a questionnaire targeted at investigating teachers’ experiences and views on language use, giving a snapshot of teaching practices in classrooms in the two countries. In this regard, the focus is on the following questions: Which target varieties are used in TEFL, and to what extent? What is the status of different target varieties among teachers of English in the two countries? The results show that the use of target varieties is still in play in the TEFL classroom, despite the recent move towards communicative competence as the goal. The main target varieties used are AmE, BrE, a mixture of the two, and some neutral variety; with a slight preference among German teachers for BrE and among Swedish for the neutral variety alongside AmE or BrE. Further, teachers are in conflict between two ideals: learned (where they teach an English belonging to the native speakers) and didactic (where the goal is communicative fluency). In application, this conflict should be addressed by teacher training programmes in order to make (future) teachers aware of it and provide possible ways to cope with it.
Pattern of congestive heart failure in a Kenyan paediatric population

Background Heart failure in children is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, with high socio-economic burden. Its pattern varies between countries but reports from Africa are few. The data are important to inform management and prevention strategies. Objective To describe the pattern of congestive heart failure in a Kenyan paediatric population. Methods This was a retrospective study done at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi Kenya. Records of patients aged 12 years and younger admitted with a diagnosis of heart failure between January 2006 and December 2010 were examined for mode of diagnosis, age, gender, cause, treatment and outcome. Data were analysed using the Statistical Programme for Social Scientists version 16.0 for windows, and presented in tables, bar and pie charts. Results One hundred and fifty-eight cases (91 male, 67 female) patients’ records were analysed. The mean age was 4.7 years, with a peak at 1–3 years. The male:female ratio was 1.4:1. All the cases were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II–IV. Evaluation of infants was based on the classification proposed by Ross et al. (1992). Diagnosis was made based on symptoms and signs combined with echocardiography (echo) and electrocardiography (ECG) (38%); echo alone (12.7%); ECG, echo and chest X-ray (CXR) (11.4%); and ECG alone (10.8%). The underlying cause was established on the basis of symptoms, signs, blood tests, CXR, echo and ECG results. Common causes were infection (22.8%), anaemia (17.1%), rheumatic heart disease (14.6%), congenital heart disease (13.3%), cardiomyopathy (7.6%), tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus (6.9% each); 77.9% of patients recovered, 13.9% after successful surgery, and 7.6% died. Conclusion Congestive heart failure is not uncommon in the Kenyan paediatric population. It occurs mainly before five years of age, and affects boys more than girls. The majority are due to infection, anaemia, and rheumatic and congenital heart diseases. This differs from those in developed countries, where congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathy predominate. The majority of children usually recover. Prudent control of infection and correction of anaemia are recommended.
The Influence of Catholic Theology of Sexuality on Teenage Girls in Njoro Deanery, Nakuru County, Kenya

The main objective of the study was to investigate why the Catholic Church teenage girls in Njoro Deanery become pregnant yet a lot of efforts have been put in teaching them the right moral values. The guiding principle was the disconnect between the theory and practice of the professing Catholic teenage girls who become pregnant. The researcher assessed approaches used by the Church to disseminate the Catholic Theology of Sexuality to the teenage girls in Njoro Deanery, Nakuru County. Relevant literature was reviewed based on the objectives. It was found that various scholars have not addressed what brings about the disconnect between what the teenagers are taught and why they indulge in premarital sex. The study was guided by Kohlberg‟s (1958) theory of Moral Development. Kohlberg uncovered three levels of moral thinking and judgments each with two stages. These stages were pertinent in finding out whether the sexuality morals disseminated by the Church have helped the teenagers in their moral formation. The study employed descriptive study design. This design was suitable in collecting the participants‟ opinions and attitudes on the teachings of the Catholic Theology of Sexuality, effectiveness of the approaches used by the Church to disseminate the CTS, and the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches used to disseminate the CTS to teenage girls. Purposive and random sampling methods were used to select participants. The researcher used descriptive survey design. Oral interviews, focus group discussions and analysis of documents from libraries were used to collect data. There were 189 participants in the study. Based on the objectives of the study, overall data were collected, analyzed, interpreted and discussed in the light of Kohlberg‟s (1958) Moral Development Theory. Findings from the study revealed that the dissemination of the Catholic Theology of Sexuality has been hampered by: the moralizing agents (especially Catechists, YP and FLEP teachers) lack of training in theology; poor teaching methodologies such as lack of discussion, parents‟ lack of time and shying away from discussing sexuality issues. The findings have been used to recommend that: the Church should appoint persons of integrity to implement sexuality programmes; training of moral agents; programmes on sexuality to involve teenagers in discussions and role-taking; and the Church to expand Sexuality Education programmes beyond the Magisterium by liaising with other stakeholders in finding ways of inculcating the right moral values to both the Church-going and non-Church-going teenagers. These new approaches will go a long way in minimizing teenage pregnancies among teenage girls in Njoro Deanery.
Salmonella serovars and their distribution in Nigerian commercial chicken layer farms

Commercial poultry farms (n° 523), located in all the six regions of Nigeria were sampled with a view to generate baseline information about the distribution of Salmonella serovars in this country. Five different matrices (litter, dust, faeces, feed and water) were collected from each visited farm. Salmonella was isolated from at least one of the five matrices in 228 farms, with a farm prevalence of 43.6% (CI95[39.7–48.3%]). Altogether, 370 of 2615 samples collected (14.1%, CI95[12.8; 15.5%]) contained Salmonella. Considering the number of positive farms and the number of positive samples, it was evident that for the majority of the sampled farms, few samples were positive for Salmonella. With regard to the matrices, there was no difference in Salmonella prevalence among the five matrices considered. Of the 370 isolates serotyped, eighty-two different serotypes were identified and Salmonella Kentucky was identified as having the highest isolation rate in all the matrices sampled (16.2%), followed by S. Poona and S. Elisabethville. S. Kentucky was distributed across the country, whereas the other less frequent serovars had a more circumscribed diffusion. This is one of few comprehensive studies on the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella in commercial chicken layer farms from all the six regions of Nigeria. The relatively high prevalence rate documented in this study may be attributed to the generally poor infrastructure and low biosecurity measures in controlling stray animals, rodents and humans. Data collected could be valuable for instituting effective intervention strategies for Salmonella control in Nigeria and also in other developing countries with a similar poultry industry structure, with the final aim of reducing Salmonella spread in animals and ultimately in humans.
Updating Beliefs for a Decision: Neural Correlates of Uncertainty and Underconfidence

Some decisions are made after obtaining several pieces of information, whereas others are reached quickly. Such differences may depend on the quality of information acquired, as well as individual variability in how cautiously evidence is evaluated. The current study examined neural activity while subjects accumulated sequential pieces of evidence and then made a decision. Uncertainty was updated with each piece of evidence, with individual ratings of subjective uncertainty characterizing underconfidence when observing evidence. Increased uncertainty during evidence accumulation was associated with activity in dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, whereas greater uncertainty when executing a decision uniquely elicited lateral frontal and parietal activity. Greater underconfidence when observing evidence correlated with activity in ventromedial prefrontal cortex. These results suggest that neural mechanisms of uncertainty depend on the stage of decision-making (belief updating vs decision) and that greater subjective uncertainty when evaluating evidence is associated with activity in ventromedial brain regions, even in the absence of overt risk.
Evapotranspiration Trends Over the Eastern United States During the 20th Century

Most models evaluated by the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate change estimate projected increases in temperature and precipitation with rising atmospheric CO2 levels. Researchers have suggested that increases in CO2 and associated increases in temperature and precipitation may stimulate vegetation growth and increase evapotranspiration (ET), which acts as a cooling mechanism, and on a global scale, may slow the climate-warming trend. This hypothesis has been modeled under increased CO2 conditions with models of different vegetation-climate dynamics. The significance of this vegetation negative feedback, however, has varied between models. Here we conduct a century-scale observational analysis of the Eastern US water balance to determine historical evapotranspiration trends and whether vegetation greening has affected these trends. We show that precipitation has increased significantly over the twentieth century while runoff has not. We also show that ET has increased and vegetation growth is partially responsible.
The Secretory Granule-Associated Protein CAPS2 Regulates Neurotrophin Release and Cell Survival

Neurotrophins are key modulators of various neuronal functions, including differentiation, survival, and synaptic plasticity, but the molecules that regulate their secretion are poorly understood. We isolated a clone that is predominantly expressed in granule cells of postnatally developing mouse cerebellum, which turned out to be a paralog of CAPS (Ca2+-dependent activator protein for secretion), and named CAPS2. CAPS2 is enriched on vesicular structures of presynaptic parallel fiber terminals of granule cells connecting postsynaptic spines of Purkinje cell dendrites. Vesicle factions affinity-purified by the CAPS2 antibody from mouse cerebella contained significant amounts of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and chromogranin B but not marker proteins for synaptic vesicle synaptophysin and synaptotagmin. In cerebellar primary cultures, punctate CAPS2 immunoreactivities are primarily colocalized with those of NT-3 and BDNF and near those of a postsynaptic marker, postsynaptic density-95, around dendritic arborization of Purkinje cells. Exogenously expressed CAPS2 enhanced release of exogenous NT-3 and BDNF from PC12 cells and endogenous NT-3 from cultured granule cells in a depolarization-dependent manner. Moreover, the overexpression of CAPS2 in granule cells promotes the survival of Purkinje cells in cerebellar cultures. Thus, we suggest that CAPS2 mediates the depolarization-dependent release of NT-3 and BDNF from granule cells, leading to regulation in cell differentiation and survival during cerebellar development.
Analisis Google Terjemahan Yang Menggandung Ungkapan Bahasa Seksisme Terjemahan Bahasa Inggris

The phenomenon of sexist language is closely related to the concept of gender that has been structured at the level of language correctionalism. Therefore, this sexist word or phrase is actually made by people who are influenced by views on both types of gender. Often in language sexism more gender-oriented or degrading. One language that is considered to contain a lot of vocabulary and expression of Sexist is English Language. This is because English Language is an International Language. English Language that is rich in vocabulary and many elements of language are absorbed. This research will be explain types of sexist language found in the results of the English Translation. Analysis of the accuracy of translations in English language will be studied in the science of learning foreign languages. That actually English Language is a language that is more inclined to sexism than other languages. This is evident in most translations which are considered inaccurate and ambiguous which contain sexist elements in the results of the translation into other languages. Keywords: Google Translation, Sexism Language, English Translation
Retrograde Wallerian degeneration of cranial corticospinal tracts in cervical spinal cord injury patients using diffusion tensor imaging

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has the potential to reveal disruption of white matter microstructure in chronically injured spinal cords. We quantified fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) to demonstrate retrograde Wallerian degeneration (WD) of cranial corticospinal tract (CST) in cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Twenty‐two patients with complete cervical SCI in the chronic stage were studied with DTI along with 13 healthy controls. Mean FA and MD values were computed for midbrain, pons, medulla, posterior limb of internal capsule, and corona radiata. Significant reduction in the mean FA and increase in MD was observed in the cranial CST in patients with SCI compared with controls, suggesting retrograde WD. Statistically significant inverse FA and MD changes were noted in corona radiata, indicating some restoration of spared white matter tracts. Temporal changes in the DTI metrics suggest progressing degeneration in different regions of CST. These spatiotemporal changes in DTI metrics suggest continued WD in injured fibers along with simultaneous reorganization of spared white matter fibers, which may contribute to changing neurological status in chronic SCI patients. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HPV infections in benign and malignant sinonasal lesions

This review updates the evidence that the human papillomavirus (HPV) is involved in the development of benign and malignant sinonasal lesions. Since the early 1980s, when evidence was provided on the possible involvement of HPV in the aetiology of both benign respiratory papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas, a substantial number of studies have explored this issue. To date, 33.3% of sinonasal papillomas and 21.7% of sinonasal carcinomas analysed have been shown to be positive for HPV. Many elements of the data parallel the observations made in HPV lesions at other mucosal sites, such as malignant transformation and frequent recurrence after radical treatment; the fact that low risk HPV types 6 and 11 are usually confined to benign lesions, whereas the reverse is true for the oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18; and the presence of squamo–columnar junctions and squamous cell metaplasia in the sinonasal system. The discrepancies reported by several studies might result in part from technical reasons, but it is also possible that sinonasal lesions have a heterogeneous aetiology (HPV related and non-related) and/or that some novel (yet unidentified) HPV types exist in these lesions, which are detected by some studies but not by others.
Carbocyanine dye metachromasia of sialidase-sensitive polyanions in sera from normal and tumor-bearing mice.

Motivated by the theory that tumor cells might shed anionic macromolecules from their surfaces into the blood, a microassay for polyanions based on the spectral shift of carbocyanine dye was adapted to the analysis of serum from healthy and tumor-bearing mice, incubated with and without sialidase. Carbocyanine dye-binding polyanion, compared with sodium pectin as a standard, was 131 µg/ml serum from healthy C57BL × DBA/2 F1 (hereafter called BD2F1) mice, 270 µg/ml in L1210 (ascites) leukemia, and 277 µg/ml in mice given s.c. injections of Lewis lung tumor. Non-tumor-bearing, traumatized controls, given i.p. injections of CCl4 to simulate the gross pathology of ascitic tumor growth and s.c. injections of Sephadex gel to simulate the trauma of solid tumor growth, gave carbocyanine dye-binding polyanion values of 173 and 166 µg/ml, respectively. The difference in carbocyanine dye-binding reactivity of serum with and without sialidase incubation gave the sialopolyanion fraction, values of which ranged from 29 to 35 µg/ml serum for healthy or traumatized mice and 135 and 169 µg/ml in mice bearing L1210 leukemia and Lewis lung tumor, respectively. Sialopolyanion values, measured as a function of time after i.v. implantation of 104 leukemic cells or 106 Lewis lung tumor cells (implanted i.m.), showed a significant elevation in 2 days, whereas it was 8 days before the white blood cell count in leukemic mice increased, and more than 5 days before the Lewis lung tumor became palpable. Differences between sialopolyanion values of serum from mice bearing a variety of tumors and the corresponding healthy host were similar to those seen for healthy BD2F1 mice and the hosts bearing the L1210 leukemia or Lewis lung tumor. In support of the theory that tumor cells shed anionic material into the blood in vivo , it was found that the undiluted ascites plasma, from which Krebs tumor cells had been deposited by centrifugation, contained 27% more carbocyanine dye-binding polyanion and 42% more sialopolyanion than did plasma from which Krebs cells had been settled by gravity.
Pre-Transplant Cardiovascular Risk Factors Affect Kidney Allograft Survival: A Multi-Center Study in Korea

Background Pre-transplant cardiovascular (CV) risk factors affect the development of CV events even after successful kidney transplantation (KT). However, the impact of pre-transplant CV risk factors on allograft failure (GF) has not been reported. Methods and Findings We analyzed the graft outcomes of 2,902 KT recipients who were enrolled in a multi-center cohort from 1997 to 2012. We calculated the pre-transplant CV risk scores based on the Framingham risk model using age, gender, total cholesterol level, smoking status, and history of hypertension. Vascular disease (a composite of ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease) was noted in 6.5% of the patients. During the median follow-up of 6.4 years, 286 (9.9%) patients had developed GF. In the multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard model, pre-transplant vascular disease was associated with an increased risk of GF (HR 2.51; 95% CI 1.66–3.80). The HR for GF (comparing the highest with the lowest tertile regarding the pre-transplant CV risk scores) was 1.65 (95% CI 1.22–2.23). In the competing risk model, both pre-transplant vascular disease and CV risk score were independent risk factors for GF. Moreover, the addition of the CV risk score, the pre-transplant vascular disease, or both had a better predictability for GF compared to the traditional GF risk factors. Conclusions In conclusion, both vascular disease and pre-transplant CV risk score were independently associated with GF in this multi-center study. Pre-transplant CV risk assessments could be useful in predicting GF in KT recipients.
Heterosexism, Racism, and the Mental Health of Sexual Minority People of Color

In the present study, we examined the additive and multiplicative associations of heterosexist discrimination, racist discrimination, internalized heterosexism, and internalized racism with psychological distress and well-being in 318 sexual minority People of Color. We tested multiplicative associations via two sets of interactions: cross-oppression (Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Racism, Racist Discrimination × Internalized Heterosexism) and same-oppression (Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Heterosexism, Racist Discrimination × Internalized Racism). Consistent with the additive perspective, heterosexist discrimination and internalized racism were uniquely positively associated with distress, whereas internalized heterosexism and internalized racism were uniquely negatively associated with well-being. The Heterosexist Discrimination × Internalized Racism and Racist Discrimination × Internalized Racism interactions were significant in relation to both distress and well-being. Internalized racism was associated with significantly poorer mental health until heterosexist and racist discrimination reached high levels. We discuss the implications of our findings for research and practice with sexual minority People of Color.
SAR ADC Algorithm with Redundancy and Digital Error Correction

This paper describes an algorithm for Successive Approximation Register (SAR) ADCs with overlapping steps that allow comparison decision errors (due to, such as DAC incomplete settling) to be digitally corrected. We generalize this non-binary search algorithm, and clarify which decision errors it can digitally correct. This algorithm requires more SAR ADC conversion steps than a binary search algorithm, but we show that the sampling speed of an SAR ADC using this algorithm can be faster than that of a conventional binary-search SAR ADC—because the latter must wait for the settling time of the DAC inside the SAR ADC.