Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Approximate Message Passing with Nearest Neighbor Sparsity Pattern Learning

We consider the problem of recovering clustered sparse signals with no prior knowledge of the sparsity pattern. Beyond simple sparsity, signals of interest often exhibits an underlying sparsity pattern which, if leveraged, can improve the reconstruction performance. However, the sparsity pattern is usually unknown a priori. Inspired by the idea of k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm, we propose an efficient algorithm termed approximate message passing with nearest neighbor sparsity pattern learning (AMP-NNSPL), which learns the sparsity pattern adaptively. AMP-NNSPL specifies a flexible spike and slab prior on the unknown signal and, after each AMP iteration, sets the sparse ratios as the average of the nearest neighbor estimates via expectation maximization (EM). Experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate the superiority of our proposed algorithm both in terms of reconstruction performance and computational complexity.
Generation Unbound: Drifting into Sex and Parenthood without Marriage

1. An Introduction 2. Changes in the Family: More Diversity, a Bigger Divide 3. Why We Should Worry: The Consequences of Choices about Marriage and Childbearing 4. A Growing Class Divide: Planners vs. Drifters 5. The Traditionalists vs. the Villagers: Why Government Alone Can't Solve the Marriage Problem 6. Making Better Decisions: The Need to Change the Default 7. Peering into the Future: Less Marriage, Fewer Children?
Structure, Adsorption to Host, and Infection Mechanism of Virulent Lactococcal Phage p2

ABSTRACT Lactococcal siphophages from the 936 and P335 groups infect the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis using receptor binding proteins (RBPs) attached to their baseplate, a large multiprotein complex at the distal part of the tail. We have previously reported the crystal and electron microscopy (EM) structures of the baseplates of phages p2 (936 group) and TP901-1 (P335 group) as well as the full EM structure of the TP901-1 virion. Here, we report the complete EM structure of siphophage p2, including its capsid, connector complex, tail, and baseplate. Furthermore, we show that the p2 tail is characterized by the presence of protruding decorations, which are related to adhesins and are likely contributed by the major tail protein C-terminal domains. This feature is reminiscent of the tail of Escherichia coli phage λ and Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1 and might point to a common mechanism for establishing initial interactions with their bacterial hosts. Comparative analyses showed that the architecture of the phage p2 baseplate differs largely from that of lactococcal phage TP901-1. We quantified the interaction of its RBP with the saccharidic receptor and determined that specificity is due to lower k off values of the RBP/saccharidic dissociation. Taken together, these results suggest that the infection of L. lactis strains by phage p2 is a multistep process that involves reversible attachment, followed by baseplate activation, specific attachment of the RBPs to the saccharidic receptor, and DNA ejection.
Viscoelastic Properties and Shock Response of Coarse-Grained Models of Multiblock versus Diblock Copolymers: Insights into Dissipative Properties of Polyurea

We compare and contrast the microstructure, viscoelastic properties, and shock response of coarse-grained models of multiblock copolymer and diblock copolymers using molecular dynamics simulations. This study is motivated by the excellent dissipative and shock-mitigating properties of polyurea, speculated to arise from its multiblock chain architecture. Our microstructural analyses reveal that the multiblock copolymer microphase-separates into small, interconnected, rod-shaped, hard domains surrounded by a soft matrix, whereas the diblock copolymer forms larger, unconnected, hard domains. Our viscoelastic analyses indicate that compared with the diblock copolymer, the multiblock copolymer is not only more elastic but also more dissipative, as signified by its larger storage and loss modulus at low to intermediate frequencies. Our shock simulations and slip analyses reveal that shock waves propagate slower in the multiblock copolymer in comparison with the diblock copolymer, most likely due to the more def.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer Kurzskala zur Erfassung von Technikbereitschaft

Zusammenfassung. Die Autoren stellen ein Modell der Technikbereitschaft vor, nach dem individuelle Unterschiede in der Bereitschaft zum Umgang mit Technik in drei unterscheidbare Facetten untergliedert werden konnen: Technikakzeptanz, Technikkompetenz- und Technikkontrolluberzeugungen. Technikbereitschaft soll den erfolgreichen Umgang mit neuen Technologien insbesondere im hoheren Lebensalter vorhersagen. Die Messeigenschaften einer neu entwickelten Skala wurden in drei Studien (N = 825) uberpruft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Modell der Technikbereitschaft empirisch bestatigt werden kann und das Instrument gute psychometrische Eigenschaften besitzt. Die Konstruktvaliditat wurde uber Zusammenhange mit theoretisch einschlagigen Referenzkonstrukten (Techniknutzung, Personlichkeit, Indikatoren erfolgreichen Alterns) sowie konkurrierend gegenuber anderen Masen der Technikakzeptanz uberpruft. Schlusselworter: Technikbereitschaft, Technikakzeptanz, Technikkompetenzuberzeugungen, Technikkontrolle, Techniknutzung Development and validation of a brief measure of technology commitment
Teacher burnout: A research agenda.

Burnout has long been recognized as an important stress-related problem for people who work in interpersonally oriented occupations, such as the human services. In these occupations, the relationship between providers and recipients is central to the job, and the nature of the work (whether it be service, treatment, or education) can be highly emotional. Unlike unidimensional models of stress, burnout has been conceptualized in terms of three interrelated components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment (Maslach and Jackson, 1986). Emotional exhaustion refers to feelings of being emotionally overextended and depleted of one's emotional resources; depersonalization refers to a negative, callous, or excessively detached response to other people (often the recipients of one's service or care); and reduced personal accomplishment refers to a decline in one's feelings of competence and successful achievement in one's work. In terms of outcomes, burnout has been linked to decrements in both psychological and physical well-being, and it appears to be a factor in various problem behaviors, both on the job and in the home (see Cordes and Dougherty, 1993; Schaufeli, Maslach, and Marek, 1993). Teaching shares with other human service professions the central role of working in a close relationship with recipients (i.e., students). However, teaching is unique in that these working relationships are dealt with en masse within a classroom (“batch processing”), unlike the more individual and sequential focus of other human services.
The structure of GDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxy‐d‐mannose‐3‐dehydratase: A unique coenzyme B6‐dependent enzyme

l‐Colitose is a 3,6‐dideoxysugar found in the O‐antigens of some Gram‐negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and in marine bacteria such as Pseudoalteromonas tetraodonis. The focus of this investigation, GDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxy‐d‐mannose‐3‐dehydratase, catalyzes the third step in colitose production, which is the removal of the hydroxyl group at C3′ of GDP‐4‐keto‐6‐deoxymannose. It is an especially intriguing PLP‐dependent enzyme in that it acts as both a transaminase and a dehydratase. Here we present the first X‐ray structure of this enzyme isolated from E. coli Strain 5a, type O55:H7. The two subunits of the protein form a tight dimer with a buried surface area of ∼5000 Å2. This is a characteristic feature of the aspartate aminotransferase superfamily. Although the PLP‐binding pocket is formed primarily by one subunit, there is a loop, delineated by Phe 240 to Glu 253 in the second subunit, that completes the active site architecture. The hydrated form of PLP was observed in one of the enzyme/cofactor complexes described here. Amino acid residues involved in anchoring the cofactor to the protein include Gly 56, Ser 57, Asp 159, Glu 162, and Ser 183 from one subunit and Asn 248 from the second monomer. In the second enzyme/cofactor complex reported, a glutamate ketimine intermediate was found trapped in the active site. Taken together, these two structures, along with previously reported biochemical data, support the role of His 188 as the active site base required for catalysis.
Understanding Non-compliance With Protected Species Regulations in the Northeast USA Gillnet Fishery

Marine mammals and sea turtles in the United States are protected from commercial fishery interactions under the Marine Mammal Protection Act and the Endangered Species Act. To reduce harbor porpoise bycatch in the northeast sink gillnet fishery, fishermen are mandated to attach pingers to their nets in regulated areas. Although, pinger regulations have been in place for over a decade, in practice, enforcement is weak and the penalty for a violation is almost non-existent. In this scenario, the presence of normative factors may motivate a fisherman to comply with the pinger regulation. This study considers both economic and normative factors within a probit framework to explain a fisherman’s compliance decision. Model results indicate fishermen who previously violated pinger regulations, who are not completely dependent on gillnet gear and face a lower chance of being detected by an observer, are more likely to violate. Understanding the influence of normative factors on compliance decisions is a key component for higher compliance. That is, incorporation of these factors in the design of policy instruments may achieve higher compliance rates and thus more success in protecting these species. Our model findings were ground-truthed by conducting focus group research with fishermen using pingers; some preliminary findings are shared in the discussion in support of our model results. Finally, these results also suggest observer data can be used to support compliance and enforcement mechanisms in this fishery and possibly other fisheries as well.
Anthropogenic Debris Ingestion by Avifauna in Eastern Australia

Anthropogenic debris in the world’s oceans and coastal environments is a pervasive global issue that has both direct and indirect impacts on avifauna. The number of bird species affected, the feeding ecologies associated with an increased risk of debris ingestion, and selectivity of ingested debris have yet to be investigated in most of Australia’s coastal and marine birds. With this study we aim to address the paucity of data regarding marine debris ingestion in Australian coastal and marine bird species. We investigated which Australian bird groups ingest marine debris, and whether debris-ingesting groups exhibit selectivity associated with their taxonomy, habitat or foraging methods. Here we present the largest multispecies study of anthropogenic debris ingestion in Australasian avifauna to date. We necropsied and investigated the gastrointestinal contents of 378 birds across 61 species, collected dead across eastern Australia. These species represented nine taxonomic orders, five habitat groups and six feeding strategies. Among investigated species, thirty percent had ingested debris, though ingestion did not occur uniformly within the orders of birds surveyed. Debris ingestion was found to occur in orders Procellariiformes, Suliformes, Charadriiformes and Pelecaniformes, across all surveyed habitats, and among birds that foraged by surface feeding, pursuit diving and search-by-sight. Procellariiformes, birds in pelagic habitats, and surface feeding marine birds ingested debris with the greatest frequency. Among birds which were found to ingest marine debris, we investigated debris selectivity and found that marine birds were selective with respect to both type and colour of debris. Selectivity for type and colour of debris significantly correlated with taxonomic order, habitat and foraging strategy. This study highlights the significant impact of feeding ecology on debris ingestion among Australia’s avifauna.
When Pressure Sinks Performance: Evidence from Diving Competitions

Tournaments are designed to enhance participantsâ€™ effort and productivity. However, ranking near the top may increase psychological pressure and reduce performance. We empirically study the impact of interim rank on performance using data from international diving tournaments. We find that competitors systematically underperform when ranked closer to the top, despite higher incentives to perform well.
The FOXP2-Driven Network in Developmental Disorders and Neurodegeneration

The transcription repressor FOXP2 is a crucial player in nervous system evolution and development of humans and songbirds. In order to provide an additional insight into its functional role we compared target gene expression levels between human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) stably overexpressing FOXP2 cDNA of either humans or the common chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey, and marmoset, respectively. RNA-seq led to identification of 27 genes with differential regulation under the control of human FOXP2, which were previously reported to have FOXP2-driven and/or songbird song-related expression regulation. RT-qPCR and Western blotting indicated differential regulation of additional 13 new target genes in response to overexpression of human FOXP2. These genes may be directly regulated by FOXP2 considering numerous matches of established FOXP2-binding motifs as well as publicly available FOXP2-ChIP-seq reads within their putative promoters. Ontology analysis of the new and reproduced targets, along with their interactors in a network, revealed an enrichment of terms relating to cellular signaling and communication, metabolism and catabolism, cellular migration and differentiation, and expression regulation. Notably, terms including the words “neuron” or “axonogenesis” were also enriched. Complementary literature screening uncovered many connections to human developmental (autism spectrum disease, schizophrenia, Down syndrome, agenesis of corpus callosum, trismus-pseudocamptodactyly, ankyloglossia, facial dysmorphology) and neurodegenerative diseases and disorders (Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s diseases, Lewy body dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Links to deafness and dyslexia were detected, too. Such relations existed for single proteins (e.g., DCDC2, NURR1, PHOX2B, MYH8, and MYH13) and groups of proteins which conjointly function in mRNA processing, ribosomal recruitment, cell–cell adhesion (e.g., CDH4), cytoskeleton organization, neuro-inflammation, and processing of amyloid precursor protein. Conspicuously, many links pointed to an involvement of the FOXP2-driven network in JAK/STAT signaling and the regulation of the ezrin–radixin–moesin complex. Altogether, the applied phylogenetic perspective substantiated FOXP2’s importance for nervous system development, maintenance, and functioning. However, the study also disclosed new regulatory pathways that might prove to be useful for understanding the molecular background of the aforementioned developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
College Students and Gambling: Do Student Athletes Really Gamble More?

Abstract A large amount of scholarship has focused on the historical prevalence of gambling, in general, and within the world of sport. In the early part of the 21st century, sport gambling behaviors on college campuses came under scrutiny. The NCAA now has gambling programs designed to educate student athletes on the dangers and illegality of sports gambling, but prevailing concerns regarding sport-related gambling are still evident. The purpose of this research was to identify the differences in gambling behaviors of student athletes and non-athletes in an urban university setting. A survey was developed and distributed to a sample of college students and student athletes regarding their gambling-related behaviors. Survey sample consisted of college students present in a priori identified classes on the day of data collection. Data were collected at a public, state university in the high plains region of the US with an urban-serving mission. Contrary to the previous literature, statistical analyses indicate college students engage in more gambling activities as compared to student athletes but there are no significant differences between gambling behaviors and these two groups. Limitations and avenues for future research are discussed.
Effect of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germination on the major globulin content and in vitro digestibility

th day of germination. The elution behaviour and distribution of the isolated major globulin fraction on Sepharose CL-6B chromatography showed little modification at the end of germination. On SDS-PAGE the peak eluted from Sepharose CL-6B showed changes in protein bands between 20 and 30 kDa and above 60 kDa, indicating protein degradation during the period. Proteolytic activity was detected in the albumin fraction of the seeds, which increased up to the fourth and then decreased up to the sixth day, when isolated chickpea total globulin and casein were used as substrates. Chickpea flour, isolated albumin and total globulin fractions did not show an increase for in vitro digestibility;
Analysis of ground reaction force and electromyographic activity of the gastrocnemius muscle during double support

Mechanisms associated with energy expenditure during gait have been extensively researched and studied. According to the double-inverted pendulum model energy expenditure is higher during double support, as lower limbs need to work to redirect the centre of mass velocity. This study looks into how the ground reaction force of one limb affects the muscle activity required by the medial gastrocnemius of the contralateral limb during step-to-step transition. Thirty-five subjects were monitored as to the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of one limb and the ground reaction force of the contralateral limb during double support. After determination of the Pearson correlation coefficient (r), a moderate correlation was observed between the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of the dominant leg and the vertical (Fz) and anteroposterior (Fy) components of ground reaction force of the non-dominant leg (r = 0.797, p < 0.0001; r = –0.807, p < 0.0001). A weak and moderate correlation was observed between the medial gastrocnemius electromyographic activity of the non-dominant leg and the Fz and Fy of the dominant leg, respectively (r = 0.442, p = 0.018; r = –0.684 p < 0.0001). The results obtained suggest that during double support, ground reaction force is associated with the electromyographic activity of the contralateral medial gastrocnemius and that there is an increased dependence between the ground reaction force of the non-dominant leg and the electromyographic activity of the dominant medial gastrocnemius.
Systematic Review of Gender Differences in Sepsis Management and Outcomes.

PURPOSE Contributors to disparities in sepsis management have been attributed to genetic susceptibility, differences in clinical presentation, and healthcare delivery. The influence of gender on survival or mortality of patients with sepsis-related diagnoses is unclear. The purpose of the current study was to systematically review published research to identify factors and outcomes associated with sepsis management and outcomes based on gender differences. METHODS Covering a period from 2006 to 2016, a literature search was conducted on four electronic data bases including the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCO, MedlinePlus, and PubMed. Content analysis of each article was performed independently by two authors. The guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement was the method used to assess the quality of evidence of the articles in this review. FINDINGS A full review was completed on a total of 452 identified potentially relevant publications, and 7 publications met inclusion criteria. The methodological approaches included prospective and retrospective observational studies, and prospective and historical cohort studies. The aim of these studies was to identify if gender differences exist related to sepsis-related mortality, completion of Surviving Sepsis Campaign resuscitation bundle elements, sepsis-related care processes, and sepsis-related incidence and source. CONCLUSIONS Clinical sepsis studies evaluating gender and sepsis-related management and mortality are inconclusive and complex. Three different outcomes exist: no difference, higher risk in females, or higher risk in males. Further studies are needed to support the presence of gender disparities on sepsis-related healthcare outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Providers should understand the importance of adhering to sepsis protocols and minimizing treatment disparities including gender differences.
If You Donâ€™t Snooze You Lose Health and Gain Weight Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design

Sleep deprivation is increasingly recognized as a public health challenge. While several studies provided evidence of important associations between sleep deprivation and health outcomes, it is less clear whether sleep deprivation is a cause or a marker of poor health. This paper studies the causal effects of sleep on health status and obesity exploiting the relationship between sunset light and circadian rhythms and using time-zone boundaries as an exogenous source of variation in sleep duration and quality. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, we show that individuals living in counties on the eastern side of a time zone boundary go to bed later and sleep less than individuals on the opposite side of the time zone boundary. These findings are driven by individuals whose biological schedules and time use are constrained by social schedules (i.e., work schedules, school starting times). Exploit- ing these discontinuities, we find evidence that sleep deprivation increases the likelihood of reporting poor health status and the incidence of obesity. Our results suggest that the increase in obesity is explained by both changes in eating behavior and a decrease in physical activity.
The subtlety of simple eyes: the tuning of visual fields to perceptual challenges in birds

Birds show interspecific variation both in the size of the fields of individual eyes and in the ways that these fields are brought together to produce the total visual field. Variation is found in the dimensions of all main parameters: binocular region, cyclopean field and blind areas. There is a phylogenetic signal with respect to maximum width of the binocular field in that passerine species have significantly broader field widths than non-passerines; broadest fields are found among crows (Corvidae). Among non-passerines, visual fields show considerable variation within families and even within some genera. It is argued that (i) the main drivers of differences in visual fields are associated with perceptual challenges that arise through different modes of foraging, and (ii) the primary function of binocularity in birds lies in the control of bill position rather than in the control of locomotion. The informational function of binocular vision does not lie in binocularity per se (two eyes receiving slightly different information simultaneously about the same objects from which higher-order depth information is extracted), but in the contralateral projection of the visual field of each eye. Contralateral projection ensures that each eye receives information from a symmetrically expanding optic flow-field from which direction of travel and time to contact targets can be extracted, particularly with respect to the control of bill position.