Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Is the alcohol deprivation effect genetically mediated? Studies with HXB/BXH recombinant inbred rat strains.

BACKGROUND Two features of alcohol addiction that have been widely studied in animal models are relapse drinking following periods of alcohol abstinence and the escalation of alcohol consumption after chronic continuous or intermittent alcohol exposure. The genetic contribution to these phenotypes has not been systematically investigated. METHODS HXB/BXH recombinant inbred (RI) rat strains were given access to alcohol sequentially as follows: alcohol (10%) as the only fluid for 1 week; alcohol (10%) and water in a 2-bottle choice paradigm for 7 weeks ("pre-alcohol deprivation effect [ADE] alcohol consumption"); 2 weeks of access to water only (alcohol deprivation); and 2 weeks of reaccess to 10% alcohol and water ("post-ADE alcohol consumption"). The periods of deprivation and reaccess to alcohol were repeated 3 times. The ADE was defined as the amount of alcohol consumed in the first 24 hours after deprivation minus the average daily amount of alcohol consumed in the week prior to deprivation. Heritability of the phenotypes was determined by analysis of variance, and quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified. RESULTS All strains showed increased alcohol consumption, compared to the predeprivation period, in the first 24 hours after each deprivation (ADE). Broad-sense heritability of the ADEs was low (ADE1, 9.1%; ADE2, 26.2%; ADE3, 16.3%). Alcohol consumption levels were relatively stable over weeks 2 to 7. Post-ADE alcohol consumption levels consistently increased in some strains and were decreased or unchanged in others. Heritability of pre- and post-ADE alcohol consumption was high and increased over time (week 2, 38.5%; week 7, 51.1%; week 11, 56.8%; week 15, 63.3%). QTLs for pre- and post-ADE alcohol consumption were similar, but the strength of the QTL association with the phenotype decreased over time. CONCLUSIONS In the HXB/BXH RI rat strains, genotypic variance does not account for a large proportion of phenotypic variance in the ADE phenotype (low heritability), suggesting a role of environmental factors. In contrast, a large proportion of the variance across the RI strains in pre- and post-ADE alcohol consumption is due to genetically determined variance (high heritability).
Turning Mirrors Into Windows?Assessing the Impact of (Mock) Juror Education in Rape Trials

In 2006, the Government proposed allowing prosecutors in England and Wales to adduce ‘general’ expert witness testimony in rape cases. This initiative was based on two assumptions-first, that jurors currently lack an adequate understanding of rape complainants’ post-assault behaviour (which, in turn, generates inappropriate inferences regarding credibility) and, second, that expert testimony offers a useful vehicle for addressing such juror ignorance. In a previous article, the authors reported on a mock jury study that provided empirical support for the first of these claims-at least in regard to a complainant's calm demeanour, delayed reporting or lack of physical resistance. In this article, the authors investigate whether educational guidance presented at trial-via expert testimony or an expansive judicial instruction-can have the intended beneficial impact of redressing popular misconceptions, thereby leading to a fairer assessment of complainant credibility in rape cases.
Regulation of uterine immune function during the estrous cycle and in response to infectious bacteria in sheep.

Uterine infections are a major reproductive problem in livestock. We conducted two experiments to investigate factors that may modulate uterine responses to infectious bacteria. In Exp. 1, ewes received intrauterine inoculations of either saline or bacteria (75 x 10(7) cfu of Actinomyces pyogenes and 35 x 10(7) cfu of Escherichia coli) on either d 0 or 7 of the estrous cycle. Vena caval samples containing uteroovarian blood were collected twice daily from 12 h before until 6 d after inoculation. Only ewes inoculated with bacteria on d 7 developed infections. Basal (4.8 vs .4 pmol), lipopolysaccharide-stimulated (14.2 vs 6.1 pmol), and concanavalin A-stimulated (65.8 vs 21.6 pmol) blastogenesis (i.e., [3H]thymidine incorporation) of vena caval lymphocytes was greater (P < or = .002) for ewes inoculated with bacteria or saline on d 0 rather than on d 7. The number (per 100 white blood cells) of lymphocytes was greater (41.3 vs 30.8, P < .001) and that of neutrophils was less (42.5 vs 51.6, P < .001) in ewes inoculated on d 0 rather than d 7. Bacteria increased (P < .05) vena caval PGF(2 alpha) but not PGE2 concentrations. In Exp. 2, two protein fractions (molecular weights of > or = 100 kDa and approximately 12.7 kDa) from chromatography of uterine flushings collected on d 0 or 7, or 18 d after ovariectomy on d 0 or 7, modulated phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis; the heavier fraction from d 0 had a stimulatory component, but the major effects of the fractions were inhibitory. The differences in immune function and regulation between d 0 and 7 probably explain how the uterus of follicular phase ewes was able to prevent the development of an infection.
Aberrant regulation of MyoD1 contributes to the partially defective myogenic phenotype of BC3H1 cells [published erratum appears in J Cell Biol 1990 Jun;110(6):2231]

Two skeletal muscle-specific regulatory factors, myogenin and MyoD1, share extensive homology within a myc similarity region and have each been shown to activate the morphologic and molecular events associated with myogenesis after transfection into nonmyogenic cells. The BC3H1 muscle cell line expresses myogenin and other muscle-specific genes, but does not express MyoD1 during differentiation. BC3H1 cells also do not upregulate alpha-cardiac actin or fast myosin light chain, nor do they form multinucleate myotubes during differentiation. In this study, we examined the basis for the lack of MyoD1 expression in BC3H1 cells and investigated whether their failure to express MyoD1 is responsible for their defects in differentiation. We report that expression of an exogenous MyoD1 cDNA in BC3H1 cells was sufficient to elevate the expression of alpha-cardiac actin and fast myosin light chain, and to convert these cells to a phenotype that forms multinucleate myotubes during differentiation. Whereas myogenin and MyoD1 positively regulated their own expression in transfected 10T1/2 cells, they could not, either alone or in combination, activate MyoD1 expression in BC3H1 cells. Exposure of BC3H1 cells to 5-azacytidine also failed to activate MyoD1 expression or to rescue the cell's ability to fuse. These results suggest that BC3H1 cells may possess a defect that prevents activation of the MyoD1 gene by MyoD1 or myogenin. That an exogenous MyoD1 gene could rescue those aspects of the differentiation program that are defective in BC3H1 cells also suggests that the actions of MyoD1 and myogenin are not entirely redundant and that MyoD1 may be required for activation of the complete repertoire of events associated with myogenesis.
Motives of Adolescents to Use the Internet as a Function of Personality Traits, Personal and Social Factors

This study investigates the relation between personality traits (Five-Factor-Model), personal (innovativeness, self-efficacy) and social (expectations or relevant reference groups) Internet related factors on the one hand and three motives (information, entertainment and, interpersonal communication) for going on-line among 122 adolescent Internet users on the other hand. The specificity hypothesis was supported in that Internet-specific personal and social factors together accounted for more variance of the 1nternet use motives than the global personality traits. With regard to the personality traits, neuroticism was found to be positively associated with the entertainment motive and with the interpersonal communication motive and extraversion was positively associated with the communication motive only. The potential of the three Internet motives to predict corresponding types of Internet activities was demonstrated.
Magnetic nanostructures produced by electron beam patterning of direct write transition metal fluoride resists

Transition metal (TM) fluoride electron beam sensitive resists suitable for the in situ fabrication of arbitrarily shaped nanometer scale magnetic structures have been developed. 20 nm thick TM fluoride films are prepared by thermal evaporation onto thin carbon films. Nanopatterns are written directly into the TM fluoride film in a scanning transmission electron microscope using a 0.5 nm diameter electron probe. Electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements indicate that as fluorine is released, the TM coalesces. Electron micrographs of exposed patterns show that the resist resolution is on the order of nanometers. Exposure of broad areas leads to coalescent TM layers which cap the remaining fluoride and decrease the rate of fluorine removal. The cross section for the removal of a fluorine atom and the cross section for the same process in the presence of an arbitrarily thick capping layer were measured. An electron dose of 1000 C/cm2 at 100 keV will remove 90% of the fluorine from a 20 nm thick CoF2 film.
The Influence of Sex Roles on Judgment

Two experiments provide convergent evidence that sex roles, when activated, influence males' and females' judgments. Activation of the genders' sex roles was achieved either by means of explicit sex role primes or by making unambiguous self- and other-relevant information highly salient. In accordance with males' self-focused agentic sex role, males' judgments were sensitive to the favorableness of only self-relevant information, whereas females, who adhere to a self- and other-sensitive sex role, rendered judgments that reflected the implications of both self- and other-relevant information.
Cerebellum- and forebrain-derived stem cells possess intrinsic regional character

The existence of stem cells in the adult nervous system is well recognized; however, the potential of these cells is still widely debated. We demonstrate that neural stem cells exist within the embryonic and adult cerebellum. Comparing the potential of neural stem cells derived from the forebrain and cerebellum, we find that progeny derived from each of these brain regions retain regional character in vitro as well as after homotopic transplantation. However, when ectopically transplanted, neurosphere-derived cells from either region are largely unable to generate neurons. With regard specifically to embryonic and adult cerebellar stem cells, we observe that they are able to give rise to neurons that resemble different select classes of cerebellar subclasses when grafted into the perinatal host cerebellum. Most notably, upon transplantation to the perinatal cerebellum, cerebellar stem cells from all ages are able to acquire the position and mature electrophysiological properties of cerebellar granule cells.
Correlations of regional postmortem enzyme activities with premortem local glucose metabolic rates in alzheimer's disease

Correlations were sought between local cerebral metabolic rates (LCMRs) for glucose in various regions of the cortex, determined in premortem PET scans, with the regional activities of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), β‐glucuronidase (Gluc, a probable index of reactive gliosis), and phosphate‐activated glutaminase (PAG, a possible indice of the large pyramidal neurons) measured on postmortem tissue. Significant negative correlations between LCMRs and Gluc activities were found in 6 PET‐scanned cases of Alzheimer disease (AD), and positive correlations of LCMRs with PAG were found in 5. By contrast, a positive correlation with ChAT and AChE was found in only 1. The results are consistent with the metabolic deficits in AD being primarily a reflection of local neuronal loss and gliosis. Similar data on two cases of Huntington's disease showed no significant correlations, while 1 patient with Parkinson dementia showed a significant (negative) correlation only with Gluc.
Children's engagement in leisure time physical activity: exploring family structure as a determinant

This paper draws on Bourdieu's key concepts in an effort to understand particular social practices and the effect of family as a social environment and determinant for participation in leisure time physical activity. As an exploratory study, the aim was to elicit children's subjective views of their engagement in leisure time physical activity settings. Adopting an interpretive perspective, six 11‐ to 14‐year‐old children from intact couple families and single parent families were interviewed in small groups, exploring lived experiences of their participation in physical activity in relation to their family structure. The study suggests that family structure plays a vital role in helping to shape children's dispositions towards physical activity. All children were subject to the transmission of parental beliefs and values towards physical activity though this was further reinforced in intact couple families through joint participation. Moreover, children from single parent families were seen to exhibit more sedentary dispositions that reflected the environment in which they reside. We argue that children's individual habitus, as bearing the experiences of their familial backgrounds, provided them with certain desires to participate in physical activity which are mediated by their family circumstance. The study suggests that family structure is becoming a more prominent issue within society, and thus, children's leisure activity from this perspective requires further research that explores this phenomenon in greater detail.
Decentralisation in Education: a Dutch study

ABSTRACT The decentralisation policy of the Dutch Ministry of Education and Science is aimed at increasing the autonomy of schools. There is some doubt, however, whether schools are able to cope adequately with this increased autonomy. In other words, do schools have sufficient decision‐making or policy‐making capacities? A recent Dutch investigation into the relationship between the policy‐making capacity of schools and the way in which schools use this capacity, tackled this question. This study reveals that schools differ in their policy‐making capacity and their use of the scope for policy‐making. On the basis of these results, the authors advocate the need for a differentiated decentralisation policy which allows for the differences between schools. Along the line of this argument two stimulating governmental measures are explored: the self‐diagnosis of schools and in‐service education for organisational development. The conclusion of the article is that more careful thought about decentralisation wi.
Quebrando Fronteras: Trends Among Latino and Latina Undergraduate Engineers

Engineering, a field that has shaped the world’s industrial and technological base, is ripe for an influx of Latino undergraduate students. Given U.S. Latino population increases, what is the trajectory of Latino participation in engineering education? Using an interdisciplinary lens, we critically examine Latino trends in undergraduate engineering education in the United States. We find that Hispanic-Serving Institutions (HSIs) are particularly successful at graduating Latino engineers and propose explanatory analyses. Ingeniería, una disciplina que ha dado forma a la base tecnológica e industrial, está madura para la incursión de estudiantes Latinos de pregrado. Dado el incremento de la población Latina, ¿cuál es la trayectoria de la participación educativa en ingeniería de Latinos? Usando un lente inter-disciplinario, se examinaron críticamente las tendencias de la educación de ingeniería de pre-grado en los Estados Unidos. Se encontró que las Instituciones de Servicio a Hispanos (HSIs) son particularmente exitosas en la graduación de ingenieros Latinos y se proponen análisis explicativos.
The Effects of Parent Education on Parental Locus of Control and Satisfaction of Incarcerated Fathers

Incarcerated fathers have largely been ignored in parent education efforts. Yet, rehabilitation efforts aimed at improving family relationships have implications for the reduction of recidivism. This experimental study to assess positive benefits of parent education was conducted with 42 fathers incarcerated in a minimum security federal correctional institution. After pretesting of experimental and control group participants, 21 men completed an eightsession parenting class. All participants were posttested. It was shown through pairedt tests that the control group did not advance from pretest to posttest. The experimental group scored significantly higher at posttesting on a content/knowledge test and on certain subscales of the Parental Locus of Control Scale and the Cleminshaw-Guidubaldi Parent Satisfaction Scale. Research efforts in the future should include giving follow-up posttests, assessing behavioral change and recidivism, and examining the effects of parent education on children of inmates.
Structural Determinants in Family Planning Service Utilization in Ethiopia: EDHS 2011 Analysis

Family planning coverage has improved in Ethiopia in the last decade, though fertility is still about 5.8 in the rural setup. In this paper, the major structural determinants of family planning service were analyzed using a multilevel model from 8906 individual women observation in the 2011 EDHS data. The results show that there is a big variation in family planning use both at the individual and between group levels. More than 39% of the variation in FP use is explained by contextual cluster level differences. Most of the socioeconomic predictors; respondent's education, ethnicity, and partners' education as well as employment status and urbanization were found to be significant factors that affect FP use. Similarly health extension visit and media access were found to be strong factors that affect FP service at both individual and cluster levels. This evidence concludes that addressing these contextual factors is very crucial to strengthen FP use and fertility reduction in the nation, beyond individual behavioral changes.
Transcranial, Red/Near-Infrared Light-Emitting Diode Therapy to Improve Cognition in Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury.

OBJECTIVE We review the general topic of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and our research utilizing transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) to improve cognition in chronic TBI using red/near-infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to deliver light to the head. tPBM improves mitochondrial function increasing oxygen consumption, production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and improving cellular energy stores. Nitric oxide is released from the cells increasing regional blood flow in the brain. Review of published studies: In our previously published study, 11 chronic TBI patients with closed-head TBI caused by different accidents (motor vehicle accident, sports-related, improvised explosive device blast injury) and exhibiting long-lasting cognitive dysfunction received 18 outpatient treatments (Monday, Wednesday, Friday for 6 weeks) starting at 10 months to 8 years post-TBI. LED therapy is nonthermal, painless, and noninvasive. An LED-based device classified as nonsignificant risk (FDA cleared) was used. Each LED cluster head (5.35 cm diameter, 500 mW, 22.2 mW/cm2) was applied for 9 min 45 sec (13 J/cm2) using 11 locations on the scalp: midline from front-to-back hairline and bilaterally on frontal, parietal, and temporal areas. Testing was performed before and after transcranial LED (tLED; at 1 week, 1 month, and at 2 months after the 18th treatment) and showed significant improvements in executive function and verbal memory. There were also fewer post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms reported. Ongoing studies: Ongoing, current studies involve TBI patients who have been treated with tLED using either 26 J/cm2 per LED location on the head or treated with intranasal only (iLED) using red (633 nm) and NIR (810 nm) diodes placed into the nostrils. The NIR iLED is hypothesized to deliver photons to the hippocampus, and the red 633 nm iLED is believed to increase melatonin. Results have been similar to the previously published tLED study. Actigraphy sleep data showed increased time asleep (on average one additional hour per night) after the 18th tLED or iLED treatment. LED treatments may be performed in the home. Sham-controlled studies with veterans who have cognitive dysfunction from Gulf War Illness, blast TBI, and TBI/PTSD are currently ongoing.
Social Worlds of Stripping: The Processual Orders of Exotic Dance

Is stripping exploitation? This ideological question often plagues exotic dance research, with diverse and often contradictory findings across the literature. Existent research highlights both potentially positive and negative experiences among women involved in exotic dance. In this article, we focus on the social organization of strip clubs and how this organization contextualizes the experiences and commitments of dancers. We present ethnographic data collected by the first author, including extensive field observations of 49 strip clubs, formal interviews from 50 dancers and ex-dancers at various career stages, and informal interviews with dozens of other dancers. We present a typology of strip clubs—hustle clubs, social clubs, and show clubs—and describe the processual orders. We also explain how the processual orders of these different types of clubs relate to dancers' workplace experiences. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for sociological and public understandings of sex work.