Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Análisis de los parámetros temporales en un partido de Bádminton

When studying the temporal structure of a sport, the first factor to analyse is the total volume of workload activity it entails. This information is usually found in sport games by measuring the total time of the activity. This analysis is complete if we relate the activity's total workload volume to the real workload volume by means of real time. That is, the time span during which the player is moving. The relationship between total and real playing time gives rise to a coefficient which relates real and total workload, or work and pause intervals. These elements are temporal parameters which represent the duration of play and the time span existing between two plays. Moreover, they provide us with information about the average effort and recovery from the match. This study is aimed at establishing the differences that exist between male and female badminton players and also teams that play at national or international levels (Spanish and top world players respectively.) After the collection and quantitative analysis of the sample, it was found that values were higher in men's badminton singles. Except for the World Championships, this fact could be explained by the different scoring systems used in men's and women's games. However, in the lower level competitions that were considered in this study, the mean playing time in men's singles was higher than that of the women's singles (the difference being more than one second.) The mean time in men's singles was 7.3 ± 1.3 seconds and in the case of women's singles it was 6± 1.3 seconds. According to data related to the temporal structure of matches, and taking into account the volume and intensity of actions in play, it can be stated that badminton is based on explosive movements and implies an important function of the alactic anaerobic system which surpasses that of lactic anaerobic metabolism. Nevertheless, this predominance depends on the number of plays and their duration. Finally, we can say that the temporal structure of the game is usually higher in men's singles than in women's singles in the case of national competitions while no significant differences are found between the play in the case of the highest level international competitions. KEY WORDS: Badminton, temporal structure, total time, playing time
Improved relation classification by deep recurrent neural networks with data augmentation

Nowadays, neural networks play an important role in the task of relation classification. By designing different neural architectures, researchers have improved the performance to a large extent in comparison with traditional methods. However, existing neural networks for relation classification are usually of shallow architectures (e.g., one-layer convolutional neural networks or recurrent networks). They may fail to explore the potential representation space in different abstraction levels. In this paper, we propose deep recurrent neural networks (DRNNs) for relation classification to tackle this challenge. Further, we propose a data augmentation method by leveraging the directionality of relations. We evaluated our DRNNs on the SemEval-2010 Task 8, and achieve an F1-score of 86.1%, outperforming previous state-of-the-art recorded results.
Genetic evidence for archaic admixture in Africa

A long-debated question concerns the fate of archaic forms of the genus Homo: did they go extinct without interbreeding with anatomically modern humans, or are their genes present in contemporary populations? This question is typically focused on the genetic contribution of archaic forms outside of Africa. Here we use DNA sequence data gathered from 61 noncoding autosomal regions in a sample of three sub-Saharan African populations (Mandenka, Biaka, and San) to test models of African archaic admixture. We use two complementary approximate-likelihood approaches and a model of human evolution that involves recent population structure, with and without gene flow from an archaic population. Extensive simulation results reject the null model of no admixture and allow us to infer that contemporary African populations contain a small proportion of genetic material (≈2%) that introgressed ≈35 kya from an archaic population that split from the ancestors of anatomically modern humans ≈700 kya. Three candidate regions showing deep haplotype divergence, unusual patterns of linkage disequilibrium, and small basal clade size are identified and the distributions of introgressive haplotypes surveyed in a sample of populations from across sub-Saharan Africa. One candidate locus with an unusual segment of DNA that extends for >31 kb on chromosome 4 seems to have introgressed into modern Africans from a now-extinct taxon that may have lived in central Africa. Taken together our results suggest that polymorphisms present in extant populations introgressed via relatively recent interbreeding with hominin forms that diverged from the ancestors of modern humans in the Lower-Middle Pleistocene.
Clones in the Classroom: A Daily Diary Study of the Nonshared Environmental Relationship Between Monozygotic Twin Differences in School Experience and Achievement

Abstract Do genetically identical children experience the same classroom differently? Are nonshared classroom experiences associated with differences in achievement? We designed a telephone diary measure which we administered every school day for 2 weeks to 122 10-year-olds in 61 monozygotic (MZ) twin pairs. Each pair shared genes, a classroom, peers and a teacher. We found that MZ twins did experience their classrooms differently (rMZ < 0.65 for all measures of classroom experience). Furthermore, MZ differences in peer problems were significantly associated with MZ differences in Mathematics achievement (ES = 8%); differences in positivity about school were significantly associated with differences in Mathematics (ES = 15%) and Science (ES = 8%) achievement; and differences in ‘flow’ in Science lessons were associated with differences in Science achievement (ES = 12%). In a multiple regression analysis, MZ differences in positivity about school significantly predicted MZ differences in Mathematics achievement (R2 = 0.16, p < .01) and MZ differences in ‘flow’ in Science significantly predicted MZ differences in Science achievement (R2 = 0.10, p < .05). These results indicate that MZ twins experience the classroom differently and that differences in their experience are associated with differences in their achievement.
Mirabegron: a review of recent data and its prospects in the management of overactive bladder

Mirabegron is a novel, once-daily, orally active, first-in-class, potent β3-adrenoceptor agonist recently approved by Food and Drug Administration for overactive bladder therapy. Phase II studies and four large-scale phase III multinational randomized, controlled trials have supported the efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron in the clinical trial setting of patients with overactive bladder for up to 12 weeks of therapy and in the long term (12 months). The reported incidence and severity of treatment-emergent and serious adverse effects were similar to antimuscarinics, but with a more than threefold lower incidence of dry mouth compared with tolterodine. However, the effects on the cardiovascular system, pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs, and increased incidence of new malignant events will require careful evaluation in the near future.
Circadian rhythms in RA

Possible roles of cortisol and melatonin It is well known that some clinical signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) vary within a day and between days, and the morning stiffness seen in patients with RA has become one of the diagnostic criteria of the disease (fig 1). 1 Figure 1 Clinical signs and symptoms of articular inflammation in patients with RA change consistently as a function of the hours of the day: pain and joint stiffness are greater after waking up in the morning than in the afternoon or evening. Among the clinical signs of joint inflammation in patients with RA, the intensity of pain changes consistently as a function of the hours of the day: pain is greater after waking up in the morning than in the afternoon or evening.2 In patients with RA circadian variations are also found in joint swelling and finger size and these symptoms are in phase with the circadian rhythm of pain. The RA rhythms differ in phase by about 12 hours from the circadian changes of left and right hand grip strength: a greater grip strength is seen when joint circumferences and the subjective ratings of stiffness and pain are least and vice versa.3 “Clinical signs and symptoms in RA depend on the time of day” Therefore, clinical signs and symptoms in RA show a rhythm that seems driven by a biological clock. Biological rhythms have been seen in different models of inflammation, and maximal inflammation occurred during the activity period of the animals—that is, between midnight and 8 00 am.4 Biological rhythms with a periodicity longer than 24 hours have also been detected, and a circaseptan rhythm (almost seven days) of paw oedema, over a period of 30 days, was observed, with peak of inflammation every 6–7 days.5 Furthermore, …
L'utilisation de l'information visuelle en reconnaissance d'expressions faciales d'émotion

The ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for the success of social communication. The information used by the visual system to categorize static basic facial expressions is now relatively well known. However, the visual information used to discriminate the basic facial expressions from one another is still unknown, and this is true for both static and dynamic facial expressions. Many believe that the eye region of a facial expression is particularly important when it comes to reading others' emotions. The aim of the first article of this thesis is to determine which information is used by the visual system in order to discriminate between the basic facial expressions and to verify the validity of the hypothesis that the eye region is crucial for this task. The Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) is used with static (Exp. 1) and dynamic (Exp. 2) facial expressions in order to determine which facial areas are used for the task (Exp. 1) and in which temporal order these facial areas are used (Exp. 2). The results show that, in contrast with the aforementioned belief, the mouth region is significantly more useful than the eye region when discriminating between the basic facial expressions. Despite this preponderant role of the mouth, it is the eye area⎯not the mouth area⎯that is underutilized by many clinical populations suffering from difficulties in recognizing facial expressions. This observation could suggest that the utilization of the eye area varies as a function of the ability to recognize facial expressions. The aim of the second article in
RETIRED A STARS AND THEIR COMPANIONS. III. COMPARING THE MASS–PERIOD DISTRIBUTIONS OF PLANETS AROUND A-TYPE STARS AND SUN-LIKE STARS

We present an analysis of ∼5 years of Lick Observatory radial velocity measurements targeting a uniform sample of 31 intermediate-mass (IM) subgiants (1.5 ≲ M*/M☉≲ 2.0) with the goal of measuring the occurrence rate of Jovian planets around (evolved) A-type stars and comparing the distributions of their orbital and physical characteristics to those of planets around Sun-like stars. We provide updated orbital solutions incorporating new radial velocity measurements for five known planet-hosting stars in our sample; uncertainties in the fitted parameters are assessed using a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo method. The frequency of Jovian planets interior to 3 AU is 26+9−8%, which is significantly higher than the 5%–10% frequency observed around solar-mass stars. The median detection threshold for our sample includes minimum masses down to {0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 1.3} MJup within {0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, 3.0} AU. To compare the properties of planets around IM stars to those around solar-mass stars we synthesize a population of planets based on the parametric relationship dN ∝ MαPβdlnMdlnP, the observed planet frequency, and the detection limits we derived. We find that the values of α and β for planets around solar-type stars from Cumming et al. fail to reproduce the observed properties of planets in our sample at the 4σ level, even when accounting for the different planet occurrence rates. Thus, the properties of planets around A stars are markedly different than those around Sun-like stars, suggesting that only a small (∼50%) increase in stellar mass has a large influence on the formation and orbital evolution of planets.
Development of Therapeutic Brain Stimulation Techniques with Methods from Nonlinear Dynamics and Statistical Physics

Synchronization processes may severely impair brain function, for instance, in Parkinson's disease, essential tremor or epilepsies. We present three different effectively desynchronizing stimulation techniques which have been developed with methods from nonlinear dynamics and statistical physics. These techniques exploit either stochastic phase resetting principles or complex delayed feedback mechanisms. We explain how these methods work and how they can be applied to therapeutic brain stimulation.
In Vitro, Inhibition of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Protects Against Bupivacaine- and Ropivacaine-Induced Neurotoxicity

BACKGROUND:Animal models show us that specific activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) may be a pivotal step in lidocaine neurotoxicity, but this has not been investigated in the case of two very widely used local anesthetics, bupivacaine and ropivacaine. We investigated the hypotheses that these drugs (A) are less neurotoxic than the prototype local anesthetic, lidocaine (B) are selectively toxic for subcategories of dorsal root ganglion neurons and (C) induce activation of either p38 MAPK or related enzymes, such as the c-jun terminal N-kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). METHODS:We incubated primary sensory neuron cultures with doses of lidocaine, bupivacaine, and ropivacaine equipotent at blocking sodium currents. Next, we sought to determine potential selectivity of bupivacaine and ropivacaine toxicity on neuron categories defined by immunohistochemical staining, or size. Subsequently, the involvement of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK was tested using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Finally, the relevance of MAPK pathways in bupivacaine- and ropivacaine-induced neurotoxicity was determined by selectively inhibiting activity of p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK. RESULTS:We found that the neurotoxic potency of bupivacaine and ropivacaine is dose-dependent and similar in vitro, but is not selective for any of the investigated subgroups of neurons. Neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and ropivacaine was mediated, at least in part, by MAPKs. Specifically, we demonstrated the relevance of both p38 MAPK and JNK pathways for the neurotoxicity of bupivacaine and characterized the involvement of the p38 MAPK pathway in the neurotoxicity of ropivacaine. CONCLUSIONS:Given equipotent doses, the neurotoxic potential of lidocaine does not appear to be significantly different from that of bupivacaine and ropivacaine in vitro. Moreover, bupivacaine and ropivacaine do not exert their neurotoxicity differently on specific subsets of dorsal root ganglion neurons. Their neurotoxic effects are brought about through the activation of specific MAPKs; the specific pharmacologic inhibition of these kinases attenuates toxicity in vitro.
The role of the magnocellular system in implicit cognition

Implicit cognition paradigms, such as the IAT (Implicit Association Test) are not well understood and are frequently thought to involve ‘unconscious’ attitudes. Although there has been a theoretical shift away from psychoanalytic ideas about consciousness towards more cognitively orientated views, a mystique lingers. The magnocellular (M) system is thought to be involved in rapid but coarse information processing which is a basis for certain kinds of automaticity in information processing, such as reading or visual object recognition. The question this research addressed concerns visual perceptual processes which are not easily controllable and which occur without conscious effort. The role of the M system was investigated in word recognition, object recognition and race feature recognition in a series of experiments. There is evidence that the M system facilitates word recognition in terms of detection accuracy. An experiment involving object recognition replicated the research of Kveraga, et al. (2007b) and similar results were obtained in that when objects were presented under a condition which favoured the M system, recognition accuracy was significantly better and reaction time was significantly shorter than when objects were presented in a condition which favoured the parvocellular (P) system. A series of IAT experiments replicated findings from 1) species, 2) race experiments and similar results were obtained to those reported in the literature. The race IAT experiment was then adapted to use images that were biased towards either the M or P visual systems. As the M system appears to facilitate object recognition, probably by a top-down processing mechanism which may be associated with perceptual automaticity, it was predicted that IAT scores would not be affected in this condition. It was predicted that when images were presented in a condition which inhibited M system functioning, IAT scores would be more neutral (suggesting less response bias). There was a trend which supported this prediction, but the summary score analysis did not show a statistically significant difference. When the data was decomposed and the reaction time data was analysed, there was evidence of race-related perceptual dynamics. The M system appears to facilitate processing of race-related facial features in the ethnic groups which showed more implicit prejudice, but not to the same extent, or in the same manner in the low prejudice (‘Black’) group. A possible interpretation is that racial features have different degrees of salience in these groups. It seems likely that perceptual automaticity has an important role in implicit cognition and the M system appears to be an important part of this mechanism.
Secrecy and Deception in Anti-Terrorism Resource Allocation and Policy Implication

In this paper, we develop a game-theoretic model for whether and what a defender should disclose about her resource allocation in the homeland-security context. Our model allows us to explore whether the defender should disclose correct information about her defensive resource allocation (truthful disclosure), incorrect information (deception), or no information (secrecy). In the case where only the attacker (if anyone) has private information (i.e., the defender does not know some attacker attributes, such as their goals or capabilities), our analysis suggests that the defender should always prefer truthful disclosure, possibly including disclosure of a mixed strategy. By contrast, in the case where the defender has private information (i.e., the attacker does not know some defender attributes, such as asset values or costs), our analysis shows that there exist some equilibria in which secrecy and/or deception can be strictly preferred by some types of defenders, in order to mimic defender types that are of less interest to attackers—e.g., defender types that may be less valuable, or less cost-effective to attack. Although we study secrecy and deception specifically in the homeland-security context, we believe that our work can also provide useful insights in other contexts, such as business competition.
Recovery of an injured fornix in a stroke patient.

OBJECTIVE Knowledge about recovery of an injured fornix following brain injury is limited. We describe here a patient who showed recovery of an injured fornix following stroke. CASE REPORT A 57-year-old female patient underwent coiling for a ruptured anterior communicating cerebral artery aneurysm, and conservative management for subarachnoid and intraventricular haemorrhage. The patient showed severe cognitive impairment 6 weeks after onset. However, her cognition showed continuous improvement with time; based on the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Memory Assessment Scale, her cognition was within the normal range 7 months after onset. RESULTS Findings from diffusion tensor tractography at 6 weeks and 7 months showed discontinuations in both columns of the fornix. The proximal portion of both crus also showed discontinuation on diffusion tensor tractography at 6 weeks and 7 months; however, on 7-month diffusion tensor tractography, the end of the fornical body was shown to be connected to the splenium of the corpus callosum and then branched to the right medial temporal lobe and right thalamus. CONCLUSION The unusual neural connection between the injured fornix and the thalamus appears to be a recovery phenomenon, which allows the injured fornix and the medial temporal lobe to obtain cholinergic innervation from cholinergic nuclei in the brainstem rather than from cholinergic nuclei in the basal forebrain.
Subarachnoid Transplant of the Human Neuronal hNT2.19 Serotonergic Cell Line Attenuates Behavioral Hypersensitivity without Affecting Motor Dysfunction after Severe Contusive Spinal Cord Injury

Transplant of cells which make biologic agents that can modulate the sensory and motor responses after spinal cord injury (SCI) would be useful to treat pain and paralysis. To address this need for clinically useful human cells, a unique neuronal cell line that synthesizes and secretes/releases the neurotransmitter serotonin (5HT) was isolated. Hind paw tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by severe contusive SCI were potently reversed after lumbar subarachnoid transplant of differentiated cells, but had no effect on open field motor scores, stride length, foot rotation, base of support, or gridwalk footfall errors associated with the SCI. The sensory effects appeared 1 week after transplant and did not diminish during the 8-week course of the experiment when grafts were placed 2 weeks after SCI. Many grafted cells were still present and synthesizing 5HT at the end of the study. These data suggest that the human neuronal serotonergic hNT2.19 cells can be used as a biologic minipump for receiving SCI-related neuropathic pain, but likely requires intraspinal grafts for motor recovery.