Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Cantonese double object construction with bei2 ‘give’ in bilingual children: The role of input

This article examines the role of input in bilingual children’s acquisition of the Cantonese double object construction with bei2 ‘give’ from a usage-based perspective (Tomasello, 2003; Lieven & Tomasello, 2008). In this domain of grammar, bilingual Cantonese—English children use the non-target [bei2-Recipient-Theme] order more frequently and for a more protracted duration than their monolingual counterparts (Yip & Matthews, 2007). We make use of corpus data to analyze the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the input that these bilingual children receive, and discuss three input factors to account for such vulnerability in bilingual children. First, the findings substantiate the idea that a bilingual child hearing fewer hours of Cantonese when compared to his or her monolingual age peers is likely to be exposed to fewer tokens of the target construction. Second, the findings indicate that the mapping between word order and thematic roles is not consistent in the Cantonese input, and as such is not conducive to learning for either bilingual or monolingual children. Third, simultaneous experience with the largely invariant [give-Recipient-Theme] forms from the English input overlaps with and therefore entrenches the developmental errors in Cantonese. These three input factors conspire to make this grammatical domain in Cantonese particularly vulnerable in bilingual children.
The Effects of Laser Acupuncture on Chronic Tension Headache – a Randomised Controlled Trial

Objective Headache affects the quality of life for many people throughout the world. Tension headache is among the commonest forms. Acupuncture is the most widely practised non-medicinal treatment for headaches. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of laser acupuncture in this type of headache. Methods Fifty patients with chronic tension-type headache were randomly allocated to treatment or placebo groups. Patients in the treatment group received low energy laser acupuncture to LU7, LI4, GB14, and GB20 bilaterally. Points were irradiated for 43 seconds, and the intensity was 1.3J (~13J/cm2). Ten sessions were given, three per week. The placebo group was treated in a similar way except that the output power of the equipment was set to zero. The outcome variables were headache intensity (VAS), duration of attacks, and number of days with a headache per month, by daily diary, assessed monthly to three months after treatment. Results There were significant differences between groups (P<0.001) in changes from baseline in months one, two and three, in median score for headache intensity (treatment group -5, -3 and -2, placebo group -1, 0 and 0), median duration of attacks (treatment group -6, -4 and -4, placebo group -1, 0 and 0 hours), and median number of days with headache per month (treatment group -15, -10 and -8, placebo group -2, 0 and 0). Conclusion This study suggests that laser acupuncture may be an effective treatment for chronic tension-type headache, but the results should be confirmed in larger and more rigorous trials.
Can connective use differentiate between children with and without specific language impairment?

The ability of language-impaired children to maintain coherence by using discourse connectives has so far been assessed by quantitative measures. This study is a first attempt to scrutinize the quality of connective use in specific language impairment (SLI). The authors investigate whether Russian-speaking children reveal sensitivity to the subtle discourse-organizational distinctions between the quasi-synonymous connectives i ‘and’ and a ‘and/but’ in a narrative task. Study 1 compared connective use by 7-year-olds with and without SLI. The results demonstrate that connective frequencies do not differentiate between the two groups, but language-impaired children more often use connectives in a way that violates causal relations in the story. Study 2 assessed connective production by the same SLI participants 16 months later and also tested understanding of causal chains in a follow-up interview. The error rates remained high. These errors were not due to poor understanding of the story, since the language-impaired children answered the causal questions in the follow-up interview as well as their unimpaired peers did.
A Test for the Effect of Conformity on Crime Rates Using Voter Turnout

Using voter turnout to measure conformity, this article examines whether conformity with social norms moderates the crime rate in the United States at the state and county levels. If people are fairly consistent in their response to the perceived local degree of conformity with norms about voting and against crime, analysis predicts a unique quadratic relationship between reported crime rates and voter turnout. A pooled multivariate regression analysis of state crime rates for several index crimes in 1960, 1970, and 1980 confirms the predicted relationship, as do county-level analyses of the violent crime rate in 1985 and 1991. This method might also be used to assess the effect of social conformity on other social choices.
Shunt active power filters and PWM rectifiers in three-phase three wire systems: a survey

This paper presents a survey of recent approaches which addresses solutions for current harmonic reduction in three phase three wire systems. The analyzed works are the most representative solutions focused in to obtain unity power factor in the mains or to fulfil the regulations that are applied, the main comparison is done between shunt active power filters and PWM rectifiers. The revised solutions are varied and a classification according to their operating principle, input currents and output power is done. The main objective is to identify the areas of application of each solution in particular.
World Englishes on the Internet: some considerations for teaching

Exposing EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students to different varieties of English can be beneficial in numerous ways, but teachers may be unaware of how they can do this. This paper briefly explains the concept of World Englishes, then describes one teacher's attempt to use the Internet to provide his students with examples of real English from around the world. Finally, it offers a selection of positive student responses to the experience.
Genre, rhetorical interpretation, and the open case: teaching the analytical report

Analytical reports, being one of the most difficult genres to teach in a technical writing course, are best taught through the "open case" method. Open cases take advantage of the fact that students are already situated in a workplace environment, the college campus. Engineering students can use the genre to impose order on this chaotic environment, conducting various forms of research on engineering-related campus issues. A process for developing open case assignments is provided.
Spatially resolved SO2 flux emissions from Mt Etna

We report on a systematic record of SO2 flux emissions from individual vents of Etna volcano (Sicily), which we obtained using a permanent UV camera network. Observations were carried out in summer 2014, a period encompassing two eruptive episodes of the New South East Crater (NSEC) and a fissure‐fed eruption in the upper Valle del Bove. We demonstrate that our vent‐resolved SO2 flux time series allow capturing shifts in activity from one vent to another and contribute to our understanding of Etna's shallow plumbing system structure. We find that the fissure eruption contributed ~50,000 t of SO2 or ~30% of the SO2 emitted by the volcano during the 5 July to 10 August eruptive interval. Activity from this eruptive vent gradually vanished on 10 August, marking a switch of degassing toward the NSEC. Onset of degassing at the NSEC was a precursory to explosive paroxysmal activity on 11–15 August.
Sociability, Altruism and Subjective Well-Being

We provide non experimental evidence of the relevance of sociability on subjective wellbeing by investigating the determinants of life satisfaction on a large sample of Europeans aged above 50. We document that voluntary work, religious attendance, helping friends/neighbours and participation to community-related organizations affect positively and significantly life satisfaction. We illustrate the different impact that some sociability variables have on eudaimonic versus cognitive measures of subjective wellbeing. Our empirical findings discriminate among other regarding and self-regarding preferences as rationales explaining such behaviour. We document that different combinations between actions and motivations have different impact on life satisfaction thereby providing support for the relevance of these specific “contingent goods” and to the literature of procedural utility. Our findings are confirmed in robustness checks including refinements of the dependent variable, instrumental variables and sensitivity analysis on departures from the exogeneity assumption.
Managing Organizational Change: An Integrative Perspective

An integrative approach to managing organizational change is presented. This approach is based on a congruence model of organizational behavior which views the organization as an interdependent set of elements including tasks, individuals, formal organizational arrangements, and the informal organization. Within the context of the organization, change is seen as presenting three major problems: resistance, control, and power. These imply a need to motivate people to change, a need to manage the transition, and a need to shape the political dynamics of change. Specific action steps related to each of these three needs are discussed. A brief illustrative case is described.
From Friedman to Wittman: The Transformation of Chicago Political Economy

â€œIS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE AND information? â€ is the question that participants in this symposium were asked to address. I come to the question as an historian of economic thought who has studied the Austrian tradition, and in particular the contributions of F.A. Hayek, who is remembered among information theorists for his early writings on â€œthe knowledge problem. â€ An analysis of his work may be helpful in grappling with the question of this symposium. In an earlier paper I looked at differing interpretations of the socialist calculation debate and the current prospects for market socialism, and linked to issues of information and knowledge (Caldwell 1997). My remarks here draw in part on that paper.
Assessing Weakness in Patients with Ulnar Neuropathy: Comparison Between a Custom Hand Muscle Dynamometer and a Pinch Dynamometer

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the use of a custom intrinsic hand dynamometer (HD) with that of a standard pinch dynamometer (PD) in assessing strength in patients with ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Design: Nine patients (age, 53 ± 3 yrs) with clinical and electrophysiological features of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow with conduction block (CB) were studied. All underwent bilateral ulnar motor nerve conduction studies recording from the first dorsal interosseous and a quantitative measurement of strength of the first dorsal interosseous using a custom-made HD and a standard PD. Results: The maximal strength of the ulnar neuropathy at the elbow-affected side (16.2 ± 8.0 N) was found to be significantly lower than that of the unaffected side (27.9 ± 11.2 N), as measured by HD. Strength differences were not significant between the affected (62.7 ± 26.4 N) and unaffected sides (48.0 ± 20.5 N) using PD. HD force decrement (in comparison with the unaffected limb) correlated strongly with CB percentage (r = 0.74). No relationship was found between PD and CB (r = 0.05). Conclusions: HD was better able to measure the weakness of affected muscles than did PD, and its results correlated well with the extent of electrophysiological CB. Therefore, a custom HD would provide a better indication of disease severity, progression, or improvement in strength in studies of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow with CB.
Sanosil, a more effective agent for preventing the hospital-acquired ventilator associated pneumonia.

PURPOSE The aim of this study is to compare the effects of Sanosil and glutaraldehyde 2 percent in disinfecting ventilator connecting tubes in an intensive care unit (ICU) environment. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The 12-week open-labelled clinical trial was conducted in the surgical ICU of a teaching hospital from March to May 2005. In the first phase of the study, high level disinfection was performed using glutaraldehyde 2 percent, whereas Sanosil was used as the disinfectant agent of the second phase. Samples for microbial culture were obtained from the Y piece, the expiratory limb proximal to the ventilator and the humidifier in different stages; the results were then compared. FINDINGS Positive culture was more frequently reported in Y pieces, humidifiers and expiratory end of ventilators. Comparing the two groups, there were more positive cultures in the glutaraldehyde group (p value = 0.005); multiple organism growths, gram negative, gram positive and fungi were also more frequent in this group (p value = 0.01; 0. 007; 0. 062; 0.144, respectively). ORIGINALITY/VALUE The paper shows that Sanosil is an effective agent in reducing the contamination risk in the tubes used in ICUs.
Religion and Spirituality in Social Work Education and Direct Practice at the Millennium: A Survey of UK Social Workers

Summary In recent years, an expanding body of social work publications and professional conference presentations has materialized in the United States due to a resurgence of interest in spirituality and religion. In order to explore the level of interest in the United Kingdom, a random sample of 5,500 practising social workers from the British Association of Social Workers (BASW) membership were mailed a questionnaire that examined religious and spiritual beliefs, practices and affiliations. A total of 789 BASW members in direct practice from England, Scotland Wales, and Northern Ireland returned questionnaires, a response rate of 20 per cent. The majority of respondents believed that spirituality was a fundamental aspect of being human. More than three quarters of the sample reported little or no content on religion and spirituality in their training programme. Respondents strongly approved of raising the topic of religion and spirituality with clients who are experiencing terminal illness or bereavement. This also held true in matters of adoption and foster parenting. Approximately 47 per cent of all respondents believed that including religion and spirituality in direct practice was compatible with social work's mission. This sample may represent those social workers with a stronger interest in religion and spirituality than a random sample of the general population of UK social workers. These findings, nevertheless, raise concern about the
No association between essential tremor and migraine: A case-control study

Essential tremor (ET) and migraine headache are considered comorbid diseases on the basis of uncontrolled studies. We investigated the frequency of migraine in patients with ET by enrolling 110 patients with ET and 110 age- and sex-matched healthy controls in a case-control study. We found no significant differences in the frequency of lifetime and current migraine between patients and controls, even in patients stratified for age. Tremor had similar clinical features in patients with ET with and without migraine except that females predominated in patients with ET and migraine. Migraine also had similar characteristics in both patients with ET and migraine and in controls with migraine. Our study excludes a comorbid association between ET and migraine. When ET and migraine coexist their clinical phenotype and evolution remain almost unchanged.
Standard Type Soundness for Agents and Artifacts

Formal models, core calculi, and type systems, are important tools for rigorously stating the more subtle details of a language, as well as characterizing and studying its features and the correctness properties of its programs. In this paper we present FAAL (Featherweight Agent and Artifact Language), a formal calculus modelling the agent and artifact program abstractions provided by the simpA agent framework. The formalisation is largely inspired by Featherweight Java. It is based on reduction rules applied in certain evaluation contexts, properly adapted to the concurrency nature of simpA. On top of this calculus we introduce a standard type system and prove its soundness, so as to guarantee that the execution of a well-typed program does not get stuck. Namely, all primitive mechanisms of agents (activity execution), artifacts (eld/property access and step execution), and their interaction (observation and invocation) are guaranteed to be used in a way that is structurally compliant with the corresponding denitions: hence, there will not be run-time errors due to FAAL
Estimation of Daily Energy Expenditure in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women Using a Wrist-Worn Tri-Axial Accelerometer

Background Few studies have compared the validity of objective measures of physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) in pregnant and non-pregnant women. PAEE is commonly estimated with accelerometers attached to the hip or waist, but little is known about the validity and participant acceptability of wrist attachment. The objectives of the current study were to assess the validity of a simple summary measure derived from a wrist-worn accelerometer (GENEA, Unilever Discover, UK) to estimate PAEE in pregnant and non-pregnant women, and to evaluate participant acceptability. Methods Non-pregnant (N = 73) and pregnant (N = 35) Swedish women (aged 20–35 yrs) wore the accelerometer on their wrist for 10 days during which total energy expenditure (TEE) was assessed using doubly-labelled water. PAEE was calculated as 0.9×TEE-REE. British participants (N = 99; aged 22–65 yrs) wore accelerometers on their non-dominant wrist and hip for seven days and were asked to score the acceptability of monitor placement (scored 1 [least] through 10 [most] acceptable). Results There was no significant correlation between body weight and PAEE. In non-pregnant women, acceleration explained 24% of the variation in PAEE, which decreased to 19% in leave-one-out cross-validation. In pregnant women, acceleration explained 11% of the variation in PAEE, which was not significant in leave-one-out cross-validation. Median (IQR) acceptability of wrist and hip placement was 9(8–10) and 9(7–10), respectively; there was a within-individual difference of 0.47 (p<.001). Conclusions A simple summary measure derived from a wrist-worn tri-axial accelerometer adds significantly to the prediction of energy expenditure in non-pregnant women and is scored acceptable by participants.
Emergence and contributions of a Latin American indigenous social psychology

Increasingly, understanding behaviour requires a multidimensional conceptual and methodological approach. A historical analysis of social psychology leads to the identification of separate and clear psychological, sociological, and cultural perspectives in the thinking and research of the field. In an overview of the highlights of each orientation, this paper identifies the way in which each subbranch of social psychology flourished and is closely tied to the psycho‐socio‐cultural ecosystem in which its theoreticians and researchers developed. Evident from this process is the inclination of psychological researchers to stress functional aspects of behaviour and utilize experimental methodologies; the sociological orientation stresses structural variables and is inclined toward observational and field descriptive studies; and cultural investigation tends to pull from both the psychological and sociological perspectives and places major interest on the ecosystem in which behaviour presents itself. Linked to.
Prognosis of all-cause heart failure and borderline left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 5 year mortality follow-up of the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (ECHOES).

AIMS Heart failure (HF) is reported to have an essentially malignant prognosis that can be modified by several interventions. Most outcome data on HF are available from randomized controlled treatment trials and longitudinal epidemiological studies. However, for a number of reasons, neither type of study have, to date, provided generalizable data on HF mortality. Furthermore, data on the prognosis of borderline left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) are even more limited. METHODS AND RESULTS ECHOES (Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study) screened a total of 6,162 patients from a total of 10,161 invited (61% response rate). Patients were randomly selected from four pre-specified cohorts: the general population, diuretic users, those with a prior clinical label of HF, and a population with risk factors for HF, to identify the prevalence of HF and LVSD based on clinical assessment, ECG, and echocardiography. Causes of death during a 5-9 year follow-up period were recorded from routine mortality statistics. The 5-year survival rate of the general population was 93%, compared with 69% of those with LVSD without HF, 62% with HF and no LVSD, and 53% with HF plus LVSD. Survival improved significantly with increasing ejection fraction (EF) (log rank test for trend, chi(2) = 534.5, 1, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The ECHOES mortality data confirm the poor prognosis of patients suffering prevalent HF across the community with a mortality risk estimate of 9% per year. Borderline systolic dysfunction (EF 40-50%) on echocardiography carries a poor prognosis.
Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior

Thirty-four elementary and 22 secondary teachers responded to Walker and Rankin's SBS Inventory, which assesses teachers' expectations regarding students' behavior and the types of problems for which they require technical assistance. Ratings of behaviors as critical or unacceptable were generally consistent with previous research. Teachers disagreed, however, about their needs for technical assistance. Approximately 20% considered many behaviors critical or unacceptable, but indicated willingness to take responsibility for teaching pupils who lack critical skills or exhibit unacceptable behavior without technical assistance. Nearly 30% considered many behaviors critical or unacceptable but were unwilling to accept responsibility for pupils without technical assistance. About 30% considered relatively few behaviors critical or unacceptable but were willing to take responsibility for them. About 20% considered few behaviors critical or unacceptable but were unwilling to take responsibility for them. Extreme individual differences among teachers were found among both special and regular education teachers. No significant differences were found between special and regular education teachers or among groups currently working with handicapped students. Significant differences were found, however, for groups differing on dimensions related to demandingness, responsibility, and sense of self-efficacy. We discuss implications for integrating handicapped pupils into general education and for future research.