Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Media Time Budgeting as a Function of Demographics and Life Style

,Two ubiquitous phenomena in our society at mid-twentieth century are an enormous expansion in the mass media and rapid urbanization. Well over two-thirds of the nation’s people now live in cities, and more than half of our inhabitants live in 213 urbanized areas.l Ninety-five per cent of homes have a radio or television set, while more than 570 TV stations and 5,000 radio stations broadcast daily. There
Greedy and Selfish? Differences in Fairness Preferences of Prospective Lawyers and Managers

The question of whether lawyers and managers behave selfishly or fairly has inspired discussion for a long time. Empirical evidence, however, is sparse. Using data from an experiment with 359 law and business administration students, we investigate this question empirically and provide first evidence. Our results suggest that law students and business students behave reciprocally, but the degree of reciprocity is higher for lawyers. Surprisingly, it is not university education that makes business students more selfish: candidates seem to undergo a self-selection process before they begin their studies.
Post‐materialist values and political preference: Some unlikely findings from Northern Ireland

Post-materialist values (PMVs) in Northern Ireland are less widespread than in most European countries. This is in accordance with Inglehart's argument that PMVs are less likely to arise among groups that have spent their formative years in physical and economic insecurity. However there has also been an increase in PMVs since the early 1970s which has continued steadily into the 1980s when the cohort which spent its formative years in the `Troubles' entered the voting population. To explore this phenomenon, this article examines the Eurobarometer data from 1982 to 1991. Voters for four political parties (two Nationalist and two Unionist) are compared. It was found that voters for the Nationalist parties were significantly more likely to be post materialists. It was also found that Sinn Feein, a militant Nationalist party, attracted the highest percentage of post-materialists. Two explanations are offered: (1) the post-materialist index is unsuitable for use in Northern Ireland, and (2) the value change was driven by forces other than the experience of physical and economic security.
The Demand-Control-Support model and intent to leave across six European countries: The role of employment opportunities

Abstract In this paper, the explanatory power of the Demand-Control-Support (DCS) model for intent to leave (ITL) a job was tested, with employment opportunities (EO) taken into consideration. It was hypothesized that, when employment opportunities are low, the explanatory power of the DCS model for ITL is low because workers have no possibility of finding a new job despite the stressful characteristics of their current one. Analyses were performed on 16,052 female nurses from six European countries who were participating in the Nurses’ Early Exit Study (NEXT). A country's unemployment rate and perceived employment opportunities were measures of EO. The results of multivariate regression analyses revealed that (controlling, among other things, for type of work contract) demands were related to ITL irrespective of EO. However, control and social support were more strongly related to ITL: (1) in countries with low (versus high) unemployment rate, and (2) among individuals with high (versus low) perceived employment opportunities. The DCS model, in its additive version (the main effects of the three dimensions), had better explanatory power for ITL in low unemployment rate countries only. The results suggest that employment opportunities may influence the explanatory power of the DCS model in relation not only to intent to leave but also to other outcomes.
Disconfirmed expectations of infant behaviours and postnatal depressive symptoms among parents

Objectives: A number of studies have examined the relationship between disconfirmed expectations about early parenthood and postnatal depressive symptoms. Most have focused on primiparous women, yet new fathers and multiparous parents also develop depressive symptoms following childbirth. The current study examined whether primiparous and multiparous mothers’ and fathers’ antenatal expectations about infant feeding and sleeping behaviours were consistent with their later experiences and whether disconfirmed expectations were associated with postnatal depressive symptoms. Method: Thirty-five mothers and 24 fathers in Brisbane Australia completed questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy and again in the first 16 weeks post-delivery. Results: Parents’ expectations of infant behaviours were matched or exceeded by their postnatal experience. Discrepancies between antenatal expectations and postnatal experiences were not associated with parity or severity of depressive symptoms in the early postnatal period. Conclusion: Primiparous and multiparous parents typically held realistic expectations of infant sleeping and feeding behaviours relative to their postnatal experience. A small group of parents held less favourable antenatal expectations which may be an adaptive cognitive strategy used to protect parents against negative postnatal experience. Implications of these findings for research and clinical practice are discussed.
A Systematic Molecular Pathology Study of a Laboratory Confirmed H5N1 Human Case

Autopsy studies have shown that human highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can infect multiple human organs other than just the lungs, and that possible causes of organ damage are either viral replication and/or dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines. Uncertainty still exists, partly because of the limited number of cases analysed. In this study, a full autopsy including 5 organ systems was conducted on a confirmed H5N1 human fatal case (male, 42 years old) within 18 hours of death. In addition to the respiratory system (lungs, bronchus and trachea), virus was isolated from cerebral cortex, cerebral medullary substance, cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus ileum, colon, rectum, ureter, aortopulmonary vessel and lymph-node. Real time RT-PCR evidence showed that matrix and hemagglutinin genes were positive in liver and spleen in addition to positive tissues with virus isolation. Immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization stains showed accordant evidence of viral infection with real time RT-PCR except bronchus. Quantitative RT-PCR suggested that a high viral load was associated with increased host responses, though the viral load was significantly different in various organs. Cells of the immunologic system could also be a target for virus infection. Overall, the pathogenesis of HPAI H5N1 virus was associated both with virus replication and with immunopathologic lesions. In addition, immune cells cannot be excluded from playing a role in dissemination of the virus in vivo.
High cardiorespiratory fitness is inversely associated with incidence of overweight in adolescence: A longitudinal study

To assess the association of baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with incidence of overweight over a 4.6‐year period in adolescence. In a cohort of 4878 adolescents, we assessed body mass index in years 2001–2003 and 2007. CRF was assessed at baseline as maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, mL/kg/min) using the 20‐m shuttle run test and was examined against incidence of overweight at follow‐up. Estimated VO2max at baseline was higher in males than in females, P < 0.001, and was lower in overweight and obese than in non‐overweight subjects. The incidence of overweight at follow‐up among non‐overweight participants at baseline was 15.5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.7% to 17.3%] in males and 5.6% (95% CI 4.9% to 7.0%) in females, P < 0.001. Adjusted odds ratio for incidence of overweight in participants in the fourth quartile of VO2max was 0.40 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.61) in males and 0.57 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.99) in females in comparison with participants in the first quartiles of VO2max. Incidence of overweight was three times more frequent in males than in females. Among non‐overweight at baseline, high fitness levels were inversely associated with incidence of overweight at follow‐up, suggesting that interventions aiming to increase CRF in early childhood might help reverse increasing trends in obesity.
In vivo Candida glabrata biofilm development on foreign bodies in a rat subcutaneous model.

OBJECTIVES Biofilm studies have been mostly dedicated to the major human fungal pathogen Candida albicans, whereas much less is known about this virulence factor in Candida glabrata, certainly under in vivo conditions. This study provides a deeper understanding of the biofilm development of C. glabrata, its architecture and susceptibility profile to fluconazole and echinocandins. METHODS In vitro and in vivo C. glabrata biofilms were developed inside serum-coated triple-lumen catheters placed in 24-well polystyrene plates or implanted subcutaneously in the back of a rat, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy were used to visualize the biofilm architecture. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to demonstrate the expression profile of EPA1, EPA3, EPA6 and AWP1-AWP7 during in vivo biofilm formation. RESULTS Mature biofilms were observed within the first 48 h and the amount of biofilm reached its maximum by 6 days. Architecturally, mature C. glabrata biofilms consisted of a thick network of yeast cells embedded in an extracellular matrix. Moreover, in vivo biofilms were susceptible to echinocandin drugs, whereas fluconazole remained ineffective. Gene expression profiling revealed that EPA3, EPA6, AWP2, AWP3 and AWP5 were up-regulated in in vivo biofilms compared with in vitro biofilms. CONCLUSIONS C. glabrata is a unique microorganism, which, despite the lack of transition to the hyphal form, formed thick biofilms inside foreign bodies in vivo. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has described in vivo C. glabrata biofilm development and its architectural changes in detail and provides an insight into the susceptibility profile, as well as the gene expression machinery, of biofilm-associated infections.
Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation

In cavitation experiments with deuterated acetone, tritium decay activity above background levels was detected. In addition, evidence for neutron emission near 2.5 million electron volts was also observed, as would be expected for deuterium-deuterium fusion. Control experiments with normal acetone did not result in tritium activity or neutron emissions. Hydrodynamic shock code simulations supported the observed data and indicated highly compressed, hot (106 to 107 kelvin) bubble implosion conditions, as required for nuclear fusion reactions.
Supporting academic staff as champions of service learning

Over the past five years or more, the innovative, challenging educational approach of service learning has been introduced at an ever-increasing number of South African higher education institutions. In this article, the focus will be on the gap that exists between the rhetoric of a renewed focus on community engagement (and service learning in particular) and the reality of staff members' perceptions in respect of the lack of substantial support for their efforts. The distinction made by KerryAnn O'Meara (2003) between intrinsic and extrinsic motivators for staff to engage in service learning will set the stage for the discussion. In addition, O'Meara's suggested reframing of incentives and rewards from different vantage points (i.e. the structural, human resource, political and symbolic frames) will form the basis for the evaluation of data acquired through a service learning staff survey conducted at the University of the Free State (UFS). This institutional example will illustrate how the UFS has only.
The effect of pre-existing mental health comorbidities on the stage at diagnosis and timeliness of care of solid tumor malignances in a Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center

There are limited data on the impact of mental health comorbidities (MHC) on stage at diagnosis and timeliness of cancer care. Axis I MHC affect approximately 30% of Veterans receiving care within the Veterans Affairs (VA) system. The purpose of this study was to compare stage at diagnosis and timeliness of care of solid tumor malignancies among Veterans with and without MHC. We performed a retrospective analysis of 408 charts of Veterans with colorectal, urothelial, and head/neck cancer diagnosed and treated at VA Connecticut Health Care System (VACHS) between 2008 and 2011. We collected demographic data, stage at diagnosis, medical and mental health co‐morbidities, treatments received, key time intervals, and number of appointments missed. The study was powered to assess for stage migration of 15–20% from Stage I/II to Stage III/IV. There was no significant change in stage distribution for patients with and without MHC in the entire study group (p = 0.9442) and in each individual tumor type. There were no significant differences in the time intervals from onset of symptoms to initiation of treatment between patients with and without MHC (p = 0.1135, 0.2042 and 0.2352, respectively). We conclude that at VACHS, stage at diagnosis for patients with colorectal, urothelial and head and neck cancers did not differ significantly between patients with and without MHC. Patients with MHC did not experience significant delays in care. Our study indicates that in a medical system in which mental health is integrated into routine care, patients with Axis I MHC do not experience delays in cancer care.
Exploring Personality the Natural Way: An Inquiry into Open-Ended Self-Descriptions

A content coding system was developed for people's open-ended self-descriptions. Self-descriptive statements of N = 174 individuals were classified into content clusters based on similarity of meaning. Those clusters, in turn, were organized into content areas of personality functioning (cognitive, motivational and emotional, self-regulatory, social, and whole personality). An analysis of the clusters indicated that: a) the most commonly used clusters described simple and positive characteristics of an individual; b) many open-ended descriptions were similar to widely studied attributes (e.g., self-esteem); but also c) some self-descriptions reflected possibly neglected areas of study (e.g., self-authenticity). Significant correlations were found between self-report scales and self-descriptions with similar meaning.
Depolarization‐induced retrograde synaptic inhibition in the mouse cerebellar cortex is mediated by 2‐arachidonoylglycerol

Endocannabinoids acting on CB1 cannabinoid receptors are involved in short‐ and long‐term depression of synaptic transmission. The aim of the present study was to determine which endocannabinoid, anandamide or 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), is involved in depolarization‐induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) in the cerebellar cortex, which is the most widely studied form of short‐term depression. Depolarization of Purkinje cells in the mouse cerebellum led to an increase in intracellular calcium concentration and to suppression of the inhibitory input to these neurons (i.e. DSI occurred). Orlistat and RHC80267, two blockers of sn‐1‐diacylglycerol lipase, the enzyme catalysing 2‐AG formation, abolished DSI by acting downstream of calcium influx. In contrast, DSI occurred also in the presence of a phospholipase C inhibitor. Intact operation of the calcium‐dependent messengers calmodulin and Ca2+–calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II were necessary for DSI. DSI was potentiated by an inhibitor of the main 2‐AG‐degrading enzyme, monoacylglycerol lipase. Interference with the anandamide metabolizing enzyme, fatty acid amide hydrolase, did not modify DSI. Thus, three kinds of observations identified 2‐AG as the endocannabinoid involved in DSI in the mouse cerebellum: DSI was abolished by diacylglycerol lipase inhibitors; DSI was potentiated by a monoglyceride lipase inhibitor; and DSI was not changed by an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Further experiments indicated that 2‐AG is the endocannabinoid mediating short‐term retrograde signalling also at other synapses: orlistat abolished DSI in the rat cerebellum, DSI in the mouse substantia nigra pars reticulata and depolarization‐induced suppression of excitation in the mouse cerebellum.
Crossing the Brown Dwarf Desert Using Adaptive Optics: A Very Close L Dwarf Companion to the Nearby Solar Analog HR 7672

We have found a very faint companion to the active solar analog HR 7672 (HD 190406; GJ 779; 15 Sge). Three epochs of high-resolution imaging using adaptive optics (AO) at the Gemini-North and Keck II Telescopes demonstrate that HR 7672B is a common proper motion companion, with a separation of 0. ″79 (14 AU) and a 2.16 μm flux ratio of 8.6 mag. Using follow-up K-band spectroscopy from Keck AO+NIRSPEC, we measure a spectral type of L45 with an uncertainty of ±1.5 subclasses. This is the closest ultracool companion around a main-sequence star found to date by direct imaging. We estimate that the primary has an age of 1-3 Gyr. Assuming coevality, the companion is most likely substellar, with a mass of 55-78 MJ based on theoretical models. The primary star shows a long-term radial velocity trend, and we combine the radial velocity data and AO imaging to set a firm (model-independent) lower limit of 48 MJ. In contrast to the paucity of brown dwarf companions at ≲4 AU around FGK dwarfs, HR 7672B implies that brown dwarf companions do exist at separations comparable to those of the giant planets in our own solar system. Its presence is at variance with scenarios in which brown dwarfs form as ejected stellar embryos. Moreover, since HR 7672B is likely too massive to have formed in a circumstellar disk as planets are believed to, its discovery suggests that a diversity of physical processes act to populate the outer regions of exoplanetary systems.
Antenna factor determination of a shielded standard loop antenna

Consideration of the measurement environment of loop antennas is of great importance since loop antennas for low frequency magnetic fields are mostly used under near field conditions. To do this in the right and entire way, the whole measurement set-up has to be taken into account. For this application it would be of great advantage to use a contactless method. As classical calibration methods cannot satisfy these requirements, a new approach to measure the antenna factor of a shielded standard loop antenna has been derived. Combining the impedance method with the in situ calibration of an impedance clamp, it is possible to determine the antenna factor in a contactless way, while considering the measurement environment. In this paper the electrical characteristics of the shielded loop antenna are described first, in order to understand the electrical equivalent circuit which is needed to calculate the antenna factor. Afterwards, the new measurement procedure is applied and compared with the old one, followed by a comparison with the theoretical calculated antenna factor.
Black Men, Racial Stereotyping, and Violence in the U.S. South and Cuba at the Turn of the Century

Two decades after the abolition of slavery, fear-inducing stereotypes of black men emerged in the U.S. South and Cuba that had not been pervasive before emancipation or in its immediate aftermath. Simultaneously, white antiblack violence reached unprecedented levels with the lynching of more than twenty-five hundred blacks in the U.S. South between 1884 and 1930, and the massacre of several thousand blacks in Cuba in 1912.Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence. An Analysis of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995), 48–49; W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 19–44; Aline Helg, Our Rightful Share. The Afro-Cuban Struggle for Equality, 1886–1912 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 197, 225. Yet beyond this common trajectory toward racial stereotyping and violence, important differences existed in the ideas of these two former slave societies about the place blacks should occupy in freedom, the kinds of images that were applied to them, and the nature of the violence exercised against them.
In vivo visualization of the water-refilling process in xylem vessels using X-ray micro-imaging.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Xylem vessels containing gases (embolized) must be refilled with water if they are to resume transport of water through the plant, so refilling is of great importance for the maintenance of water balance in plants. However, the refilling process is poorly understood because of inadequate examination methods. Simultaneous measurements of plant anatomy and vessel refilling are essential to elucidate the mechanisms involved. In the present work, a new technique based on phase-contrast X-ray imaging is presented that visualizes, in vivo and in real time, both xylem anatomy and refilling of embolized vessels. METHODS With the synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique, the refilling of xylem vessels of leaves and a stem of Phyllostachys bambusoides with water is demonstrated under different conditions. The technique employs phase contrast imaging of X-ray beams, which are transformed into visible light and are photographed by a charge coupled device camera. X-ray images were captured consecutively at every 0.5 s with an exposure time of 10 ms. KEY RESULTS The interface (meniscus) between the water and gas phases in refilling the xylem vessels is displayed. During refilling, the rising menisci in embolized vessels showed repetitive flow, i.e. they temporarily stopped at the end walls of the vessel elements while gas bubbles were removed. The meniscus then passed through the end wall at a faster rate than the speed of flow in the main vessels. In the light, the speed of refilling in a specific vessel was slower than that in the dark, but this rate increased again after repeated periods in darkness. CONCLUSIONS Real-time, non-destructive X-ray micro-imaging is an important, useful and novel technique to study the relationship between xylem structure and the refilling of embolized vessels in intact plants. It provides new insight into understanding the mechanisms of water transport and the refilling of embolized vessels, which are not understood well.
Results of surgical management of portosystemic shunts in dogs: 20 cases (1985-1990).

Serum bile acid (SBA) values were obtained in 20 dogs, 2.5 to 60 months (mean, 18.6 months) after surgery for occlusion of a congenital portosystemic shunt. The SBA values obtained after food was withheld were significantly (P < 0.005) reduced at follow-up, compared with preoperative values. In 85% of the dogs (17/20), response to surgery was graded by the owners as excellent or good, although most dogs had abnormal SBA values at follow-up. Significant difference in clinical results or follow-up SBA values was not found in dogs that had complete or partial occlusion of the shunting vessel. Correlation between clinical results and SBA values also was not detected. Dogs that were > 2 years old at the time of diagnosis and surgery had a significantly (P = 0.012) poorer clinical result than that of dogs < 1 year old.