Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does it matter if drugs are legal? Legalising decreases the influence of beliefs in a moral order in consumption among adolescents

Abstract Background: Drugs are likely to be legalised in the near future, potentially leading to increased consumption especially among adolescents, given the reduced prices and easier access. However, little is known about the individual-level psychosocial mechanisms that changing the legal status of drugs may activate or deactivate. We investigate the link between the legal status of drugs, the Belief in the Moral Order (BMO) and consumption of both legal and illegal drugs and the moderating effect of other risk and protective factors. Method: In two cross-sectional studies, samples of 1586 and 555 eleven to nineteen year-olds were assessed using the Communities That Care - Youth Survey, in terms of substance use, their beliefs in a moral order, and other risk and protective factors. We conducted conditional linear regressions to test the link between BMO and consumption of both illegal and legal substances, and the moderating role of coolness, self-control, and risk perception. Results: The negative association between BMO and substance use is five times greater for illegal substances than for legal ones. We also found that such a relationship is contingent on high perception of coolness, low self-control, and low-risk perception, but only for illegal substances. Conclusion: The legal status of drugs determines different ways in which prevention interventions should be implemented among segmented groups of adolescents, as legal status seems to trigger different psychosocial processes. In particular, illegality engages a complex interplay of BMO, social rewards, self-control, and risk perception. When substances are legal, this interplay is not observed.
The Teleconnection of the Tropical Atlantic to Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperatures on Inter-Annual to Centennial Time Scales: A Review of Recent Findings

In this paper, the teleconnections from the tropical Atlantic to the Indo-Pacific region from inter-annual to centennial time scales will be reviewed. Identified teleconnections and hypotheses on mechanisms at work are reviewed and further explored in a century-long pacemaker coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation ensemble. There is a substantial impact of the tropical Atlantic on the Pacific region at inter-annual time scales. An Atlantic Nino (Nina) event leads to rising (sinking) motion in the Atlantic region, which is compensated by sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific. The sinking (rising) motion in the central-western Pacific induces easterly (westerly) surface wind anomalies just to the west, which alter the thermocline. These perturbations propagate eastward as upwelling (downwelling) Kelvin-waves, where they increase the probability for a La Nina (El Nino) event. Moreover, tropical North Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies are also able to lead La Nina/El Nino development. At multidecadal time scales, a positive (negative) Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation leads to a cooling (warming) of the eastern Pacific and a warming (cooling) of the western Pacific and Indian Ocean regions. The physical mechanism for this impact is similar to that at inter-annual time scales. At centennial time scales, the Atlantic warming induces a substantial reduction of the eastern Pacific warming even under CO2 increase and to a strong subsurface cooling.
An Integrated Model of Information Systems Adoption in Small Businesses

Based on theories from the technological innovation literature, this study develops an integrated model of information systems (IS) adoption in small businesses. The model specifies contextual variables such as decision-maker characteristics, IS characteristics, organizational characteristics, and environmental characteristics as primary determinants of IS adoption in small businesses. A questionnaire survey was conducted in 166 small businesses. Data analysis shows that small businesses with certain CEO characteristics (innovativeness and level of IS knowledge), innovation characteristics (relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity of IS), and organizational characteristics (business size and level of employees' IS knowledge) are more likely to adopt IS. While CEO and innovation characteristics are important determinants of the decision to adopt, they do not affect the extent of IS adoption. The extent of IS adoption is mainly determined by organizational characteristics. Finally, the environmental characteristic of competition has no direct effect on small business adoption of IS.
Persistence of Neuromuscular Junctions after Axotomy in Mice with Slow Wallerian Degeneration (C57BL/Wlds)

The present study was undertaken to examine the fate of neuromuscular junctions in C57BL/Wlds mice (formerly known as OLA mice) after nerve injury. When a peripheral nerve is injured, the distal axons normally degenerate within 1‐3 days. For motor axons, an early event is deterioration of motor nerve terminals at neuromuscular junctions. Previously, the vulnerability of motor terminals has been attributed either to a ‘signal’originating at the site of nerve injury and transported rapidly to the terminals or to their continual requirement for essential maintenance factors synthesized in the motor neuron cell body and supplied to the terminals by fast axonal transport. Mice of the Wlds strain have normal axoplasmic transport but show an abnormally slow rate of axon and myelin degeneration. Structure and function are retained in the axons of distal nerve stumps for several days or even weeks after nerve injury in these mice. The results of the present study show that Wlds neuromuscular junctions are also preserved and continue to release neurotransmitter and recycle synaptic vesicle membrane for at least 3 days and in some cases up to 2 weeks after nerve injury. Varying the site of the nerve lesion delayed degeneration by ‐1‐2 days per centimetre of distal nerve remaining. These findings suggest that the mechanisms of nerve terminal degeneration after injury are more complex than can be accounted for simply by the failure of motor neuron cell bodies to supply their terminals with essential maintenance factors. Rather, the data support the view that nerve section normally activates cellular components or processes already present, but latent, in motor nerve endings, and that in Wlds mice either the trigger or the cellular response is abnormal.
Motor Axonal Regeneration after Partial and Complete Spinal Cord Transection

We subjected rats to either partial midcervical or complete upper thoracic spinal cord transections and examined whether combinatorial treatments support motor axonal regeneration into and beyond the lesion. Subjects received cAMP injections into brainstem reticular motor neurons to stimulate their endogenous growth state, bone marrow stromal cell grafts in lesion sites to provide permissive matrices for axonal growth, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor gradients beyond the lesion to stimulate distal growth of motor axons. Findings were compared with several control groups. Combinatorial treatment generated motor axon regeneration beyond both C5 hemisection and T3 complete transection sites. Yet despite formation of synapses with neurons below the lesion, motor outcomes worsened after partial cervical lesions and spasticity worsened after complete transection. These findings highlight the complexity of spinal cord repair and the need for additional control and shaping of axonal regeneration.
The effects of narrative messages on optimistic bias in South Korea: a focus on controllability, collectivism, and risk perception in a massive fire crisis

ABSTRACT This study examined the effect of narrative messages of a massive fire crisis on optimistic bias by experimentally comparing the effect of narrative describing a personal story on the crisis incident and that of non-narrative message (Study 1). Researchers further sought the interaction between controllability and the narrative message and the mediated moderation model of risk perception. In Study 2, the effect of narrative message describing a group story on the crisis incident on optimistic bias was further tested in terms of South Korea’s collectivistic culture. Collectivism, along with controllability, was used as a moderator, and mediated moderation models of risk perception were tested. The present research offers several major findings: (1) a narrative message describing a personal story decreased optimistic bias, (2) among people who read a narrative describing a personal story, those with high controllability had a lower level of optimistic bias than those with low controllability, (3) among people who read the narrative of a group story, those with high collectivism had a lower level of optimistic bias than those with low collectivism, and (4) the interaction between message types and collectivism affected risk perception and this risk perception increased optimistic bias. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Competition, R&D and innovation: testing the inverted-U in a simultaneous system

To address the relationship between innovation and competition we jointly estimate the opportunity, production, and impact functions of innovation in a simultaneous system. Based on Swiss micro-data, we apply a 3-SLS system estimation. The findings confirm a robust inverted-U relationship, in which a rise in the number of competitors at low levels of initial competition increases the firm’s research effort, but at a diminishing rate, and the research effort ultimately decreases at high levels of competition. When we split the sample by firm types, the inverted-U shape is steeper for creative firms than for adaptive ones. The numerical solution indicates three particular configurations of interest: (i) an uncontested monopoly with low innovation; (ii) low competition with high innovation; and (iii) a ‘no innovation trap’ at very high levels of competition. The distinction between solution (i) and (ii) corresponds to Arrow’s positive effect of competition on innovation, whereas the difference between outcomes (ii) and (iii) captures Schumpeter’s positive effect of market power on innovation. Simulating changes of the exogenous variables, technology potential, demand growth, firm size and exports have a positive impact on innovation, while foreign ownership has a negative effect, and higher appropriability has a positive impact on the number of competitors.
A Resolved Molecular Gas Disk around the Nearby A Star 49 Ceti

The A star 49 Ceti, at a distance of 61 pc, is unusual in retaining a substantial quantity of molecular gas while exhibiting dust properties similar to those of a debris disk. We present resolved observations of the disk around 49 Ceti from the Submillimeter Array in the J = 2–1 rotational transition of CO with a resolution of 1.0″ × 1.2″. The observed emission reveals an extended rotating structure viewed approximately edge-on and clear of detectable CO emission out to a distance of ~90 AU from the star. No 1.3 mm continuum emission is detected at a 3 σ sensitivity of 2.1 mJy beam−1. Models of disk structure and chemistry indicate that the inner disk is devoid of molecular gas, while the outer gas disk between 40 and 200 AU from the star is dominated by photochemistry from stellar and interstellar radiation. We determine parameters for a model that reproduces the basic features of the spatially resolved CO J = 2–1 emission, the spectral energy distribution, and the unresolved CO J = 3–2 spectrum. We investigate variations in disk chemistry and observable properties for a range of structural parameters. The star 49 Ceti appears to be a rare example of a system in a late stage of transition between a gas-rich protoplanetary disk and a tenuous, virtually gas-free debris disk.
Comparison of the e ffi ciency of translation operators used in the fast multipole method for the 3 D Laplace equation Nail

We examine the practical implementation of a fast multipole method algorithm for the rapid summation of Laplace multipoles. Several translation operators with different asymptotic computational and memory complexities have been proposed for this problem. These algorithms include: Method 0 — the originally proposed matrix based translations due to Greengard and Rokhlin (1987), Method 1 — the rotation, axial translation and rotation algorithm due to White and Martin Head-Gordon (1993), and Method 2 — the plane-wave version of the multipole-tolocal translation operator due to Greengard and Rokhlin (1997). We compare the algorithms on data sets of varying size and with varying imposed accuracy requirements. While from the literature it would have been expected that method 2 would always be the method of choice, at least as far as computational speed is concerned, we find that this is not always the case. As far as speed is concerned the choice between methods 1 and 2 depends on problem size and error requirements. Method 2 is the algorithm of choice for large problems where high accuracy is required, though the advantage is not clear cut, especially if memory requirements are also an issue. If memory is an issue, Method 1 is the method of choice for most problems. A new analysis of the computational complexities of the algorithms is provided, which explains the observed results. We provide guidelines for choosing parameters for FMM algorithms.
Gender Differences in Health Practices in Middle Adolescent Boys and Girls

The purposes of this study are to examine responses to the revised ALP in a sample of urban middle adolescents and to further analyze these responses according to gender. The study of health practices of adolescents has gained increased attention over the past several decades and the knowledge gained from these studies has been vital in promoting health during early, middle, and late adolescents. This descriptive-comparative study is part of a larger research project on health-related outcomes in adolescents. The study focuses on a detailed analysis of one instrument used in the study, the ALP-R2. The final sample of convenience consisted of the 311 participants who completed the instrument packets that included the ALP-R2. An independent t- test determined that adolescent boys (M =121.02) had a higher mean score on the total ALP-R2 than adolescent girls (M = 114.99) at a statistically significant level (t(308) = 2.57, p = . 01. The findings of this study demonstrated that adolescent girls practiced fewer health-promoting behaviors than adolescent boys, making them a vulnerable population. Outreach measures by healthcare professionals, especially school nurses and physicians are needed and might best be practiced in school settings that are less threatening environments than offices or clinics. School nurses and physicians, and other healthcare professionals can capitalize on the recommendation that schools are in a unique position to foster healthy eating habits. First and foremost, health care professionals, including nurses and doctors, need to take the leadership in addressing better culturally relevant nutrition among adolescents. Healthcare professionals, specifically school nurses, can work with teachers to put into place comprehensive and grade-related health education curricula whereby students learn about health eating behaviors.
Persistence in Infant Mortality: Evidence for the Indian States

This paper investigates the high correlation in infant mortality across siblings using micro-data for each of the fifteen major states of India. The main finding is that, in thirteen of the fifteen states, there is evidence of a causal effect of a child death on the risk of death of the subsequent child in the same family (a scarring effect), which is identified after controlling for observed and unobserved heterogeneity at the family level. The two states in which evidence of scarring is weak are Punjab, the richest, and Kerala, the state that is most advanced in socio-economic terms. In the other states, scarring effects are large. Indeed, the only other covariate that has a marginal effect on mortality that is as big, or bigger, than the survival status of a preceding sibling is an indicator for mothers having attained secondary or higher levels of education. These results show that policies targeted at reducing infant mortality will have social multiplier effects through helping avoid the death of subsequent siblings. The size of the scarring effect depends upon the gender of the previous child in three states, in a direction consistent with son-preference. Comparison of other covariate effects across the states offers some new insights, there being no previous research that has compared the determinants of infant mortality across the Indian states.
Multimodal Indexation of Contrastive Structures in Geographical Documents

This paper deals with indexation of multi-modal geographic documents by the mean of two constructs: geographic entities, and their semantic relations. These relations concern more specifically contrast or similarity between the entities with regard to the described phenomenon. Geographic entities are retrieved in both text and maps using proper analysis techniques. Contrast or similarity relations -- identified as discursive structures in the text and as semiologic facts in the map -- are then characterised by dedicated modules. The model induced by these constructs offers semantic indexing and querying possibilities. It also provides a valuable basis for collaborative interpretation of individual components of the multi-modal document. The whole system is deployed in a distributed environment, made interoperable by use of major web standards.
Contractual Frictions and Global Sourcing

We generalize the Antras and Helpman (2004) model of the international organization of production in order to accommodate varying degrees of contractual frictions. In particular, we allow the degree of contractibility to vary across inputs and countries. A continuum of firms with heterogeneous productivities decide whether to integrate or outsource the production of intermediate inputs, and from which country to source them. Final-good producers and their suppliers make relationship-specific investments which are only partially contractible, both in an integrated firm and in an arm's-length relationship. We describe equilibria in which firms with different productivity levels choose different ownership structures and supplier locations, and then study the effects of changes in the quality of contractual institutions on the relative prevalence of these organizational forms. Better contracting institutions in the South raise the prevalence of offshoring, but may reduce the relative prevalence of FDI or foreign outsourcing. The impact on the composition of offshoring depends on whether the institutional improvement affects disproportionately the contractibility of a particular input. A key message of the paper is that improvements in the contractibility of inputs controlled by final-good producers have different effects than improvements in the contractibility of inputs controlled by suppliers.
The Interplay Between Gesture and Speech in the Production of Referring Expressions: Investigating the Tradeoff Hypothesis

The tradeoff hypothesis in the speech-gesture relationship claims that (a) when gesturing gets harder, speakers will rely relatively more on speech, and (b) when speaking gets harder, speakers will rely relatively more on gestures. We tested the second part of this hypothesis in an experimental collaborative referring paradigm where pairs of participants (directors and matchers) identified targets to each other from an array visible to both of them. We manipulated two factors known to affect the difficulty of speaking to assess their effects on the gesture rate per 100 words. The first factor, codability, is the ease with which targets can be described. The second factor, repetition, is whether the targets are old or new (having been already described once or twice). We also manipulated a third factor, mutual visibility, because it is known to affect the rate and type of gesture produced. None of the manipulations systematically affected the gesture rate. Our data are thus mostly inconsistent with the tradeoff hypothesis. However, the gesture rate was sensitive to concurrent features of referring expressions, suggesting that gesture parallels aspects of speech. We argue that the redundancy between speech and gesture is communicatively motivated.
A robust genomic signature for the detection of colorectal cancer patients with microsatellite instability phenotype and high mutation frequency#

Microsatellite instability (MSI) occurs in 10–20% of colorectal tumours and is associated with good prognosis. Here we describe the development and validation of a genomic signature that identifies colorectal cancer patients with MSI caused by DNA mismatch repair deficiency with high accuracy. Microsatellite status for 276 stage II and III colorectal tumours has been determined. Full‐genome expression data was used to identify genes that correlate with MSI status. A subset of these samples (n = 73) had sequencing data for 615 genes available. An MSI gene signature of 64 genes was developed and validated in two independent validation sets: the first consisting of frozen samples from 132 stage II patients; and the second consisting of FFPE samples from the PETACC‐3 trial (n = 625). The 64‐gene MSI signature identified MSI patients in the first validation set with a sensitivity of 90.3% and an overall accuracy of 84.8%, with an AUC of 0.942 (95% CI, 0.888–0.975). In the second validation, the signature also showed excellent performance, with a sensitivity 94.3% and an overall accuracy of 90.6%, with an AUC of 0.965 (95% CI, 0.943–0.988). Besides correct identification of MSI patients, the gene signature identified a group of MSI‐like patients that were MSS by standard assessment but MSI by signature assessment. The MSI‐signature could be linked to a deficient MMR phenotype, as both MSI and MSI‐like patients showed a high mutation frequency (8.2% and 6.4% of 615 genes assayed, respectively) as compared to patients classified as MSS (1.6% mutation frequency). The MSI signature showed prognostic power in stage II patients (n = 215) with a hazard ratio of 0.252 (p = 0.0145). Patients with an MSI‐like phenotype had also an improved survival when compared to MSS patients. The MSI signature was translated to a diagnostic microarray and technically and clinically validated in FFPE and frozen samples. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contradiction Analysis for Inconsistent Formal Models

Modeling languages such as UML or SysML in combination with constraint languages such as OCL allow for an abstract description of a system prior to its implementation. But the resulting system models can be highly non-trivial and, hence, errors in the descriptions can easily arise. In particular, too strong restrictions leading to an inconsistent model are common. Motivated by this, researchers and engineers developed methods for the validation and verification of given formal models. However, while these methods are efficient to detect the existence of an inconsistency, the designer is usually left alone to identify the reasons for it. In this contribution, we propose an automatic method which efficiently determines reasons explaining the contradiction in an inconsistent UML/OCL model. For this purpose, all constraints causing the contradiction are comprehensibly analyzed. By this, the designer is aided during the debugging of his/her model.