Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of offenders: the HEXACO model of personality as a framework for studying offenders’ personality

What are the personality differences between individuals who commit crime and those who refrain from crime? The HEXACO model of personality combines facets of honesty and humility with those of emotionality, extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience within a unifying framework of personality. We applied the HEXACO model to examine differences in personality between offenders and nonoffenders. Criminal offenders differed from nonoffenders on five of the six dimensions of personality proposed by the HEXACO model. Compared to nonoffenders, offenders exhibited stronger tendencies toward greed and unfairness, but were also more anxious and fearful. Conversely, the offenders scored lower than nonoffenders on a number of facets of sociability, liveliness, and social boldness. The present findings indicate that offenders may in part be characterized by increased negative emotions but decreased sociability and liveliness. The HEXACO model of personality provides a valuable tool for studying this unique and important population.
Hyperspectral Imaging in Diabetic Foot Wound Care

Diabetic foot ulceration is a major complication of diabetes and afflicts as many as 15 to 25% of type 1 and 2 diabetes patients during their lifetime. If untreated, diabetic foot ulcers may become infected and require total or partial amputation of the affected limb. Early identification of tissue at risk of ulcerating could enable proper preventive care, thereby reducing the incidence of foot ulceration. Furthermore, noninvasive assessment of tissue viability around already formed ulcers could inform the diabetes caregiver about the severity of the wound and help assess the need for amputation. This article reviews how hyperspectral imaging between 450 and 700 nm can be used to assess the risk of diabetic foot ulcer development and to predict the likelihood of healing noninvasively. Two methods are described to analyze the in vivo hyperspectral measurements. The first method is based on the modified Beer-Lambert law and produces a map of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations in the dermis of the foot. The second is based on a two-layer optical model of skin and can retrieve not only oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin concentrations but also epidermal thickness and melanin concentration along with skin scattering properties. It can detect changes in the diabetic foot and help predict and understand ulceration mechanisms
Some Fundamental Limits on Cognitive Radio

Cognitive radio refers to wireless architectures in which a communication system does not operate in a fixed assigned band, but rather searches and finds an appropriate band in which to operate. In this paper we explore, from first principles, the fundamental requirements for such system that tries to avoid interference to potential primary users of a band. We first show that in order to deliver real gains, cognitive radios must be able to detect undecodable signals. This is done by showing how to evaluate the tradeoff between secondary user power, available space for secondary operation, and interference protection for the primary receivers. We prove that in general, the performance of the optimal detector for detecting a weak unknown signal from a known zero-mean constellation is like that of the energy detector (radiometer). However we show that the presence of a known pilot signal can help greatly. We further motivate the need for pilot signals by showing that the radiometer is rendered useless by just moderate noise uncertainty. Finally, we show that quantization combined with noise uncertainty can make the detection of signals by any detector absolutely impossible below a certain SNR threshold. 1 Description of problem and some fundamental geographic tradeoffs The enormous success of the ISM bands has strengthened criticism of the FCC’s traditional process which allocates bands to a single use, issues exclusive licenses to a single entity within a geographical area, and prohibits other devices from transmitting significant power within these bands. As a result, the FCC is considering revising its spectrum allocation policies [1], and is moving ahead with the process. Cognitive radios are one proposed idea to take advantage of a more open spectrum policy. [2, 3]. A cognitive radio would be designed to dynamically adapt its transmissions to find and utilize frequencies while minimizing interference. This is inspired by actual measurements showing that most of the allocated spectrum is vastly underutilized [4]. Cognitive radios promise great societal benefits by allowing new applications that can flexibly use what spectrum happens to be available. However, fundamental theoretical questions remain as to the exact requirements for engineering a practical cognitive radio system. For illustrative purposes, consider the world depicted in (1a). Each of the two antennas represents a bustling metropolis. Under current regulations, users in the middle of nowhere are prohibited from using these spectrum bands, even if there are no receivers in the vicinity that might be interfered with. However, cognitive radios may someday be allowed to share the spectrum, on the condition that they not interfere with primary users. These primary users may be providing more socially important services, or they might simply be legacy systems that are unable to change. Figure (1b) depicts the primary transmitter in one metropolis. The dotted circle represents the boundary of decodability for a single-user system. That is, in the absence of all interference, 1
Strategic Momentum

Research on strategic momentum considers how experience with innovation affects firms’ subsequent innovativeness. Traditionally the momentum literature has emphasized arguments for an accelerating effect of innovation experience, but recent critiques and contrasting empirical results suggest ambiguity regarding how experience with innovation affects subsequent innovative activity. In this study, we develop arguments for a more expanded view of strategic momentum, examining momentum in the form of temporal consistency of ongoing innovation. This expanded view argues that organizations have incentives for steady-state patterns of innovation in the form of temporal consistency of ongoing innovation. To explore this expanded view of momentum, we examine how experience with innovation facilitates these temporally consistent patterns of innovation, as well as how increasing organizational age may inhibit such consistency. Analyses of generational product innovation in business productivity software highlight the importance of temporal consistency for innovativeness and momentum.
Item Clusters and Computerized Adaptive Testing: A Case for Testlets

It is observed that many sorts of difficulties may preclude the uneventful construction of tests by a computerized algorithm, such as those currently in favor in Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). In this essay we discuss a number of these problems, as well as some possible avenues of solution. We conclude with the development of the "testlet," a bundle of items that can be arranged either hierarchically or linearly, thus maintaining the efficiency of an adaptive test while keeping the quality control of test construction that is possible currently only with careful expert scrutiny. Performance on the separate testlets is aggregated to yield ability estimates. In the old days of testing a wise examiner confronted a nervous examinee and asked questions. After getting some initial idea of the examinee's ability or knowledge level, the examiner would not waste time asking questions that were too difficult or too easy. Instead, he or she would focus questions on the area around the examinee's proficiency level. This made for a challenging and efficient test. It was also subjective and expensive. This state of affairs changed during the First World War with the Army Alpha. The mass processing of recruits into the armed services demonstrated that standardized tests could make the training and accessioning process more efficient. Substituting for the wise examiner was a broad-range test made up of many multiple-choice questions. This had several advantages, among which were its vastly reduced cost per unit and its objectivity-everyone took the same test, and it was scored in the same way for everyone. It also had some disadvantages. As a written document, a test form could be stolen, and because of its broad audience it had to contain items that would tax the least able of the prospective
The belief in ethnic kinship

The belief that members of an ethnic group are blood relatives may seem archaic, but it is still very alive today, and it awakens primordial feelings of affiliation. According to this deep-rooted idea of kinship, individuals are only responsible for members of their own ethnic group, and it is only to them that they are obliged to show solidarity. The effects of this belief were seen at two blood drives that the German Red Cross held at a Turkish mosque in the Ruhr region of Germany and that were studied in an ethnographic research project. An analysis shows that the belief in ethnic kinship represents a major barrier to integration and an important factor in perpetuating social inequality among ethnic groups. The Turkish migrants endeavored to initiate an exchange of gifts among quasi-relatives and based their integration strategy on this objective, but their efforts to establish reciprocal exchange relations provoked resistance in the autochthonous population. Herein lies the broader relevance of the primordial belief in blood relations, which constitutes a deep symbolic dimension of social inequality.
USING PAID ADVERTISING TO MODIFY RACIAL STEREOTYPE BELIEFS

This is a pilot study to determine the feasability of using mass media to modify beliefs underlying discrimination against Aborigines in a small country town in Australia. A mass media campaign was developed utilizing primarily paid advertising. A major aim of the campaign was an attempt to neutralize beliefs about Aborigines and employment. The results showed significant changes in beliefs about the proportion of Aborigines in paid employment and in the proportion of employed Aborigines remaining in a job for an extended period of time.
Using service quality monitoring to support library management decisions: A case study from Estonia

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the use of service quality monitoring as the starting point for service development in academic libraries. The proposed approach to quality research allows gathering essential information to focus strategic planning on the services that are important for users and efficiently allocate the library's resources. A conceptual model of quality of academic library services is proposed based on the focus group research. The library service quality assessment instrument UTLib Qual, based on the Zone of Tolerance concept and an importance-performance mapping method, is described. The possibilities of using the instrument in support of library management decisions are analysed by a case study on the Tartu University Library, Estonia.
Anti-Discriminatory Practice: Pedagogical Struggles and Challenges

SUMMARY Transnational alliances and changing global realities have resulted in a proliferation of material relating to diversity and social work practice. More recently the focus has rested on anti-oppression and multicultural social work. Although there is growing acceptance of the need to be sensitive to diverse populations, the struggle often lies in pedagogical and practice considerations. Courses dealing with oppression have emerged and the emphasis has been to encourage student and teacher to examine their own biases and understand their ethnicity and culture while seeking to develop a framework for sensitive practice. Issues relating to power and subjugation are highlighted along with an understanding of history and present realities. Pedagogical and practice struggles need to be addressed on a consistent basis to ensure that the slippage towards a more didactic approach is not adopted in order to avoid dealing with sensitive material and issues. This article represents a synthesis of my experiences of developing a half credit course on anti discriminatory practice and teaching it over a period of five terms. The guidelines and approaches used for teaching this course include journals, reflective papers, coalition groups and small group discussions. These approaches are discussed, together with an examination of the location and struggles of staff and students, and ongoing challenges to effect social knowledge production that is premised on an anti-discriminatory and anti-oppressive framework for practice. Excerpts from student journals, my observations, and feedback from student evaluations are utilised to promote a critical reflection of pedagogical and practice concerns necessary for sustaining an anti-oppression framework for social work practice. The ways in which groups, individuals, and ideas come to be marginalized in a given culture,
Unequal Recombination and Evolution of the Mating-Type (MAT) Loci in the Pathogenic Fungus Grosmannia clavigera and Relatives

Sexual reproduction in fungi is regulated by the mating-type (MAT) locus where recombination is suppressed. We investigated the evolution of MAT loci in eight fungal species belonging to Grosmannia and Ophiostoma (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota) that include conifer pathogens and beetle symbionts. The MAT1-2 idiomorph/allele was identified from the assembled and annotated Grosmannia clavigera genome, and the MAT locus is flanked by genes coding for cytoskeleton protein (SLA) and DNA lyase. The synteny of these genes is conserved and consistent with other members in Ascomycota. Using sequences from SLA and flanking regions, we characterized the MAT1-1 idiomorph from other isolates of G. clavigera and performed dotplot analysis between the two idiomorphs. Unexpectedly, the MAT1-2 idiomorph contains a truncated MAT1-1-1 gene upstream of the MAT1-2-1 gene that bears the high-mobility-group domain. The nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the truncated MAT1-1-1 gene is similar to its homologous copy in the MAT1-1 idiomorph in the opposite mating-type isolate, except that positive selection is acting on the truncated gene and the alpha(α)-box that encodes the transcription factor has been deleted. The MAT idiomorphs sharing identical gene organization were present in seven additional species in the Ophiostomatales, suggesting that the presence of truncated MAT1-1-1 gene is a general pattern in this order. We propose that an ancient unequal recombination event resulted in the ancestral MAT1-1-1 gene integrated into the MAT1-2 idiomorph and surviving as the truncated MAT1-1-1 genes. The α-box domain of MAT1-1-1 gene, located at the same MAT locus adjacent to the MAT1-2-1 gene, could have been removed by deletion after recombination due to mating signal interference. Our data confirmed a 1:1 MAT/sex ratio in two pathogen populations, and showed that all members of the Ophiostomatales studied here including those that were previously deemed asexual have the potential to reproduce sexually. This ability can potentially increase genetic variability and can enhance fitness in new, ecological niches.
Sensitivity analysis of a stochastic simulation model for foot and mouth disease

Abstract. A spatial and temporal Monte-Carlo simulation model was developed to analyse the epidemiology and control of foot and mouth disease (FMD). Animal, people and vehicle contacts as well as airborne and local spread represented the FMD virus transmission between farms housing cattle, pigs or sheep. Contacts were explicitly modelled by routes, airborne transmission by the Gaussian Dispersion model and local spread by distance dependent transmission probabilities. Control measures were implemented according to the EU Directive (2003/85/EG). A sensitivity analysis with a two-level fractional factorial design was used to examine the robustness of the simulation model to extreme input values. The influence of eleven input parameters and interactions between them were estimated: ability of airborne spread, duration of the incubation period, time from infection until infectivity, time from onset of clinical signs until diagnosis, farm density, type of index case, number of farms visited per route, visiting interval, type of the animal sales, control strategy, and delay until start of control strategies. The considered parameters as well as certain two-factor interactions between them showed a significant impact on the epidemic duration and the number of infected and culled farms. Particularly, the parameter airborne spread, farm density, number of farms visited per route and control strategy influenced the course of the epidemic. The consideration of airborne spread as well as the implementation of contacts between farms with routes allowed a detailed analysis of these transmission paths.
THE “MORE FUN = LESS GOOD” INTUITION AND ITS INFLUENCE ON CONSUMPTION DECISIONS RAJAGOPAL RAGHUNATHAN AND REBECCA WALKER NAYLOR

*Rajagopal Raghunathan is Assistant Professor of marketing at the McCombs School of Business, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station B6700, Austin, TX 78712, Raj.Raghunathan@mccombs.utexas. edu, (512) 471-2987, 512-471-1034 (fax). Rebecca Walker Naylor is Assistant Professor of marketing at the Moore School of Business, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, rnaylor@moore.sc. edu, (803) 777-9995, (803) 777-6876 (fax). The authors would like to thank Kristin Diehl, Andrew Gershoff, Jonathan Levav, and attendees at the 2005 Marketing Young Scholars Conference for their helpful suggestions on the manuscript. Correspondence should be addressed to the first author.
The uBVI Photometric System. II. Standard Stars

Paper I of this series described the design of a CCD-based photometric system that is optimized for ground-based measurements of the size of the Balmer discontinuity in stellar spectra. This "uBVI" system combines the Thuan-Gunn u filter with the standard Johnson-Kron-Cousins BVI filters and can be used to discover luminous yellow supergiants in extragalactic systems and post–asymptotic giant branch stars in globular clusters and galactic halos. In the present paper we use uBVI observations obtained on 54 nights with 0.9 m telescopes at Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo to construct a catalog of standardized u magnitudes for standard stars taken from the 1992 catalog of Landolt. We describe the selection of our 14 Landolt fields and give details of the photometric reductions, including red leak and extinction corrections, transformation of all the observations onto a common magnitude system, and the establishment of the photometric zero point. We present a catalog of u magnitudes of 103 stars suitable for use as standards. We show that data obtained with other telescopes can be transformed to our standard system with better than 1% accuracy.
Level descriptions and teacher assessment in England: towards a community of assessment practice

This paper presents findings from a study of the implementation of level descriptions in teacher assessment in England. Previous, theoretical work on assessment criteria suggests that interpretation and application are not straightforward and that practitioners need mechanisms to support consistent application of criteria, and the criteria themselves need to be made meaningful to teachers, pupils and parents. The extent to which a community of assessment practice, in which there are shared experiences through which professional judgements are problematized and contested, is evident in English primary schools is the subject of this study. The empirical analysis reveals that there are indications of such a community in some schools, although there are factors that threaten its survival and growth. A distinction is drawn between those schools that exhibited many of the features associatedwith a community of assessment practice and those where the stylewas of individual teachers tending to work largely in isolation from their colleagues. The conclusion locates the findings in a broader policy context that is marginalizing teacher assessment.
Observation of temperature-independent longitudinal-mode patterns in violet-blue InGaN-based laser diodes

We present measurements on an aperiodic device-specific longitudinal-mode pattern in InGaN laser diodes. The characteristic shape of this pattern occurs only if the laser is driven slightly above threshold; in addition, it tunes with temperature at exactly the same rate as the cavity modes. By careful selection of the collection optics and averaging ten rapid scans over 15 min in a high-resolution Fourier transform spectrometer, we could exclude possible explanations like beating of mode families, self-pulsation, or external reflections. A naive simulation of the longitudinal modes profiting from their individual "gain profile" along the cavity suggests that we see the signature of quantum-well thickness fluctuations.
Family, Child, and Teacher Perceptions of African American Adult Assistance to Young Readers.

This study investigated the perceptions of African American adult family members, their children, and teachers regarding how family members viewed their roles in assisting their elementary-aged children to become better readers. The study compared each of the subgroups’ perceptions respectively regarding: (a) the child’s reading level; (b) family reading practice; and (c) the perceived barriers and opportunities in families’ decisions to help the child become a better reader. Survey questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from each subgroup. Responses obtained from the surveys and interviews were compared to determine whether or not respondents had a shared understanding of what families believed and practiced. Findings indicated a mismatch among a majority of the respondents, suggesting a lack of shared understanding. However, in those instances where all three respondents agreed on a variable (e.g., reading to or with a child regularly), children were scored as reading above or at the class average. These shared perspectives provided frameworks for increasing mutually shared views regarding ways to assist a child to become a better reader. Differences in beliefs reflected processes unique to the African American adult family member, the child, and the teacher respectively, as well as pointing out conflicts in home and school relations. Several factors which could account for disagreement among the respondents were explored.
Do Accounting Graduates’ Skills Meet The Expectations of Employers? A Matter of Convergence or Divergence

This study investigates the emphasis placed on technical and generic skills developed during undergraduate accounting courses from both the graduate and employer perspective. It is motivated by two issues. First, calls by the accounting profession and international education committees regarding the professional adequacy of graduates. Second, by the challenge facing educators and professional bodies to ensure accounting courses equip graduates with the necessary skills to add value to business. Data obtained from 174 graduates from an Australian university is compared with the perceived needs of a sample of employers. Major findings suggest that, while both groups acknowledged the importance of technical accounting skills, employers require a broad range of generic skills that graduates indicated were not being adequately taught in their accounting degree programme. Against this backdrop of skills convergence, the greatest areas of skills divergence from the employers’ perspective were those of team skills, leadership potential, verbal communication and the interpersonal skills of graduates.