Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Large Subcategorization Lexicon for Natural Language Processing Applications

We introduce a large computational subcategorizationlexicon which includes subcategorization frame (SCF) and frequencyinformation for 6,397 English verbs. This extensive lexicon was acquiredautomatically from five corpora and the Web using the current version of the comprehensive subcategorization acquisition system of Briscoe and Carroll (1997). The lexicon is provided freely for research use, along with a script which can be used to filter and build sub-lexicons suited for different natural languageprocessing (NLP) purposes. Documentation is also provided whichexplains each sub-lexicon option and evaluates its accuracy.
Surface quotients of hyperbolic buildings

Let Ip,v be Bourdon’s building, the unique simply connected 2-complex such that all 2-cells are regular right-angled hyperbolic p-gons and the link at each vertex is the complete bipartite graph Kv,v. We investigate and mostly determine the set of triples (p,v,g) for which there exists a uniform lattice Γ=Γp,v,g in Aut(Ip,v) such that Γ\Ip,v is a compact orientable surface of genus g. Surprisingly, for some p and g the existence of Γp,v,g depends upon the value of v. The remaining cases lead to open questions in tessellations of surfaces and in number theory. Our construction of Γp,v,g as the fundamental group of a simple complex of groups, together with a theorem of Haglund, implies that for p≥6 every uniform lattice in Aut(Ip,v) contains a surface subgroup. We use elementary group theory, combinatorics, algebraic topology, and number theory.
The effects of treading by two breeds of dairy cow with different live weights on soil physical properties, poaching damage and herbage production on a poorly drained clay-loam soil

SUMMARY There is little empirical evidence to indicate that dairy cow live weight affects the extent of soil damage at the hoof-soil interface during grazing on poorly drained permanent grassland. In the present study the impact of Holstein-Friesian (HF) dairy cows with a mean (±standard deviation) live weight of 570 (±61) kg were compared with Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (JX) with a mean live weight of 499 (±52) kg each at two stocking densities: mean 2·42 ± (0·062) and 2·66 (±0·079) cows/ha. Soil physical properties (bulk density, macroporosity, gravimetric water content, air-filled porosity, penetration resistance and shear strength), poaching damage (post-grazing soil surface deformation and hoof-print depth), herbage yield and milk production were measured throughout 2011 and 2012. Soil physical properties, post-grazing soil surface deformation and herbage production were not affected by dairy cow breed or by interactions between breed and stocking density. Hoof-print depth was higher in the HF treatments (39 v. 37 mm, s.e. 0·5 mm). Loading pressure imposed at the soil surface was the same for both breeds due to a direct correlation between live weight and hoof size. Poaching damage was greater at higher stocking density. Using the lighter JX cow offered little advantage in terms of lowering the negative impact of treading on soil physical properties or reducing poaching damage and no advantage in terms of herbage or milk production compared with the heavier HF cow.
Differential expression of the enzyme that esterifies retinol, lecithin:retinol acyltransferase, in subtypes of human renal cancer and normal kidney.

PURPOSE Retinoids, a group of compounds, including vitamin A (retinol), and related metabolites, have been shown to regulate the growth and differentiation of many types of cells. IFN-alpha and either 13-cis-retinoic acid or liposomal all-trans retinoic acid have been used in the treatment of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We knew that samples from renal cell carcinomas contained greatly reduced levels of retinol and retinyl esters relative to samples from normal human kidney. This prompted us to examine the levels of LRAT (lecithin:retinol acyltransferase) protein in various subtypes of human kidney cancers relative to normal human kidney by immunohistochemistry. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined 31 partial or radical nephrectomy specimens diagnosed with kidney tumors between 1997 and 1998. Representative paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from each tumor, with each containing adjacent nonneoplastic renal parenchyma, were used for immunohistochemical analysis with affinity purified antibodies to human LRAT protein. RESULTS LRAT protein was detected at high levels in the epithelial cells in the tubules and the lining of Bowman's capsule in the glomeruli of normal, nonneoplastic kidney sections. Among the 31 tumors, there were 13 cases of conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinoma (RCC; including 2 multilocular cystic RCCs), 7 papillary RCC, 6 chromophobe RCC, 1 RCC, unclassified, and 4 renal oncocytoma. All tumors showed diffuse immunoreactivity for LRAT. In each case, the staining was uniform throughout the tumor, with only minimal variation in the staining intensity between different areas. All 4 renal oncocytomas, 2 of 6 chromophobe RCCs, 1 conventional (clear cell) carcinoma, 1 RCC, unclassified, and 2 conventional RCCs, which were of the multilocular cystic-type stained strongly (3+) for LRAT. In contrast, the remaining conventional RCCs and the papillary RCC samples stained much less intensely for LRAT. Of the 10 tumors that stained 3+ for LRAT in the study, 9 were either benign tumors or tumors with low malignant potential. CONCLUSIONS These data show that LRAT expression is higher in renal tumors with an indolent biological behavior. Additional studies will ascertain if LRAT possesses any prognostic or therapeutic role in renal cancer.
Voice problems due to virilization in adult women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder in which the lack of 21‐hydroxylase results in cortisol and aldosterone insufficiency and an overproduction of adrenal androgens. High levels of androgens in women may cause virilization of the larynx and a masculine voice. The purpose of the present study was to investigate subjective voice problems due to virilization in women with CAH.
Auto-programmable impulse neural circuits

Impulse neural networks use pulse trains to communicate neuron activation levels. Impulse neural circuits emulate natural neurons at a more detailed level than that typically employed by contemporary neural network implementation methods. An impulse neural circuit which realizes short term memory dynamics is presented. The operation of that circuit is then characterized in terms of pulse frequency modulated signals. Both fixed and programmable synapse circuits for realizing long term memory are also described. The implementation of a simple and useful unsupervised learning law is then presented. The implementation of a differential Hebbian learning rule for a specific mean-frequency signal interpretation is shown to have a straightforward implementation using digital combinational logic with a variation of a previously developed programmable synapse circuit. This circuit is expected to be exploited for simple and straightforward implementation of future auto-adaptive neural circuits.
Light microscopic localization of calcitonin gene‐related peptide in the normal feline trigeminal system and following retrogasserian rhizotomy

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide that has been implicated in the transmission and modulation of primary afferent nociceptive stimuli. In this study, we describe the light microscopic distribution of CGRP immunoreactivity (IR) within the feline trigeminal ganglion and trigeminal nucleus of normal adult subjects and in subjects 10 and 30 days following complete retrogasserian rhizotomy. Within the trigeminal ganglion of normal subjects, cell bodies and fibers showed CGRP‐IR, whereas immunoreactive fibers were rare in the central root region. Within the normal spinal trigeminal and main sensory nuclei, CGRP‐IR was seen to form a reproducible pattern that varied between the different nuclei. Following rhizotomy, most, but not all, of the CGRP‐IR was lost from the spinal trigeminal and main sensory nuclei, except in regions where the upper cervical roots and cranial nerves VII, IX, and X project into the trigeminal nucleus. The pattern seen at 10 days contained more CGRP‐IR than that seen at 30 days and suggests that degenerating fibers still show CGRP‐IR. In contrast to the decrease seen in the nuclei after rhizotomy, examination of the central root that was still attached to the trigeminal ganglion showed an increase in CGRP‐IR within fibers, some of which ended in growth conelike enlargements. Rhizotomy induced a dramatic increase in CGRP‐IR within trigeminal motoneurons and their fibers, which was strongest 10 days after rhizotomy and weaker at 30 days, which was still stronger than normal. These results indicate that the majority of CGRP‐IR found in the trigeminal nucleus originates from trigeminal primary afferents and that an upregulation of CGRP‐IR occurs in trigeminal motoneurons and in regenerating fibers in the part of the central root that was still attached to the ganglion. In addition, the persistence of CGRP‐IR fibers in the trigeminal nucleus provides one possible explanation for the preservation of pain in humans following trigeminal rhizotomy. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening and Associated Factors among Women in Rural Uganda: A Cross Sectional Study

Background In developing countries, inadequate access to effective screening for cervical cancer often contributes to the high morbidity and mortality caused by the disease. The largest burden of this falls mostly on underserved populations in rural areas, where health care access is characterized by transport challenges, ill equipped health facilities, and lack of information access. This study assessed uptake of cervical cancer screening and associated factors among women in rural Uganda. Methods This descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Bugiri and Mayuge districts in eastern Uganda and utilised quantitative data collection methods. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire on cervical cancer screening among females aged between 25 and 49 years who had spent six or more months in the area. Data were entered in Epidata 3.02 and analysed in STATA 12.0 statistical software. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results Of the 900 women, only 43 (4.8%) had ever been screened for cervical cancer. Among respondents who were screened, 21 (48.8%) did so because they had been requested by a health worker, 17 (39.5%) had certain signs and symptoms they associated with cervical cancer while 16 (37.2%) did it voluntarily to know their status. Barriers to cervical cancer screening were negative individual perceptions 553 (64.5%) and health facility related challenges 142 (16.6%). Other respondents said they were not aware of the screening service 416 (48.5%). The independent predictors of cervical cancer screening were: being recommended by a health worker [AOR = 87.85, p<0.001], knowing where screening services were offered [AOR = 6.24, p = 0.004], and knowing someone who had ever been screened [AOR = 9.48, p = 0.001]. Conclusion The prevalence of cervical cancer screening is very low in rural Uganda. Interventions to increase uptake of cervical cancer screening should be implemented so as to improve access to the service in rural areas.
Solving Constrained Nonlinear Optimization Problems with Particle Swarm Optimization

This paper presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm for constrained nonlinear optimization problems. In PSO, the potential solutions, called particles, are "flown" through the problem space by learning from the current optimal particle and its own memory. In this paper, preserving feasibility strategy is employed to deal with constraints. PSO is started with a group of feasible solutions and a feasibility function is used to check if the new explored solutions satisfy all the constraints. All particles keep only those feasible solutions in their memory. Eleven test cases were tested and showed that PSO is an efficient and general solution to solve most nonlinear optimization problems with nonlinear inequality constraints.
Solar Arctic-Mediated Climate Variation on Multidecadal to Centennial Timescales: Empirical Evidence, Mechanistic Explanation, and Testable Consequences

Soon (2005) showed that the variable total solar irradiance (TSI) could explain, rather surprisingly, well over 75% of the variance for the decadally smoothed Arctic-wide surface air temperature over the past 130 years. The present paper provides additional empirical evidence for this physical connection, both through several newly published high-resolution paleo-proxy records and through robust climate-process modeling outputs. This paper proposes a mechanistic explanation, involving: (1) the variable strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) or thermohaline circulation (THC); (2) the shift and modulation of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) rainbelt and tropical Atlantic ocean conditions; and (3) the intensity of the wind-driven subtropical and subpolar gyre circulation, across both the North Atlantic and North Pacific. A unique test of this proposed solar TSI-Arctic thermal-salinity-cryospheric coupling mechanism is the 5- to 20-year delay effect on the peak Atlantic MOC flow rate centered near 30-35°N, and on sea surface temperature (SST) for the tropical Atlantic. The solar Arctic-mediated climate mechanism on multidecadal to centennial timescales presented here can be compared with and differentiated from both the related solar TSI and UV irradiance forcing on decadal timescales. The ultimate goal of this research is to gain sufficient mechanistic details so that the proposed solar-Arctic climate connection on multidecadal to centennial timescales can be confirmed or falsified. A further incentive is to expand this physical connection to longer, millennial-scale variability as motivated by the multiscale climate interactions shown by Braun et al. (2005), Weng (2005), and Dima and Lohmann (2009).
The Emergence of Spanking Among a Representative Sample of Children Under 2 Years of Age in North Carolina

Spanking is common in the United States but less common in many European countries in which it has been outlawed. Being spanked has been associated with child abuse victimization, poor self-esteem, impaired parent–child relationships, and child and adult mental health, substance abuse, and behavioral consequences. Being spanked as a child has also been shown to increase the likelihood of abusing one's own children or spouse as an adult. Spanking of very young children less than two is almost never recommended even among experts that consider spanking as reasonable in some circumstances. Using a cross-sectional anonymous telephone survey, we describe spanking rates among a representative sample of North Carolina mothers of children less than 2 years old and the association of spanking with demographic characteristics. A substantial proportion of mothers admit to spanking their very young children. The rate of spanking in the last year among all maternal respondents was 30%. Over 5% of the mothers of 3-month olds reported spanking. Over 70% of the mothers of 23-month olds reported spanking. Increased spanking was associated with higher age of the child and lower maternal age. With every month of age, a child had 27% increased odds of being spanked. Early spanking has been shown to be associated with poor cognitive development in early childhood. Further, early trauma has been shown to have significant effects on the early developing brain. It is therefore critical that health and human services professionals address the risk of corporal punishment as a method of discipline early in the life of the child. The spanking of very young children may be an appropriate locus for policy and legislative debates regarding corporal punishment.
Effects of Intravenous Nesiritide on Human Coronary Vasomotor Regulation and Myocardial Oxygen Uptake

Background—Nesiritide, recombinant human B-type natriuretic peptide, has been shown to be efficacious in the treatment of decompensated heart failure. The effects of intravenous nesiritide on the human coronary vasculature have not been studied. Methods and Results—Ten patients underwent right and left heart catheterization. Baseline coronary blood flow was determined using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and an intracoronary Doppler-tipped guidewire. Myocardial oxygen uptake was measured using a coronary sinus catheter. Patients then received an intravenous infusion of nesiritide (2 &mgr;g/kg bolus followed by 0.01 &mgr;g/kg per min infusion) for 30 minutes. Right atrial pressure decreased 52% (P =0.012), pulmonary artery mean pressure decreased 19% (P =0.03), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure decreased 46% (P =0.002), and mean arterial pressure decreased 11% (P =0.007). QCA demonstrated a 15% increase in coronary artery diameter from a baseline of 2.6±0.8 to 3.0±0.8 mm at 30 minutes (P =0.007). The coronary velocity measure of average peak velocity increased 14% from 20.8±6.4 at baseline to 23.8±7.2 cm/s at 5 minutes (P =0.015) and then returned to baseline for the remainder of the infusion. Coronary blood flow increased 35% (P =0.007), whereas coronary resistance decreased 23% at 15 and 30 minutes (P =0.036). Myocardial oxygen uptake decreased 8% during the nesiritide infusion (P =0.043). Conclusions—Nesiritide exerts coronary vasodilator effects on both the coronary conductance and resistance arteries. Despite a decrease in coronary perfusion pressure, coronary artery blood flow is increased, coronary resistance is decreased, and myocardial oxygen uptake is decreased.
Otitis Media in Fully Vaccinated Preschool Children in the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era

Objectives. To evaluate the effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) on the burden of acute otitis media (AOM) and to evaluate the characteristics of AOM versus otitis media with effusion (OME) in the 2 PCV periods. Methods. A cohort of fully vaccinated children aged 18 to 60 months diagnosed with AOM from 2006 to 2015 was identified. Patients with otorrhea/bulging tympanic membrane were considered as true AOM, while those without bulging/otorrhea were considered to have OME. Burden of true AOM in the PCV7 and PCV13 periods and clinical features of true AOM versus OME were compared. Results. Of 393 episodes in our cohort, 50.8% occurred in PCV7 period. Burden of true AOM in the 2 PCV groups was similar: 26% in PCV7 versus 26.4% in PCV13 (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65-1.60). Factors significantly associated with OME were cold season (OR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.04-2.4), fever (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.29-3.3), and recurrence (OR = 2.24, 95% CI = 1.22-4.09). No complications of AOM were identified. Majority episodes were treated with antibiotics. Conclusion. Unlike the role of PCV13 in reducing invasive pneumococcal disease, its effect on reducing the burden of AOM is minimal as compared with PCV7. With regard to characteristics of AOM versus OME, findings of tympanic membrane should be used to suggest a diagnosis of AOM, instead of occurrence of fever or recurrence of AOM episodes. Using this approach would help in guiding the use of antibiotics appropriately.
Serum Procalcitonin Value is Useful for Predicting Severity of Kawasaki Disease

We measured serum procalcitonin concentrations in 160 patients suffering from Kawasaki disease. Serum procalcitonin was significantly higher in nonresponders to an initial intravenous immunoglobulin treatment than in responders. A cutoff value of procalcitonin (0.5 ng/mL) for nonresponders showed that the sensitivity was 85% and the accuracy was 64%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that procalcitonin-positive cases showed the highest risk for nonresponders.
The Effect of Group Boundary Permeability on Intergroup Prejudice: The Case of Rural-to-Urban Migrants in China

The developing world is witness to a major urban transformation. How to facilitate intergroup relations between new migrants and long-time urban residents is a critical issue in developing societies globally. The current research explored the effect of group boundary permeability on intergroup prejudice by the case of rural-to-urban migration in China. As the boundary between rural-to-urban migrants and permanent urban residents in China can be ascribed to China's unique hukou system, we conducted three interrelated studies to approach the topic from the perspective of the hukou system and its reforms. Study 1 used a correlational investigation and found a negative correlation between group boundary permeability and prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. In Study 2, we manipulated the group boundary permeability using the points accumulation system scheme of the hukou system reform, and found a causal effect of the group boundary permeability on the social distance of urban dwellers to migrants. In Study 3, using a more general hukou reform scheme, that of gradually abolishing the hukou system, we replicated the findings from Study 2 and further found that a permeable group boundary could reduce prejudice. These three studies suggest that the group boundary based on the Chinese hukou system is an institutional cause of prejudice against rural-to-urban migrants. Our experimental manipulations can be interpreted as analogues to potential policy arena actions.
Computational Statistics and Data Analysis Induced Smoothing for the Semiparametric Accelerated Hazards Model

Compared to the proportional hazards model and accelerated failure time model, the accelerated hazards model has a unique property in its application, in that it can allow gradual effects of the treatment. However, its application is still very limited, partly due to the complexity of existing semiparametric estimation methods. We propose a new semiparametric estimation method based on the induced smoothing and rank type estimates. The parameter estimates and their variances can be easily obtained from the smoothed estimating equation; thus it is easy to use in practice. Our numerical study shows that the new method is more efficient than the existing methods with respect to its variance estimation and coverage probability. The proposed method is employed to reanalyze a data set from a brain tumor treatment study.