Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Evidence for Individual and Cultural Variability in the Social Comparison Effect

Although several studies have investigated the neural mechanism of social comparison, it remains unclear whether and how cultural membership, particularly independent versus interdependent cultures, may differentially shape the neural processes underlying social comparison. In the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we examined the behaviors and neural response patterns of Korean (i.e., interdependent culture) and American (i.e., independent culture) participants while performing a financial gambling task simultaneously and independently with a partner. Upon seeing the partner's income, greater modulation of the activity in the ventral striatum (VS) and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) by relative gain was observed in Korean than American participants, suggesting greater sensitivity of Koreans toward social comparison. The strength of functional connectivity between the VS and the vmPFC predicted individual variability in the degree to which participants' decisions were affected by relative incomes. Additional model-based fMRI analysis further confirmed the primary role of the vmPFC in biasing decisions based on relative incomes. In summary, the present study provides the first neural evidence for decision biases due to social comparison and their individual and cultural variations.
The Lovász ϑ function, SVMs and finding large dense subgraphs

The Lovasz θ function of a graph, a fundamental tool in combinatorial optimization and approximation algorithms, is computed by solving a SDP. In this paper we establish that the Lovasz θ function is equivalent to a kernel learning problem related to one class SVM. This interesting connection opens up many opportunities bridging graph theoretic algorithms and machine learning. We show that there exist graphs, which we call SVM – θ graphs, on which the Lovasz θ function can be approximated well by a one-class SVM. This leads to novel use of SVM techniques for solving algorithmic problems in large graphs e.g. identifying a planted clique of size Θ(√n) in a random graph G(n, 1/2). A classic approach for this problem involves computing the θ function, however it is not scalable due to SDP computation. We show that the random graph with a planted clique is an example of SVM – θ graph. As a consequence a SVM based approach easily identifies the clique in large graphs and is competitive with the state-of-the-art. We introduce the notion of common orthogonal labelling and show that it can be computed by solving a Multiple Kernel learning problem. It is further shown that such a labelling is extremely useful in identifying a large common dense subgraph in multiple graphs, which is known to be a computationally difficult problem. The proposed algorithm achieves an order of magnitude scalability compared to state of the art methods.
Slang and Colloquialism in Cameroon English Verbal Discourse

The study investigates features of slang and colloquialism in Cameroon English verbal discourse which have been created through the following processes – coinage, semantic extension, clipping, reduplication, double subjects, and pidgin-induced structures. It observes that these features of Cameroon verbal discourse are a quintessential development for the identity of non-native varieties of English around the world. The study contributes to the production of feature supplements to the usage of contemporary English in non-native settings. It recommends the codification of this linguistic inventiveness, especially among the young and lively people, in quest of fresh, original, pungent expressions to rename ideas, actions and entities in Cameroon English. All these juvenile qualities combine to give free reign to the impulse to play with the language, making it creative and refreshing.
Too many, too few, too concentrated? A review of the pediatric subspecialty workforce literature.

OBJECTIVES To summarize recent pediatric subspecialty workforce analyses and to highlight similarities and differences across studies. DESIGN By using MEDLINE, we conducted a systematic search of the literature published from January 1, 1992, through December 31, 2002. We included research articles and task force reports, and abstracted author, year of publication, specialty, sample size, analytic perspective (eg, physician or academic department), inclusion of data on nonclinical activities, inclusion of an objective measure of demand, and workforce-related conclusions. RESULTS We identified 41 relevant articles. Physician surveys provided data for most (n = 24) of these studies. Only 8 studies attempted to make future workforce projections; of these 8 studies, 1 explicitly accounted for nonclinical activities in its projections. An additional 16 studies presented data on involvement in nonclinical activities. While some studies suggest that additional pediatric subspecialists are not needed, these studies did not include objective assessments of demand in geographic areas where pediatric subspecialty physicians are not available. Of those studies that took a market perspective and attempted to account for demand, workforce recommendations varied considerably across specialties. CONCLUSIONS We know little about the distribution of the pediatric subspecialty workforce relative to the demand for their services. Given concerns about the adequacy of the pediatric subspecialty workforce, future research should assess the availability of these physicians relative to need for their services and account for nonclinical activities in workforce projections.
Uptake of liposomes containing phosphatidylserine by liver cells in vivo and by sinusoidal liver cells in primary culture: in vivo-in vitro differences.

The interaction with liver cells of liposomes containing different mol fractions of phosphatidylserine was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Increasing the amount of liposomal phosphatidylserine from 10 to 30 mol% leads to a faster blood disappearance of the liposomes. Within the liver, which is mainly responsible for this elimination, these liposomes are only taken up by the hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. By contrast, sinusoidal endothelial cells, in vitro, do bind and internalize liposomes containing >/=30% phosphatidylserine at least as actively as Kupffer cells. The uptake by endothelial and Kupffer cells is inhibited by poly(inosinic acid) and other anionic macromolecules, suggesting the involvement of scavenger receptors. The lack of liposome uptake by endothelial cells under in vivo conditions can be attributed to plasma effects since addition of various sera caused severe reduction of in vitro uptake of liposomes. In vivo the phosphatidylserine head groups may be masked by plasma proteins adsorbed to the liposomal surface, thus preventing recognition by receptors, which are intrinsically able to recognize phosphatidylserine.
Do Foreign Firms Choose Not to Cross-List Because They Have Secured Better Alternatives ? Evidence from Mexico

This study examines the question of why most foreign firms, particularly those from emerging economies with weak legal institutions, choose not to cross-list their shares in the U.S. despite the predictable reputational and financial benefits. Mexico is a representative emerging economy with weak legal institutions in which a large number of firms experimented with crosslistings during the past decade, and an even larger number of firms tried other financial and strategic alternatives. The results suggest that before liberalization Mexican firms selected alternative strategies besides cross-listings, and that one of these strategies, forming a crossborder strategic alliance, turned out to be associated with a lower cost of debt, better corporate governance outcomes, and higher stock returns over the course of the decade. The timing of liberalization is the key shift variable that determined which Mexican firms cross-listed and which firms instead formed cross-border alliances and/or acquired political connectedness. Firms that listed for the first time on the Mexico Stock Exchange before liberalization began in 1989 were significantly more likely to choose cross-border alliances and/or political connectedness instead of a cross-listing. Firms with alliances and political connectedness did not cross-list because they enjoyed significantly lower cost of debt than they could achieve in the international capital markets. These firms’ significant cost advantage from using private sources made cross-listings unnecessary. * Harvard Business School, Morgan Hall 231, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163, tel (617) 495-6303, fax (617) 496-6859, e-mail: jsiegel@hbs.edu. An earlier draft of this paper was entitled “Relationships and Cross-Listings: Evidence from Mexico. ” The author wishes to thank Don Lessard, Stijn Claessens, Tarun Khanna, Atif Mian, Felix Oberholzer-Gee, Ravi Ravichandran and Jasjit Singh for helpful comments and criticisms. The author wishes to thank Guillermo Babatz, Yxa Bazan, Gustavo Bello, Michael Chafkin, Andrés Conesa, Efrén del Rosal, Daniel Eppelsheimer, Beatriz Estrada, Catherine Friedman, Altagracia Gutierrez, Ángeles Hewett, Timothy Heyman, Josefina Ibañez, Catalina Jaime, Simon Johnson, Sylvia Maxfield, Claudia Pacheco, Michael Pavelecky, Andrew Thompson, Lester Thurow, Theresa Tobin, and Eduardo Trigueros for helpful advice during the process of data collection. The author wishes to thank Isela Nuñez and Erick Torres for logistical assistance and hospitality during data collection. The usual caveat applies.
A Cross-Nations, Cross-Cultures, and Cross-Conditions Analysis on the Equivalence of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding

This article examines measurement equivalence of the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) across two nations (the United States and Singapore), two cultural values (horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism) and two motivational conditions (standard and faking). One sample of undergraduate students from each country (N Singapore = 158, N United States = 166) participated in this study, and a within-subject experimental design is used. Specifically, at Time 1, participants were simply asked to respond to the BIDR and the INDCOL (standard condition). At Time 2, the participants were instructed to engage in social desirability (faking condition). Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses are used to evaluate the equivalence of the BIDR. The authors found support for the equivalence of the BIDR across the two cultural values. However, there is weaker support for the equivalence of the BIDR across the two countries and the two motivational conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A Case Study of College Teacher's Politeness Strategy in EFL Classroom

In the process of teaching and learning activity, teachers’ language plays a very important role in EFL classroom, such as teachers’ academic instructions, motivating the class and evaluating students. No exaggeration to say that teachers’ language is indispensable to effective communication in class. Adopting Brown and Levinson’s politeness strategies through class observation, the researcher aims to reveal how the teacher applies politeness strategies to his teaching practice in the language use. Through analyzing the data collected, the researcher finds out the college teacher conducts his class on term of positive politeness and negative politeness in a practical way. Evidently the adoption of politeness strategies shortens the teacher-student social distance, makes the class interesting, and in turn facilitates English teaching and learning.
Is the Eldest Son Different? The Residential Choice of Siblings in Japan

In this paper, we analyze the determinants of the living arrangements (coresidence behavior) of elderly parents and their children (whether elderly parents live with their children, and if so, with which child) in Japan using micro data from a household survey. Our results provide support for all four explanations of coresidence behavior but especially for the life cycle and dynasty models (both of which assume selfishly motivated parents) and social norms and traditions: The fact that parents who were self-employed before retirement are more likely to live with their children, the fact that parents are less likely to live with sons who adopt their wife's surname, and the fact that parents are more likely to live with daughters whose husbands adopt their surname constitute evidence in favor of the dynasty model. The fact that parents who were (relatively wealthy) executives before retirement and parents who are homeowners are more likely to live with their children and the fact that parents are more likely to live with less educated children constitute evidence in favor of the selfish life cycle model (or the altruism model). And the fact that parental attitudes toward their children affect their coresidence behavior, the fact that parents are more likely to live with their eldest child if their eldest child is a son, and the fact that parents are most likely to live with their eldest son even if he is not the eldest child constitute evidence in favor of social norms and traditions.
Sectoral interest versus the common good? Legitimation, fragmentation and contestation in Irish post‐primary curriculum policy and practice

This analysis of Irish post-primary curriculum policy and practice begins with a contextualisation of the issues. Key concepts from relevant international discourse, namely legitimation and contestation, as well as the more familiar concepts of social partnership and fragmentation, form the basis for the analysis in the main part of the paper. These concepts are applied to a recent innovation, the Leaving Certificate Applied, in the concluding section of the paper.
Inclusion in Education: Comparing pupils' development in special and regular education

Large-scale longitudinal data on differences in pupils' cognitive and psychosocial development in various types of special and mainstream ('regular') schools are reported in this article. The study focuses on comparing the development of matched pairs of primary-aged pupils in mainstream and special education over periods of 2 and 4 years. After 2 years, pupils made more progress in mathematics in mainstream education than in schools for children with learning and behavioural difficulties [LBD] and school motivation developed more favourably in schools for pupils with mild mental retardation [MMR]. After 4 years, pupils in regular education had made more progress in academic performance than their matched pairs in special education. Development is analysed with respect to the use of internal differentiation in the classroom and special provision for pupils with LBD/MMR. The hypothesis that the degree of specialist care being offered helps these pupils could not be confirmed. In the qualitative part of the research, processes at the level of the pupil, the school and the family are studied in order to look for explanations for divergent developments in academic performance and psychosocial functioning. These processes seem to be associated with unique patterns of pupil characteristics, school characteristics and family circumstances.
Women's Prime of Life: Is It the 50s?

The hypothesis is advanced that the early 50s is women's prime of life, an androgynous time of good health combined with autonomy and relational security. In a sample of 700 college alumnae, aged 26–80, who were studied in 1983, women in their early 50s most often described their lives as “first-rate. ” In a longitudinal sample from the same institution in 1989, women in their early 50s also rated their quality of life as high. Conditions distinguishing the early 50s from earlier and/or later periods of the middle years included more “empty nests,” better health, higher income, and more concern for parents. All but the last of these conditions were related to quality of life within each sample of “prime” women. In both samples, “prime” women showed confidence, involvement, security, and breadth of personality. Prime of life is offered as a useful concept in adult development.
The Role of Youth Anger in Explaining Links Between Parenting and Early Adolescent Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the role of youth anger regulation and reactivity in the link between parenting and social adjustment among a sample of 84 youth residing in disadvantaged neighborhoods in a mid-southwestern city. Using path analysis, findings indicate that parents’ responsive and discipline-related behaviors were associated with antisocial and prosocial behaviors in different ways. Parental support was positively associated with prosocial behavior (directly and indirectly through anger regulation), while permissive discipline was positively associated with antisocial behavior directly and indirectly through anger reactivity. The patterns of associations in the model remained significant even after youth age and sex were entered as covariates. Implications of the study for intervention programs targeting anger regulation and parenting in youth and families in high-risk settings are discussed.
How Normative Information Shapes Attributions for the Actions of Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Many citizens misunderstand the actions of persons with brain injury, and these misunderstandings hamper rehabilitation. A specific misunderstanding is where people misattribute behaviours resulting from brain injury to the injured person's personality or life stage (e.g., adolescence). The present study examined if this pattern is explained by the Abnormal Conditions Focus model of attribution, which claims that attributions for behaviours reflect whether the behaviours are normal for the person (Consistency) and the culture (Consensus). Scenarios described an adolescent with brain injury performing four undesirable behaviours and then indicated whether the behaviour was normal or not normal for the person prior to injury and normal or not normal for that person's culture. For each of the four behaviours, students (n = 136) rated three attributions: brain injury, personality and adolescent norms. Participants attributed the behaviours more to brain injury and less to personality when the behaviours were not normal for that person than when they were normal for the person. They attributed the behaviours more to adolescence when the behaviours were normal for the person's culture than when they were not normal for the culture. Rehabilitation implications include assessing individuals' premorbid behaviour to enable citizens and less experienced professionals to make more accurate attributions for behaviours and target treatment more effectively.
Dear Sincerely: Exploring Literate Identities with Young Children and Preservice Teachers Through Letter Writing

In this study, 38 preservice teachers enrolled in two sections of a language and literacy course at a small university in Montana were paired as pen pals with 14 fourth graders in Kansas. The purpose of the research project was to determine in what ways and contexts the literate identities of the children emerged through letter exchanges with the preservice teachers and to explore the influence of the preservice teachers' letters on the responses of their pen pals. The preservice teachers learned that the children expected them to model conventional writing practices and to negotiate meaning in an engaged and professional manner. When they did not, the writing of the children reflected the responses of the preservice teachers thus demonstrating the implications of modeling good writing and the motivational value of responding in a positive, affirming voice to young writers.
Morphological cues to verb meaning

Two experiments investigated the role of inflections in verb learning. In Study I, 3- to 5-year-olds with typical language development were asked to extend novel verbs to new instances. They heard the verbs inflected with either -ed or -ing and were given a forced choice between events that maintained either the activity or the result of the original event. The younger children selected events according to the verb inflection: same-activity events for -ing and same-result events for -ed. Older preschoolers chose same-result events throughout. Study II was conducted to investigate the nature of this causal bias. A group of 4- to 5-year-olds with specific language impairment completed the same verb extension task. They were equivalent to the older Study I children in age and IQ but were at lower language levels than the younger group. Children in the SLI group used neither the inflectional strategy nor the same-result strategy. Findings from the two studies point to a developmental period during which children treat inflectional cues as reliable guides to verb meaning. The discussion focuses on the rise and fall of such inflectional bootstrapping and the linguistic character of the same-result bias that replaces it.
Local responses to the poor in late medieval and Tudor England

The leaders of English villages and towns between 1388 and 1598 accepted that deserving poor people, those unable to work to support themselves, warranted private and, if necessary, public assistance. Poverty was objectively mild in the century after the 1349 plague. Economic and demographic developments between c. 1465 and 1530 increased the number of poor people. Religious and political changes of the mid-sixteenth century forced individuals and parishes to assume virtually the entire burden of poor relief. Parliamentary legislation empowered local authorities to raise compulsory taxes for support of the poor. In Elizabeth's reign the problems of poverty intensified, forcing nearly all parishes to use taxation at least in bad years. Les dirigeants des villes et villages anglais entre 1388 et 1598 acceptaient que les pauvres méritants, ceux incapables de travailler pour subvenir à leurs propres besoins, soient en droit de recevoir des secours privés et, au besoin, publics. La pauvreté était objectivement faible au cours du siècle qui a suivi la peste de 1349. Les développements économiques et démographiques entre environ 1465 et 1530 ont accru le nombre de pauvres. Les changements religieux et politiques du milieu du seiziéme siécle ont forcé les individus et les paroisses à assumer pratiquement la totalité des opérations de secours aux pauvres. La législation parlementaire a autorisé les autorités locales à lever des impôts obligatoires pour venir en aide aux pauvres. Sous le régne d'Elizabeth, les problèmes de la pauvreté se sont intensifiés, forçant presque toutes les paroisses à recourir aux impôts, du moins dans les mauvaises années. Zwischen 1388 und 1598 vertraten die führenden Persönlichkeiten englischer Dörfer und Städte die Ansicht, dass verdienstvolle Arme, die unfähig waren, sich durch Arbeit ihren Lebensunterhalt selbst zu verdienen, ein Anrecht auf private und, falls nötig, öffentliche Unterstützung hätten. In dem Jahrhundert, das der Pest von 1349 folgte, hielt sich die Armut objektiv in Grenzen. Zwischen etwa 1465 und 1530 führten dann wirtschaftliche und demographische Entwicklungen zu einem Anstieg in der Zahl der Armen. Religionsbedingte und politische Veränderungen Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts hatten zur Folge, dass praktisch die gesamte Last der Armenpflege von Privatpersonen und den Gemeinden übernommen werden musste. Vom Parlament erlassene Gesetze ermächtigten die Ortsbehörden, Zwangsabgaben für den Unterhalt der Armen zu erheben. Während der Regierungszeit Elisabeths verschärfte sich das Problem der Armut, sodass fast alle Gemeinden gezwungen waren, zumindestens in schlechten Jahren von Steuererhebungen Gevrauch zu machen.