Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A* Search with Inconsistent Heuristics

Early research in heuristic search discovered that using inconsistent heuristics with A* could result in an exponential increase in the number of node expansions. As a result, the use of inconsistent heuristics has largely disappeared from practice. Recently, inconsistent heuristics have been shown to be effective in IDA*, especially when applying the bidirectional pathmax (BPMX) enhancement. This paper presents new worst-case complexity analysis of A*'s behavior with inconsistent heuristics, discusses how BPMX can be used with A*, and gives experimental results justifying the use of inconsistent heuristics in A* searches.
Linear-Time Approximation Algorithms for Computing Numerical Summation with Provably Small Errors

Given a multiset X={x1,. ,xn} of real numbers, the floating-point set summation problem asks for Sn=x1 + . + xn. Let $E^*_n$ denote the minimum worst-case error over all possible orderings of evaluating Sn. We prove that if X has both positive and negative numbers, it is NP-hard to compute Sn with the worst-case error equal to $E^*_n$. We then give the first known polynomial-time approximation algorithm that has a provably small error for arbitrary X. Our algorithm incurs a worst-case error at most $2(\lceil\log(n-1)\rceil+1)E^*_n$. (All logarithms log in this paper are base 2.) After X is sorted, it runs in O(n) time. For the case where X is either all positive or all negative, we give another approximation algorithm with a worst-case error at most $\lceil\log\log n\rceil E^*_n$. Even for unsorted X, this algorithm runs in O(n) time. Previously, the best linear-time approximation algorithm had a worst-case error at most $\lceil\log n\rceil E^*_n$, while $E^*_n$ was known to be attainable in O(n log n) time using Huffman coding.
Hydrodynamic mobility of a solid particle near a spherical elastic membrane. II. Asymmetric motion.

In this paper, we derive analytical expressions for the leading-order hydrodynamic mobility of a small solid particle undergoing motion tangential to a nearby large spherical capsule whose membrane possesses resistance toward shearing and bending. Together with the results obtained in the first part [Daddi-Moussa-Ider and Gekle, Phys. Rev. E 95, 013108 (2017)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.95. 013108], where the axisymmetric motion perpendicular to the capsule membrane is considered, the solution of the general mobility problem is thus determined. We find that shearing resistance induces a low-frequency peak in the particle self-mobility, resulting from the membrane normal displacement in the same way, although less pronounced, to what has been observed for the axisymmetric motion. In the zero-frequency limit, the self-mobility correction near a hard sphere is recovered only if the membrane has a nonvanishing resistance toward shearing. We further compute the in-plane mean-square displacement of a nearby diffusing particle, finding that the membrane induces a long-lasting subdiffusive regime. Considering capsule motion, we find that the correction to the pair-mobility function is solely determined by membrane shearing properties. Our analytical calculations are compared and validated with fully resolved boundary integral simulations where a very good agreement is obtained.
K-core Organization of Complex Networks

We analytically describe the architecture of randomly damaged uncorrelated networks as a set of successively enclosed substructures--k-cores. The k-core is the largest subgraph where vertices have at least k interconnections. We find the structure of k-cores, their sizes, and their birthpoints--the bootstrap percolation thresholds. We show that in networks with a finite mean number zeta2 of the second-nearest neighbors, the emergence of a k-core is a hybrid phase transition. In contrast, if zeta2 diverges, the networks contain an infinite sequence of k-cores which are ultrarobust against random damage.
Family members of older persons with multi-morbidity and their experiences of case managers in Sweden: an interpretive phenomenological approach

Background Family members of older persons (75+) with multi-morbidity are likely to benefit from utilising case management services performed by case managers. However, research has not yet explored their experiences of case managers. Objectives The aim of the study was to deepen the understanding of the importance of case managers to family members of older persons (75+) with multi-morbidity. Design The study design was based on an interpretive phenomenological approach. Method Data were collected through individual interviews with 16 family members in Sweden. The interviews were analysed by means of an interpretive phenomenological approach. Results The findings revealed one overarching theme: “Helps to fulfil my unmet needs”, based on three sub-themes: (1) “Helps me feel secure – Experiencing a trusting relationship”, (2) “Confirms and strengthens me – Challenging my sense of being alone” and (3) “Being my personal guide – Increasing my competence”. Conclusion and discussion The findings indicate that case managers were able to fulfil unmet needs of family members. The latter recognised the importance of case managers providing them with professional services tailored to their individual needs. The findings can contribute to the improvement of case management models not only for older persons but also for their family members.
The Influence of Price dispersion on Purchase Intention in Chinese Online C2C Market: a Trust Perspective

Chinese C2C market grows rapidly. However, it is plagued by serious trust fraud problems. The level of price dispersion in C2C platforms is relatively high. The mixed interaction between “lemons market” problem and high level of price dispersion makes it hard for buyers to identify trustworthy sellers with low price. We are interested in the generation of initial trust and purchase intention when the buyers search a product and receive a list of widely distributed prices, rather than a list of narrowly distributed prices. However, limited knowledge can be gained from previous studies regarding this issue. This study puts forward a theoretical model to explain how price dispersion interacts with other important factors in C2C purchase (e.g. initial trust, perceived risk, perceived value and purchase intention). Product type (hightouch/low-touch) is taken into consideration as well since the level of uncertainty faced by buyers is different. A proposal for experiment is described. This research-in-progress has the potential to lead to various theoretical and practical implications. For example, the results will enhance the literature on trust, help buyers do better purchase decision, assist sellers in designing pricing strategy, and be utilized by platforms to propose new mechanisms.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on Sparsity Pattern Recovery

The problem of detecting the sparsity pattern of a k-sparse vector in R^n from m random noisy measurements is of interest in many areas such as system identification, denoising, pattern recognition, and compressed sensing. This paper addresses the scaling of the number of measurements m, with signal dimension n and sparsity-level nonzeros k, for asymptotically-reliable detection. We show a necessary condition for perfect recovery at any given SNR for all algorithms, regardless of complexity, is m = Omega(k log(n-k)) measurements. Conversely, it is shown that this scaling of Omega(k log(n-k)) measurements is sufficient for a remarkably simple ``maximum correlation'' estimator. Hence this scaling is optimal and does not require more sophisticated techniques such as lasso or matching pursuit. The constants for both the necessary and sufficient conditions are precisely defined in terms of the minimum-to-average ratio of the nonzero components and the SNR. The necessary condition improves upon previous results for maximum likelihood estimation. For lasso, it also provides a necessary condition at any SNR and for low SNR improves upon previous work. The sufficient condition provides the first asymptotically-reliable detection guarantee at finite SNR.
Immunohistochemistry of Carbonic Anhydrase Isozyme IX (MN/CA IX) in Human Gut Reveals Polarized Expression in the Epithelial Cells with the Highest Proliferative Capacity

MN/CA IX is a recently discovered member of the carbonic anhydrase (CA) gene family that has been identified in the plasma membranes of certain tumor and epithelial cells and found to promote cell proliferation when transfected into NIH3T3 cells. This study presents localization of MN/CA IX in human gut and compares its distribution to those of CA I, II, and IV, which are known to be expressed in the intestinal epithelium. The specificity of the monoclonal antibody for MN/CA IX was confirmed by Western blots and immunostaining of COS-7 cells transfected with MN/CA IX cDNA. Immunohistochemical stainings of human gut revealed prominent polarized staining for MN/CA IX in the basolateral surfaces of the enterocytes of duodenum and jejunum, the reaction being most intense in the crypts. A moderate reaction was also seen in the crypts of ileal mucosa, whereas the staining became generally weaker in the large intestine. The results indicate isozyme-specific regulation of MN/CA IX expression along the cranial–caudal axis of the human gut and place the protein at the sites of rapid cell proliferation. The unique localization of MN/CA IX on the basolateral surfaces of proliferating crypt enterocytes suggests that it might serve as a ligand or a receptor for another protein that regulates intercellular communication or cell proliferation. Furthermore, MN/CA IX has a completely conserved active site domain of CAs suggesting that it could also participate in carbon dioxide/bicarbonate homeostasis.
Nature of the distributional boundary of Fucus serratus on the north shore of Spain

The distribution of Fucus serratus has a sharp boundary In northern S p a n F serratus dominates the m ~ d ~ n t e r t ~ d a l l e g ~ o n west of Novellana, Asturias but is absent further east In a short t r ans~ t~on zone F serratus 1s abundant within patches The causes underlying this pattern were investlgated by exper~rnental transplants of F serratus to locations In the transit~on zone and ou t s~de its normal range Plants moved outslde the normal range had slmllar growth and reproductive rates to those transplanted to the transition zone and ivith~n the zone of abundance F serratus recruited at s ~ t e s outside the normal boundary apparently from transplanted thalli Temperature affected the growth rate of embryos of F serratus in laboratory exper~rnents Though high summer temperatures may be responsible for the lack of F serratus in the inner part of the Bay of Blscay temperature alone cannot explain the observed l lm~t of distribution Other tactors such as l~mited dispersal ablllty and Interspecific compet~tion w ~ t h other macroalgae might also be important In settlng the boundary for F serratus in northern Spain
Small impact craters in crater counting : evolution studies of the eastern Hellas outflow channels, Mars

Crater counting is a method which allows us to estimate the surface ages of the planetary bodies, from which the sampling and sample delivery to laboratories on Earth are difficult or impossible. Because the number of craters on a surface unit increases over the time the surface has been exposed to space, old, geologically stable units have more craters than young and active units. When the crater production rate as a function of time is known, the absolute age of the surface unit can be determined based on its crater density. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the role of small impact craters in crater counts to find out how modern very high-resolution space images can be utilized in age determination of planetary surfaces. The thesis focuses on how reliable crater count based datings are, if only small craters and counting areas are used in age determination. The research is carried out by utilizing crater counts on the outflow channels of Dao, Niger, Harmakhis and Reull Valles, which all are located in the eastern rim region of the Hellas impact basin, on the southern hemisphere of Mars. Crater counts are performed mainly based on the images of ConTeXt Imager (CTX) and High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) aboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO). The results show that small craters are a very valuable tool to get information about the surface age. Instead of the size-range of counted craters, or the size of counting areas, results are dependent on the variability and scale of the surface modification history. The more variable or larger scale the modification history is, the larger surface area and wider crater diameter range are typically needed to achieve comprehensive age estimations. The crater counts on the eastern Hellas outflow channels support the earlier theories according to which the valles formed during a relatively short time interval, ∼ 3.4–3.7 Ga ago. The existence of terrace structures and smaller tributary channels indicate that the outflow channels were filled by several pulses of liquids. The major fluvial activity ended no later than ∼ 0.8–1.9 Ga ago, and it was probably controlled by the activity of nearby highland volcanoes.
Morphological and molecular characterization of three Agaricus species from tropical Asia (Pakistan, Thailand) reveals a new group in section Xanthodermatei

The genus Agaricus is known for its medicinal and edible species but also includes toxic species that belong to section Xanthodermatei. Previous phylogenetic reconstruction for temperate species, based on sequence data of nuc rRNA gene (rDNA) internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has revealed two major groups in this section and a possible third lineage for A. pseudopratensis. Recent research in Agaricus has shown that classifications need improving with the addition of tropical taxa. In this study we add new tropical collections to section Xanthodermatei. We describe three species from collections made in Pakistan and Thailand and include them in a larger analysis using all available ITS data for section Xanthodermatei. Agaricus bisporiticus sp. nov. and A. fuscopunctatus sp. nov. are introduced based on molecular and morphological studies, whereas A. microvolvatulus is recorded for the first time in Asia. Specimens from Thailand however have a much larger pileus than the type specimens from Congo. In maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) phylogenetic analyses these three species cluster with A. pseudopratensis from the Mediterranean area and A. murinocephalus recently described from Thailand. In Agaricus section Xanthodermatei this new group is monophyletic and receives low bootstrap support whereas the two previously known groups receive strong support. Within the new group, the most closely related species share some traits, but we did not find any unifying morphological character; however the five species of the group share a unique short nucleotide sequence. Two putatively toxic species of section Xanthodermatei are now recognized in Pakistan and six in Thailand.
The -G1245A IGF1 polymorphism is related with small head size and less brain sparing in small for gestational age born children.

CONTEXT Small for gestational age (SGA) subjects experience pre- and postnatal growth restriction, which might be influenced by polymorphisms in the IGF1 gene. The well-known -841(CA)(n)/192 bp polymorphism has been associated with birth size, cardiovascular disease, and IGF-1 levels, and is in linkage disequilibrium with the -G1245A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs35767). OBJECTIVE To associate the -G1245A SNP with head circumference (HC) and brain sparing (a greater head compared with height SDS) in short SGA and SGA catch-up subjects. DESIGN Gene association study. PATIENTS We studied 635 SGA subjects out of which 439 remained short and 196 had a postnatal height >-2.00 SDS. MEASUREMENTS The -G1245A SNP IGF1 gene polymorphism and head size. RESULTS All SGA subjects had a postnatal head size below the population mean (-1.01 SDS, P<0.001). Whereas SGA catch-up subjects had a head size that was in proportion with their height, short SGA subjects displayed extensive brain sparing (HC - height: SGA CU: 0.01 versus short SGA: 1.75 SDS, P<0.001). The most severely SGA born subjects had a 0.4 SDS smaller postnatal head size and 0.6 SDS less brain sparing when carrying the -1245 A-allele in contrast to G-allele carriers (P=0.03). The association between the -G1245A SNP and head size remained significant after correction for birth weight and postnatal height SDS (P=0.03). Birth weight, birth length and postnatal height SDS were not related with the - G1245A SNP. CONCLUSIONS The -1245 A-allele of the IGF1 promoter SNP is associated with a small head size and less brain sparing in SGA born subjects and particularly those with the lowest birth weight.
How Fusion of Multiple Views Can Improve Object Recognition in Real-World Environments

In the past decades most object recognition systems were based on passive approaches. But in the last few years a lot of research was done in the eld of active object recognition. In this context there are several unique problems to be solved. One of them is how to fuse a series of images that might differ in their viewpoints. In this paper we present a well-founded approach for the fusion of multiple views based on a recursive density propagation method. It uses particle lters for solving the fusion in a continuous pose space. Furthermore we will show by means of a statistical object recognition system how to integrate such systems into our fusion approach. The experimental result will show, how the fusion can improve classication rates substantial, especially for difcult conditions like heterogeneous background within real world environments.
ffects of Age , Sex , and Independent Life Events on mygdala and Nucleus Accumbens Volumes in Child ipolar I Disorder

esults: There were 47 subjects (21 BP-I, 26 TC) aged 14.0 3.1 (BP-I onset age 8.8 4.2). Total intracranial volume was greater in male ubjects (n 28) versus female subjects (n 19) [F(1,44) 24.3, p . 001], controlling for age. Volumes were not significantly different in BP-I nd TC groups, after accounting for multiple comparisons, in the medial orbital frontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, hippocamus, amygdala (AMG), or nucleus accumbens (NAcc). Across subjects (n 47), a greater number of independent life events (ILE) was ssociated with smaller AMG [F(1,36) 7.8, p . 009] and NAcc [F(1,36) 9.4, p . 004] volumes, controlling for total intracranial volume TICV), group, age, sex, and family psychopathology. Use of stimulant medication at the time of the scan was associated with larger AMG olume [F(1,41) 9.0, p . 005], controlling for TICV, group, age, and sex. In male subjects, the age group interaction was a significant redictor in general linear models of AMG (p .028) and NAcc (p .030) volumes. Effects of low maternal warmth were not significant.
Influence of Rainfall Characteristics on Total Suspended Solids in Urban Runoff: A Case Study in Beijing, China

An urban rainfall-runoff water quality model was developed to simulate total suspend solids (TSS) using the stormwater management model (SWMM) for a 3.8 ha university campus in Beijing (approximately 76.5% impervious), and calibrated and validated against data from two observed rainfall events (221.2 and 16.6 mm rainfall). Model performance is satisfactory (Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency 0.8 and 0.72 for flow and 0.74 and 0.51 for TSS concentration, respectively). A series of sensitivity model runs were conducted using the calibrated SWMM to study the influences of rainfall characteristics (rainfall hyetographs, depths and durations) and surface flooding on the TSS concentration in outlet runoff of the catchment. The Pilgrim and Cordery rainfall distribution defines a first-quartile storm (the most severe) and results in the highest peak discharge and TSS concentration at the outlet but the lowest outlet TSS load because of the highest TSS flood loss (32.3%). The simulated TSS pollutograph resulting from the Keifer and Chu rainfall distribution (with r = 0.5) is almost identical to that resulting from the alternating block rainfall distribution. Under the same rainfall hyetograph, simulated peak discharge and outlet TSS load are positively correlated (R2 = 0.95) to the rainfall depth as a function of the return period.
Minimum cost distributed source coding over a network

This work considers the problem of transmitting multiple compressible sources over a network with minimum cost. The problem is complicated by the fact that the description of the feasible rate region of distributed source coding problems typically has a number of constraints that is exponential in the number of sources that renders general purpose solvers inefficient. We present a framework in which these problems can be solved efficiently by exploiting the structure of the feasible rate regions coupled with dual decomposition and subgradient methods.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Reduction Mammoplasty: An Analysis of Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database

The American Society of Plastic Surgery recently recorded a decline in numbers of breast reductions, one of the most common procedures performed by plastic surgeons. The purpose of this study is to characterize the reduction mammoplasty patient population which would further assist in planning the future workforce needs. Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for 2007, a &khgr;2 analysis of female in-patients treated with reduction mammoplasty for breast hypertrophy was performed to identify significant differences in race and payer mix. Of 8394 female in-patients with breast hypertrophy, 61% were treated with reduction mammoplasty. Black and Hispanic patients (P < 0.0001) and patients with private insurance (P < 0.0001) were more likely to undergo reduction mammoplasty. This study demonstrates racial and socioeconomic disparities in breast reduction in the United States in 2007. With the pending institution of universal healthcare, it is predicted that disparities revealed may worsen due to cost containment pressures.
Effect of Metals on the Lytic Cycle of the Coccolithovirus, EhV86

In this study we show that metals, and in particular copper (Cu), can disrupt the lytic cycle in the Emiliania huxleyi – EhV86 host–virus system. E. huxleyi lysis rates were reduced at high total Cu concentrations (> approximately 500 nM) in the presence and absence of EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) in acute short term exposure experiments. Zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and cobalt (Co) were not observed to affect the lysis rate of EhV86 in these experiments. The cellular glutathione (GSH) content increased in virus infected cells, but not as a result of metal exposure. In contrast, the cellular content of phytochelatins (PCs) increased only in response to metal exposure. The increase in glutathione content is consistent with increases in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on viral lysis, while increases in PC content are likely linked to metal homeostasis and indicate that metal toxicity to the host was not affected by viral infection. We propose that Cu prevents lytic production of EhV86 by interfering with virus DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) synthesis through a transcriptional block, which ultimately suppresses the formation of ROS.