Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sarcolemmal and Mitochondrial Adenosine Triphosphate– dependent Potassium Channels: Mechanism of Desflurane-induced Cardioprotection

Background Volatile anesthetic–induced preconditioning is mediated by adenosine triphosphate–dependent potassium (KATP) channels; however, the subcellular location of these channels is unknown. The authors tested the hypothesis that desflurane reduces experimental myocardial infarct size by activation of specific sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATP channels. Methods Barbiturate-anesthetized dogs (n = 88) were acutely instrumented for measurement of aortic and left ventricular pressures. All dogs were subjected to a 60-min left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3-h reperfusion. In four separate groups, dogs received vehicle (0.9% saline) or the nonselective KATP channel antagonist glyburide (0.1 mg/kg intravenously) in the presence or absence of 1 minimum alveolar concentration desflurane. In four additional groups, dogs received 45-min intracoronary infusions of the selective sarcolemmal (HMR 1098; 1 &mgr;g · kg−1 · min−1) or mitochondrial (5-hydroxydecanoate [5-HD]; 150 &mgr;g · kg−1 · min−1) KATP channel antagonists in the presence or absence of desflurane. Myocardial perfusion and infarct size were measured with radioactive microspheres and triphenyltetrazolium staining, respectively. Results Desflurane significantly (P < 0.05) decreased infarct size to 10 ± 2% (mean ± SEM) of the area at risk as compared with control experiments (25 ± 3% of area at risk). This beneficial effect of desflurane was abolished by glyburide (25 ± 2% of area at risk). Glyburide (24 ± 2%), HMR 1098 (21 ± 4%), and 5-HD (24 ± 2% of area at risk) alone had no effects on myocardial infarct size. HMR 1098 and 5-HD abolished the protective effects of desflurane (19 ± 3% and 22 ± 2% of area at risk, respectively). Conclusion Desflurane reduces myocardial infarct size in vivo, and the results further suggest that both sarcolemmal and mitochondrial KATP channels could be involved.
Temporal stability of local lymph node assay responses to hexyl cinnamic aldehyde

The local lymph node assay is an alternative method for the prospective identification of chemicals that have the potential to cause skin sensitization. Activity in the assay is measured as a function of proliferative responses by draining lymph node cells induced by topical exposure of mice to the test chemical. Positive responses are defined as those where a test chemical, at one or more application concentrations, is able to induce a stimulation index of 3 or greater compared with concurrent vehicle‐treated control values. Although the method has been evaluated extensively, the stability over time of responses induced in the local lymph node assay has not previously been addressed formally. It was the purpose of the investigations described here to consider this issue and, to this end, responses provoked in the local lymph node assay by hexyl cinnamic aldehyde (HCA)—a skin sensitizing chemical of moderate potency—were assessed in five separate experiments conducted in a single laboratory over a 10‐month period. In each case, HCA elicited a positive response. Although some significant inter‐experimental variation was recorded, this was attributable entirely to the stimulation by HCA of slightly more vigorous responses in one of the five experiments. When the results of this experiment were excluded from the data set, significant variations were lost. Finally, for each experiment an EC3 value was derived, this being the estimated concentration of test chemical required to induce a stimulation index of 3. Similar EC3 values were derived in each experiment. These data demonstrate the relative stability over time of activity in the local lymph node assay. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On Linear Recurrence Equations Arising from Compositions of Positive Integers

For an arithmetic function f0, we define a new arithmetic function f1, generalizing the linear recurrence for the numbers of compositions of positive integers. Using f1 in the same way, we then define f2, and so on. We establish some patterns related to the sequence f1,f2,. Our investigations depend on the following result: if f0 satisfies a linear recurrence equation of order k, then each function fm will also satisfy a linear recurrence equation of the same order. In several results, we derive a recurrence equation for fm(n), in terms of m and n. For each result, we give a combinatorial meaning for fm(n) in terms of the number of restricted words over a finite alphabet. We also find new combinatorial interpretations of the Fibonacci polynomials, as well as the Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind.
Factors affecting social categorization processes in memory

In this article the literature on social categorization effects on memory is reviewed and, on the basis of Oakes (1987), a theoretical framework explaining these effects is presented. Furthermore, an experiment is reported in which the effects of relevance and fit on categorization in memory were studied. Subjects viewed a simulated discussion between stimulus persons who were classified into two crossed social categorizations, viz. male/female and student/teacher. Independent variables were relevance of categorization for discussion topic, and fit between categorization and expressed attitude position of stimulus persons. The dependent variable was the frequency of intra-versus inter-category confusions between stimulus persons in memory. As hypothesized: (1) intracategory confusions occurred more often than inter-category confusions; (2) in general male/female categorizations were stronger than student/teacher categorizations; (3) discussion topic facilitated the use of the pertinent categorization; (4) fit between category and attitude position of the source enhanced the use of the categorization involved; and (5) source confusions appeared to be related to stereotypical stimulus group attitudes.
Renal Vascular Reactivity in the Young Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

SUMMARY The renal resistance vessels of the mature spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) exhibit increased reactivity to vasoconstrictor agonists. This could be a cause or consequence of hypertension. We have compared vascular reactivity in isolated perfused kidneys from 46-day-old SHR and from normotensive control rats. The amplitude of responses in kidneys from the SHR to angiotensin II, barium chloride, or norepinephrine was not different from the control. Therefore, increased reactivity of the renal vascular smooth muscle cannot be an early pathogenic mechanism in spontaneous hypertension. Responses evoked by 5- hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) were of a greater amplitude in the SHR than in the control kidney. However, this difference was due to an interaction of serotonin with the sympathetic nerves, as it was abolished by treatment of the rats with 6-hydroxydopamine. Responses induced by electrical stimulation of the renal sympathetic nerves were also of greater amplitude in SHR than in control kidneys, both before and after the blockade of norepinephrine disposition mechanisms. Nerve stimulation evoked a greater efflux of endogenous norepinephrine from kidneys of the SHR than from those of control rats. Thus, the increased reactivity of the SHR kidney to renal nerve stimulation is due to an augmented release of endogenous norepinephrine. This could be an important factor in the early development of hypertension.
Une épreuve simple pour évaluer la préférence manuelle chez l'enfant à partir de 3 ans

80 enfants, âges de 3 a 6 ans, ont ete observes lors de l'utilisation de 15 objets usuels. 8 objets ont ete selectionnes, sur la base d'une analyse en composantes principales, pour la mesure de la preference manuelle chez V enfant. Les memes enfants ont ensuite execute une tâche visuo-motrice (Purdue Pegboard). On montre qu'il existe une relation etroite entre la main la plus habile a cette tâche et la preference manuelle.
Emerging relationships and diverse motivations and benefits in participatory video with young people

The paper reflects on the process of participatory video production with young people from a deprived neighbourhood in Bratislava. We draw on Kindon's [2003. Participatory video in geographic research: a feminist practice of looking? Area, 35 (2), 142–153] and Parr's [2007. Collaborative film-making as process, method and text in mental health research. Cultural geographies, 14 (1), 114–138] arguments that the process of participatory video can bear more significance for all actors of the video than the video-as-a-product. The paper thus explores relationships between particular groups of actors (young participants, the researcher and the practitioner) as well as among them, in the video-making process. We are especially interested in the diversity of motivations behind different actors’ decisions to be involved in participatory video, and we explore the dynamic changes of such motivations and the range of ultimate benefits that participatory video provided. These insights in turn help us to understand multiple types and layers of knowledge produced by young people through participatory video. We conclude the paper by highlighting the intersubjective diversity of participatory video, and we suggest how this can be approached to make participatory video research transformative and efficient for the purpose of research at the same time.
IL-22 Negatively Regulates Helicobacter pylori-Induced CCL20 Expression in Gastric Epithelial Cells

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative bacterium that infects the human gastric mucosa and causes various gastric diseases. H. pylori infection induces the production of inflammatory chemokine CCL20 in gastric mucosa and leads to gastric inflammation. Given that the IL-22/IL-22R axis plays a critical role in the regulation of homeostasis and inflammation of epithelial cells at barrier surfaces, we investigated the effect of IL-22 on CCL20 expression induced by H. pylori. We demonstrated that H. pylori infection of the gastric epithelia-derived AGS cells significantly induced CCL20 expression and the induction was inhibited by IL-22. Functional analysis of the CCL20 promoter revealed that the H. pylori-induced CCL20 expression required the activation of NF-κB, and that IL-22 inhibited the induction by attenuating NF-κB activation. Knockdown of endogenous STAT3 by either short interfering RNAs or a short hairpin RNA significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of IL-22. Furthermore, STAT3 phosphorylation elicited by IL-22 was crucial for the inhibition of H. pylori-induced CCL20 expression. Consistent with the in vitro data showing that IL-22 negatively regulated H. pylori-induced CCL20 expression in gastric epithelial cells, studies on the tissue sections from patients with H. pylori infection also revealed an inverse association of IL-22 expression and CCL20 expression in vivo. Together, our findings suggest that IL-22 plays a role in the control of overproduction of the inflammatory chemokine and thus may protect the gastric mucosa from inflammation-mediated damage.
The Effects of Type of Examination Anticipated on Test Preparation and Performance.

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of anticipation of either an objectives combined objective and essays or essay test on students’ study methods and actual performance on both objective and essay examinations. In the first of two experiments-conducted under ordinary classroom conditions-introductory education students were told to anticipate one of the three midterm examination formats. In the second experiment-conducted with language arts students-the preparation period was tightly controlled to permit precise, unobtrusive measures of study methods. In both experiments each analysis of study method variables and various performance criteria revealed no reliable differences between the three treatment groups, suggesting that kind of examination expected did not affect amount or type of preparation, or actual performance on either examination type.
Multiple stressors and adjustment among adult children of alcoholics

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of multiple stressors during childhood on subsequent adjustment among adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). Scores on self-report measures of adjustment were compared for four groups: ACOAs who had experienced multiple stressors (n = 73), ACOAs reporting alcoholism as the only stressor in the home of origin (n = 80), adults who reported experiencing traumatic events other than alcoholism in the home of origin (n = 99), and a control group who reported no traumatic events during childhood (n = 102). Significant differences were found among groups in terms of self-reported anger/irritability, defense avoidance, and measures of resiliency.
Sex and Not the City? The Aspirations of the Thirty-something Working Woman

In addressing the 'sex and the city' theme, this paper begins by suggesting that British women's lives have altered substantially since the late 1960s, given their rapidly increasing uptake of paid employment ('the city') and several important changes in their personal lives ('sex'). Moreover, 'the city' in its more literal sense of urban expanse is growing in world-wide importance. Other factors such as changing cultural representations of female urbanite professionals also point to it being an interesting juncture at which to explore this group's experiences. The paper therefore analyses female respondents' accounts of their relationships, their careers and their lives in London. It seeks to contribute to debates concerning urban (dis)content, liberal feminism and life-stages by connecting these stories to the relevant literatures.
Fast Scene Understanding for Autonomous Driving

Most approaches for instance-aware semantic labeling traditionally focus on accuracy. Other aspects like runtime and memory footprint are arguably as important for real-time applications such as autonomous driving. Motivated by this observation and inspired by recent works that tackle multiple tasks with a single integrated architecture, in this paper we present a real-time efficient implementation based on ENet that solves three autonomous driving related tasks at once: semantic scene segmentation, instance segmentation and monocular depth estimation. Our approach builds upon a branched ENet architecture with a shared encoder but different decoder branches for each of the three tasks. The presented method can run at 21 fps at a resolution of 1024x512 on the Cityscapes dataset without sacrificing accuracy compared to running each task separately.
Economic evaluations of interventions to manage hyperphosphataemia in adult haemodialysis patients: A systematic review

Managing hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients is resource‐intensive. A search for cost‐effective interventions in this field is needed to inform decisions on the allocation of healthcare resources. NHSEED, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched for full economic evaluations of hyperphosphataemia‐managing interventions in adult haemodialysis patients, published between 2004 and 2014, in English, French, Dutch or German. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios of the interventions were up‐rated to 2013US$ using Purchasing Power Parity conversion rates and Consumer Price Indices. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Extended Consensus on Health Economic Criteria List. Twelve out of the 1681 retrieved records fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They reported only on one aspect of hyperphosphataemia management, which is the use of phosphate binders (calcium‐based and calcium‐free, in first‐line and sequential use). No economic evaluations of other phosphorus‐lowering interventions were found. The included articles derived from five countries and most of them were funded by pharmaceutical companies. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios of phosphate binders ranged between US$11 461 and US$157 760 per quality‐adjusted life‐year gained. Calcium‐based binders (especially calcium acetate) appear to be the optimal cost‐effective first‐ and second‐line therapy in prevalent patients, while the calcium‐free binder, lanthanum carbonate, might provide good value for money, as second‐line therapy, in incident patients. The studies' overall quality was suboptimal. Drawing firm conclusions was not possible due to the quality heterogeneity and inconsistent results. Future high‐quality economic evaluations are needed to confirm the findings of this review and to address other interventions to manage hyperphosphataemia in this population.
Norwegian Students Abroad: Experiences of students from a linguistically and geographically peripheral European country

This article presents results from an exploratory survey into the experiences and viewpoints of Norwegian students abroad. The students seem highly capable in adapting to new situations, and the vast majority are very satisfied with their sojourn. They find studying abroad academically advantageous, and they put much emphasis on the social, personal, linguistic and cultural rewards they acquire in addition to professional skills. Compared to students in Norway, those studying abroad are more satisfied with their educational institution, and they put more effort into their studies. The high level of satisfaction can be interpreted as a consequence of 'pull' motives for studying abroad, combined with relatively low economic, academic, social, cultural and linguistic barriers.
Hepatitis C therapy update

Purpose of review We review here the recent literature regarding hepatitis C treatment through January 2012. We discuss newly approved therapies and their clinical trial data and discuss what can be expected in this rapidly changing field. Recent findings Two new directly acting antiviral agents were approved in 2011 for use in hepatitis C treatment, bringing shortened treatment durations, and increased treatment success to some patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C. Additional drugs using different viral targets are in development to further improve response rates, tolerance, and increase access to therapy. Summary Telaprevir and boceprevir were approved in 2011 for use against genotype 1 hepatitis C, in combination with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. In most populations of genotype 1 patients, response rates are much improved but increased treatment related anemia has been seen. Additional options for therapy, including interferon-free regimens, are still needed and are under development.
How much data is needed to train a medical image deep learning system to achieve necessary high accuracy

The use of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in natural image classification systems has produced very impressive results. Combined with the inherent nature of medical images that make them ideal for deep-learning, further application of such systems to medical image classification holds much promise. However, the usefulness and potential impact of such a system can be completely negated if it does not reach a target accuracy. In this paper, we present a study on determining the optimum size of the training data set necessary to achieve high classification accuracy with low variance in medical image classification systems. The CNN was applied to classify axial Computed Tomography (CT) images into six anatomical classes. We trained the CNN using six different sizes of training data set (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 200) and then tested the resulting system with a total of 6000 CT images. All images were acquired from the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Using this data, we employ the learning curve approach to predict classification accuracy at a given training sample size. Our research will present a general methodology for determining the training data set size necessary to achieve a certain target classification accuracy that can be easily applied to other problems within such systems.
Operation planning of hydrogen storage connected to wind power operating in a power market

In this paper, a methodology for the operation of a hybrid plant with wind power and hydrogen storage is presented. Hydrogen produced from electrolysis is used for power generation in a stationary fuel cell and as fuel for vehicles. Forecasts of wind power are used for maximizing the expected profit from power exchange in a day-ahead market, also taking into account a penalty cost for unprovided hydrogen demand. During online operation, a receding horizon strategy is applied to determine the setpoints for the electrolyzer power and the fuel cell power. Results from three case studies of a combined wind-hydrogen plant are presented. In the first two cases, the plant is assumed to be operating in a power market dominated by thermal and hydropower, respectively. The third case demonstrates that the operating principles are also useful for isolated wind-hydrogen systems with backup generation
ENGLISH PROFICIENCY AND DIFFERENCES AMONG RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS IN MEAN SAT® AND GRE® SCORES: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS

Although limited proficiency in the language of a test is known to depress aptitude test scores, the changes that occur as proficiency rises over time have been less well studied. The objective here is to contrast longitudinal changes in test performance for persons who indicated that English was (EBL) or was not their best language (ENBL). Analyses were based on a sample of U.S. citizens and permanent residents (N=65,987 EBL and N=1,592 ENBL); each individual had taken both the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT)1 and the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) General Test some years later. The distance in verbal mean scores between the EBL non-Hispanic White group and ENBL groups (such as, non-Hispanic White, Asian-American, Black, Puerto Rican, other Hispanic) grew closer by 0.21 to 0.48 standard deviation units from the taking of the SAT to the taking of the GRE. These findings have implications for the interpretation of test scores in longitudinal studies of linguistic minorities and for selective admissions of students with limited proficiency in English.
Vocational Identity as a Mediator of the Relationship between Core Self-Evaluations and Life and Job Satisfaction

This study investigated whether vocational identity achievement mediates the relation between basic personality dispositions (i.e. core self-evaluations) and career and well-being outcomes in terms of job and life satisfaction. Two studies with Swiss adolescents were conducted. Study 1 (N= 310) investigated students in eighth grade, prior to making the transition to vocational education and training (VET); it showed that vocational identity related positively to life satisfaction but that this relationship disappeared once core self-evaluations were controlled. Study 2 (N= 150) investigated students in their second year of VET; it showed that job satisfaction was unrelated to identity and self-evaluations. However, identity fully mediated the relation between self-evaluations and life satisfaction.
Cleanliness/dirtiness, purity/impurity as social and psychological issues

The issue of cleanliness in its clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies definitely has a social and cultural dimension. Some daily cleaning practices are indeed quite common actions in every culture and society, even if some differences in the frequency and quality of the practices and in the value attributed to them do exist. In this article, we will discuss how cleaning practices and contamination fears sink their roots in the social context and in cultural practices. In particular, we will explore the connections between one's own sense of cleanliness and attitudes of prejudice and intolerance toward other groups. First, the issue of cleanliness over the centuries and the exaggerations of cleanliness referring to individual psychopathology will be examined. Then, the psychosocial meaning of cleanliness will be considered in revealing the impact of the clean/dirty and pure/impure antinomies on day-to-day social interactions with others.