Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examining the Presence and Determinants of Operational Momentum in Childhood

The operational momentum (OM) effect describes a systematic bias in estimating the outcomes of simple addition and subtraction problems. Outcomes of addition problems are overestimated while outcomes of subtraction problems are underestimated. The origin of OM remains debated. First, a flawed uncompression of numerical information during the course of mental arithmetic is supposed to cause OM due to linear arithmetic operations on a compressed magnitude code. Second, attentional shifts along the mental number line are thought to cause OM. A third hypothesis explains OM in 9-month olds by a cognitive heuristic of accepting more (less) than the original operand in addition (subtraction) problems. The current study attempts to disentangle these alternatives and systematically examines potential determinants of OM, such as reading fluency which has been found to modulate numerical–spatial associations. A group of 32 6- and 7-year-old children was tested in non-symbolic addition and subtraction problems, in which they had to choose the correct outcome from an array of several possible outcomes. Reading capacity was assessed for half of the children while attentional measures were assessed in the other half. Thirty-two adults were tested with the identical paradigm to validate its potential of revealing OM. Children (and adults) were readily able to solve the problems. We replicated previous findings of OM in the adults group. Using a Bayesian framework we observed an inverse OM effect in children, i.e., larger overestimations for subtraction compared to addition. A significant correlation between children’s level of attentional control and their propensity to exhibit OM was observed. The observed pattern of results, in particular the inverse OM in children is hard to reconcile with the previously proposed theoretical frameworks. The observed link between OM and the attentional system might be interpreted as evidence partially supporting the attentional shift hypothesis.
E-learning in Postsecondary Education

Over the past decade postsecondary education has been moving increasingly from the classroom to online. During the fall 2010 term 31 percent of U.S. college students took at least one online course. The primary reasons for the growth of e-learning in the nation’s colleges and universities include the desire of those institutions to generate new revenue streams, improve access, and offer students greater scheduling flexibility. Yet the growth of e-learning has been accompanied by a continuing debate about its effectiveness and by the recognition that a number of barriers impede its widespread adoption in higher education. Through an extensive research review, Bradford Bell and Jessica Federman examine three key issues in the growing use of e-learning in postsecondary education. The first is whether e-learning is as effective as other delivery methods. The debate about the effectiveness of e-learning, the authors say, has been framed in terms of how it compares with other means of delivering instruction, most often traditional instructor-led classroom instruction. Bell and Federman review a number of meta-analyses and other studies that, taken together, show that e-learning produces outcomes equivalent to other delivery media when instructional conditions are held constant. The second issue is what particular features of e-learning influence its effectiveness. Here the authors move beyond the “does it work” question to examine how different instructional features and supports, such as immersion and interactivity, influence the effectiveness of e-learning programs. They review research that shows how these features can be configured to create e-learning programs that help different types of learners acquire different types of knowledge. In addressing the third issue—the barriers to the adoption of e-learning in postsecondary education—Bell and Federman discuss how concerns about fraud and cheating, uncertainties about the cost of e-learning, and the unique challenges faced by low-income and disadvantaged students have the potential to undermine the adoption of e-learning instruction. Based on their research review, the authors conclude that e-learning can be an effective means of delivering postsecondary education. They also urge researchers to examine how different aspects of these programs influence their effectiveness and to address the numerous barriers to the adoption of online instruction in higher education.
Voltage‐gated sodium channel polymorphisms play a pivotal role in the development of oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neurotoxicity: Results from a prospective multicenter study

The current prospective, multicenter study sought to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms of voltage‐gated sodium channels (SCNAs) genes that might confer susceptibility to an increased incidence and severity of oxaliplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy (OXAIPN) in patients treated with either leucovorin, 5‐fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) or oxaliplatin plus capecitabine (XELOX) for colorectal cancer (CRC).
Cooperation in the Cockpit: Evidence of Reciprocity and Trust Among Swiss Air Force Pilots

Cooperation between workers is important for firms. Cooperation can be maintained through positive or negative reciprocity between workers. In an environment where cooperation yields high efficiency gains negative reciprocity may, however, result in high costs for firms. Therefore positive reciprocity should be prevailing in these environments. To test this assumption we conduct experiments with Swiss Air Force pilots and a student reference group. We find that pilots’ cooperation is based on stronger positive reciprocal behaviour. We conclude that Swiss Air Force pilots maintain team-work with high levels of positive reciprocity, regardless of the identity of their partner.
Access Map Pattern Matching for High Performance Data Cache Prefetch

Hardware data prefetching is widely adopted to hide long memory latency. A hardware data prefetcher predicts the memory address that will be accessed in the near future and fetches the data at the predicted address into the cache memory in advance. To detect memory access patterns such as a constant stride, most existing prefetchers use differences between addresses in a sequence of memory accesses. However, prefetching based on the differences often fail to detect memory access patterns when aggressive optimizations are applied. For example, out-of-order execution changes the memory access order. It causes inaccurate prediction because the sequence of memory addresses used to calculate the difference are changed by the optimization. To overcome the problems of existing prefetchers, we propose Access Map Pattern Matching (AMPM). The AMPM prefetcher has two key components: a memory access map and hardware pattern matching logic. The memory access map is a bitmap-like data structure for holding past memory accesses. The AMPM prefetcher divides the memory address space into memory regions of a fixed size. The memory access map is mapped to the memory region. Each entry in the bitmap-like data structure is mapped to each cache line in the region. Once the bitmap is mapped to the memory region, the entry records whether the corresponding line has already been accessed or not. The AMPM prefetcher detects memory access patterns from the bitmap-like data structure that is mapped to the accessed region. The hardware pattern matching logic is used to detect stride access patterns in the memory access map. The result of pattern matching is affected by neither the memory access order nor the instruction addresses because the bitmap-like data structure holds neither the information that reveals the memory access order of past memory accesses nor the instruction addresses. Therefore, the AMPM prefetcher achieves high performance even when such aggressive optimizations are applied. The AMPM prefetcher is evaluated by performing cycle-accurate simulations using the memory-intensive benchmarks in the SPEC CPU2006 and the NAS Parallel Benchmark. In an aggressively optimized environment, the AMPM prefetcher improves prefetch coverage, while the other state-of-the-art prefetcher degrades the prefetch coverage significantly. As a result, the AMPM prefetcher increases IPC by 32.4% compared to state-of-the-art prefetcher.
Did We Overestimate the Role of Social Preferences? The Case of Self-Selected Student Samples

Social preference research has received considerable attention among economists in recent years. However, the empirical foundation of social preferences is largely based on laboratory experiments with self-selected students as participants. This is potentially problematic as students participating in experiments may behave systematically different than non-participating students or non-students. In this paper we empirically investigate whether laboratory experiments with student samples misrepresent the importance of social preferences. Our first study shows that students who exhibit stronger prosocial inclinations in an unrelated field donation are not more likely to participate in experiments. This suggests that self-selection of more prosocial students into experiments is not a major issue. Our second study compares behavior of students and the general population in a trust experiment. We find very similar behavioral patterns for the two groups. If anything, the level of reciprocation seems higher among non-students suggesting that results from student samples might be seen as a lower bound for the importance of prosocial behavior.
Impact of Mental Health on Perceptions of Relationship Satisfaction and Quality Among Female Same-Sex Couples

SUMMARY Using data from both partners in female same-sex couples, individual and dyadic (individual/actor-partner) level analyses were conducted to determine the associations between couple members' global mental health, internalized homophobia, and perceptions of relationship qualities and satisfaction (N = 90). Findings at the dyadic level indicated that an individual's global mental health was uniquely associated with her partner's assessment of relationship satisfaction and qualities, beyond the effects of the individual's own mental health and internalized homophobia. Implications for further research on the strengths and challenges within female same-sex couple relationships are discussed.
Adult neurogenesis and its anatomical context in the hippocampus of three mole-rat species

African mole-rats (family Bathyergidae) are small to medium sized, long-lived, and strictly subterranean rodents that became valuable animal models as a result of their longevity and diversity in social organization. The formation and integration of new hippocampal neurons in adult mammals (adult hippocampal neurogenesis, AHN) correlates negatively with age and positively with habitat complexity. Here we present quantitative data on AHN in wild-derived mole-rats of 1 year and older, and briefly describe its anatomical context including markers of neuronal function (calbindin and parvalbumin). Solitary Cape mole-rats (Georychus capensis), social highveld mole-rats (Cryptomys hottentotus pretoriae), and eusocial naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) were assessed. Compared to other rodents, the hippocampal formation in mole-rats is small, but shows a distinct cytoarchitecture in the dentate gyrus and CA1. Distributions of the calcium-binding proteins differ from those seen in rodents; e.g., calbindin in CA3 of naked mole-rats distributes similar to the pattern seen in early primate development, and calbindin staining extends into the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of Cape mole-rats. Proliferating cells and young neurons are found in low numbers in the hippocampus of all three mole-rat species. Resident granule cell numbers are low as well. Proliferating cells expressed as a percentage of resident granule cells are in the range of other rodents, while the percentage of young neurons is lower than that observed in surface dwelling rodents. Between mole-rat species, we observed no difference in the percentage of proliferating cells. The percentages of young neurons are high in social highveld and naked mole-rats, and low in solitary Cape mole-rats. The findings support that proliferation is regulated independently of average life expectancy and habitat. Instead, neuronal differentiation reflects species-specific demands, which appear lower in subterranean rodents.
Bullying Behaviour and Victimization among Aboriginal Students within Northwestern Ontario

This study describes the self-reported bullying experiences and behaviours of Aboriginal students within two schools in a northwestern Ontario community. Different types of bullying and victimization experiences include, but are not limited to: physical, verbal, social, and electronic bullying. These bullying and victimization experiences were assessed among grades 4 through 8 students using the Safe School Survey. The results of the study showed that relative to the entire sample, Aboriginal students reported comparable levels of both victimization and bullying behaviour at school. All students reported verbal bullying behaviours and victimization experiences as the most frequent form of bullying. The results reflected no significant difference between Aboriginal male and female rates of reported bullying and victimization.
Broadening the management team: an evolutionary approach

Purpose – Research has shown that the assimilation of managers into the growing small business is a process fraught with difficulty. The purpose of this paper is to use the evolutionary approach to shed new light on the process in which the management team broadens in a growing small firm. Design/methodology/approach – The paper puts forward a conceptualisation of the units of analysis, namely habits and heuristics. Then using a case study approach, these concepts are operationalised to describe the process in which the management team broadens in a growing porcelain company. An analysis of the findings is then be organised around the evolutionary mechanisms of variation, selection and retention. Findings – It was seen that existing habits, routines and heuristics acted in a policing fashion to resist variation introduced by the newly arriving manger. This resistance led to the failure of the firm to vary practices in line with changes in the marketplace. Research limitations/implications – By focusing on the evolution of habits, routines and heuristics, and the fit between these concepts and the changing external world, new insights can be gained on the broadening process and ultimately the survival of the organisation. Originality/value – It is argued that the approach taken in this paper promotes more theory-driven research with a strong focus on process and context, and can build on both the behaviour-based and learning-based approaches by allowing multi-level analysis of the process in which the management team broadens.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence instructors' use of e-learning

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors that Influence Instructors' Use of E-learning Salem A. Albalwi The purpose of the study was to determine whether significant differences exist among instructors at King Abdulaziz University’s (KAU) Humanities and Scientific Colleges concerning their perceived levels of expertise and current use of e-learning technologies as part of their teaching. The proposed study also assessed influential factors (motivators and barriers) as measured by a survey questionnaire and examined them in terms of sex, academic field, and years of teaching experience. Statistical methods of analysis for this study used means, standard deviations, frequencies, percentages, factor analysis, a 3way factorial ANOVA, and Scheffe's Post Hoc Analysis. Based on 227 responses, the findings indicate that instructors at KAU had a positive sense of technological expertise and categorized themselves as "proficient" (51.1%), "expert"(12.5%) and that there was a minimal use of e-learning technologies. Intrinsic factors proved to be more important than extrinsic factors for the motivational factors, and the reverse is true for the barriers. There were several significant differences among instructors in the main effects and interactions regarding four dependent variables (expertise, current usage, motivation, and barriers) based on three independent variables (A) Sex, (B) Academic field, (C) Teaching experience, and the interactions of the variables together (AB, AC, BC, and ABC). The significant differences reveal the influence of A, B, C, and the interactions of these variables with the four dependent variables: General expertise A (F = 10.244; P = 0.002), B (F = 6.752; P = 0.010), C (F = 3.078; P = 0.029), and interactions AB (F = 8.989; P = 0.003) and BC (F = 3.540; P = 0.016); Specific expertise A (F = 18.230; P = 0.000) and interactions AB (F = 7.216; P = 0.008) and BC (F = 2.998; P = 0.032); Current usage A(F = 22.594; P = 0.000) and interactions AB(F = 12.802; P = 0.000) and BC(F = 3.644; P = 0.014); Motivation showed no significance; and Barriers, only A (F = 5.447; P = 0.021). Furthermore, this study provides a number of areas where additional research is needed in the future.
Beauty as an Emotion: The Exhilarating Prospect of Mastering a Challenging World

Beauty has received sparse attention from emotion theorists, some of whom have argued that aesthetic pleasure is cognitive in nature and too “disinterested” to be emotional. This view is supported by research suggesting that aesthetic pleasure is based on processing fluency. The authors review recent findings in the psychology of aesthetics and present two arguments. First, processing fluency explains the mild pleasure associated with simple or familiar objects, but it cannot account for the more intense pleasure associated with complex or novel objects. Immediately recognizing an object tends to be mildly pleasant, whereas sensing the prospect of successfully representing a complex object can be exhilarating. Second, to explain how these forms of aesthetic pleasures differ, a theory must go beyond cognitive dynamics. The authors’ affect-based model of emotion differentiates aesthetic pleasures in terms of epistemic goals. Pretty, fluently processed stimuli implicate prevention goals that maintain and protect knowledge. Beautiful, novel stimuli implicate promotion goals that reshape and expand knowledge. The emotional nature of interest and awe are also discussed.
Sum-Rate Optimal Multicode CDMA Systems: An Equivalence Result

In this paper, the sum rate of a multicode code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system with asymmetric-power users is maximized, given a processing gain and the power profile of users. Unlike the sum-rate maximization for a single-code CDMA system, the optimization requires the joint optimal distribution of each user's power to its multiple data streams as well as the optimal design of signature sequences. The crucial step is to establish an equivalence of the multicode CDMA system to restricted frequency-division multiple-access (FDMA) and time-division multiple-access (TDMA) systems. The CDMA system has upper limits on the numbers of multicodes of users, whereas the FDMA system has upper limits on the bandwidths, and the TDMA system has upper limits on the duty cycles of users. The equivalence facilitates the complete characterization of the maximum sum rate of the multicode CDMA system and also provides new insights into single- and multicode CDMA systems in terms of the parameters of the equivalent FDMA and TDMA systems.
Three-in-one femoral nerve block as analgesia for fractured neck of femur in the emergency department: a randomized, controlled trial.

STUDY OBJECTIVE We determine whether 3-in-1 femoral nerve block is effective as analgesia for fractured neck of femur when administered by emergency physicians. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized controlled trial with blinded assessors conducted in a district general hospital emergency department in the United Kingdom. Over a 6-month period, all patients with fractured neck of femur were considered for study. Patients were randomly assigned to receive 3-in-1 nerve block with bupivacaine plus intravenous morphine or intravenous morphine. An accreditation package for all ED medical staff was devised to ensure competence in the technique of 3-in-1 nerve block. Pain scores were recorded on arrival and at intervals up to 24 hours after admission. Morphine consumption in the first 24 hours was recorded. RESULTS Ninety-four patients sustained fractured neck of femur during the study period; 50 were studied. Of 44 not studied, 42 were confused, 1 did not consent, and 1 was overlooked. Patients receiving 3-in-1 nerve blocks recorded a faster time to reach the lowest pain score: 2.88 hours for patients with nerve block and 5.81 hours for control patients (mean difference -2.93 h; 95% confidence interval [CI] -5.48 to -0.38 h). Nerve block recipients required significantly less morphine per hour than control patients (mean of 0.49 mg/h versus 1.17 mg/h; mean difference -0.68 mg/h; 95% CI -1.23 to -0.12 mg/h). CONCLUSION Three-in-one femoral nerve block is an effective method of providing analgesia to patients with fractured neck of femur in the ED. All grades of medical staff were able to apply and consolidate this skill.
Tracking for nonlinear underactuated surface vessels with generalized forces

Describes how to use backstepping to develop control laws to perform trajectory tracking for a nonlinear, underactuated surface vessel. The research extends earlier backstepping designs for underactuated vessels by explaining how to select outputs when generalized forces act on the vessel. The resulting control law can correct orientation errors to track linear trajectories and can track arcs of circles with a fixed offset. The paper provides detailed derivations along with simulation results to illustrate the approach.
Olive oil, an essential component of the Mediterranean diet, and breast cancer

Abstract Objective The Mediterranean diet has been related to a lower risk of some chronic diseases, including cancer. We aim to gain insight into the effects of the main source of fat of this diet on breast cancer, the most common type of malignancy in women. Design Data from sixteen experimental series analysing the effects of dietary lipids on mammary carcinogenesis in an animal model, in the context of the international literature on the Mediterranean diet, olive oil and breast cancer risk. Setting Experimental and human data on the effects of olive oil and Mediterranean diet on breast cancer. Subjects An animal model of induced breast cancer and other human and experimental studies in the literature. Results Diets rich in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) exert a negative modulatory effect on experimental breast cancer to a weak promoting effect, much lower than that obtained with a high-corn oil diet. EVOO confers to the mammary adenocarcinomas a clinical behaviour and morphological features compatible with low tumour aggressiveness. This differential effect, in relation to other dietary lipids, may be related to a lower effect on body weight and sexual maturation. In addition, EVOO induced different molecular changes in tumours, such as in the composition of cell membranes, activity of signalling proteins and gene expression. All these modifications could induce lower proliferation, higher apoptosis and lower DNA damage. These results, together with the favourable effect of olive oil reported in the literature when it is consumed in moderate quantities, suggest a beneficial influence of EVOO on breast cancer risk. Conclusions Consumption of EVOO in moderate quantities and throughout the lifetime appears to be a healthy choice and may favourably influence breast cancer risk.