Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Programmer-based fault prediction

Background: Previous research has provided evidence that a combination of static code metrics and software history metrics can be used to predict with surprising success which files in the next release of a large system will have the largest numbers of defects. In contrast, very little research exists to indicate whether information about individual developers can profitably be used to improve predictions. Aims: We investigate whether files in a large system that are modified by an individual developer consistently contain either more or fewer faults than the average of all files in the system. The goal of the investigation is to determine whether information about which particular developer modified a file is able to improve defect predictions. We also continue an earlier study to evaluate the use of counts of the number of developers who modified a file as predictors of the file's future faultiness. Method: We analyzed change reports filed by 107 programmers for 16 releases of a system with 1,400,000 LOC and 3100 files. A "bug ratio" was defined for programmers, measuring the proportion of faulty files in release R out of all files modified by the programmer in release R-1. The study compares the bug ratios of individual programmers to the average bug ratio, and also assesses the consistency of the bug ratio across releases for individual programmers. Results: Bug ratios varied widely among all the programmers, as well as for many individual programmers across all the releases that they participated in. We found a statistically significant correlation between the bug ratios for programmers for the first half of changed files versus the ratios for the second half, indicating a measurable degree of persistence in the bug ratio. However, when the computation was repeated with the bug ratio controlled not only by release, but also by file size, the correlation disappeared. In addition to the bug ratios, we confirmed that counts of the cumulative number of different developers changing a file over its lifetime can help to improve predictions, while other developer counts are not helpful. Conclusions: The results from this preliminary study indicate that adding information to a model about which particular developer modified a file is not likely to improve defect predictions. The study is limited to a single large system, and its results may not hold more widely. The bug ratio is only one way of measuring the "fault-proneness" of an individual programmer's coding, and we intend to investigate other ways of evaluating bug introduction by individuals.
Rail Mounted Gantry Crane Scheduling In Rail-Truck Transshipment Terminal

AbstractRail mounted gantry crane (RMGC) scheduling is vital to handling efficiency in rail-truck transshipment terminals. In this paper, we propose an optimization model for RMGC scheduling problem based on a dual cycle mode. A genetic algorithm is designed to obtain the optimization handling sequence. Computational experiments on a specific rail-truck transshipment terminal show that the proposed method is effective to solve RMGC scheduling problems in rail-truck transshipment terminals.
Enteric Neural Crest Differentiation in Ganglioneuromas Implicates Hedgehog Signaling in Peripheral Neuroblastic Tumor Pathogenesis

Peripheral neuroblastic tumors (PNTs) share a common origin in the sympathetic nervous system, but manifest variable differentiation and growth potential. Malignant neuroblastoma (NB) and benign ganglioneuroma (GN) stand at opposite ends of the clinical spectrum. We hypothesize that a common PNT progenitor is driven to variable differentiation by specific developmental signaling pathways. To elucidate developmental pathways that direct PNTs along the differentiation spectrum, we compared the expression of genes related to neural crest development in GN and NB. In GNs, we found relatively low expression of sympathetic markers including adrenergic biosynthesis enzymes, indicating divergence from sympathetic fate. In contrast, GNs expressed relatively high levels of enteric neuropeptides and key constituents of the Hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway, including Dhh, Gli1 and Gli3. Predicted HH targets were also differentially expressed in GN, consistent with transcriptional response to HH signaling. These findings indicate that HH signaling is specifically active in GN. Together with the known role of HH activity in enteric neural development, these findings further suggested a role for HH activity in directing PNTs away from the sympathetic lineage toward a benign GN phenotype resembling enteric ganglia. We tested the potential for HH signaling to advance differentiation in PNTs by transducing NB cell lines with Gli1 and determining phenotypic and transcriptional response. Gli1 inhibited proliferation of NB cells, and induced a pattern of gene expression that resembled the differential pattern of gene expression of GN, compared to NB (p<0.00001). Moreover, the transcriptional response of SY5Y cells to Gli1 transduction closely resembled the transcriptional response to the differentiation agent retinoic acid (p<0.00001). Notably, Gli1 did not induce N-MYC expression in neuroblastoma cells, but strongly induced RET, a known mediator of RA effect. The decrease in NB cell proliferation induced by Gli1, and the similarity in the patterns of gene expression induced by Gli1 and by RA, corroborated by closely matched gene sets in GN tumors, all support a model in which HH signaling suppresses PNT growth by promoting differentiation along alternative neural crest pathways.
Economic yoyos, parasites and child labor

Purpose – In the light of a recent systemic model, the yoyo model, this paper aims to look at how to show Bergstrom's Rotten Kid theorem as a simple corollary of earlier results along this line of work, explaining why transferable utility implies Becker's Rotten Kid theorem. It also aims to look at the relevant problem with child labor.Design/methodology/approach – The systemic yoyo model published earlier is the road‐map and foundation for the discussion. Since “as long as the benevolent head continues to contribute his income to all, other members are also motivated to maximize the family income,” as claimed by Becker's Rotten Kid theorem, the issue of child labor naturally comes into play. To this end, an example is constructed to show that the works of Baland and Robinson and Bommier and Dubois need to be fine‐tuned.Findings – The paper provides a short and clean proof for Bergstrom's Rotten Kid theorem and, by linking to Buchanan's Samaritan's dilemma, the clouds surrounding the difficult situation c.
Comparison between dexmedetomidine and fentanyl on intubation conditions during awake fiberoptic bronchoscopy: A randomized double-blind prospective study

Background and Aims: Various drugs are used for providing favorable intubation conditions during awake fiberoptic intubation (AFOI). However, most of them cause respiratory depression and airway obstruction leading to hypoxemia. The aim of this study was to compare intubation conditions, and incidence of desaturation between dexmedetomidine and fentanyl group during AFOI. Material and Methods: This randomized double-blind prospective study was conducted on a total of 60 patients scheduled for elective laparotomies who were randomly allocated into two groups: Group A received dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg and Group B received fentanyl 2 mcg/kg over 10 min. Patients in both groups received glycopyrrolate 0.2 mg intravenous, nebulization with 2% lidocaine 4 ml over 20 min and 10% lidocaine spray before undergoing AFOI. Adequacy of intubation condition was evaluated by cough score and post-intubation score. Incidence of desaturation, hemodynamic changes and sedation using Ramsay sedation scale (RSS) were noted and compared between two groups. Results: Cough Score (1-4), post-intubation Score (1-3) and RSS (1-6) were significantly favorable (P < 0.0001) along with minimum hemodynamic responses to intubation (P < 0.05) and less oxygen desaturation (P < 0.0001) in Group A than Group B. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine is more effective than fentanyl in producing better intubation conditions, sedation along with hemodynamic stability and less desaturation during AFOI.
Feasibility of Computer-assisted Recognition of Different Dental Hard Tissues

For pattern recognition, fuzzy set theory has been proven to be highly useful. The aim of the present investigation was to combine the fuzzy set with an ultrasonic scaler, to test its suitability for automatic detection of different tooth substances. An experienced operator placed the tip of a piezoceramic ultrasonic scaler on a tooth, thereby inducing oscillations in the contact area around the ultrasonic tip. Each surface showed a characteristic oscillatory behavior in the immediate vicinity of the tip. The oscillations were then re-transmitted to the scaler tip and recorded by the measurement of variations in current and voltage. Because the ultrasonic scaler is driven by piezoceramics, it can be used as both an oscillatory excitation and a sensor system. The data were processed with Fast Fourier transformation and analyzed by means of a fuzzy pattern recognition algorithm. Re-classification of the different measurements was carried out by the experienced operator's assessment. With a combination of six features (frequencies), re-classification was correct for 99% of all surfaces. The diagnostic reliability of the system was tested by the assessment of 50 teeth for which no learning data had previously been recorded. The unknown samples were correctly classified to 100%. The excellent results of these experiments suggest promising possibilities for the implementation of new diagnostic and therapeutic instruments in periodontology practice.
The Rise of Concussions in the Adolescent Population

Background: Concussion injuries have been highlighted to the American public through media and research. While recent studies have shown increased traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) diagnosed in emergency departments across the United States, no studies have evaluated trends in concussion diagnoses across the general US population in various age groups. Purpose: To evaluate the current incidence and trends in concussions diagnosed across varying age groups and health care settings in a large cross-sectional population. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Administrative health records of 8,828,248 members of a large private-payer insurance group in the United States were queried. Patients diagnosed with concussion from years 2007 through 2014 were stratified by year of diagnosis, age group, sex, classification of concussion, and health care setting of diagnosis (eg, emergency department vs physician’s office). Chi-square testing was used for statistical analysis. Results: From a cohort of 8,828,248 patients, 43,884 patients were diagnosed with a concussion. Of these patients, 55% were male and over 32% were in the adolescent age group (10-19 years old). The highest incidence of concussion was seen in patients aged 15 to 19 years (16.5/1000 patients), followed by those aged 10 to 14 years (10.5/1000 patients), 20 to 24 years (5.2/1000 patients), and 5 to 9 years (3.5/1000 patients). Overall, there was a 60% increase in concussion incidence from 2007 to 2014. The largest increases were in the 10- to 14-year (143%) and 15- to 19-year (87%) age groups. Based on International Classification of Disease–9th Revision classification, 29% of concussions were associated with some form of loss of consciousness. Finally, 56% of concussions were diagnosed in the emergency department and 29% in a physician’s office, with the remainder in urgent care clinics or inpatient settings. Conclusion: The incidence of concussion diagnosed in the general US population is increasing, driven largely by a substantial rise in the adolescent age group. The youth population should be prioritized for ongoing work in concussion education, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clinical Relevance: The rise of concussions in the adolescent age group across the general population is concerning, and clinical efforts to prevent these injuries are needed.
Prospective Primary School Teachers' Understanding of the Environment: A Qualitative Study

Environmental sustainability is the process of making sure current processes of interaction with the environment are pursued with the idea of keeping the environment as pristine as naturally possible based on ideal- seeking behavior. Environmental education develops skills, knowledge and values that promote behaviour in support of a sustainable environment. In this context, it is anticipated that determination of how students and teachers at different age levels perceive the environment will reveal beneficial consequences in terms of environmental education besides the determination of knowledge, belief and values in environmental education classes at schools. In this study, statements by prospective primary school teachers such as "I think the word environment means . " or "I think the term environment means …" were analyzed by using qualitative phenomenographic research methods. Moreover, what kind of relation exists between learning styles of prospective primary school teachers and their perceptions was investigated. In this study six different conceptions of environment were determined at the end of the phenomenographic analysis. Found conceptions of environment from the least sophisticated to the most inclusive and expansive are: "The environment is a place, The environment is a place that contains living things, The environment is a place that contains living things and people, The environment does something for people, People are part of the environment and are responsible for it, and People and the environment are in a mutually sustaining relationship".
The Micro-Macro Problem in Social Theory

This paper will locate and examine the micro-macro problem in the context of the larger problem of levels, the latter tending to include solutions to the former. Levels theory is meta-theoretical, for it is presuppositional to substantive or "sectors" theory. Levels theory constitutes the levels and therefore the "kinds" of social reality, while substantive theory looks for causal connections within and among the levels. The priority of levels over sectors theory, however, is only analytic. Historically the influence can be reversed, as levels shift in power relative to each other. The rise of Durkheim's sacred self in the Nineteenth century or Luhmann's social system in the Twentieth are dramatic examples of these shifts. But despite the intimate connection between levels and sectors-the vertical and the horizontal, so to speak-I will simplify the discussion and attempt to treat the former with a minimum of reference to the latter.
Effects of familiarity and cognitive function on naturalistic action performance.

OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of familiarity on the performance of routine (familiar) naturalistic actions (NAs) that had been performed several times prior to the experiment (e.g., making coffee) and novel (unfamiliar) naturalistic actions (NNAs) that had not been performed prior to instruction (e.g., making a mock volcano). We hypothesized that similar psychological processes were associated with both types of action, but that memory and executive functions would be more important for NNAs. METHOD In Experiment 1, 18 undergraduates verbally described NAs and NNAs as they observed the tasks being performed. In Experiment 2, stroke patients, impaired (n = 4) or unimpaired (n = 4) on a test of general cognitive function, and 12 controls, physically enacted and arranged in correct order photos of NAs and NNAs. RESULTS In Experiment 1, the central (crux), but not the noncentral (noncrux) actions, associated with NAs and NNAs were verbally described. In Experiment 2, NA and NNA enactment and photo arrangement performance was lower in the impaired group compared with controls. The impaired group had higher omission (omitting an action) than commission (performing an action incorrectly) crux action error rates for NAs, but the reverse pattern for NNAs. NA performance was more strongly associated with general cognitive function, whereas NNA performance correlated more strongly with executive functioning and memory measures. CONCLUSION Both types of task involve overlapping cognitive processes. Memory and executive function may be more important for NNAs because these tasks are encoded into memory at study.
"I hope you will write": The function of projection structures in a corpus of nineteenth century Irish emigrant correspondence

This paper examines the use of the pattern Pronoun + Verb + Pronoun (as in I hope you, you think I and she knows he) in a corpus of nineteenth-century Irish emigrant correspondence. The corpus contains 88 letters by four sisters (the Lough sisters), who emigrated from Ireland to America in the 1870s and 1880s. The study aims to investigate how these clauses — described as projection structures — function and how they contribute to the interactive nature of letters, helping to strengthen and maintain familial bonds over time and distance. Corpus methods are used first to identify and extract these patterns. A more qualitative investigation then examines the function of projection structures and how they construct and reflect author/recipient relationships.
Learning state labels for sparse classification of speech with matrix deconvolution

Non-negative spectral factorisation with long temporal context has been successfully used for noise robust recognition of speech in multi-source environments. Sparse classification from activations of speech atoms can be employed instead of conventional GMMs to determine speech state likelihoods. For accurate classification, correct linguistic state labels must be assigned to speech atoms. We propose using non-negative matrix deconvolution for learning the labels with algorithms closely matching a framework that separates speech from additive noises. Experiments on the 1st CHiME Challenge corpus show improvement in recognition accuracy over labels acquired from original atom sources or previously used least squares regression. The new approach also circumvents numerical issues encountered in previous learning methods, and opens up possibilities for new speech basis generation algorithms.
Tone in Text and the Effect on Trust and Choice Confidence in Online Fashion Shopping

Abstract Consumers' psychological demands for e-tail shopping have increased as websites have become one of themost dominant retail outlets for various fashion products. The lack of realistic social stimuli in virtual contexts(websites) has been a major limitation for many online shoppers. Prior research has focused on the viable roleof technology to improve positive social factors in e-tailing; however, this study tests the role of tone in text infashion e-tail sites on consumers' trust and choice confidence. We conducted a self-administered online surveywith 309 individuals from the U.S. The results indicated positive effects of casual tone in text-based content ofa fashion e-tail site on trust and confidence. Trust also has a significant positive effect on confidence. Both trustand confidence improved purchase intention. Given the high price of employing an avatar or simulated sales-person online, using tone in text to increase positive social effect on shoppers can be a positive alternative whenmanagers plan e-tail strategies contributing to consumers' positive shopping experience online. Discussionsand study limitations are provided.Key words: Tone in text, Trust, Choice confidence, Purchase intention
Learning through computer-based concept mapping with scaffolding aid

Concept mapping has been applied in a variety of fields, including instruction, learning, curriculum development, and assessment. Because many empirical studies have proven the validity of concept mapping, a computer-based concept mapping system has been developed. The system provides two learning environments. In the 'construct-by-self' environment, the system provides students with the evaluation results and corresponding hints for feedback. The students construct concept maps by themselves with only the assistance of the feedback. In the 'construct-on- scaffold' environment, in addition to the feedback, the students receive an incomplete concept map, within which some nodes and links were set as blanks for the scaffold. A study comparing the effectiveness of the 'construct-by-self', 'construct-on-scaffold', and 'construct by paper-and- pencil' concept mapping showed that the 'construct-on-scaffold' had better effect for learning on biology. Both of the two computer-based procedures are helpful for students in completing their concept maps.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage and myocardial damage clinical and experimental studies.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to aneurysmal rupture is frequently complicated by cardiopulmonary episodes, including sudden death. We investigated the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary complications from clinical observation of 715 cases with SAH. There was transient left ventricular asynergy in 9.4% (67/715) of the cases, which consisted of mechanical heart failure and myocardial necrosis. Plasma catecholamine concentration was higher in these patients compared with those without left ventricular asynergy. Transient left ventricular asynergy was considered to result from myocardial derangement: "a panic myocardium," due to a sudden burst of catecholamine. Concerning arrhythmia in SAH, cases with life-threatening arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, had higher concentrations not only of plasma catecholamine but also of serum CK-MB, myosin light chain and troponin T, compared with patients who had no ventricular arrhythmia. This implies that life-threatening arrhythmia in SAH would result from myocardial damage due to catecholamine. We devised a novel animal model of SAH in order to clarify the relation between sympathetic nervous activity and myocardial damage immediately after the onset of SAH. The animal experiments showed that sympathetic nervous activity as well as cardiac contractility were transiently elevated, but cardiac function subsequently declined. Serum CK-MB was increased from the onset of SAH and a high value was maintained throughout the entire experimental period. In conclusion, extraordinary transient enhancement of sympathetic nervous activity induces myocardial damage resulting from what is characterized by "a panic myocardium. "
A Continuous Analytical Model for 2-DEG Charge Density in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs Valid for All Bias Voltages

An analytical model for 2 Dimensional Electron Gas (2-DEG) charge density in AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors is developed considering electron charge in the AlGaN barrier layer. Simplified Fermi-Dirac statistics are used to calculate the electron charge density in the AlGaN barrier. This model is valid for the entire range of operation from subthreshold to practical forward biases. The results from the model show an excellent match with simulation results from a numerical self-consistent Poisson-Schrodinger solver. The model correctly predicts the saturation of 2-DEG charge density at higher gate biases.