Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Processing Styles in Reading-Disabled and a Matched Group of Normal Children

The present study discusses reading disabilities from a neuropsychological perspective and examines cognitive processing in reading-disabled children according to two models: simultaneous-sequential and Bannatyne's WISC-R subtest recategorization. Scores on the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) were compared for a group of reading-disabled and matched normal children. Results revealed a clear sequential processing deficit for the reading-disabled sample. This group also scored significantly lower on the K-ABC Mental Processing Composite and reading achievement subtests than the matched normal group. An analysis of WISC-R scores in terms of Bannatyne's system further indicated a significant sequential weakness for the reading-disabled children. Implications of deficit processing patterns in disabled readers are considered.
Dimensions of individual religiosity and charity: Cross national effect differences in European countries?

The relation between religiosity and donations to charity has frequently been subject of research. We analyzed effects of dimensions of individual religiosity (Glock and Stark 1966) on people's intention to donate to the poorest countries. We tested for cross-national effect differences in representative samples of seven European countries. Results turned out to be relatively robust across countries. We found that church attendance, dogmatic conviction and a consequential religious attitude affect intentional donations positively. The religiosity of one's network does have an additional effect. Partner's church attendance is positively related to willingness to donate. However, people with mainly friends with the same religious opinions are less willing to donate.
Academic and Career Expectations of Ethnic Minority Youth in Hong Kong

Based on social-cognitive career theory (SCCT), we explore how ethnic identity, parental occupation, efficacy in learning Chinese, and learning experience relate to ethnic minority adolescents’ academic and career expectations. The participants are 632 Southeast Asian adolescents in Hong Kong. In accordance with SCCT, structural equation modeling results show that ethnic identity is related to learning experience, which in turn is associated with efficacy in learning Chinese. Efficacy in learning Chinese significantly predicts the adolescents’ academic and career expectations, but parental occupation does not. Testing of alternative models also shows that ethnic identity is directly related to the two outcome expectations. We discuss the implications and limitations of the study in the context of extending SCCT to a more interdependent culture and assessing factors that contribute to outcome expectations of ethnic minority groups.
Involvement of a conserved GFG motif region in substrate binding by RseP, an Escherichia coli S2P protease

RseP, an Escherichia coli S2P family intramembrane cleaving protease, is involved in regulation of the extracytoplasmic stress response and membrane quality control through specific cleavage of substrates. Recent research suggested that the PDZ domains and the MRE β‐loop (membrane‐reentrant β‐loop) are involved in substrate discrimination; the former would serve to prevent cleavage of substrates with a large periplasmic domain, whereas the latter would directly interact with the substrate's transmembrane segment and induce its conformational change. However, the mechanisms underlying specific substrate recognition and cleavage by RseP are not fully understood. Here, the roles of the N‐terminal part of the first cytoplasmic loop region (C1N) of RseP that contains a highly conserved GFG motif were investigated. A Cys modifiability assay suggested that C1N is partly membrane‐inserted like the MRE β‐loop. Pro, but not Cys, substitutions in the GFG motif region compromised the proteolytic function of RseP, suggesting the importance of a higher order structure of this motif region. Several lines of evidence indicated that the GFG motif region directly interacts with the substrate and also aids the function of the MRE β‐loop that participates in substrate recognition by RseP. These findings provide insights into the substrate recognition mechanisms of S2P proteases.
Challenges of recruitment and retention of older people from culturally diverse communities in research

ABSTRACT The substantial and increasing number of older Australian people from culturally diverse backgrounds justifies the investigation and inclusion of their experiences in ageing research. Few empirical studies have addressed culturally diverse issues in the older population, however, in part because of the particular challenges in recruiting and retaining people from different cultural backgrounds. This article reflects on a research team's experience of recruiting participants from seven cultural groups into a study that sought to explore the links between physical activity and the built environment. Three key issues for recruiting and retaining participants from culturally diverse backgrounds were identified: having access to key local informants; the central role of paid and trained bilingual interviewers; and supporting the research partners in recruitment activities. Furthermore, it appeared that a ‘one size fits all’ approach was not appropriate and that a flexible recruitment strategy may be required to ensure successful recruitment from all cultural groups. The differences observed in this study relating to recruitment and retention rates may be more dependent on the skills and characteristics of those responsible for the recruitment and interviewing, rather than the specific cultural group itself. Older people from some cultural backgrounds may be less likely to respond to traditional recruitment methods and researchers need to be more assiduous and strategic to improve participation rates in research.
The Impact of Race, Gender, and Culture in South African Higher Education

South Africa’s government initiatives, such as the Commission on Gender Equality, the National Gender Forum, and the Office on the Status of Women, support efforts by its institutions of higher education to become more inclusive and equitable. Nevertheless, there remain fundamental obstacles to the full participation of South African women in the management structures of academe. This article examines the obstacles of race, gender, and culture to the professional advancement of Black female scholars and administrators in South African institutions of higher education. Given the documented historical and continuing underrepresentation of South African women in this sector, it is important to understand their experiences in order to facilitate the establishment of institutional environments that will be supportive to their professional endeavors. Prior to 1994, the law did not protect Black South Africans. Those who were not White lived in a country that persecuted, segregated, and discriminated against them on the basis of their racial classification. Apartheid included denying job and educational opportunities and limiting access to housing, health services, transportation, and economic opportunities on the basis of gender and race. As Sisonke Msimang asserts, racism under apartheid was both informal (i.e., an everyday practice) and formal (e.g., laws designating areas where Blacks could live, banning interracial mixing, and barring
Preservation and minimality in loanword adaptation

Attractive as might seem the challenge to build a process or performance model that can account for every behavioural decision, there are a number of sound reasons to tackle first the still difficult (but hopefully manageable) task of developing a competence model; of trying to find the underlying system that informs and constrains (if it doesn't always actually govern) choice. (Spolsky 1988: 105) This article aims at showing the predictability of phonological adaptation, segment preservation and deletion in borrowings. It is shown that ill-formed segments are preserved and adapted in the vast majority of cases; segment deletion occurs only when an ill-formed segment is embedded within a higher level ill-formed structure, such as the syllable. This conclusion is based on the study of 15,686 segmental and syllabic malformations found in 11,348 loanword forms from five different corpora of loanwords. The analysis, which is set within the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies, is illustrated with the data from a corpus of 545 French loanwords in Fula.
A predictive study of emotional labor and turnover

The current study examined how the emotional labor strategies of deep acting and surface acting directly influence emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions, and indirectly impact actual turnover among a sample of bank tellers. Turnover data were collected from organizational records 6 months after participants responded to a survey that measured emotional labor strategies, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions. Results showed that turnover intentions mediated the relationship between deep acting and actual turnover. Additionally, surface acting had indirect effects on turnover through emotional exhaustion and turnover intentions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generative Metaphor Intervention: A New Approach for Working with Systems Divided by Conflict and Caught in Defensive Perception

This article proposes that one way to help a group liberate itself from dysfunctional conflict and defensive routine is through the introduction of generative metaphor. By intervening at a tacit, indirect level of awareness, group members are able to generate fresh perceptions of one another, thereby allowing for the revitalization of the social bond and a heightened collective will to act. After exploring insights into the recent literature on social cognition and selective perception, a case is presented in which generative metaphor was successfully used to help a dysfunctional group build (1) liberated aspirations and the development of hope, (2) decreased interpersonal conflict, (3) strategic consensus around a positive vision for the future, (4) renewed collective will to act, and (5) egalitarian language reflecting a new sense of unity and mutuality in the joint creation of the group's future. Stages of the generative metaphor intervention are discussed, and propositions are developed concerning those factors that will likely enhance the generative potential of metaphor as an agent for group development and organizational change.
Bacterial Ammeline Metabolism via Guanine Deaminase

ABSTRACT Melamine toxicity in mammals has been attributed to the blockage of kidney tubules by insoluble complexes of melamine with cyanuric acid or uric acid. Bacteria metabolize melamine via three consecutive deamination reactions to generate cyanuric acid. The second deamination reaction, in which ammeline is the substrate, is common to many bacteria, but the genes and enzymes responsible have not been previously identified. Here, we combined bioinformatics and experimental data to identify guanine deaminase as the enzyme responsible for this biotransformation. The ammeline degradation phenotype was demonstrated in wild-type Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas strains, including E. coli K12 and Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Bioinformatics analysis of these and other genomes led to the hypothesis that the ammeline deaminating enzyme was guanine deaminase. An E. coli guanine deaminase deletion mutant was deficient in ammeline deaminase activity, supporting the role of guanine deaminase in this reaction. Two guanine deaminases from disparate sources (Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 and Homo sapiens) that had available X-ray structures were purified to homogeneity and shown to catalyze ammeline deamination at rates sufficient to support bacterial growth on ammeline as a sole nitrogen source. In silico models of guanine deaminase active sites showed that ammeline could bind to guanine deaminase in a similar orientation to guanine, with a favorable docking score. Other members of the amidohydrolase superfamily that are not guanine deaminases were assayed in vitro, and none had substantial ammeline deaminase activity. The present study indicated that widespread guanine deaminases have a promiscuous activity allowing them to catalyze a key reaction in the bacterial transformation of melamine to cyanuric acid and potentially contribute to the toxicity of melamine.
Drug Sentencing in South Korea: The Influence of Case-Processing and Social Status Factors in an Ethnically Homogeneous Context

For several decades, researchers have studied sentencing outcomes in the United States and, to a much lesser extent, other Western countries. Although much research on punishment decisions focuses on Black, White and, to a lesser extent, Hispanic disparities, South Korea presents an opportunity to examine the role of extra-legal factors in criminal punishment in an ethnically homogeneous society. The authors investigate sentencing outcomes for drug offenses in South Korea, using data from the six largest cities in South Korea from 1997 to 2001. The authors find that legal factors connected to the offense and past criminal behavior of the offender primarily determined the length of sentences for Korean drug offenders. The authors also find that admitting guilt resulted in shorter sentences but that those represented by publically provided attorneys received modestly longer sentences. The authors also find males and older offenders receiving longer sentences.
High and Low Imagers and Their Scores on Creativity

We studied the relation between vividness of imagery and four aspects of creativity, fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. We studied too the difference in creativity of high and low imagers. We obtained for 122 children (69 boys and 53 girls) significant, but low correlations, between imagery vividness and creativity for girls (fluency = .30, flexibility = .32, originality = .24, elaboration = .33) and in the total group (fluency = .24, flexibility = .23, originality = .14, elaboration = .21), but not for boys (fluency = .13, flexibility = .09, originality = .02, elaboration = .11). Differences between high (n = 35) and low (n = 45) imagers in creativity were significant.
Modulation of Action Potential Trains in Rabbit Saphenous Nerve Unmyelinated Fibers

Usually, the main axon is assumed to faithfully conduct action potentials (APs). Recent data have indicated that neural processing can occur along the axonal path. However, the patterns and mechanisms of temporal coding are not clear. In the present study, single fiber recording was used to analyze activity-dependent modulation of AP trains in the main axons of C fibers in the rabbit saphenous nerve. Trains of 5 superthreshold electrical pulses at interstimulus intervals of 20 or 50 ms were applied to the nerve trunk for 200 s. The interspike intervals (ISIs) for these trains were compared to the input interstimulus intervals. Three basic types of C fibers were observed in response to repeated stimuli: first, the ISI between the first and second AP (ISI1-2) of type 1 was longer than the interstimulus interval; second, the ISI1-2 of type 2 showed wavelike fluctuations around the interstimulus interval, and third, the ISI1-2 of type 3 exhibited shorter intervals for a long period. Furthermore, both 4-aminopyridine-sensitive potassium and hyperpolarization-activated cation currents were involved in the modulation of ISI1-2 of train pulses. These data provide new evidence that multiple modes of neural conduction can occur along the main axons of C fibers.
Men Choosing Nursing

In the nursing profession across the Western world, women outnumber men by a ratio of 10 to 1. The profession is often seen as being synonymous with being female and with femininity. This study aimed to illustrate the gendered aspects of career choice for men who choose to nurse and how a masculine identity can be negotiated within the profession. Using a qualitative interpretive approach, interviews were carried out with 18 male nurses. The findings indicate contradictions and difficulties for men in identifying with the profession and as men. Little encouragement is given to men to join the profession, and for men who have chosen to nurse, there is an attempt to distance themselves from traditional motivations for choosing nursing such as caring and vocationalism. This has implications for the recruitment and retention of men into the profession and also points to a need to examine the relationship of nursing to gendered concepts.
Combining linguistic and machine learning techniques for email summarization

This paper shows that linguistic techniques along with machine learning can extract high quality noun phrases for the purpose of providing the gist or summary of email messages. We describe a set of comparative experiments using several machine learning algorithms for the task of salient noun phrase extraction. Three main conclusions can be drawn from this study: (i) the modifiers of a noun phrase can be semantically as important as the head for the task of gisting, (ii) linguistic filtering improves the performance of machine learning algorithms, (iii) a combination of classifiers improves accuracy.
Analysis of upscaling absolute permeability

Flow based upscaling of absolute permeability has become an important step in practical simulations of flow through heterogeneous formations. The central idea is to compute upscaled, grid-block permeability from fine scale solutions of the flow equation. Such solutions can be either local in each grid-block or global in the whole domain. It is well-known that the grid-block permeability may be strongly influenced by the boundary conditions imposed on the flow equations and the size of the grid-blocks. We show that the upscaling errors due to both effects manifest as the resonance between the small physical scales of the media and the artificial size of the grid blocks. To obtain precise error estimates, we study the scale-up of single phase steady flows through media with periodic small scale heterogeneity. As demonstrated by our numerical experiments, these estimates are also useful for understanding the upscaling of general random media. It is further shown that the oversampling technique introduced in our previous work can be used to reduce the resonance error and obtain boundary-condition independent, grid-block permeability. Some misunderstandings in scale up studies are also clarified in this work.
T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity: immune mechanisms and their clinical relevance

T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity represents a significant proportion of immune mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions. In the recent years, there has been an increase in understanding the immune mechanisms behind T-cell-mediated drug hypersensitivity. According to hapten mechanism, drug specific T-cell response is stimulated by drug-protein conjugate presented on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) as it is presented as a new antigenic determinant. On the other hand, p-i concept suggests that a drug can stimulate T cells via noncovalent direct interaction with T-cell receptor and/or peptide-MHC. The drug binding site is quite variable and this leads to several different mechanisms within p-i concept. Altered peptide repertoire can be regarded as an 'atypical' subset of p-i concept since the mode of the drug binding and the binding site are essentially identical to p-i concept. However, the intracellular binding of abacavir to HLA-B*57:01 additionally results in alteration in peptide repertoire. Furthermore the T-cell response to altered peptide repertoire model is only shown for abacavir and HLA-B*57:01 and therefore it may not be generalised to other drug hypersensitivity. Danger hypothesis has been postulated to play an important role in drug hypersensitivity by providing signal 2 but its experimental data is lacking at this point in time. Furthermore, the recently described allo-immune response suggests that danger signal may be unnecessary. Finally, in view of these new understanding, the classification and the definition of type B adverse drug reaction should be revised.
Citizens with learning disabilities and the right to vote

This paper asks, in the context of recent legislative changes, what can be done to support more citizens in England and Wales with learning disabilities to vote in national elections? This issue is addressed through (i) a review of recent disability access campaigns that have reported discrimination against, and the under‐representation of, adults with disabilities in UK elections; (ii) a review of recent research undertaken in the USA into the assessment of competence to vote and research undertaken in England that conclusively documents the under‐representation of voters with learning disabilities in the 2005 general election. It is proposed that a ‘functional approach’ to developing an individual's capacity to vote could help to fulfil Article 29 of the United Nations' Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities that gives all people the same political rights.
A cross-cultural study of parents' academic standards and educational aspirations for their children

The present study was an investigation of Asian Australian and Anglo-Celtic Australian parents' educational expectations of, and aspirations for, their children. It was predicted that parents from Asian backgrounds would have higher academic standards and higher aspirations for their children's education, compared with Anglo-Celtic Australian parents. These hypotheses were largely supported by a survey of 239 Australian parents from Chinese, Vietnamese and Anglo-Celtic cultural backgrounds. There was evidence of a preference for university education among the Chinese and Vietnamese parents, while Anglo-Celtic Australian parents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to prefer their children to attend TAFE or complete an apprenticeship. The results are discussed in terms of the role of parental factors in children's academic achievements.
Taste diaspora: The aesthetic and material practice of belonging

A particular ‘Turkish taste in Vienna’, which has been formed through experiences of migration from Turkey and resettlement in Vienna, serves as a significant aesthetic and social medium for constituting a collective sense of belonging. This article explores how Turkish people in Vienna constitute, perform and enunciate belongings through practices and discourses around travelling forms and spaces of material culture. Underpinned by an ethnography founded on a repertoire of Turkish objects in Vienna, this article addresses the relational constitution of a particular taste and a diasporic belonging within a specific context of displacement and relocation of both people and material objects. ‘Taste diaspora’ refers to a certain diasporic sphere that is formed through a collective taste in material objects and enunciated in the aesthetics of the everyday.
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution

We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree to which the mean difference is representative of differences across the distribution. We consider glass ceilings for Canadian-born ethnic minorities, and find evidence that some groups, such as Chineseorigin people, do indeed face more earnings disparity at the top of the distribution. However, other groups face different structures. South Asian-origin workers face greater disparity at the bottom than at the top, and Black workers face great disparity across the distribution. We interpret these latter patterns as identifying poor access of minority workers to good jobs in various parts of the distribution, rather than as negating a glass ceiling.