Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the throughput of multicasting with incremental forward error correction

In this paper, we consider a multicasting model that uses incremental forward error correction (FEC). In this model, there is one sender and r/sup n/ receivers. The sender uses an ideal (n,n(1-p),np) FEC code to code a group of n(1-p) data packets with additional np redundant packets so that any set of n(1-p) packets received by a receiver can be used to recover the original n(1-p) data packets. Packets to the receivers are lost independently with probability q. For this model, we prove several strong laws of large numbers for the asymptotic throughput as n /spl rarr/ /spl infin/. The asymptotic throughput is characterized by the unique solution of an equation in terms of p, q, and r. These strong laws not only provide theoretical justification for several important observations made in the literature, but also provide insights that might have impact on future design of multicasting protocols.
Information Friction and Its Implications on Minimum Energy Required for Communication

Just as there are frictional losses associated with moving masses on a surface, what if there were frictional losses associated with moving information on a substrate? Indeed, many modes of communication suffer from such frictional losses. We propose to model these losses as proportional to “bit-meters,” i.e., the product of “mass” of information (i.e., the number of bits) and the distance of information transport. We use this information-friction model to understand the fundamental energy requirements on encoding and decoding in communication circuitry. First, for communication across a binary input additive white Gaussian noise channel, we arrive at fundamental limits on bit-meters (and thus energy consumption) for decoding implementations that have a predetermined input-independent length of messages. For encoding, we relax the fixed-length assumption and derive bounds for flexible-message-length implementations. Using these lower bounds, we show that the total (transmit + encoding + decoding) energy-per-bit must diverge to infinity as the target error probability is lowered to zero. Furthermore, the closer the communication rate is maintained to the channel capacity (as the target error probability is lowered to zero), the fast required decoding energy diverges to infinity.
FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PEMBIAYAAN PADA PERBANKAN SYARIAH DI INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN 2007 - 2013

Abstrak___________________________________________________________________Pembangunan ekonomi tidak lepas dari peranan sektor perbankan sebagai lembaga pembiayaanbagi sektor riil. Di Indonesia sistem perbankan yang digunakan adalah dual banking sistem dimanaberoperasi dua jenis usaha bank yaitu Bank Syariah dan Bank Konvensional.Metode yangdigunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Error Correction Model dengan uji prasyarat yaitu ujistasioneritas, uji statistik dan uji asumsi klasik. Hasil penelitian diperoleh menunjukan bahwadalam jangka panjang secara bersama-sama Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK), Sertifikat Wadiah BankIndonesia (SWBI) dan Return On Assets (ROA) berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadapPembiayan. Dalam jangka pendek Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK), Nilai ECT yang signifikanmenunjukkan bahwa model jangka pendek dapat digunakan.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalahpada jangka panjang Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK), Sertifikat Wadiah Bank Indonesia (SWBI) danReturn On Assets (ROA) berpengaruh secara statistik terhadap pembiayaan pada perbankan syariahdi Indonesia. Pada jangka pendek Return On Assets (ROA) tidak berpengaruh secara statistikterhadap pembiayaan pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Sedangkan Dana Pihak Ketiga (DPK)dan Sertifikat Wadiah Bank Indonesia (SWBI) berpengaruh secara statistik terhadap pembiayaanpada perbankan syariah di Indonesia.AbstractEconomic development is not far from the effect of banking sector as a financing bureau. In Indonesia thebanking system which is used is dual banking system which is consist of two types, Islamic Banking andConventional Banking. Method which is used in this research is Error Correction Model with prerequisite testand stationarity test co-integration test, classic assumption test and statistics assumption test. The result of theresearch shows that in long term condition third party funds, Wadiah Certificate of Bank Indonesia andReturn Assets together they gave a positive and significant effect to the financing. On short term third partyfunds, ECT significant value shows that short term model could be used.The conclusion of this research are inlong term third party funds, Wadiah Certificate of Bank Indonesia and Return On Assets statisticallyinfluencing the financing of Islamic banking in Indonesia. In short term Return On Assets is statistically notinfluencing the financing of Islamic banking in Indonesia. On the other hand, third party funds and WadiahCertificate of Bank Indonesia statistically influencing the financing of Islamic Banking in Indonesia.
Scheduling of Variable Size Packets in Input Queued Switches with Bandwidth and Delay Guarantees

A method for regenerating a sodium base sulfite cooking liquor by utilizing a multi-stage fluid bed treatment. In the method for regenerating the liquor, the spent liquor is first treated in a fluid bed reactor with gases containing water vapor and carbon dioxide at a temperature less than 1100 DEG F. , to pyrolyze the liquor solids, to gasify the sulfur in the liquor and to produce a pelletized solid residue consisting of primarily sodium carbonate and carbon. This residue is then treated with air and water at a temperature greater than 1100 DEG F. in a second fluid bed reactor to produce a solid product consisting primarily of sodium carbonate and gases suitable for use in the first reactor. The gaseous products of the first reactor are further oxidized with air to convert sulfur compounds to sulfur dioxide, which is then absorbed in a solution of sodium carbonate from the second reactor, thus regenerating sodium sulfite for preparation of pulping liquor.
Single center experiences of needle-scopic grasper assisted single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallbladder benign disease: comparison with conventional 3-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Purpose Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy (SILC) has some technical problems. Our group has performed needlescopic grasper assisted SILC (nSILC) to overcome these problems. In this study, we introduce our technique and evaluate the safety and feasibility of this technique compared with the conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC). Methods The medical records of 485 patients who received nSILC and CLC were reviewed retrospectively. Surgical outcomes including operative time, hospital stay, postoperative pain and perioperative complication were compared between the 2 techniques. Results Although wound complications were developed more frequently in nSILC group, there was no significant difference between groups in other surgical outcomes. In subgroup analysis, surgical outcomes of nSILC were similar with those of CLC not only in easy group but also in difficult group. Conclusion It seems that nSILC is safe and feasible not only in selected patients but also in difficult cases such as acute cholecystitis.
Voting multiple classifiers decisions for spam detection

A considerable amount of research and technology development has been emerged to address the problem of spam detection. Based on a Boolean cellular approach and naïve Bayes technique built as individual classifiers, we evaluate a novel method that combines these two classifiers to determine whether we can more accurately detect Spam. Experimental results show that the proposed combination increases the classification performance as measured on LingSpam dataset.
Evaluation of orthodontic treatment need by patient-based methods compared with normative method

Background: A comprehensive system of assessing orthodontic need requires the integration of normative clinical measures with patient-based indicators. This study sought to discover weather an oral health-related quality of life measure or Aesthetic Component of Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (AC-IOTN) could be used as a predictor of orthodontic treatment need. Factors affecting the judgment of patient and dentist about this need are discussed. Materials and Methods: Oral examination on 597 Iranian students between 13 years and 18 years was done to reach the grade of Dental Health Component (DHC). The Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP) and AC-IOTN were recorded. The diagnostic values of subjective tests were assessed. Multiple logistic regressions were applied to investigate the role of variables in the persons’ perceptions. Results: Half of the 570 eligible students did not need orthodontic treatment either on professional or self-assessment; 60% of patients with definite need had a distinct impact on their quality of life. The specificity of AC to detect the healthy persons was excellent (0.99) but its sensitivity was low (0.08). COHIP score gave a better sensitivity but its specificity was 50%. Caries experience, quality of life, father's education, and brushing habits were the factors relating to the same judgment of persons and dentists (P > 0.02). Conclusion: Regarding the discrepancies between two assessment methods, present instruments did not meet the predictor's competencies. The patient-based methods could not substitute the professional assessment, but by identification, the persons with higher impacts would benefit the prioritization process.
The Measurement of the Utilisation Efficiency of External Debt Funds and its Influencing Factors

type="main"> This paper uses stochastic frontier analysis to measure the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds, and identifies what factors actually influence the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds. Measurements show that in both developing and developed countries, the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds shows a downward trend; this downward trend is more obvious in developed countries. Empirical analysis found that the trade deficit rate, the trade openness, the ratio of fiscal revenue to gross domestic product (GDP), and the inflation rate have a significant negative effect on the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds. The ratio of money and quasi money (M2) to GDP, the ratio of the population aged 15–65 to total population, the ratio of industry value-added to GDP, and the investment growth rate have a significant positive effect on the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds. Furthermore, under the condition of high ratio of the population aged 15–65 to total population, an increase in the ratio of the population aged 15–65 to total population will have a larger effect on improving the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds. Under the condition of high trade deficit rate, an increase in trade deficit rate will have a bigger effect on decreasing the utilisation efficiency of external debt funds.
Fully Isotropic Four-Degrees-of-Freedom Parallel Mechanisms for Schoenflies Motion

This paper presents a novel family of fully isotropic parallel mechanisms whose output link is provided with Schoenflies motion, i.e., it can freely translate in space and rotate about a fixed direction. A methodology is proposed that makes use of the theory of screws to synthesize desired forms for both the direct and the inverse Jacobian matrices. In particular, these are made diagonal and constant throughout the workspace. Motors are mounted one per leg and each one of them actuates one of the degrees of freedom of the output body through a constant one-to-one velocity relation. As a consequence, motors may apply, with equal ease, a twist or a wrench of any amplitude (within the motor operation range) to the end-effector around any screw congruous with the admitted motion, so that full isotropy is achieved. Kinematic analysis is trivial and no computation is required for real-time control. Furthermore, actuator motion ranges can be easily related to the theoretical workspace dimensions and the problem of link interference is potentially simplified.
Classification as Culture: Types and Trajectories of Music Genres

Questions of symbolic classification have been central to sociology since its earliest days, given the relevance of distinctions for both affiliation and conflict. Music and its genres are no exception, organizing people and songs within a system of symbolic classification. Numerous studies chronicle the history of specific genres of music, but none document recurrent processes of development and change across musics. In this article, we analyze 60 musics in the United States, delineating between 12 social, organizational, and symbolic attributes. We find four distinct genre types—Avant-garde, Scene-based, Industry-based, and Traditionalist. We also find that these genre types combine to form three distinct trajectories. Two-thirds originate in an Avant-garde genre, and the rest originate as a scene or, to our surprise, in an Industry-based genre. We conclude by discussing a number of questions raised by our findings, including the implications for understanding symbolic classification in fields other than music.
Are Perceptions of Inflation Rational? Some Evidence for Sweden

This survey paper argues that Walrasian markets and monetary exchan ge are alternative, not complementary, arrangements for coordinating economic activity; that if one realizes this, many informational anomalies and price rigidities that appear "irrational" in a Walrasia n context can be understood as the outcome of maximizing behavior in a monetary economy; and that the precautionary approach to modelin g the demand for money takes on a particular importance in this way of looking at things. Empirical evidence on the demand for money is cite d in support of this point of view, which tends to reinstate the quantity of money as an important economic variable, in contrast to the New Classical vision of the economy whi ch downgrades money's importance. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Notch Activation of Jagged1 Contributes to the Assembly of the Arterial Wall

Background— Notch signaling in vascular smooth muscle precursors is required for smooth muscle differentiation. Jagged1 expression on endothelium activates Notch in vascular smooth muscle precursors including those of neural crest origin to initiate the formation of a smooth muscle layer in a maturing blood vessel. Methods and Results— Here, we show that Jagged1 is a direct Notch target in smooth muscle, resulting in a positive feedback loop and lateral induction that propagates a wave of smooth muscle differentiation during aortic arch artery development. In vivo, we show that Notch inhibition in cardiac neural crest impairs Jagged1 messenger RNA expression and results in deficient smooth muscle differentiation and resultant aortic arch artery defects. Ex vivo, Jagged1 ligand activates Notch in neural crest explants and results in activation of Jagged1 messenger RNA, a response that is blocked by Notch inhibition. We examine 15 evolutionary conserved regions within the Jagged1 genomic locus and identify a single Notch response element within the second intron. This element contains a functional Rbp-J binding site demonstrated by luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and is sufficient to recapitulate aortic arch artery expression of Jagged1 in transgenic mice. Loss of Jagged1 in neural crest impairs vascular smooth muscle differentiation and results in aortic arch artery defects. Conclusions— Taken together, these results provide a mechanism for lateral induction that allows for a multilayered smooth muscle wall to form around a nascent arterial endothelial tube and identify Jagged1 as a direct Notch target.
No Association between Mean Telomere Length and Life Stress Observed in a 30 Year Birth Cohort

Telomeres are specialised structures that cap the ends of chromosomes. They shorten with each cell division and have been proposed as a marker of cellular aging. Previous studies suggest that early life stressors increase the rate of telomere shortening with potential impact on disease states and mortality later in life. This study examined the associations between telomere length and exposure to a number of stressors that arise during development from the antenatal/perinatal period through to young adulthood. Participants were from the Christchurch Health and Development Study (CHDS), a New Zealand longitudinal birth cohort which has followed participants from birth until age 30. Telomere length was obtained on DNA from peripheral blood samples collected from consenting participants (n = 677) at age 28–30, using a quantitative PCR assay. These data were assessed for associations with 26 measures of life course adversity or stress which occurred prior to 25 years of age. No associations were found between telomere length measured at age 28–30 years and life course adversity or stress for specific measures and for the summary risk scores for each developmental domain. The correlations were very small ranging from −0.06 to 0.06 with a median of 0.01, and none were statistically significant. Our results in this well-studied birth cohort do not support prior reports of such associations, and underscore the need for more extensive replication of proposed links between stress and telomere biology in larger cohorts with appropriate phenotypic data.
Spatial correlation for general distributions of scatterers

The well-known results of the spatial correlation function for two-dimensional and three-dimensional diffuse fields of narrowband signals are generalized to the case of general distributions of scatterers. A method is presented that allows closed-form expressions for the correlation function to be obtained for arbitrary scattering distribution functions. These closed-form expressions are derived for a variety of commonly used scattering distribution functions.
Analysis of the generation and segregation of propagons: entities that propagate the [PSI+] prion in yeast.

The propagation of the prion form of the yeast Sup35p protein, the so-called [PSI(+)] determinant, involves the generation and partition of a small number of particulate determinants that we propose calling "propagons. " The numbers of propagons in [PSI(+)] cells can be inferred from the kinetics of elimination of [PSI(+)] during growth in the presence of a low concentration of guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl). Using this and an alternative method of counting the numbers of propagons, we demonstrate considerable clonal variation in the apparent numbers of propagons between different [PSI(+)] yeast strains, between different cultures of the same [PSI(+)] yeast strain, and between different cells of the same [PSI(+)] culture. We provide further evidence that propagon generation is blocked by growth in GdnHCl and that it is largely confined to the S phase of the cell cycle. In addition, we show that at low propagon number there is a bias toward retention of propagons in mother cells and that production of new propagons is very rapid when cells with depleted numbers of propagons are rescued into normal growth medium. The implications of our findings with respect to yeast prion propagation mechanisms are discussed.
Delivering lower carbon urban transport choices: European ambition meets the reality of institutional (mis)alignment

Reducing carbon emissions from the transport sector has become a critical imperative for public policy as our understanding of the impacts of the mobility system on the environment has developed. This paper contrasts policy development in three cities (Aberdeen, Bremen and Malmö) that collaborated as part of a European Union knowledge exchange programme designed to share innovative approaches to carbon reduction in the transport sector. We identify a number of critical aspects of governance, including the approach to policy formulation and implementation, and the status of consensus and cohesion, as key determinants of transport outcomes. We conclude that the degree of institutional alignment evident in each city’s governance network is crucial in explaining their appetite for the pursuit of low carbon policies, and in turn the real potential for policy transfer to occur as envisaged by European Union collaboration frameworks.
Extrasolar planet population synthesis - II. Statistical comparison with observations

Context. This is the second paper in a series of papers showing the results of extrasolar planet population synthesis calculations using our extended core accretion model. In the companion paper (Paper I), we have presented in detail the methods we use. In subsequent papers, we shall discuss the e ect of the host star’s mass on the planetary population and the influence of various properties of protoplanetary disks. Aims. In this second paper, we focus on planets orbiting solar-like stars. The goal is to use the main characteristics of the actually observed extrasolar planet population to derive in a statistical manner constraints on the planet formation models. Methods. Drawing initial conditions for our models at random from probability distributions derived as closely as possible from observations, we synthesize a number of planetary populations. By applying an observational detection bias appropriate for radial velocity surveys, we identify the potentially detectable synthetic planets. The properties of these planets are compared in quantitative statistical tests with the properties of a carefully selected sub-population of actually observed extrasolar planets. Results. We use a two dimensional Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to compare the mass-distance distributions of synthetic and observed planets, as well as the one dimensional version of the test to compare the M sini, the semimajor axis and the [Fe/H] distribution. We find that while many combinations of parameters lead to unacceptable distributions, a number of models can account to a reasonable degree of statistical significance for most of the properties of the observed sample. We concurrently account for many other observed features, e.g. the “metallicity e ect”. This gives us confidence that our model captures several essential features of giant planet formation. In addition, the fact that many parameter combination could be rejected, indicates that planet population synthesis is indeed a promising approach to constrain formation models. Our simulations allow us also to extract a number of properties of the underlying exoplanet population that are not yet directly detectable. For example, we have derived the planetary initial mass function (PIMF) and have been led to conclude that the planets detected so far represent only the tip of the iceberg (9%) of all the existing planets. The PIMF can also be used to predict how the detectable extrasolar planet population will change as the instrumental precision of radial velocity surveys improves from 10 m/s to 1 m/s, or even to an extreme precision of 0.1 m/s.