Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Education Gap Between Children of Immigrants and the Native Born : Allocation of Human Capital Investments in Immigrant Families

This paper seeks to understand the source of the well documented observation that second generation immigrants in North America are on average better educated than the remaining native born. This difference persists even after conditioning on parental education and ethnic origin. The gap is often ascribed to stronger preferences for education or higher ability among immigrant parents. I show, instead, how such a gap can arise in a standard human capital framework where parents choose both how much to invest in their own human capital, and the optimal level of schooling for their children. The key insight from the model is that the gap in education can develop even in the absence of differences between immigrants and the native born along unobservable dimensions such as ability, preferences or discount factors. Rather, it may arise as an optimal response to institutional factors such as imperfect transferability of foreign human capital and the presence of credit constraints among low educated individuals in general. The model yields several testable implications. I evaluate them using the Ethnic Diversity Survey, a relatively unexplored Canadian post-censal survey with a unique combination of information and sample design. Under reasonable assumptions, immigrant parents with low education are predicted to optimally invest in higher levels of education for their children than similarly educated, native born parents. In contrast, among children of well educated parents, the second generation – native born gap, if present at all, may be negative. Furthermore, we should not see any difference in educational attainment, conditional on parental education and ethnicity, between third generation immigrants and the remaining native born. These patterns are indeed present in the data. The model also has direct implications for the relationship between the amount of schooling of immigrant children and the slope of their parents’ post-migration earnings profiles. We should see educational attainment falling as the slope of parental earnings rises among children of immigrants with low education levels, indicating a tradeoff in human capital investments in immigrant families. I find strong evidence of such a tradeoff occurring in families with low educated parents, but not in families where at least one parent has a post-secondary education. ∗The statistical analysis presented in this paper was produced from Statistics Canada microdata. The interpretation and opinions expressed are my own and do not represent those of Statistics Canada. I am indebted to David Green, John Helliwell and Craig Riddell for their invaluable comments and suggestions. I also thank participants of the UBC micro-empirical seminar series.
Yahoo! for Amazon: Sentiment Extraction from Small Talk on the Web

We develop a methodology for extracting small investor sentiment from stock message boards. Five distinct classiﬁer algorithms coupled by a voting scheme are found to perform well against human and statistical benchmarks. Time series and cross-sectional aggregation of message information improves the quality of the resultant sentiment index. Empirical applications evidence a relationship with stock returns – visually, using phase-lag analysis, pattern recognition and statistical methods. Sentiment has an idiosyncratic component
MinCD Proteins Control the Septation Process during Sporulation of Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Mutation of the divIVB locus in Bacillus subtilis causes misplacement of the septum during cell division and allows the formation of anucleate minicells. The divIVBlocus contains five open reading frames (ORFs). The last two ORFs (minCD) are homologous to minC andminD of Escherichia coli but a minEhomolog is lacking in B. subtilis. There is some similarity between minicell formation and the asymmetric septation that normally occurs during sporulation in terms of polar septum localization. However, it has been proposed that MinCD has no essential role in sporulation septum formation. We have used electron microscopic studies to show septation events during sporulation in some minDstrains. We have observed an unusually thin septum at the midcell position in minD and also in minD spoIIE71mutant cells. Fluorescence microscopy also localized a SpoIIE-green fluorescent protein fusion protein at the midcell site inminD cells. We propose that the MinCD complex plays an important role in asymmetric septum formation during sporulation ofB. subtilis cells.
The RNG Turbulence Closure : Application and Revisited Performance Assessment

Despite the advances in high-performance computing, the use of sophisticated turbulence models, as for example LES, or direct numerical simulation (DNS), is not yet practicable in wind engineering problems. Due to the large areas usually studied, frequently two-equation closures are adopted for the simulation of the turbulence, due to their low computational requirements. In this paper, four two-equation turbulence models are tested for three cases of turbulent flow around isolated bluff bodies. The RNG model is revisited and its results are compared against the results produced by other eddy viscosity models (MMK, k-w and standard kε). Beyond some controversy on its derivation, the RNG model shows some advantage on the prediction of flows where separation, reattachment, and strong curvature phenomena are observed.
Related Service Providers’ Perspectives on Everyday Life Participation of Children and Youth with Disabilities

Background: The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate the perspectives of related service providers on everyday life participation of children and youth with disabilities that they serve. Method: A qualitative design was used to guide interviews that elicited the participants’ perspectives working with children and youth with disabilities. Results: Five themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: (a) each child’s individual experiences and quality of life; (b) linked to home, school, and community life; (c) child or youth driven; (d) provider collaboration and carryover; and (e) distinct professional provider views. Conclusion: Insights into related service providers’ perspectives on participation for children and youth with disabilities indicated that while each professional participant defined participation somewhat differently, all agreed that participation in home, school, and community life is critical for quality of life for children with or without disabilities. They reported benefits and barriers to participation that are important to consider for various settings. Providers often work collaboratively with families and other professions to enhance participation. There is a need for more research on how related service providers and other professionals define participation and how they enhance participation through interactions with children and families and the community. Comments The authors report they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Molecular Basis of the Interaction ofSalmonella with the Intestinal Mucosa

SUMMARY Salmonella is one of the most extensively characterized bacterial pathogens and is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Despite this, we are only just beginning to understand at a molecular level how Salmonella interacts with its mammalian hosts to cause disease. Studies during the past decade on the genetic basis of virulence of Salmonella have significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular basis of the host-pathogen interaction, yet many questions remain. In this review, we focus on the interaction of enterocolitis-causing salmonellae with the intestinal mucosa, since this is the initiating step for most infections caused by Salmonella. Animal and in vitro cell culture models for the interaction of these bacteria with the intestinal epithelium are reviewed, along with the bacterial genes that are thought to affect this interaction. Lastly, recent studies on the response of epithelial cells to Salmonella infection and how this might promote diarrhea are discussed.
From NS-2 to NS-3 - Implementation and evaluation

NS-2 is the most famous simulator among other network simulators. Most of researchers use NS-2 to evaluate their new protocols/architectures. Although NS-2 has much resource and many available tools to generate different characteristics and network scenarios, source codes created on NS-2 is not able to be reused for real implementation. The releasing of NS-3 changes the way researchers work. NS-3 allows the researchers to work on both simulations and emulations with the same implementation and source codes. These can help researchers to evaluate their works on a single computer for simulation or on a real system without wasting their time to implement their works twice; one in NS-2 simulation and the other in real system. In this paper, we elaborate different points of protocol implementation between NS-2 and NS-3. We recommend a setting for mobility trace in order to obtain correct results between NS-2 and NS-3. Then, as a case study, we use DECA, which is a reliable broadcasting protocol for VANETs and previously implemented on NS-2. How to transfer DECA from NS-2 to NS-3 and how to validate its performance are shown. Moreover, an emulation of DECA on real system using NS-3 is described. The emulation results show a problem caused by asymmetric links which is not concerned in most of literatures. In this paper, therefore, we also propose a simple solution to help protocols' operation in the asymmetric link scenarios. The simulation results show that our solution can improve protocol performance.
Scleral remodeling during the development of and recovery from axial myopia in the tree shrew.

PURPOSE Recent investigations have suggested that scleral thinning in mammalian eyes with axial myopia is a consequence of the loss of scleral tissue, rather than the redistribution of existing tissue as the eye enlarges. The present study investigated whether further changes in the distribution and metabolism of scleral tissue occur during the process of recovery from axial myopia. Scleral glycosaminoglycan (GAG) synthesis and content as well as scleral dry weight changes were monitored as indicators of remodeling in myopic and recovering tree shrew sclerae. METHODS Myopia was induced in tree shrews by monocularly depriving them of pattern vision. Some animals then had the occluder removed and were allowed to recover from the induced myopia for periods of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days. Newly synthesized GAGs were radiolabeled in vivo with [(35)S]sulfate. Sulfate incorporation and total GAG content in the sclera was measured through selective precipitation of GAGs from proteinase K digests with alcian blue dye. Dry weights of the sclerae were also determined. Changes in ocular refraction and eye size were monitored using retinoscopy, keratometry, and ultrasonography. RESULTS Eyes developing myopia showed a significant reduction in scleral GAG synthesis, particularly in the region of the posterior pole (-36% +/- 7%) compared with contralateral control eyes. Scleral dry weight was also significantly reduced in these eyes (-3.7% +/- 1.2%). In recovering eyes, significant changes in GAG synthesis were apparent after 24 hours of recovery. After 3 days of recovery, significantly elevated levels of GAG synthesis were found (+79% +/- 15%), returning to contralateral control eye values after 9 days of recovery. Interocular differences in scleral dry weight were shown to follow a similar pattern to that observed for GAG synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Active remodeling, resulting in either the loss or replacement of scleral tissue and not passive redistribution of scleral tissue, is associated with changes in eye size during both myopia development and recovery. Regulatory changes in scleral metabolism can be rapidly evoked by a change in visual conditions and the direction of regulation is related to the direction of change in eye size.
Improving Controllability and Predictability of Interactive Recommendation Interfaces for Exploratory Search

In exploratory search, when a user directs a search engine using uncertain relevance feedback, usability problems regarding controllability and predictability may arise. One problem is that the user is often modelled as a passive source of relevance information, instead of an active entity trying to steer the system based on evolving information needs. This may cause the user to feel that the response of the system is inconsistent with her steering. Another problem arises due to the sheer size and complexity of the information space, and hence of the system, as it may be difficult for the user to anticipate the consequences of her actions in this complex environment. These problems can be mitigated by interpreting the user's actions as setting a goal for an optimization problem regarding the system state, instead of passive relevance feedback, and by allowing the user to see the predicted effects of an action before committing to it. In this paper, we present an implementation of these improvements in a visual user-controllable search interface. A user study involving exploratory search for scientific literature gives some indication on improvements in task performance, usability, perceived usefulness and user acceptance.
B-cell Complement Dependent Cytotoxic Crossmatch Positivity is an Independent Risk Factor for Long-term Renal Allograft Survival

The clinical significance of positive B-cell complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatching (B-CDC) in renal transplant recipients remains unclear. We reviewed 20 recipients with isolated B-CDC positivity at the time of transplantation. We compared the clinical characteristics, acute rejection and long-term graft survival between positive and negative B-CDC patients (n = 602). The number of retransplant recipients and positivity for T- and B-flowcytometric crossmatch was greater in positive B-CDC patients than in negative B-CDC patients. The overall acute rejection rate of positive B-CDC patients was significantly higher (P < 0.001), and Banff grade II or III cellular rejection was more frequently observed in positive B-CDC patients (P = 0.037). Compared with negative B-CDC patients, acute cellular rejection as a cause of graft loss was more prevalent (P = 0.020) and rescue rejection therapy was more frequently needed in positive B-CDC patients (P = 0.007). The allograft survival rate of positive B-CDC patients was significantly lower than that of negative B-CDC patients (P < 0.001), and B-CDC positivity independently increased the risk of allograft failure 2.31-fold (95% CI 1.15-4.67; P = 0.019) according to multivariate analysis. In conclusion, isolated B-CDC positivity is an independent long-term prognostic factor for allograft survival.
Emergent states in heavy-electron materials

We obtain the conditions necessary for the emergence of various low-temperature ordered states (local-moment antiferromagnetism, unconventional superconductivity, quantum criticality, and Landau Fermi liquid behavior) in Kondo lattice materials by extending the two-fluid phenomenological theory of heavy-electron behavior to incorporate the concept of hybridization effectiveness. We use this expanded framework to present a new phase diagram and consistent physical explanation and quantitative description of measured emergent behaviors such as the pressure variation of the onset of local-moment antiferromagnetic ordering at TN, the magnitude of the ordered moment, the growth of superconductivity within that ordered state, the location of a quantum critical point, and of a delocalization line in the pressure/temperature phase diagram at which local moments have disappeared and the heavy-electron Fermi surface has grown to its maximum size. We apply our model to CeRhIn5 and a number of other heavy-electron materials and find good agreement with experiment.
TAGME: on-the-fly annotation of short text fragments (by wikipedia entities)

We designed and implemented TAGME, a system that is able to efficiently and judiciously augment a plain-text with pertinent hyperlinks to Wikipedia pages. The specialty of TAGME with respect to known systems [5,8] is that it may annotate texts which are short and poorly composed, such as snippets of search-engine results, tweets, news, etc. This annotation is extremely informative, so any task that is currently addressed using the bag-of-words paradigm could benefit from using this annotation to draw upon (the millions of) Wikipedia pages and their inter-relations.
Characterization of an Amino-Terminal Dimerization Domain from Retroviral Restriction Factor Fv1

ABSTRACT The Fv1 protein is an endogenous factor in mice that confers resistance to infection by certain classes of murine leukemia virus, a phenomenon referred to as restriction. The mechanism of restriction is not understood, and the low endogenous level of Fv1 in cells has prevented any biochemical or biophysical analysis of the protein. We have now purified recombinant Fv1n protein from a baculovirus system and demonstrate that Fv1 exists in a multimeric form. Furthermore, we have mapped the position of two domains within the protein using limited proteolysis. Biophysical characterization of the N-terminal domain reveals that it comprises a highly helical and extended dimeric structure. Based on these biochemical and biophysical data, we propose a model for the arrangement of domains in Fv1 and suggest that dimerization of the N-terminal domain is necessary for Fv1 function to allow the protein to interact with multiple capsid protomers in retroviral cores.
Role of Posterior Parietal Gamma Activity in Planning Prosaccades and Antisaccades

Although the components of the cerebral network mediating saccade preparation in humans have been extensively outlined by numerous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies (e.g., [Schluppeck et al., 2006][1]; [Curtis and Connolly, 2008][2]), the fine temporal and spectral dynamics of its
Anatomical Identification of Extracellularly Recorded Cells in Large-Scale Multielectrode Recordings

This study combines for the first time two major approaches to understanding the function and structure of neural circuits: large-scale multielectrode recordings, and confocal imaging of labeled neurons. To achieve this end, we develop a novel approach to the central problem of anatomically identifying recorded cells, based on the electrical image: the spatiotemporal pattern of voltage deflections induced by spikes on a large-scale, high-density multielectrode array. Recordings were performed from identified ganglion cell types in the macaque retina. Anatomical images of cells in the same preparation were obtained using virally transfected fluorescent labeling or by immunolabeling after fixation. The electrical image was then used to locate recorded cell somas, axon initial segments, and axon trajectories, and these signatures were used to identify recorded cells. Comparison of anatomical and physiological measurements permitted visualization and physiological characterization of numerically dominant ganglion cell types with high efficiency in a single preparation.
The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area: intracortical microstimulation mapping

The somatotopic organization of the supplementary motor area (SMA) is commonly held to consist of a rostrocaudal sequence of orofacial, forelimb, and hindlimb representations. Recently, however, this somatotopy has been questioned. Studies of regional cerebral blood flow in humans and the movements evoked by intracortical electrical stimulation in cynomolgus monkeys have been unable to reveal evidence of distinct orofacial, forelimb, and hindlimb representations rostrocaudally situated along the medial cortex of the hemisphere. Partly on the basis of those results, it has been suggested that the SMA functions as a nontopographically organized “higher-order” motor center. The present study reexamines SMA organization by observing stimulation-evoked movements. The medial frontal cortex of 2 rhesus monkeys was mapped using a modified intracortical microstimulation technique. We observed a forelimb representation mainly on the medial surface of the hemisphere in both animals. Rostral or rostrolateral to the forelimb representation, depending on the individual, we evoked orofacial movements (including eye movements). Hindlimb movements were evoked from tissue overlapping, but largely caudal to, the forelimb representation. Thus, we conclude that there is a clear rostrocaudal progression of orofacial, forelimb, and hindlimb movement representations in the SMA.
Targeted resequencing of candidate genes using selector probes

Targeted genome enrichment is a powerful tool for making use of the massive throughput of novel DNA-sequencing instruments. We herein present a simple and scalable protocol for multiplex amplification of target regions based on the Selector technique. The updated version exhibits improved coverage and compatibility with next-generation-sequencing (NGS) library-construction procedures for shotgun sequencing with NGS platforms. To demonstrate the performance of the technique, all 501 exons from 28 genes frequently involved in cancer were enriched for and sequenced in specimens derived from cell lines and tumor biopsies. DNA from both fresh frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies were analyzed and 94% specificity and 98% coverage of the targeted region was achieved. Reproducibility between replicates was high (R2 = 0, 98) and readily enabled detection of copy-number variations. The procedure can be carried out in <24 h and does not require any dedicated instrumentation.
Abacus Training Affects Math and Task Switching Abilities and Modulates Their Relationships in Chinese Children

Our previous work demonstrated that abacus-based mental calculation (AMC), a traditional Chinese calculation method, could help children improve their math abilities (e.g. basic arithmetical ability) and executive function (e.g. working memory). This study further examined the effects of long-term AMC training on math ability in visual-spatial domain and the task switching component of executive function. More importantly, this study investigated whether AMC training modulated the relationship between math abilities and task switching. The participants were seventy 7-year-old children who were randomly assigned into AMC and control groups at primary school entry. Children in AMC group received 2-hour AMC training every week since primary school entry. On the contrary, children in the control group had never received any AMC training. Math and task switching abilities were measured one year and three years respectively after AMC training began. The results showed that AMC children performed better than their peers on math abilities in arithmetical and visual-spatial domains. In addition, AMC group responded faster than control group in the switching task, while no group difference was found in switch cost. Most interestingly, group difference was present in the relationships between math abilities and switch cost. These results implied the effect of AMC training on math abilities as well as its relationship with executive function.