Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automatic affective-motivational regulation processes underlying supportive dyadic coping: the role of increased implicit positive attitudes toward communal goals in response to a stressed relationship partner

ABSTRACT Background and objectives: We examined the implicit affective mechanisms underlying provision of support in intimate dyads. Specifically, we hypothesized that in individuals with high relationship satisfaction, the perception that one’s partner is stressed leads to increased implicit positive attitudes toward communal goals. In turn, this change in implicit attitudes facilitates supportive behavior. Design and methods: In two studies, we induced partner stress by instructing participants to either recall a situation where their partner was highly stressed (Study 1; N = 47 university students) or imagine a specific stressful event (excessive workload; Study 2; N = 85 university students). Subsequently, implicit attitudes toward communal goals were assessed with an Implicit Association Test. Results: In both studies, we found that among participants with high relationship satisfaction partner stress increases preferences for communal goals. In addition, implicit preferences for communal goals predicted stronger inclinations to engage in supportive dyadic coping (Study 2). Conclusions: The current findings provide important insights into the implicit cognitive-affective mechanics of dyadic coping. Moreover, they can explain how people manage to avoid experiencing motivational conflicts between partner-oriented and self-oriented goals in situations characterized by high partner stress.
Predicted Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk and Masked Hypertension Among Blacks in the Jackson Heart Study

Background— Among individuals without hypertension based on clinic blood pressure (BP), it is unclear who should be screened for masked hypertension, defined as having hypertension based on out-of-clinic BP. We hypothesized that individuals with a higher 10-year predicted atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk, calculated using the pooled cohort risk equations, have a higher prevalence of masked hypertension. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from the Jackson Heart Study—a population-based cohort of blacks—to determine the association of predicted ASCVD risk with masked hypertension. The sample included 644 participants, 40 to 79 years of age, with clinic systolic/diastolic BP <140/90 mm Hg, who completed ambulatory BP monitoring, were free of cardiovascular disease, and had data on factors needed to calculate ASCVD risk. Ten-year predicted ASCVD risk was calculated using the pooled cohort risk equations. Any masked hypertension was defined as masked daytime hypertension (mean daytime systolic/diastolic BP ≥135/85 mm Hg), masked nighttime hypertension (mean nighttime systolic/diastolic BP ≥120/70 mm Hg), or masked 24-hour hypertension (mean 24-hour systolic/diastolic BP ≥130/80 mm Hg). The prevalence of any masked hypertension was 54.0%. Compared with participants in the lowest (<5%) predicted ASCVD risk category, multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) for any masked hypertension were 1.36 (1.03–1.79), 1.62 (1.22–2.16), and 1.91 (1.47–2.48) for those with ASCVD risk of 5% to <7.5%, 7.5% to <10%, and ≥10%, respectively. The C statistic for discriminating between participants with versus without any masked hypertension was 0.681 (95% confidence interval, 0.640–0.723) for ASCVD risk and 0.703 (95% confidence interval, 0.663–0.744) for clinic systolic BP and diastolic BP. Conclusions— Higher ASCVD risk was associated with an increased prevalence of masked hypertension. Although the discrimination of ASCVD risk for masked hypertension was not superior to clinic BP, risk prediction equations may be useful for identifying the subgroup of individuals with both masked hypertension and high predicted ASCVD risk.
Air Pollution and Percent Emphysema Identified by Computed Tomography in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

Background: Air pollution is linked to low lung function and to respiratory events, yet little is known of associations with lung structure. Objectives: We examined associations of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) with percent emphysema-like lung on computed tomography (CT). Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) recruited participants (45–84 years of age) in six U.S. states. Percent emphysema was defined as lung regions < –910 Hounsfield Units on cardiac CT scans acquired following a highly standardized protocol. Spirometry was also conducted on a subset. Individual-level 1- and 20-year average air pollution exposures were estimated using spatiotemporal models that included cohort-specific measurements. Multivariable regression was conducted to adjust for traditional risk factors and study location. Results: Among 6,515 participants, we found evidence of an association between percent emphysema and long-term pollution concentrations in an analysis leveraging between-city exposure contrasts. Higher concentrations of PM2.5 (5 μg/m3) and NOx (25 ppb) over the previous year were associated with 0.6 (95% CI: 0.1, 1.2%) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 0.9%) higher average percent emphysema, respectively. However, after adjustment for study site the associations were –0.6% (95% CI: –1.5, 0.3%) for PM2.5 and –0.5% (95% CI: –1.1, 0.02%) for NOx. Lower lung function measures (FEV1 and FVC) were associated with higher PM2.5 and NOx levels in 3,791 participants before and after adjustment for study site, though most associations were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Associations between ambient air pollution and percentage of emphysema-like lung were inconclusive in this cross-sectional study, thus longitudinal analyses may better clarify these associations with percent emphysema. Citation: Adar SD, Kaufman JD, Diez-Roux AV, Hoffman EA, D’Souza J, Stukovsky KH, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Guo X, Raffel LJ, Sampson PD, Oron AP, Raghunathan T, Barr RG. 2015. Air pollution and percent emphysema identified by computed tomography in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Environ Health Perspect 123:144–151; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1307951
Mindfulness and meditation: The effect of a wellness intervention with child focused human service workers

iv Dedication. v Acknowledgements. vi Curriculum Vitae. vii Chapter 1: Statement of Research Topic. 1 Chapter 2: Literature Review. 5 Chapter 3: Methodology. 14 Chapter 4: Results. 19 Chapter 5: Discussion. 26 References. 30 Appendices. 34
Longitudinal Changes in Total Brain Volume in Schizophrenia: Relation to Symptom Severity, Cognition and Antipsychotic Medication

Studies show evidence of longitudinal brain volume decreases in schizophrenia. We studied brain volume changes and their relation to symptom severity, level of function, cognition, and antipsychotic medication in participants with schizophrenia and control participants from a general population based birth cohort sample in a relatively long follow-up period of almost a decade. All members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with any psychotic disorder and a random sample not having psychosis were invited for a MRI brain scan, and clinical and cognitive assessment during 1999–2001 at the age of 33–35 years. A follow-up was conducted 9 years later during 2008–2010. Brain scans at both time points were obtained from 33 participants with schizophrenia and 71 control participants. Regression models were used to examine whether brain volume changes predicted clinical and cognitive changes over time, and whether antipsychotic medication predicted brain volume changes. The mean annual whole brain volume reduction was 0.69% in schizophrenia, and 0.49% in controls (p = 0.003, adjusted for gender, educational level, alcohol use and weight gain). The brain volume reduction in schizophrenia patients was found especially in the temporal lobe and periventricular area. Symptom severity, functioning level, and decline in cognition were not associated with brain volume reduction in schizophrenia. The amount of antipsychotic medication (dose years of equivalent to 100 mg daily chlorpromazine) over the follow-up period predicted brain volume loss (p = 0.003 adjusted for symptom level, alcohol use and weight gain). In this population based sample, brain volume reduction continues in schizophrenia patients after the onset of illness, and antipsychotic medications may contribute to these reductions.
Nonreassuring Fetal Status in the Second Stage of Labor: Fetal Monitoring Features and Association with Neonatal Outcomes

Abstract Objective To examine features of electronic fetal monitoring that prompt a diagnosis of nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) and their association with acidemia. Study Design We identified all operative (cesarean or operative vaginal) deliveries from a retrospective cohort study of term singletons delivered in the second stage. The primary exposure was indication for delivery, NRFS versus other. We compared fetal monitoring features in the 30 minutes prior to delivery. In those delivered for NRFS, we assessed features associated with acidemia (pH < 7.2). Logistic regression adjusted for confounders. Results Of 5,388 patients, 770 (14%) were delivered operatively. NRFS (77%) was associated with acidemia (adjusted odds ratio 3.7, 95% confidence interval 2.1–6.5). Total deceleration area, repetitive late decelerations, and marked variability were associated with NRFS. However, only number of prolonged decelerations and total deceleration area were associated with acidemia in the NRFS group. Conclusion The majority of deliveries for NRFS and the features that prompt that diagnosis are not associated with acidemia.
Prevalence of low bone health using quantitative ultrasound in Indian women aged 41–60 years: Its association with nutrition and other related risk factors

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to find the prevalence of low bone health conditions and assess associated nutritional and other risk factors in Indian women aged 41–60 years. A total of 1,911 women participated in this cross-sectional study. Bone health was assessed using an Omnisense multisite quantitative ultrasound bone densitometer on two sites (radius and tibia). Crude prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis was found to be 30.09% and 19.89%, respectively. The Indian women were deficient in a majority of nutrients. Postmenopause, hysterectomy, hyperthyroid, hypothyroid, hypertension, low physical activity, low sun exposure, high stress levels, and low calcium levels were found to be independent risk factors of low bone health.
Between “A Friend” And “Like a Friend”: Differences in Viewpoint between Children and Teacher about Teacher’s Role in Play of Child-Care Center

This study explored the viewpoints of teachers and children about teacher’s role in free play at a play-based child care center, and sought the implication of the differences. For this aim, I used participant observation of free playtime at a child care center that advocated play-centered curriculum, and interviewed teachers and children. Results indicated both similarity and difference in their viewpoints. While teachers regarded their primary role as “a playmate” who played with children in free play time, children perceived their teachers as someone “like a friend” rather than “a friend. ” However, both teachers and children regarded teacher’s role in free play as the planner of play: “leading children to the goal” through free play and “planning the play. ” Also, children perceived various differences between teachers and themselves, and placed meanings to play motive, suggesting that the difference in viewpoints to the role of teachers at free play possibly comes from the discrepant interpretation of play. This study provides practical implication for teachers’ interaction with children in play by helping us understand the viewpoints of children about teacher’s role in play.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice Parameters for the Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

for their thoughtful review. These parameters were made available to the entire Academy membership for review in October 1997 and were approved by the AACAP Council in June 1998. They are available to AACAP members on the World Wide Web (www.aacap.org). ABSTRACT These practice parameters describe the assessment and treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on a detailed literature review and expert consultation. Obsessive compulsive disorder is a disorder of heterogeneous origin characterized by intrusive thoughts or compulsive urges or behaviors that are distressing, time-consuming, or functionally impairing. In children and adolescents, the disorder often is accompanied by a wide range of comorbidity, including mood, anxiety, attention, and learning difficulties, and/or tic disorder. These parameters describe the relevant areas of assessment, especially symptomatology, onset and course, other associated psychopathology, and developmental, family, and medical history (including post-infectious onset or exacerbations). Only two modalities have been systematically assessed and empirically shown to ameliorate core symptoms: cognitive behavioral therapy (primarily exposure/response prevention) and serotonin re-uptake inhibitor medication. Data regarding the indications, efficacy, and implementation of these modalities are reviewed. Because of the frequent co-occurrence of other psychopathology and adaptive difficulties, additional educational, individual and family psychotherapeutic, and pharmacological interventions often are necessary. Treatment planning guidelines are provided. Obsessions are persistently recurring thoughts, impulses, or images that are experienced as intrusive, inappropriate, and distressing and that are not simply excessive worries about realistic problems (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994). Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that a person feels driven to perform according to a rigidly applied rule
Prevalence and factors associated with diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients: a nationwide cohort

The association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) has been a matter of study worldwide, since it is assumed that DM triples the risk of TB [1]. Recent studies have found discrepant prevalence of DM among TB patients, ranging from 5.3% in Denmark [2] to 44% in India [3]. There is an urgent need to control both epidemics in order to achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) TB elimination goal [4]. To reach this goal, an integrated approach between TB elimination strategies and control of noncommunicable diseases that perpetuate the risk for TB is fundamental [5]. In a Portuguese TB cohort, diabetes mellitus was associated with older age and no HIV infection or drug consumption http://ow.ly/10EoN1
Dynamic regulation of mitochondrial fission through modification of the dynamin‐related protein Drp1

Mitochondria in cells comprise a tubulovesicular network shaped continuously by complementary fission and fusion events. The mammalian Drp1 protein plays a key role in fission, while Mfn1, Mfn2, and OPA1 are required for fusion. Shifts in the balance between these opposing processes can occur rapidly, indicating that modifications to these proteins may regulate mitochondrial membrane dynamics. We highlight posttranslational modifications of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1, for which these regulatory mechanisms are best characterized. This dynamin‐related GTPase undergoes a number of steps to mediate mitochondrial fission, including translocation from cytoplasm to the mitochondrial outer membrane, higher‐order assembly into spirals, GTP hydrolysis associated with a conformational change and membrane deformation, and ultimately disassembly. Many of these steps may be influenced by covalent modification of Drp1. We discuss the dynamic nature of Drp1 modifications and how they contribute not only to the normal regulation of mitochondrial division, but also to neuropathologic processes.
Difference and alteration in pharmacokinetic and metabolic characteristics of low-solubility natural medicines

Abstract Drug metabolism plays vital roles in the absorption and pharmacological activity of poorly soluble natural medicines. It is important to choose suitable delivery systems to increase the bioavailability and bioactivity of natural medicines with low solubility by regulating their metabolism and pharmacokinetics. This review investigates recent developments about the metabolic and pharmacokinetic behavior of poorly soluble natural medicines and their delivery systems. Delivery systems, dosage, administration route and drug–drug interactions alter the metabolic pathway, and bioavailability of low-solubility natural medicines to different degrees. Influencing factors such as formulation, dosage, and administration route are discussed. The metabolic reactions, metabolic enzymes, metabolites and pharmacokinetic behaviors of low-solubility natural medicines, and their delivery systems are systematically reviewed. There are various metabolic situations in the case of low-solubility natural medicines. CYP3A4 and CYP2C are the most common metabolic enzymes, and hydroxylation is the most common metabolic reaction of low solubility natural medicines. The stereo isomeric configuration can have a large influence on metabolism. This review will be useful for physicians and pharmacists to guide more accurate treatment with low-solubility natural medicines by increasing drug efficacies and protecting patients from toxic side effects.
Effects of Stimulation Properties in Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential Based Brain-Computer Interfaces

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) enable people to control appliances without involving the normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles. A particularly promising type of BCI is based on the Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential (SSVEP). Users can select commands by focusing on visual stimuli that alternate appearance with a certain frequency. The properties of these stimuli, such as size and color, as well as the device they are rendered on, can significantly affect the performance, comfort and safety of the system. However, the choice of stimulation properties is often ad-hoc or copied. In this paper we report our findings about the effects of rendering device, refresh rate, environmental illumination, contrast, color, spatial frequency and size of visual stimuli. In order to investigate these effects online, a high-performance BCI was developed. User comfort was measured using a questionnaire. The results suggest that high contrast stimulation works the best, while also being the least comfortable. However, maximum black/white contrast is often not needed and other stimuli (e.g. blue/green stimulation) are shown to work almost as well, while being far more comfortable. Knowledge of these effects can help to improve SSVEP-based BCIs. I. INTRODUCTION The steady state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) refers to the response of the cerebral cortex to repetitive visual stimuli (RVSi) oscillating at a constant frequency. The SSVEP man- ifests as an oscillatory component in the electroencephalo- gram (EEG) having the same frequency (and/or harmonics) as the RVS (1). Because of their proximity to the visual cortex, the occipital sites exhibit a higher SSVEP response. The SSVEP is an effective electrophysiological source that can be used as input for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). An SSVEP-based presents the subject with a set of RVSi that in general oscillate at different frequencies from each other. The SSVEP corresponding to the RVS on which the subject focuses their attention is more prominent and can be detected in the ongoing EEG. Each RVS is associated with an action which is executed by the BCI system when the corresponding SSVEP is detected. SSVEP-based BCIs offer two main advantages over BCIs based on other electrophysiological sources (e.g. P300, ERD/ERS): 1) they have higher information transfer rate, and 2) they require shorter calibration time. Unfortunately, the constant flicker can induce visual fatigue and even epileptic seizures in those that are susceptible. The functional model of a BCI system is depicted in Fig. 1. The visual stimulation plays a key role in the system and has
A Critique of the Drug Discovery and Phase 3 Clinical Programs Targeting the Amyloid Hypothesis for Alzheimer Disease

In 1906, Alois Alzheimer described the neuropathology of the disease that was to bear his name. Subsequently, our understanding of Alzheimer disease (AD) has grown significantly. The autosomal dominant mutations to the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin (PS) 1, and PS2 genes that cause early onset AD have been very informative, leading to the articulation of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. This hypothesis has been the basis for several disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for AD. This has been partly because it provided a coherent framework for understanding AD pathogenesis but also because several pharmacological approaches that targeted the amyloid peptide (amyloidocentric) were sufficiently well-founded scientifically to enter clinical development. In the past 5 years, there have been 6 amyloidocentric programs that completed phase 3 clinical testing. None met their primary outcome measures (Table 1), although 1, solanezumab, showed encouraging results in a prespecified secondary outcome measure. This disappointing track record has brought into question the amyloidocentric therapeutic approach. This review will consider these programs from the following perspectives:
Population-based risks of CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer: the British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study.

PURPOSE CNS tumors are the most common second primary neoplasm (SPN) observed after childhood cancer in Britain, but the relationship of risk to doses of previous radiotherapy and chemotherapy is uncertain. METHODS The British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a national, population-based, cohort study of 17,980 individuals surviving at least 5 years after diagnosis of childhood cancer. Linkage to national, population-based cancer registries identified 247 SPNs of the CNS. Cohort and nested case-control studies were undertaken. RESULTS There were 137 meningiomas, 73 gliomas, and 37 other CNS neoplasms included in the analysis. The risk of meningioma increased strongly, linearly, and independently with each of dose of radiation to meningeal tissue and dose of intrathecal methotrexate. Those whose meningeal tissue received 0.01 to 9.99, 10.00 to 19.99, 20.00 to 29.99, 30.00 to 39.99 and≥40 Gy had risks that were two-fold, eight-fold, 52-fold, 568-fold, and 479-fold, respectively, the risks experienced by those whose meningeal tissue was unexposed. The risk of meningioma among individuals receiving 1 to 39,40 to 69, and at least 70 mg/m2 of intrathecal methotrexate was 15-fold, 11-fold, and 36-fold, respectively, the risk experienced by those unexposed. The standardized incidence ratio for gliomas was 10.8 (95% CI, 8.5 to 13.6). The risk of glioma/primitive neuroectodermal tumors increased linearly with dose of radiation, and those who had CNS tissue exposed to at least 40 Gy experienced a risk four-fold that experienced by those who had CNS tissue unexposed. CONCLUSION The largest-ever study, to our knowledge, of CNS tumors in survivors of childhood cancer indicates that the risk of meningioma increases rapidly with increased dose of radiation to meningeal tissue and with increased dose of intrathecal methotrexate.