Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fairness-aware Learning through Regularization Approach

With the spread of data mining technologies and the accumulation of social data, such technologies and data are being used for determinations that seriously affect people's lives. For example, credit scoring is frequently determined based on the records of past credit data together with statistical prediction techniques. Needless to say, such determinations must be socially and legally fair from a viewpoint of social responsibility, namely, it must be unbiased and nondiscriminatory in sensitive features, such as race, gender, religion, and so on. Several researchers have recently begun to attempt the development of analysis techniques that are aware of social fairness or discrimination. They have shown that simply avoiding the use of sensitive features is insufficient for eliminating biases in determinations, due to the indirect influence of sensitive information. From a privacy-preserving viewpoint, this can be interpreted as hiding sensitive information when classification results are observed. In this paper, we first discuss three causes of unfairness in machine learning. We then propose a regularization approach that is applicable to any prediction algorithm with probabilistic discriminative models. We further apply this approach to logistic regression and empirically show its effectiveness and efficiency.
The Clustering of SDSS Galaxy Groups: Mass and Color Dependence

We use a large sample of galaxy groups selected from the SDSS data release 4 with an adaptive halo-based group finder to probe how the clustering strength of groups depends on their masses and colors. In particular, we determine the relative biases of groups of different masses, as well as that of groups with the same mass but with different colors. In agreement with previous studies, we find that more massive groups are more strongly clustered, and the inferred mass dependence of the halo bias is in good agreement with predictions for the ΛCDM concordance cosmology. Regarding the color dependence, we find that groups with red centrals are more strongly clustered than groups of the same mass but with blue centrals. Similar results are obtained when the color of a group is defined to be the total color of its member galaxies. The color dependence is more prominent in less massive groups and becomes insignificant in groups with masses ≳1014 h−1 M☉. These results are consistent with those obtained by Yang et al. from an analysis of the 2dFGRS, but inconsistent with those obtained by Berlind et al., who also used an SDSS group catalog. We construct a mock galaxy redshift survey from the large Millennium N-body simulation. Applying our group finder to this mock survey, and analyzing the mock data in exactly the same way as the true data, we are able to accurately recover the intrinsic mass and color dependencies of the halo bias in the model. Interestingly, the semianalytical model reveals the same color dependence of the halo bias as we find in our group catalog. We discuss these results in light of the assembly bias of dark matter halos and the star formation histories of galaxies.
Serum ferritin levels associated with increased risk for developing CHD in a low-income urban population

Abstract Objective The present study examined the association of serum ferritin with CHD risk using the Framingham Heart Study's 10-year risk algorithm. Design Ordinal logistic regression modelling was used to interpret risk. Proportional odds modelling assessed four divisions of ranked CHD risk (4, high; 3, increased; 2, slight; 1, minimal), separately by sex. Setting Baltimore, MD, USA. Subjects African-American and white participants (n 1823) from baseline of the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study, aged 30–64 years. Results For men, there was a 0·5 % increase in risk for every 10-unit rise in serum ferritin (pmol/l). Other significant predictors included increased BMI, white race, unemployment and C-reactive protein ≥9·5 mg/l. For women, there was a 5·1 % increase in risk per 10-unit rise in serum ferritin (pmol/l). Other significant predictors included increased BMI, lower education, unemployment and C-reactive protein ≥9·5 mg/l. Conclusions Serum ferritin is a significant predictor of 10-year hard CHD risk for HANDLS study participants, a low-income, urban population. Serum ferritin, independent of elevated C-reactive protein, was associated with increased 10-year CHD risk for HANDLS participants. To our knowledge, these data provide the first evidence of the role of serum ferritin as a risk factor for hard CHD in African-American and white postmenopausal women in the USA. Future research on cardiovascular events from this prospective study may confirm the association.
The Role of Personality in Angel Investing

This paper offers an examination of the relationship between an entrepreneur's personality and angel investor evaluations of the management team of venture opportunities. The authors use the Five Factor Model of personality to investigate whether angels rate the management teams of investment opportunities differently, depending on the personality profile of the focal entrepreneur. We also analyse the influence of an entrepreneur's start-up experience and the angel investor's investing experience on the evaluation of the management team. Hierarchical linear modelling of 1,988 investment evaluations from 40 different angels suggests that investor ratings of management teams are influenced by the personality traits of the lead entrepreneur.
Disgust as embodied loss aversion

ABSTRACT A quickly expanding literature has examined the link between physical disgust and morality. This article critically integrates the existing evidence and draws the following conclusions: First, there is considerable evidence that experimentally induced disgust and cleanliness influence moral judgment, but moderating variables and attributional processes need to be considered. Second, moral considerations have substantial effects on behavioural concomitants of disgust, such as facial expressions, economic games and food consumption. Third, while disgust involves a conservation concern, it can manifest itself in both liberal and conservative political attitudes. Overall, disgust can be considered to form part of a behavioural loss aversion system aimed at protecting valuable resources, including the integrity of one’s body. Recommendations are offered to investigate the role of disgust more rigorously in order to fully capture its role in moral life.
First Passage processes in cellular biology

Often sharp changes in cellular behavior are triggered by thresholded events, i.e., by the attainment of a threshold value of a relevant cellular or molecular dynamical variable. Since the governing variable itself typically undergoes noisy or stochastic dynamics, there is a corresponding variability in the times when the same change occurs in each cell of a population. This time is called the "first passage" time and the corresponding process is a "first passage" (FP) process, referring to the event when a random variable first passes the threshold value. In this review we first present and elucidate fundamentals of the FP formalism within a unified conceptual framework, which naturally integrates the existing techniques. We then discuss applications thereof, with emphasis on the practical use of FP techniques in biophysical systems. Our focus here is on covering a diverse set of analytical techniques; the number of reviewed biological applications is thus limited, out of necessity. We focus on three specific areas: channel transport; receptor binding and adhesion; and single-cell growth and division.
Combined contributions of feedforward and feedback inputs to bottom-up attention

In order to deal with a large amount of information carried by visual inputs entering the brain at any given point in time, the brain swiftly uses the same inputs to enhance processing in one part of visual field at the expense of the others. These processes, collectively called bottom-up attentional selection, are assumed to solely rely on feedforward processing of the external inputs, as it is implied by the nomenclature. Nevertheless, evidence from recent experimental and modeling studies points to the role of feedback in bottom-up attention. Here, we review behavioral and neural evidence that feedback inputs are important for the formation of signals that could guide attentional selection based on exogenous inputs. Moreover, we review results from a modeling study elucidating mechanisms underlying the emergence of these signals in successive layers of neural populations and how they depend on feedback from higher visual areas. We use these results to interpret and discuss more recent findings that can further unravel feedforward and feedback neural mechanisms underlying bottom-up attention. We argue that while it is descriptively useful to separate feedforward and feedback processes underlying bottom-up attention, these processes cannot be mechanistically separated into two successive stages as they occur at almost the same time and affect neural activity within the same brain areas using similar neural mechanisms. Therefore, understanding the interaction and integration of feedforward and feedback inputs is crucial for better understanding of bottom-up attention.
Evolving the Business Model to Improve Care Performance for Remote Patient Management: A Case Study

The problem of the aging population and its likely impact on the provision of healthcare systems has been increasing. This study presents a conceptual model to explore and investigate the remote patient management (RPM) technology and the business model in enhancing chronic disease care performance. Some scales to measure RPM technology and the business model were developed and validated, then they were used to collect survey data from respondents who had experience. In addition, this study has verified the entrepreneurial alertness as the moderator and influenced the relationship between RPM technology and the business model. The empirical results support the proposed model and can potentially be used in advance of RPM technology adoption for contemporary hospitals using the proper business model, and sensing the change for chronic diseases care. Among key managerial implications, hospital administrators must focus on alerting environmental change then creating reorganized capacities for RPM implementations to ensure better care performance for chronic diseases.
High Stimulus-Related Information in Barrel Cortex Inhibitory Interneurons

The manner in which populations of inhibitory (INH) and excitatory (EXC) neocortical neurons collectively encode stimulus-related information is a fundamental, yet still unresolved question. Here we address this question by simultaneously recording with large-scale multi-electrode arrays (of up to 128 channels) the activity of cell ensembles (of up to 74 neurons) distributed along all layers of 3–4 neighboring cortical columns in the anesthetized adult rat somatosensory barrel cortex in vivo. Using two different whisker stimulus modalities (location and frequency) we show that individual INH neurons – classified as such according to their distinct extracellular spike waveforms – discriminate better between restricted sets of stimuli (≤6 stimulus classes) than EXC neurons in granular and infra-granular layers. We also demonstrate that ensembles of INH cells jointly provide as much information about such stimuli as comparable ensembles containing the ~20% most informative EXC neurons, however presenting less information redundancy – a result which was consistent when applying both theoretical information measurements and linear discriminant analysis classifiers. These results suggest that a consortium of INH neurons dominates the information conveyed to the neocortical network, thereby efficiently processing incoming sensory activity. This conclusion extends our view on the role of the inhibitory system to orchestrate cortical activity.
Partner Quality of Life in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators Trial

Background and Objective: The quality of life (QOL) of patients with ventricular dysrhythmias is well studied, but less is known about the QOL of their partners. This study describes the QOL of partners of patients with serious ventricular dysrhythmias enrolled in the Antiarrhythmics Versus Implantable Defibrillators trial. Subjects and Methods: A convenience sample of 124 partners of patients randomized to antiarrhythmic drugs (n = 59) or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (n = 65) in the Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators trial was obtained. The Short Form-36 and Quality of Life Index were assessed at baseline (postrandomization) and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up. Results and Conclusions: The mean age of the partners was 62 years. Most were white and female. Their mean Short Form-36 scores were comparable to a normative age group. Partner and participant mean Short Form-36 and Quality of Life Index scores correlated modestly (range 0.25-0.36). The physical summary scores of partners using the Short Form-36 declined over time, whereas their mental summary scores remained stable. Partner concerns related to death, dysrhythmia recurrence, and the impact of dysrhythmias on enjoyment of life lessened from baseline to 12 months. Concern about implantable cardioverter defibrillator function remained stable over time. Although the sample size of this study was relatively small and limited by missing data for some assessments, it is the largest prospective study of QOL in partners of patients with serious dysrhythmias. The results offer a foundation for future research of the partners of patients with serious dysrhythmias in terms of identifying their needs, offering support, and maximizing QOL.
Filling a Cervical Spine Cage with Local Autograft: Change of Bone Density and Assessment of Bony Fusion

To date, it remains debatable whether cervical spine fusion cages should be filled with any kind of bone or bone substitute. Using a bone substitute would produce additional costs, using an autologous bone graft from the iliac crest would make the use of the cage at least questionable. As an alternative, cortical and subcortical bone from the anterior osteophytes of the segment in which the disc has been removed could be used to fill the cage: higher costs and complications at the iliac crest could both be avoided and the cage could be filled. However, the fate of these bone chips made from the anterior osteophytes is unclear as well as whether fusion will occur using this technique. The objective of the current study was to investigate possible changes in the bone density of this local autograft in the cage within the first 12 months after surgery by means of computed tomography. A second objective was to assess segmental bony fusion using this technique. 21 patients, suffering from degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine, were included into this prospective study. They all underwent anterior decompression, cage insertion and plate stabilisation. The cage (Rabea, Signus Medizintechnik, Alzenau, Germany), was filled with bone chips made from the anterior osteophytes of the segment that underwent discectomy. On the third day after surgery as well as three, six and 12 months after surgery, an axial computed tomography scan through the cage was taken and density within the apertures of the cage was measured in a standardised manner. Flexion-extension lateral radiographs were taken to investigate segmental fusion. Statistical significance was assumed to be at a 95 % level of significance. 23 cages were implanted. The mean value of the bone density obtained by computed tomography was 505 (+/- 119) HU on day three, 635 (+/- 156) HU after three months, 769 (+/- 162) HU after six months, and 814 (+/- 198) after 12 months. There was a significant difference when the values after 12 months were compared to those obtained after three days (p < 0.001) and after three months (p = 0.004). Bony fusion was seen in 21 out of 23 segments (91.3 %) after 12 months. It may be concluded that this technique could be an alternative to the current treatment options.
Head nod and shake recognition based on multi-view model and hidden Markov model

Head gestures such as nodding and shaking are often used as one of human body languages for communication with each other, and their recognition plays an important role in the advancement of human-computer interaction. As head gesture is the continuous motion on the sequential time series, the key problems of recognition are to track multi-view head and understand the head pose switch. This paper presents a novel approach to recognize the nod and shake in the interactive computer environment. First, head poses are detected by multi-view model (MVM) and then hidden Markov model (HMM) are used as head gesture statistic inference model for gesture recognition. Experimental results show that the approach is effective and real time.
Suppression of Residual Single-Photon Absorption Relative to Two-Photon Absorption in High Finesse Planar Microcavities

Suppression of residual single-photon absorption (SPA) relative to two-photon absorption (TPA) in a high finesse GaAs planar microcavity is explored. The TPA photocurrent becomes larger than the SPA photocurrent as long as the incident continuous-wave optical power exceeds 0.09 mW. An optical power of 5 mW would be required if the relative SPA suppression did not exist.
Evidence for Globally Shared, Cross-Reacting Polymorphic Epitopes in the Pregnancy-Associated Malaria Vaccine Candidate VAR2CSA

ABSTRACT Pregnancy-associated malaria (PAM) is characterized by the placental sequestration of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (IEs) with the ability to bind to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). VAR2CSA is a leading candidate for a pregnancy malaria vaccine, but its large size (∼350 kDa) and extensive polymorphism may pose a challenge to vaccine development. In this study, rabbits were immunized with individual VAR2CSA Duffy binding-like (DBL) domains expressed in Pichia pastoris or var2csa plasmid DNA and sera were screened on different CSA-binding parasite lines. Rabbit antibodies to three recombinant proteins (DBL1, DBL3, and DBL6) and four plasmid DNAs (DBL1, DBL3, DBL5, and DBL6) reacted with homologous FCR3-CSA IEs. By comparison, antibodies to the DBL4 domain were unable to react with native VAR2CSA protein unless it was first partially proteolyzed with trypsin or chymotrypsin. To investigate the antigenic relationship of geographically diverse CSA-binding isolates, rabbit immune sera were screened on four heterologous CSA-binding lines from different continental origins. Antibodies did not target conserved epitopes exposed in all VAR2CSA alleles; however, antisera to several DBL domains cross-reacted on parasite isolates that had polymorphic loops in common with the homologous immunogen. This study demonstrates that VAR2CSA contains common polymorphic epitopes that are shared between geographically diverse CSA-binding lines.
Psychosocial correlates of objectively measured physical activity in children.

BACKGROUND A large proportion of UK children do not reach the recommended levels of physical activity (PA) required for optimum health. Few studies have investigated the psychosocial correlates of objectively measured PA in preadolescents. This study examined child attitudes and parental behaviours as correlates of children's activity. METHODS In total, 278 children (138 boys and 140 girls) aged 7-9 years were recruited as part of the Physical Exercise and Appetite in Children Study (PEACHES). Activity was objectively measured using the Actigraph GT1M accelerometer; the variables were total PA (mean accelerometer counts min(-1)) and moderate and vigorous PA (MVPA) >2000 counts min(-1). Child-focussed variables were self-efficacy (Physical Activity Self-Efficacy scale), physical performance self-concept (Self-Perception Profile for Children), positive and negative outcome expectancies and liking for PA. Parental variables were PA and support for child activity. RESULTS Significant sex-by-psychosocial outcome interactions were observed for total PA and MVPA, so data from boys and girls were analysed separately. No psychosocial or parental outcomes were correlated with activity in girls. Significant correlates of activity in boys (self-efficacy, self-concept and parental support) were entered in to a hierarchical regression using both total PA and MVPA and, controlling for BMI SD, SES and ethnicity. PA self-efficacy and self-concept were significantly independently associated with total PA, explaining around 12% of the variance. Self-efficacy was significantly associated with time spent in MVPA, also explaining around 12% of the variance in this behaviour. Parental support was not significant in the regression model. CONCLUSION PA self-efficacy and self-concept are significant correlates of objectively measured PA in UK boys.
AC power standard using a programmable Josephson voltage standard

This paper describes the implementation of a new quantum-based system for the generation of 120 V, 5 A, sinusoidal active and reactive power over the 50 Hz to 400 Hz frequency range. The system accurately relates the spectral amplitudes and phases of the voltage and current waveforms of the generated power to a programmable Josephson voltage standard (PJVS) using a novel differential sampling technique. The system also employs a new voltage amplifier that performs self-calibration and correction of gain and phase errors. Details of the system design, measurement techniques, and significant sources of error are presented.
The effects of spatial learning on adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus

ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. iii LIST OF TABLES.vi LIST OF FIGURES.vii ABBREVIATIONS . ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . xi CO-AUTHORSHIP STATEMENT . xii
A Grammar of Aspect: Usage and Meaning in the Russian Verb

Preface 1. The category of aspect 2. Aspect and form 3. Aspectual pairs 4. Past tense 5. Present and future tenses 6. Multiple action 7. Modals - I. Imperative 8. Modals - II. Infinitive and other constructions 9. Gerunds and participles 10. Verbs of motion 11. Conclusion Bibliography Russian index English index.
Intravoxel incoherent motion MRI for monitoring the therapeutic response of hepatocellular carcinoma to sorafenib treatment in mouse xenograft tumor models

Background With the introduction of targeted therapies, there has been a growing need for non-invasive imaging methods which accurately evaluate therapeutic effects and overcome the limitations of tumor size-based therapeutic response assessments. Purpose To assess diagnostic values of intra-voxel incoherent motion (IVIM) imaging in evaluating therapeutic effects of sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using mouse xenograft model. Material and Methods Twenty-four mice bearing Huh-7 were divided into a control group and two treatment groups received sorafenib doses of 5 mg/kg (5 mg-Tx) or 30 mg/kg (30 mg-Tx). IVIM imaging was performed using 10 b-values (0–900 s/mm2). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusion coefficient (D), and perfusion fraction (f) were measured for whole tumors and tumor periphery. Changes between baseline and post-treatment parameters (Δ ADC, Δ D, and Δ f) were calculated, and these parameters were compared with microvessel density (MVD) and area of tumor cell death. Results The post-treatment f and Δ f for tumor periphery were significantly higher in control group, followed by 5 mg-Tx and 30 mg-Tx (P < 0.001). MVD showed significant positive correlation with post-treatment f (r = 0.584, P = 0.003) and negative correlation with D (r = –0.495, P = 0.014) for tumor periphery, while no parameter showed significant correlation with area of tumor cell death. Conclusion The f is significantly correlated with MVD of HCC, and could potentially be used to evaluate the anti-angiogenic effects of sorafenib.