Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Zero-Sum Password Cracking Game: A Large-Scale Empirical Study on the Crackability, Correlation, and Security of Passwords

In this paper, we conduct a large-scale study on the crackability, correlation, and security of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sim}145$</tex-math><alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ji-ieq1-2481884.gif"/> </alternatives></inline-formula> million real world passwords, which were leaked from several popular Internet services and applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest empirical study that has been conducted. Specifically, we first evaluate the crackability of <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\sim}145$</tex-math> <alternatives><inline-graphic xlink:href="ji-ieq2-2481884.gif"/></alternatives></inline-formula> million real world passwords against 6+ state-of-the-art password cracking algorithms in multiple scenarios. Second, we examine the effectiveness and soundness of popular commercial password strength meters (e.g., Google, QQ) and the security impacts of username/email leakage on passwords. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results, analysis, and findings, which are expected to help both password users and system administrators to gain a deeper understanding of the vulnerability of real passwords against state-of-the-art password cracking algorithms, as well as to shed light on future password security research topics.
Crucial requirement of ERK/MAPK signaling in respiratory tract development

The mammalian genome contains two ERK/MAP kinase genes, Mek1 and Mek2, which encode dual-specificity kinases responsible for ERK/MAP kinase activation. In order to define the function of the ERK/MAPK pathway in the lung development in mice, we performed tissue-specific deletions of Mek1 function on a Mek2 null background. Inactivation of both Mek genes in mesenchyme resulted in several phenotypes, including giant omphalocele, kyphosis, pulmonary hypoplasia, defective tracheal cartilage and death at birth. The absence of tracheal cartilage rings establishes the crucial role of intracellular signaling molecules in tracheal chondrogenesis and provides a putative mouse model for tracheomalacia. In vitro, the loss of Mek function in lung mesenchyme did not interfere with lung growth and branching, suggesting that both the reduced intrathoracic space due to the dysmorphic rib cage and the omphalocele impaired lung development in vivo. Conversely, Mek mutation in the respiratory epithelium caused lung agenesis, a phenotype resulting from the direct impact of the ERK/MAPK pathway on cell proliferation and survival. No tracheal epithelial cell differentiation occurred and no SOX2-positive progenitor cells were detected in mutants, implying a role for the ERK/MAPK pathway in trachea progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation. Moreover, these anomalies were phenocopied when the Erk1 and Erk2 genes were mutated in airway epithelium. Thus, the ERK/MAPK pathway is required for the integration of mesenchymal and epithelial signals essential for the development of the entire respiratory tract.
Effects of Parental Involvement on Eighth-Grade Achievement.

Les AA. s'interrogent sur l'influence et le role des parents en ce qui concerne l'education et la reussite scolaire des enfants. Ils s'interrogent plus particulierement sur l'impact du statut socio-economique. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees aux Etats-Unis concernant des eleves de college. Ils constatent que si l'assistance aux reunions pedagogiques est variable, en revanche, la surveillance et l'aide aux devoirs octroyee par les parents aux enfants est tres similaire quel que soit leur statut socio-economique. Ils montrent que le travail personnel est le facteur principal de la reussite scolaire
So how was your conference? Panel chairs' perceptions of the 2003 ACJS meeting in Boston

Questionnaire data from 137 panel chairs at the 2003 Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences meeting in Boston reveal respondent perceptions of the conference site, overall impressions of the conference, as well as panelist attendance, and the quality of information presented by panelists. The findings reveal high marks for the conference space, hotel rooms, and the city of Boston itself, resulting in an overall positive conference experience, but responses also highlight several areas of concern, including panelist attendance problems and presentation etiquette. Recommendations are provided, which may foster positive, incremental change at future ACJS annual meetings.
A Microsomal Proteomics View of H2O2- and ABA-Dependent Responses

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) modulates a number of plant developmental processes and responses to stress. In planta, ABA has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production through the action of plasma membrane-associated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidases. Although quantitative proteomics studies have been performed to identify ABA- or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent proteins, little is known about the ABA- and H2O2-dependent microsomal proteome changes. Here, we examined the effect of 50 µM of either H2O2 or ABA on the Arabidopsis microsomal proteome using tandem mass spectrometry and identified 86 specifically H2O2-dependent, and 52 specifically ABA-dependent proteins that are differentially expressed. We observed differential accumulation of proteins involved in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle notably in response to H2O2. Of these, aconitase 3 responded to both H2O2 and ABA. Additionally, over 30 proteins linked to RNA biology responded significantly to both treatments. Gene ontology categories such as ‘response to stress’ and ‘transport’ were enriched, suggesting that H2O2 or ABA directly and/or indirectly cause complex and partly overlapping cellular responses. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD006513.
Effects of format of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire on content validity, split‐half reliability, and the role of memory in test‐retest reliability

A total of 320 students (163 males, 157 females) were administered Marks' Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) in either its original (blocked) format or in a revised (random) format in which the order of the items was changed. All subjects completed the test on a second occasion, either 10 min or three weeks after the first, and did so under standard or novel memory instructions in which they were asked to recall their initial responses. Mean scores were significantly higher (less vivid imagery was reported) and split-half reliability significantly lower with the random (0–692) than blocked (0–893) grouping, although females scored lower than males on both forms. Test-retest reliability was similar at 0–710 for the two versions after three weeks under reassess instructions, but was slightly elevated on the blocked relative to the random test after 10 min, where self-reported item recall, although low, was enhanced. These results suggest that, although its internal consistency and temporal stability were rather low by psychometric standards, scores on the random form of the test were less contaminated by response bias than those on the blocked version. It is therefore recommended that the random VVIQ be preferred, but that its use be confined to research purposes.
Prediction of intracellular exposure bridges the gap between target- and cell-based drug discovery

Significance Exposure at the site of action has been identified as one of the three most important factors for success in drug discovery and the design of chemical probes. Modern drug discovery programs have, to a great extent, shifted to intracellular targets, but methods to determine intracellular drug concentrations have been lacking. Here, we use a methodology for predicting intracellular exposure of small-molecule drugs to understand their potency toward intracellular targets. We show that our approach is generally applicable to multiple targets, cell types, and therapeutic areas. We expect that routine measurements of intracellular drug concentration will contribute to reducing the high attrition observed in drug discovery and the design of both better chemical probes and medicines. Inadequate target exposure is a major cause of high attrition in drug discovery. Here, we show that a label-free method for quantifying the intracellular bioavailability (Fic) of drug molecules predicts drug access to intracellular targets and hence, pharmacological effect. We determined Fic in multiple cellular assays and cell types representing different targets from a number of therapeutic areas, including cancer, inflammation, and dementia. Both cytosolic targets and targets localized in subcellular compartments were investigated. Fic gives insights on membrane-permeable compounds in terms of cellular potency and intracellular target engagement, compared with biochemical potency measurements alone. Knowledge of the amount of drug that is locally available to bind intracellular targets provides a powerful tool for compound selection in early drug discovery.
A smooth Monte Carlo approach to joint chance-constrained programs

This article studies Joint Chance-Constrained Programs (JCCPs). JCCPs are often non-convex and non-smooth and thus are generally challenging to solve. This article proposes a logarithm-sum-exponential smoothing technique to approximate a joint chance constraint by the difference of two smooth convex functions, and uses a sequential convex approximation algorithm, coupled with a Monte Carlo method, to solve the approximation. This approach is called a smooth Monte Carlo approach in this article. It is shown that the proposed approach is capable of handling both smooth and non-smooth JCCPs where the random variables can be either continuous, discrete, or mixed. The numerical experiments further confirm these findings.
The Effect of Syntax on Readability for ESL Students in Puerto Rico

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of manipulating the degree of sentence combining on reading comprehension for two groups of ESL students. This approach to the effect of syntax on readability challenged the usual sentence length criterion of commonly used readability formulas which deem short sentences easy to read. Eighteen short passages were developed in three versions. Vocabulary and content were held constant while sentence structure varied. Version 1 consisted of short, simple sentences, version 2 of complex sentences with clues to underlying relationships left intact, and version 3 of complex sentences without such clues. The instrument was administered to college students. Contrary to what readability formulas imply, version 2 rather than version 1 yielded the highest comprehension scores. The same instrument was administered to a sample of eighth graders to determine if the formulas are a more accurate indicator for younger students. Results revealed that they are not. It was concluded that lower readability level material, as measured by common readability formulas, does not facilitate comprehension for these ESL students. The sentence structure typical of such material may actually impede comprehension and is thus not recommended for these students. Because the acquisition of information is so dependent on reading, the measurement of readability of materials is of great concern. The most common readability formulas, used to find the appropriate grade level of written material, consider two characteristics of printed matter: word difficulty and sentence length. Other than the sentence length criterion, these formulas pay little attention to syntax as a factor in readability, and the implication is clearly that shorter sentences are easier to comprehend. That may be true for young children learning to read in their own language, but is it true for more
Effect of two different kinesio taping techniques on knee kinematics and kinetics in young females

[Purpose] The application of kinesio taping may improve strength and performance, inhibit and facilitate motor activity, and increase range of motion. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of kinesio taping facilitation and inhibition applications on spatiotemporal knee kinematics and kinetics during walking activity in healthy subjects. [Subjects and Methods] A three-dimensional quantitative gait evaluation was performed without tape and with, facilitation and inhibition kinesio taping application on the knee. Sixteen healthy female college students (age, 19.7 ± 0.4 years; height, 1.64 ± 3.4 cm; body mass, 51.5 ± 4.8 kg) participated in the study. [Results] Spatiotemporal parameters (cadence, walking speed, stride length) were significantly different among the trials. Knee joint sagittal plane range of motion was not different with either kinesio taping application. Knee external flexion moment during the early stance phase decreased significantly with facilitation kinesio taping and increased with the inhibition kinesio taping. Knee external extension moment during the mid-stance phase increased with facilitation kinesio taping. Knee power parameters, eccentric activity in the rectus femoris during the pre-swing phase was significantly increased with inhibition kinesio taping application, while eccentric activity of the hamstrings during the terminal swing of gait was decreased. [Conclusion] These findings showed that facilitation kinesio taping application affected the terminal stance phase and that inhibition kinesio taping influenced the terminal swing phase compared with the no tape condition.
Reading the riots on Twitter: methodological innovation for the analysis of big data

For social scientists, the widespread adoption of social media presents both an opportunity and a challenge. Data that can shed light on people’s habits, opinions and behaviour is available now on a scale never seen before, but this also means that it is impossible to analyse using conventional methodologies and tools. This article represents an experiment in applying a computationally assisted methodology to the analysis of a large corpus of tweets sent during the August 2011 riots in England.
Transmitter Optimization for Achieving Secrecy Capacity in Gaussian MIMO Wiretap Channels

We consider a Gaussian multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wiretap channel model, where there exists a transmitter, a legitimate receiver and an eavesdro pper, each node equipped with multiple antennas. We study the problem of finding the optimal input covariance m atrix that achieves secrecy capacity subject to a power constraint, which leads to a non-convex optimization problem that is in general difficult to solve. Existing results for this problem address the case in which the transmitter and the legitimate receiver have two antennas each and the eavesdropper has one antenna. For the general cases, it has been shown that the optimal input covariance matrix has low rank when the difference between the Grams of the eavesdropper and the legitimate receiver channel matrices is indefinite or semi-definite, while it may have low rank or full rank when the difference is positive defi nite. In this paper, the aforementioned nonconvex optimization problem is investigated. In particular, for the multiple-input single-output (MISO) wiretap channel, the optimal input covariance matrix is obtained in closed form. For general cases, we derive the necessary conditions for the optimal input covariance matrix consisting of a set of equations. For the case in which the transmitter has two antennas, the derived necessary conditions can result in a closed form solution; For the case in which the difference between the Grams is indefinite and has all negative eigenvalues except one positive eigenvalue, t he optimal input covariance matrix has rank one and can be obtained in closed form; For other cases, the solution is proved to be a fixed point of a mapping from a convex set to itself and an iterative procedure is provided to search for it. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the proposed theoretic al findings.
Incidental moods, source likeability, and persuasion: Liking motivates message elaboration in happy people

Happy people often fail to elaborate on persuasive arguments, while people in sad moods tend to scrutinise messages in greater detail. According to some motivational accounts, however, happy people will elaborate a message if they believe it might maintain their positive mood. The present research extends this reasoning by demonstrating that happy people will elaborate arguments from message presenters that convey positive hedonic attributes (i.e., source likeability). In a pilot study, we show that happy people believe persuasive messages from a likeable source will be mood maintaining. The results of Study 1 demonstrate that these expectancies have important message-processing implications. In Study 1, sad participants elaborated arguments from both likeable and dislikeable sources, while happy participants only elaborated arguments from a likeable source. Consistent with motivational explanation of these effects, in Study 2, happy participants elaborated arguments from a likeable source when not distracted, but used likeability as a heuristic when distracted with a cognitive-load manipulation. Implications of these results for understanding the effects of mood on processing strategy, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.
Measuring the impact of inquiry-based learning on outcomes and student satisfaction

The aim of this study is to determine the impact of inquiry-based learning (IBL) on students’ academic performance and to assess their satisfaction with the process. Linear and logistic regression analyses show that examination grades are positively related to attendance at classes and tutorials; moreover, there is a positive significant relationship between academic performance and IBL, which is considered useful for better understanding of the subject. While students’ satisfaction is directly associated with class attendance and motivation and with the perceived usefulness of IBL, it is unaffected by attendance at tutorials. We conclude, therefore, that students become more involved in learning and acquire increased knowledge of the subject when an IBL-based method is followed.
Learning and processing of nonverbal symbolic information in bilinguals and monolinguals

Bilinguals have been shown to outperform monolinguals on word learning and on inhibition tasks that require competition resolution. Yet the scope of such bilingual advantages remains underspecified. We compared bilinguals and monolinguals on nonverbal symbolic learning and on competition resolution while processing newly-learned material. Participants were trained on 12 tone-to-symbol mappings, combining timbre, pitch, and duration of tones. During subsequent processing, participants viewed a display with four symbols, and were instructed to identify the symbol that matched a simultaneously-presented tone. On competition trials, two symbols matched the tone in timbre and pitch, but only one matched the tone on timbre, pitch, and duration. No learning differences emerged between 27 Spanish-English bilinguals and 27 English monolinguals, and more successful learners performed better on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary task. During the processing task, competition trials yielded responses with lower accuracies and longer latencies than control trials. Further, in both groups, more successful learning of tone-to-symbol mappings was associated with more successful retrieval during processing. In monolinguals, English receptive vocabulary scores also influenced retrieval efficiency during processing, with English/Spanish vocabulary less related to the novel processing task in bilinguals. Finally, to examine inhibition of competing stimuli, priming probes were presented after each tone-symbol processing trial. These probes suggested that bilinguals, and to a lesser extent monolinguals, showed residual inhibition of competitors at 200 ms post-target identification. Together, findings suggest that learning of novel symbolic information may depend in part on previous linguistic knowledge (not bilingualism per se), and that, during processing of newly-learned material, subtle differences in retrieval and competition resolution may emerge between bilinguals and monolinguals.
Injustice in forensic psychiatry

Abstract Some forensic psychiatric patients are not discharged until they are considered safe. There is evidence to show that reports compiled about them are often inaccurate. Furthermore, if they are suspected of wrongdoing, any internal investigation may be carried out in such a way that a just outcome may be purely coincidental. This means that considerations of safety, dangerousness and risks may well be influenced by information that is biased or wrong. Psychiatrists should consider adopting some of the methods of investigation that are thought appropriate when others in society are suspected of wrongdoing
"I Didn't Feel Right About Animal Dissection": Dissection Objectors Share Their Science Class Experiences

Abstract This paper highlights the voices and experiences of individuals who objected to animal dissection in their high school science and biology classes. The data were collected via online surveys (n = 311), and 8 of these participants took part in more in-depth telephone interviews. Participants were former students from Ontario, Canada, who discussed their experiences with animal dissection in general, and objection to dissection in particular, if applicable. The findings reveal that students who expressed objection to dissection experienced a range of teacher responses, including pressure to participate, the request to join another group of students and watch, the choice to use a dissection alternative, warnings of compromised grades, and other responses. The study points to the importance of choice policies to ensure that dissection alternatives are available in classrooms. In this way, students can select among different options of how they would like to learn, and teachers can be prepared to accommodate those who choose not to dissect.
Processing of Complex Auditory Patterns in Musicians and Nonmusicians

In the present study we investigated the capacity of the memory store underlying the mismatch negativity (MMN) response in musicians and nonmusicians for complex tone patterns. While previous studies have focused either on the kind of information that can be encoded or on the decay of the memory trace over time, we studied capacity in terms of the length of tone sequences, i.e., the number of individual tones that can be fully encoded and maintained. By means of magnetoencephalography (MEG) we recorded MMN responses to deviant tones that could occur at any position of standard tone patterns composed of four, six or eight tones during passive, distracted listening. Whereas there was a reliable MMN response to deviant tones in the four-tone pattern in both musicians and nonmusicians, only some individuals showed MMN responses to the longer patterns. This finding of a reliable capacity of the short-term auditory store underlying the MMN response is in line with estimates of a three to five item capacity of the short-term memory trace from behavioural studies, although pitch and contour complexity covaried with sequence length, which might have led to an understatement of the reported capacity. Whereas there was a tendency for an enhancement of the pattern MMN in musicians compared to nonmusicians, a strong advantage for musicians could be shown in an accompanying behavioural task of detecting the deviants while attending to the stimuli for all pattern lengths, indicating that long-term musical training differentially affects the memory capacity of auditory short-term memory for complex tone patterns with and without attention. Also, a left-hemispheric lateralization of MMN responses in the six-tone pattern suggests that additional networks that help structuring the patterns in the temporal domain might be recruited for demanding auditory processing in the pitch domain.