Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The P300 event-related potential. The effects of sleep deprivation.

We monitored 15 healthy young adults during 18 hours of sleep deprivation. Subjects were repeatedly tested on measures of the P300 (P3) event-related potential, reaction time, body temperature, and a subjective rating of fatigue. Statistically significant decreases in P3 amplitude (P < or = .01) and increases in P3 latency (P < or = .0001) were found during sleep deprivation. These changes correlated with body temperature and fatigue and were not due to circadian variation. Reaction time did not show a significant change over time. We conclude that the P3 potential is a more sensitive cognitive measure of sleep deprivation than reaction time, a measure commonly used in previous studies. We provide a review of the literature on the P3 and recommend the use of the P3 as a marker to examine sleep deprivation in health professionals.
Perceived cultural distance and acculturation among exchange students in Russia

The relations of perceived cultural distance, personality, acculturation orientations and outcomes were studied among exchange students (N = 187) in Russia who came from various countries in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the former Soviet Union. The hypothesis was supported that a larger perceived cultural distance between mainstream and immigrant culture is associated with less psychological (homesickness and stress) and sociocultural (behaviour with Russian students and behaviour with co-nationals) adjustment. The statistical relations between perceived cultural distance, personality and sociocultural adjustment were much stronger for host domain behaviour than for home domain behaviour. Adjustment was higher for participants with more cultural empathy, openmindedness and flexibility. Adjustment showed statistically stronger associations with cultural distance than with acculturation orientations. It is concluded that cultural distance may be more salient than acculturation orientations in studies of heterogeneous groups of immigrants. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High-risk single ventricle palliation in children with Down syndrome: single institution experience

Abstract Background: Of the children with Down syndrome 40–50% have cardiac defects and the majority of these cardiac defects are amenable to biventricular repair. The outcome of single ventricle palliation is improving; nonetheless, there are limited data on Down syndrome patients with associated high-risk factors undergoing single ventricle palliation. Our aim was to study the outcomes of children with Down syndrome and high-risk factors on the single ventricle palliation pathway. Methods: A retrospective study on all patients with Down syndrome on the single ventricle palliation pathway from 2005 until 2011 was conducted. Operative, clinical, echocardiographic, haemodynamic data, and follow-up data were reviewed. Results: A total of 310 patients underwent at least one single ventricle surgical intervention. Of those, eight patients had Down syndrome, five of which had associated risk factors – low birth weight, high pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vein stenosis, significant atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and extracardiac anomalies. Mortality in the high-risk group was 80% (4/5), compared with 33% (1/3) in the non-high-risk patients. Overall, after a median follow-up period of 138 days (8–576 days), only 37.5% (3/8) of patients were alive. Conclusion: Despite many improvements in the care of single ventricle patients, the fate of those with Down syndrome and associated high-risk factors remains poor. Further multicentre longer-term studies are needed to validate and quantify the cumulative effects of negative prognostic factors in this complex group of patients.
Predictors of Attitudes Towards the Construction of a Waste Incinerator: Two Case Studies1

This investigation examined the predictors of the acceptance of waste incineration facilities. A survey was conducted of a random sample of the residents in two sites where an incinerator was planned (450 participants in Study 1 and 300 in Study 2). Attitudes towards the incinerator were mainly predicted by the perception of the risks as dread, positive expectancies about the project, trust in social actors involved in the process, perceived distributive justice, and distance of residence to the site. The relationship between distance of residence and attitude towards the incinerator was partially mediated by perceived risk, perceived justice, and expectations. As expected from the elaboration likelihood model, substantive peripheral cues were better predictors of attitudes for involved than for noninvolved dwellers.
A Test of Bipolar and Androgyny Perspectives of Masculinity and Femininity: The Effect of Participation in an Outward Bound Program

The purposes of the present investigation are to examine theoretical issues in androgyny theory by testing the effect of participation in the Outward Bound program on measures of masculinity (M) and femininity (F) Bipolar conceptualizations of MF posit that an increase in either M or F must lead to a decrease in the other, whereas androgyny theory posits M and F to be independent constructs Consistent with a priori predictions based on the nature of the Outward Bound program, participation substantially enhanced M and had a small positive effect on F The results were reasonably consistent for male and female participants, for single-sex and mixed-sex groups, and across responses to three different MF measures Results support the androgyny interpretation of MF and demonstrate the effectiveness of the Outward Bound program in changing MF The results contradict the bipolar perspective that an increase in M must be accompanied by a decrease in F
Using Universal Patterns of Caries for Planning and Evaluating Dental Care

There are universal patterns of caries, in terms of prevalence, incidence, frequency distribution and rates of progression, in permanent teeth that can be considered working rules that can be applied when planning dental care. The universal patterns are: (1) caries levels follow trend lines; therefore, knowing the caries level at one age can be used to predict the levels at later ages in that cohort by looking at the trend line for that cohort; (2) the distribution of dental caries of a population exhibits the following characteristics: as the mean DMFT increases, the percentage of caries-free individuals falls and the caries distribution widens; this changing relationship between the mean DMFT and prevalence is not limited to a subgroup of the population who already have had some caries experience; (3) there is a specific mathematical relationship between the mean DMFT and mean DMFS; (4) there is a hierarchy of caries susceptibility by tooth type and sites on teeth; for a given DMFT or DMFS, there is a specific intra-oral pattern of caries by tooth type; (5) changes in mean DMFT scores for individuals and groups are not linear, but ‘stepped’; there are groupings of teeth and tooth sites that may have similar ‘resistance’ to caries; (6) as the mean DMFT declines, the posteruptive time for initiation of caries increases and the progression rate of caries through enamel decreases. This is true regardless of the presence of fluoride. Any improvement in dental health will cause this effect.
Sequential changes in vessel formation and micro-vascular function during bone repair

Background Angiogenesis, the process of new vessel formation from a pre-existing vascular network, is essential for bone development and repair. New vessel formation and microvascular functions are crucial during bone repair, not only for sufficient nutrient supply, transport of macromolecules and invading cells, but also because they govern the metabolic microenvironment. Despite its central role, very little is known about the initial processes of vessel formation and microvascular function during bone repair. Methods To visualize and quantify the process of vessel formation and microvascular function during bone repair, we transplanted neonatal femora with a substantial defect into dorsal skin-fold chambers in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice for continuous noninvasive in-vivo evaluation. We employed intravital microscopic techniques to monitor effective microvascular permeability, functional vascular density, blood flow rate and leukocyte flux repeatedly over 16 days. Oxytetracyclin and v. Kossa/v. Giesson staining was performed to quantify the calcification process in vivo and in vitro. Results Development of a hematoma surrounding the defect area was the initial event, which was accompanied by a significant increase in microvascular permeability and blood flow rate. With absorption of the hematoma and vessel maturation, permeability decreased continuously, while vascular density and tissue perfusion increased. Histological evaluation revealed that the remodeling of the substantial defect prolonged the in-vivo monitored calcification process. Interpretation The size of the initial substantial defect correlated positively with increased permeability, suggesting improved release of permeability-inducing cytokines. The unchanged permeability in the control group with boiled bones and a substantial defect corroborated these findings. The adaptation to increasing metabolic demands was initially mediated by increased blood flow rate, later with increasing vascular density through increased tissue perfusion rate. These insights into the sequence of microvascular alterations may assist in the development of targeted drug delivery therapies and caution against the use of permeability-altering drugs during bone healing.
Mortgage Choices in Equilibrium

This paper identifies the optimal mortgage choice of homeowners, who are subject to counter-cyclical income volatility and idiosyncratic income risk. Interest rates are found in the market equilibrium of investors with similar income risk exposures, leading to pro-cyclical equilibrium interest rates. As adjustable-rate mortgages provide a hedge against systematic income risk for homeowners, the key determinant of the optimal mortgage choice is the correlation of income with the business cycle: Homeowners with highly (low) correlated income choose an ARM (FRM). The cutoff-level for the correlation of income is decreasing in the homeowner's risk aversion. That is, the more risk-averse homeowners are more likely to choose an adjustable-rate mortgage compared to less risk-averse homeowners. The mortgage choices of homeowners have an impact on the financial market equilibrium. Equilibrium interest rates become less volatile and the market price of income volatility risk increases for larger shares of adjustable-rate mortgages. In the financial market and mortgage choice equilibrium, all markets clear and no homeowner finds it optimal to switch mortgage type.
Effect of time on making decisions in an ultimatum game - application to medical ICT field

In clinical field, it is important for medical personnel, patients and their families to decide speedy and precisely, for the decisions affect efficiency of treatment and satisfaction for the treatment. And more importantly, sometimes, the decisions affect patient's life. Thus, development of decision support system should be a primary topic in medical engineering field. In this study, effect of time in decision making was investigated as a step for the development of the system. In concrete, as a test of economic decision making, we conducted an ultimatum game experiment with a controlled length of time for making the decision. An ultimatum game is a game in which a reward is divided between two people. Previous work has established that people make economically irrational choices due to the effect of emotion in ultimatum games. We focused on the effect of the length of time given to make a decision in the game. The control of time length is new for the use of ultimatum games. This study verified the result of previous work on the effect of emotion in decision making and newly demonstrated the fact that the length of time taken to make a decision affects its result - a longer time-length leads to a more economically reasonable decision. This feature is assumed to be correlated to brain activity in the insula, the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. And applicable to the medical ICT field.
Involvement of Type IV Pili in Pathogenicity of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

Type IV pili (T4P) are hair-like appendages found on the surface of a wide range of bacteria belonging to the β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. They constitute an efficient device for a particular type of bacterial surface motility, named twitching, and are involved in several other bacterial activities and functions, including surface adherence, colonization, biofilm formation, genetic material uptake and virulence. Tens of genes are involved in T4P synthesis and regulation, with the majority of them being generally named pil/fim genes. Despite the multiple functionality of T4P and their well-established role in pathogenicity of animal pathogenic bacteria, relatively little attention has been given to the role of T4P in plant pathogenic bacteria. Only in recent years studies have begun to examine with more attention the relevance of these surface appendages for virulence of plant bacterial pathogens. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about T4P genetic machinery and its role in the interactions between phytopathogenic bacteria and their plant hosts.
Schools and schooling in the digital age: a critical analysis

It might seem curious that this book, which undertakes a wide-ranging exploration of school technology use in late-modernity, opens with an assertion that the arguments expounded within it are not intended to be obtrusive, negative, or ‘‘antitechnology’’. This hints at the academic tensions between ‘‘the educational technology community’’ and ‘‘technologically detached’’ mainstream social-cultural commentators, whilst foreshadowing the book’s underlying agenda. Throughout this work, Neil Selwyn argues that ‘‘a critical analysis is a necessary step towards developing realistic understandings of the current educational technology landscape and, perhaps most importantly, towards realising the undoubted educational potential of these technologies’’ (p. ix). It would be harsh to suggest that this book is solely concerned with encouraging ‘‘educational technologists’’ to adopt a more critical approach; after all, there is much of value here for educational sociologists and political analysts. Yet it is difficult to dismiss that the deft, if occasionally light, weaving of social-cultural theory throughout this book seems primarily intended to engage but not alienate those who are unused to applying such ideas in their interactions with school technology use. The book is split into three main sections, with the introductory part offering definitions and outlining some problems of digital technology use in schools, before briefly introducing various theoretical frameworks. Whilst this latter discussion provides some useful background with the discussion ranging from ‘‘antiessentialist’’ to eco-feminist approaches, it is not always apparent what some of these approaches add to the discussion in subsequent chapters. The real strength of this book lies in the second section, ‘‘making sense of schools, schooling and digital technology’’. In four chapters the author gives a complex, yet comprehensive overview of the stakeholders operating at the macro-, meso-, and microlevels. Chapter 4 (focusing on government policy) and Chapter 5 (dealing mainly with the private sector) adopt what could be labelled as a political economy approach, offering a subtle account of these agencies’ often problematic engagement with school technology use. Chapter 6 focuses insightfully on the organisational concerns of schools, whilst disappointingly there is only one chapter, the seventh, which examines digital technology and the lived experiences of teachers and students. Nevertheless, there is much of value in this last chapter, although it is a shame that the discussion is not given more space, which would have allowed a deeper consideration of issues such as student resistance and risk-taking. The final section is composed of two chapters examining possible solutions to the apparent failure of technology to transform schooling and the shortcomings of contemporary academic Educational Research and Evaluation Vol. 18, No. 1, January 2012, 99–100
What does it mean to belong? Interpersonal bonds and intragroup similarities as predictors of felt belonging in different types of groups

Belonging is a fundamental human need, deemed essential for optimal psychological functioning. There is, however, little consensus about how people gain feelings of belonging from social groups, with theories suggesting different antecedents depending upon how groups are conceptualised. The social identity perspective conceptualises groups as social categories and proposes that feelings of group belonging arise from perceived intragroup similarity. However, if groups are construed as interpersonal networks, feelings of belonging would be expected to arise from the quality of relationships and interactions among members. We tested these predictions using multilevel structural equation modelling of longitudinal data from 113 participants. We found that perceived intragroup similarity prospectively predicted feelings of belonging within groups perceived as social categories but not within those perceived as networks, whereas the quality of interpersonal bonds predicted feelings of belonging to both kinds of groups. We discuss the importance of distinguishing types of groups and suggest implications for research into group membership and well-being.
Parsing German: How Much Morphology Do We Need?

We investigate how the granularity of POS tags influences POS tagging, and furthermore, how POS tagging performance relates to parsing results. For this, we use the standard “pipeline” approach, in which a parser builds its output on previously tagged input. The experiments are performed on two German treebanks, using three POS tagsets of different granularity, and six different POS taggers, together with the Berkeley parser. Our findings show that less granularity of the POS tagset leads to better tagging results. However, both too coarse-grained and too fine-grained distinctions on POS level decrease parsing performance.
The Management of Interdepartmental Conflict: A Model and Review.

A general model of interdepartmental conflict and its management is presented, together with a review of the relevant literature. The model integrates the contextual determinants of organizational conflict emphasized by sociologists and the dynamics of conflictful relationships studied by social psychologists. The general feedback linkage in the model is provided by the adaptive and maladaptive reactions of higher executives' to conflict and the consequences of conflict between units. Each of these several aspects of the model has implications for a strategy of modifying interdepartmental patterns.
Unpacking Widow Headship and Agency in Post-Conflict Nepal

ABSTRACT Feminist scholars have highlighted a rise in “non-traditional” household structures, as exemplified by female- and widow-headed households, as a consequence of war. This study points to the necessity of disaggregating female headship to trace the contours of household vulnerability of widow-headed households, a subset of female-headed households. The inadequacy of surveys in explaining the interplay between economic vulnerability and social norms is ameliorated through the use of ethnographic data and the narratives of widow heads collected through fieldwork in 2008–9 and 2011. The study traces key coping strategies of widow-headed households in Nepal to provide insight into the processes by which widow heads mediate social institutions and patriarchal norms in their everyday struggles for survival, and the spaces of agency that emerge herein. The study concludes with implications for prevailing understandings of household headship and agency that development practitioners must be attentive to in devising policies to support widow heads.
Can Biomechanically Determined Stress be Perceived?

Back and overexertion injuries are a costly and debilitating problem in industry. It has been suggested that the best protective action in the prevention of back injuries is to rely on a person's perception of the risks, and allow them to operate within them. However, this assumes that a person is aware of the sensory information from the body concerning unsafe levels of stress, particularly in the back. Unfortunately, there is some question as to whether this assumption is valid. The purpose of this study was to determine how well physical stress resulting from performing occasional lifting exertions could be perceived. This required an evaluation to determine how perception (psychophysical approach) relates to physical tolerances (biomechanical approach). The results showed that back stress resulting from occasional lifting exertions is not well perceived in general. The fact that the stress was not well perceived by some may indicate why low back injuries are so pervasive in the population, and why engineering and ergonomic changes are needed to reduce the exposure to conditions that would overstress the back.
Clustering short push-to-talk segments

We present a method for clustering short push-to-talk speech segments in the presence of different numbers of speakers. Iterative Mean Shift algorithm based on the cosine distance is used to perform speaker clustering on i-vectors generated from many short speech segments. We report results as measured by the Accuracy, the average number of detected speakers (ANDS), the average cluster purity (ACP), the average speaker purity (ASP) and K . We achieve clustering accuracy of: 90.0%, 86.9% and 72.1% for 3, 15 and 60 speakers respectively.
Evolution of the Manager Role in Public Relations Practice

We conducted a comparison of public relations manager role enactment in 1979 and 1991. Using independent systematic samples of Public Relations Society of America members in 1979 (N = 440) and 1991 (N = 203). variables related to role enactment were tested in a causal model and compared over time (12 years). Key elements of the causal model remained constant. Gender (male) is positively related to professional experience; professional experience is positively related to predominant manager role enactment. Predominant manager role enactment, in turn, is positively related to participation in management decision making. Decision-making participation is positively related to both salary and job satisfaction. Key changes over time involve reduction in indicators of gender role segregation and salary discrimination. Specifically, gender (male) is positively related to predominant manager role enactment in 1979, after controlling for professional experience. In 1991, this residual variance is reduced to an insi.