Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of gender context on children's social behaviour in a limited resources situation : an observational study

Knowing when to compete and when to cooperate to maximize opportunities for equal access to activities and materials in groups is critical to children's social and cognitive development. The present study examined the individual (gender, social competence) and contextual factors (gender context) that may determine why some children are more successful than others. One hundred and fifty-six children (M age=6.5 years) were divided into 39 groups of four and videotaped while engaged in a task that required them to cooperate in order to view cartoons. Children within all groups were unfamiliar to one another. Groups varied in gender composition (all girls, all boys, or mixed-sex) and social competence (high vs. low). Group composition by gender interaction effects were found. Girls were most successful at gaining viewing time in same-sex groups, and least successful in mixed-sex groups. Conversely, boys were least successful in same-sex groups and most successful in mixed-sex groups. Similar results were also found at the group level of analysis; however, the way in which the resources were distributed differed as a function of group type. Same-sex girl groups were inequitable but efficient whereas same-sex boy groups were more equitable than mixed groups but inefficient compared to same-sex girl groups. Social competence did not influence children's behavior. The findings from the present study highlight the effect of gender context on cooperation and competition and the relevance of adopting an unfamiliar peer paradigm when investigating children's social behavior.
Metabolic syndrome and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND Only a few small studies investigated the association between postmenopausal breast cancer and metabolic syndrome (MetS) as a single entity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the data of two Italian and Swiss case-control studies conducted between 1983 and 2007, including 3869 postmenopausal women with incident breast cancer and 4082 postmenopausal controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute conditions. MetS was defined as the presence of at least three components among diabetes, drug-treated hypertension, drug-treated hyperlipidemia, and obesity. RESULTS The odds ratios (ORs) of postmenopausal breast cancer were 1.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.62] for diabetes, 1.19 (95% CI 1.07-1.33) for hypertension, 1.08 (95% CI 0.95-1.22) for hyperlipidemia, 1.26 (95% CI 1.11-1.44) for body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2), and 1.22 (95% CI 1.09-1.36) for waist circumference ≥88 cm. The risk of postmenopausal breast cancer was significantly increased for women with MetS (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.37-2.22, for three or more MetS components, P for trend for increasing number of components < 0.0001) and the risk was higher at older age (OR = 3.04, 95% CI 1.75-5.29, at age ≥70 years for three or more MetS components). CONCLUSIONS This study supports a direct association between MetS and postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
Incorporating POS tagging into language modeling

Language models for speech recognition tend to concentrate solely on recognizing the words that were spoken. In this paper, we redefine the speech recognition problem so that its goal is to find both the best sequence of words and their syntactic role (part-of-speech) in the utterance. This is a necessary first step towards tightening the interaction between speech recognition and natural language understanding.
Internalization of Tissue Factor‐Rich Microvesicles by Platelets Occurs Independently of GPIIb‐IIIa, and Involves CD36 Receptor, Serotonin Transporter and Cytoskeletal Assembly

Platelets are important in hemostasis, but also detect particles and pathogens in the circulation. Phagocytic and endocytic activities of platelets are widely recognized; however, receptors and mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. We previously demonstrated that platelets internalize and store phospholipid microvesicles enriched in human tissue factor (TF+MVs) and that platelet‐associated TF enhances thrombus formation at sites of vascular damage. Here, we investigate the mechanisms implied in the interactions of TF+MVs with platelets and the effects of specific inhibitory strategies. Aggregometry and electron microscopy were used to assess platelet activation and TF+MVs uptake. Cytoskeletal assembly and activation of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) and RhoA were analyzed by western blot and ELISA. Exposure of platelets to TF+MVs caused reversible platelet aggregation, actin polymerization and association of contractile proteins to the cytoskeleton being maximal at 1 min. The same kinetics were observed for activation of PI3K and translocation of RhoA to the cytoskeleton. Inhibitory strategies to block glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa (GPIIb‐IIIa), scavenger receptor CD36, serotonin transporter (SERT) and PI3K, fully prevented platelet aggregation by TF+MVs. Ultrastructural techniques revealed that uptake of TF+MVs was efficiently prevented by anti‐CD36 and SERT inhibitor, but only moderately interfered by GPIIb‐IIIa blockade. We conclude that internalization of TF+MVs by platelets occurs independently of receptors related to their main hemostatic function (GPIIb‐IIIa), involves the scavenger receptor CD36, SERT and engages PI3‐Kinase activation and cytoskeletal assembly. CD36 and SERT appear as potential therapeutic targets to interfere with the association of TF+MVs with platelets and possibly downregulate their prothrombotic phenotype. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 448–457, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considering Emotional Abuse in the Link Between Spouse and Child Abuse

Abstract The first section of this article reviews the research literature relevant to the intergenerational transmission of partner and child abuse. This review suggests a significant gap in looking at the possible effects of emotional abuse on men's physical abuse of their partners and children. The second section describes an exploratory study to examine the links between spouse and child abuse across generations, including emotional abuse as a variable. Participants were 97 assaulted women, over half of whose children had been abused by the current partner. Multiple regression analysis examined the extent to which both partner's and the woman's having been abused or witnessing abuse was related to the current levels of physical and non-physical violence towards women. In predicting the levels of physical partner abuse based on whether the man was abused or witnessed violence as a child, only abuse as a child was significant. Neither a man having been abused nor being a child witness was associated wit.
Cloning of Gb3 Synthase, the Key Enzyme in Globo-series Glycosphingolipid Synthesis, Predicts a Family of α1,4-Glycosyltransferases Conserved in Plants, Insects, and Mammals*

We have cloned Gb3synthase, the key α1,4-galactosyltransferase in globo-series glycosphingolipid (GSL) synthesis, via a phenotypic screen, which previously yielded iGb3 synthase, the α1,3-galactosyltransferase required in isoglobo-series GSL (Keusch, J. J., Manzella, S. M., Nyame, K. A., Cummings, R. D., and Baenziger, J. U. (2000) J. Biol. Chem.33). Both transferases act on lactosylceramide, Galβ1,4Glcβ1Cer (LacCer), to produce Gb3(Galα1,4LacCer) or iGb3 (Galα1,3LacCer), respectively. GalNAc can be added sequentially to either Gb3 or iGb3 yielding globoside and Forssman from Gb3, and isogloboside and isoForssman from iGb3. Gb3synthase is not homologous to iGb3 synthase but shows 43% identity to a human α1,4GlcNAc transferase that transfers a UDP-sugar in an α1,4-linkage to a β-linked Gal found in mucin. Extensive homology (35% identity) is also present between Gb3synthase and genes in Drosophila melanogaster andArabidopsis thaliana, supporting conserved expression of an α1,4-glycosyltransferase, possibly Gb3 synthase, throughout evolution. The isolated Gb3 synthase cDNA encodes a type II transmembrane glycosyltransferase of 360 amino acids. The highest tissue expression of Gb3 synthase RNA is found in the kidney, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and brain. Gb3 glycolipid, also called Pk antigen or CD77, is a known receptor for verotoxins. CHO cells that do not express Gb3 and are resistant to verotoxin become susceptible to the toxin following transfection with Gb3 synthase cDNA.
Prostaglandin/Cyclooxygenase Pathway in Ghrelin-Induced Gastroprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

Ghrelin is involved in the control of food intake, but its role in gastroprotection against the formation of gastric mucosal injury has been little elucidated. We studied the effects of peripheral (i.p.) and central (i.c.v.) administration of ghrelin on gastric secretion and gastric mucosal lesions induced by 3 h of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) with or without inhibition of ghrelin growth hormone secretagogue type 1a receptor (GHS-R1a) by using ghrelin antagonist, d-Lys3-GHRP-6; blockade of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 (indomethacin, SC560 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-trifluoromethylpyrazole]) and COX-2 (rofecoxib); and bilateral vagotomy or capsaicin denervation. I/R produced typical gastric erosions, a significant fall in the gastric blood flow (GBF), an increase in gastric myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) content, and the up-regulation of mucosal ghrelin mRNA. Ghrelin dose-dependently increased gastric acid secretion and significantly reduced I/R-induced gastric erosions, while producing a significant rise in the GBF and mucosal PGE2 generation and a significant fall in MPO activity and MDA content. The protective and hyperemic activities of ghrelin were significantly attenuated in rats pretreated with d-Lys3-GHRP-6 and capsaicin denervation and completely abolished by vagotomy. Indomethacin, SC560, and rofecoxib, selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, attenuated ghrelin-induced protection that was restored by supplying the methyl analog of prostaglandin (PG) E2. The expression of mRNA for COX-1 was unaffected by ghrelin, but COX-2 mRNA and COX-2 protein were detectable in I/R injured mucosa and further up-regulated by exogenous ghrelin. We conclude that ghrelin exhibits gastroprotective and hyperemic activities against I/R-induced erosions, the effects that are mediated by hormone activation of GHS-R1a receptors, COX-PG system, and vagal-sensory nerves.
Collaborative Roles for c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, c-Jun, Serum Response Factor, and Sp1 in Calcium-regulated Myocardial Gene Expression*

Electrical stimulation of contractions (pacing) of primary neonatal rat ventricular myocytes increases intracellular calcium and activates a hypertrophic growth program that includes expression of the cardiac-specific gene, atrial natriuretic factor (ANF). To investigate the mechanism whereby pacing increases ANF, pacing was tested for its ability to regulate mitogen-activated protein kinase family members, ANF promoter activity, and thetrans-activation domain of the transcription factor, Sp1. Pacing and the calcium channel agonist BAYK 8644 activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) but not extracellular signal-regulated kinase. Pacing stimulated ANF-promoter activity approximately 10-fold. Furthermore, transfection with an expression vector for c-Jun, a substrate for JNK, also activated the ANF promoter, and the combination of pacing and c-Jun was synergystic, consistent with roles for JNK and c-Jun in calcium-activated ANF expression. Proximal serum response factor and Sp1 binding sites were required for the effects of pacing or c-Jun on the ANF promoter. Pacing and c-Jun activated a GAL4-Sp1 fusion protein by 3- and 12-fold, respectively, whereas the two stimuli together activated GAL4-Sp1 synergistically, similar to their effect on the ANF promoter. Transfection with an expression vector for c-Fos inhibited the effects of c-Jun, suggesting that c-Jun acts independently of AP-1. These results demonstrate an interaction between c-Jun and Sp1 and are consistent with a novel mechanism of calcium-mediated transcriptional activation involving the collaborative actions of JNK, c-Jun, serum response factor, and Sp1.
Workshop on Lunar Volcanic Glasses: Scientific and Resource Potential

This workshop on lunar mare volcanism was the first since 1975 to deal with the major scientific advances that have occurred in this general subject, and the first ever to deal specifically with volcanic glasses. Lunar volcanic glasses are increasingly being recognized as the best geochemical and petrologic probes into the lunar mantle. Lunar volcanic glasses, of which 25 compositional varieties are presently known, appear to represent primary magmas that were produced by partial melting of differentiated mantle source regions at depths of perhaps 400 to 500 km. These high-magnesian picritic magmas were erupted onto the lunar surface in fire fountains associated with the release of indigenous lunar volatiles. The cosmic significance of this volatile component, in an otherwise depleted Moon, remains a lingering puzzle. The resource potential, if any, of the surface-correlated volatile sublimates on the volcanic glass spherules had not been systematically addressed prior to this workshop.
En nordisk historia eller nationalism på ett nytt sätt? : Ömsesidig historieläroboksrevision i föreningarna Nordens regi, ca 1930-1965

This article explores some conditions of interaction between different perspectives in the teaching of history in Scandinavian schools in the twentieth century. The study investigates how currents of international sentiment in the teachings of history were met in the national context; how national narratives interacted and changed, when questioned within the framework of education. The investigation is specifically focused on the revision of history textbooks conducted by the Norden Associations which was aimed at nourishing cooperation and a sense of unity among the Nordic peoples. The theoretical framework is inspired by the concepts of historical culture and national myths. History is contended to be negotiated within the framework of historical culture, and therefore rarely affected by criticism from the outside in a profound way. The article shows that discussions among historians within the textbook revision were imbued with political sentiment and that the Second World War, which has been said to have changed the conception of national history in Europe, may have had a big impact on some issues, but not on others. Changes in the conception of history within the revision can almost always be attributed to changes in the political dimension of historical culture, and not to changes within the academic discipline.
Wilson-'t Hooft loops in finite-temperature noncommutative dipole field theory from dual supergravity

We first study the temporal Wilson loop in the finite-temperature noncommutative dipole field theory from the string/gauge correspondence. The associated dual supergravity background is constructed from the near-horizon geometry of near-extremal D branes, after applying T duality and smeared twist. We investigate the string configuration therein and find that while the temperature produces a maximum distance L{sub max} in the interquark distance the dipole in there could produce a minimum distance L{sub min}. The quark boundary pair therefore could be found only if their distance is between L{sub min} and L{sub max}. We also show that, beyond a critical temperature the quark pair becomes totally free due to screening by thermal bath. We next study the spatial Wilson loop and find the confining nature in the zero temperature 3D and 4D nonsupersymmetry dipole gauge theory. The string tension of the linear confinement potential is obtained and found to be a decreasing function of the dipole field. We also investigate the associated t'Hooft loop and determine the corresponding monopole antimonopole potential. The conventional screening of magnetic charge which indicates the confinement of the electric charge is replaced by a strong repulsive however. Finally, we show that the dual string which ismore » rotating along the dipole deformed S{sup 5} will behave as a static one without dipole field, which has no minimum distance and has larger energy than a static one with dipole field. We discuss the phase transition between these string solutions. « less
Fixed points for weak φ-contractions on partial metric spaces C ristina

In this paper, following [W.A. Kirk, P.S. Srinivasan, P. Veeramani, Fixed points for mappings satisfying cyclical contractive conditions, Fixed Point Theory. 4 (2003) 79-89], we give a fixed point result for cyclic weak φ-contractions on partial metric space. A Maia type fixed point theorem for cyclic weak φ-contractions is also given.
Birbeck granules, worm-like bodies and “lupus erythematosus virus”

BackgroundThe origin of worm-like bodies and their relationship with Birbeck granules is poorly understood.ObjectivesTo clarify the origin of worm-like bodies and their relationship with Birbeck granules.Materials and methodsOver 800 electron micrographs of histiocytic disorders and several appendage tumours were reviewed in order to check for worm-like bodies and Birbeck granules.ResultsWorm-like bodies were most often encountered in mildly-to moderately-proliferative histiocytic tumours. Birbeck granules were observed in more malignant conditions. Narrow endoplasmic reticulum (Nrer), which resembles worm-like bodies, was abundant in worm-like body-rich cells and coexisted with Birbeck rods. Nrer is thought to be one of the candidates that gives rise to worm-like bodies. An ultrastructural similarity exists between worm-like bodies (and octopus body formation) and the so-called “lupus erythematosus virus”. ConclusionThe presence of Nrer is often concomitant with other organelle markers, and could be a candidate for the origin of worm-like bodies.
Re: "evaluation of mortality data for older Mexican Americans: implications for the Hispanic paradox".

The authors evaluated underascertainment bias in Hispanic mortality rates from population surveys linked to the US National Death Index (NDI). They compared vital status through 7 years ascertained from an NDI search and from active follow-up for 2,886 Mexican-American subjects, aged >/=65 years at baseline in 1993-1994, from the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE). Estimates of NDI underascertainment were applied to mortality rate ratios for 66,667 older Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic Whites from the 1986-1994 National Health Interview Surveys linked to the NDI. The NDI and active follow-up agreed on vital status for 91.2% of Hispanic EPESE subjects. The NDI did not identify 177 deaths (20.7%) reported by proxies. Underascertainment was greater for women and when stratified by age and nativity. The ratios of proxy-reported to NDI mortality rates were 1.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.62) for immigrant men and 1.65 (95% CI: 1.32, 2.08) for immigrant women. Before adjustment, National Health Interview Surveys-NDI age-standardized mortality rate ratios comparing Mexican Americans with non-Hispanic Whites were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.65, 0.92) for men and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.09) for women but were 0.84 and 1.18, respectively, with adjustment for underascertainment. Findings suggest that NDI-based Hispanic mortality rates may be understated.
The influence of drugs on caloric-induced nystagmus.

The influence of both the activating and the inhibitory power of voluntary fixation upon caloric nystagmus has been studied. Eight normal test subjects were given bithermal caloric irrigations to evaluate the influence of fixation and no fixation under various test conditions. The following effects were observed:(1) Eye closure (i.e. with no fixation) has a facilitating power on the nystagmus in normal persons but inhibits or abolishes the induced nystagmus under the influence of reticular formation-blocking drugs. (2) Eye opening (with fixation) diminishes or abolishes the nystagmus induced in normal perSocs, and increases or revives the nystagmus in persons given the reticular formation blocking drugs. (3) It is concluded that, when the caloric test is performed, the resultant nystagmus should be examined under each of the two conditions of eye closure (no fixation) and eyes open (fixation). This may add useful diagnostic information to the otoneurological evaluation of patients. Electronystagmographic ex.
Polonium: Tera-Scale Graph Mining for Malware Detection

We present Polonium, a scalable and e↵ective technology for detecting malware. We evaluated it with the largest anonymized file submissions dataset ever published, which spans over 60 terabytes of disk space. We formulated the problem of detecting malware as a large-scale graph mining and inference task, for which we construct a huge bipartite graph of almost 1 billion nodes from our data, 48 million of which are users, and 903 million are files. Edges, each denoting a file appearing on a machine, exceeds 37 billion. Our method for identifying malware is to locate files with low reputation. Our Polonium algorithm computes file reputation based on the fast and scalable Belief Propagation algorithm (O(|E|)), which iteratively improves inference quality. With one iteration, our method attained 85% true positive rate (in detecting malware). With more iterations, the true positive rate further improves for an additional 2%, which is a significant improvement given the baseline performance is already very good. We detail important design and implementation features of our method which enable its successful application on our dataset. We also present empirical observations on characteristics and patterns in our large billion-node graph.
A Boundary Tilting Persepective on the Phenomenon of Adversarial Examples

Deep neural networks have been shown to suffer from a surprising weakness: their classification outputs can be changed by small, non-random perturbations of their inputs. This adversarial example phenomenon has been explained as originating from deep networks being "too linear" (Goodfellow et al., 2014). We show here that the linear explanation of adversarial examples presents a number of limitations: the formal argument is not convincing, linear classifiers do not always suffer from the phenomenon, and when they do their adversarial examples are different from the ones affecting deep networks. We propose a new perspective on the phenomenon. We argue that adversarial examples exist when the classification boundary lies close to the submanifold of sampled data, and present a mathematical analysis of this new perspective in the linear case. We define the notion of adversarial strength and show that it can be reduced to the deviation angle between the classifier considered and the nearest centroid classifier. Then, we show that the adversarial strength can be made arbitrarily high independently of the classification performance due to a mechanism that we call boundary tilting. This result leads us to defining a new taxonomy of adversarial examples. Finally, we show that the adversarial strength observed in practice is directly dependent on the level of regularisation used and the strongest adversarial examples, symptomatic of overfitting, can be avoided by using a proper level of regularisation.