Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Routing in High-Radix Clos Network

Recent increase in the pin bandwidth of integrated-circuits has motivated an increase in the degree or radix of interconnection network routers. The folded-Clos network can take advantage of these high-radix routers and this paper investigates adaptive routing in such networks. We show that adaptive routing, if done properly, outperforms oblivious routing by providing lower latency, lower latency variance, and higher throughput with limited buffering. Adaptive routing is particularly useful in load balancing around nonuniformities caused by deterministically routed traffic or the presence of faults in the network. We evaluate alternative allocation algorithms used in adaptive routing and compare their performance. The use of randomization in the allocation algorithms can simplify the implementation while sacrificing minimal performance. The cost of adaptive routing, in terms of router latency and area, is increased in high-radix routers. We show that the use of imprecise queue information reduces the implementation complexity and precomputation of the allocations minimizes the impact of adaptive routing on router latency
Nab controls the activity of the zinc-finger transcription factors Squeeze and Rotund in Drosophila development

Nab proteins form an evolutionarily conserved family of transcriptional co-regulators implicated in multiple developmental events in various organisms. They lack DNA-binding domains and act by associating with other transcription factors, but their precise roles in development are not known. Here we analyze the role of nab in Drosophila development. By employing genetic approaches we found that nab is required for proximodistal patterning of the wing imaginal disc and also for determining specific neuronal fates in the embryonic CNS. We identified two partners of Nab: the zinc-finger transcription factors Rotund and Squeeze. Nab is co-expressed with squeeze in a subset of neurons in the embryonic ventral nerve cord and with rotund in a circular domain of the distal-most area of the wing disc. Our results indicate that Nab is a co-activator of Squeeze and is required to limit the number of neurons that express the LIM-homeodomain gene apterous and to specify Tv neuronal fate. Conversely, Nab is a co-repressor of Rotund in wing development and is required to limit the expression of wingless (wg) in the wing hinge, where wg plays a mitogenic role. We also showed by pull-down assays that Nab binds directly to Rotund and Squeeze via its conserved C-terminal domain. We propose two mechanisms by which the activation of wg expression by Rotund in the wing hinge is repressed in the distal wing.
Near total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations as a proxy for identifying ancient activities in urban contexts: The example of dark earth in Brussels, Belgium

Urban stratigraphy is characterized by complicated sequences resulting from many superimposed phases of human occupation and activity. Parts of these deposits are difficult to interpret solely based on field data. One typical example is “dark earth”: thick, dark‐colored, humic, homogeneous archaeological deposits covering large areas. The correct interpretation of dark earths requires a geoarchaeological approach that involves detailed micromorphological observations. The present article discusses the potential of applying near total and inorganic phosphorus analyses as a quick and relatively cheap method to obtain a preliminary characterization of such urban deposits. For the town of Brussels (Belgium), a large database of 12 types of well‐identified urban deposits was created. Despite a series of postdepositional processes that affected most of these urban deposits, significant differences in near total (Pnt), inorganic (Pi), organic (Po) phosphate levels, and/or Pnt/Pi, Pni/Po ratios were observed in most types of deposits, thus enabling the rapid characterization of dark earth deposits.
On the Iterative Image Space Reconstruction Algorthm for ECT

The ISRA of [1] is shown to be an iterative algorithm that aims to converge to the least-squares estimates of emission densities. Convergence is established in the case where a unique least-squares estimate exists that is, elementwise, strictly positive. It is pointed out that, in terms of asymptotic theory, the resulting estimators are inferior to the maximum likelihood estimators, for which the EM algorithm is a computational procedure. Potential difficulties with the behavior of the ISRA are illustrated using very simple examples.
Abstraction pathologies in extensive games

Extensive games can be used to model many scenarios in which multiple agents interact with an environment. There has been considerable recent research on finding strong strategies in very large, zero-sum extensive games. The standard approach in such work is to employ abstraction techniques to derive a more tractably sized game. An extensive game solver is then employed to compute an equilibrium in that abstract game, and the resulting strategy is presumed to be strong in the full game. Progress in this line of research has focused on solving larger abstract games, which more closely resemble the full game. However, there is an underlying assumption that by abstracting less, and solving a larger game, an agent will have a stronger strategy in the full game. In this work we show that this assumption is not true in general. Refining an abstraction can actually lead to a weaker strategy. We show examples of these abstraction pathologies in a small game of poker that can be analyzed exactly. These examples show that pathologies arise when abstracting both chance nodes as well as a player's actions. In summary, this paper shows that the standard approach to finding strong strategies for large extensive games rests on shaky ground.
False Memories of Emotional and Neutral Words

This study used the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm [34] to investigate the direction and the extent to which emotional valence in semantic word lists influences the formation of false memories (FM). The experimental paradigm consisted of 1) a study phase (learning of neutral and negative lists of words semantically associated to a non-presented critical lure (CL), 2) a free recall phase, and 3) a recognition phase. Participants had to indicate whether the displayed item was "new" (new item or non-studied CL) or “old” (studied list item). CL associated with negative word lists elicited significantly more FM than CL associated with neutral word lists. This finding is in contrast to previous work showing that emotional words elicit fewer FM than neutral words. The results of our study also suggest that valence is capable of influencing emotional memory in terms of encoding and retrieval processes.
How Hard Can It Be? Estimating the Difficulty of Visual Search in an Image

We address the problem of estimating image difficulty defined as the human response time for solving a visual search task. We collect human annotations of image difficulty for the PASCAL VOC 2012 data set through a crowd-sourcing platform. We then analyze what human interpretable image properties can have an impact on visual search difficulty, and how accurate are those properties for predicting difficulty. Next, we build a regression model based on deep features learned with state of the art convolutional neural networks and show better results for predicting the ground-truth visual search difficulty scores produced by human annotators. Our model is able to correctly rank about 75% image pairs according to their difficulty score. We also show that our difficulty predictor generalizes well to new classes not seen during training. Finally, we demonstrate that our predicted difficulty scores are useful for weakly supervised object localization (8% improvement) and semi-supervised object classification (1% improvement).
Tweet Normalization with Syllables

In this paper, we propose a syllable-based method for tweet normalization to study the cognitive process of non-standard word creation in social media. Assuming that syllable plays a fundamental role in forming the non-standard tweet words, we choose syllable as the basic unit and extend the conventional noisy channel model by incorporating the syllables to represent the word-to-word transitions at both word and syllable levels. The syllables are used in our method not only to suggest more candidates, but also to measure similarity between words. Novelty of this work is three-fold: First, to the best of our knowledge, this is an early attempt to explore syllables in tweet normalization. Second, our proposed normalization method relies on unlabeled samples, making it much easier to adapt our method to handle non-standard words in any period of history. And third, we conduct a series of experiments and prove that the proposed method is advantageous over the state-of-art solutions for tweet normalization.
ExoCarta 2012: database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids

Exosomes are membraneous nanovesicles of endocytic origin released by most cell types from diverse organisms; they play a critical role in cell–cell communication. ExoCarta (http://www.exocarta.org) is a manually curated database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids. The database catalogs information from both published and unpublished exosomal studies. The mode of exosomal purification and characterization, the biophysical and molecular properties are listed in the database aiding biomedical scientists in assessing the quality of the exosomal preparation and the corresponding data obtained. Currently, ExoCarta (Version 3.1) contains information on 11 261 protein entries, 2375 mRNA entries and 764 miRNA entries that were obtained from 134 exosomal studies. In addition to the data update, as a new feature, lipids identified in exosomes are added to ExoCarta. We believe that this free web-based community resource will aid researchers in identifying molecular signatures (proteins/RNA/lipids) that are specific to certain tissue/cell type derived exosomes and trigger new exosomal studies.
TOXOPLASMA

before death of the donor, when transport is between cities with an infrequent air service, or when the kidney suffers ischemic damage prior to its removal from the donor. That adequate preservation is of crucial importance is demonstrated by results in Sydney, where the early loss of grafts which did not function in time to make postoperative dialysis unnecessary was twice that of those which achieved good early function. A collaborative scheme of kidney grafting based upon a single tissue matching register, a large pool of potential recipients, and organ preservation to enable transport and elective operation, should significantly improve the already good results of cadaveric-donor renal transplantation in Australasia. When despite these measures a graft has to be given to an imperfectly-matched recipient, the addition to the standard immunosuppressive regimen of a potent, non-toxic antilymphocyte globulin (J. Traeger et alii, 196914 ) will reduce the incidence and severity of rejection, and the complications of long-term, high-dosage glucocorticoid administration. The indue-
The mass of the black hole in 1A 0620-00, revisiting the ellipsoidal light curve modelling

The mass distribution of stellar mass black holes can provide important clues to supernova modeling, but observationally it is still ill constrained. Therefore it is of importance to make black hole mass measurements as accurate as possible. The X-ray transient 1A 0620-00 is well studied, with a published black hole mass of $6.61\pm0.25\,$M$_{\odot}$, based on an orbital inclination $i$ of $51.0\pm0.9$ degrees. This was obtained by Cantrell et al. (2010), as an average of independent fits to $V$-, $I$- and $H$-band light curves. In this work we perform an independent check on the value of $i$ by re-analyzing existing YALO/SMARTS $V$-, $I$- and $H$-band photometry, using different modeling software and fitting strategy. Performing a fit to the three light curves simultaneously, we obtain a value for $i$ of $54.1\pm1.1$ degrees, resulting in a black hole mass of $5.86\pm0.24\,$M$_{\odot}$. Applying the same model to the light curves individually, we obtain $58.2\pm1.9$, $53.6\pm1.6$ and $50.5\pm2.2$ degrees for $V$-, $I$- and $H$-band, respectively, where the differences in best-fitting $i$ are caused by the contribution of the residual accretion disc light in the three different bands. We conclude that the mass determination of this black hole may still be subject to systematic effects exceeding the statistical uncertainty. Obtaining more accurate masses would be greatly helped by continuous phase-resolved spectroscopic observations simultaneous with photometry.
MELANOPHORE BANDS AND AREAS DUE TO NERVE CUTTING, IN RELATION TO THE PROTRACTED ACTIVITY OF NERVES

1. When appropriate chromatic nerves are cut caudal bands, cephalic areas, and the pelvic fins of the catfish Ameiurus darken. In pale fishes all these areas will sooner or later blanch. By recutting their nerves all such blanched areas will darken again. 2. These observations show that the darkening of caudal bands, areas, and fins on cutting their nerves is not due to paralysis (Brücke), to the obstruction of central influences such as inhibition (Zoond and Eyre), nor to vasomotor disturbances (Hogben), but to activities emanating from the cut itself. 3. The chief agents concerned with the color changes in Ameiurus are three: intermedin from the pituitary gland, acetylcholine from the dispersing nerves (cholinergic fibers), and adrenalin from the concentrating nerves (adrenergic fibers). The first two darken the fish; the third blanches it. In darkening the dispersing nerves appear to initiate the process and to be followed and substantially supplemented by intermedin. 4. Caudal bands blanch by lateral invasion, cephalic areas by lateral invasion and internal disintegration, and pelvic fins by a uniform process of general loss of tint equivalent to internal disintegration. 5. Adrenalin may be carried in such an oil as olive oil and may therefore act as a lipohumor; it is soluble in water and hence may act as a hydrohumor. In lateral invasion (caudal bands, cephalic areas) it probably acts as a lipohumor and in internal disintegration (cephalic areas, pelvic fins) it probably plays the part of a hydrohumor. 6. The duration of the activity of dispersing nerves after they had been cut was tested by means of the oscillograph, by anesthetizing blocks, and by cold-blocks. The nerves of Ameiurus proved to be unsatisfactory for oscillograph tests. An anesthetizing block, magnesium sulfate, is only partly satisfactory. A cold-block, 0°C. , is successful to a limited degree. 7. By means of a cold-block it can be shown that dispersing autonomic nerve fibers in Ameiurus can continue in activity for at least 6½ hours. It is not known how much longer they may remain active. So far as the duration of their activity is concerned dispersing nerve fibers in this fish are unlike other types of nerve fibers usually studied.
Implementation and performance measurement of an island multicast protocol

With the availability and penetration of multicast-capable routers, many local networks in today's Internet are multicast-capable. However, achieving global IP multicast is still hindered by many management and technical difficulties. This is because routers interconnecting these local multicast-capable networks, or so-called "islands," are often either multicast-incapable or multicast-disabled. Traditional application-level multicast (ALM) only makes use of unicast connections to form delivery trees and has not fully taken advantage of the local multicast capability of an island. As a result, these protocols are not very efficient. In order to achieve efficient global multicast, we propose and study island multicast (IM) where unicast connections are used between islands while IP multicast is used within islands. We present the detailed mechanisms of the IM centralized approach. IM is simple to implement and is based on minimum spanning tree, and hence is applicable to many-to-many communication. We have implemented the protocol and done real measurements on PlanetLab. We show that our protocol significantly improves network performance (in terms of stress, delay and nodal degrees) as compared to using ALM alone.
A New Laser-Processing Strategy for Improving Enamel Erosion Resistance

In the present study, a new automatic laser-processing strategy allowing standardized irradiation of natural tooth areas was investigated. The objective was to find a combination of laser parameters that could cause over a 600°C temperature increase at the enamel surface while not damaging enamel, avoiding temperature change above 5.5°C in the pulp and increasing enamel erosion resistance. Seventy-seven bovine enamel samples were randomly divided into 6 laser groups and 1 negative control (C/no treatment/n = 11). A scanning strategy (7 × 3 mm) was used for the CO2 laser treatment (λ = 10.6 µm, 0.1–18 J/cm2) with different pulse durations—namely, 20 µs (G20), 30 µs (G30), 55 µs (G55), and 490 µs (G490), as well as 2 modified pulse distances (G33d, G40d). Measurements of temperature change were performed at the surface (thermal camera/50 Hz), at the underside (thermocouples), and at the pulp chamber using a thermobath and human molars (n = 10). In addition, histology and X-ray diffraction (XRD/n = 10) were performed. Erosion was tested using an erosive cycling over 6 d, including immersion in citric acid (2 min/0.05 M/pH = 2.3) 6 times daily. Surface loss was measured using a profilometer and statistical analysis with a 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Only G20 fulfilled the temperature requirements at the surface (619 ± 21.8°C), at the underside (5.3 ± 1.4°C), and at the pulp (2.0 ± 1.0°C), and it caused no mineral phase change and significant reduction of enamel surface loss (–13.2 ± 4.0 µm) compared to C (–37.0 ± 10.1 µm, P < 0.05). A laser-scanning strategy (20 µs/2 kHz/1.25 J/cm2, 3.4 mm/s) has been established that fulfilled the criteria for biological safety and significantly increased enamel erosion resistance (64%) in vitro.
Integrating pedestrian simulation , tracking and event detection for crowd analysis

In this paper, an overall framework for crowd analysis is presented. Detection and tracking of pedestrians as well as detection of dense crowds is performed on image sequences to improve simulation models of pedestrian flows. Additionally, graph-based event detection is performed by using Hidden Markov Models on pedestrian trajectories utilizing knowledge from simulations. Experimental results show the benefit of our integrated framework using simulation and real-world data for crowd analysis.
Effects of Carbendazim on Plasma Biochemistry , Gross and Microscopic Features of Some Visceral Organs of Japanese Quails ( Coturnix coturnix japonica ) Exposed to Different Protein-Energy Diets

Carbendazim is a fungicidal agent for protecting farm commodities locally but its usage is usually restricted by its associated toxic potential especially when consumed by malnourished wild birds on farm. In this study, we observed the effect of protein-energy malnutrition on the histo-architectural and plasma biochemical changes associated with carbendazim toxicity in adult male Japanese quail. Carbendazim was administered at a single dose of 400 mg/kg by gastric gavage to quails fed two varied diets (Normal Protein-energy and Low Protein-energy diets). The control group received corn oil (vehicle) at 1 ml/200g body weight. The animals were sacrificed on day 8 post administration. Results showed that the relative weight of the gizzard significantly increased (P<0.01) in the Low Protein-energy dietOil (LPO; Control) treated group compared to the Normal Protein-energy diet-Carbendazim(NPC) treated groups. Also, the relative weights of the liver and spleen markedly increased (P<0.01 and p<0.05 respectively) in the Low Protein-energy diet-Carbendazim(LPC) treated group, compared to the Normal Protein-energy diet-Oiltreated (NPO; Control) group and other groups. The mean triglyceride value of the NPC-treated group was significantly higher (P<0.05) relative to the NPO and LPO groups. The liver of Carbendazim-treated groups revealed varying degrees of hepatic (severe diffuse fatty degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes, as well as a moderate periportal cellular infiltration by mononuclear cells) and renal (severe renal tubular necrosis at the cortical region of the kidneys) histo-architectural disruptions. The severity was relatively higher in the LPC groups. Therefore, malnutrition aggravated the hepatorenal lesions in male quails exposed to Carbendazim.
Semi-Supervised Learning of Concatenative Morphology

We consider morphology learning in a semi-supervised setting, where a small set of linguistic gold standard analyses is available. We extend Morfessor Baseline, which is a method for unsupervised morphological segmentation, to this task. We show that known linguistic segmentations can be exploited by adding them into the data likelihood function and optimizing separate weights for unlabeled and labeled data. Experiments on English and Finnish are presented with varying amount of labeled data. Results of the linguistic evaluation of Morpho Challenge improve rapidly already with small amounts of labeled data, surpassing the state-of-the-art unsupervised methods at 1000 labeled words for English and at 100 labeled words for Finnish.
Digestive processes of haematophagous insects. XI. Partial purification and some properties of six proteolytic enzymes from the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae).

By O-(diethylaminoethyl)cellulose (DEAE-cellulose) chromatography, affinity chromatography, and Sephadex gel filtration, six proteolytic enzymes active in alkaline medium have been found in the digestive portion of the midgut (tissue and lumen contents) of adult Glossina morsitans morsitans. By use of synthetic substrates the enzymes have been characterized as aminopeptidase (AP; EC. 3.4.11.1), carboxypeptidase A (CPA; EC 3.4.12.2), carboxypeptidase B (CPB; EC 3.4.12.3), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), a trypsinlike enzyme designated proteinase VI, and a chymotrypsinlike enzyme designated proteinase VII. By Sephadex G-100 gel filtration the molecular weights were estimated to be 20 000 for trypsin, 19 000 for proteinase VI, 35 500 for proteinase VII, 30 000 for CPA, 22 000 for CPB, and for AP. The Km values (mg/ml) for haemoglobin were 3.43 for trypsin, 2.45 for proteinase VI, 3.68 for proteinase VII, and 2.42 for CPA. The Km values for casein were 1.22 for trypsin and 1.38 for proteinase VII. Casein showed substr.
Accuracy of a cryocooler-based programmable Josephson Voltage standard

A cryocooler-based programmable Josephson array voltage standard (JAVS) for 4-K operation and a very compact microwave source are described. Both components are crucial for future mobile voltage standards. A direct comparison between two programmable JAVS using these components was performed at 1 V in order to test whether these systems are suitable for metrological application at the highest level of precision. The results of the comparison show that the new components are suitable for mobile JAVS with an uncertainty of less than 1 /spl times/ 10/sup -9/.