Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of 12 Weeks of Strength Training on Anaerobic Power in Prepubescent Male Athletes

This study examined the effects of strength training on anaerobic power in 30 pubescent male athletes, specifically the vertical jump (VJ), 40-yd dash (40-yd), and Wingate test. Subjects were assigned to an experienced training group (ETG), a novice group (NTG), or control (Con), 10 in each group. ETG and NTG trained 12 weeks with free weights and machines, 3 sessions a week. ETG, NTG, and Con increased 41,40, and 14% in the leg press, respectively, and 23,18, and 0% in the bench press. ANCOVA revealed significant differences between ETG and NTG vs. Con in the leg press; for the bench press each group differed significantly from the others (p< 0.05). For VJ there were significant differences, with ETG and NTG achieving greater gains than Con. For peak anaerobic power, however, Con achieved significantly greater gains than ETG and NTG, and improved significantly more than ETG for mean anaerobic power and 40-yd. It was concluded that strength training as practiced in this study increased VJ but did not improve the other measures of anaerobic power.
Relativistic beaming and gamma-ray brightness of blazars

Aims. We investigate the dependence of γ-ray brightness of blazars on intrinsic properties of their parsec-scale radio jets and the implication for relativistic beaming. Methods. By combining apparent jet speeds derived from high-resolution VLBA images from the MOJAVE program with millimetrewavelength flux density monitoring data from Metsahovi Radio Observatory, we estimate the jet Doppler factors, Lorentz factors, and viewing angles for a sample of 62 blazars. We study the trends in these quantities between the sources which were detected in γ-rays by the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) during its first three months of science operations and those which were not detected. Results. The LAT-detected blazars have on average higher Doppler factors than non-LAT-detected blazars, as has been implied indirectly in several earlier studies. We find statistically significant differences in the viewing angle distributions between γ-ray bright and weak sources. Most interestingly, γ-ray bright blazars have a distribution of comoving frame viewing angles that is significantly narrower than that of γ-ray weak blazars and centred roughly perpendicular to the jet axis. The lack of γ-ray bright blazars at large comoving frame viewing angles can be explained by relativistic beaming of γ-rays, while the apparent lack of γ-ray bright blazars at small comoving frame viewing angles, if confirmed with larger samples, may suggest an intrinsic anisotropy or Lorentz factor dependence of the γ-ray emission.
Memory of childbirth in the second year: The long-term effect of a negative birth experience and its modulation by the perceived intranatal relationship with caregivers

Objective. To assess the memory of various subdimensions of the birth experience in the second year postpartum, and to identify women in the first weeks postpartum at risk of developing a long-term negative memory. Design, method, outcome measures. New mothers' birth experience (BE) was assessed 48–96 hours postpartum (T1) by means of the SIL-Ger and the BBCI (perception of intranatal relationships); early postnatal adjustment (week 3 pp: T1bis) was also assessed. Then, four subgroups of women were defined by means of a cluster-analysis, integrating the T1/T1bis variables. To evaluate the memory of the BE, the SIL-Ger was again applied in the second year after childbirth (T2). First, the ratings of the SIL-Ger dimensions of T1 were compared to those at T2 in the whole sample. Then, the four subgroups were compared with respect to their ratings of the birth experience at T2 (correlations, ANOVAs and t-tests). Results. In general, fulfillment, emotional adaptation, physical discomfort, and anxiety improve spontaneously over the first year postpartum, whereas in negative emotional experience, control, and time-going-slowly no shift over time is observed. However, women with a negative overall birth experience and a low level of perceived intranatal relationship at T1 run a high risk of retaining a negative memory in all of the seven subdimensions of the birth experience. Conclusions. Women at risk of developing a negative long-term memory of the BE can be identified at the time of early postpartum, when the overall birth experience and the perceived intranatal relationship are taken into account.
An Improved Measure of Ethical Leadership

The appropriate way to define and measure ethical leadership has been a source of conceptual confusion in the leadership literature. Different measures have been developed, but they all have limitations. Some questionnaires are missing key indicators of ethical leadership, or they include behaviors that do not seem directly relevant. In this study, the authors assess the validity of a new questionnaire for measuring essential aspects of ethical leadership independently of other types of leader behavior. The research also examines how ethical leadership is related to leader–member exchange and work unit performance. Although the primary purpose of these analyses is to assess criterion-related validity for the new questionnaire, the results help answer important questions about the benefits of ethical leadership. The authors found that ethical leadership makes a small but significant contribution to the explanation of leader–member exchange and managerial effectiveness.
WHAT HAPPENS AFTER SUCCESS: THE PERILS OF EXCELLENCE*

This article examines how past performance influences the way an organization evolves, makes decisions, and adapts to its environment. It argues that compared to other periods of history, those that follow a lengthy interval of success will reveal companies that are especially apt to: (1) exhibit inertia in many aspects of structure and strategy‐making process; (2) pursue immoderation, that is, adopt extreme process orientations; (3) manifest inattention, that is, reduce intelligence gathering and information processing activity; and (4) demonstrate insularity by failing to adapt to changes in the environment. an empirical analysis of the long‐term histories of 36 companies provides tentative support for these notions.
Linalool Dehydratase-Isomerase, a Bifunctional Enzyme in the Anaerobic Degradation of Monoterpenes*

Castellaniella (ex Alcaligenes) defragrans strain 65Phen mineralizes monoterpenes in the absence of oxygen. Soluble cell extracts anaerobically catalyzed the isomerization of geraniol to linalool and the dehydration of linalool to myrcene. The linalool dehydratase was present in cells grown on monoterpenes, but not if grown on acetate. We purified the novel enzyme ∼1800-fold to complete homogeneity. The native enzyme had a molecular mass of 160 kDa. Denaturing gel electrophoresis revealed one single protein band with a molecular mass of 40 kDa, which indicated a homotetramer as native conformation. The aerobically purified enzyme was anaerobically activated in the presence of 2 mm DTT. The linalool dehydratase catalyzed in vitro two reactions in both directions depending on the thermodynamic driving forces: a water secession from the tertiary alcohol linalool to the corresponding acyclic monoterpene myrcene and an isomerization of the primary allylalcohol geraniol in its stereoisomer linalool. The specific activities (Vmax) were 140 nanokatals mg−1 for the linalool dehydratase and 410 nanokatals mg−1 for the geraniol isomerase, with apparent Km values of 750 μm and 500 μm, respectively. The corresponding open reading frame was identified and revealed a precursor protein with a signal peptide for a periplasmatic location. The amino acid sequence did not affiliate with any described enzymes. We suggest naming the enzyme linalool dehydratase-isomerase according to its bifunctionality and placing it as a member of a new protein family within the hydrolyases (EC 4.2.1.X).
Query Modifications Patterns During Web Searching

We examine 2,465,145 interactions from 534,507 users of Dogpile.com submitted 6 May 2005. We compare query reformulation patterns. We investigate the type of query modifications and query modification transitions within sessions. Searchers most often modified their query by changing query terms (nearly 23% of all query modifications). Searchers' queries undergoing modification typically transition from Web to image collections in content shifts (37% of all content transitions), and searchers typically implement assistance at the start of a session or when switching content collections (21% of all assistance usage). This research sheds light on the more complex aspects of Web searching involving query modifications
FATTY ACIDS OF THE BRAIN IN PHENYLKETONURIA *

I N T R O D U C T I O N IN THE past several years, the nature of the enzymic defect associated with phenylketonuria (PKU) has been well defined (JERVIS, 1947; UDENFRIEND and BESSMAN, 1953; WALLACE, MOLDAVE and MEISTER, 1957; MITOMA, AULD and UDENFRIEND, 1957 ; KAUFMAN, 1961). However, a direct relationship between the absence of phenylalanine hydroxylase in the liver and mental deficiency remains to be demonstrated. Hypotheses relating the biochemical defect to the disease generally invoke competitive inhibition of an enzyme system by increased concentrations of one or more metabolites of the alternative pathways of phenylalanine metabolism (KNOX, 1960; PERRY, 1962). One characteristic of PKU is the irreversibility of the mental defect when dietary therapy is instituted after infancy. These early years are a period of active myelination. The possibility that PKU involves abnormal lipid metabolism is strengthened by reports of demyelination associated with PKU (ALVORD, STEVENSON, VOGEL and ENGLE, 1950; SCHOLZ, 1957; POSER and BOGAERT, 1959; CROME, TYMMS and WOOLF, 1962). Other cogent arguments for a lipid defect in this disease have been reviewed (KNOX, 1960, 1961). From the biochemical standpoint, a lipid disorder in PKU is suggested by the following: 1. Phenylacetic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine, is present in increased amounts in PKU serum. The activation of phenylacetic acid to phenylacetyl CoA has been demonstrated in human liver (MOLDAVE and MEISTER, 1957). More recently, acylation of ethanolamine with phenylacetic acid, presumably via the CoA derivative, has been demonstrated (COLODZIN, BACHUR, WEISSBACH and UDENFRIEND, 1963). 2. The well known oxidation of w-phenyl fatty acids (KNOOP, 1904), together with the known reversibility of /3-oxidation (LYNEN, 1955), suggests that a phenyl fatty acid derivative such as phenylacetyl CoA may be lengthened by addition of 2-carbon units. 3. Fatty acid synthesis via malonyl CoA requires an end group of acetyl CoA which can to some extent be substituted. For example, propionyl CoA results in the formation of odd-numbered fatty acids (HORNING, MARTIN, KARMEN and VAGELOS, 1961 ; BRADY, BRADLEY and TRAMS, 1960; VAGELOS et al., 1961 ; WAKIL, 1961 ; HAJRA and RADIN, 1962). Also terminal branched-chain fatty acids are formed from branchedchain precursors (LENNARZ, 1961 ; HORNING et al., 1961 ; VAGELOS et al., 1961). These observations suggested that in PKU, w-phenyl fatty acids are formed as a result of an elevated phenylacetate concentration in the body. The derived fatty acids
The Effect of Different Types of Substitution Miscues on Reading.

their substitution miscues affected their silent reading comprehension ability and their retelling ability following oral reading. It was found that while substitution miscues generally detracted from comprehension and retelling, not all substitutions detracted equally. When each substitution was coded into one of three categories: (a) corrections; (b) syntactically-semantically acceptable miscues; or (c) syntactically-semantically unacceptable miscues, it was found that corrected and acceptable miscues added to the understanding of the passage and only unacceptable miscues detracted from understanding. Further, it was found that the corrections and acceptable miscues were important common predictors of reading comprehension and retelling ability.
Evaluation of MCDA-based handover algorithms for mobile networks

Network selection has a crucial importance for scenarios with high-dense deployed mobile nodes. Multiple criteria during handover should be considered and this requires a sophisticated solution. Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) is one of various techniques proposed to address this issue. There are three stages for resolving every MCDA problem - normalization, weighting and using of the decision algorithm. Algorithms for each of these stages are analyzed in this article in order to find the optimal combination. Different normalization techniques are reviewed and Enhanced Max-Min method is selected as most appropriate. Weighted Least Squares (WLS) algorithm as weighting technique is applied in handover-decision field for the first time. Also, a hybrid weighting approach is proposed. WLS and hybrid weighting methods are compared with the Eigenvector method, which is most widely used in literature. Additionally, SAW, GRA, TOPSIS and VIKOR algorithms are simulated in MATLAB and their performance is analyzed.
Social Networks, Quality of Child Rearing, and Child Development.

CRITTENDEN, PATRICIA M. Social Networks, Quality of Child Rearing, and Child Development. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1985, 56, 1299-1313. The relation between social support and child development was tested in 121 maltreating and adequate mother-child dyads. 3 patterns of social support were identified: (a) stable, open, and cooperative; (b) stable, closed, and withdrawn; and (c) unstable, open, and hostile. The maternal patterns of social support were related to the child's security of attachment but did not account for as much variance as maltreatment status and did not account for any additional variance. The results were interpreted through attachment theory in terms of the concept of working models of relationships.
Monetary Policy Transmission in China: A DSGE Model with Parallel Shadow Banking and Interest Rate Control

The paper sheds light on the interplay between monetary policy, the commercial banking sector and the shadow banking sector in mainland China by means of a nonlinear stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with occasionally binding constraints. In particular, we analyze the impacts of interest rate liberalization on monetary policy transmission as well as the dynamics of the parallel shadow banking sector. Comparison of various interest rate liberalization scenarios reveals that monetary policy results in increased feed-through to the lending and investment under complete liberalization. Furthermore, tighter regulation of interest rates in the commercial banking sector in China leads to an increase in loans provided by the shadow banking sector.
Ergatoid queen development in the ant Myrmecina nipponica: modular and heterochronic regulation of caste differentiation

Caste polyphenism in social insects provides us with excellent opportunities to examine the plasticity and robustness underlying developmental pathways. Several ant species have evolved unusual castes showing intermediate morphologies between alate queens and wingless workers. In some low-temperature habitats, the ant Myrmecina nipponica produces such intermediate reproductives (i.e. ergatoids), which can mate and store sperm but cannot fly. To gain insight into the developmental and evolutionary aspects associated with ergatoid production, we conducted morphological and histological examinations of the post-embryonic development of compound eyes, gonads and wings during the process of caste differentiation. In compound eyes, both the queen-worker and ergatoid-worker differences were already recognized at the third larval instar. In gonads, queen-worker differentiation began at the larval stage, and ergatoid-worker differentiation began between the prepupal and pupal stages. Wing development in ergatoids was generally similar to that in workers throughout post-embryonic development. Our results showed that the developmental rate and timing of differentiation in body parts differed among castes and among body parts. These differences suggest that the rearrangement of modular body parts by heterochronic developmental regulation is responsible for the origination of novel castes, which are considered to be adaptations to specific ecological niches.
Inferring Hypotheses on Functional Relationships of Genes: Analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana Subtilase Gene Family

The gene family of subtilisin-like serine proteases (subtilases) in Arabidopsis thaliana comprises 56 members, divided into six distinct subfamilies. Whereas the members of five subfamilies are similar to pyrolysins, two genes share stronger similarity to animal kexins. Mutant screens confirmed 144 T-DNA insertion lines with knockouts for 55 out of the 56 subtilases. Apart from SDD1, none of the confirmed homozygous mutants revealed any obvious visible phenotypic alteration during growth under standard conditions. Apart from this specific case, forward genetics gave us no hints about the function of the individual 54 non-characterized subtilase genes. Therefore, the main objective of our work was to overcome the shortcomings of the forward genetic approach and to infer alternative experimental approaches by using an integrative bioinformatics and biological approach. Computational analyses based on transcriptional co-expression and co-response pattern revealed at least two expression networks, suggesting that functional redundancy may exist among subtilases with limited similarity. Furthermore, two hubs were identified, which may be involved in signalling or may represent higher-order regulatory factors involved in responses to environmental cues. A particular enrichment of co-regulated genes with metabolic functions was observed for four subtilases possibly representing late responsive elements of environmental stress. The kexin homologs show stronger associations with genes of transcriptional regulation context. Based on the analyses presented here and in accordance with previously characterized subtilases, we propose three main functions of subtilases: involvement in (i) control of development, (ii) protein turnover, and (iii) action as downstream components of signalling cascades. Supplemental material is available in the Plant Subtilase Database (PSDB) (http://csbdb.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/psdb.html) , as well as from the CSB.DB (http://csbdb.mpimp-golm.mpg.de).
Nicotine Metabolite Ratio (3-Hydroxycotinine/Cotinine) in Plasma and Urine by Different Analytical Methods and Laboratories: Implications for Clinical Implementation

Background: The highly genetically variable enzyme CYP2A6 metabolizes nicotine to cotinine (COT) and COT to trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (3HC). The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR, 3HC/COT) is commonly used as a biomarker of CYP2A6 enzymatic activity, rate of nicotine metabolism, and total nicotine clearance; NMR is associated with numerous smoking phenotypes, including smoking cessation. Our objective was to investigate the impact of different measurement methods, at different sites, on plasma and urinary NMR measures from ad libitum smokers. Methods: Plasma (n = 35) and urine (n = 35) samples were sent to eight different laboratories, which used similar and different methods of COT and 3HC measurements to derive the NMR. We used Bland–Altman analysis to assess agreement, and Pearson correlations to evaluate associations, between NMR measured by different methods. Results: Measures of plasma NMR were in strong agreement between methods according to Bland–Altman analysis (ratios, 0.82–1.16) and were highly correlated (all Pearson r > 0.96, P < 0.0001). Measures of urinary NMR were in relatively weaker agreement (ratios 0.62–1.71) and less strongly correlated (Pearson r values of 0.66–0.98, P < 0.0001) between different methods. Plasma and urinary COT and 3HC concentrations, while weaker than NMR, also showed good agreement in plasma, which was better than that in urine, as was observed for NMR. Conclusions: Plasma is a very reliable biologic source for the determination of NMR, robust to differences in these analytical protocols or assessment site. Impact: Together this indicates a reduced need for differential interpretation of plasma NMR results based on the approach used, allowing for direct comparison of different studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(8); 1239–46. ©2015 AACR.
Revising Psychiatry's Charter Document

A composition researcher and psychiatrist report findings from their 3-year study of the revision of the most important book in the mental health profession: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). This 500-page diagnostic taxonomy defines some 250 mental disorders, and it functions for the field as a charter document, shaping the way mental illness is understood, treated, and studied. The revision project, which culminates in 1994 with the publication of DSM-IV, is a 6-year project involving some 1,000 psychiatrists and other mental health professionals. In this study the authors examine the DSM revision using three methodologies: in Part I they trace the history of the DSM classification system; in Part II they analyze published accounts of the revision by project leaders; and finally, in Part III they observe the revision process as it was actually carried out in one of the 13 work groups. The authors conclude that the revision of DSM functions less to change the text than to achieve certain social and political effects. They find the revision works to further entrench the biomedical model of mental disorder, to maintain the dominance of psychiatry within the mental health field, and to enhance the prestige of psychiatry in relation to other medical specialties.
The Women of a Ghanaian Village: A Study of Social Change

An important feature of African village economies in the 1980s and 1990s has been the initiatives of local people in responding to the severe contraction in national economies and the structural changes introduced as part of the World Bank/IMF-inspired structural adjustment programs (SAPs) (Elabor-Idemudia 1993; Gladwin 1991; Taylor and MacKenzie 1992). This paper discusses the ongoing strategies of the women of a Ghanaian village to fluctuations in the domestic economy over the past decade, including responses to structural adjustment measures of the past few years emanating from the national center. Testimonies of women about contemporary economic changes and the impact on their households are presented to highlight women's culturally constructed ways of reflecting on their daily lives. The ways in which changing economic situations have affected female roles in rural production and women's position in society have significant implications for national development. Moock (1986), Amadiume (1987), Beneria (1981) and Stamp (1989), among others, have pointed to the explanatory power of gender as a primary organizing principle of rural production and society. The significance of gender is twofold: first, as a means of categorizing labor and household headship; and secondly, as “fundamental to understanding structures and actions, including production relationships within and across households, the setting of goals and priorities, the mobilization of resources, risk-taking and the rights to benefits derived from increased agricultural productivity (Moock 1986, 7; see also Berry, 1985). In African rural economies, men and women have different cycles of rights and responsibilities. Through food production, women control their own cycles of rights and responsibilities. They are primarily responsible for and are concerned with the means by which the household is provisioned (Guyer 1984, 1986, 101; Henn 1983, 1984, 1; Bryson 1981). Most men earn their primary income from cash (export) cropping and the sale of their labor.