Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Router Mechanisms to Support End-to-End Congestion Control

This paper considers the potential negative impacts from an increasing deployment of non-congestion-controlled besteffort traffic on the Internet. These negative impacts range from extreme unfairness against competing TCP traffic to the potential for congestion collapse. To promote the inclusion of end-to-end congestion control for best-effort traffic, we propose lightweight router mechanisms for identifying and restricting the bandwidth of high-bandwidth best-effort flows that are using a disproportionate share of the bandwidth in times of congestion. Our method does not require per-flow state based on packet arrivals, but instead relies on the history of packet drops from a queue with RED (Random Early Detection) queue management. Starting with high-bandwidth flows identified from the RED drop history, we describe a sequence of tests capable of suggesting flows for bandwidth regulation. These tests additionally identify a high-bandwidth flow in times of congestion as unresponsive, “not TCP-friendly”, or simply veryhigh-bandwidth. An unresponsive flow is one failing to reduce its offered load at a router in response to an increased packet drop rate. A flow that is not TCP-friendly is one whose long-term arrival rate exceeds that of any conformant TCP in the same circumstances. A very-high-bandwidth flow uses a disproportionate share of the bandwidth relative to other flows. Simulations show the results of regulating the bandwidth of these unresponsive, TCP-unfriendly, or veryhigh-bandwidth flows in times of congestion. We end with a comparison between this approach and others using per-flow scheduling for all best-effort traffic.
Opportunities After Sarbanes-Oxley : Can Outsiders Earn Abnormal Profits by Mimicking

This study offers an examination of market efficiency following the enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley. There have been many empirical analyses that have examined insider trading and have concluded that insiders legally trading on nonpublic, immaterial information earn abnormal profits. While insiders earn abnormal profits, studies examining whether outsiders can generate abnormal returns by mimicking insiders have largely concluded that they cannot because too much time elapses between when insiders trade and when news of those trades becomes public. The enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley in 2002, however, significantly changed the insider trading laws. Whereas prior to Sarbanes-Oxley news of insider trades had become public as long as 40 days after the trades had occurred, after Sarbanes-Oxley news of insider trades often became public within two days. In this study I tested whether outsiders mimicking only the most valuable insider trades could have earned abnormal returns after Sarbanes-Oxley. I tested six strategies of mimicking insider trades and I found substantial evidence that outsiders could have earned abnormal returns, marking a significant violation of the semi-strong form of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. While I found that outsiders could not have earned significant returns before Sarbanes-Oxley, I found that outsiders could have earned abnormal returns of between 4.89% and 17.67% in the 27 months following Sarbanes-Oxley. When I analyzed the returns after Sarbanes-Oxley more closely I found that while substantial abnormal returns were available to outsiders for over a year following Sarbanes-Oxley, by 2004 the market had become efficient and outsiders were no longer able to earn abnormal returns. ∗ A tremendous thank you goes to my advisor, John Shoven. He offered outstanding guidance, support, and patience and without him this paper would not have been possible. Special thanks also to Bill Sharpe for his tremendous help with style analysis, to Peter Hansen for his tireless assistance with all matters statistical, to Lina Yamaguchi for lending her formatting acumen to my paper, and to Sara Martin for her valuable assistance during the revision process.
Response to Comment on ``Surface Urban Heat Island Across 419 Global Big Cities''

I n her comment on our paper " Surface Urban Heat Island Across 419 Global Big Cities " , 1 N. Schwarz raised several questions on our analyses relating surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) to city division, city size and population intensity. We welcome this opportunity to clarify and reiterate a few important points made in our paper 1 concerning SUHII and urban social-economical status at global scale. First, N. Schwarz questioned our rationale of dividing the world cities by belonging to developed and developing countries, and conjectured that the significantly higher annual daytime SUHII in developed countries than in developing countries found in our paper 1 is due to the latitudinal differences of the SUHII. The reason of comparing SUHII in developed versus developing countries is apparent: The division represents significant difference in urbanization as well as in social-economy and environment, and the comparative results are likely to provide compelling evidence on how different natural and social-economic factors impact the SUHII. The reason that developed countries tend to have a higher daytime SUHII, however, is not the latitudinal effect conjectured by N. Schwarz. The explanation power of latitude on the spatial variation of annual daytime SUHII is less than 1%. Similarly, the explanation power of mean annual temperature on the spatial variation of annual daytime SUHII is also limited (3%, Figure S2F in the Supporting Information 1). On the other hand, if N. Schwarz's hypothesis was correct, then the higher annual daytime SUHII of developed over developing countries might become less evident in a narrower latitudinal range such as in the northern temperate regions (35°N-50°N). However, we found that in this latitudinal range, annual daytime SUHII over developed countries (2.30 ± 1.20, N = 62) is still much significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that over developing countries (1.20 ± 0.79, N = 62). Similar results can also be found within a narrower climate gradient (delimited by mean annual temperature). Indeed, the higher SUHII over developed countries could be inferred from the significant negative correlation between SUHII and the difference of vegetation cover fraction between urban and suburban areas (δVCF, Figure 4 in our paper, 1 R 2 = 0.51, P < 0.001). Over all the 419 big cities, the average δVCF of cities in developed countries (−0.12 ± 0.10, N = 116) is significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that for cities in developing countries (−0.06 ± …
Frequency of hybridization between Ostrinia nubilalis E-and Z-pheromone races in regions of sympatry within the United States

Abstract Female European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, produce and males respond to sex pheromone blends with either E- or Z-Δ11-tetradecenyl acetate as the major component. E- and Z-race populations are sympatric in the Eastern United States, Southeastern Canada, and the Mediterranean region of Europe. The E- and Z-pheromone races of O. nubilalis are models for incipient species formation, but hybridization frequencies within natural populations remain obscure due to lack of a high-throughput phenotyping method. Lassance et al. previously identified a pheromone gland-expressed fatty-acyl reductase gene (pgfar) that controls the ratio of Δ11-tetradecenyl acetate stereoisomers. We identified three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within pgfar that are differentially fixed between E- and Z-race females, and that are ≥98.2% correlated with female pheromone ratios measured by gas chromatography. Genotypic data from locations in the United States demonstrated that pgfar-z alleles were fixed within historically allopatric Z-pheromone race populations in the Midwest, and that hybrid frequency ranged from 0.00 to 0.42 within 11 sympatric sites where the two races co-occur in the Eastern United States (mean hybridization frequency or heterozygosity (HO) = 0.226 ± 0.279). Estimates of hybridization between the E- and Z-races are important for understanding the dynamics involved in maintaining race integrity, and are consistent with previous estimates of low levels of genetic divergence between E- and Z-races and the presence of weak prezygotic mating barriers. This work describes the development of new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers within the pheromone gland expressed fatty acyl reductase (pgfar) gene of Ostrinia nubilalis. These SNPs were shown to segregate based upon female pheromone production, and thus provide the first description of an assay for genetic determination of O. nubilalis pheromone strain from field-collected samples. These assays were applied to estimate hybridization within field populations, and represent valuable tools for future population genetic studies of this species.
European Journal of Operational Research Mean-variance Model for Portfolio Optimization Problem in the Simultaneous Presence of Random and Uncertain Returns

The determination of security returns will be associated with the validity of the corresponding portfolio selection models. The complexity of real financial market inevitably leads to diversity of types of security returns. For example, they are considered as random variables when available data are enough, or they are considered as uncertain variables when lack of data. This paper is devoted to solving such a hybrid portfolio selection problem in the simultaneous presence of random and uncertain returns. The variances of portfolio returns are first given and proved based on uncertainty theory. Then the corresponding mean-variance models are introduced and the analytical solutions are obtained in the case with no more than two newly listed securities. In the general case, the proposed models can be effectively solved by Matlab and a numerical experiment is illustrated.
Amplified Arctic climate change: What does surface albedo feedback have to do with it?

A group of twelve IPCC fourth assessment report (AR4) climate models have Arctic (60N–90N) warmings that are, on average, 1.9 times greater than their global warmings at the time of CO2 doubling in 1%/year CO2 increase experiments. Forcings and feedbacks that impact the warming response are estimated for both Arctic and global regions based on standard model diagnostics. Fitting a zero‐dimensional energy balance model to each region, an expression is derived that gives the Arctic amplification as a function of these forcings and feedbacks. Contributing to Arctic amplification are the Arctic‐global differences in surface albedo feedback (SAF), longwave feedback and the net top‐of‐atmosphere flux forcing (the sum of the surface flux and the atmospheric heat transport convergence). The doubled CO2 forcing and non‐SAF shortwave feedback oppose Arctic amplification. SAF is shown to be a contributing, but not a dominating, factor in the simulated Arctic amplification and its intermodel variation.
Neural Activity in the Frontal Eye Fields Modulated by the Number of Alternatives in Target Choice

Selection of identical responses may not use the same neural mechanisms when the number of alternatives (NA) for the selection changes, as suggested by Hick's law. For elucidating the choice mechanisms, frontal eye field (FEF) neurons were monitored during a color-to-location choice saccade task as the number of potential targets was varied. Visual responses to alternative targets decreased as NA increased, whereas perisaccade activities increased with NA. These modulations of FEF activities seem closely related to the choice process because the activity enhancements coincided with the timing of target selection, and the neural modulation was greater as NA increased, features expected of neural correlates for a choice process from the perspective of Hick's law. Our current observations suggest two novel notions of FEF neuronal behavior that have not been reported previously: (1) cells called “phasic visual” that do not discharge in the perisaccade interval in a delayed-saccade paradigm show such activity in a choice response task at the time of the saccade; and (2) the activity in FEF visuomotor cells display an inverse relationship between perisaccadic activity and the time of saccade triggering with higher levels of activity leading to longer saccade reaction times. These findings support the area's involvement in sensory-motor translation for target selection through coactivation and competitive interaction of neural populations that code for alternative action sets.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN DAN IKLIM ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA DOSEN SEKOLAH TINGGI ILMU KESEHATAN

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan dan iklim organisasi terhadap kinerja dosen di Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan di Pontianak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan bentuk penelitian kolerasional yang menerangkan hubungan setiap variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat, baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun secara bersama-sama, serta membuat prediksi variabel terikat atas setiap variabel bebas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya kepemimpinan (X 1 ) tidak memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap variabel kinerja dosen (Y) dengan nilai koefisien -0,174.Variabel iklim kerja (X 2 ) memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap variabel kinerja dosen (Y) dengan nilai koefisien 1,002, yang artinya jika institusi mempunyai iklim kerja yang baik, maka kinerja dosen akan meningkat. Gaya kepemimpinan dan iklim kerja dengan kinerja dosen adalah tingkat sedang (r = 0,773) dan berpola positif yang artinya semakin bertambah baik gaya kepemimpinan dan iklim kerja maka semakin baik pula kinerja dosennya. Kata Kunci: Gaya Kepemimpinan, Iklim Kerja, Kinerja dosen. Abstract: This study aims to determine The influence of leadership style and organizational climate on the performance of lecturers in the high school health Pontianak. This study uses a quantitative approach with a form of correlational research the explains the relationship of each independent variable and with a bound, either alone or together as well as make predictions of the dependent variable over the independent variable. Leadership style variable (X1) does not have a positive effect on the variable performance of lecturer (Y) with the coefficient of -0.174. Working climate variables (X2) has a positive effect on the variable performance of lecturer (Y) with the coefficient of 1.002, that means if an institution has a good working climate, then the lecturer's performance will increase. Leadership style and working climate with performance of th lecturer is is medium level (r = 0.773) and positive pattern, that increasing better leadership style and work climate the better the performance of the lucturers. Key Words: Leadership Style, Work Climate, Lecturer Performance.
Homogenization of Elastic Media with Gaseous Inclusions

We study the asymptotic behavior of a system modeling a composite material made of an elastic periodically perforated support, with period $\varepsilon > 0$, and a perfect gas placed in each of these perforations, as $\varepsilon$ goes to zero. The model we use is linear, corresponding to deformations around a reference configuration. We apply both two-scale asymptotic expansion and two-scale convergence methods in order to identify the limit behaviors as $\varepsilon$ goes to 0. We state that in the limit, we get a two-scale linear elasticity-like boundary value problem. From this problem, we identify the corresponding homogenized and periodic cell equations which allow us to find the first corrector term. The analysis is performed both in the case of an incompressible and a compressible material. We derive some mechanical properties of the limit materials by studying the homogenized coefficients. Finally, we calculate numerically the homogenized coefficients in the incompressible case for different type.
Teachers’ Perceptions of the Relationship between Inclusive Education and Distributed Leadership in two Primary Schools in Slovakia and New South Wales (Australia)

Abstract The academic literature on the practice of inclusive education presents diverse and at times contradictory perspectives in how it is connected to practices of distributed leadership. Depending on the approach, on the one hand, inclusive educational practice may enable distributed school leadership, while on the other hand, it may allow for hierarchical management styles if staff members do not implement inclusive practices. This paper explores how school staff members perceive and understand the relationship between practices of inclusive education and distributed leadership in two public primary schools: one in New South Wales (Australia) and one in Slovakia. These two schools were identified by external informants as good practice examples of inclusive education. Using qualitative research methods based on interviews, this paper identifies two main understandings of this relationship. First, although distributed leadership may encourage the goals of inclusive education, it may in some circumstances also hinder their achievement. Second, distributed leadership can be constructed as an indispensable component of inclusive education, and this has implications for how the target groups of inclusive education are conceptualised. This paper also discusses the wider social and political contexts of the two primary schools and how in each case context significantly constrained and shaped understandings and practices of inclusion and distributed leadership in the practice of teachers and principals.
Antecedents of children's physical activity intentions and behaviour: Predictive validity and longitudinal effects

Abstract This study examined the predictive validity and time-lagged relationships in a model of children's physical activity intentions, attitudes, perceived behavioural control (PBC), behaviour and past behaviour using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1985) as a framework. In Study 1, 386 children aged 12–14 years completed measures of intentions, attitudes, subjective norm, PBC and past behaviour. Their physical activity behaviour was assessed one week later. Structural equation analyses supported the construct and predictive validity of the TPB with the exception of subjective norms which did not predict intentions. In Study 2,70 children completed measures of their physical activity attitudes, intentions, PBC and past behaviour. Attitudes, intentions, PBC and recent behaviour were re-assessed five weeks later. The cognitions demonstrated a moderate degree of stability over time and there were some cross-lagged effects between attitudes and PBC. Past behaviour demonstrated additive rather than attenuating effects. These results support the use of the TPB cognitions and past behaviour as a framework to examine children's physical activity behaviour.
Undecidability of Plane Polygonal Mereotopology

This paper presents a mereotopological model of polygonal regions of the Euclidean plane and an undecidability proof of its rst-order theory. Restricted to the primitive operations the model is a Boolean algebra. Its single primitive predicate deenes simple polygons as the topologically simplest poly-gonal regions. It turns out that both the relations usually provided by mereotopolo-gies and more subtle topological relations are elementarily deenable in the model. Using these relations, Post's correspondence problem , known as undecidable, can be reduced to the decision problem of the model.
A Survey of Applications of Identity-Based Cryptography in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Security in mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) continues to attract attention after years of research. Recent advances in identity-based cryptography (IBC) sheds light on this problem and has become popular as a solution base. We present a comprehensive picture and capture the state of the art of IBC security applications in MANETs based on a survey of publications on this topic since the emergence of IBC in 2001. In this paper, we also share insights into open research problems and point out interesting future directions in this area.
… Not drowning, waving. Resilience and university: a student perspective

ABSTRACT Constant change and stress in the workplace require workers with resilience. Universities have a key role to play in developing this vital capability. Past research has measured levels of university student resilience, but little is known about resilience from the learner’s perspective. This semi-structured interview study of 38 undergraduate and postgraduate students gives voice to the students’ own understanding of resilience, strategies which they use to develop their resilience, and how universities can support the development of student resilience. Thematic analysis revealed that students differed in the way they conceptualised resilience according to their year of study and life experience. Maintaining perspective, staying healthy, and developing support networks were identified as key attributes linked to resilience. Findings provide insights into the resilience needs and capabilities of the learning community, and suggest strategies which universities can implement to support resilience development.
Do the Magellanic Cepheids Pose a New Puzzle?

The observed Magellanic Cloud (MC) Cepheid data pose a new challenge to both stellar structure and stellar evolution. The Fourier analysis of the LMC and SMC data indicate that the 2 : 1 resonance (P2/P0 = 0.5) between the fundamental mode of pulsation and the second overtone occurs with a period P0 of ≈ 10 days, just as in our Galaxy. The implications of this resonance are difficult to reconcile with linear radiative Cepheid models computed for the low metallicity of the MC. They also require a large upward shift in the mass-luminosity relation (MLR), seemingly larger than is comfortable for evolutionary calculations. The disagreement worsens if we interpret the structure in the first overtone Fourier parameters near 3 days as the result of an alleged resonance with the fourth overtone. In contrast to earlier expectations, the beat Cepheid data with P1/P0 ≈ 0.7, as well as those with P2/P1 ≈ 0.8, impose weak constraints, at best, on the MLRs.
Emerging forms of awareness about forgiveness and leadership: An analysis of what high profile leaders think

i Chapter I: Introduction . 1 Synopsis of Contextual Frames of Reference for Forgiveness Research . 1 Definition of Forgiveness . 6 Purpose of This Study . 7 Epistemological Stance . 8 Owning My Personal Perspective . 9 Organization of This Dissertation . 11 Chapter II: Review of the Literature . 12 Introduction . 12 Relevance of Forgiveness for Leaders and Leadership Studies . 12 Useful Categories of Forgiveness Research for Advancing a Conversation With Leaders About Forgiveness . 33 Definition and/or Meaning. 33 Diplomacy and/or Reconciliation. 37 Religious/Spiritual Frameworks. 39 Forgiveness Intervention. 39 Comparative Religions. 40 Linking Forgiveness With Leadership . 41