Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The influence of depth and velocity on age‐0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon prey consumption: Implications for aquatic habitat restoration

After the pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) was listed as endangered in 1990, a variety of management actions focusing on early life history needs have been implemented to aid species recovery. Given the scarcity of age‐0 pallid sturgeon, managers and scientists have relied on sympatric congeners to evaluate the effectiveness of management actions in the short term; however, increased understanding of habitat requirements for age‐0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon is still needed to appropriately focus management efforts. Recently, a lack of food‐producing and foraging habitats were proposed as potential limiting factors for pallid sturgeon, and the purpose of this study was to evaluate the current definition of these habitats at multiple spatial scales using data from age‐0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon (shovelnose sturgeon [Scaphirhynchus platyrhynchus] or hybrid [shovelnose sturgeon x pallid sturgeon]). Results showed the water depths and velocities that currently define age‐0 pallid sturgeon foraging habitat had little effect on age‐0 Scaphirhynchus sturgeon prey consumption. Similar results occurred when evaluating the relationship between prey consumption and food‐producing habitat present 10, 20, and 30 days before capture. Assuming that individuals captured during this study were a valid surrogate, these results suggest that increasing foraging and food‐producing habitat as defined by the current depth and velocity criteria is unlikely to result in the desired benefits of increased growth and survival of age‐0 pallid sturgeon.
GRB 030406 - an extremely hard burst outside of the INTEGRAL field of view

Using the IBIS Compton mode, the INTEGRAL satellite is able to detect and localize bright and hard GRBs, which happen outside of the nominal INTEGRAL telescopes field of view. We have developed a method of analyzing such INTEGRAL data to obtain the burst location and spectra. We present the results for the case of GRB030406. The burst is localized with the Compton events, and the location is consistent with the previous Interplanetary Network position. A spectral analysis is possible with the detailed modeling of the detector response for such a far off-axis source with the offset of 36.9 $^\circ$. The average spectrum of the burst is extremely hard: the photon index above 400 \kev is -1.7, with no evidence of a break up to 1.1 \mev at 90% confidence level.
Epistatic Interactions Alter Dynamics of Multilocus Gene-for-Gene Coevolution

Fitness costs associated with resistance or virulence genes are thought to play a key role in determining the dynamics of gene-for-gene (GFG) host-parasite coevolution. However, the nature of interactions between fitness effects of multiple resistance or virulence genes (epistasis) has received less attention. To examine effects of the functional form of epistasis on the dynamics of GFG host-parasite coevolution we modified a classic multilocus GFG model framework. We show that the type of epistasis between virulence genes largely determines coevolutionary dynamics, and that coevolutionary fluctuations are more likely with acceleratingly costly (negative) than with linear or deceleratingly costly (positive) epistasis. Our results demonstrate that the specific forms of interaction between multiple resistance or virulence genes are a crucial determinant of host-parasite coevolutionary dynamics.
Climate Change and Game Theory : a Mathematical Survey

This survey paper examines the problem of achieving global cooperation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Contributions to this problem are reviewed from non-cooperative game theory, cooperative game theory, and implementation theory. Solutions to games where players have a continuous choice about how much to pollute, games where players make decisions about treaty participation, and games where players make decisions about treaty ratification, are examined. The implications of linking cooperation on climate change with cooperation on other issues, such as trade, is examined. Cooperative and non-cooperative approaches to coalition formation are investigated in order to examine the behaviour of coalitions cooperating on climate change. One way to achieve cooperation is to design a game, known as a mechanism, whose equilibrium corresponds to an optimal outcome. This paper examines some mechanisms that are based on conditional commitments, and could lead to substantial cooperation.
Fracture risk prediction using BMD and clinical risk factors in early postmenopausal women: Sensitivity of the WHO FRAX tool

The aim of this prospective study was (1) to identify significant and independent clinical risk factors (CRFs) for major osteoporotic (OP) fracture among peri‐ and early postmenopausal women, (2) to assess, in this population, the discriminatory capacity of FRAX and bone mineral density (BMD) for the identification of women at high risk of fracture, and (3) to assess whether adding risk factors to either FRAX or BMD would improve discriminatory capacity. The study population included 2651 peri‐ and early postmenopausal women [mean age (± SD): 54 ± 4 years] with a mean follow‐up period of 13.4 years (±1.4 years). At baseline, a large set of CRFs was recorded, and vertebral BMD was measured (Lunar, DPX) in all women. Femoral neck BMD also was measured in 1399 women in addition to spine BMD. Women with current or past OP treatment for more than 3 months at baseline (n = 454) were excluded from the analyses. Over the follow‐up period, 415 women sustained a first low‐energy fracture, including 145 major OP fractures (108 wrist, 44 spine, 20 proximal humerus, and 13 hip). In Cox multivariate regression models, only 3 CRFs were significant predictors of a major OP fracture independent of BMD and age: a personal history of fracture, three or more pregnancies, and current postmenopausal hormone therapy. In the subsample of women who had a hip BMD measurement and who were not receiving OP therapy (including hormone‐replacement therapy) at baseline, mean FRAX value was 3.8% (±2.4%). The overall discriminative value for fracture, as measured by the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), was equal to 0.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56–0.69] and 0.66 (95% CI 0.60–0.73), respectively, for FRAX and hip BMD. Sensitivity of both tools was low (ie, around 50% for 30% of the women classified as the highest risk). Adding parity to the predictive model including FRAX or using a simple risk score based on the best predictive model in our population did not significantly improve the discriminatory capacity over BMD alone. Only a limited number of clinical risk factors were found associated with the risk of major OP fracture in peri‐ and early postmenopausal women. In this population, the FRAX tool, like other risk scores combining CRFs to either BMD or FRAX, had a poor sensitivity for fracture prediction and did not significantly improve the discriminatory value of hip BMD alone. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Attitudes : The Role of Ethnic Identification Predicting Whether Multiculturalism Positively or Negatively Influences White Americans ' Intergroup

Multiculturalism, or the belief that racial and ethnic differences should be acknowledged and appreciated, has been met with both positive reactions (e.g., decreased prejudice) and negative reactions (e.g., perceptions of threat) from dominant group members. The present research proposes that multiculturalism can either positively or negatively influence White Americans’ intergroup attitudes depending on their degree of ethnic identification. In Studies 1 and 2, White Americans primed with multiculturalism exhibited higher social dominance orientation (Study 1) and greater prejudice (Study 2), especially when they identified strongly with their ethnicity. In Study 3, perceptions of threat to group values were found to mediate the relation between multiculturalism, ethnic identification, and prejudice among White Americans. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for threat perceptions, ethnic identification, and conceptions of diversity.
50th Anniversary Perspective: A Perspective on Polyelectrolyte Solutions

From the beginning of life with the information-containing polymers until the present era of a plethora of water-based materials in health care industry and biotechnology, polyelectrolytes are ubiquitous with a broad range of structural and functional properties. The main attribute of polyelectrolyte solutions is that all molecules are strongly correlated both topologically and electrostatically in their neutralizing background of charged ions in highly polarizable solvent. These strong correlations and the necessary use of numerous variables in experiments on polyelectrolytes have presented immense challenges toward fundamental understanding of the various behaviors of charged polymeric systems. This Perspective presents the author’s subjective summary of several conceptual advances and the remaining persistent challenges in the contexts of charge and size of polymers, structures in homogeneous solutions, thermodynamic instability and phase transitions, structural evolution with oppositely charged polymers, dynamics in polyelectrolyte solutions, kinetics of phase separation, mobility of charged macromolecules between compartments, and implications to biological systems.
A System for Large-Scale Acquisition of Verbal, Nominal and Adjectival Subcategorization Frames from Corpora

This paper describes the first system for large-scale acquisition of subcategorization frames (SCFs) from English corpus data which can be used to acquire comprehensive lexicons for verbs, nouns and adjectives. The system incorporates an extensive rulebased classifier which identifies 168 verbal, 37 adjectival and 31 nominal frames from grammatical relations (GRs) output by a robust parser. The system achieves state-ofthe-art performance on all three sets.
Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood

Background: The volume of research involving adjustment disorder (AD) is limited. The scientific neglect of AD seems to result from the inadequate operationalisation of AD in DSM-IV and ICD-10. The aims of the present proposal are to discuss the shortcomings of AD conceptualisations and to present recommendations for the future. Sampling and Methods: This conceptual paper is based on an iterative process of debate between the authors. Results: The current operational definition of AD is characterised by 3 main limitations: (1) the inadequately defined clinical significance criterion, (2) the relegation of AD behind other diagnoses and (3) the missed recognition of the importance of contextual factors, such that normal human adaptive processes might be pathologised. Furthermore, subtypes of AD lack operational clarity. Based on a discussion of the limitations, recommendations for DSM-V are presented, including the addition of new subtypes. Conclusions: The revision of AD criteria will reduce the likelihood of false-positive and false-negative diagnoses. These changes will enable the scientific exploration of this common and relevant disorder, and will make epidemiological studies, and ultimately service planning based on these, more reliable than at present.
Chemical Properties of Inceptisol and Rice Yields Applied with Mixed Source Fertilizer (MSF)

One effort that can be done to improve soil fertility and crop yields is fertilization. Fertilization using a mixed source fertilizer (MSF) is an option to overcome the impact of inorganic fertilizer use and organic fertilizer drawbacks. This study aims to evaluate the effects of MSF application on the chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. A field experiment was conducted using a completely randomized block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the three formulas of MSF (F1, F2, F3) and the second factor was MSF doses (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 Mg ha-1). The results show that there is no significant difference on the total soil N, available soil P, plant height and total number of tillers of rice plants applied with the three MSF formulas. The increased MSF doses applied significantly improve the soil chemical properties of Inceptisol and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF increases total- N (57.89%), available-P (29.13%), exchangeable-Ca and -Mg (117% and 250%, respectively), plant height (40%) and total number of tillers (43.2%) in comparison to those without MSF application. There are interaction effects between formulas and doses of MSF on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content, and CEC of the soil and rice yields. The application of 10 Mg ha-1 MSF F3 results in better effects on the amount of exchangeable-K, organic-C content and CEC of the soil, and number of productive tillers and rice yields than the application of other MSF formulas. The MSF can be used as an alternatif fertilizer that can improve Inceptisol productivity.
Segmentation Framework Based on Label Field Fusion

In this paper, we put forward a novel fusion framework that mixes together label fields instead of observation data as is usually the case. Our framework takes as input two label fields: a quickly estimated and to-be-refined segmentation map and a spatial region map that exhibits the shape of the main objects of the scene. These two label fields are fused together with a global energy function that is minimized with a deterministic iterative conditional mode algorithm. As explained in the paper, the energy function may implement a pure fusion strategy or a fusion-reaction function. In the latter case, a data-related term is used to make the optimization problem well posed. We believe that the conceptual simplicity, the small number of parameters, the use of a simple and fast deterministic optimizer that admits a natural implementation on a parallel architecture are among the main advantages of our approach. Our fusion framework is adapted to various computer vision applications among which are motion segmentation, motion estimation and occlusion detection.
The generalised type-theoretic interpretation of constructive set theory

Abstract We present a generalisation of the type-theoretic interpretation of constructive set theory into Martin-Löf type theory. The original interpretation treated logic in Martin-Löf type theory via the propositions-as-types interpretation. The generalisation involves replacing Martin-Löf type theory with a new type theory in which logic is treated as primitive. The primitive treatment of logic in type theories allows us to study reinterpretations of logic, such as the double-negation translation.
Competitive Equilibria of Economies with a Continuum of Consumers and Aggregate Shocks

This paper studies competitive equilibria of a production economy with aggregate productivity shocks. There is a continuum of consumers who face borrowing constraints and individual labor endowment shocks. The dynamic economy is described in terms of sequences of aggregate distributions. The existence of sequential competitive equilibria is proven and a recursive characterization is established. In particular, it is shown that for any sequential competitive equilibrium, there exists a payoff equivalent sequential competitive equilibrium that is generated by a suitably defined recursive equilibrium with state variables including continuation value.
Azole Resistance of Aspergillus fumigatus in Immunocompromised Patients with Invasive Aspergillosis

To the Editor: Alanio et al. comment that the prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus disease may differ, depending on location of the hospital where patients are admitted and the patients’ underlying disease (1). Determining local or regional epidemiology, especially in areas where azole-resistant isolates are found in the environment, is indeed important. These isolates commonly harbor the TR34/L98H or TR46/Y121F/T289A resistance mechanism. Patients may inhale azole-resistant spores in the air and subsequently develop azole-resistant disease, even when they have never been treated with azoles (2). Although risk for inhalation of azole-resistant Aspergillus spores arguably might be similar for all patients, surveillance of Aspergillus isolates in the Netherlands indicates that resistance rates vary among hospitals. When all A. fumigatus isolates cultured from patients were investigated for azole resistance, resistance rates in the Netherlands ranged from 4.3% to 19.2% in 2013 and 3.8% to 13.3% in 2014 (3). The highest and lowest resistance rates were found in hospitals only 39 km from each other, supporting the observation made by Alanio et al. about variations in prevalence of azole-resistant Aspergillus disease (1).
New configuration for realizing universal voltage-mode filter using two current feedback amplifiers

A new universal biquadratic filter configuration using two current-feedback amplifiers (CFAs) is presented. The circuit has three inputs and one low-impedance output and can realize all the standard filter functions, that is, highpass, bandpass, lowpass, notch, and allpass filters, without changing the passive elements. The proposed circuit has no requirements for component matching conditions and uses only four passive components. The center frequency and bandwidth can be orthogonally controllable. Also, the active and passive sensitivities are low.
Design of Integrated SHM System for Commercial Aircraft Applications

This paper discusses Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) design as a subsystem to the Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) system of an aircraft. Starting with detection and tracking of damage using active interrogation by elastic waves, we discuss the damage estimation in an SHM system as a Member System within Honeywell's Central Maintenance Computer (CMC) IVHM. The additional SHM data integration described includes: spatio-temporal filtering, damage reporting, and generation of the BIT fault reports in the CMC Member System format. The approach is illustrated for data collected on bonded composite repair patches experiencing crack growth due to cyclic loading.
Qatari intersections with global genetics research and discourse

ABSTRACT Genetic discourses have taken a predominant role in approaches to combating a number of conditions that affect Qataris. This paper is derived from an exploration of Qatari encounters with globalizing discourses of genetics, particularly as they relate to notions of risk. It explores Qataris negotiations of global interactions and influences, including the discourses around genetic risk and cousin marriage. It suggests that family marriage can be seen as one of the main platforms of resistance and a means for modern, cosmopolitan and tradition to be negotiated.
Fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A in beers made in Brazil

A presenca de fumonisina B1 (FB1) e de ocratoxina A (OTA) foi investigada em amostras de cerveja fabricada no Brasil. FB1 foi pesquisada em 58 amostras de cerveja provenientes de 30 fabricas localizadas em nove Estados. As amostras foram concentradas, e a toxina isolada atraves de coluna de troca ionica forte, derivacao com OPA e analise por CLAE com fluorescencia associada. O limite de deteccao foi 0,26 ng.mL-1 e a recuperacao media foi de 98%. Vinte e cinco amostras continham FB1 em concentracoes de 1 a 40 ng.mL-1. Cerveja (123 amostras) proveniente de 36 fabricas localizadas em 5 Estados foi analisada para OTA atraves de coluna de imunoafinidade seguida de CLAE com detector de fluorescencia. O limite de deteccao foi 0,1 ng.mL-1 e a recuperacao media foi de 92%. Cinco amostras continham OTA em concentracoes de 1 a 18 ng.mL-1. Os resultados indicam que a contaminacao da cerveja brasileira por FB1 e por OTA nao e geograficamente limitada e que nao contribui significativamente para a ingestao de FB1 por consumidores. Por outro lado, no caso de consumo alto e regular, esta pode contribuir substancialmente na ingestao de OTA, porem ainda abaixo do maximo considerado toleravel para a toxina.
Thought Suppression in Patients With Bipolar Disorder

Suppression of negative thoughts has been observed under experimental conditions among patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) but has never been examined among patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Patients with BD (n = 36), patients with MDD (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 20) completed a task that required unscrambling 6-word strings into 5-word sentences, leaving out 1 word. The extra word allowed the sentences to be completed in a negative, neutral, or “hyperpositive” (manic/goal-oriented) way. Participants completed the sentences under conditions of cognitive load (rehearsing a 6-digit number), reward (a bell tone), load and reward, or neither load nor reward. We hypothesized that patients with BD would engage in more active suppression of negative and hyperpositive thoughts than would controls, as revealed by their unscrambling more word strings into negative or hyperpositive sentences. Under conditions of load or reward and in the absence of either load or reward, patients with BD unscrambled more negative sentences than did controls. Under conditions of reward, patients with BD unscrambled more negative sentences than did patients with MDD. Patients with BD also reported more use of negative thought suppression than did controls. These group differences in negative biases were no longer significant when current mood states were controlled. Finally, the groups did not differ in the proportion of hyperpositive sentence completions in any condition. Thought suppression may provide a critical locus for psychological interventions in BD.
Activation of the Bumetanide-sensitive Na+,K+,2Cl− Cotransporter (NKCC2) Is Facilitated by Tamm-Horsfall Protein in a Chloride-sensitive Manner*

Active transport of NaCl across thick ascending limb (TAL) epithelium is accomplished by Na+,K+,2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC2). The activity of NKCC2 is determined by vasopressin (AVP) or intracellular chloride concentration and includes its amino-terminal phosphorylation. Co-expressed Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) has been proposed to interact with NKCC2. We hypothesized that THP modulates NKCC2 activity in TAL. THP-deficient mice (THP−/−) showed an increased abundance of intracellular NKCC2 located in subapical vesicles (+47% compared with wild type (WT) mice), whereas base-line phosphorylation of NKCC2 was significantly decreased (−49% compared with WT mice), suggesting reduced activity of the transporter in the absence of THP. Cultured TAL cells with low endogenous THP levels and low base-line phosphorylation of NKCC2 displayed sharp increases in NKCC2 phosphorylation (+38%) along with a significant change of intracellular chloride concentration upon transfection with THP. In NKCC2-expressing frog oocytes, co-injection with THP cRNA significantly enhanced the activation of NKCC2 under low chloride hypotonic stress (+112% versus +235%). Short term (30 min) stimulation of the vasopressin V2 receptor pathway by V2 receptor agonist (deamino-cis-d-Arg vasopressin) resulted in enhanced NKCC2 phosphorylation in WT mice and cultured TAL cells transfected with THP, whereas in the absence of THP, NKCC2 phosphorylation upon deamino-cis-d-Arg vasopressin was blunted in both systems. Attenuated effects of furosemide along with functional and structural adaptation of the distal convoluted tubule in THP−/− mice supported the notion that NaCl reabsorption was impaired in TAL lacking THP. In summary, these results are compatible with a permissive role for THP in the modulation of NKCC2-dependent TAL salt reabsorptive function.