Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Productivity Growth and Capital Outflow : The Case of a Small Opening Economy

The standard economic theory suggests that capital should flow from rich to poor countries, unless the poor countries have lower overall productivity (Lucas, 1990) or a higher relative cost of investment (Caselli and Feyrer, 2007). Another prediction of the standard theory, arguably less controversial, is that capital should flow into countries undergoing a sustained increase in total factor productivity (TFP). The experiences of developing countries during the last three decades contradict this prediction. Capital tends to flow out of countries with fast-growing productivity, and into those with poorer performance (Prasad et al., 2007; Gourinchas and Jeanne, 2008). From the time-series data of capital flows and TFP, we observe that many episodes of sustained TFP growths follow large-scale reforms and liberalizations. The periods of increasing net foreign asset positions (capital outflows) coincide with such episodes. A successful explanation of these phenomena requires both a theory of TFP dynamics and a model of international factor reallocation. In this paper, we present a quantitative framework where economy-wide growth-enhancing reforms and liberalizations lead to a sustained period of productivity growth and capital outflows. We study the transitional dynamics of open economies with heterogeneous production units and imperfect domestic financial markets. In our model, a reform initiates reallocation of resources from previously-subsidized producers to productive entrepreneurs who were not subsidized previously and were hence relatively poor. The reallocation is gradual because of the frictions in the domestic financial market. In the early stages of the post-reform transition, the problem for this economy is misallocation of capital, not under-accumulation. With demand for capital rental restricted by the poorly-functioning domestic financial markets, the surplus capital goes overseas in search of a higher return. Heterogeneous production units and imperfect financial markets are important elements of endogenous TFP dynamics (Buera and Shin, 2007). We model financial frictions in the form of collateral constraints founded on imperfect enforceability of contracts. We consider economies where, Department of Economics, University of California at Los Angeles; fjbuera@econ.ucla. edu. Department of Economics, Washington University in St. Louis and University of Wisconsin-Madison; yshin@wustl.edu.
Evaluating Word Representation Features in Biomedical Named Entity Recognition Tasks

Biomedical Named Entity Recognition (BNER), which extracts important entities such as genes and proteins, is a crucial step of natural language processing in the biomedical domain. Various machine learning-based approaches have been applied to BNER tasks and showed good performance. In this paper, we systematically investigated three different types of word representation (WR) features for BNER, including clustering-based representation, distributional representation, and word embeddings. We selected one algorithm from each of the three types of WR features and applied them to the JNLPBA and BioCreAtIvE II BNER tasks. Our results showed that all the three WR algorithms were beneficial to machine learning-based BNER systems. Moreover, combining these different types of WR features further improved BNER performance, indicating that they are complementary to each other. By combining all the three types of WR features, the improvements in F-measure on the BioCreAtIvE II GM and JNLPBA corpora were 3.75% and 1.39%, respectively, when compared with the systems using baseline features. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to systematically evaluate the effect of three different types of WR features for BNER tasks.
In-Situ Quality of Experience Monitoring : The Case for Prioritizing Coverage Over Fidelity

The Internet today is largely an eyeball economy, which is driven by revenue streams that depend crucially on userperceived application experience [1, 4, 10]. There is an increasing realization of this in the broader networking community. This is evidenced by the trends in papers in conferences (e.g., [4, 6, 11, 13]), workshops explicitly aimed at looking at performance moving up the stack and focusing on human-centric experience (e.g., [2, 3]), and many parallel industry efforts at leading content providers and content distribution companies [7, 10]. A natural requirement for different stakeholders in this eyeball economy is to optimize end user quality of experience (QoE) for different applications such as web, video, voice, and so on. A fundamental requirement that we need to address even before we embark on developing systems and architectures for optimizing QoE, is to develop a principled approach for measuring and understanding QoE. At a high level, one can consider two contrasting approaches to measure and understand QoE. The first approach takes a tried-and-tested approach in the networking literature—deploy active probe vantage points and measure key network-centric measurements in controlled conditions to provide detailed and in-depth measurements. This is an approach that has really served us well in the past, as evidenced by the success of large-scale measurement platforms such as PlanetLab, FCC MBA, iPlane, among others. A second approach is an “in situ” measurement that relies on already deployed applications to measure the application-level performance in the wild, but possibly compromising on the fidelity of the measurements (e.g., due to constraints on the client platforms) and on control over measurement parameters. In this whitepaper, we argue that it is time for us to focus more of the community efforts on this in-situ approach in contrast to conventional controlled measurement platforms. We observe several technical and pragmatic reasons that naturally make this case: • First, we see a growing diversity in application usage patterns and the types of platforms and providers from which Internet applications are being consumed in the wild. Doing a controlled experiment that can account for all possible settings will incur a combinatorial explosion of configuration parameters we need to test. • Second, we observe that several key ecosystem players today already have extensive and widely deployed client-side instrumentation to collect application-level quality measurements [6, 10]. • Finally, we believe that we can harness the “unreasonable effectiveness of data” [8] to help compensate for the lack of fidelity and control, by simply increasing the coverage and scale of the data at our disposal.
The coherence of kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations in the X-rays from accreting neutron stars

We study in a systematic way the quality factor of the lower and upper kilohertz quasi-periodic oscillations (kHz QPOs) in a sample of low-luminosity neutron star X-ray binaries, showing both QPOs varying over a wide frequency range. The sample includes 4U 1636−536, 4U 1608−522, 4U 1735−44, 4U 1728−34, 4U 1820−303 and 4U 0614+09. We find that all sources except 4U 0614+09 show evidence of a drop in the quality factor of their lower kHz QPOs at high frequency. For 4U 0614+09 only the rising part of the quality factor versus frequency curve has been sampled so far. At the same time, in all sources but 4U 1728−34, the quality factor of the upper kHz QPO increases all the way to the highest detectable frequencies. We show that the high-frequency behaviours of both the lower and the upper kHz QPO quality factors are consistent with what is expected if the drop is produced by the approach of an active oscillating region to the innermost stable circular orbit: the existence of which is a key feature of general relativity in the strong field regime. Within this interpretation, our results
Entrepreneurial Success and Failure: Confidence and Fallible Judgment

Excess entry—or the high failure rate of market entry decisions—is often attributed to overconfidence exhibited by entrepreneurs. Assuming that these decisions depend on assessments of business opportunities, we model boundedly rational entrepreneurs and show analytically that, whereas excess entry is an inevitable consequence of imperfect judgment, it does not necessarily imply overconfidence. Indeed, judgmental fallibility can lead to excess entry even when all potential entrepreneurs are underconfident. We further demonstrate that, as a group, individuals who decide to start a new business exhibit more confidence than those who do not and that successful entrants are less confident than failures. Our results therefore question general claims that overconfidence leads to excess entry. We conclude by emphasizing the need to understand the role of judgmental fallibility in producing economic outcomes and implications for both venture capitalists and the training of entrepreneurs.
The faint and extremely red K-band-selected galaxy population in the DEEP2/Palomar fields

We present in this paper an analysis of the faint and red near-infrared (NIR) selected galaxy population found in NIR imaging from the Palomar Observatory Wide-Field Infrared Survey. This survey covers 1.53 deg 2 to 5σ detection limits of K vega = 20.5-21 and J vega = 22.5, and overlaps with the DEEP2 spectroscopic redshift survey. We discuss the details of this NIR survey, including our J- and K-band counts. We show that the K-band galaxy population has a redshift distribution that varies with K magnitude, with most K 19 systems at z > 1.5. We further investigate the stellar masses and morphological properties of K-selected galaxies, particularly extremely red objects (EROs), as defined by (R - K) > 5.3 and (I - K) > 4. One of our conclusions is that the ERO selection is a good method for picking out galaxies at z > 1.2, and within our magnitude limits, the most massive galaxies at these redshifts. The ERO limit finds 75 per cent of all M * > 10 11 M ⊙ galaxies at z ∼ 1.5 down to K veg×a = 19.7. We further find that the morphological breakdown of K 4 selection to locate EROs, finding that it selects galaxies at slightly higher average redshifts ( = 1.43 ± 0.32) than the (R - K) > 5.3 limit with = 1.28 ± 0.23. Finally, by using the redshift distribution of K < 20 selected galaxies, and the properties of our EROs, we are able to rule out all monolithic collapse models for the formation of massive galaxies.
ON STABILITY OF HAWKES PROCESS.

For Hawkes process, long-memory point process P with intensity g0(t) + P <t; 2P h(t ) at time t some existence and stability properties are observed. The main result is that under suitable conditions on param- eters we show existence of unique invariant distribution of the process; the main dierence
On Six Dimensional Fundamental Superstrings as Holograms

In this paper we discuss a possible holographic dual of the two-dimensional conformal field theory associated with the world-sheet of a macroscopic superstring in a compactification on a four-torus. We assume that the near-horizon geometry of the black string has symmetries of AdS3×S3×T4 and construct a sigma model in the bulk. Analyzing the symmetries of the bulk theory and comparing them with those of the CFT in a special light-cone gauge, we find agreement between global symmetries. Due to nonstandard gauge realization it is not clear how affine symmetries can be realized.
The Concept of Cultureme from a Lexicographical Point of View

Abstract Culturemes can be described as extra-linguistic cultural symbols, which behave like metaphorical models, motivating figurative expressions in language (lexical or phraseological). The development of this concept in theoretical research on polysemy and phraseology shows that it can be an effective tool for organizing the representation of semantic networks of figurative meanings, according to culture-based associations of ideas.
Affording to Exchange: Social Capital and Online Information Sharing

The potential harm and benefit associated with sharing personal information online is a topic of debate and discussion. Using survey methods (n=872), we explore whether attainment of social capital online relates to greater comfort with sharing personal information. We found that perceptions of bridging and bonding social capital earned from using Facebook are significant predictors of overall comfort levels with sharing personal information. This research raises timely questions about how the perceived benefits of social networking sites influence how personal information is shared online.
Life Satisfaction and Student Performance JOSEPH C. RODE

Although it seems intuitively obvious that the happy student will be a more productive student, empirical tests of that assumption are curiously sparse. We tested a model that included satisfaction with various life domains, overall life satisfaction, cumulative college GPA, and ratings on an assessment center exercise. Results indicated that overall life satisfaction was a significant predictor of both GPA and assessment center ratings, even with traditional academic achievement predictors controlled (e.g., cognitive aptitude, gender). We discuss implications of the results for future research and educational practice.
Discrepancies between Abstracts Presented at International Association for Dental Research Annual Sessions from 2004 to 2005 and Full-Text Publication

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the discrepancies between abstracts presented at the IADR meeting (2004-2005) and their full-text publication. Material and Methods. Abstracts from the Prosthodontic Section of IADR meeting were obtained. The following information was collected: abstract title, number of authors, study design, statistical analysis, outcome, and funding source. PubMed was used to identify the full-text publication of the abstracts. The discrepancies between the abstract and the full-text publication were examined, categorized as major and minor discrepancies, and quantified. The data were collected and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Frequency and percentage of major and minor discrepancies were calculated. Results. A total of 109 (95.6%) articles showed changes from their abstracts. Seventy-four (65.0%) and 105 (92.0%) publications had at least one major and one minor discrepancies, respectively. Minor discrepancies were more prevalent (92.0%) than major discrepancies (65.0%). The most common minor discrepancy was observed in the title (80.7%), and most common major discrepancies were seen in results (48.2%). Conclusion. Minor discrepancies were more prevalent than major discrepancies. The data presented in this study may be useful to establish a more comprehensive structured abstract requirement for future meetings.
Exponential-Time Approximation of Hard Problems

We study optimization problems that are neither approximable in polynomial time (at least with a constant factor) nor fixed parameter tractable, under widely believed complexity assumptions. Specifically, we focus on Maximum Independent Set, Vertex Coloring, Set Cover, and Bandwidth. In recent years, many researchers design exact exponential-time algorithms for these and other hard problems. The goal is getting the time complexity still of order $O(c^n)$, but with the constant $c$ as small as possible. In this work we extend this line of research and we investigate whether the constant $c$ can be made even smaller when one allows constant factor approximation. In fact, we describe a kind of approximation schemes -- trade-offs between approximation factor and the time complexity. We study two natural approaches. The first approach consists of designing a backtracking algorithm with a small search tree. We present one result of that kind: a $(4r-1)$-approximation of Bandwidth in time $O^*(2^{n/r})$, for any positive integer $r$. The second approach uses general transformations from exponential-time exact algorithms to approximations that are faster but still exponential-time. For example, we show that for any reduction rate $r$, one can transform any $O^*(c^n)$-time algorithm for Set Cover into a $(1+\ln r)$-approximation algorithm running in time $O^*(c^{n/r})$. We believe that results of that kind extend the applicability of exact algorithms for NP-hard problems.
Bioanalog Acoustic Emotion Recognition by Genetic Feature Generation Based on Low-Level-Descriptors

Affective computing has grown an important field in today's man-machine-interaction, and the acoustic speech signal is very popular as basis for an automatic classification at the moment. However, recognition performances reported today are mostly not sufficient for a real usage within working systems. Therefore we want to improve on this challenge by evolutionary programming. As a starting point we use prosodic, voice quality and articulatory feature contours. We next propose systematic derivation of functional by means of descriptive statistics. In order to analyze cross-feature information and feature permutations we use genetic algorithms, as a complete coverage of possible alterations is NP-hard. The final attribute set is at the same time optimized by reduction to the most relevant information in order to reduce complexity for the classifier and ensure real-time capability during extraction process. Classification is fulfilled by diverse machine learning methods for utmost discrimination power. We decided for two public databases, namely the Berlin emotional speech database, and the Danish emotional speech corpus for test-runs. These clearly show the high effectiveness of the suggested approach
Once-Daily OROS Hydromorphone for Management of Cancer Pain: an Open-Label, Multi-Center, Non-Interventional Study

Extended-release osmotic extended-release oral delivery system (OROS) hydromorphone is a strong synthetic opioid designed to maintain a constant blood concentration by once daily dosing. The objective of this observational study was to investigate the clinical usefulness of OROS hydromorphone in patients with cancer pain of moderate to severe intensity. Patients with cancer pain who required strong opioids were administered with OROS hydromorphone for 4 weeks. We assessed changes in pain intensity using a numerical rating scale (NRS) as well as levels of sleep disturbance, breakthrough pain, end-of-dose failure, patient satisfaction, and overall assessment of drug effectiveness based on investigator evaluation. Of the 648 enrolled patients, 553 patients were included in the full analysis set. The mean pain intensity was significantly decreased from the NRS value of 5.07 ± 1.99 to 2.75 ± 1.94 (mean % change of 42.13 ± 46.53, P < 0.001). The degree of sleep disturbance significantly improved (mean NRS change of 1.61 ± 2.57, P < 0.001), and the incidence of breakthrough pain was significantly decreased (mean NRS change of 1.22 ± 2.30, P < 0.001). The experience of end-of-dose failure also significantly decreased from 4.60 ± 1.75 to 3.93 ± 1.70, P = 0.007). The patient satisfaction rate was 72.7%, and 72.9% of investigators evaluated the study drug as effective. OROS hydromorphone was an effective and tolerable agent for cancer pain management. It effectively lowered pain intensity as well as improved sleep disturbance, breakthrough pain, and end-of-dose failure (Identifier: NCT 01273454).
Hebbian synapses in visual cortex

We discovered in slices of rat visual cortex that reliable long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in layer III could be elicited by theta burst stimulation delivered to a site in the middle of the cortical thickness, corresponding mainly to layer IV. This synaptic plasticity was reflected in the extracellular field potentials and intracellular EPSPs in layer III, but was not observed in the intracellular responses of layer V neurons, suggesting a preferential involvement of synapses on layer III neurons. Tetanus-induced LTP in this preparation was input specific, and was blocked by application of an NMDA receptor antagonist (but not by an antagonist of nitric oxide synthase). In addition, LTP of layer IV-evoked responses could also be produced reliably by pairing low-frequency synaptic stimulation (approximately 100 pulses at 1 Hz) with strong intracellular depolarization of layer III neurons. Thus, LTP in this circuit satisfies the definition of a “Hebbian” modification. Tetanic stimulation of the white matter, in sharp contrast, consistently failed to elicit LTP in layer III unless a GABAA receptor antagonist was applied to the slice. Analysis indicated that the critical difference between layer IV and white matter stimulation was not the magnitude of the responses to single stimuli delivered to the two sites, but that it might lie in the postsynaptic response during high-frequency stimulation. Consistent with this idea, “associative” LTP could be elicited from white matter when converging but independent inputs from the white matter and layer IV simultaneously received tetanic conditioning stimulation. A hypothetical model is presented to account for the differences between layer IV and white matter stimulation. According to this “plasticity gate hypothesis,” inhibitory circuitry in layer IV normally acts as a sort of band-pass filter that constrains the types of activity patterns that can gain access to the modifiable synapses in layer III. By stimulating in layer IV, we have bypassed this filter and therefore do not need to block GABAA receptors to achieve the threshold for LTP in layer III.
The mediating role of psychological empowerment and organizational justice in the relationship of servant leadership with job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between servant leadership with job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment by considering the mediating role of psychological empowerment and organizational justice in an industrial company. Method: This study used a correlative research method through structural equation modeling (SEM). For this study, 232 employees were selected by the Multi-stage sampling method. The measures of this research included the Servant Leadership Questionnaire, Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, Organizational Justice Questionnaire, Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, Organizational Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire and the Organizational Commitment Questionnaire. Data were analyzed through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and intermediate analysis. Analyses of the structural equation modeling supported the fitness of the proposed model with the data. Results: The results indicated a direct positive effect of servant leadership on job satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment and an indirect positive effect of this relationship through psychological empowerment and organizational justice. Conclusion: It can be concluded that organizations may increase a sense of capability and perceived organizational justice in employees through absorbing, hiring, and training managers and promoting a servant leadership style in organizations and enjoy the benefit of the final result, like satisfied employees with high organizational citizenship behavior and organizational commitment. Keywords: Servant Leadership, Psychological Empowerment, Organizational Justice, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Organizational Commitment