Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dental caries and periodontal disease among U.S. pregnant women and nonpregnant women of reproductive age, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004.

OBJECTIVES This study assessed and compared the prevalence and severity of dental caries and the prevalence of periodontal disease among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age (15-44 years) using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES (1999-2004). METHODS Estimates were derived from a sample of 897 pregnant women and 3,971 nonpregnant women. Chi-square and two-sample t-tests were used to assess differences between groups stratified by age, race/ethnicity, education, and poverty. Bonferroni method was applied to adjust for multiple comparisons. RESULTS In general, there were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence estimates of dental caries and periodontal disease between pregnant women and nonpregnant women. However, results showed significant differences when stratified by sociodemographic characteristics. For example, the prevalence of untreated dental caries among women aged 15-24 years was significantly higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnant women (41 percent versus 24 percent, P = 0.001). Regardless of their pregnancy status, racial/ethnic minorities or women with less education or lower family income had higher prevalence of untreated dental caries, severity of dental caries, and periodontal disease compared to the respective reference groups of non-Hispanic whites or women with more education or higher family income. CONCLUSION Results of this study show few clinical differences in dental caries and periodontal disease between pregnant and nonpregnant women but persistent disparities by sociodemographic characteristics. In order to reduce oral health disparities in the United States, it is important to improve access to oral health care particularly among vulnerable groups. Integrating oral health into the overall health care could benefit and improve women's oral health outcomes.
ILP based leakage optimization during nano-CMOS RTL synthesis: A DOXCMOS Versus DTCMOS perspective

In this paper, an integer linear programming (ILP) based algorithm is presented that considers resource constraints and optimize leakage delay product (LDP) using a precharacterized register transfer level (RTL) library. For nanoscale CMOS (nano-CMOS) circuits leakage is a predominate form of power dissipation. Leakage optimization at the early stage of design cycle, such as during high-level synthesis is quite few. Two techniques, dual-Tox (DOXCMOS) and dual-Vth (DTCMOS) technology are explored during the high-level synthesis for leakage optimization. The leakage is assumed to be sum of gate-oxide leakage and subthreshold leakage. Register transfer level (RTL) components are characterized for DOXCMOS and DTCMOS technology accounting for process variations, which is an important issue for nanoscale circuits. Experiments were performed on several high-level synthesis benchmark circuits, which show an average reduction of 79% gate leakage and 76% of subthreshold leakage for DOXCMOS and DTCMOS technology, respectively. It is observed that DOXCMOS technology based optimization out performed the results from DTCMOS technology based optimization.
On the difficulties underlying Bayesian reasoning: A comment on Gigerenzer and Hoffrage

G. Gigerenzer and U. Hoffrage (1995) suggested that formulating problems in frequentistic terms would facilitate the practice of Bayesian inference. The authors of the present article propose that there are two different factors at work in this context: the use of frequency or probability statements and the use of joint or conditional sampling information. An experiment is reported demonstrating that, even with the use of frequency statements, Bayesian reasoning is more difficult with conditional than with joint information. Broader implications of the proposed distinction are briefly discussed.
International Cross Section Estimates of Demand for Use in the GTAP Model

The making of projections often requires an economy-wide perspective, and the estimation of consumer demands at the international level. In this paper, an implicit, directly additive demand system (AIDADS) is estimated using cross-country data on consumer expenditures from the International Comparison Program (ICP), and then from Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) data. The two data sets are found to produce results that are quite consistent despite their differing origins, and the fact that the former is based on consumer goods that embody wholesale/retail margins, while margin demands are treated separately in GTAP. Given the similarity of the results, the estimation based on GTAP data is favored because it is readily matched to input-output based production and trade data, and provides valuable new information concerning how aggregate margin expenditures are related to per capita income.
The Role of Intergenerational Relations in the Association between Life Stressors and Depressive Symptoms

This study investigates the association between intergenerational relations and depressive symptoms of older adults in Taiwan. Using data from two waves of the Surveys of Health and Living Status of the Elderly in Taiwan, a population-based sample of adults aged 60 and older, the links between intergenerational relations between parents and their adult children, life stressors (major life events and daily hassles), and depressive symptoms are examined. The authors find that higher reports of exposure to stressors—both daily hassles and major life events—are associated with higher levels of psychological distress. Intergenerational ties with children appear to have only a modest effect on levels of depressive symptoms that depends on both the kind of stressor and the aspect of the parent-child relationship
Understanding the influence of journalists and politicians on content: A cross-longitudinal analysis of Chilean political news coverage

By means of a cross-longitudinal quantitative content analysis of the Chilean national press, this article analyses the changes in reporting styles and the framing of politics in news coverage between 2006 and 2011, exploring whether the features of political reporting found in studies of Western countries are evident in the case of Chile. According to the data, while politicians trigger the majority of political news stories, political coverage originates significantly more from events than from statements or issues. Likewise, although framing politics as a game is a dominant and significant characteristic of the Chilean press, there is a systematic increase in the public policy frame. The results also indicate low levels of interventionism in covering political news, showing the practice of journalism where politicians have a strong influence on news content. The research allows for discussion on how politicians are adapting to the needs of the media and presents a deeper understanding of the characteristics that define political journalism in new democracies.
Quality of in-hospital care in acute coronary syndromes: it is time to close the gap.

In 2001, coronary heart disease was the leading single cause of deaths worldwide (12.7%); it also accounted for ∼4% of total disability-adjusted life years lost, which is about one-third of those lost due to injuries from all causes, including road traffic accidents, violence and wars [1]. During the last 25 years, scientific progress in the field of acute and chronic care of coronary heart disease, as well as its primary and secondary prevention, have been equal to this challenge, and numerous clinical trials have been conducted to help selection of the best diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Scientific associations and professional bodies have done their best to circulate the results of these trials among the medical community and, for a little over 20 years, have commissioned task forces to develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines, such as the most recent guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology [2]. However, there is a large amount of evidence to suggest that changes in medical practice have lagged [3]: pre- …
Mothers' and fathers' childcare involvement with young children in rural families in Malaysia

There is a paucity of data on paternal involvement in childcare in traditional Muslim families in Asia. Using cultural‐ecological models of human development that focus on the developmental niche and hegemonic perspectives on masculinity, mothers' and fathers' levels of childcare involvement with infants were examined in 50 two‐parent, low‐income, rural Malay Muslim families residing in peninsular Malaysia. The major goals were to examine gender of parent and gender of child differences in involvement in childcare activities. Mothers and fathers were interviewed separately in their homes regarding the amount of time and levels of involvement in bedtime routines, physical care of, playing with, singing to, feeding, and soothing infants. Groupwise comparisons of parental perceptions revealed a marked gender‐differentiated pattern of involvement: Mothers perceived that they were significantly more involved in bedtime routines, physical care, feeding, playing, soothing, and singing to infants than did fathers.
Academic Risk Taking, Development, and External Constraint

AbstractAcademic risk taking (selection of school-like tasks ranging in difficulty and probability of success) was examined in natural settings in an effort to identify influencing factors and to examine students’ intrinsic motivation. Six hundred two fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-grade Taiwan students from a rural and urban school were given a self-report measure of tolerance for school failure as well as a quantitative and spatial judgment risk-taking task with variable payoffs (response value increased with item difficulty). Level of response accuracy and level of item difficulty-with ability controlled-served as the risk-taking variables. As predicted, risk taking as defined by item difficulty increased with development. Also consistent with prediction, subjects obtained significantly lower accuracy scores (implying higher risk) on the less familiar spatial task than on the quantitative task. Failure tolerance decreased significantly with grade in the rural school only and was higher for boys than for g.
Placental growth factor and placental protein 13 in patients with Balkan endemic nephropathy, a worldwide disease

Abstract Background: Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) is a chronic tubulointerstitial kidney disease occurring in people living in along the tributaries of the Danube River. The aim of the study was to determine serum level and urinary excretion of placental growth factor (PlGF) and placental protein 13 (PP13) in patients with BEN. Methods: Thirty patients with BEN from the South Morava River region of Serbia and 18 controls were studied. Age of patients was 74 yr (53–87) and 73 yr (66–83) in controls. Results: In patients with BEN, serum creatinine was significantly higher than in controls (129.7 vs. 83.2 µmol/L, respectively), but GFR was lower in patients than in controls (40.7 vs. 54.6 mL/min). Serum PlGF was significantly higher in BEN patients than in controls (9.90 vs. 6.80 pg/mL), urinary excretion being significantly lower in patients (0.20 vs. 0.90 pg/mmol creat.). Serum PP13 was significantly lower in BEN patients (208.2 vs. 291.0 pg/mL). Urinary excretion of PP13 was also significantly lower in BEN patients than in controls (32.5 vs. 182.5 pg/mmol creat). In multivariate regression analysis BEN, sex and age were significant determinants of the observed changes in PlGF and PP13. Conclusion: Important changes of PlGF and PP13 in patients with BEN were demonstrated, where kidney disease, female sex, and the age have been significant determinants.
Correlation between the BANA Test and Oral Malodor Parameters

The purpose of the present investigation was to test the association between the BANA test (Perioscan®, Oral-B), and oral malodor parameters. The subject population consisted of 52 Israeli adults, 43 of whom complained of oral malodor. Oral malodor measurements consisted of peak and steady-state volatile sulphide measurement by a portable sulphide monitor (Interscan Corp., model 1170), as well as organoleptic measurements of malodor from whole mouth, tongue, and saliva. Samples for the BANA test were obtained from four loci (shallow pocket, deep pocket, tongue dorsum, saliva); results were scored as negative (0), weak (1), or strong (2). BANA scores were significantly associated with odor-judge ratings, with the highest association obtained when BANA saliva scores and odor-judge saliva assessment were compared (r = 0.500; p < 0.001). BANA tests from the different loci were not significantly associated with sulphide monitor levels. Stepwise multiple-regression analysis of odor-judge measurements in terms of sulphide levels and average BANA scores showed that both log peak sulphide levels as well as BANA scores were significantly factored into the equations, yielding, in all cases, highly significant correlations (multiple r = 0.57, 0.50, and 0.59, respectively, with significance levels of 0.0001, 0.001, and < 0.0001, for whole mouth, tongue, and saliva malodor, respectively). The results suggest that the BANA scores are associated with a component of oral malodor which is independent of volatile sulphide measurements and suggest its use as an adjunct test to volatile sulphide measurement.
Internalized Sexualization and Its Relation to Sexualized Appearance, Body Surveillance, and Body Shame Among Early Adolescent Girls

Sexually objectifying messages about girls and women are common in U.S. popular culture. As a consequence of exposure to such messages, girls may develop “internalized sexualization,” or internalization of the belief that sexual attractiveness to males is an important aspect of their identity. We hypothesized that internalized sexualization is associated with behavioral and psychological consequences, including sexualized clothing use, body surveillance, and body shame. In two studies of early adolescent girls (total N = 330, age range = 10-15), we found that girls with higher levels of internalized sexualization wear more sexualized clothing (Study 1) and show higher levels of body surveillance and body shame (Study 2) than girls with lower levels of internalized sexualization.
The University of Western Ontario GENERIC STRATEGY AND CAPITAL STRUCTURE: THE IMPACTS OF PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION ON FINANCIAL LEVERAGE

This study examines the relationship between product differentiation and financial leverage. It argues that product differentiation is associated with investments in firm-specific assets that have lower liquidation value than general assets. Debt investors need to charge a higher interest rate to cover the risk of default, making the firm resort to equity financing and resulting in low financial leverage.
The Reliability and Validity of a Korean-Translated Version of the Gifted Rating Scales

This study examined the reliability and validity of a Korean-translated version of the Gifted Rating Scales–School Form (GRS-S) and explored the effect of gender, rater, and grade. Data were collected from elementary schools in a metropolitan area and a midsize town in South Korea. In all, 49 elementary school teachers and 272 parents participated in the study; 257 students were independently rated on the GRS-S by teachers and parents. Results indicate high reliability for both teacher and parent ratings and substantial correlations with students' school performance. Results reveal no effect of rater or grade on any of the scales and small but significant differences in favor of females on four of the six GRS-S scales rated by teachers and five of the six scales rated by parents. The study provides preliminary support for a translated version of the GRS-S with elementary students in Korea.
Arousal of Achievement Motivation Among Student Samples in Three Different Cultural Contexts: Self and Social Standards of Evaluation

This article examines the influence of different situational contexts on the arousal of need for achievement in student samples from different cultural contexts. Implicit achievement motivation was assessed by a Thematic Apperception Test—type story test for which two different instructions were used: Although one group was informed that the best performance would be identified (me-oriented instruction), the other group was told that only the performance of the whole group (we-oriented instruction) would be evaluated. In Study 1, analyses revealed that Cameroonian participants who received the we-oriented instructions showed a significantly higher achievement motivation even if study groups did not differ in explicit life goals. In Study 2, the relationship between situational context and arousal of need for achievement was scrutinized in Chinese and German student samples. Within both cultural groups, students who were assigned to the me-oriented condition showed the highest levels of need for achievement. Findings are discussed with respect to differences in students’ self-construal.
Curvature in models of the photosynthesis‐irradiance response

An equation for the rate of photosynthesis as a function of irradiance introduced by T. T. Bannister included an empirical parameter b to account for observed variations in curvature between the initial slope and the maximum rate of photosynthesis. Yet researchers have generally favored equations with fixed curvature, possibly because b was viewed as having no physiological meaning. We developed an analytic photosynthesis‐irradiance equation relating variations in curvature to changes in the degree of connectivity between photosystems, and also considered a recently published alternative, based on changes in the size of the plastoquinone pool. When fitted to a set of 185 observed photosynthesis‐irradiance curves, it was found that the Bannister equation provided the best fit more frequently compared to either of the analytic equations. While Bannister's curvature parameter engendered negligible improvement in the statistical fit to the study data, we argued that the parameter is nevertheless quite useful because it allows for consistent estimates of initial slope and saturation irradiance for observations exhibiting a range of curvatures, which would otherwise have to be fitted to different fixed‐curvature equations. Using theoretical models, we also found that intra‐ and intercellular self‐shading can result in biased estimates of both curvature and the saturation irradiance parameter. We concluded that Bannister's is the best currently available equation accounting for variations in curvature precisely because it does not assign inappropriate physiological meaning to its curvature parameter, and we proposed that b should be thought of as the expression of the integration of all factors impacting curvature.
Being a middle leader: exploring professional identities

Work-related self-identities are central to middle leaders’ work. Their development takes place in social, policy and personal contexts. At the core of middle leaders’ work-related identities lie values that guide how they interact with colleagues, students and senior management staff when trying to shape and implement departmental and school policies. These are revealed in the ways in which they work with colleagues and students to develop collaborative cultures and distributed leadership of a sort. However the negotiations encompass micro-political processes and the asymmetrical distribution of power that normally exists in hierarchical organisations.
Environmental constraints on leisure time physical activity among Latino urban residents

While there exists growing research on the environmental correlates of physical activity among the mainstream American population, evidence of the effects of environmental constraints on leisure time physical activity (LTPA) among minority groups in this country is lacking. Moreover, the existing literature on the constraints on LTPA among minorities has concentrated primarily on socio‐cultural issues. In light of this, the objective of this study was to investigate environmental constraints on LTPA experienced by Latino residents of two predominantly low‐income minority communities in the city of Chicago, IL. Four focus groups with residents and 11 in‐depth interviews with community stakeholders were conducted between June 2007 and December 2008. The findings of the study showed that lack of access to natural environments suitable for LTPA, poor maintenance of parks, inability to obtain recreation equipment, safety issues, language problems and lack of Spanish‐language information about programmes, racial tensions and discrimination, and traffic problems limited Latino's involvement in LTPA.
Causal Relationships Among Cohesion, Satisfaction, and Performance in Women's Intercollegiate Field Hockey Teams

The purpose of this study was to examine whether team cohesion in women's intercollegiate field hockey was specifically a cause for or an effect of successful performance and to examine what the cause-effect relationship is between cohesion and satisfaction and satisfaction and performance. A secondary purpose was to compare results from a cross-lagged panel correlation analysis with partial correlations and path analysis of the data. The high and significant individual correlations from cohesion to performance and performance to cohesion, combined with the failure of the cross-lagged correlation to indicate any causal predominance, suggested a circular relationship between cohesion and performance. Examination of the satisfaction correlations suggested that satisfaction may be a mediating variable in the cohesion-performance circular relationship. Support for this model totally broke down when the results from the partial correlations and path analysis of the data were examined. The only causal flow, and.
Is Optimism Sensitive to the Stressors of Chronic Disease? The Impact of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Multiple Sclerosis on Optimistic Beliefs

The aim of the present study was to investigate longitudinally the sensitivity of optimistic beliefs (positive outcome expectancies, efficacy expectancies, and optimistic bias) to disease-related stress (measured by disease duration, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, physical impairment, and life-events) in Type 1 diabetes (n = 90) and multiple sclerosis (n = 90). First, we examined whether chronically ill patients were less optimistic than a healthy control group (n = 60), which showed that patients reported lower levels of optimistic bias but similar levels of the two other optimistic beliefs. Next, we analyzed the stability of the three types of optimistic beliefs across time (one year) for both disease groups, which demonstrated that optimistic bias in MS patients decreased. Finally, the impact of disease-related stressors on optimistic beliefs during a one-year period was determined, showing that all three optimistic beliefs decreased when patients reported depressive symptoms. Together, these findings show that positive outcome expectancies and efficacy expectancies were unaffected by being ill and fairly stable unless patients reported depressive symptoms while optimistic bias appeared to decrease as a result of being ill. Results are discussed in terms of the role of control and depression in optimistic bias.
Who's Doing It Right? Strategic Activity in Public Research Universities

In asking "Who's doing it right? ", this essay explores three myths about public research universities: that no change occurs without managerial initiative, that managers focus fragmented academic units and loyalties, and that they rationalize budgeting and planning. Based on department head interviews at four universities, Rhoades challenges these myths, suggests alternative premises and guides for managerial action, and offers principles for strategically focusing universities.