Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Customized Heart Check System by Using Integrated Information of Electrocardiogram and Plethysmogram Outside the Driver’s Awareness from an Automobile Steering Wheel

1.1 Sudden cardiac death of drivers The annual number of sudden cardiac deaths is increasing in Japan, and is estimated to be more than 50,000 on the basis of findings from the multicenter research group (Toyoshima et al., 1996). In the United States, sudden cardiac death is the greatest cause of natural death, causing more than 400,000 adult fatalities each year (Zipes & Wellens, 1998) and it is the most common lethal manifestation of heart disease (Bauer et al., 2006). The high incidence makes sudden cardiac death a major challenge in public health. In most cases, the mechanism is abrupt occurrence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, rapidly progressing to ventricular fibrillation and causing cardiac pump failure with unconsciousness. It is supposed that sudden cardiac death sometimes occurs while the subject is driving an automobile. A Japanese newspaper (March 29, 2010) reported, “While a bus driver (65 years old) was driving a bus, he suffered severe chest pain and gave up steering so that the bus ran in a zigzag and crashed into a wall to be on fire. ” Although such cases can easily be found on web sites, there has been little reported study. Lam and Lam reported that among older drivers aged 60 or above in New South Wales, Australia from 1996 to 2000, 409 (1.1%) of 36,595 were recognized as having suffered a sudden illness immediately prior to a crash, and that 254 (0.7%) of those episodes resulted in the driver’s death and injury in the crash (Lam & Lam, 2005). According to “Suicide and Natural Deaths in Road Traffic — Review” from Accident Research Centre of Monash University, the percentages of natural driver deaths out of all vehicle deaths were reported to vary from 0.2% to 19% in 10 studies (Routely et al., 2003). The Review listed 19 studies in total in the Appendix. It was reported that the percentages of cardiovascular disease in drivers who met natural deaths were from 68% to 97%. We speculated, on examination of a summary of those studies, that the total number of natural driver deaths and the number of natural driver deaths due to cardiac events were, respectively, 5 -10% and about 5% as percentages of all vehicle deaths. There may also be cases in which a patient receives a warning from his own heart of imminent sudden cardiac death, and is able to survive, or at least to prevent injury to others.
Effects of Musical Training on the Auditory Cortex in Children

Abstract: Several studies of the effects of musical experience on sound representations in the auditory cortex are reviewed. Auditory evoked potentials are compared in response to pure tones, violin tones, and piano tones in adult musicians versus nonmusicians as well as in 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children who have either had or not had extensive musical experience. In addition, the effects of auditory frequency discrimination training in adult nonmusicians on auditory evoked potentials are examined. It was found that the P2‐evoked response is larger in both adult and child musicians than in nonmusicians and that auditory training enhances this component in nonmusician adults. The results suggest that the P2 is particularly neuroplastic and that the effects of musical experience can be seen early in development. They also suggest that although the effects of musical training on cortical representations may be greater if training begins in childhood, the adult brain is also open to change. These results are discussed with respect to potential benefits of early musical training as well as potential benefits of musical experience in aging.
The effects of depression and sex on aggressive affect and behavior toward the self and toward others.

The E.ffects of Depression and Sex on Aggressive Affect and Behavior toward the Self and toward Others May 1977 Fred E. Koerner, B.A., University of Wisconsin/Madison M.S., University of Massachusetts Ph.D., University of Massachusetts Directed by: Professor Bonnie R. Strickland The present study was an examination of the relationship between depression and aggression. The early psychoanalytic writings stressed the role of aggression turned against the self in the genesis of depressive disorders. More recent approaches have suggested alternative etiological explanations, and have tended to view aggression toward the self primarily as a manifestation of depression, rather than as a causal factor. Despite the paucity of empirical research on the subject, statem.Oxnts about the handling of aggression proliferate in the literature on depression. In order to evaluate the roD.e of aggression in depression, the present study was designed to compare the amount and kinds of aggression manifested by high-depressed and low-depressed individuals in the psychological laboratory. Sex differences were explored in order to re-examine the common finding that males are more aggressive than females. A secondary intej^est was in examining the relationship between locus of control and depression.
NORGES TEKNISK-NATURVITENSKAPELIGE UNIVERSITET Dynamic Decision Making for Graphical Models Applied to Oil Exploration

We present a framework for sequential decision making in problems described by graphical models. The setting is given by dependent discrete random variables with associated costs or revenues. In our examples, the dependent variables are the potential outcomes (oil, gas or dry) when drilling a petroleum well. The goal is to develop an optimal selection strategy that incorporates a chosen utility function within an approximated dynamic programming scheme. We propose and compare different approximations, from simple heuristics to more complex iterative schemes, and we discuss their computational properties. We apply our strategies to oil exploration over multiple prospects modeled by a directed acyclic graph, and to a reservoir drilling decision problem modeled by a Markov random field. The results show that the suggested strategies clearly improve the simpler intuitive constructions, and this is useful when selecting exploration policies.
Beta-adrenergic control of plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels in the air-breathing African catfish Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822

SUMMARY In several water-breathing fish species, β-adrenergic receptor stimulation by noradrenaline leads to a decrease in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels, as opposed to an increase in air-breathing mammals. We hypothesised that this change in adrenergic control is related to the mode of breathing. Therefore, cannulated air-breathing African catfish were infused for 90 min with noradrenaline or with the nonselective β-agonist, isoprenaline. To identify the receptor type involved, a bolus of either a selective β1-antagonist (atenolol) or a selectiveβ 2-antagonist (ICI 118,551) was injected 15 min prior to the isoprenaline infusion. Both noradrenaline and isoprenaline led to an expected rise in glucose concentration. Isoprenaline combined with both theβ 1- and β2-antagonist led to higher glucose concentrations than isoprenaline alone. This could indicate the presence of a stimulatory β-adrenoceptor different from β1 andβ 2-adrenoceptors; these two receptors thus seemed to mediate a reduction in plasma glucose concentration. Both noradrenaline and isoprenaline led to a significant decrease in FFA concentration. Whereas theβ 1-antagonist had no effect, the β2-antagonist reduced the decrease in FFA concentration, indicating the involvement ofβ 2-adrenoceptors. It is concluded that the air-breathing African catfish reflects water-breathing fish in the adrenergic control of plasma FFA and glucose levels.
Imaging and Baseline Predictors of Cognitive Performance in Minor Ischemic Stroke and Patients With Transient Ischemic Attack at 90 Days

Background and Purpose— Few studies have examined predictors of cognitive impairment after minor ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA). We examined clinical and imaging features associated with worse cognitive performance at 90 days. Methods— TIA or patients with minor stroke underwent neuropsychological testing 90 days post event. Z scores were calculated for cognitive tests, and then grouped into domains of executive function (EF), psychomotor processing speed (PS), and memory. White matter hyperintensity and diffusion-weighted imaging volumes were measured on baseline magnetic resonance imaging. Ninety-day outcomes included modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score. Results— Ninety-two patients were included, 76% male, 54% TIA, and mean age 65.1±12.0. Sixty-four percent were diffusion-weighted imaging positive. Median domain z scores were not significantly different from published norms (P>0.05): memory −0.03, EF −0.12, and PS −0.05. Patient performance ≥1 SD below normal was 20% on memory, 16% on PS, and 17% on EF. Cognitive scores did not differ by diagnosis (stroke versus TIA), stroke pathogenesis, presence of obstructive sleep apnea, and diffusion-weighted imaging or white matter hyperintensity volumes. In multivariable analyses, lower EF was associated with previous cortical infarct on magnetic resonance imaging (P=0.03), mRS score of >1; P=0.0003 and depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16; P=0.03). Lower PS scores were associated with previous cortical infarct (P=0.02), acute bilateral positive diffusion-weighted imaging (P=0.02), mRS score of >1 (P=0.003), and CES-D ≥16 (P=0.03). Conclusions— Despite average-range cognitive performance in this TIA and population with minor stroke, we found associations of EF and PS with evidence of previous stroke, postevent disability, and depression.
Submergence Confers Immunity Mediated by the WRKY22 Transcription Factor in Arabidopsis[W]

Submergence induces the expression of a broad spectrum of genes, including a group of WRKY transcription factors and innate immunity marker genes. This work shows that submergence triggers innate immunity in Arabidopsis to protect plants against a higher probability of pathogen infection either during or after flood. Transcriptional control plays an important role in regulating submergence responses in plants. Although numerous genes are highly induced during hypoxia, their individual roles in hypoxic responses are still poorly understood. Here, we found that expression of genes that encode members of the WRKY transcription factor family was rapidly and strongly induced upon submergence in Arabidopsis thaliana, and this induction correlated with induction of a large portion of innate immunity marker genes. Furthermore, prior submergence treatment conferred higher resistance to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in Arabidopsis. Among the WRKY genes tested, WRKY22 had the highest level of induction during the early stages of submergence. Compared with the wild type, WRKY22 T-DNA insertion mutants wrky22-1 and wrky22-2 had lower disease resistance and lower induction of innate immunity markers, such as FLG22-INDUCED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (FRK1) and WRKY53, after submergence. Furthermore, transcriptomic analyses of wrky22-2 and chromatin immunoprecipitation identified several potential targets of WRKY22, which included genes encoding a TIR domain–containing protein, a plant peptide hormone, and many OLIGO PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER genes, all of which may lead to induction of innate immunity. In conclusion, we propose that submergence triggers innate immunity in Arabidopsis via WRKY22, a response that may protect against a higher probability of pathogen infection either during or after flooding.
Multiomics in Grape Berry Skin Revealed Specific Induction of the Stilbene Synthetic Pathway by Ultraviolet-C Irradiation1

Grape berry skin shows a specific induction of the resveratrol synthetic pathway by UV-C. Grape (Vitis vinifera) accumulates various polyphenolic compounds, which protect against environmental stresses, including ultraviolet-C (UV-C) light and pathogens. In this study, we looked at the transcriptome and metabolome in grape berry skin after UV-C irradiation, which demonstrated the effectiveness of omics approaches to clarify important traits of grape. We performed transcriptome analysis using a genome-wide microarray, which revealed 238 genes up-regulated more than 5-fold by UV-C light. Enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology terms showed that genes encoding stilbene synthase, a key enzyme for resveratrol synthesis, were enriched in the up-regulated genes. We performed metabolome analysis using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and 2,012 metabolite peaks, including unidentified peaks, were detected. Principal component analysis using the peaks showed that only one metabolite peak, identified as resveratrol, was highly induced by UV-C light. We updated the metabolic pathway map of grape in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and in the KaPPA-View 4 KEGG system, then projected the transcriptome and metabolome data on a metabolic pathway map. The map showed specific induction of the resveratrol synthetic pathway by UV-C light. Our results showed that multiomics is a powerful tool to elucidate the accumulation mechanisms of secondary metabolites, and updated systems, such as KEGG and KaPPA-View 4 KEGG for grape, can support such studies.
Improving the prediction of drug disposition in the brain

Introduction: Ability to cross the blood–brain barrier is one of the key ADME characteristics of all drug candidates regardless of their target location in the body. While good brain penetration is essential for CNS drugs, it may lead to serious side effects in case of peripherally-targeted molecules. Despite a high demand of computational methods for estimating brain transport early in drug discovery, achieving good prediction accuracy still remains a challenging task. Areas covered: This article reviews various measures employed to quantify brain delivery and recent advances in QSAR approaches for predicting these properties from the compound's structure. Additionally, the authors discuss the classification models attempting to distinguish between permeable and impermeable chemicals. Expert opinion: Recent research in the field of brain penetration modeling showed an increasing understanding of the processes involved in drug disposition, although most models of brain/plasma partitioning still rely on purely statistical considerations. Preferably, new models should incorporate mechanistic knowledge since it is the prerequisite for guiding drug design efforts in the desired direction. To increase the efficiency of computational tools, a broader view is necessary, involving rate and extent of brain penetration, as well as plasma and brain tissue binding strength, instead of relying on any single property.
Hyperband: A Novel Bandit-Based Approach to Hyperparameter Optimization

Performance of machine learning algorithms depends critically on identifying a good set of hyperparameters. While recent approaches use Bayesian optimization to adaptively select configurations, we focus on speeding up random search through adaptive resource allocation and early-stopping. We formulate hyperparameter optimization as a pure-exploration non-stochastic infinite-armed bandit problem where a predefined resource like iterations, data samples, or features is allocated to randomly sampled configurations. We introduce a novel algorithm, Hyperband, for this framework and analyze its theoretical properties, providing several desirable guarantees. Furthermore, we compare Hyperband with popular Bayesian optimization methods on a suite of hyperparameter optimization problems. We observe that Hyperband can provide over an order-of-magnitude speedup over our competitor set on a variety of deep-learning and kernel-based learning problems.
Concordance Rate Differences of 3 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques to Measure Carotid Stenosis in Clinical Routine Practice: Results of the CARMEDAS Multicenter Study

Background and Purpose— To replace digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in carotid stenosis evaluation, noninvasive imaging techniques have to reach a high concordance rate. Our purpose is to compare the concordance rates of contrast-enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) and CT angiography (CTA) with Doppler ultrasound (DUS) in clinical routine practice. Methods— We evaluated prospectively with DUS, CEMRA, and CTA 150 patients suspected of carotid stenosis. The overall concordance rates of the 3 techniques were calculated for symptomatic stenosis ≥50% and ≥70%, for asymptomatic stenosis ≥60%, and for occlusion. For the carotid arteries treated by surgery (n=97), the results of each method and combined techniques were recorded, and misclassification rates were evaluated from surgical reports. Results— The overall concordance rates of DUS-CEMRA, DUS-CTA, and CEMRA-CTA were not statistically different. However, the concordance rate of DUS-CEMRA (92.53%) was significantly higher than that for DUS-CTA (79.10%) in the surgical asymptomatic stenosis group (P =0.0258). CTA considered alone would misclassify the stenosis in a significant number of cases (11 of 64) in the surgical asymptomatic group compared with CEMRA (3 of 67) and DUS (1 of 66) (P =0.0186 versus MRA, P =0.0020 versus DUS). Conclusions— With the techniques as utilized in our study, the overall concordance rates of combined noninvasive methods are similar for measuring carotid stenosis in clinical routine practice, but in asymptomatic carotid stenosis, the decision making for surgery is significantly altered if DUS and CTA are considered in place of DUS and CEMRA.
Technical Performance and Diagnostic Utility of the New Elecsys® Neuron-Specific Enolase Enzyme Immunoassay

Abstract This international multicenter study was designed to evaluate the technical performance of the new double-monoclonal, single-step Elecsys neuron-specific enolase (NSE) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and to assess its utility as a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC). Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation, determined in five control or serum specimens in six laboratories, ranged from 0.7 to 5.3 (inter-laboratory median: 1.3%) and from 1.3 to 8.5 (inter-laboratory median: 3.4%), respectively. Laboratory-to-laboratory comparability was excellent with respect to recovery and inter-assay coefficients of variation. The test was linear between 0.0 and 320 ng/ml (highest measured concentration). There was a significant correlation between NSE concentrations measured using the Elecsys NSE and the established Cobas Core NSE EIA II in all subjects (n = 723) and in patients with lung cancer (n = 333). However, NSE concentrations were systematically lower (approximately 9%) with the Elecsys NSE than with the comparison test. Based on a specificity of 95% in comparison with the group suffering from benign lung diseases (n = 183), the cut-off value for the discrimination between malignant and benign conditions was set at 21.6 ng/ml. NSE was raised in 73.4% of SCLC patients (n = 188) and was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in extensive (87.8%) as opposed to limited disease (56.7%). NSE was also elevated in 16.0% of the cases with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC, n = 374). It is concluded that the Elecsys NSE EIA is a reliable and accurate diagnostic procedure for the measurement of NSE in serum samples. The special merits of this new assay are the wide measuring range (according to manufacturer's declaration up to 370 ng/ml) and a short incubation time of 18 min.
Hardening by Annealing and Implementation of High Ductility of Ultra-Fine Grained Aluminum: Experiment and Theory

Abstract The influence of low temperature annealing and subsequent deformation on microstructure, strength and ductility was investigated for the first time for high pressure torsion (HPT) processed commercially pure Al. Extremely high increases in the conventional yield stress (up to 50%) and ultimate tensile strength (up to 30%) were obtained by annealing of the ultrafine grained (UFG) samples in the range 90-200 °C for 1 h. Such increases were accompanied by a sharp drop in ductility up to 1%. Implementation of high ductility at the level of coarse-grained Al, while maintaining high strength of the HPT-processed sample was demonstrated for the first time and achieved by repeating the low temperature annealing followed by subsequent additional HPT deformation. The key role of relaxation of non-equilibrium high-angle grain boundaries (GBs) in the strengthening effect of UFG-Al by annealing is shown. Two theoretical models are suggested to explain the hardening by annealing and the implementation of high ductility in UFG structures. Within the models, plastic deformation occurs through emission of lattice dislocations from triple junctions of GBs containing pile-ups of grain-boundary dislocations, glide of the lattice dislocations across neighboring grains, their accumulation at and climb along the opposite GBs. The energy characteristics and the critical stresses of dislocation emission are determined in two different cases, for UFG Al subjected to annealing only and to annealing with subsequent additional HPT deformation. The calculated theoretical dependences of the flow stress on the plastic deformation value well fit qualitatively and quantitatively to our experimental data.
Victimization and the Fear of Crime

The determinants of the fear of crime are examined with special attention to how the risk and experience of criminal victimization affect that fear. Us ing data from victimization and attitude surveys in eight American cities, a model of the determinants of the fear of crime is developed and evaluated in a preliminary fashion. The major conclusion is that the fear of crime is not simply a function of the risk of and actual experiences with victimization.
Chromosome Homologies between Tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus) and Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) Facilitate Tracing the Evolutionary History of Damaliscus (Bovidae, Antilopinae, Alcelaphini)

Genome-wide homologies between the tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus, 2n = 36) and Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, 2n = 46) have been established by cross-species painting with Chinese muntjac chromosome paints. Twenty-two autosomal painting probes detected 35 orthologous segments in the tsessebe. Hybridization results confirmed that: (i) D. lunatus carries the (9;14) reciprocal translocation that has been proposed to be a derived chromosomal landmark shared by all species of the Antilopinae; (ii) the karyotype of D. lunatus can be derived almost exclusively from the bovid ancestral karyotype through 12 Robertsonian translocations involving 24 ancestral acrocentric autosomes; (iii) in addition to the Rb fusions, pericentric heterochromatic amplification has shaped the morphology of several of the D. lunatus chromosomes. Integrated analysis of these and published cytogenetic data on pecorans has allowed us to accurately discern the karyotype history of Damaliscus (D. lunatus; D. pygargus, 2n = 38; D. hunteri, 2n = 44). The phylogenomic relationships of 3 species reflected by specific chromosomal rearrangements were consistent with published phylogenies based on morphology, suggesting that chromosomal rearrangements have played an important role in speciation within the Alcelaphini, and that karyotype characters are valuable phylogenetic markers in this group.