Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Laboratory Model to Evaluate Cutout Resistance of Implants for Pertrochanteric Fracture Fixation

Objectives: To establish a laboratory model of implant cutout, which can evaluate the effect of implant design on cutout resistance in a clinically realistic “worst case” scenario. Setting: Orthopaedic biomechanics laboratory. Design: Implant cutout was simulated in an unstable pertrochanteric fracture model, which accounted for dynamic loading, osteoporotic bone, and a defined implant offset. For model characterization, lag screw cutout was simulated in human cadaveric specimens and in polyurethane foam surrogates. Subsequently, foam surrogates were used to determine differences in cutout resistance between 2 common lag screws (dynamic hip screw, Gamma) and 2 novel blade-type implant designs (dynamic helical hip system, trochanteric fixation nail). Main Outcome Measures: Implant migration was continuously recorded with a spatial motion tracking system as a function of the applied loading cycles. In addition, the total number of loading cycles to cutout failure was determined for specific load amplitudes. Results: Implant migration in polyurethane surrogates closely correlated with that in cadaveric specimens, but yielded higher reproducibility and consistent cutout failure. The cutout model was able to delineate significant differences in cutout resistance between specific implant designs. At any of 4 load amplitudes (0.8 kN, 1.0 kN, 1.2 kN, 1.4 kN) dynamic hip screw lag screws failed earliest. The gamma nail lag screw could sustain significantly more loading cycles than the dynamic hip screw. Of all implants, trochanteric fixation nail implants demonstrated the highest cutout resistance. Conclusions: Implant design can significantly affect the fixation strength and cutout resistance of implants for pertrochanteric fracture fixation. The novel cutout model can predict differences in cutout resistance between distinct implant designs.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation: effects of seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and flaxseed on milk production and fatty acid profile of lactating ewes during summer

The research reported in this Research Communication was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplemented in the diet on milk production and milk fatty acid profile of lactating ewes exposed to long term heat stress. The experiment was conducted during summer, involved 32 ewes divided into 4 groups of 8 each, and lasted 6 weeks. The ewes in all groups were fed twice daily and received 1·8 kg/d of oat hay and 1 kg/d of concentrate. Flaxseed group (FS) was supplemented with 250 g/d of whole flaxseed, Ascophyllum nodosum group (AG) was supplemented with 25 g/d of seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum, and the combination group (FS + AG) received both flaxseed and Ascophyllum nodosum supplementation. The control group (CON) was fed with 1 kg/d of pelleted concentrate without PUFA supplementation. Milk samples were collected twice daily per week, and analysed for fat, total protein, casein, and lactose content. At the beginning and then at 2, 4 and 6 week of the experiment each milk sample was analysed for milk fatty acids. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated daily. Supplementation of flaxseed and of the combination of flaxseed and Ascophyllum nodosum increased milk yield. The total content of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in milk decreased for ewes fed FS, followed by FS + AG. On the contrary, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) increased for ewes fed FS and FS + AG. The total n-3 FA was found higher in FS and FS + AG than in AG and CON groups mainly because of the increase in C 18 : 3 n-3 in FS and FS + AG milk. Milk from FS + AG resulted in the highest n-3/n-6 ratio and decreases in atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. The combination of seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and flaxseed can be suggested as an adequate supplementation to sustain milk production and milk fatty acid profile of sheep during summer season.
Barriers to vitamin D supplementation among military physicians.

OBJECTIVE We surveyed military pediatricians and family physicians about barriers to vitamin D supplementation. METHODS We obtained lists of uniformed members of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP). Three hundred individuals were randomly selected from each group and surveyed about: (1) practice habits; (2) vitamin D use and barriers to supplementation; (3) demographic factors. RESULTS Pediatricians were 40% more likely to be aware of AAP recommendations about vitamin D (p < 0.001) and 40% more likely to prescribe vitamin D to exclusively breastfed infants (p < 0.001). The most common reason for not recommending vitamin D was the belief that breastfed infants received adequate sunlight. CONCLUSIONS Most military pediatricians supplement breastfed infants with vitamin D. Military family physicians are less likely to supplement breastfed infants and are targets for educational interventions. Many physicians mistakenly believe that adequate sunlight exposure prevents vitamin D deficiency, another focus for future interventions.
Seismic design of drilled shafts in clay

In the field of bridge engineering, columns supported on cast-in-drilled-hole (CIDH) shafts are common due to the elimination of a column-foundation connection, simplicity of construction and reduced construction costs. Due to these benefits, this combination of column and foundation is frequently used in high seismic regions. The modeling of lateral load behavior of the column-shaft system, however, is a complex matter due to the effects of soil-foundation-structure-interaction (SFSI). The research presented within this project identifies numerous challenges associated with the current state of practice of accounting for SFSI in cohesive soils and develops a new method that accounts for SFSI in cohesive soils. The project undertook an extensive literature review as well as an examination of codes and guidelines to identify the challenges within current practice. This process found that although many models exist to simplify the use of the Winkler soil spring concept, none of the simplified models are able to capture both the elastic and inelastic lateral load response of an integrated column/foundation system. The challenges arose for the following reasons: 1. some models are only applicable in the elastic range; 2. models recommended for use in cohesive soils and cohesionless soils were only verified against experimental data obtained in cohesionless soils; 3. the nonlinearity of materials (i.e., soil, concrete and steel reinforcement) were not accounted for in the development of the models; and 4. plastic action within the different methods is generally lower than what actually will be found using a detailed analysis method such as that based on fully implementing the Winkler spring concept. In addition to the aforementioned shortcomings, the existing methods ignore the effects of seasonal freezing in their development; even though it significantly alters the lateral load response of CIDH shafts. However, it was found that this approach is not appropriate as twothirds of the bridges in the United States are affected by seasonal freezing. This problem is only further exacerbated by the fact that half of the bridges in high seismic regions are also affected by seasonal freezing. After identifying these issues, a new method was developed that more accurately predicts the lateral load response of columns supported on CIDH shafts in cohesive soils.
Assessing the Reality of a Palaeolithic “Dwelling Structure” in the Japanese Archipelago: The Structure of the Tana-Mukaihara Site

The Tana-Mukaihara site is located on the left bank of the Sagami River in the Sagamino Upland in southern Kanto Plain (Honshu, Japan). In addition to the two lithic scatters (mainly composed of obsidian debitage and tools) and two pebble clusters, the site has been recognized as a prominent Upper Palaeolithic site (c. 20,000 cal.y.b.p .) because of an exceptional pebble-surrounded habitation area identified as a dwelling structure, 12 postholes, and two hearths. The purpose of this article is to examine human activities in this Palaeolithic dwelling site through the analysis of thermally altered obsidian artifacts and their spatial distributions. The results show that thermally altered obsidian artifacts are not only concentrated around the hearths, but also in the postholes, suggesting that the so-called postholes indeed functioned as hearths with the other two hearths. This study provides new insight into the reality of Palaeolithic dwelling structures in the Japanese Islands.
Association between acquired rifamycin resistance and the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND The occurrence of acquired rifamycin resistance despite use of directly observed therapy for tuberculosis is associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and highly intermittent administration of antituberculosis drugs. Beyond these associations, the pathogenesis of acquired rifamycin resistance is unknown. METHODS We performed a pharmacokinetic substudy of patients in a trial of treatment with twice-weekly rifabutin and isoniazid. RESULTS A total of 102 (60%) of 169 patients in the treatment trial participated in the pharmacokinetic substudy, including 7 of 8 patients in whom tuberculosis treatment failure or relapse occurred in association with acquired rifamycin-resistant mycobacteria (hereafter, "ARR failure or relapse"). The median rifabutin area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-24)) was lower for patients with than for patients without ARR failure or relapse (3.3 vs. 5.2 microg*h/mL; P = .06, by the Mann-Whitney exact test). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for CD4+ T cell count, the mean rifabutin AUC(0-24) was significantly lower for patients with ARR failure or relapse than for other patients (3.0 microg*h/mL [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.9-4.5] vs. 5.2 microg*h/mL [95% CI, 4.6-5.8]; P = .02, by analysis of covariance). The median isoniazid AUC(0-12) was not significantly associated with ARR failure or relapse (20.6 vs. 28.0 microg*h/mL; P = .24, by the Mann-Whitney exact test). However, in a multivariate logistic regression model that adjusted for the rifabutin AUC(0-24), a lower isoniazid AUC(0-12) was associated with ARR failure or relapse (OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 1.1-100; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS Lower plasma concentrations of rifabutin and, perhaps, isoniazid were associated with ARR failure or relapse in patients with tuberculosis and HIV infection treated with twice-weekly therapy.
FXR agonists and FGF15 reduce fecal bile acid excretion in a mouse model of bile acid malabsorption Published, JLR Papers in Press, September 6, 2007.

Bile acid malabsorption, which in patients leads to excessive fecal bile acid excretion and diarrhea, is characterized by a vicious cycle in which the feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis is interrupted, resulting in additional bile acid production. Feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis is under the control of an endocrine pathway wherein activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), induces enteric expression of the hormone, fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15). In liver, FGF15 acts together with FXR-mediated expression of small heterodimer partner to repress bile acid synthesis. Here, we show that the FXR-FGF15 pathway is disrupted in mice lacking apical ileal bile acid transporter, a model of bile acid malabsorption. Treatment of Asbt−/− mice with either a synthetic FXR agonist or FGF15 downregulates hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase mRNA levels, decreases bile acid pool size, and reduces fecal bile acid excretion. These findings suggest that FXR agonists or FGF15 could be used therapeutically to interrupt the cycle of excessive bile acid production in patients with bile acid malabsorption.
Arabidopsis PCH2 Mediates Meiotic Chromosome Remodeling and Maturation of Crossovers

Meiotic chromosomes are organized into linear looped chromatin arrays by a protein axis localized along the loop-bases. Programmed remodelling of the axis occurs during prophase I of meiosis. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) has revealed dynamic changes in the chromosome axis in Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. We show that the axis associated protein ASY1 is depleted during zygotene concomitant with synaptonemal complex (SC) formation. Study of an Atpch2 mutant demonstrates this requires the conserved AAA+ ATPase, PCH2, which localizes to the sites of axis remodelling. Loss of PCH2 leads to a failure to deplete ASY1 from the axes and compromizes SC polymerisation. Immunolocalization of recombination proteins in Atpch2 indicates that recombination initiation and CO designation during early prophase I occur normally. Evidence suggests that CO interference is initially functional in the mutant but there is a defect in CO maturation following designation. This leads to a reduction in COs and a failure to form COs between some homologous chromosome pairs leading to univalent chromosomes at metaphase I. Genetic analysis reveals that CO distribution is also affected in some chromosome regions. Together these data indicate that the axis remodelling defect in Atpch2 disrupts normal patterned formation of COs.
Land use intensification in the Amazon: revisiting theories of cattle, deforestation and development in frontier settlements

More cattle, less deforestation? Land use intensification in the Amazon is an unexpected phenomenon. Theories of hollow frontier, speculative behaviour and boom-bust all share the prediction that livestock production will remain largely extensive. Yet between 1996 and 2006 productivity of cattle grew by an astounding 57.5% in the average Amazon municipality. How can this unlikely outcome be explained? What consequences for deforestation and human development? I provide a new framework for the analysis of the link between intensification, deforestation and development, focusing on four key elements: (i) frontier migration, (ii) land speculation, (iii) the rebound effect hypothesis, and (iv) the boom and bust hypothesis. Does rising land productivity of cattle increase deforestation? If so, how? Based on a comparative case-study approach I assess the micro-level foundations of the proposition that intensification leads to frontier migration and deforestation. I employ an innovative procedure to collect georeferenced survey data that I then use to provide an initial test of the proposed model of land use intensification and frontier migration. I further use secondary data and spatial econometrics to look for evidence of a positive relation between cattle intensification and deforestation (‘rebound effect’). The results suggest a substantial land-sparing effect, whereby intensification in consolidated areas is associated with lower deforestation in frontier municipalities. Do booms in deforestation lead to busts in development? I use different sources of secondary data to scrutinize the theory that predicts welfare to bust as deforestation advances, and find consistent evidence against the supposition that deforestation impacts welfare in either direction. Land use intensification is the opposite of a bust in agricultural output, so the rejection of the boom-bust hypothesis is in agreement with the depiction of a rising land productivity. This does not preclude deforestation from affecting long-term welfare in the Amazon or in the rest of the world, neither does it imply that conservation should not be a policy objective. It suggests that policymakers facing explicit short term welfare targets at the local level may focus on other policy variables than deforestation.
NMDA-Induced Dendritic Oscillations during a Soma Voltage Clamp of Chick Spinal Neurons

An investigation of dendritic membrane properties was performed by whole-cell patch measurements of the biophysical properties of intact chick spinal neurons that are involved in rhythmogenesis. A whole-cell voltage clamp of the somatic membrane was used to block NMDA-induced voltage oscillations from the cell body, thus partially isolating the intrinsic oscillatory properties of dendritic membranes from those of the soma. An experimental approach was developed that takes into account the complexity of the dendritic tree in an environment as normal as possible, without the need for cell isolation or slice preparations. A computational study of the experimentally determined model showed that excitatory amino acid receptors on dendrites can dynamically control the electrotonic length of the dendrites through the activation of negative slope conductances. These experiments demonstrate the presence of NMDA receptors on the dendrites and that they induce intrinsic oscillations when the synaptic input from other cells is significantly reduced.
Distant Memories

Adopting an observer perspective to recall trauma memories may function as a form of avoidance that maintains posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a prospective study to analyze the relationship between memory vantage point and PTSD symptoms. Participants (N = 947) identified the vantage point of their trauma memory and reported PTSD symptoms within 4 weeks of the trauma; 730 participants repeated this process 12 months later. Initially recalling the trauma from an observer vantage point was related to more severe PTSD symptoms at that time and 12 months later. Shifting from a field to an observer perspective a year after trauma was associated with greater PTSD severity at 12 months. These results suggest that remembering trauma from an observer vantage point is related to both immediate and ongoing PTSD symptoms.
Analysis of the Tropopause and the Stratospheric Field of Temperature of a Mature Typhoon

Analysing the swarm ascents during the passage of the Typhoon KITTY, it is clearly shown that in a typhoon circulation of mature stage of development, there exist the downward displacements and warm air in the field of tropopause funnel in the cyclonic core; and the upward displacements and cold air in the field of annular tropopause ridge in the storm area. In a pacer entitled " Aerological Observations made in the Typhoon KITTY by the Central Meteorological Observatory, Tokyo " (.1), the present author made the analysis of tropospheric field of temperature in the field of the Typhoon KITTY. In this paper, the present author would like to point out some interesting facts regarding the stratospheric field of temperature and the topography of the tropopause in ie area of the Typhoon KITTY. In the latest days of meteorology, the base of the stratosphere in the normal cyclone is 3 ,—, 4 km lower than in an anticyclone. But the nature of the problem seems to be changed by the aerological observations made in the Typhoon KITTY. The ideal boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere is a single surface of discountinuity of the first order, with discontinuous change of temperature laspe-rate. (2) Rather often, however, several points of the aerological ascent curve in the tropopause region may show this kind of discontinuity, so that the lapse-rate changes from its tropospheric, to its stratosperic value by succesive steps. J. BJERKNES and E. PALMEN have given the definition of multiple tropopause for these cases, (3) The ascent curves at Tokyo from the 31 st of August at 9 h to the 1 st of September at 11 h show good examples of a multiple tropopause. In these ascents two levels with distinct decrease of laps-rate can be found. In Fig.1 they are indicated with arrows and the corresponding potential temperatures are inserted. In Table 1 the geometrical heights of these characteristic points are given, as well as the difference of temperature, the mean lapse-rate between them, and the potential ternpertures of the two characteristic, points. 2 H. A rakawa Vol. I No.] Fig. 1 The tropopause over Tokyo during the passage of the Typhoon KITTY, as shown by part of the CMO series of ascents.
TCP networks stabilized by buffer-based AQMs

In this work we develop stability conditions for congestion control of the present Internet characterized by TCP-controlled sources and buffer-based active queue management (AQM) schemes. Prevailing stability results are geared towards rate-based AQMs and are not applicable to the class of networks considered here. Our new conditions can be expressed entirely in terms of network parameters, i.e., routing, which make them useful in the design of buffer-based AQMs such as RED, REM and PI.
Exploiting Spectrum Heterogeneity in Dynamic Spectrum Market

The dynamic spectrum market (DSM) is a key economic vehicle for realizing the opportunistic spectrum access that will mitigate the anticipated spectrum-scarcity problem. DSM allows legacy spectrum owners to lease their channels to unlicensed spectrum consumers (or secondary users) in order to increase their revenue and improve spectrum utilization. In DSM, determining the optimal spectrum leasing price is an important yet challenging problem that requires a comprehensive understanding of market participants' interests and interactions. In this paper, we study spectrum pricing competition in a duopoly DSM, where two wireless service providers (WSPs) lease spectrum access rights, and secondary users (SUs) purchase the spectrum use to maximize their utility. We identify two essential, but previously overlooked, properties of DSM: 1) heterogeneous spectrum resources at WSPs and 2) spectrum sharing among SUs. We demonstrate the impact of spectrum heterogeneity via an in-depth measurement study using a software-defined radio (SDR) testbed. We then study the impacts of spectrum heterogeneity on WSPs' optimal pricing and SUs' WSP selection strategies using a systematic three-step approach. First, we study how spectrum sharing among SUs subscribed to the same WSP affects the SUs' achievable utility. Then, we derive the SUs' optimal WSP selection strategy that maximizes their payoff, given the heterogeneous spectrum propagation characteristics and prices. We analyze how individual SU preferences affect market evolution and prove the market convergence to a mean-field limit, even though SUs make local decisions. Finally, given the market evolution, we formulate the WSPs' pricing strategies in a duopoly DSM as a noncooperative game and identify its Nash equilibrium points. We find that the equilibrium price and its uniqueness depend on the SUs' geographical density and spectrum propagation characteristics. Our analytical framework reveals the impact of spectrum heterogeneity in a real-world DSM, and can be used as a guideline for the WSPs' pricing strategies.