Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences Autonomous Translocation and Intracellular Trafficking of the Cell‑penetrating and Immune‑suppressive Effector Protein Yopm

free in the cytosol and inside the nucleus. We could not observe any colocalization of YopM with secretory membranes , which excludes retrograde transport as the mechanism for cytosolic release. however, our findings indicate that direct membrane penetration and/or an endosomal escape of YopM contribute to the cytosolic and nuclear localization of the protein. Surprisingly, even when endo-cytosis is blocked, YopM was found to be associated with endosomes. this suggests an intracellular endosome-associated transport of YopM. Abbreviations CCV Clathrin-coated vesicles CF Cytosolic fraction CPP Cell-penetrating protein CYt Cytosol e endosomes ee early endosome eR endoplasmic reticulum Ga Golgi apparatus hM heavy membranes Le Late endosome LYS Lysosome MItO Mitochondria MVB Multi-vesicular-bodies nCCV Non-clathrin-coated vesicles N Nucleus Ne Nuclear envelope NF Nuclear fraction PM Plasma membrane PNS Post-nuclear supernatant Abstract extracellular Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria target essential cytoplasmic processes of eukaryotic cells by using effector protein delivery systems such as the type III secretion system (t3SS). these secretion systems directly inject effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. among the t3SS-dependent Yop proteins of pathogenic Yersinia, the function of the effector protein YopM remains enigmatic. In a recent study, we demonstrated that recom-binant YopM from Yersinia enterocolitica enters host cells autonomously without the presence of bacteria and thus identified YopM as a novel bacterial cell-penetrating protein. Following entry YopM down-regulates expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α. these properties earmark YopM for further development as a novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic. to elucidate the uptake and intracellular targeting mechanisms of this bacterial cell-penetrating protein, we analyzed possible routes of internalization employing ultra-cryo electron microscopy. Our results reveal that under physiological conditions, YopM enters cells predominantly by exploiting endocytic pathways. Interestingly, YopM was detected M. a. Schmidt and C. Rüter contributed equally to this work. 4810 J. Scharnert et al.
Determinants of splanchnic blood flow.

The splanchnic region participates in the regulation of circulating blood volume and systemic blood pressure [60]. Major reduction of splanchnic blood volume and flow can be vital in defending the perfusion of the brain and the heart in acute hypovolaemia, but prolonged hypoperfusion of the splanchnic region will inevitably lead to hypoxic tissue injury [55]. The splanchnic region is also an important source and target of inflammatory mediators, which have a major impact on both systemic and regional blood flow and tissue functions [45]. The splanchnic circulation is in close interaction with the systemic haemodynamics under normal conditions. In the intensive care patient at risk of multiple organ failure, there is a complex and poorly understood interaction between the splanchnic blood flow, metabolic demands of the tissues and the mediators of inflammation and vasoregulation. Inadequate splanchnic blood flow and tissue perfusion are likely to contribute to the development of organ failures and increased mortality in various categories of intensive care patients [8]. Monitoring of gastric intramucosal pH (pHi) or intramucosal PCO2 by gastrointestinal tonometry has provided an indicator of splanchnic tissue perfusion that is feasible for clinical use in intensive care [15, 18, 19, 27, 30, 32, 47, 48, 49]. Clinical studies using gastrointestinal tonometry have produced evidence to support the concept of a link between inadequate splanchnic tissue perfusion and multiple organ failure. Gastric intramucosal acidosis, suggesting inadequate splanchnic tissue perfusion, is relatively common: up to 50 % of patients admitted to intensive care with signs of circulatory failure, 50 % of patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and 18 % of patients undergoing abdominal aortic surgery have at least transient episodes of gastric intramucosal acidosis [15, 18, 19, 30, 32, 47, 48, 49]. Patients with gastric intramucosal acidosis on admission to intensive care have an increased occurrence of multiple organ failure and increased mortality [30, 32, 47, 48]. Prevention and treatment of gastric intramucosal acidosis by administration of fluids and vasoactive drugs improves the outcome of
Hepatitis B virus X protein and the estrogen receptor variant lacking exon 5 inhibit estrogen receptor signaling in hepatoma cells

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx) is considered to play a role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during HBV infection. HCC was shown to be more prevalent in men than in women. Estrogen, which exerts its biological function through estrogen receptor (ER), can inhibit HBV replication. ERΔ5, an ERα variant lacking exon 5, was found to be preferentially expressed in patients with HCC compared with patients with normal livers. Here, we report the biological role of ERΔ5 and a novel link between HBx and ERα signaling in hepatoma cells. ERΔ5 interacts with ERα in vitro and in vivo and functions as a dominant negative receptor. Both ERα and ERΔ5 associate with HBx. HBx decreases ERα-dependent transcriptional activity, and HBx and ERΔ5 have additive effect on suppression of ERα transactivation. The HBx deletion mutant that lacks the ERα-binding site abolishes the HBx repression of ERα. HBx, ERα and histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) form a ternary complex. Trichostatin A, a specific inhibitor of HDAC enzyme, can restore the transcriptional activity of ERα inhibited by HBx. Our data suggest that HBx and ERΔ5 may play a negative role in ERα signaling and that ERα agonists may be developed for HCC therapy.
Young people, social capital and network‐based educational decision‐making

This paper explores whether and in what ways young people's perceptions and experiences of higher education (HE) can facilitate the transmission within their social networks of social capital both upwardly (from child to parent) and horizontally (from sibling to sibling), and thus can potentially provide bridging capital to family members, especially in families with little or no prior experience of HE. It utilises data from a project that explored the embedded nature of decision‐making about HE amongst a group of ‘potentially recruitable’ adults and their wider networks. The study researched 16 networks, and the resultant sample of 107 individuals included six teenagers and 15 young people in their twenties. The paper concludes that, despite the general emphasis within existing theoretical approaches to network capital on the downward transmission of social capital, the educational experiences of younger generations can be critical in shaping the perceptions of other (including older) network members, albeit not always in ways that encourage formal educational participation.
Is this problem likely to be solved? A cognitive schema of effective problem solving

The present study tested the existence of a cognitive schema that guides people's evaluations of the likelihood that observed problem-solving processes will succeed. The hypothesised schema consisted of attributes that were found to distinguish between retrospective case reports of successful and unsuccessful real world problem solving (Lipshitz & Bar Ilan, 1996). Participants were asked to evaluate the likelihood of success of identical cases of problem solving that differed in the presence or absence of diagnosis, the selection of appropriate or inappropriate solutions, and the pairing of diagnosis with appropriate or non-appropriate solutions. Consistent with the proposition, diagnosis affected perceived likelihood of success, albeit only when solution quality was held constant, and appropriate diagnosis with a compatible solution produced higher perceived likelihood of success than appropriate diagnosis with incompatible solutions. In addition, results showed that solution quality played a significant role, and that compatibility with a six-phase rational model of problem solving played no role in judging likelihood of success.
Neural Correlates of Switching Attentional Focus during Finger Movements: An fMRI Study

Research on motor-related attentional foci suggests that switching from an internal to an external focus of attention has advantageous effects on motor performance whereas switching from an external to an internal focus has disadvantageous effects. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the neural correlates of switching the focus of attention. Two experimental groups were trained to apply one focus direction – internal or external – on a previously learned finger tapping sequence. Participants with an internal focus training were instructed to attend to their moving fingers; those with an external focus training were instructed to attend to the response buttons. In the first half of the experiment, participants performed with their trained focus, in the second half, they were unexpectedly asked to switch to the untrained attentional focus. Our data showed that the switch from a trained internal to an unfamiliar external focus of attention elicited increased activation of the left lateral premotor cortex (PMC). We propose that this activation can be linked to the role of the PMC in action planning – probably indicating a facilitation effect on selectional motor processes. Switching from a trained external to an unfamiliar internal focus of attention revealed enhanced activation of the left primary somatosensory cortex and intraparietal lobule. We interpret these modulations as a result of the amplifying influence of afferent information on motor processing when asked to attend internally in a motor task after being trained with an external focus.
Diverging frames: A comparison of Indonesian and Australian press portrayals of terrorism and Islamic groups in Indonesia

Media coverage of terrorism in Indonesia shows substantial differences in the way Indonesian and Australian news media portray terrorists, Islamic groups and Indonesian attitudes towards terrorism. While the Australian media’s framing of issues relating to terrorism and Islamic groups in Indonesia generates a hegemonic Orientalist image of Indonesian Muslims, Indonesian media treatment of the same issues is more moderate, presenting a very different picture. This comparative analysis of Australian and Indonesian mainstream news coverage, taken from the week following the 2002 Bali bombings, the 2004 Australian Embassy bombing in Jakarta and the 2005 Bali bombings, illustrates the ease with which stereotypical images can be created and reinforced in the media. At the same time, it shows how easily issues can be presented in a way that counters such generalizations.
The Comparative Dynamics of Party Support in Great Britain: Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats

Abstract Political leadership has long been established as a key determinant of party support. Yet the extent to which this may vary across parties in and out of government is less well understood. In fact, there are good reasons to expect leadership to matter less for “protest” parties. We demonstrate that the relationship between satisfaction with the Liberal Democratic leader and support for the British Liberal Democratic Party is fundamentally different from the relationships between the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition and their respective parties. Using 28 years of monthly public opinion data, we develop models of the political and economic factors that determine support for each of the three major parties in Britain in each of the 1979–1997 and 1997–2006 periods. We find that vote intentions for the two major parties are closely related to the satisfaction levels of their respective leaders but that this relationship is substantially weaker for the Liberal Democrats. These findings are in contrast to individual‐level studies that have shown the importance of leadership approval to vote choice for all British parties. More generally, we show the need to refine theories about the relationships between parties and their leaders.
Breast Conserving Surgery and Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy under Local Anesthesia for Breast Cancer

Background: Breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy has become the standard operation for early breast cancer. This operation has been performed under local anesthesia for patients that would like short-term admission or for those not indicated for general anesthesia due to complications. This report presents the outcomes of breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy under local anesthesia. Patients and Methods: The study included 61 patients with breast cancer that were all definitely diagnosed before surgery. The indications were preoperatively diagnosed localized DCIS, invasive carcinoma measuring less than 3 cm in tumor diameter on ultrasound, and tumors with negative axillary lymph nodes. The surgical procedures included breast conserving surgery associated with sentinel lymph node navigation biopsy. Results: The surgery could be performed under local anesthesia in all 61 patients, and no patient was converted to general anesthesia. Four patients had sentinel lymph node metastasis. Surgical stumps were positive in 18 patients (29.5%). Ten Gy of boost irradiation of the tumor bed was added to the conventional breast irradiation for these patients. There were no serious complications associated with surgery. Conclusion: Breast conserving surgery and sentinel lymph node biopsy for early breast cancer can be performed safely under local anesthesia. This procedure contributes to shortening the length of hospitalization and thereby saving medical resources without deceasing the quality of treatment.
Ten-year results for Brånemark implants immediately loaded with fixed prostheses at implant placement.

This investigation was initiated to develop a method to provide patients with a fixed provisional prosthesis placed at the time of implant placement. Sixty-three standard 3.75-mm Nobel Biocare implants of varying lengths were placed into mandibular sites in 10 patients and followed for up to 10 years. Twenty-eight implants were immediately loaded at implant placement, providing support for fixed provisional prostheses, while 35 adjacent implants were allowed to heal submerged and stress-free. Following a 3-month healing period, the submerged implants were exposed and definitive reconstruction was accomplished. All 10 prostheses supported by 28 implants placed into immediate function at the time of implant placement were successful during the 3-month healing period. Of these 28 implants placed into immediate function, 4 ultimately failed. Of the 35 submerged implants, all are osseointegrated and in function to date. Life-table analysis demonstrates an overall 10-year survival rate of 93.4% for all implants. The 10-year life-table analysis of survival is 84.7% for immediately loaded implants and 100% for submerged implants. Statistical analysis of the submerged versus immediately loaded implants demonstrates failure rates for immediately loaded implants to be significantly higher (P = .022 by the log rank test). These data demonstrate that although mandibular implants can be successfully placed into immediate function in the short term to support fixed provisional prostheses, long-term prognosis is guarded for those implants placed into immediate function distal to the incisor region.
Online EM Algorithm for Hidden Markov Models

Online (also called “recursive” or “adaptive”) estimation of fixed model parameters in hidden Markov models is a topic of much interest in times series modeling. In this work, we propose an online parameter estimation algorithm that combines two key ideas. The first one, which is deeply rooted in the Expectation-Maximization (EM) methodology, consists in reparameterizing the problem using complete-data sufficient statistics. The second ingredient consists in exploiting a purely recursive form of smoothing in HMMs based on an auxiliary recursion. Although the proposed online EM algorithm resembles a classical stochastic approximation (or Robbins–Monro) algorithm, it is sufficiently different to resist conventional analysis of convergence. We thus provide limited results which identify the potential limiting points of the recursion as well as the large-sample behavior of the quantities involved in the algorithm. The performance of the proposed algorithm is numerically evaluated through simulations in the case of a noisily observed Markov chain. In this case, the algorithm reaches estimation results that are comparable to those of the maximum likelihood estimator for large sample sizes. The supplemental material for this article available online includes an appendix with the proofs of Theorem 1 and Corollary 1 stated in Section 4 as well as the MATLAB/OCTAVE code used to implement the algorithm in the case of a noisily observed Markov chain considered in Section 5.
A Time Analysis of the Compositional Processes Used by Children Ages 7 to 11

The purpose of this study was to examine the amount of time that children of different ages, sexes, and proficiency levels spent on various compositional processes while creating a melody. The author gave 60 children (ages 7, 9, and 11) 10 minutes to compose a song on an electronic keyboard and asked each child to play his or her song and repeat it. Analysis of the 10-minute compositional periods indicated the amount of exploration, development, repetition, and silence subjects used while composing. No significant differences were found in performance between the sexes. Subjects who demonstrated proficiency in replicating their songs differed significantly in the use of repetition and exploration from those subjects who did not. Results suggest that (a) improvisation is a more appropriate creative activity than composition for 7-year-olds; (b) repetition is a necessary process in composing replicable songs; and (c) 9- and 11-year-olds are capable of using exploration, development, and repetition in a manner consistent with reports of adult composers' compositional processes.
Prevalence of HIV/AIDS and Prediction of Future Trends in North-west Region of India: A six-year ICTC-based Study

Background: The study was conducted to analyze previous six-year prevalence data of HIV infection in the Northwest region of India and predict future trends for a couple of years. Objectives: The study was conducted to aid SACS and NACO to plan and arrange resources for the future scenario. Materials and Methods: All the attendees of ICTC, Jaipur, from January 2002 to December 2007 were included and variables like age, sex, marital status, occupation, place of residence, pattern of risk behavior and HIV serostatus were studied. As per the strategy and policy prescribed by NACO, tests (E/R/S) were performed on the serum samples. Data was collected; compiled and analyzed using standard statistical methods. Future trends of HIV-prevalence in north-west India were anticipated. Results: The overall positivity rates among attendees of ICTC, were found to be 12.2% (386/3161), 11.8% (519/4381), 11.1% (649/5867), 13% (908/6983), 14% (1385/9911) and 17.34% (1756/10133) in the years 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 respectively. Future trends for the next couple of years depict further increase in prevalence without any plateau. Conclusion: Epidemiological studies should be carried out in various settings to understand the role and complex relations of innumerable behavioral, social and demographic factors, which will help, interrupt and control the transmission of HIV/ AIDS.
Problem‐based learning in an eleventh grade chemistry class: ‘factors affecting cell potential’

The purpose of this research study was to examine the effectiveness of problem‐based learning (PBL) on eleventh grade students’ understanding of ‘The effects of temperature, concentration and pressure on cell potential’ and also their social skills. Stratified randomly selected control and experimental groups with 20 students each were used in this study. To determine their misunderstandings and misconceptions about closely related, previously covered subjects, such as oxidation‐reduction reactions and electrochemical cells, interviews were conducted. Following a preparatory lesson where remediation of misconceptions were undertaken, a pre‐test was given, and no significant difference was found between the two groups of students (p>0.05). Then, the same teacher taught factors that affect cell potential using a teacher‐centred traditional format to the control group, and a PBL format to the experimental group. Results from the post‐test of both groups (p<0.05) showed that PBL is effective on students’ achievement, remedying formation of misconceptions in a significant way. Interviews were also conducted with PBL students to determine their beliefs according to PBL activity. The findings according to interviews revealed that students in the PBL class were more motivated, self‐confident, willing to problem‐solve and share knowledge, and were more active in cooperative group activities than the traditionally‐taught students.
Concept-mapping as a teaching method to facilitate critical thinking in nursing education: A review of the literatureeview of the literature

Nursing students are exposed to a vast amount of information and reading material that is very specific, technical, and new to the students. Unless nurse educators provide a learning environment that promotes understanding through interaction, students might only commit unassimilated information to their short-term memory through rote learning, and no meaningful learning will occur. Nursing students must be able to link learned facts, concepts and principles with new knowledge in order to make sound rational decisions in practice (All & Havens 1997:1210, 1213). The aim of this paper is to describe the utilisation of concept-mapping as a teaching method to facilitate critical thinking by students in nursing education. The description of the utilisation of concept-mapping is done from the theoretical framework of concept-mapping and critical thinking to provide the epistemological basis for concept-mapping (Facione 1990:6, 13). Based on the exploration and description of the theoretical frameworks, four steps to facilitate critical thinking were formulated through concept-mapping on the basis of the educational process: the identification, interactive constructing process, formulation and evaluation steps. It is concluded that the utilisation of these steps will assist nurse educators to implement conceptmapping as a teaching method to facilitate critical thinking by student nurses in nursing education. Recommendations are made. Keywords: Critical thinking; conceptmapping; facilitation; teaching methods; nursing education