Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Triceps Surae Short Latency Stretch Reflexes Contribute to Ankle Stiffness Regulation during Human Running

During human running, short latency stretch reflexes (SLRs) are elicited in the triceps surae muscles, but the function of these responses is still a matter of controversy. As the SLR is primarily mediated by Ia afferent nerve fibres, various methods have been used to examine SLR function by selectively blocking the Ia pathway in seated, standing and walking paradigms, but stretch reflex function has not been examined in detail during running. The purpose of this study was to examine triceps surae SLR function at different running speeds using Achilles tendon vibration to modify SLR size. Ten healthy participants ran on an instrumented treadmill at speeds between 7 and 15 km/h under 2 Achilles tendon vibration conditions: no vibration and 90 Hz vibration. Surface EMG from the triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles, and 3D lower limb kinematics and ground reaction forces were simultaneously collected. In response to vibration, the SLR was depressed in the triceps surae muscles at all speeds. This coincided with short-lasting yielding at the ankle joint at speeds between 7 and 12 km/h, suggesting that the SLR contributes to muscle stiffness regulation by minimising ankle yielding during the early contact phase of running. Furthermore, at the fastest speed of 15 km/h, the SLR was still depressed by vibration in all muscles but yielding was no longer evident. This finding suggests that the SLR has greater functional importance at slow to intermediate running speeds than at faster speeds.
They see us as less than human: Metadehumanization predicts intergroup conflict via reciprocal dehumanization.

Although the act of dehumanizing an outgroup is a pervasive and potent intergroup process that drives discrimination and conflict, no formal research has examined the consequences of being dehumanized by an outgroup-that is, "metadehumanization. " Across 10 studies (N = 3,440) involving several real-world conflicts spanning 3 continents, we provide the first empirical evidence that metadehumanization (a) plays a central role in outgroup aggression that is (b) mediated by outgroup dehumanization, and (c) distinct from metaprejudice. Studies 1a and 1b demonstrate experimentally that Americans who learn that Arabs (Study 1a) or Muslims (Study 1b) blatantly dehumanize Americans are more likely to dehumanize that outgroup in return; by contrast, experimentally increasing outgroup dehumanization did not increase metadehumanization (Study 1c). Using correlational data, Study 2 documents indirect effects of metadehumanization on Americans' support for aggressive policies toward Arabs (e.g., torture) via Arab dehumanization. In the context of Hungarians and ethnic minority Roma, Study 3 shows that the pathway for Hungarians from metadehumanization to aggression through outgroup dehumanization holds controlling for outgroup prejudice. Study 4 examines Israelis' metaperceptions with respect to Palestinians, showing that: (a) feeling dehumanized (i.e., metadehumanization) is distinct from feeling disliked (i.e., metaprejudice), and (b) metadehumanization uniquely influences aggression through outgroup dehumanization, controlling for metaprejudice. Studies 5a and 5b explore Americans' metaperceptions regarding ISIS and Iran. We document a dehumanization-specific pathway from metadehumanization to aggressive attitudes and behavior that is distinct from the path from metaprejudice through prejudice to aggression. In Study 6, American participants learning that Muslims humanize Americans (i.e., metahumanization) humanize Muslims in turn. Finally, Study 7 experimentally contrasts metadehumanization and metahumanization primes, and shows that resulting differences in outgroup dehumanization are mediated by (a) perceived identity threat, and (b) a general desire to reciprocate the outgroup's perceptions of the ingroup. In summary, our research outlines how and why metadehumanization contributes to cycles of ongoing violence and animosity, providing direction for future research and policy. (PsycINFO Database Record
Document clustering via dirichlet process mixture model with feature selection

One essential issue of document clustering is to estimate the appropriate number of clusters for a document collection to which documents should be partitioned. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, namely DPMFS, to address this issue. The proposed approach is designed 1) to group documents into a set of clusters while the number of document clusters is determined by the Dirichlet process mixture model automatically; 2) to identify the discriminative words and separate them from irrelevant noise words via stochastic search variable selection technique. We explore the performance of our proposed approach on both a synthetic dataset and several realistic document datasets. The comparison between our proposed approach and stage-of-the-art document clustering approaches indicates that our approach is robust and effective for document clustering.
SEQUENTIAL OPTIMALITY CONDITIONS IN CONVEX PROGRAMMING VIA PERTURBATION APPROACH

where f : X → R is a proper convex and lower semicontinuous function, X is a separated locally convex space and C is a convex subset of X the Pshenichnyi Rockafellar Lemma gives a necessary and sufficient optimality condition whenever a regularity condition is fulfilled : an element a ∈ dom(f) ∩ C is an optimal solution of (P0) if and only if 0 ∈ ∂f(a) +NC(a). This is a very important result in convex optimization with many applications. Nevertheless, it has some disadvantages. First of all, a can be a minimizer of f on C even if 0 6∈ ∂f(a)+NC(a) (because for instance the set ∂f(a) could be empty). Moreover, the regularity condition does not always hold even in the finite dimensional case. Consider now the convex optimization problem
Islamic Work Ethic, innovative work behaviour, and adaptive performance: the mediating mechanism and an interacting effect

This study’s focus is on the relationship between Islamic Work Ethic (IWE) and adaptive performance with the mediating role of innovative work behaviour (IWB) and moderating role of ethical leadership among hospitality sector employees in Pakistan. Data were collected using questionnaires from 257 employees working in various hotels across Pakistan. Results indicate that IWE significantly predicts adaptive performance both directly and indirectly through IWB. In addition, results also confirm the moderating role of ethical leadership between IWE and IWB. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Numerical Solution for the Boussinesq Type Models with Application to Arterial Flow

A family of classical Boussinesq system of nonlinear wave theory is presented in a form of conservative equations supplemented by Riemann solver, which is a fundamental block in the Godunov frame formulation of flow problems. The governing system simulates different physical phenomena, such as propagation of a small amplitude waves on a surface of water, or pulse wave propagation in compliant thin walled arterial systems. While the first model is for verification purpose only, pulse wave propagation through the junction of thin walled elastic branches is of primary interest. The inertial effects associated with transversal motion of the wall are introduced, affirming the dispersive nature of pulsating waves. The problem of accounting for branching and possible discontinuity of wall properties is addressed. Preliminary analysis is presented which leads to the correct jump conditions across bifurcated area. As a result, the model accurately describes the formation of transmission and reflection waves at bifurcation, including effects of discontinuities. The Riemann solver supplies the inter cell flux and junction fluxes, based on conservation of volume, momentum and energy, with account of losses associated with the flow turn angle at bifurcation. An implicit monotonic total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme, second order accurate in time and space has been applied for the analysis of solitary wave solution in bifurcated arteries. Numerical results are in a good agreement with the known analytical and numerical solutions reported elsewhere. Based on direct computational analysis the inverse solution was obtained, calculating the local elastic properties of the arterial wall, using typical diagnostic measurements. Mathematical modelling presented in this work leads to a physiological understanding and interpretation of diagnostic measurements of the wave forms of a blood pressure, flow rate and an artery wall deflection.
Na+ current properties in islet α- and β-cells reflect cell-specific Scn3a and Scn9a expression

α‐ and β‐cells express both Nav1.3 and Nav1.7 Na+ channels but in different relative amounts. The differential expression explains the different properties of Na+ currents in α‐ and β‐cells. Nav1.3 is the functionally important Na+ channel α subunit in both α‐ and β‐cells. Islet Nav1.7 channels are locked in an inactive state due to an islet cell‐specific factor.
How do professional learning communities aid and hamper professional learning of beginning teachers related to differentiated instruction?

Abstract Research has shown that adequate support from the school environment is necessary to help beginning teachers in applying differentiated instruction (DI), but how schools can aid in this process remains unclear. This qualitative study explores how professional learning communities (PLCs), an indicator of a supportive school environment, can enhance beginning teachers’ professional learning in DI. Furthermore, it examines how structural and cultural school conditions foster the development of PLCs in the schools’ organization. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with school leaders, special needs coordinators, and beginning teachers in primary schools. A comparative analysis was carried out in three schools with high (case A), medium (case B), and low (case C) levels of beginning teachers’ professional learning in DI, as assessed by changes in practice (i.e. teachers’ flexibility in adapting their classroom behaviour). The comparative analysis indicated that the three cases could be situated at different stages of PLC development. Case A had reached the mature stage, whereas case B was in the evolving stage and case C was still in the beginning stage of PLC development. Also, the analysis indicated that structural and cultural school conditions in the three cases were related to the different stages of PLC development. Finally, the results revealed that in the three cases, leadership of both the principal and special needs coordinator played a key role in the development of the structural and cultural school conditions.
The C Terminus of the Escherichia coli RecA Protein Modulates the DNA Binding Competition with Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein*

The nucleation step of Escherichia coli RecA filament formation on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is strongly inhibited by prebound E. coli ssDNA-binding protein (SSB). The capacity of RecA protein to displace SSB is dramatically enhanced in RecA proteins with C-terminal deletions. The displacement of SSB by RecA protein is progressively improved when 6, 13, and 17 C-terminal amino acids are removed from the RecA protein relative to the full-length protein. The C-terminal deletion mutants also more readily displace yeast replication protein A than does the full-length protein. Thus, the RecA protein has an inherent and robust capacity to displace SSB from ssDNA. However, the displacement function is suppressed by the RecA C terminus, providing another example of a RecA activity with C-terminal modulation. RecAΔC17 also has an enhanced capacity relative to wild-type RecA protein to bind ssDNA containing secondary structure. Added Mg2+ enhances the ability of wild-type RecA and the RecA C-terminal deletion mutants to compete with SSB and replication protein A. The overall binding of RecAΔC17 mutant protein to linear ssDNA is increased further by the mutation E38K, previously shown to enhance SSB displacement from ssDNA. The double mutant RecAΔC17/E38K displaces SSB somewhat better than either individual mutant protein under some conditions and exhibits a higher steady-state level of binding to linear ssDNA under all conditions.
Multi-speaker/speaker-independent architectures for the multi-state time delay neural network

The authors present an improved multistate time delay neural network (MS-TDNN) for speaker-independent, connected letter recognition which outperforms an HMM (hidden Markov model) based system (SPHINX) and previous MS-TDNNs. They also explore new network architectures with internal speaker models. Four different architectures characterized by an increasing number of speaker-specific parameters are introduced. The speaker-specific parameters can be adjusted by automatic speaker identification or by speaker adaptation, allowing for tuning-in to a new speaker. Both methods lead to significant improvements over the straightforward speaker-independent architecture. Even unsupervised tuning-in (speech is unlabeled) works well. <<ETX>>
Is overestimation of body size associated with neuropsychological weaknesses in anorexia nervosa?

BACKGROUND Recent research indicates some evidence of neuropsychological weaknesses in visuospatial memory, central coherence and set-shifting in adults with anorexia nervosa (AN). The growing interest in neuropsychological functioning of patients with AN is based upon the assumption that neuropsychological weaknesses contribute to the clinical features of the illness. However, due to a paucity of research on the connection between neuropsychological difficulties and the clinical features of AN, this link remains hypothetical. The main objective of this study was to explore the association between specific areas of neuropsychological functioning and body size estimation in patients with AN and healthy controls. METHODS The sample consisted of 36 women diagnosed with AN and 34 healthy female controls. Participants were administered the continuous visual memory test and the recall trials of Rey Complex Figure Test to assess visual memory. Central coherence was assessed using the copy trial of Rey Complex Figure Test, and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was used to assess set-shifting. Body size estimation was assessed with a computerized morphing programme. RESULTS The analyses showed no significant correlations between any of the neuropsychological measures and body size estimation. CONCLUSION The results suggest that there is no association between these areas of neuropsychological difficulties and body size estimation among patients with AN. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
All-hex meshing using singularity-restricted field

Decomposing a volume into high-quality hexahedral cells is a challenging task in geometric modeling and computational geometry. Inspired by the use of cross field in quad meshing and the CubeCover approach in hex meshing, we present a complete all-hex meshing framework based on singularity-restricted field that is essential to induce a valid all-hex structure. Given a volume represented by a tetrahedral mesh, we first compute a boundary-aligned 3D frame field inside it, then convert the frame field to be singularity-restricted by our effective topological operations. In our all-hex meshing framework, we apply the CubeCover method to achieve the volume parametrization. For reducing degenerate elements appearing in the volume parametrization, we also propose novel tetrahedral split operations to preprocess singularity-restricted frame fields. Experimental results show that our algorithm generates high-quality all-hex meshes from a variety of 3D volumes robustly and efficiently.
Social Groups and Identities: Developing the Legacy of Henri Tajfel

Social identity, independence and the social group a reply to Rabbie et al intragroup processes, group structure and social identity the categorization process cognition and the group in the social psychology of stereotyping accentuation revisisted social identity, self as structure and self as process Tajfel's contribution to the reduction of intergroup conflict power - an essay in honour of Henri Tajfel "Let the Wheelchair Through" an intergroup approach to interability communication children and racism - beyond the value of dolls constructing social identities the individual/social binary in Henri Tajfel's social psychology social identity and time social identity and social change rethinking the context of social psychology remembering the background of social identity theory.
Information and Efficiency in the Nervous System—A Synthesis

In systems biology, questions concerning the molecular and cellular makeup of an organism are of utmost importance, especially when trying to understand how unreliable components—like genetic circuits, biochemical cascades, and ion channels, among others—enable reliable and adaptive behaviour. The repertoire and speed of biological computations are limited by thermodynamic or metabolic constraints: an example can be found in neurons, where fluctuations in biophysical states limit the information they can encode—with almost 20–60% of the total energy allocated for the brain used for signalling purposes, either via action potentials or by synaptic transmission. Here, we consider the imperatives for neurons to optimise computational and metabolic efficiency, wherein benefits and costs trade-off against each other in the context of self-organised and adaptive behaviour. In particular, we try to link information theoretic (variational) and thermodynamic (Helmholtz) free-energy formulations of neuronal processing and show how they are related in a fundamental way through a complexity minimisation lemma.
Investigation of medical 3D-rendering algorithms

An investigation of the quality of surface-shading algorithms using computer-simulated test objects is reported. Test results are presented for four algorithms: z-buffer gradient, gray-level gradient, adaptive gray-level gradient, and marching cubes with two extensions. It was found that gray-level gradient shading and marching cubes did not differ greatly, except for thin objects, where adaptive gray-level gradient shading was better. Transparent visualization using transparent gray-level gradient shading is examined. It is shown that although there is no way to assure the fidelity of transparent shading, it is useful when no other surface at all can be determined. Use of a combination of shading methods appears to yield the best visualization of the respective objects. <<ETX>>
A new approach to the numerical integration of rotational motion for interacting rigid bodies

A new approach is developed to integrate numerically the equations of motion for systems of interacting rigid polyatomic molecules. With the aid of a leapfrog framework, we directly involve principal angular velocities into the integration, whereas orientational positions are expressed in terms of either principal axes or quaternions. As a result, the rigidness of molecules appears to be an integral of motion, despite the atom trajectories are evaluated approximately. In the case of microcanonicalensemble dynamics, the approach leads to an algorithm which is free of any iterative procedures. It is shown that the algorithm derived exhibits significantly better properties in energy conservation with respect to all known rigid-body integrators. A thermostatted version is also described. It allows to obtain reliable results in computer simulations of water with huge time steps up to 10 fs, much larger than is usually possible. MSC numbers: 65C20; 65-04; 68U20; 70E15; 82A71
Adaptive dynamic programming

Unlike the many soft computing applications where it suffices to achieve a "good approximation most of the time," a control system must be stable all of the time. As such, if one desires to learn a control law in real-time, a fusion of soft computing techniques to learn the appropriate control law with hard computing techniques to maintain the stability constraint and guarantee convergence is required. The objective of the paper is to describe an adaptive dynamic programming algorithm (ADPA) which fuses soft computing techniques to learn the optimal cost (or return) functional for a stabilizable nonlinear system with unknown dynamics and hard computing techniques to verify the stability and convergence of the algorithm. Specifically, the algorithm is initialized with a (stabilizing) cost functional and the system is run with the corresponding control law (defined by the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation), with the resultant state trajectories used to update the cost functional in a soft computing mode. Hard computing techniques are then used to show that this process is globally convergent with stepwise stability to the optimal cost functional/control law pair for an (unknown) input affine system with an input quadratic performance measure (modulo the appropriate technical conditions). Three specific implementations of the ADPA are developed for 1) the linear case, 2) for the nonlinear case using a locally quadratic approximation to the cost functional, and 3) the nonlinear case using a radial basis function approximation of the cost functional; illustrated by applications to flight control.
Study of Biological Active Factors in Some New Varieties of Minor Millet Seeds

Minor millets are important source of protein in many developing countries. However this protein is not readily available because of biological active factors (anti-nutrients), hence information on the content of antinutrients is necessary, before including these seeds in diet. The biological active factors like polyphenol (tannins), oxalates, trypsin inhibitor activity,cynogenetics glycosides and heamagglutinin activities were studied in the varieties of minor millet seeds, viz Eleusine coracana(varieties FM & HR), Paspalum scrobiculatum (varieties 41,48 & 493), Panicum sumatrnse (varieties 8 & LMCO-2), Echinochloa frumentacea (varieties BMVL-29 & BMVL-172).
Echinococcus multilocularis and Its Intermediate Host: A Model of Parasite-Host Interplay

Host-parasite interactions in the E. multilocularis-intermediate host model depend on a subtle balance between cellular immunity, which is responsible for host's resistance towards the metacestode, the larval stage of the parasite, and tolerance induction and maintenance. The pathological features of alveolar echinococcosis. the disease caused by E. multilocularis, are related both to parasitic growth and to host's immune response, leading to fibrosis and necrosis, The disease spectrum is clearly dependent on the genetic background of the host as well as on acquired disturbances of Th1-related immunity. The laminated layer of the metacestode, and especially its carbohydrate components, plays a major role in tolerance induction. Th2-type and anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, as well as nitric oxide, are involved in the maintenance of tolerance and partial inhibition of cytotoxic mechanisms. Results of studies in the experimental mouse model and in patients suggest that immune modulation with cytokines, such as interferon-α, or with specific antigens could be used in the future to treat patients with alveolar echinococcosis and/or to prevent this very severe parasitic disease.
The propreties of an L-function from a geometric point of view

We will discuss similarities of L-functions between in the number theory and in the geometry. In particular the Hesse-Weil congruent zeta function of a smooth curve defined over a finite field will be compared to the zeta function associated to a disrete dynamical system. Moreover a geometric analog of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyre conjecture and of the Iwasawa Main Conjecture will be discussed. 1