Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Guidance for the Clinician in Rendering Pediatric Care The Evaluation of Suspected Child Physical Abuse

Child physical abuse is an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality and is associated with major physical and mental health problems that can extend into adulthood. Pediatricians are in a unique position to identify and prevent child abuse, and this clinical report provides guidance to the practitioner regarding indicators and evaluation of suspected physical abuse of children. The role of the physician may include identifying abused children with suspicious injuries who present for care, reporting suspected abuse to the child protection agency for investigation, supporting families who are affected by child abuse, coordinating with other professionals and community agencies to provide immediate and long-term treatment to victimized children, providing court testimony when necessary, providing preventive care and anticipatory guidance in the office, and advocating for policies and programs that support families and protect vulnerable children.
Under examination

Since the 1990s, multilevel models have become popular tools for looking at contextual effects upon health. However, the way that geography is incorporated into these models has received criticism due to somewhat arbitrary definitions of what counts as context, the models’ discrete and, arguably, aspatial view of geographical effects, and the lack of any clear theoretical specification of the processes involved. This review draws together and extends these criticisms, arguing that while currently there are problems with how geography is conceived within multilevel models, there are ways of addressing them, and indeed that it is important to do so.
Are Reaching Movements Planned to be Straight and Invariant in the Extrinsic Space? Kinematic Comparison between Compliant and Unconstrained Motions

Two main questions were addressed in the present study. First, does the existence of kinematic regularities in the extrinsic space represent a general rule? Second, can the existence of extrinsic regularities be related to specific experimental situations implying, for instance, the generation of compliant motion (i.e. a motion constrained by external contact)? To address these two questions we studied the spatio-temporal characteristics of unconstrained and compliant movements. Five major differences were observed between these two types of movement: (1) the movement latency and movement duration were significantly longer in the compliant than in the unconstrained condition; (2) whereas the hand path was curved and variable according to movement direction for the unconstrained movements, it was straight and invariant for the compliant movements; (3) whereas the movement end-point distribution was roughly circular for the unconstrained movements, it was consistently elongated and typically oriented in the movement direction for the compliant movements; (4) whereas constant errors varied as a function of target eccentricity for the unconstrained movements, they were independent of this factor for the compliant movements; (5) the instruction to move the final effector along a straight line path influenced the characteristics of the unconstrained movements but not the characteristics of the compliant movements. When considered together, the previous observations suggest that compliant and unconstrained movements involve different planning strategies. Our data support the hypothesis that unconstrained motions, unlike compliant motions, are not programmed to follow a straight line path in the extrinsic space. This observation provides a theoretical frame of reference within which some apparently contradictory results reported in the movement generation literature may be explained.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis Revisited: The Clinician's Guide to Improve the Reliability of Psychiatric Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND The authors reviewed the topic of reliability of psychiatric diagnosis from the turn of the 20th century to present. The objectives of this paper are to explore the reasons of unreliability of psychiatric diagnosis and propose ways to improve the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. METHOD The authors reviewed the literature on the concept of reliability of psychiatric diagnosis with emphasis on the impact of interviewing skills, use of diagnostic criteria, and structured interviews on the reliability of psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS Causes of diagnostic unreliability are attributed to the patient, the clinician and psychiatric nomenclature. The reliability of psychiatric diagnosis can be enhanced by using diagnostic criteria, defining psychiatric symptoms and structuring the interviews. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose the acronym 'DR.SED,' which stands for diagnostic criteria, reference definitions, structuring the interview, clinical experience, and data. The authors recommend that clinicians use the DR.SED paradigm to improve the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses.
Monitoring HIV Prevention Programme Outcomes among Key Populations in Kenya: Findings from a National Survey

In preparation for the implementation of the Kenya AIDS Strategic Framework 2014/15-2018/19, the Kenya National AIDS and STI Control Programme facilitated a national polling booth survey as part of a baseline assessment of HIV-related risk behaviours among FSWs, MSM, and PWID, and their utilization of existing preventive interventions, as well as structural factors that may influence KPs’ vulnerability to HIV. The survey was conducted among “key populations” (female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs) to understand current HIV risk and prevention behaviours, utilization of existing programmes and services, and experiences of violence. In total, 3,448 female sex workers, 1,308 men who have sex with men, and 690 people who inject drugs were randomly selected to participate in polling booth survey sessions from seven priority sites. Survey responses were aggregated and descriptive statistics derived. In general, reported condom use among all key populations was quite high with paying clients, and lower with regular, non-paying partners. Many participants reported unavailability of condoms or clean injecting equipment within the past month. Exposure to, and utilization of, existing HIV prevention services varied significantly among the groups, and was reported least commonly by female sex workers. Encouragingly, approximately three-quarters of all key population members reported receiving an HIV test in the past three months. All key population groups reported experiencing high levels of physical and sexual violence from partners/clients, and/or arrest and violence by law enforcement officials. Although some of the findings are encouraging, there is room for improvement in HIV prevention programmes and services for key populations across Kenya.
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF MIGRATION INHIBITORY FACTOR (MIF)

The initial interaction between migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and the guinea pig alveolar and peritoneal macrophage was studied. MIF-containing supernatants were generated from sensitized lymph node lymphocytes obtained from guinea pigs immunized with bovine gamma globulin in complete Freund's adjuvant. MIF-containing supernatants were markedly inhibitory for the migration of the peritoneal macrophage but had no effect on the alveolar macrophage. A linear relationship was observed between per cent inhibition of migration and serial twofold dilution of supernatant. Reexpressed in arbitrary MIF units, this relationship reflects a dose-response relationship with saturation characteristics. Pulse exposure of peritoneal macrophages to MIF resulted in adsorption of MIF onto both viable and nonviable cells with corresponding depletion of supernatant MIF. The alveolar macrophage did not adsorb MIF. Pulse adsorption of MIF onto the peritoneal macrophage is dependent on time, temperature, and cell number. Pretreatment of the cells with proteolytic enzyme prevents the adsorption of MIF while leaving migration unaffected. These observations support the existence of a specific cell surface receptor for MIF. The existence of such a receptor provides selectivity of immune modulation of macrophage populations by lymphocytes in delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
Mycoplasma genitalium: a cause of male urethritis?

BACKGROUND--Male urethritis may be caused by mycoplasmas. Since Mycoplasma genitalium has previously been isolated from the urethra of two men with non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), it was the aim of the study further to elucidate its role by measuring the prevalence of this organism in men with NGU. MATERIAL AND METHODS--The polymerase chain reaction was used. Two different sequences of the gene coding for the main adhesin MgPa were amplified. Urethral, rectal, and throat samples from 99 male sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients with and without urethritis were studied. RESULTS--M genitalium DNA was demonstrated in 17/99 (17%) of the urethral swabs, but in none of the rectal and throat swabs. Significantly more patients with urethritis (13/52) were positive for M genitalium DNA than were patients without urethritis (4/47) (p < 0.03). In those with urethritis M genitalium DNA was found more often in Chlamydia trachomatis negative NGU (12/34) than in those with chlamydial NGU (1/14) (p = 0.05). Attempts to culture M genitalium from the PCR positive specimens were unsuccessful. CONCLUSION--M genitalium DNA was found significantly more often in male STD patients with non-chlamydial NGU than in men with chlamydial urethritis (p = 0.05) and in men without urethritis (p = 0.003), suggesting that M genitalium may be a cause of NGU. M genitalium DNA was not demonstrated in any of the throat or rectal swabsindicating that the urogenital tract is probably the primary site of infection or colonisation of this species.
Accuracy of patient-reported height loss and risk factors for height loss among postmenopausal women

Background: Since loss of height may indicate vertebral fracture, the accuracy of the information on height is relevant for clinical practice. We undertook this study to compare reported and measured loss of height among post-menopausal women in a primary care setting. We also analyzed the determinants of this height loss. Methods: In an observational study conducted between December 2007 and May 2008, we asked 1779 randomly selected general practitioners to recruit the first five female patients who were more than 60 years of age, regardless of the reason for the consultation. Using a questionnaire, physicians collected data on demographic and clinical variables, history of osteoporosis and current anti-osteoporotic treatment. We used three assessments of height: tallest height in early adulthood recalled by the patient, estimated current height reported by the patient at the visit and current measured height. We defined loss of height as the difference between the patient’s tallest recalled height and her current measured height. Results: A total of 8610 patients were included in the analysis; the mean age was 70.9 (standard deviation [SD] 7.2) years. The mean loss of height was 4.5 cm. The mean current reported height was 2.1 (SD 2.5) cm lower than the tallest recalled height and 2.4 (SD 2.6) cm lower than the measured current height. The best predictors of a loss of height of 3 cm or more were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08–1.10), previous vertebral fracture (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.16–1.91), previous nonvertebral fracture (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.06–1.51), thoracic kyphosis (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.69–2.55), scoliosis (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.12–1.63), back pain (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.39) and osteoporosis (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.20–1.60). Interpretation: Our study showed that the patients’ estimated current height was not correct, with a mean difference of −2.5 cm from the current measured height. The mean height loss was 4.5 cm. Previous vertebral fracture and thoracic kyphosis were strong determinants of the height loss.
Three patterns of social categorization in attribution memory

Studied within the framework of accentuation theory the effects of three categorization conditions on attribution memory. Using the experimental approach proposed by Taylor et al (1978) we have tested the hypothesis that subject's discriminative accuracy in associating the sentences to the pictures of the person who produced them depends on the use of categorical criteria. On the basis of TajteL's model, it is plausible to expect the number of intercategorical errors to be smaller than the number of intercategorical errors. If a relation holds between the number of intercategorical errors and ‘strength’ of categorization criteria, then comparing the data of simple categorization situation with those of a situation of superimposed categorization we should expect a decrease of intercategorical errors in the latter. In the case of crossed categorizations, an increase of this type of errors should be expected. The results support this hypothesis. The data in the crossed categorizations condition are discussed in relation to explanation proposed by Brown and Turner (1979).
An analysis of the strain field in biaxial Flexcell membranes for different waveforms and frequencies

Mechanical stimuli have been shown to affect cell behaviour in terms of proliferation, apoptosis, and protein expression. In terms of cardiovascular diseases, for example, endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to an abnormal strain environment have been associated with atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis. The FX-4000™ system (Flexercell® Tension Plus System, Flexcell Corporation, McKeesport, Pennsylvania, USA) is an in-vitro system that is widely used to strain cells in order to evaluate their response to strain. The precision, accuracy, and repeatability of the strains controlled by the system are therefore crucial to analyse and interpret the results confidently. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical behaviour of the FX-4000™ Flexercell® six-well-plate silicon membranes for static and dynamic cyclic strains by measuring the maximum peak strain and analysing the change in the membrane deformation after cyclic strain for 0 h, 24 h, and 48 h at different strain amplitudes and frequencies. The results of the tests conducted demonstrate notable differences between the measured strains of the membranes in comparison with both the inputs and the outputs of the Flexcell® software. The calibration method used by Flexcell® International assumes that the strain values determined for a given vacuum pressure on the silicone membranes are reliable for different waveforms and frequencies. The data reported here clearly indicate that this is not the case. The results indicate that a unique calibration pressure—strain curve must be determined for each test given the viscoelastic nature of the Flexcell system. A new method to calibrate the machine in house was applied using new pressure—strain equations. This new calibration method has been presented and should enable researchers using the Flexcell® machine to set up their cell experiments more accurately.
Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in swab specimens by the Hybrid Capture II and PACE 2 nucleic acid probe tests.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The Digene Hybrid Capture II (HC II) CT/GC Test (Digene Corp., Beltsville, MD) is a new nucleic acid signal amplification-based test for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in specimens from the genital tract. For optimal results, the HC II CT/GC Test employs a special conical shaped brush for cervical specimen collection from nonpregnant women and swabs from pregnant women. GOALS To validate a protocol for HC II C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae testing of specimens collected for the GenProbe PACE 2 System. STUDY DESIGN Specimens were collected from 1,746 patients with a swab and placed in GenProbe transport media according to the manufacturer's recommended procedure. The specimens were first tested at two clinical laboratories by the PACE 2 system, and then blindly tested by HC II CT/GC using an adjusted cutoff value. Discrepant specimens were adjudicated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the result common to two of the three testing methods (HC II, PACE 2, and PCR) was defined as the consensus result. RESULTS Combining the data from both sites, the relative sensitivity of the HC II Test compared with the consensus result for the detection of 1,761 specimens for C. trachomatis and 1,750 specimens for N. gonorrhoeae was 100% for both organisms. The relative specificities for C. trachomatis and N. gonorrhoeae detection were 99.8% and 99.7%, respectively. The relative sensitivities of the PACE 2 CT and GC Systems were 86.5% and 87.1%, respectively, with relative specificities of 99.9% and 100%. The difference in sensitivity between HC II and PACE 2 for C. trachomatis detection was significant (P < 0.016). CONCLUSION The HC II CT/GC Test can be performed using specimens collected in GenProbe transport media and has a significantly greater sensitivity for C. trachomatis detection than the PACE 2 System.
Taxonomy Learning Using Compound Similarity Measure

Taxonomy learning is one of the major steps in ontology learning process. Manual construction of taxonomies is a time-consuming and cumbersome task. Recently many researchers have focused on automatic taxonomy learning, but still quality of generated taxonomies is not satisfactory. In this paper we have proposed a new compound similarity measure. This measure is based on both knowledge poor and knowledge rich approaches to find word similarity. We also used Machine Learning Technique (Neural Network model) for combination of several similarity methods. We have compared our method with simple syntactic similarity measure. Our measure considerably improves the precision and recall of automatic generated taxonomies.
SIROLIMUS (RAPAMYCIN) FOR THE TREATMENT OF STEROID-REFRACTORY ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE1

Background. In a pilot trial we evaluated the toxicity and efficacy of sirolimus (rapamycin) as second-line therapy for the treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in 21 patients (1–46 years of age) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Methods. All patients were treated with methylprednisolone at 2 mg/kg/day, but failed to respond satisfactorily. Sirolimus was started 19–78 (median 37) days after HSCT when 10 patients had grade III and 11 had grade IV GVHD. The first four patients received a loading dose (15 mg/m2) of oral sirolimus on day 1 followed by 5 mg/m2/day for 13 days. The next 17 patients received either 5 (n=7) or 4 (n=10) mg/m2/day for 14 days without a loading dose. Eleven patients completed the 14-day sirolimus course. Five patients were treated for 9–13 days, two for 6 days, and three for 1–3 days. Results. Sirolimus was discontinued early in 10 patients because of lack of improvement in GVHD (n=5), myelosuppression (n=2), seizure (n=2), and attending physician preference (n=1). The most common and significant adverse events were thrombocytopenia (n=7) and neutropenia (n=4). Other side effects included increased blood triglycerides (n=8) and cholesterol (n=3). Five patients had evidence of a hemolytic uremic syndrome concurrently with or after sirolimus treatment. Eighteen of the 21 patients received 6 or more doses of sirolimus and 12 responded, 5 with complete and 7 with partial responses. Six of the 12 responders (28% of all patients enrolled) and 1 nonresponder are currently alive at 400–907 days after HSCT, 3 with chronic GVHD. Fourteen of the 21 patients (66%) died 40–263 days after transplant. Conclusion. These data suggest that sirolimus has activity in the treatment of steroid-refractory acute GVHD. However, there was considerable toxicity and further dose optimization studies seem warranted.
When is a Practicum Productive?: A Study of Learning to Plan

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine preservice teachers' perspectives of learning to plan within a Vygotskian-designed, reflective teacher education program. Course work and field work centered around planning, implementing, and evaluating an interdisciplinary unit structured to promote preservice teachers' discourse and reflection of preactive, interactive, and postactive planning. Case studies of preservice teachers' self reports indicated concerns for individualized learning and teaching, a need for content knowledge, and an awareness of the impact of their teaching on student learning. The unit project allowed them to make curriculum decisions and revisions in a classroom and to reflect on the technical and conceptual aspects of teaching discussed in their methods courses. A redefinition of the practicum experience and its implications to teacher education are discussed.
A New Method for in Situ Measurement of Bt-Maize Pollen Deposition on Host-Plant Leaves

Maize is wind pollinated and produces huge amounts of pollen. In consequence, the Cry toxins expressed in the pollen of Bt maize will be dispersed by wind in the surrounding vegetation leading to exposure of non-target organisms (NTO). NTO like lepidopteran larvae may be affected by the uptake of Bt-pollen deposited on their host plants. Although some information is available to estimate pollen deposition on host plants, recorded data are based on indirect measurements such as shaking or washing off pollen, or removing pollen with adhesive tapes. These methods often lack precision and they do not include the necessary information such as the spatial and temporal variation of pollen deposition on the leaves. Here, we present a new method for recording in situ the amount and the distribution of Bt-maize pollen deposited on host plant leaves. The method is based on the use of a mobile digital microscope (Dino-Lite Pro, including DinoCapture software), which can be used in combination with a notebook in the field. The method was evaluated during experiments in 2008 to 2010. Maize pollen could be correctly identified and pollen deposition as well as the spatial heterogeneity of maize pollen deposition was recorded on maize and different lepidopteran host plants (Centaurea scabiosa, Chenopodium album, Rumex spp., Succina pratensis and Urtica dioica) growing adjacent to maize fields.
Organisational Defences Revisited: systems and contexts

It has been suggested that localised attempts at change may fail because of organisational defences that are sustained through bureaucratic systems. Mental health workers face specific threats arising from the nature and context of their work. The resulting anxieties lead to defensiveness in the workers that may be supported by organisational structures and procedures. Attempts at changing existing patterns of work can increase anxiety and lead to more (rather than less) entrenched resistance in the form of organisational defences. As a result, the service received by patients may barely change. Four health service contexts are introduced here and psychodynamic processes operating therein are explored and contrasted.