Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the protein related receptor GPR92 in G-cells

A continuous assessment of ingested food in the gastric lumen is essential for fine-tuning the digestive activities, including the secretion of the regulatory hormones such as gastrin. It has been proposed that G-cells may be able to sense the amount of ingested proteins and adjust the secretion of gastrin accordingly. Our previous studies have shown that G-cells express suitable receptor types, most notably the peptone-receptor GPR92 and the amino acid receptors GPRC6A and CaSR; however, their relative importance remained unclear. To determine the relative quantity of each receptor type, individual G-cells isolated from the transgenic mouse line mGas-EGFP were analyzed by means of a Liquid Chromatography Tandem-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) procedure. The results indicate that the relative amount of receptor protein for GPR92 was much higher than for the receptor types GPRC6A and CaSR. These findings support the notion that the peptone-receptor GPR92 may be particularly relevant for sensing partially digested protein products. This view was supported by the finding that a high-protein diet affected the expression level of the peptone-receptor GPR92 in the gastric antrum as well as in the circumvallate papillae.
Cloning of a yeast U1 snRNP 70K protein homologue: functional conservation of an RNA‐binding domain between humans and yeast.

We have cloned and sequenced a gene encoding a yeast homologue of the U1 snRNP 70K protein. The gene, SNP1, encodes a protein which has 30% amino acid identity with the human 70K protein and has a predicted molecular weight of 34 kDa. The yeast and human sequences are more closely related to each other than to other (non‐U1) RNA‐binding proteins, but diverge considerably in their C‐terminal portions. In particular, SNP1 lacks the charged carboxy terminus of the human 70K protein. A yeast strain, a alpha 115, was constructed in which one allele of the SNP1 gene contained a 554 bp deletion. Tetrad analysis of a alpha 115 showed that the SNP1 gene is essential for the viability of yeast cells. The complete human 70K gene did not complement snp1, but the lethal snp1 mutation was rescued by plasmids bearing a chimera in which over half the yeast gene was replaced with the homologous region of the human 70K gene, including the RNA‐binding domain. These results suggest that SNP1 encodes a functional homologue of the U1 snRNP 70K protein.
Articulation and acoustic confusability in short-term memory.

Immediate recall may be based on information stored as speech, or on a short-lived and more purely sensory kind of storage. The latter has often been called the "primary memory image": the visual image probably disappears within a second or so (Sperling, 1960), while the auditory image may last for as long as 3 or 4 sec. (Mackworth, 1964). The latter phenomenon is very close to the notion of "primary memory" (Waugh & Norman, 1965), although for Waugh and Norman, primary memory also is considered to include very recent items which may have been articulated at presentation. The purpose of the present work was to discover whether items ostensibly retrieved from sensory storage were as susceptible to the effects of acoustic confusability (AC) as were items ostensibly retrieved from speech
A Long-Lasting Calcium-Activated Nonselective Cationic Current Is Generated by Synaptic Stimulation or Exogenous Activation of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

We have shown previously that a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, 1S,3R-1-aminocyclo-pentane-1,3-dicarboxylate (1S,3R-ACPD), evokes an inward current in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampal slices in the presence of K+ channel blockers (Crépel et al., 1994). This current has been characterized as a Ca2+-activated nonselective cationic (CAN) current. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and intracellular dialysis, we now have identified the mGluR subtype and the mechanisms underlying the CAN current (ICAN) and report for the first time the presence of a synaptic ICANin the mammalian CNS. First, we have shown pharmacologically that activation of ICAN by 1S,3R-ACPD involves the group I mGluRs (and not the groups II and III) and a G-protein-dependent process. We also report that ICAN is modulated by the divalent cations (Mg2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+). Second, we have isolated a slow synaptic inward current evoked by a high-frequency stimulation in the presence of K+ channel blockers, ionotropic glutamate, and GABAA receptor antagonists. This current shows similar properties to the exogenously evoked ICAN: its reversal potential is close to the reversal potential of the 1S,3R-ACPD-evokedICAN, and it is G-protein- and Ca2+-dependent. Because the amplitude and duration of ICAN increased in the presence of a glutamate uptake blocker, we suggest that this synaptic current is generated via the activation of mGluRs. We propose that the synapticICAN, activated by a brief tetanic stimulation and leading to a long-lasting inward current, may be involved in neuronal plasticity and synchronized network-driven oscillations.
The discrepancy of permutation families

In this note, we show that the discrepancy of any family of ‘ permutations of [n] = f1; 2;:::;ng is O( p ‘ logn), improving on the O(‘ logn) bound due to Bohus (Random Structures & Algorithms, 1:215{220, 1990). In the case where ‘ n, we show that the discrepancy is (min f p n log(2‘=n);ng).
Super-resolution Imaging Realization of Costas Signal

Although the ambiguity function of Costas-coded FH (Frequency Hopping) signal has a thumbtack nature, its resolution in range and velocity domain is constraint by the bandwidth and time duration also. If one target is much stronger than the others in multi-targets detection environment, the sidelobes pedestal will make possible masking via the traditional stretch signal processing. Based on the diffraction model of radar target, sparse decomposition and compressed sensing are applied to reconstruct the radar range-velocity profiles with super-resolution. In order to get the super-resolution profiles, a sparse dictionary is constructed based on the Costas echo model, different sparsity measure functions are studied, and the penalizing function method and the Lagrangian multipliers method are introduced to get the optimal result. Some schemes are introduced to get the optimal atom and the differences between these schemes are compared via simulations. DOI : http://dx.doi. org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i2. 3904
Autism and ostensive communication: The relevance of metarepresentation

Abstract Recent empirical and theoretical work on both normal and pathological development has led to the formulation of the metarepresentational conjecture for autism. This account of autistic development links the core impairments in imaginative abilities, communicative skills, and social competence to dysfunction of a single set of underlying cognitive mechanisms. In this context, Mundy and Sigman (1989) argue that the impairment of early gestural communication in autism cannot be accounted for by the metarepresentational theory. On the contrary, this early communication impairment in autism is highly consistent with a faulty theory-of-mind module. In normal development, this module is available from around the first year to handle estensive communication – shared pretense being a prime, though slightly later, example. We briefly consider the role in communication of perceptual processes that may trigger metarepresentation. This early theory-of-mind module, with its metarepresentational processes, provides the specific developmental basis for later versions of the child's theory of mind.
Cognitive and Noncognitive Effects of Multigrade and Multi-Age Classes: A Best-Evidence Synthesis

Multigrade and multi-age classrooms, in which students from two or more grades are taught by one teacher at the same time, represent a significant phenomenon in our schools. This article reviews the best evidence concerning the cognitive and noncognitive effects of the multigrade classroom, which is an administrative device used to cope with declining student enrollment or uneven class sizes, and the multi-age classroom, in which children of different ages are grouped together for educational and pedagogical benefits, in elementary schools. Studies in which the cognitive or achievement effects of multigrade and single-grade classes were compared revealed no consistent differences between these two types of classroom organization (median ES = .00). Studies of the noncognitive effects of multigrade and single-grade classes also produced no consistent differences (median ES = +.10). Studies in which the cognitive or achievement effects of multi-age and single-age classes were compared indicated no differences between these two types of grouping (median ES = –.03). And, finally, studies of the noncognitive effects of multi-age and single-age classes produced inconsistent effects (median ES = +.15). It is concluded that there is no empirical evidence for the assumption that student learning may suffer in multigrade and multi-age classrooms.
Increased plasma leptin/fat ratio in patients with chronic renal failure: a cause of malnutrition?

BACKGROUND Protein-energy malnutrition occurs in patients with chronic renal failure primarily due to loss of appetite. The ob gene protein, leptin, which is secreted by adipocytes, regulates body composition by lowering food intake. We have measured plasma leptin in undialysed and dialysed patients and in controls and the concentrations have been related to body composition, dietary intake, and biochemistry. METHODS Plasma leptin was measured by radioimmunoassay in 93 individuals in groups of undialysed, peritoneal dialysed, and haemodialysed patients and controls. Body composition was determined by DEXA. RESULTS Protein-energy malnutrition was evident in non-dialysed and dialysed patients from low lean or fat tissues, plasma albumin and transferrin. A third of the dialysis patients were eating less than prescribed intakes. Leptin relative to total fat mass (ng/ml/kg) was significantly greater for patients than for controls, particularly the dialysed patients. Leptin was highly correlated with total, arm, leg, and all other fat measurements, e.g. r for leptin vsm % total fat was: undialysed 0.88, PD 0.81, HD 0.93, and controls 0.83 (P < 0.0001 for all). Dialysis patients with the highest leptin/fat mass ratio had low protein intakes and significantly lower lean tissue mass. Leptin/fat ratio correlated inversely with dietary intake e.g. with protein intake in g/day and marginally in g/kg of ideal weight/day. Leptin concentration was unrelated to plasma creatinine or residual renal function or to the protein 'nutritional indices', albumin and transferrin. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests that leptin is markedly increased in some patients with chronic renal failure. The association of increased leptin with low protein intake and loss of lean tissue is consistent with leptin contributing to malnutrition but a definitive role cannot be substantiated by this study.
Hydrodynamic constraints on prey-capture performance in forward-striking snakes

Some specialized aquatic snakes such as Natrix tessellata strike at fish by rapidly accelerating their head towards the prey with their mouth opened widely. This strategy is believed to be suboptimal as relatively high drag forces act on the open jaws and, therefore, probably limit strike speed. Moreover, the bow wave in front of the snake's jaws could push prey away from the mouth, thus potentially explaining the relatively low capture success observed in these animals (<20%). Here, we used laser-scan based computational fluid dynamics to test these potential constraints on prey-capture performance for N. tessellata. Our simulations showed that drag force indeed increases drastically for striking at a high gape angle. However, we estimated the overall cost in slowing down strike speed to be less pronounced due to the instationary dynamics of the system. In contrast to the expectations, forward displacement of prey was relatively limited (<13% of head length), and forceful collisions between prey and the leading edge of the jaw regularly occurred. However, our models showed that precise aiming by the snake was needed to reduce the chance of deviating the prey to a path bypassing the mouth. Our study also indicated several hydrodynamic advantages for snakes to strike at relatively large prey.
Rice Dwarf Viruses with Dysfunctional Genomes Generated in Plants Are Filtered Out in Vector Insects: Implications for the Origin of the Virus

ABSTRACT Rice dwarf virus (RDV), with 12 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome segments (S1 to S12), replicates in and is transmitted by vector insects. The RDV-plant host-vector insect system allows us to examine the evolution, adaptation, and population genetics of a plant virus. We compared the effects of long-term maintenance of RDV on population structures in its two hosts. The maintenance of RDV in rice plants for several years resulted in gradual accumulation of nonsense mutations in S2 and S10, absence of expression of the encoded proteins, and complete loss of transmissibility. RDV maintained in cultured insect cells for 6 years retained an intact protein-encoding genome. Thus, the structural P2 protein encoded by S2 and the nonstructural Pns10 protein encoded by S10 of RDV are subject to different selective pressures in the two hosts, and mutations accumulating in the host plant are detrimental in vector insects. However, one round of propagation in insect cells or individuals purged the populations of RDV that had accumulated deleterious mutations in host plants, with exclusive survival of fully competent RDV. Our results suggest that during the course of evolution, an ancestral form of RDV, of insect virus origin, might have acquired the ability to replicate in a host plant, given its reproducible mutations in the host plant that abolish vector transmissibility and viability in nature.
A Study of Iranian Students’ Attitude towards Science and Technology, School Science and Environment, Based on the ROSE Project

This study has investigated attitudes towards science and technology, school science and environmental issues among middle school students. The population included all 3rd grade students in Isfahan and a total of 250 students (120 female and 130 male) were selected through stratified random sampling method. Research instrument was the Persian translation of the Relevance of Science Education (ROSE) Questionnaire. After pilot study, data were analyzed by SPSS. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this scale was set to be . 94. For data analysis, descriptive statistics and one sample t-test and independent t-test were used. Results indicated that there is a positive attitude towards science and technology, school science and environmental issues among students in three components of study. However, there was not a positive attitude towards some items of these components. The results also showed that in three components of the study, only there is a meaningful difference between males and females points of views in attitude towards environmental issues. According to this result, males have higher averages than the females. The results of this research provide important information about Iranian students’ attitude towards science and could be used by science educators to development of science curricula and science text books.
The Anterolateral Complex of the Knee

Background: Significant controversy exists regarding the anterolateral structures of the knee. Purpose: To determine the layer-by-layer anatomic structure of the anterolateral complex of the knee. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: Twenty fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (age range, 38-56 years) underwent a layer-by-layer dissection to systematically expose and identify the various structures of the anterolateral complex. Quantitative measurements were performed, and each layer was documented with high-resolution digital imaging. Results: The anterolateral complex of the knee consisted of different distinct layers, with the superficial and deep iliotibial band (ITB) representing layer 1. The superficial ITB had a distinct connection to the distal femoral metaphysis and femoral condyle (Kaplan fibers), and the deep layers of the ITB were identified originating at the level of the Kaplan fibers proximally. This functional unit, consisting of the superficial and deep ITB, was reinforced by the capsulo-osseous layer of the ITB, which was continuous with the fascia of the lateral gastrocnemius and biceps femoris muscles. These 3 components of the ITB became confluent distally, and the insertion spanned from the Gerdy tubercle anteriorly to the lateral tibia posteriorly on a small tubercle (lateral tibial tuberosity). Layer 3 consisted of the anterolateral capsule, in which 35% (7/20) of specimens had a discreet mid-third capsular ligament. Conclusion: The anterolateral complex consists of the superficial and deep ITB, the capsulo-osseous layer of the ITB, and the anterolateral capsule. The anterolateral complex is defined by the part of the ITB between the Kaplan fibers proximally and its tibial insertion, which forms a functional unit. A discrete anterolateral ligament was not observed; however, the anterolateral ligament described in recent studies likely refers to the capsulo-osseous layer or the mid-third capsular ligament. Clinical Relevance: The anterolateral knee structures form a complex functional unit. Surgeons should use caution when attempting to restore this intricate structure with extra-articular procedures designed to re-create a single discreet ligament.
A Social Cognitive Construct Validation: Determining Women's and Men's Success in Engineering Programs

Because educational theorists have maintained that classroom environment strongly predicts academic success, we utilized Bandura's (1986) model measuring environment, self, and behavior to GPA using approximately 700 engineering students. A structural equation analysis indicated that discrimination affected females more frequently while academic integration had more positive effects on females' self-efficacy, perceived helpseeking, effort, and critical thinking.
The importance of the default mode network in creativity: A structural MRI study

Anecdotal reports as well as behavioral studies have suggested that creative performance benefits from unconscious processes. So far, however, little is known about how creative ideas arise from the brain. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the neural correlates of creativity by means of structural MRI research. Given that unconscious and less controlled processes are important in creative thinking, structural brain research may find a positive correlation between well-established creativity measures and cortical thickness in brain structures of the default mode network (i.e., the counterpart of the cognitive control network). Individuals performed the Alternative Uses task by which an individual's cognitive flexibility and the average uniqueness and average creativity of a participant's ideas were assessed. We computed optimized voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) to explore the correlation between inter-individual differences in creativity and inter-individual differences in gray matter volume. For all creativity measures, a positive correlation was found between creative performance and gray matter volume of the default mode network. These findings support the idea that the default mode network is important in creativity, and provide neurostructural support for the idea that unconscious forms of information processing are important in creativity. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Outdoor recreation participation and attitudes to the environment

Recreation researchers must explicitly recognize the influence of values on recreation behaviour. Values are usefully measured as attitudes to the environment. Two hypotheses developed by Dunlap and Heffernan (1975) are examined in a Canadian study: that participants in ‘appreciative’ activities (e.g. cross-country skiing, hiking) hold stronger pro-environmental attitudes than participants in ‘consumptive’ activities (hunting, fishing) or ‘mechanized’ activities (e.g. snowmobiling, trail biking); and that outdoor recreation participation is more strongly related to attitudes towards specific aspects of the environment necessary for pursuing such activities than to attitudes towards more ‘distant’ environmental issues. Both hypotheses are supported. Because the main attitudinal differences associated with activity preferences also characterize the values of the ‘conserver society’, changes from the consumer to the conserver society should result in a growing preference for appreciative activities and a dec.
Swedish Football Hooliganism, 1900-39

This article examines the spread of football hooliganism in Sweden during the period 1900-39. The main findings indicate that hooliganism existed within football in this era - about 100 incidents serve as proof of this - and that spectators were periodically considered a problem, particularly through the years 1912-19 and 1926-36. The most common incidents involved the referee or away-team players being attacked after the match by groups of young, not infrequently drunk, workers. In the second decade of this century, class aspects played a decisive role in several crowd disturbances because, at this time, Swedish football clubs represented different classes. In the inter-war period, local patriotism was the prime mover behind conflicts. A greater calm descended upon the country's sports grounds towards the end of the 1930s, which may have been a result of the cessation of major class tensions around this period.
Workaholism and work–family spillover in a cross-occupational sample

This study examined the relationship between three components of workaholism (work involvement, drive, enjoyment of work) and work–family spillover. A cross-occupational sample consisting of 661 Norwegian employees from six different organizations responded to a Web-based questionnaire measuring workaholism and work–family spillover. A short and revised version of the WorkBAT showed that work involvement was positively related to both positive family-to-work spillover and to negative work-to-family spillover. Drive was positively related to both negative work-to-family and negative family-to-work spillover, and negatively related to positive work-to-family spillover. Enjoyment of work was positively associated with positive work-to-family and positive family-to-work spillover. Workaholism is clearly related to spillover. The findings imply that interventions for workers scoring high on work involvement and drive should be emphasized as these dimensions were associated with negative spillover. More research on this area is warranted.