Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating 2D and 3D Human Pose Estimation Using Depth Camera in Cardio Exercises

Estimating the human keypoints, i.e. wrist, elbow, and shoulder in a precise manner is crucial when performing biomechanical analysis. The common method used in estimating the keypoints is 2D human pose estimation. The use of HPE can estimate the human keypoints from an image or videos. However, there are some challenges using 2D HPE approach. The challenges can lead to inaccurate estimating of human keypoints. The use of depth sensing camera able to provide the 3D information of the respective 2D keypoints. The combination of 2D information obtained from the HPE model and the 3D information of the respective key joints obtained from the depth sensing camera can effectively solve the issues encountered by 2D HPE. The use of human detection model and human pose estimation model are performed to detect key joints using deep learning approach. The detected key joints can subsequently be processed to study human biomechanical motion and analysis.
Critical role of activation induced cytidine deaminase in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder caused by chronic inflammation and demyelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical studies in MS patients have demonstrated efficacy with B cell targeted therapies such as anti-CD20. However, the exact role that B cells play in the disease process is unclear. Activation Induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme for the processes of antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. To evaluate the impact of affinity maturation and isotype switching, we have interrogated the effect of AID-deficiency in an animal model of MS. Here, we show that the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG1-125) is significantly reduced in Aicda deficient mice, which, unlike wild-type mice, lack serum IgG to myelin associated antigens. MOG specific T cell responses are comparable between wild-type and Aicda knockout mice suggesting an active role for antigen experienced B cells. Thus affinity maturation and/or class switching are critical processes in the pathogenesis of EAE.
Intermittent fault diagnosability of a class of hypercube-family networks under the PMC model

In the operation of large multiprocessor systems, intermittent faults have become an important reliability challenge due to their cryptic nature. In these systems, the occurrence of intermittent faults often affects the reliability of the system and disrupts the daily operation of the system. Existing studies have been able to determine the intermittent fault diagnosability of some crisp three-cycle networks, but there is still no effective method for determining the intermittent fault diagnosability and fault node confirmation of crossed cubes, twisted cubes and locally twisted cubes. Therefore, in this paper, we study the intermittent fault diagnosability of these three cubes. We propose theorems and lemmas to prove the intermittent fault diagnosability of n dimension cubes are di(CQn) = di(TQn) = di(LTQn) = n − 1, where n ≥ 3. Furthermore, we conduct experiments and implement a fault diagnosis algorithm to demonstrate our results.
Spatial relationships in electrostimulation: application to electromagnetic field standards

Spatial relationships in electrostimulation are examined with a myelinated nerve model. Excitation thresholds are determined for: 1) terminated axon within a locally constant electric field; 2) bent axon within a locally constant field; and 3) a field of finite extent over the affected axon. For application to electromagnetic field standards, the minimum excitation threshold of the in situ electric field applies to a straight, terminated axon; a field measurement averaging distance of 5 mm is recommended.
Tracing Data Lineage Using Schema Transformation Pathways

With the increasing amount and diversity of information available on the Internet, there has been a huge growth in information systems that need to integrate data from distributed, heterogeneous data sources. Tracing the lineage of the integrated data is one of the current problems being addressed in data warehouse research. In this chapter, we propose a new approach for tracing data lineage which is based on schema transformation pathways. We show how the individual transformation steps in a transformation pathway can be used to trace the derivation of the integrated data in a step-wise fashion. Although developed for a graph-based common data model and a functional query language, our approach is not limited to these and would be useful in any data transformation/integration framework based on sequences of primitive schema transformations.
Energy Efficient Transmit Antenna Selection for URLLC Base Station

Envisioning a future of millions of 5G devices interacting with each other necessitates a focus on energy efficient communication. In 5G standards, the usage scenario of ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC) promises availability of 5G communication service, with a latency constraint, for almost 100% of time. Hence, it is imperative to analyze the tradeoff between reliability of communication and energy efficiency (EE) for URLLC. In existing wireless communication literature, the Tradeoff between Reliability and EE (TREE) has been analyzed and various algorithms for the same have been implemented, however this paper proposes a framework of closed-form expressions for the TREE of a particular wireless communication link along with an algorithm to achieve the same. In this paper, a scenario of a base station communicating with a mobile device is considered and modeled as a point-to-point multi-input single-output (MISO) system operating at finite signal-to-noise ratio having imperfect channel state information and working with a particular pilot-based channel estimation scheme. A tight upper bound on outage probability exists for this channel. TREE framework for this channel is specified by this upper bound on outage probability, and its minimization leading to the number of active transmit antennas, along with calculation of EE. An algorithm which performs transmit antenna selection for a user-specified reliability computes the minimum number of active transmit antennas required to minimize outage probability thus simultaneously increasing EE and reliability. Achievability of TREE is shown by application of this algorithm and by computing energy saving for a massive MISO BS.
Evaluation of an analytic linear Boltzmann transport equation solver for high-density inhomogeneities.

PURPOSE Acuros external beam (Acuros XB) is a novel dose calculation algorithm implemented through the ECLIPSE treatment planning system. The algorithm finds a deterministic solution to the linear Boltzmann transport equation, the same equation commonly solved stochastically by Monte Carlo methods. This work is an evaluation of Acuros XB, by comparison with Monte Carlo, for dose calculation applications involving high-density materials. Existing non-Monte Carlo clinical dose calculation algorithms, such as the analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA), do not accurately model dose perturbations due to increased electron scatter within high-density volumes. METHODS Acuros XB, AAA, and EGSnrc based Monte Carlo are used to calculate dose distributions from 18 MV and 6 MV photon beams delivered to a cubic water phantom containing a rectangular high density (4.0-8.0 g/cm(3)) volume at its center. The algorithms are also used to recalculate a clinical prostate treatment plan involving a unilateral hip prosthesis, originally evaluated using AAA. These results are compared graphically and numerically using gamma-index analysis. Radio-chromic film measurements are presented to augment Monte Carlo and Acuros XB dose perturbation data. RESULTS Using a 2% and 1 mm gamma-analysis, between 91.3% and 96.8% of Acuros XB dose voxels containing greater than 50% the normalized dose were in agreement with Monte Carlo data for virtual phantoms involving 18 MV and 6 MV photons, stainless steel and titanium alloy implants and for on-axis and oblique field delivery. A similar gamma-analysis of AAA against Monte Carlo data showed between 80.8% and 87.3% agreement. Comparing Acuros XB and AAA evaluations of a clinical prostate patient plan involving a unilateral hip prosthesis, Acuros XB showed good overall agreement with Monte Carlo while AAA underestimated dose on the upstream medial surface of the prosthesis due to electron scatter from the high-density material. Film measurements support the dose perturbations demonstrated by Monte Carlo and Acuros XB data. CONCLUSIONS Acuros XB is shown to perform as well as Monte Carlo methods and better than existing clinical algorithms for dose calculations involving high-density volumes.
Nonurgent Emergency-Department Care: Analysis of Parent and Primary Physician Perspectives

OBJECTIVE: To better understand parental decisions to seek care for their children and physician perceptions of parents' decisions to seek nonurgent emergency-department care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In-depth interviews of 26 parents of children and 20 primary care physicians of the same children presenting for nonurgent care at a children's hospital emergency department were completed. Parent accounts of events that preceded the emergency-department visit were coded and qualitatively analyzed for themes. Physician evaluations of the accounts of events and parental decisions were ascertained through interviews with primary care physicians, who also described their practice characteristics. The parent/physician analyses allowed for an investigation of all aspects of the child's care and were designed to reveal differences between parent and physician beliefs. RESULTS: Parents believed that they acted appropriately, and physicians approved of parents' decisions. Four main themes emerged: (1) immediate reassurance that their children are safe from harm is critical to parents' decisions; (2) primary care offices lack specific tests and treatments that parents and physicians believe may be necessary, regardless of whether they are actually needed; (3) discrepancies exist between physician and parent perceptions of adequate communication and access; and (4) nonurgent emergency-department visits are not perceived as a significant enough breach in continuity of care by physicians and parents to warrant any concern. CONCLUSIONS: When individual interviews were evaluated, neither parents nor primary care physicians saw nonurgent emergency-department visits as a significant enough problem to warrant any change in physician care practices or parent care-seeking behavior.
Antenna Selection with Power Adaptation in Interference-Constrained Cognitive Radios

The performance of an underlay cognitive radio (CR) system, which can transmit when the primary is on, is curtailed by tight constraints on the interference it can cause to the primary receiver. Transmit antenna selection (AS) improves the performance of underlay CR by exploiting spatial diversity but with less hardware. However, the selected antenna and its transmit power now both depend on the channel gains to the secondary and primary receivers. We develop a novel Chernoff-bound based optimal AS and power adaptation (CBBOASPA) policy that minimizes an upper bound on the symbol error probability (SEP) at the secondary receiver, subject to constraints on the average transmit power and the average interference to the primary. The optimal antenna and its power are presented in an insightful closed form in terms of the channel gains. We then analyze the SEP of CBBOASPA. Extensive benchmarking shows that the SEP of CBBOASPA for both MPSK and MQAM is one to two orders of magnitude lower than several ad hoc AS policies and even optimal AS with on-off power control.
Constraints on the Space Density of Methane Dwarfs and the Substellar Mass Function from a Deep Near-Infrared Survey

We report preliminary results of a deep near-infrared search for methane-absorbing brown dwarfs; almost 5 yr after the discovery of Gl 229b, there are only a few confirmed examples of this type of object. New J-band, wide-field images, combined with preexisting R-band observations, allow efficient identification of candidates by their extreme (R-J) colors. Follow-up measurements with custom filters can then confirm objects with methane absorption. To date, we have surveyed a total of 11.4 deg2 to J ~ 20.5 and R ~ 25. Follow-up CH4 filter observations of promising candidates in one-fourth of these fields have turned up no methane-absorbing brown dwarfs. With 90% confidence, this implies that the space density of objects similar to Gl 229b is less than 0.012 pc-3. These calculations account for the vertical structure of the Galaxy, which can be important for sensitive measurements. Combining published theoretical atmospheric models with our observations sets an upper limit of α ≤ 0.8 for the exponent of the initial mass function power law in this domain.
Mixing Effects of Understory Plant Litter on Decomposition and Nutrient Release of Tree Litter in Two Plantations in Northeast China

Understory vegetation plays a crucial role in carbon and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems; however, it is not clear how understory species affect tree litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics. In this study, we examined the impacts of understory litter on the decomposition and nutrient release of tree litter both in a pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) and a poplar (Populus × xiaozhuanica) plantation in Northeast China. Leaf litter of tree species, and senesced aboveground materials from two dominant understory species, Artemisia scoparia and Setaria viridis in the pine stand and Elymus villifer and A. sieversiana in the poplar stand, were collected. Mass loss and N and P fluxes of single-species litter and three-species mixtures in each of the two forests were quantified. Data from single-species litterbags were used to generate predicted mass loss and N and P fluxes for the mixed-species litterbags. In the mixture from the pine stand, the observed mass loss and N release did not differ from the predicted value, whereas the observed P release was greater than the predicted value. However, the presence of understory litter decelerated the mass loss and did not affect N and P releases from the pine litter. In the poplar stand, litter mixture presented a positive non-additive effect on litter mass loss and P release, but an addition effect on N release. The presence of understory species accelerated only N release of poplar litter. Moreover, the responses of mass loss and N and P releases of understory litter in the mixtures varied with species in both pine and poplar plantations. Our results suggest that the effects of understory species on tree litter decomposition vary with tree species, and also highlight the importance of understory species in litter decomposition and nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.
A Maximum Matching Algorithm for Basis Selection in Spectral Learning

We present a solution to scale spectral algorithms for learning sequence functions. We are interested in the case where these functions are sparse (that is, for most sequences they return 0). Spectral algorithms reduce the learning problem to the task of computing an SVD decomposition over a special type of matrix called the Hankel matrix. This matrix is designed to capture the relevant statistics of the training sequences. What is crucial is that to capture long range dependencies we must consider very large Hankel matrices. Thus the computation of the SVD becomes a critical bottleneck. Our solution finds a subset of rows and columns of the Hankel that realizes a compact and informative Hankel submatrix. The novelty lies in the way that this subset is selected: we exploit a maximal bipartite matching combinatorial algorithm to look for a sub-block with full structural rank, and show how computation of this sub-block can be further improved by exploiting the specific structure of Hankel matrices.
Relationship Between Suspicious Coincidence in Natural Images and Oriented Filter Response Distributions

Visual cortical neurons have receptive fields resembling oriented bandpass filters, and their response distributions on natural images are nonGaussian, with a sharp peak at zero and heavy tails. Inspired by this, we previously showed that comparing the response distribution to a normal distribution with the same variance gives us a good thresholding criterion for detecting salient levels of edginess in images. However, the question why the comparison to a normal distribution can be so effective was never answered. In this paper, we approach this issue under the general framework of suspicious coincidence proposed by Barlow. It turns out that white-noise images (where all pixels are independent, thus no suspiciousness) give rise to response distributions closely matching that of a normal distribution. Thus, salience defined our way can be understood as a deviation from the unsuspicious baseline. Further, we show that the response threshold directly calculated from the white-noise based distribution closely matches that of humans, providing further support for the analysis.
Characteristics and Programme-Defined Treatment Outcomes among Childhood Tuberculosis (TB) Patients under the National TB Programme in Delhi

Background Childhood tuberculosis (TB) patients under India's Revised National TB Control Programme (RNTCP) are managed using diagnostic algorithms and directly observed treatment with intermittent thrice-weekly short-course treatment regimens for 6–8 months. The assignment into pre-treatment weight bands leads to drug doses (milligram per kilogram) that are lower than current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for some patients. Objectives The main aim of our study was to describe the baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes reported under RNTCP for registered childhood (age <15 years) TB patients in Delhi. Additionally, we compared the reported programmatic treatment completion rates between children treated as per WHO recommended anti-TB drug doses with those children treated with anti-TB drug doses below that recommended in WHO guidelines. Methods For this cross-sectional retrospective study, we reviewed programme records of all 1089 TB patients aged <15 years registered for TB treatment from January to June, 2008 in 6 randomly selected districts of Delhi. WHO disease classification and treatment outcome definitions are used by RNTCP, and these were extracted as reported in programme records. Results and Conclusions Among 1074 patients with records available, 651 (61%) were females, 122 (11%) were <5 years of age, 1000 (93%) were new cases, and 680 (63%) had extra-pulmonary TB (EP-TB)—most commonly peripheral lymph node disease [310 (46%)]. Among 394 pulmonary TB (PTB) cases, 165 (42%) were sputum smear-positive. The overall reported treatment completion rate was 95%. Similar reported treatment completion rates were found in all subgroups assessed, including those patients whose drug dosages were lower than that currently recommended by WHO. Further studies are needed to assess the reasons for the low proportion of under-5 years of age TB case notifications, address challenges in reaching all childhood TB patients by RNTCP, the accuracy of diagnosis, and the clinical validity of reported programme defined treatment completion.
Rapid model parameterization from traffic measurements

The utility of simulations and analysis heavily relies on good models of network traffic. While network traffic constantly is changing over time, existing approaches typically take years from collecting trace, analyzing the data to finally generating and implementing models. In this paper, we describe approaches and tools that support rapid parameterization of traffic models from live network measurements. Rather than treating measured traffic as a time-series of statistics, we utilize the traces to estimate end-user behavior and network conditions to generate application-level simulation models. We also show multi-scaling analytic techniques are helpful for debugging and validating the model. To demonstrate our approaches, we develop structural source-level models for web and FTP traffic and evaluate their accuracy by comparing the outputs of simulation against the original trace. We also compare our work with existing traffic generation tools and show our approach is more flexible in capturing the heterogeneity of traffic. Finally, we automate and integrate the process from trace analysis to model validation for easy model parameterization from new data.
Carbapenemases of Chryseobacterium(Flavobacterium) meningosepticum: Distribution ofblaB and Characterization of a Novel Metallo-β-Lactamase Gene, blaB3, in the Type Strain, NCTC 10016

ABSTRACT Genes encoding carbapenemases in 15 reference strains ofChryseobacterium (Flavobacterium)meningosepticum from the United Kingdom National Collection of Type Cultures and in one recent clinical isolate were investigated. All the strains hydrolyzed imipenem, but their levels of resistance to carbapenems varied, with imipenem and meropenem MICs ranging from 2 to >32 μg/ml. The blaB gene, which encodes a molecular-class B carbapenemase, was detected in only six reference strains and in clinical isolate 97/P/5448. The gene from 97/P/5448 had 98% nucleotide identity with the published sequence ofblaB (from strain NCTC 10585) and was designatedblaB2. A distinct carbapenemase gene, designatedblaB3, was cloned from the type strain of C. meningosepticum, NCTC 10016. blaB3 had an open reading frame of 750 bp with 82% nucleotide identity toblaB and blaB2 and encoded a β-lactamase of 249 amino acids, including the putative signal peptide. This β-lactamase showed 87.6 and 86.7% amino acid homology with BlaB and BlaB2, respectively. blaB3 was detected in one other reference strain besides NCTC 10016, but the genetic basis of the carbapenemase activity detected in the other seven reference strains was not defined. Thus, neither blaB nor blaB3was ubiquitous in the strains of C. meningosepticumstudied, indicating that the reference strains may represent more than one bacterial species, each with its own intrinsic metallo-β-lactamase. Further taxonomic studies of C. meningosepticum are necessary to resolve this topic.Chryseobacterium spp. are environmental organisms and occasional opportunist pathogens. They apparently represent a reservoir of diverse metallo-β-lactamases, which potentially spread to gram-negative bacteria of greater clinical significance.
Specific chromatic errors: A quality assessment

A study on the perceived quality of images displayed with color changes is presented. Initially, two hyperspectral images colors were represented in the CIE 1976 (L*a*b*) color space under the D65 standard illuminant. The colors of each image were divided into four clusters with the application of the K-Means algorithm. A new set of images was created changing only one of the four color clusters. The color change results from the application of a predefined chromatic error to the chromatic coordinates (a*, b*) of all pixels in the cluster. Errors of 6, 9, 12 and 15 ΔE*ab units were applied, using two different directions for each color cluster. These images were displayed for individuals visualization, that were asked to rank their quality based on their naturalness. The Mean Opinion Scores was computed and allowed to test and quantify the sensitivity to specific color changes.