Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Radicalisation and the Limits of Tolerance: A Danish Case-Study

Since 2004/05, radicalisation has emerged as the major framework for addressing the presence of extremist views and actions among Muslims in the West. In 2009 the Danish government drafted an action plan to prevent radicalisation. Departing from an empirical study of a neo-orthodox Muslim milieu in Denmark, this article places the definition of radicalisation provided by the Danish action plan in the context of the target group's own ideas on Islam, jihad, democracy and terrorism, and argues that the definition not only conflates circumstantial differences highlighted by interviewees, but also neglects to distinguish properly between individual sympathies and group affiliation, attitudes and actions. The definition is further criticised for problematising opinions and/or attitudes that are illiberal or un-democratic, but which hitherto have been considered to be within the limits of tolerance. This is obviously questionable from a liberal-democratic perspective but, more importantly, this may prove to be counter-productive in terms of security, as it can push certain Muslim positions even further to the margins of society. The article argues that the conflation of central distinctions in the official discourse of radicalisation has narrowed the limits of tolerance, and that this move reflects a general development towards ‘perfectionist liberalism’ in Western societies post-9/11.
The Impact of Item Format and Examinee Characteristics on Response Times

Current research on examination response time has focused on tests comprised of traditional multiple-choice items. Consequently, the impact of other innovative or complex item formats on examinee response time is not understood. The present study used multilevel growth modeling to investigate examinee characteristics associated with response time differences on a medical certification exam comprised of two item formats. A linear model described examinee pacing on the traditional multiple-choice section, while a quadratic or curvilinear model described pacing on a diagnostic study section comprised of complex graphic-intensive multiple-response items. Examinees’ gender, ability, and age explained variability in response times for each exam section; notably, older examinees’ initial pacing was slower on the multiple-choice section but faster on the complex graphic-intensive multiple-response section. This study has implications for test developers throughout the world who intend to incorporate complex item formats into their high-stakes exams.
A Demographic Survey of Children and Adolescents with Complex Communication Needs in Israel

The objectives of this study were to (a) determine the number of children and adolescents with complex communication needs between the ages of 3 and 21 years who attended special education preschools and schools in Israel; and (b) to probe characteristics of this population's educational programs, especially with respect to AAC interventions and equipment use. Of the 5430 students enrolled in 183 special education preschool and school settings, responses were received for 73% of the children, of whom about 40% were reported to have complex communication needs. It is anticipated that the results of the study will provide guidance with respect to (a) establishing intervention strategies for children in need of AAC, (b) identifying the type and number of training programs required by AAC professionals, and (c) establishing a more equitable allocation of resources for AAC purposes from the national health and education budgets.
Aging and Conservatism

The notion that aging beyond adolescence and young adulthood leads to conservatism is part of the conventional wisdom, and there are theoretical reasons to believe that certain dimensions of biological, social and psychological aging contribute to some kinds of conser vatism. For instance, with the assumption of family respon sibilities, a diffuse liberalism-humanitarianism is likely to be overshadowed by concern for specific others. Or, aging persons may become more conservative in the sense that their attitudes and values become more resistant to change, because each subsequent experience is a smaller proportion of the total background of experiences. Empirical evidence on the topic is not definitive; moreover, in view of intransigent methodological problems which plague the study of aging effects, the evidence may never be definitive. However, cohort analysis of United States survey sample data reveals that in recent years persons aging beyond young adulthood and beyond middle age have tended to become more liberal in many respects, in conformity with general societal trends. However, these people have tended to become more conservative in a relative sense since their liberalization has not kept pace with changes in the total adult population. Although the evidence suggests that attitudes probably become somewhat less susceptible to change as people grow older, there is scant evidence for any other contribution of aging to conservatism.
Geometric Evolution Laws for Thin Crystalline Films: Modeling and Numerics

Geometrical evolution laws are widely used in continuum modeling of surface and interface motion in materials science. In this article, we first give a brief review of various kinds of geometrical evolution laws and their variational derivations, with an emphasis on strong anisotropy. We then survey some of the finite element based numerical methods for simulating the motion of interfaces focusing on the field of thin film growth. We discuss the finite element method applied to front-tracking, phase-field and level-set methods. We describe various applications of these geometrical evolution laws to materials science problems, and in particular, the growth and morphologies of thin crystalline films. PACS: 05.70. Np, 02.60. Cb, 02.70. Bf, 02.70. Dh, 81.15. Aa
How evidence based are recruitment strategies to randomized controlled trials in primary care? Experience from seven studies.

BACKGROUND Failure to recruit adequate numbers of participants represents a major barrier to the completion of randomized controlled trials in primary care and is associated with substantial opportunity costs. However, uncertainty exists regarding the relative effectiveness of different methods to promote recruitment. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to estimate the proportion of strategies used to promote patient recruitment to randomized controlled trials in primary care that are evidence based. METHODS Investigators from seven primary care-based clinical trials of dyspepsia management aiming to recruit a total of 6070 patients participated. Following a survey of trial organization, a Delphi technique was used to reach consensus on levels of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions or organizational characteristics in influencing recruitment. The main outcome measures were the proportions of interventions or organizational characteristics for influencing patient recruitment that are based upon randomized controlled trials, on convincing non-experimental evidence or meeting neither of these criteria. RESULTS Out of a total of 56 interventions used across the trials, 35 (63%) were judged as evidence based. Out of a total of 29 organizational characteristics possessed by the trials, five (17%) were judged as evidence based. Across the seven dyspepsia trials, the presence of 'favourable' organizational characteristics appeared to be important contributors towards successful recruitment. CONCLUSIONS A wide range of interventions and organizational characteristics with the potential to promote recruitment were used or possessed by seven primary care trials. Many were not evidence based. Our experience suggests that organizational characteristics could be more influential in trial recruitment than the use of specific interventions. Given the costs of primary care-based trials, researchers need more rigorous evidence to inform recruitment strategies.
Impact of scaling behavior on tropical cyclone intensities

Theory suggests tropical cyclone maximum potential intensity increases with increasing ocean temperature. However, most tropical cyclones fail to achieve this maximum intensity. Instead, empirical studies suggest that tropical cyclone intensities are uniformly distributed between this maximum potential intensity and an intensity that marks the transition between tropical storm and hurricane scaling regimes. Here it is shown that this transition shifts significantly on interannual to interdecadal time scales in both the North Atlantic and Western North Pacific basins. The intensity at which this transition occurs effectively determines the fraction of tropical cyclones entering the hurricane scaling regime, and as such, strongly impacts the fraction of tropical cyclones that become intense. The increase in the fraction of intense tropical cyclones in recent decades results primarily from a shift in this scaling transition toward weaker winds rather than an increase in the maximum potential intensity directly attributable to rising sea surface temperatures. This scaling transition is shown to vary with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical cyclone main development regions relative to tropical mean SST anomalies, in contrast to the maximum potential intensity which varies with the SST itself.
The Discourses of Corporate Spiritualism and Evangelical Capitalism

“Should your company save your soul? ” asks Fortune magazine in 1991. This article explores the growth of literature proposing corporate spirituality as a means of motivating employees. Critical analysis of this literature suggests that it articulates and advocates two entrepreneurial views of subjecthood (i.e., personal identity) that obscure contemporary corporate power by centering the individual as an autonomous agent, fully responsible for shaping his or her destiny. They either strip individuals of all social positioning or elevate a masculine ideal to which women cannot aspire. Although these discourses reinforce social hierarchies of power and privilege, they also provide grounds for critiquing and transforming the contemporary workplace.
The Life Course and Cumulative Disadvantage

Using multivariate techniques, the authors investigate how age, family type, and race/ethnicity affect grandmother-headed families’ economic resources. The authors examine four grandmother-headed family types that are classified on the basis of two features: parents’ presence and the caregiving relationship of the grandmother and grandchild. Using data from the 2000 census (Public Use Microdata Sample 5%) to predict grandmother-headed families’ official and relative poverty statuses, analyses indicate that age, race/ethnicity, and family configuration are major explanations for poverty differences. The effects of race/ethnicity on official and relative poverty are greater among older cohorts than among the youngest cohorts. Additionally, the effects of age on poverty vary by family type: the lower chances of poverty that are associated with older cohorts are not as great among two-generation families as they are among three-generation grandmother-headed families. The authors interpret these findings using a life-course perspective and cumulative disadvantage theory and discuss the implications for grandmother-headed families’ economic security.
The Distribution of Salary Increments and its Effect on Teacher Retention

Using personnel files provided by the State Education Department of New York, I examined and compared teacher retention rates from 1974 through 1984 in school districts that used alternative practices of internal salary distribution. A total of 57 school districts from two regions of the state were included in the study. I categorized them on the basis of changes from 1974 to 1984 in the relative attractiveness of salaries offered entry-level, midcareer, and senior teachers. Although the data revealed positive correlations between district retention rates and salary improvements in both regions, I also found regional and gender-related differences in teacher labor market behavior.
Towards Localization of Automated Tutors for Developing Countries

This paper describes localization issues in relation to AIED systems in the developing world, and analyzes the particular case of the successful immersion of learning technologies to schools in Pakistan. The paper analyzes the needs for personalized learning in the developing world in comparison to countries such as the United States. A model and a survey based on various types of localization dimensions like teacher, student, and cultural alignment was developed and deployed to conduct an evaluation of an AI tutor called the Wayang Outpost in Pakistan. The results are that teachers are likely to use such a system if available, and that their intention to use such a tutor in the future is strongly dependent on how well the tutor is aligned with their teaching practices, students’ learning habits, and whether the language in the tutor is understood by students. On average these teachers were also willing to allocate about two hours per week for such automated tutors.
Parametric analyticity of functional variations of Dirichlet-Neumann operators

One of the important open questions in the theory of free{ surface ideal uid ows is the dynamic stability of traveling wave solu- tions. In a spectral stability analysis, the rst variation of the governing Euler equations is required which raises both theoretical and numeri- cal issues. With Zakharov and Craig and Sulem's formulation of the Euler equations in mind, this paper addresses the question of analytic- ity properties of rst (and higher) variations of the Dirichlet{Neumann operator. This analysis will have consequences not only for theoretical investigations, but also for numerical simulations of spectral stability of traveling water waves.
Anticipatory social anxiety and alcohol use: An ecologically valid laboratory experiment

Research has yielded mixed findings on the relation between social anxiety and alcohol use, although no laboratory studies on this topic have been conducted in naturalistic drinking settings. The current study examined the effect of an anticipatory social anxiety manipulation, as well as trait social anxiety, on “alcohol” consumption in a bar-laboratory. We also sought to validate a new placebo alcohol administration procedure. Fifty-four same-sex groups of 2-3 participants and one confederate arrived to the laboratory for a study that ostensibly examined the effect of alcohol use on language fluency. After completing survey questions, participants in the social anxiety condition were told the language fluency portion would consist of giving a five-minute video recorded speech to someone of the opposite sex about how to impress a person on a date. Those in the control group were informed they would have to read a poem to themselves. Before their alleged fluency task, participants were allowed to consume a variety of mixed drinks ad lib in a bar laboratory. No beverages actually contained alcohol, but a number of steps were taken to increase the perception that alcohol was being used. Although the social anxiety induction was successful, neither state social anxiety, trait social anxiety, nor the state by trait social anxiety interaction predicted laboratory alcohol consumption in a multi-level model controlling for a substantial group effect. However, this procedure was highly successful in convincing mostly underage participants they were drinking real alcohol. Findings are considered in light of substantive questions pertaining to the social anxiety manipulation, and methodological considerations relating to placebo alcohol believability.
Exaggeration of perceived smoking norms among college students: Does smoking status matter?

Introduction: Research suggests that over half of the college students who have smoked within the past 30 days deny being smokers (“deniers”). Furthermore, college students overestimate injunctive and descriptive norms of peer drug use. The purposes of this study were to (a) estimate the prevalence of deniers and students who identify as smokers within a college sample, (b) determine whether students overestimate descriptive and injunctive norms related to cigarette use by peers, and (c) determine whether the degree of exaggeration differs according to smoking status. Method: Participants included 1904 students (18–24 years) from a Northeastern private university who were primarily female (59%), Caucasian (70%), and first-year students (59%). Students completed an online questionnaire that asked for reports of current smoking behavior and attitudes, as well as estimates of other students’ behaviors and attitudes. Results: Results indicated that students significantly overestimated the percentage of peers who had ever smoked, smoked within the past 30 days, and smoked on 20 or more days within the past month. Additionally, estimates differed by smoking status, as did students’ perceptions of their peers’ attitudes regarding the acceptability of smoking in college. Discussion: These findings suggest that college students believe their peers smoke more and are more approving of smoking than oneself. Students who denied being a smoker despite current smoking behavior strongly overestimated smoking rates and believed peers were even more accepting of smoking. These exaggerations may result in increased smoking behavior, and future interventions might target normative assumptions while considering one's smoking status.
Xanthohumol Impairs Human Prostate Cancer Cell Growth and Invasion and Diminishes the Incidence and Progression of Advanced Tumors in TRAMP Mice

Despite recent advances in understanding the biological basis of prostate cancer, management of the disease, especially in the phase resistant to androgen ablation, remains a significant challenge. The long latency and high incidence of prostate carcinogenesis provides the opportunity to intervene with chemoprevention to prevent or eradicate prostate malignancies. In this study, we have used human hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells, DU145 and PC3, as an in vitro model to assess the efficacy of xanthohumol (XN) against cell growth, motility and invasion. We observed that treatment of prostate cancer cells with low micromolar doses of XN inhibits proliferation and modulates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT phosphorylation leading to reduced cell migration and invasion. Oxidative stress by increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was associated with these effects. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) transgenic mice were used as an in vivo model of prostate adenocarcinoma. Oral gavage of XN, three times per week, beginning at 4 wks of age, induced a decrease in the average weight of the urogenital (UG) tract, delayed advanced tumor progression and inhibited the growth of poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma. The ability of XN to inhibit prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo suggests that XN may be a novel agent for the management of prostate cancer.
Ingroup perception and responses to stigma among persons with mental illness

Objective: Mental illness stigma is common, but it is unclear why it affects some individuals more than others. We tested the hypothesis that the way persons with mental illness perceive their ingroup (people with mental illness) in terms of group value, group identification and entitativity (perception of the ingroup as a coherent unit) shapes their reaction to stigma.
The construction of the public in letters to the editor

Drawing on an ethnographic study, this article describes how the editorial-page staff at one San Francisco Bay newspaper think of the letter-writing public. It is suggested that the staff are skeptical about the value of the letters section as a site for democratic communication because of what they perceive as the poor quality of public participation, as well as the non-representativeness of the letter-writers. To be more specific, the editors speak the ‘idiom of insanity’, which plays off the idea that contributors to the section – the members of the letter-writing public – are insane or ‘crazy’. This article examines the manifestations of the idiom of insanity and analyses its implications for deliberative democracy; it also suggests that the use of the idiom of insanity is a way for the staff to distance themselves from their work on letters to the editor, and renounce their responsibility to make democracy work.
Analysing design suggestions and use of resources in co-design of educational software: A case study

This naturalistic study focuses on how the co-design of educational software is an activity mediated by and through communicative resources. The aim is to identify how design suggestions and the use of resources emerge in co-design. This study contributes to the growing interest in understanding aspects of collaboration in design. To understand the phenomenon of collaboration in design, we apply interaction analysis, dialogism and the sociocultural perspective to show which resources the participants use and how they negotiate design suggestions. We argue that such understanding is only visible through detailed analysis of naturally occurring co-design activities. We find that the design trajectory varies in how the participants orient themselves to each other and in relation to the design artefacts. Tensions make visible which communicative resources are sensitive to what the participants interpret as relevant in the context of their institutional norms and values. Their different positions must be negotiated. Together, these aspects orient the design and mediate the emerging consensus and design artefact.
Increased serum trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-α1antitrypsin complex values identify endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography induced pancreatitis with high accuracy

Aims—To evaluate the clinical utility of two new tests for serum trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-α1antitrypsin complex (trypsin 2-AAT) in diagnosing and assessing the severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) induced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Patients—Three hundred and eight consecutive patients undergoing ERCP at Helsinki University Central Hospital in 1994 and 1995. Methods—Patients were followed prospectively for pancreatitis and clinical outcome. They were tested for serum trypsinogen 2, trypsin 2-AAT, and amylase in samples obtained before and one, six, and 24 hours after ERCP. Results—Pancreatitis developed in 31 patients (10%). Their median serum trypsinogen 2 increased 26-fold to 1401 μg/l at six hours after the procedure and trypsin 2-AAT showed an 11-fold increase to 88 μg/l at 24 hours. The increase in both markers was stronger in severe than in mild pancreatitis, and in patients without pancreatitis there was no significant increase. Baseline trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-AAT concentrations were elevated in 29% and 32% of patients, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of a threefold elevation over the baseline value was therefore analysed. The sensitivity and specificity of these parameters in the diagnosis of post-ERCP pancreatitis was 93% and 91%, respectively, for serum trypsinogen 2 at six hours after the examination, and 93% and 90%, for trypsin 2-AAT at 24 hours. Conclusions—Serum trypsinogen 2 and trypsin 2-AAT reflect pancreatic injury after ERCP. High concentrations are associated with severe pancreatic damage. The delayed increase in trypsin 2-AAT compared with trypsinogen 2 appears to reflect the pathophysiology of AP. A greater than threefold increase in trypsinogen 2 six hours after ERCP is an accurate indicator of pancreatitis.