Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Asking and Answering Questions during a Programming Change Task in Pharo Language

Previous studies focus on the specific questions software engineers ask when evolving a codebase. Though these studies observe developers using statically typed languages, little is known about the developer questions using dynamically typed languages. Dynamically typed languages present new challenges to understanding and navigating in a codebase and could affect results reported by previous studies. This paper replicates a previous study and presents the analysis of six programming sessions made in Pharo, a dynamically typed language. We found a similar result when comparing sessions on an unfamiliar codebase with the previous work. Our result on the familiar code greatly deviates from the replicated study, likely caused by different tasks and development strategies. Both missing type information and test driven development affected participant behavior and prudence on codebase understanding, where some participants made changes based on assumptions. We provide a set of questions that are useful in characterizing activity related to the use of a dynamically typed language and test-driven development -- questions not explicitly considered in previous research. We also present a number of issues that we would like to discuss during the PLATEAU workshop.
A philosophical interpretation of Judea Pearl's theory of causality

Judea Pearl has provided a book long treatment to the topic of causality from a formal and predominantly non-philosophical perspective. One of the main aims of Pearl's treatment is to increase the clarity of scientists' reasoning about problems involving causal relationships. I offer a philosophical interpretation of Judea Pearl's treatment of causality. I argue Pearl (2000a) articulates an analysis of causality in two distinct parts. I claim that Pearl unifies several of the key concepts of causality relevant to the epidemiological, economic, social and biological sciences on one part and that Pearl describes several general conditions characteristic of objective causal processes on the other. I label the first part Pearl's account of causal modelling and the second part Pearl's account of causal processes respectively. I find that Pearl's account of causal processes is of the greatest philosophical interest despite the fact that Pearl's account of causal modelling is the primary component of the overall treatment. I locate Pearl's account of causal modelling first within the recent philosophical literature on the nature of models and modelling practices before the literature on causation and explanation as has been the standard elsewhere. With some reservations I argue Pearl's views on objective constraints are consistent with a nomic view of causation. To focus my interpretation I discuss several philosophical criticisms of Pearl's account and argue that each one is misplaced when targeteq at the first part of the account and merely analogues to familiar problems of model interpretation and justification when targeted at the second. I conclude that Pearl's account provides good reason to re-sharpen the philosophical focus on what it is to give an analysis of causation.
The Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy: A reassessment of the CAPS program

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), the largest community policing program in the USA.Design/methodology/approach – The data for this research come from the 1993‐1994 Citizen Survey of the Longitudinal Evaluation of Chicago's Community Policing Program. Referred to as the CAPS Prototype Panel Survey, the data were obtained from the Inter‐university Consortium for Political and Social Science Research. Both ordinary least square and log linear regression were used to analyze the data.Findings – The findings indicate that people living in the CAPS prototype districts had significantly higher levels of satisfaction with police fighting crime than people living in matched comparison areas who were not subject to the CAPS program. The findings also indicate that the residents of the CAPS prototype communities were only marginally more satisfied with police keeping order than those living in non‐CAPS communities.Research implications/limitations – Th.
ERP system implementation in SMEs: exploring the influences of the SME context

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly implementing enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Compared to large enterprises, SMEs differ in a number of inherent characteristics, which are likely to impact the ERP system implementations. The purpose of this study is to explore these influences of the SME context on the ERP system implementation process. SME characteristics are synthesised from relevant literature and the influences of the contextual factors on various activities across the ERP life cycle are investigated. The study presents findings from a multiple case study of four SMEs. The ownership type of the companies and limited resources were identified as the most influential contextual factors. Among the ERP life-cycle phases, the implementation phase was affected most by the SME context. The case studies also illustrate the need for a more nuanced view on what should be considered general characteristics of SMEs; for example, regarding the level of IS knowledge, business processes, and market characteristics.
The role of shame in psychopathology and implications for therapeutic practice

Using a cross-sectional design, a self-report measure of proneness to shame and guilt was administered to 86 patients with moderate to severe depression, with the prediction that there would be a positive correlation of shame with severity of depression. Contrary to other, non-clinical studies, it was found that guilt but not shame was associated with levels of depression. Shameproneness demonstrated a unique association with a stable attributional style for negative outcomes, general negative self-evaluation, submissive behaviour, negative automatic thoughts, social anxiety and internalised anger. Shame-proneness and guilt-proneness were both associated with dichotomous thinking or 'splitting'. A range of childhood adversity factors was also investigated derived from ratings on the Childhood Experience of Care & Abuse interview (the CECA) including childhood sexual and physical abuse. Contrary to prediction, no relationship was found between shame- or guilt-proneness and a reported history of childhood sexual or physical abuse. From the other childhood adversity factors, only childhood maternal indifference demonstrated a positive association with adult shameproneness. Empirical findings are discussed including limitations of the measure used in this study to assess shame- and guilt-proneness. A content analysis of the CECA interview data showed that maternal indifference, as characterised by maternal emotional unavailability, was the most significant component. These results give empirical support to the psychoanalytic concept of the role of mirroring in childhood, and a clinical case-study is presented to illustrate the role of childhood maternal indifference and adult shame-proneness, presenting within a narcissistic personality organisation. Finally, overall findings are summarised and implications for working with the shame-prone patient in therapeutic practice are discussed.
Stress-induced sensitization and glucocorticoids. II. Sensitization of the increase in extracellular dopamine induced by cocaine depends on stress-induced corticosterone secretion

Secretion of glucocorticoids seems to control stress-induced sensitization of the behavioral effects of drugs of abuse by acting on the mesencephalic dopaminergic transmission, the principal neural substrate of sensitization. In order to investigate the mechanisms of this interaction between glucocorticoids and dopamine, we studied the sensitization of the increase in extracellular concentration of dopamine induced by cocaine in male rats in which corticosterone secretion was either intact or blocked. Extracellular concentrations of dopamine were evaluated in the nucleus accumbens of freely moving animals by means of microdialysis. Metyrapone, an inhibitor of corticosterone synthesis, was used to block stress-induced corticosterone secretion. Food-restriction (90% of the initial body weight) was the stressor used to induce sensitization. It was found that metyrapone (100 mg/kg s.c. twice a day for 8 d) suppressed stress- induced sensitization of the increase in accumbens dopamine induced by cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) and sensitization of cocaine-induced locomotion Metyrapone suppressed both the development and the expression of sensitization. Thus, sensitization was equally blocked when the metyrapone treatment started either 1 d before the start of food-restriction or 8 d later, that is, when food-restriction-induced sensitization to cocaine was already established. In conclusion, our results suggest that glucocorticoids modify sensitization of the behavioral effects of cocaine by acting on extracellular concentrations of dopamine. Since addictive properties of psychostimulants seem mediated by the increase in extracellular concentrations of dopamine they induce, these findings may have implications for the development of new therapeutic strategies of addiction.
Contralateral Botulinum Toxin Injection to Improve Facial Asymmetry After Acute Facial Paralysis

Hypothesis The application of botulinum toxin to the healthy side of the face in patients with long-standing facial paralysis has been shown to be a minimally invasive technique that improves facial symmetry at rest and during facial motion, but our experience using botulinum toxin therapy for facial sequelae prompted the idea that botulinum toxin might be useful in acute cases of facial paralysis, leading to improve facial asymmetry. Background In cases in which medical or surgical treatment options are limited because of existing medical problems or advanced age, most patients with acute facial palsy are advised to await spontaneous recovery or are informed that no effective intervention exists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin treatment for facial asymmetry in 18 patients after acute facial palsy who could not be optimally treated by medical or surgical management because of severe medical or other problems. Methods From 2009 to 2011, nine patients with Bell’s palsy, 5 with herpes zoster oticus and 4 with traumatic facial palsy (10 men and 8 women; age range, 22–82 yr; mean, 50.8 yr) participated in this study. Botulinum toxin A (Botox; Allergan Incorporated, Irvine, CA, USA) was injected using a tuberculin syringe with a 27-gauge needle. The amount injected per site varied from 2.5 to 3 U, and the total dose used per patient was 32 to 68 U (mean, 47.5 ± 8.4 U). Result After administration of a single dose of botulinum toxin A on the nonparalyzed side of 18 patients with acute facial paralysis, marked relief of facial asymmetry was observed in 8 patients within 1 month of injection. Decreased facial asymmetry and strengthened facial function on the paralyzed side led to an increased HB and SB grade within 6 months after injection. Conclusion Use of botulinum toxin after acute facial palsy cases is of great value. Such therapy decreases the relative hyperkinesis contralateral to the paralysis, leading to greater symmetric function. Especially in patients with medical problems that limit the medical or surgical treatment options, botulinum toxin therapy represents a useful alternative.
Glucose Variability: Where It Is Important and How to Measure It

Glucose variability predicts hypoglycemia in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes and has consistently been related to mortality in nondiabetic patients in the intensive care unit. SD and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions have historically been very popular measures of glucose variability. For reasons outlined in this counterpoint, I propose to use coefficient of variation and the mean absolute glucose change as preferred measures of glucose variability.
Endogenous Sources of Volatility in Housing Markets: The Joint Buyer–Seller Problem

This paper presents new empirical evidence that internal movement - selling one home and buying another - by existing homeowners within a metropolitan housing market is especially volatile and the main driver of fluctuations in transaction volume over the housing market cycle. We develop a dynamic search equilibrium model that shows that the strong pro-cyclicality of internal movement is driven by the cost of simultaneously holding two homes, which varies endogenously over the cycle. We estimate the model using data on prices, volume, time-on-market, and internal moves drawn from Los Angeles from 1988-2008 and use the fitted model to show that frictions related to the joint buyer-seller problem: (i) substantially amplify booms and busts in the housing market, (ii) create counter-cyclical build-ups of mismatch of existing owners with their homes, and (iii) generate externalities that induce significant welfare loss and excess price volatility.
Production and Functional Characterization of Murine Osteoclasts Differentiated from ER-Hoxb8-Immortalized Myeloid Progenitor Cells

In vitro differentiation into functional osteoclasts is routinely achieved by incubation of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or primary as well as cryopreserved spleen and bone marrow-derived cells with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Additionally, osteoclasts can be derived from co-cultures with osteoblasts or by direct administration of soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand to RAW 264.7 macrophage lineage cells. However, despite their benefits for osteoclast-associated research, these different methods have several drawbacks with respect to differentiation yields, time and animal consumption, storage life of progenitor cells or the limited potential for genetic manipulation of osteoclast precursors. In the present study, we therefore established a novel protocol for the differentiation of osteoclasts from murine ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid stem cells. We isolated and immortalized bone marrow cells from wild type and genetically manipulated mouse lines, optimized protocols for osteoclast differentiation and compared these cells to osteoclasts derived from conventional sources. In vitro generated ER-Hoxb8 osteoclasts displayed typical osteoclast characteristics such as multi-nucleation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of supernatants and cells, F-actin ring formation and bone resorption activity. Furthermore, the osteoclast differentiation time course was traced on a gene expression level. Increased expression of osteoclast-specific genes and decreased expression of stem cell marker genes during differentiation of osteoclasts from ER-Hoxb8-immortalized myeloid progenitor cells were detected by gene array and confirmed by semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR approaches. In summary, we established a novel method for the quantitative production of murine bona fide osteoclasts from ER-Hoxb8 stem cells generated from wild type or genetically manipulated mouse lines. These cells represent a standardized and theoretically unlimited source for osteoclast-associated research projects.
Flooding Strategy for Target Discovery in Wireless Networks

In this paper, we address a fundamental problem concerning the best flooding strategy to minimize cost and latency for target discovery in wireless networks. Should we flood the network only once to search for the target, or should we apply a so-called “expansion ring” mechanism to reduce the cost? If the “expansion ring” mechanism is better in terms of the average cost, how many rings should there be and what should be the radius of each ring? We separate wireless networks based on network scale and explore these questions. We prove that two-ring and three-ring schemes can reduce the cost of flooding compared to a single attempt, and we provide a general formula to determine good parameters for the two-ring and three-ring hop-based flooding schemes. Through simulations, we show that choosing flooding parameters according to our techniques gives performance close to that of ideal flooding schemes. Afterwards, we extend our work from the single target discovery problem to the multi-target discovery problem. We show that a properly chosen searching radius can save much more searching cost than a simple radius selection scheme for multi-target discovery problems.
Millimeter-wave high-Q active inductor in 65nm CMOS

A millimeter-wave active inductor that exploits the current amplification between two spirals of an integrated transformer is herein presented. The circuit has been designed in 65nm bulk CMOS technology. Post-layout simulation results have shown an equivalent inductance of 116 pH with a quality factor exceeding 600 at 55 GHz.
Comparison of the effect of educational methods on students’ knowledge, attitude and behavior about hookah smoking

Introduction Smoking tobacco by hookah may seriously affect the health of smokers and those exposed to smoke. This study aimed to compare the effect of educational digital media versus pamphlets on the reduction of hookah use among male high school students in Zahedan, Iran. Methods A semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 male high school students of Zahedan using multi-stage random sampling for three months in 2014. The samples were divided into two groups - the test (educated using digital films) and the control (educated using pamphlets) groups, and measurement was performed before and after intervention. The data collection instrument was a 53-item questionnaire consisting of demographic, knowledge, attitude, behavior and self-efficacy questions. Its validity and reliability were confirmed. The results before and after the intervention were analyzed using SPSS version 18, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient and Chi square test as well as one directional variance analysis. Results There was no significant relation between demographic and basic variables before intervention (p>0.05); however, the mean scores of knowledge, attitude, self-efficacy, and hookah using preventive behavior were significantly different between the two groups after the intervention (p<0.05). Moreover, there was a meaningful relation among the demographic characteristics including age and attitude- the previous educational year’s GPA and self-efficacy; and there was a significant relation between father education and self-efficacy. Moreover, there was a significant relation between the main variables of the study, concerning the relation of knowledge and attitude- knowledge and self-efficacy, and attitude and self-efficacy. Conclusion Educational digital media is more efficient than the pamphlet in the reduction of hookah use among the students; and that the media may be applied to prevent of hookah use among students.
Diffusion tensor imaging detects age related white matter change over a 2 year follow-up which is associated with working memory decline

Background: Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a sensitive method for detecting white matter damage, and in cross sectional studies DTI measures correlate with age related cognitive decline. However, there are few data on whether DTI can detect age related changes over short time periods and whether such change correlates with cognitive function. Methods: In a community sample of 84 middle-aged and elderly adults, MRI and cognitive testing were performed at baseline and after 2 years. Changes in DTI white matter histograms, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume and brain volume were determined. Change over time in performance on tests of executive function, working memory and information processing speed were also assessed. Results: Significant change in all MRI measures was detected. For cognition, change was detected for working memory and this correlated with change in DTI only. In a stepwise regression, with change in working memory as the dependent variable, a DTI histogram measure explained 10.8% of the variance in working memory. Change in WMH or brain volume did not contribute to the model. Conclusions: DTI is sensitive to age related change in white matter ultrastructure and appears useful for monitoring age related white matter change even over short time periods.
Case Study Research in Practice

Case Study Research in Practice explores the theory and practice of case study research. Helen Simons draws on her extensive experience of teaching and conducting case study to provide a comprehensive and practical account of how to design, conduct and communicate case study research. It addresses questions often raised by students and common misconceptions about case research. In four sections the book covers - Rationale, concept and design of case study research - Methods, ethics and reflexivity in case study - Interpreting, analyzing and reporting the case - Generalizing and theorizing in case study research Rich with 'tales from the field' and summary memos as an aide-memoire to future action, the book provides fresh insights and challenges for researchers to guide their practice of case study research. This is an ideal text for those studying and conducting case study research in education, health and social care, and related social science disciplines.
Using Selective Sampling for the Support of Scalable and Efficient Network Anomaly Detection

Sampling has become an essential component of scalable Internet traffic monitoring and anomaly detection. In this paper we consider the problem of studying and evaluating the impact of selective sampling on anomaly detection. Selective sampling focuses on the selection of small flows that are usually the source of many network attacks (DDoS, portscans, worm propagation). One of the key objectives of our study is to gain some insight about the feasibility and scalability of the anomaly detection process, by analyzing and understanding the tradeoff of reducing the volume of collected data while still maintaining the accuracy and effectiveness in the anomaly detection. The performance evaluation study is achieved through the adoption and application of an anomaly detection method based on principal component analysis (PCA) using realistic data that have been collected from a real operational university campus network.
Autonomic Dysfunction After Catheter Ablation

Autonomic Dysfunction After Catheter Ablation. Autonomic dysfunction may occur as a consequence of radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of a variety of supraventricular tachycardias, Effects suggestive of autonomic dysfunction that may be seen acutely during the ablation procedure include sudden profound slowing of the sinus rate or transient AV block. These abnormalities may occur during application of RF current, typically along the tricuspid or mitral annulus, at sites distant from both the sinus and AV nodes; they resolve quickly when RF current delivery is terminated. The most common long‐term indication of autonomic dysfunction after ablation is inappropriate sinus tachycardia. This complication, rarely a lasting significant clinical problem, is seen after AV node modification and after ablation of accessory pathways. It usually resolves within several months. The mechanism appears to be loss of parasympathetic influence on the sinus node. Autonomic dysfunction after ablation of ventricular tachycardia bas not yet been described, but could occur as newer catheter technologies capable of producing larger lesions are perfected.