Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Securing Internet of Things with Lightweight IPsec

Real-world deployments of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) require secure communication. It is important that a receiver is able to verify that sensor data was generated by trusted nodes. In some cases it may also be necessary to encrypt sensor data in transit. Recently, WSNs and traditional IP networks are more tightly integrated using IPv6 and 6LoWPAN. Available IPv6 protocol stacks can use IPsec to secure data exchange. Thus, it is desirable to extend 6LoWPAN such that IPsec communication with IPv6 nodes is possible. It is beneficial to use IPsec because the existing end-points on the Internet do not need to be modified to communicate securely with the WSN. Moreover, using IPsec, true end-to-end security is implemented and the need for a trustworthy gateway is removed. In this paper we provide End-to-End (E2E) secure communication between an IP enabled sensor nodes and a device on traditional Internet. This is the first compressed lightweight design, implementation, and evaluation of 6LoWPAN extension for IPsec on Contiki. Our extension supports both IPsec's Authentication Header (AH) and Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP). Thus, communication endpoints are able to authenticate, encrypt and check the integrity of messages using standardized and established IPv6 mechanisms.
Organ-Specific Expression of Arabidopsis Genome during Development1[w]

The development of complex eukaryotic organisms can be viewed as the selective expression of distinct fractions of the genome in different organs or tissue types in response to developmental and environmental cues. Here, we generated a genome expression atlas of 18 organ or tissue types representing the life cycle of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We showed that each organ or tissue type had a defining genome expression pattern and that the degree to which organs share expression profiles is highly correlated with the biological relationship of organ types. Further, distinct fractions of the genome exhibited expression changes in response to environmental light among the three seedling organs, despite the fact that they share the same photoperception and transduction systems. A significant fraction of the genes in the Arabidopsis genome is organized into chromatin domains exhibiting coregulated expression patterns in response to developmental or environmental signals. The knowledge of organ-specific expression patterns and their response to the changing environment provides a foundation for dissecting the molecular processes underlying development.
HDAC1 and HDAC2 independently predict mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma by a competing risk regression model in a Southeast Asian population

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes involved in transcriptional repression. We aimed to examine the significance of HDAC1 and HDAC2 gene expression in the prediction of recurrence and survival in 156 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among a South East Asian population who underwent curative surgical resection in Singapore. We found that HDAC1 and HDAC2 were upregulated in the majority of HCC tissues. The presence of HDAC1 in tumor tissues was correlated with poor tumor differentiation. Notably, HDAC1 expression in adjacent non-tumor hepatic tissues was correlated with the presence of satellite nodules and multiple lesions, suggesting that HDAC1 upregulation within the field of HCC may contribute to tumor spread. Using competing risk regression analysis, we found that increased cancer-specific mortality was significantly associated with HDAC2 expression. Mortality was also increased with high HDAC1 expression. In the liver cancer cell lines, HEP3B, HEPG2, PLC5, and a colorectal cancer cell line, HCT116, the combined knockdown of HDAC1 and HDAC2 increased cell death and reduced cell proliferation as well as colony formation. In contrast, knockdown of either HDAC1 or HDAC2 alone had minimal effects on cell death and proliferation. Taken together, our study suggests that both HDAC1 and HDAC2 exert pro-survival effects in HCC cells, and the combination of isoform-specific HDAC inhibitors against both HDACs may be effective in targeting HCC to reduce mortality.
Coverage Analysis of Two-Tier HetNets for Co-Channel, Orthogonal, and Partial Spectrum Sharing Under Fractional Load Conditions

In heterogeneous networks, the random deployment of femto access points (FAPs) and macro base stations (MBSs) with uncoordinated channel access imposes huge intertier interferences. In real-life networks, the process of MBSs’ deployment exhibits the homogeneity; however the FAPs have the behavioral characteristic of clusters formation, such as in malls, apartments, or offices. Therefore, the composite modeling of the MBSs and the FAPs using Poisson point process and Poisson cluster process is employed for the evaluation of coverage probability. The scenario of the real-time traffic for macrotier and the best-effort traffic for femto-tier is considered. Cognition is introduced in the clustered FAPs to control the intertier interference. Furthermore, the impact of the macrotier load is analyzed by exploiting the inherent coupling between coverage probability and activity factor of an MBS. Further, we study the effect of co-channel, orthogonal, and partial spectrum sharing modes on the coverage for given parameters, such as load condition and FAPs/MBSs density. We provide simulation validation for the derived expressions of coverage and present a comparative analysis for the mentioned spectrum sharing modes.
MYCOBIOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM ASPERGILLUS NIGER : A SOIL FUNGAL ISOLATE

Fungi are more versatile in growth and metal tolerance in contrast to bacterial population. Hence they have been used as biofactories for synthesis of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles offer environment friendly solutions for different problems. In present study, biofabrication of silver nanoparticles was carried out from soil isolate Aspergillus niger. The extracellular silver nanoparticles present in fungal filtrate were characterized by various analytical techniques. Upon exposure of the fungal filtrate to silver nitrate, the latter was reduced to silver nanoparticles as indicated by a color change observed by UV-visible spectroscopy. Absorbance was recorded from 300-600 nm and a strong absorbance peak was observed at 430nm. Silver nanoparticles subjected to X-ray diffraction crystallography revealed four peaks at 38, 48, 64 and 72 at 2 values and correspond to face centered cubic (FCC) nanocrystals. AFM findings showed the silver nanoparticle aggregations. SEM results strongly revealed their surface topography. The optimum experimental conditions were found to be a temperature 37C, a pH of 6.0 and a substrate concentration of 2.0mM.
The Effect of New Zealand Kanuka, Manuka and Clover Honeys on Bacterial Growth Dynamics and Cellular Morphology Varies According to the Species

Treatment of chronic wounds is becoming increasingly difficult due to antibiotic resistance. Complex natural products with antimicrobial activity, such as honey, are now under the spotlight as alternative treatments to antibiotics. Several studies have shown honey to have broad-spectrum antibacterial activity at concentrations present in honey dressings, and resistance to honey has not been attainable in the laboratory. However not all honeys are the same and few studies have used honey that is well defined both in geographic and chemical terms. Here we have used a range of concentrations of clover honey and a suite of manuka and kanuka honeys from known geographical locations, and for which the floral source and concentration of methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide potential were defined, to determine their effect on growth and cellular morphology of four bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While the general trend in effectiveness of growth inhibition was manuka>manuka-kanuka blend>kanuka>clover, the honeys had varying and diverse effects on the growth and cellular morphology of each bacterium, and each organism had a unique response profile to these honeys. P. aeruginosa showed a markedly different pattern of growth inhibition to the other three organisms when treated with sub-inhibitory concentrations of honey, being equally sensitive to all honeys, including clover, and the least sensitive to honey overall. While hydrogen peroxide potential contributed to the antibacterial activity of the manuka and kanuka honeys, it was never essential for complete growth inhibition. Cell morphology analysis also showed a varied and diverse set of responses to the honeys that included cell length changes, cell lysis, and alterations to DNA appearance. These changes are likely to reflect the different regulatory circuits of the organisms that are activated by the stress of honey treatment.
Detection of Expressional Changes Induced by Intrauterine Growth Restriction in the Developing Rat Mammary Gland via Exploratory Pathways Analysis

Background Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is thought to lead to fetal programming that in turn contributes to developmental changes of many organs postnatally. There is evidence that IUGR is a risk factor for the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease later in life. A higher incidence of breast cancer was also observed after IUGR. This could be due to changes in mammary gland developmental pathways. We sought to characterise IUGR-induced alterations of the complex pathways of mammary development at the level of the transcriptome in a rat model of IUGR, using pathways analysis bioinformatics. Methodology/Principal Findings We analysed the mammary glands of Wistar rats with IUGR induced by maternal low protein (LP) diet at the beginning (d21) and the end (d28) of pubertal ductal morphogenesis. Mammary glands of the LP group were smaller in size at d28, however did not show morphologic changes. We identified multiple differentially expressed genes in the mammary gland using Agilent SurePrint arrays at d21 and d28. In silico analysis was carried out using Ingenuity Pathways Analysis. In mammary gland tissue of LP rats at d21 of life a prominent upregulation of WT1 and CDKN1A (p21) expression was observed. Differentially regulated genes were associated with the extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-1/-2 pathway. Western Blot analysis showed reduced levels of phosphorylated ERK-1/-2 in the mammary glands of the LP group at d21. To identify possible changes in circulating steroid levels, serum LC-Tandem mass-spectrometry was performed. LP rats showed higher serum progesterone levels and an increased corticosterone/dehydrocorticosterone-ratio at d28. Conclusions/Significance Our data obtained from gene array analysis support the hypothesis that IUGR influences pubertal development of the rat mammary gland. We identified prominent differential regulation of genes and pathways for factors regulating cell cycle and growth. Moreover, we detected new pathways which appear to be programmed by IUGR.
Mining MOOC Clickstreams: On the Relationship Between Learner Video-Watching Behavior and Performance

We study student behavior and performance in two Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). In doing so, we present two frameworks by which video-watching clickstreams can be represented: one based on the sequence of events created, and another on the sequence of positions visited. With the event-based framework, we extract recurring subsequences of student behavior, which contain fundamental characteris- tics such as reflecting (i.e., repeatedly playing and pausing) and revising (i.e., plays and skip backs). We find that some of these behaviors are significantly associated with whether a user will be Correct on First Attempt (CFA) or not in answering quiz questions. With the position-based framework, we then devise models for performance. In evaluating these through CFA prediction, we find that three of them can substantially improve prediction quality in terms of accuracy and F1, which underlines the ability to relate behavior to performance. Since our prediction considers videos individually, these benefits also suggest that our models are useful in situations where there is limited training data, e.g., for early detection or in short courses.
Anticoagulants and the Propagation Phase of Thrombin Generation

The view that clot time-based assays do not provide a sufficient assessment of an individual's hemostatic competence, especially in the context of anticoagulant therapy, has provoked a search for new metrics, with significant focus directed at techniques that define the propagation phase of thrombin generation. Here we use our deterministic mathematical model of tissue-factor initiated thrombin generation in combination with reconstructions using purified protein components to characterize how the interplay between anticoagulant mechanisms and variable composition of the coagulation proteome result in differential regulation of the propagation phase of thrombin generation. Thrombin parameters were extracted from computationally derived thrombin generation profiles generated using coagulation proteome factor data from warfarin-treated individuals (N = 54) and matching groups of control individuals (N = 37). A computational clot time prolongation value (cINR) was devised that correlated with their actual International Normalized Ratio (INR) values, with differences between individual INR and cINR values shown to derive from the insensitivity of the INR to tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI). The analysis suggests that normal range variation in TFPI levels could be an important contributor to the failure of the INR to adequately reflect the anticoagulated state in some individuals. Warfarin-induced changes in thrombin propagation phase parameters were then compared to those induced by unfractionated heparin, fondaparinux, rivaroxaban, and a reversible thrombin inhibitor. Anticoagulants were assessed at concentrations yielding equivalent cINR values, with each anticoagulant evaluated using 32 unique coagulation proteome compositions. The analyses showed that no anticoagulant recapitulated all features of warfarin propagation phase dynamics; differences in propagation phase effects suggest that anticoagulants that selectively target fXa or thrombin may provoke fewer bleeding episodes. More generally, the study shows that computational modeling of the response of core elements of the coagulation proteome to a physiologically relevant tissue factor stimulus may improve the monitoring of a broad range of anticoagulants.
Application of active electrode compensation to perform continuous voltage-clamp recordings with sharp microelectrodes

Objective. Electrophysiological recordings of single neurons in brain tissues are very common in neuroscience. Glass microelectrodes filled with an electrolyte are used to impale the cell membrane in order to record the membrane potential or to inject current. Their high resistance induces a high voltage drop when passing current and it is essential to correct the voltage measurements. In particular, for voltage clamping, the traditional alternatives are two-electrode voltage-clamp technique or discontinuous single electrode voltage-clamp (dSEVC). Nevertheless, it is generally difficult to impale two electrodes in a same neuron and the switching frequency is limited to low frequencies in the case of dSEVC. We present a novel fully computer-implemented alternative to perform continuous voltage-clamp recordings with a single sharp-electrode. Approach. To reach such voltage-clamp recordings, we combine an active electrode compensation algorithm (AEC) with a digital controller (AECVC). Main results. We applied two types of control-systems: a linear controller (proportional plus integrative controller) and a model-based controller (optimal control). We compared the performance of the two methods to dSEVC using a dynamic model cell and experiments in brain slices. Significance. The AECVC method provides an entirely digital method to perform continuous recording and smooth switching between voltage-clamp, current clamp or dynamic-clamp configurations without introducing artifacts.
ENZYMATIC PROPERTIES OF THE INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANES OF RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA

Treatment of rat liver mitochondria with digitonin followed by differential centrifugation was used to resolve the intramitochondrial localization of both soluble and particulate enzymes. Rat liver mitochondria were separated into three fractions: inner membrane plus matrix, outer membrane, and a soluble fraction containing enzymes localized between the membranes plus some solublized outer membrane. Monoamine oxidase, kynurenine hydroxylase, and rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase were found primarily in the outer membrane fraction. Succinate-cytochrome c reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, lipoamide dehydrogenase, NAD- and NADH-isocitrate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ornithine transcarbamoylase were found in the inner membrane-matrix fraction. Nucleoside diphosphokinase was found in both the outer membrane and soluble fractions; this suggests a dual localization. Adenylate kinase was found entirely in the soluble fraction and was released at a lower digitonin concentration than was the outer membrane; this suggests that this enzyme is localized between the two membranes. The inner membrane-matrix fraction was separated into inner membrane and matrix by treatment with the nonionic detergent Lubrol, and this separation was used as a basis for calculating the relative protein content of the mitochondrial components. The inner membrane-matrix fraction retained a high degree of morphological and biochemical integrity and exhibited a high respiratory rate and respiratory control when assayed in a sucrose-mannitol medium containing EDTA.
The Political Participation of First Year Social Work Students: Does Practice Specialization Matter?

Recommended Citation Ostrander, Jason; Bryan, Janelle; Sandler, Addie; Nieman, Paula; Clark, Maureen; Loveland, Emily; and Smith, Tanya Rhodes (2018) "The Political Participation of First Year Social Work Students: Does Practice Specialization Matter? ," The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare: Vol. 45: Iss. 3, Article 4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15453/0191-5096.4215 Available at: https://scholarworks.wmich. edu/jssw/vol45/iss3/4
Residential care for elderly people: the prevalence of cognitive impairment and behavioural problems.

AIMS to investigate the prevalence of and interrelationship between cognitive impairment and behavioural problems in older people in residential care. SUBJECTS all those aged 65 years and over resident on one night in any type of residential care within the Leicestershire District Health Authority. METHODS an assessment form for each resident was completed by care staff. The assessment included demographic information and functioning (both mental and physical) during the previous week. Cognitive impairment was measured by the confusion sub-scale of the Crichton Royal Behavioural Rating Scale. RESULTS 6079 people were enumerated in 241 establishments, including hospitals, homes and hostels provided by the National Health Service (NHS), local authority social services and private and voluntary agencies. Thirty-eight percent (2219) were moderately or severely cognitively impaired and behavioural problems were present in 11.5%, most being associated with the presence of cognitive impairment. Compared with elderly people in private residential homes, residents in local authority (part III) homes had significantly higher odds of demonstrating offensive behaviour of 1.40 (95% confidence interval 1.11-1.78) after adjustment for age, sex and cognitive impairment. No significant association between number of patients in the home and the proportion exhibiting offensive behaviour was found in any of the non-NHS facilities. CONCLUSIONS this survey of old people in institutional care found that most of those with behavioural problems were cognitively impaired. This has implications for staff training in the management of behavioural problems in demented people.
The Formation of Massive Stars from Turbulent Cores

Observations indicate that massive stars in the Galaxy form in regions of very high surface density, Σ ~ 1 g cm-2. Clusters containing massive stars and globular clusters have a column density comparable to this. The total pressure in clouds of such a column density is P/k ~ 108-109 K cm-3, far greater than that in the diffuse interstellar medium or the average in giant molecular clouds. Observations show that massive-star-forming regions are supersonically turbulent, and we show that the molecular cores out of which individual massive stars form are as well. The protostellar accretion rate in such a core is approximately equal to the instantaneous mass of the star divided by the free-fall time of the gas that is accreting onto the star, as described by Stahler, Shu, & Taam. The star formation time in this turbulent core model for massive-star formation is several times the mean free-fall time of the core out of which the star forms but is about equal to that of the region in which the core is embedded. The high densities in regions of massive-star formation lead to typical timescales for the formation of a massive star of about 105 yr. The corresponding accretion rate is high enough to overcome the radiation pressure due to the luminosity of the star. For the typical case we consider, in which the cores out of which the stars form have a density structure ρ ∝ r-1.5, the protostellar accretion rate grows with time as * ∝ t. We present a new calculation of the evolution of the radius of a protostar and determine the protostellar accretion luminosity. At the high accretion rates that are typical in regions of massive-star formation, protostars join the main sequence at about 20 M☉. We apply these results to predict the properties of protostars thought to be powering several observed hot molecular cores, including the Orion hot core and W3(H2O). In the appendices we discuss the pressure in molecular clouds and argue that "logatropic" models for molecular clouds are incompatible with observation.
THE MULTIPLE-CHOICE KNAPSACK PROBLEM

This paper treats the multiple-choice (continuous) knapsack problem P: n mi n mi maximize L . L cijxijsubjectto(l) I I aij x ij";b,(2)0,,;xij";1,i=I,2, i=l J=l i=l J=1 . , n, j = 1,2, . mi and (3) at most one of x il, x i2' . , x im. is positive for i = 1,2, . , . , n, , where n, mi are positive integers and aij' Cij' bare nonnegative real numbers. Two approximate algorithms and an exact branch-and-bound algorithm are proposed, by making use of the property that the LP relaxation of P provides considerably accurate upper and lower bounds of the optimal value of P. Although the multiple-choice knapsack problem is known to be NP-complete, computation results are quite encouraging. For example, approximate solutions withing 0.001% of the optimal values are obtained in less than one second (on FACOM 230/60) for problems with n = 1000 and mi = 2, which are randomly generated from the uniform distribution. Exact optimal solutions of these problems with n = 500 and mi = 2 are also obtained in less th-an 0.2 seconds (on FACOM M190). 59 © 1978 The Operations Research Society of Japan 60 T. Ibaraki, T. Hasegawa, K. Teranaka and J. Iwase