Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Molecular Gas and Dust at z = 2.6 in SMM J14011+0252: A Strongly Lensed Ultraluminous Galaxy, Not a Huge Massive Disk

We used the IRAM interferometer to detect CO (3-2), CO (7-6), and 1.3 mm dust continuum emission from the submillimeter galaxy SMM J14011+0252 at z = 2.6. Contrary to a recent claim that the CO was extended over 6. ″6 (57 kpc), the new data yield a size of 2′′× ≤ 0. ″5 for the CO and the dust. Although previous results placed the CO peak in a region with no visible counterpart, the new maps show that the CO and dust are centered on the J1 complex seen on K-band and optical images. We suggest that the CO is gravitationally lensed not only by the foreground cluster A1835 but also by an individual galaxy on the line of sight. Comparison of measured and intrinsic CO brightness temperatures indicates that the CO size is magnified by a factor of 25 ± 5. After correcting for lensing, we derive a true CO diameter of ~0. ″08 (700 pc), consistent with a compact circumnuclear disk of warm molecular gas similar to that in Arp 220. The high magnification means that the true size, far-IR luminosity, star formation rate, CO luminosity, and molecular gas mass are all comparable with those in present-epoch ultraluminous IR galaxies, not with a huge, massive, early-universe Galactic disk.
Cross-Country Determinants of Capital Structure Choice: A Survey of European Firms

We survey managers in 16 European countries on the determinants of capital structure. Financial flexibility and earnings per share dilution are primary concerns of managers in issuing debt and common stock, respectively. Managers also value hedging considerations and use "windows of opportunity" when raising capital. We find that although a country's legal environment is an important determinant of debt policy, it plays a minimal role in common stock policy. We find that firms' financing policies are influenced by both their institutional environment and their international operations. Firms determine their optimal capital structures by trading off costs and benefits of financing.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Neurophysiological Responses to Faces and Gaze Direction Differentiate Children with Asd, Adhd and Asd + Adhd

Keywords: ASD ADHD Comorbidity Event-related potentials (ERP) Face processing Gaze a b s t r a c t Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) demonstrate face processing abnormalities that may underlie social impairment. Despite substantial overlap between ASD and ADHD, ERP markers of face and gaze processing have not been directly compared across pure and comorbid cases. Children with ASD (n = 19), ADHD (n = 18), comorbid ASD + ADHD (n = 29) and typically developing (TD) controls (n = 26) were presented with upright/inverted faces with direct/averted gaze, with concurrent recording of the P1 and N170 components. While the N170 was predominant in the right hemisphere in TD and ADHD, children with ASD (ASD/ASD + ADHD) showed a bilateral distribution. In addition, children with ASD demonstrated altered response to gaze direction on P1 latency and no sensitivity to gaze direction on midline-N170 amplitude compared to TD and ADHD. In contrast, children with ADHD (ADHD/ASD + ADHD) exhibited a reduced face inversion effect on P1 latency compared to TD and ASD. These findings suggest children with ASD have specific abnormalities in gaze processing and altered neural specialisation, whereas children with ADHD show abnormalities at early visual attention stages. Children with ASD + ADHD are an additive co-occurrence with deficits of both disorders. Elucidating the neural basis of the overlap between ASD and ADHD is likely to inform aetiological investigation and clinical assessment.
The Extragalactic Lens VLBI Imaging Survey (ELVIS). I. A Search for the Central Image in the Gravitational Lens PMN J1838–3427

The Extragalactic Lens VLBI Imaging Survey (ELVIS) searches for central images of lensed radio quasars, in order to measure the central density profiles of distant galaxies. Here we present sensitive multiepoch Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of PMN J1838-3427 at 8 GHz, with a 1 σ noise level of 38 μJy beam-1. Based on the absence of a central image of the background source at this level, we explore the possibilities for the central matter distribution in the lens galaxy. A power-law density profile, ρ ∝ r-γ, must have γ > 1.93. Thus, the density profile is close to an isothermal profile (γ = 2) or steeper. The upper limit on any constant-density core in an otherwise isothermal profile is ≲5 pc. We also derive the constraints on models in which the density profile is isothermal on kiloparsec scales, but is allowed to have a different power law in the central ~100 pc. If the lens galaxy harbors a supermassive black hole, the galaxy profile is allowed to be shallower, but for the expected black hole mass, the galaxy profile must still be close to isothermal or steeper.
Evolving Culture vs Local Minima

We propose a theory that relates difficulty of learning in deep architectures to culture and language. It is articulated around the following hypotheses: (1) learning in an individual human brain is hampered by the presence of effective local minima; (2) this optimization difficulty is particularly important when it comes to learning higher-level abstractions, i.e., concepts that cover a vast and highly-nonlinear span of sensory configurations; (3) such high-level abstractions are best represented in brains by the composition of many levels of representation, i.e., by deep architectures; (4) a human brain can learn such high-level abstractions if guided by the signals produced by other humans, which act as hints or indirect supervision for these high-level abstractions; and (5), language and the recombination and optimization of mental concepts provide an efficient evolutionary recombination operator, and this gives rise to rapid search in the space of communicable ideas that help humans build up better high-level internal representations of their world. These hypotheses put together imply that human culture and the evolution of ideas have been crucial to counter an optimization difficulty: this optimization difficulty would otherwise make it very difficult for human brains to capture high-level knowledge of the world. The theory is grounded in experimental observations of the difficulties of training deep artificial neural networks. Plausible consequences of this theory for the efficiency of cultural evolutions are sketched.
Application of a Genetic Algorithm to Policy Planning: The Case of Solid Waste

A genetic algorithm (GA) approach to solid-waste policy planning is introduced, The GA is implemented as part of the policy design phase of planning, An evaluative tool is then used for comparative analysis of proposed plans prior to final selection and implementation of a solid-waste policy by decisionmakers. The complex multidimensional nature of solid-waste systems suggests that the GA approach may be particularly useful for solid-waste policy planning because GAs have been shown to be robust search techniques for highly dimensional, multimodal problems.
An Unbiased Search for Molecular Clouds in the Southern Galactic Warp

We made an unbiased search for molecular clouds in the Galactic Warp. This survey, covering an area of 56 square degrees at l = 252 ◦ to 266 ◦ and b = −5 ◦ to −1 ◦ , revealed 70 molecular clouds, while only 6 clouds were previously known in this sector at R 14.5kpc. The mass of the clouds is in a range from 7.8 ×10 2 Mto 8.4 ×10 4 M� , significantly less than the most massive giant molecular clouds in the inner disk, ∼10 6 M� , while the cloud mass spectrum characterized by a power law is basically similar to other parts of the Galaxy. The X factor, N(H2)/ T( 12 CO) dV, derived from the molecular clouds in the Warp, is estimated to be 3.5(±1.8)-times larger than that in the inner disk. The total molecular mass in the Warp is estimated to be 7.3 ×10 5 M� , and the total mass in the far-outer Galaxy (R 14.5kpc) can be estimated to be 2 ×10 7 M� . The spatial correlation between the CO and H I distribution appears to be fairly good, and the mass of the molecular gas is about 1% of that of the atomic gas in the far-outer Galaxy. This ratio is similar to that in the interarm, but is ten-times smaller than those of the spiral arms. Only 6 of the 70 Warp clouds show signs of star formation at the IRAS sensitivity, and the star-formation efficiency for high-mass stars in the Warp is found to be smaller than those in other molecular clouds in the Galaxy.
The Effect of Neighborhood Characteristics and Spatial Spillover on Urban Juvenile Delinquency and Recidivism

The objective of this research is to investigate the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and juvenile delinquency and recidivism (the proportion of delinquents who commit crimes following completion of a court-ordered program) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We acquired data on collective efficacy, socioeconomic character, and crime for input into multivariate ordinary least squares (OLS) and spatial econometric regression analyses. Both delinquency and recidivism are concentrated in impoverished neighborhoods with violent crime, although this relationship is far stronger for delinquency than for recidivism. After accounting for the influence of crime and poverty, OLS regression results suggest that African American neighborhoods tend to exhibit higher delinquency rates, but lower recidivism rates, than other neighborhoods. Spatial lag models of recidivism rate indicate the presence of spatial spillover effects, which renders the influence of neighborhood racial character on recidivism rate not significant and which we speculate represents interaction among juveniles across neighborhood boundaries.
Why Should Emerging-Market Countries (Still) Concern Themselves With Capital Inflows?

This paper develops a simple analytic framework to analyze the effects of capital surges and sudden stops in the financial account of the balance of payments in emerging economies. In this model, capital inflows are largely exogenous to the recipient economies, they are very large when scaled to the size of the domestic financial sectors of recipients, and have large real effects. They also sow the seeds for the ensuing sudden stops, or capital flow reversals, observed in recent financial crises in emerging markets. Sudden stops can have devastating effects on output, growth, and employment. The paper goes on to test the main hypothesis derived from the model with an econometric analysis of capital surges and sudden stops using a panel-probit framework with heterogeneous unobserved country effects. While capital surges can be triggered by a number of domestic or foreign signals, the main variables that account for sudden stops are preceding capital surges, the size of the current account deficit, and contagion from sudden stops in other emerging markets. The main policy conclusion is that emerging economies need specific policies to deal with capital surges, which are largely exogenous to them.
Role of Feedback during Evaluation in Improving Emergency Medicine Residents’ Skills; an Experimental Study

Introduction: Evaluation of students’ learning in clinical education system is one of the most important and challenging issues that facilities in this field have been facing. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of feedback during evaluation in increasing emergency medicine residents’ clinical skills. Method: The present experimental study was performed on all second year emergency medicine residents of two educational hospitals, Tehran, Iran, with switching replications design and before-after method. They were randomly allocated to two groups (with or without feedback) and evaluated three times regarding chest ultrasonography for trauma patients, using direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) and valid and reliable checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS 20. Results: 30 emergency medicine residents with the mean age of 36.63 ± 30.30 years were allocated to two equal groups (56.7% male). Studied groups were similar regarding the baseline characteristics. In both groups, obtained scores showed a significant increase from the first to the third evaluation (p < 0.001). Mean scores of first and second evaluations were 10.24 ± 0.77, 17.73 ± 0.46 in feedback receivers and 9.73 ± 0.77 and 12.13 ± 0.47 in others (p < 0.001). Mean third score after switching groups were 18.53 ± 0.22 in feedback receivers and 18.99 ± 0.22 in others (p = 0.213). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, giving feedback after evaluating the second year emergency medicine residents regarding chest ultrasonography for trauma patients, led to a significant improvement in their scores in future evaluations and consequently their skill.
Consumer price sensitivity in health insurance

This CPB Discussion Paper presents new estimates for the price elasticity of the residual demand for health insurance. This elasticity measures the loss in market share of a health insurer as a consequence of a unilateral increase in price, assuming other firms keep their prices constant. The main findings are as follows: the price elasticity of residual demand for social health insurance by enrollees was very low during the period 1996-2002. We find small but significant effects of the price of basic insurance but no robust effect of the price of supplementary insurance. Young enrollees are more price sensitive than older enrollees. However, these findings are conditional on the limited variation in price observed in our data. At larger price differentials, the elasticity may well be higher. This Discussion Paper is based on joint work of Machiel van Dijk, Marc Pomp, Rudy Douven (all three at CPB), Trea Laske-Aldershof, Erik Schut (both Erasmus University), Willem de Boer and Anne de Boo (Vektis). We would like to thank Marieke Smit (Vektis) for her help in getting this project off the ground. We would also like to thank Katie Carman (Tilburg University) for her comments on a previous draft of this paper.
Temporal Consistency Is Currency in Shifts of Transient Visual Attention

Background Observers respond more accurately to targets in visual search tasks that share properties with previously presented items, and transient attention can learn featural consistencies on a precue, irrespective of its absolute location. Methodology/Principal Findings We investigated whether such attentional benefits also apply to temporal consistencies. Would performance on a precued Vernier acuity discrimination task, followed by a mask, improve if the cue-lead times (CLTs; 50, 100, 150 or 200 ms) remained constant between trials compared to when they changed? The results showed that if CLTs remained constant for a few trials in a row, Vernier acuity performance gradually improved while changes in CLT from one trial to the next led to worse than average discrimination performance. The results show that transient attention can quickly adjust to temporal regularities, similarly to spatial and featural regularities. Further experiments show that this form of learning is not under voluntary control. Conclusions/Significance The results add to a growing literature showing how consistency in visual presentation improves visual performance, in this case temporal consistency.
If all you have is a bit of the Bible: Learning POS taggers for truly low-resource languages

We present a simple method for learning part-of-speech taggers for languages like Akawaio, Aukan, or Cakchiquel – languages for which nothing but a translation of parts of the Bible exists. By aggregating over the tags from a few annotated languages and spreading them via wordalignment on the verses, we learn POS taggers for 100 languages, using the languages to bootstrap each other. We evaluate our cross-lingual models on the 25 languages where test sets exist, as well as on another 10 for which we have tag dictionaries. Our approach performs much better (20-30%) than state-of-the-art unsupervised POS taggers induced from Bible translations, and is often competitive with weakly supervised approaches that assume high-quality parallel corpora, representative monolingual corpora with perfect tokenization, and/or tag dictionaries. We make models for all 100 languages available.
Black rings, boosted strings, and Gregory-Laflamme instability

We investigate the Gregory-Laflamme instability for black strings carrying KK momentum along the internal direction. We demonstrate a simple kinematical relation between the thresholds of the classical instability for the boosted and static black strings. We also find that Sorkin's critical dimension depends on the internal velocity and in fact disappears for sufficiently large boosts. Our analysis implies the existence of an analogous instability for the five-dimensional black ring of Emparan and Reall. We also use our results for boosted black strings to construct a simple model of the black ring and argue that such rings exist in any number of space-time dimensions.
An Articulatory Phonology Account of Preferred Consonant-Vowel Combinations

Certain consonant/vowel combinations (labial/central, coronal/front, velar/back) are more frequent in babbling as well as, to a lesser extent, in adult language than chance would dictate. The “Frame then Content” (F/C) hypothesis (Davis & MacNeilage, 1994) attributes this pattern to biomechanical vocal-tract biases that change as infants mature. Articulatory Phonology (AP; Browman & Goldstein, 1989) attributes preferences to demands placed on shared articulators. F/C implies that preferences will diminish as articulatory control increases, while AP does not. Here, babbling from children at 6, 9, and 12 months in English, French, and Mandarin environments was examined. There was no developmental trend in CV preferences, although older ages exhibited greater articulatory control. A perception test showed no evidence of bias toward hearing the preferred combinations. Modeling using articulatory synthesis found limited support for F/C but more for AP, including data not originally encompassed in F/C. AP thus provides an alternative biomechanical explanation.
Low sensitivity of malaria rapid diagnostic tests stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region.

INTRODUCTION In remote areas of the Amazon Region, diagnosis of malaria by microscopy is practically impossible. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of two rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) targeting different malaria antigens stored at room temperature in the Brazilian Amazon Region. METHODOLOGY Performance of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test and ICT-Now Pf/Pan test was analyzed retrospectively in 1,627 and 1,602 blood samples, respectively. Tests were performed over a 15-month period. Kits were stored at room temperature in five community health centres located in the Brazilian Amazon Region. RDT results were compared with thick blood smear (TBS) results to determine sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the RDT. RESULTS The sensitivities of the OptiMal Pf/Pan test were 79.7% for Plasmodium falciparum malaria diagnosis and 85.7% for non-P. falciparum infections. The results showed a crude agreement of 88.5% for P. falciparum, and 88.3% for non-P. falciparum infections (Kappa index = 0.74 and 0.75, respectively). For the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test (CI 95%), the sensitivities were 87.9% for P. falciparum malaria diagnosis and 72.5% for non-P. falciparum infection. Crude agreement between the ICT-Now Pf/Pan test and TBS was 91.4% for P. falciparum and 79.7% for non-P. falciparum infection. The Kappa index was 0.81 and 0.59 for the final diagnosis of P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum, respectively. Higher levels of parasitaemia were associated with higher crude agreement between RDT and TBS. CONCLUSIONS The sensitivities of RDTs stored at room temperature over a 15-month period and performed in field conditions were lower than those previously reported.
Real Time Detection, Tracking and Recognition of Medication Intake

In this paper, the detection and tracking of face, mouth, hands and medication bottles in the context of medication intake monitoring with a camera is presented. This is aimed at recognizing medication intake for elderly in their home setting to avoid an inappropriate use. Background subtraction is used to isolate moving objects, and then, skin and bottle segmentations are done in the RGB normalized color space. We use a minimum displacement distance criterion to track skin color regions and the R/G ratio to detect the mouth. The color-labeled medication bottles are simply tracked based on the color space distance to their mean color vector. For the recognition of medication intake, we propose a three-level hierarchal approach, which uses activity-patterns to recognize the normal medication intake activity. The proposed method was tested with three persons, with different medication intake scenarios, and gave an overall precision of over 98%. Keywords—Activity recognition, background subtraction, tracking, medication intake, video surveillance
A Research Assistant&Apos;S Guide to Random Coefficients Discrete Choice Models of Demand

The study of differentiated-products markets is a central part of empirical industrial organization. Questions regarding market power, mergers, innovation, and valuation of new brands are addressed using cutting-edge econometric methods and relying on economic theory. Unfortunately, difficulty of use and computational costs have limited the scope of application of recent developments in one of the main methods for estimating demand for differentiated products: random coefficients discrete choice models. As our understanding of these models of demand has increased, both the difficulty and costs have been greatly reduced. This paper carefully discusses the latest innovations in these methods with the hope of (1) increasing the understanding, and therefore the trust, among researchers who never used these methods, and (2) reducing the difficulty of use, and therefore aiding in realizing the full potential of these methods.
Internet routing diversity for stub networks with a Map-and-Encap scheme

Routing diversity has been identified as essential for network robustness and traffic engineering. The Internet possesses by its very nature a large path diversity. However this diversity cannot be fully exploited due to BGP limitations, which only keeps one single route for each available prefix. Despite some previous works in the area, no operational and non-disruptive architecture have been proposed yet to allow the networks to better exploit Internet path diversity. This paper proposes one step in this direction, focusing on the interconnection between an Autonomous System (AS) and its Internet Service Provider (ISP). We propose the use of a so-called “Map-and-Encap” scheme to bypass current BGP limitations in order to use arbitrary paths. With this scheme, an ISP may propose its rich path diversity (at least partially) to its customers, in order to perform advanced traffic engineering (e.g. fast recovery, load balancing.) based on richer and more flexible path selection policies (e.g., considering price, performance or stability of routes). To assess the potential benefits of the proposed architecture, we evaluate the potential route diversity that a Tier 1 may offer to its stub clients, based on different possible route selection policies (i.e. which routes are offered to its customers). We also analyze the overhead that is created at the control-plane (routing updates received by the mapping database) and that may impact the data-plane (path changes that may be caused by some route withdrawals/updates). Our evaluation shows that the increase in diversity has a controllable and acceptable overhead. It also gives some insights into efficient deployment strategies.