Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population change in adult obesity and blood lipids in American Samoa from 1976–1978 to 1990

Obesity in American Samoan adults in 1990 was compared to that in 1976–1978 to evaluate population changes concomitant with modernization. Body weight, stature, the body mass index (BMI), and two skinfolds were measured in 1990 in 830 males and females 25–74 years old, and were compared to corresponding data from 1976 and 1978 for 1,621 adults. Mean BMI and skinfold thicknesses increased markedly from 1976–1978 to 1990 in males at all ages. Mean BMI for 45–54 year old males was approximately 3.6 kg/m2 higher (P < 0.0001) in 1990 than in 1976–1978, but was only 0.6 kg/m2 higher in females of the same age. The prevalence of overweight increased significantly from 66% in 1976–1978 to 85% in 1990 (P < 0.001) in 35–44 year old males, but remained about the same, 91%, in females of that age. Similar sex differences in temporal change were found in skinfolds. Fasting serum total and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were obtained for a random subsample of 67 males 40–49 years old and were compared to lipid levels in a 1978 sample of American Samoan males of similar age and residence. Both total and HDL cholesterol were significantly different between 1978 and 1990, 178 vs. 205 mg/dl (P < 0.02), and 43 vs. 37 mg/dl (P < 0.01), respectively. Triglycerides were higher in 1990 than in 1978, 169 vs. 128 mg/dl. The results suggest that obesity and adiposity increased more over 12–14 years among adult males than among females, who in 1976–1978 were already massively overweight. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real-Time Low Voltage Network Monitoring—ICT Architecture and Field Test Experience

Traditionally, distribution network monitoring has been focused on primary substations (i.e., high voltage/medium voltage level), whereas low voltage (LV) network has not been monitored at all. With rapid growth and penetration of distributed energy resources in LV grids, there is growing interest in extending the real-time monitoring to LV level. The framework program FP7 European Project INTEGRIS proposes an integrated real-time LV network monitoring solution and implements it in a cost-efficient way. This solution integrates smart metering data with secondary substation measurements to get a more accurate and real-time view about LV grid, uses “decentralized” distribution management architecture to optimize data flow, and uses International Electrotechnical Commission 61850 Standard-based interfaces to improve interoperability. This paper focuses on information and communications technology perspective, explains the implementation details of this monitoring solution, and presents its functionality/performance testing results from two distribution system operator field trials and from real-time digital simulator laboratory.
Menstrual-Related Distress and Willingness Versus Unwillingness to Seek Treatment

The purpose of this study was to delineate variables which relate to reported willingness to seek treatment for menstrual-related distress, and to assess treatment preferences in a population of women often tapped for menstrual research that of college students. Of the 198 volunteers included in the study, 71 stated that they were willing to seek some form of treatment for menstrual-related distress, and 127 stated that they were not willing to do so. The Adjective Checklist (ACL), Menstrual Attitude Questionnaire (MAQ), and Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), along with a personal data sheet were administered to subjects. In addition, they were asked to read three paragraph-long descriptions of self-administered, medical, and behavioral treatments for menstrual-related distress and to indicate their preference for each.
Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) bite in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka: a prospective clinical study, 1996–98

Common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) is the deadliest snake found commonly in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. In Anuradhapura, 210 farmers bitten by the common krait over a three year period were investigated prospectively from 1 January 1996. The sex ratio was equal, 110 (52%) patients were in the age group 10–30 years. One hundred and one (48%) patients were severely envenomed and needed mechanical ventilation from 12 hours to 29 days (mode two days). The bite occurred at night while the victims were asleep on the floor. In 99 (47%) situations killed specimens were available for identification. The cardinal symptom was abdominal pain developing within hours of the bite. Alteration in the level of consciousness was observed in 150 (71%) patients: drowsy in 91 (43%), semiconscious in 24 (11%), and deep coma in 35 (17%). Autonomic disturbances included transient hypertension, tachycardia, lacrimation, sweating, and salivation. These manifested in 139 (66%) patients with moderate to severe envenomation. One hundred and forty nine (71%) had hypokalaemia and 105 (50%) metabolic acidosis, anterograde memory loss in 84 (40%), and delayed neuropathy in 38 (22%) patients. Polyvalent antivenom had no significant benefit (t = 0.5) in reversing respiratory paralysis and preventing delayed neurological complications. Sixteen (7.6%) patients died and a submucosal haemorrhage in the stomach was seen at necropsy in three cases. Mortality could be minimised with early and free access to mechanical ventilation.
Photometric Redshifts for the Dark Energy Survey and VISTA and Implications for Large Scale Structure

We conduct a detailed analysis of the photometric redshift requirements for the proposed Dark Energy Survey (DES) using two sets of mock galaxy simulations and an artificial neural network code –annz. In particular, we examine how optical photometry in the DES grizY bands can be complemented with near-infrared photometry from the planned VISTA Hemisphere Survey (VHS) in the JHKs bands. We find that the rms scatter on the photometric redshift estimate over 1 < z < 2 is σz= 0.2 from DES alone and σz= 0.15 from DES + VISTA, i.e. an improvement of more than 30 per cent. We draw attention to the effects of galaxy formation scenarios such as reddening on the photo-z estimate and using our neural network code, calculate the extinction, Av for these reddened galaxies. We also look at the impact of using different training sets when calculating photometric redshifts. In particular, we find that using the ongoing DEEP2 and VVDS-Deep spectroscopic surveys to calibrate photometric redshifts for DES, will prove effective. However, we need to be aware of uncertainties in the photometric redshift bias that arise when using different training sets as these will translate into errors in the dark energy equation of state parameter, w. Furthermore, we show that the neural network error estimate on the photometric redshift may be used to remove outliers from our samples before any kind of cosmological analysis, in particular for large-scale structure experiments. By removing all galaxies with a neural network photo-z error estimate of greater than 0.1 from our DES + VHS sample, we can constrain the galaxy power spectrum out to a redshift of 2 and reduce the fractional error on this power spectrum by ∼15–20 per cent compared to using the entire catalogue. Output tables of spectroscopic redshift versus photometric redshift used to produce the results in this paper can be found at http://www.star. ucl.ac. uk/~mbanerji/DESdata.
Knowledge and Perception about Family Planning Among Women in Selected Rural Communities of Ibadan

Family planning has become a major strategy of population control both at the national and global level. Yet, population growth in Nigeria remains high especially in rural areas due partly to lack of adequate knowledge and poor perception about the need to utilize family planning methods. The study seeks to examine the knowledge and perception of women from selected rural areas in Ibadan about family planning. The Health Belief Model and Social Action Theory guided the explanation of the understudied phenomena. The study adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach which included a survey of 136 randomly selected mothers from 5 rural communities in Ibadan, 15 IDI', 5 KIIs and 5 FGDs. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences was utilized in analyzing the quantitative data, while the qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis. Findings revealed that although the sources of awareness were many, very few women had adequate knowledge about family planning methods. The study also revealed that women perceived family planning as a welcomed strategy to control population and make mothers healthy and strong after child birth, however, fear of pushing their husbands outside and increased promiscuity as well as the perceived negative side effect such as stomach aches, bodily complications, menstrual maladjustment, infertility, were the major barriers that affected women's expected behavioral changes towards family planning in the study areas. Also, family planning was also perceived as a woman's thing which makes men feel uncomfortable with it and hardly encourage their wives to practice. Most women preferred condom use and abstinence in planning their family only when their husbands suggested or approved. The study recommends family planning methods be taught both in orthodox and traditional health centres. It also recommends that women are adequately educated to participate significantly in decisions regarding family planning especially in the rural part of Nigeria. It was also recommended that family planning programmes be intensified to incorporate the male folk and improve people's knowledge and perception on the benefits of contraceptive use in order to achieve the desired behavioral change towards family planning in rural areas.
Rote learning: a necessary evil

© 2016 Kwan and Mafe. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 2016 Kwan and Mafe. This work is published and licensed by Dov edical Press Limited. The full terms of this license re av ilable at https://www.dovepress. com/terms. p p and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unp rted, v3.0) Licen e (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Advances in Medical Education and Practice 2016:7 429–432 Advances in Medical Education and Practice Dovepress
POLICE ATTITUDES TO CRIME AND PUNISHMENT Certainties and Dilemmas

Police attitudes concerning crime and punishment are conventionally seen as harsh and conservative. However, social representation theory argues that ostensibly unified belief systems contain contrary themes and that these dilemmatic' aspects are vital to the application of attitudes to action. We examine this argument in relation to data from a longitudinal study of police socialization, and discuss implications for police training.
Negative Effects of Maternal Smoking on Pregnancy and the Fetus in Relation to Elevated Levels of Erythropoetin in Umbilical Cord Plasma

Introduction: Based on many scientific research studies, there has been demonstrated a relation between smoking of pregnant women and its negative effects on pregnancy, intrauterine fetal growth, postnatal newborn condition, and development. The aim of our study is to highlight the adverse effects of cigarette use during pregnancy and to evaluate the effect of maternal smoking on the levels of erythropoietin (EPO) in umbilical cord plasma. Our aim was to show an effect of maternal smoking by determining carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels in maternal blood, too. Design: Prospective analysis. Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic. Methods: Our study included 174 newborns. Mothers were divided into group of smokers (n = 67) and non-smokers (n = 107). This prospective study was realized from February 2012 to November 2013 at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Slovak Republic. Patients signed a written informed consent and completed a questionnaire that involved medical history, and data of their smoking habits. EPO levels were measured in 174 samples of umbilical cord plasma. Infants were born spontaneously at term. Results: We observed significantly higher EPO levels in umbilical cord plasma in children born to smokers in contrast to non-smokers’ (children of non-smoking mothers: 19 ± 8 mIU/mL; children of smokers: 61 ± 33 mIU/mL, p
Explaining Strategic Coordination: Cognitive Hierarchy Theory, Strong Stackelberg Reasoning, and Team Reasoning

In common interest games, players generally manage to coordinate their actions on mutually optimal outcomes, but orthodox game theory provides no reason for them to play their individual parts in these seemingly obvious solutions and no justification for choosing the corresponding strategies. A number of theories have been suggested to explain coordination, among the most prominent being versions of cognitive hierarchy theory, theories of team reasoning, and social projection theory (in symmetric games). Each of these theories provides a plausible explanation but is theoretically problematic. An improved theory of strong Stackelberg reasoning avoids these problems and explains coordination among players who care about their co-players’ payoffs and who act as though their co-players can anticipate their choices. Two experiments designed to test cognitive hierarchy, team reasoning, and strong Stackelberg theories against one another in games without obvious, payoff-dominant solutions suggest that each of the theories provides part of the explanation. Cognitive hierarchy Level-1 reasoning, facilitated by a heuristic of avoiding the worst payoff, tended to predominate, especially in more complicated games, but strong Stackelberg reasoning occurred quite frequently in the simpler games and team reasoning in both the simpler and the more complicated games. Most players considered two or more of these reasoning processes before choosing their strategies.
Gender Differences in Instructional Leadership

Purpose: Instructional leadership has assumed steadily increasing importance within the general role set of principals over the past 60 years. One persisting finding within this corpus of studies concerns the consistently higher ratings obtained by female principals on instructional leadership when compared with their male counterparts. This article employed meta-analysis first to test if there are significant differences in perceptions of the instructional leadership practices of male and female principals. Method: Then, the results were further analyzed to describe the nature of differences that were revealed in the first-stage analysis. The database for the meta-analysis consisted of 40 data sets drawn from 28 studies that had used the Principal Instructional Management Rating Scale (PIMRS) in studies of gender and instructional leadership. The data sets comprised perception data collected variously from principals and teachers on more than 2,000 principals between 1983 and 2014. The data were analyzed at three different construct levels measured by the PIMRS instrument: PIMRS Total Score, three dimensions, 10 functions. Results: The meta-analysis yielded statistically significant gender differences in instructional leadership (Cohen’s d = .288, p < .01) when the results of all studies were combined. The direction of the findings suggested that female principals engaged in more active instructional leadership than male counterparts. Implications: The gender differences in instructional leadership are consistent with the broader results of the meta-analytic literature on gender and leadership. Implications are discussed for both research and practice.
A Higher Order Space-Time Galerkin Scheme for Time Domain Integral Equations

Stability of time domain integral equation (TDIE) solvers has remained an elusive goal for many years. Advancement of this research has largely progressed on four fronts: 1) Exact integration, 2) Lubich quadrature, 3) smooth temporal basis functions, and 4) space-time separation of convolutions with the retarded potential. The latter method's efficacy in stabilizing solutions to the time domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) was previously reported for first-order surface descriptions (flat elements) and zeroth-order functions as the temporal basis. In this work, we develop the methodology necessary to extend the scheme to higher order surface descriptions as well as to enable its use with higher order basis functions in both space and time. These basis functions are then used in a space-time Galerkin framework. A number of results are presented that demonstrate convergence in time. The viability of the space-time separation method in producing stable results is demonstrated experimentally for these examples.
Purification and Characterisation of Xanthine Oxidoreductases from Local Bovids in Malta

Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is a molybdoflavoprotein mainly involved in purine catabolism. It exists in two forms, the oxidase (XO) and dehydrogenase (XDH) which are inter-convertible within mammalian cells. Although various researchers have reported the extraction of mammalian XOR, no extractions have yet been carried out in Malta and subsequently no characterizations are available. In this study, XOR was successfully purified from bovine, caprine and ovine milk through a multistep purification process involving both chemical and chromatographic techniques. The molecular weights of the native enzyme were found to be 295 kDa, 281 kDa and 275 kDa, representing the bovine, caprine and ovine XOR respectively. Western blot showed XOR to be represented on SDS-PAGE by a minimum of three major bands having molecular weights of 151 kDa, 131 kDa and 85 kDa. While all samples showed activity on native PAGE, spectrophotometric assays revealed the bovine XOR to be the most active. Surprisingly, the addition of NAD+ to the assay mixture inhibited enzyme activity of the bovine and caprine XOR whereas the ovine XOR doubled its activity in response to NAD+. The latter also showed a lower binding affinity to heparin. Following incubation with trypsin, XOR was irreversibly converted to its oxidase form in all samples as reflected by the observed increase in XO activity.
Design and characterization of human exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles in a pilot chamber study

ABSTRACT A number of literatures have documented adverse health effects of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and secondary sulfate aerosol and black carbon may contribute to health impacts of PM2.5 exposure. We designed an exposure system to generate sulfate and traffic soot particles, and assessed the feasibility of using it for human exposure assessment in a pilot human exposure study. In the designed exposure system, average mass concentrations of generated sulfate and soot particles were 74. 19μg/m3 and 11. 54μg/m3 in the chamber and did not vary significantly during two-hour human exposure sessions. The size ranges of generated sulfate were largely between 20 to 200 nm, whereas those of generated soot particles were in the size ranges of 50 to 200nm. Following two-hour exposure to generated sulfate and soot particles, we observed significant increases in fractional exhaled NO (FeNO) in young and health subjects. Building on established human exposure system and health response follow-up methods, future full-scale studies focusing on the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM2.5 components would provide data in understanding the underpinning cardio-respiratory outcomes in relation to air pollution mixture exposure. Implications: Controlled exposure is a useful design to measure the biological responses repeatedly following particulate exposures of target components and set exposure at target levels of health concerns. Our study provides rational and establishes method for future full-scale studies to focus on examining the effects of mixed particulates and individual PM2.5 components.
24.4 A 6.5Gb/s Shared bus using electromagnetic connectors for downsizing and lightening satellite processor system by 60%

Processor systems that are mounted in satellites must be small and light, having high data transfer rates, and high storage capacity [1]. A small reduction in size and weight could reduce the cost of launching a satellite by a significant amount. The next generation of earth observation satellites will require data transmission rates to a maximum of 20Gb/s and at least one terabyte of storage capacity. The volume, weight, and communication speed of the processor system is determined by the backplane connectors (Fig. 20.4.1). It is difficult to achieve a connector that can pass signals of 2.5Gb/s or more. The signal reflection that occurs when signals are branched at connectors and at the wire stubs of branches decreases the transmission speed, so only point-to-point connections are possible. Once the satellite is launched, repair or replacement is not possible, and system redundancy is introduced. Accordingly, 512 backplane wires would be required. The signal connector would require 1,024pins, including the ground pins used to prevent crosstalk, and would be 512mm wide, which is even wider than the circuit board of each module.
A Guide to Training Your Own Horses: The Flaneur Appproach and Erving Goffman's Uninhibited Research Practices in Sociology

While Erving Goffman's sociology has enjoyed great popularity and is cited often, the career of his work has been largely confined to other scholars reaping, adapting, and utilizing his concepts. Goffman was opposed to science that just reproduces and orders concepts, and opposed to his students using his concepts as easy tools. Instead, he recommended they train their own horses: While there is much to use in Goffman's work, there is little scholarship that continues the genius of his practical approach. As valuable as Goffman's categories are, his collection practice and his analytical scheme may be even more valuable. On the one hand, they offer an intricate framework for research that is as open as it is directed; on the other hand, they allow researchers to argue freedom from the ever more imposing bad imitations of natural scientific method that threaten to overgrow the social sciences. Together, they allow Goffmanesque work without merely parroting his concepts. This article attempts to outline Goffman's eclectic way of collecting material and his technique for fashioning this material into analyses, reordering this material around different metaphors that make Goffman's contribution distinct. I call Goffman's practical research a flaneur approach, and outline it. The paper then makes an argument for its continuation.