Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Serotonin Induces Long-Term Depression at Corticostriatal Synapses

The striatum has important roles in motor control and action learning and, like many brain regions, receives multiple monoaminergic inputs. We have examined serotonergic modulation of rat and mouse corticostriatal neurotransmission and find that serotonin (5-HT) activates 5-HT1b receptors resulting in a long-term depression (LTD) of glutamate release and striatal output that we have termed 5-HT–LTD. 5-HT–LTD is presynaptically mediated, cAMP pathway dependent, and inducible by endogenous striatal 5-HT, as revealed by application of a selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitor. 5-HT–LTD is mutually occlusive with dopamine/endocannabinoid-dependent LTD, suggesting that these two forms of LTD act on the same corticostriatal terminals. Thus, serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms exist that may interact to persistently sculpt corticostriatal circuits, potentially influencing action learning and striatal-based disorders.
Promoting Moral Judgment of Elementary School Children: The Influence of Direct Reinforcement and Cognitive Disequilibrium

Summary The separate and combined effectiveness of direct reinforcement and cognitive disequilibrium in promoting moral judgment of elementary school children was evaluated. Forty elementary school boys and girls (primarily first graders), matched on relevant variables (including level of moral judgment and intelligence), were assigned randomly to one of four conditions: (a) direct reinforcement (DR); (b) cognitive disequilibrium (CD); (c) combination (COM) of both DR and CD; or (d) control. DR, CD, and COM groups were trained on moral judgment items adapted from Piaget's studies of intentionality. Following training, moral judgment was assessed through administration to all groups of an immediate posttest, switch items (a variant of the training items), a generalization test, and a two week follow-up on the original training items. Findings suggested that DR was most effective in promoting change in moral judgment initially, but that effects of CD were more enduring and generalized. The COM condition, pe.
RegLess: Just-in-Time Operand Staging for GPUs

The register file is one of the largest and most power-hungry structures in a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU), because massive multithreading requires all the register state for every active thread to be available. Previous approaches to making register accesses more efficient have optimized how registers are stored, but they must keep all values for active threads in a large, high-bandwidth structure. If operand storage is to be reduced further, there will not be enough capacity for every live value to be stored at the same time. Our insight is that computation graphs can be sliced into regions and operand storage can be allocated to these regions as they are encountered at run time, allowing a small operand staging unit to replace the register le. Most operand values have a short lifetime that is contained in one region, so their value does not need to persist in the staging unit past the end of that region. The small number of longer-lived operands can be stored in lower-bandwidth global memory, but the hardware must anticipate their use to fetch them early enough to avoid stalls. In RegLess, hardware uses compiler annotations to anticipate warps’ operand usage at run time, allowing the register file to be replaced with an operand staging unit 25% of the size, saving 75% of register file energy and 11% of total GPU energy with no average performance loss.CCS CONCEPTS• Computer systems organization → Single instruction, multiple data; • Software and its engineering → Compilers;
Approximating Maximum Subgraphs without Short Cycles

We study approximation algorithms, integrality gaps, and hardness of approximation, of two problems related to cycles of "small" length kin a given graph. The instance for these problems is a graph G= (V,E) and an integer k. The k -Cycle Transversal problem is to find a minimum edge subset of Ethat intersects every k-cycle. The k -Cycle-Free Subgraph problem is to find a maximum edge subset of Ewithout k-cycles. The 3 -Cycle Transversal problem (covering all triangles) was studied by Krivelevich [Discrete Mathematics, 1995], where an LP-based 2-approximation algorithm was presented. The integrality gap of the underlying LP was posed as an open problem in the work of Krivelevich. We resolve this problem by showing a sequence of graphs with integrality gap approaching 2. In addition, we show that if 3 -Cycle Transversal admits a (2 i¾? i¾? )-approximation algorithm, then so does the Vertex-Cover problem, and thus improving the ratio 2 is unlikely. We also show that k -Cycle Transversal admits a (ki¾? 1)-approximation algorithm, which extends the result of Krivelevich from k= 3 to any k. Based on this, for odd kwe give an algorithm for k -Cycle-Free Subgraph with ratio $\frac{k-1}{2k-3}=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4k-6}$; this improves over the trivial ratio of 1/2. Our main result however is for the k -Cycle-Free Subgraph problem with even values of k. For any k= 2r, we give an $\Omega\left(n^{-\frac{1}{r}+\frac{1}{r(2r-1)}-\varepsilon}\right)$-approximation scheme with running time i¾? i¾? i¾? (1/i¾? ) poly (n). This improves over the ratio i¾? (ni¾? 1/r) that can be deduced from extremal graph theory. In particular, for k= 4 the improvement is from i¾? (ni¾? 1/2) to i¾? (1/ni¾? 1/3 i¾? i¾? ). Similar results are shown for the problem of covering cycles of length ≤ kor finding a maximum subgraph without cycles of length ≤ k.
In Search for Meaning: The Differential Role of Religion for Middle-Aged and Older Persons Diagnosed with a Life-Threatening Illness

ABSTRACT According to symbolic interactionism, people's behavior depends on the meaning that phenomena and events have for them. How do individuals find meaning in a seemingly meaningless event such as being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness? Qualitative analyses of two focus group interviews with one male and ten female cancer survivors (age 39–60) and one focus group interview with six female seriously ill nursing home residents (age 66–78) showed that religion and spirituality became more prevalent in meaning-making after the diagnosis of a serious illness. Religion and spirituality provided individuals with a sense of control, justification for their illness, and source of emotional healing. Religious focus group members felt that they regained control over their lives by relinquishing control to God, that their illness had been a catalyst for personal and spiritual growth, and that their personal and spiritual growth led to emotional healing. However, for a group of five female and three male older retirement community residents (age 74–87), their advanced life stage rather than religion gave meaning to their serious illness.
Dealing with powerlessness: The strategic use of ingroup stereotypes

Abstract Several studies have shown the impact of legitimacy on dealing with group power disadvantage. In the present paper we focus on the impact of internal legitimacy (i.e., the ingroup's appraisal of the fairness of its own powerless position) on the ingroup stereotype as a way of contesting the power disadvantage. Results show that especially in the internal legitimate conditions (i.e., when the ingroup seems to accept the low status position), participants reacted by way of overemphasizing the positive stereotypic dimension (warmth, Study 1), or contradicting the negative ingroup stereotype (perceiving the ingroup as less incompetent, Study 1 and 2). The last strategy was used especially by those highly identified with the ingroup, and when the legitimate/illegitimate argument is supported by a small ingroup sample (i.e., low social constraint, Study 2). Such responses can be understood as a social creativity strategy to contest the ingroup's disadvantaged and powerless position.
In vitro culture system to determine MICs and MBCs of antimicrobial agents against Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (Nichols strain)

A new procedure for determining the susceptibility of Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum to antimicrobial agents was developed, utilizing a tissue culture system which promotes the in vitro multiplication of this organism. In the absence of antibiotics, T. pallidum (Nichols virulent strain) multiplied an average of 10-fold when incubated for 7 days in the presence of Sf1Ep cottontail rabbit epithelial cell cultures. Varied concentrations of penicillin G, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin were added to triplicate cultures to determine their effects on treponemal multiplication, motility, and virulence. The MIC of each antibiotic was defined as the lowest concentration which prevented treponemal multiplication, whereas the MBC was defined as the lowest concentration which abrogated the ability of the cultured treponemes to multiply and cause lesions in rabbits. The in vitro culture technique provided highly reproducible MICs and (in parentheses) MBCs of each of the antibiotics tested: aqueous penicillin G, 0.0005 (0.0025) microgram/ml; tetracycline, 0.2 (0.5) microgram/ml; erythromycin, 0.005 (0.005) microgram/ml; and spectinomycin, 0.5 (0.5) microgram/ml. The significance of these results in light of the in vivo activities and the previous in vitro evaluations of these antibiotics is discussed. The T. pallidum in vitro cultivation system shows promise as a method for studying the interaction between T. pallidum and antimicrobial agents and for screening new antibiotics for syphilis therapy.
The Harter Self-Perception Profile: Some Normative and Psychometric Data

The Harter Self-perception Profile was administered to 102 undergraduate students in business courses at two Canadian universities. Men's and women's ratings differed over-all for global self-worth and the “What I am like” domains of Creativity, Athletic Competence, and Appearance. Men and women did not differ significantly on the importance ratings.
The fracturing legal profession: The case of plaintiffs' personal injury lawyers

The core argument of this paper is the structure of the plaintiffs' bar in the U.S. and England has changed or is changing in very significant ways. In the U.S., the shift in interests reflects in significant part the development of massive litigation, epitomized by the ongoing litigation in the U.S. against the tobacco companies. In England, changes are being driven by the increasing role of conditional fees as a means of funding personal sector litigation. The result is that scholars need to begin looking anew at the conflicts and cleavages within what is commonly (in the U.S.) termed the "plaintiffs' bar. " While much of the lay public sees the legal profession as a single group, members of the profession and scholars have long recognized the disparate backgrounds, interests, and politics of various segments of the legal community. While some aspects of these differences are highly visible in England due to the formal divisions between solicitors and barristers, this only begins to capture the lines of cleavage within the profession. In the United States, scholars have devoted substantial attention to stratification within the legal profession, along with the various segments represented by key dimensions of stratification. One segment of the profession that has generally been viewed as representing a common set of interests and perspectives is that group that specializes in representing injured persons. In the United States this group is commonly referred to as the "plaintiffs' bar"; nationally, its interests are represented by the Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA). While this group has long been recognized as distinct in the U.S., it has only recently been so recognized in England where the rough equivalent of ATLA is the Association of Personal Injury Lawyers (APIL). After an introductory discussion, the core of this paper covers four interrelated themes: a discussion of traditional lines of cleavage and stratification within the legal profession; a review of research showing how those lines of cleavage have evolved over the last several decades; a discussion of how massive litigation in the U.S. has fractured the apparent unity of the plaintiffs' bar, including consideration of points of potential conflict; and a discussion of changes that have been occurring in the personal services sector of the solicitors' profession in England as a result of the adoption of conditional.
Mitochondrial Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Binds to and Protects Mitochondrial DNA and Function From Damage

Objective—The enzyme telomerase and its catalytic subunit the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) are important for maintenance of telomere length in the nucleus. Recent studies provided evidence for a mitochondrial localization of TERT. Therefore, we investigated the exact localization of TERT within the mitochondria and its function. Methods and Results—Here, we demonstrate that TERT is localized in the matrix of the mitochondria. TERT binds to mitochondrial DNA at the coding regions for ND1 and ND2. Binding of TERT to mitochondrial DNA protects against ethidium bromide–induced damage. TERT increases overall respiratory chain activity, which is most pronounced at complex I and dependent on the reverse transcriptase activity of the enzyme. Moreover, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are increased after genetic ablation of TERT by shRNA. Mitochondrially targeted TERT and not wild-type TERT revealed the most prominent protective effect on H2O2-induced apoptosis. Lung fibroblasts from 6-month-old TERT−/− mice (F2 generation) showed increased sensitivity toward UVB radiation and heart mitochondria exhibited significantly reduced respiratory chain activity already under basal conditions, demonstrating the protective function of TERT in vivo. Conclusion—Mitochondrial TERT exerts a novel protective function by binding to mitochondrial DNA, increasing respiratory chain activity and protecting against oxidative stress–induced damage.
Team mental models, relationship conflict and effectiveness over time

Purpose – This study aims to evaluate the extent to which similar team mental models (TMMs) at the beginning of a team's lifecycle influence the level of relationship conflict within the team, TMM-similarity at the middle of the team lifecycle, and in turn team effectiveness. Thus far, no research has analysed the mediating role of a dysfunctional team process between TMM-similarity and effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted in a strategy and management competition involving 414 individuals who comprised 92 teams (3-5 members). Data were collected at four moments in time. The questionnaires were developed based on validated scales and adapted for the specific context. Findings – The results provide support for the mediating role of conflict between the similarity of team-TMMs at the beginning of team lifecycle and effectiveness. The results also provide support for the mediating role of task-TMMs in the middle of team lifecycle between task-TMMs at the beginning of team lifec.
Curve Reconstruction via the Global Statistics of Natural Curves

Reconstructing the missing parts of a curve has been the subject of much computational research, with applications in image inpainting, object synthesis, etc. Different approaches for solving that problem are typically based on processes that seek visually pleasing or perceptually plausible completions. In this work we focus on reconstructing the underlying physically likely shape by utilizing the global statistics of natural curves. More specifically, we develop a reconstruction model that seeks the mean physical curve for a given inducer configuration. This simple model is both straightforward to compute and it is receptive to diverse additional information, but it requires enough samples for all curve configurations, a practical requirement that limits its effective utilization. To address this practical issue we explore and exploit statistical geometrical properties of natural curves, and in particular, we show that in many cases the mean curve is scale invariant and oftentimes it is extensible. This, in turn, allows to boost the number of examples and thus the robustness of the statistics and its applicability. The reconstruction results are not only more physically plausible but they also lead to important insights on the reconstruction problem, including an elegant explanation why certain inducer configurations are more likely to yield consistent perceptual completions than others.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF UREA BREATH TEST FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN CHILDREN WITH DYSPEPSIA IN COMPARISON TO HISTOPATHOLOGY.

BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection is the gram negative bacillus with the close association with chronic antral gastritis. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluate the accuracy of urea breath test (UBT) with carbon isotope 13 in comparison with histopathology of gastric antrum for detection of H. pylori infection in children with dyspepsia. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed at specialized laboratory of Shiraz Gastroenterohepatology Research Center and Nemazee Hospital, Iran, during a 12-months period. This study investigated the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of UBT in comparison with biopsy-based tests. We included a consecutive selection of 60 children who fulfilled Rome III criteria for dyspepsia. All children were referred for performing UBT with carbon isotope 13 (C13) as well as endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from antrum of stomach and duodenum. The pathologic diagnosis was considered as the standard test. RESULTS The mean age of the participants was 10.1±2.6 (range 7-17 years). From our total 60 patients, 28 (46.7%) had positive UBT results and 32 (53.3%) had negative UBT results. Pathologic report of 16 (57.1%) out of 28 patients who had positive UBT were positive for H. pylori and 12 (42.9%) ones were negative. Sensitivity and specificity of C13-UBT for detection of H. pylori infection were 76.2% and 69.2% respectively. CONCLUSION Sensitivity and specificity of C13-UBT for detection of H. pylori infection were 76.2% and 69.2% respectively. Another multicenter study from our country is recommended.
Drinking habits and expectancies about alcohol's effects for self versus others.

Un questionnaire sur les effets attendus de l'alcool a ete administre a 150 etudiants. Les sujets s'attendent de facon consistante a ce que l'alcool affecte davantage les autres qu'eux-memes a la fois dans ses effets positifs tels que plaisir sexuel ou plaisir en societe et dans ses effets negatifs tels que delabrement et alteration des facultes mentales
The Role of Memory in the Acquisition and Retention of Knowledge in Science and Social Studies Units

This article examines how students remember what they learn and how they learn. Students in science and social studies units in upper elementary classrooms were tested on unit-specific curriculum content before and after the units, and again 12 months later. They were interviewed about their memory for their learning experiences soon after the tests. The evidence suggests that students use a long-term working memory for sorting, interpreting, and integrating representations of classroom experiences as they acquire knowledge and skills from those experiences. When students recalled their classroom experiences 12 months later, details were replaced by inferences and summaries; direct recollection was replaced by deductions from related generic schemas. Memory systems for knowledge structures and activity scripts for other aspects of their classroom experiences interacted so that students' memory for what they learned was inextricably connected to how they learned. Recollection is described as a recursive problem-solving process guided by the knowledge structures and scripts that were implicated in the creation of the original representations and knowledge constructs. It is argued that the memory systems through which students process their classroom experience are acquired through the internalization of classroom activity structures.
The Socio-cultural Integration of Ethnic Minorities in the Netherlands: Identifying Neighbourhood Effects on Multiple Integration Outcomes

This paper addresses the relationship between the ethnic concentration of a neighbourhood and multiple integration outcomes of ethnic minority groups in Dutch society. The data used are drawn from two large-scale surveys: the Survey Social Position and Use of Provisions by Ethnic Minorities (2002 and 2003), which provides information on the four largest immigrant groups (Turks, Moroccans, Surinamese and Antilleans) as well as five important refugee groups in the Netherlands, and the Attitudes towards Minorities Survey (2002), which contains extensive information on the indigenous majority. The paper examines whether ethnic concentration in neighbourhoods influences indicators of socio-cultural integration, i.e. inter-ethnic contacts, language proficiency and mutual stereotypical attitudes. The analyses show that social contacts between majority and minority groups are less frequent in ethnically concentrated neighbourhoods. However, a degree of mixing has a positive influence on the actual orientation of the indigenous Dutch towards ethnic minorities. The analyses also reveal that in neighbourhoods experiencing a sudden influx of non-Western citizens, inter-ethnic attitudes tend to be more negative. Social contacts play a mediating role in this relationship. These contacts are also important for a good command of the Dutch language among members of ethnic minority groups.
A Neural Network Approach to Quote Recommendation in Writings

Quote is a language phenomenon of transcribing the saying of someone else. Proper usage of quote can usually make the statement more elegant and convincing. However, the ability of quote usage is usually limited by the amount of quotes one remembers or knows. Quote recommendation is a task of exploiting abundant quote repositories to help people make better use of quotes while writing. The task is different from conventional recommendation tasks due to the characteristic of quote. A pilot study has explored this task by using a learning to rank framework and manually designed features. However, it is still hard to model the meaning of a quote, which is an interesting and challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a neural network approach based on LSTMs to the quote recommendation task. We directly learn the distributed meaning representations for the contexts and the quotes, and then measure the relevance based on the meaning representations. In particular, we try to represent the words in quotes with specific embeddings, according to the contexts, topics and even author preferences of the quotes. Experimental results on a large dataset show that our proposed approach achieves the state-of-the-art performance and it outperforms several strong baselines.