Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stereologic Evidence for Persistence of Viable Neurons in Layer II of the Entorhinal Cortex and the CA1 Field in Alzheimer Disease

The entorhinal cortex and hippocampus are the first cortical regions to be affected by the degenerative cellular process that leads to Alzheimer disease (AD) and display a limited degree of neuronal alterations in normal aging. Several quantitative studies have reported a substantial loss of neurons in these regions and a parallel increase in the number of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). However, accurate quantitative data on the dynamics of NFT formation are lacking. Here, we performed a stereologic assessment of the proportions of intracellular and extracellular (ghost) NFTs (iNFTs and eNFTs, respectively) and unaffected neurons in layer II of the entorhinal cortex and in the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 field of the hippocampus in elderly control cases compared to cases with varying degrees of cognitive dysfunction. The data revealed differential rates of formation of iNFTs and eNFTs between the 2 regions and confirmed the presence of a severe disease-associated, but not age-related, neuronal loss. They also revealed that large numbers of neurons may persist either unaffected or in a transitional stage of NFT formation until the late stages of AD progression. These neurons with viability potential constitute 73% of the total numbers of profiles in layer II of the entorhinal cortex and 77% in the CA1 field in cases with a Clinical Dementia Rating score of 3. Whereas it is not possible in the present study to assess how functional such neurons with altered physiology might be, it is nonetheless likely that these transitional neurons open new options for potential therapeutic interventions aimed at protecting neurons vulnerable to neurofibrillary degeneration.
Implementation of quality management in the public sector versus the private sector: a cultural analysis

This thesis reviews the Total Quality Management (TQM) literature and concludes that core to the introduction of TQM in any organisation is a need to be acutely sensitive to the cultural aspects of the organisation. This thesis proceeds to review the Organisational Culture literature and concludes that culture can be measured and changed. It also identifies four factors of Organisational Culture which facilitate measurement of the concept. As the research programme is situated in the public sector the thesis considers the very different and indeed opposing views regarding the development of the public sector and concludes, that irrespective of the strategy used, that the human factor is a key area in public sector reform. This people focus requires culture change and time to implement. The methodology employed to measure and compare organisational culture in both private and public sector organizations at two different times in the quality journey was primarily positivist and quantitative. Cartwright’s 9-dimension culture questionnaire was employed to capture the human facets of organisational culture. The results indicate a significant difference in culture between the private and public sectors at both times but that the variation in culture had reduced during the time interval between the two surveys. The implications of this study will assist in the understanding of organisational culture particularly in the public sector. Due to the shortage of research in this sector the results will assist in the development of public sector reform or modernisation programmes.
A 12-Month Survey of Observation Ward Practice

The implications of the Mental Health Act, 1959, have yet to be fully realized, but there is little doubt that re-organization of existing psychiatric services and establishment of new psychiatric units will be required. The intelligent planning of such services requires a basis of factual data. The purpose of the present study is two-fold: first to provide statistical data and secondly to discuss their clinical and administrative relevance. It is thus hoped to provide a base-line relating to psychiatric emergencies upon which some effects of the Mental Health Act, 1959, may be determined. Three aspects of the practice of St. Francis' Hospital Mental Observation Unit dur ing the year 1959-1960 are here presented: the fre quency and causal significance of physical disease in psychiatric emergencies; the number and type of Police admissions; and a comparison of informal with statutory admissions.
CDKL5, a Protein Associated with Rett Syndrome, Regulates Neuronal Morphogenesis via Rac1 Signaling

Mutations in cyclin-dependent kinase-like 5 (CDKL5), also known as serine/threonine kinase 9 (STK9), have been identified in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT) and X-linked infantile spasm. However, the function of CDKL5 in the brain remains unknown. Here, we report that CDKL5 is a critical regulator of neuronal morphogenesis. We identified a neuron-specific splicing variant of CDKL5 whose expression was markedly induced during postnatal development of the rat brain. Downregulating CDKL5 by RNA interference (RNAi) in cultured cortical neurons inhibited neurite growth and dendritic arborization, whereas overexpressing CDKL5 had opposite effects. Furthermore, knocking down CDKL5 in the rat brain by in utero electroporation resulted in delayed neuronal migration, and severely impaired dendritic arborization. In contrast to its proposed function in the nucleus, we found that CDKL5 regulated dendrite development through a cytoplasmic mechanism. In fibroblasts and in neurons, CDKL5 colocalized and formed a protein complex with Rac1, a critical regulator of actin remodeling and neuronal morphogenesis. Overexpression of Rac1 prevented the inhibition of dendrite growth caused by CDKL5 knockdown, and the growth-promoting effect of ectopically expressed CDKL5 on dendrites was abolished by coexpressing a dominant-negative form of Rac1. Moreover, CDKL5 was required for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced activation of Rac1. Together, these results demonstrate a critical role of CDKL5 in neuronal morphogenesis and identify a Rho GTPase signaling pathway which may contribute to CDKL5-related disorders.
Networks, Dynamics, and the Small‐World Phenomenon1

The small‐world phenomenon formalized in this article as the coincidence of high local clustering and short global separation, is shown to be a general feature of sparse, decentralized networks that are neither completely ordered nor completely random. Networks of this kind have received little attention, yet they appear to be widespread in the social and natural sciences, as is indicated here by three distinct examples. Furthermore, small admixtures of randomness to an otherwise ordered network can have a dramatic impact on its dynamical, as well as structural, properties‐a feature illustrated by a simple model of disease transmission.
Universal Principles of Depicting Oneself across the Centuries: From Renaissance Self-Portraits to Selfie-Photographs

Selfie-photography is generally thought of as a cultural mass phenomenon of the early 21st century, inseparably related to the development and triumph of the smartphone with integrated camera. Western culture, however, has been highly familiar with self-depictions since the Renaissance days. Putting the contemporary selfie into this historic context covering more than five centuries of cultural development from Dürer's (1500) famous “Self-Portrait at 28” (also known as “Selbstbildnis im Pelzrock”) to today's Instagram galleries allows for identifying central parallels concerning the technical and social antecedents as well as common underlying psychological factors and shared properties of different kinds of self-depiction. The article provides an overview of the types of contemporary photographic selfies and compares them with painted self-portraits. Finally, this historic perspective leads us to the insight that self-portraits as well as selfies are both referring to nothing less than the “conditio humana. ”
The Wealth Effects of the 2010-2011 Arab Uprisings: A Market Model Event Study

Previous empirical analyses have concluded that political events can have significant linkages with stock returns. Using Brown & Warner’s (1984) OLS market model, I examine the effect of political disruptions in the 2010-2011 Arab uprisings on major stock indices of Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Dubai and London. My analysis finds mostly negative abnormal returns, highly statistically significant relative to the S&P 500, associated with many key events between December 1 st , 2010 and December 1 st , 2011. My findings suggest that the loss of investor wealth can be attributed to dramatic regime changes and large scale protests during that time period.
A Strong Baseline for Learning Cross-Lingual Word Embeddings from Sentence Alignments

While cross-lingual word embeddings have been studied extensively in recent years, the qualitative differences between the different algorithms remain vague. We observe that whether or not an algorithm uses a particular feature set (sentence IDs) accounts for a significant performance gap among these algorithms. This feature set is also used by traditional alignment algorithms, such as IBM Model-1, which demonstrate similar performance to state-of-the-art embedding algorithms on a variety of benchmarks. Overall, we observe that different algorithmic approaches for utilizing the sentence ID feature space result in similar performance. This paper draws both empirical and theoretical parallels between the embedding and alignment literature, and suggests that adding additional sources of information, which go beyond the traditional signal of bilingual sentence-aligned corpora, may substantially improve cross-lingual word embeddings, and that future baselines should at least take such features into account.
c-Kit/PDGFRA Gene Status Alterations Possibly Related to Primary Imatinib Resistance in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors

Purpose: To correlate morphologic changes with molecular, biochemical, and cytogenetic profiles in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) patients before and after imatinib treatment. Experimental Design: We investigated 132 tumor samples obtained from 35 patients with advanced disease who underwent resective surgery after imatinib treatment according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group protocol. On the basis of imaging findings, 27 patients were responders and 8 progressors, and retaining this radiological subdivision, we analyzed posttreatment morphologic changes correlating them with molecular, biochemical, and cytogenetic analyses. Results: On the basis of morphology (residual viable cellularity/proliferation markers), three subgroups were identified showing high, moderate, or low response. All of the progressing cases clustered in the low-response subgroup, whereas the responding cases were distributed in all three subgroups. The correlation between morphology and the molecular findings showed that secondary mutations segregated with the low-response subgroup, whereas c-Kit primary resistance mutations were randomly distributed in the three subgroups. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of c-Kit/PDGFRA genes showed that all of the progressing cases were disomic. Referring to morphology, among the responding cases, a disomic pattern was mainly restricted to the high responders, whereas the moderate and low responders were aneusomic. Comparison of post-imatinib genomic profiles with the 23 available primary tumors showed that 17 cases carried the same cytogenetic pattern. Overall, 12 of the 27 primary tumors presented a gain/loss of c-Kit/PDGFRA gene copy number. Conclusions: Our findings show that c-Kit/PDGFRA genomic alterations were present at disease onset in 1/3 of the examined cases. They therefore represent an early event possibly related to primary imatinib resistance in GISTs.
University of Birmingham Systematic review of diagnostic accuracy of reflectance confocal microscopy for melanoma diagnosis in patients with clinically equivocal skin lesions

Background: Melanoma is a cancer of the skin and is increasing in incidence in the UK and Europe. Melanoma is a condition that is often curable if detected at an early stage, which makes accurate diagnosis vital. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) is a tool used to image the skin. It gives high mag-nification images of the skin, which may provide more accurate diagnosis of lesions that are equivocal on clinical examination and for the other databases as The searches were performed from database inception. The search was conducted by two independent reviewers. of the reference lists of the review articles and studies included in the final
Organizational climate, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee performance

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between organizational climate, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and employee performance. Particularly, we examine the effect of organizational climate and organizational commitmenton job satisfaction. Furthermore, we also test the effect of job satisfaction on employee performance.Results of path analysis on 90 respondents showsopports for all hypotheses. Partially, organizational climate and organizational commitment have positive effect on job satisfaction. Simultaneously, organizational climate and organizational commitment positivelyaffect job satisfaction. In addition, job satisfaction has positive effect on employee performance.
Topology-Controlled Volume Rendering

Topology provides a foundation for the development of mathematically sound tools for processing and exploration of scalar fields. Existing topology-based methods can be used to identify interesting features in volumetric data sets, to find seed sets for accelerated isosurface extraction, or to treat individual connected components as distinct entities for isosurfacing or interval volume rendering. We describe a framework for direct volume rendering based on segmenting a volume into regions of equivalent contour topology and applying separate transfer functions to each region. Each region corresponds to a branch of a hierarchical contour tree decomposition, and a separate transfer function can be defined for it. The novel contributions of our work are: 1) a volume rendering framework and interface where a unique transfer function can be assigned to each subvolume corresponding to a branch of the contour tree, 2) a runtime method for adjusting data values to reflect contour tree simplifications, 3) an efficient way of mapping a spatial location into the contour tree to determine the applicable transfer function, and 4) an algorithm for hardware-accelerated direct volume rendering that visualizes the contour tree-based segmentation at interactive frame rates using graphics processing units (GPUs) that support loops and conditional branches in fragment programs
Adaptor Identity Modulates Adaptation Effects in Familiar Face Identification and Their Neural Correlates

Adaptation-related aftereffects (AEs) show how face perception can be altered by recent perceptual experiences. Along with contrastive behavioural biases, modulations of the early event-related potentials (ERPs) were typically reported on categorical levels. Nevertheless, the role of the adaptor stimulus per se for face identity-specific AEs is not completely understood and was therefore investigated in the present study. Participants were adapted to faces (S1s) varying systematically on a morphing continuum between pairs of famous identities (identities A and B), or to Fourier phase-randomized faces, and had to match the subsequently presented ambiguous faces (S2s; 50/50% identity A/B) to one of the respective original faces. We found that S1s identical with or near to the original identities led to strong contrastive biases with more identity B responses following A adaptation and vice versa. In addition, the closer S1s were to the 50/50% S2 on the morphing continuum, the smaller the magnitude of the AE was. The relation between S1s and AE was, however, not linear. Additionally, stronger AEs were accompanied by faster reaction times. Analyses of the simultaneously recorded ERPs revealed categorical adaptation effects starting at 100 ms post-stimulus onset, that were most pronounced at around 125–240 ms for occipito-temporal sites over both hemispheres. S1-specific amplitude modulations were found at around 300–400 ms. Response-specific analyses of ERPs showed reduced voltages starting at around 125 ms when the S1 biased perception in a contrastive way as compared to when it did not. Our results suggest that face identity AEs do not only depend on physical differences between S1 and S2, but also on perceptual factors, such as the ambiguity of S1. Furthermore, short-term plasticity of face identity processing might work in parallel to object-category processing, and is reflected in the first 400 ms of the ERP.
A comparative study of motivational differences for online shopping

Purchasing through online retailers, electronic markets, and virtual communities has its value. Often motivations to buy online differ from those in an offline environment and these motivations may be more incongruent for online shoppers dispersed globally. In this study, motives to purchase in an electronic environment in the context of two countries are studied. Two data sets of 538 respondents (304 in Singapore and 279 in China) were collected. Results show that there is a significant difference in motivations in China and Singapore buyers, and Singapore buyers have higher positive need gratifications. These findings indicate that Singapore buyers are more positively inclined toward online shopping, and they are likely to be more gratified when buying online than respondents from China. In country specific contexts, no motivational differences for male and female respondents are observed. However, gender is significant for the combined sample indicating that overall male and female populations have different motivations for online shopping. Online retailers could benefit from focusing on aspects that address perceptions of positive need-fulfillment on their e-commerce sites for the Singapore and Chinese market segments, while also differentiating websites for online markets by gender.
L-infinity Algebras and Deformations of Holomorphic Maps

We construct the deformation functor associated with a pair of morphisms of differential graded Lie algebras, and use it to study infinitesimal deformations of holomorphic maps of compact complex manifolds. In particular, using L-infinity structures, we give an explicit description of the differential graded Lie algebra that controls this problem.
LIMSI@WMT’16: Machine Translation of News

This paper describes LIMSI’s submissions to the shared WMT’16 task “Translation of News”. We report results for Romanian-English in both directions, for English to Russian, as well as preliminary experiments on reordering to translate from English into German. Our submissions use mainly NCODE and MOSES along with continuous space models in a post-processing step. The main novelties of this year’s participation are the following: for the translation into Russian and Romanian, we have attempted to extend the output of the decoder with morphological variations and to use a CRF model to rescore this new search space; as for the translation into German, we have been experimenting with source-side pre-ordering based on a dependency structure allowing permutations in order to reproduce the tar- get word order.
Brain-machine interfaces for motor rehabilitation: Is recalibration important?

Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) allow to decode motor commands from paralyzed patients' brains and use those commands with a rehabilitative or assistive purpose. However, brain non-stationarities can affect BMI performance over time in multi-session interventions. The amount and type of data used for calibration may play an important role on the posterior decoding performance. This paper studies six different schemes for BMI calibration, considering subject-specific and subject-transfer scenarios. Data from a five-session rehabilitation intervention with four spinal cord injury patients is used to evaluate the decoding performance of the six proposed schemes. Our results show that recording some data at the beginning of each new session to recalibrate the BMI has a positive effect, although this effect is not achieved if we do not record enough number of trials. In addition, for subject-transfer approaches it is possible to achieve similar performances to those of subject-specific approaches for some subjects, but for others, generalization is not possible. These findings constitute a step forward towards the implantation of BMI for multiple-session rehabilitation therapies.
The epidemiology of schizophrenia and other common mental health disorders in the English-speaking Caribbean.

OBJECTIVE To report on the epidemiology of schizophrenia and other common mental health disorders in the English-speaking Caribbean. METHODS The MEDLINE, MEDCARIB and West Indiana electronic databases were searched with the phrases Caribbean AND psychiatry OR mental OR suicide, and items with specific reference to epidemiology were culled and reviewed. RESULTS The age-corrected incidence rate for schizophrenia per 10,000 is 2.09 in Jamaica, 2.2 per 1000 in Trinidad, and 2.92 in Barbados. These rates are lower than the incidence rates reported for white British people, and significantly lower that the 6- to 18-fold higher risk ratio incidence reported for African Caribbeans living in Britain. A comparative diagnostic study carried out in the United Kingdom (UK) suggests that misdiagnosis plays a significant role in this difference. Relatively low incidence figures for affective disorders, anxiety states, suicide and attempted suicide have been reported for Jamaica, Trinidad, and Barbados. DISCUSSION Most published epidemiological studies of Caribbean populations center on schizophrenia, because of the startling findings of a large increase in risk ratios for African Caribbean people living in England compared to the white native British people. The etiological evidence is shifting toward factors of racism and social alienation experienced by black people in the UK, and to misdiagnosis by white British psychiatrists. Studies of the role of colonial enslavement and social engineering raise the etiological possibility of a role for social and structural community organization in the genesis of schizophrenia. The Caribbean thus represents a rich crucible for research in the epidemiology and etiology of mental health disorders.
A Mathematical Model of Competition for Two Essential Resources in the Unstirred Chemostat

A mathematical model of competition between two species for two growth-limiting, essential (complementary) resources in the unstirred chemostat is considered. The existence of a positive steady-state solution and some of its properties are established analytically. Techniques include the maximum principle, the fixed point index, and numerical simulations. The simulations also seem to indicate that there are regions in parameter space for which a globally stable positive equilibrium occurs and that there are other regions for which the model admits bistability and even multiple positive equilibria.