Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Impact of External, Socially Synthetic Forces, such as Mass Media, Video Games, and the Internet on Human Behavior

This essay explores the controversial hypothesis of reciprocal determinism, a subset of the Social Cognitive Theory developed by Albert Bandura, Ph.D. The hypothesis suggests that external forces likely influence the behavior of an individual, and in turn, the individual reshapes (reciprocally) society in an escalading cycle of manipulation and modification. Diverse perspectives are gathered from seminal books and peer-reviewed journals in an attempt to substantiate or conceivably refute the notion that mass media, the Internet, video games, and other forms of one-way and interactive technology may be stirring aggressive behavior (by way of modeling), as well as desensitizing children and adolescents to real violence that occurs in everyday life. While some developmental theorists claimed that measurable modifications in human behavior are brought about by internal (biological) or external (societal) forces that are equally perpetual and inescapable, others argued that recipes of both cognitive and innate factors comprise the essential ingredients that shape the ego, define the personality, or influence reflective choices individuals will make throughout their lifetime. Because theories are devised to seek explanations for the seemingly inexplicable, theorists continue to proffer formidable arguments in support of their unique research. While this essay threads together selected past and ongoing literature about a disquieting social phenomenon, the intent was not to produce new evidence on the matter, except that predicting outcomes of human behavior continues to evade scientific certainty.
The Effects of a Human Developmental Counseling Application Curriculum on Content Integration, Application, and Cognitive Complexity for Counselor Trainees.

Although professional counselors have distinguished themselves among helping professionals through a focus and foundational framework in normal human growth and development over the life-span, a majority of programs neglect to incorporate training opportunities enabling students to translate developmental theory to clinical practice. In this mixed-method study, the researcher explored the effects of a human developmental counseling application curriculum and examined cognitive complexity levels among counselor trainees. Qualitative results support gains in both the integration and application of developmental content while quantitative results offer partial support for cognitive complexity gains among trainees. This study identifies a curricular training experience in which counselor trainees' integration and application human developmental theory as well as cognitive complexity, are notably enhanced.
Molecular Modeling Study of Chiral Separation and Recognition Mechanism of β-Adrenergic Antagonists by Capillary Electrophoresis

Chiral separations of five β-adrenergic antagonists (propranolol, esmolol, atenolol, metoprolol, and bisoprolol) were studied by capillary electrophoresis using six cyclodextrins (CDs) as the chiral selectors. Carboxymethylated-β-cyclodextrin (CM-β-CD) exhibited a higher enantioselectivity power compared to the other tested CDs. The influences of the concentration of CM-β-CD, buffer pH, buffer concentration, temperature, and applied voltage were investigated. The good chiral separation of five β-adrenergic antagonists was achieved using 50 mM Tris buffer at pH 4.0 containing 8 mM CM-β-CD with an applied voltage of 24 kV at 20 °C. In order to understand possible chiral recognition mechanisms of these racemates with CM-β-CD, host-guest binding procedures of CM-β-CD and these racemates were studied using the molecular docking software Autodock. The binding free energy was calculated using the Autodock semi-empirical binding free energy function. The results showed that the phenyl or naphthyl ring inserted in the hydrophobic cavity of CM-β-CD and the side chain was found to point out of the cyclodextrin rim. Hydrogen bonding between CM-β-CD and these racemates played an important role in the process of enantionseparation and a model of the hydrogen bonding interaction positions was constructed. The difference in hydrogen bonding formed with the –OH next to the chiral center of the analytes may help to increase chiral discrimination and gave rise to a bigger separation factor. In addition, the longer side chain in the hydrophobic phenyl ring of the enantiomer was not beneficial for enantioseparation and the chiral selectivity factor was found to correspond to the difference in binding free energy.
HLA AND IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP)

The histocompatibility antigens are thought to be the principal genetic factor in disease susceptibility and expression (Bach & van Rood, 1976). This antigen system has been studied in various autoimmune disorders and high incidence of certain HLA antigens has been observed in many diseases. Recently, Goebal et al (1977), while screening 20 patients with ITP, found a high incidence of HLA-B8 and HLA-B12 either alone (70% and 45% respectively) or in combination (40%) as compared to controls which included patients with drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura and healthy volunteers. We subjected our 20 patients with ITP to HLA phenotype studies. The criteria for the diagnosis of ITP included: (a) a platelet count of less than 100 x 109/l; (b) megakaryocytic hyperplasia with poor platelet production in the bone marrow; and (c) exclusion of any systemic disease, other haematological disorder and antecedent history of intake of drugs o r toxins related to this disorder. Antiplatelet antibodies were present in 12 out of 20 cases (60%) as tested by the platelet factor 3 release test (Karpatkin & Siskind, 1969). HLA profiles were assayed by the two-stage microlymphocytoxity test (Mittal et al , 1968). Well-defined antisera against 23 specificities were used to identify the antigens. Three or four antisera were used against each specificity. Sixty controls included healthy members of our staff and unrelated voluntary donors for patients waiting for renal transplantation. All the patients and controls were from North India and represented the same ethnic group of population. All but three of the patients had not received steroid therapy for more than 6 weeks a t the time of HLA phenotyping. One of these patients had been on 20-30 mg of prednisolone per day for 2 months when his HLA typing was carried out. The two other patients had been taking 5-10 mg of prednisolone intermittently for about 2 years when their HLA phenotyping was carried out; one of them had undergone therapeutic splenectomy. HLA-B8 was present in 15% (three patients) as compared to 13.3% in the control. HLA-B12 was observed in 10% (two patients) as compared to 20% in the control population. Combination of HLA-B8 and B12 was not observed in any patient. Statistical analysis using Yates chi-square test did not show any significant association of HLA-B8, B12 or any other HLA antigen with ITP as compared to controls. The present data therefore do not reveal any association between the HLA antigens and ITP in this ethnic group.
The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies

This is a study of social mobility within the developing class structures of modern industrial societies based on a unique data-set constructed by John Goldthorpe and Robert Erikson. The focus is on the experience of European nations - western and eastern - in the period of the `long boom' following the Second World War; but the book also devotes separate chapters to examining the experience of the USA, Australia, and Japan. The authors combine historical and statistical approaches in their analysis of both trends in mobility and of cross-national similarities and differences. They show that wide variation at the level of actually observed mobility coexists with a surprising degree of constancy and commonality in underlying patterns of social fluidity. The empirical results of their study serve as the basis for a critical re-examination of current theories of mobility and for raising more general issues of the proper concerns and methods of comparative macro-sociology. This book is intended for teachers and postgraduates in sociology, social and economic history, social stratification, and the sociology of industrial societies.
Synaptic dynamics and neuronal network connectivity are reflected in the distribution of times in Up states

The dynamics of neuronal networks connected by synaptic dynamics can sustain long periods of depolarization that can last for hundreds of milliseconds such as Up states recorded during sleep or anesthesia. Yet the underlying mechanism driving these periods remain unclear. We show here within a mean-field model that the residence time of the neuronal membrane potential in cortical Up states does not follow a Poissonian law, but presents several peaks. Furthermore, the present modeling approach allows extracting some information about the neuronal network connectivity from the time distribution histogram. Based on a synaptic-depression model, we find that these peaks, that can be observed in histograms of patch-clamp recordings are not artifacts of electrophysiological measurements, but rather are an inherent property of the network dynamics. Analysis of the equations reveals a stable focus located close to the unstable limit cycle, delimiting a region that defines the Up state. The model further shows that the peaks observed in the Up state time distribution are due to winding around the focus before escaping from the basin of attraction. Finally, we use in vivo recordings of intracellular membrane potential and we recover from the peak distribution, some information about the network connectivity. We conclude that it is possible to recover the network connectivity from the distribution of times that the neuronal membrane voltage spends in Up states.
Investigating the Stigma of Prison Classification:An Experimental Design

In spite of the widespread use of objective classification systems as a tool for effective prison management, little is known about the relationship between the classification label and inmate behavior. This study uses an experimental design to assign inmates to either maximum security (control group)or medium security (experimental group). Inmate disciplinary activity was monitored for a period of 1 year. Results indicate that there is no statistical difference between the experimental and control groups for disciplinary activity. These findings suggest that the classification label may be a determinant of behavior rather than a reflection of inmate characteristics.
Self‐esteem and Sex Roles Among Male and Female High School Students: Their Relationship to Physical Activity

It has been suggested that participation in sport and exercise can increase self-esteem. However, it is also argued that sport is primarily a masculine activity, and females who are involved in sport may experience some role conflict. This cross-sectional study examined Australian adolescents of both sexes, and compared those who reported exercising at least three times per week with those who did not. The male and female high-active respondents, by comparison with the low-active sample, were characterised by higher self-esteem and by higher scores on the positive-feminine scale of the Australian Sex Role Inventory. It may be possible that increased self-esteem, arising from successful participation in exercise or sport, enables young people to develop a sense of self which is less limited by social expectations of what is appropriate for one sex or the other.
Social relationships: the nature and function of relational schemas

This paper reviews developments in the field of close relationships from an interdependence theory perspective. It concludes that focusing on the relational, dyadic aspects of relationships has led to a much better understanding of social cognition and of interpersonal processes. In this vein, the nature and function of relational schemas seems a particularly promising new direction for research. It encompasses recent work on self-in-relation-to-other schema structure, the organization of schemas in cognitive networks, motivated construal in service of a need for felt security, and the dynamics of attachment and dependency regulation. Despite some impressive advances in research on close relationships, however, a more social psychological emphasis on the causal influence of features of social situations on cognition and behavior is important for the future health of the field. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Context on the Iranian EFL Learners' Idiom Retention

Idioms, forms of figurative language, are used pervasively in both spoken and written discourse. However, mainly due to their figurative nature, they are often considered difficult to learn. The present study tried to first of all briefly investigate the language learners’ attitudes toward learning L2 idioms. It then compared the effect of written vs. video-graphic contexts on the language learners’ long-term and short-term retention of idioms. To know about the language learners’ attitudes to learning English idioms and their relevant experiences, a questionnaire was administered to a group of Iranian EFL learners. The results of the questionnaire proved their highly positive view toward learning idioms and their need for helpful and facilitating learning strategies. At the second stage of the study, two similar groups of intermediate EFL learners were exposed to unfamiliar idioms through a story in written and video-graphic contexts. The subjects were also given the definitions on a separate sheet to check. The subjects’ long-term and short-term retention were then tested and compared. The results of the study showed no significant difference between the performances of the two groups regarding their short term retention, while with respect to long-term retention; the animation group i.e. the one exposed to the video-graphic context significantly outperformed the text group. The results of the study also support the dual coding theory which emphasizes the role of mental imagery in retention.
Elementary Teachers' Learning to Construct High-Quality Mathematics Lesson Plans

This study explored a group of elementary teachers' (n = 35) learning to construct high-quality lesson plans that foster student understanding of fundamental mathematical ideas. The conceptual framework for this study was gleaned from the recently released Institute of Education Sciences (IES) recommendations, including (a) interweaving worked examples and practice problems, (b) connecting concrete and abstract representations, and (c) asking deep questions to elicit student self-explanations. Comparisons between teachers' pre- and postsurveys, and among teachers' initial, revised, and end-of-course lesson plans, indicated teachers' growth in using worked examples, representations, and deep questions during their lesson planning. Issues related to teachers' learning as they constructed lesson plans that aligned with the IES recommendations were also revealed.
Motion processing, directional selectivity, and conscious visual perception in the human brain

Several human and monkey studies have demonstrated a close relationship between motion perception and activation of area V5, leading to the general view that activity in this area correlates with the subjective experience of motion. In the present study, we investigate whether the responses of this area are still governed by the motion percept when the latter is in conflict with the reality of the physical visual stimulation. We simultaneously presented two different, specially designed random-dot kinematograms, one to each eye. These stimuli either both had a single direction of motion and worked in synergy, or had opposite motion directions and thus cancelled each other out perceptually. In this way, we were able to pit the visual stimulus (one vs. two stimulating directions) against the reported perception (directional motion vs. motion noise) of human volunteers during fMRI experiments. We found that a strong motion stimulus that is weakly perceived is more effective in activating V5 (as well as V3) than a weaker motion stimulus, which is nevertheless robustly perceived. Thus, contrary to the prevailing view of perception being the correlate of activity in higher visual areas, we show here that activity is instead dominated by the properties of the physical stimulus, raising the question of whether there is a subpopulation of cells in V5 whose activity is critical for generating the motion percept. In addition, our results provide the first robust evidence for the presence of directionally selective neuronal populations in human prestriate cortex.
Effects of Immediate Feedback Delivered by Peer Tutors on the Oral Presentation Skills of Adolescents With Learning Disabilities

High school graduation requirements are becoming increasingly demanding. In addition to meeting academic benchmarks, some school districts have added performance requirements such as oral presentations to their criteria for earning a high school diploma. This type of requirement may present an additional challenge for students with learning disabilities. Research was conducted to determine if a treatment package consisting of immediate feedback delivered via wireless technology by peer tutors was effective with improving oral presentation skills in four high school senior girls with learning disabilities. Results suggest that immediate feedback provided by peer tutors (compared with delayed feedback) was effective in decreasing undesirable target behaviors that interfered with performance, in all four participants. Each participant also rated the treatment as acceptable. Implications for practice are discussed.
The effect of numeracy and affect on adherence to rational choice principles in decisions under risk

The question of how affective state effects decision making has, in recent years, come to prominence in the field of decision research. The relationship between numeracy and choice, reasoning and judgement has also started to receive an increasing amount of attention. The series of studies reported here investigate the effect of numeracy and affect on the violation of rational choice principles. Preference reversal and violations of (transparent) dominance in decisions under risk are investigated in Study 1, using a lottery choice paradigm, while Study 2 examines the relationship between numeracy and these violations of rationality. Study 3 concerns the development and reliability and validity testing of a numeracy scale designed for use in decision research. Study 4 investigates the extent to which more and less numerate individuals attend to probabilistic and outcome value information, using a think aloud methodology. In Studies 5 and 6 the effect of endogenous and exogenous affect on choice and response time is examined, with Study 6 also investigating whether the effect of affect on dominance violation is mediated by numeracy or propensity to engage in cognitive reflection. Key contributions to theory made by this programme of research included the findings that: 1) probability neglect is a widespread phenomenon that can lead to violations of transparent dominance; 2) those lower in numeracy are more prone to probability neglect than those who are more numerate; 3) endogenous happiness promotes the utilisation of cognitively effortful System 2 processes and thus a reduced rate of probability neglect, while exogenous happiness does not; and 4) the relationship between endogenous happiness and process is not mediated by numeracy, thus indicating that those lower in numeracy can be motivated to expend greater cognitive effort on probabilistic tasks. Two key contributions to methodology are also made: 1) a numeracy scale; and 2) a procedure for eliciting task-endogenous changes in affective state.
Helping counts: predicting children's intentions to disclose being bullied to teachers from prior social support experiences

Despite possible negative effects, many children do not tell their teachers when they have been bullied. This study examined junior school pupils' ("N" = 294) reports of instrumental, emotional and validation social support received after disclosing being bullied to teachers, and associations with intentions to disclose in the future. Overall, participants reported receiving modest to high levels of social support. The three social support variables accounted for a significant proportion (16.3%) of the variance in intentions to disclose. Each of them also emerged as significant non unique predictors (i.e. not controlling for their shared variance), and validation social support did so even after controlling for the influence of the other two types. These effects were stronger for boys than for girls, and some varied by age. FINDINGS are discussed in terms of outcome- expectancy theory and practical implications. Language: en
Conscious Sedation Procedures Using Intravenous Midazolam for Dental Care in Patients with Different Cognitive Profiles: A Prospective Study of Effectiveness and Safety

The use of midazolam for dental care in patients with intellectual disability is poorly documented. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of conscious sedation procedures using intravenous midazolam in adults and children with intellectual disability (ID) compared to dentally anxious patients (DA). Ninety-eight patients with ID and 44 patients with DA programmed for intravenous midazolam participated in the study over 187 and 133 sessions, respectively. Evaluation criteria were success of dental treatment, cooperation level (modified Venham scale), and occurrence of adverse effects. The mean intravenous dose administered was 8.8±4.9 mg and 9.8±4.1 mg in ID and DA sessions respectively (t-test, NS). 50% N2O/O2 was administered during cannulation in 51% of ID sessions and 61% of DA sessions (NS, Fisher exact test). Oral or rectal midazolam premedication was administered for cannulation in 31% of ID sessions and 3% of DA sessions (p<0,001, Fisher exact test). Dental treatment was successful in 9 out of 10 sessions for both groups. Minor adverse effects occurred in 16.6% and 6.8% of ID and DA sessions respectively (p = 0.01, Fisher exact test). Patients with ID were more often very disturbed during cannulation (25.4% ID vs. 3.9% DA sessions) and were less often relaxed after induction (58.9% ID vs. 90.3% DA) and during dental treatment (39.5% ID vs. 59.7% DA) (p<0.001, Fisher exact test) than patients with DA. When midazolam sedation was repeated, cooperation improved for both groups. Conscious sedation procedures using intravenous midazolam, with or without premedication and/or inhalation sedation (50% N2O/O2), were shown to be safe and effective in patients with intellectual disability when administered by dentists.