Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Public Expectations and Nonprofit Sector Realities: A Growing Divide with Disastrous Consequences

This article suggests that there is a growing disconnect between the public’s expectations for nonprofit organizations and the operational realities faced by nonprofit organizations. This disconnect is a problem of image as well as a deeper problem of meaning and substance. The image problem relates to inaccurate perceptions about the size, use of volunteers, and sources of revenue of nonprofit organizations. The problem of substance relates to the public’s growing misunderstanding of the legitimate and essential role of nonprofit organizations to engage in the public policy decision-making process to help set social priorities and allocate resources. The relief efforts associated with September 11, 2001, highlight how the disconnect between the public’s expectations and nonprofit sector operations is beginning to have adverse consequences for the nonprofit sector. The article concludes with suggestions for how nonprofit organizations can better align public expectations with their operational realities.
Mechanism of Fiber Carcinogenesis: From Reactive Radical Species to Silencing of The βigH3 Gene

Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has restricted the industrial use of regulated forms of asbestos in the United States since the early 1970s, environmental exposure to asbestos remains a health concern in the United States and is a significant health issue among developing countries. Exposure to asbestos is associated with chronic pulmonary diseases and cancer of the lung, pleura, and peritoneum. The mechanism of fiber carcinogenesis is far from clear and is likely to be complex, depending on fiber dimensions, surface properties, and physical durability. The induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species upon phagocytosis of fibers plays an important role in fiber genotoxicity. The βigH3, a secreted protein induced by the transforming growth factor-β and essential for cell adhesion, is downregulated in asbestos-induced tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells. Ectopic expression of the βigH3 gene abrogates the tumorigenic phenotype and suggests that the gene plays a causal role in fiber carcinogenesis. A better understanding of the carcinogenic mechanism of asbestos and other mineral fibers will provide useful information on interventional and preventive measures for asbestos-mediated diseases such as human pleural and peritoneal mesotheliomas.
The effect of anticoagulant pharmacotherapy on fracture healing

Background: There is in vitro and in vivo evidence that anticoagulants impair normal bone metabolism, and it is widely believed that this may impair fracture healing. However, there are only a few heterogeneous in vivo animal studies confirming this and the mechanisms are not fully understood. Objective: To review the literature concerning the effects of anticoagulants on fracture healing, and to present current understanding of the mechanisms involved by reviewing in vivo studies of bone biology and in vitro studies of bone cells. Methods: A systematic search of Medline and other databases was combined with manual searching of bibliographies of key papers to identify relevant studies in the English and German languages. Conclusion: There is strong evidence that warfarin, heparin and aspirin retard fracture healing. The preferential use of low molecular weight heparins is advocated to minimise this. Fondaparinux has not shown any impairment in vitro. Further studies of fondaparinux, the timing of anticoagulation therapy and the mechanisms of action of these agents are of paramount importance.
Pro-poor Tourism: a critique

Abstract Tourism's role as a development tool has increased over the past three decades. Its contribution to poverty alleviation was first noted in the 1970s, but this focus was increasingly blurred in theoretical debates over ‘development’ in the 1980s and 1990s. It resurfaced at the end of the 1990s with the emergence of ‘pro-poor tourism’ (ppt), defined as tourism which brings net benefits to the poor. In this paper the emergence of ppt is described, its main features outlined, and several conceptual and substantive criticisms are discussed. It is concluded that, while ppt is based on a worthwhile injunction to help the poor, it is distinctive neither theoretically nor in its methods, and has become too closely associated with community-based tourism. Rather than remain on the academic and development margins, it should be reintegrated into and reinform mainstream studies of tourism and development, and focus more on researching the actual and potential role of mass tourism in alleviating poverty and bringing ‘development’.
Subjective interpretation of inconclusive BRCA1/2 cancer genetic test results and transmission of information to the relatives

Objective: BRCA1/2 gene mutations are not frequently identified in breast or ovarian cancer patients who are the first members of their family to be tested. Little is known about how probands interpret and cope with these results, which are generally referred to as ‘inconclusive’. The aim of this study was to describe subjective understanding by women with cancer in response to an inconclusive BRCA1/2 test, describing the difficulties or non‐difficulties they encountered about the transmission of information to their family.
Looking for a Needle in a Haystack: Revisiting the Cross‐Country Causes of the 2008-9 Crisis by Bayesian Model Averaging

type="main" xml:id="ecca12125-abs-0001"> In this paper we explore the cross-country variation in the output impact of the global financial crisis in 2008–9. We use the extensive dataset of Rose and Spiegel but control for the problems of model uncertainty and outliers by using a variety of Bayesian model averaging techniques. We find first that cross-country differences in crisis intensity can be explained by macroeconomic vulnerabilities. Second, ignoring model uncertainty can lead to incorrect inferences. Third, international trade linkages do matter.
The intrapreneur and innovation in creative firms

This article analyses how the intrapreneur’s demographic characteristics and personal values influence innovation performance in small creative firms. We demonstrate that the intrapreneur’s previous experience in developing and commercializing creative products and services, together with an entrepreneurial value system (EVS), constitute characteristics that positively affect a firm’s innovation performance. This article makes two main contributions. First, research on factors that stimulate innovation in small creative firms is scarce. Second, the article applies a cognitive approach integrating demographic characteristics and personal values, aspects that are rarely jointly explored in entrepreneurship research.
Dynamic gradients of an intermediate filament-like cytoskeleton are recruited by a polarity landmark during apical growth

Significance Here, we show that FilP, a bacterial cytoskeletal protein related to metazoan intermediate filament (IF) proteins, can self-assemble into a regular network structure. This finding offers a possible explanation for its previously characterized role in cellular rigidity and elasticity and might offer insights into the mechanical role of human IFs. The assembly of FilP cytoskeleton is coupled to the function of the polarisome, a protein complex orchestrating the polar growth characteristic of Streptomyces. These results suggest that apical assembly of a stress-bearing cytoskeleton is a common strategy in tip-growing walled cells, such as filamentous fungi, pollen tubes, and mycelial bacteria. Intermediate filament (IF)-like cytoskeleton emerges as a versatile tool for cellular organization in all kingdoms of life, underscoring the importance of mechanistically understanding its diverse manifestations. We showed previously that, in Streptomyces (a bacterium with a mycelial lifestyle similar to that of filamentous fungi, including extreme cell and growth polarity), the IF protein FilP confers rigidity to the hyphae by an unknown mechanism. Here, we provide a possible explanation for the IF-like function of FilP by demonstrating its ability to self-assemble into a cis-interconnected regular network in vitro and its localization into structures consistent with a cytoskeletal network in vivo. Furthermore, we reveal that a spatially restricted interaction between FilP and DivIVA, the main component of the Streptomyces polarisome complex, leads to formation of apical gradients of FilP in hyphae undergoing active tip extension. We propose that the coupling between the mechanism driving polar growth and the assembly of an IF cytoskeleton provides each new hypha with an additional stress-bearing structure at its tip, where the nascent cell wall is inevitably more flexible and compliant while it is being assembled and matured. Our data suggest that recruitment of cytoskeleton around a cell polarity landmark is a broadly conserved strategy in tip-growing cells.
Partial discharges of nonwoven nanofibers composite

A promising technology of nanofibrous composites is studied nowadays as an alternative method to the well-known dielectric nanocomposites filled by various nanofillers like a metallic oxides, alumina, silica, carbon nanofibers or nanotubes. All of these nanofillers are known, more or less. The use is to improve some of the electrical, mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. Unfortunately, its expensiveness and tendency to agglomeration remain as their main disadvantage. In the contrary, the nanofibers can be applied as a nonwoven fabric over the surface of the composite with no tendency to create the cluster agglomeration as the nanocomposites with nanoparticles. It was prepared experimental specimens of nonwoven nanofibers composites based on the modification of commonly used three-component mica-based electrical insulating material (epoxy, glass fibers and mica). The modification of these, well known, mica composites was done by incorporation of the nonwoven nanofibers layers (1, 2 and 3) to its structure always with different area density (1, 3 and 5 g/m2) of the nanofibers. The tested material was delivered in the form of resin-rich sheets on which the layers of the nanofibers made from Polyamide 6 were applied and specimens were subsequently cured using typical resin rich curing process. The influence of prepared modifications on the partial discharge characteristics and magnitudes of the resulting nanocomposites was studied. Partial discharges results show differences between the specimens' variations depending on nanofibers presence, the number of layers and surface density of nanofibers. The decreasing of the partial discharge activity is recognisable when the nanofabrics is incorporated into the composite. The obtained results proved that the nonwoven nanofibers based on Polyamide 6 seem to be a perspective material with certain resistance to partial discharge activity.
Measuring the ''World'' Real Interest Rate

Over the past couple of decades, and especially since the financial crisis in 2008-09, real interest rates have collapsed. For much of the past two years they have been negative, but they have been trending down for some while. But how far have real rates fallen? This note computes a measure of the "world" real interest rate and, where possible, a measure of the implied future real rate. It also makes public our estimates of the "world" real interest rate so they can be used by other researchers.
Tailored interventions to improve antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract infections in hospitals: a cluster-randomized, controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Limited data exist on the most effective approach to increase the quality of antibiotic use for lower respiratory tract infections at hospitals. METHODS One thousand nine hundred six patients with community-acquired pneumonia or an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis) were included in a cluster-randomized, controlled trial at 6 medium-to-large Dutch hospitals. A multifaceted guideline-implementation strategy that was tailored to baseline performance and considered the barriers in the target group was used. Principal outcome measures were (1) guideline-adherent antibiotic prescription, (2) adaptation of dose and dose interval of antibiotics according to renal function, (3) switches in therapy, (4) streamlining of therapy, and (5) Gram staining and culture of sputum samples. Secondary process outcomes were applicable to community-acquired pneumonia (e.g., timely administration of antibiotics) or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (e.g., not prescribing macrolides). RESULTS The rate of guideline-adherent antibiotic prescription increased from 50.3% to 64.3% in the intervention hospitals (odds ratio [OR], 2.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57-4.42; P=.0008). The rate of adaptation of antibiotic dose according to renal function increased from 79.4% to 95.1% in the intervention hospitals (OR, 7.32; 95% CI, 2.09-25.7; P=.02). The switch from intravenous to oral therapy improved more in the control hospitals (from 53.3% to 71.9%) than in the intervention hospitals (from 74% to 83.6%). The change from broad-spectrum empirical therapy to pathogen-directed therapy improved by 5.7% in the intervention hospitals (P = not significant). Fewer sputum samples were obtained from both the intervention group (rate of sputum samples obtained decreased from 55.8% to 53.1%) and the control group (rate of sputum samples obtained decreased from 49.6% to 42.7%). Timely administration of antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia increased significantly in the intervention group (from 55.2% to 62.9%; OR, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.11-5.57; P=.026). CONCLUSIONS With regard to some important aspects, tailoring interventions to change antibiotic use improved the quality of treatment for patients hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection.
Long-Term Distributional Eects of Early Tracking: Evidence from a Comprehensive School Reform in Finland

In the 1970s the tracking of students into academic and non-academic tracks was postponed in Finland from age 11 to age 16 by the introduction of a uniform 9-year comprehensive school. In this paper I utilize the gradual implementation of the comprehensive school reform across the nation to capture the causal eect of early tracking on the distribution of cognitive skills and earnings substantially later in life. I estimate these eects using register data on Finnish
‘Go west young man!’ Youth apprenticeship and opportunity structures in two Canadian provinces

Most Canadian provinces offer high-school apprenticeships to facilitate students’ transitions to skilled work and address employers’ concerns about labour shortages. Using interview data with graduates from high-school apprenticeships in Alberta and Ontario, we analyse the impact participation in these programmes has had on their educational and occupational pathways. Findings show the importance of opportunity structures on the employment and education trajectories of young apprentices. High demands for skilled workers in Alberta, associated with the province’s exploration of large oil sands deposits, are contrasted with a contracting labour market in Ontario, which is more dependent on employment in the service and manufacturing sectors. Findings show that economic conditions and the availability of post-secondary alternatives affect young people’s decisions to enter and persist in apprenticeships. We also argue, however, that tighter regulatory frameworks are required to protect young people in apprenticeships from exploitative practices.
Comorbidities in pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India: Opportunities for intervention

Background We aimed to define characteristics of TB patients in Puducherry and two districts of Tamil Nadu, India and calculate the population attributable fractions (PAF) of TB from malnutrition and alcohol. Methods New smear-positive TB cases were enrolled into the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT India) cohort. Census and National Family Health Survey data were used for comparisons. Results Data were analyzed for 409 participants enrolled between May 2014-June 2016; 307 (75.1%) were male, 60.2% were malnourished (body mass index [BMI] <18.5 kg/m2), and 29.1% severely malnourished (BMI <16). “Hazardous” alcohol use (based on AUDIT-C score) was reported by 155/305 (50.8%) of males. Tuberculosis cases were more likely than the Puducherry population to be malnourished (62.6% v 10.2% males and 71.7% v 11.3% of females; both p<0.001), and male cases were more likely to use alcohol than male non-cases (84.4% v 41%; p < .001). The PAF of malnutrition was 57.4% in males and 61.5% in females; the PAF for alcohol use was 73.8% in males and 1.7% in females. Conclusions Alcohol use in men and malnutrition are helping drive the TB epidemic in Southern India. Reducing the TB burden in this population will require efforts to mitigate these risk factors.
Knowledge Transfer Between Artificial Intelligence Systems

We consider the fundamental question: how a legacy “student” Artificial Intelligent (AI) system could learn from a legacy “teacher” AI system or a human expert without re-training and, most importantly, without requiring significant computational resources. Here “learning” is broadly understood as an ability of one system to mimic responses of the other to an incoming stimulation and vice-versa. We call such learning an Artificial Intelligence knowledge transfer. We show that if internal variables of the “student” Artificial Intelligent system have the structure of an n-dimensional topological vector space and n is sufficiently high then, with probability close to one, the required knowledge transfer can be implemented by simple cascades of linear functionals. In particular, for n sufficiently large, with probability close to one, the “student” system can successfully and non-iteratively learn k ≪ n new examples from the “teacher” (or correct the same number of mistakes) at the cost of two additional inner products. The concept is illustrated with an example of knowledge transfer from one pre-trained convolutional neural network to another.
CD19 Isoforms Enabling Resistance to CART-19 Immunotherapy Are Expressed in B-ALL Patients at Initial Diagnosis

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the commonest childhood cancer and the prognosis of children with relapsed or therapy refractory disease remains a challenge. Treatment with chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells targeting the CD19 antigen (CART-19 therapy) has been presented as a promising approach toward improving the outcome of relapsed or refractory disease. However, 10%–20% of the patients suffer another relapse. Epitope-loss under therapy pressure has been suggested as a mechanism of tumor cells to escape the recognition from CART-19 therapy. In this work, we analyzed the expression of CD19 isoforms in a cohort of 14 children with CD19+ B-ALL and 6 nonleukemia donors. We showed that an alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA isoform lacking exon 2, and therefore the CART-19 epitope, but not isoforms lacking the transmembrane and cytosolic domains are expressed in leukemic blasts at diagnosis in children and in the bone marrow of nonleukemia donors. Furthermore, we clarified the sequence of a further isoform lacking the epitope recognized by CART-19 therapy and disclosed the presence of new isoforms. In comparison with the children, we showed that alternatively spliced CD19 mRNA isoforms affecting exon 2 are also expressed in 6 adult patients with CD19+ B-ALL. On top of that, one of the adults expressed an isoform lacking the CD19 transmembrane and cytosolic domains. In conclusion, we proved that some of the CD19 isoforms contributing to CART-19 escape already preexist at diagnosis and could evolve as a dominant clone during CART-19 therapy suggesting the application of combined treatment approaches.
Controllability on $\mathrm{Sl}(2, \mathbb{C})$ with Restricted Controls

In this paper we study controllability of affine invariant control systems on the group $\mathrm{Sl}(2,\mathbb{C})$ with restricted controls. We develop a method based on the action of $\mathrm{Sl}(2,\mathbb{C})$ on the sphere $S^{2}\approx \mathbb{C}\cup \{\infty\}$ by Mobius functions. Some controllability results are proved. It is proved also that controllability with restricted controls is not a generic property, contrary to the case of unrestricted controls, as proved in the classic paper by Jurdjevic and Kupka [J. Differential Equations, 39 (1981), pp. 186--211].
India's Developing Relationship with South Korea: A Useful Friend in East Asia

The long-standing strategic disconnect between South Asia and the Korean Peninsula is breaking down. Driven by the changing balance of power in Asia, India and South Korea have developed a strong economic partnership, and taken small but significant steps toward a political and security relationship that refects their numerous shared strategic interests. This article explores the contours of this evolving relationship.
Benchmarking the Expectations Hypothesis of the Interest-Rate Term Structure: An Analysis of Cointegration Vectors

The author tests cointegration restrictions that are consistent with the expectations hypothesis of the term structure by employing the full-information maximum likelihood methods developed by S. Johansen. Yield curves appear to be the result of cointegration among interest rates. The cointegration vectors that best describe the long-term impact of interest-rate levels on interest-rate changes can often be written as linear combinations of interest-rate spreads. There is, however, difficulty in keeping short-term yields in such a restricted cointegrated system with other interest rates. Short-term speculative returns from long-term bonds do not conform to the expectations hypothesis.
Please smile, the CCTV is running!

This paper examines the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) system notices in banks. This study was designed to measure the effect of the wording of CCTV notices on customer service quality expectations and purchase intent, while also considering the customer involvement as the moderating effects. Results show that customers, in expectation of better service quality, may be more likely to purchase the service when moderately worded CCTV notices (i.e. ‘please smile, the CCTV is running! ’) had been employed in the bank rather than when the negatively worded CCTV notices (i.e. ‘Taping now! All your behaviour here is monitored by the CCTV system! ’) are deployed. These effects were stronger in low-involvement situations. Implications of the findings and the future research directions are also discussed.
Hiring candidates through references

Boom in various sectors of the Indian economy has led to the phenomenal growth of executive search firms who primarily focuses on recruiting candidates for their client companies. This study tries to understand the technique of sourcing candidates through references. Qualitative methods have been used in order to understand the concept of referencing. Eighteen in-depth interviews and three focused group discussions were carried out amongst the participants belonging to three different executive search firms. Findings of this study led to the emergence of five major themes namely, industry awareness, need for socialisation, working as a team, role of trust and increasing the network. This study has tried to explain the processes that are carried out and the activities that need to be done for sourcing candidates through the referencing technique. Through this research, the process of getting references has been explained.