Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Serum Cholesterol and Blood Clotting Time in Men Subjected to Cyclic Variation of Occupational Stress

Accountants were selectively chosen as a self-controlled group for studying effects of cyclic occupational stress upon serum cholesterol and blood clotting time, since their routine work schedule is interrupted by urgent tax deadlines, associated with severe occupational stress. Forty male accountants (age 28 to 56) were bled biweekly for serum cholesterol and monthly for blood clotting time from January to June 1957. Complete records also were kept of weight, exercise, diet, relative work load, and any exposure to unusual avocational stress. When studied individually, each subject's highest serum cholesterol consistently occurred during severe occupational or other stress, and his lowest at times of minimal stress. The results could not be ascribed to any changes of weight, exercise, or diet. Marked acceleration of blood clotting time consistently occurred at the time of maximum occupational stress, in contrast to normal blood clotting during periods of respite. The possible implications of these results are discussed in relation to the problem of clinical coronary artery disease.
The Divided Democrats: Ideological Unity, Party Reform, And Presidential Elections

* Introduction: Party Unity and Presidential Elections * Do Democratic Rules Make the Nomination Process More Divisive? The Divisive Primary Revisited * Ideological Cohesion in the American Party System * Ideological Cohesion over Time: The Origin and Evolution of the Party Coalitions * Group Appeals and the Democratic Coalition * The Politics of Democratic Disunity
Ukraine’s diverging space-economy: The Orange Revolution, post-soviet development models and regional trajectories

This paper considers the evolution of Ukraine’s space-economy from 1990 to 2009, paying particular attention to comparative regional economic performance during the country’s expansionary phase from 1999 to 2008. This shows that Ukraine inherited from the Imperial and Soviet eras a space-economy that was amongst the most unbalanced in Europe. Furthermore post-Soviet regional trajectories intensified these territorial imbalances. The paper argues that these trajectories are linked to a wider political economy and especially to shifts in underlying development models and the characteristics of state power. The Orange Revolution marked a significant switch away from export-led industrial growth, which involved national accumulation towards a credit-fuelled consumption model that was reliant on importing foreign capital. The paper identifies three major types of specialized regional economy that persisted despite the change in development model. Nonetheless, their relative performance and contribution to national growth were affected by the shift in model. Centripetal tendencies were reinforced, which increased regional divergence. The paper argues that the Ukrainian space-economy is best understood as a series of historically rooted and relatively geographically bounded regional economies that are increasingly functionally integrated yet externally oriented.
Australian Greens party members and supporters: their profiles and activities

ABSTRACT In an era of widespread party membership decline, there is debate over the utility, within the ‘European’ tradition, of conceptualising party membership as the locus of individual party engagement, and of maintaining membership and supportership as distinct categories in analysing party activism. This debate is particularly relevant to Green parties, which, through their particular social movement origins and emphasis on grass-roots democracy, bring into question the assumption that the activities and profile of members and supporters are functionally different. Using original data gathered from two surveys of Australian Greens party members and supporters undertaken in 2012 and 2013, the political activity, associational membership, ideological position, and demographic characteristics of these two groups are compared. While active party members are distinctive in their party-specific political activities and their ideological positioning, there is much less difference between the rest of the formal party membership and the party’s active supporter base.
Long-Term Unemployment and the Great Recession: The Role of Composition, Duration Dependence, and Nonparticipation

We explore the role of composition, duration dependence, and labor force nonparticipation in accounting for the sharp increase in the incidence of long-term unemployment (LTU) during the Great Recession. We show that compositional shifts account for very little of the observed increase in LTU. Using panel data from the Current Population Survey for 2002–7, we calibrate a matching model that allows for duration dependence in unemployment and transitions between employment, unemployment, and nonparticipation. The calibrated model accounts for almost all of the increase in LTU and much of the observed outward shift in the Beveridge curve between 2008 and 2013.
Prevalence and Correlates of the Belief That Electronic Cigarettes are a Lot Less Harmful Than Conventional Cigarettes Under the Different Regulatory Environments of Australia and the United Kingdom

Introduction: The rapid rise in electronic cigarettes (ECs) globally has stimulated much debate about the relative risk and public health impact of this new emerging product category as compared to conventional cigarettes. The sale and marketing of ECs containing nicotine are banned in many countries (eg, Australia) but are allowed in others (eg, United Kingdom). This study examined prevalence and correlates of the belief that ECs are a lot less harmful than conventional cigarettes under the different regulatory environments in Australia (ie, more restrictive) and the United Kingdom (ie, less restrictive). Methods: Australian and UK data from the 2013 survey of the International Tobacco Control Four-Country project were analyzed. Results: More UK than Australian respondents (58.5% vs. 35.2%) believed that ECs are a lot less harmful than conventional cigarettes but more respondents in Australia than in the United Kingdom selected “Don’t Know” (36.5% vs. 17.1%). The proportion that responded “A little less, equally or more harmful” did not differ between countries. Correlates of the belief that ECs are “A lot less harmful” differed between countries, while correlates of “Don’t Know” response did not differ. Conclusions: Consistent with the less restrictive regulatory environment affecting the sale and marketing of ECs, smokers and recent ex-smokers in the United Kingdom were more likely to believe ECs were less harmful relative to conventional cigarettes compared to those in Australia. Implications: What this study adds: Among smokers and ex-smokers, this study found that the belief that ECs are (a lot) less harmful than conventional cigarettes was considerably higher in the United Kingdom than in Australia in 2013. The finding is consistent with the less restrictive regulatory environment for ECs in the United Kingdom, suggesting that the regulatory framework for ECs adopted by a country can affect smokers’ perceptions about the relative harmfulness of ECs, the group that stands to gain the most from having an accurate belief about the relative harms of ECs.
The role of cancer worry in cancer screening: A theoretical and empirical review of the literature

This paper reviews findings regarding the influence of cancer worry on cancer screening behaviors. The role of cancer worry in motivating cancer screening has been pursued for over 30 years. Recent concerns that high levels of cancer worry may impede the screening behavior of high‐risk individuals have further prioritized this area of research. Despite heavy attention in the literature, there is currently no theoretical or empirical consensus concerning whether cancer worry motivates or inhibits cancer screening behaviors. We focus the review on four questions: (1) What is cancer worry? (2) To what extent are people worried about cancer? (3) What are the predominant theoretical approaches to understanding the role of cancer worry in cancer screening behaviors? (4) What is the empirical evidence for the role of cancer worry in cancer screening behaviors? We identify factors that have hampered theoretical and empirical advancement, including divergent definitions and measurement strategies for cancer worry, low to moderate levels of cancer worry even among those at high risk, and a reliance on cross‐sectional research designs. The review clarifies the current state of this literature, and proposes future research strategies, including an expanded emphasis on cancer worry and cancer screening among men and diverse racial/ethnic groups. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the Nikkei 500: New Evidence for Downward-Sloping Demand Curves for Stocks

This study investigates the price and trading volume effects of changes in the Nikkei 500. On average, price increases (decreases) significantly for stocks added (deleted) with no post-event reversal. Trading volume, on average, increases significantly for both additions and deletions in the short run. Furthermore, long-term trading volume drops (rises) significantly for stocks added (deleted), suggesting gradual index-linked trading behavior. We interpret these evidences as supportive of only the hypothesis of downward-sloping demand curves for stocks. Finally, as expected, changes in the Nikkei 500 induce considerably smaller (in magnitude) price changes than changes in the S&P 500.
Effectiveness of sequences of One-Euro-Jobs for welfare recipients in Germany

Empirical evidence reveals that German welfare recipients often participate in multiple active labour market programmes (ALMPs). However, evidence on the effectiveness of ALMPs exists mostly for single ALMP participations so far. This article evaluates the sequential participation in ALMPs for welfare recipients in Germany based on comprehensive administrative data to control for dynamic selection that arises in the evaluation of sequences. Using a dynamic causal model and an inflow sample of welfare recipients, the article analyses the effects of sequences of a public employment programme called One-Euro-Jobs on labour market outcomes. For female participants in One-Euro-Jobs in the first period, especially in West Germany, the results imply that participating in two consecutive One-Euro-Jobs compared with receiving only welfare benefits for two consecutive periods better facilitates integration into regular employment. Moreover, taking part in a One-Euro-Job directly after entry into welfare receipt is also more effective for participants in One-Euro-Jobs in the first period than taking part in a One-Euro-Job in a later period, especially for East German men (although not for West German women). However, I also find evidence of so-called programme careers and stepwise integration into regular employment.
Driving Visibility, Velocity and Versatility: The Role of Mobile Technologies in Supply Chain Management

ABSTRACT Over the last decade, researchers and practitioners have recommended a myriad of information and communication technologies to operationalize the notion of a virtual enterprise. Among the business process transformations enabled through these new technologies, companies are using wireline and wireless technologies in redefining their interactions with suppliers, customers, and business partners. It is hoped that this move towards a truly collaborative supply chain environment will help the firm achieve a sustainable competitive advantage in the marketplace. Towards that end, supply chain planners are emphasizing the need for information exchange anytime, anywhere as a compelling driver for organizations to adopt mobile technologies in their intra- and inter-organizational business practices. This paper discusses the applications of mobile technologies in various areas of supply chain management, and the potential benefits along the dimensions of reduced replenishment times, and transactions and billing cycles. Among other applications, we highlight the role of these technologies in improving processes such as inventory management, product identification, mobile procurement, package tracking, and sales force and field service. To substantiate the basis for adopting mobile technologies for supply chain management, different market drivers for mobile applications are exemplified and applied to the three macro level processes of supplier relationship management, internal supply chain management, and customer relationship management. Several types of legacy, third generation (3G) and emerging mobile services and applications are discussed, and a resulting taxonomy of bearer technologies is presented to explicate their use in upstream and downstream supply chain processes.
An alternative conditional asymmetry specification for stock returns

The paper advances the log-generalized gamma distribution as a suitable generator of conditional skewness. Based on the NYSE composite daily returns an asMA-asQGARCH model along with skewness dynamics is estimated. The results indicate a skewness that varies between sizeable negative skewness and almost symmetry. The conditional variance and skewness measures are negatively correlated.
Functionality of nutrients and thermal treatments of food

Since discovering fire man has used heat to modify the sensory properties and to preserve foodstuffs. Nutrients are involved in a number of reactions induced by this form of treatment. Some of these reactions are desirable, e.g. the improvement in the digestibility and the attractiveness of a food. Some reactions are undesirable because they lead to considerable nutritional loss or may result in the formation of mutagenic and carcinogenic molecules. The present paper reviews recent studies in which most of the modifications generated by thermal treatments at both the industrial and domestic level are demonstrated. We focus on the processes and the importance of thermal treatments used currently, as well as the necessity for optimization to minimize undesirable effects. Résumé L’homme a toujours recherché les moyens de développer ou modifier les propriétés sensorielles des aliments. Certaines sont souhaitées (amélioration de l’attractivité de l’aliment, meilleure digestibilité), d’autres sont proscrites en raison de la perte de qualité nutritionnelle ou de l’apparition de substances mutagènes et carcinogènes, par exemple. Cet article est une compilation des plus récents travaux sur les modifications générées par les traitements thermiques des aliments, tant au niveau industriel que domestique. Il insiste particulièrement sur les process. En conclusion, l’importance des traitements thermiques est aujourd’hui confirmée, mais il convient de poursuivre l’optimisation des procédés afin de réduire les effets indésirables.
Prices, Spatial Competition, and Heterogenous Producers: An Empirical Test

In markets where spatial competition is important, many models predict that average prices are lower in denser markets (i.e., those with more producers per unit area). Homogeneous-producer models attribute this effect solely to lower optimal markups. However, when producers instead differ in their production costs, a second mechanism also acts to lower equilibrium prices: competition-driven selection on costs. Consumers%u2019 greater substitution possibilities in denser markets make it more difficult for high-cost firms to profitably operate, truncating the equilibrium cost (and price) distributions from above. This selection process can be empirically distinguished from the homogenous-producer case because it implies that not only do average prices fall as density rises, but that upper-bound prices and price dispersion should also decline as well. I find empirical support for this process using a rich set of price data from U.S. readymixed concrete plants. Features of the industry offer an arguably exogenous source of producer density variation with which to identify these effects. I also show that the findings do not simply result from lower factor prices in dense markets, but rather because dense-market producers have low costs because they are more efficient.
The Optimal Trust in Government

Public trust in government to promote the general interest has declined sharply since the early 1960s. Almost all those commenting on the trend see it as detrimental to government's ability to perform. We recognize that up to some level, trust does improve government performance, but beyond that level additional trust harms government performance by giving too much latitude to organized interest groups. Making use of the model of expressive voter behavior, we develop a model of the optimal trust in government, and consider how trust should vary over different political levels, and might cycle over time.
Normal growth and development of the lips: a 3‐dimensional study from 6 years to adulthood using a geometric model

A 3‐dimensional computerised system with landmark representation of the soft‐tissue facial surface allows noninvasive and fast quantitative study of facial growth. The aims of the present investigation were (1) to provide reference data for selected dimensions of lips (linear distances and ratios, vermilion area, volume); (2) to quantify the relevant growth changes; and (3) to evaluate sex differences in growth patterns. The 3‐dimensional coordinates of 6 soft‐tissue landmarks on the lips were obtained by an optoelectronic instrument in a mixed longitudinal and cross‐sectional study (2023 examinations in 1348 healthy subjects between 6 y of age and young adulthood). From the landmarks, several linear distances (mouth width, total vermilion height, total lip height, upper lip height), the vermilion height‐to‐mouth width ratio, some areas (vermilion of the upper lip, vermilion of the lower lip, total vermilion) and volumes (upper lip volume, lower lip volume, total lip volume) were calculated and averaged for age and sex. Male values were compared with female values by means of Student's t test. Within each age group all lip dimensions (distances, areas, volumes) were significantly larger in boys than in girls (P < 0.05), with some exceptions in the first age groups and coinciding with the earlier female growth spurt, whereas the vermilion height‐to‐mouth width ratio did not show a corresponding sexual dimorphism. Linear distances in girls had almost reached adult dimensions in the 13–14 y age group, while in boys a large increase was still to occur. The attainment of adult dimensions was faster in the upper than in the lower lip, especially in girls. The method used in the present investigation allowed the noninvasive evaluation of a large sample of nonpatient subjects, leading to the definition of 3‐dimensional normative data. Data collected in the present study could represent a data base for the quantitative description of human lip morphology from childhood to young adulthood.
“Rotting Townlands”: Peadar O’Donnell, the West of Ireland, and the Politics of Representation in Saorstát na hÉireann (Irish Free State) 1929-1933

Socialist writer Peadar O’Donnell’s literary representations of the West of Ireland’s natural and cultural landscapes as depicted in his 1929 novelAdrigoole and 1933 dramaWrack provide an insider’s perspective on the breakdown of community life and the struggle for existence which afflicted the townlands and islands of county Donegal during the formative years of Saorstat Eireann (Irish Free State). The West of Ireland has long been perceived as a genius loci of inspiration for Irish cultural and political identity. Prior to the establishment of the Free State, the natural landscapes and Gaelic communities located in this Atlantic hinterland sustained the geographical imaginations and political aspirations of a people dominated by the British colonial system and bounded by its imperial cartography. After the foundation of the Free State in 1922, the rural culture and landscapes of the West, served to anchor a nationalist genealogy and iconography. O’Donnell’s literary perspective encompassed the Irish War of Independence (1919-1921) against Britain; the ensuing civil war (cogadh na gCarad, “war of the friends, relatives”) between “Treatyites” and Republicans during 1922-23, and the early years of Saorstat Eireann. For historical geographers such a perspective provides in the words of Carl Sauer an “ability to see the land with the eyes of its former occupants, from the standpoint of their needs and capacities. ”1 It must also be noted that “O’Donnell’s literary work and his political projects cannot be understood independently of one another: each is essential to an explanation of the other. ”2 Writing in a period during which “a whole class was vanishing off the face of the land, the statistics nearing a mute witness to the process,”3 O’Donnell’s works allow geographers to extirpate the idiom and vernacular of a dying culture and flesh out the social and environmental factors which precipitated the loss of agricultural labourers in Ireland “from 300,000 in 1911 to 150,000 in 1936. ”4
Macroeconomic management and the black market for foreign exchange in Sudan

The author uses a simple general equilibrium model to derive a forward-looking linear solution for the premium on the black market for foreign exchange in Sudan. His solution accounts for the long-run fundamentals of the premium that operate through the current account balance. It also accounts for the short-run determinants of the asset market. Estimates based on Sudanese data broadly corroborate the model's predictions. The author's thesis is that successful exchange rate unification and subsequent integration of the parallel market into Sudan's regular economy will require deep fiscal reform and liberalization of trade and exchange rate policies tailored to the pace of macroeconomic reform. His results show that controlling inflation becomes more difficult under high-premium regimes and that higher premiums hurt official exports and tax revenue from foreign trade. A high premium also tends to accelerate capital flight.
Macro-economic and trade link models of SAARC countries: an investigation for regional trade expansion

The paper examines the macroeconomic structure of SAARC countries, i.e. Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It also explores the possibility of trade expansion among these countries by examining the macro-economic and regional trade link models based on time series data of 28 years. The study finds that there are inter-country differences in production and consumption patterns, investment behaviour, tax and non-tax structures in the SAARC countries. Hence, there is considerable scope for trade expansion among the SAARC countries. The study also confirms that aggregate regional consumption and regional GNP increase significantly with the increase of aggregate regional trade, and the consumption and income elasticities are 1.70 and 1.61 respectively. The study also exhibits that the GNP of Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, with limited exceptions, are significantly increased with the increase of their exports to the region. So these countries would definitely benefit from the regional trade expansion. The same may be true for India if the smuggled trade is prevented or reduced, and true economic factors, keeping aside political conflicts, dominate for regional trade policy.