Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond Sacrificial Harm: A Two-Dimensional Model of Utilitarian Psychology

Recent research has relied on trolley-type sacrificial moral dilemmas to study utilitarian versus nonutilitarian modes of moral decision-making. This research has generated important insights into people’s attitudes toward instrumental harm—that is, the sacrifice of an individual to save a greater number. But this approach also has serious limitations. Most notably, it ignores the positive, altruistic core of utilitarianism, which is characterized by impartial concern for the well-being of everyone, whether near or far. Here, we develop, refine, and validate a new scale—the Oxford Utilitarianism Scale—to dissociate individual differences in the ‘negative’ (permissive attitude toward instrumental harm) and ‘positive’ (impartial concern for the greater good) dimensions of utilitarian thinking as manifested in the general population. We show that these are two independent dimensions of proto-utilitarian tendencies in the lay population, each exhibiting a distinct psychological profile. Empathic concern, identification with the whole of humanity, and concern for future generations were positively associated with impartial beneficence but negatively associated with instrumental harm; and although instrumental harm was associated with subclinical psychopathy, impartial beneficence was associated with higher religiosity. Importantly, although these two dimensions were independent in the lay population, they were closely associated in a sample of moral philosophers. Acknowledging this dissociation between the instrumental harm and impartial beneficence components of utilitarian thinking in ordinary people can clarify existing debates about the nature of moral psychology and its relation to moral philosophy as well as generate fruitful avenues for further research.
Maize Benefits the Predatory Beetle, Propylea japonica (Thunberg), to Provide Potential to Enhance Biological Control for Aphids in Cotton

Background Biological control provided by natural enemies play an important role in integrated pest management. Generalist insect predators provide an important biological service in the regulation of agricultural insect pests. Our goal is to understand the explicit process of oviposition preference, habitat selection and feeding behavior of predators in farmland ecosystem consisting of multiple crops, which is central to devising and delivering an integrated pest management program. Methodology The hypotheses was that maize can serve as habitat for natural enemies and benefits predators to provide potential to enhance biological control for pest insects in cotton. This explicit process of a predatory beetle, Propylea japonica, in agricultural ecosystem composed of cotton and maize were examined by field investigation and stable carbon isotope analysis during 2008–2010. Principal Finding Field investigation showed that P. japonica adults will search host plants for high prey abundance before laying eggs, indicating indirectly that P. japonica adults prefer to inhabit maize plants and travel to cotton plants to actively prey on aphids. The δ13C values of adult P. japonica in a dietary shift experiment found that individual beetles were shifting from a C3- to a C4-based diet of aphids reared on maize or cotton, respectively, and began to reflect the isotope ratio of their new C4 resources within one week. Approximately 80–100% of the diet of P. japonica adults in maize originated from a C3-based resource in June, July and August, while approximately 80% of the diet originated from a C4-based resource in September. Conclusion/Significance Results suggest that maize can serve as a habitat or refuge source for the predatory beetle, P. japonica, and benefits predators to provide potential to enhance biological control for insect pests in cotton.
Conditional Calculus on Poisson Space and Enlargement of Filtration

We obtain sufficient conditions for the existence of conditional densities of functionals of the Poisson process, and expressions of these densities via the Malliavin calculus on Poisson space. These results are applied to enlargement of filtrations on Poisson space with explicit examples of computations via the Clark formula which is presented as a consequence of the Itô formula and the martingale property. The gradient operators of stochastic analysis on Poisson space are classified into three families, and each type of gradient is considered separately.
Improvement of Prediction of Noncontact Injury in Elite Australian Footballers With Repeated Exposure to Established High-Risk Workload Scenarios.

OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of multiple high-risk-scenario (HRS) exposures on noncontact injury prediction in elite Australian footballers. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS Sessional workload data (session rating of perceived exertion, global positioning system-derived distance, sprint distance, and maximum velocity) from 1 club (N = 60 players) over 3 seasons were collated; several established HRSs were also defined. Accumulated HRS sessional exposures were calculated retrospectively (previous 1-8 wk). Noncontact injury data were documented. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regression models determined injury incidence rate ratios (IRRs) while accounting for moderating effects (preseason workload volume and playing experience). Model performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics (area under curve). RESULTS Very low (0-8 sessions: IRR = 5.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-19.66) and very high (>15 sessions: IRR = 4.70; 95% CI, 1.49-14.87) exposures to >85% of an individual's maximal velocity over the previous 8 wk were associated with greater injury risk compared with moderate exposures (11-12 sessions) and displayed the best model performance (area under curve = 0.64). A single session corresponding to a very low chronic load condition over the previous week for all workload variables was associated with increased injury risk, with sprint distance (IRR = 3.25; 95% CI, 1.95-5.40) providing the most accurate prediction model (area under curve = 0.63). CONCLUSIONS Minimal exposure to high-velocity efforts (maximum speed exposure and sprint volume) was associated with the greatest injury risk. Being underloaded may be a mediator for noncontact injury in elite Australian football. Preseason workload and playing experience were not moderators of this effect.
The Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder With Impaired Coronary Distensibility

Objective Coronary Distensibility Index (CDI) impairments reflect endothelial-dependent process associated with vulnerable-plaque composition. This study investigated the relation of impaired CDI with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and their predictive value for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Methods This study involved 246 patients (age = 63 [10] years, 12% women) with (n = 50) and without (n = 196) PTSD, who underwent computed tomography angiography to determine coronary artery disease and CDI. Extent of coronary artery disease was defined as normal, nonobstructive (<50% luminal stenosis), and obstructive (>50%). Incidence of MACE, defined as myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death, was documented during a mean follow-up of 50 months. Survival regression was employed to assess the longitudinal association of impaired CDI and PTSD with MACE. Results A significant inverse correlation between CDI and Clinical Global Impression Severity scale of PTSD symptoms was noted (r2 = .81, p = .001). CDI was significantly lower in patients with PTSD (3.3 [0.2]) compared with those without PTSD (4.5 [0.3]), a finding that was more robust in women (p < .05). Covariate-adjusted analyses revealed that the relative risk of MACE was higher in patients with PTSD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.34–3.14) and those with impaired CDI (HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.27–3.01, per standard deviation lower CDI value). There was also a significant interaction between PTSD and impaired CDI (HR = 3.24, 95% CI = 2.02–5.53). Conclusions Impaired CDI is strongly associated with the severity of PTSD symptoms. Both impaired CDI and PTSD were independently associated with an increased risk of MACE during follow-up, and evidence indicated an interaction between these two factors. These findings highlight the important role of CDI in identifying individuals with PTSD at risk for MACE.
New Potential Biomarker Proteins for Alcoholic Liver Disease Identified by a Comparative Proteomics Approach

Chronic alcohol consumption causes hepatic steatosis, which is characterized by a considerable increase in free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride levels. To identify the possible proteins involved in the progression to alcoholic hepatosteatosis, we performed proteomic analysis on livers of mice exposed to alcohol. 2D‐based proteomic analysis revealed that EtOH exposure in mice changed the expression of 43 proteins compared with that in mice fed a normal diet (ND). The most notable protein changes were proteins involved in Met metabolism and oxidative stress, most of which were significantly downregulated in alcohol‐exposed animals. Although non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) seem to share the same molecular processes, the difference between these conditions is still unclear. To address this question, we explored the features of alcoholic hepatosteatosis that were different compared with those of methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet‐induced mice with nonalcoholic liver damage. Although most of the differentially expressed proteins associated with ALD did not significantly differ from those of NAFLD, nine proteins showed considerably different patterns. Of these, ornithine aminotransferase, vitamin D binding protein, and phosphatidylethanolamine‐binding protein were considerably upregulated in ALD mice, compared to that in NAFLD and ND mice. However, other proteins including inorganic pyrophosphatase were differentially regulated in MCD mice; however, they did not differ significantly between the alcoholic model and ND control mice. These results suggested that the identified proteins might be useful candidate markers to differentiate ALD from NAFLD. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1189–1200, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissociable Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Conscious and Unconscious Control of Behavior

Cognitive control allows humans to overrule and inhibit habitual responses to optimize performance in challenging situations. Contradicting traditional views, recent studies suggest that cognitive control processes can be initiated unconsciously. To further capture the relation between consciousness and cognitive control, we studied the dynamics of inhibitory control processes when triggered consciously versus unconsciously in a modified version of the stop task. Attempts to inhibit an imminent response were often successful after unmasked (visible) stop signals. Masked (invisible) stop signals rarely succeeded in instigating overt inhibition but did trigger slowing down of response times. Masked stop signals elicited a sequence of distinct ERP components that were also observed on unmasked stop signals. The N2 component correlated with the efficiency of inhibitory control when elicited by unmasked stop signals and with the magnitude of slowdown when elicited by masked stop signals. Thus, the N2 likely reflects the initiation of inhibitory control, irrespective of conscious awareness. The P3 component was much reduced in amplitude and duration on masked versus unmasked stop trials. These patterns of differences and similarities between conscious and unconscious cognitive control processes are discussed in a framework that differentiates between feedforward and feedback connections in yielding conscious experience.
In vitro Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Celosia argentea- An Important Medicinal Plant

Celosia argentea (Var.) cristata (Amaranthaceae) is a widely cultivated ornamental plant, which has antibacterial, astringent, haemostatic, hypertensive, ophthalmic, and parasitic significance. This study describes a protocol for in vitro callus induction and plant regeneration from leaf and stem explants of C. argentea using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Callus culture was initiated and established from seedling, leaf, and stem explants. Explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with auxin alone (0.5 mg/L Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2, 4-Dicholorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D). Green and red compact callus (98%) were induced using MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L Benzyladenine (BA). Two different concentrations (1.0 mg/L BA + 0.5 mg/L NAA and 1.0 mg/L BA + 1.0 mg/L NAA) successfully induced plant regeneration with multiple shoots (1.5 and 0.9 shoots per explants, respectively). Successful shoots were transferred to rooting medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (80%) at 35thday. Acclimatization was done, which resulted in 90% of the plantlets surviving in garden soil. This protocol could be used to micropropagate C. argentea for conservation, commercial natural product production. The high frequency of callus indicated potential of C. argentea for secondary metabolite production (celosin) in pharmaceutical industry.
Microwave resonators for highly sensitive compositional analysis of solvents in microcapillary systems

The ability to precisely analyse the composition of liquid mixtures by non-contact techniques in both static and flow situations is extremely desirable for a diversity of industrial, analytical and quality control procedures. Microwave resonators allow very accurate and sensitive characterisation of the dielectric properties of polar liquids due to the strong interaction of the latter with microwave electric fields. They have the useful dual role of both exact characterisation of the complex permittivity of a dielectric sample when it is inserted within a region of high electric field of the resonator, and effective volumetric heating of the same sample if its dielectric loss is large enough to permit heating. They offer tremendous potential for investigation of very small amounts of polar solvents in non-polar hosts. In this regard they are superior to other traditional composition analysis techniques such as liquid chromatography, gas chromatography and mass spectrometry in the speed of analysis ( 1 s), non destructive nature and scope for miniaturisation of the resonator size to suit the system under test. For minute sample volumes, the resonator perturbation technique is extensively used for dielectric measurements on polar liquids. In this project, it has been employed for highly sensitive compositional analysis of two-component dielectric mixtures contained in microcapillary segments. The primary evaluation system used here was mixtures of acetonitrile and toluene, chosen because of the large difference in their molecular electric dipole moments. The results obtained from this first system provided the inspiration to assess mixtures made of acetonitrile and water, which are much more closely matched in terms of their electric dipole moments. Three different types of resonators namely hairpin resonator, split ring resonator and sapphire dielectric resonator were used to analyse both the aforementioned solution systems. The results show very sensitive characterisation and are in close agreement with the theoretical predictions governing perturbation of resonators by dielectric samples. In the last phase of this research, a miniaturised sapphire dielectric resonator was designed and fabricated that provided added enhancement in measured sensitivity of both evaluation mixtures.
Systematic review: Gut microbiota in fecal samples and detection of colorectal neoplasms

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer morbidity and mortality. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota may be associated with CRC. This systematic review focuses on differences in gut microbial community between people diagnosed with CRC or adenoma and healthy individuals using fecal samples, emphasizing non-invasive fecal microbiome models for CRC early diagnosis. Nineteen studies were identified in a systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect. Several bacteria were reported to differ in abundance between CRC and adenoma cases and healthy controls, with Fusobacterium the most common. Fecal multi-bacterial predictive models used to distinguish CRC patients from healthy controls had reported areas under the receiver operating curve (AUCs) in external validation populations of 0.68–0.77. Though advanced sequencing techniques could in the future complement current non-invasive methods for CRC early detection, more studies with high statistical power, comparable and reproducible methods and external validation of predictive models are needed.
The Restrictive Deterrent Effect of Warning Banners in a The Restrictive Deterrent Effect of Warning Banners in a Compromised Computer System Compromised Computer System

System trespassing, which refers to the unauthorized access of computer systems, has rapidly become a worldwide phenomenon. Despite growing concern, criminological literature has paid system trespassing little attention. The current study utilizes data gathered from a Chinese computer network to examine system trespasser behavior after exposure to one of three warning messages: an altruistic message used for moral persuasion (warning 1), a legal sanction threat (warning 2), and an ambiguous threat (warning 3). More specifically, the current study examines the temporal order of various keystroke commands to determine if some keystroke commands are used as a tactical skill to avoid detection. The results of a series of bivariate cross-tabulations show that encountering a standard legal threat or ambiguous threat increase the early use of reconnaissance commands; however, these findings were not pronounced enough to gain statistical significance. Since the current study is the first known test of particularistic restrictive deterrence in cyberspace it informs those working in cyber security, whilst expanding the scope of the theory.
Use of micronucleus and comet assay to evaluate evaluate the genotoxicity of oregano essential oil (Origanum vulgare l. Virens) in rats orally exposed for 90 days.

ABSTRACT Essential oils from Origanum spp. exhibit antioxidant and antimicrobial activities making them suitable for use as food additives. The incorporation of oregano essential oil in active food packaging is under study; however, it has been not authorized for this purpose thus far. In order to fulfill the requirements of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), the aim of the present study was to determine the genotoxic potential of oregano essential oil using both the micronucleus (MN) test and comet (standard and enzyme-modified) assays in Wistar rats treated with 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg body weight administered daily for 90 days. MN was performed in cells from the bone marrow and standard and enzyme-modified comet assays were conducted in stomach, liver and blood cells. The major compound detected in the analytical study of oregano essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. virens, was carvacrol (55.82%) followed by thymol (5.14%), as well as their precursors, γ-terpinene (16.39%), and ρ-cimne (4.71%). The results obtained in the genotoxicity assays indicated lack of effect in MN and standard comet assay under the conditions tested. Furthermore, no apparent oxidative damage was observed in the enzyme-modified comet assay in any of the tissues examined of rats exposed to oregano essential oil for 90 days. Therefore, this oregano essential oil appears to be safe in Wistar rats and might be considered as a potential active material in food packaging industry.
To compare growth outcomes and cost-effectiveness of “Kangaroo ward care” with “intermediate intensive care” in stable extremely low birth weight infants: randomized control trial

Abstract Aims: To compare growth outcome and cost-effectiveness of “Kangaroo ward care” (KWC) with “Intermediate intensive care” (IIC) in stable extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Materials and methods: This is secondary analysis of the study and we analyzed 62 ELBW infants, 33 were randomized to KWC and 29 to IIC once the infant reached a weight of 1150 g. Infants in the KWC group were shifted to the Kangaroo ward immediately after randomization and in the IIC group received IIC care till they attain a weight of 1250 g before shifting to Kangaroo ward. Results: The gain in weight (g/day), length (cm/week), and head circumference (cm/week) were comparable between the two groups. The mean weight, length, and head circumference were comparable at term gestational age. The infants in KWC group were shifted five days earlier to Kangaroo ward when compared to IIC group. The cost-effective analysis using “top–down” and “bottom–up” accounting method showed that there was significant reduction of hospital and parents expenditure in KWC group (p < 0.001) with approximate saving of 452 USD for each patient in the KWC group. Conclusion: Early shifting of ELBW infants for KWC is very efficacious and cost-effective intervention when compared to IIC. (CTRI/2014/05/004625).
Edinburgh Research Explorer Regulation of Adipocyte 11-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11-HSD1) by CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein (C/EBP) Isoforms, LIP and LAP Regulation of Adipocyte 11 b -Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11 b -HSD1) by CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein (C/EBP) b Isoforms, LI

11 b -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11 b -HSD1) catalyses intracellular regeneration of active glucocorticoids, notably in liver and adipose tissue. 11 b -HSD1 is increased selectively in adipose tissue in human obesity, a change implicated in the pathogenesisofmetabolicsyndrome.Withhighfat(HF)-feeding,adiposetissue11 b -HSD1isdown-regulatedinmice,plausibly to counteract metabolic disease. Transcription of 11 b -HSD1 is directly regulated by members of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family. Here we show that while total C/EBP b in adipose tissue is unaltered by HF diet, the ratio of the C/EBP b isoforms liver-enriched inhibitor protein (LIP) and liver-enriched activator protein (LAP) (C/EBP b -LIP:LAP) is increased in subcutaneous adipose. This may cause changes in 11 b -HSD1 expression since genetically modified C/EBP b ( + /L) mice, with increased C/EBP b -LIP:LAP ratio, have decreased subcutaneous adipose 11 b -HSD1 mRNA levels, whereas C/EBP b D uORF mice, with decreased C/EBP b -LIP:LAP ratio, show increased subcutaneous adipose 11 b -HSD1. C/EBP b -LIP:LAP ratio is regulated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mTOR signalling, both of which are altered in obesity. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, 11 b -HSD1 mRNA levels were down-regulated following induction of ER stress by tunicamycin but were up-regulated following inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin. These data point to a central role for C/EBP b and its processing to LIP and LAP in transcriptional regulation of 11 b -HSD1 in adipose tissue. Down-regulation of 11 b -HSD1 by increased C/EBP b -LIP:LAP in adipocytes may be part of a nutrient-sensing mechanism counteracting nutritional stress generated by HF diet.