Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Frontotemporal dementia (Pick’s disease): Clinical features and assessment

The clinical presentation in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) reflects the distribution of the pathologic changes rather than the exact histologic subtype of the disease. Three major clinical syndromes can be identified: 1) frontal variant FTD (dementia of frontal type) in which changes in social behavior and personality predominate, reflecting the orbitobasal frontal lobe focus of the pathology. Traditional cognitive tests are insensitive, but more specific measures are under development; 2) semantic dementia (progressive fluent aphasia) in which there is a breakdown in the conceptual database which underlies language production and comprehension, although deficits in nonverbal semantic knowledge can also be shown on neuropsychologic testing. Patients with semantic dementia have asymmetric anterolateral temporal atrophy with relative sparing of the hippocampal formation, which is typically worse on the left side. A variant of this syndrome affecting the right temporal lobe presents with progressive prosopagnosia; 3) progressive nonfluent aphasia in which the phonologic and syntactic components of language are affected in association with left peri-Sylvian atrophy. The assessment of patients with potential FTD involves a multidisciplinary approach. The development of comprehensive caregiver-based neuropsychiatric instruments, neuropsychologic tasks sensitive to semantic memory and other key cognitive impairments, and functional (hexamethyly-propyleneamine-SPECT) and structural (MRI) brain imaging represent significant advances in the field.
Effect of Socioeconomic Status on Mortality Among People With Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE The study objective was to describe the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on mortality among people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used a population-based national electronic diabetes database for 35- to 84-year-olds in Scotland for 2001–2007 linked to mortality records. SES was derived from an area-based measure with Q5 and Q1 representing the most deprived and affluent quintiles, respectively. Poisson regression was used to estimate relative risks (RRs) for mortality among people with type 2 diabetes compared with the population without diabetes stratified by age (35–64 and 65–84 years), sex, duration of diabetes (<2 and ≥2 years), and SES. RESULTS Complete data were available for 210,994 eligible individuals (99.4%), and there were 33,842 deaths. Absolute mortality from all causes among people with type 2 diabetes increased with increasing age and socioeconomic deprivation and was higher for men than women. RR for mortality associated with type 2 diabetes was highest for women aged 35–64 years in Q1 with diabetes duration <2 years at 4.83 (95% CI 3.15–7.40) and lowest for men aged 65–84 years in Q5 with diabetes duration ≥2 years at 1.13 (1.03–1.24). CONCLUSIONS SES modifies the association between type 2 diabetes and mortality so that RR for mortality is lower among more deprived populations. Age, sex, and duration of diabetes also interact with type 2 diabetes to influence RR of mortality. Differences in prevalence of comorbidities may explain these findings.
A computational model for preplay in the hippocampus

The hippocampal network produces sequences of neural activity even when there is no time-varying external drive. In offline states, the temporal sequence in which place cells fire spikes correlates with the sequence of their place fields. Recent experiments found this correlation even between offline sequential activity (OSA) recorded before the animal ran in a novel environment and the place fields in that environment. This preplay phenomenon suggests that OSA is generated intrinsically in the hippocampal network, and not established by external sensory inputs. Previous studies showed that continuous attractor networks with asymmetric patterns of connectivity, or with slow, local negative feedback, can generate sequential activity. This mechanism could account for preplay if the network only represented a single spatial map, or chart. However, global remapping in the hippocampus implies that multiple charts are represented simultaneously in the hippocampal network and it remains unknown whether the network with multiple charts can account for preplay. Here we show that it can. Driven with random inputs, the model generates sequences in every chart. Place fields in a given chart and OSA generated by the network are highly correlated. We also find significant correlations, albeit less frequently, even when the OSA is correlated with a new chart in which place fields are randomly scattered. These correlations arise from random correlations between the orderings of place fields in the new chart and those in a pre-existing chart. Our results suggest two different accounts for preplay. Either an existing chart is re-used to represent a novel environment or a new chart is formed.
Selecting checkpoints along the time line: A novel temporal checkpoint selection strategy for monitoring a batch of parallel business processes

Nowadays, most business processes are running in a parallel, distributed and time-constrained manner. How to guarantee their on-time completion is a challenging issue. In the past few years, temporal checkpoint selection which selects a subset of workflow activities for verification of temporal consistency has been proved to be very successful in monitoring single, complex and large size scientific workflows. An intuitive approach is to apply those strategies to individual business processes. However, in such a case, the total number of checkpoints will be enormous, namely the cost for system monitoring and exception handling could be excessive. To address such an issue, we propose a brand new idea which selects time points along the workflow execution time line as checkpoints to monitor a batch of parallel business processes simultaneously instead of individually. Based on such an idea, a set of new definitions as well as a time-point based checkpoint selection strategy are presented in this paper. Our preliminary results demonstrate that it can achieve an order of magnitude reduction in the number of checkpoints while maintaining satisfactory on-time completion rates compared with the state-of-the-art activity-point based checkpoint selection strategy.
Toward Integrating Cognitive Tutor Interaction Data with Human Tutoring Text Dialogue Data in LearnSphere

We present details of a large, novel dataset that includes both Carnegie Learning Cognitive Tutor interaction data and various data related to learner interactions with human tutors via an online chat while using the Cognitive Tutor. We discuss integrating these two data modalities within LearnSphere and propose workflows (and corresponding analyses) germane to our U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Distributed Learning Initiative-funded Integrating Human and Automated Tutoring Systems (IHATS) project, demonstrating various aspects of the potential of the LearnSphere framework.
A faster deterministic maximum flow algorithm

We describe a deterministic version of a 1990 Cheriyan, Hagerup, and Mehlhorn randomized algorithm for computing the maximum flow on a directed graph with <italic>n</italic> nodes and <italic>m</italic> edges which runs in time <italic>O</italic>(<italic>mn</italic> + <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>2+ε</supscrpt>, for any constant <italic>ε</italic>. This improves upon Alon's 1989 bound of <italic>O</italic>(<italic>mn</italic> + <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>8/3</supscrpt>log <italic>n</italic>) [A] and gives an <italic>O</italic>(<italic>mn</italic>) deterministic algorithm for all <italic>m</italic> > <italic>n</italic><supscrpt>1+ε</supscrpt>. Thus it extends the range of <italic>m/n</italic> for which an <italic>O</italic>(<italic>mn</italic>) algorithm is known, and matches the 1988 algorithm of Goldberg and Tarjan [GT] for smaller values of <italic>m/n</italic>.
Current theories of risk and rational decision making

There are few topics that are more important than risk and rational decision making, as the contributions to this special issue attest. If we contemplate the risks and consequences of smoking, substance use, reckless driving, violent crime, and unprotected sex, we cannot help but conjure up an image of the stereotypical, irrational risk taker: the adolescent. Statistics confirm that adolescents and young adults are disproportionately responsible for carnage on the highway, new cases of HIV/AIDS, initiation of poor lifestyle choices such as smoking and unhealthy eating, and a host of other risk-taking behaviors that pose challenges for the law, public health, clinical psychology, and public policy (Reyna & Farley, 2006). Therefore, it is not surprising that the articles contained in this issue on risk and rational decision making focus on adolescence, which had been neglected until the recent flurry of work on this time of life. Although the focus is on adolescence, and on the developmental differences between adolescents and other age groups, the implications of this body of work are far-reaching. Each contributor has articulated a theoretical framework that is guiding the science of risky behavior in new directions, albeit from varied perspectives (e.g., emphasizing cognitive, social, emotional, public health, or behavioral neuroscience approaches). The discussant, a distinguished legal scholar, has ably integrated the papers and identified key theoretical and policy implications. Theories of adult behavior must take account of these perspectives or leave themselves open to the obvious criticisms that they are (a) incomplete because they ignore the origins of behavior and (b) irrelevant because they ignore major causes of death and human suffering. Thus, this special issue provides an authoritative review of developmental research on risk and rational decision making, with fundamental implications for theories of reasoning, judgment, and decision making, especially neurobiological and dual-process theories.
Increasing Reality for DTN Protocol Simulations

Powerful personal devices provide the basis for ad-hoc networking among mobile users. Delay-tolerant Networking (DTN) enables such communication in spite of low node density—to reach an infrastructure network as well as for direct information exchange between peers. Numerous DTN routing protocols have been developed, and their analysis has shown different performance depending on the (human) mobility assumed—ranging from simple to complex mobility models to a variety of real-world traces. We have designed a simulation environment that allows incrementally adding bits of reality to mobile (DTN) simulations, running different DTN routing protocols, and interactively visualizing the results. It interfaces to various trace formats on the input and different other simulator engines (ns2, dtnsim2) on the output side. Using this simulator, we analyze the characteristics of communication opportunities and compare four different DTN routing protocols under increasing reality conditions.
5-azacytidine-modified patterns of uridine kinase activities in normal and neoplastic tissues.

The murine S-37 ascites tumor and the rat Hepatoma 7800 have two forms of uridine kinase, designated I and II in order of elution from a Sepharose 6B column, which were shown earlier to correspond to the adult and embryonic forms, respectively. Although a 24-hr treatment with a single therapeutic dose of 5-azacytidine did not modify the uridine kinase profiles of these two tumors, such treatment enhanced the activity of the sole species (I) of rat liver and induced species I in Hepatoma 66 where only species II is normally present and induced species II in Hepatoma 7794A where only species I is normally present. Of particular interest is the transient 3-fold rise in species II in S-37 ascites cells during the early stages of the development of tumor resistance in response to the chronic administration of low doses of 5-azacytidine. This rise is subsequently followed by a drop in activity to below the preinduced level.
The Initial Ranking of Faithfulness Constraints in UG

Abstract This paper shows that, contrary to popular opinion, itis a necessary assumption of the theory of the acquisi-tion of OT phonological systems that faithfulness con-straints be ranked above well-formedness constraintsin UG. “The obvious is literally that which stands in one’s way…”R. D. Laing (cited in Barton 1978:122) I. What is Phonological Acquisition? There are two assumptions w hich we will make in attempting toformulate an answer to this question. While we do not feel thateither assumption is particularly controversial, we will spell themout before proceeding. The first is simply that the type of OT Pho-nology we as linguists are interested in is a subcomponent of the grammar — with all of the normal implications of the use of thatterm in modern linguistics. In particular, we will assume that it isnecessary, indeed, critical, to distinguish between the grammar,which is a computational system operating upon and generatingmental representations, and a production system, which takes theoutput of the grammar and converts it into articulatory output. The
No-Reference Quality Assessment of Screen Content Pictures

Recent years have witnessed a growing number of image and video centric applications on mobile, vehicular, and cloud platforms, involving a wide variety of digital screen content images. Unlike natural scene images captured with modern high fidelity cameras, screen content images are typically composed of fewer colors, simpler shapes, and a larger frequency of thin lines. In this paper, we develop a novel blind/no-reference (NR) model for accessing the perceptual quality of screen content pictures with big data learning. The new model extracts four types of features descriptive of the picture complexity, of screen content statistics, of global brightness quality, and of the sharpness of details. Comparative experiments verify the efficacy of the new model as compared with existing relevant blind picture quality assessment algorithms applied on screen content image databases. A regression module is trained on a considerable number of training samples labeled with objective visual quality predictions delivered by a high-performance full-reference method designed for screen content image quality assessment (IQA). This results in an opinion-unaware NR blind screen content IQA algorithm. Our proposed model delivers computational efficiency and promising performance. The source code of the new model will be available at: https://sites.google. com/site/guke198701/publications.
Radio Emission from Objects in the Hubble Deep Field

A radio image that covers the Hubble deep field and flanking fields has been made using the VLA for 50 hr at a frequency of 8.4 GHz, a resolution of 6'', and a 4.3 σ detection level of 12.2 μJy. All six radio sources detected in the deep field are identified with galaxies brighter than I = 24 mag, based on a radio/optical coincidence better than 1''. In the flanking fields 8 of 12 sources are identified with galaxies 19 to 25 mag. The identifications are preferentially with red elliptical galaxies and early-type spiral galaxies. Several galaxies show distortions that suggest interaction.
Transport of fluid and solutes in the body I. Formulation of a mathematical model.

A compartmental model of short-term whole body fluid, protein, and ion distribution and transport is formulated. The model comprises four compartments: a vascular and an interstitial compartment, each with an embedded cellular compartment. The present paper discusses the assumptions on which the model is based and describes the equations that make up the model. Fluid and protein transport parameters from a previously validated model as well as ionic exchange parameters from the literature or from statistical estimation [see companion paper: C. C. Gyenge, B. D. Bowen, R. K. Reed, and J. L. Bert. Am. J. Physiol. 277 ( Heart Circ. Physiol. 46): H1228-H1240, 1999] are used in formulating the model. The dynamic model has the ability to simulate 1) transport across the capillary membrane of fluid, proteins, and small ions and their distribution between the vascular and interstitial compartments; 2) the changes in extracellular osmolarity; 3) the distribution and transport of water and ions associated with each of the cellular compartments; 4) the cellular transmembrane potential; and 5) the changes of volume in the four fluid compartments. The validation and testing of the proposed model against available experimental data are presented in the companion paper.
Display of vector fields using a reaction-diffusion model

Effective visualization of vector fields relies on the ability to control the size and density of the underlying mapping to visual cues used to represent the field. In this paper we introduce the use of a reaction-diffusion model, already well known for its ability to form irregular spatio-temporal patters, to control the size, density, and placement of the vector field representation. We demonstrate that it is possible to encode vector field information (orientation and magnitude) into the parameters governing a reaction-diffusion model to form a spot pattern with the correct orientation, size, and density, creating an effective visualization. To encode direction we texture the spots using a light to dark fading texture. We also show that it is possible to use the reaction-diffusion model to visualize an additional scalar value, such as the uncertainty in the orientation of the vector field. An additional benefit of the reaction-diffusion visualization technique arises from its automatic density distribution. This benefit suggests using the technique to augment other vector visualization techniques. We demonstrate this utility by augmenting a LIC visualization with a reaction-diffusion visualization. Finally, the reaction-diffusion visualization method provides a technique that can be used for streamline and glyph placement.
The nesC language: A holistic approach to networked embedded systems

We present nesC, a programming language for networked embedded systems that represent a new design space for application developers. An example of a networked embedded system is a sensor network, which consists of (potentially) thousands of tiny, low-power "motes," each of which execute concurrent, reactive programs that must operate with severe memory and power constraints.nesC's contribution is to support the special needs of this domain by exposing a programming model that incorporates event-driven execution, a flexible concurrency model, and component-oriented application design. Restrictions on the programming model allow the nesC compiler to perform whole-program analyses, including data-race detection (which improves reliability) and aggressive function inlining (which reduces resource consumption). nesC has been used to implement TinyOS, a small operating system for sensor networks, as well as several significant sensor applications. nesC and TinyOS have been adopted by a large number of sensor network research groups, and our experience and evaluation of the language shows that it is effective at supporting the complex, concurrent programming style demanded by this new class of deeply networked systems.
Different Non-Saccharomyces Yeast Species Stimulate Nutrient Consumption in S. cerevisiae Mixed Cultures

The growing interest of the winemaking industry on the use of non-Saccharomyces starters has prompted several studies about the physiological features of this diverse group of microorganisms. The fact that the proposed use of these new starters will almost invariably involve either simultaneous or sequential inoculation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae has also driven the attention to the potential biological interactions between different starters during wine fermentation. Our current understanding is that alternative yeast starters will affect wine features by both direct and indirect mechanisms (through metabolic or other types of interactions with S. cerevisiae). There are still few studies addressing the question of yeast–yeast interactions in winemaking by a transcriptomic approach. In a previous report, we revealed early responses of S. cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii to the presence of each other under anaerobic conditions, mainly the overexpression of genes related with sugar consumption and cell proliferation. We have now studied the response, under aerobic conditions, of S. cerevisiae to other two non-Saccharomyces species, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Candida sake, keeping T. delbrueckii as a reference; and always focusing on the early stages of the interaction. Results point to some common features of the way S. cerevisiae modifies its transcriptome in front of other yeast species, namely activation of glucose and nitrogen metabolism, being the later specific for aerobic conditions.
Application of Machine Learning Approaches in Intrusion Detection System: A Survey

Network security is one of the major concerns of the modern era. With the rapid development and massive usage of internet over the past decade, the vulnerabilities of network security have become an important issue. Intrusion detection system is used to identify unauthorized access and unusual attacks over the secured networks. Over the past years, many studies have been conducted on the intrusion detection system. However, in order to understand the current status of implementation of machine learning techniques for solving the intrusion detection problems this survey paper enlisted the 49 related studies in the time frame between 2009 and 2014 focusing on the architecture of the single, hybrid and ensemble classifier design. This survey paper also includes a statistical comparison of classifier algorithms, datasets being used and some other experimental setups as well as consideration of feature selection step.
Effects of storage temperature on quality characteristics of texturized vegetable protein

This study evaluated the impact of storage temperature on the quality characteristics of texturized vegetable protein (TVP). TVP was prepared by mixing defatted Daewon soybean flour at 80°C, gluten, and corn starch in a 5:3:2 ratio, which was then extruded at a screw speed of 250 rpm and a barrel temperature of 190°C with moisture addition at 9 rpm. Subsequently, the extruded TVP was vacuum-sealed in polyethylene packaging and stored at −20°C, 0°C, and 4°C for 9 days. Texture analysis revealed that the curing rate followed 4°C > 0°C > −20°C sequence. No significant color variation was observed across the storage conditions, although water content increased at all temperatures. Notable changes were detected in moisture absorption capacity (%) and solid leaching (%), following the order of −20°C > 0°C > 4°C. The turbidity of the solution released during cooking varied, with the highest to the lowest sequence being −20°C > 4°C > 0°C, while pH levels remained neutral. Regarding free amino acids, sweetness and textural quality improved with storage across all temperatures, whereas bitterness components diminished at 4°C. The study suggests that refrigerated storage at 4°C is a viable method for distributing TVP, which was previously distributed only in a frozen and dry state.
Differential rates of morphological divergence in birds

There are more small‐bodied bird species than there are large‐bodied, even on a logarithmic scale. In birds this pattern, which is also found in other higher taxa, appears not to be due to neutral evolution. It has often been suggested that the skew of body size frequency distributions is the result of a relationship between body size and the net rate of speciation, but phylogenetic analyses so far have rejected the hypothesis that small‐bodied species are subject to higher net rates of speciation. On the contrary, we show that there exists a relationship between body size and its own evolutionary variability: avian families of small body size show less interspecific variation in body size than large‐bodied families of similar age and species richness.