Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Government Policy and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid

This paper reconsiders the role of economic policy in determining the effectiveness of foreign aid for generating economic growth in developing countries. We update and modify the data set originally used by Burnside and Dollar (2000) in order to more fully consider the critique presented by Easterly et al. (2004). Our findings suggest that the relationship among foreign aid, government policy, and economic growth is tenuous and depends importantly on the subset of countries included in the analysis. Good policy enhances the effectiveness of foreign aid in spurring growth when we use the original set of countries included in Burnside and Dollar, but this relationship disappears for an expanded set of countries. Because the relationship among aid, policy, and growth is likely to be nonlinear, we present an alternative probit model emphasizing growth thresholds. Our results from this alternative analysis confirm the conclusions of Easterly et al., finding little support for the view that good policy increases the probability that foreign aid contributes to growth.
Muslim Converts in Prison

There has been something of a moral panic about individuals converting to Islam whilst incarcerated. A number of newspaper articles have suggested that within prisons there is a potentially toxic mix of extremist ideology and a criminal past. This article presents the results of a study exploring conversion to Islam within two prisons in England. The main findings suggest that for those individuals who convert to Islam in English prisons Islam provides them with a moral framework from which to rebuild their lives. As such, the positive work carried out by prison Imams needs to be supported more fully, particularly when resettling individuals who are newly released from jail. At the same time, Islam seems to help prisoners to cope more positively with the prison environment, reducing their propensity to aggression and violence.
Strategies for assessment and early treatment with sexually addicted families

Abstract Although there has been recent growth in research and treatment approaches in the sexual addiction/compulsivity field, assessment and early treatment of the family members has received less attention. This article addresses the significance of including assessment of family members in the early treatment stage. Numerous family of origin histories make apparent the strong link from early childhood on through adulthood between family events that created conflict, turmoil, misunderstanding, and troubled concepts of personal sexuality. Addressing family of origin factors without involving the addict's current family unit, however, provides only an understanding of the addictive/compulsive behavior, not the tools to change it. The addict's family must involve themselves from the earliest stages of recovery, both to provide support and to allow the addict and themselves to break what can be a familial cycle of addictive behaviors. We are fortunate to have the research and knowledge from the chemical de.
Severity of Malocclusion and Orthodontic Treatment Needs among 12- to 15-Year-Old School Children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India

Objectives: To assess the severity of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, India, by using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 1800 12- to 15-year-old school children of Davangere District, Karnataka, India. Talukas (administrative units in some states in India) were considered clusters. Schools were selected using simple random sampling procedures. The 300 study subjects were selected using systematic random sampling procedures. Data consisting of DAI components were recorded pro forma. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis. The Chi-square test (χ2) was used to compare malocclusion severity. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the changes in DAI scores and the mean DAI scores between age groups. The Z test was used to compare mean DAI scores between the 2 sexes and between children residing in urban and rural areas. Results: Of the 1800 school children examined, 899 (49.9%) were boys and 901 (50.1%) were girls. Most of the children (79.9%) had DAI scores ≤ 25 with no or minor malocclusion requiring no or little treatment, 15.4% had DAI scores of 26–30 with definite malocclusion requiring elective treatment, 4.2% had DAI scores of 31–35 with severe malocclusion requiring highly desirable treatment, and 0.5% had DAI scores ≥ 36 with handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory treatment. Conclusions: The majority of the children in our study (79.9%) required no or little treatment; 20.1% had definite malocclusion requiring definite orthodontic treatment.
Facilitated diffusion of glucose.

Article de synthese sur la diffusion facilite du glucose a travers les membranes cellulaires. Proteines de transport du glucose (identification et structure II re ), proprietes catalytiques de ces proteines (stereoselectivite, modele de transport dans l'erythrocyte humain et dans d'autres cellules mammiferes), regulation du transport facilite du glucose
Determination of the drift of the maximum angle error in AMR sensors due to aging

An Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) sensor is magnetic sensor often used to angle measurements. In case the sensor is configured with two Wheatstone bridges, it provides two sinusoidal outputs useful to calculate the angle of a magnetic field. However, due to non-ideal properties of the sensor, its output signals present undesired characteristics such as offset voltage, amplitude imbalance and additional harmonics. All of them are sources of errors in the angle calculation and they change during the sensor lifetime due to wearing and aging effects. Until now, it is considered that the angle error variations are small enough not to affect the sensor accuracy. However, the future trend is to have applications that will demand more accurate angle measurements. Therefore, it is important to understand the trend of drift of the error sources in order to take appropriate actions to guaranty the sensor accuracy. The aim of this paper is to study the drift of the different sources of angle error due to aging effects. An aging test was performed with commercial sensors submitted to different stress conditions in terms of magnetic field, power supply and temperature. The angle error due to offset voltage showed the largest variation, being faster at the start and becoming more constant with time. The angle error due to amplitude imbalance and harmonics show less and more constant variations during the test. This information is very useful to determine the best approach to perform compensation in AMR sensors.
Use of the Peer Attitudes Toward the Handicapped Scale in Australia: Grade Differences in the Scores of Primary School Students

The Peer Attitudes Toward the Handicapped Scale was administered to 368 students in Grades 4 to 6 in order to (a) examine the use of the scale with Australian primary school children, (b) compare the scores of the Australian group with the American standardization sample, and (c) investigate grade and sex differences in performance on the scale. It was found that approximately 50% of the fourth grade Ss needed help to decode items on the scale: the scores obtained by the Grade 6Ss matched closely those of the U.S. sample: and grade, but not sex. differences were evident, particularly when Grade 6 was compared with the other two grades. It was concluded that the scale is suitable for use in its present form (including the U.S. norms) with Australian sixth grade children. Separate norms would need to be created for children at other grade levels.
Integrating voice recognition into models of person perception

The results of one empirical study are presented to investigate whether voice recognition might profitably be integrated into a single IAC network for person perception. An identity priming paradigm was used to determine whether face perception and voice perception combined to influence one another. The results revealed within-modality priming of faces by prior presentations of faces, and of voices by prior presentation of voices. Critically, cross-modality priming was also revealed, confirming that the two modalities can be represented within a single system and can influence one another. These results are supported by the results of a simulation, and are discussed in terms of the theoretical development of IAC, and the benefits and future questions that arise from consideration of an integrated multimodal model of person perception.
The regulation of sleep and arousal: Development and psychopathology

Abstract Throughout early development, a child spends more time asleep than in any waking activity. Yet, the specific role of sleep in brain maturation is a complete mystery. In this article, the developmental psychobiology of sleep regulation is conceptualized within the context of close links to the control of arousal, affect, and attention. The interactions among these systems are considered from an ontogenetic and evolutionary biological perspective. A model is proposed for the development of sleep and arousal regulation with the following major tenets: 1. Sleep and vigilance represent opponent processes in a larger system of arousal regulation. 2. The regulation of sleep, arousal, affect, and attention overlap in physiological, neuroanatomical, clinical, and developmental domains. 3. Complex interactions among these regulatory systems are modulated and integrated in regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). 4. Changes at the level of PFC underlie maturational shifts in the relative balance across these regulatory systems (such as decreases in the depth/length of sleep and increased capacity for vigilance and attention), which occur with normal development. 5. The effects of sleep deprivation (including alterations in attention, emotions, and goal-directed behaviors) also involve changes at the level of PFC integration across regulatory systems. This model is then discussed in the context of developmental pathology in the control of affect and attention, with an emphasis on sleep changes in depression.
Large cell lymphoma of the mediastinum: a B‐cell tumour of probable thymic origin

Fifteen cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of the anterior mediastinum are reported. In the first group of four, fresh tissue was available and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated their B‐cell origin, with monotypic immunoglobulin production in two. Only fixed tissue was available in the second group of 11 patients. All stained with antibody to leucocyte common antigen (PD7/26) and three showed monotypic immunoglobulin production. If the two groups are combined seven of the 15 tumours were clearly of B‐cell origin. Classification on morphological grounds was difficult, with most tumours showing mixtures of centroblasts and large centrocytes, and the original diagnoses had included Hodgkin's disease (three), thymoma (one) and undifferentiated carcinoma (two). None of the patients had evidence of extra‐thoracic disease at presentation and when this developed the organs involved were liver (one), kidney (two) and thyroid (one). Direct extension within the chest led to infiltration of chest wall, sternum, lung, superior vena cava and other structures. The site of origin, lack of nodal involvement and, in one case, presence of residual thymus around the tumour indicate an origin in thymic B‐cells.
Nine Years of Irrigation Cause Vegetation and Fine Root Shifts in a Water-Limited Pine Forest

Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the inner-Alpine dry valleys of Switzerland have suffered from increased mortality during the past decades, which has been caused by longer and more frequent dry periods. In addition, a proceeding replacement of Scots pines by pubescent oaks (Quercus pubescens Willd.) has been observed. In 2003, an irrigation experiment was performed to track changes by reducing drought pressure on the natural pine forest. After nine years of irrigation, we observed major adaptations in the vegetation and shifts in Scots pine fine root abundance and structure. Irrigation permitted new plant species to assemble and promote canopy closure with a subsequent loss of herb and moss coverage. Fine root dry weight increased under irrigation and fine roots had a tendency to elongate. Structural composition of fine roots remained unaffected by irrigation, expressing preserved proportions of cellulose, lignin and phenolic substances. A shift to a more negative δ13C signal in the fine root C indicates an increased photosynthetic activity in irrigated pine trees. Using radiocarbon (14C) measurement, a reduced mean age of the fine roots in irrigated plots was revealed. The reason for this is either an increase in newly produced fine roots, supported by the increase in fine root biomass, or a reduced lifespan of fine roots which corresponds to an enhanced turnover rate. Overall, the responses belowground to irrigation are less conspicuous than the more rapid adaptations aboveground. Lagged and conservative adaptations of tree roots with decadal lifespans are challenging to detect, hence demanding for long-term surveys. Investigations concerning fine root turnover rate and degradation processes under a changing climate are crucial for a complete understanding of C cycling.
Efficacy of Adding Bevacizumab in the First-Line Chemotherapy of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Evidence from Seven Randomized Clinical Trials

Background. Efficacy of adding bevacizumab in first-line chemotherapy of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has been controversial. The aim of this study is to gather current data to analyze efficacy of adding bevacizumab to the most used combination first-line chemotherapy in mCRC, based on the 2012 meta-analysis reported by Macedo et al. Methods. Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane library, meeting presentations and abstracts were searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which evaluated first-line chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab in mCRC. The extracting data were included and examined in the meta-analysis according to the type of chemotherapy regimen. Results. Seven trials, totaling 3436 patients, were analyzed. Compared with first-line chemothery alone, the adding of bevacizumab did not show clinical benefit for OS both in first-line therapy and the most used combination chemotherapy (HR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.78–1.02; P = 0.08; HR = 0.93; 95% CI = 0.83–1.05; P = 0.24). In contrast with OS, the addition of bevacizumab resulted in significant improvement for PFS (HR = 0.68; 95% CI = 0.59–0.78; P < 0.00001). Moreover, it also demonstrated statistical benefit for PFS in the most used combination first-line chemotherapy (HR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.75–0.94; P = 0.002). And the subgroup analysis indicated only capacitabine-based regimens were beneficial. Conclusions. This meta-analysis shows that the addition of bevacizumab to FOLFOX/FOLFIRI/XELOX regimens might not be beneficial in terms of OS. Benefit has been seen when PFS has been taken into account. In subgroup analysis, benefit adding bevacizumab has been seen when capecitabine-based regimens are used. Further studies are warranted to explore the combination with bevacizumab.
Habitual physical activity measured by accelerometer and survival in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The association between mortality and physical activity based on self-report questionnaire in hemodialysis patients has been reported previously. However, because self-report is a subjective assessment, evaluating true physical activity is difficult. This study investigated the prognostic significance of habitual physical activity on 7-year survival in a cohort of clinically stable and adequately dialyzed patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS A total of 202 Japanese outpatients who were undergoing maintenance hemodialysis three times per week at the hemodialysis center of Sagami Junkanki Clinic (Japan) from October 2002 to February 2012 were followed for up to 7 years. Physical activity was evaluated using an accelerometer at study entry and is expressed as the amount of time a patient engaged in physical activity on nondialysis days. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to assess the contribution of habitual physical activity to all-cause mortality. RESULTS The median patient age was 64 (25th, 75th percentiles, 57, 72) years, 52.0% of the patients were women, and the median time on hemodialysis was 40.0 (25th, 75th percentiles, 16.8, 119.3) months at baseline. During a median follow-up of 45 months, 34 patients died. On multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio for all-cause mortality per 10 min/d increase in physical activity was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, 0.66-0.92; P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Engaging in habitual physical activity among outpatients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis was associated with decreased mortality risk.
ESTROGEN-INDUCED CYTODIFFERENTIATION OF THE OVALBUMIN-SECRETING GLANDS OF THE CHICK OVIDUCT

The histological, ultrastructural, and biochemical changes occurring during hormone-induced cytodifferentiation of the ovalbumin-secreting glands in the chick oviduct have been studied. Marked perivascular edema is an initial response of the immature oviduct stroma to diethylstilbestrol administration and is accompanied by an interstitial migration of mononuclear cells. Mitotic activity in the immature mucosal epithelium increases within 24 hr, and glands begin to develop on days 2–4 as budlike invaginations into the subepithelial stroma. An immediate intracellular effect of the hormone is aggregation of previously dispersed ribosomes. Ribosomal zones in the nucleolus gain prominence, and there is a progressive development of rough endoplasmic reticulum in the epithelial cells. Extensive profiles of endoplasmic reticulum are present in the gland cells by day 6. Fine apical progranules appear in the epithelial cells on day 2, and ovalbumin can be measured immunochemically by day 3 at about the same time that new species of nuclear RNA have been identified. Ovalbumin granules form within condensing vacuoles in the Golgi zone and begin to be released into the lumina of the gland acini at about day 6 of the treatment.
Does European Citizenship Increase Tolerance in Young People?

While Europe is celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Rome Treaty, there is much doubt about the extent of citizens' emotional attachment to Europe. In this article we examine whether young Belgians show a sense of European citizenship, using a range of questions about the European Union (EU) from a survey administered to more than 6000 secondary school students. We show that a genuine identification with Europe — one that is not purely based on a positive evaluation of the EU from a utilitarian point of view — is related to higher levels of tolerance towards ethnic minorities, Muslims and immigrants. In addition, we will provide an overview of the literature on European citizenship and its potential connection to a higher degree of tolerance towards different cultures.
Facebook and Online Privacy: Attitudes, Behaviors, and Unintended Consequences

This article investigates Facebook users' awareness of privacy issues and perceived benefits and risks of utilizing Facebook. Research found that Facebook is deeply integrated in users' daily lives through specific routines and rituals. Users claimed to understand privacy issues, yet reported uploading large amounts of personal information. Risks to privacy invasion were ascribed more to others than to the self. However, users reporting privacy invasion were more likely to change privacy settings than those merely hearing about others' privacy invasions. Results suggest that this lax attitude may be based on a combination of high gratification, usage patterns, and a psychological mechanism similar to third-person effect. Safer use of social network services would thus require changes in user attitude.
Forever in the dark: the cave-dwelling azooxanthellate reef coral Leptoseris troglodyta sp. n. (Scleractinia, Agariciidae)

Abstract The coral species Leptoseris troglodyta sp. n. (Scleractinia, Agariciidae) is described as new to science. It is the first known azooxanthellate shallow-water agariciid and is recorded from the ceilings of caves at 5-35 m depth in West Pacific coral reefs. The corals have monocentric cup-shaped calices. They may become colonial through extramural budding from the basal coenosteum, which may cause adjacent calices to fuse. The size, shape and habitat of Leptoseris troglodyta are unique compared to other Leptoseris species, many of which have been recorded from mesophotic depths. The absence of zooxanthellae indicates that it may survive well in darkness, but endolithic algae in some corals indicate that they may be able to get some light. The presence of menianes on the septal sides, which may help to absorb light at greater depths in zooxanthellate corals, have no obvious adaptive relevance in the new species and could have been inherited from ancestral species that perhaps were zooxanthellate. The new species may be azooxanthellate as derived through the loss of zooxanthellae, which would be a reversal in Leptoseris phylogeny.
Contemporary Forms of Prejudice-Related Conflict: In Search of a Nutshell

Racial ambivalence theory, modern racism theory, and research on prejudice-related discrepancies all suggest that many Whites have conflicting reactions to Blacks. The present research investigated whether these forms of prejudice-related conflict are distinct by determining (a) the extent of association among measures of each form of conflict and (b) the affective reactions associated with each form of conflict. Results revealed virtually no evidence of overlap among the measures of conflict, and scores on measures of each form of conflict were associated with unique patterns of affective reactions. Racial ambivalence was uniquely associated with heightened guilt and discomfort, prejudice-related discrepancies were uniquely associated with heightened guilt and reduced positive affect, and modern racism had no unique affective consequences. Theoretical and applied implications of the existence of numerous contemporary forms of prejudice-related conflict are discussed.
A Comparison of Molten Sn and Bi for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes

Molten Sn and Bi were examined at 973 and 1073 K for use as anodes in solid oxide fuel cells with yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. Cells were operated under “battery” conditions, with dry He flow in the anode compartment, to characterize the electrochemical oxidation of the metals at the YSZ interface. For both metals, the open-circuit voltages (OCVs) were close to that expected based on their oxidation thermodynamics, ~0.93 V for Sn and ~0.48 V for Bi. With Sn, the cell performance degraded rapidly after the transfer of approximately 0.5-1.5 Ccm{sup 2} of charge due to the formation of a SnO{sub 2} layer at the YSZ interface. At 973 K, the anode impedance at OCV for freshly reduced Sn was approximately 3 {ohm}cm{sup 2} but this increased to well over 250 {ohm}cm{sup 2} after the transfer of of charge. Following the transfer of 8.2 Ccm{sup 2} at 1073 K, the formation of a 10{micro}m thick SnO{sub 2} layer was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. With Bi, the OCV anode impedance at 973 K was less than 0.25 {ohm}cm{sup 2} and remained constant until essentially all of the Bi had been oxidized to BiO{sub 2}. Some implications of these results formore » direct carbon fuel cells are discussed. « less