Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Sexual Dimorphism in Relation to Facial Asymmetry in Esthetically Pleasing Faces

Objective: The aim of the study is to detect gender-wise difference in the skeletal asymmetry in the esthetically pleasing faces. Materials and methods: a cross sectional study was conducted on 25 females and 25 males of age 18 -25 years using the posterior-anterior cephalograms. The selected part of grummon’s frontal analysis for analyzing the vertical skeletal asymmetries, mandibular morphology, transverse asymmetry and mandibular deviation was used. The obtained data was subjected to independent student’s‘t’ test for comparing the difference between males and females. Results: there was statistically significant difference between the males and females for the measurements like Gonion-Menton length for the mandibular morphology and for the transverse parameters like zygomatico frontal suture length, jular length and antegonial notch length. There was no significant difference for the sidedness of asymmetry for the males and females. Conclusion: frontal facial asymmetry showed sexual dimorphism with males showing greater asymmetric values than the females. The asymmetry showed right sided prominence for both the males and females. This knowledge can be utilized for planning facial reconstruction and remodeling surgeries.
Economic Integration of New Immigrants in the Montreal Labor Market: A Longitudinal Approach

Abstract The economic integration of immigrants is most frequently studied with cross-sectional data (censuses and surveys). Here we analyse the process of integration of immigrants into the labour market, using a longitudinal survey carried out in Montreal with a cohort of immigrants who arrived in Quebec in 1989. The central hypothesis of our research is that the national origin plays an important role in the immigrant’s economic integration, defined here by access to a first job and the capacity to remain employed in the labour market (i.e., number of weeks worked) during the first 18 months after arrival. The results indicate that once socio-demographic and human capital variables are taken into account, immigrants from developing countries and from Eastern Europe have greater difficulties than those from the United States, France and the rest of Europe in becoming integrated into the labour market.
Real Options, Volatility, and Stock Returns

This paper provides evidence that the positive relation between firm-level stock returns and firm-level return volatility is due to real options that firms possess. Consistent with the theoretical prediction that the value of a real option should be increasing in the volatility of the underlying asset, we find that the positive volatility-return relation is much stronger for firms that are more likely to have more real options. We also find that the sensitivity of firm values to changes in volatility declines significantly after firms exercise their real options. Finally, we reconcile the aggregate-level evidence of a negative relation between returns and return volatility with the positive relation at the firm level by showing that the negative relation at the aggregate level may be due to aggregate market conditions that simultaneously affect both market returns and return volatility.
Validation of the perceived school bullying severity scale

Research on school bullying has tended to focus on its prevalence or frequency while ignoring its perceived severity. This study attempted to construct a perceived School Bullying Severity Scale (SBSS). The original 24-item instrument, revised from the Victim Scale of the School Bullying Scales, covered the four categories of physical, verbal, relational and cyber bullying. The partial credit model was used to conduct Rasch analysis with ConQuest software on data derived from two samples of Taiwanese secondary school students. Sample 1 and sample 2 consisted of 605 and 869 students, respectively. Three items were deleted after examining the quality of the data from sample 1. The reliability and validity of the 21 items on the final scale were verified using data from sample 2. Results demonstrated the reliability and validity of information collected by the SBSS. This study also found that secondary school students rated relational and cyber bullying as more severe than physical and verbal bullying. Differences between teachers’ and students’ perspectives on the perceived severity of various bullying behaviours as well as implications for preventing and intervening in bullying are discussed.
The recognition of attitude conveyed by utterance: A study of preschool and autistic children

A growing body of work shows that autistic children and adolescents have very limited understanding of propositional attitudes. One aspect of this is their typical failure to employ a concept of belief. In normal children the concept of belief seems to undergo an important development around age 4 years. The question naturally arises whether autistic impairment comprises simply a 3-year-old level of conceptual competence or whether their similarity to 3-year-olds in performance on certain theory of mind tasks masks underlying differences at the level of cognitive mechanism. We present data which show that in following a conversational interaction, normal 5-year-olds display a sophisticated understanding of the beliefs of the protagonists. Three-year-olds showed a much more limited comprehension but were able to attribute propositional attitudes. Our autistic adolescents did not display even this limited understanding of the conversational situation. We interpret our findings in terms of the metarepresentational theory of autism and point out the theoretical importance of a comparative approach to understanding normal cognitive development.
Acquiring conceptual data modeling skills: the effect of cooperative learning and self-efficacy on learning outcomes

Conceptual data modeling has been defined as a complex task for designers. This study draws from educational and psychological research in examining the training of novices in conceptual data modeling. Specifically, an experiment was conducted to determine the effects of self-efficacy and cooperative, team-based participation on complex data modeling skills. Subjects in the cooperative learning treatment did not perform significantly better on a conceptual data modeling task than those assigned to an individual-work treatment. This calls into question the value of using the cooperative learning approach for short-duration IS training. However, the data also showed that self-efficacy was significantly and positively related to skill acquisition. Self-efficacy, then, is an important consideration for improving achievement when teaching complex information systems development skills to IS novices.
A Model of Phytoplankton Blooms

A simple model that describes the dynamics of nutrient‐driven phytoplankton blooms is presented. Apart from complicated simulation studies, very few models reported in the literature have taken this “bottom‐up” approach. Yet, as discussed and justified from a theoretical standpoint, many blooms are strongly controlled by nutrients rather than by higher trophic levels. The analysis identifies an important threshold effect: a bloom will only be triggered when nutrients exceed a certain defined level. This threshold effect should be generic to both natural blooms and most simulation models. Furthermore, predictions are given as to how the peak of the bloom \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $$P_{\mathrm{max}\,}$$ \end{document} is determined by initial conditions. A number of counterintuitive results are found. In particular, it is shown that increasing initial nutrient or phytoplankton levels can act to decrease \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $$P_{\mathrm{max}\,}$$ \end{document} . Correct predictions require an understanding of such factors as the timing of the bloom and the period of nutrient buildup before the bloom.
Tamm-Horsfall Glycoprotein Interacts with Renal Outer Medullary Potassium Channel ROMK2 and Regulates Its Function*

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THGP) or Uromodulin is a membrane protein exclusively expressed along the thick ascending limb (TAL) and early distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron. Mutations in the THGP encoding gene result in Familial Juvenile Hyperuricemic Nephropathy (FJHN), Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease type 2 (MCKD-2), and Glomerulocystic Kidney Disease (GCKD). The physicochemical and biological properties of THGP have been studied extensively, but its physiological function in the TAL remains obscure. We performed yeast two-hybrid screening employing a human kidney cDNA library and identified THGP as a potential interaction partner of the renal outer medullary potassium channel (ROMK2), a key player in the process of salt reabsorption along the TAL. Functional analysis by electrophysiological techniques in Xenopus oocytes showed a strong increase in ROMK current amplitudes when co-expressed with THGP. The effect of THGP was specific for ROMK2 and did not influence current amplitudes upon co-expression with Kir2.x, inward rectifier potassium channels related to ROMK. Single channel conductance and open probability of ROMK2 were not altered by co-expression of THGP, which instead increased surface expression of ROMK2 as determined by patch clamp analysis and luminometric surface quantification, respectively. Despite preserved interaction with ROMK2, disease-causing THGP mutants failed to increase its current amplitude and surface expression. THGP−/− mice exhibited increased ROMK accumulation in intracellular vesicular compartments when compared with WT animals. Therefore, THGP modulation of ROMK function confers a new role of THGP on renal ion transport and may contribute to salt wasting observed in FJHN/MCKD-2/GCKD patients.
A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the DNA methyltransferase 1 inhibitor MG98 administered twice weekly.

BACKGROUND Hypermethylation and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes by the enzyme DNA methyltransferase may lead to neoplastic transformation. MG98, a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide that is a specific inhibitor of mRNA for human DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), was evaluated in a phase I study. PATIENTS AND METHODS MG98 was given as a 2 h i.v. infusion twice weekly three weeks out of every four to patients with solid tumors. Pharmacokinetic evaluation was performed on days 1 and 15 of cycle 1 and mRNA expression of DNMT1 was measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). RESULTS Nineteen patients were entered onto the study. A total of 74 cycles (range 1-18 cycles) were administered at dose levels from 40 to 480 mg/m(2). Dose limiting toxicity was seen in two of three patients at 480 mg/m(2) and consisted of a constellation of fever, chills, fatigue and, in one case, confusion beginning within 6 h after the first infusion. Other toxic effects included fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, reversible elevations in transaminases and partial thromboplastin time. Pharmacokinetic evaluation showed C(max) and AUC to be dose proportional with low inter- and intra-patient variability. No consistent changes in DNMT1 mRNA expression were noted in PBMCs. One partial response was documented in a patient with renal cell carcinoma treated at 80 mg/m(2). CONCLUSIONS The recommended dose of MG98 was 360 mg/m(2) given by 2 h infusion twice a week for three weeks out of every four. Phase II trials using this dose and schedule are underway.
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Abstract: We propose that the anterior cingulate cortex is a specialization of neocortex rather than a more primitive stage of cortical evolution. Functions central to intelligent behavior, that is, emotional self‐control, focused problem solving, error recognition, and adaptive response to changing conditions, are juxtaposed with the emotions in this structure. Evidence of an important role for the anterior cingulate cortex in these functions has accumulated through single‐neuron recording, electrical stimulation, EEG, PET, fMRI, and lesion studies. The anterior cingulate cortex contains a class of spindle‐shaped neurons that are found only in humans and the great apes, and thus are a recent evolutionary specialization probably related to these functions. The spindle cells appear to be widely connected with diverse parts of the brain and may have a role in the coordination that would be essential in developing the capacity to focus on difficult problems. Furthermore, they emerge postnatally and their survival may be enhanced or reduced by environmental conditions of enrichment or stress, thus potentially influencing adult competence or dysfunction in emotional self‐control and problem‐solving capacity.
A Three-Factor Model of Social Identity

Despite the importance of the social identification construct in research and theory on group processes and intergroup relations, the issue of its dimensionality remains unresolved. It is proposed that social identity can be represented in terms of three factors: centrality; ingroup affect; and ingroup ties. I examined the efficacy of this model in five studies involving a total of 1078 respondents, one nonstudent sample, and three group memberships (university, gender, and nationality). Results of confirmatory factor analyses support the acceptability of the tripartite model, which fits the data significantly better than one- or two-dimensional (cognition/affect) alternatives. Correlations with theoretically relevant variables provide support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the three factors. Advantages and implications of the three-factor model are considered, with particular reference to social identity theory.
Understanding dysfunctional leader‐member exchange: antecedents and outcomes

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify a number of limitations of the theory on leader‐member exchange (LMX). This paper aims to argue that under certain conditions high quality LMX can be dysfunctional. It proceeds to identify the antecedents and outcomes of dysfunctional LMX.Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the theory on LMX and justice to identify the conditions that lead to dysfunctional LMX and its consequences.Findings – A review of the extant literature indicates that favouritism by the leader and the reliance on impression management by followers can lead to dysfunctional LMX. This can then lead to negative reactions from group members and undermine work group cohesiveness.Research limitations/implications – This paper points to new directions for research in LMX. It highlights the need to recognize that under certain conditions high quality LMX can be perceived as unfairness.Practical implications – Managers need to recognize issues needing their attention in developi.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Athletes Involved with High-impact Sports.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease occurring most commonly in athletes and is caused by repeated concussive or subconcussive blows to the head. The main purpose of this review is to evaluate the published literature on chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) in athletes participating in high-impact sports. In particular, we highlight the significance of concussive and subconcussive impacts in multiple sports, elucidate the differences between clinical/pathological features of CTE and related neurodegenerative diseases, and provide an explanation for the variation in clinical presentation between athletes of different sports. METHODS A review targeting relevant publications to CTE was performed. The PubMed/MEDLINE index was searched for keywords such as "chronic traumatic encephalopathy," "repetitive traumatic brain injury," "mild traumatic brain injury," and "concussion" from year 1924 through March 1, 2016. RESULTS A consensus panel's recent identification of a pathognomonic pathology in CTE, characterized by an irregular distribution of phosphorylated tau deposits, is an important step in developing consensus diagnostic criteria and clinicopathological studies. After review of major clinical studies, evidence suggests that there are clear differences in neuropathological features, clinical progression, and manifestation of symptoms between CTE and other neurodegenerative diseases. The literature suggests boxers tend to have more severe symptoms than other athletes due to more frequent rotational and shearing impacts. Data regarding genetic predispositions of CTE have been inconsistent in part due to low subject populations. Positron emission tomography imaging involving tau-binding ligands has recently proven effective in differentiating CTE from control groups and other neurodegenerative diseases. CONCLUSIONS Further longitudinal studies should be conducted to correlate the number of suffered concussive/subconcussive forces to the likelihood of developing chronic traumatic brain injury symptoms. Research striving for a reliable antemortem CTE diagnosis would be immensely beneficial, leading to more accurate estimates of prevalence, allowing clinicians to assess future risk of athletes' continued participation in sports, and enabling clinicians to make appropriate preventive recommendations.
Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles by Gelidiella acerosa Extract and their Antifungal Effects

The synthesis, characterization and application of biologically synthesized nanomaterials are an important aspect in nanotechnology. The present study deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using the aqueous extract of red seaweed Gelidiella acerosa as the reducing agent to study the antifungal activity. The formation of Ag-NPs was confirmed by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) pattern, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The synthesized Ag-NPs was predominately spherical in shape and polydispersed. Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis showed that the synthesized nano-Ag was capped with bimolecular compounds which are responsible for reduction of silver ions. The antifungal effects of these nanoparticles were studied against Humicola insolens (MTCC 4520), Fusarium dimerum (MTCC 6583), Mucor indicus (MTCC 3318) and Trichoderma reesei (MTCC 3929). The present study indicates that Ag-NPs have considerable antifungal activity in comparison with standard antifungal drug, and hence further investigation for clinical applications is necessary.
Lesions of the Dorsal Medial Hippocampus induce different forms of Repetitive Behaviour in the rat

2015 2 Acknowledgement In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Beneficient Firstly, I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for granting me the opportunity to come to New Zealand and undertake this research work. I would especially like to thank my husband for being there by my side and providing constant support and encouragement all through. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Juan Canales for his supervision. I appreciate all the help my co-supervisor, Prof. John Dalrymple-Alford provided and making himself available when needed. I also extend my thanks to Dr. Joseph Garner for taking out his time and helping me with the statistics for the perseveration task. I would like to thank Silvana, Neroli and Kate at the Animal facility for extending care to the animals. I would like to extend my thanks to my colleagues-Echo, Jungah and Alex for assisting me in the conductance of my experimental work. Lastly, I would like to thank my family members, without whose unconditional support, this thesis would not have been possible. Figure 1. Corticostriatal circuits as proposed by Alexander et al. (1986). Each circuit receives output from several functionally related cortical areas (A, B and C) that send partially overlapping projections to restricted parts of striatum. These striatal regions send converging projections to the globus pallidus (pallidum) and substantia nigra (s. nigra), which in turn project to specific regions of the thalamus. Each thalamic region projects back to one of the cortical areas that feed into the circuit, thereby completing the ''closed
Lyman break galaxies and the star formation rate of the Universe at z≈ 6

We determine the space density of UV-luminous starburst galaxies at z≈ 6 using deep HST ACS SDSS-i′ (F775W) and SDSS-z′ (F850LP) and VLT ISAAC J and Ks band imaging of the Chandra Deep Field South. We find eight galaxies and one star with (i′−z′) > 1.5 to a depth of z′AB= 25.6 (an 8σ detection in each of the 3 available ACS epochs). This corresponds to an unobscured star formation rate of ≈15 h−270 M⊙ yr−1 at z= 5.9, equivalent to L* for the Lyman-break population at z= 3–4 (ΩΛ= 0.7, ΩM= 0.3). We are sensitive to star-forming galaxies at 5.6 ≲z≲ 7.0 with an effective comoving volume of ≈1.8 × 105h−370 Mpc3 after accounting for incompleteness at the higher redshifts due to luminosity bias. This volume should encompass the primeval subgalactic-scale fragments of the progenitors of about a thousand L* galaxies at the current epoch. We determine a volume-averaged global star formation rate of (6.7 ± 2.7) × 10−4h70 M⊙ yr−1 Mpc−3 at z∼ 6 from rest-frame UV selected starbursts at the bright end of the luminosity function: this is a lower limit because of dust obscuration and galaxies below our sensitivity limit. This measurement shows that at z∼ 6 the star formation density at the bright end is a factor of ∼6 times less than that determined by Steidel et al. for a comparable sample of UV-selected galaxies at z= 3–4, and so extends our knowledge of the star formation history of the Universe to earlier times than previous work and into the epoch where reionization may have occurred.
RMEL3, a novel BRAFV600E-associated long noncoding RNA, is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling in melanoma

Previous work identified RMEL3 as a lncRNA with enriched expression in melanoma. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data confirmed RMEL3 enriched expression in melanoma and demonstrated its association with the presence of BRAFV600E. RMEL3 siRNA-mediated silencing markedly reduced (95%) colony formation in different BRAFV600E melanoma cell lines. Multiple genes of the MAPK and PI3K pathways found to be correlated with RMEL3 in TCGA samples were experimentally confirmed. RMEL3 knockdown led to downregulation of activators or effectors of these pathways, including FGF2, FGF3, DUSP6, ITGB3 and GNG2. RMEL3 knockdown induces gain of protein levels of tumor suppressor PTEN and the G1/S cyclin-Cdk inhibitors p21 and p27, as well as a decrease of pAKT (T308), BRAF, pRB (S807, S811) and cyclin B1. Consistently, knockdown resulted in an accumulation of cells in G1 phase and subG0/G1 in an asynchronously growing population. Thus, TCGA data and functional experiments demonstrate that RMEL3 is required for MAPK and PI3K signaling, and its knockdown decrease BRAFV600E melanoma cell survival and proliferation.