Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extreme plasticity in life‐history strategy allows a migratory predator (jumbo squid) to cope with a changing climate

Dosidicus gigas (jumbo or Humboldt squid) is a semelparous, major predator of the eastern Pacific that is ecologically and commercially important. In the Gulf of California, these animals mature at large size (>55 cm mantle length) in 1–1.5 years and have supported a major commercial fishery in the Guaymas Basin during the last 20 years. An El Niño event in 2009–2010, was accompanied by a collapse of this fishery, and squid in the region showed major changes in the distribution and life‐history strategy. Large squid abandoned seasonal coastal‐shelf habitats in 2010 and instead were found in the Salsipuedes Basin to the north, an area buffered from the effects of El Niño by tidal upwelling and a well‐mixed water column. The commercial fishery also relocated to this region. Although large squid were not found in the Guaymas Basin from 2010 to 2012, small squid were abundant and matured at an unusually small mantle‐length (<30 cm) and young age (approximately 6 months). Juvenile squid thus appeared to respond to El Niño with an alternative life‐history trajectory in which gigantism and high fecundity in normally productive coastal‐shelf habitats were traded for accelerated reproduction at small size in an offshore environment. Both small and large mature squid, were present in the Salsipuedes Basin during 2011, indicating that both life‐ history strategies can coexist. Hydro‐acoustic data, reveal that squid biomass in this study area nearly doubled between 2010 and 2011, primarily due to a large increase in small squid that were not susceptible to the fishery. Such a climate‐driven switch in size‐at‐maturity may allow D. gigas to rapidly adapt to and cope with El Niño. This ability is likely to be an important factor in conjunction with longerterm climate‐change and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive predator on marine ecosystems.
The Influence of Collusion on Price Changes: New Evidence from Major Cartel Cases

Abstract In this article, we compare the distribution of price changes between collusive and non-collusive periods for 11 major cartels. Based on the theoretical and empirical results from previous research, we discuss the four moments with respect to price changes (mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis). However, none of the above descriptive statistics can be considered as a robust test allowing a differentiation between competition and cartel. Therefore, we implement the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. According to our results, 9 of 11 cartels were successful in controlling the market price for a number of years. The proposed methodology may be used for antitrust screening and regulatory purposes.
Buckya austroamericana nov. gen. et sp. (Bennettitales) from the Upper Triassic Laguna Colorada Formation (El Tranquilo Group), Santa Cruz province, Argentina

: BUCKYA AUSTROAMERICANA NOV. GEN. ET. SP. (BENNETTITALES) FROM THE UPPER TRIASSIC LAGUNA COLORADA FORMATION (EL TRANQUILO GROUP), SANTA CRUZ PROVINCE, ARGENTINA. A new genus and species of a bennettitalean trunk from the Upper Triassic of Santa Cruz province, Argentina, is described. Buckya austroamericana is based on a specimen with its internal anatomy: monoxylic trunk including pith with secretory, sclerenchymatic and mucilaginous cells; primary xylem endarch with scalariform thickened tracheids; secondary xylem with circular bordered pits, uni-and biseriate rays. Poorly preserved secondary phloem. Cortex with parenchyma cells, abundant secretory cells, mucilagenous sacs and isolated sclerenchyma bands. Externally, leaf bases and/or foliar scars correspond to those of Bucklandia Presl (in Sternberg). The validity of this generic name is analyzed for specimens with preserved anatomy, as it was erected for trunks showing only external morphology (branch traces and/or foliar bases). It is concluded that the name should be conserved for the last type of fossils; as a consequence, a new genus is necessary for specimens preserving internal anatomy. For this purpose, the new genus Buckya is proposed and several species are transferred to it. Buckya nov. gen. is a worldwide known cosmopolitan genus from the Jurassic and Cretaceous but species of Bucklandia ( sensu this work) are also known from the Triassic; fronds usually ascribed to bennettites such as Pterophyllum Brongniart, Pseudoctenis Seward, Anomozamites Schimper, among others are also frequent in the Gondwana Triassic. The closest species to B. austroamericana are Bucklandia kerae Saiki and Yoshida from the Cretaceous of Japan and Bucklandia indica Seward from the Jurassic of India (both here transferred to Buckya
Stromal cell-derived factors in Duchenne muscular dystrophy

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is characterized by increased muscle damage and an abnormal blood flow after muscle contraction leading to a state of functional ischemia. Abundant evidence suggests that endothelial circulating progenitor cells (EPCs) play an important role in mediating vascular and muscle repair mechanisms and that the stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 α chemokine is responsible for both progenitor cell mobilization from the bone marrow to peripheral blood and homing to the sites of vascular and tissue injury. Since normal neovascularization is disrupted in DMD pathogenesis and may contribute ultimately to heart failure and sudden death, the aim of the present study is to investigate whether the (SDF)-1 α, and EPCs surface receptors in terms of CD34, CD133 and kinase domain receptor (KDR) are involved in DMD pathophysiology. In the present study, peripheral blood concentrations of circulating CD34, CD133, and CD34/ CD 133 progenitor cells were measured by flow cytometry, together with serum levels of (SDF)-1α and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1α.), in 28 DMD patients vs. 20 healthy age and socioeconomic matching controls. Results showed a significant increase in the number of mononuclear cells bearing EPC markers, HIF-1α mRNA expression and serum (SDF)-1 α, indicating that regeneration is an ongoing process in these patients. However, this regeneration cannot counterbalance the damage induced by dystrophine mutation.
Effect of dietary proteins on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) messenger ribonucleic acid content in rat liver

Effects of quantity and quality of dietary proteins on plasma immunoreactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration, and content of IGF-1 mRNA in rat liver were investigated in rats. Plasma immunoreactive IGF-1 concentration in rats given a casein diet was higher than that in rats given a soya-bean-protein or protein-free diet. The IGF-1 mRNA content in liver was estimated by the Northern blot hybridization technique employing 32P-labelled rat IGF-1 complementary DNA (cDNA). At least four molecular species of IGF-1 mRNA of different molecular weight were found in rat liver. The sizes were 0·8–1·2, 2·0, 3·6–4·0 and 7·4 kb. Most of the mRNA species decreased in the livers of rats given a gluten diet (120 g gluten/kg diet) compared with rats given the casein diet. In particular, mRNA of 7·4 kb decreased markedly. When rats were fed on the protein-free diet, mRNA of all species decreased significantly. The estimated IGF-1 mRNA in the livers of rats fed on the gluten or protein-free diet was almost 0·4 of that of the rats given the casein diet. Feeding the soya-bean-protein diet did not result in a marked effect on the hepatic content of mRNA species of IGF-1. The results showed that liver IGF-1 mRNA content is sensitively regulated by quantity and nutritional quality of dietary proteins.
Incipient angiogenesis in Barrett's epithelium and lymphangiogenesis in Barrett's adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE Barrett's esophagus (BE), a precancerous condition for Barrett's adenocarcinoma, is classically characterized by flames of salmon-colored mucosa extending into normal pale esophageal mucosa. This flaming is thought to be a consequence of continuous erosis of mucosa caused by chronic reflux. Another characteristic feature of Barrett's adenocarcinoma patients is the frequent development of lymph node metastases. We addressed whether onset of angiogenesis occurs in BE and if the lymphatic system might provide a route for Barrett's adenocarcinoma cells to infiltrate regular lymph nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen surgically resected Barrett's dysplasia or adenocarcinoma patients were included. Immunohistochemistry and a modified whole mount analysis were used. RESULTS The incipient angiogenesis originates from the pre-existing vascular network in the lamina propria and infiltrates Barrett's epithelium, giving its ominous salmon-red color. Barrett's epithelium-specific goblet cells express vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. The immature blood vessels show a relative absence of smooth muscle actin (SMA)-positive mural cells and express VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 on their exterior. Coexpression of VEGF-C and its receptor VEGFR-3 on lymphatic vessels is demonstrated. CONCLUSION BE is strongly neovascularized not eroded. This novel concept of a molecular mechanism of the origin of BE might emphasize why precancerous BE can give rise to the more cancerous dysplasia and Barrett's adenocarcinoma stages. In addition, adenocarcinoma cells induce lymphangiogenesis. The new lymphangiogenic vessels might provide a systemic route for adenocarcinoma cells to invade circulation and induce lymph node metastasis.
Virtual device passthrough for high speed VM networking

Supporting network I/O at high packet rates in virtual machines is fundamental for the deployment of Cloud data centers and Network Function Virtualization. Historically, SR-IOV and hardware passthrough were thought as the only viable solution to reduce the high cost of virtualization. In previous work [15] we showed how even plain device emulation can achieve VM-to-VM speeds of millions of packets per second (Mpps), though still at least 3 times slower than bare metal. In this paper, to fill this gap, we present ptnetmap, a virtual passthrough network device (based on the netmap framework). ptnetmap allows VMs to connect to any netmap port (physical devices, software switches, netmap pipes), conserving the speed and isolation of the native netmap system, and removing the constraints of hardware passthrough. Our work includes two key features not present in previous proposals: we provide a high speed path also to untrusted VMs, and do not require dedicated polling cores/threads, which is fundamental to achieve an efficient use of resources. Besides these features, our speed is also beyond previously published values. Running on top of ptnetmap, VMs can saturate a 10 Gbit link at 14.88 Mpps, talk at over 20 Mpps to untrusted VMs, and over 70 Mpps to trusted VMs. ptnetmap extends the netmap framework, and currently supports Linux and FreeBSD guests, and QEMU/KVM host. Support for bhyve/FreeBSD host is under development.
Factors affecting compliance and resistance to auditory command hallucinations: perceptions of a clinical population

Background: Elements of voice content and characteristics of a hallucinatory voice are considered to be associated with compliance and resistance to auditory command hallucinations. However, a need for further exploration of such features remains. Aims: To explore the associations across different types of commands (benign, self-harm, harm-other) with a range of symptom measures and a trait measure of expressed compliance with compliance to the most recent command and command hallucinations over the previous 28 days. Methods: Participants meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, with auditory hallucinations in the previous 28 days were screened. Where commands were reported a full-assessment of positive symptoms, social-rank, beliefs about voices and trait compliance was completed. Results: Compliance with the last self-harm command was associated with elevated voice malevolence, heightened symptom presentation and perceived consequences for non-compliance. Compliance with the last harm-other command was associated with elevated symptom severity, higher perceived consequences for non-compliance and higher levels of voice social rank. However, these associations were not maintained for compliance during the previous 28 days. Conclusions: Findings indicate the importance of identifying the content of commands, overall symptom severity and core variables associated with compliance to specific command categories. The temporal stability of established mediating variables needs further examination.
Systematic Review of Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and Angiotensin Receptor Blockade in Hypertension

Some evidence suggests that long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition may become less effective, thereby increasing angiotensin II levels, which could be inhibited by the addition of an angiotensin receptor blocker. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized trials with searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases. Overall, the combination of an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin receptor blocker reduced ambulatory blood pressure by 4.7/3.0 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.9 to 6.5/1.6 to 4.3) compared with ACE inhibitor monotherapy and 3.8/2.9 mm Hg (2.4 to 5.3/0.4 to 5.4) compared with angiotensin receptor blocker monotherapy. Clinic blood pressure was reduced by 3.8/2.7 mm Hg (0.9 to 6.7/0.8 to 4.6) and 3.7/2.3 mm Hg (0.4 to 6.9/0.2 to 4.4) compared with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker, respectively. However, the majority of these studies used submaximal doses or once-daily dosing of shorter-acting ACE inhibitors and, when a larger dose of shorter-acting ACE inhibitor was given or a longer-acting ACE inhibitor was used, there was generally no additive effect of the angiotensin receptor blocker on blood pressure. Proteinuria was reduced by the combination compared with ACE inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker monotherapy, an effect that was independent of blood pressure in several studies, suggesting that the combination could have benefits in proteinuric nephropathies. None of the studies was of sufficient size and duration to determine whether there may be safety concerns. In conclusion, although there is a small additive effect on blood pressure with an ACE inhibitor–angiotensin receptor blocker combination, the routine use of this combination in uncomplicated hypertension is not recommended until more carefully controlled studies are performed.
Thyroid Ultrasound Features and Risk of Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Background: Thyroid nodules are a common finding in the general population, and their detection is increasing with the widespread use of ultrasound (US). Thyroid cancer is found in 5–15% of cases depending on sex, age, and exposure to other risk factors. Some US parameters have been associated with increased risk of malignancy. However, no characteristic seems sufficiently reliable in isolation to diagnose malignancy. The objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of US features for thyroid malignancy in patients with unselected thyroid nodules and nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology. Methods: Electronic databases were reviewed for studies published prior to July 2012 that evaluated US features of thyroid nodules and reported postoperative histopathologic diagnosis. A manual search of references of review and key articles, and previous meta-analyses was also performed. A separate meta-analysis was performed including only nodules with indeterminate cytology. Analyzed features were solid structure, hypoechogenicity, irregular margins, absence of halo, microcalcifications, central vascularization, solitary nodule, heterogeneity, taller than wide shape, and absence of elasticity. Results: Fifty-two observational studies (12,786 nodules) were included. Nine studies included nodules with indeterminate cytology as a separate category, comprising 1851 nodules. In unselected nodules, all US features were significantly associated with malignancy with an odds ratio varying from 1.78 to 35.7, and microcalcifications, irregular margins, and a taller than wide shape had high specificities (Sp; 87.8%, 83.1%, 96.6%) and positive likelihood ratios (LHR; 3.26, 2.99, 8.07). Absence of elasticity was the single feature with the best diagnostic performance (sensitivity 87.9%, Sp 86.2%, and positive LHR 6.39). The presence of central vascularization was the most specific US feature in nodules with indeterminate cytology (Sp 96% and positive LHR 2.13). Conclusions: US features in isolation do not provide reliable information to select nodules that should have a FNA performed. A combination of US characteristics with higher likelihood ratios and consequently with higher post-test probabilities of malignancy—microcalcifications, or a taller than wide shape, or irregular margins, or absence of elasticity—will probably identify nodules with an increased risk for malignancy. Further studies are required to standardize elastography techniques and evaluate outcomes, especially in nodules with an indeterminate cytology.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine system (Mirena): An emerging tool for conservative treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding

Introduction: To study the efficacy of levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS; Mirena) in conservative management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Materials and Methods: Seventy women between 30 and 55 years with AUB were included in a study conducted over a period of 3 years. Response was assessed monthly for first 4 months and then yearly for maximum 2 years. Results: Mirena caused a 80% decrease in median menstrual blood loss (MBL) at 4 months, 95% decrease in MBL by 1 year, and 100% decrease (amenorrhea) by 2 years. Mean hemoglobin (Hb) % showed a significant rise of 7.8% from baseline 4 months post Mirena insertion. Mirena acted as an effective contraceptive in women not using any other form of contraception. Hysterectomy could be avoided in most of the women. Conclusion: Mirena provides an incredible nonsurgical alternative in treatment of menorrhagia. Its effects are reversible and it is an excellent fertility-sparing device. It is also an effective contraceptive.
ER stress increases StarD5 expression by stabilizing its mRNA and leads to relocalization of its protein from the nucleus to the membranes

StarD5 belongs to the StarD4 subfamily of steroidogenic acute regulatory lipid transfer (START) domain proteins. In macrophages, StarD5 is found in the cytosol and maintains a loose association with the Golgi. Like StarD1 and StarD4, StarD5 is known to bind cholesterol. However, its function and regulation remain poorly defined. Recently, it has been shown that its mRNA expression is induced in response to different inducers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. However, the molecular mechanism(s) involved in the induction of StarD5 expression during ER stress is not known. Here we show that in 3T3-L1 cells, the ER stressor thapsigargin increases intracellular free cholesterol due to an increase in HMG-CoA reductase expression. Activation of StarD5 expression is mediated by the transcriptional ER stress factor XBP-1. Additionally, the induction of ER stress stabilizes the StarD5 mRNA. Furthermore, StarD5 protein is mainly localized in the nucleus, and upon ER stress, it redistributes away from the nucleus, localizing prominently to the cytosol and membranes. These results reveal the increase in StarD5 expression and protein redistribution during the cell protective phase of the ER stress, suggesting a role for StarD5 in cholesterol metabolism during the ER stress response.
Sequence microheterogeneity in the long control region of clinical isolates of human papillomavirus type 16

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been used to amplify the long control region (LCR) of episomal human papillomavirus type 16 from cervical scrape DNA obtained from a woman with no evidence of cervical disease and a woman with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN 3). An 883 base pair fragment containing the entire LCR was cloned into pUC13 and the DNA sequence determined for both isolates and compared with the prototype HPV type 16 LCR DNA sequence. Nucleotide variation was apparent in the LCRs derived from both women. In the case of the sample derived from the woman with no cervical disease, there were three nucleotide deletions, one insertion, four transversions, and three transitions (overall conservation: 98.7%). In contrast, the LCR derived from the woman with CIN 3 showed significantly more nucleotide variation with two nucleotide deletions, one insertion, nine transversions, and ten nucleotide transitions (overall conservation 97.6%). Using computer analyses coupled with available data from DNA footprint studies, the effects of these sequence variations on established transcription factor binding sequences were investigated. Cloning of the LCR derived from the woman without cervical disease into a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) promoter screening vector, followed by transfection of HeLa cells with the LCR-CAT construct, revealed that the LCR was a functional promoter but was 4.6-fold less active than an equivalent SV40 early promoter-CAT construct.
Apoptosis and its relationship with cell proliferation in the irradiated rat spinal cord.

PURPOSE To assess the relationship of oligodendroglial apoptosis with cell proliferation after irradiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The adult rat spinal cord (C2-T2) was irradiated with a single dose of 2, 8 or 22 Gy alone, or a dose of 2, 8 or 22 Gy followed by a second 8 Gy dose given at 1-63 days after the initial dose. Apoptosis was assessed histologically according to its specific morphological features. Cell proliferation and glial cell identity were assessed immunohistochemically using BrdU, Leu-7 and GFAP as markers for oligodendrocytes and astrocytes respectively. RESULTS The total apoptotic yield (TAY) per spinal cord section over a 24h period after a single dose of 2, 8 or 22 Gy was 2.4, 9.0 and 10.9% respectively. Cycloheximide delayed the onset of apoptosis by about 8 h. Unirradiated spinal cord showed a very low BrdU labelling index (LI) of 0.13% in the glial cells. After a single dose of 8 Gy, the BrdU LI increased by 2 days, peaked at 14 days (1.05%), and returned to control level by 42 days. A smaller increase in the BrdU LI was seen after doses of 2 or 22 Gy compared with 8 Gy. Labelled cells at 2 weeks appeared to be Leu-7 positive and GFAP negative. After an initial dose of 2 Gy, a second 8 Gy dose given at 1-63 days gave reduced TAY values of 3.7-6.7% respectively. After an initial 22 Gy dose, little apoptotic response was induced by the second 8 Gy dose regardless of the time interval between the two doses (TAY = 1.2-2.6%). For an intermediate initial dose of 8 Gy, TAY from the second 8 Gy dose given at 1 day was reduced to 3.7%, but there was recovery of the apoptotic response with the second dose given at 14 days (TAY = 9.8%). A much higher percentage of apoptotic cells were observed in BrdU positive (4.8-21.7%) compared with the negative (0.25-0.54%) glial cells after split-dose irradiation, and 20.0% of apoptotic cells showed immunostaining for BrdU. Apoptotic cells after the second 8Gy dose remained Leu-7 positive, and no GFAP positive apoptotic cells were observed. CONCLUSIONS (1) There is cell proliferation following radiation-induced apoptosis in the adult rat spinal cord. (2) Dose- and time-dependent apoptotic recovery is seen after split-dose irradiation. It is postulated that this recovery is due to the cell proliferation that replenishes the apoptosis-sensitive oligodendrocytes.