Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GABAB receptor‐mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked by electrical stimulation and by glutamate stimulation of interneurons in Stratum lacunosum‐moleculare in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in vitro

Following micropressure application of glutamate (500 μM) in stratum lacunosum‐moleculare (L‐M), inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (glut‐IPSPs) were recorded in CA1 pyramidal cells. These glut‐IPSPs were blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 μM) and, thus, were probably generated by the activation of local interneurons. The effects of pharmacological antagonists on glut‐IPSPs and on electrically‐evoked early and late IPSPs were assessed in the same cells during the same application of the antagonist. Local application of the GABAB antagonist 2‐OH saclofen (1–4 mM) reduced both glut‐IPSPs and late IPSPs but not early IPSPs. In contrast, the GABAB antagonist phaclofen (20 mM) reduced late IPSPs but not early IPSPs or glut‐IPSPs. Early IPSPs were blocked by the GABAA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin but late IPSPs and glut‐IPSPs were not. Repetitive electrical stimulation depressed early and late IPSPs as well as glut‐IPSPs, suggesting that interneurons activated with glutamate were also stimulated electrically. Thus, interneurons in str. lacunosum‐moleculare appear to inhibit pyramidal cells via a GABAB receptor‐mediated IPSP. The discrepancy in the pharmacological profile of the GABAB glut‐IPSPs and of the GABAB late IPSPs may suggest the presence of two GABAB mechanisms in CA1 pyramidal cells. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cohesinopathies of a Feather Flock Together

Roberts Syndrome (RBS) and Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) are severe developmental maladies that present with nearly an identical suite of multi-spectrum birth defects. Not surprisingly, RBS and CdLS arise from mutations within a single pathway—here involving cohesion. Sister chromatid tethering reactions that comprise cohesion are required for high fidelity chromosome segregation, but cohesin tethers also regulate gene transcription, promote DNA repair, and impact DNA replication. Currently, RBS is thought to arise from elevated levels of apoptosis, mitotic failure, and limited progenitor cell proliferation, while CdLS is thought to arise, instead, from transcription dysregulation. Here, we review new information that implicates RBS gene mutations in altered transcription profiles. We propose that cohesin-dependent transcription dysregulation may extend to other developmental maladies; the diagnoses of which are complicated through multi-functional proteins that manifest a sliding scale of diverse and severe phenotypes. We further review evidence that cohesinopathies are more common than currently posited.
The CHARGE association.

poor growth, microcephaly, low set, posteriorly rotated ears, and other dysmorphic features. The brother had choanal stenosis and the sister was also suspected to have choanal stenosis, but this was not proven. The authors eliminated CHARGE association because they concluded that it is a sporadic defect. However, there have been several reports of familial CHARGE association, also known as CHARGE syndrome. Metlay et all reported one such family and reviewed eight others in published reports. Of these, six appeared most likely to be autosomal dominant, two to be autosomal recessive, and one involved affected monozygotic twins and so could be either dominant or recessive. Two additional sets of affected monozygotic twins have been reported,2 3 as well as another family that appears to represent autosomal recessive inheritance.4 Thus, CHARGE association appears to be aetiologically heterogeneous with most cases sporadic but a small yet significant percentage familial. The boy reported by Hurst et al satisfies five of the seven major criteria for CHARGE (congenital heart disease, choanal stenosis, growth deficiency, mental deficiency, and ear anomalies) and had two other commonly reported findings (microcephaly and micrognathia). His sister meets four major criteria (congenital heart disease, growth deficiency, mental retardation, and ear anomalies), lacking only the choanal stenosis, although the authors suspected that she also had this. Choanal atresia rather than stenosis is the typical anomaly in CHARGE, but stenosis has been reported as a variant in CHARGE as have some of the dysmorphic features seen in these
Robust norm equivalencies for diffusion problems

Additive multilevel methods offer an efficient way for the fast solution of large sparse linear systems which arise from a finite element discretization of an elliptic boundary value problem. These solution methods are based on multilevel norm equivalencies for the associated bilinear form using a suitable subspace decomposition. To obtain a robust iterative scheme, it is crucial that the constants in the norm equivalence do not depend or depend only weakly on the ellipticity constants of the problem. In this paper we present such a robust norm equivalence for the model problem -? w? u = / with a scalar diffusion coefficient ? in Ω C R 2 . Our estimates involve only very weak information about w, and the results are applicable for a large class of diffusion coefficients. Namely, we require? to be in the Muckenhoupt class A 1 (Ω), a function class well-studied in harmonic analysis. The presented multilevel norm equivalencies are a main step towards the realization of an optimal and robust multilevel preconditioner for scalar diffusion problems.
Redox‐sensitive proteome and antioxidant strategies in wheat seed dormancy control

Oxidative signalling by ROS has been demonstrated to play a role in seed dormancy alleviation, but the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain largely unknown. Here, we show dynamic differences in redox‐sensitive proteome upon wheat seed dormancy release. Using thiol‐specific fluorescent labelling, solubility‐based protein fractionation, 2‐D IEF PAGE, and MS analysis in conjunction with wheat EST sequence libraries, proteins with reversible oxidoreductive changes were characterized. Altogether, 193 reactive Cys were found in 79 unique proteins responding differentially in dormant, non‐dormant, abscisic, or gibberellic acid‐treated seed protein extracts from RL4137, a wheat cultivar with extreme dormancy. The identified proteins included groups that are redox‐, stress‐, and pathogen‐responsive, involved in protein synthesis and storage, are enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, proteases, and those involved in transport and signal transduction. Two types of redox response could be detected: (i) a dramatic increase in protein thiol redox state in seeds during imbibition and hormonal treatment; (ii) higher antioxidant capacity related to sensing of a threshold redox potential and balancing the existing redox pools, in dry dormant versus non‐dormant seeds. These results highlight occurrence of the antioxidant defence mechanisms required for the protection of seed during a dormancy stage.
Robust design of internal models by discrete recursive least squares identifiers

This paper deals with the problem of adaptive output regulation for a class of minimum-phase nonlinear systems. Based on the hybrid framework proposed in [1], an adaptive internal model regulator is proposed, relying on a discrete recursive weighted least squares scheme. Practical and asymptotic regulation results are presented and simulation results are used to show the effectiveness of the method in handling highly uncertain regulation problems.
Solid Waste and Its Implications for Climate Change in Nigeria

Abstract This study presents Nigeria’s solid waste generation, characteristics, current management practices, greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission particularly contribution by the solid waste sector, and the implication for climate change. The study reveals that based on the current solid waste generation, management practices and future potentials, the waste sector will be a significant contributor not only to Nigeria’s GHGs emission, but to the world. As a mitigation option the study recommends formalization of recycling into the waste management system to reduce land filling.
Real versus complex K–theory using Kasparov’s bivariant KK–theory

In this paper, we use the KK-theory of Kasparov to prove ex- actness of sequences relating the K-theory of a real C � -algebra and of its complexification (generalizing results of Boersema). We use this to relate the real version of the Baum-Connes conjecture for a discrete group to its complex counterpart. In particular, the complex Baum-Connes assembly map is an isomorphism if and only if the real one is, thus reproving a result of Baum and Karoubi. After inverting 2, the same is true for the injectivity or surjectivity part alone. AMS Classification 19K35, 55N15
Fibronectin synthesis by high glucose level mediated proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells: Involvement of ANG II and TGF‐β1

The role of individual supplements necessary for the long‐term self‐renewal of embryonic stem (ES) cells is poorly characterized in feeder/serum‐free culture systems. This study sought to characterize the relationship between the effects of glucose on ES cell proliferation and fibronectin (FN) synthesis, and to assess the mechanisms responsible for these cellular effects of glucose. Treatment of the two ES cells (ES‐E14TG2a and ES‐R1) with 25 mM glucose (high glucose) increased the expression levels of FN mRNA and protein. In addition, high glucose and ANG II synergistically increased FN expression level, which coincident with data showing that high glucose increased the mRNA expression of angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensinogen, and FN, but not ANG II type 2 receptor. High glucose also increased the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration and pan‐protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation. Inhibition of the Ca2+/PKC pathway blocked high glucose‐induced FN expression. High glucose or ANG II also synergistically increased transforming growth factor‐beta1 (TGF‐β1) expression, while pretreatment with losartan abolished the high glucose‐induced increase in TGF‐β1 production. Moreover, TGF‐β1‐specific small interfering RNA inhibited high glucose‐induced FN expression and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocked high glucose‐induced FN expression and inhibited cell cycle regulatory protein expression induced by high glucose or TGF‐β1. In this study, inhibition of AT1R, Ca2+/PKC, TGF‐β1, JNK, FN receptor blocked the high glucose‐induced DNA synthesis, increased the cell population in S phase, and the number of cells. It is concluded that high glucose increases FN synthesis through the ANG II or TGF‐β1 pathways, which in part mediates proliferation of mouse ES cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 223: 397–407, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shoreline change detection using DSAS technique: Case of North Sinai coast, Egypt

ABSTRACT This study focuses on the shoreline change detection along the North Sinai coast in Egypt using geographic information system and digital shoreline analysis system (DSAS) during the elapsed period from 1989 to 2016. The measurement of shoreline variation is mainly described for three zones: zone I, El-Tinah plain bay; zone II, El-Bardawil Lake; zone III, El-Arish valley. The rates of shoreline changes in the form of erosion and accretion patterns are automatically quantified by four statistical parameters functioned in DSAS namely endpoint rate, net shoreline movement, linear regression rate (LRR), and least median of squares. LRR results elucidate that the western seaside of El-Tinah plain bay has experienced an extremely dynamic feature with an average erosion rate of −8.17 m/year. The littoral drifts have been driven by eastward alongshore currents toward the east side of the bay to be accreted with an average rate of +4.28 m/year. Moreover, the shoreline has progressed west of El-Bardawil inlet (1), El-Bardawil inlet (2), and El-Arish harbor. Subsequently, the corresponding average beach growth rates are found to be +2.7, +8.5, and +6.5 m/year, respectively. In contrast, the shoreline on the down-drift side to the east has negatively retreated, and the corresponding beaches have regressed at rates of −4.5, −8.65, and −2.9 m/year, respectively.
Working memory impairment in early multiple sclerosis. Evidence from an event-related potential study of patients with clinically isolated myelopathy.

Auditory and visual event-related potentials were recorded during a short-term memory task in 24 patients who had recently presented with symptomatically and clinically isolated spinal cord syndromes suspected to be due to multiple sclerosis, and in 24 matched control subjects. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during two sequential components of the working memory task, first the temporary active memorizing of sets of digits and secondly, their subsequent manipulation, namely digit-probe recognition and matching. The patients' reaction times were slower and showed larger increments than those of the control subjects as the number of items to be memorized was increased. The patients' ERPs during both memorizing and probe matching/recognition phases differed significantly from control subjects for both auditory and visual presentations. The more marked changes were seen in a subgroup of eight patients who had the lowest levels of performance on a battery of general tests of memory and who also made significantly more errors in the working memory task as the memory load increased. In this subgroup, the abnormalities of the ERPs during recognition and matching tests occurred in the component of the response that has been shown to be sensitive to memory loading in healthy control subjects. This study provides objective evidence of subclinical working memory dysfunction in patients at an early stage of demyelinating disease, i.e. when they first present with clinically isolated spinal cord lesions and before they have developed symptoms of cognitive or memory dysfunction. The defect at this early stage is either restricted to processes involved in the formation of a memory trace or, more probably, involves both trace formation and the mechanisms that underly recognition ('retrieval') and matching of memory traces in working memory.
Multi-scale parametric spectral analysis for exon detection in DNA sequences based on forward-backward linear prediction and singular value decomposition of the double-base curves

This paper presents a new method for exon detection in DNA sequences based on multi-scale parametric spectral analysis. A forward-backward linear prediction (FBLP) with the singular value decomposition (SVD) algorithm FBLP-SVD is applied to the double-base curves (DB-curves) of a DNA sequence using a variable moving window sizes to estimate the signal spectrum at multiple scales. Simulations are done on short human genes in the range of 11bp to 2032bp and the results show that our proposed method out-performs the classical Fourier transform method. The multi-scale approach is shown to be more effective than using a single scale with a fixed window size. In addition, our method is flexible as it requires no training data.
Influence of genotype and nitrogen nutrition on grain size variability in spring malting barley

genotypes, size is governed by the efficiency of assimilation and translocation of mineral nutrients (mainly nitrogen) during grain endosperm development, which affects grain yield. The aim of this study was to evaluate variability in the percentage of three different grain size classes: class I (thickness  2.5 mm), class II (2.2-2.5 mm) and class III (<2.2 mm) in spring malting barley genotypes ('Novosadski 448', 'Novosadski 456', 'Dunavac' and 'Jadran'). The experiment was conducted during three years (2012-2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications at different rates of nitrogen fertilization (N investigated. The proportion of the three grain classes was dependent upon year, cultivar and nitrogen fertilization rate. The highest percentage of class I grains was recorded in 'Novosadski 456', and that of class II and class III grains in 'Dunavac'. The percentage of class I grains increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rates up to 75 kg ha -1 , stagnated at 105 kg ha -1 , and decreased significantly as the nitrogen level was further increased to 135 kg ha -1 . Class II and class III grain contents decreased at nitrogen rates up to 105 kg ha -1 , but increased significantly at 135 kg ha -1 . The best response to favorable environmental conditions and the highest percentage of class I grain in all years were recorded in ‘Novosadski 456’. The most favorable effect on grain size in the studied spring malting barley genotypes was exhibited by the nitrogen rate of 75 kg ha -1 .
Protein-Restricted Diets for Ameliorating Motor Fluctuations in Parkinson's Disease

Levodopa is considered to be the most effective symptomatic drug for Parkinson's disease (PD). As the disease progresses, however, the patients are likely to experience a reduced response to levodopa and develop motor fluctuations (i.e., end-of-dose wearing off and unpredictable “on-off”). Protein-rich diets and elevated plasma concentrations of large neutral amino acids have been proved to impair the therapeutic effect of levodopa by reducing its absorption and influx into the brain. On the other hand, the protein-restricted diets including low-protein diet (LPD), protein-redistribution diet (PRD) and PRD with use of low-protein products can all improve the efficacy of levodopa in patients with motor fluctuations. However, it should be noted that protein-restricted diets may also contribute to several side effects, including dyskinesia, weight loss, and malnutrition (e.g., protein and calcium insufficiency). Together, protein-restricted diets are an effective approach to improve motor fluctuations in PD patients, while long-term adherence to these diets requires monitoring for side effects.
Spatiotemporal variability of the precipitation dipole transition zone in the western United States

El Niño‐Southern Oscillation‐related hydroclimatic variability in the western United States is characterized by a north–south dipole pattern of precipitation anomalies with opposing signs. Here I use a high‐resolution dataset to analyze spatiotemporal patterns in the transition zone between the centers of opposite association. Results indicate that the transition zone is spatially limited west of the continental divide, consisting of a narrow zone within the 40–42°N latitude band and portions of eastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and western Colorado. The transition zone was narrower when the Southern Oscillation Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) were in a constructive phase and during the negative Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation phase. Although the transition zone has remained remarkably stationary across the Great Basin, shifts (likely PDO‐related) have occurred over time in the West Coast states. Implications for water resource planning in river basins underlying the transition zone vary by region.
Causes of ENSO Weakening during the Mid-Holocene

AbstractThe causes of the change in amplitude of El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the mid-Holocene were investigated by diagnosing the model simulations that participated in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phases 2 and 3. Consistent with paleoclimate records, 20 out of the 28 models reproduced weaker-than-preindustrial ENSO amplitude during the mid-Holocene. Two representative models were then selected to explore the underlying mechanisms of air–sea feedback processes. A mixed layer heat budget diagnosis indicated that the weakened ENSO amplitude was primarily attributed to the decrease in the Bjerknes thermocline feedback, while the meridional advective feedback also played a role. During the mid-Holocene, the thermocline response to a unit anomalous zonal wind stress forcing in the equatorial Pacific weakened in both models because of the increased ENSO meridional scale. A further investigation revealed that the greater ENSO meridional width was caused by the strengthening o.
Enhancement of immune response induced by DNA vaccine cocktail expressing complete LACK and TSA genes against Leishmania major

Leishmaniasis is an important disease in humans. Leishmania homologue of receptor for Activated C Kinase (LACK) and thiol specific antioxidant (TSA) as immuno‐dominant antigens of Leishmania major are considered the most promising molecules for a DNA vaccine. We constructed a DNA cocktail, containing plasmids encoding LACK and TSA genes of Leishmania major and evaluated the immune response and survival rate in BALB/c mice. IgG and Interferon gamma values were noticeably increased in the immunized group with DNA cocktail vaccine, which were significantly higher than those in the single‐gene vaccinated and control groups (p < 0.05) following the immunization and after challenging with Leishmania major. Interleukin 4 values were decreased in all immunized groups, but only in DNA vaccine cocktail and single‐gene vaccination with pc‐LACK there were statistical differences with control groups (p > 0.05). The immunized mice with the cocktail DNA vaccine presented a considerable reduction in diameter of lesion compared to other groups and a significant difference was observed (p < 0.05) in this regard. The survival time of the immunized mice with the cocktail DNA vaccine was significantly higher than that in the other groups (p < 0.05) after their being challenged with Leishmania major. The findings of this study indicated that the cocktail DNA vaccine increased the cellular response and survival rate and induced protection against infection with Leishmania in the mice.
Stroke, a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with stroke have up to a 4-fold increased risk of hip fracture because of their high incidence of falls and loss of bone mass in the paretic side, ie, hemiosteoporosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of previous stroke among patients with femoral neck fracture. METHODS The study included all 568 patients, aged >/=65 years, who underwent surgery for femoral neck fracture in 1980, 1983, 1987, 1993, and 1997 at the orthopedic clinic of Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden. RESULTS The prevalence of previous strokes ranged from 16.4% to 38.5% (P<0.001); this finding is only partly explained by the increased incidence of stroke in the corresponding population, and there was no significant increase in the overall incidence of femoral neck fracture. Fractures occurred 5.4+/-6.4 years after stroke (median 2.9 years, range 0 to 33 years). In stroke patients with unilateral stroke and persisting paresis at the time of fracture, 62.5% had their fracture on the paretic side (P=0. 034). Survival was significantly reduced in patients with previous stroke (P<0.001). In patients previously independently mobile, 69.2% with no previous stroke and 38.1% with previous stroke were still mobile at discharge from the orthopedic unit (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Attention must be focused on stroke as a major and increasing risk factor for femoral neck fracture and also on the poor postfracture outcome and reduced survival of these patients. Prevention of poststroke fractures is necessary and is aimed at reducing the risk of poststroke fall and preventing the development of hemiosteoporosis.