Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low rates of treatment in postmenopausal women with a history of low trauma fractures: results of audit in a Fracture Liaison Service.

BACKGROUND A past history of low trauma fracture is a strong risk factor for future fractures in postmenopausal women and national guidance recommends treatment in the majority of such women AIM To establish the prevalence of bone protective therapy use in postmenopausal women with a history of low trauma fracture Design and METHODS Clinical audit of 1641 postmenopausal women presenting with a low trauma fracture to the Fracture Liaison Service at Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge between January 2006 and December 2007. RESULTS A total of 526 (31%) women presenting with a fracture had a past history of fracture, defined as a low trauma fracture after the age of 45 years. The wrist was the most common site of previous fracture, followed by hip, hand or foot, lower leg and humerus. Of these women, only 27.6% were receiving bone protective therapy with a bisphosphonate (89%) or other medication. Calcium and vitamin D supplements were received by 35.6%. The highest rates of treatment were seen for spine and hip fracture (61.9 and 49.3%, respectively). Only 45.1% of women aged 75 years and over with a previous history of fracture were receiving bone protective therapy. CONCLUSION The results of our audit demonstrate low rates of treatment in postmenopausal women with a history of low trauma fracture. Better education of healthcare professionals, more consistent recording of fractures in primary care and the use of clearly defined care pathways that involve patients and their carers provide rational approaches to reducing this care gap.
Analysis on termination of pedestrians' gait at urban intersections

This paper analyzes pedestrian gait termination at a public urban intersection. Head-tracks of 183 uninstructed, randomly selected pedestrians are acquired by a wide angle stereo camera setup. Analyses of characteristic velocity patterns, deceleration and step parameters are conducted separately for children, adults and elderly people. Results show that stopping patterns at intersections comprise fast stopping within 2 - 3 steps, patterns of slightly slower stopping and increasing deceleration, and, most common, early intended stopping performed over a deceleration time of about 3 s, i.e. over about 6 steps, on average. Step analysis shows that stopping is a combination of step length decrease and step duration increase, especially for the last step.We measured significant lower steady state velocity and step length of the elderly, longer minimum deceleration times for the majorities of the children and of the elderly, and we observed that stopping behavior during the last 2 - 3 steps is very similar for all three classes.
Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women in southern Ethiopia: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major blood-borne and sexually transmitted infectious agent that is a significant global public health issue. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of HBV among pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the Hawassa University referral hospital in Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2015. A total of 269 consecutive pregnant women attending antenatal consultations were enrolled. Sociodemographic information and data regarding possible risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) screening was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the data were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall seroprevalence of HBsAg among the 269 participants enrolled in the study was 7.8% (n=21). The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was 5.2% (n=14), of whom two participants (14.2%) were also positive for HBsAg. Study participants with no formal education (odds ratio [OR], 3.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.27 to 10.68; p<0.05) were more likely to be infected with HBV than those who had completed at least secondary school. Although HBsAg was detected more often in pregnant women who had multiple exposure factors (8.8%, n=13) than in pregnant women who had not experienced possible risk factors (4%, n=1), this difference was not statistically significant (OR, 2.33; 95%CI, 0.29 to 18.63). CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of HBV infection was detected in the study population. Neither the type of risk factors nor exposure to multiple risk factors was significantly associated with HBV infection. Hence, screening pregnant women regardless of risk factors and improving awareness of the transmission routes of HBV within this group may reduce the risk of HBV infections.
Neutrophil TLR4 expression is reduced in the airways of infants with severe bronchiolitis

Background: In respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, neutrophils account for >80% of cells recovered from the airways in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. This study investigated neutrophil activation and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in the blood and lungs of infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis. Methods: BAL fluid and (blood) samples were collected from 24 (16) preterm and 23 (15) term infants ventilated with RSV bronchiolitis, and 12 (8) control infants. Protein levels and mRNA expression of CD11b, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TLRs 2, 4, 7, 8 and 9 were measured in neutrophils. Results: Blood neutrophils had more CD11b in preterm and term infants with RSV bronchiolitis than control infants (p<0.025) but similar amounts of MPO. BAL fluid neutrophils from infants with RSV bronchiolitis had greater amounts of CD11b and MPO than blood neutrophils and BAL fluid neutrophils from controls (p<0.01). Blood neutrophils from term infants with RSV bronchiolitis had less total TLR4 protein than preterm infants with RSV bronchiolitis (p = 0.005), and both had less than controls (p<0.04). Total TLR4 for each group was greater in BAL fluid neutrophils than in blood neutrophils. Blood neutrophils from preterm infants with RSV bronchiolitis had greater TLR4 mRNA expression than term infants with RSV bronchiolitis (p = 0.005) who had similar expression to controls (p = 0.625). Conclusions: In infants with severe RSV bronchiolitis, neutrophil activation starts in the blood and progresses as they are recruited into the airways. Total neutrophil TLR4 remains low in both compartments. TLR4 mRNA expression is unimpaired. This suggests that neutrophil TLR4 expression is deficient in these infants, which may explain why they develop severe RSV bronchiolitis.
Rational Design of Improved Pharmabiotics

Herein we review the most recent advances in probiotic research and applications with particular emphasis on the novel concept of patho-biotechnology: the application of pathogen-derived (ex vivo and in vivo) stress survival strategies for the design of more technologically robust and effective probiotic cultures with improved biotechnological and clinical applications.
Faint Lyman-break galaxies as a crucial test for galaxy formation models

It has recently been shown that galaxy formation models within theCDM cosmology predict that, compared to the observed population, small galaxies (with stellar masses < 10 11 M⊙) form too early, are too passive since z � 3 and host too old stellar populations at z = 0. We then expect an overproduction of small galaxies at z & 4 that should be visible as an excess of faint Lyman-break galaxies. To check whether this excess is present, we use the MORGANA galaxy formation model and GRASIL spectro-photometric + radiative transfer code to gener- ate mock catalogues of deep fields observed with HST-ACS. We a dd observational noise and the effect of Lyman-alpha emission, and perform color-color selections to identify Lyman- break galaxies. The resulting mock candidates have plausible properties that closely resemble those of observed galaxies. We are able to reproduce the evolution of the bright tail of the luminosity function of Lyman-break galaxies (with a possible underestimate of the number of the brightest i-dropouts), but uncertainties and degeneracies in dust abs orption parameters do not allow to give strong constraints to the model. Besides, our model shows a clear excess with respect to observations of faint Lyman-break galaxies, especially of z850 � 27 V -dropouts at z � 5. We quantify the properties of these "excess" galaxies and discuss the implications: these galaxies are hosted in dark matter halos with circular velocities in excess of 100 km s −1 , and their suppression may require a deep re-thinking of stellar feedback processes taking place in galaxy formation.
Job strain and neck-shoulder symptoms: a prevalence study of women and men white-collar workers.

BACKGROUND Neck-shoulder symptoms are frequent among workers. Psychosocial factors at work have been associated with neck-shoulder symptoms, but few studies have examined job strain, the combined effect of high psychological demands (PD) and low decision latitude (DL). AIMS To examine the association between psychosocial factors at work and the prevalence of self-reported neck-shoulder symptoms among white-collar workers. METHODS In a cross-sectional study of 1543 white-collar workers, PD and DL at work were measured with Karasek's questionnaire. Prevalent cases were workers for whom neck-shoulder symptoms were present for >or=3 days during the previous 7 days and for whom pain intensity was greater than half the visual analogue scale. Gender and social support at work were evaluated as potential effect modifiers. RESULTS Workers exposed to high job strain had a higher prevalence of neck-shoulder symptoms [adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.37]. No modifying effect of gender was observed in this association. The effect of job strain was stronger in workers with low social support (adjusted PR: 1.84, 95% CI: 0.92-3.68). These associations tended to be stronger and/or more precise when using alternative exposures and case definition. Namely, a stronger job strain effect was observed when a tertile cut-off was used to classify exposure (adjusted PR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.15-5.32). CONCLUSION These results suggest that primary prevention of neck-shoulder symptoms among white-collar workers should consider the exposure to job strain, especially when workers are exposed to low social support at work.
Conceptual and methodological issues in studying school leadership effects as a reciprocal process

Over the past 3 decades, a substantial body of scholarship has examined the effects of school leadership on student learning. Most of this research has framed leadership as an independent variable, or driver for change, in relation to school effectiveness and school improvement. Yet, scholars have observed that leadership is also influenced by features of the organizational setting in which it is enacted. This leads us to conclude that predominant approaches to studying school leadership effects provide an incomplete picture of the processes and paths by which leadership contributes to school learning. This paper examines the potential offered by conceptualizations of leadership as a reciprocal, or mutual-influence, process to the study of leadership for learning. We explore a variety of conceptual and related methodological issues that confront researchers who wish to employ this potentially rich but challenging approach to understanding how school leadership contributes to student learning.
Selecting Studies for Systemic Review: Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

© NSSLHA 21 1092-5171/06/3301-0021 ABSTRACT: The process of selecting studies for systematic review and meta-analysis is complex, with many layers. It is arguably the most important and perhaps the most neglected aspect in the process of integrating research on a specific topic. It is also a contentious process with opposing schools of thought as regards critical issues surrounding study selection. The debate that centers on the selection process is important because the inclusion/exclusion of studies determines the scope and validity of systematic review results. The development of inclusion/exclusion criteria is discussed, and steps in the study selection process are followed from initial evaluation to the final acceptance of studies for systematic review.
Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.
Multisplitting for regularized least squares with Krylov subspace recycling

The method of multisplitting (MS), implemented as a restricted additive Schwarz type algorithm, is extended for the solution of regularized least squares problems. The presented non‐stationary version of the algorithm uses dynamic updating of the weights applied to the subdomains in reconstituting the global solution. Standard convergence results follow from extensive prior literature on linear MS schemes. Additional convergence results on nonstationary iterations yield convergence conditions for the presented nonstationary MS algorithm. The global iteration uses repeated solves of local problems with changing right hand sides but a fixed system matrix. These problems are solved inexactly using a conjugate gradient least squares algorithm which provides a seed Krylov subspace. Recycling of the seed system Krylov subspace to obtain the solutions of subsequent nearby systems of equations improves the overall efficiency of the MS algorithm, and is apparently novel in this context. The obtained projected solution is not always of sufficient accuracy to satisfy a reasonable inner convergence condition on the local solution. Improvements to accuracy may be achieved by reseeding the solution space either every few steps, or when the successive right hand sides are sufficiently close as measured by a provided tolerance. Restarting and augmenting the solution space are also discussed. Any time a new space is generated it is used for subsequent steps. Numerical simulations validate the use of the recycling algorithm. These numerical experiments use the standard reconstruction of the two dimensional Shepp–Logan phantom, as well as a two dimensional problem from seismic tomography. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Law, necropolitics and the stop and search of young people

Stop and search can harm young people, damage relations between police and the community and alienate ethnic and racial minorities. In Mohidin and another v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis and others, a group of minors who had been stopped, searched and, in some cases, falsely imprisoned, assaulted and racially abused by officers, were awarded damages for the distress and pain suffered. In this article, the case will be read not for the tortious legal consequences of police actions towards youth, or members of the public in general, nor for the culpability of any of the parties concerned, but for how the use of ‘lawful’ police powers on young people was framed and justified by both officers and the courts. It is argued that the punitive function of such powers has been underexplored by criminologists, and that the authorization and legitimization of such tactics, routinely defended as a ‘necessary’ crime prevention tool, can be understood as an instantiation of ‘necropolitics’.
Intralingual dubbing as a tool for developing speakingskills

Communicating verbally with others is one of the main features of human behaviour, but the time employed in class to practise this skill is often insufficient. In an attempt to overcome the need to practise oral conversations and help students feel less anxious in foreign language (FL) contexts, new didactic approaches are being considered. Amongst those, the active use of techniques traditionally employed in audiovisual translation (AVT) has proved to have a positive impact on FL learning. This paper examines the relationship between intralingual dubbing (students' replacement of the original voices of actors in 1 minute long clips) and FL oral expression. The main aim is to provide objective evidence that the use of intralingual dubbing can enhance speed, intonation and pronunciation when speaking spontaneously in Spanish as a FL. A total of 47 participants aged 16–18 with a B1 level of Spanish dubbed videos for 12 weeks. Data is triangulated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Results confirm the main hypothesis and serve as evidence to support theoretical aspects of the inclusion of active AVT techniques in FL speaking classes.
The need for weighting indirect connections between game variables: Social Network Analysis and eigenvector centrality applied to high-level men’s volleyball

ABSTRACT Performance analysis in volleyball has seldom analysed the interrelationships of game actions under the systemic view of distinct game complexes, and how different patterns of game flow emerge. In this study, we used Social Network Analysis with eigenvector centrality to weight direct and indirect relationships between game actions and to assess the similarities and differences between six game complexes in high-level men’s volleyball. The study sample comprised 10 matches of the final phase of the 2015 World League (1600 game actions). Results indicated that dividing the game into six complexes and analysing game actions as nodes offers a more detailed understanding of the game and highlights the distinct constraints that typify each game complex. Specifically, the use of eigenvector centrality afforded a more accurate weighting of the variables for each complex. Because off-system situations were predominant in several game complexes, i.e.: Setting Condition C in Complex I (0.36), Complex II (0.55), Complex III (0.80) and Complex V (0.58); Attack Zone 4 and 2 in Complex I (0.30 and 0.28), Complex II (0.48 and 0.51), Complex IV (0.55 and 0.48) and Complex V (0.37 and 0.36); and Attack Tempo 3 in Complex I (0.33), Complex II (0.55) and Complex III (0.66). Our results suggest that coaches should prioritise these situations in training.
Joint Optimization of Local and Fusion Rules in a Decentralized Sensor Network

Decentralized sensor networks are collections of individual local sensors that observe a common phenomenon, quantize their observations, and send this quantized information to a central processor (fusion center) which then makes a global decision about the phenomenon. Most of the existing literature in this field consider only the data fusion aspect of this problem, i.e., the statisticalhypothesis testing and optimal combining of the information obtained by the local sensors. In this paper, we propose a Parallel Genetic Algorithm (PGA) for optimizing the probability of global detection error performance of a parallel decentralized sensor network. Specifically, we use the PGA to simultaneously optimize both the fusion rule and the local decision rules. We show that our approach provides results comparable to those obtained by using a GA and gradient-based algorithm from previous work by Aldosari and Moura, with reduced complexity. We considerboth the cases of identical (homogeneous) and non-identical (heterogeneous) sensors and demonstrate that our algorithm converges to the same optimal solution in both cases. We alsodiscuss the effect of the quality of the initial solution on the convergence of the PGA.
Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in early-stage ovarian clear-cell carcinoma

Objectives There is increasing evidence that systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers are prognostic factors for various types of cancers. This is the first study to evaluate the usefulness of SIR markers for the prognosis of early-stage ovarian clear-cell carcinoma (OCCC). Methods We retrospectively investigated 83 patients diagnosed with stage I–II OCCC who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2017. Initially, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for overall survival (OS) was used to determine optimal cut-off values for neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). Patients were stratified into 2 groups by the cut-off values (NLR=3.26, PLR=160). Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to elucidate the significance of SIR markers as prognostic factors. Results In the median follow-up period of 64.1 months, 16 patients experienced recurrence, and nine patients died. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that OS of the NLR-low group was significantly longer than the NLR-high group (p=0.021). There was no significant difference in progression-free survival between the 2 groups (p=0.668), but the post-recurrence survival of the NLR-low group was significantly longer than the NLR-high group (p=0.019). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that increase in NLR is a significant independent prognostic factor for poor prognosis (hazard ratio=7.437, p=0.017). There was no significant difference between PLR-low and PLR-high group. Conclusion Results suggest that NLR can be a significant independent prognostic factor for early-stage OCCC.
Toward a General Theory of Creativity in Advertising: Examining the Role of Divergence

Despite the widespread recognition of the importance of creativity in advertising by practitioners and scholars, no systematic research has been conducted to define ad creativity or examine how it relates to ad effectiveness. The present research attempts to fill this gap by reviewing past literature in psychology, marketing and advertising. From this base, a model is developed which defines a creative ad as both divergent (i.e. novel or unusual) and relevant. The effects of divergence and (to a lesser extent) relevance on consumer processing and response are examined and a series of theoretical propositions are developed. Next, a general theory of creativity in advertising is developed that calls for research in five primary areas: advertising as a communication process, management process, societal process, group process, and personal process. Finally, contributions to advertising theory and implications for future research are discussed, along with commentary from a prominent advertising executive.
Immunoglobulin epitope spreading and autoimmune disease after peptide immunization: Sm B/B'-derived PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP induce spliceosome autoimmunity

Autoantibodies from many patients with systemic lupus erythematosus bind the Sm autoantigen B/B' polypeptide. The binding of serial serum specimens to the 233 overlapping octapeptides of Sm B/B' have shown that of the B/B'-derived octapeptides, PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP are early targets of the autoimmune response in some lupus patients. Rabbits immunized with PPPGMRPP and PPPGIRGP develop antibodies which not only bind these octapeptides, but also subsequently bind many other octapeptides of Sm B/B'. Eventually, the rabbits immunized with one octapeptide develop autoantibodies that bind other spliceosomal proteins including D, 70K, A, and C. Any mechanisms that operate to maintain tolerance or anergy for the spliceosome are thus overcome. Features considered typical of human systemic lupus erythematosus are also found in these peptide-immunized animals, such as antinuclear antibodies, anti-Sm precipitins, anti-double-stranded DNA, thrombocytopenia, seizures, and proteinuria. This disease model provides access to a mechanism for the development of humoral autoimmunity and may provide a basis to explain the immunopathogenesis of lupus in humans.