Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Co-morbidities among Patients with Select Non-communicable Diseases in a Coastal City of South India

Background: Psychiatric illnesses are an important group of co-morbidities that can occur among patients with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Both these chronic conditions have an important implication in terms of quality of life, general well-being and cost of treatment and general longevity of the patient. The objectives of our study were to assess the burden of psychiatric co-morbidities among patients with select NCDs and to identify the determinants associated with them. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient departments (OPDs) of Government District Hospital, Mangalore. The study was conducted among patients with select NCDs viz. diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases and their combinations attending OPDs of Government District Hospital, Mangalore. Participants were interviewed using Patient Health Questionnaire-Somatic, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 11.0 (SPSS Inc., 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60606-6412). Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between different variables. Results: Among the 282 study participants, psychiatric illnesses observed were somatization (n = 99, 35.1%), anxiety (n = 54, 19.1%) and depression (n = 82, 29.1%). Bivariate analysis showed significant negative association (P <0.05) between psychiatric illness and factors such as education, marital status, age <60 years, duration of illness of <10 years. However, on multivariate analysis only marital status (odds ratio [OR]: 0.500, confidence interval [CI]: 0.321-0.777, P = 0.002) and duration of illness (OR: 0.651, CI: 0.439-0.967, P = 0.032) were found to be significantly associated negatively with depression and anxiety.
Biology’s Useful Contribution: A Comment

The history of every natural science affirms the seminal truth that new sources of evidence pertinent to a fruitful construct usually lead to theoretical advances. The novel information, often the product of a new technology, is accompanied either by parsing the extant idea into two or more categories, rejecting the concept or affirming its validity. For example, when physicists became capable of measuring microwave radiation from the cosmos the data forced them to posit the two new forms of matter called dark energy and dark matter. The invention of X-ray crystallography provided information allowing Crick and Watson to infer the correct structure of the gene and to reject older conceptions. Psychology and the other social sciences have not enjoyed equally frequent introductions of new methodologies. This unfortunate state of affairs is especially frustrating to investigators who study humans and their development. Verbal statements and observed behaviors, usually in laboratory contexts, continue to be, as they have for centuries, the two primary sources of data, even though many investigators suspected that important advances would follow the ability to quantify brain activity. The excellent papers by Nelson, Moulson and Richman, Eisenberger, and Hammock and Levitt confirm this intuition. Nelson and colleagues describe how event-related potentials and scanning technologies have clarified the concepts of a face schema and explicit, or retrieval, memory. The biological evidence implies that both competences develop gradually and
Two-Week Test-Retest Reliability of the Duke Religion Index

The present study investigated 2-wk. test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index, a 5-item self-report questionnaire that assesses organizational, nonorganizational, and intrinsic religiosity. The sample consisted of 20 undergraduate college students (11 women) whose mean age was 24.7 yr. (SD = 5.0 yr.). Findings supported the 2-wk. test-retest reliability of the Duke Religion Index with an intraclass correlation coefficient of . 91.
Outside Belonging

Abstract This article draws from an ongoing Australian research project with over 60 culturally and sexually diverse women in monogamous, open, and polyamorous relationships with bisexual-identifying and/or bisexual-behaving men. Positioned within a queer feminist deconstructive theoretical framework, this research provides insights into the border existences of these women and their partners, and their negotiations of “new rules” and boundaries in order to construct healthy relationships. What are the various ways that HIV/AIDS impacts women in relationships with bisexual men? How do they deal with issues such as social, community, workplace and familial ostracism? Probyn's term, “outside belonging” (1996: 9) is applicable to the border existences of these women and their bisexual male partners. Their multi-sexual relationships are both “outside” gendernormative and heteronormative constructs of marital and defacto relationships and yet “belonging,” for the partners may “pass” as a “normal” couple. They are also “outside” the dominant constructs of Australian gay identity and community while simultaneously “belonging” due to their partners', and sometimes their own, same-sex attractions and relationships.
Impaired Memory Retrieval after Psychosocial Stress in Healthy Young Men

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to modulate memory in animals and humans. One popular model suggests that stress or GC treatment enhances memory consolidation while impairing delayed memory retrieval. Studies in humans have documented that treatment with GCs impairs delayed memory retrieval. Similar alterations after exposure to stress have not been observed thus far. In the present study, 19 young healthy male subjects were exposed to either a standardized psychosocial laboratory stressor (Trier Social Stress Test) or a control condition in a crossover manner. After both treatments, retrieval of a word list (learned 24 h earlier) containing 10 neutral, 10 negative, and 10 positive words was tested. The stressor induced a significant increase in salivary free cortisol and a decrease in mood. Memory retrieval (free recall) was significantly impaired after the stress condition. Follow-up analysis revealed that negative and positive words (i.e., emotionally arousing words) were affected, whereas no effect was observed for neutral words. No changes were detected for cued recall, working memory, or attention. The present study thus demonstrates that psychosocial stress impairs memory retrieval in humans and suggests that emotionally arousing material is especially sensitive to this effect.
Self-Reported History of Childhood Maltreatment and Codependency in Undergraduate Nursing Students

ABSTRACT The present study investigated the relationship between self-reported history of child abuse, neglect, and codependency in a sample of undergraduate nursing students. One hundred and two upper-division nursing students attending a medium-sized regional public university in the Southeast completed a four-part questionnaire containing the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ), the Psychological Maltreatment Inventory (PMI) and the Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT). Correlations were computed. All forms of childhood abuse and neglect measured by the CTQ and PMI were significantly related to total codependency score. The strongest relationships overall were found between reported history of emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, and codependency.
The distinction between benign and malignant liver tumors on sonography: value of a hypoechoic halo.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of the sonographic halo sign (defined as any hypoechoic rim in the periphery of a lesion) in distinguishing between benign and malignant isoechoic and hyperechoic liver lesions on sonography. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sonograms of the liver in 50 patients with proved benign liver tumors and in 50 patients with proved malignant liver tumors (seven primary liver neoplasms, 43 metastases) selected during a 13-month period were retrospectively analyzed by four radiologists who had no knowledge of the patients' clinical findings or the final diagnoses. Only a single sonogram was studied in each case. The presence or absence of a hypoechoic halo on the sonogram was the only criterion for distinguishing malignant from benign hepatic lesions. RESULTS For 95 of 100 hepatic lesions, the four radiologists were almost (three vs one) or completely (four vs zero) in agreement about the presence or absence of a hypoechoic halo. In the five cases where there were conflicting decisions (two vs two), a final decision (four vs zero) was achieved by reviewing the entire series of sonographic images. A halo could be detected in 44 malignant tumors (88%) and in only seven benign tumors (14%) (sensitivity, 88%; specificity, 86%; positive and negative predictive values, 86% and 88%, respectively). The sonographic halo sign was particularly helpful in distinguishing hemangiomas (n = 29) from metastases (n = 43) (positive and negative predictive values, 95% and 87%, respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the halo sign on sonograms is useful to distinguish benign from malignant isoechoic or hyperechoic tumors.
“Speak! that I may see you”; some reflections on dissociation, reality, and psychoanalytic listening

The new emphasis on nonlinear dynamics in psychoanalytic thinking is rapidly changing our view of both psychological structure and psychological growth. The conceptualization of psychoanalytic listening and technique as therapeutically mediating the lifting of repression and the resolution of intrapsychic conflict is reexamined here in terms of new types of questions having to do with such concepts as “self‐organization,”; “states of consciousness,”; and “dissociation. ”; This paper presents the view that dissociation is as basic as repression to human mental functioning and as central to the stability and growth of personality. Even in the most resilient personality, an analyst will always encounter domains of dissociated experience that have weak or nonexistent linkage to the experience of “me”; as a communicable entity. Before these “not‐me”; states of mind can be taken as objects of analytic self‐reflection, they must first become “thinkable”; while becoming linguistically communicable through enactmen.
Effects of Live and TV Models on Observational Learning in Introverted and Extroverted Children

Introverted and extroverted preschool children were exposed to three modeling stimuli: a live model, a model presented on TV, and a TV modeling condition in which no human model was present. Regardless of the modeling condition, extroverts showed more observational learning than introverts, and live modeling produced more observational learning than either of the two TV-mediated conditions. Extroverts attended less to the TV modeling condition without a human model than did introverts, and both introverts and extroverts attended less to the TV-mediated conditions than to the live model.
Methamphetamine Using Careers of White and Black Women

From current arrest data, as well as scholarly research, it appears that methamphetamine (meth) is generally considered a “white drug. ” Although most meth users are white, a nontrivial percentage is black. In this study we explore racial differences in the drug careers of women meth users. Specifically, we use in-depth interviews with 13 black and 17 white former meth users to determine if there are differences in the initiation into, persistence with, and desistance from use. From these interviews we observe racial differences in terms of how the women were introduced to meth, the way they experienced the high, how they procured the drug, their access to the drug, and the length of their drug careers. We find that the deviant careers for white and black meth users are similar in many ways, but various social and structural barriers to meth use among black women made their careers shorter and distinct compared to white users.
The Purchase of Transnational Intimacy: Women's Bodies, Transnational Masculine Privileges in Chinese Economic Zones

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) are spaces created by many governments of developing countries by introducing special economic policies and flexible governmental measures to attract and incorporate the foreign investments necessary for their accommodation with and integration into global capitalism (Dirlik, 1994). A crucial but often overlooked aspect of these SEZs is the significance of their masculine, sexualised component. It is well known that the majority of business personnel are men, and that these spaces are where they connect with each other and establish themselves as dominant players in the global economy. To cater to the needs of many of the local and transnational businessmen, heterosexually oriented bars and clubs develop quickly in and around many of these spaces (Enloe, 1989; Klein, 2000; Pan, 2004). Consequently, these economic zones, also frontiers of the global economy, become masculine ‘‘playgrounds’’ for both business and sex. Sexualised masculine ‘‘play’’, which includes sexually oriented business entertainment and commercial sexual intimacies, thus becomes a crucial site that reveals the associations between masculine capitalist expansion, the making of a ‘‘transnational business class’’ (Sklair, 2001), masculine erotic desires, and the consumption of women. Chinese SEZs are no exception (Farrer, 2002; Jeffreys, 2004; Ngai, 2004; Pan, 2004; Zheng, 2006). After Deng Xiaoping introduced economic reforms and opened China’s door to the world in 1978, many SEZs were established, initially along the coastal areas and later in inland regions (Chen, 1998; Tian, 2002). These SEZs have attracted many local and foreign businessmen who have become the dominant players in China’s recent economic development. Prominent among these are Taiwanese businessmen. Attracted by a more favourable investment environment in China, encouraged by the relaxation of Taiwanese policy on cross-Strait contacts, and facilitated by the cultural and linguistic affiliations between the two countries,
Association of educational level with risk of obesity and abdominal obesity in Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND The impact of education on obesity may vary according to population and geographic region. The objective of the present study was to determine the association between education and obesity. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 3600 subjects aged 20-70 years was conducted by using a cluster sampling technique in an adult population residing in the north of Iran, in 2004. Weight, height, waist and hip circumference were measured and data concerning education level, demographic characteristics and physical activities were collected by interview. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between education and general obesity (body mass index >or=30) as well as abdominal obesity (waist circumference >88 cm in women and 102 cm in men). RESULTS The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for general obesity at education level of high school and college compared with illiterate and primary level was 0.55 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.43-0.71]. A greater negative association was observed for education at university level (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.22-0.47) irrespective to sex. However, with regard to abdominal obesity, after controlling for confounding factors, the adjusted OR for education at university level remained significant only in women but not in men. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that education level is inversely associated with general obesity in both sexes but with abdominal obesity only in women.
Critical Ethical Issues in Online Counseling: Assessing Current Practices with an Ethical Intent Checklist.

The authors used a 16-item Ethical Intent Checklist, developed from the American Counseling Association's (1999) Ethical Standards for Internet Online Counseling, to assess the current practices of 88 online counseling Web sites. Results showed fewer than half of online counselors were following the accepted practice on 8 of the 16 items. Online counselors who identified themselves as licensed or as association members had significantly higher mean checklist scores.
Are Students Who Work and Workers Who Go To School Different? Comparing Organizational Commitment

The escalating costs of postsecondary education for college students have resulted in a situation in which more than 50 percent of the students currently enrolled in colleges and universities are also working. While the educational literature reveals that there has been ongoing research on whether working affects academic attitudes and performance, there is little research on the consequences of studying on work attitudes and performance. The research project reported here uses an Organizational Commitment scale to compare the work attitudes of full-time students who work part-time and full-time workers who attend school part-time. The results reveal that although the Moral Commitment of full-time employees who are attending school is higher than the Moral Commitment of full-time students who are working, the absolute levels of both Moral Commitment and Alienative Commitment are indicative of a lack of commitment to the organization for both groups. The implications for research and practice are discussed. As more people in the United States are attending school and working at the same time, employers and educational institutions need to identify and investigate the outcomes of engaging in both these activities at the same time. What effect does attending school while holding a job have on work performance? What effect does working while attending school have on learning? If studying and working at the same time has a negative effect on either or both of these activities, then both
The E1a gene of adenovirus type 2 reduces the metastatic potential of ras-transformed rat embryo cells

We have previously demonstrated that second-passage rat embryo cells transformed by the ras oncogene alone are both tumorigenic and highly metastatic when injected into nude mice. In contrast, rat embryo cells cotransformed with the ras oncogene and the adenovirus type 2 (Ad2) E1a gene are tumorigenic but either fail to metastasize or exhibit a very low metastatic potential. In this report, we demonstrate that transfection of the Ad2 E1a gene into four independent ras-transformed rat embryo cell lines results in a dramatic reduction in metastatic potential relative to that of the parental cell line. Transfection of cDNAs for the 12S and 13S E1a transcripts showed that the 12S cDNA was highly effective in reducing the metastatic potential of ras-transformed cell lines, while the 13S cDNA showed an effect in only one of the two cell lines tested. This effect is specific to the Ad2 E1a gene, since ras-transformed cell lines expressing the Ad12 E1a gene maintained their high metastatic potential. We hypothesize that the Ad2 E1a gene may regulate the expression of one or more cellular genes that contribute to the metastatic phenotype.
Major Ecological Transitions in Wild Sunflowers Facilitated by Hybridization

Hybridization is frequent in many organismal groups, but its role in adaptation is poorly understood. In sunflowers, species found in the most extreme habitats are ancient hybrids, and new gene combinations generated by hybridization are speculated to have contributed to ecological divergence. This possibility was tested through phenotypic and genomic comparisons of ancient and synthetic hybrids. Most trait differences in ancient hybrids could be recreated by complementary gene action in synthetic hybrids and were favored by selection. The same combinations of parental chromosomal segments required to generate extreme phenotypes in synthetic hybrids also occurred in ancient hybrids. Thus, hybridization facilitated ecological divergence in sunflowers.
Molecular analysis of the distal enhancer of the mouse alpha-fetoprotein gene

The mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) gene is transcribed at high levels in the visceral endoderm of the yolk sac and fetal liver and at much lower rates in the endoderm of the fetal gut. Expression of the gene in vivo requires the presence of at least one of three enhancers which lie in its 5' flanking region. In this report, we establish that the most distal AFP enhancer directed consistent expression of a linked AFP minigene in all three endodermal tissues in transgenic mice. The enhancer is composed of three domains, each of which is essential for full enhancer function by transient transfection assays. DNase I footprinting identified three regions of the enhancer which are protected by human hepatoma nuclear extracts, one of which corresponded to a consensus site for HNF-3 binding. Site-directed mutations in this site caused a 10-fold reduction in enhancer function by transient transfection. In transgenic mice, however, the mutation resulted in sporadic expression of the transgene, dependent on the site of integration. A similar acquisition of position-dependent sporadic expression of the transgene was observed with a mutation in a second protein binding site, despite the fact that this mutation had very little effect on enhancer function as assessed by transient transfection. These studies underscore the value of examining the functions of specific protein binding sites in vivo.
Six-rowed barley originated from a mutation in a homeodomain-leucine zipper I-class homeobox gene

Increased seed production has been a common goal during the domestication of cereal crops, and early cultivators of barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) selected a phenotype with a six-rowed spike that stably produced three times the usual grain number. This improved yield established barley as a founder crop for the Near Eastern Neolithic civilization. The barley spike has one central and two lateral spikelets at each rachis node. The wild-type progenitor (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum) has a two-rowed phenotype, with additional, strictly rudimentary, lateral rows; this natural adaptation is advantageous for seed dispersal after shattering. Until recently, the origin of the six-rowed phenotype remained unknown. In the present study, we isolated vrs1 (six-rowed spike 1), the gene responsible for the six-rowed spike in barley, by means of positional cloning. The wild-type Vrs1 allele (for two-rowed barley) encodes a transcription factor that includes a homeodomain with a closely linked leucine zipper motif. Expression of Vrs1 was strictly localized in the lateral-spikelet primordia of immature spikes, suggesting that the VRS1 protein suppresses development of the lateral rows. Loss of function of Vrs1 resulted in complete conversion of the rudimentary lateral spikelets in two-rowed barley into fully developed fertile spikelets in the six-rowed phenotype. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the six-rowed phenotype originated repeatedly, at different times and in different regions, through independent mutations of Vrs1.
On Becoming a Tutor: Toward an Ontogenetic Model

Eight pairs of girls and 8 pairs of boys at each of three age groups (3, 5, and 7 years) took part in a three-phase investigation. One child in each pair was taught how to assemble a construction task by a computer-assisted tutoring system. That child then taught a peer of the same age and sex. After the peer-tutoring session, the child who had been taught by the peer attempted to construct the task alone. Predictions about age-related differences in the tutoring behavior of children at the three age groups were drawn from the literature on peer monitoring and children's theory of mind. The hypothesis that children's ability to learn a task correlates with both their instructional competence and their peer's learning received some support. The results also show significant changes in monitoring strategies, verbal instruction, and contingency of teaching at the three ages that are in line with hypotheses drawn from the theory of mind literature. The theoretical implications of the results in relation to co.