Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Background, expectations and beliefs of a chiropractic student population: a cross-sectional survey.

PURPOSE Research encompassing the characteristics of chiropractic students is limited. The purpose of our study was to evaluate a current chiropractic student population enrolled at a chiropractic college concerning demographics, expectations, and beliefs. METHODS A 44-item survey was administered to volunteer participants. Direct verbal interaction in a classroom setting to potential participants was the recruitment strategy used. Data were collected and stored on a safe network. Percentages for all responses were calculated and means were recorded where appropriate. RESULTS A total of 664 students participated of 877 potential eligible candidates (75%). The respondents tended to be 21-25 years of age, Caucasian, and male. Most respondents expected to work in a private practice immediately following graduation and anticipated an annual income of at least $100,000 eventually. Respondents preferred the retaining of the term, "subluxation," and identified the importance of new and emerging scientific data. Additionally, respondents held the viewpoint that some non-musculoskeletal diseases can be treated effectively with spinal manipulation as a primary treatment. CONCLUSIONS The majority of chiropractic students in our study were represented by specific demographic characteristics, and a strong favoritism toward the expectations of working in a private practice setting and earning at least $100,000 per year at some point in their career. Distinct beliefs are shared between chiropractic students and practicing chiropractors in North America, and certain aspects of students in our study are comparable to chiropractic students in similar studies.
Role of Trabecular Microarchitecture and Its Heterogeneity Parameters in the Mechanical Behavior of Ex Vivo Human L3 Vertebrae

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a strong risk factor for vertebral fracture risk in osteoporosis. However, many fractures occur in people with moderately decreased or normal BMD. Our aim was to assess the contributions of trabecular microarchitecture and its heterogeneity to the mechanical behavior of human lumbar vertebrae. Twenty‐one human L3 vertebrae were analyzed for BMD by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and microarchitecture by high‐resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR‐pQCT) and then tested in axial compression. Microarchitecture heterogeneity was assessed using two vertically oriented virtual biopsies—one anterior (Ant) and one posterior (Post)—each divided into three zones (superior, middle, and inferior) and using the whole vertebral trabecular volume for the intraindividual distribution of trabecular separation (Tb.Sp*SD). Heterogeneity parameters were defined as (1) ratios of anterior to posterior microarchitectural parameters and (2) the coefficient of variation of microarchitectural parameters from the superior, middle, and inferior zones. BMD alone explained up to 44% of the variability in vertebral mechanical behavior, bone volume fraction (BV/TV) up to 53%, and trabecular architecture up to 66%. Importantly, bone mass (BMD or BV/TV) in combination with microarchitecture and its heterogeneity improved the prediction of vertebral mechanical behavior, together explaining up to 86% of the variability in vertebral failure load. In conclusion, our data indicate that regional variation of microarchitecture assessment expressed by heterogeneity parameters may enhance prediction of vertebral fracture risk. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of steaming on the colour change of softwoods

The heat treatment of softwood (i.e. spruce, pine, fir, and larch) may result in significant colour changes. During this study Scots pine and spruce samples were steamed and analysed for their altered hue and lightness. Treatments included: 0 to 22 days of steaming time at a temperature range of 70 to 100°C. The outcome included a variety of colours between the initial hues and brownish tint. These new colours are similar to that of aged furniture and indoor wooden structures. Consequently, properly steamed softwood may be used to repair historical artefacts and relic furniture. Besides restoration, steamed stocks are excellent sources for manufacture of periodical furniture, where the aged appearance has aesthetical value. Results however, indicated that steaming at a temperature above 90 ˚C has a bleaching effect, i.e. the coloured chemical components formed by moderate steaming may be removed. Furthermore, we observed a linear correlation between lightness and colour hue at all steaming times and temperatures.
Grandfathers in Contemporary Families in Britain: Evidence from Qualitative Research

In recent years, research into grandparenthood has gained considerable momentum, particularly in the United States and increasingly in Europe. However, there has been little research focusing on understanding the contribution of grandfathers. While the perception of grandmothers as more involved than grandfathers remains commonplace, some recent research provides indications of a more changing picture. In attempting to address this knowledge gap, this paper provides evidence from ongoing qualitative research with grandfathers. It focuses on themes of emotionality and caring in men's understandings of being a grandfather. In so doing, it considers whether the salience of these themes points to the emergence of “new” grandfatherhood, particularly among younger cohorts of grandfathers. Finally, the paper explores these findings in relation to the wider policy context around grandparenthood, complementary care, and working families.
Changing Art: SoHo, Chelsea and the Dynamic Geography of Galleries in New York City

We examine New York's SoHo and Chelsea districts for evidence of how art and place interact over time. More specifically, we trace the decline of New York's SoHo as a gallery district and the concomitant rise of nearby Chelsea, concluding that such a transition cannot simply be explained, as it usually is, by rises in property rents that 'force out' the art. Of equal significance, and following a different trajectory, is the change in art prices - particularly for the kind of art with which these places have been in reciprocal relation. A final factor in determining neighborhood fates is how difficult or easy it is to reassemble social scenes from one place to another. We show how artifact specifics, including their shape, form and aesthetic appeal, conjoin with property markets and scene sociality to affect urban morphology. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors. Journal Compilation (c) 2009 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health

While it is recognized that there are serious sequelae for students who are victims of cyberbullying including depression, anxiety, lower self-esteem and social difficulties, there has been little research attention paid to the mental health of students who cyberbully. It is known that students who traditionally bully report they feel indifferent to their victims, showing a lack of empathy and that they themselves are at increased risk for psychosocial adjustment. However, there is scant research on the mental health associations for students who cyberbully or their awareness of their impact on others. The current study sought to ascertain from Australian students who reported cyberbullying others in school years 6 to 12 (10–19 years of age), their perceptions of their mental health and the harm they caused to and the impact their actions had, on their victims. Most students who cyberbullied did not think that their bullying was harsh or that they had an impact on their victims. They reported more social difficulties and higher scores on stress, depression and anxiety scales than those students who were not involved in any bullying. The implications of these findings for the mental health of the cyberbullies and for psychologists in schools who assist them, are discussed.
Avaliação do grau de inteligibilidade de fala de crianças com desvio fonológico: implicações nas habilidades sociais

OBJETIVO: analisar a relacao entre o grau de inteligibilidade de fala e as habilidades sociais de comunicacao em criancas com diagnostico de desvio fonologico. METODO:participaram deste estudo 10 criancas, diagnosticadas com desvio fonologico, com idade cronologica media de 7,28 anos, sendo tres do genero feminino e sete do masculino, que realizavam terapia de linguagem duas vezes por semana em uma clinica escola de uma cidade de medio porte do estado de Sao Paulo. As criancas foram submetidas a avaliacao da fonologia por meio do instrumento ABFW, sendo que a gravidade do desvio fonologico foi baseada no calculo do Percentual de Consoantes Corretas (PCC). E em seguida foram filmadas em situacoes estruturas de interacao de maneira tal a obter uma amostra de fala espontânea, para caracterizar o grau de inteligibilidade de fala (GIF), alem de observar presenca ou ausencia dos componentes das habilidades sociais de comunicacao (HSC). Para analisar a relacao entre GIF e HSC foi utilizado o coeficiente de Spearman. RESULTADOS:foi possivel caracterizar as classes de HSC que encontram-se deficitarias em criancas diagnosticas com desvio fonologico, alem de verificar uma relacao significante e positiva entre o GIF e o HSC, mostrando que quanto maior o GIF maior a dificuldades nas HSC. CONCLUSAO: o estudo verificou a relacao entre GIF e HSC, alem de identificar as classes de HSC que encontram-se deficitarias em criancas com diagnostico de desvio fonologico, favorecendo a elaboracao de instrumentos para avaliacao e intervencao, permitindo assim, um melhor planejamento para cada caso.
Is grip strength a useful single marker of frailty?

BACKGROUND chronological age is widely used as a marker of frailty in clinical practice. However there can be wide variation in frailty between individuals of a similar age. Grip strength is a powerful predictor of disability, morbidity and mortality which has been used in a number of frailty scores but not as a single marker of frailty. OBJECTIVE to investigate the potential of grip strength as a single marker of frailty in older people of similar chronological age. DESIGN cross-sectional study with prospective collection of mortality data. SETTING North Hertfordshire, UK. SUBJECTS 717 men and women, aged 64-74, born and still living in North Hertfordshire, who took part in a previous study to investigate the relationship between size at birth and ageing processes in later life. METHODS the number of significant associations between grip strength and the ageing markers was compared with numbers between chronological age and the ageing markers. RESULTS in men, lower grip strength correlated significantly with ten ageing markers compared to chronological age which was significantly associated with seven. In women, there were six significant relationships for grip compared to three for age. The greater number of relationships between grip strength and ageing markers was not explained by the association between grip strength and age, and remained after adjustment for adult size. CONCLUSIONS grip strength was associated with more markers of frailty than chronological age within the narrow age range studied. Grip strength may prove a more useful single marker of frailty for older people of similar age than chronological age alone. Its validity in a clinical setting needs to be tested.
How Letter-Sound Instruction Mediates Progress in First-Grade Reading and Spelling

Children in six 1st-grade classrooms (N=80) differing in amount of daily letter-sound instruction were administered tests of phonemic segmentation and of reading and spelling 60 regular and exception words 3 times during the year. Repeated measures results indicated no classroom differences in phonemic segmentation. However, classrooms with more letter-sound instruction improved at a faster rate in correct spellings and readings. Individual growth models analysis indicated that phonemic segmentation scores obtained in October predicted overall performance in reading and spelling. Growth in segmentation predicted overall performance in spelling but only predicted end-of-year differences in regular- and exception-word reading. Finally, better reading of regular words October was associated with faster growth in spelling, and better spelling of regular words in October was predictive of May word reading
A Differential Analysis of the Subtypes of Unresolved States of Mind in the Adult Attachment Interview

Abstract Disorganized attachment is most prevalent among high-risk populations, such as maltreated children. Recent attachment literature has demonstrated that one of the best predictors of attachment disorganization is an “Unresolved” parental state of mind regarding a loss or an abuse in the parent's own attachment history. However, although classification in the Unresolved (U) category is always accompanied by specification of the type of trauma that is unresolved (loss, physical abuse, or sexual abuse), much of attachment research has focused on unresolved attachment as one category. The current paper reviews the empirical literature on the parenting outcomes associated with different subtypes of U. The literature demonstrates that parents who have experienced loss or abuse in childhood, which remains unresolved, exhibit atypical care-giving behaviors. Specifically, a history of loss or childhood sexual abuse is found to be associated with more passively withdrawn parental interactions, whereas a history of physical abuse is related to increased negative and hostile interactions. In addition, there appears to be differences in caregiving behaviors between parents whose underlying attachment state of mind is secure versus insecure.
The moderating role of individual and social factors in Internet banking loyalty: an exploratory study

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore barriers; the mediating role of usability; and the moderating effects of subjective norms, personal innovativeness, self-efficacy and perceived image on users’ attitudes toward loyalty to Internet banking (IB) in Iran. Design/methodology/approach – Based on the consumer data collected from a survey, structural equations modeling and path analysis were used to test the research model. Findings – The results revealed that “low perceived usefulness” and “low perceived ease of use” both had negative effects on users’ attitudes. “Low awareness” and “low system compatibility” were found to be the main factors impeding users’ attitudes toward loyalty to IB. “Perceived usefulness” showed no mediating role in the relationship between ease of use and users’ attitudes. At last, all concerned moderators moderated the relationships between ease of use/usefulness and users’ attitudes. Research limitation/implication – The sample was only composed of IB users of one Iran.
Field Data and Water-Balance Predictions for a Monolithic Cover in a Semiarid Climate

Water-balance predictions made using four codes (UNSAT-H, VADOSE/W, HYDRUS, and LEACHM) are compared with water-balance data from a test section located in a semiarid climate simulating a monolithic water-balance cover. The accuracy of the runoff prediction (underprediction or overprediction) was found to affect the accuracy of all other water-balance quantities. Runoff was predicted more accurately when precipitation was applied uniformly throughout the day, the surface layer was assigned higher saturated hydraulic conductivity, or when Brooks-Corey functions were used to describe the hydraulic properties of the cover soils. However, no definitive or universal recommendation could be identified that would provide reasonable assurance that runoff mechanisms are properly simulated and runoff predictions are accurate. Evapotranspiration and soil-water storage were predicted reasonably well (within ≈25 mm∕yr ) when runoff was predicted accurately, general mean hydraulic properties were used as input, and the.
Sinus floor augmentation with beta-tricalciumphosphate (beta-TCP): does platelet-rich plasma promote its osseous integration and degradation?

When dental implants are to be inserted, sinus floor augmentation is an effective treatment procedure to improve bone height in the posterior maxilla. In addition to autogenous bone material, allogenic materials, e.g. beta-tricalciumphosphate (beta-TCP), have been used successfully. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the combination of beta-TCP with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) enhances bony regeneration and resorption of the tricalciumphosphate material. In a randomized prospective trial, 45 sinus floor elevations were performed in 39 patients. In 22 sites, PRP was added to the beta-TCP granules, while in 23 sites beta-TCP without PRP was used. Six months later, bone specimens were harvested from the augmented region during the implant insertion procedure. The formation of new bone was about 8-10% higher when PRP was applied. A faster degradation of the ceramic bone substitute was not observed. In conclusion, when PRP was added to beta-TCP, bone regeneration was supported to a small extent. However, the resorption of beta-TCP was not accelerated and foreign-body giant cells and soft tissue surrounding the beta-TCP granules were present.
‘Impact’, ‘value’ and ‘bad economics’: Making sense of the problem of value in the arts and humanities

Questions around the value of the arts and humanities to the contemporary world and the benefits they are expected to bring to the society that supports them through funding have assumed an increased centrality within a number of disciplines, not limited to humanities scholarship. Especially problematic, yet crucial, is the issue of the measurement of such public value. This article takes as a starting point a discussion of the ‘cultural value debate’ as it has developed within British cultural policy: here, the discussion of ‘value’ has been inextricably linked to the challenge of ‘making the case’ for the arts and for public cultural funding. The paper discusses the problems with the persisting predominance of economics in shaping current approaches to framing articulations of ‘value’ in the policy-making context. It concludes with a plea for a collaborative effort to resist the economic doxa, and to reclaim and reinvent the impact agenda as a route towards the establishment of new public humanities.
Graph-based detection of library API imitations

It has been a common practice nowadays to employ third-party libraries in software projects. Software libraries encapsulate a large number of useful, well-tested and robust functions, so that they can help improve programmers' productivity and program quality. To interact with libraries, programmers only need to invoke Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) exported from libraries. However, programmers do not always use libraries as effectively as expected in their application development. One commonly observed phenomenon is that some library behaviors are re-implemented by client code. Such re-implementation, or imitation, is not just a waste of resource and energy, but its failure to abstract away similar code also tends to make software error-prone. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on trace subsumption relation of data dependency graphs to detect imitations of library APIs for achieving better software maintainability. Furthermore, we have implemented a prototype of this approach and applied it to ten large real-world open-source projects. The experiments show 313 imitations of explicitly imported libraries with high precision average of 82%, and 116 imitations of static libraries with precision average of 75%.
Evaluating the Influence of Perceived Pain Control on Patient Satisfaction in a Hospital Setting

Abstract The authors evaluated whether a patient's perceived pain control influenced the relationships between four attributes (nursing, physician, staff, and environment) and patient satisfaction. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to examine overall satisfaction and intention to recommend, controlling for race, gender, age, and education. The authors found that no matter the level of pain control, nursing was always the most influential attribute in patient satisfaction. The influence of the other attributes varied, depending on the patients’ pain control. Hospital managers may improve patient satisfaction by focusing on pain management nursing care.
A developmental approach to bilingual research: The effects of multi-language experience from early infancy to old age

Aims and objectives: In this commentary article we consider the benefits of adopting a neuroconstructivist approach in the study of bilingualism in order to promote empirical and theoretical progress on the fiercely debated issue of whether bilingualism confers genuine cognitive advantages. Significance/implications: Although there is a general consensus that exposure to multilingual environments does not impair cognitive development, there are still doubts on the possible beneficial advantages of bilingualism. Critics argue that the evidence for this advantage might have been confounded by unsound or questionable methodological practices. Some investigators have abandoned research in this area, indicating either that there is no bilingual advantage or that it is impossible to capture and therefore rule out alternative explanations for group differences. Rather than dismissing this important theme in the literature, we advocate a more systematic approach in which the effects of multilinguistic experience are assessed and interpreted across well-defined stages of cognitive development. Conclusions: We encourage a broad, developmentally informed approach to plotting the trajectory of interactions between multi-language learning and cognitive development, using a convergence of neuroimaging and behavioural methods, across the whole lifespan. We believe that, through studying infants, children, young adults, adults and the elderly within a coherent and systematic developmental framework, a more accurate and valid account of potential cognitive and neural changes associated with multi-language learning will emerge.
Cross-linking of lens crystallin proteins induced by tryptophan metabolites and metal ions: implications for cataract development

Abstract Long-wavelength solar UV radiation is implicated in photodamage to the human eye. The human lens contains multiple tryptophan-derived compounds that have significant absorbance bands in the UVA region (λ 315–400 nm) that act as efficient physical filters for these wavelengths. The concentrations of many of these UV filter compounds decrease with increase in age, resulting in diminished protection, increased oxidative damage and the accumulation of modified proteins implicated in nuclear cataract formation. This damage may arise via the formation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls from the UV filter compounds, adduction to lens proteins and subsequent action as photosensitizers, and/or via the reactions of redox-active transition metal ions that accumulate in aged human lenses. The latter may promote the oxidation of free, or protein-bound, o-aminophenols, such as the UV filter compounds 3-hydroxykynurenine (3OHKyn) and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3OHAA). It is shown here that Cu(II), and to a lesser extent Fe(III), enhance oxidation of free 3OHKyn, 3OHAA and 3OHKyn bound to specific amino acids and lens proteins, with this resulting in increased cross-linking of lens proteins. These data indicate that elevated levels of transition metal ions in aging lenses can enhance the loss of protective UV filter compounds, and contribute to the formation of high-molecular-mass dysfunctional crystallin proteins in a light-independent manner. These reactions may contribute to the formation of lens cataracts in humans.