Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of ceramic translucency and luting cement shade on the color masking ability of laminate veneers

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ceramic material types, degree of veneer translucency, and luting cement shades on masking the underlying dark dental substrate to achieve best esthetics. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 56 specimens each of 0.5-mm thickness were fabricated from two esthetic veneer materials Vita Enamic and Vita Suprinity, with two different translucencies, i.e., HT and T. To simulate the color of a dark underlying dental structure, background discs with C3 shade were fabricated using resin composite. The ceramic specimens with varying translucencies were cemented on the dark background of the resin composite with A1 and opaque white shades of resin luting cement. Color difference (ΔE) values from a reference color (A1 shade) were calculated using a spectrophotometer. The results were then statistically analyzed using three-way ANOVA test (α = 0.05). Results: The ΔE values of both ceramic systems were affected by both the degree of veneer translucency (P = 0.00) and the luting agent shade (P = 0.016). The use of an opaque luting agent and T translucency resulted in a decrease in the ΔE* values for all ceramics tested, regardless to the material type. Suprinity and Enamic showed similarity in the masking ability of dark substrate after cementation. Conclusion: None of the 0.5-mm veneers of the two ceramic systems could reach A1 shade without a detectable color difference after cementation. The change in degree of veneer translucency was more effective than the change in luting agent shade in masking the underlying dark substrate.
Computerized nuclear morphometry is a useful technique for evaluating the high metastatic potential of colorectal adenocarcinoma

Nuclear profiles have been reported to be useful prognostic predictors in various cancers. Data from computerized morphometry are objective and are quickly obtained by conventional microscopic analysis. However, this image analysis of nuclear features has been only rarely applied to investigations of colorectal adenocarcinoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the morphologic nuclear features and clinicopathologic parameters in cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma.
In vivo Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer¶

Abstract In vivo and ex vivo tissue autofluorescence (endogenous fluorescence) have been employed to investigate the presence of markers that could be used to detect tissue abnormalities and/or malignancies. We present a study of the autofluorescence of normal skin and tumor in vivo, conducted on 18 patients diagnosed with nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC). We observed that both in basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) the endogenous fluorescence due to tryptophan residues was more intense in tumor than in normal tissue, probably due to epidermal thickening and/or hyperproliferation. Conversely, the fluorescence intensity associated with dermal collagen crosslinks was generally lower in tumors than in the surrounding normal tissue, probably because of degradation or erosion of the connective tissue due to enzymes released by the tumor. The decrease of collagen fluorescence in the connective tissue adjacent to the tumor loci was validated by fluorescence imaging on fresh-frozen tissue sections obtained from 33 NMSC excised specimens. Our results suggest that endogenous fluorescence of NMSC, excited in the UV region of the spectrum, has characteristic features that are different from normal tissue and may be exploited for noninvasive diagnostics and for the detection of tumor margins.
Continuous Alertness Assessments: Using EOG Glasses to Unobtrusively Monitor Fatigue Levels In-The-Wild

As the day progresses, cognitive functions are subject to fluctuations. While the circadian process results in diurnal peaks and drops, the homeostatic process manifests itself in a steady decline of alertness across the day. Awareness of these changes allows the design of proactive recommender and warning systems, which encourage demanding tasks during periods of high alertness and flag accident-prone activities in low alertness states. In contrast to conventional alertness assessments, which are often limited to lab conditions, bulky hardware, or interruptive self-assessments, we base our approach on eye blink frequency data known to directly relate to fatigue levels. Using electrooculography sensors integrated into regular glasses' frames, we recorded the eye movements of 16 participants over the course of two weeks in-the-wild and built a robust model of diurnal alertness changes. Our proposed method allows for unobtrusive and continuous monitoring of alertness levels throughout the day.
Numerical Modeling Of Fabric Impact

A numerical code has been developed to model the complex behavior of woven fabric panels subjected to ballistic impact. The code has the ability to model multiple-layer fabric panels, multiple projectile geometries, and fabric imperfections such as yarn slippage at crossovers and also at clamps. A discussion of the numerical methodology is presented, along with the results of numerical simulations of impact on single and multiple-layer fabrics, with and without resin impregnation. METHOD OF ANALYSIS The numerical algorithms used in our impact code are basically finite difference approximations of simple physical laws, as will be outlined below. This approach, sometimes called “direct analysis” in light of its simplicity, was first suggested by Mehta and Davids (1966) and their coworkers for a variety of dynamics simulations, and was adapted by Roylance and coworkers (1973, 1981) to the study of impact on woven textile panels. The codes based on the method appear to be well suited for flexible armor analysis and design: it is relatively simple to understand and implement, yet seems to capture the important physics of the impact event with good accuracy. The general nature of our impact algorithm will be outlined here briefly; the reader is referred to a report by Roylance and Houghton (1989) for further detail. In our simulations, the fabric reinforcement panel is idealized as an assemblage of pin-jointed, massless fiber elements. The fabric crossover points, or “nodes”, are assigned a mass that makes the areal density of the idealized mesh equal to that of the panel being simulated. The density of crossovers in the numerical model need not necessarily be the same as that in the actual panel. The code is currently restricted to zero-obliquity impact of a square-symmetric panel, though these limitations could be relaxed at the expense of code complexity. The initial projectile velocity is imposed on the node at the impact point, which causes a strain to develop in the adjacent elements. The tension resulting from this strain is computed from a material “constitutive” (stress-strain) relation, and this tension is used to calculate an acceleration of the neighboring nodes. The computer proceeds outward from the impact point, successively using a momentum-impulse balance, a strain-displacement condition, and a constitutive equation to compute for each element the current values of tension, strain, velocity, position, and such ancillary but important quantities as strain energy and kinetic energy. At the end of these calculations, a new projectile velocity is computed from the tensions exerted on the projectile by the fibers, and the process is repeated for a new increment of time. The masses of the fiber elements are taken to be lumped at the nodal crossover points, so that each node incorporates half the mass of the four fiber elements meeting at that node:
YouTube traffic dynamics and its interplay with a tier-1 ISP: an ISP perspective

In this paper we conduct an extensive and in-depth study of traffic exchanged between YouTube data centers and its users, as seen from the perspective of a tier-1 ISP in Spring 2008 after YouTube was acquired by Google but before Google did any major restructuring of YouTube. Using flow-level data collected at multiple PoPs of the ISP, we first infer where the YouTube data centers are located and where they are connected to the ISP. We then deduce the load balancing strategy used by YouTube to service user requests, and investigate how load balancing strategies and routing policies affect the traffic dynamics across YouTube and the tier-1 ISP. The major contributions of the paper are four-fold: (1) we discover the surprising fact that YouTube does not consider the geographic locations of its users at all while serving video content. Instead, it employs a location-agnostic, proportional load balancing strategy among its data centers to service user requests from all geographies; (2) we perform in-depth analysis of the PoP-level YouTube traffic matrix as seen by the ISP, and investigate how it is shaped by the YouTube load balancing strategy and routing policies utilized by both YouTube and the ISP; (3) with such knowledge, we develop a novel method to estimate unseen traffic (i.e. traffic that is carried outside the ISP network) so as to "complete" the traffic matrix between YouTube data centers and users from the customer ASes of the ISP; and 4) we explore "what if" scenarios by assessing the pros and cons of alternative load balancing and routing policies. Our study sheds light on the interesting and important interplay between large content providers and ISPs in today's Internet.
Deaths due to road traffic crashed in Hyderabad city in India: need for strengthening surveillance.

BACKGROUND Road traffic crashes are an important cause of death and disability in India. Reliable and accurate data are necessary to plan strategies to reduce death and disability due to road traffic crashes. We assessed the utility of the available data on deaths due to road traffic crashes for road crash surveillance for a major metropolitan city of southern India. METHODS We analysed the Department of Police database on deaths due to road traffic crashes for 2002 in Hyderabad, southern India and collected data from a leading newspaper for the same information using a standardized format. RESULTS A total of 3039 cases of road traffic crashes were recorded in the police database for 2002, including 400 cases (13.2%) in which 411 people were killed. In the same year, 316 cases of road traffic crashes resulting in 353 deaths were reported in the newspaper. The majority of those who died due to these crashes were males. Seventy per cent of those killed were between 16 and 49 years of age. Pedestrians and riders of two-wheelers were the most vulnerable. Collision with a vehicle caused 86.4% of all crashes and 60% of the victims died before reaching a hospital. The available data were not comprehensive enough to provide a thorough basis for planning intervention strategies to reduce fatalities due to road crashes. CONCLUSION Despite the gaps in reporting of fatalities in road traffic crashes in these data sources, they provide insights into the magnitude and nature of deaths resulting from such crashes in Hyderabad. The available data have limitations and there is a need for strengthening the road traffic crash surveillance system to have reliable, accurate and adequate data on road traffic crashes and the resulting fatalities and injuries. These could then form the basis for planning effective intervention strategies to improve road safety.
The Host-galaxy Properties of Type 1 versus Type 2 Active Galactic Nuclei

The unified model of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) proposes that different AGN optical spectral types are caused by different viewing angles with respect to an obscuring “torus. ” Therefore, this model predicts that type 1 and type 2 AGNs should have similar host-galaxy properties. We investigate this prediction with 2463 X-ray-selected AGNs in the COSMOS field. We divide our sample into type 1 and type 2 AGNs based on their spectra, morphologies, and variability. We derive their host-galaxy stellar masses (M⋆) through spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting, and we find that the hosts M⋆ of type 1 AGNs tend to be slightly smaller than those of type 2 AGNs by (≈4σ significance). Besides deriving star formation rates (SFRs) from SED fitting, we also utilize far-infrared (FIR) photometry and a stacking method to obtain FIR-based SFRs. We find that the SFRs of type 1 and type 2 sources are similar once their redshifts and X-ray luminosities are controlled. We also investigate the cosmic environment, and we find that the surface number densities (sub-Mpc) and cosmic-web environments (≈1–10 Mpc) are similar for both populations. In summary, our analyses show that the host galaxies of type 1 and type 2 AGNs have similar SFRs and cosmic environments in general, but the former tend to have a lower M⋆ than the latter. The difference in M⋆ indicates that the AGN unification model is not strictly correct, and both host galaxy and torus may contribute to the optical obscuration of AGNs.
The follicular cell in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland: an electron microscope study.

The presence of follicular cells has been verified in the pars distalis of the dog pituitary gland through the use of electron microscopy. These cells are stellate; they extend cytoplasmic processes among parenchymal cells, and surround colloid-containing follicular cavities in some places. Around the cavities, apposed surfaces of adjacent follicular cells are connected with each other by prominent terminal bars and desmosomes. These cells project microvilli, as well as cilia in occasional cells, into the follicular cavity. A small number of granules, 150-200 m∧u in diameter, are sometimes contained in the cytoplasm subjacent to the follicular surface. (Endocrinology 77: 1053, 1965)
Accounting for degree distributions in empirical analysis of network dynamics

Degrees (the number of links attached to a given node) play a particular and important role in empirical network analysis because of their obvious importance for expressing the position of nodes. It is argued here that there is no general straightforward relation between the degree distribution on one hand and structural aspects on the other hand, as this relation depends on further characteristics of the presumed model for the network. Therefore empirical inference from observed network characteristics to the processes that could be responsible for network genesis and dynamics cannot be based only, or mainly, on the observed degree distribution. As an elaboration and practical implementation of this point, a statistical model for the dynamics of networks, expressed as digraphs with a fixed vertex set, is proposed in which the outdegree distribution is governed by parameters that are not connected to the parameters for the structural dynamics. The use of such an approach in statistical modeling minimizes the influence of the observed degrees on the conclusions about the structural aspects of the network dynamics. The model is a stochastic actor-oriented model, and deals with the degrees in a manner resembling Tversky's Elimination by Aspects approach. A statistical procedure for parameter estimation in this model is proposed, and an example is given.
Do neurologists in Germany adhere to the national Parkinson’s disease guideline?

Implementation of guidelines can improve clinical practice. The aim in this study was to investigate whether neurologists in Germany adhered to the national Parkinson’s disease guideline. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 60 neurologists. Analyses were performed on 320 patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease with either low grades of functional impairment (Hoehn and Yahr stage I) or higher grades of functional impairment (stage II–V) but without motor complications. The sample was divided into four groups depending on age and grade of functional impairment. For each group, a biometric parameter on the use of dopamine agonists and L-dopa was defined based on the guideline. In patients aged <70 years, the recommendation to use dopamine agonists without L-dopa (parameter 1) was observed in 53% of patients with lower grades of functional impairment, whilst recommended use of dopamine agonists in more functionally impaired patients (parameter 2) was followed to a greater extent (84%). In patients aged ≥70 years, recommendations to use L-dopa without dopamine agonists were adhered to in only 50% of less functionally impaired (parameter 3) and 52% of more functionally impaired (parameter 4) patients. In conclusion, our results indicated there was moderate but not full adherence to the guideline.
AbsoluteTrust: Algorithm for Aggregation of Trust in Peer-to-Peer Networks

To mitigate the attacks by malicious peers and to isolate them in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, several reputation systems have been proposed in the past. The relative ranking method is the most popular among them. In this method, peers are ranked according to their reputation in the network. The major limitation of this method is that it does not give any absolute interpretation about the peers, it can only differentiate among the given set of peers. This is more significant when all the peers responding to a query, are malicious. In such a situation, we can only know that who is better among them without knowing their actual reputation in the whole network. In this article, we are proposing a new algorithm which can rank the peers in the whole network as well as can give an absolute interpretation of their reputation. Consequently, we can identify them as good peers or malicious peers. Further, by choosing the suitable values of parameters, our algorithm converges much faster at some global consensus. Simulation results show that it performs better in load balancing and in reducing the inauthentic downloads in the network as compared to the existing algorithms.
Commentary: Prognosis of Patients with Transected Melanomas

Several authors have examined the effect of tumor transection and biopsy type on preliminary and final Breslow depth and staging in patients with melanoma. This interest in tumor transection stems in part from the debate surrounding the validity of different biopsy types for pigmented lesions, particularly shave biopsies. Previous studies have shown that there is a risk of underestimating Breslow depth with shave biopsy but that this changes management in only a small percentage of patients. These authors did not examine long-term outcomes in patients whose Breslow depth or management changed because of tumor transection on initial biopsy.
The impact of machine translation error types on post-editing effort indicators

In this paper, we report on a post-editing study for general text types from English into Dutch conducted with master's students of translation. We used a fine-grained machine translation (MT) quality assessment method with error weights that correspond to severity levels and are related to cognitive load. Linear mixed effects models are applied to analyze the impact of MT quality on potential post-editing effort indicators. The impact of MT quality is evaluated on three different levels, each with an increasing granularity. We find that MT quality is a significant predictor of all different types of post-editing effort indicators and that different types of MT errors predict different post-editing effort indicators.
Automatic verification of timed concurrent constraint programs

The language Timed Concurrent Constraint (tccp) is the extension over time of the Concurrent Constraint Programming (cc) paradigm that allows us to specify concurrent systems where timing is critical, for example reactive systems. Systems which may have an infinite number of states can be specified in tccp. Model checking is a technique which is able to verify finite-state systems with a huge number of states in an automatic way. In the last years several studies have investigated how to extend model checking techniques to systems with an infinite number of states. In this paper we propose an approach which exploits the computation model of tccp. Constraint based computations allow us to define a methodology for applying a model checking algorithm to (a class of) infinite-state systems. We extend the classical algorithm of model checking for LTL to a specific logic defined for the verification of tccp and to the tccp Structure which we define in this work for modeling the program behavior. We define a restriction on the time in order to get a finite model and then we develop some illustrative examples. To the best of our knowledge this is the first approach that defines a model checking methodology for tccp.
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF JUGULAR FORAMEN IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION

Background: The jugular foramen, the bony opening on the base of skull, is an opening through which pass the ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves, two dural sinuses, and the meningeal branches of the occipital and ascending pharyngeal arteries. The increasing use of modern diagnostic procedures and new surgical approaches has created a need for much more detailed anatomical studies and explanations. This article reveals some additional features. Material and Methods: 324 jugular foramina of skulls of persons of unknown age and gender were examined. The morphological characteristics of all the investigated jugular foramina were described, measured, and compared, taking into consideration their side. Results: Jugular foramina were studied for a review of its morphology, morphometry and its comparison with previous studies. Different shapes and sizes of jugular foramen were seen. Laterality was also noticed, compartmentation was also observed which was found to be statistically significant. Conclusions: A detailed examination of the jugular foramen anatomy was performed. The main types of jugular foramina and the frequencies of bipartite or tripartite division were established. Several dimensions of the parts of the jugular foramen were measured. Some new data could provide important information about the anatomy of the jugular foramen for reliable surgical interventions in this area.
Rapid response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities to short-term fertilization in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Background: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is home to the vast grassland in China. The QTP grassland ecosystem has been seriously degraded by human land use practices and climate change. Fertilization is used in this region to increase vegetation yields for grazers. The impact of long-term fertilization on plant and microbial communities has been studied extensively. However, the influence of short-term fertilization on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities in the QTP is largely unknown, despite their important functional role in grassland ecosystems. Methods: We investigated AMF community responses to three years of N and/or P addition at an experimental field site on the QTP, using the Illumina MiSeq platform (PE 300). Results: Fertilization resulted in a dramatic shift in AMF community composition and NP addition significantly increased AMF species richness and phylogenetic diversity. Aboveground biomass, available phosphorus, and NO3− were significantly correlated with changes in AMF community structure. Changes in these factors were driven by fertilization treatments. Thus, fertilization had a large impact on AMF communities, mediated by changes in aboveground productivity and soil chemistry. Discussion: Prior work has shown how plants often lower their reliance on AMF symbioses following fertilization, leading to decrease AMF abundance and diversity. However, our study reports a rise in AMF diversity with fertilization treatment. Because AMF can provide stress tolerance to their hosts, we suggest that extreme weather on the QTP may help drive a positive relationship between fertilizer amendment and AMF diversity.