Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Demand-driven alias analysis for C

This paper presents a demand-driven, flow-insensitive analysisalgorithm for answering may-alias queries. We formulate thecomputation of alias queries as a CFL-reachability problem, and use this formulation to derive a demand-driven analysis algorithm. The analysis uses a worklist algorithm that gradually explores the program structure and stops as soon as enough evidence is gathered to answer the query. Unlike existing techniques, our approach does not require building or intersecting points-to sets. Experiments show that our technique is effective at answering alias queries accurately and efficiently in a demand-driven fashion. For a set of alias queries from the SPEC2000 benchmarks, an implementation of our analysis is able to accurately answer 96% of the queries in 0.5 milliseconds per query on average, using only 65 KB of memory. Compared to a demand-driven points-to analysis that constructs and intersects points-to sets on the fly, our alias analysis can achieve better accuracy while running more than 30 times faster. The low run-time cost and low memory demands of the analysis make it a very good candidate not only for compilers, but also for interactive tools, such as program understanding tools or integrated development environments (IDEs).
VMAttack: Deobfuscating Virtualization-Based Packed Binaries

We present VMAttack, a deobfuscation tool for virtualization-packed binaries based on automated static and dynamic analysis, which offers a simplified view of the disassembly. VMAttack is implemented as a plug-in for IDA Pro and as such, integrates seamlessly with manual reverse engineering. The complexity of the disassembly view is notably reduced by analyzing the inner working principles of the VM layer of protected binaries. Using static analysis, complex bytecode sequences of the VM are mapped to easy-to-read pseudo-code instructions, based on an intermediate representation specifically designed for stack-based virtual machines. Using dynamic analysis, we identify structural components like the interpreter loop and compress instruction sequences by filtering out semantically redundant instructions of the execution trace. The integrated result, which rates both static and dynamic analysis's results, provides the reverse engineer with a deobfuscated disassembly that tolerates weaknesses of a single analysis technique. VMAttack is currently limited to stack-based virtual machines like VMProtect. We evaluated VMAttack using binaries obfuscated with VMProtect and achieved an average execution trace reduction of 89.86% for the dynamic and 96.67% for the combined static and dynamic analysis.
Assistive technology: Choosing the right tool for the right job

Rehabilitation professionals are often required to make decisions about the benefits of using assistive technology in the workplace. Knowledge of current resources and a systematic process for identifying and selecting AT increase the likelihood of successful consumer outcomes. Increased access to assistive technology has opened employment opportunities for many individuals with disabilities, but barriers to successful accommodation include inappropriate selection of AT and discontinuance of the implemented technology. This article presents a review of relevant literature on the use of workplace AT and describes a model for selecting appropriate assistive technology.
Primary renal artery stenting: characteristics and outcomes after 363 procedures.

BACKGROUND Stenting improves the acute results of percutaneous balloon angioplasty for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. Predictors of benefit and angiographic restenosis are not well understood. We describe the technical and clinical success of renal artery stenting in a large consecutive series of patients with hypertension or renal insufficiency. We identify clinical, procedural, and anatomic factors that might influence outcome, restenosis, and survival. METHODS Primary renal artery stenting was performed in 300 consecutive patients who underwent 363 stent procedures in 358 arteries. Angiograms were analyzed quantitatively. Clinical and angiographic follow-up data are available after a median of 16.0 months. RESULTS At baseline, 87% of patients had hypertension, and 37% had chronic renal insufficiency. The mean age was 70 years (interquartile range 63.1-74.6) years. The stenosis was unilateral in 49% and bilateral in 48% and involved a solitary functioning kidney in 3.6%. The stenting procedure was successful in all attempts. There were no procedural deaths or emergency renal surgical procedures. Postprocedure azotemia was seen in 45 of 363 (12%) procedures but persisted in only 6 patients (2%), all of whom had baseline renal insufficiency. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced (systolic blood pressure from 164.0 +/- 28.7 to 142.4 +/- 19.1 mm Hg, P <.001). At follow-up, 70% of patients had improved blood pressure control regardless of renal function. In patients with baseline renal insufficiency, 19% had improvement in serum creatinine levels at follow-up, 54% had stabilization, and 27% had deterioration. Follow-up mortality was 10% and was predicted by baseline creatinine levels (odds ratio 1.72 for each 1 mg/dL creatinine increment, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.49) and extent of coronary artery disease (odds ratio 1.66 for each diseased coronary artery, 95% confidence interval 1.03-2.67). Angiographic restenosis was found in 21% of 102 patients overall and was less common (12%) in arteries with a reference caliber >4.5 mm (P <.01 vs caliber <4.5 mm). Neither poststenotic dilation nor severity of angiographic stenosis predicted clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS Primary renal artery stenting can be performed safely with nearly uniform technical success. The majority of patients with hypertension or renal insufficiency derive benefit. Follow-up mortality is 5-fold higher in patients with baseline renal insufficiency. Clinical and angiographic features did not predict blood pressure or renal functional outcome. Restenosis is more common in renal arteries with a reference caliber less than 4.5 mm.
On Sensorless Induction Motor Drives: Sliding-Mode Observer and Output Feedback Controller

In this paper, a sensorless output feedback controller is designed in order to drive the induction motor (IM) without the use of flux and speed sensors. First, a new sliding-mode observer that uses only the measured stator currents is synthesized to estimate the speed, flux, and load torque. Second, a current-based field-oriented sliding-mode control is developed so as to steer the estimated speed and flux magnitude to the desired references. A stability analysis based on the Lyapunov theory is also presented in order to guarantee the closed-loop stability of the proposed observer-control system. Two experimental results for a 1.5-kW IM are presented and analyzed by taking into account the unobservability phenomena of the sensorless IM.
AIS Electronic

Organizational investments in complex information systems (CIS) have reached a record high. However, the underutilization of these expensive CIS prevents organizations from achieving the advertised return on investment. This study attempts to address this issue from the perspective of extended use and emergent use. Extended use concerns using more of the technology features, while emergent use concerns applying the technology in a novel manner to support task performance. To study uses that surpass routine use, a special focus is placed on the motivational factor that drives these behaviors. Drawing upon the insights from information system (IS) infusion, the IS continuance model, and the symbolic adoption theory, this paper proposes a research model for understanding extended and emergent use in mandatory organizational contexts. The model was examined in two large manufacturing firms that had implemented CIS for at least two years. The results suggest that perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and symbolic adoption influence extended use, and that perceived usefulness, symbolic adoption, and extended use affect emergent use. More importantly, the concept of symbolic adoption offers a theoretical explanation for extended and emergent use from the motivational point of view. Implications for theory and practice are also discussed.
Multilevel Cortical Processing of Somatosensory Novelty: A Magnetoencephalography Study

Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), this study investigates the spatio-temporal dynamics of the multilevel cortical processing of somatosensory change detection. Neuromagnetic signals of 16 healthy adult subjects (7 females and 9 males, mean age 29 ± 3 years) were recorded using whole-scalp-covering MEG while they underwent an oddball paradigm based on simple standard (right index fingertip tactile stimulation) and deviant (simultaneous right index fingertip and middle phalanx tactile stimulation) stimuli gathered into sequences to create and then deviate from stimulus patterns at multiple (local vs. global) levels of complexity. Five healthy adult subjects (3 females and 2 males, mean age 31, 6 ± 2 years) also underwent a similar oddball paradigm in which standard and deviant stimuli were flipped. Local deviations led to a somatosensory mismatch response peaking at 55–130 ms post-stimulus onset with a cortical generator located at the contralateral secondary somatosensory (cSII) cortex. The mismatch response was independent of the deviant stimuli physical characteristics. Global deviants led to a P300 response with cortical sources located bilaterally at temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) and supplementary motor area (SMA). The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the SMA were found to generate a contingent magnetic variation (CMV) attributed to top-down expectations. Amplitude of mismatch responses were modulated by top-down expectations and correlated with both the magnitude of the CMV and the P300 amplitude at the right TPJ. These results provide novel empirical evidence for a unified sensory novelty detection system in the human brain by linking detection of salient sensory stimuli in personal and extra-personal spaces to a common framework of multilevel cortical processing.
A Preliminary Assessment of Dispersion Level of SO2 in Fars Industrial Region, South of Iran, by GIS

The city of Zarghan is located 25 km northeast of Shiraz, southern Iran. Zarghan is affected by numerous pollution sources such as oil refinery, an industrial park, and Shiraz-Tehran highway. The numerous contaminating sources around Zarghan can cause serious local air pollution. Sulfur dioxide gas is an important index of air pollution in cities. Therefore, in order to control and manage Zarghan air quality, it is important to monitor sulfur dioxide concentration in the surrounding area. It is also essential to know about the contribution level of other sources of pollution as well as dispersion radius of pollutants in the area. In this study, the concentration of sulfur dioxide was measured by passive sampling at 10 different stations. These values were interpolated in other parts of the city using ArcGIS software. The results of sampling showed that the concentration of the gas was 60 µgm−3 around oil refinery. The level was 19 µgm−3 in region located about 3 km from the oil refinery. It was also demonstrated that the gas concentration was not higher than the standard limit within residential area. On the other hand, the role of the local highway and industrial park was not significant in contaminating air in urban areas.
Interventions That Affect Gender Bias in Hiring: A Systematic Review

Purpose To systematically review experimental evidence for interventions mitigating gender bias in employment. Unconscious endorsement of gender stereotypes can undermine academic medicine's commitment to gender equity. Method The authors performed electronic and hand searches for randomized controlled studies since 1973 of interventions that affect gender differences in evaluation of job applicants. Twenty-seven studies met all inclusion criteria. Interventions fell into three categories: application information, applicant features, and rating conditions. Results The studies identified gender bias as the difference in ratings or perceptions of men and women with identical qualifications. Studies reaffirmed negative bias against women being evaluated for positions traditionally or predominantly held by men (male sex-typed jobs). The assessments of male and female raters rarely differed. Interventions that provided raters with clear evidence of job-relevant competencies were effective. However, clearly competent women were rated lower than equivalent men for male sex-typed jobs unless evidence of communal qualities was also provided. A commitment to the value of credentials before review of applicants and women's presence at above 25% of the applicant pool eliminated bias against women. Two studies found unconscious resistance to “antibias” training, which could be overcome with distraction or an intervening task. Explicit employment equity policies and an attractive appearance benefited men more than women, whereas repeated employment gaps were more detrimental to men. Masculine-scented perfume favored the hiring of both sexes. Negative bias occurred against women who expressed anger or who were perceived as self-promoting. Conclusions High-level evidence exists for strategies to mitigate gender bias in hiring.
Southern theory and its dynamics for postcolonial education

This paper discusses how the exploration of social texts and historical contexts from the global 'South', as put forward in Raewyn Connell's study 'Southern Theory' (2007), can improve the theoretical tools used in postcolonial education analysis. Connell analyses a selection of excellent and compelling social theory texts written by scholars in Africa, India, Iran, Latin America and Australia to show how they challenge and counter the silences, distortions and plain lies of dominant Western social theory. These texts of the global South do not mince words in laying bare the role of the institutions and elites of the West in the destruction, dispossession, and bloodshed involved in creating the world in which we live, and in perpetuating its catastrophes. The texts also reveal intense debates between scholars over their conceptualisations of local, national and global society. My paper argues that this kind of work is of vital importance to postcolonial studies in education. It helps education scholars to uncover the problematic assumptions and distortions of dominant education thought, and understand different ways of seeing. Postcolonial educators could use this to help both students and teacher unlearn many of our taught perceptions of the world, whether in the global North or the global South. Developing a countervailing social theory in education would sharpen our questioning of the structures of schooling as they relate to society, and tease out new dimensions of postcolonial leadership for education.
Smoking, depression, and hospital costs of respiratory cancers: Examining race and sex variation

Objective To investigate the effect of smoking and depression on hospital costs for lung cancer (LC). Methods We extracted data on depression, smoking history, demographics, and hospital charges for patients with respiratory cancers (ICD-9 codes 161–163, 165) from the 2008 Tennessee Hospital Discharge Data System. The sample (n=6665) was mostly white (86%) and male (57%). Age-adjusted rates were developed in accordance with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention methods, and hospital costs were compared for patients with LC with versus without depression and a smoking history. Results Three findings (P<0.001) emerged: (1) the LC rate was higher among blacks than among whites, and higher among men than among women; (2) while 66% of LC patients smoked (more men than women without racial variation), 24% had depression (more females and whites were depressed); (3) the LC hospital cost was 54% higher than the non-LC hospital cost, and this cost doubled for patients with LC with depression and smoking versus those without such characteristics. Conclusion While LC is more prevalent among blacks and men, depression is higher among female and white patients. Since depression with higher costs existed among LC patients, our findings point to (1) the possibility of cost savings by diagnosing and treating depression among LC patients, and (2) implementation of proven smoking cessation programs to reduce LC morbidity and hospital costs.
Genomic and computational approaches to dissect the mechanisms of STAT3’s universal and cell type-specific functions

STAT3 is the quintessential pleiotropic transcription factor with many biological roles throughout development as well as in multiple adult tissues. Its functional heterogeneity is encoded in the range of genome-wide binding patterns that specify different regulatory networks in distinct cell types. However, STAT3 does not display remarkable DNA binding preferences that may help correlate specific motifs with individual biological functions or cell types. Therefore, achieving a detailed understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that endow STAT3 (or any other pleiotropic transcription factor) with such a rainbow of functions is not only a central problem in biology but also a fiendishly difficult one. Here we describe key genomic and computational approaches that have shed light into this question, and present the two current models of STAT3 binding (universal and cell type-specific). We also discuss the role that the local epigenetic environment plays in the selection of STAT3 binding sites.
Spinal Cord Vascularity

The arrangement of extravertebral sources of spinal cord arteries in the rat is similar to that in man. Some differences, however, do exist, concerning mainly the arrangement of spinal branches supplied by the subclavian-vertebral arteries. Contrary to the situation in man, the vertebral artery in the rat appears to be the sole source of blood supply to the cervical cord. A high incidence of variations or anomalies of the vertebral artery in the rat existed. Vascular variations in the upper left thoracic spaces were frequent in the rat and more complicated than in man. In both species, a poor supply of significant spinal cord feeders from the superior intercostal artery of the costocervical trunk was found. Variations in the origin and branching of the aortic segmental arteries occur in both species. In man the major variation consists of two or more intercostal arteries arising from a common stem, while the rat more often displays a rudimentary subcostal artery. Finally, the ileolumbar arteries in the rat are constant branches of the lumbar aorta. Despite these differences in the vascular anatomy, the rat seems to be well suited for experimental comparative investigations, not feasible in man.
Resilience and mental health in parents of children surviving Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

Our main findings in the present study are that parents of children surviving leukaemia have in general an average level of resilience. Regarding mental health, fathers show more mental health symptoms. Fathers struggle with depression and anxiety, while mothers show no such symptoms. Despite showing symptoms for depression and anxiety, fathers are still capable of being structured and having social competence in the daily life. The same goes for mothers who manage future planning well. As a result, the first hypothesis which stated that parents of ALL children had weaker resilience, as well as the second hypothesis about the relationship between high resilience and good mental health can be rejected. The course of childhood cancer is not predictable for either children or parents. Some children respond rapidly to treatment, and have a relatively smooth course, while others go through a tough time and experience more difficulties. Parents’ physical and mental health also fluctuates during the active cancer period. The child and the parents affect each other by their adaption and coping style. Besides researchers and health care professionals, other parents and family members in the same situation, will also gain from new knowledge about protective factors and other factors that might lead to or strengthening ones’ resiliency and mental.
Animal Thoughts on Factory Farms: Michael Leahy, Language and Awareness of Death

The idea that language is necessary for thought and emotion is a dominant one in philosophy. Animals have taken the brunt of this idea, since it is widely held that language is exclusively human. Michael Leahy (1991) makes a case against the moral standing of factory-farmed animals based on such ideas. His approach is Wittgensteinian: understanding is a thought process that requires language, which animals do not possess. But he goes further than this and argues that certain factory farming methods do not cause certain sufferings to the animals used, since animals lack full awareness of their circumstances. In particular he argues that animals do not experience certain sufferings at the slaughterhouse since, lacking language, they are unaware of their fate (1991). Through an analysis of Leahy’s claims this paper aims to explore and challenge both the idea that thought and emotion require language and that only humans possess language.
Comment on d Testing earthquake prediction methods : b The West Pacific short-term forecast of earthquakes with magnitude MwHRV z 5 . 8 QT by V . G .

In his paper Kossobokov investigates the efficiency of our short-term forecast for two western Pacific regions. Although we agree with the basic results of his evaluation that the forecast statistics is much better than a random guess, we have reservations about his definition of earthquake prediction, some of his tests, and his interpretation of the test results. We distinguish between deterministic earthquake predictions and statistical forecasts. We argue that some techniques used by Kossobokov may not be appropriate for testing our forecasts and discuss other testing methods, based on the likelihood function. We demonstrate that Kossobokov’s null hypothesis may be biased, and this bias can influence some of his conclusions. We show that contrary to Kossobokov’s statement, our algorithm predicts mainshocks when they are preceded by foreshocks. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Electroencephalographic Study of Insufficiency of the Basilar and Carotid Arteries in Man

CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS concerning syndromes due to occlusion of the internal carotid and basilar arteries1 have led to the hypothesis that recurrent symptoms were due to hemodynamic crises resulting in failure of the cerebral collateral circulation in a compromised vascular territory, rather than due to a varying degree of “vasospasm” of the affected artery. In these clinical studies, falls in systolic blood pressure were found to be a frequent cause of failure or impairment of the collateral supply. At necropsy there is frequently a large discrepancy between the severity of the clinical signs and the relative smallness and patchy distribution of infar~t ion. ~,~ We, therefore, introduced a physiologic concept of widespread reversible ischemia associated with the hemodynamic crises of these states, determined by the variable efficiency of the extensive anastomoses of the circle of Willis.lc Arteriography in patients with occlusion of the major cerebral vessels and anatomic studies at necropsy have demonstrated the frequency of small arterial anastomoses providing the basis for additional adjustments in the collateral circulation beyond those provided by the circle of W i l l i ~ . ’ ~ ~ ~ ~ In experimental studies in monkeys4 we have been able to demonstrate slow, independent adjustments of cortical vessels to stress on their capacity as collaterals and the crucial role of systolic blood pressure in this phenomenon, It was, therefore, to be anticipated that localized ischemia might be pro-