Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Body a ‘Double-Edged Sword’? A Qualitative Study on Swedish Female Prisoners' Relationship toward Their Bodies

Our aim was to explore female prisoners' relationship toward their bodies by means of qualitative interviews. We interviewed 14 female prisoners aged 22–53 years. Four were convicted for violent crimes, seven for drug crimes, and three for more than one crime. All of them had been addicted to drugs and the most frequently used drug was amphetamine. To analyse the participants' relationship toward their bodies we used a thematic analysis. The main result encompasses three phenomena: worries about weight, negative emotions toward the body, and negative thoughts about the body. Analyses revealed that the female prisoners' relationship toward their bodies is a changeable process. Our analyses also showed that experience of physical and sexual abuse was a very important factor for understanding these women's relationship toward their bodies.
The Right to Counsel in Juvenile Court: The Conundrum of Attorneys as an Aggravating Factor at Disposition

In re Gault provided procedural safeguards in juvenile courts, including the right to counsel. Decades later, judges continue to resist appointing lawyers. And, when they do appoint counsel, lawyers appear to be an aggravating factor when judges sentence youths. In 1995, Minnesota enacted law reforms, including mandatory appointment of counsel. As a cost‐saving strategy, the law also converted most misdemeanors into status offenses and restricted judges’ sentencing authority in order to deny juveniles a right to counsel. This study compares how juvenile courts processed 30,270 youths in 1994—the year before the changes—with how they processed 39,369 youths in 1999 after the amendments. We assess changes in appointment of counsel and their impact on sentencing practices. We report inconsistent judicial compliance with the mandate to appoint counsel and a positive decrease in the number of youths removed from home.
Crucial Role of the HIGH-loop Lysine for the Catalytic Activity of Arginyl-tRNA Synthetase*

The presence of two short signature sequence motifs (His-Ile-Gly-His (HIGH) and Lys-Met-Ser-Lys (KMSK)) is a characteristic of the class I aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. These motifs constitute a portion of the catalytic site in three dimensions and play an important role in catalysis. In particular, the second lysine of the KMSK motif (K2) is the crucial catalytic residue for stabilization of the transition state of the amino acid activation reaction (aminoacyl-adenylate formation). Arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) is unique among all of the class I enyzmes, as the majority of ArgRS species lack canonical KMSK sequences. Thus, the mechanism by which this group of ArgRSs achieves the catalytic reaction is not well understood. Using three-dimensional modeling in combination with sequence analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we found a conserved lysine in the KMSK-lacking ArgRSs upstream of the HIGH sequence motif, which is likely to be a functional counterpart of the canonical class I K2 lysine. The results suggest a plausible partition of the ArgRSs into two major groups, on the basis of the conservation of the HIGH lysine.
The Impact of the Desegregation Process on the Education of Black Students: Key Variables.

Few, if any, events in this century have rivaled the impact of the 1954 Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education. ' The decision evoked the passions, stirred the souls, and engaged the intellect of millions of Americans as they grappled with this singular legal decree. The plethora of books, articles, monographs, and commentaries written on this subject abound. Yet, after three decades of Brown, the academic community has not produced coherent analyses and well-conceptualized theories on the subject. Even more critically needed are analyses which assess the effect of desegregation on black pupil achievement and on life outcome chances for black children. To date, too few serious comprehensive theoretical analyses of Brown have been undertaken. Unfortunately, the literature on this topic may be characterized as either abstracted empiricism lacking in theory or polemic lacking in both empiric and theoretic foundation. Clearly, what is needed is an attempt, however provisional, to synthesize the empirical with the theoretical. This paper is one such attempt to offer a degree of clarity. More accurately, it is an attempt to identify those variables that might be useful in clarifying and analyzing those issues involved in desegregation. The effectiveness of desegregation appears mostly to be taken for granted. To do so, however, may produce what is known in medicine as iatrogensis, whereby the prescriptions or schedule of
Protective effect of rutin on hexachlorobutadiene-induced nephrotoxicity

Abstract Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) is a potent nephrotoxin which nowadays contaminates human foods and water. On the other hands, it has been reported that rutin is a chemopreventive flavonoid which exerts some protective effects on the kidney. Therefore, in this work, the possible effect of rutin on HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated in female rats. The animals were divided into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with vehicle and HCBD (100 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. Groups 3–5 were pretreated with rutin (100, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 h before HCBD injection. The level of serum urea and creatinine as well as urinary glucose and protein were measured. Total thiol content and lipid peroxidation level were also determined in the kidney homogenate. When compared to control group, a significant increase in the level of serum creatinine and urea (p < 0.001) as well as urine glucose and protein (p < 0.001) were observed after 24 h of HCBD administration. HCBD also caused a significant decrease in total thiol content (p < 0.001) and a significant increase in lipid peroxidation level (p < 0.001). Pretreatment with rutin could decrease serum creatinine (p < 0.001) and urea (p < 0.001) as well as urine protein (p < 0.001) concentrations when compared with HCBD treated rats. No significant modification on urine glucose was seen (p > 0.05). Rutin also reversed the HCBD-induced depletion in thiol content (p < 0.001) and elevation in lipid peroxidation (p < 0.001) in the kidney. The results of present study showed that rutin clearly attenuated HCBD-induced nephrotoxicity and has the potential to be considered as a nephroprotective agent.
Impact of the terminal Cretaceous event on plant–insect associations

Evidence for a major extinction of insect herbivores is provided by presence–absence data for 51 plant–insect associations on 13,441 fossil plant specimens, spanning the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in southwestern North Dakota. The most specialized associations, which were diverse and abundant during the latest Cretaceous, almost disappeared at the boundary and failed to recover in younger strata even while generalized associations regained their Cretaceous abundances. These results are consistent with a sudden ecological perturbation that precipitated a diversity bottleneck for insects and plants.
The adult heritage Spanish speaker in the foreign language classroom: a phenomenography

For heritage speakers, the Spanish classroom is not the first point of contact with their native language. Though such learners would benefit from an educational philosophy that affirms the heritage language as a springboard for learning and increased self‐awareness, there has been little support for non‐dominant language research in the USA. This inattention breeds negative consequences not only for heritage speakers themselves, but also for national economic concerns as well. This study takes a phenomenographic approach to reveal the experiences of adult heritage Spanish speakers in programs designed for monolingual English speakers. The data gleaned from this research sheds light on the educational, social, and individual challenges faced by the adult heritage speaker in their quest to improve literacy skills in their native language.
Comparison of statistically derived ASAS improvement criteria for ankylosing spondylitis with clinically relevant improvement according to an expert panel

Objective: To investigate whether the recently developed (statistically derived) “ASsessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis Working Group” improvement criteria (ASAS-IC) for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) reflect clinically relevant improvement according to the opinion of an expert panel. Methods: The ASAS-IC consist of four domains: physical function, spinal pain, patient global assessment, and inflammation. Scores on these four domains of 55 patients with AS, who had participated in a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug efficacy trial, were presented to an international expert panel (consisting of patients with AS and members of the ASAS Working Group) in a three round Delphi exercise. The number of (non-)responders according to the ASAS-IC was compared with the final consensus of the experts. The most important domains in the opinion of the experts were identified, and also selected with discriminant analysis. A number of provisional criteria sets that best represented the consensus of the experts were defined. Using other datasets, these clinically derived criteria sets as well as the statistically derived ASAS-IC were then tested for discriminative properties and for agreement with the end of trial efficacy by patient and doctor. Results: Forty experts completed the three Delphi rounds. The experts considered twice as many patients to be responders than the ASAS-IC (42 v 21). Overall agreement between experts and ASAS-IC was 62%. Spinal pain was considered the most important domain by most experts and was also selected as such by discriminant analysis. Provisional criteria sets with an agreement of ⩾80% compared with the consensus of the experts showed high placebo response rates (27–42%), in contrast with the ASAS-IC with a predefined placebo response rate of 25%. All criteria sets and the ASAS-IC discriminated well between active and placebo treatment (χ2=36–45; p<0.001). Compared with the end of trial efficacy assessment, the provisional criteria sets showed an agreement of 71–82%, sensitivity of 67–83%, and specificity of 81–88%. The ASAS-IC showed an agreement of 70%, sensitivity of 62%, and specificity of 89%. Conclusion: The ASAS-IC are strict in defining response, are highly specific, and consequently show lower sensitivity than the clinically derived criteria sets. However, those patients who are considered as responders by applying the ASAS-IC are acknowledged as such by the expert panel as well as by patients’ and doctors’ judgments, and are therefore likely to be true responders.
Mundane whistleblowing: Social drama in assessment talk

Based on recordings of naturalistic interaction, this study explores how a case of mundane whistleblowing unfolds in real time. In the analyzed recordings, a teacher instructs five students to engage in self- and peer-assessment. A few minutes into the session, one of the students indirectly accuses his peers of staging a cover-up. This whistleblowing action is analyzed in detail, but the main analytical focus is on the conversational strategies employed in response to it. These strategies — for example, emotional displays, the undermining of credibility, fabricated accusatory detailing, covert silencing, puzzle work, and threats — were used both to repair the potential damage of the whistleblowing and to punish the whistleblower. More overt and hostile strategies were used after the formal assessment was over and the teacher had left the students to themselves. Students’ participation in the studied type of activities can be seen to develop their capacity to transform social relationships, to broaden their notions of peer loyalty, and to enhance their sense of social structure.
Word Position and Grammatical Function in Relation to Preschoolers' Speech Disfluency

Spontaneous speech samples were tape-recorded from 10 4-yr. -old nonstutterers in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation. The samples were analyzed to determine whether the children tended to be disfluent on initial words of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions. The tendency for beginning stutterers to stutter on such words is considered part of the symptomatology of Phase I, or beginning, stuttering. The children in this study demonstrated a statistically significant tendency in both situations to be disfluent on these words. Thus, the tendency to produce speech interruptions at the beginning of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions appears to be a characteristic of young children's speech production rather than an aspect of the symptomatology of beginning stuttering.
Efficiency of Indian Manufacturing Firms: Textile Industry as a Case Study

A sorting conveyor apparatus of the present invention is structured such that when objects to be conveyed are respectively positioned in outlet sides of upstream sorting conveyors under a condition that the objects are positioned on each of downstream sorting conveyors, driving of the upstream sorting conveyors is stopped, such that when the objects are carried out from outlet sides of the downstream sorting conveyors, the driving of the upstream sorting conveyors are respectively restarted, such that when the objects are respectively positioned in the outlet side of each of the downstream sorting conveyors, the driving of each of the downstream sorting conveyors is stopped, and such that the driving of all the downstream sorting conveyors is synchronously restarted under a predetermined carry out condition.
Should the GRE Be Used as an Admissions Requirement by Schools of Social Work

The Graduate Record Examination developed and administered by the Educational Testing Service is purported to be a valid predictor of academic success in graduate school. A large number of graduate school sof social work require applicants to submit their GRE scores as a part of the admissions process, and such scores are often a major factor in deciding to admit prospective students. In a test of the validitiy of the GRE, we adminsitered a reading comprehension subtest of the examination to 78 first year M.S.W. students, having first blanked out the relevant paragraphs of text, and asked the students to select the 'best' of the five available multiple choice answers for each question. Although chance would suggest that the average score for these students should be about 20% correct (one out of five), in actually our students achieved an average score 36% correct. These results suggest that at least one subtest of the GRE (reading comprehension) is not a valid method of assessmnet and call into question .
Group Efficacy And Group Effectiveness

Group efficacy is an emerging construct that has great potential for small group performance. Several studies have linked group efficacy to increased productivity. However, few studies have examined the relationship between group efficacy and other group variables that contribute to long-term group productivity. This study addresses the relationship between group efficacy and other group variables. Specifically, it examines the relationships between group efficacy and group viability, personal learning and development, satisfaction with leadership opportunities, and the ability to work independently within the group. Results suggest that group efficacy has a beneficial effect on group dynamics and overall group effectiveness. Groups with higher levels of group efficacy rated higher on group viability, learning and self-development while within the group, and opportunities for individual autonomy. Group efficacy was not found to have an impact on satisfaction with leadership opportunities. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are addressed.
Large Number Discrimination in Newborn Fish

Quantitative abilities have been reported in a wide range of species, including fish. Recent studies have shown that adult guppies (Poecilia reticulata) can spontaneously select the larger number of conspecifics. In particular the evidence collected in literature suggest the existence of two distinct systems of number representation: a precise system up to 4 units, and an approximate system for larger numbers. Spontaneous numerical abilities, however, seem to be limited to 4 units at birth and it is currently unclear whether or not the large number system is absent during the first days of life. In the present study, we investigated whether newborn guppies can be trained to discriminate between large quantities. Subjects were required to discriminate between groups of dots with a 0.50 ratio (e.g., 7 vs. 14) in order to obtain a food reward. To dissociate the roles of number and continuous quantities that co-vary with numerical information (such as cumulative surface area, space and density), three different experiments were set up: in Exp. 1 number and continuous quantities were simultaneously available. In Exp. 2 we controlled for continuous quantities and only numerical information was available; in Exp. 3 numerical information was made irrelevant and only continuous quantities were available. Subjects successfully solved the tasks in Exp. 1 and 2, providing the first evidence of large number discrimination in newborn fish. No discrimination was found in experiment 3, meaning that number acuity is better than spatial acuity. A comparison with the onset of numerical abilities observed in shoal-choice tests suggests that training procedures can promote the development of numerical abilities in guppies.
Hypermasculinity, Aggression, and Television Violence: An Experiment

This experiment tests the role of hypermasculinity (HM) and trait aggression in predicting aggressive responses following exposure to violent television stimuli. Male college students (N = 93) were exposed to a violent and hypermasculine television program, a violence-only program, or a control program. Results find that some dimensions of HM and preexisting aggression interacted with exposure to the treatment stimuli to predict change in aggression, and that HM can also be treated as a dependent variable that is affected by television exposure.
Ecological effects of selective decontamination on resistant gram-negative bacterial colonization.

RATIONALE Selective digestive tract decontamination (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) eradicate gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from the intestinal and respiratory tract in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, but their effect on antibiotic resistance remains controversial. OBJECTIVES We quantified the effects of SDD and SOD on bacterial ecology in 13 ICUs that participated in a study, in which SDD, SOD, or standard care was used during consecutive periods of 6 months (de Smet AM, Kluytmans JA, Cooper BS, Mascini EM, Benus RF, van der Werf TS, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P, Bogaers-Hofman D, van der Meer NJ, et al. N Engl J Med 2009;360:20-31). METHODS Point prevalence surveys of rectal and respiratory samples were performed once monthly in all ICU patients (receiving or not receiving SOD/SDD). Effects of SDD on rectal, and of SDD/SOD on respiratory tract, carriage of GNB were determined by comparing results from consecutive point prevalence surveys during intervention (6 mo for SDD and 12 mo for SDD/SOD) with consecutive point prevalence data in the pre- and postintervention periods. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS During SDD, average proportions of patients with intestinal colonization with GNB resistant to either ceftazidime, tobramycin, or ciprofloxacin were 5, 7, and 7%, and increased to 15, 13, and 13% postintervention (P < 0.05). During SDD/SOD resistance levels in the respiratory tract were not more than 6% for all three antibiotics but increased gradually (for ceftazidime; P < 0.05 for trend) during intervention and to levels of 10% or more for all three antibiotics postintervention (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SOD and SDD have marked effects on the bacterial ecology in an ICU, with rising ceftazidime resistance prevalence rates in the respiratory tract during intervention and a considerable rebound effect of ceftazidime resistance in the intestinal tract after discontinuation of SDD.
OPTIMAL MULTI-MODES SWITCHING PROBLEM IN INFINITE HORIZON

This paper studies the problem of the deterministic version of the Verification Theorem for the optimal m-states switching in infinite horizon under Markovian framework with arbitrary switching cost functions. The problem is formulated as an extended impulse control problem and solved by means of probabilistic tools such as the Snell envelop of processes and reflected backward stochastic differential equations. A viscosity solution approach is employed to carry out a fine analysis on the associated system of m variational inequalities with inter-connected obstacles. We show that the vector of value functions of the optimal problem is the unique viscosity solution to the system. This problem is in relation with the valuation of firms in a financial market.
Mathematical Talent: Discovery, Description and Development

The highly able are the most "disadvantaged" group in schools, because they are almost always grossly retarded in subject-matter placement. For example, 22 of the [seventh- and eighth-grade] boys tested [in the Baltimore area in 1973] scored higher than the average Johns Hopkins freshman on the Scholastic Aptitude Test's [SAT] mathematics items. Yet many of these brilliant youngsters must sit in seventh- or eighth-grade general mathematics classes all year and pretend to be learning something. The quotation is from chapter 1 of this rather uneven symposium volume, and was written by Julian C. Stanley, professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University and director of the study of mathematical precocity which is the subject of this book. With chapters by several of his associates in the study, and two chapters of more independent commentary, the text adds up to a defense of the quoted proposition, and a certain amount of
Fusion of facial expression and eye-gaze for behavior profiling and decision support

This paper describes a method and system for monitoring and correlating digitized non-verbal data (like emotions and eye-gaze) with other kinds of data for decision support and information personalization. This is illustrated through two applications in this paper. The first one describes detection, monitoring and correlation of emotional state changes for behavior profiling of sales candidates. The second one outlines design of eye gaze tracking system using standard web camera (instead of more expensive infra-red camera) for holiday destination selection. The paper makes unique contributions in terms of modelling as well as correlation of non-verbal data in natural environments for improving digital information quality and decision making in business areas like recruitment and tourism.