Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Under Threat of Social Exclusion, Females Exclude More Than Males

Theoretical analyses and studies with children suggest that females are more likely than males to respond to threats of social exclusion with exclusion. Here we present a series of studies using a modified version of a computerized competitive game that participants play against two fictitious opponents. In previous studies, females and males have typically made identical strategy choices when playing this game. We show that when players are told that the two fictitious opponents may form an exclusionary alliance against them, females modify their competitive strategies by forming more preventive exclusionary alliances than males do. These results support the idea that adult females are more likely than males to form preventive exclusionary alliances when faced with a social threat. The results further suggest that females and males compete in different ways.
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses of Cattle to Purified Mycobacterium bovis Antigens

Cellular responses to several purified antigens oi Mycobacterium bovis were examined in experimentally infected cattle over a period of 36 months, using in vitro cellular proliferation and interferon‐γ assays. These antigens (12, 19, 22a, b. 24, 25.30, 32, 39.65 and 70 kDa) included the majority of M. /lom protein antigens described to date and are highly homologous to those purified from M. tuberculosis. Cellular responses vi'ere examined at 3‐month time intervals during the 36‐month course of infection. All purified antigens induced cellular immune responses in the infected animals. The onset and magnitude of response to individual antigens varied among the animals. At any specific time during the period of infection one or more antigens appeared to be immunodominant but the immunodominance profile changed as the infection progressed. Humoral immune responses were low or absent in the first half of the infection period, but increased substantially for some of the antigens during the second half. Variation was observed among the different animals as to which antigens they recognized.
The answer is blowing in the wind: free-flying honeybees can integrate visual and mechano-sensory inputs for making complex foraging decisions

ABSTRACT Bees navigate in complex environments using visual, olfactory and mechano-sensorial cues. In the lowest region of the atmosphere, the wind environment can be highly unsteady and bees employ fine motor-skills to enhance flight control. Recent work reveals sophisticated multi-modal processing of visual and olfactory channels by the bee brain to enhance foraging efficiency, but it currently remains unclear whether wind-induced mechano-sensory inputs are also integrated with visual information to facilitate decision making. Individual honeybees were trained in a linear flight arena with appetitive–aversive differential conditioning to use a context-setting cue of 3 m s−1 cross-wind direction to enable decisions about either a ‘blue’ or ‘yellow’ star stimulus being the correct alternative. Colour stimuli properties were mapped in bee-specific opponent-colour spaces to validate saliency, and to thus enable rapid reverse learning. Bees were able to integrate mechano-sensory and visual information to facilitate decisions that were significantly different to chance expectation after 35 learning trials. An independent group of bees were trained to find a single rewarding colour that was unrelated to the wind direction. In these trials, wind was not used as a context-setting cue and served only as a potential distracter in identifying the relevant rewarding visual stimuli. Comparison between respective groups shows that bees can learn to integrate visual and mechano-sensory information in a non-elemental fashion, revealing an unsuspected level of sensory processing in honeybees, and adding to the growing body of knowledge on the capacity of insect brains to use multi-modal sensory inputs in mediating foraging behaviour. Summary: In complex environments, free-flying honeybees are able to integrate both visual and wind-induced mechano-sensory cues to make decisions in a way that is suggestive of integrative processing by the brain.
A Teacher’s Formative Assessment Perceptions and Practices in Oral Intermediate English Courses at the Université de Montréal

During the last twenty years, assessment practices for improving student learning (i.e., self-assessment, peer assessment, feedback) in the classroom has been considered as essential (Black & Wiliam, 1998; Harlen & Winter, 2004; van de Watering & van der Rijt, 2006). In the field of second language learning, however, research in this area is quite limited. In order to address this gap, an exploratory research , based on Colby-Kelly and Turner’s (2007) and Lyster and Ranta’s (1997)studies has been conducted . The general objective was to understand how formative assessment is practiced in two Intermediate Oral English courses at the Universite de Montreal and to compare how these practices are perceived and performed by the teacher and the students. Three research questions were pursued: 1. What is the nature of formative assessment in a second language classroom setting? 2. Do the teacher’s assessment practices reflect what she thinks about formative assessment? 3. What are the coincidences and differences between teacher’s perceptions and her students’ perceptions regarding the benefits of formative assessment for learning English? Data collection instruments consist of teacher interview guidelines, students’ questionnaire and classroom observation grids. In order to answer the first question, the feedback given by the teacher during the students’ oral performance has bee analysed using the types of feedback and uptake in Lyster and Ranta’s (1997) report. For the second research question, I interviewed the teacher at the beginning of each session and I elicited her beliefs about classroom-based formative assessment practice. At the end of the session I the teacher’s answers have beeb compared and contrasted with her actual performance, which was videotaped during the course. Finally, regarding the
Clinical features and management of biliary ascariasis in a non-endemic area

Biliary ascariasis is common in certain geographical areas of the world. In India, it is common in the Kashmir valley and only stray cases have been reported from other parts of the country. Between January 1995 and May 1997, 14 patients with biliary ascariasis were seen at our centre, which is more than 1000 km from the Kashmir valley. The mean (± SD) age of the patients was 31.7 (± 6.1) years and all were females. None of them had been to a place known to be endemic for biliary ascariasis. Four patients presented with acute cholangitis, eight with acute abdominal pain and vomiting, and the remaining two were diagnosed incidentally during surgery for gallstone disease. Barring these two patients, ultrasound examination of the abdomen diagnosed the condition accurately. In 10 patients, a part of the worm was visible outside the papilla of Vater. The roundworm was caught in a Dormia basket and could be extracted in nine patients. In one patient the worm migrated inside the bile duct while it was being caught in a Dormia basket. In this and two other patients, in whom the worm had migrated completely inside the bile duct, worms were removed with the help of a Dormia basket after endoscopic sphincterotomy. There were no complications of endoscopic therapy. In the two patients in whom biliary ascariasis was detected during surgery, the worms were removed after choledocholithotomy. On a mean follow-up of 13.8 months, only one patient had a recurrence of biliary ascariasis. It is concluded that biliary ascariasis is not an uncommon disease and must be considered as a possibility in patients presenting with acute cholangitis and biliary pain even in a non-endemic area. Ultrasonography is an excellent diagnostic tool and endoscopic management is very effective and safe in the treatment of these patients.
Generational Differences in Work Values: A Review of Theory and Evidence

This paper presents a critical review of the theoretical basis and empirical evidence for the popular practitioner idea that there are generational differences in work values. The concept of generations has a strong basis in sociological theory, but the academic empirical evidence for generational differences in work values is, at best, mixed. Many studies are unable to find the predicted differences in work values, and those that do often fail to distinguish between ‘generation’ and ‘age’ as possible drivers of such observed differences. In addition, the empirical literature is fraught with methodological limitations through the use of cross-sectional research designs in most studies, confusion about the definition of a generation as opposed to a cohort, and a lack of consideration for differences in national context, gender and ethnicity. Given the multitude of problems inherent in the evidence on generational differences in work values, it is not clear what value the notion of generations has for practitioners, and this may suggest that the concept be ignored. Ultimately, it may not matter to practitioners whether differences in the values of different birth cohorts reflect true generational effects, provided one can reliably demonstrate that these differences do exist. However, at present this is not the case, and therefore significant research is required first to disentangle cohort and generational effects from those caused by age or period. The suggestion that different groups of employees have different values and preferences, based on both age and other factors such as gender, remains a useful idea for managers; but a convincing case for consideration of generation as an additional distinguishing factor has yet to be made.
Poverty and Survival Poverty and Survival Poverty and Survival

The Centre for Market and Public Organisation (CMPO) is a leading research centre, combining expertise in economics, geography and law. Our objective is to study the intersection between the public and private sectors of the economy, and in particular to understand the right way to organise and deliver public services. The Centre aims to develop research, contribute to the public debate and inform policy‐making. CMPO, now an ESRC Research Centre was established in 1998 with two large grants from The Leverhulme Trust. In 2004 we were awarded ESRC Research Centre status. CMPO is now wholly funded by the ESRC. Abstract A recent literature highlights the uncertainty concerning whether economic growth has any causal protective effect on health and survival. But equal rates of growth often deliver unequal rates of poverty reduction and absolute deprivation is more clearly relevant. Using state‐level panel data for India, we contribute the first estimates of the impact of changes in poverty on infant survival. We identify a significant within‐state relationship which persists conditional upon state income, indicating the size of survival gains from redistribution in favour of households below the poverty line. The poverty elasticity declines over time after 1981. It is invariant to controlling for income inequality but diminished upon controlling for education, fertility and state health expenditure, and eliminated once we introduce controls for omitted trends. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Andrew Newell for encouraging me to write this paper.
THE STELLAR OBLIQUITY AND THE LONG-PERIOD PLANET IN THE HAT-P-17 EXOPLANETARY SYSTEM

We present the measured projected obliquity—the sky-projected angle between the stellar spin axis and orbital angular momentum—of the inner planet of the HAT-P-17 multi-planet system. We measure the sky-projected obliquity of the star to be deg by modeling the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect in Keck/HIRES radial velocities (RVs). The anomalous RV time series shows an asymmetry relative to the midtransit time, ordinarily suggesting a nonzero obliquity—but in this case at least part of the asymmetry may be due to the convective blueshift, increasing the uncertainty in the determination of λ. We employ the semi-analytical approach of Hirano et al. that includes the effects of macroturbulence, instrumental broadening, and convective blueshift to accurately model the anomaly in the net RV caused by the planet eclipsing part of the rotating star. Obliquity measurements are an important tool for testing theories of planet formation and migration. To date, the measured obliquities of ∼50 Jovian planets span the full range, from prograde to retrograde, with planets orbiting cool stars preferentially showing alignment of stellar spins and planetary orbits. Our results are consistent with this pattern emerging from tidal interactions in the convective envelopes of cool stars and close-in planets. In addition, our 1.8 yr of new RVs for this system show that the orbit of the outer planet is more poorly constrained than previously thought, with an orbital period now in the range of 10–36 yr.
Converting Dependency Structures to Phrase Structures

Treebanks are of two types according to their annotation schemata: phrase-structure Treebanks such as the English Penn Treebank [8] and dependency Treebanks such as the Czech dependency Treebank [6]. Long before Treebanks were developed and widely used for natural language processing, there had been much discussion of comparison between dependency grammars and context-free phrase-structure grammars [5]. In this paper, we address the relationship between dependency structures and phrase structures from a practical perspective; namely, the exploration of different algorithms that convert dependency structures to phrase structures and the evaluation of their performance against an existing Treebank. This work not only provides ways to convert Treebanks from one type of representation to the other, but also clarifies the differences in representational coverage of the two approaches.
Effect of acceleration and velocity on perceptual force dead-band analysis

Weber's law has been widely used by researchers for perceptual analysis in data reduction algorithms proposed for haptic applications. The law in its basic definition suggests a constant coefficient к or Just Noticeable Difference (JND). This constant is the percentage of actual stimulus around which the human sensory system cannot notice a change. Moreover, research studies have been conducted to modify the rule to be more efficient and appropriate for haptic applications. Among these studies, the effect of the master operator's velocity on the force-JND used in the slave device's transmission method has been previously discussed for constant velocity within the trajectory. The aim of this research is to overcome some of the limitations within existing research on velocity-adaptive JND, and to investigate the effects of the master operator's acceleration on the force-feedback dead-band threshold. Further, user studies were completed, and the results were investigated to clarify the influence of involving dynamic factors to the JND calculation.
The role and trainability of executive function in the context of healthy eating

s screened (n = 51) Records excluded (n = 33) Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n = 16) Full-text articles excluded, with reasons (n = 4)  Used unsuitable behavioural measures (n = 1; Veling, Aarts, and Stroebe (2013a)  Could not obtain data from manuscript or authors (n = 2; Guerrieri, Nederkoorn, and Jansen (2012); and Guerrieri, Nederkoorn, Schrooten, Martijn, and Jansen (2009)  Used interacting intervention techniques (n = 1; Todd and Mullan (2013) Articles included in analysis (n = 12) Studies included in analysis (n = 16 studies, 16 independent group comparisons)
Evaluating the Framingham Hypertension Risk Prediction Model in Young Adults: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study

A prediction model was developed in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) to evaluate the short-term risk of hypertension. Our goal was to determine the predictive ability of the FHS hypertension model in a cohort of young adults advancing into middle age and compare it with the predictive ability of prehypertension and individual components of the FHS model. We studied 4388 participants, aged 18 to 30 years without hypertension at baseline, enrolled in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, who participated in 2 consecutive examinations occurring 5 years apart between the baseline (1985–1986) and year 25 examination (2010–2011). Weibull regression was used to assess the association of the FHS model overall, individual components of the FHS model, and prehypertension with incident hypertension. During the 25-year follow-up period, 1179 participants developed incident hypertension. The FHS hypertension model (c-index=0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–0.85) performed well in discriminating those who did and did not develop hypertension and was better than prehypertension alone (c-index=0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–0.73). The predicted risk from the FHS hypertension model was systematically lower than the observed hypertension incidence initially (&khgr;2=249.4; P<0.001) but demonstrated a good fit after recalibration (&khgr;2=14.6; P=0.067). In summary, the FHS model performed better than prehypertension and may be a useful tool for identifying young adults with a high risk for developing hypertension.
Bounds on the Parameters of Locally Recoverable Codes

A locally recoverable code (LRC code) is a code over a finite alphabet, such that every symbol in the encoding is a function of a small number of other symbols that form a recovering set. In this paper, we derive new finite-length and asymptotic bounds on the parameters of LRC codes. For LRC codes with a single recovering set for every coordinate, we derive an asymptotic Gilbert-Varshamov type bound for LRC codes and find the maximum attainable relative distance of asymptotically good LRC codes. Similar results are established for LRC codes with two disjoint recovering sets for every coordinate. For the case of multiple recovering sets (the availability problem), we derive a lower bound on the parameters using expander graph arguments. Finally, we also derive finite-length upper bounds on the rate and the distance of LRC codes with multiple recovering sets.
The Effect of Extract of Ginkgo Biloba Added to Haloperidol on Superoxide Dismutase in Inpatients With Chronic Schizophrenia

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of the classic antipsychotic haloperidol plus extract of ginkgo biloba (EGb) on treatment-resistant chronic schizophrenia and on blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Eighty-two patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia were studied. Forty-three patients were treated with haloperidol plus extract of ginkgo biloba (group 1), and 39 received haloperidol plus placebo (group 2). SOD levels of these patients were measured before and after treatment and were compared with SOD levels of 30 healthy volunteers. Therapeutic efficiency was equated with a change in clinical rating scores assessed by standardized measurement tools that included the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms and the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) over this period. Patients in group 1 improved significantly as demonstrated by scores from these two assessment instruments; those in group 2 improved significantly only as shown by scores on SANS. SOD levels before treatment in all patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls; after treatment, the SOD level decreased significantly in group 1 but not in group 2. These results suggest that EGb may enhance the efficiency of the classic antipsychotic haloperidol in patients with schizophrenia, especially on their positive symptoms, and that EGb may work through an antioxidant effect that is involved in the therapeutic mechanism in patients with chronic refractory schizophrenia.
Frequencies of GJB2 mutations in German control individuals and patients showing sporadic non‐syndromic hearing impairment

Mutations in the GJB2 gene encoding the gap‐junction protein connexin 26 have been identified in many patients with childhood hearing impairment (HI). One single mutation, 35delG (30delG), accounts for up to 70% of all analyzed European patients with autosomal recessive inherited HI and 10% of patients with HI of unknown origin, respectively. We screened 188 control individuals and 342 German patients with non‐syndromic sporadic HI for the 35delG, compound heterozygosity and other GJB2 mutations by PCR, restriction enzyme based screening, SSCP and sequencing. In all patients, non‐progressive hearing impairment varied from moderate to profound involving all frequencies. This study revealed one novel silent mutation (438C/T), three novel gene variants resulting in amino acid substitutions (K112E, T123S, K223R) and two novel HI‐related mutations (I82M, 313del14). © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Multigroup Analysis of the Psychological Factors that Contribute to Persisting Working Attention Problems in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain

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Extending Statistical Machine Translation with Discriminative and Trigger-Based Lexicon Models

In this work, we propose two extensions of standard word lexicons in statistical machine translation: A discriminative word lexicon that uses sentence-level source information to predict the target words and a trigger-based lexicon model that extends IBM model 1 with a second trigger, allowing for a more fine-grained lexical choice of target words. The models capture dependencies that go beyond the scope of conventional SMT models such as phrase-and language models. We show that the models improve translation quality by 1% in BLEU over a competitive baseline on a large-scale task.