Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Practice with Within-Trials and Inter-Trials Changes of Target Velocity in Improving Movement Correction

In the present study, the influences of two practice methods on movement correction during interceptive action was examined. Fourteen men practiced intercepting a moving virtual target. One group practiced on a target that changed velocity from 4 to 8 m/sec. during the trial (within-trials change group). The other group practiced under Slow and Fast conditions, in which the initial velocity (4 or 8 m/sec.) remained constant (inter-trials change group). After the practice, both groups showed similar decreases in temporal errors in interception of an acceleration target. However, the within-trials change group showed non-corrected movements, whereas the inter-trials change group showed corrective movements. Thus, the practice methods for within-trials and inter-trials change resulted in different corrective strategies to acceleration target.
Testing Reliability and Validity of the Oulu Patient Classification Instrument—The First Step in Evaluating the RAFAELA System in Norway

Objective: To study reliability and validity of the Finnish Oulu Patient Classification instrument in Norway. Background: The Finnish patient classification system RAFAELA consists of three parts: 1) daily patient classification of nursing intensity using the Oulu Patient Classification instrument, 2) calculation of nursing resources providing bed side care per 24 hours, and 3) Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level. The RAFAELA system has not been tested outside of Finland. Methods: A prospective, descriptive study was performed at 5 clinical units at Oslo University Hospital during 2011-2012. The interrater reliability of the Oulu Patient Classification instrument was tested by parallel classification including 100-167 patient classifications pr. unit, and analyzed by consensus in % and using Cohen’s Kappa. Convergent validity was tested by using the average Oulu Patient Classification instrument value to predict the average Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level for the same calendar day by linear regression analysis. Results: The Oulu Patient Classification instrument consensus of parallel classifications varied between 70.1%-89%. Cohen’s Kappa within patient classes varied between 0.57 and 0.81, representing substantial interrater reliability. The Oulu Patient Classification instrument was valid as the instrument in average explained about 38% of the variation of the Professional Assessment of Optimal Nursing Care Intensity Level. Conclusions: Patient classification systems tested for psychometric properties are needed and this study provides evidence of satisfactory reliability and validity of the Oulu Patient Classification instrument as tested outside Finland, demonstrating that this instrument has international relevance within nursing.
Childhood ADHD and Delayed Reinforcement: A Direct Comparison of Performance on Hypothetical and Real-Time Delay Tasks

Objective: Individuals with ADHD have been shown to prefer smaller sooner over larger later rewards. This has been explained in terms of abnormally steeper discounting of the value of delayed reinforcers. Evidence for this comes from different experimental paradigms. In some, participants experience delay in the laboratory (real-time delay tasks; R-TD), in others they imagine the delay to reinforcers (hypothetical delay tasks; HD). Method: We directly contrasted the performance of 7- to 12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 23) and matched controls (n = 23) on R-TD and HD tasks with monetary rewards. Results: Children with ADHD displayed steeper temporal discounting on the R-TD, but not the HD tasks. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the experience of waiting prior to the delivery of rewards is an important determinant of heightened temporal discounting in ADHD—a finding consistent with models that emphasize the aversive nature of delay for children.
Forecasting the Size Effect

It has been known for some time that the returns of small firms often differ from those of large firms, and that asset pricing theories, including the Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory, cannot account for the difference. Small-capitalization stocks have provided higher average returns than large-capitalization stocks, and the out-performance has been strongest in the month of January. Various researchers have sought to explain this size effect as the result of differential transaction costs, liquidity, informational uncertainty and year-end tax-loss selling. Others have suggested that small stocks outperform because they tend to have lower P/E ratios. A multifactor analysis "disentangles" the effect of firm size from related factors that may influence return. These factors include cross-sectional effects, such as firm neglect and low P/E, and calendar effects, such as tax-loss selling. Disentangling provides "pure" returns to size that avoid the confounding associated with proxy effects. For instance, disentangling reveals the January small-firm seasonal to be a mere surrogate for the rebound that follows the abatement of tax-loss selling. An analysis of pure returns reveals that the size effect is buffeted by economic forces. There are times when small stocks outperform the market, and other times when they lag. But while the payoffs to the size effect are not at all regular to the naked eye, they are predictable in a broader empirical framework that incorporates macroeconomic drivers such as interest rates and industrial production. An examination of various forecasting models, including univariate and multivariate time-series techniques, indicates that one that imposes a Bayesian random-walk prior belief on the coefficients of a vector autoregressive model provides the best results.
Firm‐Specific Seniority and Wages

This article studies the relationship between seniority and wages. Micro data with more than one observation from each firm are utilized to single out the seniority effect on wages arising within firms from the total seniority wage effect. The results show that the seniority effect arises within firms, but do not support the human capital explanation of the seniority wage profile. Employees with high levels of firm‐specific on‐the‐job training requirements have less steep wage profiles. The results give some support to the theory of delayed compensation as piece rate workers have negligible returns to seniority.
How to increase the effectiveness of agri-environmental subsidy schemes through knowledge of farmer perceptions-a choice experiment on pesticide free buffer zones

Danish farmers have been far less interested in agri-environmental subsidy schemes than anticipated. We use choice experiments to estimate 486 Danish farmers’ preferences for a number of policy relevant scheme-characteristics. Subsidy schemes for pesticide free buffer zones along hedgerows are used as a case and analysed using a random parameter logit framework. By quantifying farmers’ preferences in monetary values, we are able to assess the relative importance of individual scheme-characteristics. Farmer’s assessments of the administrative burden are captured by estimating how they value free-of-charge assistance for the application procedure. To our knowledge, this measure of administrative burden has not been tested before. Our results indicate that payment size was perceived to be the most important scheme characteristic narrowly followed by flexible contract terms (an option to cancel the contract and contract length) and still of significant importance but less so are practical management restrictions (choice of buffer zone width, using fertilizer, and reduced administrative burden).
Tourism and Poverty

1. Introduction 2. Poverty and Tourism Unpacked 3. Tourism Entrenches Poverty 4. Poverty Attracts Tourists 5. Tourism Reduces Poverty: Tourism Industry Approaches 6. Tourism Reduces Poverty: Government Approaches 7. Tourism Reduces Poverty: Development Agency Approaches 8. Conclusion
Electoral Vulnerability, Constituency Focus, and Parliamentary Questions in the House of Commons

This article: Demonstrates that use of written parliamentary questions by British MPs is influenced by electoral context. Shows that as the margin of victory in prior election decreases, members ask more questions. Indicates that the margin of victory does not affect proportion of questions that focus on constituency issues. Concludes that electorally vulnerable members use questions to signal effort, rather than attention to constituency issues. An emerging literature suggests that British MPs use legislative tools such as private member bills and early day motions to develop reputations with constituents, notwithstanding the common belief that individual legislative behaviour has little effect on electoral outcomes in Britain. This study demonstrates that British MPs also use parliamentary questions to respond to electoral vulnerability. Using data on written parliamentary questions asked between 1997 and 2010, it examines two possible consequences of electoral vulnerability: increased question frequency and greater focus on constituency issues in questions. It demonstrates that members ask more written parliamentary questions on average when their margin of victory decreases. In contrast, there is no meaningful evidence that MP focus on constituency issues increases with electoral marginality. These findings suggest that members use questions to signal effort to their constituents rather than attention to constituency issues.
MAC1, a nuclear regulatory protein related to Cu‐dependent transcription factors is involved in Cu/Fe utilization and stress resistance in yeast.

The related transcription factors ACE1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and AMT1 of Candida glabrata are involved in copper metabolism by activating the transcription of copper metallothionein genes. ACE1 and AMT1 are ‘copper‐fist’ transcription factors which possess a conserved cysteine‐rich copper binding domain required for DNA binding. Here we report the identification of a nuclear protein from S. cerevisiae, MAC1, whose N‐terminal region is highly similar to the copper and DNA binding domains of ACE1 and AMT1. Loss‐of‐function mutants of MAC1 have a defect in the plasma membrane Cu(II) and Fe(III) reductase activity, are slow growing, respiratory deficient, and hypersensitive to heat and exposure to cadmium, zinc, lead and H2O2. Conversely, a dominant gain‐of‐function mutant of MAC1 shows an elevated reductase activity and is hypersensitive to copper. We have identified two target genes of MAC1 whose altered expression in mutants of MAC1 can account for some of the observed mutant phenotypes. First, MAC1 is involved in basal level transcription of FRE1, encoding a plasma membrane component associated with both Cu(II) and Fe(III) reduction. Second, MAC1 is involved in the H2O2‐induced transcription of CTT1, encoding the cytosolic catalase. This suggests that MAC1 may encode a novel metal‐fist transcription factor required for both basal and regulated transcription of genes involved in Cu/Fe utilization and the stress response.
The Role of Market Discipline in Handling Problem Banks

This paper considers the conditions that are necessary for market discipline to complement prompt corrective action (PCA) by the authorities in handling problem banks. We initially consider precisely what market discipline means in this context, who exercises it and the preconditions that are necessary for it to operate effectively. We explore the incentives that are necessary for PCA and market discipline to reinforce rather than cancel each other and in particular consider the limits to market discipline in this context from corporate governance and from difficulties in valuation. While our analysis is primarily aimed at advanced countries, we also examine problems in emerging markets and how deposit insurance arrangements might conflict with the aims of both PCA and market discipline.
The Impact of Weather on German Retail Investors

We explore the impact of weather on trading by individual investors. Over a time span of 94 months, we analyze daily trading records of individual investors. Controlling for various investor- and market-specific factors, we find a two-fold effect of weather. We first observe that investor sentiment, as measured by purchases relative to sales, is significantly higher on days with good weather. In addition, we find that retail investors generally trade more on bad weather days. This result is consistent with the notion that retail investors incur an opportunity cost for spending time trading on days with good weather.
Improving Transparency in the Financial Sector

The financial crisis in late 2008 and its aftershocks demonstrated the need for a serious reform of the U.S. financial regulatory system. This article examines the role of e-government in improving the transparency and accountability of the regulatory system. It emphasizes eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), an information standard that can improve financial transparency by making reported financial activity information machine-readable and comparable. The article draws from e-government studies, collaborative public management literature, and management information systems (MIS) literature to develop a strategic model of e-government XBRL implementation. The proposed model consists of an overarching leadership and governance strategy with three interrelated areas of activity: stakeholder relationship management, phase-in implementation, and value articulation and clarification. The implementation process and success factors articulated in the model are illustrated by the SEC's effort to implement XBRL. The conclusion presents policy and management lessons for better e-government implementation of XBRL and for improving transparency in regulatory systems.
Decreased inflammation and improved survival with recombinant human activated protein C treatment in experimental acute pancreatitis.

HYPOTHESIS Drotrecogin alfa (activated), the pharmacologic form of activated protein C and the first Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for treatment of severe sepsis, is beneficial in experimental acute pancreatitis (AP). DESIGN Animal study. SETTING Laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Sprague-Dawley rats. INTERVENTIONS Mild (intravenous cerulein) or severe (intravenous cerulein plus intraductal glycodeoxycholic acid) AP was induced in 72 rats, and coagulation evaluated. Rats with severe AP were randomized to treatment with drotrecogin alfa (activated), 100 microg/kg per hour, or isotonic sodium chloride. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Histologic scoring of pancreatic necrosis, inflammation of the pancreas and lung (measured by myeloperoxidase concentration), coagulation measures, and 24-hour survival. RESULTS Severe consumptive coagulopathy, hemoconcentration, and leukocytosis were observed 6 hours after induction of severe AP, but not in mild AP. Treatment of AP with drotrecogin did not worsen coagulation measures. Although the degree of pancreatic necrosis was comparable in treated and untreated animals with severe AP, drotrecogin significantly reduced myeloperoxidase levels in the pancreas (P = .009) and lungs (P = .03). The 24-hour survival in severe AP was markedly improved in animals treated with drotrecogin (86% vs 38%; P = .05). CONCLUSIONS Animals with severe AP have severe consumptive coagulopathy, but administration of drotrecogin alfa (activated), 100 microg/kg per hour, does not worsen coagulation abnormalities. Drotrecogin treatment reduces inflammation in the pancreas and lungs and significantly improves survival. These results encourage clinical investigation of drotrecogin in the treatment of severe AP.
An Innovation-Driven Culture in Local Government

This article analyzes how senior managers’ transformational leadership and the climate for creativity associate with employees’ perceptions regarding a culture of innovation in the context of public management reform in local government. Based on a survey of 1,576 employees in the Seoul Metropolitan Government, this study finds that the degree to which an employee perceives senior managers’ transformational leadership is positively related to the degree to which the employee perceives a culture of innovation. The findings of the study also indicate that the climate for creativity—through enhancing the recognition of employee creativity, the flexibility to change, and resources for innovation—is significantly associated with employees’ perceptions of a culture of innovation. Finally, the study finds that there is a variance in the degree to which the employee perceives a culture of innovation among agencies, and supervisors’ transactional leadership still matters in fostering a culture of innovation in local government.
Increased Earnings Inequality and Macroeconomic Performance: the case of Canada in the 1980s

This paper provides an empirical analysis of the increase in earnings inequality and the relationship to macroeconomic conditions, in Canada, during the 1980s. Regression results presented here indicate that a positive and uniform relationship between the unemployment rate and earnings inequality existed through the period 1981 to 1989. These results contrast with recent findings that the unemployment-inequality relationship weakened in the late 1980s in other liberal economies, such as the US and UK. The main policy implication is that stimulative macroeconomic policy remains a relevant policy instrument in Canada and, more generally, that institutions, such as the degree of unionization, and policies, such as minimum wages, may partially explain differences in the pattern of inequality among countries.
It Takes Two to Tango: Entrepreneurship and Creativity in Troubled Times — Vietnam 2012

Strikingly, most literature suggests that market competition will push firms to take creativity/innovation seriously as matter of death or survival. Using the data, we examined creativity methods (Napier and Nilsson, 2008; Napier, 2010) in conjunction with three influential cultural values – namely risk tolerance, relationship, and dependence on resources – to assess how they influence decisions of entrepreneurs.The primary objective of this study focuses on perceived values of entrepreneurship and creativity in business conducted within a turbulent environment. Our initial hypothesis is that a typical entrepreneurial process carries with it “creativity-enabling elements. ” In a normal situation, when businesses focus more on optimizing their resources for commercial gains, perceptions about values of entrepreneurial creativity are usually vague. However, in difficult times and harsh competition, the difference between survival and failure may be creativity. This paper also examines many previous findings on both entrepreneurship and creativity and suggests a highly possible “organic growth” of creativity in an entrepreneurial environment and reinforcing value of entrepreneurship when creativity power is present. In other words, we see each idea reinforcing the other. We use data from a survey of sample Vietnamese firms during the chaotic economic year 2012 to learn about the ‘entrepreneurshipcreativity nexus. ’ A data set of 137 responses qualified for a statistical examination was obtained from an online survey, which started on February 16 and ended May 24, 2012, sent to local entrepreneurs and corporate managers using social networks. The authors employed categorical data analysis (Agresti, 2002; Azen & Walker, 2011). Statistical analyses confirm that for business operation, the creativity and entrepreneurial spirit could hardly be separate; and, this is not only correct with entrepreneurial firm, but also well established companies. The single most important factor before business startup and during early implementation in Vietnam is what we call “connection/relationship. ” However, businesspeople are increasingly aware of the need of creativity/innovation. In fact, we suggest that creativity and entrepreneurial spirit cannot be separated in entrepreneurial firms as well as established companies.
The Swiss Franc's Honeymoon

Starting from the stylized fact that the Swiss franc is a safe haven currency, this paper focuses on the determinants of the Swiss franc during the lower bound regime from September 2011 to January 2015. We describe the Swiss franc as a function of global market risk fundamentals and find that the macroeconomic model outlined by Krugman (1991) describes the EUR/CHF exchange rate well during this particular time. We show that, as predicted by Krugman’s model, the sole expectation that the Swiss National Bank would prevent the Swiss franc from appreciating beyond 1.20 to the euro muted the sensitivity of EUR/CHF to global market risk. An important assumption for the model prediction to hold is that the central bank’s commitment to the exchange rate target is credible. We thus use EUR/CHF option prices together with the global market risk fundamental to assess the credibility of the lower bound. We find that the only true credibility issue was in November 2014. After November 2014 the Swiss National Bank could convince markets anew from its target-zone policy and suspend the lower bound unexpectedly a few weeks later.
Loss of Granuphilin and Loss of Syntaxin-1A Cause Differential Effects on Insulin Granule Docking and Fusion*

The Rab27 effector granuphilin/Slp4 is essential for the stable attachment (docking) of secretory granules to the plasma membrane, and it also inhibits subsequent fusion. Granuphilin is thought to mediate these processes through interactions with Rab27 on the granule membrane and with syntaxin-1a on the plasma membrane and its binding partner Munc18-1. Consistent with this hypothesis, both syntaxin-1a- and Munc18-1-deficient secretory cells, as well as granuphilin null cells, have been observed to have a deficit of docked granules. However, to date there has been no direct comparative analysis of the docking defects in those mutant cells. In this study, we morphometrically compared granule-docking states between granuphilin null and syntaxin-1a null pancreatic β cells derived from mice having the same genetic background. We found that loss of syntaxin-1a does not cause a significant granule-docking defect, in contrast to granuphilin deficiency. Furthermore, we newly generated granuphilin/syntaxin-1a double knock-out mice, characterized their phenotypes, and found that the double mutant mice represent a phenocopy of granuphilin null mice and do not represent phenotypes of syntaxin-1a null mice, including their granule-docking behavior. Because granuphilin binds to syntaxin-2 and syntaxin-3 as well as syntaxin-1a, it likely mediates granule docking through interactions with those multiple syntaxins on the plasma membrane.