Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Macroeconomic Consequences of Banking Crises in OECD Countries

This paper examines the characteristics of downturns and subsequent recoveries following past banking crises in OECD countries as well as evidence of any effects on potential output growth. It is differentiated from previous analyses because it makes use of OECD measures of the output gap and potential output. Downturns following banking crises are found to be more protracted with larger output losses and disproportionate falls in housing and business investment. The recovery is typically more muted with exports providing a disproportionately large positive contribution. Evidence regarding possible effects on potential growth of a banking crisis is mixed. The banking crisis in Japan was followed by a deterioration in potential growth partly due to a worsening in productivity performance which may be related to the protracted nature of the banking problems and the resulting misallocation of capital. Following the Nordic banking crises, which were resolved more quickly, there was no deterioration in productivity performance, although there was a temporary deterioration in potential growth which is mostly explained by an increase in the structural unemployment rate, which in turn may reflect the interaction of an exceptionally severe downturn with structural labour market rigidities. Consequences macroeconomiques des crises bancaires dans les pays de l'OCDE Ce papier analyse, dans le contexte des crises bancaires passees des pays de l’OCDE, les caracteristiques des ralentissements economiques et de la reprise qui suit, ainsi que de mettre en evidence de possibles effets sur la croissance du potentiel de production. Cette etude se differencie des precedentes par l’utilisation de l’ecart de production et du potentiel de l’economie. Les ralentissements qui font suite a une crise bancaire semblent durer plus longtemps avec des pertes plus importantes et avec une reaction negative de l’investissement prive disproportionnee. Le rythme de la reprise est plus modere et se caracterise par des contributions fortement positives des exportations. Les resultats de l’analyse des consequences des crises bancaires sur le potentiel de l’economie sont mitiges. La crise bancaire au Japon a affecte negativement le potentiel de production via une baisse de la productivite du travail. Cela peut etre relie a la duree des problemes bancaires qui ont touche le Japon et de leurs consequences nefastes sur l’allocation du capital. Dans le cas des crises bancaires des pays nordiques qui ont dure moins longtemps, il n’y a pas eu d’effets sur la productivite, bien que temporairement le potentiel ait baisse ce qui provient principalement d’une augmentation du taux de chomage structurel. Cette derniere relation peut refleter l’interaction entre d’une part un ralentissement exceptionnellement severe et d’autre part des rigidites structurelles sur le marche du travail.
The role of the therapeutic relationship in the association between interpersonal behaviors and outcome: Comparison of two competing models

Abstract Objective: The patient–therapist relationship may be the mechanism behind the effect of pretreatment interpersonal patient behaviors on the outcome of psychotherapy for depression, or the factor determining for whom interpersonal behaviors affect outcome. We seek to establish which of these two alternatives receives empirical support. Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of the findings from the Treatment for Depression Collaborative Research Program to examine two alternative models. First, a deterministic model, in which clients’ ability to create satisfactory interpersonal relationships affects their ability to build a strong therapeutic relationship, which in turn affects outcome; and second, a compensation model, in which patients in a treatment focusing on interpersonal mechanisms of change and not in placebo, who compensate for their maladaptive pretreatment interpersonal behaviors by building a strong therapeutic relationship, benefit from treatment more than do patients who cannot build such relationship. Results: The compensation, rather than the deterministic model, was supported, suggesting that the interpersonal behavior–outcome association is significantly moderated by the therapeutic relationship in interpersonal psychotherapy and not in placebo. Conclusions: Findings support an optimistic view whereby patients seeking treatment for maladaptive interpersonal behaviors can achieve good outcomes if work on interpersonal relationships is conducted in the presence of a strong therapeutic relationship. Clinical or methodological significance of this article: This study highlights an important optimistic view in which patients with maladaptive interpersonal style who can form a strong therapeutic relationship can benefit from treatment focusing on interpersonal relationships.
Simulated ischaemia and reperfusion in isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes.

OBJECTIVE The objectives were (1) to develop a cellular model of simulated ischaemia and reperfusion in isolated ventricular myocytes; (2) to determine effects of simulated ischaemia and reperfusion on calcium current (ICa), transient inward current (ITI) and contraction; and (3) to determine whether pharmacological agents which alter intracellular sodium and calcium loading affect signs of calcium overload in reperfusion in this model. METHODS Electrical activity was recorded with conventional and voltage clamp techniques. Cell shortening was measured with a video edge detector. Myocytes were equilibrated in Tyrode solution, exposed to simulated ischaemia (hypoxia, acidosis, lactate, hyperkalaemia, glucose-free) for 20 min, and reperfused with Tyrode solution. RESULTS Ischaemia depolarised myocytes [-89(SEM 1) to -67(4) mV, p < 0.05], abbreviated action potential duration [APD90, 257(14) to 188(12) ms, p < 0.05], and abolished contractions. Contractions elicited by voltage clamp steps also were abolished in ischaemia; however, ICa decreased by only 51% [-0.98(0.08) to -0.50(0.06) nA, p < 0.05]. Signs of calcium overload, including aftercontractions, oscillatory afterpotentials, and ITI, occurred in 69% of myocytes in reperfusion. Upon reperfusion, both APD90 and ICa recovered slowly; however, contractions returned quickly and temporarily exceeded control. Amiloride during ischaemia and reperfusion lowered incidence of ITI in reperfusion, whereas nifedipine and lignocaine had no effect on ITI. CONCLUSIONS This model of ischaemia and reperfusion in ventricular myocytes shows many features of multicellular preparations, such as membrane depolarisation and action potential duration shortening during ischaemia, and appearance of oscillatory afterpotentials upon reperfusion. Inhibition of contraction during ischaemia and recovery of contraction in reperfusion are independent of changes in APD90 or ICa. Induction of aftercontractions, oscillatory afterpotentials, and ITI in reperfusion is associated with reduced peak ICa. Amiloride most probably decreased signs of calcium overload in early reperfusion by inhibiting sodium loading via Na+/H+ exchange. Additionally, amiloride may inhibit ITI directly by blocking Na+/Ca2+ exchange.
How to support families of children with disabilities? An exploratory study of social support services

Support services to families of children with disabilities have previously been documented. While the effectiveness and consequences of some support strategies have been defined, their comparison remains problematic primarily because of the diversified existing definitions. The present study aimed to elaborate and validate a typology to describe different types of support that can be offered to families of children with disabilities. A review of literature highlighted a variety of support services and allowed a categorical grouping. Content analysis ensured that each category was defined distinctively. Afterwards, a panel of experts and representatives of organizations from seven developed countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Sweden and Switzerland) validated the typology. A database of services offered in these countries was created. The resulting typology was divided into four categories related to the family needs: support, respite, child minding and emergency support. Each type of support can be illustrated within organizations in the database. As such, social workers can use the defined typology to identify the needs of families of children with disabilities and suggest alternatives when services are not available. Overall, the described typology should facilitate discussion between stakeholders and families by providing a common communication system.
Dynamics of the Zimbabwe Crisis in the 21st Century

Zimbabwe is experiencing one of its worst crises since the attainment of independence in 1980. The official explanation of this crisis is biased towards external forces at the expense of internal dynamics. The crisis isblamed on the minority group of white settlers, the British, and the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), which is officially depicted as a front for Western interests. This article seeks to provide an alternative explanation for the crisis affecting Zimbabwe at the present moment. This explanation is predicated on the critique of the dominant nationalist position represented by the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front (ZANUPF). The article proceeds to present the Zimbabwe crisis as a consequence of blocked democratic transition at the turn of the century. The significance of this contribution lies in the fact that the Zimbabwe crisis has crucial lessons for Southern Africa. It has shaken peace and security in the region. As such it deserves to be fully understood by all those who are pre-occupied with the stability of the region.
Teaching History with Film: Strategies for Secondary Social Studies

Part I: Using Film to Teach History 1. Introduction 2. Issues in Using Film to Teach History Part II: Using Film to Develop Empathy 3. Empathy for Caring 4. Using Film to Develop Empathy as Perspective Recognition Part III: Using Film to Develop Analytical or Interpretive Skills 5. Movies as Primary Documents 6. Using Film as a Secondary Source Part IV: Using Film to Teach About Controversial Issues 7. Using Film to Teach about Contemporary Controversial Issues 8. Using Film to Teach Controversial Issues in History Part V: Using Film to Visualize the Past and Film as Historical Narrative 9. Using Film to Visualize the Past 10. Using Film as Historical Narrative
Visualizing and understanding players' behavior in video games: discovering patterns and supporting aggregation and comparison

As video games become more popular, there is an urge for procedures that can support the analysis and understanding of players' behaviors within game environments. Such data would inform game and level designers of game design issues that should be fixed or improved upon. By logging user-initiated events in video games, analysts have exhaustive information regarding players' actions within games. However, visualizing such data is a challenging task due to the amount of data one has to deal with; the necessity of a deep understanding of the game and players' possible actions within the game plus a deep understanding of questions one wants to answer; the computation that has to be done on the data; and the limitations and/or complexities of current analysis tools. In this paper, we present a new visualization system that allows analysts to build visualization and interact with telemetry data, to identify patterns and identify game design issues efficiently. Besides the system itself, we propose a new approach to visualize players' behavior that has not been explored so far. For example, instead of using heat maps to visualize a single metric (e.g. deaths), our system allows analysts to superimpose and visualize a series of actions players take in the game. This is especially important when one should understand cause and effect within the game. We present examples of the visualizations using an RPG game, Dragon Age Origins (BioWare/EA, 2009). It should be noted that the system is currently under development and testing with analysts working at BioWare.
Computing Stable and Preferred Extensions of Dynamic Bipolar Argumentation Frameworks

Bipolar argumentation frameworks (BAFs) extend Dung’s argumentation frameworks to explicitly represent the notion of support between arguments, in addition to that of attack. BAFs can be profitably used to model disputes between two or more agents, with the aim of deciding the sets of arguments that should be accepted to support a point of view in a discussion. However, since new arguments, attacks, and supports are often introduced to take into account new available knowledge, BAFs as well as the set of accepted arguments (under a given semantics) change over the time. In this paper we tackle the problem of efficiently recomputing sets of accepted arguments of dynamic BAFs (under the preferred and stable semantics). In particular, focusing on a deductive interpretation of support, we introduce an incremental algorithm that, given an initial BAF, an initial extension for it, and an update, computes an extension of the updated BAF. The experiments show that our technique is faster than computing an extension of the updated BAF from scratch.
A Serendipitous Galaxy Cluster Survey with XMM: Expected Catalog Properties and Scientific Applications

This paper describes a serendipitous galaxy cluster survey that we plan to conduct with the XMM X-ray satellite. We have modeled the expected properties of such a survey for three different cosmological models, using an extended Press-Schechter formalism combined with a detailed characterization of the expected capabilities of the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) camera on board XMM. We estimate that, over the 10 yr design lifetime of XMM, the EPIC camera will image a total of ≃800 deg2 in fields suitable for the serendipitous detection of clusters of galaxies. For the presently favored low-density model with a cosmological constant, our simulations predict that this survey area would yield a catalog of more than 8000 clusters, ranging from poor to very rich systems, with around 750 detections above z = 1. A low-density open universe yields similar numbers, though with a different redshift distribution, while a critical-density universe gives considerably fewer clusters. This dependence of catalog properties on cosmology means that the proposed survey will place strong constraints on the values of Ω0 and ΩΛ. The survey would also facilitate a variety of follow-up projects, including the quantification of evolution in the cluster X-ray luminosity-temperature relation, the study of high-redshift galaxies via gravitational lensing, follow-up observations of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, and foreground analyses of cosmic microwave background maps.
Efficacy and Safety of ETC-1002, a Novel Investigational Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol–Lowering Therapy for the Treatment of Patients With Hypercholesterolemia and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective— 8-Hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid (ETC-1002) is a small molecule with a unique mechanism of action shown in nonclinical studies to modulate pathways of cholesterol, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. In previous phase 2 clinical trials, once daily oral treatment with ETC-1002 significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in patients with hypercholesterolemia. In this trial, the lipid-lowering efficacy of ETC-1002 was evaluated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Additional cardiometabolic biomarkers, including glycemic measures, were also assessed. Approach and Results— A single-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated 60 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. Patients discontinued all diabetes mellitus and lipid-regulating drugs and were randomized to receive ETC-1002 80 mg QD for 2 weeks followed by 120 mg QD for 2 weeks or placebo for 4 weeks. ETC-1002 lowered low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels by 43±2.6% (least squares mean±SE), compared with a reduction of 4±2.5% by placebo at day 29 (P<0.0001; primary end point). Non–high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and total cholesterol were also significantly lowered by ETC-1002 compared with placebo (P<0.0001). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was reduced by 41% (median) compared with a placebo reduction of 11% (P=0.0011). No clinically meaningful safety findings were observed. Conclusions— ETC-1002 lowered low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and other lipids and demonstrated improvement in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia without worsening glycemic control. ETC-1002 was well tolerated in this population. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT# 01607294.
The Age-Specific Association of Waist Circumference and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Shandong, China

Objective. To examine the association of three most common obesity measures including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Design. Cross-sectional evaluation of the effect of anthropometric measures on CKD risk. Setting. Outpatient Department. Subjects. T2D patients who were treated between October 2012 and May 2013. Intervention. None. Main Outcome Measure. CKD risk. Results. On average, the patients had a mean age of 60.2 years, and 40% were males. CKD was present in 46% of all the patients. In multivariate logistic regression using the imputed data, higher WC was associated with greater odds of CKD (OR = 1.019, 95% CI = 1.002–1.006, P = 0.030), but not BMI and WHR. Interestingly, we found that patients with very small WC seemed to have greater odds of CKD. We observed age-specific effect of WC such that the effect of WC on CKD risk is significant only in middle-aged T2D patients. Conclusion. Our study provides evidence for the association of WC with CKD in Chinese patients with T2D. T2D patients, especially middle-aged T2D patients, should reduce their WC to decrease CKD risk.
Reliability of a lifetime history of major depression: implications for heritability and co-morbidity

Background. In unselected samples, the diagnosis of major depression (MD) is not highly reliable. It is not known if occasion-specific influences on reliability index familial risk factors for MD, or how reliability is associated with risk for co-morbid anxiety disorders. Methods. An unselected sample of 847 female twin pairs was interviewed twice, 5 years apart, about their lifetime history (LTH) of MD, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder (PD). Familial influences on reliability were examined using structural equation models. Logistic regression was used to identify clinical features that predict reliable diagnosis. Co-morbidity was characterized using the continuation ratio test. Results. The reliability of a LTH of MD over 5 years was fair (κ=0·43). There was no evidence for occasion-specific familial influences on reliability, and heritability of reliably diagnosed MD was estimated at 66%. Subjects with unreliably diagnosed MD reported fewer symptoms and, if diagnosed with MD only at the first interview, less impairment and help seeking, or, if diagnosed with MD only at the second interview, fewer episodes and a longer illness. A history of co-morbid GAD or PD is more prevalent among subjects with reliably diagnosed MD. Conclusions. A diagnosis of MD based on a single psychiatric interview incorporates a substantial amount of measurement error but there is no evidence that transient influences on recall and diagnosis index familial risk for MD. Quantitative indices of risk for MD based on multiple interviews should reflect both the characteristics of MD and the temporal order of positive diagnoses.
Optogenetic Measurement of Presynaptic Calcium Transients Using Conditional Genetically Encoded Calcium Indicator Expression in Dopaminergic Neurons

Calcium triggers dopamine release from presynaptic terminals of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons in the striatum. However, calcium transients within mDA axons and axon terminals are difficult to study and little is known about how they are regulated. Here we use a newly-developed method to measure presynaptic calcium transients (PreCaTs) in axons and terminals of mDA neurons with a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GECI) GCaMP3 expressed in transgenic mice. Using a photomultiplier tube-based system, we measured electrical stimulation-induced PreCaTs of mDA neurons in dorsolateral striatum slices from these mice. Single-pulse stimulation produced a transient increase in fluorescence that was completely blocked by a combination of N- and P/Q-type calcium channel blockers. DA and cholinergic, but not serotoninergic, signaling pathways modulated the PreCaTs in mDA fibers. These findings reveal heretofore unexplored dynamic modulation of presynaptic calcium in nigrostriatal terminals.
Szeletek a tervezés mélyrétegeiből

The first chapters of the study discuss some epistemological, ethical and utilitarian dilemma of planing theory. After the review of the changing orientation of paradigms effecting planning, the author tries to define the concept, main rules and principals of public planning. In his opinion planning is the well-structured method of success oriented teleological activity and the tool of ex-ante direction. While planning document is one of the objectivated forms of social activity covered with the above mentioned norms.
The impact of job performance on employee turnover intentions and the voluntary turnover process A meta-analysis and path model

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to estimate the strength of the relationship between job performance and intentions to quit (ITQ), identify moderators to this relationship, and calculate the direct and indirect effects that job performance has on ITQ and turnover.Design/methodology/approach – Data from 65 studies (n=17,918) were meta‐analyzed to estimate the performance‐ITQ relationship. This overall sample was separated into subgroups for moderator analyses. Meta‐analytic path analysis was used to test the hypothesized model of turnover.Findings – Supervisor ratings of performance had the strongest relationship with ITQ (ρ=−0.16), followed by self‐ratings (ρ=−0.14), and objective measures (ρ=−0.02). Employee nationality and job type also acted as moderators. Poor performers are more likely to quit even after controlling for job satisfaction and turnover intentions, indicating that they are more apt to engage in unplanned quitting. Good performers were slightly more likely to intend to quit after c.
Occurrence of and Risk Factors for Ocular Hypertension and Secondary Glaucoma in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis-associated Uveitis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe the incidence of ocular hypertension (OHT) and secondary glaucoma (SG) in JIA-associated uveitis, identify risk factors for development of these complications, and describe their effect on visual outcomes. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 108 patients (196 eyes) with JIA-associated uveitis seen over 30 years at an academic practice. Results: Of examined eyes, 40% had OHT or SG at presentation. These eyes had a nearly three-fold higher incidence of legal blindness during follow-up, compared with eyes without OHT or SG. An additional 41 eyes developed OHT or SG during follow-up. Presenting with anterior uveitis, active inflammation, and using systemic corticosteroids were risk factors for developing OHT, while use of immunosuppressive medication at presentation reduced this risk. Risk factors for developing SG included anterior uveitis and use of systemic corticosteroids. Conclusions: OHT and SG were common in patients with JIA-associated uveitis. Use of immunosuppressive drugs may decrease the risk of developing OHT.