Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Web spam classification: a few features worth more

In this paper we investigate how much various classes of Web spam features, some requiring very high computational effort, add to the classification accuracy. We realize that advances in machine learning, an area that has received less attention in the adversarial IR community, yields more improvement than new features and result in low cost yet accurate spam filters. Our original contributions are as follows: • We collect and handle a large number of features based on recent advances in Web spam filtering. • We show that machine learning techniques including ensemble selection, LogitBoost and Random Forest significantly improve accuracy. • We conclude that, with appropriate learning techniques, a small and computationally inexpensive feature subset outperforms all previous results published so far on our data set and can only slightly be further improved by computationally expensive features. • We test our method on two major publicly available data sets, the Web Spam Challenge 2008 data set WEB-SPAM-UK2007 and the ECML/PKDD Discovery Challenge data set DC2010. Our classifier ensemble reaches an improvement of 5% in AUC over the Web Spam Challenge 2008 best result; more importantly our improvement is 3.5% based solely on less than 100 inexpensive content features and 5% if a small vocabulary bag of words representation is included. For DC2010 we improve over the best achieved NDCG for spam by 7.5% and over 5% by using inexpensive content features and a small bag of words representation.
Relationship between Occupational Stress and Organizational Commitment Empirical Evidence from Pharmaceuticals Industry

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between occupational stress and organizational commitment. Data were collected from three hundred and thirty four (334) medical information officers (also known as medical representatives) of national and multinational pharmaceuticals companies working in kpk, Pakistan. Physiological stress scale (seaward, 2005), Psychological stress scale (Ismail et al., 2009) and organizational commitment questionnaire (Porter et al., 1974) were used to measure Physiological stress, psychological stress and organizational commitment respectively. The results of correlation revealed that both physiological and psychological stress had a significant inverse relationship with organizational commitment. Multiple regression also proved that both independent variables which are physiological stress and psychological stress were responsible for fifty six percent variance in organizational commitment. We hope that this study will contribute to the existing treasure of literature.
Escape probability methods versus ``exact" transfer for modelling the X-ray spectrum of Active Galactic Nuclei and X-ray binaries

In the era of XMM-Newton and Chandra missions, it is crucial to use codes able to compute correctly the line spectrum of X-ray irradiated thick media (Thomson thickness of the order of unity), in order to build models for the structure and the emission of the central regions of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN), or of X-ray binaries. In all photoionized codes except in our code Titan, the line intensities are computed with the so-called "escape probability approximation". In its last version, Titan solves the transfer of a thousand lines and of the continuum with the "Accelerated Lambda Iteration" method, which is one of the most efficient and at the same time the most secure for line transfer. We first review the escape probability formalism and mention various reasons why it should lead to wrong results concerning the line fluxes. Then we check several approximations commonly used instead of line transfer in photoionization codes, by comparing them to the full transfer computation. We find that for conditions typical of the AGN or X-ray binary emission medium, all approximations lead to an overestimation of the emitted X-ray line spectrum, which can reach more than one order of magnitude. We show that it is due mainly to the local treatment of line photons, implying a delicate balance between excitations of X-ray transitions by the very intense underlying diffuse X-ray continuum (which are not taken properly into account in escape probability approximations) and the net rate of excitations by the diffuse line flux. The most affected lines are those in the soft X-ray range. Such processes are much less important in cooler and thinner media (like the Broad Line Region of AGN), as the most intense lines lie in the optical and near ultraviolet range where the diffuse continuum is small. We conclude that it is very important to treat correctly the transfer of the continuum to get the best results for the line spectrum. On the other hand the approximations used for the escape probabilities have a relatively small influence on the computed thermal and ionization structure of the surface layers, but in the deep layers, they lead to an overestimation of the ionization state. As a consequence the computed continuum emitted by the back (non-irradiated) side is not correct, and might be strongly overestimated in the EUV range.
Transarterial chemoembolization using drug eluting beads for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: Now and future

Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) using doxorubicin-eluting beads (DEBs) have been introduced as a novel device which ensures more sustained and tumor-selective drug delivery and permanent embolization compared to conventional TACE with lipiodol. Studies highlighting the use of TACE with DEBs for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have shown similar or better results compared to conventional TACE with lipiodol. TACE with DEBs is increasingly being performed interchangeably with conventional TACE. This review assessed the characteristics, clinical outcomes and future direction of TACE with DEBs compared to conventional TACE.
Frontal Lobes and Memory

Casual observations of patients with focal frontal lobe lesions often reveal little if any cognitive impairment (Fuster, 1989; Hebb, 1945). At the same time, such patients display an assortment of cognitive deficits upon neuropsychological assessment (Janowsky et al., 1989c; Luria, 1980; Stuss & Benson, 1984). With respect to memory, focal frontal injury does not produce a severe amnesic disorder, such as that observed in patients with medial temporal damage, but it can cause more subtle, yet definable, memory deficits. These deficits take the form of an impairment in the control of memory (Moscovitch, 1992; Shimamura, 1995, 2000a), i.e. the prefrontal cortex appears to be crucial for the monitoring and control of memory processes, both at the time of encoding and at the time of retrieval. In this chapter, we describe patterns of memory impairment associated with focal damage to the prefrontal cortex. Specifically, we review the role of the prefrontal cortex in learning and recall, memory for contextual information, metamemory and retrieval from remote memory. We then relate these long-term memory deficits to impairments in on-line processing associated with working memory and attention. Finally, we put these deficits in the context of a more global view of prefrontal function.
The SAURON project – XXI. The spatially resolved UV–line strength relations of early-type galaxies

The unexpected rising flux of early-type galaxies at decreasing ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths is a long-standing mystery. One important observational constraint is the correlation between UV optical colours and Mg2 line strengths found by Burstein et al. (1988). The simplest interpretation of this phenomenon is that the UV strength is related to the Mg line strength. Under this assumption, we expect galaxies with larger Mg gradients to have larger UV colour gradients. By combining UV imaging from GALEX, optical imaging from MDM and SAURON integral-field spectroscopy, we investigate the spatially-resolved relationships between UV colours and stellar population properties of 34 early-type galaxies from the SAURON survey sample. We find that galaxies with old stellar populations show tight correlations between the FUV colours (FUV V and FUV NUV) and the Mgb index, Hβ index and metallicity [Z/H]. The equivalent correlations for the Fe5015 index, α-enhancement [α/Fe] and age are present but weaker. We have also derived logarithmic internal radial colour, measured line strength and derived stellar population gradients for each galaxy and again found a strong dependence of the FUV V and FUV NUV colour gradients on both the Mgb line strength and the metallicity gradients for galaxies with old stellar populations. In particular, global gradients of Mgb and [Z/H] with respect to the UV colour (e.g. �(Mgb)/�(FUV NUV) and �[Z/H]/�(FUV NUV)) across galaxies are consistent with their local gradients within galaxies, suggesting that the global correlations also hold locally. From a simple model based on multi-band colour fits of UV upturn and UV-weak galaxies, we have identified a plausible range of parameters that reproduces the observed radial colour profiles. In these models, the centers of elliptical galaxies, where the UV flux is strong, are enhanced in metals by roughly 60% compared to UV-weak regions.
AIS Electronic

The development and application of QR code is quite advanced in Japan and Korea; in contrast, at the time when the QR code was introduced in Taiwan, lack of mobile phone support and the limited applications of QR code meant that it was not immediately popularized. In recent years, the growing popularity of smart phones has enhanced the various applications of QR code, not only providing the information to the user, but also performing navigation, marketing and ticketing functions, to name a few. This study is based on the Technology Acceptance Model, with Social Influence, Facilitating Conditions, Awareness Knowledge, Operation Knowledge and Price as the usage factors, and by verifying the structural modelling through public surveys and analyzing the importance of the Acceptance Model and other influences of users in Taiwan as the driving factors in incorporating QR code applications in the government, telecommunication carrier and business spheres
Employee Representation in the Board Compared: A Fuzzy Sets Analysis of Corporate Governance, Unionism, and Political Institutions

Why do employees have rights to representation within corporate boards in some countries, but not in others? Board-level codetermination is widely considered a distinctive feature of coordinated or nonliberal models of capitalism. Existing literature stresses three sets of explanations for codetermination rooted in corporate governance, union strength and political systems. The paper compares data from 22 OECD countries using the QCA method (Qualitative Comparative Analysis) and fuzzy sets approach to explore necessary and sufficient conditions for board-level codetermination. The results show two central pathways toward codetermination both rooted primarily in union coordination and consensual political systems, but with divergent implications for corporate governance systems in Scandinavia and Germany.
Electron Acceleration by ICME-driven Shocks at 1 au

We present a comprehensive study of in situ electron acceleration during 74 shocks driven by interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) with good suprathermal electron observations by the Wind 3DP instrument at 1 au from 1995 through 2014. Among the selected 59 quasi-perpendicular (15 quasi-parallel) shock cases, ∼86% (∼60%), ∼62% (∼36%), and ∼17% (∼7%) show significant electron flux enhancements of JD/JA > 1.5 across the shock, respectively at 0.43, 1.95, and 40 keV, where JD and JA are the electron flux in the shock’s downstream and the preceding ambient solar wind. For significantly shocked suprathermal electrons, the differential flux JD positively correlates most with the magnetosonic Mach number Ms, while the flux enhancement JD/JA positively correlates most with the magnetic compression ratio rB, among the shock parameters. Both JD and JA generally fit well to a double-power-law spectrum at ∼0.4–100 keV, J ∝ E−β, with an index of β1 ∼ 2–6 below a break energy of Ebr (which is typically ∼2 keV) and an index of β2 ∼ 2.0–3.2 at energies above. is similar to in all the shock cases, while is similar to (larger than) in ∼60% (∼40%) of the shock cases with significant electron enhancements. Furthermore, JD/JA mostly peaks in the directions perpendicular to the interplanetary magnetic field at ∼0.4–50 keV. These results suggest that both quasi-parallel and quasi-perpendicular shocks accelerate electrons in situ at 1 au mainly via shock drift acceleration, with an acceleration efficiency probably affected by the induced electric field at the shock surface.
Evaluation of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses at three Midwestern racetracks.

OBJECTIVE To determine the incidence of and compare the types of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMIs) sustained in Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses during racing at 3 Midwestern racetracks from 2000 to 2006. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS 139 Thoroughbred and 50 Quarter Horse racehorses euthanized because of CMIs. PROCEDURES Veterinary officials from 3 Midwestern racing jurisdictions provided injury reports for Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses that sustained CMIs (which required euthanasia) and the total number of race starts for each year. The number of CMIs/1,000 starts was determined for each racetrack. Past performance reports for each horse with a CMI were evaluated. RESULTS The total number of race starts (both breeds) at the 3 racetracks from 2000 through 2006 was 129,460, with an overall incidence of 1.46 CMIs/1,000 race starts. Incidences of CMIs among racetracks were similar. Of horses that sustained a CMI, the median age of Thoroughbreds at first race was 3 years, compared with a median age of 2 years for Quarter Horses. A larger proportion of Thoroughbreds sustained a CMI in a claiming race than did Quarter Horses, and a larger proportion of Quarter Horses sustained a CMI in a futurity trial than did Thoroughbreds. The most common site for CMIs in Thoroughbreds was the left forelimb (69/124 [55.6%]), whereas most CMIs in Quarter Horses involved the right forelimb (18/30 [60.0%]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Differences identified between CMIs in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses should allow veterinarians to focus on horses and anatomic regions of greatest risk of CMI during racing.
Large-scale structure in COBE-normalized cold dark matter cosmogonies

We study the clustering of the mass distribution in COBE-normalized open and flat CDM models using large N-body simulations. With an age of the universe of 14 Gyr (12 Gyr) for the flat (open) models and a baryon density fixed by nucleosynthesis constraints, the observed abundance of rich galaxy clusters leads to tight constraints on the density parameter; 0.25 0.2, implies that galaxies are overabundant in clusters relative to the field. The tilted Omega_0=1 model, on the other hand, does require that galaxies be positively biased on all scales. We also compute the topology of isodensity contours in these models, obtaining theoretical predictions that are less sensitive to galaxy bias.
Home Alone: The Role of Technology in Telecommuting

While technology enables home-based telecommuting HBT, it also has been blamed for its slow growth. Thus, technology may both facilitate and hinder HBT. In order to clarify the role that technology currently plays when employees telecommute, this study investigated the relationship between different forms of organizational support classified as technology-related, somewhat technology-related, and nontechnological and employees' reactions to HBT. Dependent variables included satisfaction, Perceived Productivity, and number of days/weeks spent telecommuting. Respondents were 50 full-time employees from 20 organizations. Two technology-related support variables and manager's trust a nontechnological support had a broad impact on employees' reactions to HBT. So, technology plays a crucial role and, thus, could be a major factor in HBT's slow growth, but HBT is better understood within a multi-factor rather than a single-factor framework. Results also indicate that organizations should emphasize providing IT support and appropriate technology for telecommuters as well as HBT-related training for nontelecommuting coworkers and managers.
The Kyoto Protocol and Developing Countries

Under the Kyoto Protocol, the world’s wealthier countries assumed binding commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The agreement requires these countries to consider ways to minimize adverse effects on developing countries of these actions, transmitted through trade. Using a general equilibrium model of the world economy, we find that adverse effects fall mainly on energy-exporting countries, for some even greater than on countries that are assuming commitments. Removing existing fuel taxes and subsidies and using international permit trading would greatly reduce the adverse impacts and also reduce economic impacts on the countries taking on commitments. Another approach, preferential tariff reduction for developing countries, would benefit many developing countries, but would not target those most adversely affected. If instead, OECD countries directly compensated developing countries for losses, the required annual financial transfer would be on the order of $25 billion (1995 $US) in 2010.
An MDE Approach for Rapid Prototyping and Implementation of Dynamic Reconfigurable Systems

This article presents a co-design methodology based on RecoMARTE, an extension to the well-known UML MARTE profile, which is used for the specification and automatic generation of Dynamic and Partially Reconfigurable Systems-on-Chip (DRSoC). This endeavor is part of a larger framework in which Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) techniques are extensively used for modeling and via model transformations, generating executable models, which are exploited by implementation tools to create reconfigurable systems. More specifically, the methodological aspects presented in this article are concerned with expediting the conception and implementation of the hardware platform and the integration of correct by construction reconfiguration controller. This article builds upon previous research by integrating previously separated endeavors to obtain a complete PR system generation chain, which aims at shielding the designer of many of the burdensome technological and tool-specific requirements. The methodology permits for the verification of the platform description at different stages in the development process (i.e., HDL for simulation, static FPGA implementation, controller simulation and verification). Furthermore, automation capabilities embedded in the flow enable the generation of the platform description and the integration of the reconfiguration controller executive seamlessly. In order to demonstrate the benefits of the proposed approach, we present a case study in which we target the creation of an image-processing application to be deployed onto an FPGA board. We present the required modeling strategies and we discuss how the generation chains are integrated with the back-end Xilinx tools (the most mature version of PR technology) to produce the necessary executable artifacts: VHDL for the platform description and a C description of the reconfiguration controller to be executed by an embedded processor.
Working Mothers Satisfaction: The Influence of Time Demands and Time- Based Conflict

A comprehensive model of work-family conflict and family-work conflict for working mothers was examined and tested. Specifically, the hypothesis that time-based work-family conflict and time-based family-work conflict was expected to fully mediate the relations between work hours, work demands, and family demands on work and family satisfaction. The 677 working mother participants were well-educated and married, a limitation and consideration. Results demonstrated support for the hypothesized fully mediating model. Working mothers with greater demands and higher work hours had higher work-family conflict, and this in turn was related to lower work satisfaction. Working mothers with greater demands experienced significantly higher family-to-work conflict and subsequently had lower family satisfaction. Implications, strengths, limitations and directions for future research are addressed.
Private Placements to Owner-Managers: Theory and Evidence

We present an asymmetric information model to examine private placements issued to owner-managers. Our main conclusion is that allowing private placements to insiders can mit- igate, if not eliminate, the underinvestment problem. Our model predicts that announcement period returns for private placements should be: (1) positive; (2) dependent on regulatory constraints that determine the issue price; (3) positively related to volatility; (4) negatively related to leverage; (5) negatively related to owner-managers’ shareholdings (6) inversely re- lated to proxies of manipulation; and (7) negatively related to illiquidity. We empirically test our model’s predictions, along with others from literature, on a sample of private placements issued in the Indian capital markets during 2001-09 and report empirical evidence largely consistent with the model.
The Statistical Mechanics of Best-Response Strategy Revision

I continue the study, begun in Blume (1993), of stochastic strategy revision processes in large player populations where the range of interaction between players is small. Each player interacts directly with only a finite set of neighbors, but any two players indirectly interact through a finite chain of direct interactions. The purpose of this paper is to compare local strategic interaction with global strategic interaction when players update their choice according to the (myopic) best-response rule. I show that randomizing the order in which players update their strategic choice is sufficient to achieve coordination on the risk-dominant strategy in symmetric $2\times 2$ coordination games. The ``persistant randomness'' which is necessary to achieve similar coordination when the range of interaction is global is replaced by spatial variation in choice in the initial condition when strategic interactions are local. An extension of the risk-dominance idea gives the same convergence result for $K\times K$ games with strategic complementarities. Similar results for $K\times K$ pure coordination games and potential games are also presented.
Opposition Parties and the Politics of Opposition in Africa: A Critical Analysis

The major aim of this paper is to investigate the opposition politics in Africa. The paper also examines the status and the role, the contributions and the weaknesses of opposition1 political parties in Africa, particularly in transitional democracies that emerged in the 1990s. In Africa, many of the opposition parties appear or become active only during an election, and disappear when the election is over. It is found out that most of the opposition parties in Africa are established around the personalities of individuals, lack internal democracy, suffer from inter-party and intra-party conflicts, have severe shortage of finance, and lack strong base and experience. Their weaknesses also include bad organization and weak connection with the popular constituencies. The paper concludes that most of the weaknesses of the African opposition parties emanate from the incumbents' hostile policies, which are mostly aimed at fragmenting and weakening the opposition groups.