Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Tautomerism: Introduction, History, and Recent Developments in Experimental and Theoretical Methods

Prototropic tautomerism, defined by one of its early investigators as ‘‘the addition of a proton at one molecular site and its removal from another’’ [1], and hence clearly distinguished from ionization, is one of the most important phenomena in organic chemistry despite the relatively small proportion of molecules in which it can occur. There are several reasons for this. Enantiomers, or cis and trans isomers, possess a formulaic identity just as tautomers do but are difficult to interconvert and hence easy to isolate. Tautomers are different. Tautomers are the chameleons of chemistry, capable of changing by a simple change of phase from an apparently established structure to another (not perhaps until then suspected), and then back again when the original conditions are restored, and of doing this in an instant: intriguing, disconcerting, perhaps at times exasperating. And a change in structure means changes in properties also. A base may be replaced by an acid and vice versa, or more to the point perhaps, a proton acceptor group by a proton donor, as, for instance, carbonyl by hydroxyl. Hence, if the major tautomer has biological activity, the replacement of this structure by another may result in a total mismatch in terms of receptor binding or the partition coefficient. It therefore becomes vital, on the most elementary level, to know which tautomer is the major one, since not only the structure but also the chemical properties are bound up with this. This problem is compounded by another: there is no automatic guarantee that, if the great majority of known compounds in a given category exist chiefly as one tautomer, the next one to be investigated will follow their lead. Examples of this sort will be described below. Hence an understanding of the factors that give rise to this problem becomes more important as time goes by. Except for proton transfers on and off carbon, whose rate depends on pH and can sometimes take weeks. Proton transfer in the course of tautomerization is typically a very fast process. The equilibrium between tautomers is dynamic.
Language Acquisition as Statistical Inference

Probabilistic grammars define a set of well-formed or grammatical linguistic structures, just as all grammars do. But in addition probabilistic grammars also define probability distributions over these structures, which a statistical inference procedure can exploit. This paper describes two simple statistical inference procedures for probabilistic grammars and discusses some of the challenges involved in generalising them to more realistic settings. The first three sections of this paper review important ideas from statistical estimation, namely the Maximum Likelihood Principle and Bayesian estimation, and show how they can be applied to learn the parameters of a Probabilistic Context-Free Grammar from surface strings alone in an idealized “toy” scenario. We show that they succeed in learning both the phrase structure and lexical entries without explicit negative evidence in a situation that seems highly challenging for any “staged” learner, i.e., a learner that learns either lexical entries or phrase structure rules first. Then we discuss attempts to generalize these kinds of methods to more realistic scenarios, and point out some of the challenges that are involved in doing this. One of the main themes of this paper is how little we know about the the linguistic implications of the various approximations made by current statistical inference algorithms. In part because of this, much of the work in this field takes an experimental, “try it and see” approach. The presentation in this paper is deliberately informal: for a more mathematical presentation of much of this material see e.g., Geman and Johnson (2004). The software used to produce the results below is available from http://web.science. mq.edu. au/ mjohnson.
Real-time personalized stress detection from physiological signals

This is the era of modern life. The era of email, text messages, Facebook and Twitter, careers Crisis news coming from everywhere at any time. We (human) are assaulted with facts, pseudo facts, jibber-jabber, and rumour all posing as information. We text while we're walking across the street, catch up on email while standing in a queue. When people think they're multitasking, they're actually just switching from one task to another very rapidly. It has been found to increase the production of the stress that results overstimulate brains and cause mental fog or scrambled thinking. However, stress management should start far before the stress start causing illnesses. In this paper, a real-time personalized stress detection system from physiological signals is introduced. It is based on Pulse rate and temperature. That could record a person's stress levels.
The Moderating Effect of Intergroup Climate on the Prejudice-Reducing Effects of Intergroup Contact

19 Chapter 1: Theoretical Framework . 20 Intergroup Contact . 21 Direct Contact . 21 Equal Status . 22 Goal interdependence . 24 Cooperation . 26 Authority support . 28 Friendship potential . 31 Generalisation . 34 Relations between contact conditions . 35 Auspices of contact . 36 Structure of contact . 38 Behaviour . 40 Two-step mediation model of contact . 41 Mediators of contact effect . 42 Behavioural. 42 Cognitive . 43 Affective . 45 Imagined Contact . 47 Intergroup Climate . 49 Four-Factor Model of Intergroup Climate . 52 Intergroup norms . 52 Ingroup norms . 56 Macro authority norms . 57 Sociohistoric norms . 60 Effect of Intergroup Climate on Intergroup Contact Effects . 62 Summary . 62 Research Questions . 64 RQ1: What is the Structure of Contact? 64 RQ2: What are the Relations Between Contact Conditions? 65 RQ3: What is the Structure of Intergroup Climate? 65 RQ4: Do Intergroup Contact and Intergroup Climate Interact? 65 Chapter 2: Intergroup Norms and Police-Black Relations in the UK . 67 Structure of Contact in Police-Black Relations . 67 Effect of Intergroup Climate on Contact Effects . 71 Study 1 . 71 Hypotheses . 72 Hypothesis 1 . 72 Hypothesis 2 . 72 Hypothesis 3 . 72 Contact and Climate 7 Method . 73 Participants and Procedure . 73 Measures . 73 Quality of contact . 73 Intergroup norms . 74 Equal status . 74 Goal interdependence . 74 Willingness to cooperate . 74 Intergroup anxiety . 75 Attitudes towards police . 75 Results . 75 Contact and Climate Effects. 75 Mediation Analyses . 76 Parallel mediation model . 76 Serial mediation model . 80 Model comparison . 80 Intergroup Climate and Intergroup Attitudes . 82 Discussion . 85 Chapter 3: Effects of Intergroup Norms and Sociohistoric Norms . 89 The Present Studies . 93 Study 2 . 93 Hypotheses . 94 Hypothesis 1 . 94 Hypothesis 2 . 94 Hypothesis 3 . 94 Method . 95 Participants and Procedure . 95 Measures . 97 Perceptions of intergroup contact . 97 Perceptions of status inequality . 97 Perceptions of goal interdependence . 97 Perceptions of intergroup norms . 98 Results . 98 Main Effects . 99 Perceptions of intergroup norms . 99 Perceptions of intergroup contact . 99 Perceptions of status inequality . 99 Perceptions of goal interdependence . 100 Interactions . 100 Discussion . 102 Study 3 . 102 Hypotheses . 103 Hypothesis 1 . 103 Hypothesis 2 . 104 Hypothesis 3 . 104 Method . 104 Participants and Procedure . 104 Measures . 105 Results . 105 Contact and Climate 8 Main Effects . 105 Perceptions of intergroup norms . 105 Perceptions of intergroup contact . 106 Perceptions of status inequality . 106 Perceptions of goal interdependence . 108 Interactions .
Adjuvant 5FU plus levamisole in colonic or rectal cancer: improved survival in stage II and III

Based on the first favourable results of adjuvant therapy of 5FU plus levamisole in Dukes C colonic cancer in 1990, we conducted a prospective trial. 1029 patients were randomised to receive one year 5FU plus levamisole or no further treatment following curative surgery for stage II or III colon (n = 730) or rectal cancer (n = 299). 45% were in stage II and 55% in stage III. With a median follow-up of 4 years and 9 months a significant reduction in odds of death (25%, SD 9%, P = 0.007) was observed for those with adjuvant treatment (65% at 5 year) compared to the observation group (55%). Improved relative survival was present in stage III (56% vs 44%), and in stage II patients (78% vs 70%). In rectal cancer a non-significant difference in disease-free or overall survival was observed. Distant metastases developed in 76%, while local recurrence alone occurred in 14%. An early start of adjuvant treatment (< 4 weeks) did not affect results. Compliance to 5FU plus levamisole was 69%. Severe toxicity did not occur. In conclusion, one year 5FU plus levamisole was of benefit in stage II and III colonic cancer; in rectal cancer a significant positive effect could not be demonstrated. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer. com
Distinct Changes in CREB Phosphorylation in Frontal Cortex and Striatum During Contingent and Non-Contingent Performance of a Visual Attention Task

The cyclic-adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors has been implicated in numerous forms of behavioral plasticity. We investigated CREB phosphorylation along some nodes of corticostriatal circuitry such as frontal cortex (FC) and dorsal (caudate-putamen, CPu) and ventral (nucleus accumbens, NAC) striatum in response to the contingent or non-contingent performance of the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT) used to assess visuospatial attention. Three experimental manipulations were used; an attentional performance group (contingent, "master"), a group trained previously on the task but for whom the instrumental contingency coupling responding with stimulus detection and reward was abolished (non-contingent, "yoked") and a control group matched for food deprivation and exposure to the test apparatus (untrained). Rats trained on the 5-CSRTT (both master and yoked) had higher levels of CREB protein in the FC, CPu, and NAC compared to untrained controls. Despite the divergent behavior of "master" and "yoked" rats CREB activity in the FC was not substantially different. In rats performing the 5-CSRTT ("master"), CREB activity was completely abolished in the CPu whereas in the NAC it remained unchanged. In contrast, CREB phosphorylation in CPu and NAC increased only when the contingency changed from goal-dependent to goal-independent reinforcement ("yoked"). The present results indicate that up-regulation of CREB protein expression across cortical and striatal regions possibly reflects the extensive instrumental learning and performance whereas increased CREB activity in striatal regions may signal the unexpected change in the relationship between instrumental action and reinforcement.
Automatic tracking of human-body using a 3 DOF robotic lamp

Most lamp units at ceilings, walls, and streets are static and no automatic motion capabilities are available at all to adjust lamp tilting angles and its zooming position. This paper proposes a spherical type robotic lamp that creates three degrees of freedom (DOF) motion for tracking the human-body. In the robotic lamp, three motors are placed at the base frame to control its two tilting angles and its one-DOF zoom in-and-out motion for a localized light. And ubiquitous sensors installed at environment are used to detect the location of the human body. The kinematic model of this device is derived and the proto type has been developed. A test room equipped with nine PIR sensors, a Zigbee, and one robotic lamp was developed. The performance of this device was verified through human tracking experiment.
Targeted Delivery of Deoxycytidine Kinase to Her2-Positive Cells Enhances the Efficacy of the Nucleoside Analog Fludarabine

Cytotoxic drugs, such as nucleoside analogs and toxins, commonly suffer from off-target effects. One approach to mitigate this problem is to deliver the cytotoxic drug selectively to the intended site. While for toxins this can be achieved by conjugating the cell-killing moiety to a targeting moiety, it is not an option for nucleoside analogs, which rely on intracellular enzymes to convert them to their active triphosphorylated form. To overcome this limitation, and achieve site-targeted activation of nucleoside analogs, we fused the coding region of a prodrug-activating enzyme, deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), to affinity reagents that bind to the Her2 cell surface protein. We evaluated dCK fusions to an anti-Her2 affibody and Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) for their ability to kill cancer cells by promoting the activation of the nucleoside analog fludarabine. Cell staining and flow cytometry experiments with three Her2 positive cancer cell lines (BT-474-JB, JIMT-1 and SK-OV-3) indicate dCK fusions binding and cellular internalization. In contrast, these reagents bind only weakly to the Her2 negative cell line, MCF-7. Cell proliferation assays indicate that SK-OV-3 and BT-474-JB cell lines exhibit significantly reduced proliferation rates when treated with targeting-module fused dCK and fludarabine, compared to fludarabine alone. These findings demonstrate that we have succeeded in delivering active dCK into the Her2-positive cells, thereby increasing the activation of fludarabine, which ultimately reduces the dose of nucleoside analog needed for cell killing. This strategy may help establish the therapeutic index required to differentiate between healthy tissues and cancer cells.
Prognostic Significance of BCL9 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background BCL9 enhances β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity regardless of the mutational status of the Wnt signaling components and increases the cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastatic potential of tumor cells. The goal of this study was to elucidate the prognostic significance of BCL9 protein expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Methods We evaluated BCL9 protein expression by immunohistochemistry in tumor tissue from 288 primary HCC patients who underwent curative hepatectomy. The impact of BCL9 expression on the survival of the patients was analyzed. The median follow-up period was 97.1 months. Results Nuclear BCL9 protein expression was observed in 74 (25.7%) of the 288 HCCs. BCL9 expression was significantly associated with younger age (p=0.038), higher Edmondson grade (p=0.001), microvascular invasion (p=0.013), and intrahepatic metastasis (p=0.017). Based on univariate analyses, BCL9 expression showed an unfavorable influence on both disease-free survival (DFS, p=0.012) and disease-specific survival (DSS, p=0.032). Multivariate analyses revealed that higher Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage was an independent predictor of both shorter DFS (p<0.001) and shorter DSS (p<0.001). BCL9 expression tended to be an independent predictor of shorter DFS (p=0.078). Conclusions BCL9 protein expression might be a marker of shorter DFS in HCC patients after curative hepatectomy.
Identifying disordered regions in proteins from amino acid sequence

A rule-based and several neural network predictors are developed for identifying disordered regions in proteins. The rule-based predictor, which relied on the observation that disordered regions contain few aromatic amino acids, was suitable only for very long disordered regions, whereas the neural network predictors were developed separately for short-, medium-, and long-disordered regions (LDRs), The out-of-sample prediction accuracies on a residue-by-residue basis ranged from 69 to 74% for the neural network predictors when applied to the same length class, but fell to 59 to 67% when applied to different length classes. Testing the rule-based predictor on a residue-by-residue basis using out-of-sample LDRs gave a success rate of 70%. Application of both the rule-based and LDR neural network predictors to large databases of protein sequences provide strong evidence that disordered regions are very common in nature. These results are consistent with our recent proposal that disordered regions are crucial for the evolution of molecular recognition.
Why Baryons Are Yang-Mills Magnetic Monopoles

We demonstrate that Yang-Mills Magnetic Monopoles naturally confine their gauge fields, naturally contain three colored fermions in a color singlet, and that mesons also in color singlets are the only particles they are allowed to emit or absorb. SU(3)C QCD as it has been extensively studied and confirmed is understood in broader context, with no contradiction, to be a consequence of baryons being Yang-Mills magnetic monopoles. Protons and neutrons are naturally represented in the fundamental representation of this group. We use the t’Hooft monopole Lagrangian with a Gaussian ansatz for fermion wavefunctions to demonstrate that these monopoles can be made to interact only at very short range as is required for nuclear interactions, and we establish topological stability following symmetry breaking from an SU(4) group using the B-L (baryon minus lepton number) generator. Finally, the mass of the electron is accurately predicted based on the masses of the up and down quarks to about 3% from the experimental mean for the quark masses, and confinement of quarks occurs energetically via fantastically strong negative binding energies that accord very well with experimental nuclear data. All of this makes Yang-Mills magnetic monopoles worthy of serious consideration and further development as baryons.
Population-Based Study of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children, Greenland

Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are frequent in Inuit children, in terms of incidence and severity. A cohort of 294 children <2 years of age was formed in Sisimiut, a community on the west coast of Greenland, and followed from 1996 to 1998. Data on ARI were collected during weekly visits at home and child-care centers; visits to the community health center were also recorded. The cohort had respiratory symptoms on 41.6% and fever on 4.9% of surveyed days. The incidence of upper and lower respiratory tract infections was 1.6 episodes and 0.9 episodes per 100 days at risk, respectively. Up to 65% of the episodes of ARI caused activity restriction; 40% led to contact with the health center. Compared with studies from other parts of the world, the incidence of ARI appears to be high in Inuit children.
Loyalty Programs : Strategies and Practice

Few evidence come from the marketing literature about loyalty program management. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a better theoretical knowledge about the strategies as well as the practical applications of the loyalty programs which are fully positioned in customer orientated problems. With a cross-sector sample, containing 71 loyalty programs, we point out two principal strategic orientations and practices: one based on clients’ heterogeneity management, searching discrimination. Another one aims on the clients’ management, by locking and isolating them from competitors efforts. Both are not incompatible but very complementary.
1 FINAL Concurring opinion on Economic Issues Raised by FERC Order 745 , “ Demand Response Compensation in Organized Wholesale Energy Markets ”

For reasons explained in this opinion and for others stated in the Market Surveillance Committee’s “Opinion on Economic Issues Raised by FERC Order 745,” I agree that Order 745 will result in treatment of supply and demand resources that is arbitrary and capricious as well as unduly discriminatory. I further agree that the Order will not provide the benefits supposedly measured by its net benefits test and will instead likely decrease the net benefits to consumers, resulting in rates that are neither just nor reasonable.
Adaptive curtailment plan with energy storage for AC/DC combined distribution systems

For developing a large-scale combined system with a number of distributed resources, an appropriate compensation strategy based on the system components and changeable condition must be configured to handle the characteristics of the internal systems. Since renewable sources generate various fluctuations, the compensation plans for the storage device connected along with the sources should be supported by a precise expectation method. A cooperative strategy involving the sharing of the DC section with environmentally sensitive generators, like photovoltaic system (PVs) or waves, demands appropriate ESS compensation solutions, owing to its complexity. An active power-control algorithm with voltage-expectation based on the DC power flow is introduced in this paper and is applied in the designed case studies performed on the electromagnetic transient simulation. DC based multi-generation system is composed by applying tidal generator and super capacitor. To utilize wind energy, an offshore wind–wave generation system was utilized in the verification process.
Coupling Tensors and Poisson Geometry near a Single Symplectic Leaf

In the framework of the connection theory, a contravariant analog of the Sternberg coupling procedure is developed for studying a natural class of Poisson structures on fiber bundles, called coupling tensors. We show that every Poisson structure near a closed symplectic leaf can be realized as a coupling tensor. Our main result is a geometric criterion for the neighborhood equivalence between Poisson structures over the same leaf. This criterion gives a Poisson analog of the relative Darboux theorem due to Weinstein. Within the category of the algebroids, coupling tensors are introduced on the dual of the isotropy of a transitive Lie algebroid over a symplectic base. As a basic application of these results, we show that there is a well defined notion of a ``linearized'' Poisson structure over a symplectic leaf which gives rise to a natural model for the linearization problem.
Recognition of Symmetric 3 D Bodies

The paper deals with the recognition of symmetric three-dimensional (3D) bodies that can be rotated and translated. We provide a complete list of all existing combinations of rotation and reflection symmetries in 3D. We define 3D complex moments by means of spherical harmonics, and the influence of individual symmetry groups on complex moment values is studied. Each particular symmetry pre-defines certain moment values. These moments can no longer differentiate between two objects of the same symmetry, which decreases the recognition power of the feature set. They should not be included when constructing the invariants. Translation and rotation invariants up to the fourth order are presented and their performance is studied on both artificial and real data.
Metformin Induced AMPK Activation, G0/G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest and the Inhibition of Growth of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas In Vitro and In Vivo

Esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (ESCC) have become a severe threat to health and the current treatments for ESCC are frequently not effective. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that the anti-hyperglycemic agent metformin may reduce the risk of developing cancer, including ESCC, among diabetic patients. However, the antitumor effects of metformin on ESCC and the mechanisms underlying its cell cycle regulation remain elusive. The findings reported herein show that the anti-proliferative action of metformin on ESCC cell lines is partially mediated by AMPK. Moreover, we observed that metformin induced G0/G1 phase arrest accompanied by the up-regulation of p21CIP1 and p27KIP1. In vivo experiments further showed that metformin inhibited tumor growth in a ESCC xenograft model. Most importantly, the up-regulation of AMPK, p53, p21CIP1, p27KIP1 and the down-regulation of cyclinD1 are involved in the anti-tumor action of metformin in vivo. In conclusion, metformin inhibits the growth of ESCC cells both in cell cultures and in an animal model. AMPK, p53, p21CIP1, p27KIP1 and cyclinD1 are involved in the inhibition of tumor growth that is induced by metformin and cell cycle arrest in ESCC. These findings indicate that metformin has the potential for use in the treatment of ESCC.