Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A solution to the focusing 3d NLS that blows up on a contracting sphere

We rigorously construct radial H 1 solutions to the 3d cubic focusing NLS equation i@t + + 2j j 2 = 0 that blow-up along a contracting sphere. With blow-up time set to t = 0, the solutions concentrate on a sphere at radius t 1=3 but focus towards this sphere at the faster rate t 2=3 . Such dynamics were originally proposed heuristically by Degtyarev-Zakharov-Rudakov (2) in 1975 and independently later in Holmer-Roudenko (5) in 2007, where it was demonstrated to be consistent with all conservation laws of this equation. In the latter paper, it was proposed as a solution that would yield divergence of the L 3 norm within the \wide" radius kr u(t)k 1=2 L2 but not within the \tight" radius kr u(t)k 2 L2 ,
Lower incidence of procoagulant abnormalities during follow-up after creation of the Fontan circulation in children

Abstract Objective Children who undergo surgery for complex congenital cardiac disease are reported to be at increased thrombotic risk. Our aim was to evaluate long-term changes in the haemostatic system after surgery, to compare markers of activated coagulation in children having surgery with those in a healthy control population, and to relate them to adverse clinical outcome. Patients and methods We studied, prior to surgery, the coagulation profiles of a cohort of 28 children admitted for a modified Fontan operation, studying them again after a period of mean follow-up of 9.6 years. Median age at the time of final surgery was 18.5 months, with a range from 12 to 76 months. We compared generation of thrombin, and levels of the activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex to controls at follow-up. Thrombophilia and clinical outcome were evaluated. Results At long-term follow-up, a lower incidence of procoagulant abnormalities was observed compared to that before surgery. Of 27 patients, 3 (11%), but none of 45 controls, had levels of activated protein C-protein C inhibitor complex above the reference range. There were no significant differences in generation of thrombin between patients and controls. No thrombotic events were recorded, and the patients were generally in good clinical condition. Conclusions Overall, haemostasis appeared to be in balance, and less prothrombotic, after surgery. A subset of the cohort did show indications of activated coagulation. The current therapeutic approach seems to be sufficient to protect the majority of patient. New tests of global coagulation, nonetheless, may be helpful in improving identification of individuals at increased thrombotic risk.
Structurally different short aramid fiber–reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane

The reinforcing effect of two structurally different Aramid short fibers, Technora and Twaron on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of an ester-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was investigated. A fixed fiber length of 6 mm is used by varying the fiber loading ranging from 3 to 10 phr. The Young's modulus and the low strain modulus of Technora–TPU composite was found three times higher than that of Twaron–TPU composite at all ranges of fiber loading. Optical microscopic analysis revealed that a severe processing-induced fiber breakage of Twaron is the primary reason behind the inferior properties shown by these fiber-reinforced TPU composite. A brittle kind of failure has been observed during tensile testing in both the composite at a fiber loading of 10 phr. To solve this problem, an economic pretreatment with maleic anhydride-grafted polybutadine (PB-g-MA) has been applied on the Aramid fiber surface before mixing it with the TPU matrix. A good quality of fiber dispersion with significant improvement in mechanical properties could be achieved with the addition of only 5 phr of PB-g-MA. Morphological analyses on the tensile-fractured and cryogenically fractured surfaces of these composites offer strong evidences for the dispersing and coupling action of PB-g-MA with these Aramid fibers and the TPU matrix. POLYM. COMPOS. , 35:1767–1778, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Is It Inefficient Investment that Causes the Diversification Discount

Diversified conglomerates are valued less than matched portfolios of pure-play firms. Recent studies find that this diversification discount results from conglomerates' inefficient allocation of capital expenditures across divisions. Much of this work uses Tobin's "q" as a proxy for investment opportunities, therefore hypothesizing that "q" is a good proxy. This paper treats measurement error in "q". Using a measurement-error consistent estimator on the sorts regressions in the literature, I find no evidence of inefficient allocation of investment. The results in the literature appear to be artifacts of measurement error and of the correlation between investment opportunities and liquidity. Copyright The American Finance Association 2001.
Entrapment neuropathies.

Peripheral neuropathy is defined as deranged function and structure of peripheral, motor, sensory, and autonomic neurons, involving either the entire neuron or selected levels. The major categories of peripheral neuropathies are seen in Table 28-1. Because this chapter is concerned with nerve problems seen in the foot that are most amenable to local treatment, only the last four categories are considered. A true neuroma consists of an unorganized mass of ensheathed nerve fibers embedded in scar tissue that originate from the proximal end of a transected peripheral nerve. Neuromas are always the result of trauma. When the injury is incomplete (partial laceration, traction) or the result of blunt trauma the lesion will form within the epineurium and produce a fusiform or eccentric nodular swelling termed "neuromain-continuity. " In either case, the axonal elements are disrupted such that they are arranged in a somewhat haphazard fashion. Morton's neuroma, the interdigital or intermetatarsal lesion accurately described initially by the English chiropodist Louis Durlacher, is actually a misnomer. It is neither a true neuroma nor a neoplasm. Rather, it is best defined as a mechanical neuropathy with compression, stretching, and entrapment components in its etiology. Pathologically, this lesion is a progressive degenerative, and at times regenerative, process in which early and late changes may be found. Characteristic histologic findings support this etiology (Table 28-2). As a result, Morton's neuroma might be more accurately termed a perineural fibroma. 6,7 Mechanical peripheral neuropathies are caused by local or extrinsic compression phenomena or impingement by an anatomic neighbor causing a localized entrapment. Entrapment may also be caused by scarring or fibrosis from local trauma, bleeding, or traction that tends to bind the nerve down, thus restricting normal mobility within the tissues. Traumatic neuropathies are the result of either closed injuries or open injuries to peripheral nerves. Early treatment usually involves prophylaxis and repair, while later attention is directed toward the painful neuromas or nerve entrapments that result from the body's healing processes. Nerve sheath tumors are named according to their structure derivation. They can be benign or malignant. Nerve sheath tumors fall under another general category known as parenchymatous disorders because they can involve excessive growth of specific neural elements: neuron or axon, Schwann cell, perineurial cell, and endoneurial fibroblast. This is in contrast to the lesions described previously, termed interstitial disorders, in which external factors cause the derangements.
Anatomy of the Optic Canal: A Computed Tomography Study of Endoscopic Nerve Decompression

Objectives: Endoscopic optic nerve decompression has variable success rates. Our goal was to further delineate the radiographic anatomy of the optic canal to determine whether the variable success can be explained on anatomic principles. Methods: The optic canal dimensions and the degree of optic canal exposure to the sphenoid sinus were measured on sinus computed tomography images of 96 patients. Results: A total of 191 optic canals were analyzed (111 female subjects and 80 male subjects). The average medial canal wall length was 1.48 cm (range, 0.7 to 2.3 cm). The length in male subjects was 1.61 cm (range, 1.1 to 2.3 cm), as compared to 1.39 cm (range, 0.7 to 2.0 cm) in female subjects (p < 0.001). Onodi cells and pneumatized anterior clinoid processes were present on 14 and 16 images, respectively. The average degree of exposure of the optic canal to the sphenoid sinus in optic canals without Onodi cells or clinoid pneumatization was 99.3°, and in optic canals with both Onodi cells and clinoid pneumatization it was 117.7°. The potential area of canal exposed was 0.66 cm2, or 28% of the total surface area. Conclusions: A wide variation in medial canal wall length and exposure of the optic canal to the sphenoid sinus exists on computed tomography images. Variation in medial canal wall length and optic canal exposure may limit the surface area of nerve available for endoscopic optic nerve decompression.
Genes other than BRCA1 and BRCA2 involved in breast cancer susceptibility

This review focuses on genes other than the high penetrance genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 that are involved in breast cancer susceptibility. The goal of this review is the discovery of polymorphisms that are either associated with breast cancer or that are in strong linkage disequilibrium with breast cancer causing variants. An association with breast cancer at a 5% significance level was found for 13 polymorphisms in 10 genes described in more than one breast cancer study. Our data will help focus on the further analysis of genetic polymorphisms in populations of appropriate size, and especially on the combinations of such polymorphisms. This will facilitate determination of population attributable risks, understanding of gene-gene interactions, and improving estimates of genetic cancer risks.
Frequency response of multilayer pyroelectric sensors

The pyroelectric response of the multilayer system consisting of the front surroundings, the pyroelectric element, the intermediate layer, and the back surroundings is calculated. The general expression and simple relations are obtained between main geometric and thermophysical parameters of the system under consideration and characteristics of the pyroelectric response in a large variety of configurations of pyroelectric sensors, such as detectors with the pyroelectric element in a gas, detectors without air gap as well as detectors with air gap between the element and the substrate, and detectors in immersion systems, etc. In particular, it is shown that, for the detectors with air gap, the wide flat part of the frequency response appears with any properties of substrate if the double thermal resistance of the air gap exceed that of the pyroelectric element, whereas for the detectors without air gap it appears only if the substrate has relatively large complex thermal conductivity.
Gene selection in cancer classification using PSO/SVM and GA/SVM hybrid algorithms

In this work we compare the use of a particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA) (both augmented with support vector machines SVM) for the classification of high dimensional microarray data. Both algorithms are used for finding small samples of informative genes amongst thousands of them. A SVM classifier with 10- fold cross-validation is applied in order to validate and evaluate the provided solutions. A first contribution is to prove that PSOsvm is able to find interesting genes and to provide classification competitive performance. Specifically, a new version of PSO, called Geometric PSO, is empirically evaluated for the first time in this work using a binary representation in Hamming space. In this sense, a comparison of this approach with a new GAsvm and also with other existing methods of literature is provided. A second important contribution consists in the actual discovery of new and challenging results on six public datasets identifying significant in the development of a variety of cancers (leukemia, breast, colon, ovarian, prostate, and lung).
Financial taxonomy of non-governmental sports organisations

The purpose of this study was to examine the classification of non-governmental sports organisations (sports NGOs) based on their financial data. Empirical taxonomy with Ward's hierarchical clustering technique based on the variables acquired from financial statements of all 6,130 sports NGOs in Slovenia was used to cluster organisations into three financial design types: grassroots sports organisations, semi-professional sports NGOs, and professional sports NGOs. Clusters varied in magnitude and structure of Financial items. The findings suggest that the business of grassroots sports organisations is very simple, while with semi-professional and professional sports NGOs it is more complex, and consequently such organisations are confronted with cash flow and even solvency problems. Total average revenues of grassroots sports organisations (€6,304) are approximately one tenth the size of the semi-professional sports NGOs and 192 times smaller than professional sports NGOs. As for the structure of revenues, professional sports NGOs have a larger proportion of sales revenues and much lower membership fees, donations, and other revenues. Semiprofessional sports NGOs differ from grassroots sport in a slightly higher proportion of sales revenues and donations. As regards the structure of expenses, professional sports NGOs had a 5.6 times higher proportion of labour costs in comparison with grassroots sports and 1.4 times higher compared to semi-professional sports NGOs. Such a taxonomy could present an appropriate basis for investigating the true dimension of the impact of global economic crisis on sports NGOs in a small European sports economy.
Fe, Co, and Ni ions promote the catalytic activity of amorphous molybdenum sulfide films for hydrogen evolution

Molybdenum sulfide materials have been shown as promising non-precious catalysts for hydrogen evolution. This paper describes the study of the promotional effects of certain transition metal ions on the activity of amorphous MoS3 films. Ternary metal sulfide films, M–MoS3 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), have been prepared by cyclic voltammetry of aqueous solutions containing MCl2 and (NH4)2[MoS4]. Whereas the Mn–, Cu–, and Zn–MoS3 films show similar or only slightly higher catalytic activity as the MoS3 film, the Fe–, Co–, and Ni–MoS3 films are significantly more active. The promotional effects of Fe, Co, and Ni ions exist under both acidic and neutral conditions, but the effects are more pronounced under neutral conditions. Up to a 12-fold increase in exchange current density and a 10-fold increase in the current density at an overpotential of 150 mV are observed at pH = 7. It is shown that Fe, Co, and Ni ions promote the growth of the MoS3 films, resulting a high surface area and a higher catalyst loading. These changes are the main contributors to the enhanced activity at pH = 0. However, at pH = 7, Fe, Co, and Ni ions appear to also increase the intrinsic activity of the MoS3 film.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Type I Interferons—Where Sex Makes a Difference

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 epidemic continues to represent a global health problem that is over-proportionally affecting women from sub-Saharan Africa. Besides social and environmental factors, the modulation of immunological pathways by sex hormones and gene dosage effects of X chromosomal-encoded genes have been suggested to lead to differential outcomes in HIV-1 disease. Women present with lower HIV-1 loads early in infection. However, the progression to AIDS for the same level of viremia is faster in women than in men. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a prominent role in the control of HIV-1 transmission and replication. Continuous stimulation of type I IFNs in chronic viral infections can lead to increased levels of immune activation, which can be higher in HIV-1-infected women than in men. A role of steroid hormone signaling in regulating viral replication has been postulated, which might further account for sex differences observed in HIV-1 infections. Here, we review recent findings and current knowledge on sex-specific differences in HIV-1 infections.
An Inexpensive, Rapid and Precise Affinity Chromatography Method for the Measurement of Glycosylated Haemoglobins

We have assessed an affinity chromatography technique, using commercially available materials, for the estimation of total glycosylated haemoglobin in the routine clinical chemistry laboratory. The method gives good discrimination between normals (7·31±0·92%) and diabetics (12·70±2·88%) and has excellent precision (CV 1·5-2·0%). Labile glycosylated haemoglobin is normally removed as it is so variable. There is no significant correlation between labile glycosylated haemoglobin and blood glucose. Immediate analysis of incubated haemolysates is preferable to storage of haemolysates or erythrocytes. The affinity gel can be reused about 16 times, but oxidation must be reduced by keeping the gel at 4°C in the dark when not in use. The cost of the gel is about 7p a test and 60 samples can be analysed in a working day. The method is not affected by the presence of up to 20% met-haemoglobin and should also give correct values for samples containing genetic variants of haemoglobin.
Essential interaction between the fission yeast DNA polymerase δ subunit Cdc 27 and Pcn 1 ( PCNA ) mediated through a C-terminal p 21 Cip 1-like PCNA

Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, by either Pol δ or Pol ε. The precise roles of the latter King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JR and 1Cancer two enzyme complexes in chromosomal replication are Research Campaign Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, yet to be elucidated but models based on a variety of Medical Sciences Institute, University of Dundee, genetic and biochemical data suggest that Pol δ and Pol ε Dundee DD1 4HN, UK replicate different DNA strands and that Pol δ may be 2Corresponding author responsible for leading strand and Pol ε for lagging strand e-mail: s.a. macneill@ed.ac. uk (Okazaki fragment) synthesis (reviewed by Burgers, 1996). However, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Direct interaction between DNA polymerase δ and its it was recently shown that the catalytic activity of Pol ε processivity factor proliferating cell nuclear antigen is dispensable for replication (Kesti et al., 1999), indicating (PCNA) is essential for effective replication of the that at least under certain circumstances Pol δ is capable eukaryotic genome, yet the precise manner by which of replicating both leading and lagging strands. this occurs is unclear. We show that the 54 kDa subunit To investigate these issues further, we have initiated a of DNA polymerase δ from Schizosaccharomyces pombe study of the role of Pol δ and its auxiliary factors in the interacts directly with Pcn1 (PCNA) both in vivo and genetically tractable fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces in vitro. Binding is effected via a short sequence at the pombe. Highly purified Pol δ from S.pombe comprises C-terminus of Cdc27 with significant similarity to the four distinct subunits of 125, 55, 54 and 22 kDa (see canonical PCNA binding motif first identified in the Table I) (Zuo et al., 1997; Reynolds et al., 1998). The mammalian p21Cip1 protein. This motif is both necescatalytic subunit is the Pol3 protein, while the 55, 54 and sary and sufficient for binding of Pcn1 by Cdc27 22 kDa subunits have been identified as Cdc1, Cdc27 and in vitro and is essential for Cdc27 function in vivo. We Cdm1, respectively (Pignede et al., 1991; Park et al., also show that the Pcn1 binding motif in Cdc27 is 1993; MacNeill et al., 1996; Iino and Yamamoto, 1997; distinct from its binding site for Cdc1, the 55 kDa Reynolds et al., 1998). Interaction studies have indicated B-subunit of polymerase δ, and present evidence that that Pol3 interacts directly with Cdc1, which in turn binds Cdc27 can bind to Pcn1 and Cdc1 simultaneously. to Cdc27. No direct interaction between Pol3 and Cdc27 Finally, we show that Cdc27 performs at least two has been observed. Of the non-catalytic subunits, Cdc1 distinct essential functions, one of which is independent and Cdc27 are essential proteins while Cdm1 is not of Pcn1 binding. (MacNeill et al., 1996; Reynolds et al., 1998). The four
New insights into the evolutionary rate of HIV-1 at the within-host and epidemiological levels

Over calendar time, HIV-1 evolves considerably faster within individuals than it does at the epidemic level. This is a surprising observation since, from basic population genetic theory, we would expect the genetic substitution rate to be similar across different levels of biological organization. Three different mechanisms could potentially cause the observed mismatch in phylogenetic rates of divergence: temporal changes in selection pressure during the course of infection; frequent reversion of adaptive mutations after transmission; and the storage of the virus in the body followed by the preferential transmission of stored ancestral virus. We evaluate each of these mechanisms to determine whether they are likely to make a major contribution to the mismatch in phylogenetic rates. We conclude that the cycling of the virus through very long-lived memory CD4+ T cells, a process that we call ‘store and retrieve’, is probably the major contributing factor to the rate mismatch. The preferential transmission of ancestral virus needs to be integrated into evolutionary models if we are to accurately predict the evolution of immune escape, drug resistance and virulence in HIV-1 at the population level. Moreover, early infection viruses should be the major target for vaccine design, because these are the viral strains primarily involved in transmission.
C O M M E N T a R Y Open Access

The great fluid debate: saline or so-called " balanced " salt solutions? Abstract Background: Intravenous fluids are commonly prescribed in childhood. 0.9 % saline is the most-used fluid in pediatrics as resuscitation or maintenance solution. Experimental studies and observations in adults suggest that 0.9 % saline is a poor candidate for fluid resuscitation. Although anesthesiologists, intensive care specialists, perioperative physicians and nephrologists have been the most active in this debate, this issue deserves some physiopathological considerations also among pediatricians.