Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of gemcitabine (2′,2′‐difluoro‐deoxycytidine) and 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine on growth of normal and leukemic cellsin vitro

Abstract: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of gemcitabine (2′,2′‐difluorodeoxycytidine, dFdC) used alone and in combination with 2‐chlorodeoxyadenosine (2‐CdA) on the colony growth of normal granulocyte‐macrophage progenitor cells (CFU‐GM) from 15 hematologically healthy donors as well as on CFU‐GM from 15 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients in semisolid cultures in vitro. dFdC and 2‐CdA were used either separately or in the following combinations of concentrations: (1) 0.25 nM of dFdC and 2.5 nM of 2‐CdA; (2) 0.5 nM of dFdC and 5 nM of 2‐CdA; (3) 1 nM of dFdC and 10 nM of 2‐CdA; (4) 2 nM of dFdC and 20 nM of 2‐CdA. We observed that both dFdC and 2‐CdA used separately inhibited the growth of colonies formed by normal and CML CFU‐GM cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Moreover, the combined therapy with dFdC and 2‐CdA caused statistically significant inhibition of the colony growth in both normal and CML CFU‐GM cultures. In addition, the inhibition of CML CFU‐GM colony formation was greater and statistically significant in the case of the combined therapy using higher concentrations of these drugs as compared with inhibition of the growth of normal CFU‐GM colonies. These observations were the basis for the evaluation of the interaction type between dFdC and 2‐CdA. We have shown that dFdC used in a combination with 2‐CdA acts in an additive way on normal and CML CFU‐GM cells.
Cell Morphology and Formal Description of Ergobibamus cyprinoides n. g., n. sp., Another Carpediemonas‐Like Relative of Diplomonads

ABSTRACT. About 20 new isolates of Carpediemonas‐like organisms (CLOs) have been reported since 2006. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogenies divide CLOs into six major clades: four contain described exemplars (i.e. Carpediemonas, Dysnectes, Hicanonectes, and Kipferlia), but two include only undescribed organisms. Here we describe a representative of one of these latter clades as Ergobibamus cyprinoides n. g. , n. sp. , and catalogue its ultrastructure. Ergobibamus cyprinoides is a bean‐shaped biflagellated cell, 7–11.5 μm long, with a conspicuous groove. Instead of classical mitochondria there are cristae‐lacking rounded organelles 300–400 nm in diameter. The posterior flagellum has a broad ventral vane and small dorsal vane. There are normally four basal bodies, two non‐flagellated. There is one anterior root (AR), containing six microtubules. The posterior flagellar apparatus follows the “typical excavate” pattern of a splitting right root supported by fibres “I,”“B,” and “A,” a “composite” fibre, a singlet root, and a left root (LR) with a “C” fibre. The B fibre originates against the LR—a synapomorphy of the taxon Fornicata—supporting the assignation of Ergobibamus to Fornicata, along with diplomonads, retortamonads, and other CLOs. Distinctive features of E. cyprinoides include the complexity of the AR, which is intermediate between Hicanonectes, and Carpediemonas and Dysnectes, and a dorsal extension of the C fibre.
Evaluation of Global Horizontal Irradiance to Plane-of-Array Irradiance Models at Locations Across the United States

We report an evaluation of the accuracy of combinations of models that estimate plane-of-array (POA) irradiance from measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI). This estimation involves two steps: 1) decomposition of GHI into direct and diffuse horizontal components and 2) transposition of direct and diffuse horizontal irradiance (DHI) to POA irradiance. Measured GHI and coincident measured POA irradiance from a variety of climates within the United States were used to evaluate combinations of decomposition and transposition models. A few locations also had DHI measurements, allowing for decoupled analysis of either the decomposition or the transposition models alone. Results suggest that decomposition models had mean bias differences (modeled versus measured) that vary with climate. Transposition model mean bias differences depended more on the model than the location. When only GHI measurements were available and combinations of decomposition and transposition models were considered, the smallest mean bias differences were typically found for combinations which included the Hay/Davies transposition model.
The Role of Salience in Choice under Risk: An Experimental Investigation

We conduct two experiments that test a recently proposed theory of context-dependent choice under risk called salience theory. The theory predicts that a decision maker’s attention is drawn to precisely defined salient payoffs, and these payoffs are overweighted in the choice process. In our first experiment, subjects make a series of highly incentivized choices between a risky lottery and a certain option while their eye-movements are recorded. In the second experiment, subjects choose between a risky lottery and a certain option, but we exogenously manipulate the visual salience of the risky lottery. We find three main results. First, the data on lottery choices is broadly consistent with salience theory as risk-taking increases when the upside of the risky lottery becomes more salient. Second, using eye-tracking data, we find that subjects do not pay more attention to the state that is theoretically salient, which is inconsistent with the theory; instead, subjects pay more attention to the risky lottery compared to the certain option when the risky lottery’s upside is salient. Third, risk taking is reduced when a lottery’s downside becomes visually salient. More generally, our results provide evidence that attention is an important and causal factor in determining choice under risk.
Peritoneal Fluid Concentrations of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor, a gp130 Cytokine, in Women with Endometriosis

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a gp130 neuroregulatory cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6-type cytokine superfamily. Several lines of evidence suggest that the concentrations of interleukin-6 are elevated in the peritoneal fluid of endometriosis patients. To our knowledge, no study on whether this might also be the case for CNTF levels has been published previously. The CNTF concentrations in the peritoneal fluid were measured by ELISA in 51 women with (n = 31) and without (n = 20) endometriosis. Surgery was scheduled during the proliferative or the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle. CNTF was detectable in the peritoneal fluid of 43% of the women tested. The concentrations of CNTF showed no correlation with the presence of endometriosis or the phase of the menstrual cycle. We found no evidence to suggest that CNTF is involved in the pathogenesis of pelvic endometriosis.
An Average Linear Difference Scheme for the Generalized Rosenau-KdV Equation

An average linear finite difference scheme for the numerical solution of the initial-boundary value problem of Generalized Rosenau-KdV equation is proposed. The existence, uniqueness, and conservation for energy of the difference solution are proved by the discrete energy norm method. It is shown that the finite difference scheme is 2nd-order convergent and unconditionally stable. Numerical experiments verify that the theoretical results are right and the numerical method is efficient and reliable.
Cache-Enabled Physical Layer Security for Video Streaming in Backhaul-Limited Cellular Networks

In this paper, we propose a novel wireless caching scheme to enhance the physical layer security of video streaming in cellular networks with limited backhaul capacity. By proactively sharing video data across a subset of base stations (BSs) through both caching and backhaul loading, secure cooperative joint transmission of several BSs can be dynamically enabled in accordance with the cache status, the channel conditions, and the backhaul capacity. Assuming imperfect channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters, we formulate a two-stage non-convex mixed-integer robust optimization problem for minimizing the total transmit power while providing the quality of service and guaranteeing communication secrecy during video delivery, where the caching and the cooperative transmission policy are optimized in an offline video caching stage and an online video delivery stage, respectively. Although the formulated optimization problem turns out to be NP-hard, low-complexity polynomial-time algorithms, whose solutions are globally optimal under certain conditions, are proposed for cache training and video delivery control. Caching is shown to be beneficial as it reduces the data sharing overhead imposed on the capacity-constrained backhaul links, introduces additional secure degrees of freedom, and enables a power-efficient communication system design. Simulation results confirm that the proposed caching scheme achieves simultaneously a low secrecy outage probability and a high power efficiency. Furthermore, due to the proposed robust optimization, the performance loss caused by imperfect CSI knowledge can be significantly reduced when the cache capacity becomes large.
Some Recent Explanations of Income InequalityAn Evaluation and Critique

This article attempts to evaluate five alternative explanations of the size distribution of income. It is based on a regression analysis of inequality data from 71 countries and different explanatory variables taken from various theoretical approaches. Also, the proper specification of the relationship between economic development and income inequality is used. The following tentative conclusions are reached: First, the most important correlate or determinant of inequality is the level of economic development; divergent conclusions in other studies are the result of improper specification. Second, communist countries have a more equal distribution of income than other societies. Third, high military participation ratios contribute to income equalization. Fourth, judgment about democratic performance has to be postponed because democracy seems to contribute to a more egalitarian distribution of income in one data set, but not in the others. Fifth, the three versions of dependency theory under consideration-Galtung's (1971), Rubinson's (1976), and Bornschier and Ballmer-Cao's (1979) have failed to contribute significantly to the explanation of income inequality.
Enhancement of Temperature Sensitivity for Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor (MOS) Tunneling Temperature Sensors by Utilizing Hafnium Oxide $(\hbox{HfO}_{2})$ Film Added on Silicon Dioxide $(\hbox{SiO}_{2})$

In this paper, metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated on p-type silicon substrate with hafnium oxide (HfO2 ) film added on silicon dioxide (SiO2) were demonstrated as reliable temperature-detecting devices. The saturation current of MOS (p) capacitor with added HfO2 film is easy to saturate within 0.5 V. From 40 degC to 90degC, each increase of 10degC almost doubles the saturation current. The C-V curves show that the interface properties of Si/SiO2 and SiO2/HfO 2 are good. It was also shown that these devices are reliable even though they had been electrically stressed at various temperatures (30degC~90degC) for 15 000 s. They have the potential to be integrated into the circuits as temperature detectors in the era of ultralarge-scale-integration technology
The positive effects of negative work: increased muscle strength and decreased fall risk in a frail elderly population.

BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to determine if a chronic eccentric training intervention, i.e., negative work, could limit or even reverse sarcopenia and its related impairments and functional limitations. Is high-force eccentric training tolerable by elderly people and will it result in improved muscle size, strength, balance, and fall risk? METHODS 21 frail elderly subjects (mean age, 80 years) experienced 11 weeks of lower extremity resistance training. The experimental eccentric (ECC) group (n=11) performed negative work while exercising on a high-force eccentric ergometer. The active "controls" performed traditional (TRAD) (n=10) lower extremity resistance exercises (weight training). Muscle fiber cross-sectional area and strength, balance, stair descending abilities, and fall risk were assessed prior to and following this intervention. RESULTS All ECC subjects who started the negative work intervention completed the study and reported the training to be relatively effortless; they experienced minimal and transient muscle soreness. Both groups experienced a significant increase in muscle fiber cross-sectional area (ECC=60%, TRAD=41%). Only the ECC group experienced significant improvements in strength (60%), balance (7%), and stair descent (21%) abilities. The timed up and go task improved in both groups, but only the ECC group went from a high to a low fall risk. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that lower extremity resistance exercise can improve muscle structure and function in those with limited exercise tolerance. The greater strength increase following negative work training resulted in improved balance, stair descent, and fall risk only in the ECC group. Because low energy cost is coupled to high force production with eccentric exercise, this intervention may be useful for a number of patients that are otherwise unable to achieve high muscle forces with traditional resistance exercise.
TESTING FOR A UNIT ROOT IN THE PRESENCE OF A POSSIBLE BREAK IN TREND

We consider the issue of testing a time series for a unit root in the possible presence of a break in a linear deterministic trend at an unknown point in the series. We propose a new break fraction estimator which, where a break in trend occurs, is consistent for the true break fraction at rate Op(T−1). Unlike other available estimators, however, when there is no trend break, our estimator converges to zero at rate Op(T−1/2). Used in conjunction with a quasi difference (QD) detrended unit root test that incorporates a trend break regressor, we show that these rates of convergence ensure that known break fraction null critical values are asymptotically valid. Unlike available procedures in the literature, this holds even if there is no break in trend (the break fraction is zero). Here the trend break regressor is dropped from the deterministic component, and standard QD detrended unit root test critical values then apply. We also propose a second procedure that makes use of a formal pretest for a trend break in the series, including a trend break regressor only where the pretest rejects the null of no break. Both procedures ensure that the correctly sized (near-) efficient unit root test that allows (does not allow) for a break in trend is applied in the limit when a trend break does (does not) occur.
Comportements d’agression et motifs de participation en sport collectif : influence du sexe et du type de pratique

Comportamenti d’aggressione e motivi di partecipazione nello sport collettivo : influenza del sesso e del tipo di pratica Riassunto L’obiettivo di questo lavoro era di analizzare : a) l’influenza del sesso e del tipo di pratica (handball vs. football) sull’attuazione di comportamenti d’aggressione e i motivi di partecipazione degli individui, b) le relazioni tra i comportamenti d’aggressione e i motivi di partecipazione. Sono stati registrati ses-santa incontri di livello régionale, ugualmente suddivisi in funzione del sesso e del tipo di pratica, e poi osservati per mezzo di griglie d’osservazione distinguenti l’aggressione strumentale dall’aggressione ostile. Ottantuno soggetti adulti hanno compilato il «Questionnaire des Motif de Partecipation». I risultati rivelano che gli uomini emettono più comportamenti d’aggressione di natura strumentale ed ostile rispetto alle donne, ma questa differenza varia secondo il tipo di pratica. Invece i motivi di partecipazione si presentano in maniera omogenea in funzione del sesso, eccezion fatta per il fattore «piacere di praticare» che le donne giudicano corne più importante rispetto agli uomini. Infine appaiono delle correlazioni negative tra l’aggressione strumentale e i fattori «riconoscimento sociale», «piacere di praticare» e «sviluppo delle abilità», così corne tra aggressione ostile e «riconoscimento sociale».
Localized Dispersive States in Nonlinear Coupled Mode Equations for Light Propagation in Fiber Bragg Gratings

Dispersion effects induce new instabilities and dynamics in the weakly nonlinear description of light propagation in fiber Bragg gratings. A new family of dispersive localized pulses that propagate with the group velocity is numerically found, and its stability is also analyzed. The unavoidable different asymptotic order of transport and dispersion effects plays a crucial role in the determination of these localized states. These results are also interesting from the point of view of general pattern formation since this asymptotic imbalance is a generic situation in any transport-dominated (i.e., nonzero group velocity) spatially extended system.
High Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes and Pre-Diabetes in Adult Offspring of Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Type 1 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE—The role of intrauterine hyperglycemia and future risk of type 2 diabetes in human offspring is debated. We studied glucose tolerance in adult offspring of women with either gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or type 1 diabetes, taking the impact of both intrauterine hyperglycemia and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes into account. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The glucose tolerance status following a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was evaluated in 597 subjects, primarily Caucasians, aged 18–27 years. They were subdivided into four groups according to maternal glucose metabolism during pregnancy and genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes: 1) offspring of women with diet-treated GDM (O-GDM), 2) offspring of genetically predisposed women with a normal OGTT (O-NoGDM), 3) offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (O-type 1), and 4) offspring of women from the background population (O-BP). RESULTS—The prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes (impaired glucose tolerance or impaired fasting glucose) in the four groups was 21, 12, 11, and 4%, respectively. In multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes were 7.76 (95% CI 2.58–23.39) in O-GDM and 4.02 (1.31–12.33) in O-type 1 compared with O-BP. In O-type 1, the risk of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes was significantly associated with elevated maternal blood glucose in late pregnancy: OR 1.41 (1.04–1.91) per mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS—A hyperglycemic intrauterine environment appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes/pre-diabetes in adult offspring of primarily Caucasian women with either diet-treated GDM or type 1 diabetes during pregnancy.
A Lactobacillus casei Shirota probiotic drink reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in patients with spinal cord injuries: a randomised controlled trial

Certain probiotics may prevent the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD), but their effectiveness depends on both strain and dose. There are few data on nutritional interventions to control AAD/CDAD in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population. The present study aimed to assess (1) the efficacy of consuming a commercially produced probiotic containing at least 6·5 × 109 live Lactobacilluscasei Shirota (LcS) in reducing the incidence of AAD/CDAD, and (2) whether undernutrition and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are risk factors for AAD/CDAD. A total of 164 SCI patients (50·1 (sd 17·8) years) with a requirement for antibiotics (median 21 d, range 5–366) were randomly allocated to receive LcS (n 76) or no probiotic (n 82). LcS was given once daily for the duration of the antibiotic course and continued for 7 days thereafter. Nutritional risk was assessed by the Spinal Nutrition Screening Tool. The LcS group had a significantly lower incidence of AAD (17·1 v. 54·9 %, P< 0·001). At baseline, 65 % of patients were at undernutrition risk. Undernutrition (64·1 v. 33·3 %, P< 0·01) and the use of PPI (38·4 v. 12·1 %, P= 0·022) were found to be associated with AAD. However, no significant difference was observed in nutrient intake between the groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified poor appetite ( < 1/2 meals eaten) (OR 5·04, 95 % CI 1·28, 19·84) and no probiotic (OR 8·46, 95 % CI 3·22, 22·20) as the independent risk factors for AAD. The present study indicated that LcS could reduce the incidence of AAD in hospitalised SCI patients. A randomised, placebo-controlled study is needed to confirm this apparent therapeutic success in order to translate into improved clinical outcomes.
Mathematical models of Haemophilus influenzae type b

A review of empirical studies and the development of a simple theoretical framework are used to explore the relationship between Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) carriage and disease within populations. The models emphasize the distinction between asymptomatic and symptomatic infection. Maximum likelihood methods are used to estimate parameter values of the models and to evaluate whether models of infection and disease are satisfactory. The low incidence of carriage suggests that persistence of infection is only compatible with the absence of acquired immunity to asymptomatic infection. The slight decline in carriage rates amongst adults is compatible with acquired immunity, but could be a consequence of reduced contacts. The low rate of disease observed in adulthood cannot be explained if protection from disease is a product of previous detectable exposure to Hib alone. We estimate an Ro of 3·3 for Hib in developed countries, which suggests that current immunization programmes may eliminate the infection. Analysis of the disease data set suggests the absence of maternal immunity and increased susceptibility to disease in the oldest age classes.
Restrictions of Minimum Spanner Problems

Abstract A t -spanner of a graph G is a spanning subgraph H such that the distance between any two vertices in H is at most t times their distance in G . Spanners arise in the context of approximating the original graph with a sparse subgraph (Peleg, D., and Schaffer, A. A. (1989), J. Graph. Theory 13 (1), 99–116). The MINIMUM t -SPANNER problem seeks to find a t -spanner with the minimum number of edges for the given graph. In this paper, we completely settle the complexity status of this problem for various values of t , on chordal graphs, split graphs, bipartite graphs and convex bipartite graphs. Our results settle an open question raised by L. Cai (1994, Discrete Appl. Math. 48 , 187–194) and also greatly simplify some of the proofs presented by Cai and by L. Cai and M. Keil (1994, Networks 24 , 233–249). We also give a factor 2 approximation algorithm for the MINIMUM 2-SPANNER problem on interval graphs. Finally, we provide approximation algorithms for the bandwidth minimization problem on convex bipartite graphs and split graphs using the notion of tree spanners.
Relationship dissolution and time on housework

This paper investigates gender differences in time on housework with relationship dissolution. Using longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (2001-2005) and a linear mixed modeling approach, we examine changes in housework hours before and after separation from marriage or cohabitation. The results indicate that relationship type affects change in housework hours of men and women following separation. Men's housework time increase with separation from marriage, but not from cohabitation. Women's housework time decrease after separation from both cohabitation and marriage. We also find evidence of anticipatory behavior where women who separate do less housework hours prior to separation than those who remain partnered. The paper concludes that gender equality is most likely in the absence of a co-residential partner.