Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Risk management of solitary and eusocial reproduction

Social insect colonies can be seen as a distinct form of biological organization because they function as superorganisms. Understanding how natural selection acts on the emergence and maintenance of these colonies remains a major question in evolutionary biology and ecology. Here, we explore this by using multi-type branching processes to calculate the basic reproductive ratios and the extinction probabilities for solitary versus eusocial reproductive strategies. In order to derive precise mathematical results, we use a simple haploid, asexual model. In general, we show that eusocial reproductive strategies are unlikely to materialize unless large fitness advantages are gained by the production of only a few workers. These fitness advantages are maximized through obligate rather than facultative eusocial strategies. Furthermore, we find that solitary reproduction is `unbeatable' as long as the solitary reproductive ratio exceeds a critical value. In these cases, no eusocial parameters exist that would reduce their probability of extinction. Our results help to explain why the number of solitary species exceeds that of eusocial ones: eusociality is a high risk, high reward strategy, while solitary reproduction is better at risk management.
Higher-Order Retrospective Revaluation in Human Causal Learning

Previous studies demonstrated that participants will retrospectively adjust their ratings about the relation between a target cue and an outcome on the basis of information about the causal status of a competing cue that was previously paired with the target cue. We demonstrate that such retrospective revaluation effects occur not only for target cues with which the competing cue was associated directly, but also for target cues that were associated indirectly with the competing cue. These second-order and third-order retrospective revaluation effects are compatible with certain implementations of the probabilistic contrast model and with a modified, extended comparator model, but cannot be explained on the basis of a revised Rescorla—Wagner model or a revised SOP model.
Interplay between pre-mRNA splicing and microRNA biogenesis within the supraspliceosome

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are central regulators of gene expression, and a large fraction of them are encoded in introns of RNA polymerase II transcripts. Thus, the biogenesis of intronic miRNAs by the microprocessor and the splicing of their host introns by the spliceosome require coordination between these processing events. This cross-talk is addressed here. We show that key microprocessor proteins Drosha and DGCR8 as well as pre-miRNAs cosediment with supraspliceosomes, where nuclear posttranscriptional processing is executed. We further show that inhibition of splicing increases miRNAs expression, whereas knock-down of Drosha increases splicing. We identified a novel splicing event in intron 13 of MCM7, where the miR-106b-25 cluster is located. The unique splice isoform includes a hosted pre-miRNA in the extended exon and excludes its processing. This indicates a possible mechanism of altering the levels of different miRNAs originating from the same transcript. Altogether, our study indicates interplay between the splicing and microprocessor machineries within a supraspliceosome context.
The Influence of Specialization-Specific Supervision on School Counselors’ Perceptions of Preparedness, Professional Identity, and Perceived Supervisor Effectiveness

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Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins as chaperones and co-receptors for FERONIA receptor kinase signaling in Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) is a multifunctional regulator for plant growth and reproduction. Here we report that the female gametophyte-expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein (GPI-AP) LORELEI and the seedling-expressed LRE-like GPI-AP1 (LLG1) bind to the extracellular juxtamembrane region of FER and show that this interaction is pivotal for FER function. LLG1 interacts with FER in the endoplasmic reticulum and on the cell surface, and loss of LLG1 function induces cytoplasmic retention of FER, consistent with transport of FER from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane in a complex with LLG1. We further demonstrate that LLG1 is a component of the FER-regulated RHO GTPase signaling complex and that fer and llg1 mutants display indistinguishable growth, developmental and signaling phenotypes, analogous to how lre and fer share similar reproductive defects. Together our results support LLG1/LRE acting as a chaperone and co-receptor for FER and elucidate a mechanism by which GPI-APs enable the signaling capacity of a cell surface receptor. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.06587. 001
Social and Semantic Diversity: Socio-semantic Representation of a Scientific Corpus

We propose a new method to extract key- words from texts and categorize these keywords according to their informational value, derived from the analysis of the ar- gumentative goal of the sentences they ap- pear in. The method is applied to the ACL Anthology corpus, containing papers on the computational linguistic domain pub- lished between 1980 and 2008. We show that our approach allows to highlight inter- esting facts concerning the evolution of the topics and methods used in computational linguistics.
Superparasitism in the Fruit Fly Parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Implications for Mass Rearing and Augmentative Release

Superparasitism, a strategy in which a female lays eggs in/on a previously parasitized host, was attributed in the past to the inability of females to discriminate between parasitized and non-parasitized hosts. However, superparasitism is now accepted as an adaptive strategy under specific conditions. In fruit fly parasitoids, superparasitism has mainly been studied as concerns the new association between Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and the Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), wherein this phenomenon is a common occurrence in both mass rearing and field conditions. Studies of this species have shown that moderate levels of superparasitism result in a female-biased sex ratio and that both massreared and wild females superparasitize their hosts without detrimental effects on offspring demographic parameters, including longevity and fecundity. These studies suggest that superparasitism in this species is advantageous. In this paper, we review superparasitism in D. longicaudata, discuss these findings in the context of mass rearing and field releases and address the possible implications of superparasitism in programs employing augmentative releases of parasitoids for the control of fruit fly pests.
A calibration‐free formulation of the complementary relationship of evaporation for continental‐scale hydrology

An important scaling consideration is introduced into the formulation of the complementary relationship (CR) of land surface evapotranspiration (ET) by specifying the maximum possible evaporation rate (Epmax) of a small water body (or wet patch) as a result of adiabatic drying from the prevailing near‐neutral atmospheric conditions. In dimensionless form the CR therefore becomes yB = f( Epmax−EpEpmax−EwxB) = f(X) = 2X2 − X3, where yB = ET/Ep, xB = Ew/Ep. Ew is the wet‐environment evaporation rate as given by the Priestley‐Taylor equation, Ep is the evaporation rate of the same small wet surface for which Epmax is specified and estimated by the Penman equation. With the help of North American Regional Reanalysis data, the CR this way yields better continental‐scale performance than earlier, calibrated versions of it and is on par with current land surface model results, the latter requiring vegetation, soil information and soil moisture bookkeeping. Validation has been performed by Parameter‐Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model precipitation and United States Geological Survey runoff data. A novel approach is also introduced to calculate the value of the Priestley‐Taylor parameter to be used with continental‐scale data, making the new formulation of the CR completely calibration free.
GROSS LABOR MARKET FLOWS IN EUROPE: SOME STYLIZED FACTS

The purpose of this paper is to establish some stylized facts on gross labor market flows - using mostly new data from France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States - which any theory of unemployment ought to explain. The regularities on gross labor market flows that we isolate are inconsistent with a large class of theories of labor markets and business cycles. Key results are: flows into and out of unemployment are countercyclical; these flows move tightly together, over both the cycle and the long run; the bulk of exits from unemployment actually represent job findings rather than exits from the labor force; employment inflows and outflows are procyclical.
A cross-sectional study of the association between mobile phone use and symptoms of ill health

Objectives This study analyzed the associations between mobile phone call frequency and duration with non-specific symptoms. Methods This study was conducted with a population group including 532 non-patient adults established by the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. The pattern of phone call using a mobile phone was investigated through face-to-face interview. Structured methods applied to quantitatively assess health effects are Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Psychosocial Well-being Index-Short Form, Beck Depression Inventory, Korean-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and 12-item Short Form Health Survey where a higher score represents a higher greater health effect. Results The average daily phone call frequency showed a significant correlation with the PSS score in female subjects. Increases in the average duration of one phone call were significantly correlated with increases in the severity of headaches in both sexes. The mean (standard deviation) HIT-6 score in the subgroup of subjects whose average duration of one phone call was five minutes or longer was 45.98 (8.15), as compared with 42.48 (7.20) in those whose average duration of one phone call was <5 minutes. The severity of headaches was divided into three levels according to the HIT-6 score (little or no impact/moderate impact/substantial or severe impact), and a logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between an increased phone call duration and the headache severity. When the average duration of one phone call was five minutes or longer, the odds ratio (ORs) and the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the moderate impact group were 2.22 and 1.18 to 4.19, respectively. The OR and 95% CI for the substantial or severe impact group were 4.44 and 2.11 to 8.90, respectively. Conclusions Mobile phone call duration was not significantly associated with stress, sleep, cognitive function, or depression, but was associated with the severity of headaches.
Involvement of the α3 Subunit in Central Nicotinic Binding Populations

The α3 subunit gene was one of the first neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits to be cloned (Boulter et al., 1986), but direct evidence of α3 subunit contributions to mammalian central nAChR populations has not been presented. The studies reported here used mice engineered to contain a null mutation in the α3 nAChR subunit gene (Xu et al., 1999) to examine the involvement of the α3 subunit in central nAChR populations. Heterologously expressed α3β2 and α3β4 nAChRs are pharmacologically similar to native [125I]α-conotoxin MII (α-CtxMII)-binding and 3-(2(S)-azetidinylmethoxy)pyridine dihydrochloride (A85380)-resistant [125I]epibatidine-binding nAChR subtypes, respectively. The hypothesis that both native sites are α3-subtype nAChRs was tested using quantitative autoradiography in α3-null mutant mice. Somewhat surprisingly, deletion of the α3 nAChR subunit gene did not affect expression of the great majority of [125I]α-CtxMII-binding sites, indicating that they do not correspond to heterologously expressed α3β2 nAChRs. The only exception to this was observed in the habenulointerpeduncular tract, where α3-dependent [125I]α-CtxMII binding was observed. This finding may suggest the presence of an additional, minor nicotinic population in this pathway. In contrast, most A85380-resistant [125I]epibatidine-binding nAChRs were dependent on α3 gene expression, suggesting that they do indeed correspond to an α3 nAChR subtype. However, widespread but lower levels of α3-independent A85380-resistant [125I]epibatidine binding were also seen. Again, this may indicate the existence of an additional, minor population of non-α3 A85380-resistant sites.
Craft and Capacity in the Public Service

Over the past 8 years, debates about Australia's public service have evolved from being focused mainly on skills and capacities to being now increasingly concerned about the operating environment for career officials, their ability to fulfil their stewardship obligations, and to practice their ‘craft’. In this article, I track those changes and ask what is the craft of public administration? How should we understand it? Are concerns it is imperilled or has been lost valid or overblown? I draw on the observations of current and former senior officials, and the findings of recent Capability Reviews. My primary focus is on the Australian Public Service, because here is where the debate has been most public and direct. I note that the focus of concern has shifted from public servants towards ministers, who have been largely absent from public sector reform initiatives of the past 40 years.
The Market as Organization

It is argued that not only hierarchies but also markets can be seen as modes of organization. Potential traders face the problem of choosing first a specific market organization before they start trading. Attention is focused on implicitly agreed upon market organizations. They are interpreted as equilibrium organizations of markets in the sense of the institution-as-an-equilibrium-of-a-game approach. This is illustrated for the case of price leadership cum advertising competition – exemplified by the American cigarette industry between the two World Wars. As a result, the theory of oligopoly appears in a different light.
Overlapping Community Detection via Local Spectral Clustering

Large graphs arise in a number of contexts and understanding their structure and extracting information from them is an important research area. Early algorithms on mining communities have focused on the global structure, and often run in time functional to the size of the entire graph. Nowadays, as we often explore networks with billions of vertices and find communities of size hundreds, it is crucial to shift our attention from macroscopic structure to microscopic structure in large networks. A growing body of work has been adopting local expansion methods in order to identify the community members from a few exemplary seed members. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for finding overlapping communities called LEMON (Local Expansion via Minimum One Norm). The algorithm finds the community by seeking a sparse vector in the span of the local spectra such that the seeds are in its support. We show that LEMON can achieve the highest detection accuracy among state-of-the-art proposals. The running time depends on the size of the community rather than that of the entire graph. The algorithm is easy to implement, and is highly parallelizable. We further provide theoretical analysis on the local spectral properties, bounding the measure of tightness of extracted community in terms of the eigenvalues of graph Laplacian. Moreover, given that networks are not all similar in nature, a comprehensive analysis on how the local expansion approach is suited for uncovering communities in different networks is still lacking. We thoroughly evaluate our approach using both synthetic and real-world datasets across different domains, and analyze the empirical variations when applying our method to inherently different networks in practice. In addition, the heuristics on how the seed set quality and quantity would affect the performance are provided.
Gender Fictions and Gender Tensions Involving "Traditional" Asante Market Women

This paper analyses the changing relations between organised women market traders and rulers in a West African context, from a distant past to the present. It shows how political elites have used market traders as loyal supporters and as scapegoats for many centuries. These relations have taken a convoluted path that alternates between alliance and repression, in the context of shifts in the political and economic environment. Notorious episodes of price control and market demolitions from 1979 to 1984 are only the most dramatic moments in a long history of official intervention in trade and suspicion of prominent traders. Protecting traders as local citizens alternated with attacking traders as scapegoats for the ills and frustrations of national economic life. The paper focuses on "traditional" forms of organisation among market women, describing their political role, in terms of their interactions between their female leaders and the authorities. It shows how the constant need for negotiation reinforced group loyalty and how such forms of organisation have displayed resilience and adapted to various economic and political shifts.
Proposed standard method for measuring lipase activity in serum by a continuous sampling technique.

A method is presented for measuring lipase activity in serum by use of either triolein or olive oil as substrate. The method requires 3 to 8 min for each measurement and 5 to 8 min for initial set-up. The reaction mixture is maintained at the optimum pH of 8.8 by automatic addition of sodium hydroxide (10 mmol/liter) with a " pH-Stat." Amount of sodium hydroxide delivered per unit time reflects lipase activity. When reaction conditions—such as pH, substrate concentration, emulsifier concentration, and type and concentration of added bile salts—were made optimal, the reaction kinetics were zero order. Data presented indicate that adding sodium glycocholate prevents inactivation of lipase and does not lead to activation of this enzyme. Comparative studies, in which triolein and olive oil, respectively, are used as substrates show that triolein is the superior substrate for lipase, but olive oil can be substituted for triolein for routine clinical laboratory use. The suggested upper limit of normal is 200 and 160 U/liter for triolein and olive oil substrates, respectively.
How to Modify a Neural Network Gradually Without Changing Its Input-Output Functionality

It is generally unknown when distinct neural networks having different synaptic weights and thresholds implement identical input-output transformations. Determining the exact conditions for structurally distinct yet functionally equivalent networks may shed light on the theoretical constraints on how diverse neural circuits might develop and be maintained to serve identical functions. Such consideration also imposes practical limits on our ability to uniquely infer the structure of underlying neural circuits from stimulus-response measurements. We introduce a biologically inspired mathematical method for determining when the structure of a neural network can be perturbed gradually while preserving functionality. We show that for common three-layer networks with convergent and nondegenerate connection weights, this is possible only when the hidden unit gains are power functions, exponentials, or logarithmic functions, which are known to approximate the gains seen in some biological neurons. For practical applications, our numerical simulations with finite and noisy data show that continuous confounding of parameters due to network functional equivalence tends to occur approximately even when the gain function is not one of the aforementioned three types, suggesting that our analytical results are applicable to more general situations and may help identify a common source of parameter variability in neural network modeling.
Spontaneous non-steady magnetic reconnection within the solar environment

Context. A fundamental step to produce realistic models of the solar phenomena requiring fast (and high power) triggering events is to understand the feasibility of a spontaneous transition from a slow to a fast reconnection regime in the solar environment and its macroscopic evolution within the theoretical framework of pure resistive magnetohydrodynamics. Aims. We show the dynamical evolution of a reconnecting force-free magnetic field in a “simplified” solar atmosphere (high chromosphere-low corona) described by a pressure-balanced configuration with a variable density modeling the transition region. Magnetic reconnection plays a fundamental role in this region and we show the efficient working of a non-steady and self-feeding reconnection process whose development as determined by characteristic solar parameters (global resistivity, global viscosity, plasma beta) is followed. Methods. This work presents a 2.5-dimensional simulation study of the instability of force-free current-sheets located in a medium with a strong density variation along the current layer. In order to reach the needed high resolution and to reduce the influence of spurious numerical effects, we use a code with a fully-implicit-particle (or Flip) algorithm to solve an Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation of resistive and viscous magnetohydrodynamics equations. Results. The initial force-free configuration is observed to undergo a two-stage evolution consisting of an abrupt regime transition from a slow to a fast reconnection process, which leads the system to a final chaotic configuration. Yet the onset of the fast phase is not determined by any anomalous enhancement in the plasma’s local resistivity. An asymmetric development of the whole structure is observed and the related magnetic field topology and energetic features are described. Conclusions. This mechanism can be used as a simple but effective model of several (explosive) processes taking place from the high chromosphere up to the low corona. Our simplified model of the solar atmosphere allows us to obtain a realistic oriented path for the evolution of the overall flow and reconnecting current-sheet. In the present work, the numerical experiment provides key information and observables (like the energetic fluxes) to be compared with observations.
An empirical analysis of nonstationarity in a panel of interest rates with factors

This paper studies nonstationarities in a panel of Canadian and US interest rates of different maturities and risk. We focus on methods which model the cross-sectional dependence within the panel as a linear dynamic factor model, and decompose our data into common and idiosyncratic components that we analyze in turn. Our results suggest the presence of a single nonstationary factor in our panel. Since some of the idiosyncratic components are stationary, we conclude that these series are cointegrated. Finally, the dominant factors can be interpreted as level and slope factors as in the term structure literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.