Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FLARING BEHAVIOR OF THE QUASAR 3C 454.3 ACROSS THE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

We analyze the behavior of the parsec-scale jet of the quasar 3C 454.3 during pronounced flaring in 2005–2008. Three major disturbances propagated down the jet along different trajectories with Lorentz factors Γ > 10. The disturbances show a clear connection with millimeter-wave outbursts, in 2005 May/June, 2007 July, and 2007 December. High-amplitude optical events in the R-band light curve precede peaks of the millimeter-wave outbursts by 15–50 days. Each optical outburst is accompanied by an increase in X-ray activity. We associate the optical outbursts with propagation of the superluminal knots and derive the location of sites of energy dissipation in the form of radiation. The most prominent and long lasting of these, in 2005 May, occurred closer to the black hole, while the outbursts with a shorter duration in 2005 autumn and in 2007 might be connected with the passage of a disturbance through the millimeter-wave core of the jet. The optical outbursts, which coincide with the passage of superluminal radio knots through the core, are accompanied by systematic rotation of the position angle of optical linear polarization. Such rotation appears to be a common feature during the early stages of flares in blazars. We find correlations between optical variations and those at X-ray and γ-ray energies. We conclude that the emergence of a superluminal knot from the core yields a series of optical and high-energy outbursts, and that the millimeter-wave core lies at the end of the jet's acceleration and collimation zone. We infer that the X-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton scattering by relativistic electrons of photons both from within the jet (synchrotron self-Compton) and external to the jet (external Compton, or EC); which one dominates depends on the physical parameters of the jet. A broken power-law model of the γ-ray spectrum reflects a steepening of the synchrotron emission spectrum from near-IR to soft UV wavelengths. We propose that the γ-ray emission is dominated by the EC mechanism, with the sheath of the jet supplying seed photons for γ-ray events that occur near the millimeter-wave core.
Perspectives, Voices, and Worldviews in Frequently Read Children's Books

Research Findings: This study content analyzed 29 frequently used children's books in pre-kindergarten through 3rd- grade classrooms. Although the books included European and African American literature, none of the 29 books addressed other ethnic groups in the United States, and only two included international perspectives. Male and middle socioeconomic status themes dominated the book collection. An inductive theme analysis was conducted to determine overt themes that may obscure or make the underlying ideologies of the books less apparent. Three common themes emerged: (a) early childhood education content and skills, (b) imagination/fantasy/humor, and (c) d ispositions/morals/life lessons. Going beyond the three initial themes and examining implicit cultural affirmations provided additional insights. Books were examined to determine if they affirmed the cultural worldviews of African American children, who made up nearly 50% of the district's population. Not surprisingly, 23 of the 29 books (79%) were rated as having low representations of African American culture. Practice or Policy: We conclude that in addition to teaching children to enjoy books, educators can actively help their young charges recognize and deconstruct prevailing inaccurate, incomplete, and negative images and information. Equally important is an examination of the unspoken subtexts and ideologies regarding the roles and importance of U.S. and world populations.
Civic, ethnic, hybrid and atomised identities in Central and Eastern Europe

While the topic of identity of ethnic minorities abounds in theoretical insights, most discussion is still clustered around the civic–ethnic divide while assuming conclusions with limited empirical evidence. By contrast, this article uses a four-category typology of identity that considers both in-group and out-group attachments to address hypotheses about competing identities and about factors influencing minorities to adopt one identity type over others. Based on unique data evidence of 12 ethnic minorities in Central and Eastern Europe, this study concludes that the ‘hybrid’ identity, rather than the literature-assumed ‘ethnic’ identity, tops the identification preference of minorities, although there are differences in levels and patterns when controlling for various covariates. The choice of identity depends on the socialisation process, the economic status, the perceived discrimination and intergroup tensions, reflecting variations in the system of values common to a region with complex ethnic dynamics.
Design Techniques for Exploring Automotive Interaction in the Drive towards Automation

Automotive interaction design is undergoing a major shift due to the disruptive forces of automation and information technology. This paper reviews current challenges in human vehicle interaction design and argues that these challenges demand that interaction become a primary consideration in designing automotive user experiences. We survey exploratory interaction design techniques for human vehicle interactions, showing examples from our research of each technique in action. The techniques are enactments, contextual inquiry, scale scenarios, Wizard of Oz, field experiments and video and animation prototyping. We reflect upon our experiences with these methods, and discuss as yet unmet needs in interaction design for the road ahead.
A Research to Determine the Effects of Emotıonal Labour on Emotional Exhaustion and Job Satisfaction: The Case of Health Insiıtutions

This study is to examine the relationship between emotional labour which is defined as workers’ exhibiting appropriate emotions designated by the organization towards the customers of the organization, and emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction. In this context a field study was conducted on the employees of a health institution operating in the province of Konya. As a result of this study, it is found that there is statistically significant relationship between emotional labour and emotional exhaustion. Also, it was found that job satisfaction was decreasing as emotional exhaustion levels were increasing and there was a statistically significant relationship between emotional labour level and job satisfaction of workers. At the end of study, it was determined that there was statistically significant relationship between emotional labor and emotional exhaustion and that the levels of emotional labor of the employees, whose the level of job satisfaction are high. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013. v4n10p366
Erythropoietin is highly elevated in vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by increased vascular permeability, ischemia, and neovascularization. Ischemia in the retina can induce neovascularization via induction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (1). Hypoxia is also the main stimulus for erythropoietin (EPO) gene expression. It has been reported that EPO may have not only erythropoietic (2) but also neuroprotective (3) and angiogenic (4) effects. EPO is expressed at a number of sites including kidney, liver, brain, uterus (5), and the adult mammalian retina, which also expresses EPO receptors (6). The aim of this study was to investigate whether EPO is elevated in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and whether vitreous EPO levels are related to systemic levels of EPO, anemia, or nephropathy. Vitreous fluid samples were obtained from 59 PDR patients and 16 macular hole patients at the start of the vitrectomy procedure. Concentrations of EPO in vitreous fluid and serum samples were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for EPO (Toyobouseki, Osaka, Japan). Concentrations of VEGF were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for human VEGF (R & D Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Protein in vitreous fluid was determined using the method of Bradford (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare intravitreous concentrations of protein, VEGF, …
Peripheral blood MDS score: A new flow cytometric tool for the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of hematopoietic disorders diagnosed using morphologic and clinical findings supported by cytogenetics. Because abnormalities may be subtle, diagnosis using these approaches can be challenging. Flow cytometric (FCM) approaches have been described; however the value of bone marrow immunophenotyping in MDS remains unclear due to the variability in detected abnormalities. We sought to refine the FCM approach by using peripheral blood (PB) to create a clinically useful tool for the diagnosis of MDS.
Mentalization, Emotion Regulation, Countertransference

Two psychodynamic treatments for children with externalizing behaviors are compared: Regulation-Focused Psychotherapy for Children with Externalizing Behaviors (RFP-C) and Mentalization Based Psychotherapy for Children (MBT-C). Although these two treatments encompass a variety of similar interventions, the treatments differ as follows: MBT-C primarily addresses the child’s subjective sense of self (social cognition system) whereas RFP-C primarily targets the child’s defenses against unpleasant emotions (implicit emotion regulation system). With both approaches, clinicians can manage their countertransference by using an active psychotherapeutic technique when working with children who exhibit externalizing behaviors.
Narrating Oneself: Reflections on the use of Solicited Diaries with Diary Interviews

In using the solicited diaries to access the everyday ways in which self-identified lesbians and gay men are made aware of their sexuality, this paper considers the role of solicited diaries combined with diary interviews. Furthermore it draws on empirical evidence to argue that a diary interview provides a richer, deeper and contextual understanding of the documented experiences. The paper reflects on the participants' experiences of keeping the solicited diary, the narratives produced through the solicited diaries and heterosexism as one the main themes to emerge from the solicited diaries and diary interview analysis. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs1002160
γδ T Cell–Dependent Regulatory T Cells Prevent the Development of Autoimmune Keratitis

To prevent potentially damaging inflammatory responses, the eye actively promotes local immune tolerance via a variety of mechanisms. Owing to trauma, infection, or other ongoing autoimmunity, these mechanisms sometimes fail, and an autoimmune disorder may develop in the eye. In mice of the C57BL/10 (B10) background, autoimmune keratitis often develops spontaneously, particularly in the females. Its incidence is greatly elevated in the absence of γδ T cells, such that ∼80% of female B10. TCRδ−/− mice develop keratitis by 18 wk of age. In this article, we show that CD8+ αβ T cells are the drivers of this disease, because adoptive transfer of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells to keratitis-resistant B10. TCRβ/δ−/− hosts induced a high incidence of keratitis. This finding was unexpected because in other autoimmune diseases, more often CD4+ αβ T cells, or both CD4+ and CD8+ αβ T cells, mediate the disease. Compared with wild-type B10 mice, B10. TCRδ−/− mice also show increased percentages of peripheral memory phenotype CD8+ αβ T cells, along with an elevated frequency of CD8+ αβ T cells biased to produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, B10. TCRδ−/- mice have fewer peripheral CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ αβ regulatory T cells (Tregs), which express lower levels of receptors needed for Treg development and function. Together, these observations suggest that in B10 background mice, γδ T cells are required to generate adequate numbers of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs, and that in B10. TCRδ−/− mice a Treg deficiency allows dysregulated effector or memory CD8+ αβ T cells to infiltrate the cornea and provoke an autoimmune attack.
Cycle-Characteristic Odour of Cow Urine Can Be Detected by the Female Face Fly (Musca autumnalis)

Contents Due to declining dairy cow fertility rates, there is great interest in developing tools for oestrus detection. Compounds in the volatile profile of oestrous cows are suggested as oestrus-specific, but consistent results have not been presented. Certain haematophagous arthropods can discriminate stages of the mammalian reproductive cycle based on host volatiles. This study investigated whether the face fly, Musca autumnalis de Geer (Diptera: Muscidae), can discriminate between urine from cows in oestrus and urine collected during the luteal phase. Individual flies were tested in a two-choice behavioural assay with choice between odour of oestrous or luteal urine and water (control). Flies chose the control arm significantly more when exposed to oestrous urine than when exposed to luteal urine. Analysis of volatiles showed that 1-hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol) was released in greater amounts from oestrous urine than from urine collected during the luteal phase. In a dose response assay, flies were significantly attracted by 0.01 ng of 1-hexadecanol but significantly repelled by 0.1 ng, a pattern consistent with fly responses to urine. In conclusion, M. autumnalis can discriminate between oestrous and luteal urine, and this may be mediated by differences in 1-hexadecanol concentration.
Public Perceptions of Mental Capacities of Nonhuman Animals

Mental capacities are an essential basis on which people give moral concern to nonhuman animals. Hence, it is important to investigate public perceptions of animal mind and the factors underlying these perceptions. Although research into citizen beliefs in animal mind has been increasing, population-based studies utilizing multivariate methods have been scarce. In this article, public perceptions of animal mind are investigated with a nationwide survey in Finland ( n = 1,824). Eight animal species positioned differently in cultural categorizations are included in the analysis. Dogs were ascribed the most capacities, followed by cows, pigs, wolves, and elk. Citizens expressed a low belief in the mental capacities of chicken, salmon, and shrimp. Classifying animals as companions, food, and threat influences the perceptions of animal mind. Young age, having a companion animal, valuing societal equality, and concern for animal welfare and for animal utilization are connected to a greater belief in animal mind.
Multiinstitutional phase II trial of intensive combination chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic melanoma.

PURPOSE To evaluate the activity and toxicity of combined high-dose cisplatin, dacarbazine (DTIC), and tamoxifen chemotherapy and high-dose bolus interleukin-2 (IL-2) in patients with metastatic melanoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with metastatic melanoma, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1, and normal organ function were enrolled onto this multiinstitutional Cytokine Working Group trial. Patients received intensive chemoimmunotherapy consisting of cisplatin (50 mg/m2) and DTIC (350 mg/m2) intravenously (IV) on days 1 to 3 and 43 to 45, IL-2 600,000 IU/kg IV every 8 hours on days 12 to 16 and 26 to 30 (maximum, 28 doses), and tamoxifen 20 mg orally each day. Patients were evaluated for response at day 63 of each cycle, and responding patients were given a second cycle of therapy beginning on day 71 to 85. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients were entered onto this study. Toxicities were as expected for the chemotherapy and immunotherapy components of this regimen. Overlapping toxicity consisted primarily of thrombocytopenia (76% of patients required platelet transfusions), neutropenia, anemia, fatigue, and weight loss. Despite these cytopenias, bleeding and infectious complications were rare. There were no treatment-related deaths. Three patients achieved a complete response (CR; 8%), and 13 achieved a partial response (PR). The overall objective response rate was 42% (95% confidence interval [CI], 26% to 58%). Six additional patients had greater than 50% tumor reduction at day 63, which did not persist until a subsequent evaluation. The median duration of response was 5 months (range, 2 to 20+), and the median survival duration was 11 months. CONCLUSION This intensive treatment regimen appears to possess activity in metastatic melanoma comparable, but not superior, to that of other less intensive cisplatin- and IL-2-based chemoimmunotherapy regimens. Although the toxicity and complexity of this regimen make it unsuitable for phase III testing and impractical for more widespread use, the results of this study support a potential favorable interaction between IL-2 and chemotherapy in this disease and highlight the need for appropriately designed phase III trials.
Development of a Vessel Organ Culture System: Characterisation of the Method and Implications for the Reduction of Animal Experiments

In the field of cardiovascular research, the pig is considered to be an excellent animal model of human diseases. It is well-known that primary cultures of endothelial cells (ECs) are a powerful tool for the study of vascular physiology and pathology, and, according to the principles of the Three Rs, their use results in a substantial reduction in the numbers of experimental animals required. However, a limitation of EC culture is that the cells are not in their physiological context. Here, we describe and characterise a method for the culture of porcine vessels that overcomes the limitation of EC cultures, with the advantage of reducing the number of animals used for research purposes. The organ cultures were set-up by using an aortic cylinder obtained from the arteries of control pigs sacrificed for other experimental purposes. In order to characterise the method, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation and the vessel's structural features were evaluated during organ culture. These analyses confirm that the culture of aortic cylinder lumen, in a medium specific for ECs, results in a stable system in terms of VEGF and MMP secretion. The ECs do not undergo cell division during the organ culture, which is also the case in vivo, if no stimulation occurs. Overall, we show that this novel system closely resembles the in vivo context. Importantly, porcine aortas can be collected from either veterinary surgeries or slaughterhouses, without having to sacrifice animals specifically for the purposes of this type of research.
University students setting goals in the context of autonomy, self‐efficacy and important goal‐related task engagement

In this study, the authors attempted to examine the roles of trait autonomy, trait self‐efficacy, important goal‐related task engagement and gender in predicting whether undergraduate university students are willing to set difficult goals. One hundred and thirty‐six undergraduate communications students from the North‐Eastern USA completed an online survey. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to create the multiple item variables. The relationships were examined using structural equation modelling. As predicted, results revealed that trait autonomy indirectly and positively predicted setting difficult goals through trait self‐efficacy and a person’s willingness to engage in important tasks. A willingness to take on important goal‐related tasks and self‐efficacy beliefs was associated with those who reported a readiness to set difficult goals. Results suggest that before males engage in challenging goal attainment they must perceive themselves as self‐efficacious, whereas females are inspired by tasks that are important to them. If the tasks are important, by implication, so are the goals, notwithstanding their difficult nature. In the ‘Discussion’ section, we suggest implications for team‐based learning.
Show Them the Mission: A Comparison of Teacher Recruitment Incentives in High Need Communities

type="main"> Most public organizations use both materialistic and idealistic appeals to attract valued employees, with the latter being particularly important for difficult jobs. Teaching in high poverty communities is one such job, though none have studied whether successful high poverty schools such as the Knowledge Is Power Program (KIPP) schools make relatively greater use of public service appeals in teacher recruitment. In education, we identify these materialistic and idealistic appeals as teacher-centered and student-centered incentives. Teacher-centered incentives are those that appeal to a teacher's desire for higher compensation or advancement opportunities, whereas student-centered appeals attempt to attract teachers with a public service mission. We compare the use of teacher-centered and student-centered appeals in teacher recruitment by the universe of KIPP networks (n = 33) and neighboring traditional public school districts (n = 34), each serving disadvantaged populations. Coders record personnel website use of four teacher-centered appeals (including salary and benefits) and four student-centered appeals. Chi-square tests show that KIPP schools make less use of teacher-centered appeals, especially monetary compensation, and more use of student-centered appeals in teacher recruitment. Supplemented by fieldwork, findings suggest that appeals to mission may work better than merit pay in recruiting effective teachers for high poverty schools.
Perceived autonomy-support, expectancy, value, metacognitive strategies and performance in chemistry: a structural equation model in undergraduates

Research in chemistry education has highlighted a number of variables that predict learning and performance, such as teacher–student interactions, academic motivation and metacognition. Most of this chemistry research has examined these variables by identifying dyadic relationships through bivariate correlations. The main purpose of this study was to simultaneously investigate students' perceptions of teacher–student interactions (autonomy support), motivation (expectancy, importance, utility and interest), metacognitive strategies for problem solving (planning, monitoring and evaluation), and performance in chemistry. Measures were collected from 503 Spanish undergraduates (53.13% females) aged 18 to 36 years. Structural equation modeling (SEM) tested the hypothesized direct and mediated relations between these variables. First, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided evidence of the robustness of the evaluation instruments. Second, perceived autonomy support positively predicted expectancy, importance, utility, interest, planning, monitoring, evaluation and performance in chemistry; motivational variables positively predicted metacognitive strategies and performance; and metacognitive strategies positively predicted performance. Moreover, all hypothesized mediated effects between variables were also supported. We conclude discussing the main findings of this study, highlighting their educational implications, acknowledging their limitations, and proposing lines of future research on chemistry education.