Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Grapevine bunch rots: impacts on wine composition, quality, and potential procedures for the removal of wine faults.

Bunch rot of grape berries causes economic loss to grape and wine production worldwide. The organisms responsible are largely filamentous fungi, the most common of these being Botrytis cinerea (gray mold); however, there are a range of other fungi responsible for the rotting of grapes such as Aspergillus spp. , Penicillium spp. , and fungi found in subtropical climates (e.g., Colletotrichum spp. (ripe rot) and Greeneria uvicola (bitter rot)). A further group more commonly associated with diseases of the vegetative tissues of the vine can also infect grape berries (e.g., Botryosphaeriaceae, Phomopsis viticola ). The impact these fungi have on wine quality is poorly understood as are remedial practices in the winery to minimize wine faults. Compounds found in bunch rot affected grapes and wine are typically described as having mushroom, earthy odors and include geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, fenchol, and fenchone. This review examines the current state of knowledge about bunch rot of grapes and how this plant disease complex affects wine chemistry. Current wine industry practices to minimize wine faults and gaps in our understanding of how grape bunch rot diseases affect wine production and quality are also identified.
Intracellular maturation and localization of the tumour necrosis factor α convertase ( TACE )

*Cellular Biochemistry and Biophysics Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Box 368, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A. , †Tri-Institutional (Cornell University/Rockefeller University/Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) M.D.-Ph.D. Training Program, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, U.S.A. , and ‡Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Inc., 2512 S. Tri-Center Blvd, Research Triangle Park, NC 27713, U.S.A.
Nematotoxicity of Marasmius oreades Agglutinin (MOA) Depends on Glycolipid Binding and Cysteine Protease Activity*

Fruiting body lectins have been proposed to act as effector proteins in the defense of fungi against parasites and predators. The Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) is a Galα1,3Gal/GalNAc-specific lectin from the fairy ring mushroom that consists of an N-terminal ricin B-type lectin domain and a C-terminal dimerization domain. The latter domain shows structural similarity to catalytically active proteins, suggesting that, in addition to its carbohydrate-binding activity, MOA has an enzymatic function. Here, we demonstrate toxicity of MOA toward the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. This toxicity depends on binding of MOA to glycosphingolipids of the worm via its lectin domain. We show further that MOA has cysteine protease activity and demonstrate a critical role of this catalytic function in MOA-mediated nematotoxicity. The proteolytic activity of MOA was dependent on high Ca2+ concentrations and favored by slightly alkaline pH, suggesting that these conditions trigger activation of the toxin at the target location. Our results suggest that MOA is a fungal toxin with intriguing similarities to bacterial binary toxins and has a protective function against fungivorous soil nematodes.
Effect of stress-like concentrations of cortisol on follicular development and the preovulatory surge of LH in sheep.

Stress-like concentrations of cortisol increase the negative feedback potency of oestradiol in castrated male sheep. A similar cortisol-dependent response in female sheep might be expected to suppress gonadotrophin secretion and impair follicular development and ovulation. The oestrous activity of 21 female sheep was synchronized using progestogen-treated vaginal pessaries to test this hypothesis. Stress-like concentrations of cortisol (60-70 ng ml-1) were established by continuous infusion of cortisol (80 micrograms kg-1 h-1; n = 13) beginning 5 days before, and continuing for 5 days after, pessary removal. Control animals (n = 8) received a comparable volume of vehicle (50% ethanol-saline) over the 10 day infusion period. Serum concentrations of oestradiol increased progressively in control sheep during the 48 h immediately after pessary removal. This increase in serum oestradiol was blocked or significantly attenuated in sheep receiving stress-like concentrations of cortisol. Preovulatory surge-like secretion of LH was apparent in control animals 58.5 +/- 2.1 h after pessary removal. In contrast, surge-like secretion of LH was not observed during the 5 days after pessary removal in 54% (7 of 13) of sheep receiving cortisol. Moreover, the onset of the surge was significantly delayed in the cortisol-treated ewes that showed surge-like secretion of LH during the infusion period. The ability of episodic pulses of exogenous GnRH to override the anti-gonadal effect of cortisol was examined in a second study. Oestrous activity of 12 ewes was synchronized using progestogen-containing pessaries as described above. Ewes were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups (n = 4 ewes per group). Animals received cortisol (100 micrograms kg-1 h-1; groups 1 and 2) or a comparable volume of vehicle (group 3) beginning 5 days before, and continuing for 2 days after, pessary removal. Pulses of GnRH (4 ng kg-1 h-1, i.v.; group 1) or saline (groups 2 and 3) at 1 h intervals were initiated at pessary removal and continued for 48 h. Serum concentrations of oestradiol were not significantly increased after pessary removal in sheep receiving cortisol alone. Conversely, serum concentrations of oestradiol increased progressively during the 48 h after pessary removal in control ewes and in ewes receiving cortisol and GnRH. At the end of infusion, serum concentrations of oestradiol did not differ (P > 0.05) between control (7.7 +/- 0.8 pg ml-1) ewes and ewes receiving cortisol and episodic GnRH (6.4 +/- 1.3 pg ml-1). Moreover, these values were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the serum concentrations of oestradiol in animals receiving cortisol (1.0 +/- 0.4 pg ml-1) alone. Collectively, these data indicate stress-like concentrations of cortisol block or delay follicular development and the preovulatory surge of LH in sheep. In addition, episodic GnRH overrides cortisol-induced delay in follicular maturation.
Conditioning mechanism of Cu-Cr electrode based on electrode surface state under impulse voltage application in vacuum

Because of high insulation performance and environmental-friendliness, vacuum is attracting considerable attention, and vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs) are expected to develop into higher voltage level. In this paper, we investigated the relationship between the surface condition and the conditioning mechanism of Cu-Cr electrode during impulse voltage application in vacuum. The experimental results showed that a layer of anode material was deposited on the cathode surface, owing to the impulse voltage applications. In addition, we investigated the content ratio of cathode and anode material on the surface after the saturation of electrode conditioning and relationship between the breakdown (BD) discharge area and deposited area during electrode conditioning process. We found that under impulse voltage application, the cathode surface characteristics approach the anode material characteristics, but that the content ratio of Cu to Cr differed between the electrodes. This means that anode material could determine the final state of the conditioning process.
Toward constructivism for adult learners in online learning environments

Since online learning has a different setting from the conventional classroom, online educators need to use some special techniques and perceptions to lead to success. Moreover, adults have special needs and requirements as learners compared with children and adolescents, thus online educators should know how adults can learn best because of their special characteristics. Philosophical and methodological shifts also affect instruction. Many researchers have suggested that constructivism should be applied in distance education. Thus, this paper attempts to examine the impact of constructivism in online learning environments when focusing on adult learners. The author develops the connection between constructivism and adult learning theory. In addition, the paper proposes instructional guidelines using the constructivist approach in online learning for adults.
Social Identity Processes: Trends in Theory and Research

INTRODUCTION Social Identity Theory in Retrospect and Prospect - Rupert Brown and Dora Capozza PART ONE: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Models, Meanings and Motivations - Kay Deaux A Multidimensional Model of Identity - Stephen Worchel, Jonathan Iuzzini, Dawna Coutant, and Manuela Ivaldi Relating Individual and Group Identities to Intergroup Behaviour PART TWO: INGROUP BIAS: MEASURES AND CONDITIONS Valence-Dependent Probability of Ingroup Favouritism between Minimal Groups - Sabine Otten and Am[ac]elie Mummendey An Integrative View on the Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination From Incorrect Deductive Reasoning to Ingroup Favouritism - Nathalie Scaillet and Jacques-Philippe Leyens Individualism, Collectivism and Social Identity Theory - Dora Capozza, Alberto Voci, and Orazio Licciardello Comparative Identity, Category Salience and Intergroup Relations - Maria Ros, Carmen Huici, and Angel G[ac]omez Measuring Prejudice - Anne Maass, Luigi Castelli, and Luciano Arcuri Implicity versus Explicit Techniques PART THREE: SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY AND CHANGE IN INTERGROUP RELATIONS Superordinate Goals versus Superordinate Identity as Bases of Intergroup Cooperation - Marilynn B Brewer The Common Ingroup Identity Model for Reducing Intergroup Bias - Samuel L Gaertner, John F Dovidio, Jason A Nier, Brenda S Banker, Christine M Ward, Melissa Houlette, and Stephanie Loux Progress and Challenges Multiple Categorization and Social Identity - Richard J Crisp and Miles Hewstone Categorization and Intergroup Anxiety in Intergroup Contact - Katy Greenland and Rupert Brown CONCLUSION New Trends in Theory and Research - Dora Capozza and Rupert Brown
On the teleconnectivity of the “Arctic Oscillation”

The term “Arctic Oscillation” (AO) has recently been introduced to describe the leading structure of SLP variability over the Northern Hemisphere. A key feature of the AO is its zonally symmetric appearance, with a primary center of action over the Arctic and opposing anomalies in midlatitudes. Does the AO's annular appearance result from significant temporal correlations between SLP anomalies at distant longitudes? The results presented indicate that the temporal coherence between the Arctic and midlatitudes is strongest over the Atlantic sector, with weak correlations between the Atlantic and Pacific midlatitudes, both on intraseasonal and interannual time scales during the past 50 yrs. Hence, the “annular” character of the AO is more a reflection of the dominance of its Arctic center of action than any coordinated behavior of the Atlantic and Pacific centers of action in the SLP field. The AO is nearly indistinguishable from the leading structure of variability in the Atlantic sector (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation): their temporal correlation is 0.95 for monthly data.
Stimulation of dendritic cells with Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin negatively regulates their maturation via the restoration of E2F1

Helicobacter pylori induces an infiltration of dendritic cells (DCs) into the infected gastric mucosa. Although DCs play an important role in the regulation of inflammation, the effects of H. pylori vacuolating cytotoxin (VacA) on DC maturation process have not yet been elucidated. The role of VacA in DC maturation following co‐exposure to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was investigated. The treatment of immature DCs with LPS up‐regulated the expression of surface molecules [e.g. CD40, CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II], as well as the production of cytokines [e.g. interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐12p70 and tumour necrosis gactor (TNF)‐α] compared with those of unstimulated controls. Co‐stimulation with H. pylori VacA significantly reduced the up‐regulated DC maturation markers induced by LPS. In addition, VacA sustained the immature state of DCs with high endocytosis and low migratory capacity. The LPS‐induced down‐regulation of E2F1 expression in DCs was recovered by co‐stimulation with VacA. Moreover, suppression of E2F1 by small interfering RNA resulted in a significant recovery of the inhibited DC maturation by VacA. In contrast, VacA did not affect nuclear factor (NF)‐κB responses to LPS and the NF‐κB signal was not associated with VacA‐induced inhibition of DC maturation. These results suggest that the exposure of DCs to H. pylori VacA negatively regulates DC maturation via the restoration of E2F1. The immunomodulatory action of VacA on DCs may contribute to the ability of VacA‐producing H. pylori to establish a persistent infection in the gastric mucosa.
Increased androgenic sensitivity in the hind limb muscular system marks the evolution of a derived gestural display

Significance Diverse species signal using limb gestures, but little is known about how selection incorporates such movements into display routines. We study this issue in a tropical frog that produces complex waving displays with its hind limbs. We find not only that androgenic hormones activate such signaling behavior, but also that the signal’s recent evolution is marked by a dramatic increase in androgenic sensitivity of the thigh muscles that control hind limb maneuvering. Moreover, we demonstrate that this muscular phenotype mirrors that which is found in the larynx of other frogs that primarily produce androgen-dependent vocalizations as social signals. We therefore uncover strong coevolution between the emergence of complex sexual gestural signals and enhanced androgenic signaling mechanisms in the muscular system. Physical gestures are prominent features of many species’ multimodal displays, yet how evolution incorporates body and leg movements into animal signaling repertoires is unclear. Androgenic hormones modulate the production of reproductive signals and sexual motor skills in many vertebrates; therefore, one possibility is that selection for physical signals drives the evolution of androgenic sensitivity in select neuromotor pathways. We examined this issue in the Bornean rock frog (Staurois parvus, family: Ranidae). Males court females and compete with rivals by performing both vocalizations and hind limb gestural signals, called “foot flags. ” Foot flagging is a derived display that emerged in the ranids after vocal signaling. Here, we show that administration of testosterone (T) increases foot flagging behavior under seminatural conditions. Moreover, using quantitative PCR, we also find that adult male S. parvus maintain a unique androgenic phenotype, in which androgen receptor (AR) in the hind limb musculature is expressed at levels ∼10× greater than in two other anuran species, which do not produce foot flags (Rana pipiens and Xenopus laevis). Finally, because males of all three of these species solicit mates with calls, we accordingly detect no differences in AR expression in the vocal apparatus (larynx) among taxa. The results show that foot flagging is an androgen-dependent gestural signal, and its emergence is associated with increased androgenic sensitivity within the hind limb musculature. Selection for this novel gestural signal may therefore drive the evolution of increased AR expression in key muscles that control signal production to support adaptive motor performance.
Framing public crisis responses - a study on the effects of news frames in the social-mediated crisis communication of the local government

This study took a first step in examining the effects of news frames in crisis communication via social media. The effects of social media in crisis communication on receivers are still understudied. Previous research mainly stressed the presence of certain news frames on social media and was merely directed to the appearance and presence of these news frames in media coverage. In a 2x5-design, the effects of five news frames during two types of crises on public crisis responses are examined. Looking at how the public responds is relevant, because they mark whether the local government succeeded in her crisis communication. Risk perception, secondary crisis communication, trust, benevolence, competence, integrity, willingness to depend, subjective probability of depending (intention to follow advice), reputation, personal involvement and the attribution of crisis responsibility are the public crisis response variables in this study. The effects were measured with the use of an online questionnaire in which the participants were exposed to a manipulated Facebook message, in which the frame and cluster were manipulated. In total, 304 participants participated in this study. An analysis on the mean scores within and between the conditions suggests that the conflict frame has the most positive effect on the public crisis responses and that the effect of this frame is different in both clusters. The results imply that the local government should emphasize the political conflict during a victim crisis to be perceived as more competent, and during a preventable crisis to be perceived as more benevolent and trustworthy. In both clusters the conflict frame leads to a higher perception of risk and secondary crisis communication. In addition to the effects of news frames and crisis cluster, this study looks at the effects of several public crisis responses on risk perception and at the intention to engage into secondary crisis communication. The findings indicate that a higher personal involvement leads to a higher risk perception and to more secondary crisis communication. Furthermore, a higher risk perception also directly leads to more secondary crisis communication.
Uso de mapas mentales como método para ayudar a estudiantes de ESL/EFL a conectar vocabulario y conceptos en diferentes contextos (Using Mind Mapping as a Method to Help ESL/EFL Students Connect Vocabulary and Concepts in Different Contexts)

Current knowledge about the ways in which the brain works shows that thinking is not linear. Individuals can better understand concepts when they have visual representations of those ideas. These pictorial diagrams are manifestations of Radiant Thinking. Understanding how the mind works to connect concepts, helps educators provide vocabulary strategies that support students’ learning. Mind Mapping has proven to be a good technique for memorizing, creative thinking, and learning. This paper reflects on how mind mapping helps ESL/EFL students connect concepts in different contexts through the assistance of pictorial representations by hand and by the use of software that enables learners to create associations between wordsand images in order to better learn and memorize information in a second language.
Whitefly Genome Expression Reveals Host-Symbiont Interaction in Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Background Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) complex is a serious insect pest of several crop plants worldwide. It comprises several morphologically indistinguishable species, however very little is known about their genetic divergence and biosynthetic pathways. In the present study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of Asia 1 species of B. tabaci complex and analyzed the interaction of host-symbiont genes in amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Methodology/Principal Findings We obtained about 83 million reads using Illumina sequencing that assembled into 72716 unitigs. A total of 21129 unitigs were annotated at stringent parameters. Annotated unitigs were mapped to 52847 gene ontology (GO) terms and 131 Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways. Expression analysis of the genes involved in amino acid biosynthesis pathways revealed the complementation between whitefly and its symbiont partner Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum. Most of the non-essential amino acids and intermediates of essential amino acid pathways were supplied by the host insect to its symbiont. The symbiont expressed the pathways for the essential amino acids arginine, threonine and tryptophan and the immediate precursors of valine, leucine, isoleucine and phenyl-alanine. High level expression of the amino acid transporters in the whitefly suggested the molecular mechanisms for the exchange of amino acids between the host and the symbiont. Conclusions/Significance Our study provides a comprehensive transcriptome data for Asia 1 species of B. tabaci complex that focusses light on integration of host and symbiont genes in amino acid biosynthesis pathways.
Ratings of Assessment Procedures by Learning Disabilities Teachers and School Psychologists

This study surveyed the perceptions of school psycholoJl.sts and learning disabilities teachers (ID teachers) on the frequency of use and usefulness of the following assessment procedures: Standardized tests, curriculum based rreasures (CEMs), classroom observations, interview with general education teachers, and analysis of class assignments for initial placement of a child, instructional planning, and evaluation of student progress. Further, this study investigated how proficient the two groups felt in administering each of the five assessment procedures. Fifty four school psychologists and 32 LD teachers canpleted the questionnaire. Results indicated that school psychologists and LD teachers agreed on the frequency of use and perceived usefulness for initial placement, educational planning, and evaluation of progress with the exception of school psychologists rating standardized tests as significantly rrore useful for initial placenent decisions. School psychologists also reported using standardized tests significantly rrore often for designing educational programs than ID teachers. Likewise, ID teachers rated CUrriculum Based Measures (CBMs) and observations and error analysis significantly rrore useful for initial assessment and for evaluating student progress, respectively. The findings also suggested that the two groups feel proficient in adninistering the five assessment procedures, although ID teachers reported feeling significantly rrore proficient in administering CBMs.
Bricks: laying the foundations for graspable user interfaces

We introduce the concept of Graspable User Interfaces that allow direct control of electronic or virtual objects through physical handles for control. These physical artifacts, which we call "bricks," are essentially new input devices that can be tightly coupled or “attached” to virtual objects for manipulation or for expressing action (e.g., to set parameters or for initiating processes). Our bricks operate on top of a large horizontal display surface known as the "ActiveDesk. " We present four stages in the development of Graspable UIs: (1) a series of exploratory studies on hand gestures and grasping; (2) interaction simulations using mock-ups and rapid prototyping tools; (3) a working prototype and sample application called GraspDraw; and (4) the initial integrating of the Graspable UI concepts into a commercial application. Finally, we conclude by presenting a design space for Bricks which lay the foundation for further exploring and developing Graspable User Interfaces.