Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition and the adjustment of gifted children: A matter of motivation

Although there are several reasons to predict that intellectually gifted children have different attitudes toward, experiences with, and opportunities for competition, the research literature on this topic is extremely limited. In this article, we review the literature and discuss an important distinction between task‐oriented competitive behavior, which is motivated by a desire to improve performance, and other‐referenced competitive behavior, which is motivated primarily by a desire to outdo an opponent. The implications of these competitive styles with regard to the academic achievement and social adjustment of gifted youngsters is explored and some suggestions for educators and parents are provided.
Characterization of SMG-9, an essential component of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay SMG1C complex

SMG-9 is part of a protein kinase complex, SMG1C, which consists of the SMG-1 kinase, SMG-8 and SMG-9. SMG1C mediated phosphorylation of Upf1 triggers nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a eukaryotic surveillance pathway that detects and targets for degradation mRNAs harboring premature translation termination codons. Here, we have characterized SMG-9, showing that it comprises an N-terminal 180 residue intrinsically disordered region (IDR) followed by a well-folded C-terminal domain. Both domains are required for SMG-1 binding and the integrity of the SMG1C complex, whereas the C-terminus is sufficient to interact with SMG-8. In addition, we have found that SMG-9 assembles in vivo into SMG-9:SMG-9 and, most likely, SMG-8:SMG-9 complexes that are not constituents of SMG1C. SMG-9 self-association is driven by interactions between the C-terminal domains and surprisingly, some SMG-9 oligomers are completely devoid of SMG-1 and SMG-8. We propose that SMG-9 has biological functions beyond SMG1C, as part of distinct SMG-9-containing complexes. Some of these complexes may function as intermediates potentially regulating SMG1C assembly, tuning the activity of SMG-1 with the NMD machinery. The structural malleability of IDRs could facilitate the transit of SMG-9 through several macromolecular complexes.
Notch and Egfr signaling act antagonistically to regulate germ-line stem cell niche formation in Drosophila male embryonic gonads

Germ-line stem cells (GSCs) are maintained by the somatic microenvironment, or GSC niche, which ensures that GSCs can both self-renew and produce functional gametes. However, it remains unclear how the proper niche size and location are regulated within the developing gonads. In the Drosophila testis, the hub cells that form the GSC niche are derived from a subset of somatic gonadal precursors (SGPs) in the anterior portion of the embryonic gonad. Here we show that Notch signaling induces hub differentiation. Notch is activated in almost all SGPs in the male embryonic gonad, but Epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) is activated in posterior SGPs to repress hub differentiation, thereby restricting the expansion of hub differentiation in the embryonic gonad. We further show that Egfr is activated in posterior SGPs by Spitz ligand secreted from primordial germ cells (PGCs), whereas the Notch ligand Serrate is expressed in SGPs. This suggests that varying the number of PGCs alters niche size. Indeed, a decrease in the number of PGCs causes ectopic hub differentiation, which consequently increases their opportunity to recruit PGCs as GSCs. When ectopic hub differentiation is repressed, the decreased number of PGCs fails to become GSCs. Thus, we propose that SGPs sense PGC number via signals from PGCs to SGPs that modulate niche size, and that this serves as a mechanism for securing GSCs.
A new high molecular mass protein showing unique localization in desmosomal plaque

A high molecular mass protein of 680 kD was identified and purified from the isolated desmosomes in bovine muzzle epidermal cells. This protein, called "desmoyokin" (from the English, yoke) here, showed no binding ability with keratin filaments in vitro, and its molecule had a characteristic dumbell shape approximately 170 nm in length. We have succeeded in obtaining one monoclonal antibody specific to desmoyokin. By the use of this monoclonal antibody and antidesmoplakin monoclonal antibody, desmoyokin was shown to be colocalized with desmoplakin at the immunofluorescence microscopic level; desmoyokin occurred only in the stratified epithelium, not in the simple epithelium nor in the other tissues. At the electron microscopic level, these two proteins were clearly seen to be sorted out in the plaque of desmosomes with desmoyokin at the periphery and desmoplakin at the center of the disk- shaped desmosomal plaque, suggesting that these two plaque proteins play distinct roles in forming and maintaining the desmosomes in stratified epithelium.
Study of Surface Displacements on Tunnelling under Buildings Using 3DEC Numerical Modelling

Underground structures at shallow depths are often constructed for metro lines, either in loose or dense layered soils. Tunnelling in urban areas is predominantly under surface structures and on tunnelling, innumerable changes in the form of distortion take place in strata surrounding the tunnel. Extent of displacement/damage to buildings or the tunnel-soil structure interaction depends on the type of building and nature of strata. Effect on displacements has been less studied in granular soils compared to other types of soils like clays. In this paper, parametric studies are conducted to find the displacements at surface, in granular soil conditions, due to varying building storeys and building eccentricities from the tunnel centre line. Effect of presence of geosynthetic layer under footings is further studied. Prior to the parametric studies, validity of the model used is checked with field data available for a stretch of tunnel in South India. Results of simulation studies reveal that inclusion of building reduces displacements at the surface in the dense strata. In very dense strata, the displacements increase as compared to the case without a building. As the centre of the building moves away from the tunnel centre line, settlement above the tunnel matches displacements in the case without building. Applicability of 3DEC software is checked with respect to the present study.
Self-Reported Fears of Rape Victims

To test the hypothesis that rape victim fears are classically conditioned (i.e., present during or subsequent to the assault), 20 rape victims and 12 nonvictims completed a Modified Fear Survey which contained standard items from the Wolpe and Lang fear survey as well as items originating from victim reports of fearful situations. The survey was scored for rape fears and total fears. No difference was found between groups on mean rape fears or total fears. However, a significantly greater variance of rape fear scores was observed for victims. Subsequent analyses of items rated as extremely fear-provoking revealed differences between victims and nonvictims. Items and situations rated as most disturbing for rape victims support the hypothesis that victims are significantly disturbed by rape-related situations and associations. Content analysis of highly ranked items suggests that the violent, rather than sexual, aspects of the assaults are most fear-engendering.
Domain-specific temporal discounting and temptation

In this investigation, we test whether temporal discounting is domain-specific (i.e., compared to other people, can an individual have a relatively high discount rate for one type of reward but a relatively low discount rate for another? ), and we examine whether individual differences in the types of rewards one finds tempting explain domain-specificity in discount rates. Adults discounted delayed rewards they found particularly tempting (defined as the visceral attraction to and enjoyment of a reward) more steeply than did adults who did not find the rewards as tempting, contrary to what might be expected from the magnitude effect. Furthermore, we found significant group by domain interactions (e.g., chip lovers who do not like beer have relatively high discount rates for chips and relatively low discount rates for beer, whereas beer lovers who do not like chips showed the opposite pattern). These results suggest that domain-specificity in temptation partially accounts for corresponding domain-specificity in temporal discounting.
Working rivers: the geomorphological legacy of English freshwater mills

Freshwater mills historically were found throughout England serving a wide variety of uses. The decline in the need for water power over the last 100 years saw a reduction in the number of operational mills. Despite this decline, the associated river structures were rarely removed and many of these have exceeded their design life and have failed or are now starting to fail, with important geomorphological implications for the river. This paper investigates the geomorphological impacts of mills and their structures on English rivers, and considers their legacy for the contemporary management of these systems.
All About VLAD

The objective of this paper is large scale object instance retrieval, given a query image. A starting point of such systems is feature detection and description, for example using SIFT. The focus of this paper, however, is towards very large scale retrieval where, due to storage requirements, very compact image descriptors are required and no information about the original SIFT descriptors can be accessed directly at run time. We start from VLAD, the state-of-the art compact descriptor introduced by Jegou et al. for this purpose, and make three novel contributions: first, we show that a simple change to the normalization method significantly improves retrieval performance, second, we show that vocabulary adaptation can substantially alleviate problems caused when images are added to the dataset after initial vocabulary learning. These two methods set a new state-of-the-art over all benchmarks investigated here for both mid-dimensional (20k-D to 30k-D) and small (128-D) descriptors. Our third contribution is a multiple spatial VLAD representation, MultiVLAD, that allows the retrieval and localization of objects that only extend over a small part of an image (again without requiring use of the original image SIFT descriptors).
Understanding sources and types of social capital in Peru

Social capital is broadly defined as the value of social relationships. A substantial amount of work has been conducted into the role of social capital, but little of it has focused on Latin America and Peru in particular. Standard tools are often used to measure social capital in different cultural settings. We argue that while there are common themes, the exact nature of social capital is dependent upon the specific norms of behaviour, networks and organizations that characterize a given setting. Social capital is a multidimensional and culturally specific concept. The contribution that different organizations and networks make to different aspects of social capital varies by setting (rural/urban), person involved (male/female), and over time, highlighting the need for culturally sensitive measures. Two approaches are used to describe the characteristics of social capital in Peru: a literature review of research on social capital in Peru, and qualitative in-depth interviews with twenty respondents from one rural and two urban areas of Peru.
Palpable breast masses with probably benign morphology at sonography: can biopsy be deferred?

Background: When a palpable breast mass is detected, a biopsy is usually performed even if the mass reveals probably benign morphologic features on imaging, as there is relatively little data reporting the outcome of such breast masses. Purpose: To determine the negative predictive value for sonographic evaluation of palpable breast masses with probably benign morphology, and to assess whether follow-up may be an acceptable alternative to immediate biopsy. Material and Methods: Of the 1399 sonograms of palpable masses from January 2004 to September 2005, there were 397 patients with masses of probably benign morphology. This study included 274 of these patients (age range 12–64 years, mean age 34 years) with 312 palpable masses that were pathologically confirmed by fine-needle aspiration (n=7), ultrasound (US)-guided core needle biopsy (n=180), or surgical biopsy (n=125). The false-negative rate, negative predictive value (NPV), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using the SPSS statistical software package for Windows, version 12.0. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 312 masses, there were 310 benign lesions and two malignancies, resulting in a false-negative rate of 0.6% (NPV 99.4%, P value=0.0432, 95% CI 0.0–1.5%). Conclusion: The negative predictive value of sonography for palpable breast masses with probably benign morphology is high (99.4%). Therefore, short-term imaging follow-up can be an acceptable alternative to immediate biopsy, similar to the management of nonpalpable probably benign lesions (BI-RADS category 3).
Structural Validity of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire

Two studies investigate the latent structure of items taken from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). In the first study, item-level confirmatory factor analyses establish the superiority of models in which transformational and transactional leadership items load on separate factors. However, the results do not provide unequivocal support for the operational distinctiveness of items measuring charismatic leadership and inspirational leadership. In the second study, scale-level analyses confirm speculation that the Charismatic and Inspirational Leadership scales converge to capture a global conceptualization of charismatic leadership. Directions for future research are discussed.
Are Social Stereotypes Vanishing: A Study of a Non‐College Population

Participants in an in-service course mandatory for school employees were asked to rate one white and one black class member of the same sex who was unknown to them at the first class meeting. White raters adhered to certain stereotypes. They rated blacks as more superstitious, more religious, and less individualistic; they perceived whites as possessing more ability and greater dominance. There was no overall difference in favorableness of the traits attributed to the two races; however, when attribution of traits descriptive of the same disposition but differing in evaluative aspects was compared, it was found that the negatively evaluated traits were attributed more to blacks, while the positive or neutral traits were attributed more to whites.
Self-Awareness as a Model for Designing and Operating Heterogeneous Multicores

Self-aware computing is a paradigm for structuring and simplifying the design and operation of computing systems that face unprecedented levels of system dynamics and thus require novel forms of adaptivity. The generality of the paradigm makes it applicable to many types of computing systems and, previously, researchers started to introduce concepts of self-awareness to multicore architectures. In our work we build on a recent reference architectural framework as a model for self-aware computing and instantiate it for an FPGA-based heterogeneous multicore running the ReconOS reconfigurable architecture and operating system. After presenting the model for self-aware computing and ReconOS, we demonstrate with a case study how a multicore application built on the principle of self-awareness, autonomously adapts to changes in the workload and system state. Our work shows that the reference architectural framework as a model for self-aware computing can be practically applied and allows us to structure and simplify the design process, which is essential for designing complex future computing systems.
The hyperaccessibility of suppressed thoughts.

The accessibility of suppressed thoughts was compared with the accessibility of thoughts on which Ss were consciously trying to concentrate. In Experiment 1, Ss made associations to word prompts as they tried to suppress thinking about a target word (e.g., house) or tried to concentrate on that word. Under the cognitive load imposed by time pressure, they gave the target word in response to target-related prompts (e.g., home) more often during suppression than during concentration
Postcards from the Edge: Local Communities, Global Programs and Boundary Objects

This paper considers the limitations of project management tools as boundary objects within dispersed or global programs of teamwork. The concept of boundary object is receiving growing attention in the management literature. These artefacts are argued to provide a basis for negotiation and knowledge exchange between differentiated communities of practice. The paper assesses these claims theoretically and empirically in the context of global projects. Theoretically it draws on the literatures on boundary objects, dispersed work and project management tools and organization. The paper then analyses a case study of a global program in a major computing corporation. The program spanned numerous geographical sites across the US, Europe and Japan as well as several functional communities of practice including production, services, sales, IT and company registry. The method involved interviews with 33 program managers at six sites and analysis of program management devices such as integrated timelines, online status reporting tools and modular roadmaps. The paper argues that in dispersed programs where there is no opportunity for face-to-face interaction, and/or ambiguous lines of authority, project management tools will be ineffectual as boundary objects and prone to avoidance. Boundary objects are inherently limited precisely because of their marginal nature, the effects of which are exacerbated in diverse and dispersed programs.
HCI... not as it should be: inferential statistics in HCI research

This paper surveys the use of inferential statistics over the last two BCS HCI conferences and the last year (2006) of two leading HCI journals. Of the 80 papers covered, 41 used some form of inferential statistics. However, all but one had some form of problem of reporting or analysis that undermined the value or the validity of the statistical testing and hence the research findings. This paper discusses the implications of such widespread issues for HCI research and considers approaches for improving the use of statistics in HCI.
Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry Nutritional Aspects of Depression

Several nutrition, food and dietary compounds have been suggested to be involved in the onset and maintenance of depressive disorders and in the severity of depressive symptoms. Nutritional compounds might modulate depression associated biomarkers and parallel the development of depression, obesity and diabetes. In this context, recent studies revealed new mediators of both energy homeostasis and mood changes (i.e. IGF-1, NPY, BDNF, ghrelin, leptin,
Development of biliteracy skills in Turkish and Armenian: bilingual development of Armenians in Turkey

This article explores the development of biliteracy skills in Turkish and Armenian by Armenians in Turkey. Armenians speak Turkish as the home language (L1) and learn Armenian as a second language (L2) in school. The framework of the study is formulated based on the Developmental Interdependence Hypothesis proposed by Cummins in which he claims that competencies across languages are interdependent. This study lends further insight in that Armenian and Turkish belong to two different language families, Indo-European vs. Altaic. In the study twenty-five subjects at three different grade levels read aloud and silently in Turkish and Armenian. Their rate of reading was measured. They were asked textually explicit and inferential questions to measure comprehension. Cummins' hypothesis was supported in part because the subjects show a steady development in both languages in Grades 3 and 5, but in Grade 8 they show greater growth in Turkish. It is hypothesized that this growth is due to motivational factors. Armenians need to develop Turkish language skills in order to be successful on the university entrance examination and, therefore, be eligible for higher education, and to get jobs in the larger society. The subjects' Armenian skills in Grade 8, however, keep improving in a steady way following the same pattern of development.
The Necessary Mental Age for Beginning Reading

For some time the problem of determining the optimum or necessary mental-age level at which reading can be successfully introduced has been under investigation. Recently statements have been made, in books written primarily for professional workers, which imply that this problem is fairly well solved. For example, Harrison states, "It has been found that in order to make any progress in reading a child must have attained a mental age of at least six years and that a mental age of six and one-half years more nearly insures success. '" Betts also states, "An analysis of reading-readiness or aptitude tests shows the following factors to be significant for success with the typical first-grade reading program: (a) a mental age of at least six and one-half years . "3 These statements and most others appearing in professional books imply, more specifically, that success with typical first-grade reading programs requires a stipulated mental age, six and a half years being the age usually given. These statements may be correct, although a critical analysis of some of the experiments would cause some persons to doubt the validity of stipulating so definite a level. The fact remains, however, that it has by no means been proved as yet that a mental age of six and a half years is a proper minimum to prescribe for learning to read by all school methods, or organizations, or all types of teaching skill and procedures. It is quite conceivable -indeed the evidence in general tends now definitely to show--that the crucial mental-age level will vary with the materials; the type 1 For most of the statistical work involved in this article the author is indebted to the services of workers in United States Works Progress Administration Project No. 6063-C. 2 M. Lucile Harrison, Reading Readiness, p. 6. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1936. 3 Emmett Albert Betts, The Prevention and Correction of Reading Difficulties, pp. 24-25. Evanston, Illinois: Row, Peterson & Co., 1936.
Delay-Induced Transient Increase and Heterogeneity in Gene Expression in Negatively Auto-Regulated Gene Circuits

A generic feature in all intracellular biochemical processes is the time required to complete the whole sequence of reactions to yield any observable quantity-from gene expression to circadian rhythms. This widespread phenomenon points towards the importance of time delay in biological functions. Theoretically time delay is known to be the source of instability, and has been attributed to lead to oscillations or transient dynamics in several biological functions. Negative feedback loops, common in biochemical pathways, have been shown to provide stability and withstand considerable variations and random perturbations of biochemical parameters. The interaction of these two opposing factors-of instability and homeostasis-are features that are widespread in intracellular processes. To test the effect of these divergent forces in the dynamics of gene expression, we have designed and constructed simple negatively auto-regulated gene circuits consisting of a basic regulator and transcriptional repressor module, and compared it with one, which has delayed repression. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, that delayed repression induces transient increase and heterogeneity in gene expression before the gain of stability effected by the negative feedback. This design, therefore, seems to be suitable for conferring both stability and variability in cells required for adaptive response to a noisy environment.