Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
BSE--a risk for man through pharmaceutical products? Position and politics of the German pharmaceutical industry.

Since BSE is not a zoonosis and the occurrence is with some exceptions extremely low or absent, the risk to man through pharmaceuticals is remote. However, the agent of BSE is very resistant and the disease in cattle is always lethal, as are analogous diseases of man. Therefore, the German pharmaceutical industry, through a working group, actively contributes to reasonable measurements leading to a further reduction of any theoretical risk. This theoretical risk has to be evaluated by a balanced consideration of various risk and safety factors. Process validation should be reserved for occasional single cases, since it is still time-consuming and contradicts animal protection. Industry prefers further research into the characteristics and behaviour of the BSE agent. The "Note for Guidance. " recently established by the EC commission seems a reasonable approach for a harmonized attitude of both industry and authorities. The German pharmaceutical industry would appreciate a balanced consideration of both pharmaceutical and food industries, which would also re-establish the confidence of the public.
Early Glottic Cancer: Role of MRI in the Preoperative Staging

Introduction. Clinical staging is the most important time in management of glottic cancer in early stage (I-II). We have conducted a prospective study to evaluate if magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more accurate than computed tomography (CT) about tumoral extension, to exactly choose the most appropriate surgical approach, from organ preservation surgery to demolitive surgery. Materials and Methods. This prospective study was conducted on 26 male patients, with suspected laryngeal neoplasia of glottic region. The images of MRI and CT were analyzed to define the expansion of glottic lesion to anterior commissure, laryngeal cartilages, subglottic and/or supraglottic site, and paraglottic space. The results of MRI and CT were compared with each other and with the pathology report. Results. CT accuracy was 70% with low sensitivity but with high specific value. MRI showed a diagnostic accuracy in 80% of cases, with a sensitivity of 100% and high specificity. Statistical analysis showed that MRI has higher correlation than CT with the pathology report. Conclusion. Our study showed that MRI is more sensitive than CT in the preoperative staging of early glottic cancer, to select exactly the eligible patients in conservative surgery of the larynx, as supracricoid laryngectomy and cordectomy by CO2 laser.
Is working later in life good or bad for health? An investigation of multiple health outcomes.

OBJECTIVES To examine the mutual influences between changes in work status and multiple dimensions of health outcomes (immediate memory, physical disability, and depressive symptoms) over later years. METHODS We used a subsample of 8,524 older adults who participated in the Health and Retirement Study from 1998 to 2008 and were 62 years or older in 1998 to examine work status and health outcomes after controlling for age and background characteristics. RESULTS We present results of cross-lagged auto-regressive models. Work status (level of work) predicted subsequent residual changes in immediate memory over time, whereas immediate memory predicted subsequent residual changes in work status over time, even after controlling for physical disability and depressive symptoms. Similar results were indicated for the associations between work status and physical disability and depressive symptoms over time. DISCUSSION Consistent with social causation and social selection traditions, the findings support bi-directional associations among changes in work status (the level of work), immediate memory, physical disability, and depressive symptoms in later years. Practical implications are discussed.
An Empirical Study of Contemporary Beliefs About Work in American Society

The underlying concepts or beliefs people hold about work were studied by first developing a conceptual framework consisting of five different belief systems. The framework was operationalized by developing a questionnaire that used individual belief statements as items in a S-point, Likert-type format. The subjects surveyed were 340 blue-collar and white-collar workers from the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area and 72 union leaders and 366 top managers from the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, area. Subsequent multivariate analysis revealed that differences in beliefs exist in relation to job or position, age, sex, race, and education. Top management is not in favor of participative management structures ; young people are more work ethic oriented than other age groups. Females and blacks show strong feelings of being exploited. Education is related to a weakened commitment to traditional beliefs and to the organization.
The Effect of Creative Drama Activities on Personal Development of Housewives.

This research was conducted with the purpose of determining the contribution of creative drama to the personal development of housewives. The study group consisted of 17 housewives who attended the Creative Drama Course in 2009 at the Contemporary Drama Association (Cagdas Drama Dernegi) in Cankaya, Ankara. The qualitative method was employed in this research. As the data collection instrument, the letters written by housewives after the activities were used. The data obtained from these letters were examined using the content analysis method of “frequency analysis”. Then, the feelings of the participant housewives and their opinions on their personal developments were grouped and interpreted under certain categories. According to the findings, it could be argued that creative drama had a significant impact upon the housewives’ personal developments. Key words: Housewives, self-expression, self-confidence, awareness, sensitivity, happiness, creative drama.
Category dominance, instance dominance, and categorization time.

New School for Social Research"Category dominance" refers to the frequency with which a superordinateis given to a particular instance; "instance dominance" refers to the frequencywith which an instance is given to a particular category. Two experimentsindependently varied category dominance and instance dominance in an effortto determine the extent to which each variable predicted the speed with which5s could decide whether a word was a member of a verbal category. The resultsshowed that reaction times were sensitive to the order of presentation of theword and category: When the category preceded the word, instance dominancewas more effective (w
Antecedents of Consumer Repatronage Intentions and Negative Word-of-Mouth Behaviors Following an Organizational Failure: A Test of Investment Model Predictions

The purpose of this study was to examine the antecedents of consumers’ repatronage intentions and negative word-of-mouth behaviors following organizational failures. Participants were 233 people who had actually complained to organizations. Using Rusbult's investment model of relational stability, consumers’ perceptions of their investments, alternatives, satisfaction, and commitment were measured with respect to their impact on customers’ intent to do business with organizations in the future and willingness to spread negative publicity about an organization following a business failure. Results indicated that a modified version of the investment model helped to predict significant variance in consumers’ repatronage intentions and negative word-of-mouth behaviors.
The Nature of Cyberbullying and What We Can Do about It.

Cyberbullying is a type of bullying, which in turn is a type of aggression. This paper gives a brief history of research, and discusses definitional issues around cyberbullying, and three challenges facing researchers; it then reviews some basic findings about prevalence, age and gender differences, predictors of involvement, and effects and correlates of involvement. It concludes with evidence as to whether cyberbullying is getting worse, on coping strategies, and on resources, guidance and intervention.
Osteogenesis imperfecta Type IV: a newly identified variant at position c.560 (G > T; p.Gly187Val) in the COL1A2 gene

Osteogenesis imperfecta is a clinically heterogenous disease caused by defective collagen syntesis associated with a mutation in the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes. In this report, we present a case of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type IV, seen in a female fetus with incurved femurs at 18 weeks of gestation. Molecular analysis of the newborn revealed a novel mutation at position c.560 (c.560 G > T) of the exon 12 in the COL1A2 gene; which lead to the glycine modification with valine (p.Gly187Val) at codon 187. The pregnancy follow-up was uneventful. After delivery, the newborn underwent biphosponat therapy and no fracture was detected until 1 year old.
Tyrosine phosphorylation activates surface chaperones facilitating sperm-zona recognition

Mammalian spermatozoa undergo a series of molecular and biochemical changes collectively termed capacitation prior to acquiring the ability to fertilise the oocyte. Although phosphorylation of sperm proteins on tyrosine residues has been recognised as an important component of this process, the precise relationship between the phosphorylation status of mammalian spermatozoa and their capacity for fertilisation has remained unclear. In this study we demonstrate a causal relationship between tyrosine phosphorylation in spermatozoa and sperm-zona interaction. The phosphotyrosine expression associated with sperm capacitation localised to internal flagellar structures in permeabilised cells but could also be detected on the exterior surface of the sperm head in live cells. Importantly, almost all spermatozoa bound to the zona pellucida demonstrated this pattern of phosphoprotein localisation, compared to fewer than 15% of the free-swimming population. These data suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation plays a significant role in remodelling the sperm surface, so that these cells are able to recognise the zona pellucida. Phosphoproteome analysis yielded the first evidence of molecular chaperones, endoplasmin (erp99) and heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), as targets for phosphorylation on the surface of mouse spermatozoa, whereas immunofluorescence localised these proteins to the precise region of the sperm head that participates in zona recognition. Based on these results, we propose a novel mechanism for mammalian gamete interaction whereby the activation of sperm-surface chaperones by tyrosine phosphorylation during capacitation may trigger conformational changes facilitating the formation of a functional zona pellucida receptor complex on the surface of mammalian spermatozoa.
A Reputation Bias in Figure Skating Judging

The current study examined whether expectations, assumed to be created by the positive reputation of an athlete, produced a bias in judging at either the encoding or evaluation phase of sport performance appraisal. The short programs of 14 female figure skaters were evaluated by judges to whom the athletes were either known or unknown. Ordinal rankings were found to be higher when skaters were known by the judges as compared to when they were unknown. Furthermore, skaters received significantly higher technical merit marks when known, although artistic marks did not differ. No significant differences were found for the identification of elements or associated deductions, measures which were assumed to be indicative of the encoding phase of judging. These findings suggest that a reputation bias does exist when judging figure skating, and that it is present during the evaluation phase of sport performance appraisal, as reflected by the ordinal and technical merit marks.
Trajectories of depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood: Antecedents and consequences

In order to examine what kinds of trajectories of depressive symptoms young adults show during emerging adulthood, and their antecedents and consequences, 297 university students completed the revised Beck's depression inventory seven times over a 10-year period, and other measures at the beginning and the end of the study. The growth mixture modelling for depressive symptoms ended up in a 3-group solution: 23% of the participants were typified by a low level of symptoms, 61% showed a moderate level, and 16% fell into the third group with high and increasing levels of depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood. Those on the high-depressive trajectory had a poorer quality of relationships, and they reported more pessimistic and avoidant strategies at the beginning of the study than the others. Moreover, later on, they suffered more from burnout, earned less, and used more dysfunctional strategies.
The in fl uence of national

Aim: The aim was to study the impact of nationwide clinical practice guidelines for soft tissue sarcomas (STS), introduced in 1994 and again in 2005 in North Savo, Finland. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all the patients whose sarcoma was treated by a multidisciplinary team between the years 2000 and 2009 with mean follow-up time of 68 months. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to years: Group A (2000–2005, 72 patients) and Group B (2006–2009, 64 patients). Primary outcomes were local recurrence, metastases, and overall survival. Results: Fifty-fi ve percent were men with an average age of 59 years. The most common sarcomas were pleomorphic sarcoma (37%) and liposarcoma (26%). Although there were signifi cantly less amputations in Group B (A: 15%, B: 3%), there were more metastases (A: 10%, B: 23%) with an overall lower overall survival rate (A: 70%, B: 58%) than in Group A. Conversely, Group A had a higher 1st year survival rate (A: 100%, B: 87%). We found that upper limb sarcomas were more likely to be diagnosed with incisional biopsies, but there was no correlation between incisional biopsy and recurrence, metastases or survival. Conclusion: Due to nonadherence of the 2005 national treatment recommendations, there has been no improvement either in management or survival. The importance of educating guidelines to doctors referring patients to specialized units cannot be overemphasized to affect successful management in the treatment of STS.
Popular Moderation Versus Governmental Authoritarianism: An Interactionist View of Public Sentiments Toward Criminal Sanctions

Public opinion polls consistently highlight discontent with criminal court sentencing practices. Generally, respondents find courts to be too lenient. Although these findings are often used in political arguments as evidence of a cogent public desire for harsher sentencing, the conclusion is suspect. Since such surveys generally do not ask respondents to consider contingencies such as offense circumstances, behavioral content of various sentences, or fiscal cost differentials, conventional assessments of public attitudes toward sentencing are deficient in two respects. First, they do not simulate the decision-making task facing judges. Second, they do not allow citizens to consider the relative fiscal costs of current and alternative sentencing practices. By incorporating these two elements, the present study approximates an interactionist approach to the issue of public sentiments toward criminal sanctions. A probability sample survey of 816 Illinois adult residents reveals that, on several dimensions, the public is less vengeful than typically portrayed in public opinion poll and media accounts. Central findings concern public preferences for the sentencing of convicted residential burglars. In particular, there is a strong preference for community sentences, yet a desire for a sanction stronger than straight probation. Such findings are noteworthy given the policy context of recent mandatory incarceration legislation for this offense. Thus this study provides evidence of a previously unremarked phenomenon of legislative sanction escalation far exceeding public preferences.
Animations need narrations : an experimental test of a dual-coding hypothesis

In 2 experiments, mechanically naive college students viewed an animation depicting the operation of a bicycle tire pump that included a verbal description given before (words-before-pictures) or during (words-with-pictures) the animation. The words-with-pictures group outperformed the words-before-pictures group on tests of creative problem solving that involved reasoning about how the pump works. In a follow-up experiment, students in the words-with-pictures group performed-solving test than students who saw the animation without words (pictures only), heard the words without the animation (words only), or received no training (control). Results support a dual-coding hypothesis (Paivio, 1990) that posits two kinds of connections : representational connections between verbal stimuli and verbal representations and between visual stimuli and visual representations and referential connections between visual and verbal representations
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over Somatosensory Cortex Decreases ExperimentallyInduced Acute Pain Perception

Objective Multiple cortical areas including the primary somatosensory cortex are known to be involved in nociception. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) that modulates the cortical excitability painlessly and noninvasively, over somatosensory cortex on acute pain perception induced with a Tm:YAG laser. Methods Subjective pain rating scores and amplitude changes of the N1, N2, and P2 components of laser-evoked potentials of 10 healthy participants were analyzed before and after anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS. Results Our results demonstrate that cathodal tDCS significantly diminished pain perception and the amplitude of the N2 component when the contralateral hand to the side of tDCS was laser-stimulated, whereas anodal and sham stimulation conditions had no significant effect. Discussion Our study highlights the antinociceptive effect of this technique and may contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying pain relief. The pharmacologic prolongation of the excitability-diminishing after-effects would render the method applicable to different patient populations with chronic pain.
The Effects of Contextual Interference on Learning Volleyball Motor Skills

The aim of the current study was to investigate the acquisition of three volleyball skills in three practice conditions (blocked, random and serial) to reveal their effects in three phases of acquisition, retention and transfer. 60 amateur male university students from university of Tehran(Iran) (mean age = 21.5 years, SD = 1.2) were voluntarily selected and randomly assigned to three practice groups: blocked, random and serial. A pretest was used to match the subjects. In the acquisition phase, the subjects of each group practiced three skills of forearm pass, set and overhead serve with 378 trials for 9 sessions. In three sessions in the practice phase, 45 acquisition tests were completed. 48 and 72 hours after the last session, subjects participated respectively in 15 retention and transfer tests. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and TUKEY post hoc test were used to analyze data, to compare the means of pretest and tests of Dictionary - View detailed dictionary acquisition, retention and transfer phases of the three practice conditions. The results revealed a significant difference (p<0.001) in retention and transfer phases between random (with more interference) and serial (with moderate interference) practice methods with the blocked method (with lower interference) in all three skills. In the acquisition phase, blocked group had higher interference (p<0.001). There was no significant difference between random and serial methods in acquisition, retention and transfer phases
Attenuated Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Carrier Vaccine for Simultaneous Antigen-Specific CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Induction

ABSTRACT Yersinia pseudotuberculosis employs a type III secretion system for targeting of several virulence factors directly to the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. This protein translocation mechanism mediates the ability of Yersinia to resist phagocytosis and is required for sustained extracellular bacterial replication. In the present study, the Yersinia outer protein E (YopE) was used as a carrier molecule for type III-dependent secretion and translocation of listeriolysin O (LLO) from Listeria monocytogenes. In comparison to wild-type Yersinia, an attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis yopK-null mutant strain hypertranslocates chimeric YopE/LLO into the cytosol of macrophages, resulting in enhanced major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-restricted antigen presentation of an LLO-derived CD8 T-cell epitope. Remarkably, T-cell activation assays also revealed a superior ability of translocated over secreted LLO to induce MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. These in vitro observations were confirmed after immunization of mice with a single dose of the yopK-null mutant strain. Animals orally inoculated with recombinant Yersinia expressing translocated chimeric YopE/LLO revealed high numbers of gamma interferon-producing LLO-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. For the first time, it is shown that cytosolic antigen display mediated by an extracellular bacterial carrier vaccine results in simultaneous CD4 and CD8 T-cell priming, conferring protection against an intracellular pathogen.
Biological control using sterilizing viruses: Host suppression and competition between viruses in non-spatial models

Summary 1. Research is currently underway to develop genetically engineered viruses that can sterilize pest animals. The technique, known as viral-vectored immunocontraception (VVIC), promises to control mammalian pests such as the European rabbit, the house mouse and domestic cats. 2. Using host–parasite models we explored the degree of control of the host population that can be attained when hosts that recover from infection become permanently infertile. The models assume some demographic compensation for reduced fertility in the host population, and are tailored to address issues raised by the use of the myxoma virus as an agent to sterilize rabbits. A ‘pay-off’ function is developed, which defines the degree to which host density is suppressed by a sterilizing agent. 3. The results show that sterilizing viruses can reduce host abundance, and that hosts with low birth rates and moderate mortality rates are the best targets for VVIC. High transmissibility increases the pay-off from VVIC, but because virulent parasites kill most of the hosts that they infect, the pay-off is highest if benign parasites are used as the vector of contraceptive antigens. We argue that appropriate pay-off functions should be developed as a basis for research and development on genetically modified organisms. 4. The host–parasite models are extended to include a competing strain of virus that does not sterilize the host. We analysed these models using a general approach to the analysis of competition, which has not often been applied to epidemiological models. The extended model shows that host sterilization per se does not affect the competitive ability of viruses, a result that applies to a broad class of models in which the per capita growth rates of competing parasites are linear functions of limiting competitive factors.