Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of anxiolytic treatment on potentiated startle during aversive image anticipation

Heightened anticipation of future events has been characterized as a feature of certain anxiety disorders. In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, anticipation of fearful/threatening images has been shown to robustly activate the insular cortex and amygdala in healthy subjects, in subjects with high trait anxiety, and in some with anxiety disorders. Blood oxygenation level dependent activation in response to negative image anticipation is also sensitive to anxiolytic treatment, suggesting that image anticipation probes anxiety systems. It is not clear, however, if behavioral responses to image anticipation are also sensitive to anxiolytics. This study tested the hypothesis that anxiety behaviors during anticipation of negative images are sensitive to anxiolytic treatment.
Cloning, sequencing, and expression in Escherichia coli of the Bacillus subtilis gene for phosphatidylserine synthase

The Bacillus subtilis pss gene encoding phosphatidylserine synthase was cloned by its complementation of the temperature sensitivity of an Escherichia coli pssA1 mutant. Nucleotide sequencing of the clone indicated that the pss gene encodes a polypeptide of 177 amino acid residues (deduced molecular weight of 19,613). This value agreed with the molecular weight of approximately 18,000 observed for the maxicell product. The B. subtilis phosphatidylserine synthase showed 35% amino acid sequence homology to the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidylserine synthase and had a region with a high degree of local homology to the conserved segments in some phospholipid synthases and amino alcohol phosphotransferases of E. coli and S. cerevisiae, whereas no homology was found with that of the E. coli counterpart. A hydropathy analysis revealed that the B. subtilis synthase is very hydrophobic, in contrast to the hydrophilic E. coli counterpart, consisting of several strongly hydrophobic segments that would span the membrane. A manganese-dependent phosphatidylserine synthase activity, a characteristic of the B. subtilis enzyme, was found exclusively in the membrane fraction of E. coli (pssA1) cells harboring a B. subtilis pss plasmid. Overproduction of the B. subtilis synthase in E. coli cells by a lac promoter system resulted in an unusual increase of phosphatidylethanolamine (up to 93% of the total phospholipids), in contrast to gratuitous overproduction of the E. coli counterpart. This finding suggested that the unusual cytoplasmic localization of the E. coli phosphatidylserine synthase plays a role in the regulation of the phospholipid polar headgroup composition in this organism.
KINEMATICS AND KINETICS OF THE SEATED ROW AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONDITIONING

Optimizing transference of gym-based strength and power gains to sporting performance necessitates a physiological and biomechanical understanding of the weight-training exercise as well as the sporting activity. With this in mind, this paper describes the kinematics and kinetics associated with a seated row. The maximal strength and concentric power-load spectrum (30– 100% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) for the cable seated row was assessed using Olympic rowers (n = 8). In terms of temporal characteristics, peak force across all loads occurred within the first 25% of movement time. Peak power across loads occurred within 35–45% of movement time. With regard to position, peak force occurred within 8.3% and peak power within 27–35% of the start of the concentric phase. To estimate the load that maximized mechanical power output, a quadratic was fitted to each subject's power output vs. 1RM. In terms of mean power, an estimated load of 81.4% (± 9.7%) 1RM was found to maximize power output. A 10 and 20% change in load each side of this maximum resulted in a 1.8 and 7.3% decrease in power output, respectively. The predilection of research to train all subjects at 1 load is fundamentally flawed due to interindividual maximum power differences (range in this study = 69–100% 1RM). Also, the importance of this measure would seem questionable, given that loads either side of the load that maximize power output do not change power output substantially.
Does Gender Make a Difference? An Experimental Examination of Sex Stereotypes and Press Patterns in Statewide Campaigns

Do gender differences in news coverage and the candidates' sex influence people's perceptions of gubernatorial and senatorial candidates? To investigate this question, I conducted a series of experiments in which I manipulated both the type of coverage a candidate received and the candidate's sex. The results of these experiments suggest that people's perceptions of male and female candidates are influenced by patterns of news coverage and by people's sex stereotypes. Yet the impact of these two factors is different for incumbents and challengers and for gubernatorial and senatorial candidates. I find, for example, that gender differences in press coverage are more dramatic in Senate races and especially for Senate incumbents. These differences in coverage patterns lead to important disadvantages for female senatorial candidates. Sex stereotypes, on the other hand, always produce more positive evaluations of women candidates. These sex stereotypes are most prevalent for governors and lead to promising advantages in people's perceptions of female gubernatorial candidates.
The Evolution of Security Designs

This paper embeds security design in a model of evolutionary learning. We consider a competitive and perfect financial market where agents, as in Allen and Gale (1988), have heterogeneous valuations for cash flows. Our point of departure is that, instead of assuming that agents are endowed with rational expectations, we model their behavior as the product of adaptive learning. Our results demonstrate that adaptive learning profoundly affects security design. Securities are mispriced even in the long run and optimal designs trade off under pricing against intrinsic value maximization. The evolutionary dominant security design calls for issuing securities that engender large losses with a small but positive probability, and otherwise produce stable payoffs. These designs are almost the exact opposite of the pure state claims which are optimal in the rational expectations framework.
Stratified B-trees and versioning dictionaries

A classic versioned data structure in storage and computer science is the copy-on-write (CoW) B-tree -- it underlies many of today's file systems and databases, including WAFL, ZFS, Btrfs and more. Unfortunately, it doesn't inherit the B-tree's optimality properties; it has poor space utilization, cannot offer fast updates, and relies on random IO to scale. Yet, nothing better has been developed since. We describe the `stratified B-tree', which beats all known semi-external memory versioned B-trees, including the CoW B-tree. In particular, it is the first versioned dictionary to achieve optimal tradeoffs between space, query and update performance.
Multi-Speed DVS Algorithms for Periodic Tasks with Non-Preemptible Sections

Reducing energy consumption is important for mobile embedded systems and one of its solutions is dynamic voltage scaling (DVS). In this paper, we examine how to achieve further energy saving for periodic real-time tasks with non-preemptible sections on EDF algorithm by using DVS. Previous algorithms use two speed levels to deal with run-time blocking situation. However, this paper proposes a multi-speed algorithm that exploits various speed levels depending on specific blocking situation to minimize energy consumption. Moreover, it also presents an enhanced multi-speed algorithm that further reduces the energy dissipation by dropping the speed level early and considering only remaining blocking time to compute a lower speed. We induced feasibility conditions for our algorithms and proved them. The experiments show that proposed algorithms achieve up to 70.8% energy saving compared to previous algorithms.
Phosphorylation of Rad55 on Serines 2, 8, and 14 Is Required for Efficient Homologous Recombination in the Recovery of Stalled Replication Forks

ABSTRACT DNA damage checkpoints coordinate the cellular response to genotoxic stress and arrest the cell cycle in response to DNA damage and replication fork stalling. Homologous recombination is a ubiquitous pathway for the repair of DNA double-stranded breaks and other checkpoint-inducing lesions. Moreover, homologous recombination is involved in postreplicative tolerance of DNA damage and the recovery of DNA replication after replication fork stalling. Here, we show that the phosphorylation on serines 2, 8, and 14 (S2,8,14) of the Rad55 protein is specifically required for survival as well as for normal growth under genome-wide genotoxic stress. Rad55 is a Rad51 paralog in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and functions in the assembly of the Rad51 filament, a central intermediate in recombinational DNA repair. Phosphorylation-defective rad55-S2,8,14A mutants display a very slow traversal of S phase under DNA-damaging conditions, which is likely due to the slower recovery of stalled replication forks or the slower repair of replication-associated DNA damage. These results suggest that Rad55-S2,8,14 phosphorylation activates recombinational repair, allowing for faster recovery after genotoxic stress.
The activation of grammaticalized meaning in L2 processing: Toward an explanation of the morphological congruency effect

Objectives: The study was intended to test the hypothesis that L2 speakers have difficulty in automatically activating a grammaticalized L2 meaning that is not morphologically marked in L1. Methodology: The study consisted of three experiments. A sentence–picture matching task was designed to assess the activation of grammaticalized meaning. The participants were asked to judge if a sentence correctly described the physical relationships of three objects in a picture. Hidden in the stimuli that required a positive response was a number agreement manipulation whereby a noun phrase in the sentence may agree or disagree with the number of objects in the picture. A number disagreement effect, as shown in a delay in producing a positive response on items of number disagreement was used to assess automatic activation of number meanings. Data and Analysis: The data constituted reaction times and accuracy rates from 32 English native speakers, 36 Chinese native speakers, 54 Chinese–English bilinguals, and 26 Russian–English bilinguals. Analyses of variance were performed in analyzing these data. Findings: The results showed a number disagreement effect in L1 and L2 among Russian English as a second language (ESL) speakers only. Chinese ESL speakers showed no difference between the two critical conditions in either language. A follow-up experiment showed that Chinese ESL speakers had no difficulty in automatically activating number meanings which were expressed lexically in English sentence processing. These findings provided support for the idea that the well documented difficulty L2 learners have in learning incongruent L2 inflectional morphemes may have to do with their difficulty in automatically activating a grammaticalized meaning that is not grammaticalized in their L1. Originality: The sentence–picture matching task represented a unique and effective approach to the study of the activation of grammaticalized meanings. Significance: The findings from the study represented some first psycholinguistic evidence regarding the activation of grammaticalized meanings among non-native speakers.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Body image dissatisfaction and its relationship with physical activity and body mass index in Brazilian adolescents Insatisfação com a imagem corporal e sua relação com atividade física e índice de massa corporal em adolescentes brasileiros

Objective: To evaluate body image dissatisfaction and its relationship with physical activity and body mass index in a Brazilian sample of adolescents. Methods: A total of 275 adolescents (139 boys and 136 girls) between the ages of 14 and 18 years completed measures of body image dissatisfaction through the Contour Drawing Scale and current physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Weight and height were also measured for subsequent calculation of body mass index. Results: Boys and girls differed significantly regarding body image dissatisfac tion, with girls reporting higher levels of dissatisfaction. Underweight and eutrophic boys preferred to be heavier, while those overweight preferred be thinner and, in contrast, girls desired to be thinner even when they are of normal weight. Conclusion: Body image dissatisfaction was strictly related to body mass index, but not to physical activity.
What should Educational Institutions be for?

ABSTRACT In this article, I respond to the work of Gert Biesta regarding the question of what education should be for. He maintains education ought to be oriented towards the ‘good’ rather than measurement, accountability and efficiency. While sympathetic to such claims, I nonetheless question his avowal that discussion of the purposes of education needs to entail reflection upon tripartite processes of qualification, socialisation and subjectification. I also argue that the concept of subjectification presented by Biesta is elusive. He says educators cannot plan to produce it in students. He also suggests there is an unhelpful surplus of reason in education that constrains possibilities for subjectification. According to Biesta, education partly reproduces ‘rational communities’ that stifle the emergence of human uniqueness and inhibit persons from challenging accepted social orders. In response to this, I argue there is currently a deficit rather than a surplus of reason in education concerning the common good. Following MacIntyre, I claim that educational institutions should support students to learn how to think for themselves and act for the common good. I conclude that such utopian thinking about the purposes of education may be needed, now, more than ever.
Effects of Smoking and Shared Epitope on the Production of Anti–Citrullinated Peptide Antibody in a Japanese Adult Population

Anti–citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) are markers to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Smoking and shared epitope (SE) in HLA–DRB1 are associated with the production of these autoantibodies in RA. Detailed distribution and characterization of ACPA and RF in the general population have remained unclear. We aimed to evaluate positivity of ACPA and RF in a general Japanese population and to detect correlates, including genetic components.
Breaking up with the epochal break. The case of engineering sciences.

Epochal breaks abound. After a short session on Google one learns that, apart from the break between modernity and post-modernity, epochal breaks have taken place also between the eighteenth century and Romantic literature1, the oral Greek tradition and Hellenistic epic2, African Christianity and its European roots3, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini’s doctrine of velayat-e faqih and the traditional quietism of the Shi‘i Muslims4 as well as between the different monetary standards5 and different sensorial topologies. What this apparent abundance of epochal breaks tells us is that once a handy diagnostic term gets coined, it will be used to establish and discover patterns in past, present and even future, as Hans Radder suggests in this volume.
Separating Gratitude from Guilt in the Laboratory

In contrast to guilt based reciprocity, which hypothesizes that reciprocity is an increasing function of the 2nd order expectation of the trustors’ 1st order expectations for reciprocation, we tested for reciprocity that is a decreasing function of the trustees’ 2nd order expectations, i.e., people can reciprocate out of gratitude. To unambiguously decrease the 2nd order expectations in our treatment, we broke up a standard trust game into a two-stage dictator game where the 1st round dictators were not informed about the possibility of a 2nd round. Furthermore, the 2nd dictators could “silently exit” by not sending anything to the 1st round dictators. We found a significant increase in both the amount of reciprocation and the number of people reciprocating as compared to our standard trust and dictator games controls. Most 2nd dictators became poorer than 1st dictators so inequality aversion can be ruled out. We found support for our hypothesis in the prior data of others who tested for guilt based reciprocity. Our result also seems to reconcile conflicting results in that literature. To our knowledge, this is the first paper which shows that kindness distinct from guilt, shame, efficiency, and inequity aversion could be a motive for reciprocity. Our strong positive reciprocity result also suggests why it has been difficult to find in the past.
Extrapolation and learning equations

In classical machine learning, regression is treated as a black box process of identifying a suitable function from a hypothesis set without attempting to gain insight into the mechanism connecting inputs and outputs. In the natural sciences, however, finding an interpretable function for a phenomenon is the prime goal as it allows to understand and generalize results. This paper proposes a novel type of function learning network, called equation learner (EQL), that can learn analytical expressions and is able to extrapolate to unseen domains. It is implemented as an end-to-end differentiable feed-forward network and allows for efficient gradient based training. Due to sparsity regularization concise interpretable expressions can be obtained. Often the true underlying source expression is identified.
Further Evidence for Short-Term Psychodynamic Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder

Dear Editor: The Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) guidelines recommend short-term psychodynamic therapy (STPP) as a second-line treatment for the acute treatment of depression ‘‘due to an absence of replication of specific models. ’’ We would like to point out that the committee has not taken into account that for de Jonghe et al.’s model of STPP, 2 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) provide evidence for efficacy in the (acute) treatment of depression. In the first RCT, STPP was as efficacious as the combination of pharmacotherapy and STPP with no differences between treatment conditions in the intention to treat sample in any outcome measure at any time of measurement. With samples of 106 and 85 patients per group, sample size can be regarded as adequate. This study is a proof of the efficacy for STPP, since STPP fared as well as an efficacious treatment—the combined treatment was at least as efficacious as pharmacotherapy alone, for which efficacy has been established, as the success rates yielded by the combined treatment in the 2004 study are descriptively higher than those of pharmacotherapy alone in an earlier study by de Jonghe et al. For further comparisons, see also the recovery rates for pharmacotherapy listed by Craighead et al. Adding STPP to pharmacotherapy did not reduce efficacy but rather increased it. In the second RCT of the de Jonghe model, STPP was as efficacious as CBT. This led Thase to the following conclusion: ‘‘On the basis of these findings, there is no reason to believe that psychodynamic psychotherapy is a less effective treatment of major depressive disorder than CBT. ’’ With 2 RCTs demonstrating efficacy, STPP following de Jonghe et al.’s model fulfils the criteria used by CANMAT (Table 1, p. 3) for level 1 evidence. This model can also be regarded as ‘efficacious’ according to the criteria for empirically supported psychotherapies. Furthermore, in another large RCT just published, STPP using Luborsky’s model proved to be as efficacious as CBT in the treatment of depression. According to the criteria used by CANMAT (Table 1, p. 3), a treatment may be considered first line if level 2 evidence (1 or more RCTs with adequate sample size) is available and clinical support exists. As this is the case for Luborsky’s model of STPP, it can be considered another first-line treatment for acute depression. In light of the above-mentioned findings, we ask the CANMAT committee to correct their grading of STPP and recommend the STPP models by de Jonghe et al. and Luborsky et al. as first-line treatments for acute depression. To rule out the possibility of biases in favor of any kind of therapy, a committee developing treatment guidelines ideally consists of proponents of all kinds of treatments involved (a form of adversarial collaboration). This is the case, for example, in Germany with regard to the treatment guidelines for depression and the evaluation of psychotherapy. We wonder whether this was the case in the CANMAT committee.
Induction of CD44 Variant 9-Expressing Cancer Stem Cells Might Attenuate the Efficacy of Chemoradioselection and Worsens the Prognosis of Patients with Advanced Head and Neck Cancer

Background At our institute, a chemoradioselection strategy has been used to select patients for organ preservation on the basis of response to an initial 30–40 Gy concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Patients with a favorable response (i.e., chemoradioselected; CRS) have demonstrated better outcomes than those with an unfavorable response (i.e., nonchemoradioselected; N-CRS). Successful targeting of molecules that attenuate the efficacy of chmoradioselection may improve results. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of a novel cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, CD44 variant 9 (CD44v9), with cellular refractoriness to chemoradioselection in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Materials and Methods Through a medical chart search, 102 patients with advanced HNSCC treated with chemoradioselection from 1997 to 2008 were enrolled. According to our algorithm, 30 patients were CRC following induction CCRT and 72 patients were N-CRS. Using the conventional immunohistochemical technique, biopsy specimens and surgically removed tumor specimens were immunostained with the anti-CD44v9 specific antibodies. Results The intrinsic expression levels of CD44v9 in the biopsy specimens did not correlate with the chemoradioselection and patient survival. However, in N-CRS patients, the CD44v9-positive group demonstrated significantly (P = 0.008) worse prognosis, than the CD44v9-negative group. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that among four candidate factors (T, N, response to CCRT, and CD44v9), CD44v9 positivity (HR: 3.145, 95% CI: 1.235–8.008, P = 0.0163) was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis, along with advanced N stage (HR: 3.525, 95% CI: 1.054–9.060, P = 0.0228). Furthermore, the survival rate of the CD44v9-induced group was significantly (P = 0.04) worse than the CD44v9-non-induced group. Conclusions CCRT-induced CD44v9-expressing CSCs appear to be a major hurdle to chemoradioselection. CD44v9-targeting seems to be a promising strategy to enhance the efficacy of chemoradioselection and consequent organ preservation and survival.