Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Specificity of Anion Exchange Mediated by Mouse Slc26a6*

Recently, CFEX, the mouse orthologue of human SLC26A6, was localized to the brush border membrane of proximal tubule cells and was demonstrated to mediate Cl−-formate exchange when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether mouse Slc26a6 can mediate one or more of the additional anion exchange processes observed to take place across the apical membrane of proximal tubule cells. Influx of [14C]formate into Slc26a6-expressing oocytes was inhibited by sulfate, oxalate, and p-aminohippurate (PAH), indicating affinity for these anions. Measurements of uptake of [14C]oxalate, [14C]PAH, and [35S]sulfate indicated that Slc26a6 can mediate transport of oxalate and sulfate but not PAH. Studies of the effect of external anions on [14C]oxalate efflux demonstrated Slc26a6-mediated Cl−-oxalate, oxalate-formate, oxalate-oxalate, and oxalate-sulfate exchange. Two-electrode voltage clamp measurements indicated that Slc26a6-mediated Cl−-oxalate exchange is electrogenic. Intracellular pH recordings demonstrated that Slc26a6 can mediate Cl−-HCO 3 − exchange, but Cl−-OH− exchange was not detected. The presence of 100 μm oxalate inhibited the rate of Cl−-HCO 3 − exchange by 60%. We conclude that mouse Slc26a6 has affinity for oxalate, sulfate, and HCO 3 − in addition to Cl− and formate and can function in multiple exchange modes involving pairs of these anions. In the presence of high oxalate concentrations as found in renal tubular fluid and urine, Slc26a6 may largely function as an electrogenic Cl−-oxalate exchanger.
Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET).

BACKGROUND Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among organ transplant recipients. Multicenter prospective surveillance data to determine disease burden and secular trends are lacking. METHODS The Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) is a consortium of 23 US transplant centers, including 15 that contributed to the organ transplant recipient dataset. We prospectively identified IFIs among organ transplant recipients from March, 2001 through March, 2006 at these sites. To explore trends, we calculated the 12-month cumulative incidence among 9 sequential cohorts. RESULTS During the surveillance period, 1208 IFIs were identified among 1063 organ transplant recipients. The most common IFIs were invasive candidiasis (53%), invasive aspergillosis (19%), cryptococcosis (8%), non-Aspergillus molds (8%), endemic fungi (5%), and zygomycosis (2%). Median time to onset of candidiasis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis was 103, 184, and 575 days, respectively. Among a cohort of 16,808 patients who underwent transplantation between March 2001 and September 2005 and were followed through March 2006, a total of 729 IFIs were reported among 633 persons. One-year cumulative incidences of the first IFI were 11.6%, 8.6%, 4.7%, 4.0%, 3.4%, and 1.3% for small bowel, lung, liver, heart, pancreas, and kidney transplant recipients, respectively. One-year incidence was highest for invasive candidiasis (1.95%) and aspergillosis (0.65%). Trend analysis showed a slight increase in cumulative incidence from 2002 to 2005. CONCLUSIONS We detected a slight increase in IFIs during the surveillance period. These data provide important insights into the timing and incidence of IFIs among organ transplant recipients, which can help to focus effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Lead Exposure Is Associated with Decreased Serum Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) Activity and Genotypes

Lead exposure causes cardiac and vascular damage in experimental animals. However, there is considerable debate regarding the causal relationship between lead exposure and cardiovascular dysfunction in humans. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), a high-density lipoprotein-associated antioxidant enzyme, is capable of hydrolyzing oxidized lipids and thus protects against atherosclerosis. Previous studies have shown that lead and several other metal ions are able to inhibit PON1 activity in vitro. To investigate whether lead exposure has influence on serum PON1 activity, we conducted a cross-sectional study of workers from a lead battery manufactory and lead recycling plant. Blood samples were analyzed for whole-blood lead levels, serum PON1 activity, and three common PON1 polymorphisms (Q192R, L55M, -108C/T). The mean blood lead level (+/-SD) of this cohort was 27.1+/-15 microg/dL. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that blood lead levels were significantly associated with decreased serum PON1 activity (p<0.001) in lead workers. This negative correlation was more evident for workers who carry the R192 allele, which has been suggested to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Taken together, our results suggest that the decrease in serum PON1 activity due to lead exposure may render individuals more susceptible to atherosclerosis, particularly subjects who are homozygous for the R192 allele.
Statistical Fluctuations in HfOx Resistive-Switching Memory: Part II—Random Telegraph Noise

A key concern for resistive-switching random access memory (RRAM) is the read noise, due to the structural, chemical, and electrical modifications taking place at the localized current path, or conductive filament (CF). Read noise typically appears as a random telegraph noise (RTN), where the current randomly fluctuates between ON and OFF levels. This paper addresses RTN in RRAM, providing physical interpretations and models for the dependence on the programming and read conditions. First, we explain the RTN dependence on the compliance current during set transition in terms of the size-dependent depletion of carriers within the CF. Then, we discuss the bias dependence of the RTN switching times and amplitude, which can be explained by Joule heating and Poole-Frenkel barrier modifications arising from the electrostatics of the RTN fluctuating center.
Effectiveness and efficacy of zinc for the treatment of acute diarrhea in young children.

UNLABELLED Intervention trials have shown that zinc is efficacious in treating acute diarrhea in children of developing countries. In a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assessed the effectiveness and efficacy of giving 3 Recommended Daily Allowances of elemental zinc to 6- to 35-month-old children with acute diarrhea. METHODS Seventeen hundred ninety-two cases of acute diarrhea in Nepalese children were randomized to 4 study groups. Three groups were blinded and the children supplemented daily by field workers with placebo syrup, zinc syrup, or zinc syrup and a massive dose of vitamin A at enrollment. The fourth group was open and the caretaker gave the children zinc syrup daily. Day-wise information on morbidity was obtained by household visits every fifth day. RESULTS The relative hazards for termination of diarrhea were 26% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8%, 46%), 21% (95% CI: 4%, 38%), and 19% (95% CI: 2%, 40%) higher in the zinc, zinc-vitamin A, and zinc-caretaker groups, respectively, than in the placebo group. The relative risks of prolonged diarrhea (duration >7 days) in these groups were 0.57 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.86), 0.53 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.81), and 0.55 (0.37, 0.84); zinc accordingly reduced the risk of prolonged diarrhea with 43% to 47%. Five percent and 5.1% of all syrup administrations were followed by regurgitation in the zinc and zinc-vitamin A group, respectively, whereas this occurred after only 1.3% of placebo administrations. Vomiting during diarrhea was also more common in children receiving zinc. CONCLUSIONS Three Recommended Daily Allowances of zinc given daily by caretakers or by field workers substantially reduced the duration of diarrhea. The effect of zinc was not dependent on or enhanced by concomitant vitamin A administration.
WSNFS: A Web-Services-Based Network File System

Web services are Web-based enterprise applications that use open, XML-based standards and transport protocols to exchange data between calling clients and servers. In this paper, we demonstrate that Web services can be used to construct a distributed file system, called the Web-services-based network file system (WSNFS). One of the goals of the WSNFS is to provide a platform for file sharing among heterogeneous distributed file systems. Also, as the technology of Web services is widely applied to the field of grid computing, the proposed system can aid the deployment of Web services to the data grid applications. We present the architecture of the WSNFS and define the communication-protocol standard based on Web services. Our experiences in implementing the prototype as well as the experimental results demonstrate that the practicality of the WSNFS; the performance of the prototype is comparable to that of the Sun network file system.
Lodgepole Pine Cambium (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Wats.): A Springtime First Peoples’ Food in British Columbia

Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) is a tree species utilized for succulent edible cambium and secondary phloem in the spring by Interior First Peoples of the Pacific Northwest. In this article we present a nutritional analysis of this food based on a pooled sample of 17 trees harvested in the Chilcotin region of British Columbia. We also present enzymatic sugar analysis of raw, dried, and cooked lodgepole pine cambium harvested from the Chilcotin and Okanagan regions in British Columbia. In the discussion we interpret the nutrient values of raw lodgepole pine cambium in comparison to dried and cooked cambium, results from other nutritional studies of pine cambium, and nutrients in some other traditional and nontraditional foods.
Fungal Endophyte (Epichloë festucae) Alters the Nutrient Content of Festuca rubra Regardless of Water Availability

Festuca rubra plants maintain associations with the vertically transmitted fungal endophyte Epichloë festucae. A high prevalence of infected host plants in semiarid grasslands suggests that this association could be mutualistic. We investigated if the Epichloë-endophyte affects the growth and nutrient content of F. rubra plants subjected to drought. Endophyte-infected (E+) and non-infected (E−) plants of two half-sib lines (PEN and RAB) were subjected to three water availability treatments. Shoot and root biomass, nutrient content, proline, phenolic compounds and fungal alkaloids were measured after the treatments. The effect of the endophyte on shoot and root biomass and dead leaves depended on the plant line. In the PEN line, E+ plants had a greater S:R ratio than E-, but the opposite occurred in RAB. In both plant lines and all water treatments, endophyte-infected plants had greater concentrations of N, P and Zn in shoots and Ca, Mg and Zn in roots than E- plants. On average, E+ plants contained in their shoots more P (62%), Zn (58%) and N (19%) than E- plants. While the proline in shoots increased in response to water stress, the endophyte did not affect this response. A multivariate analysis showed that endophyte status and plant line impose stronger differences in the performance of the plants than the water stress treatments. Furthermore, differences between PEN and RAB lines seemed to be greater in E- than in E+ plants, suggesting that E+ plants of both lines are more similar than those of their non-infected version. This is probably due to the endophyte producing a similar effect in both plant lines, such as the increase in N, P and Zn in shoots. The remarkable effect of the endophyte in the nutrient balance of the plants could help to explain the high prevalence of infected plants in natural grasslands.
Sub-linear Time Compressed Sensing for Support Recovery using Sparse-Graph Codes

We address the problem of robustly recovering the support of high-dimensional sparse signals1 from linear measurements in a low-dimensional subspace. We introduce a new compressed sensing framework through carefully designed sparse measurement matrices associated with low measurement costs and low-complexity recovery algorithms. The measurement system in our framework captures observations of the signal through well-designed measurement matrices sparsified by capacity-approaching sparse-graph codes, and then recovers the signal by using a simple peeling decoder. As a result, we can simultaneously reduce both the measurement cost and the computational complexity. In this paper, we formally connect general sparse recovery problems in compressed sensing with sparse-graph decoding in packet-communication systems, and analyze our design in terms of the measurement cost, computational complexity and recovery performance. Specifically, by structuring the measurements through sparse-graph codes, we propose two families of measurement matrices, the Fourier family and the binary family respectively, which lead to different measurement and computational costs. In the noiseless setting, our framework recovers the sparse support of any K-sparse signal in time2 O(K) with 2K measurements obtained by the Fourier family, or in time O(K logN) using K log2N + K measurements obtained by the binary family. In the presence of noise, both measurement and computational costs are reduced to O(K logN) in the case of the Fourier family. More importantly, the binary family achieves O(K logN) for both the measurement cost and the computational complexity in the presence of noise, which maintains the same measurement and computational scaling as the noiseless case. Therefore, when the signal sparsity K is sub-linear in the signal dimension N , our framework achieve sublinear time support recovery. Further, our framework also admits a wide class of random matrix family that achieves O(K logN) measurements with near-linear run-time O(N logN). In terms of recovery performance, we show that our framework succeeds with probability one asymptotically under finite signal-to-noise ratios.
Comparing apples to oranges and making a fruit salad (mixing psychodynamic science and neuroscience): a review of Clay C. Whitehead's "Neo-Psychoanalysis: a paradigm for the 21st century".

Clay C. Whitehead has elegantly announced, with his broad concept of “downward causation” (Campbell, 1974), the arrival of a new paradigm for psychoanalytic understanding, theory, process, and therapeutic action. In such an endeavor, he proposes to review and integrate various threads of thought which have contributed to psychoanalytic metapsychology over the past many centuries. More specifically, this article contextualizes this new paradigm from the perspectives of epistemology and of the theory of therapeutic action, as they might be integrated by employment of multiple perspectives: philosophy, metapsychology, evolutionary biologic–genetic concepts, physical anthropology, psychiatry, and neuroscience with recent functional imaging studies. He refines George Engel’s (1962) concept of the “bio–psycho–social” perspective on formulations of expressions of symptoms. He particularly offers his vision as a “paradigm shift” (Kuhn, 1970), strongly buttressing his argument by citing the classic Cartesian dualistic split b etween “ traditional science” and “psychodynamic science” as being built upon a confusion of categories of understanding, the “mereological fallacy. ” In fact, he sees this fallacy as the fundamental flaw in Freud’s otherwise highly original thought, which led him to focus primarily upon an intrapsychic, instinctual, one–mind based psychology. Although this concern is reasonable, his explication far exceeds the needs of the workaday practitioner of psychiatry, psychoanalysis, psychotherapy, psychology, or even of early childhood play therapists. It has great hermeneutic relevance, and to that extent, this article represents a
Family Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families

1. Introduction PART I: INTERACTIONAL DYNAMICS: POWER & SOLIDARITY 2. Power Maneuvers and Connection Maneuvers in Family Interaction 3. Talking the Dog: Framing Pets as Interactional Resources in Family Discourse 4. "I just feel horribly embarrassed when she does that": Consituting a Mother's Identity 5. Finding the Right Balance Between Connection and Control: A father's identity construction in conversations with his college-age daughter PART II: GENDERED IDENTITIES IN DUAL-INCOME FAMILIES 6. Father as Breadwinner, Mother as Worker: Gendered Positions in Feminist and Traditional Descourses of Work and Family 7. Gatekeeping in the Family: How Family Members Position One Anotehr as Decision Makers 8. A Working Father: One Man's Talk about Parenting at Work PART III: FAMILY VAUES AND BELIEFS 9. "Al Gore's our Guy": Linguistically Constructing a Family Political Identity 10. Sharing Common Ground: The Role of Place Reference in Parent-Child Conversation 11. Family Members Interacting While Watching TV
Effects of age on implicit memory : implications for single and multiple-systems theories

Explicit memory declines with age, but research suggests that implicit memory may be preserved. For example, recognition memory is typically weaker in healthy older relative to young adults while performance on implicit tests such as perceptual identification is often comparable between groups (i.e., they show equivalent priming). Such observations are commonly taken as evidence for distinct explicit and implicit memory systems, but there are several concerns with this interpretation. One prominent issue is that dissociations between explicit and implicit memory may arise due to differences in the way in which the two are traditionally measured. In this thesis, I aimed to overcome some of the problems and provide a more robust test of a key multiple-systems prediction: that priming is preserved in old age despite reduced recognition memory. The two memory phenomena were measured concurrently trial-by-trial using the continuous identification with recognition (CID-R) task. In three experiments recognition was significantly reduced by age, and there was a reliable reduction in priming when the data were combined across experiments to increase statistical power. It is often argued that age effects in priming reflect the use of explicit strategies which are more beneficial to young adults (‘explicit contamination’), so in a second stream of experiments I examined the contribution of test awareness and explicit processing to priming in young adults on the CID task. No evidence that priming is affected by these factors was produced, thus it is unlikely that young individuals were able to substantially boost their performance on this task in relation to older adults by using an explicit strategy. Collectively, the findings indicate that performance on implicit tests is not always age-invariant, and that the present age-related reduction in priming cannot be attributed to explicit contamination. The results are compatible with the view that a single system drives explicit and implicit memory phenomena.
Effect of Caffeine Co‐Ingested with Carbohydrate or Fat on Metabolism and Performance in Endurance‐Trained Men

We examined the effect of caffeine co‐ingested with either carbohydrate or fat on metabolism and performance in eight endurance‐trained subjects who performed a random order of four experimental trials consisting of 120 min of steady‐state ergometer cycling at 70% of maximal O2 uptake (SS) followed by a time trial in which subjects completed a set amount of work (7 kJ kg−1) as quickly as possible. One hour before SS subjects ingested either 2.6 g kg−1 carbohydrate (CHO); 2.6 g kg−1 CHO + 6 mg kg−1 caffeine (CHO + CAF); 1.2 g kg−1 fat with 2000 U I.V. heparin (FAT); or 1.2 g kg−1 fat with 2000 U I.V. heparin + 6 mg kg−1 caffeine (FAT + CAF). The rate of carbohydrate oxidation was higher (μmol kg−1 min−1: CHO, 243 ± 39 and CHO + CAF, 239 ± 30 vs. FAT, 196 ± 48 and FAT + CAF, 191 ± 55; P < 0.05, values are means ± S.D.) and the rate of fat oxidation lower (μmol kg−1 min−1: CHO, 19 ± 8 and CHO + CAF, 22 ± 7 vs. FAT, 35 ± 19 and FAT + CAF, 37 ± 17; P < 0.05) with carbohydrate than fat ingestion. Yet despite lower carbohydrate use with fat feeding, the time taken to complete the time trial was less after carbohydrate than after fat ingestion (min: CHO, 30.37 ± 7.42 and CHO + CAF, 29.12 ± 5.62 vs. FAT, 33.02 ± 8.50 and FAT + CAF, 32.78 ± 7.70; P < 0.05). We conclude that (1) caffeine co‐ingested with either carbohydrate or fat meals has no additive effect on substrate utilization or exercise performance and (2) carbohydrate ingestion before exercise improves subsequent time trial performance compared with fat ingestion.
Gender differences in schizophrenia: rehospitalization and community survival

Synopsis This study tested the hypothesis that schizophrenic men experience a poorer course than schizophrenic women. A representative sample from Hannover, FRG, including 278 first admission DSM-III schizophrenics, were followed for three years. Findings demonstrated that schizophrenic women experience fewer rehospitalizations, shorter lengths of stay, and survive longer in the community than schizophrenic men. Implications of the role of gender for schizophrenia are discussed.
Influence of Caregiver Activation on Health of Informal Caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s

Caregiver activation is related to a caregiver’s knowledge, skill and confidence to provide multiple levels of care of another individual. To date there is little research assessing caregiver activation within the population of informal caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients. Forty-four informal caregivers of persons with Alzheimer’s were recruited through caregiver resource centers and online communities in the state of Oregon, completed a self-report survey. The purpose of this study was to identify the predictive qualities and influence of caregiver activation on informal caregiver physiological and psychological health as well as positive health behaviors. General health, emotional wellbeing, self-efficacy, and caregiver characteristics were all significantly correlated with caregiver activation. Results of bivariate linear regression analysis indicate that caregiver activation is significantly related to a decrease in caregiver physiological and psychological health symptoms but not to an increase in positive health behaviors. Running head: CAREGIVER ACTIVATION AND CAREGIVER HEALTH iv Table of
Dietary Patterns Are Associated with Body Mass Index and Bone Mineral Density in Chinese Freshmen

Objective: Our objective was to examine associations between dietary patterns and body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral density (BMD) in Chinese freshmen. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in 1319 college freshmen (aged 18.1 ± 1.2 years old). Diet was assessed by using a validated self-administrated food-frequency questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, height, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured and bone measurements were done using Quantitative Ultrasound System. Results: Four dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis: Western food, animal protein, calcium food, and Chinese traditional patterns. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and osteopenia/osteoporosis were 8.2% (108/1319) and 28.1% (371/1319). The highest tertile of Western food pattern scores had greater odds of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest tertile, odds ratio [OR] = 2.00, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24–3.22), and the highest tertile of Chinese traditional pattern scores had lower risk of overweight/obesity (highest vs. lowest tertile, OR = 0.65, 95% CI, 0.53–0.80) in an adjusted model. The calcium food pattern and Chinese traditional pattern were negatively associated with the risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis (highest vs. lowest tertile, OR = 0.59, 95% CI, 0.41–0.87; OR = 0.78, 95% CI, 0.55–0.89) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: These findings suggested that there was a positive correlation between Chinese traditional dietary pattern and healthy BMI and BMD and that this same association existed between calcium food pattern and BMD in Chinese freshmen. In contrast, the Western-style diet was negatively correlated with healthy BMI in Chinese freshmen.