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A three-dimensional microelectronic device (3DANN-R) capable of performing general image convolution at the speed of 10 12 operations/second (ops) in a volume of less than 1.5 cubic centimeter has been successfully built under the BMDO/JPL VIGILANTE program. 3DANN-R was developed in partnership with Irvine Sensors Corp., Costa Mesa, California. 3DANN-R is a sugar-cube-sized, lowpower itnage convolution eng;ne that in its core computation circuitry is capable of performing 64 image convolutions with large (64x64) windows at video frame rates. In this paper, we explore potential applications of 3DANN-R such as target recognition, SAR and hyperspectral data processin g, and general machine vision using real data and discuss technical challenges for providing deployable systems for BMDO surveillance and interceptor programs. INTRODUCTION The Viewing Imager/Gimbaled Instrumentation Laboratory and Analog Neural Three-dimensional processing Experiment (VIGILANTE) program [I][2] has successfully developed a three-dimensional microelectronic device (3DANN-R) capable of performing general image convolution at the speed of 10 12 operations/second (ops) in a volume of less than 1.5 cubic centimeter. 3DANN-R was developed in partnership with Irvine Sensors Corp., Costa Mesa, California. 3DANN-R is a sugar-cube-sized, lowpower (5W) image convolution engine that in its core computation circuitry is capable of performing 64 image convolutions with large (64x64) windows at video frame rates (see Fig. 1). Fast image convolution is fundamental to almost all techniques used in processing images acquired from either passive or active sensors. Numerous operations, including template matching, morphology, classification, and even many model-based matching approaches can be solved using correctly assembled convolution results. By being able to simultaneously venerate 64 transformations of an original image, new capability in synthetic ima ge generation, wiiilysis/fusion, and semantic interpretation can be Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California t Irvine Sensors Corporation, Costa Mesa, California # Ballistic Missile Defense Organization, Washington, DC reat'zed with human-like efficiency. 3DANN-R has been proven to function properly, and the complete system with support electronics can already be produced in small quantities for less than $70,000 per unit. The 3DANN-R device itself might cost only a few hundred dollars under mass production. Figure 1: VIGILANTE 3DANN-R 3D Convolution processor, containing 64 row convolver IC's capable of 1 T raOPS in a 1.4cm x 1.45cm x . 75 cm/5W package. For demonstration purposes, the 3DANN-R requires a PC-case and associated computer circuitry to convert all 64 analog output channels to digital form through 64 high-speed, analog-digital converters (ADC) and then place those data values in an integrated memory that could be directly interfaced to any computer architecture (see Fig. 2). This VIGILANTE processing architecture creates a real-time, low-mass/power microelectronic visual center capable of transforming raw imagery into a myriad of synthetic images useful for a variety of machine vision and automatic target recognition (ATR) applications. In this paper, we explore potential applications of 3DANN-R such as tsrgot recognition, synthetic apertwe radar (SAR) and hyperspectrai data processing, and general machine vision using real data. In addition, future work that includes overall ATR system issues, sensor fusion, and hardware upgrade for further miniaturization and speed improvement to 10-30 teracps (needed for providing Approved fir Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited.