Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and Consensus Processes in Group Recognition Memory Performance

This experiment applies signal detection theory and social decision schemes to investigate the potential impact of information pooling, error correction, and effective decision-making processes in the general finding that groups perform better than individuals on memory tasks. Groups and individuals completed a true/false recognition test regarding material presented in a videotaped simulated job interview. Various indexes of memory performance indicated that each of the processes contributed to the superiority of group recognition memory performance. Social decision scheme analyses indicated that the plurality-correct-wins decision scheme was the best summary of the decision process. Subsequent analyses suggested that the confidence that group members held in their initial preferences influenced the group decision process. Discussion emphasized the impact of consensus, correctness, and confidence on group memory performance.
The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) in Middle Childhood: A Study of Three Large-Scale Data Sets

Objective. Conceptually sound subscales for the Middle-Childhood Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (MC-HOME) were created and evaluated utilizing 3 large-scale data sets including children ages 6 to 9 years: the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), Panel Study of Income Dynamics-Child Development Supplement (PSID-CDS), and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-Child Supplement (NLSY-CS). Design. Sample sizes were 459 children in the PHDCN, 152 children in the PSID-CDS, and 6,961 children in the NLSY-CS. We grouped items into subscales based on conceptual coherence and evaluated the reliability of the proposed subscales by examining individual item-to-scale correlations and Cronbach's alphas. We tested predictive validity by calculating correlations with cognitive and behavioral outcomes in each data set. Results. Results suggest 7 out of 9 conceptually based MC-HOME subscales are associated with children's cognitive status, even after adjustment for key demographic characteristics. In contrast, mixed results were found for children's behavioral outcomes. The Parental Warmth and Parental Lack of Hostility subscales are the most predictive of behavior problems. Conclusions. Conceptually meaningful subscales are promising to examine children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes, although more and finer-grained analyses of the ways these conceptually meaningful HOME subscales relate to children's later outcomes are needed to further validate the approach established here.
Tracking Socioeconomic Vulnerability Using Network Analysis: Insights from an Avian Influenza Outbreak in an Ostrich Production Network

Background The focus of management in many complex systems is shifting towards facilitation, adaptation, building resilience, and reducing vulnerability. Resilience management requires the development and application of general heuristics and methods for tracking changes in both resilience and vulnerability. We explored the emergence of vulnerability in the South African domestic ostrich industry, an animal production system which typically involves 3–4 movements of each bird during its lifetime. This system has experienced several disease outbreaks, and the aim of this study was to investigate whether these movements have contributed to the vulnerability of this system to large disease outbreaks. Methodology/Principal Findings The ostrich production system requires numerous movements of birds between different farm types associated with growth (i.e. Hatchery to juvenile rearing farm to adult rearing farm). We used 5 years of movement records between 2005 and 2011 prior to an outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2). These data were analyzed using a network analysis in which the farms were represented as nodes and the movements of birds as links. We tested the hypothesis that increasing economic efficiency in the domestic ostrich industry in South Africa made the system more vulnerable to outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N2). Our results indicated that as time progressed, the network became increasingly vulnerable to pathogen outbreaks. The farms that became infected during the outbreak displayed network qualities, such as significantly higher connectivity and centrality, which predisposed them to be more vulnerable to disease outbreak. Conclusions/Significance Taken in the context of previous research, our results provide strong support for the application of network analysis to track vulnerability, while also providing useful practical implications for system monitoring and management.
Complete Inhibition of Acute Humoral Rejection Using Regulated Expression of Membrane‐tethered Anticoagulants on Xenograft Endothelium

Xenotransplantation promises an unlimited supply of organs for clinical transplantation. However, an aggressive humoral immune response continues to limit the survival of pig organs after transplantation into primates. Because intravascular thrombosis and systemic coagulopathy are prominent features of acute humoral xenograft rejection, we hypothesized that expression of anticoagulants on xenogeneic vascular endothelium might inhibit the process. Hearts from novel transgenic mice, expressing membrane‐tethered fusion proteins based on human tissue factor pathway inhibitor and hirudin, respectively, were transplanted into rats. In contrast to control non‐transgenic mouse hearts, which were all rejected within 3 days, 100% of the organs from both strains of transgenic mice were completely resistant to humoral rejection and survived for more than 100 days when T‐cell‐mediated rejection was inhibited by administration of ciclosporin A. These results demonstrate the critical role of coagulation in the pathophysiology of acute humoral rejection and the potential for inhibiting rejection by targeting the expression of anticoagulants to graft endothelial cells. This genetic strategy could be applied in a clinically relevant species such as the pig.
Cutting Edge: Induced Indoleamine 2,3 Dioxygenase Expression in Dendritic Cell Subsets Suppresses T Cell Clonal Expansion1

In mice, immunoregulatory APCs express the dendritic cell (DC) marker CD11c, and one or more distinctive markers (CD8α, B220, DX5). In this study, we show that expression of the tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) is selectively induced in specific splenic DC subsets when mice were exposed to the synthetic immunomodulatory reagent CTLA4-Ig. CTLA4-Ig did not induce IDO expression in macrophages or lymphoid cells. Induction of IDO completely blocked clonal expansion of T cells from TCR transgenic mice following adoptive transfer, whereas CTLA4-Ig treatment did not block T cell clonal expansion in IDO-deficient recipients. Thus, IDO expression is an inducible feature of specific subsets of DCs, and provides a potential mechanistic explanation for their T cell regulatory properties.
Phonetic explanations for the infrequency of voiced sibilant affricates across languages

This paper shows that several typologically unrelated languages share the tendency for voiced sibilant affricates to be infrequent or missing altogether. Phonological processes examined in the paper illustrate that (1) voiceless stops undergo affrication more readily than voiced ones, and (2) voiced affricates deaffricate more commonly than voiceless ones, thereby contributing to the asymmetry in frequency between voiced vs. voiceless affricates. Phonetic properties of the sounds may explain these patterns. Affricates in general require complex control over supralaryngeal apertures, and they appear to have long durations in many languages. Long duration and complete oral closure at the beginning of affricates contribute to a buildup of intraoral pressure which impedes phonation. An aerodynamic experiment of obstruents, including affricates, was carried out for Polish and German, languages which differ in their r ealization of the stop voicing contrast (viz., voicing vs. aspiration). Voiced affricates in Polish had significantly longer voicing than in German; in medial position, they also had shorter durations and lower peak pressure values. We suggest that languages having voiced affricates in their phoneme inventory may tend to limit duration and intraoral pressure buildup in these sounds to allow vocal-fold vibration to continue.
Are computerized interviews equivalent to human interviewers? CIDI-Auto versus CIDI in anxiety and depressive disorders

Background. The equivalency of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview delivered by human interviewers (CIDI) and its computerized version (CIDI-Auto) was examined for anxiety and depressive disorders. Methods. Subjects were 40 patients at an Anxiety Disorders Clinic and 40 general medical practice attenders. The CIDI-Auto and CIDI were administered in counterbalanced order on the same day and measures of computer attitudes and the acceptability of the two interview formats were also taken. Results. The CIDI-Auto and the CIDI were found to be equally acceptable to subjects on the dimensions of comfort and preference, while the CIDI-Auto was rated as less embarrassing but too long in comparison with the CIDI. The agreement between the two formats was acceptable with kappa values for ICD-10 diagnoses being above 0·65 and for DSM-III-R diagnoses above 0·5 except for two diagnoses (generalized anxiety disorder and dysthymia). Discrepancies between the two formats were predicted by computer attitudes and not by computer experiences or the tendency to respond in a socially desirable fashion. Conclusions. It is concluded that the CIDI-Auto in its self-administered form is an acceptable substitute for the CIDI for suitable subjects.
Mass treatment of trachoma with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops in the Republic of Cameroon: feasibility, tolerance and effectiveness

Aims An epidemiological study carried out in 2006 indicated a high prevalence of blinding trachoma in the Kolofata Health District, Far North Region, Republic of Cameroon. As a result, the national blindness control programme of Cameroon instituted a trachoma elimination programme using the SAFE strategy. Methods A campaign to treat the entire district population with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops was undertaken in February 2008. To measure the effectiveness of treatment on the prevalence of active trachoma, two epidemiological studies were conducted on a representative sample of children aged between 1 and 10 years. The first study was performed just prior to the treatment campaign and the second study was performed 1 year later. Results The prevalence of active forms of trachoma (trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) + TF/trachomatous inflammation—intense (TI)) dropped from 31.5 (95% CI 26.4 to 37.5)% before treatment to 6.3 (95% CI 4.1 to 9.6)% 1 year after treatment—a reduction of nearly 80%. There were no reports of serious or systemic side effects. Tolerance was excellent and no treatment was interrupted. Conclusion Mass treatment with azithromycin 1.5% eye drops is feasible, well tolerated and effective.
Buying sex: The phenomenology of being a john

The authors obtained data directly from prostitutes’ customers on the feelings and perceptions that comprise being a “John. ” There are four phases involved in being a John: conception of intents, pursuit of the encounter, the encounter, and the aftermath. The image of the John that emerged from this study differed from that typically found in the literature on prostitution.
Can a single lactate value predict adverse outcome in critically ill newborn?

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the lactic acidosis, as an early predictor of significant consequences and/or a fatal outcome in term neonates after a perinatal asphyxia. BACKGROUND Severe perinatal asphyxia can generate multiple organ dysfunction and neonatal mortality. METHODS In routine clinical practice, after an admission to the Intensive Care Unit, lactate concentration was determined in capillary blood samples during the first one to six hours after birth in 55 term newborns with the post-asphyxial hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The control group consisted of 36 healthy term neonates randomly selected in the maternity ward at the Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic. RESULTS Significantly higher concentrations of lactate (p 8.7 mmol/L with 80 % sensitivity and 82% specificity indicated the development of the hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy stage II/III, while the lactate level>9.95 mmol/L was a predictor of death, with 75% sensitivity and 74.4% specificity. CONCLUSION Determination of lactate concentrations in serum of term newborns associated with risk factors for the perinatal asphyxia is a useful tool in diagnosing metabolic disorders and ischemic damage, particularly severe clinical forms (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 34).
Body composition and strength changes in women with milk and resistance exercise.

PURPOSE We aimed to determine whether women consuming fat-free milk versus isoenergetic carbohydrate after resistance exercise would see augmented gains in lean mass and reductions in fat mass similar to what we observed in young men. METHODS Young women were randomized to drink either fat-free milk (MILK: n = 10; age (mean +/- SD) = 23.2 +/- 2.8 yr; BMI = 26.2 +/- 4.2 kg x m(-2)) or isoenergetic carbohydrate (CON: n = 10; age = 22.4 +/- 2.4 yr; BMI = 25.2 +/- 3.8 kg x m(-2)) immediately after and 1 h after exercise (2 x 500 mL). Subjects exercised 5 d x wk(-1) for 12 wk. Body composition changes were measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and subjects' strength and fasting blood were measured before and after training. RESULTS CON gained weight after training (CON: +0.86 +/- 0.4 kg, P < 0.05; MILK: +0.50 +/- 0.4 kg, P = 0.29). Lean mass increased with training in both groups (P < 0.01), with a greater net gain in MILK versus CON (1.9 +/- 0.2 vs 1.1 +/- 0.2 kg, respectively, P < 0.01). Fat mass decreased with training in MILK only (-1.6 +/- 0.4 kg, P < 0.01; CON: -0.3 +/- 0.3 kg, P = 0.41). Isotonic strength increased more in MILK than CON (P < 0.05) for some exercises. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased in both groups but to a greater extent in MILK than CON (+6.5 +/- 1.1 vs +2.8 +/- 1.3 nM, respectively, P < 0.05), and parathyroid hormone decreased only in MILK (-1.2 +/- 0.2 pM, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Heavy, whole-body resistance exercise with the consumption of milk versus carbohydrate in the early postexercise period resulted in greater muscle mass accretion, strength gains, fat mass loss, and a possible reduction in bone turnover in women after 12 wk. Our results, similar to those in men, highlight that milk is an effective drink to support favorable body composition changes in women with resistance training.
Dietitians: are they a risk group for eating disorders?

The present study examined the eating behaviour and eating disorders of Austrian dietitians. Questionnaires were distributed to 500 Austrian dietitians and completed by 320 (64 per cent) subjects. Of the entire sample, 21 (6.6 per cent) of the dietitians were underweight, more than two-thirds normal in weight, and 40 (12.3 per cent) overweight, while 24 (7.5 per cent) met the EDI criteria for being at risk for developing an eating disorder. The prevalence rates of eating disorders in the past or present were 2.5 per cent (n=8) for anorexia nervosa and 3.4 per cent (n=11) for bulimia nervosa. Of the 40 overweight dietitians, six (15 per cent) met the diagnostic criteria for binge eating syndrome. The findings show that, on the one hand, dietitians are quite similar in their weight, eating attitudes and eating behaviour to other women, and that, on the other hand, some dietitians may be considered at risk for developing eating disorders or having an eating disorder. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Bound and Gagged: Sexual Silences, Gender Conformity and the Gay Male Teacher

This article is a call for dialogue about the relationship between gay male sex cultures, gender performances and life in classrooms. It begins by examining representations of gay male school teachers in discourses produced by gay men, exploring what gay male culture may offer the field of education, how performativity as gay male college teachers may rupture traditional forces that keep in place an oppressive status quo, and the interconnections between sexual politics and education. After using a series of classroom events to illustrate dilemmas faced by one gay male teacher, this article explores the work of scholars of masculinities, and argues that gay male teachers, whose bodies, desires and practices transgress heteronormative constructs and patriarchal paradigms, have much to contribute to promoting democratic education and social change.
Long-lasting mnemotropic effect of substance P and its N-terminal fragment (SP1-7) on avoidance learning.

We investigated the long-lasting effect of peripheral injection of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) and of some N- or C-terminal SP fragments (SPN and SPC, respectively) on retention test performance of avoidance learning. Male Wistar rats (220 to 280 g) were trained in an inhibitory step-down avoidance task and tested 24 h or 21 days later. Immediately after the training trial rats received an intraperitoneal injection of SP (50 micrograms/kg), SPN 1-7 (167 micrograms/kg) or SPC 7-11 (134 micrograms/kg). Control groups were injected with vehicle or SP 5 h after the training trial. The immediate post-training administration of SP and SPN, but not SPC, facilitated avoidance behavior in rats tested 24 h or 21 days later, i.e., the retention test latencies of the SP and SPN groups were significantly longer (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) during both training-test intervals. These observations suggest that the memory-enhancing effect of SP is long-lasting and that the amino acid sequence responsible for this effect is encoded by its N-terminal part.
A randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial of masitinib plus gemcitabine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer

Two subgroups showing significantly poor survival when treated with single-agent gemcitabine have been identified; one is defined by an overexpression of ACOX1 in blood, and the other via a pain intensity threshold. Masitinib in combination with gemcitabine appears to have a positive benefit–risk ratio in both subgroups. These findings could influence future trial design in pancreatic cancer.
Foam flow of oil-refrigerant R12 mixture in a small diameter tube

This work presents an experimental investigation of the ester oil ISO VG10-refrigerant R134a mixture flow with foam formation through a straight horizontal 3.22 mm ID diameter, 6.0 m length tube. An experimental apparatus was designed to permit the measurement of both pressure and temperature profiles along the tube as well as the visualization of the flow patterns of the two-phase flow. Tests were performed at different mass flow rates, several refrigerant mass fractions at the inlet of the flow, and inlet mixture temperatures around 28 and 39 °C. A liquid mixture flow with constant temperature and pressure gradient could be seen at the inlet of the tube. As the flow proceeded towards the exit of the tube the pressure drop produced a reduction of the refrigerant solubility in the oil yielding to formation of the first bubbles. Initially, small and few bubbles could be noticed and the flow behaved as a conventional two-phase flow. Eventually, the bubble population increased and foam flow was observed at the exit of the flow. Due to the great formation of bubbles, both the temperature and pressure gradient of the mixture were greatly reduced in this region of the flow.
p185, a product of the neu proto-oncogene, is a receptorlike protein associated with tyrosine kinase activity

The neu oncogene was originally identified in cell lines derived from rat neuroectodermal tumors. neu is related to but distinct from the c-erbB gene, which encodes the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. neu encodes a protein, designated p185, that is serologically related to the EGF receptor. Identification of the normal homolog of p185 encoded by the neu proto-oncogene enabled us to compare the product of the neu proto-oncogene with the mutated version specified by the neu oncogene and with the EGF receptor. The normal form of p185 was structurally similar to its transforming counterpart, indicating that activation of the neu oncogene did not cause major structural alterations in the gene product. Both normal and transforming forms of p185 were associated with tyrosine kinase activity, supporting the idea that normal p185 functions as a growth factor receptor. p185 differed both structurally and functionally from the EGF receptor. p185 and the EGF receptor had distinct electrophoretic mobilities when synthesized under normal culture conditions or in the presence of tunicamycin. EGF did not stimulate increased turnover of p185 and did not bind quantitatively to p185. A number of other growth factors failed to stimulate degradation of p185 or tyrosine phosphorylation of p185 and are therefore unlikely to be ligands for p185.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy as an Adjunct Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Young Adults: A Literature Review

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurological disorder that often continues into adult age. Stimulants medication are the mainstay of treatment, however, in the recent years, there has been a lot of studies conducted to understand the effectiveness and feasibility of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. In this article, we have reviewed 17 articles to look for the beneficial effects of such therapy in adults. Overall, we found that there is a clear beneficial effect of such therapies, especially when used in adjunct with stimulant medication and may increase overall compliance. For better understanding, we suggest that large, well-designed studies should be conducted with robust strategies, allowing more comparison studies with the better analytical outcome.
Synaptic Interaction between Hypocretin (Orexin) and Neuropeptide Y Cells in the Rodent and Primate Hypothalamus: A Novel Circuit Implicated in Metabolic and Endocrine Regulations

Hypocretin (orexin) has recently been shown to increase feeding when injected into the brain. Using both rat and primate brains, we tested the hypothesis that a mechanism of hypocretin action might be related to synaptic regulation of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) system. Hypocretin-immunoreactive terminals originating from the lateral hypothalamus make direct synaptic contact with neurons of the arcuate nucleus that not only express NPY but also contain leptin receptors. In addition, hypocretin-containing neurons also express leptin receptor immunoreactivity. This suggests a potential mechanism of action for hypocretin in the central regulation of metabolic and endocrine processes. The excitatory actions of hypocretin could increase NPY release, resulting in enhanced feeding behavior and altered endocrine regulation, whereas leptin, released from adipose tissue as an indicator of fat stores, would have the opposite effect on the same neurons, leading to a decrease in NPY and NPY-mediated hypothalamic functions. On the other hand, the innervation of hypocretin cells by NPY boutons raises the possibility that NPY may exert an effect on hypothalamic functions, at least in part, via mediation or feedback action on these lateral hypothalamic cells. Our data indicate that a direct interaction between leptin, hypocretin, and NPY exists in the hypothalamus that may contribute to the central regulation of metabolic and endocrine processes in both rodents and primates.