Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Educational support for low-performing students in mathematics: the three-tier support model in Finnish lower secondary schools

In 2011, there was a legislative reform regarding educational support in Finland, with a focus on early identification, differentiation and flexible arrangement of support using a multi-professional approach, the three-tier support model. The main aim of this study was to investigate what educational support practices are used with low-performing lower secondary students. An additional aim was to determine how the change in legislation has affected the work of special education and mathematics teachers with regard to mathematics education for low-performing students. Electronic questionnaires were sent to all principals in Swedish-speaking schools in Finland (55 schools, grades 7–9) to be answered by the special education and mathematics teachers. Twenty-seven answers were received from the special education teachers and 42 from the mathematics teachers. The results showed that ‘pull out of the classroom’ was considered the most common way to support the mathematically low-performing students. Teachers were quite satisfied with the efficiency of support and the amount of extra resources for the low-performing students in mathematics. There was almost no change in collaboration or working strategies for either teacher groups due to the change in legislation. The teachers did not experience much change in educational practice after the legislation reform.
Does Low Self-Control Predict Fictitious Drug Use and Untruthfulness?

This study tests Hirschi and Gottfredson's (1993) argument that self-control is related to survey response patterns. It is hypothesized that individuals who are low in self-control will be less likely to provide honest answers in survey research, a critical but untested question with respect to the general theory. Data from approximately 1,600 high school students in a Southeastern U.S. state are used to examine the relationship between low self-control and self-reported indicators of fictitious drug use and honesty when completing a survey questionnaire dealing with deviant behavior. Findings indicate that low self-control is significantly related to reports of having used a fictitious drug and having been untruthful when completing a survey questionnaire, suggesting that the reliability of survey research may depend on individual traits such as low self-control.
“I felt sad and did not enjoy life”: Cultural context and the associations between anhedonia, depressed mood, and momentary emotions

The meanings of “anhedonia” and “depressed mood,” the cardinal emotional symptoms of major depression, may be shaped by cultural norms regarding pleasure and sadness. Thirty-two European Americans, 26 Hispanic Americans, 33 Asian Americans, and 20 Russian Americans provided reports of (a) depressive symptoms, (b) momentary emotions and pleasure, and (c) global subjective well-being. Momentary reports were collected over 10 days using handheld personal digital assistants. Reports of anhedonia were associated with heightened levels of momentary low arousal negative emotions (e.g., sadness), whereas reports of depressed mood were associated with dampened levels of momentary positive emotions (e.g., happiness). Symptoms of anhedonia and depressed mood interacted in their associations with momentary pleasure. In addition, the associations of anhedonia and depressed mood with positive emotions and life satisfaction differed across cultural groups. Specifically, these symptoms were associated with dampened positive emotions in the Asian American group only. Additionally, anhedonia was associated with dampened global life satisfaction in the European American group only. These results suggest that reports of anhedonia and depressed mood cannot be interpreted at face value as specific and culture-free indicators of emotional deficits. Instead, they appear to signal changes in the balance of positive and negative emotions, with the exact nature of these signals shaped at least in part by cultural context. This conclusion has important consequences for the clinical interpretation of depressive symptoms in multicultural societies.
Shaken Baby Syndrome Education Program: Nurses Making a Difference

This article describes the nursing role in the Upstate New York Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) Education Program, an effort to educate parents of all hospital-born infants in the eight-county region of Western New York about the dangers of violent infant shaking. This program has now been expanded to include hospitals in 17 counties in Upstate New York. The major intervention is an educational program administered by nurses. These nurses describe the challenges and opportunities they faced in implementing a large community health program.
Approaching science by watching TV: what do entertainment programs contribute to viewers’ competence in genetic engineering?

This study examined the potential of entertainment-education (E-E) for promoting engagement with a science issue. It was assumed that certain entertaining features of a media experience increase viewers’ perceived knowledge about an issue. Drawing on different theoretical models of E-E and on persuasive effects of narrative media messages, three hypotheses and one research question were assessed in a survey among 103 participants, who were shown a movie about genetic engineering beforehand. Results suggested that the higher viewers’ transportation, identification, and enjoyment were, the more they actually felt informed. Viewers’ degree of transportation, though, revealed to be sufficient to explain their perceived knowledge.
A complete substitutional analysis of VIP for better tumor imaging properties

Since numerous tumor cells overexpress the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor subtype 1 (VPAC1), VIP–dye conjugates would be useful as contrast agents for in vivo imaging. However, proteolytic degradation of VIP in vivo limits their diagnostic use and highlights the need for structurally optimized VIP derivatives with improved pharmacokinetics. Here, we applied parallel nano‐synthesis of cleavable peptides on cellulose membranes to perform a complete VIP substitutional analysis. The resulting 504 different VIP–dye analogs were tested for cell binding by flow cytometry. They provided a detailed analysis of amino acid positions essential for binding to VPAC1 overexpressing cells. A generalized VIP–dye binding motif derived from the substitutional analysis results served as a reference point for further optimization. An [Arg8]‐VIP‐dye analog showed increased stability towards proteolytic degradation, good tumor‐to‐tissue contrast in mice and a longer half‐life in vivo. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germ Cell Transplantation in an Azoospermic Klinefelter Bull1

Abstract Germ cell transplantation is a technique that transfers donor testicular cells into recipient testes. A population of germ cells can colonize the recipient testis, initiate spermatogenesis, and produce sperm capable of fertilization. In the present study, a nonmosaic Klinefelter bull was used as a germ cell recipient. The donor cell suspension was introduced into the rete testis using ultrasound-guided puncture. A pulsatile administration of GnRH was performed to stimulate spermatogenesis. The molecular approach to detect donor cells was done by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction with allele discrimination based on a genetic mutation between donor and recipient. Therefore, a known genetic mutation, associated with coat-color phenotype, was used to calculate the ratio of donor to recipient cells in the biopsy specimens and ejaculates for 10 mo. After slaughtering, meiotic preparations were performed. The injected germ cells did not undergo spermatogenesis. Six months after germ cell transplantation, the donor cells were rejected, which indicates that the donor cells could not incorporate in the testis. The hormone stimulation showed that the testosterone-producing Leydig cells were functionally intact. Despite subfertility therapy, neither the recipient nor the donor cells underwent spermatogenesis. Therefore, nonmosaic Klinefelter bulls are not suitable as germ cell recipients. Future germ cell recipients in cattle could be mosaic Klinefelters, interspecies hybrids, bulls with Sertoli cell-only syndrome, or bulls with disrupted germ cell migration caused by RNA interference.
Audiation-Based Improvisation Techniques and Elementary Instrumental Students' Music Achievement

The purpose of this research was to develop and to examine an improvisation curriculum designed to improve the music achievement of elementary school instrumental music students. The specific problems of this study were (a) to investigate the effect of improvisation study on the music achievement of fifth-grade wind and percussion students, and (b) to investigate the effects of various levels of music aptitude on the music achievement of fifth-grade wind and percussion students. Sixty-six fifth-grade students participated in this study. Students who received instruction that included emphasis on improvisation were found to perform at significantly higher achievement levels than students who received instruction without such emphasis. High-aptitude students performed at higher achievement levels than low-aptitude and moderate-aptitude students. The data obtained in this research provide preliminary evidence that improvisation contributes to the improvement of instrumental music performance achievement in elementary students.
SimEd: simulating education as a multi agent system

This paper describes our efforts in creating SimEd, a simulation of the education system. The longterm aim of this work is to be able to model the types of interactions and interplays that occur between students, teachers and administrators, resulting in a toolkit and a methodology that will allow policy makers on various levels to experiment with their decisions, examining effects over time and across levels. Here, we outline our reasoning for selecting the multi agent system paradigm and the particular techniques chosen. We present details of two components within the SimEd toolkit and show results of experimental simulations executed with each. In constructing these tools, we have begun to identify special attributes of the education environment that set it aside from more typical agent-based application areas, such as e-commerce. We highlight these aspects and discuss current and future work extending agent techniques to accommodate these types of environments.
Restricted Emigration, System Inescapability, and Defense of the Status Quo

The freedom to emigrate at will from a geographic location is an internationally recognized human right. However, this right is systematically violated by restrictive migration policies. In three experiments, we explored the psychological consequences of violating the right to mobility. Our results suggest that, ironically, restricted freedom of movement can lead to increased system justification (i.e., increased support of the status quo). In Study 1, we found that participants who read that their country was difficult to leave became stronger defenders of their system’s legitimacy than before, even in domains unrelated to emigration policy (e.g., gender relations). In Study 2, we demonstrated that this increased system defense was the result of a motivated process. In Study 3, we broadened the scope of this psychological phenomenon by conceptually replicating it using a different system (participants’ university) and measure of system defense. The importance of these two findings—the first experimental demonstration of the psychological consequences of restrictive emigration policies and the introduction of a novel psychological phenomenon—is discussed.
Long-Distance Transport of Bulk Goods in the Pre-Hispanic American Southwest

Abstract The paper examines the limits of efficient foot transport of utilitarian goods and food in the pre-Hispanic American Southwest, basing this assessment on field studies of long-distance portage, both domestic and commercial, in the roadless hills of modern-day eastern Nepal. The paper predicts the effect of load weight on transport costs and energy profits and also examines the relationship between distance and round-trip travel time for portaging 50-kg loads over one-way distances ranging from 50 to 250 km. The Nepali evidence refutes Lightfoot's 50-km operational limit for an “effective redistribution network, based on foot transportation. ” The extensive network of domestic and commercial portage operating today in eastern Nepal demonstrates clearly that foot transport of food staples and durable goods would have been feasible in the pre-Hispanic American Southwest on a regular basis over distances of at least 100 to 150 km and on an occasional basis over much longer distances.
Reliability and Predictive Validity of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Mslq)

This paper reports on a new self-report, Likert-scaled instrument that was designed to assess motivation and use of learning strategies by college students. The motivation scales tap into three broad areas: (1) value (intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientation, task value), (2) expectancy (control beliefs about learning, self-efficacy); and (3) affect (test anxiety). The learning strategies section is comprised of nine scales which can be distinguished as cognitive, metacognitive, and resource management strategies. The cognitive strategies scales include (a) rehearsal, (b) elaboration, (c) organization, and (d) critical thinking. Metacognitive strategies are assessed by one large scale that includes planning, monitoring, and regulating strategies. Resource management strategies include (a) managing time and study environment; (b) effort management, (c) peer learning, and (d) help-seeking. Scale reliabilities are robust, and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated good factor structure. In addition, the instrument shows reasonable predictive validity to the actual course performance of students.
Cholinergic terminals in the cat visual cortex: Ultrastructural basis for interaction with glutamate-immunoreactive neurons and other cells

Abstract Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the transmitters utilized by extrathalamic afferents to modulate stimulus-driven neurotransmission and experience-dependent plasticity in the visual cortex. Since these processes also depend on the activation of glutamatergic receptors, cholinergic terminals may exert their effects via direct modulation of excitatory neurotransmission. The objective of this study was to determine whether the ultrastructural relationships between cholinergic terminals, glutamate-immunoreactive neurons, and other unlabeled cells support this idea. Sections from aldehyde-fixed visual cortex (area 17) of adult cats were immunolabled for the following molecules: (1) choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the acetylcholine-synthesizing enzyme; (2) L-glutamate; or (3) ChAT simultaneously with L-glutamate by combining electron-microscopic immunogold and immunoperoxidase techniques. None of the cortical terminals were dually labeled, suggesting that (1) the labeling procedure was free of chemical or immunological cross reactions; and (2) glutamate immunoreactivity probably reflects the transmitter, and not metabolic, pool of L-glutamate. Comparisons between cholinergic and noncholinergic axons revealed that (1) ChAT-immunoreactive axons formed fewer identifiable synaptic contacts within single ultrathin sections (P < 0.01 using chi-square test); and (2) more of the cholinergic axons occurred directly opposed to other terminals (P < 0.0015 by chi-square test), including 21% of which resided directly across asymmetric, axo-spinous junctions. Dual labeling showed that a third of the synaptic targets for cholinergic terminals contained detectable levels of glutamate immunoreactivity. Some of the axo-spinous junctions juxtaposed to cholinergic axons also exhibited glutamate immunoreactivity presynaptically. These observations provide ultrastructural evidence for direct, cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons within the mammalian neocortex. Prevalence of juxtapositions between cholinergic terminals and axo-spinous synapses supports the following ideas: (1) ACh may modulate the release of noncholinergic transmitters, including Glu; (2) Glu may modulate ACh release; and (3) these processes may be concurrent with cholinergic modulation of glutamatergic synapses at postsynaptic sites.
Coping with threats to self‐esteem: the differing patterns of subjects with high versus low trait self‐esteem in first‐person accounts

Based on retrospective self‐reports, strategies of coping with threats to self‐esteem in close relationships were investigated in a sample of 412 adults in south‐west Germany. Results indicate that self‐esteem was negatively associated with experiencing failure or criticism as a threat to self‐esteem. There was a positive association between participants' self‐esteem and their self‐reported tendency to approach the problem optimistically and act in a rational manner. Self‐esteem was negatively associated with feeling dependent on the partner and with treating the partner in a hostile way. As far as women were concerned, self‐esteem was also positively related to coping effectiveness. In the case of men the results were less clear. It is suggested that the self‐defeating coping style associated with low self‐esteem may be self‐perpetuating. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Muscle synergies during bench press

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Myocardial transfer of sodium and potassium: effect of acetyl strophanthidin in normal dogs.

Although the hemodynamic events attending low-output congestive heart failure have been well defined, the biochemical changes in the myocardium responsible for these events and the response to cardiac glycosides remain largely unknown. Evidence to date suggests that in the failing heart there is normal substrate oxidation but an impairment of energy utilization (1). Recent data would indicate an altered state of the myocardial protein-complex, actomyosin (2), but whether this is the primary event in the evolution of congestive failure remains to be demonstrated. Post-mortem tissue analyses for cation content of human heart muscle in failure have shown a lowered content of potassium (3, 4). Moreover, after digitalis, in therapeutic (5) and toxic doses (5, 6), the potassium content diminishes, although some disagreement over the former exists. That these changes may have functional significance is suggested by the work of Hajdu (7), who, from data obtained with a frog heart-muscle preparation, has inferred that the positive inotropism of digitalis is effected by the reduction in internal ionic content produced by the transfer of potassium from the cell. The pronounced effect of digitalis on the mechanical efficiency of the failing myocardium (8, 9) suggests that this drug might provide data re-
Seasonality of Property Crime in Hong Kong

Rates of property crime (burglary and theft) in Hong Kong for the period 1991-2000 were analysed to determine their relationships with seasons. Regression analysis (using dummy variables) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were employed to test the existence of seasonality. A dummy variable regression model was used to examine whether property crime rates varied more in some months than others. Results indicated the absence of seasonality in burglary and total theft. Shop theft had a winter peak and snatching and pickpocketing had a weak summer crest. The Hong Kong experience is different from that of other regions and this present study acts as a cross-cultural perspective to the topic of crime seasonality.
Development of an Abuse Screening Tool for Women with Disabilities

Abstract Women with disabilities are at increased risk for violence, including forms of abuse that can be experienced by all women as well as forms unique to women with disabilities, such as abuse by personal assistants. The purpose of this study was to develop an abuse-screening tool unique to women with disabilities. The tool, which was based on previous research, was field-tested with 47 women who experienced physical and/or cognitive disabilities. Final refinement of the tool's wording and formatting was accomplished through focus groups and individual interviews. Women with disabilities were receptive to participating in screening, which facilitated the identification of abuse and risk factors. Recommendations for abuse screening and risk assessment with women who have disabilities are presented.
Syntactic Priming in Sentence Comprehension

The study of alignment and underlying processes like priming has become an important aspect of linguistic research. We examine if syntactic priming does enhance the accuracy and speed of language comprehension in non-brain-injured people and patients with aphasia. In contrast to our hypothesis, the participants tend to take more time to respond when they are syntactically primed. Therefore, we assume some kind of negative syntactic priming that inhibits the cognitive processing of syntactic information. The long-term goal of subsequent research is the development and validation of linguistic material for speech-language therapy in the context of aphasic language impairments concerning syntax.
Daughters of Islam

This article examines the significance of family influence on young women from minority (Muslim) communities who have participated in a combined sport and education programme designed to encourage access to further and higher education. The study explores how family expectations about the roles of young women affect the participants' responses to the programme. The research examines young women's understanding of their parents' views in relation to their participation in the programme and their broader aspirations for their daughters' adult lives in the family, education and employment domains. The young women's accounts of their family members' views on minority life in Britain, and the influence this might have on their own opportunities and experiences, are also considered. The research was conducted in partnership with a graduate female Muslim Sport and education development worker and with young female participants (n = 7) in the sports programme, all of whom were actively involved in the design, implementation and analysis of the study. The young women undertook in-depth interviews within their families, and responded to the content of these in subsequent focus group discussions. The study revealed extensive parental influence on the young women's involvement in the sports programme and over their lives as a whole, and the significance of Islam within this; however, it also highlighted the extent to which young people `navigated' between their family identity and the westernized experiences they were exposed to on a day-to-day basis. Conclusions are drawn about the value of sport in illuminating the lived experience of minority groups, and on the need for further analysis of young people's sports behaviour in the context of family.