Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Western Impact and Social Mobility in China

positive relationship between scientific productivity and academic competition may be noted. According to the present explanation, this relationship is due to the impetus provided by competition for entering promising but undeveloped fields of research. This, however, suggests that the growth of discoveries in any field may be limited by the capacity for expansion of the institutional framework (jobs and facilities), a suggestion which seems to be worth further exploration. Another question concerns the quality of the impetus given to science by competition. The present hypothesis suggests that competition increases the gross amount of discoveries of all kinds through the thorough exploitation of potentially fruitful fields of research. It says nothing about the conditions conducive to the creation of fundamentally new ideas, and it is quite possible that the social conditions that stimulate basic innovations differ from those that facilitate the exploitation of fruitful ideas already discovered.47 Finally, nothing has been said about the conditions that maintain scientific competition. Political decentralization gave rise to competition in Germany, and political decentralization enhanced by private financing and administration of higher education led to competition in the United States. It is not argued, however, that competition is the only possible outcome of any state of decentralization, or that competition, once established, is self-maintaining. Decentralization may lead to collusion or mutual isolation as well as to competition; and competition may be replaced by either of these alternatives. Determination of the general conditions that ensure competition, therefore, is another problem which needs further study. 46 This is the subject matter of A. Zloczower, "Career Opportunities and Scientific Growth in 19th Century Germany with Special Reference to the Development of Physiology," unpublished M.A. thesis, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, 1960. 47 Cf. Joseph Ben-David, "Roles and Innovations in Medicine," American Journal of Sociology, 65 (May, 1960), pp. 557-568.
What Multistage Stochastic Programming Can Do for Network Revenue Management

Airlines must dynamically choose how to allocate their flight capacity to incoming travel demand. Because some passengers take connecting flights, the decisions for all network flights must be made simultaneously. To simplify the decision making process, most practitioners assume demand is deterministic and equal to average demand. We propose a multistage stochastic programming approach that models demand via a scenario tree and can accommodate any discrete demand distribution. This approach reflects the dynamic nature of the problem and does not assume the decision maker has perfect information on future demand. We consider four different methodologies for multistage scenario tree generation (Monte-Carlo sampling, principal-component sampling, moment matching, and bootstrapping) and conclude that the sampling methods are best. Finally, our numerical results show that the multistage approach performs significantly better than the deterministic approach and that revenue managers who ignore demand uncertainty may be losing between 1% and 2% in average revenue. Moreover, the multistage approach is also significantly better than the randomized linear programming approach of Talluri and Van Ryzin [22] provided the multistage scenario tree has a sufficiently large number of branches.
Picturing Probation: The utility of a comparative visual approach

A previous review of research on the practice of offender supervision identified the predominant use of interview-based methodologies and limited use of other research approaches (Robinson and Svensson, 2013). It also found that most research has tended to be locally focussed (i.e. limited to one jurisdiction) with very few comparative studies. This article reports on the application of a visual method in a small-scale comparative study. Practitioners in five European countries participated and took photographs of the places and spaces where offender supervision occurs. The aims of the study were two-fold: firstly, to explore the utility of a visual approach in a comparative context; and secondly, to provide an initial visual account of the environment in which offender supervision takes place. In this article, we address the first of these aims. We describe the application of the method in some depth before addressing its strengths and weaknesses. We conclude that visual methods provide a useful tool for capturing data about the environments in which offender supervision takes place and potentially provide a basis for more normative explorations about the practices of offender supervision in comparative contexts.
[Early genetic effects on workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde].

OBJECTIVE To investigate the DNA and chromosome damage in peripheral blood lymphocyte of workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (FA). METHODS All 151 workers occupationally exposed to FA from two plywood factories and 112 workers without occupational FA exposure working in a machine manufactory were recruited into this study. Comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus technique was used to evaluate the DNA and chromosomal damage of peripheral blood lymphocyte. The air FA samples were collected with SKC 224-PCXR8 air samplers. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the FA level. Personal information including occupational history, age, sex, smoking and drinking status was collected by the questionnaire. RESULTS The time weighted average concentration (TWA) of FA in the working environment of FA-exposed workers (range 0.10 - 7.88 mg/m(3)) was higher than those in controls (< 0.01 mg/m(3)). The olive tail moment (Olive TM) in low FA-exposed workers [3.03 (2.49 - 3.67)] was lower than that in high FA-exposed workers [3.95 (3.53 - 4.43)], but higher than that in controls [0.93 (0.78 - 1.10)], the differences were statistical significant (P < 0.05). Comet trail length in FA-exposed workers were significantly higher than that in controls [6.78 (6.05 - 7.60)], but no significant differences ware found between the high FA-exposed workers [12.59 (11.80 - 13.43)] and the low FA-exposed workers [11.25 (10.12 - 12.50)]. The frequency of micronuclei per 100 binucleated cells in low FA-exposed workers (0.41 +/- 0.25) was lower than that in high FA-exposed workers (0.65 +/- 0.36), but higher than that in controls (0.27 +/- 0.13), the differences were statistical significant (P < 0.05). The increased tendencies with the exposure levels were found in those three indices. In stratification analysis, the same results were found. CONCLUSION In the current FA exposure levels, the DNA and chromosomal damage in peripheral blood lymphocyte might be induced by FA exposure, and be increased with the levels of exposure.
Stress During Pregnancy Affects General Intellectual and Language Functioning in Human Toddlers

Prenatal maternal stress has been shown to impair functioning in nonhuman primate offspring. Little is known about the effects of prenatal stress on intellectual and language development in humans because it is difficult to identify sufficiently large samples of pregnant women who have been exposed to an independent stressor. We took advantage of a natural disaster (January 1998 ice storm in Québec, Canada) to determine the effect of the objective severity of pregnant women's stress exposure on general intellectual and language development of their children. Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) scores and parent-reported language abilities of 58 toddlers of mothers who were exposed to varying levels of prenatal stress were obtained at 2 y of age. The hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the toddlers' birth weight and age at testing accounted for 12.0% and 14.8% of the variance in the Bayley MDI scores and in productive language abilities, respectively. More importantly, the level of prenatal stress exposure accounted for an additional 11.4% and 12.1% of the variance in the toddlers' Bayley MDI and productive language abilities and uniquely accounted for 17.3% of the variance of their receptive language abilities. The more severe the level of prenatal stress exposure, the poorer the toddlers' abilities. The level of prenatal stress exposure accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in the three dependent variables above and beyond that already accounted for by non–ice storm–related factors. We suspect that high levels of prenatal stress exposure, particularly early in the pregnancy, may negatively affect the brain development of the fetus, reflected in the lower general intellectual and language abilities in the toddlers.
Proportional-Integral Observer design for nonlinear systems

A new dissipative method to design observers for a large class of nonlinear systems has been introduced recently by the author. It generalizes and includes several well-known observer design methods in the literature. In this paper a procedure to design proportional-integral observers based on the dissipativity theory is presented. Properties of these observers are discussed.
The Effects of Using a Ramp and Elevator to Load and Unload Trailers on the Behavior and Physiology of Piglets

Simple Summary Transport is a routine practice in the modern swine industry. Loading the pigs into trailers can be a novel and stressful experience for the animals. This study compared behaviors and physiological variables during and after loading using a ramp or elevator to determine which method is the least stressful to the pigs. Loading pigs by ramp appears to cause more stress than loading by elevator. Abstract Transport is an inevitable process in the modern U.S. swine industry. The loading process is a novel and potentially stressful experience. This study uses behavior, heart rate and leukocyte counts to compare stress one hour before, during and after loading via ramp or elevator. Piglets were held in a home pen (control (CON)), walked up and down an aisle (handled (HAN)), or walked to a truck and loaded via elevator (ELE) or ramp (RAM). Sitting, feeding and blood parameters did not show a significant treatment by time effect (p > 0.05). Standing behavior did not differ between CON and HAN piglets nor between RAM and ELE piglets (p > 0.05); however, CON and HAN piglets stood more than RAM and ELE piglets during treatment (p < 0.05). After treatment, drinking behavior was increased in RAM piglets (p < 0.05). The heart rate of ELE piglets decreased 6.3% after treatment; whereas the heart rate of RAM piglets remained elevated 2.4% (p < 0.05). In terms of heart rate, loading by elevator appears to be less stressful than loading by ramp.
A comparison of the Z, E/sub 8/, and Leech lattices for quantization of low-shape-parameter generalized Gaussian sources

In lattice vector quantization, the distortion associated with a given lattice is often expressed in terms of the G number, which is a measure of the mean square error per dimension generated by quantization of a uniform source. Subband image coefficients, however, are best modeled by a generalized Gaussian distribution, leading to distortion characteristics that are quite different from those encountered for uniform, Laplacian, or Gaussian sources. We have calculated the distortion associated with Z, E/sub 8/, and Leech (1967) lattice quantization for coding of generalized Gaussian sources and show that for low bit rates, the Z lattice offers both the best performance and the lowest implementational complexity. <<ETX>>
Phosphorylation of STIM1 at ERK1/2 target sites modulates store-operated calcium entry

Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is an important Ca2+ entry pathway that regulates many cell functions. Upon store depletion, STIM1, a transmembrane protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), aggregates and relocates close to the plasma membrane (PM) where it activates store-operated calcium channels (SOCs). Although STIM1 was early defined as a phosphoprotein, the contribution of the phosphorylation has been elusive. In the present work, STIM1 was found to be a target of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in vitro, and we have defined the ERK1/2-phosphorylated sites on the STIM1 sequence. Using HEK293 cells stably transfected for the expression of tagged STIM1, we found that alanine substitution mutants of ERK1/2 target sites reduced SOCE significantly, suggesting that phosphorylation of these residues are required to fully accomplish SOCE. Indeed, the ERK1/2 inhibitors PD184352 and PD0325901 decreased SOCE in transfected cells. Conversely, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, which activates ERK1/2, enhanced SOCE in cells expressing wild-type tagged STIM1, but did not potentiate Ca2+ influx in cells expressing serine to alanine mutations in ERK1/2 target sites of STIM1. Alanine substitution mutations decreased Ca2+ influx without disturbing the aggregation of STIM1 upon store depletion and without affecting the relocalization in ER–PM punctae. However, our results suggest that STIM1 phosphorylation at ERK1/2 target sites can modulate SOCE by altering STIM1 binding to SOCs, because a significant decrease in FRET efficiency was observed between alanine substitution mutants of STIM1–GFP and ORAI1–CFP.
The Surprisingly Modest Relationship Between SES and Educational Achievement

ABSTRACT Measures of socioeconomic status (SES) are routinely used in analyses of achievement data to increase statistical power, statistically control for the effects of SES, and enhance causality arguments under the premise that the SES-achievement relationship is moderate to strong. Empirical evidence characterizing the strength of the SES-achievement relationship and its moderators suggests that this relationship is surprisingly modest, with an average SES-achievement correlation of . 22, although it appears to have strengthened in the past 3 decades. The modest SES-achievement relationship has important implications for using SES measures in educational data analyses. We provide evidence of this relationship and of the need to use theoretical models to guide the construction and selection of SES measures in analyses of achievement data.
Counterparty Risk and the Pricing of Defaultable Securities

Motivated by recent financial crises in East Asia and the U.S. where the downfall of a small number of firms had an economy-wide impact, this paper generalizes existing reduced-form models to include default intensities dependent on the default of a counterparty. In this model, firms have correlated defaults due not only to an exposure to common risk factors, but also to firm-specific risks that are termed ``counterparty risks. '' Numerical examples illustrate the effect of counterparty risk on the pricing of defaultable bonds and credit derivatives such as default swaps.
Counting fish: a typology for fisheries catch data

Good decisions ideally require good data. Here, we present a straightforward typology for the broad classification of fisheries catch data. At each stage in the reporting chain, from fisher to national/international agencies, fisheries catches can be: known and reported; known and underreported; unknown and overreported; or unknown and underreported. Here, we consider largely the data reporting at the national/international level. Unfortunately, experience has shown that scientists and managers often do not know or are unconcerned with which category their data falls within a country's complete data system, or how to deal with this problem, leading to considerable implications for management. Of these four categories, the underreporting of catches seems the likeliest and most common outcome, which inevitably leads to mismanagement and misallocations of fisheries resources. Attempts to improve catch data should be undertaken, particularly via the development of catch baselines through catch reconstructions and adoption of a transparent and comprehensive country-wide expansion approach. Such an approach not only helps address shifting baselines but identifies aspects of data improvement that can be implemented in future data collection. The taxonomy presented here is a conceptual first-order analytical tool to classify data status, and hence influence management decisions.
AMPK: Sensing energy to travel in mitosis

Comment on: The active form of the metabolic sensor AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) directly binds the mitotic apparatus and travels from centrosomes to the spindle midzone during mitosis and cytokinesis. Alejandro Vazquez-Martin, Cristina Oliveras-Ferraros, Javier A. Menendez. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:2385-2398.
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia in remission

In a patient treated for acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML), we saw an angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoma that resembled lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LG). The lesions tended to involve extranodal sites such as the lung, the parotid gland, and the skin. The immunologic studies showed that the proliferating lymphoid cells were mature T cells. Furthermore, genotypic studies disclosed a clonal rearrangement of the beta T‐cell receptor gene. It is concluded that this case of LG is related to a neoplastic T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorder. The relations between LG and the previous AML are discussed.
Prediction of Complex Human Traits Using the Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Predictor

Despite important advances from Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS), for most complex human traits and diseases, a sizable proportion of genetic variance remains unexplained and prediction accuracy (PA) is usually low. Evidence suggests that PA can be improved using Whole-Genome Regression (WGR) models where phenotypes are regressed on hundreds of thousands of variants simultaneously. The Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (G-BLUP, a ridge-regression type method) is a commonly used WGR method and has shown good predictive performance when applied to plant and animal breeding populations. However, breeding and human populations differ greatly in a number of factors that can affect the predictive performance of G-BLUP. Using theory, simulations, and real data analysis, we study the performance of G-BLUP when applied to data from related and unrelated human subjects. Under perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers and QTL, the prediction R-squared (R2) of G-BLUP reaches trait-heritability, asymptotically. However, under imperfect LD between markers and QTL, prediction R2 based on G-BLUP has a much lower upper bound. We show that the minimum decrease in prediction accuracy caused by imperfect LD between markers and QTL is given by (1−b)2, where b is the regression of marker-derived genomic relationships on those realized at causal loci. For pairs of related individuals, due to within-family disequilibrium, the patterns of realized genomic similarity are similar across the genome; therefore b is close to one inducing small decrease in R2. However, with distantly related individuals b reaches very low values imposing a very low upper bound on prediction R2. Our simulations suggest that for the analysis of data from unrelated individuals, the asymptotic upper bound on R2 may be of the order of 20% of the trait heritability. We show how PA can be enhanced with use of variable selection or differential shrinkage of estimates of marker effects.
Culture, competency and policy: Why social media dialogue is limited in Australian local government

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the extent to which social media are perceived by local government communicators as an opportunity to facilitate dialogue with communities, and the barriers that prevent dialogue occurring. Design/methodology/approach – In-depth qualitative interviews were held with 11 communication practitioners and managers from eight metropolitan and one regional council in South Australia who actively used social media. Findings – Social media are used and valued more for transmission of information and promotion than engaging in dialogue. Limited understanding of social media by risk averse councillors and management, practitioner competencies in interactive technologies, and lack of guidance for meeting mandatory record-keeping through social media were key factors inhibiting its use for dialogue. Research limitations/implications – The South Australian sample limits generalisability to other locations. However, the findings generally accord with previous, mostly qu.
Abnormal coactivation of the hypothalamus and salience network in patients with cluster headache

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the resting-state coactivation of the hypothalamus, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the headache side, and the salience network (SN) was altered in patients with cluster headache (CH) in the headache attack remission state in the cluster period, and to reveal possible pathogenesis of CH attacks and gain further insight into the pathophysiology of CH. Methods: Resting-state fMRI scans of 21 patients with CH were obtained (13 with right-sided headache and 8 with left-sided headache) and 21 age- and sex-matched normal controls. The resting-state fMRI data were analyzed using independent component analysis to identify the group differences of hypothalamic–SN coactivation between the patients with CH and healthy controls. Results: Decreased functional coactivation was detected between the hypothalamus, both ipsilateral and contralateral to the headache side, and the SN both in patients with right-sided CH and in those with left-sided CH. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the decreased hypothalamus–SN coactivation may have a role in CH attacks by the defective central pathway of pain control and autonomic nervous system dysregulation. This helps to gain additional insight into the pathophysiologic basis of CH and the nature of the brain dysfunction in CH.
Reciprocal effects between adolescent externalizing problems and measures of achievement.

Student misbehavior is a pervasive problem and may seriously affect academic achievement. Previous research hints at different effects depending on whether achievement tests or achievement judgments are used as academic outcomes. Previous research also indicates that low achievement can conversely contribute to problem behavior and that low self-esteem—maybe as a consequence of low achievement—is a further source of problem behavior during adolescence. The purpose of this 3-wave longitudinal study was to investigate the complex interplay of externalizing problem behavior, self-esteem, and academic achievement as measured by teacher-given grades and standardized tests in reading comprehension and mathematics. Participants were N = 1,045 junior high school students followed from Grade 5 to Grade 9. Results of structural equation models were fairly consistent across both domains. The findings imply that externalizing problems are reflected in teacher-given grades more than in standardized achievement tests. Furthermore, worse grades were found to have unique detrimental effects on increased future externalizing problem behavior repeatedly over time and across domains. The reciprocal effects between externalizing problems and school grades tend to lead into a downward spiral. Self-esteem negatively affected externalizing problems in earlier grades and served as a partial mediator between school grades and subsequent externalizing problem behavior. The implications for educational practice and future research are discussed.