Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A nonparametric view of network models and Newman–Girvan and other modularities

Prompted by the increasing interest in networks in many fields, we present an attempt at unifying points of view and analyses of these objects coming from the social sciences, statistics, probability and physics communities. We apply our approach to the Newman–Girvan modularity, widely used for “community” detection, among others. Our analysis is asymptotic but we show by simulation and application to real examples that the theory is a reasonable guide to practice.
Prediction of Building Limestone Physical and Mechanical Properties by Means of Ultrasonic P-Wave Velocity

The aim of this study was to evaluate ultrasonic P-wave velocity as a feature for predicting some physical and mechanical properties that describe the behavior of local building limestone. To this end, both ultrasonic testing and compressive tests were carried out on several limestone specimens and statistical correlation between ultrasonic velocity and density, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity was studied. The effectiveness of ultrasonic velocity was evaluated by regression, with the aim of observing the coefficient of determination r 2 between ultrasonic velocity and the aforementioned parameters, and the mathematical expressions of the correlations were found and discussed. The strong relations that were established between ultrasonic velocity and limestone properties indicate that these parameters can be reasonably estimated by means of this nondestructive parameter. This may be of great value in a preliminary phase of the diagnosis and inspection of stone masonry conditions, especially when the possibility of sampling material cores is reduced.
ODM: an object oriented data model for design databases

We describe an object oriented data model called ODM which integrates functional data models and the actor model of computation. ODM attempts to increase the productivity of the design systems by providing modeling facilities which closely mirror the designers' logical view of the data. Design objects and operations can be easily described by using the structural components and operations in ODM.
Balinese Women and Men and Their Language

The use of language for men and women is tightly related with the culture and norm where the language is used. The language used for men and women termed as gender language in Bali is much influenced by its culture. Therefore this research was done to investigate what linguistics devices are used to show men and women and what are the functions of those devices. There are two kinds of data used in analyzing the problems, namely spoken data taken from the informants and written data taken from the book of Basita Paribahasa by W.Simpen (2010) and of Aneka Rupa Paribasa Bali written by I Nengah Tinggen (1988). The result of the study revealed that there are six linguistics devices; (1) morphological device, (2) article, (3) nouns, (4) verbs, (5) adjectives, and (6) figurative language. They are as the markers of female and male, describing characters and physical appearance, giving suggestion, and used in daily communication for seducing women.
TRACING MULTIPLE GENERATIONS OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS FEEDBACK IN THE CORE OF ABELL 262

We present new radio and X-ray observations of Abell 262. The X-ray residual image provides the first evidence of an X-ray tunnel in this system while the radio data reveal that the central radio source is more than three times larger than previously known. We find that the well-known cluster-center S-shaped radio source B2 0149+35 is surrounded by extended emission to the east and southwest. The south-western extension is cospatial with the X-ray tunnel seen in our new Chandra images while the eastern extension shows three clumps of emission with the innermost coincident with a faint X-ray cavity. The outer two eastern radio extensions are coincident with a newly detected X-ray depression. We use the projected separation of the emission regions to estimate a lower limit of τrep = 28 Myr to the outburst repetition timescale of the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). The total energy input into the cluster over multiple outburst episodes is estimated to be 2.2 × 1058 erg, more than an order of magnitude larger than previously thought. The total AGN energy output determined from our new observations shows that the source should be capable of offsetting radiative cooling over several outburst episodes.
Prognostic Significance of Perihematomal Edema in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Pooled Analysis From the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial Studies

Background and Purpose— Controversy exists over the prognostic significance of perihematomal edema (PHE) in intracerebral hemorrhage. We aimed to determine the association of early PHE and clinical outcome among participants of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trial (INTERACT) studies. Methods— Pooled analyses of computed tomographic substudies in the pilot phase (INTERACT1) and main phase (INTERACT2), both international, prospective, open, blinded end point, randomized controlled trials, of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (<6 hours) and elevated systolic blood pressure, randomly assigned to intensive (target systolic blood pressure, <140 mm Hg) or guideline-based (systolic blood pressure, <180 mm Hg) blood-pressure management. Substudy participants (n=1310; 346 INTERACT1, 964 INTERACT2) had blinded central analyses of digital images from standardized baseline and 24-hour computed tomography. Predictors of death or dependency (modified Rankin scale scores, ≥3) at 90 days were assessed in logistic regression models and reported with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. INTERACT studies are registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00226096 and NCT00716079). Results— Of 1138 (87%) patients with 2 CTs available for edema analysis and outcome information, time from intracerebral hemorrhage onset to baseline computed tomography, baseline hematoma volume, 24-hour hematoma growth, and intraventricular extension were independent predictors of 24-hour PHE growth. Absolute growth in PHE volume was significantly associated with death or dependency (adjusted odds ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–1.33 per 5 mL increase from baseline; P=0.025) at 90 days after adjustment for demographic, clinical, and hematoma parameter prognostic factors. Associations were consistent across various sensitivity analyses. Conclusion— PHE growth is an independent prognostic factor in intracerebral hemorrhage. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00226096 and NCT00716079.
National disidentification and minority identity: A study among Muslims in Western Europe

Abstract Host national disidentification in which immigrants explicitly distance themselves from society is problematic for a cohesive national community and is likely to hamper immigrants’ successful host society integration. Among Sunni Muslim immigrants of Turkish origin living in Germany and the Netherlands we tested whether (a) an empirical distinction between national disidentification and identification can be made, (b) whether higher perceived group discrimination of Muslims (“reactive religiosity path”) and (c) stronger Muslim self-centrality (“intrinsic religiosity path”) are associated with stronger host national disidentification, to the extent that they are associated with a stronger commitment to religious identity content. Disidentification was found to be a separate construct and both the reactive religiosity path and the intrinsic religiosity path were found to be related to higher levels of disidentification, mediated by religious identity.
Computing Machinery and Intelligence

I propose to consider the question, “Can machines think? ”♣ This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms “machine” and “think”. The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. If the meaning of the words “machine” and “think” are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, “Can machines think? ” is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll.
Channel density reduction by routing over the cells

We propose a new approach for reducing the density of a channel by routing some nets (or subnets) over the cells (i.e., outside the channel). Previous research assumed that the more nets being routed over the cells the greater the reduction in the channel density. We show that only the removal of critical nets contributes to the re- duction in the channel density. We divide channel into zones where each zone has a zone density and the removal of any net from a zone will reduce its density by one. In order to reduce the channel density, only certain critical zones need to have their nets routed over the cells. A bipartite graph is used to represent the relationship between nets and zones. The problem is transformed into a constrained covering problem and formulated as an integer linear programming problem. In comparison with previous research, our approach reduces more channel densities while using fewer tracks over the cells. For Deutsch's difficult khannel, a previous aiiproach needs 15 tracks over the cells to reduce the channel density by 3 while we need only 5 tracks to achieve the same result . Index Terms-Over-the-cell routing, channel density reduction, stan- dard-cell layout, VLSI routing, integer linear programming.
Customer Loyalty Explained by Electronic Recovery Service Quality: Implications of the Customer Relationship Re-Establishment for Consumer Electronics E-Tailers

This non-experimental, causal study related to examine and explore the relationships among electronic service quality, customer satisfaction, electronics recovery service quality, and customer loyalty for consumer electronics e-tailers. This study adopted quota and snowball sampling. A total of 121 participants completed the online survey. Out of seven hypotheses in this study, five were supported, whereas two were not supported. Findings indicated that electronic recovery service quality had positive effect on customer loyalty. However, findings indicated that electronic recovery service quality had no effect on perceived value and customer satisfaction. Findings also indicated that perceived value and customer satisfaction were two significant variables that mediated the relationships between electronic service quality and customer loyalty. Moreover, this study found that electronic service quality had no direct effect on customer satisfaction, but had indirect positive effects on customer satisfaction for consumer electronics e-tailers. In terms of practical implications, consumer electronics e-tailers' managers could formulate a competitive strategy based on the modified Electronic Customer Relationship Re-Establishment model to retain current customers and to enhance customer relationship management (CRM). The limitations and recommendations for future research were also included in this study. Keywords: Service Recovery, Customer Loyalty, E-S-QUAL, E-Tailer
Avoiding and Escaping Predators: Movement Tortuosity of Snowshoe Hares in Risky Habitats

Abstract: Prey animals use different strategies to avoid detection by predators and to flee once detected. Key issues are what aspects of movement prey change in response to predation risk and how differences in habitat affect escape movements. We answer these questions for snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) in Montana, using an experimental manipulation and habitats for which annual mortality rates varied more than fourfold. We examine a) whether the mortality risk of a habitat affects movement tortuosity and speed of foraging snowshoe hares and b) whether tortuosity and speed of hares fleeing from a predator (a leashed dog, Canis familiaris) differ among these forest stands. Snowshoe hares did not differ in tortuosity or speed while foraging in these stands, suggesting that other anti-predator behaviours were used. Hares fleeing from the leashed dog showed much faster and straighter movements than foraging hares, but escape trajectories were similar in all forest stands, suggesting a relatively inflexible response while fleeing. Varying tortuosity and speed are clearly part of the snowshoe hare's behavioural repertoire for escaping predation, but these attributes of movement were insensitive to the annual mortality rates in each forest stand.
Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders

The transition from school services to adulthood can be particularly difficult for many adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Although some individuals with ASD are able to successfully transition, most are faced with significant obstacles in multiple areas as they attempt to negotiate their way into college, work, community participation, and independent living. This article contains a review of research related to the transition from school to adulthood for youth with ASD in the areas of education, employment, community living, and community integration. These key areas of the transition process are crucial for success in adulthood. A summary of principal conclusions drawn from the current literature and suggestions for future research are provided.
Survey feedback improves service quality perceptions among employees of an NGO: an organizational-level positive intervention

ABSTRACT The goal of this research study is to examine whether employees’ service quality perceptions improve after they participate in survey-feedback sessions. We tested an organizational-level positive intervention with the participation of 49 small organizations pertaining to an NGO for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Data were collected from employees (n = 430) and family members (n = 625), then informing employees about service quality perceptions. We hypothesized that, compared to family members, employees would underestimate the service quality they deliver, and that survey-feedback sessions would help to improve employees’ perceptions. We conducted a randomized controlled trial study, analyzing data at the organizational level. Randomly selected participants – employees and family members – were asked to assess functional and relational service quality (T1). One month later, 25 organizations participated in a survey-feedback session. Data were collected again 4 months after the first assessment (T2) in both the survey-feedback and control conditions. The t-test and ANOVA analyses showed that employees underestimate their service quality, and that survey feedback improves their relational service quality perceptions. The manuscript concludes with theoretical and practical implications of the study.
The Components of Corporate Credit Spreads: Default, Recovery, Taxes, Jumps, Liquidity, and Market Factors

This paper analyzes the components of corporate credit spreads. The analysis is based on a structural model that can offer a framework to understand the decomposition. The paper contends that default risk may correctly represent only a small portion of corporate credit spreads. This idea stems both from empirical evidence and from the following theoretical assumptions underlying contingent claim models of default: that markets for corporate stocks and bonds are (i) perfect, (ii) complete, and (iii) trading takes place continuously. Thus, in these models there are no transaction or bankruptcy costs, no tax effects, no liquidity effects, no jump effects reflecting market incompleteness, and no market risk factors effecting the pricing of corporate stocks or bonds. The paper starts with the use of a modified version of the Black-Scholes-Merton diffusion based option approach. We estimate corporate default spreads as simply a component of corporate credit spreads using data from November 1991 to December 1998, which includes the Asian Crisis in the Fall, 1998. First we measure the difference between the observed corporate credit spreads and option based estimates of default spreads. We define this difference as the residual spread. We show that for AAA (BBB) firms only a small percentage, 5% (22%), of the credit spread can be attributed to default risk. We show that recovery risk also cannot explain this residual spread. Next, we show that state taxes on corporate bonds also cannot explain the residual. We note that the pure diffusion assumption may lead to underestimates of the default risk. In order to include jumps to default, we next estimate what combined jump-diffusion parameters would be necessary to force default spread to eliminate the residual spread. In each rating class on average firms would be required to experience annual jumps that decrease firm value by 20% and increase stock volatility by more than 100% over their observed volatility in order to eliminate the residual spread. We consider this required increase in stock volatility to be unrealistic as the sole explanation of the residual spread. So next we consider whether the unexplained component can be partly attributable to interest rates, liquidity, and market risk factors. We find the following empirical results: i) increases in liquidity as measured by changes in each firm’s trading volume significantly reduces the residual spread, but does not alter the default spread; ii) increases in stock market volatility significantly reduces the residual spread by increasing the default spread relative to the credit spread, and iii) increases in stock market returns significantly increases the residual spread by reducing the default spread relative to the credit spread. This paper concludes that credit risk and credit spreads are not primarily explained by default and recovery risk, but are mainly attributable to taxes, jumps, liquidity, and market risk factors.
Modeling probability knowledge and choice in decisions from experience

In most everyday decisions we learn about the outcomes of alternative courses of action through experience: a sampling process. Current models of these decisions from experience do not explain how the sample outcomes are used to form a representation of the distribution of outcomes. We overcome this limitation by developing a new and simple model, the Exemplar Confusion (ExCon) model. In a novel experiment, the model predicted participants’ choices and their knowledge of outcome probabilities, when choosing among multiple-outcome gambles in sampling and feedback versions of the task. The model also performed at least as well as other leading choice models when evaluated against benchmark data from the Technion Prediction Tournament. Our approach advances current understanding by proposing a psychological mechanism for how probability estimates arise rather than using estimates solely as inputs to choice models.
Semivolatile Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Paired Indoor and Outdoor Air in Two Northern California Communities

Interest in the health effects of potential endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) that are high production volume chemicals used in consumer products has made exposure assessment and source identification a priority. We collected paired indoor and outdoor air samples in 40 nonsmoking homes in urban, industrial Richmond, CA, and 10 in rural Bolinas, CA. Samples were analyzed by GC-MS for 104 analytes, including phthalates (11), alkylphenols (3), parabens (3), polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants (3), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (3), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (24), pesticides (38), and phenolic compounds (19). We detected 39 analytes in outdoor air and 63 in indoor air. For many of the phenolic compounds, alkylphenols, phthalates, and PBDEs, these represent some of the first outdoor measures and the first analysis of the relative importance of indoor and outdoor sources in paired samples. Data demonstrate higher indoor concentrations for 32 analytes, suggesting primarily indoor sources, as compared with only 2 that were higher outdoors. Outdoor air concentrations were higher in Richmond than Bolinas for 3 phthalates, 10 PAHs, and o-phenylphenol, while indoor air levels were more similar between communities, except that differences observed outdoors were also seen indoors. Indoor concentrations of the most ubiquitous chemicals were generally correlated with each other (4-t-butylphenol, o-phenylphenol, nonylphenol, several phthalates, and methyl phenanthrenes; Kendall correlation coefficients 0.2−0.6, p < 0.05), indicating possible shared sources and highlighting the importance of considering mixtures in health studies.
The stable mapping class group of simply connected 4-manifolds

Abstract We consider mapping class groups Г(M) = π0 Diff(M fix ∂M) of smooth compact simply connected oriented 4-manifolds M bounded by a collection of 3-spheres. We show that if M contains ℂP 2 or as a connected summand then all Dehn twists around 3-spheres are trivial, and furthermore, Г(M) is independent of the number of boundary components. By repackaging classical results in surgery and handlebody theory from Wall, Kreck and Quinn, we show that the natural homomorphism from the mapping class group to the group of automorphisms of the intersection form becomes an isomorphism after stabilization with respect to connected sum with . We next consider the 3+1 dimensional cobordism 2-category of 3-spheres, 4-manifolds (as above) and enriched with isotopy classes of diffeomorphisms as 2-morphisms. We identify the homotopy type of the classifying space of this category as the Hermitian algebraic K-theory of the integers. We also comment on versions of these results for simply connected spin 4-manifolds. Finally, we observe that a related 4-manifold operad detects infinite loop spaces.
Short-Time Scale Dynamics in the Responses to Multiple Stimuli in Visual Cortex

Many previous studies have used the presentation of multiple stimuli in the receptive fields (RFs) of visual cortical neurons to explore how neurons might operate on multiple inputs. Most of these experiments have used two fixed stimulus locations within the RF of each neuron. Here the effects of using different positions within the RF of a neuron were explored. The stimuli were presented singly at one of six locations, and also at 15 pair-wise combinations, for 24 V2 cortical neurons in two macaque monkeys. There was considerable variability in how pairs of stimuli interacted within the receptive field of any given neuron: changing the position of the stimuli could result in enhancement, winner-take-all, or suppression relative to the strongest response to a stimulus presented by itself. Across the population of neurons there was no correlation between response strength and response latency. However, for many stimulus pairs the response latency was tightly locked to the shortest response latency of any single stimulus presented by itself independent of changes in response magnitude. In other words, a stimulus that by itself elicited a relatively long latency response, would often affect the magnitude of the response to a pair of stimuli, but not change the latency. These results may provide constraints on the development of models of cortical information processing.