Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinematic principles of primate rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex. II. Gravity-dependent modulation of primary eye position.

The kinematic constraints of three-dimensional eye positions were investigated in rhesus monkeys during passive head and body rotations relative to gravity. We studied fast and slow phase components of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) elicited by constant-velocity yaw rotations and sinusoidal oscillations about an earth-horizontal axis. We found that the spatial orientation of both fast and slow phase eye positions could be described locally by a planar surface with torsional variation of <2.0 +/- 0.4 degrees (displacement planes) that systematically rotated and/or shifted relative to Listing's plane. In supine/prone positions, displacement planes pitched forward/backward; in left/right ear-down positions, displacement planes were parallel shifted along the positive/negative torsional axis. Dynamically changing primary eye positions were computed from displacement planes. Torsional and vertical components of primary eye position modulated as a sinusoidal function of head orientation in space. The torsional component was maximal in ear-down positions and approximately zero in supine/prone orientations. The opposite was observed for the vertical component. Modulation of the horizontal component of primary eye position exhibited a more complex dependence. In contrast to the torsional component, which was relatively independent of rotational speed, modulation of the vertical and horizontal components of primary position depended strongly on the speed of head rotation (i.e., on the frequency of oscillation of the gravity vector component): the faster the head rotated relative to gravity, the larger was the modulation. Corresponding results were obtained when a model based on a sinusoidal dependence of instantaneous displacement planes (and primary eye position) on head orientation relative to gravity was fitted to VOR fast phase positions. When VOR fast phase positions were expressed relative to primary eye position estimated from the model fits, they were confined approximately to a single plane with a small torsional standard deviation ( approximately 1.4-2.6 degrees). This reduced torsional variation was in contrast to the large torsional spread (well >10-15 degrees ) of fast phase positions when expressed relative to Listing's plane. We conclude that primary eye position depends dynamically on head orientation relative to space rather than being fixed to the head. It defines a gravity-dependent coordinate system relative to which the torsional variability of eye positions is minimized even when the head is moved passively and vestibulo-ocular reflexes are evoked. In this general sense, Listing's law is preserved with respect to an otolith-controlled reference system that is defined dynamically by gravity.
The Story of Why We Stay: A Review of Job Embeddedness

In this article, we examine the history and development of job embeddedness, beginning with the story of the idea’s conception, theoretical foundation, and original empirical structure as a major predictor of employee voluntary turnover. We then consider more recent expansions in the theoretical structure and empirical measurement of job embeddedness, exploring job embeddedness as a causal indicator model versus a reflective model. Next, we review some promising expansions of embeddedness to new domains (e.g., family embeddedness) as well as important contingency factors that enhance or diminish its impact. Finally, we describe how job embeddedness affects important organizational outcomes beyond turnover, including job performance, organizational citizenship behavior, innovation, and the development of social and human capital. Throughout the article, we provide our opinions on how the theory and research on embeddedness have progressed as well as ideas on how it can be improved.
Role of the Electrostatic Interactions in Pre-orientation of Subunits in the Formation of Protein-protein Complexes

Abstract Theoretical estimation of contribution of the electrostatic interactions to pre-orientation of ribonuclease subunits in process of complex formation was carried out. The subunit was considered as a multipole consisting of partial charges of all atoms of the molecule. The object of investigation was a system of two subunits with their centers of gravity fixed at some distance in vacuum. It was proposed that each subunit independently could rotate freely around its fixed center of gravity. The relative orientation states of the sub-units in such system were searched at which the system has electrostatic energy minima (equilibrium states). In first approximation the equilibrium states were found using especially designed approximate method for electrostatic interaction energy calculation, which permitted to calculate and compare the energies of the system in 245 (∼ 8 106) states with different mutual orientation of subunits. The angular coordinates of the found equilibrium states were further specified by calculation with gradient sliding method. Angular coordinates of the equilibrium states and the shapes of energy surface cuts along each coordinate angle were calculated also for the intersubunits distances diminished down to 50 Å. The dispersions of the angular coordinates of equilibrium states caused by heat movement (at T=300°) and their changes with shortening the distance between centers of gravity of subunits were estimated. Mutual orientation of subunits in the equilibrium states of the system under consideration was found to be similar to their mutual orientations in complex. Also it was found that relaxation time of the system, caused by electrostatic interaction of subunits, after removing the system from an equilibrium state, is much less in vacuum than the mean time between their Brownian collisions at room temperature. It follows from these results that in the case of ribonuclease in vacuum the electrostatic interactions of its subunits must be strong enough to realize the effictive pre-orientation of subunits during their Brownian approach from distances of the order 100 Å. Preliminary consideration taking into account the effect of surrounding water molecules on the electrostatic interactions of ribonuclease subunits showed that weakening of the interaction must be much less than in the case when one uses in its calculation the macroscopic dielectric permeability value equal to 80. So the results obtained for vacuum seem to be true for water solution also. More strikt theoretical analysis of this problem will be carried out in the following publication.
Learning Style and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students

Learning style refers to the ability of learners to perceive and process information in learning situations. One of the most important uses of learning styles is that it makes it easy for teachers to incorporate them into their teaching. There are different learning styles. Three of the most popular ones are visual, auditory, and kinesthetic in which students take in information. This study is an analysis of learning styles prevalent among secondary school students. It was conducted on three learning styles- visual, auditory and kinesthetic (VAK). It also tries to find out relation and effect of different learning styles on academic achievements of students. A sample of 200 students of class 9th, 10th and 11th standard of Maharashtra state was selected for the study. Findings of the study reveal that, kinesthetic learning style was found to be more prevalent than visual and auditory learning styles among secondary school students. There exist positive high correlation between kinesthetic learning style and academic achievement. The main effects of the three variables - visual, auditory and kinesthetic are significant on academic achievement. Key words: learning, learning style, academic achievement
Impaired stimulation of intestinal glucose absorption via hepatoenteral nerves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Stümpel, Frank, Tomas Kucera, and Kurt Jungermann. Impaired stimulation of intestinal glucose absorption via hepatoenteral nerves in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Am. J. Physiol. 277 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 40): G285–G291, 1999. —In an ex situ organ perfusion system, that of the isolated nonrecirculating joint perfusion of rat small intestine and liver, insulin infused into the portal vein increased intestinal glucose absorption. This insulin action against the bloodstream can be blocked by TTX, indicating a propagation of the insulin signal via hepatoenteral nerves, which conforms with previous studies with atropine and carbachol. Insulin action could also be mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) acting directly on the absorptive enterocytes. Because autonomic neuropathy is a common late complication of diabetes mellitus, the possible impairment of these nerves in the diabetic state was studied in streptozotocindiabetic rats. In the isolated joint intestine-liver perfusion, glucose was applied as a bolus into the lumen; its absorption was measured in the portal vein. In 5-day diabetic as well as in control rats, portal insulin, arterial carbachol, and arterial DBcAMP increased intestinal glucose absorption. In 3-mo diabetic rats portal insulin and arterial carbachol failed to stimulate glucose absorption, whereas arterial DBcAMP still did so, indicating an undisturbed function of the absorptive enterocytes. The lack of an effect of portal insulin and arterial carbachol and the unchanged action of DBcAMP in the chronically diabetic rats indicated that the signaling chain via the hepatoenteral nerves was impaired, which is in line with a diabetic neuropathy.
Trust-Related Arguments in Internet Stores: A Framework for Evaluation

This paper discusses the trust related issues and arguments (evidence) Internet stores need to provide in order to increase consumer trust. Based on a model of trust from academic literature, in addition to a model of the customer service life cycle, the paper develops a framework that identifies key trust-related issues and organizes them into four categories: personal information, product quality and price, customer service, and store presence. It is further validated by comparing the issues it raises to issues identified in a review of academic studies, and to issues of concern identified in two consumer surveys. The framework is also applied to ten well-known web sites to demonstrate its applicability. The proposed framework will benefit both practitioners and researchers by identifying important issues regarding trust, which need to be accounted for in Internet stores. For practitioners, it provides a guide to the issues Internet stores need to address in their use of arguments. For researchers, it can be used as a foundation for future empirical studies investigating the effects of trust -related arguments on consumers ’ trust in Internet stores.
Identifying competencies that predict effectiveness of R&D managers

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to determine the competencies that predict highly effective performance in RD using a multi‐trait, multi‐method approach to measurement; and collecting data on competency development that preceded work history.Findings – Nine variables were found to differentiate the two groups of managers. These were similar enough to collapse into two competencies: managing groups and interpersonal sensitivity. For the highly effective managers who demonstrated these two competencies, development of their capability b.
Communication, listening, cognitive and speech perception skills in children with auditory processing disorder (APD) or Specific Language Impairment (SLI).

PURPOSE Parental reports of communication, listening, and behavior in children receiving a clinical diagnosis of specific language impairment (SLI) or auditory processing disorder (APD) were compared with direct tests of intelligence, memory, language, phonology, literacy, and speech intelligibility. The primary aim was to identify whether there were differences between these characteristics in children with SLI or APD. METHOD Normally hearing children who were clinically diagnosed with SLI (n = 22) or APD (n = 19), and a quasirandom sample of mainstream school (MS) children (n = 47) aged 6-13 years, underwent tests of verbal and nonverbal IQ, digit span, nonsense word repetition, Spoonerisms, reading, grammar, and sentence and VCV nonword intelligibility. Parents completed questionnaires on the children's communication, listening, and behavior. RESULTS There was generally no difference between the performance of the children with SLI and the children with APD on the questionnaire and test measures, and both groups consistently and significantly underperformed compared with the children in the MS group. Speech intelligibility in both noise and quiet was unimpaired in the SLI and APD groups. CONCLUSION Despite clinical diagnoses of SLI or APD, the 2 groups of children had very similar behavioral and parental report profiles, suggesting that the children were differentially diagnosed based on their referral route rather than on actual differences.
Graves’ Disease Patients with Persistent Hyperthyroidism and Diffuse Lymphoplasmacytic Infiltration in the Thyroid Show No Histopathological Compatibility with IgG4-Related Disease

Background IgG4-related disease is a novel disease entity characterized by diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells and fibrosis into multiple organs. There is still controversy over whether some thyroid diseases are actually IgG4-related disease. The objective of this study was to elucidate the clinicopathological features of Graves’ disease with diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the thyroid. Patients and Methods Among 1,484 Graves’ disease patients who underwent thyroidectomy, we examined their histopathological findings including the degree of lymphoplasmacytic and fibrotic infiltration and levels of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the thyroid. Their clinical pictures were defined by laboratory and ultrasonographic evaluation. Results A total of 11 patients (0.74%) showed diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the stroma of the thyroid gland. Meanwhile, other patients showed variable lymphoid infiltration ranging from absent to focally dense but no aggregation of plasma cells in the thyroid gland. Based on the diagnostic criteria of IgG4-related disease, 5 of the 11 subjects had specifically increased levels of IgG4-positive plasma cells in the thyroid. Fibrotic infiltration was present in only 1 patient developing hypothyroidism after anti-thyroid drug treatment for 4 years, but not in the other 10 patients with persistent hyperthyroidism. Obliterative phlebitis was not identified in any of the 11 subjects. Thyroid ultrasound examination showed 1 patient developing hypothyroidism who had diffuse hypoechogenicity, but the other hyperthyroid patients had a coarse echo texture. Conclusions In our study, Graves’ disease patients with persistent hyperthyroidism who had diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration rich in IgG4-positive plasma cells in the thyroid showed no concomitant fibrosis or obliterative phlebitis.
Science, Social Work, and Intervention Research

Intervention research is an important, yet often neglected, focus of social work scholars and investigators. The purpose of this article is to review significant milestones and recent advances in intervention research. Methodological and analytical developments in intervention research are discussed in the context of science and social work. Critical Time Intervention, a psychosocial approach to preventing homelessness and improving mental health outcomes among adult populations, is described as an example of rigorous intervention research in social work.
Boundary spectra in superspace σ-models

In this note we compute exact boundary spectra for D-instantons in σ-models on the supergroup PSL(2|2). Our results are obtained through an explicit summation of the perturbative expansion for conformal dimensions to all orders in the curvature radius. The analysis exploits several remarkable properties of the perturbation series that arises from rescalings of the metric on PSL(2|2) relative to a fixed Wess-Zumino term. According to Berkovits, Vafa and Witten, the models are relevant in the context of string theory on AdS3 with non-vanishing RR-flux. The note concludes with a number of comments on various possible generalizations to other supergroups and higher dimensional supercoset theories.
Chloride efflux inhibits single calcium channel open probability in vertebrate photoreceptors: Chloride imaging and cell-attached patch-clamp recordings

The present study uses cell-attached patch-recording techniques to study the single-channel properties of Ca2+ channels in isolated salamander photoreceptors and investigate their sensitivity to reductions in intracellular Cl−. The results show that photoreceptor Ca2+ channels possess properties similar to L-type Ca2+ channels in other preparations, including (1) enhancement of openings by the dihydropyridine agonist, (−)BayK8644; (2) suppression by a dihydropyridine antagonist, nisoldipine; (3) single-channel conductance of 22 pS with 82 mM Ba2+ as the charge carrier; (4) mean open probability of 0.1; (5) open-time distribution fit with a single exponential (τ0 = 1.1 ms) consistent with a single open state; and (6) closed time distribution fit with two exponentials (τc1 = 0.7 ms, τc2 = 25.4 ms) consistent with at least two closed states. Using a Cl−-sensitive dye to measure intracellular [Cl−], it was found that perfusion with gluconate-containing, low Cl− medium depleted intracellular [Cl−]. It was therefore possible to reduce intracellular [Cl−] by perfusion with a low Cl− solution while maintaining the extracellular channel surface in high Cl− pipette solution. Under these conditions, the single-channel conductance was unchanged, but the mean open probability fell to 0.03. This reduction can account for the 66% reduction in whole-cell Ca2+ currents produced by perfusion with low Cl− solutions. Examination of the open and closed time distributions suggests that the reduction in open probability arises from increases in closed-state dwell times. Changes in intracellular [Cl−] may thus modulate photoreceptor Ca2+ channels.
Two-Phase Galaxy Formation

We propose and test a scenario for the assembly and evolution of luminous matter in galaxies which substantially differs from that adopted by other semianalytic models. As for the dark matter (DM), we follow the detailed evolution of halos within the canonical LCDM cosmology using standard Montecarlo methods. However, when overlaying prescriptions for baryon evolution, we take into account an effect pointed out in the past few years by a number of studies mostly based on intensive N-body simulations, namely that typical halo growth occurs in two phases: an early, fast collapse phase featuring several major merger events, followed by a late, quiescent accretion onto the halo outskirts. We propose that the two modes of halo growth drive two distinct modes for the evolution of baryonic matter, favoring the development of the spheroidal and disc components of galaxies, respectively. We test this idea using the semianalytic technique. Our galaxy formation model envisages an early coevolution of spheroids and the central supermassive black holes, already tested in our previous works, followed by a relatively quiescent growth of discs around the preformed spheroids. In this exploratory study, we couple our model to the spectrophotometric code GRASIL, and compare our results on several properties of the local galaxy population with observations, Finding an encouraging agreement.
Studies of Men’s Involvement in the Family—Part 1

This special issue (like the one to follow) is designed to highlight research on men’s increased involvement in their families, focusing both on the antecedents that are linked with their involvement and on the consequences that may follow. Thus we show that such research is consistent with our theoretical view that the ongoing gender revolution has two parts. The first half, in which the “separate spheres” are broached by women’s increased participation in paid work, strained the family, but the second, in which the separation between the spheres is finally dissolved by men’s taking an active role in their families, contributing to the care of their children and homes, strengthens the family. This issue focuses on Scandinavia, where both halves of the gender revolution are more advanced than in other industrialized countries; the second issue, although not neglecting Scandinavia, includes not only research on the United States but also cross-national studies.
Do Peer Relationships Foster Behavioral Adjustment in Children with Learning Disabilities?

This article reviews the literature on peer relations and social skills of children with learning disabilities (LD). Two risk models are discussed. The single-risk model suggests that for some children with LD, social skills deficits are inherent in the disability. These deficits lead to problems with social relationships, which foster internalizing behavior problems. The multiple-risk model suggests that internalizing and externalizing behavior problems typically result when more than one risk factor is present. These additional risks might include comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poverty, English as a second language, inadequate educational accommodations, and ineffective parenting. However, the risk of behavior problems is reduced if children with LD are able to establish healthy social relationships.
Face Aging Effect Simulation Using Hidden Factor Analysis Joint Sparse Representation

Face aging simulation has received rising investigations nowadays, whereas it still remains a challenge to generate convincing and natural age-progressed face images. In this paper, we present a novel approach to such an issue using hidden factor analysis joint sparse representation. In contrast to the majority of tasks in the literature that integrally handle the facial texture, the proposed aging approach separately models the person-specific facial properties that tend to be stable in a relatively long period and the age-specific clues that gradually change over time. It then transforms the age component to a target age group via sparse reconstruction, yielding aging effects, which is finally combined with the identity component to achieve the aged face. Experiments are carried out on three face aging databases, and the results achieved clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in rendering a face with aging effects. In addition, a series of evaluations prove its validity with respect to identity preservation and aging effect generation.
POWER INFLUENCES SELF-ESTEEM

Two studies are reported where high-versus low-power positions were induced through recalling autobiographical events or by serving a supervisory or subordinate role in a task. Both affective states and global self–esteem increased as a result of elevated power while lowered power resulted in decreases in affect and self–esteem. Changes in self–esteem were completely mediated by changes in affective states. The results are discussed as supporting the approach–inhibition theory of power (Keltner, Gruenfeld, & Anderson, 2003).