Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of adolescent substance use disorders across five sectors of care.

OBJECTIVE To examine the prevalence of substance use disorders (SUDs) among adolescents who received services in one or more of the following public sectors of care: alcohol and drug (AD), juvenile justice (JJ), mental health (MH), public school-based services for youths with serious emotional disturbance (SED), and child welfare (CW), in relation to age, gender, and service sector affiliation. METHODS Participants included 1,036 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years, randomly sampled from all youths who were active in at least one of the above five sectors of care (N = 12,662) in San Diego County California. SUDs were assessed through structured diagnostic interviews conducted from October 1997 through January 1999. RESULTS SUDs were found for youths in all sectors of care, with lifetime rates of 82.6% in AD, 62.1% in JJ, 40.8% in MH, 23.6% in SED, and 19.2% in CW. Rates of SUDs were significantly higher among older youths and males. Sector differences held even when accounting for the effects of age and gender. CONCLUSIONS SUDs are highly prevalent among youths receiving care in the AD service sector as well as other sectors, particularly JJ and MH. These findings have implications for assessment, treatment, and service coordination for youths with SUDs in diverse sectors of public care.
The clinical utility of kinetic glomerular filtration rate

Abstract Background: In acutely unwell patients with rapidly changing renal function, estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and predicting adverse renal outcomes are challenging and often inaccurate. Kinetic GFR (kGFR) is an estimate of immediate biomarker clearance derived from two discreet measurements that may better represent acute function. Our objective is to assess the clinical utility of kGFR as a predictive tool and examine the association of kGFR to adverse renal outcomes compared with measurements to traditional estimates. Methods: We compared the association of kGFR and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) with acute kidney injury (AKI), renal replacement therapy (RRT), cardiovascular morbidity, 30-day mortality and new chronic kidney disease development. A total of 107 acute admissions to a medical high dependency and intensive care unit were assessed retrospectively. Creatinine measurements and outcomes were recorded and kGFR was calculated at the earliest possible time point. This was then compared with simultaneous MDRD estimated GFR. Results: Mean age was 60 years old, AKI occurred in 25% of patients, acute cardiovascular events occurred in 13%, RRT was initiated in 15% and 30-day mortality was 30%. kGFR predicted the AKI more accurately than MDRD [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.86 versus AUC = 0.64]. kGFR predicted the need for RRT more accurately than MDRD (AUC = 0.901 versus AUC = 0.79). Neither kGFR nor admission MDRD was associated with 30-day mortality or cardiovascular morbidity. Conclusions: Measuring kGFR in the acute setting could help clinicians better predict adverse renal outcomes.
Inappropriate use of oral anticoagulants for patients with atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmic disorder among the elderly, and increases the risk of stroke. Oral anticoagulants (OAC) are highly effective in preventing stroke, and there are evidence-based guidelines for the optimal use of OAC in patients with AF. METHODS AND RESULTS: The Fushimi AF Registry is a community-based prospective survey of the AF patients in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, a typical urban community in Japan with a total population of 283,000. Of the 3,282 patients enrolled by October 2012, 1-year follow-up was completed for 2,914 patients. OAC, mainly warfarin, were given to 1,546 patients (53.1%); overused for low-risk patients, and underused for patients at risk, based on the guidelines. Moreover, warfarin was sometimes given at a sub-therapeutic dose; only 54.4% of patients were within the optimal therapeutic range. The 1-year outcomes revealed that the incidences of both stroke and major bleeding were equivalent between patients taking OAC and those without; major clinical events were as follows: (OAC vs. non-OAC) stroke 2.7% vs. 2.8%, ischemic stroke 2.1% vs. 2.0% and major bleeding 1.4% vs. 1.5% (NS for all). CONCLUSIONS The Fushimi AF Registry provides a unique snapshot of current AF management in an urban community in Japan. The present study reveals inappropriate use of OAC for patients with AF, indicating discordance between guideline recommendations and real-world clinical practice.
HOW ENDURANCE ATHLETES BREATHE DURING INCREMENTAL EXERCISE TO FATIGUE: INTERACTION OF TIDAL VOLUME AND FREQUENCY

Carey, DG, Pliego GJ, Raymond RL. How Endurance Athletes Breathe During Incremental Exercise to Fatigue: Interaction of Tidal Volume and Frequency. JEPonline 2008;11(4):44-51. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute responses of tidal volume (TV), respiratory rate (RR) and ventilation (VE) to incremental cycle ergometery (CE) and treadmill(TM) exercise in trained athletes. Triathletes (N=16, 10 male, 6 female) underwent VO2max testing on CE and TM. Breakpoints were analyzed with a macro designed to select breakpoints by the least squared error method, and slope significance assessed by linear regression ANOVA. VE max was significantly greater for CE (157.5±29.4 vs. 145.7±27.5 l/min, CE vs. TM, respectively). The greater VE for CE was the result of a greater RR for CE (51.7±6.7 vs. 48.3±5.7 breaths/min CE vs. TM, respectively) . For both CE and TM testing VE and RR were significantly correlated to VO2max. TVmax was unrelated to VO2max for both CE and TM. TV response patterns were highly variable, with 37.5% of subjects displaying either a plateau or downward deflection at breakpoint and 62.5% displaying either a linear or upward deflection at breakpoint. Chi square analysis indicated no difference in response pattern between CE and TM, and TV response was not related to VO2max. In subjects displaying a breakpoint or downward deflection in TV, RR increased exponentially to facilitate an increase in VE. The ability to ventilate large volumes of air at maximal exercise is important in attaining high VO2max values. However, neither TVmax nor the TV pattern appears important in attaining high VO2max values.
Public Service Motivation and Employee Outcomes in the Egyptian Public Sector: Testing the Mediating Effect of Person-Organization Fit

This article examines a process, namely person-organization (P-O) fit, through which public service motivation (PSM) affects work-related stress, quit intentions, and organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs). Using a sample of 671 professionals in the Egyptian higher education and health sectors, a mediation model is outlined and tested empirically using structural equation modeling. Our results show that PSM positively affected P-O fit, which in turn had significant positive associations with OCBs and negative associations with work-related stress and quit intentions. Although P-O fit explained a high proportion of mediation in the relationship between PSM, stress, and quit intentions, it only explained a low proportion in the relationship between PSM and OCBs. In general, our findings suggest that if public managers are desirous of improving employee experience at work, then achieving congruence between employees’ and organizational values is important.
On the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern in a random permutation

We consider the distribution of the length of the longest subsequence avoiding an arbitrary pattern, π, in a random permutation of length n. The well‐studied case of a longest increasing subsequence corresponds to π = 21. We show that there is some constant cπ such that as n →∞ the mean value of this length is asymptotic to $2 \sqrt{c_{\pi} n}$ and that the distribution of the length is tightly concentrated around its mean. We observe some apparent connections between cπ and the Stanley–Wilf limit of the class of permutations avoiding the pattern π. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg. , 2007
Elder Abuse Intervention Strategies: Social Service or Criminal Justice?

Summary The debate in the field of elder abuse as to whether elder abuse is caused by caregiver stress or abuser impairment has precipitated a discussion as to whether elder abuse should be considered a social service issue, or a criminal justice problem (Wolf, 1999). Even when family violence rises to the level of a crime as defined by state penal code, some professionals argue that a social service approach is best suited to address this social problem. The study presented here compares an elder abuse program providing social services to elder abuse victims with another serving elderly victims of crimes.
Mammographic Density Estimation with Automated Volumetric Breast Density Measurement

Objective To compare automated volumetric breast density measurement (VBDM) with radiologists' evaluations based on the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS), and to identify the factors associated with technical failure of VBDM. Materials and Methods In this study, 1129 women aged 19-82 years who underwent mammography from December 2011 to January 2012 were included. Breast density evaluations by radiologists based on BI-RADS and by VBDM (Volpara Version 1.5.1) were compared. The agreement in interpreting breast density between radiologists and VBDM was determined based on four density grades (D1, D2, D3, and D4) and a binary classification of fatty (D1-2) vs. dense (D3-4) breast using kappa statistics. The association between technical failure of VBDM and patient age, total breast volume, fibroglandular tissue volume, history of partial mastectomy, the frequency of mass > 3 cm, and breast density was analyzed. Results The agreement between breast density evaluations by radiologists and VBDM was fair (k value = 0.26) when the four density grades (D1/D2/D3/D4) were used and moderate (k value = 0.47) for the binary classification (D1-2/D3-4). Twenty-seven women (2.4%) showed failure of VBDM. Small total breast volume, history of partial mastectomy, and high breast density were significantly associated with technical failure of VBDM (p = 0.001 to 0.015). Conclusion There is fair or moderate agreement in breast density evaluation between radiologists and VBDM. Technical failure of VBDM may be related to small total breast volume, a history of partial mastectomy, and high breast density.
Prinsip Pendidikan Karakter dalam Islam: Studi Komparasi Pemikiran Al-Ghazali dan Burhanuddin Al-Zarnuji

The impelemtantion of character education that is done by the Indonesian government recently has been provoked by al-Ghazali and Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji long ago. It was proven by some written thoughts of al-Ghazali and Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji. They were very famous scientists in their era and widely welknown as educational experts who produced some phenomenal thoughts many people use today. Al-Ghazali and Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji lived in the era of Bani Abbasiyah monarchy, but Both of them lived in different era. Al-Ghazali was born first, then Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji. They had different mazhab, al-Ghazali went to the traditional principle of mazhab Syafi’I and Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji went to the modern principle of mazhab Hanafi. The differences, of course, would create a different thought. Still, they might have a similar principle of Islamic character education. The thoughts of character education of al-Ghazali have been poured in the “Ayyuha Walad” focusing to the students’ character building characterized by religiously obedient, skillfull of general and religious knowledge, socially helpful, affectionate, generous, good citizen, and coloring the society. Some applicable thoughts of character education of Ayyuha al-Walad of al-Gazhali to the contemporary education are: the balance of the happiness purposes of the recent life and the life after death, qana’ah and tawakal, affectionate, caring other, patience, honesty, philanthrophy, social works, generousity, democratic, peace makers, and patriotic. Those characters are also directed in the islamic character education nowdays. So that, the thoughts of al-Ghazali positively and responsively are absorbed by the Indonesian government to build the national character widely implementing in the national curriculum based on the local wisdom and the Islamic values. In the end, the students are able to live happily based on the Islamic rules by implementing the good behavior. Similar to the al-Ghazali’s thought, Burhanuddin al-Zarnuji, in “Ta’lim al-Muta’alim”, wrote some important principles of character building consists of the phisycal and inner values in education.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of whole cells of Streptococcus faecalis from thin sections of cells

A new ultrastructural technique has been developed to study the geometry of cell wall assembly in Streptococcus faecalis, which is believed to occur between pairs of raised bands located on the organism's surface. Three-dimensional reconstructions of these new regions of envelope growth are produced from the mathematical rotation (around a central axis) of various measurements taken from central, longitudinal thin sections of cells. These reconstructions can be used to calculate the surface area and volume of the septal and peripheral walls that were supposedly present in any given cell before sectioning. In an accompanying paper, it is shown how such surface and volume estimations, coupled with other measurements of length, thickness, and curvature, can be used to characterize a cycle of envelope growth in this organism. The validity of the assumptions used to reconstruct cells by rotation and the possible sources of error in using this technique are discussed.
Effect of CYP 3 A 5 Expression on Vincristine Metabolism with Human Liver Microsomes

Vincristine is preferentially metabolized to a secondary amine, M1, by CYP3A5 with a 9to 14-fold higher intrinsic clearance than CYP3A4 using cDNA-expressed enzymes. The genetically polymorphic expression of CYP3A5 may contribute to interindividual variability in vincristine efficacy and toxicity. The current study quantifies the contribution of cytochromes P450 (P450s), including CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, to vincristine metabolism with a bank of human liver microsomes (HLMs). M1 was the major metabolite formed with HLMs, and selective chemical inhibition of P450s confirmed that CYP3A was the major metabolizing subfamily. The liver tissues were genotyped for low expression alleles, CYP3A5*3,*6, and *7, and the HLMs were phenotyped for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 expression by Western blot. Testosterone 6 -hydroxylation and itraconazole hydroxylation were used to quantify CYP3A4 activity in the HLMs. For each CYP3A5 high expresser (n 10), the rate of M1 formation from vincristine due to CYP3A5 was quantified by subtracting the CYP3A4 contribution as determined by linear regression with CYP3A5*3/*3 samples. For CYP3A5 high expressers, the contribution of CYP3A5 to the metabolism of vincristine was 54 to 95% of the total activity, and the rate of M1 formation mediated by CYP3A5 correlated with CYP3A5 protein content (r 0.95). Selective inhibition of CYP3A4 demonstrated that the M1 formation rate with CYP3A5 high expressers was differentially inhibited based on CYP3A4 activity. Using median values, the estimated hepatic clearances were 5-fold higher for CYP3A5 high expressers than low expressers. We conclude that polymorphic expression of CYP3A5 may be a major determinant in the P450-mediated clearance of vincristine. Vincristine is widely used in combination chemotherapy for treatment of multiple carcinomas, including pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, despite extensive clinical experience with vincristine, the determinants of the interpatient variability in outcome remain elusive. Dose-limiting vincristine neurotoxicity is unpredictable (McCune and Lindley, 1997), and inter-racial differences in patient outcomes with malignancies that include vincristine in the treatment are evident. Multiple, large-scale clinical trials of acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients report that AfricanAmerican children consistently have lower survival rates than Caucasian children (Pollock et al., 2000; Lange et al., 2002). Furthermore, in pharmacokinetic studies, the exposure to vincristine can vary 19-fold between patients (Van den Berg et al., 1982; Frost et al., 2003). This pattern suggests a genetic contribution to interpatient variability in exposure and prompted our investigation into the role of the genetically polymorphic enzyme CYP3A5 in vincristine me-
Hepatic Dysfunction Following the Fontan Procedure

Objectives The Fontan procedure offers a palliation for the hemodynamic derangements associated with congenital heart lesions characterized by a single functional ventricle, but it causes a chronically elevated systemic venous pressure that may result in hepatic congestion. The objective of this study was to characterize hepatic function and its relationship to cardiac function in children who had undergone the Fontan procedure. Methods In a cross-sectional study of 11 children aged 38 months to 216 months (mean, 149 months), the authors evaluated indices of cardiac and hepatic function, including galactose clearance, Doppler hepatic ultrasonography, synthetic function, and markers of liver injury, at 9 months to 176 months (mean, 100 months) after children had undergone the Fontan procedure. Results The most common biochemical abnormality of hepatic function was a prolongation of the prothrombin time and a low factor V level. There was a trend toward progressive abnormality in prothrombin time with increasing interval since the Fontan procedure. Galactose elimination half-life and galactose elimination capacity were inversely correlated with the time after Fontan (R2 = 0.65, P = 0.004). There was no relationship between cardiac functional measurements and liver function. Conclusions Prothrombin time and galactose elimination half-life are abnormal in children who have undergone the Fontan procedure and may be useful markers of hepatic function in the longitudinal assessment of these patients.
Lack of MDM2 amplification in human leukaemia

Summary While deletion or mutation of the p53 gene is one of the most common molecular alterations detected in a wide variety of tumours, it has been shown to occur in only a relatively small percentage of the leukaemia cases examined. However, it may be that other components of the p53 pathway are involved. Amplification of the MDM2 gene has recently been demonstrated in human sarcomas resulting in an increase in MDM2 protein levels. This protein can bind to p53 preventing the transactivation of p53 responsive genes, thus mimicking mutation or deletion of p53. We have investigated the prevalence of MDM2 amplification in human leukaemias. 101 leukaemia or lymphoma samples and nine cell lines were studied using Southern blotting. In no case was MDM2 amplification present. We conclude that MDM2 amplification is not a common event in human leukaemias.
Mechanisms of pain from urinary tract infection

The pain response to urinary tract infection is largely uncharacterized, but the symptomatic response to urinary tract infection contrasts with the lack of pain response among individuals with asymptomatic bacteriuria. Quantifying pelvic pain in a murine urinary tract infection model, uropathogenic Escerichia coli induces transient pelvic pain, whereas an asymptomatic bacteriuria E. coli isolate causes no pain, thus recapitulating the spectrum of clinical responses to intravesical E. coli. These differential pain responses are not correlated with bladder colonization or inflammation, but instead are intrinsic to E. coli lipopolysaccharide and dependent on the lipopolysaccharide receptor, TLR4. Epidemiological data suggest a link between interstitial cystitis and a history of urinary tract infection, so it was evaluated whether repetitive uropathogenic E. coli instillation would result in chronic pain through central sensitization. Although repeated infection with wild type uropathogenic E. coli results in only transient episodes of acute pain, a uropathogenic E. coli mutant lacking O‐antigen causes chronic, post‐urinary tract infection pelvic pain. Similarly, a K‐12 E. coli strain lacking O‐antigen induces chronic pain that persisted long after bacterial clearance, and expressing O‐antigen nullified the pain phenotype. Spinal cords isolated from mice with post‐urinary tract infection chronic pain showed deficits in short‐term depression consistent with central sensitization. Deleting O‐antigen gene complex from a uropathogenic E. coli strain and subsequent heterologous expression of O‐antigen gene clusters shows that a single bacterial isolate can exhibit pain phenotypes ranging from a null phenotype, an acute pain phenotype, to a chronic pain phenotype. Post‐urinary tract infection chronic pain is also associated with voiding dysfunction and anxious/depressive behavior. These effects are also mediated by TRPV1 at the level of pain establishment and CCR2 at the level of pain maintenance. Together, these findings show that transient infection with E. coli might result in chronic visceral pain with the hallmarks of neuropathic pain. This pattern of behaviors mimics the spectrum of interstitial cystitis symptoms, thus supporting the possibility of an infectious etiology of interstitial cystitis.
AN ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN TRANSLATING FROM ENGLISH INTO INDONESIAN

Abstract: This research aims to know the students’ ability and the pronoun common errors made by the students’ in translating from English into Indonesian in sixth semester students at English Education Study Program of Tanjungpura University in academic year 2014/2015 who has passed the translation subject. The method used in this research is the descriptive qualitative method which is to find deeper understanding toward the research purposes. The study sample are 23 students who produced 23 translation products, the data analysis applied is descriptive analysis which involves coding, analyzing and summarizing. The result of the study shows that the students’ ability in translating from English into Indonesian generally is Excellent, with 15(65.2%) students achieved excellent level and 8(34.8%) students achieved good level. Furthermore, for the pronoun common errors made by the students in translating from English into Indonesian are the students did not mention or omitted the pronoun in the target text. Key words : Translation, Pronouns, Students’ Ability Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan dan kesalahan umum kata ganti yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa dalam menerjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia pada mahasiswa semester enam Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Tanjungpura di tahun akademik 2014/2015 yang telah lulus mata kuliah Translation. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif yaitu untuk menemukan pemahaman yang lebih dalam terhadap tujuan penelitian tersebut. Sampel penelitian adalah 23 mahasiswa yang menghasilkan 23 produk terjemahan, analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif yang melibatkan menandai, menganalisis dan meringkas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan mahasiswa dalam menerjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia umumnya sangat baik, dengan 15 (65,2%) mahasiswa mencapai tingkat yang sangat baik dan 8 (34,8%) mahasiswa mencapai tingkat yang baik. Selanjutnya, untuk kesalahan umum kata ganti yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa dalam menerjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia adalah mahasiswa tidak menyebutkan atau menghilangkan kata ganti dalam teks sasaran. Kata Kunci : Terjemahan, Kata Ganti, Kemampuan Siswa