Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modelling Nutrients and ChlorophyllaTime Series in an Estuarine Upwelling Ecosystem (Rı́a de Vigo: NW Spain) Using the Box–Jenkins Approach

Abstract Hydrographic variables were monitored twice weekly at a fixed station in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) from 1987. In this work, the behaviour of nutrients and chlorophyll a in response to external forcing has been analysed. To achieve this objective, the time course of nutrients and chlorophyll a has been investigated through the Box–Jenkins approach, by means of both univariate and transfer function–noise (TFN) models. Meteorological and thermohaline variables were used to characterize the external forcing in the building of TFN models. Nutrients in the Ria de Vigo can be grouped into different categories depending on the factors which control their behaviour. Surface NO 3 − , DIN and Si(OH) 4 , and bottom NH 4 + , NO 3 − , and DIN are strongly influenced by external factors such as runoff and/or upwelling–downwelling events. Surface NH 4 + and HPO 4 2− are clearly under internal control, i.e. biologically mediated processes operating at lower time-scales which override the larger scale hydrodynamic (or weather-induced) forcing. Bottom HPO 4 2− and Si(OH) 4 are under both internal and external control. Box–Jenkins methods applied in this work are conceptually too simple to model the complex behaviour of phytoplankton biomass. However, modelling chlorophyll a using this approach may be a valuable tool to focus our attention on situations when large fluctuations of phytoplankton biomass occur.
Analysis of a computational model of dopamine synthesis and release through perturbation

Dopamine is an important neurotransmitter responsible for regulating various brain functions such as learning and cognition. Dysfunctions within the dopaminergic system are implicated in many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. To understand such a complex system, biologically realistic multiscale computational models are necessary. Such models require the extraction of relevant and important factors or processes from one scale to bridge and interact with systems at other scales. In this paper, we analyze an influential computational model of dopamine synthesis and release within a pre-synaptic terminal by systematically perturbing its variables/substrates. Based on the relative changes in steady states and the time to reach the new perturbed steady states, we found that the substrates within the cascade of intracellular biochemical reactions can vary widely in terms of influence and timescale. We then categorize the substrates according to their relative timescales and changes in steady states. The perturbation results are then used to guide our selection for the most appropriate equations and functions to be approximated in developing reduced models of the original model. Our preliminary simulation results show that either a slow or fast version of the reduced model can be simulated significantly faster than the original model. Our work demonstrates, through perturbation analysis, the feasibility of reduced models of the dopaminergic presynaptic terminal to improve computational efficiency, implement in multiscale modelling, and in silico neuropharmacology.
Unravelling changing sediment sources in a Mediterranean mountain catchment: a Bayesian fingerprinting approach

To determine the provenance of Holocene floodplain deposits of the Büğdüz catchment in southwest Turkey, a Bayesian fingerprinting approach was used. An important requirement for any provenance study is that the potential sediment sources show sufficient spatial and compositional heterogeneity. The spatial distribution of potential sources, in this case the various lithologies present within the catchment, was mapped using field observations and ASTER and Quickbird satellite images. To distinguish the source lithologies, a set of geochemical tracers was identified using linear discriminant analysis. This optimum fingerprint was then used in the mixing model to determine the sediment provenance. The Bayesian mixing model uses Markov chain Monte Carlo random walks to determine the most probable source composition and mixing proportions. The uncertainty associated with the input data can be incorporated into the model through prior probability distributions. The spread of the posterior probability distributions represents the uncertainty associated with the mixing proportion calculation. The main contrasts in the provenance of the floodplain deposits reflect the spatial distribution of potential sediment sources throughout the catchment. There are, however, also important temporal variations in sediment provenance and lateral differences due to the nature of floodplain build‐up. The observed spatial and temporal variability of sediment provenance gives a first indication that hill slope‐channel and within‐channel coupling relations are not uniform through the catchment and that different locations showed a distinct response to disturbances. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial hydrologic and geomorphic response following a wildfire in the Colorado Front Range

A wildfire in May 1996 burned 4690 hectares in two watersheds forested by ponderosa pine and Douglas fir in a steep, mountainous landscape with a summer, convective thunderstorm precipitation regime. The wildfire lowered the erosion threshold in the watersheds, and consequently amplified the subsequent erosional response to shorter time interval episodic rainfall and created both erosional and depositional features in a complex pattern throughout the watersheds.
Changes in the Loop Current's Eddy Shedding in the Period 2001–2010

A major change in the Loop Current's eddy shedding was found in the decade 2001–2010. Sixteen (16) rings separated from the Loop Current in that decade, whereas in two previous decades, 11 rings separated in each decade. More than half the rings (i.e., 56%) that separated from the Loop Current in the decade 2001–2010 had separation periods ≤8 months. In the period prior to 2001, only 26% of the rings had separation periods ≤8 months. Furthermore, the dataset average period for ring separation for the period prior to 2001, an average over a 29-year period, was about 11 months, and the dataset average Loop Current's westward tilt angle—a factor that indicates whether the Loop Current will soon shed an eddy or not—was about 16°. After the year 2000, the dataset average period for ring separation, an average over a 39-year period, decreased by about 1 month and was about 10 months. The average ring-separation period in the decade 2001–2010 was about 9 months. The dataset average of the Loop Current's westward tilt angle increased by about 5° in the period 1998–2008 and was about 20° in 2010. Potential causes for these changes are discussed.
Effects of processing technique on the nutritional composition and antinutrients content of under -utilized food legume Canavalia ensiformis L.DC.

Jack Bean (JB) (Canavalia ensiformis) is an indigenous legume promoted in Tamilnadu as a green manure cover crop. It contains high protein but it is under - utilized due to the presence of 3, 4-dihydroxy- Lphenylalanine (L-Dopa) and other anti nutritional compounds. To improve its nutritional potential as a protein source, Jack bean was processed and evaluated for nutritional composition. Effects of processing at different methods like soaking, cooking and autoclaving on the contents of anti-nutritional compounds and crude protein were investigated. Raw beans contained high crude protein (29.8 g/100 -1 ). Contents of ether extract; crude fibre and ash were 4.2, 7.37 and 4.48 g/100 -1 , respectively. Raw whole Jack bean contained L-Dopa (1.7 g/100 -1 ) content. Other anti-nutritional compounds included total phenols 3.83 g/100-1, trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) 378.3 TIU and tannins 82.5 mg/100 -1 . The present study also evaluated the changes of anti-nutritional factors of Jack bean by subjecting to soaking, autoclaving and cooking. Maximum reduction was observed in TIA, L-Dopa and Total free phenols with autoclaving, while the soaking and cooking decreases the levels of tannins. Autoclaving was more effective method in reducing trypsin inhibitor activity, polyphenols and L-Dopa than the various cooking treatments.
Tremadocian (early ordovician) graptolite biostratigraphy of China

Based on a study of latest Tremadocian graptolites from Gulin of southern Sichuan and a re-examination of Tremadocian graptolite specimens previously collected from many other localities in South China, a new scheme of Tremadocian graptolite biozonation is proposed for the South China palaeoplate, to include seven zones. The discovery of Hunnegraptus novus and H. sp. from the top part of the Tungtzu Formation in Gulin indicates an age of latest Tremadocian (Hunnegraptus copiosus Zone). The Tremadocian graptolite succession of North China is also discussed and the Aorograptus victoriae Zone is suggested as a replacement of the former, misinterpreted, Adelograptus-Clonograptus Zone. A correlation of the revised graptolite biozonation of South China and North China with those of other continents is proposed. Zusammenfassung. Auf der Grundlage einer Neubearbeitung der jungsten Tremadocium-Graptolithen, die von vielen verschiedenen Lokalitaten Chinas stammen, wird eine neue Biozonierung der Graptolithen-Abfolge in sieben Zonen fur die Tremadocium-Stufe der sudchinesischen Platte vorgeschlagen. Die Entdeckung von Hunnegraptus novus und H. sp. aus den hochsten Schichten der Tungtzu Formation in Gulin (Provinz Sichuan) weist auf ein jungstes Tremadocium-Alter (Hunnegraptus copiosus Zone) hin. Die Tremadocium-Graptolithenabfolge von Nordchina wird ebenfalls besprochen und die dort nachgewiesene Aorograptus victoriae Zone als Ersatz fur die vormals misgedeutete Adelograptus-Clonograptus Zone empfohlen. Eine Korrelation der revidierten Graptolithen – Biozonierung von Sudund Nord-China mit der Zonierung anderer Kontinente wird vorgeschlagen.
Nutritional composition of wheat grains and straw influenced by differences in varieties grown under uniform agronomic practices.

Received: Revised: Accepted: April 22, 2014 May 01, 2014 May 14, 2014 This study was conducted to determine the effect of different wheat varieties on nutritional value in grains and straw fed to lohi sheep. At harvest, samples of wheat plants (whole) from 11 irrigated and 8 varieties of rain-fed areas grown under uniform agronomic conditions were collected. Chemically dry matter (DM), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), and total ash content of grains from different varieties differed significantly (P<0.05) except crude protein (CP) and macro-minerals concentrations. Straws of different wheat varieties were statistically similar (P>0.05) in DM, total ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL) and macro-minerals but differences in CP, CF and EE contents were significant. Nitrogen free extract (NFE) of different varieties of wheat was different and ranged from 40.52 to 45.99%. Two lohi male sheep fitted with permanent ruminal cannulas (40mm diameter) were used for determining in-situ digestibility (%) of DM, NDF and ADF of straw. Digestibility of these nutrients was observed highest in Wafaq2001, while lowest in Marvi-2000, and the difference was significant. Grains to straw ratios were maximum in Chenab-2000 (1:1.95) and minimum in A.S 2003 (1:1.18). From the results, we conclude that straw of Wafaq-2001 was found to be higher quality in terms of DM, NDF and ADF in situ digestibility; therefore, this may be better for feeding ruminants compared to other varieties.
Fatigue Debonding Characterization in Composite Skin/Stringer Configurations

Abstract : The objective of this work was to investigate the fatigue damage mechanisms and to identify the influence of skin stacking sequence in carbon epoxy composite bonded skin/stringer constructions. A simple 4-point-bending test fixture originally designed for previously performed monotonic tests was used to evaluate the fatigue debonding mechanisms between the skin and the bonded frame when the dominant loading in the skin is flexure along the edge of the frame. The specimens consisted of a tapered flange, representing the stringer, bonded onto a skin. Based on the results of previous monotonic tests two different skin lay-ups in combination with one flange lay-up were investigated. The tests were performed at load levels corresponding to 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the monotonic fracture loads. Microscopic investigations of the specimen edges were used to document the onset of matrix cracking and delamination, and subsequent fatigue delamination growth. Typical damage patterns for both specimen configurations were identified. The observations showed that failure initiated near the tip of the flange in the form of matrix cracks at one of two locations, one in the skin and one in the flange. The location of the 90 deg flange and skin plies relative to the bondline was identified as the dominant lay-up feature that controlled the location and onset of matrix cracking and subsequent delamination. The fatigue delamination growth experiments yielded matrix cracking and delamination onset as a function of fatigue cycles as well as delamination length as a function of the number of cycles.
Acute Aortic Dissection Determines the Fate of Initially Untreated Aortic Segments in Marfan Syndrome

Background— The aim of the current study was to investigate incidence and causes of surgical interventions in primarily nontreated aortic segments after previous aortic repair in patients with Marfan syndrome. Methods and Results— Retrospective analysis of 86 consecutive Marfan syndrome patients fulfilling Ghent criteria that underwent 136 aortic surgeries and were followed at this institution in the past 15 years. Mean follow-up was 8.8±6.8 y. Thirty-day, 6-month, 1-year, and overall mortality was 3.5%, 5.8%, 7.0%, and 12.8%, respectively. Ninety-two percent of patients initially presented with aortic root, ascending aortic or arch lesions, whereas 8% presented with descending aortic or thoraco-abdominal lesions. Primary presentation was acute aortic dissection (AAD) in 36% (77% type A, 23% type B) and aneurismal disease in 64%. Secondary complete arch replacement had to be performed in only 6% of patients without AAD, but in 36% with AAD (P=0.0005). In patients without AAD, 11% required surgery on primarily nontreated aortic segments (5 of 6 patients experienced type B dissection during follow-up), whereas in patients after AAD, 48% underwent surgery of initially nontreated aortic segments (42% of patients with type A and 86% of those with type B dissection; P=0.0002). Conclusions— The need for surgery in primarily nontreated aortic segments is precipitated by an initial presentation with AAD. Early elective surgery is associated with low mortality and reintervention rates. Type B dissection in patients with Marfan syndrome is associated with a high need for extensive aortic repair, even if the dissection is being considered uncomplicated by conventional criteria.
Health-related quality of life in dialysis patients with constipation: a cross-sectional study

Objectives To evaluate differences in the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) between patients with constipation receiving hemodialysis (HD) and those receiving peritoneal dialysis (PD). Methods In this cross-sectional study, 605 dialysis patients (478 HD cases and 127 PD cases; all patients were older than 18 years) from our hospital were included. A questionnaire was used to evaluate their constipation statuses. The effect of constipation on HRQoL was assessed, using the Chinese version of the 12-item short-form (SF-12) general health survey. Karnofsky score, sociodemographic, and clinical data were also collected. We performed multiple logistic regression analysis to define independent risk factors for constipation and impaired HRQoL. Results A total of 605 participants (326 men [53.9%] and 279 women [46.1%]) were surveyed. The incidence of constipation was 71.7% in HD patients and 14.2% in PD patients. Dialysis patients with constipation had significantly lower mean SF-12 Physical Component Summary scale and Mental Component Summary scale scores than the nonconstipation group (P < 0.05), whereas HD patients had better SF-12 Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores than PD patients (P < 0.05). When we performed multivariate logistic regression analysis, dialysis modality, diabetes, and the number of constipation-related medications were three independent risk factors associated with constipation. As for impaired HRQoL in the constipated dialysis population, dialysis modality was found to be another independent risk factor in addition to age and diabetes. Conclusion PD patients with constipation had worse HRQoL than HD control participants. We should pay more attention to the patients with constipation receiving PD, as peritonitis caused by constipation was associated with a higher mortality.
Experimental validation of numerical model of flow in pump-intake bays

Experiments were conducted in a laboratory model to validate a numerical model developed to simulate the three-dimensional turbulent flow in a water-pump-intake bay. The laboratory model was designed to reproduce the essential flow features of practical installations, including free-surface and wall-attached vortices, but was geometrically simple to enable the numerical model to be applied without undue complications of grid topology. The experiments involved flow visualizations and measurements with particle image velocimetry. The numerical model solves the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with a near-wall turbulence model. In the validation of this numerical model, therefore, emphasis was placed on prediction of the average properties of the various types of vortices that were found in the experiments. The predicted number, location, and general structure of the vortices were found to be in good agreement with those observed in the experiments, but they were generally larger and weaker than the.
Quality control: Organellophagy: Eliminating cellular building blocks via selective autophagy

Maintenance of organellar quality and quantity is critical for cellular homeostasis and adaptation to variable environments. Emerging evidence demonstrates that this kind of control is achieved by selective elimination of organelles via autophagy, termed organellophagy. Organellophagy consists of three key steps: induction, cargo tagging, and sequestration, which involve signaling pathways, organellar landmark molecules, and core autophagy-related proteins, respectively. In addition, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination play important roles in recruiting and tailoring the autophagy machinery to each organelle. The basic principles underlying organellophagy are conserved from yeast to mammals, highlighting its biological relevance in eukaryotic cells.
Intensification and Structure Change of Super Typhoon Flo as Related to the Large-Scale Environment.

Abstract : A Multi-Quadric (MQ) analysis is developed and compared with the four-dimensional data assimilation analyses of the structure of Typhoons Flo and Ed during the Tropical Cyclone Motion (TCM-90) field experiment. The MQ analysis has been shown to provide an alternate, plausible depiction of the tropical atmosphere. These analyses are used to compare physical processes leading to rapid intensification of Flo, but not of Ed. Significant documentations include: (1) the existence of a "cyclonic wind burst" extending beyond 1000 km radius at 200 mb during the forcing phase for Typhoon Flo, which appears to be the result of strong, sustained eddy flux convergence of angular momentum (EFC) in the upper troposphere; (2) a complex EFC vertical structure that evolved with time; (3) Flo had developed a warmer core near the tropopause, and was less stable than Ed in the upper troposphere prior to the beginning of the rapid intensification period; (4) a high correlation of the mid-troposphere azimuthally-averaged absolute vorticity with the 48-h future intensity of four tropical cyclones; and (5) the 850 - 200 mb vertical wind shear for Typhoon Ed was less than the vertical shear calculated for Typhoon Flo, which implies that low vertical shear, although necessary for significant storm development is not, by itself, a sufficient dynamic factor to ensure rapid intensification. A conceptual model is proposed for tropical cyclone rapid intensification and subsequent weakening that accounts for varying EFC and vertical shear values. Although based on Typhoon Ed and Flo, this model is also consistent with intensity changes of Typhoons Yancy and Zola.
Exact Covariance Thresholding into Connected Components for Large-Scale Graphical Lasso

We consider the sparse inverse covariance regularization problem or graphical lasso with regularization parameter λ. Suppose the sample covariance graph formed by thresholding the entries of the sample covariance matrix at λ is decomposed into connected components. We show that the vertex-partition induced by the connected components of the thresholded sample covariance graph (at λ) is exactly equal to that induced by the connected components of the estimated concentration graph, obtained by solving the graphical lasso problem for the same λ. This characterizes a very interesting property of a path of graphical lasso solutions. Furthermore, this simple rule, when used as a wrapper around existing algorithms for the graphical lasso, leads to enormous performance gains. For a range of values of λ, our proposal splits a large graphical lasso problem into smaller tractable problems, making it possible to solve an otherwise infeasible large-scale problem. We illustrate the graceful scalability of our proposal via synthetic and real-life microarray examples.
SPINNING STRINGS AND AdS/CFT DUALITY

We review a special class of semiclassical string states in AdS_5 x S^5 which have a regular expansion of their energy in integer powers of the ratio of the square of string tension (`t Hooft coupling) and the square of large angular momentum in S^5. They allow one to quantitatively check the AdS/CFT duality in non-supersymmetric sector of states and also help to uncover the role of integrable structures on the two sides of the string theory -- gauge theory duality.