Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Association of Postpartum Maternal Morbidities with Children's Mental, Psychomotor and Language Development in Rural Bangladesh

Little is known from developing countries about the effects of maternal morbidities diagnosed in the postpartum period on children's development. The study aimed to document the relationships of such morbidities with care-giving practices by mothers, children's developmental milestones and their language, mental and psychomotor development. Maternal morbidities were identified through physical examination at 6-9 weeks postpartum (n=488). Maternal care-giving practices and postnatal depression were assessed also at 6-9 weeks postpartum. Children's milestones of development were measured at six months, and their mental (MDI) and psychomotor (PDI) development, language comprehension and expression, and quality of psychosocial stimulation at home were assessed at 12 months. Several approaches were used for identifying the relationships among different maternal morbidities, diagnosed by physicians, with children's development. After controlling for the potential confounders, maternal anaemia diagnosed postpartum showed a small but significantly negative effect on children's language expression while the effects on language comprehension did not reach the significance level (p=0.085). Children's development at 12 months was related to psychosocial stimulation at home, nutritional status, education of parents, socioeconomic status, and care-giving practices of mothers at six weeks of age. Only a few mothers experienced each specific morbidity, and with the exception of anaemia, the sample-size was insufficient to make a conclusion regarding each specific morbidity. Further research with a sufficient sample-size of individual morbidities is required to determine the association of postpartum maternal morbidities with children's development.
Population-Based Dementia Screening Program in Kuopio: The Effect of Education, Age, and Sex on Brief Neuropsychological Tests

A neuropsychological screening battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination and four other brief cognitive tests (Russell's Adaptation of the Visual Reproduction Test, Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Tests on letters and category, and the Buschke Selective Reminding Test) was administered to a randomly selected population sample of 403 subjects aged 68 to 77 years to evaluate the effect of education, age, and sex on test scores. The difference in neuropsychological screening tests between various education groups (3 years or less, 4 to 6 years, 7 years or more) was statistically highly significant, even after the adjustment for the effect of age. The subscores and total scores were lowest in the minimal education group on every neuropsychological test. Education correlated more strongly than age with all neuropsychological test scores and subscores. The effect of sex on test results was seen only in some subscores of brief neuropsychological tests but not in a single item of the Mini-Mental State Examination. On the basis of our results, the effects of education, age, and sex have to be evaluated before using brief neuropsychological tests in population-based dementia screening. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:162–171).
Is there a plausible theory for decision under risk? A dual calibration critique

Can any prominent theory of decision under risk rationalize both small-stakes risk aversion and large-stakes risk aversion? Do some prominent theories fail to rationalize patterns of same-stakes risk aversion? How do reference payoffs enter in the answer to these questions? What would be the characteristics of a theory of decision under risk that would be immune to calibration critique? We offer a theoretical duality analysis that addresses these questions. We report dual propositions and corollaries that calibrate the implications of nonlinear transformation of probabilities or payoffs (or both). We also report several experiments that provide data on the empirical relevance of the two types of calibration patterns.
Knowledge and Awareness of Routine Biosafety Measures and Proper Waste Disposal Practices among Healthcare Workers in Karachi, Pakistan

This study assessed the knowledge and awareness regarding routine biosafety measures and proper waste disposal practices among healthcare workers in Karachi, Pakistan, and also highlighted areas in which training was needed. To increase knowledge of biosafety and waste disposal requirements, the Virology & Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan in association with the Biosafety Association of Pakistan (BSAP) executed a collaborative project entitled “Training Workshop on Proper Waste Disposal from Hospitals & Pathological Laboratories in Karachi, Pakistan,” with financial support from the Biosecurity Engagement Program (BEP), the United States Department of State (DOS), and Civilian Research & Development Foundation (CRDF) for health-related issues in developing countries. A 50-question pre-workshop survey was administered to better understand the current biosafety and biosecurity measures in place at 250 state and private-sector clinical facilities (hospital and pathological laboratories) in the city. Participants from the 250 facilities were selected on the basis of first-come, first-served, but with preference for participants without prior knowledge of biosafety and biosecurity. After the training workshop, an evaluation survey was conducted with 28 participants. Results of that survey indicate that healthcare workers (HCWs) need to be offered training and refresher courses, in Urdu, to increase their level of knowledge and awareness of biosafety and waste disposal protocols to reduce both occupational exposures and the spread of infectious diseases in the community through improper disposal of infectious waste.
Sound affects of poetry: Critical impressionism, reductionism and cognitive poetics

This paper assumes that the literary work of art is a "stratified system of norms", and that the description of each stratum may require a different kind of logic. One of the main problems is the meaningful integration of these descriptions. A speech sound may be described on an acoustic, a phonetic and a phonemic level; normally, its acoustic description is irrelevant to its linguistic or poetic significance. However, in certain circumstances, the acoustic description may account for the emotional quality of the speech sound, may yield insight into the rhythmic structure of a poem (or just of a performance thereof), etc. Furthermore, pieces of poetry may be used to illustrate psychological theories about the aesthetic event; or psychological theories may be used to yield insight into the aesthetic nature of pieces of poetry. The paper focuses on the methodological issues involved in foregrounding the possible aesthetic significance of the transitions from one level of description to another. In doing this, it attempts to carefully navigate between two theoretical extremes: a reductionist view of literary theory according to which all the "special sciences " can be reduced to "more basic sciences" and, eventually, to physics; and the one formulated by Wellek and Warren (1956:135) as follows: "The psychology of the reader, however interesting in itself and useful for pedagogical purposes, will always remain outside the object of literary study [. ] it must be unrelated either to the structure or the quality of a poem ". The middle course here proposed relies on "the principle of marginal control", that is, "the control exercised by the organizational principle of a higher level on the particulars forming its lower level" (Polânyi, 1967: 40). Paraphrasing Polânyi, the principles of literature may be said to govern the boundary conditions of a cognitive system—a set of conditions that is explicitly left undetermined by the laws of lower processes — physical, cognitive, and linguistic. If one knows more about these "lower" processes, one may get a better understanding of the principles of literature that govern those boundary conditions. It is claimed that in this way Cognitive Poetics is capable of discerning and explaining significant literary phenomena which present insurmountable difficulties to other approaches.
Noninvasive laser coagulation of the human vas deferens: Optical and thermal simulations

Successful noninvasive laser coagulation of the canine vas deferens, in vivo, has been previously reported. However, there is a significant difference between the optical properties of canine and human skin. In this study, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations of light transport through tissue and heat transfer simulations are performed to determine the feasibility of noninvasive laser vasectomy in humans.
The views of five participating undergraduate students of the Student Associates Scheme in England

This paper reports findings from a study which explored undergraduate perceptions of the Student Associates Scheme in England (SAS). The scheme was established by the Training and Development Agency for Schools in an attempt to increase the number of graduates entering the teaching profession, particularly in shortage subjects such as the physical sciences and mathematics. The scheme places undergraduate students on short‐term placements in secondary schools throughout England to provide them with experiences that may encourage them to consider teaching as a career option. Findings show that the SAS school placements were a positive experience for the students participating in this study. However, a question emerged as to whether or not the scheme is targeting students who have yet to decide upon teaching as a career or just reinforcing the existing aspirations of students who have already decided to teach. As the scheme is attempting to increase the number of teachers entering the profession this question has important implications for this study and further work which will focus on undergraduates who think that their career ambitions would not be fulfilled by teaching.
Qualitative evaluation and research methods

PART ONE: CONCEPTUAL ISSUES IN THE USE OF QUALITATIVE METHODS The Nature of Qualitative Inquiry Strategic Themes in Qualitative Methods Variety in Qualitative Inquiry Theoretical Orientations Particularly Appropriate Qualitative Applications PART TWO: QUALITATIVE DESIGNS AND DATA COLLECTION Designing Qualitative Studies Fieldwork Strategies and Observation Methods Qualitative Interviewing PART THREE: ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION, AND REPORTING Qualitative Analysis and Interpretation Enhancing the Quality and Credibility of Qualitative Analysis
Downregulation of delayed rectifier K(+) currents in dogs with chronic complete atrioventricular block and acquired torsades de pointes.

BACKGROUND Acquired QT prolongation enhances the susceptibility to torsades de pointes (TdP). Clinical and experimental studies indicate ventricular action potential prolongation, increased regional dispersion of repolarization, and early afterdepolarizations as underlying factors. We examined whether K(+)-current alterations contribute to these proarrhythmic responses in an animal model of TdP: the dog with chronic complete atrioventricular block (AVB) and biventricular hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS The whole-cell K(+) currents I(TO1), I(K1), I(Kr), and I(Ks) were recorded in left (LV) and right (RV) ventricular midmyocardial cells from dogs with 9+/-1 weeks of AVB and controls with sinus rhythm. I(TO1) density and kinetics and I(K1) outward current were not different between chronic AVB and control cells. I(Kr) had a similar voltage dependence of activation and time course of deactivation in chronic AVB and control. I(Kr) density was similar in LV myocytes but smaller in RV myocytes (-45%) of chronic AVB versus control. For I(Ks), voltage-dependence of activation and time course of deactivation were similar in chronic AVB and control. However, I(Ks) densities of LV (-50%) and RV (-55%) cells were significantly lower in chronic AVB than control. CONCLUSIONS Significant downregulation of delayed rectifier K(+) current occurs in both ventricles of the dog with chronic AVB. Acquired TdP in this animal model with biventricular hypertrophy is thus related to intrinsic repolarization defects.
Progressive loss of semantic memory in a case of Alzheimer’s disease

The breakdown of semantic memory in a patient with Alzheimer’s disease was monitored by using a word—picture matching task. Performance deteriorated from a time when target pictures were selected virtually without error to a time when targets and semantically related distractor pictures were selected equally often. From this point, selection deteriorated rapidly to random. Knowledge of category membership and semantic features declined together over the same period. No consistency in item selection could be discerned, and successful selection in early tests was not influenced by either the name frequency or the familiarity of the target. The findings are argued to support a theory of access to semantic memory which is non-hierarchical.
Go with the flow: conforming to others in the face of existential threat

In three studies we investigate the impact of mortality salience on conformity and show that people have a greater preference to conform to the opinions of others when mortality is salient. Study 1 shows that mortality salience increases the degree to which judgments of abstract drawings are influenced by the majority's opinion. Study 2 shows that mortality salience causes people to change their opinions towards societal issues, so that these fit the attitudes they think others have. Study 3 replicates the findings of the first study and additionally shows that people do not conform to the attitude of outgroup members. Our findings extend previous Terror Management Theory research and suggest that conforming to the group is a means to buffer the fear that may otherwise arise in existentially threatening situations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching notated polyphonic music using transportation distances

We present a method for searching databases of symbolically represented polyphonic music that exploits advantages of transportation distances such as continuity and partial matching in the pitch dimension. By segmenting queries and database documents, we also gain partial matching in the time dimension. Thus, we can find short queries in long database documents, and have a method more robust against pitch and tempo fluctuations in the queries or database documents than we would with transportation distances alone. We compare our method with three algorithms from the C-Brahms project by Lemström et al. and with PROMS by Clausen et al. and find that our method is more generally usable, retrieves a higher number of relevant documents than all three compared algorithms, and that it is faster than C-Brahms. This is the first comparative study of these algorithms involving a large database with about half a million of documents.
Dried whole-plant Artemisia annua slows evolution of malaria drug resistance and overcomes resistance to artemisinin

Significance Evolution of malaria parasite drug resistance has thwarted efforts to control this deadly disease. Use of drug combinations has been proposed to slow that evolution. Artemisinin is a favorite drug in the global war on malaria and is frequently used in combination therapies. Here we show that using the whole plant (Artemisia annua) from which artemisinin is derived can overcome parasite resistance and is actually more resilient to evolution of parasite resistance; i.e., parasites take longer to evolve resistance, thus increasing the effective life span of the therapy. Pharmaceutical monotherapies against human malaria have proven effective, although ephemeral, owing to the inevitable evolution of resistant parasites. Resistance to two or more drugs delivered in combination will evolve more slowly; hence combination therapies have become the preferred norm in the fight against malaria. At the forefront of these efforts has been the promotion of Artemisinin Combination Therapy, but despite these efforts, resistance to artemisinin has begun to emerge. In 2012, we demonstrated the efficacy of the whole plant (WP)—not a tea, not an infusion—as a malaria therapy and found it to be more effective than a comparable dose of pure artemisinin in a rodent malaria model. Here we show that WP overcomes existing resistance to pure artemisinin in the rodent malaria Plasmodium yoelii. Moreover, in a long-term artificial selection for resistance in Plasmodium chabaudi, we tested resilience of WP against drug resistance in comparison with pure artemisinin (AN). Stable resistance to WP was achieved three times more slowly than stable resistance to AN. WP treatment proved even more resilient than the double dose of AN. The resilience of WP may be attributable to the evolutionary refinement of the plant’s secondary metabolic products into a redundant, multicomponent defense system. Efficacy and resilience of WP treatment against rodent malaria provides compelling reasons to further explore the role of nonpharmaceutical forms of AN to treat human malaria.
The Corrosive Effect of Acculturation: How Mexican Americans Lose Political Trust†

Existing research establishes that political trust is not only an important determinant of individual political behavior and government effectiveness, but may also measure the health of civic society. This article looks specifically at trust among Latinos of Mexican descent, demonstrating that acculturation is corrosive of political trust. Copyright (c) 2003 by the Southwestern Social Science Association.
Locally Testing Direct Product in the Low Error Range

Given a function f : X rarr Sigma, its lscr-wise direct product is the function F = f<sup>lscr</sup> : X<sup>lscr</sup> rarr Sigma<sup>lscr</sup> defined by: F(x<sub>1</sub>,.,x<sub>lscr</sub>) = (f(x<sub>1</sub>),. ,f(x<sub>lscr</sub>)). We are interested in the local testability of the direct product encoding (mapping f rarr f<sup>lscr</sup>). Namely, given an arbitrary function F : X<sup>lscr</sup> rarr Sigma<sup>lscr</sup>, we wish to determine how close it is to f<sup>lscr</sup> for some f : X rarr Sigma, by making two random queries into F. In this work we analyze the case of low acceptance probability of the test. We show that even if the test passes with small probability, epsiv>0, already F must have a non-trivial structure and in particular must agree with some f<sup>lscr</sup> on nearly epsiv of the domain. Moreover, we give a structural characterization of all functions F on which the test passes with probability epsiv. Our results can be viewed as a combinatorial analog of the low error dasialow degree testpsila, that is used in PCP constructions.
Identifying and Decreasing Barriers to Parent Involvement for Inner-City Parents

Previous studies demonstrate the positive effects of parental involvement on student grade point averages (GPAs), standardized tests scores, and other academic outcomes. Because of the positive role of parental involvement on youth academic achievement, many parents and school personnel desire more collaboration between the family and the school. However, obstacles often arise prohibiting such positive interactions, especially for inner-city African American parents. In this study, parents and school personnel at a predominantly African American inner-city high school completed in-depth interviews regarding the barriers to involving parents in their children’s education. Parents and school personnel identified barriers that fit into four descriptive categories: (a) time poverty, (b) lack of access, (c) lack of financial resources, and (d) lack of awareness. Suggestions for decreasing barriers were also discussed. Findings suggest that taking family context into consideration during the planning phases of school-based programs and events improve parental involvement. Implications and recommendations for practitioners are discussed.
Pertussis Circulation Has Increased T-Cell Immunity during Childhood More than a Second Acellular Booster Vaccination in Dutch Children 9 Years of Age

Here we report the first evaluation of T-cell responses upon a second acellular pertussis booster vaccination in Dutch children at 9 years of age, 5 years after a preschool booster vaccination. Blood samples of children 9 years of age were studied longitudinally until 1 year after the second aP booster and compared with those after the first aP booster in children 4 and 6 years of age from a cross-sectional study. After stimulation with pertussis-vaccine antigens, Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine responses were measured and effector memory cells (CCR7-CD45RA-) were characterized by 8-colour FACS analysis. The second aP booster vaccination at pre-adolescent age in wP primed individuals did increase pertussis-specific Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses. Noticeably, almost all T-cell responses had increased with age and were already high before the booster vaccination at 9 years of age. The enhancement of T-cell immunity during the 5 year following the booster at 4 years of age is probably caused by natural boosting due to the a high circulation of pertussis. However, the incidence of pertussis is high in adolescents and adults who have only received the Dutch wP vaccine during infancy and no booster at 4 years of age. Therefore, an aP booster vaccination at adolescence or later in these populations might improve long-term immunity against pertussis and reduce the transmission to the vulnerable newborns. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN64117538
A Balance Theory of Wisdom

The author presents a balance theory of wisdom. First, some alternative approaches to wisdom are reviewed, including philosophical, implicit theoretical, and explicit theoretical ones. Second, the concept of tacit knowledge and its role in wisdom are discussed. Third, a balance theory of wisdom is presented, according to which wisdom is defined as the application of tacit knowledge as mediated by values toward the achievement of a common good through a balance among multiple (a) intrapersonal, (b) interpersonal, and (c) extrapersonal interests in order to achieve a balance among (a) adaptation to existing environments, (b) shaping of existing environments, and (c) selection of new environments. This theory is compared to some other theories, and wisdom as a construct is compared to some other constructs. Measurement issues are also discussed. It is concluded that it might be worthwhile for American society to emphasize development of wisdom in schooling more than it has in the past.
Cross‐cultural Variation in Professional Genres: A Comparative Study of Book Blurbs

Although cross-cultural variation in spoken interaction has been dealt with extensively in discourse studies, very little research has been reported in the case of academic and professional written genres. The importance of this work is highlighted by the findings that writers from different cultures organize and develop ideas differently in expository writing tasks (Hinds, 1990) and that professional genres like business letters (The Geok Suan, 1986; Bhatia and Tay, 1987), job applications (Bhatia, 1989) and some legal genres (Bhatia, 1993) are sensitive to socio-cultural constraints. In order to gain a better understanding of the role played by socio-cultural factors in shaping a genre, the present paper examines, through a genre-based comparison, the cross-cultural differences between book blurbs of international publishers and local Singapore-based publishers. It is hoped that such a study will demonstrate the fact that genres are socio-culturally dependent communicative events and their success, in part, depends upon their pragmatic value in a specific business/professional environment. An attempt will also be made to relate the findings of this analysis to the dual and conflicting notions of ‘linguistic creativity’ on the one hand and ‘linguistic orthodoxy’ on the other. It is hoped that a comparative study of this nature will sensitize researchers/teachers to the cultural factors that are responsible for constraining/shaping genres in particular socio-cultural contexts.