Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Subunit specificity of mutations that confer resistance to nonnucleoside inhibitors in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase

We constructed plasmid vectors that simultaneously express both the p66 and p51 subunits of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) in Escherichia coli. These vectors allow us to generate HIV-1 RT heterodimers in which either the p66 or the p51 subunit has the wild-type sequence and the other subunit has a specific amino acid substitution. We used these vectors to express HIV-1 RT heterodimers containing several different amino acid substitutions reported to confer resistance to nonnucleoside inhibitors. Most of the amino acid substitutions conferred resistance to nonnucleoside inhibitors R86183 (TIBO) and TSAO-m3T only when present in the p66 subunit of the p66-p51 heterodimer; heterodimers that contained a wild-type p66 subunit and a mutant p51 subunit remained sensitive to the inhibitors. However, there was one mutation, E138K, that conferred drug resistance when the mutation was present in the p51 subunit. The corresponding heterodimer with the E138K mutation in the p66 subunit and a wild-type p51 subunit remained sensitive to the inhibitors. Analysis of the three-dimensional structure of HIV-1 RT indicated that residue 138 of the p51 subunit is in the nonnucleoside inhibitor-binding pocket while residue 138 of the p66 subunit is not. The mutagenesis results, combined with structural data, support the idea that the nonnucleoside inhibitors exert their effects by binding to a hydrophobic pocket in the RT heterodimer and that mutations which give rise to drug resistance directly interfere with the interactions between the nonnucleoside inhibitors and HIV-1 RT.
Long-term occurrence of death and cardiovascular events in patients with transient ischaemic attack or minor ischaemic stroke: comparison between arterial and cardiac source of the index event

Background and aim: Published data suggest that patients with cerebral ischaemia and atrial fibrillation (CIAF) have higher inhospital mortality than patients with cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (CIAO). Data on long term risks are scarce. We compared the long term risks of death and vascular events (VE) between these groups. Methods: We extended the follow-up of 2473 patients from the Dutch TIA Trial (recruitment March 1986 to March 1989, all treated with aspirin; CIAO) and 186 Dutch participants of the European Atrial Fibrillation Trial (recruitment June 1988 to May 1992, 26% on anticoagulants during the trial; CIAF). Hazard ratios (HRs) for death and VE of CIAF versus CIAO were analysed by means of Cox regression analysis and adjusted for age, sex and several cardiovascular risk factors. Results: After a mean follow-up of 10.1 years, 1484 patients with CIAO had died and 1336 had suffered at least one VE (377 cardiac, 455 stroke). Mean follow-up of the CIAF patients was 6.8 years; 150 patients had died and 136 had suffered at least one VE (41 cardiac, 63 stroke). Adjusted HRs (CIAF vs CIAO) were 1.46 (95% CI 1.22 to 1.74) for death, 1.49 (1.24 to 1.79) for first VE, 1.94 (1.47 to 2.55) for first stroke and 1.41 (1.01 to 1.96) for first cardiac event. These HRs were essentially the same as those for the duration of the trials. Conclusion: Our study shows that the long term risk of death or vascular events is 1.5 times higher in patients with CIAF than in those with CIAO, after adjustment for differences between the groups.
Incorporating Stochastic Lead Times Into the Guaranteed Service Model of Safety Stock Optimization

Effective end-to-end supply chain management and network inventory optimization must account for service levels, demand volatility, lead times, and lead-time variability. Most inventory models incorporate demand variability, but far fewer rigorously account for lead-time variability, particularly in multiechelon supply chain networks. Our research extends the guaranteed service model of safety stock placement to allow random lead times. The main methodological contribution is the creation of closed-form equations for the expected safety stock in the system; this includes a derivation for the early-arrival stock in the system. The main applied contributions are the demonstration of real stochastic lead times in practice and a discussion of how our approach outperforms more traditional heuristics that either ignore lead-time variability or consider the maximum lead time at each stage.
Personality Characteristics, Work Values, and Life Styles of Fast- and Slow-Progressing Small-Scale Industrial Entrepreneurs

Abstract Psychological variables that differentiate fast- and slow-progressing small-scale industrial entrepreneurs were studied. Twenty-two different psychosocial variables were reliably measured in 448 industrial entrepreneurs of Punjab, India. Three analyses were undertaken: intergroup comparison for the mean scores for industrial growth obtained after dichotomizing the sample at the median; comparison of the extreme 25% with highest and lowest industrial growth; correlation of the measured variables with growth in industrial productivity. Results showed that high scores on emotional stability, self-assurance, upward striving, potential for change and development, competitiveness, punctuality, hard work, tolerance for work pressure, and education were associated with a fast rate of industrial growth. Tendermindedness, guilt-proneness, anxiety, hoarding tendency, high risk-taking, and traditionality were associated with static or declining industrial growth.
Putative roles as oncogene or tumour suppressor of the Mid-clustered microRNAs in Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV2) induced Marek’s disease lymphomagenesis

In the last decade, numerous microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified in diverse virus families, particularly in herpesviruses. Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2 (GaHV2) is a representative oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that induces rapid-onset T-cell lymphomas in its natural hosts, namely Marek’s disease (MD). In the GaHV2 genome there are 26 mature miRNAs derived from 14 precursors assembled into three clusters, namely the Meq-cluster, Mid-cluster and LAT-cluster. Several GaHV2 miRNAs, especially those in the Meq-cluster (e.g. miR-M4-5p), have been demonstrated to be critical in MD pathogenesis and/or tumorigenesis. Interestingly the downstream Mid-cluster is regulated and transcribed by the same promoter as the Meq-cluster in the latent phase of the infection, but the role of these Mid-clustered miRNAs in GaHV2 biology remains unclear. We have generated the deletion mutants of the Mid-cluster and of its associated individual miRNAs in GX0101 virus, a very virulent GaHV2 strain, and demonstrated that the Mid-clustered miRNAs are not essential for virus replication. Using GaHV2-infected chickens as an animal model, we found that, compared with parental GX0101 virus, the individual deletion of miR-M31 decreased the mortality and gross tumour incidence of infected chickens while the deletion individually of miR-M1 or miR-M11 unexpectedly increased viral pathogenicity or oncogenicity, similarly to the deletion of the entire Mid-cluster region. More importantly, our data further confirm that miR-M11-5p, the miR-M11-derived mature miRNA, targets the viral oncogene meq and suppresses its expression in GaHV2 infection. We report here that members of the Mid-clustered miRNAs, miR-M31-3p and miR-M11-5p, potentially act either as oncogene or tumour suppressor in MD lymphomagenesis.
What Is the Most Accurate Method for the Treatment of Diminutive Colonic Polyps?

AbstractDifferent methods such as standard, hot, and jumbo forceps are used in endoscopic treatment of diminutive colon polyps. In the current study, it was aimed to compare efficacy and safety of standard and jumbo forceps polypectomy methods in treatment of diminutive colon polyps of ⩽5 mm. Polyps with ⩽5 mm which were excised during colonoscopy by using standard or jumbo forceps were evaluated. Standard and jumbo forceps polypectomy methods were randomly performed in 212 consecutive patients with diminutive colorectal polyp. One-bite polypectomy and complete resection rates were also determined among polypectomy methods. Results of 161 standard forceps polypectomy and 102 jumbo forceps polypectomy were retrospectively evaluated. Both one-bite polypectomy and complete resection rates were significantly higher in the jumbo forceps polypectomy group than the standard forceps polypectomy group (P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis performed according to polyp sizes, complete resection rate among polyps with 3-mm diameter was determined as 100%. However, numbers of bites in 4-mm and 5-mm polyps were higher in the standard forceps polypectomy group, and complete resection rate was lower than in the jumbo forceps polypectomy group (P < 0.001). Both endoscopic treatment methods may be employed in treatment of diminutive colon polyps with ⩽5 mm. However, jumbo forceps polypectomy is a more effective treatment method in 4- to 5-mm polyps with high one-bite polypectomy and complete resection rate.
Perceived employability: Investigating outcomes among involuntary and voluntary temporary employees compared to permanent employees

– The purpose of the present study is to examine how perceived employability relates to job exhaustion, psychological symptoms and self‐rated job performance in involuntary and voluntary temporary employees compared to permanent employees. , – The study is based on a cross‐sectional design using a sample of university teachers and researchers (n=1,014) from two Finnish universities. Of the sample, 40 percent (n=408) are permanent employees, 49 percent (n=495) involuntary and 11 percent (n=111) voluntary temporary employees. Most respondents (54 percent) have education above a Master's degree, the average age is 43 years, and 58 percent are women. , – The results of general linear model analyses show that perceived employability promotes favorable outcomes among all respondents. However, the negative relationship between perceived employability and job exhaustion and psychological symptoms is stronger among voluntary than among involuntary temporary employees. , – The study indicates that although perceived employability seems to be important to all employees, involuntary temporary employees benefit least from high perceived employability in terms of individual well‐being.
Psychometric Properties of the Lithuanian Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior Scale (LAPACBS) in Parents of 6- to 12-Year-Olds

The structure-related validity and internal consistency reliability of the translated version of the Adlerian Parental Assessment of the Child Behavior Scale (APACBS) which would be referred to as the Lithuanian APACBS (LAPACBS) was the focus of the research study. A factor analysis was performed using a sample of 246 Lithuanian parents. It revealed a four-factor construct related to the parental assessment of child’s behavior: (a) responsible behavior subscale; (b) emotionally charged behavior subscale; (c) school task subscale; and (d) peer relationship subscale. Furthermore, the adequate levels of internal consistency of the LAPACBS subscales as well as the entire instrument were demonstrated. Cronbach’s αs ranged from . 62 to . 90 and the correlational analysis showed moderate-to-strong relation between the four subscales with absolute values of Pearson correlation coefficient ranging from . 26 to . 69. However, further research with a more balanced gender and geographical representation is needed on the analysis of the psychometric properties of this research tool.
Meteorology-Driven Optimum Control of a Multibeam Antenna in Satellite Telecommunications

The control of the radiation of a telecommunication multispot satellite antenna is discussed in which the power can be flexibly routed towards the various spots so as to contrast at best the time variant atmospheric attenuation while keeping at minimum the number of users which do not receive enough signal level. The antenna control is exerted by applying a particular strategy based on the knowledge of the distribution of the weather conditions all over the served region as derived by standard sources like the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) or the Meteosat. The paper describes the principles of two types of optimizations: a fixed one based on climatological long term data, which acts as reference, and an adaptive one based on quasi instantaneous pictures that represent the weather situation across the served region. After an explanation of the basic principles of the optimizations, the paper gives an example of application that, despite the brevity of the trial period we are now able to present, indicates an excellent effectiveness of the system which, in the period observed, allows a reduction of the number of non-served users of the two orders of magnitude in the case of low-margin systems (approximately 2-3 dBs over free space) and a still conspicuous advantage (a reduction of a factor about 5) for greater available margins (approximately 6-7 dBs).
Real-time study of switching kinetics in integrated 1T/ HfOx 1R RRAM: Intrinsic tunability of set/reset voltage and trade-off with switching time

We have developed novel real-time methodology to determine intrinsic forming and switching characteristics of HfOx based RRAM. Elimination of parasitics in 50nm × 50nm cross-bar 1T1R devices (Cp<; 50fF) integrated on 300mm wafers using fab-friendly TiN electrodes enabled superior control of high and low resistance of a conductive filament (CF). Sub 50fF parasitics also critically enable a pulsed forming method compatible with high volume manufacturing (HVM). A novel assessment of RRAM operation trade-offs is also made. For example, the trade off in set/reset voltage tuning, variability, current and speed is determined. These trade-offs are significant to quantitatively assess intrinsic potential and limitations of HfOx based RRAM for future memory applications.
Human Keratinocyte Cell Lines Differ in the Expression of the Collagenolytic Matrix Metallo-proteinases-1, -8, and -13 and of TIMP-1

Abstract We investigated cells and conditioned media of the three human keratinocyte cell lines HaCaT (nontumorigenic), A5 (benign, tumorigenic) and II-4RT (malignant, tumorigenic) with regard to production and secretion of the collagenases-1 to -3 (MMP-1, MMP-8 and MMP-13) and TIMP-1 using seminested RTPCR, Western blots, ELISA, immunocytochemistry and casein zymography. Transcripts of MMP-1, -8, -13 and TIMP-1 were detected in all cell lines by RTPCR and the corresponding proteins were found in the cytoplasm of all three cell lines by Western blot analysis and/or immunocytochemistry. The conditioned media of the malignant II-4RT cells contain significantly more MMP-1 and MMP-8 than those of HaCaT or A5 as evidenced by immunoblotting and ELISA. In addition to the presence of latent MMP-1, zymography also detected the active form of this enzyme. TIMP-1 was found only in extracts of all three cell lines, predominantly in A5. This study clearly indicates that the epithelial tumor cells synthesize different collagenases and TIMP-1. The malignant clone secretes increased amounts of distinct collagenases compared to the nontumorigenic cell line, thereby verifying a correlation between biological behaviour and the amount of collagenases. In addition, we provide clear evidence that MMP-8 is not exclusively found in polymorphonuclear granulocytes, but also in keratinocyte cell lines.
Susceptibility of juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus isolated from wild-caught Atlantic cod.

A European strain of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) isolated from wild-caught cod Gadus morhua (H16/7/95) was shown to cause clinical disease and mortality in excess of 80% in juvenile Atlantic cod when administered by the intra-peritoneal (i.p.) route. No virus was recovered from cod cohabiting with experimentally infected fish at a ratio of 1:1, and no VHSV-associated mortality was demonstrated following immersion infection. External signs of disease in cod were the presence of exophthalmia and ascites. Virus was identified as VHSV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and was recovered from both brain and organ pools (kidney, liver and spleen) of 100% of i.p. infected cod mortalities. Virus was also detected using an indirect immunofluorescence test on tissue imprints of kidney, liver, spleen and brain taken from moribund fish. The fact that cod were not susceptible to VHSV following waterborne exposure raises important questions surrounding the propagation, maintenance and impact of a naturally occurring reservoir of virus in the marine environment.
The interrelation of parental and spousal behavior during infancy in traditional nuclear families: An exploratory analysis.

Traditionally, family sociologists have devoted themselves to the study qf the marital relationship, while developmental psychologists have directed their attention toward the parent-child relationship. The present study represents an attempt to bridge these two disciplines by studying family interaction within a sample of families with 15-month-old infants. Data collected during naturalistic home-based observations are analyzed to explore the interface of husband-wife and parent-infant interactions. Three patterns emerge from this analysis suggesting that: (1) wives may have a greater influence on fathering than do husbands on mothering; (2) in some families spousal interaction may preclude active involvement in parenting; and (3) in other families active parental involvement may provide the basis for pleasurable spousal interaction. Given the nature of the family system, it is concluded that complete understanding of parenting and the spousal relationship can only be achieved if research is carried out on an interdisciplinar~ basis. A conceptual model fbr the study qf family interaction during the years when the child is an infant is proposed.
Age- and time-related changes in extracellular viral load in children vertically infected by human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND It is known that plasma or serum viral load is high in vertically HIV-infected children during the first year of life, but the changes in these titers after the first birthday have not been described. Information on the natural history of circulating extracellular virus will be useful in elucidating the pathogenesis of pediatric HIV infection and in using viral load measurement to guide prognosis and therapy. METHODS We measured serum RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay over time in 48 unselected children followed in our clinics and analyzed the findings in relation to age and clinical outcome. RESULTS In first-available samples from the 48 children there was a gradual reduction in HIV RNA values with increasing age, with a slope of -0.21 log copy/ml/year (P < 0.001, R2 = 0.6022). This downward trend was seen in subsets of children with all degrees of immunodeficiency. The mean slope of repeated HIV RNA measurements in individual children was similarly in a downward direction (slope -0.11 (P = 0.007 for difference from zero)). The slope was more negative in children who were younger at baseline. Immune complex-dissociated p24 antigen values were much less predictable and predictive. CONCLUSIONS Viral load in vertically infected children, measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, falls very gradually over time, descending from very high titers at the end of the first year, and reaching values seen in horizontally infected adults at approximately 5 years of age.
The Role of Inflectional Morphology in Canadian Children's Word Reading and Spelling

A sample of 141 Canadian children in grades 3 through 6 wrote to dictation 24 short sentences sampling 90 lexical items representing 10 inflectional morphological categories to study their relation to the written spelling of 40 sight words. The children were encouraged in 3, 30-minute teaching sessions to use multiple strategies of retrieval, sounding out, analogies, and visual verification. The inflectional categories were: possessive singular, possessive plural, third-person singular, plurals involving variant phonetic renderings of /s/, plurals involving stem change, preterite, past participle, contracted form, consonant doubling, and consonant singling. These 10 categories had reasonably high Cronbach's alpha coefficients and were found to be homogeneous by a principal component analysis. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the inflectional morphology tasks added unique variance (especially for consonant doubling and contracted form) to the spelling of sight words after accounting for age and reading ability. These results were further confirmed for a subgroup of 45 children comprising 14 grade 5 and 6 poor readers, and 14 reading-age and 17 chronological-age control students. Error analyses provided insights into students' use of retrieval and other strategies in their spelling of sight words.
A Survey of Global Configuration-Space Mapping Techniques for a Single Robot in a Static Environment

The mapping from workspace to configuration space (C-space) plays a major role in the field of kinematics, with applications including robotics path planning, packing and nesting, automated assembly, and mechanism analysis. Over the past 20 years, research into the problem has resulted in many techniques that can be combined to suit a specific application. This survey aims to provide the developer of a C-space-based system with an overview of those techniques that map the global C-space of a single robot in a static environment. We discuss issues concerning how the robot and its environment are modeled (including how approximations can be used to make C-space mapping easier) and describe a range of schemes used to represent a C-space map. We then discuss the key techniques used to generate a C-space map for mobile robots and manipulators. The survey of literature is summarized by tables that list some 50 individual mapmaking papers, classifying each according to criteria identified in earlier sections. Finally, we draw conclusions from the findings of the survey. Note that, although reference is made throughout to robots, the controlled objects may equivalently be components or assemblies. In particular, results for mobile robots are fundamental to all C-space mapmaking problems.
Evolution of large shield volcanoes on Venus

[1] We studied the geologic history, topographic expression, and gravity signature of 29 large Venusian shield volcanoes with similar morphologies in Magellan synthetic aperture radar imagery. While they appear similar in imagery, 16 have a domical topographic expression and 13 have a central depression. Typical dimensions for the central depression are 150 km wide and 500 m deep. The central depressions are probably not calderas resulting from collapse of a shallow magma chamber but instead are the result of a corona-like sagging of a previously domical volcano. The depressions all have some later volcanic filling. All but one of the central depression volcanoes have been postdated by geologic features unrelated to the volcano, while most of the domical volcanoes are at the top of the stratigraphic column. Analysis of the gravity signatures in the spatial and spectral domains shows a strong correlation between the absence of postdating features and the presence of dynamic support by an underlying plume. We infer that the formation of the central depressions occurred as a result of cessation of dynamic support. However, there are some domical volcanoes whose geologic histories and gravity signatures also indicate that they are extinct, so sagging of the central region apparently does not always occur when dynamic support is removed. We suggest that the thickness of the elastic lithosphere may be a factor in determining whether a central depression forms when dynamic support is removed, but the gravity data are of insufficient resolution to test this hypothesis with admittance methods.