Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Direct demonstration of inhibitory interactions between long interval intracortical inhibition and short interval intracortical inhibition

Non‐technical summary Motor cortical output is suppressed by two cortical inhibitory systems, short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). SICI is decreased in the presence of LICI. However, there is a long‐standing argument whether this is caused by a true interaction between them or is due to simple saturation of the inhibitory effects that occur at common cortical elements which both inhibitory systems target. We addressed this question by recording the descending corticospinal waves in the subjects with implanted epidural electrodes. The results suggest that there are inhibitory interactions between LICI and SICI.
HRD and HRM Perspectives on Organizational Performance

A systematic review of literature on the relationship of human resources (HR) and organizational performance (OP) revealed a dearth of contribution from human resource development (HRD) in establishing the linkage. This linkage, which refers to the significant relationship between HRD and OP, is an important topic relevant to research and practice. The review utilized OP as the dependent variable to survey the state of human resource literature and thus, includes contributions from human resource management (HRM). The literature review revealed similarities and differences in the conceptualization of OP as a dependent variable between the two fields. On further analysis, the similarities and differences reveal convergence in specific areas of inquiry as well as emphasize the underlying differences in the philosophical assumptions of HRD and HRM. The independent contributions of HRD and HRM in establishing the HR–OP linkage also reflect the utilization of diverse research designs, methods of data collection, analysis, and findings. Both fields have focused on strategic contributions for improving organizational performance and are very much connected in practice. Much of the separation therefore, appears to be academic where competing views highlight a tension that exists in theory, research and what we know about effective HRD or HRM in practice.
Classroom management as method and manner

We describe two case studies of experienced teachers whose classroom-management approaches, whilst quite different, appear seamless and in agreement with classroom manner and with the goals and desires they have for their students. We examine classroom management, manner, beliefs about classroom life and moral and intellectual goals for students, and classroom behaviour that directly informs students of expectations for virtuous conduct. The data include classroom observation and videotapes, and interviews with teachers. In developing these case studies, we join with the recent trend toward a more holistic view of the teacher and his or her conduct. The case studies focus on who a teacher is, what a teacher believes and how these beliefs are manifest in the teacher's conduct.
PENGARUH INTENSI PELANGGAN DALAM BERBELANJA ONLINE KEMBALI MELALUI MEDIA TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI FORUM JUAL BELI (FJB) KASKUS

Pesatnya perkembangan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi telah memicu lahirnya berbagai kecenderungan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari seperti kegiatan e-commerce yang saat ini telah merambah ke berbagai elemen masyarakat. Kegiatan belanja online telah tumbuh secara signifikan seiring dengan meningkatnya orang niat untuk melakukan pembelian dan aktivitas jual secara online. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh persepsi harga, kepuasan pelanggan dan kepercayaan pelanggan pada orang keinginan untuk kembali berbelanja online, data penelitian ini berasal dari penyebaran kuesioner kepada 100 responden yang telah berbelanja di FJB Kaskus. Analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan pengujian hipotesis menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas dan uji regresi. Dari serangkaian uji statistik disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh yang signifikan dari persepsi harga terhadap niat pelanggan untuk kembali belanja online. Sementara kepuasan pelanggan dan kepercayaan adalah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi niat pelanggan untuk kembali belanja online. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepuasan pelanggan secara keseluruhan memiliki pengaruh yang lebih kuat pada keinginan untuk kembali belanja online daripada kepercayaan dan persepsi harga.
The Influence of Pharmacogenetics on the Time to Achieve Target Tacrolimus Concentrations after Kidney Transplantation

Previously, we reported that, at 3 months after renal transplantation, individuals with CYP3AP1 genotype CYP3AP1*1 (linked to CYP3A5*1 and strongly associated with expression of CYP3A5) required twofold higher doses of tacrolimus to achieve target blood concentrations than individuals with the genotype CYP3AP1*3/*3 (CYP3A5 nonexpressors). This study assesses the relationship between concentration‐controlled dosing during the early period after transplantation, the time to achieve target concentrations and genotype in 178 renal transplant recipients (CYP3AP1*1/*3 or *1/*1: n = 53, CYP3AP1*3/*3: n = 125). Patients with CYP3AP1*1/*3 or *1/*1 had lower mean tacrolimus concentrations during the first week (Median 13.5 vs. 18.5 μg/L, p < 0.0001) with significant delay in achieving target concentrations (15–20 μg/L during week 1, then 10–15 μg/L). More CYP3AP1*3/*3 patients had tacrolimus concentrations above target during the first week (73.6% vs. 35.8%, p = 0.003). There was no difference in the rate of biopsy‐confirmed acute rejection, but rejection occurred earlier in the CYP3AP1*1/*3 or *1/*1 group (median 7 d vs. 13 d, p = 0.005). In conclusion, an initial dosing regimen for tacrolimus based on knowledge of the CYP3AP1 genotype and subsequently guided by concentration measurements has the potential to increase the proportion of patients achieving target blood concentrations early after transplantation.
Could Innovations in Policing have Contributed to the New York City Crime Drop even in a Period of Declining Police Strength?: The Case of Stop, Question and Frisk as a Hot Spots Policing Strategy

Available data make it impossible to reach strong conclusions about the role of policing in the New York crime decline. Instead, we examine whether innovations implemented in New York fit with what is known about effective policing strategies. Our main analysis focuses on how the New York City Police Department (NYPD) could have continued to contribute to the crime drop over the last decade when the number of police declined significantly. We examine geographic data on crime and stop, question and frisks (SQFs) to show that SQFs are concentrated at crime hot spots. We also show that the NYPD increased these specific hot spots policing strategies despite declining numbers. In our discussion, we speculate on whether this “doing more with less” could be an explanation for the continued crime drop in New York, noting the limitations of drawing conclusions from existing data. We also raise concerns about possible backfire effects of SQF hot spots approaches.
Priming Effects of Violence on Infrahumanization

Two experiments examine whether exposure to generic violence can display infrahumanization towards out-groups. In Study 1, participants had to solve a lexical decision task after viewing animal or human violent scenes. In Study 2, participants were exposed to either human violent or human suffering pictures before doing a lexical decision task. In both studies, the infrahumanization bias appeared after viewing the human violent pictures but not in the other experimental conditions. These two experiments support the idea of contextual dependency of infrahumanization, and suggest that violence can prime an infrahuman perception of the out-group. Theoretical implications for infrahumanization and potential underlying mechanisms are discussed.
Classroom Management Challenges in the Dance Class

JOPERD • Volume 78 No. 2 • February 2007 T eaching dance can be challenging because of the unique “classroom” management situations that often arise from the dynamic nature of the content. Management is a delicate navigation of advance planning (Franklin, 2006); rule setting; the establishment and implementation of daily protocols, routines, and interventions; and the teacher’s own presentation (Baker, Lang, & Lawson 2002; Freiberg, 2002). In a study by Marzano and Marzano (2003), of all “variables affecting student achievement.classroom management had the largest effect. ” (p. 2). Different forms and styles of dance may require different management strategies. For example, in recreational forms of dance such as folk and social dance, students often need to demonstrate appropriate interpersonal behaviors such as a willingness to work with all classmates as partners. In forms of dance such as modern, jazz, and ballet technique, students need to learn stylized and codifi ed movement skills as well as demonstrate appropriate audience behaviors. Creative dance content presents additional management challenges because of its emphasis on greater student freedom and problem solving. This article will examine a variety of classroom management strategies relevant to the dance class during the various instructional phases, including planning the lesson, preparing the environment for maximum management effi ciency (the lesson “preset”), greeting the class as it enters the dance space, introducing the material (this includes the focus, review, and the statement of objectives), presenting the learning experiences, closure of class, tips for transitions between tasks or activities, and fi nally, strategies to handle unexpected events. Throughout, the word “teacher” will be used rather than “dance educator” or “physical educator. ”
cD galaxy contribution to the strong lensing cross-sections of galaxy clusters

We perform ray-tracing simulations evaluating the effect of a cD galaxy on the strong lensing properties of five galaxy cluster haloes obtained from N-body simulations. The cD galaxy is modelled using both axially symmetric and elliptical models and assuming several masses for its dark matter halo. The effect of the cD orientation with respect to the mass distribution of the host galaxy cluster is also investigated. The simulations are carried out in an open and a flat model universe with cosmological constant. We find that the enhancement of the cluster lensing cross-sections for long and thin arcs owing to the presence of a massive cD at the cluster centre is typically less than 100 per cent, depending on the model used for the cD galaxy and its orientation. The impact of the cD on the cluster efficiency for producing radially magnified images is larger only for those clusters with a lensing cross-section for radial arcs that is very small in absence of the central galaxy. We conclude that the presence of a cD galaxy at the cluster centre can only moderately influence the cluster efficiency for strong lensing and, in particular, fails to explain the discrepancy between the observed number of giant arcs in galaxy clusters and their abundance predicted from lensing simulations in the currently most favoured ACDM model.
Measuring the Informal Economy: A Validation Study of the Resource Generating Strategies Scale

Objective: This article reports on the reliability and validity of a new instrument called the Resource Generating Strategies (RGS) Scale, which was created to measure participation in the informal economy. Method: Researchers interviewed 285 adult women who had received domestic violence services, were currently incarcerated, or were residing in the community. Results: Five subtypes of informal economic activity are identified: (a) informal selling and exchange, (b) credit card use, (c) institutionalized informal economy, (d) gifts or loans from family and partners, and (e) illegal informal economy. Strong evidence is found for reliability and validity. Conclusions: This scale can be used to expand the knowledge base of practitioners and policy makers about the strengths and economic coping strategies of low-income individuals.
A quality by design approach on polymeric nanocarrier delivery of gefitinib: formulation, in vitro, and in vivo characterization

Gefitinib is an anticancer agent which acts by inhibiting epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase receptors. The aim of the present study was to prepare gefitinib nanosuspension. Gefitinib was encapsulated in Eudragit® RL100 and then dispersed in stabilizer solution, polyvinyl alcohol, and polyvinylpyrrolidone K30. Nanosuspension was prepared by using homogenization and ultrasonication techniques. The quality by design approach was also used in the study to understand the effect of critical material attributes (CMAs) and critical processing parameters (CPPs) on critical quality attributes and to improve the quality and safety of formulation. To study the effect of CMAs and CPPs, 23 full factorial design was applied. The particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of the optimized solution were 248.20 nm, 0.391, and −5.62 mV, respectively. Drug content of the optimized nanoformulation was found to be 87.74%±1.19%. Atomic force microscopy studies of the optimized formulation confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles are smooth and spherical in nature. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of the nanosuspension on Vero cell line revealed that the formulation is nontoxic. The gefitinib nanosuspension released 60.03%±4.09% drug over a period of 84 h, whereas standard drug dispersion released only 10.39%±3.37% drug in the same duration. From the pharmacokinetic studies, half-life, Cmax, and Tmax of the drug of an optimized nanosuspension were found to be 8.65±1.99 h, 46,211.04±5,805.97 ng/mL, and 6.67±1.77 h, respectively. A 1.812-fold increase in relative bioavailability of nanosuspension was found, which confirmed that the present formulation is suitable to enhance the oral bioavailability of gefitinib.
‘Spiritual Friends’: an investigation of children’s spirituality in the context of British urban secondary education

This article argues relational consciousness of Self and Other is influenced by multiple significant relationships – what are termed ‘Spiritual Friends’. The research on which this article is based explores the spirituality of children within the context of British urban secondary education, and identifies significant relationships in shaping spirituality. The importance of formative and current spiritual relationships is considered through the perspective of practical theology, as well as research seeking to hear the child’s voice, and reflections on spirituality and its expressions. The researcher considers relational consciousness to be the core of spirituality, and reflection on the data is guided by Hay’s categories of Child-Self and Child-Other (including Transcendent) consciousness, and movement towards the Unity of Self and Other. The article claims Spiritual Friends are found in three significant areas: parents and carers, teachers and authority figures, and social (or conventional) friendships. Of these the data show social friendships are the most valuable to the children, and argue technology and social media play an important role in sustaining these relationships. In light of these findings, further investigations are suggested.
Neurohumoral and Hemodynamic Responses to Dietary Calcium Supplementation in Deoxycorticosterone‐Salt Hypertensive Dogs

We determined whether dietary calcium supplementation can influence the development and maintenance of hypertension in deoxycorticosterone (DOC)-salt-treated dogs. Dogs on normal dietary calcium (0.4%) had significant increases in mean arterial pressure (from 92 ± 2 to 131 ± 3 mm Hg, p < 0.01); those given high dietary calcium (1.7%) had attenuated but significant increases in mean arterial pressure (from 90 ± 2 to 107 ± 1, p < 0.01). The elevation of blood pressure in dogs on normal dietary calcium was primarily due to increased calculated total peripheral resistance, which was prevented by the high calcium diet. The increases in blood pressure could not be attributed to any changes in cardiac output, blood volume, or plasma norepinephrine. These results suggest that mineralocorticoid hypertension in the dog is associated with abnormalities not only in sodium, but also in calcium metabolism. Further, they suggest a direct link between sodium and calcium metabolism and may thus have implications for the pathogenesis and management of saltdependent hypertension.
Mechanism and Morality in Patients' Views of Illness and Injury

In this article I examine the ways in which patients discussed illnesses and injuries as life events in structured, open-ended interviews. I show how explanation (identifying cause) and interpretation (identifying reason) were brought together, linking mechanism with morality. Respondents, rather than merely juxtaposing or contrasting mechanism and morality, joined them by using a psychologized view of human beings centering on the notion of “stress. ” I claim that “stress” as a coupling element is now a culturally available medico-moral concept in the United States that allows “fact” and “value” to interpenetrate. Although some physicians and stress researchers use “stress” as a medico-moral term, they appear to desocialize it, whereas the study's respondents implicated “stress” in actions and interactions evaluated as undesirable or wrong. As a bridge-symbol, “stress” parallels multivocal ritual and sacred symbols.
Bone Deformity Associated with Medial Patellar Luxation

The need to characterize and understand the contribution of femoral and tibial bone deformity associated with medial patellar luxation was recognized by Putnam and Singleton fifty years ago (1, 2). For a very long time we struggled to comprehend this problem because the only means to image these bones non-invasively was radiology. Two-dimensional radiographic images were subject to projection artifact, and poorly illustrated the three-dimensional geometry of these bones. As a result, lots of theories existed about the possible contribution of bone deformity to medial patellar luxation such as femoral neck anteversion, femoral torsion and distal femoral varus. Fortunately, the advent of computer tomographic imaging has made the multiplanar, three-dimensional reconstruction of images of bones a clinical reality, making the analysis of bone deformities more straightforward. Consequently, we are starting to realize that there are many variations in bone confirmation in dogs with medial patellar luxation that need to be considered prior to undertaking corrective surgery, especially in large breed dogs. Two studies reported in this issue of the Journal evaluated bone conformation using computed tomography is two types of large breed dogs, and found some varying results (3, 4). This is really valuable information that helps us to understand the value of computed tomography in making a patient-specific plan for treatment of medial patellar luxation, especially in different breeds of dogs. Of course this is only the start, because we also need to consider the actions of muscle forces and joint rotation in their contribution to medial patellar luxation. As you will read in this issue of the Journal, there are also other papers related to problems of medial patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament disease, as well as various other topics (5, 6). I hope you enjoy delving into this new information, and thinking about its implications!
Tracing a morphosyntactic change in Quebec French: the non-standard conditional in si-clauses1

ABSTRACT We follow the trajectory of a change in progress in Québec French. The study is based on interviews with speakers born between 1895 and 1965. The results show an increase in conditional morphology in the si-clauses of hypothetical complexes. After WWII, the conditional becomes the quantitative norm. The analysis of a number of demographic and socio-economic factors reveals that the usage likely originated in the working class male group. Today, use of the conditional is generalised in the community and it is the preferred form for the younger speakers; only the most educated hold on to the old rule.
Working with Appreciation in Managerial Practice

Using a poststructuralist view of managerial practice, we elaborate the notion of working appreciatively by focusing on the contested, emergent meaning of appreciation. We begin by articulating a set of concerns regarding the traditional treatment of appreciation within managerial practice and suggest that working with appreciation requires cultivating an appreciative spirit. An appreciative spirit is enhanced when managers develop (1) an appreciation for the life enhancing, (2) an appreciation of the connection between spirit and technique, and (3) an appreciation for reflexivity.
Toward a rapidly acting antidepressant: the normetanephrine and extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake 2) hypothesis.

OBJECTIVE The authors considered the possible role of the extraneuronal monoamine transporter (uptake 2) in accounting for the delay in clinical action of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs. METHOD Literature searches were performed by means of the MEDLINE and Current Contents databases with search terms such as "extraneuronal uptake," "uptake 2," "extraneuronal monoamine transporter," and "organic cation transporter type-3. " RESULTS The findings in this literature indicate that inhibition of glial uptake 2 by normetanephrine or other inhibitors of uptake 2 would enhance the accumulation of norepinephrine in the synapse. CONCLUSIONS The authors propose the hypothesis that drugs or other agents that increase levels of normetanephrine or otherwise inhibit the extraneuronal monoamine transporter, uptake 2, in the brain will speed up the clinical effects of norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant drugs.
Examination of Self-Efficacy and Hope: A Developmental Approach Using Latent Growth Modeling

ABSTRACT Recent research studies have indicated that self-efficacy and hope explain a significant, independent portion of the variability in academic performance (D. H. Adelabu, 2008). Despite this recognition, there is an absence of research outlining the developmental trajectories of the aforementioned constructs over time. The author used latent growth modeling (LGM) procedures to investigate the developmental course of these 2 constructs over 4 occasions. Participants were 196 students (89 girls and 107 boys) from 3 secondary schools. Likert-type scale inventories were used to elicit relevant data from students. LGM analyses using SPSS AMOS 17 indicated significant individual differences in initial levels and change in individuals' self-efficacy beliefs and hope. The intercept mean and slope mean values revealed that self-efficacy and hope changed over time. The author discusses the findings ascertained with reference to applied teaching practices and continuing research development.