Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abductive Framework for Nonmonotonic Theory Change

This paper proposes a method of nonmonotonic theory change. We first introduce a new form of abduction that can account for observations in nonmonotonic situation. Then we provide a framework of autoepistemic update, which describes nonmonotonic theory change through the extended abductive framework. The proposed update semantics is fairly general and provides a unified framework for various update semantics such as first-order update, view update of databases, and contradiction removal of nonmonotonic theories.
Comparing Methods for Examining Relationships Between Prison Crowding and Inmate Violence

Studies of empirical relationships between indicators of prison crowding and inmate violence have uncovered null, negative, and positive relationships. These mixed findings may be due, in part, to cross‐study differences in definitions of crowding, levels of analysis, and sample designs. We compared findings across some of the more popular approaches to study the relationship between facility crowding and the prevalence of inmate assaults in order to determine the implications of different methods for variation in estimates. Multi‐level data from a national sample of 10,022 men confined in 203 state correctional facilities during 1997 were examined. Findings revealed differences across methods in the direction and significance of the crowding/assault relationship. These differences were then considered in order to derive a strategy for more uniform research on the topic. This strategy consists of including both total inmate population and design capacity as separate predictors in the same model, examination of tri‐level data (inmates, facilities, and states) in order to control compositional differences in inmate populations across facilities and to remove confounding state‐level differences in crowding levels and assault rates, and more careful consideration of secondary analyses of complex samples with sample weights.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Reduces Postischemic White Matter Injury in Fetal Sheep

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is known to be important for oligodendrocyte survival and myelination. In the current study, the authors examined the hypothesis that exogenous IGF-1 could reduce postischemic white matter injury. Bilateral brain injury was induced in near-term fetal sheep by 30 minutes of reversible carotid artery occlusion. Ninety minutes after ischemia, either vehicle (n = 8) or a single dose of 3 μg IGF-1 (n = 9) was infused intracerebroventricularly over 1 hour. White matter changes were assessed after 4 days recovery in the parasagittal intragyral white matter and underlying corona radiata. Proteolipid protein (PLP) mRNA staining was used to identify bioactive oligodendrocytes. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and isolectin B-4 immunoreactivity were used to label astrocytes and microglia, respectively. Myelin basic protein (MBP) density and the area of the intragyral white matter tracts were determined by image analysis. Insulin-like growth factor-1 treatment was associated with significantly reduced loss of oligodendrocytes in the intragyral white matter (P < 0.05), with improved MBP density (P < 0.05), reduced tissue swelling, and increased numbers of GFAP and isolectin B-4 positive cells compared with vehicle treatment. After ischemia there was a close association of PLP mRNA labeled cells with reactive astrocytes and macrophages/microglia. In conclusion, IGF-1 can prevent delayed, postischemic oligodendrocyte cell loss and associated demyelination.
Order of magnitude differences between methods for maintaining physiological 17β‐oestradiol concentrations in ovariectomized rats

The use of animal models, especially the rat, is crucial for elucidating the biological effects and mechanisms of the widely used hormone 17β‐oestradiol. Unfortunately, there is a lack of consensus on optimal means of obtaining and maintaining physiological 17β‐oestradiol concentrations in plasma and this may be the reason for the varying results in several studies, including the disagreement on whether 17β‐oestradiol is neuroprotective or not. Very few studies have been devoted to investigating the characteristics and biological relevance of different methods of 17β‐oestradiol administration. We therefore ovariectomized 75 Sprague‐Dawley rats and, following a 2‐week washout period, administered 17β‐oestradiol using three different methods; daily injections (10 µg 17β‐oestradiol/kg), slow‐release pellets (0.25 mg 60 day‐release pellets, 0.10 mg 90 day‐release pellets) and silastic capsules (with/without washout periods) (silastic laboratory tubing, inner/outer diameter: 1.575/3.175 mm, filled with 20 mm columns of 180 µg 17β‐oestradiol/mL sesame oil). A further 45 animals were used as ovariectomized and native controls studied in different parts of the oestrous cycle. Silastic capsules produced concentrations of 17β‐oestradiol within the physiological range 4–5 weeks independently of whether a prior washout period was included or not. The slow‐release pellets, irrespective of dose or release period, resulted in initial concentrations an order of magnitude above physiological concentrations during the first 2 weeks followed by a substantial decrease. Daily injections resulted in increasing 17β‐oestradiol concentrations, but within physiological levels. Silastic capsules are conveniently manufactured and used and are superior to pellets and injections in reliably producing long‐term 17β‐oestradiol concentrations within the physiological range.
Management accounting texts in New Zealand: the need for a paradigm shift

This paper questions the dominance in textbooks of a management accounting grounded largely in neo-classical economics and scientific management. In New Zealand the most popular textbook used in introductory management accounting courses is Horngren and Foster's Cost Accounting - a Managerial Emphasis.The current seventh edition of the text, although extensively used, is not regarded as adequate for the purpose by many New Zealand educators. The text is seen as being rootd firmly in the traditional understandings of the role of management accounting which are subject to increasing challenge. Other popular texts which are influencing the content of management accounting courses also are reviewed. We conclude that, despite much criticism over many years, modern textbooks have failed to evolve; change is overdue.
The dynamic microstructure of organizational commitment

In this study, we examine how the classic elements of affect, cognition, and behaviour combine to form within-person trajectories of organizational commitment. We test several key features of this ‘dynamic microstructure’ of commitment in an experience sampling setting (25 weekly measurements) among 72 organizational entrants and 23 exiters. We find support for the idea that within-person change in affect is slower than within-person change in cognition and behaviour. Wefind no support for the notion that affectwouldinfluencecognitionandbehaviour atthewithin-person level.In fact,wehave strong indications that the episodes of committing (organizational entry) and uncommitting(organizationalexit)aremainlycognitiondriven.Wediscusstheimplicationsofour study for tripartite attitude theory and commitment theory. Practitioner points
The Neuropsychology of Proper Names

: The difference between common and proper names seems to derive from specific semantic characteristics of proper names. In particular, proper names refer to specific individual entities or events, and unlike common names, rarely map onto more general semantic characteristics (attributes, concepts, categories). This fact makes the link proper names have with their reference particularly fragile. Processing proper names seems, as a consequence, to require special cognitive and neural resources. Neuropsychological findings show that proper names and common names follow functionally distinct processing pathways. These pathways are neurally distinct and differently sensitive to focal or generalized brain damage, cognitive changes with age or lack of organic resources. Their precise location, depending on specific tasks, is still partly unknown.
PTSD, Posttraumatic Growth, and Coping Among Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Battered Women in Israel

This study examined the association between posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, posttraumatic growth (PTG), and coping styles in a very unique and difficult-to-access Jewish ultra-Orthodox population. The study was conducted with 88 women who spent time in the only shelter in Israel for battered women from the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community; data were collected almost 6 years on average after they left the shelter. No association was found between PTS symptoms and PTG. In addition, coping style was not found to have an indirect effect on the relationship between these variables. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Social competence of Mandarin-speaking immigrant children in childcare

This study aims to examine social competence of Chinese immigrant children and its associations with age, length of attendance in childcare, gender, generational status and proficiencies in English and Mandarin Chinese. One hundred Mandarin-speaking children aged three to five years from 15 childcare centres in Sydney were assessed by normed English and Mandarin tests. Childcare educators rated the children's social competence questionnaires. The results indicated that Chinese children performed well in social competence although the children aged three years had a higher anxiety level than the normative sample. Age, length of attendance in childcare, gender and generational status were associated with some subscales of the social competence measure. English level was associated negatively with hyperactivity, atypicality, withdrawal, somatisation and attention problems but positively with adaptability, social skills and functional communication. Mandarin level was associated positively with somatisation but negatively with withdrawal. Possible explanations of these associations are discussed with the literature.
Quantum Key Distribution Based on Private States: Unconditional Security Over Untrusted Channels With Zero Quantum Capacity

In this paper, we prove unconditional security for a quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol based on distilling pbits (twisted ebits) from an arbitrary untrusted state that is claimed to contain distillable key. Our main result is that we can verify security using only public communication-via parameter estimation of the given untrusted state. The technique applies even to bound-entangled states, thus extending QKD to the regime where the available quantum channel has zero quantum capacity. We also show how to convert our purification-based QKD schemes to prepare/measure schemes.
Correo: Electronic Mail as Communicative Practice

It is an irony of educational technology that, just as language teaching methods almost universally stress communicative practice in the classroom, most computer software intended for language practice is anything but communicative in design, emphasizing instead structure-centered drill-and-practice. I have elsewhere suggested ways in which foreign language programs could be made more meaningful. ' In each case the program attempts to allow the user to communicate in some fashion with the computer itself, as in the well-known ELIZA-type conversational programs. 2? " A very different type of practice can be obtained by using the computer as a medium of written communication between two human beings by means of electronic mail. The term "electronic mail" is actually somewhat misleading, since it bears little resemblance to what we get in our mailboxes. "E-mail," as it is sometimes called, is simply the transfer of text from one person's computer files to another's. Whatever I see on my screen when I type in mail for you will show up on your screen whenever you feel motivated to read it. You can either reply instantly, save it for later, or "throw it away," i.e., delete it. Realizing that the Mills College campus is relatively well equipped with computer terminals at least one in each of the dormitories, the library, the language lab, a number of faculty offices, as well as the computer centerit occurred to us that we had the
Enhanced reduction in cell viability by hyperthermia induced by magnetic nanoparticles

Colloidal suspensions of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles are known to dissipate energy when exposed to an oscillating magnetic field. Such energy dissipation can be employed to locally raise temperature inside a tumor between 41°C and 45°C (hyperthermia) to promote cell death, a treatment known as magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH). This work seeks to quantify differences between MFH and hot-water hyperthermia (HWH) in terms of reduction in cell viability using two cancer cell culture models, Caco-2 (human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer). Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized via the co-precipitation method and functionalized with adsorbed carboxymethyl dextran. Cytotoxicity studies indicated that in the absence of an oscillating magnetic field, cell viability was not affected at concentrations of up to 0.6 mg iron oxide/mL. MFH resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability when exposed to a magnetic field for 120 minutes and allowed to rest for 48 hours, compared with similar field applications, but with shorter resting time. The results presented here suggest that MFH most likely induces apoptosis in both cell types. When compared with HWH, MFH produced a significant reduction in cell viability, and these effects appear to be cell-type related.
Local Anesthetic Peripheral Nerve Block Adjuvants for Prolongation of Analgesia: A Systematic Qualitative Review

Background The use of peripheral nerve blocks for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia has increased significantly in recent years. Adjuvants are frequently added to local anesthetics to prolong analgesia following peripheral nerve blockade. Numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have examined the pros and cons of the use of various individual adjuvants. Objectives To systematically review adjuvant-related randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses and provide clinical recommendations for the use of adjuvants in peripheral nerve blocks. Methods Randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses that were published between 1990 and 2014 were included in the initial bibliographic search, which was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and EMBASE. Only studies that were published in English and listed block analgesic duration as an outcome were included. Trials that had already been published in the identified meta-analyses and included adjuvants not in widespread use and published without an Investigational New Drug application or equivalent status were excluded. Results Sixty one novel clinical trials and meta-analyses were identified and included in this review. The clinical trials reported analgesic duration data for the following adjuvants: buprenorphine (6), morphine (6), fentanyl (10), epinephrine (3), clonidine (7), dexmedetomidine (7), dexamethasone (7), tramadol (8), and magnesium (4). Studies of perineural buprenorphine, clonidine, dexamethasone, dexmedetomidine, and magnesium most consistently demonstrated prolongation of peripheral nerve blocks. Conclusions Buprenorphine, clonidine, dexamethasone, magnesium, and dexmedetomidine are promising agents for use in prolongation of local anesthetic peripheral nerve blocks, and further studies of safety and efficacy are merited. However, caution is recommended with use of any perineural adjuvant, as none have Food and Drug Administration approval, and concerns for side effects and potential toxicity persist.
Unequal Political Participation in Europe

The fact that social stratification factors are closely related to different levels of political participation is a classical issue that has relevant normative as well as explanatory implications for the study of participation. Research on this topic has focused mainly on unequal participation in the United States and we know little about contemporary patterns in other contexts. This article uses data from the European Social Survey to explore the effect of various possible sources of inequality (gender, age, social class, education, income, ethnicity, and working status) on four political activities: voting, working with parties and action groups, attending demonstrations, and boycotting products. Overall, age, education, and social class emerge as the most common causes of distortion, while gender, membership in minorities, and occupational variables are less clearly related to participation. In conventional political activities the differences are more predictable in the direction of the disadvantaged, while demonstrators are in some respects undistinguishable from the general public. Finally, the fact that socioeconomic inequalities in turnout are unambiguously visible in most European countries stands in contrast to past research and deserves further attention.
Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study.

OBJECTIVES To ascertain the prevalence, diagnostic level, and treatment of COPD in Spain through a multicenter study comprising seven different geographic areas. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS This is an epidemiologic, multicenter, population-based study conducted in seven areas of Spain. A total of 4,035 men and women (age range, 40 to 69 years) who were randomly selected from a target population of 236,412 subjects participated in the study. INTERVENTIONS Eligible subjects answered the European Commission for Steel and Coal questionnaire. Spirometry was performed, followed by a bronchodilator test when bronchial obstruction was present. RESULTS The prevalence of COPD was 9.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1 to 10.2%), 15% in smokers (95% CI, 12.8 to 17.1%), 12.8% in ex-smokers (95% CI, 10.7 to 14.8%), and 4.1% in nonsmokers (95% CI, 3.3 to 5.1%). The prevalence in men was 14.3% (95% CI, 12.8 to 15. 9%) and 3.9% in women (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.8%). Marked differences were observed between sexes in smoking; the percentage of nonsmokers was 23% in men and 76.3% in women (p<0.0001). The prevalence of COPD varied among the areas, ranging from 4.9% (95% CI, 3.2 to 7.0%) in the area of the lowest prevalence to 18% (95% CI, 14.8 to 21.2%) in the area of the highest. There was no previous diagnosis of COPD in 78.2% of cases (284 of 363). Only 49.3% of patients with severe COPD, 11.8% of patients with moderate COPD, and 10% of patients with mild COPD were receiving some kind of treatment for COPD. Multivariate analysis showed that individuals had a higher probability of having received a previous diagnosis of COPD if they lived in urban areas, were of male gender, were > 60 years old, had higher educational levels, had > 15 pack-year smoking history, or had symptoms of chronic bronchitis. CONCLUSIONS COPD is a very frequent disease in Spain, and presents significant geographic variations and a very low level of previous diagnosis and treatment, even in the most advanced cases.
Self-Organizing Leadership: A Way of Seeing What Is Happening in Organizations and a Pathway to Coherence (Part II)

T his article introduces a new form of leadership called self-organizing leadership, which complements and supports strategic and operational leadership. It looks at organizations from the complex adaptive systems (CAS) perspective and offers a novel way of seeing and understanding some of the self-organizing patterns and processes operating in organizations. I developed a number of new, transformative process models over a 12–13-year period that help us to see what is happening in our organizations, and to make the changes we need to improve our effectiveness and competitive performance. Many writers who use CAS theory to try to understand what organizations are doing work from the perspective of standing outside the organization. They are acting on the organization as if it is a thing to study, manipulate, and control. The work described in this article was undertaken from the perspective of standing within the organization with people who are deeply engaged in conversations, together, clarifying who we are, and developing agreements about how we will behave and work together, as well as addressing our important issues and doing something about them. Stacey (2000, 2001) has written about the importance of transformative processes and complex responsive processes. My work appears to be highly aligned with Stacey's work, and presents a way to bring these ideas into reality in organizations. In some organizations the people are working coherently, energetically , and effectively. Information flows freely and the parts are well con
The Problem of Ideology-Marxism without Guarantees

In the past two or three decades, marxist theory has been going through a remarkable, but lop-sided and uneven revival. On the one hand, it has come once again to provide the principal pole of opposition to &dquo;bourgeois&dquo; social thought. On the other hand, many young intellectuals have passed through the revival and, after a heady and rapid apprenticeship, gone right out the other side again. They have &dquo;settled their accounts&dquo; with marxism and moved on to fresh intellectual
Interplay between Analysis and Synthesis in Studies of Music Performance and Music Experience

This article consists of three parts. In the first part, early empirical research on music performance is reviewed—with special emphasis on the contributions by C. E. Seashore and his co-workers at Iowa University in the 1930s. The second part presents a model for interplay between analysis and synthesis in studies of music performance and its relationship to listeners9 experience of the music. The model means that music performance is analyzed with regard to various physical properties, and their relationships to listeners9 experience are investigated by means of synthesized sound sequences that are systematically varied in different aspects. In the third part, this idea is illustrated by examples from an extensive research project on musical rhythm. It is shown that performance of musical rhythm is characterized by various systematic variations regarding the durations of the sound events relative to strict mechanical regularity and that these variations may be related to various aspects of the experienced rhythm.
Complexes of t-Colorable Graphs

We study the simplicial complex of t-colorable graphs on n vertices. We prove this complex is homotopy equivalent to a wedge of spheres all of dimension $n(t-1)-\binom{t}{2}-1$ when t=2 and when $t\ge n-3$. We show that such a homotopy equivalence does not hold for general t and n.