Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cell Surface Receptors for Signal Transduction and Ligand Transport: A Design Principles Study

Receptors constitute the interface of cells to their external environment. These molecules bind specific ligands involved in multiple processes, such as signal transduction and nutrient transport. Although a variety of cell surface receptors undergo endocytosis, the systems-level design principles that govern the evolution of receptor trafficking dynamics are far from fully understood. We have constructed a generalized mathematical model of receptor–ligand binding and internalization to understand how receptor internalization dynamics encodes receptor function and regulation. A given signaling or transport receptor system represents a particular implementation of this module with a specific set of kinetic parameters. Parametric analysis of the response of receptor systems to ligand inputs reveals that receptor systems can be characterized as being: i) avidity-controlled where the response control depends primarily on the extracellular ligand capture efficiency, ii) consumption-controlled where the ability to internalize surface-bound ligand is the primary control parameter, and iii) dual-sensitivity where both the avidity and consumption parameters are important. We show that the transferrin and low-density lipoprotein receptors are avidity-controlled, the vitellogenin receptor is consumption-controlled, and the epidermal growth factor receptor is a dual-sensitivity receptor. Significantly, we show that ligand-induced endocytosis is a mechanism to enhance the accuracy of signaling receptors rather than merely serving to attenuate signaling. Our analysis reveals that the location of a receptor system in the avidity-consumption parameter space can be used to understand both its function and its regulation.
Gender Effects on Self-Regulation Among University Students

The aim of this study was to explore the relation between self-regulation, psychopathology and gender amongst a group of South African university students (N=384). Self-regulation was measured with the Shortened Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SSRQ: Carey, Neal, & Collins, 2004), and psychopathology with the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ: Goldberg & Hiller, 1979) as well as with an alcohol- and eating risk questionnaire. Results: A negative association was found between self-regulation and psychopathology, but significantly stronger for male students. Self-regulation was found to be more important to males regarding alcohol use and to females regarding eating behaviour. Gender differences in the relationship between self-regulation and psychopathology are probably due to differences in the tendency to rely on self or others, as well as to differences in socio-cultural and control mechanisms regarding alcohol and eating behaviour.
Tutuklu ve Hükümlülerde Umutsuzluk, Ölüme İlişkin Depresyon ve Ölüm Kaygısı İlişkisi

Bu arastirmada tutuklu ve hukumlulerin umutsuzluk, olume iliskin depresyon ve olum kaygisi duzeyleri arasindaki iliskinin saptanmasi amaclanmistir. Arastirma betimsel yontem kullanilarak gerceklestirilmistir. Calismanin orneklemini, 116 erkek tutuklu ve hukumlu (yas araligi= 17-52, yas ortalamasi= 31.24) olusturmustur. Katilimcilara Beck Umutsuzluk Olcegi, Templer Olume Iliskin Depresyon Olcegi ve Templer Olum Kaygisi Olcegi uygulanmistir. Bulgulara gore, tutuklu ve hukumlulerin umutsuzluk ortalama puani 7.08 (ss.4.47), olume iliskin depresyon ortalama puani 8.72 (ss.3.64) ve olum kaygisi ortalama puani 6.89’dur (ss.2.78). Sonuclar, tutuklu ve hukumlulerin umutsuzluk duzeyleri ile olume iliskin depresyon (r=.27, p<.01) ve olum kaygisi (r=.20, p<.05) duzeyleri arasinda, pozitif yonde anlamli bir iliski oldugunu gostermistir. Ayrica umutsuzluk ile intihar girisiminde bulunma orani (r= .41) arasinda p<. 001 duzeyinde pozitif yonde anlamli bir iliski tespit edilirken, yas, medeni durum ve egitim duzeyi degiskenleri acisindan anlamli farkliliklarin olmadigi saptanmistir. Sonuclar, literatur isiginda tartisilmistir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Umutsuzluk, olume iliskin depresyon, olum kaygisi, tutuklu, hukumlu, intihar girisimi. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship among hopelessness, death depression and death anxiety among male sentences and prisoners. In the study, descriptive method was employed. The sample group of the study is 116 male sentences and prisoners. The average age of the participants was 31.24 and the age range 17-52. Beck Hopelessnes Scale, Templer Death Depression Scale and Templer Death Anxiety Scale were applied to the sample group. The findings are indicate that average of hopelessness is 7.08 (sd.4.47), average of death depression is 8.72 (sd.3.68) and average of death anxiety is 6.89 (sd.2.78). Results have shown that there are positive and significant relationship among hopelessness, death depression (r= .27, p<.01), death anxiety (r=.20, p<05) and suicide attempt (r=.41, p<.001) in sentences and prisoners. Additionally, the results suggested that there were no significant differences among the hopelessness levels of the sentences and prisoners in terms of age, ma-rital status and education level. The results is discussed within the framework of the literature. Key Words: Hopelessness, death depression, death anxiety, sentence, prisoner, suicide attempt.
A compiler-guided approach for reducing disk power consumption by exploiting disk access locality

Power consumption of large servers and clusters has recently been a popular research topic, since this issue is important from both technical and environmental viewpoints. The prior research proposed disk power management as one of the important ways of reducing overall power of a large system and considered both hardware-based and software-guided disk power reduction schemes. One of the common characteristics of the previously proposed approaches to disk power reduction is that they work with a given disk access pattern. In comparison, the goal of the approach proposed in this paper is to restructure application code using an optimizing compiler so that disk idle periods are lengthened. This in turn allows the underlying disk power management scheme to be more effective since such schemes usually prefer the long idle periods over the short ones. Our approach targets at large scientific applications that operate on disk-resident arrays using nested loops and exhibit regular data access patterns. To test the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we implemented it within an optimizing compiler and performed experiments with six data-intensive applications that manipulate disk-resident data. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed approach is very successful in practice and reduces the total disk energy consumption on average by 18.17%, as compared to an execution without any disk power management, and by 11.55%, as compared to an execution that employs disks with low-power capabilities without our code restructuring approach.
Influence of cloud feedback on annual variation of global mean surface temperature

The goal of this study is to estimate the cloud radiative feedback effect on the annual variation of the global mean surface temperature using radiative flux data from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment. We found that the influence of the cloud feedback upon the change of the global mean surface temperature is quite small, though the increase of the temperature is as much as 3.3 K from January to July. On a global scale, we found no significant relationship between either solar reflectivity of clouds or effective cloud top height and the annual cycle of surface temperature. The same analysis was repeated using the output from three general circulation models, which explicitly predict microphysical properties of cloud cover. On a global scale, both solar cloud reflectivity and cloud top height increase significantly with the increase of surface temperature, in contrast to the observation. The comparative analysis conducted here could be used as an effective test for evaluating the cloud feedback process of a model.
Tropomodulin isoforms utilize specific binding functions to modulate dendrite development

Tropomodulins (Tmods) cap F‐actin pointed ends and have altered expression in the brain in neurological diseases. The function of Tmods in neurons has been poorly studied and their role in neurological diseases is entirely unknown. In this article, we show that Tmod1 and Tmod2, but not Tmod3, are positive regulators of dendritic complexity and dendritic spine morphology. Tmod1 increases dendritic branching distal from the cell body and the number of filopodia/thin spines. Tmod2 increases dendritic branching proximal to the cell body and the number of mature dendritic spines. Tmods utilize two actin‐binding sites and two tropomyosin (Tpm)‐binding sites to cap F‐actin. Overexpression of Tmods with disrupted Tpm‐binding sites indicates that Tmod1 and Tmod2 differentially utilize their Tpm‐ and actin‐binding sites to affect morphology. Disruption of Tmod1's Tpm‐binding sites abolished the overexpression phenotype. In contrast, overexpression of the mutated Tmod2 caused the same phenotype as wild type overexpression. Proximity ligation assays indicate that the mutated Tmods are shuttled similarly to wild type Tmods. Our data begins to uncover the roles of Tmods in neural development and the mechanism by which Tmods alter neural morphology. These observations in combination with altered Tmod expression found in several neurological diseases also suggest that dysregulation of Tmod expression may be involved in the pathology of these diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lobby Influence: Opportunistic forwarding algorithm based on human social relationship patterns

In opportunistic networks, nodes have no prior knowledge of the routes to forward the information to its intended destination. Message transfer without generating excessive traffic poses a challenge in these networks. Improvements in message routing/forwarding in opportunistic networks can be achieved by exploiting nodes that exhibit a high level of popularity or influence within the network. Based on these observations, this paper presents a novel algorithm called Lobby Influence. The new algorithm is tested against two previously proposed algorithms and proves to be the better algorithm in terms of message delivery and delay. Moreover, unlike other social based algorithms, which have a tendency to concentrate traffic through their identified routing nodes, our algorithm provides a fairer distribution, thus alleviating the tendency to saturate individual nodes.
Of mice and men and low unit cost Making mice : Standardizing animals for American biomedical research

Making mice is a contribution to scientific biography, to the history of laboratory model organisms, and to the historiography of scientific standardization. The heart of the story is the development of standardized mice (i.e. genetically inbred strains) for use in cancer research, basic mammalian genetics, and other allied lines of work. One theme is the work of learning how to create such strains through careful breeding and husbandry. Another is building the organization which can produce and distribute strains on a fairly substantial scale. This organization was (and is) both a world of volunteers and a formal bureaucracy. A third part of the story is the development of alliances with significant players and social worlds—the medical cancer research world, mouse fanciers, animal rights people, government agencies, private philanthropic foundations and individuals, the press, and consumers of biomedical products and services. Rader’s argument is organized around the story of Clarence Cook Little’s career as a mammalian geneticist at the dawn of American genetics. She follows Little from his student days inbreeding mice to produce genetic homogeneity, sparring with fly geneticists like Sturtevant and Morgan over the interpretation of data, and becoming interested in the relevance of inbred mice to the study of cancer. Little’s career took him from junior scientist–administrator at Cold Spring Harbor, to president of two universities, and finally to founding director of the Jackson Memorial Laboratory in Bar Harbor, Maine. A curious coda to Little’s life of science entrepreneurship, upon his retirement in 1956,
Computational design of protein–ligand binding: Modifying the specificity of asparaginyl‐tRNA synthetase

A method for computational design of protein–ligand interactions is implemented and tested on the asparaginyl‐ and aspartyl‐tRNA synthetase enzymes (AsnRS, AspRS). The substrate specificity of these enzymes is crucial for the accurate translation of the genetic code. The method relies on a molecular mechanics energy function and a simple, continuum electrostatic, implicit solvent model. As test calculations, we first compute AspRS‐substrate binding free energy changes due to nine point mutations, for which experimental data are available; we also perform large‐scale redesign of the entire active site of each enzyme (40 amino acids) and compare to experimental sequences. We then apply the method to engineer an increased binding of aspartyl‐adenylate (AspAMP) into AsnRS. Mutants are obtained using several directed evolution protocols, where four or five amino acid positions in the active site are randomized. Promising mutants are subjected to molecular dynamics simulations; Poisson‐Boltzmann calculations provide an estimate of the corresponding, AspAMP, binding free energy changes, relative to the native AsnRS. Several of the mutants are predicted to have an inverted binding specificity, preferring to bind AspAMP rather than the natural substrate, AsnAMP. The computed binding affinities are significantly weaker than the native, AsnRS:AsnAMP affinity, and in most cases, the active site structure is significantly changed, compared to the native complex. This almost certainly precludes catalytic activity. One of the designed sequences has a higher affinity and more native‐like structure and may represent a valid candidate for Asp activity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Gender identity and authority in academic book reviews: an analysis of metadiscourse across disciplines

This paper seeks to further the existing knowledge of gender variation in academic discourse by analysing book reviews by male and female authors, within the disciplines of Applied Linguistics, Economics, Legal Studies and Medicine. While research in academic discourse has established that academic writing is not uniform, but varies greatly depending on disciplinary conventions, the cultural background and the professional status and experience of writers (Crammond 1998; Hyland 2000; Hyland / Bondi 2006; Mauranen 1993; Silver 2006), the influence of gender in academic writing is still largely unexplored. Although some studies have highlighted the stylistic and interactional differences between men and women when it comes to writing (Kirsch 1993, Tannen 1994, Herring et al. 1995), few have investigated the potential influence of gender in academic discourse by considering gender together with disciplinary cultures in the study of academic interactions (Tse / Hyland 2006). Furthermore, differences in writing styles and author stances between genders has seldom been discussed taking into consideration the age, experience and authority of the writer in the field. In this paper I will thus analyse the use of interactive resources (transitions, frame markers, endophoric markers, evidentials, code glosses) as well as interactional resources (hedges, boosters, attitude markers, engagement markers, self mentions) of male and female reviewers in four different disciplines, taking into consideration possible variants due to age, experience and authority in the field. The material used for these analyses will be taken from four subcorpora of CADIS (Corpus of Academic Discourse), comprising 400 Book Reviews written in English by authors of different genders.
Type inference for datalog with complex type hierarchies

Type inference for Datalog can be understood as the problem of mapping programs to a sublanguage for which containment is decidable. To wit, given a program in Datalog, a schema describing the types of extensional relations, and a user-supplied set of facts about the basic types (stating conditions such as disjointness, implication or equivalence), we aim to infer an over-approximation of the semantics of the program, which should be expressible in a suitable sublanguage of Datalog. We argue that Datalog with monadic extensionals is an appropriate choice for that sublanguage of types, and we present an inference algorithm. The inference algorithm is proved sound, and we also show that it infers the tightest possible over-approximation for a large class of Datalog programs. Furthermore, we present a practical containment check for a large subset of our type language. The crux of that containment check is a novel generalisation of Quine's procedure for computing prime implicants. The type system has been implemented in a state-of-the-art industrial database system, and we report on experiments with this implementation.
Positional character frequency and word spacing facilitate the acquisition of novel words during Chinese children's reading

Children's eye movements were recorded to examine the role of word spacing and positional character frequency on the process of Chinese lexical acquisition during reading. Three types of two-character novel pseudowords were constructed: words containing characters in positions in which they frequently occurred (congruent), words containing characters in positions they do not frequently occur in (incongruent) and words containing characters that do not have a strong position bias (balanced). There were two phases within the experiment, a learning phase and a test phase. There were also two learning groups: half the children read sentences in a word-spaced format and the other half read the sentences in an unspaced format during the learning phase. All the participants read normal, unspaced text at test. A benefit of word spacing was observed in the learning phase, but not at test. Also, facilitatory effects of positional character congruency were found both in the learning and test phase; however, this benefit was greatly reduced at test. Furthermore, we did not find any interaction between word spacing and positional character frequencies, indicating that these two types of cues affect lexical acquisition independently. With respect to theoretical accounts of lexical acquisition, we argue that word spacing might facilitate the very earliest stages of word learning by clearly demarking word boundary locations. In contrast, we argue that characters' positional frequencies might affect relatively later stages of word learning.
RETRACTED: The Benefits of Benefits: A Dynamic Approach to Motivation-Enhancing Human Resource Practices and Entrepreneurial Survival

A pressing but understudied issue is the high incidence of new venture failure. We propose a model of how motivation-enhancing human resource (MHR) practices mediate the effects of initial human and financial resources of a founding team on firms’ decisions to remain in operation. In this model, we also propose that MHR practices have effects on firm survival that change over time. We test our model with a sample of 1,100 firms tracked for 7 years. We found support for a model where MHR practices partially mediate the effects of initial firm resources and human capital on firm survival. We also found that the effects of MHR practices change over time such that their positive effects on survival become stronger. We conclude with a research agenda and recommendations for how nascent firms can promote survival.
Effectiveness of meropenem for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients.

OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND In Japan, an increase in the elderly population is associated with an increased incidence of aspiration pneumonia. Treatment guidelines for aspiration pneumonia recommend the use of antibiotics effective against anaerobic bacteria, such as carbapenems. However, the role of anaerobic bacteria in aspiration pneumonia and the clinical efficacy of meropenem in elderly aspiration pneumonia patients have only begun to be investigated. METHODS A prospective study of 62 elderly hospitalized patients with aspiration pneumonia (34 males, 28 females; mean age 86.6 years) was conducted. The causative organisms of aspiration pneumonia, including anaerobic bacteria, were investigated using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. In addition, the efficacy and safety of intravenous meropenem for this treatment of this condition were evaluated. RESULTS When disease severity was classified according to the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) guidelines, 80.7% of the cases in this study were graded as "most severe". The overall detection rate of bacteria was 87.1% (monomicrobial, 32.3%; polymicrobial, 54.8%). Of the 111 pathogens detected (14 anaerobic pathogens remained unidentified), anaerobic bacteria accounted for 19.8% and gram-negative enteric bacilli made up 19.8%. The overall clinical efficacy rate of meropenem therapy (1.0 g/day) was 61.3%. The mortality rate was 9.7%, and anaerobic bacteria coexisted with aerobic bacteria in 66.7% of the patients who died. CONCLUSION The use of antibiotics effective against anaerobic bacteria may be necessary for patients with potentially fatal aspiration pneumonia. Meropenem therapy for aspiration pneumonia is clinically effective and tolerable in elderly patients.
The Effects of a Doublet Stimulus and Force Level on the Electromechanical Delay

Abstract Herda, TJ, Herda, AA, Costa, PB, and Cramer, JT. The effects of a doublet stimulus and force level on the electromechanical delay. J Strength Cond Res 27(8): 2314–2318, 2013—The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a doublet stimulus evoked during isometric submaximal contractions on the electromechanical delay (EMD). Twenty-three healthy individuals performed isometric step contractions ranging from 10 to 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) with a doublet stimulus applied during the contractions. A 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (gender [male vs. female] × contraction intensity [10% vs. 20% vs. 30% vs. 40% vs. 50% vs. 60% vs. 70% MVC]) was used to analyze the EMD. The EMD at 10% was significantly less than at 30% (p = 0.022), 40% (p = 0.044), 50% (p = 0.012), 60% (p = 0.041), and 70% MVC (p < 0.001). In addition, the EMD at 70% MVC was significantly higher than at 20% (p = 0.002), 30% (p = 0.006), 40% (p = 0.009), and 50% MVC (p = 0.021). The EMD is the time difference between muscle activation and the onset of muscle force production, with the stretching of the series elastic component (SEC) as the major contributor. A doublet stimulus applied during an isometric contraction minimizes the effects of the SEC during the interpolated twitch technique. Therefore, when the SEC is minimized, the EMD may be lengthened because of mechanisms associated with the excitation-contraction coupling at higher contraction intensities. The EMD measurement, produced with a doublet stimulus, could potentially be a useful tool to examine the effects of fatigue, exercise, stretching, and so on, on the excitation-contraction coupling during various force levels. However, future research is needed to further elucidate the mechanisms that result in a lengthening of the EMD under these conditions.