Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Applications of image diagnostics to metrology quality assurance and process control

The purpose of this paper is to define standard methods for effective and efficient image-based dimensional metrology for microlithography applications in the manufacture of integrated circuits. This paper represents a consensual view of the co-authors, not necessarily in total agreement across all subjects, but in complete agreement on the fundamentals of dimensional metrology in this application. Fundamental expectations in the conventional comparison-based metrology of width are reviewed, with its reliance on calibration and standards, and how it is different from metrology of pitch and image placement. We discuss the wealth of a priori information in an image of a feature on a mask or a wafer. We define the estimates of deviations from these expectations and their applications to effective detection and identification of the measurement errors attributable to the measurement procedure or the metrology tool, as well as to the sample and the process o fits manufacture. Although many individuals and organizations already use such efficient methods, industry-wide standard methods do not exist today. This group of professionals expects that, by placing de facto standard meth-odologies into public domain, we can help reduce waste and risks inherent in a "spontaneous" technology build-out, thereby enabling a seamless proliferation of these methods by equipment vendors and users of dimensional metrology. Progress in this key technology, with the new dimensional metrology capabilities enabled, leads to improved perform-ance and yield of IC products, as well as increased automation and manufacturing efficiency, ensuring the long-term health of our industry.
Mixed emotions: Holistic and analytic perception of facial expressions

In the face literature, it is debated whether the identification of facial expressions requires holistic (i.e., whole face) or analytic (i.e., parts-based) information. In this study, happy and angry composite expressions were created in which the top and bottom face halves formed either an incongruent (e.g., angry top + happy bottom) or congruent composite expression (e.g., happy top + happy bottom). Participants reported the expression in the target top or bottom half of the face. In Experiment 1, the target half in the incongruent condition was identified less accurately and more slowly relative to the baseline isolated expression or neutral face conditions. In contrast, no differences were found between congruent and the baseline conditions. In Experiment 2, the effects of exposure duration were tested by presenting faces for 20, 60, 100 and 120 ms. Interference effects for the incongruent faces appeared at the earliest 20 ms interval and persisted for the 60, 100 and 120 ms intervals. In contrast, no differences were found between the congruent and baseline face conditions at any exposure interval. In Experiment 3, it was found that spatial alignment impaired the recognition of incongruent expressions, but had no effect on congruent expressions. These results are discussed in terms of holistic and analytic processing of facial expressions.
Initiator (DnaA) protein concentration as a function of growth rate in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium

The DnaA protein concentration was determined in five different Escherichia coli strains and in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 growing at different growth rates. The DnaA protein concentration was found to be invariant over a wide range of growth rates in the four E. coli K-12 strains and in S. typhimurium. In E. coli B/r the DnaA protein concentration was generally higher than in the K-12 strains, and it increased with decreasing growth rates. For all the strains, there appears to be a correlation between the DnaA protein concentration and the initiation mass. This supports the concept of the concentration of DnaA protein setting the initiation mass and, thus, that the DnaA protein is a key molecule in the regulation of initiation of chromosome replication in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
Pain Management in Four‐Limb Amputation: A Case Report

Acute pain following amputation can be challenging to treat due to multiple underlying mechanisms and variable clinical responses to treatment. Furthermore, poorly controlled preoperative pain is a risk factor for developing chronic pain. Evidence suggests that epidural analgesia and peripheral nerve blockade may decrease the severity of residual limb pain and the prevalence of phantom pain after lower extremity amputation. We present the perioperative analgesic management of a patient with gangrene of the bilateral upper and lower extremities as a result of septic shock and prolonged vasopressor administration who underwent four‐limb amputation in a single procedure. A multimodal analgesic regimen was utilized, including titration of preoperative opioid and neuropathic pain agents, perioperative intravenous, epidural and peripheral nerve catheter infusions, and postoperative oral medication titration. More than 8 months postoperatively, the patient has satisfactory pain control with no evidence for phantom limb pain. To our knowledge, there have been no publications to date concerning analgesic regimens in four‐limb amputation.
Tuber indicum shapes the microbial communities of ectomycorhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae of an indigenous tree (Pinus armandii)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an ectomycorrhizal fungus (Tuber indicum) on the diversity of microbial communities associated with an indigenous tree, Pinus armandii, and the microbial communities in the surrounding ectomycorhizosphere soil. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze the richness of microbial communities in the roots or rhizosphere of treatments with or without ectomycorrhizae. The results indicated that the bacterial diversity of ectomycorhizosphere soil was significantly lower compared with the control soil. Presumably, the dominance of truffle mycelia in ectomycorhizosphere soil (80.91%) and ectomycorrhizae (97.64%) was the main factor that resulted in lower diversity and abundance of endophytic pathogenic fungi, including Fusarium, Monographella, Ustilago and Rhizopus and other competitive mycorrhizal fungi, such as Amanita, Lactarius and Boletus. Bacterial genera Reyranena, Rhizomicrobium, Nordella, Pseudomonas and fungal genera, Cuphophyllus, Leucangium, Histoplasma were significantly more abundant in ectomycorrhizosphere soil and ectomycorrhizae. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the similarities between rhizosphere and ectomycorrhizosphere soil based on the soil properties differed significantly, indicating the mycorrhizal synthesis may have a feedback effect on soil properties. Meanwhile, some soil properties were significantly correlated with bacterial and fungal diversity in the rhizosphere or root tips. Overall, this work illustrates the interactive network that exists among ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil properties and microbial communities associated with the host plant and furthers our understanding of the ecology and cultivation of T. indicum.
Superior Recognition Performance for Happy Masked and Unmasked Faces in Both Younger and Older Adults

In the aging literature it has been shown that even though emotion recognition performance decreases with age, the decrease is less for happiness than other facial expressions. Studies in younger adults have also revealed that happy faces are more strongly attended to and better recognized than other emotional facial expressions. Thus, there might be a more age independent happy face advantage in facial expression recognition. By using a backward masking paradigm and varying stimulus onset asynchronies (17–267 ms) the temporal development of a happy face advantage, on a continuum from low to high levels of visibility, was examined in younger and older adults. Results showed that across age groups, recognition performance for happy faces was better than for neutral and fearful faces at durations longer than 50 ms. Importantly, the results showed a happy face advantage already during early processing of emotional faces in both younger and older adults. This advantage is discussed in terms of processing of salient perceptual features and elaborative processing of the happy face. We also investigate the combined effect of age and neuroticism on emotional face processing. The rationale was previous findings of age-related differences in physiological arousal to emotional pictures and a relation between arousal and neuroticism. Across all durations, there was an interaction between age and neuroticism, showing that being high in neuroticism might be disadvantageous for younger, but not older adults’ emotion recognition performance during arousal enhancing tasks. These results indicate that there is a relation between aging, neuroticism, and performance, potentially related to physiological arousal.
STRÖMGREN PHOTOMETRY OF GALACTIC GLOBULAR CLUSTERS. II. METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF RED GIANTS IN ω CENTAURI

We present new intermediate-band Strömgren photometry based on more than 300 u, v, b, y images of the Galactic globular cluster ω Cen. Optical data were supplemented with new multiband near-infrared (NIR) photometry (350 J, H, Ks images). The final optical–NIR catalog covers a region of more than 20 × 20 arcmin squared across the cluster center. We use different optical–NIR color–color planes together with proper-motion data available in the literature to identify candidate cluster red-giant (RG) stars. By adopting different Strömgren metallicity indices, we estimate the photometric metallicity for ≈4000 RGs, the largest sample ever collected. The metallicity distributions show multiple peaks ([Fe/H]phot = −1.73 ± 0.08, −1.29 ± 0.03, −1.05 ± 0.02, −0.80 ± 0.04, −0.42 ± 0.12, and −0.07 ± 0.08 dex) and a sharp cutoff in the metal-poor (MP) tail ([Fe/H]phot ≲ −2 dex) that agree quite well with spectroscopic measurements. We identify four distinct subpopulations, namely, MP ([Fe/H] ⩽ −1.49), metal-intermediate (MI; −1.49 < [Fe/H] ⩽ −0.93), metal-rich (MR; −0.95 < [Fe/H] ⩽ −0.15), and solar metallicity ([Fe/H] ≈ 0). The last group includes only a small fraction of stars (∼8% ± 5%) and should be confirmed spectroscopically. Moreover, using the difference in metallicity based on different photometric indices, we find that the 19% ± 1% of RGs are candidate CN-strong stars. This fraction agrees quite well with recent spectroscopic estimates and could imply a large fraction of binary stars. The Strömgren metallicity indices display a robust correlation with α-elements ([Ca+Si/H]) when moving from the MI to the MR regime ([Fe/H] ≳ −1.7 dex).
Systemic Toxicity and Resuscitation in Bupivacaine-, Levobupivacaine-, or Ropivacaine-Infused Rats

We compared the systemic toxicity of bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine in anesthetized rats. We also compared the ability to resuscitate rats after lethal doses of these local anesthetics. Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or ropivacaine was infused at a rate of 2 mg · kg−1 · min−1 while electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, and arterial pressure were continuously monitored. When asystole was recorded, drug infusion was stopped and a resuscitation sequence was begun. Epinephrine 0.01 mg/kg was administered at 1-min intervals while external cardiac compressions were applied. Resuscitation was considered successful when a systolic arterial pressure ≥100 mm Hg was achieved within 5 min. The cumulative doses of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine that produced seizures were similar and were larger than those of bupivacaine. The cumulative doses of levobupivacaine that produced dysrhythmias and asystole were smaller than the corresponding doses of ropivacaine, but they were larger than those of bupivacaine. The number of successful resuscitations did not differ among groups. However, a smaller dose of epinephrine was required in the Ropivacaine group than in the other groups. We conclude that the systemic toxicity of levobupivacaine is intermediate between that of ropivacaine and bupivacaine when administered at the same rate and that ropivacaine-induced cardiac arrest appears to be more susceptible to treatment than that induced by bupivacaine or levobupivacaine.
Use of household pesticides and the risk of aplastic anaemia in Thailand. The Aplastic Anemia Study Group.

BACKGROUND Aplastic anaemia is a severe blood dyscrasia that is more common in Thailand than in Western countries. Its a etiology remains poorly understood. METHODS A case-control study was conducted in Bangkok and two rural regions of Thailand. The effect of household pesticides was evaluated among 253 incident cases of aplastic anaemia and 1174 hospital controls. RESULTS A total of 54% of the cases and 61% of the controls were exposed 1-6 months previously. For most individual household pesticides and for groups classified according to chemical type (organophosphates, pyrethrins, and organochlorines), the relative risk (RR) estimates approximated 1.0; upper 95% confidence limits were below 2.0 for many comparisons. A significant association was observed for exposure to combination products containing dichlorvos and propoxur, with an overall RR estimate of 1.7 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-2.6); the estimate for regular use was 1.6 (95% CI: 0.9-2.9). CONCLUSIONS The absence of a higher risk for the regular use of dichlorvos/propoxur reduces the credibility of the apparent association, which could well have been an artefact of multiple comparisons. We conclude that most household pesticides used in Thailand do not appear to increase the risk of aplastic anaemia.
The DLR hand arm system

An anthropomorphic hand arm system using variable stiffness actuation has been developed at DLR. It is aimed to reach its human archetype regarding size, weight and performance. The main focus of our development is put on robustness, dynamic performance and dexterity. Therefore, a paradigm change from impedance controlled, but mechanically stiff joints to robots using intrinsic variable compliance joints is carried out.
Redistribution of Collateral Blood Flow from Necrotic to Surviving Myocardium following Coronary Occlusion in the Dog

Early changes in collateral blood flow after acute coronary occlusion may be critical for survival of iscbemic myocardium. We used 15-&mgr;m radioactive microspheres to study myocardial blood flow in thoracotomized dogs 10 minutes and 24 hours after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The iscbemic area was delineated by dye injected into the distal artery, and identification of potentially iscbemic samples was confirmed by a newly developed technique in which microspheres were excluded from the normally perfused LAD. Layers were separated into necrotic or normal as defined by gross inspection and confirmed by histological examination and creatine phosphokinase assay. Infarction always involved endocardial layers and extended toward the epicardium. Average myocardial blood flow in 48 necrotic samples from 16 dogs either remained low ( < 0.05 ml/min g-1) or declined, falling from . 11 ± 0.02(SE)at 10 minutes to 0.05 ± 0.01 ml/min g-1 at 24 hours (P < 0.001). In contrast, in the 32 normal-appearing samples which were iscbemic at 10 minutes, flow increased from 0.24 ± 0.03 to 0.9 ± 0.04 ml/min g-1 (P < 0.001). Flow in control myocardium wis 1.43 ± 0.12 and 1.04 ± 0.07 ml/min g-1, respectively. Peripheril mean coronary arterial pressure increased from 26 ± 3 to 35 ± 3 mm Hg, largely because of enlargement of collateral vessels; collateral conductance calculated from retrograde flow in 14 dogs increased from 0.023 ± 0.005 after occlusion to 0.051 ± 0.009 ml/min rnm Hg-1 24 hours later (P < 0.001). Thus, coronary collateral blood flow is redistributed from necrotic endocardial layers to surviving epicardial ones. In combination with a developing collateral supply this process may be essential for sparing myocardium after coronary occlusion.
Analysis of Delayed Bleeding after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Gastric Epithelial Neoplasms

Aim. Delayed bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for gastric epithelial neoplasms is a major complication. We investigated factors related to post-ESD bleeding to identify preventive measures. Methods. The study included 161 gastric epithelial neoplasms in 142 patients from June 2007 to September 2010. Post-ESD bleeding was defined as an ulcer with active bleeding or apparent exposed vessels diagnosed by an emergency endoscopy or a planned follow-up endoscopy. We analyzed associations between bleeding and the following factors: age, sex, morphology, pathology, tumor depth, ulcer presence/absence, location, size of the resected lesion, duration of the procedure, the number of times bleeding occurred during ESD, and the use of anticoagulants and/or antiplatelet drugs. Subsequently, we examined characteristics of bleeding cases. Results. Post-ESD bleeding occurred in 21 lesions. Univariate analysis of these cases showed that ulcer presence/absence (P < 0.001), middle or lower third lesions (P = 0.036), circumference (P = 0.014), and a post-ESD ulcer with an extended lesser curve (P = 0.009) were significant predictors of bleeding. Multivariate analysis showed that ulcer presence/absence (OR 9.73, 95% CI 2.28–41.53) was the only significant predictor. Conclusion. Ulcer presence/absence was considered the most significant predictor of post-ESD bleeding.
Hydrography and currents on the Pernambuco Continental Shelf

ABSTRACT The present study presents the seasonal hydrography and currents of the Brazilian Northeast Continental Shelf. The study area is located on the Brazilian tropical coast of the Atlantic Ocean between 7.5 and 9 °S. This continental shelf is narrow (~35 km wide) and shallow, with shelf break lying at a depth of 60 m. Salinity and temperature data were collected monthly by means of hydrographic surveys, conducted across the shelf in a single transect in the central part of the study area, between March 2012 and May 2013. Two further campaigns were also conducted to characterize the winter (August 2013) and the summer (January 2014), covering the whole study area (4,600 km 2 ). Water level and currents were measured using an array of Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP) moored at mid-shelf in the central area. Seasonal temperature ranged from 26 °C in September to 29.5 °C in April, with a 2-month lag between the minimum and maximum air temperatures. Salinity did not present a clear seasonal pattern, fluctuating between 36.5 and 37.0 psu throughout the year. The mean temperature and salinity values obtained in the winter and summer campaigns were 26.5 and 27.6 °C and 37.1 and 36.7 psu, respectively. Tropical Water (TW) was predominant, accounting for 95% to 97%, with presence of Coastal Water (CW) limited to the inner part of the shelf. The mean flow velocity values in the water column in winter and summer were 0.11 and 0.06 m/s, respectively, similarly to the seasonal wind regime. Northward currents were observed predominantly in winter, with a short period of inverted southward current. These episodes were related to periods of wind relaxation and presented periodicity of 6-13 days, observed through wavelet analysis. This periodicity may be associated with atmospheric instabilities at higher latitudes. Summer currents were sluggish, when the tides accounted for 75 and 43% of the variance in the cross- and along-shelf current components, respectively. TW is the main water mass in the Pernambuco Continental Shelf (PCS) in summer and winter. Current intensity is weak and without direction in summer and stronger towards the north in winter.
Patterns of glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish retina

Postembedding silver-intensified immunogold procedures reveal high levels of glutamate immunoreactivity in “vertical” elements of the goldfish retina: (1) Red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones display strong glutamate immunoreactivity, especially in their synaptic terminals, but blue-sensitive cones are poorly immunoreactive. (2) All type Mb (on-center) and Ma (off-center) mixed rod-cone bipolar cells and all identifiable cone bipolar cells are highly glutamate immunoreactive. We find no evidence for bipolar cells that lack glutamate immunoreactivity. (3) The majority of the somas in the ganglion cell layer and certain large cells of the amacrine cell layer resembling displaced ganglion cells are strongly glutamate immunoreactive. (4) Despite their high affinity symport of acidic amino acids, the endogenous levels of glutamate in Muller's cells are among the lowest in the retina. (5) GABAergic neurons possess intermediate levels of glutamate immunoreactivity. Quantitative immunocytochemistry coupled with digital image analysis allows estimates of intracellular glutamate levels. Photoreceptors and bipolar and ganglion cells contain from 1 to 10 mM glutamate. The bipolar and ganglion cell populations maintain high intracellular glutamate concentrations, averaging about 5 mM, whereas red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones apparently maintain lower levels. Importantly, photoreceptor glutamate levels are extremely volatile, and in vitro maintenance is required to preserve cone glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish. GABAergic horizontal and amacrine cells contain about 0.3–0.7 mM glutamate, which matches the values predicted from the Km of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Muller's cells and non-GABAergic amacrine cells contain less than 0.1 mM glutamate. Though Muller's cells are known to possess potent glutamate symport, they clearly possess equally potent mechanisms for maintaining low intracellular glutamate concentrations.
Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year follow-up study.

AIM The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lozenges containing L. reuteri as an adjuvant treatment to initial periodontal therapy for chronic periodontitis patients and to detect the level of L. reuteri colonization in the periodontal pockets of treated patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 40 patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Each patient had at least two teeth with one approximal site each with a probing depth (PD) of 5-7 mm and gingival index (GI) of ≥2 in each quadrant. Group I received scaling and root planing (SRP) plus L. reuteri-containing lozenges, and Group II received SRP plus placebo. The plaque index (PI), GI, bleeding on probing (BoP), PD and relative attachment level were measured. Microbiological sampling was performed at baseline and on days 21, 90, 180 and 360 and were analysed by culturing. The Bonferroni-corrected paired sample t-test, Bonferroni-corrected Wilcoxon signed rank test and paired sample t-test were used to evaluate intra-group differences. The Bonferroni-corrected Student's t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-tests were used to evaluate inter-group differences. RESULTS After treatment, the measured PI, GI, BoP and PD were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in Group I compared with Group II at all time points. Similar observations were made for the total viable cell counts and the proportions of obligate anaerobes with the exception of day 360. In Group I, significantly fewer patients required surgery on ≥3 sites. CONCLUSION L. reuteri-containing lozenges may be a useful adjuvant agent to slow re-colonization and improve clinical outcomes of chronic periodontitis. Further studies are required to clarify the optimal dose of the lozenges.