Giving and volunteering in the Netherlands : Sociological and psychological perspectives

Dissertation of the University of Utrecht Volunteer work, membership of voluntary associations, philanthropy and donation of blood and organs are studied by scholars from a wide range of disciplines. Sociologists and economists assume that good intentions are universal, but that some people have a stock of human and social capital that allows them to fulfill these intentions while others lack the resources to do so. Thus, they have studied the effects of financial capital (income and wealth), human capital (level of education and health), and social capital (community and religious involvement) on giving and volunteering. Personality and social psychologists, on the other hand, argue that across a variety of social conditions, some people are more likely to contribute because they have an ‘altruistic personality’: they are more helpful, empathic, or more able to take the perspective of people in need, while others are more likely to refuse, evade, or forget their duties. However, we know very little about the relative effects of personality characteristics and social conditions on prosocial behavior. Therefore, the first research question of this dissertation is: To what extent can giving and volunteering behavior be explained by prosocial motives and other psychological characteristics of people and the social conditions in which they live? But we know even less about the interactive effects of personality characteristics and social conditions. This is the second research question: In which conditions are prosocial motives and other psychological characteristics more strongly related to giving and volunteering? An economist would say: especially if it does not cost them too much. This idea is called the ‘low cost hypothesis’. Another idea in this regard originated in personality psychology, and predicts that people act upon their individual preferences when the expectations of others about their behavior are rather unclear. This idea is called the ‘weak situation hypothesis’. Using data of the Family Survey of the Dutch Population 2000 (n=1,587), I find that on average, about 30% of all the variance in the examples of prosocial behavior that was explained by the most extensive regression models was due to personality characteristics and social value orientations. The most distinctive characteristic of people who give time, money, blood and organs is their higher than average level of education. In addition, people who are more religious, live in smaller communities, work more hours for pay and earn higher incomes also tend to contribute more. In contrast to the low cost-hypothesis and the weak situation-hypothesis, personality is not more important for giving and volunteering when the price of giving is low or social pressure is weak. However, I found evidence that the relations of giving and volunteering with social conditions such as education or church attendance are partly due to personality characteristics; and that purely sociological studies of participation can lead to biased estimates of the effects of social conditions such as age and education. The major implication for scholars is that studies from either sociology or psychology are incomplete because they disregard the role of the determinants that are part of the other discipline. ___________________________ Meer dan tachtig procent van de Nederlandse huishoudens geeft geld aan ‘goede doelen’. Ongeveer een derde van de Nederlanders is regelmatig actief als onbetaald vrijwilliger voor een vereniging. Een op de zes Nederlanders heeft besloten zijn of haar organen voor transplantatie of de wetenschap ter beschikking te stellen na de dood. En ongeveer een op de twintig Nederlanders geeft minstens een keer per jaar bloed bij de bloedbank. Geefgedrag – het geven van geld aan goede doelen, het geven van bloed, van organen, en het geven van tijd door vrijwilligerswerk – heet ook wel prosociaal gedrag. Het gaat om bijdragen aan collectieve goederen: zij vragen een persoonlijk offer van de gever, waarvan de baten ten goede komen aan groepen burgers of de samenleving als geheel. Wie geeft er eigenlijk tijd, geld, bloed en organen? En waarom geven deze mensen uberhaupt tijd, geld, bloed en organen ten bate van anderen, als dat ten koste van henzelf gaat? Dit proefschrift bestudeert deze vragen vanuit twee verschillende disciplines in de sociale wetenschappen: vanuit de sociologie, en vanuit de sociale en persoonlijkheidspsychologie.