Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effect of early deprivation on executive attention in middle childhood.

BACKGROUND Children reared in deprived environments, such as institutions for the care of orphaned or abandoned children, are at increased risk for attention and behavior regulation difficulties. This study examined the neurobehavioral correlates of executive attention in post institutionalized (PI) children. METHODS The performance and event-related potentials (ERPs) of 10- and 11-year-old internationally adopted PI children on two executive attention tasks, go/no-go and Flanker, were compared with two groups: children internationally adopted early from foster care (PF) and nonadopted children (NA). RESULTS Behavioral measures suggested problems with sustained attention, with PIs performing more poorly on go trials and not on no-go trials of the go/no-go and made more errors on both congruent and incongruent trials on the Flanker. ERPs suggested differences in inhibitory control and error monitoring, as PIs had smaller N2 amplitude on go/no-go and smaller error-related negativity on Flanker. CONCLUSIONS This pattern of results raises questions regarding the nature of attention difficulties for PI children. The behavioral errors are not specific to executive attention and instead likely reflect difficulties in overall sustained attention. The ERP results are consistent with neural activity related to deficits in inhibitory control (N2) and error monitoring (error-related negativity). Questions emerge regarding the similarity of attention regulatory difficulties in PIs to those experienced by non-PI children with ADHD.
On the Definition and Magnitude of Recent Capital Flight

This paper presents a survey of alternative definitions of capital flight and empirical estimates of capital flight utilizing a common database. At the conceptual level, we argue that the definition of capital flight requires a somewhat arbitrary distinction between normal capital flows and those representing capital flight. At the empirical level, our results illustrate the range of estimates of capital flight that are possible and how alternative definitions or databases contribute to the dispersion of estimates. Our results show that for some countries, differences in definitions or databases may have substantial effects, causing some estimates of capital flight to be positive and others negative. We argue that an appropriate definition of capital flight is one that is consistent with the kinds of economic questions under consideration. In theory, capital flight should be viewed within the context of a general equilibrium model. When this is done, capital flight will appear to be a symptom of underlying economic forces rather than a cause of national welfare losses.
The Clinicopathologic Features of Molecular Apocrine Breast Cancer

Background To elucidate the clinicopathologic features and their implications on the immunohistochemistry in cases of molecular apocrine breast cancer (MABC). Methods Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for estrogen receptor (ER), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), androgen receptor (AR), gamma-glutamyltrasferase 1 (GGT1) and Ki-67 was performed on tissue microarray breast cancer samples from 204 patients. Phenotypes of breast cancer were divided based on the IHC status of ER, AR and GGT1 into the following: luminal type, ER positive and AR and/or GGT1 positive; basal type, ER, AR, and GGT1 negative; non-basal type, ER positive and AR and GGT1 negative; and MABC type, ER negative and AR and/or GGT1 positive. Results In our series of patients (n=204), there were 26 cases of MABC. Besides, there were 18, 60, and 100 cases of luminal type, basal type and non-basal type, respectively. The MABC demonstrated apocrine histology and a higher prevalence of HER-2 positivity than other phenotypes. With the basal type, the MABC manifested a more frequent expression of CK5/6 and EGFR and a higher Ki-67 index than other phenotypes (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in patient prognosis between the phenotypes of breast cancer. Conclusions MABC are distinguishable from other phenotypes based on the apocrine histology and a higher expression rate of HER-2.
The number of countable models

Definition 1.1 T is small if for all n < ω, |Sn(∅)| ≤ ω. Remark 1.2 If T is small, then there is a countable L0 ⊆ L such that for every φ(x) ∈ L there is some φ′(x) ∈ L0 such that in T , φ(x) ≡ φ′(x). Hence, T is a definitional extension of the countable theory T0 = T L0. Proof: See Remark 14.25 in [4]. With respect to the second assertion, consider some n-ary relation symbol R ∈ LrL0. There is some formula φ(x1, . . . , xn) ∈ L0 equivalent to Rx1 . xn in T . If we add all the definitions ∀x1 . xn(Rx1 . . . xn ↔ φ(x1, . . . , xn)) (and similar definitions for constants and function symbols) to T0 we obtain T . 2
Outsourcing Services as a Strategic Tool for Organizational Performance: An Exploratory Study of Nigerian Food, Beverage, and Tobacco Industry

Outsourcing is a management strategy by which an organization delegates major or non-core business functions to specialized and efficient service providers. Economic of globalization and liberalization facilitate the process of searching for opportunities on the open global market to outsource some of organization’s activities instead of performing them internally. The paper examines outsourcing service as a strategic tool for organizational performance using data generated from fifteen (15) companies in the Nigeria food, beverage, and tobacco industry, within the period 2000-2010. Statistical methods developed by Rubin (1974) and extended by Janod and Saint Martin (2003). However, the results show that the more an organization outsourced, the higher its organizational growth, and organizational productivity are positively correlated to the amelioration of competitive advantage of labor productivity and average production cost. The paper also revealed that outsourcing is beneficial to organizational performance, and enhances firm’s financial economies and competitive advantage in the market place. Therefore, Organization should develop a comprehensive plan to clarify strategic outsourcing objectives, expectations, and requirements towards their outsourcing function.
Budget Deficits, Money Supply and Inflation in Tanzania: A Multivariate Granger Causality Test, 1967–2010

This paper investigates empirically the nexus between budget deficits, money supply and inflation in Tanzania by employing data for the period 1967–2010. Pair-wise Granger causality test established a one-way causal effect, running from inflation to budget deficit and the monetary base. These findings were supported by results from the Vector Error correction model (VECM) estimated. It is shown that there exist a significant inflation inertia and causal effect on budget deficit over the short-run. The VECM results showed that shift in monetary policy regime exerted a significant effect on inflation and budget deficits. Innovation of the ratio of budget deficit to money balances as alternatives for the traditional budget deficit to income ratio was found to lack significant effect on the results. Results are very indicative but highlight the importance of containing inflation to check its effect on budget deficits over the short-to long-run periods. The results also suggest that robust econometric results can be obtained by deflating budget deficits by monetary aggregates or income.
Multicore Curve-Based Cryptoprocessor with Reconfigurable Modular Arithmetic Logic Units over GF(2^n)

This paper presents a reconfigurable curve-based cryptoprocessor that accelerates scalar multiplication of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and HyperElliptic Curve Cryptography (HECC) of genus 2 over GF(2n). By allocating a copies of processing cores that embed reconfigurable Modular Arithmetic Logic Units (MALUs) over GF(2n), the scalar multiplication of ECC/HECC can be accelerated by exploiting Instruction-Level Parallelism (ILP). The supported field size can be arbitrary up to a(n + 1) - 1. The superscaling feature is facilitated by defining a single instruction that can be used for all field operations and point/divisor operations. In addition, the cryptoprocessor is fully programmable and it can handle various curve parameters and arbitrary irreducible polynomials. The cost, performance, and security trade-offs are thoroughly discussed for different hardware configurations and software programs. The synthesis results with a 0.13-mum CMOS technology show that the proposed reconfigurable cryptoprocessor runs at 292 MHz, whereas the field sizes can be supported up to 587 bits. The compact and fastest configuration of our design is also synthesized with a fixed field size and irreducible polynomial. The results show that the scalar multiplication of ECC over GF(2163) and HECC over GF(283) can be performed in 29 and 63 mus, respectively.
Pitfalls of Transpedicular Screws in Non-traumatic Lumbar Spondylolisthesis

Background: Spinal fusion and instrumentations are performed in a wide spectrum of spinal disorders including trauma, infections, degenerative deformities and spinal tumors. The application of pedicular screws is often associated with some complications which may be related to the misuse of the device, the surgeon’s skills and/or directly related to the screws themselves. Aim of the work: was to analyze different types of complications in 240 patients with transpedicular screw and rod fixation for non-traumatic lumbar spondylolithesis with follow up period up to three years. Methods: This retrospective study included 240 patients (160 females and 80 males with F: M ratio 2:1) with age group between 30 to 65 years old (mean age was 47.5) who underwent transpedicular screws and rod fixation for nontraumatic lumbar spondylilthesis in Al-Menoufia University Hospitals between May 2008 and April 2011. Results: There were 20 patients (8.3%) developed different complications among 240 patients included in the study with higher incidence in males (12 cases of 80 patients) than in females (8 cases among 160 patients). The most frequent complications reported in our study were related to insufficient surgical skills in 7 cases (35%) that lead to malposition of screws and/or permanent root injury. Other complications include implant related complications in 6 cases (30%), adjacent level disease in 4 cases (20%) and general complications in 3 cases (15%). Conclusion: Pedicular screw fixation significantly improved the outcome of spinal reconstruction, but it may be associated with some potential com
Cloud Erp: A New Dilemma to Modern Organisations?

For almost two decades, on-premise ERP has been adopted very prevalently in the industry. Accompanied with the emergence of cloud computing technologies in the late 2000s, there is an increasing trend for companies to migrate their hitherto internal ERP applications and databases into the cloud. Such ERP resources re-migration, which can offer a range of opportunities to user companies, is also associated with new challenges. The study reported in this paper aimed to explore potential benefits and barriers associated with the adoption of cloud ERPs. A set of in-depth interviews were conducted with 16 ERP and cloud consultants. The findings, derived from a thematic analysis, identified that whilst the economic and technical benefits promised by cloud vendors are attractive, the success of cloud ERP adoption can be affected by critical challenges related to diverse organisational factors as well as with current legal and technical complexity in the cloud environment.
Distinct expressions of contrast gain control in parallel synaptic pathways converging on a retinal ganglion cell

Visual neurons adapt to increases in stimulus contrast by reducing their response sensitivity and decreasing their integration time, a collective process known as ‘contrast gain control. ’ In retinal ganglion cells, gain control arises at two stages: an intrinsic mechanism related to spike generation, and a synaptic mechanism in retinal pathways. Here, we tested whether gain control is expressed similarly by three synaptic pathways that converge on an OFF α/Y‐type ganglion cell: excitatory inputs driven by OFF cone bipolar cells; inhibitory inputs driven by ON cone bipolar cells; and inhibitory inputs driven by rod bipolar cells. We made whole‐cell recordings of membrane current in guinea pig ganglion cells in vitro. At high contrast, OFF bipolar cell‐mediated excitatory input reduced gain and shortened integration time. Inhibitory input was measured by clamping voltage near 0 mV or by recording in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor (iGluR) antagonists to isolate the following circuit: cone → ON cone bipolar cell → AII amacrine cell → OFF ganglion cell. At high contrast, this input reduced gain with no effect on integration time. Mean luminance was reduced 1000‐fold to recruit the rod bipolar pathway: rod → rod bipolar cell → AII cell → OFF ganglion cell. The spiking response, measured with loose‐patch recording, adapted despite essentially no gain control in synaptic currents. Thus, cone bipolar‐driven pathways adapt differently, with kinetic effects confined to the excitatory OFF pathway. The ON bipolar‐mediated inhibition reduced gain at high contrast by a mechanism that did not require an iGluR. Under rod bipolar‐driven conditions, ganglion cell firing showed gain control that was explained primarily by an intrinsic property.
Sensor-to-Digital Interface Built Entirely With Carbon Nanotube FETs

Low-power applications, such as sensing, are becoming increasingly important and demanding in terms of minimizing energy consumption, driving the search for new and innovative interface architectures and technologies. Carbon nanotube FETs (CNFETs) are excellent candidates for further energy reduction, as CNFET-based digital circuits are projected to achieve an order of magnitude improvement in energy-delay product compared with silicon-CMOS at highly scaled technology nodes. However, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are inherently subject to imperfections and variations such as those induced by mispositioned and metallic CNTs. These substantial imperfections and variations have prevented the demonstration of complex CNFET circuits until now. This paper presents the first demonstration of a subsystem, which is a complete capacitive sensor interface circuit, implemented entirely using CNFETs that can be fabricated reproducibly in a VLSI-compatible fashion. This is made possible by: 1) a digitally oriented interface architecture and 2) the imperfection-immune design paradigm, which combines design and processing techniques to successfully overcome CNT imperfections and variations. In addition to electrical measurements, we demonstrate correct operation of our CNFET circuitry by interfacing it with a sensor used to control a handshaking robot.
RNA-Seq Analysis Identifies New Genes Regulated by the Histone-Like Nucleoid Structuring Protein (H-NS) Affecting Vibrio cholerae Virulence, Stress Response and Chemotaxis

The histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) functions as a transcriptional silencer by binding to AT-rich sequences at bacterial promoters. However, H-NS repression can be counteracted by other transcription factors in response to environmental changes. The identification of potential toxic factors, the expression of which is prevented by H-NS could facilitate the discovery of new regulatory proteins that may contribute to the emergence of new pathogenic variants by anti-silencing. Vibrio cholerae hns mutants of the El Tor biotype exhibit altered virulence, motility and environmental stress response phenotypes compared to wild type. We used an RNA-seq analysis approach to determine the basis of the above hns phenotypes and identify new targets of H-NS transcriptional silencing. H-NS affected the expression of 18% of all predicted genes in a growth phase-dependent manner. Loss of H-NS resulted in diminished expression of numerous genes encoding methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins as well as chemotaxis toward the attractants glycine and serine. Deletion of hns also induced an endogenous envelope stress response resulting in elevated expression of rpoE encoding the extracytoplamic sigma factor E (σE). The RNA-seq analysis identified new genes directly repressed by H-NS that can affect virulence and biofilm development in the El Tor biotype cholera bacterium. We show that H-NS and the quorum sensing regulator HapR silence the transcription of the vieSAB three-component regulatory system in El Tor biotype V. cholerae. We also demonstrate that H-NS directly represses the transcription of hlyA (hemolysin), rtxCA (the repeat in toxin or RTX), rtxBDE (RTX transport) and the biosynthesis of indole. Of these genes, H-NS occupancy at the hlyA promoter was diminished by overexpression of the transcription activator HlyU. We discuss the role of H-NS transcriptional silencing in phenotypic differences exhibited by V. cholerae biotypes.
Climate, Conflicts, and Variations in Prices on Pre‐Colonial West African Markets for Staple Crops

type="main"> Very little is known about the dynamics of pre-colonial markets in Africa. This article presents a new set of data series on the pre-colonial price of staple crops on the Gold Coast. Six hypotheses for the behaviour of market prices, found in the previous literature, are tested in this article. The results show conclusively that market prices did respond to shifts in demand and supply, for example, from climate-induced scarcity, or to external shocks such as war. It is argued that the markets studied seem to have functioned remarkably well, given the socio-economic and political context in which they were operating.
Putting the user in the loop: on-line user adaption of genetic algorithms

The practical and theoretical success of any evolutionary computation (EC) application depends on the selection of an appropriate combination of representation, search operators and parameters. How these are actually settled upon remains one of the more troublesome aspects of EC. Typically, they are the end result of a tedious meta-search by the user. We consider the issue in terms of the genetic algorithm (GA) specifically with regard to genetic linkage. A central tenet of GA theory is the construction, preservation and mixing of building blocks (BBs). This is commonly attempted by judicious ordering of the variables on the chromosome to create 'tightly-encoded' building blocks. However, this approach makes several demands on the user, including prior knowledge of variable dependencies and an understanding of the inherent bias of the standard recombination operators. A technique is proposed with the aim of allowing the user to explicitly and transparently direct the recombinative bias of the search at run-time, based on problem-specific insights they gain from a high-level visualisation.
The displacement effects of Chinese exports on the US clothing market

This paper focuses on the displacement of other countries’ exports by Chinese exports in the US clothing market during the 2002–2010 period (sector 62 of the Harmonized System). The main contribution is to consider individual product data and its dynamic for finding evidence of displacement. Data are for 13 countries, with balanced panels of 12 variables, 104 months, and 277 goods (08 digits). I find evidence of trade displacement for more than half of the sample, composed of developing and developed countries alike. There is evidence that Chinese exports displace other countries’ exports in all three income groups, but clearly the most affected group is the middle-income group. For Mexico and Thailand, displacement is significant and the effect is large. Some low-income countries are also affected, particularly Sri Lanka. Data on Taiwan show a particularly interesting result, with a conjecture regarding disappearance of tariff arbitrage and re-exports of Chinese apparel to the USA through Taiwan. There is no evidence of displacement patterns changing due to quotas imposed by MFA and previous trade agreements.
The Split between Political Parties on Economic Issues: A Survey of Republicans, Democrats, and Economists

The results of a survey of 2,500 national delegates to the 1992 Republican and Democratic National Conventions on thirty-nine economic propositions are reported and compared and contrasted to the views held by economists on the same or similar propositions. Substantive differences between Republicans and Democrats emerge on issues of trade, stabilization policies, and income redistribution. Of particular interest and concern to economists are those areas where there is agreement between the political delegations (e.g., the view that large deficits in the balance of trade cause adverse impacts on the economy) that are at odds with the consensus view of economists.
THE QSO HE 0450–2958: SCANTILY DRESSED OR HEAVILY ROBED? A NORMAL QUASAR AS PART OF AN UNUSUAL ULIRG

The luminous z = 0.286 quasar HE 0450–2958 is interacting with a companion galaxy at 6.5 kpc distance and the whole system radiates in the infrared (IR) at the level of an ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG). A so far undetected host galaxy triggered the hypothesis of a mostly “naked” black hole (BH) ejected from the companion by three-body interaction. We present new Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/NICMOS 1.6 μm imaging data at 0. ″1 resolution and VLT/VISIR 11.3 μm images at 0. ″35 resolution that are for the first time resolving the system in the near- and mid-infrared. We combine these data with existing optical HST and CO maps. (1) At 1.6 μm we find an extension NE of the quasar nucleus that is likely a part of the host galaxy, though not its main body. If true, a combination with upper limits on a main body co-centered with the quasar brackets the host-galaxy luminosity to within a factor of ∼4 and places HE 0450–2958 directly onto the MBH − Mbulge relation for nearby galaxies. (2) A dust-free line of sight to the quasar suggests a low dust obscuration of the host galaxy, but the formal upper limit for star formation (SF) lies at 60 M☉ yr−1. HE 0450–2958 is consistent with lying at the high-luminosity end of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies, and more exotic explanations like a “naked quasar” are unlikely. (3) All 11.3 μm radiation in the system is emitted by the quasar nucleus. It has warm ULIRG-strength IR emission powered by BH accretion and is radiating at super-Eddington rate, L/LEdd = 6.2+3.8−1.8, or 12 M☉ yr−1. (4) The companion galaxy is covered in optically thick dust and is not a collisional ring galaxy. It emits in the far-infrared at ULIRG strength, powered by Arp220-like SF (strong starburst-like). An M82-like SED is ruled out. (5) With its BH accretion rate, HE 0450–2958 produces not enough new stars to maintain its position on the MBH − Mbulge relation, and SF and BH accretion are spatially disjoint. This relation can either only be maintained averaging over a longer timescale (≲500 Myr) and/or the bulge has to grow by redistribution of pre-existing stars. (6) Systems similar to HE 0450–2958 with spatially disjoint ULIRG-strength star formation and quasar activity might be common at high redshifts but at z < 0.43 we only find <4% (3/77) candidates for a similar configuration.
A novel approach for instability detection based on wide-area measurements and new predictors

This paper proposed a novel approach based on the center of power (COP) applied on a sliding window for predicting real-time network instability. The COP speed reference and two new indices (γ and κ) derived from phasor measurements units serve as predictors in the building of random forest (RF) learning. This approach reduced the number of variables to be analyzed and allowed to decide the state of the network at any time without using fault detectors. Two study cases are carried out on the IEEE 4 generators buses and Australian 14 generators to validate the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed method.