Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Consolidación y desarrollo de la formación continua en España

• Estrategia rutinizada. Este último tipo de estrategia incluye rasgos de los dos tipos anteriores (pasiva y activa). Se concibe la formación como una respuesta y no como una anticipación a los cambios (vinculándose con la estrategia pasiva), pero, dado el tamaño y la centralidad de su producción y la presión que las políticas públicas imprimen, se han diseñado Planes de Formación Continua que se activan ante los cambios en el entorno o en el sistema técnico. La formación acaba desarrollando la tarea de asegurar la polivalencia e intercambiabilidad de los empleados y permite la flexibilización del proceso productivo (de ahí su conexión con la estrategia activa), si bien más como un mecanismo gestado no por propia iniciativa (por la cultura de la empresa) sino como una forma de mal menor para adaptarse ante las presiones del mercado y del contexto sociopolítico (administración pública, campañas de sensibilización de organizaciones empresariales, sindicatos).
Induction of skewed Th1/Th2 T‐cell differentiation via subcutaneous immunization with Freund's adjuvant

Abstract: CD4+ T cells differentiate into at least two distinct subsets, Th1 and Th2, that are characterized by their cytokine‐producing profiles. In this study, we attempted to delineate whether and how CD4+ T‐cell responses could be skewed in one direction or another. BALB/c mice were immunized with chicken ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with either incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvant (IFA or CFA). When lymph node cells were assessed on day 7, antigen specific proliferation was similarly observed both in the mice immunized with IFA and CFA. In contrast, on day 28 there was a less significant response in the mice primed with IFA than in those primed with CFA. ELISA analyses revealed more Th1 predominant cytokine production by T cells immunized with OVA+CFA rather than in IFA, which resulted in balanced IFN‐γ and IL‐4 production. Flow cytometric analyses of intracellular cytokines confirmed that T cells from mice primed with CFA produced Th1 cytokines more predominantly. When lymph node dendritic cells (DC) were compared for their co‐stimulatory molecule expression, priming with CFA and IFA similarly upregulated CD80 and CD86 expression by lymph node DC, and no significant differences were observed in CD40, 54, 80 and 86 expression between the DC harvested from IFA and CFA immunized mice. In addition, both priming with IFA and CFA similarly induced IL‐12 production by DC. Thus, although the reason(s) for the preferential induction of a Th1/Th2 response remains unknown, these results indicate that a relatively Th1/Th2 skewed response is differentially induced by different types of adjuvants, and induction of a Th1 skewed response may be responsible for long lasting cellular immunity.
Changes in brain organization after TBI

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a problem of growing public health interest with high incidence. After injury, patients are at risk for several long-term sequelae that encompass a wide array of physical and behavioral symptoms. Since conventional imaging modalities are limited in their ability to assess axonal injury or functional network connectivity, resting-state (RS) fMRI has great potential to evaluate the traumatic effect on brain network function. This technique may be particularly powerful in patients with mild TBI, who typically have minimal or no structural changes on anatomic imaging. There are several different ways to assess RS-fMRI data in order to gain insight into brain networks and connections. Well-established intrinsic brain networks in the resting state include the default mode network (DMN),1 the anti-DMN dorsal attention network, and the sensorimotor and visual networks. There are a variety of changes in RS-fMRI in subjects after mild TBI, including changes in DMN1 and changes in thalamocortical connectivity.2
Urban crime rates and the changing face of immigration: Evidence across four decades

ABSTRACT Research has shown little support for the enduring proposition that increases in immigration are associated with increases in crime. Although classical criminological and neoclassical economic theories would predict immigration to increase crime, most empirical research shows quite the opposite. We investigate the immigration-crime relationship among metropolitan areas over a 40 year period from 1970 to 2010. Our goal is to describe the ongoing and changing association between immigration and a broad range of violent and property crimes. Our results indicate that immigration is consistently linked to decreases in violent (e.g., murder) and property (e.g., burglary) crime throughout the time period.
A 2.4GHz/915MHz 51µW wake-up receiver with offset and noise suppression

In order to simultaneously optimize network lifetime and latency in wireless sensor networks (WSN), an always-on wake-up receiver (WuRx) can be used to monitor the radio link continuously. For truly autonomous sensor nodes employing energy scavenging, only 50µW power is available for the WuRx [1]. An envelope detector is a popular choice in WuRx because of its low power consumption. However, the detector is always the bottleneck of the receiver sensitivity since it attenuates low level input signal and adds excessive noise. One way of improving sensitivity is to amplify the signal before the detector, for example at RF [2, 3] or IF [4] stages, to enhance the SNR at the output.
Offline Persistence of Memory-Related Cerebral Activity during Active Wakefulness

Much remains to be discovered about the fate of recent memories in the human brain. Several studies have reported the reactivation of learning-related cerebral activity during post-training sleep, suggesting that sleep plays a role in the offline processing and consolidation of memory. However, little is known about how new information is maintained and processed during post-training wakefulness before sleep, while the brain is actively engaged in other cognitive activities. We show, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, that brain activity elicited during a new learning episode modulates brain responses to an unrelated cognitive task, during the waking period following the end of training. This post-training activity evolves in learning-related cerebral structures, in which functional connections with other brain regions are gradually established or reinforced. It also correlates with behavioral performance. These processes follow a different time course for hippocampus-dependent and hippocampus-independent memories. Our experimental approach allowed the characterization of the offline evolution of the cerebral correlates of recent memories, without the confounding effect of concurrent practice of the learned material. Results indicate that the human brain has already extensively processed recent memories during the first hours of post-training wakefulness, even when simultaneously coping with unrelated cognitive demands.
Itraconazole compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis

ObjectiveWe conducted a comparison of itraconazole versus amphotericin B plus flucytosine in the initial treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS and established the efficacy of itraconazole as maintenance treatment. DesignThe trial was a prospective, randomized, and non-blinded study.Setting: The study was performed at an academic centre for AIDS, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Patients, participantsTwenty-eight HIV-1-seropositive men with a presumptive diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis, randomized between 5 February 1987 and 1 January 1990, were included for analysis. InterventionsOral itraconazole (200 mg twice daily), versus amphotericin B (0.3 mg/kg daily) intravenously plus oral flucytosine (150 mg/kg daily) was administered for 6 weeks followed by maintenance therapy with oral itraconazole (200 mg daily) to all patients. Main outcome measuresOutcome measures were a complete or partial response, recrudescence and relapse. ResultsA complete response was observed in five out of the 12 patients who completed 6 weeks of initial treatment with itraconazole versus all 10 patients who completed treatment with amphotericin B plus flucytosine (P = 0.009). A partial response was observed in seven out of the 14 patients assigned to itraconazole. During maintenance therapy, recrudescence (n = 6) or relapse (n = 1) occurred in seven out of the 12 patients initially assigned to itraconazole, whereas two relapses occurred among nine patients initially treated with amphotericin B plus flucytosine (P = 0.22); recurrence of clinical symptoms was significantly related to a positive cerebrospinal fluid culture at 6 weeks (P = 0.003). ConclusionItraconazole is less effective compared with amphotericin B plus flucytosine in achieving a complete response in initial therapy in AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis.
Explorations into the Visualization of Policy Networks

Visualization is an important aspect of both exploration and communication of categorical as well as relational data. Graphical displays of policy networks are particularly attractive, since they enable authors to display in a compact way the relevant actors in a network, how they are related to each other, and what the overall structure looks like. Sociograms were early companions of social network analysis, but have received surprisingly little attention during the following decades. Only in the last few years has easy accessibility to quality computing and graphic equipment revived a now rapidly growing interest. In this paper, we analyze the problem of visualizing policy networks. We first argue why network visualization is important and non-trivial. Then we show that current methods are somewhat ad hoc in their attempt to convey information contained in a network. Our main contribution is a systematic approach to network visualization, closely following the general principles of information visualization. It provides a generic formalization which may serve as a guideline for further developments.
Multimorbidity in primary care: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND Primary care increasingly deals with patients with multimorbidity, but relevant evidence-based interventions are scarce. Knowledge about multimorbidity over time is required to inform the development of effective interventions. AIM This review identifies prospective cohort studies of multimorbidity in primary care to determine: their nature, scope and key findings; the methodologies used; and gaps in knowledge. DESIGN Systematic review. METHOD Studies were identified by searching electronic databases, reviewing citations, and writing to authors. Searches were limited to adult populations with no restrictions on publication date or language. In total, 996 articles were identified and screened. RESULTS Of the 996 articles, six detailing five completed prospective cohort studies were selected as appropriate. Three of the studies were undertaken in the US and two in The Netherlands; none was nationally representative. The main focus of the studies was: healthcare utilisation and/or costs (n = 3); patients' physical functioning (n = 1); and risk factors for developing multimorbidity (n = 1). The conditions that were included varied widely. The findings of these studies showed that multimorbidity increased healthcare costs (n = 2), inpatient admission (n = 1), death rates (n = 1), and service use (n = 3), and reduced physical functioning (n = 1). One study identified psychosocial risk factors for multimorbidity. No study used random sampling, sample sizes were relatively small (414-3745 patients at baseline), and study duration was relatively short (1-4 years). No study focused on prevalence, treatment use, patient safety, service models, cultural or socioeconomic factors, and patient experience, and no study collected qualitative data. CONCLUSION Few longitudinal studies based in primary care have investigated multimorbidity. Further large, long-term prospective studies are required to inform healthcare commissioning, planning, and delivery.
Simple and Complex Gift Exchange in the Laboratory

We examine an experimental gift exchange game in which the players can improve upon the unique no-gifts equilibrium through cooperative gift giving. The main feature of the study is that there are two different types of gift exchange, which we call simple and complex exchange, respectively. Complex exchange gives higher payoffs than simple exchange but it requires not only mutual trust, like simple exchange, but also a substantial degree of coordination. We examine whether players are able to conclude simple and complex exchanges and how this is affected by the move and matching structure of the game.
Scalable policy management for ad hoc networks

The characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (commonly called MANETs) are sufficiently different from commercial wireline networks to have generated a great deal of work in alternate management paradigms. The task of managing MANETs involves frequent reconfiguration, due to node mobility and consequently dynamically changing network topology. Network nodes often have limited battery power and storage capacity, and wireless radio link capacity and quality varies dynamically based on environmental conditions (weather, terrain, foliage, etc.). These differences have resulted in a need for paradigms particularly suited for managing MANETs. In this paper, we describe a distributed, hierarchical management system that implements policy-based control of a MANET. Policies are used to enable flexible composition of diverse management actions based on network conditions and external events. A policy conflict detection mechanism based on event calculus is used to detect certain types of policy conflicts. The rapidly changing network topology and link characteristics typical of a MANET are managed by an adaptive, self-forming hierarchy of policy agents that implement the appropriate management actions based on their management role. The system described in this paper has been prototyped and demonstrated in a laboratory environment
Deficiency of CD26 results in a change of cytokine and immunoglobulin secretion after stimulation by pokeweed mitogen

To investigate the role of CD26 in the immune system, CD26 gene knockout mice with C57BL/6 background were used to study the immune response after stimulation with PWM. CD26–/– mice display an apparently normal phenotype. However, in their spleen lymphocyte population the percentage of CD4+ T cells is lower, and that of NK cells is higher, than that in CD26+/+ mice. In their peripheral blood, CD26–/– mice present a conspicuously decreased proportion of CD4+ NKT lymphocytes. In vitro, the PWM‐stimulated IL‐4 production was decreased by 60–80% in the supernatants of spleen lymphocytes of CD26–/– mice compared to that of CD26+/+ mice, whereas levels of IL‐10 and IFN‐γ were increased. No significant differences were found in the production of IL‐2, IL‐5, IL‐6 and IL‐13 between knockout and wild‐type mice. After immunization of mice with PWM in vivo, serum levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgE were markedly lower in CD26–/– mice than those in CD26+/+ mice, while no difference was found in IgM production. Further analysis of cytokine levels in vivo revealed a reduced IL‐4, IL‐2 and delayed IFN‐γ production in sera of CD26–/– mice upon immunization with PWM. These results indicate that CD26 contributes to the regulation of development, maturation and migration of CD4+ T, NK and NKT cells, cytokine secretion, T cell‐dependent antibody production and immunoglobulin isotype switching of B cells.
The Epistemological Foundations of Knowledge Representations

This paper looks at the epistemological foundations of knowledge representations embodied in retrieval languages. It considers questions such as the validity of knowledge representations and their effectiveness for the purposes of retrieval and automation. The knowledge representations it considers are derived from three theories of meaning that have dominated twentieth-century philosophy. The discipline of philosophy impacts other knowledge disciplines, particularly in the theoretical constructs they employ. The purpose of this paper is to explore how epistemology, that branch of philosophy concerned with how and what we know, has contributed to the design of knowledge representations embodied in retrieval languages designed for organizing information. Different retrieval languages make different presuppositions about what is meant by knowledge. These differences give rise to questions such as • How valid are the knowledge representations embodied in different retrieval languages, i.e., how well do they do what they purport to do, i.e., to represent knowledge? • How effective are they in facilitating the achievement of the objectives of a retrieval language: collocation, discrimination, and navigation? • How amenable are they to automation and semantic interoperability? In the course of the twentieth century, the problem of what and how we know has been dealt with through language analysis and theories of meaning. Three theories of meaning are especially relevant to the discussion of
Prevalence of c-myc expression in breast lesions associated with microcalcifications detected by routine mammography

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Genetic abnormalities in cell proliferation-regulating genes have been described in premalignant lesions. The aims here were to evaluate c-myc protein expression in non-palpable breast lesions associated with microcalcifications, detected by screening mammography, and to compare these results with histopathological, clinical and epidemiological variables. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional study, with retrospective data collection, in a university hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: Seventy-nine female patients who underwent routine mammography between 1998 and 2004 were studied. Lesions classified by the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) as 4 or 5 underwent percutaneous biopsy using a large-core needle. Ninety-eight lesions were studied anatomopathologically. Paraffin blocks properly representing the lesions were selected for immunohistochemical analyses using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase technique with monoclonal mouse c-myc antibodies. RESULTS: Among the 98 lesions, 29 (29.6%) contained malignant neoplasia; 40 (40.8%) had a positive immunohistochemical reaction for c-myc. When the groups were divided between lesions without atypias versus atypical lesions plus malignant lesions, 31.03% of the 58 lesions without atypias were positive for c-myc and 55% of the 40 malignant and atypical lesions (P = 0.018). Comparing the atypical lesions with ductal carcinoma in situ versus the benign lesions without atypias, c-myc was present in 51.61% of the 31 atypical lesions and 31.03% of the benign lesions without atypias (P = 0.057). CONCLUSION: C-myc protein was more frequently expressed in atypical and malignant lesions than in benign lesions without atypias. C-myc expression correlated with the presence of atypias (P = 0.018).
Momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND Momordica charantia (bitter gourd) is not only a nutritious vegetable but it is also used in traditional medical practices to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Experimental studies with animals and humans suggested that the vegetable has a possible role in glycaemic control. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of mormodica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus. SEARCH METHODS Several electronic databases were searched, among these were The Cochrane Library (Issue 1, 2012), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SIGLE and LILACS (all up to February 2012), combined with handsearches. No language restriction was used. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared momordica charantia with placebo or a control intervention, with or without pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently extracted data. Risk of bias of the trials was evaluated using the parameters of randomisation, allocation concealment, blinding, completeness of outcome data, selective reporting and other potential sources of bias. A meta-analysis was not performed given the quality of data and the variability of preparations of momordica charantia used in the interventions (no similar preparation was tested twice). MAIN RESULTS Four randomised controlled trials with up to three months duration and investigating 479 participants met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias of these trials (only two studies were published as a full peer-reviewed publication) was generally high. Two RCTs compared the effects of preparations from different parts of the momordica charantia plant with placebo on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. There was no statistically significant difference in the glycaemic control with momordica charantia preparations compared to placebo. When momordica charantia was compared to metformin or glibenclamide, there was also no significant change in reliable parameters of glycaemic control. No serious adverse effects were reported in any trial. No trial investigated death from any cause, morbidity, health-related quality of life or costs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence on the effects of momordica charantia for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Further studies are therefore required to address the issues of standardization and the quality control of preparations. For medical nutritional therapy, further observational trials evaluating the effects of momordica charantia are needed before RCTs are established to guide any recommendations in clinical practice.
Scanning Strategies Do Not Modulate Face Identification: Eye-Tracking and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study

Background During face identification in humans, facial information is sampled (seeing) and handled (processing) in ways that are influenced by the kind of facial image type, such as a self-image or an image of another face. However, the relationship between seeing and information processing is seldom considered. In this study, we aimed to reveal this relationship using simultaneous eye-tracking measurements and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in face identification tasks. Methodology/Principal Findings 22 healthy adult subjects (8 males and 14 females) were shown facial morphing movies in which an initial facial image gradually changed into another facial image (that is, the subject's own face was changed to a familiar face). The fixation patterns on facial features were recorded, along with changes in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) levels in the frontal lobe, while the subjects identified several faces. In the self-face condition (self-face as the initial image), hemodynamic activity around the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) was significantly greater than in the familiar-face condition. On the other hand, the scanning strategy was similar in almost all conditions with more fixations on the eyes and nose than on other areas. Fixation time on the eye area did not correlate with changes in oxyHb levels, and none of the scanning strategy indices could estimate the hemodynamic changes. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that hemodynamic activity, i.e., the means of processing facial information, is not always modulated by the face-scanning strategy, i.e., the way of seeing, and that the right IFG plays important roles in both self-other facial discrimination and self-evaluation.