Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Money, Taxes, Public Spending, and the State Within a Circuitist Perspective

As it has been discussed elsewhere (Seccareccia 1993), it was Keynes who most clearly pointed out that what is fundamentally at the origin of the great divide in macroeconomic policy is economists' own competing conceptions of money. Most mainstream neoclassical economists view money as a commodity of which its intrinsic worth its utility is guaranteed by its relative scarcity and whose role, in merely greasing the wheels of trade, ensures its long-run neutrality. Neoclassical economists going back to Menger (1892) have argued that historically, precious metals emerged "spontaneously" (i.e., without the intervention of the state) as acceptable media of exchange because of their intrinsic characteristics of fungibility, divisibility, durability, and portability. "Money," Menger wrote, "has not been generated by law. In its origin it is a social [i.e., market], and not a state-institution . [state recognition and state regulation] have not first made money of the precious metals, but have only perfected them in their function as money" (1892, 255). Moreover, given the monetary commodity's
Significance of Employing a Multilateral Index Formula for Interstate Comparisons: A Case Study of the Australian Farm Sector

The paper demonstrates the drawbacks on using official data and binary indices when attempting an interstate comparison of output and productivity growth. The use of official data in one’s national currency still requires a numerary currency due to price variations across states. Even with the use of index number formulas, some indices have shown to fail the transitivity property when more than 2 states are concerned. Hence the paper aims to demonstrate the significance of using a multilateral index formula like the Geary-Khamis (GK) method, EKS method and CCD method for derivation of appropriate currency converters or purchasing power parities (PPPs) to enable proper quantification of real output at the multilateral level. Subsequently, the paper demonstrates the variations in results between official aggregates and multilateral aggregates based on the GK method.
Role of cd56 and e-cadherin expression in the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and suspected follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid: the prognostic importance of e-cadherin.

INTRODUCTION The pathological diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is generally easy on routine sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). However, the differentiation of the follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) from other suspected follicular-patterned lesions of the thyroid is highly difficult. Among these, the lesions for which FVPTC cannot be excluded are classified as well-differentiated tumors of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP). The most common immunohistochemical (IHC) markers used in the differential diagnosis include HBME-1, galectin-3, and CK19. However, none of these markers provide a 100% differential diagnosis. OBJECTIVE The present study compared the diagnostic value of CD56 and E-cadherin for the differentiation of FVPTC from the other benign follicular-patterned lesions, with HBME-1, galectin-3, and CK19. Using these markers, the controversial cases within the WDT-UMP group were reclassified. Additionally, the relationship between the reductions in E-cadherin expression with poor prognostic factors was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The IHC expressions of CD56, E-cadherin, HBME-1, galectin-3, and CK19 were evaluated in 181 thyroid lesions, including 101 PTCs (45 classical variant PTCs and 56 FVPTCs), 20 WDT-UMPs, 20 follicular adenomas (FAs), 20 hyperplastic nodules (HN), and 20 hyperplastic foci of lymphocytic thyroiditis. The results were statistically compared via SPSS. RESULTS The expressions of all of the markers were statistically significantly different in PTC and follicular-patterned lesions (P<0.05). It was found that the only marker with both sensitivity and specificity above 90% was CD56 negativity (sensitivity 91.1%, specificity 91.7%). The most sensitive and also the most specific double panel was CD56 negativity and galectin-3 positivity (sensitivity 96%, specificity 85%), and the most sensitive and specific triple panel was CD56 negativity, HBME-1 positivity, and galectin-3 positivity (97% and 70%, respectively).
An Analysis of Variable Rate Loan Contracts

THE 1970s heralded times of rapid and intense inflation accompanied by high and volatile interest rates. While there have been many economic consequences attributable to these factors, perhaps most strongly affected have been the various markets and institutions dealing with fixed income securities. One reaction has been the introduction of variable rate loans. Floating rate corporate notes were first introduced in 1974 when a total of $1.3 billion were sold. Variable rate mortgages probably originated in the 1930s in the United Kingdom and Canada. Until recently they were restricted in this country. In these contracts the interest due is determined by currently prevailing rates and not the rates which were in force at the time of issuance. The purpose of this design is to stabilize the price or value of the contract-immunizing it against changes in interest rates. This paper presents a preliminary analysis of some aspects of variable rate loan contracts. Section II reviews a recently developed pricing model for the term structure of interest rates. Section III begins the discussion on variable rate loans by outlining the construction of various default-free contracts which offer perfect immunization. Section IV discusses some typical modifications found in existing variable rate contracts. In this section the price and risk of these modified contracts are determined in various examples. Finally Section V examines the changes required for variable rate contracts when there is the risk of default.
Fall incidence and fall prevention practices at acute care hospitals in Singapore: a retrospective audit.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the incidence of falls and explore fall prevention practices at acute care hospitals in Singapore. DESIGN A retrospective audit to collect baseline data on (1) incidence of falls (patient fall rates and fall injury rates) and (2) fall prevention practices, was conducted in five acute care hospitals in Singapore from December 2004 to March 2005. STUDY PARTICIPANTS Medical record data (n = 6000) of patients admitted into the medical, surgical and geriatric units in the five hospitals. OUTCOME MEASURES Fall incidence was obtained from the hospital's fall databases and incident reports for the period of June 2003 to May 2004. In total, 6000 medical records from five hospitals were randomly selected, retrieved and reviewed to determine whether falls, fall assessments and interventions were being initiated and documented. RESULTS The number of fallers for all hospitals was 825. Analysis showed that patient fall rates ranged from 0.68 to 1.44 per 1000 patient days, and the proportion of falls associated with injury ranged from 27.4% to 71.7%. The use of a fall risk assessment tool by nurses was recorded in 77% of all the nursing records. CONCLUSION This study has laid the foundation for further research for fall prevention in Singapore by describing current fall rates, fall-associated injury rates and the status of fall prevention practices in acute care settings. The results will be used to inform the development of a tailored multifaceted strategy to facilitate the implementation of Fall Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines to reduce the burden of falls and fall injuries in hospitals in Singapore.
Partnership as union strategy: a preliminary evaluation

Two general viewpoints on workplace “partnership” as a union strategy are identified: it is seen as either a potentially effective strategy for restoring union influence, or as fatally flawed. Discusses the determinants of robust union‐management partnership relations in order to assist the evaluation of “partnership unionism” as a union strategy. Outlines a definition of workplace partnership based on practice. Although common elements with earlier attempts to promote or implement union‐management cooperation can be discerned, it is argued that contemporary workplace partnership has distinctive characteristics arising from its specific context. Two cases are used to illustrate the internal dynamics of workplace partnership and the nature of interaction with environmental factors. The necessary components of robust partnership relations are thereby isolated. Partnership is found to be not only compatible with, but dependent upon, stronger workplace organisation. Such an understanding is found to be a possible alternative to accounts that stress union incorporation and demobilisation.
Portfolio Theory, Transaction Costs, and the Demand for Time Deposits

Households do not rebalance their deposit portfolios in response to 200-300 basis point changes in relative yields. Is it because the deposits are poor substitutes or because transaction costs make it nonoptimal to rebalance? This study uses efficient frontier techniques from portfolio theory and a transaction-cost model to address these questions. The major findings are that the transaction-cost model explains deposit shares but the portfolio model does not and the gains from rebalancing are minuscule because banks made large changes in relative yields on poor substitutes while maintaining fairly constant spreads on close substitutes. Copyright 1995 by Ohio State University Press.
Editorial: A general overview of perspectives and reflections on accounting’s past in Europe

This editorial aims to portray the background to and motivations for this special issue on the theme “Perspectives and reflections on accounting’s past in Europe”. While the articles in this issue will focus on different specific country topics, this editorial offers a general outline of the international dimension of European research on accounting history, by analysing the publication patterns in specialist international (English language-based) journals. Whereas the analysis confirms the dominant role of contributions from Anglo-Saxon scholars, the number of articles from other European countries is growing. This trend is partly related to the stimuli provided by special issues on country themes as well as by the vivid debates, proliferating in the last decade, on the publication outlets of European accounting historians. The European setting is characterized by a complex mix of cultures, languages and research traditions. Whereas national research in accounting history is proliferating rapidly in various local contexts and in different languages, this variety has not received sufficient attention within the international debate. In this respect, various articles and commentaries have emphasized the need to encourage European scholars in accounting history, whose first language is other than English, to contribute to the specialist English language-based international journals, as
Homocysteine, its metabolites, and B-group vitamins in renal transplant patients.

BACKGROUND Increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) levels are an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity in patients with normal and impaired renal function, including stable renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Plasma concentrations of the metabolites of Hcy, such as cystathionine (Cys), methylmalonic acid (MMA), 2-methylcitric acid (MC), and its diastereomers MCI and MCII have been reported in only a few articles. We therefore looked for the serum concentration of these metabolites and their relationship to renal function, cardiovascular diseases, the immunosuppressive treatment, and serum concentrations of cobalamin and folate. METHODS Fifty RTRs (mean age 50.4 +/- 11.8 years, 35.9 +/- 44.4 months after kidney transplantation) and 35 controls (NP; mean age 43.5 +/- 14.4 years) were studied. Total Hcy and its metabolites were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS Total Hcy, MMA, Cys, and MC were elevated twofold to sixfold as compared with NP, with a significant interrelationship between these compounds. With the exception of Cys, they were significantly correlated with serum creatinine. Serum folate levels were inversely correlated with tHcy, Cys and cobalamin with MMA and the ratio of MCI/MCII. There was no correlation between tHcy concentration and its metabolites with immunosuppressive treatment (CsA vs. FK506), clinical history, or current findings of cardiovascular complications and blood pressure profile. CONCLUSION Prospective studies are needed to find out whether the lowering or normalization of serum concentrations of tHcy and its metabolites due to treatment with B vitamins should be achieved to reduce the cardiovascular risk and improve the long-term outcome of allografts and of patients.
Vardenafil for the treatment of raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.

sideration when prescribing or contemplating use of statins, particularly in groups without expected net morbidity/ mortality benefit, extending to “high-risk” primary prevention and women and elderly persons (including those with coronary artery disease). There was a significant relation between EnergyFatigEx and actual activity: reduced activity and exertional tolerance (irrespective of activity) in turn predict hard adverse outcomes. Effects may take time to manifest, as may benefits of statin use. Thus, long-term trials are important, if statin use is to be recommended in younger individuals. Meanwhile, physicians should be alert to patients’ reports of exertional fatigue or diminished energy during statin use.
Total Flux Minimization Control for Integrated Inter-Phase Inductors in Paralleled, Interleaved Three-Phase Two-Level Voltage-Source Converters With Discontinuous Space-Vector Modulation

This paper presents a control method to minimize the total flux in the integrated interphase inductors of paralleled, interleaved three-phase two-level voltage-source converters (VSCs) using discontinuous space vector modulation (DPWM). Specifically, different inductor structures used to limit circulating currents are introduced and compared, and the structure and flux distribution of two types of integrated interphase inductors are analyzed in detail. Based on that, a control method to minimize the total flux in such integrated interphase inductor is proposed for a parallel converter system using interleaved DPWM. The method eliminates the circulating currents during the peak range of the converter output currents; hence the total flux is minimized and only determined by the system load requirements. This control method introduces very limited additional switching actions, which do not significantly affect the converter electrothermal design. Experimental results verify the analysis and the feasibility of the proposed control method.
Efficient Design and Implementation of a Multivariate Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Controller on an FPGA

This article describes the design and efficient implementation of a Takagi Sugeno multivariable Fuzzy Logic Controller. The application selected is a temperature and humidity controller for a chicken incubator. This design was elaborated using VHDL applying intermediate simulations in order to check for functional verification of all modules integrating the controller. The created circuit was implemented on FPGA Cyclone II EP2C35F672C6 assembled in breadboard Alter a DE2. Precision of the model on FPGA was calculated by contrasting the obtained results with the results of simulation using MATLAB & Fuzzy Logic Tool Box.
Cannabidiol, a Major Non‐Psychotropic Cannabis Constituent Enhances Fracture Healing and Stimulates Lysyl Hydroxylase Activity in Osteoblasts

Cannabinoid ligands regulate bone mass, but skeletal effects of cannabis (marijuana and hashish) have not been reported. Bone fractures are highly prevalent, involving prolonged immobilization and discomfort. Here we report that the major non‐psychoactive cannabis constituent, cannabidiol (CBD), enhances the biomechanical properties of healing rat mid‐femoral fractures. The maximal load and work‐to‐failure, but not the stiffness, of femurs from rats given a mixture of CBD and Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) for 8 weeks were markedly increased by CBD. This effect is not shared by THC (the psychoactive component of cannabis), but THC potentiates the CBD stimulated work‐to‐failure at 6 weeks postfracture followed by attenuation of the CBD effect at 8 weeks. Using micro–computed tomography (μCT), the fracture callus size was transiently reduced by either CBD or THC 4 weeks after fracture but reached control level after 6 and 8 weeks. The callus material density was unaffected by CBD and/or THC. By contrast, CBD stimulated mRNA expression of Plod1 in primary osteoblast cultures, encoding an enzyme that catalyzes lysine hydroxylation, which is in turn involved in collagen crosslinking and stabilization. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy we confirmed the increase in collagen crosslink ratio by CBD, which is likely to contribute to the improved biomechanical properties of the fracture callus. Taken together, these data show that CBD leads to improvement in fracture healing and demonstrate the critical mechanical role of collagen crosslinking enzymes. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Property rights, tenure security and forest investment incentives: evidence from China's Collective Forest Tenure Reform

Abstract This paper assesses how tenure reform in China's collective forest sector affects Chinese farmer households’ perception of tenure security and propensity to invest in their forestland. A large database consisting of information from 3,180 households in eight provinces from south to north is used to explore factors correlated with more strongly perceived tenure security and determinants of forest-related investment. The study adds to the limited research testing whether there is endogenous causality between investment and tenure security in forestland, and finds that investment was not undertaken to enhance tenure security. In addition, the data allow for differentiation between perceived tenure security and contracted use and transferability rights. Overall, stronger contracted rights were found to affect investment. China's forest tenure reform – where individual households can manage forestland, empowered by legal certification and stronger contract rights – has thus enhanced tenure security and encouraged forest investment.
Institutional arrangements and construction safety in China: an empirical examination

Previous studies merely attempted to identify factors affecting safety performance from the micro perspective of project management, while they never questioned why those factors, such as lack of the top‐management support and training, existed. A macro perspective, informed by the corollary of the Coase Theorem, was adopted here to show that suitable institutional arrangements are essential for better safety performance in a construction industry. Province‐level construction safety records in China from 1994 to 2000 were used to test the effects of institutional arrangements on construction safety in China. Major factors affecting construction safety were found to be the implementation of construction safety laws, the rate of subcontracting, while neither the extent of using temporary workers, nor the availability of resources, nor the level of per capita GDP have any effects.
The Role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on University Student's Academic Success

The role of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on university students’ academic success is recently a very popular topic in management literature. An individual’s pro-social behavior affects an organization’s productivity. But unfortunately institutions that give tourism education do not give enough importance to OCB. In this research, theoretical structure of OCB is analyzed and it is found out that there is an important relation between Akdeniz University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management’s students’ academic success and demographic aspects. Different advices are given to tourism education managers and the future researches on the basis of the results of the research.
Relationship between severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and extent of auditory dysfunction

Objective: To find out the relationship between severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and extent of auditory dysfunction Background: Most of the studies have taken the subjects with TBI as one group without taking into account the extent of head injury viz. mild, moderate and severe. Combining all the three groups has resulted in presenting an incomplete picture of auditory deficits following TBI. Methods and procedures: The sample population consisted of 290 subjects with TBI (study group) and 50 otologically normal subjects as controls. The subjects in the study group were further sub-divided into mild (n = 150), moderate (n = 100) and severe (n = 40) TBI. The audiological assessment consisted of pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex testing, auditory brainstem response and middle latency response audiometry. Results and conclusions: An association was observed between the extent of auditory dysfunction and severity of TBI. This association was more pronounced for hearing status at high frequencies and ABR/MLR components. ABR Wave V absolute latency and I–V interpeak latency increased with severity of TBI. Amplitude of MLR wave Na and Pa decreased with increasing severity. It is suggested that subjects should be evaluated for hearing difficulties based on their severity of TBI.
Assessing the appropriateness of movies as vehicles for promoting tourist destinations

ABSTRACT The risky decision about which movies to use as promotional vehicles must be made without assistance from either readily available data held by the industry or systematic criteria published by academia. To deal with such limitations, this study identifies which movie genres are most interesting (uninteresting) for the visitors of different types of holiday destinations—namely, beaches, cities, theme/amusement parks, spa/health resorts, mountains/lakes, cruise liners, and rural areas. Based on the results, specific guidelines are proposed to evaluate movie projects more systematically, so that destination promoters can choose (reject) those films with appropriate (inappropriate) genres for the target tourists. The author wishes to thank AIMC (Asociación para la Investigación de Medios de Communicación) for its crucial support in providing the information source and helping with the data processing.
Empowerment of Microcredit Participants and Its Spillover Effects: Evidence from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh

This paper analyzes how participation in microcredit program helps to reduce the fertility rate. By using the data from the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, the paper also examines whether the accomplished empowerment of the microcredit borrower remains limited only to economic activities or also reflected in their non-economic activities. The results show that the Grameen Bank transforms its participants from a passive recipient of credit to a well responsive and active agent in economic and non-economic aspects of life. This transformation sets up an encouraging context for the effective public policies for economic and social changes at a reduced transaction cost.