Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy and Foreign Price Disturbances under Flexible Exchange Rates: A Stochastic Approach

THE ANALYSIS OF MONETARY POLICY under flexible exchange rates has received extensive treatment during recent years. Particular attention has been devoted to the role of exchange rate expectations, with a general conclusion being that many of the propositions of the traditional static FlemingMundell model (see Fleming [8] and Mundell [19]) require substantial modification once such expectations are taken into account (see [5, 21, 24]). With few exceptions, the analysis has been carried out in a deterministic framework. The usual assumption made is that any monetary expansion that is introduced is initially (ex ante) unanticipated, but having taken place, it is then (ex post) expected to be permanent. This assumption underlies, for example, the recent contribution by Dornbusch [5] and much of the subsequent work that stems from it.l This assumption, while very natural, is also a polar one. In practice, agents in the economy may attempt to anticipate monetary policy and the policies themselves
Vasculitic neuropathy.

FIGURE 1. A, Hematoxylin and eosin-stained paraffin section demonstrating perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates with vessel wall destruction. B, Smooth muscle actin preparation showing destruction of the vessel wall and fragmentation of the internal elastic lamina. C, Lymphocyte (CD45) and D, macrophage (CD68) preparations on paraffin sections showing prominent inflammation of the tunica media in the same vessel. Journal of CLINICAL NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
Power Ahead: Meeting Ethiopia's Energy Needs Under a Changing Climate

Ethiopia is powering ahead with an ambitious energy development strategy, highly reliant on abundant hydropower potential. A changing climate, including uncertain water supply, however, may pose a salient challenge to meeting expected targets. Bridging the modeling gaps between climate, energy, and economics, and effectively transforming climate changes into economic measures, is an emerging inter-disciplinary field as nations attempt to position themselves for an uncertain future. Such a framework is adopted here to assess energy production and adaptation costs for four climate change scenarios over 2010â. 49. Scenarios that favor a drying trend country-wide may lead to losses of 130â. 200 terawatt hours over the 40-year period, translating to adaptation costs of US$2â. 4 billion, compared to a no climate change scenario. Even given these potential losses, energy development utilizing hydropower appears economically reasonable from this deterministic, sector-independent evaluation. This development is desperately needed, independent of future climate change trends, with the hope of appreciably reducing vulnerability to variability.
Visual telencephalon modulates directional selectivity of accessory optic neurons in pigeons

Abstract The directional selectivity of units within the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) of the accessory optic system (AOS) was studied before and after lesions of the visual telencephalon (visual Wulst) in urethane-anesthetized pigeons. In intact pigeons, most nBOR units preferred upward motion with a temporal component or downward motion with a nasal component. The ipsilateral and bilateral telencephalic lesions generated a dramatic reduction in the number of cells with optimal responses to upward motion. The overall distribution of preferred directions was still bimodal following ipsilateral or bilateral Wulst lesions, with most units showing best responses to a straight temporal or to downward-nasal directions. The contralateral Wulst lesions produced, instead, a marked reduction in downward preferences. The nBOR units which were studied in these cases showed mainly upward-temporal and upward-nasal responses. These data suggest an involvement of the visual Wulst in the determination of the dictional selectivity of nBOR neurons in the pigeon. Specifically, the responses of nBOR units to upward motion appeared to depend on the integrity of the telencephalic descending systems which impinge, in both direct and indirect ways, upon that AOS nucleus. Taken together with data for the mammalian AOS, the present results indicate that nonretinal afferents to AOS nuclei have an important role in the functional organization of that subcortical visual pathway.
`Grievance Gravy Train Picking up Speed': Myths and Reality around Employment Disputes in New Zealand

Since the late 1980s there has been a growing concern among employers in New Zealand that employees take advantage of personal grievance provisions to make more claims and gain higher compensation when problems arise in employment relationships. The current study used data from a national sample of employers within the private sector and found that the cost of resolving employment problems for employers was relatively low, particularly when disputes were resolved in-house. Further it was found that employers' satisfaction with the dispute resolution was mostly affected by the method by which the resolution was achieved, rather than by the cost or benefits resulting from the disputes. Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Identification of the Bacteriochlorophylls, Carotenoids, Quinones, Lipids, and Hopanoids of “Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum”

ABSTRACT “Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” is a recently discovered chlorophototroph from the bacterial phylum Acidobacteria, which synthesizes bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) c and chlorosomes like members of the green sulfur bacteria (GSB) and the green filamentous anoxygenic phototrophs (FAPs). The pigments (BChl c homologs and carotenoids), quinones, lipids, and hopanoids of cells and chlorosomes of this new chlorophototroph were characterized in this study. “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” methylates its antenna BChls at the C-82 and C-121 positions like GSB, but these BChls were esterified with a variety of isoprenoid and straight-chain alkyl alcohols as in FAPs. Unlike the chlorosomes of other green bacteria, “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” chlorosomes contained two major xanthophyll carotenoids, echinenone and canthaxanthin. These carotenoids may confer enhanced protection against reactive oxygen species and could represent a specific adaptation to the highly oxic natural environment in which “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” occurs. Dihydrogenated menaquinone-8 [menaquinone-8(H2)], which probably acts as a quencher of energy transfer under oxic conditions, was an abundant component of both cells and chlorosomes of “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. ” The betaine lipid diacylglycerylhydroxymethyl-N,N,N-trimethyl-β-alanine, esterified with 13-methyl-tetradecanoic (isopentadecanoic) acid, was a prominent polar lipid in the membranes of both “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum” cells and chlorosomes. This lipid may represent a specific adaptive response to chronic phosphorus limitation in the mats. Finally, three hopanoids, diploptene, bacteriohopanetetrol, and bacteriohopanetetrol cyclitol ether, which may help to stabilize membranes during diel shifts in pH and other physicochemical conditions in the mats, were detected in the membranes of “Ca. Chloracidobacterium thermophilum. ”
Teachers, Unions, and Wages in the 1970s: Unionism Now Pays

This paper provides evidence that confirms the results of previous studies that teacher unionism produced relatively small wage gains during the early 1970s, but it also shows that union gains increased substantially in the late 1970s. The evidence is based on an application of two complementary research designs—cross-section wage-level regressions and cross-section wage-change regressions—to national samples of teacher data for 1974–75 and 1977–78. The authors conclude that the union/nonunion wage differential among teachers reached 12 to 22 percent by the late 1970s, and during the period 1974–78 the real wages of unionized teachers increased while those of nonunionized teachers declined. They offer several possible explanations for these trends.
The Use of Stated Preference Model in Travel Itinerary Choice Behavior

Abstract This study uses the Stated Preference Method and Multinomial Logit Model to examine the choice behavior of a sample of consumers who chose between six tour alternatives that differed according to five variables: specifics of tour, price, duration of tour, types of flight, and arrangement of free time. The results indicate that most of the consumers were affected by the price of the travel product when they were selecting the package tour. The duration of tour and type of flight were important factors to respondents under 40 years old. The older the tourists were, the more attention they paid to the contents of the tours. After estimating by MNL, the results also showed that the goodness-of-fit of the model was reasonably good. By conducting a strategic simulation of the third tour alternative, which had a higher market share, the best strategy was to reduce the price by 5% in order to increase the market share. The study demonstrates the usefulness of the stated preference model in the analysis of choice behavior for travel itinerary.
ON THE p-PRIMARY PART OF TATE-SHAFAREVICH GROUP OF ELLIPTIC CURVES OVER ℚ WHEN p IS SUPERSINGULAR

Abstract. Let E be an elliptic curve over Q and p be a prime of goodsupersingular reduction for E. Although the Iwasawa theory of Eover thecyclotomic Z p -extension of Qis well known to be fundamentally diﬀerentfrom the case of good ordinary reduction at p, we are able to combine themethod of our earlier paper with the theory of Kobayashi [5] and Pollack[8], to give an explicit upper bound for the number of copies of Q p /Z p occurring in the p-primary part of the Tate-Shafarevich group of E overQ. 1. IntroductionLet E be an elliptic curve over Q. We recall that the Tate-Shafarevich groupof E/Qis deﬁned byX(E/Q) = Ker H 1 Q,E(Q)−→Y v H 1 Q v ,E(Q )! ,where v runs over all places of Q, and Q v is the completion of Q at v. It iswell-known that the p-primary subgroup of X(E/Q) has a ﬁnite Z p -corank,and we denote this corank by t p . It is conjectured that t p = 0 for every primep, but this is unknown when the complex L-function has a zero of order atleast 2 at s = 1. We say a prime p is good ordinary (resp. good supersingular)if E has good ordinary reduction (resp. good supersingular reduction) at p.The aim of present paper is to compute an upper bound for t
Intensity Noise Characteristics of Multimode VCSELs

The intensity noise spectra of several multi-transverse mode 1550-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been experimentally investigated. For a VCSEL emitting in two parallel polarized transverse modes the noise spectra of the individual modes and total power show two resonance peaks. The frequencies at which both peaks appear have been measured as a function of the bias current. Our experimental results confirm the theoretical predictions of Valle Differences in the noise spectra are experimentally observed when considering a VCSEL emitting in three transverse modes with polarization instabilities. We show that additional peaks appear in the noise spectra of the total power as the bias current is increased.
Genotypic Correlates of Phenotypic Resistance to Efavirenz in Virus Isolates from Patients Failing Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy

ABSTRACT Efavirenz (also known as DMP 266 or SUSTIVA) is a potent nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and of HIV-1 replication in vitro and in vivo. Most patients on efavirenz-containing regimens have sustained antiviral responses; however, rebounds in plasma viral load have been observed in some patients in association with the emergence of mutant strains of HIV-1. Virus isolates from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients with such treatment failures, as well as recombinant viruses incorporating viral sequences derived from patient plasma, show reduced in vitro susceptibility to efavirenz in association with mutations in the RT gene encoding K103N, Y188L, or G190S/E substitutions. Patterns of RT gene mutations and in vitro susceptibility were similar in plasma virus and in viruses isolated from PBMCs. Variant strains of HIV-1 constructed by site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the role of K103N, G190S, and Y188L substitutions in reduced susceptibility to efavirenz. Further, certain secondary mutations (V106I, V108I, Y181C, Y188H, P225H, and F227L) conferred little resistance to efavirenz as single mutations but enhanced the level of resistance of viruses carrying these mutations in combination with K103N or Y188L. Viruses with K103N or Y188L mutations, regardless of the initial selecting nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI), exhibited cross-resistance to all of the presently available NNRTIs (efavirenz, nevirapine, and delavirdine). Some virus isolates from nevirapine or delavirdine treatment failures that lacked K103N or Y188L mutations remained susceptible to efavirenz in vitro, although the clinical significance of this finding is presently unclear.
Entrepreneurship is Alive and Well in Rural America: A Four-State Study

Are rural places inferior to urban areas in developing new businesses? Using employment insurance data for Arkansas, Iowa, Maine, and North Dakota, this study found that rural new businesses contribute substantially to job creation; that rural areas are as competitive as urban areas in developing new businesses; and that rural new businesses are as diversified as urban businesses. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that rural economies are not as inferior as contemporary wisdom would have us believe
Environmental Perception, Management, and Competitive Opportunity in Spanish Hotels

Seeking to fill the gap on research regarding the hospitality industry in relation to the environment, this article examines the environmental peculiarities of the tourism industry. Applying a single framework, the article analyzes the antecedents of organizations’ perceptions of the environment by combining two theoretical approaches: institutional theory and the resource-based view. The study uses a structural equation model to analyze the data from 239 hotels in Spain. The findings show that a number of external factors (i.e., environmental regulation, stakeholders, and uncertainty) and internal factors (i.e., resources and capabilities) have different effects on managerial perceptions of the environment as a competitive opportunity. The study demonstrates that the attitude and perceptions of managers appear to be essential factors for investment in preventive environmental technologies. Among other findings, the study found that managers respond favorably to voluntary norms, rather than environmental legislation; stakeholder pressure seems to have a negative effect on managers’ perceptions of the competitive opportunity inherent in sustainability; and the availability of complementary resources encourages managers’ perceptions of sustainability as a competitive opportunity. These perceptions are behind the adoption of an environmental management scheme with a stronger focus on prevention strategies. The perception of this competitive advantage means that a manager is more likely to develop a proactive environmental management approach.
Marketing-Stimulated Word-of-Mouth: A Channel for Growing Demand

Marketing-stimulated word-of-mouth (WOM) marketing has been poorly understood in health care, leading to it being underappreciated and underutilized by marketers. A study of new patients to a new runner's clinic was conducted to understand how they chose the program. The importance of marketing-stimulated WOM, both individual and organizational, is documented. Marketing-stimulated WOM is an often overlooked and rarely measured channel for increasing the impact of marketing programs.
What Made Carolina Blue? In-Migration and the 2008 North Carolina Presidential Vote

In this article, we examine the role that in-migration played in contributing to the 2008 Democratic presidential victory in North Carolina. Prior to Barack Obama, the last time the Tar Heel State was carried by a Democrat was Jimmy Carter in 1976. Since the late 1980s, North Carolina has undergone tremendous demographic change. In addition to a growing Hispanic population that is primarily comprised of noncitizens, the state has witnessed a very large increase in the number of residents who were born and raised in Northern states such as New York. Historically, in much of the postwar South, Northern migrants helped grow the Republican Party. We find that in North Carolina this pattern no longer holds. In contemporary North Carolina, migrants born outside the South are more likely to identify and register as politically unaffiliated, and their growing share of the state’s electorate directly contributed to Obama’s narrow win.
The Holographic F Theorem

The F theorem states that, for a unitary three dimensional quantum field theory, the F quantity defined in terms of the partition function on a three sphere is positive, stationary at fixed point and decreases monotonically along a renormalization group flow. We construct holographic renormalization group flows corresponding to relevant deformations of three-dimensional conformal field theories on spheres, working to quadratic order in the source. For these renormalization group flows, the F quantity at the IR fixed point is always less than F at the UV fixed point, but F increases along the RG flow for deformations by operators of dimension $3/2 < \Delta < 5/2$. Therefore the strongest version of the F theorem is in general violated.
Age Stratification and Impact of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid to Arachidonic Acid Ratios in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Aim: We focused on the ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to arachidonic acid (AA) and explored the significance of these ratios relative to clinical characteristics by age in ischemic stroke patients. Methods: We enrolled patients with acute ischemic stroke who underwent radiological investigations and laboratory examinations, including measurement of serum EPA, DHA, and AA levels, and controls. Patients were classified according to age (< 65, 65–74, and ≥ 75 years) and the tertile of EPA/AA and DHA/AA ratios, and clinical aspects were compared with these factors. Results: We analyzed 373 patients (age 70.2 ± 13.4 years; 245 males) and 105 controls. Among stroke patients, patients aged < 65 years had the lowest EPA/AA (0.35 ± 0.23, p = 0.006) and DHA/AA (0.73 ± 0.27, p < 0.001) ratios. Compared with controls, patients aged < 65 years showed lower EPA/AA (vs. 0.49 ± 0.25, p < 0.001) and DHA/AA (vs. 0.82 ± 0.26, p = 0.009) ratios. From logistic regression analysis, the EPA/AA (odds ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.04–0.81, p = 0.026) and DHA/AA (odds ratio 0.09, 95% confidence interval 0.02–0.33, p < 0.001) ratios were inversely related to patients aged < 65 years. According to age-stratified analyses, we found an association of aortic arch calcification with a lower EPA/AA ratio for patients aged ≥ 75 years and an association of multiple infarctions and cerebral white matter lesions with a lower EPA/AA ratio for patients aged 65–74 years (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ratios of EPA/AA and DHA/AA could be specific markers for younger stroke patients. The EPA/AA ratio may be related to aortic arch calcification for elderly stroke patients and to multiple infarctions and cerebral white matter disease for middle-aged stroke patients.
Safety of Adding Salmeterol to Fluticasone Propionate in Children with Asthma.

BACKGROUND Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) have been shown to increase the risk of asthma-related death among adults and the risk of asthma-related hospitalization among children. It is unknown whether the concomitant use of inhaled glucocorticoids with LABAs mitigates those risks. This trial prospectively evaluated the safety of the LABA salmeterol, added to fluticasone propionate, in a fixed-dose combination in children. METHODS We randomly assigned, in a 1:1 ratio, children 4 to 11 years of age who required daily asthma medications and had a history of asthma exacerbations in the previous year to receive fluticasone propionate plus salmeterol or fluticasone alone for 26 weeks. The primary safety end point was the first serious asthma-related event (death, endotracheal intubation, or hospitalization), as assessed in a time-to-event analysis. The statistical design specified that noninferiority would be shown if the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval of the hazard ratio for the primary safety end point was less than 2.675. The main efficacy end point was the first severe asthma exacerbation that led to treatment with systemic glucocorticoids, as assessed in a time-to-event analysis. RESULTS Among the 6208 patients, 27 patients in the fluticasone-salmeterol group and 21 in the fluticasone-alone group had a serious asthma-related event (all were hospitalizations); the hazard ratio with fluticasone-salmeterol versus fluticasone alone was 1.28 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 2.27), which showed the noninferiority of fluticasone-salmeterol (P=0.006). A total of 265 patients (8.5%) in the fluticasone-salmeterol group and 309 (10.0%) in the fluticasone-alone group had a severe asthma exacerbation (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.01). CONCLUSIONS In this trial involving children with asthma, salmeterol in a fixed-dose combination with fluticasone was associated with the risk of a serious asthma-related event that was similar to the risk with fluticasone alone. (Funded by GlaxoSmithKline; VESTRI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01462344 .).
Racing with Uncertainty

The paper presents two models of races in which there is both technological uncertainty and strategic interaction between competitors as the race unfolds. Most of the existing literature examines one or other of these features, but not the two combined. Our aim is to see how the efforts of competitors in a race vary with the intensity of rivalry between them. In our principal model, whch is of a one-dimensional race, it is shown that the leader in the race makes greater efforts than the follower, and efforts increase as the gap between competitors decreases. Under certain conditions the same results hold in our second, related model, which is of a two-dimensional race.
One Year Outcomes of Photorefractive Keratectomy with the Application of Mitomycin-C in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hyperopia

Purpose: To evaluate refractive and visual outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin.C. (PRK.MMC) for the treatment of mild to moderate hyperopia. Materials and Methods: This case series enrolled 21 patients with up to +5.50 diopters (D) of hyperopia. All 42 eyes were treated with the Concerto (Wavelight) or the Technolas 217-Z (Bausch and Lomb) excimer laser. Outcome measures included best corrected distance vision acuity (BCVA) and uncorrected distance vision correction and refraction at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results: Mean patient age was 44.8 ± 11.3 years. Preoperatively, mean manifest refractive spherical equivalent (MRSE) was + 2.00 D ± 0.76 D and mean spherical refractive error was + 2.57 D ± 0.87 D (range, +1.25 D to + 5.50 D). At 12 months postoperatively, mean MRSE was + 0.1 D ± 0.61 D. MRSE was within ± 0.50 D of emmetropia in 29 eyes (69%), and 18 eyes (43%) had 20/20 uncorrected distant visual acuity. BCVA increased by two lines or more in three eyes (7.1%) and one line in two eyes (4.7%); 31 eyes showed no change, three eyes (7.1%) lost one line, and three other eyes (7.1%) lost two lines of BCVA. No eyes lost more than two lines of BCVA. Complications included Grade 2 peripheral haze in two eyes which cleared by 12 months postoperatively. Conclusion: PRK-MMC was a safe and predictable method for the correction of mild to moderate hyperopia.