Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effect of Toll-Like Receptor 4 on Synovial Injury of Temporomandibular Joint in Rats Caused by Occlusal Interference

Synovitis is an important disease that causes intractable pain in TMJ. Some investigations suggested that the increasing expression of IL-1β secreted by synovial lining cells plays an important role in synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in TMJ. In our previous research, the results demonstrated that TLR4 is involved in the expression of IL-1β in SFs from TMJ with lipopolysaccharide stimulation. However, the inflammatory response that occurred in synovial membrane is not caused by bacterial infection. In the current study, we investigated whether or not TLR4 participates in the inflammatory responses and the expression of IL-1β in synovial membrane of rats induced by occlusal interference. The results showed that obvious inflammation changes were observed in the synovial membranes and the expression of TLR4 and IL-1β was increased at both mRNA and protein levels in the occlusal interference rats. In addition, the inflammation reactions and the increased expression of IL-1β could be restrained by treatment with TAK-242, a blocker of TLR4 signaling. The results prompted us that the activation of TLR4 may be involved in the inflammatory reactions and increased expression of IL-1β in patients with synovitis and participate in the mechanisms of the initiation and development of synovial injury by regulating the expression of inflammatory mediators like IL-1β in synovial membranes.
Statistical mechanics of learning from examples.

number of examples P used for training. The theory implies that, for a reduction in eg that remains finite in the large-N limit, P should generally scale as nN, where N is the number of independently adjustable weights in the network. We show that for smooth networks, i.e., those with continuously varying weights and smooth transfer functions, the generalization curve asymptotically obeys an inverse power law. In contrast, for nonsmooth networks other behaviors can appear, depending on the nature of the nonlinearities as well as the realizability of the rule. In particular, a discontinuous learning transition from a state of poor to a state of perfect generalization can occur in nonsmooth networks learning realizable rules. We illustrate both gradual and continuous learning with a detailed analytical and numerical study of several single-layer perceptron models. Comparing with the exact replica theory of perceptron learning, we find that for realizable rules the high-temperature and annealed theories provide very good approximations to the generalization performance. Assuming this to hold for multilayer networks as well, we propose a classification of possible asymptotic forms of learning curves in general realizable models. For unrealizable rules we find that the above approximations fail in general to predict correctly the shapes of the generalization curves. Another indication of the important role of quenched disorder for unrealizable rules is that the generalization error is not necessarily a monotonically increasing function of temperature. Also, unrealizable rules can possess genuine spin-glass phases indicative of degenerate minima separated by high barriers.
"Epizoonosis of dermatophytosis": a clinico- mycological study of dermatophytic infections in central Nepal.

BACKGROUND Identification of dermatophytic species in clinical settings are important not only for epidemiological but also for the treatment. OBJECTIVES Present study was carried out to find out the clinical variants of Dermatophytosis and species of fungus responsible for the disease. METHODS The prospective observational analysis of 200 clinically suspected cases of dermatophytic infection attending Dermatology department of College of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal. Skin scraping, hair and nail samples were collected and processed according to standard protocol. RESULTS Maximum number of patients enrolled in study were reported for treatment 5-8 weeks after the onset of disease. Overall male predominance was observed and ages between 26-30 years. Tinea corporis was the most common clinical type of tinea with female dominance in our study. 10 % of cases were having extensive Tinea. 71.5% of samples were positive on direct microscopy and 62 % positive on culture. Samples from T capitis were highest positive by direct microscopy (80%) and over all dominant species of fungus isolated in our study was Trichophyton verrucosum (30.6%). CONCLUSIONS The study highlighted Tinea corporis as the most common clinical type with female predominance. Overall predominant causative fungal species isolated was Trichophyton verrucosum.
Unusual occurrence of non carotenogenic strains of Dunaliella bardawil and Dunaliella parva in India

Identification of green algal genus Dunaliella by conventional method is hard target since the strains vary morphologically and physiologically with conditions of growth. In this study, a total of nine different isolates of Dunaliella isolated from the salt pans of Tamil Nadu, India, were identified based on their morphology and cultural characteristics. In addition, the isolates were subjected to molecular identification using genus specific and species specific primers which distinguished the discrepancy in the conventional identification. This study evidently reported the first occurrence of non carotenogenic strains (a new variety) of D. bardawil and D. parva in India. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Employment of web-based images and a live web cam in the examination of lateral neck-resting preferences in the American Flamingo ( Phoenicopterus ruber )

When flamingos rest they typically lay their heads on their backs. This forces the birds to curve their neck to either the right or left of their center of gravity. Previous research revealed that American Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) on exhibit at the Philadelphia Zoo (Philadelphia, PA, USA) demonstrate a significant population-level preference for resting their necks to the right. In the present report efforts were made to replicate this finding in other flamingo populations, as well as evaluate the potential utility of several novel methodologies in behavioral studies. Study 1 employed an archival web-based image search technique, and yielded a slight, but non-significant, preference for resting the neck to the right for all flamingo species. Study 2 utilized a live web cam at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park (Washington, DC, USA) to more systematically observe a single flock of American Flamingos, and successfully demonstrated a significant preference for right neck-resting. The results of these two studies suggest that this preference is generalizable to other populations of American Flamingo, and perhaps may be present in other flamingo species as well. Advantages and disadvantages of the two employed techniques are discussed.
ASSESSMENT OF PREOPERATIVE AND POSTOPERATIVE ANXIETY AMONG ELECTIVE MAJOR SURGERY PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL IN NIGERIA.

BACKGROUND Anxiety is an unpleasant emotional experience that involves feelings of tension, apprehension, nervousness and high autonomic activity. Few studies have been conducted in Nigeria on anxiety levels among patient undergoing surgical operation. The aim of this study is to assess preoperative and postoperative anxiety level of patients and identify factors that may influence patient's preoperative anxiety level. METHODS Fifty one adult patients scheduled for elective surgery in a tertiary public hospital in Nigeria were assessed a day before and after their surgery using a questionnaire with socio-demographic and clinical details. Anxiety was assessed with the state portion of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and different factors responsible for their anxiety were selected from a list. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 17. RESULT Twenty-six patients (51.0%) had significant preoperative anxiety while 8 (15.7%) had significant postoperative anxiety. The patients preoperative mean anxiety score of STAI (42.72 ± 9.84) was statistically significantly higher than their postoperative mean anxiety score (37.73 ± 8.44; p = .001). In 10 items of STAI, there were significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative mean STAI scores. Fear of complications and result of operation were the most common factors responsible for preoperative anxiety while few patients were anxious about nil per mouth, getting stuck with needle and harm from doctor/nurse mistake. CONCLUSION The prevalence of preoperative anxiety is high in Nigerian surgical patients. Psychological preparation and provision of correct information that addresses identified factors may help in reducing preoperative anxiety.
Corticospinal and Reticulospinal Contacts on Cervical Commissural and Long Descending Propriospinal Neurons in the Adult Rat Spinal Cord; Evidence for Powerful Reticulospinal Connections

Descending systems have a crucial role in the selection of motor output patterns by influencing the activity of interneuronal networks in the spinal cord. Commissural interneurons that project to the contralateral grey matter are key components of such networks as they coordinate left-right motor activity of fore and hind-limbs. The aim of this study was to determine if corticospinal (CST) and reticulospinal (RST) neurons make significant numbers of axonal contacts with cervical commissural interneurons. Two classes of commissural neurons were analysed: 1) local commissural interneurons (LCINs) in segments C4-5; 2) long descending propriospinal neurons (LDPNs) projecting from C4 to the rostral lumbar cord. Commissural interneurons were labelled with Fluorogold and CST and RST axons were labelled by injecting the b subunit of cholera toxin in the forelimb area of the primary somatosensory cortex or the medial longitudinal fasciculus respectively. The results show that LCINs and LDPNs receive few contacts from CST terminals but large numbers of contacts are formed by RST terminals. Use of vesicular glutamate and vesicular GABA transporters revealed that both types of cell received about 80% excitatory and 20% inhibitory RST contacts. Therefore the CST appears to have a minimal influence on LCINs and LDPNs but the RST has a powerful influence. This suggests that left-right activity in the rat spinal cord is not influenced directly via CST systems but is strongly controlled by the RST pathway. Many RST neurons have monosynaptic input from corticobulbar pathways therefore this pathway may provide an indirect route from the cortex to commissural systems. The cortico-reticulospinal-commissural system may also contribute to functional recovery following damage to the CST as it has the capacity to deliver information from the cortex to the spinal cord in the absence of direct CST input.
Are the children of fathers whose jobs involve contact with many people at an increased risk of leukaemia?

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the hypothesis that children of men whose jobs involve contact with many people (particularly children) are at an increased risk of leukaemia. METHODS: A population based dataset obtained from routinely collected death certificates involving 14,168 cancer deaths occurring before the age of 15 years registered in England and Wales between 1959-63 and 1970-90. Associations were assessed with the proportional cancer mortality ratio (PCMR), with all childhood cancer deaths forming the standard for comparison. The PCMRs were adjusted, by stratification, for age and year of death (in 1-year bands) and paternal social class (nine categories). Analyses were performed by estimated level of paternal occupational social contact (high, medium, and low) for all leukaemias, leukaemia subtype, age at death, year of death, and individual occupation. RESULTS: Out of 223 occupations, 36 (16%) were identified as having potentially high levels of social contact, and 27 (12%) as having potentially medium levels of social contact. No associations were found between paternal occupational social contact and death during childhood from leukaemia (high social contact: PCMR 94, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 87 to 102; medium social contact: 101, 95 to 106). No associations were found when the data were analysed by leukaemia subtype, age at death, year of death, or individual occupation. CONCLUSION: The findings presented here do not support the suggestion that childhood leukaemia is related to the amount of social contact that fathers experience at work.
The immune response of Drosophila melanogaster

Summary: The response of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster to various microorganism infections relies on a multilayered defense. The epithelia constitute a first and efficient barrier. Innate immunity is activated when microorganisms succeed in entering the body cavity of the fly. Invading microorganisms are killed by the combined action of cellular and humoral processes. They are phagocytosed by specialized blood cells, surrounded by toxic melanin, or lysed by antibacterial peptides secreted into the hemolymph by fat body cells. During the last few years, research has focused on the mechanisms of microbial recognition by various pattern recognition receptors and of the subsequent induction of antimicrobial peptide expression. The cellular arm of the Drosophila innate immune system, which was somehow neglected, now constitutes the new frontier.
A practical, hybrid model for predicting the trajectories of near-surface ocean drifters

A hybrid Lagrangian‐Eulerian model for calculating the trajectories of near-surface drifters in the ocean is developed in this study. The model employs climatological, near-surface currents computed from a spline fit of all available drifter velocities observed in the Pacific Ocean between 1988 and 1996. It also incorporates contemporaneous wind fields calculated by either the U.S. Navy [the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS)] or the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The model was applied to 30 drifters launched in the tropical Pacific Ocean in three clusters during 1990, 1993, and 1994. For 10-day-long trajectories the forecasts computed by the hybrid model are up to 164% closer to the observed trajectories compared to the trajectories obtained by advecting the drifters with the climatological currents only. The best-fitting trajectories are computed with ECMWF fields that have a temporal resolution of 6 h. The average improvement over all 30 drifters of the hybrid model trajectories relative to advection by the climatological currents is 21%, but in the open-ocean clusters (1990 and 1993) the improvement is 42% with ECMWF winds (34% with NOGAPS winds). This difference between the open-ocean and coastal clusters is due to the fact that the model does not presently include the effect of horizontal boundaries (coastlines). For zero initial velocities the trajectories generated by the hybrid model are significantly more accurate than advection by the mean currents on time scales of 5‐15 days. For 3-day-long trajectories significant improvement is achieved if the drifter’s initial velocity is known, in which case the model-generated trajectories are about 2 times closer to observations than persistence. The model’s success in providing more accurate trajectories indicates that drifters’ motion can deviate significantly from the climatological current and that the instantaneous winds are more relevant to their trajectories than the mean surface currents. It also demonstrates the importance of an accurate initial velocity, especially for short trajectories on the order of 1‐3 days. A possible interpretation of these results is that winds affect drifter motion more than the water velocity since drifters do not obey continuity.
Chi-squared computation for association rules: preliminary results

squared analysis is useful in determining the sta- tistical signicance level of association rules. We show that the chi squared statistic of a rule may be computed directly from the values of condence, support, and lift (interest) of the rule in question. Our results facilitate pruning of rule sets obtained using standard association rule mining techniques, allow identication of statisti- cally signicant rules that may have been overlooked by the mining algorithm, and provide an analytical descrip- tion of the relationship between condence and support in terms of chi{squared and lift.
Motor Disorder in Psychiatry: Towards a Neurological Psychiatry

Part 1 Motor disorder in psychiatry and neurology - the Necker cube phenomenon: a curious change organic and functional one man's schizophrenia is another man's encephalitis a conflict of paradigms. Part 2 Catatonia and extrapyramidal disorder: catatonia basal ganglia and psychiatric disorder dystonia catatonia - an extrapyramidal disorder. Part 3 Schizophrenia: Kahlbaum Kraepelin Bleuler later authors Friern study. Part 4 Affective disorder: catatonia and affective disorder psychomoter retardation in depression bradyphrenia in Parkinson's disease. Part 5 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria and mental handicap: obsessive-compulsive disorder hysteria mental handicap. Part 6 Motor disorder and medication: neuroleptic medication tardive dyskinesia overlap of drug-induced motor disorder and psychiatric disorder the conflict of paradigms hypothesis. Part 7 Posture, tone and motor performance: posture and tone - Friern study, other studies motor performance - Friern study, other studies stupor and akinesia. Part 8 Activity, abnormal movements and speech productions: activity - Friern study, other studies abnormal movements - Friern study, other studies abnormal eye movements and blinking - Friern study, other studies speech production - Friern study, other studies. Conclusion. Rating scales for motore disorder in psychiatry - Webster rating scale for parkinsonism, abnormal involuntary movement scale, depressive retardation rating scale, catatonia - the modified Rogers scale.
Combining strains of lactic acid bacteria may reduce their toxin and heavy metal removal efficiency from aqueous solution

Aims: The primary objective of this study was to compare the removal of cadmium, lead, aflatoxin B1 and microcystin‐LR from aqueous solution by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii shermanii JS and Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99/E8, separately and in combination.
How Uncertainty Affects Corporate Investment : The Asset Redeployability Channel

How does asset redeployability affect corporate investment decisions, particularly when economic uncertainty changes? To address this question, we construct measures of acrossindustry redeployability of assets and study exogenous increases in uncertainty spurred by major economic and political events, including the First Gulf War and the 9/11 Terrorist Attack. We find that after an increase in aggregate uncertainty, firms using less redeployable assets decrease investment more than firms using more redeployable assets. In addition, the effect of across-industry redeployability is pronounced when other firms in the same industry are financially constrained. Our results suggest that frictions in real asset markets are an important consideration for corporate investment decisions. ∗Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, Cornell University, 366 Sage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. Email: hyunseob.kim@cornell.edu †University of British Columbia, Sauder School of Business, 2053 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z2, Canada. Email: howard.kung@sauder.ubc. ca ‡We are grateful for comments from Ravi Bansal, Nick Bloom, Michael Brandt, Alon Brav, Murillo Campello, John Graham, Andrew Karolyi, Justin Murfin, Manju Puri, Adriano Rampini, David Robinson, S. Viswanathan, and seminar participants at Cornell University and Duke University. Kim gratefully acknowledges financial support from the Kwanjeong Educational Foundation. Any errors are our own.
Modeling and simulation of bone mineral density response from a phase 2 study of ONO‐5334, a new cathepsin K inhibitor, to support dose selection in osteoporosis

ONO‐5334, a selective inhibitor of cathepsin K, is a potential new treatment for osteoporosis. The objectives of this modeling study were to (1) develop exposure–response (E–R) models to relate ONO‐5334 exposure to bone mineral density (BMD), (2) predict BMD responses to various doses of ONO‐5334 for both immediate release tablet (IRT) and sustained release tablet (SRT) formulations where only BMD response after administration of IRT had been studied to date, (3) inform selection of appropriate formulation/dose using simulation for future clinical trials. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed to simultaneously analyze data for both IRT and SRT. The exposure metrics at steady state were estimated by post hoc Bayesian prediction using the final population PK model. E–R models were developed using dose‐ranging data with only IRT from postmenopausal females with osteoporosis. Based on the developed model, lumbar spine and total hip BMD after administration of ONO‐5334 SRT as well as IRT were simulated. The simulation results showed that ONO‐5334 SRT should provide comparable BMD responses at a lower dose relative to IRT (a finding consistent with the results from a previous population PK–PD modeling study with bone resorption markers).
Role of BMP-4 and Its Signaling Pathways in Cultured Human Melanocytes

Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP-4) was shown to down-regulate melanogenesis, in part, by decreasing the level of tyrosinase [Yaar et al. (2006) JBC:281]. Results presented here show that BMP-4 down-regulated the protein levels of TRP-1, PKC-β, and MCI-R. When paired cultures of human melanocytes were treated with vehicle or BMP-4 (25 ng/ml), MAPK/ERK were phosphorylated within one hour of BMP-4 treatment. Then the activated MAPK/ERK caused an acute phosphorylation of MITF, followed by proteosome-mediated degradation of MITF, the key transcription factor for melanogenic proteins [Wu et al. (2000) Gene & Development:14]. However, prolonged exposure of melanocytes to BMP-4 (up to 48 hours) caused a decrease in the level of MITF-M transcript. In addition, BMP-4 decreased the intracellular level of cAMP, the key regulator of MITF expression. These results demonstrate that BMP-4 activates MAPK/ERK signaling pathway to transiently activate MITF; however, chronic treatment of BMP-4 to melanocytes causes a down-regulation of the expression of MITF, possibly in a cAMP-dependent pathway.
FPGA implementation of Naive Bayes classifier for visual object recognition

In this paper, a Naive Bayes classifier was simplified and implemented as a multi-class classifier for binary feature vectors. It was designed on FPGA using very limited hardware resources and runs quickly and efficiently in both training and testing phases. It was first tested on a handwriting digital number dataset, and then applied in the visual object recognition on a single FPGA based visual surveillance system. It was compared with a binary Self Organizing Map (bSOM) using tri-states operation on FPGA, and the experimental results demonstrated both its higher performance and lower resource usage on the FPGA chip.
A National Report of Nursing Home Information Technology Adoption and Quality Measures

This project was supported by grant number R01HS022497 from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. The authors thank Pericles Giannaris, graduate student from the University of Missouri Informatics Institute, for his contributions to this work.