Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Science Summer Camp as an Effective Way to Recruit High School Students to Major in the Physical Sciences and Science Education.

Now in its fifth year, PR 2 EPS is a National Science Foundation funded initiative designed to recruit high school students to attend college majoring in the physical sciences, including engineering and secondary science education, and to help ensure their retention within these programs until graduation. A central feature of the recruitment effort is a free, one-week residential summer science camp for high school students. This report describes the rationale for using a camp as a recruitment tool as well as the camp structure. Two focus questions are addressed: 1) How successful is the camp at providing a learning environment where participants can share their enthusiasm for science and brainstorm and apply solutions to challenging scientific tasks with their peers? 2) How successful is the camp at recruiting students into the physical sciences at this college? Quantitative data from preand post-camp and longitudinal surveys showing that campers are pursuing degrees in the sciences are substantiated in a framework of qualitative data collected during the summer of 2007 by a nonparticipant observer. Faculty similarly concerned with motivating high school students to major in the physical sciences and science education should find the report useful as several indicators show that most campers continue on their trajectory towards degrees in the sciences.
Classics in physical geography revisited

The ‘art’ of synoptic climatology – a means of relating local or regional climates to largescale patterns of atmospheric circulation – has been practised for at least a century. The approach was pioneered for the British Isles by Abercromby (1883), Gold (1920) and Billham’s (1938) classic studies of atmospheric pressure distributions and associated weather. The impetus for such work was the growing demand for long-range weather forecasts over the North Atlantic sector at a time when there were minimal observational data. Hubert Lamb entered this field of endeavour with his appointment to the Meteorological Office in 1936 as a weather forecaster for Croydon Airport. Following the second world war, Lamb was then attached to the new long-range Forecasting Research Branch of the Meteorological Office in Dunstable. Here he refined a proposed classification of daily weather types that has since become one of the most frequently cited works in synoptic climatology. If the catalytic potential of a scientific publication is a metric of its worth, then Lamb’s ‘Types and spells of weather around the year in the Progress in Physical Geography 24,3 (2000) pp. 379–383
Towards the Formalization of Software Measurement by Involving Network Theory

Complex network theory is based on graph theory and statistical analysis Complex real-world systems represented by typed and/or attributed graphs form different kinds of complex networks. Statistical methods applied on these graphs provide powerful mechanism in network analysis. Complex networks theory has an application in many areas such are social networks, computer networks, etc. In a context of software engineering and software development we can talk about special type of complex networks – software networks. Software networks are directed graphs representing relationships between software entities (packages, classes, modules, methods, functions, procedures, etc.). Software network can be observed as a static representation of software code and design and can be used in analysis of the quality of software development process and software product with particular application in a field of large-scale software systems. Software metrics are basic mechanism in software quality analysis. Software metric can be defined as measure that reflects some property of a software product or its specification. Software metrics can be calculated based on a static representation of source code and design in which case they become part of static analysis. The aim of this paper is to investigate possibility of application of complex networks theory in static analysis of software quality. Basic goal is to set relations between particular software metrics and corresponding statistical measures from complex networks theory. This would be a basis for stronger formalisation of software metrics and establishing stronger ties between these two fields that have a common goal. Furthermore, this paper will provide an overview of available approaches in this direction.
Behavioral Observations and Sound Recordings of Free-Flight Mating Swarms of Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand

ABSTRACT Sound plays an important role in the mating behavior of mosquitoes, including Aedes aegypti (L). Males orient to the fundamental wing beat frequency of females, and both sexes actively modulate their flight tone before mating to converge at harmonic frequencies. The majority of studies on mosquito mating acoustics have been conducted in the laboratory using tethered individuals. In this study, we present the first free-flight recording of naturally forming Ae. aegypti swarms in Thailand. We describe mating behaviors and present results on the flight tone frequency and dynamics of wild pairs in free flight. To assess the importance of these behaviors in vector control programs, especially those using genetically modified mosquitoes, it will be critical to use methods, such as those described in this work, to measure mosquito mating behaviors in the field.
Learning By Investing: Evidence from Venture Capital

To understand the investment behavior of venture capital (VC) investors, this paper estimates a dynamic model of learning. Behavior reflecting both learning from past investments (exploitation) and anticipated future learning (exploration) are found to be prevalent, and the model's additional predictions about success rates and investment speeds are confirmed empirically. Learning is important, since it can create informational frictions, and it has potential implications for VCs' investments and organizations. VCs are found to internalize the value of learning, and this may help promote exploration beyond the levels sustained in standard capital markets, which is socially valuable.
Design challenges for technical communicators

Based on participant observation conducted for a total of 85 hours spread across two months, this paper investigates the different types of information maintenance technicians seek, and discusses which of those types are relevant and challenging for a technical communicator to design. In order to design useful technical information, the technical communicator must not only understand the information needs of a user, but also understand the various aspects of the user context. This paper highlights a gap that exists between the type of information maintenance technicians seek, and what is relevant for a technical communicator to design. Information about the construction of a machine and work task instructions are relevant for a technical communicator to design. However, information regarding business identities and numbers, the cause of errors, placement of equipment and tools, as well as information related to various aspects of task execution seem very challenging--- or even impossible--- for a technical communicator to design during product development. This paper contributes knowledge to user behavior research within the technical communication research field. The results provide technical communicators with an understanding of what type of information maintenance technicians seek and select in order to satisfy an expressed information need. This discussion enables technical communication practitioners and researchers to gain a better understanding of what type of information is relevant to design and which information is a challenge to design, thus which types of expressed information needs are suitable to focus on, and why.
How families and communities influence youth victimization

To understand how the risk for violent victimization varies among adolescents, researchers have typically relied on two resources: (1) interview data from selfreport surveys and (2) information from official records maintained by police departments and child welfare organizations. Official records provide important information about the victims who come to the attention of these agencies (e.g., age, sex, race, and circumstances of the event). For some types of violence, such as homicide, police data are highly reliable for estimating risk. In fact, for crimes such as homicide, risk estimates for victimization can only be determined by using official records.
Differential Assimilation of Inorganic Carbon and Leucine by Prochlorococcus in the Oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

The light effect on photoheterotrophic processes in Prochlorococcus, and primary and bacterial productivity in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre was investigated using 14C-bicarbonate and 3H-leucine. Light and dark incubation experiments were conducted in situ throughout the euphotic zone (0–175 m) on nine expeditions to Station ALOHA over a 3-year period. Photosynthetrons were also used to elucidate rate responses in leucine and inorganic carbon assimilation as a function of light intensity. Taxonomic group and cell-specific rates were assessed using flow cytometric sorting. The light:dark assimilation rate ratios of leucine in the top 150 m were ∼7:1 for Prochlorococcus, whereas the light:dark ratios for the non-pigmented bacteria (NPB) were not significant different from 1:1. Prochlorococcus assimilated leucine in the dark at per cell rates similar to the NPB, with a contribution to the total community bacterial production, integrated over the euphotic zone, of approximately 20% in the dark and 60% in the light. Depth-resolved primary productivity and leucine incorporation showed that the ratio of Prochlorococcus leucine:primary production peaked at 100 m then declined steeply below the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM). The photosynthetron experiments revealed that, for Prochlorococcus at the DCM, the saturating irradiance (Ek) for leucine incorporation was reached at approximately half the light intensity required for light saturation of 14C-bicarbonate assimilation. Additionally, high and low red fluorescing Prochlorococcus populations (HRF and LRF), co-occurring at the DCM, had similar Ek values for their respective substrates, however, maximum assimilation rates, for both leucine and inorganic carbon, were two times greater for HRF cells. Our results show that Prochlorococcus contributes significantly to bacterial production estimates using 3H-leucine, whether or not the incubations are conducted in the dark or light, and this should be considered when making assessments of bacterial production in marine environments where Prochlorococcus is present. Furthermore, Prochlorococcus primary productivity showed rate to light-flux patterns that were different from its light enhanced leucine incorporation. This decoupling from autotrophic growth may indicate a separate light stimulated mechanism for leucine acquisition.
Collateralization, Leverage, and Stressed Expected Loss

We describe a general equilibrium model with a banking system in which the deposit bank collects deposits from households and the merchant bank provides funds to firms. Merchant banks borrow collateralized short-term funds from deposit banks. In a financial downturn, as the value of collateral decreases, the merchant bank must sell assets on short notice, reinforcing the crisis, and default if their cash buffer is insufficient. The deposit bank suffers from loss because of the depreciated assets. If the value of the deposit bank’s assets is insufficient to cover deposits, it also defaults. Deposits are insured by the government. The premium paid by the deposit bank is its expected loss on the deposits. We define the bank’s capital shortfall in the crisis as the expected loss on deposits under stress. We calibrate the model on the U.S. economy and show how this measure of stressed expected loss behaves. In the absence of regulation, a 40% decline of the securities market would induce a loss of 17.8% in the ex-ante value of the assets or 80.7% of the ex-ante value of the equity.
Vision-based human augmented mapping for indoor environments

In this paper, we suggest a new method of vision-based human augmented mapping for indoor environments. It is a semi-autonomous approach using human-robot interation and can be an alternative to autonomous map building. The advantage of our approach is that the user can share the environments with the robot and insert semantic information to the environmental map. We apply PCA features for visual landmarks and employ hybrid map representation. Particularly, we define two types of nodes, U/R-nodes and divide the map building process into two, User's Guidance and Robot's Review. Experimental results in rectangular-shaped corridors show the feasibility of our method.
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Attention to social stimuli is associated with language development, and arousal is associated with the increased viewing of stimuli. We investigated whether skin conductance responses (SCRs) are associated with language development in ASD: a population that shows abnormalities in both attention to others and language development. A sample of 32 children with ASD (7 y – 15 y; M =9 y) was divided into two groups, based on language onset histories. A typically developing comparison group consisted of 18 age and IQ matched children. SCRs were taken as the participants viewed faces. SCRs differentiated the ASD group based on language onset and were associated with abnormal attention to gaze in infancy and subsequent language development. Running head: LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT AND AROUSAL 3 Associations between language development and skin conductance responses to faces and eye gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder
The PI3K/Akt Pathway in Tumors of Endocrine Tissues

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway is a key driver in carcinogenesis. Defects in this pathway in human cancer syndromes such as Cowden’s disease and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia result in tumors of endocrine tissues, highlighting its importance in these cancer types. This review explores the growing evidence from multiple animal and in vitro models and from analysis of human tumors for the involvement of this pathway in the following: thyroid carcinoma subtypes, parathyroid carcinoma, pituitary tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, phaeochromocytoma, neuroblastoma, and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. While data are not always consistent, immunohistochemistry performed on human tumor tissue has been used alongside other techniques to demonstrate Akt overactivation. We review active Akt as a potential prognostic marker and the PI3K pathway as a therapeutic target in endocrine neoplasia.
Please Scroll down for Article Journal of Applied Sport Psychology Effects of Attentional Focus on Skilled Performance in Golf

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The Money Multiplier, the Money Market, and the LM Curve

By taking into account the procyclical nature of the money multiplier varies procyclically due to the public's portfolio decisions, this note shows that the slope of the LM curve need not be positive but can be of any sign. From this it follows that a fiscal-policy generated shift in the IS curve will have an ambiguous effect on the interest rate and that fiscal policy multipliers will vary in size with the money multiplier.
An Iterative Precoder Design for Successive Zero-Forcing Precoded Systems

Successive zero-forcing (SZF) is a precoding technique for broadcast channels that partially precancels the multiuser interference. Due to the residual interference, the optimal precoder design for SZF is difficult to find, and currently unknown. This letter proposes a suboptimal iterative precoder design for the sum rate maximization problem for SZF, using a local optimization method. In each iteration, the precoders are updated to maximize a first-order approximation of the sum rate, which can be easily solved since the approximation is concave with the precoders. By initializing the precoders with zero matrices, we analytically prove that the iterative design can achieve a larger sum rate than the block diagonalization (BD) approach. Moreover, numerical results demonstrate the superior sum-rate performance of the proposed design over the existing scheme, which is based on a heuristic method.
Dietary Cadmium Intake and Risk of Breast, Endometrial and Ovarian Cancer in Danish Postmenopausal Women: A Prospective Cohort Study

Purpose Cadmium is a human lung carcinogen and possesses estrogen-like activity. This combination of carcinogenic and estrogenic activity makes cadmium a contaminant of high concern for hormone-related cancers. Diet and smoking are the main sources of cadmium exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary cadmium intake and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in Danish postmenopausal woman. Methods We estimated dietary cadmium intake in the Diet, Cancer and Health cohort at enrolment 1993-97. The estimates were based on food frequency questionnaires and cadmium contents in all foods. Among 23,815 postmenopausal women we identified 1390 breast, 192 endometrial, and 146 ovarian cancer cases from enrolment through December 31, 2010 using the Danish Cancer Registry. Cox regression was used to analyse the association between dietary cadmium intake and cancer risk. Results Mean dietary cadmium intake was 14 µg/day. Cadmium was not associated with breast cancer, incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87–1.13 per 10 µg higher dietary cadmium intake/day; endometrial cancer, IRR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.76–1.53; or ovarian cancer, IRR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.78–1.70. We found a positive association between cadmium and endometrial cancer for the women with BMI<25 (IRR = 1.50, 95% CI: 0.94–2.39), whereas an inverse association was seen for the women with BMI≥25 (IRR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.42–1.12); p value for interaction = 0.02. Conclusions Our study does not indicate that our estimated dietary cadmium intake is associated with hormone-related cancers in women.
Lycopene from heat-induced cis-isomer-rich tomato sauce is more bioavailable than from all-trans-rich tomato sauce in human subjects

Lycopene is present mainly as cis-isomers in human serum and tissues whereas all-trans-lycopene predominates in tomato products, suggesting that all-trans-lycopene is isomerised in the body or is less bioavailable. The objectives of the present study were to develop processing conditions for tomatoes to obtain products with different cis-trans-lycopene isomer distribution and to assess their bioavailability. Healthy adult subjects (n 12) were recruited for this randomised cross-over trial. Each intervention was preceded by a 2-week washout period. Two tomato sauces, one rich in all-trans-lycopene (32·5 mg total lycopene/100 g sauce; 5 % cis-isomers), the other high in cis-lycopene (26·4 mg total lycopene/100 g sauce; 45 % cis-isomers), were produced by different heat-processing techniques. Each sauce (150 g) was served in a standardised meal at 08.00 hours after overnight fasting. Plasma TAG-rich lipoprotein fractions over 9.5 h following test-meal consumption as a measure of lycopene absorption were obtained and expressed as baseline-corrected area under the concentration v. time curves (AUC), using HPLC-electrochemical detection. AUC values adjusted for the amount lycopene consumed showed that total, total cis-, and all-trans-lycopene responses were significantly higher from the cis-isomer-rich sauce, compared with the all-trans-rich sauce, being 7·30 (sem 1·45) v. 4·74 (sem 1·08) nmol × h/l (P = 0·002), 3·80 (sem 0·76) v. 1·98 (sem 0·37) nmol × h/l (P = 0·0005) and 3·50 (sem 0·76) v. 2·76 (sem 0·76) nmol × h/l (P = 0·01), respectively. The present study demonstrates significant lycopene bioavailability from cis-lycopene-rich tomato sauce and highlights the importance of considering isomer-distribution for lycopene bioavailability. Furthermore, processing parameters can be controlled to alter isomer patterns of tomato products and influence lycopene bioavailability.
Six Practical Views of Central Bank Transparency

In the span of fifteen years, central bank transparency has gone from being highly controversial to an accepted broad goal to which all central banks pay at least lip service. Yet, like many other broad concepts in economic policy, what central bank transparency actually means remains rather open to debate. Recent monetary theory has been unsuccessful in providing clarity because it emphasizes the issue of discerning a central bank's "type. " In practice, central bank transparency has implications for a number of day-to-day issues. These include the persistence of inflation, the response of financial markets to central bank announcements, and the treatment of intermediate monetary targets - that is, central bank transparency influences the short-run dynamics of private-sector expectations. The evidence, in fact, is that the effect of greater transparency on these dynamics is beneficial. There is, however, a disturbing apparent disjunction between central bank transparency and accountability in reality. Recent developments in Japan and, to a lesser degree, in the United States and the eurozone have amply demonstrated that central bank independence can expand in harmful ways even as transparency increases and inflation targeting is adopted. It is time to discard two misleading claims: first, that increased transparency inhibits central bank independence; and second, that transparency provides sufficient accountability for central banks in democratic societies. Instead, we should remove the goal independence of all central banks that retain it, including the Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve, and the European Central Bank.