Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Never Resting Brain: Simultaneous Representation of Two Alpha Related Processes in Humans

Brain activity is continuously modulated, even at “rest”. The alpha rhythm (8–12 Hz) has been known as the hallmark of the brain's idle-state. However, it is still debated if the alpha rhythm reflects synchronization in a distributed network or focal generator and whether it occurs spontaneously or is driven by a stimulus. This EEG/fMRI study aimed to explore the source of alpha modulations and their distribution in the resting brain. By serendipity, while computing the individually defined power modulations of the alpha-band, two simultaneously occurring components of these modulations were found. An ‘induced alpha’ that was correlated with the paradigm (eyes open/ eyes closed), and a ‘spontaneous alpha’ that was on-going and unrelated to the paradigm. These alpha components when used as regressors for BOLD activation revealed two segregated activation maps: the ‘induced map’ included left lateral temporal cortical regions and the hippocampus; the ‘spontaneous map’ included prefrontal cortical regions and the thalamus. Our combined fMRI/EEG approach allowed to computationally untangle two parallel patterns of alpha modulations and underpin their anatomical basis in the human brain. These findings suggest that the human alpha rhythm represents at least two simultaneously occurring processes which characterize the ‘resting brain’; one is related to expected change in sensory information, while the other is endogenous and independent of stimulus change.
Prevalence of benign, atypical, and malignant breast lesions in populations at different risk for breast cancer. A forensic autopsy study

A forensic autopsy series of 519 women more than 14 years old was studied for prevalence of benign, atypical, and occult malignant breast lesions. The women included Anglos (non‐Hispanic whites), Hispanics, and American Indians from New Mexico and Eastern Arizona. These three ethnic/racial groups are at markedly different risk for the development of breast cancer (Anglo 89 of 100,000) women per year, Hispanic 45.5, and American Indian 24.9. There were striking ethnic/racial and age‐related differences in both the prevalence and magnitude of all forms of nonproliferative and proliferative fibrocystic disease. The various subsets of fibrocystic disease were highly associated with each other. Such lesions as apocrine metaplasia, sclerosing adenosis, and lobular microcalcification showed as much difference according to ethnic/racial background and age as the more common cystic change and duct epithelial hyperplasia. Atypical lobular and ductal hyperplasia, carcinoma fit situ, and occult invasive carcinoma were uncommon and also occurred in ethnic/racial groups in a pattern that parallels the cancer risk in those groups.
Higher-Order Acausal Models

Current equation-based object-oriented (EOO) languages typically contain a number of fairly complex language constructs for enabling reuse of models. However, support for model transformation is still often limited to scripting solutions provided by tool implementations. In this paper we investigate the possibility of combining the well known concept of higher-order functions, used in standard functional programming languages, with acausal models. This concept, called Higher-Order Acausal Models (HOAMs), sim-pliﬁes the creation of reusable model libraries and model transformations within the modeling language itself. These transformations include general model composition and recursion operations and do not require data representation/reiﬁcation of models as in metaprogramming/meta-modeling. Examples within the electrical and mechanical domain are given using a small research language. However, the language concept is not limited to a particular language, and could in the future be incorporated into existing commercially available EOO-languages.
Geomechanical rock properties of a basaltic volcano

In volcanic regions, reliable estimates of mechanical properties for specific volcanic events such as cyclic inflation-deflation cycles by magmatic intrusions, thermal stressing, and high temperatures are crucial for building accurate models of volcanic phenomena. This study focuses on the challenge of characterizing volcanic materials for the numerical analyses of such events. To do this, we evaluated the physical (porosity, permeability) and mechanical (strength) properties of basaltic rocks at Pacaya Volcano (Guatemala) through a variety of laboratory experiments, including: room temperature, high temperature (935 °C), and cyclically-loaded uniaxial compressive strength tests on as-collected and thermally-treated rock samples. Knowledge of the material response to such varied stressing conditions is necessary to analyze potential hazards at Pacaya, whose persistent activity has led to 13 evacuations of towns near the volcano since 1987. The rocks show a non-linear relationship between permeability and porosity, which relates to the importance of the crack network connecting the vesicles in these rocks. Here we show that strength not only decreases with porosity and permeability, but also with prolonged stressing (i.e., at lower strain rates) and upon cooling. Complimentary tests in which cyclic episodes of thermal or load stressing showed no systematic weakening of the material on the scale of our experiments. Most importantly, we show the extremely heterogeneous nature of volcanic edifices that arise from differences in porosity and permeability of the local lithologies, the limited lateral extent of lava flows, and the scars of previous collapse events. Input of these process-specific rock behaviors into slope stability and deformation models can change the resultant hazard analysis. We anticipate that an increased parameterization of rock properties will improve mitigation power.
An analysis of the performance of a handset diversity antenna influenced by head, hand and shoulder effects at 900 MHz

The purpose of this work is to make a wire-grid analysis of a diversity antenna comprising a whip antenna and a built-in planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) to include the electromagnetic effects of a human operator and to evaluate the diversity performance with regard to the head-to-radio separation under various incident radio wave environments. Investigations are also made on the power absorbed in the head, hand and shoulder, on the power loss due to impedance mismatch, and on the dissipated power in a non-excited element when the head-to-radio separation is changed. From the results, a mechanism for changing radiation efficiency is explained.
Mathematical modelling of diurnal regulation of carbohydrate allocation by osmo-related processes in plants

Plants synthesize sucrose in source tissues (mainly mature leafs) and supply it for growth of sink tissues (young leafs). Sucrose is derived from photosynthesis during daytime and from starch at night. Because the diurnal regulation of sucrose fluxes is not completely understood, we built a mathematical model designed to reproduce all key experimental observations. For this, assumptions were made about the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulations, which are all motivated by experimental facts. The key regulators in our model are two kinases (SnRK1 and osmo-sensitive kinase OsmK) under the control of the circadian clock. SnRK1 is activated in the night to prepare for regularly occurring carbon-limiting conditions, whereas OsmK is activated during the day to prepare for water deficit, which often occurs in the afternoon. Decrease of SnRK1 and increase of OsmK result in partitioning of carbon towards sucrose to supply growing sink tissues. Concomitantly, increasing levels of the growth regulator trehalose-6-phosphate stimulates the development of new sink tissues and thus sink demand, which further activates sucrose supply in a positive feedback loop. We propose that OsmK acts as a timer to measure the length of the photoperiod and suggest experiments how this hypothesis can be validated.
Source coding for dependent sources

In this work, we address the capacity region of multi-source multi-terminal network communication problems, and study the change in capacity when one moves form independent to dependent source information. Specifically, we ask whether the trade off between capacity and source independence is of continuous nature. We tie the question at hand to that of edge removal which has seen recent interest.
A high-performance persistent identification concept

The immense research dataset growth requires new strategies and concepts for an appropriate handling at the corresponding research data repositories. This is especially true for the concept of Persistent Identifiers (PIDs), which is designed to provide a persistent identification layer on top of the address-based resource retrieval methodology of the current Internet. For research datasets, which are referenced, further processed and transferred, such a persistent identification concept is highly crucial for ensuring a long-term scientific exchange. Often, each individual research dataset stored in a research data repository, is registered at a particular PID registration agency in order to be assigned a globally unique PID. However, for the explosive growth of research datasets this concept of registering each individual research dataset is in terms of the performance highly inappropriate. Therefore, the focus of this work is on a concept for enabling a high-performance persistent identification of research datasets. Recent research data repositories often are equipped with a built-in naming component for assigning immutable and internally unique identifiers for their incoming research datasets. Thus, the core idea in this work is to enable these internal identifiers to be directly resolvable at the well-known global PID resolution systems. This work will therefore provide insight into the implementation of this idea into the well-known Handle System. Finally, in this work, we will provide an experimental evaluation of our proposed concept.
A Differentiation-Based Phylogeny of Cancer Subtypes

Histopathological classification of human tumors relies in part on the degree of differentiation of the tumor sample. To date, there is no objective systematic method to categorize tumor subtypes by maturation. In this paper, we introduce a novel computational algorithm to rank tumor subtypes according to the dissimilarity of their gene expression from that of stem cells and fully differentiated tissue, and thereby construct a phylogenetic tree of cancer. We validate our methodology with expression data of leukemia, breast cancer and liposarcoma subtypes and then apply it to a broader group of sarcomas. This ranking of tumor subtypes resulting from the application of our methodology allows the identification of genes correlated with differentiation and may help to identify novel therapeutic targets. Our algorithm represents the first phylogeny-based tool to analyze the differentiation status of human tumors.
Fate of allogeneic or syngeneic cells in intravenous or portal vein injection: Possible explanation for the mechanism of tolerance induction by portal vein injection

In this report we examine the fate of donor cells injected via different routes. When PKH‐26‐labeled C57BL/6 (B6) spleen cells were intravenously (i.v.) injected into BALB/c mice, the donor cells were rejected within 3 days. In contrast, when the same B6 spleen cells were portal venously (p.v.) injected, they were trapped in the recipient liver. When allogeneic or syngeneic whole bone marrow cells (BMC) or cells in a hemopoietic stem cell (HSC)‐enriched fraction were either i.v. or p.v. injected, the cells accumulated in the liver. The cells trapped in the liver were found to be wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)‐positive HSC. When B6 thymocytes were p.v. or i.v. injected into BALB/c mice, they were rapidly rejected. When BALB/c mice were i.v. preimmunized with unlabeled B6 spleen cells, BMC or thymocytes, the p.v. or i.v. injected PKH‐26‐labeled B6 spleen cells were rejected rapidly (within 2 days). In contrast, when BALB/c mice were p.v. preimmunized with B6 spleen cells or BMC, the p.v. or i.v. injected PKH‐26‐labeled B6 spleen cells were not rejected. The cells responsible for the tolerance induction were found to be HSC trapped in the liver. Delayed‐type hypersensitivity assays revealed that the tolerance could be maintained for more than 49 days by p.v. injection plus i.v. injection (at intervals of 2 weeks) of HSC. These findings indicate that HSC trapped in the liver play a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of p.v. tolerance.
Properties of Fujicalin®, a New Modified Anhydrous Dibasic Calcium Phosphate for Direct Compression: Comparison with Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate

The novel, commercially available, free-flowing spherically granulated dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (SGDCPA) Fujicalin for direct tableting was compared with directly compressible dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), the properties of which are well known. The two excipients were investigated and compared with regard to their physical and powder properties, compressibility, and compactibility. As a consequence of the spherical shape of its particles, SGDCPA shows the same good flowability and even better compactibility. In contrast to DCPD, SGDCPA shows significant uptake of moisture when exposed to relative humidities (RHs) exceeding 70%. For both excipients, the main deformation mechanism is fragmentation, with SGDCPA yielding significantly stronger tablets.
COLE Experiments at CLEF 2003: Spanish Monolingual Track

In this our second participation in the CLEF Spanish monolingual track, we have continued applying Natural Language Processing techniques for single word and multi-word term conflation. Two different conflation approaches have been tested. The first approach is based on the lemmatization of the text in order to avoid inflectional variation. Our second approach consists of the employment of syntactic dependencies as complex index terms, in an attempt to solve the problems derived from syntactic variation and, in this way, to obtain more precise terms. Such dependencies are obtained through a shallow parser based on cascades of finite-state transducers.
NK Cell and CD4+FoxP3+ Regulatory T Cell Based Therapies for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Engraftment

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a powerful therapy to treat multiple hematological diseases. The intensive conditioning regimens used to allow for donor hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment are often associated with severe toxicity, delayed immune reconstitution, life-threatening infections, and thus higher relapse rates. Additionally, due to the high incidence of graft versus host disease (GvHD), HCT protocols have evolved to prevent such disease that has a detrimental impact on antitumor and antiviral responses. Here, we analyzed the role of host T and natural killer (NK) cells in the rejection of donor HSC engraftment as well as the impact of donor regulatory T cells (Treg) and NK cells on HSC engraftment. We review some of the current strategies that utilize NK or Treg to improve allogeneic HCT therapy in order to accomplish better HSC engraftment and immune reconstitution and achieve a lower incidence of cancer relapse, opportunistic infections, and GvHD.
Swarm aggregations using artificial potentials and sliding-mode control

In this paper, we consider a control strategy of multiagent systems, or simply, swarms, based on artificial potential functions and the sliding-mode control technique. First, we briefly discuss a "kinematic" swarm model in n-dimensional space introduced in an earlier paper. In that model, the interindividual interactions are based on artificial potential functions, and the motion of the individuals is along the negative gradient of the combined potential. After that, we consider a general model for vehicle dynamics of each agent (swarm member), and use sliding-mode control theory to force their motion to obey the dynamics of the kinematic model. In this context, the results for the initial model serve as a "proof of concept" for multiagent coordination and control (swarm aggregation), whereas the present results serve as a possible implementation method for engineering swarms with given vehicle dynamics. The presented control scheme is robust with respect to disturbances and system uncertainties.
A Complex of Equine Lysozyme and Oleic Acid with Bactericidal Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae

HAMLET and ELOA are complexes consisting of oleic acid and two homologous, yet functionally different, proteins with cytotoxic activities against mammalian cells, with HAMLET showing higher tumor cells specificity, possibly due to the difference in propensity for oleic acid binding, as HAMLET binds 5-8 oleic acid molecules per protein molecule and ELOA binds 11-48 oleic acids. HAMLET has been shown to possess bactericidal activity against a number of bacterial species, particularly those with a respiratory tropism, with Streptococcus pneumoniae displaying the greatest degree of sensitivity. We show here that ELOA also displays bactericidal activity against pneumococci, which at lower concentrations shows mechanistic similarities to HAMLET’s bactericidal activity. ELOA binds to S. pneumoniae and causes perturbations of the plasma membrane, including depolarization and subsequent rupture, and activates an influx of calcium into the cells. Selective inhibition of calcium channels and sodium/calcium exchange activity significantly diminished ELOA’s bactericidal activity, similar to what we have observed with HAMLET. Finally, ELOA-induced death was also accompanied by DNA fragmentation into high molecular weight fragments – an apoptosis-like morphological phenotype that is seen during HAMLET-induced death. Thus, in contrast to different mechanisms of eukaryote cell death induced by ELOA and HAMLET, these complexes are characterized by rather similar activities towards bacteria. Although the majority of these events could be mimicked using oleic acid alone, the concentrations of oleic acid required were significantly higher than those present in the ELOA complex, and for some assays, the results were not identical between oleic acid alone and the ELOA complex. This indicates that the lipid, as a common denominator in both complexes, is an important component for the complexes’ bactericidal activities, while the proteins are required both to solubilize and/or present the lipid at the bacterial membrane and likely to confer other and separate functions during the bacterial death.
One Practical Algorithm for Both Stochastic and Adversarial Bandits

We present an algorithm for multiarmed bandits that achieves almost optimal performance in both stochastic and adversarial regimes without prior knowledge about the nature of the environment. Our algorithm is based on augmentation of the EXP3 algorithm with a new control lever in the form of exploration parameters that are tailored individually for each arm. The algorithm simultaneously applies the "old" control lever, the learning rate, to control the regret in the adversarial regime and the new control lever to detect and exploit gaps between the arm losses. This secures problem-dependent "logarithmic" regret when gaps are present without compromising on the worst-case performance guarantee in the adversarial regime. We show that the algorithm can exploit both the usual expected gaps between the arm losses in the stochastic regime and deterministic gaps between the arm losses in the adversarial regime. The algorithm retains "logarithmic" regret guarantee in the stochastic regime even when some observations are contaminated by an adversary, as long as on average the contamination does not reduce the gap by more than a half. Our results for the stochastic regime are supported by experimental validation.
Profit persistence in the ‘very’ long run: evidence from survivors and exiters

One of the main shortcomings of the profit persistence literature is the fact that it looks only at surviving companies. This paper uses a unique dataset to analyse profit persistence in two different samples of stationary series: 85 surviving US companies from 1950–1999 and 72 exiters. While the exiters perform more competitively than the survivors there is still significant evidence for profit persistence in both samples. Concentration and growth of the industry as well as size and volatility of profits seem to play an important role in explaining persistence.
Review and Challenges of Assumptions in Software Development

The problems of implicit and invalid assumptions have been identified as one of the key reasons to project and software failures. Assumptions are available in almost all aspects of the software development from human factors to different software development activities. They also have influence on software quality attributes. The aim of this article is to provide a review of existing work in assumption management and find out the assumptions related challenges that should be mitigated in order to build better systems. The results show that assumptions are concerned with many different areas of software engineering and that existing approaches suffer from the lack of scope of assumptions categories and some concerns that are impacted by the assumptions. We believe a holistic assumption management approach can mitigate assumptions related challenges by integrating concerned areas and contribute to build systems with smooth software integration and evolution.
PREVALENCE OF TASTE BLINDNESS TO PHENYLTHIOCARBAMIDE IN PUNJAB

Background: This study was carried out to find out the prevalence of taste blindness to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) in healthy, young adults of Punjab Province in Pakistan. Methods: Out of total number of about 1250 students , six hundred students (315 males, 285 females) from Nishtar Medical College, Multan participated in the study. Their age was ranging between 18 to 23 years. One centimeter square filter paper, impregnated with 0.5% solution of PTC was given to the subjects and they were asked to chew the paper and to state the taste perceived. They were asked to spit out the chemical and rinse the mouth with water. Among 600 subjects, 18.6% were found taste blind for PTC. Results: Among males 23% and among females 14% were found nontaster to PTC. When analyzed on regional basis, all regions of Punjab were shown to have both tasters and non-tasters in about the same proportion. More non-tasters were found among males as compared with the females. Conclusion: So in Punjab, the ratio of non-tasters to PTC (18.6%) is more than the ratio in China (10%) and in Turkey (11.2%) but their ratio is less than those in the USA (30%).
The rapid screen of concussion: An evaluation of the non-word repetition test for use in mTBI research

Primary objectives: (1) To investigate the Nonword Repetition test (NWR) as an index of sub-vocal rehearsal deficits after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI); (2) to assess the reliability, validity and sensitivity of the NWR; and (3) to compare the NWR to more sensitive tests of verbal memory. Research design: An independent groups design. Methods and procedures: Study 1 administered the NWR to 46 mTBI and 61 uninjured controls with the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC). Study 2 compared mTBI, orthopaedic and uninjured participants on the NWR and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT-R). Main outcomes and results: The NWR did not improve the diagnostic accuracy of the RSC. However, it is reliable and indexes sub-vocal rehearsal speed. These findings provide evidence that although the current form of the NWR lacks sensitivity to the impact of mTBI, the development of a more sensitive test of sub-vocal rehearsal deficits following mTBI is warranted.