Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Coincidence detection of convergent perforant path and mossy fibre inputs by CA3 interneurons

We performed whole‐cell recordings from CA3 s. radiatum (R) and s. lacunosum‐moleculare (L‐M) interneurons in hippocampal slices to examine the temporal aspects of summation of converging perforant path (PP) and mossy fibre (MF) inputs. PP EPSPs were evoked from the s. lacunosum‐moleculare in area CA1. MF EPSPs were evoked from the medial extent of the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus. Summation was strongly supralinear when examining PP EPSP with MF EPSP in a heterosynaptic pair at the 10 ms ISI, and linear to sublinear at longer ISIs. This pattern of nonlinearities suggests that R and L‐M interneurons act as coincidence detectors for input from PP and MF. Summation at all ISIs was linear in voltage clamp mode demonstrating that nonlinearities were generated by postsynaptic voltage‐dependent conductances. Supralinearity was not detected when the first EPSP in the pair was replaced by a simulated EPSP injected into the soma, suggesting that the conductances underlying the EPSP boosting were located in distal dendrites. Supralinearity was selectively eliminated with either Ni2+ (30 μm), mibefradil (10 μm) or nimodipine (15 μm), but was unaffected by QX‐314. This pharmacological profile indicates that supralinearity is due to recruitment of dendritic T‐type Ca2+channels by the first subthreshold EPSP in the pair. Results with the hyperpolarization‐activated (Ih) channel blocker ZD 7288 (50 μm) revealed that Ih restricted the time course of supralinearity for coincidently summed EPSPs, and promoted linear to sublinear summation for asynchronous EPSPs. We conclude that coincidence detection results from the counterbalanced activation of T‐type Ca2+ channels and inactivation of Ih.
The Opinion Factor: The Effects of Opinionated News on Information Processing and Attitude Change

The recent growth in opinionated cable news, in which the anchor expresses a clear political point of view, has aroused concerns about its potential polarizing effects on public opinion. Key to uncovering opinionated news' impact on public opinion is an understanding of how partisan audiences process opinionated news: Do the overt partisan cues in opinionated news stimulate biased processing, thereby enhancing attitude polarization among opposing partisans relative to non-opinionated news? Or are opinionated news messages processed uniformly by partisans, contributing to direct persuasion? Two online experiments tested the effects of news opinionation—and interactions with individual political partisanship—on information processing and attitude change. Results from both studies most clearly support a model of direct persuasion. Message processing and attitude change follow the direction of the news' opinionation, with little variation by partisanship, offering no evidence that opinionated news intensifies attitude differences among partisans relative to non-opinionated news. Implications for theories of political information processing and democratic politics are discussed.
Ethnic Entrepreneurs: Immigrant Business in Industrial Societies

Foreword - John H Stanfield II Preface Opportunities, Group Characteristics, and Outcomes - Roger Waldinger, Howard Aldrich and Robin Ward Trends in Ethnic Business in the United States - Roger Waldinger and Howard Aldrich European Trends in Ethnic Business - Jochen Blaschke et al Spatial Dimensions of Opportunity Structures - Roger Waldinger, David McEvoy and Howard Aldrich Ethnic Entrepreneurs and Ethnic Strategies - Jeremy Boissevain et al Business on the Ragged Edge - Roger Waldinger, Mirjana Morokvasic and Annie Phizacklea Immigrant and Minority Business in the Garment Industries of Paris, London, and New York Conclusions and Policy Implications - Roger Waldinger et al
Preintegration Lateral Inhibition Enhances Unsupervised Learning

A large and influential class of neural network architectures uses postintegration lateral inhibition as a mechanism for competition. We argue that these algorithms are computationally deficient in that they fail to generate, or learn, appropriate perceptual representations under certain circumstances. An alternative neural network architecture is presented here in which nodes compete for the right to receive inputs rather than for the right to generate outputs. This form of competition, implemented through preintegration lateral inhibition, does provide appropriate coding properties and can be used to learn such representations efficiently. Furthermore, this architecture is consistent with both neuroanatomical and neurophysiological data. We thus argue that preintegration lateral inhibition has computational advantages over conventional neural network architectures while remaining equally biologically plausible.
Resistance to Group or Personal Insults in an Ingroup or Outgroup Context

Abstract This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different types of insults in different social contexts on the victim's resistance to the attack. In a teaching exercise, which was purportedly measuring their intelligence, students were insulted for their incompetence by their teacher in various situations: when alone, in front of an ingroup member, or in front of an outgroup member. In half the cases this personal insult was augmented by one impugning the competence of the student's academic ingroup as well. Direct resistance showed a complex pattern of results, reflecting concerns about managing an impression of group loyalty and personal detachment. Measures of indirect resistance showed higher levels in the public, as opposed to the private contexts, and were conceptualised as reflecting esteem deflation. These results thus amplify and extend into the logic of a collectivist culture hypotheses (Felson, 1978) about aggression as impression management. Cette recherche a ete concue pour ev.
The moral dimension of children's and adolescents' conceptualisation of tolerance to human diversity

This study examined the kinds of justifications children and adolescents used to support tolerant and intolerant judgements about human diversity. For the tolerant responses, three main belief categories emerged, based on the beliefs that others should be treated fairly (fairness), empathetically (empathy) and that reason/logic ought to govern judgements (reasonableness). Fairness emerged as the most used belief to support tolerant judgements and the most commonly used combination of beliefs was found to be fairness/empathy, linking tolerance to moral reasoning, rules and values. Specifically noticeable was that 6–7‐year‐olds appealed to fairness more often in comparison to the 11–12 and 15–16‐year‐olds. Older students used a larger repertoire of beliefs to support tolerance, indicating developing cognitive maturity. There was also a tendency for females to appeal to fairness/empathy more often than males. The major constraint to positive tolerance was not prejudice toward the target groups but the adolescents' beliefs in freedom of speech as a democratic right, pointing to a conflict in values between tolerance and other human rights.
Effects of Different Sources of Social support and Social Conflict on Emotional Well-Being

Three questions regarding social support and social conflict are examined in this article: (a) Which sources of social support are most strongly related to emotional well-being? , (b) What is the relationship between social support and social conflict? , and (c) Which sources of social conflict are most strongly related to emotional well-being? Three versions of a questionnaire were developed and examined with data from 168 undergraduates. Each version was identical except for the source of social support and social conflict the respondent was asked to describe. Respondents were asked how much support and conflict they experienced with respect to either people in your personal life, some one person, or the person closest to you. The theoretical implications of each of these question formats are described. Results indicate that social support and social conflict were not significantly correlated except when respondents were referring to the person closest to them. Social support significantly correlated with.
Ethnicity and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia

The multi-ethnic composition of contemporary Yugoslavia grows out of the diverse and complex history of this South Slavic region. Attempting to avoid the interwar Royalist government's policies which exacerbated ethnic differences, the post-World War II socialist leaders established a genuine federation which provided consider able autonomy to the ethnic groups inhabiting the different republics and provinces. Although initially supporting a movement toward "Yugoslavism" and the dissolution of ethnic, religious, and cultural differences, the Yugoslav leaders have more recently emphasized decentralization in political and economic affairs. The guiding principle is that a united community of Yugoslav peoples can best be ensured through governmental respect for ethnic diversity. The political structure, ethnic representation within the government, army, and League of Communists, and the policies of the federal government reflect this guiding principle.
One-Sided Precoder Designs for Interference Alignment

The aim of this paper is to propose a fast convergence algorithm of precoder to achieve feasible interference alignment. By limiting the optimization only on the transmitters' side, it relaxes the assumption of channel reciprocity which will alleviate the significant overhead induced by alternating between the forward and reverse communication links. A lower complexity and higher robustness modified steepest descent (SD) algorithm in the complex space is introduced first. Then we reform the optimization problem on the complex Stiefel manifold and derive a novel SD algorithm to achieve perfect interference alignment. Simulation results suggest that comparing with previous methods, the novel SD algorithm on Stiefel manifold has better convergence performance and higher system capacity.
THE ROLE OF EARLY LEFT‐BRAIN INJURY IN DETERMINING LATERALIZATION OF CEREBRAL SPEECH FUNCTIONS

Preparatory to craniotomy for the relief of medically refractory focal epilepsy, the lateralization of cerebral speech functions was determined by the Wada intracarotid Amytal test in 134 patients with clinical and radiologic evidence of an early left-hemisphere lesion. Their results were compared with those for 262 patients (140 right-handed, 122 left-handed), who were tested in a similar way. One-third of the patients with early lesions were still right-handed, and 81% of these right-handers were left-hemisphere dominant for speech. In the non-right-handers, speech was represented in the left cerebral hemisphere in nearly a third of the group, in the right hemisphere in half the group, and bilaterally in the remainder. Bilateral speech representation was demonstrated in 15% of the non-right-handers without early left-brain injury and in 19% of those with evidence of such early injury, whereas it was extremely rare in the right-handed groups. In addition, nearly half the patients with bilateral speech representation exhibited a complete or partial dissociation between errors of naming and errors in the repetition of verbal sequences after Amytal injection into left or right hemispheres. This points to the possibility of a functionally asymmetric participation of the two hemispheres in the language processes of some normal left-handers. The results of the Amytal speech tests in this series of patients point to locus of lesion as one of the critical determinants in the lateralization of cerebral speech processes after early left-brain injury. It is argued that in such cases the continuing dominance of the left hemisphere for speech in largely contingent upon the integrity of the frontal and parietal speech zones.
Measuring Water Orientation and Beginner Swim Skills of Autistic Individuals

There is little objective evidence to support the belief that swimming is an enjoyable and valuable activity for autistic individuals. In this study, a checklist was used to record the responses of 37 autistic children and youth to water orientation and beginner swim activities. The data indicated that the autistic subjects responded in a predictable and apparently normal manner to a hierarchy of water skills. Also, the subjects displayed a low objection rate to water activities. Strong relationships (r = .95, p < .01) were shown between age and water orientation and also between prior experience and water orientation (r = .88, p < .01). The findings support the literature in that the majority of subjects responded well to, or at least tolerated, water activities. Swimming pool activities may offer potential learning opportunities for many autistic individuals and should be investigated further as an avenue for improving a variety of physical, academic, or social skills.
Transitional Supportive Housing Programs: Battered Women's Perspectives and Recommendations

Finding safe, affordable housing is one of the greatest obstacles that women who leave abusive partners face. In response, advocates for battered women have begun to offer transitional supportive housing (TSH) programs. This article reports on interviews with 55 key stakeholders of these programs (direct service staff, current participants, former participants, and shelter residents) to examine the degree to which TSH programs fulfill the needs of the women who use them. Consistent with other research on empowerment-based services, the study found that the women were most satisfied when services were provided in a respectful and individualized manner. The women's recommendations included the implementation of safety protocols and the need for a variety of support services that should be offered but not mandated.
Release of ATP induced by hypertonic solutions in Xenopus oocytes

ATP mediates intercellular communication. Mechanical stress and changes in cell volume induce ATP release from various cell types, both secretory and non‐secretory. In the present study, we stressed Xenopus oocytes with a hypertonic solution enriched in mannitol (300 mm). We measured simultaneously ATP release and ionic currents from a single oocyte. A decrease in cell volume, the activation of an inward current and ATP release were coincident. We found two components of ATP release: the first was associated with granule or vesicle exocytosis, because it was inhibited by tetanus neurotoxin, and the second was related to the inward current. A single exponential described the correlation between ATP release and the hypertonic‐activated current. Gadolinium ions, which block mechanically activated ionic channels, inhibited the ATP release and the inward current but did not affect the decrease in volume. Oocytes expressing CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator) released ATP under hypertonic shock, but ATP release was significantly inhibited in the first component: that related to granule exocytosis. Since the ATP measured is the balance between ATP release and ATP degradation by ecto‐enzymes, we measured the nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase) activity of the oocyte surface during osmotic stress, as the calcium‐dependent hydrolysis of ATP, which was inhibited by more than 50 % in hypertonic conditions. The best‐characterized membrane protein showing NTPDase activity is CD39. Oocytes injected with an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to CD39 mRNA released less ATP and showed a lower amplitude in the inward current than those oocytes injected with water.
The effects of post ‐identification feedback and age on retrospective eyewitness memory

Two studies examined the effects of post-identification feedback, age, and retention interval on participants' memories and beliefs about memories for a videotaped event, as captured by a store surveillance camera. After viewing the video, they were then asked to identify the suspect from a target-absent photo line-up. After making their identification, some participants were given information suggesting that their identification was correct, while others were given no information about the accuracy of their identification. In both experiments participants who received confirming feedback indicated they were more confident in their identification, paid more attention to the video, and that they were more willing to testify in court than those who received no feedback. The confidence inflation effects of post-identification feedback did not vary with retention interval or age. These results are consistent with a position focusing on accessibility, which suggests that witnesses have little or no retrievable recollection of how sure they were at the time of their identification. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deposition and transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in porous media: lab-scale experiments and model analysis

In this study, the deposition and transport of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on sandy porous materials have been investigated under static and dynamic flow conditions. For the static experiments, both equilibrium and kinetic batch tests were performed at a 1:3 and 3:1 soil:solution ratio. The batch data were analysed to quantify the deposition parameters under static conditions. Column tests were performed for dynamic flow experiments with KCl solution and bacteria suspended in (1) deionized water, (2) mineral salt medium (MSM) and (3) surfactant+MSM. The equilibrium distribution coefficient (Kd) was larger at a 1:3 (2.43 mL g−1) than that at a 3:1 (0.28 mL g−1) soil:solution ratio. Kinetic batch experiments showed that the reversible deposition rate coefficient (katt) and the release rate coefficient (kdet) at a soil:solution ratio of 3:1 were larger than those at a 1:3 ratio. Column experiments showed that an increase in ionic strength resulted in a decrease in peak concentration of bacteria, mass recovery and tailing of the bacterial breakthrough curve (BTC) and that the presence of surfactant enhanced the movement of bacteria through quartz sand, giving increased mass recovery and tailing. Deposition parameters under dynamic condition were determined by fitting BTCs to four different transport models, (1) kinetic reversible, (2) two-site, (3) kinetic irreversible and (4) kinetic reversible and irreversible models. Among these models, Model 4 was more suitable than the others since it includes the irreversible sorption term directly related to the mass loss of bacteria observed in the column experiment. Applicability of the parameters obtained from the batch experiments to simulate the column breakthrough data is evaluated.
Ultrasound Versus Landmark-Based Technique for Ilioinguinal-Iliohypogastric Nerve Blockade in Children: The Implications on Plasma Levels of Ropivacaine

BACKGROUND: Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blockade (INB) is associated with high plasma concentrations of local anesthetics (LAs) in children. Ultrasonographic guidance enables exact anatomical administration of LA, which may alter plasma levels. Accordingly, we compared plasma levels of ropivacaine after ultrasonographic versus landmark-based INB. METHODS: After induction of general anesthesia, 66 children (8–84 mo) scheduled for inguinal hernia repair received INB with 0.25 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.5% (1.25 mg/kg) either by a landmark-based (n = 31) or by an ultrasound-guided technique (n = 35). Ropivacaine plasma levels were measured before (0) and 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after the LA injection, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), the absorption rate constant (ka), the speed of rise of the plasma concentration at Time 0 (dC0/dt), and area under the curve value (AUC) were determined. RESULTS: The ultrasound-guided technique resulted in higher Cmax (sd), ka, dC0/dt, and AUC values and shorter tmax compared with the landmark-based technique (Cmax: 1.78 [0.62] vs 1.23 [0.70] &mgr;g/mL, P < 0.01; ka: 14.4 [10.7] vs 11.7 [11.4] h−1, P < 0.05; dC0/dt: 0.26 [0.12] vs 0.15 [0.03] &mgr;g/mL · min, P < 0.01; AUC: 42.4 [15.9] vs 27.2 [18.1] &mgr;g · 30 min/mL, P < 0.001; tmax: 20.4 [8.6] vs 25.3 [7.6] min, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetic data indicate faster absorption and higher maximal plasma concentration of LA when ultrasound was used as a guidance technique for INB compared with the landmark-based technique. Thus, a reduction of the volume of LA should be considered when using an ultrasound-guided technique for INB.
Role of VEGFA gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer patients who treated with bevacizumab

Objectives This study aimed to explore the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene polymorphisms (rs699947 and rs833061) on Bevacizumab (BEV) treatment in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Methods 125 CRC cases receiving BEV plus FOLFIRI treatment were recruited in this study. VEGFA polymorphisms were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Correlation of VEGFA gene polymorphisms with the response rate and progression free survival (PFS) was evaluated. Multivariate analyses were performed to estimate the effects of VEGFA polymorphisms on the therapeutic effects of BEV treatment in CRC patients. Results Rs699947 variants did not show significant association with BEV treatment. For rs833061 analysis, TT and TC genotype carriers had significantly higher ORR (objective response rate) than CC carriers (P=0.048 and P=0.021, respectively). Moreover, TT carriers underwent a well DCR (disease control rate) compared to CC carriers (P=0.002). PFS time also showed obvious correlation with rs833061 polymorphism (log rank test, P=0.002). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that TT and TC genotypes of rs833061 polymorphism were significantly correlated with enhanced therapeutic effects and prolonged PFS in CRC patients. Conclusion VEGFA rs833061 polymorphism is significantly associated with the therapeutic efficiency of bevacizumab in CRC patients.
Social networking sites addiction and associated psychological problems among young adults: a study from North India

Background The world is ever changing due to advancements in the realms of science and technology, with one such advancement being in the field of social networking. The ubiquity of social networking sites (SNSs) raises the concern for its problematic use among young adults and its relationship with mental health problems. Objectives The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of social networking sites addiction and associated psychological problems in young adults. Methods Across-sectional descriptive study involving 200 medical students of Jawahar Lal Nehru Medical College, Ajmer was conducted to assess SNS addiction with a semi-structured proforma. The Depression Anxiety Stress scale-21 (DASS-21) and General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) were used to assess participant’s psychosocial status. Results Out of 197 participants who completed the questionnaires 83 students (42.1%) were mildly effected, while 108 (54.8%) and 6 (3%) students were moderately and severely addicted to SNSs. Those with excessive SNSs use had higher rates of depression, anxiety and stress scores. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that excessive SNSs use among students is associated with increased psychological symptoms, including symptoms of stress and anxiety. Further research is needed to explore these associations further. The Sri Lanka Journal of Psychiatry Vol 6(1):14-16