Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intuition, deliberation, and the evolution of cooperation

Significance The role of intuition versus deliberation in human cooperation has received widespread attention from experimentalists across the behavioral sciences in recent years. Yet a formal theoretical framework for addressing this question has been absent. Here, we introduce an evolutionary game-theoretic model of dual-process agents playing prisoner’s dilemma games. We find that, across many types of environments, evolution only ever favors agents who (i) always intuitively defect, or (ii) are intuitively predisposed to cooperate but who, when deliberating, switch to defection if it is in their self-interest to do so. Our model offers a clear explanation for why we should expect deliberation to promote selfishness rather than cooperation and unifies apparently contradictory empirical results regarding intuition and cooperation. Humans often cooperate with strangers, despite the costs involved. A long tradition of theoretical modeling has sought ultimate evolutionary explanations for this seemingly altruistic behavior. More recently, an entirely separate body of experimental work has begun to investigate cooperation’s proximate cognitive underpinnings using a dual-process framework: Is deliberative self-control necessary to reign in selfish impulses, or does self-interested deliberation restrain an intuitive desire to cooperate? Integrating these ultimate and proximate approaches, we introduce dual-process cognition into a formal game-theoretic model of the evolution of cooperation. Agents play prisoner’s dilemma games, some of which are one-shot and others of which involve reciprocity. They can either respond by using a generalized intuition, which is not sensitive to whether the game is one-shot or reciprocal, or pay a (stochastically varying) cost to deliberate and tailor their strategy to the type of game they are facing. We find that, depending on the level of reciprocity and assortment, selection favors one of two strategies: intuitive defectors who never deliberate, or dual-process agents who intuitively cooperate but sometimes use deliberation to defect in one-shot games. Critically, selection never favors agents who use deliberation to override selfish impulses: Deliberation only serves to undermine cooperation with strangers. Thus, by introducing a formal theoretical framework for exploring cooperation through a dual-process lens, we provide a clear answer regarding the role of deliberation in cooperation based on evolutionary modeling, help to organize a growing body of sometimes-conflicting empirical results, and shed light on the nature of human cognition and social decision making.
Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors at the advancing pterygium head.

PURPOSE Pterygia are a proliferative and inflammatory growth of limbal epithelial stem cell origin, characterized by corneal tissue invasion and extensive matrix remodeling including the destruction of Bowman's layer (BL). The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) at the advancing pterygium edge. METHODS Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded whole eyes (n = 11) with pterygia attached, were serially sectioned and analyzed immunohistochemically to determine the spatial distribution of four MMPs and three TIMPs. Tear samples were collected from other patients with pterygia (n = 11) and displayed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Collagenase-1 was expressed by pterygium epithelial cells, corneal stromal fibroblasts and pterygium fibroblasts that had migrated between the epithelium and BL at the advancing pterygium edge. Collagenase-3 and gelatinases A and B were detected in all pterygia, intensely staining columnar epithelial cells directly adjacent to the denatured BL. In addition, gelatinase A immunoreactivity was observed on BL. Immunoreactivity for TIMP-1 and -3 paralleled that of the gelatinases, with more intense staining in epithelial cells and fibroblasts where BL was absent. TIMP-2 was faintly detected in pterygium epithelial cells but intensely stained pterygium fibroblasts. Gelatinase B was the most abundant gelatinolytic enzyme present in tears, elevated approximately twofold in eyes with pterygia versus the contralateral control eyes. CONCLUSIONS This investigation is the first to identify the expression pattern of MMPs and TIMPs at the advancing pterygium edge in specimens of human eyes and in tears derived from patients with pterygia. These enzymes may be responsible for the destruction of BL, and their pattern of differential expression suggests that each may play a selective role in the pathogenesis of pterygia.
An Informational Algorithm as the Basis for Perception-Action Control of the Instantaneous Axes of the Knee

Traditional locomotion studies emphasize an optimization of the desired movement trajectories while ignoring sensory feedback. We propose an information based theory that locomotion is neither triggered nor commanded but controlled. The basis for this control is the information derived from perceiving oneself in the world. Control therefore lies in the human-environment system. In order to test this hypothesis, we derived a mathematical foundation characterizing the energy that is required to perform a rotational twist, with small amplitude, of the instantaneous axes of the knee (IAK). We have found that the joint’s perception of the ground reaction force may be replaced by the co-perception of muscle activation with appropriate intensities. This approach generated an accurate comparison with known joint forces and appears appropriate in so far as predicting the effect on the knee when it is free to twist about the IAK.
Diversity management beyond the business case

Purpose – This paper aims to introduce the theme of the special issue – diversity management beyond the business case. It addresses two main questions: first, how increased diversification within workgroups or labour is dealt with via diversity management, and second what the effects are of this increased diversity for group performance.Design/methodology/approach – The different contributions are embedded into two important discussions in the literature: problems with the concept of diversity and problems with outcomes of diversity management.Findings – Reflecting on the contributions to this special issue, it is argued that solely emphasizing business case arguments for supporting the implementation of diversity management may be rather risky. They conclude with a plea for emphasis on arguments of justice and sustainability of the employment relationship and discuss future avenues for research.Originality/value – The paper shows the difficulty of universally applying the concept of diversity and diversi.
Whose responsibility? Resilience in families of children with developmental disabilities

Families with children with disabilities are at higher risk of stress, financial disadvantage and breakdown. In recent decades, research and policy have shifted focus from these problems to a strengths-based approach, using concepts such as family resilience. By definition, resilience is the ability to cope in adverse circumstances, suggesting a reliance on the individual. If this is the case, then to what extent does ‘family resilience’ place another burden of responsibility onto families? Whose responsibility is family resilience? This paper begins to answer this question using interviews with parents of children with developmental disabilities based in New South Wales, Australia.
Contributions of computational fluency to cross-national differences in arithmetical reasoning abilities

To test the hypothesis that American students have an advantage over East Asian students in arithmetical reasoning once computational abilities and IQ are controlled, 237 U.S. and 218 Chinese college students took arithmetical computational and reasoning tests, along with IQ and spatial abilities tests. Significant national differences favoring the Chinese students were found for all but the spatial test. After controlling for IQ and computational fluency, the Chinese advantage on the arithmetical reasoning tests was still significant but substantively smaller in magnitude. A similar pattern was observed for a sample of 55 U.S. and 80 Chinese high school students. The results, though not fully consistent with the hypothesis, are consistent with the position that the East Asian advantage in computational abilities contributes to the advantage in arithmetical reasoning.
On the enumeration of rational plane curves with tangency conditions

We use twisted stable maps to answer the following question. Let E\subset P^2 be a smooth cubic. How many rational degree d curves pass through a general points of E, have b specified tangencies with E and c unspecified tangencies, and pass through 3d-1-a-2b-c general points of P^2? The answer is given as a generalization of Kontsevich's recursion. We also investigate more general enumerative problems of this sort, and prove an analogue of a formula of Caporaso and Harris.
Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace: Exploring its Effects on Occupational Stress and Organisational Commitment

The purpose of the present study is to explore the relationship between emotional intelligence and sources of occupational stress and outcomes on a sample of professionals in mental health institutions. A total of 212 participants were administered the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire as well as the Organizational Stress Screening Tool (ASSET), a new organizational screening tool, which measures workplace stress. The results were in the expected direction showing a negative correlation between emotional intelligence and stress at work, indicating that high scorers in overall EI suffered less stress related to occupational environment. A positive correlation was also found between emotional intelligence and organizational commitment, which according to the ASSET model is considered as a consequence of stress, suggesting a new role for EI as a determinant of employee loyalty to organizations. Finally, the relationship between EI, job stress, and various demographic variables such as gender, age, and education was investigated and results are discussed in the light of the organizational framework.
Children, Technology and Culture : The Impacts of Technologies in Children's Everyday Lives

1. Bedroom Culture: Children's Changing Spaces for Engaging With Media: Sonia Livingstone 2. Cyberkids: Children's Social Networks, 'Virtual Communities' and On-line Spaces: Gill Valentine, Sarah Holloway and Nick Bingham 3. Media-Childhood in Three European Countries: Daniel Suess and Carmelo Garitonandia 4. VideoGames: Between Parents and Children: Ferran Cass 5. Screen Play: Children in 'techno-popular' Culture: Keri Factor and Ruth Furlong 6. Situated Knowledge and Virtual Education: Problems with Children 'Learning' Through Interaction Terry Hemmings, Dave Randall, Dave Francis, Liz Marr and Colin Divall 7. 'Bubble Dialogue' and Social Information Processing in Children with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties: Anne Jones and Emma Price 8. Children, Evidence and Meditation: Nick Lee 9. Internet Marketing: Virtual Exploitation? Thomas Lipinsky and Elizabeth Buchanan 10.Childhood, Communications Policy and Governance: David Oswell 11. Technologised Childhood? Ian Hutchby and Jo Moran-Ellis
Practitioners Guide to Evaluating Change With Intellectual Instruments

This book is part of the series Critical Issues in Neuropsychology. The evaluation of practice effects in longitudinal neuropsychological assessment certainly does qualify as a `̀ critical issue''. The book is a summary, in table format, of data published between 1970 and 1998 relevant for estimating the magnitude of practice effects for the following instruments: The Wechsler scales, the North American Reading test (NART), Raven's Progressive Matrices, Shipley Hartford scale and the Stanford Binet. The tables include information about the type and number of patients studied, age, gender, intervention and length of interval between baseline and follow-up testing. The tables are preceded by a relatively brief, but useful summary of issues pertinent to evaluating practice effects in intellectual assessment. The authors allude to ongoing debates over the utility of IQ tests in neuropsychological assessments, but unlike Lezak's (Lezak, M., 1995) position that `̀ IQ scores are not useful in describing cognitive test performances'', the authors predict that the latest edition of the WAIS will lead to a renaissance in the use of tests of intelligence in neuropsychological evaluations. They also discuss the current controversy concerning the usefulness of summary IQ scores as predictors of expected performance in individual cognitive domains, such as attention, memory, and spatial abilities. Some have challenged the longstanding dogma that performance on individual neuropsychological tests is highly correlated with overall IQ (Dodrill, C.B., 1997; Dodrill, C.B., 1999), whereas others have argued for their continued usefulness. (Tremont, G., Hoffman, R.G., Scott, J.G., & Adams, R.L., 1998; Horton, A.M., Jr., 1999). This is clearly an important issue, and additional studies addressing this question in more detail are needed. The authors provide appropriate warnings against the use of tests of intelligence to diagnose `̀ organicity'', and comment on the pitfalls of relying on indices such as the VIQ-PIQ discrepancy to predict impairment. They also note that the latest edition of the WAIS has been `̀ conormed'' with the latest revision of the Wechsler memory scale, thus making it easier to compare the two. It will also, no doubt, continue to reinforce the perception, correctly or incorrectly, that intelligence and memory are highly correlated in normal individuals. Since the bulk of available published data concerns the use of the WAIS, the majority of the Tables are devoted to summarizing these ®ndings. Only a few studies using the Raven's Progressive Matrices and Shipley Hartford are included. The tables are well-designed and easy to read. The only demographic information of possible relevance that is not included is education level. This is unfortunate, because education may turn out to play a more signi®cant role in practice effects than was previously assumed. This short-coming notwithstanding, this book ®lls an important void in the neuropsychological test literature and will be a useful reference work for anyone involved
Channel selection and knowledge acquisition during the 2009 Beijing H1N1 flu crisis: a media system dependency theory perspective

This study uses secondary data from a four-wave repeated cross-sectional survey to examine communication channel usage patterns and their effects on health knowledge acquisition during the different phases of the 2009 H1N1 crisis in Beijing, China. The results suggest that channel choice, particularly for mobile phone and interpersonal communication, varies as a function of different levels of threat during a crisis. Moreover, social groups like students, retirees, and professionals differed in their channel selection. The study concludes that television users have more H1N1 knowledge than non-users and that in most cases, interpersonal communication does not contribute to knowledge gains. The theoretical implications are discussed at the end.
Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review.

This paper reviews data on the prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). These tumors are specific KIT-expressing and KIT-signaling-driven mesenchymal tumors, many of which have KIT-activating mutations. GISTs occur in the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract and may also arise from the omentum, mesenteries, and retroperitoneum. They range from small benign tumors to sarcomas at all sites of occurrence. A KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitor, STI-571 (imatinib [Gleevec]; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland), has recently shown promise in the treatment of metastatic GISTs. Understanding the natural history of GIST before introduction of STI-571 will help assess the impact and position of this new treatment. The frequency of benign versus malignant GISTs varies between sites. Benign GISTs outnumber malignant GISTs in the stomach, whereas malignant GISTs are more common in the intestines. Tumors that have metastasized at presentation have a very poor prognosis. Traditionally, the 3 key prognostic factors have been mitotic rate, tumor size, and site. Tumors that are small (< or =2 cm) and show mitotic activity not exceeding 5 mitoses per 50 high-power fields (HPFs) have an excellent prognosis, probably independent of site, although this has not been shown specifically for all sites. In the stomach, most epithelioid GISTs are benign, provided that mitotic counts do not exceed 5/50 HPFs. However, a small proportion of tumors apparently lacking mitotic activity do metastasize. Tumors with a mitotic rate >5/50 HPFs usually have a malignant behavior. The Ki67 index may help identify tumors with malignant potential, but large site-specific series are not yet available. Genetic markers, including DNA-copy number changes, telomerase activity, and KIT mutation status, may be useful in more accurately identifying tumors with malignant potential.
White matter abnormalities in children with and at risk for bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) assesses the integrity of white matter (WM) tracts in the brain. Children with bipolar disorder (BPD) may have WM abnormalities that precede illness onset. To more fully examine this possibility, we scanned children with DSM-IV BPD and compared them to healthy peers and children at risk for BPD (AR-BPD), defined as having a first-degree relative with the disorder. METHODS Ten children with BPD, eight healthy controls (HC), and seven AR-BPD, similar in age, had MRI scans on a 1.5 Tesla GE scanner, including a standard DT-MRI sequence (T2-EPI) with 25 axial slices. Fractional anisotropy (FA) values were compared between groups to determine regions of significant difference (p < 0.05). RESULTS Compared to HC, children with BPD had decreased FA in right and left superior frontal tracts, including the superior longitudinal fasciculus I (SLF I) and the cingulate-paracingulate WM (CG-PAC(WM)). In addition, the BPD group had reduced FA in left orbital frontal WM and the right corpus callosum body. Compared to AR-BPD, children with BPD showed reduced FA in the right and left CG-PAC(WM). Both the BPD and AR-BPD groups showed reduced FA relative to HC in bilateral SLF I. CONCLUSIONS The bilateral SLF I finding in both the BPD and AR-BPD groups may represent a trait-based marker or endophenotype of the disorder. The finding of decreased FA in the right and left CG-PAC(WM) in children with BPD compared to the other two groups may represent a disease-state related finding.
Analysis of Food Pairing in Regional Cuisines of India

Any national cuisine is a sum total of its variety of regional cuisines, which are the cultural and historical identifiers of their respective regions. India is home to a number of regional cuisines that showcase its culinary diversity. Here, we study recipes from eight different regional cuisines of India spanning various geographies and climates. We investigate the phenomenon of food pairing which examines compatibility of two ingredients in a recipe in terms of their shared flavor compounds. Food pairing was enumerated at the level of cuisine, recipes as well as ingredient pairs by quantifying flavor sharing between pairs of ingredients. Our results indicate that each regional cuisine follows negative food pairing pattern; more the extent of flavor sharing between two ingredients, lesser their co-occurrence in that cuisine. We find that frequency of ingredient usage is central in rendering the characteristic food pairing in each of these cuisines. Spice and dairy emerged as the most significant ingredient classes responsible for the biased pattern of food pairing. Interestingly while individual spices contribute to negative food pairing, dairy products on the other hand tend to deviate food pairing towards positive side. Our data analytical study highlighting statistical properties of the regional cuisines, brings out their culinary fingerprints that could be used to design algorithms for generating novel recipes and recipe recommender systems. It forms a basis for exploring possible causal connection between diet and health as well as prospection of therapeutic molecules from food ingredients. Our study also provides insights as to how big data can change the way we look at food.
The Dissonance-Inducing Effects of an Inconsistency Between Experienced Empathy and Knowledge of Past Failures to Help: Support for the Action-Based Model of Dissonance

This research was designed to test the hypothesis that an inconsistency between an experienced emotion and another element of knowledge would evoke dissonance motivation. To test this hypothesis, participants were induced to experience either low or high levels of empathy for a young boy with cancer. Then they were reminded either of their past failures to help similar persons or of neutral events. Finally, they were provided an opportunity to help the boy who had cancer. As predicted, participants who were in the high-empathy/reminder-of-past-failures-to-help condition helped more than participants in the other conditions. Discussion focuses on the implications of this research for the conditions sufficient to evoke dissonance motivation. Discussion also suggests how this novel paradigm can be used to increase helping behavior.
Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association from genomic prediction models

Summary Genome‐wide association (GWA) studies based on GBLUP models are a common practice in animal breeding. However, effect sizes of GWA tests are small, requiring larger sample sizes to enhance power of detection of rare variants. Because of difficulties in increasing sample size in animal populations, one alternative is to implement a meta‐analysis (MA), combining information and results from independent GWA studies. Although this methodology has been used widely in human genetics, implementation in animal breeding has been limited. Thus, we present methods to implement a MA of GWA, describing the proper approach to compute weights derived from multiple genomic evaluations based on animal‐centric GBLUP models. Application to real datasets shows that MA increases power of detection of associations in comparison with population‐level GWA, allowing for population structure and heterogeneity of variance components across populations to be accounted for. Another advantage of MA is that it does not require access to genotype data that is required for a joint analysis. Scripts related to the implementation of this approach, which consider the strength of association as well as the sign, are distributed and thus account for heterogeneity in association phase between QTL and SNPs. Thus, MA of GWA is an attractive alternative to summarizing results from multiple genomic studies, avoiding restrictions with genotype data sharing, definition of fixed effects and different scales of measurement of evaluated traits.