Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Query by committee

We propose an algorithm called query by commitee, in which a committee of students is trained on the same data set. The next query is chosen according to the principle of maximal disagreement. The algorithm is studied for two toy models: the high-low game and perceptron learning of another perceptron. As the number of queries goes to infinity, the committee algorithm yields asymptotically finite information gain. This leads to generalization error that decreases exponentially with the number of examples. This in marked contrast to learning from randomly chosen inputs, for which the information gain approaches zero and the generalization error decreases with a relatively slow inverse power law. We suggest that asymptotically finite information gain may be an important characteristic of good query algorithms.
Duct-penetrating sign at MRCP: usefulness for differentiating inflammatory pancreatic mass from pancreatic carcinomas.

PURPOSE To define the duct-penetrating sign at magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and to assess the usefulness of this sign for distinguishing an inflammatory pancreatic mass (IPM) from a conventional pancreatic carcinoma (CPC) compared with arterial phase computed tomography (hereafter, CT) and arterial phase MR imaging (hereafter, MR imaging). MATERIALS AND METHODS MRCP, CT, and MR images were compared by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for 11 IPMs and 43 CPCs. With the MRCP images, a morphologic classification of the main pancreatic duct (MPD) was attempted for all lesions. On the basis of this classification and the enhancement patterns of a lesion, all readers graded the presence of IPM or CPC on a five-point scale for all images. RESULTS On the MRCP images, the morphologic characteristics of the MPD were nonobstruction for IPM (28 of 33, 85%) and obstruction or irregular stenosis for CPC (124 of 129, 96%). At ROC analysis among all the techniques, MRCP images had the highest value (0.98) for significant areas under the ROC curve (CT, 0.84; MR, 0.76) (P <.001). For the duct-penetrating sign in the broad sense (nonobstructed MPD) and the sign in the narrow sense (only normal MPD), the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for diagnosis of IPM were 85%, 96%, and 94%, respectively, and 36%, 100%, and 87%, respectively. CONCLUSION The duct-penetrating sign on MRCP images was more helpful to distinguish IPM from CPC than were the enhancement patterns on CT and MR images.
Depth Separation for Neural Networks

Let $f:\mathbb{S}^{d-1}\times \mathbb{S}^{d-1}\to\mathbb{S}$ be a function of the form $f(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{x}') = g(\langle\mathbf{x},\mathbf{x}'\rangle)$ for $g:[-1,1]\to \mathbb{R}$. We give a simple proof that shows that poly-size depth two neural networks with (exponentially) bounded weights cannot approximate $f$ whenever $g$ cannot be approximated by a low degree polynomial. Moreover, for many $g$'s, such as $g(x)=\sin(\pi d^3x)$, the number of neurons must be $2^{\Omega\left(d\log(d)\right)}$. Furthermore, the result holds w.r. t. \ the uniform distribution on $\mathbb{S}^{d-1}\times \mathbb{S}^{d-1}$. As many functions of the above form can be well approximated by poly-size depth three networks with poly-bounded weights, this establishes a separation between depth two and depth three networks w.r. t. \ the uniform distribution on $\mathbb{S}^{d-1}\times \mathbb{S}^{d-1}$.
Characterization of the Syringomycin Synthetase Gene Cluster

With this work we have completed the characterization of the syringomycin synthetase gene cluster. In particular, by sequencing additional 28.5 kilobase pairs we show that the nine modules involved in the binding of the nine amino acids of syringomycin are localized on SyrB and SyrE, with SyrE carrying eight modules. The recombinant SyrB and the first and second modules of SyrE (SyrE1 and SyrE2) have been expressed in Escherichia coliand purified. The biochemical data indicate that SyrB binds threonine, the putative precursor of the last amino acid of syringomycin, whereas SyrE1 and SyrE2 bind serine, the first and the second amino acids of syringomycin, respectively. On the basis of the sequence analysis and the biochemical data presented here, it appears that syringomycin synthetase is unique among peptide synthetases in that its genetic organization does not respect the “colinearity rule” according to which the order of the amino acid binding modules along the chromosome parallels the order of the amino acids on the peptide. This feature, together with the absence of a single transcription unit and the absence of epimerase-like domains make syringomycin synthetase more related to the eukaryotic peptide synthetases than to the bacterial counterparts.
Facial reactions reveal that slim is good but fat is not bad: Implicit and explicit measures of body‐size bias

Facial electromyography (EMG) was used to gauge emotional responding towards images of slim and overweight individuals, and findings were compared with data from a series of alternative measures including two implicit attitudinal procedures, the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) and the Implicit Association Test (IAT), and explicit measures of anti-fat prejudice and discriminatory behavior. Images of slim individuals elicited EMG responses consistent with more positive affect. Data from both the IRAP and IAT indicated higher levels of bias than were revealed on the explicit measures, and the IRAP also corroborated the EMG pattern by indicating responses consistent with pro-slim rather than anti-fat bias. The IRAP was moderately correlated with both EMG and the IAT and was the only measure to predict behavioral intentions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring critical, embodied, emancipatory education through deconstructions and reconstructions of womanist and black religious discourses: A social justice framework

"This study is a conceptual project which explores ways in which U. S. black epistemologies can provide new understandings of oppression and new strategies for transcending hierarchical relationships of power and domination. Specific epistemologies developed by enslaved Africans in the U. S. and their descendents have enabled U. S. black Americans to navigate the paradoxes and contradictions of living under conditions of oppression in a society founded on freedom and equality. It is hypothesized that these U. S. black epistemologies, which make sense of and provide strategies for managing existential feelings of alienation, displacement, and despair that accompany experiences of oppression, can be useful for the majority of people in our society who, due to the postmodern condition, are now experiencing similar existential feelings. The U. S. black epistemology chosen for this exploration is black theology. It is believed that this discipline's struggles to deal with issues of oppression, within-group heterogeneity, the complex role of Christianity in black liberation, and issues of appropriation and authenticity provide a microcosm of issues facing black Americans in U.S. The context and history of the development of black theology is provided followed by a deconstructive analysis of contemporary black theological discourse.Finally, a re-articulated black theology is constructed out of libratory black theologicaldiscourse, the Korean concept of Han (i.e. the psychological woundedness of victims of oppression), feminist theology, and selective, critical appropriations of prevailing theoriesof power and knowledge. This project ends with a discussion of the pedagogical nature of the present study. Ways in which this re-articulated black theological vision connects with critical pedagogy and social justice are explicated. "--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Effects of oral administration of diphenhydramine on pupil diameter, intraocular pressure, tear production, tear film quality, conjunctival goblet cell density, and corneal sensitivity of clinically normal adult dogs.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of oral administration of diphenhydramine on pupil diameter, intraocular pressure (IOP), tear production, tear film quality, corneal sensitivity, and conjunctival goblet cell density (GCD) in clinically normal adult dogs. ANIMALS 12 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURES All dogs received diphenhydramine (2.2 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) for 21 days. Conjunctival biopsy samples were obtained immediately before (day 1) and after (day 21) treatment with diphenhydramine and conjunctival GCDs were determined. Gross ophthalmic examinations and fluorescein staining of corneas were performed, and pupil diameter, corneal sensitivity, IOP, tear production, and tear film breakup time were determined prior to administration of diphenhydramine on days 1 through 5 and on day 21; pupil diameter and IOP measurements were repeated on each of those days at 20 and 40 minutes and 1, 3, 6, and 8 hours after administration of diphenhydramine. Data were analyzed to detect differences among values for dogs. RESULTS Clinically important increases in pupil diameter were not detected after administration of diphenhydramine to dogs. Day 1 corneal sensitivity and tear film breakup time for dogs were significantly higher than day 21 values for those variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this study suggested that oral administration of diphenhydramine to healthy adult dogs was not likely to acutely induce glaucoma or keratoconjunctivitis sicca. However, effects of diphenhydramine in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca or primary glaucoma or dogs genetically predisposed to development of those conditions were not determined. Administration of diphenhydramine to dogs decreased corneal sensitivity and tear film breakup time, although these effects were not clinically important.
Expert Systems With Applications

Human activities are inherently translation invariant and hierarchical. Human activity recognition (HAR), a ﬁeld that has garnered a lot of attention in recent years due to its high demand in various application domains, makes use of time-series sensor data to infer activities. In this paper, a deep convolutional neu- ral network (convnet) is proposed to perform eﬃcient and effective HAR using smartphone sensors by exploiting the inherent characteristics of activities and 1D time-series signals, at the same time providing a way to automatically and data-adaptively extract robust features from raw data. Experiments show that convnets indeed derive relevant and more complex features with every additional layer, although differ- ence of feature complexity level decreases with every additional layer. A wider time span of temporal local correlation can be exploited (1 × 9–1 × 14) and a low pooling size (1 × 2–1 × 3) is shown to be bene- ﬁcial. Convnets also achieved an almost perfect classiﬁcation on moving activities, especially very similar ones which were previously perceived to be very diﬃcult to classify. Lastly, convnets outperform other state-of-the-art data mining techniques in HAR for the benchmark dataset collected from 30 volunteer subjects, achieving an overall performance of 94.79% on the test set with raw sensor data, and 95.75% with additional information of temporal fast Fourier transform of the HAR data set.
Arctic reindeer extend their visual range into the ultraviolet

SUMMARY The Arctic has extreme seasonal changes in light levels and is proportionally UV-rich because of scattering of the shorter wavelengths and their reflection from snow and ice. Here we show that the cornea and lens in Arctic reindeer do not block all UV and that the retina responds electrophysiologically to these wavelengths. Both rod and cone photoreceptors respond to UV at low-intensity stimulation. Retinal RNA extraction and in vitro opsin expression show that the response to UV is not mediated by a specific UV photoreceptor mechanism. Reindeer thus extend their visual range into the short wavelengths characteristic of the winter environment and periods of extended twilight present in spring and autumn. A specific advantage of this short-wavelength vision is the use of potential information caused by differential UV reflections known to occur in both Arctic vegetation and different types of snow. UV is normally highly damaging to the retina, resulting in photoreceptor degeneration. Because such damage appears not to occur in these animals, they may have evolved retinal mechanisms protecting against extreme UV exposure present in the daylight found in the snow-covered late winter environment.
Truth is Translated: Cavell's Thoreau and the Transcendence of America

Today, in spite of circumstances of tension and conflict among different cultures, both within and without national boundaries, the world is "unified" in a global market and national boundaries are blurred. Any naive assumption about the understanding of other cultures plainly will not work. Even the politics of recogni tion faces the danger of being assimilated into the unifying force of globalization, with America herself acting as its incubator. We need, in such circumstances, to question once again our relationship with our own culture and nation, while at the same time reconsidering what it means to understand other cultures. Dewey's idea of "democracy as a way of life," an idea based upon the principle of mutual learning as "friends" (Dewey 1988), and its application for "mutual national un derstanding" (Dewey 1983), is not its exception. Dewey once said that philosophy, as the general theory of education, is involved in the formation of "fundamental dispositions, intellectual and emotional, toward nature and fellow-men" (Dewey 1980,338). If so, American philosophy, including pragmatism, needs to respond to the following question: What should American philosophy do in the age of globalization, especially with regard to the enhancement of cross-cultural un derstanding? To what extent can Dewey's American ideal of democracy exert its critical force against the tide of Americanization? Its answer requires us to reflect upon the kinds of disposition we should cultivate toward our fellow human beings and the kinds of commitment we should profess. As a way of responding to this question, this paper attempts to shed new light on the possibility of American philosophy from the perspective of "perfec tionism"? the tradition of thinking that involves the question of how one should live a good life (Hurka 1993,3-5). In contrast, however, to its typically teleological strain, this paper highlights the uniquely American version of perfectionism: the idea ofperfection without perfectibility, a process-oriented notion of perfectionism, which Stanley Cavell seeks to resuscitate in his reading of Emerson and Thoreau. It
Convection in rotating flows with simultaneous imposition of radial and vertical temperature gradients

Convection in rotating flows with simultaneous imposition of radial and vertical temperature gradients Ayan Kumar Banerjee 1 , Siddhesh Tirodkar 2 , Amitabh Bhattacharya 1,2 , Sridhar Balasubramanian 1,2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Bombay, India Interdisciplinary program in climate studies, IIT Bombay, India Email: ayanbanerjee1@gmail.com Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to study heat transport characteristics in a non- homogeneously heated fluid annulus subjected to rotation along the vertical axis (z). The non- homogeneous heating was obtained by imposing radial and vertical temperature gradient (ΔT). The parameter range for this study was Rayleigh number, Ra=2.43×10 8 -3.66×10 8 , and Taylor number, Ta=6.45×10 8 -27×10 8 . The working fluid was water with a Prandtl number, Pr=7. Heat transport was measured for varying rotation rates (Ω) for fixed values of ΔT. The Nusselt number, Nu, plotted as a function of Ta distinctly showed the effect of rotation on heat transport. In general, Nu was found to have a larger value for non-rotating convection. This could mean an interplay of columnar plumes and baroclinic wave in our system as also evident from temperature measurements. Laser based imaging at a single vertical plane also showed evidence of such flow structure. Keywords: Radial and vertical temperature gradient, rotation, baroclinic wave, thermal plume. 1 Introduction Thermal convection in the presence of rotation is an important fluid dynamic problem commonly encountered in geophysical and astrophysical flows. In general, two variants of this problem have been studied extensively, (i) Convective dynamics in non-rotating and rotating fluid with vertical temperature gradient (classical Rayleigh-Benard convection (RBC)),studied by Rossby (1969), Liu and Ecke (2009), King (2012) among many others and (ii) Convective dynamics in rotating flow with radial temperature gradient (classical Hide-Mason experiment) studied by Hide (1953), Wordsworth (2008) and Vincze (2013) among many others. However, the convective dynamics of a rotating fluid due to simultaneous imposition of radial and vertical VIII th Int. Symp. on Stratified Flows, San Diego, USA, Aug. 29 - Sept. 1, 2016
MYB and bHLH transcription factor transgenes increase anthocyanin pigmentation in petunia and lisianthus plants, and the petunia phenotypes are strongly enhanced under field conditions

Petunia line Mitchell [MP, Petunia axillaris × (P. axillaris × P. hybrida)] and Eustoma grandiflorum (lisianthus) plants were produced containing a transgene for over-expression of the R2R3-MYB transcription factor [TF; ROSEA1 (ROS1)] that up-regulates flavonoid biosynthesis in Antirrhinum majus. The petunia lines were also crossed with previously produced MP lines containing a Zea mays flavonoid-related basic helix-loop-helix TF transgene (LEAF COLOR, LC), which induces strong vegetative pigmentation when these 35S:LC plants are exposed to high-light levels. 35S:ROS1 lisianthus transgenics had limited changes in anthocyanin pigmentation, specifically, precocious pigmentation of flower petals and increased pigmentation of sepals. RNA transcript levels for two anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, chalcone synthase and anthocyanidin synthase, were increased in the 35S:ROS1 lisianthus petals compared to those of control lines. With MP, the 35S:ROS1 calli showed novel red pigmentation in culture, but this was generally not seen in tissue culture plantlets regenerated from the calli or young plants transferred to soil in the greenhouse. Anthocyanin pigmentation was enhanced in the stems of mature 35S:ROS1 MP plants, but the MP white-flower phenotype was not complemented. Progeny from a 35S:ROS1 × 35S:LC cross had novel pigmentation phenotypes that were not present in either parental line or MP. In particular, there was increased pigment in the petal throat region, and the anthers changed from yellow to purple pigmentation. An outdoor field trial was conducted with the 35S:ROS1, 35S:LC, 35S:ROS1 × 35S:LC and control MP lines. Field conditions rapidly induced intense foliage pigmentation in 35S:LC plants, a phenotype not observed in control MP or equivalent 35S:LC plants maintained in a greenhouse. No difference in plant stature, seed germination, or plant survival was observed between transgenic and control plants.
Properties of an amylase from thermophilic Bacillus SP

α-Amylase production by thermophilic Bacillus sp strain SMIA-2 cultivated in liquid cultures containing soluble starch as a carbon source and supplemented with 0.05% whey protein and 0.2% peptone reached a maximum activity at 32 h, with levels of 37 U/mL. Studies on the amylase characterization revealed that the optimum temperature of this enzyme was 90°C. The enzyme was stable for 1 h at temperatures ranging from 40-50°C while at 90°C, 66% of its maximum activity was lost. However, in the presence of 5 mM CaCl2, the enzyme was stable at 90°C for 30 min and retained about 58% residual activity after 1 h. The optimum pH of the enzyme was found to be 8.5. After incubation of enzyme for 2 h at pH 9.5 and 11.0 was observed a decrease of about 6.3% and 16.5% of its original activity. At pH 6.0 the enzyme lost about 36% of its original activity. The enzyme was strongly inhibited by Co2+, Cu2+ and Ba2+, but less affected by Mg2+, Na+ and K+. In the presence of 2.0 M NaCl, 63% of amylase activity was retained after 2 h incubation at 45°C. The amylase exhibited more than 70% activity when incubated for 1 h at 50°C with sodium dodecyl sulphate. However, very little residual activity was obtained with sodium hypochlorite and with hydrogen peroxide the enzyme was completely inhibited. The compatibility of Bacillus sp SMIA-2 amylase with certain commercial detergents was shown to be good as the enzyme retained 86%, 85% and 75% of its activity after 20 min incubation at 50°C in the presence of the detergent brands Omo®, Campeiro® and Tide®, respectively.
The collected papers of Albert Einstein

List of Texts xiii List of Illustrations xxxiii INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL Introduction to Volume 14 xxxv Editorial Method of the Series lxxxv Acknowledgments xciii Note on the Translation xcv List of Abbreviations xcvi Location Symbols xcvii Descriptive Symbols c TEXTS 1 Alphabetical List of Correspondence 783 Chronology 805 Calendar of Abstracts 821 Appendixes 905 Literature Cited 1007 Index 1031 Index of Citations 1097
Uniform global asymptotic stabilisation of bilinear non-homogeneous periodic systems with stable free dynamics

ABSTRACT We study the problem of uniform global asymptotic stabilisation of the origin for bilinear non-homogeneous control systems with periodic coefficients by means of state feedback. We assume that the free dynamic system is Lyapunov stable. We obtain new controllability-like rank conditions, which are sufficient for uniform global asymptotic stabilisation of the periodic bilinear systems. The proof is based on the use of the Krasovsky–La Salle invariance principle for periodic systems. A stabilising feedback control law is quadratic in the state variable and periodic in the time variable. Consequences derived for linear and homogeneous bilinear systems. Under some assumptions, the controllability-like rank condition for linear and homogeneous bilinear systems coincides correspondingly with the property of complete controllability and consistency.
CCR7‐deficient mice develop atypically persistent germinal centers in response to thymus‐independent type 2 antigens

Thymus‐independent type 2 (TI‐2) antigens are repetitive antigens capable of eliciting antibody responses without T cell help. They are important in the immune response against encapsulated bacteria and as a rapid first line of defense against pathogens. TI‐2 antigens induce strong proliferation in extrafollicular foci. However, any germinal centers forming in response to TI‐2 antigens involute synchronously 5 days after immunization. This is thought to be caused by the lack of T cell help. Surprisingly, immunization of mice deficient for the homeostatic chemokine receptor CCR7 with TI‐2 antigens resulted not only in the expected, vigorous extrafollicular plasma cell response but also in persisting splenic germinal centers. This was observed for two different TI‐2 antigens, heat‐killed Streptococcus pneumoniae and (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl‐Ficoll (NP‐Ficoll). Germinal centers induced by TI‐2 and thymus‐dependent (TD) antigens were located in the periarteriolar area of the white pulp in CCR7 knockout mice, corresponding to the T zone of wild‐type (WT) mice. The TI‐2‐induced germinal centers contained peripheral rings of follicular dendritic cells and unusually for TI‐2‐induced germinal centers, T cells. The licensing responsible for their atypical persistence did not endow TI‐2‐induced germinal centers with the full range of characteristics of classic germinal centers induced by TD antigens. Thus, class‐switching, affinity maturation, and memory B cell generation were not increased in CCR7‐deficient mice. It seems unlikely that a defect in regulatory T cell (Treg) location was responsible for the atypical persistence of TI‐2‐induced germinal centers, as Tregs were comparably distributed in germinal centers of CCR7‐deficient and WT mice.