Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interactive information retrieval

Information retrieval is a fundamental component of human information behavior. The ability to extract useful information from large electronic resources not only is one of the main activities of individuals online but is an essential skill for most professional groups and a means of achieving competitive advantage. Our electronic information world is becoming increasingly complex with more sources of information, types of information, and ways to access information than ever before. Anyone who searches for information is required to make more decisions about searching and expected to engage with an increased number and variety of search systems. Even a standard desktop personal computer comes equipped with numerous search tools (desktop search, e-mail search, browsers to help search the Internet, embedded search tools for specific file formats such as PDF [portable document format] or Word, and specific document types such as help manuals). A standard day, if one is electronically enabled, may involve many searches across different search systems accessing different electronic resources for different purposes. The Internet, in particular, has revolutionized the ability to search, especially in the commercial arena where we have the choice of using different search systems to search essentially the same electronic resources but with different interactive functionalities. The search decisions a human is required to make before encountering any information involve not only how to search this resource using this system but also how to choose a system or resource to search in the first place. These decisions are complicated because skills learned using one type of system do not always transfer simply to searching a different type of system (Cool, Park, Belkin, Koenemann, & Ng, 1996). Neither does information literacy in one domain of expertise necessarily help when searching on unfamiliar topics. The variability of data available, and the explicit or implicit structures of the data, also place a burden on both the searchers and system designers. How does searching within a Weblog, for example, differ from searching within technical manuals; or does all searching involve the same activities and require the same user support? As research shows CHAPTER 2
Functional Brain Networks Develop from a “Local to Distributed” Organization

The mature human brain is organized into a collection of specialized functional networks that flexibly interact to support various cognitive functions. Studies of development often attempt to identify the organizing principles that guide the maturation of these functional networks. In this report, we combine resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI), graph analysis, community detection, and spring-embedding visualization techniques to analyze four separate networks defined in earlier studies. As we have previously reported, we find, across development, a trend toward ‘segregation’ (a general decrease in correlation strength) between regions close in anatomical space and ‘integration’ (an increased correlation strength) between selected regions distant in space. The generalization of these earlier trends across multiple networks suggests that this is a general developmental principle for changes in functional connectivity that would extend to large-scale graph theoretic analyses of large-scale brain networks. Communities in children are predominantly arranged by anatomical proximity, while communities in adults predominantly reflect functional relationships, as defined from adult fMRI studies. In sum, over development, the organization of multiple functional networks shifts from a local anatomical emphasis in children to a more “distributed” architecture in young adults. We argue that this “local to distributed” developmental characterization has important implications for understanding the development of neural systems underlying cognition. Further, graph metrics (e.g., clustering coefficients and average path lengths) are similar in child and adult graphs, with both showing “small-world”-like properties, while community detection by modularity optimization reveals stable communities within the graphs that are clearly different between young children and young adults. These observations suggest that early school age children and adults both have relatively efficient systems that may solve similar information processing problems in divergent ways.
Pseudoaneurysm Arising from Mitral Aortic Intervalvular Fibrosa (P-MAIVF) Communicating with Left Atrium (LA): Multiple Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT) Evaluation

Summary Background The entity pseudoaneurysm arising from the mitral aortic intervalvular fibrosa (P-MAIVF) is a rare cardiac finding caused by multiple factors. This entity is usually diagnosed with echocardiography and confirmed with cardiac computed tomography (CT). Case Report We presented a case of congenital P-MAIVF communicating with the left atrium (LA) and an aberrant right subclavian artery, misdiagnosed as primary mitral regurgitation (MR) in transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) due to relative contraindications to transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE), revealed in a hemophilic patient, and diagnosed with cardiac CT. Conclusions In conclusion, cardiac CT plays a definitive role not only in anatomical assessment and confirmation of the lesion but also in primary diagnostics in patients suspected of MAIVF – especially those with relative and absolute contraindications to TEE.
Abnormalities of visual processing and frontostriatal systems in body dysmorphic disorder.

CONTEXT Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a psychiatric disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with perceived defects in their appearance, often related to their face. Little is known about its pathophysiology, although early research provides evidence of abnormal visual processing. OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients with BDD have abnormal patterns of brain activation when visually processing their own face with high, low, or normal spatial resolution. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING A university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Seventeen right-handed medication-free subjects with BDD and 16 matched healthy control subjects. Intervention Functional magnetic resonance imaging while viewing photographs of face stimuli. Stimuli were neutral-expression photographs of the patient's own face and a familiar face (control stimuli) that were unaltered, altered to include only high spatial frequency (fine spatial resolution), or altered to include only low spatial frequency (low spatial resolution). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Blood oxygen level-dependent signal changes in the BDD and control groups during each stimulus type. RESULTS Subjects with BDD showed relative hyperactivity in the left orbitofrontal cortex and bilateral head of the caudate for the unaltered own-face vs familiar-face condition. They showed relative hypoactivity in the left occipital cortex for the low spatial frequency faces. Differences in activity in frontostriatal systems but not visual cortex covaried with aversiveness ratings of the faces. Severity of BDD symptoms correlated with activity in frontostriatal systems and visual cortex. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest abnormalities in visual processing and frontostriatal systems in BDD. Hypoactivation in the occipital cortex for low spatial frequency faces may indicate either primary visual system abnormalities for configural face elements or top-down modulation of visual processing. Frontostriatal hyperactivity may be associated both with aversion and with symptoms of obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors.
Privacy-preserving social network publication against friendship attacks

Due to the rich information in graph data, the technique for privacy protection in published social networks is still in its infancy, as compared to the protection in relational databases. In this paper we identify a new type of attack called a friendship attack. In a friendship attack, an adversary utilizes the degrees of two vertices connected by an edge to re-identify related victims in a published social network data set. To protect against such attacks, we introduce the concept of k2-degree anonymity, which limits the probability of a vertex being re-identified to 1/k. For the k2-degree anonymization problem, we propose an Integer Programming formulation to find optimal solutions in small-scale networks. We also present an efficient heuristic approach for anonymizing large-scale social networks against friendship attacks. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approaches can preserve much of the characteristics of social networks.
Air quality over the Canadian oil sands: A first assessment using satellite observations

Results from the first assessment of air quality over the Canadian oil sands–one of the largest industrial undertakings in human history–using satellite remote sensing observations of two pollutants, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), are presented. High‐resolution maps were created that revealed distinct enhancements in both species over an area (roughly 30 km × 50 km) of intensive surface mining at scales of a few kilometers. The magnitude of these enhancements, quantified in terms of total mass, are comparable to the largest seen in Canada from individual sources. The rate of increase in NO2between 2005 and 2010 was assessed at 10.4 ± 3.5%/year and resulted from increases both in local values as well as the spatial extent of the enhancement. This is broadly consistent with both surface‐measurement trends and increases in annual bitumen production. An increase in SO2 was also found, but given larger uncertainties, it is not statistically significant.
"Design and build" in comparison with the traditional procurement method and the possibility of its application in the Croatian construction industry

A considerable part of construction projects in developed countries are executed by method of procurement known as "design and build" which is the main member of the integrated procurement systems. These methods of procurement appeared as an alternative to traditional, separated methods where the client endeavours to ensure the single-point responsibility for the design and construction of the project. The direct contact between the two contracting parties, enabling misunderstandings to be minimised and procedures to be simplified, is considered as one of the main advantages of "design and build". Research carried out at the end of the year 2007 indicates a low development of the Croatian construction industry regarding the implementation of modern, alternative procurement methods, emphasising the need for improvement of this area of project management. The paper describes the basic characteristics, the project phases and the possibility of implementing buildability/constructability concept in projects being conducted by "design and build" procurement method. The possibility of application of "design and build" method in the Croatian construction industry is explored.
Identification by redox proteomics of glutathionylated proteins in oxidatively stressed human T lymphocytes

Formation of mixed disulfides between glutathione and the cysteines of some proteins (glutathionylation) has been suggested as a mechanism through which protein functions can be regulated by the redox status. The aim of this study was to identify the proteins of T cell blasts that undergo glutathionylation under oxidative stress. To this purpose, we radiolabeled cellular glutathione with 35S, exposed T cells to oxidants (diamide or hydrogen peroxide), and performed nonreducing, two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by detection of labeled proteins by phosphorimaging and their identification by mass spectrometry techniques. We detected several proteins previously not recognized to be glutathionylated, including cytoskeletal proteins (vimentin, myosin, tropomyosin, cofilin, profilin, and the already known actin), enzymes (enolase, aldolase, 6-phosphogluconolactonase, adenylate kinase, ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, phosphoglycerate kinase, triosephosphate isomerase, and pyrophosphatase), redox enzymes (peroxiredoxin 1, protein disulfide isomerase, and cytochrome c oxidase), cyclophilin, stress proteins (HSP70 and HSP60), nucleophosmin, transgelin, galectin, and fatty acid binding protein. Based on the presence of several protein isoforms in control cells, we suggest that enolase and cyclophilin are heavily glutathionylated under basal conditions. We studied the effect of glutathionylation on some of the enzymes identified in the present study and found that some of them (enolase and 6-phosphogluconolactonase) are inhibited by glutathionylation, whereas the enzymatic activity of cyclophilin (peptidylprolyl isomerase) is not. These findings suggest that protein glutathionylation might be a common mechanism for the global regulation of protein functions.
Safety Outcomes of NOTES Cholecystectomy Versus Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is an endoscopic technique whereby surgical interventions can be performed with a flexible endoscope passed through a natural orifice (mouth, vulva, urethra, anus) then through a transluminal opening of the stomach, vagina, bladder, or colon. Although in the early stage of research and development, NOTES has been clinically applied across the globe, above all the transvaginal cholecystectomy is among the most frequently performed procedures. In the existing 2 types of transvaginal routes, the hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy (NC) is more likely to be accepted. However, there has been controversy regarding the safety outcomes of hybrid NC in comparison with classical laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). The primary objective of this meta-analysis is to compare the characteristics between NC and classical LC. Materials and Methods: A meta-analysis of eligible studies comparing NC with classical LC was performed to evaluate the safety outcomes including wound complications, other postoperative complications and intraoperative conversion between the 2 groups. Results: Pooling 3 randomized controlled trials (n=157) and 7 nonrandomized trial (n=593) demonstrated that the rates of wound complications and other postoperative complications in NC group did not significantly differ from those of classical LC group [wound complications: ratio difference (RD)=−0.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.04to 0.01, P=0.23; other postoperative complication: RD=−0.01; 95% CI, −0.03 to 0.02; P=0.6]. The intraoperative conversion rate in NC groups was higher than that of LC groups (RD=0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.06; P=0.02). Conclusions: There is no significate difference between the safety of NC and laparoscope cholecystectomy. NC is associated with a higher rate of intraoperative conversion when compared with LC. It is worthy of further promotion and validation in clinical settings.
Synaptic Activation and Membrane Potential Changes Modulate the Frequency of Spontaneous Elementary Ca2+ Release Events in the Dendrites of Pyramidal Neurons

In most neurons postsynaptic [Ca2+]i changes result from synaptic activation opening voltage gated channels, ligand gated channels, or mobilizing Ca2+ release from intracellular stores. In addition to these changes that result directly from stimulation we found that in pyramidal cells there are spontaneous, rapid, Ca2+ release events, predominantly, but not exclusively localized at dendritic branch points. They are clearest on the main apical dendrite but also have been detected in the finer branches and in the soma. Typically they have a spatial extent at initiation of ~2 μm, a rise time of <15 ms, duration <100 ms, and amplitudes of 10–70% of that generated by a backpropagating action potential at the same location. These events are not caused by background electrical or synaptic activity. However, their rate can be increased by repetitive synaptic stimulation at moderate frequencies, mainly through metabotropic glutamate receptor mobilization of IP3. In addition, their frequency can be modulated by changes in membrane potential in the subthreshold range, predominantly by affecting Ca2+ entry through L-type channels. They resemble the elementary events (“sparks” and “puffs”) mediated by IP3 receptors and ryanodine receptors that have been described primarily in non-neuronal preparations. These spontaneous Ca2+ release events may be the fundamental units underlying some postsynaptic signaling cascades in mature neurons.
Images of God, Religious Involvement, and Prison Misconduct among Inmates

ABSTRACT The authors examine an offender’s images of God – beliefs concerning God’s forgiveness, engagement, and judgment – in relation to prison misconduct. They test whether these beliefs are related inversely to misconduct and, if so, whether the relationships are mediated by an inmate’s religious involvement. The authors apply latent-variable structural equation modeling to analyze data from a survey of inmates at the Louisiana State Penitentiary. Controlling for sociodemographic and criminal backgrounds, they find an inmate’s belief in God’s engagement and forgiveness to be inversely associated with disciplinary convictions, though belief in God’s judgment is not related to misconduct. The authors also find the relationship between an inmate’s image of a forgiving God and misconduct to be mediated by the inmate’s conversion narrative.
Suppressive and inhibitory interactions in human vision and their functional role in the perception of number sets

Number sense – the ability to discriminate between ‘fewer’ and ‘more’ objects beyond the range of counting is present from infancy (six months), and is the cornerstone of arithmetical and mathematical cognition. However, much remains to be understood about the brain processes that underlie number sense and numerosity processing. Hence, the chief aim of this research was to ascertain whether there was a relationship between the mechanisms involved with the removal of unessential visual information (sensory filtering) and numerosity processing. This was achieved by means of surround-masking, a psychophysical protocol well documented to modulate sensory filtering resources. This thesis comprises four main sections. Section one is a psychophysical investigation into the effects of surround-masking on numerosity comparison judgements, where task performance was varied by differences in central and surround stimulus contrasts. Section two consists of cognitive assessment tasks from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV); Ravens Advanced Progressive Matrices; and a series of computerised tasks that measured speeded magnitude comparison judgements, and true/false judgements of arithmetical statements. Section three comprises a magnetoencephalographic (MEG) study that examined the spatial and temporal response signatures associated with surroundmasking of numerosities. Finally, in order to examine the electro-magnetic response signatures for attentional enhancement and attentional suppression (selective attention) during numerosity comparison judgments, section four consists of a second MEG study where participants underwent another psychophysical task that gauged these processes. Essential findings abstracted from all four experiments were a positive correlation between WAIS-IV arithmetical sub-test scores and response times (RTs) for MEG surround-masking comparison judgements under high contrast centre/high contrast surround conditions. From these findings, poor arithmetical ability is suggested to be associated with anomalous neural inhibitory mechanisms. The MEG analyses further revealed that modulations in sensory load via surroundmasking and stimulus saliency recruited high-order attentional resources when making numerosity comparison judgements – possibly in relation to motor response and error monitoring. It was concluded that poor numerosity judgement performance could be attributed in part, to an anomaly of inhibitory processing mechanisms that serves to remove the noise in incoming visual information.
Video Google: a text retrieval approach to object matching in videos

We describe an approach to object and scene retrieval which searches for and localizes all the occurrences of a user outlined object in a video. The object is represented by a set of viewpoint invariant region descriptors so that recognition can proceed successfully despite changes in viewpoint, illumination and partial occlusion. The temporal continuity of the video within a shot is used to track the regions in order to reject unstable regions and reduce the effects of noise in the descriptors. The analogy with text retrieval is in the implementation where matches on descriptors are pre-computed (using vector quantization), and inverted file systems and document rankings are used. The result is that retrieved is immediate, returning a ranked list of key frames/shots in the manner of Google. The method is illustrated for matching in two full length feature films.
Dynamic conformational transitions of the EGF receptor in living mammalian cells determined by FRET and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

We have revealed a reorientation of ectodomain I of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; ErbB1; Her1) in living CHO cells expressing the receptor, upon binding of the native ligand EGF. The state of the unliganded, nonactivated EGFR was compared to that exhibited after ligand addition in the presence of a kinase inhibitor that prevents endocytosis but does not interfere with binding or the ensuing conformational rearrangements. To perform these experiments, we constructed a transgene EGFR with an acyl carrier protein sequence between the signal peptide and the EGFR mature protein sequence. This protein, which behaves similarly to wild‐type EGFR with respect to EGF binding, activation, and internalization, can be labeled at a specific serine in the acyl carrier tag with a fluorophore incorporated into a 4′‐phosphopantetheine (P‐pant) conjugate transferred enzymatically from the corresponding CoA derivative. By measuring Förster resonance energy transfer between a molecule of Atto390 covalently attached to EGFR in this manner and a novel lipid probe NR12S distributed exclusively in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, we determined the apparent relative separation of ectodomain I from the membrane under nonactivating and activating conditions. The data indicate that the unliganded domain I of the EGFR receptor is situated much closer to the membrane before EGF addition, supporting the model of a self‐inhibited configuration of the inactive receptor in quiescent cells. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
When process data quality affects the number of bugs: Correlations in software engineering datasets

Software engineering process information extracted from version control systems and bug tracking databases are widely used in empirical software engineering. In prior work, we showed that these data are plagued by quality deficiencies, which vary in its characteristics across projects. In addition, we showed that those deficiencies in the form of bias do impact the results of studies in empirical software engineering. While these findings affect software engineering researchers the impact on practitioners has not yet been substantiated. In this paper we, therefore, explore (i) if the process data quality and characteristics have an influence on the bug fixing process and (ii) if the process quality as measured by the process data has an influence on the product (i.e., software) quality. Specifically, we analyze six Open Source as well as two Closed Source projects and show that process data quality and characteristics have an impact on the bug fixing process: the high rate of empty commit messages in Eclipse, for example, correlates with the bug report quality. We also show that the product quality - measured by number of bugs reported - is affected by process data quality measures. These findings have the potential to prompt practitioners to increase the quality of their software process and its associated data quality.