Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Integrating prosodic information into recurrent neural network language model for speech recognition

Prosody is a kind of cues that are critical to human speech perception and comprehension, so it is plausible to integrate prosodic information into machine speech recognition. However, as a result of the supra-segmental nature, it is hard to integrate prosodic information with conventional acoustic features. Recently, RNNLMs have shown to be the state-of-the-art language model in many tasks. We thus attempt to integrate prosodic information into RNNLMs for improving speech recognition performance based on rescoring strategy. Firstly, three word-level prosodic features are extracted from speech and then passed to RNNLMs separately. Therefore RNNLMs predict the next word based on prosodic features and word history. Experiments conducted on LibriSpeech Corpus show that the word error rate decreases from 8.07% to 7.96%. Secondly, prosodic information is combined on feature-level and model-level for further improvements and word error rate decreases 4.71% relatively.
Temperature and total mass profiles of the A3571 cluster of galaxies

We present BeppoSAX results of a spatially resolved spectral analysis of A3571, a relaxed nearby cluster of galaxies. In the central 2 0 (130 h 1 50 kpc) radius the metal abundance is 0:49 0:08 solar and the absorption (1:13 0:28) 10 21 atom cm 2 , whereas elsewhere within an 8 0 (520 h 1 50 kpc) radius the abundance is 0:32 0:05 solar and the absorption consistent with the galactic value of 4: 41 0 20 atom cm 2 . The signicant central metal abundance enhancement is consistent with the supernova enrichment scenario. The excess absorption may be attributed to the cooling flow, whose mass flow rate is 80 40 M yr 1 from our spectral t. The BeppoSAX and ASCA radial temperature proles agree over the entire overlapping radial range r< 25 0 =1 . 6h 1 50 Mpc. The combined BeppoSAX and ASCA temperature prole exhibits a constant value out to a radius of10 0 (650h 1 50 kpc) and a signicant decrease (T / r 0:55 , corresponding to =1 :28) at larger radii. These temperature data are used to derive the total mass prole. The best t NFW dark matter density model results in a temperature prole that is not convectively stable, but the model is acceptable within the uncertainties of the data. The temperature prole is acceptably modeled with a \core" model for the dark matter density, consisting of a core radius with a constant slope at larger radii. With this model the total mass and formal 90% condence errors within the virial radius r178 (2.5 h 1
Age-Related Reference Intervals of the Main Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in C57BL/6J, 129SV/EV and C3H/HeJ Mouse Strains

Background Although the mouse is the animal model most widely used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases, reference values for biochemical parameters are scanty or lacking for the most frequently used strains. We therefore evaluated these parameters in the C57BL/6J, 129SV/EV and C3H/HeJ mice. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured by dry chemistry 26 analytes relative to electrolyte balance, lipoprotein metabolism, and muscle/heart, liver, kidney and pancreas functions, and by automated blood counter 5 hematological parameters in 30 animals (15 male and 15 female) of each mouse strain at three age ranges: 1–2 months, 3–8 months and 9–12 months. Whole blood was collected from the retro-orbital sinus. We used quality control procedures to investigate analytical imprecision and inaccuracy. Reference values were calculated by non parametric methods (median and 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles). The Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for between-group comparisons. Median levels of GLU, LDH, Chol and BUN were higher, and LPS, AST, ALP and CHE were lower in males than in females (p range: 0.05–0.001). Inter-strain differences were observed for: (1) GLU, t-Bil, K+, Ca++, PO4 − (p<0.05) and for TAG, Chol, AST, Fe++ (p<0.001) in 4–8 month-old animals; (2) for CK, Crea, Mg++, Na++, K+, Cl− (p<0.05) and BUN (p<0.001) in 2- and in 10–12 month-old mice; and (3) for WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT and PLT (p<0.05) during the 1 year life span. Conclusion/Significance Our results indicate that metabolic variations in C57BL/6J, 129SV/EV and C3H/HeJ mice after therapeutic intervention should be evaluated against gender- and age-dependent reference intervals.
Brain Functional Imaging Studies Of Sexual Desire & Arousal In Human Males

Preliminary draft 1. Why use brain functional imaging to study sexual desire and arousal (SDA)? (a) Why study the brain to understand sexual desire and arousal? The complex relationship between brain and mind has been the subject of philosophical and scientific debate for centuries. In our view, the brain is a two-way interface between mental mechanisms and peripheral physiological processes. In this sense, the brain plays a central role in psychophysiological processes. Viewing the brain as the interface between mental mechanisms and peripheral physiological processes does not necessarily imply any directional causality between brain and mind. Rather, what we see as mental and as peripheral physiological processes is conceived as two correlated aspects of the same unitary reality. This seems to be the view about soul and body that Spinoza proposed in Ethics. According to recent sociobiological developments (reviewed in Rolls, 1999), the pressure of natural selection has led to the emergence of brain systems in which reward is associated with those sexual behaviors which increase fitness. Fitness is understood here as the aptitude to transmit one's genes to the next generation. Evolutionary pressure has thus selected the neurophysiological implementation of brain reward systems associated not only with copulation per se, but also with SDA and with sexual attraction to characteristics indicating a potential partner's fitness.
Prognostic Significance of the Epstein-Barr Virus, p53, Bcl-2, and Survivin in Nasopharyngeal Cancer

Purpose: Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is a malignant epithelial carcinoma which is intimately associated with EBV. The latent presence of EBV affects the function of p53, Bcl-2, and survivin. We thus investigated the relationship between EBV status, p53, Bcl-2, and survivin in biopsy specimens from patients with primary NPC. Experimental Design: Archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded NPC biopsies were evaluated in 80 patients treated with curative radiation from a single institution. The presence of EBV was determined using EBER in situ hybridization, whereas p53, Bcl-2, and survivin were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Results: The majority of NPC specimens in this patient cohort were EBER-positive (64 of 78, or 82%), which in turn, was significantly associated with ethnicity (P = 0.0007), and WHO subtype 2A/2B (P = 0.04). EBER-positive tumors were also associated with p53 (P = 0.002), Bcl-2 (P = 0.04), and nuclear survivin (P = 0.03) expression. Patients with EBER-positive NPC fared better, with a 10-year overall survival of 68% versus 48% for EBER-negative patients (P = 0.03). For nuclear survivin, patients with either low or high nuclear survivin fared worse than patients with intermediate survivin expression (P = 0.05), suggesting that there is an optimal proportion of survivin-expressing cells for best function and clinical outcome. Conclusions: With an extended median follow-up time of 11.4 years, EBV status remains a strong predictor for overall survival in NPC. EBV-positive NPC has strong molecular associations with p53, Bcl-2, and survivin expression. Furthermore, we provide clinical data revealing the potentially dual nature of survivin in predicting clinical outcome.
Evaluating stereo and motion cues for visualizing information nets in three dimensions

This article concerns the benefits of presenting abstract data in 3D. Two experiments show that motion cues combined with stereo viewing can substantially increase the size of the graph that can be preceived. The first experiment was designed to provide quantitiative measurements of how much more (or less) can be understood in 3D than in 2D. The 3D display used was configured so that the image on the monitor was coupled to the user's actual eye positons (and it was updated in real-time as the user moved) as well as bring in stereo. Thus the effect was like a local “virtual reality” display located in the vicinity of the computer monitor. The results from this study show that head-coupled stereo viewing can increase the size of an abstract graph that can be understood by a factor of three; using stereo alone provided an increase by a factor of 1.6 and head coupling along produced an increase by a factor of 2.2. The second experiment examined a variety of motion cues provided by head-coupled perspective (as in virtual reality displays), head-guided motion and automatic rotation, respectively, both with and without stereo in each case. The results show that structured 3D motion and stereo viewing both help in understanding, but that the kind of motion is not particularly important; all improve performance, and all are more significant than stereo cues. These results provide strong reasons for using advanced 3D graphics for interacting with a large variety of information structures.
Uncertainty-Driven Cooperation

We consider dynamic team production in the presence of uncertainty. Team members receive interim feedback that depends on both their current effort level and the project's uncertain prospects. In this environment, each member can encourage the others by making them more optimistic about the project's prospects. We study the extent to which this incentive counters the usual free‐riding incentive. Restricting the agents' access to feedback can increase their equilibrium effort levels by mitigating the ratchet effect. In this case, using joint performance measures can be beneficial even when individual measures are available.
Measurement of the intracellular pH threshold for sperm aster formation in sea urchin eggs

In the fertilization of sea urchin eggs, intracellular [Ca2+] (Cai) increases transiently and intracellular pH (pHi) elevates accordingly. Unlinking these two activating factors experimentally, the requirement of the increase in pHi for sperm aster formation in the sea urchin, Clypeaster japonicus, was investigated. When the eggs were injected with an EGTA or BAPTA solution, they incorporated sperm but did not organize the sperm aster. Using these sperm‐incorporated eggs under the condition that an increase in Cai was blocked, pHi was regulated by two methods: (i) perfusing ammonium acetate‐containing seawater; and (ii) injecting pH buffer solutions of various pH values. By either of the two methods, the sperm aster formed at pHi 7.0 or more and functioned in female pronuclear migration when the sperm aster reached the female pronucleus. Hence, the step of the transient increase in Cai at fertilization can be bypassed. In contrast, a pHi increase is indispensably required for sperm aster formation in sea urchin eggs. Moreover, under the condition that there was the transient increase in Cai, the threshold pHi value for sperm aster formation was pHi 7.0 or more. Consequently, whether a Cai increase on fertilization occurs or not, the threshold pHi value for sperm aster formation is constant in sea urchin eggs.
Dentin hypersensitivity: A randomized clinical comparison of three different agents in a short-term treatment period

OBJECTIVE Dentin hypersensitivity, or what patients may describe as "sensitive teeth," is defined as a short, sharp pain arising from exposed dentin in response to thermal, evaporative, tactile, electrical, osmotic or chemical stimuli. It is widely accepted that dentin hypersensitivity is an uncomfortable condition that also affects function and quality of life. This study determines the differences in efficiency of three desensitizing products when compared with a placebo. METHODS A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted to compare three different professional dentin desensitizer agents in 52 patients. The age and sex of the patients was recorded. Gluma Desensitizer (Heraeus Kulzer), UltraEZ (Ultradent Products, Inc) and Duraphat (Colgate Oral Pharmaceuticals, Inc, New York, NY, USA) were used as desensitizer agents and distilled water was used as the placebo. The baseline measurement of the dentin hypersensitivity was made by using a visual analog scale (VAS). Twenty-four hours and seven days after application of the desensitizer agents and placebo, a new VAS analysis was conducted for patients' sensitivity level. The desensitizer agents were compared in terms of mean values, and ANOVA was used for testing differences among the groups (p<0.05). RESULTS The results showed that the mean pain scores of the placebo group were significantly higher than that of the study groups (p<0.05). The VAS analysis revealed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity over time with the use of agents (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found among the three desensitizing agents (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS These three desensitizing agents, which contain different active ingredients, were effective in relieving dentin hypersensitivity. However, no superiority was found in dentin sensitivity relief among the agents.
Prognosis criteria of casual systolic and diastolic blood pressure values in a prospective study in India

Background In India, cardiovascular events are often diagnosed at lower blood pressures (BP) than in Western countries, questioning whether the actual World Health Organization cut-off points for hypertension (systolic BP (SBP) ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥90 mm Hg) are appropriate in low resource countries. Methods A large population-based cohort study including 167 331 adults aged 35–90 years, living in a rural area, was followed up during a 7-year mean duration for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) deaths. At baseline, casual BP was measured, and lifestyle was assessed through a questionnaire. Death rates were calculated according to SBP and DBP, and their association was examined in a multivariate analysis, among all subjects, then stratified by sex and age groups. Results Forty-five per cent of the study subjects had hypertension. The nadir of CVD death rates was observed at 110 mm Hg for casual SBP and 75–80 mm Hg for casual DBP. In the multivariate analysis, SBP from 120 mm Hg and DBP from 90 mm Hg were significantly associated with risks of ischaemic heart disease and stroke. High SBP and DBP values were greater predictors of mortality in the young age group (34–44 years) than in the old age group (65+ years). SBP was a stronger independent predictor of CVD than DBP. Conclusions SBP and DBP were associated with CVD mortality at thresholds lower than the current hypertension definition. Measurement limited to SBP alone would be effective in screening for CVD risk in large populations.
Evolutionary Molecular Cytogenetics of Catarrhine Primates: Past, Present and Future

The catarrhine primates were the first group of species studied with comparative molecular cytogenetics. Many of the fundamental techniques and principles of analysis were initially applied to comparisons in these primates, including interspecific chromosome painting, reciprocal chromosome painting and the extensive use of cloned DNA probes for evolutionary analysis. The definition and importance of chromosome syntenies and associations for a correct cladistics analysis of phylogenomic relationships were first applied to catarrhines. These early chromosome painting studies vividly illustrated a striking conservation of the genome between humans and macaques. Contemporarily, it also revealed profound differences between humans and gibbons, a group of species more closely related to humans, making it clear that chromosome evolution did not follow a molecular clock. Chromosome painting has now been applied to more that 60 primate species and the translocation history has been mapped onto the major taxonomic divisions in the tree of primate evolution. In situ hybridization of cloned DNA probes, primarily BAC-FISH, also made it possible to more precisely map breakpoints with spanning and flanking BACs. These studies established marker order and disclosed intrachromosomal rearrangements. When applied comparatively to a range of primate species, they led to the discovery of evolutionary new centromeres as an important new category of chromosome evolution. BAC-FISH studies are intimately connected to genome sequencing, and probes can usually be assigned to a precise location in the genome assembly. This connection ties molecular cytogenetics securely to genome sequencing, assuring that molecular cytogenetics will continue to have a productive future in the multidisciplinary science of phylogenomics.
The Slippery Slope : A Self-Regulatory Examination of the Cumulative Effect of Minor Ethical Transgressions

Many recent corporate scandals have been described as resulting from a slippery slope in which a series of small infractions gradually increased over time (e.g., McLean & Elkind, 2003). However, behavioral ethics research has rarely considered how unethical behavior evolves over time and to date has not empirically examined whether individuals engage in a slippery slope of increasingly unethical behavior. In this paper, we extend Bandura’s (1991, 1999) socialcognitive theory by demonstrating how the mechanisms of depleted self-regulation and increased moral disengagement can reduce ethicality over a series of gradually increasing indiscretions. Across three multi-round studies using different measures of unethical behavior, we find that gradual, rather than abrupt, changes lead to unethicality. In Studies 2 and 3, this effect is mediated by depleted self-regulation and increased moral disengagement.
Comparative analysis of pulmonary hypertension in patients treated with imatinib, nilotinib and dasatinib

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare, but life‐threatening, adverse event in patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as dasatinib, but has not been fully evaluated in patients treated with imatinib or nilotinib. We used echocardiography to noninvasively assess the incidence of PH in 105 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) treated with imatinib (n = 37), nilotinib (n = 30) or dasatinib (n = 38). The mean triscupid regurgitation peak gradient (TRPG), which reflects pulmonary arterial pressure, was 22·7 mmHg in the imatinib group, 23·1 mmHg in the nilotinib group and 23·4 mmHg for dasatinib group. These values were not significantly different, but higher than those (19·0 mmHg) in newly diagnosed CML patients. A TRPG > 31 mmHg, marking possible PH onset, was detected in 9 of 105 patients: one (2·7%) treated with imatinib, three (10·0%) with nilotinib and five (13·2%) with dasatinib. Only three patients complained of dyspnoea, whereas the other six were asymptomatic. In addition, there was a tendency toward correlation of TRPG value and age or TKI treatment duration. These results suggested that treatment with not only dasatinib, but also imatinib and nilotinib, can be associated with subclinical PH. Noninvasive echocardiography is useful for screening, especially in older patients with long‐term TKI treatment.
Patient Perspectives on Buprenorphine/Naloxone Treatment in the Context of HIV Care

Background:Research has shown that buprenorphine/naloxone (bup/nx) is a safe and effective treatment for opioid dependence. Few reports, however, describe the patient perspective on bup/nx treatment and its integration into HIV care settings. Methods:We conducted qualitative interviews with 33 patients to further investigate patient satisfaction and experience with bup/nx treatment and integrated care. Interviews focused on drug use/cessation history; attitudes toward and satisfaction with bup/nx treatment; and perspectives on integrated bup/nx treatment and HIV care. Results:Patients were overwhelmingly satisfied with the pharmacologic effects and treatment outcomes of bup/nx, including effectiveness in blocking cravings and controlling opioid use; decreased fear of withdrawal and/or missing doses; and an overall improvement in quality of life. Patients also described being more engaged with both their substance abuse treatment and HIV care, including greater ability to manage their own treatment, keep, appointments, and adhere to antiretroviral medication regimes. Counseling was seen by some patients as an important component of bup/nx treatment. Nearly all were positive about their experience with integrated care, appreciative of an improved drug treatment environment, convenience, and quality of care. Conclusions:Findings suggest that patients report bup/nx to be a viable treatment and many prefer it to other opioid replacement therapies.
Normative data for diagnosing auditory processing disorder in Norwegian children aged 7–12 years

Abstract Objective: The main purpose of this research was to obtain normative data for auditory processing tests for Norwegian speaking children. Design: Participants were administered routine audiological tests and an auditory processing test-battery consisting of Filtered Words, Competing Words, Dichotic Digits, Gaps In Noise, Duration– and Frequency Pattern, Binaural Masking Level Difference and HIST Speech in Noise test. A group of 10-year-old children were retested after two weeks. The effects ear, age and gender and the test–retest reliability were investigated. Study sample: There were 268 normal hearing children aged 7–12 years who participated in the study. Results: Results revealed no differences between genders. The children showed improving performance by age on all tests, except from the Gaps In Noise and Binaural Masking Level Difference. As expected, the children showed a right ear advantage on dichotic speech tests that decreased with age. The test–retest reliability for the tests was good, with a small learning effect on the Filtered Words test. Conclusion: Normative data were established and the preferred tests for diagnosing Auditory Processing Disorder were suggested for Norwegian children aged 7–12 years.
Apparent Toughness Anisotropy Induced by Roughness of in Situ Stress: A Mechanism that Hinders Vertical Growth of Hydraulic Fractures and Its Simplified Modeling

A hydraulic fracture's height growth is known to be affected by many factors that are related to the layered structure of sedimentary rocks. While these factors are often used to qualitatively explain why hydraulic fractures usually have well-bounded height growth, most of them cannot be directly and quantitatively characterized for a given reservoir to enable a priori prediction of fracture height growth. In this work, we study the role of the "roughness" of in situ stress profiles, namely alternating low- and high-stress among rock layers, in determining the tendency of a hydraulic fracture to propagate horizontally versus vertically. We found that a hydraulic fracture propagates horizontally in low-stress layers ahead of neighboring high-stress layers. Under such a configuration, a fracture mechanics principle dictates that the net pressure required for horizontal growth of high-stress layers within the current fracture height is significantly lower than that required for additional vertical growth across rock layers. Without explicit consideration of the rough stress profile, the system behaves as if the rock is tougher against vertical propagation than it is against horizontal fracture propagation. We developed a simple relationship between the apparent differential rock toughness and characteristics of the stress roughness that induce equivalent overall fracture shapes. This relationship enables existing hydraulic fracture models to represent the effects of rough in situ stress on fracture growth without directly representing the fine-resolution rough stress profiles.