Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age of acquisition interactions in bilingual lexical access: A study of the weaker language of L2 learners and heritage speakers

Global age of acquisition of L1 and L2 in individual speakers has been investigated as a deterministic factor in nativelikeness of grammatical knowledge and lexical processing. The age of acquisition of individual words has also been shown to affect both native and nonnative lexical access. Given the centrality of the lexicon to language acquisition and use, this study investigated which of these variables is most relevant and how these two variables may potentially interact during lexical access of the less dominant language in bilinguals. A group of English-speaking late L2 learners of Spanish and a group of early bilingual speakers who were exposed to Spanish as an L1 at home and learned English in childhood (heritage speakers) completed a lexical decision task in Spanish and an English–Spanish translation decision task. The performance of the two groups, which vary on global age of acquisition of Spanish, but not on language dominance, was compared. The results indicated no differences in the overall accuracy of lexical access according to global age of acquisition of L1 and L2, though the L2 learners responded more quickly than the heritage speakers in both tasks. The results differed within each participant group depending on word age of acquisition, with heritage speakers showing a speed and accuracy advantage for words learned early in L1 Spanish and L2 learners showing an advantage for words learned early in L2 Spanish. Based on these findings, it is argued that it is the language experience along with word age of acquisition that determines lexical processing of the weaker language, whether in L1 or L2.
Effectiveness of Electronic Stability Control on Single-Vehicle Accidents

Objective: This study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of electronic stability control (ESC) on single-vehicle injury accidents while controlling for a number of confounders influencing the accident risk. Methods: Using police-registered injury accidents from 2004 to 2011 in Denmark with cars manufactured in the period 1998 to 2011 and the principle of induced exposure, 2 measures of the effectiveness of ESC were calculated: The crude odds ratio and the adjusted odds ratio, the latter by means of logistic regression. The logistic regression controlled for a number of confounding factors, of which the following were significant. For the driver: Age, gender, driving experience, valid driving license, and seat belt use. For the vehicle: Year of registration, weight, and ESC. For the accident surroundings: Visibility, light, and location. Finally, for the road: Speed limit, surface, and section characteristics. Results: The present study calculated the crude odds ratio for ESC-equipped cars of getting in a single-vehicle injury accident as 0.40 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34–0.47) and the adjusted odds ratio as 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.88). No difference was found in the effectiveness of ESC across the injury severity categories (slight, severe, and fatal). Conclusions: In line with previous results, this study concludes that ESC reduces the risk for single-vehicle injury accidents by 31% when controlling for various confounding factors related to the driver, the car, and the accident surroundings. Furthermore, it is concluded that it is important to control for human factors (at a minimum age and gender) in analyses where evaluations of this type are performed.
Comparative and Noncomparative Advertising: Attitudinal Effects under Cognitive and Affective Involvement Conditions

This study compares effectiveness of comparative and noncomparative advertising for products characterized by different levels of cognitive and affective involvement. Comparative advertisements induce more positive brand attitudes for products which elicit cognitive and affective motivations simultaneously. This happens because brand comparisons facilitate an attribute-based processing style which might otherwise succumb to the competing affective involvement. Noncomparative attribute-based ads yield more favorable attitudes toward the ad when affective involvement is high than when it is low. Comparative ads are also shown to positively influence brand switchers and have a negative impact on consumers loyal to competing brands.
Toxicological Evaluation of u-hEGF

The toxicological evaluation of urinary human epidermal growth factor (u-hEGF) included mutagenicity, single and repeated dose general toxicity, and teratogenicity studies in various animal species. The mutagenic potential of u-hEGF was tested in vitro (Ames test, chromosome aberration in human lymphocytes, unscheduled DNA synthesis in HeLa cells) and in vivo (chromosome aberration in Chinese hamster bone marrow and micronucleus test in rat bone marrow). No mutagenic or clastogenic effects were found. The acute toxicity of u-hEGF was evaluated in mice and rats, using single subcutaneous (sc) or intravenous (iv) injection of 15 mg/kg. No toxic effects were observed. Four-week iv daily administration of u-hEGF at the doses of 0.3, 0.9, and 3 mg/kg in the SD rat followed by 2 wk of compound withdrawal induced pronounced and generally dose-related effects (i.e., epithelial hyperplasia) in a wide range of tissues and organs, at all doses. However, these effects were not apparently detrimental to the general health of the rats. The repeated sc administration of u-hEGF to cynomolgus monkeys for 4 wk at the same doses as used in the rat study resulted in lethality after about 7 days of treatment in the 2 higher dose groups or after 14 days at the lowest dose. The main clinical signs observed were gastrointestinal effects, respiratory distress, sedation, marked loss of body weight, and cutaneous desquamation. At histology, hyperplasia of most epithelia was seen in all groups. In addition, atrophy of the ovarian follicles and necrosis of the uterine endometrium were noted. Changes considered secondary to physical distress were atrophy of the hemopoietic and lymphatic system and hepatic steatosis. The embryofetal toxicity and teratogenicity of u-hEGF was tested, using the iv route in the SD rat and the iv and sc routes in the New Zealand White rabbit. In both species, the compound was administered at the doses of 0, 0.3, 0.9, and 3 mg/kg/day, from day 6 to 15 of pregnancy in rats and 6-18 in rabbits. In the rat, an increase in body weight was noted in the dams and fetuses at the 2 high doses. No embryotoxic or teratogenic effects were observed. In the rabbit studies, mortality and severe clinical signs involving various systems, with marked effects on the eyes, were observed at all doses tested during the first days of treatment by both routes. From the reproductive point of view, most of the surviving treated gravid females showed only resorptions.
The effect of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements

Print advertisements often employ images of humans whose gaze may be focussed on an object or region within the advertisement. Gaze cues are powerful factors in determining the focus of our attention, but there have been no systematic studies exploring the impact of gaze cues on attention to print advertisements. We tracked participants' eyes whilst they read an on-screen magazine containing advertisements in which the model either looked at the product being advertised or towards the viewer. When the model's gaze was directed at the product, participants spent longer looking at the product, the brand logo and the rest of the advertisement compared to when the model's gaze was directed towards the viewer. These results demonstrate that the focus of reader's attention can be readily manipulated by gaze cues provided by models in advertisements, and that these influences go beyond simply drawing attention to the cued area of the advertisement. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Wnt antagonist Dickkopf‐1 is regulated by Bmp signaling and c‐Jun and modulates programmed cell death

Dickkopf‐1 (Dkk‐1) has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in a variety of assays and organisms. In this study, we show that expression of Dkk‐1 overlaps significantly with the sites of programmed cell death in normal as well as mutant vertebrate limb development, and identify several of its upstream regulators, one of which is Bmp‐4. Interestingly, Bmp‐4 only activates Dkk‐1 when it concomitantly induces apoptosis. Moreover, Dkk‐1 is heavily up‐regulated by UV irradiation and several other genotoxic stimuli. We further show that normal expression of Dkk‐1 is dependent on the Ap‐1 family member c‐Jun and that overexpression of Dkk‐1 enhances Bmp‐triggered apoptosis in the vertebrate limb. Taken together, our results provide evidence for an important role of Dkk‐1‐mediated inhibition of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in response to different stress signals that all converge on the activation of c‐Jun in vivo.
Embedding Digital Literacies in English Language Teaching: Students' Digital Video Projects as Multimodal Ensembles.

As a result of recent developments in digital technologies, new genres as well as new contexts for communication are emerging. In view of these developments, this article argues that the scope of English language teaching be expanded beyond the traditional focus on speech and writing to the production of multimodal ensembles, drawing on a range of other semiotic modes. The article describes an undergraduate course in English for science at a university in Hong Kong, which incorporated elements of digital literacies. Students were engaged in a project to conduct a simple scientific experiment, reporting their findings (1) as a multimodal scientific documentary, shared through YouTube with a general audience of nonspecialists, and (2) as a written lab report aimed at a specialist audience. This article focuses on the multimodal scientific documentaries created by students and evaluates their potential in terms of language learning by drawing on data from student interviews, student comments on a course blog, and the students' documentaries themselves. The analysis shows that students met the challenge of writing for an authentic audience by combining a range of modes (with language playing an important role) to develop an effective rhetorical “hook” and appropriate discoursal identity in their efforts to appeal to their audience.
Thrombolytic Treatment of Clot Embolism in Rat: Comparison of Intra-arterial and Intravenous Application of Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Background and Purpose— We sought to test the hypothesis that intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) treatment of thromboembolic stroke is more efficient than intravenous application. Methods— Rats were embolized by intracarotid injection of autologous fibrin-rich blood clots. One hour later rtPA (10 mg/kg) was infused either intravenously (n=8) or intra-arterially (n=8). Control rats (n=8) received intra-arterial infusion of saline. Treatment was monitored by MR perfusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) imaging, and outcome was evaluated by comparing incidence of hemorrhages and lesion volumes of ATP and pH. Results— Clot embolism led to a decline of perfusion-weighted imaging signal intensity in the middle cerebral artery territory to <40% of control. Both intra-arterial and intravenous treatment significantly improved blood flow in cerebral cortex but not in caudate putamen. In untreated animals, ATP and pH lesion volumes were 510.3±94.5 and 438.6±39.2 mm3 at 7 hours after clot embolism, respectively. Both intravenous and intra-arterial rtPA treatment produced hemorrhagic complications but reduced ATP lesion size to 296.2±136.1 and 370.3±103.7 mm3 and reduced pH lesion size to 263.3±114.6 and 303.3±103.0 mm3, respectively (P <0.05 for untreated versus treated rats; no difference between intravenous and intra-arterial treatment). ADC imaging revealed that lesion reduction was due to inhibition of infarct growth but not to reversal of primary injury. Conclusions— This study documents reduction of injury by rtPA treatment but does not reveal a difference between intra-arterial and intravenous application. Our data do not support an advantage of intra-arterial thrombolysis.
A comparison of the dominant meta programme patterns in accounting undergraduate students and accounting lecturers at a UK business school

Meta programmes are a means of describing the behavioural traits that a person exhibits when interacting with other people. An understanding of meta programmes can improve communication between individuals and this may have implications for teaching. The purposes of this study are first to identify the dominant meta programme patterns of first year accounting undergraduates at a UK business school. An earlier pilot study validated use of the Motivation Profile Questionnaire (MPQ) to elicit the dominant meta programmes of accounting lecturers at the same Business School (Brown, 2002). Secondly, the students' meta programmes are compared with those of their accounting teachers to identify whether there are any differences or similarities between the two groups. The matching of the meta programmes of the teachers and students would enhance communication whilst major differences in meta programmes would make communication more difficult. A sample of 62 first year accounting undergraduates and 20 accountancy teachers completed the MPQ. The results indicate that, on average, the accounting students have similar dominant meta programme patterns to their accounting teachers. The implications of the findings for improving communication and therefore teaching are discussed, along with the scope for further research.
Evaluating Distant Supervision for Subjectivity and Sentiment Analysis on Arabic Twitter Feeds

Supervised machine learning methods for automatic subjectivity and sentiment analysis (SSA) are problematic when applied to social media, such as Twitter, since they do not generalise well to unseen topics. A possible remedy of this problem is to apply distant supervision (DS) approaches, which learn from large amounts of automatically annotated data. This research empirically evaluates the performance of DS approaches for SSA on Arabic Twitter feeds. Results for emoticon- and lexiconbased DS show a significant performance gain over a fully supervised baseline, especially for detecting subjectivity, where we achieve 95.19% accuracy, which is a 48.47% absolute improvement over previous fully supervised results.
The Differences Between Positive And Negative Word-Of-Mouth -Emotion As A Differentiator?

Organisations are continually seeking new ways to achieve competitive advantage and wordof-mouth (WOM) represents such an opportunity. However, little research has addressed differences in the content and style of positive and negative WOM. This study explores this issue through a series of six focus groups and 103 critical incidents surveys with 54 respondents. Results indicated that, when compared to positive WOM, negative WOM is more emotional in nature, is associated with dissatisfaction and is almost twice as likely to influence the receiver’s opinion of the firm. In addition, consumers who have had a negative experience with a firm are more driven to ‘vent’ their emotion, offering WOM sooner after the incident than those with positive experiences. By contrast, positive WOM is more cognitive, more considered and more closely associated with service quality-related comments. The study offers a new perspective on WOM research and offers suggestions for future research, as well as offering practical implications for service providers.
Effect of childhood maltreatment and brain-derived neurotrophic factor on brain morphology

Childhood maltreatment (CM) has been associated with altered brain morphology, which may partly be due to a direct impact on neural growth, e.g. through the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. Findings on CM, BDNF and brain volume are inconsistent and have never accounted for the entire BDNF pathway. We examined the effects of CM, BDNF (genotype, gene expression and protein level) and their interactions on hippocampus, amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) morphology. Data were collected from patients with depression and/or an anxiety disorder and healthy subjects within the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) (N = 289). CM was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Interview. BDNF Val66Met genotype, gene expression and serum protein levels were determined in blood and T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T. Regional brain morphology was assessed using FreeSurfer. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed. Amygdala volume was lower in maltreated individuals. This was more pronounced in maltreated met-allele carriers. The expected positive relationship between BDNF gene expression and volume of the amygdala is attenuated in maltreated subjects. Finally, decreased cortical thickness of the ACC was identified in maltreated subjects with the val/val genotype. CM was associated with altered brain morphology, partly in interaction with multiple levels of the BNDF pathway. Our results suggest that CM has different effects on brain morphology in met-carriers and val-homozygotes and that CM may disrupt the neuroprotective effect of BDNF.
Endoscopic Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: State of the Art

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic, progressive, idiopathic disorder of the bile ducts. It is an inflammatory disease that progresses to fibrotic stricturing in the bile ducts, which in turn typically leads to biliary obstruction with its myriad complications and ultimately to chronic liver disease. Fifty percent to 80% of patients with PSC have coexisting inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), more commonly ulcerative colitis (UC) than Crohn’s disease. Patients having both UC and PSC can present with a more extensive but milder colitis than patients with UC alone, although patients with both UC and PSC have a higher incidence of colonic dysplasia and colorectal carcinoma in the setting of their UC, as compared with patients with only UC (1, 2). While the majority of patients with PSC have IBD, only 2–10% of patients with IBD have PSC (3, 4). The majority of PSC patients are male and tend to be young—<40 yr of age on presentation (5). While PSC is clearly associated with IBD, no definite causal relationship has been identified. In PSC, biliary strictures result in cholestasis, cholangitis, choledocholithiasis, and cirrhosis, and there is a substantially elevated risk of cholangiocarcinoma. Histology is diagnostically nonspecific in this disorder, so the diagnosis is based on clinical presentation in the presence of characteristic cholangiographic findings, whether cholangiography is conducted endoscopically or with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). There is no proven medical treatment for PSC, so clinical management centers on symptom management, treatment of episodic bacterial cholangitis, and screening and surveillance for cholangiocarcinoma. Nonmedical, invasive therapies useful in the management of PSC and its complications include endoscopy in the form of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), interventional radiology in the form of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), and surgery in the form of liver transplantation. ERCP has an established and rapidly evolving diagnostic role and is also useful in treating cholestatic symptoms and episodes of acute bacterial cholangitis, as well as in screening for and surveillance of cholangiocarcinoma. PTC has a more limited role in biliary drainage and tissue acquisition. Liver transplantation is still the only truly definitive treatment available for advanced PSC. CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS
When Imitation Doesn’t Flatter: The Role of Consumer Distinctiveness in Responses to Mimicry

In a series of four experiments, the authors examine the implications of one consumer’s possession being mimicked by another consumer. The results demonstrate that when distinctiveness concerns are heightened, greater dissociation responses (i.e., possession disposal intentions, recustomization behaviors, and exchange behaviors) arise in response to being mimicked by a similar as opposed to dissimilar other. These effects are driven by threats to distinctiveness. Finally, these effects are mitigated when the imitated possession is nonsymbolic in nature and when a low degree of effort is exerted to initially obtain the possession. Implications for marketers and consumers are discussed.
The Power of Feelings: Personal Meaning in Psychoanalysis, Gender, and Culture

In this pathbreaking book a leading contemporary thinker brings together psychoanalysis, anthropology, and gender analysis to create an original theory about the ways in which we look at ourselves. The "power of feelings" -- the individual subjective meaning we bring to our experiences -- are at least as important as their cultural and social meanings, claims Nancy J. Chodorow.
Activation of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin Subtype 8 Attenuates Cold‐Induced Hypertension Through Ameliorating Vascular Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Background Environmental cold‐induced hypertension is common, but how to treat cold‐induced hypertension remains an obstacle. Transient receptor potential melastatin subtype 8 (TRPM8) is a mild cold‐sensing nonselective cation channel that is activated by menthol. Little is known about the effect of TRPM8 activation by menthol on mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and the vascular function in cold‐induced hypertension. Methods and Results Primary vascular smooth muscle cells from wild‐type or Trpm8−/− mice were cultured. In vitro, we confirmed that sarcoplasmic reticulum–resident TRPM8 participated in the regulation of cellular and mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis in the vascular smooth muscle cells. TRPM8 activation by menthol antagonized angiotensin II induced mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction and excess reactive oxygen species generation by preserving pyruvate dehydrogenase activity, which hindered reactive oxygen species–triggered Ca2+ influx and the activation of RhoA/Rho kinase pathway. In vivo, long‐term noxious cold stimulation dramatically increased vasoconstriction and blood pressure. The activation of TRPM8 by dietary menthol inhibited vascular reactive oxygen species generation, vasoconstriction, and lowered blood pressure through attenuating excessive mitochondrial reactive oxygen species mediated the activation of RhoA/Rho kinase in a TRPM8‐dependent manner. These effects of menthol were further validated in angiotensin II–induced hypertensive mice. Conclusions Long‐term dietary menthol treatment targeting and preserving mitochondrial function may represent a nonpharmaceutical measure for environmental noxious cold–induced hypertension.
Comparison of current control techniques for active filter applications

This paper presents the comparative evaluation of the performance of three state-of-the-art current control techniques for active filters. The linear rotating frame current controller, the fixed-frequency hysteresis controller, and the digital deadbeat controller are considered. The main control innovations, determined by industrial applications, are presented, suitable criteria for the comparison are identified, and the differences in the performance of the three controllers in a typical parallel active filter setup are investigated by simulations.