Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Assessing Cognitive Demand during Natural Language Interactions with a Digital Driving Assistant

Given the proliferation of digital assistants in everyday mobile technology, it appears inevitable that next generation vehicles will be embodied by similar agents, offering engaging, natural language interactions. However, speech can be cognitively captivating. It is therefore important to understand the demand that such interfaces may place on drivers. Twenty-five participants undertook four drives (counterbalanced), in a medium-fidelity driving simulator: 1. Interacting with a state-of-the-art digital driving assistant ('DDA') (presented using Wizard-of-Oz); 2. Engaged in a hands-free mobile phone conversation; 3. Undertaking the delayed-digit recall ('2-back') task and 4. With no secondary task (baseline). Physiological arousal, subjective workload assessment, tactile detection task (TDT) and driving performance measures consistently revealed the '2-back' drive as the most cognitively demanding (highest workload, poorest TDT performance). Mobile phone and DDA conditions were largely equivalent, attracting low/medium cognitive workload. Findings are discussed in the context of designing in-vehicle natural language interfaces to mitigate cognitive demand.
Cross-national disparities in sex differences in life expectancy with and without frailty.

BACKGROUND with continued ageing, levels of frailty are an increasing concern. Women live longer than men, but how life expectancies (LE) with frailty differ between men and women and whether sex differences are the same for all European countries is unknown. OBJECTIVE to compare sex differences in LE in phenotypic frailty categories and disability at age ≥50 between European countries. DESIGN the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). SUBJECTS a total of 50,351 people aged ≥50 from SHARE wave 4 (included countries: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden). METHODS the SHARE Frailty Instrument for Primary Care and the Global Activity Limitation Indicator were combined to define four phenotypic frailty and disability categories: robust, pre-frail, frail and severely limited. LEs with each state by sex and country were calculated using Sullivan's method. RESULTS at age 70, the LE robust ranged from 4.1 to 10.4 years (men) and 3.0 to 8.9 years (women), LE pre-frail from 0.8-3.1 years (men) and 2.2-5.5 years (women), LE frail from 0.1-1.8 years (men) and 0.4-5.5 years (women) and LE with severe activity limitation from 1.9 to 4.4 years (men) and 2.9 to 7.5 years (women). At all ages and both sexes the fewest years were spent frail. CONCLUSIONS this study is the first to compare differences in LE in frailty categories across European countries. In most European countries, years spent robust (free of frailty or limitation) are significantly less for women than men, perhaps due to socio-economic as well as biological factors.
Context-aware Natural Language Generation with Recurrent Neural Networks

This paper studied generating natural languages at particular contexts or situations. We proposed two novel approaches which encode the contexts into a continuous semantic representation and then decode the semantic representation into text sequences with recurrent neural networks. During decoding, the context information are attended through a gating mechanism, addressing the problem of long-range dependency caused by lengthy sequences. We evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches on user review data, in which rich contexts are available and two informative contexts, sentiments and products, are selected for evaluation. Experiments show that the fake reviews generated by our approaches are very natural. Results of fake review detection with human judges show that more than 50\% of the fake reviews are misclassified as the real reviews, and more than 90\% are misclassified by existing state-of-the-art fake review detection algorithm.
Statin Adherence and Risk of Accidents: A Cautionary Tale

Background— Bias in studies of preventive medications can occur when healthier patients are more likely to initiate and adhere to therapy than less healthy patients. We sought evidence of this bias by examining associations between statin exposure and various outcomes that should not be causally affected by statin exposure, such as workplace and motor vehicle accidents. Methods and Results— We conducted a prospective cohort study of statin patients using data from British Columbia, Canada, a multiethnic society with a population of 4.3 million people. Study subjects were 141 086 patients who initiated statins for primary prevention. We examined the association between adherence and multiple outcomes such as accidents and screening procedures using multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models. The study population was 49% female and had an average age of 61 years. The results from our multivariable-adjusted models showed that more adherent patients were less likely to have accidents than less adherent patients. This effect was greatest for motor vehicle accidents (hazard ratio, 0.75; 95% confidence interval, 0.72 to 0.79) and workplace accidents (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.74 to 0.81). More adherent patients had a greater likelihood of using screening services (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.15 to 1.20) and a lower likelihood of developing other diseases likely to be unrelated to a biological affect of a statin (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% confidence interval, 0.86 to 0.89). Conclusions— Our study contributes compelling evidence that patients who adhere to statins are systematically more health seeking than comparable patients who do not remain adherent. Caution is warranted when interpreting analyses that attribute surprising protective effects to preventive medications.
Teenage Work: Its Precarious and Gendered Nature

Cet article analyse les changements dans le travail des adolescents au fil du temps au Canada et les met en relation avec l'evolution neoliberale de la politique. Cet accent sur le travail des adolescents a donc ete motive par la deterioration des politiques publiques de protection sociale offertes a tous les travailleurs, mais surtout aux plus jeunes, pendant les grands changements en sens neoliberale qu’ont eu lieu au 21eme siecle.La methodologie de cet etude repose sur100 entrevues faites avec des etudiants adolescents dans la region de Vancouver (50 garcons et 50 filles) afin de saisir comment ils comprennent et percoivent leur travail. Cet article s’appuie aussi sur des statistiques de la population active afin de documenter les changements des modeles et de l'intensite du travail au fil du temps chez les adolescentes au Canada. Il met l'accent sur les differences de genre dans le travail chez les adolescents, les evolutions du travail adolescent. Il souligne que la retribution pour ce travail s’est deterioree au fil du temps, et indique que les politiques publiques adoptent une perspective limitee pour traiter la question des nouvelles arrivees sur le marche du travail.
Murine Cytomegalovirus (CMV) M33 and Human CMV US28 Receptors Exhibit Similar Constitutive Signaling Activities

ABSTRACT Cellular infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is associated with very early G-protein-mediated signal transduction and reprogramming of gene expression. Here we investigated the involvement of human CMV (HCMV)-encoded US27, US28, and UL33 receptors as well as murine CMV-encoded M33 transmembrane (7TM) receptors in host cell signaling mechanisms. HCMV-encoded US27 did not show any constitutive activity in any of the studied signaling pathways; in contrast, US28 and M33 displayed ligand-independent, constitutive signaling through the G protein q (Gq)/phospholipase C pathway. In addition, M33 and US28 also activated the transcription factor NF-κB as well as the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) in a ligand-independent, constitutive manner. The use of specific inhibitors indicated that the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase but not the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-MAP kinase pathway is involved in M33- and US28-mediated CREB activation but not NF-κB activation. Interestingly, UL33—the HCMV-encoded structural homologue of M33—was only marginally constitutively active in the Gq/phospholipase C turnover and CREB activation assays and did not show any constitutive activity in the NF-κB pathway, where M33 and US28 were highly active. Hence, CMVs appear to have conserved mechanisms for regulating host gene transcription, i.e., constitutive activation of certain kinases and transcription factors through the constitutive activities of 7TM proteins. These data, together with the previous identification of the incorporation of such proteins in the viral envelope, suggest that these proteins could be involved in the very early reprogramming of the host cell during viral infection.
Development of moral reasoning in situational and cultural contexts

ABSTRACT This article examines relationships between children and youths’ judgments and their justifications of truth telling and verbal deception, in situational and cultural contexts. Han Chinese, Euro-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, seven- to 17-years of age were presented competitive scenarios in which protagonists told either lies to protect, or truths to harm, various levels of collectivity. Participants evaluated protagonists’ statements, using a 7-point scale, and justified their judgments. Cultural variations in moral evaluations emerged among the three groups of participants. Older Chinese participants reflected significant collective cultural values in their judgements; by contrast, Euro-Canadians identified more individualistically; and Chinese-Canadians demonstrated notable variability between these perspectives in their judgments. The article enhances understanding of situational and cultural sources in the development of moral reasoning within a sociocultural framework.
Human Resource Management in School Administration in Delta State Nigeria

Abstract The purpose for this study was to examine the usefulness of Human Resource Management in the administration of secondary schools in Nigeria. To guide the investigation the researcher raised research question and formulated one hypothesis in the study. A sample of fifty-six schools was selected from a total population of 278 schools in the Delta North Senatorial District through the stratified random sampling technique. In these fifty – six schools, there was a total of 5,315 staff from which a further selection of 1,063 staff, representing 20% of the target population were the subject of the study. A questionnaire was used in collecting data which were analyzed using percentage and Z – test statistic. The result of the findings revealed that human resources undergo different forms of training. The result also revealed that there is a significance difference between the performance of human resources in relation to students’ academic performance. It was therefore concluded that school personnel should undergo training and attend regular workshops and seminars. Also that the performance of human resources have considerable effects on students academic performance. The researcher therefore recommended that the human resources in schools who are not trained professional staff should be advised to go for Post Graduate Diploma in Education to acquire teaching skills. They should be made to understand the importance of appropriate teaching methods for specific subject areas as they help the staff perform more effectively.
Antihyperlipidemic and antiatherogenic activity of simvastatin may involve modulation of the expression of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase.

INTRODUCTION The statin-induced effects on high density lipoprotein (HDL) are relatively small compared with those of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and, as a result, most clinical trials of statins are underpowered with respect to HDL parameters. This study experimentally investigated, the effects of statin on serum lipids, atherogenic index and examined the possibility of a relationship amongst serum concentrations of HDL-C, atherogenic index and activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase. METHOD Thirty albino rats equally divided into 2 groups were used for the study. Group 1 was given 0.05mg/g of statin daily for 28 days, while group 2 served as control. HDL concentration was determined as a measure of HDL-C. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and HDL-C were determined spectrophotometrically while LDL-C was calculated using the Frieldwald formula. Effect on the activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase was determined by the difference between the amount of free cholesterol converted to cholesteryl ester in the two experimental groups. Effects on body and relative organs weights were also determined. RESULTS The administration of statin caused a significant increase in serum concentration of HDL-C, while levels of LDL-C, triglyceride and total cholesterol were reduced. Simvastatin caused a significant reduction in the atherogenic index (TC/HDL-C; LDLC/HDL-C). The administration of statin significantly induced the activity of lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) as evident by reduced serum concentration of free cholesterol when compared with control. The administration of statin caused reduced body and relative organs weights. CONCLUSION The study showed that serum antihyperlipidemic and antiatherogenic activity of statin may involve the induction of LCAT.
Active Diagnosis Through Information-Lookahead Planning

We consider challenging active diagnosis problems, that is, when smart exploration is needed to acquire information about a hidden target variable. Classical approaches rely on information-greedy strategies or ad-hoc algorithms for specific classes of problems. We propose to model this problem using the generic ρPOMDP formalism, which leads to an information-lookahead planning strategy, where the objective is to gather information-based reward. We empirically evaluate this approach on the Rock Diagnosis problem, which is a variation of the well-known Rock Sample problem, showing that we obtain better performance results than information-greedy techniques.
The Liminality of Trajectory Shifts in Institutional Entrepreneurship

In this paper, we develop a process model of trajectory shifts in institutional entrepreneurship. We focus on the liminal periods experienced by institutional entrepreneurs when they, unlike the rest of the organization, recognize limits in the present and seek to shift a familiar past into an unfamiliar and uncertain future. Such periods involve a situation where the new possible future, not yet fully formed, exists side-by-side with established innovation trajectories. Trajectory shifts are moments of truth for institutional entrepreneurs, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms of how entrepreneurs reflectively deal with liminality to conceive and bring forth new innovation trajectories. Our in-depth case study research at CarCorp traces three such mechanisms (reflective dissension, imaginative projection, and eliminatory exploration) and builds the basis for understanding the liminality of trajectory shifts. The paper offers theoretical implications for the institutional entrepreneurship literature.
Radio Observations of Infrared-Luminous High-Redshift Quasi-Stellar Objects

We present Very Large Array observations at 1.4 and 5 GHz of a sample of 12 quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) at z = 3.99–4.46. The sources were selected as the brightest sources at 250 GHz from the recent survey of Omont and coworkers. We detect seven sources at 1.4 GHz with flux densities S1.4 ≥ 50 μJy. These centimeter wavelength observations imply that the millimeter emission is most likely thermal dust emission. The radio through optical spectral energy distributions for these sources are within the broad range defined by lower redshift, lower optical luminosity QSOs. For two sources, the radio continuum luminosities and morphologies indicate steep-spectrum, radio-loud emission from a jet-driven radio source. For the remaining 10 sources, the 1.4 GHz flux densities, or limits, are consistent with those expected for active star-forming galaxies. If the radio emission is powered by star formation in these systems, then the implied star formation rates are on the order of 103 M⊙ yr-1. We discuss the angular sizes and spatial distributions of the radio-emitting regions, and we consider briefly these results in the context of coeval black hole and stellar bulge formation in galaxies.
Prevalence of hypertension in school going children of Surat city, Western India

Background: Early diagnosis of hypertension (HT) is an important strategy in its control. Previous studies have documented that hypertension may begin in adolescence, perhaps even in childhood. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and risk factors among school going children in Surat city, south Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: School going children aged between 6 to 18 years, of two schools were selected by purposive sampling method and blood pressure measurements were taken by mercury sphygmomanometer as per recommendation of American heart association. Hypertension is considered when blood pressure is more than 95th percentile according to update on task force report (2004) and children having hypertension in first and second recording repeat measurement was done to confirm hypertension after a week. Results: Total prevalence of hypertension in our study was 6.48%. Hypertension in males was 6.74% (<10 yrs 5.88%, 10-13yrs 6.04%, >13yrs 9.19%) and in females was 6.13% (<10yrs 0.62%, 10-13yrs 8.67%,.13yrs 8.48%). Prevalence of obesity in hypertension was 8.7% against normotensive 1.1% (P <0.05). Prevalence of hypertension in family members of hypertensive was 18.6% and in normotensive 13.1% (P =0.1). Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in family members of hypertensive was 23.4% and 13.7% in normotensive (P<0.05); while prevalence of ischemic heart disease in family members was 12.34% in hypertensive and 8.3% in normotensive (P <0.05). Conclusion: Prevalence of hypertension was 6.48% in the study subjects. We identified obesity, family history of diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease was found to be significant association for childhood hypertension.
Topology of partition of measures by fans and the second obstruction

\noindent The simultaneous partition problems are classical problems of the combinatorial geometry which have the natural flavor of the equivariant topology. The $k$-fan partition problems have attracted a lot of attention \cite{Aki2000}, \cite{BaMa2001}, \cite{BaMa2002} and forced some hard concrete combinatorial calculations in the equivariant cohomology \cite% {Bl-Vr-Ziv}. These problems can be reduced, by a beautiful scheme of \cite% {BaMa2001}, to a \textquotedblright typical\textquotedblright question of the existence of a $\mathbb{D}_{2n}$ equivariant map $f:V_{2}(\mathbb{R}% ^{3})\to W_{n}-\cup \mathcal{A}(\alpha)$, where $V_{2}(\mathbb{R}% ^{3})$ is the space of all orthonormal 2-frames in $\mathbb{R}^{3}$ and $% W_{n}-\cup \mathcal{A}(\alpha)$ is the complement of the appropriate arrangement. We introduce the \textit{target extension scheme} which allow us to use the equivariant obstruction theory as a tool for proving that: for every two proper measures on the sphere $S^{2}$, and any $\alpha =(a,a+b,b)\in \mathbb{R}_{>0}^{3}$, there exists an $\alpha $-partition of theses measures by a 3-fan. \noindent The significance of these results, among other, is that, beside negative results \cite{Bl-Vr-Ziv}, the equivariant obstruction theory can pull off some positive results, which were not attained by other means.
The Prostate 68 : 715 ^ 727 ( 2008 ) Partially Circumventing Peripheral Tolerance for Oncogene-Specific ProstateCancer Immunotherapy

BACKGROUND. Failure of cancer immunotherapy is essentially due to immunological tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), as these antigens are also expressed in healthy tissues. METHODS. Here, we used transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice, which develop lethal prostate cancer due to prostate-specific expression of SV40 T antigen (Tag), to evaluate effects of prostatic transformation on oncogene TAA-specific tolerance and to test the possibility of breaking such tolerance using a modified recombinant vaccinia virus. RESULTS. We showed that Tag expression in TRAMP mice is uniquely extra-thymic, and levels of prostatic Tag expression positively correlate with malignant transformation of the prostate. Yet, young tumor-free TRAMP mice were tolerant to Tag antigen. We therefore attempted overcoming such peripheral oncogene-specific T cell tolerance through immunization with a vaccinia construct encoding Tag immunogenic epitopes. This vaccination modality showed that oncogene-specific tolerance was successfully overcome by effective in vivo priming of Tag-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTLs). However, this was restricted to young TRAMP mice. Tag-specific CTL from ‘‘tumor naı̈ve’’ young TRAMP mice showed significant anti-tumor efficacy in vivo by eliminating established heterotopic prostate tumors and prolonging survival in SCID mice harboring Tag-expressing tumors. In contrast, older TRAMP mice with established prostate tumors exhibited oncogene-specific tolerance as evidenced by failure to generate Tag-specific CTL following Tag-specific immunization. CONCLUSIONS. Peripheral tolerance can be overcome for effective anti-tumor therapy following oncogene-specific immunization. However, this ability to elicit oncogene-specific CTL is impeded in the tumor-bearing host, in the context of increased oncogene expression associated with tumor progression. Prostate 68: 715–727, 2008. # 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Querix: A Natural Language Interface to Query Ontologies Based on Clarification Dialogs

The logic-based machine-understandable framework of the Semantic Web typically challenges casual users when they try to query ontologies. An often proposed solution to help casual users is the use of natural language interfaces. Such tools, however, suffer from one of the biggest problems of natural language: ambiguities. Furthermore, the systems are hardly adaptable to new domains. This paper addresses these issues by presenting Querix, a domain-independent natural language interface for the Semantic Web. The approach allows queries in natural language, thereby asking the user for clarification in case of ambiguities. The preliminary evaluation showed good retrieval performance.
Looking for Mr. Schumpeter: Where Are We in the Competition--Innovation Debate?

The effect of competition on innovation incentives has been a controversial subject in economics since Joseph Schumpeter advanced the theory that competitive markets are not necessarily the most effective organizations to promote innovation. The incentive to innovate is the difference in profit that a firm can earn if it invests in research and development compared to what it would earn if it did not invest. The concept is straightforward, yet differences in market structure, the characteristics of innovations, and the dynamics of discovery lead to seemingly endless variations in the theoretical relationship between competition and expenditures on research and development or the outputs of research and development (R&D). This paper surveys the economic theory of innovation, focusing on market structure and its relationship to competition, the distinction between product and process innovations, and the role of exclusive and nonexclusive rights to innovation, and draws conclusions from the different models. Exclusive rights generally lead to greater innovation incentives in more competitive markets, while nonexclusive rights generally lead to the opposite conclusion, although there are important exceptions. The paper reviews the large literature on empirical studies of innovation and finds some support for the predictions of the theory.