Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia After Liver Surgery Imposes an Aggressive Cancer Stem Cell Phenotype on Residual Tumor Cells

Objective:To assess the contribution of hypoxia and bone marrow–derived cells to aggressive outgrowth of micrometastases after liver surgery. Background:Liver surgery generates a microenvironment that fosters aggressive tumor recurrence. These areas are characterized by chronic hypoxia and influx of bone marrow–derived cells. Methods:The contribution of hematopoietic cell types was studied in mice lacking specific components of the immune system and in irradiated mice lacking all bone marrow–derived cells. Tumor cells were derived from colorectal cancer patients and from a metastatic tumor cell line. Hypoxia-induced changes in stem cell and differentiation marker expression, clone-forming potential, and metastatic capacity were assessed. The effect of vascular clamping on cancer stem cell (CSC) characteristics was performed in mice bearing patient-derived liver metastases. Results:Immune cells and bone marrow–derived cells were not required for aggressive outgrowth of micrometastases in livers treated with surgery. Rather, hypoxia was sufficient to promote invasion and accelerate metastatic outgrowth. This was associated with a rapid loss of differentiation markers and increased expression of CSC markers and clone-forming capacity. Likewise, metastases residing in ischemia-reperfusion-injured liver lobes acquired CSC characteristics. Despite their renowned general resistance to chemotherapy, clone-forming CSCs were readily killed by the hypoxia-activated prodrug tirapazamine. Conclusions:Surgery-generated hypoxia in the liver causes rapid dedifferentiation of tumor cells into immature CSCs with high clone- and metastasis-forming capacity. The results help explain the phenomenon of aggressive local tumor recurrence after liver surgery and offer a potential strategy to kill aggressive CSCs by hypoxia-activated prodrugs.
The effect of law enforcement stress on organizational commitment

Purpose – This study takes an interdisciplinary research orientation in an attempt to comprehensively investigate the effects of police stress internal to the organization (i.e. role ambiguity, role conflict, supervisor support, group cohesiveness, and promotion opportunities) on organizational commitment, after controlling for the effects of job satisfaction. Existing empirical models have mainly been limited to analyses of the effects of role conflict and role ambiguity on job strain and rely on samples of salespeople, customer satisfaction employees, and retail managers working at private organizations to the neglect of not‐for‐profit organizations.Design/methodology/approach – Therefore, the underlying research hypotheses were tested using responses to 150 surveys from police officers of six law enforcement agencies.Findings – Results indicate that in addition to job satisfaction, supervisor's support, group cohesiveness, and promotion opportunities are the best predictors of organizational commitment.
An Integrated Model of Training Evaluation and Effectiveness

A decade of training evaluation and training effectiveness research was reviewed to construct an integrated model of training evaluation and effectiveness. This model integrates four prior evaluation models and results of 10 years of training effectiveness research. It is the first to be constructed using a set of strict criteria and to investigate the evaluation and effectiveness relationships with an evaluation measure proposed several years ago, post training attitudes. Evaluation measures found to be related to posttraining attitudes were cognitive learning, training performance, and transfer performance. Training effectiveness variables found to be related to posttraining attitudes were pretraining self-efficacy, experience, posttraining mastery orientation, learning principles, and post-training interventions. Overall, 10 training effectiveness variables were found to consistently influence training outcomes. Results also reveal that reaction measures and training motivation are two areas needing further development and research. These findings as well as other areas requiring research attention are discussed.
Developmental Changes in PON1 Enzyme Activity in Young Children and Effects of PON1 Polymorphisms

Background Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme that detoxifies activated organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) and is also involved in oxidative stress pathways. Objectives PON1 activity in newborns is lower than in adults, but the ontogeny of PON1 activity is poorly characterized in young children. We examined the effects of age and PON1 genotype on enzyme activity in a birth cohort of Mexican-American children. Methods We determined three substrate-specific measures of PON1 activity in 1,143 plasma samples collected longitudinally from 458 children at five time points from birth through 7 years of age, and genotyped PON1 polymorphisms at positions 192 and –108 in these children. Results Contrary to previous reports that PON1 activities plateau by 2 years of age, we observed an age-dependent increase in all three PON1 measures from birth through 7 years of age (p < 0.0001). The PON1192 genotype significantly modified the effect of age on paraoxonase (POase) activity (p < 0.0001) such that increases in enzyme activity with age were influenced by the number of R alleles in a dose-dependent manner. Children with the PON1-108CC192RR diplotype had significantly higher mean PON1 activities and also experienced steeper increases of POase activity over time compared with children with the PON1-108TT192QQ diplotype. Conclusions Lower levels of the PON1 enzyme, which is involved in protection against OPs and oxidative stress, persist in young children past 2 years of age through at least 7 years of age. Future policies addressing pesticide exposure in children should take into account that the window of vulnerability to OPs in young children may last beyond infancy.
An investigation of listening and listening-while-reading accommodations on reading comprehension levels and rates in students with emotional disorders

Researchers used alternating treatment designs to investigate the effects of listening-while-reading (LWR) and listening interventions on comprehension levels and rates in four middle school students with emotional disorders. During LWR, students were instructed to read passages silently along with experimenters. During the listening condition, we did not give students a printed copy of the passage but merely instructed them to listen as an experimenter read the passages aloud. The control condition consisted of students reading passages silently. After each condition, students answered 10 comprehension questions without referring back to the printed passage. Although neither intervention resulted in comprehension levels consistently superior to those of the silent reading control condition, LWR and listening resulted in higher rates of comprehension than the silent reading control condition across all four students. However, listening appeared to improve reading comprehension rates in only two students. These results suggest that LWR may be an efficient procedure for enhancing comprehension across content areas with groups of students who have heterogeneous reading skills. The discussion focuses on future applied research with students with disabilities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 42: 39–51, 2005.
An audit of investigations into allegations of abuse involving adults with intellectual disability.

BACKGROUND The present paper describes the results of an audit of referrals to a psychology service requesting specialist assistance in the investigation of allegations of abuse. METHODS The referrals were over a 2-year period and case notes and records were reviewed to analyse the nature of the allegation, the characteristics of the victims or perpetrators, and the process of the investigation and its outcome. RESULTS Twenty-six people were referred for investigation into allegations of sexual or physical abuse. The referrals were for assistance with an investigative interview (n = 12), capacity to give consent to a sexual relationship (n = 8) and competence to give evidence in court (n = 6). The referrals were all in relation to adults, covering a range of ages and degrees of intellectual disability. CONCLUSIONS The process of the investigations suggested that a number of barriers still exist which can make decision-making in relation to the alleged abuse extremely difficult. Resolution of the allegations through the criminal justice system was also problematic.
Supplier-dependent antiglycan monoclonal antibody specificities: comment on "High-throughput carbohydrate microarray profiling of 27 antibodies demonstrates widespread specificity problems".

We recently reported carbohydrate microarray profile results for a set of commercially available antiglycan monoclonal antibodies (Manimala et al. 2007), including clone A70-C/C8 (Kuemmel et al. 2007), which we acquired from Cell Sciences (Canton, MA), and antibodies B386 and B389, which we acquired from Biomeda (Foster City, CA). It was our understanding that B386 was equivalent to A68-B/A11 (Karsten et al. 1995) and B389 was equivalent to A70-A/A9 (Christensen et al. 2007). Subsequent to publication, we obtained A70-C/C8, A68-B/A11, and A70-A/A9 from the original source, Glycotope GmbH, Berlin-Buch (Dr. Uwe Karsten). In a side-by-side comparison, two of the antibodies supplied by Glycotope produced significantly different results as compared to the antibodies from Cell Sciences and Biomeda. In our assay, antibody A70-C/C8 from Glycotope bound selectively to LeY while A70-C/C8 from Cell Sciences cross-reacted with blood group B as we had reported. Antibody A68-B/A11 from Glycotope displayed reactivity with TFα, GA1 (TFβ), blood group A, blood group B, blood group H1, GM1, and tri-LacNAc while B386 from Biomeda bound blood group B had minor reactivity with blood group A trisaccharide and did not bind TFα, GA1 (TFβ), blood group H1, GM1, or tri-LacNAc. Antibody A70-A/A9 from Glycotope and B389 from Biomeda both bound selectively to LeY and did not show appreciable differences. Based on these results, binding data, tissue staining, and Western blots obtained with a particular antibody should be interpreted in relation to the supplier. Table ​TableII lists the original sources and catalog numbers for the antibodies profiled in our previous paper (Manimala et al. 2007). Table I Sources and catalog numbers for the antibodies
Cost Analysis of Medical versus Surgical Management of Glaucoma in Nigeria

Purpose To analyze the cost of glaucoma medical therapy and compare it with that of surgical management in Nigeria. Methods The cost of glaucoma drugs and that of surgical therapy in patients who attended the eye clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, between December 2002 and November 2008 were calculated over a 3 year period of follow-up. Costs of medical and surgical therapy were compared based on November 2008 estimates. Results One hundred and eight patients met the inclusion criteria of the study, of which, 90 patients (83.33%) received medical therapy and 18 patients (16.67%) underwent surgery. The most expensive drugs were the prostaglandin analogues, travoprost (Travatan) and latanoprost (Xalatan). The least expensive topical drugs were beta-blockers and miotics. The mean annual cost of medical treatment was US$ 273.47±174.42 (range, $41.54 to $729.23) while the mean annual cost of surgical treatment was US$ 283.78±202.95 (range, $61.33 to $592.63). There was no significant difference between the mean costs of medical and surgical therapy over the 3-year period (P = 0.37). Older age (P = 0.02) and advanced glaucoma (P < 0.001) were associated with higher costs of therapy. Conclusion The cost of medical therapy was comparable to that of surgical therapy for glaucoma in Nigeria over a 3-year period.
Public Health Implications and Risk Factors Assessment of Mycobacterium bovis Infections among Abattoir Personnel in Bauchi State, Nigeria

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious and contagious zoonotic disease of domestic animals, wild animals, and humans. It poses a public health threat and economic losses due to abattoir condemnation of infected carcasses during meat inspection of slaughtered animals. Bovine tuberculosis is widespread in Africa including Nigeria affecting both cattle and humans, particularly Northern Nigeria. A prospective survey was conducted from June to August 2013 in the three Zonal abattoirs of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 150 structured close-ended questionnaires were administered to abattoir personnel to assess their level of awareness of bTB. This study was aimed at determining the level of public health awareness, attitude, and practices of abattoir workers of bTB in Bauchi State, Nigeria. There was a statistically significant association between respondents' awareness of bTB and their occupational status, age, and duration of exposure to cattle carcasses (P < 0.05); the odds of being aware of bTB were 9.4, 7.3, and 2.1, respectively. In conclusion, these demonstrate the urgent need for public health authorities to intervene in bTB control. The risk of bTB transmission as indicated by the personnel's practices and awareness levels in Bauchi State could be prevented through the use of protective clothing (PPEs).
Immunomodulatory Activity of Recombinant Ricin Toxin Binding Subunit B (RTB)

Ricin toxin binding subunit B (RTB) is one of the subunits of the ricin protein. RTB has been used as adjuvant, but little is known about its mechanism. In this study, we found that RTB increased not only nitric oxide (NO) release, but also tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. They subsequently exhibited enhanced ConA-induced T-cell and LPS-induced B-cell proliferative responses. We also examined the cytokines that were produced from splenocytes following in vitro RTB administration. Increased levels of IL-2, interferon (IFN)-γ and TNF-α were observed, while IL-4 and IL-5 were unaffected. These results demonstrate that recombinant RTB can act on the immune system and activate T-cells by introducing a Th1 immune response. Th1 cells might be the primary cellular target affected by RTB. Our results suggest that the recombinant RTB can promote the activation of macrophages and has a beneficial effect on immunomodulatory activity.
The Escalation Phenomenon Reconsidered: Decision Dilemmas or Decision Errors?

Previous studies and theoretical work suggest that the “escalation phenomenon” represents a syndrome of decision errors which tend to lock decision makers into a course of action. This paper develops an alternative model which implies that earlier studies may have observed decisions to recommit resources resulting from difficult dilemmas rather than a behavioral tendency to “throw good money after bad. ”
Efficient Attentional Selection Predicts Distractor Devaluation: Event-related Potential Evidence for a Direct Link between Attention and Emotion

Links between attention and emotion were investigated by obtaining electrophysiological measures of attentional selectivity together with behavioral measures of affective evaluation. Participants were asked to rate faces that had just been presented as targets or distractors in a visual search task. Distractors were rated as less trustworthy than targets. To study the association between the efficiency of selective attention during visual search and subsequent emotional responses, the N2pc component was quantified as a function of evaluative judgments. Evaluation of distractor faces (but not target faces) covaried with selective attention. On trials where distractors were later judged negatively, the N2pc emerged earlier, demonstrating that attention was strongly biased toward target events, and distractors were effectively inhibited. When previous distractors were judged positively, the N2pc was delayed, indicating unfocused attention to the target and less distractor suppression. Variations in attentional selectivity across trials can predict subsequent emotional responses, strongly suggesting that attention is closely associated with subsequent affective evaluation.
A Role for the NF-κB Pathway in Cell Protection from Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity

Nucleated cells are equipped with several mechanisms that support their resistance to complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The role of the NF-κB pathway in cell protection from CDC was examined. Elevated sensitivity to CDC was demonstrated in cells lacking the p65 subunit of NF-κB or the IκB kinases IKKα or IKKβ, and in cells treated with p65 small interfering RNA. Pretreatment with the IKK inhibitor PS-1145 also enhanced CDC of wild-type cells (WT) but not of p65−/− cells. Furthermore, reconstitution of p65 into p65−/− cells and overexpression of p65 in WT cells lowered their sensitivity to CDC. The postulated effect of p65 on the JNK-mediated death-signaling pathway activated by complement was examined. p65 small interfering RNA enhanced CDC in WT cells but not in cells lacking JNK. JNK phosphorylation induced by complement was more pronounced in p65−/− cells than in WT cells. The results indicate that the NF-κB pathway mediates cell resistance to CDC, possibly by suppressing JNK-dependent programmed necrotic cell death.
Adolescent First Sex and Subsequent Mental Health1

The 1996 Welfare Reform Legislation and its reauthorization in 2002 included financial provisions for programs promoting sexual abstinence until marriage. Under this legislation, programs are encouraged to teach that nonmarital sex is likely to have harmful psychological effects. Life course concepts and identity theory suggest that sex may be consequential for the mental health of some adolescents. Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this article investigates mental health consequences of adolescent sex. The analyses reveal important contingencies of the effect of first sex. Timing relative to age norms, romantic relationship factors, and gender interact to condition the effect of first sex on mental health. While some adolescents experience mental health decrements, the majority of those who had first sex did not. This finding highlights the importance of considering contingencies when investigating the effects of life events on mental health.
FLOW CYTOMETRY DIAGNOSIS OF (CD4+/CD8+) T CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH NORMAL KARYOTYPE - CASE REPORT -

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). The neoplastic cells are highly pleomorphic and are usually CD4+ and CD8- phenotypically, but some rare cases have unusual immmunophenotype presented by co-expression of CD4/CD8 double positive cells. We present a rare case of a patient with T cell lymphoblastic leukemia associated with double-positive (CD4+/CD8+) blast cells. The diagnose was accessed with multiparameter immunophenotyping by flow cytometry analyses of bone marrow, and for the first time in our country, we confirmed isolated relapse of double-positive (CD4+/CD8+) T cell lymphoblastic leukemia in CNS.
Optogenetic Activation of Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons Rapidly Inhibits Spontaneous But Not Odor-Evoked Activity in Olfactory Cortex

Serotonin (5-hydroxytriptamine; 5-HT) is implicated in a variety of brain functions including not only the regulation of mood and control of behavior but also the modulation of perception. 5-HT neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) often fire locked to sensory stimuli, but little is known about how 5-HT affects sensory processing, especially on this timescale. Here, we used an optogenetic approach to study the effect of 5-HT on single-unit activity in the mouse primary olfactory (anterior piriform) cortex. We show that activation of DRN 5-HT neurons rapidly inhibits the spontaneous firing of olfactory cortical neurons, acting in a divisive manner, but entirely spares sensory-driven firing. These results identify a new role for serotonergic modulation in dynamically regulating the balance between different sources of neural activity in sensory systems, suggesting a possible role for 5-HT in perceptual inference. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Serotonin is implicated in a wide variety of (pato)physiological functions including perception, but its precise role has remained elusive. Here, using optogenetic tools in vivo, we show that serotonergic neuromodulation prominently inhibits the spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in the primary olfactory cortex on a rapid (<1 s) timescale but leaves sensory responses unaffected. These results identify a new role for serotonergic modulation in rapidly changing the balance between different sources of neural activity in sensory systems.
SUBJECTIVE VALUE OF INFORMATION

Research into the way information is processed has indicated that it is undervalued. There are suggestions that this may be the result of central mental processes, response bias or the method of measuring subjective probability. The research described here used confidence ratings and decision times as independent indices of subjective probability. These two measures were found to correspond closely in the findings. The results show two distinct effects: one is to overestimate the probability of unlikely events (Cohen's inertial-Ψ effect) and the other is to underestimate the value of information in changing the probabilities (a ‘conservatism’ effect). However, not only is it the case that information is undervalued, but the relationship between information and subjective probability is different from the relationship between information and statistical probability. Subjective probability appears to increase linearly with the antilog of the informaton in bits. The possible meaning of this result is discussed.
Changes in Physiological Parameters Induced by Indoor Simulated Driving: Effect of Lower Body Exercise at Mid-Term Break

The study monitored physiological parameter changes after 120-min of simulated driving. Blood pressures, heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and palm temperatures were measured using an ANSWatch® monitor. Subjects were divided into two groups (A & B). Both groups performed 2-hour driving, but group B additionally took a 15-min exercise break. Heart rate, systolic pressure, LF/HF, and palm temperature decreased for group A after driving; for group B only HR and palm temperatures decreased. HRV and parasympathetic indices HF(AU) and HF(NU) increased for group A, while HRV and sympathetic index LF(AU) increased in group B. Group A had higher fatigue scores than group B. ANS activation may overcome some fatigue symptoms, but the recovery is nonetheless incomplete. Exercise break is proven to be an effective remedy, especially if accompanied by the ANS actions. The normalized parasympathetic index HF(NU), the normalized sympathetic index LF(NU), and the sympatho-vagal balance index LF/HF are three most promising parameters that could be further developed to monitor driver fatigue.
Position tracking system using single RGB-D Camera for evaluation of multi-rotor UAV control and self-localization

In this paper, an evaluation system for verifying algorithm of unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) control and self-localization in GPS-denied environments, instead of the Vicon motion capture system that is being widely used as ground truth of the quadcopter position control, is developed and its feasibility evaluated. Among the RGB-D cameras that can make 3D measurements, Kinect is used and validated by applying the algorithm to a linear robot, which then chooses a marker and recognizes it. The marker recognition algorithm comprises two parts. First, a background extraction technique is utilized to establish the area of interest; next, a filter that adopts the labeling technique is used to recognize a marker in the region of interest. The feasibility of the algorithm is validated in an actual experiment employing two kinds of quadcopters.