Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Hubris Theory of Entrepreneurship

This paper develops a hubris theory of entrepreneurship to explain why so many new ventures are created in the shadow of high venture failure rates: More confident actors are moved to start ventures, and then act on such confidence when deciding how to allocate resources in their ventures. Building on theory and evidence from the behavioral decision-making literature, we describe how founders socially constructed confidence affects the manner in which they interpret information about their prior and current ventures. We then link founders propensity to be overconfident to their decisions to allocate, use, and attain resources. In our model, founders with greater socially constructed confidence tend to deprive their ventures of resources and resourcefulness and, therefore, increase the likelihood that their ventures will fail.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and the Formulary Decision-Making Process

BACKGROUND: Faced with high drug expenditures in an environment of cost containment, drug formulary systems, particularly in managed care, have become more dependent on pharmacoeconomic evaluations to assess the value of new products. Within pharmacoeconomics (PE), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is the most commonly used method. However, current methodological concerns about CEA have limited its practical contribution to the formulary process. Advances in analysis are likely to improve the relevance of CEA over time. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper is to review CEA, its limitations, and its applications in formulary decision making in order to promote greater utility of CEA for managed care pharmacists. SUMMARY: Enhancements to CEA, such as the development of modeling software, rank-order stability analysis, cost-consequence analysis (CCA), and budget impact analysis are discussed. A combined method of CCA-CEA and standardized guidelines are suggested to improve the impact of CEA in the drug formulary process. CONCLUSIONS: Along with advances in its methodology and relevant standardized guidelines, CEA will gain increased importance in formulary decision making, helping to assure the goal of cost containment while ensuring quality of care.
Biharmonic hypersurfaces in Riemannian manifolds

We study biharmonic hypersurfaces in a generic Riemannian manifold. We first derive an invariant equation for such hypersurfaces generalizing the biharmonic hypersurface equation in space forms studied by Jiang, Chen, Caddeo, Montaldo, and Oniciuc. We then apply the equation to show that the generalized Chen conjecture is true for totally umbilical biharmonic hypersurfaces in an Einstein space, and construct a 2-parameter family of conformally flat metrics and a 4-parameter family of multiply warped product metrics, each of which turns the foliation of an upper-half space of R m by parallel hyperplanes into a foliation with each leaf a proper biharmonic hypersurface. We also study the biharmonicity of Hopf cylinders of a Riemannian submersion.
An autosegmental theory of stress.

This study proposes that metrical constituents are inherently headless and stress is autosegmental. Chapter 2 argues that, since stress is the only diagnostic for the presence of a metrical head, the latter is redundant and must be eliminated from phonological theory. Further arguments for the inherent headlessness of feet are cited fl:om the theory of prosodic morphology (McCarthy and Prince 1990, Crowhurst 1991b) and from the facts of Yidinʸ stress (Dixon 1977, Crowhurst 1991a, Crowhurst and Hewitt, to appear). Next, stress is shown to exhibit the following auto segmental properties: stability (Bedouin Hijazi Arabic) , morphemic stress (Spanish, Turkish, Tagalog) and the ability to float (Mayo, Tagalog). After comparing the properties of stress with those of autosegments, it is concluded that stress is an autosegment. Assuming that feet can be either disyllabic, bimoraic or iambic (Hayes 1991), the above conclusion predicts the existence of five types of binary stressed feet. These are the left- and right-stressed syllabic foot, instantiated by Warao and Mayo, respectively, the left- and right-stressed moraic foot, instantiated by Cairene Arabic and Turkish, respectively, and the iambic foot, instantiated by Hixkaryana. The asymmetric nature of the iamb is attributed to the Weight-to-Stress Principle (Prince 1990), which allows stress to be assigned directly to heavy syllables. Furthermore, this principle predict6 all and only the attested types of unbounded stress systems. Chapter 5 argues that stressless feet and unfooted stresses are instantiated in Mayo, and the theories of Halle and Vergnaud 1987a, b and Hayes 1987, 1991 are shown to be incapable of accounting for these facts. The autosegmental theory of stress advances phonological theory in three ways. First, it eliminates most of the principles and devices which up to now have been used only to describe stress, leaving only the abstract stress autosegment which is itself subject to the principles of autosegmental theory. Second, this approach attributes many of the apparent differences between stress and tone to differences in their respective domains rather than differences in their formal properties. Third, the autosegmental theory of stress facilitates the formalization of a number of stress systems with heretofore complex analyses, including Yidinʸ, Mayo, Cairene Arabic, Turkish, Khalkha Mongolian and Tagalog.
Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Using Epithelial Marker-Dependent and -Independent Approaches

Introduction: Epithelial circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are detectable in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, a widely reported prerequisite for metastasis, may lead to an underestimation of CTC number. We compared directly an epithelial marker-dependent (CellSearch) and a marker-independent (isolation by size of epithelial tumor cells [ISET]) technology platform for the ability to identify CTCs. Molecular characteristics of CTCs were also explored. Methods: Paired peripheral blood samples were collected from 40 chemonäive, stages IIIA to IV NSCLC patients. CTCs were enumerated by Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-based immunomagnetic capture (CellSearch, Veridex) and by filtration (ISET, RareCell Diagnostics). CTCs isolated by filtration were assessed by immunohistochemistry for epithelial marker expression (cytokeratins, Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule, epidermal growth factor receptor) and for proliferation status (Ki67). Results: CTCs were detected using ISET in 32 of 40 (80%) patients compared with 9 of 40 (23%) patients using CellSearch. A subpopulation of CTCs isolated by ISET did not express epithelial markers. Circulating tumor microemboli (CTM, clusters of ≥3 CTCs) were observed in 43% patients using ISET but were undetectable by CellSearch. Up to 62% of single CTCs were positive for the proliferation marker Ki67, whereas cells within CTM were nonproliferative. Conclusions: Both technology platforms detected NSCLC CTCs. ISET detected higher numbers of CTCs including epithelial marker negative tumor cells. ISET also isolated CTM and permitted molecular characterization. Combined with our previous CellSearch data confirming CTC number as an independent prognostic biomarker for NSCLC, we propose that this complementary dual technology approach to CTC analysis allows more complete exploration of CTCs in patients with NSCLC.
Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C regulated genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines

EBV nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) is an essential transcription factor for EBV transformed lymphoblast cell line (LCL) growth. To identify EBNA3C-regulated genes in LCLs, microarrays were used to measure RNA abundances in each of three different LCLs that conditionally express EBNA3C fused to a 4-OH-Tamoxifen–dependent estrogen receptor hormone binding domain (EBNA3CHT). At least three RNAs were assayed for each EBNA3CHT LCL under nonpermissive conditions, permissive conditions, and nonpermissive conditions with wild-type EBNA3C transcomplementation. Using a two-way ANOVA model of EBNA3C levels, we identified 550 regulated genes that were at least 1.5-fold up- or down-regulated with false discovery rates < 0.01. EBNA3C-regulated genes overlapped significantly with genes regulated by EBNA2 and EBNA3A consistent with coordinated effects on cell gene transcription. Of the 550 EBNA3C-regulated genes, 106 could be placed in protein networks. A seeded Bayesian network analysis of the 80 most significant EBNA3C-regulated genes suggests that RAC1, LYN, and TNF are upstream of other EBNA3C-regulated genes. Gene set enrichment analysis found enrichment for MAP kinase signaling, cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions, JAK-STAT signaling, and cell adhesion molecules, implicating these pathways in EBNA3C effects on LCL growth or survival. EBNA3C significantly up-regulated the CXCL12 ligand and its CXCR4 receptor and increased LCL migration. CXCL12 up-regulation depended on EBNA3C's interaction with the cell transcription factor, RBPJ, which is essential for LCL growth. EBNA3C also up-regulated MYC 1.3-fold and down-regulated CDKN2A exons 2 and 3, shared by p16 and p14, 1.4-fold, with false discovery rates < 5 × 10−4.
Altered Functional Connectivity and Small-World in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Background The functional architecture of the human brain has been extensively described in terms of functional connectivity networks, detected from the low–frequency coherent neuronal fluctuations that can be observed in a resting state condition. Little is known, so far, about the changes in functional connectivity and in the topological properties of functional networks, associated with different brain diseases. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we investigated alterations related to mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE), using resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging on 18 mTLE patients and 27 healthy controls. Functional connectivity among 90 cortical and subcortical regions was measured by temporal correlation. The related values were analyzed to construct a set of undirected graphs. Compared to controls, mTLE patients showed significantly increased connectivity within the medial temporal lobes, but also significantly decreased connectivity within the frontal and parietal lobes, and between frontal and parietal lobes. Our findings demonstrated that a large number of areas in the default-mode network of mTLE patients showed a significantly decreased number of connections to other regions. Furthermore, we observed altered small-world properties in patients, along with smaller degree of connectivity, increased n-to-1 connectivity, smaller absolute clustering coefficients and shorter absolute path length. Conclusions/Significance We suggest that the mTLE alterations observed in functional connectivity and topological properties may be used to define tentative disease markers.
In-Hospital Switching Between Clopidogrel and Prasugrel Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights Into Contemporary Practice From the National Cardiovascular Data Registry

Background—Although randomized clinical trials have compared clopidogrel with higher potency ADP receptor inhibitors (ADPris) among patients with myocardial infarction, little is known about the frequency and factors associated with switching between ADPris in clinical practice. Methods and Results—We studied 47 040 patients with myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention, who received either clopidogrel or prasugrel within 24 hours of admission at 361 US hospitals from July 2009 to June 2011 using the merged Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry–Get With the Guidelines and CathPCI Registry database. Hierarchical logistic regression modeling was used to determine factors independently associated with in-hospital ADPri switching. Among 40 531 patients treated initially in-hospital with clopidogrel, 2125 (5.2%) were discharged on prasugrel; this frequency steadily increased from 0% to 7% during the study period. Among 6509 patients treated initially in-hospital with prasugrel, 751 (11.5%) were discharged on clopidogrel. The frequency of this switch increased from 6% to 18% during the first 2 quarters of the study period and decreased to 9% by the end. Switching clopidogrel to prasugrel was associated with high-risk angiographic characteristics (thrombotic, long, and bifurcating lesions), reinfarction in-hospital, and private health insurance coverage. Older age, previous cerebrovascular event, in-hospital coronary artery bypass grafting, in-hospital bleeding, and warfarin use at discharge were associated with switching prasugrel to clopidogrel. Conclusions—Clopidogrel and prasugrel are not uncommonly switched in-hospital in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. In contemporary US practice, in addition to risk for bleeding and recurrent ischemic events, medical drug coverage is a major determinant of ADPri selection.
Glycoproteins in the retinal pigment epithelium of normal and dystrophic rats.

The apical membranes of retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) were isolated from adult, normal (LE), and dystrophic (RCS) rats. The proteins of these RPE subfractions were separated through the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The lectin-binding properties of glycoproteins were examined in western blots through the use of lectin-peroxidase conjugates. No differences were detected between RPE membrane proteins from normal and dystrophic rats in silver-stained gels. However, these two preparations showed significant differences with respect to their binding of the lectins, Lens culinaris (Lentil), Tetragonolobus purpurea (Lotus), and concanavalin A (Con A). In particular, a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 86 kD in the RPE apical membrane from normal rats bound Lentil, Lotus, and Con A, but in the membrane from dystrophic rats these binding sites were absent or significantly reduced. Another glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 175 kD was recognized by Lotus in the normal membrane preparation but not in the dystrophic RPE membrane preparation. Developmental studies show that these lectin-binding anomalies appear after postnatal day 11 and are, therefore, most likely coincident with eye opening in RCS rats. These results demonstrate that the RPE glycoproteins (86 and 175 kD) are significantly modified in dystrophic rats. The data also confirm previous observations that differences in the oligosaccharide chains, but not the polypeptide chains, of RPE membrane glycoproteins can be detected between normal and dystrophic rats. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to correlate developmentally regulated alterations in specific membrane-associated molecules in the RPE of dystrophic rats with the breakdown in phagocytosis that occurs in these rats. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Person-centred psychopathology : a positive psychology of mental health

Introductions Chapter 1: Psychopathology and the Person-Centred Approach: Building bridges between disciplines Stephen Joseph and Richard Worsley Chapter 2: A Carer's Experience of the Mental Health System Catherine Clarke Chapter 3: Principled and Strategic Opposition to the Medicalisation of Distress and All of Its Apparatus Pete Sanders Theory Chapter 4: Person-Centred Theory and 'Mental Illness' Paul Wilkins Chapter 5: From Self-objectification to Self-affirmation: The 'I-Me' and 'I-Self' relation stances Mick Cooper Chapter 6: Authenticity and Alienation: Towards an understanding of the person beyond the categories of order and disorder Peter F. Schmid Chapter 7: A Person-Centered View of Human Nature, Wellness, and Psychopathology Margaret S. Warner Chapter 8: The Complementarity between Client-Centred Therapy and Psychiatry: The theory and the practice Lisbeth Sommerbeck Chapter 9: Assessment and 'Diagnosis' in Person-Centred Therapy Paul Wilkins Chapter 10: The Concept of Evil as a Key to the Therapist's Use of the Self Richard Worsley Contexts Chapter 11: Facing Psychotic Functioning: Person-centred contact work in residential psychiatric care Dion Van Werde Chapter 12: Antisocial Personality Disorder and the Person-Centered Approach Leslie A. McCulloch Chapter 13: Understanding Post-Traumatic Stress from the Person-Centred Perspective Stephen Joseph Chapter 14: Working with Maternal Depression: Person-Centred Therapy as part of a multidisciplinary approach Elaine Catterall Chapter 15: Living with Pain: Mental health and the legacy of childhood abuse Jan Hawkins Chapter 16: Nine Considerations Concerning Psychotherapy and the Care for People 'With Special Needs' Marlis Portner Chapter 17: Autism and Asperger Syndrome: Person-centred approaches Jacky Knibbs and Heather Moran Chapter 18: Clinical Psychology and the Person-Centred Approach: An uncomfortable fit? Gillian Proctor Research Chapter 19: Searching for the Core: The interface of client-centered principles with other therapies Jerold D. Bozarth and Noriko Motomasa Chapter 20: Client-Centered Values Limit the Application of Research Findings - An issue for discussion Barbara T. Brodley Chapter 21: An Evaluation of Research, Concepts and Experiences Pertaining to the Universality of CCT and Its Application in Psychiatric Settings Lisbeth Sommerbeck Chapter 22: Small-Scale Research as Personal Development for Mental Health Professionals Richard Worsley Conclusion Chapter 23: A Positive Psychology of Mental Health: The person-centred perspective Stephen Joseph and Richard Wo
Combining Dynamic Stretch and Tunable Stiffness to Probe Cell Mechanobiology In Vitro

Cells have the ability to actively sense their mechanical environment and respond to both substrate stiffness and stretch by altering their adhesion, proliferation, locomotion, morphology, and synthetic profile. In order to elucidate the interrelated effects of different mechanical stimuli on cell phenotype in vitro, we have developed a method for culturing mammalian cells in a two-dimensional environment at a wide range of combined levels of substrate stiffness and dynamic stretch. Polyacrylamide gels were covalently bonded to flexible silicone culture plates and coated with monomeric collagen for cell adhesion. Substrate stiffness was adjusted from relatively soft (G′ = 0.3 kPa) to stiff (G′ = 50 kPa) by altering the ratio of acrylamide to bis-acrylamide, and the silicone membranes were stretched over circular loading posts by applying vacuum pressure to impart near-uniform stretch, as confirmed by strain field analysis. As a demonstration of the system, porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (VIC) and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) were plated on soft and stiff substrates either statically cultured or exposed to 10% equibiaxial or pure uniaxial stretch at 1Hz for 6 hours. In all cases, cell attachment and cell viability were high. On soft substrates, VICs cultured statically exhibit a small rounded morphology, significantly smaller than on stiff substrates (p<0.05). Following equibiaxial cyclic stretch, VICs spread to the extent of cells cultured on stiff substrates, but did not reorient in response to uniaxial stretch to the extent of cells stretched on stiff substrates. hMSCs exhibited a less pronounced response than VICs, likely due to a lower stiffness threshold for spreading on static gels. These preliminary data demonstrate that inhibition of spreading due to a lack of matrix stiffness surrounding a cell may be overcome by externally applied stretch suggesting similar mechanotransduction mechanisms for sensing stiffness and stretch.
Framing the Biotechnology Debate: A Textual Analysis of Editorials and Letters to the Editor in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

This paper examines how the subject of agricultural biotechnology is framed in editorials and letters to the editor in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch from 1997 to 2006. Editorials and letters to the editor were textually reviewed and coded according to a frame typology that included the following frames: Progress, Economic prospect, Ethical, Pandora’s box, Runaway, Nature/nurture, Public accountability, and Globalization. The overall tone of each text was also qualitatively assessed according to whether it mentioned risks, mentioned benefits, or reported controversy. Whereas previous research has found the “progress” frame to predominate coverage of biotechnology, results suggest that the “public accountability” frame now largely organizes discourse on agricultural biotechnology, both in editorials and letters. Findings further show that both risks and benefits are commonly reported, but letters are much more likely to offer radical alternatives to applications of agricultural biotechnology than editorials. The implication of this finding is that readers are more likely than official editorial opinion to express subjectivist, non-technical solutions to the problems that biotechnology purports to solve, while editorials are more likely to maintain positivistic associations with the technology.
Functional state following the Fontan procedure

Abstract Background Despite improvements in outcomes after completion of the Fontan circulation, long-term functional state varies. We sought to identify pre- and postoperative characteristics associated with overall function. Methods and Results We analyzed data from 476 survivors with the Fontan circulation enrolled in the Pediatric Heart Network Fontan Cross-sectional Study. Mean age at creation of the Fontan circulation was 3.4 plus or minus 2.1 years, with a range from 0.7 to 17.5 years, and time since completion was 8.7 plus or minus 3.4 years, the range being from 1.1 to 17.3 years. We calculated a functional score for the survivors by averaging the percentile ranks of ventricular ejection fraction, maximal consumption of oxygen, the physical summary score for the Child Health Questionnaire, and a function of brain natriuretic peptide. The mean calculated score was 49.5 plus or minus 17.3, with a range from 3 to 87. After adjustment for time since completion of the circulation, we found that a lower score, and hence worse functional state, was associated with: right ventricular morphology (p less than 0.001), higher ventricular end-diastolic pressure (p equals 0.003) and lower saturations of oxygen (p equals 0.047) prior to completion of the Fontan circulation, lower income for the caregiver (p equals 0.003), and, in subjects without a prior superior cavopulmonary anastomosis, arrhythmias after completion of the circulation (p equals 0.003). The model explained almost one-fifth (18%) of the variation in the calculated scores. The score was not associated with surgical centre, sex, age, weight, fenestration, or the period of stay in hospital after completion of the Fontan circuit. A validation model, using 71 subjects randomly excluded from initial analysis, weakly correlated (R equals 0.17, p equals 0.16) with the score calculated from the dataset. Conclusions Right ventricular morphology, higher ventricular end-diastolic pressure and lower saturations of oxygen prior to completion of the Fontan circuit, lower income for the provider of care, and arrhythmias after creation of the circuit, are all associated with a worse functional state. Unmeasured factors also influence outcomes.