Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Power Grid AC-Based State Estimation: Vulnerability Analysis Against Cyber Attacks

To ensure grid efficiency and reliability, power system operators continuously monitor the operational characteristics of the grid through a critical process called state estimation (SE), which performs the task by filtering and fusing various measurements collected from grid sensors. This study analyzes the vulnerability of the key operation module, namely ac-based SE, against potential cyber attacks on data integrity, also known as false data injection attack (FDIA). A general form of FDIA can be formulated as an optimization problem, whose objective is to find a stealthy and sparse data injection vector on the sensor measurements with the aim of making the state estimate spurious and misleading. Due to the nonlinear ac measurement model and the cardinality constraint, the problem includes both continuous and discrete nonlinearities. To solve the FDIA problem efficiently, we propose a novel convexification framework based on semidefinite programming (SDP). By analyzing a globally optimal SDP solution, we delineate the “attackable region” for any given set of measurement types and grid topology, where the spurious state can be falsified by FDIA. Furthermore, we prove that the attack is stealthy and sparse, and derive performance bounds. Simulation results on various IEEE test cases indicate the efficacy of the proposed convexification approach. From the grid protection point of view, the results of this study can be used to design a security metric for the current practice against cyber attacks, redesign the bad data detection scheme, and inform proposals of grid hardening. From a theoretical point of view, the proposed framework can be used for other nonconvex problems in power systems and beyond.
Direct Evidence of Non-Trading on the London Stock Exchange

The extent of non-trading is shown to be much greater in the UK than in the more heavily researched US equity markets. Over the period 1975 to 1995 we find that almost 44% of all stocks in our sample failed to trade on the last day of a given month, a figure which is significantly higher than for stocks in the US (see Foerster and Keim, 1993). In this paper we investigate the relationship between the non-trading of UK stocks and the autoregressive and seasonal behaviour of UK stock returns. In addition, we find that stocks are much more likely to be recorded as not having traded on the last day of the month in the period prior to April 1981 than after this date. We trace this result to a reporting requirement change on the London Stock Exchange and investigate whether the change has any real implications for systematic risk estimates over this period. We also find that alternative methods for calculating betas, in the presence of thin trading, are very sensitive to stock size and to non-trading.
Household search choice: theory and evidence

Since the work by Stigler (1961) on the economics of information in the early 1960s, economists have paid closer attention to the role of search for information. However, search methods are not considered in the theory of portfolio choice. We present a model of investor search behaviour in order to provide a framework by which to evaluate our empirical evidence on the role of search in portfolio selection and performance. We study two types of search methods: informal and professional. We show that the income, wealth and risk preference of households influence their search choice.
Co-occurrence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease by social class: 1958 British birth cohort

Aim: To establish whether social differences in multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease are due to a greater strength of association (higher correlation) between risk factors in less advantaged groups. Methods: Co-occurrence of five risk factors (smoking, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, obesity, diabetes) in 3614 British 45-year-old men and 3560 women in the manual and non-manual social groups. Results: 4.0% of women in manual groups had ⩾3 risk factors compared with 1.7% in non-manual groups: 6.2% and 3.4% respectively for men. There was a higher than expected percentage of the population, overall, with ⩾3 risk factors assuming independence between risk factors; correspondingly, there was a slightly lower than expected proportion with one factor. However, patterns of observed to expected ratios were consistent in manual and non-manual groups and did not differ by the number of risk factors. Conclusions: Higher prevalence of multiple risk factors in manual groups was due to the higher prevalence of individual factors rather than a greater tendency of those with an individual risk factor to have additional risks. Strategies to reduce multiple risk factors in less advantaged groups would help to lessen their health burden.
Effects of oral AVP receptor antagonists OPC-21268 and OPC-31260 on congestive heart failure in conscious dogs.

Rapid right ventricular pacing could induce congestive heart failure in conscious dogs with significant increase in plasma concentration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) (from 1.2 +/- 0.2 to 3.4 +/- 0.6 pg/ml). In this experimental model of heart failure, oral administration of the selective AVP V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268 significantly increased cardiac output and improved renal function without significant changes in serum electrolytes and hormones. Oral administration of the selective AVP V2 receptor antagonist OPC-31260 induced marked water diuresis, which resulted in significant increases in serum sodium concentration, plasma renin activity, and plasma concentration of AVP, although it did not produce hemodynamic improvement. Combined administration of OPC-21268 and OPC-31260 showed supra-additive hemodynamic responses as well as additive renal and metabolic responses, i.e., it showed prolonged decrease in mean arterial pressure and profound increase in cardiac output. These results suggest that AVP plays a significant role in elevation of vascular tone through V1 receptors and plays a major role in retaining free water through V2 receptors in this model of heart failure. Furthermore, combined administration of V1 and V2 receptor antagonists could induce not only metabolic and hormonal responses but also more beneficial hemodynamic responses than those observed following treatment with V1 receptor antagonist alone.
To be or Not to be: The Effects of Aging Stereotypes on the Will to Live

This Study Examined Whether Stereotypes Of Aging Might Contribute To Decisions The Elderly Make About When To Die. Old And Young Participants (N = 64) Were Subliminally Primed With Either Negative Or Positive Stereotypes Of Old Age And Then Responded To Hypothetical Medical Situations Involving Potentially Fatal Illnesses. Consistent With Our Prediction, the aged participants primed with negative stereotypes tended to refuse life-prolonged interventions, whereas the old participants primed with positive age stereotypes tended to accept the interventions. This priming effect did not emerge among the young participants for whom the stereotypes were less relevant. The results suggest that societally-transmitted negative stereotypes of aging can weaken elderly people's will to live.
Heterogeneous risk preferences, discount rates and land contract choice in Ethiopia.

This paper analyses the role of risk and rate of time preference in the choice of land contracts. The analysis builds on the risk-sharing and imperfect market explanations of contract choice. Unique data from Ethiopia, which contain land contract information and experimental risk and rate of time preference measures on matched landlord-tenant partners, are employed in the empirical analysis. The results show that landlord and tenant time preferences are significant determinants of contract choice. For landlords (but not tenants), risk preference is also significant, indicating the importance of financial constraints and production risk in the determination of contract choice. The results are of particular relevance to land market policy in Ethiopia, where production is risk-prone, financial markets are imperfect, and where there is a major need for the development of vibrant land rental markets. Copyright (c) 2009 The Author. Journal compilation (c) 2009 The Agricultural Economics Society.
IgE levels in atopic dermatitis.

Fifty-eight patients with a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis were evaluated. Serum IgE levels, measured by a double antibody radioimmunossay, varied from 2 to 46,560 ng/ml in 55 patients (mean, 6,793 ng/ml median, 2,639 ng/ml). The three other patients had extremely high IgE values (77,704, 101,663, and 156,444 ng/ml). Three patients with atopic dermatitis had subnormal serum IgE levels and may represent a distinctive subgroup that should be studied further. Statistical analysis by nonparametric methods showed significant correlation of the serum IgE level with the extent of skin involvement. The ``atopic index," defined as the ratio of the number of positive intradermal skin tests to the number administered, and the intensity of the delayed blanch phenomenon also correlated significantly with IgE level. There was no correlation between IgE level and the subjective assessment of severity of dermatitis.
A study of granule formation in the bat parafollicular cell.

The fine structure of the bat thyroid parafollicular cell has been examined at monthly intervals throughout the hibernating period. During November and December parafollicular cells appear either partly or totally degranulated and intact dense secretory granules are relatively sparse. The degranulated cells exhibit an inconspicuous Golgi complex and relatively few lysosome-type bodies. Few degranulated parafollicular cells are present in thyroid glands from bats collected in January. When found they are characterized by the presence of whorls of cytoplasmic agranular membranes which enclose a central mass of cellular debris. January bat thyroids are characterized by the presence of three different types of parafollicular cell. One type contains no secretory granules. The cytoplasmic matrix of this type is rich in granular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes and its small Golgi complex consists of several slightly dilated saccules. In close proximity to the Golgi complex are numerous small to medium-sized vesicles which often appear to merge with Golgi elements. Such vesicles are considered to represent the vehicle by which secretory product is transferred from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. The second type of parafollicular cell differs from the first in containing large numbers of intact dense secretory granules. It is also characterized by an extensive Golgi complex which appears to be forming new secretory granules, and by a less extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum. The third type of parafollicular cell shows a structure intermediate between the first two. The cytoplasm of all three types of January parafollicular cells contains many structures belonging to the lysosomal-vacuolar system, including autophagic vacuoles, vacuolated dense bodies and multivesicular bodies. By February and March only parafollicular cells of type 2 are observed. They contain few lysosome-like structures. It is concluded that during mid-hibernation (January), parafollicular cells undergo a series of intracellular changes during which new dense secretory granules are produced. Accompanying granule formation is an augmentation of lysosome-like structures which probably serve as a means of digesting debris from previous secretory cycles.
Karyotypes found in the population declared at increased risk of Down syndrome following maternal serum screening

Of the 65 328 pregnancies of South Australian mothers screened by the South Australian Maternal Serum Antenatal Screening (SAMSAS) Programme between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 1997, 3431 (5.25%) were declared at increased risk of fetal Down syndrome. Fetal or neonatal karyotype was determined in 2737/3431 (79.8%) of these pregnancies, including 16 with early fetal loss. Interrogation of the database of the South Australian Neonatal Screening Service showed 643 live‐born infants whose phenotype was not subsequently questioned among the 694 pregnancies whose karyotype was not determined. Of the remaining 51/3431 pregnancies, 19 ended in early fetal loss without karyotyping and no newborn screening or other records could be found for 32 cases. The 129 instances of abnormal karyotype found were Down syndrome (84), trisomy 18 (four), trisomy 13 (three), triploidy (two), female sex chromosome aneuploidy (six) and male sex chromosome aneuploidy (five), inherited balanced rearrangements (19), mosaic or de novo balanced abnormalities (four) and unbalanced karyotypes (two). In the pregnancies declared at increased risk of fetal Down syndrome, only the karyotype for Down syndrome occurred with a frequency greater than that expected for the general, pregnant population. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovation and Inclusive Development: A Discussion of the Main Policy Issues

Inclusive development is a key policy priority since growth processes have not always helped lowerincome groups. Innovation is a major driver of growth and its relationship with inequalities in income and opportunities raises some important policy questions: Do innovation and the resulting technological change necessarily lead to increased inequalities? Do policies aimed at supporting innovation foster inequalities? To what extent can innovation be mobilised to improve the life conditions of the lower income groups? These questions are the basis of this report, which, prepared for the OECD-DST Conference on Innovation for Inclusive Development, reviews the existing evidence in response. L'innovation et le developpement inclusif : une discussion des principales questions politiques Le developpement inclusif est une priorite politique importante car la croissance economique ne beneficie pas toujours aux groupes a faible revenu. L'innovation est un moteur de la croissance, et sa relation avec les inegalites de revenus et d'opportunites souleve des questions majeures : l'innovation et le changement technologique qui en resulte conduisent-ils necessairement a l'accroissement des inegalites ? Les politiques visant a soutenir l'innovation conduisent-elles a une augmentation des inegalites ? Dans quelle mesure l'innovation peut-elle etre mobilisee pour ameliorer les conditions de vie des groupes a faible revenu ? Ces questions sont au depart du present rapport, prepare pour la Conference de l'OCDE et du DST sur l'innovation et le developpement inclusif, qui passe en revue les informations et connaissances existantes sur le sujet.
Injectable Cartilage

Slowly polymerizing calcium alginate gels were investigated as a means of delivering large numbers of isolated chondrocytes by means of injection to determine if these gels would promote engraftment and could provide three-dimensional templates for new cartilage growth. Chondrocytes isolated from the articular surface of calf forelimbs were added to a 1 % sodium alginate dissolved in a 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) to generate a final cellular density of 10 × 106/ml (representing approximately 10 percent of the cellular density of human juvenile articular cartilage). The calcium alginate-chondrocyte mixture was injected through a 22-gauge needle in 100-μl aliquots under the panniculus carnosus on the dorsum of nude mice and incubated for 6 (n = 4), 8 (n = 11), and 12 (n = 12) weeks in vivo. Time-zero specimens (n = 10) consisting of 100-μl aliquots of the calcium alginate-chondrocyte mixture were used to calculate initial weight. At harvest, all calcium alginate-chondrocyte specimens exhibited a pearly opalescence and were firm to palpation as early as 6 weeks after injection. By 12 weeks of in vivo incubation, the specimens weighed 0.15 ± 0.04 gm, significantly more than the initial weight of 0.11 ± 0.01 gm (p < 0.05). Specimens stained with hematoxylin and eosin demonstrated lacunae within a basophilic ground-glass substance. Control specimens of calcium alginate without chondrocytes (n = 4) had a doughy consistency 12 weeks after injection and had no histologie evidence of cartilage formation. This study demonstrates that an injectable calcium alginate matrix can provide a three-dimensional scaffold for the successful transplantation and engraftment of chondrocytes. This technique holds the promise of a minimally invasive means of delivering autogenous cartilage to correct or reconstruct facial contour deficiencies.
Dyslipidaemic changes in women with subclinical hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND In overt hypothyroidism, many lipid abnormalities have been documented. This study was intended to demonstrate the levels of lipid in women with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a case control study which was done at referral Centre in Chennai. Women with subclinical hypothyroidism and euthyroid women attending our master health checkup clinic were enrolled in this study.Their lipid profile, fasting blood sugar, T3,T4 and TSH levels were measured. In subclinical hypothyroidism, various parameters were compared. RESULTS Thirty euthyroid and 30 age matched subclinical hypothyroid women were enrolled in this study. There were significant dyslipidaemic changes is SH women as compared to euthyroid controls. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly higher as compared to those in controls. LDL levels were higher is SH women, but did not reach statistical significance and lower levels of HDL were noticed in SH subjects as compared to those in euthyroid women. A positive association was also reported between serum TSH and lipid parameters in our study group. CONCLUSION SH, the earliest form of thyroid failure, has negative metabolic effects on the affected subjects.SH could be one of the causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia and should be viewed as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, along with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, etc.
Why Has the Euro Been so Weak?

The weakness of the euro has been surprising given the widely-held expectation that it would be a strong currency. This paper critically examines explanations for the slide in the euro, finding that many are questionable on conceptual or empirical grounds. Two explanations are instead advanced that appear to be consistent both with theory and data. The first originates in the global surge in equity prices since the mid-1990s, which created a demand shock that disproportionately affected the U.S. economy. Model simulations indicate that this can explain the strength of the dollar against other currencies in recent years, accounting for about half of the decline in the effective value of the euro. The other component of euro weakness can be attributed to a mismatch between the demand and supply of euro-denominated assets that arose with the creation of the single currency in 1999. The effect of both these factors should fade over time, although near-term market volatility could be exacerbated by uncertainties about the fundamentals driving currency values.
MOEA/D using constant-distance based neighbors designed for many-objective optimization

Several recent studies showed the effectiveness of MOEA/D for many-objective optimization. However, MOEA/D was originally proposed not for many-objective optimization but for multi-objective optimization. Therefore, its algorithm causes several problems in many-objective optimization. MOEA/D uses the neighbor mating, and neighbors are determined by the user-defined neighbors' size T. For each weight vector which determines a search direction in the objective space, MOEA/D calculates distances to all weights and find T nearest weights as its neighbors. However, the number of weights having the same distance is increased as the number of objectives is increased, and MOEA/D faces the difficulty to determine neighbors by the neighbors' size T in many-objective optimization. Also, especially for the extreme weights to search the extreme objective function values, weights far from them are included as their neighbors. It causes a negative effect on the search of the extreme objective values. To overcome these problems and enhance the search performance of MOEA/D by improving its algorithm appropriately for many-objective optimization, in this work we focus on the handling of neighbors and propose an improved MOEA/D including the constant-distance based neighbors and the tournament selection based on the scalarizing function values. We use many-objective knapsack problems with 2-8 objectives and compare the search performances of the conventional MOEA/D, the improved MOEA/D and NSGA-III. As the results, we show that the improved MOEA/D achieves higher search performance than the conventional MOEA/D and NSGA-III by improving the diversity of the obtained solutions in the objective space.
The role of psychological eating styles in obesity among Turkish adolescents: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between eating behaviours and adiposity indicators including body mass index, waist-hip ratio and waist-height ratio in adolescents. METHODS This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Kirklareli University Health College, Kirklareli, Turkey, from April to June 2014, and comprised students of the 2013-14 academic year. Height and weight were measured and students' body mass indexes were calculated. Waist and hip circumferences were measured. Eating behaviours were evaluated using the three-factor eating questionnaire. SPSS 15 was used for data analysis. RESULTS Of the520, 353(67.9%) were female and 167(32.1%) were male. Cognitive restraint and emotional eating scores of females were significantly higher than those of males (p<0.05). Cognitive restraint scores of participants who were thin according to the body mass index were significantly lower than participants who were at normal weight and who were overweight (p<0.05). Body mass index was significantly and positively correlated to cognitive restraint and emotional eating subscales, whereas there was a significant negative correlation between emotional eating and waist-height ratio (p<0.05 each). Cognitive restraint regarding food intake and tendency to emotional eating increased the risk of obesity (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Being inclined to emotional eating and limiting food intake cognitively increased the risk of obesity.