Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Benzolamide improves oxygenation and reduces acute mountain sickness during a high‐altitude trek and has fewer side effects than acetazolamide at sea level

Acetazolamide is the standard carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor used for acute mountain sickness (AMS), however some of its undesirable effects are related to intracellular penetrance into many tissues, including across the blood–brain barrier. Benzolamide is a much more hydrophilic inhibitor, which nonetheless retains a strong renal action to engender a metabolic acidosis and ventilatory stimulus that improves oxygenation at high altitude and reduces AMS. We tested the effectiveness of benzolamide versus placebo in a first field study of the drug as prophylaxis for AMS during an ascent to the Everest Base Camp (5340 m). In two other studies performed at sea level to test side effect differences between acetazolamide and benzolamide, we assessed physiological actions and psychomotor side effects of two doses of acetazolamide (250 and 1000 mg) in one group of healthy subjects and in another group compared acetazolamide (500 mg), benzolamide (200 mg) and lorazepam (2 mg) as an active comparator for central nervous system (CNS) effects. At high altitude, benzolamide‐treated subjects maintained better arterial oxygenation at all altitudes (3–6% higher at all altitudes above 4200 m) than placebo‐treated subjects and reduced AMS severity by roughly 50%. We found benzolamide had fewer side effects, some of which are symptoms of AMS, than any of the acetazolamide doses in Studies 1 and 2, but equal physiological effects on renal function. The psychomotor side effects of acetazolamide were dose dependent. We conclude that benzolamide is very effective for AMS prophylaxis. With its lesser CNS effects, benzolamide may be superior to acetazolamide, in part, because some of the side effects of acetazolamide may contribute to and be mistaken for AMS.
Benefits stigma in Britain

This report set out to investigate the stigma attached to claiming benefits in Britain today, using an original MORI survey conducted in May 2012, focus groups with claimants and non-claimants, re-analysis of existing survey data, and an analysis of articles about benefits in national newspapers from 1995 to 2011. We use ‘stigma’ throughout this report as a term to describe the idea that a characteristic – in this case claiming benefits – is seen to be embarrassing or shameful and to lead to a lower social status. We argue that benefits are primarily stigmatised when they are seen as an undeserved and unreciprocated gift.
A Bandwidth Monitoring Strategy Under Uncertainty of the Adversary’s Activity

When an adversary illicitly uses spectrum that it is not authorized for, it does so with a purpose in mind, such as to download a file or perhaps engage in a real-time communication session. In this paper, we examine how the incorporation of knowledge related to an adversary's purpose can improve the effectiveness of spectrum scanning protocols. First, we study the difference in the thief's behavior when considering throughput and delay as the two primary QoS parameters he is concerned with. Through our analysis, we show that the detection probability of unlicensed access to spectrum resources depends on the application type. Knowledge of the application type can be incorporated to spectrum scanning to tune better it to detect the thief. To illustrate this, we examine two Bayesian games. In the first game, the scanner wants to minimize the time needed to detect the invader. In the second game, the scanner wants to maximize the detection probability at each time slot by adapting its belief regarding the adversary's activity. In particular, it is shown in the minimizing detection time game that the equilibrium strategies are continuous with respect to priori knowledge of the invader's activity. Meanwhile, for the maximizing detection probability game, the strategies can have a jump discontinuity. This phenomena can be explained as the difference between tactical and strategic decision making: tactical decision making allows short-term, unpredictable moves, while strategic decision making is inclined to predictable moves. Finally, since the bandwidth model used in this paper is general, the conclusion as well as the approach provided can be applied to a variety of different network protection problems.
DDT and Breast Cancer in Young Women: New Data on the Significance of Age at Exposure

Background Previous studies of DDT and breast cancer assessed exposure later in life when the breast may not have been vulnerable, after most DDT had been eliminated, and after DDT had been banned. Objectives We investigated whether DDT exposure in young women during the period of peak DDT use predicts breast cancer. Methods We conducted a prospective, nested case–control study with a median time to diagnosis of 17 years using blood samples obtained from young women during 1959–1967. Subjects were members of the Child Health and Development Studies, Oakland, California, who provided blood samples 1–3 days after giving birth (mean age, 26 years). Cases (n = 129) developed breast cancer before the age of 50 years. Controls (n = 129) were matched to cases on birth year. Serum was assayed for p,p′-DDT, the active ingredient of DDT; o,p′-DDT, a low concentration contaminant; and p,p′-DDE, the most abundant p,p′-DDT metabolite. Results High levels of serum p,p′-DDT predicted a statistically significant 5-fold increased risk of breast cancer among women who were born after 1931. These women were under 14 years of age in 1945, when DDT came into widespread use, and mostly under 20 years as DDT use peaked. Women who were not exposed to p,p′-DDT before 14 years of age showed no association between p,p′-DDT and breast cancer (p = 0.02 for difference by age). Conclusions Exposure to p,p′-DDT early in life may increase breast cancer risk. Many U.S. women heavily exposed to DDT in childhood have not yet reached 50 years of age. The public health significance of DDT exposure in early life may be large.
Exploring Framing Effects in Inventory Control Decisions: Violations of Procedure Invariance

Recent research on decision framing has shown that (i) there are multiple types of framing effects and (ii) the context of the decision can influence framing effects. This research examines decision framing effects in inventory control contexts by questioning the assumption of procedure invariance, that preference should not be impacted by how options are presented to a supply chain manager making an inventory control decision. Study 1 uses three single‐shot decision experiments to establish that all three types of framing effects identified by Levin et al. (1998) apply in basic inventory control contexts. Results were consistent with theory in all three cases. Given this evidence that framing effects have potential to impact inventory control decisions, two laboratory experiments in Study 2 utilize multi‐period decision tasks to demonstrate that framing effects can impact performance in a dynamic inventory decision setting similar to practice. One of the experiments in Study 2 was conducted with student subjects, while the other with inventory managers from a large retail firm. Results from both experiments provide evidence that even when initial framing effects on order quantities fade, there can be longer term effects on inventory levels and performance. Furthermore, these effects are robust to education and professional experience. The findings suggest that although a manager might select appropriate inventory control metrics, prudence must be exercised in the presentation of these metrics, and that mere presentation can be used to alleviate known human biases in inventory control decisions.
In vitro osteoblastic differentiation of human bone marrow cells in the presence of metal ions.

For periods up to 21 days human bone marrow was cultured in control conditions that favor the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The effect of AISI 316L corrosion products and the corresponding major separate metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni) were studied in three different phases of the culture period in order to investigate the effects of metal ions in cell populations representative of osteoblastic cells in different stages of differentiation. Toxicity consequences of the presence of metal ions in bone marrow cultures were evaluated by biochemical parameters (enzymatic reduction of MTT, alkaline phosphatase activity, and total protein content), histochemical assays (identification of ALP-positive cells and Ca and phosphates deposits), and observation of the cultures by light and scanning electron microscopy. Culture media were analyzed for total and ionized Ca and P and also for metal ions (Fe, Cr, and Ni). The presence of AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt in bone marrow cultures during the first and second weeks of culture significantly disturbs the normal behavior of these cultures, interfering in the lag phase and exponential phase of cell growth and ALP expression. However, the presence of these species during the third week of culture, when expression of osteoblastic functions occurs (mineralization process), did not result in any detectable effect. Fe salt also disturbs the behavior of bone marrow cell cultures when present during the lag phase and proliferation phase, and a somewhat compromised response between the normal pattern (control cultures) and intense inhibition (AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt-added cultures) was observed. Fe did not affect the progression of the mineralization phase. Osteogenic cultures exposed to Cr salt (Cr3+) presented a pattern similar to the controls, indicating that this element does not interfere, in the concentration studied, in the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow cells. Quantification of metal ions in the culture media showed that Cr (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products but from not Cr3+ salt) and Ni (originated from AISI 316L corrosion products and Ni salt) appear to be retained by the bone marrow cultures.
Patent Infringement, Litigation, and Settlement

We propose a model that integrates a series of events regarding patent rights based on real option framework. After the incumbent has acquired a patent, it can be infringed by the challenger, and the conflict between them can be resolved via litigation or settlement with endogenously determined triggers and royalties. The model explains why litigation is so unusual in the real world and why most of the lawsuits over patent rights cease before the court's judgment is made. It also clarifies why roughly a half of litigated patents are found to be invalid in court and in what circumstances the introduction of new technology or the infringement of patent is delayed. From the perspective of implications on patent system, the model shows that neither tightening the patent examination nor widening the patent scope guarantees the acceleration of R&D investment, and rather delays it in some cases.
Social Change, Social Theory, and the Convergence of Movements and Organizations

The essays in this volume have brought together two fields of inquiry, the study of social movements and the study of organizations, that have shown substantial convergence in core concepts and modes of analysis (McAdam and Scott, Chap. 1; Campbell, Chap. 2). Social movements are often represented by formal organizations, and organizations respond to social movements and have movement-like processes within themselves. Thus, scholars from both areas of study are finding it useful to borrow or bridge across the boundaries. This is not an entirely new development; indeed, it has a long, if fitful, history. We will not review that history here, although Elisabeth Clemens, in the next chapter, helps us to understand why that history has been so fitful. Instead, we want to give a partial answer to the question, Why now? Why is this bridging even more relevant today than it has been in the past? What events and processes “out there” almost force us to bridge and blend these two areas? In this era of rapid social change, organizations increasingly resemble episodic movements rather than ongoing bounded actors, and organizations and movements are changing their strategies and routines in response to similar social and technological changes. Moreover, one of the most visible social movements of our time, aimed at reining in “globalization from above,” is explicitly oriented toward contemporary economic and organizational arrangements. We are not attempting a full history of the fields of study, nor of the development and intersection of movements and We thank Chris Marquis, Tim Vogus, Klaus Weber, and Mina Yoo for research assistance and Dick Scott for extensive editorial comments on this chapter. Our arguments benefited from discussion at the first Michigan Conference on Social Movements and Organizations in May 2001.
Persistence Factors for Black Males in the Community College: An Examination of Background, Academic, Social, and Environmental Variables

The primary goal of this study was to identify variables predictive of first-year persistence among Black male students enrolled in community colleges. Specifically, this study explored persistence variables in four domains: 1) background/defining variables, 2) academic variables, 3) social variables, and 4) environmental variables. Data used in this study were derived from the Education Longitudinal Study from Black males in public two-year colleges. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses indicated that participation in intramural sports, extracurricular activities, talking with faculty, study habits, hours worked per week, supporting others, and life stress were predictive of persistence. In all, findings indicated environmental variables were substantially more predictive of persistence than variables in other domains. Implications for practice and future research are extended.
Theory and data interactions of the scientific mind: evidence from the molecular and the cognitive laboratory.

A number of researchers and scholars have stressed the importance of disconfirmation in the quest for the development of scientific knowledge (e.g., Popper, 1959). Paradoxically, studies examining human reasoning in the laboratory have typically found that people display a confirmation bias in that they are more likely to seek out and attend to data consistent rather than data inconsistent with their initial theory (Wason, 1968). We examine the strategies that scientists and students use to evaluate data that are either consistent or inconsistent with their expectations. First, we present findings from scientists reasoning "live" in their laboratory meetings. We show that scientists often show an initial reluctance to consider inconsistent data as "real. " However, this initial reluctance is often overcome with repeated observations of the inconsistent data such that they modify their theories to account for the new data. We further examine these issues in a controlled scientific causal thinking simulation specifically developed to examine the reasoning strategies we observed in the natural scientific environment. Like the scientists, we found that participants in our simulation initially displayed a propensity to discount data inconsistent with a theory provided. However, with repeated observations of the inconsistent data, the students, like the scientists, began to see the once anomalous data as "real" and the initial bias to discount that data was significantly diminished.
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibits Differentiation, Maturation, Activation, and Survival of Dendritic Cells Leading to Impaired Alloreactive T Cell Activation

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D3, is a potent immunomodulatory agent. Here we show that dendritic cells (DCs) are major targets of 1,25(OH)2D3-induced immunosuppressive activity. 1,25(OH)2D3 prevents the differentiation in immature DCs of human monocytes cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4. Addition of 1,25(OH)2D3 during LPS-induced maturation maintains the immature DC phenotype characterized by high mannose receptor and low CD83 expression and markedly inhibits up-regulation of the costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86 and of class II MHC molecules. This is associated with a reduced capacity of DCs to activate alloreactive T cells, as determined by decreased proliferation and IFN-γ secretion in mixed leukocyte cultures. 1,25(OH)2D3 also affects maturing DCs, leading to inhibition of IL-12p75 and enhanced IL-10 secretion upon activation by CD40 ligation. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 promotes the spontaneous apoptosis of mature DCs. The modulation of phenotype and function of DCs matured in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3 induces cocultured alloreactive CD4+ cells to secrete less IFN-γ upon restimulation, up-regulate CD152, and down-regulate CD154 molecules. The inhibition of DC differentiation and maturation as well as modulation of their activation and survival leading to T cell hyporesponsiveness may explain the immunosuppressive activity of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Fundamental noise limitations on supercontinuum generation in microstructure fiber

This paper presents stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NLSE) simulations in studying the characteristics and origin of broadband amplitude noise. The numerical model uses a stochastic NLSE that rigorously includes spontaneous Raman scattering and quantum-limited input pulse shot noise. Results are compared with experimental measurements over a range of input pulse parameters. Quantitative agreement between experiment and simulation is obtained.
COMPARISONS OF REPLACEMENT POLICIES WITH CONSTANT AND RANDOM TIMES

This paper proposes random age, periodic and block replacement policies which are made at random variable times, and optimal policies that minimize their expected cost rates are discussed analytically and computed numerically. We compare such random replacements with their standard policies that are made at constant times. Comparison results show that when costs for random and constant replacements are the same, the standard policies are better than the random ones. Furthermore, it is computed numerically that if how much the random replacement cost is lower than that for the constant one, then the standard and random replacements have the same optimal cost rates. That is, the modied random replacement costs and their optimal times are discussed and computed when the random replacements would be better than the standard policies.
Proliferation and Death of Oligodendrocytes and Myelin Proteins Are Differentially Regulated in Male and Female Rodents

Sexual dimorphism of neurons and astrocytes has been demonstrated in different centers of the brain, but sexual dimorphism of oligodendrocytes and myelin has not been examined. We show, using immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization, that the density of oligodendrocytes in corpus callosum, fornix, and spinal cord is 20–40% greater in males compared with females. These differences are present in young and aged rodents and are independent of strain and species. Proteolipid protein and carbonic anhydrase-II transcripts, measured by real-time PCR, are approximately two to three times greater in males. Myelin basic protein and 2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase, measured by Western blots, are 20–160% greater in males compared with females. Surprisingly, both generation of new glia and apoptosis of glia, including oligodendrocytes, are approximately two times greater in female corpus callosum. These results indicate that the lifespan of oligodendrocytes is shorter in females than in males. Castration of males produces a female phenotype characterized by fewer oligodendrocytes and increased generation of new glia. These findings indicate that exogenous androgens differentially affect the lifespan of male and female oligodendrocytes, and they can override the endogenous production of neurosteroids. The data imply that turnover of myelin is greater in females than in males. μ-Calpain, a protease upregulated in degeneration of myelin, is dramatically increased at both transcriptional and translational levels in females compared with males. These morphological, molecular, and biochemical data show surprisingly large differences in turnover of oligodendrocytes and myelin between sexes. We discuss the potential significance of these differences to multiple sclerosis, a sexually dimorphic disease, whose progression is altered by exogenous hormones.
Loss Function Asymmetry and Forecast Optimality: Evidence from Individual Analysts' Forecasts

We examine the optimality of quarterly earning forecasts issued by individual analysts. When we conduct Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Least Absolute Deviations (LAD) analyses, which assume loss function symmetry, we reject the null of forecast optimality at 5% significance level more than 5% of the time. Relaxing the symmetry assumption reduces the frequency of rejections below 5%. We demonstrate that the cross-sectional variation in the asymmetry parameter of the loss function is related to analyst employment. Overall, our evidence is consistent with the joint hypothesis of asymmetric loss and forecast optimality rather than the alternative of symmetric loss and lack of optimality. We thank Orrie Barron, Sudipta Basu, Murgie Krishnan, Larry Brown, Marty Butler, Andy Leone, Jing Liu, Bruce Miller, Mike Parzen, Grace Pownall, Ane Tamayo, and seminar participants at Emory University, Georgia State University, and Penn State University. We also thank seminar participants at Baruch College and UCLA for their comments on a related paper. Finally, we thank Ron Harris and Christopher Baum for programming assistance and IBES for analysts’ data.