Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Folate receptor-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes for tumor imaging

Rationale and objective Receptor-targeted delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents can lead to enhanced efficacy for both. Multimodality imaging offers unique advantages over traditional single modality imaging. Tumor marker folate receptor (FR)-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes were synthesized to co-deliver paramagnetic and fluorescence agents for magnetic resonance (MR) and optical bimodal imaging contrast enhancement. Materials and methods Fluorescent and paramagnetic bimodal liposomes were synthesized with a mean diameter of 136 nm and a low polydispersity index. The liposomes incorporated folate-PEG3350-CHEMS for FR targeting, Gd(III)[N,N-Bis-stearylamidomethyl-N’-amidomethyl]diethylenetriamine tetraacetic acid (Gd-DTPA-BSA) for MR contrast, and calcein for fluorescence. To determine the specificity and efficiency of delivery, the liposomes were evaluated in FR-positive KB and HeLa cells and FR-negative A549 cells, which were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and flow cytometry (FCM). Results FR-specific and efficient cellular uptake of the FR-targeted bimodal liposomes was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and by FCM. The mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of KB cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes was 45× that of cells treated with nontargeted liposomes, and 18× that of cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes and excess folic acid (FA). The MFI of HeLa cells treated with targeted liposomes was 33× that of nontargeted liposomes, and was 16× that of the mixture of targeted liposomes and free FA. In contrast, the MFI of A549 cells treated with FR-targeted liposomes was nearly the same as those treated with nontargeted liposomes. The T1-weighted MR images of HeLa and KB cells incubated with FR-targeted liposomes had much higher signal intensity than those treated with nontargeted liposomes or free Gd-DTPA. Furthermore, the FR-targeting effect could be blocked by excess free FA. Conclusion FR-targeted fluorescent paramagnetic bimodal liposomes provided a novel platform for bimodal tumor imaging and theranostic delivery.
Ghost-gluon running coupling, power corrections and the determination of Lambda(MS-bar)

We compute a formula including operator-product expansion power corrections to describe the running of a QCD coupling nonperturbatively defined through the ghost and gluon dressing functions. This turns out to be rather accurate. We propose the 'plateau' procedure to compute {lambda}{sub MS} from the lattice computation of the running coupling constant. We show a good agreement between the different methods which have been used to estimate {lambda}{sub MS}{sup N{sub f}}{sup =0}. We argue that {lambda}{sub MS} or the strong coupling constant computed with different lattice spacings may be used to estimate the lattice spacing ratio.
On nonexistence of Baras-Goldstein type for higher-order parabolic equations with singular potentials

The celebrated result by Baras and Goldstein (1984) established that the heat equation with singular inverse square potential in a smooth bounded domain Ω ⊂ ℝ N , N > 3, such that 0 E Ω, u t =Δu + c/|x| 2 u in Ω × (0, T), u| ∂Ω = 0, in the supercritical range c > C Hardy (1) = (N-2/2) 2 , does not have a solution for any nontrivial L 1 initial data uo(x) > 0 in Ω or for a positive measure. Namely, it was proved that a regular approximation of a possible solution by a sequence {u n (x, t)} of classical solutions of uniformly parabolic equations with bounded truncated potentials given by V(x) = c/|x| 2 ↦ V n (x) = min {c/|x| 2 , n} (n > 1) diverges, and, as n → oo, u n (x, t) → + ∞ in Ω x (0, T). In the present paper, we reveal the connection of this "very singular" evolution with a spectrum of some "limiting" operator. The proposed approach allows us to consider more general higher-order operators (for which Hardy's inequalities were known since Rellich, 1954) and initial data that are not necessarily positive. In particular it is established that, under some natural hypothesis, the divergence result is valid for any 2mth-order parabolic equation with singular potential u t = -(-Δ) m u + c/|x| 2m u in Ω × (0, T), where c > c H (m), m ≥ 1, with zero Dirichlet conditions on ∂Ω and for a wide class of initial data. In particular, typically, the divergence holds for any data satisfying u 0 (x) is continuous at x = 0 and uo(0) > 0. Similar nonexistence (i.e., divergence as e → 0) results are also derived for time-dependent potentials e -2m q(x/e, t/e 2m and nonlinear reaction terms |u| p /e 2m + |x| 2m with p> 1. Applications to other, linear and semilinear, Schrodinger and wave PDEs are discussed.
Study of Transformation of College Students' Exercise Methods

Nowadays,it has drawn nationwide attention that the constitution of college students is declining year by year.According to Students' Health Standard Pilot Programs and Implementation Measures,Sports Activities Rating Scale and Likert Scale,this paper gave related measurement and investigation to 800 students,and carried out objective mathematical statistics,comparison and analysis of the testing results.The results showed that quite a few students are obese,overweight or lower weightily,especially the proportion is higher that male students suffer from overweight,obesity or malnutrition;female students' attitude to sports is not as positive as male students;the option with the highest score of students' needing tendency is "mental and physical pleasure",which reflects their bodybuilding,relatively undiversified,one-sided and lacking of long-term pursuit;when students of different genders and grades participate in extra-curricular sports clubs and independent exercise,the differences in the number of times of weekly participation,the time of each participation and exercise intensity are significant.All these reveal the causes of the continued decline of college students' constitution.Therefore it is imperative that college students transform the form of exercise and develop sound sports consciousness and good fitness habits.Re-commendation: referring the structure diagram of the transform of the college students' exercise methods,implement college physical education,Happy Sports,Lifetime Sports,and return to Health First eventually.
HIV-1 Epidemic in the Caribbean Is Dominated by Subtype B

Background The molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in the Caribbean has been described using partial genome sequencing; subtype B is the most common subtype in multiple countries. To expand our knowledge of this, nearly full genome amplification, sequencing and analysis was conducted. Methodology/Principal Findings Virion RNA from sera collected in Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago were reverse transcribed, PCR amplified, sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Nearly full genomes were completed for 15 strains; partial pol was done for 67 strains. All but one of the 67 strains analyzed in pol were subtype B; the exception was a unique recombinant of subtypes B and C collected in the Dominican Republic. Of the nearly full genomes of 14 strains that were subtype B in pol, all were subtype B from one end of the genome to the other and not inter-subtype recombinants. Surprisingly, the Caribbean subtype B strains clustered significantly with each other and separate from subtype B from other parts of the pandemic. Conclusions The more complete analysis of HIV-1 from 4 Caribbean countries confirms previous research using partial genome analysis that the predominant subtype in circulation was subtype B. The Caribbean strains are phylogenetically distinct from other subtype B strains although the biological meaning of this finding is unclear.
Two-dimensional effective action for matter fields coupled to the dilaton

We revise the calculation of the one-loop effective action for scalar and spinor fields coupled to the dilaton in two dimensions. Applying the method of covariant perturbation theory for the heat kernel we derive the effective action in an explicitly covariant form that produces both the conformally invariant and the conformally anomalous terms. For scalar fields the conformally invariant part of the action is nonlocal. The obtained effective action is proved to be infrared finite. We also compute the one-loop effective action for scalar fields at finite temperature.
Preservice Teachers' Emerging TPACK in a Technology-Rich Methods Class

There is a dearth of research on the mechanisms for preservice teachers’ development of the pedagogical knowledge necessary for effective use of such technologies. We explored the emergent Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) (Niess 2005, 2006, 2007) of a group of secondary mathematics preservice teachers in a methods course as they designed and implemented technology-rich teaching materials in field settings. Participant surveys and collected assignments were analyzed through the lens of the TPACK framework. The data were also analyzed to examine the trajectory of the participants’ beliefs about the appropriate role of advanced digital technologies in mathematics. The results indicate that the participants’ understanding of technology shifted from viewing technology as a tool for reinforcement into viewing technology as a tool for developing student understanding. Collected data supports the notion that preservice teacher TPACK development is closely related to a shift in identity from learners of mathematics to teachers of mathematics. In a class where advanced digital technologies were used extensively as a catalyst for promoting inquiry-based learning, preservice teachers retained a great deal of skepticism about the appropriateness of using technology in concept development roles, despite their confidence that they can incorporate technology into their future teaching.
Evidence for Interactions between Intracellular Calcium Stores during Methylmercury-Induced Intracellular Calcium Dysregulation in Rat Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Acute exposure to methylmercury (MeHg) causes severe disruption of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) regulation, which apparently contributes to neuronal death. Activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MTP) evidently contributes to this effect. We examined in more detail the contribution of mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) to elevations of [Ca2+]i caused by acute exposure to a low concentration of MeHg in primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons. In particular, we sought to determine whether interactions occurred between Ca2+ ipools in response to MeHg. Prior depletion of Ca2+ m using carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and oligomycin significantly decreased the amplitude of [Ca2+]i release from intracellular stores, and delayed the onset of whole-cell [Ca2+]ielevations, caused by 0.5 μM MeHg. CCCP alone hastened the MeHg-induced release of Ca2+ within the cell, whereas oligomycin alone delayed the MeHg-induced influx of extracellular Ca2+. In granule cells loaded with rhod-2 acetoxymethylester to measure changes in [Ca2+]m, MeHg exposure caused a biphasic increase in fluorescence. The initial increase in fluorescence occurred in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and was abolished by mitochondrial depolarization. The secondary increase was associated with spreading of the dye from punctate staining to whole-cell distribution, and was delayed significantly by the MTP inhibitor cyclosporin A and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin. We conclude that MeHg causes release of Ca2+ from the mitochondria through opening of the MTP, which contributes the bulk of the elevated [Ca2+]i observed during MeHg neurotoxicity. Additionally, the Ca2+ that enters the mitochondria seems to originate in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, providing a mechanism for the observed mitochondrial Ca2+ overload.
Failed Replication of Oxytocin Effects on Trust: The Envelope Task Case

The neurohormone Oxytocin (OT) has been one of the most studied peptides in behavioral sciences over the past two decades. Many studies have suggested that OT could increase trusting behaviors. A previous study, based on the “Envelope Task” paradigm, where trust is assessed by the degree of openness of an envelope containing participant’s confidential information, showed that OT increases trusting behavior and reported one of the most powerful effects of OT on a behavioral variable. In this paper we present two failed replications of this effect, despite sufficient power to replicate the original large effect. The non-significant results of these two failed replications clearly exclude a large effect of OT on trust in this paradigm but are compatible with either a null effect of OT on trust, or a small effect, undetectable with small sample size (N = 95 and 61 in Study 1 and 2, respectively). Taken together, our results question the purported size of OT’s effect on trust and emphasize the need for replications.
Patient Safety Requires a New Way to Publish Clinical Trials

The way medical journals publish the results of clinical trials has become a serious threat to public health. You may find this assertion shocking and counterintuitive, but we hope that by the end of this short article you will agree and will join us in arguing for the better way of making medical information publicly available that we outline.
Detecting Emergent Leaders in Small Groups using Nonverbal Behavior

This paper presents first an analysis on how an emergent leader is perceived in newly formed small-groups, and in its second part tackles the emergent leader estimation task, using automatically extracted nonverbal cues. The estimations use rank-based and collective approaches with the combination of acoustic and visual features extracted from a new corpus specifically collected to analyse the emergent leadership phenomena. Our results show that visual information augments acoustic information, and the emergent leader is perceived by his/her peers as an active and dominant person. For the automatic inference of emergent leadership, adding relational information to the nonverbal cues improves the inference of each participant’s label in the group.
Simple and Robust Mutation Strategy for Metropolis Light Transport Algorithm

The paper presents a new mutation strategy for the Metropolis light transport algorithm, which works in the space of uniform random numbers used to build up paths. Thus instead of mutating directly in the path space, mutations are realized in the inﬁnite dimensional unit cube of pseudo-random numbers and these points are transformed to the path space according to BRDF sampling, light source sampling and Russian roulette. This transformation makes the integrand and the importance function ﬂatter and thus increases the acceptance probability of the new samples in the Metropolis algorithm. Higher acceptance ratio, in turn, reduces the correlation of the samples, which increases the speed of convergence. When mutations are calculated, a new random point is selected usually in the neighborhood of the previous one, but according to our proposition called “large steps”, sometimes an independent point is obtained. Large steps greatly reduce the start-up bias and guarantee the ergodicity of the process. Due to the fact that some samples are generated independently of the previous sample, this method can also be considered as a combination of the Metropolis algorithm with a classical random walk. Metropolis light transport is good in rendering bright image areas but poor in rendering dark sections since it allocates samples proportionally to the pixel luminance. Conventional random walks, on the other hand, have the same performace everywhere, thus they are poorer than Metropolis method in bright areas, but are better at dark sections. In order to keep the merits of both approaches, we use multiple importance sampling to combine their results, that is, the combined method will be as good at bright regions as Metropolis and at dark regions as random walks. The resulting scheme is robust, efﬁcient, but most importantly, is easy to implement and to combine with an available random-walk algorithm.
Whittaker patterns in the geometry of moduli spaces of bundles on curves

Let G be a split connected reductive group over a finite field F_q, and N its maximal unipotent subgroup. V. Drinfeld has introduced a remarkable partial compactification of the moduli stack of N-bundles on a smooth projective curve X over F_q. In this paper we study Drinfeld's moduli space and a certain category of perverse sheaves on it. The definition of this category is motivated by the study of the Whittaker functions on the group G(K), where K=F_q((t)). We prove that our category is semi-simple, and that irreducible objects of this category are "clean", i.e., they are extenstions by 0 of local systems supported on the strata. As an application of these results, we obtain a purely geometric proof of the Casselman-Shalika formula for the Whittaker functions.
Ecological measurements of light exposure, activity and circadian disruption

In humans, circadian rhythms have an average period of 24.2 hours. The 24-hour patterns of light and dark on the retina synchronise circadian rhythms to the local time on earth. Lack of synchronisation between the endogenous clock and the local time has been associated with a host of maladies. Therefore, it is important to measure circadian light exposures over the course of the 24-hour day and to be able to assess circadian entrainment and disruption in actual living environments. Presented is an overview of the recently developed Daysimeter, a personal measurement device for recording activity and circadian light exposure. When the Daysimeter is worn on the head, two light sensors near the eye are used to estimate circadian light exposures over extended periods of time. Phasor analysis combines the measured periodic activity-rest patterns with the measured periodic light—dark patterns to assess behavioural circadian entrainment/disruption. As shown, day-shift and rotating-shift nurses exhibit remarkably different levels of behavioural circadian entrainment/disruption. These new ecological measurement and analysis techniques may provide important insights into the relationship between circadian disruption and well-being.
A Clustering Scheme for Hierarchical Routing in Wireless Networks

In this paper we present a clustering scheme to create hierarchies for wireless networks. A cluster is deened as a subset of vertices, whose induced graph is connected. In addition, a cluster is required to obey certain constraints that are useful for hierarchical routing. While all these constraints cannot be met simultaneously for general graphs, we show how for wireless network topologies, such a clustering can be obtained. We also present simulation results from a distributed implementation of this scheme to demonstrate its convergence and stability properties.
Nongenetic Inheritance and Its Evolutionary Implications

Modern evolutionary biology is founded on the Mendelian-genetic model of inheritance, but it is now clear that this model is incomplete. Empirical evidence shows that environment (encompassing all external influences on the genome) can impose transgenerational effects and generate heritable variation for a broad array of traits in animals, plants, and other organisms. Such effects can be mediated by the transmission of epigenetic, cytoplasmic, somatic, nutritional, environmental, and behavioral variation. Building on the work of many authors, we outline a general framework for conceptualizing nongenetic inheritance and its evolutionary implications. This framework shows that, by decoupling phenotypic change from the genotype, nongenetic inheritance can circumvent the limitations of genetic inheritance and thereby influence population dynamics and alter the fitness landscape. The weight of theory and empirical evidence indicates that nongenetic inheritance is a potent factor in evolution that can engender .
Bank Runs, Deposit Insurance, and Liquidity

This paper shows that bank deposit contracts can provide allocations superior to those of exchange markets, offering an explanation of how banks subject to runs can attract deposits. Investors face privately observed risks which lead to a demand for liquidity. Traditional demand deposit contracts which provide liquidity have multiple equilibria, one of which is a bank run. Bank runs in the model cause real economic damage, rather than simply reflecting other problems. Contracts which can prevent runs are studied, and the analysis shows that there are circumstances when government provision of deposit insurance can produce superior contracts.
Relay computation: Managing interference with structure and cooperation

We examine the benefits of relay cooperation to compute-and-forward. We study a system with two sources, two destinations, and a dedicated relay, in which the destinations decode finite-field linear combinations of sources' messages. We present inner and outer bounds on the computation rate region under two relay modalities: the standard relay and the instantaneous relay, or “relay-without-delay. ” For the standard relay, we develop a compress-and-forward scheme based on block Markov encoding. This scheme improves the achievable computation rate, but it appears not to increase the achieved degrees-of freedom. For the instantaneous relay, we develop a memoryless amplify-and-forward scheme which, in addition to improving the achievable computation rate, increases the achieved DoFs to the maximum of two. In this case, relay cooperation provides degrees-of-freedom optimality while retaining good performance at finite signal-to-noise ratios.
Partial (Co)Actions of Hopf Algebras and Partial Hopf-Galois Theory

We introduce partial (co)actions of a Hopf algebra H on an algebra. To this end, we introduce first the notion of lax coring, generalizing Wisbauer's notion of weak coring. We also have the dual notion of lax ring. Several duality results are given, and we develop Galois theory for partial H-comodule algebras.
Effect of Heterogeneity in Initial Geographic Distribution on Opinions' Competitiveness

Spin dynamics on networks allows us to understand how a global consensus emerges out of individual opinions. Here, we are interested in the effect of heterogeneity in the initial geographic distribution of a competing opinion on the competitiveness of its own opinion. Accordingly, in this work, we studied the effect of spatial heterogeneity on the majority rule dynamics using a three-state spin model, in which one state is neutral. Monte Carlo simulations were performed on square lattices divided into square blocks (cells). Accordingly, one competing opinion was distributed uniformly among cells, whereas the spatial distribution of the rival opinion was varied from the uniform to heterogeneous, with the median-to-mean ratio in the range from 1 to 0. When the size of discussion group is odd, the uncommitted agents disappear completely after 3.30 ± 0.05 update cycles, and then the system evolves in a two-state regime with complementary spatial distributions of two competing opinions. Even so, the initial heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of one of the competing opinions causes a decrease of this opinion competitiveness. That is, the opinion with initially heterogeneous spatial distribution has less probability to win, than the opinion with the initially uniform spatial distribution, even when the initial concentrations of both opinions are equal. We found that although the time to consensus , the opinion’s recession rate is determined during the first 3.3 update cycles. On the other hand, we found that the initial heterogeneity of the opinion spatial distribution assists the formation of quasi-stable regions, in which this opinion is dominant. The results of Monte Carlo simulations are discussed with regard to the electoral competition of political parties.