Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Transitions to Safety in “Obsessive” Thinking: Covert Links of Operant Chains in Clinical Behavior Analysis

This article provides a tentative account of a much-discussed clinical phenomenon called “thought-action fusion” and its relation to “obsessive” thinking, in terms of a general process interpretation of the determination of operant and respondent behavior derived from experimental analysis. In an interpretive approach originated by B. F. Skinner (e.g., 1953; 1957) the present account invokes plausible, untested causal relations among response-produced private events and behavior occurring in operant chains, and illustrates the more general utility of this practice for the understanding problematic thinking in clinical behavior analysis. Finally, a case is made for the potential therapeutic efficacy of providing simplified versions of such natural science-based interpretations of the determination of troublesome patterns of covert behavior to psychotherapy clients themselves.
Effect of the Prolonged Inspiratory to Expiratory Ratio on Oxygenation and Respiratory Mechanics During Surgical Procedures

AbstractProlonged inspiratory to expiratory (I:E) ratio ventilation has been researched to reduce lung injury and improve oxygenation in surgical patients with one-lung ventilation (OLV) or carbon dioxide (CO2) pneumoperitoneum.We aimed to confirm the efficacy of the 1:1 equal ratio ventilation (ERV) compared with the 1:2 conventional ratio ventilation (CRV) during surgical procedures.Electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched.Prospective interventional trials that assessed the effects of prolonged I:E ratio of 1:1 during surgical procedures.Adult patients undergoing OLV or CO2 pneumoperitoneum as specific interventions depending on surgical procedures.The included studies were examined with the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. The data regarding intraoperative oxygenation and respiratory mechanics were extracted, and then pooled with standardized mean difference (SMD) using the method of Hedges.Seven trials (498 total patients, 274 with ERV) were included. From overall analysis, ERV did not improve oxygenation at 20 or 30 minutes after specific interventions (SMD 0.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.094 to 0.481, P = 0.188). From subgroup analyses, ERV provided significantly improved oxygenation only with laparoscopy (SMD 0.425, 95% CI: 0.167–0.682, P = 0.001). At 60 minutes after the specific interventions, ERV improved oxygenation significantly in the overall analysis (SMD 0.447, 95% CI: 0.209–0.685, P < 0.001) as well as in the subgroup analyses with OLV (SMD 0.328, 95% CI: 0.011–0.644, P = 0.042) and laparoscopy (SMD 0.668, 95% CI: 0.052–1.285, P = 0.034). ERV provided lower peak airway pressure (Ppeak) and plateau airway pressure (Pplat) than CRV, regardless of the type of intervention.The relatively small number of the included articles and their heterogeneity could be the main limitations.ERV improved oxygenation at all of the assessment points during laparoscopy. In OLV, oxygenation improvement with ERV was observed 1 hour after application. ERV could be beneficial to reduce the Ppeak and Pplat.
Nobody ever got fired for using Hadoop on a cluster

The norm for data analytics is now to run them on commodity clusters with MapReduce-like abstractions. One only needs to read the popular blogs to see the evidence of this. We believe that we could now say that "nobody ever got fired for using Hadoop on a cluster"! We completely agree that Hadoop on a cluster is the right solution for jobs where the input data is multi-terabyte or larger. However, in this position paper we ask if this is the right path for general purpose data analytics? Evidence suggests that many MapReduce-like jobs process relatively small input data sets (less than 14 GB). Memory has reached a GB/$ ratio such that it is now technically and financially feasible to have servers with 100s GB of DRAM. We therefore ask, should we be scaling by using single machines with very large memories rather than clusters? We conjecture that, in terms of hardware and programmer time, this may be a better option for the majority of data processing jobs.
Adaption at Specific Loci. VI. Divergence vs. Parallelism of Polymorphic Allozymes in Molecular Function and Fitness-Component Effects Among Colias Species (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)

In lowland Cobs butterflies, genotypes of the enzyme phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) show major differences in molecular function, from which genotypic differences in organismal performance and fitness components in the wild are accurately predictable. The alpine species Colias meadii seems to share electromorph alleles with lowland congeners at PGI and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). However, high-resolution electrophoresis finds differences between PGI electromorphs of meudii and those of lowland taxa. Common C. meadii genotypes differ in thermal stability and are less thermally stable than similar electromorph genotypes in lowland Colius eurytheme. These meudii genotypes show heterozygote advantage in the kinetic parameters K,,, and V,JK,,, (and differ sharply from genotypes of C. eurytheme). The thermally more stable homozygote is the kinetically less effective one, extending the tradeoff of kinetics vs. stability in PGI homozygotes, seen in lowland taxa, to C. meudii. Positive evidence is given for the absence of assortative mating and segregation distortion at both PGI and PGM. The functional differences among PGI genotypes explain previously observed heterozygote advantage in flight capacity and survivorship and correctly predict heterozygote advantage in male mating success, of C. meudii’s PGI genotypes. Though functional information is not yet available on C. meudii PGM variants, these also show heterozygote advantage in male mating success but do not interact with PGI. Thus, differences in molecular function result in fitness component differences among PGI allozymes in alpine Cobs, as well as in lowland ones. This is the more remarkable because the parallelism is not based on allelic identity. These results support expectations of evolutionary bioenergetics and emphasize the hazards of using ordinary electrophoresis to infer allozymes’ identity among taxa. In alternative scenarios for Colius’ PGI evolutiondivergence from ancestral polymorphism, or independent origin-these results suggest major constraint, based in protein structure, on ability of PGI alleles to maximize fitness-related biochemical performance when homozygous.
Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of NGC 4214: the hot interstellar medium and the luminosity function of dwarf starbursts

We present results from Chandra and XMM-Newton X-ray observations of NGC4214, a nearby dwarf starburst galaxy containing several young regions of very active star-formation. Starburst regions are known to be associated with diffuse X-ray emission, and in this case the X-ray emission from the galaxy shows an interesting morphological structure within the galaxy, clearly associated with the central regions of active star-formation. Of the two main regions of star formation in this galaxy, X-ray emission associated with the older is identified whereas little is detected from the younger, providing an insight into the evolutionary process of the formation of superbubbles around young stellar clusters. The spectra of the diffuse emission from the galaxy can be fitted with a two temperature component thermal model with kT = 0.14keV and 0.52keV, and analysis of this emission suggests that NGC4214 will suffer a blow-out in the future. The point source population of the galaxy has an X-ray luminosity function with a slope of 0.76. This result, together with those for other dwarf starburst galaxies (NGC4449 and NGC5253), was added to a sample of luminosity functions for spiral and starburst galaxies. The slope of the luminosity function of dwarf starbursts is seen to be similar to that of their larger counterparts and clearly flatter than those seen in spirals. Further comparisons between the luminosity functions of starbursts and spiral galaxies are also made.
Counting Chickens When They Hatch: Timing and the Effects of Aid on Growth

Recent research yields widely divergent estimates of the cross‐country relationship between foreign aid receipts and economic growth. We re‐analyse data from the three most influential published aid–growth studies, strictly conserving their regression specifications, with sensible assumptions about the timing of aid effects and without questionable instruments. All three research designs show that increases in aid have been followed on average by increases in investment and growth. The most plausible explanation is that aid causes some degree of growth in recipient countries, although the magnitude of this relationship is modest, varies greatly across recipients and diminishes at high levels of aid.
Singularities and Closed String Tachyons

A basic problem in gravitational physics is the resolution of spacetime singularities where general relativity breaks down. The simplest such singularities are conical singularities arising from orbifold identifications of flat space, and the most challenging are spacelike singularities inside black holes (and in cosmology). Topology changing processes also require evolution through classically singular spacetimes. I briefly review how a phase of closed string tachyon condensate replaces, and helps to resolve, basic singularities of each of these types. Finally I discuss some interesting features of singularities arising in the small volume limit of compact negatively curved spaces and the emerging zoology of spacelike singularities. Based on comments at the 23rd Solvay conference in physics. hep-th/0602230 Invited Talk presented at 23rd Solvay Conference in Physics The Quantum Structure of Space and Time, 1-3 Dec. 2005, Brussels, Belgium 1 Singularities and Winding Modes In the framework of string theory, several types of general relativistic singularities are replaced by a phase of closed string tachyon condensate. The simplest class of examples involves spacetimes containing 1-cycles with antiperiodic Fermion boundary conditions. This class includes spacetimes which are globally stable, such as backgrounds with late-time long-distance supersymmetry and/or AdS boundary conditions. In the presence of such a circle, the spectrum of strings includes winding modes around the circle. The Casimir energy on the worldsheet of the string contributes a negative contribution to the mass squared, which is of the form
Manipulating entitativity affects implicit behavioral and neural attentional biases toward gay couples

This study investigated whether attentional bias toward homosexual couples differs as a function of the manipulation of perceived entitativity, the degree to which group members are perceived to share common values and pursue common goals. Across two experiments, heterosexual college students were randomly assigned to read statements that suggested that homosexual and heterosexual couples were either high or low in entitativity. Following this task, 199 participants completed a dot probe task in Experiment 1 and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity was recorded for 74 participants in Experiment 2 to measure the implicit attentional processing that resulted from viewing pictures of gay, lesbian, and straight couples. Results indicated that participants exposed to low entitativity statements directed less behavioral and neural attention toward gay relative to straight couples compared to those exposed to high entitativity statements. Given the apparent malleability of attentional biases, future research should strive to better understand the factors involved in reducing attentional bias, and by extension, discriminatory behaviors toward minority groups.
Characterization of M, L, and T Dwarfs in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

An extensive sample of M, L, and T dwarfs identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been compiled. The sample of 718 dwarfs includes 677 new objects (629 M dwarfs and 48 L dwarfs), together with 41 that have been previously published. All new objects and some of the previously published ones have new optical spectra obtained either with the SDSS spectrographs or with the Apache Point Observatory 3.5 m ARC telescope. Spectral types and SDSS colors are available for all objects; approximately 35% also have near-infrared magnitudes measured by 2MASS (Two Micron All Sky Survey) or on the Mauna Kea system. We use this sample to characterize the color–spectral type and color-color relations of late-type dwarfs in the SDSS filters and to derive spectroscopic and photometric parallax relations for use in future studies of the luminosity and mass functions based on SDSS data. We find that the i* - z* and i* - J colors provide good spectral type and absolute magnitude (Mi*) estimates for M and L dwarfs. Our distance estimates for the current sample indicate that SDSS is finding early M dwarfs out to ∼1.5 kpc, L dwarfs to ∼100 pc, and T dwarfs to ∼20 pc. The T dwarf photometric data show large scatter and are therefore less reliable for spectral type and distance estimation.
White Male Power and Privilege: The Relationship Between White Supremacy and Social Class

Counseling psychologists have studied privilege as an individual behavior, belief, and attitude related to an individual’s privileged identity such as masculinity, Whiteness, or Christianity. Conceptualizing individual privileged identities in this way means that privileged identities may exist alongside marginalized intersectional identities. However, in this article, the author defines privilege as a multi-identity act that is facilitated and supported by institutions and organizations (e.g., banks, law enforcement, and schools). These institutions are defined as power-governors that regulate access to scaffolds of privilege afforded to the affluent and wealthy. The author posits that power-governors were created to support an ideology of White supremacy and to organize actors within the system to perpetuate and legitimize the status quo. The author describes the ways in which White wealthy men use privilege as a means to access and gain power while White men in lower- and working-classes use privilege to build relationships and legitimize inequality. The author also discusses the proxy privilege of White women and people of color and how this privilege is in fact restricted to specific physical spaces and is limited due to their overt marginalized identities. Recommendations for privilege research are provided.
Eridanus – a supergroup in the local Universe?

We examine a possible supergroup in the direction of the Eridanus constellation using 6dF Galaxy Survey second data release (6dFGS DR2) positions and velocities together with TwoMicron All-Sky Survey and Hyper-Lyon-Meudon Extragalactic DAtabase photometry. We perform a friends-of-friends analysis to determine which galaxies are associated with each substructure before examining the properties of the constituent galaxies. The overall structure is made up of three individual groups that are likely to merge to form a cluster of mass ∼7 × 10 13 M� . We conclude that this structure is a supergroup. We also examine the colours, morphologies and luminosities of the galaxies in the region with respect to their local projected surface density. We find that the colours of the galaxies redden with increasing density, the median luminosities are brighter with increasing environmental density and the morphologies of the galaxies show a strong morphology‐density relation. The colours and luminosities of the galaxies in the supergroup are already similar to those of galaxies in clusters; however, the supergroup contains more late-type galaxies, consistent with its lower projected surface density. Due to the velocity dispersion of the groups in the supergroup, which are lower than those of clusters, we conclude that the properties of the constituent galaxies are likely to be a result of merging or strangulation processes in groups outlying this structure.
Predictors of Academic Motivation: Epistemological Beliefs, Learning Approaches and Problem Solving Skills

Article History: Received 25.07. 2017 Received in revised form 02.11. 2017 Accepted 03.11. 2017 Available online 06.11. 2017 Students have difficulties in involving, engaging, and motivating in studying and learning activities and one of the reasons of which is regarded as academic motivation that is a main predictor of academic success. There are also some external factors having effect on academic motivation and performance. In this study, we aimed to examine the differential predictive relationships of undergraduates’ epistemological beliefs, learning approaches and problem solving skills on academic motivation. The study group is consists of 750 university students continuing their study at Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul. For the method of the research, the correlational analysis technique of a descriptive research model was used. The data was collected through “Academic Motivation Scale”, “Epistemological Beliefs Scale”, “Learning Strategies Scale” and “Problem Solving Skills Scale”. This research reveals that university students’ academic motivation, epistemological beliefs, learning strategies and problem solving skills had some significant relationships between one another. According to the findings, university students’ epistemological beliefs and learning strategies predicted amotivation, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation significantly. However, it was found that university students’ problem solving skills did not predict amotivation, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation significantly. © 2017 IOJES. All rights reserved
Paraprofessional support and perceptions of a function-based classroom intervention

ABSTRACT Paraprofessionals carry out behavior interventions for students with challenging behavior in inclusive classroom settings. Examination of paraprofessional involvement in behavior interventions informs how paraprofessionals may best support intervention implementation. The researchers used a withdrawal design to evaluate the effects of a multiple-component intervention primarily conducted by paraprofessionals in decreasing one sixth-grade student's disruptive behavior. They then used a systematic approach to functional behavior assessment to identify the function of the student's behavior and to design an intervention, which was tested using a single-subject design. Results demonstrated a functional relation between the student's disruptive behavior and intervention. Further, the paraprofessionals and classroom teacher regarded the intervention as favorable, suggesting the intervention was feasible and suitable for the student. Discussion includes implications for practice and future research.
Pre-service Teachers’ Perceptions on being a Teacher through a Metaphoric Perspective

Abstract Changing needs of a society lead to a change in the roles of teachers-students, types of activities to design and the approaches to be implemented. This change has supported teachers’ competency to promote lifelong learning. This study aims at identifying the perceptions of pre-service teachers regarding being a teacher through a metaphoric perspective. The study adopted qualitative research paradigm under interpretive methodology. Phenomenology was used as the research design within interpretivism. The study provided data regarding the positive and negative metaphors on being a teacher, metaphors on adopted roles of teachers and metaphors on expected roles of teachers. The study concluded that teachers can be much more effective when teachers are perceived as leaders but not managers; and when they are inspirer and life-log learners rather than being a parent for students.
MMR-based Active Machine Learning for Bio Named Entity Recognition

This paper presents a new active learning paradigm which considers not only the uncertainty of the classifier but also the diversity of the corpus. The two measures for uncertainty and diversity were combined using the MMR (Maximal Marginal Relevance) method to give the sampling scores in our active learning strategy. We incorporated MMR-based active machine-learning idea into the biomedical named-entity recognition system. Our experimental results indicated that our strategies for active-learning based sample selection could significantly reduce the human effort.
Compensatory Arm Reactions in Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease

This study examined how perturbation-evoked compensatory arm reactions in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are influenced by explicit verbal instruction. Ten individuals with PD and 15 older adults without PD responded to surface translations with or without specific instruction to reach for and grasp the handrail. Electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic recordings were taken from the reaching arm. Results showed that individuals with and without PD benefitted similarly from explicit instruction. Explicit instruction resulted in earlier (p=0.005) and larger (p<0.001) medial deltoid EMG responses in comparison to no specific instructions. Compensatory arm reactions also occurred with a higher peak medio-lateral wrist velocity (p<0.001) and higher peak shoulder abduction angular velocity (p<0.001) with explicit instruction. Explicit instruction positively influenced compensatory arm reactions in individuals with and without PD. Future research is needed to determine whether the benefits of instruction persist over time and translate to a loss of balance in real life.
The effect of silane applied to glass ceramics on surface structure and bonding strength at different temperatures

PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of various surface treatments on the surface structure and shear bond strength (SBS) of different ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS 288 specimens (lithium-disilicate, leucite-reinforced, and glass infiltrated zirconia) were first divided into two groups according to the resin cement used, and were later divided into four groups according to the given surface treatments: G1 (hydrofluoric acid (HF)+silane), G2 (silane alone-no heat-treatment), G3 (silane alone-then dried with 60℃ heat-treatment), and G4 (silane alone-then dried with 100℃ heat-treatment). Two different adhesive luting systems were applied onto the ceramic discs in all groups. SBS (in MPa) was calculated from the failure load per bonded area (in N/mm2). Subsequently, one specimen from each group was prepared for SEM evaluation of the separated-resin–ceramic interface. RESULTS SBS values of G1 were significantly higher than those of the other groups in the lithium disilicate ceramic and leucite reinforced ceramic, and the SBS values of G4 and G1 were significantly higher than those of G2 and G3 in glass infiltrated zirconia. The three-way ANOVA revealed that the SBS values were significantly affected by the type of resin cement (P<.001). FIN ceramics had the highest rate of cohesive failure on the ceramic surfaces than other ceramic groups. AFM images showed that the surface treatment groups exhibited similar topographies, except the group treated with HF. CONCLUSION The heat treatment was not sufficient to achieve high SBS values as compared with HF acid etching. The surface topography of ceramics was affected by surface treatments.