Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nash Implementation Using Undominated Strategies

The authors study the problem of implementing social choice correspondences via Nash equilibrium in which no one uses a weakly dominated strategy. The main result is that if there are at least three agents in society, then any correspondence that satisfies no veto power is implementable unless some agents are completely indifferent over all possible outcomes. Many common welfare criteria, such as the Pareto correspondence, and several familiar voting rules satisfy the authors' conditions. This possibility result stands in sharp contrast to the more restrictive findings with implementation in either Nash equilibrium or subgame perfect equilibrium Copyright 1991 by The Econometric Society.
Population Health and Economic Growth: Panel Cointegration Analysis in Sub-Saharan Africa

The economic performance in Sub-Saharan Africa has been unimpressive, particularly in comparison with other developing regions like East Asia. Using a panel data for 30 Sub-Saharan African countries for the period 1970-2010, this study investigates the extent to which the health of the population affects the economic performance in the region. Employing the theoretical model based on an augmented Solow growth model; we estimate the relationship between population health capital and economic growth in SSA using the newly developed panel cointegration econometric strategy. We find that, health status of the population has not significantly driven economic performance. Accounting for the effect of HIV/AIDS, however resulted in a significant negative effect of population health on economic growth. We find further that, the obverse seems rather plausibly the case, as economic growth significantly increases life expectancy in the region. The results suggest that, other factors affecting growth in the region would indirectly improve on the health status of the population of SSA.
The Age-Saving Profile and the Life-Cycle Hypothesis

The life-cycle hypothesis posits that saving is positive for young households and negative for the retired, so that wealth should be hump-shaped. Yet, if one looks at the microeconomic evidence on saving by age, dissaving by the elderly is limited or absent. But the saving measures usually computed on cross-sections or panel data are based on a concept of income that does not take into account the presence of pension arrangements. In fact, disposable income treats pension contributions as taxes, and pension benefits as transfers. But since contributions entitle the payer to receive a pension after retirement, contributions should be regarded as life-cycle saving and hence included back to income. Similarly, pension benefits accruing to the retired do not represent income produced, but a drawing from the pension wealth accumulated up to retirement. We use Italian repeated cross-sectional data from 1984 to 1995 to show the importance of this adjustment for the evaluation of the saving behavior of the elderly.
The Capacity for Wonder: Preserving National Parks

In this work on the preservation of national parks, the author compares the US National Park Service (NPS) and Canadian Parks Service (CPS) and reveals that, although similar in many regards, they have changed their relative priorities in recent years. Lowry shows how increasing conflicts over agency goals and decreasing institutional suport have made the NPS vulnerable and extremely responsive to political pressures. As a result, he argues, American national parks are now managed mainly to serve political purposes. In contrast, CPS has clarified its goals, increased institutional support, and has been able to decentralize its structure and empower its trail-level employees. Canadian parks are thus increasingly managed with preservation as the highest priority. Lowry provides a variety of supporting data, including nearly 100 interviews with park personnel, agency officials, politicians and interested observers in both countries. The book also describes recent challenges - such as rising crime, the pressures of tourism and overcrowding, pollution, eroding funding for environmental research, and the debate over preservation versus utilization - and the abilities of the agencies to deal with them.
The role of psycho-education in improving outcome at a general hospital psychiatry clinic in Uganda.

OBJECTIVE While psychoeducation has been shown to positively affect outcomes in psychiatric disorders, its utility has been little studied in developing countries. The current study sought to examine the role of psychoeducation at a general psychiatric outpatient clinic in Kampala, Uganda in improving clinic attendance, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes. METHOD A prospective case-control study using a quasi-experimental design was conducted in 117 patients suffering various psychiatric disorders. Participants were recruited for two months and then followed for a further three months after recruitment ended. Participants in the intervention group received formalized psychoeducation sessions at each clinic visit in addition to the usual psychiatric evaluation and care. Participants in the control group received the usual clinical care. Measured outcomes were knowledge of mental illness, compliance with medications and follow-up, and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). RESULTS The groups did not differ with respect to sociodemographic characteristics or attendance at scheduled follow-up visits. Both groups significantly improved on the CGI, but with no significant difference between the groups. However, the intervention group was more likely to adhere to medication, and their knowledge of mental illness was significantly higher at follow-up. CONCLUSION These data suggest that psychoeducation is a beneficial mental health intervention in a developing country that may increase compliance with medication and result in greater knowledge of mental illness. However, other factors such as distance from a centralized clinic or cost of treatment may impact outcomes, including attendance at scheduled follow-up visits.
Quality of Work Life: A Review of Literature

The Quality of Work Life (QWL) is a multi-faceted concept, having multi-dimensional constructs brought about by the variation of interest of the researchers and/or its users. The issue of QWL has become critical due to the increasing demands of today’s business environment and of the family structure. This gave rise to an increased interest in QWL not only in business but also for many professions and fields. Determining QWL always involves the interplay between and among the worker, job content, and job context. Furthermore, the determination of the extent of QWL in an organization is a perceptual undertaking. As such, QWL is greatly influenced by the personal characteristics of those who determine it. Measuring the extent by which QWL in an organization is usually done through the level of satisfaction employees experience using a given set of variables that are appropriate and useful in their situation.
The Effects of Critical Habitat Designation on Housing Supply: An Analysis of California Housing Construction Activity

Under the Endangered Species Act, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is required to designate critical habitat for listed species. Designation could result in modification to or delay of residential development projects within habitat boundaries, generating concern over potential housing market impacts. This paper draws upon a large dataset of municipal-level (FIPS) building permit issuances and critical habitat designations in California over a 13-year period to identify changes in the spatial and temporal pattern of development activity associated with critical habitat designation. We find that the proposal of critical habitat results in a 20.5% decrease in the annual supply of housing permits in the short-run and a 32.6% decrease in the long-run. Further, the percent of the FIPS area that is designated as critical habitat significantly affects the number of permits issued. We also find that the impact varies across the two periods in which critical habitat is designated and by the number of years relative to when critical habitat was first proposed.
Is Information Uncertainty Positively or Negatively Associated with Post-Earnings-Announcement Drift?

This study reconciles ostensibly conflicting evidence from prior research about the association between information uncertainty and post-earnings-announcement drift (PEAD). While earlier studies on PEAD imply a positive association between PEAD and future earnings information uncertainty contained in a current earnings announcement, studies using analyst earnings forecast dispersion report a negative association between information uncertainty and PEAD. Although the authors of those studies argue that the negative association is consistent with behavioral finance theories, it is not consistent with the notion that more reliable information improves market efficiency. I argue that the negative association is due to earnings forecast congestion immediately after earnings announcements. Introducing an analyst-based proxy that controls for the forecast congestion, I find a positive association in line with traditional views.
Reduction of flow artifacts in NMR diffusion imaging using view‐angle tilted line‐integral projection reconstruction

Most of the diffusion imaging techniques employ strong diffusion gradient pulses of long duration in order to achieve appreciable signal attenuation through the diffusion effect. However, these strong and long gradient pulses make the resultant images extremely sensitive to the motion or flow of the object. Fourier imaging, with which most of the current NMR imaging is performed, is especially sensitive to the fluctuating flow and the images are usually obscured by severe flow artifacts smeared in the phase‐encoding direction. In this paper, we have proposed a diffusion imaging technique which reduces the flow artifacts by use of the line‐integral projection reconstruction (LPR) imaging method. Furthermore, the inhomogeneity artifacts expected to occur in LPR imaging have been corrected by application of the view‐angle tilting technique. The pulse sequence of the view‐angle tilted LPR diffusion imaging is designed in such a way that it works for both isotropic and anisotropic diffusion. Experimental results are presented along with the experimental procedures. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
The Wind of the Hundred Days: How Washington Mismanaged Globalization

In The Wind of the Hundred Days, a new collection of public policy essays, Jagdish Bhagwati applies his characteristic wit and accessible style to the subject of globalization. Notably, he argues that the true Clinton scandal lay in the administration's mismanagement of globalization -- resulting in the paradox of immense domestic policy success combined with dramatic failure on the external front. Bhagwati assigns the bulk of the blame for the East Asian financial and economic crisis -- a disaster that prompts him to use as his title the poet Octavio Paz's image of devastation "I met the wind of the hundred days" -- to the administration's hasty push for financial liberalization in the region.The administration, Bhagwati claims, has also mishandled the freeing of trade. The administration-hosted WTO meeting in Seattle ended in chaos and the launch of a new round of multilateral trade negotiations was dashed. Bhagwati shows how the administration's failure to get Congress to renew fast-track authority can be attributed to an unimaginative response to the demands of a growing civil society. In several essays, he shows how free trade and social agendas both could have been pursued successfully if the concerns of human-rights, environmental, cultural, and labor activists had been met through creative programs at appropriate international agencies such as the International Labour Organization instead of the WTO and via trade treaties. Bhagwati also criticizes the claim that "globalization needs a human face," arguing that it already has one. He faults the administration for embracing unsubstantiated anti-globalization rhetoric that has made its own preferred option of pursuing globalization that much more difficult.
Venture Capitalist Monitoring: Evidence from Governance Structures

We examine the impact of venture capitalist (VC) involvement, quality and exit on corporate governance structures at the time of and subsequent to an initial public offering (IPO). Venture capital backed firms utilize governance structures with greater levels of monitoring at the time of an IPO compared to non-backed firms, but this difference begins to dissipate over time. While short-lived, IPOs backed by high quality VCs have greater overall monitoring levels than those IPOs backed by low quality VCs. IPOs backed by high quality VCs use significantly more equity-based compensation than their low quality counterparts. Finally, the exit of a VC materially alters the governance structure of firms. Measures of governance decline following the departure of a venture capital firm. Overall, the presence of a venture capitalist affects governance structures of firms both at the IPO and through the early years as public firms.
Technological Change and Market Structure: An Empirical Study

It has long been recognized that technological change is one of the major forces influencing an industry's market structure. Karl Marx stressed this fact over a century ago. Like Marx, many economists, including Arthur Burns (1936) and John Kenneth Galbraith (1967), have been convinced that technological change tends to increase plant sizes and the level of industrial concentration. Others, like John Blair (1972), have argued that, although such a trend existed in the past, it has been reversed since World War II because of a fundamental change in the nature of technological advance whereby centralizing technologies have been displaced and superceded by decentralizing technologies. In recent years, there has been a revival of interest in the effects of technological change on market structure. Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter (1978) have formulated a computer model and Richard Levin (1980) has estimated an econometric model, both aimed at representing these effects. In general, these models seem to suggest that a relatively rapid rate of technological change in a particular industry is likely to result in a relatively high level of concentration. However, these authors are careful to point out that their results are preliminary and tentative. Although the effects of technological change on market structure are of fundamental importance to both economic analysis and public policy, it is surprising how little systematic study has been devoted to them. We know little or nothing about the effects of the various process and product innovations that have occurred in recent years in various industries. And we have very little information concerning the relationship between the rate of technological change in a particular industry and the changes in the industry's market structure. My purpose in this paper is to try to begin filling these notable gaps.
Cognitive Load and the Functional Field of View

In an experiment that kept visual display factors constant but which varied cognitive load, it was found that cognitive load modulated the functional field of view. When given a high level of foveal (cognitive) load, the functional field of view was only about 2 deg in diameter, whereas a low level of foveal load resulted in a functional field of about 4 deg diameter. The shrinkage of the functional field appeared to be rather generalized and not a true tunnelvision effect.
Policy assemblages: proposing an alternative conceptual framework to study public action

This paper looks to propose an alternative conceptual framework that could help policy studies to better capture the complexity and multifaceted character of contemporary policy processes. Mixing science and technology studies with critical policy studies, it sees policies as assemblages formed by an ample array of heterogeneous elements, from technical standards to everyday practices. Three major configurations of policy assemblages are explored: problematization (when an issue is turned into a matter of policy), infrastructuration (when a new infrastructure is organized trying to transform the issue at hand), and regime (when the infrastructure is put to work). In order to explore the empirical applicability of this conceptualization, the second half of the paper analyses one particular case: the introduction of ramps for wheelchair access in public transport buses in the city of Santiago, Chile. This case study will show how policies are never the pure application of rational guidelines or the result of powerful individuals but multifaceted processes in which a multitude of entities, all of them carrying different agencies, intervene and are continually reenacted, changing the policy's outcome in accordance with the presence/absence of certain articulations and practices.
Low-frequency rTMS of the vertex in the prophylactic treatment of migraine

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) increases and low-frequency rTMS decreases neural excitability. Clinically, rTMS shows beneficial effects in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, chronic and neuropathic pain has been shown to respond to rTMS treatment. A small pilot study revealed prophylactic effects of high-frequency rTMS in migraine. As there is evidence of neuronal hyperexcitability in migraine, we conducted a placebo-controlled, blinded study to evaluate the therapeutic effects of low-frequency rTMS in migraine. The primary end-point was defined as a reduction of migraine attacks compared with placebo, secondary outcomes were a reduction in the total number of days with headache, hours with headache, pain intensity and a decrease of analgesic intake for migraine. Twenty-seven migraineurs completed the study and were treated with rTMS on five consecutive days. For the verum group, two trains of 500 pulses with a frequency of 1 Hz were applied over vertex with a round coil. For the treatment of the placebo group, a figure-of-eight sham coil was used. A significant decrease of migraine attacks could be observed in the verum group. However, when comparing these effects with placebo, no significance was evident. The same was true concerning secondary outcome measures with regard to days with migraine and total hours with migraine. No effects were evident for pain intensity and use of analgesics. The rTMS treatment was tolerated well. rTMS stimulation over vertex with 1 Hz was not effective in migraine prophylaxis when compared with placebo. The positive effects regarding migraine attacks, days and total hours with migraine in the verum group are encouraging and indicate that further research on this topic is warranted.
Consumers' purchasing and store switching intentions in respect of eco-marked products

The aim of this paper is to study consumers' buying behaviours towards certified eco-friendly food and to estimate their willingness to buy this food. It also examines the role of the retailer to replace the certification and to add value by analysing the consumer's 'willingness to switch store' in order to purchase a certified product. Results indicate that consumers' intentions to purchase eco-certified food depend on the level of awareness about production conditions, the eco-mark experience and credence attribute associations, occupation and household income. Therefore, the eco-mark and the most preferred retailer could add value for customers. A methodological insight is that when the consumer's decisions for eco-friendly products are analysed, the distinction of eco-mark representations in three different attribute associations improves the explaining capacity of the consumer's decision model.
Engineering Growth: Business Group Structure and Firm Performance in China's Transition Economy1

Business groups have received increasing attention from academics interested in interorganizational relations and their impact on firms. As part of industrial reform, the Chinese government began in the mid‐1980s to encourage firms to form business groups with structural characteristics that promised to enhance financial performance and productivity. Using 1988‐90 panel data on China's 40 largest business groups and their 535 member firms, the study finds that the presence and predominance of interlocking directorates and finance companies in business groups improved the financial performance and productivity of the groups' member firms. In addition, firms in groups with nonhierarchical organizational structures performed better than firms in hierarchical groups, suggesting that complete integration into a hierarchical organization is not an optimal strategy.
Market-related reforms and increased energy efficiency in transition countries: empirical evidence

Energy efficiency improvement is a desirable response to growing climate change and security of energy supply concerns. This article studies the impacts of a varied set of macro-level market-oriented reforms as well as structural change on economy-wide measure of energy efficiency across a group of the transition countries. These countries experienced a rapid marketization process, which, since the early 1990s, transformed their economies from central planning towards market-driven models. We use a bias-corrected fixed-effect analysis technique to estimate this effect for the period 1990 to 2010. The results suggest that reforms aimed at market liberalization, financial sector and most infrastructure industries drove energy efficiency improvements. We find significant differences in improvements in energy efficiency between transitional Central European and Baltic States, South East Europe ones and the Commonwealth of Independent States. The reasons for these differences are also discussed.
Development of Business Culture in a Newly Market Economy

Abstract This paper investigates three distinct models of business culture found in present-day Russia: the state-oriented “bureaucratic entrepreneurship,” the black-market-oriented “predatory entrepreneurship,” and global-market-oriented “competitive entrepreneurship. ” Using the results of an exploratory survey of cultural values of 450 Russian managers conducted in the framework of the multi-national project GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Research Program), we consider the relative strength of these models at present and possible future changes. We find that respondents' perception of the current business environment in Russia best fits bureaucratic and predatory models of entrepreneurship. At the same time, competitive entrepreneurship is generally viewed as a more desirable model for the future. Based on these findings the paper offers some practical recommendations to Western entrepreneurs and managers doing business in Russia.
The Determinants of the Voting Premium in Italy: The Evidence from 1974 to 2003

We examine the voting premium in Italy in the period 1974 to 2003, when it ranged from 1% to 100%. At firm level, the measure of the price differential between voting and non-voting stocks cannot be fully explained without taking into account the effect of the largest shareholder's identity. Family-controlled firms have higher voting premiums, especially when the family owns a large stake in the company's voting equity and the founder is the firm's CEO and/or Chairman. We explain this result by showing that families attach greater importance to control and are more prone than other types of controlling shareholders to expropriate the non-voting class of shareholders.