Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parallel bounded analysis in code with rich invariants by refinement of field bounds

In this article we present a novel technique for automated parallel bug-finding based on the sequential analysis tool TACO. TACO is a tool based on SAT-solving for efficient bug-finding in Java code with rich class invariants. It prunes the SAT-solver's search space by introducing precise symmetry-breaking predicates and bounding the relational semantics of Java class fields. The bounds computed by TACO generally include a substantial amount of nondeterminism; its reduction allows us to split the original analysis into disjoint subproblems. We discuss the soundness and completeness of the decomposition. Furthermore, we present experimental results showing that MUCHO-TACO, our tool which implements this technique, yields significant speed-ups over TACO on commodity cluster hardware.
Limbs in whales and limblessness in other vertebrates: mechanisms of evolutionary and developmental transformation and loss

SUMMARY We address the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying fore‐ and hindlimb development and progressive hindlimb reduction and skeletal loss in whales and evaluate whether the genetic, developmental, and evolutionary mechanisms thought to be responsible for limb loss in snakes “explain” loss of the hindlimbs in whales. Limb loss and concurrent morphological and physiological changes associated with the transition from land to water are discussed within the context of the current whale phylogeny. Emphasis is placed on fore‐ and hindlimb development, how the forelimbs transformed into flippers, and how the hindlimbs regressed, leaving either no elements or vestigial skeletal elements. Hindlimbs likely began to regress only after the ancestors of whales entered the aquatic environment: Hindlimb function was co‐opted by the undulatory vertical axial locomotion made possible by the newly evolved caudal flukes. Loss of the hindlimbs was associated with elongation of the body during the transition from land to water. Limblessness in most snakes is also associated with adoption of a new (burrowing) lifestyle and was driven by developmental changes associated with elongation of the body. Parallels between adaptation to burrowing or to the aquatic environment reflect structural and functional changes associated with the switch to axial locomotion. Because they are more fully studied and to determine whether hindlimb loss in lineages that are not closely related could result from similar genetically controlled developmental pathways, we discuss developmental (cellular and genetic) processes that may have driven limb loss in snakes and leg‐less lizards and compare these processes to the loss of hindlimbs in whales. In neither group does ontogenetic or phylogenetic limb reduction result from failure to initiate limb development. In both groups limb loss results from arrested development at the limb bud stage, as a result of inability to maintain necessary inductive tissue interactions and enhanced cell death over that seen in limbed tetrapods. An evolutionary change in Hox gene expression—as occurs in snakes—or in Hox gene regulation—as occurs in some limb‐less mutants—is unlikely to have initiated loss of the hindlimbs in cetaceans. Selective pressures acting on a wide range of developmental processes and adult traits other than the limbs are likely to have driven the loss of hindlimbs in whales.
Interobserver variability of ultrasound elastography: how it affects the diagnosis of breast lesions.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to evaluate the interobserver variability of elastography on real-time ultrasound and how it influences the agreement of final assessment on ultrasound. SUBJECTS AND METHODS From April to May 2009, 65 breast lesions of 53 patients (mean age, 42.6 years; range, 18-72 years) who underwent ultrasound-guided core biopsy were included in this study. Ultrasound and elastography images of the lesion subjected to biopsy were obtained and prospectively analyzed by three radiologists with individual real-time image scanning prior to biopsy. Each radiologist recorded final ultrasound BI-RADS assessments using ultrasound and combined ultrasound and elastography and the fat-to-lesion ratio and elasticity score. The histopathologic results obtained from ultrasound-guided core biopsy or excision were used as the reference standard. Diagnostic performances and interobserver agreement were analyzed. RESULTS Of the 65 lesions, 43 (66.2%) were benign, and 22 (33.8%) were malignant. Specificity (20.2-33.3%), positive predictive value (38.7-45.1%), and accuracy (46.7-55.4%) were significantly improved in combined ultrasound and elastography (p < 0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) values for all three performers did not show significant differences in ultrasound (AUC, 0.959) and combined ultrasound and elastography (AUC, 0.957) (p = 0.92). Interobserver agreement was not improved with combined ultrasound and elastography (κ = 0.25) in comparison to ultrasound only (κ = 0.37). Interobserver agreement of real-time elastography was fair in both fat-to-lesion ratio (intraclass correlation coefficient score, 0.25) and elasticity score (κ = 0.28). Moderate agreement (κ = 0.46) was seen with static elastography. CONCLUSION Elastography improves the specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of ultrasound. However, significant interobserver variability exists, with real-time elastographic performance showing fair agreement.
The Visitors Behavioral Consequences of Experiential Marketing

Abstract The progression of economic value has advanced to the stage of experience economy nowadays. Firms have recognized that the establishment of desirable experiential environment is an essential source of competitive advantage which is difficult to be imitated and substituted. The purpose of this study is to examine whether experiences of experiential marketing have positive effects on the consequent visitors' behaviors. A mean of self-administrative questionnaire on the visitors of Taipei Zoo which is suffused with various experiential marketing stimuli was employed to examine our conceptual framework. The results show that experiences of experiential marketing have positive effects on the emotion. Furthermore, the emotion also has a positive effect on the behavioral intention through the mechanism of satisfaction. This study also proposes some managerial implications and further research directions within this article.
From Cocktail Parties to Conference Rooms: Using Human Audition to Improve Collaborative Work KMDI 1001 Assignment One

A connector for fibre optic cable includes a housing having a plurality of female connectors therein. A multi-fibre optic cable has an end extending into the housing. Each of the fibres of the multi-fibre optic cable terminate at a respective one of the female connectors. Adhesive encases the fibres of the multi-fibre optic cable within the housing to inhibit movement thereof. A method of forming a multi-connection connector for a multi-fibre optic cable and an adapter for optically coupling a pair of optic fibres are also disclosed.
FOURIER ANALYSIS OF GMRES ( m ) PRECONDITIONED BY MULTIGRID

This paper deals with convergence estimates of GMRES(m) [Saad and Schultz, SIAM J. Sci. Statist. Comput. , 7 (1986), pp. 856–869] preconditioned by multigrid [Brandt, Math. Comp., 31 (1977), pp. 333–390], [Hackbusch, Multi-Grid Methods and Applications, Springer, Berlin, 1985]. Fourier analysis is a well-known and useful tool in the multigrid community for the prediction of two-grid convergence rates [Brandt, Math. Comp., 31 (1977), pp. 333–390], [Stüben and Trottenberg, in Multigrid Methods, Lecture Notes in Math. 960, K. Stüben and U. Trottenberg, eds., Springer, Berlin, pp. 1–176]. This analysis is generalized here to the situation in which multigrid is a preconditioner, since it is possible to obtain the whole spectrum of the two-grid iteration matrix. A preconditioned Krylov subspace acceleration method like GMRES(m) implicitly builds up a minimal residual polynomial. The determination of the polynomial coefficients is easily possible and can be done explicitly since, from Fourier analysis, a simple block-diagonal two-grid iteration matrix results. Based on the GMRES(m) polynomial, sharp theoretical convergence estimates can be obtained which are compared with estimates based on the spectrum of the iteration matrix. Several numerical scalar test problems are computed in order to validate the theoretical predictions.
TAC-GAN - Text Conditioned Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network

In this work, we present the Text Conditioned Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network, (TAC-GAN) a text to image Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for synthesizing images from their text descriptions. Former approaches have tried to condition the generative process on the textual data; but allying it to the usage of class information, known to diversify the generated samples and improve their structural coherence, has not been explored. We trained the presented TAC-GAN model on the Oxford-102 dataset of flowers, and evaluated the discriminability of the generated images with Inception-Score, as well as their diversity using the Multi-Scale Structural Similarity Index (MS-SSIM). Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art models, i.e., its inception score is 3.45, corresponding to a relative increase of 7.8% compared to the recently introduced StackGan. A comparison of the mean MS-SSIM scores of the training and generated samples per class shows that our approach is able to generate highly diverse images with an average MS-SSIM of 0.14 over all generated classes.
PLASMA AND ATRIAL PROPRANOLOL AFTER PRE-OPERATIVE WITHDRAWAL

Of 34 patients scheduled for aortocoronary bypass operations who were withdrawn from chronic propranolol therapy between 18 and 48 hours before anesthesia and operation, propranolol was detected in the plasma of nine and in atrial tissue of five patients. Higher plasma levels were associated with higher propranolol intake and with shorter time of withdrawal. In 15 patients withdrawn preoperatively from propranolol the heart rate and blood pressure response to 3 &mgr;g isoproterenol was not significantly different from the response of similar patients who had received no propranolol. In contrast to the response of healthy subjects, most patients with coronary artery disease responded to isoproterenol with a decrease in systolic blood pressure. Plasma propranolol levels after a 0.5 mg bolus given intravenously during operation produced a peak level of 40 ng/ml in one minute and disappeared in five minutes. These studies suggest that no beta blockade persists 18 hours after acute preoperative withdrawal of propranolol in patients taking up to 300 mg per day for control of angina. In view of the reported hazards of abrupt withdrawal of propranolol before operation and the reported usefulness of propranolol in treating tachyarrhythmias during operation, we suggest that early preoperative withdrawal of propranolol may be more hazardous than its continuation before coronary bypass operations.
Acceleration of evolutionary spread by long-range dispersal

Significance Pathogens, invasive species, rumors, or innovations spread much more quickly around the world nowadays than in previous centuries. The speedup is caused by more frequent long-range dispersal, for example via air traffic. These jumps are crucial because they can generate satellite “outbreaks” at many distant locations, thus rapidly increasing the total rate of spread. We present a simple intuitive argument that captures the resulting spreading patterns. We show that even rare long-range jumps can transform the spread of simple epidemics from wave-like to a very fast type of “metastatic” growth. More generally, our approach can be used to describe how new evolutionary variants spread and thus improves our predictive understanding of the speed of Darwinian adaptation. The spreading of evolutionary novelties across populations is the central element of adaptation. Unless populations are well mixed (like bacteria in a shaken test tube), the spreading dynamics depend not only on fitness differences but also on the dispersal behavior of the species. Spreading at a constant speed is generally predicted when dispersal is sufficiently short ranged, specifically when the dispersal kernel falls off exponentially or faster. However, the case of long-range dispersal is unresolved: Although it is clear that even rare long-range jumps can lead to a drastic speedup—as air-traffic–mediated epidemics show—it has been difficult to quantify the ensuing stochastic dynamical process. However, such knowledge is indispensable for a predictive understanding of many spreading processes in natural populations. We present a simple iterative scaling approximation supported by simulations and rigorous bounds that accurately predicts evolutionary spread, which is determined by a trade-off between frequency and potential effectiveness of long-distance jumps. In contrast to the exponential laws predicted by deterministic “mean-field” approximations, we show that the asymptotic spatial growth is according to either a power law or a stretched exponential, depending on the tails of the dispersal kernel. More importantly, we provide a full time-dependent description of the convergence to the asymptotic behavior, which can be anomalously slow and is relevant even for long times. Our results also apply to spreading dynamics on networks with a spectrum of long-range links under certain conditions on the probabilities of long-distance travel: These are relevant for the spread of epidemics.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Financial Risk Preference between Chinese and American College Students

Generally, people can easily get an impression that Chinese people are very conservative in making monetary decisions. Empirical evidence shows that China’s saving rate is one of the highest in the world. However, are Chinese people really more risk-averse than Americans? Contradicted to the traditional stereotype, the Cushion Hypothesis suggests that people in collectivist culture, such as China, are likely to be more risk-seeking in making financial decisions. Because the closer social networks in such society serve as the “cushions” if they fall. The goal of this thesis is to investigate whether there are cross-cultural differences in financial risk preference between Chinese and American college students. If so, what role does culture play in influencing people’s risk preference? By using basic statistical tools, this study found that Chinese students were significantly more collectivistic and risk-seeking than American students and there was a positive relationship between collectivism and risk-seeking preference.
A Simple Method for the Detection of Long-Chain Fatty Acids in an Anaerobic Digestate Using a Quartz Crystal Sensor

In anaerobic digestion (AD), long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) produced by hydrolysis of lipids, exhibit toxicity against microorganisms when their concentration exceeds several millimolar. An absorption detection system using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was developed to monitor the LCFA concentration during an anaerobic digester’s operation treating oily organic waste. The dissociation of the LCFAs considerably improved the sensor response and, moreover, enabled it to specifically detect LCFA from the mixture of LCFA and triglyceride. Under alkaline conditions, the frequency-shift rates of the QCM sensor linearly increased in accordance with palmitic acid concentration in the range of 0–100 mg/L. Frequency changes caused by anaerobic digestate samples were successfully measured after removing suspended solids and adjusting the pH to 10.7. Finally, the QCM measurements for digestate samples demonstrated that frequency-shift rates are highly correlated with LCFA concentrations, which confirmed that the newly developed QCM sensor is helpful for LCFA monitoring in terms of rapidness and usability.
Crowdsourcing education on the Web: a role-based analysis of online learning communities

Learning online has significantly evolved over the past decade due to the emergence of Web 2.0 and 3.0 technologies that facilitate social learning in adaptive online environments. The open content movement and the associated techniques of crowdsourcing (i.e. assimilating several small contributions into resources of high quality) have further influenced education on the Web. This chapter investigates the concept of crowdsourcing in education through an analysis of case studies dealing with two open online learning communities, Peer 2 Peer University, and PlanetMath.org. The case studies proceed via an analysis of the various roles played by the individuals involved in each organization. The outcomes of this analysis are used to extract general recommendations for building online communities and applying crowdsourcing techniques in educational contexts. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0300-4.ch015
Dyadic Data Analysis

Basic Definitions and Overview. The Measurement of Nonindependence. Analyzing Between- and Within-Dyads Independent Variables. Using Multilevel Modeling to Study Dyads. Using Structural Equation Modeling to Study Dyads. Tests of Correlational Structure and Differential Variance. Analyzing Mixed Independent Variables: The Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. Social Relations Designs with Indistinguishable Members. Social Relations Designs with Roles. One-with-Many Designs. Social Network Analysis. Dyadic Indexes. Over-Time Analyses: Interval Outcomes. Over-Time Analyses: Dichotomous Outcomes. Concluding Comments.
Does the Theory of Irreversible Investments Help Explain Movements in Office–Commercial Construction?

Focusing on the relevance of the modern investment theory in explaining movements in office-commercial construction, we attempt to advance existing empirical work in two respects. First, building on recent theoretical advances, we offer an extended empirical model of new construction that takes into account the full opportunity cost of irreversible investments in uncertain environments. Second, using updated time series of office-commercial construction across the nation's largest markets, we empirically estimate such a model to (i) explore investment behavior during 1982-1998 and (ii) detect differences, if any, in such behavior between the pre- and post-recession years. Our empirical findings are fully consistent with the theory of irreversible investments. Such findings highlight both the relevance and the relative importance of uncertainty in underlying demand factors in shaping movements in office-commercial construction, while pointing altogether to more cautionary investment behavior during the post-recession years. Copyright American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association.
How friends and non-determinism affect opinion dynamics

The Hegselmann-Krause system (HK system for short) is one of the most popular models for the dynamics of opinion formation in multiagent systems. Agents are modeled as points in opinion space, and at every time step, each agent moves to the mass center of all the agents within unit distance. The rate of convergence of HK systems has been the subject of several recent works. In this work, we investigate two natural variations of the HK system and their effect on the dynamics. In the first variation, we only allow pairs of agents who are friends in an underlying undirected social network to communicate with each other; moreover, the social network may itself be dynamic. In the second variation, agents may not move exactly to the mass center but somewhere close to it. The dynamics of both variants are qualitatively very different from that of the classical HK system. Nevertheless, we prove that, for any fixed ε > 0, both these systems make only a polynomial number of steps in which two agents separated by distance at least ε interact with each other, regardless of the social network in the first variant and with only a bound on the noise in the second.
ANALISA PENGARUH MOTIVASI BERWIRAUSAHA DAN INOVASI PRODUK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN USAHA KERAJINAN GERABAH DI LOMBOK BARAT

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui bagaimanakah motivasi berwirausaha, inovasi produk, pertumbuhan usaha kerajinan gerabah di Lombok Barat, dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung motivasi berwirausaha terhadap pertumbuhan usaha dan pengaruh tidak langsung motivasi terhadap pertumbuhan usaha dengan melalui inovasi produk. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskripstif dan asosiatif kausal. Pengumpulan sampel dengan menyebarkan kuesioner, menggunakan metode probability sampling dengan teknik simple random sampling kepada 91 responden wirausaha yang bergerak dibidang industri kerajinan gerabah. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah Path Analysis dengan bantuan software SPSS versi 20 dengan alpha sebesar 5%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa motivasi berwirausaha berpengaruh langsung terhadap pertumbuhan usaha. Namun, tidak terdapat pengaruh tidak langsung antara motivasi berwirausaha terhadap pertumbuhan usaha melalui inovasi produk. Koefisien determinasi dalam model penelitian ini adalah sebesar 74,7%.
A beetle-inspired solution for underwater adhesion

Glue-free reversible adhesion was achieved underwater using a beetle-inspired mushroom-shaped fibrillar microstructure. Structured surfaces reveal a 25% increase in pull-off force when immersed in water and their underwater attachment is 20 times more effective than that of flat surfaces. The van der Waals interaction that underlies the adhesion of the mushroom-shaped fibrillar microstructure is significantly enhanced by a suction effect when underwater. This results in a higher adhesive capability of the material, with potential in medicine, bio- and marine technologies and a range of applications in liquid-dominated environments.
The Validity and Reliability of OFSTED Judgements of the Quality of Secondary Mathematics Initial Teacher Education Courses

The inspection by OFSTED's Initial Teacher Education and Training (ITET) team of courses of initial teacher education is high stakes. An unsatisfactory report can lead to course closure. Even a satisfactory report can lead to reductions in quota resulting in a spiral of decline in course viability. The high stakes nature of the inspection means that there has to be complete confidence in the level of validity and reliability of the inspection process. This paper presents an analysis of the complete cohort of published inspection reports of providers of secondary mathematics initial teacher education Post-graduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) courses carried out by the OFSTED ITET team in the period 1996-1998. The analysis demonstrates that there is considerable variation in the reports in terms of word length, how particular criteria seem to be applied and how judgements are expressed. With the complexity of the framework for inspection it is impossible, given the current model of inspection report, to properly distinguish between consistency of application and the loading given to any particular criterion. Attention to the transparency of the inspection process and to matters of validity and reliability is crucial if there is to be confidence in the inspection system.