Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of Mug Book Size and Computerized Pruning on the Usefulness of Dynamic Mug Book Procedures

The usefulness of dynamic mug books with larger sets of mug shots was explored in experiment 1. Participants viewed a videotaped crime and attempted an identification from either a dynamic mug book (computerized video clips could be chosen) or a static mug book. The perpetrator appeared in one of three positions - 70, 140, or 210. When the perpetrator and the 69 preceding foils appeared in positions 1-70, correct identifications and false positives were higher than for later positions. Dynamic information usage decreased so dramatically for the later positions that it was argued that dynamic mug books should be used only when the number of pictures could be pruned. Experiment 2 explored the usefulness of pruning dynamic mug books. Identifications were attempted in mug books that contained either 69 pictures pruned by a computer facial-recognition algorithm for their similarity to the perpetrator, or a random selection of 69 pictures. As in past research, the dynamic mug book reduced false positives; however, in contrast to past research, similarity of mug book pictures as defined by the algorithm did not affect mug book performance. Experiment 3 tested the relationship between the computer facial-recognition algorithm similarity ratings used in experiment 2 with human similarity judgments. No relationship was found between human and computer ratings of similarity.
Availability of related donors for bone marrow transplantation in sickle cell anemia.

PURPOSE To determine who might qualify for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), we reviewed the medical records of all 143 patients with sickle cell anemia under the age of 16 years who were registered at our center. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 135 records were complete and were used to estimate donor availability and disease severity. The mean number of siblings per patient was two, but this number decreased to 0.73 if half-siblings and siblings who had sickle cell anemia were excluded. Probability calculations indicated that a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling donor would be available for only 18% of patients with sickle cell disease. RESULTS With regard to clinical severity, if only stroke and chronic debilitating pain are considered criteria for bone marrow transplantation, only 16% of sickle cell patients would qualify, but with use of the broader criteria of the National Collaborative Study, 38% of patients would qualify. However, not all parents will consent to have bone marrow transplantation for their child, and only a minority of patients (18%) will have an HLA-matched sibling donor. Thus, as few as 1-2% of the total population of children with sickle cell anemia will ultimately qualify for marrow transplantation. Increasing the number who can undergo transplantation will require increasing the size of the donor pool. CONCLUSIONS Search for other therapies not based on marrow transplantation should continue. For the majority of patients with sickle cell disease, these nontransplant treatments offer the best chance for enabling patients to achieve greater longevity and a better quality of life.
Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella enterica serotype Stanley isolates in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Salmonella enterica serotype Stanley became the third most common non-typhoidal Salmonella serotype among human isolates in 2004. The present study was conducted to gain further understanding of the epidemiology and antimicrobial suseptibility of S. Stanley. METHODS A total of 20 culture-confirmed cases were retrieved from the Center for Disease Control collection and analyzed. Clinical features and demographic data of the cases were analyzed. Laboratory investigation of the isolates included antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Ceftriaxone-non-susceptible isolates were further examined by polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and Southern blot hybridization. RESULTS The cases studied were distributed widely across Taiwan, suggesting that the infection was an island-wide problem. S. Stanley predominantly caused infections in patients under the age of 5 years (75%). The most common type of illness was uncomplicated enterocolitis. Molecular typing showed 1 predominant genotype with 5 subtypes among these isolates. Antimicrobial resistance to ampicillin (75%), chloramphenicol (95%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (95%) was common. Two isolates expressed non-susceptibility to ceftriaxone, and a bla(CMY-2) gene was identified on an 80-kb plasmid in both isolates. CONCLUSION The increase in S. Stanley infections may be associated with the spread of an epidemic clone, although this requires further epidemiological surveillance. In view of the high rate of antimicrobial resistance, especially the emergence of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, continued surveillance of the infections caused by this bacterium should be undertaken.
A Horn Analysis of the Factors Measured by the WAIS-R, Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), and Two New Brief Cognitive Measures for Normal Adolescents and Adults

Data obtained on 255 normal individuals, ages 16-83, were factor analyzed. Variables included subtests from the WAIS-R, KAIT, and two new brief cognitive measures (K-FAST, K-SNAP). Four factors emerged that were interpreted from Horn's theory of intelligence: Crystallized (Gc), Fluid (Gf), Short-term Acquisition and Retrieval (SAR), and a blend of Broad Visualization (Gv) and Fluid. Results were interpreted in the context of previous Horn analyses of the KAIT and Wechsler's scales, with particular attention paid to the question of whether the WAIS-R Performance Scale measures fluid intelligence or whether it is primarily a measure of Gv, as some researchers contend.
Enhanced Efficacy of Tumor Cell Vaccines Transfected with Secretable hsp70

Tumor immunotherapy has exploited the ability of heat shock proteins to chaperone precursors of antigenic peptides to antigen-presenting cells and to activate efficiently an immune response against tumor-associated antigens. The most common strategy is based on the purification of heat shock protein-peptide complexes from tumor cell lines or from tumor surgical samples for in vivo administration. In this article, we have modified the murine-inducible hsp70 into a secreted protein and engineered tumor cells to secrete constitutively their antigenic repertoire associated with the hsp70 protein. In vitro studies showed that the relocalization of hsp70 from the cytoplasm to the secretory pathway did not modify the ability of hsp70 to interact with peptides derived either from natural tumor-associated antigens or model antigens, and that antigen-presenting cells specifically took up the secreted hsp70 and presented the chaperoned epitopes to T cells. In vivo studies showed that tumors secreting hsp70 displayed increased immunogenicity, with induction of a strong and specific CTL response. Mice injected with hsp70-secreting tumors showed increased survival and impaired tumor take compared with mice bearing parental tumors. More than 70% of mice rejected tumor cells secreting hsp70 through mechanisms that involve T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, with the induction of a memory response in the case of T lymphocytes. Moreover, hsp70 secretion increased the immunogenic potential of tumor cell vaccines.
Artifact Evaluation in Information Systems Design-Science Research - a Holistic View

Design science in Information Systems (IS) research pertains to the creation of artifacts to solve reallife problems. Research on IS artifact evaluation remains at an early stage. In the design-science research literature, evaluation criteria are presented in a fragmented or incomplete manner. This paper addresses the following research questions: which criteria are proposed in the literature to evaluate IS artifacts? Which ones are actually used in published research? How can we structure these criteria? Finally, which evaluation methods emerge as generic means to assess IS artifacts? The artifact resulting from our research comprises three main components: a hierarchy of evaluation criteria for IS artifacts organized according to the dimensions of a system (goal, environment, structure, activity, and evolution), a model providing a high-level abstraction of evaluation methods, and finally, a set of generic evaluation methods which are instantiations of this model. These methods result from an inductive study of twenty-six recently published papers.
Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of northern Italy: The dionysos study

Data on the prevalence of chronic liver disease, derived from selected series of hospitalized patients or from mortality registers, underestimate the prevalence of chronic liver disease. The Dionysos Study is a cohort study that investigated for the first time the prevalence of chronic liver disease in a general population. All the citizens of two towns in northern Italy, Campogalliano and Cormons, aged 12 to 65 yr were contacted by letter. From March 1991 through March 1993, 6,917 of a total of 10,150 citizens were enrolled (compliance, 69%). The standardized protocol for each enrollee included (a) a color‐illustrated food questionnaire on dietary habits and alcohol intake; (b) a detailed medical history, including questions on risk factors for chronic liver disease; (c) a physical examination; and (d) blood tests for AST, ALT, γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase, mean cell volume, platelet count and hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus markers. Signs suggestive of chronic liver disease were seen in 21.3% of the subjects, and who then underwent further liver function tests, upper abdominal ultrasonography and, when necessary, liver biopsy. Persistent signs of chronic liver disease were present in 17.5% of the subjects, including 1.1% with cirrhosis and 0.07% with hepatocellular carcinoma. The prevalence rates of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus positivity (second‐generation enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) were 1.3% and 3.2%, respectively. Alcohol abuse was the etiological agent in 23%. Other factors which predisposed subjects to chronic liver disease were age older than 35 yr, male sex, body mass index higher than 27, history of blood transfusion, drug addiction and presence of chronic liver disease in the subject's family. Cirrhosis was due to hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus in 37%, and alcohol was the cause in 26%. In those subjects with alcohol abuse, viral infection, especially hepatitis C virus, played an important role in the deterioration of chronic liver disease and its progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. We conclude that the Dionysos study, the first study of the prevalence of chronic liver disease in a general population of northern Italy, found a much higher prevalence of chronic liver disease than reported previously in selected populations from Western countries. Hepatitis viral infections and alcoholism were the most important causative agents. (Hepatology 1994;20:1442–1449).
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Phosphorylates and Regulates the HIV-1 Vif Protein*

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif protein plays a critical role in virus replication and infectivity. Here we show that Vif is phosphorylated and regulated by p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Vif phosphorylation by MAPK was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivoand was shown to occur on serine and threonine residues. Two-dimensional tryptic phosphopeptide mapping indicated that Vif is phosphorylated by MAPK on the same sites in vitro andin vivo. Radioactive peptide sequencing identified two phosphorylation sites, Thr96 and Ser165. These phosphorylation sites do not correspond to the known optimum consensus sequences for phosphorylation by MAPK (PX(S/T)P) nor to the minimum consensus sequence ((S/T)P), indicating that MAPK can phosphorylate proteins at sites other than those containing the PX(S/T)P or (S/T)P motifs. Synthetic Vif peptides corresponding to the local sequences of the phosphorylation sites were not phosphorylated by MAPK, suggesting that recognition of these sites by MAPK is likely to require structural determinants outside the phosphorylation site. Mutations of the Thr96 site, which is conserved among Vif sequences from HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, resulted in significant loss of Vif activity and inhibition of HIV-1 replication. These results suggest that MAPK plays a direct role in regulating HIV-1 replication and infectivity by phosphorylating Vif and identify a novel mechanism for activation of HIV-1 replication by mitogens and other extracellular stimuli.
Handbook of psychotherapy supervision

Partial table of contents: CONCEPTUAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS. Defining Psychotherapy Supervision and Understanding Supervisor Functioning (C. Watkins). APPROACHES TO PSYCHOTHERAPY SUPERVISION. Client-Centered Supervision (C. Patterson). TRAINING MODELS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY SUPERVISION. The Discrimination Model (J. Bernard). SPECIALIZED FORMS AND MODES. An Experiential Group Model for Group Psychotherapy Supervision (D. Altfeld & H. Bernard). RESEARCHING PSYCHOTHERAPY SUPERVISION. The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy Supervision (M. Lambert & B. Ogles). PROFESSIONAL, ETHICAL, AND LEGAL ISSUES. Gender and Psychotherapy Supervision: The Partnership Model (C. Munson). ENDNOTES. Some Concluding Thoughts About Psychotherapy Supervision (C. Watkins). Indexes.
Republicanism and the constitution of migrant statuses

This paper addresses republican conditions of legitimacy for the constitution of the civic statuses of migrants. It identifies two legitimacy tests to which any civic status is subject, namely, that it does not make its bearers more vulnerable to the arbitrary exercise of private or public power (R1) and that the constitution of the person as bearer of this status is not itself the product of an arbitrary exercise of public power (R2). It is argued that R1 puts significant constraints on what can be legitimate migrant statuses and R2 links republicanism to cosmopolitanism in terms of a basic norm in respect of the production and allocation of civic statuses in that those who are subject to such a regime should have the effective power to ‘shape and contest’ the rules of this regime.
Beyond New Regionalism, beyond Global Production Networks: Remaking the Sunan Model, China

I attempt to advance the research on globalization and regional development in China through a study of Kunshan City. I investigate the restructuring process, the structure of foreign direct investment, and the nature of global–local networks to understand trajectories and models of regional development in the context of globalization. I highlight the interactions of the Chinese state, transnational corporations (TNCs), and regional assets in shaping the trajectories of regional development. I argue that Kunshan's pathway to globalizing regional development is state centered and heavily dependent on global forces, which has made Kunshan a TNC satellite district and a dual city segmented between TNCs and domestic firms. I also argue that TNCs' local embeddedness has to be positioned in their global and external networks and that the assessment of regional development has to be conditioned upon a region's specific context. The findings suggest that neither new regionalism nor global production network perspectives can fully explain regional development in China with huge domestic markets and large regional disparities. I promote an alternative, middle-ground perspective to regional development to better integrate global forces, state institutions, and local contexts. Such a third approach to regional development has the potential to localize TNCs and to develop indigenous capacities.
Outcomes of Clostridium difficile-Associated Disease Treated With Metronidazole or Vancomycin Before and After the Emergence of NAP1/027

OBJECTIVE:To reassess the comparative efficacy of vancomycin versus metronidazole in the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) after the emergence in 2003 of the hypervirulent NAP1/027 strain.METHODS:A retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary-care Canadian hospital among 1,616 patients treated initially with metronidazole (N = 1,360), vancomycin (N = 219), or both (N = 37), between 1991 and 2006, and followed for 60 days after diagnosis. Primary outcome was severe/complicated CDAD (SC-CDAD) defined as any of: (a) death within 30 days, (b) septic shock, (c) megacolon, (d) perforation, or (e) emergency colectomy. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, stratifying into pre-epidemic (1991–2002) and epidemic (2003–2006) periods. Secondary outcome was recurrence within 60 days.RESULTS:Risk factors for SC-CDAD were the same in both periods: age ≥65 yr, male sex, immunosuppression, hospital acquisition, tube feeding, short duration of diarrhea, fever, elevated leukocytosis, or creatinine. Adjusting for confounders and using metronidazole therapy as baseline, vancomycin therapy was associated with a lower probability of developing SC-CDAD in 1991–2002 (AOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.99, P = 0.048) but not during 2003–2006 (AOR 0.90, 95% CI 0.53–1.55, P = 0.71). For both metronidazole and vancomycin, risk of recurrence increased in 2003–2004 but decreased in 2005–2006.CONCLUSIONS:Loss of superiority of vancomycin over metronidazole coincided with the emergence of NAP1/027. Toxin hyperproduction by NAP1/027 might be such that the disease follows its natural course. Novel therapeutic approaches are needed. The higher risk of recurrence in 2003–2004 probably reflected reinfections rather than relapses.
Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years

Desiccation of the Sahara since the middle Holocene has eradicated all but a few natural archives recording its transition from a “green Sahara” to the present hyperarid desert. Our continuous 6000-year paleoenvironmental reconstruction from northern Chad shows progressive drying of the regional terrestrial ecosystem in response to weakening insolation forcing of the African monsoon and abrupt hydrological change in the local aquatic ecosystem controlled by site-specific thresholds. Strong reductions in tropical trees and then Sahelian grassland cover allowed large-scale dust mobilization from 4300 calendar years before the present (cal yr B.P.). Today's desert ecosystem and regional wind regime were established around 2700 cal yr B.P. This gradual rather than abrupt termination of the African Humid Period in the eastern Sahara suggests a relatively weak biogeophysical feedback on climate.
Child maltreatment: The prevention of maltreatment

Introduction During the last 20 years, public concern about child abuse and neglect has grown dramatically (Garbarino and Stocking, 1980; Gerbner, Ross, and Zigler, 1980; Kempe, Silverman, Steele, Droegemuller, and Silver, 1962). Within the past decade, a National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect has been established by the federal government, a National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse has been created in the private sector, and the media routinely convey the message that abuse and neglect are preventable. Two recent surveys have suggested a sharp increase in child abuse and neglect reports in the last six years (American Humane Association, 1985; National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1981). These reports indicate that hundreds of thousands of children and families are in crisis and emphasize the importance of preventive programs and research efforts in this area (U.S. Senate, 1983). In view of these developments, it is disturbing that little is known about the prevention of maltreatment (Heifer, 1982). A variety of program models and community strategies have been proposed, including the enhancement of parent-newborn contact and interaction (Garbarino, 1980; Klaus and Kennel, 1982), parenting education (Gelles and Cornell, 1985), telephone hotlines (Johnston, 1976), crisis or respite care of the child (Cohn, 1981), the provision of home-health visitors (Kempe, 1976), the enhancement of natural community helpers (Collins, 1981; Pancoast, 1981), the provision of increased employment opportunities and a guaranteed minimum income (Gil, 1974), the reduction of society's acceptance of violence (Gelles, 1984), as well as more comprehensive, multifaceted programs based on ecological theory (Lutzker and Rice, 1984; Lutzker, Frame, and Rice, 1982).
Analyzing the Dynamics of Cellular Flames Using Karhunen-Loève Decomposition and Autoassociative Neural Networks

Video data from experiments on the dynamics of two dimensional flames are analyzed. The tools used are Karhunen--Loeve (K-L) decomposition and autoassociative neural networks (ANN). The K-L decomposition, known for its wide applications in scientific problems for data compression, noise filtering, and feature identification, is used to determine an intrinsic coordinate system or orthogonal eigenfunctions that best represent the flame data set. Five eigenfunctions are retained and the rest are disregarded so that reconstructions of the flame data based on the retained eigenfunctions capture most of the dynamics from the original data. The time dependent data coefficients in the expansion of the flame data are used to develop and train an ANN with the task of reducing the dimensionality of the dynamics into a space which reflects the intrinsic dimensionality of the problem.
Understanding the Community

Definitions of "community" in sociological literature are varied but, in general, show three ideas essential to the concept, namely, first, the community is a human group; second, the people in it have common activities and experiences; and, third, it occupies a definite territorial area. Characteristics of communities are varied because communities are the net result of many forces-geographical, cultural, political, ando others. An understanding of a community involves (1) a knowledge of the necessary number of people for any given type of cummunity activity, (2) the changes affecting the stability of the community, (3) what cultural interests the people have and (4) the interrelation of the various community activities. Research work pertaining to the community may logically be made to furnish such information. Classifications are an aid to understanding communities provided they are based on real characteristics which communities have. Definitions of neighborhood and community indicate that the neighborhood is a group which has only face-to-face contacts, whereas both face-to-face and indirect contacts may be involved in a community.
An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation

Abstract The paper addresses the issue of the constraint function and its use in methods of regional taxonomy and assessment of regional systems. It proposes an alternative definition for the constraint function for rule-based methods of functional regionalisation, such as the delineation of local labour-market areas, including alternative conceptions of the self-containment of the regions, and the trade-off between size and self-containment. An alternative constraint function has been applied in the territory of the Czech Republic as shown in the paper's illustrative example of its use from the original CURDS algorithm.