Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dental erosion in a group of 12- and 16-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren.

PURPOSE This study's purpose was to assess the prevalence of dental erosion in adolescents and to investigate the association between erosion and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS This study consisted of a single center cluster random sample of 414 adolescents (12 and 16 years old) of both genders from private and public schools in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Two previously calibrated examiners (kappa=0.85) used the O'Brien (1994) index for assessment of dental erosion on the buccal and palatal surfaces of the permanent maxillary incisors and on the occlusal surfaces of the permanent first molars. Data on gender, type of school, and mean family income were collected by a questionnaire completed by the adolescents. Descriptive statistics were applied to the data, and the associations between erosion and sociodemographic variables were investigated by chi-square test (P<0.05). RESULTS The prevalence of dental erosion was 20% (N=83), with only enamel being involved (score 1). The labial surface was the most affected (16%). There were no significant differences between the presence of erosion and gender, type of school, and mean family income. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that dental erosion restricted to enamel was observed among adolescents in Bauru/Brazil, and there was no correlation between this condition and sociodemographic factors.
Probabilistic suffix array: efficient modeling and prediction of protein families

MOTIVATION Markov models are very popular for analyzing complex sequences such as protein sequences, whose sources are unknown, or whose underlying statistical characteristics are not well understood. A major problem is the computational complexity involved with using Markov models, especially the exponential growth of their size with the order of the model. The probabilistic suffix tree (PST) and its improved variant sparse probabilistic suffix tree (SPST) have been proposed to address some of the key problems with Markov models. The use of the suffix tree, however, implies that the space requirement for the PST/SPST could still be high. RESULTS We present the probabilistic suffix array (PSA), a data structure for representing information in variable length Markov chains. The PSA essentially encodes information in a Markov model by providing a time and space-efficient alternative to the PST/SPST. Given a sequence of length N, construction and learning in the PSA is done in O(N) time and space, independent of the Markov order. Prediction using the PSA is performed in O(mlog{N is divided by /Σ/}) time, where m is the pattern length, and Σ is the symbol alphabet. In terms of modeling and prediction accuracy, using protein families from Pfam 25.0, SPST and PSA produced similar results (SPST 89.82%, PSA 89.56%), but slightly lower than HMMER3 (92.55%). A modified algorithm for PSA prediction improved the performance to 91.7%, or just 0.79% from HMMER3 results. The average (maximum) practical construction space for the protein families tested was 21.58±6.32N (41.11N) bytes using the PSA, 27.55±13.16N (63.01N) bytes using SPST and 47±24.95N (140.3N) bytes for HMMER3. The PSA was 255 times faster to construct than the SPST, and 11 times faster than HMMER3.
Relating transient storage to channel complexity in streams of varying land use in Jackson Hole, Wyoming

Transient storage processes are important to biogeochemical cycling in many streams and depend greatly upon stream fluvial structure. Fluvial geomorphic structure establishes patterns of surface water and subsurface head distributions, often driving hyporheic exchange through steps, riffles, and meanders, and controls the potential for in‐channel dead zone storage in side pools, eddies, etc. We performed stream tracer experiments and geomorphological assessments (topographic thalweg surveys, channel dimension measurement, and sediment size analyses) in six streams in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, two agricultural streams, two urban streams, and two reference streams surrounded by native vegetation, to relate stream water transient storage to channel complexity. We propose that the inclusion of agricultural and urban streams increases the range of channel complexity and transient storage response over an assessment of numerous reaches within a single land use type. Stream tracer experiments were performed in each of the six reaches with slugs of Rhodamine WT (RWT). Downstream RWT breakthrough curves (BTCs) were simulated with a one‐dimensional solute transport model, STAMMT‐L, capable of simulating several transient storage residence time distribution types. As an indication of transient storage, relative BTC residence times were compared to timescale of advection, tadv (taken to be the time of peak tracer concentration). Reference streams were geomorphically complex, agricultural streams were intermediate, and urban streams were least complex. Urban streams had the shortest total relative residence times (<5tadv) and short mean storage residence times (0.34 hour, n = 2), and reference streams consistently had the longest total relative residence times (13–20tadv) and the longest mean storage residence times (1.82 hours, n = 2). These results indicate that increased geomorphic complexity increases the potential for transient storage, likely both in the channel and in the subsurface, as demonstrated in reaches in a range of land use settings.
In the Mood for Creativity: Weather-Induced Mood, Inventor Productivity, and Firm Value

Prior research in psychology predicts that sunny weather is associated with creativity, optimism, and risk-taking behavior. In this paper, we examine the effect of weather-induced mood on patent inventors’ productivity and the value implication of such an effect. Using an annual measure of relative sunshine around each inventor’s residential location, we document that inventors exposed to more sunshine during a year create patents with higher market valuation and more forward citations. Our results hold after addressing alternative explanations and conducting an exhaustive array of robustness tests. Furthermore, we show that inventors exposed to more sunshine engage in greater specialization rather than experimentation. Our paper is among the first to show that weather conditions have a real effect on firm value through the innovation channel.
Tract-specific analyses of diffusion tensor imaging show widespread white matter compromise in autism spectrum disorder.

BACKGROUND Previous diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown white matter compromise in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which may relate to reduced connectivity and impaired function of distributed networks. However, tract-specific evidence remains limited in ASD. We applied tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) for an unbiased whole-brain quantitative estimation of the fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusion (MD) and axial and radial diffusion of the white matter tracts in children and adolescents with ASD. METHODS DTI was performed in 26 ASD and 24 typically developing (TD) participants, aged 9-20 years. Groups were matched for age and IQ. Each participant's aligned FA, MD and axial and radial diffusion data were projected onto the mean FA skeleton representing the centers of all tracts and the resulting data fed into voxelwise group statistics. RESULTS TBSS revealed decreased FA and increased MD and radial diffusion in the ASD group compared to the TD group in the corpus callosum, anterior and posterior limbs of the internal capsule, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum, anterior thalamic radiation, and corticospinal tract. No single site with inverse effects (increased FA, reduced MD or radial diffusion in the ASD group) was detected. In clusters of significant group difference, age was positively correlated with FA and negatively correlated with MD and radial diffusion in the TD, but not the ASD group. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal white matter compromise affecting numerous tracts in children and adolescents with ASD. Slightly varying patterns of diffusion abnormalities detected for some tracts may suggest tract-specific patterns of white matter abnormalities associated with ASD. Age-dependent effects further show that maturational changes (increasing FA, decreasing MD and radial diffusion with age) are diminished in ASD from school-age childhood into young adulthood.
Downstream hydraulic geometry relations: 2. Calibration and testing

Using 456 data sets under bank‐full conditions obtained from various sources, the geometric relations, derived in part 1 [ Singh et al., 2003 ], are calibrated and verified using the split sampling approach. The calibration of parameters shows that the change in stream power is not shared equally among hydraulic variables and that the unevenness depends on the boundary conditions to be satisfied by the channel under consideration. The agreement between the observed values of the hydraulic variables and those predicted by the derived relations is close for the verification data set and lends credence to the hypotheses employed in this study.
A Survey: On Association Rule Mining

Data mining becomes a vast area of research in past few years. Several researches have been made in the field of data mining. The Association Rule Mining (ARM) is also a vast area of research and also a data mining technique. In this paper a survey is done on the different methods of ARM. In this paper the Apriori algorithm is defined and advantages and disadvantages of Apriori algorithm are discussed. FP-Growth algorithm is also discussed and advantages and disadvantages of FP-Growth are also discussed. In Apriori frequent itemsets are generated and then pruning on these itemsets is applied. In FP-Growth a FP-Tree is generated. The disadvantage of FP-Growth is that FP-Tree may not fit in memory. In this paper we have survey various paper based on mining of positive and negative association rules.
Nonlinear phase noise generated in air-silica microstructure fiber and its effect on carrier-envelope phase.

We present measurements of the nonlinear phase noise that is due to amplitude-to-phase conversion in air-silica microstructure fiber that is utilized to broaden the frequency comb from a mode-locked femtosecond laser to an optical octave. When the octave of the continuum is employed to phase stabilize the laser-pulse train, this phase noise causes a change in the carrier-envelope phase of 3784-rad/nJ change in pulse energy. As a result, the jitter on the carrier-envelope phase that is due to fiber noise, from 0.03 Hz-55 kHz, is ~0.5rad .
Sensitivity and specificity of a visual acuity screening protocol performed with the Lea Symbols 15-line folding distance chart in preschool children.

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a visual acuity (VA) test using the Lea Symbols 15-line folding distance chart and its diagnostic validity in detecting VA deficiency in preschool children. METHODS A group of 149 children aged 38-54 months underwent VA examination performed with the Lea 15-line folding optotype at a distance of 3 metres, according to a test protocol described in the Methods section. After the VA test, a complete ophthalmological examination, including cycloplegic retinoscopy, a cover test and examination of the anterior and posterior segments, was performed on each child in order to detect any VA-threatening ocular abnormality. The Lea Symbols test's sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR +, LR -) and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were calculated by means of standard procedures using each VA level of the chart from 0.1 to 1 (1-0 logMAR) as a cut-off point. RESULTS The Lea Symbols test could be successfully used in 95.9% of the population. The most useful cut-off points for screening preschool children were found to be 0.8 (LR + 5.73, LR - 0.05) or 0.63 (LR + 11.7, LR - 0.23). CONCLUSION The Lea Symbols test proved to be clinically useful in detecting VA deficiency in preschool children. The choice between the two best performing cut-off levels should be made according to the expected cost-effectiveness of the screening programme.
Phototactic Behavior of the Armand Pine Bark Weevil, Pissodes punctatus

Abstract The Armand pine bark weevil, Pissodes punctatus Langor et Zhang (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a destructive bark weevil on the Armand pine, Pinus armandii Franch (Pinales: Pinaceae), an important timbering tree in southern China. This study examined the phototactic behavior ïéP. punctatus through observation of behavioral characteristics, response to nine monochromatic lights (ranging from 340 nm to 689 nm with about 40-nm step), and response to five intensities (ranging from 1 lux to 200 lux) of the most attractive light. The results demonstrated that P. punctatus was most active in the day, and kept still at night (or in a dark room). P. punctatus could be attracted to eight of nine monochromatic lights, the exception being red light (649 nm), which implied broad sensitivity to the spectrum of light. P. punctatus was most sensitive to violet (415 nm), ultraviolet (340 nm), and green (504 nm) light, suggesting there might be at least three types of photoreceptors in the compound eyes of this weevil. Furthermore, low intensities elicited an increased phototactic response, and high intensities a decreased phototactic response, under both violet and UV light. Thus, P. punctatus were found to be phototactic insects, and the phototactic behavior of P. punctatus is both a color and intensity preference. The information provided here provides a basis for the improvement of trapping devices for detection and survey of P. punctatus, as well as a basis for the development of alternate control strategies for this important pest of Armand pine and other pine trees.
Polyglutamine Expansion Alters the Dynamics and Molecular Architecture of Aggregates in Dentatorubropallidoluysian Atrophy*

Background: Expansion of a polyglutamine repeat in atrophin-1 causes progressive neuronal dysfunction in neurodegenerative dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy. Results: Nuclear inclusions of expanded atrophin-1 are more dynamic compared with the cytoplasmic aggregates. Conclusion: Structural variations of the aggregate core determine these dynamics. Significance: Probing the molecular properties of the inclusions is crucial for understanding the enhanced cellular toxicity of nuclear aggregates in polyglutamine pathologies. Preferential accumulation of mutant proteins in the nucleus has been suggested to be the molecular culprit that confers cellular toxicity in the neurodegenerative disorders caused by polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion. Here, we use dynamic imaging approaches, orthogonal cross-seeding, and composition analysis to examine the dynamics and structure of nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions of atrophin-1, implicated in dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy, a polyQ-based disease with complex clinical features. Our results reveal a large heterogeneity in the dynamics of the nuclear inclusions compared with the compact and immobile cytoplasmic aggregates. At least two types of inclusions of expanded atrophin-1 with different mobility of the molecular species and ability to exchange with the surrounding monomer pool coexist in the nucleus. Intriguingly, the enrichment of nuclear inclusions with slow dynamics parallels changes in the aggregate core architecture that are dominated by the polyQ stretch. We propose that the observed complexity in the dynamics of the nuclear inclusions provides a molecular explanation for the enhanced cellular toxicity of the nuclear aggregates in polyQ-based neurodegeneration.
Validation of a Migraine Work and Productivity Loss Questionnaire for use in Migraine Studies

Migraine symptoms and therapy side effects cause significant functional disability that can result in work and productivity losses. Effective, well-tolerated migraine therapy with rapid onset of relief could decrease work and productivity losses. The Migraine Work and Productivity Loss Questionnaire (MWPLQ) evaluates the impact of migraine and migraine therapy on paid work. Data from a randomized, open-label extension study were collected over 3 months. Migraineurs were randomized to either rizatriptan (5HT1B/1D receptor agonist) or their usual migraine therapy. Data were analyzed from 164 patients who experienced at least one work-related migraine. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) for the work difficulty domains ranged from 0.80 to 0.95. Work loss and work difficulty were moderately correlated (r=0.39-0.58) with migraine severity and functional ability. Differences were found favoring rizatriptan for absenteeism (1.3 vs 2.4 h), effectiveness at work (62% vs 49%), and difficulty with work-related tasks (p < 0.01). The MWPLQ demonstrated favorable measurement characteristics in this study and could be an important research tool for future evaluations of migraine-related work disability.
Antiproliferative Effects of Honey and of Its Polyphenols: A Review

Honey has been used since long time both in medical and domestic needs, but only recently the antioxidant property of it came to limelight. The fact that antioxidants have several preventative effects against different diseases, such as cancer, coronary diseases, inflammatory disorders, neurological degeneration, and aging, led to search for food rich in antioxidants. Chemoprevention uses various dietary agents rich in phytochemicals which serve as antioxidants. With increasing demand for antioxidant supply in the food, honey had gained vitality since it is rich in phenolic compounds and other antioxidants like ascorbic acid, amino acids, and proteins. Some simple and polyphenols found in honey, namely, caffeic acid (CA), caffeic acid phenyl esters (CAPE), Chrysin (CR), Galangin (GA), Quercetin (QU), Kaempferol (KP), Acacetin (AC), Pinocembrin (PC), Pinobanksin (PB), and Apigenin (AP), have evolved as promising pharmacological agents in treatment of cancer. In this review, we reviewed the antiproliferative and molecular mechanisms of honey and above-mentioned polyphenols in various cancer cell lines.
Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine Open Access Use and Traditional Management of Anadenanthera Colubrina (vell.) Brenan in the Semi-arid Region of Northeastern Brazil

The use and management of "angico" (Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan) by a rural community in northeastern Brazil was examined. By employing different techniques of data collection and population structure analysis, it was determined that this species had multiple uses within the local community (especially as timber and for other wood products), and that local management of this species is based on simple maintenance and harvesting of individuals in agroforest homegardens. The study of the population structure of this tree species indicated that management and conservation strategies must include the participation of the local community.
Realizing the Promise of Robotic Leg Prostheses

Robotic prosthetic legs promise to restore healthy biomechanical function if they are well interfaced to the human neuromuscular control system. Recent advances in robotics technology are enabling the emergence of robotic leg prostheses that can emulate the full biomechanical functionality of the healthy limb. The behavior of such prostheses is software-controllable, in an analogous manner to the way in which the central nervous system controls the human musculoskeletal system. Although these prostheses have the capability of reproducing the biomechanical behavior of the healthy limb, their ability to do so is a function of how well the prosthesis control system coordinates the movement of the leg with the movement of the user.
Neurotrophic factors cause activation of intracellular signaling pathways in Müller cells and other cells of the inner retina, but not photoreceptors.

PURPOSE Intravitreal injection of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2) promotes survival of photoreceptors exposed to various types of insults, but it is not known if these survival-promoting effects occur by direct action of the factors on photoreceptors or indirectly through the activation of other cells. In this study, the authors have sought to address this issue by determining which cells in the retina show evidence of activated intracellular signaling pathways acutely and at longer time points after intravitreal injection of these agents. METHODS Retinas were removed from C57BL/6J mice at 1, 6, or 24 hours after intravitreal injection of 1 microg of human BDNF, rat CNTF, human FGF2, or human transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFalpha), and immunohistochemically stained for phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK), phosphorylated cAMP responsive element binding protein (pCREB), or c-fos. Retinal organ cultures were incubated with 10 ng/ml of BDNF, CNTF, FGF2, or TGFalpha for 10 or 30 minutes or 1, 3, or 6 hours and then immunohistochemically stained for pERK, pCREB, or c-fos. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of BDNF, CNTF, or FGF2 resulted in a rapid increase in pERK immunoreactivity in Müller cells and a rapid increase in c-fos immunoreactivity in Müller, amacrine, and ganglion cells. Immunoreactivity for pERK and c-fos returned to baseline in all retinal cells at 6 or 24 hours after injection, but there was increased staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in Müller cells at these time points. At no time after injection was there any staining for pERK or c-fos in photoreceptors. Similarly, retinal explants treated with FGF2, BDNF, or CNTF showed increased staining for pCREB, pERK, and c-fos in cells of the inner retina, but not photoreceptors. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that BDNF, CNTF, and FGF2 exert their effects on photoreceptors by acting indirectly through activation of Müller cells and perhaps other nonphotoreceptor cells.
A Global Information Approach to Computerized Adaptive Testing

Most item selection in computerized adaptive testing is based on Fisher information (or item information). At each stage, an item is selected to maximize the Fisher information at the currently estimated trait level (θ). However, this application of Fisher information could be much less efficient than assumed if the estimators are not close to the true θ, especially at early stages of an adaptive test when the test length (number of items) is too short to provide an accurate estimate for true θ. It is argued here that selection procedures based on global information should be used, at least at early stages of a test when θ estimates are not likely to be close to the true θ. For this purpose, an item selection procedure based on average global information is proposed. Re sults from pilot simulation studies comparing the usual maximum item information item selection with the pro posed global information approach are reported, indicat ing that the new method leads to improvement in terms of bias and mean squared error reduction under many circumstances. Index terms: computerized adaptive testing, Fisher information, global information, infor mation surface, item information, item response theory, Kullback-Leibler information, local information, test in formation.