Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Do They Do it? An Examination of the Intervening Mechanisms between “Social Control” Variables and Delinquency

According to social control theory, adolescents low in attachment, commitment, and belief are more likely to engage in delinquency because they are free to satisfy universal human needs in the most expedient manner—which is often delinquency. This account of intervening processes has been challenged by strain and differential association/social learning theory. Among other things, it has been argued that (a) these social control variables also cause delinquency because they lead to strain and association with delinquent peers: and (b) the motivation for delinquency is variable, and these control variables only lead to delinquency among suitably motivated individuals, that is, individuals who are strained or who associate with delinquent peers. Data from the Youth in Transition Survey and the National Youth Survey provide support for these challenges.
Knowledge-level Creativity in Game Design

Drawing on inspirations outside of traditional computational creativity domains, we describe a theoretical explanation of creativity in game design as a knowledge seeking process. This process, based on the practices of human game designers and an extended analogy with creativity in science, is amenable to computational realization in the form of a discovery system. Further, the model of creativity it entails, creativity as the rational pursuit of curiosity, suggests a new perspective on existing artifact generation challenges and prompts a new mode of evaluation for creative agents (both human and
Professional development models and transformative change: A case study of indicators of effective practice in higher education

Unrelenting and radical change in universities over the past two decades has increased pressure on all groups of staff to clarify and adapt their roles to accommodate transformation within the sector. The challenge for professional developers is to understand and develop roles that effectively meet the diverse needs of key employee groups who are negotiating this massive change and, as a consequence, experiencing role conflict and ambiguity. Studies over the past 10 to 15 years have attempted to define models of effective professional development practice, but there is limited research on effectiveness indicators of professional developer roles in large-scale change. The research reported here addresses this gap. The paper presents a case study in which ten academic and general staff members developed a profile of indicators of an effective professional developer role in transformative change, and raises questions about the theoretical foundation and practice of professional development in higher education.
POST-COLONIAL REFLECTIONS ON THE ‘INTERNATIONALIZATION’ OF CULTURAL STUDIES

This essay addresses the difficult politics of ‘internationalizing’ cultural studies. In an effort to participate in ongoing conversations about, and around, ‘internationalizing’ cultural studies, this essay invites us to attend to the frames of reference that can sometimes underlie our efforts at ‘internationalizing’ cultural studies. Examining larger issues such as our frequent unexamined points of departure into the ‘international’, the geo-politics of knowledge production, academic protocols and practices, the gross unevenness in transnational exchange and circulation of knowledge, the continued hegemony of English as a language that secures academic legitimacy, this essay probes some of the obstacles that can often confront attempts at decolonizing cultural studies.
Introduction: the urban–rural connection: changing issues of belonging and identification

Since the 1960s researchers have emphasised the continuing importance of rural–urban connections as a special aspect of urbanisation in Africa. It is clear that since then, in many parts of Africa, the involvement of urbanites with their ‘home’ village has increased rather than decreased. Four of the articles in this issue were originally papers presented at two ASA panels (Toronto, 1994) which set out to explore these rural–urban connections. The content of the exchanges and the moral involvement of city people and villagers in such relations vary greatly. The variations have important implications for regional differences in, for instance, the development of new modes of accumulation or the cementing of ethnic networks. The other article (by Dickson Eyoh) addresses the effects of recent political changes in this context—a theme also raised by the other articles. In many parts of Africa democratisation seems to evoke an obsession with ‘autochthony’, origin and belonging. The increasing role of elite associations, as an alternative to multi-party politics, makes the rural connection of vital importance to urban politicians. Hence ‘the village’, and more generally the region of origin, acquire new importance as a power base in national politics. Résumé Depuis les années 60, les chercheurs soulignent l'importance constante des liens entre la ville et la campagne dans le processus d'urbanisation en Afrique. II est clair que depuis cette période les liens que les citadins entretiennent avec leur village natal ont augmenté dans de nombreuses régions d'Afrique. Quatre articles publiés dans ce numéro sont des papiers qui ont été présentés devant deux commissions ASA (à Toronto en 1994) chargées d'étudier ces liens entre la ville et la campagne. Le contenu des échanges et la part morale jouée par les citadins et les villageois dans ces liens varient considérablement. Les conséquences de ces variations sont importantes quant aux différences régionales observées dans le domaine, par exemple, du développement de nouveaux modes de rapprochement ou de consolidation des réseaux ethniques. L'autre article (par Dickson Eyoh) évoque les conséquences des changements politiques récents dans ce domaine, thème également soulevé par les autres articles. Dans de nombreuses régions d'Afrique, la démocratisation semble susciter une obsession pour l'“autochtonie”, l'origine et l'appartenance. Le rôle croissant des associations élitaires comme substitut du pluripartisme politique donne aux rapports avec la campagne une importance vitale aux yeux des politiciens urbains. Le village, et plus généralement la région d'origine, revêt ainsi une nouvelle importance en tant que base politique nationale.
The Academic Motivation Scale: A Measure of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Amotivation in Education

A new measure of motivation toward education has been developed in French, namely the Echelle de Motivation en Education (EME). The EME is based on the tenets of self-determination theory and is composed of 28 items subdivided into seven sub-scales assessing three types of intrinsic motivation (intrinsic motivation to know, to accomplish things, and to experience stimulation), three types of extrinsic motivation (external, introjected, and identified regulation), and a motivation. The purpose of this investigation was to cross-culturally validate in English the EME. The EME was translated in English through appropriate methodological procedures and completed by university students. Results revealed that the English version of the scale renamed the Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), has satisfactory levels of internal consistency (mean alpha value = .81) and temporal stability over a one-month period (mean test-retest correlation = .79). In addition, results of a confirmatory factor analysis (LISREL) confirmed the seven-factor structure of the AMS. Finally, gender differences obtained with the EME were basically replicated with the AMS. In sum, the present findings provide adequate support for the factorial validity and reliability of the AMS and support its use in educational research on motivation.
Patterns of analogical reasoning among beginning readers

Despite compelling evidence that analogy skills are available to beginning readers, few studies have actually explored the possibility of identifying individual differences in young children's analogy skills in early reading. The present study examined individual differences in children's use of orthographic and phonological relations between words as they learn to read. Specifically, the study addressed whether general analogical reasoning, short-term memory and domain-specific reading skills explain 5- to 6-year-olds' reading analogies (n=51). The findings revealed an orthographic analogy effect accompanied by high levels of phonological priming. Single-word reading and use of visual analogies predicted young children's orthographic and phonological analogies in the regression analyses. However, different findings emerged from exploring profiles based on individual differences in reasoning skill. Indeed, when individual differences in composite scores of orthographic and phonological analogy were examined, group membership was predicted by word reading and early phonological knowledge, rather than general analogical reasoning skills. The findings highlight the usefulness of exploring individual differences in children's analogy development in the early stages of learning to read.
The significance of fibrinogen derivatives in plasma in human renal failure

Summary. The concentrations in plasma of fibrinogen derivatives fibrinopeptide A (FPA), β 15–42 antigen and fragment E (FgE) antigen have been determined in patients with renal failure and compared to the concentrations of the platelet release products, β‐thromboglobulin (βTG) and platelet factor 4 (PF4). In ‘partial renal failure’(51Cr‐EDTA clearance rate 4–60 ml/min) FPA, β 15–42 antigen, FgE antigen and βTG levels were significantly raised above a normal laboratory control group. These levels were further raised in a group of patients whose disease required regular maintenance haemodialysis (51Cr‐EDTA clearance rate < 4 ml/min). PF4 levels were not significantly raised in either group. A statistical analysis of all patient results revealed that FPA, β 15–42 antigen and FgE antigen levels all correlated with βTG levels but not with PF4 levels. It is known that βTG is catabolized by the kidney but PF4 is not and that elevated βTG levels in renal failure are caused by impaired elimination rather than increased production. These results suggest that the plasma levels of these three fibrinogen derivatives are elevated in renal disease at least in part by decreased elimination rather than by increased thrombin and plasmin activities alone.
Models of Secondary School Students’ Interest in Homework: A Multilevel Analysis

This aim of this study was to test empirical models of variables posited to predict homework interest at the secondary school level. Student- and class-level predictors of homework interest were analyzed in a survey of 1,046 8th graders from 63 classes and of 849 11th graders from 48 classes. Most of the variance in homework interest occurred at the student level, with grade level appearing as the only significant predictor at the class level. At the student level, the variation in homework interest was positively associated with affective attitude toward homework, motivational orientation toward homework, student initiative in monitoring homework motivation, teacher feedback, and self-reported grade. Girls reported statistically significant higher scores in homework interest than did boys.
A null mutation of Hhex results in abnormal cardiac development, defective vasculogenesis and elevated Vegfa levels

The homeobox gene Hhex has recently been shown to be essential for normal liver, thyroid and forebrain development. Hhex–/– mice die by mid-gestation (E14.5) and the cause of their early demise remains unclear. Because Hhex is expressed in the developing blood islands at E7.0 in the endothelium of the developing vasculature and heart at E9.0-9.5, and in the ventral foregut endoderm at E8.5-9.0, it has been postulated to play a critical role in heart and vascular development. We show here, for the first time, that a null mutation of Hhex results in striking abnormalities of cardiac and vascular development which include: (1) defective vasculogenesis, (2) hypoplasia of the right ventricle, (3) overabundant endocardial cushions accompanied by ventricular septal defects, outflow tract abnormalities and atrio-ventricular (AV) valve dysplasia and (4) aberrant development of the compact myocardium. The dramatic enlargement of the endocardial cushions in the absence of Hhex is due to decreased apoptosis and dysregulated epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Interestingly, vascular endothelial growth factor A (Vegfa) levels in the hearts of Hhex–/– mice were elevated as much as three-fold between E9.5 and E11.5, and treatment of cultured Hhex–/– AV explants with truncated soluble Vegfa receptor 1, sFlt-1, an inhibitor of Vegf signaling, completely abolished the excessive epithelial-mesenchymal transformation seen in the absence of Hhex. Therefore, Hhex expression in the ventral foregut endoderm and/or the endothelium is necessary for normal cardiovascular development in vivo, and one function of Hhex is to repress Vegfa levels during development.
Mutual interdependence versus repeated interaction: An experiment studying voluntary social exchange

Relations of mutual interdependence have been regarded as necessary for human cooperation to evolve. However, many studies in the social sciences indicate that repeated interaction suffices to establish cooperation. We examine this issue by means of a voluntary social exchange experiment where mutually interdependent players coexist with merely dependent ones. We systematically vary the degree of mutual interdependence and the length of the time horizon. According to our data, repetition of interactions is crucial for fostering cooperation, although people remain attentive to mutual interdependencies.
Podagra, uric acid, and cardiovascular disease.

Hippocrates would not be surprised to read that persons with gout had higher mortality, and particularly cardiovascular-related mortality, than persons without gout.1 On the other hand, he might well have been bemused, nearly 2500 years after he described the syndrome, that this made news. Article p 894 He should not have been. All too often, rigorous examination debunks conventional wisdom. Reassuringly, in this case, Drs Choi and Curhan found evidence to support long-standing belief. These dedicated and productive students of the pathogenesis and natural history of gout have here reported empiric data from the 51 000 male nonphysician health professionals who participated in the Health Professions Follow-up Study. From initial examination in 1986 through nearly 600 000 person-years of follow-up, 5825 deaths occurred, of which 2132 were cardiovascular and 1576 were ascribed to coronary heart disease, rates that attest to the generally good health of the group. The ≈6% prevalence of gout, at baseline, in men in their mid-50s, who mirror the general US population in body mass index, reported history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus, was higher than expected. Interim biennial questionnaires identified incident cases of gout. Participants with gout were both more likely to report coronary heart disease (CHD) at baseline and, regardless of CHD status, more likely than gout-free persons to have cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Results were presented after stratification by CHD status at baseline. As expected, the incidence of all-cause and CHD mortality was much greater in those with than in those without prevalent CHD. The adjusted increased relative risk of those with gout (compared with those without) for all-cause, CVD, and CHD mortality was ≈25%. The single exception was a near doubling of increased relative risk of CHD mortality among those free of CHD at baseline. Neither the inclusion of incident …
Does parental psychological control relate to internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood? An examination using the Berkeley puppet interview

Parental psychological control has been linked to symptoms of psychopathology in adolescence, yet less is known about its correlates in childhood. The current study is among the first to address whether psychological control is related to internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood. A community sample of 298 children aged 7.04 (SD = 1.15) years participated. Along with two other parenting dimensions (i.e., responsiveness and behavioural control), psychological control, internalizing and externalizing problems were assessed by means of the Berkeley Puppet Interview. Psychological control was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems, and this association remained significant while controlling for parental behavioural control and responsiveness. Results suggest that the maladaptive correlates of psychological control also manifest in developmental periods prior to adolescence. Still, it is unknown how psychological control and child psychopathology are related over time in childhood.
Ghana: Structural Adjustment, Democratization, and the Politics of Continuity

Apres la chute du bloc communiste, il est devenu quasiment conventionnel pour les pays en voie de developpement d'entreprendre la poursuite simultanee de l'ajustement structurel et de la democratisation. Quelques pays comme le Ghana ont debute avec une politique d'ajustement durant presque une decennie avant leur democratisation. Cependant, la recherche conjointe de l'ajustement et de la democratisation a engendre des debats intenses parmi les universitaires et les responsables politiques. Etant donnes les 'mecanismes' adoptes par les gouvernements avec le soutien de la Banque Mondiale et du FMI afin d'imposer des politiques d'ajustement a un grand nombre de pays en voie de developpement avant leur liberalisation politique, et etant donnes les fondements de la democratie, certains affirment que ces deux processus sont antithetiques. Le determinisme apparemment immuable de la these de l'incompatibilite est remis en question par l'etude du cas du Ghana. Le cas du Ghana demontre que les dynamiques socio-politiques nationales pourraient faciliter la poursuite de l'ajustement et de la democratisation a un meme rythme. Ces dynamiques sont dependantes de la receptivite generale a l'ajustement par des groupes societaux critiques, la force des groupes associes, l'absence d'alternatives viables, et le soutien continu a l'ajustement par la communaute donatrice internationale.
Effects of dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid on experimental human rhinovirus infection and illness

Background Because studies suggest that the dietary supplement conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has immunomodulatory activities that might benefit common colds, we performed two studies of CLA effects in experimental human rhinovirus (HRV) infection. Methods The first study explored whether CLA supplementation (Safforin™; Loders Croklaan, BV, Wormerveer, the Netherlands) altered the virological or clinical course of experimental HRV infection, and the second explored whether CLA affected the frequency and severity of HRV cold-associated sore throat and cough. The trials were randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled. In total, 50 healthy volunteers aged 18–45 years and susceptible to HRV type-39 (serum neutralizing antibody titre ≤1:2) participated in study 1 and 80 similar volunteers susceptible to Hank's HRV participated in study 2. Participants ingested CLA 2 g/day or placebo for 4 weeks before and 4 days following intranasal HRV inoculation. The primary endpoint for study 1 was the frequency of colds and for study 2 was the symptom severity scores for sore throat and cough. Results In study 1, 10/24 (42%) placebo compared with 7/21 (33%) CLA participants developed colds (P=0.53). CLA was associated with significant reductions in mean scores for cough (0 CLA versus 0.9 placebo) and sore throat (0.8 CLA versus 2.9 placebo). In study 2, clinical colds developed in 19/33 (58%) placebo and 27/43 (63%) CLA participants. Symptom scores for cough (0.9 CLA versus 1.0 placebo) and sore throat (2.6 CLA versus 3.2 placebo) were not significantly different. Similarly no differences in nasal viral titres or serological responses were found. Conclusions CLA dietary supplementation had no consistent effects on the virological or clinical course of experimental HRV colds. A larger study would be required to detect more subtle effects of CLA on HRV cold-associated symptoms.
Age, Tenure, and Employee Absenteeism

Two demographic/personal characteristics in the Steers and Rhodes' (1978, 1984) process model of employee attendance, and on which considerable research has accumulated in the absenteeism literature, are age and tenure. Recent narrative reviews of this research show that the results are quite mixed and likely to depend upon sex of the sample and absence type. A meta-analysis (Hunter, Schmidt, & Jackson, 1982) of this literature revealed that age (but not tenure) had a modest (p = -.23) relationship with avoidable absences, neither age nor tenure was associated with unavoidable absences, and sex of sample was identified as a moderator. Implications of these findings for the Steers and Rhodes' model are discussed in light of possible directions for future research.
Narrative case study research: On endings and six session reviews

Abstract Background: An in-depth, small scale narrative inquiry into ex-clients' experiences of counselling was undertaken, using a local community counselling agency which highlighted several important themes, including reviews and endings. Aim: To show clients' lived experience of reviews and endings. Methods: Narrative case study methods were used, alongside researcher reflexivity. The meanings were co-constructed between the ex-clients, their counsellors and the researchers. Results: Clients stories show the inter-relationship between reviews and endings, and that even when experienced negatively, clients can see the value of reviews. This paper also notes the therapeutic importance of mutuality and negotiation in decision making about endings. Conclusions: The process of undertaking collaborative, narrative inquiry can be empowering for all involved. Clients, counsellors and managers can question funders about their assumptions about the number of sessions offered when they inform themselves with res.
Forging the Frontiers Between State, Church, and Family: Religious Cleavages and the Origins of Early Childhood Education and Care Policies in France, Sweden, and Germany

European states differ tremendously in the extent to which their national education systems administer preschool programs, and whether or not these services can serve as day care for working parents. This article traces contemporary policy differences in three countries—France, Sweden, and Germany—to the effects of nineteenth-century conflicts between religious and secular forces over education. Intense, clerical-anticlerical conflict in France led to the incorporation of preschools into the national education system. In Sweden and Germany, the more accommodating relationship between church and state assured that no such incorporation took place. These decisions had lasting consequences for the nature and extensiveness of child care services for preschool-aged children.