Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: A retrospective study

Abstract The development of expertise for two groups of rhythmic gymnasts was studied where a group of elite (Olympic) gymnasts was compared to a group of sub‐elite (International) gymnasts. Structured interviews were used to collect retrospective information about the gymnasts’ health, training resources, level and ranking, and hours spent in training activities. The gymnasts rated practice activities during the last period of their development (age 16 and older) with respect to their perceived physical effort, mental concentration, and fun. The Olympic gymnasts were involved in significantly fewer activities and sports throughout their development compared to the International gymnasts. All gymnasts reported engaging in five practice activities of warm‐up, ballet, technique training, routines, and conditioning in their rhythmic gymnastics training. Olympic gymnasts allocated substantially more time to the practice activities of ballet, technique, routines, and conditioning, compared to the International gymnasts. Olympic gymnasts also rated their health as lower than the International gymnasts. All gymnasts reported that the practice activities of technique and routine training required more physical effort and mental concentration than warm‐up, ballet, and conditioning. The Olympic gymnasts reported experiencing less fun in their participation overall. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive description of early activity involvement, training activities, training resources, and health and injury ratings of expert level rhythmic gymnasts and help to further the understanding of how to assess sport expertise development
Relationships between accountability, job satisfaction, and trust

With the trend toward self-management comes increasing accountability of individuals to their coworkers and organizations. There is an implicit assumption that workers like self-management and the accompanying accountability, despite little supporting empirical evidence. This study examines the idea that workers' perceptions of their level of accountability are related to their job satisfaction. A significant correlation was found between job satisfaction and perceived accountability to coworkers and perceived accountability to management. In addition, we found that accountability to both coworkers and management was positively related to trust in supervisors and managers. However, only two aspects of accountability—manager and coworker awareness—seem to explain the variance in job satisfaction and trust. Practical applications of the findings are explained.
F ¨ Ur Mathematik in Den Naturwissenschaften Leipzig Exponential Error Rates in Multiple State Discrimination on a Spin Chain Exponential Error Rates in Multiple State Discrimination on a Quantum Spin Chain

We consider decision problems on finite sets of hypotheses represented by pairwise different shift-invariant states on a quantum spin chain. The decision in favor of one of the hypotheses is based on outputs of generalized measurements performed on local states on blocks of finite size. We assume existence of the mean quantum Chernoff distances of any pair of states from the given set and refer to the minimum of them as the mean generalized quantum Chernoff distance. We establish that this minimum specifies an asymptotic bound on the exponential decay of the averaged probability of rejecting the true state in increasing block size, if the mean quantum Chernoff distance of any pair of the hypothetic states is achievable as an asymptotic error exponent in the corresponding binary problem. This assumption is in particular fulfiled by shift-invariant product states (i.i.d. states). Further, we provide a constructive proof for the existence of a sequence of quantum tests in increasing block size, which achieves an asymptotic error exponent which is equal to the mean generalized quantum Chernoff distance of the given set of states up to a factor, which depends on the set itself. It can be arbitrary close to 1 and is not less than 1/m for m being the number of different pairs of states from the set considered.
Providing reliable and real-time delivery in the presence of body shadowing in breadcrumb systems

The primary goal of breadcrumb trail sensor networks is to transmit in real-time users' physiological parameters that measure life-critical functions to an incident commander through reliable multihop communication. In applications using breadcrumb solutions, there are often many users working together, and this creates a well-known body shadowing effect (BSE). In this article, we first measure the characteristics of body shadowing for 2.4GHz sensor nodes. Our empirical results show that the body shadowing effect leads to severe packet loss and consequently very poor real-time performance. Then we develop a novel Intentional Forwarding solution. This solution accurately detects the shadowing mode and enables selected neighbors to forward data packets. Experimental results from a fully implemented testbed demonstrate that Intentional Forwarding is able to improve the end-to-end average packet delivery ratio (PDR) from 58% to 93% and worst-case PDR from 45% to 85%, and is able to meet soft real-time requirements even under severe body shadowing problems.
Moving in time: Bayesian causal inference explains movement coordination to auditory beats

Many everyday skilled actions depend on moving in time with signals that are embedded in complex auditory streams (e.g. musical performance, dancing or simply holding a conversation). Such behaviour is apparently effortless; however, it is not known how humans combine auditory signals to support movement production and coordination. Here, we test how participants synchronize their movements when there are potentially conflicting auditory targets to guide their actions. Participants tapped their fingers in time with two simultaneously presented metronomes of equal tempo, but differing in phase and temporal regularity. Synchronization therefore depended on integrating the two timing cues into a single-event estimate or treating the cues as independent and thereby selecting one signal over the other. We show that a Bayesian inference process explains the situations in which participants choose to integrate or separate signals, and predicts motor timing errors. Simulations of this causal inference process demonstrate that this model provides a better description of the data than other plausible models. Our findings suggest that humans exploit a Bayesian inference process to control movement timing in situations where the origin of auditory signals needs to be resolved.
What Makes a Metaphor Stronger Than a Simile

The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphors are class-inclusion claims and that metaphors are stronger than similes. Indeed, when a metaphor corrects a simile-as in "Jack isn't just like a rock, he is a rock! "-it is stronger in several respects. But when the metaphor and simile are uttered on their own, and not in situations involving corrections, similes may equal metaphors in strength. The reason may be that the correction situation reminds us of corrections of literal language, for "that is a banana" involves more common features than "that is like a banana. " The categorization theory offers measures of relative strength but no rationale for metaphors being stronger than similes outside of a correction situation. Also, categorization per se is not comprehension, which needs at a minimum categorization plus specification of some common features. Finding the relevant features is not achieved by categorization, though categorization can ensue once the features.
Legitimization of Regulatory Norms: Waterfowl Hunter Acceptance of Changing Duck Bag Limits

Few studies have examined response to regulatory change over time, or addressed hunter attitudes about changes in hunting bag limits. This article explores Minnesota waterfowl hunters’ attitudes about duck bag limits, examining attitudes about two state duck bag limits that were initially more restrictive than the maximum set by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), but then increased to match federal limits. Results are from four mail surveys that examined attitudes about bag limits over time. Following two bag limit increases, a greater proportion of hunters rated the new bag limit “too high” and a smaller proportion rated it “too low. ” Several years following the first bag limit increase, the proportion of hunters who indicated that the limit was “too high” had declined, suggesting hunter acceptance of the new regulation. Results suggest that waterfowl bag limits may represent legal norms that influence hunter attitudes and gain legitimacy over time.
Histometric Study of Alveolar Bone in Rats Submitted to Ethanol During Lactation

Considerando que la lactancia es un periodo importante y vulnerable, y que la exposicion materna al alcohol durante esta fase puede provocar efectos adversos en las crias en desarrollo, el proposito del presente trabajo es evaluar histometricamente (mediante cariometria y estereologia), el hueso alveolar a nivel del primer molar superior, de ratas lactantes sometidas a los efectos del etanol. Con esa finalidad utilizamos dos grupos, uno que recibio etanol al 20% en el bebedero, durante todo el periodo de lactancia (21dias), y otro que recibio solo agua. En el 21° dia de lactancia, 5 ratas de cada grupo fueron aleatoriamente seleccionadas. Despues de sacrificados, los animales fueron fijados en formol al 10%. Las cabezas, separadas de los cuerpos, fueron incluidas en parafina, y cortadas seriadamente con 6 Lim de grosor, a partir de un plano frontal al nivel de los molares, y tenidas con hematoxilina y eosina. Basados en los resultados presentes, es posible concluir que el etanol al 20% en el agua de beber, administrado a ratas lactantes, provoca los siguientes efectos: reduccion significativa del peso corporal, alteraciones de las trabeculas del hueso alveolar, observadas estereologicamente, evidenciadas por trabeculas delicadas y poco calcificadas, con medula abundante, nucleos menores en osteoblastos y osteocitos y mas achatados en los primeros, y con osteocitos de volumenes citoplasmatico y celular menor y densidad numerica mayor.
Novel Methods for Assessment of Platelet and Leukocyte Function Under Flow - Application of Epifluorescence and Two-Photon Microscopy in a Small Volume Flow Chamber Model

Various models exist for the study of platelet and leukocyte function under flow conditions. Flow chambers offer the unique possibility to analyze cell-cell and cell-surface interactions at a great variety of conditions. However, working with small animals (i.e. mice) strongly limits the amount of isolated cells available for perfusion. Here, we present a flow chamber technique based on a small volume multichannel perfusion chamber. First, we studied the interaction of isolated murine platelets with diverse matrix proteins under flow in parallel perfusion experiments using epifluorescence microscopy. In addition, we evaluated real-time processes of platelet-leukocyte interaction and thrombus formation on an inflamed endothelial surface using two-photon microscopy (2PM). We show for the first time that high- speed 2PM allows the visualization of cell-surface-interactions at shear conditions typically found in precapillary vasculature. In summary, the flow chamber model introduced here represents a promising tool for the characterization of cell interactions in vascular research, especially when only small amounts of blood cells are available.
Motivational strategies in EFL classrooms: how do teachers impact students' motivation?

The objective is to examine the changes in the effectiveness of motivational strategy use by teachers during one semester in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. More specifically, we investigate differences in effectiveness changes for each motivational strategy used according to students' English proficiency levels and their original motivational intensity levels in order to understand the process by which instructors influence students' motivation. The participants were an instructor and 222 university students. Two distinct clusters were found within the student sample based on cluster analysis: Cluster A) students with higher English proficiency and higher motivational intensity; and Cluster B) students with lower English proficiency and lower motivational intensity. The results showed that (a) the two clusters did not exhibit a similar trend in terms of the relationship between frequency of motivational strategy use by teachers and students' motivation except with respect to two motivational strategies; (b) seven strategies showed positive correlations at least once in the semester in either Cluster A or Cluster B; (c) five strategies showed no significant correlations throughout the semester; and (d) there were three strategies that did not show a positive correlation; however, these strategies were associated with a negative correlation throughout the semester in either Cluster A or Cluster B.
Actions of Hopf algebras on noncommutative algebras ∗

Often A is called H-module algebra. We refer reader to [11, 6] for the basic information concerning Hopf algebras and their actions on associative algebras. Definition 1.2 The invariants of H in A is the set AH of those a ∈ A, that ha = ε(h)a for each h ∈ H. Straightforward computations show, that AH is subalgebra of A. The notion of action of Hopf algebra on associative algebra generalize the notion of automorphism and derivation of associative algebra. As a generalization of the well-known fact for group actions the following question was raised in [6] (Question 4.2.6.) Question 1.3 If A is a commutative k-algebra and H any finite-dimensional Hopf algebra such that A is H-module algebra, is A integral over AH ? Some positive answers to question 1.3 are known. Theorem 1.4 ([5]) Let H be a cocommutative Hopf algebra and A be a commutative Hmodule algebra. Then A is integral extension of AH .
Accessibility and stability of predictors in the theory of planned behavior.

To test the propositions that an attitude's ability to predict behavior is influenced by its temporal stability and by its accessibility in memory, 75 students were given direct or indirect experience with 6 video games and fun or skill instructions. They completed a computer-administered questionnaire before and after a free-play period. On the basis of Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior, time played with each game was correlated with attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and intentions with respect to playing each game
Intra-Laboratory Pre-Validation of a Human Cell Based in vitro Angiogenesis Assay for Testing Angiogenesis Modulators

The developed standardized human cell based in vitro angiogenesis assay was intra-laboratory pre-validated to verify that the method is reliable and relevant for routine testing of modulators of angiogenesis, e.g., pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. This assay is based on the earlier published method but it was improved and shown to be more sensitive and rapid than the previous assay. The performance of the assay was assessed by using six reference chemicals, which are widely used pharmaceuticals that inhibit angiogenesis: acetyl salicylic acid, erlotinib, 2-methoxyestradiol, levamisole, thalidomide, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor. In the intra-laboratory pre-validation, the sensitivity of the assay (upper and lower limits of detection and linearity of response in tubule formation), batch to batch variation in tubule formation between different Master cell bank batches, and precision as well as the reliability of the assay (reproducibility and repeatability) were tested. The pre-set acceptance criteria for the intra-laboratory pre-validation study were met. The relevance of the assay in man was investigated by comparing the effects of reference chemicals and their concentrations to the published human data. The comparison showed a good concordance, which indicates that this human cell based angiogenesis model predicts well the effects in man and has the potential to be used to supplement and/or replace of animal tests.
Probucol Reduces Testicular Torsion/Detorsion-Induced Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats

This study investigated the effect of probucol, a potent antioxidant, on testicular torsion/detorsion-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury attributable to excess reactive oxygen species released by neutrophils. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham-operated control, ischemia-reperfusion, and probucol-treated groups. In the ischemia-reperfusion group, testicular detorsion was performed after 2 hours of left testicular torsion. In the probucol-treated group, after performing the same surgical procedures as in the ischemia-reperfusion group, probucol was given intraperitoneally at testicular detorsion. Orchiectomy was performed to evaluate protein expression of E-selectin which is an endothelial cell adhesion molecule and mediates neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium, myeloperoxidase activity (a mark of neutrophil accumulation in the testis), malondialdehyde level (an indicator of reactive oxygen species), and spermatogenesis. E-selectin protein expression, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde level were significantly increased, and testicular spermatogenesis was significantly decreased in the ipsilateral testes in the ischemia-reperfusion group, compared with the control group. The probucol-treated group showed significant decreases in E-selectin protein expression, myeloperoxidase activity, and malondialdehyde level and significant increase in testicular spermatogenesis in the ipsilateral testes, compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group. These findings indicate that probucol can protect testicular spermatogenesis by reducing overgeneration of reactive oxygen species by inhibiting E-selectin protein expression and neutrophil accumulation in the testis.
Personality, coping, and challenge and threat states in athletes

This study explored the relationship between personality, motivational (challenge and threat) states, and sport-related coping. Thirty-one currently competing athletes completed questionnaire measures of personality and coping, and were asked to imagine and talk about an upcoming competition (sport-specific speech) and the events that had transpired that morning (control speech). During the speeches a number of hemodynamic parameters were recorded (heart rate, ventricular contractility, cardiac output [CO], and total peripheral resistance [TPR]) to give an index of task engagement and challenge and threat. Findings demonstrated that cardiac reactivity was similar across the two scenarios suggesting that the goal-relevant sport-specific speech was not effective in inducing challenge-threat responses above those of general speech giving. However, general cardiovascular patterns across conditions were correlated with personality and coping functions. Specifically, lower CO and higher TPR were associated with more problem- and emotion-focused coping and higher levels of extraversion and conscientiousness. Further, athlete coping strategies could be predicted by personality test scores. In short, this study reinforces recent findings linking personality and coping in sport and suggests that a simple test of cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance in a moderately stressful (non-related) situation may be sufficient to predict personality traits and sport-related coping.
Exploring the Construct Validity of the Eating Disorder Continuum.

Although many counseling psychologists conceptualize eating disturbances along a continuum of degree, there appears to be a dearth of research exploring the construct validity of this eating disorder continuum hypothesis (L. B. Mintz et al., 1997). Specific psychological, behavioral, and cognitive characteristics known to be related to clinical eating disorders (C. Fairburn, 1995; D. M. Garner, 1991) were examined in 2 studies undertaken to explore whether these characteristics vary by eating disorder continuum placement. In Study 1, Neuroticism, as measured by the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (FFI), was found to vary by continuum placement in a sample of 169 women. In Study 2, 8 out of 9 Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2) subscales and dieting locus of control varied significantly by continuum placement for a sample of 135 women. Scores on Neuroticism and many EDI-2 subscales (i.e., on which higher scores are more indicative of disordered eating) increased in a linear fashion, and women adopted a more internal dieting locus of control as the severity of disturbed eating increased, supporting the construct validity of the eating disorder continuum.
Consociational Democracy

impression either of greater intellectual acumen or of greater moral honesty. They would give the impression that they knew what it is we should recognize, and implicitly condone. In Dragon and Eagle we do get admissions that, well, maybe China isn't too liberal by any abstract standards, but, boy, do they have vision; and if truth were told we're not all that perfect ourselves (p. 158). What a world. —PETER R. MOODY, JR.
Text Summarization Deficiencies Among Older Students: Awareness or Production Ability?

Two explanations for text summarization deficiencies among older learners were investigated. Forty students at each of three grade levels were asked to prepare optimal and nonoptimal short summaries for a written descriptive passage. Awareness of the importance of three aspects of successful summarization—inclusion of important ideas, succinctness, and integration—was measured by learner differentiation of the two summary products. Production ability for the three features was measured by acceptability of the optimal product. Results of the study confirmed deficiencies documented in the literature but with some specificity for source of the deficit (i.e., awareness or production ability problems) and for age level. Specific instructional remedies are proposed.
A Cautionary Note on Using (March) CPS and PSID Data to Study Worker Mobility

The monthly Current Population Survey (CPS), with its Annual Demographic March supplement, and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) are the leading sources of data on worker reallocation across occupations, industries, and firms. Much of the active current research is based on these data. In this paper, we contrast these datasets as sources of data for measuring the dynamics of worker mobility. We find that (i) (March) CPS data is characterized by a substantial amount of noise when it comes to identifying occupational and industry switches; (ii) March CPS data provides a poor measure of annual occupational mobility and, instead, most likely measures mobility over a much shorter period; (iii) (the changes in) the procedure to impute missing data has a dramatic effect on the interpretation of the CPS data in, e.g., the trend in occupational mobility. The most important shortcomings of the PSID are the facts that (i) occupational and industry affiliation data is available in most years at an annual frequency; (ii) the PSID’s sample, by design, excludes immigrants arriving to the U.S. after 1968; (iii) the Retrospective Occupation-Industry Files with reliable occupation and industry affiliation dataare available only until 1980.