Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint.

BEFORE A KITTEN OPENS ITS EYES, and long before the eyes are used in visual exploration, single cells of the primary visual cortex respond to natural stimulation with the same specificity as is found in the adult (5). This suggests that the anatomical connections between retina and striate cortex are for the most part innate. During the first 3 months of life the connections are highly susceptible to the effects of visual deprivation, to the extent that exclusion of all form and some light from one eye leads to a severe decline in the ability of that eye to influence cortical cells. Anatomical and physiological evidence suggests that the defect is chiefly, though not entirely, a cortical one (7-9). The object of the present study was to influence cortical connections by some means less drastic than covering one or both eyes. We wished if possible to alter the input in such a way that there would be no question of effects on the visual pathway below the level of the striate cortex. A method was suggested by the well-known clinical observation that a child with a squint (strabismus or nonparallel visual axes) may suffer a deterioration of vision in one eye (amblyopia ex anopsia). Since the visual pathways from the two eyes are for practical purposes separate up to the level of the striate cortex, it is unlikely that in these children the defect is in the retina or geniculate. An artificial squint therefore seemed to provide a possible means of obtaining a cortical defect while sparing the retina and lateral geniculate body. Accordingly , we produced a divergent strabismus by cutting one of the extraocular muscles in each of four newborn kittens, with the plan of testing vision and recording from single cortical cells after several months to a year. When at length each eye was tested in these kittens by observing the ani-mal's behavior with the other eye covered the results were disappointing: there was not the slightest suggestion of any defect in vision in either eye. This was not entirely unexpected, since with both eyes uncovered the animals had appeared to fix at times with one eye and at times with the other. At this stage there seemed to be little point in proceeding further, for there- .
Caregiver functioning following early childhood TBI: do moms and dads respond differently?

INTRODUCTION Research suggests that pediatric TBI results in injury-related stress and burden and psychological distress for parents. However, existing studies have focused almost exclusively on mothers, so that we know relatively little about the impact of childhood TBI on fathers. SPECIFIC AIMS The aims were to prospectively examine differences in maternal and paternal response to early childhood TBI over time relative to a comparison cohort of mothers and fathers of children with orthopedic injuries (OI). METHODS The concurrent cohort/prospective research design involved repeated assessments of children aged 3-6 years with TBI or OI requiring hospitalization and their families. Shortly after injury and at 6, 12, and 18 months post injury, parents of 48 children with TBI (11 severe and 37 moderate) and 89 with OI completed standardized assessments of injury-related stress and burden, parental distress, and coping strategies. Mixed models analyses and Generalized Estimating Equations examined differences in maternal versus paternal burden, distress, and coping over time. The analyses included interactions of parent sex with group (severe TBI, moderate TBI, OI) and time since injury, to examine the moderating effects of injury severity on parental response to injury over time. RESULTS Fathers were more likely than mothers to use denial to cope following moderate and severe TBI, but not OI. Conversely, mothers were more likely to prefer acceptance and emotion-focused strategies than fathers regardless of the type of injury. The use of active coping strategies varied as a function of injury type, parent sex, and time since injury. Fathers reported greater injury-related stress and distress than mothers over time, with pronounced differences in the severe TBI and OI groups. CONCLUSIONS Mothers and fathers appear to respond differently following TBI. The different types of responses may serve to exacerbate emerging family dysfunction.
Intracranial Hemorrhage in Atrial Fibrillation Patients During Anticoagulation With Warfarin or Dabigatran: The RE-LY Trial

Background and Purpose— Intracranial hemorrhage is the most devastating complication of anticoagulation. Outcomes associated with different sites of intracranial bleeding occurring with warfarin versus dabigatran have not been defined. Methods— Analysis of 18 113 participants with atrial fibrillation in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-term anticoagulant therapY (RE-LY) trial assigned to adjusted-dose warfarin (target international normalized ratio, 2–3) or dabigatran (150 mg or 110 mg, both twice daily). Results— During a mean of 2.0 years of follow-up, 154 intracranial hemorrhages occurred in 153 participants: 46% intracerebral (49% mortality), 45% subdural (24% mortality), and 8% subarachnoid (31% mortality). The rates of intracranial hemorrhage were 0.76%, 0.31%, and 0.23% per year among those assigned to warfarin, dabigatran 150 mg, and dabigatran 110 mg, respectively (P<0.001 for either dabigatran dose versus warfarin). Fewer fatal intracranial hemorrhages occurred among those assigned dabigatran 150 mg and 110 mg (n=13 and n=11, respectively) versus warfarin (n=32; P<0.01 for both). Fewer traumatic intracranial hemorrhages occurred among those assigned to dabigatran (11 patients with each dose) compared with warfarin (24 patients; P<0.05 for both dabigatran doses versus warfarin). Independent predictors of intracranial hemorrhage were assignment to warfarin (relative risk, 2.9; P<0.001), aspirin use (relative risk, 1.6; P=0.01), age (relative risk, 1.1 per year; P<0.001), and previous stroke/transient ischemic attack (relative risk, 1.8; P=0.001). Conclusions— The clinical spectrum of intracranial hemorrhage was similar for patients given warfarin and dabigatran. Absolute rates at all sites and both fatal and traumatic intracranial hemorrhages were lower with dabigatran than with warfarin. Concomitant aspirin use was the most important modifiable independent risk factor for intracranial hemorrhage.
An Oligomeric Signaling Platform Formed by the Toll-like Receptor Signal Transducers MyD88 and IRAK-4*

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) mediate responses to pathogen-associated molecules as part of the vertebrate innate immune response to infection. Receptor dimerization is coupled to downstream signal transduction by the recruitment of a post-receptor complex containing the adaptor protein MyD88 and the IRAK protein kinases. In this work, we show that the death domains of human MyD88 and IRAK-4 assemble into closed complexes having unusual stoichiometries of 7:4 and 8:4, the Myddosome. Formation of the Myddosome is likely to be a key event for TLR4 signaling in vivo as we show here that pathway activation requires that the receptors cluster into lipid rafts. Taken together, these findings indicate that TLR activation causes the formation of a highly oligomeric signaling platform analogous to the death-inducing signaling complex of the Fas receptor pathway.
The Association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescence and Substance Use Disorders in Adulthood

Objectives—To determine whether attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence (ADHD) is related to substance use disorders (SUDs) in adulthood, and whether conduct disorder (CD) mediates this relationship. Design—A prospective design incorporating five assessments, spanning the mean ages of 14 to 37. Two baseline assessments were taken at ages 14 and 16, and three outcome assessments were taken between the ages 27–37. Setting—United States. Participants—A community sample of participants initially drawn from upstate New York in 1975, and followed to a mean age of 37. Intervention(s) or Main Exposure(s)—The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children was used for assessing ADHD and CD, and the University of Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview (UM-CIDI) was used for assessing SUDs. Main Outcome Measure(s)—A diagnosis of a SUD was given to the participants in adulthood. Results—Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adolescence was related to SUDs in adulthood. This association, however, was indirect, as CD served as a mediator between ADHD and SUDs. Conclusions—Although adolescent ADHD is not prospectively associated with SUDs in adulthood, it remains a significant risk factor for SUDs through the correlations between ADHD and CD, and CD with SUDs.
DigitalCommons@UNO DigitalCommons@UNO

Recent in vitro research suggests that ACL reconstruction does not restore tibial rotation. This study investigated rotational knee joint stability in vivo during a combined descending and pivoting movement that applies a high rotational load to the knee joint. We studied 20 ACL reconstructed patients (bone–patellar tendon–bone graft) and 15 matched controls with a six-camera optoelectronic system performing the examined movement. In the control group the results showed no significant differences in the amount of tibial rotation between the two sides. No significant differences were also found between the contralateral intact leg of the ACL group and the healthy control. However, a significant difference was found within the ACL reconstructed group and between the reconstructed and the contralateral intact leg. Therefore ACL reconstruction may not restore tibial rotation even though anterior tibial translation has been reestablished.
The Red Queen and the seed bank: pathogen resistance of ex situ and in situ conserved barley

Plant geneticists have proposed that the dynamic conservation of crop plants in farm environments (in situ conservation) is complementary to static conservation in seed banks (ex situ conservation) because it may help to ensure adaptation to changing conditions. Here, we test whether collections of a traditional variety of Moroccan barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) conserved ex situ showed differences in qualitative and quantitative resistance to the endemic fungal pathogen, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei, compared to collections that were continuously cultivated in situ. In detached‐leaf assays for qualitative resistance, there were some significant differences between in situ and ex situ conserved collections from the same localities. Some ex situ conserved collections showed lower resistance levels, while others showed higher resistance levels than their in situ conserved counterparts. In field trials for quantitative resistance, similar results were observed, with the highest resistance observed in situ. Overall, this study identifies some cases where the Red Queen appears to drive the evolution of increased resistance in situ. However, in situ conservation does not always result in improved adaptation to pathogen virulence, suggesting a more complex evolutionary scenario, consistent with several published examples of plant–pathogen co‐evolution in wild systems.
Ultrastructural synaptic features differ between α‐ and γ‐motoneurons innervating the tibialis anterior muscle in the rat

We investigated the synaptology of retrogradely labeled spinal motoneurons after injection of horseradish peroxidase into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle of adult rat. In total, 32 TA motoneurons were investigated in the electron microscope and demonstrated a bimodal size distribution with cell diameter peaks at 40 μm and 20 μm, likely representing α‐ and γ‐motoneurons, respectively. Both α‐ and γ‐motoneurons were apposed by S‐ and F‐type synaptic boutons, whereas only α‐motoneurons demonstrated inputs by the large M‐ and C‐type boutons. The proportion of cell body membrane covered by synaptic inputs was surprisingly indistinguishable between α‐motoneurons (72.2%) and γ‐motoneurons (63.5%). The ratio between the number of F‐ and S‐type boutons in apposition with the motoneuron cell body (F/S ratio) and the ratio between the soma membrane coverage provided by F‐ and S‐type boutons were both significantly higher in α‐ than in γ‐motoneurons. When comparing our data with previous findings in other species, we conclude that rat TA α‐motoneurons are similar to cat and primate α‐motoneurons with regard to synaptic terminal morphology, frequency, and distribution. However, rat γ‐motoneurons show a markedly higher total synaptic coverage and frequency than cat γ‐motoneurons, although both species exhibit appositions made by the same synaptic types and similar ratios between inhibitory and excitatory inputs. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:306–315, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An experimental study on correlation between concrete resistivity and reinforcement corrosion rate

Purpose – The purpose of this paper was to explore the possibility of establishing an empirical correlation between concrete resistivity and reinforcement corrosion rate utilizing the experimental data generated by measuring corrosion current density of reinforced concrete specimens subjected to chloride-induced corrosion at different levels of concrete resistivity. Design/methodology/approach – To generate concrete resistivity vs corrosion current density data in a wide range, ten reinforced concrete specimens were prepared and allowed to corrode under severe chloride exposure. After significantly corroding the specimens, they were removed from the chloride exposure and were subjected to different moisture levels for achieving variation in the resistivity of concrete so that reasonably good number of resistivity vs corrosion rate data can be obtained. Resistivity and corrosion current density tests were conducted for all the ten specimens and their values were measured in wide ranges of 0.8-65 kΩ·cm and .
Relationship between cytotoxic necrotizing factor production and serotype in hemolytic Escherichia coli

We examined the relationship between serotype and cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) production in 123 hemolytic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from both stools and extraintestinal infections. Of 76 strains producing both hemolysin (Hly) and CNF, 66 (87%) belonged to one of six serogroups (O2, O4, O6, O22, O75, and O83). In contrast, 47 E. coli strains producing Hly only belonged to 21 different O serogroups, and only 2 of these (O6 and O18ac) were widely represented. Generally, CNF-positive and CNF-negative hemolytic isolates were assigned to different O serogroups, with the exception of O6, often present in both categories of isolates. Serogroups O4 and O18ac were significantly more prevalent among strains from extraintestinal infections than among those from stools. In contrast, the Hly-positive, CNF-negative isolates, belonging to numerous less common serogroups, were hardly ever isolated from extraintestinal infections. Serological typing further confirmed that hemolytic isolates of E. coli may grossly be divided into two main populations on the basis of the ability to produce CNF. Examination of hemolytic E. coli for this property may also be useful in achieving a more detailed characterization of pathogenic clones.
The Limits of Model-based Regulation

In this paper, we investigate how the introduction of complex, model-based capital regulation affected credit risk of financial institutions. Model-based regulation was meant to enhance the stability of the financial sector by making capital charges more sensitive to risk. Exploiting the staggered introduction of the model-based approach in Germany and the richness of our loan-level data set, we show that (1) internal risk estimates employed for regulatory purposes systematically underpredict actual default rates by 0.5 to 1 percentage points; (2) both default rates and loss rates are higher for loans that were originated under the model-based approach, while corresponding risk-weights are significantly lower; and (3) interest rates are higher for loans originated under the model-based approach, suggesting that banks were aware of the higher risk associated with these loans and priced them accordingly. Further, we document that large banks benefited from the reform as they experienced a reduction in capital charges and consequently expanded their lending at the expense of smaller banks that did not introduce the model-based approach. Counter to the stated objectives, the introduction of complex regulation adversely affected the credit risk of financial institutions. Overall, our results highlight the pitfalls of complex regulation and suggest that simpler rules may increase the efficacy of financial regulation.
Optimization of ECF bleaching and refining of kraft pulping from olive tree pruning

The aim of the present work was to find an optimum kraft pulping process for olive tree pruning (OTP) in order to produce a bleachable grade pulp of Kappa number about 17. The kraft pulp produced under optimized conditions showed a viscosity of 31.5 mPa.s and good physical, mechanical, and optical properties, which are acceptable for paper grade production. The strength and optical properties were measured on pulps unrefined and refined in a PFI mill with up to 2000 revolutions before and after bleaching. The OTP pulp was bleached to 90% ISO brightness (kappa < 1); however the process demanded a long sequence of stages, OD(EP)D(EP)D, and a higher than usual total chemical dosage (24.78 kg/odt pulp). Overall, OTP is suggested as an interesting raw material for cellulosic pulp production because its properties are comparable to those of other agricultural residues currently used in the paper industry.
Evaluating survey quality in health services research: a decision framework for assessing nonresponse bias.

OBJECTIVE To address the issue of nonresponse as problematic and offer appropriate strategies for assessing nonresponse bias. STUDY DESIGN A review of current strategies used to assess the quality of survey data and the challenges associated with these strategies is provided along with appropriate post-data collection techniques that researchers should consider. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Response rates are an incomplete assessment of survey data quality, and quick reactions to response rate should be avoided. Based on a five-question decision making framework, we offer potential ways to assess nonresponse bias, along with a description of the advantages and disadvantages to each. CONCLUSIONS It is important that the quality of survey data be considered to assess the relative contribution to the literature of a given study. Authors and funding agencies should consider the potential effects of nonresponse bias both before and after survey administration and report the results of assessments of nonresponse bias in addition to response rates.
Content redundancy in YouTube and its application to video tagging

The emergence of large-scale social Web communities has enabled users to share online vast amounts of multimedia content. An analysis of YouTube reveals a high amount of redundancy, in the form of videos with overlapping or duplicated content. We use robust content-based video analysis techniques to detect overlapping sequences between videos. Based on the output of these techniques, we present an in-depth study of duplication and content overlap in YouTube, and analyze various dependencies between content overlap and meta data such as video titles, views, video ratings, and tags. As an application, we show that content-based links provide useful information for generating new tag assignments. We propose different tag propagation methods for automatically obtaining richer video annotations. Experiments on video clustering and classification as well as a user evaluation demonstrate the viability of our approach.
Differential Modulation of Human N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptors by Structurally Diverse General Anesthetics

N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have a presumed role in excitatory synaptic transmission and nociceptive pathways. Although previous studies have found that inhaled anesthetics inhibit NMDA receptor-mediated currents at clinically relevant concentrations, the use of different experimental protocols, receptor subtypes, and/or tissue sources confounds quantitative comparisons of the NMDA receptor inhibitory potencies of inhaled anesthetics. In the present study, we sought to fill this void by defining, using the two-electrode voltage-clamp technique, the extent to which diverse clinical and aromatic inhaled anesthetics inhibit the NR1/NR2B subtype of the human NMDA receptor expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. At 1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC), anesthetic compounds reversibly inhibited NMDA receptor currents by 12 ± 6% to 74 ± 6%. These results demonstrate that equianesthetic concentrations of inhaled anesthetics can differ considerably in the extent to which they inhibit NMDA receptors. Such differences may be useful for defining the role that this receptor plays in producing the in vivo actions of general anesthetics.
Survival of human islets in microbeads containing high guluronic acid alginate crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+

Qi M, Mørch Y, Lacík I, Formo K, Marchese E, Wang Y, Danielson KK, Kinzer K, Wang S, Barbaro B, Kolláriková G, Chorvát D Jr, Hunkeler D, Skjåk‐Bræk G, Oberholzer J, Strand BL. Survival of human islets in microbeads containing high guluronic acid alginate crosslinked with Ca2+ and Ba2+. Xenotransplantation 2012; 19: 355–364. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.
Unsupervised Discovery of Discourse Relations for Eliminating Intra-sentence Polarity Ambiguities

Polarity classification of opinionated sentences with both positive and negative sentiments is a key challenge in sentiment analysis. This paper presents a novel unsupervised method for discovering intra-sentence level discourse relations for eliminating polarity ambiguities. Firstly, a discourse scheme with discourse constraints on polarity was defined empirically based on Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST). Then, a small set of cuephrase-based patterns were utilized to collect a large number of discourse instances which were later converted to semantic sequential representations (SSRs). Finally, an unsupervised method was adopted to generate, weigh and filter new SSRs without cue phrases for recognizing discourse relations. Experimental results showed that the proposed methods not only effectively recognized the defined discourse relations but also achieved significant improvement by integrating discourse information in sentence-level polarity classification.
On the irreducible representations of a class of pointed Hopf algebras

We parameterize the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of a class of pointed Hopf algebras over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero by dominant characters. The Hopf algebras we are considering arise in the work of N. Andruskiewitsch and the second author. Special cases are the multiparameter deformations of the enveloping algebras of semisimple Lie algebras where the deforming parameters are not roots of unity and some of their finite-dimensional versions in the root of unity case.