Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Rules from System Call Arguments and Sequences for Anomaly 20 Detection

Many approaches have been suggested and various systems been modeled to detect intrusions from anomalous behavior of system calls as a result of an attack. Though these techniques have been shown to be quite effective, a key element seems to be missing – the inclusion and utilization of the system call arguments to create a richer, more valuable signature and to use this information to model the intrusion detection system more accurately. We put forth the idea of adopting a rule learning approach that mobilizes rules based upon system calls and models the system for normal traffic using system call arguments and other key attributes. We present variations of our techniques and compare the results with those from some of the well known techniques based upon system call sequences. The results show that system call argument information is crucial and assists to successfully detect U2R, R2L and Data attacks generating lesser false alarms.
The structure of the FYR domain of transforming growth factor beta regulator 1

Many chromatin‐associated proteins contain two sequence motifs rich in phenylalanine/tyrosine residues of unknown function. These so‐called FYRN and FYRC motifs are also found in transforming growth factor beta regulator 1 (TBRG1)/nuclear interactor of ARF and MDM2 (NIAM), a growth inhibitory protein that also plays a role in maintaining chromosomal stability. We have solved the structure of a fragment of TBRG1, which encompasses both of these motifs. The FYRN and FYRC regions each form part of a single folded module (the FYR domain), which adopts a novel α + β fold. Proteins such as the histone H3K4 methyltransferases trithorax and mixed lineage leukemia (MLL), in which the FYRN and FYRC regions are separated by hundreds of amino acids, are expected to contain FYR domains with a large insertion between two of the strands of the β‐sheet.
Real-Time Measurement of F-Actin Remodelling during Exocytosis Using Lifeact-EGFP Transgenic Animals

F-actin remodelling is essential for a wide variety of cell processes. It is important in exocytosis, where F-actin coats fusing exocytic granules. The purpose of these F-actin coats is unknown. They may be important in stabilizing the fused granules, they may play a contractile role and promote expulsion of granule content and finally may be important in endocytosis. To elucidate these functions of F-actin remodelling requires a reliable method to visualize F-actin dynamics in living cells. The recent development of Lifeact-EGFP transgenic animals offers such an opportunity. Here, we studied the characteristics of exocytosis in pancreatic acinar cells obtained from the Lifeact-EGFP transgenic mice. We show that the time-course of agonist-evoked exocytic events and the kinetics of each single exocytic event are the same for wild type and Lifeact-EGFP transgenic animals. We conclude that Lifeact-EGFP animals are a good model to study of exocytosis and reveal that F-actin coating is dependent on the de novo synthesis of F-actin and that development of actin polymerization occurs simultaneously in all regions of the granule. Our insights using the Lifeact-EGFP mice demonstrate that F-actin coating occurs after granule fusion and is a granule-wide event.
Treating latent tuberculosis with rifampin: is it the cheaper option?

Treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is an important measure for tuberculosis control in the developed world. A recent study estimated that between 291 000 and 433 000 persons started LTBI treatment in the USA in 2002 and that between 4000 and 11 000 cases of active tuberculosis were prevented by this treatment.1 However, many persons for whom LTBI treatment is recommended fail to initiate or complete treatment. Another recent cross-sectional survey of clinics in the USA and Canada showed that fewer than 50% of persons prescribed LTBI treatment completed the prescribed course.2 Key barriers to successful completion of treatment include the length and suboptimal tolerability of the 9-month course of isoniazid that is most frequently used for LTBI treatment. Shorter better-tolerated regimens are clearly needed. The study by Aspler et al 3 in this issue of Thorax ( see page 582 ) examines one such regimen—namely, 4 months of daily rifampin. This regimen, while recommended as an alternative option for LTBI treatment by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,4 has not been widely adopted in the USA. Major barriers to adoption include the possibility of inadvertent treatment of active tuberculosis with rifampin resulting in rifampin-monoresistant disease, concerns about effectiveness and the increased cost of rifampin compared with isoniazid. Aspler et al addressed the latter concern …
Land-cover classification methods for multi-year AVHRR data

Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data have been extensively used for global land-cover classification, but few studies have taken direct and full advantage of the multi-year properties of AVHRR data. This study focused on generating effective classification features from multi-year AVHRR data to improve classification accuracy. Three types of features were derived from 12-year monthly composite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and channel 4 brightness temperature from the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder AVHRR Land data for land-cover classification. The first is based on the shape of the annual average NDVI or brightness-temperature profile, which was then approximated by a Fourier series. The coefficients estimated by the weighted least-squares method were used for classification. The second and third features were based on the raw periodogram of the time series and the auto-regressive modelling. A global land-cover training database created from Landsat Thematic Mapper and Multi-spectral Scanner imagery was used for training and validation. Both quadrature discriminate analysis (QDA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA) were explored for classification, and results indicate that QDA performs much better than LDA. The first feature, based on the mean annual shape, produced much better results than the other two features. It was also found that NDVI signals worked better than brightness-temperature signals. That is probably because topof-atmosphere signals were used, and atmospheric contaminations significantly disturb the thermal signals and correlation structures of different cover types. Further validations are needed.
Toward the scientific study of autobiographical memory narratives in psychotherapy (Response to Commentaries on Autobiographical Memory Narratives in Psychotherapy: A Coding System Applied to the Case of Cynthia)

In responding to Adler (2010) and Moertl, Boritz, Bryntwick, and Angus (2010), we elaborate three areas of discussion: (1) Defining the autobiographical memory narrative unit; (2) Clarifications regarding our approach to coding narrative memories; and (3) Potential future research. Our response highlights the importance of a coding system specific to long-term narrative memories, the need to distinguish clearly what is meant by narrative memory, and the value of creating a bridge between the study of narrative memory in psychotherapy and research in cognitive science and personality psychology.
Resistance of internal-connection implant connectors under rotational fatigue loading.

PURPOSE To aid in developing mechanically optimized implant-abutment connectors, the fatigue resistance of 5 connector configurations of the Replace Select system (Easy abutment, Easy abutment without antirotational mechanism, Multi-unit abutment, Esthetic Alumina abutment, Esthetic Zirconia abutment) was investigated. Other purposes of the study were to determine whether the connector's antirotational mechanism participates in fatigue resistance and to compare the results with previous data on Straumann connectors. MATERIALS AND METHODS The repetitive, alternating, and multivectorial intraoral force pattern was reproduced by subjecting the test specimens to the rotating cantilever beam test. To this end, the samples were spun around their long axis while clamped into a revolving collet on one end and loaded normal to their long axis on the other end. The aim was to determine the load level at which 50% of the specimens survived and 50% fractured before 106 cycles. Means were determined using the staircase procedure. They were fitted with 95% confidence intervals for intergroup comparisons. RESULTS In the chosen testing configuration, 2 statistical groups emerged. The Easy abutments with and without antirotational mechanism were statistically similar, with mean failure loads in the 70 to 72 N range. Both ceramic and the Multi-unit abutments belonged to the second group, with mean failure loads in the 53 to 58 N range. CONCLUSIONS (1) The fatigue resistance of ceramic and the Multi-unit abutments was approximately 20% less than that of the Easy Abutments. (2) The antirotational mechanism did not participate in mechanical resistance. (3) The fatigue strength of the Easy abutment connectors was approximately 20% greater than the equivalent abutments in the Straumann system.
Cyclic linear binary locally repairable codes

Locally repairable codes (LRCs) are a class of codes designed for the local correction of erasures. They have received considerable attention in recent years due to their applications in distributed storage. Most existing results on LRCs do not explicitly take into consideration the field size q, i.e., the size of the code alphabet. In particular, for the binary case, only a few specific results are known by Goparaju and Calderbank. Recently, however, an upper bound on the dimension k of LRCs was presented by Cadambe and Mazumdar. The bound takes into account the length n, minimum distance d, locality r, and field size q, and it is applicable to both non-linear and linear codes. In this work, we first develop an improved version of the bound mentioned above for linear codes. We then focus on cyclic linear binary codes. By leveraging the cyclic structure, we notice that the locality of such a code is determined by the minimum distance of its dual code. Using this result, we investigate the locality of a variety of well known cyclic linear binary codes, e.g., Hamming codes and Simplex codes, and also prove their optimality with our improved bound for linear codes. We also discuss the locality of codes which are obtained by applying the operations of Extend, Shorten, Expurgate, Augment, and Lengthen to cyclic linear binary codes. Several families of such modified codes are considered and their optimality is addressed. Finally, we investigate the locality of Reed-Muller codes. Even though they are not cyclic, it is shown that some of the locality results for cyclic codes still apply.
Breaking and Fixing Secure Similarity Approximations: Dealing with Adversarially Perturbed Inputs

Computing similarity between data is a fundamental problem in information retrieval and data mining. To address the relevant performance and scalability challenges, approximation methods are employed for large-scale similarity computation. A common characteristic among all privacypreserving approximation protocols based on sketching is that the sketching is performed locally and is based on common
Impact of urbanization on obesity, anthropometric profile and blood pressure in the Igbos of Nigeria

Background: Hypertension in developing setting is often attributed to westernization of life style and stresses of urbanization, some of these increases have been noted in Nigeria. Aim: This is a study on rural-urban differences on the blood pressure, obesity and anthropometrics among a major ethnic group in Nigeria. Patients and Method: A total of 325 men and 242 women aged 20 to 80 years, of the Igbo ethnicity were selected for this study. The samples were selected from the rural and urban subgroups of the Igbo population. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, waist- hip ratio, waist-height ratio, waist circumference, triceps, subscapular, calf and sum of the three skin fold thicknesses and other anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures. Result: Blood pressure correlated with age and most of the anthropometric parameters (p< 0.05 ). All adiposity and blood pressure indicators were higher in the urban than in the rural sample. Women showed higher predisposition to both general and abdominal obesities in both samples. High blood pressure occurred more often in the urban sample than the rural. Urban men had the highest mean blood pressure (p< 0.05). High blood pressure appeared much connected with the pressures of city life. Regression formulae were derived for all the adiposity measures of Igbos in both rural and urban locations. Conclusion: High rates of obesity and hypertension are noted among Igbos in both rural and urban areas. This is especially in the urban setting. The finding is indicative of a low level of attention on hypertension and obesity in the Igbos. The data reported here call for intervention programs on the risks, preventions and management of obesity and obesity related conditions.
CREATINE SUPPLEMENTATION ALTERS THE HORMONAL RESPONSE TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of short-term creatine supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise. 27 trained men were randomly divided into a creatine supplementation group [the CR group (n=15), taking 4×5 g creatine monohydrate/day] or a placebo supplementation group [the PL group (n=12), taking 4×7.5 g maltodextrin/day]. A double-blind research design was employed for a 7-day supplementation period. After this period, the participants performed exercise testing. Blood tests occurred on day 1 prior to supplementation loading (1Pre) and after this period [on the exercise testing day: pre-exercise (Pre), immediately post-exercise (IP), and 15 (15P) and 30 (30P) minutes post-exercise] for the measurement of the serum growth hormone and testosterone concentrations. Significant differences in the number of repetitions and volume were seen with CR (7.2±1.3 repetitions, 1560±386 kg) compared to PL (5.6±2 repetitions, 1089±341 kg) at set 5 of the exercise protocol (p=.01). Serum growth hormone and testosterone were significantly higher at 15P in CR (6.1±1.8 ng/ml, 70.1±19 pmol/L) compared to PL (4.1±1.7 ng/ml, 44.8±16 pmol/L) [(p=.02), (p=.01)]. The enhanced exercise performance resulted in a significantly greater increase in both the growth hormone and testosterone concentrations, indicating an augmented anabolic hormone response to creatine supplementation.
The Communitarian Persuasion

The communitarian movement aims to balance the individual liberties prized by modernity with the health of the community in which those liberties are exercised. The movement arose in 1980s America-a society asserting, on the left, personal self-realization and, on the right, unrestrained capitalism and distrust of government, both sides assailing social institutions. In The Communitarian Persuasion esteemed thinker Philip Selznick shows how the communitarian response to such pressures is not opposition but integration. "Communities have this remarkable feature: they build upon and are nourished by other unities, which are persons, groups, practices, and institutions. What we prize in community is not unity of any sort at any price, but unity that preserves the integrity of the parts. " Selznick situates communitarianism as a public philosophy and relates the communitarian project to key social and political questions raised by the recent transformations of modern life. He also reflects on the appropriate demands of the common good and on religious faith's contributions to community. Readers new to communitarian ideas and readers long acquainted with them will find The Communitarian Persuasion well worth their attention.
Protective Effect of Onion Extract on Bleomycin-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity in Human Lymphocytes

Following one of the world’s largest nuclear accidents, occured at Fukushima, Japan in 2011, a significant scientific effort has focused on minimizing the potential adverse health effects due to radiation exposure. The use of natural dietary antioxidants to reduce the risk of radiation-induced oxidative DNA damage is a simple strategy for minimizing radiation-related cancer rates and improving overall health. The onion is among the richest sources of dietary flavonoids and is an important food for increasing their overall intake. Therefore, we examined the effect of an onion extract on cyto- and geno-toxicity in human lymphocytes treated with bleomycin (BLM), a radiomimetic agent. In addition, we measured the frequency of micronuclei (MN) and DNA damage following treatment with BLM using a cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus assay and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay. We observed a significant increase in cell viability in lymphocytes treated with onion extract then exposed to BLM compared to cells treated with BLM alone. The frequency of BLM induced MN and DNA damage increased in a dose-dependent manner; however, when lymphocytes were pretreated with onion extract (10 and 20 μL/mL), the frequency of BLM-induced MN was decreased at all doses of BLM and DNA damage was decreased at 3 μg/mL of BLM. These results suggest that onion extract may have protective effects against BLM-induced cyto- and genotoxicity in human lymphocytes.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Multivariate Normal Mixture Model

The Hessian of the multivariate normal mixture model is derived, and estimators of the information matrix are obtained, thus enabling consistent estimation of all parameters and their precisions. The usefulness of the new theory is illustrated with two examples and some simulation experiments. The newly proposed estimators appear to be superior to the existing ones.
Oscillatory power decreases and long-term memory: the information via desynchronization hypothesis

The traditional belief is that brain oscillations are important for human long-term memory, because they induce synchronized firing between cell assemblies which shapes synaptic plasticity. Therefore, most prior studies focused on the role of synchronization for episodic memory, as reflected in theta (∼5 Hz) and gamma (>40 Hz) power increases. These studies, however, neglect the role that is played by neural desynchronization, which is usually reflected in power decreases in the alpha and beta frequency band (8–30 Hz). In this paper we present a first idea, derived from information theory that gives a mechanistic explanation of how neural desynchronization aids human memory encoding and retrieval. Thereby we will review current studies investigating the role of alpha and beta power decreases during long-term memory tasks and show that alpha and beta power decreases play an important and active role for human memory. Applying mathematical models of information theory, we demonstrate that neural desynchronization is positively related to the richness of information represented in the brain, thereby enabling encoding and retrieval of long-term memories. This information via desynchronization hypothesis makes several predictions, which can be tested in future experiments.
Inhibition of Glycan Shedding and Leukocyte‐Endothelial Adhesion in Postcapillary Venules by Suppression of Matrixmetalloprotease Activity with Doxycycline

Objective: The aims of this study were to examine the role of matrixmetalloproteinases (MMPs) in causing shedding of glycan components of the endothelial glycocalyx and delineate the efficacy of doxycycline as an inhibitor of white blood cell–endothelial cell (WBC‐EC) adhesion and glycan shedding in postcapillary venules.
Serum level of uric acid, partly secreted from the failing heart, is a prognostic marker in patients with congestive heart failure.

BACKGROUND A recent study suggested that xanthine oxidase is activated in congestive heart failure (CHF). However, whether uric acid (UA) is secreted from the failing heart remains unknown, so it is currently unclear whether serum UA can provide prognostic information independent of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). METHODS AND RESULTS Serum UA was measured in the aortic root (AO) and the coronary sinus (CS) of 74 patients with CHF. The serum UA level was significantly higher in the CS than in the AO. The transcardiac gradient of UA (CS-AO) increased with the severity of CHF, inversely correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and positively correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic volume index. The plasma levels of norepinephrine, BNP, UA, and LVEF were monitored prospectively in 150 CHF patients for a mean follow-up of 3 years. High plasma levels of UA (p<0.001) and BNP (p<0.001) were shown by multivariate stepwise analysis to be independent predictors of mortality. CONCLUSIONS High plasma UA level, partly secreted from the failing heart, is a prognostic predictor independent of BNP in patients with CHF. Monitoring a combination of BNP and UA may be useful for the management of patients with CHF.
Computers and Mathematics with Applications Numerical Approximation of Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equations with Subdiffusion and Superdiffusion

Keywords: Time–space fractional diffusion equation Subdiffusion Superdiffusion Riemann–Liouville derivative Caputo derivative Difference method Finite element method a b s t r a c t In this paper, we study the time–space fractional order (fractional for simplicity) nonlinear subdiffusion and superdiffusion equations, which can relate the matter flux vector to concentration gradient in the general sense, describing, for example, the phenomena of anomalous diffusion, fractional Brownian motion, and so on. The semi-discrete and fully discrete numerical approximations are both analyzed, where the Galerkin finite element method for the space Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative with order 1 + β ∈ [1, 2] and the finite difference scheme for the time Caputo derivative with order α ∈ (0, 1) (for subdiffusion) and (1, 2) (for superdiffusion) are analyzed, respectively. Results on the existence and uniqueness of the weak solutions, the numerical stability, and the error estimates are presented. Numerical examples are included to confirm the theoretical analysis. During our simulations, an interesting diffusion phenomenon of particles is observed, that is, on average, the diffusion velocity for 0 < α < 1 is slower than that for α = 1, but the diffusion velocity for 1 < α < 2 is faster than that for α = 1. For the spatial diffusion, we have a similar observation.