Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Molecular Characterization of a Cryptochrome from the Filamentous Fungus Neurospora crassa

ABSTRACT In plants and animals, cryptochromes function as either photoreceptors or circadian clock components. We have examined the cryptochrome from the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and demonstrate that Neurospora cry encodes a DASH-type cryptochrome that appears capable of binding flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and methenyltetrahydrofolate (MTHF). The cry transcript and CRY protein levels are strongly induced by blue light in a wc-1-dependent manner, and cry transcript is circadianly regulated, with a peak abundance opposite in phase to frq. Neither deletion nor overexpression of cry appears to perturb the free-running circadian clock. However, cry disruption knockout mutants show a small phase delay under circadian entrainment. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA), we show that CRY is capable of binding single- and double-stranded DNA (ssDNA and dsDNA, respectively) and ssRNA and dsRNA. Whole-genome microarray experiments failed to identify substantive transcriptional regulatory activity of cry under our laboratory conditions.
It only takes one to do many jobs: Amphotericin B as antifungal and immunomodulatory drug

“Amphotericin B acts through pore formation at the cell membrane after binding to ergosterol” is an accepted dogma about the action mechanism of this antifungal, and this sentence is widely found in the literature. But after 60 years of investigation, the action mechanism of Amphotericin B is not fully elucidated. Amphotericin B is a polyene substance that is one of the most effective drugs for the treatment of fungal and parasite infections. As stated above, the first mechanism of action described was pore formation after binding to the ergosterol present in the membrane. But it has also been demonstrated that AmB induces oxidative damage in the cells. Moreover, amphotericin B modulates the immune system, and this activity has been related to the protective effect of the molecule, but also to its toxicity in the host. This review tries to provide a general overview of the main aspects of this molecule, and highlight the multiple effects that this molecule has on both the fungal and host cells.
Super-resolution of single text image by sparse representation

This paper addresses the problem of generating a super-resolved text image from a single low-resolution image. The proposed Super-Resolution (SR) method is based on sparse coding which suggests that image patches can be well represented as a sparse linear combination of elements from a suitably chosen learned dictionary. Toward this strategy, a High-Resolution/Low-Resolution (HR/LR) patch pair data base is collected from high quality character images. To our knowledge, it is the first generic database allowing SR of text images may be contained in documents, signs, labels, bills, etc. This database is used to train jointly two dictionaries. The sparse representation of a LR image patch from the first dictionary can be applied to generate a HR image patch from the second dictionary. The performance of such approach is evaluated and compared visually and quantitatively to other existing SR methods applied to text images. In addition, we examine the influence of text image resolution on automatic recognition performance and we further justify the effectiveness of the proposed SR method compared to others.
Institutions and Economic Performance

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Women’s genital body work: Health, hygiene and beauty practices in the production of idealized female genitalia

Women’s genitalia are constructed as a bodily site requiring ongoing surveillance, maintenance and modification to conform to social norms. Women engage in a range of genital health, hygiene and beauty practices, including the use of commercial and homemade vaginal douches, washes, wipes, sprays and pubic hair removal, to modify their bodies. Using a social constructionist framework, we draw on interviews with 49 Canadian women to examine the construction of idealized (Western) genitalia as hairless, odourless and free of discharge, and “natural” female genitalia as problematic through the mobilization of normative femininity and (hetero)sexuality discourses. Theorizing women’s genital health, hygiene and beauty practices as a form of body work, we examine how women’s genital body work is constructed as a necessary and thus normative practice of femininity undertaken in the pursuit of idealized genitalia. A minority perspective that drew on alternative discourses to construct female genitalia as acceptable irrespective of genital body work is examined. Throughout our analysis, we examine the ways in which women negotiate issues of agency and choice in relation to their genital body work. Implications for women’s health in the context of the vaginal microbiome are explored.
Direct Involvement of Orexinergic Systems in the Activation of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway and Related Behaviors Induced by Morphine

In this study, we investigated the role of orexinergic systems in dopamine-related behaviors induced by the μ-opioid receptor agonist morphine in rodents. Extensive coexpression of tyrosine hydroxylase with orexin receptors was observed in the mouse ventral tegmental area (VTA). The levels of dopamine and its major metabolites in the nucleus accumbens were markedly increased by the microinjection of orexin A and orexin B into the VTA. The subcutaneous morphine-induced place preference and hyperlocomotion observed in wild-type mice were abolished in mice that lacked the prepro-orexin gene. An intra-VTA injection of a selective orexin receptor antagonist SB334867A [1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-[1.5]naphthyridin-4-yl urea] significantly suppressed the morphine-induced place preference in rats. Furthermore, the increased level of dialysate dopamine produced by morphine in the mouse brain was significantly decreased by deletion of the prepro-orexin gene. These findings provide new evidence that orexin-containing neurons in the VTA are directly implicated in the rewarding effect and hyperlocomotion induced by morphine through activation of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway in rodents.
Trait Associations for Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in News Media

We study media representations of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. In particular, we train models of semantic memory on a large number of news media outlets that published online articles during the course of the election. Based on the structure of word co-occurrence in these media outlets, our models learn semantic representations for the two presidential candidates as well as for widely studied personality traits. We find that models trained on media outlets most read by Clinton voters and media outlets most read by Trump voters differ in the strength of association between the two candidates’ names and trait words pertaining to morality. We observe some differences for trait words pertaining to warmth, but none for trait words pertaining to competence.
Reversing Underachievement: Stories of Success.

For years, Jamison had been told that he was a distant relation of Abraham Lincoln, but his family had never provided him with the information to trace his ancestral history. His enrichment teacher, to whom he became very attached, assisted Jamison in his research in family genealogy. At her suggestion, Jamison wrote to the state archivist and, subsequently, received conclusive information that confirmed his belief. After completing his family tree, he presented a narrated slide show entitled “Jamison and Abe: 9th Cousins” to numerous audiences. Three local newspapers gave his presentations media coverage.
Algerian Children's Perceptions of Their Rights and Their Self-Reported Personal and Contextual Experiences

This research explored the relationships between the knowledge and the perceptions of children of their rights with their self-reported personal and contextual experiences. In its first part accomplishments in the area of child rights of the country of Algeria are discussed. Then, the results of a field study are presented. They concerned children of 5th grade primary and 1st year Middle schools (N=962, Mean age: 11.76, SD: 1.18, age range: 09–17 years). Measures consisted of an adapted version of an international survey questionnaire measuring children’s subjective well-being and ecological contexts in childhood and adolescence. Results indicate that less than half of the students know what children’s rights are with a marginal difference favouring girls, one third have heard of the International Convention on Child Rights (CRC) and also less than half of the respondents agree that adults respect children’s rights. Other demographic characteristics (age, family financial status, and absenteeism from school) have marginal to no deferential effect on children’s rights perspectives. Correlations between the personal and contextual factors of well-being were found high but negative with being victim of bullying. Regression analyses indicate initially a predictive power of age and adult’s respect of children’s rights. The effects of these two factors remained strong when other contextual and personal factors were entered in the equation. The paper concluded that satisfaction with life, happiness, and well-being of children was conditioned with the improvement of diverse contextual and relational aspects of their lives. Adapted intervention strategies have been recommended towards the improvement of children’s lives in general.
Regional Homogeneity : A Multimodal , Multiscale Neuroimaging Marker of the Human Connectome

Much effort has been made to understand the organizational principles of human brain function using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, among which resting-state fMRI (rfMRI) is an increasingly recognized technique for measuring the intrinsic dynamics of the human brain. Functional connectivity (FC) with rfMRI is the most widely used method to describe remote or long-distance relationships in studies of cerebral cortex parcellation, interindividual variability, and brain disorders. In contrast, local or short-distance functional interactions, especially at a scale of millimeters, have rarely been investigated or systematically reviewed like remote FC, although some local FC algorithms have been developed and applied to the discovery of brain-based changes under neuropsychiatric conditions. To fill this gap between remote and local FC studies, this review will (1) briefly survey the history of studies on organizational principles of human brain function; (2) propose local functional homogeneity as a network centrality to characterize multimodal local features of the brain connectome; (3) render a neurobiological perspective on local functional homogeneity by linking its temporal, spatial, and individual variability to information processing, anatomical morphology, and brain development; and (4) discuss its role in performing connectome-wide association studies and identify relevant challenges, and recommend its use in future brain connectomics studies.
The Awakening of Attneave's Sleeping cat: Identification of Everyday Objects on the Basis of Straight-Line Versions of Outlines

Attneave (1954 Psychological Review 61 183–193) demonstrated that a line drawing of a sleeping cat can still be identified when the smoothly curved contours are replaced by straight-line segments connecting the positive maxima and negative minima of contour curvature. Using the set of line drawings by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980 Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6 174–215) we made outline versions (with known curvature values along the contour) that can still be identified and that can be used to test Attneave's demonstration more systematically and more thoroughly. In five experiments (with 444 subjects in total), we tested identifiability of straight-line versions of 184 stimuli with different selections of points to be connected (using 24 to 28 subjects per stimulus per condition). Straight-line versions connecting curvature extrema were easier to identify than those based on inflections (where curvature changes sign), and those connecting salient points (determined by 161 independent subjects) were easier than those connecting midpoints. However, identification varied considerably between objects: some were almost always identifiable and others almost never, regardless of the selection criterion, whereas identifiability depended on the specific shape attributes preserved in the straight-line version of the outline in other objects. Results are discussed in relation to Attneave's original hypotheses as well as in the light of more recent theories on shape perception and object identification.
TARSONEMID MITE ASSOCIATES OF DENDROCTONUS FRONTALIS ( COLEOPTERA : SCOLYTIDAE ) : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE HISTORICAL BIOGEOGRAPHY OF

The Canadian Entomologist 132: 765 771 (2000) Seven species of mites (Atari: Tarsenomidae) were associated with two local outbreaks of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman, in Chiapas, Mexico; three of these species were new records for Mexico and Central America. The morphology and phoretic behavior of these mites differed little between the western and southern populations from the United States. One major difference was that the hyperphoretic ascospores of the southern pine beetle mycangial fungus, Ceratocystiopsis sp. (Ophiostomataceae), were common in sporothecae of Tarsonemus krantzi Smiley and Moser (Atari: Tarsonemidae) and Tarsonemus ips Lindquist in Chiapas, Mexico, whereas the ascospores of the blue stain fungus, Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. and P. Sydow (Ophiostomataceae), were rare; this situation in the southern United States is reversed. The paucity of behavioral and morphological differences between the two southern pine beetle populations and the relevant historical climatology suggest that the appearance of D. frontalis in the southern United States may be a recent event. Moser JC, Macias-Sgmano JE. 2000. Acariens tarsonemides associes B Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) : implications sur l’origine biogeographique de D. jrontalis. T h e C a n a d i a n E n t o m o l o g i s t 132 : 765-771.
Effects of task instruction on autobiographical memory specificity in young and older adults

Older adults tend to retrieve autobiographical information that is overly general (i.e., not restricted to a single event, termed the overgenerality effect) relative to young adults' specific memories. A vast majority of studies that have reported overgenerality effects explicitly instruct participants to retrieve specific memories, thereby requiring participants to maintain task goals, inhibit inappropriate responses, and control their memory search. Since these processes are impaired in healthy ageing, it is important to determine whether such task instructions influence the magnitude of the overgenerality effect in older adults. In the current study participants retrieved autobiographical memories during presentation of musical clips. Task instructions were manipulated to separate age-related differences in the specificity of underlying memory representations from age-related differences in following task instructions. Whereas young adults modulated memory specificity based on task demands, older adults did not. These findings suggest that reported rates of overgenerality in older adults' memories might include age-related differences in memory representation, as well as differences in task compliance. Such findings provide a better understanding of the underlying cognitive mechanisms involved in age-related changes in autobiographical memory and may also be valuable for future research examining effects of overgeneral memory on general well-being.
Beyond the Flynn effect

Yesterday upon the stair I saw a man who wasn't there He wasn't there again today How I wish that man would go away (Nursery rhyme) I will try to make the problems posed by IQ gains go away, but do not really think that I can say the final word. I claim only that I can at last propose an interpretation that eliminates paradoxes. These paradoxes have been so intimidating as to freeze our thinking about the significance of IQ gains ever since we began to take them seriously (Flynn, 2006a). Intelligence and the atom Before I state the paradoxes, there are some concepts to convey. My fundamental line of argument will be that understanding intelligence is like understanding the atom: we have to know not only what holds its components together but also what splits them apart. What binds the components of intelligence together is the general intelligence factor or g ; what acts as the atom smasher is the Flynn effect or massive IQ gains over time; the best IQ test to exemplify both of these is called the WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children). The WISC has ten subtests that measure various cognitive skills. For example, the Similarities subtest measures the ability to perceive what things have in common; the Vocabulary subtest measures whether you have accumulated a large number of the words used in everyday life; Information measures your store of general (as distinct from specialized) information; Arithmetic measures your ability to solve everyday mathematical problems (how much change you should have if you bought certain items out of a five-dollar bill); and so forth (see Box 1).
The Impact-on-Family Scale: a test of invariance across culture.

OBJECTIVE To test the cultural invariance of the Impact-on-Family Scale in order to make cross-cultural comparisons. METHODS The Italian version of the scale was administered to mothers of children with chronic illnesses. Factorial invariance was examined to investigate whether the four factors found with the original United States (U.S.) scale could be replicated. RESULTS The results clearly demonstrate the replicability of the first three factors, Financial Burden, Familial/Social Impact, and Personal Strain. In addition, internal consistency and the homogeneity of the items of the corresponding scales are satisfactory. However, the fourth factor, Mastery, could not be replicated, and the reliability of the corresponding scale is poor. Italian mothers scored significantly lower on the Financial Burden and on the Familial/Social Impact dimension, compared to the American sample. CONCLUSIONS Three of the four factors of the Impact-on-Family Scale are useful for cross-cultural comparisons between U.S. and Italian samples.
Multidimensional Poverty Index 2011: Brief Methodological Note

* The Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Oxford Department of International Development Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford. ° Departamento de Economia, Universidad Nacional del Sur and CONICET, 12 de Octubre y San Juan, 7 Piso. 8000 Bahia Blanca, Argentina, and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Department of International Development, University of Oxford.
Multiple micronutrient supplementation and dietary energy intake in pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE To compare dietary intake of women supplemented with multiple micronutrients (MM) or iron only during pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS DESIGN Randomized, double-blind, controlled community-based trial. SETTING One semi-urban community in Central Mexico. SUBJECTS Pregnant women identified before week 13 of pregnancy, willing to provide informed consent. INTERVENTIONS Women were randomly assigned to receive daily supplementation with MM or iron only from recruitment until delivery. Supplements were delivered to the participants' home and compliance observed daily. Dietary intake was assessed by repeat 24-hr recall. Data were analyzed using non-parametric tests and multiple regression analysis to determine the impact of MM supplementation on dietary intake of energy and select micronutrients. RESULTS During the third trimester, women in the MM group consumed more energy and iron from dietary sources than women in the iron only group. After adjustment for differences between the groups at baseline, women in the MM group consumed 111.3 kcal/day more (p<0.05) energy. The difference in iron intake was not significant after adjusting for the increase in energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Women consuming MM supplements during pregnancy increased energy intake from dietary sources without a concurrent increase in micronutrient density. Future studies should include measures of appetite and physical activity during pregnancy to determine the implications of additional energy intake for weight gain and retention.
Effects of CO 2 on Stomatal Conductance : Do Stomata Open at Very High CO 2 Concentrations ?

Potato and wheat plants were grown for 50 d at 400, 1000 and 10000 μmol mol−" carbon dioxide (CO # ), and sweetpotato and soybean were grown at 1000 μmol mol−" CO # in controlled environment chambers to study stomatal conductance and plant water use. Lighting was provided with fluorescent lamps as a 12 h photoperiod with 300 μmol m−# s−" PAR. Mid-day stomatal conductances for potato were greatest at 400 and 10000 μmol mol−" and least at 1000 μmol mol−" CO # . Mid-day conductances for wheat were greatest at 400 μmol mol−" and least at 1000 and 10000 μmol mol−" CO # . Mid-dark period conductances for potato were significantly greater at 10000 μmol mol−" than at 400 or 1000 μmol mol−", whereas dark conductance for wheat was similar in all CO # treatments. Temporarily changing the CO # concentration from the native 1000 μmol mol−" to 400 μmol mol−" increased mid-day conductance for all species, while temporarily changing from 1000 to 10000 μmol mol−" also increased conductance for potato and sweetpotato. Temporarily changing the dark period CO # from 1000 to 10000 μmol mol−" increased conductance for potato, soybean and sweetpotato. In all cases, the stomatal responses were reversible, i.e. conductances returned to original rates following temporary changes in CO # concentration. Canopy water use for potato was greatest at 10000, intermediate at 400, and least at 1000 μmol mol−" CO # , whereas canopy water use for wheat was greatest at 400 and similar at 1000 and 10000 μmol mol−" CO # . Elevated CO # treatments (i.e. 1000 and 10000 μmol mol−") resulted in increased plant biomass for both wheat and potato relative to 400 μmol mol−", and no injurious effects were apparent from the 10000 μmol mol−" treatment. Results indicate that super-elevated CO # (i.e. 10000 μmol mol−") can increase stomatal conductance in some species, particularly during the dark period, resulting in increased water use and decreased water use efficiency. # 1999 Annals of Botany Company