Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Competition among penguins and cetaceans reveals trophic cascades in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica.

An apparent trophic cascade that appears during summer in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica, explains why the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) there becomes cannibalistic; its principal prey, crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias) becomes scarce; and the diatom community is minimally grazed compared to adjacent areas. The krill is the major grazer of diatoms. On the basis of fieldwork at Ross Island, we suggest that the cascade results from foraging by unusually numerous Adélie Penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae), minke whales (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), and fish-eating killer whales (Orcinus orca). These species and other top predators apparently deplete the krill and silverfish. In drawing our conclusions, we were aided by two "natural experiments. " In one "experiment," large, grounded icebergs altered the seasonal pattern of change in regional sea-ice cover, but not the seasonal change in penguin diet and foraging behavior that was also detected during the pre-iceberg era. In the other "experiment," a short-term polynya (opening in the ice) brought penguins and whales together in a confined area, this time altering both penguin diet and foraging behavior. We conclude that the foraging of penguins and whales, and not a formerly hypothesized seasonal decrease in sea-ice cover, explains (1) the annual switch in the penguins' prey from krill to silverfish, (2) the subsequent lengthening of penguin foraging trips, and (3) a marked decline of cetaceans in the area later in the season. Reduction in the middle-trophic-level prey is expressed in the relaxed grazing pressure on phytoplankton.
What Can We Learn from Herceptin® Trials in Metastatic Breast Cancer?

Herceptin® (trastuzumab), an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, is the first oncogene-targeted therapy to be developed for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. The Herceptin clinical trial program has demonstrated that treatment with Herceptin provides substantial clinical benefits when used either as monotherapy or in combination with a number of chemotherapeutic agents. Of note, accurate assessment of HER2 status is essential to ensure that the patients most likely to benefit from Herceptin are identified: patients with immunohistochemistry (IHC) 3+ or fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)-positive disease gain the greatest clinical benefits. In addition, clinical benefits appear to be greater the earlier Herceptin is used, although there is currently no direct clinical evidence to indicate whether an initial strategy of combination therapy is better than monotherapy or vice versa. Herceptin has been shown to be generally well tolerated. The most severe adverse events are rare serious infusion-related reactions and cardiotoxicity. These adverse events can be managed by standard care and patients at risk can often be identified prior to the initiation of Herceptin treatment. Currently, Herceptin should be given until disease progression, but there could be benefit in continuing treatment beyond disease progression.
LIVER MICROSOMES

Rat liver, liver homogenates, and microsome fractions separated therefrom were examined systematically in the electron microscope in sections of OsO4-fixed, methacrylate-embedded tissue and pellets. It was found that most microsomes are morphologically identical with the rough surfaced elements of the endoplasmic reticula of hepatic cells. They appear as isolated, membrane-bound vesicles, tubules, and cisternae which contain an apparently homogeneous material of noticeable density, and bear small, dense particles (100 to 150 A) attached to their outer aspect. In solutions of various osmolar concentrations they behave like osmometers. The findings suggest that they derive from the endoplasmic reticulum by a generalized pinching-off process rather than by mechanical fragmentation. The microsome fractions contain in addition relatively few vesicles free of attached particles, probably derived from the smooth surfaced parts of the endoplasmic reticula. Dense, peribiliary bodies represent a minor component of the same fractions. The microsomes derived from 1 gm. wet weight liver pulp contained (averages of 10 experiments) 3.09 mg. protein N, 3.46 mg. RNA (RNA/protein N = 1.12), and 487 µg. phospholipide P. They displayed DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity and contained an alcohol-soluble hemochromogen. The microsome preparations proved resistant to washing and "aging. " Treatment with versene and incubation with ribonuclease (30 minutes at 37°C.) resulted in appreciable losses of RNA and in partial or total disappearance of attached particles. Treatment with deoxycholate (0.3 to 0.5 per cent, pH = 7.5) induced a partial clarification of the microsome suspensions which, upon centrifugation, yielded a small pellet of conglomerated small, dense particles (100 to 150 A) with only occasionally interspersed vesicles. The pellet contained ∼80 to 90 per cent of the RNA and ∼20 per cent of the protein N of the original microsomes. The supernatant accounted satisfactorily for the materials lost during deoxycholate treatment. The findings suggest that the microsomal RNA is associated with the small particles whereas most of the protein and nearly all of the phospholipide, hemochromogen, and DPNH-cytochrome c reductase activity are associated with the membrane or content of the microsomes.
Does Music Make You Smarter?

ecently, there has been much positive press regarding music's impact on general intellectual development, which can be best summed up by the slogan "Music makes you smarter. " Most of this attention has centered on two sets of studies done by a group of researchers at the University of California at Irvine. The first series of studies documents a short-term increase in performance on a spatial reasoning task after listening to Mozart, often referred to as the "Mozart effect. "1 The second series concluded that piano instruction caused preschoolers to improve on a single test of spatial reasoning ability.2 While these studies were intended to focus on one extremely narrow aspect of human intelligence and its potential relationship to musical structure, they have been used to give the impression that any musical study benefits any academic endeavor. However tempting such a claim may be, a closer look at the findings suggests that it would be
Damaged DNA Binding Protein 2 Plays a Role in Breast Cancer Cell Growth

The Damaged DNA binding protein 2 (DDB2), is involved in nucleotide excision repair as well as in other biological processes in normal cells, including transcription and cell cycle regulation. Loss of DDB2 function may be related to tumor susceptibility. However, hypothesis of this study was that DDB2 could play a role in breast cancer cell growth, resulting in its well known interaction with the proliferative marker E2F1 in breast neoplasia. DDB2 gene was overexpressed in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7 and T47D), but not in ER-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB231 and SKBR3) or normal mammary epithelial cell lines. In addition, DDB2 expression was significantly (3.0-fold) higher in ER-positive than in ER-negative tumor samples (P = 0.0208) from 16 patients with breast carcinoma. Knockdown of DDB2 by small interfering RNA in MCF-7 cells caused a decrease in cancer cell growth and colony formation. Inversely, introduction of the DDB2 gene into MDA-MB231 cells stimulated growth and colony formation. Cell cycle distribution and 5 Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation by flow cytometry analysis showed that the growth-inhibiting effect of DDB2 knockdown was the consequence of a delayed G1/S transition and a slowed progression through the S phase of MCF-7 cells. These results were supported by a strong decrease in the expression of S phase markers (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen, cyclin E and dihydrofolate reductase). These findings demonstrate for the first time that DDB2 can play a role as oncogene and may become a promising candidate as a predictive marker in breast cancer.
Mobility/Stability: British Asian Cultures of ‘Landscape and Englishness’

This paper examines the way in which the (British) Asian diaspora creates a territory of belonging and a cultural nationalism within the British landscape. New, British Asian cultures of Englishness are figured through the experience of mobility from ‘other’ landscapes to England. The expression of new hybrids of cultural nationalism based on cultures of Englishness and landscape are presented in the tangible forms of Asian women's drawings of ‘landscapes of belonging’ and their material cultures at home. The Englishness that is expressed through these cultures is examined as a mobile culture that has shifted in meaning and form through the various migrations of the diaspora from sites of colonial governance. The acknowledgement of mobility reveals how new cultural nationalisms rely on souvenirs and sacred objects, contributing to a new moral aesthetics of home and thus creating an inclusive culture of Englishness. The home incorporates a new space where the Englishness of Victoriana and textures of Indianess or Africaness are sites of memorial to mobility itself. The British Asian diaspora creates spatially transferable, mobile cultures of nationalism, expressed through material registers of English landscape aesthetics. The English landscape itself is examined as refractive of lived landscapes abroad and explored through the diasporic lens. Englishness in this paper is based on a ‘territory of culture’, unfixed from any singular national identity, land, or discrete national culture, but located in the cultures of desire of belonging to England.
The NMDA Agonist D-Cycloserine Facilitates Fear Memory Consolidation in Humans

Animal research suggests that the consolidation of fear and extinction memories depends on N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. Using a fear conditioning and extinction paradigm in healthy normal volunteers, we show that postlearning administration of the NMDA partial agonist D-cycloserine (DCS) facilitates fear memory consolidation, evidenced behaviorally by enhanced skin conductance responses, relative to placebo, for presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS) at a memory test performed 72 h later. DCS also enhanced CS-evoked neural responses in a posterior hippocampus/collateral sulcus region and in the medial prefrontal cortex at test. Our data suggest a role for NMDA receptors in regulating fear memory consolidation in humans.
Bmc Infectious Diseases High Risk for Occupational Exposure to Hiv and Utilization of Post-exposure Prophylaxis in a Teaching Hospital in Pune, India

Background: The risk for occupational exposure to HIV has been well characterized in the developed world, but limited information is available about this transmission risk in resource-constrained settings facing the largest burden of HIV infection. In addition, the feasibility and utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) programs in these settings are unclear. Therefore, we examined the rate and characteristics of occupational exposure to HIV and the utilization of PEP among health care workers (HCW) in a large, urban government teaching hospital in Pune, India.
Most Probable Explanations for Probabilistic Database Queries

Forming the foundations of large-scale knowledge bases, probabilistic databases have been widely studied in the literature. In particular, probabilistic query evaluation has been investigated intensively as a central inference mechanism. However, despite its power, query evaluation alone cannot extract all the relevant information encompassed in large-scale knowledge bases. To exploit this potential, we study two inference tasks; namely finding the most probable database and the most probable hypothesis for a given query. As natural counterparts of most probable explanations (MPE) and maximum a posteriori hypotheses (MAP) in probabilistic graphical models, they can be used in a variety of applications that involve prediction or diagnosis tasks. We investigate these problems relative to a variety of query languages, ranging from conjunctive queries to ontology-mediated queries, and provide a detailed complexity analysis.
Exploring Gender-Based Disparities in Legal Protection, Education, Health, Political Empowerment, and Employment in Failing and Fragile States

Gender inequalities in legal protection, education, health, employment, and political empowerment have been of special interest to researchers for many years. Hausmann, Tyson, and Zahidi (2010, p. 3) noted, “Although gender-based inequalities exist in the majority of the world's cultures, religions, nations, and income groups, there are differences in the way these disparities manifest themselves and how they evolve over time. ” The degree of governmental stability is a salient aspect of the process through which gender-based disparities manifest. Although all citizens are doubtlessly affected when states fail, women are especially marginalized and experience governmental failure in a fundamentally different way compared to their male counterparts. Thus, the goal of the current study is to analyze the relationship between state failure and gender-based disparities. Findings reveal significant relationships between gender disparities in most areas, however the relationship between legal protections and state failure produces the most robust results.
Sequential analyses of adolescent, mother, and father behaviors in distressed and nondistressed families

The Response Class Matrix was used to compare sequential relations among behaviors in clinic families with a problem adolescent and those in non-clinic families with an adolescent under two experimental conditions, discussing a problem and planning something together. Clinic dyads manifested significantly more negative an les problem-solving behavior overall. When the family was planning something together, clinic mothers responded to their adolescents' negative behavior significantly more often with negative behavior and less often with problem-solving than did their nonclinic counterparts. Clinic adolescents responded to their mothers' negative behavior significantly more often with negative behavior and with less problem-solving than non-clinic adolescents, both when planning something together and when discussing a problem. These patterns were not observed with fathers. When the family was planning something together, clinic adolescents responded to both their mothers' and fathers' problem-solving wit.
A Nested Comparison of Four Models of the Consequences of Role Perception Variables

Abstract Using a nested models approach, four models of the outcomes of role perception variables - the Bedeian and Armenakis (1981) model; the Schaubroeck, Cotton, and Jennings (1989) model; the Wunder, Dougherty, and Welsh (1982) model; and a proposed model - are compared. Results suggest that both fit indices and individual path significance tests are required to determine model parsimony.
Stabilization of stochastic linear plants via limited capacity stochastic communication channels

The paper considers a stabilization problem involving communication errors and limited data rate. Discrete-time partially observed noisy linear systems are studied. Unlike the classic problem setup, the sensor signals are communicated to the controller over a finite capacity stochastic digital link. Addressed is stabilization in probability by means of realistic controllers that are not only non-anticipating but also consume uniformly bounded (as time progresses) computational complexity and memory per unit time. It is shown that the border of the stabilizability domain is given by the classic Shannon capacity of the channel. A stabilizing controller is explicitly constructed
Mineral dust aerosols in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Sciences ModelE atmospheric general circulation model

[1] We describe an updated model of the dust aerosol cycle embedded within the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ‘ModelE’ atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The model dust distribution is compared to observations ranging from aerosol optical thickness and surface concentration to deposition and size distribution. The agreement with observations is improved compared to previous distributions computed by either an older version of the GISS AGCM or an offline tracer transport model. The largest improvement is in dust transport over the Atlantic due to increased emission over the Sahara. This increase comes from subgrid wind fluctuations associated with dry convective eddies driven by intense summertime heating. Representation of ‘preferred sources’ of soil dust particles is also fundamental to the improvement. The observations suggest that deposition is too efficient in the model, partly due to AGCM rainfall errors.
Synthesizing positive psychological interventions: Suggestions for conducting and interpreting meta-analyses

Systematic reviews, such as meta-analyses, are highly valued within scientific, professional, and lay communities because they provide an easily digestible aggregate of a large body of work. A recently published meta-analysis of positive psychology interventions concluded that these interventions have small effects and argued for the use of these interventions in diverse populations (Bolier et al., 2013). We caution researchers against drawing conclusions from this study because of the unusual definition of what is (and is not) a positive psychological intervention. Bolier and colleagues (2013) define their area of inquiry as “pure positive psychology interventions” and limit their sample to studies conducted within the years following the formal founding of the positive psychology movement. This decision – while well intentioned, as it provides specificity to their criteria for inclusion – is, in our view, too narrow, excluding a host of studies that use the same intervention strategies and target the same outcomes but do not explicitly reference “positive psychology”. The inclusion criteria of a systematic review directly impact its findings and conclusions. Using the criterion of papers that explicitly reference positive psychology creates an arbitrary boundary that reflects neither the research nor practice of the field; the best practitioners prioritize effectiveness and efficiency over explicit ties to “positive psychology”. Arbitrary boundaries hinder science and impair the ability of researchers, clinicians, and the general public to draw accurate conclusions from the findings. It also limits the meta-analyst’s ability to conduct moderation analysis that can help drive the field forward by answering research questions that are difficult to address in a single study. Positive psychology and psychology more generally would benefit from definitions of terms that are conceptually-based and thus meta-analyses that are theoretically sound.
On certain Euler difference sequence spaces of fractional order and related dual properties

The purpose of this paper is to generalize the Euler sequences of nonabsolute type by introducing a generalized Euler mean difference operator Er(∆(α̃)) of order α. We investigate their topological structures as well as some interesting results concerning the operator Er(∆(α̃)) for a proper fraction α̃. Also we obtain the α-, βand γ-duals of these sets.
Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cell-Mediated CD8 T Cell Priming Depends on Co-Inhibitory Signal Integration over Time

The initiation of adaptive immunity requires cell-to-cell contact between T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Together with immediate TCR signal transduction, the formation of an immune synapse (IS) is one of the earliest events detected during T cell activation. Here, we show that interaction of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) with naive CD8 T cells, which induces CD8 T cells without immediate effector function, is characterized by a multi-focal type IS. The co-inhibitory molecule B7H1, which is pivotal for the development of non-responsive LSEC-primed T cells, did not alter IS structure or TCRβ/CD11a cluster size or density, indicating that IS form does not determine the outcome of LSEC-mediated T cell activation. Instead, PD-1 signaling during CD8 T cell priming by LSEC repressed IL-2 production as well as sustained CD25 expression. When acting during the first 24 h of LSEC/CD8 T cell interaction, CD28 co-stimulation inhibited the induction of non-responsive LSEC-primed T cells. However, after more than 36 h of PD-1 signaling, CD28 co-stimulation failed to rescue effector function in LSEC-primed T cells. Together, these data show that during LSEC-mediated T cell priming, integration of co-inhibitory PD-1 signaling over time turns on a program for CD8 T cell development, that cannot be overturned by co-stimulatory signals.
Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Behaviour: Changes with Time in an Adolescent Clinic Cohort

Objective: There are suggestions of a secular increase in the prevalence of depression, self-harm and suicidal behaviour in young people. This study aims to examine changes in prevalence of psychological disturbance over time in adolescents referred for treatment. Method: Data on the type and severity of emotional and behavioural problems was measured using the Youth Self-Report and Child Behaviour Checklist in 4495 clinic-referred adolescents aged 12–17 years, born in a 21-year period (1966–1986). Results: After taking into account the confounding effects of age and gender, there were significant increases in reports of self-harm and suicidal ideation (5% and 4% increase in odds per year, respectively) according to parents, but there was no change in parental ratings of depression (anxious/depressed scale). There were no changes in ratings of self-harm, suicidal ideation or anxiety/depression when adolescent reports were considered. The mean age at the time of referral decreased with increasing year of birth, from 14.6 years in those born in 1966–1971, to 13.1 years in those born in 1981–1986. Conclusions: Parents of referred adolescents reported increasing self-harm and suicidal behaviour with increasing year of birth. In contrast, there were no changes over time in the adolescents' reports. Neither parents nor children reported an increase in depressive symptoms. Perceptions of a secular increase may reflect increasing parental awareness of some behaviours, particularly self-harm and suicidal ideation. Interpretation of these results needs to be cautious given the clinical origin of the sample.
Multiple-source shortest paths in planar graphs

Given an <i>n</i>-node planar graph with nonnegative edge-lengths, our algorithm takes <i>O</i>(<i>n</i> log <i>n</i>) time to construct a data structure that supports queries of the following form in <i>O</i>(log <i>n</i>) time: given a destination node <i>t</i> on the boundary of the infinite face, and given a start node <i>s</i> anywhere, find the <i>s</i>-to-<i>t</i> distance.