Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cognitive performance of super-experts on computer program modification tasks

Abstract The present research attempts to identify factors which account for cognitive skill acquisition beyond the experienced worker standard, and understand differences between expert (E) and super-expert (SE) skill levels on the cognitive-oriented task of computer program modification. The current literature identifies automatization, problem representation, learning mechanisms, and cognitive abilities as factors affecting skill acquisition. In an effort to test these approaches, five SE programmers (rated among the top 95th percentile in their field) and five E programmers (70th to 80th percentile) were asked to enhance a fairly standard database program. A variety of performance and behavioural variables were collected from the analysis of verbal reports on the program modification session. Results indicate the SE subjects utilized a global search strategy to obtain abstract information while experts used a minimal ‘directed’ search to obtain task specific information. No differences in the level of.
Identification of an alternatively spliced site in human plasma fibronectin that mediates cell type-specific adhesion

We have compared the molecular specificities of the adhesive interactions of melanoma and fibroblastic cells with fibronectin. Several striking differences were found in the sensitivity of the two cell types to inhibition by a series of synthetic peptides modeled on the Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) tetrapeptide adhesion signal. Further evidence for differences between the melanoma and fibroblastic cell adhesion systems was obtained by examining adhesion to proteolytic fragments of fibronectin. Fibroblastic BHK cells spread readily on fl3, a 75-kD fragment representing the RGDS-containing, "cell-binding" domain of fibronectin, but B16-F10 melanoma cells could not. The melanoma cells were able to spread instead on f9, a 113-kD fragment derived from the large subunit of fibronectin that contains at least part of the type III connecting segment difference region (or "V" region); f7, a fragment from the small fibronectin subunit that lacks this alternatively spliced polypeptide was inactive. Monoclonal antibody and fl3 inhibition experiments confirmed the inability of the melanoma cells to use the RGDS sequence; neither molecule affected melanoma cell spreading, but both completely abrogated fibroblast adhesion. By systematic analysis of a series of six overlapping synthetic peptides spanning the entire type III connecting segment, a novel attachment site was identified in a peptide near the COOH- terminus of this region. The tetrapeptide sequence Arg-Glu-Asp-Val (REDV), which is somewhat related to RGDS, was present in this peptide in a highly hydrophilic region of the type III connecting segment. REDV appeared to be functionally important, since this synthetic tetrapeptide was inhibitory for melanoma cell adhesion to fibronectin but was inactive for fibroblastic cell adhesion. REDV therefore represents a novel adhesive recognition signal in fibronectin that possesses cell type specificity. These results suggest that, for some cell types, regulation of the adhesion-promoting activity of fibronectin may occur by alternative mRNA splicing.
Maternal Microchimerism Histocompatibility and MHC Zygosity on Influence of Maternal-Fetal

To investigate the relationship between maternal-fetal histocompatibility and maternal microchimerism, we developed a sensitive quantitative PCR assay for the neomycin resistance gene ( neoR ), and, in a mouse model system, used neoR as a noninherited maternal allele marker of maternal cells to detect and quantitate maternal microchimerism in tissues of neoR (cid:1) / (cid:1) N2 backcross progeny of ( neoR (cid:2) / (cid:1) )F 1 females mated with neoR (cid:1) / (cid:1) males. Using this approach, we obtained evidence for the presence of chimeric maternal cells in the brain, spleen, and thymus of all weanling and adult mice so tested. The numbers of chimeric maternal cells present in the spleen did not differ signiﬁcantly from those in the thymus regardless of age or maternal-fetal histocompatibility. At all ages, brain tissue had higher level of maternal microchimerism than lymphoid tissue in mice MHC identical with their mothers, but the levels were similar in mice MHC disparate with their mothers. The levels of chimeric maternal cells in both brain and lymphoid tissue of mice with homozygous syngenicity and maternal allogenicity were similar, and tended to be higher than tissue-speciﬁc levels in mice with either combined maternal-fetal allogenicity or heterozygous syngenicity. Thus, MHC homozygous progeny had higher levels of maternal microchimerism than MHC heterozygous progeny. We conclude that normal mice possess small numbers of maternal cells in spleen, thymus, brain, and probably most other tissues, and that maternal-fetal histocompatibility inﬂuences the levels of these cells by mechanisms related to MHC zygosity of the progeny. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 174: 7123–7128.
Allergic Rhinitis in Adults with Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

Introduction: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is considered one of the most common causes of acquired hearing impairment in developing countries. CSOM is a multifactorial persistent inflammatory disease of the middle ear. A distinct pathophysiologic mechanism linking allergic rhinitis (AR) and CSOM remains to evolve. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between AR and CSOM in adults.This was a case-control study. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 62 adults (23 male, 39 female) with established CSOM and 61 healthy controls. CSOM was diagnosed when there was a history of chronic (persisting for at least 3 months) otorrhea, accumulation of mucopurulent exudates in the external auditory canal or middle ear and/or perforated tympanic membrane on otoscopy. All participants were evaluated for the presence of AR by clinical evaluation of allergic symptoms, and underwent a skin-prick test for 23 common regional allergens. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Results: The prevalence of clinical rhinitis (allergic and non-allergic) was significantly higher among the cases compared with controls (62.5% vs. 37.5%, P=0.02). The prevalence of AR (proven by positive skin-prick test) was also significantly higher among affected adults than controls (24.6% and 13.8%, respectively). Adjusting for age, a logistic regression model showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups. Patients with AR and non-AR were at 3.27- (95% CI=1.15–9.29; P=0.036) and 2.57-(95% CI=1.01–6.57; P=0.048) fold increased risk of developing CSOM, respectively, compared with healthy individuals. Conclusion: The study showed a higher prevalence of AR in CSOM patients than in controls. It may be valuable to evaluate and control this factor in these patients.
Slowly progressive spread of the stroke-like lesions in MELAS

Background: Little is known about temporal and spatial progression of the stroke-like lesion during the acute stage of the stroke-like episode in patients with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). Methods: In four stroke-like episodes of MELAS observed in three patients, MRI, EEG, and SPECT were studied consecutively within the first month of the onset. Results: The first presenting symptoms were headache in all four stroke-like episodes, followed by hemianopsia, psychosis, and aphasia. In three episodes, epileptic seizure developed subsequently in close association with a progression of stroke-like lesion. In all four episodes, serial MRI showed a slowly progressive spread of the stroke-like lesion evolving from the temporal cortex to the surrounding parietal or occipital cortex over a few weeks following the onset of initial symptoms. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps showed slightly decreased ADC values in the actively evolving brain lesions compared with those in nonaffected regions of the brain. EEG showed a pattern of focal periodic epileptiform discharges in three episodes. SPECT showed a focal hyperemia in all four stroke-like lesions, in two of which focal hyperemia persisted for the first month. A T1-weighted hyperintense cortical signal on MRI compatible with cortical laminar necrosis was seen during the subacute stage of all stroke-like lesions. Conclusion: Slowly and progressively spreading stroke-like lesions on MRI may reflect ongoing neuronal metabolic derangement associated with concomitant vasogenic edema provoked by prolonged epileptic seizure activities.
Methods for Intravenous Self Administration in a Mouse Model

Animal models have been developed to study the reinforcing effects of drugs, including the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) paradigm. The advantages of using an IVSA paradigm to study the reinforcing properties of drugs of abuse such as cocaine include the fact that the drug is self-administered instead of experimenter-administered, the schedule of reinforcement can be altered, and accurate measurement of the quantities of drug consumed as well as the timing and pattern of IV injections can be obtained. Furthermore, the intravenous route of administration avoids potential confounds related to first pass metabolism or taste, and produces rapid increases in blood and brain drug levels. As outlined in this video, intravenous self-administration can be obtained without prior food restriction or prior drug training following careful catheter placement during surgery and meticulous daily catheter flushing and maintenance. Experimental procedures outlined in this paper include a description of animal housing and acclimation methods, operant training using sweetened milk solutions, and catheter implantation surgery.
Motivation and morality in Masters athletes: A self-determination theory perspective

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between motivational regulations and prosocial and antisocial behaviour in Masters sport. Participants were 147 Masters athletes (76 females; 71 males; mean age = 46.18 years) from four team sports (netball, n = 51; soccer, n = 45; basketball, n = 31; and ice hockey, n = 20) who completed questionnaires measuring their motivation regulations and prosocial and antisocial behaviour. Canonical correlation analyses revealed that, in partial support of the first of two hypotheses, autonomous motivation was positively associated with prosocial behaviour towards both teammates and opponents. These results have important implications for understanding the motives for physical activity and provide a greater insight into the antecedents and effects of moral behaviour among mid-life and older adults.
On the interaction of tropical‐cyclone‐scale vortices. II: Discrete vortex patches

The interaction of vortex patches in relation to the observed scales and features reported in Part I of this paper is investigated. It is found that the initial approach of compound vortices, such as tropical cyclones, arises from distortion of their, weaker, outer vorticity fields. Care needs to be taken in applying simple concepts, such as the propagation of each vortex on the gradient of its neighbour. For similar vortices, the initial interaction consists of mutual orbit and approach with only minor fluctuations in shape. Once the vortices approach to within a critical separation distance, rapid merger occurs. A simplified expression for this critical distance is derived and it indicates that binary tropical cyclones must approach to within 150-300 km before merger of the cores can occur. When vortices have substantial differences in size or intensity, the smaller/weaker system shears into the outer circulation of the other and no core merger occurs. It is suggested that this is typical of the interaction between tropical cyclones and both the monsoon trough and embedded mesoscale convective complexes. The motion of interacting vortices consists largely of a mutual orbit, which scales according to their relative sizes and intensities. An important finding, however, is that higher-frequency meanders may develop. This indicates that a tropical cyclone interacting with a monsoonal shear zone may develop internal asymmetries and a trochoidal oscillations as a direct result of such interaction. Further, weak mesoscale vortices within the cyclone circulation may continue to cause a track meander long after they have been sheared beyond the resolving capacity of atmospheric observations.
Idea Flows, Economic Growth, and Trade

We provide a theoretical description of a process that is capable of generating growth and income convergence among economies, and where freer trade has persistent, positive effects on productivity, beyond the standard efficiency gains due to reallocation effects. We add to a standard Ricardian model a theory of endogenous growth where the engine of growth is the flow of ideas. Ideas are assumed to diffuse by random meetings where people get new ideas by learning from the people they do business with or compete with. Trade then has a selection effect of putting domestic producers in contact with the most efficient foreign and domestic producers. We analyze the way that trade in goods, and impediments to it, affect this diffusion. We find that exclusion of a country from trade reduces productivity growth, with large long-term effects. Smaller trade costs have moderate effects on productivity.
Deaf Education: The Impact of Cochlear Implantation?

Abstract This paper reviews the impact that cochlear implantation has had on the practice of deaf education in terms of educational placement, communication choices, and educational attainments. Although there is variation in outcome, more children with implants are going to mainstream schools, and using spoken language as their primary means of communication, and the evidence to date suggests that cochlear implantation early in life has led to improved levels of spoken language and educational attainments. However, there is also evidence that providing an appropriate educational environment for these learners remains a challenge – from parents making choices in the early years to students managing the complexity of the secondary and post-secondary setting. Managing the technology effectively in the classroom remains an issue in many schools, and ongoing training of teachers and other educational workers needs to include its management. While the positive benefits of cochlear implantation are clear, we must also be mindful of the attendant challenges in providing flexibility of choice in meeting the needs of this increasingly diverse population.
Linking Police Culture, Leadership and Partnership-Working

The police organisation is undergoing substantial change to satisfy the diverse demands placed upon it. In order for it to be successful in implementing these changes, police leaders need to understand that this change will take place within a police culture and that this complex entity will inevitably have an impact on working relations with partner organisations. Exploring and understanding concepts such as the police organisational culture, the difference between multi- and inter-agency partnership working, and how leadership is affected by and also affects these concepts is an important area if change is to be successfully introduced.
Methodological aspects of working memory assessment in simultaneous interpreters

It is commonly assumed that simultaneous interpreting is very demanding with respect to cognitive resources such as working memory (WM). Previous studies measuring WM skills in simultaneous interpreters, however, have yielded contradictory findings. Some studies seem to support the hypothesis of enhanced WM skills in professional interpreters, others do not find differences between interpreters and controls. This article offers an attempt to account for some of these contradictory results with an analysis of methodological aspects and their theoretical implications. Two of the most frequently used experimental paradigms are considered: a free recall task with articulatory suppression (Köpke & Nespoulous, 2006; Padilla, Bajo, & Macizo, 2005; Padilla Benítez, 1995) and reading or listening span (Christoffels, de Groot, & Kroll, 2006; Köpke & Nespoulous, 2006; Liu, Schallert, & Carroll, 2004; Padilla Benítez, 1995). Concerning the free recall task, it is argued that participant selection may account for contradictory findings and that differences in task timing are so pronounced that the different studies may actually assess different memory skills. The discussion of methodological differences in the listening or reading span task leads to the claim that results are consistent with the view of professional interpreters being advantaged in free recall WM tasks but not in serial recall.
Predicting Users' Continuance Intention Toward E-payment System: An Extension of the Technology Acceptance Model

This paper synthesized the technology acceptance model (TAM), to explain and predict the users' intentions to continue using e-payment system. The hypothesized model was validated empirically using a sample data collected from a modified e-payment questionnaire. A simple random sample technique was used to select 250 academic and non academic staff at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. The results reveal correlation among perceived usefulness and attitude to use, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and attitude; perceived enjoyment and continuance intention to use, speed and actual use. Furthermore, attitude, satisfaction and actual use were all associated with continuance intention. Moreover, all the nine e-payment predictive factors together made 65% of e-payment continuance intention, and similarly; perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, enjoyment, speed; perceived benefits, user satisfaction, actual use and attitude are good predictors of e-payment continuance intention.
Effects of implementation intentions on predictable and unpredictable task switching

Two studies were designed to investigate the effects of implementation intentions on predictable and unpredictable task-switching. In Study 1, participants were asked to react to stimuli presented in an unpredictable task sequence and results reveal that implementation intentions facilitated switching to critical stimulus at the cost of poorer performance on switching to alternative stimuli and alternative task. In Study 2, sequential task predictability was manipulated within subjects. Results show that implementation intentions facilitated overall performance on critical stimulus and hindered performance on alternative stimuli when the task sequence was unpredictable. However, reactions to both kinds of stimuli were comparable when the task sequence was predictable. Moreover, as in Study 1, it was found that implementation intentions interfered with switching to the alternative task under unpredictable switching condition. These results were interpreted according to the mechanisms of implementation intentions and the characteristics of unpredictable task sequence.
Lexical variation and bilingual education in the Basque country

The present research aims at describing and gaining knowledge about the lexical availability in Spanish in a sample of students of the Basque Country, categorized according to the model of bilingual education they have attended. The Basque Autonomous Community (henceforth BAC) establishes a frame of two official languages: Basque and Spanish. In order to fulfill this legal precept, one of the tasks of the public authorities of the Basque Country is well-defined: to assure the general knowledge of both languages, adopting the appropriate measures for such a purpose. The fact of both languages being co-official makes it necessary to analyze the situation of bilingual education from the moment it was established. This will permit us to know whether the bilingual school model our young population has attended influences the lexical variety in their speech production in Spanish; specifically, their production in social contexts. The measuring method used here is based on the common model for measuring lexical availability, that is, the words that first come to mind are the ones that are most available.
Methods for assessing children's syntax

Part 1 Production data: collecting spontaneous production data, Katherine Demuth analyzing children's spontaneous speech, Karin Stromswold what children know about what they say - elicited imitation as a research method for assessing children's syntax, Barbara Lust et al elicited production, Rosalind Thornton. Part 2 Comprehension data: the intermodal preferential looking paradigm - a window onto emerging language comprehension, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Roberta Michnick Golinkoff the picture selection task, LouAnn Gerken and Michele E. Shady the act-out task, Helen Goodluck questions after stories - on supplying context and eliminating it as a variable, Jill de Villiers and Thomas Roeper on-line methods, Cecile McKee. Part 3 Judgement data: the truth-value judgement task, Peter Gordon eliciting judgements of grammaticality and reference, Dana McDaniel and Helen Smith Cairns. Part 4 General issues: crosslinguistic investigation, Celia Jakubowicz assessing morphosyntax in clinical settings, Laurence B. Leonard issues in designing research and evaluating data pertaining to children's syntactic knowledge, Jennifer Ryan Hsu and Louis Michael Hsu.
ACTIVITY BUDGET AND FOOD HABITS OF JAPANESE MACAQUES ( Macaca fuscata yakui ) Students :

Introduction It has been reported that some primate species change their diet in response to environmental changes (Hladik, 1981). Furthermore, in order to understand an animal's dietary niche or adaptability, the contents of their diet and its determinants should be clarified. In this study, we examine in Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui), which are one of two subspecies of Japanese macaques. They live only on Yakushima island, and inhabit forest dominated by evergreen broad-leaved trees. The monkeys feed mainly on fruit, seeds, leaves, and insects (Maruhashi, 1980). To clarify the ecology of the monkey, we attempt to assess the activity budget and the diet composition of Yakushima macaques.
Locating Self-Modifying Feelings Within Literary Reading

Self-modifying feelings during literary reading were studied in relation to the personality trait, absorption. Participants read a short story, described their experience of 3 striking or evocative passages in the story, and completed the Tellegen Absorption Scale (Tellegen, 1982). Compared to readers with either low or moderate absorption scores, those high in absorption were more likely to report affective theme variations and self-perceptual shifts, especially during an emotionally complicated portion of the story. Further analyses indicated that, rather than emotional involvement per se, the relationship between absorption and self-perceptual shifts was mediated by the interaction between theme variations and a style of expressive reflection called metaphors of personal identification.
Exploring the Underachievement Gap

Prevalent definitions of the achievement gap conceptualize it as the difference in achievement between white and minority students. Recent research, however, points to numerous gaps both within and between groups. This study explores a further conceptualization of achievement gaps by looking at the “underachievement gap”—the difference between students from capital-rich backgrounds who choose to attend postsecondary institutions and those who do not. Using the NELS:88 database to examine differences in college enrollment for Hispanic, black, and white students separately, results indicate being held back, number of hours worked during the week, and how far the student expected to go in college were significant predictors for all three groups. With all students combined into one sample, HGLM analysis revealed race/ethnicity generally proved not to be a significant predictor of postsecondary enrollment.