Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hydrometeor charges observed below an electrified cloud using a new instrument

[1] Investigation of charges on particles in thunderstorms was conducted during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study. In the case presented here, aircraft measurements of the electric field, and hydrometeor size and charge, were made in a precipitation shaft beneath the base of a small convective cloud which was electrified, but which produced no lightning. A newly designed instrument was used to obtain particle image and charge measurements for particles larger than 0.2 mm in size. Laboratory tests and calculations suggest that under optimum conditions particle charge can be determined with this instrument to within 13% for particles carrying more than a few pC of charge. Uncertainty in charge magnitude increases to 24% in less optimum conditions. It was found in this shower of melting graupel with a peak concentration of ∼80 particles m−3 that 70% of the particles were charged, with 98% of the charged particles having positive charge. Peak particle sizes were 2 mm, and peak charges were 25 pC. The magnitude of charge varied widely for particles of a given size, but minimum, average, and maximum charge generally increased as particle size increased. The hydrometeors in this region constituted a lower positive charge center. This center must have developed through microphysical interactions and not charge transferred by lightning discharges.
Comparative analysis of the variation characteristics of O3, NO2 and CO in the boundary layer in coastal cities and inland cities in the middle latitude regions in China

Based on the hourly monitoring data of O3 concentration, and its closely related NO2 and CO concentration in four coastal cities (Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Rizhao) and four inland cities (Dezhou, Liaocheng, Heze and Jining) in Shandong Province from 2009 to 2017, we compared and analyzed variations of O3, NO2 and CO pollutants in the boundary layer in both coastal and inland cities in mid-latitude regions, and explored their causes. It is found that O3 pollution showed an aggravating tendency in coastal and inland cities from 2012 to 2017, especially remarkably in inland cities. However, NO2 and CO pollution showed an opposite tendency. Seasonal variation of O3 pollution in the boundary layer of coastal cities in the mid-latitude showed an M-shaped bimodal structure, similar to that in low latitude cities, while NO2 and CO show a V-shaped structure with a maximum in winter and a minimum in summer. The diurnal variation of O3 concentration is featured with a high concentration in the daytime and a low one in the night, while NO2 and CO concentration show a bimodal curve with a high concentration both in the morning and evening.
Strenuous exercise, plasma fibrinogen, and factor VII activity.

OBJECTIVE--To assess the effect of physical activity on plasma fibrinogen and factor VII activity and thus on the risk of ischaemic heart disease. DESIGN--Cross sectional survey. SETTING--Ten group practices in the Medical Research Council's General Practice Research Framework. PATIENTS--3967 men aged 45-69 attending screening clinics for the thrombosis prevention trial. METHODS--Structured interview to elicit the intensity and frequency of physical exercise during past month. Measurement of fibrinogen, factor VII activity, cholesterol concentration, blood pressure, and other indices of ischaemic heart disease risk. RESULTS--Strenuous exercise was associated with significantly lower fibrinogen concentrations than mild exercise, implying a difference of about 15% in the risk of ischaemic heart disease. Strenuous exercise was also associated with lower cholesterol concentrations. More frequent strenuous exercise was associated with lower factor VII activity. CONCLUSIONS--With the recognition of plasma fibrinogen as a strong index of ischaemic heart disease risk the results of this and other studies suggest a pathway through which the protective effect of strenuous exercise may partly be mediated and they provide doctors and patients with a valuable incentive towards prevention, particularly in those whose risk of ischaemic heart disease is substantially due to raised fibrinogen concentrations.
The focus of attention is similar to other memory systems rather than uniquely different

According to some current theories, the focus of attention (FOA), part of working memory, represents items in a privileged state that is more accessible than items stored in other memory systems. One line of evidence supporting the distinction between the FOA and other memory systems is the finding that items in the FOA are immune to proactive interference (when something learned earlier impairs the ability to remember something learned more recently). The FOA, then, is held to be unique: it is the only memory system that is not susceptible to proactive interference. We review the literature used to support this claim, and although there are many studies in which proactive interference was not observed, we found more studies in which it was observed. We conclude that the FOA is not immune to proactive interference: items in the FOA are susceptible to proactive interference just like items in every other memory system. And, just as in all other memory systems, it is how the items are represented and processed that plays a critical role in determining whether proactive interference will be observed.
Experimental Study of Tsunami-Like Waves Generated with a Vertical Release Technique on Dry and Wet Beds

Tsunamis, impulse waves, and dam failures are disasters that challenge humanity, often leading to massive casualties and extreme economic losses. The highly unsteady flow conditions generated by such events are often in the form of turbulent bores. The purpose of this study was to investigate and validate a new generation system for bores propagating over dry and wet bed conditions. There are multiple techniques to generate such waves experimentally, and the study focused on the generation of tsunami-like inundation conditions through the vertical release of a water volume. A detailed methodology to characterize the generated waves hydraulically, in terms of their wave heights and flow velocities, is presented, and good agreement with the classical dam-break case for both dry bed surges and wet bed bores was demonstrated. Because of the importance of estimating the impact forces induced by such waves, particular attention was given to the wavefront celerity and the velocity profiles measured behind the wavefront; these were found in agreement with Prandtl's power law for open channel flows, and in-depth measurements allowed for the definition of an expression to estimate flow deceleration behind the wavefront. Along with considerations of the Froude number and momentum, this paper provides relevant information to assist engineers in designing safer infrastructures in areas prone to such extreme loading.
New Insights into the Martian Crust and Angrite Parent Body Through Meteorites

Petrologic studies of two new, unique meteorites were conducted in order to characterize the samples and provide insights into their parent bodies. The first sample, Northwest Africa 7034, is the first martian meteorite breccia to be discovered. In an effort to understand the martian crustal materials sampled by the breccia, we developed a classification scheme for the breccia clasts based on their texture, mineralogy, and chemistry. We then further investigated two clast groups which contained trends in mineralogy and chemistry that suggested a possible genetic relationship between the two. Our findings suggest they are not related by a simple igneous process, however most of the types of clasts present within NWA 7034 have a similar trace element signature, indicating the clasts acquired their trace element signature from the same source. The second sample examined for this work is Northwest Africa 8535, the first dunite from the angrite parent body. As such, NWA 8535 likely samples an igneous process on the angrite parent body that is different from that sampled by all other angrites. Details of the petrology of this sample have provided insight into its formation. Importantly, NWA 8535 also contains several features similar to those found in other angrites, such as fluid produced features like inclusions and symplectites, and olivine similar in composition to xenocrystic olivine found in volcanic angrites. The work presented here illustrates the importance of new meteorite samples to increasing our understanding of the Solar System.
A novel recognition motif for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase binding mediates its association with the hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor receptor

The pleiotropic effects (mitogenesis, motogenesis, and morphogenesis) elicited by hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) are mediated by the activation of the tyrosine kinase receptor encoded by the MET proto-oncogene. Following autophosphorylation, the receptor associates with the p85/110 phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase complex in vivo and in vitro. By a combination of two complementary approaches, competition with synthetic phosphopeptides and association with Tyr-Phe receptor mutants, we have identified Y-1349 and Y-1356 in the HGF/SF receptor as the binding sites for PI 3-kinase. Y-1349VHV and Y-1356VNV do not conform to the canonical consensus sequence YXXM for PI 3-kinase binding and thus define YVXV as a novel recognition motif. Y-1349 and Y-1356 are located within the C-terminal portion of the HGF/SF receptor and are phosphorylation sites. The affinity of the N- and C-terminal src homology region 2 (SH2) domains of p85 for the phosphopeptides including Y-1349 and Y-1356 is 2 orders of magnitude lower than that measured for Y-751 in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor binding site. However, the closely spaced duplication of the novel recognition motif in the native HGF/SF receptor may allow binding with both SH2 domains of p85, thus generating an efficient docking site for PI 3-kinase. In agreement with this model, we have observed that a phosphopeptide including both Y-1349 and Y-1356 activates PI 3-kinase in vitro.
Course and outcome of hepatitis C

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a small enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family flaviviridae and genus hepacivirus. The HCV RNA genome is 9,600 nucleotides in length and encodes a single polyprotein that is post‐translationally cleaved into 10 polypeptides including t3 structural (C, E1, and E2) and multiple nonstructural proteins ([NS] NS2 to NS5). The NS proteins include enzymes necessary for protein processing (proteases) and viral replication (RNA polymerase). The virus replicates at a high rate in the liver and has marked sequence heterogeneity. There are 6 genotypes and more than 90 subtypes of HCV, the most common in the United States being 1a and 1b (approximately 75%), 2a and 2b (approximately 15%), and 3 (approximately 7%). Acute hepatitis C is marked by appearance of HCV RNA in serum within 1 to 2 weeks of exposure followed by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, and then symptoms and jaundice. Antibody to HCV (anti‐HCV) tends to arise late. In acute resolving hepatitis, HCV RNA is cleared and serum ALT levels fall to normal. However, 55% to 85% of patients do not clear virus, but develop chronic hepatitis C. Chronic hepatitis C is often asymptomatic, but is usually associated with persistent or fluctuating elevations in ALT levels. The chronic sequelae of hepatitis C include progressive hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Extra‐hepatic manifestations include sicca syndrome, cryoglobulinemia, glomerulonephritis, and porphyria cutanea tarda. Knowledge of the course and outcome of hepatitis C is important in developing approaches to management and therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2002;36:S21–S29).
Prescription writing: Generic or brand?

In this context, Singal et al.[6] described an interesting study. These authors compared branded and nominally branded generic versions of the same drug manufactured and formulated by the same company [see the next section and Box 2 for definitions of terms]. The drugs selected were cetirizine, fluoxetine, ciprofloxacin, lansoprazole, and alprazolam. At the retailer level, the mark-up for branded The high cost of some medicines in India has made the treatment of many common and uncommon diseases unaffordable to the poor and a strain on the budgets of even middle-class citizens. For patients who suffer from diabetes or cardiovascular disease, and who may need certain medicines for months or even the rest of their lives, newer antidiabetic, anticoagulant, and other medicines may cost more than Rs. 100 a day, each; and for those diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, the cost of disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) may range from Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 100,000 a month, depending on the DMT. Clearly, the cost of some medicines, especially to poorer patients and those who require long-term or lifelong treatment, is a matter of concern.
Improving recommendation lists through topic diversification

In this work we present topic diversification, a novel method designed to balance and diversify personalized recommendation lists in order to reflect the user's complete spectrum of interests. Though being detrimental to average accuracy, we show that our method improves user satisfaction with recommendation lists, in particular for lists generated using the common item-based collaborative filtering algorithm.Our work builds upon prior research on recommender systems, looking at properties of recommendation lists as entities in their own right rather than specifically focusing on the accuracy of individual recommendations. We introduce the intra-list similarity metric to assess the topical diversity of recommendation lists and the topic diversification approach for decreasing the intra-list similarity. We evaluate our method using book recommendation data, including offline analysis on 361, ! , 349 ratings and an online study involving more than 2, ! , 100 subjects.
Values in Words: Using Language to Evaluate and Understand Personal Values

People's values provide a decision-making framework that helps guide their everyday actions. Most popular methods of assessing values show tenuous relationships with everyday behaviors. Using a new Amazon Mechanical Turk dataset (N = 767) consisting of people's language, values, and behaviors, we explore the degree to which attaining "ground truth" is possible with regards to such complicated mental phenomena. We then apply our findings to a corpus of Facebook user (N=130,828) status updates in order to understand how core values influence the personal thoughts and behaviors that users share through social media. Our findings suggest that self-report questionnaires for abstract and complex phenomena, such as values, are inadequate for painting an accurate picture of individual mental life. Free response language data and language modeling show greater promise for understanding both the structure and content of concepts such as values and, additionally, exhibit a predictive edge over self-report questionnaires.
Unique Author Identification Number in Scientific Databases: A Suggestion

There is an increasing trend toward the use of electronic databases of scientific information, such as the PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine and the various databases of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). These databases are frequently used nowadays for various purposes, including the peer-review process of papers submitted for publication in scientific journals. Most of the scientific journals now use a Web-based peer-review system that offers editors, peer reviewers, and publishers the capability to check the previous papers published by authors submitting a manuscript for consideration for publication [ 1]. In addition, these databases are frequently searched in an attempt to select potential speakers for scientific conferences and to obtain data for possible collaborators for a multicenter study, as well as in the process of evaluating the research productivity of scientists—which is being used for various purposes. However, it is widely known that a considerable proportion of authors share the same last name and first initial. This seems to be the case for people of most ethnic heritages. In addition, authors of scientific publications do not frequently use their middle initial, which contributes to the confusion regarding the assignment of publications to the appropriate author. Frequently, it takes considerable effort and time to assign publications to the appropriate authors, particularly if there are authors that share the same last name and first initial (with or without the middle initial). This is usually based on the pattern of research interests, as well as the institutional affiliations of the various authors with the same name. In fact, this task is often impossible. In order to decrease the problems arising from authors with identical names, I suggest the introduction of a unique author identification number (UAIN) in modern electronic databases of scientific information. I further suggest that such an identification number may be hidden in the electronic databases, i.e., it is not necessary for the UAIN to appear when reviewing the record of a publication. This function of the electronic databases could start operating after the providers of the databases are given a reasonable time to prepare. To avoid the resources needed to update the electronic databases with the appropriate assignment of publications to each author, I suggest that the UAIN not be used retrospectively. In this case, the record of publications for a specific author would be divided into two parts. The publications that are prospectively connected to a given author with a specific UAIN would have an indicator denoting this, while older publications (before the introduction of the UAIN) would not have such an indicator.
Sequential and simultaneous tactile stimulation with multiple actuators on head, neck and back for gaze cuing

Interacting with the environment using mobile eye-tracking is accompanied with challenges in providing non-visual feedback related to gaze events and monitoring the gaze vector estimation quality. Recent studies point to haptic stimulation as a promising feedback channel in this context. In this work we focused on applying haptic stimulation to inform users of pointing inaccuracies by cuing their gaze in the direction of nearby interactive objects. To decrease the cognitive load, short repetitive vibrations from four actuators were applied to the head and neck of the user. The head area stimulation was compared to the back that has often been used in earlier studies. The results showed that the haptic stimulation on the head and neck cued users as efficiently as the stimulation of the back, although smaller stimulation signal amplitude would be desirable. Another important implication refers to the design of the stimulation signal pattern: if multiple actuators are used in stimulation, then they should be activated sequentially and not simultaneously.
Biomarker-based detection of asthma–COPD overlap syndrome in COPD populations

Asthma–chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) overlap syndrome (ACOS) was proposed by the science committees of both Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). However, the definition of ACOS has remained unclear all over the world, and the prevalence rate of ACOS is basically dependent on the patient’s symptoms or the physician’s opinion, based on questionnaire testing. In the current case report, we investigated the prevalence rate of COPD patients with high levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) or immunoglobulin E (IgE) as candidate markers of ACOS in COPD, as a multicenter, cross-sectional study. Outpatients with COPD were enrolled from Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan, and five hospitals (Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan; NTT East Tohoku Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Wakayama Medical University Hospital, Kimiidera, Japan; Hiraka General Hospital, Yokote, Japan; Iwate Prefectural Isawa Hospital, Oshu, Japan) with pulmonary physicians from March 1, 2013 to February 28, 2014. When they were estimated using 35 ppb as the cutoff value of FENO, the prevalence rate of ACOS was 16.3% in COPD. When estimated by both FENO and IgE, the high-FENO/high-IgE group was 7.8% in COPD. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to detect the prevalence rate of ACOS in COPD populations by using objective biomarkers. The results from the current study should be useful to identify the subgroup requiring early intervention by inhaled corticosteroids/long-acting beta agonist combination in COPD in order to improve the long-term management for ACOS.
Network dismantling

Significance Many systems of interest can be represented by a network of nodes connected by edges. In many circumstances, the existence of a giant component is necessary for the network to fulfill its function. Motivated by the need to understand optimal attack strategies, optimal spread of information, or immunization policies, we study the network dismantling problem (i.e., the search for a minimal set of nodes in which removal leaves the network broken into components of subextensive size). We give the size of the optimal dismantling set for random networks, propose an efficient dismantling algorithm for general networks that outperforms by a large margin existing strategies, and provide various insights about the problem. We study the network dismantling problem, which consists of determining a minimal set of vertices in which removal leaves the network broken into connected components of subextensive size. For a large class of random graphs, this problem is tightly connected to the decycling problem (the removal of vertices, leaving the graph acyclic). Exploiting this connection and recent works on epidemic spreading, we present precise predictions for the minimal size of a dismantling set in a large random graph with a prescribed (light-tailed) degree distribution. Building on the statistical mechanics perspective, we propose a three-stage Min-Sum algorithm for efficiently dismantling networks, including heavy-tailed ones for which the dismantling and decycling problems are not equivalent. We also provide additional insights into the dismantling problem, concluding that it is an intrinsically collective problem and that optimal dismantling sets cannot be viewed as a collection of individually well-performing nodes.
Characterizing Address Use Structure and Stability of Origin Advertisement in Inter-domain Routing

The stability and robustness of BGP remains one of the most critical elements in sustaining today’s Internet. In this paper, we study the structure and stability of origin advertisements in inter-domain routing. We visualize and quantitatively characterize the frequency, size, and effect of address assignment and origin changes by analyzing realworld BGP updates for a period of one year from multiple vantage points. Broad classes of prefix behaviors are developed. We show that a significant portion of BGP traffic is due to prefix flapping and explore the contributing factors which include a number of prefixes with abnormal short upand- down cycles. A significant portion of prefixes have high origin stability. Most ASes are involved in few, if any, prefix movement events, while a small number of ASes are responsible for most of the origin churn. Additionally, we find that a high volume of new prefixes can be attributed to actively evolving countries, that some abnormal prefix flapping is most likely due to misconfiguration, and that some culprit ASes characterize the places where multi-origin prefixes oscillate.