Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantum requirements for growth and fatty acid biosynthesis in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bacillariophyceae) in nitrogen replete and limited conditions

We determined the quantum requirements for growth (1/ϕμ) and fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis (1/ϕFA) in the marine diatom, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, grown in nutrient replete conditions with nitrate or ammonium as nitrogen sources, and under nitrogen limitation, achieved by transferring cells into nitrogen free medium or by inhibiting nitrate assimilation with tungstate. A treatment in which tungstate was supplemented to cells grown with ammonium was also included. In nutrient replete conditions, cells grew exponentially and possessed virtually identical 1/ϕμ of 40–44 mol photons · mol C−1. In parallel, 1/ϕFA varied between 380 and 409 mol photons · mol C−1 in the presence of nitrate, but declined to 348 mol photons · mol C−1 with ammonium and to 250 mol photons · mol C−1 with ammonium plus tungstate, indicating an increase in the efficiency of FA biosynthesis relative to cells grown on nitrate of 8% and 35%, respectively. While the molecular mechanism for this effect remains poorly understood, the results unambiguously reveal that cells grown on ammonium are able to direct more reductant to lipids. This analysis suggests that when cells are grown with a reduced nitrogen source, fatty acid biosynthesis can effectively become a sink for excess absorbed light, compensating for the absence of energetically demanding nitrate assimilation reactions. Our data further suggest that optimal lipid production efficiency is achieved when cells are in exponential growth, when nitrate assimilation is inhibited, and ammonium is the sole nitrogen source.
Natural Gradient Works Eciently in Learning

When a parameter space has a certain underlying structure, the ordinary gradient of a function does not represent its steepest direction but the natural gradient does. Information geometry is used for calculating the natural gradients in the parameter space of perceptrons, the space of matrices (for blind source separation) and the space of linear dynamical systems (for blind source deconvolution). The dynamical behavior of natural gradient on-line learning is analyzed and is proved to be Fisher ecient, implying that it has asymptotically the same performance as the optimal batch estimation of parameters. This suggests that the plateau phenomenon which appears in the backpropagation learning algorithm of multilayer perceptrons might disappear or might be not so serious when the natural gradient is used. An adaptive method of updating the learning rate is proposed and analyzed.
Baylisascaris procyonis Infection in a Moluccan Cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis)

ABSTRACT An adult female Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was evaluated for a 10-day history of progressive ataxia and weakness. The bird had been exposed intermittently over a 3-day period to a cage that had previously housed juvenile raccoons. Results of diagnostic tests were inconclusive and, despite supportive care, the bird died 7 days after the initial presentation. Histopathologic examination revealed a single nematode larva in the midbrain that was consistent with Baylisascaris species and multifocal granulomas in the left ventricle of the heart. The neurologic disease in this bird was attributed to encephalitis caused by neural larval migration of the raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis.
CamWorks: a video-based tool for efficient capture from paper source documents

We describe the design and evaluation of CamWorks, a system that employs a video camera as a means of supporting capture from paper sources during reading and writing. The user can view a live video image of the source document alongside the electronic document in preparation. We describe a novel user interface developed to support selection of text in the video window, and several new techniques for segmentation, restoration and resolution enhancement of camera images. An evaluation shows substantially faster text capture than with flatbed scanning.
Turning the Web into an Effective Knowledge Repository

To fulfill Vannevar Bush’s Memex and Ted Nelson’s Hyper-Text vision of a world-size interconnected store of knowledge, there are still quite a few rough-edges to solve. There are no large-scale mechanisms to enforce referential integrity in the WWW. The weight of dynamically generated content w.r. t. static content has progressed enormously. Preserving accessibility to this type of content raises new issues. We propose a system, comprised of a distributed web-proxy and cache architecture, to access and automatically manage web content, static and dynamically generated. It is combined with an implementation of a cyclic distributed garbage collection algorithm for wide-area memory. It correctly handles dynamic content, enforces referential integrity on the web, and is complete w.r. t minimizing storage waste.
Difficulties and Perspectives of Immunomodulatory Therapy with Mistletoe Lectins and Standardized Mistletoe Extracts in Evidence-Based Medicine

Viscum album preparations are aqueous mistletoe plant extracts used in complementary and alternative medicine as immunomodulators in cancer therapy. However, evidence of immunological efficacy of mistletoe extracts (MEs) used in clinical trials is often lacking. Mechanisms involved in anti-tumor properties of ME and mistletoe lectins (MLs) modify both innate and adaptive immune systems, according to animal model experiments. In the background of these effects, a selective binding of ML on CD75 ganglioside receptors of interleukin 12 (IL-12)-producing macrophages or dendritic cells can play an important role. Immunological effects of ME correlate with their lectin activity, showing a bell-shaped dose-response curve of efficacy. Therefore, a correct determination of MLs for the standardization of commercial ME is essential. However, plant MLs exhibit heterogeneity, which most likely results from post-translational processing. In addition, amino acid analysis of ML has revealed numerous conservative substitutions along their amino acid sequence. Consequently, ML research needs new perspectives, and the advantages and disadvantages of purified and biologically better defined ML preparations are also discussed in this article.
Altered Golgi apparatus in hydrostatically loaded articular cartilage chondrocytes.

OBJECTIVES: Articular cartilage proteoglycan content is controlled by joint loading. This study aimed to elucidate the role of hydrostatic pressure in this regulation. METHODS: Primary cultures of chondrocytes from bovine articular cartilage, grown on coverslips, were subjected to 5, 15, or 30 MPa hydrostatic pressure, applied continuously or cyclically at 0.125 or 0.05 Hz. The Golgi apparatus was visualised either by a fluorochrome coupled wheat germ agglutinin or by transmission electron microscopy. Proteoglycan synthesis was studied by the incorporation of sulphur-35 labelled sulphate. RESULTS: After 30 MPa continuous hydrostatic pressure, the Golgi apparatus was observed in a compact form with a concomitant decrease in proteoglycan synthesis. The normal stacked appearance of the Golgi apparatus was no more visible in the electron microscopy preparation of the pressurised chondrocytes. This effect was reversible and was also noticed after 15 MPa continuous load, though to a minor extent. Cyclic pressures (5-30 MPa) caused no apparent change in the Golgi apparatus. The shape of some cells changed to a more retracted form after 30 MPa continuous pressure. Nocodazole, which causes disassembly of the microtubules, blocked the compacting influence of pressurisation on the Golgi apparatus, and reduced proteoglycan synthesis to about half of the control level. CONCLUSIONS: The packing of the Golgi apparatus is dependent on microtubules and may contribute to the inhibition of proteoglycan synthesis observed in articular cartilage subjected to high hydrostatic pressure.
Dense Stereo Matching Method Based on Local Affine Model

A new method for constructing an accurate disparity space image and performing an efficient cost aggregation in stereo matching based on local affine model is proposed in this paper. The key algorithm includes a new self-adapting dissimilarity measurement used for calculating the matching cost and a local affine model used in cost aggregation stage. Different from the traditional region-based methods, which try to change the matching window size or to calculate an adaptive weight to do the aggregation, the proposed method focuses on obtaining the efficient and accurate local affine model to aggregate the cost volume while preserving the disparity discontinuity. Moreover, the local affine model can be extended to the color space. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to provide subpixel precision disparity maps compared with some state-of-the-art stereo matching methods.
Incidence and time course of thromboembolic outcomes following total hip or knee arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the incidence and time course of clinical thromboembolic events after total hip or knee arthroplasty, particularly after hospital discharge. METHODS We used a linked hospital discharge database provided by the State of California to identify cases diagnosed as having deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within 3 months of unilateral total hip or knee arthroplasty. Also, we surveyed orthopedic surgeons to estimate the frequency of postoperative thromboprophylaxis during July 1991 through June 1993. Medical charts were audited to determine the accuracy of the coded records. RESULTS Among 19,586 primary hip and 24,059 primary knee arthroplasties, the cumulative incidence of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism within 3 months of surgery was 556 (2.8%) after hip arthroplasty and 508 (2.1%) after knee arthroplasty. The diagnosis of thromboembolism was made after hospital discharge in 76% and 47% of the total hip and total knee arthroplasty cases, respectively (P<.001), with a median time of diagnosis of 17 days and 7 days after surgery, respectively (P<.001). Questionnaire results indicated that 95% of all cases received thromboprophylaxis and that the frequency, type, and duration of thromboprophylaxis was virtually identical after hip and knee arthroplasty. CONCLUSIONS There is a difference in the temporal patterns of clinically symptomatic thromboembolic complications after total hip and total knee arthroplasty, suggesting differences in pathogenesis or natural history. The findings suggest that to further reduce thromboembolic outcomes, earlier, more intense prophylaxis may be needed for total knee arthroplasty, and more prolonged prophylaxis may be required after total hip arthroplasty.
Sulfide–oxide assemblages in Acfer 094—Clues to nebular metal–gas interactions

The ungrouped carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094 is among the least altered samples of the early solar system. We have studied concentric sulfide–oxide aggregates from this meteorite by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS). The main minerals present are magnetite, pentlandite, and pyrrhotite/troilite. The outer parts of the aggregates include μm‐sized olivine and pyroxenes with variable Mg/Fe ratios. One aggregate contains taenite (56.7 wt% Ni) within its central part that is surrounded by pentlandite and magnetite. We conclude that both phases have formed by oxidation and sulfidization of metal and, based on the metal and sulfide Fe/Ni ratio, a (sulfide)‐formation temperature of 400–550 °C can be constrained. This temperature is higher than any temperature that could be expected to have occurred on the Acfer 094 parent body, and also textural evidence indicates that the aggregates formed before parent‐body accretion. We therefore conclude that the formation of the sulfide–oxide aggregates occurred most likely in the solar nebular at highly variable H2O and H2S fugacities. Oxygen‐isotopic compositions of magnetite within these assemblages show that they are indistinguishable from the meteorite's matrix (δ17OSMOW ≈ 4 ± 8‰, δ18OSMOW ≈ 10 ± 6‰, and ∆17OSMOW ≈ −1 ± 5‰). An enrichment of 17,18O relative to chondrules of Acfer 094 suggests a link between the formation of the sulfide–oxide aggregates and the preaccretionary processing of matrix grains in a volatile‐enriched nebular environment.
Do Dolphins Eavesdrop on the Echolocation Signals of Conspecifics

Preliminary experimental evidence shows that it is possible for an eavesdropping dolphin to discern object information from the returning echoes generated by the echolocation signals of conspecifics. Researchers have offered suggestions as to how this proposed ability may affect the behavior of wild dolphin species. A review of early and contemporary ideas, hypotheses and experiments concerning eavesdropping in dolphins is presented here, resulting in the development of a formalized, modern version of the ‘echoic eavesdropping’ hypothesis. The ecological implications of eavesdropping behavior remain unknown; refinement of the hypothesis and clarification of underlying assumptions are vital to our understanding of how echoic eavesdropping behavior might manifest itself in the social behavior of wild odontocetes. Suggestions for future research involving both echoic eavesdropping and a novel, alternative hypothesis (multi-source echoic eavesdropping) are offered. With the potential to elucidate many of the mysteries concerning dolphin biosonar use and dolphin behavior in general, echoic eavesdropping is an idea that deserves future attention. Despite substantial knowledge of the structure and function of odontocete
Targeting Aurora Kinases with Danusertib (PHA-739358) Inhibits Growth of Liver Metastases from Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors in an Orthotopic Xenograft Model

Purpose: Aurora kinases play a crucial role in cell-cycle control. Uncontrolled expression of aurora kinases causes aneuploidy and tumor growth. As conservative treatment options for advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NET) are disappointing, aurora kinases may be an interesting target for novel therapeutic strategies. Experimental Design: Human GEP-NETs were tested for aurora kinase expression. The efficacy of the new aurora kinase inhibitor danusertib was evaluated in two human GEP-NET cell lines (BON1 and QGP) in vitro and in vivo. Results: The majority of ten insulinomas and all 33 nonfunctional pancreatic or midgut GEP-NETs expressed aurora A despite a mostly high degree of cell differentiation. Both human GEP-NET cell lines expressed aurora kinase A and B, and high Ser10 phosphorylation of histone H3 revealed increased aurora B activity. Remarkably, danusertib led to cell-cycle arrest and completely inhibited cell proliferation of the GEP-NET cells in vitro. Decreased phosphorylation of histone H3 indicated effective aurora B inhibition. In a subcutaneous murine xenograft model, danusertib significantly reduced tumor growth in vivo compared with controls or mice treated with streptozotocine/5-fluorouracil. As a consequence, decreased levels of tumor marker chromogranin A were found in mouse serum samples. In a newly developed orthotopic model for GEP-NET liver metastases by intrasplenic tumor cell transplantation, dynamic MRI proved significant growth inhibition of BON1- and QGP-derived liver metastases. Conclusions: These results show that danusertib may impose a new therapeutic strategy for aurora kinase expressing metastasized GEP-NETs. Clin Cancer Res; 18(17); 4621–32. ©2012 AACR.
Is It Possible to Increase Flap Viability by Hydrostatic Dilation?: An Experimental Study in the Rat Abdominal Fasciocutaneous Flap Model

IntroductionErgun et al previously demonstrated the efficacy of hydrostatic dilation in a TRAM flap model in an experimental study. We investigated the effect of hydrostatic dilation on a fasciocutaneous flap model. MethodsEighteen female Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups, of which 1 served as a control. In the second, the abdominal fasciocutaneous flap surgical delay procedure was performed by division of the left superficial inferior epigastric (SIE) vessels. In the third, hydrostatic dilation was performed on the left SIE artery and vein, with a mean pressure of 300 mm Hg, while elevating the flap on the right-sided SIE pedicle. The groups were compared by microangiography and by the survival ratio of abdominal flaps 7 days after elevation. ResultsThe mean (SD) flap necrosis rates were as follows: control group, 44.75% (4.31%); delay group, 33.32% (7.11%); and hydrostatic dilation group, 32.51% (5.03%). There was a significant difference between the control group and the other 2 groups (P < 0.05). There was no difference between the delay and hydrostatic dilation groups with respect to surface area necrosis. The microangiographies showed remarkable increased vascularity in the delay and hydrostatic dilation groups. ConclusionsHydrostatic dilation is a new method of enhancing flap viability that could be used in clinical cases in place of surgical delay once further studies and clinical trials are completed.
The application of errorless learning to aphasic disorders: A review of theory and practice

Recently, there has been great interest in errorless learning as a new intervention technique. This may be because there are data from both basic neuroscience and clinical application that suggest it is superior to more traditional trial and error methods. In the contemporary literature the most prominent investigations of errorless learning are those designed for rehabilitation of memory impairments. These studies include numerous demonstrations of effective amelioration of word finding difficulties using errorless intervention. The aphasic literature contains no examples of purely errorless learning methods, however, some studies have successfully treated anomia using error reducing techniques. This suggests that errorless learning could be advantageous for treating aphasic disorders, in particular anomia. To explore this idea, we discuss previous research and review two current theories of errorless learning. We provide our own framework for thinking about errorless and errorful learning. In addition, a review of the anomia treatment literature (from 1985 to the present) is presented and conclusions drawn on the methods of treating the word finding difficulties of patients with aphasia.
Chemical Feedback From Decreasing Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Understanding changes in the burden and growth rate of atmospheric methane (CH4) has been the focus of several recent studies but still lacks scientific consensus. Here we investigate the role of decreasing anthropogenic carbon monoxide (CO) emissions since 2002 on hydroxyl radical (OH) sinks and tropospheric CH4 loss. We quantify this impact by contrasting two model simulations for 2002–2013: (1) a Measurement of the Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) CO reanalysis and (2) a Control‐Run without CO assimilation. These simulations are performed with the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry of the Community Earth System Model fully coupled chemistry climate model with prescribed CH4 surface concentrations. The assimilation of MOPITT observations constrains the global CO burden, which significantly decreased over this period by ~20%. We find that this decrease results to (a) increase in CO chemical production, (b) higher CH4 oxidation by OH, and (c) ~8% shorter CH4 lifetime. We elucidate this coupling by a surrogate mechanism for CO‐OH‐CH4 that is quantified from the full chemistry simulations.
Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat.

Renal micropuncture observations in the rat suggest that the entire "distal tubule" (defined by the micropuncturist as that portion of the renal tubule extending between the macula densa and its first junction with another (renal tubule) may be responsive to vasopressin. However, this portion of the renal tubule contains two segments that are morphologically dissimilar. The "early" distal tubule is lined by epithelium characteristic of the distal convoluted tubule, while the "late" distal tubule is lined by epithelium characteristic of the cortical collecting duct. Thus, the present study was initiated to identify the most proximal site of action of vasopressin in the distal renal tubule. A water diuresis was established in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. In one-half of the animals the diuresis was interupted by an i.v. infusion of exogenous vasopressin. Morphological preservation of the kidneys was initiated after induction of vasopressin-induced antidiuresis or during maximum water diuresis. Cell swelling and dilatation of intercellular spaces, morphological findings indicative of vasopressin responsiveness, were observed in the cortical collecting duct including the late segment of the distal tubule, a segment that has also been described by morphologists as the initial collecting tubule. Morphological evidence of vasopressin-responsiveness was not observed in the early distal tubule (distal convoluted tubule). Additional morphological studies in Wistar, Long-Evans, and Sprague-Dawley rats demonstrated a marked difference in the random availability of distal convoluted tubules versus initial collecting tubules potentially available for micropuncture just beneath the renal capsule. The results suggest that hypotonic tubular fluid entering the early distal tubule (distal convoluted tubule) remains hypotonic to plasma until it enters the late distal tubule (initial collecting tubule) and that vasopressin-induced osmotic equilibration is a function of the latter segment alone. The findings emphasize the importance of morphological characterization of those segments of the renal tubule that are subjected to physiological investigation.
Triggered Release from Thermoresponsive Polymersomes with Superparamagnetic Membranes

Magnetic polymersomes were prepared by self-assembly of the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(isoprene-b-N-isopropylacrylamide) with monodisperse hydrophobic superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION). The specifically designed thermoresponsive block copolymer allowed for efficient incorporation of the hydrophobic nanoparticles in the membrane core and encapsulation of the water soluble dye calcein in the lumen of the vesicles. Magnetic heating of the embedded SPIONs led to increased bilayer permeability through dehydration of the thermoresponsive PNIPAM block. The entrapped calcein could therefore be released in controlled doses solely through exposure to pulses of an alternating magnetic field. This hybrid SPION-polymersome system demonstrates a possible direction for release applications that merges rational polymersome design with addressed external magnetic field-triggered release through embedded nanomaterials.