Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Metatheoretical foundations for post-normal risk

The first goal of this paper is to sketch a three-part, synoptic framework that could ease the way beyond the current impasse of competition among the various metatheoretical orientations (e.g. realism vs. social constructivism, positivism vs. cultural theory, etc.) in the risk field. The framework will be constructed on a foundation of metatheoretical principles and its form will accommodate the best features of the competing orientations. Because the articulated principles will build first on a position of realism, we can refer to the framework as a whole as Reconstructed Realism (RR). Because the content of the framework comprises its first two key parts, ontological realism and epistemological hierarchicalism , we can refer to the content by the acronym OREH. The second goal of the paper is to epistemically connect the synoptic framework, RR, to a methodological framework for conducting risk analysis, thereby providing a bridge between theory and practice. The existing methodological framework that bears logical symmetry to RR is the one developed by Funtowicz and Ravetz in a suite of papers (1985; 1991; 1992; 1993; 1994) and which they call 'post-normal science'. Connecting RR- the synoptic framework under development- with postnormal science completes the third part of the framework, and the resulting product is properly labelled 'post-normal risk. ' Our life of fishing is so perilous that even though we worship all the gods in the world, many of us still die untimely deaths. Noriko Ogiwara, Dragon Sword and Wind Child
Psychometric properties of multisource performance ratings: A meta-analysis of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the psychometric properties (interrater reliabilities within source and correlations between sources) of subordinate, supervisor, peer, and self-ratings of job performance. Different job types and dimension types were compared. Using meta-analytic methodology, we found that subordinates showed the lowest mean reliability (.30) and supervisors showed the highest (.50), with peers in between (.37). Mean correlations between sources were low for subordinate ratings (.22 with supervisor, .22 with peer, and .14 with self-ratings) and for self-ratings (.22 with supervisor and .19 with peer ratings). The mean supervisor-peer correlation was higher at . 34. Both reliabilities and correlations between sources tended to be higher for nonmanagerial and lower complexity jobs. Comparisons of between-source correlations with within-source reliabilities indicated that, with some qualifications, the different sources had somewhat different perspectives on performance. Dimen.
A study of trust over time within a social network mediated environment

Abstract Trust is central to many marketing models; however, few studies have measured its components over time. Many longitudinal studies have relied on retrospective recall. This study builds a theory of trust development and undermining over time within the context of social-network media.An inductive study phase used phenomenological webnography to build a theory of trust development. 352 peer-review comments were analysed over six years. Outcomes of this phase informed subsequent deductive tests.Four dimensions of trust emerged – ability, benevolence, integrity and predictability – with different salience over time. Ability, a cognitive-based dimension, was important in initial trust-building. Integrity and predictability, linked to the brain’s emotion area, became important later. Undermining of trust was a shorter process than its development.
L'expérience de visite des lieux de loisirs : Le rôle central des compagnons

S'il est peu étudié en marketing, l'accompagnement du visiteur du lieu de loisirs n'en constitue pas moins une dimension importante de son expérience de consommation. L'accompagnement du visiteur du lieu de loisirs peut être décrit par la présence (vs l'absence), le nombre mais aussi l'identité de ses éventuels compagnons de visite (conjoint/amis/famille). Cet article propose une synthèse des recherches ayant porté sur le rôle, les antécédents et l'impact sur le comportement individuel de l'accompagnement du visiteur du lieu de loisirs. Des perspectives pour la recherche ainsi que des implications pour les managers de lieux de loisirs en seront tirées.
Examining Participation in School Sports and Patterns of Delinquency Using The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Abstract This project seeks to identify what factors can account for patterns of delinquency, with special attention given to the role of organized sports. We used The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), a school-based sample of adolescents collected for the purpose of measuring the impact of social environment on adolescent health and social behaviors. The framework for this study rests on the social bond theory of delinquent behavior and social psychology of sports research. We hypothesize that organized sports participation, as a measure of involvement, mitigates youthful delinquent outcomes, as do attachment to parents and friends. Our findings indicate that social bond theory is not sufficient to explain the relationship between sports and delinquency, and social psychological approaches provide some context for understanding outcomes and conceptualizing sport as a complex domain for both exerting and experiencing social control. Although some involvement with sports does not produce an increase in delinquency, being a highly involved athlete is generally associated with higher levels of delinquency. In important ways, family attachment buffers the relationship. These results have important policy implications for schools and families.
Blood pressure during the interdialytic period in haemodialysis patients: estimation of representative blood pressure values.

The estimation of representative blood pressure (BP) levels is difficult in haemodialysis (HD) patients as it is not known whether pre- or postdialytic blood pressure are predictive for the average interdialytic BP. Furthermore, the day-night BP rhythm can be disturbed in HD patients. Therefore, in this study, BP was measured during the interdialytic period using non-invasive ambulatory BP measurements in four hypotensive, six normotensive, and 12 hypertensive HD patients. It was assessed whether pre- or postdialytic BP was representative for the average interdialytic BP. Furthermore, the nocturnal BP reduction was compared between HD patients, seven normotensive controls and eight treated subjects with essential hypertension. Postdialytic BP was superior to predialytic BP in predicting the average BP during the interdialytic period. BP did not differ significantly between day 1 and day 2 of the interdialytic period but increased rapidly in the hours before dialysis. Weight gain (corrected for actual body-weight) did not correlate significantly with the increment in systolic BP (r = 0.21; P = 0.2) or diastolic BP (r = -0.02; P = 0.5) during the interdialytic period. The nocturnal decline in systolic BP was significantly attenuated (P less than 0.001) in hypertensive HD patients compared with normotensive controls. The nocturnal reduction in diastolic BP was significantly less in hypotensive (P less than 0.001) and normotensive (P less than 0.001) HD patients compared with normotensive controls and in hypertensive HD patients compared with normotensive (P less than 0.001) and hypertensive (P less than 0.001) controls. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Demonstration of Training Effect During Chronic β‐adrenergic Blockade in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease

Attenuation of exercise-induced increases in heart rate and cardiac output by chronic β- adrenergic blockade has been thought to conmpromise benefit of exercise training in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). To assess this important issue, 35 CAD patients were evaluated by a 3-month walkjogcycle training program: 14 patients received no β blocker (group 1), 14 received propranolol,' 30-80 mg/day (group 2), and seven patients'received propFan'olol, 120-240 mg/day (group 3). The extent of CAD, resting heart rate before training blood pressure and V02 max were similar (p = NS) in each group. The maximal exercise heart rate (mean i SD, 147 ± 21 beats/min in group 1 vs 120 ± 10 beats/min in group 2 and 115 12 beats/min in group 3 (both p < 0.05 vs group 1). The V02 max before training was 25 5.0 mI/kg/mm in group 1 vs 23 3.2 ml/kg/min in group 2 and 26 ± 2.8 ml/kg/min in group 3 (allp = NS). Training consisted of three 1-hour periods per week at a heart rate of 70-85% of the maximal pretraining heart rate. In each group, VO2 increased (p < 0.05) after training: group 1, 27%; group 2, 30%; group 3, 46%. The'double product was unchanged after training (p = NS) in each group.These data indicate that substantial training effects may be achiev'ed in CAD patients despite therapeutic doses of β blockers and a reduced training HR. Thus, there appears to be no indication to reduce β blockers in CAD patients engaged in cardiac rehabilitation.
Physiological identification, morphological analysis, and development of identified serotonin-proctolin containing neurons in the lobster ventral nerve cord

Amines and peptides exert a wide range of physiological actions on both central neurons and peripheral tissues. Among these actions, serotonin and octopamine are known to trigger contrasting postures when injected into freely moving lobsters. Immunocytochemical studies of lobster ganglia have identified presumptive serotonergic neurons, their central and peripheral projections, and their terminal fields of arborization. More than 100 neurons that show serotonin-like immunoreactivity have been found in the lobster nervous system (Beltz and Kravitz, 1983). From immunocytochemical studies it appears that varicosities within peripheral neurosecretory structures and endings in certain central neuropil regions arise from the same 2 pairs of large cells located in the fifth thoracic (T5) and first abdominal (A1) ganglia. Because we believed that such cells could account for the central and peripheral actions of serotonin on the postural system, we chose to study these 2 pairs of neurons in greater detail. In the previous paper, Siwicki et al. (1987) report that these neurons contain the pentapeptide proctolin in addition to serotonin. In this communication, we report that these cells can be identified reliably in living preparations; they have large fields of innervation projecting anteriorly into at least 4 segmental ganglia; these neurons are the origin of the fibers that form the thoracic second root neurosecretory regions; they are generally spontaneously active neurons that have overshooting action potentials in their cell bodies; and the serotonin and proctolin immunoreactivities are first expressed in these cells at widely different times in development.
Contemporary Issues on Motivation Introduction: Student Motivation Across Subject-Area Domains

varies across different subject-area domains is not a new one. Indeed, research demonstrating that students report differences in terms of how interesting, difficult, and valuable they perceive various school subjects to be (e.g., Duckworth & Entwistle, 1974), as well as their perceptions of their own competence in those subjects (e.g., Harter, 1982), has been available for some time. Despite such evidence, however, research on student motivation often has been conceptualized in more general terms with little attention being paid to the particular content or instructional contexts in question. As noted by Shulman and Quinlan (1996), the whole field of educational psychology has had an “onagain, off-again relationship with subject matter during the past century” (p. 399) and has only recently demonstrated a renewed commitment to considering subject matter as a contextual factor. The articles in this Special Issue reflect a growing trend away from such generalizations and toward a greater consideration of motivational processes within the context of different subject-area domains. The need for a closer examination of motivational beliefs and processes within subject areas arises in part from a similar movement in research on students’ cognition and learning. Current research in those areas recognizes the domain specificity of many cognitive processes, and it has become common to discuss different subject-area domains as constituting distinct cultures and classrooms as “communities of learners” (e.g., Greeno, Collins, & Resnick, 1996; Grossman & Stodolsky, 1994). As theories of student learning and cognitive processing become more contextualized, the need for a parallel shift in motivational theory and research becomes salient. That focus also reflects a more general trend in the field of educational psychology toward consideration of the importance of various types and levels of social contexts, including the study of instructional contexts of classrooms, school-level structures, peer groups, and larger societal contexts (Anderman & Anderman, 2000). That is, much research and theory in educational psychology is moving from the consideration of individual differences alone to a greater focus on the person within a context (Pintrich, 2000). The articles in this Special Issue also reflect that focus.
Attitudes Toward Workplace Fun: A Three Sector Comparison

This study examined the issue of "fun at work" across three sectors: public, nonprofit, and private. Specifically, we examined employees' attitudes toward fun, their perceptions of what is (and is not) fun, and the role of trust in the supervisor and coworkers. While there were no significant differences across the three sectors in their attitudes toward fun, there were significant differences across sectors in their ratings of the company-wide outings category and ten (of forty) individual fun activities. Public sector employees tended to rate the activities as less fun than at least one of the other two groups. Employees in all three sectors agreed that food-related activities were fun. In addition, attitudes toward fun were found to be positively related to trust in one's supervisor and trust in one's coworkers. The implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
A Comparative Analysis: Everyday Experiences of Disability in Sierra Leone

In this article, we compare conceptions of disability in Sierra Leone using the theoretical category of "victimhood. " We show how it intersects with how: 1) traditional perceptions of disability locate a person within a moral economy of blame and social remedies, 2) how disability discourses within a segregated setting are being affected by multiple postconflict ideas around victims and victimization, and 3) how dependency and success are created as disabled people internalize or reject the victimization. In these ethnographic snapshots of the everyday, we hope to show how people reinterpret discourses around disability to suit their own needs in fluid, multilayered, and sometimes even contradictory ways.
Epidemiological & clinical profile of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infections during 2015 epidemic in Rajasthan

Background & objectives: Pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus emerged in 2009 and caused pandemic with high morbidity and mortality in India and worldwide. The number of H1N1-positive cases varied in different years in Rajasthan. The objective of the study was to present the epidemiological profile of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus cases in Rajasthan from January to March 2015. Methods: A retrospective descriptive, record-based analysis of suspected and confirmed cases of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in Rajasthan, India, from January to March 2015 was performed. Testing was done as per the Centers for Disease Control guidelines at nine laboratories approved by the Government of Rajasthan. Data were analyzed in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and outcome. Results: Among 18,187 tested cases, 6203 (34.10%) were positive. Death occurred in 378 cases, with six per cent case fatality rate. Maximum number of cases (n=2801) and deaths (n=101) were from Jaipur zone. The highest number of cases, 47.60 per cent (2953/6203) and deaths, 52.11 per cent (197/378) were in the age group of 26-50 yr; 52.64 per cent (199/378) of deaths occurred in females. The highest number (63.5%) of deaths was from urban areas. Associated risk factors were observed in 59.44 per cent of the death cases, pregnancy being the predominant predisposing factor. In 61.92 per cent of patients, death occurred within three days of hospitalization. Interpretation & conclusions: H1N1 epidemic caused high morbidity and mortality in early 2015, particularly in the younger and middle-aged population and pregnant women in Rajasthan State of India. The study highlights the regular surveillance of influenza like illness, early diagnosis and timely initiation of therapy in suspected cases.
Reporting Errors in Studies of the Diagnostic Performance of Self-Administered Questionnaires: Extent of the Problem, Recommendations for Standardized Presentation of Results, and Implications for the Peer Review Process.

Diagnostic efficiency statistics include sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive power. In reviewing the literature on the performance of self-report questionnaires to screen for depression, we found errors in several published articles in which these statistics were computed. To determine the extent of this problem we examined all studies of the diagnostic performance of self-report scales published between 1980 and 1991 in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology and Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. We found 26 relevant studies: 9 had an error in the calculation of diagnostic efficiency statistics and 3 made calculations based on unconventional definitions of the terms. Moreover, no study reported all 4 diagnostic statistics together with the total and chance-corrected level of agreement between the scale and the diagnostic gold standard
Living (Rose-Bengal-stained) benthic foraminiferal faunas along a strong bottom-water oxygen gradient on the Indian margin (Arabian Sea)

Abstract. Rose-Bengal-stained foraminiferal assemblages (> 150 μm) were analysed along a five-station bathymetric transect across the core and the lower part of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) on the Indian margin of the Arabian Sea. Sediment cores were collected using the manned submersible Shinkai 6500 during the RV Yokosuka cruise YK08-11 in the post-monsoon season (October 2008) at water depths ranging from 535 to 2000 m, along a gradient from almost anoxic to well-oxygenated (0.3 to 108 μM) bottom waters. Stained benthic foraminifera were investigated from two different size fractions (150–300 μm and > 300 μm). Stained foraminiferal densities were very high in the core of the OMZ (at 535 and 649 m) and decreased at deeper sites. The faunas (> 150 μm) were dominated (40–80 %) by non-calcareous taxa at all stations. These were mainly species of Reophax and Lagenammina but also included delicate monothalamous taxa (organic-walled "allogromiids", agglutinated saccamminids, psammosphaerids and tubular forms). These new data from the Indian margin are compared to previous studies from the Murray Ridge, the Pakistan margin and the Oman margin. The fact that similar species were found at sites with comparable bottom-water oxygen concentrations but with very different surface water productivity suggests that, within the strongly developed Arabian Sea OMZ, bottom-water oxygen concentration, and not the organic flux to the sea floor, is the main factor controlling the species composition of the foraminiferal communities. Several foraminiferal species (e.g. Praeglobobulimina sp. 1, Ammodiscus sp. 1, Bolivina aff. dilatata) were confined to the core of the OMZ. These species are presently known only from the Arabian Sea. Because of their association with extremely low oxygen concentrations, these species may be good markers for very low oxygen concentrations, and could be used to reconstruct past OMZ variability in the Arabian Sea.
Plasma testosterone levels in Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases

Background: Testosterone deficiency, a treatable condition commonly seen in aging men, has been linked to Parkinson disease (PD) and Alzheimer disease (AD). In normal subjects, low testosterone levels are associated with cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms, yet the relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive function in PD and AD remains unclear. Objective: To examine the relationship of testosterone levels to age and cognitive function in PD and AD. Methods: Plasma testosterone levels were determined in men enrolled in a clinical registry of subjects with PD and AD, and neuropsychological testing was performed on subjects who consented. Testosterone levels in men with PD were compared with those in men with AD. In both groups, the relationship between testosterone levels and neuropsychological test scores was analyzed, adjusting for age and education. Results: Linear regression analysis revealed that testosterone levels decreased with age in male PD patients (p < 0.03) and male AD patients (p < 0.07). The rate of decline was similar for the two groups. In PD patients, lower testosterone levels were associated with poorer performance on Trails B Seconds (p < 0.02). Conclusions: There is a similar age-related decline in plasma testosterone levels in men with either PD or AD. Previously described associations between low testosterone levels and frontal lobe dysfunction in normal aged men, together with these results, suggest that the hormonal deficiency may act as a “second hit” to impair cognitive function in neurodegenerative disease.
‘On the Lash’ – revisiting the effectiveness of alcohol controls at football matches

It has long been assumed that the problem of ‘football hooliganism’ is linked to levels of alcohol consumption by crowds of football supporters. As a result a number of laws and policing strategies have been developed that aim to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed by fans. This article is based primarily upon a 15-year ethnography of English football supporters and the effectiveness of social control policies upon them, and supported by interviews with police officials from the UK and Italy. Its conclusion is that alcohol restrictions are ineffective at reducing the level of drunkenness amongst fans, partly as a result of police under-enforcement. Furthermore, a by-product of a number of the restrictions is that the level of risk for violence between rival groups of fans is often increased. This article concludes that we need to revisit the use by police and football authorities of alcohol controls to reduce crowd disorder and look to other methods of reducing the problem of football hooliganism.