Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
THE URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF VOLUNTARY ORGANIZATIONS

Despite of tions, individuals relatively the existence associated little of research a with voluminous participation has addressed literature in voluntary the distribution on the organizatraits of of individuals associated with participation in voluntary organizations, relativ y litt e res arch has addressed the distribution of these units in larger collectivities. There have been a few efforts to consider societal properties shaping the capacity to support voluntary organizations (see Smith, 1973), but the urban communitythe focus of this paperhas been largely ignored, this despite much that has been written on the consequences of community voluntary organizations for local levels of welfare and cohesion. The present paper reports on an analysis of metropolitan characteristics which are hypothesized to be related to the prevalence of six kinds of voluntary organizations in 93 SMSAs. My hypotheses point to two kinds of community-level concomitants of prevalence: (1) population characteristics known to affect participation at the individual level, and (2) more global properties of the community as a whole. As regards (1), socioeconomic status and race stand out as important, first, because of the attention they have received in the social participation literature and, second, because they are known to be dimensions on which entire communities differ. The hypothesis regarding SES is clear: metropolitan areas with high status populations should prove to contain large numbers of voluntary organizations given the well-documented tendency for organization joining to rise with the SES of individuals. The individual-level data regarding race are less clear: while zero-order correlations tend to show nonwhites participating less than whites, controls for SES tend to eliminate or even reverse this pattern ( Olsen, 1970 ) . I would argue that the relation between race and organizational activity, on the individual and community levels, probably interacts with organizational type. For example, one might argue that employee or labor associations would be less prevalent in heavily nonwhite urban areas given the historical tendency of unions (especially craft unions) to exclude black workers. However, the importance of religion in the social life of blacks points to the opposite pattern with respect to religious organizations such as churches. Thus, both SES and race will be treated here as compositional features of SMSAs having implications for the metropolitan distribution of voluntary organizations. But an argument which treats city-level variance in organizational activity as merely the aggregation of individual-level processes hardly testifies to the value of treating communities as units. Another theme which appears in social participation research lends itself better to an analysis of the impact of certain global community traits. Wirth (1938) is only the best known of a long line of writers who have held that the integra-
Unilateral Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure for Language Lateralization

Summary: Purpose: The determination of language dominance as part of the presurgical workup of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsies has experienced fundamental changes. With the introduction of noninvasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the number of patients receiving intracarotid amobarbital procedures (IAPs) for assessment of language dominance has decreased considerably. However, recent studies show that because of methodologic limitations of fMRI, IAP remains an important tool for language lateralization. The current study examines whether unilateral instead of bilateral IAP is an adequate way to apply IAP with reduced invasiveness.
Gender-specific differences in Adamantiades-Behçet's disease manifestations: an analysis of the German registry and meta-analysis of data from the literature.

OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of gender on the clinical Adamantiades-Behçet's disease (ABD) phenotype with data from the German ABD registry and a meta-analysis from a systematic literature review. METHODS Using the German ABD registry data, we compared 36 clinical variables by gender (with women as the reference category) and investigated potential effect modification by HLA-B5 or ethnic background. The registry data were combined with those from a literature search to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) for variables with data from ≥10 relevant datasets. RESULTS The German ABD registry provided information for 747 subjects (58.1% males) and the systematic literature review identified another 52 datasets informing on 16 variables. Both analyses consistently revealed the association of male gender with ocular involvement (RR 1.28 and 1.34 from the ABD registry and meta-analysis, respectively), folliculitis (RR 1.30 and 1.26), papulopustular lesions (RR 1.23 and 1.25), vascular involvement (RR 2.31 and 2.27), superficial (RR 2.96 and 1.63) and deep venous thromboses (RR 2.56 and 2.16) and female gender with genital ulcers (RR 0.78 and 0.92) and joint involvement (RR 0.79 and 0.89). The ABD registry data additionally showed male gender associated with heart involvement (RR 10.60), whereas the meta-analyses revealed male gender associated with the pathergy test (RR 1.14) and female gender associated with erythema nodosum (RR 0.86). HLA-B5 and Turkish or German origin did not affect the observed associations. CONCLUSION These analyses support gender-associated clinical variations in ABD and in particular a clinically meaningful risk of cardiovascular involvement for men.
Congenital absence of the gallbladder and cystic duct associated with primary carcinoma of the common bile duct.

A 73-year-old white woman was admitted to the Toronto East General Hospital on December 25, 1964, with a one-week history of abdominal pain and jaundice. She had been well until a few months before, when there was a gradual onset of anorexia, weight loss and generalized weakness. A few days before ad¬ mission she experienced a fairly sudden onset of midabdominal pain which was more severe on the left side and radiated through to her back. It was accompanied by vomiting and the development of jaundice. Exam¬ ination on admission revealed a chronically ill elderly woman with jaundiced sclerae. Her abdomen was soft, with slight right upper quadrant tenderness. There were no abdominal scars. Her past history revealed that 30 years previously she had been subject to repeated attacks of abdominal pain which was aggravated by certain foods. A cholecystectomy was planned but was cancelled because of
Montessori Preschool Elevates and Equalizes Child Outcomes: A Longitudinal Study

Quality preschool programs that develop the whole child through age-appropriate socioemotional and cognitive skill-building hold promise for significantly improving child outcomes. However, preschool programs tend to either be teacher-led and didactic, or else to lack academic content. One preschool model that involves both child-directed, freely chosen activity and academic content is Montessori. Here we report a longitudinal study that took advantage of randomized lottery-based admission to two public Montessori magnet schools in a high-poverty American city. The final sample included 141 children, 70 in Montessori and 71 in other schools, most of whom were tested 4 times over 3 years, from the first semester to the end of preschool (ages 3–6), on a variety of cognitive and socio-emotional measures. Montessori preschool elevated children’s outcomes in several ways. Although not different at the first test point, over time the Montessori children fared better on measures of academic achievement, social understanding, and mastery orientation, and they also reported relatively more liking of scholastic tasks. They also scored higher on executive function when they were 4. In addition to elevating overall performance on these measures, Montessori preschool also equalized outcomes among subgroups that typically have unequal outcomes. First, the difference in academic achievement between lower income Montessori and higher income conventionally schooled children was smaller at each time point, and was not (statistically speaking) significantly different at the end of the study. Second, defying the typical finding that executive function predicts academic achievement, in Montessori classrooms children with lower executive function scored as well on academic achievement as those with higher executive function. This suggests that Montessori preschool has potential to elevate and equalize important outcomes, and a larger study of public Montessori preschools is warranted.
Chronic post-traumatic headache: clinical findings and possible mechanisms

Abstract Chronic post-traumatic headache (CPTHA), the most frequent complaint after traumatic brain injury (TBI), dramatically affects quality of life and function. Despite its high prevalence and persistence, the mechanism of CPTHA is poorly understood. This literature review aimed to analyze the results of studies assessing the characteristics and sensory profile of CPTHA in order to shed light on its possible underlying mechanisms. The search for English language articles published between 1960 and 2013 was conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PubMed. Studies assessing clinical features of headache after TBI as well as studies conducting quantitative somatosensory testing (QST) in individuals with CPTHA and in individuals suffering from other types of pain were included. Studies on animal models of pain following damage to peripheral tissues and to the peripheral and central nervous system were also included. The clinical features of CPTHA resembled those of primary headache, especially tension-type and migraine headache. Positive and negative signs were prevalent among individuals with CPTHA, in both the head and in other body regions, suggesting the presence of local (cranial) mechanical hypersensitivity, together with generalized thermal hypoesthesia and hypoalgesia. Evidence of dysfunctional pain modulation was also observed. Chronic post-traumatic headache can result from damage to intra- and pericranial tissues that caused chronic sensitization of these tissues. Alternatively, although not mutually exclusive, CPTHA might possibly be a form of central pain due to damage to brain structures involved in pain processing. These, other possibilities, as well as risk factors for CPTHA are discussed at length.
Measuring Fairness in Ranked Outputs

Ranking and scoring are ubiquitous. We consider the setting in which an institution, called a ranker, evaluates a set of individuals based on demographic, behavioral or other characteristics. The final output is a ranking that represents the relative quality of the individuals. While automatic and therefore seemingly objective, rankers can, and often do, discriminate against individuals and systematically disadvantage members of protected groups. This warrants a careful study of the fairness of a ranking scheme, to enable data science for social good applications, among others. In this paper we propose fairness measures for ranked outputs. We develop a data generation procedure that allows us to systematically control the degree of unfairness in the output, and study the behavior of our measures on these datasets. We then apply our proposed measures to several real datasets, and detect cases of bias. Finally, we show preliminary results of incorporating our ranked fairness measures into an optimization framework, and show potential for improving fairness of ranked outputs while maintaining accuracy. The code implementing all parts of this work is publicly available at https://github.com/DataResponsibly/FairRank.
Age-related changes in human ciliary muscle and lens: a magnetic resonance imaging study.

PURPOSE To use high-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of the eye to directly measure the relationship between ciliary muscle contraction and lens response with advancing age. METHODS A General Electric, 1.5-Tesla MR imager and a custom-designed eye imaging coil were used to collect high-resolution MR images from 25 subjects, 22 through 83 years of age. A nonmagnetic binocular stimulus apparatus was used to induce both relaxed accommodation (0.1 diopter [D]) and strong accommodative effort (8.0 D). Measurements of the ciliary muscle ring diameter (based on the inner apex), lens equatorial diameter, and lens thickness were derived from the MR images. RESULTS Muscle contraction is present in all subjects and reduces only slightly with advancing age. A decrease in the diameter of the unaccommodated ciliary muscle ring was highly correlated with advancing age. Lens equatorial diameter does not correlate with age for either accommodative state. Although unaccommodated lens thickness (i.e., lens minor axis length) increases with age, the thickness of the lens under accommodative effort is only modestly age-dependent. CONCLUSIONS Ciliary muscle contractile activity remains active in all subjects. A decrease in the unaccommodated ciliary muscle diameter, along with the previously noted increase in lens thickness (the "lens paradox"), demonstrates the greatest correlation with advancing age. These results support the theory that presbyopia is actually the loss in ability to disaccommodate due to increases in lens thickness, the inward movement of the ciliary ring, or both.
The strength of self-reported course of illness in predicting vocational recovery for persons with schizophrenia

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-reported course of illness predicts vocational recovery in a representative sample of persons with DSM-III-R diagnosed schizophrenia after adjusting for 13 clinical, and 8 non-clinical predictors chosen on the basis of a recent literature review. Design: Data from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing in Australia (a survey of people living with psychotic illness) 1997-1998 were analyzed. Participants (n = 380) were characterized by a diagnosis of schizophrenia, outpatient or short-stay inpatient status, known educational attainment, and an employed or unemployed status at the time of interview. Results: Self-reported course of illness emerged as a practical and low cost predictor of vocational recovery. In contrast to previous controlled studies in the United States, educational attainment and age contributed to predicting vocational recovery in Australia. Conclusions: More severe courses of illness, disrupted education, and age exceeding 44 years, suggest more intensive forms of vocational assistance may be required. Although promising, further work is needed to validate the potential utility of self-reported course of illness in vocational studies.
Co-expression of p53 and Ki67 and lack of EBV expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND The objectives of the study were to determine the association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), to compare the expression of p53 and Ki67 between normal oral mucosa, oral hyperkeratosis, oral pre-malignant dysplasia, and OSCC, and to determine the correlation between the expression of p53 and Ki67 in OSCC. METHODS The expression of EBV mRNA was studied by in situ hybridization technique in 24 cases of OSCC, and the expression of p53 and Ki67 was investigated by immunohistochemical method in 19 cases of OSCC, 7 cases of oral pre-malignant dysplasia, 6 cases of oral hyperkeratosis, and 5 cases of normal oral epithelium. RESULTS None of OSCC cases expressed EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) transcripts. The labeling indices (LI) of p53- and Ki67-positive cells were significantly higher in OSCC than in oral pre-malignant dysplasia, oral hyperkeratosis, and normal oral mucosa (P < 0.05). A significant correlation between the LI of p53- and Ki67-positive cells was observed in OSCC (r = 0.6; P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the co-expression of p53 and Ki67 may play roles in carcinogenesis of OSCC and p53 overexpression may promote cell proliferation in OSCC. Furthermore, EBV does not appear to be a risk factor for OSCC particularly in the population of northern Thailand.
Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy with Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Boost for Unfavorable Prostate Cancer: A Report on 3-Year Toxicity

Background Recent data suggest that intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plus brachytherapy boost for unfavorable prostate cancer provides improved biochemical relapse-free survival over IMRT alone. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) may be a less invasive alternative to brachytherapy boost. Here, we report the 3-year gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities of IMRT plus SBRT boost. Materials and methods Between March 2008 and September 2012, patients with prostate cancer were treated with robotic SBRT (19.5 Gy in three fractions) followed by fiducial-guided IMRT (45–50.4 Gy) on an institutional protocol. Toxicity was prospectively graded using the common terminology criteria for adverse events version 4.0 (CTCAEv.4) at the start of and at 1- to 6-month intervals after therapy. Rectal telangiectasias were graded using the Vienna Rectoscopy Score (VRS). Results At a median follow-up of 4.2 years (2.4–7.5), 108 patients (4 low-, 45 intermediate-, and 59 high-risk) with a median age of 74 years (55–92) were treated with SBRT plus IMRT, with 8% on anticoagulation and an additional 48% on antiplatelet therapy at the start of therapy. The cumulative incidence of late ≥grade 2 GI toxicity was 12%. Of these, 7% were due to late rectal bleeding, with six patients requiring up to two coagulation procedures. One patient with rectal telangiectasias was treated with hyperbaric oxygen (grade 3 toxicity). No rectal fistulas or stenoses were observed. Ten patients had multiple non-confluent telangiectasias (VRS grade 2), and three patients had multiple confluent telangiectasias (VRS grade 3). The cumulative incidence of late grade 3 GU toxicity was 6%. Most late toxicities were due to hematuria requiring bladder fulguration. There were no late ≥grade 4 GU toxicities. Conclusion Rates of clinically significant GI and GU toxicities are modest following IMRT plus SBRT boost. Future studies should compare cancer control, quality of life, and toxicity with other treatment modalities for patients with high-risk prostate cancer.
Characteristics of High-Risk HIV-Positive IDUs in Vietnam: Implications for Future Interventions

The HIV epidemic in Vietnam is concentrated primarily among injecting drug users (IDUs). To prevent HIV-1 superinfection and to develop effective HIV prevention programs, data are needed to understand the characteristics of high-risk HIV-positive IDUs. In , we conducted a community-based cross-sectional study among predominately male, out-of-treatment IDUs, aged 18–45, in the Bac Ninh Province, Vietnam. Among 299 male participants, 42.8% were HIV-positive, and among those, 96.9% did not know their status prior to the study. Furthermore, 32% were HIV-positive and had high HIV behavioral risk (having unprotected sex or having shared injecting equipment in the past 6 months). Injecting for ≥3 years, younger age, and pooling money to buy drugs were independently associated with being at high risk for transmitting HIV. IDUs who purchased more than one syringe at a time were less likely to have high HIV behavioral risk. Structural interventions that increase syringe accessibility may be effective in reducing HIV risk behavior among HIV-positive IDUs. Study limitations are noted in the article.
Resilience and Vulnerability: Young Children with Mentally Ill Parents: Resilient Developmental Systems

Mental illness is a family matter. When one member has mental illness, it affects all others in the family. In their simplest forms, the distress and functional impairment of the ill family member are felt on a daily basis by others in the household – in ways that range from empathizing with the distress, to disruption of interpersonal relationships within the family, to compromised family functioning in which tasks of daily life are not accomplished. At a more complex level, when the mentally ill family member is a parent, there are well-established risks for the children in that family. Rates of mental illness are higher throughout the children's lifespan (particularly during the typical risk periods for mental illnesses), difficulties in school are more frequent, and problems in general social adjustment (such as delinquent behavior) are manifest. Still, the mechanisms by which this risk is manifest remain obscure. In this chapter, I describe the current state of our knowledge regarding resilience in infants and young children who have a parent with mental illness. I begin by addressing some basic issues regarding how general models of resilience may be adapted to the particular circumstances of infants and toddlers. Following this, I summarize relevant research that may be interpreted in a resilience framework. I conclude with a summary model of processes identified to date in this population, along with some commentary on how well the resilience model will ultimately serve to aid understanding in this field.
Persistently Infected Horses Are Reservoirs for Intrastadial Tick-Borne Transmission of the Apicomplexan Parasite Babesia equi

ABSTRACT Tick-borne pathogens may be transmitted intrastadially and transstadially within a single vector generation as well as vertically between generations. Understanding the mode and relative efficiency of this transmission is required for infection control. In this study, we established that adult male Rhipicephalus microplus ticks efficiently acquire the protozoal pathogen Babesia equi during acute and persistent infections and transmit it intrastadially to naïve horses. Although the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding affected the efficiency of the initial tick infection, infected ticks developed levels of ≥104 organisms/pair of salivary glands independent of the level of parasitemia during acquisition feeding and successfully transmitted them, indicating that replication within the tick compensated for any initial differences in infectious dose and exceeded the threshold for transmission. During the development of B. equi parasites in the salivary gland granular acini, the parasites expressed levels of paralogous surface proteins significantly different from those expressed by intraerythrocytic parasites from the mammalian host. In contrast to the successful intrastadial transmission, adult female R. microplus ticks that fed on horses with high parasitemia passed the parasite vertically into the eggs with low efficiency, and the subsequent generation (larvae, nymphs, and adults) failed to transmit B. equi parasites to naïve horses. The data demonstrated that intrastadial but not transovarial transmission is an efficient mode for B. equi transmission and that persistently infected horses are an important reservoir for transmission. Consequently, R. microplus male ticks and persistently infected horses should be targeted for disease control.