Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and Tobacco Increases Risk of High Risk HPV Infection in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: Study from North-East Region of India

Background Human papilloma virus (HPV) associated Head and Neck Cancers (HNCs) have generated significant amount of research interest in recent times. Due to high incidence of HNCs and lack of sufficient data on high-risk HPV (hr-HPV) infection from North -East region of India, this study was conceived to investigate hr-HPV infection, its types and its association with life style habits such as tobacco, alcohol consumption etc. Methods A total of one hundred and six primary HNC tumor biopsy specimens were collected. These samples were analyzed for hr-HPV DNA (13 HPV types) using hybrid capture 2 (HC2) assay and genotyping was done by E6 nested multiplex PCR (NMPCR). Results The presence of hr-HPV was confirmed in 31.13% (n = 33) and 24.52% (n = 26) of the HNC patients by nested multiplex PCR (NMPCR) and HC2 assay respectively. Among hr-HPV positive cases, out of thirteen hr- HPV types analyzed, only two prevalent genotypes, HPV-16 (81.81%) followed by HPV-18 (18.18%) were found. Significant association was observed between hr-HPV infection with alcohol consumption (p <0.001) and tobacco chewing (p = 0.02) in HNC cases. Compared to HPV-18 infection the HPV-16 was found to be significantly associated with tobacco chewing (p = 0.02) habit. Conclusions Our study demonstrated that tobacco chewing and alcohol consumption may act as risk factors for hr-HPV infection in HNCs from the North-East region of India. This was the first study from North-East India which also assessed the clinical applicability of HC2 assay in HNC patient specimens. We suggest that alcohol, tobacco and hr- HPV infection act synergistically or complement each other in the process of HNC development and progression in the present study population.
Age as differentiator in online advertising gaze patterns

Eye gaze can be used to gauge attention and potentially respond accordingly within the context of interactive advertising. In order to utilise gaze patterns effectively, a model may have to be developed which can interpret intentions based on prior knowledge of gaze behaviour. Gaze behaviour while viewing advertisements needs to be investigated fully before such a model can be built. This study contributes by examining eye behaviour of three groups of viewers while viewing themed advertisements or print media. Findings corroborate those of previous studies in that faces and eyes attract attention. There were marked differences in the way participants paid attention to text with senior participants spending more time on text than their junior counterparts. Additionally, the younger participants followed a typical F-pattern when reading some of the content. In general, the younger participants tended to emulate behaviour found during web browsing, which suggests that advertisements would migrate well to an interactive medium. Image-rich print media resulted in higher concentration on images only, with very little attention being paid to text elements. This observation was common to all participant groups. More in-depth studies are required in order to generate more concrete patterns for a variety of advertisements if a model were to be developed.
Non-Parametric Estimation of Exact Consumer Surplus with Endogeneity in Price

This paper analyses a structural microeconomic relation describing the exact consumer surplus in a non-parametric setting with endogenous prices. The exact consumer surplus can be characterized as the solution of a differential equation involving the observed demand function. The strategy put forward in this paper involves two steps: first, estimate the demand function with endogeneity using non-parametric IV, second, plug this estimator into the differential equation to estimate the exact consumer surplus. The rate of convergence for this estimator is derived and is shown to be faster than the rate for the underlying non-parametric IV regression estimator. Solving the differential equation smooths the demand estimator and leads to a faster rate of convergence. The implementation of the methodology is illustrated through a simulation study. Copyright (C) 2010 The Author(s). The Econometrics Journal (C) 2010 Royal Economic Society
Mixing in massive stellar mergers

The early evolution of dense star clusters is possibly dominated by close interactions between stars, and physical collisions between stars may occur quite frequently. Simulating a stellar collision event can be an intensive numerical task, as detailed calculations of this process require hydrodynamic simulations in three dimensions. We present a computationally inexpensive method in which we approximate the merger process, including shock heating, hydrodynamic mixing and mass loss, with a simple algorithm based on conservation laws and a basic qualitative understanding of the hydrodynamics of stellar mergers. The algorithm relies on Archimedes’ principle to dictate the distribution of the fluid in the stable equilibrium situation. We calibrate and apply the method to mergers of massive stars, as these are expected to occur in young and dense star clusters. We find that without the effects of microscopic mixing, the temperature and chemical composition profiles in a collision product can become double-valued functions of enclosed mass. Such an unphysical situation is mended by simulating microscopic mixing as a post-collision effect. In this way we find that headon collisions between stars of the same spectral type result in substantial mixing, while mergers between stars of different spectral type, such as type B and O stars (�10 and �40M⊙respectively), are subject to relatively little hydrodynamic mixing.
Unpublished Statistical Appendix to: Price Competition and the Fallacy of Composition in Developing Country Exports of Manufactures: Estimates of Short-Run Growth Effects

This paper studies whether intra-developing country price competition has significant effects on the short-run growth rates of developing countries that are specialized in manufactured exports. Regression estimates using the generalized method of moments (GMM) applied to annual panel data for 17 developing countries in 1983-2004 show that these countries exhibit a “fallacy of composition,” in the sense that a real depreciation relative to competing developing country exporters increases the home country’s growth rate in the short run. The results also suggest that real depreciations for these developing countries relative to the industrialized countries are contractionary. JEL Categories: F43, O19, O14, F14
Power Consumption Analysis of the Always-Best-Connected User Equipment

Mobile Internet has rapidly evolved in the past years with an ever increasing number of novel technologies and services with a variety of access technologies. Indeed, today's mobile devices often support multiple communication technologies for accessing Internet services. For users the accessing of these data hungry services means that the mobile device has to be charged more often. Energy efficiency in mobile device communication has been considered to be out of users hands. The concept of Always Best Connected (ABC) allows a person to connect applications using the devices and access technologies that best suit to his or her needs, thereby combining the features of access technologies to provide an enhanced user experience for future Internet. This Always Best Connected scenario can make mobile device more energy efficient by using always the most energy efficient connection. Mobile communication networks and connected devices consume a small fraction of the global energy supply. However, meeting the rapidly increasing demand for more capacity in wireless broadband access will further increase the energy consumption. For example Cisco Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast 2010-2015 expects compound annual growth rate of 92 percent during 2010 to 2015 Operators are now facing both investing in denser and denser networks as well as increased energy cost. Current cellular systems based on Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) is characterized by high spectrum efficiency, but low energy efficiency. In urban areas as well as in homes and offices alongside cellular networks IEEE 802.11 (WLAN in this papers context) networks are available. In this heterogeneous network environment the communication energy efficiency can make significant difference when considering how often the user has to recharge the mobile device. In this article we analyze energy efficiency of Always-Best-Connected solution. The application is used in measurements in a various real-life use-cases. The results are showing that algorithm can improve overall energy efficiency without compromising the user experience.
Is “Hit and Run” a Single Word? The Processing of Irreversible Binomials in Neglect Dyslexia

The present study is the first neuropsychological investigation into the problem of the mental representation and processing of irreversible binomials (IBs), i.e., word pairs linked by a conjunction (e.g., “hit and run,” “dead or alive”). In order to test their lexical status, the phenomenon of neglect dyslexia is explored. People with left-sided neglect dyslexia show a clear lexical effect: they can read IBs better (i.e., by dropping the leftmost words less frequently) when their components are presented in their correct order. This may be taken as an indication that they treat these constructions as lexical, not decomposable, elements. This finding therefore constitutes strong evidence that IBs tend to be stored in the mental lexicon as a whole and that this whole form is preferably addressed in the retrieval process.
Governing by Numbers: Delegated Legislation and Everyday Policy-Making

Part 1 Politics in seclusion: but is it politics? it's politics, but not as we know it the character of secluded politics moving out of seclusion illuminating the obscurity. Part 2 Examining the instrument: what are statutory instruments? not new, but increasingly important how SIs are made - the formalities court and delegated legislation conclusions. Part 3 The stuff of everyday politics: reading the labels subjects covered and ministries concerned political action and SIs high politics, low politics and SIs how much of political importance is involved and delegated legislation? Part 4 The origins of regulations: different types of SI where do the initiatives come from? conclusions. Part 5 Ministers on top: what gets referred to ministers and when delegated legislation - the domain of the junior minister the nature of ministerial involvement the muffled impact of parties conclusions. Part 6 Drafting SIs - the joint effort of administrators and lawyers: administrators' roles lawyers' roles conclusions. Part 7 Consulting outside interests: contrasting consultative processes is consultation inclusive? responding to consultations conclusions. Part 8 The discreet impact of parliamentary scrutiny: the joint committee on statutory instruments scrutiny of policy assessing the impact of parliament conclusions. Part 9 Everyday politics and high politics: understanding everyday government forms of bias the relationship between everyday and high politics governing in a nether world appendices.
Rice Prices and the National Food Authority

This study examines the performance of the National Food Authority (NFA) with respect to its function of price stability and implications for public finances, and recommends policy reforms where warranted. It finds that NFA has been unsuccessful in stabilizing producer prices, but relatively successful in stabilizing retail prices, largely through exercise of its import monopoly. However, it does so at high cost, partly due to operational inefficiency, but largely owing to its fundamental policy mandate. The study recommends relinquishing this mandate, and leaving a greater role for the private sector in stabilizing rice prices, with NFA function and price policy limited to maintaining strategic reserves a variable import levy.
The Right to Free, Prior, and Informed Consent: Indigenous Peoples' Participation Rights within International Law

¶1 The right to free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) in relation to development projects, resource extraction, and other investment projects within the territory of indigenous peoples is currently being debated within international law. On a basic level, the concept of FPIC is contained within its phrasing: it is the right of indigenous peoples to make free and informed choices about the development of their lands and resources. The basic principles of FPIC are to ensure that indigenous peoples are not coerced or intimidated, that their consent is sought and freely given prior to the authorisation or start of any activities, that they have full information about the scope and impacts of any proposed developments, and that ultimately their choices to give or withhold consent are respected.1 ¶2 This article explores the development of FPIC within international law. It does so by examining the development of indigenous peoples’ rights of participation, consultation, and consent within international law, and asks whether these rights represent a customary international legal principle as of yet. It then applies these standards to two distinct cases. The first is the case of the Lubicon Cree in Northern Alberta, Canada, which revolves around a historic land claim dispute. Ultimately, the lack of clarity regarding the status of their rights to land has severely limited the ability of the Lubicon Cree to exercise their participation rights. The second case is that of the Mayan communities of Sipacapa and San Miguel Ixtahuacan, Guatemala, and the development of a gold mine within their territory. The Mayan communities have clearly articulated their struggle as the failure of both the company involved and the Guatemalan government to effectively consult them prior to the granting of either the exploration or exploitation licenses. These cases are in distinct political, social, judicial, and legislative contexts, but together provide insight into the challenges that exist for indigenous peoples in exercising their participation rights. ¶3 This article finds that although a customary international legal principle that addresses indigenous peoples’ full right to FPIC does not yet exist, there is a clear consensus within international human rights jurisprudence that at a minimum States must engage in good faith
Cortical activation during retrieval of arithmetical facts and actual calculation: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study

Abstract By using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the neural substrates involved in mental recitation of the single‐digit multiplication table and serial subtraction were studied. The former depends mostly on well‐learned arithmetical facts, while the latter requires arithmetic processing. Activation during each task was compared with that in a number counting control. During the recitation of single‐digit multiplication, the activated regions included the area lying along the left intraparietal sulcus, the premotor and supplementary motor areas, and the posterior portion of the left inferior frontal gyrus. The areas activated during serial subtraction included these areas as well as the bilateral prefrontal and right parietal areas. From the results obtained during retrieval of the multiplication table in this study and previous studies, it was concluded that semantic memory of the multiplication table is stored in the area lying along the intraparietal sulcus and that the frontal areas play an executive role in utilizing the semantic memory of arithmetical facts. It was assumed that the arithmetical facts requiring actual calculation are also stored in the same region. The additional activation during serial subtraction compared with the activation during retrieval of the multiplication table is probably due to the processes of actual calculation. These processes include proper alignment of digits, which may have caused the right parietal activation, and maintaining digits needed for the mental serial subtractions, which may have caused the bilateral prefrontal activation.
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

Recent research finds that people respond more generously to individual victims described in detail than to equivalent statistical victims described in general terms. We propose that this ‘‘identified victim effect’’ is one manifestation of a more general phenomenon: a positive influence of tangible information on generosity. In three experiments, we find evidence for an ‘‘identified intervention effect’’; providing tangible details about a charity’s interventions significantly increases donations to that charity. Although previous work described sympathy as the primary mediator between tangible information and giving, current mediational analyses show that the influence of tangible details can operate through donors’ perception that their contribution will have impact. Taken together with past work, the results suggest that tangible information of many types promotes generosity and can do so either via sympathy or via perceived impact. The ability of tangible information to increase impact points to new ways for charities to encour-
ANALISIS PREDIKSI FINANCIAL DISTRESS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL ALTMAN Z-SCORE MODIFIKASI 1995 (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Go Public di Indonesia Tahun 2008 sampai dengan Tahun 2010)

This study examines the financial distress prediction about using model Altman Z-Score cut off 1995 with theories from Brigham and Houston, as well as research on the influence of variable ratio of Net Working Capital to Total Assets (X 1), Retained Earning to Total Assets (X 2), Earning Before Interest and Tax to Total Assets (X 3), and the Book Value of Equity to Total Liability (X 4) towards the prediction of financial distress for companies that are experiencing distress and financial distress prediction for companies that are experiencing non distress. Analysis of Z-Score itself is a means of prediction of bankruptcy made by Dr. Edward i. Altman in 1968. This method uses the ratio-the ratio of a specific in order to predict the risk of bankruptcy of a company. This method also has undergone modifications in 1995, by changing some variables in the Z-Score formula. Variables used in this research is the ratio-ratio model of Altman Z-Score Modification (1995). As for the components of the ratio-ratio model of Altman ZScore Modification (1995) is the Net Working Capital to Total Assets, the Retained Earnings to Total Assets, Earning Before Interest and Tax to Total Asset, and the Book Value of Equity to Total Liabilities. The population in this research is the manufacturing company go public listed on the Indonesia stock exchange. Methods of sampling used is purposive sampling. The sample in this study is 88 manufacturing company go public listed on the Indonesia stock exchange in 2008 up to the year 2010. Methods of analysis in this study i.e. by doing the calculations using the method of Altman Z-Score Modification (1995) and discriminant analysis. According to calculations, predictions already done that there are 10 companies experiencing distress and 78 companies having non-distress. From the results of processing using SPSS, yielding the equation Z = -0,175 + 0,059 X1 + 0,846 X2 + 3,777 X3 + 0,069 X4. Then, the value of the level of classification for corporate distress truth of 73,3% and the value of a number of error level 26,7%. Whereas the classification level value to the company a non truth distress of 86,2% error rate and value a number of 13,8%. In this research the variable ratio of Net Working Capital to Total Assets (X 1), Retained Earning to Total Assets (X 2), Earning Before Interest and Tax to Total Assets (X 3), and the Book Value of Equity to Total Liability (X 4) positive effect against financial distress.
Trends in Egyptian Salafi Activism

Abstract : This report will explore the status of radical Islamic ideology and its popularity among Egyptians in Cairo today. It stems in part from an October 2007 research trip to gain insights into Salafi-jihadi activism and the political, social and religious climate that either supports or inhibits its growth. That climate in Cairo gauged by recent public opinion polls, my interviews and observations, and trends among Salafis in Egypt today does not seem to bode favorably for militant Islamist activism. The city is not a center for this ideology or its movement, partly due to recent economic success, belief in democratic principles and Egyptian Muslims' rejection of violent tactics. Egypt served as the wellspring for modern Islamism and has had more than a century of evolving Salafi thought and activism. Certainly, foreign-born Muslims and Egyptians alike are well aware of this country's and especially Cairo's unique place in contemporary Muslim thought. It has produced some of the most influential Islamist thinkers and organizers of recent history Muhammad Abduh, Rashid Rida, Hasan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb who collectively dealt with issues of Islamic reform and revivalism, modeled on Salafi ideals. In recent decades, it has also produced or trained leading jihadi figures such as Ayman al-Zawahiri, Abdullah Azzam, and Umar Abd al-Rahman. Today, however, the Islamist movement, greatly weakened by crackdowns in the late 1990s, does not pose the same threat it once did to the Egyptian state. The tension between the city's towering Islamist past and the newfound sense of progress and prosperity creates a duality in Egypt's capital that, for the time being, is a positive sign for U.S. efforts to combat terrorism. That is, there is for many a coexistence of Islam and Egyptian nationalism, which is open to the West and often associated with democratic values.
Giving in to Group Pressure: The Impact of Socialization and Risk on Perceived Outcomes

The current study applies the perspective of decision theory to understanding how choices are made in an in-group setting involving social pressure and risk. Two hundred sixty-one undergraduate students provided assessments of consequences associated with illegally consuming alcohol in different environments with differing degrees of risk. In addition, size of the social group was varied as three, four, or nine. In order to determine the moderating effects, if any, of susceptibility to social influence, a measure of socialization was included. Results provide strong support for socialization as an explanation for how individuals interpret riskrelated social situations.
The Effect of Camellia sinensis on Wound Healing Potential in an Animal Model

Camellia sinensis (tea) is reported to have health benefits, including the building of healthy skin. This study evaluated the effects of topical application of Camellia sinensis extract on the rate of wound closure and the histology of wound area. A uniform area of 2.00 cm in diameter was excised from the neck of adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The animals were topically treated with 0.2 mL of vehicle (CMC), Intrasite gel (positive control), or 200 and 400 mg/mL of extract. Wounds dressed with the extract and Intrasite gel healed significantly earlier than those with vehicle. Histological analysis of the wound area after 10 days showed that wounds dressed with the extract had less scar width when compared to the control. The tissue contained less inflammatory cells and more collagen and angiogenesis, compared to wounds dressed with vehicle. In this study, Camellia sinensis showed high potential in wound healing activity.