Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modest abuse-related subjective effects of zolpidem in drug-naive volunteers

Recent case reports suggest that the short-acting benzodiazepine-like hypnotic, zolpidem, may have abuse potential among individuals who have no personal history of abusing drugs or alcohol, particularly at doses higher than those recommended for treating insomnia. This study recruited drug-naive volunteers to assess the subjective effects of multiple doses of zolpidem (0, 5, 10, or 20 mg) administered in a within-subject double-blind design. Participants (n=11) answered computerized questionnaires (Addiction Research Center Inventory, visual analog scales, and a hypothetical Drug versus Money Choice) to address the hypothesis that a supratherapeutic dose (20 mg) would increase ratings of abuse-related subjective effects, while lower therapeutic doses (5 and 10 mg) would not. Although participants rated some effects as negative at 10 and 20 mg, the highest dose engendered predominantly positive abuse-like effects such as ‘High’, ‘Like’, and ‘Good Effects’. However, no dose of zolpidem was chosen over money ($0.35–$10) when participants made hypothetical choices between them. Results suggest that although individuals without a drug abuse history are not inclined to choose zolpidem when presented with an alternative reinforcer such as money, it may possess moderate abuse potential that limits its clinical utility.
Blessing of Dimensionality: Recovering Mixture Data via Dictionary Pursuit

This paper studies the problem of recovering the authentic samples that lie on a union of multiple subspaces from their corrupted observations. Due to the high-dimensional and massive nature of today’s data-driven community, it is arguable that the target matrix (i.e., authentic sample matrix) to recover is often low-rank. In this case, the recently established Robust Principal Component Analysis (RPCA) method already provides us a convenient way to solve the problem of recovering mixture data. However, in general, RPCA is not good enough because the incoherent condition assumed by RPCA is not so consistent with the mixture structure of multiple subspaces. Namely, when the subspace number grows, the row-coherence of data keeps heightening and, accordingly, RPCA degrades. To overcome the challenges arising from mixture data, we suggest to consider LRR in this paper. We elucidate that LRR can well handle mixture data, as long as its dictionary is configured appropriately. More precisely, we mathematically prove that LRR can weaken the dependence on the row-coherence, provided that the dictionary is well-conditioned and has a rank of not too high. In particular, if the dictionary itself is sufficiently low-rank, then the dependence on the row-coherence can be completely removed. These provide some elementary principles for dictionary learning and naturally lead to a practical algorithm for recovering mixture data. Our experiments on randomly generated matrices and real motion sequences show promising results.
Transcriptomics analysis of Chinese hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida) provides insights into the biosynthesis of polyphenolic compounds.

Due to its high polyphenolic compound content, Chinese hawthorn, which belongs to the Rosaceae family, is a popular fruit consumed as food and medicine source in China. However, little genetic studies have been performed on hawthorn, partially because of the lack of genomic resources. To this end, we performed de novo transcriptomics analysis of hawthorn using the cost-effective Illumina paired-end RNA sequencing technology. Briefly explain how study was conducted and what measured then. 6.5 Gbp data were obtained and assembled into 83,817 transcripts. Approximately 98% of the transcripts had homologous in the available database, and 97% had homologous hits in the apple, pear and peach genomes. A total of 208 candidate key enzymes potentially involved in polyphenolic compound biosynthetic pathways were identified and compared to their homologous in related species. Approximately 77.12% of transcripts (64,636) were predicted to contain CDS (coding sequences). Using gene family comparative analysis, 14,800 gene families and 20,943 specific genes of hawthorn were identified. These specific genes were enriched in 3 secondary metabolite pathways (stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and plavone and flavonol biosynthesis) that are related to phenolic compound biosynthesis and other basic metabolic processes. In addition, 10,472 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were detected.
The strophomenide brachiopod Ahtiella Öpik in the Ordovician of Gondwana and the early history of the plectambonitoids

Abstract. The Precordilleran species Ahtiella argentina Benedetto and Herrera, 1986 is redescribed and illustrated and Monorthis coloradoensis Benedetto, 1998b from northwestern Argentina is reassigned to the genus Ahtiella Öpik, 1932. Ahtiella famatiniana new species from volcaniclastic rocks of the Famatina range (western Argentina) and Ahtiella tunaensis new species from the Precordillera basin (Cuyania terrane) are proposed. Paleogeographic and stratigraphic evidence strongly suggests that Ahtiella originated in the Andean region of Gondwana to further migrate to Avalonia, Baltica, and Cuyania. Contrary to previous assumptions, the fossil record from the Famatina volcaniclastic succession suggests that the plectambonitoid Ahtiella famatiniana n. sp. evolved from the hesperonomiid orthoid Monorthis transversa Benedetto, 2003 that always occurs in the underlying strata. Phylogenetic analysis of Ahtiella species shows that A. famatiniana n. sp. and the Peruvian A. zarelae Villas in Gutiérrez-Marco and Villas, 2007 are not only the earliest species of the genus but also are morphologically intermediate between Monorthis Bates, 1968 and the later and more derived species of Ahtiella from Baltica and Cuyania. If, as empirical evidence presented here shows, Ahtiella originated from Monorthis through a series of minor transformations, then the impressive morphological gap between orthides and strophomenides was bridged through short-time cladogenesis events, suggesting that it might not have a definite discontinuity between the species level evolution and the origin of higher taxa (macroevolution).
Matrix Kernels for the Forward Problem in EEG and MEG

This technical report has been submitted for review and possible publication in a journal. Because changes may be made before publication, this document is made available with the understanding that any journal version supersedes this document. Until such journal publication occurs, please cite this work using the above technical report number. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) (collectively E/MEG) are noninvasive methods for monitoring brain function. To estimate the location of the current sources that produce E/MEG signals, we must first solve the quasi-static forward problem relating a putative source to the E/MEG fields that it would produce. The head models that determine these solutions generally assume that the head is a piecewise homogeneous conductor. E/MEG models contain an incremental field element, commonly known as the " lead field, " that linearly relates an incremental source element (the current dipole) to the magnetic field or voltage potential at a distant point. The explicit form of the lead field is dependent on the head modeling assumptions and sensor configuration. The lead field can be partitioned into the product of a vector dependent on sensor characteristics and a matrix kernel dependent only on head modeling assumptions. Here we review analytic solutions for the spherical head model and boundary element methods (BEMs) for arbitrary head geometries. These results are presented in a unified form in terms of their matrix kernels. Using this formulation and a recently developed approximation formula for EEG, based on the " Berg parameters, " we present novel reformulations of the basic EEG and MEG kernels that dispel the myth that EEG is inherently more complicated to calculate than MEG. We also present novel investigations of different BEM methods and present evidence that improvements over currently published E/MEG BEM methods can be realized using alternative error weighting methods.
Effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on Salmonella typhimurium colonisation and microbial fermentation in the crop of the young turkey

1. Three experiments were performed to examine the effects of Lactobacilli and lactose on microbial fermentation and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium colonisation in the crop of the young turkey. 2. The following carboxylic acids were detected in the crop ingesta: formic, acetic, butyric, lactic, valeric, caproic, oxalic, phenyl acetic, succinic and fumaric; propionic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids were not detectable. 3. At the beginning of the night, there were considerable quantities of ingesta in the crop of young turkeys. During the scotophase, there were progressive reductions in the contents and pH. Moreover, there were linear increases in the concentration of lactic, valeric and caproic acids (by approximately 7-fold over 8 h). Much smaller changes in crop pH were observed in the study where dietary treatments of Lactobacilli were not included. 4. Chronic addition of lactose or Lactobacilli to the diet exerted modest effects on the carboxylic acid concentration in the crop contents but did not consistently influence colonisation of the crop by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. 5. Young turkeys confine eating to the hours of illumination (photophase) with a peak in consumption prior to the subjective dusk.
Eastern extension of the Solonker‐Xar Moron‐Changchun‐Yanji Suture Zone: Constraints from thermochronology of sedimentary and mafic rocks in the Hunchun‐Yanji area, Northeast China

The Late Palaeozoic Solonker‐Xar Moron‐Changchun‐Yanji Suture (SXCYS) is considered to mark the location of the final closure of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean, which separated the North China Craton to the south and the amalgamated blocks to the north in Northeast China. There has always been controversy about its eastern extension in Northeast China and the final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. To explore this issue, we collected gabbro and quartz‐diorite samples in the Hunchun area for the genesis of mafic magma and age dating, and five groups of Permian to Triassic sandstones belonging to both sides of the potential suture locations in the middle and east Jilin Province for the provenance analysis to discuss the final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean and the possible positions of the eastward termination of the SXCYS. The gabbro reveals a Middle Permian concordia average age of 266.9 ± 5.2 Ma, and the quartz diorite reveals a Late Permian Concordia average age of 258.8 ± 4.8 Ma. Lithological and geochemical analysis reveal the two rock samples belong to low‐K arc tholeiites from the oceanic island and calk‐alkaline volcanics from the active continental margin, respectively, which implies that during the middle to late Permian, the SW margin of the Jiamusi–Khanka Block (JB) continuously experienced the subduction process from the Paleo‐Asian Ocean Plate. The final closure time of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean should be later than the Late Permian. Meanwhile, four groups of sandstone from the east Jilin reveal typically Jiamusi–Mongolia Block (JMB) provenance features, with age components of ~500 Ma, ~0.9–1.5 Ga implying that the Wangqing, Hunchun, Kaishantun area belongs to the northern part of the SXCYS from late Early Permian to Middle Triassic, with youngest age components of 288.2 ± 2.8, 275.5 ± 1.8, 250 ± 1.7, and 244.9 ± 1.7 Ma, respectively. The late Early Permian sandstone from the middle Jilin reveals the youngest age component of 273.8 ± 3.4 Ma and the age component of 487 ± 3 Ma also revealing JMB feature. Comparing to previous studies, we propose that the Paleo‐Asian Ocean finally closed during Middle to Late Triassic. A possible ENE fault separates the eastern extension of SXCYS into two parts, which means the possible position of the eastward extension of the SXCYS should go along the Wangqing‐Kaishantun with NNW direction in the west, Hunchun‐Laoheishan with NW direction in the east.
Neuroinflammatory processes in Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. To date, its cause remains unknown and the mechanism of nerve cell death uncertain. Apart from the massive loss of dopaminergic neurons, PD brains also show a conspicuous glial reaction together with signs of a neuroinflammatory reaction manifested by elevated cytokine levels and upregulation of inflammatory‐associated factors such as cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Mounting evidence also suggests a possible deleterious effect of these neuroinflammatory processes in experimental models of the disease. We propose that, in PD, neuroinflammation plays a role in the cascade of events leading to nerve cell death, thus propagating the neurodegenerative process. In this review, we summarize and discuss the latest findings regarding neuroinflammatory aspects in PD. Ann Neurol 2003;53 (suppl 3):S49–S60
Treatment with anti-gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase antibody attenuates osteolysis in collagen-induced arthritis mice.

UNLABELLED The effectiveness of a new antibody treatment on arthritis-associated osteolysis was studied by using CIA mice. GGT, a newly identified bone-resorbing factor, was upregulated in arthritic joints. We generated monoclonal antibodies against GGT and injected them into CIA mice. Mice treated with antibodies showed a reduction in osteoclast number and bone erosion. INTRODUCTION Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) acts as a bone-resorbing factor that stimulates osteoclast formation. GGT expression has been detected in active lymphocytes that accumulate at inflammation sites, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We hypothesize that GGT is an effective target for suppression of arthritis-related osteoclastogenesis and joint destruction. Here, we describe the therapeutic effect of neutralizing antibodies against GGT on joint destruction using a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS GGT expression in the synovium of RA patients and CIA mice was determined by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. Monoclonal antibodies were generated against recombinant human GGT (GGT-mAbs) using BALB/c mice. Antibody treatment was performed by intraperitoneal injections of GGT-mAbs into CIA mice. Effects of antibody treatment on arthritis and bone erosion were evaluated by incidence score, arthritis score, and histopathological observations. The role of GGT in osteoclast development was examined by using the established osteoclastogenic culture system. RESULTS GGT expression was significantly upregulated in inflamed synovium. Immunohistochemistry revealed that GGT was present in lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages, as well as capillaries. Injection of GGT-mAbs significantly decreased the number of osteoclasts and attenuated the severity of joint destruction in CIA mice. In vitro examination showed that GGT enhanced RANKL-dependent osteoclast formation. GGT stimulated the expression of RANKL in osteoblasts and its receptor RANK in osteoclast precursors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that inflamed synovial tissue-derived GGT acts as a risk factor for joint destruction and that the antibody-mediated inhibition of GGT significantly decreases osteoclast number and bone erosion in CIA mice. GGT antagonists might be novel therapeutic agents for attenuating joint destruction in RA patients.
Why do they Resist? - An Empirical Analysis of an Individual's Personality Trait Resistance regarding the Adoption of New Information Systems

In their ISR article 2008 Deveraj et al. asked “How Does Personality Matter? ” This article builds upon the discussed idea that an individual’s personality traits has an influence on the technology acceptance and usage intention by empirically analyzing and discussing whether the personality trait resistance has an impact on an individual’s intention to use an information system or not. Therefore the article adopts a scale developed in psychology research to measure dispositional resistance of individuals. The data analysis of 199 research participants who declared that they do not want to use a particular information system in future shows that the personality trait resistance modeled with the four dimensions routine seeking, emotional reaction, short-term focus and cognitive rigidity has significant impacts on an individual’s attitude towards an information system, the subjective norm of important others and mediated through attitude on the intention to use this system.
Enhanced Histopathology of the Thymus

The thymus is a primary or central lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes undergo diffentiation and maturation autonomously within the cortex, without the need for antigenic stimulation, and it is essential for the normal development and function of the immune system. The thymus has been shown to be a sensitive target organ following exposure to immunotoxicants and endogenous corticosteroids, and a decrease in size or weight is often one of the first noted measures of compound-induced effects with cortical lymphocytes (thymocytes) being especially susceptible. Therefore, changes in thymus histopathology and architecture are considered to be of particular relevance for immunotoxicity screening. The separate compartments in each lymphoid organ should be evaluated separately and descriptive rather than interpretive terminology should be used to characterize changes within those compartments (Haley et al., 2005). Therefore, enhanced histopathological evaluation of the thymus involves the determination of the size and cellularity of the cortex and medulla, which should be noted separately. Other changes to evaluate include, but are not limited to, increased lymphocyte apoptosis, lymphocyte necrosis, cortex:medulla ratio and an increase or decrease in the epithelial component of the thymus.
Prevention by antioxidants of heterocyclic amine-induced carcinogenesis in a rat medium-term liver bioassay: results of extended and combination treatment experiments.

The effects of 1-O-hexyl-2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone (HTHQ) and other antioxidants on heterocyclic amine (HCA)-induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis were examined in a medium-term liver bioassay. In one study the experimental period was extended for up to 28 weeks to confirm the inhibition of 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole (Glu-P-1)-induction of glutathione-S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci detected earlier in an 8-week experiment. Six-week-old male F344 rats were given a single i.p. injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) (200 mg/kg b.w.), and starting 2 weeks later, groups of 20 animals received a diet containing 0.03% Glu-P-1 together with 0.5% HTHQ, Glu-P-1 alone, HTHQ alone or a basal diet alone for 26 weeks. Three weeks after the DEN injection, animals were subjected to partial hepatectomy. The combined incidence of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas in the group fed Glu-P-1 alone was 89%, in contrast to 40% with simultaneous HTHQ treatment, and near the control level of 30% without Glu-P-1 and HTHQ. In the second experiment, to assess the effects of HTHQ on HCAs in combination, to mimic the human situation, after DEN initiation groups of 15 rats received diets containing a 0.0155% HCA mixture (0.003% Glu-P-1, 0.0015% 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5-H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole (Trp-P-1), 0.004% 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (MeAaC), 0.003% 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) and 0.004% 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), which are all heptocarcinogens) together with 0.5 or 0.125% HTHQ, HCA alone, 0.5 or 0.125% HTHQ alone, or basal diet alone for 6 weeks. The numbers of GST-P positive foci decreased in a dose-dependent manner to 12.2+/-3.1 and 7.2+/-2.4 by the simultaneous treatment with 0.125 and 0.5% HTHQ, respectively, from a value of 17.6+/-3.6 for the HCA mix alone. In a third experiment, after DEN initiation, groups of 15 rats were placed on diets containing 0.02% MeIQx together with 0.25% HTHQ, 0.05% phenylethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), 1% green tea catechins (GTC) or a mixture of HTHQ, PEITC and GTC, MeIQx alone, antioxidants alone or in combination, or basal diet alone for 6 weeks. These compounds were previously shown to inhibit HCA-associated GST-P positive foci. The numbers of GST-P positive foci in rats treated with MeIQx together with HTHQ (7.7+/-2.6) or antioxidant mixture (0.4+/-2.8) were significantly lower than with MeIQx alone (12.1+/-3.1), but a clear synergistic effect was not demonstrated. These results confirmed the ability of HTHQ to inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis induced by HCAs.
On the capacity of multi-antenna Gaussian channels

We investigate the use of multi-antennas at both ends of a point-to-point communication system over the additive Gaussian channel. We consider a system with t transmit antennas and r receive antennas in which the received vector v/spl isin/C/sup /spl tau// depends on the transmitted vector u/spl isin/C/sup /spl tau// via: v=Hu+w where H/spl isin/C/sup r/spl times/t/ is the channel transfer matrix and w is zero-mean complex circular symmetric Gaussian noise. We assume that E[ww]=/spl sigma//sup 2/I/sub r/. The transmitter is constrained in its total power, i.e., E[uu]/spl les/E/sub s/. We assume that the channel matrix H is known at both ends of the communication system, and that the waveform channel is flat over the bandwidth of interest.
Efficiency of gamete usage in nature: sperm storage, fertilization and polyspermy

Gamete production for both males and females can be energetically expensive such that selection should maximize fertilization opportunities while minimizing fertilization costs. In laboratory studies of Drosophila reproduction, however, the failure of eggs to yield adult progeny can be quite high, suggesting that female control over gamete utilization is surprisingly inefficient. We examined gamete utilization in D. pseudoobscura from nature and compared our observations to those for laboratory populations. In natural populations 100% of oviposited eggs effectively produce adult progeny, and fertilization is exclusively monospermic, indicating that in nature, D. pseudoobscura females maintain a very strict control over their reproduction such that gamete usage is extremely efficient. The potential reasons for the inefficient gamete utilization in the laboratory, as well as the potential impact on laboratory studies of sperm competition, sexual conflict, and the evolution of reproductive barriers are discussed. Furthermore, in this sperm–heteromorphic species, our observations show definitively that in nature, as well as in the laboratory, only the long sperm morph participates in fertilization.
Field Convergence between Technical Writers and Technical Translators: Consequences for Training Institutions

As translation of technical documents continues to grow rapidly and translation becomes more automated, the roles of professional communicators and translators appear to be converging. This paper updates preliminary findings first presented at the 2008 International Professional Communication Conference, Montreal, QC, Canada. It analyzes trends revealed from recent surveys and recommends follow-up research to determine if the trends may continue and become entrenched. The authors conclude with recommendations for academic programs interested in adjusting to the trends.