Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cotrimoxazole Prophylaxis and Risk of Severe Anemia or Severe Neutropenia in HAART-Exposed, HIV-Uninfected Infants

Background Prophylactic cotrimoxazole is recommended for infants born to HIV-infected mothers. However, cotrimoxazole may increase the risk of severe anemia or neutropenia. Methods We compared the proportion of HIV-exposed uninfected (HIV-EU) infants experiencing incident severe anemia (and separately, severe neutropenia) between a prospective cohort receiving prophylactic cotrimoxazole from 1 to 6 months vs. infants from two prior trials who did not receive cotrimoxazole. Infants were from rural and urban communities in southern Botswana. Results A total of 1705 HIV-EU infants were included. Among these 645 (37.8%) were fed with iron-supplemented formula from birth. Severe anemia developed in 87 (5.1%) infants, and severe neutropenia in 164 (9.6%) infants. In an analysis stratified by infant feeding method, there were no significant differences in the risk of severe anemia by prophylactic cotrimoxazole exposure–risk difference, −0.69% (95% confidence interval [CI] −2.1 to 0.76%). Findings were similar in multivariable analysis, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.35 (95% CI 0.07 to 1.65). There were also no significant differences observed for severe neutropenia by cotrimoxazole exposure, risk difference 2.0% (95% CI −1.3 to 5.2%) and aOR 0.80 (95% CI 0.33 to 1.93). Conclusions Severe anemia and severe neutropenia were infrequent among HIV-exposed uninfected infants receiving cotrimoxazole from 1–6 months of age. Concerns regarding hematologic toxicity should not limit the use of prophylactic cotrimoxazole in HIV-exposed uninfected infants. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration Numbers NCT01086878 (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01086878), NCT00197587 (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00197587), and NCT00270296 (http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00270296).
Aspectos familiares de meninas adolescentes dependentes de álcool e drogas

CONTEXTO: O consumo de drogas entre adolescentes tem sido alvo de varias pesquisas nos ultimos anos. Sabe-se que a familia pode ser um fator tanto de protecao quanto de risco para o uso de substâncias nessa fase. OBJETIVO: O presente artigo e uma revisao da literatura sobre o tema familia de adolescentes abusadoras e/ou dependentes de substâncias psicoativas, a fim de levantar quais dados a literatura ja dispoe sobre esse assunto com o intuito de capacitar profissionais da area da saude na atuacao clinica bem como na prevencao desta sindrome. METODOS:Revisao bibliografica no sistema MedLine (Index Medicus), ScieLO, PubMed, a partir das seguintes palavras-chave: adicao, abuso de drogas, meninas, adolescencia e familia. RESULTADOS:Observou-se que essas familias em sua maioria possuem caracteristicas disfuncionais como lacos familiares conflitivos, pouca proximidade entre os membros, falta de uma hierarquia bem definida e pais que nao dao exemplo positivo quanto ao uso de drogas. Diferencas entre generos tambem sao apontadas: meninas necessitam maior apoio familiar que os meninos como fator protetor do envolvimento com grupo de pares desviantes. As meninas tambem sao tao sensiveis ao abuso psicologico quanto ao fisico, diferentemente dos meninos que consideram pior o abuso fisico. Destaca-se ainda que a presenca de relacoes de apoio com irmas mais velhas e fator protetor para o abuso de substâncias em meninas. Outros temas, como transmissao transgeracional e estilo parental, tambem sao abordados. CONCLUSOES:Conclui-se que este tema e pouco explorado na literatura, principalmente no que se refere a estudos que abordem isoladamente a relacao entre meninas e dependencia.
Statistics, Sound Bites, and School Uniforms: A Reply to Bodine

Abstract It is refreshing to observe another scholar engaging the important and timely question of the effects of school uniforms on academic achievement. The extant literature is largely anecdotal, often methodologically flawed, unpublished, or published without peer review, and sometimes funded by uniform supply companies.1 A. Bodine's (2003) “School Uniforms, Academic Achievement, and Uses of Research,” however, adds little information to increase empirical and substantive knowledge of the effectiveness of uniforms in U.S. schools. In response, the authors (a) clarified the intent and contribution of their original study (D. L. Brunsma & K. A. Rockquemore, 1998), (b) responded to the methodological issues raised by A. Bodine, and (c) reflected on the policy implications of the related studies published in The Journal of Educational Research and the Educational Testing Service. By doing so, they hoped to increase academic interest in the school uniform debate and to encourage further empirical analyses of the effects of existing policies.
Gastric Cancer Staging with Dual Energy Spectral CT Imaging

Purpose To evaluate the clinical utility of dual energy spectral CT (DEsCT) in staging and characterizing gastric cancers. Materials and Methods 96 patients suspected of gastric cancers underwent dual-phasic scans (arterial phase (AP) and portal venous phase (PP)) with DEsCT mode. Three types of images were reconstructed for analysis: conventional polychromatic images, material-decomposition images, and monochromatic image sets with photon energies from 40 to 140 keV. The polychromatic and monochromatic images were compared in TNM staging. The iodine concentrations in the lesions and lymph nodes were measured on the iodine-based material-decomposition images. These values were further normalized against that in aorta and the normalized iodine concentration (nIC) values were statistically compared. Results were correlated with pathological findings. Results The overall accuracies for T, N and M staging were (81.2%, 80.0%, and 98.9%) and (73.9%, 75.0%, and 98.9%) determined with the monochromatic images and the conventional kVp images, respectively. The improvement of the accuracy in N-staging using the keV images was statistically significant (p<0.05). The nIC values between the differentiated and undifferentiated carcinoma and between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes were significantly different both in AP (p = 0.02, respectively) and PP (p = 0.01, respectively). Among metastatic lymph nodes, nIC of the signet-ring cell carcinoma were significantly different from the adenocarcinoma (p = 0.02) and mucinous adenocarcinoma (p = 0.01) in PP. Conclusion The monochromatic images obtained with DEsCT may be used to improve the N-staging accuracy. Quantitative iodine concentration measurements may be helpful for differentiating between differentiated and undifferentiated gastric carcinoma, and between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes.
Urban Pulse: Capturing the Rhythm of Cities

Cities are inherently dynamic. Interesting patterns of behavior typically manifest at several key areas of a city over multiple temporal resolutions. Studying these patterns can greatly help a variety of experts ranging from city planners and architects to human behavioral experts. Recent technological innovations have enabled the collection of enormous amounts of data that can help in these studies. However, techniques using these data sets typically focus on understanding the data in the context of the city, thus failing to capture the dynamic aspects of the city. The goal of this work is to instead understand the city in the context of multiple urban data sets. To do so, we define the concept of an “urban pulse” which captures the spatio-temporal activity in a city across multiple temporal resolutions. The prominent pulses in a city are obtained using the topology of the data sets, and are characterized as a set of beats. The beats are then used to analyze and compare different pulses. We also design a visual exploration framework that allows users to explore the pulses within and across multiple cities under different conditions. Finally, we present three case studies carried out by experts from two different domains that demonstrate the utility of our framework.
Information Sharing in and Across Government Agencies

This article is based on an exploratory, interdisciplinary study of issues related to information sharing within and across three public agencies. Based on Schein’s work, three subcultures within the public sector (scientist, politician, and bureaucrat) were identified as a framework to examine these issues. Dawes’s three categories of benefits and barriers, associated with interagency information sharing (technical, organizational, and political), were also used in developing the framework. Their work has been extended by identifying three types of differences (view, use, and purpose) among these subcultural relationships to data and information. Four types of systems (social, constituency, technical, and organizational) that influence information-sharing processes within and across agencies also were identified. Two cases are offered to illustrate key points about information sharing across subcultures and some implications for research and practice to enhance abilities within the public sector to appropriately and effectively share information.
tyPEs of aUtomatically activatEd PrEJUdicE: assEssing PossEssor- vErsUs othEr-rElEvant valEncE in thE EvalUativE Priming task

Four studies are presented that examined the automatic activation of valence toward different social groups using an evaluative priming paradigm. In the first two studies, pictures of Turks and Germans (Study 1) and old and young persons (Study 2) were used as primes; positive and negative adjectives conveying either other-relevant valence or possessor-relevant valence were used as targets in an evaluation task. Results revealed that automatically activated prejudices can be differentiated according to their type of relative negativity: Whereas picture primes of Turks conveyed relative negativity of the other-relevant type, picture primes of older persons conveyed relative negativity of the possessor-relevant type. Study 3, using picture primes of homeless persons (versus students) demonstrated that automatically activated prejudice toward homeless people convey both types of negativity. Finally, Study 4 provided support that these results were not due to the activation of stereotypes. These studies provide evidence that prejudice in terms of automatic evaluations of social stimuli can be more fine-grained beyond a mere uni-dimensional positive-negative differentiation.
Chameleon Changes: An Exploration of Racial Identity Themes of Multiracial People

The current study explored essential themes of racial identity development among 10 self-identified multiracial adults from a variety of racial backgrounds. Participants were interviewed using a semistructured protocol, and the interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then coded for themes by research team members. Four primary themes were identified: encounters with racism, reference group orientation, the "chameleon" experience, and the importance of social context in identity development. A number of subthemes also were identified. Although several of the themes mirrored those associated with contemporary biracial and multiracial identity development models, new themes centering on the adoption of multiple self-labels reflecting both monoracial and multiracial backgrounds emerged as well. Implications of the findings for future research and practice are identified.
Extinction Thresholds for Species in Fractal Landscapes

Abstract: Predicting species’ responses to habitat loss and fragmentation is one of the greatest challenges facing conservation biologists, particularly if extinction is a threshold phenomenon. Extinction thresholds are abrupt declines in the patch occupancy of a metapopulation across a narrow range of habitat loss. Metapopulation‐type models have been used to predict extinction thresholds for endangered populations. These models often make simplifying assumptions about the distribution of habitat (random) and the search for suitable habitat sites (random dispersal). We relaxed these two assumptions in a modeling approach that combines a metapopulation model with neutral landscape models of fractal habitat distributions. Dispersal success for suitable, unoccupied sites was higher on fractal landscapes for nearest‐neighbor dispersers (moving through adjacent cells of the landscape) than for dispersers searching at random (random distance and direction between steps) on random landscapes. Consequently, species either did not suffer extinction thresholds or extinction thresholds occurred later, at lower levels of habitat abundance, than predicted previously. The exception is for species with limited demographic potential, owing to low reproductive output , in which extinction thresholds occurred sooner than on random landscapes in all but the most clumped fractal landscapes . Furthermore, the threshold was more precipitous for these species. Many species of conservation concern have limited demographic potential, and these species may be at greater risk from habitat loss and fragmentation than previously suspected.
'It's More of a Production': Accomplishing mothering using a mobility device

This qualitative study investigated the conditions and experiences of mothers who used wheelchairs and scooters for full-time mobility. In focused, open-ended interviews, 11 mothers of children aged 6 months to 18 years described sociospatial obstacles and facilitators that influenced how they cared for their children and homes. Results suggest that mothering with a disability consists of embodied and emplaced practices. Women often felt 'out of place' as mothers given the relationship between mothering discourse and mobility devices. Furthermore, the embeddedness of mothering in place meant that the social and material conditions of place served not only as antecedents to mothering challenges, but also structured possible solutions
Children’s Home Environments in Great Britain and the United States

This study analyzes the effects of human, social, and financial capital on children’s home environments in the United States and Great Britain by comparing a sample of 5- to 13-year-old children from the United States with a similar sample from Britain. In both countries, the authors find weaker home environments for boys, minority children, and those with more siblings. Parental education and maternal cognitive ability are linked to stronger home environments. The effects of family structure, maternal school track, grandparents’ education, and paternal work vary by society. The authors conclude that parents are important in both societies and that evidence for the notion that the more developed welfare state in Britain may substitute for capital at home in promoting children’s home environments is weak.
The Development of Tandem Teaching Placements

The article reports upon a three-year action research programme intended to provide student teachers with peer-support in planning and carrying out class teaching. It was hoped that this would provide encouragement for student teachers to broaden their teaching repertoire, together with better opportunities to reflect and evaluate the successes and failures of their teaching ventures. Subsequent monitoring identified the need to develop better pairing strategies and stronger guidance for students and mentors in the form of role-descriptors. Student teachers reported favourably on the extra support that the paired placement provided. An unexpected benefit was that the student teachers found that a paired placement often provided them with opportunities to learn from the vicarious experience of watching their partner teach. This learning was often reported as being easier than learning from the observation of more highly skilled practice.
Feature Selection Using Information Gain for Improved Structural-Based Alert Correlation

Grouping and clustering alerts for intrusion detection based on the similarity of features is referred to as structurally base alert correlation and can discover a list of attack steps. Previous researchers selected different features and data sources manually based on their knowledge and experience, which lead to the less accurate identification of attack steps and inconsistent performance of clustering accuracy. Furthermore, the existing alert correlation systems deal with a huge amount of data that contains null values, incomplete information, and irrelevant features causing the analysis of the alerts to be tedious, time-consuming and error-prone. Therefore, this paper focuses on selecting accurate and significant features of alerts that are appropriate to represent the attack steps, thus, enhancing the structural-based alert correlation model. A two-tier feature selection method is proposed to obtain the significant features. The first tier aims at ranking the subset of features based on high information gain entropy in decreasing order. The‏ second tier extends additional features with a better discriminative ability than the initially ranked features. Performance analysis results show the significance of the selected features in terms of the clustering accuracy using 2000 DARPA intrusion detection scenario-specific dataset.
Circles and communities, sharing practices and learning: looking at old and new extension education approaches.

We live today in a “knowledge society”, but “knowledge transfer” is no more the dominant extension education paradigm. The andragogical principle of “learning to learn”, and the concepts of self-directed, collaborative and action learning are more crucial today then ever, particularly when working in the rural or local development context, with groups of farmers, community leaders, development agents, adult educators or other professionals. The key principles are: to stimulate knowledge discovery and facilitate learning, through group exchanges and active participation, building on peoples’ motivations and projects. This conceptual background was keen to the formulation and implementation of the two concrete action-oriented projects which are analysed in this paper: (1) the two “Study Circles” envolving a variety of agents linked to the “Olive Oil” and “Port Wine” Routes of Northern Portugal, created to share experiences, promote initiatives and enhance the performance of these two organisations in terms of rural development; and (2) the analysis of five different “Communities of Practice” in Portugal, in different stages of development and involving educators, trainers and social development animators, functioning as lifelong collaborative learning instruments. Do such projects and experiences show the way to relevant extension education approaches and methods? Which strengths and weaknesses show the “Study Circles” and “Communities of Practice”? How did they evolve? Are there cultural bound constraints to their functioning and outputs? If yes, which strategies to adopt in order to overcome them? What are the major lessons to be learned? In essence, the paper is about “Circles” and “Communities”, looking at practice sharing and lifelong learning in the context of development work. One of the major conclusions is that extension and development facilitators can benefit from such approaches in different ways and levels. Multiple and often complex relationships between scientists, extension agents and rural actors, so frequent and critical in our society, require new ways of obtaining and sharing diversified information and knowledge, coming from a variety of sources. More than using personal networks, the challenge these agents face is to help build and maintain social networks like the ones studied, involving different development stakeholders from the institutional, research and practice arenas, serving as learning and action systems.
Do People Embrace Praise Even When They Feel Unworthy? A Review of Critical Tests of Self-Enhancement Versus Self-Verification

Some contemporary theorists contend that the desire for self-enhancement is prepotent and more powerful than rival motives such as self-verification. If so, then even people with negative self-views will embrace positive evaluations. The authors tested this proposition by conducting a meta-analytic review of the relevant literature. The data provided ample evidence of self-enhancement strivings but little evidence of its prepotency. Instead, the evidence suggested that both motives are influential but control different response classes. In addition, other motives may sometimes come into play. For example, when rejection risk is high, people seem to abandon self-verification strivings, apparently in an effort to gratify their desire for communion. However, when rejection risk is low, as is the case in many secure marital relationships, people prefer self-verifying evaluations. The authors conclude that future researchers should broaden the bandwidth of their explanatory frameworks to include motives other than self-enhancement.
Temperament and Personality Traits as Predictors of Preschool ODD Symptoms, Longitudinal Course, and Impairment

OF THESIS TEMPERAMENT AND PERSONALITY TRAITS AS PREDICTORS OF PRESCHOOL ODD SYMPTOMS, LONGITUDINAL COURSE, AND IMPAIRMENT Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is commonly conceptualized as a disorder of negative affect and low effortful control. Currently, it is unclear whether temperament and personality traits associated with negative affect and effortful control can be useful assessment tools for identifying ODD early during development. This study examined the relationship between temperament and personality traits and ODD in a clinical sample of preschoolers. Results suggest that, at this age, temperament and personality traits of negative affect and neuroticism and effortful control and conscientiousness/agreeableness are not associated with one another. High negative affect, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness were all specifically associated with the angry/irritable (vs. argumentative/defiant, vindictive) ODD symptom domain; however, the traits did not predict change in symptoms over time. Lastly, low conscientiousness predicted ODDrelated impairment, while negative affect and agreeableness interacted to predict impairment such low agreeableness appears to be a primary pathway to impairment, and high negative affect appears to be a secondary pathway. Overall, this study suggests high negative affect, low conscientiousness, and low agreeableness are associated with ODD. Early assessment of these traits may be clinically useful in identifying children at risk for ODD, given that they may be early markers for ODD symptoms and impairment.