Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow at the Cerebral Aqueduct by Use of Phase-contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Technique Validation and Utility in Diagnosing Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

OBJECTIVE We analyzed the reliability of a protocol for measuring quantitative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow at the cerebral aqueduct and established the range of CSF flows in normal elderly patients, patients with Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia, and patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). METHODS A constant flow phantom was used to establish the accuracy of the CSF flow measurement. The clinical variability of the measurement was estimated by calculating the standard deviations and coefficients of variation of intra- and interobserver and intertrial data sets derived from three normal volunteers. A total of 236 patients were studied, including 47 normal elderly patients, 115 patients with cognitive impairment (9 with mild cognitive impairment, 46 with Alzheimer’s disease, and 60 with other cognitive impairment), 31 patients in whom NPH was suspected but ultimately excluded, and 43 patients with a final clinical diagnosis of NPH. RESULTS The intraobserver, interobserver, and intertrial measurement variations of 6.4, 5.4, and 8.8%, respectively, were substantially smaller than the wide variation observed among subjects. There was no statistically significant difference in flow between normal elderly patients and patients with cognitive impairment (P = 0.91). When these populations were pooled, the average flow was 8.47 ml/min (standard deviation, 4.23; range, 0.9–18.5 ml/min). The average flow rate in patients with a final clinical diagnosis of NPH was 27.4 ml/min (standard deviation, 15.3; range, 3.13–62.2 ml/min). This was significantly higher than the flow rate in each of the other three groups (all, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION CSF flow measurements of less than 18 ml/min with a sinusoidal flow pattern are normal. CSF flow of greater than 18 ml/min suggests idiopathic NPH.
Implicit Learning of Viewpoint-Independent Spatial Layouts

We usually perceive things in our surroundings as unchanged despite viewpoint changes caused by self-motion. The visual system therefore must have a function to process objects independently of viewpoint. In this study, we examined whether viewpoint-independent spatial layout can be obtained implicitly. For this purpose, we used a contextual cueing effect, a learning effect of spatial layout in visual search displays known to be an implicit effect. We investigated the transfer of the contextual cueing effect to images from a different viewpoint by using visual search displays of 3D objects. For images from a different viewpoint, the contextual cueing effect was maintained with self-motion but disappeared when the display changed without self-motion. This indicates that there is an implicit learning effect in environment-centered coordinates and suggests that the spatial representation of object layouts can be obtained and updated implicitly. We also showed that binocular disparity plays an important role in the layout representations.
Fraser syndrome due to mutations in GRIP1—Clinical phenotype in two families and expansion of the mutation spectrum

Conflict of interest: none. Schanze and Kayserili contributed equally to this work. Grant sponsor: Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK); Grant number: 112S398; Grant sponsor: European Research Area Network (E-RARE, project); Grant number: CRANIRARE-2. Correspondence to: Prof. Dr. Med. Martin Zenker, Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany. E-mail: martin.zenker@med.ovgu. de Article first published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com): 19 December 2013 DOI 10.1002/ajmg.a. 36343 TO THE EDITOR:
Detection of Prostate Stem Cell Antigen Expression in Human Prostate Cancer Using Quantum-Dot-Based Technology

Quantum dots (QDs) are a new class of fluorescent labeling for biological and biomedical applications. In this study, we detected prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) expression correlated with tumor grade and stage in human prostate cancer by QDs-based immunolabeling and conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC), and evaluated the sensitivity and stability of QDs-based immunolabeling in comparison with IHC. Our data revealed that increasing levels of PSCA expression accompanied advanced tumor grade (QDs labeling, r = 0.732, p < 0.001; IHC, r = 0.683, p < 0.001) and stage (QDs labeling, r = 0.514, p = 0.001; IHC, r = 0.432, p = 0.005), and the similar tendency was detected by the two methods. In addition, by comparison between the two methods, QDs labeling was consistent with IHC in detecting the expression of PSCA in human prostate tissue correlated with different pathological types (K = 0.845, p < 0.001). During the observation time, QDs exhibited superior stability. The intensity of QDs fluorescence remained stable for two weeks (p = 0.083) after conjugation to the PSCA protein, and nearly 93% of positive expression with their fluorescence still could be seen after four weeks.
Validity of College Self-Reported Gains at Diverse Institutions

Despite the widespread use of self-reported gains to assess college student learning and development, these measures may not be valid indicators of student growth in most circumstances. However, some evidence suggests that self-reported gains may assess student outcomes more accurately at certain types of colleges and universities. This study used a large, multi-institutional sample of first-year college students to examine the correspondence between self-reported gains and longitudinal growth on the same constructs. Although some significant differences by institutional type were identified, the findings do not support the use of self-reported gains as a proxy for longitudinal growth at any institution.
Is tolerance to shiftwork predictable from individual difference measures

Abstract This study was aimed at evaluating the most important relations between individual characteristics of shiftworkers and their subjective health complaints, obtained by cross-sectional and longitudinal procedures. A total of 604 shiftworkers and 185 young subjects who were going to enter shiftwork were examined by means of individual difference and subjective health questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered concurrently to the group of workers already involved in shiftwork. In the other group studied, the questionnaires were administered before they entered shiftwork, and subjective health was re-examined after the first and third year of work on shifts. More health complaints were reported by the group of older workers and those with longer shiftwork experience, with higher scores of neuroticism, hard-driving and competitiveness, speed and impatience, and rigidity of sleeping habits, and lower scores on relaxedness, efficiency and vigorousness. However, the correlations between these di.
Representation of Glossy Material Surface in Ventral Superior Temporal Sulcal Area of Common Marmosets

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is one of the smallest species of primates, with high visual recognition abilities that allow them to judge the identity and quality of food and objects in their environment. To address the cortical processing of visual information related to material surface features in marmosets, we presented a set of stimuli that have identical three-dimensional shapes (bone, torus or amorphous) but different material appearances (ceramic, glass, fur, leather, metal, stone, wood, or matte) to anesthetized marmoset, and recorded multiunit activities from an area ventral to the superior temporal sulcus (STS) using multi-shanked, and depth resolved multi-electrode array. Out of 143 visually responsive multiunits recorded from four animals, 29% had significant main effect only of the material, 3% only of the shape and 43% of both the material and the shape. Furthermore, we found neuronal cluster(s), in which most cells: (1) showed a significant main effect in material appearance; (2) the best stimulus was a glossy material (glass or metal); and (3) had reduced response to the pixel-shuffled version of the glossy material images. The location of the gloss-selective area was in agreement with previous macaque studies, showing activation in the ventral bank of STS. Our results suggest that perception of gloss is an important ability preserved across wide range of primate species.
Smoking and the Risk of Hospitalization for Symptomatic Diverticular Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study from Sweden

BACKGROUND: Current studies reporting on the risk of smoking and development of symptomatic diverticular disease have reported conflicting results. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between smoking and symptomatic diverticular disease. DESIGN: This is a cohort study SETTINGS: Information was derived from the Swedish Construction Workers Cohort 1971–1993. PATIENTS: Patients were selected from construction workers in Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome measured was the development of symptomatic diverticular disease and complicated diverticular disease (abscess and perforation) as identified in the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register. Adjusted relative risks of symptomatic diverticular disease according to smoking status were estimated by using negative binomial regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, the study included 232,685 men and 14,592 women. During follow-up, 3891 men and 318 women had a diagnosis of later symptomatic diverticular disease. In men, heavy smokers (≥15 cigarettes a day) had a 1.6-fold increased risk of developing symptomatic diverticular disease compared with nonsmokers (adjusted relative risk, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.42–1.72). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship, because moderate and ex-smokers had a 1.4- and 1.2-fold increased risk compared with nonsmokers (adjusted relative risk, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.27–1.52 and adjusted relative risk, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04–1.27). These relationships were similar in women, but the risk estimates were less precise owing to smaller numbers. Male ever-smokers had a 2.7-fold increased risk of developing complicated diverticular disease (perforation/abscess) compared with nonsmokers (adjusted relative risks, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.69–4.41). LIMITATIONS: We were unable to account for other confounding variables such as comorbidity, prescription medication, or lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with symptomatic diverticular disease in both men and women and with an increased risk of developing complicated diverticular disease.
Plasma thyroid hormones and corticosterone levels in blood of chicken embryos and post hatch chickens exposed during incubation to 1800 MHz electromagnetic field

IntroductionThis study attempted to determine the effect of a 1800 MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) (only carrier frequency) on thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and corticosterone (CORT) concentrations in the blood plasma of chick embryos, and to investigate the effect of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure during embryogenesis on the level of these hormones in birds that are ready for slaughter.Material and MethodsThroughout the incubation period, embryos from the experimental group were exposed to a 1800 MHz EMF with power density of 0.1 W/m2, 10 times during 24 h for 4 min. Blood samples were collected to determine T4, T3 and CORT concentrations on the 12th (E12) and 18th (E18) day of incubation, from newly hatched chicks (D1) and from birds ready for slaughter (D42). ResultsThe experiment showed that T4 and T3 concentrations decreased markedly and CORT levels increased in the embryos and in the newly hatched chicks exposed to EMF during embryogenesis. However, no changes were found in the level of the analyzed hormones in the birds ready for slaughter. Differences in T4 and T3 plasma concentrations between the EMF-exposed group and the embryos incubated without additional EMF were the highest in the newly hatched chicks, which may be indicative of the cumulative effect of electromagnetic field on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). DiscussionThe obtained results suggest that additional 1800 MHz radio frequency electromagnetic field inhibits function of HPT axis, however, it stimulates hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis by inducing adrenal steroidogenic cells to synthesize corticosterone. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which radio EMFs affect HPT and HPA axis function in the chicken embryos.
Mobile Application Security in the Presence of Dynamic Code Updates

The increasing number of repeated malware penetrations into official mobile app markets poses a high security threat to the confidentiality and privacy of end users' personal and sensitive information. Protecting end user devices from falling victims to adversarial apps presents a technical and research challenge for security researchers/engineers in academia and industry. Despite the security practices and analysis checks deployed at app markets, malware sneak through the defenses and infect user devices. The evolution of malware has seen it become sophisticated and dynamically changing software usually disguised as legitimate apps. Use of highly advanced evasive techniques, such as encrypted code, obfuscation and dynamic code updates, etc., are common practices found in novel malware. With evasive usage of dynamic code updates, a malware pretending as benign app bypasses analysis checks and reveals its malicious functionality only when installed on a user's device. This dissertation provides a thorough study on the use and the usage manner of dynamic code updates in Android apps. Moreover, we propose a hybrid analysis approach, StaDART, that interleaves static and dynamic analysis to cover the inherent shortcomings of static analysis techniques to analyze apps in the presence of dynamic code updates. Our evaluation results on real world apps demonstrate the effectiveness of StaDART. However, typically dynamic analysis, and hybrid analysis too for that matter, brings the problem of stimulating the app's behavior which is a non-trivial challenge for automated analysis tools. To this end, we propose a backward slicing based targeted inter component code paths execution technique, TeICC. TeICC leverages a backward slicing mechanism to extract code paths starting from a target point in the app. It makes use of a system dependency graph to extract code paths that involve inter component communication. The extracted code paths are then instrumented and executed inside the app context to capture sensitive dynamic behavior, resolve dynamic code updates and obfuscation. Our evaluation of TeICC shows that it can be effectively used for targeted execution of inter component code paths in obfuscated Android apps. Also, still not ruling out the possibility of adversaries reaching the user devices, we propose an on-phone API hooking based app introspection mechanism, AppIntrospector, that can be used to analyze, detect and prevent runtime exploitation of app vulnerabilities that involve dynamic code updates.
Deviance as delight: Party‐boat poaching in southern California

This article is an ethnographic study of poaching among a cohort of marine recreational anglers. In a departure from mainstream criminology, the relatively underutilized notions of fun and folk crime serve as major sensitizing concepts applied to a dimension of aquatic‐based crime that manifests itself in the context of a leisure social world.
In pursuit of peace: Attitudinal and behavioral change with simulations and Multiple Identification Theory

The authors have developed a theory of simulation game design (Multiple Identification Theory; MIT) based on earlier research and several of their own studies. They utilize this theory to create a simulation game designed to change attitudes from a stance of competition to one of cooperation. Three questionnaires are constructed that measure participants' attitudes toward “cooperation versus competition,” “truth and trust versus deception and mistrust,” and “social view of conflict versus individual view of conflict. ” Participants play a simulation designed by the authors in accordance with MIT. All students complete pretests of the attitude questionnaires, play the simulation twice, and then complete posttests of the same questionnaires. In addition to these data, behavioral measures of the players' cooperative or aggressive conduct during the simulations are recorded. Quantitative and qualitative analysis found significant change (in a cooperative direction) for all measures. Robust e fect sizes are also reported. It is believed this study provides encouraging initial support for the e ficacy of simulations designed via MIT in changing attitudes and behavior. It is suggested that such research is of special importance for the promotion of cooperation and peace as alternatives to competition and aggression.
`A Different World': Shifting Masculinities in the Transition to Call Centres

This article explores how business process reengineering (BPR) is informed by a masculine discourse that emphasizes competition, control and conquest while simultaneously appealing to care, trust, nurturing, creativity and teamwork. We explore how this contradiction is reflected in the language and practice of management. We demonstrate some of the ways in which this contradiction infuses with, subverts and may ultimately undermine BPR. We locate the debate within a contextual consideration of how reengineering is displacing an earlier form of masculinity within financial services which we understand and describe as paternalism. It is apparent that the pre-eminence of masculinity was never questioned. Indeed, both paternalism and reengineering simply fought over which masculinity would predominate.
Malaria morbidity among children exposed to low seasonal transmission in Dakar, Senegal and its implications for malaria control in tropical Africa.

To measure morbidity due to malaria and to study its relationship with transmission and parasitemia in children living in an area of low malaria endemicity, a cohort study of 343 schoolchildren was undertaken during a one-year period in Dakar, Senegal. From parallel investigations on transmission and the frequency of malaria as a cause for outpatient visits, three different seasons were chosen for close monitoring of different clinical parasitologic, and sero-immunologic parameters. The daily incidence rates of malaria parasitemia and primary attacks were at a maximum level during the high transmission season (0.00198 and 0.00185 new cases/person/day, respectively) and decreased considerably during the season of low transmission. For each given period, the values of these two rates were close to each other, suggesting that each new infection was followed by a clinical attack. During the period of maximum transmission, clinical malaria prevalence was 1.36% and malaria was responsible for 36% of school absences due to medical reasons. At the end of the period of minimum transmission, clinical malaria prevalence was 0.15% and malaria was responsible for 3% of school absences due to medical reasons. In contrast, parasite prevalence hardly varied with the season (minimum 3.6%, maximum 7.5%). In a one-year period, the total number of new malarial infections was estimated between 173 and 230. Because of the existence of a vector density gradient in the area concerned, the annual malaria incidence varied considerably according to the children's place of residence. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heart Rate Variability in Men with Erectile dysfunction

Purpose The objective of this study is to investigate alteration of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity in patients suffering from erectile dysfunction (ED) by comparing parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) between men with ED and healthy subjects. Methods A retrospective review was performed on 40 ED patients (mean age, 46.0±8.49 years) without any disease and 180 healthy control people (mean age, 44.4±7.83 years) without ED in our institution from June 2008 to July 2010. And electrocardiographic signals were obtained to measure HRV parameters for both patients and controls in a resting state. Results For the time domain analysis, square root of the mean differences between successive RR intervals (RMSSD) representing parasympathetic activity was lower in patients than controls although P-value was not statistically significant (P=0.060). For the frequency domain analysis, high frequency (HF) representing parasympathetic activity was lower in patients than controls (P=0.232) and low frequency (LF) representing mainly sympathetic activity was higher in patients than controls (P=0.416). Lastly, LF/HF ratio reflecting sympathetic/parasympathetic activity ratio was statistically higher in patients than controls (P=0.027). Conclusions Patients with ED exhibited different HRV parameters compared with normal controls. This suggests that the patients with ED may have some kind of imbalance in the ANS and it may be possible that general imbalance of the ANS is one of the causes of ED. Thus, HRV analysis may give valuable diagnostic information and serve as a rapid screening tool to evaluate altered ANS activity in patients with ED.