Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Problems, Tricks, and Pearls in Intramedullary Nailing of Proximal Third Tibial Fractures

Proximal third tibial shaft fractures have been notoriously difficult to treat. Early reports resulting in high rates of malunion and fixation failure trended surgeons to move away from intramedullary nailing as definitive treatment. However, with the advent of a deepened understanding of the surround anatomy, several techniques have been developed to help maintain proper alignment without early failure or malunion. This review provides a concise update on the tips, tricks, and pearls available in achieving a stable well-aligned construct when definitively treating proximal third tibial shaft fractures via intramedullary nail. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Rapid Detection and Characterisation of Triterpene Saponins from the Root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

INTRODUCTION Triterpene saponins are the major bioactive components in the root of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (RPC), and have been reported to possess antitumor and immunological adjuvant activities. However, the isolation, purification and elucidation procedures of triterpene saponins from RPC are difficult and time consuming due to high polarity and structural similarity. OBJECTIVES To develop an analytical strategy for discovering and elucidating triterpene saponins in RPC. METHODS Methanolic extract of RPC is analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionisation and quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). The MS and MS/MS experiments are conducted using the negative-ionisation mode, in order to provide molecular-mass information and production spectra for the structural elucidation of compounds. RESULTS Based on retention times, accurate mass and mass spectrometric fragmentation, 24 triterpene saponins are identified or tentatively elucidated from RPC, of which nine triterpene saponins were not reported previously. CONCLUSION The HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS could be employed as a rapid, effective technique to screen and identify triterpene saponins in RPC without tedious and time-consuming isolation of pure constituents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rituximab for the treatment of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP): Report of three cases

Three patients (one with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura [ITP] and two with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura [TTP]) were treated with rituximab (anti‐CD20 chimeric antibody) at a dose of 325 mg/m2 administered weekly after they failed standard therapies. The patient with ITP who did not respond to steroids and anti‐D antibody administration achieved augmentation of her platelet counts up to 180 × 103/μL after four doses of rituximab. Six months later, when her counts started to decrease, she received maintenance therapy with an additional course of 4 standard doses of antibody that resulted in consolidation of her platelet counts around 100 × 103/μL. One patient with TTP and concurrent idiopathic nephropathy who was previously treated with plasmapheresis, steroids, and vincristine improved only after 4 weekly administrations of the antibody. Moreover, his nephrotic‐range proteinuria resolved after he received rituximab. The other patient with chronic TTP who still relapsed after splenectomy received 5 doses of rituximab with concomitant plasmapheresis. His thrombocytopenia improved slowly, and his platelet count stabilized at 300 × 103/μL. All three patients showed evidence of response to anti‐CD20 antibody with improvement in clinical outcome as well as augmentation of platelet counts to normal levels. We conclude that rituximab is a useful immunomodulating adjunct in the treatment of refractory ITP and TTP. Am. J. Hematol. 78:49–54, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An integrated approach towards product innovation in international manufacturing organisations

Fast product innovation and creativity is driving the development strategies of most nations enjoying high economic growth. The diverse range of technological possibilities creates unprecedented change bringing both product and market uncertainty and as a consequence new challenges for organisations. To meet such challenges organisations need to engender both a responsive and an adaptable approach to market demands. The article provides an insight into the relationship between technological and organisational integration variables and the speed of new product development.
Small‐scale mining and its socio‐economic impact in developing countries

This article examines both the positive and negative socio-economic impacts of small-scale mining in developing countries, and outlines some key measures for improving sustainability in the sector. It is important to clarify that, in spite of experiencing its share of environmental- and health-related problems that adversely impact human quality-of-life, small-scale mining plays a pivotal role in alleviating poverty in the developing world, and contributes significantly to national revenues and foreign exchange earnings. Though these important socio-economic contributions make small-scale mining an indispensable economic activity, there is an obvious need for improved sustainability in the industry, more specifically, for operations to resolve pressing problems, many of which have wide-ranging impacts. However, because most small-scale mines are low-tech and employ poorly trained uneducated people, it is difficult for the sector to improve on its own. Thus, governments and regional international bodies must play an expanded role in bridging critical information, techno-logic and economic gaps. It is concluded that governments and regional organizations could accomplish much in the way of improved sustainability in the small-scale mining industry by: (1) legalizing small-scale mining and implementing sector-specific legislation; (2) contributing to community development and providing increased economic support; and (3) providing training and educational assistance, and playing an expanded role in the dissemination and transfer of important technologies.
Self-Contained Pedestrian Tracking During Normal Walking Using an Inertial/Magnetic Sensor Module

This paper proposes a novel self-contained pedestrian tracking method using a foot-mounted inertial and magnetic sensor module, which not only uses the traditional zero velocity updates, but also applies the stride information to further correct the acceleration double integration drifts and thus improves the tracking accuracy. In our method, a velocity control variable is designed in the process model, which is set to the average velocity derived from stride information in the swing (nonzero velocity) phases or zero in the stance (zero-velocity) phases. Stride-based position information is also derived as the pseudomeasurements to further improve the accuracy of the position estimates. An adaptive Kalman filter is then designed to fuse all the sensor information and pseudomeasurements. The proposed pedestrian tracking method has been extensively evaluated using experiments, including both short distance walking with different patterns and long distance walking performed indoors and outdoors, and have been shown to perform effectively for pedestrian tracking.
Critical Incidents

A study of 373 instances in which guests at all types of restaurants experienced service failures found that the most common error is poorly prepared food. Using the critical-incident technique, researchers asked restaurant guests to recall service failures and to rate how serious they considered those failures. The researchers sorted the incidents into three predetermined categories: failures of the service-delivery system, inappropriate employee responses to customer requests, and unsolicited employee actions. Failures of the service-delivery system comprised the incidents that were at the same time most common, most severe, and best remembered. The subcategory comprising the most serious incidents was that of seating problems, while the subcategory with the most common errors was that of poorly prepared food. The respondents were, however, more tolerant of this type of error than those involving facility cleanliness. Nevertheless, on a scale of 1 to 10, where ten was most serious, no group of errors averaged less than 5, meaning that all failures carry at least some weight.
Categorical Perception of Facial Expressions: Categories and their Internal Structure

The question whether judgements of facial expression show the typical pattern of categorical perception was examined using three sets of 11 photographs, each constituting an 11-step continuum extending between two extreme protypical exemplars: angry-sad, happy-sad and angry-afraid, respectively. For each continuum, intermediate exemplars were created using a morphing procedure. Subjects first identified all faces in each continuum in terms of the extreme expressions, and then performed an ABX discrimination task on pairs of faces two steps (Experiments 1 and 2) or three steps (Experiment 3) apart. The classical categorical perception prediction that discrimination performance must peak around the point on the continuum at which identification reaches 50% was tested not on group means, as in earlier studies, but on a subject-by-subject basis. It was supported by the results for both adults (Experiment 1) and 9- to 10-year-children (Experiment 3). For adults, two noncategorical interpretations of the main f.
Networking to Conserve Biodiversity: The Case of Chicago Wilderness

Abstract Looking at Chicago Wilderness, a network of more than 250 organizational members working to conserve biodiversity in metropolitan Chicago, this article examines the factors that promote and inhibit adoption of collaboration as a conservation strategy. While collaboration is essential for ecosystem management, it is not easy. A function of Chicago Wilderness is to promote collaboration. Testing this network function, this study of Chicago Wilderness illustrates how patterns of network participation, as well as organizational type and perceptions of leadership support, influence attitudes towards collaboration.
On the Use of Incentive Pay in Chinese State-Owned Enterprises: The Role of Hierarchy

This paper looks at the wage system in Chinese state-owned enterprises (SOEs) during the 1980s. While wages remained compressed, there is evidence for the use of incentive mechanisms. Wages were quite sensitive to firm performance, especially at higher levels of the hierarchy. One of the reform measures - the Internal Salary System, a system of intra-firm contracts - has contributed significantly to this sensitivity. There is also some direct evidence that it enhanced the effectiveness of the bonus system, and that it helped to increase productivity. This goes towards explaining how the Chinese bonus system was able to overcome the free-rider problems typical of team compensation.
The transition to grandparenthood: a prospective study of mental health implications

Abstract Objectives: This study investigated the mental health of a cohort of 262 female and 168 male grandparents across the first two years of their transition to grandparenthood, with particular focus on the impact of providing childcare for the grandchild. Method: Baseline assessments were made during the pregnancy with the first grandchild, and subsequent assessments were at one and two years after the birth. The influence of demographic and psychosocial variables which could be expected to influence change in mental health from baseline was explored. Results: The lack of change in mental health measures in this cohort was more prominent than change. Specifically, there was a small significant decrease in anxiety over the first year for females, and a small significant increase in depression for males. Other variables, not unique to the transition to grandparenthood such as physical health and adverse life events, were strongly associated with changes in mental health. Notably, more time spent babysitting the grandchild was associated with improvement in mental health. Conclusion: The transition to grandparenthood did not have any substantial adverse impact on five well-validated measures of mental health, in contrast to earlier American findings of adverse effects which implied that childcare was burdensome.
Pathogenesis of Colitis in Germ-Free Mice Infected With EHEC O157:H7

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are strains of E. coli that express Shiga toxins (Stx) and cause hemorrhagic colitis. In some cases, disease can progress to hemolytic uremic syndrome, a potentially fatal form of kidney disease. Both enteric and renal disease are associated with the expression of stx genes, which are often carried on lysogenic phage. Toxin is expressed following induction and conversion of the phage to lytic growth. The authors previously used a germ-free mouse model to demonstrate that toxin gene expression is enhanced during growth in vivo and that renal disease is dependent on both prophage induction and expression of Stx2. In the current study, the authors document and quantify necrotizing colitis, examine the progression of enteric and renal disease, and determine the role of Stx2, phage genes, and the type 3 secretion system (T3SS) in bacterial colonization and colitis and systemic disease. By 1 day after inoculation, EHEC-monocolonized mice developed colitis, which decreased in severity thereafter. Systemic disease developed subsequently. Infection with EHEC mutant strains revealed that renal failure and splenic necrosis were absolutely dependent on the expression of Stx2 but that T3SS function and prophage excision were not necessary for systemic disease. In contrast, colitis was only partly dependent on Stx2. This study demonstrates that in germ-free mice, like in human patients, EHEC causes early colitis followed by renal failure and that systemic disease but not colitis is Stx2 dependent.
Competition and Coordination in Online Marketplaces

Online marketplaces, such as those operated by Amazon, have seen rapid growth in recent years. These marketplaces serve as an intermediary, matching buyers with sellers, whereas control of the good is left to the seller. In some cases, e.g., the Amazon marketplace system, the firm that owns and manages the marketplace system will also sell competing products through the marketplace system. This creates a new form of channel conflict, which is a focus of this article. We consider a setting in which a marketplace firm operates an online marketplace through which retailers can sell their products directly to consumers. We consider a single retailer, who currently sells its product only through its own website, but who may choose to contract with Amazon to sell its product through the marketplace system. Selling the product through the marketplace expands the available market for the retailer, but comes at some expense, e.g., a fixed participation fee or a revenue sharing requirement. Thus, a key question for the retailer is whether she should choose to sell through the marketplace system, and if so, at what price. We analyze the optimal decisions for both the retailer and the marketplace firm and characterize the system equilibrium.
Graduate entrepreneurs are different: they access more resources?

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether, and in what areas, graduate entrepreneurs are significantly different from non‐graduate entrepreneurs, both generally and in terms of external resources (advice, finance and public procurement contracts). , – The available literature was evaluated to identify issues affecting enterprise generally, and external resource access and use and educational attainment specifically. The data used were generated from the 2008 UK Federation of Small Businesses Survey, providing over 8,000 usable responses for this analysis. Quantitative analysis identified significant general characteristics of graduate entrepreneurs compared with non‐graduate entrepreneurs. Factor analysis was then used to identify the sets of advice, finance and public procurement customers of greatest interest, with independent samples t‐tests used to compare graduate and non‐graduate use thereof. , – Graduate entrepreneur‐owned firms were statistically significantly more likely (than non‐graduate‐owned firms) to have younger owners, be younger and more export‐oriented businesses, in high knowledge services, to have intellectual property, make more use of web sites and be of high growth potential. In terms of external resources, graduate‐owned businesses were more likely to have received beneficial business advice from informal networks/trade associations, government business services, friends and family, customers and suppliers, and to have public procurement customers at the national/international level. , – The study provides important empirical baseline data for future quantitative and qualitative studies focused on the impact of enterprise education specifically.
AMEX-to-NYSE Transfers, Market Microstructure, and Shareholder Wealth

Each year some corporate managers decide to change the listing of their firm's common stock from the American Stock Exchange (AMEX) to the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). In making this decision to switch auction markets, managers presumably act in the best interests of their shareholders. The potential implications of this managerial decision are far-reaching because differences between the AMEX and NYSE may affect security returns and share value. Little empirical research is available about whether shareholders benefit if a firm switches the trading location of its common stock from the AMEX to the NYSE.
How can we measure the costs and benefits of changes in financial reporting standards?

Abstract This paper first describes the components of a conventional cost‐benefit analysis, a decision tool that is widely used to evaluate large public‐sector projects such as dams. It then compares a conventional cost‐benefit analysis to the approaches used by financial reporting standard‐setters and others to evaluate the costs and benefits of changes in authoritative accounting guidance. The last portion of the paper describes how accounting research provides analyses of effects of changes in accounting standards and describes how these effects‐analyses differ from, and are similar to, a conventional cost‐benefit analysis.
Analysis of Stability and Change in Market Shares

IN RECENT years, much effort has been invested in measuring the concentration of industry output or sales in a few leading producers. While there is some intrinsic interest in the relative size of leading firms, the usefulness of this information depends largely on the adequacy of concentration measures as at least a rough gauge of market control. That is, it depends on the existence of a relation between the extent to which the largest producers can exercise control over prices, output, or quality of product, and concentration in sales. One of the chief objections to "concentration ratios"2 as descriptions of market structure is that high ratios may be consistent with considerable instability in the market shares of individual firms. In judging the intensity of competition in an industry, the ability of leading firms to maintain their relative position in a market is probably more significant than the extent of concentration at a single point in time. While concentration ratios for
Citizens and the European Polity: Mass Attitudes Towards the European and National Polities

1. Introduction: Citizens and the European Polity 2. The Determinants of Democracy Satisfaction in Europe 3. Informal Political Engagement in Europe, 1975-2007 4. Ideological Polarisation: Different Worlds in East and West 5. Electoral Turnout at the National and European Levels 6. But Still it Does Not Move: Functional and Identity-Based Determinants of European Identity 7. Trust in the European Parliament: From Affective Heuristics to Rational Cueing 8. Support for European Integration 9. Europe A La Carte? Public Support for Policy Integration in an Enlarged European Union 10. Summary and Conclusions: Europe in Equilibrium - Unresponsive Inertia or Vibrant Resilience? Appendices Bibliography
An Extra Peptide within the Catalytic Module of a β-Agarase Affects the Agarose Degradation Pattern*

Background: Variations of agarase GH modules and their effects have been minimally elucidated. Results: Deleting the extra fragment in the GH module or swapping the inside Tyr276 changes the degradation characteristics of the agarase rAgaG4. Conclusion: The 276-residue sequence within the extra fragment is crucial for AgaG4 to bind and degrade neoagarooctaose. Significance: Modification of active site residues in agarase changes the degradation pattern. Agarase hydrolyzes agarose into a series of oligosaccharides with repeating disaccharide units. The glycoside hydrolase (GH) module of agarase is known to be responsible for its catalytic activity. However, variations in the composition of the GH module and its effects on enzymatic functions have been minimally elucidated. The agaG4 gene, cloned from the genome of the agarolytic Flammeovirga strain MY04, encodes a 503-amino acid protein, AgaG4. Compared with elucidated agarases, AgaG4 contains an extra peptide (Asn246–Gly302) within its GH module. Heterologously expressed AgaG4 (recombinant AgaG4; rAgaG4) was determined to be an endo-type β-agarase. The protein degraded agarose into neoagarotetraose and neoagarohexaose at a final molar ratio of 1.5:1. Neoagarooctaose was the smallest substrate for rAgaG4, whereas neoagarotetraose was the minimal degradation product. Removing the extra fragment from the GH module led to the inability of the mutant (rAgaG4-T57) to degrade neoagarooctaose, and the final degradation products of agarose by the truncated protein were neoagarotetraose, neoagarohexaose, and neoagarooctaose at a final molar ratio of 2.7:2.8:1. The optimal temperature for agarose degradation also decreased to 40 °C for this mutant. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that tyrosine 276 within the extra fragment was a candidate active site residue for the enzymatic activity. Site-swapping experiments of Tyr276 to 19 various other amino acids demonstrated that the characteristics of this residue were crucial for the AgaG4 degradation of agarose and the cleavage pattern of substrate.
Green Entrepreneurship: A Method for Managing Natural Resources?

Globalization has often pushed aside the notion that business owners can use their businesses to create household income, influence community behaviors and values, and impact natural resource management. Here, we identify patterns of social awareness described by green entrepreneurs and how they may be drawn into the natural resource management process. We draw upon case studies of small “green” and “green-green” businesses to learn how they incorporate their businesses into environmental and social justice causes. A few themes emerged from in-depth interviews with a sample of green entrepreneurs, including: low levels of interest in economic success; high degrees of awareness about the business's environmental impact; and high levels of concern for social justice. In addition, several constructs emerged, which included personal motivation and mission, locality, and a forward-thinking orientation about sustainability. The findings reveal innovative models for incorporating green business into environmental causes and natural resource management.
The Nature of the Interaction between Mandatory and Voluntary Disclosures

This paper demonstrates the crucial role that firms' mandatory disclosures play in determining their voluntary disclosure strategies. It also shows how a firm's propensity for providing voluntary disclosures relates to various features of the mandatory disclosure environment and disclosure regulation. The special case of choosing between aggregated and disaggregated disclosures serves as an illustration of the model's applicability.