Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents: analysis of a national cross-sectional survey

Objectives To examine the association between cigarette smoke exposure and depression among Korean adolescents using the seventh Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting A nationally representative sample of middle and high school students across South Korea. Participants 75 643 eligible participants across the country. Primary outcome measures Current smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and depression. Methodology Data were analysed from a nationally representative survey of 75 643 participants (37 873 men and 37 770 women). Data were gathered on extensive information including current smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and depression in adolescence. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between current smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and depression in Korean adolescents. Results Among those who had never smoked, secondhand smoke exposure was positively associated with depression in male and female adolescents in a dose–response relation (OR 1.27, OR 1.52 in males; OR 1.25, OR 1.72 in females). Similar associations were observed among currently smoking men and women in a dose–response manner (OR 1.29, OR 1.55 in males; OR 1.22, OR 1.41 in females). These significant trends were consistently observed even after adjustments. Conclusions We suggested that current smoking and secondhand smoke exposure were positively associated with depression in male and female adolescents. Efforts to encourage no smoking and no secondhand smoke exposure will be established for adolescents.
Human rights, capabilities and the normative basis of ‘Education for All’

While commitment to a universal entitlement to education is highly desirable, some significant limitations have been identified in the right to education as currently expressed and implemented. This article assesses the contribution that the capabilities approach can make in this regard. While some proponents have suggested that capabilities should replace a rights framework, it is argued here that the elements of ‘threshold’ and ‘duty-bearer’ present in human rights are essential, and that a more promising approach is to combine the two frameworks. Three significant contributions that the capabilities approach can make in relation to Education for All are proposed: providing a fuller conception of the realization of the right to education; addressing the heterogeneity of learners; and guarding against an overly state-facing approach.
How do institutional norms and trust influence knowledge sharing? An institutional theory

Abstract We employed institutional theory to evaluate knowledge sharing by people, proposing that institutional norms enhance knowledge sharing. We assumed a micro-institutional approach with a simultaneous examination of the mediating role of trust on knowledge sharing. We employed structural equation modeling to analyze surveys from 340 employes, discovering that institutional norms are positively related to knowledge sharing. Trust serves as the dominant mediator in the relationship between institutional norms and knowledge sharing. Our purpose in applying isomorphic processes to knowledge sharing was to provide an additional layer of understanding for the growing body of research in institutional theory, bridging micro and macro theories with suggestions for future research.
The role of entrepreneurial capital in building service reputation

This paper uses theories of capital to discuss the impact of non-financial capital on small service firm reputation and performance. As the success of service firms is predicated on the ability to develop relationships and build reputation with key stakeholders, theories of capital provide a relevant conceptual framework for exploring the use of non-financial capital in building such relationships. Drawing on findings from a qualitative study, this paper discusses the economic, human, social, and symbolic capital of a matched-pairs sample of male and female entrepreneurs in the business services sector. The results highlight a relationship between symbolic capital and service reputation. Specifically, the interplay between economic, human, and social capital generates the symbolic capital relevant for service reputation and firm performance.
Neurologic Function and Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients Following Targeted Temperature Management at 33°C vs 36°C After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

IMPORTANCE Brain injury affects neurologic function and quality of life in survivors after cardiac arrest. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 2 target temperature regimens on long-term cognitive function and quality of life after cardiac arrest. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this multicenter, international, parallel group, assessor-masked randomized clinical trial performed from November 11, 2010, through January 10, 2013, we enrolled 950 unconscious adults with cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac cause from 36 intensive care units in Europe and Australia. Eleven patients were excluded from analysis for a total sample size of 939. INTERVENTIONS Targeted temperature management at 33°C vs 36°C. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Cognitive function was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and assessed by observers through the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE). Patients reported their activities in daily life and mental recovery through Two Simple Questions and their quality of life through the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey, version 2. RESULTS In the modified intent-to-treat population, including nonsurvivors, the median MMSE score was 14 in the 33°C group (interquartile range [IQR], 0-28) vs 17 in the 36°C group (IQR, 0-29) (P = .77), and the IQCODE score was 115 (IQR, 79-130) vs 115 (IQR, 80-130) (P = .57) in the 33°C and 36°C groups, respectively. The median MMSE score for survivors was within the reference range and similar (33°C group median, 28; IQR, 26-30; vs 36°C group median, 28; IQR, 25-30; P = .61). The median IQCODE score was within the minor deficit range (33°C group median, 79.5; IQR, 78.0-85.9; vs 36°C group median, 80.7; IQR, 78.0-86.9; P = .04). A total of 18.8% vs 17.5% of survivors reported needing help with everyday activities (P = .71), and 66.5% in the 33°C group vs 61.8% in the 36°C group reported that they thought they had made a complete mental recovery (P = .32). The mean (SD) mental component summary score was 49.1 (12.5) vs 49.0 (12.2) (P = .79), and the mean (SD) physical component summary score was 46.8 (13.8) and 47.5 (13.8) (P = .45), comparable to the population norm. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Quality of life was good and similar in patients with cardiac arrest receiving targeted temperature management at 33°C or 36°C. Cognitive function was similar in both intervention groups, but many patients and observers reported impairment not detected previously by standard outcome scales. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01020916.
Lifting the Lid on Closed-End Investment Companies: A Case of Abnormal Returns

Abstract This study documents substantial gains accuring to shareholders of discounted closed-end investment companies when these funds are reorganized to allow shareholders to obtain the market value of the fund's assets. The findings indicate that the discounts on closedend funds are real, i.e., they are not the sole result of inaccurate reporting of the fund's net asset value. The study also documents significant abnormal returns after the announcement of management-sponsored proposals to reorganize. This finding is inconsistent with the joint hypothesis of market efficiency and that the market model (as estimated) is the correct return bench mark for funds undertaking reorganization.
Chronic otitis media surgery and re-operation risk factor analysis: A nationwide retrospective cohort study of 18 895 patients

Abstract Conclusion: Patients with risk factors including younger age, mastoiditis, external ear disease, treatment by older surgeons, and concomitant mastoidectomy should receive detailed management to minimize the probability of re-operation for chronic otitis media (COM). Objectives: Although COM remains a common ear disease requiring surgical intervention, its re-operation risks are less well-documented. This study aimed to compare patients with COM who underwent re-operation and those patients with no re-operation, and identify the risks of re-operation. Method: This retrospective cohort study analyzed the trend of COM surgery from 1999–2009, and identified the re-operation risks of 18 895 patients with COM who underwent surgery from 2002–2006 using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. Results: Among the study population, 129 patients underwent revision surgery during a 5.5 ± 1.5 year follow-up period. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the re-operation rate was significantly higher in patients under 18 years of age, those with mastoiditis, disorders of external ear, treatment by surgeons of 50–64 years of age, use of a very high volume surgeon, and combined surgery with mastoidectomy. A multivariate analysis further limited the re-operation risk factors to younger patients, those with mastoiditis, external ear disorders, treatment by older surgeons, and concomitant mastoidectomy.
A Livelihood Approach to Sustainability

It is argued that although sustainable development has received widespread acclaim, practical application of the concept has been fraught with difficulties. Furthermore, when adopted and adapted by a single sector such as tourism, further problems arise because many sustainability challenges are inter-sectoral, involving competition for the use of scarce resources among different potential uses. A sustainable livelihoods (SL) approach is advocated as providing a tangible way forward, and an SL framework is presented to guide future research and practice related to sustainability.
MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE SCAPULA IN TREE SQUIRRELS, CHIPMUNKS, AND GROUND SQUIRRELS (SCIURIDAE): AN ANALYSIS USING THIN‐PLATE SPLINES

The mammalian scapula, like many bones, is a single structural element that serves as an attachment site for several muscles. The goal of this study was to determine whether the scapula evolves as an integrated unit, or as a collection of distinct parts. Shape differences among the scapulae of tree squirrels, chipmunks, and ground squirrels were described using thin‐plate spline analysis. This technique produces a geometric description of shape differences that can be decomposed into a series of components ranging in scale from features that span the entire form to features that are highly localized. Shape differences among tree squirrel scapulae were found only in large‐scale features, indicating spatially integrated shape change. Chipmunks and ground squirrels differ from tree squirrels in several features, but shared differences reflecting divergence of their common ancestor were found only in the small‐scale features. Divergence of ground squirrels from the common ancestor involved some large‐scale changes but was dominated by small‐scale changes. Divergence of chipmunks was dominated by large‐scale changes. Thus, the scapula evolved as an integrated unit during some transitions but as a collection of distinct parts during others. These results suggest that evolutionary patterns of the postcranial skeleton may be as complex as the patterns that have been described for skulls and feeding mechanisms.
Interdisciplinarity to reconstruct historical introductions: solving the status of cryptogenic crayfish

Anciently introduced species can be confounded with native species because introduction pre‐dates the first species inventories or because of the loss of the collective memory of the introductions. The term ‘cryptogenic species’ denotes species of unknown or unclear status (native versus non‐native) in a given territory, and disciplinary approaches are often insufficient for solving their true status. Here, we follow an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to solve the status of a cryptogenic species, proposing that building on evidence from multiple disciplines can produce robust and clarifying insights. We undertook an exhaustive review of information on a putatively native crayfish (Austropotamobius italicus) in Spain. The reviewed information included taxonomy, genetics and phylogeography, history, archaeology, linguistics, biogeography, ecology, symbiotic organisms and even gastronomy and pharmacy. The knowledge produced by different scientific disciplines converges to indicate that A. italicus is a non‐native species in Spain. Historical documents even identify the first introduction event: crayfish were shipped from Italy to Spain in 1588 as a diplomatic gift from Francesco I de' Medici to King Philip II of Spain. Previous discussions on the status of A. italicus focussed on inconclusive and often confusing genetic results and excluded the rich and clarifying evidence available from other approaches and disciplines. Interdisciplinarity is an often‐invoked but rarely implemented practice in an academic environment that increasingly promotes narrow‐focussed specialization. Our review shows that the integration of disciplines can surpass disciplinary approaches in solving scientific controversies. Our results have straightforward implications for strategies to conserve biological diversity in Spain and Europe, urging a debate on the appropriateness of devoting conservation efforts to non‐native species.
Rochester, New York: a decade of emergency department overcrowding.

UNLABELLED Overcrowding is common in emergency departments (EDs) throughout the United States. The history of ED overcrowding in Rochester, New York, is notable due to its unique health care system that introduced the concepts of managed care as early as the 1950s. An effect of this system was to intentionally restrict resources and allow the issue of access to limit utilization. Overcrowding in EDs was severe in the late 1990s-2000, and became an accepted local standard of care. OBJECTIVE To study the strategies to reduce ED overcrowding in Rochester in the last decade. METHODS A descriptive analysis of individual hospital and community efforts to decrease ED overcrowding. RESULTS Of the strategies tried, those that had little effect on ED overcrowding were based from the ED, such as ambulance diversion. Those that were successful were those that addressed factors external to the ED such as increased flexibility of inpatient resources; float nurses who responded to acute care needs; a transition team (mid-level provider along with registered nurse (RN)/licensed practical nurse) who cared for inpatients boarded in the ED; integrated services across affiliated hospitals/systems; an early alert system that notified key personnel before "code red" criteria were met; and a multidisciplinary team to round in the ED and analyze resource needs. Current community-wide initiatives include precise tracking of code red hours; monitoring patient length of stay (LOS) in the ED and inpatient units; education of physicians and nursing homes regarding ED alternatives; exploration of additional resources for subacute and long-term care; establishing a regional forum to address the nursing shortage; development of an ED triage system to coordinate diversion activities during code red; and consideration of a county-wide state of emergency when needed. CONCLUSIONS Emergency department overcrowding is the end result of a variety of factors that must be addressed system-wide.
Probability of nitrate contamination of recently recharged groundwaters in the conterminous United States.

A new logistic regression (LR) model was used to predict the probability of nitrate contamination exceeding 4 mg/L in predominantly shallow, recently recharged groundwaters of the United States. The new model contains variables representing (1) N fertilizer loading (p < 0.001), (2) percent cropland-pasture (p < 0.001), (3) natural log of human population density (p < 0.001), (4) percent well-drained soils (p < 0.001), (5) depth to the seasonally high water table (p < 0.001), and (6) presence or absence of unconsolidated sand and gravel aquifers (p = 0.002). Observed and average predicted probabilities associated with deciles of risk are well correlated (r2 = 0.875), indicating that the LR model fits the data well. The likelihood of nitrate contamination is greater in areas with high N loading and well-drained surficial soils over unconsolidated sand and gravels. The LR model correctly predicted the status of nitrate contamination in 75% of wells in a validation data set. Considering all wells used in both calibration and validation, observed median nitrate concentration increased from 0.24 to 8.30 mg/L as the mapped probability of nitrate exceeding 4 mg/L increased from < or =0.17 to >0.83.
Antiviral determinants of rat Mx GTPases map to the carboxy-terminal half

Rat Mx2 and rat Mx3 are two alpha/beta interferon-inducible cytoplasmic GTPases that differ in three residues in the amino-terminal third, which also contains the tripartite GTP-binding domain, and that differ in five residues in the carboxy-terminal quarter, which also contains a dimerization domain. While Mx2 is active against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), Mx3 lacks antiviral activity. We mapped the functional difference between Mx2 and Mx3 protein to two critical residues in the carboxy-terminal parts of the molecules. An exchange of either residue 588 or 630 of Mx2 with the corresponding residues of Mx3 abolished anti-VSV activity, and the introduction of the two Mx2 residues on an Mx3 background partially restored anti-VSV activity. These results are consistent with the facts that Mx2 and Mx3 have similar intrinsic GTPase activities and that the GTPase domain of Mx3 can fully substitute for the GTPase domain of Mx2. Nevertheless, the amino-terminal third containing the GTP-binding domain is necessary for antiviral activity, since an amino-terminally truncated Mx2 protein is devoid of anti-VSV activity. Furthermore, Fab fragments of a monoclonal antibody known to neutralize antiviral activity block GTPase activity by binding an epitope in the carboxy-terminal half of Mx2 or Mx3 protein. The results are consistent with a two-domain model in which both the conserved amino-terminal half and the less-well-conserved carboxy-terminal half of Mx proteins carry functionally important domains.
Marketization and Varieties of Accountability Relationships in Employment Services: Comparing Denmark, Germany, and Great Britain

In the past decade, European countries have contracted out public employment service functions to “activate” working-age benefit clients. There has been limited discussion of how contracting out shapes the accountability of employment services or is shaped by alternative democratic, administrative, or network forms of accountability. This article examines employment service accountability in Germany, Denmark, and Great Britain. We find that market accountability instruments are additional instruments, not replacements. The findings highlight the importance of administrative and political instruments in legitimizing marketized service provision and shed light on the processes that lead to the development of a hybrid accountability model.
Comparative effectiveness research using electronic health records: impacts of oral antidiabetic drugs on the development of chronic kidney disease

Little is known about the comparative effects of common oral antidiabetic drugs ([OADs] metformin, sulfonylureas, or thiazolidinediones [THZs]) on chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and followed in community primary care practices. Electronic health records (EHRs) were used to evaluate the relationships between OAD class use and incident proteinuria and prevention of glomerular filtration rate decline.
Client Importance and Auditor Independence: The Effect of Asian Financial Crisis

This paper investigates the effect of Asian financial crisis on the relation between client economic importance and auditor independence. Using data from 1994 to 2001 in six Asian markets (Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, and Singapore), we find that auditors are less likely to compromise their independence for important clients after the crisis. The result is consistent with crash-then-law hypothesis (Coffee 2001) and support the notion that financial crisis triggers public concerns over auditors’ independence. Furthermore, we find the effect of financial crisis on auditor independence is more pronounced in weaker investor protection regimes.
Antecedents and characteristics of informal relation-based networks in Korea: Yongo, Yonjul and Inmaek

Although there has been a large amount written about Chinese Guanxi networks, a detailed debate concerning Korean informal relation-based networks is by comparison under-represented in the international business literature. This paper introduces and distinguishes between three forms of informal relation-based networks in Korea: (1) Yongo, (2) Yonjul and (3) Inmaek. Inmaek describes a social network in general, while Yongo networks draw primarily on existing kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties. Contrary to Yongo ties, Yonjul ties exist for a purpose, often to secure personal gains and benefits. In all three forms, kinship-, university/school- and regional origin-based ties play primary, but not exclusive, roles. A better understanding of Korean informal relation-based networks helps contribute to the advancement of knowledge about the anatomy of informal institution, as well as to the growing field of indigenous management research, by identifying and analysing an influential contextual factor in Korea. In addition, it underlines important implications for management practices in Korea.
Experimental fault analysis of 1 Mb SRAM chips

Analyzing 1,000 faulty 1 Mb SRAM chips that were randomly selected from a single manufacture, we found 251 stuck-at cell faults, 5 stuck-at bit-line faults, 1 stuck-at word-line fault, 46 neighborhood-pattern-sensitive faults, and other kinds of faults. Under the condition that I/sub dd/=4.5 I; temperature=70/spl deg/C, and load capacity C/sub L/=30 pF, we detected margin faults in 460 chips. Because the actual fault data for SRAM chips is rarely reported, the data in this manuscript are very useful and should be of practical importance.
A Dynamic Integration Approach in Regional Input-Output and Econometric Models

The methodology with which regional input-output information is incorporated into an econometric model specification has recently gained attention. Although the interdependency of a region's inter-temporal economic sectors has been emphasized, the dynamic properties of these inter-sectoral relationships have not been fully incorporated. This paper presents an attempt to introduce the dynamic properties of inter-sectoral relationships among the economic sectors of a region. The result is a unique dynamic integration approach (DIA) model that not only accounts for structural change in a region's economy, but also is free from many of the inconsistencies and deficiencies associated with recent embedded-holistic models.