Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact of social support and job stress on public health nurses' organizational citizenship behaviors in rural Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between job stress, social support, and organizational citizenship behaviors, by using job satisfaction and organizational commitment as intervening variables among public health nurses (PHNs) in rural areas of Taiwan. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used to sample all 265 PHNs in two rural counties of Taiwan. Of those, 231 (87.2%) PHNs responded. METHOD A mailed survey questionnaire was sent to subjects for completion in early 2004. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analyses, and multiple regression analyses. With six multiple regression models, intervening effects were explored by the approach of Baron and Kenny (1986). RESULTS Supervisor support indirectly influenced organizational citizenship behaviors through the intervening effect of organizational commitment, whereas, kinship support, role ambiguity, and workload demonstrated direct impacts on organizational citizenship behaviors. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into how social support and job stress impacted PHNs' organizational citizenship behaviors. Those PHNs who experienced more supervisor support exhibited higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors via the intervening effect of organizational commitment.
Structuring contention-based channel access in wireless sensor networks

In a wireless network using CSMA for MAC, packet collisions can result either because of the vulnerability stemming from the idle channel detection delay of the radio device or because of the hidden terminal problem. Both of these collision scenarios can be addressed by applying some additional structure to carrier sense-based channel access, sacrificing throughput to improve collision protection. Specifically, we assign a unique time slice to each contending transmitter that is designed to allow collision-free access to each data slot while still using carrier sense as the mechanism to determine channel state. The width of each time slice is equal to the idle channel detection delay of the radio. We prepend a fixed-length time interval to each transmitted packet whose length is proportional to the idle channel detection delay of the radio device and the node density. We discuss this method of channel access including tradeoffs and requirements, and analyze the performance in comparison with existing MAC strategies
Correlates of Burnout Phases Among Police Officers

This investigation examined the usefulness of a phase model of burnout. Data were provided from 426 men and women in police work using a questionnaire completed anonymously. Using high and low divisions on the three subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, 8 progressive phases of burnout were created. Measures of work setting, experienced stress, and emotional and physical well-being were significantly related to progressive phases of burnout. Work and personal exper iences grew worse as burnout progressed through more advanced phases. Comparisons with other data revealed significant differences in numbers of respondents in the various phases of burnout.
The Role of Mentoring and Supervisor Support for State IT Employees' Affective Organizational Commitment

This article assesses the effects of psychosocial and career mentoring, leader—member exchange (LMX), and gender on the affective organizational commitment (AOC) of information technology (IT) employees working in one state government. Few studies have examined the relationship between mentoring and associated antecedents of the AOC of IT employees, and none has examined these relationships for public-sector workforces. The research finds that when both psychosocial and career mentoring are considered, only psychosocial mentoring was significant in predicting the AOC of state government IT employees. When considering just LMX, it was significant in predicting AOC. Neither psychosocial mentoring nor career mentoring was significant in predicting AOC if LMX is also considered. No gender differences were found for any of the variables examined.
Differential Psychological Ageing: Profiles of the Old and Very Old

ABSTRACT Theoretical positions which argue for age-related and individual variation in profiles of psychological functioning and patterns of predictive relationships are reviewed in the context of the three domains investigated by the Psychology Unit of the Berlin Aging Study (BASE): intelligence and cognition, self and personality, and social relationships. To illustrate the potential of BASE, we report initial data for a small set of variables from these three psychological domains for the first wave of study participants (N = 360, age range 70 to 103 years). Our analyses of these data were targeted toward three key questions about differential psychological ageing: namely, the extent of age/cohort-related differences and individual variation within each domain, possible age differences in the structural relationships between the three domains, and subgroup variations in cross-domain profiles of functioning. Within domains, individual differences in general were very large. Chronological age accounted for a sizeable proportion of the variance only in the domain of cognitive performance. The structural relationships between the domains of psychological functioning were similar for the old and very old age groups and reflected much domain independence. Examination of subgroup variations in cross-domain profiles of functioning revealed ten subgroups. All subgroups showed an uneven, that is, age-selective group membership: five subgroups included more of the very old, two more of the old, and three were age-specific. Preliminary explorations of these subgroups suggested substantial links to selected health-related variables, supporting proposals for multi-disciplinary research into differential ageing.
Cryptochromes Define a Novel Circadian Clock Mechanism in Monarch Butterflies That May Underlie Sun Compass Navigation

The circadian clock plays a vital role in monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) migration by providing the timing component of time-compensated sun compass orientation, a process that is important for successful navigation. We therefore evaluated the monarch clockwork by focusing on the functions of a Drosophila-like cryptochrome (cry), designated cry1, and a vertebrate-like cry, designated cry2, that are both expressed in the butterfly and by placing these genes in the context of other relevant clock genes in vivo. We found that similar temporal patterns of clock gene expression and protein levels occur in the heads, as occur in DpN1 cells, of a monarch cell line that contains a light-driven clock. CRY1 mediates TIMELESS degradation by light in DpN1 cells, and a light-induced TIMELESS decrease occurs in putative clock cells in the pars lateralis (PL) in the brain. Moreover, monarch cry1 transgenes partially rescue both biochemical and behavioral light-input defects in cryb mutant Drosophila. CRY2 is the major transcriptional repressor of CLOCK:CYCLE-mediated transcription in DpN1 cells, and endogenous CRY2 potently inhibits transcription without involvement of PERIOD. CRY2 is co-localized with clock proteins in the PL, and there it translocates to the nucleus at the appropriate time for transcriptional repression. We also discovered CRY2-positive neural projections that oscillate in the central complex. The results define a novel, CRY-centric clock mechanism in the monarch in which CRY1 likely functions as a blue-light photoreceptor for entrainment, whereas CRY2 functions within the clockwork as the transcriptional repressor of a negative transcriptional feedback loop. Our data further suggest that CRY2 may have a dual role in the monarch butterfly's brain—as a core clock element and as an output that regulates circadian activity in the central complex, the likely site of the sun compass.
Analyzing Beginning Reading Programs

This article bridges the gap between research and practice in beginning reading instruction by applying research-based evaluation criteria in a systematic analysis of recently published curriculum materials. Through a review of research on beginning reading instruction, the authors derived two instructional features characteristic of effective reading programs: explicit phonics instruction and a strong relationship between that phonics instruction and the words of the text selections in student reading materials. This article describes a curriculum analysis of several commercially published first-grade basal reading programs, which reveals significant discrepancies between the instructional strategies supported by the literature and the strategies endorsed by many basal reading programs; cautions are included. The authors conclude with recommendations for educators involved in evaluating, selecting, and modifying beginning reading curriculum materials.
The Human Dimensions of Whale Watching: An Analysis Based on Viewing Platforms

Visitor perceptions of the impacts of cetacean-based tourism from land-based and boat-based platforms are not well understood. Data from on-site surveys (n=633) and observational data were obtained at boat and land-based whale viewing platforms in the San Juan Islands, USA during the summer of 2000. Whale watchers at both platforms expressed concerns regarding adverse impacts on whales due to whale watching activities. Land-based whale watchers, however, were significantly more concerned about the presence of boats disturbing not only the whales, but also their own experiences. In particular, the noise and maneuvering of whale-watching boats were identified as issues of concern. The findings suggest that site-specific strategies for managing whale watching are necessary. Possible strategies include limiting the number of boats and the frequency and duration of boat interactions with whales. Furthermore, platform-specific visitor education programs may be useful for helping to address viewers’ concerns.
The Dynamic Construction of Culture, Self and Social Relations

Selves emerge in development through intersystemic co-action. To illustrate this position the case of pride, a self-evaluative emotion, is used. It is argued that language and other semi otic vehicles of culture are instrumental in the social mediation of the shared meaning systems that frame the development of self-evaluative emotions. Illustrations from interviews with participants from India and the US suggest similarities as well as differences in the kinds of ideologies, values and myths that are employed to talk about and structure pride experiences. The American individual endorses a system of pride relevant cultural values that is organised around low interdependent themes, which are prominent among Indians. However there are commonalities between the American and the Indian participants too. The themes such as "helping others", "taking care of one's children and family'; "helping those who are in need" and "working hard" were common to both. It is suggested that it might be useful to think of the cultural differences as embedded within similarities.
Expression of an engrailed‐like gene during development of the early embryonic chick nervous system

The engrailed gene has been identified in Drosophila as an important developmental gene involved in the control of segmentation. Here we describe the embryonic expression of a chicken gene, ChickEn (Darnell et al.: J Cell Biol 103(5):311a, 1986), which contains homology to the Drosophila engrailed gene. Northern blots of early chick embryo tissue poly(A)+ RNA resulted in hybridization to at least three bands expressed predominantly in the brain/head region when probed with ChickEn genomic fragments. Eight cDNA clones generated from embryonic day 6 (stage 29–30) chick brain poly(A)+ RNA are identical in their nucleotide sequence with the ChickEn genomic clone. In situ hybridization to sections of 4‐day (stage 24) embryos indicated that ChickEn transcripts were concentrated in the posterior mesencephalon and anterior metencephalon. In cultures of chick cranial neural crest cells (eight to nine somites; stage 9) ChickEn transcripts were localized in a subset (approx. 8%) of cells examined after 2 days in culture.
Accuracy and Bias of Race/Ethnicity Codes in the Medicare Enrollment Database

Medicare administrative data are fairly accurate in identifying people who affiliate with White or Black racial groups; but less so for other race groups or for Hispanic/Latino origin. Some differences were found between people who were identified as members of these other race groups and those who were missed by the administrative data. Although Medicare administrative files are a useful source of data for analysis of disparities in health care, researchers should be careful to use alternate data sources to test for potential differences between identified and unidentified members of racial and ethnic groups in the attributes being studied.
Community-based or tertiary-based medical education: so what is the question?

This edition of Medical Teacher brings to our attention another insightful article from the Flinders University Rural Clinical School, led by Professor Paul Worley (Worley et al., 2004), enquiring as to what students actually do on their clinical rotations. Beginning with the premise that there is little published material exploring the learning activities undertaken by students in different learning environments, Worley and colleagues conducted a study that was able to compare three groups of students. These students were exposed to the same curricula material in three different environments, namely an urban teaching hospital, a remote secondary referral hospital and a rural community-based programme. Although Worley et al. admit to the small numbers of students within the study, and the generalisability of their results, the community students reported greater and more valuable patient contact, more effective time spent in clinical settings and an increased time being supervised by experienced clinicians, compared to the secondary and tertiary based students. The secondary hospital based students reported more time spent in lectures and tutorials than the tertiary or community-based students and the time spent in their clinical settings was valued less than the time spent learning at home. The impact is that this is yet another paper that demonstrates the value of communities as a credible alternative to the traditional teaching hospital. However it does raise other questions regarding medical education and community learning. “If we want things to stay as they are, things will have to change” Guiseppe di Lampedusa (1957)
NPM‐ALK up‐regulates iNOS expression through a STAT3/microRNA‐26a‐dependent mechanism

NPM‐ALK chimeric oncogene is aberrantly expressed in an aggressive subset of T‐cell lymphomas that frequently occurs in children and young adults. The mechanisms underlying the oncogenic effects of NPM‐ALK are not completely elucidated. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) promotes the survival and maintains the malignant phenotype of cancer cells by generating NO, a highly active free radical. We tested the hypothesis that iNOS is deregulated in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma and promotes the survival of this lymphoma. In line with this possibility, an iNOS inhibitor and NO scavenger decreased the viability, adhesion, and migration of NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cells, and an NO donor reversed these effects. Moreover, the NO donor salvaged the viability of lymphoma cells treated with ALK inhibitors. In further support of an important role of iNOS, we found iNOS protein to be highly expressed in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cell lines and in 79% of primary tumours but not in human T lymphocytes. Although expression of iNOS mRNA was identified in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cell lines and tumours, iNOS mRNA was remarkably elevated in T lymphocytes, suggesting post‐transcriptional regulation. Consistently, we found that miR‐26a contains potential binding sites and interacts with the 3'‐UTR of iNOS. In addition, miR‐26a was significantly decreased in NPM‐ALK+ T‐cell lymphoma cell lines and tumours compared with T lymphocytes and reactive lymph nodes. Restoration of miR‐26a in lymphoma cells abrogated iNOS protein expression and decreased NO production and cell viability, adhesion, and migration. Importantly, the effects of miR‐26a were substantially attenuated when the NO donor was simultaneously used to treat lymphoma cells. Our investigation of the mechanisms underlying the decrease in miR‐26a in this lymphoma revealed novel evidence that STAT3, a major downstream substrate of NPM‐ALK tyrosine kinase activity, suppresses MIR26A1 gene expression. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conceptualizing Emerging Adulthood: Inspecting the Emperor’s New Clothes?

ABSTRACT—Jeffrey Arnett’s concept of emerging adulthood is critically examined by reviewing and evaluating elements of its theoretical framework and by referring to relevant empirical studies, which support the major arguments presented. Several limitations to Arnett’s model are found and an alternative perspective is offered that might complement his stage theory and provide a stronger theoretical baseline for future research.
RECOGNIZING CONSTANT CURVATURE DISCRETE GROUPS IN DIMENSION 3

We characterize those discrete groups G which can act properly discontinuously, isometrically, and cocompactly on hyperbolic 3-space H3 in terms of the combinatorics of the action of G on its space at infinity. The major ingredients in the proof are the properties of groups that are negatively curved (in the large) (that is, Gromov hyperbolic), the combinatorial Riemann mapping theorem, and the Sullivan-Tukia theorem on groups which act uniformly quasiconformally on the 2-sphere.
Predictors of Middle School Students' Use of Self-Handicapping Strategies

Recently, attention has been focused on the strategies children use in school to portray themselves as able to others. By procrastinating, allowing others to keep them from studying, deliberately not trying, and using other "self-handicapping" strategies, students can convey that those circumstances, rather than lack of ability, are the reasons for subsequent poor performance. Survey data from 256 eighth-grade students indicated that boys used those strategies more than did girls, and low achievers more than did high achievers. In separate regressions, feeling self-conscious in school low self-worth& being oriented to extrinsic and adult approval achievement goals, perceiving that the school emphasized performance goals, and associating with friends with a negative orientation toward academics predicted the use of those strategies. When all significant predictors were entered into one regression analysis, low achievement, being oriented to extrinsic goals, and associating with friends with a negative orientation toward academics remained significant.
Children's Fright Reactions to Television News

In a random survey of parents of kindergarten, second, fourth, and sixth grade children, 37% of the children were reported to have been frightened or upset by a news story on television. The percentage of children being frightened by news increased from kindergarten to the elementary school years, whereas the tendency to be frightened by fantastic, unreal content showed a decreasing trend. The top categories of stories producing fear were violence between strangers, foreign wars and famines, and natural disasters. me tendency to respond with fright to violence between strangers increased with age, and the tendency to be upset by natural disasters decreased with age. Proposed explanations for the observed age differences were based on developmental differences in children's understanding of the fantasy-reality distinction and in their responsiveness to perceptually salient stimuli.
The influence of image consciousness, materialism and compulsive spending on credit card usage intentions among youth

Purpose – This study aims to bridge the gap in the literature on consumer behaviours such as image consciousness, materialism and consumer spending on credit card usage intentions among Malaysian college students.Design/methodology/approach – A purposive sampling design was employed using a sample of 191 business and management students at a private higher education institution in Subang Jaya, Malaysia. An anonymous survey questionnaire was administered to the students. Structural equation modeling was then used to determine the validity of the path diagram and model fit.Findings – The findings of the study revealed that materialism is a partial mediator in the relationship between image consciousness and compulsive spending. The study also found that compulsive spending is not a mediator in the relationship between materialism and credit card usage intentions. However, compulsive spending does exert a sizable influence.Research limitations/implications – Future research is required to investigate whether.
Transition From School to Adulthood for Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience poor outcomes in the areas of independence, employment, and postsecondary education. This article provides a critical review of the key aspects of the transition process and identifies recommendations for policy and practice. The review highlights the literature and explores recommendations across the manifold elements of this transition, including social and psychological development, high school curriculum, work, and college. Five policy recommendations are outlined in the areas of school curriculum, employment development, postsecondary education, inclusion with nondisabled peers, and systematic instruction. Finally, the authors offer recommendations for further research in the areas of social interaction, increased academic and vocational rigor, employment, technology, independence, and postsecondary education.
Design of Optimized Hypoxia-Activated Prodrugs Using Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling

Hypoxia contributes to resistance of tumors to some cytotoxic drugs and to radiotherapy, but can in principle be exploited with hypoxia-activated prodrugs (HAP). HAP in clinical development fall into two broad groups. Class I HAP (like the benzotriazine N-oxides tirapazamine and SN30000), are activated under relatively mild hypoxia. In contrast, Class II HAP (such as the nitro compounds PR-104A or TH-302) are maximally activated only under extreme hypoxia, but their active metabolites (effectors) diffuse to cells at intermediate O2 and thus also eliminate moderately hypoxic cells. Here, we use a spatially resolved pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (SR-PK/PD) model to compare these two strategies and to identify the features required in an optimal Class II HAP. The model uses a Green’s function approach to calculate spatial and longitudinal gradients of O2, prodrug, and effector concentrations, and resulting killing in a digitized 3D tumor microregion to estimate activity as monotherapy and in combination with radiotherapy. An analogous model for a normal tissue with mild hypoxia and short intervessel distances (based on a cremaster muscle microvessel network) was used to estimate tumor selectivity of cell killing. This showed that Class II HAP offer advantages over Class I including higher tumor selectivity and greater freedom to vary prodrug diffusibility and rate of metabolic activation. The model suggests that the largest gains in class II HAP antitumor activity could be realized by optimizing effector stability and prodrug activation rates. We also use the model to show that diffusion of effector into blood vessels is unlikely to materially increase systemic exposure for realistic tumor burdens and effector clearances. However, we show that the tumor selectivity achievable by hypoxia-dependent prodrug activation alone is limited if dose-limiting normal tissues are even mildly hypoxic.