Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The changing water cycle: impacts of an evolving supply and demand landscape on urban water reliability in the Bay Area

The San Francisco Bay Area is no stranger to the emerging water challenges of climate change and population growth. As California bounces back from one of the most severe droughts in the state's history, utilities are forced to look for more resilient ways to manage their water resources. In the search for enhanced water reliability and resiliency, water providers must identify viable and innovative ways to increase water supplies and decrease demands. These decisions will be highly dependent on local characteristics, and the population dynamics that greatly affect supply, demand, and adaptation capacity in each region. This article explores the evolving supply and demand dynamics in 26 interconnected water utilities in the Bay Area. These utilities reflect not only the challenges that much of the state is facing due to the ongoing drought, but also the stresses of a growing population and shifting socioeconomic characteristics. The region has made significant investments in water efficiency and conservation that have helped increase resilience during the current drought, but conservation can only go so far and many uncertainties remain about future directions for supply and demand management. We explore: (1) how the supply and demand landscapes have evolved in these utilities over the past few decades, (2) what the main drivers have been, and (3) identify opportunities for the region to move forward in response to changing dynamics. The result is a holistic perspective that can help inform water managers and policy makers in preparation for the future. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1240. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1240
Impact of Intercropping System on Yield and Quality of Lolium Multiflorum and Trigonella foenum-graecuml

Due to the ever increasing pressure on cultivated land the importance of intercropping in farming practices has been recognized. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of intercropping ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum lam) with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). For this purpose, a field experiment was arranged based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental farm of faculty of agriculture Cairo University at Giza, Egypt during two seasons of 2015 and 2016. The experimental treatments were planting patterns (sole crop of rye or fenugreek and intercropping ratios of 1 rye: 1 fenugreek, 2 rye: 1 fenugreek and 1 rye: 2 fenugreek). Results showed that intercropping system had positive effects on ryegrass yield. Moreover, the planting ratio of 2 rye: 1 fenugreek gave the maximum values of ryegrass fresh and dry yield in both cuts compared with the other treatments of the sole crop and the other intercropping ratios in the first and second season, respectively. The application of sole crop had the highest fenugreek fresh and dry yield and seed yield too in both seasons compared with other treatments, respectively. While, the maximum significant levels of chemical contents (oil and protein percentage) of fenugreek seeds were found with the sole fenugreek crop and the intercropping ratio of 1 rye: 2fenugreek, respectively as compared with the other treatments but the differences between the fenugreek sole crop and the other studied intercropping system in the percentage of trigoniline were insignificant in both seasons, respectively. The maximum significant values of competitive ratio (CR) and aggresivity (A) for rye grass crop was found in the pattern ratio of 1rye: 2 fenugreek in both seasons, respectively. While the same situation was recorded with fenugreek crop in the pattern ratio of 2 rye: 1 fenugreek in both seasons, respectively. The highest total land equivalent ratio (LER) (3.08 and 2.98 for the first and second seasons, respectively) was obtained by sowing the crops in the intercrop ratio of 2 rye: 1 fenugreek and the lowest total LER (2.57and 2.48 in both seasons, respectively) was obtained by using the intercrop ratio of 1 rye: 1 fenugreek. In addition, all intercropping treatments in both seasons, respectively gave values of LER for rye grass or fenugreek or both of them more than one. These findings suggest that intercropping of fenugreek and ryegrass increased the total productivity per unit area.
Patients with adrenal insufficiency hate their medication: concerns and stronger beliefs about the necessity of hydrocortisone intake are associated with more negative illness perceptions.

CONTEXT Patients with adrenal insufficiency (AI) require daily and life-long hydrocortisone substitution with risks of under- and overreplacement, the necessity to adjust the dose in stressful situations, and a lack of clinical and biochemical parameters to assess optimal dosing. The spectrum of medication beliefs in patients with AI is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine the possible association between illness perceptions and medication beliefs about hydrocortisone (HC) in patients with AI. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS This was a cross-sectional evaluation of illness perceptions and medication beliefs in 107 patients with primary AI (n = 49), secondary AI after the treatment of Cushing's syndrome (n = 29), or treatment of nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (n = 29). The Illness Perception Questionnaire-Revised and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire were used for the assessment. RESULTS Stronger beliefs about the necessity of HC and stronger concerns about the adverse effects of HC were associated with attribution of more symptoms to AI, to the perception of AI being more cyclical, to the perception of more negative consequences of AI, and to the presence of stronger emotional representations (all P < .05). Furthermore, stronger beliefs about the necessity of HC intake were associated with feelings of less personal control over AI (P < .05). Stronger concerns about the adverse effects of HC were associated with lower perceived treatment control and lower illness coherence (both P < .05). In addition, patients with Cushing's syndrome reported stronger beliefs regarding the necessity of taking HC, compared with patients with Addison's disease (P = .039) or nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (P < .001). CONCLUSION Specific beliefs about the necessity of hydrocortisone replacement and concerns about its adverse effects were strongly associated with more negative illness perceptions. These specific beliefs differed, depending on the etiology of AI. These results need to be taken into account in the treatment of patients with AI and may serve to enable the development of psychosocial education/self-management programs aiming at improving quality of life.
The impact of diagnosis of hepatitis C virus on quality of life

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection on quality of life in a cohort admitted to Fairfield Infectious Diseases Hospital with acute hepatitis from 1971 to 1975. Sera stored from the original admission were tested for antibody to HCV. Systematic approaches were used to locate anti‐HCV–positive individuals and outcomes assessed by the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) scale and a study‐specific questionnaire as well as clinical review. Study subjects' SF‐36 scores were compared with Australian population norms. Anti‐HCV and HCV‐RNA positive individuals (n = 15) aware of their serostatus rated significantly worse on 7 of 8 SF‐36 scales compared with population norms. However, HCV‐seropositive and RNA‐positive individuals unaware of their HCV serostatus (n = 19) scored significantly worse in only 3 scales. Those aware of their serostatus did not differ sociodemographically, clinically, virologically, or serologically from those who were unaware, nor was there a link between quality of life (QOL) scores and objective measures of ill health. All subjects had injected drugs in the past. In conclusion, HCV‐RNA and anti‐HCV–positive individuals in our study have significantly poorer subjective health status 26 years after original infection compared with population norms. QOL measures were significantly worse for HCV‐seropositive individuals aware of their serostatus compared with those unaware. We feel that the reduced QOL in the diagnosed group may be partially an effect of labeling and that the impact of the diagnostic processper seon QOL in individuals with HCV requires further evaluation.
Nucleus ambiguus projections to cardiac ganglia of rat atria: An anterograde tracing study

We injected the anterograde fluorescent tracer 1,1`‐dioleyl‐3,3,3`,3`‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine methanesulfonate (DiI) into the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and used confocal microscopy to inventory NA fibers and axon terminals in whole‐mounts of rat atrial tissues. Both the axons projecting to cardiac ganglia and the innervated principal neurons (PNs) were counted. Rats were injected unilaterally in the NA with DiI, either at four sites (between 600 μm rostral and 600 μm caudal to the obex) or at nine sites (1,600 μm rostral to 1,600 μm caudal). Fluoro‐Gold was administered intraperitoneally to retrogradely label neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DmnX), NA, and cardiac ganglia. To verify that the DiI‐labeled fibers examined in the atria originated exclusively from the NA, neurons of the DmnX and the nodose ganglia were surveyed for DiI labeling. Our observations established that (1) NA fibers in the cardiac branches of the vagus numbered in the range of 82–151, left; or 60–122, right. (2) Both left and right NA supplied substantial numbers of fibers to each of the three major cardiac ganglionic plexuses. (3) NA axons terminated in dense basket, or calyx, endings around individual PNs. (4) By issuing divergent collaterals, individual NA fibers supplied numerous PNs with these calyx endings. (5) Labeled axons innervated 2,248 (left vagus) and 1,784 (right), or at least 56% and 45%, of the cardiac PNs. (6) Divergence (i.e., NA axons:PNs innervated) averaged between 1:27 (left vagus) and 1:30 (right vagus). Several features of these NA projections to cardiac ganglia contrasted sharply with those of DmnX projections that we have recently characterized with the same tracing protocol: (1) NA fibers did not innervate small intensely fluorescent cell clusters in cardiac ganglia, whereas DmnX axons did. (2) NA efferent fascicles contained more large fibers (presumably B‐type), whereas the DmnX issued more fine caliber fibers (presumably C‐type). (3) NA fibers diverged about three times as extensively as did DmnX axons. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that vagal control of the heart involves the convergence and integration of distinct NA and DmnX projections within the cardiac plexuses. J. Comp. Neurol. 424:588–606, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Pinealectomy on Scoliosis Development in Young Nonhuman Primates

Study Design. Prospective study on pinealectomy in primates. Objective. To evaluate whether pinealectomy in a bipedal nonhuman primate model will result in the development of scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. Pinealectomy in newborn chickens consistently resulted in scoliosis development. Published data suggest that the surgical removal of the pineal, loss of melatonin secretion, and a bipedal posture are important elements in the development of scoliosis in lower animal models. Method. There were 18 rhesus monkeys between 8 and 11 months old that underwent pineal excision. All monkeys were kept in a regulated 12-hour light-dark cycle. Monthly radiographs assessed scoliosis development. Completeness of pineal excision was assessed by measurement of a major metabolite of melatonin in the urine, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assessed. Results. Mean follow-up was 28 months (range 10− 41). Seven monkeys died prematurely, and 11 survived to date; the data from those that died could still be used, although follow-up was shortened. At the latest follow-up or death, scoliosis did not develop in any of the monkeys. Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin measurements revealed 3 patterns. Group 1 consisted of 10 monkeys, which showed definite evidence of complete pineal excision. Group 2 consisted of an uncertain group of 2 monkeys in which the nighttime melatonin level is slightly high. Group 3 consisted of 6 monkeys that had incomplete pineal excision or ectopic melatonin production. Conclusions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pinealectomy in nonhuman primates. Of the 18 monkeys, 10 had a loss of melatonin secretion, for a mean of 29 months after surgery. Because none of the monkeys had scoliosis develop, this study strongly suggests that the possible etiologic factors producing idiopathic scoliosis in lower animals are different from primates, and findings in lower animals cannot necessarily be extrapolated to human beings.
Mu‐opioid receptor knockout mice show diminished food‐anticipatory activity

We have previously suggested that during or prior to activation of anticipatory behaviour to a coming reward, µ‐opioid receptors are activated. To test this hypothesis schedule induced food‐anticipatory activity in µ‐opioid receptor knockout mice was measured using running wheels. We hypothesized that µ‐knockout mice show little food‐anticipatory activity. In wildtype mice we observed that food‐anticipatory activity increased proportional to reduced food intake levels during daily scheduled food access, and thus reflects the animal's physiological need for food. µ‐Knockout mice do not adjust their schedule induced running wheel behaviour prior to and during feeding time in the same way as wildtype mice; rather than showing more running wheel activity before than during feeding, they showed an equal amount of activity before and during feeding. As food‐anticipatory activity is dependent on the mesolimbic dopamine system and µ‐opioid receptors regulate dopaminergic activity, these data suggest a change in the dopamine system's activity in µ‐knockout mice. As we observed that µ‐knockout mice tended to show a stronger locomotor activity response than wildtype mice to the indirect dopamine agonist d‐amphetamine, it appears that the dopaminergic system per se is intact and sensitive to activation. We found no differences in the expression of pro‐opiomelanocortin, a precursor of endogenous endorphin, in the arcuate nucleus between µ‐knockout mice and wildtype mice during restricted feeding, showing that the µ‐opioid receptor does not regulate endogenous endorphin levels. These data overall suggest a role for µ‐opioid receptors in adapting reward related behaviour to the requirements of the environment.
The origin of variable-δ18O zircons in Jurassic and Cretaceous Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt, Northeast China

ABSTRACT This study reports new zircon U–Pb ages, Lu–Hf isotope data, and oxygen isotope data for Mesozoic Mo-bearing granitoids in the eastern Xing–Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB) of Northeast China, within the eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Combining these new laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb ages with the results of previous research indicates that two stages of Mo-bearing granitoid magmatism occurred in the eastern XMOB, during the Early–Middle Jurassic (200–165 Ma) and the Early Cretaceous (ca. 111 Ma). The eastern XMOB also contains Mo-bearing granitoids with variable δ18O compositions that record variations in source oxygen isotopic compositions. Combining δ18O data with zircon U–Pb and Hf isotopic data provides evidence of the origin of these granitoids. Three types of zircon have been identified within these granitoids. Type 1 zircons formed during the Mesozoic and having high δ18O values (5.71–7.05‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Luming, Jiapigou, and Kanchuangou areas. These zircons suggest that the Mo-bearing granitoids were derived from a source containing supracrustal materials. The type 2 zircons have extremely low and heterogeneous δ18O values (4.64–4.89‰) that are consistent with the compositions of magmatic zircons from the Jidetun and Fuanpu areas. These magmas were generated by the remelting of juvenile crustal material that was previously significantly modified by interaction with fluids. Type 3 zircons generally have mantle-like δ18O values (5.42–5.57‰), with several zircons yielding higher δ18O values, suggesting that these intrusions formed from mantle-derived magmas that assimilated and were metasomatized by crustal material. Combining these geochemical data with the geology of this region indicates that the Mo-bearing granitoids were generated as a result of subduction of the Palaeo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian continent.
Cumulative Query Method for Influenza Surveillance Using Search Engine Data

Background Internet search queries have become an important data source in syndromic surveillance system. However, there is currently no syndromic surveillance system using Internet search query data in South Korea. Objectives The objective of this study was to examine correlations between our cumulative query method and national influenza surveillance data. Methods Our study was based on the local search engine, Daum (approximately 25% market share), and influenza-like illness (ILI) data from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A quota sampling survey was conducted with 200 participants to obtain popular queries. We divided the study period into two sets: Set 1 (the 2009/10 epidemiological year for development set 1 and 2010/11 for validation set 1) and Set 2 (2010/11 for development Set 2 and 2011/12 for validation Set 2). Pearson’s correlation coefficients were calculated between the Daum data and the ILI data for the development set. We selected the combined queries for which the correlation coefficients were . 7 or higher and listed them in descending order. Then, we created a cumulative query method n representing the number of cumulative combined queries in descending order of the correlation coefficient. Results In validation set 1, 13 cumulative query methods were applied, and 8 had higher correlation coefficients (min=.916, max=.943) than that of the highest single combined query. Further, 11 of 13 cumulative query methods had an r value of ≥. 7, but 4 of 13 combined queries had an r value of ≥. 7. In validation set 2, 8 of 15 cumulative query methods showed higher correlation coefficients (min=.975, max=.987) than that of the highest single combined query. All 15 cumulative query methods had an r value of ≥. 7, but 6 of 15 combined queries had an r value of ≥. 7. Conclusions Cumulative query method showed relatively higher correlation with national influenza surveillance data than combined queries in the development and validation set.
High performance missing data detection and interpolation for video compression and restoration applications

In this paper, we explore the use of motion estimation methods to restore noisy motion pictures coming from degraded film within the framework of high-performance computing environments. Specifically, we investigate how the use of block-matching methods can outperform gradient-based methods (which are more sensible to little movements) also in the case of blotch detection in degraded film. Also, we show how a proposed method characterized by the use of a set of features together with multiresolution can be at the same time robust to noise and effective in motion compensated filtering, mainly concerning films that contain both large amounts of noise and fast/large motion objects in their frames. The peculiarities of the method are discussed and the model performance is assessed and compared with examples.
Role of Point Shear Wave Elastography in the Determination of the Severity of Fibrosis in Pediatric Liver Diseases With Pathologic Correlations

Our aims in this study were as follows: (1) to determine the cutoff value that can distinguish between advanced liver fibrosis and normal liver tissue for two different elastographic techniques; (2) to determine the cutoff value that can distinguish mild liver fibrosis from normal liver tissue for the techniques; and (3) to assess tissue stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
Normalized Iterative Hard Thresholding for Matrix Completion

Matrices of low rank can be uniquely determined from fewer linear measurements, or entries, than the total number of entries in the matrix. Moreover, there is a growing literature of computationally efficient algorithms which can recover a low rank matrix from such limited information; this process is typically referred to as matrix completion. We introduce a particularly simple yet highly efficient alternating projection algorithm which uses an adaptive stepsize calculated to be exact for a restricted subspace. This method is proven to have near-optimal order recovery guarantees from dense measurement masks and is observed to have average case performance superior in some respects to other matrix completion algorithms for both dense measurement masks and entry measurements. In particular, this proposed algorithm is able to recover matrices from extremely close to the minimum number of measurements necessary.
Cardiovascular Risks of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Patients After Hospitalization for Serious Coronary Heart Disease

Background—The cardiovascular safety of individual nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is highly controversial, particularly in persons with serious coronary heart disease. Methods and Results—We conducted a multisite retrospective cohort study of commonly used individual NSAIDs in Tennessee Medicaid, Saskatchewan Health, and United Kingdom General Practice Research databases. The cohort included 48 566 patients recently hospitalized for myocardial infarction, revascularization, or unstable angina pectoris with more than 111 000 person-years of follow-up. Naproxen users had the lowest adjusted rates of serious coronary heart disease (myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease death) and serious cardiovascular disease (myocardial infarction, stroke)/death from any cause, with respective incidence rate ratios (relative to NSAID nonusers) of 0.88 (95% CI, 0.66 to 1.17) and 0.91 (0.78 to 1.06). Risk did not increase with doses ≥1000 mg. Relative to NSAID nonusers, serious coronary heart disease risk increased with short term (<90 days) use for ibuprofen (1.67 [1.09 to 2.57]), diclofenac (1.86 [1.18 to 2.92]), celecoxib (1.37 [0.96 to 1.94]), and rofecoxib (1.46 [1.03 to 2.07]), but not for naproxen (0.88 [0.50 to 1.55]). Relative to naproxen, current users of diclofenac had increased risk of serious coronary heart disease (1.44 [0.96 to 2.15], P=0.076) and serious cardiovascular disease/death (1.52 [1.22 to 1.89], P=0.0002), and those of ibuprofen had increased risk of the latter end point (1.25 [1.02 to 1.53], P=0.032). Compared to naproxen in doses ≥1000 mg, serious coronary heart disease incidence rate ratios were increased for rofecoxib >25 mg (2.29 [1.24 to 4.22], P=0.008) and celecoxib >200 mg (1.61 [1.01 to 2.57], P=0.046). Conclusions—In patients recently hospitalized for serious coronary heart disease, naproxen had better cardiovascular safety than did diclofenac, ibuprofen, and higher doses of celecoxib and rofecoxib.
The role of story cards and the wall in XP teams: a distributed cognition perspective

Much of the knowledge used within an XP team is tacit, i.e. it is hidden and intangible. Two tangible artefacts that carry information about the team's work are the index cards which capture stories and tasks to be implemented and the wall where they are displayed (which we refer to as the 'Wall'). It is widely acknowledged that these are key elements supporting the work of the XP team, but no systematic investigation of their role has been reported to date. In this paper, we focus on the use of these artefacts within one XP team. We use distributed cognition, a framework for analysing collaborative work, to explicate the information flows in, around and within the team that are supported by the index cards and the Wall. We then interrogate the models produced using this analysis to answer 'what if' questions