Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Self‐Deception and Moral Responsibility

The self-deceived are usually held to be moral responsible for their state. I argue that this attribution of responsibility makes sense only against the background of the traditional conception of self-deception, a conception that is now widely rejected. In its place, a new conception of self-deception has been articulated, which requires neither intentional action by self-deceived agents, nor that they posses contradictory beliefs. This new conception has neither need nor place for attributions of moral responsibility to the self-deceived in paradigmatic cases. Accordingly, we should take the final step toward abandoning the traditional conception, and drop the automatic attribution of responsibility. Self-deception is simply a kind of mistake, and has no more necessary connection to culpability than have other intellectual errors.
The Development of a New Instrument: "Views on Science- Technology-Society" (VOSTS)

Educators who plan science lessons, who develop science curricula, or who evaluate learning, often wonder about students' preconceptions of the material to be taught. Until now, attention has mainly focused on traditional science content (Driver, 1988; West and Pines, 1985). However, content related to the nature of science (for example, science's epistemology and its social context) is receiving increased attention because of interest in teaching science through a science-tech-nology-society (STS) approach or teaching science in concert with the history and philosophy of science (Bybee, 1987; Hodson, 1988; Posner and Strike, 1989; Gruen-der and Tobin, 1991); What are high school students' preconceptions concerning the epistemology and sociology of science? This question is addressed in two related articles that stem from the same research study. This first article describes the development of a new research instrument that monitors students' views on a broad range of STS topics,
Computing Response Metrics for Online Panels

As more researchers use online panels for studies, the need for standardized rates to evaluate these studies becomes paramount. There are currently many different ways and conflicting terminology used to compute various metrics for online panels. This paper discusses the sparse literature on how to compute response, refusal, and other rates and proposes a set of formulas and a standardized terminology that can be used to calculate and interpret these metrics for online panel studies. A description of and distinction between probability-based and volunteer opt-in panels is made since not all metrics apply to both types. A review of the existing discussion and recommendations, mostly from international organizations, is presented for background and context. In order to propose response and other metrics, the different stages involved in building an online panel are delineated. Metrics associated with these stages contribute to cumulative response rate formulas that can be used to evaluate studies using online probability-based panels. (Only completion rates can be calculated with opt-in panels.) We conclude with a discussion of the meaning of the different metrics proposed and what we think should be reported for which type of panel.
Isolation and partial characterization of bacteriophages infecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, causal agent of kiwifruit bacterial canker

The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit. In the last years, it has caused severe economic losses to Actinidia spp. cultivations, mainly in Italy and New Zealand. Conventional strategies adopted did not provide adequate control of infection. Phage therapy may be a realistic and safe answer to the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents aiming to control this bacterial pathogen. In this study, we described the isolation and characterization of two bacteriophages able to specifically infect Psa. φPSA1, a member of the Siphoviridae family, is a temperate phage with a narrow host range, a long latency, and a burst size of 178; φPSA2 is a lytic phage of Podoviridae family with a broader host range, a short latency, a burst size of 92 and a higher bactericidal activity as determined by the TOD value. The genomic sequence of φPSA1 has a length of 51,090 bp and a low sequence homology with the other siphophages, whereas φPSA2 has a length of 40 472 bp with a 98% homology with Pseudomonas putida bacteriophage gh‐1. Of the two phages examined, φPSA2 may be considered as a candidate for phage therapy of kiwifruit disease, while φPSA1 seems specific toward the recent outbreak's isolates and could be useful for Psa typing.
An Investigation of the Impact of Function of Problem Behavior on Effectiveness of the Behavior Education Program (BEP)

The Behavior Education Program (BEP) is a check-in, check-out intervention implemented with students who are at-risk for engaging in more severe problem behavior. Previous research with middle and elementary school students found that the BEP was more effective with students who had adult attention maintained problem behavior. The purposes of this study were to (a) replicate previous research on the effectiveness of the BEP in reducing problem behavior in elementary schools and (b) investigate the relationship between function of problem behavior and effectiveness of the BEP. Results indicated that the BEP was implemented with high fidelity, lead to decreases in office discipline referrals for the majority of students who received the intervention, and received high social validity ratings. Results also indicated that the BEP was more effective for students who had peer versus adult attention maintained problem behavior. The BEP was also effective for a student whose problem behavior was maintained by access to tangibles and of the two students who had escape maintained problem behavior, one student demonstrated reductions in referrals following implementation. Limitations of the current study are discussed along with implications for future research and school practice.
Running to Run: Embodiment, Structure and Agency amongst Veteran Elite Runners

This ar ticle is concerned with ageing embodiment and social change. It operates a synthesis of Bourdieu's theor y of the logic of practice and understandings of agency as an embodied process. Is age a source of habitus? Within what structural circumstances can ageing embodiment lead to social transformation? What are the limitations to this? An analysis of the minutiae of ever yday embodiment of older social actors active in the social field of Veteran athletics suppor ts the contention that over time we become caught up in an age habitus. A challenge to this can be effected through modalities of embodiment within social fields in transition. The permeability of the field, and its own internal logic, the achievement of bodily competence, combined with the active control of the organization of the field, offer some oppor tunities to reconstruct the discourse of ageing.
CINEMA IS GOOD FOR YOU: THE EFFECTS OF CINEMA ATTENDANCE ON SELF REPORTED ANXIETY OR DEPRESSION AND "HAPPINESS"

I analyse the effects of cinema attendance on psychological well-being and happiness. The type of visual stimulation unique to film provokes an emotive response holding therapeutic properties. The collective and controlled experience of this emotive response promotes well-being generally. This analysis differs from most research into the effect of leisure on happiness, anxiety or depression, and well-being because it focuses on the effects of sensory stimulation and its resulting emotion inducing properties as opposed to leisure pursuits involving physical conditioning. This work differs further by systematically comparing 10 different leisure activities against cinema attendance in their relative affects on happiness and self-reported anxiety and depression. Using data from wave 12 of the British Household Panel Study, I find that cinema attendance has strong positive effects on happiness and stable negative effects on self-reporting of anxiety or depression, even when controlling for various socio-demographic and economic factors. This research confirms, therefore, that cinema is a unique leisure activity with beneficial properties for well-being.
The fourth freedom

The article challenges the orthodoxy of current critical readings of the European crisis that discuss the failings of the EU in terms of the triumph of ‘neo-liberalism’. Defending instead a liberal view on international migration, which stresses the potentially positive economic, political and cultural benefits of market-driven forces enabling movements across borders, it details the various ways in which European regional integration has enabled the withdrawal of state control and restriction on certain forms of external and internal migration. This implementation of liberal ideas on the freedom of movement of persons has largely been of benefit to migrants, and both receiving and sending societies alike. These ideas are now threatened by democratic retrenchment. It is Britain, often held up as a negative example of ‘neo-liberalism’, which has proven to be the member state that most fulfils the EU’s core adherence to principles of mobile, open, non-discriminatory labour markets. On this question, and despite its current anti-immigration politics, it offers a positive example of how Europe as a whole could benefit from more not less liberalization.
Increased peritoneal permeability is associated with decreased fluid and small-solute removal and higher mortality in CAPD patients.

BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that increased peritoneal membrane permeability is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients. It is not known, however, whether the difference in clinical outcome among different peritoneal transport groups is due to differences in peritoneal fluid and solute removal. In the present study, we compared the peritoneal fluid and solute transport and clinical outcome in CAPD patients with high (H), high-average (H-A), low-average (L-A) and low (L) peritoneal transport patterns. DESIGN A 6-h dwell study was performed in 46 patients with frequent dialysate and plasma samples using 2 l of 3.86% glucose dialysate with 131I albumin as an intraperitoneal volume marker. The patients were divided into four transport groups according to their D/P of creatinine at 240 min. RESULTS The results showed that high transporters had significantly lower peritoneal fluid and small-solute removal but high glucose absorption and high protein loss during a 6-h exchange. The serum albumin was lower and blood pressure and triglycerides were higher in high transporters compared with the other groups. Two-year patient survival from the start of CAPD treatment was significantly lower for high transporters (64, 85, 90 and 100% for H, H-A, L-A and L respectively, P < 0.01). The 1-year patient survival from the dwell study was also significantly lower in high transporters (16, 63, 90 and 100% for each group, P<0.01). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that high transporters remove less fluid and small solutes and have higher protein loss and increased glucose absorption. These alterations may contribute to fluid overload, malnutrition and lipid abnormalities that perhaps contribute to the increased mortality among the high transporters.
Momentum and Contrarian Stock-Market Indices

We propose a new class of investable momentum and contrarian stock-market indices that partition a benchmark index, such as the Russell 1000. Our momentum indices overweight stocks that have recently outperformed, while our contrarian indices underweight these same stocks. Our index construction methodology is extremely flexible, and allows the index provider to trade-off the distinctiveness of the momentum/contrarian strategies with portfolio turnover. Momentum investment styles in particular typically entail a high level of turnover, and hence high associated transaction costs. The creation of momentum and contrarian indices and exchange traded funds (ETFs) based on our methodology would allow investors to access these styles at lower cost than is currently possible. Our indices also provide performance benchmarks for momentum/contrarian investment managers, and good proxies for a momentum factor. Over the period 1995- 2007 we find that short term momentum and long term contrarian indices outperform the reference Russell 1000 index. We also document the changing interaction between the momentum/contrarian and value/growth styles.
Embryo production by parthenogenetic activation and fertilization of in vitro matured oocytes from Cebus apella

Summary The efficiency of in vitro fertilization (IVF) depends on the viability of spermatozoa. For capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella), in vitro capacitation of spermatozoa is challenging because of their unique seminal coagulum. Motile spermatozoa can be obtained after liquefaction of the semen coagulum in coconut water-based solution. The objective of the present study was to establish an optimal in vitro maturation (IVM) protocol for capuchin monkeys and to observe the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) on IVF and parthenogenetic activation (PA) of oocytes collected from unstimulated females. We assessed spermatozoa quality after recovery from seminal coagulum using the solution ACP-118® as an extender. Oocytes were matured in vitro for 36 or 40 h and subjected to IVF or PA by applying ionomycin combined either with 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) or roscovitine. In total, 87% of oocytes reached metaphase II (MII) after 40 IVM and 4-cell embryo production was obtained after IVF and parthenogenesis using ionomycin/6-DMAP. ACP-118® was used successfully to harvest viable spermatozoa from semen coagulum and in the preservation of spermatozoa, which were able to fertilize oocytes in vitro.
A Tripartite Perspective of Social Capital and Its Access by High School Dropouts

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to document and analyze students’ experiences with dropping out of high school, using a social capital framework. Examining the stories of high school dropouts provided valuable information related to the root causes of dropout behaviors. The context of this study was a high school in an urban school division in a Southeastern state. The participants were 5 high school dropouts who spoke English as a primary language and who were a part of the general education population at the school. Triangulation of data sources included field notes, interviews with the participants, and archival documents. Three-iteration code mapping was used for data analysis and was included in an audit trail of all the study procedures. Other points and thematic representations considered were: (a) results of this study presented as narrative descriptions of the dropout histories of each participant, (b) themes resulting from the analysis across all of the narratives as discussed within the social capital framework, (c) suggestions for the development of programs to increase social capital in the family, school, and community, as included in the Conclusion section.
There's No Place Like Home

Elderly housing surveys consistently report that older Americans prefer to remain living in their homes for as long as they are physically able. This study uses hazard models to estimate the effects of family composition changes, health conditions, housing characteristics, and local policies and amenities on aging-in-place decisions by older homeowners in the 1972-1992 Panel Study of Income Dynamics. The empirical results show that increases in property taxes and utility costs, changes in family composition, and diminished physical well-being are negatively associated with aging in place. Increased home equity, greater financial resources, and stronger ties to the community are positively associated with aging in place. Taken together, these findings suggest that policies designed to reduce the user costs of homeownership or to enhance the functionality of elderly homeowners may facilitate aging in place.
Inhibition and recovery of maternal and foetal cholinesterase enzymes following fenitrothion administration in CD rats

The purpose of this study was to characterize tissue esterase activity and blood fenitrothion concentrations in the rat dam and foetus following in-utero exposure to the organophosphate insecticide fenitrothion. Time-mated, 8-week-old rats were gavaged on gestation day 19 with 0, 5, or 25 mg fenitrothion kg−1. Fenitrothion was absorbed rapidly from the gastrointestinal tract, with peak maternal and foetal blood levels observed 0.5–1.0 h after dosing. Fenitrothion concentrations in maternal and foetal blood were virtually identical and demonstrated a non-linear dose–response relationship. Acetylcholinesterase and carboxylesterase activities in maternal liver and blood and in foetal liver and brain decreased within 30–60 min of fenitrothion exposure. Esterase inhibition occurred at a fenitrothion dose (5 mg kg−1) that has not been previously associated with reproductive toxicity, suggesting that esterase inhibition should be considered as the critical effect in risk assessments for this pesticide.
The Impact of Self‐Affirmation on Health‐Related Cognition and Health Behaviour: Issues and Prospects

In a recent paper (Harris & Epton, 2009) we reviewed the evidence showing that self-affirming – the act of reflecting upon cherished values or attributes – can reduce resistance to health-risk information. In this companion paper we extend the discussion of issues arising from that review and describe key questions for future research. Overall, we regard the picture emerging from this nascent literature as encouraging. Nevertheless, more needs to be discovered about how self-affirming achieves its effects and their limits. Despite lowering an important barrier to health behaviour change by reducing message resistance, there is currently only limited evidence that self-affirming changes subsequent health behaviour. We consider why. We also discuss issues to address in interventions involving self-affirmation and examine evidence that self-affirming alters relationships between variables. There is also scope for extending the range of samples, health information, and health behaviours examined and for assessing more spontaneous self-affirmation.
SOCIO-CULTURAL CHALLENGES OF CHILD ADOPTION IN EASTERN NIGERIA IN WEST AFRICA

The importance of child adoption to infertile couples seeking for children, and children in need of parents cannot be over emphasized. In Eastern Nigeria, child adoption faces socio-cultural challenges due to cultural norms and beliefs, social expectations and values. This study investigated the socio-cultural challenges of child adoption in Eastern Nigeria. To achieve this, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The population of the study was the entire couples in Eastern Nigeria. Disproportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 800 couples. Among these, 400 couples are childless, while the other 400 couples have biological children. A descriptive survey was used, while questionnaire was the instrument for data collection. The result was analyzed using mean scores, standard deviations and t-test. The findings revealed poverty, bastard syndrome, and denial of inheritance among others as some of the challenges of child adoption. The data also showed that childlessness, and gender selection among others is some of the reasons for adoption. The data also revealed that there is no significant difference between the mean scores of the males and females in what constitute the socio-cultural challenges of child adoption in Eastern Nigeria. There is a significant difference between the mean scores of childless couples and couples with biological children in the reasons for adoption. The summary of the findings was that child adoption is very difficult to practice in Eastern Nigeria. The study also made some recommendations and implications.
The Functions of MicroRNA-200 Family in Ovarian Cancer: Beyond Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

The majority of studies on microRNA-200 family members (miR-200s) in human cancers are based on the premise that miR-200s maintain epithelial cell integrity by suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through direct inhibition of mesenchymal transcription factors zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 1/2 (ZEB1/ZEB2) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a potent inducer of EMT. Hence, downregulation of miR-200 in cancer cells promotes EMT and cancer metastasis. Yet, miR-200s are highly expressed in ovarian cancer, and ovarian cancer metastasizes primarily by dissemination within the pelvic cavity. In this review, we will refocus the epithelial property of ovarian cancer cells and the role of miR-200s in safeguarding this property, as well as the diverse roles of miR-200s in inclusion cyst formation, cancer cell growth, collective movement, angiogenesis, exosome-mediated cell communication, and chemoresponse. Taken together, miR-200s play a significant role in the initiation, progression and metastasis of ovarian cancer and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers and a target in therapeutic development.
A systematic review of the association between childhood speech impairment and participation across the lifespan

Speech impairment of unknown origin is one of the most common communication impairments in childhood. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify limitations in life activities that may be associated with speech impairment, through analysing the findings of papers published in the past 10 years. Domains from the Activities and Participation component of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health were used as search terms, and resulted in 57 papers being identified. Findings from each paper were reviewed in terms of the association between speech impairment and Activity Limitations and/or Participation Restrictions as defined by the ICF. The systematic review revealed that speech impairment in childhood may be associated with the following Activity Limitations and/or Participation Restrictions: learning to read/reading, learning to write/writing, focusing attention and thinking, calculating, communication, mobility, self-care, relating to persons in authority, informal relationships with friends/peers, parent-child relationships, sibling relationships, school education, and acquiring, keeping and terminating a job.
Feedback Theory through the Lens of Social Networking.

Feedback has long been utilised as an effective tool to enhance learning. Between students and teachers; students and students; students and schools, feedback provides a channel of communication between all parties within an education system. With the emergence and development of social networking sites (SNSs) over the past decade, it has become very convenient for people to stay in touch with each other, through computers, tablets and mobile phones. On SNSs, the barriers of face-to-face feedback between students and teachers can be diminished, and students can ask questions any time, anywhere. SNS can serve as a platform for effective feedback communication to improve student-teacher relationships and student performance. This paper presents a case study in which a class of students used Facebook as a hub for feedback between themselves and their teacher. The study utilises a mixed-method approach that substantiates the analysis with both quantitative and qualitative schemes. It also taps into both student and the teacher perspectives on their experiences with using SNS for feedback. Various aspects of the feedback mechanism have been manifested on Facebook, especially in terms of timeliness, motivation, consistency and clarity of feedback. Strategies for teachers to moderate the feedback process on SNS effectively are presented.