Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relevance of the developmental toxicity of ethanol in the occupational setting: a review

Numerous studies have been conducted investigating the reproductive toxicology of ethanol, the overwhelming majority concerning the adverse effects of consuming alcohol in beverages during pregnancy. Because many of the in vivo studies were designed to model alcoholism, they used comparatively high doses and assessed relatively few endpoints. Outcomes may have been affected by disturbances of metabolism at such high exposures, giving rise to secondary effects on development. The available data on ethanol from ‘conventional’ developmental toxicity study test methods of the type used for regulatory hazard assessment of chemicals are limited. It is in this context, however, i.e. the use of ethanol as an industrial chemical rather than as a component of beverages, that this review is based. Using the usual criteria applied for the purpose of hazard assessment of industrial chemicals, it is concluded that there is no evidence that industrial exposure to ethanol is a developmental toxicity hazard. Developmental toxicity may result from drinking alcoholic beverages, the threshold level for all aspects of which has yet to be deﬁned. This is not, however, considered relevant to the low blood alcohol concentrations resulting from any conceivable inhalation or dermal exposure in the workplace or through the directed use of any consumer product containing ethanol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offended Parties and Official Reactions: Victims and the Sentencing of Criminal Defendants*

Theory and research in the field of deviance have generally neglected private parties who find the deviance of others personally offensive and problematic. This paper examines the victim's participation in the processing of criminal deviants. Using data from a sample of convicted felons, it explores the extent to which the behavior and attributes of the victim affect the sanction imposed on the defendant. The results indicate that victim characteristics affect sanctioning, but that these effects are largely indirect, being mediated by the recommendations probation officers submit to sentencing judges. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Association between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and gamma glutamyltransferase: results from the National Health and Examination Survey 1999-2002.

We recently reported a relationship between serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and diabetes mellitus in the general population(1). Furthermore, serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity, even within its usual reference interval, strongly predicted type 2 diabetes in prospective studies through unclear mechanisms(2). Because exposure to high concentrations of POPs in occupational or accidental settings increased serum GGT(3), serum GGT may predict type 2 diabetes related to exposure to POPs. Thus, in the general population, low concentrations of POPs would be related to normal concentrations of serum GGT, and adjustment for POPs would attenuate the relationship of GGT and diabetes. This hypothesis was tested in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 public-use dataset in 2016 persons ≥20 years of age. Serum concentrations of POPs and GGT activity were measured by highresolution gas chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry and by a Hitachi 737 analyzer, respectively. We selected the 6 POPs for which at least 80% of study participants had concentrations greater than …
Ear morphometry on Indian Americans and its clinical importance

Objectives: The aim is to determine the normal average values of ear liner measurements and to determine any significant sex differences exists in Indian Americans. Methods: The direct ear anthropometric measurements were carried out using digital caliper in 100 (men, women) Indian American students (18 to 30 years) of American University of Antigua (AUA), Antigua and compared between the sexes. Results: Ear linear measurements showed higher value in men than women. The length of the ear was higher when compared to width in both sexes. Ear index was higher in men than women. These results support the sexual dimorphism does exist and shows the statistically significant difference between the sexes. Conclusion: The ear anthropometry clinically important for the treatment of congenital deformities, traumatic injured ears and also for establishing baseline data for forensic scientists in personal identification. Present study’s data can be used as a reference value for Indian Americans which can be made use of if they need to undergo otoplasty in the USA.
Virus-induced modification of the host cell is required for expression of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene controlled by a late herpes simplex virus promoter (VP5)

The requirements for expression of genes under the control of early (alkaline exonuclease) and late (VP5) herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) gene promoters were examined in a transient expression assay, using the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as an expression marker. Both promoters were induced, resulting in the production of high levels of the enzyme upon low-multiplicity infection by HSV-1. S1 nuclease analysis of hybrids between RNA isolated from infected cells containing HSV-1 promoter constructs and marker gene DNA demonstrated normal transcriptional initiation of the marker gene directed by the viral promoters. Viral DNA sequences no more than 125 bases 5' of the putative transcriptional cap site were sufficient for maximum activity of the late promoter. In contrast to expression controlled by the early gene, the late promoter was not active at a measurable level in uninfected cells until DNA sequences between 75 and 125 bases 5' of the transcriptional cap site were deleted. Cotransfection of cells with the expression marker controlled by HSV promoters and a cosmid containing HSV alpha (immediate-early) genes indicated that full expression of both early and late promoters requires the same virus-induced host cell modifications. Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis results in an increased rate of transient expression of marker genes under control of either early or late promoters in contrast to the situation in normal virus infection. These data provide evidence that the normal course of expression of late HSV genes involves negative modulation of potentially active promoters in the infected cell.
Filling the Gap on Developmental Change: Tests of a Dynamic Field Theory of Spatial Cognition

In early childhood, there is a developmental transition in spatial memory biases. Before the transition, children's memory responses are biased toward the midline of a space, while after the transition responses are biased away from midline. The Dynamic Field Theory (DFT) posits that changes in neural interaction and changes in how children perceive frames of reference underlie the transition. Here, we tested a prediction of the DFT that children younger than the transitional age would show the more advanced developmental pattern when tested with a perceptually salient midline axis. Four age groups (3 years, 6 months; 3 years, 8 months; 4 years; and 5 years) were tested at targets near midline. As predicted, children's responses were biased away from midline.
How Assigned Faculty Mentors View their Mentoring Relationships: An Interview Study of Mentors in Medical Education

This qualitative study of 29 physician mentors reports their perspectives on mentoring medical students in a well‐respected medical school’s formal, assigned, longitudinal mentoring program that has a curricular component in the second year. Using a phenomenologic inductive approach, common themes identified centered on mentors’ relationships with their students and the characteristics of the relationships. Most mentors said their relationships solidified in the second year, where curricular responsibilities included teaching and evaluation. Mentors saw their roles change, yet relationships continued to develop as mentees advanced through medical school. They were surprised when students sought contact, support, and advice in years three and four of their programs. Mentors worried whether they “did enough” for their students, yet described their experiences and relationships as rewarding. Mentors subsequently found satisfaction in the continuing relationship during the clinical training years. The researchers note the importance of the curricular component for providing a purpose and structure for relationship development and in facilitating relationship development in this assigned mentoring program.
Handbook of individual differences in social behavior

Part 1. Introduction. Situations, Dispositions, and the Study of Social Behavior Methods for the Study of Individual Differences in Social Behavior. Part 2. Interpersonal Dispositions. Extraversion. Agreeableness. Attachment Styles. Interpersonal Dependency. Machiavellianism. Gender Identity. Part 3. Emotional Dispositions. Neuroticism. Happiness. Depression. Social Anxiousness, Shyness, and Embarrassability. Proneness to Shame and Proneness to Guilt. Hostility and Proneness to Anger. Loneliness. Affect Intensity. Part 4. Cognitive Dispositions. Openness to Experience. Locus of Control and Attributional Style. Belief in a Just World. Authoritarianism and Dogmatism. The Need for Cognition. Optimism. Part 5. Motivational Dispositions. Conscientiousness. Achievement Motivation. Belonging Motivation. Affiliation Motivation. Power Motivation. Social Desirability. Sensation Seeking. Rejection Sensitivity. Psychological Defensiveness: Repression, Blunting, and Defensive Pessimism. Part 6. Self-Related Dispositions. Private and Public Self-Consciousness. Independent, Relational, and Collective-Interdependent Self-Construals. Self-Esteem. Narcissism. Self-Compassion. Self-Monitoring.
Why (not) associate the principle of inclusion with disability? Tracing connections from the start of the ‘Salamanca Process’

This article reflects on changes in the disability-related educational approach of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), specifically investigating the context UNESCO's Special Needs Education unit was embedded in while following up the ‘World Conference on Special Needs Education’ that was held in Salamanca 20 years ago. The paper starts with the observations that first education for all and inclusive education are currently as education themes of UNESCO quite similar in terms of their scope and rationale. Second, although debates on inclusive education have been fuelled in context with the UN-‘Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities’, disability plays a less important role in UNESCO's programme spectrum, compared to some decades ago. Drawing from a study on institutions and knowledge analysing shifts in meanings of inclusive education, the recent tautology of themes is interpreted in connection with changes of UNESCO's approach to special needs education after 1994 and as consequence of shifts occurring back then in perceptions about the goals of UNESCO programmes. Borrowing from Organisation Studies, the article highlights conceptual changes in UNESCO's programmes, from traditional special (needs) education to inclusive education. Data used have been collected in the archives of the UNESCO headquarters in Paris. Method of the interpretive inquiry is in-depth content analysis.
Family Sex Talk: Analyzing the Influence of Family Communication Patterns on Parent and Late Adolescent's Sex Conversations

Family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. Within chapter 1, I present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. In chapter 2, I review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent-child communication and family communication patterns. In chapter 3, I present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. In Chapter 4, I present the results of the study. According to the results of the study, father-child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. A higher quantity of parent-child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. Participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez-faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent-child communication. Participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent-child communication in comparison to laissez-faire family types, but not protective family types. Finally, in chapter 5, I present the discussion with a review of previous research (consistent or inconsistent with the current findings), limitations and conclusions for the current study.
Attitudes and practices of physicians and naturopaths toward herbal products, including use during pregnancy and lactation.

BACKGROUND The popularity of complementary therapies continues to grow, and physicians are asked increasingly by their patients for information regarding these modalities. PURPOSE To assess the impact of these trends on physicians and medical students, and compare their attitudes and practices with those of the naturopaths and their students, with particular interest in the use of herbal products during pregnancy and breastfeeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS A detailed questionnaire was distributed by a medical student and a naturopathic student to a randomly selected group of physicians, medical students, naturopaths and naturopathic students. They were asked a variety of questions about their background, attitudes and practices concerning herbal products. RESULTS Thirty-eight per cent of the questionnaires were returned, with a total of 242 respondents. Fifty-four per cent of physicians discussed complementary therapies with their patients, whereas 100% of naturopaths discussed conventional medicines with their patients. The most popular product recommended by both medical doctors and naturopaths was echinacea, followed by St John's Wort. Eighty-six per cent of physicians, 74% of medical students, 66% of naturopaths and 50% of naturopathic students think that complementary medical education should be incorporated into the standard medical curriculum. Only one physician actually recommended a herbal product to a pregnant patient compared with 49% of the naturopaths who felt comfortable doing so. CONCLUSIONS Complementary medicine has become a reality, and physicians are recommending herbal products to their patients, although on a smaller scale than are naturopaths. However, the two most popular herbal products are the same in each group. Physicians are less likely to recommend herbal products to pregnant and breastfeeding women than are naturopaths.
Aspects of theme and their role in workplace texts

The study adopts a systemic functional perspectives and focuses on an analysis of Theme in three workplace text types: memos, letters and reports. The aim of the study is to investigate the function performed by Theme in these texts. The study diverges from Halliday’s identification of Theme and argues that the Subject is an obligatory part of Theme. In examining the function Theme performs, specific features such as the relationship between Theme and genre and between Theme and interpersonal meaning are explored. The study investigates the linguistic realisations in the texts which help understand the way in which the choice of Theme is related to, and perhaps constrained by, the genre. In addition, the linguistic resources used by the writer to construe interpersonal meanings through their choice of Theme are explored. The study investigates Theme from two distinct positions. Firstly a lexico-grammatical analysis of thematic choices in the texts is undertaken. Secondly, the study draws upon informant interpretations and considers the way in which certain thematic choices construe different meanings for different types of reader. The methodology adopted is twofold: an analysis of Theme in a corpus of authentic workplace texts comprised of 30 memos, 22 letters and 10 reports; and an analysis of informant interpretations drawn from focus group interviews with 12 business people and 15 EFL teachers. In both sets of data, Theme is scrutinised with respect to textual, interpersonal, topical and marked themes and the meanings construed through such choices. The findings show that Theme plays an important role in organising the text, as well as in realising ideational and interpersonal meaning. In particular the findings demonstrate that marked Theme, or the term adopted in the present study, ‘extended Theme’, performs a crucial role in representing the workplace as a depersonalised, material world.
Dimension analyses of perceived sound quality of sound-reproducing systems

Perceived sound quality of loudspeakers, headphones, and hearing aids was investigated by different multivariate techniques to find out dimensions in perceived sound quality and explore their relations to physical characteristics of the systems. In connection with the description of two of these experiments various methodological questions concerning judgment methods, data treatment, interpretation of results, and implications for continued research are discussed. The combined results of eight experiments suggest the following dimensions: “Clearness/Distinctness”, “Sharpness/Hardness-Softness”, “Brightness-Darkness”, “Fullness-Thinness”, “Feeling of space”, “Nearness”, “Disturbing sounds”, and “Loudness”.
The Role of Visual Experience in Mental Imagery

The mental imagery of participants who became blind early in life (EB participants), participants who became blind later in life (LB participants), and sighted participants was compared in two experiments. In the first experiment, the participants were asked to image common objects and to estimate how far away these objects appeared in their image. In the second experiment, the participants were asked to point to the left and right sides of three objects, imaged at three increasing distances. The LB participants’ performance of the tasks in both experiments was similar to that of the sighted participants, whereas the performance of the EB participants differed. The results reflect the close relationship between the development of visual perception and the properties of images.
Compensatory reading strategies in test anxiety

Abstract The effects of test anxiety and evaluative stress on reading speed, articulatory rehearsal, reading regressions, and comprehension were examined. High- and low-test-anxiety subjects read texts under conditions of stress (Studies 1, 2 and 3) or non-stress (Study 4). Texts were presented either with concurrent irrelevant speech (heard), an articulatory suppression task, or no concurrent task. Measures of working memory span and prior vacabulary knowledge were collected under non-stress conditions (Study 5). There were no differences in comprehension performance as a function of anxiety, but high anxious subjects were less efficient than low-anxious subjects, as the former employed more reading time and regressions, though not more articulation, than the latter to obtain an equivalent comprehension score. Reading regressions emerged as the most discriminating compensatory strategy associated with anxiety. This reduced efficiency is partly dependent on a basic deficit in vocabulary knowledge—but not .
Distribution of CGRP‐like immunoreactivity in the chick and quail brain

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐containing neurones have been implicated in the transmission of visceral sensory information to the cortex and in the control of arterial blood pressure in mammals. However, little is known about its function in other vertebrates. As a first step toward investigating the function of CGRP in birds, its distribution was studied in the domestic chick and quail brain by means of immunocytochemistry, by using antibodies against rat CGRP. The distribution of CGRP immunoreactivity in the chick and quail central nervous system was found to be similar. CGRP‐immunoreactive (CGRPi) perikarya were not present in the telencephalon. In the diencephalon, CGRPi perikarya were present mainly in the shell of the thalamic nucleus ovoidalis, the nucleus semilunaris paraovoidalis, the nucleus dorsolateralis posterior thalami, and in the hypothalamic nucleus of the ansa lenticularis. In the brainstem, CGRPi perikarya were present in the nucleus mesencephalicus nervi trigemini, the nucleus tegmenti ventralis, the locus coeruleus, the nucleus linearis caudalis and in the parabrachial region. In addition CGRPi perikarya were found in the motor nuclei of the III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, and XII cranial nerves. The telencephalon contained CGRPi fibres within the paleostriatal complex (mainly in the ventral paleostriatum), parts of the neostriatum and ventral hyperstriatum, parts of the archistriatum, and the septum. In the diencephalon, the densest plexus of CGRPi fibres was observed in the dorsal reticular thalamus. A less dense CGRPi innervation was present in some dorsal thalamic nuclei and in the medial and periventricular hypothalamus. The pretectum and midbrain tegmentum also contained CGRPi fibres, whereas the optic tectum was virtually devoid of immunolabelling. Scattered CGRPi fibres were observed in the central grey and neighbouring pontine areas. Some of the sensory fibres of the trigeminal, vagal, glossopharyngeal, and spinal nerves were also CGRPi. The results of comparative studies indicate that the presence of CGRP in some thalamo‐telencephalic projections is a primitive feature of the forebrain of amniotes. Therefore, the brain areas giving rise to and receiving such a projection in different vertebrates, are likely to be homologous. J. Comp. Neurol. 421:515–532, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does ‘Race’ Matter? A Study of ‘Mixed Race’ Siblings' Identifications

‘Mixed’ people comprise one of the fastest growing populations in Britain today, and their growth refutes the idea that there exist distinct, ‘natural’ races among people in multiethnic societies, such as Britain. In recent years, a large body of scholarship, both in the US and Britain, has begun to investigate the diverse social experiences and racial identifications of mixed people. In this article, I investigate the ways in which mixed siblings perceive and think about race and differences in racial, ethnic, and religious identification within their families. What role do race and the recognition of difference play in sibling relationships and in family life more generally? I draw upon a small number of cases to illustrate the diverse ways in which understandings of race, ethnicity, and religion are (or are not) regarded as important in these families. I also consider whether there are group differences in terms of how disparate types of mixed siblings may perceive pressures to identify in particular ways.