Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Experience with peroneus brevis muscle flaps for reconstruction of distal leg and ankle defects

Objective: Peroneus brevis is a muscle in the leg which is expendable without much functional deficit. The objective of this study was to find out its usefulness in coverage of the defects of the lower leg and ankle. Patients and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the use of 39 pedicled peroneus brevis muscle flaps used for coverage of defects of the lower leg and ankle between November 2010 and December 2012 was carried out. The flaps were proximally based for defects of the lower third of the leg in 12 patients and distally based for reconstruction of defects of the ankle in 26 patients, with one patient having flaps on both ankles. Results: Partial flap loss in critical areas was found in four patients requiring further flap cover and in non-critical areas in two patients, which were managed with a skin graft. Three of the four critical losses occurred when we used it for covering defects over the medial malleolus. There was no complete flap loss in any of the patients. Conclusion: This flap has a unique vascular pattern and fails to fit into the classification of the vasculature of muscles by Mathes and Nahai. The unusual feature is an axial vessel system running down the deep aspect of the muscle and linking the perforators from the peroneal artery and anterior tibial artery, which allows it to be raised proximally or distally on a single perforator. The flap is simple to raise and safe for the reconstruction of small-to moderate-sized skin defects of the distal third of the tibia and all parts of the ankle except the medial malleolus, which is too far from the pedicle of the distally based flap. The donor site can be closed primarily to provide a linear scar. The muscle flap thins with time to provide a good result aesthetically at the primary defect.
Efficient In-Vehicle Delayed Data Authentication Based on Compound Message Authentication Codes

Modern vehicles contain an in-vehicle network consisting of a number of electronic control units (ECUs). These ECUs are responsible for most of the functionality in the vehicle, including vehicle control and maneuverability. To date, no security features exist in this network since it has been isolated. However, an upcoming trend among automobile manufacturers is to establish a wireless connection to the vehicle to provide remote diagnostics and software updates. As a consequence, the in-vehicle network is exposed to external communication, and a potential entry point for attackers is introduced. Messages sent on the in-vehicle network lack integrity protection and data authentication; thus, the network is vulnerable to injection and modification attacks. Due to the real-time constraints and the limited resources in the ECUs, achieving data authentication is a challenge. In this paper, we propose an efficient delayed data authentication using compound message authentication codes. A message authentication code is calculated on a compound of successive messages and sent together with the subsequent messages, resulting in a delayed authentication. This data authentication could be used to detect and possibly recover from injection and modification attacks in the in-vehicle network.
Convergent cross-mapping and pairwise asymmetric inference.

Convergent cross-mapping (CCM) is a technique for computing specific kinds of correlations between sets of times series. It was introduced by Sugihara et al. [Science 338, 496 (2012). ] and is reported to be "a necessary condition for causation" capable of distinguishing causality from standard correlation. We show that the relationships between CCM correlations proposed by Sugihara et al. do not, in general, agree with intuitive concepts of "driving" and as such should not be considered indicative of causality. It is shown that the fact that the CCM algorithm implies causality is a function of system parameters for simple linear and nonlinear systems. For example, in a circuit containing a single resistor and inductor, both voltage and current can be identified as the driver depending on the frequency of the source voltage. It is shown that the CCM algorithm, however, can be modified to identify relationships between pairs of time series that are consistent with intuition for the considered example systems for which CCM causality analysis provided nonintuitive driver identifications. This modification of the CCM algorithm is introduced as "pairwise asymmetric inference" (PAI) and examples of its use are presented.
Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Helicobacter pylori infection.

BACKGROUND/AIMS It is well known that patients with diabetes mellitus are more prone to infection. In patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic infections are frequent and severe, due to the impairment of their immune status. The aim of this study was to determine the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United Arab Emirates population. This is a case and control study comparison of type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic groups. The study was conducted at the primary health care clinics in United Arab Emirates during the period from June 2002 to August 2003. The study included 210 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and 210 non-diabetic subjects. METHODS Helicobacter pylori was assessed by histopathological examination by measuring antibody profiles (IgG and IgA) among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and the non-diabetic group. RESULTS The mean age of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients infected with Helicobacter pylori was 48.1 +/- 7.9 years compared to 46.7 +/- 5.4 years in the non-diabetic infected subjects. A positive antibody titer for Helicobacter pylori infection (IgA >or=300) was found in 76.7% of the diabetic subjects compared to 64.8% of the non-diabetic subjects (p<0.009). There was higher prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in diabetic obese patients than the non-diabetic subjects (23.6% vs 11.8%, p<0.001). Muscular (47.2%), gastrointestinal (29.8%), chronic bronchitis (22.4%), nausea (19.9%), anemia (18%), abdominal pain (12.4%), diarrhea (10.6%) and vomiting (7.5%) were more common in diabetic patients infected with Helicobacter pylori. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that there is a significant association between Helicobacter pylori infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Helicobacter pylori infection was significantly higher in diabetic obese patients than non-diabetic subjects.
Proctor Lecture 11 Epithlial Layer Lens Capsule Cortex Germinative Zone Bow Region Primary Lens Fibers

L he term "crystallin" applies to the major structural proteins responsible for the refractive properties of the lens. " The crystallins generally make up 90% or more of the total protein mass. The crystallins are tightly packed in the lens fiber cells (Fig. 1). In vertebrates, the most common crystallins are the a, /3, and y families. In birds and reptiles, there is another major lens protein, called the 5-crystallin. In recent years, many other crystallins have been identified in various species; these have been named taxon-specific crystallins". The great advances in protein and DNA sequencing in the past two decades, coupled with the availability of powerful computer systems for sequence analysis, have produced many surprises regarding the origin and properties of the lens crystallin. In 1982, Ingolia and Craig showed that mammalian a-crystallin is related to a family of small heat shock proteins in Drosophila. Sequence analysis of the taxon-specific crystallins showed them to be related or identical to various metabolic enzymes. For example, duck €-crystallin is identical to lactate dehydrogenase B4; 5-crystallin is related to a urea cycle enzyme, argininosuccinate lyase; and r-crystallin is related to a-enolase. Even lenses in the complex eyes of invertebrates have major structural proteins related to metabolic enzymes. For example, cephalopod crystallins are derived from glutathione-S-transferase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. These findings suggest that lens crystallins were recruited from functional enzymes to serve as structural proteins, hence the name "enzyme-crystallins. "Interestingly, in some cases, such as <5, e, and r, these recruited crystallins retained their enzymic activity. The dual function of these proteins, which can serve as structural proteins or enzymes, led
Immunogenicity and safety of an indigenously developed DTPw hepatitis B combination vaccine in Indian infants.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an indigenous hepatitis B, diphtheria, tetanus and B. pertussis tetravalent vaccine (Shantetra) in comparison with Tritanrix HBTM in healthy Indian infants. DESIGN Multicentric, randomized, single blind intention-to-treat study with 12-18 weeks of follow up period. SETTING 5 out patient departments at tertiary care referral centers across India. PARTICIPANTS 151 infants were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to recruit 101 in the Shantetra and 50 in the Tritanrix HBTM groups respectively. A total of 136 subjects completed the study. No patients were withdrawn from the study due to any adverse effects. INTERVENTIONS Recruited subjects were randomized to receive three doses of either of the two DTPw-Hepatitis B combination vaccines as per the EPI schedule. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Monitoring the humoral immune response (seroconversion rates) induced by each antigenic component three to six weeks after the last dose of vaccine in both the groups. RESULTS Seroprotective immune response was observed in 98.9% subjects for diphtheria, tetanus and hepatitis B components in the Shantetra group as compared to 95.5% subjects in the Tritanrix HB group. Anti pertussis antibody response was seen in 89% and 91.1% in the Shantetra and Tritanrix HB groups, respectively. The commonly observed adverse events in both the groups were, pain at injection site, mild fever and transient crying. CONCLUSION The safety and immunogenicity of indigenously developed DTPwHepatitis B combination vaccine was demonstrated in the present study.
Articular calcified cartilage canals in the third metacarpal bone of 2‐year‐old thoroughbred racehorses

We describe morphological aspects of the articular calcified cartilage mineralizing front ‘tidemark’ in the distal joint surface of the third metacarpal bone from 14 horses. Compositional backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning light microscopy were conducted on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)‐embedded medio‐lateral slices. After maceration, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study the calcified cartilage surface in the ‘wedges’ intervening between the slices. An anatomically reproducible clustering of canals in the calcified cartilage was found at one site on the sagittal ridge in all the horses. The site is one that is relatively less loaded during joint function. These canals through calcified cartilage result from osteoclastic resorption (cutting cones) penetrating from bone through to the non‐mineralized hyaline articular cartilage. Their presence may indicate a pathway for connection between bone and cartilage extracellular fluid. In one horse, repair of such canals by plugging with new calcified cartilage was demonstrated. Differences in the degree of mineralization of regions of cartilage were seen in the combined compositional‐cum‐topographical backscattered SEM images of the macerated ‘tidemark’ front. More‐or‐less circular patches of lower mineralization density were frequently centred on (and may possibly originate from) canals. These microanatomical features should be searched for in other joints, at other ages and in other species to discover their frequency and significance.
Relationship between exercise and persistent hyperarousal symptoms of PTSD

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is an anxiety disorder that is experienced by many individuals here in our nation and around the globe (Dimassi, Farhood, & Lehtinen, 2006; Kritz-Silverstein et al., 2009). The current U.S. PTSD prevalence rate is 7.8%, with estimates worldwide ranging widely from 1%-40% (Glynn, Marshall, Schell, & Shetty, 2006). Recently there has been a dramatic increase in PTSD symptoms and diagnosis in our country due in large part to the record number of military service members returning back from a two theatre war in the Middle-East (Cozza, 2005). Recently, hyperarousal symptomatology has been implicated as a key indicator in the diagnosis of PTSD when compared to other symptom clusters as listed in the DSM-IV-TR (Glynn et al., 2006; Schell, Jaycox, & Marshall, 2004) as well as strong predictor of subsequent expression and severity of PTSD symptomatology (Glynn et al., 2006). Efficacious treatments are needed that reduce symptoms of increased arousal quickly and with relatively few side effects. This study investigated the relationship between exercise and hyperarousal symptoms in a sample of college students. The sample consisted of 65 undergraduate students from Humboldt State University. Participants completed the Hyperarousal Scale (Cartensen, Edell-Gustafsson, Regestein, Svanborg, & Swahn, 2006), which is a 26-item self-report inventory that measures response to unexpected stimuli and other behaviors involved in human physiological arousal, and the Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ; Godin & Shephard, 1985) which was used to assess the physical activity levels of individuals over a 7-day period. Participants also completed a scale that directly reflects the symptoms as listed in Category D of the PTSD section of the DSM-IV-TR (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000). It was hypothesized that there would be a negative correlation between an individual? s weekly leisure-time exertion and reported hyperarousal symptoms as measured by the HAS and DSM-IV-TR criteria for hyperarousal (FSS) as well as group differences between reported frequency of exercise and hyperarousal as measured by the HAS and FSS. A negative relationship was found between individuals who self-reported greater levels of weekly leisure-time exertion and hyperarousal symptomatology as reported by both the HAS and FSS. Group differences were also found between individuals who self-reported exercising more often than individuals who reported sometimes or rarely/never.
Learning Russian Case Endings Through Model Sentences

This thesis has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by majority vote has been found to be satisfactory. As chair of the candidate's graduate committee, I have read the thesis of Sara Lyn Jensen in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university and department style requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library. Master of Arts The current study examines aspects of the Russian language that are particularly challenging for English-speaking students. It focuses on the complexity of Russian's grammatical morphology, specifically Russian case endings. In this study, methods and theories from the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) are reviewed to support a study aide designed by the author to help students with the acquisition of Russian case endings. The proposed study aide consists of 24 sentences composed of high-frequency Russian words. The 24 sentences contain all regular (approximately 75) Russian case endings. The purpose of the model sentences is to teach case forms using a concrete language referent that can be manipulated during spontaneous speech. The proposed method was tested at the Missionary Training Center (MTC) in Provo, Utah to verify its validity in a formal classroom setting. Two sets of missionaries learning Russian were tested on their acquisition of Russian case forms over a period of three weeks. The control group, consisting of 34 missionaries, was tested first. This group was given the Russian case paradigm chart traditionally used at the MTC as a study aide for learning Russian case endings. The test group, consisting of 22 missionaries, was tested second. This group was given the model sentences in place of the traditional paradigm chart as a study aide for learning Russian case endings. The test-group missionaries were asked to memorize the model sentences. Each group was given a pretest on their knowledge of case forms on their first formal day of instruction. Three weeks later, they took a posttest. Missionaries from the test group were also given a quiz to test their knowledge of the model sentences. Gain scores for the two groups were analyzed statistically using a Two-way ANOVA (analysis of variance), finding the treatment for the control group (the paradigm …
Effects of surface tension on the adhesive contact of a rigid sphere to a compliant substrate.

In problems of indentation of an elastic half-space by a rigid sphere, the effects of surface tension outside the contact zone are not accounted for by classical theories of contact mechanics. However surface tension plays a dominant role in determining the mechanics of this adhesive contact when the half-space becomes very compliant and the sphere is very small. Using a finite element method (FEM), we present a numerical solution of such a problem, showing the transition between the classical Johnson-Kendall-Roberts (JKR) deformation and a liquid-like deformation in the absence of external load and gravity. The numerical model is in good agreement with previous experiments [R. W. Style et al., Nat. Commun. , 2013, 4, 2728].
Management strategies for abnormal early pregnancy: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

OBJECTIVE To assess the potential effectiveness and costs of 4 commonly used strategies to manage abnormal early pregnancies (AEPs). STUDY DESIGN A decision analysis model was constructed to compare 4 strategies to manage AEPs: (1) observation, (2) medical management, (3) manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), and (4) dilation and curettage (D&C). RESULTS MVA was the most cost-effective strategy, at dollar 793 per cure, for a total cost of dollar 377 million per 500,000 women and a cure rate of 95%. D&C was more effective than MVA, with a cure rate of 99%, but was more expensive (dollar 2,333 per cure, for a total cost of dollar 1.2 billion). D&C cured 20,000 more patients than MVA; however, at a substantial cost of dollar 38,925 per additional cure. With other estimates at baseline, MVA remained more cost-effective than D&C until the efficacy of MVA was < 82% or the cost of D&C was < dollar 240. CONCLUSION MVA is the most cost-effective strategy for managing AEP and would be appropriate in settings in which resources are limited. D&C remains a reasonable strategy; however, one must spend dollar 38,925 per additional cure. In the United States, MVA would save dollar 779 million per year relative to D&C.
Prediction of Transition to Chronic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation by Signal- Averaged Electrocardiography

Background It is well known that paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) often precedes the establishment of chronic atrial fibrillation (CAF). However, there have been no definite methods to predict the transition from PAF to CAF. The purpose of this report was to determine prospectively whether P-wave–triggered signal-averaged ECG (P-SAE) is useful for the prediction of the transition to CAF in patients with PAF. Methods and Results One hundred twenty-two consecutive patients with PAF were prospectively followed after P-SAE, echocardiography, and 24-hour Holter monitoring at study entry. The duration (Ad) and root-mean-square voltage for the last 30 ms (LP30) of the filtered P wave were measured in P-SAE. The abnormality of P-SAE for the prediction of transition to CAF was defined as Ad ≥145 ms and LP30 <3.0 μV. Twenty-three (19%; group 1) of the patients had the abnormality of P-SAE, whereas the others (group 2) did not. During the follow-up period (mean, 26±12 months), 10 patients (43%) in group 1 acquir.
Effect of training on insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle.

During insulin stimulation whole body glucose uptake is increased in trained compared with untrained humans. However, it is not known which tissue is responsible. Seven young male subjects bicycle trained one leg for 10 wk at 70% of maximal O2 consumption (VO2max). Sixteen hours after last exercise bout, a three-step euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (clamp 1) was performed (insulin levels, means +/- SE: 9 +/- 1, 53 +/- 3, 174 +/- 5, and 2,323 +/- 80 was microU/ml), with measurement of arteriovenous differences and blood flow in both legs. After 6 days of detraining subjects were restudied, having exercised the untrained leg 16 h before. VO2max for trained (T) and untrained (UT) legs was 52 +/- 2 vs. 44 +/- 2 ml.min-1.kg-1 (P < 0.05). In clamp 1 glucose uptake in T and UT legs was 1.0 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.1 mg.min-1.kg-1 (basal), 9.7 +/- 2.3 vs. 6.7 +/- 1.7 (P < 0.05) (step I), 19.2 +/- 2.8 vs. 14.3 +/- 2.0 (P < 0.05) (step II), and 22.8 +/- 2.3 vs. 18.6 +/- 2.2 (P < 0.05) (step III). During insulin infusion lactate release (P < 0.05) [8.9 +/- 1.8 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 mumol.min-1.kg-1 (step I), 24.6 +/- 3.1 vs. 12.5 +/- 2.6 (step III)] and glycogen storage (P < 0.1) calculated by indirect calorimetry [6.7 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.0 +/- 1.7 mg.min-1.kg-1 (step I), 16.8 +/- 2.1 vs. 14.1 +/- 1.8 (step III)] were always higher in T than in UT legs. Release of glycerol, free fatty acids, and tyrosine and clearance of insulin were not influenced by training. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake was not increased after detraining or a single bout of exercise. In conclusion, training increases sensitivity and responsiveness of insulin-mediated glucose uptake in human muscle by local mechanisms. Glycolysis and glycogen storage are equally enhanced. The training effect represents a genuine adaptation to repeated exercise but is short lived. Insulin clearance in muscle is not influenced by training.
Corporate attitudes toward health care costs.

W IT H T H E G O V E R N M E N T S T R A I N I N G T O M E E T its health benefit obligations to the poor and the elderly, it is not surprising that some policy analysts see the development of an alliance between business and government as the only effective means to control inflation in the health sector. Most Americans receive health benefits from their employers rather than from government (Carroll and Arnett, 1979). Rising health care costs, however, affect all purchasers of health care services. Government action alone has been unable to limit the growth in these costs. An aroused business community could make the difference if it added its purchasing power to that of government in an effort to discipline the utilization and pricing of health care services. Businesses are certainly important purchasers of health care services, buying annually tens of billions of dollars worth of care on behalf of their employees. Many observers believe that firms, because of these expenditures, are a potential force for health sector reform (Council on Wage and Price Stability, 1976; Havighurst, 1978; Altman, 1978). The view they offer is that firms, especially the largest, are concerned about increases in health care costs; are seeking to improve