Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Review Article: Methods for Fault Detection, Diagnostics, and Prognostics for Building Systems—A Review, Part I

Part II of this article will be published in Volume 11, Number 2, April 2005. Poorly maintained, degraded, and improperly controlled equipment wastes an estimated 15% to 30% of energy used in commercial buildings. Much of this waste could be prevented with widespread adoption of automated condition-based maintenance. Automated fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) along with prognostics provide a cornerstone for condition-based maintenance of engineered systems. Although FDD has been an active area of research in other fields for more than a decade, applications for heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVAC&R) and other building systems have lagged those in other industries. Nonetheless, over the last decade there has been considerable research and development targeted toward developing FDD methods for HVAC&R equipment. Despite this research, there are still only a handful of FDD tools that are deployed in the field. This paper is the first of a two-part review of methods for automated FDD and prognostics whose intent is to increase awareness of the HVAC&R research and development community to the body of FDD and prognostics developments in other fields as well as advancements in the field of HVAC&R. This first part of the review focuses on generic FDD and prognostics, providing a framework for categorizing methods, describing them, and identifying their primary strengths and weaknesses. The second paper in this review, to be published in the April 2005 International Journal of HVAC&R Research, will address research and applications specific to the fields of HVAC&R
Figurative Language in Anger Expressions in Tunisian Arabic: An Extended View of Embodiment

The work of Lakoff (1987), Lakoff and Kovecses (1987), and Kovecses (1990, 2000a, 2002) on anger situates it within the bounds of "PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF AN EMOTION STAND FOR THE EMOTION," thus implying a universal form of physiological embodiment for anger. The main contribution of this article is that anger in Tunisian Arabic (TA) shows many more dimensions of embodiment than physiological embodiment. Anger in TA comes as physiological embodiment, culturally specific embodiment, and culturally tainted embodiment. Similar to English, physiological embodiment yields expressions of anger where the part of the body used for conceptualization is also actually physiologically affected. Culturally specific embodiment involves parts of the body that are culturally correlated with the emotion of anger. Culturally tainted embodiment uses animal behaviors and cultural ecological features to taint physiologically embodied anger expressions. These types of embodiment are shown to generally correlate physiology-based anger with metonymy, and culture-based anger with metaphor.
Ultrastructural analysis of somatostatin‐immunoreactive neurons and synapses in the temporal and occipital cortex of the macaque monkey

Somatostatin‐containing neurons and terminals have been analyzed in monkey temporal and occipital cortex by using light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. An antibody against Somatostatin‐28(1–12), that was shown previously preferentially to label fibers (Morrison et al.: Brain Research 262:344–351, 1983), was utilized. As expected, few cell bodies were labeled. At the electron microscopic level, labeled cells presented a characteristic asymmetric position of the nucleus and very few symmetric or asymmetric synapses on the somatic surface. In all areas examined, somatostatin fibers formed a dense plexus in the most superficial layers (I‐upper III). The density of labeled fibers in intermediate (deep III–IV) and deep layers (V–VI) varied considerably among areas. The synaptic relationships of the immunoreactive fibers were analyzed and postsynaptic targets quantified in V1, V2, and the superior and inferior temporal gyrus (STG and ITG, respectively). The synapses formed by somatostatin‐labeled boutons were of the symmetric type (type II) and the primary postsynaptic targets were dendritic shafts. No regional differences were found in the distribution of the postsynaptic targets in layers I‐upper III. The pattern of synapses in the deep layers was examined in STG. The frequency and distribution of postsynaptic targets was similar to the superficial layers of STG and the other temporal and occipital regions. In intermediate layers of the temporal cortex areas there was an increase in the proportion of synapses on dendritic spines. In a correlated light and electron microscopic analysis we examined synapses made by radial fibers in these regions and found that although the main targets are distal dendritic shafts, almost 40% of synapses were on dendritic spines. We suggest that the radial fibers may originate from a specialized interneuron, previously described as the double bouquet cell, and that this particular subset of somatostatin‐containing double bouquet cells is likely to exhibit a very high degree of regional heterogeneity with a preference for association cortices with extensive cortico‐cortical convergence.
A gene's eye view of epistasis, selection and speciation

In this mini‐review, I discuss the effects of gene interaction or epistasis from a `gene's eye view. ' By a `gene's eye view' of epistasis, I mean that I will consider a single, bi‐allelic locus, A, whose effects on fitness result only from its interactions with alleles of another, unknown locus, X. I will show how changes in the frequencies of alleles at the background locus affect the relationship of alleles at the A‐locus to fitness. Changing the genetic background changes the fundamental characteristics of the A‐locus, such as the magnitude and sign of allelic effects on fitness, and, consequently, it changes the strength and pattern of selection. I consider each of the four kinds of pair–wise interactions between two loci and show that some kinds of epistasis are more sensitive than others to population genetic subdivision. Lastly, I show that some kinds of epistasis are more likely than others to affect the process of speciation and contribute to or be responsible for general genetic features of interspecific hybrids, such as Haldane's rule.
WORKING WITH OLDER PERSONS: STUDENT VIEWS AND EXPERIENCES

This article examines data from a study of 146 female and 26 male graduate (96) and undergraduate (67) students designed to identify what characteristics influence students' knowledge of and interest in working with older persons. This study found a strong positive relationship between the number of a student's personal and professional experiences with older persons and his or her level of interest in working with older persons.
Crime Victims Confront Their Offenders: The Impact of a Minneapolis Mediation Program

Social workers are playing an increasingly active role in the emerging field of mediation. This article presents the findings of an evaluation of a victim offender mediation program. The study is based on a quasi-experimental design involving 516 interviews with 441 crime victims and juvenile offenders, including pre- and postmediation interviews and involving two comparison groups. The vast majority of victims and offenders experienced the mediation process and outcome (restitution agreement) as fair and were satisfied with the program. Significantly greater victim satisfaction and perception of fairness, as well as higher restitution completion rates by offenders, were found
Alcohol Consumption, Outcome Expectancies, and Victimization Status Among Female College Students

The present study examined differences in the extent of alcohol consumption and endorsement of alcohol-related outcome expectancies between victims of alcohol- or drug-related sexual assault, victims of non-alcohol- or non-drug-related sexual assault, and nonvictim controls. The alcohol consumption patterns alcohol outcome expectancies and victimization status of 176 female college students were assessed. Results indicated that relative to nonvictims and victims of non-alcohol- or non-drug-related sexual assault, victims of alcohol- or drug-related sexual assault reported more frequent and greater alcohol consumption and a greater extent of endorsement of alcohol outcome expectancies. Furthermore. extent of alcohol consumption was associated with different alcohol expectancy outcomes for each group. Implications for the prevention of sexual assault and directions for future research are discussed.
Aggressive Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Maxillary Sinus in a 43-Year-Old Male: Rare Case Report and Review of Literature

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor, mostly involving the minor salivary glands. Herein, we present a case of ACC in a 43-year-old man with symptoms of dental abscess as the initial presentation of the tumor. In spiral computed tomography (CT) scan, soft tissue mass with the erosion of maxillary sinus wall on the right side of the alveolar ridge was evident. Histopathological examination of the excised tumor with immunohistochemical studies (C-kit, Vimentin, pan-cytokeratin, p53, p63, and ki67 positive reaction) confirmed grade 2 ACC in the maxillary sinus. The patient underwent hemimaxillectomy and right-neck dissection. Due to the extension of tumor cells excessively into the surrounding tissues and involvement of orbital bone, complete and total resection of the tumor with safe margins could not be done. After surgery, adjuvant radiotherapy was considered for the patient. At the end of treatment, the patient lost his eye vision. Seventeen months from initial diagnosis, he was still alive without lung or distant metastasis.
Becoming Aware of Feelings: Integration of Cognitive-Developmental, Neuroscientific, and Psychoanalytic Perspectives

A fundamental ingredient of psychoanalytic treatment is the ability of the analysand to become consciously aware of his or her own emotional responses. We propose that the conscious awareness of emotion is a type of information processing that can be viewed as a separate domain of cognitive function, that the transition from unconscious (implicit) to conscious (explicit) aspects of emotion can be understood developmentally in the manner described by Piaget for cognitive functions generally, and that explicit emotional processes have a modulatory effect on implicit processes. We then present a parallel hierarchical model of the neural substrates of emotional experience supported by recent neuroimaging work. We describe how the neural substrates of implicit and explicit aspects of emotion are dissociable, and we discuss the neural substrates of implicit aspects of emotion, background feelings, focal attention to feelings, and reflective awareness of feelings. This framework constitutes an alternative to traditional psychoanalytic understandings of insight. We conclude by discussing the implications of this model for psychoanalysis, including the nature of clinical change, the psychological processes involved in change with and without insight, and a framework for conceptualizing how to promote emotional change in a variety of clinical settings.
The lateral root initiation index: an integrative measure of primordium formation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lateral root initiation is an essential and continuous process in the formation of root systems; therefore, its quantitative analysis is indispensable. In this study a new measure of lateral root initiation is proposed and analysed, namely the lateral root initiation index (I(LRI)), which defines how many lateral roots and/or primordia are formed along a parent-root portion corresponding to 100 cortical cells in a file. METHODS For data collection, a commonly used root clearing procedure was employed, and a new simple root clearing procedure is also proposed. The I(LRI) was determined as 100dl, where d is the density of lateral root initiation events (number mm(-1)) and l is the average fully elongated cortical cell length (mm). KEY RESULTS Analyses of different Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes and of a crop plant, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), showed that I(LRI) is a more precise parameter than others commonly used as it normalizes root growth for variations in cell length. Lateral root primordium density varied in the A. thaliana accessions Col, Ler, Ws, and C24; however, in all accessions except Ws, I(LRI) was similar under the same growth conditions. The nitrogen/carbon ratio in the growth medium did not change the lateral root primordium density but did affect I(LRI). The I(LRI) was also modified in a number of auxin-related mutants, revealing new root branching phenotypes in some of these mutants. The rate of lateral root initiation increased with Arabidopsis seedling age; however, I(LRI) was not changed in plants between 8 and 14 d post-germination. CONCLUSIONS The I(LRI) allows for a more precise comparison of lateral root initiation under different growth conditions, treatments, genotypes and plant species than other comparable methods.
Monitoring Neuro-Motor Recovery From Stroke With High-Resolution EEG, Robotics and Virtual Reality: A Proof of Concept

A novel system for the neuro-motor rehabilitation of upper limbs was validated in three sub-acute post-stroke patients. The system permits synchronized cortical and kinematic measures by integrating high-resolution EEG, passive robotic device and Virtual Reality. The brain functional re-organization was monitored in association with motor patterns replicating activities of daily living (ADL). Patients underwent 13 rehabilitation sessions. At sessions 1, 7 and 13, clinical tests were administered to assess the level of motor impairment, and EEG was recorded during rehabilitation task execution. For each session and rehabilitation task, four kinematic indices of motor performance were calculated and compared with the outcome of clinical tests. Functional source maps were obtained from EEG data and projected on the real patients' anatomy (MRI data). Laterality indices were calculated for hemispheric dominance assessment. All patients showed increased participation in the rehabilitation process. Cortical activation changes during recovery were detected in relation to different motor patterns, hence verifying the system's suitability to add quantitative measures of motor performance and neural recovery to classical tests. We conclude that this system seems a promising tool for novel robot-based rehabilitation paradigms tailored to individual needs and neuro-motor responses of the patients.
Neurally mediated syncope and unexplained or nonaccidental falls in the elderly

Falls and syncope are among the leading causes for which older patients seek hospital admissions. The prevalence of unexplained or nonaccidental falls is high in this group. The clinical spectrum of falls and syncope has been shown to overlap significantly in the elderly. Carotid sinus syndrome and vasovagal syncope, the two common examples of neurally mediated syncope (NMS), have been increasingly recognised as important attributable causes for unexplained falls and syncope. However, in clinical practice NMS is not widely investigated as a cause of fall and is likely to be underdiagnosed.
Reduction of muscle activity during repeated reach and retrieval with gravity compensation in stroke patients

Active movement of the affected arm is important in the training of arm function after stroke. By supporting the weight of the arm during movements, either in conventional treatment or in other approaches such as robot-aided therapy, active arm movements can be facilitated. Studies into the influence of arm support display encouraging results for its use in post-stroke arm rehabilitation. The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of gravity compensation on muscle activity during reach and retrieval movements of stroke patients. Eight stroke patients performed repeated reach and retrieval movements with and without gravity compensation. Comparison of muscle activity of shoulder and elbow muscles in both conditions showed that the level of muscle activity was reduced with gravity compensation, while movement execution was comparable. This implies that gravity compensation may facilitate active use of the arm during post-stroke rehabilitation.
Predictors of letter knowledge in children growing in poverty

This study examined the influence of phonological processing abilities on letter knowledge and letter learning in 1st grade children growing in poverty. At the beginning of the school year, 59 first graders were evaluated with tests measuring phonological awareness, phonological memory and rapid naming. Letter knowledge was assessed at the beginning and at the end of the year. All phonological processing abilities predicted letter knowledge at time 1, with phonological awareness producing the largest effect. However, only phonological memory predicted additional letter learning during the school year, once initial letter knowledge was taken into account.
Preventing lottery ticket sales to minors: factors influencing retailers' compliance behaviour

Despite legal prohibitions to restrict the availability of lottery products to minors, research shows a high prevalence of lottery playing among adolescents. This study examined factors influencing vendor compliance with minimum-age legislation to better understand how underage youth acquire lottery products. To provide perspective, accessibility to lottery products and alcohol was compared. Six under-age youths (three males, three females; mean 15.8 years) each attempted to purchase a scratch card, a beer, or both products in a sample of convenience stores (494 purchase attempts). Results revealed that only a moderate proportion of vendors (60%) were compliant with existing statutes. The gender of the purchaser and vendor, and the type of store were found to be significant in the prediction of youths' ability to purchase controlled products. Results suggest possible mechanisms involved in the compliance or non-compliance with regulations, and imply considerations for awareness-raising among vendors in terms of controlled products.
Seizures and Epilepsy in Alzheimer's Disease

Many studies have shown that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are at increased risk for developing seizures and epilepsy. However, reported prevalence and incidence of seizures and relationship of seizures to disease measures such as severity, outcome, and progression vary widely between studies. We performed a literature review of the available clinical and epidemiological data on the topic of seizures in patients with AD. We review seizure rates and types, risk factors for seizures, electroencephalogram (EEG) studies, and treatment responses. Finally, we consider limitations and methodological issues. There is considerable variability in the reported prevalence and incidence of seizures in patients with AD—with reported lifetime prevalence rates of 1.5–64%. More recent, prospective, and larger studies in general report lower rates. Some, but not all, studies have noted increased seizure risk with increasing dementia severity or with younger age of AD onset. Generalized convulsive seizures are the most commonly reported type, but often historical information is the only basis used to determine seizure type and the manifestation of seizures may be difficult to distinguish from other behaviors common in demented patients. EEG has infrequently been performed and reported. Data on treatment of seizures in AD are extremely limited. Similarly, the relationship between seizures and cognitive impairment in AD is unclear. We conclude that the literature on seizures and epilepsy in AD, including diagnosis, risk factors, and response to treatment suffers from methodological limitations and gaps.
Association of serum AACT levels and AACT signal polymorphism with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease in Northern Ireland

α1‐antichymotrypsin (AACT) is a serine protease inhibitor that has been associated with amyloid plaques in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). It has been reported that AACT serum levels are higher in AD patients than in age and sex matched controls. In addition, polymorphisms in the signal peptide and 5′ of the AACT gene have been reported to increase the risk of developing AD. Serum AACT has also been suggested to be associated with cognitive decline in elderly subjects. Our objective was to investigate whether a relationship existed between serum AACT levels, AACT genotypes and risk for AD in a case control association study using 108 clinically well defined late onset AD cases and 108 age and sex matched controls from Northern Ireland. We also wished to determine whether higher serum AACT affected levels of cognition as had been previously reported. Serum AACT levels were found to be significantly raised in cases compared to controls (t=3.8, df=209, p<0.001). However, we detected no relationship between serum AACT levels and cognitive decline. We report allelic association of the AACT signal polymorphism with AD (χ2=3.70, df=1, p=0.04) but we failed to show any correlation between AACT serum levels and genotype. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in the Occupational Returns to Educational Credentials in the Dutch Labor Market: Changes in Structures and in the Association?

In this article, we determine changes in the relationship between education and the labor market in The Netherlands since 1960, for which both developments in the distribution of the labor force according to educational attainment and level of occupation (structural changes) and shifts in the mechanism to allocate educated individuals to occupational positions (which modify the net association between education and occupation) are used. To observe both developments, we make use of data from the 1960 Census and four Labor Force Surveys held in 1973, 1977, 1985, and 1991. Loglinear analysis shows that the association between education and occupation has altered. We conclude that changes in the relationship between education and occupation are not only the result of structural changes, but also the outcome of changes in the way educated individuals are allocated to jobs. These shifts in the allocation mechanism are largely connected with the state of the business cycle: in times of high unemployment, employers increasingly select employees on the basis of their education. We also find some support for modernization theory, but as soon as the state of the business cycle is accounted for, the impact of modernization becomes non-significant.
Consumer Behavior in the United States: Implications for Social Security Reform

This article shows theoretically and empirically that an aggregate Euler equation relates the growth rate of per capita consumption to the real interest rate, the ratio of private wealth plus asset income to consumption, and the ratio of social security wealth to consumption. Using the estimated Euler equation, the paper then calculates the steady-state effects of social security reform. Reforms that reduce the ratio of social security wealth to consumption are found to shift the balanced growth paths for the capital stock, output, and consumption upward appreciably. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press.
Child Rearing and Education in Urban Environments

In this article, the authors use in-depth interviews of African American fathers in an urban setting to explore their fathering attitudes and behaviors. From the qualitative data, four general themes emerge: paternal beliefs and modes of functioning, strength and resiliency, racial socialization of children, and fathers as teachers in the home. The findings lend support to the burgeoning reconceptualization of the role of the Black father in urban America. The self-descriptions of African American fathers provide evidence that urban African American fathers are important, vital, and active forces in their children's achievement development.