Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Competency of Pre-Service Classroom Teachers’ Regarding the Learning-Teaching Process in a Music Course: Implementation from a Turkish University

This study was a descriptive study that evaluated pre-service classroom teachers’ competencies in regarding the learning-teaching process in a music course. The study made use of a general screening model. Participants of the research is consists of pre-service classroom teachers taking music and music teaching course at the primary school teaching department of the Education Faculty at a university located in Mediterranean region of Turkey during spring semester of 2014-2015 academic year. This study has employed “criterion sampling method”, one of the purposive sampling methods. The "personal information form", a questionnaire prepared by the researcher, and the evaluation form for performance indicators pertaining to the learning-teaching process were used in the research as data collection tools. The findings of the study revealed that although pre-service teachers generally considered themselves rather competent in the learning-teaching process of music courses, the evaluation of the observation forms based on performance indicators prepared by the researcher showed that their competencies in lesson planning, material preparation, organization of learning environments, and time management considered as less competent. Keywords: Pre-service classroom teachers, learning-teaching process, music course.
Exploring parameter space in detailed single neuron models: simulations of the mitral and granule cells of the olfactory bulb.

1. Detailed compartmental computer simulations of single mitral and granule cells of the vertebrate olfactory bulb were constructed using previously published geometric data. Electrophysiological properties were determined by comparing model output to previously published experimental data, mainly current-clamp recordings. 2. The passive electrical properties of each model were explored by comparing model output with intracellular potential data from hyperpolarizing current injection experiments. The results suggest that membrane resistivity in both cells is nonuniform, with somatas having a substantially lower resistivity than the dendrites. 3. The active properties of these cells were explored by incorporating active ion channels into modeled compartments. On the basis of evidence from the literature, the mitral cell model included six channel types: fast sodium, fast delayed rectifier (Kfast), slow delayed rectifier (K), transient outward potassium current (KA), voltage- and calcium-dependent potassium current (KCa), and L-type calcium current. The granule cell model included four channel types: rat brain sodium, K, KA, and the non-inactivating muscarinic potassium current (KM). Modeled channels were based on the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism. 4. Representative kinetics for each of the channel classes above were obtained from the literature. The experimentally unknown spatial distributions of each included channel were obtained by systematic parameter searches. These were conducted in two ways: large-scale simulation series, in which each parameter was varied in turn, and an adaptation of a multidimensional conjugate gradient method. In each case, the simulated results were compared wtih experimental data using a curve-matching function evaluating mean squared differences of several aspects of the simulated and experimental voltage waveforms. 5. Systematic parameter variations revealed a single distinct region of parameter space in which the mitral cell model best fit the data. This region of parameter space was also very robust to parameter variations. Specifically, optimum performance was obtained when calcium and slow K channels were concentrated in the glomeruli, with a lower density in the soma and proximal secondary dendrites. The distribution of sodium and fast potassium channels, on the other hand, was highest at the soma and axon, with a much lighter distribution throughout the secondary dendrites. The KA and KCa channels were also concentrated near the soma. 6. The parameter search of the granule cell model was much less restrained by experimental data. Several parameter regimes were found that gave a good match to the data. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, and the registration of decision costs

Human choice behavior takes account of internal decision costs: people show a tendency to avoid making decisions in ways that are computationally demanding and subjectively effortful. Here, we investigate neural processes underlying the registration of decision costs. We report two functional MRI experiments that implicate lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in this function. In Experiment 1, LPFC activity correlated positively with a self-report measure of costs as this measure varied over blocks of simple decisions. In Experiment 2, LPFC activity also correlated with individual differences in effort-based choice, taking on higher levels in subjects with a strong tendency to avoid cognitively demanding decisions. These relationships persisted even when effects of reaction time and error were partialled out, linking LPFC activity to subjectively experienced costs and not merely to response accuracy or time on task. In contrast to LPFC, dorsomedial frontal cortex—an area widely implicated in performance monitoring—showed no relationship to decision costs independent of overt performance. Previous work has implicated LPFC in executive control. Our results thus imply that costs may be registered based on the degree to which control mechanisms are recruited during decision-making.
Validation of NOAA-Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS) by Comparison with Ground-Based Measurements over Continental United States

In this study, daily maps of snow cover distribution and sea ice extent produced by NOAA’s interactive multisensor snow and ice mapping system (IMS) were validated using in situ snow depth data from observing stations obtained from NOAA’s National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) for calendar years 2006 to 2010. IMS provides daily maps of snow and sea ice extent within the Northern Hemisphere using data from combination of geostationary and polar orbiting satellites in visible, infrared and microwave spectrums. Statistical correspondence between the IMS and in situ point measurements has been evaluated assuming that ground measurements are discrete and continuously distributed over a 4 km IMS snow cover maps. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) land and snow classification data are supplemental datasets used in the further analysis of correspondence between the IMS product and in situ measurements. The comparison of IMS maps with in situ snow observations conducted over a period of four years has demonstrated a good correspondence of the data sets. The daily rate of agreement between the products mostly ranges between 80% and 90% during the Northern Hemisphere through the winter seasons when about a quarter to one third of the territory of continental US is covered with snow. Further, better agreement was observed for stations recording higher snow depth. The uncertainties in validation of IMS snow product with stationed NCDC data were discussed.
Thermal Influence of CNT on the Polyamide 12 Nanocomposite for Selective Laser Sintering

The thermal influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the PA12 in the laser sintering process was assessed by physical experiments and a three dimensional simulation model. It appears that, by adding the CNTs into the PA12 matrix, the thermal conductivity increased. A double ellipsoidal heat flux model was applied to input a three dimensional, continuous moving, volumetric laser heat source. The predicted three dimensional temperature distributions suggested that the laser heat was conducted wider and deeper in the PA12-CNT sample than PA12. Greater heat conduction can reduce the interspace between two successive layers, and result in the increase of the parts’ density and properties.
Fast Sampling for Bayesian Max-Margin Models

Bayesian max-margin models have shown superiority in various practical applications, such as text categorization, collaborative prediction, social network link prediction and crowdsourcing, and they conjoin the flexibility of Bayesian modeling and predictive strengths of max-margin learning. However, Monte Carlo sampling for these models still remains challenging, especially for applications that involve large-scale datasets. In this paper, we present the stochastic subgradient Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) methods, which are easy to implement and computationally efficient. We show the approximate detailed balance property of subgradient HMC which reveals a natural and validated generalization of the ordinary HMC. Furthermore, we investigate the variants that use stochastic subsampling and thermostats for better scalability and mixing. Using stochastic subgradient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), we efficiently solve the posterior inference task of various Bayesian max-margin models and extensive experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
Height, Sitting Height, and Leg Length in Relation with Breast Cancer Risk in the E3N Cohort

Background: If height is a well-established risk factor for breast cancer, leg length and sitting height are usually considered as better candidate biomarkers of growth hormone exposure than height, respectively, in pre- and postpuberty. Methods: Risk of breast cancer associated with quartiles of height, sitting height, and leg length were estimated in the French E3N cohort (N = 50,704, including 2,065 breast cancer cases), stratified on both menopausal and hormone receptor statuses. Results: Height was associated with an increased postmenopausal breast cancer risk [HR = 1.22 (1.06–1.41) when comparing extreme categories, Ptrend = 0.002], which was exclusively driven by the association with leg length [HR = 1.21 (1.05–1.39), Ptrend = 0.013] and not sitting height [HR = 1.03 (0.89–1.18), Ptrend = 0.379]. Leg length was associated with an increased ER+ breast cancer risk in postmenopausal [HR = 1.24 (1.06–1.46), Ptrend = 0.004], whereas sitting height was associated with a borderline decreased ER− premenopausal breast cancer risk [HR = 0.45 (0.20–1.01), Ptrend = 0.011]. The positive associations observed in the overall population between leg length and breast cancer risk were actually restricted to women who had a short birth length [HR = 1.82 (1.22–2.72), Ptrend = 0.022] and those with a low birth weight [HR = 1.43 (1.00–2.04), Ptrend = 0.054]. Conclusion: The two components of height risk are differentially associated with breast cancer risk: leg length with an increased risk of postmenopausal ER+ tumors and sitting height with a decreased risk of premenopausal ER− tumors. Impact: Future prospective studies should no longer consider height a single risk factor for breast cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 21(7); 1171–5. ©2012 AACR.
PEMBELAJARAN FISIKA MELALUI KONSTRUKTIVISME MENGGUNAKAN METODE INKUIRI TERBIMBING DAN INKUIRI BEBAS TERMODIFIKASI DITINJAU DARI MOTIVASI BERPRESTASI DAN SIKAP ILMIAH

Pembelajaran fisika masih teacher centered mengakibatkan pembelajaran lebih menekankan pada pemindahan informasi dari guru kepada siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran konstruktivisme menggunakan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan inkuiri terbimbing terhadap prestasi belajar (pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan) peserta didik ditinjau dari sikap ilmiah dan motivasi berprestasi peserta didik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuasi eksperimen yang dilakukan pada kelas XI di SMA Batik 2 Surakarta semester gasal tahun pelajaran 2015/2016. Penelitian melibatkan pembelajaran konstruktivisme dengan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan inkuiri terbimbing sebagai variabel bebas, sikap ilmiah dan motivasi berprestasi sebagai variabel moderator, serta prestasi belajar (pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan) peserta didik sebagai variabel terikat. Pengumpulan data prestasi belajar (pengetahuan) dalam bentuk tes tertulis, sedangkan data prestasi belajar (sikap dan keterampilan) dalam bentuk pengamatan. Teknik analisis data menggunakan ANAVA 3 jalan dengan rancangan faktorial 2 x 2 x 2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, (1) ada perbedaan pengaruh pendekatan konstruktivisme menggunakan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan metode inkuiri terbimbing terhadap nilai pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan, (2) ada perbedaan pengaruh antara sikap ilmiah tinggi dan rendah terhadap nilai pengethuan, sikap dan keterampilan, (3) ada perbedaan pengaruh antara motivasi berprestasi tinggi dan rendah terhadap nilai pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan, (4) tidak ada interaksi pengaruh antara pendekatan konstruktivisme menggunakan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan metode inkuiri terbimbing dengan sikap ilmiah terhadap nilai pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan, (5) tidak ada interaksi pengaruh antara pembelajaran dengan pendekatan konstruktivisme menggunakan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan metode inkuiri terbimbing dengan motivasi berprestasi terhadap prestasi pengetahuan siswa, namun memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap nilai sikap dan keterampilan, (6) tidak ada interaksi pengaruh antara sikap ilmiah dengan motivasi berprestasi terhadap prestasi pengetahuan dan keterampilan namun memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap sikap siswa, dan (7) tidak ada interaksi pengaruh antara pembelajaran dengan pendekatan konstruktivisme menggunakan metode inkuiri bebas termodifikasi dan ikuiri terbimbing, sikap ilmiah, dan motivasi berprestasi terhadap prestasi aspek pengetahuan, sikap, dan keterampilan.
Self-Construal Influences on Life Satisfaction Judgments

Existing cross-cultural research often assumes that the independent versus interdependent self-construal process leads to different cultural behaviors, although few studies directly test this link. Extending from prior cross-cultural findings, two studies were conducted to explicitly test whether self-construal is linked with the differential use of emotions versus social information in judgments of life satisfaction. Study 1 confirmed the prediction that even among Americans, those who view themselves in interdependent terms (allocentrics) evaluate their life satisfaction in a more collectivistic manner (strong reliance on social appraisal) than those who view themselves in independent terms (idiocentrics). Study 2 replicated these findings in two cultural settings (United States and Korea) by using experimental primes of independent versus relational self-construal. Results strongly suggest that differences in self-construal processes underlie cross-cultural differences in life satisfaction judgments.
Translation invariance in the responses to faces of single neurons in the temporal visual cortical areas of the alert macaque.

1. The responses of single neurons in the inferior temporal cortex and the cortex in the banks of the anterior part of the superior temporal sulcus of three awake, behaving macaques were recorded during a visual fixation task. Stimulus images subtending 17 or 8.5 degrees were presented in the center of the display area, and fixation was either at the center of the display area, or at one of four positions that were on the stimulus, or several degrees off the edge of the test stimulus. The experiments were performed with face-selective cells, and the responses were compared for fixation at each position for both effective and noneffective face stimuli for each cell. 2. The firing rates of most neurons to an effective image did not significantly alter when visual fixation was as far eccentric as the edge of the face, and they showed only a small reduction when the fixation point was up to 4 degrees from the edge of the face. Moreover, stimulus selectivity across faces was maintained throughout this region of the visual field. 3. The centers of the receptive fields of the cells, as shown by the calculated "centers of gravity," were close to the fovea, with almost all being within 3 degrees of the fovea. 4. The receptive fields of the cells typically crossed the vertical midline for at least 5 degrees. 5. Information theory procedures were used to analyze the spike trains of the visual neurons. Nearly six times more information was carried by these neurons' firing rate about the identity of an image than about its position in the visual field. Thus the information theory analysis showed that the responses of these neurons reflected information about which stimulus had been seen in a relatively translation invariant way. 6. Principal component analysis showed that principal component 1 (PC1) is related primarily to firing rate and reflected information primarily about stimulus identity. (For identity PC2 added only 14% more information to that contained in PC1.) Principal component 2 (PC2) was more closely related to neuronal response latencies, which increased with increasing eccentricity of the image in the visual field. PC2 reflected information about the position of the stimulus in the visual field, in that PC2 added 109% more information to that contained in PC1 about the position of the stimulus in the visual field. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Event-Related Potential Studies of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience

Agustin Ibanez1,2,3,4, Phil Baker1 and Alvaro Moya1 1Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN), Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO), Buenos Aires 2National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 3Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, 4Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, 1,2,4Argentina 3Chile
New Design Methodologies for High Speed Low Power XOR-XNOR Circuits

New methodologies for XOR-XNOR circuits are proposed to improve the speed and power as these circuits are basic building blocks of many arithmetic circuits. This paper evaluates and compares the performance of various XOR-XNOR circuits. The performance of the XOR-XNOR circuits based on TSMC 0. 18µm process models at all range of the supply voltage starting from 0.6V to 3.3V is evaluated by the comparison of the simulation results obtained from HSPICE. Simulation results reveal that the proposed circuit exhibit lower PDP and EDP, more power efficient and faster when compared with best available XOR-XNOR circuits in the literature. Keywords—Exclusive-OR (XOR), Exclusive-NOR (XNOR), High speed, Low power, Arithmetic Circuits. I. INTRODUCTION HILE the growth of the electronics market has driven the VLSI industry towards very high integration density and system on chip designs and beyond few GHz operating frequencies, critical concerns have been arising to the severe increase in power consumption and the need to further reduce it. Moreover, with the explosive growth the demand and popularity of portable electronics is driving designers to strive for smaller silicon area, higher speeds, longer battery life, and more reliability. Power is one of the premium resources a designer tries to save when designing a system. The XOR- XNOR circuits are basic building blocks in various circuit especially-Arithmetic circuits (Full adder, and multipliers), Compressors, Comparators, Parity Checkers, Code converters, Error-detecting or Error-correcting codes, and Phase detector circuit in PLL. The performance of the complex logic circuits is affected by the individual performance of the XOR-XNOR circuits that are included in them (1)-(6). Therefore, careful design and analysis is required for XOR-XNOR circuits to obtained -full output
The External Granule Layer of the Developing Chick Cerebellum Generates Granule Cells and Cells of the Isthmus and Rostral Hindbrain

The external granule layer (EGL) on the dorsal surface of the developing cerebellum consists of neural progenitors originating from the rostral rhombic lip (RRL). The RRL and the EGL were thought to give rise exclusively to the granule neurons of the cerebellum (Alder et al., 1996). To study the fate of individual RRL cells, we used a retroviral library to mark clones in the chick embryo at Hamberger–Hamilton stages 10–12. RRL clones comprised the EGL and cerebellar granule cells, as expected. Surprisingly, however, as many as 50% of the RRL clones also contained cells ventral to the cerebellum proper. Ventral derivatives were found in clones with a medial origin, as well as in those with a lateral origin along the RRL. Some of the ventral progeny appeared to be in the process of migration, whereas others appeared to be differentiating neurons in the isthmus and the rostral hindbrain region, including the locus coeruleus (LC) and pontine reticular formation. Furthermore, the Phox2a marker of LC precursors was detected in the EGL within the anterior aspect of the cerebellum. A stream of cells originating in the EGL and expressing Phox2a was observed to terminate ventrally in the LC. These data demonstrate that single RRL progenitor cells are not restricted to producing only cerebellar granule cells; they produce both cerebellar granule cells and ventral derivatives, some of which become hindbrain neurons. They also suggest that some progeny of the EGL escape the cerebellum via the anterior aspect of the cerebellar peduncles, to contribute to the generation of ventral structures such as the LC.
The Effects of High Temperature on Infection by Potato virus Y, Potato virus A, and Potato leafroll virus

We examined the effects of temperature on acquisition of Potato virus Y-O (PVY-O), Potato virus A (PVA), and Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) by Myzus persicae by performing transmission tests with aphids that acquired each virus at different temperatures. Infection by PVY-O/PVA and PLRV increased with increasing plant temperature in Nicotiana benthamiana and Physalis floridana, respectively, after being transmitted by aphids that acquired them within a temperature range of 10–20°C. However, infection rates subsequently decreased. Direct qRT-PCR of RNA extracted from a single aphid showed that PLRV infection increased in the 10–20°C range, but this trend also declined shortly thereafter. We examined the effect of temperature on establishment of virus infection. The greatest number of plants became infected when N. benthamiana was held at 20°C after inoculation with PVY-O or PVA. The largest number of P. floridana plants became infected with PLRV when the plants were maintained at 25°C. PLRV levels were highest in P. floridana kept at 20–25°C. These results indicate that the optimum temperatures for proliferation of PVY-O/PVA and PLRV differed. Western blot analysis showed that accumulations of PVY-O and PVA coat proteins (CPs) were lower at 10°C or 15°C than at 20°C during early infection. However, accumulation increased over time. At 25°C or 30°C, the CPs of both viruses accumulated during early infection but disappeared as time passed. Our results suggest that symptom attenuation and reduction of PVY-O and PVA CP accumulation at higher temperatures appear to be attributable to increased RNA silencing.
Line-of-sight velocity distributions of low-luminosity elliptical galaxies

ABSTRA C T The shape of the line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) is measured for a sample of 14 elliptical galaxies, predominantly low-luminosity ellipticals. The sample is dominated by galaxies in the Virgo cluster but also contains ellipticals in nearby groups and low-density environments. The parametrization of the LOSVD given by Gerhard and van der Marel & Franx is adopted, which measures the asymmetrical and symmetrical deviations of the LOSVD from a Gaussian by the amplitudes h3 and h4 of the Gauss ‐Hermite series. Rotation, velocity dispersion, h3 and h4 are determined as a function of radius for both major and minor axes. Non-Gaussian LOSVDs are found for all galaxies along the major axes. Deviations from a Gaussian LOSVD along the minor axis are of much lower amplitude if present at all. Central decreases in velocity dispersion are found for three galaxies. Two galaxies have kinematically decoupled cores: NGC 4458 and the well-known case of NGC 3608.