Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhanced macromolecular diffusion in brain extracellular space in mouse models of vasogenic edema measured by cortical surface photobleaching

Diffusion of solutes and macromolecules in brain extracellular space (ECS) is important for normal brain function and efficient drug delivery, and is thought to be impaired in edematous brain. Here we measured the diffusion of an inert macromolecular fluorescent marker (FITC‐dextran, 70 kDa) in the ECS by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching after staining the exposed cerebral cortex in vivo. In a brain tumor model of vasogenic (leaky capillary) edema, FITC‐dextran diffusion was reduced more than fourfold in hypercellular tumor and surrounding astrogliotic tissue; however, diffusion in brain away from the tumor was ~30% faster than in normal contralateral brain. The increased diffusion was abolished by dexamethasone pretreatment. Enhanced ECS diffusion was also found in uninjured brain near a region of leaky brain vessels produced by focal cortical freeze injury. In contrast, ECS diffusion was slowed more than sixfold in cytotoxic brain edema caused by anoxia. Diffusion results were related semiquantitatively to ECS volume fraction and matrix viscosity from in vitro photobleaching studies in a model system consisting of silica particles in a fluorescent water/glycerol matrix. Our data provide in vivo evidence for enhanced ECS diffusion in vasogenic brain edema, yet greatly slowed diffusion in cytotoxic edema and in and around tumors.
Neuroprotective effect of ONO-1078, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, on transient global cerebral ischemia in rats.

AIM To determine whether ONO-1078 [pranlukast, 4-oxo-8-[p-(4-phenylbutyloxy)benzoyl-amono]-2-(tetrazol-5-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran hemihydrate], a potent leukotriene receptor antagonist, possesses a neuroprotective effect on global cerebral ischemia in rats, and to explore its possible mechanism of action. METHODS Transient global cerebral ischemia was induced by four-vessel occlusion for 10 min and followed by 72-h reperfusion. ONO-1078 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and edaravone (MCI-186, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one, a neuroprotective agent) 10 mg/kg were ip injected 30 min before ischemia and 1 h after reperfusion, and once a day afterward. Neurological outcome was evaluated before ischemia and 24, 48, 72 h after reperfusion. Neuron density, the expressions of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit proteins (NR1, NR2A, NA2B) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were measured at 72 h after reperfusion. RESULTS ONO-1078 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) and edaravone (10 mg/kg) improved ischemia-induced neurological deficiency and reduced neuron death. ONO-1078 (0.1, 0.3 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the enhanced expression of NMDA receptor subunit protein NR2A in the cortex and VCAM-1 in the hippocampus of ischemic rats. CONCLUSION ONO-1078 possesses a neuroprotective effect on global cerebral ischemia in rats, and its mechanism may be partly related to the inhibition of the upregulation of NR2A and VCAM-1 in different regions of the brain.
Parental risk factors of childhood acute leukemia: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND Leukemia is the most common cancer in children, accounting for near to half of all childhood cancers. Different risk factors might be effective in the occurrence of this cancer such as parental characteristics. This study was done in West Azarbaijan Province in order to determine the relation between parental characteristics and acute leukemia in children. METHODS This matched case-control study was conducted on children less than 15 years affected by acute leukemia from March 20, 2003 to March 20, 2009. Two control groups were selected, one from hospital and the other from the study population. Cases and controls were matched on age and sex. Logistic regression model was used for data analysis. RESULTS This study was done on 130 patients, 108 (83.1%) were affected by Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and 22 (16.9%) by Acute Myeloblastic Leuke-mia. Seventy two of the patients were male (55.4%) and 58 were female (44.6%). There was a statistically significant correlation between acute leuke-mia and variables such as mother's education [OR=4.2, 95% CI: 2.42, 7.34], mother's history of using Oral Contraceptive Pills [OR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.82] and parental relationship [OR=2.05, 95% CI: 1.30, 3.23]. CONCLUSION It seems that some parental characteristics have an important role in etiology of childhood leukemia.
Assessing Organizational Learning in IT Organizations: An Experience Report from Industry

With the increase in demand for higher-quality and more capable IT services, IT organizations in order to obtain competitive advantage require extensive knowledge that needs to be shared and reused among different entities within the organization. The existing IT Service Management (ITSM) mechanisms mention the importance of organizational learning (OL) and knowledge management (KM) for IT organizations. However, they do not explicitly address how OL capabilities of an IT organization can be assessed. This paper, by using an OL assessment model developed for software organizations, namely AiOLoS, shows that with the proper adjustment, the application of the model to IT organizations is feasible. We report the results of applying the model in four functional teams in an IT organization from private sector.
The Responses of Drug Abuse Treatment Organizations to Financial Adversity: A Partial Test of the Threat-Rigidity Thesis

This article derives hypotheses from the threat-rigidity model about organizational responses tofinancial adversity. These hypotheses are tested in a national sample of 72 randomly selected drug abuse treatment organizations. We propose that decreasing funding levels and numbers of funding sources will be associated with four classes of rigidities in organizations: (a) restriction in information processing (rigid use of existing organizational procedures), (b) constriction of control (less participative decision making), (c) conservation of resources (work force reduction), and (d) competition among members. The threat-rigidity thesis is supported by findings that decreases in total budgets are associated with rigid use of existing procedures, work force reduction, and competition among organization members. Further; decreases in number offunding sources are associated with less participative decision making, work force reduction, and more competition among members.
Development Centres: Guidelines for Decision Makers

At a time when many Development Centres do not run as well as they should, strategic advice is provided on the core process of all Centres: assessment, counselling and development planning. Each of these processes is covered in depth and, throughout, the experience of major companies such as Philips and Pilkington is drawn on to support and illustrate its points. The bigger issues, those which have major impacts on the effectiveness of the Centres, are the focus of the article; in many ways important new standards are set for companies using Centres.
Does Collaboration Between Sales and Marketing Affect Business Performance?

Prior research proposes that greater collaboration between sales and marketing has benefits to the organization through improved business performance. This study examines the importance of this proposition and finds that there is a direct and positive relationship between these two constructs. In addition, this study identifies five antecedents to improving collaboration between sales and marketing and outlines the management implications of the study. The findings indicate that a positive senior management attitude toward collaboration between sales and marketing, the reduction of interdepartmental conflict, the improvement of communications, the establishment of organizational learning, and effective market intelligence systems are important antecedents to effective collaboration between sales and marketing.
“TAKING A BITE OUT OF CRIME”

Recent studies of public information campaigns indicate they may have greater efficacy than the research of previous decades suggested. The persuasive impact of a national crime prevention campaign is investigated in the context of past and contemporary models of media effects, utilizing data from a national sample survey and a three-city panel survey. The findings suggest that the campaign had marked influences on individuals' cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors regarding crime prevention. Media campaign effects are contingent upon specific factors operative in given communication situations, involving given kinds of audiences.
Artificiality in Experimental Sociology

Les auteurs demontrent que la critique du caractere artificiel de l'approche experi-mentale en sociologie est fondee sur une fausse comprehension des buts de ce type de recherche. A la lumiere des objectifs de la recherche experimentale, l'article examine sous tous ses angles l'objection de ≪ l'artificialite≫. L'avance fondamental repose sur le fait que le laboratoire est un cadre d'observation parmi plusieurs autres ou la theorie abstraite peut etre mise a l'epreuve empiriquement. Les avantages et desavantages que ce cadre comporte sont relies a l'objectif de l'en-quete. On discute les consequences qui decoulent de cette prise de position. The criticism that sociological laboratory experiments are artificial, we argue, is based upon a misunderstanding of the purposes of this type of research. This paper is an examination of the “artificiality objection,” in terms of the goals of experimental research. The basic point is that the laboratory is one setting among many in which abstract theory may be tested empirically, and that the advantages and disadvantages of the setting are dependent upon the goal of research. Some consequences of this position are discussed.
Revisiting DDR in Liberia: exploring the power, agency and interests of local and international actors in the ‘making’ and ‘unmaking’ of combatants

The understanding that disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) programmes are essential in helping to prevent war recurrence in post-conflict situations is at the heart of current international aid practice and the academic literature on peacekeeping and stabilisation. However DDR programmes are often launched on the basis of untested assumptions. This article considers the DDR programme in Liberia and analyses the complex relationship between the programmatic efforts to disarm and reintegrate combatants and the programme's actual effects. If we are to understand how DDR works as a tool of post-conflict governance, it is essential to explore the mechanisms of authority and power at stake. The focus is therefore not on whether combatants were successfully disarmed and reintegrated, but rather on exploring unfolding processes and the field of forces within which DDR programmes are implemented. It critically assesses the ideas of disarmament and reintegration and the basic assumptions behind current DDR policy through an analysis of the Liberian case, emphasising the agency and interests of local and international actors in the ‘making’ and ‘unmaking’ of combatants.
Equity-Oriented Reform Amid Standards-Based Accountability

Intermediary organizations increasingly provide support for schools serving marginalized students. Some attribute this trend to growing ideological support for market-based strategies to further the public good. This article investigates one intermediary that marketed equity-oriented instructional goals for schools serving high numbers of students of color and English Learners. Drawing on critical policy studies and political science, we analyze its behavior amid a high-stakes accountability environment, its reasons for adopting certain reforms, and the consequences for instruction. We use qualitative comparative analysis to show how policy forces shaped reforms and content in its schools, but not pedagogy specific to students of color or English Learners. We discuss the implications for the research on intermediaries and the democratic control of public education.
The Communicative Achievement of Collective Minding

Based on an in-depth analysis of excerpts from a board meeting in a drug rehabilitation center, this article shows how a group of managers displays a form of intelligence that cannot be reduced to the simple sum of their respective contributions. Although this phenomenonhas been illustrated so far in the context of high-reliability organizations, this analysis extends previous findings by showing that a form of collective intelligence can be found more generally in patterns of conversational behavior. The managers are shown to be constructing, amending, and adding a series of textual blocks that ultimately represent the heedfulness of the group. Although it can only be achieved on the “terra firma” of interactions, collective minding is shown to be a phenomenon that always transcends the “here and now” by interrelating this latter with the “there and then,” a phenomenon of translocalization that can be identified as a form of organizational intelligence.
Assessment of interlobar variation of bronchoalveolar lavage cellular differentials in interstitial lung diseases.

Alveolitis is thought to precede permanent lung derangement in a variety of interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell differentials can be used to evaluate the intensity of alveolitis, whereas clinical, roentgenographic, and functional studies are insensitive monitors of lung inflammation. As ILD is generally diffuse, unilobar lavage is widely used and presumed to gauge overall lung inflammation. Consistency of lobe to lobe cell differential findings has not been systematically addressed. We analyzed 53 bilateral lobar lavages (right middle lobe and lingula) in 34 patients with sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis-collagen vascular disease (IPF-CV) and a group of mixed interstitial diseases. Cellular differentials from each lobe were independently assessed and compared. The sarcoid group, with predominantly T-lymphocytes in BAL, showed excellent interlobar correlation (r = 0.92, p less than 0.001), with only 17% showing a discrepancy of greater than 10% in percentage of T-lymphocytes. In contrast, the IPF-CV group, with predominantly neutrophils in BAL, showed good interlobar correlation (r = 0.79; p less than 0.01), but 35% had a greater than 10% discrepancy in percentage of neutrophils. Finally, the mixed group, with lymphocytes as the predominant cell in BAL, showed poor interlobar correlation (r = 0.58; p greater than 0.10), with 42% showing a greater than 10% discrepancy in percentage of lymphocytes. These results were not explicable on the basis of differences in volume of lavage fluid or total cells recovered, these parameters being remarkably consistent between lobes in the 3 patient groups and in a control group of 8 subjects without ILD. The chest roentgenogram was markedly insensitive to lavage interlobar variation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Novel Cytochrome P450, cyp6a17, Is Required for Temperature Preference Behavior in Drosophila

Perception of temperature is an important brain function for organisms to survive. Evidence suggests that temperature preference behavior (TPB) in Drosophila melanogaster, one of poikilothermal animals, is regulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) signaling in mushroom bodies of the brain. However, downstream targets for the PKA signaling in this behavior have not been identified. From a genome-wide search for the genes regulated by PKA activity in the mushroom bodies, we identified the cyp6a17 Cytochrome P450 gene as a new target for PKA. Our detailed analysis of mutants by genetic, molecular and behavioral assays shows that cyp6a17 is essential for temperature preference behavior. cyp6a17 expression is enriched in the mushroom bodies of the adult brain. Tissue-specific knockdown and rescue experiments demonstrate that cyp6a17 is required in the mushroom bodies for normal temperature preference behavior. This is the first study, to our knowledge, to show PKA-dependent expression of a cytochrome P450 gene in the mushroom bodies and its role as a key factor for temperature preference behavior. Taken together, this study reveals a new PKA-Cytochrome P450 pathway that regulates the temperature preference behavior.
THE LEADERSHIP CHALLENGE: How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations

The Leadership Challenge berusaha memberi arah bagaimana para pemimpin dan “calon pemimpin” dalam mengasah kemampuan mereka untuk memimpin agar dapat melakukan hal-hal yang luar biasa. Buku ini membantu mengembangkan kapasitas anda dalam membimbing orang lain memperoleh pengalaman yang tak terduga sebelumnya. Selanjutnya, buku ini tidak berbicara mengenai bagaimana berada dalam posisi (seperti mengandaikan kepemimpinan sebagai suatu tempat) namun mengenai bagaimana caranya memiliki keberanian dan semangat untuk membuat perubahan yang signifikan. Penulis banyak menghadirkan cerita dari orang biasa, dari berbagai sisi kehidupan, yang dianggap memiliki kesuksesan luar biasa.
Groups and Capabilities

The paper suggests that groups should be given a more central role than they generally are in the capability approach. Being a member of a group or groups is an intrinsic aspect of human life: the quality of groups with which individuals identify forms an important direct contribution to their well‐being, is instrumental to other capabilities, and influences people's choices and values. The argument is illustrated empirically by reference to identity groups in conflict; and to empowering and enriching groups among the poor. The paper concludes that one should analyse and categorise group capabilities as well as individual capabilities. While capabilities are beings and doings of individuals in the capability approach, groups are included in some of the analysis. The paper is thus consistent with the capability approach, but argues that groups play a much more dominant role in human life and well‐being than appears in much of the analysis of capabilities.
HOMELAND TOURISM, EMOTION, AND IDENTITY LABOR1

Abstract Concern over intergenerational ethnic continuity, with members of minority groups seeking to ensure that youth become invested in and committed to religious, cultural, or ethnic identities, is long-standing and inherent to group boundary formation. In recent years, this concern has been particularly pronounced in the North American Jewish community, with socialization and retention of Jewish young adults emerging as one of its central preoccupations. This emphasis on Jewish continuity emerged as a central concern following the legacy of experiences with anti-Semitism and discrimination. The most significant program to emerge from this agenda is Taglit-Birthright Israel, a program that has provided over 250,000 free ten-day trips to Israel for Jewish young adults from over fifty countries. Homeland tours of this sort are increasingly common across diasporic groups, and this paper attends to the emotional work that underlies collective identity formation in these tours. Through focus groups with Taglit-Birthright participants, we find that these tours engage and mobilize competing sets of emotions, and that tour members experience dimensions of closeness and distance at once. The result is that participants are engaged in a form of identity labor: they grapple with the questions of how they should affiliate as Jews, and how they can forge an identity that carves a role for themselves in the diaspora. Drawing on the sociological concept of ambivalence, we find that collective identity is successfully forged in these trips by interrupting the notion of effortless ethnic belonging, and providing participants with a deeper understanding of the commitment required for intra-ethnic group identification and attachments.
Knowledge Construction in Learning to Teach: The role of dynamic sources

Most theories on learning to teach focus on active, reflective learning. In this article it is argued that three sources of regulation have to play a role in knowledge construction in learning to teach: external sources to provide new information, active internal sources to deliberately focus on (new) information, and dynamic internal sources to spontaneously reconceptualize prior understandings. It is suggested that the ability or readiness of student-teachers to effectively involve all three of these sources in their learning may depend largely on how emotionally risky it is for them to change their perception of reality. Disappointing outcomes of teacher education are considered from the proposed theory. Implications for teacher education are discussed.
Presentation Effects in Cross-Cultural Experiments - An Experimental Framework for Comparisons

This paper investigates the impact of game presentation dependent on ethnical affiliation. Two games representing the same logical and strategical problem are introduced. Presented games are continuous prisoner’s dilemma games where decision makers can choose an individual level of cooperation from a given range of possible actions. In the first condition, a positive transfer creates a positive externality for the opposite player. In the second condition, this externality is negative. Accomplishing a cross-cultural experimental study involving subjects from the West Bank and Jerusalem (Israel) we test for a strategic presentation bias applying these two conditions. Subjects in the West Bank show a substantially higher cooperation level in the positive externality treatment. In Jerusalem no presentation effect is observed. Critically discussing our findings, we argue that a cross-cultural comparison leads to only partially meaningful and opposed results if only one treatment condition is evaluated. We therefore suggest a complementary application and consideration of different presentations of identical decision problems within cross-cultural research.
The seroepidemiology of infection due to Epstein‐Barr virus in southern India

We investigated the seroepidemiology of infection due to Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in 181 south Indian subjects aged 0–25 years using the indirect immunofluorescence method to titrate antibodies to viral capsid antigen (VCA), nuclear antigen (EBNA), and early antigen (EA). The age‐specific prevalence of IgG antibodies to VCA rose rapidly to 90% by the age of 5 years. The prevalence of VCA‐specific IgM and the geometric mean titre of VCA‐specific IgG antibodies were highest between the ages of 6 months and 2 years, the median age of primary infection being 1.4 years. Thus primary EBV infection occurs early in life. EA antibody prevalence was highest (55%) in the third year of life and remained between 30% and 40% thereafter. This pattern of EA antibody prevalence suggests that the latent EBV infection that persists lifelong after primary infection may be reactivated in many individuals. EBNA antibody prevalence was low until the age of 2 years but rose to 80% in the fourth year. Geometric mean titres of antibodies to EA and EBNA were low and stable at all ages. These results are similar to data from areas where EBV‐associated Burkitt's lymphoma is endemic and indicate a high EBV infection load early in life.
Collective Behavior and Team Performance

Modern complex systems require effective team performance, yet the question of which factors determine effective teams remains to be answered. Group researchers suggest that collective or interdependent behavior is a critical component of team interaction. Furthermore, anecdotal evidence suggests that some team members are less collectively oriented than others and that the tendency to ignore task inputs from others is one factor that contributes to poor team performance. In this study we develop a procedure for differentiating collectively oriented versus egocentric team members. Experimental results confirm that collectively oriented team members were more likely to attend to the task inputs of other team members and to improve their performance during team interaction than were egocentric team members.