Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Towards Learning Sparsely Used Dictionaries with Arbitrary Supports

Dictionary learning is a popular approach for inferring a hidden basis in which data has a sparse representation. There is a hidden dictionary or basis A which is an n × m matrix, with m>n typically (this is called the over-complete setting). %The hidden basis, usually referred to as the dictionary is represented as an n × m matrix A with m > n typically. This is known as the over-complete setting. Data generated from the dictionary is given by Y = AX where X is a matrix whose columns have supports chosen from a distribution over k-sparse vectors, and the non-zero values chosen from a symmetric distribution. Given Y, the goal is to recover A and X in polynomial time (in m, n). Existing algorithms give polynomial time guarantees for recovering incoherent dictionaries, under strong distributional assumptions both on the supports of the columns of X, and on the values of the non-zero entries. In this work, we study the following question: can we design efficient algorithms for recovering dictionaries when the supports of the columns of X are arbitrary? To address this question while circumventing the issue of non-identifiability, we study a natural semirandom model for dictionary learning. n this model, there are a large number of samples y=Ax with arbitrary k-sparse supports for x, along with a few samples where the sparse supports are chosen uniformly at random. While the presence of a few samples with random supports ensures identifiability, the support distribution can look almost arbitrary in aggregate. Hence, existing algorithmic techniques seem to break down as they make strong assumptions on the supports. Our main contribution is a new polynomial time algorithm for learning incoherent over-complete dictionaries that provably works under the semirandom model. Additionally the same algorithm provides polynomial time guarantees in new parameter regimes when the supports are fully random. Finally, as a by product of our techniques, we also identify a minimal set of conditions on the supports under which the dictionary can be (information theoretically) recovered from polynomially many samples for almost linear sparsity, i.e., k=Õ(n).
Nuclear factor‐κB/Bcl‐XL pathway is involved in the protective effect of hydrogen‐rich saline on the brain following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rabbits

Early brain injury (EBI), a significant contributor to poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), is intimately associated with neuronal apoptosis. Recently, the protective role of hydrogen (H2) in the brain has been widely studied, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Numerous studies have shown nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) as a crucial survival pathway in neurons. Here we investigated the role of H2 in EBI following SAH, focusing on the NF‐κB pathway. A double blood injection model was used to produce experimental SAH, and H2‐rich saline was injected intraperitoneally. NF‐κB activity within the occipital cortex was measured. Immunofluorescence was performed to demonstrate the activation of NF‐κB; Bcl‐xL and cleaved caspase‐3 were determined via Western blot. Gene expression of Bcl‐xL was detected by real‐time PCR, and TUNEL and Nissl staining were performed to illustrate brain injury in the occipital cortex. SAH induced a significant increase of cleaved caspase‐3. Correspondingly, TUNEL staining demonstrated obvious neuronal apoptosis following SAH. In contrast, H2 treatment markedly increased NF‐κB activity and the expression of Bcl‐xL and decreased the level of cleaved caspase‐3. Additionally, H2 treatment significantly reduced post‐SAH neuronal apoptosis. The current study shows that H2 treatment alleviates EBI in the rabbits following SAH and that NF‐κB/Bcl‐xL pathway is involved in the protective role of H2. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A radiologist's guide to treatment response criteria in oncologic imaging: functional, molecular, and disease-specific imaging biomarkers.

OBJECTIVE This article reviews the functional, molecular, and disease-specific imaging biomarkers of treatment response. CONCLUSION Substantial progress has been made in the evolution of drugs directed at specific targets of the tumor lifecycle. These novel agents are predominantly cytostatic, and their efficacy may be optimally evaluated by functional, molecular, and disease-specific imaging biomarkers.
Cortical-Like Receptive Fields in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Marmoset Monkeys

Most neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) exhibit high selectivity for the orientation of visual stimuli. In contrast, neurons in the main thalamic input to V1, the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), are considered to be only weakly orientation selective. Here we characterize a sparse population of cells in marmoset LGN that show orientation and spatial frequency selectivity as great as that of cells in V1. The recording position in LGN and histological reconstruction of these cells shows that they are part of the koniocellular (K) pathways. Accordingly we have named them K-o (“koniocellular-orientation”) cells. Most K-o cells prefer vertically oriented gratings; their contrast sensitivity and TF tuning are similar to those of parvocellular cells, and they receive negligible functional input from short wavelength-sensitive (“blue”) cone photoreceptors. Four K-o cells tested displayed binocular responses. Our results provide further evidence that in primates as in nonprimate mammals the cortical input streams include a diversity of visual representations. The presence of K-o cells increases functional homologies between K pathways in primates and “sluggish/W” pathways in nonprimate visual systems.
Effect of feeding ensiled mixture of pomegranate pulp and drier feeds on digestibility and milk performance in dairy cows

Based on a previous ensiling study in glass silos of various pomegranate pulp (PP) mixtures, fresh pomegranate pulp (PP) was mixed with drier feeds including soy hulls and corn silage (40:35:25 on DM basis) and ensiled in 32 pressed bales (700 kg each) wrapped with stretch polyethylene film. This ensiled pomegranate pulp mixture (PPM) was included in lactating cow total mixed ration (TMR) at a level of 20% of DM (PPM-TMR). Performance and digestion experiment was conducted with two groups of 21 milking cows each, fed individually one of the two TMR: 1. Control TMR without ensiled PPM; 2. Experimental TMR which contained 20% ensiled PPM, including 8% PP as corn grain replacer. Voluntary DM intake of cows fed the control TMR was 5·04% higher than that of the PPM cows. In vivo digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP and fat were significantly higher in the control cows compared with the PPM group, but methane production in the rumen fluid was 25% lower in the PPM cows. A slightly higher milk yield (by 2·2%) observed in the control cows; however, milk fat content was 5·9% higher in the PPM cows. This was reflected in similar yield of energy corrected milk (ECM) and 3·97% increase in production efficiency (ECM/DM intake) of the PPM cows compared with the control ones. Welfare of the cows, as assessed by length of daily recumbence time, was in the normal range for both groups. Body weight gain was also similar in both groups. Data suggest that the level of 8% PP in the PPM-TMR used in this study was probably too high for lactating cows and should be lowered to 4% in order to achieve better performance.
Response of carrot roots to wounding stress induced by processing – changes in chemical composition and enzyme activity

Summary The production of Cenourete ® , a product similar to ‘baby-carrot’, consists of polishing cylindrical carrot root segments by abrasion against an abrasive surface. The processing operations can result in oxidative stress, which in turn can result in changes in the content and composition of the bioactive compounds. In the present work both whole carrot roots and Cenouretes ® from the cultivars Esplanada and Sugar Snax 54, were stored for 17 days at 5 ± 1.5 °C under dark or light conditions and evaluated after 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17 days of storage. Processing induced a decrease in the carotenoid content as compared to the intact carrot root for both cultivars. The total phenol content decreased during storage for both the intact and processed roots and the differences amongst the cultivars were not relevant. The changes in phenol content were not correlated with the activity of either peroxidase (POD) or polifenoloxidase (PPO), while a small but significant correlation was found between the carotenoid content and POD activity. POD activity was inhibited in the processed roots as compared to the intact roots for both cultivars, while for PPO the differences between cultivars were more important, with the Esplanada cultivar showing higher activity than Sugar Snax 54. None of the factors studied was influenced by the presence of light.
A Projection Architecture for Dependency Grammar and How it Compares to LFG

This paper explores commonalities and differences between Dachs, a variant of Dependency Grammar, and Lexical-Functional Grammar. Dachs is based on traditional linguistic insights, but on modern mathematical tools, aiming to integrate different knowledge systems (from syntax and semantics) via their coupling to an abstract syntactic primitive, the dependency relation. These knowledge systems correspond rather closely to projections in LFG. We will investigate commonalities arising from the usage of the projection approach in both theories, and point out differences due to the incompatible linguistic premises. The main difference to LFG lies in the motivation and status of the dimensions, and the information coded there. We will argue that LFG confounds different information in one projection, preventing it to achieve a good separation of alternatives and calling the motivation of the projection into question.
Exclusion-Zone Dynamics Explored with Microfluidics and Optical Tweezers

The exclusion zone (EZ) is a boundary region devoid of macromolecules and microscopic particles formed spontaneously in the vicinity of hydrophilic surfaces. The exact mechanisms behind this remarkable phenomenon are still not fully understood and are debated. We measured the short- and long-time-scale kinetics of EZ formation around a Nafion gel embedded in specially designed microfluidic devices. The time-dependent kinetics of EZ formation follow a power law with an exponent of 0.6 that is strikingly close to the value of 0.5 expected for a diffusion-driven process. By using optical tweezers we show that exclusion forces, which are estimated to fall in the sub-pN regime, persist within the fully-developed EZ, suggesting that EZ formation is not a quasi-static but rather an irreversible process. Accordingly, the EZ-forming capacity of the Nafion gel could be exhausted with time, on a scale of hours in the presence of 1 mM Na2HPO4. EZ formation may thus be a non-equilibrium thermodynamic cross-effect coupled to a diffusion-driven transport process. Such phenomena might be particularly important in the living cell by providing mechanical cues within the complex cytoplasmic environment.
Adverse drug reactions in older adults: a retrospective study from pharmacovigilance.

PURPOSE To assess the adverse drug reactions notified in older adults to pharmacovigilance and to identify the incriminated drugs in their genesis. METHODS A retrospective study including 688 notifications of adverse drug reactions to pharmacovigilance in patients aged of 65 years and more, over a period of 16 years and where the responsibility of one drug or more was incriminated in the genesis of the adverse reaction. Imputation was established according to the French method and seriousness according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. RESULTS Sex-ratio W/M was 1.2. Average age was 71.3 years. The average number of administered drugs was 3.64 and polymedication was noted in 30% of cases. Adverse drug reactions were essentially cutaneous and systemic. Incriminated drugs were mainly antibiotics and cardio-vascular drugs. Serious adverse drug reactions were noted in 26%. CONCLUSION In older adults, adverse drug reactions' notification to pharmacovigilance is necessary and allows assessing large scale epidemiologic studies to identify iatrogenic risk factors.
An Optimal Strategy of Evolution

Admissable game-theory models of evolution must be restricted to the class of "existential games" in which there is no way of using the winnings ("payoff") for any purpose other than continuing the game for as long as possible. The optimal strategy in such a game is to minimize the stakes played. Organisms and populations seem to be organized consistently with this strategy. The evolution of this organization does not involve group selection or any other deviation from accepted evolutionary theory. The implication of analyzing evolution as an existential game is to deny the idea of evolutionary momentum and to emphasize that adaptedness must always be defined in an explicit environmental context. It is asserted that adaptive responses will have a particular temporal relation to environmental perturbations. This assertion is a predictive statement about evolution-unlike the retrospective assertions that usually emerge from evolutionary analyses.
Review of grain threshing theory and technology

Threshing is the most important function of grain harvester. Grain loss and damage in harvesting are significantly related to threshing theory and technology. There are four kinds of threshing principles including impact, rubbing, combing and grinding. Four types of contact models between grain and threshing components have been constructed correspondently. Grain damage can be regarded as a function of peripheral velocity and contact pattern of impacting. Grain loss can be regarded as a function of contact pattern of rasp bars. Grain loss coming from cleaning and separation in the subsequent process of combing threshing was significantly decreased. Tangential and axial threshing technologies have been applied in grain threshing system widely. It showed that in the combined application, tangential rolls are used to accelerate grain flow, and axial rolls are used to increase threshing quality especially lower loss and damage. Conical concave may take the place of the traditional cylindrical one. With the development of sensor technology and communication technology, intelligent harvesting robot and automatic threshing system will be integrated together to improve grain quality and operation comfort. Keywords: grain, threshing, threshing theory, threshing technology, harvester, grain loss DOI: 10.25165/j.ijabe. 20181103.3432 Citation: Fu J, Chen Z, Han L J, Ren L Q. Review of grain threshing theory and technology. Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 2018; 11(3): 12–20.
A case of recurrent rhabdomyolysis associated with childhood Sjögren's syndrome *

We report a 9-year-old Japanese girl who presented with muscle weakness and elevated serum levels of muscle-derived enzymes following mycoplasma infection. Rhabdomyolysis or myositis was suggested by magnetic resonance imaging and repeated four times within 4 years. Each episode developed following respiratory infection and spontaneously recovered. The diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome was made by decreased salivary secretion, MR sialography, lip biopsy, and positive anti-SSA/Ro antibody. Given the rarity of rhabdomyolysis/myositis, recurrent episode could be induced by infectious disease on the basis of underlying Sjogren’s syndrome. Conclusion: Sjogren’s syndrome should be considered as an underlying disease of recurrent infection-induced rhabdomyolysis/ myositis.
QoS Specific Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor Networks with Fading

A new MAC protocol is proposed for the reachback operation in a wireless sensor network deployed for reconstructing a random field. Referred to as QUality-of-service specific Information REtrieval (QUIRE), the proposed protocol optimizes the network performance under the metric of information rate per slot per Joule while ensuring a given QoS requirement. Based on the density of sensor deployment and the QoS requirement specified by the maximum distortion for random field reconstruction, QUIRE partitions the sensor network into disjoint and equal-sized cells. It completely eliminates redundant transmissions by ensuring, via carrier sensing, that only one sensor in each cell transmits. It fully explores the diversity of a fading environment by incorporating channel state information into carrier sensing so that the sensor with the best channel transmits. Simulation results demonstrate that QUIRE achieves orders of magnitude of improvement in system latency and energy expenditure over fixed allocation schemes such as TDMA and random access protocols such as slotted ALOHA.
A Matter of Low Self-Control? Exploring Differences Between Child Pornography Possessors and Child Pornography Producers/Distributers Using Self-Control Theory

This study examined the demographic and background characteristic differences between those arrested for child pornography (CP) possession (only), or CP production/distribution, or an attempted or completed sexual exploitation of a minor (SEM) that involved the Internet in some capacity within the context of self-control theory using data from the second wave of the National Juvenile Online Victimization Study (N-JOV2). Results indicate few demographic similarities, which thereby suggest these are largely heterogeneous groupings of individuals. Results also indicate CP producers/distributers engaged in a greater number of behaviors indicative of low self-control compared with CP possessors. Specifically, offenders arrested for CP production/distribution were more likely to have (a) had problems with drugs/alcohol at the time of the crime and (b) been previously violent. In contrast, the only indicator of low self-control that reached statistical significance for CP possessors was the previous use of violence. Moreover, in contrast to CP producers/distributers, full-time employment and marital status may be important factors to consider in the likelihood of arrest for CP possessors, which is congruent with the tenets of self-control theory.
Female Collegiate Athletes: Prevalence of Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating Behaviors

Objective: The authors assessed the prevalence of pathogenic eating and weight-control behaviors among female college athletes, using a psychometrically valid measure. Participants: Participants were 204 college athletes (M age = 20.16 years, SD = 1.31 years) from 17 sports at 3 universities. On average, they participated in their sport for 10.88 years (SD = 16.68 years) and on their college team for 2.10 years (SD = 1.03 years). Methods: Participants completed a demographic and weight background questionnaire, Questionnaire for Eating Disorder Diagnoses, and the Bulimia Test-Revised. Results: The authors classified participants as eating disordered (n = 4, 2.0%), symptomatic (n = 52, 25.5%), and asymptomatic (n = 148, 72.5%). Few participants engaged in binge eating; most used exercise, as opposed to vomiting, dieting, laxatives, or diuretics, to control their weight. Conclusions: Female athletes suffer from eating disorders, and most experience symptom levels that are subclinical but problematic.
Temporal variation in trophic relationships among three congeneric penguin species breeding in sympatry

Abstract Penguins are a monophyletic group in which many species are found breeding sympatrically, raising questions regarding how these species coexist successfully. Here, the isotopic niche of three sympatric pygoscelid penguin species was investigated at Powell Island, South Orkney Islands, during two breeding seasons (austral summers 2013–2014 and 2015–2016). Measurements of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios were obtained from blood (adults) or feather (chicks) samples collected from Adélie Pygoscelis adeliae, chinstrap P. antarctica, and gentoo P. papua penguins. Isotopic niche regions (a proxy for the realized trophic niches) were computed to provide estimates of the trophic niche width of the studied species during the breeding season. The isotopic niche regions of adults of all three species were similar, but gentoo chicks had noticeably wider isotopic niches than the chicks of the other two species. Moderate to strong overlap in isotopic niche among species was found during each breeding season and for both age groups, suggesting that the potential for competition for shared food sources was similar during the two study years, although the actual level of competition could not be determined owing to the lack of data on resource abundance. Clear interannual shifts in isotopic niche were seen in all three species, though of lower amplitude for adult chinstrap penguins. These shifts were due to variation in carbon, but not nitrogen, isotopic ratios, which could indicate either a change in isotopic signature of their prey or a switch to an alternative food web. The main conclusions of this study are that (1) there is a partial overlap in the isotopic niches of these three congeneric species and that (2) they responded similarly to changes that likely occurred at the base of their food chain between the 2 years of the study.
Agency Problems and Airport Security: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence on the Impact of Security Training

We analyze the issue of agency costs in aviation security by combining results from a quantitative economic model with a qualitative study based on semi‐structured interviews. Our model extends previous principal‐agent models by combining the traditional fixed and varying monetary responses to physical and cognitive effort with nonmonetary welfare and potentially transferable value of employees' own human capital. To provide empirical evidence for the tradeoffs identified in the quantitative model, we have undertaken an extensive interview process with regulators, airport managers, security personnel, and those tasked with training security personnel from an airport operating in a relatively high‐risk state, Turkey. Our results indicate that the effectiveness of additional training depends on the mix of “transferable skills” and “emotional” buy‐in of the security agents. Principals need to identify on which side of a critical tipping point their agents are to ensure that additional training, with attached expectations of the burden of work, aligns the incentives of employees with the principals' own objectives.
Assessment of Soil Physical Characteristics of Luvisols Under Monoculture of Vines

Abstract The physical properties of Luvisols under vineyards of the Nitra wine-growing area (Slovakia) were evaluated in the paper. Soil samples were taken from two selected localities (Nitra - Dražovce, Vráble). The obtained results showed that in the soil profile of Dražovce, the average contents of non-capillary pores, capillary pores and semi-capillary pores to the total porosity were equal to 26.1, 64.4 and 9.4%, respectively, and in the soil profile of Vráble - 22.3, 75.6 and 2.1%, respectively. In the Dražovce locality, the average content of aggregate stability index (Sw) decreased in the following order: abandoned vineyard > grassy strip between the vineyard rows > intensively cultivated rows of vineyard. In contrast, in the Vráble locality, higher average contents of Sw were determined in intensively cultivated rows of vineyard in comparison to grassy strip between the vineyard rows. The lowest average value of vulnerability coefficient (Kv) was observed in abandoned vineyard (Dražovce locality) and in both localities in grassy strip between the vineyard rows. Intensive cultivation of the vineyard rows resulted in higher vulnerability of soil structure. The values of maximum capillary capacity were almost the same in both soil profiles of Luvisols. A higher content of soil moisture was observed in the soil profile in the Vráble locality (33.6±2.50) in comparison to the Dražovce locality (30.6±5.44). Higher content of storage moisture was determined in the Vráble locality (2,684 l m-2) in comparison to the Dražovce locality (2,450 l m-2).