Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ginkgol C17:1 inhibits tumor growth by blunting the EGF- PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Ginkgol C17:1 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis and migration of cancer cells, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. In this study, we explored whether the inhibitory effects of Ginkgol C17:1 were associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and PI3K/Akt signaling. The results showed that EGF treatment increased the phosphorylation of EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-kB, and also enhanced the proliferation, migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Ginkgol C17:1 dose-dependently inhibited EGF-induced phosphorylation/activation of all the key components including EGFR, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and NF-kB, leading to a significant reduction either of proliferation or migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. Notably, treatment with Ginkgol C17:1 in mice suppressed the growth of tumor mass in vivo , and expression of EGFR in the tumor tissue. The results suggest that Ginkgol C17:1 is a potent tumor inhibiting compound that acts on EGF-induced signal transduction of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, and may represent a clinically interesting candidate for cancer therapy.
Can Exposure to Environmental Chemicals Increase the Risk of Diabetes Type 1 Development?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease, where destruction of beta-cells causes insulin deficiency. The incidence of T1DM has increased in the last decades and cannot entirely be explained by genetic predisposition. Several environmental factors are suggested to promote T1DM, like early childhood enteroviral infections and nutritional factors, but the evidence is inconclusive. Prenatal and early life exposure to environmental pollutants like phthalates, bisphenol A, perfluorinated compounds, PCBs, dioxins, toxicants, and air pollutants can have negative effects on the developing immune system, resulting in asthma-like symptoms and increased susceptibility to childhood infections. In this review the associations between environmental chemical exposure and T1DM development is summarized. Although information on environmental chemicals as possible triggers for T1DM is sparse, we conclude that it is plausible that environmental chemicals can contribute to T1DM development via impaired pancreatic beta-cell and immune-cell functions and immunomodulation. Several environmental factors and chemicals could act together to trigger T1DM development in genetically susceptible individuals, possibly via hormonal or epigenetic alterations. Further observational T1DM cohort studies and animal exposure experiments are encouraged.
Ge n-channel FinFET with optimized gate stack and contacts

Whilst high performance p-channel Ge MOSFETs have been demonstrated [1-4], Ge n-channel MOSFET drive current has been lagging behind mainly hampered by high access resistance and poor gate stack passivation [5-9]. In this work, we address these issues on a module level and demonstrate Ge enhancement mode nMOS FinFETs fabricated on 300mm Si wafers implementing optimized gate stack (D<sub>it</sub> <; 2×10<sup>11</sup> eV<sup>-1</sup>·cm<sup>-2</sup>), n+-doping (Nd > 1×10<sup>20</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>) and metallization (ρ<sub>c</sub> = 1×10<sup>-7</sup> Ωcm<sup>2</sup>) modules. L<sub>G</sub> ~ 40 nm devices achieved I<sub>on</sub> = 50 μA/μm at I<sub>off</sub> = 100 nA/um, S ~ 124 mV/dec, at V<sub>DD</sub> = 0.5V. The same gate stack and contacts were deployed on planar devices for reference. Both FinFET and planar devices in this work achieved the highest reported g<sub>m</sub>/S<sub>sat</sub> at 0.5 V to date for Ge nMOS enhancement mode transistors to the best of our knowledge at shortest gate lengths.
Heterogeneous particle swarms in dynamic environments

This paper investigates the performance of a dynamic heterogeneous particle swarm optimizer (dHPSO) on dynamic unconstrained optimization problems. The results are compared to that of charged and quantum particle swarms, specifically designed for optimization in dynamic environments. It is shown that dHPSO possesses the ability to manage the diversity of the swarm dynamically, allowing it to overcome the problem of diversity loss and to successfully track a moving optimum over time. Additionally, it is shown that dHPSO is able to adapt to the size of the search domain without the need for parameter tuning. Experiments that are conducted on a range of dynamic problems show that dHPSO consistently produces lower average errors than charged and quantum swarms over 2000 iterations, suggesting that dHPSO is a suitable algorithm for optimization in dynamic environments.
The Case Study Crisis: Some Answers

March 198 1, volume 26 In hisASQ article entitled "Qualitative data as an attractive nuisance," Matthew Miles (1 979) has written a disarmingly candid rendition of the perils of qualitative analysis. Unfortunately, his candor in admitting the existence of these perils was matched by few suggestions for overcoming them. As a result, his article, based on a four-year study of six public schools, leaves the readerwith a sense that qualitative analysis-and its implicit companion, the case study cannot yet be regarded a rational, much less scientific venture.
Late-Night Comedy in Election 2000: Its Influence on Candidate Trait Ratings and the Moderating Effects of Political Knowledge and Partisanship

This paper examines the effects of exposure to late-night comedy programming on trait ratings of the candidates in the 2000 Presidential election and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisan- ship. The study includes a content analysis of late-night jokes, an analysis of the predictors of late-night exposure, and several tests of the relationship between late-night exposure and candidate trait ratings. Results did not reveal direct effects of late-night exposure on subjects' ratings of the candidates' caricatured traits, though findings did suggest differential effects of exposure to late-night as a function of the partisanship and political knowledge of the viewer.
Low power BIST for Wallace tree-based multipliers

The low power as a feature of a BIST scheme is a significant target due to quality as well as cost related issues. In this paper we examine the testability of multipliers based on Booth encoding and Wallace tree summation of the partial products and we present a methodology for deriving a low power Built In Self Test (BIST) scheme for them. We propose several design rules for designing the Wallace tree in order to be fully testable under the cell fault model. The proposed low power BIST scheme for the derived multipliers is achieved by: (a) introducing suitable Test Pattern Generators (TPG); (b) properly assigning the TPG outputs to the multiplier inputs; and (c) significantly reducing the test set length with respect to earlier schemes; Our results indicate that the total power dissipated during test can be reduced from 64.8% to 72.8%, while the average power per test vector can be reduced from 19.6% to 27.4% and the peak power dissipation can be reduced from 16.8% to 36.0%, depending on the implementation of the basic cells and the size of the multiplier. The test application time is also significantly reduced, while the introduced BIST scheme implementation area is small.
Using perspectives on subject learning to inform the design of subject teaching: an example from science education

The difficulty of using insights from educational research and scholarship to inform the design of subject teaching is widely acknowledged. In this article, we present an example of the design of a short science teaching intervention to illustrate one approach to using insights from research to inform the design of teaching. After outlining the general difficulty in question, the article begins by justifying two design tools in terms of perspectives on science learning (learning demand and communicative approach). We show how these design tools were used to generate a design brief for the teaching, and how the design brief was addressed through one worked example. We consider the role of factors other than educational research and scholarship in the design process. The article concludes with a discussion of this approach to designing teaching as compared to approaches used in the North American design literature, and the (non-Anglophone) European didactics literature.
Human Neuroscience

neuroimaging experiments that allow studying the neural basis, chronometry, mechanisms, and impact of each specific emotion in isolation. Regret is typically defined as " a negative, cognitively determined emotion that we experience when realizing or imagining that our present situation would have been better, had we acted differently " (Bell, 1982). Disappointment (and its positive counterpart Elation) is formally defined by Bell (1985) as proportional to the mismatch (numerical difference) between the subject's expectations and the actual outcome. Thus, to formally evaluate disappointment we need to quantify both the size of the outcome and the subject's expectations or predictions. However, expectations are hardly ever controlled in typical gambling tasks as most studies focus on the size and valence of the monetary outcomes without accounting for the internal reference point (subject's prediction or expectations). Expectations are, according to the formal definition of disappointment , as important for the magnitude of the elicited emotion as the pure size of the outcome per se. Additionally, to evaluate disappointment in isolation from regret we could take into account that " If actions have been constrained by outside forces, the individual seizes on these external attributions and hence feels no dissonance, no regret, and no self-blame " (Roese and Summerville, 2005). Thus, while disappointment and regret are hard to decouple in gambling
Unrelated helpers will not fully compensate for costs imposed on breeders when they pay to stay

Unrelated subordinates may invest in costly help to avoid being evicted from groups (the ‘pay–to–stay’ hypothesis). However, the effectiveness of eviction to enforce help should depend on its being applied accurately and on the costs it imposes on both dominants and subordinates. The relative cost of being evicted is a function of the population frequency of eviction when population growth is limited by density–dependent factors. We describe a stage–structured pay–to–stay model incorporating density–dependent population growth, costly eviction and occasional errors. Breeders demand some amount of help and evict subordinates that do not provide it. Helpers decide on the amount of help they will provide. The threat of eviction alone is sufficient to enforce helping. However, helping will not be favoured if helpers do not impose costs on breeders. The amount of help provided is less than the cost that subordinates impose upon breeders, when any help is provided. Thus, the net fitness effect of a helper under pay–to–stay alone is negative, even if it is investing in cooperative behaviour. Constraints on dispersal have no effect on the amount of help, although they may influence the tolerance threshold of breeders and group stability, depending on the mechanism of density dependence.
The Evolution of Cognitive Bias

On the surface, cognitive biases appear to be puzzling when viewed through an evolutionary lens. Because they depart from standards of logic and accuracy, they appear to be design flaws instead of examples of good evolutionary engineering. Biases are often ascribed to cognitive “constraints” or flaws in the design of the mind that were somehow not overcome by evolution. To the evolutionary psychologist, however, evolved psychological mechanisms are expected to solve particular problems well, in ways that contributed to fitness ancestrally. Viewed in this way, cognitive biasescould have evolved because they positively impacted fitness. They are, then, not necessarily designflaws—instead, they could be design features. This chapter describes research documenting adaptive biases across many domains. These include inferences about danger, the cooperativeness of others, and the sexual and romantic interests of prospective mates. This chapter also addresses the question of why biases often seem to be implemented at the cognitive level, producing genuine misperceptions, rather than merely biases in enacted behavior. Keywords: evolutionary psychology; cognitive biases; error management theory; social cognition; sexual misperception
Reversible MR imaging abnormalities following cerebral venous thrombosis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although rare, cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is being diagnosed more frequently owing to improved imaging techniques. The venous infarcts caused by CVT in 50% of patients are largely reversible and differ from arterial stroke. Our purpose was to study the time-dependent changes of venous infarcts on MR images and to define the variables that influence lesion volume in humans. METHODS MR images and venous angiograms were evaluated in 15 consecutive patients with venous infarcts due to CVT of sinus, cortical, or internal veins. All patients were treated with intravenous dose-adjusted heparin followed by oral anticoagulation for 12 months. Reduction of signal intensity changes on T1- and T2-weighted images was correlated to the degree of recanalization, age, initial absolute lesion size, and hemorrhage. RESULTS Within the first 30 days, we found a significant correlation between the volume of the lesion on T1-weighted images and recanalization. However, early recanalization did not influence the final lesion volume after 12 months. Eleven patients showed complete resolution of changes on T1- and T2-weighted images. Age of the patients influenced initial absolute volume of brain damage. CONCLUSION In venous stroke, even large parenchymal changes can resolve completely independent from recanalization of the thrombosed veins and sinuses. A plausible hypothesis is that venous infarcts largely consist of a persistent edema and that the lesion volume is influenced by the development of collateral veins. However, further investigations are necessary to understand the underlying abnormal mechanisms.
Long-term learning behavior in a recurrent neural network for sound recognition

In this paper, the long-term learning properties of an artificial neural network model, designed for sound recognition and computational auditory scene analysis in general, are investigated. The model is designed to run for long periods of time (weeks to months) on low-cost hardware, used in a noise monitoring network, and builds upon previous work by the same authors. It consists of three neural layers, connected to each other by feedforward and feedback excitatory connections. It is shown that the different mechanisms that drive auditory attention emerge naturally from the way in which neural activation and intra-layer inhibitory connections are implemented in the model. Training of the artificial neural network is done following the Hebb principle, dictating that "Cells that fire together, wire together", with some important modifications, compared to standard Hebbian learning. As the model is designed to be on-line for extended periods of time, also learning mechanisms need to be adapted to this. The learning needs to be strongly attention- and saliency-driven, in order not to waste available memory space for sounds that are of no interest to the human listener. The model also implements plasticity, in order to deal with new or changing input over time, without catastrophically forgetting what it already learned. On top of that, it is shown that also the implementation of short-term memory plays an important role in the long-term learning properties of the model. The above properties are investigated and demonstrated by training on real urban sound recordings.
Between Justice and Beauty: Race, Planning, and the Failure of Urban Policy in Washington, D.C.

As the only American city under direct congressional control, Washington has served historically as a testing ground for federal policy initiatives and social experiments-with decidedly mixed results. Well-intentioned efforts to introduce measures of social justice for the district's largely black population have failed. Yet federal plans and federal money have successfully created a large federal presence-a triumph, argues Howard Gillette, of beauty over justice. In a new afterword, Gillette addresses the recent revitalization and the aftereffects of an urban sports arena.
Organic Foods: Health and Environmental Advantages and Disadvantages

The US market for organic foods has grown from $3.5 billion in 1996 to $28.6 billion in 2010, according to the Organic Trade Association. Organic products are now sold in specialty stores and conventional supermarkets. Organic products contain numerous marketing claims and terms, only some of which are standardized and regulated. In terms of health advantages, organic diets have been convincingly demonstrated to expose consumers to fewer pesticides associated with human disease. Organic farming has been demonstrated to have less environmental impact than conventional approaches. However, current evidence does not support any meaningful nutritional benefits or deficits from eating organic compared with conventionally grown foods, and there are no well-powered human studies that directly demonstrate health benefits or disease protection as a result of consuming an organic diet. Studies also have not demonstrated any detrimental or disease-promoting effects from an organic diet. Although organic foods regularly command a significant price premium, well-designed farming studies demonstrate that costs can be competitive and yields comparable to those of conventional farming techniques. Pediatricians should incorporate this evidence when discussing the health and environmental impact of organic foods and organic farming while continuing to encourage all patients and their families to attain optimal nutrition and dietary variety consistent with the US Department of Agriculture’s MyPlate recommendations. This clinical report reviews the health and environmental issues related to organic food production and consumption. It defines the term “organic,” reviews organic food-labeling standards, describes organic and conventional farming practices, and explores the cost and environmental implications of organic production techniques. It examines the evidence available on nutritional quality and production contaminants in conventionally produced and organic foods. Finally, this report provides guidance for pediatricians to assist them in advising their patients regarding organic and conventionally produced food choices.
Fibrinogen gene regulation

Summary The Aα, Bβ and γ polypeptide chains of fibrinogen are encoded by a three gene cluster on human chromosome four. The fibrinogen genes (FGB-FGA-FGG) are expressed almost exclusively in hepatocytes where their output is coordinated to ensure a sufficient mRNA pool for each chain and maintain an abundant plasma fibrinogen protein level. Fibrinogen gene expression is controlled by the activity of proximal promoters which contain binding sites for hepatocyte transcription factors, including proteins which influence fibrinogen transcription in response to acute-phase inflammatory stimuli. The fibrinogen gene cluster also contains cis regulatory elements; enhancer sequences with liver activities identified by sequence conservation and functional genomics. While the transcriptional control of this gene cluster is fascinating biology, the medical impetus to understand fibrinogen gene regulation stems from the association of cardiovascular disease risk with high level circulating fibrinogen. In the general population this level varies from about 1.5 to 3.5 g/l. This variation between individuals is influenced by genotype, suggesting there are genetic variants contributing to fibrinogen levels which reside in fibrinogen regulatory loci. A complete picture of how fibrinogen genes are regulated will therefore point towards novel sources of regulatory variants. In this review we discuss regulation of the fibrinogen genes from proximal promoters and enhancers, the influence of acute-phase stimulation, post-transcriptional regulation by miRNAs and functional regulatory variants identified in genetic studies. Finally, we discuss the fibrinogen locus in light of recent advances in understanding chromosomal architecture and suggest future directions for researching the mechanisms that control fibrinogen expression.
Intrinsic Religious Orientation and Religious Teaching: Differential Judgments Toward Same-Gender Sexual Behavior and Gay Men and Lesbians

There is a developing discussion within the literature regarding religiosity and negative attitudes toward same-gender sexuality. A fair amount of empirical evidence now exists linking increased conservative religiosity with negative attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. However, past research has failed to account for the participants' religious group's position on same-sex issues. Results from the project presented here indicated that those who had high scores of intrinsic religiosity and reported attending a religious group that taught “love the sinner, hate the sin” responded with relatively more positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. These findings are discussed in relation to the emerging evidence that some intrinsic religious individuals apparently are able to make the distinction between “sin and sinner. ”
Postoperative Analgesia After Total Knee Replacement: The Effect of an Obturator Nerve Block Added to the Femoral 3-in-1 Nerve Block

Femoral nerve block (FNB) does not consistently produce anesthesia of the obturator nerve. In this single-blind, randomized, controlled study we added a selective obturator nerve block (ONB) to FNB to analyze its influence on postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement (TKR). Before general anesthesia, 90 patients undergoing TKR received FNB (Group 1), FNB and selective ONB (Group 2), or placebo FNB (Group 3). Postoperative analgesia was further provided by morphine IV via patient-controlled analgesia. Analgesic efficacy and side effects were recorded in the first 6 h after surgery. Adductor strength decreased by 18% ± 9% in Group 1 and by 78% ± 22% in Group 2 (P < 0.0001). Total morphine consumption was reduced in Group 2 compared with Groups 1 and 3 (P ≤ 0.0001). Patients in Group 2 reported lower pain scores than those in Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.0003). The incidence of nausea was more frequent in Groups 1 and 3 (P = 0.01). We conclude that FNB does not produce complete anesthesia of the obturator nerve. Single-shot FNB does not provide additional benefits on pain at rest over opioids alone in the early postoperative period. The addition of an ONB to FNB improves postoperative analgesia after TKR.