Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE: A GENETICALLY RECESSIVE MUTATION

The spontaneous mutation of bacteria from their normal status of streptomycin sensitivity (S8) to resistance (Sr) is of considerable importance in the clinical application of this chemotherapeutic agent (Miller and Bohnhoff, 1950) as well as in experimental studies of bacterial variation. An important datum hitherto lacking is the dominance relationship of Ss and Sr; that is, whether the presence of Ss and Sr together in the same cell results in sensitivity or in resistance. This question has been studied with the help of unique heterozygous diploid cultures of Escherichia coli. These cultures have been isolated from crosses of polyauxotrophic mutants of strain K-12. A detailed account of the isolation techniques and of the genetic behavior that led to the characterization of these cultures as heterozygous diploids has been published (Lederberg, 1949; Zelle and Lederberg, 1951). The same considerations identify the present material as diploids carrying an S8 and Sr factor from each parent. The parent stocks used to obtain diploid cultures heterozygous for SI/Sr were W-67 and W-1177. W-67 is auxotrophic for biotin and methionine (double mutant stock 58-161; Tatum, 1945) and also carries a lactose-negative mutation, Lac4-, but is the wild type or is sensitive to streptomycin. W-1177 (677 sr; Lederberg, 1950) is auxotrophic for threonine, leucine, and thiamine; lactoseand maltose-negative; and Sr. The two parents can be symbolized as BMT+ L+ B1+ Lac,+ Lac4SI and B+ M+ TLB1Lac1Lac4+ Sr, respectively. They were crossed on a synthetic EMB lactose agar medium, and the rare lactose-positive prototrophs were isolated to verify whether they were diploid heterozygotes (Lac,+ Lac4-/Lac1Lac4+) or recombinant prototrophs (Lac,+ Lac4+). (See Lederberg, 1949, p. 183.) From such crosses, two diploid cultures were isolated that were heterozygous for Sr/SI. These were purified by repeated single colony isolations on synthetic EMB lactose agar plates. Suspensions of the diploid cultures were grown in aerated synthetic liquid medium containing lactose. From 90 to 95 per cent of the cells from such cultures were still diploid. The remainder consists of haploid segregants which are continually thrown off by the diploid cells but which are incapable of sustained growth in the synthetic medium owing to the auxotrophic and lactose-negative mutations that they have inherited from the original parents. The following report of the platings of the diploid suspensions is corrected for the segregants initially present.
Survey of Reactive and Hybrid Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless communication networks that operate without the need for any infrastructure. They are characterized by challenging environments; where the nodes are in constant motion, bandwidth and other resources are limited and the transmission medium prone to errors and collisions. Since wireless transmission ranges are limited, data often has to be relayed through multiple hops, which is why routing protocols are necessary to determine the best routes to send data across. There are numerous MANET routing protocols, categorized in different ways. This paper presents an overview of MANETs routing issues as well as a detailed discussion of the operating principles behind a few selected routing protocols and their relative performance.
Development of Selective Auditory Attention Skills in Children

This study investigated the development of selective auditory attention skills of 53 children aged 5 through 9 yr. old. Each child was tested individually via headphones at a comfortable listening level. The task required pointing to the appropriate picture of a monosyllabic word presented diotically. The task was presented first in quiet and then under each of three noise (distractor) conditions, white noise (nonlinguistic), speech backwards (linguistic nonsemantic), and speech forward (semantic). Age and type of distractor significantly influenced test scores. The semantic distractor caused the greatest distraction for all children.
Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource?

The purpose of this study was to examine resilience, as the ability to bounce back from stress, in predicting health-related measures when controlling for other positive characteristics and resources. We assessed resilience, optimism, social support, mood clarity, spirituality, purpose in life, and health-related measures in two large undergraduate samples. In Study 1, resilience was related to both health-related measures (less negative affect and more positive affect) when controlling for demographics and other positive characteristics. In Study 2, resilience was related to all four health-related measures (less negative affect, more positive affect, less physical symptoms, and less perceived stress) when controlling for the other variables. None of the other positive characteristics were related to more than three of the six possible health-related measures when controlling for the other variables. Resilience, as the ability to bounce back, may be an important personal resource to examine in future studies and target in interventions.
Development and change in the phonology of Putonghua-speaking children with speech difficulties

The speech error patterns of seven Putonghua-speaking children with speech difficulties, who received no clinical intervention, were assessed twice over an interval of about 11 months. Qualitative measures (phonetic inventory, phonemic inventory, and phonological process use) and quantitative measures (severity score and inconsistency rating) were used. One child's phonology was within normal limits initially, but showed characteristics of delayed development at the second assessment. Of the three children presented with delayed acquisition at the initial assessment, one child had attained age-appropriate phonology at the second assessment, while the other two children remained delayed. Two children who consistently used phonological error patterns atypical of normal development and one child whose speech was characterized by inconsistency showed little change in the number and type of errors made. The theoretical and clinical implications of these results are discussed. It is argued that children with different underlying deficits might follow different paths of development. Delayed phonological development may occur at any stage of children's phonological acquisition and spontaneously resolve later, while disordered phonological development may start at speech onset and be resistant to changes, due to deficits in the speech processing chain. The data support the need for differential diagnosis and treatment of children with speech disorders.
Perceptual Grouping without Awareness: Superiority of Kanizsa Triangle in Breaking Interocular Suppression

Much information could be processed unconsciously. However, there is no direct evidence on whether perceptual grouping could occur without awareness. To answer this question, we investigated whether a Kanizsa triangle (an example of perceptual grouping) is processed differently from stimuli with the same local components but are ungrouped or weakly grouped. Specifically, using a suppression time paradigm we tested whether a Kanizsa triangle would emerge from interocular continuous flash suppression sooner than control stimuli. Results show a significant advantage of the Kanizsa triangle: the Kanizsa triangle emerged from suppression noise significantly faster than the control stimulus with the local Pacmen randomly rotated (t(9) = −2.78, p = 0.02); and also faster than the control stimulus with all Pacmen rotated 180° (t(11) = −3.20, p<0.01). Additional results demonstrated that the advantage of the grouped Kanizsa triangle could not be accounted for by the faster detection speed at the conscious level for the Kanizsa figures on a dynamic noise background. Our results indicate that certain properties supporting perceptual grouping could be processed in the absence of awareness.
Combined Effects of Elevated O3 Concentrations and Enhanced UV-B Radiation of the Biometric and Biochemical Properties of Soybean Roots

Enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation and elevated tropospheric ozone alone may inhibit the growth of agricultural crops. However, research regarding their combined effects on growth and biochemical properties of roots is still scarce. Using open top chambers, we monitored the response of growth, secondary metabolites, endogenous hormones and enzyme activities of soybean roots to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination at stages of branching, flowering and podding. Our results indicated that the root biomass decreased by 23.6, 25.2, and 27.7%, and root oxidative capacity declined by11.2, 39.9, and 55.7% exposed to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Concentrations of quercetin and ABA were significantly increased, while concentrations of total polyphenol and P-coumaric acid responded insignificantly to elevated O3, enhanced UV-B, and O3 + UV-B during the whole period of soybean growth. Elevated O3, enhanced UV-B and O3 + UV-B showed significant negative effects on superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity at flowering stage, on activities of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) at podding stage, on ascorbate peroxidase activity during the whole period of soybean growth. Moreover, compared to hormones and enzyme activity, secondary metabolisms showed stronger correlation with root growth exposed to elevated O3 and enhanced UV-B individually and in combination. Our study concluded that combined effects of O3 and UV-B radiation significantly exacerbated the decline of soybean root growth, and for annual legumes, the inhibited root growth exposed to O3 and/or UV-B radiation was mostly associated with secondary metabolisms (especially flavonoids).
Cast immobilization increases long‐interval intracortical inhibition

Immobilization reduces muscle performance, and despite these performance losses being associated with neural impairments little is known regarding adaptations in cortical properties. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess changes in flexor carpi radialis (FCR) intracortical facilitation (ICF), and short‐ and long‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI) in healthy humans undergoing 3 weeks of immobilization. Measurements were obtained at rest and during contraction (15% intensity). Central activation and the Hoffman reflex (H‐reflex) were also assessed. Strength decreased 43.2% ± 6.1% following immobilization, and central activation also decreased (97.5% ± 2.4% to 73.2% ± 8.3%). No changes in ICF, SICI, or LICI were observed at rest; however, LICI was increased during contraction (67.5% ± 6.9% to 53.1% ± 6.7% of unconditioned response). The increase in LICI correlated with the loss of strength (r = −0.63). The H‐reflex increased following immobilization. These findings suggest that immobilization increases intracortical inhibition during contraction, and this increase is primarily mediated by GABAB receptors. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Photosynthesis in Fescue: I. HIGH RATE OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND PHOSPHORYLATION IN CHLOROPLASTS OF HEXAPLOID PLANTS.

Chloroplasts isolated from tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb. , showed high rates of electron transport, comparable to rates observed for spinach chloroplasts.Chloroplasts were well coupled and rates of electron transport from water to methyl viologen (photosystem II and I) were increased two to five times when ADP and inorganic phosphate or methylamine (uncoupler) were added to the reaction mixture. Ratios of P:2e for photosystem II plus I were found to be near 1.2. Electron transport rates from water to p-phenylenediamine or 2,6-dichlorobenzoquinone (photosystem II) were over 300 micromoles O(2) per hour per milligram chlorophyll, while P:2e ratios were found to be over 0.5. The highest rates of electron transport were found in electron flow from diaminodurene to methyl viologen (photosystem I) and P:2e ratios remained near 0.5. Light intensity saturation curves for photosystem II and I, as well as the photosystems independently, resembled curves for spinach, with saturation of electron transport in photosystem I and photosystem II separately occurring at 35% of the available light intensity (6000 microeinsteins per square meter per second). Photosystem II and I in sequence were saturated at about half this light intensity.
Memory-for-Designs Test: Revised General Manual

The intent of the present paper is to provide a manual for the Memoryfor-Designs Test (MFD), which ;he authors first described in 1946 and 1948 (Graham & Kendall, 1946a; Kendall & Graham, 1948). These early articles reported data on standardization and validity of the test. Detailed instructions for administration and scoring were also made available privately (Graham & KendaU, 1946b). Because the test has continued to be used as a clinical and research tool, it appears desirable to consolidate the material previously published and to make available the results of additional experience with it. ' The MFD involves the presentation of simple geometric designs and the reproduction of these designs from immediate memory. At the time of the original work with the MFD, it had long been thought that inability to perform such a task was associated with "organic" impairment (Foster, 1920). There was, however, no adequate test of this assumption. The MFD was developed to provide an instrument of sufficient reliability to use in research
Determinants of increasing pulse pressure during 23 years' follow‐up as a marker of arterial stiffness and vascular ageing

The aim was to investigate clinical characteristics of increased brachial pulse pressure (PP) during long‐term follow‐up (23 years) as a marker of arterial stiffness in 9704 healthy subjects. The association of baseline variables with an increasing PP burden during the study period was analysed by univariate analysis. In addition, the association between different biological variables at baseline and increasing PP at follow‐up, as well as the cross‐sectional association with PP at follow‐up, were examined by multiple regression analysis. The prospective analysis showed in men that the following baseline variables predicted (p<0.05) increased PP at follow‐up: age, fasting glucose, triglycerides, heart rate, smoking, family history of hypertension and cholesterol. Among women, the same predictors were established (p<0.05), except for smoking and triglycerides, but in addition body mass index (BMI). The cross‐sectional analysis obtained at the last survey, showed that the following variables (p<0.05) were associated with increased PP in men: fasting glucose, age, BMI, cholesterol and family history of hypertension. In females, similar findings were noted (p<0.05), but in addition there was a negative correlation with smoking. In conclusion, several well‐known cardiovascular risk factors, such as glucose, BMI, heart rate, family history of hypertension and cholesterol in particular, are long‐term predictors of increased PP in both genders.
Branding Consultants as Cultural Intermediaries

Advertising agencies are frequently the focus of sociological studies investigating the ways in which commodities are imbued with meanings, and the impacts of these efforts on consumer activity. However, advertising agencies face increasing competition from other symbolic intermediaries, of which branding consultancies are some of the most successful. This paper explores the nature and significance of branding by focusing upon three key themes: first, its history and relationship to the design industry; secondly, its everyday practice and efforts to translate brand values into material, as well as visual, form; and thirdly, the forms of knowledge drawn upon in its decision-making processes, and their relationship to its broader power and influence. These themes are addressed through a combination of historical analysis and empirical material drawn from interviews with branding professionals, and are framed with reference to the literature on cultural intermediaries
Motivationale und affektive Merkmale unterschätzter Schüler

In diesem Beitrag werden zwei Untersuchungen zur diagnostischen Kompetenz von Lehrkraften und den motivational-affektiven Merkmalen unterschatzter und uberschatzter Schuler prasentiert. An den Untersuchungen in Deutschland und China nahmen jeweils acht Grundschulklassen sowie deren Mathematiklehrer teil. Die Viertklassler bearbeiteten einen Mathematikleistungstest und einen Selbstbeschreibungsfragebogen. Die Lehrkrafte schatzten die Schuler in Bezug auf die Testleistung und motivational-affektive Merkmale ein. Auf Grundlage der geschatzten und der tatsachlichen Testleistung erfolgte eine Einteilung in unterschatzte und uberschatzte Schuler. Beide Untersuchungen kommen zu ubereinstimmenden Ergebnissen. Die Lehrkrafte konnten Testleistungen mit guter Genauigkeit prognostizieren, aber hatten Schwierigkeiten damit motivational-affektive Schulermerkmale richtig einzuschatzen. Unterschatzte Schuler zeigten die gleiche Testleistung und Lernmotivation wie uberschatzte Schuler, aber hatten eine niedrigere Erfolgse.
Attention capture by visual onsets and the mediating power of attentional set

Attention Capture by Visual Onsets And the Mediating Power of Attentional Set by Chris S. Fick This study examined how attentional set mitigates attention capture by onsets occurring between known spatial locations. In Experiment 1 response times increased with the number of onsets that occurred. In Experiment 2 and 3 color was used instead of onset as the task relevant feature. Data collected at the keystroke-level showed delayed response times for keystrokes in only certain positions following an onset. Typing patterns were also found to affect the costs generated by the onsets, implying that task strategies mediated when onsets captured attention. Experiment 4 manipulated the cue types in a 2 phase spatial cuing task. Cues of the same type in both phases yielded faster responses, even though the blocked nature of the trials alerted participants to the upcoming cue type in each phase. This suggests that participants were unable to rapidly shift attentional set. Chris Fick: Masters Thesis 3 Table of
Public Governance, Health and Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Using 1985-2004 yearly panel data for 70 developing countries, including 28 from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the paper finds that once market size is accounted for, SSA's foreign direct investment (FDI) deficit with other regions of the world is mainly explained by the insufficient provision of public goods: relatively low human capital accumulation, in terms of education and health in SSA. On the basis of additional cross-sectional data, the paper finds that in the absence of HIV and malaria, net FDI inflows in the median SSA country could have been one-third higher during 2000-2004, with slightly more than one-half of this deficit explained by malaria
The interface between feedback type, L2 proficiency, and the nature of the linguistic target

This study investigated the interactions between feedback type, proficiency, and the nature of the linguistic target in the learning of Chinese as a foreign language. Seventy-eight learners from two large US universities participated in the study. The participants were divided into two proficiency levels based on their performance on a standardized proficiency test. At each proficiency level, they were randomly assigned to three feedback conditions: recasts, metalinguistic correction, and control. Learners in the experimental conditions received feedback on their nontargetlike use of classifiers and the perfective -le. Results revealed that for the perfective -le, recasts benefited the high-level but not low-level learners; at the high proficiency level, the effects of recasts were more sustainable than those of metalinguistic correction. With respect to classifiers, recasts were effective for learners at both proficiency levels. For both target structures, metalinguistic correction showed larger effects than recasts for the low-level learners, but the two feedback types were equally effective for the advanced learners. The results underscore the importance of taking an interactional approach to the investigation of corrective feedback. The results also undermine the commonly believed superiority of explicit feedback over implicit feedback.
Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and CD44 variant exon 6 in primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases of colorectal carcinoma with Dukes' stage C or D.

AIM To study changes in characteristics of colorectal carcinoma during the metastatic process and to investigate the correlation between cell proliferation activity and metastatic ability of patients with Dukes' stage C or D. METHODS Formalin fixed and paraffin embedded materials of primary tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases resected from 56 patients with Dukes' stage C or D of colorectal carcinoma were stained immunohistochemically with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and CD44 variant exon 6 (CD44v6). RESULTS Thirty-one of 56 patients (55.4 %) expressed PCNA in the primary sites and 36 of 56 patients (64.3 %) expressed PCNA in the metastatic lymph nodes. A significant relation in PCNA expression was observed between the primary site and the metastatic lymph node (0.010<P<0.025). Forty-one of 56 patients (73.2 %) expressed CD44v6 in the primary site and 39 of 56 patients (69.6 %) expressed CD44v6 in the metastatic lymph node. There was also an significant relationship of CD44v6 between the primary site and the metastatic lymph node (0.005<P<0.010). No difference was observed between expression of CD44v6 and PCNA in the primary site (0.250<P<0.500). CONCLUSION This study partially demonstrates that tumor cells in metastatic lymph node of colorectal carcinoma still possess cell proliferation activity and metastatic ability of tumor cells in primary site. There may be no association between cell proliferation activity and metastatic ability in colorectal carcinoma.
ABELIAN COMPLEXITY OF FIXED POINT OF MORPHISM

We study the combinatorics of vtm, a variant of the Thue-Morse word generated by the non-uniform morphism 0 7→ 012, 1 7→ 02, 2 7→ 1 starting with 0. This infinite ternary sequence appears a lot in the literature and finds applications in several fields such as combinatorics on words; for example, in pattern avoidance it is often used to construct infinite words avoiding given patterns. It has been shown that the factor complexity of vtm, i.e., the number of factors of length n, is Θ(n); in fact, it is bounded by 10 3 n for all n, and it reaches that bound precisely when n can be written as 3 times a power of 2. In this paper, we show that the abelian complexity of vtm, i.e., the number of Parikh vectors of length n, is O (log n) with constant approaching 3 4 (assuming base 2 logarithm), and it is Ω (1) with constant 3 (and these are the best possible bounds). We also prove some results regarding factor indices in vtm.