Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) stimulates the oxygen sensing type I (glomus) cells of rat carotid bodies via reduction of a background TASK‐like K+ current

Pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP)‐deficient mice are prone to sudden neonatal death and have reduced respiratory response to hypoxia. Here we found that PACAP‐38 elevated cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) in the oxygen sensing type I cells but not the glial‐like type II (sustentacular) cells of the rat carotid body. This action of PACAP could not be mimicked by vasoactive intestinal peptide but was abolished by PACAP 6‐38, implicating the involvement of PAC1 receptors. H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor attenuated the PACAP response. Simultaneous measurement of membrane potential and [Ca2+]i showed that the PACAP‐mediated [Ca2+]i rise was accompanied by depolarization and action potential firing. Ni2+, a blocker of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels (VGCC) or the removal of extracellular Ca2+ reversibly inhibited the PACAP‐mediated [Ca2+]i rise. In the presence of tetraethylammonium (TEA) and 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP), PACAP reduced a background K+ current. Anandamide, a blocker of TWIK‐related acid‐sensitive K+ (TASK)‐like K+ channel, occluded the inhibitory action of PACAP on K+ current. We conclude that PACAP, acting via the PAC1 receptors coupled PKA pathway inhibits a TASK‐like K+ current and causes depolarization and VGCC activation. This stimulatory action of PACAP in carotid type I cells can partly account for the role of PACAP in respiratory disorders.
Poorly Differentiated Clusters in Colorectal Adenocarcinomas Share Biological Similarities with Micropapillary Patterns as well as Tumor Buds

In colorectal carcinoma, poorly differentiated clusters (PDCs) are a poor prognostic indicator and show morphological continuity and behavioral similarities to micropapillary patterns (MPPs) as well as tumor buds (TBs). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and inhibition of cancer-stromal interactions may contribute to the development of PDCs. To clarify the biological nature of PDCs, we examined immunohistochemical stainings for β-catenin, Ki-67, E-cadherin, epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), MUC1, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), which are associated with EMT and cancer-stromal interactions. The expression frequencies and patterns of PDCs, TBs, and differentiated neoplastic glands from the tumor center (TC) were compared. In the study group (117 cases), the nuclear β-catenin staining index was higher in PDCs (37.3%) and TBs (43.3%) than in neoplastic glands from TC (8.9%, P < 0.001). The mean Ki-67 labeling index in TC was 71.5%, whereas it was decreased in PDCs (31.2%) and TBs (10.2%, P < 0.001). E-cadherin and EpCAM displayed a tendency to be found along the cell membrane in TC samples (91.5% and 92.3%, respectively), whereas they showed loss of membranous staining in PDC (44.4% and 36.8%, respectively) and TB samples (60.7% and 68.4%, respectively). An inside-out pattern for MUC1 and EMA was frequently observed in PDC (48.7% and 45.3%, respectively) and TB samples (46.2% and 45.3%, respectively), but not in TC samples. Our data demonstrate that there is a pathogenetic overlap among PDCs, TBs, and MPPs and suggest that they might represent sequential growth patterns that branch from common biological processes such as dedifferentiation and alteration in cancer-stromal interactions.
All in Strings: a Powerful String-based Automatic MT Evaluation Metric with Multiple Granularities

String-based metrics of automatic machine translation (MT) evaluation are widely applied in MT research. Meanwhile, some linguistic motivated metrics have been suggested to improve the string-based metrics in sentence-level evaluation. In this work, we attempt to change their original calculation units (granularities) of string-based metrics to generate new features. We then propose a powerful string-based automatic MT evaluation metric, combining all the features with various granularities based on SVM rank and regression models. The experimental results show that i) the new features with various granularities can contribute to the automatic evaluation of translation quality; ii) our proposed string-based metrics with multiple granularities based on SVM regression model can achieve higher correlations with human assessments than the state-of-art automatic metrics.
A Combined Motif Discovery Method

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Virtual team collaboration and innovation in organizations

Purpose – Virtual teams, understood as teams with geographically dispersed members communicating primarily by use of information and communication technologies (ICT), have become a viable form for work in innovation projects involving one or several organizations. Knowledge development and creation of a shared understanding among team members are often stressed as fundamental to successful innovation processes. This paper aims to address how use of ICT in team collaboration impacts on the creation of a shared understanding and knowledge development within the teams, and how these factors are important for organizations' innovation capabilities.Design/methodology/approach – Based on a review of the literature, the paper discusses how modern ICT may impact on the organization of innovative activities and organizations' innovation capabilities.Findings – Several important factors related to the use of ICT in teams working on innovation projects are highlighted. A conceptual model and directions for future re.
`It's a Bit Like Being a Robot or Working in a Factory': Does Braverman Help Explain the Experiences of State Social Workers in Britain Since 1971?

State social work in Britain has experienced radical and sustained reforms which have seen it move from being an aspiring profession to an increasingly marginalized part of a receding state welfare sector. Neo-liberal reform, and in particular the privatization of state social work, has encouraged greater managerial control, increasing regulation, workloads and deskilling for social workers. Drawing from empirical evidence, this article critically assesses the role of the state social worker since their expansion in Britain from 1971. This is achieved by considering the validity of Braverman's (1974) thesis to practitioners' experiences in the context of three (proposed) eras within the relatively brief life span of the social service department. Despite prominent deficiencies, it is argued that Braverman's overall sentiment, and many of the specific nuances of his theory, still offer much in helping us to contextualize the changing nature of state social work, as a labour process held within the increasingly `competitive' state. Finally, some suggested components of a possible reformed labour process theory that accommodate the specific dynamics of state social work are provided.
A Cross-Layer Approach for Minimizing Interference and Latency of Medium Access in Wireless Sensor Networks

In low power wireless sensor networks, MAC protocols usually employ periodic sleep/wake schedule to reduce idle listening time. Even though this mechanism is simple and efficient, it results in high end-toend latency and low throughput. On the other hand, the previously proposed CSMA/CA based MAC protocols have tried to reduce inter-node interference at the cost of increased latency and lower network capacity. In this paper we propose IAMAC, a CSMA/CA sleep/wake MAC protocol that minimizes internode interference, while also reduces per-hop delay through cross-layer interactions with the network layer. Furthermore, we show that IAMAC can be integrated into the SP architecture to perform its interlayer interactions. Through simulation, we have extensively evaluated the performance of IAMAC in terms of different performance metrics. Simulation results confirm that IAMAC reduces energy consumption per node and leads to higher network lifetime compared to S-MAC and Adaptive S-MAC, while it also provides lower latency than S-MAC. Throughout our evaluations we have considered IAMAC in conjunction with two error recovery methods, i.e., ARQ and Seda. It is shown that using Seda as the error recovery mechanism of IAMAC results in higher throughput and lifetime compared to ARQ.
The Role of Dental Pulp—Thoughts on the Session on Pulp Repair Processes

The function of the dental pulp is to house and nurture the cells which build, maintain, and repair the dentin, the functional part of the tooth. In a sense, it is a question of semantics, since the dentin is pervaded with cell processes and remnants of cell processes. I prefer, however, to think of dentin and pre-dentin as extracellular regions with a unique chemistry and ultrastructure. The pulp is the loose connective tissue encased within the surrounding dentin, including: the odontoblasts; various, more fibroblastic, interstitial cells; blood vessels and capillaries; and their endothelial cells. Considering the pulp and dentin separately does not imply that the odontoblasts and other pulp constituents have no effect on the extracellular matrix; rather, it provides us with a rationale for the
Impaired Autonomic Responses to Emotional Stimuli in Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis

Limbic encephalitis (LE) is an autoimmune-mediated disorder that affects structures of the limbic system, in particular, the amygdala. The amygdala constitutes a brain area substantial for processing of emotional, especially fear-related signals. The amygdala is also involved in neuroendocrine and autonomic functions, including skin conductance responses (SCRs) to emotionally arousing stimuli. This study investigates behavioral and autonomic responses to discrete emotion evoking and neutral film clips in a patient suffering from LE associated with contactin-associated protein-2 (CASPR2) antibodies as compared to a healthy control group. Results show a lack of SCRs in the patient while watching the film clips, with significant differences compared to healthy controls in the case of fear-inducing videos. There was no comparable impairment in behavioral data (emotion report, valence, and arousal ratings). The results point to a defective modulation of sympathetic responses during emotional stimulation in patients with LE, probably due to impaired functioning of the amygdala.
Regional variations in the testicular dependence of prolactin binding and its possible relationship to castration‐induced involution in rat prostate gland

Prolactin binding sites of ventral, lateral, and dorsal lobes of rat prostate were examined immunohistochemically 1, 2, 4, and 8 days after castration or sham operation. In sham‐operated rats each lobe exhibited a distinct pattern of intracellular and intraluminal prolactin binding. A loss in proiactin binding from epithelial cells of ventral prostate, which was visualized postcastration, was quantitated with the aid of an image analyzer and then statistically evaluated. The proportion of ventral prostate epithelial cells devoid of prolactin binding increased from approximately 13% in sham‐operated rats to approximately 29% 1 day after castration, and reached a peak level of about 71% 4 days postcastration. No loss of prolactin binding was evident in either lateral or dorsal prostate up to 8 days postcastration. Direct measurement of epithelial cell heights and subsequent statistical evaluation revealed similar regional differences in the rates and extent of prostate involution. Eight days after castration ventral prostate epithelial cell heights decreased by 56% whereas lateral and dorsal lobe epithelial cells heights decreased about 25% and 14%, respectively. The apparent relationship between testicular dependence of prostatic prolactin binding and castration‐induced prostatic involution are discussed in terms of possible regional variations in the prolactin‐androgen interplay in prostate.
Effects of Self-Referencing on Persuasion

Two experiments manipulate self-referencing by varying copy writing strategy. It is found that increasing self-referencing increases message elaboration and can increase persuasion when message arguments are strong. However, when self-referencing is increased in the presence of other variables that also enhance elaboration, the favorable effect of self-referencing on persuasion is moderated or reversed. A two-factor explanation is employed to generate predictions and account for results. Copyright 1995 by the University of Chicago.
Image quality measures and their performance

A number of quality measures are evaluated for gray scale image compression. They are all bivariate, exploiting the differences between corresponding pixels in the original and degraded images. It is shown that although some numerical measures correlate well with the observers' response for a given compression technique, they are not reliable for an evaluation across different techniques. A graphical measure called Hosaka plots, however, can be used to appropriately specify not only the amount, but also the type of degradation in reconstructed images.
Older adults with higher income or marriage have longer telomeres

Background: telomere length has been used to represent biological ageing and is found to be associated with various physiological, psychological and social factors. Objective: to explore the effects of income and marriage on leucocyte telomere length in a representative sample of older adults. Design and subjects: cross-sectional analysis among 298 adults, aged 65–74, randomly selected from the community by census. Methods: telomere length was measured by quantitative PCR. Participants provided information on sociodemographics, physical illness and completed questionnaires rating mental state and perceived neighbourhood experience. Results: telomere length was negatively associated with lower income [coefficient −0.141 (95% CI: −0.244 to −0.020), P = 0.021] and positively associated with the marital status [coefficient 0.111 (95% CI: −0.008 to 0.234), P = 0.067] when controlling for gender, age, educational level, physical diseases (including diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease and Parkinson's disease), depressive symptoms, minor mental symptoms, cognitive impairment and perceived neighbourhood experience (including social support, perceived security and public facilities). Conclusions: these results indicate that older adults with higher income or being married have longer telomeres when other sociodemographics, physical diseases, mental status and neighbourhood experience are adjusted.
Detecting the Presence and Progression of Premalignant Lung Lesions via Airway Gene Expression

Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. The molecular events preceding the onset of disease are poorly understood, and no effective tools exist to identify smokers with premalignant lesions (PMLs) that will progress to invasive cancer. Prior work identified molecular alterations in the smoke-exposed airway field of injury associated with lung cancer. Here, we focus on an earlier stage in the disease process leveraging the airway field of injury to study PMLs and its utility in lung cancer chemoprevention. Experimental Design: Bronchial epithelial cells from normal appearing bronchial mucosa were profiled by mRNA-Seq from subjects with (n = 50) and without (n = 25) PMLs. Using surrogate variable and gene set enrichment analysis, we identified genes, pathways, and lung cancer–related gene sets differentially expressed between subjects with and without PMLs. A computational pipeline was developed to build and test a chemoprevention-relevant biomarker. Results: We identified 280 genes in the airway field associated with the presence of PMLs. Among the upregulated genes, oxidative phosphorylation was strongly enriched, and IHC and bioenergetics studies confirmed pathway findings in PMLs. The relationship between PMLs and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) was also confirmed using published lung cancer datasets. The biomarker performed well predicting the presence of PMLs (AUC = 0.92, n = 17), and changes in the biomarker score associated with progression/stability versus regression of PMLs (AUC = 0.75, n = 51). Conclusions: Transcriptomic alterations in the airway field of smokers with PMLs reflect metabolic and early lung SCC alterations and may be leveraged to stratify smokers at high risk for PML progression and monitor outcome in chemoprevention trials. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5091–100. ©2017 AACR.
Stock Prices, Firm Size, and Changes in the Federal Funds Rate Target

The Fed targeted the federal funds rate during the period 1974-79; they returned to that procedure in the late 1980s and have maintained it since then. For both periods, we find that stock prices reacted significantly to unanticipated changes in the federal funds rate target, but not to anticipated ones. Consistent with the prediction of imperfect capital market theories, the estimated impact of monetary shocks decreased with firm size in the late 1970s, when business conditions were typically bad; however, we do not observe such a "size effect" in the 1990s, when business conditions were typically good. Our results thus provide additional support to recent rationales for abnormal returns on value stocks: small stocks on average earn higher risk-adjusted returns than large stocks do because small firms are more vulnerable to liquidity constraints and thus perform worse during economic downturns, but not during expansions.
The interplay between student evaluation and instruction: Grading and feedback in mathematics classrooms.

Teachers practices of student evaluation can be considered crucial to the implementation of embedded assessment systems. This article reports on two studies investigating these practices in detail. The first study examines teacher judgments about student achievement in terms of the grades awarded. It examines whether the grades awarded reflect two dimensions of students achievement as well as learning behavior. It also explores whether teachers grading is aligned with their instruction. In the second study, we analyze how teacher evaluation affects students subsequent learning processes. This study utilizes feedback given to students by the teacher within classroom interaction as an indicator for student evaluation, and investigates the impact of two types of feedback, evaluative and informational, on student learning and motivation. The results of Study 1 show that both the dimensions of student achievement as well as involvement were found to contribute substantially to students grades. Moreover, t.
Parental involvement and adolescents' diabetes management: the mediating role of self-efficacy and externalizing and internalizing behaviors.

OBJECTIVE To examine mediating processes linking parental involvement to diabetes management (adherence and metabolic control) during adolescence. METHODS A total of 252 young adolescents (M age = 12.49 years, SD = 1.53, 53.6% females) with type 1 diabetes reported their parents' involvement in diabetes management (relationship quality, monitoring, and behavioral involvement), their own externalizing and internalizing behaviors, diabetes-self efficacy, and adherence behaviors. HbA1c was drawn from medical records. RESULTS SEM analyses indicated that the associations of mothers' and fathers' relationship quality with diabetes outcomes were mediated by adolescents' perceptions of self-efficacy and externalizing behaviors, and the associations of fathers' monitoring and behavioral involvement with adherence were partially mediated by adolescents' self-efficacy. There were also direct (non-mediated) associations between mothers' monitoring and adherence, and fathers' monitoring and adherence and metabolic control. CONCLUSIONS Quality of the parent-adolescent relationship and monitoring are important for better adherence and metabolic control among adolescents through higher diabetes self-efficacy.
The Imprisonment Puzzle: Understanding How Prison Growth Affects Crime

Many early empirical studies found that prison growth is associated with substantial reductions in crime. However, recent studies find no statistically significant relationship between growth in prison populations and crime. Even more striking, one recent study finds that, in certain circumstances, imprisoning more people can even increase crime.I attempt here to briefly solve the puzzle, suggesting how the studies conflicting findings might be reconciled. The differences in the studies’ results may be due to the different characteristics of the periods that the studies address. The earlier studies examined periods when prison populations tended to grow by adding additional violent and property offenders. The studies’ empirical results supported what theory would seem unambiguously to suggest: that putting more offenders in prison should decrease crime by both incapacitating incarcerated offenders and deterring potential offenders. In contrast, during the periods that the later studies addressed, both the War on Drugs and new sentencing reforms caused prison populations to grow in two additional and different ways: by adding drug offenders and by increasing sentence lengths for low-level offenders. I discuss several reasons why imprisoning more drug offenders may not reduce crime and may even increase it. I also evaluate how longer sentences for low-level offenders may have similar, counterproductive effects. Finally, I explore how recent increases both in the numbers of drug offenders and in sentence lengths for low-level offenders might reconcile the studies’ results.
Public Service Motivation as Driver of Social Support to Apply for Safety-Critical Organizations? An Empirical Study in the Context of German Military Service

This study analyses the role public service motivation and safety needs play when close friends and family are asked for advice by a potential applicant for the military, a typical public safety organization. Our survey data (N = 150) were collected among visitors to a German county fair where the German military had a recruitment stand. The results of a hierarchical regression show that, besides the organizational and employer-related image, the norm-based and affective dimensions of the public service motivation affect support intentions. Anxiety and work–family incompatibility as risk-related factors have a negative effect on support intentions. The study results indicate that recruitment advertising designed to promote social support should foster positive image perceptions among families and friends of potential applicants and should encourage their norm-based public service motivations. However, future campaigns should keep in mind that affective reactions such as anxiety may distract close friends and family from supporting an application.
Models of teacher assessment among primary school teachers in England

ABSTRACT Building on their study of assessment practices at Key Stage 1, the authors use similar methods to examine practices at Key Stage 2. They identify teacher styles, ranging from Testers to Diagnostic Trackers, and look at the way those teachers carried out assessments, gathered evidence, made decisions about National Curriculum levels and recorded their findings. Finally, they make comparisons between practices concerning assessment at the two'Key Stages.