Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender and Politeness

Introduction Given the model of gender described in the last chapter, and given the model of linguistic politeness as described in chapters 2 and 3, it is difficult, if not impossible, simply to approach the relation between gender and politeness as a question of an investigation of the production, by individual men or women of a number of linguistic features which are assumed to be unequivocally polite or impolite. What I should like to do instead is to consider the complexity of the relationship between gender and politeness, so that the common-sense nature of gender and politeness and their relation to each other is troubled. Here, I aim to analyse the way that certain practices which are considered to be polite or impolite are, within particular communities of practice, stereotypically gendered. As I discussed in chapter 4, these stereotypes do not actually exist as such, but are hypothesised by particular speakers and hearers within communities of practices, on the basis of their representation by others, and are then negotiated with. It is this connection between gendering of practices and assessments of politeness and impoliteness which is of interest. These stereotypes of behaviour which are considered to be appropriate within particular contexts feed back into individual participants' assessments of what is appropriate in terms of their own behaviour. First, in this chapter, I analyse stereotypes of gender and politeness, and then move on to a discussion of the theoretical work on gender and politeness which I argue seems to replicate stereotypical views of women's politeness, rather than describing women's or men's actual linguistic performance or interpretative frameworks.
Pharmacovigilance from social media: mining adverse drug reaction mentions using sequence labeling with word embedding cluster features

Abstract Objective Social media is becoming increasingly popular as a platform for sharing personal health-related information. This information can be utilized for public health monitoring tasks, particularly for pharmacovigilance, via the use of natural language processing (NLP) techniques. However, the language in social media is highly informal, and user-expressed medical concepts are often nontechnical, descriptive, and challenging to extract. There has been limited progress in addressing these challenges, and thus far, advanced machine learning-based NLP techniques have been underutilized. Our objective is to design a machine learning-based approach to extract mentions of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) from highly informal text in social media. Methods We introduce ADRMine, a machine learning-based concept extraction system that uses conditional random fields (CRFs). ADRMine utilizes a variety of features, including a novel feature for modeling words’ semantic similarities. The similarities are modeled by clustering words based on unsupervised, pretrained word representation vectors (embeddings) generated from unlabeled user posts in social media using a deep learning technique. Results ADRMine outperforms several strong baseline systems in the ADR extraction task by achieving an F-measure of 0.82. Feature analysis demonstrates that the proposed word cluster features significantly improve extraction performance. Conclusion It is possible to extract complex medical concepts, with relatively high performance, from informal, user-generated content. Our approach is particularly scalable, suitable for social media mining, as it relies on large volumes of unlabeled data, thus diminishing the need for large, annotated training data sets.
How do users interact with a pet-robot and a humanoid

In this paper, we compare users' interaction with the humanoid robot ASIMO and the dog-shaped robot AIBO. We conducted a user study in which the participants had to teach object names and simple commands and give feedback to either AIBO or ASIMO. We did not find significant differences in the users' evaluation of both robots and in the way commands were given to the two different robots. However, the way of giving positive and negative feedback differed significantly: We found that for the pet-robot AIBO users tend to give reward in a similar way as giving reward to a real dog by touching it and commenting on its performance by uttering feedback like "well done" or "that was right". For the humanoid ASIMO, users did not use touch as a reward and rather used personal expressions like "thank you" to give positive feedback to the robot.
Polyketides from a Marine-Derived Fungus Xylariaceae sp.

Eighteen polyketides (1–18) including six citrinin derivatives, two phenol derivatives, one cyclopentenone, two naphthol derivatives, and seven tetralone derivatives were isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungal strain Xylariaceae sp. SCSGAF0086. Five of these compounds (1, 2, 8, 9, and 10) were new, and their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. Compounds 4, 6, 7, and 17 showed enzyme-inhibitory activities towards several tested enzymes, and 6 and 7 showed strong antifouling activity against Bugula neritina larvae settlement. This is the first time that the antifouling and enzyme-inhibitory activities of these compounds has been reported.
The PESPERF scale: An instrument for measuring service quality in the School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences (PESS)

Purpose – HEdPERF (Higher Education PERFormance) is one of the most recently developed scales in the literature to measure service quality in higher education. However, HEdPERF is designed to measure service quality at a macro level (university level) and may be considered as a more generic measurement instrument. In higher education, new scales with a much narrower focus may need to be developed for micro levels within a university because of the unique nature of different academic units. The purpose of this paper is to develop an instrument for measuring service quality in the School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, PESPERF (namely Physical Education and Sports Sciences PERFormance). Design/methodology/approach – A 30‐item questionnaire on service quality in higher education was developed and tested for unidimensionality, reliability and validity using both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. In total, 320 physical education and sports sciences students participated in the study in a .
A Simple Model of Inefficient Institutions

This paper develops a simple model of economic and political institutions that lead to poor aggregate economic performance. In the model economy, groups with political power, the elite, choose policies to increase their income and to directly or indirectly transfer resources from the rest of society to themselves. The resulting equilibrium is generally inefficient because of three distinct mechanisms: (1) revenue extraction, (2) factor price manipulation and (3) political consolidation. In particular, the elite may pursue inefficient policies to extract revenue from other groups. They may do so to reduce the demand for factors coming from other groups in the economy, thus indirectly benefiting from changes in factor prices. Finally, they may try to impoverish other groups competing for political power. The elite's preferences over inefficient policies translate into inefficient economic institutions. The notable exception to this general picture emerges when long-term investments are important, thus creating a commitment (holdup) problem, whereby equilibrium taxes and regulations are worse than the elite would like them to be from an ex ante point of view. In this case, economic institutions that provide additional security of property rights to other groups can be useful.
Evidence for association of OCTN genes and IBD5 with ulcerative colitis

Background and aims: Genetic association between Crohn’s disease (CD) and OCTN1 (SLC22A4) C1672T/OCTN2 (SLC22A5) G−207C variants in IBD5 has recently been reported. These genes encode solute carriers and the association was suggested to be distinct from the background IBD5 risk haplotype. There have been conflicting reports of the association between markers in the IBD5 region and ulcerative colitis (UC) and interaction (epistasis) between this locus and CARD15. Our aim was to ascertain the contribution of OCTN variants to UC and CD in a large independent UK dataset, to seek genetic evidence that the OCTN association is distinct from the IBD5 risk haplotype and to identify interactions between the IBD5 and CARD15 loci. Methods: A total of 1104 unrelated Caucasian subjects with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (496 CD, 512 UC, 96 indeterminate) and 750 ethnically matched controls were genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CD associated genes (OCTN1+1672, OCTN2−207, and IGR2230), and two flanking IBD5 tagging SNPs, IGR2096 and IGR3096. Data were analysed by logistic regression methods within STATA. Results: OCTN variants were as strongly associated with UC and IBD overall as they were with CD (p = 0.0001; OR 1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.1–1.5)). OCTN variants were in tight linkage disequilibrium with the extended IBD5 risk haplotype D′ 0.79 and 0.88, and r2 = 0.62 and 0.72 for IGR2096 and 3096, respectively. There was no deviation from a multiplicative model of interaction between CARD15 and IBD5 on the penetrance scale. Conclusions: The OCTN variants were associated with susceptibility to IBD overall. The effect was equally strong in UC and CD. Although OCTN variants may account for the increased risk of IBD associated with IBD5, a role for other candidate genes within this extended haplotype was not excluded. There was no statistical evidence of interaction between CARD15 and either OCTN or IBD5 variants in susceptibility to IBD.
Bottom-up and top-down influences at untrained conditions determine perceptual learning specificity and transfer

Perceptual learning is often orientation and location specific, which may indicate neuronal plasticity in early visual areas. However, learning specificity diminishes with additional exposure of the transfer orientation or location via irrelevant tasks, suggesting that the specificity is related to untrained conditions, likely because neurons representing untrained conditions are neither bottom-up stimulated nor top-down attended during training. To demonstrate these top-down and bottom-up contributions, we applied a “continuous flash suppression” technique to suppress the exposure stimulus into sub-consciousness, and with additional manipulations to achieve pure bottom-up stimulation or top-down attention with the transfer condition. We found that either bottom-up or top-down influences enabled significant transfer of orientation and Vernier discrimination learning. These results suggest that learning specificity may result from under-activations of untrained visual neurons due to insufficient bottom-up stimulation and/or top-down attention during training. High-level perceptual learning thus may not functionally connect to these neurons for learning transfer. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14614. 001
Fathers in Prison

ABSTRACT The parenting roles and responsibilities of incarcerated men have not traditionally been considered an important public concern. The impact of criminal justice policies and practices on family functioning has rarely been addressed by policy makers or family scholars and men's family obligations have not been a priority for the individuals responsible for the safety and security of correctional institutions. Similarly, and with few exceptions, fathers in prison have been out of sight and out of mind of community organizations concerned with family life and children's wellbeing. Several recent developments challenge this historical approach to handling parental incarceration and responsible fatherhood initiatives involving incarcerated fathers are being promoted. This article examines the individual and societal issues that must be addressed if responsible fatherhood among incarcerated men is to become a serious social goal. It presents an overview of the complex family roles and relationships of incarcerated men and describes ways in which individual situations and family preferences affect their ability to function as parents. Analyses of prison location strategies and communication regulations and the post-release environment are used to show how public policies influence and shape family relationships and responsible fatherhood. The article concludes with an agenda for research to guide informed and humane policy decisions.
Photopic Visual Phantom Illusion: Its Common and Unique Characteristics as a Completion Effect

An illusion similar to the stationary visual phantom illusion presented earlier by Gyoba (1983, Vision Research 23 205–211) is reported. This illusion is visible in photopic vision and we have tentatively named it the ‘photopic phantom illusion’. A typical example of this illusion is a white and light-gray square-wave grating occluded by a black region. In this figure, a phantom grating running across the occluder with clear contours but less contrast, is seen. The critical spatial frequencies of photopic phantoms have been measured and compared with those of scotopic phantoms that have been reported previously, revealing a great resemblance between them. We discuss the characteristics of this illusion in terms of transparency, stereoscopic viewing, and perceptual completion.
Monoclonal antibody-defined correlations in melanoma between levels of GD2 and GD3 antigens and antibody-mediated cytotoxicity.

A monoclonal antibody is described that specifically detects the ganglioside antigens GD2 and GD3, binding preferentially to GD2, in melanoma. Antibody specificity was demonstrated with solid-phase radioimmunoassay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as by immunostaining on thin-layer chromatography plates using structurally characterized gangliosides. Binding of both the IgG3 antibody and its IgG2a switch variant were assayed on live cells by cytofluorography and by immunoperoxidase staining on frozen tissue sections. The binding patterns correlated with antitumor activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity assays with human effector cells and complement in an 111In-release assay using cell lines derived from the same individual. The significant level of killing in all tumor cells tested that express GD2, GD3, or both, suggests the importance of multiple specificity towards tumor antigens, i.e., binding of a monoclonal antibody to two or more tumor-associated antigens.
Thymidylate synthase protein expression in advanced colon cancer: correlation with the site of metastasis and the clinical response to leucovorin-modulated bolus 5-fluorouracil.

Recently, we have demonstrated that thymidylate synthase (TS) protein expression predicts for the clinical response to a regimen of infusional 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in advanced colorectal cancer patients. Previous studies by other groups that showed a correlation between TS gene expression and response to the fluoropyrimidine also involved infusional regimens. Considering the putatively different mechanism of action of bolus compared with continuous infusion of 5FU, the aim of the present study was to test whether the correlation between TS expression and the clinical response to 5FU is valid for bolus regimens. A secondary aim was to compare TS levels between liver metastases and abdominal recurrences from colon cancer, because these sites have a distinctly different responsiveness to 5FU chemotherapy. The study population consisted of 41 patients (25 males and 16 females; median age, 60 years) with unresectable metastatic or recurrent colon cancer, homogeneously treated with 5FU (420 mg/m2 i.v., days 1-5) and leucovorin (20 mg/m2 i.v., days 1-5); cycles were repeated every 28 days. Twenty-seven patients (66%) showed high levels of TS expression as defined by TS scores equal to 3 and 4. The proportion of cases with high levels of TS expression was significantly higher in abdominal recurrences (18 of 22, 82%) compared with liver metastases (9 of 19, 47%; P = 0.02). Intratumoral TS protein expression was inversely correlated with response to chemotherapy (response rate: 7 of 14, 50%, versus 0 of 27 in patients with low and high levels of TS expression, respectively; P = 0.0001). These results confirm that the level of TS protein expression predicts for response to 5FU, even with a bolus schedule. The higher TS levels observed in abdominal compared with liver metastases may account for their different responsiveness to 5FU chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical quantitation of TS protein levels may thus allow us to change the therapeutic approach to advanced colorectal cancer from a general to an individual treatment strategy at a time when new non TS-targeted drugs have become available for this disease.
Beziehungsspezifische Bindungsskalen für Erwachsene und ihre Validierung durch Netzwerk- und Tagebuchverfahren

Ausgehend von Bartholomews Modell der Bindungsstile im Erwachsenenalter wird ein revi­ diertes Modell mit beziehungsspezifisehen Dimensionen "sicher-angstlich" und "abhangig-unab­ hangig" vorgeschlagen und durch kurze Beurteilungsskalen operationalisiert. Die Reliabilitat und die konvergente und diskriminante Validitat dieser Skalen wurde an 5 Stichproben von E'rwach­ senen mit Hilfe von Netzwerk-Fragebogen, Interaktions-Tagebuchern und Personlichkeitsskalen uberpruft. Die Ergebnisse zeigen (a) eine ausreichende Reliabilitat und Unabhangigkeit und damit wegen ihrer Kurze eine hohe Effizienz der Skalen, (b) eine hohe Beziehungsspezifitat und (c) eine gute konvergente und diskriminante Validitat der Skalen in bezug auf unterschiedliche Bezie­ hungsqualitaten.
Outcomes of liver transplantation in patients with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis versus patients with cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease

We read with interest the article by Bhagat et al. regarding outcomes of liver transplantation (LT) in patient with cirrhosis due to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) versus patients with cirrhosis due to alcoholic liver disease. This retrospective study showed no statistical differences in posttransplant survival or cardiovascular mortality between the NASH and alcoholic liver disease groups. The authors also concluded that acute rejection and recurrent steatohepatitis were significantly more frequent in the NASH group but did not lead to higher rates of retransplantation. There are significant questions regarding the methodology and hence findings of this study. Only 25 of the 71 patients had biopsy-proven NASH. Although the remaining 46 patients had phenotypic characteristics of NASH, by the authors’ own admission, they were labeled cryptogenic prior to LT. Although a majority of patients with NASH will have features of metabolic syndrome, it remains by definition a diagnosis that requires histological examination. Many of the features of metabolic syndrome (eg, triglyceride levels) can be deranged in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Defining NASH patients in this matter also gives an inaccurate measure of the incidence of metabolic features in this group; that is, not all patients with NASH will necessarily have features of the metabolic syndrome. We previously identified a subgroup of high-risk NASH patients (patients with NASH cirrhosis who were 60 years and had a body mass index 30 kg/m as well as pre-LT diabetes and hypertension). This group included 16 of our 98 patients with biopsy-proven NASH cirrhosis and had a 1-year mortality rate of 50% after LT. Reviewing the baseline characteristics of the 71 patients included in the Bhagat study, we suspect that a significant number of patients will meet the high-risk criteria. We suggest that the authors consider reanalyzing their data to determine what percentage of their patients met the high-risk criteria and whether this affected posttransplant mortality. We agree with the authors that larger, randomized, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to help better elucidate the course of patients undergoing LT for NASH.
Free‐floating planets in stellar clusters?

We have simulated encounters between planetary systems and single stars in various clustered environments. This allows us to estimate the fraction of systems liberated, the velocity distribution of the liberated planets, and the separation and eccentricity distributions of the surviving bound systems. Our results indicate that, for an initial distribution of orbits that is flat in log space and extends out to 50 au, 50 per cent of the available planets can be liberated in a globular cluster, 25 per cent in an open cluster, and less than 10 per cent in a young cluster. These fractions are reduced to 25, 12 and 2 per cent if the initial population extends only to 20 au. Furthermore, these free-floating planets can be retained for longer than a crossing time only in a massive globular cluster. It is therefore difficult to see how planets, which by definition form in a disc around a young star, could be subsequently liberated to form a significant population of free-floating substellar objects in a cluster.
Applied Sport Psychology

Most athletes, especially those at the highest levels of competition, recognize that their performances are infl uenced by psychological variables. Tiger Woods, Cristiano Ronaldo, Michael Phelps, Maria Sharapova, and Rafael Nadal have all used sport psychology techniques to enhance their own impressive performance levels. Applied sport psychology, however, is not necessarily about developing sporting titans or even about performance at all. It is, in the broadest sense, about using psychological principles, knowledge, strategies, and techniques to address any issue in sport. There are, of course, many different approaches taken by applied practitioners. Some do see their principal role as promoting enhanced athletic performance via the application of psychological techniques, an approach often referred to as psychological skills training or simply as mental training. Other practitioners tend to emphasize the psychological well being of sport participants and the avoidance of harm brought about by involvement in sport. Some, depending on their training in psychology, are oriented toward the prevention or treatment of pathogenic behaviors, such as disordered eating or compulsive exercising. Alternatively, practitioners may take a holistic approach toward their clients, implementing interventions to promote happiness, quality of life, and enhanced self esteem, in the knowledge that such personal development may also provide benefi ts to athletic performance. The fi eld of applied sport psychology also varies in scope as well as approach. In many parts of the world, applied sport psychology is seen to encompass the exercise domain, whereas in other countries, such as Australia, the sport psychology community has, until very recently, been reluctant to broaden the focus of its fi eld in this