Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social facilitation of feeding and time budgets in stabled ponies.

Eight pairs of pony mares were observed. Members of a pair were housed in adjacent stalls and fed hay ad libitum. The behavior of both ponies was recorded simultaneously in the morning (1000 to 1200 h) and afternoon (1400 to 1600 h) for a total of 117 h. The time budget was: 70.1 +/- 8.6% eating; 17.8 +/- 7.4% standing (including stand rest, stand alert and stand nonalert); 5.2 +/- 7.0% pushing hay; 2.9 +/- 1.2% walking; 1.9 +/- 2.9% drinking; 1.3 +/- 1.1% self-grooming; . 2 +/- . 3% defecating; . 06 +/- . 1% chewing nonfood items; . 06 +/- . 03% urination; . 06 +/- . 1% licking salt; . 07 +/- . 1% pawing hay; . 6 +/- . 7% lying and . 07 +/- . 08% stretching the neck over the stall wall dividing the ponies. While eating, the ponies lifted their heads 25.4 +/- 11.0 times/h. In less than one-half of the occasions when urination or defecation was observed, the ponies walked away from the spot where they had been eating to eliminate. During one-half of the observations, visual contact between the ponies was prevented by a solid partition between the stalls. The ponies spent significantly more time standing nonalert when the partition prevented visual contact (12 +/- 7%) than when visual contact could take place (6 +/- 3%, P less than .05). When fresh hay was supplied in the mornings, the ponies spent similar amounts of time eating whether visual contact was allowed or not, but in the afternoon significantly more time was spent feeding when visual contact was allowed (73 +/- 4%) than when it was not (60 +/- 7%). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Enemy Within: Examining Salesperson Deviance and its Determinants

Until now, sales researchers have not done any empirical work in the area of deviant workplace behavior. This is surprising, given that recent survey data suggest deviant salesperson behavior is running rampant out in the field: 60 percent of sales managers have caught their reps cheating on expense reports, 47 percent suspect their reps have lied on sales calls, and 36 percent believe salesperson behavior has gotten worse in recent years. In an effort to understand workplace deviance in a professional selling context, this paper empirically examines the effect of various organizational/management factors on three types of deviance—organizational, interpersonal, and frontline. Using survey data collected from 160 business-to-business salespeople from multiple companies and multiple industries, we demonstrate that bureaucracy, future orientation, two forms of organizational justice, management role modeling, and intrafirm competition impact the various forms of salesperson deviance as well as citizenship and salesperson service behavior. The research concludes with a consideration of managerial implications and areas for future research.
Are we approaching the fundamental limits of wireless network densification?

The single most important factor enabling the data rate increases in wireless networks over the past few decades has been densification, namely adding more base stations and access points and thus getting more spatial reuse of the spectrum. This trend is set to continue into 5G and beyond. However, at some point further densification will no longer be able to provide exponentially increasing data rates. Like the end of Moore's Law, this will have extensive implications for the entire technology landscape, which depends ever more heavily on wireless connectivity. When and why will this happen? How might we delay this from occurring for as long as possible? These are the questions explored in this article.
What's in a Language? Language as a Core Value of Minorities in Israel

This paper explores the core values of three minority groups in Israeli society: Israeli Arabs, immigrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) and immigrants from Ethiopia. Analysis of memoirs collected from members of these three groups reveals that language functions as a core value in all of them, but on different grounds. Israeli Arabs focus on language as representing their national identity and their objection to the hegemony of Hebrew; immigrants from the FSU emphasise language in terms of literacy and as paving the way to the treasures of their culture; and participants from the Ethiopian group focus on language as a means of communication, allowing them to maintain values they consider more central—family relations and respect for their elders. The discussion of the findings takes into account the uniqueness of the Israeli context and combines socio-cultural and linguistic perspectives.
Coping with mild Alzheimer's disease

The aim of this study was to analyse how patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) cope with the changes they face concerning everyday life and social relations. This study used a grounded theory approach in the analysis of interview data from 11 persons with mild AD, home-living with a spouse. The analysis revealed that the basic social psychological problem faced by patients with mild AD was their awareness of decline in personal dignity and value. Coping strategies used to meet these problems were adaptations to the altered situation in order to maintain a feeling of well-being. The spouse appeared to be the most important social relation. The most significant worries of the patients were about communication in relation to their spouse, and about the reaction of the spouse to the consequences of the disease.
Children’s Salivary Cortisol, Internalising Behaviour Problems, and Family Environment: Results from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project

To explore the possibility that children’s adrenocortical reactions to parent-child conflict influence their vulnerability for internalising behaviour problems, we studied 62 mother-child dyads from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project. Standardised measures of maternal, child, and family adjustment were collected. Mother’s and children’s saliva was sampled before and after a conflict-oriented mother-child interaction task and was later assayed for cortisol. The children’s pre-task cortisol scores were negatively associated with their internalising behaviour problems, their mother’s childhood levels of socially withdrawn behaviour and current psychosocial problems, as well as dimensions of family environment representing the open expression of aggression, anger, and conflict. Children’s cortisol levels after the interaction task were lowest for those raised by mothers with high childhood levels of aggressive behaviour problems, and in family environments characterised by rigid rules. Interrelationships between mother and child pre- and post-task cortisol levels were associated with maternal levels of childhood behaviour problems. The integration of measures of children’s adrenocortical activity into developmental studies of children at risk for psychosocial problems may reveal important clues regarding the processes by which adverse early rearing environments affect children’s internalising problem behaviour.
Developmental Patterns and Use of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test for Children and Adolescents with Learning Disabilities

This study examined the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) by testing 129 children and adolescents with learning disabilities (LD) who were between 7 and 13 years of age. Developmental trends were examined across age groups using scores from the WCST. Several scales yielded developmental patterns, supported by statistically significant main effects for age. Additionally, multiple regression analyses were run examining the relationship of the WCST with other measures. The models yielded were in predicted directions. The results of this study support the clinical utility of the WCST in children and adolescents with LD.
Phase transitions of the typical algorithmic complexity of the random satisfiability problem studied with linear programming

Here we study linear programming applied to the random K-SAT problem, a fundamental problem in computational complexity. The K-SAT problem is to decide whether a Boolean formula with N variables and structured as a conjunction of M clauses, each being a disjunction of K variables or their negations is satisfiable or not. The ensemble of random K-SAT attracted considerable interest from physicists because for a specific ratio αs = M/N it undergoes in the limit of large N a sharp phase transition from a satisfiable to an unsatisfiable phase. In this study we will concentrate on finding for linear programming algorithms “easy-hard” transitions between phases of different typical hardness of the problems on either side. Linear programming is widely applied to solve practical optimization problems, but has been only rarely considered in the physics community. This is a deficit, because those typically studied types of algorithms work in the space of feasible {0, 1}N configurations while linear programming operates outside the space of valid configurations hence gives a very different perspective on the typical-case hardness of a problem. Here, we demonstrate that the technique leads to one simple-to-understand transition for the well known 2-SAT problem. On the other hand we detect multiple transitions in 3-SAT and 4-SAT. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the previous work on vertex cover and therefore somewhat surprisingly, the hardness transitions are not driven by changes of any of various standard percolation or solution space properties of the problem instances. Thus, here a more complex yet undetected property must be related to the easy-hard transition.
Quality of language and purpose of task: patterns of learners’ language on two oral communication tasks

This study examines the performance of Hungarian secondary school students on two types of unscripted task - an argument task and a narrative task. It focuses on grammatical patterns of learner language, and reports significant differences in the learners’ performance. The article discusses implications for the use and design of such tasks. It concludes by suggesting how their use can contribute to language development by leading learners to establish a routinized relationship between task and language. More generally, the article argues the value of predicting, on the basis of attested patterns of use, the classroom learning that is likely to ensue from the use of particular tasks.
Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past, Divining the Future

Retrospective analysis of definitions published 35 years suggests the major subject areas of the field can be summed up in three themes: beyond-ego psychology, integrative/holistic psychology, and psychology of transformation. Theme frequency analysis reveals that early emphasis on alternative states of consciousness has moderated into a broader approach to human transcendence, wholeness, and transformation. This expanded definition of transpersonal psychology suggests the field has much in common with integral psychology. As a comprehensive, historically based content summary, this tripartite definition contributes a small but vital piece to the foundation of a transpersonal vision that is spreading across the globe. While transpersonal psychology still needs to embody the inclusiveness and diversity that it represents, its vision is one of great relevance to the contemporary human condition. Artistic inspiration is best expressed by creating art rather than by making explanations. It is in this sense that transpersonal psychology, with its uplifting vision, has had difficulty defining itself. Yet, just as the soul of an artist’s muse can be divined from a body of work, a clearer picture of transpersonal psychology can be drawn from looking at how it has expressed itself through its approximately first 35 years (i.e., all but one of the definitions in the corpus date from the period 1969–2003). We inquire not only into the definition of the field, but also into its character: what are the themes that make it up, how have these themes unfolded, and as we follow its arc through time, what can we imagine for the future of transpersonal psychology? Where is the field spreading? How well does it embody what it represents? This article summarizes the findings from four related studies: a thematic analysis of a corpus of definitions of transpersonal psychology published over a 35-year period, a thematic analysis of relevant portions of Boucouvalas’ (1980) in-depth
Language in the Mind's Eye: Visual Representations and Language Processing

textabstractMy favorite children’s book was (and still is) Matilda, by Roald Dahl. The story is about Matilda Wormwood, an extraordinarily clever and sweet five year old girl who loves to learn and read. Unfortunately, her unpleasant parents are contemptuous of her inquisitiveness and talent, as is the headmistress of her school, Miss Trunchbull. While Matilda’s parents force her to eat microwave dinners and watch loud game shows on TV, the child-hating Miss Trunchbull sows fear by locking children up in a device called the Chokey (a claustrophobic closet with spikes perforating the walls) or launching them across the schoolyard after swirling them around by their braids. Then, Matilda finds out she has psychokinetic powers and decides to use them to teach her parents and headmistress a lesson. The magic of this book was that it made me feel like being drawn away from reality and into Matilda’s world: I could feel her eagerness to learn and her frustration with her parents, I could see her father’s face and hear him shouting when she super-glued his hat to his head, and I envisioned what it looked like when she used her special powers to make crayons fly and write messages on a chalkboard to scare the life out of Miss Trunchbull. How is this possible? How can abstract symbols such as letters and words on a page come to life, engage you, create vivid images, and make you feel like you experience the described events yourself?
Educational use of social networking technology in higher education

This study explored how social networking technology can be used to supplement face-to-face courses as a means of enhancing students' sense of community and, thus, to promote classroom communities of practice in the context of higher education. Data were collected from 67 students who enrolled in four face-to-face courses at two public universities in Taiwan. Findings indicated that the majority of participants developed strong feelings of social connectedness and expressed favorable feelings regarding their learning experiences in the classes where social networking sites were used as a supplementary tool. Learner difficulties and concerns of instructors about the educational use of social media are addressed with recommendations for future research and practice.
Cultured human nasal epithelial multicellular spheroids: polar cyst-like model tissues.

We report here a new readily cultured nonadherent hollow spheroidal epithelial tissue model: human nasal epithelial multicellular spheroids, prepared from brushings of human nasal epithelium in vivo. Although cultured cyst-like epithelial models developed from embryonic, transformed, or polypoid tissues have been reported previously, human nasal epithelial multicellular spheroids are derived from normal mature nontransformed human airway epithelial cells. In our studies, spheroids ranged in size from 50 to 700 microns diameter (averaging approximately 250 microns). Cells of the spheroid displayed morphological polarity and formed junctional complexes. Transcellular electrolyte transport may underlie the increase in spheroid size which occurred in culture. The ease and simplicity of the brushing and culture procedures reported here render normal and diseased human cell populations more readily accessible to investigation. We believe human nasal epithelial multicellular spheroids may have important applications in the study of electrolyte and fluid transport processes, ciliary motility, epithelial polarity, cellular metabolism, and drug cytotoxicity in normal and pathophysiological states of the human respiratory tract (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
Preservation of endothelium nitric oxide release during beating heart surgery with respect to continuous flow cardiopulmonary bypass

A correlation between perfusion modality and vascular dilation induced by endothelial nitric oxide (NO) release has been pointed out in the literature; nevertheless, only a few studies deal with the analysis of patients treated by cardiac surgery. The aim of this work is to analyze endothelial NO release in patients undergoing cardiac surgery under continuous flow cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) or pulsatile perfusion. Pulsatile devices approved for clinical CPB do not accurately reproduce the physiological flow waveform provided by the left ventricle while, on the other hand, it is important to analyze pulsatile perfusion under both physiological flow waveform and pulsatile flow CPB. Physiological pulsatile perfusion (supplied by the left ventricle) was examined in this study. A total of 16 patients undergoing cardiac surgery were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: 8 patients were put on continuous flow CPB while the others underwent beating heart surgery. Venous blood samples were withdrawn to quantify endothelial NO release through its bioactive forms in blood. Plasma was used for the chemiluminescent detection of nitrite (NO2 —) and nitrate (NO3 —), and the cellular component for electron spin resonance detection of nitrosylhemoglobin. Significant reduction in the intraoperative concentration with respect to the preoperative was observed only in the continuous group for both NO2 — and NOx (NO2 — + NO3 —) concentration (p=0.003 and p=0.016, respectively). A significant difference in the intraoperative nitrite concentration was also observed between the groups (p=0.006). Nitrosylhemoglobin concentration, although not instrumentally detectable, resulted as negligible with respect to the other NO metabolites. Despite the small number of patients belonging to each group, this significant reduction of NO2 — concentration under continuous flow CPB revealed a strong dependence on endothelial NO release and plasma nitrite concentration on perfusion modality.
The Impact of Brand Commitment on Loyalty to Retail Service Brands

Abstract This paper incorporates the developing body of literature in relationship marketing to the study of brand loyalty. Relationship marketing literature has established that customer commitment is a central, complex construct consisting of at least an affective component and a continuance component. This study examined the extent to which affective and continuance commitment serve as mediators of the brand satisfaction—loyalty intentions relationship. The study found that, in two retail service brand settings, the two components of commitment fully mediate the relationship between brand satisfaction and both repurchase intentions and advocacy intentions. In addition, the study found that affective commitment to the brand was strongly and positively related to both repurchase intentions for the brand and willingness to act as an advocate on behalf of the brand. Continuance commitment was at best only weakly but positively related to repurchase intentions, but negatively related to advocacy intentions for the brand. Resume Le present article combine les publications de plus en plus nombreuses relatives au marketing cible et l'etude de la fidelite a la marque. Les publications relatives au marketing cible ont etabli que l'engagement du client est un concept central et complexe qui comprend au moins une composante affective et une composante de continuation. Cette etude examine dans quelle mesure l'engagement affectif et l'engagement de continuation mediatisent la satisfaction par rapport a la marque—rapport d'intentions de fidelite. L'etude revele que dans deux contextes de service de detail de marque, les deux composantes d'engagement mediatisent completement le rapport entre la satisfaction par rapport a la marque d'une part, les intentions de rachat et les intentions de promotion d'autre part. Par ailleurs, l'engagement affectif a la marque est fortement et positivement relie aux intentions de rachat de la marque et a la volonte de recommander et de defendre la marque. L'engagement de continuation est au mieux relie uniquement, faiblement mais positivement aux intentions de rachat. Cependant, il est negativement relie aux intentions de recommandation pour la marque.
Sexually selected skin colour is heritable and related to fecundity in a non-human primate

Sexual selection promotes the prevalence of heritable traits that increase an individual's reproductive rate. Despite theoretically strong directional selection, sexually selected traits can show inter-individual variation. Here, we investigate whether red skin ornamentation, a rare example of a male mammalian trait involved in mate attraction, influences fecundity and is heritable in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and explore the mechanisms that are involved in maintaining trait variation. Interestingly, the trait is expressed by and is attractive to both sexes. We collected facial images of 266 free-ranging individuals and modelled skin redness and darkness to rhesus macaque vision. We used 20 years of genetic parentage data to calculate selection gradients on the trait and perform heritability analyses. Results show that males who were both darkly coloured and high-ranking enjoyed higher fecundity. Female skin redness was positively linked to fecundity, although it remains unclear whether this influences male selectiveness. Heritability explained 10–15% of the variation in redness and darkness, and up to 30% for skin darkness when sexes are considered separately, suggesting sex-influenced inheritance. Our results suggest that inter-individual variation is maintained through condition-dependence, with an added effect of balancing selection on male skin darkness, providing rare evidence for a mammalian trait selected through inter-sexual selection.
Soccer and Croatian Nationalism

In 1990, the Yugoslav Federation was on the verge of dissolution. Slovenia and Croatia had just voted communists out of power and were threatening to secede. The purpose of this study is to examine the role that soccer played at this critical juncture to bolster Croatia’s efforts to gain independence as well as to inflame ethnoreligious passions that would soon lead to the outbreak of war. By focusing on two soccer matches—one that led to the worst soccer riot in Yugoslavian soccer history and the other that Croats celebrate as the restoration of their national team—this study examines the often intimate relationship between sport, politics, and war.
A Content, Correlational, and Factor Analytic Study of Seven Questionnaire Measures of the Protestant Work Ethic

A review of the literature revealed seven, quite different self-report measures of the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE). This study set out to compare and contrast these different measures by content, correlational, and factor analysis. Over 1000 English-speaking respondents completed all seven scales. Content analyses revealed seven dimensions to the PWE measures, and correlational analyses confirmed this. Factor analyses yielded five readily interpretable factors. The results are discussed in terms of the multi-dimensional nature of the PWE beliefs, the psychometric evaluation of the different scales, and the difficulty of defining the PWE in current contexts.