Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diesel exhaust and lung cancer mortality in potash mining.

BACKGROUND Findings from experimental studies on rodents and from epidemiological studies suggest that diesel exhaust may cause lung cancer. There is evidence that in several occupations, e.g., truck drivers and railway workers, the risk of lung cancer increases with duration of employment, and exposure to diesel exhaust provides the most likely explanation for these elevations of risk. METHODS We investigated the association between lung cancer mortality and exposure to diesel exhaust in a cohort study. The cohort comprised 5, 536 male potash miners who were followed from 1970 to 1994. Exposure was assessed from concentration measurements of the total carbon (i. e., elemental and organic carbon in total) in personal dust samples. The concentration values were multiplied by years of exposure to give a quantitative exposure measure. The concentration levels ranged from 0.12 to 0.39 mg/m(3) total carbon in fine dust. Work histories and smoking habit data were obtained from medical company records. Causes of death were ascertained from death certificates. RESULTS During the follow-up period, 424 deaths were recorded, including 133 of cancer, 38 of lung cancer. The relative risk of lung cancer between two groups with high and low exposure was 2.2 (95% confidence interval 0.8-6.0). With Cox regression, we found a lung cancer relative risk 1.7 (0.5-5.8) after twenty years of exposure. Extensive scrutiny proved smoking not to be a confounder in this study. CONCLUSIONS The principal finding of the study is a doubling of relative lung cancer risk after twenty years of exposure in the workplaces with highest exposure. However, the observed elevation is nonsignificant even at a 90% level. Further follow-up is intended to enhance the study power.
Impaired lactation in mice expressing dominant‐negative FADD in mammary epithelium

The Fas‐associated death domain (FADD/Mort1) adaptor protein was originally identified as a key mediator of apoptosis, although pleiotropic functions for FADD have also been reported. FADD‐mediated tumoricidal effects have been described in breast cancer cells; however, its physiological role in normal mammary gland epithelium is not well understood. To determine the role of FADD signaling during mammary gland development, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing dominant‐negative FADD (DN‐FADD) in mammary epithelium, using the steroid responsive mouse mammary tumor virus promoter. Transgenic mice exhibited a perturbation in lactation resulting in impaired milk production and pup growth retardation. Reduced expansion of alveoli was evident during early lactation with extensive shedding of luminal alveolar cells. Significantly more TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridinetriphosphate nick end‐labeling)‐positive cells were present at this time point and a subsequent increase in bromodeoxyuridine‐positive cells was observed. These findings suggest a role for FADD in maintaining the survival of mammary secretory alveolar cells after the establishment of lactation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1010–1016, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
'Rewriting history' : towards a genealogy of 'restorative justice'

This thesis considers how ‘restorative justice’ has emerged as a legitimate response to crime. It presents the beginnings of a genealogical analysis of ‘restorative justice’ as it applies to criminal justice contexts. It comprises a ‘backwards-looking’ component, in which accepted historical accounts of ‘restorative justice’ are problematised, and a ‘forwards-looking’ component, in which a partial history of discourse of ‘restorative justice’ is presented. I conclude that these silenced discourses might be read as an incomplete and partial history of discourse of ‘restorative justice’. That is, ‘restorative justice’ ‘makes sense’ as an approach to criminal justice partly because of the credence of these discourses, upon which it relies, to some extent, for discursive legitimacy. These diverse and divergent discourses cast the ‘restorative justice’ project not as the unified and stable ‘movement’ as which it is usually portrayed, but as a fragmented and shifting phenomenon, comprised of a loose and heterogeneous assemblage of practices with variegated historical antecedents. Additionally, I conclude that some concerns raised by various scholars in the field – particularly in relation to the potential of ‘restorative practices’ to impact negatively on already marginalised and disadvantaged populations – are validated by this genealogy.
The Parallel Meaning Bank: Towards a Multilingual Corpus of Translations Annotated with Compositional Meaning Representations

The Parallel Meaning Bank is a corpus of translations annotated with shared, formal meaning representations comprising over 11 million words divided over four languages (English, German, Italian, and Dutch). Our approach is based on cross-lingual projection: automatically produced (and manually corrected) semantic annotations for English sentences are mapped onto their word-aligned translations, assuming that the translations are meaning-preserving. The semantic annotation consists of five main steps: (i) segmentation of the text in sentences and lexical items; (ii) syntactic parsing with Combinatory Categorial Grammar; (iii) universal semantic tagging; (iv) symbolization; and (v) compositional semantic analysis based on Discourse Representation Theory. These steps are performed using statistical models trained in a semi-supervised manner. The employed annotation models are all language-neutral. Our first results are promising.
The complications of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary neoplasms

Objective: This study aims to analyze the complications of endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary neoplasms. Methods: 326 patients who underwent neuroendoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery at the neurosurgery department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from July 2012 to July 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective analysis. Results: Among the 326 patients, the cases of postoperative hyponatremia, diabetes insipidus, hypopituitarism, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, meningitis, cranial nerves palsy, epistaxis, sphenoid sinusitis, internal carotid artery injury and residual tumor bleeding respectively are 32 (9.8%), 12 (3.7%), 23 (7.1%), 13 (4.0%), 1 (0.3%), 3 (0.9%), 5 (1.5%), 3 (0.9%), 1 (0.3%) and 1 (0.3%). Conclusion: Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery has the considerable total resection rates for pituitary adenomas and preventable postoperative complications.
Structural Basis for Inhibitor-Induced Aggregation of HIV Integrase

The allosteric inhibitors of integrase (termed ALLINIs) interfere with HIV replication by binding to the viral-encoded integrase (IN) protein. Surprisingly, ALLINIs interfere not with DNA integration but with viral particle assembly late during HIV replication. To investigate the ALLINI inhibitory mechanism, we crystallized full-length HIV-1 IN bound to the ALLINI GSK1264 and determined the structure of the complex at 4.4 Å resolution. The structure shows GSK1264 buried between the IN C-terminal domain (CTD) and the catalytic core domain. In the crystal lattice, the interacting domains are contributed by two different dimers so that IN forms an open polymer mediated by inhibitor-bridged contacts; the N-terminal domains do not participate and are structurally disordered. Engineered amino acid substitutions at the inhibitor interface blocked ALLINI-induced multimerization. HIV escape mutants with reduced sensitivity to ALLINIs commonly altered amino acids at or near the inhibitor-bound interface, and these substitutions also diminished IN multimerization. We propose that ALLINIs inhibit particle assembly by stimulating inappropriate polymerization of IN via interactions between the catalytic core domain and the CTD and that understanding the interface involved offers new routes to inhibitor optimization.
Response probability and latency: a straight line, an operational definition of meaning and the structure of short term memory

The functional relationship between response probability and time is investigated in data from Rubin, Hinton and Wenzel (1999) and Anderson (1981). Recall/recognition probabilities and search times are linearly related through stimulus presentation lags from 6 seconds to 600 seconds in the former experiment and for repeated learning of words in the latter. The slope of the response time vs. probability function is related to the meaningfulness of the items used. The Rubin et al data suggest that only one memory structure is present or that all memory structures probed show the same linear relation of response probability and time. Both sets of data also suggest that the memory items, presumably in the neocortex, have a finite effective size that shrinks in a logarithmic fashion as the time since stimulus presentation increases or the overlearning decreases, away from the start of the search. According to the logarithmic decay, the size of the memory items decreases to a couple of neurons at about 1500 seconds for recall and 1100 seconds for recognition – this could be the time scale for a short term memory being converted to a long term memory. The incorrect recall time saturates in the Rubin et al data (it is not linear throughout the experiments), suggesting a limited size of the short term memory structure: the time to search through the structure for recall is 1.7 seconds. For recognition the corresponding time is about 0.4 seconds, to compare with the 0.243 seconds given by the data analysis of Cavanagh of Sternberg-like experiments (1972).
Complexity of Shift Bribery in Committee Elections

Given an election, a preferred candidate p, and a budget, the SHIFT BRIBERY problem asks whether p can win the election after shifting p higher in some voters’ preference orders. Of course, shifting comes at a price (depending on the voter and on the extent of the shift) and one must not exceed the given budget. We study the (parameterized) computational complexity of SHIFT BRIBERY for multiwinner voting rules where winning the election means to be part of some winning committee. We focus on the well-established SNTV, Bloc, k-Borda, and Chamberlin-Courant rules, as well as on approximate variants of the Chamberlin-Courant rule. We show that SHIFT BRIBERY tends to be harder in the multiwinner setting than in the single-winner one by showing settings where SHIFT BRIBERY is computationally easy in the single-winner cases, but is hard (and hard to approximate) in the multiwinner ones.
Dose-Dependent Effect of Deltamethrin in Testis, Liver, and Kidney of Wistar Rats

Objectives: Deltamethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used worldwide in agriculture, household pest control, protection of foodstuff, and disease vector control. Although initially thought to be least toxic, a number of recent reports showed its toxic effects in mammalian and non-mammalian animal species. The current study was performed to assess the dose-dependent deltamethrin toxicity on testes, liver, and kidney of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided in four groups of 6 each. Group A served as normal control. Group B, C, and D were administered with different doses (2 or 3 or 6 mg/kg corresponding to 1/30 th or 1/20 th or 1/10 th of LD 50 , respectively) of deltamethrin for 28 days. Results: Deltamethrin exposure caused a significant reduction in weight of reproductive organs, decrease in sperm count, sperm motility, serum testosterone (T), follicle stimulating hormones (FSH), and luteinizing hormones (LH) in testis. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were decreased in testis, liver and kidney of exposed rats. Deltamethrin exposure significantly increased sperm abnormalities in testis. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was observed in testis, liver and kidney. Deltamethrin also caused histological alterations in testes, liver, and kidney. Conclusions: The results indicated that deltamethrin at a dose of 6 mg/kg exerts significant harmful effects on testes, liver and kidney as compare to 2 mg and 3 mg/kg. The study concluded that the system toxicity induced by deltamethrin was dose dependent.
Parallelizing AND / OR Branch-and-Bound

We present parallel AND/OR Branch-and-Bound which uses the power of a computational grid to push the boundaries of feasibility for combinatorial optimization. Two variants of the scheme are described, one of which aims to use machine learning techniques for parallel load balancing. Indepth analysis identifies two inherent sources of parallel search space redundancies that, together with general parallel execution overhead, can impede parallelization and render the problem far from embarrassingly parallel. We conduct extensive empirical evaluation on hundreds of CPUs, the first of its kind, with overall positive results. In a significant number of cases parallel speedup is close to the theoretical maximum and we are able to solve many very complex problem instances orders of magnitude faster than before; yet analysis of certain results also serves to demonstrate the inherent limitations of the approach due to the aforementioned redundancies.
Orlistat and acute kidney injury: an analysis of 953 patients.

Lewis), San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco. Correspondence: Dr Fiebig, Clinical Laboratory, San Francisco General Hospital, Bldg NH, Room 2M24, 1001 Potrero Ave, San Francisco, CA 94110 (efiebig@ucsf.edu). Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Fiebig, Jones, Logan, Wang, and Lewis. Acquisition of data: Fiebig, Jones, Logan, Wang, and Lewis. Analysis and interpretation of data: Fiebig, Jones, and Lewis. Drafting of the manuscript: Fiebig. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Fiebig, Jones, Logan, Wang, and Lewis. Statistical analysis: Fiebig. Administrative, technical, and material support: Jones. Study supervision: Jones. Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Intergenerational contact and mediators impact ambivalence towards future selves

Intergenerational contact can promote positive attitudes towards elders. However, contact with older adults often fosters multiple stereotypes, which may contribute to ambivalence about aging and poorer health in late life. Online survey data from 457 young adults (M age = 19.4 years; 74% female) were used to explore the relationship between intergenerational contact and ambivalence about self as a future elder. Multiple mediator path analysis was used to test the hypothesis that anxiety, knowledge, and empathy would mediate the impact of intergenerational contact on aging self-ambivalence. Ratings of intergenerational contact predicted ambivalence, but anxiety and empathy mediated the relationship (knowledge did not). Higher ratings of intergenerational contact, lower aging anxiety, and higher empathy predicted lower aging self-ambivalence, which reflected positive expectations for late life in our sample. Intergenerational contact can influence expectations for old age; exchange that fosters empathy and reduces anxiety may encourage individuals to exercise strategies that positively impact health in late life.
Taste: Robust across the Age Span?

The prevalence of taste loss over a discrete area of the tongue or palate is unknown; however, we have identified discrete losses in three etiological groups: head trauma, upper respiratory infection, and bulimia. We have now identified discrete losses in elderly subjects. To summarize, elderly subjects show elevated taste thresholds for some taste stimuli. Mild dysgeusia may act as a masking stimulus that makes taste thresholds appear to be elevated, and this may be more common in the elderly than the young. Discrete taste losses occur more often among the elderly than the young but usually go unnoticed (although these losses may contribute to elevated thresholds when the test procedure stimulates an area of loss). When the samples are at high concentrations, when the subject judges total intensity rather than typical quality, and when the whole mouth is used to do the tasting, the taste responses of elderly subjects look much like those of the young. Two factors contribute to the failure of people to notice localized taste loss. First, there appear to be mutually inhibitory connections between various taste loci such that if taste input from one area is blocked, the inhibition from that area is also blocked. This results in increases in perceived taste from the other areas. Second, a blank spot for taste can go unnoticed because taste is poorly localized. We can demonstrate this with an illusion. If a taste solution is painted from an area with receptors into an area that does not have receptors, the taste sensation seems to invade the area with no receptors. We suggest that a similar phenomenon may occur with areas from which receptors are lost. This localization illusion could then prevent a subject from noticing that an area has lost taste function. The discovery of discrete taste losses in a population of elderly subjects suggests that earlier failures to find substantial taste losses with age may reflect the redundancy of the taste system. This possibility raises the question of what functions taste subserves that require this kind of redundancy. The taste system appears to be "hard wired" to maintain the constancy of perceived intensity even if substantial taste areas are damaged. This constancy suggests that taste is serving important biological functions. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Effect of Muscial Experience on the Perception of Triads

Historically, music theorists have claimed that the major triad functions as a strong instantiator of key, and that each of its inversions are harmonically equivalent. To examine these assumptions, subjects were tested with the Method of Paired Comparisons, and asked to judge the similarity of root, first inversion, and second inversion major triads drawn from keys of different degrees of musical relatedness. In Experiment 1, where triads were built on the tonics of two maximally-related keys (A and E major), only professional musicians demonstrated a separation of the triads on the basis of key, indicating that inversions of triads built on the same root-note were perceived as sounding similar to one another. The majority of moderatelytrained and inexperienced subjects tended to use a pitch-~eight strategy, in which triads containing upper notes that were close in absolute frequency were judged as sounding similar to one another. In Experiment 2, where triads were also included from a distantly related key (Bb major), the majority of professional musicians continued to group all triads on the basis of key, while some moderately-trained subjects confused the maximally-related keys, but perceived them as distinct from the more distant key. Other moderately-trained and musically-inexperienced subjects used a pitch·height strategy for judging
A twofold reduction in the incidence of acute ankle sprains in volleyball after the introduction of an injury prevention program: a prospective cohort study

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an injury prevention program, consisting mainly of an injury awareness session, technical training (with emphasis on proper take‐off and landing technique for blocking and attacking) and a balance board training program, for players with recurrent sprains. Baseline data were collected during the 1992‐93 season and the program was introduced during the 1993‐94 season. The 1994‐95 season was used to evaluate the effects of the prevention program. The coaches and players in the top two divisions of the Norwegian Volleyball Federation kept monthly records of exposure time and acute injuries (causing a player to miss at least one playing day). The total exposure time was 149 968 h, 132 757 h of training and 17 211 h of match play during the three seasons. The incidence of ankle injuries was reduced from 0.9 ± 0.1 per 1000 player hours during the 1992‐93 season (48 injuries) to 0.7 ± 0.1 during the 1993‐94 season (38 injuries; NS vs. 1992‐93) and to 0.5 ± 0.1 during the 1994–95 season (24 injuries, P < 0.01 vs. 1992‐93).
From Web 2.0 to Conversational Knowledge Management: Towards Collaborative Intelligence

Conventional knowledge management through a centralized repository framework has been the prominent approach to handle large volumes of information since the instigation of World Wide Web. However, knowledge residing in the repositories has not been accumulated or integrated to generate new intelligence. With the massive increase of communication technologies available, a change of paradigm in knowledge management is produced. This article investigates the shift from a knowledge repository approach to a conversational collaborative foundation of knowledge management. Basic applications of collaborative intelligence are proposed. It analyzes recent web trends to produce support for the change. The article demonstrates the opportunity for more effective and feasible knowledge management.
Music for a Song: An Empirical Look at Uniform Song Pricing and its Alternatives

Economists have well-developed theories that challenge the wisdom of the common practice of uniform pricing. With digital music as its context, this paper explores the profit and welfare implications of various alternatives, including song-specific pricing, various forms of bundling, two-part tariffs, nonlinear pricing, and third-degree price discrimination. Using survey-based data on nearly 1000 students' valuations of 100 popular songs in early 2008 and early 2009. We find that various alternatives - including simple schemes such as pure bundling and two-part tariffs - can raise both producer and consumer surplus. Revenue could be raised by between a sixth and a third relative to profit-maximizing uniform pricing. While person-specific uniform pricing can raise revenue by over 50 percent, none of the non-discriminatory schemes raise revenue's share of surplus above 40 percent of total surplus. Even with sophisticated pricing, much of the area under the demand curve for this product cannot be appropriated as revenue.