Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Female religious authority in Muslim societies : the case of the Da'iyat in Jeddah

The purpose of this dissertation was to explore how uninstitutionalised female preachers, or dāʿiyāt, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia construct authority in a context in which male ulama dominate the production of religious knowledge and represent the apex of the religious and social hierarchy. The study was broad, descriptive, and explanatory and drew primarily on the framework known as ‘accountable ethnography’. Data collection occurred between June and December 2009 and consisted of observations, interviews, and collection of literary artefacts, which were reviewed alongside literature published internationally. A flexible mode of inquiry was employed, partly in response to constraints on public religious discourse imposed in Saudi Arabia after September 11, 2001. The study concludes that the dāʿiyāt construct authority predominantly by relying on male ulama as marjiʿiyya diniyya (religious frame of reference) when issuing fatwas, as pedagogical models, as sources of charismatic inspiration, and as providers of personal recommendations. The dissertation also addresses a set of ‘alternate’ strategies of authority construction employed by Dr Fāṭima Nasiīf. Almost uniquely, this dāʿiyā is found to construct authority that goes beyond reproduction of institutionalised views by developing scholarly arguments to support interpretations of Islamic texts that are responsive to women’s perspectives and needs. In doing so, she expands the parameters of religiously permissible practice while remaining, for her part, within the confines of orthodox practice. Thus, although her society and most researchers perceive knowledge as a masculine attribute in the Saudi religious sphere, in matters relating to women, as well as through active leadership in ritual practice, Dr Fāṭima demonstrates that the dāʿiya can become the authority. Nevertheless, for her and for the other dāʿiyāt, the study finds that legitimatising female religious authority depends upon maintaining the established social order, including the hierarchy that places women in a subordinate position to men. Chapter 1: The Salience of Daʿwa and the Role of the Dāʿiyāt in Contemporary Saudi Arabia 1 Chapter 1 The Salience of Daʿwa and the Role of the Dāʿiyāt in Contemporary Saudi Arabia: An Introduction 1.
Sound velocities of Fe and Fe-Si alloy in the Earth’s core

Compressional wave velocity-density (VP - ρ) relations of candidate Fe alloys at relevant pressure-temperature conditions of the Earth’s core are critically needed to evaluate the composition, seismic signatures, and geodynamics of the planet’s remotest region. Specifically, comparison between seismic VP - ρ profiles of the core and candidate Fe alloys provides first-order information on the amount and type of potential light elements—including H, C, O, Si, and/or S—needed to compensate the density deficit of the core. To address this issue, here we have surveyed and analyzed the literature results in conjunction with newly measured VP - ρ results of hexagonal closest-packed (hcp) Fe and hcp-Fe0.85Si0. 15 alloy using in situ high-energy resolution inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction. The nature of the Fe-Si alloy where Si is readily soluble in Fe represents an ideal solid-solution case to better understand the light-element alloying effects. Our results show that high temperature significantly decreases the VP of hcp-Fe at high pressures, and the Fe-Si alloy exhibits similar high-pressure VP - ρ behavior to hcp-Fe via a constant density offset. These VP - ρ data at a given temperature can be better described by an empirical power-law function with a concave behavior at higher densities than with a linear approximation. Our new datasets, together with literature results, allow us to build new VP - ρ models of Fe alloys in order to determine the chemical composition of the core. Our models show that the VP - ρ profile of Fe with 8 wt % Si at 6,000 K matches well with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model of the inner core.
Can Well-Being Be Predicted? A Machine Learning Approach

The study of well-being is an interdisciplinary ﬁeld integrating aspects from psychology, economics, and the social and political sciences. Until today, research is still struggling to provide a robust definition of well-being, explaining its variation and dependencies on e.g. personality, demographics, way of life and life events. For this study, several machine learning techniques including kernel smoothing algorithms, neural networks and feature selection methods are applied in order to expand the structural understanding of subjective well-being and its dependencies. Well-being data from a four weeks study sequence including 362 participants is analyzed for non-parametric structures upon thirteen predictor variables, including the big ﬁve personality traits, a maximizer-satisficer scale, a fairness measure and six demographic variables. Neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness were conﬁrmed as the most important predictors. Although identified non-parametric structures do not lead to significantly higher prediction accuracy, 54% of the well-being variance between participants was explained upon the predictors set. Surprisingly, the cross-validated machine learning algorithms were not found to achieve higher accuracy than the linear model.
Student Evaluation of Teaching: An Instrument and a Development Process.

This article describes the process of faculty-led development of a student evaluation of teaching instrument at Centurion School of Rural Enterprise Management, a management institute in India. The instrument was to focus on teacher behaviors that students get an opportunity to observe. Teachers and students jointly contributed a number of desirable and undesirable performance examples that went through a process of filtration using mean-difference item response analysis and factor analysis. The final instrument has 18 examples to be rated on a six-point scale. It was used with a formative focus; however, the post-implementation experiences indicated the need for limited summative focus as well. New students need to be educated about student evaluation of teaching and its relevance for a quality academic life. It also emphasizes the need for open communication and a climate of trust for a successful student evaluation of teaching.
Hubungan antara merokok dan kebiasaan makan dengan Status Gizi pada Remaja Putra (Studi pada Siswa SMAN 2 Ungaran)

Latar Belakang : : Remaja merupakan salah satu kelompok rawan gizi yang rentan mengalami masalah gizi. Perubahan gaya hidup remaja seperti kebiasaan makan dan merokok dapat meningkatkan kebutuhan energi dan zat gizi sehingga dapat mempengaruhi status gizi seorang remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara merokok dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi pada remaja putradi SMA N 2 Ungaran. Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional. Subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas XI dan XII dengan jumlah 68 subjek yang diambil secara proportional random sampling. Karakteristik subjek, kebiasaan merokok, dan kebiasaan makan diperoleh dari kuesioner. Status gizi diukur menggunakan metode antropometri serta asupan makan diperoleh dengan metode wawancara dan food frekuensi semi kuantitatif (FFQ). Analisis data bivariat menggunakan rank spearman dan korelasi partial. Hasil : Sebanyak 60.3% subyek termasuk kategori perokok ringan dan status gizi normal (80,9%). Sebanyak 25% subyek mulai mengkonsumsi rokok pada usia15 tahun dengan rerata jumlah rokok sebesar 3±2,8 batang perhari. Subjek memiliki asupan energi normal sebesar 61,8% dan asupan protein diatas angka kecukupan sebesar 95,6% serta 54,4% subjek memiliki kebiasaan makan yang sesuai dengan skala model linkert. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan antara merokok dan kebiasaan makan dengan status gizi (r=-0,232; p=0,057) dan (r=-0,140; p=0,397), sedangkan setelah dikontrol dengan variabel perancu yaitu asupan energi dan protein maka merokok dengan status gizi memiliki hubungan (r=-0,284; p=0,021). Simpulan : Merokok berhubungan dengan status gizi setelah dikontrol variabel asupan energi dan protein.
Selective ganglion cell functional loss in rats with experimental glaucoma.

PURPOSE To characterize retinal functional consequences of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in a rat model of experimental glaucoma. METHODS Unilateral elevation of IOP was produced by hypertonic saline injection into an episcleral vein in 20 adult male Brown-Norway rats. IOP was measured in both eyes of awake animals four to five times per week. After 5 weeks, animals were dark adapted overnight (>12 hours) and full-field electroretinograms (ERGs) were obtained simultaneously from both eyes. Scotopic ERG stimuli were brief white flashes (-6.64-2.72 log cd-s/m(2)). Photopic responses were also obtained (0.97-2.72 log cd-s/m(2)) after 15 minutes of light adaptation (150 cd/m(2)). Eyes were processed the following day for histologic evaluation by light microscopy, including masked determination of optic nerve injury grade (ONIG; 1, normal; 5, severe, diffuse damage). RESULTS Among experimental eyes, the group average IOP (+/-SD) was 34.5 +/- 4.1 mm Hg, whereas the average for control eyes was 28.1 +/- 0.5 mm Hg (t = 7.1, P < 0.0001). The average ONIG for experimental and control eye groups, respectively, was 3.4 +/- 1.7 and 1.0 +/- 0.02 (t = 6.3, P < 0.0001). The ONIG increased with mean IOP in experimental eyes (r(2) = 0.78, P < 0.0001) and was unrelated to mean IOP in control eyes (r(2) = 0.09, P = 0.18). In experimental eyes with relatively mild IOP elevation (mean IOP < 31 mm Hg) and no structural (histologic) damage to the optic nerve evident by light microscopy (ONIG = 1.1 +/- 0.2, n = 5), there was a selective reduction of the positive scotopic threshold response (pSTR; P < 0.001), whereas other ERG components remained unaltered. In four of the five eyes, pSTR amplitude was reduced by more than 50%, whereas all five had normal scotopic a-wave, b-wave, and OP amplitudes. Eyes with mean IOP of more than 35 mm Hg had reduced a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potential (OP) amplitudes. CONCLUSIONS As demonstrated by prior studies, selective loss of the pSTR is indicative of selective retinal ganglion cell (RGC) injury. In this rat model of experimental glaucoma, selective RGC functional injury occurred before the onset of structural damage, as assessed by light microscopy of optic nerve tissue. The highest IOP levels resulted in nonselective functional loss. Thus, in rodent models of experimental glaucoma, lower levels of chronically elevated IOP may be more relevant to human primary chronic glaucoma.
Energy cost of bipedal running.

FEDAK, MICHAEL A. , BERRY PINSHOW, AND KNUT SCHMIDTNIELSEN. Energy cost of bipedal running. Am. J. Physiol. 227(5): 1038-1044. 1974. -This study compares the energy cost of running in twoand four-legged animals. In seven species of birds (0.04-22 kg) steady-state oxygen consumption during running at various speeds increased linearly with running speed. The slope (Eru;> of the regression line was a constant for each species, but smaller birds had a steeper slope than larger birds (as previously reported for mammals). brun values for two-legged and fourlegged runners plotted on logarithmic coordinates against body weight fall along two different straight lines. E,,, decreases more rapidly with body weight in four-legged than in two-legged runners. The lines cross at about 1 kg body wt. Thus, for small body size ( < 100 g) the predicted cost of transport is significantly less for two-legged than for four-legged runners. For large body size (>5 kg) theo pposite is true. For an animal the size of man, twolegged running is energetically over twice as expensive as fourlegged running.
Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning

Educational psychology and effective teaching interactions the development of students: cognitive and language development psychosocial and moral development diversity in the classroom: culture, class and gender exceptional students learning theories an dimplications for practice: behavioural psychology and learning cognitive psychology and the construction of knowledge thinking skills and problem-solving strategies motivation and student learning effective teaching and the evaluation of learning classroom management creating effective learning environments assessment of students' learning using teacher-constructed methods standardized tests and behaviour rating scales effective teaching strategies and the design of instruction appendix: research methods and the practice of eductation.
Sharing social content from home: a measurement-driven feasibility study

Today, OSN sites allow users to share data using a centrally controlled web infrastructure. However, if users shared data directly from home, they could potentially retain full control over the data (i.e., what to share, whom to share with). This paper investigates the feasibility of alternative decentralized architectures that allow users to share their data directly from home. Specifically, we (a) characterize social content workloads using data gathered from the popular Flickr and YouTube social networks and (b) characterize home networks using data gathered from residential gateways deployed in a number of households. We use the data from these measurements to evaluate the potential for delivering social content directly from users' homes.
Chronic Exposure to Malaria Is Associated with Inhibitory and Activation Markers on Atypical Memory B Cells and Marginal Zone-Like B Cells

In persistent infections that are accompanied by chronic immune activation, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and malaria, there is an increased frequency of a phenotypically distinct subset of memory B cells lacking the classic memory marker CD27 and showing a reduced capacity to produce antibodies. However, critical knowledge gaps remain on specific B cell changes and immune adaptation in chronic infections. We hypothesized that expansion of atypical memory B cells (aMBCs) and reduction of activated peripheral marginal zone (MZ)-like B cells in constantly exposed individuals might be accompanied by phenotypic changes that would confer a tolerogenic profile, helping to establish tolerance to infections. To better understand malaria-associated phenotypic abnormalities on B cells, we analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 55 pregnant women living in a malaria-endemic area of Papua Nueva Guinea and 9 Spanish malaria-naïve individuals using four 11-color flow cytometry panels. We assessed the expression of markers of B cell specificity (IgG and IgM), activation (CD40, CD80, CD86, b220, TACI, and CD150), inhibition (PD1, CD95, and CD71), and migration (CCR3, CXCR3, and CD62l). We found higher frequencies of active and resting aMBC and marked reduction of MZ-like B cells, although changes in absolute cell counts could not be assessed. Highly exposed women had higher PD1+-, CD95+-, CD40+-, CD71+-, and CD80+-activated aMBC frequencies than non-exposed subjects. Malaria exposure increased frequencies of b220 and proapoptotic markers PD1 and CD95, and decreased expression of the activation marker TACI on MZ-like B cells. The increased frequencies of inhibitory and apoptotic markers on activated aMBCs and MZ-like B cells in malaria-exposed adults suggest an immune-homeostatic mechanism for maintaining B cell development and function while simultaneously downregulating hyperreactive B cells. This mechanism would keep the B cell activation threshold high enough to control infection but impaired enough to tolerate it, preventing systemic inflammation.
When fair is foul and foul is fair: reverse priming in automatic evaluation.

Responses to information were facilitated by the rapid prior presentation of evaluatively congruent material. This fundamental discovery (R. H. Fazio, D. M. Sanbonmatsu, M. C. Powell, & F. R. Kardes, 1986) marked a breakthrough in research on automatic information processing by demonstrating that evaluative meaning is grasped without conscious control. Experiments employing a word naming task provided stringent tests of the automaticity of evaluation and found support for it. More strikingly, a previously unobserved reversal of these effects (i.e., slower responses to evaluatively matched rather than mismatched items) was found when primes were evaluatively extreme. Procedural variances across 6 experiments revealed that the reverse priming effect was highly robust. This discovery is analogous to demonstrations of contrast effects in controlled judgments. It is theorized that the reverse priming effect reflects an automatic correction for the biasing influence of the prime.
Dynamic Agency and the Q Theory of Investment

We develop an analytically-tractable model integrating the dynamic theory of investment with dynamic optimal incentive contracting, thereby endogenizing financing constraints. Incentive contracting generates a history-dependent wedge between marginal and average q, and both vary over time as good (bad) performance relaxes (tightens) financing constraints. Financial slack, not cash flow, is the appropriate proxy for financing constraints. Investment decreases with firm-specific risk, and is positively correlated with past profits, past investment, and managerial compensation even with time-invariant investment opportunities. Optimal contracting involves deferred compensation; possible termination; and compensation that depends on exogenous observable persistent profitability shocks, effectively paying managers for luck.
Overlap bias in the case‐crossover design, with application to air pollution exposures

The case‐crossover design uses cases only, and compares exposures just prior to the event times to exposures at comparable control, or ‘referent’ times, in order to assess the effect of short‐term exposure on the risk of a rare event. It has commonly been used to study the effect of air pollution on the risk of various adverse health events. Proper selection of referents is crucial, especially with air pollution exposures, which are shared, highly seasonal, and often have a long‐term time trend. Hence, careful referent selection is important to control for time‐varying confounders, and in order to ensure that the distribution of exposure is constant across referent times, a key assumption of this method. Yet the referent strategy is important for a more basic reason: the conditional logistic regression estimating equations commonly used are biased when referents are not chosen a priori and are functions of the observed event times. We call this bias in the estimating equations overlap bias. In this paper, we propose a new taxonomy of referent selection strategies in order to emphasize their statistical properties. We give a derivation of overlap bias, explore its magnitude, and consider how the bias depends on properties of the exposure series. We conclude that the bias is usually small, though highly unpredictable, and easily avoided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Annual social behaviour of basking sharks associated with coastal front areas

Comparatively little is known about reproductive behaviour in wild sharks as it has proved extremely difficult to study, especially in large pelagic sharks. Here we describe annual courtship–like behaviour in the second–largest fish species, the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), from 25 separate episodes observed and tracked during a five–year study period (1995–999) off south–west England. Social behaviours observed between paired, or three or four, sharks were consistent with courtship behaviours seen in other shark species, namely nose–to–tail following, close following, close flank approach, parallel and echelon swimming. Mature individuals between 5 and 8 m total body length ( L;T;) exhibited these behaviours whereas smaller sharks (3–4 m L;T;) did not. Lead individuals were identified as female on a number of occasions and interactions were prolonged; the longest continuous observation of socializing was 1.8 h, although intermittent track data indicates bouts may last for up to 5–6 h. Locations of courtship–like behaviour events were not distributed randomly and were significantly associated with thermal fronts. Our results indicate that putative courtship behaviour occurs between May and July along oceanographic fronts, probably as a consequence of individuals aggregating to forage in rich prey patches before initiating courtship. Thus, locating the richest prey patches along fronts may be important for basking sharks to find mates as well as food in the pelagic ecosystem. As courtship–like behaviours occur annually off south–west England we speculate that this region may represent an annual breeding area for this protected species, but mating itself probably takes place at depth as it was not seen at the surface.
Finding a maximum weight triangle in n3-Δ time, with applications

We present the first truly sub-cubic algorithms for finding a maximum node-weighted triangle in directed and undirected graphs with arbitrary real weights. The first is an O(B • n<sup>3+ω/2</sup>) = O(B • n<sup>2.688</sup>) deterministic algorithm, where n is the number of nodes, ω is the matrix multiplication exponent, and B is the number of bits of precision. The second is a strongly polynomial randomized algorithm that runs in O(n<sup>3+ω/2</sup> log n) expected worst-case time. To achieve this, we show how to efficiently sample a weighted triangle uniformly at random, out of just those triangles whose total weight falls in some prescribed interval (W<sub>1</sub>,W<sub>2</sub>) for arbitrary weights W<sub>1</sub> and W<sub>2</sub>. Previous approaches to the problem resulted in time bounds with either an <i>exponential</i> dependence on B, or a runtime of the form Ω(n<sup>3</sup>/(log n)<sup>c</sup>). The algorithms are easily extended to finding a maximum node-weighted induced subgraph on 3k nodes in Õ(n<sup>(3+ω)</sup>k/2) = O(n<sup>2.688 k</sup>) time.We give applications to a variety of problems, including a stable matching problem between buyers and sellers in computational economics, and discuss the possibility of extending our approach to a truly sub-cubic algorithm for computing all-pairs shortest paths on directed graphs with arbitrary weights.