Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Scalable increase adaptive decrease: congestion control supporting low latency and high speed

Congestion control in the Internet has been an open research issue for more than two decades. A large number of proposals already exist that especially address the scalability problem of traditional congestion control in high-speed networks. However, more and more applications with narrow latency requirements are emerging which are not well addressed by existing proposals. In this work, we present TCP SIAD, a new congestion control scheme supporting both high-speed networks and low latency, based on a new design principle called Scalable Increase Adaptive Decrease (SIAD). More precisely, our algorithm aims to provide high utilization under various network conditions, and therefore allows operators to configure small buffers for low latency support. We designed TCP SIAD based on a new approach that aims for a fixed feedback rate independent of the available bandwidth and provides full scalability. Further, our approach introduces a configuration knob for the induced feedback rate and thereby controls the aggressiveness. This can be used by a higher-layer control loop to impact capacity sharing, e.g., for applications that need a minimum rate. Increasing the aggressiveness can lead to higher throughput but also induces more congestion experienced by the transmission as well as competing traffic. However, we argue that fairness cannot be addressed by congestion control, that only influences the instantaneous share for each flow, and therefore do not aim for TCP-friendliness. Instead, fairness must be policed on a per-user basis over longer time scales supported by a configurable aggressiveness of the used congestion control scheme as provided by TCP SIAD. We evaluate TCP SIAD’s scalability, adaptivity, capacity sharing, and convergence properties against well-known high-speed congestion control schemes, such as Scalable TCP and High Speed TCP, as well as H-TCP that among other goals targets small buffers. We show that only TCP SIAD is able to utilize the bottleneck with arbitrary buffer sizes while avoiding to unnecessarily buffer packets in network queues. Further, only TCP SIAD and Scalable TCP implement a fixed feedback rate independent of the link speed, where Scalable TCP reaches this on the cost of inducing a standing queue and high loss rate. Moreover, we demonstrate the capacity sharing properties of SIAD depending on the configured feedback rate. Further, due to a new Fast Increase phase TCP SIAD can quickly allocate newly available capacity and converges reasonably fast. In addition, TCP SIAD provides a much higher resilience to non-congestion losses than all other schemes in test. We conclude that TCP SIAD fulfills the stated requirements and shows high robustness to perform further testing in the Internet.
Learning Bayesian Network Equivalence Classes with Ant Colony Optimization

Bayesian networks are a useful tool in the representation of uncertain knowledge. This paper proposes a new algorithm called ACO-E, to learn the structure of a Bayesian network. It does this by conducting a search through the space of equivalence classes of Bayesian networks using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). To this end, two novel extensions of traditional ACO techniques are proposed and implemented. Firstly, multiple types of moves are allowed. Secondly, moves can be given in terms of indices that are not based on construction graph nodes. The results of testing show that ACO-E performs better than a greedy search and other state-of-the-art and metaheuristic algorithms whilst searching in the space of equivalence classes.
The extent of early viral replication is a critical determinant of the natural history of simian immunodeficiency virus infection

Different patterns of viral replication correlate with the natural history of disease progression in humans and macaques infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), respectively. However, the viral and host factors influencing these patterns of viral replication in vivo are poorly understood. We intensively studied viral replication in macaques receiving identical inocula of SIV. Marked differences in viral replication patterns were apparent within the first week following inoculation, a time prior to the development of measurable specific immune effector responses to viral antigens. Plasma viral RNA levels measured on day 7 postinoculation correlated with levels measured in the postacute phase of infection. Differences in the susceptibility of host cells from different animals to in vitro SIV infection correlated with the permissiveness of the animals for early in vivo viral replication and hence with the postacute set point level of plasma viremia. These results suggest that host factors that exert their effects prior to full development of specific immune responses are critical in establishing the in vivo viral replication pattern and associated clinical course in subjects infected with SIV and, by extension, with HIV-1.
The role of nitric oxide in endothelial cell damage and its inhibition by glucocorticoids

Incubation of vascular endothelial cells with S.typhosa endotoxin and interferon‐γ caused a time‐ and concentration‐dependent reduction in the viability of the cells. This cytotoxic effect was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner by NG‐monomethyl‐l‐arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and by the glucocorticoids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone, two inhibitors of the induction of NO synthase. These findings indicate that in these cells the cytotoxic effect of endotoxin is mediated by the NO synthesized by an inducible NO synthase. This induction of NO synthase in vascular endothelial cells may represent a mechanism of local endothelial damage during endotoxin shock and other immunologically based conditions.
Bi-directional reflectance of corals

An assessment of the bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of corals with different morphologies was undertaken using hyperspectral reflectance measurements. The highest variance in reflectance obtained at different viewing angles was found for the open branching Acropora colony, possibly attributed to branch orientation and internal shadow distribution. Spectral separation within and between features at the nominated sensor-viewing angles was greatest in the near infrared portion of the spectrum. The analysis of coral reef bi-directional reflectance properties and degree of internal shadowing holds potential for future assessment and information extraction relating to coral structural characteristics.
Compressive Image Sensing : Turbo Fast Recovery with Lower-FrequencyMeasurement Sampling

In order to get better reconstruction quality from compressive sensing of images, exploitation of the dependency or correlation patterns among the transform coefficients has been popularly employed. Nevertheless, both recovery quality and recovery speed are not compromised well. In this paper, we study a new image sensing technique, called turbo fast compression image sensing, with computational complexity O(m), where m denotes the length of a measurement vector y = φx that is sampled from the signal x of length n via the sampling matrix φ with dimensionality m×n. In order to leverage between reconstruction quality and recovery speed, a new and novel sampling matrix is designed. Our method has the following characteristics: (i) recovery speed is extremely fast due to a closed-form solution is derived; (ii) certain reconstruction accuracy is preserved because significant components of x can be reconstructed with higher priority via an elaborately designed φ. Our method is particularly different from those presented in the literature in that we focus on the design of a sampling matrix without relying on exploiting certain sparsity patterns. Simulations and comparisons with state-of-the-art CS methodologies are provided and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in terms of reconstruction quality and computational complexity. keywords: Compressive sensing, Measurement, Reconstruction, Sampling, Sparsity
Tectonic Evolution of the South Tibetan Detachment System, Bhutan Himalaya

xiii List of Abbreviations Used . xiv Acknowledgements . xv Chapter
Storm-Based Probabilistic Hail Forecasting with Machine Learning Applied to Convection-Allowing Ensembles

AbstractForecasting severe hail accurately requires predicting how well atmospheric conditions support the development of thunderstorms, the growth of large hail, and the minimal loss of hail mass to melting before reaching the surface. Existing hail forecasting techniques incorporate information about these processes from proximity soundings and numerical weather prediction models, but they make many simplifying assumptions, are sensitive to differences in numerical model configuration, and are often not calibrated to observations. In this paper a storm-based probabilistic machine learning hail forecasting method is developed to overcome the deficiencies of existing methods. An object identification and tracking algorithm locates potential hailstorms in convection-allowing model output and gridded radar data. Forecast storms are matched with observed storms to determine hail occurrence and the parameters of the radar-estimated hail size distribution. The database of forecast storms contains information a.
Comparison of myocardial perfusion imaging and cardiac troponin I in patients admitted to the emergency department with chest pain.

BACKGROUND Identification of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) among those who present to emergency departments with possible myocardial ischemia is difficult. Myocardial perfusion imaging with 99mTc sestamibi and measurement of serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) both can identify patients with ACS. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients considered at low to moderate risk for ACS underwent gated single-photon emission CT sestamibi imaging and serial myocardial marker measurements of creatine kinase-MB, total creatine kinase activity, and cTnI over 8 hours. Positive perfusion imaging was defined as a perfusion defect with associated abnormalities in wall motion or thickening. cTnI >/=2.0 ng/mL was considered abnormal. Among the 620 patients studied, 59 (9%) had myocardial infarction and 81 (13%) had significant coronary disease; of these patients, 58 underwent revascularization. Perfusion imaging was positive in 241 patients (39%), initial cTnI was positive in 37 (6%), and cTnI was >/=2.0 ng/mL in 74 (12%). Sensitivity for detecting myocardial infarction was not significantly different between perfusion imaging (92%) and cTnI (90%), and both were significantly higher than the initial cTnI (39%). Sensitivity for predicting revascularization or significant coronary disease was significantly higher for perfusion imaging than for serial cTnI, although specificity for all end points was significantly lower. Lowering the cutoff value of cTnI to 1.0 ng/mL did not significantly change the results. CONCLUSIONS Early perfusion imaging and serial cTnI have comparable sensitivities for identifying myocardial infarction. Perfusion imaging identified more patients who underwent revascularization or who had significant coronary disease, but it had lower specificity. The 2 tests can provide complementary information for identifying patients at risk for ACS.
A rare case of congenital heart disease with ambiguous genitalia

Birth defects have become the important cause of mortality and morbidity in the perinatal period. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect which includes the varying forms of cardiac abnormalities and occurs with an incidence of 1 per 100 live births. In most of the cases, CHD is an isolated malformation, but about 33% have associated anomalies. Ambiguous genitalia are one such rare anomaly that is associated with CHD among other genital abnormalities. The possible causes for this association could be pseudohermaphroditism, which in turn, may be due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The government of any country should consider providing for its people a free prenatal diagnosis for susceptible disorders.
Behavioral and Structural Responses to Chronic Cocaine Require a Feedforward Loop Involving ΔFosB and Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell

The transcription factor ΔFosB and the brain-enriched calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) are induced in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by chronic exposure to cocaine or other psychostimulant drugs of abuse, in which the two proteins mediate sensitized drug responses. Although ΔFosB and CaMKIIα both regulate AMPA glutamate receptor expression and function in NAc, dendritic spine formation on NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and locomotor sensitization to cocaine, no direct link between these molecules has to date been explored. Here, we demonstrate that ΔFosB is phosphorylated by CaMKIIα at the protein-stabilizing Ser27 and that CaMKII is required for the cocaine-mediated accumulation of ΔFosB in rat NAc. Conversely, we show that ΔFosB is both necessary and sufficient for cocaine induction of CaMKIIα gene expression in vivo, an effect selective for D1-type MSNs in the NAc shell subregion. Furthermore, induction of dendritic spines on NAc MSNs and increased behavioral responsiveness to cocaine after NAc overexpression of ΔFosB are both CaMKII dependent. Importantly, we demonstrate for the first time induction of ΔFosB and CaMKII in the NAc of human cocaine addicts, suggesting possible targets for future therapeutic intervention. These data establish that ΔFosB and CaMKII engage in a cell-type- and brain-region-specific positive feedforward loop as a key mechanism for regulating the reward circuitry of the brain in response to chronic cocaine.
Dropped Head Syndrome After Multilevel Cervical Radiofrequency Ablation: A Case Report

Study Design: Case report. Objective: To describe a serious complication of multilevel radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the cervical spine. Summary of Background Data: Percutaneous RFA is an accepted nonoperative modality for the treatment of neck pain. When the procedure is performed according to established guidelines, serious adverse events are rare. Methods: The authors performed a clinical and radiographic case review. Results: A 54-year-old woman presented with neck pain and weakness with cervical kyphosis. She had undergone left-sided RFA of the third occipital nerve and C2–C4 facet joints 8 weeks prior to presentation. The patient was incapable of extending her neck, although the deformity was passively correctable. Imaging revealed no lesions to which the kyphosis could be attributed. As the deformity progressed over the subsequent 3 months, surgery was recommended. An instrumented posterior fusion from C2 to T2 was performed with correction of the chin-on-chest deformity and improvement in the patient’s axial neck pain. Conclusions: Dropped head syndrome is a rare yet potentially debilitating complication of multilevel cervical RFA.
Antibodies to endothelial cells in Kawasaki disease lyse endothelial cells without cytokine pretreatment

Kawasaki disease (KD) is characterized by diffuse vasculitis and marked immune activation. To confirm the presence of antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECA) and cytotoxicity of AECA, we investigated the presence of AECA using ELISA and cytotoxicity of AECA in KD. Sera from patients with acute KD were assessed for binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) using a cell‐based ELISA, and for cytotoxicity against HUVEC as indicated by the conversion of a tetrazolium salt (MTT) into a coloured product. IgM AECA were detected in 8/19 KD sera, IgG AECA were detected in 5/19 KD sera. Significant differences in both AECA titres existed between patients and febrile and afebrile controls. Six out of 19 patients showed complement‐dependent cytotoxicity against HUVEC. Cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced by pretreating HUVEC with tumour necrosis factor (TNF), and reduced by incubation with gammaglobulin. Serum titres of IgM AECA in the KD patients were positively correlated with cytotoxicity. Findings suggest that IgM AECA mediates complement‐dependent cytotoxicity against endothelial cells in patients with KD, and gammaglobulin may reduce complement‐dependent cytotoxicity of AECA against endothelial cells.
Sulphate Attack in Lime-Treated Marine Clay

ABSTRACT The use of lime to improve the properties of soft clays is not new. Recently the deep lime mixing technique has been extended to coastal regions for improving the behavior of weak marine clays. But lime treatment technique should be approached carefully for clay containing a high percentage of sodium sulphate. The presence of sulphate in lime-treated clays may result in high swelling due to the formation of the expansive mineral, ettringite. A limited study of lime-treated marine clays has shown a need to further explore the formation of ettringite and its stability with time. In this article, a laboratory investigation was carried out to examine the influence of sodium and calcium sulphates on the behavior of lime column treated marine clay. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to identify the formation of various reaction products, including ettringite. Test results indicate that the formation of ettringite in the lime-sodium sulphate-clay system adversely affects the engineering behavior of the marine clay, whereas the addition of calcium sulphate significantly improves the engineering characteristics of the soil.
Using Interpretive Structural Modeling to Determine the Relationships among Knowledge Management Criteria inside Malaysian Organizations

This paper is concerned with the establishment of relationships among knowledge management (KM) criteria that will ensure an essential foundation to evaluate KM outcomes. The major issue under investigation is to assess the popularity of criteria within organizations and to establish a structure of criteria for measuring KM results. An empirical survey was conducted among Malaysian organizations to investigate KM criteria for measuring success of KM initiatives. Therefore, knowledge workers as the respondents were targeted to establish a structure of criteria for evaluating KM outcomes. An established structure of criteria based on the Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) is used to map criteria relationships inside organizations. This structure is portrayed to identify that how these set of criteria are related. This network schema should be investigated and implemented to promote innovation and improve enterprise performance. To the researchers, this survey has significant insights into relationship between KM programs and business success. Keywords—Knowledge Management, Knowledge Management Outcomes, KM Criteria, Innovation, Interpretive Structural Modeling
Comparison of Emissions from On-Road Sources Using a Mobile Laboratory Under Various Driving and Operational Sampling Modes

Mobile sources produce a significant fraction of the total anthropogenic emissions burden in large cities and have harmful effects on air quality at multiple spatial scales. Mobile emissions are intrinsically difficult to estimate due to the large number of parameters affecting the emissions vari- ability within and across vehicles types. The MCMA-2003 Campaign in Mexico City has showed the utility of using a mobile laboratory to sample and characterize specific classes of motor vehicles to better quantify their emissions charac- teristics as a function of their driving cycles. The technique clearly identifies "high emitter" vehicles via individual ex- haust plumes, and also provides fleet average emission rates. We have applied this technique to Mexicali during the Bor- der Ozone Reduction and Air Quality Improvement Program (BORAQIP) for the Mexicali-Imperial Valley in 2005. We analyze the variability of measured emission ratios for emit- ted NOx, CO, specific VOCs, NH 3, and some primary fine particle components and properties by deploying a mobile laboratory in roadside stationary sampling, chase and fleet average operational sampling modes. The measurements re- flect various driving modes characteristic of the urban fleets. The observed variability for all measured gases and particle emission ratios is greater for the chase and roadside station- ary sampling than for fleet average measurements. The fleet
Structural diversity in a human antibody germline library

ABSTRACT To support antibody therapeutic development, the crystal structures of a set of 16 germline variants composed of 4 different kappa light chains paired with 4 different heavy chains have been determined. All four heavy chains of the antigen-binding fragments (Fabs) have the same complementarity-determining region (CDR) H3 that was reported in an earlier Fab structure. The structure analyses include comparisons of the overall structures, canonical structures of the CDRs and the VH:VL packing interactions. The CDR conformations for the most part are tightly clustered, especially for the ones with shorter lengths. The longer CDRs with tandem glycines or serines have more conformational diversity than the others. CDR H3, despite having the same amino acid sequence, exhibits the largest conformational diversity. About half of the structures have CDR H3 conformations similar to that of the parent; the others diverge significantly. One conclusion is that the CDR H3 conformations are influenced by both their amino acid sequence and their structural environment determined by the heavy and light chain pairing. The stem regions of 14 of the variant pairs are in the ‘kinked’ conformation, and only 2 are in the extended conformation. The packing of the VH and VL domains is consistent with our knowledge of antibody structure, and the tilt angles between these domains cover a range of 11 degrees. Two of 16 structures showed particularly large variations in the tilt angles when compared with the other pairings. The structures and their analyses provide a rich foundation for future antibody modeling and engineering efforts.