Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Driven Cavity Flow: From Molecular Dynamics to Continuum Hydrodynamics

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out to investigate the slip of fluid in the lid driven cavity flow where the no-slip boundary condition causes unphysical stress divergence. The MD results not only show the existence of fluid slip but also verify the validity of the Navier slip boundary condition. To better understand the fluid slip in this problem, a continuum hydrodynamic model has been formulated based upon the MD verification of the Navier boundary condition (NBC) and the Newtonian stress. Our model has no adjustable parameter because all the material parameters (density, viscosity, and slip length) are directly determined from MD simulations. Steady-state velocity fields from continuum calculations are in quantitative agreement with those from MD simulations, from the molecular-scale structure to the global flow. The main discovery is as follows. In the immediate vicinity of the corners where moving and fixed solid surfaces intersect, there is a core partial-slip region where the.
MEANS OF OPTIMAL BODY MASS CONTROL AND OBESITY PROPHYLAXIS AMONG STUDENTS

Purpose: approaches to control over limits of students body mass range and obesity prophylaxis through their physical condition improvement are offered. Material: in the research 100 boy students, divided into 2 equal groups (experimental and control) participated. Their age was - 19-20 years. In the research we used methodic of control over maximal admissible body mass. Strength was registered by quantity of chin ups. Endurance was assessed by time of 3000 meters’ distance run. Quickness was assessed by time of 100 meters’ distance run. Besides, we considered the quantity of missed physical culture lessons. Results: it was found that for successful body weigh reduction students have to significantly increase everyday motor functioning. It was also found that insignificant quantity of missed physical culture lessons can not noticeably influence on students physical condition. At the end of the researches tests showed some increment of strength and quickness and confident increase of endurance in experimental group students. Conclusions: implementation of compulsory body mass control methodic in students’ physical education will facilitated overcoming global threats for youth’s health: obesity and immobile way of life.
Risk Factors Associated with Amputation-Free Survival in Patient with Diabetic Foot Ulcers

Purpose To determine the 1-year survival rate, 1-year amputation-free survival rate and the risk factors of amputation for patients with diabetic foot ulcers. Materials and Methods One hundred seventy-three patients with diabetic foot ulcers were included in our study. Mean patient age was 67.5 (range, 29 to 87, SD ±11.4) years. 74% of the patients were male. Time from study entry to amputation and time to death were evaluated separately as censored event times by Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was carried out for determining the risk factors of amputation. Results The survival rate and amputation-free survival rate were 96.5% (n=167), 65.9% (n=114), respectively, over one year study period. Severity of ulcer was the strongest significant risk factor of amputation [hazard ratio (HR): 7.99; confidence interval (CI): 3.12 to 20.47]. Peripheral artery disease was also independent risk factor of amputation (HR: 2.64; CI: 1.52 to 4.59). Conclusion In assessing the prognosis of diabetic foot ulcers, clinicians should consider the severity of ulcer and presence of peripheral artery disease. Our study provides important insights into clinical practice and supplementary information for both physicians and patients.
Mitochondrial DNA variation in a species with two mitochondrial genomes: the case of Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Atlantic, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea

We have examined mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation in samples of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from the Black Sea, the Mediterranean and the Spanish Atlantic coast by scoring for presence or absence of cleavage at 20 restriction sites of a fragment of the COIII gene and at four restriction sites of the 16S RNA gene. This species contains two types of mtDNA genomes, one that is transmitted maternally (the F type) and one that is transmitted paternally (the M type). The M genome evolves at a higher rate than the F genome. Normally, females are homoplasmic for an F type and males are heteroplasmic for an F and an M type. Occasionally molecules from the F lineage invade the paternal transmission route, resulting in males that carry two F‐type mtDNA genomes. These features of the mussel mtDNA system give rise to a new set of questions when using mtDNA variation in population studies and phylogeny. We show here that the two mtDNA types provide different information with regard to amounts of variation and genetic distances among populations. The F genome exhibits higher degrees of diversity within populations, while the M genome produces higher degrees of differentiation among populations. There is a strong differentiation between the Atlantic and the Black Sea. The Mediterranean samples have intermediate haplotype frequencies, yet are much closer to the Black Sea than to the Atlantic. We conclude that in this species gene flow among the three Seas is restricted and not enough to erase the combined effect of mutation and random drift. In one sample, that from the Black Sea, the majority of males did not contain an M mtDNA type. This suggests that a molecule of the maternal lineage has recently invaded the paternal route and has increased its frequency in the population to the point that the present pool of paternally transmitted mtDNA molecules is highly heterogeneous and cannot be used to read the population’s history. This liability of the paternal route means that in species with doubly uniparental inheritance, the maternal lineage provides more reliable information for population and phylogenetic studies.
Distinct Expression Pattern of a Deafness Gene, KIAA1199, in a Primate Cochlea

Deafness is one of the most common types of congenital impairments, and at least half of the cases are caused by hereditary mutations. Mutations of the gene KIAA1199 are associated with progressive hearing loss. Its expression is abundant in human cochlea, but interestingly the spatial expression patterns are different between mouse and rat cochleae; the pattern in humans has not been fully investigated. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of a nonhuman primate, common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), cochlea with a KIAA1199-specific antibody. In the common marmoset cochlea, KIAA1199 protein expression was more widespread than in rodents, with all epithelial cells, including hair cells, expressing KIAA1199. Our results suggest that the primate pattern of KIAA1199 expression is wider in comparison with rodents and may play an essential role in the maintenance of cochlear epithelial cells.
Variation in Genome-Wide Levels of Meiotic Recombination Is Established at the Onset of Prophase in Mammalian Males

Segregation of chromosomes during the first meiotic division relies on crossovers established during prophase. Although crossovers are strictly regulated so that at least one occurs per chromosome, individual variation in crossover levels is not uncommon. In an analysis of different inbred strains of male mice, we identified among-strain variation in the number of foci for the crossover-associated protein MLH1. We report studies of strains with “low” (CAST/EiJ), “medium” (C3H/HeJ), and “high” (C57BL/6J) genome-wide MLH1 values to define factors responsible for this variation. We utilized immunofluorescence to analyze the number and distribution of proteins that function at different stages in the recombination pathway: RAD51 and DMC1, strand invasion proteins acting shortly after double-strand break (DSB) formation, MSH4, part of the complex stabilizing double Holliday junctions, and the Bloom helicase BLM, thought to have anti-crossover activity. For each protein, we identified strain-specific differences that mirrored the results for MLH1; i.e., CAST/EiJ mice had the lowest values, C3H/HeJ mice intermediate values, and C57BL/6J mice the highest values. This indicates that differences in the numbers of DSBs (as identified by RAD51 and DMC1) are translated into differences in the number of crossovers, suggesting that variation in crossover levels is established by the time of DSB formation. However, DSBs per se are unlikely to be the primary determinant, since allelic variation for the DSB-inducing locus Spo11 resulted in differences in the numbers of DSBs but not the number of MLH1 foci. Instead, chromatin conformation appears to be a more important contributor, since analysis of synaptonemal complex length and DNA loop size also identified consistent strain-specific differences; i.e., crossover frequency increased with synaptonemal complex length and was inversely related to chromatin loop size. This indicates a relationship between recombination and chromatin compaction that may develop as DSBs form or earlier during establishment of the meiotic axis.
Smooth Muscle Specific Rac1 Deficiency Induces Hypertension by Preventing p116RIP3‐Dependent RhoA Inhibition

Background Increasing evidence implicates overactivation of RhoA as a critical component of the pathogenesis of hypertension. Although a substantial body of work has established that Rac1 functions antagonize RhoA in a broad range of physiological processes, the role of Rac1 in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure is not fully elucidated. Methods and Results To define the role of Rac1 in vivo in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC), we generated smooth muscle (SM)‐specific Rac1 knockout mice (SM‐Rac1‐KO) and performed radiotelemetric blood pressure recordings, contraction measurements in arterial rings, vSMC cultures and biochemical analyses. SM‐Rac1‐KO mice develop high systolic blood pressure sensitive to Rho kinase inhibition by fasudil. Arteries from SM‐Rac1‐KO mice are characterized by a defective NO‐dependent vasodilation and an overactivation of RhoA/Rho kinase signaling. We provide evidence that Rac1 deletion‐induced hypertension is due to an alteration of cGMP signaling resulting from the loss of Rac1‐mediated control of type 5 PDE activity. Consequently, cGMP‐dependent phosphorylation and binding of RhoA with its inhibitory partner, the phosphatase‐RhoA interacting protein (p116RIP3), are decreased. Conclusions Our data reveal that the depletion of Rac1 in SMC decreases cGMP‐dependent p116RIP3/RhoA interaction and the subsequent inhibition of RhoA signaling. Thus, we unveil an in vivo role of Rac1 in arterial blood pressure regulation and a new pathway involving p116RIP3 that contributes to the antagonistic relationship between Rac1 and RhoA in vascular smooth muscle cells and their opposite roles in arterial tone and blood pressure.
A Macaque Model to Study Vaginal HSV-2/Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection and the Impact of HSV-2 on Microbicide Efficacy

Background Herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) infection enhances the transmission and acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This occurs in symptomatic and asymptomatic stages of HSV-2 infection, suggesting that obvious herpetic lesions are not required to increase HIV spread. An animal model to investigate the underlying causes of the synergistic action of the two viruses and where preventative strategies can be tested under such complex physiological conditions is currently unavailable. Methodology/Principal Findings We set out to establish a rhesus macaque model in which HSV-2 infection increases the susceptibility to vaginal infection with a model immunodeficiency virus (simian-human immunodeficiency virus, SHIV-RT), and to more stringently test promising microbicides. HSV-2 exposure significantly increased the frequency of vaginal SHIV-RT infection (n = 6). Although cervical lesions were detected in only ∼10% of the animals, long term HSV-2 DNA shedding was detected (in 50% of animals followed for 2 years). Vaginal HSV-2 exposure elicited local cytokine/chemokine (n = 12) and systemic low-level HSV-2-specific adaptive responses in all animals (n = 8), involving CD4+ and CD8+ HSV-specific T cells (n = 5). Local cytokine/chemokine responses were lower in co-infected animals, while simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific adaptive responses were comparable in naïve and HSV-2-infected animals (n = 6). Despite the increased frequency of SHIV-RT infection, a new generation microbicide gel, comprised of Carraguard® and a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor MIV-150 (PC-817), blocked vaginal SHIV-RT infection in HSV-2-exposed animals (n = 8), just as in naïve animals. Conclusions/Significance We established a unique HSV-2 macaque model that will likely facilitate research to define how HSV-2 increases HIV transmission, and enable more rigorous evaluation of candidate anti-viral approaches in vivo.
The Impact of Caesarean Delivery on Paracetamol and Ketorolac Pharmacokinetics: A Paired Analysis

Pharmacokinetics is a first, but essential step to improve population-tailored postoperative analgesia, also after Caesarean delivery. We therefore aimed to quantify the impact of caesarean delivery on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous (iv) paracetamol (2 g, single dose) and iv ketorolac tromethamine (30 mg, single dose) in 2 cohorts eachof 8 women at caesarean delivery and to compare these findings with postpartum to quantify intrapatient changes. We documented a higher median paracetamol clearance at delivery when compared to 10–15 weeks postpartum (11.7 to 6.4 L/h·m2, P < 0.01), even after correction for weight-related changes. Similar conclusions were drawn for ketorolac: median clearance was higher at delivery with a subsequent decrease (2.03 to 1.43 L/h·m2, P < 0.05) in postpartum (17–23 weeks). These differences likely reflect pregnancy- and caesarean-delivery-related changes in drug disposition. Moreover, postpartum paracetamol clearance was significantly lower when compared to estimates published in healthy young volunteers (6.4 versus 9.6 L/h·m2), while this was not the case for ketorolac (1.43 versus 1.48 L/h·m2). This suggests that postpartum is another specific status in young women that merits focused, compound-specific pharmacokinetic evaluation.
Comparison of Novice and Experienced Drivers Using the SEEV Model to Predict Attention Allocation at Intersections During Simulated Driving

The authors compared the eye movements of novice drivers and experienced drivers while they drove a simulated driving scenario that included a number of intersections interspersed with stretches of straight road. The intersections included non-hazard events. Cassavaugh, Bos, McDonald, Gunaratne, & Backs (2013) attempted to model attention allocation of experienced drivers using the Salience Effort Expectancy and Value (SEEV) model. Here they compared two SEEV model fits between those experienced drivers and a sample of novice drivers. The first was a simplified model and the second was a more complex intersection model. The observed eye movement data was found to be a good fit to the simplified model for both experienced (R2 = 0.88) and novice drivers (R2 = 0.30). Like the previous results of the intersection model for the experienced drivers, the fit of the observed eye movement data to the intersection model for novice drivers was poor, and was no better than fitting the data to a randomized SEEV model. The authors concluded based on the simplified SEEV model, fixation count and fixation variance that experienced drivers were found to be more efficient at distributing their visual search compared to novice drivers.
Computer-Aided Detection of Malignant Lung Nodules on Chest Radiographs: Effect on Observers' Performance

Objective To evaluate the effect of computer-aided detection (CAD) system on observer performance in the detection of malignant lung nodules on chest radiograph. Materials and Methods Two hundred chest radiographs (100 normal and 100 abnormal with malignant solitary lung nodules) were evaluated. With CT and histological confirmation serving as a reference, the mean nodule size was 15.4 mm (range, 7-20 mm). Five chest radiologists and five radiology residents independently interpreted both the original radiographs and CAD output images using the sequential testing method. The performances of the observers for the detection of malignant nodules with and without CAD were compared using the jackknife free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Fifty-nine nodules were detected by the CAD system with a false positive rate of 1.9 nodules per case. The detection of malignant lung nodules significantly increased from 0.90 to 0.92 for a group of observers, excluding one first-year resident (p = 0.04). When lowering the confidence score was not allowed, the average figure of merit also increased from 0.90 to 0.91 (p = 0.04) for all observers after a CAD review. On average, the sensitivities with and without CAD were 87% and 84%, respectively; the false positive rates per case with and without CAD were 0.19 and 0.17, respectively. The number of additional malignancies detected following true positive CAD marks ranged from zero to seven for the various observers. Conclusion The CAD system may help improve observer performance in detecting malignant lung nodules on chest radiographs and contribute to a decrease in missed lung cancer.
Inhibiting doping in sports: deterrence is necessary, but not sufficient

Abstract The use of performance-enhancing drugs is a significant problem in sport. It cheats clean athletes of their hard-earned rewards from perfecting their skills though dedication and hard work. It defrauds fans by substituting a distorted playing field for a true competition. Anti-doping agencies have been charged with enforcing drug policies, primarily through the use of drug testing programs. We propose that drug testing, while important, is not sufficient to achieve deterrence. Engaging the principles of perceptual deterrence and development of a moral community of athletes can greatly enhance compliance with rules.
Structural and Dynamic Characterization of the C313Y Mutation in Myostatin Dimeric Protein, Responsible for the “Double Muscle” Phenotype in Piedmontese Cattle

The knowledge of the molecular effects of the C313Y mutation, responsible for the “double muscle” phenotype in Piedmontese cattle, can help understanding the actual mechanism of phenotype determination and paves the route for a better modulation of the positive effects of this economic important phenotype in the beef industry, while minimizing the negative side effects, now inevitably intersected. The structure and dynamic behavior of the active dimeric form of Myostatin in cattle was analyzed by means of three state-of-the-art Molecular Dynamics simulations, 200-ns long, of wild-type and C313Y mutants. Our results highlight a role for the conserved Arg333 in establishing a network of short and long range interactions between the two monomers in the wild-type protein that is destroyed upon the C313Y mutation even in a single monomer. Furthermore, the native protein shows an asymmetry in residue fluctuation that is absent in the double monomer mutant. Time window analysis on further 200-ns of simulation demonstrates that this is a characteristic behavior of the protein, likely dependent on long range communications between monomers. The same behavior, in fact, has already been observed in other mutated dimers. Finally, the mutation does not produce alterations in the secondary structure elements that compose the characteristic TGF-β cystine-knot motif.
Morality: Cooperation Is Fundamental but It Is Not Enough to Ensure the Fair Treatment of Others

Tomasello [2015] has authored a compelling and novel book regarding the natural history of morality. Distinct from investigating the origins and development of morality from infancy to adulthood [Killen & Smetana, 2015], Tomasello [2015] theorizes about how morality originated in Homo sapiens, and what it might have looked like as it evolved from early humans to modern humans [Tomasello, 2015; Vaish & Tomasello, 2014]. Paralleling his book on a natural history of human thinking [Tomasello, 2014], Tomasello’s book on morality draws on his twenty years of comparative studies with children and great apes to document how evolution enabled humans to be ultracooperative animals. In his morality book, Tomasello [2015] makes three central points: (a) morality is rooted in our evolutionary past and stems from cooperation and interdependence (group-minded thinking); (b) “second-personal agency,” defined as morality in the form of sympathy and personal relationships, precedes objective and impartial morality in the natural history story as well as in the ontogenetic developmental one; and (c) children understand morality prior to formal teaching and socialization. Central to Tomasello’s [2015] theory is the parallel change from early to modern humans and from the infant to the 3.5-year-old child, which is a proposed change from a “me” focus (self-oriented survival), to “you,” which reflects the emergence of an interacting dyadic relationship (such as with a parent or sibling), to the “we” position, which reflects the interdependence that emerges with a group affiliation. Morality emerges as a form of sympathy that Tomasello [2015] frames in terms of “secondpersonal agency,” drawing on Darwall’s [2006] theory about the second person standpoint (morality as a form of interpersonal obligation). Morality emerges as objective moral codes with the awareness of the group (we) in modern humans and as shown in young children by the age of 3.5 years. In Tomasello’s framework, affiliation with nonkin others becomes the group, and in this context, morality is a form of shared intentionality about the treatment of others.
Low Complexity Two-Dimensional Weight-Constrained Codes

Two low complexity coding techniques are described for mapping arbitrary data to and from m × n binary arrays in which the Hamming weight of each row (respectively, column) is at most n/2 (respectively, m/2). One technique is based on flipping rows and columns of an arbitrary binary array until the Hamming weight constraint is satisfied in all rows and columns, and the other is based on a certain explicitly constructed “antipodal” matching between layers of the Boolean lattice. Both codes have a redundancy of roughly m+n and may have applications in next generation resistive memory technologies.
Formal and informal external linkages and firms' innovative strategies. A cross-country comparison

Firms increasingly rely upon external actors for their innovation process. Interaction with these actors may occur formally (i.e. through a collaboration agreement) or informally (i.e. external actors acts as sources of information). We analyze the reasons why firms consider it to be important to develop formal and informal external linkages in the innovation process by looking at the role played by firms' innovative strategies and by taking into account the possibility that a complementarity or substitutive relationship might exist between formal and informal linkages. Data are from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3), where we have access to firm level micro-data from Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands and the UK.