Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
I will survive! -- Gender discrimination in a household saving decisions experiment

We investigate the gender specific intertemporal allocation behavior of spouses with different deterministic life expectations in an experiment where the gen- der of one's partner is known. In each period of their life both partners propose a consumption level one of which is then randomly implemented. To allow for learning one experiences many "lives". Participants achieve a rather high degree of optimality that does not change over time. Indepen- dent of the own gender a participant is nicer to women and acts more selfishly if the partner is a man. Participants are not aware of their discriminating behavior.
Absent presence: the ongoing impact of men's violence on the mother–child relationship

ABSTRACT This paper draws from interviews with 45 mothers and 52 children who participated in an action research project to develop activities to support women and children in the aftermath of domestic violence. A thematic analysis was used to analyse the data and explore the question: In what ways does the perpetrator of abuse remain present in the lives of women and children following separation? The paper invites workers to recognize the distortions created by domestic violence that may need to be identified and addressed in the aftermath of violence. The ways in which past trauma, erosion of self‐esteem and the undermining of the mother–child relationship continues to create a shadow across the present relationship are identified. The continued presence of the perpetrator of abuse through child contact arrangements and ongoing harassment is also highlighted. The ‘absent presence’ of the abusive partner is posited as a concept to assist workers with a framework through which to understand problems in the mother–child relationship which emerge when living with and separating from a violent partner. The paper has implications for social workers orientating practice to focus on perpetrator accountability and support strengthening the mother–child relationship.
Direct quantitative measurement of the C═O⋅⋅⋅H–C bond by atomic force microscopy

Atomic force microscopy can image the hydrogen atoms of single molecules via very weak hydrogen bonding. The hydrogen atom—the smallest and most abundant atom—is of utmost importance in physics and chemistry. Although many analysis methods have been applied to its study, direct observation of hydrogen atoms in a single molecule remains largely unexplored. We use atomic force microscopy (AFM) to resolve the outermost hydrogen atoms of propellane molecules via very weak C═O⋅⋅⋅H–C hydrogen bonding just before the onset of Pauli repulsion. The direct measurement of the interaction with a hydrogen atom paves the way for the identification of three-dimensional molecules such as DNAs and polymers, building the capabilities of AFM toward quantitative probing of local chemical reactivity.
Effect of polymerization mode of two adhesive systems on push-out bond strength of fiber post to different regions of root canal dentin

Background: A few studies have investigated the effect of the activation mode of adhesive systems on bond strength of fiber posts to root canal dentin. This study investigated the push-out bond strengths of a glass fiber post to different root canal regions with the use of two adhesives with light- and dual-cure polymerization modes. Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, 40 maxillary central incisors were decoronated at cement-enamel junction with 15 ± 1 mm root length. After root canal therapy and post space preparations, they were randomly divided into four groups. Post spaces were treated with four different adhesives: Excite, Excite Dual cure Single Component (DSC), self-etch adhesive (AdheSE), and AdheSE dual-cure. Then the fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) post, Postec Plus, was cemented with dual-cure resin cement, Variolink II. The roots were cut into three 2-mm-thick slices. Push-out tests were performed with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The mode of failures was determined under a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test was conducted to compare post hoc with P < 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: The highest bond strength was obtained for AdheSE dual-cure (15.54 ± 6.90 MPa) and the lowest was obtained for Excite light-cure (10.07 ± 7.45 MPa) and only the bond strength between these two adhesives had significant difference (P = 0.02). Bond strength decreased from the coronal to the apical in all groups and this was significant in Excite (group 1) and AdheSE (group 3) (P < 0.001). In apical regions, bond strength of dual-cure adhesives was significantly higher than light-cure adhesives (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Push-out bond strength of fiber post to different regions of root canal dentin was affected by both adhesive systems and their polymerization modes.
Mechanisms of Protease-activated Receptor-4 Actions in Cardiomyocytes

Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4 is a low affinity thrombin receptor with slow activation and desensitization kinetics relative to PAR-1. This study provides novel evidence that cardiomyocytes express functional PAR-4 whose signaling phenotype is distinct from PAR-1 in cardiomyocytes. AYPGKF, a modified PAR-4 agonist with increased potency at PAR-4, activates p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase but is a weak activator of phospholipase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy; AYPGKF and thrombin, but not the PAR-1 agonist SFLLRN, activate Src. The observation that AYPGKF and thrombin activate Src in cardiomyocytes cultured from PAR-1−/− mice establishes that Src activation is via PAR-4 (and not PAR-1) in cardiomyocytes. Further studies implicate Src and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase activity in the PAR-4-dependent p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Thrombin phosphorylates EGFRs and ErbB2 via a PP1-sensitive pathway in PAR-1−/− cells that stably overexpress PAR-4; the Src-mediated pathway for EGFR/ErbB2 transactivation underlies the protracted phases of thrombin-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation in PAR-1−/− cells that overexpress PAR-4 and in cardiomyocytes. These studies identify a unique signaling phenotype for PAR-4 (relative to other cardiomyocyte G protein-coupled receptors) that is predicted to contribute to cardiac remodeling and influence the functional outcome at sites of cardiac inflammation.
Differences in Top—Down Influences on the Reversal Rate of Different Categories of Reversible Figures

Understanding the mechanisms underlying the multistability of reversible figures may provide valuable insights into the normal functioning of our visual system. The proposed factors that control the perceptual alternations of reversible figures can be classified into bottom–up and top–down processes. In the present study, we report differences in top–down effects on the reversal rate depending on whether a structural perspective (Necker cube, Schröder staircase) or a meaningful content (duck/rabbit figure, chef/dog figure) is subject to the reversal phenomenon. In order to activate top–down mechanisms explicitly the subjects had the instruction to bring the reversal rate under voluntary control. The results indicated that both slowing down and speeding up the rate of alternations was more effective for the content-reversal figures (duck/rabbit, chef/dog) than for the rather abstract perspective-reversal figures (Necker cube, Schröer staircase). In order to investigate the effect of meaningfulness in figure/ground reversals, the effect of the same instructional variable was also determined for Rubin's vase/faces and the Maltese cross. The results showed a similar tendency as in the case of the comparison between perspective reversals and content reversals. Possible cognitive processes that may play a role in top–down influences on figure reversal and theoretical implications of these findings for the interaction of bottom–up and top–down processes are discussed.
Back to the Future: Leveraging Belady's Algorithm for Improved Cache Replacement

Belady's algorithm is optimal but infeasible because it requires knowledge of the future. This paper explains how a cache replacement algorithm can nonetheless learn from Belady's algorithm by applying it to past cache accesses to inform future cache replacement decisions. We show that the implementation is surprisingly efficient, as we introduce a new method of efficiently simulating Belady's behavior, and we use known sampling techniques to compactly represent the long history information that is needed for high accuracy. For a 2MB LLC, our solution uses a 16KB hardware budget (excluding replacement state in the tag array). When applied to a memory-intensive subset of the SPEC 2006 CPU benchmarks, our solution improves performance over LRU by 8.4%, as opposed to 6.2% for the previous state-of-the-art. For a 4-core system with a shared 8MB LLC, our solution improves performance by 15.0%, compared to 12.0% for the previous state-of-the-art.
Debt Dynamics

We develop a dynamic model of financial and investment policy with corporate and individual taxes, costly equity issuance, and debt constraints. The dynamic framework allows us to explain a number of empirical findings inconsistent with static tax-based theories. We show that: 1) there is no target leverage ratio; 2) firms can be savers or heavily levered; 3) leverage is path dependent and exhibits hysteresis; 4) leverage is decreasing in lagged liquidity; and 5) leverage varies negatively with an external finance weighted-average Q ratio. In the empirical section, we estimate key structural parameters using a simulation estimator.
Messages from the Food Police: How Food-Related Warnings Backfire among Dieters

This research shows when and how food-related warnings can backfire by putting consumers in a state of reactance. Across three studies, we demonstrate that dieters (but not nondieters) who see a one-sided message focusing on the negative aspects of unhealthy food (vs. a one-sided positive or neutral message) increase their desire for and consumption of unhealthy foods. In contrast, dieters who see a two-sided message (focusing on both the negative and positive aspects of unhealthy food) are more likely to comply with the message, thereby choosing fewer unhealthy foods. Our research suggests that negatively worded food warnings (such as public service announcements) are unlikely to work—nondieters ignore them, and dieters do the opposite. Although preliminary, our findings also suggest that two-sided messages may offer a better solution.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3

Anxiety sensitivity, or the fear of anxiety and related physiological sensations, has been found to amplify fears and operates as a risk factor for anxiety and related pathology. Factor analytic research of the original version of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) demonstrated that anxiety sensitivity is a multidimensional construct, with the ASI assessing a higher order anxiety sensitivity factor and three lower-order components, including Physical, Cognitive, and Social concerns. Each domain has been shown to be strongly associated with and predictive of particular forms of anxiety and mood pathology. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index -3 (ASI-3), which represents the third in a series of ASI revisions, was developed to comprehensively assess the three components of anxiety sensitivity. The purpose of the present investigation was to elucidate the most theoretically and statistically accurate factor structure of the ASI-3 by testing previously evaluated models of anxiety sensitivity in an undergraduate sample, and extending the findings to a community sample that were administered the ASI-3 as a standalone measure. Measurement equivalence of the ASI-3 among the two samples was also evaluated. Results of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated a hierarchical model provided the best fit to ASI-3 data. Findings of the multi-group comparison showed measurement invariance among undergraduates and community residents. Implications of these findings and possible directions for future research are discussed.
Attachment Styles and Parental Representations

Relationships between attachment styles and the content and structure of mental representations of parents were investigated. Undergraduates completed 3- and 4-category measures of attachment style and wrote descriptions of their parents. Securely attached participants' parental representations were characterized by differentiati on, elaboration, benevolence, and nonpunitiveness. Representations by dismissing participants were characterized by less differentiation and more punitiveness and malevolence. Fearful participants also described their parents as relatively punitive and malevolent, but their representations were well differentiated and conceptually complex. Anxious-ambivalent participants described their parents ambivalently as both punitive and benevolent.
Distributed large-scale natural graph factorization

Natural graphs, such as social networks, email graphs, or instant messaging patterns, have become pervasive through the internet. These graphs are massive, often containing hundreds of millions of nodes and billions of edges. While some theoretical models have been proposed to study such graphs, their analysis is still difficult due to the scale and nature of the data. We propose a framework for large-scale graph decomposition and inference. To resolve the scale, our framework is distributed so that the data are partitioned over a shared-nothing set of machines. We propose a novel factorization technique that relies on partitioning a graph so as to minimize the number of neighboring vertices rather than edges across partitions. Our decomposition is based on a streaming algorithm. It is network-aware as it adapts to the network topology of the underlying computational hardware. We use local copies of the variables and an efficient asynchronous communication protocol to synchronize the replicated values in order to perform most of the computation without having to incur the cost of network communication. On a graph of 200 million vertices and 10 billion edges, derived from an email communication network, our algorithm retains convergence properties while allowing for almost linear scalability in the number of computers.
Direct estimates of cause-specific mortality fractions and rates of under-five deaths in the northern and southern regions of Nigeria by verbal autopsy interview

Nigeria’s under-five mortality rate is the eighth highest in the world. Identifying the causes of under-five deaths is crucial to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3 by 2030 and improving child survival. National and international bodies collaborated in this study to provide the first ever direct estimates of the causes of under-five mortality in Nigeria. Verbal autopsy interviews were conducted of a representative sample of 986 neonatal and 2,268 1–59 month old deaths from 2008 to 2013 identified by the 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. Cause of death was assigned by physician coding and computerized expert algorithms arranged in a hierarchy. National and regional estimates of age distributions, mortality rates and cause proportions, and zonal- and age-specific mortality fractions and rates for leading causes of death were evaluated. More under-fives and 1–59 month olds in the South, respectively, died as neonates (N = 24.1%, S = 32.5%, p<0.001) and at younger ages (p<0.001) than in the North. The leading causes of neonatal and 1–59 month mortality, respectively, were sepsis, birth injury/asphyxia and neonatal pneumonia, and malaria, diarrhea and pneumonia. The preterm delivery (N = 1.2%, S = 3.7%, p = 0.042), pneumonia (N = 15.0%, S = 21.6%, p = 0.004) and malaria (N = 34.7%, S = 42.2%, p = 0.009) fractions were higher in the South, with pneumonia and malaria focused in the South East and South South; while the diarrhea fraction was elevated in the North (N = 24.8%, S = 13.2%, p<0.001). However, the diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria mortality rates were all higher in the North, respectively, by 222.9% (Z = -10.9, p = 0.000), 27.6% (Z = -2.3, p = 0.020) and 50.6% (Z = -5.7, p = 0.000), with the greatest excesses in older children. The findings support that there is an epidemiological transition ongoing in southern Nigeria, suggest the way forward to a similar transition in the North, and can help guide maternal, neonatal and child health programming and their regional and zonal foci within the country.
Antigen Dependently Activated Cluster of Differentiation 8-Positive T Cells Cause Perforin-Mediated Neurotoxicity in Experimental Stroke

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in secondary brain damage after stroke. Although deleterious effects of proinflammatory cytokines are well characterized, direct cytotoxic effects of invading immune cells on the ischemic brain and the importance of their antigen-dependent activation are essentially unknown. Here we examined the effects of adaptive and innate immune cells—cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells—that share the direct perforin-mediated cytotoxic pathway on outcome after cerebral ischemia in mice. Although CTLs and NK cells both invaded the ischemic brain, only brain-infiltrating CTLs but not NK cells were more activated than their splenic counterparts. Depletion of CTLs decreased infarct volumes and behavioral deficit in two ischemia models, whereas NK cell depletion had no effect. Correspondingly, adoptive CTL transfer from wild-type into Rag1 knock-out mice increased infarct size. Adoptive CTL transfer from perforin knock-out or interferon-γ knock-out mice into Rag1 knock-out mice revealed that CTL neurotoxicity was mediated by perforin. Accordingly, CTLs isolated from wild-type or interferon-γ knock-out but not from perforin knock-out mice induced neuronal cell death in vitro. CTLs derived from ovalbumin-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice were not activated and infiltrated less into the ischemic brain compared with wild-type CTLs. Their transfer did not increase the infarct size of Rag1 knock-out mice, indicating antigen-dependent activation as an essential component of CTL neurotoxicity. Our findings underscore the importance of antigen-dependent, direct cytotoxic immune responses in stroke and suggest modulation of CTLs and their effector pathways as a potential new strategy for stroke therapy.
What Happens When Recommendation System Meets Reputation System? The Impact of Recommendation Information on Purchase Intention

Recommendation systems are intended to increase consumer purchasing intentions and may enhance consumers' experience value via personalized service. This study investigates how recommendation system and reputation system simultaneously affect customer purchase intention from an information communication perspective. A laboratory experiment was conducted to test the research framework which was proposed based on the social influence theory and the theory of reasoned action. The results demonstrate that consumer purchase intention is primarily affected by consumer attitude toward the purchase of the recommended product, and this attitude is driven mainly by the relevance to personal interests while also being affected by the external subjective norm regarding the purchase of the recommended product. This study also finds that the online feedbacks of reputation system exert a significant influence on the formation of external subjective norms. The results of this study provide useful insights into how recommendation information affects consumers' attitude and purchase intention.
Identification and comparative analysis of differentially expressed proteins in rat striatum following 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathway: up‐regulation of amyloid precursor‐like protein 2 expression

During neurodegenerative processes, cascades of degeneration and subsequent regeneration are triggered. However, the molecular nature of the factors involved in the neurodegeneration of the CNS remains largely unknown. In this study, the variations of protein expression in the striatum of adult Sprague–Dawley rats following 6‐hydroxydopamine lesions were investigated, in order to better understand the molecular events occurring in the denervated target tissue. The rat striatum, ipsilateral to the lesion was analysed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry. Seven proteins were up‐regulated (188.1–750% compared to control) in response to the lesion: amyloid precursor‐like protein 2 (APLP2), kininogen, glucokinase, tropomyosin α chain, type brain‐1 and calpactin I light chain; whilst four proteins, neural epidermal growth factor‐like 2, minichromosome maintenance 6, and thyroid hormone receptor β‐2, were down‐regulated (to between 36% and 59% of levels in sham‐operated controls). Three proteins that did not match with available data in the SWISS‐PROT protein database were also determined. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated colocalization of APLP2 and tyrosine hydroxylase in the nigral neurons. Moreover, reduction of APLP2‐positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta as well as the increases in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and in the striatum were observed. Furthermore, the conditioned medium of the Chinese hamster ovary cells over‐expressing APLP2‐751 (chondroitin sulphate‐modified), but not APLP2‐763 (nonchondroitin sulphate‐modified), was able to increase the number of the tyrosine hydroxylase‐positive neurons in fetal mesencephalic cultures. These results suggest that the expression of APLP2, a protein that has been thought to be associated with Alzheimer's disease, is up‐regulated in the striatum following dopaminergic denervation. They also support the view that chondroitin sulphate‐modified APLP2 protein may play an important role in the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system.
Is the adiposity rebound a rebound in adiposity?

OBJECTIVE Early adiposity rebound ([AR], when body mass index [BMI] rises after reaching a nadir) strongly predicts later obesity. We investigated whether the upswing in BMI at AR is accompanied by an increase in body fat. DESIGN Community-based cohort study. SUBJECTS A total of 299 first-born children (49% male). Measurements. Six-monthly anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance, 4-6.5 years; lean and fat mass index (kg/m(2)) for direct comparison with BMI. Supplementary (0-2 years) weight and length measures (needed for growth curve modelling) were drawn from subjects' child health records. METHODS AR was estimated from individually modelled BMI curves from birth to 6.5 years. Two main analyses were performed: 1) cross-sectional comparisons of BMI, fat mass index (FMI), lean mass index (LMI) and percent body fat in children with early (<5 years) and later (>5 years) rebound; and 2) investigation of linear trends in BMI, FMI, LMI and percent body fat before and after AR. Results. The 81 children (27%) experiencing early AR had higher BMI, FMI, LMI and percent fat at 6.5 years. Overall, FMI decreased steeply pre-AR, at -0.56 (0.02) kg/m(2) per year (mean [Standard Error]), then flattened post-AR to 0.07 (0.05) kg/m(2) per year. In contrast, LMI increased pre-AR (0.34 [0.01]) and steepened post-AR (0.47 [0.03] kg/m(2) per year). CONCLUSION The 'adiposity rebound' is characterised by increasing lean mass index, coupled with cessation of the decline in fat mass index. Understanding what controls the dynamics of childhood body composition and mechanisms that delay AR could help prevent obesity.