Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth Slowdown in Bureaucratic Economic Systems: An Issue Revisited

Bureaucratically organized systems tend to be less efficient than economies in which agents are free to choose their output targets, as well as the means to meet them. This paper presents a simple model of planner-manager interactions and shows how bureaucratic economies can end up in a low-effort, low growth equilibrium even though they may have started in a high-effort, high-growth equilibrium. The empirical evidence from eight Central and Eastern European countries during 1948-89 is consistent with our model results, namely, that the growth decline was systemic in nature. The results are applicable to countries in other regions with heavy bureaucratic involvement in the economy.
Exploring the effects of dependability on enterprise applications success in e-business

Electronic business (e-business) plays a major role in the modern economic network due to shorter cycle time and faster information transactions. Building enterprise applications that can coordinate activities, decisions, and knowledge cross many functions is a good solution for e-business. Hence, how to implement enterprise applications successfully has become an increasingly important management issue. Although information systems (IS) success has received fairly extensive attention from prior research, issues regarding whether service delivered by systems can be justifiably relied by users are seriously ignored, especially for complex systems like enterprise applications. Thus, this paper attempts to extend this kind of concept, dependability, into the DeLone & McLean's IS success model for exploring how it influences enterprise applications success. Results from a survey of 170 respondents taken from six international e-businesses in Taiwan strongly support that dependability is indeed an important factor for enterprise applications success. Additionally, over and beyond the effects of dependability on enterprise applications success, it can help practitioners and managers get deep insights about how to implement e-business successfully.
The Oldest Jurassic Dinosaur: A Basal Neotheropod from the Hettangian of Great Britain

Approximately 40% of a skeleton including cranial and postcranial remains representing a new genus and species of basal neotheropod dinosaur is described. It was collected from fallen blocks from a sea cliff that exposes Late Triassic and Early Jurassic marine and quasi marine strata on the south Wales coast near the city of Cardiff. Matrix comparisons indicate that the specimen is from the lithological Jurassic part of the sequence, below the first occurrence of the index ammonite Psiloceras planorbis and above the last occurrence of the Rhaetian conodont Chirodella verecunda. Associated fauna of echinoderms and bivalves indicate that the specimen had drifted out to sea, presumably from the nearby Welsh Massif and associated islands (St David’s Archipelago). Its occurrence close to the base of the Blue Lias Formation (Lower Jurassic, Hettangian) makes it the oldest known Jurassic dinosaur and it represents the first dinosaur skeleton from the Jurassic of Wales. A cladistic analysis indicates basal neotheropodan affinities, but the specimen retains plesiomorphic characters which it shares with Tawa and Daemonosaurus.
Risk factors for No. 12p and No. 12b lymph node metastases in advanced gastric cancer in China

Abstract Background. The risk factors for No. 12p and No. 12b lymph node (LN) metastases in advanced gastric cancer (GC) remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases in advanced GC. Methods. From January 1999 to December 2005, a retrospective analysis of 163 patients with advanced GC who underwent D2 lymphadenectomy in addition to No. 12p and No. 12b LN dissections was conducted. Potential clinicopathological factors that could influence No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases were statistically analyzed. Results. There were 15 cases (9.2%) with No. 12p LN metastases and 5 cases (3.1%) with synchronous No. 12b LN metastases. A logistic regression analysis revealed that the Borrmann type (III/IV versus I/II, P = 0.029), localization (lesser/circular versus greater, P = 0.025), and depth of invasion (pT4 versus pT2/pT3, P = 0.009) were associated with 11.1-, 3.8-, and 5.6-fold increases, respectively, for risk of No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases. A logistic regression analysis also showed that No. 5 (P = 0.006) and No. 12a (P = 0.004) LN metastases were associated with 6.9- and 11.3-fold increases, respectively, for risk of No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases. In addition, significant differences in 5-year survival of patients with and without No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases were observed (13.3% versus 35.1%, P = 0.022). Conclusion. We conclude that Borrmann type, localization, and depth of invasion are significant variables for identifying patients with No. 12p and No. 12b LN metastases. Individuals with No. 5 or No. 12a LN metastases should be on high alert for the possibility of additional metastases to the No. 12p and No. 12b LNs.
Margin requirements, margin loans, and margin rates: practice and principles

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System establishes initial margin requirements under Regulations T, U, and X. Recent margin loan increases, both in aggregate value and relative to market capitalization, have rekindled the debate about using margin requirements as an instrument to affect the prices of common stocks. Proponents of a more active margin requirement policy see the regulations as instruments for affecting the level and volatility of stock prices by influencing investors' demand for common stocks. Others believe that the announcement effects of increased margin requirements would have a stabilizing effect on the stock market and on the economy. ; This article discusses the historical background, accounting mechanics, regulation, and economic principles of margin lending. The author analyzes the data on the volume of margin loans, and he describes the history and practice of margin requirements as well the accounting framework. He assesses the extent to which initial margin requirements restrict the amount of margin lending, and he reviews the economics of margin loans, focusing on margin loans to the customers of broker-dealers. The author also develops a model of the link between the value of the put option embedded in margin loans and the margin loan rate, which he applies to determine the characteristics that should explain the high margin loan rates that typically prevail.
Characterization and implicit identification of sequential indistinguishability

Effective diagnosis of integrated circuits relies critically on the quality of diagnostic test vectors. Diagnostic test pattern generation aims at producing test vectors that distinguish between all distinguishable pairs of faults, and proving the remaining pairs of faults to be indistinguishable. Proving indistinguishabilities, much like proving undetectabilities in the case of detection-oriented test pattern generation, requires substantial computational effort. In this paper, we simplify the problem by showing that a significant number of indistinguishability relations can be proven implicitly, with little computational effort. Sequential indistinguishability is characterized and conditions for the identification of new indistinguishability relations based on already existing relations are established. Experiments on the ISCAS 89 benchmark circuits are presented to indicate the significant improvements achievable by the implicit identification of indistinguishabilities.
War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-Military States

The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw many ambitious European rulers develop permanent armies and navies. War and the State in Early Modern Europe examines this military change as a central part of the political, social and economic transformation of early modern Europe. This important study exposes the economic structures necessary for supporting permanent military organisations across Europe. Large armed forces could not develop successfully without various interest groups who needed protection and were willing to pay for it. Arguing that early fiscal-military states were in fact protection-selling enterprises, the author focuses on: * Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden * the role of local elites * the political and organisational aspects of this new military development
Performance Analysis of MLPFF Neural Network Back Propagation Training Algorithms for Time Series Data

This paper investigates the various training algorithm with Multi-Layer Perceptron Feed Forward Neural Network (MLPFFNN) and identify the best training algorithm for Indian Stock Exchange Market especially for BSE100 and NIFTY MIDCAP50. The forecasting accuracy is analyzed and measured with reference to an Indian stock market index such as Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) and NIFTY MIDCAP50 in this study and it is found that the best training algorithm is Levenberg-Marquardt. All Training algorithms uses the 1-5-1 MLPFFNN architecture and its various parameter such as epochs, learning rate, etc are studied and the results are tabulated for the data division ratio 60%, 20% and 20% which represents training, validating and testing for all training algorithm.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES INSTITUTIONAL AND NON-INSTITUTIONAL EXPLANATIONS OF ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES

Although we cannot conceive of processes of economic growth that do not involve institutional change, in this essay we outline some reasons why one should be cautious about grounding a theory of growth on institutions. We emphasize how very different institutional structures have often been found to be reasonable substitutes for each other, both in dissimilar as well as similar contexts. The historical record, therefore, does not seem to support the notion that any particular institution, narrowly defined, is indispensable for growth. Moreover, we discuss how the evidence that there are systematic patterns to the ways institutions evolve undercuts the idea that exogenous change in institutions is what powers growth. Institutions matter, but our thinking of how they matter should recognize that they are profoundly influenced by the political and economic environment, and that if any aspect of institutions is crucial for growth, it is that institutions change over time as circumstances change. Stanley L. Engerman Department of Economics University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627 and NBER enge@troi.cc. rochester.edu Kenneth L. Sokoloff Department of Economics U.C. L.A Los Angeles, CA 90095-1477 and NBER sokoloff@ucla.edu
Export Restraints with Imperfect Competition: A Selective Survey

This paper is a selective survey of the work on the effects of export restraints with imperfect competition. Although there are a number of excellent surveys of strategic trade theory as a whole. not much attention is paid in these to the effects of export restraints per se. The large and growing literature in this area is explicitly game theoretic and contains a wide variety of models which often yield different results. For this reason. the literature in this area can be difficult to follow. This survey provides a stylized overview of the area which serves as a guide to the work. Short run effects are contrasted to long run effects. The short run effects usually studied are on pricing behavior. Long run effects are multidimensional. These include effects on quality choice and investment which often work in the opposite direction to the short run effects.
Impact of dimensionless numbers on the efficiency of magnetorotational instability induced turbulent transport

The magnetorotational instability (MRI) is presently the most promising source of turbulent transport in accretion discs. However, some important issues still need to be addressed to quantify the role of MRI in discs; in particular no systematic investigation of the role of the physical dimensionless parameters of the problem on the dimensionless transport has been undertaken yet. For completeness, we first generalize existing results on the marginal stability limit in the presence of both viscous and resistive dissipation, exhibit simple scalings for all relevant limits, and give them a physical interpretation. We then re-examine the question of transport efficiency through numerical simulations in the simplest setting of a local, unstratified shearing box, with the help of a pseudo-spectral incompressible 3D code; viscosity and resistivity are explicitly accounted for. We focus on the effect of the dimensionless magnetic field strength, the Reynolds number and the magnetic Prandtl number. First, we complete existing investigations on the field strength dependence by showing that the transport in high magnetic pressure discs close to marginal stability is highly time dependent and surprisingly efficient. Secondly, we bring to light a significant dependence of the global transport on the magnetic Prandtl number, with α ∝ Pm δ for the explored range: 0.12 < Pm < 8 and 200 < Re < 6400 (δ being in the range 0.25‐0.5). We show that the dimensionless transport is not correlated to the dimensionless linear growth rate, contrary to a largely held expectation. For large enough Reynolds numbers, one would expect that the reported Prandtl number scaling of the transport should saturate, but such a saturation is out of reach of the present generation of supercomputers. Understanding this saturation process is nevertheless quite critical to accretion disc transport theory, as the magnetic Prandtl number Pm is expected to vary by many orders of magnitude between the various classes of discs, from Pm � 1 in young stellar object discs to Pm or � 1 in active galactic nucleus discs. More generally, these results stress the need to control dissipation processes in astrophysical simulations.
Stable Walking Gaits for a Three-Link Planar Biped Robot With One Actuator

We consider a benchmark example of a three-link planar biped walker with torso, which is actuated in between the legs. The torso is thought to be kept upright by two identical torsional springs. The mathematical model reflects a three-degree-of-freedom mechanical system with impulse effects, which describe the impacts of the swing leg with the ground, and the aim is to induce stable limit-cycle walking on level ground. The main contribution is a novel systematic trajectory planning procedure for solving the problem of gait synthesis. The key idea is to find a system of ordinary differential equations for the functions describing a synchronization pattern for the time evolution of the generalized coordinates along a periodic motion. These functions, which are known as virtual holonomic constraints, are also used to compute an impulsive linear system that approximates the time evolution of the subset of coordinates that are transverse to the orbit of the continuous part of the periodic solution. This auxiliary system, which is known as transverse linearization, is used to design a nonlinear exponentially orbitally stabilizing feedback controller. The performance of the closed-loop system and its robustness with respect to various perturbations and uncertainties are illustrated via numerical simulations.
A mid-term follow-up of Koutsogiannis’ osteotomy in adult-acquired flatfoot stage II and “early stage III”

Introduction: Koutsogiannis’ osteotomy has been widely described to treat adult-acquired flatfoot. However, few articles describe its midterm follow-up. Our aim was to study clinical and radiological outcomes at least one year after surgery and to analyze whether a combined procedure on the medial soft tissue affected these outcomes. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 30 feet of patients who underwent a Koutsogiannis’ osteotomy due to adult-acquired flatfoot stage II and “early stage III”: a stage III acquired flatfoot without any important structural deformities. The parameters studied were additional medial soft tissue procedures, clinical outcome through the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and midfoot score as well as complications and radiological measurements. Results: Sixteen cases were “early stage III” and 14 stage II. Thirteen patients underwent an associated posterior tibial tendon (PTT) revision: in three cases an end-to-end suture was possible, seven cases needed a FDL transposition, and three underwent synovectomy. Statistically significant improvement was found in the AOFAS score although no significant changes were seen radiologically. No additional benefit was found with the revision of the posterior tibial tendon. As to clinical and radiological results, no differences were found between stage II and “early stage III”. Five cases presented a mild dysesthesia but only one patient needed neurolysis. Conclusions: We consider the Koutsogiannis’ osteotomy to be a safe and effective procedure to reduce pain in patients with stage II and “early stage III” adult-acquired flatfoot.
A geometry deformation model for compound continuum manipulators with external loading

The complexity of soft continuum manipulators with hybrid and tuneable structures poses a challenging task to achieve an inverse kinematics model which is both precise and computationally efficient for control and optimization purposes. In this paper, a new method based on the principle of virtual work and a geometry deformation approach is presented for the inverse kinematics model of the STIFF-FLOP arm which is a pneumatically actuated continuum manipulator. We propose a novel simplified and computationally efficient yet accurate analytical solution to analyse the static behaviour of a compound soft manipulator in the presence of external and body forces which is verified against experimental data, showing promising agreement with 10% mean error for planar movements. In the process, we present a new modelling approach for braided soft extensor actuators with no braid-surface relative slip constraint. For the first time, our model predicts a simple analytical solution for the cross section deformation which is essential to control soft manipulators with regional tunable stiffness structure.
VOLUNTEERING AFTER RETIREMENT

ABSTRACT In view of the steady growth in life expectancy in recent decades the question is increasingly being raised whether and how older people should be encouraged to be more active, and particularly to engage in unpaid voluntary work. Taking adult life as a whole the conditions for such charitable involvement would appear to be especially favourable after retirement. However, these analyses, which are based on German longitudinal data, show that the effect of entering retirement is often exaggerated. Rather, the individual's previous volunteering experiences are of major importance in his decision to take up and continue voluntary work in later life. At the same time the analyses show how important the major resources of health and education are, particularly for participation in voluntary work during ageing.
Value, distribution and capital : essays in honour of Pierangelo Garegnani

1. Introduction Gary Mongiovi Part 1. The Critique of Neoclassical Theory 2. Professor Hahn on the 'Neo-Ricardian' Criticism of Neo Classical Economics Fabio Petri 3. Classical and Neoclassical Short-Run Prices: A Comparative Analysis of Their Intended Empirical Content Roberto Ciccone 4. Some Deficiencies of Walrasian General Equilibrium John Eatwell and Murray Milgate Part 2. Classical Political Economy and Its Relation to Marginalism 5. From Utilitarianism to Marginal Utility Alessandro Roncaglia 6. Jacques Savary and the Commerical Knowledge of Commodities Bertram Schefold 7. From Classical Rent Theory to Marginal Productivity Theory: The Works of F.B. Hermanna and J.H. von Thunen Heinz D. Kurz 8. Social Accounting in Adam Smith Fernando Vianello 9. The Notion of Subsistence Wage in Pre-Smithian Classical Political Economy Tony Aspromourgos and Peter Groenewegen 10. Ricardo and the Wages Fund Antonella Stirati 11. The Special Thing I learned from Sraff Paul A. Samuelson Part 3. Accumulation and Technical Change in the Light of the Surplus Approach 12. New and Old Neoclassical Growth Theory: A Critical Assessment Sergio Cesaratto 13. Wicksell after Sraffa: 'Capital Arbitrage' and 'Normal' Rates of Growth, Interest and Profits Edward J. Nell Part 4 Issues in the Theory Production 14. Transferable Machines with Uniform Efficiency Paths Neri Salvadori^n 15. Vertical Integration and 'Reduction to Dated Quantities of Labour Ian Steedman Part 5. The Surplus Approach and Economic Policy 16. High Public Debt and Inflation: On the Disciplinary View of EMU Massimo Pivetti 17. The Government Sector in Post Keynesian Theory of Growth and Personal Distribution Carlo Panico
Cross-Market Timing in Security Issuance

The conventional view of market timing suggests an unambiguous, negative relation between equity misvaluation and the equity share in new issues - that is, firms with overvalued equity issue more equity and, all else equal, less debt. We question this conventional view in the paper. Using price pressure resulting from mutual funds' flow-induced trading to identify equity misvaluation, we first show that equity and debt prices are affected by the same shocks, but to different degrees. Next, we document substantial cross-sectional variation in the sensitivity of issuance decisions to equity misvaluation. In particular, firms with sufficient internal resources increase equity issues and yet decrease debt issues in our measure of equity misvaluation; in contrast, firms that are heavily dependent on external finance increase both equity and debt issues, to take advantage of the misvaluation in both. In sum, this paper provides evidence that equity and debt can be jointly (mis)priced, and more important, examines the resulting impact on firms' issuance decisions.
To Teach or Try: A Continuum of Approaches to Entrepreneurship Education in Australasia

This paper reports on a survey of Australasian university entrepreneurship education programs. The survey found a continued interest in entrepreneurship at Australasian universities and that entrepreneurship is typically well supported. In addition, entrepreneurship education in Australasia is very cross-disciplinary in nature with students from engineering, science, arts, agriculture, law, and medicine taking the classes. Two approaches emerged as dominate pedagogies: (1) a traditional process- based approach to teaching; and (2) an experiential approach to coaching the students to "try" some act of entrepreneurship. Topics most frequently taught include (1) foundations of entrepreneurship; (2) business planning; (3) small business management; and (4) entrepreneurial finance. Approaches to teaching varied with lectures, cases, business plans, and guest speakers being typically used. In addition, more trying entrepreneurship—hands on learning—methods such as presentations, role playing, and consulting are being incorporated as important dimensions of university level entrepreneurship.
Dual PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors: Does p53 Modulate Response?

Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas have multiple genetic alterations that can influence clinical response to treatment. It is important to evaluate how distinct alterations affect response to targeted agents to identify a subset of patients who can benefit from therapy, improving survival and decreasing toxicity. Clin Cancer Res; 19(14); 3719–21. ©2013 AACR.