Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Large deviations for systems with non-uniform structure

We use a weak Gibbs property and a weak form of specification to derive level-2 large deviations principles for symbolic systems equipped with a large class of reference measures. This has applications to a broad class of symbolic systems, including $\beta$-shifts, $S$-gap shifts, and their factors. A crucial step in our approach is to prove a `horseshoe theorem' for these systems.
Gender and Racial/Ethnic Differences on Performance Assessments in Science

We examined whether the differences in mean scores among gender and racial/ethnic groups on science performance assessments are comparable to the differences that are typically found among these groups on traditional multiple-choice tests. To do this, several hands-on science performance assessments and other measures were administered to over 2,000 students in grades five, six, and nine as part of a field test of California’s statewide testing program. Girls tended to have higher overall mean scores than boys on the performance measures, but boys tended to score higher than girls on certain types of questions within a performance task. In contrast, differences in mean scores among racial/ethnic groups on one type of test (or question) were comparable to the differences among these groups on the other measures studied. Overall, the results suggest that the type of science test used is unlikely to have much effect on gender or racial/ethnic differences in scores.
Axonal excitability during ischemia in MELAS

In mitochondrial disease, it is likely that energy substrate depletion leads to paralysis of ATPase‐dependent pumps, resulting in membrane depolarization. Axonal depolarization has been demonstrated in a crisis, but not in the resting state. We, therefore, stressed axons using ischemia to see if this would reveal abnormal responses, as occurs in diabetes mellitus.
AGE-SPECIFIC PREVALENCE AND A POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION ROUTE FOR SKRJABINGYLOSIS IN NEW ZEALAND STOATS, MUSTELA ERMINEA

The prevalence of infestation of the skulls of stoats with the parasitic nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola was previously described in a national survey by King and Moody (1982). Since then, more samples from Craigieburn Forest Park and from the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, have been collected, and a method of determining the actual ages of adult stoats has been developed. The extended samples are here examined for a relationship between infestation and age, which could not previously be tested. Prevalence generally increases with age, significantly so at Craigieburn. Stoats which had lived through one or more beech (Nothofagus solandri) mast years at Craigieburn were significantly more likely to be infested, when the effects of age were allowed for. The hypothesis is advanced that the paratenic host for S. nasicola in New Zealand is the feral house mouse, Mus musculus, which is more numerous after a heavy beech seed fall.
The nonlinear Schrödinger equation on the interval

Let q(x, t) satisfy the Dirichlet initial-boundary value problem for the nonlinear Schrodinger equation on the finite interval, 0 < x < L, with q0(x) = q(x, 0), g0(t) = q(0, t), f0(t) = q(L, t). Let g1(t) and f1(t) denote the unknown boundary values qx(0, t) and qx(L, t), respectively. We first show that these unknown functions can be expressed in terms of the given initial and boundary conditions through the solution of a system of nonlinear ODEs. For the focusing case it can be shown that this system has a global solution. It appears that this is the first time in the literature that such a characterization is explicitly described for a nonlinear evolution PDE defined on the interval; this result is the extension of the analogous result of [4] and [20] from the half-line to the interval. We then show that q(x, t) can be expressed in terms of the solution of a 2 × 2 matrix Riemann–Hilbert problem formulated in the complex k-plane. This problem has explicit (x, t) dependence in the form exp[2ikx + 4ik2t], and it has jumps across the real and imaginary axes. The relevant jump matrices are explicitly given in terms of the spectral data {a(k), b(k)}, {A(k), B(k)}, and , which in turn are defined in terms of q0(x), {g0(t), g1(t)}, and {f0(t), f1(t)}, respectively.
Histone deacetylase inhibitor thailandepsin-A activates Notch signaling and suppresses neuroendocrine cancer cell growth in vivo

Novel therapies for neuroendocrine (NE) cancers are desperately needed as they frequently present as metastatic disease and cause debilitating symptoms by secreting excessive hormones. Induction of Notch isoforms has a tumor suppressive effect in NE cancer cell lines, and we have observed that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) potently activate Notch. In this study, we describe the potential for Burkholderia thailandensis-derived class I HDACi thailandepsin A (TDP-A) as a Notch activator and therapeutic agent against NE cancer. IC50 for TDP-A was determined to be 4-6 nM in NE cancer cell lines (BON, MZ-CRC-1, and TT) without cytotoxicity to lung fibroblasts. The binding characteristics of TDP-A to its target HDAC1 was examined using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET). Western blot and flow cytometry analysis showed that TDP-A induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. TDP-A dose-dependently activated the Notch pathway as measured by increasing functional CBF1-luciferase reporter signal and mRNA and protein expressions of Notch isoforms, which were attenuated by pretreatment with γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT. Furthermore, TDP-A lead to changes in expression level of downstream targets of Notch pathway and reduced expression of NE cancer markers. An in vivo study demonstrated that TDP-A suppressed NE cancer progression. These results show that TDP-A, as a Notch activator, is a promising agent against NE cancers.
Three-dimensional and molecular analysis of the venous pole of the developing human heart.

BACKGROUND Various congenital malformations and many abnormal rhythms originate from the venous pole of the heart. Because of rapid changes during morphogenesis, lack of molecular and lineage data, and difficulties in presenting complex morphogenetic changes in the developing heart in a clear fashion, the development of this region in human has been difficult to grasp. METHODS AND RESULTS To gain insight into the development of the different types of myocardium forming the venous pole of the human heart, we performed an immunohistochemical and 3-dimensional analysis of serial sections of human embryos ranging from 22 through 40 days of development. Three-dimensional models were prepared in a novel interactive portable format providing crucial spatial information and facilitating interpretation. As in the mouse, the systemic venous myocardium expresses the transcription factor TBX18, whereas the pulmonary venous myocardium expresses NKX2-5. In contrast to the mouse, a systemic venous sinus is identified upstream from the atrial chambers, albeit initially with nonmyocardial walls. From the outset, as in the mouse, the pulmonary vein empties to a chamber with atrial, rather than systemic venous, characteristics. Compared with the mouse, the vestibular spine is a more prominent structure. CONCLUSIONS The similarities in gene expression in the distinctive types of myocardium surrounding the systemic and pulmonary venous tributaries in man and mouse permit extrapolation of the conclusions drawn from transgenic and lineage studies in the mouse to the human, showing that the systemic and pulmonary venous myocardial sleeves are derived from distinct developmental lineages.
Leadership Development of Team Captains in Collegiate Varsity Athletics

This study examined the leadership development of team captains and student-athletes engaged in NCAA Division III intercollegiate athletics at 6 private institutions of higher education. Student-athletes in the sports of men’s and women’s soccer, women’s field hockey, men’s and women’s cross country, and women’s tennis completed the 2nd edition of Kouzes and Posner’s Student LPI, Self instrument (2005) at the beginning and end of one playing season. Results indicate that merely participating in athletics had little influence on leadership development during one playing season, while serving as a team captain provided a rich opportunity for students to learn and practice leadership skills.
An Introduction to Compassion Focused Therapy in Cognitive Behavior Therapy

This article outlines the early origins of Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT) from within the Cognitive Behavioral tradition (CBT). It will then focus on how our new understanding in the areas of affect regulation systems, and the importance of affiliative and kind relationships in regulating mental states, point to key processes that underpin mental health difficulties—as well as to possible mechanisms for therapy and change. CFT recognizes the huge debt to Eastern psychologies such as Buddhism that have articulated the importance of compassion for our personal and social well-being for thousands of years. However CFT was originally developed for, and with, people who suffer from high levels of shame and self-criticism and who find experiences of support, kindness, and compassion—both from themselves and from others—difficult or even frightening. The article will provide the conceptual background for the articles that follow which focus on the applications of CFT.
Optimistic Bias and Facebook Use: Self-Other Discrepancies About Potential Risks and Benefits of Facebook Use

Despite the accumulating evidence on the positive and negative outcomes of Facebook use, how people perceive themselves to be subject to these outcomes as well as the consequences and mechanisms of these perceptions are underexplored. According to optimistic bias, Facebook users may perceive that bad things are more likely to happen to others than to themselves, while good things are more likely to happen to them than to others. The findings from an online survey among Facebook users indicate that the negative psychological and social outcomes of using Facebook were perceived to be more likely to happen to other Facebook users than to themselves, p<0.001. These self-other discrepant perceptions toward negative social events (e.g., Facebook cyberbullying and scams) significantly mediated one's willingness to support Internet regulation, Sobel z=2.49, p=0.01. For positive outcomes of Facebook use, the direction of optimistic bias was reversed, t(235) = -5.52, p<0.01, indicating that people minimized the likelihoods of experiencing positive events from Facebook while assessing that other Facebook users are prone to encounter those positive events. This reversal pattern emerged among those with negative attitudes toward, and low involvement with, Facebook. These findings demonstrate important and novel self-other discrepant perceptions concerning the risks and benefits of Facebook use.
Statin use and clinical outcomes in older men: a prospective population-based study

Objective The aim of this analysis was to investigate the relationship of statins with institutionalisation and death in older men living in the community, accounting for frailty. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Community-dwelling men participating in the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project, Sydney, Australia. Participants Men aged ≥70 years (n=1665). Measurements Data collected during baseline assessments and follow-up (maximum of 6.79 years) were obtained. Information regarding statin use was captured at baseline, between 2005 and 2007. Proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risk of institutionalisation and death according to statin use (exposure, duration and dose) and frailty status, with adjustment for sociodemographics, medical diagnosis and other clinically relevant factors. A secondary analysis used propensity score matching to replicate covariate adjustment in regression models. Results At baseline, 43% of participants reported taking statins. Over 6.79 years of follow-up, 132 (7.9%) participants were institutionalised and 358 (21.5%) participants had died. In the adjusted models, baseline statin use was not statistically associated with increased risk of institutionalisation (HR=1.60; 95% CI 0.98 to 2.63) or death (HR=0.88; 95% CI 0.66 to 1.18). There was no significant association between duration and dose of statins used with either outcome. Propensity scoring yielded similar findings. Compared with non-frail participants not prescribed statins, the adjusted HR for institutionalisation for non-frail participants prescribed statins was 1.43 (95% CI 0.81 to 2.51); for frail participants not prescribed statins, it was 2.07 (95% CI 1.11 to 3.86) and for frail participants prescribed statins, it was 4.34 (95% CI 2.02 to 9.33). Conclusions These data suggest a lack of significant association between statin use and institutionalisation or death in older men. These findings call for real-world trials specifically designed for frail older people to examine the impact of statins on clinical outcomes.
Skewness from High-Frequency Data Predicts the Cross-Section of Stock Returns

Theoretical and empirical studies document a negative relation between stock returns and individual skewness. In these studies, individual skewness has been defined with predictive models, industry groups and even with options' skewness. However, measures of skewness computed only from stock returns, such as historical skewness, do not confirm this negative relation. We propose a model-free measure of individual skewness directly obtained from high-frequency intraday prices, which we call realized skewness. We test whether realized skewness predicts future stock returns by sorting stocks every week according to realized skewness, forming five portfolios and analyzing subsequent weekly returns. We find a negative relation between realized skewness and stock returns in the cross section. A trading strategy that buys stocks in the lowest realized skewness quintile and sells stocks in the highest realized skewness quintile generates an average raw return of 38 basis points per week with a t-statistic of 9.15. This result is robust to different market periods, portfolio weightings, firm characteristics proxies and is not explained by the Fama-French-Carhart factors.
MUTUAL RELEVANCE OF ETHNOGRAPHY AND DISCOURSE

This article argues for the mutual relevance of ethnography and discourse analysis to field-based research. Although this is not a particularly new idea, ethnographic studies and studies of face-to-face interaction are still often conducted in ways that ignore or downplay their mutual relevance. Ethnographers are reminded of the importance of treating situated language use as a topic of inquiry in the settings they study. Conversely, students of face-to-face interaction are reminded of the importance of doing ethnography as part of their research. A variety of field-based studies are drawn on to provide examples of how sensitivity to this mutual relevance can enrich both approaches to field-based research. Finally, four articles in this special issue of Journal of Contemporary Ethnography are introduced.
Tubular and Glomerular Injury in Diabetes and the Impact of ACE Inhibition

OBJECTIVE We studied tubular and glomerular damage in type 1 diabetic patients by measuring urinary–liver fatty acid binding protein (U-LFABP) and albuminuria. Subsequently, we evaluated the effect of ACE inhibition on U-LFABP in patients with diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied Caucasians with type 1 diabetes: 58 with normoalbuminuria (urinary albumin <30 mg/24 h), 45 with persistent microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/24 h), and 45 with persistent macroalbuminuria (≥300 mg/24 h). A control group consisted of 57 healthy individuals. The groups were matched by sex and duration of diabetes. In addition, U-LFABP was measured in 48 type 1 diabetic patients with diabetic nephropathy in a randomized crossover trial consisting of 2 months of treatment with 20, 40, and 60 mg lisinopril once daily in random order. RESULTS In the cross-sectional study, levels of U-LFABP were significantly higher in normoalbuminuric patients versus those in the control group (median 2.6 [interquartile range 1.3–4.1] vs. 19 [0.8–3.0] μg/g creatinine, P = 0.02) and increased with increasing levels of albuminuria (microalbuminuric group 4.2 [1.8–8.3] μg/g creatinine and nephropathy group 71.2 [8.1–123.4], P < 0.05 for all comparisons). U-LFABP correlates with the urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (R2 = 0.54, P < 0.001). In the intervention study, all doses of lisinopril significantly reduced urinary albumin excretion rate and U-LFABP from baseline. The reductions in U-LFABP were 43, 46, and 40% with increasing doses of lisinopril (NS). CONCLUSIONS An early and progressive increase in tubulointerstitial damage as reflected by increased U-LFABP levels occurs in type 1 diabetic patients and is associated with albuminuria. Furthermore, ACE inhibition reduces the tubular and glomerular damage and dysfunction.
Beginning adult L2 learners' sensitivity to morphosyntactic violations: A self-paced reading study

This study investigated beginning adult second language (L2) learners' sensitivity to L2 morphosyntactic violations as a function of cross-language similarity. Online sensitivity was indexed by self-paced reading times at: (1) the critical word at which the violation could first be detected, (2) the post-critical word, and (3) the sentence-final word. In conditions in which morphosyntactic marking systems were similar or different in L1 and L2, reading times on the critical word were slower when it cued a violation than when it did not; however, this sensitivity was not apparent in a construction unique to L2. Slower reading times to violations spilled over onto the post-critical word. Cross-language similarity also influenced sentence-final word reading times. Despite this online sensitivity, post-sentence grammaticality judgements were generally poor. However, these judgements were influenced by morphosyntactic markings on words after the critical word, suggesting that learners can make use of this information.
Children's Motivation for Reading: Domain Specificity and Instructional Influences

The authors discuss the nature and domain specificity of reading motivation and present initial results that examined how 2 reading instructional programs, Concept Oriented Reading Instruction (CORI) and multiple Strategy Instruction (SI), influenced 3rd-grade children's intrinsic motivation to read and reading self-efficacy. Each reading program occurred during the fall of the school year and lasted 12 weeks. Approximately 150 3rd-grade children participated in CORI; 200 3rd-grade children participated in SI. Results of pre- and posttest analyses of children's responses to a reading motivation questionnaire showed that children's intrinsic motivation to read and reading self-efficacy increased only in the CORI group.
Fostering kinship with animals: animal portraiture in humane education

Visual depictions of animals can alter human perceptions of, emotional responses to, and attitudes toward animals. Our study addressed the potential of a slideshow designed to activate emotional responses to animals to foster feelings of kinship with them. The personal meaning map measured changes in perceptions of animals. The participants were 51 students enrolled at a pre-university college in Montreal, Quebec. Major conceptual themes were developed based on students’ responses on the PMM both pre- and post-slideshow. Ninety-two percent changed their perceptions of ‘Animal’ after viewing the slideshow. Pre-slideshow perceptions of ‘Animal’ were described primarily as Pets/Symbols, Biological/Wild Nature, Commodity/Resource, and Dangerous. After the show, the perceptions shifted to Kinship and Sentience/Individuality, with substantial increases in the depth and emotion associated with responses. Thus, viewing animal portraiture improved feelings of kinship with animals and enhanced perceptions of animal individuality in a classroom setting.
Provider Perspectives on Adopting and Using Collaborative Consultation in Natural Environments

An exploratory case study was undertaken to investigate the perspectives and experiences of six early intervention providers as they adopted and implemented a collaborative consultation approach to home visiting in urban neighborhoods. Survey, semistructured interview, and focus group methods were used over a 2-year period to obtain data about provider perspectives about the home visiting approach and their experiences in implementing it with parents of infants and toddlers receiving Part C services. The intensity of provider concerns about the use of collaborative consultation and routines-based, family-centered home visiting practices improved at posttest. Providers attributed these changes in large part to the culture of the organization as a learning community and its ongoing administrative support for reflective practice and problem solving about implementation issues. Providers also identified specific factors, such as time and opportunity to practice and problem solving with feedback, as having an impact on their ability to move forward in adopting and using family-centered home visiting practices. Challenges were identified related to home visiting generally, and a consultative approach specifically, in complex urban family settings. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Professor age and research assistant ratings of passive-avoidant and proactive leadership: the role of age-related work concerns and age stereotypes

Recent research has shown that, in general, older professors are rated to have more passive-avoidant leadership styles than younger professors by their research assistants. The current study investigated professors' age-related work concerns and research assistants' favorable age stereotypes as possible explanations for this finding. Data came from 128 university professors paired to one research assistant each. Results show that professors' age-related work concerns (decreased enthusiasm for research, growing humanism, development of exiting consciousness and increased follower empowerment) did not explain the relationships between professor age and research assistant ratings of passive-avoidant and proactive leadership. However, research assistants' favorable age stereotypes influenced the relationships between professor age and research assistant ratings of leadership, such that older professors were rated as more passive-avoidant and less proactive than younger professors by research assistants with less favorable age stereotypes, but not by research assistants with more favorable age stereotypes.