Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The effects of age, gender and level of experience on motivation to sea kayak

Although motivation to participate in outdoor leisure activities has been the frequent focus of research, there are no studies that examine motivation to sea kayak. The purposes of this study were two-fold: (1) to examine the differences in motivation to sea kayak based on the interaction of age and gender, and (2) to examine differences between paddlers of different levels of experience. Participants included 176 paddlers recruited from four sea kayak symposia. Participants were asked to complete an 84-item version of the Recreation Experience Preference (REP) scales as well as to provide demographic information. Data were analysed using a series of analysis of variance tests. Results indicated that men of various age groups were motivated differently by temperature. Additionally, men were more motivated than women to sea kayak by using equipment, taking risks and teaching/leading others, while women were more motivated than men by creativity and enjoying nature. In terms of age differences, younger sea kayakers were more motivated by achievement/stimulation and escaping personal/social pressures than their counterparts in older age groups. More experienced sea kayakers were significantly more motivated by nostalgia and escaping family than were less experienced paddlers. These results may be of interest to outdoor recreation organizations providing sea kayak experiences as they shed initial light on why different groups of people are motivated to sea kayak. Programme delivery, marketing, and instructional techniques may be modified based on these findings.
Think manager—think male: a global phenomenon?

The relationship between sex role stereotypes and characteristics perceived as necessary for management success was examined among 361 male and 228 female management students in Japan and the People's Republic of China. The results revealed that males and females in both countries perceive that successful middle managers possess characteristics, attitudes and temperaments more commonly ascribed to men in general than to women in general. These results were compared with previous studies done in the U.S., Great Britain and Germany, using the same Schein 92-item Descriptive Index, and similar samples and procedures. The comparison supports the view that ‘think manager—think male’ is a global phenomenon, especially among males. Regardless of country context, there was a strong and similar degree of managerial sex typing among male management students in all five countries. Among females, the managerial sex typing hypothesis was confirmed in every country except the U.S., in which men and women are seen as equally likely to possess requisite management characteristics. Unlike those of their male counterparts, the females' pattern of outcomes varied across countries, possibly a reflection of their respective opportunities for managerial participation. The implications of managerial sex typing as a global phenomenon are discussed.
Two‐Stage Functional Mixed Models for Evaluating the Effect of Longitudinal Covariate Profiles on a Scalar Outcome

Summary The Daily Hormone Study, a substudy of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) consisting of more than 600 pre‐ and perimenopausal women, includes a scalar measure of total hip bone mineral density (BMD) together with repeated measures of creatinine‐adjusted follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) assayed from daily urine samples collected over one menstrual cycle. It is of scientific interest to investigate the effect of the FSH time profile during a menstrual cycle on total hip BMD, adjusting for age and body mass index. The statistical analysis is challenged by several features of the data: (1) the covariate FSH is measured longitudinally and its effect on the scalar outcome BMD may be complex; (2) due to varying menstrual cycle lengths, subjects have unbalanced longitudinal measures of FSH; and (3) the longitudinal measures of FSH are subject to considerable among‐ and within‐subject variations and measurement errors. We propose a measurement error partial functional linear model, where repeated measures of FSH are modeled using a functional mixed effects model and the effect of the FSH time profile on BMD is modeled using a partial functional linear model by treating the unobserved true subject‐specific FSH time profile as a functional covariate. We develop a two‐stage nonparametric regression calibration method using period smoothing splines. Using the connection between smoothing splines and mixed models, we show that a key feature of our approach is that estimation at both stages can be conveniently cast into a unified mixed model framework. A simple testing procedure for constant functional covariate effect is also proposed. The proposed methods are evaluated using simulation studies and applied to the SWAN data.
How effective is media self-regulation? Results from a comparative survey of European journalists

This article presents key results of a comparative journalists’ survey on media accountability, for which 1762 journalists in 14 countries had been interrogated online. The article explores how European journalists perceive the impact of old versus new media accountability instruments on professional journalistic standards – established instruments like press councils, ethics codes, ombudsmen and media criticism, but also more recent online instruments like newsroom blogs and criticism via social media. Thus, the study also adds empirical data to the current debate about the future of media self-regulation in Europe, ignited by the Leveson Inquiry in the United Kingdom as well as the European Commission’s High-Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism.
Children's Awareness of Semantic Constraints in Sentences.

JAMES, SHARON L. , and MILLER, JON F. Children's Awareness of Semantic Constraints in Sentences. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 69-76. Children's awareness of selection restriction rules in sentences was investigated in 2 groups of children, 4-8 to 5-3 years and 6-8 to 7-3 years of age. The 32 children were asked to identify anomalous and meaningful sentences as either "silly" or "okay. " Information about the Ss' use of selection restriction rules was acquired by having them convert the anomalous sentences into meaningful ones. Analysis of the Ss' responses on the 2 tasks indicates that both 5and 7-year-old children are capable of distinguishing between anomalous and meaningful sentences although 7-year-olds demonstrate greater awareness of selection restriction rules. 7-year-old children are more proficient than 5-year-olds at using selection restriction rules in sentence production.
Crystal Structure of Type-III Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Mechanism of Product Chain Length Determination*

Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPs) catalyzes a condensation reaction of farnesyl pyrophosphate with isopentenyl pyrophosphate to generate C20 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, which is a precursor for carotenoids, chlorophylls, geranylgeranylated proteins, and archaeal ether-linked lipid. For short-chain trans-prenyltransferases that synthesize C10-C25 products, bulky amino acid residues generally occupy the fourth or fifth position upstream from the first DDXXD motif to block further elongation of the final products. However, the short-chain type-III GGPPs in eukaryotes lack any large amino acid at these positions. In this study, the first structure of type-III GGPPs from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been determined to 1.98 Å resolution. The structure is composed entirely of 15 α-helices joined by connecting loops and is arranged with α-helices around a large central cavity. Distinct from other known structures of trans-prenyltransferases, the N-terminal 17 amino acids (9-amino acid helix A and the following loop) of this GGPPs protrude from the helix core into the other subunit and contribute to the tight dimer formation. Deletion of the first 9 or 17 amino acids caused the dissociation of dimer into monomer, and the Δ(1-17) mutant showed abolished enzyme activity. In each subunit, an elongated hydrophobic crevice surrounded by D, F, G, H, and I α-helices contains two DDXXD motifs at the top for substrate binding with one Mg2+ coordinated by Asp75, Asp79, and four water molecules. It is sealed at the bottom with three large residues of Tyr107, Phe108, and His139. Compared with the major product C30 synthesized by mutant H139A, the products generated by mutant Y107A and F108A are predominantly C40 and C30, respectively, suggesting the most important role of Tyr107 in determining the product chain length.
‘What a dolt one is’: language learning and fieldwork in geography

This paper discusses aspects of the theory and practice of foreign language learning for fieldwork in geography, a rarely discussed set of issues despite the personal investment that language learning requires from the researcher. In some cases of cross-cultural research, it may be particularly desirable to learn a vernacular language for which there are few (or no) study aids. However, there is little guidance about how learning such a language should be approached, or discussion of its significance for the subsequent research. Through a discussion of personal experience in Ethiopia, the paper describes one way of learning a vernacular language, and explores the advantages that this brought to the fieldwork and to the resulting research understandings.
Atom trapping and two-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates in field-induced adiabatic potentials

We discuss a method to create two-dimensional (2D) traps as well as atomic shell, or bubble, states for a Bose-Einstein condensate initially prepared in a conventional magnetic trap. The scheme relies on the use of time-dependent, radio-frequency-induced adiabatic potentials. These are shown to form a versatile and robust tool to generate interesting trapping potentials. Our shell states take the form of thin, highly stable matter-wave bubbles and can serve as stepping stones to prepare atoms in highly excited trap eigenstates or to study "collapse and revival phenomena. " Their creation requires gravitational effects to be compensated by applying additional optical dipole potentials. However, in our scheme gravitation can also be exploited to provide a route to two-dimensional atom trapping. We demonstrate the loading process for such a trap and examine experimental conditions under which a 2D condensate may be prepared.
The Impact of Reference Quality on Automatic MT Evaluation

Language resource quality is crucial in NLP. Many of the resources used are derived from data created by human beings out of an NLP context, especially regarding MT and reference translations. Indeed, automatic evaluations need highquality data that allow the comparison of both automatic and human translations. The validation of these resources is widely recommended before being used. This paper describes the impact of using different-quality references on evaluation. Surprisingly enough, similar scores are obtained in many cases regardless of the quality. Thus, the limitations of the automatic metrics used within MT are also discussed in this regard.
Ring stability of the PROFIBUS token-passing protocol over error-prone links

The PROFIBUS is a well-known and widely used fieldbus. On the medium access control layer, it employs a token-passing protocol where all active stations form a logical ring on top of a broadcast medium. This protocol is designed to deliver real-time data transmission services in harsh industrial environments. A necessary prerequisite for timeliness and quality of service is the ring membership stability of the logical ring in the presence of transmission errors, since only ring members are allowed to transmit data. In this paper, the ring membership stability under high error rates and using different error models is analyzed. The choice of the error behavior is in turn inspired by properties of possible future transmission technologies, e.g., wireless LANs. It is shown that the protocol has serious stability problems. To attack these problems, two changes to the protocol and its parameters are proposed, which can be implemented in a purely local manner. We show that they significantly improve ring stability.
CD84 Functions as a Homophilic Adhesion Molecule and Enhances IFN-γ Secretion: Adhesion Is Mediated by Ig-Like Domain 11

CD84 is a member of the CD2 subset of the Ig superfamily of cell surface molecules. Its cytoplasmic tail binds to Src homology 2 domain-containing protein 1A (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein), a protein encoded by the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease gene. It is preferentially expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, and platelets. We show that it is also expressed on thymocytes and T cells. CD84 was positive on CD4−CD8− thymocytes, and its expression decreased with cell maturation. It is expressed on mature T cells preferentially on CD45RO+. To identify the CD84 ligand, we generated a soluble Ig fusion protein containing the human CD84 extracellular domains (CD84-Ig). Because receptor-ligand interactions occur between several members of this subfamily, we assayed CD84-Ig binding with all members of the CD2 family. CD84-Ig bound to CD84-transfected cells, whereas no binding was detected with cells expressing other CD2 subfamily receptors, showing that CD84 binds to itself. Anti-CD84 mAbs recognizing epitopes wholly within domain 1 of CD84 blocked the binding of the CD84-Ig fusion protein to CD84-transfected cells and platelets. Data from CD84 domain human/mouse chimeras further revealed that only the first extracellular domain of the molecule is involved in the ligand receptor recognition. The CD84-CD84 interaction was independent of its cytoplasmic tail. Finally, concurrent ligation of human CD84 with mAbs or CD84-Ig and CD3 enhanced IFN-γ secretion in human lymphocytes. Thus, CD84 is its own ligand and acts as a costimulatory molecule.
The Swedish version of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales, form C. Aspects of reliability and validity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

The objective was to investigate measurement properties of a Swedish version of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scales, form C (MHLC-C). Four hundred and twenty-six people (115 males, 311 females) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), age above 18 years completed the translated MHLC-C, the Arthritis Helplessness Index, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scales, and the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Pain and global disease activity were also assessed. Factor analysis confirmed the four-factor structure of the original MHLC-C with the proportion of explained variance ranging from a high 2.85 for “Internal” to a low 1.62 for “Other people”. Construct validity was supported by little, if any correlations with other measures (rp= < 0.01–0.33). Good test–retest stability was indicated for the four sub-scales (ICC 0.63–0.78) and internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha 0.61–0.82). In conclusion, we suggest that the measurement properties of the Swedish MHLC-C are consistent with those of the American original and that it is valid and reliable for use in Swedish patients with RA.
Moving elite athletes forward: examining the status of secondary school elite athlete programmes and available post-school options

Purpose: The purpose of this study focused specifically on examining the status of and the promotion of two elite athlete programmes (EAPs), the students/elite athlete selection process and available post-school options. The research was guided by Michel Foucault's work in understanding the relationship between power and knowledge. Participants, setting and research design: Two EAPs, a state school with a sport academy option (School A) and a private correspondence school designed specifically for elite athletes (School B), were purposefully selected for the study. Twenty key informant elite athletes and five teachers/coaches became central to the ongoing qualitative data collection for this study. Data collection: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants and teachers/coaches. During the class visits, field notes were recorded using a digital recorder focusing upon key informants' reactions to the course content, their learning experiences and the social interactions between key informants and teachers/coaches. Documents were also collected to contextualise the two EAPs. Data analysis: First, I analysed the data following the method of constant comparison using NVivo, a software package that assists researchers in the analysis of qualitative data. This involved coding the data to identify key themes. After the data were clustered into key themes, I examined the discourses within the themes that positioned both teachers/coaches and elite athletes in particular power relationships using Foucauldian theory. Findings: The findings revealed that elitism within the ranks of the EAP created tension and jealousy amongst the elite athletes as some were more highly prized than others. Furthermore, the elite athletes and sponsors promoted the EAPs and in turn the EAPs and sponsors promoted the achievements and successes of the elite athletes as their skills and knowledge were highly valued in comparison to other students within the school. The EAPs also offered limited post-school options of obtaining an athletic scholarship to study at a university and/or to become a professional athlete. Conclusions: Foucault's theoretical framework of govermentality helped map how the EAPs were talked about within discourses of power, and assisted in understanding how acceptance and resistance by participants normalised practices of social exclusion. The data highlighted the need for EAPs to provide more information about possible post-school options and to develop a critical orientation to the labour market, recognising the relationships between elite sports, knowledge, skills, credentials and post-school options.
TRANSCRITICAL FLOW PAST AN OBSTACLE

Abstract It is well known that transcritical flow past an obstacle may generate undular bores propagating away from the obstacle. This flow has been successfully modelled in the framework of the forced Korteweg–de Vries equation, where numerical simulations and asymptotic analyses have shown that the unsteady undular bores are connected by a locally steady solution over the obstacle. In this paper we present an overview of the underlying theory, together with some recent work on the case where the obstacle has a large width.
B2 0902+34: A COLLAPSING PROTOGIANT ELLIPTICAL GALAXY AT z = 3.4

We have used the visible integral-field replicable unit spectrograph prototype, a new integral field spectrograph, to study the spatially and spectrally resolved Lyman-α emission line structure in the radio galaxy B2 0902+34 at z = 3.4. We observe a halo of Lyman-α emission with a velocity dispersion of ≈250 km s−1 extending to a radius of 50 kpc. A second feature is revealed in a spatially resolved region where the line profile shows blueshifted structure. This may be viewed as either H i absorption at ≈−450 km s−1 or secondary emission at ≈−900 km s−1 from the primary peak. B2 0902+34 is also the only high-redshift radio galaxy with a detection of 21 cm absorption. Our new data, in combination with the 21 cm absorption, suggest two important and unexplained discrepancies. First, nowhere in the line profiles of the Lyman-α halo is the 21 cm absorber population evident. Second, the 21 cm absorption redshift is higher than the Lyman-α emission redshift. In an effort to explain these two traits, we have undertaken the first three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of resonant scattering in radio galaxies. We have created a simple model with two photoionized cones embedded in a halo of neutral hydrogen. Lyman-α photons propagate from these cones through the optically thick H i halo until reaching the virial radius. Though simple, the model produces the features in the Lyman-α data and predicts the 21 cm properties. To reach agreement between this model and the data, global infall of the H i is strictly necessary. The amount of gas necessary to match the model and data is surprisingly high, ⩾1012 M☉, an order of magnitude larger than the stellar mass. The collapsing structure and large gas mass lead us to interpret B2 0902+34 as a protogiant elliptical galaxy. This interpretation is a falsifiable alternative to the presence of extended H i shells ejected through feedback events such as starburst superwinds. An understanding of these gas features and a classification of this system's evolutionary state give unique observational evidence of the formation events in massive galaxies.
Disgust sensitivity and anorexia nervosa.

BACKGROUND Previous studies found inconsistent differences in disgust sensitivity between patients with a variety of eating disorders and normal controls. AIM The objective of this study was to compare disgust sensitivity between a larger and more specific sample of anorexia nervosa (AN) patients and control subjects. METHOD We compared the scores on the 'disgust sensitivity scale' of AN patients (N = 62) and control subjects (N = 62) using a multivariate analysis of variance. All subjects were women. RESULTS AN patients scored consistently higher on all domains of disgust sensitivity. This difference was significant for six of eight disgust domains. The largest significant difference between the groups was on the domains food and magical thinking. CONCLUSION Our findings elaborate on previous findings and are in line with recent neurological findings suggesting that disgust and insular impairments are associated with AN. Clinical implications of our findings are discussed.
Impact of Remote Telemedical Management on Mortality and Hospitalizations in Ambulatory Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: The Telemedical Interventional Monitoring in Heart Failure Study

Background— This study was designed to determine whether physician-led remote telemedical management (RTM) compared with usual care would result in reduced mortality in ambulatory patients with chronic heart failure (HF). Methods and Results— We enrolled 710 stable chronic HF patients in New York Heart Association functional class II or III with a left ventricular ejection fraction ⩽35% and a history of HF decompensation within the previous 2 years or with a left ventricular ejection fraction ⩽25%. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to RTM or usual care. Remote telemedical management used portable devices for ECG, blood pressure, and body weight measurements connected to a personal digital assistant that sent automated encrypted transmission via cell phones to the telemedical centers. The primary end point was death from any cause. The first secondary end point was a composite of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for HF. Baseline characteristics were similar between the RTM (n=354) and control (n=356) groups. Of the patients assigned to RTM, 287 (81%) were at least 70% compliant with daily data transfers and no break for >30 days (except during hospitalizations). The median follow-up was 26 months (minimum 12), and was 99.9% complete. Compared with usual care, RTM had no significant effect on all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.41; P=0.87) or on cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.67 to 1.19; P=0.44). Conclusions— In ambulatory patients with chronic HF, RTM compared with usual care was not associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality. Clinical Trial Registration:— URL: http://www.ClinicalTrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00543881.