Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Leader Behaviour, Psychological Empowerment, Job Satisfaction, and Organizational Commitment on Turnover Intention

In recent decades, organisations have continued to lose their skilled and experienced employees due to voluntary turnover. As a result, managers, researchers and practitioners have taken interest in understanding the factors that affect employees’ turnover decisions. However, although several existing studies have identified numerous factors related to turnover behaviours among employees, most of the empirical research studies utilise explanatory models that do not sufficiently address the mediating processes that lead to turnover intention. This study examined the collective effects of perceived leader behaviour, psychological empowerment, satisfaction and commitment on turnover intention. In doing so, the present study tested an explanatory structural model that suggests how these variables jointly influence turnover intention. Therefore, an ex post facto correlation study was conducted using a sample of military personnel (n = 318) in which study participants completed five questionnaires that measured the endogenous latent variables (i.e., psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organisational commitment) and the single exogenous latent variable (i.e., leader behaviour) in the structural model. Item analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were used to assess the measurement properties of the respective measures. The results showed adequate evidence that the manifest indicators used in the study were indeed valid and reliable measures of the latent variables they were linked to. The proposed structural model was tested using structural equation modelling (SEM) and the goodness-of-fit statistics showed that both the hypothesised measurement model ( = 182.97; df = 67; p-value = 0.0000; RMSEA = 0.074) and the structural model ( = 182.91; df = 68; p-value = 0.00000; RMSEA = 0.073 ) were found to fit the data reasonably well. The results supported a model where turnover intention was explained to result from a combination of organisation-related and job-related attitudes. In turn, these attitudes were affected by leadership behaviours. The results showed that turnover intention resulted more strongly and directly from low levels of organisational commitment than from job satisfaction per se. The results also suggested that turnover intention was the result of high levels of psychological empowerment. Leader behaviour had a strong direct effect on both psychological empowerment and organisational commitment, but not a unique effect on job satisfaction, while psychological empowerment had a strong direct effect on both job satisfaction and turnover intention than on organisational commitment. The results also indicated that job satisfaction had an insignificant effect on organisational commitment.
Spatial coherence of the nonlinearly generated second harmonic portion of backscatter for a clinical imaging system

Correlation-based approaches to phase aberration correction rely on the spatial coherence of backscattered signals. The spatial coherence of backscatter from speckle-producing targets is predicted by the auto correlation of the transmit apodization (Van Cittert-Zernike theorem). Work by others indicates that the second harmonic beam has a wider mainlobe with lower sidelobes than a beam transmitted at 2f. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the spatial coherence of backscatter for the second harmonic is different from that of the fundamental, as would be anticipated from applying the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem to the reported measurements of the second harmonic field. Another objective of this work is to introduce the concept of the effective apodization and to verify that the effective apodization of the second harmonic is narrower than the transmit apodization. The spatial coherence of backscatter was measured using three clinical arrays with a modified clinical imaging system. The spatial coherence results were verified using a pseudo-array scan in a transverse plane of the transmitted field with a hydrophone. An effective apodization was determined by backpropagating these values using a linear angular spectrum approach. The spatial coherence for the harmonic portion of backscatter differed systematically and significantly from the auto correlation of the transmit apodization.
The Role of Hydrogen in Hydrogen Embrittlement of Metals: The Case of Stainless Steel

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of metals has remained a mystery in materials science for more than a century. To try to clarify this mystery, tensile tests were conducted at room temperature (RT) on a 316 stainless steel (SS) in air and hydrogen of 70 MPa. With an aim to directly observe the effect of hydrogen on ordering of 316 SS during deformation, electron diffraction patterns and images were obtained from thin foils made by a focused ion beam from the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimens. To prove lattice contraction by ordering, a 40% CW 316 SS specimen was thermally aged at 400 °C to incur ordering and its lattice contraction by ordering was determined using neutron diffraction by measuring its lattice parameters before and after aging. We demonstrate that atomic ordering is promoted by hydrogen, leading to formation of short-range order and a high number of planar dislocations in the 316 SS, and causing its anisotropic lattice contraction. Hence, hydrogen embrittlement of metals is controlled by hydrogen-enhanced ordering during RT deformation in hydrogen. Hydrogen-enhanced ordering will cause the ordered metals to be more resistant to HE than the disordered ones, which is evidenced by the previous observations where furnace-cooled metals with order are more resistant to HE than water-quenched or cold worked metals with disorder. This finding strongly supports our proposal that strain-induced martensite is a disordered phase.
Penalization of Dirichlet optimal control problems

We apply Robin penalization to Dirichlet optimal control problems governed by semilinear elliptic equations. Error estimates in terms of the penalization parameter are stated. The results are compared with some previous ones in the literature and are checked by a numerical experiment. A detailed study of the regularity of the solutions of the PDEs is carried out.
Spike-Based Population Coding and Working Memory

Compelling behavioral evidence suggests that humans can make optimal decisions despite the uncertainty inherent in perceptual or motor tasks. A key question in neuroscience is how populations of spiking neurons can implement such probabilistic computations. In this article, we develop a comprehensive framework for optimal, spike-based sensory integration and working memory in a dynamic environment. We propose that probability distributions are inferred spike-per-spike in recurrently connected networks of integrate-and-fire neurons. As a result, these networks can combine sensory cues optimally, track the state of a time-varying stimulus and memorize accumulated evidence over periods much longer than the time constant of single neurons. Importantly, we propose that population responses and persistent working memory states represent entire probability distributions and not only single stimulus values. These memories are reflected by sustained, asynchronous patterns of activity which make relevant information available to downstream neurons within their short time window of integration. Model neurons act as predictive encoders, only firing spikes which account for new information that has not yet been signaled. Thus, spike times signal deterministically a prediction error, contrary to rate codes in which spike times are considered to be random samples of an underlying firing rate. As a consequence of this coding scheme, a multitude of spike patterns can reliably encode the same information. This results in weakly correlated, Poisson-like spike trains that are sensitive to initial conditions but robust to even high levels of external neural noise. This spike train variability reproduces the one observed in cortical sensory spike trains, but cannot be equated to noise. On the contrary, it is a consequence of optimal spike-based inference. In contrast, we show that rate-based models perform poorly when implemented with stochastically spiking neurons.
Host plant richness explains diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi: Response to the comment of Tedersoo et al. (2014)

Exploring the relationships between the biodiversity of groups of interacting organisms yields insight into ecosystem stability and function (Hooper et al. ; Wardle ). We demonstrated positive relationships between host plant richness and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal diversity both in a field study in subtropical China (Gutianshan) and in a meta‐analysis of temperate and tropical studies (Gao et al. ). However, based on re‐evaluation of our data sets, Tedersoo et al. ( ) argue that the observed positive correlation between EM fungal richness and EM plant richness at Gutianshan and also in our metastudies was based mainly from (i) a sampling design with inconsistent species pool and (ii) poor data compilation for the meta‐analysis. Accordingly, we checked our data sets and repeated the analysis performed by Tedersoo et al. ( ). In contrast to Tedersoo et al. ( ), our re‐analysis still confirms a positive effect of plant richness on EM fungal diversity in Gutianshan, temperate and tropical ecosystems, respectively.
Effects of bisphenol-S low concentrations on oxidative stress status and in vitro fertilization potential in mature female mice

Bisphenol-S (BPS) is a new bisphenol-A substitute widely used in many plastic products. Bisphenol-A as a main member of bisphenol family has been known as an endocrine system disrupter chemical compound. Like other members of bisphenol family, there is public health concern about the toxic effects of BPS on reproductive system, thus, we examined BPS effects on in vitro fertilization (IVF) potential and oxidative stress status in a murine model. Adult female mice (n = 70) were randomly divided into control and BPS-treated groups. Bisphenol-S was administered at doses of 0, 1, 5, 10, 50 and 100 µg kg-1 body weight per day intraperitoneally for 21 consecutive days. Twenty-Four hr after the last treatment, five mice in each group were super-ovulated and the oocytes were harvested for IVF. All ovaries were collected and used for biochemical factors analyses. Bisphenol-S exposure at doses more than 10 µg kg-1 induced developmental arrest of pre-implantation embryos. Further, lipid peroxidation measurement in ovaries indicated that all doses of BPS cause oxidative stress in female mice. In conclusion, BPS administration even in low doses can result in female reproductive toxicities and oxidative stress in mice.
A New Perspective on FO Model Checking of Dense Graph Classes

We study the FO model checking problem of dense graph classes, namely those which are FO-interpretable in some sparse graph classes. Note that if an input dense graph is given together with the corresponding FO interpretation in a sparse graph, one can easily solve the model checking problem using the existing algorithms for sparse graph classes. However, if the assumed interpretation is not given, then the situation is markedly harder.In this paper we give a structural characterization of graph classes which are FO interpretable in graph classes of bounded degree. This characterization allows us to efficiently compute such an interpretation for an input graph. As a consequence, we obtain an FPT algorithm for FO model checking of graph classes FO interpretable in graph classes of bounded degree. The approach we use to obtain these results may also be of independent interest.
Teaching Genre to English First-Language Adults: A Study of the Laboratory Report

The question of whether written genres can be learned through explicit teaching or can only be acquired implicitly through writing in authentic contexts remains unanswered. The question is complicated by the different parameters associated with teaching genre to first- or second-language learners, to children or adults, in settings in which the genre is authentically used or in settings (such as writing classes) in which genre learning is decontextualized. Quantitative studies of teaching genre offer mixed results, but in particular, there are no control-group studies of first-language adults. In this paper, we report research on teaching the genre of the laboratory report to first-language university students in biology labs. In this posttest-only control-group study, the treatment was the use of LabWrite, online instructional materials for teaching the lab report. We hypothesized that the treatment group would be more effective in: (1) learning the scientific concept of the lab, and (2) learning to apply scientific reasoning. Results of holistic scoring of lab reports for hypothesis 1 and primary-trait scoring for hypothesis 2 showed that the lab reports of the LabWrite students were rated as significantly higher than those of the control group. A third hypothesis, that students using LabWrite would develop a significantly more positive attitude toward writing lab reports, was also supported. These findings suggest that first-language adults can learn genre through explicit teaching in a context of authentic use of the genre.
Effects of Portfolio Assessment on Students' Attitudes and Goal Setting Abilities in Mathematics.

The first purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects that portfolio assessment has on math students' attitudes about grades and on their awareness levels of math strengths and weaknesses. The second purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of portfolio assessment on mathematic students' abilities to set reasonable goals. A sample of 12 fifth grade students was given a survey on attitudes about grading. They also wrote their strengths and weaknesses in mathematics and completed a goal sheet. The surveys and forms were all given near the end of a ten week term. The mathematic achievement of the six students in the control group had been measured using traditional assessment and the mathematic achievement of the six students in the treatment group had been measured using portfolio assessment. There was an equal representation in both groups of high. average and low achievers in mathematics. No correlation was found between portfolio assessment and students' attitudes about grades. However, five out of the six students who were exposed to traditional assessment methods stated goals and weaknesses in vaaue generalizations, while all of students involved in portfolio assessment described their strengths and weaknesses in detail and provided task specific goals to overcome their weaknesses. Portfolio Assessment
Deep Tensor Convolution on Multicores

Deep convolutional neural networks (ConvNets) of 3-dimensional kernels allow joint modeling of spatiotemporal features. These networks have improved performance of video and volumetric image analysis, but have been limited in size due to the low memory ceiling of GPU hardware. Existing CPU implementations overcome this constraint but are impractically slow. Here we extend and optimize the faster Winograd-class of convolutional algorithms to the N-dimensional case and specifically for CPU hardware. First, we remove the need to manually hand-craft algorithms by exploiting the relaxed constraints and cheap sparse access of CPU memory. Second, we maximize CPU utilization and multi-core scalability by transforming data matrices to be cache-aware, integer multiples of AVX vector widths. Treating 2D ConvNets as a special case, we demonstrate a 5 to 25-fold improvement in throughput compared to previous state-of-the-art.
ISOLATION AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF AN OXIDASE-NEGATIVE AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA CAUSING FURUNCULOSIS IN COHO SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH)

An oxidase-negative Aeromonas salmonicida was isolated from coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) suffering from an epizootic of furunculosis at the state hatchery near Belfair, Washington. Typical, oxidase-positive A. salmonicida was isolated concurrently from the same population of fish. Mortality was controlled with medicated feed treatments. Evidence supporting the identification of the two types of A. salmonicida is presented. Methods for the proper identification of oxidase-negative A. salmonicida isolates are evaluated.
Image Saliency Detection with Sparse Representation of Learnt Texture Atoms

This paper proposes a saliency detection method using a novel feature on sparse representation of learnt texture atoms (SR-LTA), which are encoded in salient and non-salient dictionaries. For salient dictionary, a novel formulation is proposed to learn salient texture atoms from image patches attracting extensive attention. Then, online salient dictionary learning (OSDL) algorithm is provided to solve the proposed formulation. Similarly, the non-salient dictionary can be learnt from image patches without any attention. A new pixel-wise feature, namely SR-LTA, is yielded based on the difference of sparse representation errors regarding the learnt salient and non-salient dictionaries. Finally, image saliency can be predicted via linear combination of the proposed SR-LTA feature and conventional features, i.e., luminance and contrast. For the linear combination, the weights corresponding to different feature channels are determined by least square estimation on the training data. The experimental results show that our method outperforms several state-of-the-art saliency detection methods.
Effect of Humic Acid and Amino Acids on Pomegranate Trees under Deficit Irrigation. I: Growth, Flowering and Fruiting

2 Abstract: This experiment was carried out during 2007 and 2008 seasons on 20 years old pomegranate trees of Manfalouty cultivar. Trees under investigation were grown in a sandy soil at El-Kassasien Research Station, Ismailia Governorate. The trees received humic acid (32- 48gm / tree/season) or amino acids (8- 16 gm/ tree/ season) incorporated with irrigation levels 7 and 9m /tree/year in comparison to farm control (11m ). The results 33 showed that, shoot length, number of leaves per shoot, leaf area, number of flowers per shoot, fruit set percentage, fruit retention percentage, number of fruits per tree and yield (kg/tree) significantly increased by increasing water level from 7 and 9 to 11m . On the other side increasing irrigation water amount from 7 and 3
Security and post-conflict reconstruction : dealing with fighters in the aftermath of war

Foreword Jean-Marie Guehenno Introduction: The Emperor's Clothes? Robert Muggah 1 Colombia's Quiet Demobilization: A Security Dividend? Jorge Restrepo and Robert Muggah 2 Assessing Progress toward Demobilization and Reintegration in Sierra Leone Macartan Humphreys and Jeremy Weinstein 3 DDR in Liberia: Reviewing the Gap between Goals and Outcomes James Pugel 4 The Reintegration of Child and Youth Combatants in Northern Uganda: Myth and Reality Christopher Blattman and Jeannie Annan 5 Demobilization and Reintegration Dilemmas in Afghanistan Michael Bhatia and Robert Muggah 6 What the Veterans' Say: Unpacking DDR Programmes in Timor-Leste Gordon Peake 7 Context Matters: Ethiopia's Demobilization and Reintegration Programme Robert Muggah and Jon Bennett with Aklu Girgre and Gebru Wolde 8 (Dis)integrating DDR in Sudan and Haiti? Practitioners Views to Overcoming Integration Inertia Robert Muggah, Desmond Molloy and Maximo Halty 9 Negotiating Reintegration: Dealing with Combatants During Peace Processes Robert Muggah and Anton Baare 10 Transitional Justice and DDR Ana Patel Conclusion Robert Muggah, Mats Berdal and Stina Torjesen
Least Favorable Distributions for the Design of Randomly Deployed Sensor Detection Systems

The design of a detection system in which sensors are randomly located to detect a low-power signal emitter in a random location tends to be difficult because the measurements are conditionally dependent in general and the alternative hypothesis is composite. It is shown that there are conditions that allow a system designer to deal with these problems by assuming a least favorable distribution for the emitter location that not only makes the alternative hypothesis simple and ensures a detection performance, but also causes the measurements to become conditionally i.i. d. , making models more amenable for analysis. Since a design based on a least favorable distribution may be considered too conservative, this paper proposes the use of a most favorable distribution for the emitter location and uses the theory of asymptotic relative efficiency (ARE) to evaluate how conservative the design based on a least favorable distribution is. It is further shown that, if the system designer can place sensors in an enlarged deployment region, then there are situations in which the design based on a least favorable distribution becomes less and less conservative as the dimensions of the region of interest increase.
Granulocyte-alveolar-macrophage interaction in the pulmonary clearance of Staphylococcus aureus.

The number of bacteria inoculated into the lung should, in part, determine whether lung defense mechanisms are capable of rapidly eliminating the organisms or whether the bacteria are able to replicate and cause pneumonia. This issue has not been carefully studied because of an inability to deliver a large range of inocula to animal lungs by the aerosol technique usually used in kinetic lung clearance studies. We have developed a bolus inoculation method for this purpose and have demonstrated that relatively precise inocula may be delivered to approximately 20% of the lung volume of mice without lung damage by the procedure. We then studied the lung clearance of inocula of Staphylococcus aureus in incremental doses between 105 and 108 organisms. We also studied the phagocytic cell response to the organisms by bronchoalveolar lavage. We found that 105 S. aureus were promptly cleared by alveolar macrophages, as has been the case for a similar number of organisms delivered by an aerosol inoculum. An inoculum.
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False

Summary There is increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. The probability that a research claim is true may depend on study power and bias, the number of other studies on the same question, and, importantly, the ratio of true to no relationships among the relationships probed in each scientific field. In this framework, a research finding is less likely to be true when the studies conducted in a field are smaller; when effect sizes are smaller; when there is a greater number and lesser preselection of tested relationships; where there is greater flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes; when there is greater financial and other interest and prejudice; and when more teams are involved in a scientific field in chase of statistical significance. Simulations show that for most study designs and settings, it is more likely for a research claim to be false than true. Moreover, for many current scientific fields, claimed research findings may often be simply accurate measures of the prevailing bias. In this essay, I discuss the implications of these problems for the conduct and interpretation of research.