Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive evaluation of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: linking genotype with fibrotic phenotype.

AIMS In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), attempts to associate genotype with phenotype have largely been unsuccessful. More recently, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging has enhanced myocardial fibrosis characterization, while next-generation sequencing (NGS) can identify pathogenic HCM mutations. We used CMR and NGS to explore the link between genotype and fibrotic phenotype in HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and thirty-nine patients with HCM and 25 healthy controls underwent CMR to quantify regional myocardial fibrosis with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and diffuse myocardial fibrosis with post-contrast T1 mapping. Collagen content of myectomy specimens from nine HCM patients was determined. Fifty-six HCM patients underwent NGS for 65 cardiomyopathy genes, including 36 HCM-associated genes. Post-contrast myocardial T1 time correlated histologically with myocardial collagen content (r = -0.70, P = 0.03). Compared with controls, HCM patients had more LGE (4.6 ± 6.1 vs. 0%, P < 0.001) and lower post-contrast T1 time (483 ± 83 vs. 545 ± 49 ms, P < 0.001). LGE negatively correlated with left-ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and outflow tract obstruction, whereas lower post-contrast T1 time, suggestive of more diffuse myocardial fibrosis, was associated with LV diastolic impairment and dyspnoea. Patients with identifiable HCM mutations had more LGE (7.9 ± 8.6 vs. 3.1 ± 4.3%, P = 0.03), but higher post-contrast T1 time (498 ± 81 vs. 451 ± 70 ms, P = 0.03) than patients without. CONCLUSION In HCM, contrast-enhanced CMR with T1 mapping can non-invasively evaluate regional and diffuse patterns of myocardial fibrosis. These patterns of fibrosis occur independently of each other and exhibit distinct clinical associations. HCM patients with recognized genetic mutations have significantly more regional, but less diffuse myocardial fibrosis than those without.
Isolation and Characterization of Lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28- diol (Betulin) from the Stem-Bark of Adenium obesum (Apocynaceae)

Purpose : To isolate and characterize chemical compound(s) of biological importance from the stembark of the plant, Adenium obesum. Methods: The stem-bark, after air-drying and powdering, was subjected to sequential hot-continuous extraction using petroleum spirit (60 - 80 o C) and methanol in that order. The petroleum spirit extract was chromatographed using thin layer and column chromatographic techniques. Recrystallization was used to further purify the isolated compound. Characterization of the isolated compound was by melting point, as well as by 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Results : A triterpenoid (lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol), commonly known as betulin, was isolated from the crude petroleum ether extract of the plant stem-bark. The isolated compound’s melting point was 256 257 °C. The name, betulin, was assigned to this compound by comparison of its spectroscopic data from 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR and MS analysis with those of authenticated samples reported in the literature. Conclusion: A known compound, betulin ( lup-20(29)-ene-3, 28-diol) was isolated from the petroleum ether extract of the stem-bark of Adenium obesum.
A prospective comparative study of knowlesi, falciparum, and vivax malaria in Sabah, Malaysia: high proportion with severe disease from Plasmodium knowlesi and Plasmodium vivax but no mortality with early referral and artesunate therapy.

BACKGROUND Plasmodium knowlesi commonly causes severe malaria in Malaysian Borneo, with high case-fatality rates reported. We compared risk, spectrum, and outcome of severe disease from P. knowlesi, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium vivax and outcomes following introduction of protocols for early referral and intravenous artesunate for all severe malaria. METHODS From September 2010 to October 2011 we prospectively assessed nonpregnant patients aged ≥12 years admitted to Queen Elizabeth Hospital (QEH), Sabah, with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed Plasmodium monoinfection. Standardized referral and prereferral intravenous artesunate were instituted at district hospitals. RESULTS Severe malaria occurred in 38 of 130 (29%) patients with P. knowlesi, 13 of 122 (11%) with P. falciparum, and 7 of 43 (16%) with P. vivax. The commonest severity criteria in knowlesi malaria included parasitemia >100 000/µL (n = 18), jaundice (n = 20), respiratory distress (n = 14), hypotension (n = 13), and acute kidney injury (n = 9). On multivariate analysis, P. knowlesi was associated with a 2.96-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.19-7.38-fold) greater risk of severity than P. falciparum (P = .020); only parasitemia and schizontemia >10% independently predicted knowlesi severity. Risk of severe knowlesi malaria increased 11-fold with parasitemia >20 000/µL, and 28-fold with parasitemia >100 000/µL. Nearly all (92%) knowlesi malaria patients received oral artemisinin therapy; 36 of 38 (95%) and 39 of 92 (42%) with severe and nonsevere disease, respectively, also received ≥1 dose of intravenous artesunate. No deaths occurred from any species. CONCLUSIONS Plasmodium knowlesi is the commonest cause of severe malaria at QEH, with parasitemia the major risk factor for severity. Early referral and treatment with artesunate was highly effective for severe malaria from all species and associated with zero mortality.
Extreme High Temperatures and Hospital Admissions for Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases

Background: Although the association of high temperatures with mortality is well-documented, the association with morbidity has seldom been examined. We assessed the potential impact of hot weather on hospital admissions due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in New York City. We also explored whether the weather-disease relationship varies with socio-demographic variables. Method: We investigated effects of temperature and humidity on health by linking the daily cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalization counts with meteorologic conditions during summer, 1991–2004. We used daily mean temperature, mean apparent temperature, and 3-day moving average of apparent temperature as the exposure indicators. Threshold effects for health risks of meteorologic conditions were assessed by log-linear threshold models, after controlling for ozone, day of week, holidays, and long-term trend. Stratified analyses were used to evaluate temperature-demographic interactions. Results: For all 3 exposure indicators, each degree C above the threshold of the temperature-health effect curve (29°C–36°C) was associated with a 2.7%–3.1% increase in same-day hospitalizations due to respiratory diseases, and an increase of 1.4%–3.6% in lagged hospitalizations due to cardiovascular diseases. These increases for respiratory admissions were greater for Hispanic persons (6.1%/°C) and the elderly (4.7%/°C). At high temperatures, admission rates increased for chronic airway obstruction, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and cardiac dysrhythmias, but decreased for hypertension and heart failure. Conclusions: Extreme high temperature appears to increase hospital admissions for cardiovascular and respiratory disorders in New York City. Elderly and Hispanic residents may be particularly vulnerable to the temperature effects on respiratory illnesses.
Dramatic inhibition of amiodarone metabolism induced by grapefruit juice.

AIMS Grapefruit juice increases blood concentrations of many drugs metabolized by CYP3A. Amiodarone is metabolized by CYP3A to N-desethylamiodarone (N-DEA). The aim of this study was to determine amiodarone kinetics when administrated with and without grapefruit juice. METHODS Eleven healthy adult volunteers took part in a single sequence, repeated-measures design study. Each subject, who had been evaluated 6 months previously for amiodarone pharmacokinetics, was given a single oral dose of amiodarone (17 mg kg-1) with three glasses of 300 ml of grapefruit juice on the same day. RESULTS Grapefruit juice completely inhibited the production of N-DEA, the major metabolite of amiodarone, in all subjects and increased the area-under-the-curve (AUC) and maximum concentration of amiodarone (Cmax) by 50% and 84%, respectively, as compared with the control period during which water had been administrated instead of grapefruit juice (AUC: 35.9 +/- 14.3 vs 23.9 +/- 11.2 microg ml-1 h, P < 0.005 and Cmax: 3.45 +/- 1.7 vs 1.87 +/- 0.6 microg ml-1, P < 0. 02, respectively) (means +/- s.d.). This inhibition of N-DEA production led to a decrease in the alterations caused by amiodarone on PR and QTc intervals. CONCLUSIONS Grapefruit juice dramatically alters the metabolism of amiodarone with complete inhibition of N-DEA production. These results are in agreement with in vitro data pointing to the involvement of CYP3 A in the metabolism of amiodarone and suggests that this interaction should be taken into account when prescribing this antiarrhythmic drug.
Identification, pathogenicity and abundance of Paracremonium pembeum sp. nov. and Graphium euwallaceae sp. nov.—two newly discovered mycangial associates of the polyphagous shot hole borer (Euwallacea sp.) in California

Fusarium euwallaceae is a well-characterized fungal symbiont of the exotic ambrosia beetle Euwallacea sp. (polyphagous shot hole borer [PSHB]), together inciting Fusarium dieback on many host plants in Israel and California. Recent discoveries of additional fungal symbionts within ambrosia beetle mycangia suggest these fungi occur as communities. Colony-forming units of Graphium euwallaceae sp. nov. and Paracremonium pembeum sp. nov., two novel fungal associates of PSHB from California, grew from 36 macerated female heads and 36 gallery walls collected from Platanus racemosa, Acer negundo, Persea americana and Ricinus communis. Fungi were identified based on micromorphology and phylogenetic analyses of the combined internal transcribed spacer region (nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 [ITS barcode]), elongation factor (EF 1-α), small subunit (18S rDNA) sequences for Graphium spp. , ITS, EF 1-α, calmodulin (cmdA), large subunit of the ATP citrate lyase (acl1), β-tubulin (tub2), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) and large subunit (28S rDNA) sequences for Paracremonium spp. Other Graphium spp. recovered from PSHB in Vietnam, Euwallacea fornicatus in Thailand, E. validus in Pennsylvania and Paracremonium sp. recovered from PSHB in Vietnam were identified. F. euwallaceae was recovered from mycangia at higher frequencies and abundances in all hosts except R. communis, in which those of F. euwallaceae and P. pembeum were equal. P. pembeum was relatively more abundant within gallery walls of A. negundo and R. communis. In all hosts combined F. euwallaceae was relatively more abundant within PSHB heads than gallery walls. All three fungi grew at different rates and colonized inoculated excised stems of P. americana and A. negundo. P. pembeum produced longer lesions than F. euwallaceae and G. euwallaceae on inoculated avocado shoots. Results indicate PSHB is associated with a dynamic assemblage of mycangial fungal associates that pose additional risk to native and nonnative hosts in California.
The Complexity of Partial-Order Plan Viability Problems

Estimating the distance from a current partial-order plan to the goal state of the plan task is a challenging problem, with past research achieving only limited success. In an effort to understand the reasons for this situation, we investigate the computational complexity of the partial-order plan viability problem. We define several boundaries between the tractable and intractable subclasses of the problem, from which we identify several constraints that contribute to the computational intractability of the problem. These results bring new insights into the design and the development of future partial-order planning heuristics.
Detection of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae with Fermi

Gamma-Ray Pulsar Bonanza Most of the pulsars we know about were detected through their radio emission; a few are known to pulse gamma rays but were first detected at other wavelengths (see the Perspective by Halpern). Using the Fermi Gamma-Ray Space Telescope, Abdo et al. (p. 840, published online 2 July; see the cover) report the detection of 16 previously unknown pulsars based on their gamma-ray emission alone. Thirteen of these coincide with previously unidentified gamma-ray sources, solving the 30-year-old mystery of their identities. Pulsars are fast-rotating neutron stars. With time they slow down and cease to radiate; however, if they are in a binary system, they can have their spin rates increased by mass transfer from their companion stars, starting a new life as millisecond pulsars. In another study, Abdo et al. (p. 845) report the detection of gamma-ray emission from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, which is coming from an ensemble of millisecond pulsars in the cluster's core. The data imply that there are up to 60 millisecond pulsars in 47 Tucanae, twice as many as predicted by radio observations. In a further companion study, Abdo et al. (p. 848, published online 2 July) searched Fermi Large Area Telescope data for pulsations from all known millisecond pulsars outside of stellar clusters, finding gamma-ray pulsations for eight of them. Their properties resemble those of other gamma-ray pulsars, suggesting that they share the same basic emission mechanism. Indeed, both sets of pulsars favor emission models in which the gamma rays are produced in the outer magnetosphere of the neutron star. The Fermi Large Area Telescope reveals up to 60 millisecond pulsars in this globular cluster, twice as many as predicted by radio observations. We report the detection of gamma-ray emissions above 200 megaelectron volts at a significance level of 17σ from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae, using data obtained with the Large Area Telescope onboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. Globular clusters are expected to emit gamma rays because of the large populations of millisecond pulsars that they contain. The spectral shape of 47 Tucanae is consistent with gamma-ray emission from a population of millisecond pulsars. The observed gamma-ray luminosity implies an upper limit of 60 millisecond pulsars present in 47 Tucanae.
Dipstick test for myoglobinuria

Since their introduction for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia in 1987, the use of statins has grown to over 100 million prescriptions per year.1 About 1.5-3% of statin users in randomised controlled trials and up to 10-13% of participants enrolled in prospective clinical studies develop myalgia.1 2 3 4 As a conservative estimate, at least 1.5 million people per year will experience a muscle related adverse event while taking a statin. In this review we discuss statin induced myopathy and its management in the light of recent epidemiological studies, randomised controlled trials, and guidelines. In one large, population based cohort study of patients from general practices in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 1997, the mean incidence of myopathy (defined in this trial as muscle weakness and raised concentrations of creatine kinase) in patients taking statins was 1.2 per 10 000 person years (95% confidence interval 0.3 to 4.7). 5 In another large study that examined rhabdomyolysis in a hospital population, the average incidence per 10 000 person years for monotherapy with atorvastatin, pravastatin, or simvastatin was 0.44 (0.20 to 0.84) and for cerivastatin was 5.34 (1.46 to 13.68). 6 The clinical spectrum of statin induced myopathy includes myalgia, myositis, rhabdomyolysis, and an asymptomatic increase in the concentration of creatine kinase. Muscle related adverse events can be difficult to describe because the terminology used is inconsistent, but the proposed definitions in the table⇓ provide a useful guide. The term myopathy is often used to include the entire spectrum of muscle related adverse events (as in this article), but other definitions are common, especially when the term is used in clinical trials. View this table: Clinical spectrum of statin induced myopathy Symptoms of statin induced myopathy include fatigue, muscle pain, muscle tenderness, muscle weakness, nocturnal cramping, and tendon pain. The muscle symptoms …
THE FINE STRUCTURE OF CHONDROCOCCUS COLUMNARIS

When cells of C. columnaris were broken open, treated with PTA, and examined in the electron microscope, tubular structures (rhapidosomes) were present in the preparations. The rhapidosomes are approximately 300 A in diameter. Their length varies from about 500 to about 15,000 A. An axial hole which runs the length of the rhapidosomes appears to widen and narrow with a regular periodicity. End-on views of short segments of rhapidosomes revealed the presence of subunits around their outside peripheries. The results of studies of lysed cells and of sectioned cells indicate that the rhapidosomes are produced during the disintegration of cells. It seems likely that the compound membranes of the mesosomes break down to give rise to the tubular structures. The mesosomal origin of rhapidosomes is postulated only for the rhapidosomes of C. columnaris, since the origin of rhapidosomes from other organisms was not investigated during this study. The rhapidosomes of C. columnaris may be unrelated to those of S. grandis, S. myxococcoides, A. violaceum, and Sorangium 495, since there was a difference in the details of fine structure between rhapidosomes from C. columnaris and those found in the other four organisms.
An auxin-driven polarized transport model for phyllotaxis

Recent studies show that plant organ positioning may be mediated by localized concentrations of the plant hormone auxin. Auxin patterning in the shoot apical meristem is in turn brought about by the subcellular polar distribution of the putative auxin efflux mediator, PIN1. However, the question of what signals determine PIN1 polarization and how this gives rise to regular patterns of auxin concentration remains unknown. Here we address these questions by using mathematical modeling combined with confocal imaging. We propose a model that is based on the assumption that auxin influences the polarization of its own efflux within the meristem epidermis. We show that such a model is sufficient to create regular spatial patterns of auxin concentration on systems with static and dynamic cellular connectivities, the latter governed by a mechanical model. We also optimize parameter values for the PIN1 dynamics by using a detailed auxin transport model, for which parameter values are taken from experimental estimates, together with a template consisting of cell and wall compartments as well as PIN1 concentrations quantitatively extracted from confocal data. The model shows how polarized transport can drive the formation of regular patterns.
CRMP‐5 neuronal autoantibody: Marker of lung cancer and thymoma‐related autoimmunity

We have defined a new paraneoplastic immunoglobulin G (IgG) autoantibody specific for CRMP‐5, a previously unknown 62‐kd neuronal cytoplasmic protein of the collapsin response‐mediator family. CRMP‐5 is in adult central and peripheral neurons, including synapses, and in small‐cell lung carcinomas. Since 1993, our Clinical Neuroimmunology Laboratory has detected CRMP‐5‐IgG in 121 patients among approximately 68,000 whose sera were submitted for standardized immunofluorescence screening because a subacute neurological presentation was suspected to be paraneoplastic. This makes CRMP‐5 autoantibody as frequent as PCA‐1 (anti‐Yo) autoantibody, second only to ANNA‐1 (anti‐Hu). Clinical information, obtained for 116 patients, revealed multifocal neurological signs. Most remarkable were the high frequencies of chorea (11%) and cranial neuropathy (17%, including 10% loss of olfaction/taste, 7% optic neuropathy). Other common signs were peripheral neuropathy (47%), autonomic neuropathy (31%), cerebellar ataxia (26%), subacute dementia (25%), and neuromuscular junction disorders (12%). Spinal fluid was inflammatory in 86%, and CRMP‐5‐IgG in 37% equaled or significantly exceeded serum titers. Lung carcinoma (mostly limited small‐cell) was found in 77% of patients; thymoma was in 6%. Half of those remaining had miscellaneous neoplasms; all but two were smokers. Serum IgG in all cases bound to recombinant CRMP‐5 (predominantly N‐terminal epitopes), but not to human CRMP‐2 or CRMP‐3. Ann Neurol 2001:49:146–154
Conductive Filament Scaling of ${\rm TaO}_{\rm x}$ Bipolar ReRAM for Improving Data Retention Under Low Operation Current

The retention model of a bipolar ReRAM considering the percolative paths in a conductive filament is proposed. We demonstrate, for the first time, that the control of oxygen vacancy concentration in a conductive filament is the key for ensuring data retention including tail bits. To improve the retention property under low-current operation, the size of the conductive filament must be scaled down while keeping the density of oxygen vacancy high enough. Based on this concept, we demonstrate both low-current operation and sufficient retention results exceeding 500 h at 150°C, which correspond to more than 10 years at 85°C.
Beaded Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles along Carbon Nanotubes: Towards More Highly Integrated Electronic Devices

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Surface Plasmon Resonance or Biocompatibility—Key Properties for Determining the Applicability of Noble Metal Nanoparticles

Metal and in particular noble metal nanoparticles represent a very special class of materials which can be applied as prepared or as composite materials. In most of the cases, two main properties are exploited in a vast number of publications: biocompatibility and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). For instance, these two important properties are exploitable in plasmonic diagnostics, bioactive glasses/glass ceramics and catalysis. The most frequently applied noble metal nanoparticle that is universally applicable in all the previously mentioned research areas is gold, although in the case of bioactive glasses/glass ceramics, silver and copper nanoparticles are more frequently applied. The composite partners/supports/matrix/scaffolds for these nanoparticles can vary depending on the chosen application (biopolymers, semiconductor-based composites: TiO2, WO3, Bi2WO6, biomaterials: SiO2 or P2O5-based glasses and glass ceramics, polymers: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Gelatin, polyethylene glycol (PEG), polylactic acid (PLA), etc.). The scientific works on these materials’ applicability and the development of new approaches will be targeted in the present review, focusing in several cases on the functioning mechanism and on the role of the noble metal.
From Proof Nets to the Free *-Autonomous Category

In the first part of this paper we present a theory of proof nets for full multiplicative linear logic, including the two units. It naturally extends the well-known theory of unit-free multiplicative proof nets. A linking is no longer a set of axiom links but a tree in which the axiom links are subtrees. These trees will be identified according to an equivalence relation based on a simple form of graph rewriting. We show the standard results of sequentialization and strong normalization of cut elimination. In the second part of the paper we show that the identifications enforced on proofs are such that the class of two-conclusion proof nets defines the free *-autonomous category.