Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Observed radar reflectivity in convectively coupled Kelvin and mixed Rossby‐gravity waves

Propagating disturbances in the tropical atmosphere exhibiting characteristics of linear equatorial waves have been shown to be “coupled” to convection. In some cases, a rain event at a specific location can be associated with a particular wave of sufficiently large amplitude. Rain events spanning three years at Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands, 8.72°N 167.73°E, are classified by associated wave type (i.e. Kelvin or mixed Rossby‐gravity (MRG)) using space‐time spectral‐filtered outgoing longwave radiation (OLR). Contoured frequency by altitude diagrams (CFADs) of radar for the classified dates were compared between the two groups. The Kelvin wave accumulated CFAD has a distribution shifted to lower reflectivities compared to MRG suggesting that Kelvin storms likely contain a larger fraction of stratiform to convective area compared to MRG storms.
Elliptic Regularity Theory Applied to Time Harmonic Anisotropic Maxwell's Equations with Less than Lipschitz Complex Coefficients

The focus of this paper is the study of the regularity properties of the time harmonic Maxwell's equations with anisotropic complex coefficients, in a bounded domain with $C^{1,1}$ boundary. We assume that at least one of the material parameters is $ W^{1,p}$ for some $ p>3$. Using regularity theory for second order elliptic partial differential equations, we derive $ W^{1,p}$ estimates and Holder estimates for electric and magnetic fields up to the boundary, together with their higher regularity counterparts. We also derive interior estimates in bianisotropic media.
Preliminary investigation of splash effect on high wind C-band HH-pol model function

The National Research Council Decadal Survey [1] identified the need for a future mission to provide accurate real-time observations of ocean wind vectors from calm to tropical cyclone wind conditions with or without the presence of rain. Tasked by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) developed a future scatterometer design that would leverage its success on the heritage of QuikSCAT but would provide more accurate measurements under all weather conditions through the use of Ku- and C-band coincident measurements of the ocean surface. To design a cost effective instrument for all weather operations from space the existing risks need to be mitigated. The work described in this paper attempts to validate results reported at hurricane strength winds in [2] and investigate the effects of splash caused by precipitation on the scatterometer wind estimation.
AN INVARIANT FOR SINGULAR KNOTS

In this paper we introduce a Jones-type invariant for singular knots, using a Markov trace on the Yokonuma–Hecke algebras Yd,n(u) and the theory of singular braids. The Yokonuma–Hecke algebras have a natural topological interpretation in the context of framed knots. Yet, we show that there is a homomorphism of the singular braid monoid SBn into the algebra Yd,n(u). Surprisingly, the trace does not normalize directly to yield a singular link invariant, so a condition must be imposed on the trace variables. Assuming this condition, the invariant satisfies a skein relation involving singular crossings, which arises from a quadratic relation in the algebra Yd,n(u).
Monopoly and the Rate of Extraction of Exhaustible Resources: Note

The contention that a monopolist exhausts a natural resource at a slower than socially optimal rate is examined for two cases: (1) fixed operation costs; and (2) demand elasticity increasing with output. Under either or both of these assumptions, monopoly extraction rates may be biased in the opposite direction towards excessive resource use. On balance, it is concluded, the effect of monopoly ownership on relative extraction rates must be determined empirically. Furthermore we suggest that the addition of fixed costs into the analysis will tend to destroy the Pareto optimal properties of resource extraction under competitive conditions.
Survival and distribution of injected haematopoietic stem cells in acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND Endogenous bone marrow-derived cells are known to incorporate into renal epithelium at a low rate. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) rather than mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are responsible for this phenomenon. MSCs have the potential to ameliorate kidney function after acute kidney injury (AKI) without directly repopulating the tubules. However, little is known about the short-term effect of HSCs. METHODS In this article, we analysed the survival rate and organ distribution of isolated rat HSCs injected into the renal artery after ischaemic renal injury, using quantitative real-time PCR, as well as their impact on renal function and histomorphology. RESULTS Intra-arterially injected Lin(-)CD90(+) HSCs were detected in the kidney at significant amounts only within the first 24 h after injection and were virtually absent by Day 2. Compared with control animals, no differences were seen after HSC administration with respect to kidney function or histomorphologic changes of AKI. At Day 7 HSCs were again readily detectable in the kidney suggesting a redistribution of cells at later time points. Of note, HSCs did not seem to have an exclusive tropism for the injured kidney but were detectable in the lungs, liver, spleen, heart and brain at all time points. CONCLUSIONS Injected HSCs do not appear to significantly contribute to tubular repair or ameliorate renal damage in ischaemic AKI although they may show considerable engraftment in various organs. These data further challenge the concept that injection of HSCs may be used as a therapeutic approach in treating AKI.
Relay Assisted Physical Resource Sharing: Projection Based Separation of Multiple Operators (ProBaSeMO) for Two-Way Relaying With MIMO Amplify and Forward Relays

In this paper, we investigate a relay-assisted resource sharing scenario, namely, multi-operator two-way relaying with a MIMO amplify-and-forward (AF) relay. Here, the spectrum and the relay (infrastructure) are shared among multiple operators. We develop the projection based separation of multiple operators (ProBaSeMo) relay transmit strategy, which is inspired by the block diagonalization (BD) and regularized block diagonalization (RBD) schemes that are space-division multiple access (SDMA) approaches for multi-user MIMO systems. If the user terminals are equipped with multiple antennas, appropriate precoding and decoding matrix designs are also proposed. Compared to the time-shared approach where the relay is used by different operators in a time division multiple access (TDMA) manner, we demonstrate that the ProBaSeMO algorithms can provide a significant sharing gain in terms of the sum rate with many antennas at the relay or in the high SNR regime in a two-operator case. For a fixed number of antennas at the relay, an even higher sharing gain can be obtained if the number of operators increases.
Impact of Oil Boom and Bust on Human Capital Investment in the U.S.

This paper uses Census IPUMS data from 1970 to 2000 and ACS data from 2010 to estimate the impact of the oil boom and bust on wages and human capital formation in the US. The paper finds that the oil boom between 1970 and 1980 was associated with a slower growth in the relative demand for skills in the oil and gas sector and regions where the sector had a large presence. Overall, the oil boom led to a sharp rise in real wages in oil areas relative to non-oil parts of the nation, raising the opportunity cost of additional schooling. Real wage premium for a college degree declined during the oil boom in oil-rich regions such as Texas, compared with non-oil areas. The oil boom of the 1970’s potentially had an impact on human capital investment through two channels — by raising the opportunity cost of additional schooling as well as by lowering the returns from going to college. Using a synthetic cohort approach the paper finds that relative to cohorts who went to high school in the pre-boom period, the cohort reaching high school age during the oil boom was about 2 percentage points less likely to have a college degree by the time they turned 34 to 37 years of age in 2000.
Comparison of Chromogenic In Situ Hybridisation with Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation and Immunohistochemistry for the Assessment of Her-2/neu Oncogene in Archival Material of Breast Carcinoma

The successful treatment of breast cancer is dependent upon a number of complex factors. Her-2/neu gene amplification is known to be one of the most common genetic alterations associated with breast cancer and its accurate determination has become necessary for the selection of patients for trastuzumab therapy. The aim of this study was to prove the consistency of chromogenic in situ hybridisation (CISH) technique after analyzing the overexpression of the Her-2/neu proto-oncogene in 100 invasive breast carcinomas and by comparing CISH results with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Moreover, it was done to evaluate the possible correlation of estrogen (ERs) and progesterone receptors (PRs), the proliferation marker Ki67 and the tumour suppressor gene p53 with HER-2/neu status of these breast carcinomas. Of the 100 breast carcinomas that were analysed, 22 cases showed HER-2/neu amplification, 66 cases showed no amplification, whereas 12 cases were non-interpretable in both assays (FISH and CISH). Consequently, the overall concordance between FISH and CISH was 100%. Additionally, it was observed that when HER-2/neu gene was overexpressed, there was an association with negative PRs and ERs status, negative p53 protein expression and high Ki67 labelling index. It is concluded that patients with tumours scoring 2+ with the CBE356 antibody (borderline immunohistochemistry-tested cases) would also benefit from CISH as it is shown to be highly accurate, practical and can be easily integrated into routine testing in any histopathology laboratory. Finally, CISH represents an important addition to the HER2 testing algorithm.
TYPE-2 FUZZY NEURAL NETWORK SYSTEMS AND LEARNING

This paper presents a type-2 fuzzy neural network system (type-2 FNN) and its learning using genetic algorithm. The so-called type-1 fuzzy neural network (FNN) has the properties of parallel computation scheme, easy to implement, fuzzy logic inference system, and parameters convergence. And, the membership functions (MFs) and the rules can be designed and trained from linguistic information and numeric data. However, there is uncertainty associated with information or data. Therefore, the type-2 fuzzy sets are used to treat it. Type-2 fuzzy sets let us model and minimizes the effects of uncertainties in rule-base fuzzy logic systems (FLS). In this paper, the previous results of type-1 FNN are extended to a type-2 one. In addition, the corresponding learning algorithm is derived by real-code genetic algorithm. Copyright c ©2002 Yang’s Scientific Research Institute, LLC. All rights reserved.
The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in sepsis-induced multi-organ failure

An important role for bioenergetic dysfunction is increasingly emerging to potentially explain the paradox of clinical and biochemical organ failure in sepsis yet minimal cell death, maintained tissue oxygenation and recovery in survivors. Associations are well-recognized between the degree of mitochondrial dysfunction and outcomes. While this does not confirm cause-and-effect, it does nevertheless suggest a new route for therapeutic intervention focused on either mitochondrial protection or acceleration of the recovery process through stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis (new protein turnover). This is particularly pertinent in light of the multiple trial failures related to immunomodulatory therapies. This overview will provide insights into mitochondrial biology, the relevance to sepsis, and therapeutic opportunities that possibly emerge.
Orthonormal Decomposition of Third Rank Tensors and Applications

Abstract—A new procedure for representation of third rank tensors in terms of its orthonormal irreducible decomposed parts, namely as irreducible decomposition is presented. Orthonormal tensor basis method is developed by using the results of existing theory in the literature. As an example to third rank tensors, piezoelectricity tensor is decomposed by each method and results of this decomposition methods are compared for this tensor in hexagonal symmetry. As a result of comparison process, it is stated that the results for new method and other one are consistent and each decomposed parts have physical meaning. Moreover, the norm concept of piezoelectricity tensor is used to study the piezoelectric effect of some materials. It is also shown that one can determine in which material the piezoelectric effect is stronger by using the norm for different materials with the same symmetries.
On the trellis structure of block codes

Two main results will be presented: 1. The problem of minimizing the number of states in the trellis for a general (nonlinear) code at a given time index is NP-complete, and thus apparently computationally infeasible for large codes. 2. Minimal linear block code trellises correspond to configurations of non-attacking rooks on a triangular chess board. This correspondence can be used to enumerate the minimal trellises, and also to obtain insight into various bounds on the size of the trellises. <<ETX>>
Cross-Tenure Differences in Home Maintenance and Appreciation

This paper investigates the relative maintenance levels of owner-and renter-occupied housing by examining their short- and long-run appreciation rates. We modify the standard repeat-sales estimation procedure to test whether owner-occupied housing appreciates faster than renter-occupied housing. This procedure holds constant all structural factors, except for aging; hence, appreciation is estimated net of physical depreciation (i.e., routine aging, deficient and deferred maintenance). We find only weak evidence to support the notion that long-term rates of appreciation (and maintenance levels) are substantially different between owner- and renter-occupied housing.
Intensive care unit nurses' perceptions of patient participation in the acute phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: an interview study

Aim To report a study conducted to explore intensive care unit nurses’ perceptions of patient participation in the acute phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. Background An acute exacerbation is a life-threatening situation, which patients often consider to be extremely frightening. Healthcare personnel exercise considerable power in this situation, which challenges general professional notions of patient participation. Design Critical discourse analysis. Methods In the autumn of 2009, three focus group interviews with experienced intensive care nurses were conducted at two hospitals in western Norway. Two groups had six participants each, and one group had five (N = 17). The transcribed interviews were analysed by means of critical discourse analysis. Findings The intensive care nurses said that an exacerbation is often an extreme situation in which healthcare personnel are exercising a high degree of control and power over patients. Patient participation during exacerbation often takes the form of non-involvement. The participating nurses attached great importance to taking a sensitive approach when meeting patients. The nurses experienced challenging ethical dilemmas. Conclusion This study shows that patient participation should not be understood in universal terms, but rather in relation to a specific setting and the interactions that occur in this setting. Healthcare personnel must develop skill, understanding, and competence to meet these challenging ethical dilemmas. A collaborative inter-professional approach between physicians and nurses is needed to meet the patients’ demand for involvement.
Seven steps to effective instructional leadership

Introduction Understanding Instructional Leadership Step One Establish and Implement Instructional Goals Step Two Be There For Your Staff Step Three Create a School Culture and Climate Conducive to Learning Step Four Communicate the Vision and Mission of Your School Step Five Set High Expectations for Your Staff Step Six Develop Teacher Leaders Step Seven Maintain Positive Attitudes Toward Students, Staff and Parents Putting it all Together Becoming an Instructional Leader
Properties of Flammable Gaseous Mixtures Optimized by Corona Tests

There are important applications of discharges occurring in gaseous hydrocarbons. This paper focuses on experimental work on corona discharges aimed at optimizing the electronegative properties of hydrocarbon binary media. Discharges were studied in a needle-plane system with a small electrode gap under controlled pressure, temperature, and homogeneity of the sample. Various highly flammable hydrocarbon mixtures of cyclopentane, 1-pentene, and pentane were analyzed. Experiments show particular patterns of discharges common to the studied hydrocarbons. The concentration of the sample determines the electronegative character of the hydrocarbon mixtures and is reflected in the discharge patterns observed. The results were reproducible on different concentrations of the used mixtures. The present analysis provides data for other studies; the techniques can be employed for engineering the properties of electronegative binary mixtures and for optimizing the characteristics of corona discharges in hydrocarbon media.
The Sustained Impact of an Engaging Diversity Program on College Seniors’ Color-Blind Racial Attitudes

This study utilizes a mixed-methods (quantitative and qualitative) approach to evaluate the long-term impact of Illinois Wesleyan University’s Engaging Diversity Program on white students’ color-blind racial attitudes. Survey data reveals that white students who participated in the program not only endorse fewer color-blind racial attitudes than they did immediately after completing the program, but that they also have a more critical awareness of race than the control sample of nonEngaging Diversity students. Individual interviews with Engaging Diversity participants also reveal a link between these students’ learned racial consciousness and their involvement as social justice leaders and advocates on campus. These findings are particularly significant given that IWU is dedicated to cultivating a socially aware and active campus climate. This program assessment, which is also grounded in scholarly research on racial attitudes and the role diversity interventions play in their maintenance, demonstrates how the Engaging Diversity program can serve as a model for other campus initiatives dedicated to meeting diversity and social justice goals.
Research Note - A Comparison of Within-Household Price Sensitivity Across Online and Offline Channels

We use a unique data set to estimate the price sensitivities of households in online and offline shopping channels when the same households shop across channels. We observe households that shop interchangeably at the online and the offline stores in the same grocery chain and investigate their purchase behavior in specific product categories. Although nearly 90% of households in our sample shop both at online and offline stores, we find that, across 12 vastly different product categories, these households exhibit lower price sensitivities when they shop online than when they shop offline. Our analysis accounts for observed and unobserved household heterogeneity as well as price endogeneity. The results hold for large basket-share categories and small basket-share categories, for consumer packaged goods and nonpackaged goods, for categories that are more likely to be purchased online because of their bulkiness or heaviness, and for categories that are more likely to be purchased offline because of their “sensory” nature. Households' price sensitivities are also closely related to demographics and inversely related to how far the households are located from the offline stores. Reasons for the lower price sensitivities in the online medium are discussed.
Effect of Orthophosphate, Nucleotide Analogues, ADP, and Phosphorylation on the Cytoplasmic Domains of Ca2+-ATPase from Scallop Sarcoplasmic Reticulum*

The effects of orthophosphate, nucleotide analogues, ADP, and covalent phosphorylation on the tryptic fragmentation patterns of the E1 and E2 forms of scallop Ca-ATPase were examined. Sites preferentially cleaved by trypsin in the E1 form of the Ca-ATPase were detected in the nucleotide (N) and phosphorylation (P) domains, as well as the actuator (A) domain. These sites were occluded in the E2 (Ca2+-free) form of the enzyme, consistent with mutual protection of the A, N, and P domains through their association into a clustered structure. Similar protection of cytoplasmic Ca2+-dependent tryptic cleavage sites was observed when the catalytic binding site for substrate on the E1 form of scallop Ca-ATPase was occupied by Pi, AMP-PNP, AMP-PCP, or ADP despite the presence of saturating levels of Ca2+. These results suggest that occupation of the catalytic site on E1 can induce condensation of the cytoplasmic domains to yield a unique structural intermediate that may be related to the form of the enzyme in which the active site is prepared for phosphoryl transfer. The effect of Pi on the E2 form of the scallop Ca-ATPase was also investigated, when it was found that formation of E2-P led to extreme resistance toward secondary cleavage by trypsin and stabilization of enzymatic activity for long periods of time.
Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain [September 30, 2010]

This report provides a discussion on the major issues and concerns of the global supply chain for rare earth elements, their major end uses, and legislative and other policy proposals that Congress may consider to improve the U.S. rare earth position. The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability, since they are used for new energy technologies and national security applications.
Occupational toxicology and the control of exposure to pharmaceutical agents at work.

BACKGROUND The pharmaceutical industry employs >350 000 people worldwide in operations including research and development (R&D), manufacturing, sales and marketing. Workers employed in R&D and manufacturing sectors are potentially exposed to drug substances in the workplace that are designed to modify physiology and also to chemical precursors that are potentially hazardous to health. Pharmaceutical workers are at risk from adverse health effects, including occupational asthma, pharmacological effects, adverse reproductive outcomes and dermatitis. AIM This study aimed to describe the approaches taken by pharmaceutical companies for identifying and communicating potential adverse health effects that may result from workplace exposures and in setting 'in-house' exposure control limits and to highlight the challenges in controlling workplace exposures to increasingly potent compounds. METHOD The literature was reviewed by searching the Medline and HSELine databases. RESULTS The findings are presented in five sections, covering: test methods and approaches to occupational toxicology; hazard communication; approaches to setting health-based occupational exposure limits for pharmaceutically active agents; recent approaches to risk control; and occupational hygiene and exposure controls. CONCLUSION Significant efforts have been directed at predicting and evaluating potential occupational health hazards in the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry has provided leadership in controlling exposure to hazardous substances. Much of this work has been driven by a real need to control occupational exposures to substances that can have profound adverse health effects in exposed employees and that are becoming increasingly more potent.