Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Generation of a Synthetic Memory Trace

Adding Artificial Associations In the mammalian cortex, there is significant spontaneous neural activity that is internally generated, rather than arising from sensory inputs, and this activity influences the processing of natural sensory stimuli. What role does this internally generated activity play in forming and accessing new memory representations? Using transgenic mice combined with controlled artificial activation of widely distributed neuronal ensembles associated with specific contexts, Garner et al. (p. 1513; see the Perspective by Morris and Takeuchi) investigated how spontaneous neuronal activity is integrated into a given context representation. Animals underwent fear conditioning in two distinct contexts. When a circuit in one context was artificially activated during fear conditioning in a separate context, a so-called “hybrid” memory was formed. This artificially stimulated network became a necessary component of the memory trace. These results are consistent with the emerging view that internally generated brain activity is not noise, but a coherent representation that can be incorporated into new associations and memories. The brains of transgenic mice incorporate experimentally generated neural activity into a memory trace. We investigated the effect of activating a competing, artificially generated, neural representation on encoding of contextual fear memory in mice. We used a c-fos–based transgenic approach to introduce the hM3Dq DREADD receptor (designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drug) into neurons naturally activated by sensory experience. Neural activity could then be specifically and inducibly increased in the hM3Dq-expressing neurons by an exogenous ligand. When an ensemble of neurons for one context (ctxA) was artificially activated during conditioning in a distinct second context (ctxB), mice formed a hybrid memory representation. Reactivation of the artificially stimulated network within the conditioning context was required for retrieval of the memory, and the memory was specific for the spatial pattern of neurons artificially activated during learning. Similar stimulation impaired recall when not part of the initial conditioning.
The structural state of lead-based relaxor ferroelectrics under pressure

The exceptional properties of lead-based perovskite-type (ABO3) relaxor ferroelectrics are due to their structural inhomogeneities. At ambient conditions, the average structure is pseudocubic but rich in ferroic nanoregions too small to be directly studied by conventional diffraction analysis. However, combining in situ temperature and pressure diffraction and Raman scattering allows us to resolve the structural complexity of relaxors. Because of the different length and time scales of sensitivity, diffraction probes the long-range order, i.e., the structure averaged over time and space, whereas Raman spectroscopy can detect local structural deviations from the average structure via the anomalous Raman activity of the phonon modes that, when the symmetry of the average structure is considered, should not generate Raman peaks. Hence, the combined analysis of the long-range order induced at low temperatures or high pressures and of the phonon anomalies enhanced on temperature decrease or pressure increase can reveal the energetically preferred structural nanoclusters existing at ambient conditions. In this regard, high-pressure experiments are vital for understanding the nanoscale structure of relaxors. Using X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and Raman scattering on stoichiometric and doped PbSc0.5Ta0. 5O3 and PbSc0.5Na0. 5O3, we demonstrate the existence of a pressure-induced cubic-to-rhombohedral continuous phase transition. The high-pressure structure has suppressed polar shifts of B-site cations, enhanced correlation of Pb-O ferroic species, and long-range ordered antiphase BO6 octahedral tilts. The critical pressure is preceded by an intermediate pressure at which the coupling between off-centered Pb and B-cations is suppressed and octahedral tilting detectable by neutron diffraction is developed.
The Distribution of Lyα-emitting Galaxies at z=2.38. II. Spectroscopy

In Paper 1 of this series we identified an 80 comoving Mpc filament of candidate Lyα-emitting galaxies at redshift 2.38. In this paper we present spectroscopy of the 37 galaxy candidates. Our spectroscopy reached a surface brightness limit of 5.0 × 10-17 ergs cm-2 s-1 arcsec-2. Of the 14 candidates down to this limit, 12 were confirmed to be Lyα-emitting galaxies at the filament redshift. We also obtained spectral confirmation for six of the lower surface brightness candidates, all of which also lay at the filament redshift. In addition, we identify a foreground cluster of QSOs at z = 1.65.
Network analysis of collaboration structure in Wikipedia

In this paper we give models and algorithms to describe and analyze the collaboration among authors of Wikipedia from a network analytical perspective. The edit network encodes who interacts how with whom when editing an article; it significantly extends previous network models that code author communities in Wikipedia. Several characteristics summarizing some aspects of the organization process and allowing the analyst to identify certain types of authors can be obtained from the edit network. Moreover, we propose several indicators characterizing the global network structure and methods to visualize edit networks. It is shown that the structural network indicators are correlated with quality labels of the associated Wikipedia articles.
Protein Aggregation Formed by Recombinant cp19k Homologue of Balanus albicostatus Combined with an 18 kDa N-Terminus Encoded by pET-32a(+) Plasmid Having Adhesion Strength Comparable to Several Commercial Glues

The barnacle is well known for its tenacious and permanent attachment to a wide variety of underwater substrates, which is accomplished by synthesizing, secreting and curing a mixture of adhesive proteins termed “barnacle cement”. In order to evaluate interfacial adhesion abilities of barnacle cement proteins, the cp19k homologous gene in Balanus albicostatus (Balcp19k) was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Here, we report an intriguing discovery of a gel-like super adhesive aggregation produced by Trx-Balcp19k, a recombinant Balcp19k fusion protein. The Trx-Balcp19k consists of an 18 kDa fragment at the N-terminus, which is encoded by pET-32a(+) plasmid and mainly comprised of a thioredoxin (Trx) tag, and Balcp19k at the C-terminus. The sticky aggregation was designated as “Trx-Balcp19k gel”, and the bulk adhesion strength, biochemical composition, as well as formation conditions were all carefully investigated. The Trx-Balcp19k gel exhibited strong adhesion strength of 2.10 ± 0.67 MPa, which was approximately fifty folds higher than that of the disaggregated Trx-Balcp19k (40 ± 8 kPa) and rivaled those of commercial polyvinyl acetate (PVA) craft glue (Mont Marte, Australia) and UHU glue (UHU GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Lipids were absent from the Trx-Balcp19k gel and only a trace amount of carbohydrates was detected. We postulate that the electrostatic interactions play a key role in the formation of Trx-Balcp19k gel, by mediating self-aggregation of Trx-Balcp19k based on its asymmetric distribution pattern of charged amino acids. Taken together, we believe that our discovery not only presents a promising biological adhesive with potential applications in both biomedical and technical fields, but also provides valuable paradigms for molecular design of bio-inspired peptide- or protein-based materials.
Unifying analysis of ergodic MIMO capacity in correlated Rayleigh fading environments

We present a novel mathematical approach that for the first time allows for calculating the moment generating function (MGF) of mutual information of Rayleigh fading MIMO channels with arbitrary fading correlation at transmitter and receiver. Specifically, we make use of certain hypergeometric functions of matrix argument, which are frequently used in multivariate statistics. This allows for a concise general expression for the MGF and we specialise the general result to scenarios with one-side correlated and uncorrelated channels. Using the MGF, we derive exact formulas of the ergodic capacity, thus unifying the capacity analysis of correlated Rayleigh fading MIMO channels. It turns out that the ergodic capacity in all cases can be expressed in terms of a sum of determinants with elements that are a combination of polynomials, exponentials and the exponential integral E 1 solely. The analysis is verified by Monte-Carlo simulations and shows a perfect match.
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Inhibits P2Y11 Receptor Expression and Its Immunosuppressive Activity in Human Dendritic Cells

High concentrations of extracellular ATP (eATP) resulting from cell damage may be found during an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) episode at the site of injury. eATP activates purinergic receptors in dendritic cells (DCs) and may inhibit inflammation. This immunosuppressive activity could be of interest in the field of I/R, which is an inflammatory condition involved in myocardial infarction, stroke, and solid organ transplantation. However, the specific purinergic receptor responsible for this effect remains to be identified. In this study, we report that eATP induced maturation of human monocyte-derived DCs. Additionally, eATP inhibited IL-12 production whereas IL-10 levels remained unchanged in activated DCs. These effects were prevented by the P2Y11R antagonist NF340. Interestingly, a 5-h hypoxia prevented the effects of eATP on cytokine production whereas a 1-h hypoxia did not affect the eATP-mediated decrease of IL-12 and IL-6. We showed a time-dependent downregulation of P2Y11R at both mRNA and protein levels that was prevented by knocking down hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. In this study, we showed an immunosuppressive role of P2Y11R in human DCs. Additionally, we demonstrated that the time-dependent downregulation of P2Y11R by hypoxia orientates DCs toward a proinflammatory phenotype that may be involved in post-I/R injuries as observed after organ transplantation.
Intertemporal Movie Distribution: Versioning When Customers Can Buy Both Versions

We study a model of film production, distribution and consumption. The studio can release two goods, a theatrical and a video version, and has to decide on its versioning and sequencing strategy. In contrast with the previous literature, we allow for the possibility that consumers watch both versions. This simple extension leads to novel results. It now becomes optimal to introduce versioning if the goods are not too substitutes for one anoher, even when production costs are zero (pure information goods). We also demonstrate that a "day-and-date" strategy can be optimal when the studio is integrated with the exhibition and distribution channels. In contrast, a "video window" is typically the outcome of the negotiation between the studio and independent distributors and exhibitors
Game-Based Learning in Universities and Lifelong Learning: "UniGame: Social Skills and Knowledge Training" Game Concept

How to design effective learning opportunities? Why is learning by experience often more efficient than learning by studying? How to provide the learning experiences needed to respond to current challenges? Using computer games and games in general for educational purposes offers a variety of knowledge presentations and creates opportunities to apply the knowledge within a virtual world, thus supporting and facilitating learning processes. An innovative educational paradigm such as game-based learning, which is considered suitable for the given purpose, is described in this article. The connection of the collaborative social context of education with game-based learning is discussed in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper introduces the game concept of "UniGame: Social Skills and Knowledge Training". Game ideas along the educational background of the UniGame game concept are outlined. UniGame scenarios presented and possible use cases should stimulate users to apply game-based learning approach in the future for their classes.
Characteristic pattern of skeletal muscle remodelling in different mouse strains

Muscular injury associated with local inflammatory reaction frequently occurs in sports medicine, but the individual response and capacity of regeneration vary among subjects. Inflammatory cytokines are probably implicated in activation of repair mechanisms by specifically influencing tissue microenvironment. This work aimed to compare muscle tissue repair in different mouse lineages. We used C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice genetically predisposed to either Type1 or Type2 cytokine production. The role of Type1 cytokines was also investigated in C57IFN‐γ (IFNγ‐KO) and C57IL‐12 (IL12‐KO) knockout mice. Participation of T lymphocytes was assessed in athymic BALB/c nude (nu/nu) mice. Muscular lesion was induced with bupivacaine injection in the Triceps brachii muscle. BALB/c mice showed marked collagen deposition and increased TGF‐β mRNA content, contrasting with mild fibrosis observed in C57BL/6 mice. C57‐IFNγ‐KO mice, exhibited pronounced fibrosis, but IL12‐KO collagen deposition was similar to that of C57. Twenty‐four hours after lesion, C57BL/6 and BALB/cnu/nu presented numerous regenerating myofibres and marked increase of metalloprotease‐9 activity compared with BALB/c. These data support that skeletal muscle remodelling is greatly influenced by the genetic backgrounds, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms influencing differential muscular remodelling and tissue regeneration among individuals.
De Novo Cerebrovascular Malformation in the Adult Mouse After Endothelial Alk1 Deletion and Angiogenic Stimulation

Background and Purpose— In humans, activin receptor-like kinase 1 (Alk1) deficiency causes arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in multiple organs, including the brain. Focal Alk1 pan-cellular deletion plus vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation induces brain AVMs in the adult mouse. We hypothesized that deletion of Alk1 in endothelial cell (EC) alone plus focal vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation is sufficient to induce brain AVM in the adult mouse. Methods— Focal angiogenesis was induced in the brain of 8-week-old Pdgfb-iCreER;Alk12f/2f mice by injection of adeno-associated viral vectors expressing vascular endothelial growth factor. Two weeks later, EC-Alk1 deletion was induced by tamoxifen treatment. Vascular morphology was analyzed, and EC proliferation and dysplasia index (number of vessels with diameter >15 &mgr;m per 200 vessels) were quantified 10 days after tamoxifen administration. Results— Tangles of enlarged vessels resembling AVMs were present in the brain angiogenic region of tamoxifen-treated Pdgfb-iCreER;Alk12f/2f mice. Induced brain AVMs were marked by increased dysplasia index (P<0.001) and EC proliferation clustered within the dysplastic vessels. AVMs were also detected around the ear tag-wound and in other organs. Conclusions— Deletion of Alk1 in EC in adult mice leads to an increased local EC proliferation during brain angiogenesis and de novo brain AVM.
Experiences with mobile processors for energy efficient HPC

The performance of High Performance Computing (HPC) systems is already limited by their power consumption. The majority of top HPC systems today are built from commodity server components that were designed for maximizing the compute performance. The Mont-Blanc project aims at using low-power parts from the mobile domain for HPC. In this paper we present our first experiences with the use of mobile processors and accelerators for the HPC domain based on the research that was performed in the project. We show initial evaluation of NVIDIA Tegra 2 and Tegra 3 mobile SoCs and the NVIDIA Quadro 1000M GPU with a set of HPC micro-benchmarks to evaluate their potential for energy-efficient HPC.
Hp-β-CD-Voriconazole In Situ Gelling System for Ocular Drug Delivery: In Vitro, Stability, and Antifungal Activities Assessment

The objective of the present study was to design ophthalmic delivery systems based on polymeric carriers that undergo sol-to-gel transition upon change in temperature or in the presence of cations so as to prolong the effect of HP-β-CD Voriconazole (VCZ) in situ gelling formulations. The in situ gelling formulations of Voriconazole were prepared by using pluronic F-127 (PF-127) or with combination of pluronic F-68 (PF-68) and sodium alginate by cold method technique. The prepared formulations were evaluated for their physical appearance, drug content, gelation temperature (T gel), in vitro permeation studies, rheological properties, mucoadhesion studies, antifungal studies, and stability studies. All batches of in situ formulations had satisfactory pH ranging from 6.8 to 7.4, drug content between 95% and 100%, showing uniform distribution of drug. As the concentration of each polymeric component was increased, that is, PF-68 and sodium alginate, there was a decrease in T gel with increase in viscosity and mucoadhesive strength. The in vitro drug release decreased with increase in polymeric concentrations. The stability data concluded that all formulations showed the low degradation and maximum shelf life of 2 years. The antifungal efficiency of the selected formulation against Candida albicans and Asperigillus fumigatus confirmed that designed formulation has prolonged effect and retained its properties against fungal infection.
Hidden severe psychiatric morbidity in sentenced prisoners: an Australian study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this survey was to estimate the prevalence of severe mental disorders in a representative sample of sentenced prisoners. METHOD The subjects were selected as a random sample of sentenced prisoners in Melbourne's three metropolitan prisons. Interviews were conducted with 158 men and 31 women. Clinicians used the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID) to diagnose psychotic, affective, and substance use disorders. RESULTS Six prisoners (3%) received current diagnoses of psychotic disorders, and 23 (12%) were diagnosed as having current mood disorders, mainly major depression. A lifetime diagnosis of at least one mental disorder each was made for 82% of the respondents, and in 26% more than one lifetime disorder was diagnosed. Sixty-nine percent received lifetime diagnoses of dependence on or abuse of alcohol, other psychoactive substances, or a combination of these. CONCLUSIONS These findings do not indicate a large-scale shift of deinstitutionalized psychotically ill people from mental hospitals to prisons. They do, however, highlight the diversion into the corrections system of substance-dependent people and the apparent pool of prisoners with largely untreated major depression.
Human annulus signaling cues for nerve outgrowth: In vitro studies

The relationship between neurotrophins produced by human annulus cells, such as neurotrophin‐4 (NT4) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which function in neurite survival and outgrowth, and nerve ingrowth into the disc remains poorly understood. In this work, we tested F11 neurite growth during exposure to control media, media with added nerve growth factor (NGF), conditioned media (CM) harvested from previous human annulus culture, or co‐culture with annulus cells. Co‐culture of F11 cells with annulus cells significantly increased media levels of amphiregulin, BDNF, glial‐derived neurotrophic factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor compared to levels from in culture of F11 cells alone (p ≤ 0.04). Cell‐based assays of neurite growth revealed that BDNF levels present in CM bore a significant (p = 0.01) positive relationship to neurite length and accounted for 38.5% of the change in neurite length. NT4 levels produced during co‐culture with annulus cells bore a significant (p = 0.04) positive relationship to neurite length and accounted for 40.9% of the change in length. Statement of clinical significance: In vitro findings point to a potential role of annulus cells related to nerve ingrowth in vivo, and may have relevance in the outer annulus (where cell numbers are high) or in regions where nerves penetrate into annular tears or fissures. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1456–1465, 2016.
Patterns of abdominal injuries in frontal and side impacts.

Public awareness for safety and vehicle improvements has contributed to significant reduction in injuries secondary to motor vehicle crashes. The spectrum of trauma has shifted from one region of the body to another with varying consequences. For example, airbags have minimized head and neck injuries for adults while emphasizing the lower regions of the human body. Studies have concentrated on the changing patterns of these injuries in frontal impacts. However, there is almost a paucity of data with regard to the characterization of abdominal injuries. Consequently, this study was conducted to determine the patterns of abdominal injuries in frontal and side impacts with an emphasis on more recent crashes. In particular, the frequency and severity of trauma were investigated with a focus on the various abdominal organs (e.g., spleen and liver). Results indicate that side crashes contribute to a large percentage of injuries to the abdomen. The liver and spleen organs are most vulnerable; therefore, it may be beneficial to apply concerted efforts to focus on injury biomechanics research and prioritization activities in these areas of the abdomen. These data may be of benefit to develop anthropomorphic dummies with improved biofidelity.
Preserved sigma 1 ( 1 ) receptor expression and behavioral efficacy in the aged C 57 BL / 6 mouse

The sigma1 ( 1) receptor represents a unique intracellular neuronal protein modulating several neurotransmitter responses with relevant effects on cognitive functions. We examined here its expression and behavioral efficacy during aging. The 1 rec ptor expression was examined in young (2 months old) and aged (24 months old) C57BL/6 mouse brain using comparative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The pro-mnesic effect of PRE-084, a selective 1 agonist, was assessed using a water-maze procedure. The 1 mRNA expression was not affected during aging in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex or cerebellum. The 1 immunolabeling was intense in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, hypothalamus and midbrain of the young mouse and the distribution appeared unchanged in the aged. The subcellular localization was similar in aged and younger animals, the protein being present on nuclear, mitochondrial, endoplasmic reticular and plasmic membranes. At the behavioral level, aged C57BL/6 mice showed deficits in the invisible platform learning, but not when the platform was visible. Animals subjected to a transfer test under repeated treatment with saline or PRE-084 significantly learned the new platform location. This study shows that 1 receptor expression is preserved in aged animals and demonstrates the efficacy of a selective 1 agonist against age-related memory deficits. Targeting this unique receptor may offer an original drug strategy during aging. © 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.