Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Structural and Functional Capacity of Ruminal and Cecal Microbiota in Growing Cattle Was Unaffected by Dietary Supplementation of Linseed Oil and Nitrate

Microorganisms in the digestive tract of ruminants differ in their functionality and ability to use feed constituents. While cecal microbiota play an important role in post-rumen fermentation of residual substrates undigested in the rumen, limited knowledge exists regarding its structure and function. In this trial we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation with linseed oil and nitrate on methane emissions and on the structure of ruminal and cecal microbiota of growing bulls. Animals were allocated to either a CTL (control) or LINNIT (CTL supplemented with 1.9% linseed and 1.0% nitrates) diet. Methane emissions were measured using the GreenFeed system. Microbial diversity was assessed using amplicon sequencing of microbial genomic DNA. Additionally, total RNA was extracted from ruminal contents and functional mcrA and mtt genes were targeted in amplicon sequencing approach to explore the diversity of functional gene expression in methanogens. LINNIT had no effect on methane yield (g/kg DMI) even though it decreased methane production by 9% (g/day; P < 0.05). Methanobrevibacter- and Methanomassiliicoccaceae-related OTUs were more abundant in cecum (72 and 24%) compared to rumen (60 and 11%) irrespective of the diet (P < 0.05). Feeding LINNIT reduced the relative abundance of Methanomassiliicoccaceae mcrA cDNA reads in the rumen. Principal component analysis revealed significant differences in taxonomic composition and abundance of bacterial communities between rumen and cecum. Treatment decreased the relative abundance of a few Ruminococcaceae genera, without affecting global bacterial community structure. Our research confirms a high level of heterogeneity in species composition of microbial consortia in the main gastrointestinal compartments where feed is fermented in ruminants. There was a parallel between the lack of effect of LINNIT on ruminal and cecal microbial community structure and functions on one side and methane emission changes on the other. These results suggest that the sequencing strategy used here to study microbial diversity and function accurately reflected the absence of effect on methane phenotypes in bulls treated with linseed plus nitrate.
Rocking the Youth Vote

To gauge what role the media played in targeting young voters, this study examines the content of the early evening newscasts on Iowa's three major television stations in the month leading up to the 2004 presidential election. Content analysis of 285 campaign news stories shows limited (3.2%) focus on youth, little explicit mention of youth (6%), and rare use of youth as sources in the news (6.3%). However, these findings are much higher than previous content analysis of youth in the 2000 campaign. Results show that television appears not to target young voters and that young voters use Internet and interpersonal channels for political information.
Developmental Maturation of Riboflavin Intestinal Transport in the Rat

ABSTRACT: The intestinal transport of riboflavin in the immature intestine of the suckling rat (14 day old) and its subsequent maturation in weanling (22 day old) and adult (90 day old) rats were investigated using the intestinal everted sac technique. The mucosal-to-serosal transport of 0.5 μM riboflavin was linear with time for 30-min incubation and occurred at a rate of 4.6, 3.6, and 1.6 pmol/g initial tissue wet wt/min in suckling, weanling, and adult rats, respectively. The transport of 0.5 μM riboflavin was higher in the jejunum than the ileum in all age groups. The transport system of riboflavin in all age groups was saturable, energy-, temperature-, and Na+-dependent. Kinetic parameters of the transport process were different. Apparent K, of the transport process was the same in suckling and weanling rats (0.12 and 0.11 μM, respectively) but tripled in adult rats (0.35 μM). On the other hand, a progressive decrease in Vmax from 166 to 122 to 54 pmol/g initial tissue wet weight/30 min was observed in the suckling, weanling, and adult rats, respectively. The present study demonstrates that the characteristics of the transport process of riboflavin is similar in suckling, weanling, and adult rats and occurs by an energy-, temperature-, and Na+-dependent carrier-mediated process. However, the affinity and the activity (or the number) of the transport carriers of riboflavin decrease with maturation.
A defense of a deflationary theory of self-deception

In this thesis I take the basic idea of self-deception to be that of believing something against good evidence to the contrary because you want it to be true. I then identify the central theoretical problem concerning this phenomenon as being that of giving an account of the explanatory connection between the desire and belief in real life cases of this sort. The two main approaches to answering this question in the philosophical literature are traditionalism and deflationism. Traditionalists hold that the desire leads to the belief by motivating the subject to intentionally acquire the belief, a belief he/she initially knows to be false/unwarranted (i.e., it motivates her to intentionally deceive herself), while deflationists deny this. I defend a deflationary account of how self-deceivers end up with their unwarranted beliefs, but one which differs from other deflationist accounts, either in substance or in emphasis, by trying to preserve a central role for agency and intentional action in the explanation and by trying to elucidate the nature of these culpable actions and intentions. Accordingly, an account is developed which holds that self-deceivers end up self-deceived because of their own actions, actions motivated by the relevant desires and emotions, though these actions are not done with an intention to deceive oneself. I try to show how an account of this sort can explain features of self-deception which any such account would be expected to explain, and in a better way than its rivals, including, for instance, the tension of selfdeception, and the fact that self-deceivers are responsible for their own self-deception, while also avoiding the paradoxes that afflict other agency-focused approaches.
Real-Time Control of a Video Game Using Eye Movements and Two Temporal EEG Sensors

EEG-controlled gaming applications range widely from strictly medical to completely nonmedical applications. Games can provide not only entertainment but also strong motivation for practicing, thereby achieving better control with rehabilitation system. In this paper we present real-time control of video game with eye movements for asynchronous and noninvasive communication system using two temporal EEG sensors. We used wavelets to detect the instance of eye movement and time-series characteristics to distinguish between six classes of eye movement. A control interface was developed to test the proposed algorithm in real-time experiments with opened and closed eyes. Using visual feedback, a mean classification accuracy of 77.3% was obtained for control with six commands. And a mean classification accuracy of 80.2% was obtained using auditory feedback for control with five commands. The algorithm was then applied for controlling direction and speed of character movement in two-dimensional video game. Results showed that the proposed algorithm had an efficient response speed and timing with a bit rate of 30 bits/min, demonstrating its efficacy and robustness in real-time control.
Satiation: A New Source of Stylistic Response Variance in Psychometric Measurement

Structural convergences among two sets of measures of response styles were examined in two separate factor analytic studies. Three factors accounting for 61.7% of the total variance were extracted in the first study involving 11 psychometric measures and two factors accounting for 56.7% of the total variance in the second study of five measures. Emerging as a separate factor in both studies (accounting for 10.1 and 22.0% of the total variance and 8.4 and 36.5% of the common variance, respectively) was a factor labelled Satiation. This variance was attributed to differences in boredom/enthusiasm among individuals completing the psychometric questionnaires. This source of variance warrants attention in investigations involving questionnaires with numerous items, especially when the items are on a limited number of topics.
Coping with job insecurity: How does personality make a difference?

Reversing a long-standing tradition of neglect, occupational stress researchers have recently rediscovered the importance of personality disposition in understanding the transformation of stresses into strains and strains into symptoms. Two recent studies of job insecurity in our laboratory provided a fortuitous opportunity to explore the extent of this influence and the mechanisms by which it operates. The most important of our findings is that positive personality attributes impact as strongly on mental health as does negative personality disposition, albeit in the opposite direction. Thus, personality can cushion, as well as aggravate, the impact of occupational stress.
Depression care in the United States: too little for too few.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and adequacy of depression care among different ethnic and racial groups in the United States. DESIGN Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) data were analyzed to calculate nationally representative estimates of depression care. SETTING The 48 coterminous United States. PARTICIPANTS Household residents 18 years and older (N = 15 762) participated in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Past-year depression pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy using American Psychiatric Association guideline-concordant therapies. Depression severity was assessed with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report. Primary predictors were major ethnic/racial groups (Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Caribbean black, African American, and non-Latino white) and World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview criteria for 12-month major depressive episode. RESULTS Mexican American and African American individuals meeting 12-month major depression criteria consistently and significantly had lower odds for any depression therapy and guideline-concordant therapies despite depression severity ratings not significantly differing between ethnic/racial groups. All groups reported higher use of any past-year psychotherapy and guideline-concordant psychotherapy compared with pharmacotherapy; however, Caribbean black and African American individuals reported the highest proportions of this use. CONCLUSIONS Few Americans with recent major depression have used depression therapies and guideline-concordant therapies; however, the lowest rates of use were found among Mexican American and African American individuals. Ethnic/racial differences were found despite comparable depression care need. More Americans with recent major depression used psychotherapy over pharmacotherapy, and these differences were most pronounced among Mexican American and African American individuals. This report underscores the importance of disaggregating ethnic/racial groups and depression therapies in understanding and directing efforts to improve depression care in the United States.
GP and support people’s concerns and priorities for meeting the health care needs of individuals with developmental disabilities: a metropolitan and non‐metropolitan comparison

General practitioners (GPs) from the Australian state of Victoria and support people were surveyed about their concerns and priorities for meeting the health care needs of people with developmental disabilities. Despite the poor response rate (22% and 27%), sampling adequacy was obtained, and the tools were found to have construct validity. According to the results, GPs had concerns about the assessment and management of people with developmental disability and tended to rely on support people. They knew about many services in their communities, but were less likely to know about non‐medical, and government and non‐government disability services. Support people reported concerns about health care service providers’ lack of knowledge, family stress during periods of hospitalisation, and, particularly for rural respondents, the need to travel to access services. There were relatively few differences in responses from metropolitan versus non‐metropolitan respondents, which may be explained by the relative accessibility of Victorian rural towns when compared with other Australian states.
Towards simulating star formation in the interstellar medium

As a first step to a more complete understanding of the local physical processes which determine star formation rates (SFRs) in the interstellar medium (ISM), we have performed controlled numerical experiments consisting of hydrodynamical simulations of a kilo-parsec scale, periodic, highly supersonic and ”turbulent” three-dimensional flow. Using simple but physically motivated recipes for identifying star forming regions, we convert gas into stars which we follow self-consistently as they impact their surroundings through supernovae and stellar winds. We investigate how various processes (turbulence, radiative cooling, self-gravity, and supernovae feedback) structure the ISM, determine its energetics, and consequently affect its SFR. We find that the one-point statistical measurement captured by the probability density function (PDF) is sensitive to the simulated physics. The PDF is consistent with a log-normal distribution for the runs which remove gas for star formation and have radiative cooling, but implement neither supernovae feedback nor self-gravity. In this case, the dispersion, �s, of the log-normal decays with time and scales with p ln(1 + (Mrms/2) 2 ) where Mrms is the root-mean-squared Mach number of the simulation volume, s = ln � , and � is the gas density. With the addition of self-gravity, the log-normal consistently under-predicts the high density end of the PDF which approaches a power law. With supernovae feedback, regardless of whether we consider self-gravity or not, the PDF becomes markedly bimodal with most of the simulation volume occupied by low density gas. Aside from its effect on the density structure of the medium, including self-gravity and/or supernovae feedback changes the dynamics of the medium by halting the decay of the kinetic energy. Since we find that the SFR depends most strongly on the underlying velocity field, the SFR declines in the runs lacking a means to sustain the kinetic energy, and the subsequent high density constrasts. This strong dependence on the gas velocity dispersion is in agreement with Silk’s formula for the SFR (Silk 2001) which also takes the hot gas porosity, and the average gas density as important parameters. Measuring the porosity of the hot gas for the runs with supernovae feedback, we compare Silk’s model for the SFR to our measured SFR and find agreement to better than a factor two.
Identification of hepatitis B virus subgenotype A3 in rural Gabon

An hepatitis B virus (HBV) molecular survey was conducted in five remote villages in the equatorial forest in Gabon, Central Africa. Two hundred seventy out of 311 inhabitants (86.8%) were HBV‐infected or had evidence of past HBV infection. Chronic hepatitis corresponding to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity was suspected in 27 (8.6%) of the HBV‐infected subjects. High HBV viral loads were detected mainly in children aged 4–7 years. The pre‐S/S domains were sequenced in 13 cases and 12 strains belonged to HBV‐A genotype. In one case we found evidence for recombination between genotypes A and E. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Gabonese HBV strains were distinct from HBV‐A subgenotypes (A1 and A2). These new HBV strains from Gabon clustered with previously reported HBV‐A3 subgenotype strains from Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. The analysis of the pre‐S2 domain allowed us to determine two amino acid substitutions (N/152/S and N/174/T) specific to the Central African HBV‐A3 subgenotype strains and one amino acid substitution (P/155/Q) unique to these new Gabonese HBV‐A3 subgenotype isolates. Two full genome sequences of two new Gabonese HBV isolates are also presented and confirm the distinctive HBV‐Gab‐A3 cluster. J. Med. Virol. 78:1175–1184, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutagenic Mapping of the Na-K-Cl Cotransporter for Domains Involved in Ion Transport and Bumetanide Binding

The human and shark Na-K-Cl cotransporters (NKCCs) are 74% identical in amino acid sequence yet they display marked differences in apparent affinities for the ions and bumetanide. In this study, we have used chimeras and point mutations to determine which transmembrane domains (tm's) are responsible for the differences in ion transport and in inhibitor binding kinetics. When expressed in HEK-293 cells, all the mutants carry out bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb influx. The kinetic behavior of these constructs demonstrates that the first seven tm's contain all of the residues conferring affinity differences. In conjunction with our previous finding that tm 2 plays an important role in cation transport, the present observations implicate the fourth and seventh tm helices in anion transport. Thus, it appears that tm's 2, 4, and 7 contain the essential affinity-modifying residues accounting for the human–shark differences with regard to cation and anion transport. Point mutations have narrowed the list of candidates to 13 residues within the three tm's. The affinity for bumetanide was found to be affected by residues in the same tm 2–7 region, and also by residues in tm's 11 and 12. Unlike for the ions, changes in bumetanide affinity were nonlinear and difficult to interpret: the K i(bumetanide) of a number of the constructs was outside the range of sNKCC1 and hNKCC1 K is.
A long-term effect of caries-related factors in initially caries-free children.

AIM The aim of this study was to examine the rate and pattern of early childhood caries development in caries-free children based on their dental plaque accumulations, salivary Streptococcus mutans levels, maternal sharing, oral hygiene, and feeding attitudes at baseline and at 24-month follow-up period. DESIGN A total of 92 children, aged between 15 to 35 months, comprised the study group. The children's dental examinations were first carried out at baseline, and 56 of them were re-examined 24 months later to determine the changes in dental status. The mothers were also interviewed at each examination based on a prepared questionnaire. RESULTS The prevalence of caries incidence was 45% at 24-month evaluation period among initially caries-free children. The new caries formation was mostly observed on occlusal and aproximal surfaces of maxillary molars (28% and 26%) followed by mesial, distal and buccal surfaces of anterior teeth, respectively. Significant correlations between dental caries formation and maternal sharing, S. mutans levels, and plaque scores were found. CONCLUSION The results indicated that early S. mutans colonization, high plaque accumulation, and maternal sharing were important factors on a child's caries development.
Successful pregnancy outcome in a Korean patient with symptomatic Wilson's disease

Wilson's disease is an inherited disease of copper metabolism leading to the toxic accumulation of copper, primarily in the liver and brain. Although the literature shows successful outcomes after proper treatment, pregnant patients with Wilson's disease still need close monitoring and management. Here, we report the case of a successful pregnancy in a Korean woman with Wilson's disease. A 33-year-old primigravid patient with Wilson's disease visited our antenatal clinic. Of her own volition, she had stopped her medication 2 years earlier. Oral zinc oxide therapy was started, and she was closely monitored throughout her pregnancy. She delivered a healthy female infant weighing 3.13 kg through a cesarean section. After delivery, the clinical course of both the mother and the baby were uneventful. We review crucial points in the treatment and the management dilemmas raised by the patient.
Anomia in patients with left inferior temporal lobe lesions

Background: Damage to left inferior temporal cortex has been associated with naming deficits resulting either from impaired access to phonological word forms (pure anomia) or from degraded semantic knowledge (semantic anomia). Neuropsychological evidence indicates that pure anomia may follow damage to posterior inferior temporal cortex (BA 37), whereas semantic anomia is associated with damage to more anterior temporal lobe regions (BA 20, 21, 38). By contrast, some investigators have suggested that it is the overall severity of anomia, rather than the nature of the underlying cognitive impairment, that is affected by the anterior extent of the lesion. Aims: To examine the naming performance of patients with left inferior temporal lobe damage and determine whether anterior extension of the lesion influences the nature and/or the severity of the naming impairment. Methods & Procedures: Eight participants with focal damage to left inferior temporal cortex completed a battery of language measures that included confrontation naming, semantic processing, and single‐word reading and spelling. Degree and type of anomia was examined relative to anterior lesion extension using both visual inspection and statistical analyses. Outcomes & Results: Naming performance ranged from unimpaired to severely defective, with only two participants demonstrating an additional mild impairment of semantic knowledge. The underlying mechanism of anomia seemed to be degraded access to phonological word forms in all participants, regardless of lesion configuration. The severity of the naming impairment was positively correlated with anterior extension of the lesion towards the temporal pole, although additional analyses suggested that these findings were significantly influenced by participant age. Naming was not correlated with performance on the nonverbal semantic task or any other demographic variable. Conclusions: The behavioural and neuroanatomical findings provide modest support for the hypothesis that a relationship exists between anterior lesion extension and the severity of concomitant anomia in patients with left inferior temporal lobe damage. The data suggest that such lesions may disconnect relatively preserved semantic knowledge from regions critical for access to phonological word forms. However, additional research is needed to discern to what extent age and individual variability temper these effects.