Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Closer Look at Pure-Text Human-Interaction Proofs

Human-interaction proofs (HIPs) are used to mitigate automated attacks. Security and usability have always been a critical problem for HIPs, especially when “accessibility” is a system requirement. Pure-text HIPs are more favorable from the usability perspective, but they are not secure. Audio HIPs usually cannot reliably distinguish attacks from legitimate use; they are either easy, and can be automatically solved, or hard, even for humans. In this study, we first compare the usability of a currently used pure-text HIP service, textCAPTCHA, against Google's reCAPTCHA. After analyzing the results, we propose a new HIP system (SMARTCHA). In this system, by using human computation we generate around 21 000 HIP tests. We conduct a user study among 31 visually impaired users to compare SMARTCHA against the latest version of audio reCAPTCHA HIPs. The study results show that SMARTCHA takes less time and is more enjoyable to solve, which suggests that pure-text HIPs could be a promising solution for secure, usable, and accessible HIPs.
A Direct Role for C1 Inhibitor in Regulation of Leukocyte Adhesion 1

Plasma C1 inhibitor (C1INH) is a natural inhibitor of complement and contact system proteases. Heterozygosity for C1INH deficiency results in hereditary angioedema, which is mediated by bradykinin. Treatment with plasma C1INH is effective not only in patients with hereditary angioedema, but also in a variety of other disease models, in which such therapy is accompanied by diminished neutrophil infiltration. The underlying mechanism has been explained primarily as a result of the inhibition of the complement and contact systems. We have shown that C1INH expresses the sialyl-Lewisx tetrasaccharide on its N-linked glycan, via which it binds to E- and P-selectins and interferes with leukocyte-endothelial adhesion in vitro. Here we show that both native C1INH and reactive center cleaved C1INH significantly inhibit selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion in several in vitro and in vivo models, whereas N-deglycosylated C1INH loses such activities. The data support the hypothesis that C1INH plays a direct role in leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion, that the activity is mediated by carbohydrate, and that it is independent of protease inhibitory activity. Direct involvement of C1INH in modulation of selectin-mediated cell adhesion may be an important mechanism in the physiologic suppression of inflammation, and may partially explain its utility in therapy of inflammatory diseases.
Maturity Levels for Police Oversight Agenciespetter Gottschalk

Stages-of-growth models have been applied to a variety of organisations to understand organisational evolution over time. In this article, the case of oversight agencies is explored. Some oversight agencies are more advanced than others and have more appropriate procedures, more advanced knowledge, more successful approaches, and more professional performance management. The advancement and sophistication of an oversight organisation may be determined by means of maturity levels for oversight agencies, as discussed in this article.
Growth during infancy and early childhood in relation to blood pressure and body fat measures at age 8-18 years of IVF children and spontaneously conceived controls born to subfertile parents.

BACKGROUND Little is known about post-natal growth in IVF offspring and the effects of rates of early post-natal growth on blood pressure and body fat composition during childhood and adolescence. METHODS The follow-up study comprised 233 IVF children aged 8-18 years and 233 spontaneously conceived controls born to subfertile parents. Growth data from birth to 4 years of age, available for 392 children (n = 193 IVF, n = 199 control), were used to study early post-natal growth. Furthermore, early post-natal growth velocity (weight gain) was related to blood pressure and skinfold measurements at follow-up. RESULTS We found significantly lower weight, height and BMI standard deviation scores (SDSs) at 3 months, and weight SDS at 6 months of age in IVF children compared with controls. Likewise, IVF children demonstrated a greater gain in weight SDS (P < 0.001), height SDS (P = 0.013) and BMI SDS (P = 0.029) during late infancy (3 months to 1 year) versus controls. Weight gain during early childhood (1-3 years) was related to blood pressure in IVF children (P = 0.014 systolic, 0.04 diastolic) but not in controls. Growth during late infancy was not related to skinfold thickness in IVF children, unlike controls (P = 0.002 peripheral sum, 0.003 total sum). Growth during early childhood was related to skinfold thickness in both IVF and controls (P = 0.005 and 0.01 peripheral sum and P = 0.003 and 0.005 total sum, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Late infancy growth velocity of IVF children was significantly higher compared with controls. Nevertheless, early childhood growth instead of infancy growth seemed to predict cardiovascular risk factors in IVF children. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to follow-up growth and development of IVF children into adulthood.
Essential Evidence-Based Psychopharmacology: Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive–compulsive disorder

Pharmacological strategies for the treatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) continue to develop apace but deﬁciencies remain. We present an updated literature review of the evidence supporting available strategies. We aim to answer key questions including: (1) What are the ﬁrst-line treatments? (2) Does pharmacotherapy improve health-related quality of life? (3) How do we evaluate clinical response and relapse? (4) How long should treatment continue? (5) Can we predict treatment outcomes? (6) What is the management of treatment-refractory OCD? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) remain the pharmacological treatment of choice for most patients and are associated with improved health-related quality of life. However, discontinuation is associated with relapse and loss of quality of life, implying treatment should continue long term. A substantial minority of patients fail to respond to SSRI. Such patients may respond to strategies such as dose elevation or adjunctive antipsychotic, although long-term trials validating the eﬀectiveness and tolerability of these strategies are relatively lacking. Newer compounds targeting other neurotransmitter systems, such as glutamate, are undergoing evaluation.
Attention-based LSTM Network for Cross-Lingual Sentiment Classification

Most of the state-of-the-art sentiment classiﬁ-cation methods are based on supervised learning algorithms which require large amounts of manually labeled data. However, the labeled resources are usually imbalanced in different languages. Cross-lingual sentiment classiﬁcation tackles the problem by adapting the sentiment resources in a resource-rich language to resource-poor languages. In this study, we propose an attention-based bilingual representation learning model which learns the distributed semantics of the documents in both the source and the target languages. In each language, we use Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) network to model the documents, which has been proved to be very effective for word sequences. Meanwhile, we propose a hierarchical attention mechanism for the bilingual LSTM network. The sentence-level attention model learns which sentences of a document are more important for determining the overall sentiment while the word-level attention model learns which words in each sentence are decisive. The proposed model achieves good results on a benchmark dataset using English as the source language and Chinese as the target language.
DIMES: let the internet measure itself

Today's Internet maps, which are all collected from a small number of vantage points, are falling short of being accurate. We suggest here a paradigm shift for this task. DIMES is a distributed measurement infrastructure for the Internet that is based on the deployment of thousands of light weight measurement agents around the globe. We describe the rationale behind DIMES deployment, discuss its design trade-offs and algorithmic challenges, and analyze the structure of the Internet as it seen with DIMES.
Potential Methodological Biases in Research on Learning without Awareness

The role of awareness has been under investigation in second language (L2) acquisition research for many years. Williams' study (2005) has attracted particular interest and has been actively reexamined from a variety of perspectives, and the replications and extensions of the research currently form a research horizon on the intersection of artificial grammar learning and study of L2 acquisition. This paper discusses the potential biases of previously used methodologies and their effects on research outcomes. The current analysis finds that the learning outcomes depend considerably on the extent of assessment of awareness or knowledge acquired.
Combinatorial network of primary and secondary microRNA-driven regulatory mechanisms

Recent miRNA transfection experiments show strong evidence that miRNAs influence not only their target but also non-target genes; the precise mechanism of the extended regulatory effects of miRNAs remains to be elucidated. A hypothetical two-layer regulatory network in which transcription factors (TFs) function as important mediators of miRNA-initiated regulatory effects was envisioned, and a comprehensive strategy was developed to map such miRNA-centered regulatory cascades. Given gene expression profiles after miRNA-perturbation, along with putative miRNA–gene and TF–gene regulatory relationships, highly likely degraded targets were fetched by a non-parametric statistical test; miRNA-regulated TFs and their downstream targets were mined out through linear regression modeling. When applied to 53 expression datasets, this strategy discovered combinatorial regulatory networks centered around 19 miRNAs. A tumor-related regulatory network was diagrammed as an example, with the important tumor-related regulators TP53 and MYC playing hub connector roles. A web server is provided for query and analysis of all reported data in this article. Our results reinforce the growing awareness that non-coding RNAs may play key roles in the transcription regulatory network. Our strategy could be applied to reveal conditional regulatory pathways in many more cellular contexts.
Agricultural intensification, priming for persistence and the emergence of Nipah virus: a lethal bat-borne zoonosis

Emerging zoonoses threaten global health, yet the processes by which they emerge are complex and poorly understood. Nipah virus (NiV) is an important threat owing to its broad host and geographical range, high case fatality, potential for human-to-human transmission and lack of effective prevention or therapies. Here, we investigate the origin of the first identified outbreak of NiV encephalitis in Malaysia and Singapore. We analyse data on livestock production from the index site (a commercial pig farm in Malaysia) prior to and during the outbreak, on Malaysian agricultural production, and from surveys of NiV's wildlife reservoir (flying foxes). Our analyses suggest that repeated introduction of NiV from wildlife changed infection dynamics in pigs. Initial viral introduction produced an explosive epizootic that drove itself to extinction but primed the population for enzootic persistence upon reintroduction of the virus. The resultant within-farm persistence permitted regional spread and increased the number of human infections. This study refutes an earlier hypothesis that anomalous El Niño Southern Oscillation-related climatic conditions drove emergence and suggests that priming for persistence drove the emergence of a novel zoonotic pathogen. Thus, we provide empirical evidence for a causative mechanism previously proposed as a precursor to widespread infection with H5N1 avian influenza and other emerging pathogens.
Effects of space allocation and temperature on periparturient maternal behaviors, steroid concentrations, and piglet growth rates.

Preparturient sows were randomly assigned to either a farrowing crate (n = 12) or farrowing pen (n = 12) across cool and hot seasons (with or without drip cooling) to study space allocation and temperature effects on periparturient maternal behaviors, steroid concentrations, and piglet growth rates. Concentrations of estradiol-17 beta (E2 beta), progesterone (P4), and cortisol were quantified in blood collected from surgically implanted vena cava cannulas. Sows were videotaped from 2 h before to 2 h after farrowing. Similar periparturient behaviors were displayed by all sows, regardless of farrowing environment. Sows in pens had lower (P < .05) prepartum P4 concentrations from d -6 to the day preceding farrowing and a reduced (P < .05) piglet birth interval compared with sows in crates (12.95 +/- 1.35 min vs 18.31 +/- 2.21 min, respectively). Additionally, compared with multiparous sows in crates, multiparous sows in pens weaned heavier piglets (P < .05). Estradiol-17 beta concentrations were lower (P < .01) throughout lactation during hot weather for sows with or without drip cooling, averaging 9.30 pg/mL and 8.57 pg/mL, respectively, compared with 18.65 pg/mL for sows during cool weather. This decrease in E2 beta concentration in sows during hot weather was correlated with an extended (P < .05) interval from weaning to first estrus for the sows in hot weather compared to sows during cool weather. Cortisol concentrations decreased progressively during lactation and were not associated with litter weight gains or the interval between weaning and first estrus.
The Invisible Problem: The Incidence of Olfactory Impairment following Traumatic Brain Injury

Background and aims: As many as 50–60% of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) admitted to rehabilitation facilities may have olfactory impairment (OI). These incidence estimates are derived from studies conducted internationally and there is no comparable data available in the Australian context. The primary aim of this study was to identify the incidence of OI following TBI in a consecutive sample of adults admitted to the Epworth Hospital Brain Injury Rehabilitation Program in Victoria, Australia. A secondary aim was to investigate whether age, duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) and presence of facial fractures made a significant contribution to the prediction of severity of OI. Method: The sample comprised 134 adults (mean age 39.09 years, SD 18.36), the majority of whom had sustained moderate to severe injury (PTA mean 21.57 days, SD 18.78). OI was measured using the Pocket Smell Test (PST) and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Results: Seventy-three participants (54.48%) demonstrated OI on the PST whereas 89 (66.42%) demonstrated OI on the UPSIT. Age, PTA duration, and presence of facial fractures predicted 10.3% of the variance in severity of OI. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of adults admitted for rehabilitation following TBI has OI. Accurate assessment and appropriate management of post-traumatic OI must be incorporated into rehabilitation programs.
A Framework for the Study of Public Mood

In this paper we present a theoreticalframework for the study of "public mood. " We define public mood as a diffuse affective state, having distinct positive and negative components, that people experience because of their membership in a particular political community. Drawing on several different literatures, we present a typology of the etiology of public mood. Public mood has multiple origins, including chronic predisposing factors, personal and collective experiences, and discrete emotional responses to short-term events. Using a local survey, we provide a preliminary investigation of the usefulness of the typology. We then discuss some of the consequences of public mood for evaluations and judgments. We argue that public mood functions as an additional consideration in the formation of attitude responses. In our test of this idea, we find that public mood is quite influential in shaping attitudes, even when controlling for other causes.
Cue Utilization and Broad Indicators of Workplace Expertise

Where occupational performance outcomes are difficult to measure, there is a tendency to associate expertise with years of experience and/or previous occupational position. Although useful, these indicators represent composite constructs that embody a number of different variables, only some of which may be strongly associated with the transition to expertise. In identifying an alternative measure of expertise, it is necessary to consider the cognitive processes associated with expert performance, in particular, the role of cue utilization. The present study, conducted in the context of software engineering, was designed to test the relationship between cue utilization and self, peer, and error management indicators of expertise. The results indicated that participants who exhibited relatively higher levels of cue utilization were significantly more likely to self-report engaging in behaviors associated with expert decision making, to be nominated as an expert by their peers, and to demonstrate superior error management when developing solutions to development problems.
Student Behavior and Interaction Patterns With an LMS as Motivation Predictors in E-Learning Settings

Student motivation is an important factor for the successful completion of an e-learning course. Detecting motivational problems for particular students at an early stage of a course opens the door for instructors to be able to provide additional motivating activities for these students. This paper analyzes how the behavior patterns in the interaction of each particular student with the contents and services in a learning management system (LMS) can be used to predict student motivation and if this student motivation can be used to predict the successful completion of an e-learning course. The interactions of 180 students of six different universities taking a course in three consecutive years are analyzed.
Screening for diabetes in patients with inflammatory rheumatological disease administered long-term prednisolone: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess the effect of long-term prednisolone on fasting and post-glucose load glucose concentration in patients with inflammatory rheumatological disease. We hypothesized that prednisolone would predominantly increase post-glucose load glucose concentration and that fasting glucose would have poor sensitivity as a screening test for diabetes in patients receiving chronic prednisolone therapy. METHODS In a cross-sectional study of subjects with inflammatory rheumatological disease but without known diabetes, 60 subjects [age = 70 (±10) years, 62% female] who were receiving chronic (>6 months) prednisolone [6.5 (±2.1) mg/day] (Group 1) and 58 controls [age = 70 (±11) years, 62% female] who had not received oral glucocorticoids for at least 6 months (Group 2) underwent an oral glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Fasting glucose was significantly lower [5.0 (±0.1) vs. 5.3 (±0.1) mmol/l, P = 0.02) and post-glucose load glucose concentration significantly higher [8.0 (±0.4) vs. 6.8 (±0.3) mmol/l, P = 0.02] in Group 1 than in Group 2. In a multiple regression analysis, glucocorticoid use (P = 0.004) and log CRP (P = 0.02) were independently associated with fasting glucose, while waist circumference (P = 0.01), but not glucocorticoid use, was independently associated with post-glucose load glucose concentration. A fasting glucose ≥5.6 mmol/l had 33 and 83% sensitivity for diabetes in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. CONCLUSION There is discordance between a reduced fasting and increased post-glucose load glucose concentration in rheumatological patients on long-term prednisolone. Therefore fasting glucose has poor sensitivity to screen for diabetes in prednisolone-treated patients. Treatment of prednisolone-induced hyperglycaemia should be directed at the postprandial period. Trial registration. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, http://www.anzctr. org.au/, ACTRN12607000540415.
Integrating Personality and Coping Styles in Predicting Well-Being Across Cultures

By Diem Phan, Ph.D. Washington State University July 2013 Chair: A. Timothy Church This study investigated an integrated model of personality and coping styles in predicting well-being among Asian and European Americans. Participants were 297 European American and 210 Asian American college-aged students and community members. Participants completed the Big Five Inventory (BFI; Benet-Martinez & John, 1998), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE; Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scales (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988), and Social Well-Being Scale (SWBS; Keyes, 1998). The Asian American participants also completed the Asian American Multidimensional Acculturation Scale (AAMAS; Chung, Kim, & Abreu, 2004). Hypothesis 1 was largely supported, demonstrating the complex relationships among personality, coping, and well-being. The fit of the overall integrated structural model was fair. The majority of the hypothesized paths were statistically significant for both samples. Hypothesis 2 was not supported. The path coefficient relating emotion-focused coping to subjective well-being was not more negative for Asian Americans than for European Americans. Hypothesis 3 was not supported. The path coefficient relating problem-focused coping and subjective well-being was not significantly more positive for European Americans than Asian Americans. Hypothesis 4 was partially supported. As predicted, European Americans reported
Trends in Austral jet position in ensembles of high‐ and low‐top CMIP5 models

[1] Trends in the position of the DJF Austral jet have been analyzed for multimodel ensemble simulations of a subset of high- and low-top models for the periods 1960–2000, 2000–2050, and 2050–2098 under the CMIP5 historical, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 scenarios. Comparison with ERA-Interim, CFSR and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis shows that the DJF and annual mean jet positions in CMIP5 models are equatorward of reanalyses for the 1979–2006 mean. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the mean jet position in the high-top models moves 3 degrees poleward of its 1860–1900 position by 2098, compared to just over 2 degrees for the low-top models. Changes in jet position are linked to changes in the meridional temperature gradient. Compared to low-top models, the high-top models predict greater warming in the tropical upper troposphere due to increased greenhouse gases for all periods considered: up to 0.28 K/decade more in the period 2050–2098 under the RCP8.5 scenario. Larger polar lower-stratospheric cooling is seen in high-top models: −1.64 K/decade compared to −1.40 K/decade in the period 1960–2000, mainly in response to ozone depletion, and −0.41 K/decade compared to −0.12 K/decade in the period 2050–2098, mainly in response to increases in greenhouse gases. Analysis suggests that there may be a linear relationship between the trend in jet position and meridional temperature gradient, even under strong forcing. There were no clear indications of an approach to a geometric limit on the absolute magnitude of the poleward shift by 2100.