Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
It's Not the Language: Alternative Explanations of the Education Gap for African American Children

This article encourages educators and speech–language pathologists to look beyond the language of African American English speakers for an explanation of the Black–White achievement gap in education. A brief historical overview shows that the attention to the performance of African American children in school began many years ago but gained prominence at the height of integration. Explanations typically target the children and their circumstances. However, success stories are evident throughout the professional literature that illustrate that the achievement gap can be reduced by making major changes in the educational environment and teaching strategies.
Trans,trans-muconic acid in urine samples collected in three periods from benzene handling workers in a Brazilian refinery

Trans,trans-Muconic Acid (ttMA), a benzene metabolite, has been recommended as a sensitive bioindicator in the biological monitoring of workers exposed to benzene. In the present study we aimed to evaluate the best urine collecting time for ttMA analysis. This bioindicator was determined in workers who handle benzene once a week and the samples were collected in three periods: pre-shift (individual background levels), post-shift and in the day after, in the morning. ttMA was analysed by a high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in a reverse-phase column LiChrosorb RP 18 and UV detection, after extraction in Dowex 1® resin (strongly basic anion). In occupationally exposed workers, ttMA values were significantly higher in post-shift samples (p=0.025) than in the pre-shift samples or those collected the following day. The results show that the end of the shift is the best period to take urine samples in benzene biomonitoring when analysing ttMA. Tobacco use and ingestion of foods containing sorbic acid did not show significant influence on urinary ttMA levels, but alcohol intake diminished significantly the excretion of this bioindicator in post-shift samples.
Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification

Marine pCO2 enrichment via ocean acidification (OA), upwelling and release from carbon capture and storage (CCS) facilities is projected to have devastating impacts on marine biomineralisers and the services they provide. However, empirical studies using stable endpoint pCO2 concentrations find species exhibit variable biological and geochemical responses rather than the expected negative patterns. In addition, the carbonate chemistry of many marine systems is now being observed to be more variable than previously thought. To underpin more robust projections of future OA impacts on marine biomineralisers and their role in ecosystem service provision, we investigate coralline algal responses to realistically variable scenarios of marine pCO2 enrichment. Coralline algae are important in ecosystem function; providing habitats and nursery areas, hosting high biodiversity, stabilizing reef structures and contributing to the carbon cycle. Red coralline marine algae were exposed for 80 days to one of three pH treatments: (i) current pH (control); (ii) low pH (7.7) representing OA change; and (iii) an abrupt drop to low pH (7.7) representing the higher rates of pH change observed at natural vent systems, in areas of upwelling and during CCS releases. We demonstrate that red coralline algae respond differently to the rate and the magnitude of pH change induced by pCO2 enrichment. At low pH, coralline algae survived by increasing their calcification rates. However, when the change to low pH occurred at a fast rate we detected, using Raman spectroscopy, weaknesses in the calcite skeleton, with evidence of dissolution and molecular positional disorder. This suggests that, while coralline algae will continue to calcify, they may be structurally weakened, putting at risk the ecosystem services they provide. Notwithstanding evolutionary adaptation, the ability of coralline algae to cope with OA may thus be determined primarily by the rate, rather than magnitude, at which pCO2 enrichment occurs.
Collaboration and the Quality of User Generated Ideas in Online Innovation Communities

Enabled by Internet-based technologies, users are increasingly participating and collaborating in idea generation in online innovation communities. Beyond increasing the quantity of ideas contributed by users, firms are looking to obtain innovation ideas of better quality. However, with the limited understanding of the phenomenon, few studies have focused on investigating what determines the quality of collaboratively generated user ideas in online innovation communities. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by investigating the antecedents of the quality of user generated ideas from a knowledge collaboration perspective. Based on this perspective, we propose that idea creation effort, peer co-production, and peer feedback will directly and interactively influence the quality of user generated ideas. The model was tested with archival data from the SAPien’s innovation community as well as idea quality rating data from experts. The results reveal that idea creation effort and peer feedback affect the quality of user generated idea. Further, idea creation effort negatively moderates the relationship between peer co-production and the quality of user generated ideas.
What Do People Want from Their Jobs? The Big Five, Core Self-Evaluations and Work Motivation

If people are differentially motivated on the basis of individual differences, this implies important practical consequences with respect to staffing decisions and the selection of the right motivational techniques for managers. In two different samples (students facing graduation vs full-time employees), the relationships between personality traits and the preference for job characteristics concerning either extrinsic (job environment) or intrinsic job features (work itself) were investigated. Two personality traits [openness to experience and core self-evaluations (CSE)] were consistently found to be positively related to the preference concerning work characteristics, and CSE showed incremental validity with regard to intrinsic work motivation factors (e.g., experienced meaningfulness, autonomy). Furthermore, age was differentially linked to those job characteristics. The results are discussed with regards to the optimal Person–Job Fit and the practical utility of the personality constructs.
A secure identity-based capability system

The author presents the design of an identity-based capability protection system called ICAP, which is aimed at a distributed system in a network environment. The semantics of traditional capabilities are modified to incorporate subject identities. This enables the monitoring, mediating, and recording of capability propagations to enforce security policies. It also supports administrative activities such as traceability. The author has developed an exception-list approach to achieve rapid revocation and the idea of capability propagation trees for complete revocation. Compared with existing capability system designs, ICAP requires much less storage and has the potential of lower cost and better real-time performance. The author proposes to expand R.Y. Kain and C.E. Landwehr's (1987) design taxonomy of capability-based systems to cover a wider range of designs. <<ETX>>
Nonverbal Behaviors, Persuasion, and Credibility

This study examined the relationships among nonverbal behaviors, dimensions of source credibility, and speaker persuasiveness in a public speaking context. Relevant nonverbal literature was organized according to a Brunswikian lens model. Nonverbal behavioral composites, grouped according to their likely proximal percepts, were hypothesized to significantly affect both credibility and persuasiveness. A sample of 60 speakers gave videotaped speeches that were judged on credibility and persuasiveness by classmates. Pairs of trained raters coded 22 vocalic, kinesic, and proxemic nonverbal behaviors evidenced in the tapes. Results confirmed numerous associations between nonverbal behaviors and attributions of credibility and persuasiveness. Greater perceived competence and composure were associated with greater vocal and facial pleasantness, with greater facial expressiveness contributing to competence perceptions. Greater sociability was associated with more kinesic/proxemic immediacy, dominance, and relaxation and with vocal pleasantness. Most of these same cues also enhanced character judgments. No cues were related to dynamism judgments. Greater perceived persuasiveness correlated with greater vocal pleasantness (especially fluency and pitch variety), kinesic/proxemic immediacy, facial expressiveness, and kinesic relaxation (especially high random movement but little tension). All five dimensions of credibility related to persuasiveness. Advantages of analyzing nonverbal cues according to proximal percepts are discussed.
Fetal glucocorticoid-regulated pathways are not affected by inhaled corticosteroid use for asthma during pregnancy.

RATIONALE Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are currently advised for the control of asthma during pregnancy, despite the lack of evidence regarding potential systemic effects on maternal, placental, and fetal systems. OBJECTIVES To determine maternal plasma concentrations of cortisol, estriol, osteocalcin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone in pregnant women with asthma (n = 156) and without asthma (n = 51). METHODS During each trimester of pregnancy, the use and dose of ICS was recorded and blood samples were collected. Ultrasound was performed at 18 and 30 weeks' gestation, and birth weight and fetal sex were recorded at delivery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Maternal hormone concentrations were not affected by the presence of asthma; however, they were inhibited by ICS use in a dose-dependent manner. This was dependent on fetal sex: in pregnancies with a female, ICS was inversely associated with maternal cortisol in first trimester and inversely associated with maternal osteocalcin in second and third trimester. When pregnant with a male, no effect of ICS dose was observed on maternal cortisol, estriol, or osteocalcin levels, whereas corticotropin-releasing hormone levels were increased with ICS use only in the first trimester. CONCLUSIONS Maternal glucocorticoid-regulated systems appeared susceptible to ICS only when pregnant with a female. Fetal adrenal function appeared unaffected by ICS in pregnancies of both males and females. This provides clinically important information suggesting that ICS do not exert effects on glucocorticoid-regulated pathways in the fetus, and therefore are unlikely to contribute to adverse effects on fetal growth and development.
Effects of levosimendan on mortality in patients with septic shock: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Object Several studies have investigated a survival benefit for levosimendan treatment in patients with septic shock. However, data are conflicting. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of levosimendan treatment on mortality in patients with septic shock. Materials and Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library Databases up to March 27, 2017, without language restrictions. We searched for terms related to septic shock, levosimendan, randomized clinical trial. Randomized controlled trials reported the effect of levosimendan on mortality were included. Moreover, we constructed the trial sequential analysis (TSA) to determine the reliability of the outcomes. Furthermore, secondary outcomes were cardiac index(CI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), blood lactate, norepinephrine dose and length of ICU stay. Results Ten studies with a total of 816 patients were included in this meta-analysis. There was no significant difference in the mortality between the levosimendan group and the standard inotropic therapy group [RR = 0.96, 95% CI (0.81–1.12), I2 = 0]. However, methods adapted from formal interim monitoring boundaries applied to TSA indicated that the cumulative evidence was unreliable and inconclusive. Blood lactate was significantly reduced in the levosimendan group while there was no difference in MAP, CI, norepinephrine dose and length of ICU stay. Conclusions Findings from this meta-analysis demonstrated that levosimendan treatment may not reduce mortality in patients with septic shock. The result remains inclusive and further randomized controlled trials were needed to confirm these conclusions.
Joint Perception of a Shared Object: A Minimalist Perceptual Crossing Experiment

The minimalist perceptual crossing paradigm has emphasized the essential role of interpersonal dynamics on social understanding. Within the particular case of minimalist interaction, it has been argued that interpersonal processes can constitute social cognition, at least partially, which calls for a paradigm shift in social cognition studies. In this paper, we review several perceptual crossing experiments and their theoretical implications, and propose an original experiment to go beyond strictly dyadic interactions. Whereas past experiments have used objects as distracters of dyadic interaction, our experiment aims at integrating objects themselves as the goal of interpersonal coordination. We asked 24 subjects to participate in a minimalist perceptual crossing experiment where they had to decide, based on their on-line interaction in a one-dimensional digital space, which of the objects they perceived was also perceptible by their partner. The main results suggest that the mutual awareness of a shared object (SO) arises from the quality of sensorimotor coordination between the partners. Indeed, the presence of a SO acts as a simultaneous affordance that attracts and structures individual perceptive activities, giving both partners the opportunity to co-construct a shared world where their respective actions make sense. We discuss our results by way of an enactive account of social cognition, taking the joint perception of a SO as a first step to account for joint attention.
Conformity in the Asch situation: A comparison between contemporary British and US university students

In a cross-cultural study of the Asch effect, the present study found contemporary British and US university students did not differ significantly in their responses to unanimous peer-group opinion. While the number of obtained error responses was significantly less that those reported by Asch (1951, 1952, 1956), it was also significantly greater than zero. It is suggested that, although the Asch effect has weakened over the past 30 years, it remains an observable minority behaviour: that is, there is still an identifiable small set of university students who will conform to group pressure in the Asch situation.
Muscarinic regulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens

Significance Increases in dopamine (DA) concentration in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are required for reward seeking, motivation, and motor control. In this article, we describe how release of another neurotransmitter, acetylcholine (ACh), affects DA transmission and concentration in the NAc. Specifically, we observed that activation of muscarinic M2 and M4 ACh receptors depressed, whereas activation of muscarinic M5 ACh receptors potentiated, DA transmission in the NAc. These findings reconcile a long-standing controversy on the roles of muscarinic receptors on DA transmission in the NAc and are highly relevant for the development of novel muscarinic drugs aimed at modulating dopaminergic signaling for therapeutic purposes. Cholinergic transmission in the striatum functions as a key modulator of dopamine (DA) transmission and synaptic plasticity, both of which are required for reward and motor learning. Acetylcholine (ACh) can elicit striatal DA release through activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on DA axonal projections. However, it remains controversial how muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) modulate striatal DA release, with studies reporting both potentiation and depression of striatal DA transmission by mAChR agonists. This study investigates the mAChR-mediated regulation of release from three types of midbrain neurons that project to striatum: DA, DA/glutamate, and glutamate neurons. We found that M5 mAChRs potentiate DA and glutamate release only from DA and DA/glutamate projections from the midbrain. We also show that M2/M4 mAChRs depress the nAChR-dependent mechanism of DA release in the striatum. These results suggest that M5 receptors on DA neuron terminals enhance DA release, whereas M2/M4 autoreceptors on cholinergic terminals inhibit ACh release and subsequent nAChR-dependent DA release. Our findings clarify the mechanisms of mAChR-dependent modulation of DA and glutamate transmission in the striatum.
Measuring public perceptions of the police

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test Mastrofski's six‐dimensional conceptualization of perceived service quality of the police.Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on data collected from a mail survey of residents in a suburban Virginia (USA) community and uses confirmatory factor analysis to test the six‐dimensional model of service quality.Findings – The six‐dimensional model does not fit the data. Instead a one‐factor model fits the data, suggesting that public perceptions of police service quality are a one‐dimensional construct.Research implications – Further research is necessary on two fronts. First, research should seek to determine whether the findings are consistent across different community contexts and types of samples. Second, research on related perceptual constructs, including procedural justice and legitimacy, should explore measurement properties in more detail.Originality/value – This is one of few studies to examine the construct validity of public perception measure.
Resting Prefrontal Cortex Asymmetry and Communication Apprehension, Verbal Aggression, and Other Social Interaction Constructs: A Meta-Analytic Review

A large corpus of neuroscience research suggests that resting levels of asymmetry in the anterior region of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) underlies the ability to self-regulate emotions and behaviors related to affective traits. Several studies have specifically linked resting asymmetry in the PFC to variables of interest to interpersonal communication scholars. These variables include verbal aggression, shyness and communication apprehension, social competence, sociability, perspective-taking, and interpersonal defensiveness. Meta-analysis of the studies examining resting asymmetry in the PFC and these other variables indicated that (a) an average sample-weighted (attenuated) correlation of . 437 (average r = .447 when corrected for attenuation) and (b) all of the variance in r was attributable to sampling error.
ANALYSES OF THE PREDICTIVE VALIDITY OF THE SAT® AND HIGH SCHOOL GRADES FROM 1976 TO 1985

Since 1964, colleges have been sending data to the College Board Validity Study Service in order to determine the degree to which measures used in admissions predict college performance. These studies have allowed for the monitoring of general trends in the relationship of SAT scores and high school grades with freshman grades. Beginning in the early-1970s and continuing to the mid-1970s, the observed average correlations of SAT scores with freshman grades increased dramatically. In the decade that followed, the strength of this relationship gradually declined. In order to determine to what extent the observed variations in the average correlations might be associated with the composition of colleges conducting validity studies each year, validity data were analyzed for the enrolling classes of 1976 to 1985. Estimates of change, based on a repeated measures estimation approach utilizing data from colleges conducting more than one predictive validity study within the 10-year period, and correcting for the restriction of range in SAT scores and high school record, indicated a general linear trend from 1976 to 1985. The correlations of SAT scores with first-year college grades declined from about . 51 to about . 47, for a change of approximately . 04, There was less change during this period for private colleges, small colleges, and more selective colleges.
Cdk5 is required for multipolar-to-bipolar transition during radial neuronal migration and proper dendrite development of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex

The mammalian cerebral cortex consists of six layers that are generated via coordinated neuronal migration during the embryonic period. Recent studies identified specific phases of radial migration of cortical neurons. After the final division, neurons transform from a multipolar to a bipolar shape within the subventricular zone-intermediate zone (SVZ-IZ) and then migrate along radial glial fibres. Mice lacking Cdk5 exhibit abnormal corticogenesis owing to neuronal migration defects. When we introduced GFP into migrating neurons at E14.5 by in utero electroporation, we observed migrating neurons in wild-type but not in Cdk5-/- embryos after 3-4 days. Introduction of the dominant-negative form of Cdk5 into the wild-type migrating neurons confirmed specific impairment of the multipolar-to-bipolar transition within the SVZ-IZ in a cell-autonomous manner. Cortex-specific Cdk5 conditional knockout mice showed inverted layering of the cerebral cortex and the layer V and callosal neurons, but not layer VI neurons, had severely impaired dendritic morphology. The amount of the dendritic protein Map2 was decreased in the cerebral cortex of Cdk5-deficient mice, and the axonal trajectory of cortical neurons within the cortex was also abnormal. These results indicate that Cdk5 is required for proper multipolar-to-bipolar transition, and a deficiency of Cdk5 results in abnormal morphology of pyramidal neurons. In addition, proper radial neuronal migration generates an inside-out pattern of cerebral cortex formation and normal axonal trajectories of cortical pyramidal neurons.
Creativity and the Subliminal Manipulation of Projected Self-Images.

Abstract: This is a report of two experiments on the relationship between creativity and the effects of manipulations of self‐image. Creativity was estimated with the Creative Functioning Test (CFT), an assessment of the tendency to bar the use of subjective interpretations when the support for a “correct” interpretation is being gradually eroded. Self‐image was manipulated in the Identification Test (IT). This involves a backwards masking design in which an ambiguous picture of a face is presented briefly on a viewing screen, preceded by either of two subliminal verbal messages. These were I SUPERIOR and I INFERIOR in a pilot study (n = 25) and I GOOD and I BAD in the main study (n = 33). In the latter, there was also an interview which served to further cross‐validate the CFT. In both studies, creative subjects alternated between reporting young faces and adult ones significantly more often than uncreative subjects. Their identity was not, then, fixedly adult. Creative and uncreative subjects also defen.
Toward a Phonetic Representation of Hand Configuration: The Fingers

In this article we describe a componential, articulatory approach to the phonetic description of the configuration of the four fingers. Abandoning the traditional holistic, perceptual approach, we propose a system of notational devices and distinctive features for the description of the four fingers proper (index, middle, ring, and pinky). Specifically, we suggest that the configuration of the fingers is best understood as a componential combination of the positions of each of the three joints of each finger.