Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation for liver transplantation in adults: 2013 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the American Society of Transplantation

Guidelines on Evaluation for Liver Transplantation (LT) were published in 2005 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD). In the interim there have been major advances in the management of chronic liver disease, most notably in antiviral therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has assumed increasing prominence as a cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) requiring liver transplant. Furthermore, individual disease indications for LT such as HCC have been refined and specific guidelines have appeared for chronic viral hepatitis. Reflecting the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation of this complex group of patients who have the comorbidities typical of middle age, recommendations have been developed to assist in their cardiac management. With an increasing number of long-term survivors of LT there has been a greater focus on quality of life and attention to comorbid conditions impacting recipient longevity. The purpose of the current Guidelines is to provide an evidence-based set of recommendations for the evaluation of adult patients who are potentially candidates for LT. These recommendations provide a data-supported approach. They are based on the following: (1) formal review and analysis of the recently published world literature on the topic; (2) guideline policies covered by the AASLDPolicy on Development and Use of Practice Guidelines; and (3) the experience of the authors in the specified topic. Intended for use by physicians, these recommendations suggest preferred approaches to the diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive aspects of care. They are intended to be flexible, in contrast to standards of care, which are inflexible policies to be followed in every case. Specific recommendations are based on relevant published information. To more fully characterize the available evidence supporting the recommendations, the AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee has adopted the classification used by the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) workgroup with minor modifications (Table 1). The classifications and recommendations are based on three categories: the source of evidence in levels I through III; the quality of evidence designated by high (A), moderate (B), or low quality (C); and the strength of recommendations classified as strong or weak. *
PolyCheck: dynamic verification of iteration space transformations on affine programs

High-level compiler transformations, especially loop transformations, are widely recognized as critical optimizations to restructure programs to improve data locality and expose parallelism. Guaranteeing the correctness of program transformations is essential, and to date three main approaches have been developed: proof of equivalence of affine programs, matching the execution traces of programs, and checking bit-by-bit equivalence of program outputs. Each technique suffers from limitations in the kind of transformations supported, space complexity, or the sensitivity to the testing dataset. In this paper, we take a novel approach that addresses all three limitations to provide an automatic bug checker to verify any iteration reordering transformations on affine programs, including non-affine transformations, with space consumption proportional to the original program data and robust to arbitrary datasets of a given size. We achieve this by exploiting the structure of affine program control- and data-flow to generate at compile-time lightweight checker code to be executed within the transformed program. Experimental results assess the correctness and effectiveness of our method and its increased coverage over previous approaches.
A Cross-Linguistic Perspective on Imagery and Affect in Reading: Dual Coding in Chinese and English

Three studies of bilingual readers' nonverbal responses were conducted in China. Participants read a text in either English or Chinese about a train trip, then gave reports of imagery experienced during reading and rated text segments for vividness of imagery. These procedures were repeated for emotional responses. In the first experiment, readers of the English version reported fewer images and emotional responses than did those reading the Chinese version. In the second study, readers of the English version were allowed to write their reports in Chinese, but there was no increase in number of reports. In the third study, English readers wrote their reports in Chinese. No significant difference was found in the ratings or number of reports of affect, but English readers still produced fewer reports of imagery. Qualitative analysis of these reports showed that English readers did not understand the passage as well as the Chinese readers did. However, imagery and affect were formed even in the absence of total understanding, showing they are fundamental aspects of foreign language reading.
Early Coursework and College Experience Predictors of Persistence at a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Utilizing survival analysis, we examined two key first year courses, mathematics and English, and tested whether they were predictive for long-term student success as measured by persistence to graduation at a Hispanic-serving research university. While first math and first English courses were significant, SAT score was not for Hispanic and Black students. High school grade point average (GPA) was significant for Hispanic students but not for White or Black students.
A Historical Appraisal of Clicks: A Linguistic and Genetic Population Perspective

Clicks are often considered an exotic feature of languages, and the fact that certain African "Khoisan" groups share the use of clicks as consonants and exhibit deep genetic divergences has been argued to indicate that clicks trace back to an early common ancestral language (Knight et al. 2003). Here, we review the linguistic evidence concerning the use of click sounds in languages and the genetic evidence concerning the relationships of African click-speaking groups. The linguistic evidence suggests that genealogical inheritance and contact-induced transmission are equally relevant for the distribution of clicks in African languages. The genetic evidence indicates that there has been substantial genetic drift in some groups, obscuring their genetic relationships. Overall, the presence of clicks in human languages may in fact not trace back to the dawn of human language, but instead reflect a much later episode in the diversification of human speech.
Penile Length and Anogenital Distance in Male Newborns From Different Iranian Ethnicities in Golestan Province

Background: Anogenital distance (AGD) is a feasible and accepted parameter of exogenous or endogenous androgens effects on development of reproductive system. Objectives: Since there is no report on penile length (PL) and AGD in our region, we investigated these parameters in male newborns in Golestan Province, Iran. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we measured stretched PL and AGD in term newborns from different races in Dezyani Gynecologic Hospital of Gorgan, Iran. We also recorded the anthropometric parameters and maternal age. The data was analyzed using the SPSS 14. Results: Means of PL and AGD of 427 healthy term newborns were 32.1 ± 3.5 and 24.5 ± 2.5 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation between PL and AGD (r = 0.097, P = 0.046). According to their ethnicity, there were 166 Fars (38.9%), 129 Turkmen (30.2%), and 132 Sistani (30.9%) infants with mean PL of respectively 31.8 ± 3.9, 32.3 ± 3.3, and 32.4 ± 3.3 mm and mean AGD of respectively 25 ± 2.5, 24.3 ± 2.5, and 24 ± 2.5 mm. One Fars neonate (0.23%) had micropenis (PL = 21.3 mm). Conclusions: Using -2.5 standard deviations as the cutoff for micropenis, a newborn infant in Golestan Province with a PL of < 23.3 mm had micropenis; however, more investigations are needed to clarify this issue.
Crowd flight in response to police dispersal techniques: a momentary lapse of reason?

There has been much debate about the use of certain public order policing tactics in Britain in response to the disorder seen in recent years. This paper explored the use of an indiscriminate public order tactic that has received comparatively less attention, that of crowd dispersal techniques. More specifically, the use of police charges (either by mounted police or on foot) and subsequent collective flight was investigated. An interview study was conducted with 20 participants who experienced such charges at protests in English cities. Thematic analysis of the data found that although participants reported fear and initial crowd scattering, these instinctive responses were quickly replaced by more socialised reactions, such as co-operation with others and an increased sense of collective unity. Furthermore, participants reported greater determination to resist what were considered as illegitimate attacks by the police. This increased collective unity was explained in terms of a shared sense of experience that was similar to that found in previous crowd behaviour research. It was concluded that rather than fragmenting crowds, the tactic of crowd dispersal can unite previously heterogeneous groups to resist further police charges and so may be counter-productive as a public order policing strategy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Light interception and radiation use efficiency response to narrow-wide row planting patterns in maize

The light deficiency in the canopy is not the main factor limiting maize (Zea mays L.) production but the lower radiation use efficiency (RUE). Conservation tillage planting patterns were used to construct a sustainable agricultural system for soil protection and higher RUE. On these bases, we tried to create more uniform light distribution in crop canopy for increasing radiation use efficiency by narrow-wide row planting patterns. Maize were cultivated in three planting patterns: (1) narrow-wide rows of “30 cm + 170 cm” (P1, i.e. narrow row is 30 cm, wide row is 170 cm with density 6.4 plants m -2 ), (2) “40 cm + 90 cm” (P2, i.e. narrow row is 40 cm, wide row is 90 cm with density 6.4 plants m -2 ); and (3) uniform row of “65 cm” (CK, i.e. uniform row is 65 cm with density 6.4 plants m -2 ). The mechanisms of the maize canopy creation during the growth development period were examined. Moreover, the fractions of light interception ( F), leaf area index (LAI), leaf mass per unit area (LMA), canopy extinction coefficient ( K) and RUE were compared. In three planting patterns, K values exhibit a P1<P2<CK feature. The differences in LMA of the three patterns were not significant (LSD, p<0.05). The fractions of light interception value (F) in P1 was significantly lower than that in P2 and CK, whereas its LAI was almost equal to that of CK and P2. RUE was the largest in P2. Therefore, with similar plant density, LAI was not affected by planting patterns. Although light interception was lower in narrow-wide row planting patterns while CK was highest in three patterns, the canopy light environment in narrow-wide row planting patterns was improved and RUE was significantly increased, especially in P2.
An Empirical Model of Advertising Dynamics

This paper develops a model of dynamic advertising competition, and applies it to the problem of optimal advertising scheduling through time. In many industries we observe advertising “pulsing”, whereby firms systematically switch advertising on and off at a high-frequency. Hence, we observe periods of zero and non-zero advertising, as opposed to a steady level of positive advertising. Previous research has rationalized pulsing through two features of the sale response function: an S-shaped response to advertising, and long-run effects of current advertising on demand. Despite considerable evidence for advertising carry-over, existing evidence for non-convexities in the shape of the sales-response to advertising has been limited and, often, mixed. We show how both features can be included in a discrete choice based demand system and estimated using a simple partial maximum likelihood estimator. The demand estimates are then taken to the supply side, where we simulate the outcome of a dynamic game using the Markov perfect equilibrium (MPE) concept. Our objective is not to test for the specific game generating observed advertising levels. Rather, we wish to verify whether the use of pulsing (on and off) can be justified as an equilibrium advertising practice. We solve for the equilibrium using numerical dynamic programming methods. The flexibility provided by the numerical solution method allows us to improve on the existing literature, which typically considers only two competitors, and places strong restrictions on the demand models for which the supply side policies can be obtained. We estimate the demand model using data from the Frozen Entree product category. We find evidence for a threshold effect, which is qualitatively similar to the aforementioned S-shaped advertising response. We also show that the threshold is robust to functional form assumptions for the marginal impact of advertising on demand. Our estimates, which are obtained without imposing any supply side restrictions, imply that firms should indeed pulse in equilibrium. Predicted advertising in the MPE is higher, on average, than observed advertising. On average, the optimal advertising policies yield a moderate profit improvement over the profits under observed advertising.
Frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of metabolites produced by Clostridium difficile in broth enriched with amino acids

Clostridium difficile strain CDC A-567 was cultured in Trypticase (BBL Microbiology Systems)-yeast-salt broth supplemented with 0.2% L-leucine, L-norleucine, L-isoleucine, L-tyrosine, or L-tryptophan. Four extractions were done on the spent medium, three at pH 2 and one at pH 10, using CHCL3 or ether. Derivatizations were done with trichloroethanol, heptafluorobutyric anhydride, and heptafluorobutyric anhydride-ethanol. All samples were analyzed with frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography. A dedicated computer was used to assist in data analysis. C. difficile produced both short-chain and aromatic acids in Trypticase-yeast-salt broth; hydroxy acids were also detected. p-Cresol, indoleacetic acid, 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyric acid, and some unidentified alcohols were observed. The basic chloroform extraction contained cadaverine and putrescine. Leucine, norleucine, and isoleucine influenced the production of C5 and C6 acids and alcohols. L-Tyrosine underwent successive degradation to produce p-cresol and aromatic acids as final products. Tryptophan increased the production of indoleacetic, indolepropionic, and indolebutyric acids. Isocaproic acid was produced in relatively high concentrations regardless of medium substitution. The consistent production of iC6 under various substrate conditions indicates that the production of this compound might be consistent enough in vitro to form the basis of a rapid test for detection of C. difficile in stool specimens by frequency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography.
Development of Vesicle Pools during Maturation of Hippocampal Synapses

We studied the emergence of vesicle pool organization at developing hippocampal synapses by monitoring vesicle recycling and neurotransmitter release as well as examining electron micrographs. Our analysis suggests that presynaptic boutons go through three distinct functional states to mature. At the onset the synapses lack readily releasable vesicles although they possess a pool of recycling vesicles that can release neurotransmitters under strong stimulation. In the next stage the majority of these recycling vesicles switches to a functionally docked state and forms the readily releasable pool (RRP). After assembly of the RRP, new vesicles build the reserve pool. At the mature state the size of the RRP increases linearly with increasing recycling pool size. Furthermore, this preferential filling of the RRP during early synapse maturation is reduced strikingly in synapses deficient in synapsin I and II. Taken together, these results expose a mechanism that ensures functionally effective allocation of a limited number of vesicles in a CNS synapse.
Using Semantic Features to Detect Spamming in Social Bookmarking Systems

Collaborative software is gaining pace as a vital means of information sharing between users. This paper discusses one of the key challenges that affect such systems which is identifying spammers. We discuss potential features that describe the system’s users and illustrate how we can use those features in order to determine potential spamming users through various machine learning models.
Effect of Weight, Smoking, and Estrogen Use on the Risk of Hip and Forearm Fractures in Postmenopausal Women

From the practices of approximately two thirds of the orthopedic surgeons in King County, Washington, the authors identified white women ages 50 to 74 who had sustained a fracture of the hip or forearm between 1976 and 1979. The women were interviewed concerning factors associated with levels of endogenous estrogens as well as their use of estrogen preparations. Their responses were compared to those of a random sample of white female residents of King County in the same age range. The risk of hip fracture was elevated in thin women and in those who smoked cigarettes, particularly among nonusers of estrogen. Neither weight nor smoking affected the risk of forearm fracture in estrogen users, although among nonusers smoking increased the risk, particularly among those who were thin. The beneficial effect of estrogen use in preventing both types of fracture varied considerably according to the woman's weight and smoking status, being greatest in thin women who smoked cigarettes and near zero in heavy nonsmokers. Body weight and cigarette smoking history offer important information concerning the probable degree of protection against fracture afforded by estrogen use. (Obstet Gynecol 60:695, 1982)
L’analyse par théorisation ancrée

Cet article presente en detail les etapes d’une methode d’analyse qualitative, l’analyse par theorisation ancree, qui est une adaptation-transformation de la grounded theory approach. La methode permet de theoriser un phenomene empirique a travers la codification, la categorisation, la mise en relation, l’integration, la modelisation et la theorisation. La presentation de la methode est illustree par des exemples de recherches menees par l’auteur.
A new Hirsch-type index saves time and works equally well as the original h-index

© 2005, International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI) © 2005-2006, International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI) 4 (HIRSCH, 2005) introduced an index h defined as the number of papers of certain author with citation number of at least h, and calculated the values of the h-index of Nobel-winners and of other top physicists and biologists. Typical h-values in this group were about 50, and the highest h of an individual was 191. The h-index gained popularity after a publication in Nature (BALL, 2005). BORNMANN & DANIEL (2005) discussed the usefulness of the h-index in assessment of relatively young scientists (h-index of about 3), but in the opinion of the present author the h-index is more suitable for assessment of mature scientists who have published at least 50 papers and have h-indexes of at least 10. The h-indexes of all full professors affiliated at a department of chemistry of one university in Poland have been calculated and analyzed in detail. Sufficient information was available to assess if the papers found in the database (Thomson Scientific) were authored by the individual of interest of by someone else who happens to have the same family name and first name initial(s). Even the maiden names of the professors who took their husbands’ names after marriage were know, but (in this particular Abstract A scientist’s h(2) index is defined as the highest natural number such that his h(2) most-cited papers received each at least [h(2)] citations. The advantage of h(2) as the index to characterize the scientific output of an individual over the original h index (HIRSCH, 2005) is that less work is required to verify the authorship of the relevant papers. A new Hirsch-type index saves time and works equally well as the original h-index
Fascin1 Promotes Cell Migration of Mature Dendritic Cells

Dendritic cells (DCs) play central roles in innate and adaptive immunity. Upon maturation, DCs assemble numerous veil-like membrane protrusions, disassemble podosomes, and travel from the peripheral tissues to lymph nodes to present Ags to T cells. These alterations in morphology and motility are closely linked to the primary function of DCs, Ag presentation. However, it is unclear how and what cytoskeletal proteins control maturation-associated alterations, in particular, the change in cell migration. Fascin1, an actin-bundling protein, is specifically and greatly induced upon maturation, suggesting a unique role for fascin1 in mature DCs. To determine the physiological roles of fascin1, we characterized bone marrow-derived, mature DCs from fascin1 knockout mice. We found that fascin1 is critical for cell migration: fascin1-null DCs exhibit severely decreased membrane protrusive activity. Importantly, fascin1-null DCs have lower chemotactic activity toward CCL19 (a chemokine for mature DCs) in vitro, and in vivo, Langerhans cells show reduced emigration into draining lymph nodes. Morphologically, fascin1-null mature DCs are flatter and fail to disassemble podosomes, a specialized structure for cell-matrix adhesion. Expression of exogenous fascin1 in fascin1-null DCs rescues the defects in membrane protrusive activity, as well as in podosome disassembly. These results indicate that fascin1 positively regulates migration of mature DCs into lymph nodes, most likely by increasing dynamics of membrane protrusions, as well as by disassembling podosomes.