Human behavior and environment : advances in theory and research

1 Multidimensional Analysis in the Study of Environmental Behavior and Environmental Design. - Measurement and Data. - Some Multidimensional Methods. - Fundamentals of Multidimensional Scaling. - Factor Analysis. - Cluster Analysis. - Repertory Grids. - Some Other Multivariate Methods. - Summary. - References. - 2 Understanding Professional Media: Issues, Theory, And a Research Agenda. - Roles of Simulation in the Planning/Design Process. - Analysis of the Existing Environment. - Design Generation. - Presentation and Public Communication. - A Communications Model of the Planning-Review Process. - The Proponents. - The Evaluators. - Simulations. - The Information Base and Storage System. - Simulation Media and Presentation Formats. - The Simulation Setting. - Public Criteria for Simulation Media. - Realism: Which Reality? Whose Reality? - Accuracy. - Comprehensibility and Evaluation. - Engagement. - Costs and Flexibility. - Initial Costs. - Production Costs. - Flexibility. - Conflicts Among Criteria. - Assessing Realism. - Visual Replication. - Detail and Texture. - Tone. - Color. - Field of View. - Multiple Viewpoints. - Three-Dimensionality. - Movement. - Sound. - The Media. - Verbal Descriptions. - Architectural Plans, Sections and Elevations, Site and Land-Use Plans. - Aerial Perspectives, Axonometrics. - Ground-Level Perspectives. - Photomontage. - Perspective Sequences. - Abstract Models. - Naturalistic Models. - Computer Graphics. - Model Simulators. - Evaluating the Media. - Research Agenda. - References. - 3 Environmental Stress. - Sources of Stress. - Environmental Stressors. - Person-induced Stress. - Stress-Response Characteristics. - Somatic. - Behavioral. - Subjective. - Inadequacies of Conventional Approaches to Stress. - An Alternative Model. - Stress at Different Levels of Analysis. - Mediating Processes. - Transaction and interaction. - Implications for Environmental Psychology Research. - Implications for Research on Stress and Coping. - References. - 4 Applied Behavior Analysis and the Solution of Environmental Problems. - The Current State of Environmental Psychology and the Solution of Environmental Problems. - The Applied Analysis of Environmentally Relevant Behavior. - Environmental Aesthetics. - The Problem of Littering. - The Problem of Noise. - Conserving Natural and Human-Produced Resources. - Promoting Recycling. - Changing the Use of Transportation Systems. - Changing Patterns and Levels of Energy Use. - Conclusions and Implications. - Problem-Focused Research. - Generalization to Other Environmental Problems. - Synergistic Effects. - References. - 5 Personal Space: An Analysis of e. T. HALL'S Proxemics Framework. - Spatial Distances and Zones. - Intimate Distance. - Personal Distance. - Social Distance. - Public Distance. - Qualifications Concerning Spatial Zones. - The Rationale for Four Spatial Zones. - Qualifying Factors. - Culture and Proxemics. - The Present Status of Research on Personal Space. - Methods of Study. - Content Areas of Research. - Plan for Analyzing Research on Personal Space. - General Characteristics of Personal Space Research. - Methodological Features of Research on Distancing Behavior. - Use of Spatial Zones. - Studies of Spatial Intrusion and Invasion. - General Characteristics of Invasion Studies. - Findings of Spatial-Invasion Studies. - Reactions to Intruding on Others. - Interpersonal Relationships and Spatial Distance. - General Characteristics of Studies of Interpersonal Relationships. - Findings of Studies of Interpersonal Relations and Distance. - Individual Characteristics and Spatial Distance. - General Characteristics of Studies on Individual Factors. - Findings of Studies of Individual Factors and Distance. - Relationship between Distance and Other Behaviors. - General Characteristics of Studies of the Relationship between Distance and Other Behaviors. - Findings of Studies of the Relationship between Distance and Other Behaviors. - Culture and Personal Space. - General Characteristics of Studies of Culture and Distance. - Findings of Studies of Culture and Distance. - Summary and Conclusions. - Summary of Findings. - Directions for Future Research. - A Final Note. - References. - 6 Energy and the Structuring of Society: Methodological Issues. - Tools for Thinking about Energy and Society. - Man-Environment Knowledge as Part of Knowledge about Society. - A Nesting System and Its Levels of Generality. - Energy as an Environmental Issue. - Environment and Culture: The General Connection. - Environment as a Socially Integrative Focus. - The Resolution of Environmental Conflicts. - Energy in Society. - Energy: The Social Potentiator. - Socially Relevant Characteristics of Energy. - Social Changes Associated with Energy. - A Research Suggestion. - Appendix A: On Social Science, Philosophical Anthropology, and Social Policy. - Appendix B: The Nested System: A Short Commentary. - The Three-Termed Unit Act. - The Cultural Paradigm. - Institutional Rules. - Relational Organizations. - Ecological Units and Ecological Organizations. - The Articulation of the Systems. - Appendix C: Indicators for the Energy-Society Model. - References. - 7 The Use of Social Indicators in Environmental Planning. - Social Indicators: Integral Components of Environmental Planning Models. - Some Questions to be Addressed. - A Brief History of the Social-Indicator Movement. - Environmental Planning in a General Systems-Theory Framework. - Planning Definition. - Definition of Environment. - Systems Definitions and Their Relevance to Social Indicators and Environmental Planning. - Social Indicators as Measures of System Performance. - Some Traditional Indicators. - Characteristics of Systems Allowing Measurement of Change. - Characteristics of Social Indicators that Measure System Change. - A Measure of Perceived Life Quality. - A Measure of Satisfaction with the Allocation of Time. - Leisure Time. - Social Alienation. - Environmental Planning. - Conclusion. - References.