Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Triggering Conservation of the Self's Regulatory Resources

Three experiments investigated people's motivation to conserve the self's limited regulatory resource after it is depleted by initial self-control exertion. Across the experiments, the results supported the idea of a conservation process. In Experiment 1, depleted participants' subsequent performance decreased when expecting to engage in a future self-regulation task compared to engaging in no task at all. In Experiments 2 and 3 we employed the “end-effect” pattern found in past vigilance research to further examine conservation. In Experiment 2, depleted and nondepleted participants who knew the study ran for 30 min performed similarly following 20 min of self-regulation, whereas 3 min or 10 min of self-regulation produced typical depletion effects. Likewise, the findings from Experiment 3 revealed this same conservation pattern using a shortened 6-min initial task. Specifically, when depleted participants believed the study was finished their task performance was better compared to those who believed the study would run for another 20 min. In short, the current findings support the idea of conservation—decrements in self-regulatory performance may represent an adaptive inclination to conserve the self's diminished resources rather than an inability to wield further self-control.
Localized dimension growth in random network coding: A convolutional approach

We propose an efficient Adaptive Random Convolutional Network Coding (ARCNC) algorithm to address the issue of field size in random network coding. ARCNC operates as a convolutional code, with the coefficients of local encoding kernels chosen randomly over a small finite field. The lengths of local encoding kernels increase with time until the global encoding kernel matrices at related sink nodes all have full rank. Instead of estimating the necessary field size a priori, ARCNC operates in a small finite field. It adapts to unknown network topologies without prior knowledge, by locally incrementing the dimensionality of the convolutional code. Because convolutional codes of different constraint lengths can coexist in different portions of the network, reductions in decoding delay and memory overheads can be achieved with ARCNC.We show through analysis that this method performs no worse than random linear network codes in general networks, and can provide significant gains in terms of average decoding delay in combination networks.
Relationship between breast-feeding and adiposity in infants and pre-school children

Abstract Objectives We aimed to establish associations of duration of breast-feeding with mean BMI and waist circumference, as well as the likelihood of being overweight/obese, during early childhood. Design Cross-sectional, population-based study. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured and BMI calculated. Interviewer-administered questionnaire determined whether the child was ever breast-fed and the duration of breast-feeding. Setting Sydney, Australia. Subjects Infants and pre-school children (n 2092) aged 1–6 years were examined in the Sydney Paediatric Eye Disease Study during 2007–2009. Results Of the children aged 1–6 years, 1270 had been breast-fed compared with 822 who were never breast-fed. After multivariable adjustment, 1–6-year-old children who were ever breast-fed compared with those who were not had significantly lower BMI, 16·7 (se 0·1) kg/m2v. 17·1 (se 0·2) kg/m2 (P = 0·01). Decreasing BMI was associated with increasing duration of breast-feeding (Ptrend = 0·002). After multivariable adjustment, each month increase in breast-feeding was associated with an average BMI decrease of 0·04 kg/m2 (P = 0·002) and 0·03 kg/m2 (P = 0·03) among children aged 1–2 years and 3–4 years, respectively. In 1–2-year-old children, each month increase in breast-feeding duration was associated with a 0·06 cm decrease in waist circumference (P = 0·04). Significant associations were not observed among 5–6-year-old children. Children who were ever breast-fed v. those never breast-fed were less likely to be overweight/obese (multivariable-adjusted OR = 0·54; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·83). Conclusions We demonstrated a modest influence of breast-feeding on children's BMI during early childhood, particularly among those aged less than 5 years.
ROCKET: Robust Confidence Intervals via Kendall's Tau for Transelliptical Graphical Models

Undirected graphical models are used extensively in the biological and social sciences to encode a pattern of conditional independences between variables, where the absence of an edge between two nodes $a$ and $b$ indicates that the corresponding two variables $X_a$ and $X_b$ are believed to be conditionally independent, after controlling for all other measured variables. In the Gaussian case, conditional independence corresponds to a zero entry in the precision matrix $\Omega$ (the inverse of the covariance matrix $\Sigma$). Real data often exhibits heavy tail dependence between variables, which cannot be captured by the commonly-used Gaussian or nonparanormal (Gaussian copula) graphical models. In this paper, we study the transelliptical model, an elliptical copula model that generalizes Gaussian and nonparanormal models to a broader family of distributions. We propose the ROCKET method, which constructs an estimator of $\Omega_{ab}$ that we prove to be asymptotically normal under mild assumptions. Empirically, ROCKET outperforms the nonparanormal and Gaussian models in terms of achieving accurate inference on simulated data. We also compare the three methods on real data (daily stock returns), and find that the ROCKET estimator is the only method whose behavior across subsamples agrees with the distribution predicted by the theory.
Short-Term Inhalation of Particulate Transition Metals Has Little Effect on the Electrocardiograms of Dogs Having Preexisting Cardiac Abnormalities

There is growing epidemiological evidence for statistical associations between increases in air pollution, especially particulate matter, and increases in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Laboratory studies have shown that transition metals contribute strongly to the effects of high lung doses of model particles on changes in the electrocardiograms of animals. The present study evaluated the effects of short-term inhalation exposure to respirable particles of specific oxide and sulfate forms of transition metals on heart rate and the electrocardiogram of old dogs having preexisting cardiac abnormalities. Conscious beagle dogs were exposed by oral inhalation for 3 h on each of 3 successive days to aerosols of manganese, nickel, vanadium, iron, and copper oxides, and nickel and vanadium sulfates as single compounds at concentrations of 0.05 mg/m 3. Electrocardiograms were recorded and evaluated for exposure-related changes in heart rate, heart rate variability, and abnormalities of waveforms. Although the electrocardiograms of this population of dogs having potential age and cardiovascular susceptibility factors reflected their underlying clinical abnormalities, no significant effect of exposure to the transition metal aerosols was observed.
The site of acidification of the urine in the dog's kidney.

Damage to the proximal tubules of one kidney in the dog resulted in a decrease in the acidity of the urine excreted by the damaged kidney. When ferric ammonium citrate and sodium ferrocyanide were injected intravenously into dogs excreting urines of pH 5.0 or less, Prussian blue was formed at the brush borders of the cells of the proximal tubules indicating an acidity of pH 3.5 or less. Injected Topfer's reagent (range pH 2.9 to 4.0), and tropaeolin 00 (range pH 1.9 to 2.4) were seen in their acid forms at the same site. When a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor was injected into the renal artery of one kidney the above phenomena were not observed. When the urine pH was greater than 6.0 no Prussian blue was formed and the indicators listed were in their alkaline forms. In these animals injected bromothymol blue and bromocresol purple were seen in the lumina of the tubules in shades indicating a pH above 7.0 in the proximal tubules and about 6.0 to 6.5 in the distal tubules. It seems evident that, when dogs are .
Direct Measurement of the Substrate Preference of Uracil-DNA Glycosylase*

Site-directed mutants of the herpes simplex virus type 1 uracil-DNA glycosylase lacking catalytic activity have been used to probe the substrate recognition of this highly conserved and ubiquitous class of DNA-repair enzyme utilizing surface plasmon resonance. The residues aspartic acid-88 and histidine-210, implicated in the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme (Savva, R., McAuley-Hecht, K., Brown, T., and Pearl, L. (1995) Nature 373, 487–493; Slupphaug, G. , Mol, C. D. , Kavli, B. , Arvai, A. S. , Krokan, H. E. and Tainer, J. A. (1996) Nature 384, 87–92) were separately mutated to asparagine to allow investigations of substrate recognition in the absence of catalysis. The mutants were shown to be correctly folded and to lack catalytic activity. Binding to single- and double-stranded oligonucleotides, with or without uracil, was monitored by real-time biomolecular interaction analysis using surface plasmon resonance. Both mutants exhibited comparable rates of binding and dissociation on the same uracil-containing substrates. Interaction with single-stranded uracil-DNA was found to be stronger than with double-stranded uracil-DNA, and the binding to Gua:Ura mismatches was significantly stronger than that to Ade:Ura base pairs suggesting that the stability of the base pair determines the efficiency of interaction. Also, there was negligible interaction between the mutants and single- or double-stranded DNA lacking uracil, or with DNA containing abasic sites. These results suggest that it is uracil in the DNA, rather than DNA itself, that is recognized by the uracil-DNA glycosylases.
Structure of a ribulose 5‐phosphate 3‐epimerase from Plasmodium falciparum

The crystal structure of Pfal009167AAA, a putative ribulose 5‐phosphate 3‐epimerase (PfalRPE) from Plasmodium falciparum, has been determined to 2 Å resolution. RPE represents an exciting potential drug target for developing antimalarials because it is involved in the shikimate and the pentose phosphate pathways. The structure is a classic TIM‐barrel fold. A coordinated Zn ion and a bound sulfate ion in the active site of the enzyme allow for a greater understanding of the mechanism of action of this enzyme. This structure is solved in the framework of the Structural Genomics of Pathogenic Protozoa (SGPP) consortium. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endomicroscopy and electromyography of neuromuscular junctions in situ

Electromyography (EMG) is used routinely to diagnose neuromuscular dysfunction in a wide range of peripheral neuropathies, myopathies, and neuromuscular degenerative diseases including motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Definitive neurological diagnosis may also be indicated by the analysis of pathological neuromuscular innervation in motor‐point biopsies. Our objective in this study was to preempt motor‐point biopsy by combining live imaging with electrophysiological analysis of slow degeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in vivo.
Inclusion or exclusion? Reflections on the evidence of declining racial disadvantage in the British labour market

Considers the position of ethnic minority groups in Britain in relation to economic exclusion. Suggest that earlier research overemphasised the extent to which these groups were economically excluded. Discusses recent evidence which implies that during the 1990s convergence was seen. Re‐examines the evidence and cites that there is much more to be done and that there are many different experiences between and within different ethnic groups. States that gender differences are greater than ethnic differences.
Rotation Scheduling: A Loop Pipelining Algorithm

We consider the resource-constrained scheduling of loops with inter-iteration dependencies. A loop is modeled as a data flow graph (DFG), where edges are labeled with the number of iterations between dependencies. We design a novel and flexible technique, called rotation scheduling, for scheduling cyclic DFGs using loop pipelining. The rotation technique repeatedly transforms a schedule to a more compact schedule. We provide a theoretical basis for the operations based on retiming. We propose two heuristics to perform rotation scheduling, and give experimental results showing that they have very good performance.
The CC Chemokine Receptor 4 as a Novel Specific Molecular Target for Immunotherapy in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm with dismal prognosis, and no optimal therapy has been developed. We tested the defucosylated chimeric anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) monoclonal antibody, KM2760, to develop a novel immunotherapy for this refractory tumor. In the presence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy adult donors, KM2760 induced CCR4-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CCR4-positive ATLL cell lines and primary tumor cells obtained from ATLL patients. We next examined the KM2760-induced ADCC against primary ATLL cells in an autologous setting. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mediated by autologous effector cells was generally lower than that mediated by allogeneic control effector cells. However, a robust ADCC activity was induced in some cases, which was comparable with that mediated by allogeneic effector cells. It suggests that the ATLL patients’ PBMCs retain substantial ADCC-effector function, although the optimal conditions for maximal effect have not yet been determined. In addition, we also found a high expression of FoxP3 mRNA and protein, a hallmark of regulatory T cells, in ATLL cells, indicating the possibility that ATLL cells originated from regulatory T cells. KM2760 reduced FoxP3 mRNA expression in normal PBMCs along with CCR4 mRNA by lysis of CCR4+ T cells in vitro. Our data suggest not only that the CCR4 molecule could be a suitable target for the novel antibody-based therapy for patients with ATLL but also that KM2760 may induce effective tumor immunity by reducing the number of regulatory T cells.
Encode, Review, and Decode: Reviewer Module for Caption Generation

We propose a novel module, the reviewer module, to improve the encoder-decoder learning framework. The reviewer module is generic, and can be plugged into an existing encoder-decoder model. The reviewer module performs a number of review steps with attention mechanism on the encoder hidden states, and outputs a fact vector after each review step; the fact vectors are used as the input of the attention mechanism in the decoder. We show that the conventional encoder-decoders are a special case of our framework. Empirically, we show that our framework can improve over state-of-the-art encoder-decoder systems on the tasks of image captioning and source code captioning.
Immediate interpersonal and intermanual referral of sensations following anesthetic block of one arm.

OBJECTIVES To explore whether interpersonal and intermanual sensory referral occurs following anesthetic block of a limb and to test theories of disinhibition of mirror neuron activity and transcallosal referral. DESIGN Case series. SETTING Outpatient surgery at the University of California San Diego Medical Center. PATIENTS Six patients who underwent orthopedic surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Patient verbal ratings. RESULTS Patients with brachial plexus blocks experienced touch sensations in the anesthetized arm when watching another person's arm being touched or when the contralateral intact hand was touched. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of rapid reorganization of functional connectivity in the adult human brain, most likely in S2 neurons. This finding suggests that conscious perception of touch results from fluctuating mosaics of cortical excitation and inhibition between different regions within the patient's own S2 neurons and, more remarkably, from viewing others' sensations.
Table of contents

vii Acknowledgments . ix Introduction.1 1. Theoretical background . 2 1.1 The two major approaches to acquisition.2 1.2 Criteria for acquisition.4 1.3 Context.6 1.4 Data used in acquisition studies . 7 1.5 The acquisition of aspect . 10 1.6 Previous research on the acquisition of Russian aspect . 10 2. Questions and goals of this dissertation . 14 3. Major hypotheses . 14 4. Methods.15 5. Data analysis . 17 6. Results of this dissertation. 20 7. Structure of the dissertation. 21 Part I: Russian aspect Chapter 1: The Semantics of Russian aspect . 27
Helping Behaviors and Math Achievement Gain of Students Using Cooperative Learning

Students (N = 101) in 3 classrooms in grades 3-5 were taught math concepts in cooperative learning groups of 5-6 students for a 3-week unit. The 3 teachers involved received 9 2-hour training sessions on using cooperative learning during the 5 months prior to the study. Pre- and posttests of achievement were administered. Helping behaviors were taught to students for 3 weeks before the math unit and continued to be reinforced during the ensuing 3 weeks. Each student team was videotaped for 30 minutes over the 3-week period while it was engaged in math teamwork. The helping behaviors of each student were coded into 8 categories. Results showed that "giving explanations," "receiving explanations," as well as "giving and receiving other help" positively correlated with achievement gains. There was a negative correlation between "receiving no help after requesting it" and achievement. These results held for both boys and girls in all 3 grades. High achievers gave more explanations and other help than middle or low achievers. Low achievers asked for and received explanations and other help more often.
Rede social de apoio durante transições familiares decorrentes do nascimento de filhos

The social support network is essential to the individual and his/her family when they face normative and non-normative transitions throughout the developmental process. This article aims to describe the alterations in the family network during transitions to parenthood due to the birth of babies. Fifteen working class fathers and their wives/partners from two groups (A: Pregnant mothers; B: Mothers with babies aged from one to six months) answered a questionnaire and a guide of a semi-structured interview. According to the mothers, the increase of psychological support was considered the main alteration in the network; to the fathers, it was the increase of financial and material help. All mothers reported that the most important support came from their husbands or partners. Our data suggest that it is necessary to know about the relationships between the family subsystems and the social context in which the families are embedded in order to better understand the alterations in the social support network and in the father's engagement in the family during transitions to parenthood.
Framing the crisis by one's seat: a comparative study of newspaper frames of the Asiana crash in the USA, Korea, and China

This study compared newspaper frames of the 2013 Asiana Airlines crash in the three countries involved: the USA, Korea, and China. The results revealed distinct patterns of news coverage under the particular influence of national interests. The responsibility frame was the most frequently used, but the attribution of responsibility varied across the three countries. US newspapers overwhelmingly attributed the causation to pilot error, Korean media framed the causation as being open to multiple explanations, and Chinese newspapers were less likely to speculate about causation before the final official conclusion was reached. US and Korean media maintained a negative tone toward each other, while Chinese newspapers took a similar standpoint as the US media but were slightly less negative toward Korea. Further, divergence of news frames used across countries was associated with the different use of sources by different newspapers across countries. In particular, Korean media indicated reluctance to use US officials and a preference to cite alternative sources which offered diverse opinions regarding the attribution of responsibility. Finally, emotions of the crash stories varied by attributions of causation in Korean but not in the other countries’ news reports.
Receipt of routine gynecological examinations among sexually active female college students in the United States.

AIMS According to leading medical organizations, it is recommended that all sexually active adolescent females, as well as any woman aged >or=18 years, obtain annual gynecological examinations. This study looked at whether female college students who were sexually active, defined as ever having vaginal intercourse and having one or more sex partner(s) in the past year, received a routine gynecological examination in the past year and whether differences existed in receipt of the examination based on students' age, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, health insurance status, cigarette smoking (past 30 days), number of sex partners (past year), and gender of sex partners (past year). METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted with data from the spring 2006 National College Health Assessment. A total of 25,389 sexually active female college students (aged 18-24 years) were included in the analyses. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships of variables with receipt of a routine gynecological examination (past year). RESULTS The majority (75.6%) of sexually active female college students had a routine gynecological examination in the past year. However, students who were younger (aged 18-20 years), Asian or Hispanic, lesbian, only had sex with women (past year), or did not have health insurance were significantly less likely to have had a routine gynecological examination in the past year. CONCLUSIONS To allow for appropriate intervention, additional research should investigate why different subgroups of sexually active female college students do not obtain routine gynecological examinations. In addition, efforts should be made to link college women who do not have health insurance with no cost or low-cost gynecological services.
Chromosome abnormality rate among Iranian patients with idiopathic mental retardation from consanguineous marriages

Introduction Mental retardation (MR) has heterogeneous aetiology mostly with genetic causes. Chromosomal aberrations are one of the most common causes of MR. Reports on chromosome abnormality rate among consanguineous families are sparse. In order to identify the chromosome abnormality rate in idiopathic mental retardation from consanguineous marriages, a total of 322 Iranian families with positive family history for MR were investigated in the Genetics Research Center. Material and methods In the majority of families (92%) at least two sibs were affected with MR and none had specific chromosomal syndromes such as Down syndrome. Standard cytogenetic techniques using high resolution GTG banding were carried out on all the patients. Results The overall chromosome abnormality rate contributing to mental retardation was 1.24% (4 cases), which comprised 46,XY,der(18)t(4;18)(q31.1;q23)mat; 45,XY,-21,-22,+der(22)t(21;22)(q21.1;q13.33)mat; 46,XY,rec(2)dup(2p)inv(2)(p25.1q37.3)pat, and 46,XY,der(11)t(10;11)(q25.2;q25)pat. Conclusions Although the most likely genetic cause of mental retardation in patients with consanguineous parents is autosomal recessive, the fact that 1.24% of our patients had chromosomal abnormalities emphasizes the importance of cytogenetic investigation as the first laboratory genetic tests for all MR patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the rate of chromosome abnormality among patients with idiopathic mental retardation from consanguineous marriages.