Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Isoniazid‐induced bullous skin reaction

committee of the University Hospital Rotterdam-Dijkzigt (5). Before nasal challenge with allergen extract, nasal lavage was performed four times to obtain baseline mediator levels. Nasal lavage was performed as described by Naclerio et al. (1). Both nostrils were washed with 5 ml saline, prewarmed to 378C. To prevent nasal congestion, 0.125 ml 0.1% oxymetazoline was sprayed into each nostril 5 min before the ®rst allergen challenge. For allergen challenge, 0.125 ml allergen extract was sprayed into each nostril, and 10 min later nasal lavage was performed. Lavage ̄uid was collected in plastic tubes and kept on ice. Within 1 h after collection, the lavage ̄uid was centrifuged; the supernatant was stored at ±208C. MMP-9 was determined by ELISA (Biotrak, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, UK) according to the manufacturer's instructions. This ELISA primarily detects proMMP-9 (MMP-9 proenzyme) and proMMP-9 bound to tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs-1 and -2). ECP was estimated by RIA, according to the manufacturer's instructions (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). In four patients, maximum MMP-9 levels were observed 9 or 10 h after nasal provocation with allergen. In Fig. 1, the results of nasal lavage are shown for one of these four patients. In the ®fth patient, a maximum MMP-9 level (340 ng MMP-9/ml lavage ̄uid) was already observed 3 h after allergen provocation. As shown before (5), a maximum ECP level in lavage samples from this patient was also seen as early as 3 h after nasal provocation. Matrix metalloproteinases, a family of zincdependent proteases, have been implicated in pathologic tissue degradation in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis tumor invasion, and, recently, asthma (4). Our results further extend these observations into the ®eld of allergic rhinitis. The ELISA we used primarily recognizes enzymatically inactive proMMP-9; active MMP-9 has only 2.7% cross-reactivity with proMMP-9 in this ELISA (information supplied with the MMP-9 ELISA, Amersham). The relative amounts of active MMP-9 and proMMP-9 in lavage samples should be the subject of a future study. In summary, our study indicates that nasal allergen provocation induces MMP-9 release as part of the latephase in ̄ammatory response.
Food Production, Population Growth, and the Environment

This Policy Forum is based on the report of a 2-day meeting held on the island of AskA¶ in the Stockholm archipelago in September 1997. The meeting was convened by the Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm. Its aim was to encourage a substantive dialogue among a group of natural and social scientists so as to assess whether an interdisciplinary consensus exists on the issue of food production, population growth, and environmental security.
Time course of change in vasodilator function and capacity in response to exercise training in humans

Studies of the impact of exercise training on arterial adaptation in healthy subjects have produced disparate results. It is possible that some studies failed to detect changes because functional and structural adaptations follow a different time course and may therefore not be detected at discrete time points. To gain insight into the time course of training‐induced changes in artery function and structure, we examined conduit artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD), an index of nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated artery function, and conduit dilator capacity (DC), a surrogate marker for arterial remodelling, in the brachial and popliteal arteries of 13 healthy male subjects (21.6 ± 0.6 years) and seven non‐active controls (22.8 ± 0.2 years) studied at 2‐week intervals across an 8‐week cycle and treadmill exercise training programme. Brachial and popliteal artery FMD and DC did not change in control subjects at any time point. FMD increased from baseline (5.9 ± 0.5%) at weeks 2 and 4 (9.1 ± 0.6, 8.5 ± 0.6%, respectively, P < 0.01), but returned towards baseline levels again by week 8 (6.9 ± 0.7%). In contrast, brachial artery DC progressively increased from baseline (8.1 ± 0.4%) at weeks 2, 4, 6 and 8 (9.2 ± 0.6, 9.9 ± 0.6, 10.0 ± 0.5, 10.5 ± 0.8%, P < 0.05). Similarly, popliteal artery FMD increased from baseline (6.2 ± 0.7%) at weeks 2, 4 and 6 (9.1 ± 0.6, 9.5 ± 0.6, 7.8 ± 0.5%, respectively, P < 0.05), but decreased again by week 8 (6.5 ± 0.6%), whereas popliteal DC progressively increased from baseline (8.9 ± 0.4%) at week 4 and 8 (10.5 ± 0.7, 12.2 ± 0.6%, respectively, P < 0.05). These data suggest that functional changes in conduit arteries occur rapidly and precede arterial remodelling in vivo. These data suggest that complimentary adaptations occur in arterial function and structure and future studies should adopt multiple time point assessments to comprehensively assess arterial adaptations to interventions such as exercise training in humans.
STAT3 modulates the DNA damage response pathway

The STAT3 transcription factor is well known to function as an anti‐apoptotic factor, especially in numerous malignancies. Recently we showed that STAT3 is cytoprotective and that cells lacking STAT3 are more sensitive to oxidative stress. A key feature of oxidative stress involves activation of the DNA damage pathway. However, a role for STAT3 or its contribution in response to DNA damage has not been described. In the present study we show that cells lacking STAT3 are less efficient in repairing damaged DNA. Moreover, STAT3 deficient cells show reduced activity of the ATM‐Chk2 and ATR‐Chk1 pathways, both important pathways in sensing DNA damage. Finally we show that MDC1, a regulator of the ATM‐Chk2 pathway and facilitator of the DNA damage response, is modulated by STAT3 at the transcriptional level. These findings demonstrate that STAT3 is necessary for efficient repair of damaged DNA, partly by modulating the ATM‐Chk2 and ATR‐Chk1 pathways.
UvA-DARE ( Digital Academic Repository ) Boosting Web Retrieval through Query Operations

We explore the use of phrase and proximity terms in the context of web retrieval, which is different from traditional ad-hoc retrieval both in document structure and in query characteristics. We show that for this type of task, the usage of both phrase and proximity terms is highly beneficial for early precision as well as for overall retrieval effectiveness. We also analyze why phrase and proximity terms are far more effective for web retrieval than for ad-hoc retrieval.
Development of the Bullying and Health Experiences Scale

Background Until recently, researchers have studied forms of bullying separately. For 40 years, research has looked at the traditional forms of bullying, including physical (eg, hitting), verbal (eg, threats), and social (eg, exclusion). Attention focused on cyberbullying in the early 2000s. Although accumulating research suggests that bullying has multiple negative effects for children who are targeted, these effects excluded cyberbullying from the definition of bullying. Objective This paper responds to the need for a multidimensional measure of the impact of various forms of bullying. We used a comprehensive definition of bullying, which includes all of its forms, to identify children who had been targeted or who had participated in bullying. We then examined various ways in which they were impacted. Methods We used an online method to administer 37 impact items to 377 (277 female, 100 male) children and youth, to develop and test the Bullying and Health Experience Scale. Results A principal components analysis of the bullying impact items with varimax rotation resulted in 8 factors with eigenvalues greater than one, explaining 68.0% of the variance. These scales include risk, relationships, anger, physical injury, drug use, anxiety, self-esteem, and eating problems, which represent many of the cognitive, psychological, and behavioral consequences of bullying. The Cronbach alpha coefficients for the 8 scales range from . 73 to . 90, indicating good inter-item consistency. Comparisons between the groups showed that children involved in bullying had significantly higher negative outcomes on all scales than children not involved in bullying. Conclusions The high Cronbach alpha values indicate that the 8 impact scales provide reliable scores. In addition, comparisons between the groups indicate that the 8 scales provide accurate scores, with more negative outcomes reported by children involved in bullying compared to those who are not involved in bullying. This evidence of reliability and validity indicates that these scales are useful for research and clinical purposes to measure the multidimensional experiences of children who bully and are bullied.
Profiles of Serum Bile Acids in Liver Diseases

Cholylglycine (CG) and sulfolithocholylglycine (SLCG) in fasting and postprandial serum were determined in patients with liver diseases by radioimmunoassay. In normal controls, fasting CG and SLCG were 54.67±68.66ng/100ml and 16.61 ±12.84ng/100ml respectively, while postprandial CG and SLCG were 61.21 ±37.29ng/100ml and 21.95± 15.9ng/100ml respectively. In liver disease, serum bile acids were elevated. The greatest increase was found in acute viral hepatitis but moderate or slight increase was also found in chronic active hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatoma. Fasting bile acids seem to be a sensitive index for hepatocellular dysfunction but not for differential diagnosis of liver diseases. In liver diseases except hepatoma, fasting CG and SLCG correlated significantly with total bilirubin, albumin, GOT, GPT, and alkaline phosphatase but not with cholesterol. Insignificant elevation of bile acids was found postprandially in patients with liver diseases as well as normal controls and postprandial bile acids were not more sensitive than fasting ones.
Increased complications of chronic erythrocytapheresis compared with manual exchange transfusions in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease

Children and adolescents with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at high risk of strokes and are frequently treated with red blood cell (RBC) transfusions. The goal is to suppress hemoglobin (Hb) S while minimizing transfusion‐induced iron overload. RBCs may be given via simple transfusion, manual exchange transfusion (MET), or erythrocytapheresis (aRBCX). Chronic transfusion practices vary among institutions.
Activating Receptor Signals Drive Receptor Diversity in Developing Natural Killer Cells

It has recently been appreciated that NK cells exhibit many features reminiscent of adaptive immune cells. Considerable heterogeneity exists with respect to the ligand specificity of individual NK cells and as such, a subset of NK cells can respond, expand, and differentiate into memory-like cells in a ligand-specific manner. MHC I-binding inhibitory receptors, including those belonging to the Ly49 and KIR families, are expressed in a variegated manner, which creates ligand-specific diversity within the NK cell pool. However, how NK cells determine which inhibitory receptors to express on their cell surface during a narrow window of development is largely unknown. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that signals from activating receptors are critical for induction of Ly49 and KIR receptors during NK cell development; activating receptor-derived signals increased the probability of the Ly49 bidirectional Pro1 promoter to transcribe in the forward versus the reverse direction, leading to stable expression of Ly49 receptors in mature NK cells. Our data support a model where the balance of activating and inhibitory receptor signaling in NK cells selects for the induction of appropriate inhibitory receptors during development, which NK cells use to create a diverse pool of ligand-specific NK cells.
Lipid emulsion: is there sufficient knowledge among hospital staff?

2378–80. 4 Ezzedine H, Baele P, Robert A. Bacteriologic quality of intraoperative autotransfusion. Surgery 1991; 109: 259–64. 5 Sugai Y, Sugai K, Fuse A. Current status of bacterial contamination of autologous blood for transfusion. Transfusion and Apheresis Science 2001; 24: 255–9. 6 Feltracco P, Michieletto E, Barbieri S, et al. Microbiologic contamination of intraoperative blood salvaged during liver transplantation. Transplantation Proceedings 2007; 39: 1889–91. 7 Bowley DM, Barker P, Boffard KD. Intraoperative blood salvage in penetrating abdominal trauma: a randomized, controlled trial. World Journal of Surgery 2006; 30: 1074–80.
The vitamin D receptor turns off chronically activated T cells

T cell proliferation and T helper (TH) cells that make IL‐17 (TH17 cells) and IFN‐γ (TH1 cells) have been shown to be inhibited by 1,25(OH)2D3. Previous work has shown that immune‐mediated diseases, where TH1 and TH17 cells are pathogenic, are ameliorated with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Paradoxically, infectious diseases that require TH1 and TH17 responses for host resistance are unaffected by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Resting T cells are not responsive to vitamin D because they do not express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) until late after activation. T cells activated following an infection help clear the infection, and since the antigen is eliminated, vitamin D is not needed to dampen the immune response. Conversely, in immune‐mediated disease, there is chronic T cell activation, and in this scenario, vitamin D and 1,25(OH)2D3 are critical for inhibiting T cell proliferation and cytokine production. Vitamin D is a late regulator of T cell function and acts to turn off T cells. This paper will review these data.
A library of high resolution synthetic stellar spectra from 300 nm to 1.8 μm with solar and α-enhanced composition

Libraries of stellar spectra are fundamental tools for the study of stellar populations, and both empirical and synthetic libraries have been used for this purpose. In this paper, a new library of high resolution synthetic spectra is presented, ranging from the near-ultraviolet (300 nm) to the near-infrared (1.8 ${\rm \mu}$m). The library spans all the stellar types that are relevant to the integrated light of old and intermediate-age stellar populations in the involved spectral region (spectral types F through M and all luminosity classes). The grid was computed for metallicities ranging from [Fe/H] = –2.5 to +0.5, including both solar and α -enhanced ([ α /Fe] = 0.4) chemical compositions. The synthetic spectra are a good match to observations of stars throughout the stellar parameter space encompassed by the library and over the whole spectral region covered by the computations.
Implications of sleep restriction and recovery on metabolic outcomes.

CONTEXT Alongside the growing epidemics of obesity and diabetes mellitus, chronic partial sleep restriction is also increasingly common in modern society, and the metabolic implications of this have not been fully illustrated as yet. Whether recovery sleep is sufficient to offset these detriments is an area of ongoing research. OBJECTIVE This review seeks to summarize the relevant epidemiological and experimental data in the areas of altered metabolic consequences of both shortened sleep and subsequent recovery sleep. DATA ACQUISITION The medical literature from 1970 to March 2012 was reviewed for key articles. DATA SYNTHESIS Epidemiological studies suggest associations between shortened sleep and future obesity and diabetes. Experimental data thus far show a probable link between shortened sleep and altered glucose metabolism as well as appetite dysregulation. CONCLUSION Sleep often seems undervalued in modern society, but this may have widespread metabolic consequences as described in this review. Acute sleep loss is often unavoidable, but chronic sleep restriction ideally should not be. Understanding the implications of both sleep restriction and recovery on metabolic outcomes will guide public health policy and allow clinical recommendations to be prescribed.
Biological invasion and parasitism: invaders do not suffer from physiological alterations of the acanthocephalan Pomphorhynchus laevis

SUMMARY Biological invasions expose parasites to new invasive hosts in addition to their local hosts. However, local parasites are often less successful in infecting and exploiting their new hosts. This may have major consequences for the competitive ability of hosts, and finally on the fate of the parasite-host community. In Burgundy (Eastern France), the acanthocephalan parasite, Pomphorhynchus laevis, infects 2 amphipod species living in sympatry: the native Gammarus pulex and the invasive Gammarus roeseli. While P. laevis affects the behaviour and the immunity of G. pulex, G. roeseli seems unaffected by the infection. In this study, we examined in detail the ability of the parasite to affect the immune system and resource storage of both gammarid species. We found that the infection was associated with a general decrease of the prophenoloxidase activity, haemocyte density, resistance to an artificial bacterial infection and level of sugar reserves in G. pulex, but not in G. roeseli. These results demonstrate a differential ability of P. laevis to exploit its local and its invasive gammarid hosts. Potential mechanisms of these differential physiological alterations and their potential consequences on the coexistence of both gammarid species in sympatry are discussed.
Deposition of manganese in a drinking water distribution system

The deposition of manganese in a water distribution system with manganese-related "dirty water" problems was studied over a 1-year period. Four monitoring laboratories with Robbins biofilm sampling devices fitted to the water mains were used to correlate the relationship among manganese deposition, the level of manganese in the water, and the chlorination conditions. Manganese deposition occurred by both chemical and microbial processes. Chemical deposition occurred when Mn(II) not removed during water treatment penetrated the filters and entered the distribution system, where it was oxidized by chlorine and chlorine dioxide used for disinfection. Microbial deposition occurred in areas with insufficient chlorination to control the growth of manganese-depositing biofilm. At 0.05 mg of Mn(II) per liter, the chemical deposition rate was much greater than microbial deposition. Significant deposition occurred at 0.03 mg of manganese per liter, and dirty water complaints were not eliminated until manganese levels were continuously less than 0.02 mg/liter and chlorination levels were greater than 0.2 mg/liter. A guideline level of 0.01 mg of manganese per liter is recommended.
A new role for neurotrophins: involvement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin‐4 in hair cycle control

Neurotrophins exert many biological effects not directly targeted at neurons, including modulation of keratinocyte proliferation and apo‐ptosis in vitro. Here we exploit the cyclic growth and regression activity of the murine hair follicle to explore potential nonneuronal functions of neurotrophins in the skin, and analyze the follicular expression and hair growth‐modulatory function of BDNF, NT‐4, and their high‐affinity receptor, TrkB. The cutaneous expression of BDNF and NT‐4 mRNA was strikingly hair cycle dependent and peaked during the spontaneous, apoptosis‐driven hair follicle regression (catagen). During catagen, BDNF mRNA and immunoreactivity, as well as NT‐4‐immunoreactivity, were expressed in the regressing hair follicle compartments, whereas TrkB mRNA and immunoreactivity were seen in dermal papilla fibroblasts, epithelial strand, and hair germ. BDNF or NT‐4 knockout mice showed significant catagen retardation, whereas BDNF‐overexpressing mice displayed acceleration of catagen and significant shortening of hair length. Finally, BDNF and NT‐4 accelerated catagen development in murine skin organ culture. Together, our data suggest that BDNF and NT‐4 play a previously unrecognized role in skin physiology as agents of hair growth control. Thus, TrkB agonists and antagonists deserve exploration as novel hair growth‐modulatory drugs for the management of common hair growth disorders. —Botch‐karev, V. A. , Botchkareva, N. V. , Welker, P., Metz, M. , Lewin, G. R. , Subramaniam, A. , Bulfone‐Paus, S. , Hagen, E. , Braun, A. , Lommatzsch, M. , Renz, H. , Paus, R. A new role for neurotrophins: involvement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and neurotro‐phin‐4 in hair cycle control. FASEB J. 13, 395–410 (1999)
Evolution of the Macrostructure of Gray Cast Iron from Eutectic to Hypereutectic Composition

This work studies the evolution of the macrostructure of gray cast iron as the carbon equivalent (CE) increases from near-eutectic to highly hypereutectic values. The macrostructure of spherical samples of flake graphite irons of CE ranging between 4.24% and 5.23% was revealed by using direct austempering after solidification technique (DAAS). The results were analysed by applying the concept of coupled zone for gray cast irons. The coupled zone is a region in the stable Fe-C-Si diagram in which solidification proceeds as a cooperative growth of both austenite and flake graphite. The coupled zone for gray cast iron is claimed to be asymmetrical as the eutectic reaction is extended towards the prolongation of the austenite liquidus line. All the samples investigated in the present study show the presence of relatively large austenite grains, demonstrating that the number of active nucleation sites of austenite per unit volume is small. The observation of the microstructure shows the presence of several units of coupled growth inside each austenite grain, what proves that many eutectic colonies have grown from the same austenite nucleus, even for highly hypereutectic compositions. Colour etching was employed to reveal the “hidden” dendrites present in the microstructure. The results suggest that proeutectic graphite is not a good nucleating agent for austenite. These results contribute to the understanding of the solidification of hypereutectic gray irons and verify the earlier understanding of the solidification of eutectic gray irons and its extension to hypereutectic compositions.
Optimal advertising and pricing policies of successive generations of product in segmented market

Multiple generations of many durable products serves the market simultaneously. When new products are introduced in generations of product, successive generations have substitution effect on the earlier generations. In this paper, we use the concept of market segmentation in diffusion model for generation product. Different advertising and pricing strategies for two generation product are considered, and the problem is formulated as an optimal control problem. The impact of technological substitution in the market on the optimal advertising and pricing policy is characterised. First, we discuss the evolution of sales dynamics under the assumption that the firm advertises in each segment independently. Further case of a single advertising channel, which reaches several segments with fixed spectrum, is also discussed. The optimal control is applied to study and solve the proposed problem. Theoretical results of two successive generation product are discussed. Differential evolution approach used to solve numerical illustration.