Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Outcome after mild traumatic brain injury: an examination of recruitment bias

Objectives: Research concerning the natural history after mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) faces a number of methodological challenges, including those related to subject recruitment. The aim of this study was to determine whether subjects who agree to participate in longitudinal research differ from those who do not. The presence of identifiable, selective factors operating during recruitment may be an important source of systematic bias. In Canada, given the presence of universal healthcare coverage, this issue can be examined using population based, administrative databases to obtain information about a cohort that was approached for study enrolment, regardless of whether they ultimately agreed to participate. Methods: A sample of 626 consecutive patients with mild TBI was invited to enrol in TBI outcome research. Those who agreed to participate (n=272) were compared with those who refused (n=354) on demographic, past health, and injury related variables. Thereafter, using encrypted health card data, the two groups were contrasted with respect to pre-injury and post-injury healthcare utilisation. Results: No premorbid differences between the groups emerged. However, all early indices of TBI severity were significantly worse for the participants group (p<0.001). Consistent with these findings, healthcare utilisation rates were no different before injury, but were significantly increased after injury for the participants (p<0.001), even beyond the period of study enrolment (p<0.001). Differences remained even after controlling for those with significant non-TBI injuries. Conclusions: Premorbid factors did not predict whether patients comply with, or refuse study participation. However, the participants group was biased toward those with more significant injuries, which translated into higher rates of healthcare utilisation after injury. These results strike a cautionary note, given the apparent systematic bias influencing enrolment in longitudinal studies of mild TBI.
Optimizing Medical Therapy of Acromegaly: Beneficial Effects of Cabergoline in Patients Uncontrolled with Long-Acting Release Octreotide

Background: Previous data indicate a beneficial effect of cabergoline (CAB) association to somatostatin analogs (SA) in acromegalics resistant to SA monotherapy. Objective: To assess the efficacy of CAB association on acromegalics with high IGF-I on stable long-acting release octreotide (OCT-LAR) (30 mg/28 days). Design, Subjects and Methods: 34 patients (17 male, 25–85 years, 33 macroadenomas) were enrolled in this prospective study. OCT-LAR was administered as primary (n = 4) and as secondary (n = 30) treatment: after surgery (n = 16), after surgery + radiotherapy (RT) (n = 11), and after RT only (n = 3). Duration of OCT-LAR therapy prior to CAB was 24 ± 12 months. The immunohistochemical features of the tumors disclosed GH/PRL co-secretion in 11/21 patients. 13 patients had high PRL levels prior to CAB. The initial CAB dose was 1.5 mg/week. No IGF-I normalization led to a dose increase to 3.5 mg/week. The OCT-LAR dose was kept stable during treatment. IGF-I, GH and PRL levels were compared before and after CAB association. OCT-LAR was withdrawn in patients who achieved IGF-I normalization, in order to assess the influence of CAB. Results: Comparing OCT-LAR to OCT-LAR/CAB treatment, there was a significant decrease in mean GH, IGF-I, %ULNR-IGF-I and PRL levels. During OCT-LAR/CAB treatment, IGF-I normalized in 19 patients (56%). IGF-I normalization was correlated to lowest IGF-I levels on OCT-LAR monotherapy, but not to baseline PRL levels or GH/PRL co-expression. OCT-LAR withdrawn in all who had achieved IGF-I normalization on combined therapy resulted in IGF-I elevation to abnormal levels in all patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported by 12 patients. Conclusion: OCT-LAR and CAB association has been shown to be an effective alternative therapy for those acromegalics who still have active acromegaly despite monotherapy with SA, mainly for those with lower pretreatment IGF-I concentrations. According to previous studies, the beneficial effects of CAB occur even when pretreatment PRL is normal and/or there is no tumor GH/PRL co-expression.
Ieee Transactions on Information Theory the Smallest Grammar Problem

— This paper addresses the smallest grammar problem: What is the smallest context-free grammar that generates exactly one given string σ? This is a natural question about a fundamental object connected to many fields, including data compression, Kolmogorov complexity, pattern identification, and addition chains. Due to the problem's inherent complexity, our objective is to find an approximation algorithm which finds a small grammar for the input string. We focus attention on the approximation ratio of the algorithm (and implicitly, worst-case behavior) to establish provable performance guarantees and to address shortcomings in the classical measure of redundancy in the literature. Our first results are a variety of hardness results, most notably that every efficient algorithm for the smallest grammar problem has approximation ratio at least 8569 8568 unless P = N P. We then bound approximation ratios for several of the best-Among these, the best upper bound we show is O(n 1/2). We finish by presenting two novel algorithms with exponentially better ratios of O(log 3 n) and O(log(n/m *)), where m * is the size of the smallest grammar for that input. The latter highlights a connection between grammar-based compression and LZ77.
( NS 5 , D 5 , D 3 ) bound state , OD 3 , OD 5 limits and SL ( 2 , Z ) duality

We generalize the non-threshold bound state in type IIB supergravity of the form (NS5, D5, D3) constructed by the present authors (in hep-th/0011236) to non-zero asymptotic value of the axion (χ 0). We identify the decoupling limits corresponding to both the open D3-brane theory and open D5-brane theory for this supergravity solution as expected. However, we do not find any non-commutative Yang-Mills theory (NCYM) limit for this solution. We then study the SL(2, Z) duality symmetry of type IIB theory for both OD3-limit and OD5-limit. We find that for OD3 theory, a generic SL(2, Z) duality always gives another OD3-theory irrespective of the value of χ 0 being rational or not. This indicates that OD3-theory is self-dual. But, under a special set of SL(2, Z) transformations OD3-theory goes over to a 5+1 dimensional NCYM theory, where these two theories are not necessarily related by strong-weak duality symmetry. On the other hand, for OD5-theory, a generic SL(2, Z) duality gives another OD5-theory if χ 0 is irrational, but when χ 0 is rational it gives the little string theory limit indicating that OD5-theory is S-dual to the type IIB little string theory. However, under a special set of SL(2, Z) transformations for which χ 0 is irrational OD5-theory reduces to 5+1 dimensional SYM theory.
How critical is fluency for the struggling reader

Lisa Dilts HOW CRITICAL IS FLUENCY FOR STRUGGLING READERS? 2006 Dr. Marjorie Madden Master of Science in Teaching The purpose of this qualitative research study is to look at the importance of fluency to the struggling reader. The research sets out to look for answers to the following questions: How critical is fluency for the struggling reader? What effect does fluency have on the reading experience? What strategies work to improve fluency? The research was conducted on three struggling fifth grade readers, all with different ability levels. One student is placed in a self-contained special education class, one student goes to the resource room for literacy, and one student receives help from the basic skills teacher. Students were assessed using the Critical Reading Inventory and a one minute reading probe. They then received individualized fluency instruction using modeling and repeated reading. Following fluency instruction, students were reassessed. This research supports the idea that fluency instruction may lead to an increase in reading rate and comprehension. The implications of this study relate directly to the field of education and reading instruction. Further questions suggested by this research include looking at student fluency progress over time and across different grade levels. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are many people whom I would like to thank for their support in writing my thesis. This never would have been possible without the support of my parents, who provided me with the opportunity to become a teacher and teacher researcher. I would also like to thank my sister, Jennifer for keeping me motivated to finish this paper through various inspirational phone calls from Boston. It is also necessary to thank my fiance, Nick, who was there for me every step of the way. Without his day to day support, I never would have been able to write this paper. Even on Friday nights when I had to stay home and work on my research, Nick was right there with me. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. Madden and my support group of Co-Teachers. Thanks to Dr. Madden I was able to write a paper of which I am extremely proud. She has made me a firm believer in teacher research.
[An investigation of SLC26A4 gene mutation in nonsydromic hearing impairment in Hunan province of China].

OBJECTIVE To determinate the occurring frequency and mutational hot spot in Hunan province. METHOD Blood samples was obtained from 96 patients with nonsydromic hearing impairment in Hunan province. PCR and DHPLC techniques were used to screening for all the 21exon of SLC26A4. PCR samples which were abnormal for DHPLC screening were analyzed with direct sequencing. Sequencing results were analyzed in DNASTAR software. RESULT Fifteen of 96 patients were found to have SLC26A4 gene mutations, detection rate was 15 6 , for 3 examples were homozygous mutations, ten samples were complex heterozygous mutations and 2 were heterozygous mutations. Totally, sixteen base variations were found, including 10 types of known gene mutation were identified (S90L, S252P, IVS7-2A>G, T410M, N392Y, IVS10-12T>A, S448X, G497S, S517fs, H723R. Four types of novel gene mutation (S8X, A227P,C565fs, Y728H), one type of same sense mutation (c. 2182 T>C)and 1 type of polypeptide IVS11+47 T>C). IVS7-2A>G was the most common gene mutation , which 9 samples were identified with, and it's detection rate was 9.38% and 5.73% for all the mutant alleles. IVS11+47 T>C was the most common polypeptide, which 20 samples were detected. CONCLUSION IVS7-2A>G was the most common gene mutation type for nonsyndromic hearing impairment in Hunan province; 4 novel mutations which were detected in the study enriched SLC26A4 gene mutation spectrum of Chinese.
This item is the archived peer-reviewed author-version of: A geometric matched filter for hyperspectral target detection and partial unmixing

—In this paper, a new geometric matched ﬁlter is proposed by combining the standard matched ﬁlter with concepts of convex geometry. The purpose of the method is twofold: for subpixel target detection and for partial unmixing of a hyperspectral image. In standard matched ﬁltering, the ﬁlter is designed based on the background statistics of the entire image, which works ﬁne for rare targets but fails when the target is frequently present throughout the whole image. In the presented method, the background is restricted to pixels that have a zero contribution to the target spectrum. These background pixels are identiﬁed based on the simplex formed by the target and other relevant endmembers of the dataset. Experiments are conducted for the speciﬁc case of targets which are frequently present in an image. The presented method is shown to outperform standard matched ﬁltering and orthogonal subspace projection for target detection, and for the estimation of the target abundances.
Compromise of Multiple Time-Resolved Transcriptomics Experiments Identifies Tightly Regulated Functions

With the advent of high-throughput technologies for data acquisition from different components (i.e., genes, proteins, and metabolites) of a given biological system, generation of hypotheses, and biological interpretations based on multivariate data sets become increasingly important. These technologies allow for simultaneous gathering of data from the same biological components under different perturbations, including genotypic variation and/or changes in conditions, resulting in so-called multiple data tables. Moreover, these data tables are obtained over a well-chosen time domain to capture the dynamics of the response of the biological system to the perturbation. The computational problem we address in this study is twofold: (1) derive a single data table, referred to as a compromise, which captures information common to the investigated set of multiple tables and (2) identify biological components which contribute most to the determined compromise. Here we argue that recent extensions to principle component analysis called STATIS and dual-STATIS can be used to determine the compromise on which classical techniques for data analysis, such as clustering and term over-enrichment, can be subsequently applied. In addition, we illustrate that STATIS and dual-STATIS facilitate interpretations of a publically available transcriptomics data set capturing the time-resolved response of Arabidopsis thaliana to changing light and/or temperature conditions. We demonstrate that STATIS and dual-STATIS can be used not only to identify the components of a biological system whose behavior is similarly affected due to the perturbation (e.g., in time or condition), but also to specify the extent to which each dimension of the data tables reflect the perturbation. These findings ultimately provide insights in the components and pathways which could be under tight control in plant systems.
Problems Related to Underservice of Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders

Data suggest that students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) are underidentified and underserved for a variety of reasons. In response to this problem, the authors identify misinformation and provide evidence-based information regarding prevalence; discuss the role of stigma and exclusion from the EBD category and appropriate responses to them; identify and refute negative attitudes toward special education, especially for students with EBD; examine the evidence for false identification; and suggest how research on identification of EBD might be done. Conclusions and recommendations are provided.
The Expression Pattern of TRPV1 in Brain

TRPV1 is a nonselective cation channel with high calcium permeability. It is the archetypal member of the vanilloid TRP family and was first identified as the receptor for capsaicin, the pungent ingredient of chili pepper ([Caterina et al., 1997][1]). TRPV1 is a polymodal TRP channel that can be
Methods for addressing missing data in psychiatric and developmental research.

OBJECTIVE First, to provide information about best practices in handling missing data so that readers can judge the quality of research studies. Second, to provide more detailed information about missing data analysis techniques and software on the Journal's Web site at www.jaacap. com. METHOD We focus our review of techniques on those that are based on the "Missing at Random" assumption and are either extremely popular because of their convenience or that are harder to employ but yield more precise inferences. RESULTS The literature regarding missing data indicates that deletion of observations with missing data can yield biased findings. Other popular methods for handling missing data, notably replacing missing values with means, can lead to confidence intervals that are too narrow as well as false identifications of significant differences (type I statistical errors). Methods such as multiple imputation and direct maximum likelihood estimation are often superior to deleting observations and other popular methods for handling missing data problems. CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric and developmental researchers should consider using multiple imputation and direct maximum likelihood estimation rather than deleting observations with missing values.
Encrypt Flip-Flop: A Novel Logic Encryption Technique For Sequential Circuits

Logic Encryption is one of the most popular hardware security techniques which can prevent IP piracy and illegal IC overproduction. It introduces obfuscation by inserting some extra hardware into a design to hide its functionality from unauthorized users. Correct functionality of an encrypted design depends upon the application of correct keys, shared only with the authorized users. In the recent past, extensive efforts have been devoted in extracting the secret key of an encrypted design. At the same time, several countermeasures have also been proposed by the research community to thwart different state-of-the-art attacks on logic encryption. However, most of the proposed countermeasures fail to prevent the powerful SAT attack. Although a few researchers have proposed different solutions to withstand SAT attack, those solutions suffer from several drawbacks such as high design overheads, low output corruptibility, and vulnerability against removal attack. Almost all the known logic encryption strategies are vulnerable to scan based attack. In this paper, we propose a novel encryption technique called Encrypt Flip-Flop, which encrypts the outputs of selected flip-flops by inserting multiplexers (MUX). The proposed strategy can thwart all the known attacks including SAT and scan based attacks. The scheme has low design overhead and implementation complexity. Experimental results on several ISCAS'89 and ITC'99 benchmarks show that our proposed method can produce reasonable output corruption for wrong keys.
First-principles study of structural, electronic and optical properties of BaF2 in its cubic, orthorhombic and hexagonal phases

We present the results of a first-principles study on BaF2 in its stable (cubic) and high-pressure phases. A linear combination of atomic orbitals approach in the framework of density functional theory is employed for total energy calculations in cubic, orthorhombic and hexagonal phases of BaF2. A fitting of the energy surface to the equation of state yields the lattice constant and the bulk modulus of these phases at zero pressure which are in good agreement with the corresponding experimental values. Analysis of band structure determines the high-pressure phases to be direct-gap materials and no metallization of BaF2 is predicted to occur for pressures up to 50 GPa. Furthermore, several peaks observed in the spectroscopic experiments have been identified with interband transitions in the cubic BaF2. The calculated mean value of the refractive index is found to increase in going from the cubic to orthorhombic to hexagonal phases of BaF2.
Postoperative analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a prospective randomized controlled study of intraarticular, subacromial injection, interscalenic brachial plexus block and intraarticular plus subacromial injection efficacy

Background and objectives The aim of the present study was to compare the new combination of intraarticular + subacromial injection, with intraarticular, subacromial injection and interscalenic brachial plexus block as postoperative analgesia in shoulder arthroscopy. Methods One hundred and twenty patients scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy were enrolled and randomly assigned to one of five groups: intraarticular, subacromial, interscalenic brachial plexus block (IBPB), intraarticular + subacromial (intraarticular + subacromial) injection or a control group. All patients received standardized general anaesthesia and all the injections were given with the same dose and volume of local anaesthetic. The number of boluses (fentanyl 1 μg kg−1) delivered by a patient-controlled analgesia pump applied at the end of the surgery and the visual analogue pain score (VAPS) at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after the intervention were recorded. A patient satisfaction score was also assessed at 24 h. Results Mean bolus consumption, compared with control group, was significantly less in all groups (P < 0.01). Intraarticular + subacromial group utilized fewer boluses compared with subacromial group and significantly lower boluses than intraarticular group (P < 0.01), but IBPB group utilized significantly fewer boluses than intraarticular + subacromial group. Patients in IBPB, intraarticular + subacromial and subacromial groups showed VAPSs that were significantly better than that of the control group at all time points (P < 0.01). The VAPS in intraarticular + subacromial group was statistically comparable with those in IBPB and subacromial groups at each time interval. IBPB and intraarticular + subacromial groups showed comparable patient satisfaction scores. Conclusion These results confirm the analgesic efficacy of IBPB for shoulder surgery. Nonetheless, the combination of intraarticular and subacromial infiltration, studied for the first time, appears to be a clinically valid alternative with no clinical meaningful adverse effects.
The effect of laparoscopic fundoplication in therapy of Barrett's esophagus

Introduction Barrett's esophagus is the most significant precancer of the esophagus. Its malignization gives rise to most adenocarcinomas of the esophagus. Therefore selection of adequate therapy for this precancerous condition is of the utmost importance. Aim The authors of the work addressed the question of whether effective therapy of reflux disease alone may halt the process of malignization of Barrett's mucosa or even cause its regression. Material and methods The analyzed set comprised 50 patients with Barrett's esophagus, who in 48 cases underwent laparoscopic fundoplication and in two cases underwent an indirect antireflux procedure in the form of gastric resection with a Roux-en-Y gastrojejunal anastomosis. The effect of the procedure was evaluated by comparing preoperative and postoperative endoscopic examinations, as well as histological analysis by biopsy taken from Barrett's mucosa. Results In 19 patients (38%), Barrett's mucosa was not detected postoperatively. An improved finding in terms of disappearance of mucosal dysplasia was found in 8 (16%) patients. Findings remained unchanged in 18 (36%) patients. In 5 (10%) patients progression of the disease was discovered. Conclusions A surgical antireflux procedure, primarily in the form of laparoscopic fundoplication, is considered an effective method for treating Barrett's esophagus up to the stage of mild dysplasia. If this therapy is unsuccessful, the method of choice is local therapy, either an endoscopic mucosectomy or radiofrequency ablation.
CD34‐reactive trichodiscoma

Background: Trichodiscomas are rare hamartomas of the dermal portion of the hair disc, a specialized component of the perifollicular mesenchyme. They are usually found as asymptomatic multiple skin‐colored papules on the face and extremities and may have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, a solitary variant has been described.