Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fate of Worn‐Out Functional Teeth in the Upper Jaw Dentition of Sicyopterus japonicus (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae) During Tooth Replacement

Mochizuki and Fukui (Jpn J Ichthyol 30 ( ) 27–36) studied the development and replacement of the upper jaw teeth in a Japanese fish species, Sicyopterus japonicus (Gobioidei: Sicydiinae), and they reported that worn‐out functional teeth in the upper jaw were not shed outside the skin but were taken into the soft tissue of the upper jaw and completely resorbed there. To date, however, this phenomenon appears poorly documented. Furthermore, the mechanism for the resorption of these teeth remains to be determined. In this study, we examined this phenomenon by using 3D microcomputed tomography (m‐CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and various techniques of light (LM) and electron (EM) microcopy. This study demonstrated that the upper jaw dentition of this fish was more or less simultaneously replaced with the replacement occurring during short time periods and that the lingual movement of the replacement teeth to the functional tooth position advanced simultaneously in a given row. Furthermore, our study also revealed that many worn‐out functional teeth were engulfed by the oral epithelium, invaginated into the lingual shallow ditch of the premaxilla, and were resorbed/degraded completely by numerous foreign body giant cells rather than by odontoclasts during periods of at least three intervals of tooth replacement. The complete resorption/degradation of worn‐out functional teeth in the soft tissue of the upper jaw suggests the possibility of the reuse of their components (minerals such as Ca and P, including Fe) for rapid and successional production of new replacement teeth in the upper jaw of adult S. japonicus. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 301:111–124, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IL-17A–Producing γδT Cells Promote CTL Responses against Listeria monocytogenes Infection by Enhancing Dendritic Cell Cross-Presentation

Interleukin-17A–producing T cells, especially Th17, have been shown to be involved in inflammatory autoimmune diseases and host defense against extracellular infections. However, whether and how IL-17A or IL-17A–producing cells can help protection against intracellular bacteria remains controversial, especially how it regulates the adaptive immunity besides recruitment of neutrophils in the innate immune system. By infecting IL-17A–deficient mice with Listeria monocytogenes, we show in this study that IL-17A is required for the generation of Ag-specific CD8+ CTL response against primary infection, but not for the generation of memory CD8+ T cells against secondary challenge. Interestingly, we identify γδT cells, but not conventional CD4+ Th17 cells, as the main cells for innate IL-17A production during L. monocytogenes infection. Furthermore, γδT cells are found to promote Ag-specific CD8+ T cell proliferation by enhancing cross-presentation of dendritic cells through IL-17A. Adoptive transfer of Il17a+/+ γδT cells, but not Il17a−/− γδT cells or Il17a+/+ CD4+ T cells, were sufficient to recover dendritic cells cross-presentation and defective CD8+ T cell response in Il17a−/− mice. Our findings indicate an important role of infection-inducible IL-17A–producing γδT cells and their derived IL-17A against intracellular bacterial infection, providing a mechanism of IL-17A for regulation of innate and adaptive immunity.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model with diverse holding periods

Assuming that assets are traded in discrete time and that risk averse investors differ in their holding periods, we investigate the conditions under which the CAPM holds. It is shown that when portfolio rebalancing is allowed the CAPM holds in four cases not rigorously analyzed previously. These four cases are: (a) quadratic preferences; (b) one-period normal distributions when utility is defined on the multiperiod terminal wealth which is not normal; (c) the terminal wealth is log-normally distributed; and (d) the terminal wealth W T is normally distributed, but in this case diverse holding periods are not allowed. Case d is similar to the Sharpe-Lintner model with the exception that T - 1 revisions are allowed.
Examining the empirical evidence of transport inequality in the US and UK

This chapter describes how it is important to first gain a better understanding of the inequalities that arise from the present system of transport delivery in order to argue the case of taking a social policy approach to transport. The chapter presents the statistical and qualitative evidence for this in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US). However, it should be noted that distributional inequities in and of themselves do not necessarily justify the need for social policy intervention. It is generally accepted that such intervention is only appropriate where the welfare of citizens is already, or may become, underminded. With this in mind, the later sections of the chapter examine the evidence for this with particular emphasis on the effects of transport inequalities on people’s ability to access the key activities, which are considered essential to the welfare of citizens, namely employment, education and training, healthcare and social, leisure and cultural activities.
How Much Decentralization?

This article examines the extent of managerial autonomy middle managers in Canadian governments report in financial and human resources management areas. It analyzes whether during a period of intense government restructuring middle managers’ autonomy has increased or not and whether there are any environmental or structural factors that could explain the variation in the extent of managerial autonomy reported by them. Managers reported the most autonomy regarding quality and client consultation issues and relatively high levels of autonomy for performance management, training and development, and staffing decisions. The extent of perceived managerial autonomy was found to be statistically significantly related to being a manager of a work unit in the periphery, managing a small unit, leading a corporate unit, and having greater emphasis on results.
Occurrence of hlyA and sheA Genes in Extraintestinal Escherichia coli Strains

ABSTRACT The association of a hemolytic phenotype with the carriage of the α-hemolysin gene (hlyA) and/or the silent hemolysin gene (sheA or clyA) among 540 extraintestinal clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and 110 fecal isolates from healthy individuals was investigated. Though HlyA is an important virulence factor in extraintestinal E. coli infection, the role of SheA is not completely clarified. Two hemolytic sheA+E. coli strains that lacked hlyA and possessed no other hemolysin genes were identified. No hlyA+sheA+ strains were identified, suggesting that there is possible incompatibility between hlyA and sheA in the chromosome of E. coli.
The Boats That Did Not Sail: Asset Price Volatility and Market Efficiency in a Natural Experiment

What explains short-term fluctuations of stock prices? This paper exploits a natural experiment from the 18th century in which information flows were regularly interrupted for exogenous reasons. English shares were traded on the Amsterdam exchange and news came in on sailboats that were often delayed because of adverse weather conditions. The paper documents that prices responded strongly to boat arrivals, but there was considerable volatility in the absence of news. The evidence suggests that this was largely the result of the revelation of (long-lived) private information and the (transitory) impact of uninformed liquidity trades on intermediaries' risk premia.
The phosphatase PHLPP1 regulates Akt2, promotes pancreatic cancer cell death, and inhibits tumor formation.

BACKGROUND & AIMS The kinase Akt mediates resistance of pancreatic cancer (PaCa) cells to death and is constitutively active (phosphorylated) in cancer cells. Whereas the kinases that activate Akt are well characterized, less is known about phosphatases that dephosporylate and thereby inactivate it. We investigated regulation of Akt activity and cell death by the phosphatases PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in PaCa cells, mouse models of PaCa, and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). METHODS We measured the effects of PHLPP overexpression or knockdown with small interfering RNAs on Akt activation and cell death. We examined regulation of PHLPPs by growth factors and reactive oxygen species, as well as associations between PHLPPs and tumorigenesis. RESULTS PHLPP overexpression inactivated Akt, whereas PHLPP knockdown increased phosphorylation of Akt in PaCa cells. Levels of PHLPPs were greatly reduced in human PDAC and in mouse genetic and xenograft models of PaCa. PHLPP activities in PaCa cells were down-regulated by growth factors and Nox4 reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase. PHLPP1 selectively dephosphorylated Akt2, whereas PHLPP2 selectively dephosphorylated Akt1. Akt2, but not Akt1, was up-regulated in PDAC, and Akt2 levels correlated with mortality. Consistent with these results, high levels of PHLPP1, which dephosphorylates Akt2 (but not PHLPP2, which dephosphorylates Akt1), correlated with longer survival times of patients with PDAC. In mice, xenograft tumors derived from PaCa cells that overexpress PHLPP1 (but not PHLPP2) had inactivated Akt, greater extent of apoptosis, and smaller size. CONCLUSIONS PHLPP1 has tumor suppressive activity and might represent a therapeutic or diagnostic tool for PDAC.
Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device

Involuntary unemployment appears to be a persistent feature of many modern labor markets. The presence of such unemployment raises the question of why wages do not fall to clear labor markets. In this paper we show how the information structure of employer-employee relationships, in particular the inability of employers to costlessly observe workers' on-the-job effort, can explain involuntary unemployment as an equilibrium phenomenon. Indeed, we show that imperfect monitoring necessitates unemployment in equilibrium. The intuition behind our result is simple. Under the conventional competitive paradigm, in which all workers receive the market wage and there is no unemployment, the worst that can happen to a worker who shirks on the job is that he is fired. Since he can immediately be rehired, however, he pays no penalty for his misdemeanor. With imperfect monitoring and full employment, therefore, workers will choose to shirk. To induce its workers not to shirk, the firm attempts to pay more than the “going wage”; then, if a worker is caught shirking and is fired, he will pay a penalty. If it pays one firm to raise its wage, however, it will pay all firms to raise their wages. When they all raise their wages, the incentive not to shirk again disappears. But as all firms raise their wages, their demand for labor decreases, and unemployment results. With unemployment, even if all firms pay the same wages, a worker has an incentive not to shirk.
Trust and Financial Reporting Quality

Using unique survey data from Great Place to Work® Institute, we investigate the association of intra-organizational trust (i.e., employees’ trust in management) with three aspects of financial reporting: accruals quality, misstatements, and internal control quality. We find that trust is associated with better accrual quality, lower likelihood of financial statement misstatements, and lower likelihood of internal control material weakness disclosures. However, these effects are not uniform across all companies. Consistent with trust improving financial reporting quality through improved information production and information sharing, we find that trust is significantly associated with financial reporting quality in relatively decentralized firms, but not in firms that are relatively centralized. Our results are robust to several analyses that attempt to control for potential alternative explanations.
Cortical representation of acoustic motion in the Rufous Horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus rouxi

Responses of neurons to apparent auditory motion in the azimuth were recorded in three different fields of auditory cortex of the rufous horseshoe bat. Motion was simulated using successive stimuli with dynamically changing interaural intensity differences presented via earphones. Seventy‐one percent of sampled neurons were motion‐direction‐sensitive. Two types of responses could be distinguished. Thirty‐four percent of neurons showed a directional preference exhibiting stronger responses to one direction of motion. Fifty‐seven percent of neurons responded with a shift of spatial receptive field position depending on direction of motion. Both effects could occur in the same neuron depending on the parameters of apparent motion. Most neurons with contralateral receptive fields exhibited directional preference only with motion entering the receptive field from the opposite direction. Receptive field shifts were opposite to the direction of motion. Specific combinations of spatiotemporal parameters determined the motion‐direction‐sensitive responses. Velocity was not encoded as a specific parameter. Temporal parameters of motion and azimuth position of the moving sound source were differentially encoded by neurons in different fields of auditory cortex. Neurons with a directional preference in the dorsal fields can encode motion with short interpulse intervals, whereas direction‐preferring neurons in the primary field can best encode motion with medium interpulse intervals. Furthermore, neurons with a directional preference in the dorsal fields are specialized for encoding motion in the midfield of azimuth, whereas direction‐preferring neurons in the primary field can encode motion in lateral positions. The results suggest that motion information is differentially processed in different fields of the auditory cortex of the rufous horseshoe bat.
Effects of dexmedetomidine on H-FABP, CK-MB, cTnI levels, neurological function and near-term prognosis in patients undergoing heart valve replacement

This study investigated the effects of dexmedetomidine on heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), and troponin I (cTnI) levels, neurological function and near-term prognosis in patients undergoing heart valve replacement. Patients undergoing heart valve replacement were randomly allocated to remifentanil anesthesia (control group, n=48) or dexmedetomidine anesthesia (observation group, n=48). Hemodynamic parameters were measured before anesthesia induction (T1), 1 min after intubation (T2), 10 min after start of surgery (T3), and on completion of surgery (T4). Levels of plasma H-FABP, CK-MB and cTnI were measured 10 min before anesthesia induction (C1), 10 min after start of surgery (C2), on completion of surgery (C3), 6 h after surgery (C4), and 24 h after surgery (C5). S100β protein and serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) were detected 10 min before anesthesia induction (C1), and 24 h after surgery (C5). Neurological and cardiac function was evaluated 24 h after surgery. Incidence of cardiovascular adverse events was recorded for 1 year of follow-up. There were no significant differences in the average heart rate between the two groups during the perioperative period. The mean arterial pressure in the observation group was significantly lower than control group (P<0.05). Levels of H-FABP, CK-MB and cTnI at C2, C3, C4 and C5, were significantly higher than C1, but significantly lower in the observation versus control group (P<0.05). Twenty-four hours after surgery, levels of S100β and NSE in both groups were higher than those before induction (P<0.05), but significantly lower in the observation versus control group (P<0.05). Twenty-four hours after surgery, neurological function scores were better, and myocardial contractility and arrhythmia scores significantly lower in the observation versus control group (P<0.05 for all). After follow-up for 1 year, incidence of cardiovascular adverse events was significantly lower in the observation versus control group (P<0.05). Dexmedetomidine anesthesia can effectively maintain hemodynamic stability, reduce myocardial injury and the occurrence of cognitive dysfunction, and improve prognosis in patients undergoing heart valve replacement.
Outdoor waypoint navigation with the AR.Drone quadrotor

This paper presents a framework to deal with outdoor navigation using an AR.Drone Parrot quadrotor. The proposed system runs in a centralized computer, the ground station, responsible for the communication with the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and for synthesizing the control signals during flight missions. The outdoor navigation is performed through using a layered control architecture, where a high-level control algorithm, designed from the kinematic differential equations describing the movement of the UAV, is used to generate reference signals for a low-level velocity controller. To feedback the controllers, the sensorial data provided by the AR.Drone onboard sensors and a GPS module are fused through a Kalman Filter, allowing getting a more reliable estimate of the UAV state. Finally, experimental results are presented, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Analysis of MIMO Diversity With LDPC Codes Based on a Gaussian Approximation Approach Over Rayleigh Fading Channels

A low-density parity-check (LDPC)-coded multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system is able to achieve excellent bit-error-rate (BER) performance over fading channels. The two types of MIMO systems examined in this paper are the transmit antenna selection/generalized selection combining (TAS/GSC) and orthogonal space-time block code (STBC). The approximate BER expressions of these two systems with LDPC codes using binary phase-shift keying signals over a Rayleigh fading channel are derived based on the Gaussian approximation (GA) approach. These expressions provide a computationally efficient method of analyzing the system performance, as compared with density evolution (DE) and simulation. The stability conditions for both systems using the DE and GA approaches are also presented.
An investigation into the content validity of the Antimicrobial Self‐Assessment Toolkit for NHS Trusts (ASAT v15a) using cognitive interviews with antimicrobial pharmacists

The Antimicrobial Self‐Assessment Toolkit for NHS Trusts (ASAT) was developed to evaluate the organizational strategies used to implement hospital‐based antimicrobial stewardship programmes. An iterative approach was used to develop ASAT v15a, which has been previously investigated for face validity; however, further investigation into other types of validity was required. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the content validity of ASAT v15a and hence modify and improve the content validity of the toolkit.
Outcome of African American men screened for prostate cancer: the Detroit Education and Early Detection Study.

PURPOSE Will early detection impact on stage of disease and recurrence of prostate cancer in a high risk population? We initiated a community based study to educate and recruit African American men for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, that is the Detroit Education and Early Detection (DEED) study. Our objective was to evaluate our recruitment process for this target population, examine the percentage of organ confined prostate cancer in men undergoing radical prostatectomy and measure recurrence biochemically. MATERIALS AND METHODS A community based study from February 1993 to February 1995 through the African American churches in metropolitan Detroit was initiated. We compared the early detection group treated with radical prostatectomy to the population presenting to our urological clinic during the same period. We tested and followed 1,105 African American men using the prostate specific antigen blood test. RESULTS Pathologically organ confined prostate cancer was diagnosed in 11 of 17 men (65%) who underwent radical prostatectomy in the DEED project. Within the clinic population 35% of the African American men were diagnosed with pathologically organ confined prostate cancer. The difference between the 2 populations was statistically significant (p = 0.033). Disease recurred in 1 of 15 (7%) and 39 of 157 (25%) men in the DEED and clinic populations, respectively (p = 0.97). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated our ability to recruit African American men into a prostate cancer early detection program. We diagnosed early but clinically significant prostate cancers among African American men with characteristics similar to prostate cancers diagnosed in other early detection studies in which the overwhelming majority of men were white.
Tax-Loss Selling and the January Effect: Evidence from Municipal Bond Closed-End Funds

This paper provides direct evidence supporting the tax-loss selling hypothesis as an explanation of the January effect. Examining turn-of-the-year return and volume patterns for municipal bond closed-end funds, which are held mostly by tax-sensitive individual investors, we document a January effect for these funds, but not for their underlying assets. We provide evidence that this effect can be largely explained by tax-loss selling activities at the previous year-end. Moreover, we find that funds associated with brokerage firms display more tax-loss selling behavior, suggesting that tax counseling plays a role. Copyright 2006 by The American Finance Association.
Medical emergencies encountered in dental clinics: A study from the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Objectives: To report the prevalence of medical emergencies in dental clinics and self-perceived competence of dentists in the Eastern Province of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a self administered questionnaire was distributed to a random sample of 198 dentists working in private and government dental clinics in the Eastern Province of KSA. The respondents were approached twice to ensure good participation in the study. Results: One hundred and forty-five dentists returned the questionnaires yielding a response rate of 73.2%. Half were male (50.3%) and 56% worked in private dental clinics. About 67% of the respondents reported having encountered any episodes of medical emergencies. Vasovagal syncope was the most common medical emergency experienced by 53.1% of the dentists, followed by hypoglycemia (44.8%) and only 5.5% had faced foreign body aspiration. The responding dentists had encountered 599 episodes of medical emergencies in the last 3 years. Almost 45% of the participants felt competent to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Most of the participants (74.3%) reported that they had emergency kits in their clinics; more than 70% of the dentists kept oxygen, adrenaline, and glucose. One-third of them were either not confident or did not know how to use the emergency drugs. Conclusions: The study findings revealed that dentists quite commonly encounter medical emergency situations during their practice in dental clinics, but a considerable proportion of dentists did not feel competent enough to handle medical emergency conditions.
Continuity and Change in the Australian Minimum Wage Setting System: The Legacy of the Commission

Australia has a long history of institutional minimum wage determination. We examine the features and the changes in the minimum wages system. We identify its enduring characteristics, its place the Australian system in an international context and see where Fair Work Australia is located in relation to previous arrangements. We ask why a minimum wage system is still required and we examine the legacy of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission and its predecessors in minimum wage determination.