Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The peripheral chemoreflex: indefatigable guardian of fetal physiological adaptation to labour

The fetus is consistently exposed to repeated periods of impaired oxygen (hypoxaemia) and nutrient supply in labour. This is balanced by the healthy fetus's remarkable anaerobic tolerance and impressive ability to mount protective adaptations to hypoxaemia. The most important mediator of fetal adaptations to brief repeated hypoxaemia is the peripheral chemoreflex, a rapid reflex response to acute falls in arterial oxygen tension. The overwhelming majority of fetuses are able to respond to repeated uterine contractions without developing hypotension or hypoxic–ischaemic injury. In contrast, fetuses who are either exposed to severe hypoxaemia, for example during uterine hyperstimulation, or enter labour with reduced anaerobic reserve (e.g. as shown by severe fetal growth restriction) are at increased risk of developing intermittent hypotension and cerebral hypoperfusion. It is remarkable to note that when fetuses develop hypotension during such repeated severe hypoxaemia, it is not mediated by impaired reflex adaptation, but by failure to maintain combined ventricular output, likely due to a combination of exhaustion of myocardial glycogen and evolving myocardial injury. The chemoreflex is suppressed by relatively long periods of severe hypoxaemia of 1.5–2 min, longer than the typical contraction. Even in this setting, the peripheral chemoreflex is consistently reactivated between contractions. These findings demonstrate that the peripheral chemoreflex is an indefatigable guardian of fetal adaptation to labour.
The volume and composition of human milk in poorly nourished communities. A review.

A review of various studies on breast milk suggests the need for more coordinated comparative studies into all aspects of human lactation in well-nourished and poorly nourished communities using similar sampling methods and analytic techniques. The following generalizations were also drawn from the review for practical action: 1) unsupplemented human milk is all that is required to nourish babies of well-nourished mothers for the 1st 6 months of life; 2) although the volume and composition of human milk in poorly nourished women is surprisingly good, it is often suboptimal in quantity and quality with lower values of fat, H20 soluble vitamins, vitamin A, and somewhat lower calcium and protein; 3) limited studies with supplementary feeding of poorly nourished lactating women (and common sense probabilities) have suggested the feasibility of improvement in volume of output and in nutritional quality of breast milk; 4) adequacy of breast milk as sole food for the baby is related to the mother's diet in pregnancy, to maternal puerperal calorie reserves, to fetal stores, to birthweight, and to iron obtained from placental transfusion. Breast milk produced in the so-called "late lactation' (e.g., 7 months to 2 years or more) is insufficient by itself for the rising nutrient needs (and declining stores) or the rapidly growing infant. The 2 main forms of interference with lactation performance (maternal reflexes and maternal nutrition) are also discussed.
Genetic evidence of local exploitation of Atlantic salmon in a coastal subsistence fishery in the Northwest Atlantic

Fisheries targeting mixtures of populations risk the overutilization of minor stock constituents unless harvests are monitored and managed. We evaluated stock composition and exploitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a subsistence fishery in coastal Labrador, Canada, using genetic mixture analysis and individual assignment with a microsatellite baseline (15 loci, 11 829 individuals, 12 regional groups) encompassing the species’ western Atlantic range. Bayesian and maximum likelihood mixture analyses of fishery samples over 6 years (2006–2011; 1772 individuals) indicate contributions of adjacent stocks of 96%–97%. Estimates of fishery-associated exploitation were highest for Labrador salmon (4.2%–10.6% per year) and generally <1% for other regions. Individual assignment of fishery samples indicated nonlocal contributions to the fishery (e.g., Quebec, Newfoundland) were rare and primarily in southern Labrador, consistent with migration pathways utilizing the Strait of Belle Isle. This work illustrate.
Differential functional connectivity of rostral anterior cingulate cortex during emotional interference

Abstract The rostral-ventral subdivision of the anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) plays a key role in the regulation of emotional processing. Although rACC has strong anatomical connections with anterior insular cortex (AIC), amygdala, prefrontal cortex and striatal brain regions, it is unclear whether the functional connectivity of rACC with these regions changes when regulating emotional processing. Furthermore, it is not known whether this connectivity changes with deficits in emotion regulation seen in different kinds of anxiety and depression. To address these questions regarding rACC functional connectivity, non-patients high in self-reported anxious apprehension (AP), anxious arousal (AR), anhedonic depression (AD) or none (CON) indicated the ink color of pleasant, neutral and unpleasant words during functional magnetic resonance imaging. While ignoring task-irrelevant unpleasant words, AD and CON showed an increase in the functional connectivity of rACC with AIC, putamen, caudate and ventral pallidum. There was a decrease in this connectivity in AP and AR, with AP showing greater reduction than AR. These findings provide support for the role of rACC in integrating interoceptive, emotional and cognitive functions via interactions with insula and striatal regions during effective emotion regulation in healthy individuals and a failure of this integration that may be specific to anxiety, particularly AP.
Plasticity within the niche ensures the maintenance of a Sox2+ stem cell population in the mouse incisor

ABSTRACT In mice, the incisors grow throughout the animal's life, and this continuous renewal is driven by dental epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells. Sox2 is a principal marker of the epithelial stem cells that reside in the mouse incisor stem cell niche, called the labial cervical loop, but relatively little is known about the role of the Sox2+ stem cell population. In this study, we show that conditional deletion of Sox2 in the embryonic incisor epithelium leads to growth defects and impairment of ameloblast lineage commitment. Deletion of Sox2 specifically in Sox2+ cells during incisor renewal revealed cellular plasticity that leads to the relatively rapid restoration of a Sox2-expressing cell population. Furthermore, we show that Lgr5-expressing cells are a subpopulation of dental Sox2+ cells that also arise from Sox2+ cells during tooth formation. Finally, we show that the embryonic and adult Sox2+ populations are regulated by distinct signalling pathways, which is reflected in their distinct transcriptomic signatures. Together, our findings demonstrate that a Sox2+ stem cell population can be regenerated from Sox2− cells, reinforcing its importance for incisor homeostasis. Summary: Sox2 plays a key role in incisor morphogenesis and renewal through initiating differentiation towards the enamel-secreting ameloblast fate, but is not required for establishing the dental epithelial stem cell niche.
Demonstration of spatial greenhouse gas mapping using laser absorption spectrometers on local scales

Abstract. A system for measuring the two-dimensional (2-D) spatial distribution of atmospheric CO2 over complex industrial sites and urban areas on the order of 1 to 30 km2 every few minutes with a spatial resolution as high as tens of meters has been developed and demonstrated over the past 3 years. The greenhouse gas (GHG) laser imaging tomography experiment (GreenLITE™) provides improved measurement capabilities for applications ranging from automated 24/7 monitoring of ground carbon storage/sequestration (GCS) sites to long-duration real-time analyses of GHG sources and sinks in urban environments. GreenLITE combines a set of sensors based on an intensity modulated continuous wave approach with 2-D sparse tomographic reconstruction mechanisms to compute a 2-D map of CO2 concentrations over the area of interest. GreenLITE systems have recently been deployed at a number of test facilities, including a 4000-h demonstration at a GCS site in Illinois and an urban deployment in Paris, France, from November 2015 to the present. This paper describes the GreenLITE concept and the associated measurement capabilities and provides proof of concept results and analyses of observations from both short-term tests as well as longer-term industrial and urban deployments.
Obesity, Inflammation, Toll-Like Receptor 4 and Fatty Acids

Obesity leads to an inflammatory condition that is directly involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and certain types of cancer. The classic inflammatory response is an acute reaction to infections or to tissue injuries, and it tends to move towards resolution and homeostasis. However, the inflammatory process that was observed in individuals affected by obesity and metabolic syndrome differs from the classical inflammatory response in certain respects. This inflammatory process manifests itself systemically and it is characterized by a chronic low-intensity reaction. The toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway is acknowledged as one of the main triggers of the obesity-induced inflammatory response. The aim of the present review is to describe the role that is played by the TLR4 signaling pathway in the inflammatory response and its modulation by saturated and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Studies indicate that saturated fatty acids can induce inflammation by activating the TLR4 signaling pathway. Conversely, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, exert anti-inflammatory actions through the attenuation of the activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway by either lipopolysaccharides or saturated fatty acids.
Does initial breastfeeding lead to lower blood cholesterol in adult life? A quantitative review of the evidence.

BACKGROUND Earlier studies have suggested that infant feeding may program long-term changes in cholesterol metabolism. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine whether breastfeeding is associated with lower blood cholesterol concentrations in adulthood. DESIGN The study consisted of a systematic review of published observational studies relating initial infant feeding status to blood cholesterol concentrations in adulthood (ie, aged >16 y). Data were available from 17 studies (17 498 subjects; 12 890 breastfed, 4608 formula-fed). Mean differences in total cholesterol concentrations (breastfed minus formula-fed) were pooled by using fixed-effect models. Effects of adjustment (for age at outcome, socioeconomic position, body mass index, and smoking status) and exclusion (of nonexclusive breast feeders) were examined. RESULTS Mean total blood cholesterol was lower (P = 0.037) among those ever breastfed than among those fed formula milk (mean difference: -0.04 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.08, 0.00 mmol/L). The difference in cholesterol between infant feeding groups was larger (P = 0.005) and more consistent in 7 studies that analyzed "exclusive" feeding patterns (-0.15 mmol/L; -0.23, -0.06 mmol/L) than in 10 studies that analyzed nonexclusive feeding patterns (-0.01 mmol/L; -0.06, 0.03 mmol/L). Adjustment for potential confounders including socioeconomic position, body mass index, and smoking status in adult life had minimal effect on these estimates. CONCLUSIONS Initial breastfeeding (particularly when exclusive) may be associated with lower blood cholesterol concentrations in later life. Moves to reduce the cholesterol content of formula feeds below those of breast milk should be treated with caution.
Effect of Early Surgery, Material, and Method of Flap Preservation on Cranioplasty Infections: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND:Infection is a significant cause of morbidity with cranioplasty procedures. However, few studies have investigated the effect of specific surgical practices on cranioplasty infection. OBJECTIVE:To analyze the literature on the effect of early surgery (within 3 months of craniectomy), implant material, and method of flap preservation on cranioplasty infections, and to perform a subanalysis of the effect of early surgery on overall complications associated with cranioplasty. METHODS:A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane, SCOPUS, and CINAHL databases was conducted. Comparative studies that reported on timing of surgery, implant material (autograft vs allograft), or method of flap preservation (subcutaneous vs extracorporeal), and infection or complication rates were selected for detailed analysis. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each analysis. RESULTS:Eighteen articles (2254 data points) met criteria for inclusion. There was no difference in infection rates (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.53-3.41; P = .53) or overall complication rates (OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.29-1.11; P = .10) between early or later surgery. Fourteen studies (n = 1582) compared infection rates between autograft and allograft materials; there was no difference in infection rates between the two (OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.40-1.66; P = .57). There was no significant difference in infection rates between subcutaneous or extracorporeal preservation (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.09-1.35; P = .13). CONCLUSION:Analysis of the best current evidence suggests that early surgery, implant material, and method of flap preservation have no effect on the rate of cranioplasty infections.
Nonlinear response of N2O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system

The relationship between nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and N availability in agricultural ecosystems is usually assumed to be linear, with the same proportion of nitrogen lost as N2O regardless of input level. We conducted a 3‐year, high‐resolution N fertilizer response study in southwest Michigan USA to test the hypothesis that N2O fluxes increase mainly in response to N additions that exceed crop N needs. We added urea ammonium nitrate or granular urea at nine levels (0–292 kg N ha−1) to four replicate plots of continuous maize. We measured N2O fluxes and available soil N biweekly following fertilization and grain yields at the end of the growing season. From 2001 to 2003 N2O fluxes were moderately low (ca. 20 g N2O‐N ha−1 day−1) at levels of N addition to 101 kg N ha−1, where grain yields were maximized, after which fluxes more than doubled (to >50 g N2O‐N ha−1 day−1). This threshold N2O response to N fertilization suggests that agricultural N2O fluxes could be reduced with no or little yield penalty by reducing N fertilizer inputs to levels that just satisfy crop needs.
Evaluating commercial food products for presence of blueberries and for their anti-inflammatory effects

Incorporation of blueberries in food products has increased rapidly in last decade. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the blueberry in commercial food products presence by measuring signature compounds, and to further assess their anti-inflammatory effects. Anthocyanins (ACNs) and chlorogenic acid (CGA) were selected as candidate signature compounds. In ten selected blueberry-containing commercial food products, only four contained ACNs, while eight contained CGA. Because CGA was more stable, it was considered as a better indicator of blueberry presence. Blueberry contents in these commercial food products were then estimated based on their CGA contents. Polyphenol-enriched fractions from these food products were prepared and subjected to NF-κB inhibition assay to evaluate their anti-inflammatory effects. All fractions inhibited NF-κB activation dose-dependently. There was a weak correlation between anti-inflammatory effects and blueberry contents. The data also pointed out that ACNs in their native forms were probably the most active anti-inflammatory components in blueberries. Journal of Nature and Science, 1(4):e65, 2015
Unbiased Detection of Respiratory Viruses by Use of RNA Sequencing-Based Metagenomics: a Systematic Comparison to a Commercial PCR Panel

ABSTRACT Current infectious disease molecular tests are largely pathogen specific, requiring test selection based on the patient's symptoms. For many syndromes caused by a large number of viral, bacterial, or fungal pathogens, such as respiratory tract infections, this necessitates large panels of tests and has limited yield. In contrast, next-generation sequencing-based metagenomics can be used for unbiased detection of any expected or unexpected pathogen. However, barriers for its diagnostic implementation include incomplete understanding of analytical performance and complexity of sequence data analysis. We compared detection of known respiratory virus-positive (n = 42) and unselected (n = 67) pediatric nasopharyngeal swabs using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based metagenomics approach and Taxonomer, an ultrarapid, interactive, web-based metagenomics data analysis tool, with an FDA-cleared respiratory virus panel (RVP; GenMark eSensor). Untargeted metagenomics detected 86% of known respiratory virus infections, and additional PCR testing confirmed RVP results for only 2 (33%) of the discordant samples. In unselected samples, untargeted metagenomics had excellent agreement with the RVP (93%). In addition, untargeted metagenomics detected an additional 12 viruses that were either not targeted by the RVP or missed due to highly divergent genome sequences. Normalized viral read counts for untargeted metagenomics correlated with viral burden determined by quantitative PCR and showed high intrarun and interrun reproducibility. Partial or full-length viral genome sequences were generated in 86% of RNA-seq-positive samples, allowing assessment of antiviral resistance, strain-level typing, and phylogenetic relatedness. Overall, untargeted metagenomics had high agreement with a sensitive RVP, detected viruses not targeted by the RVP, and yielded epidemiologically and clinically valuable sequence information.
Mapping phenotypic, expression and transmission ratio distortion QTL using RAD markers in the Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

The evolution of reproductive isolation in an ecological context may involve multiple facets of species divergence on which divergent selection may operate. These include variation in quantitative phenotypic traits, regulation of gene expression, and differential transmission of particular allelic combinations. Thus, an integrative approach to the speciation process involves identifying the genetic basis of these traits, in order to understand how they are affected by divergent selection in nature and how they ultimately contribute to reproductive isolation. In the Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), dwarf and normal species pairs sympatrically occur in several North American postglacial lakes. The limnetic dwarf whitefish distinguishes from its normal benthic relative by numerous life history, behavioural, morphological and gene expression traits, in relation with the exploitation of distinct ecological niches. Here, we have applied the RAD‐Sequencing method to a hybrid backcross family to reconstruct a high‐density genetic linkage map and perform QTL mapping in the Lake Whitefish. The 3061 cM map encompassed 3438 segregating RAD markers distributed over 40 linkage groups, for an average resolution of 0.89 cM. We mapped phenotypic and expression QTL underlying ecologically important traits as well as transmission ratio distortion QTL, and identified genomic regions harbouring clusters of such QTL. A narrow genomic region strongly associated with sex determination was also evidenced. Positional and functional information revealed in this study will be useful in ongoing population genomic studies to illuminate our understanding of the genomic architecture of reproductive isolation between whitefish species pairs.
Canopy Cover and Root-zone Heating Effects on Fall- and Spring-grown Leaf Lettuce Yield in Ohio

Low and high tunnels and root-zone heating systems are proven tools in horticultural production. However, impacts of their separate and combined application on crop yield, composition, and microclimates are underreported. We addressed these gaps in the literature by exposing lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to four microclimates established with low and high tunnels and root-zone heating during the spring and fall of 2 years in Wooster, OH. Red-leaved romaine lettuce cultivars Outredgeous and Flagship were direct-seeded into raised beds in both outdoor and high-tunnel settings in early October and late March and harvested multiple times over 4 weeks. Half of all plots in each setting were underlain by electric heating cables, and half were covered with 0.8-mil, clear, vented, low tunnels. A growing medium consisting of peat moss, compost, soil, and red clover (Trifolium pratense) hay was used, and all plots were overhead-irrigated. Soil and air temperatures were monitored throughout the experiments, which were repeated four times (2 seasons/ year · 2 years). Here, we report primarily on treatment effects on crop yield and related variables. Rootand shoot-zone conditions and cultivar significantly affected leaf biomass in both settings (outdoor, high tunnel), while population was more often affected in the outdoor experiments. Microclimate main effects were more prevalent than cultivar effects or interactions. Leaf yield was greater in lowtunnel-covered and bottom-heated plots than in uncovered and unheated plots. We take these data as further evidence of the potential to alter lettuce yield through rootand shoot-zone microclimate modification, particularly in regions prone to dynamic seasonal and within-season temperature and light conditions. The data also suggest that the relative performance of low and high tunnels in the production of short-statured, quick-cycling crops during fall and spring be more thoroughly evaluated.
Evaluation of wound healing activity of the plant Carmona retusa ( Vahl ) Masam . , in mice

The evaluation of wound healing activity was conducted to study the effect of various extracts of Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam. The ointment was prepared from the alcohol extract of root, stem and leaves with petroleum jelly as a base in 5% and 10% concentrations. Swiss albino mice were used for the evaluation of wound healing activity. The ointment prepared from various parts exhibited considerable response when compared with standard drug Nitrofurazone (0.2%) ointment in terms of wound contracting ability and wound closure time. Remarkable wound healing activity was observed with the root extract ointment at 5% and 10% concentration. This result showed that the ointment of plant extracts accelerate the wound healing process and specifically increased the epithelization in treatment groups when compared with control groups. Thus, this wound healing evaluation study demonstrates that C. retusa is effective in stimulating the closure of wounds. © 2012 Editor-IJIIT. Hosting by AGSI Publications. All rights reserved. How to cite this article: S Mageswari, S Karpagam and G Aadinaath Reddy (2015). Evaluation of wound healing activity of the plant Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam. , in mice, International Journal of integrative Sciences, Innovation and Technology (IJIIT), 4(5), 1 4.