Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Affirmative action decisions: when ignorance is bliss

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show how various organizational justifications for hiring decisions influence the beneficiary's perceptions of fairness. Specifically, the paper investigates the relative impacts of no justification, affirmative action justification and justifications based on attempts to improve organizational creativity.Design/methodology/approach – Participants were asked to read several vignettes in which the justification for the hiring decisions was manipulated. Fairness perceptions were then assessed for each scenario. Paired‐sample t tests were used to test hypotheses.Findings – The paper finds that perceptions of both procedural and distributive justice appeared to follow a common theme across Hispanic and African American subgroups where the hiring decision was perceived to be fairer when no justification was provided. Hiring decisions based on affirmative action and diversity programs designed to promote creativity were perceived as less fair by both African Americans a.
Evolutionary Convergence and Shared Computational Principles in the Auditory System

Precise temporal coding is a hallmark of the auditory system. Selective pressures to improve accuracy or encode more rapid changes have produced a suite of convergent physiological and morphological features that contribute to temporal coding. Comparative studies of temporal coding also point to shared computational strategies, and suggest how selection acts to improve coding. Both the avian cochlear nucleus angularis and the mammalian cochlear nuclei have heterogeneous cell populations, and similar responses to sound. These shared characteristics may represent convergent responses to similar selective pressures to encode features of airborne sound.
The New Face in Leadership: Emotional Intelligence

In the new millennium we are witnessing the shifts in the global economy, competition, and human resource needs thus, requiring a leader who must have more than a vision that inspires others but be able to execute it successfully to ensure the vision becomes a reality (Dunning, 2000). This emphasis on execution requires a reliance on teamwork and cooperation unseating the traditional top-down leadership approach. Success with this new paradigm hinges on interpersonal relationships or the skills of what Goleman (1995) has popularized as emotional intelligence. Leadership in academia is not much different from what we see in business, except for the added and often conflicting responsibility of teaching and scholarly productivity. Being pulled in equally important and demanding directions can result in emotional havoc, social discord, and decreased productivity. Therefore, understanding the concept of emotional intelligence and its role in becoming a more effective leader becomes paramount for those of us in academic leadership positions. The purpose of this article is to explain the major components of emotional intelligence model in relation to the characteristics of successful leaders in today's world.
Management of idiopathic membranous nephropathy

Importance of the field: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) can have a variable natural course. Treatments able to induce remission can improve the long-term prognosis. However, the optimal therapy for IMN remains controversial. Area covered in this review: We reviewed the historical and current literature from 1979 to 2010 regarding the natural course of IMN and the possible treatments giving special emphasis to randomized controlled trials and to more recent approaches. What the reader will gain: The reader will gain a comprehensive review of the available treatments of IMN. A personal therapeutic algorithm for nephrotic patients with IMN is also provided. Take home message: At least five different treatments showed efficacy in many (but not all) patients with IMN.
Employee recognition : understanding the construct, its measurement and its relationship to employee outcomes

3 Employee Recognition: Understanding the Construct, its Measurement . 3 Goals of the Current Research Project . 5 Employee Recognition as a Social Exchange . 6 The Importance of Employee Recognition . 9 Recognition as a Form of Positive Feedback . 14 The Construct of Employee Recognition . 15 The Object of Recognition . 18 Personal Recognition . 18 Recognition of Achievement . 19 Recognition of Work Performance . 20 Recognition of Dedication . 20 Recipient and Source of Recognition . 22 Source of Recognition . 22 Supervisor Recognition . 23 Study 1: Survey Validation Study . 31 Method . 39 Participants . 39 Measures . 40 Procedure . 42 Relation of Recognition to Various Outcomes . 49 Linear Regression Analyses . 50 Relationship between Recognition and Justice . 52 Evidence of Discriminant Validity . 53 Study 2: Vignette Study . 64 Methods . 66 Participants . 66 Procedure and Measures . 66 Results . 68 Study 3: Diary Study . 82 Procedure . 84 Results . 84 Mixed Model . 85 Discussion: Diary Study . 90 General Discussion . 94 Avenues for Future Research . 101 Conclusion . 102 Employee Recognition 3
Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample.

The factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS; S. H. Lovibond & P. F. Lovibond, 1995) and the 21-item short form of these measures (DASS-21) were examined in nonclinical volunteers (n = 49) and patients with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnoses of panic disorder (n = 67), obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 54), social phobia (n = 74), specific phobia (n = 17), and major depressive disorder (n = 46). This study replicates previous findings indicating that the DASS distinguishes well between features of depression, physical arousal, and psychological tension and agitation and extends these observations to the DASS-21. In addition, the internal consistency and concurrent validity of the DASS and DASS-21 were in the acceptable to excellent ranges. Mean scores for the various groups were similar to those in previous research, and in the expected direction. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Eight types of product–service system: eight ways to sustainability? Experiences from SusProNet

Function-oriented business models or product–service systems (PSSs) are often seen as an excellent means for achieving ‘factor 4’. SusProNet, an EU network on PSSs, showed a more complicated reality. At least eight different types of PSS exist, with quite diverging economic and environmental characteristics. The economic potential of each type was evaluated in terms of (i) tangible and intangible value for the user, (ii) tangible costs and risk premium for the provider, (iii) capital/investment needs and (iv) issues such as the providers' position in the value chain and client relations. The environmental potential was evaluated by checking the relevance of certain impact reduction mechanisms (e.g. more intensive use of capital goods, inherent incentives for sustainable user and provider behaviour etc.). Most PSS types will result in marginal environmental improvements at best. The exception is the PSS type known as functional results, but here liability and risk premium issues, amongst others, need a solution. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Observed properties of FRII quasars and radio galaxies at z < 1.0

In a long-term observing project we have imaged a complete sample of FRII quasars and radio galaxies with z < 1.0 at high resolution and high sensitivity with the VLA and MERLIN. This sample of 98 sources includes 15 quasars, 11 broad line radio galaxies and 57 narrow line radio galaxies, allowing unification to be considered i n terms of source morphological properties. Radio maps of all the targets have been presented in earlier papers. Here we carry out a systematic analysis of the properties of the jets, core s, lobes and hotspots of objects in the sample. The majority of the tests that we perform show that the data are consistent with a model in which quasars and broad-line radio galaxies are unified with narrow-line objects. Relativistic beaming is the main effect that determines the properties of kiloparsec-scale jets, and it may also have some effect on hotspots. However, some properties of the sample are difficult to account for in simple unified models.
D.RA.MA: An Extended Conceptualization of Student Anxiety in Criminal Justice Research Methods Courses

The challenges of teaching research methods and statistics to students majoring in criminology and criminal justice are well known. The professor has to deal with an array of obstacles among students, including Disinterest, Relevance Argumentation (viewing statistical skills as detached from the “real world”) and Math Anxiety (D.RA.MA). This paper presents the development of an assessment scale to measure the levels of “D.RA. MA” experienced by students enrolled in research methods or statistics courses. The literature is vast on “math anxiety scales. ” However, trepidation on the part of criminal justice students who are anticipating their research methods and statistics courses may extend beyond math anxiety. Therefore, the traditional math anxiety scale was extended to include attempts at measuring Disinterest and Relevance Argumentation. Readers are provided with the D.RA. MA scale instrument and data from an assessment of 80 students in criminal justice courses. Assessing this broader student apprehension may serve as an important first step in making the necessary efforts to reduce student apprehension towards these classes.
Universität Karlsruhe (TH) at TRECVID 2008

—In this paper, we present the system developed by the Interactive Systems Labs at Universit¨at Karlsruhe for the TRECVID 2008 evaluation. It is the second time that we participate in the TRECVID evaluation this year. Last year, the main goal of our ﬁrst participation was to develop a common software framework for multimedia processing and to build baseline systems for the shot boundary detection and high level feature (HLF) extraction tasks. The evaluation task for shot boundary detection was dropped this year, hence we focused our work on HLF extraction only. The color, texture and shape features were used as low-level features as before, while textual feature was not used. We used support vector machine (SVM) classiﬁer for low-level feature classiﬁcation. The parameters for SVMs were optimized in a grid-search scheme. A simple weighted sum fusion was applied to extract the high-level features, where the weights were calculated for each category and each low-level feature. More training data was used and evaluation results were improved compared to the last year’s evaluation results.
Achieving integration of the business school curriculum using the dynamic capabilities framework

Purpose – This paper aims to recommend dynamic capabilities as an integrative framework for the business school curriculum.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the history, sources, and consequences of the disciplinary fragmentation of most curricula. There is a determined effort to draw on all the relevant social science disciplines along with practice to create an intellectually coherent, interdisciplinary framework.Findings – The dynamic capabilities framework can provide guidance for integrating the curriculum across disciplines and between theory and practice.Social implications – Implementation along the lines proposed will give students more of what they need and allow business schools to graduate individuals with a better chance of managing organizations in fast‐changing environments exposed to strong global competition.Originality/value – The application of one of the dominant paradigms in management studies is proposed as a framework for integrating and enhancing the entire business.
Academic Self–Perceptions, Effort, and Strategy Use in Students with Learning Disabilities: Changes over Time

This study investigated changes in teachers’ and students’ perceptions of students’ effort, strategy use, and academic difficulties when strategy instruction was infused into the classroom curriculum. The sample consisted of 201 students with learning disabilities, 210 average achievers, and 57 teachers from Grades 4–9 in two urban and suburban communities. After six months of classroom–based strategy instruction, students with learning disabilities reported more consistent use of strategies with their schoolwork and perceived themselves as struggling less in reading, writing, and spelling. Teachers perceived the students with learning disabilities as more strategic and as applying more effort to their schoolwork. Teachers also perceived their students as showing significant improvements in spelling, regardless of whether they had learning disabilities. These findings extended the results of previous investigations and indicated the small, positive impact of classroom–based strategy instruction. Further investigations are critical to evaluate the generalizability of these findings.
Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox.

By use of a dual-task paradigm, 3 studies investigated the contention that stereotypes function as resource-preserving devices in mental life. In Study 1, Ss formed impressions of targets while simultaneously monitoring a prose passage. The results demonstrated a significant enhancement in Ss' prose-monitoring performance when stereotype labels were present on the impression-formation task. To investigate the intentionality of this effect, in Study 2, the procedures used in Study 1 were repeated using a subliminal priming procedure to activate stereotypes. Subliminal activation of stereotypes produced the same resource-preserving effects as supraliminal activation did. This effect, moreover, was replicated in Study 3 when a probe reaction task was used to measure resource preservation. These findings, which generalized across a range of social stereotypes, are discussed in terms of their implications for contemporary models of stereotyping and social inference. Human adaptation to the challenging and complex environment has often taken the form of developing tools that facilitate the execution of mundane but necessary tasks, leaving more time and energy available for other, perhaps more interesting or rewarding activities. It is reasonable to suppose, as some contemporary psychologists have, that the development of physical tools, such as plows or printing presses, has been paralleled by the development of cognitive "tools," or routine strategies of inference and evaluation (cf. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990) that permit a sufficiently effective analysis of the social environment to be accomplished in an efficient fashion. The benefit of such mental tools presumably lies in the fact that they free up limited cognitive resources for the performance of other necessary or desirable mental activities. Social psychologists have frequently characterized stereotypes as energy-saving devices that serve the important cognitive function of simplifying information processing and response generation (e.g., Allport, 1954; Andersen, Klatzky, & Murray, 1990; Bodenhausen & Lichtenstein, 1987; Brewer, 1988; Fiske & Neuberg, 1990; Tajfel, 1969). Building on this tradition, Gilbert and Hixon (1991) aptly characterized stereotypes as "tools that jump out" of a metaphorical cognitive toolbox "when there is a job to be done" (p. 510). Anyone who has ever succumbed to the temptation to evaluate others in terms of their social group membership would doubtlessly recognize the power of this contention. Individuation, in its many guises, is a rather
Patients with AIDS-defining cancers are not universally screened for HIV: a 10-year retrospective analysis of HIV-testing practices in a Swiss university hospital

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), invasive cervical carcinoma (ICC) and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) have been listed as AIDS‐defining cancers (ADCs) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention since 1993. Despite this, HIV screening is not universally mentioned in ADC treatment guidelines. We examined screening practices at a tertiary centre serving a population where HIV seroprevalence is 0.4%.
Settlement-Identity

This investigation addresses the theoretical analysis of one of the means by which the residentially mobile U.S. public may maintain the continuity of residential experiences despite the lack of lifetime stability of residence in one home place. It introduces a theoretical position that extends past research on the development of psychological bonds with the tangible surroundings of home places to explain the ways in which these experiences may generalize to the development of psychological bonds with types of settlements, or what will be called settlement-identity. This theoretical framework is applied in the context of a persistent dilemma of continued interest to urban scholars; namely, the distinction between city and suburban settlements. Specifically, the usefulness of this framework in explaining people's residential history and mobility plans, and the discriminations they make between the city and suburbs is illustrated by findings from a large sample survey conducted in Denver, Colorado.
Evaluation of corneal biomechanical properties following penetrating keratoplasty using ocular response analyzer

Purpose: To evaluate corneal biomechanical properties in eyes that has undergone penetrating keratoplasty (PK). Materials and Methods: Retrospective observational study in a tertiary care centre. Data recorded included ocular response analyzer (ORA) values of normal and post-keratoplasty eyes [corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF), Goldmann-correlated intraocular pressure (IOPg), and cornea-compensated intraocular pressure (IOPcc)], corneal topography, and central corneal thickness (CCT). Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the difference in ORA parameter between post-PK eyes and normal eyes. Correlation between parameters was evaluated with Spearman's rho correlation. Results: The ORA study of 100 eyes of 50 normal subjects and 54 post-keratoplasty eyes of 51 patients showed CH of 8.340 ± 1.85 and 9.923 ± 1.558, CRF of 8.846 ± 2.39 and 9.577 ± 1.631 in post-PK eyes and normal eyes, respectively. CH and CRF did not correlate with post-keratoplasty astigmatism (P =0.311 and 0.276, respectively) while a significant correlation was observed with IOPg (P =0.004) and IOPcc (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Biomechanical profiles were significantly decreased in post-keratoplasty eyes with significant correlation with higher IOP as compared with that in normal eyes.
Characteristics of Teacher Induction Programs and Turnover Rates of Beginning Teachers

The federal School and Staffing Survey (SASS) and Teacher Follow-up Survey (TFS) were used to examine the impacts of induction activities on beginning teacher turnover. This study excluded those teachers who moved or left schools for unavoidable and involuntary reasons, a confounding factor in previous research. This analysis revealed that three induction activities are beneficial in significantly reducing turnover rates for beginning teachers: seminars, common planning time, and extra classroom assistance.
Comparing online with brick and mortar course learning outcomes

Teaching graduate students in an intensive adult-learning format presents a special challenge for quantitative analytical competencies. Students often lack necessary background, skills and motivation to deal with quantitative-skill-based course work. This study compares learning outcomes for graduate students enrolled in three course sections (cohorts) taking a quantitative methods course in a public administration program. One cohort of students was taught online, while two student cohorts were taught face-to-face in a traditional classroom setting. Most of the online students resided in the same geographic location as the “brick-and-mortar” students. While student backgrounds and demographics were comparable, there were notable differences in their levels of self-directed learning readiness and persistence. These differences illustrate both course design and modality features for a comparison between online and traditional brick-and-mortar learning environments. We find that predictors of student performance in an online environment are rather well described by the Self-Directed Learning Theory (SDL) and Self-Regulated Learning Theory (SRL). A statistically significant difference was found in the pretest-posttest mean scores, which indicates that students learned the course content for quantitative methods in the online section differently from those in the brick-and-mortar section. Overall, students enrolled in the online section (cohort) performed better on the posttest than did students enrolled in traditional “brick-and-mortar” classes. An age variable shows that older students performed much better than younger students on the posttest. Other differences in learning outcomes between the online and brick-and-mortar sections are analyzed in the study. Stakeholders in online education should be interested in these outcomes.
The response of adult and suckling rats to the administration of water and of hypertonic solutions of urea and salt

The work which has been done in the last few years has emphasized the fact that hypertonic solutions of chlorides and of urea provoke a large diuresis in dehydrated subjects (Adolph, 1921; Hervey, McCance & Tayler, 1946a, b). Most of the work in this country has been done on adult human subjects and in America on adult dogs (Elkinton & Taffel, 1942), but there is evidence in the literature that, for some time after birth, the kidney may not function as it does in adult life. The work now to be reported was undertaken (a) to study the effects of hypertonic solutions upon dehydrated adult animals, (b) to compare the effects of treating newborn animals in a similar way. In connexion with this the responses of adult and suckling animals to comparable amounts of water have also been investigated. Work on animals other than rats will be reported later.
The Signaling Value of a High School Diploma

This paper distinguishes between the human capital and signaling theories by estimating the earnings return to a high school diploma. Unlike most indicators of education (e.g., a year of school), a diploma is essentially a piece of paper and, hence, by itself cannot affect productivity. Any earnings return to holding a diploma must therefore reflect the diploma’s signaling value. Using regression discontinuity methods to compare the earnings of workers who barely passed and barely failed high school exit exams—standardized tests that students must pass to earn a high school diploma—we find little evidence of diploma signaling effects.