Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE DYNAMICS OF FINANCIALLY CONSTRAINED ARBITRAGE

We thank Philippe Bacchetta, Bruno Biais, Patrick Bolton, Darrell Duffie, Vito Gala, Jennifer Huang, Henri Pages, Anna Pavlova, Matti Suominen, as well as seminar participants in Amsterdam, Bergen, Bordeaux, the Bank of Italy, la Banque de France, BI Oslo, Bocconi University, Boston University, CEMFI Madrid, Columbia, Copenhagen, Dartmouth College, Duke, Durham University, ESC Paris, ESC Toulouse, the HEC-INSEAD-PSE workshop, HEC Lausanne, Helsinki, the ICSTE-Nova seminar in Lisbon, INSEAD, Imperial College, Institut Henri Poincare, LSE, McGill, MIT, Naples, NYU, Paris School of Economics, University of Piraeus, Porto, Queen's University, Stanford, Toulouse, Universite Paris Dauphine, Science Po Paris, the joint THEMA-ESSEC seminar, Vienna and Wharton for comments. Financial support from the Paul Woolley Centre at the LSE, and a grant from the Fondation Banque de France, are gratefully acknowledged. All errors are ours. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
DESIGN OF A CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR DETERMINING VENTILATOR WEANING USING SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE

Ventilator weaning is the process of discontinuing mechanical ventilators from patients with respiratory failure. This study designed a clinical decision support system (CDSS) using support vector machine (SVM) to predict if a patient can be weaned from mechanical ventilator successfully. Alter method based on logistic regression anal- ysis (LRA) and a wrapper method based on recursive feature elimination (RFE) were adopted to select salient features in 27 variables, including demographic information, physiology and disease factors, and care and treatment factors for CDSS. Data of 348 patients were collected at four different periods from all-purpose respiratory care cen- ter. Seven signicant variables ( p < 0 :05 ) using LRA contrasted to eleven variables using RFE algorithm were selected. The predictive accuracy under cross-validation is 88.33% (LRA) and 92.73% (RFE), respectively. The systems outperform predictors (75- 78%) built using frequency-to-tid al volume ratio (
When Environment Matters: Inter-Organizational Effects on Sociomaterial Imbrications and Change

Previous research on sociomateriality, a recently developed perspective arguing that social and material aspects acquire their properties in the process of their mutual imbrications, has mainly focused on an intra-organizational level of analysis. In this paper we take another perspective and investigate how the external environment and inter-organizational relations influence within-organizational processes of sociomaterial imbrications. Based on extensive data including 68 interviews from the field, as well as rich document and archival sources, our case-study looks at communities of social computing developing their routines and technologies over a 16year period in the market of Internet access providers. This approach helped us to investigate the diversity of inter-organizational influence, from historical, social-class, and indirect institutional influence to tense resource-based competition and institutional interplay. Our findings indicate that inter-organizational influence is an important factor shaping the processes of change in organizational routines and technologies and only partly supports the recent findings of Paul Leonardi about the perception-based nature of these changes as we evidence that this is not applicable in certain types of environments. Based on our findings we develop a process model of interorganizational influence on sociomaterial imbrications and change and discuss its implications for theory and practice.
Identification and expression analysis of putative mRNA‐like non‐coding RNA in Drosophila

One of the most surprising results to emerge from mammalian cDNA sequencing projects is that thousands of mRNA‐like non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are expressed and constitute at least 10% of poly(A)+ RNAs. In most cases, however, the functions of these RNA molecules remain unclear. To clarify the biological significance of mRNA‐like ncRNAs, we computationally screened 11 691 Drosophila melanogaster full‐length cDNAs. After eliminating presumable protein‐coding transcripts, 136 were identified as strong candidates for mRNA‐like ncRNAs. Although most of these putative ncRNAs are found throughout the Drosophila genus, predicted amino acid sequences are not conserved even in related species, suggesting that these transcripts are actually non‐coding RNAs. In situ hybridization analyses revealed that 35 of the transcripts are expressed during embryogenesis, of which 27 were detected only in specific tissues including the tracheal system, midgut primordial cells, visceral mesoderm, germ cells and the central and peripheral nervous system. These highly regulated expression patterns suggest that many mRNA‐like ncRNAs play important roles in multiple steps of organogenesis and cell differentiation in Drosophila. This is the first report that the majority of mRNA‐like ncRNAs in a model organism are expressed in specific tissues and cell types.
Configurational Entropy Approach to the Kinetics of Glasses

A kinetic theory of glasses is developed using equilibrium theory as a foundation. After establishing basic criteria for glass formation and the capability of the equilibrium entropy theory to describe the equilibrium aspects of glass formation, a minimal model for the glass kinetics is proposed. Our kinetic model is based on a trapping description of particle motion in which escapes from deep wells provide the rate-determining steps for motion. The formula derived for the zero frequency viscosity η (0,T) is log η (0,T) = B − AF(T)kT where F is the free energy and T the temperature. Contrast this to the Vogel-Fulcher law log η (0,T) = B + A/(T − Tc). A notable feature of our description is that even though the location of the equilibrium second-order transition in temperature-pressure space is given by the break in the entropy or volume curves the viscosity and its derivative are continuous through the transition. The new expression for η (0,T) has no singularity at a critical temperature Tc as in the Vogel-Fulcher law and the behavior reduces to the Arrhenius form in the glass region. Our formula for η (0,T) is discussed in the context of the concepts of strong and fragile glasses, and the experimentally observed connection of specific heat to relaxation response in a homologous series of polydimethylsiloxane is explained. The frequency and temperature dependencies of the complex viscosity η (ω< T), the diffusion coefficient D(ω< T), and the dielectric response ε (ω< T) are also obtained for our kinetic model and found to be consistent with stretched exponential behavior.
Subjective experience of cognitive failures as possible risk factor for negative symptoms of psychosis in the general population.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether proneness to subjective cognitive failure (cognitive based mistakes) increases the risk for the development of symptoms of psychosis and to what degree any association was familial. METHODS At baseline, the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) and the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) questionnaire were administered in a general population sample of genetically related individuals (n = 755). Individuals scoring high (>75th percentile) or average on the CAPE (between 40th and 60th percentile) (n = 488) were reinterviewed with the CAPE and Structured Interview for Schizotypy-Revised (SIS-R) at follow-up (mean interval = 7.7 months, SD = 4.8 months). RESULTS Cross-trait, within-relative analysis showed a significant association between the CFQ and the negative dimension, assessed with both the CAPE and SIS-R, whereas no association was found between the CFQ and the positive dimension. Cross-trait, between-relative analyses showed no association between the CFQ in one relative and any of the dimensions of the subclinical psychosis phenotype in the other relative. CONCLUSION Proneness to subjective cognitive failure possibly contributes to the development or persistence of negative symptoms and can be seen as potential risk factor for negative symptoms of psychosis. This overlap is due to individual effects rather than familial liability.
Priority-Based Quality of Service in IP Routers

The main interconnecting device of today’s Internet the router, forwards IP packets without any true Quality of Service (QoS) considerations. This paper discusses a new approach for routing IP packets, which provides a basic QoS characteristic. It is shown that, by fine-tuning the parameters of a multi-port router, service discrimination can be achieved, according to the priority value set for each packet. The effect buffer sizes at the router ports is also discussed by determining the appropriate values that allow the router to serve in a satisfactory manner. Key-Words: Modeling; Routers; Queuing Systems; Disciplines; FIFO; Priority; Quality of Service (QoS)
Signalling displays during predator–prey interactions in a Puerto Rican anole,
 Anolis cristatellus
 


We examined conspicuous signalling displays in the context of predator-prey interactions. To determine in which context Puerto Rican crested anoles, Anolis cristatellusperform conspicuous signals, we exposed wild lizards to a model of a natural snake predator. The lizards gave six behavioural responses to the model: immobility, predator inspection, flight, lateral face-off, dewlapping and push-ups. They displayed significantly more push-ups and push-up bouts in the presence of the snake model. Alternative theories regarding the function of conspicuous signals in A. cristatellusthe flash concealment and predator deterrent hypotheses, were also tested. The flash concealment hypothesis proposes that the sudden display exhibition of signalling behaviour followed by the flight of the animal may confuse the predator about the position of the prey, thus causing the predator to abort the attack. The pursuit deterrent hypothesis contends that because the chances of the predator successfully attacking its prey decrease when the prey is aware of the incoming predator, prey have evolved signalling behaviours that communicate to the predator that it has been detected, therefore discouraging the attack. Results supported the use of push-ups, dewlapping, lateral face-off and predator inspection as predator deterrent signals. During the recognition phase of a predatory encounter, A. cristatellus may rely more on behavioural signals than on flight to avoid predation. Because the predator deterrent signals are the same as the signals used in social interactions, it is suggested that predation pressure may have reinforced the effects of sexual selection in the evolution of Anolis signalling displays.Copyright 1997 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour1997The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
Children Cautious Strategy and Variable Maturation Time Window for Responding in a Visual Search Task

Present study evaluates the changes and developmental trajectories of the attentional serial visual search and pre-attentional parallel search (pop-out) in situations in which a fast response is required. The hypothesis of present study are 1) that pre-attentional selection mechanisms develop before than serial attentional processes; 2) in the most difficult tasks, children prefer to adopt a non-responding strategy to an impulsive response patters; and 3) in speeded difficult discrimination tasks young children arrives to the criteria of correct performance in a broad temporal window. The results showed an inverse relationship between the age and the RTs and the different type of errors. For the present set of stimuli which produces an overcrowded scene and required a fast response, the behavioural trend of normal children is to the non-response pattern rather than to impulsive incorrect responses pattern. It can be suggested that young normal children present a broad temporal window to obtain the perceptual, motor and/or cognitive skills needed for responding adequately in a fast speeded discrimination task.
The Long-Term English Language and Literacy Outcomes of First-Generation Former Child Immigrants in the United States

Background/Context Children from Asian ethnic backgrounds currently constitute the second largest group of child immigrants in the United States. Although stereotyped as model minority students due to their academic and economic success, studies have revealed that many Asian immigrant students struggle in school. Research has also shown that, compared to child immigrants from an Indo-European language background such as Spanish and French, Asian child immigrants experience more challenges in learning English as a second language (L2) due to greater cross-linguistic differences. However, little is known about the long-term English language outcomes of first-generation Asian child immigrants. Purpose/Objective The present study examines the effects of learner-level and input-level factors on first-generation Asian child immigrants’ long-term English outcomes. Research Design Data for the current study are selected from a larger correlational and cross-sectional study that examined the effect of the age of arrival variable on Chinese immigrants’ English L2 outcomes. We used two criteria to select participants from the larger study: (1) those who had arrived in the United States between the ages of 5 to 18 (to qualify as a “child immigrant”), and (2) those who had resided in the United States for at least 10 years (to examine long-term outcomes). These criteria resulted in the current sample of 69 participants. The English language proficiency data include participants’ phonological production ratings, performances on a grammaticality judgment task, and their self-ratings of English proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Conclusions/Recommendations The current study showed a complex interplay of factors affecting former child immigrants’ English L2 acquisition. Although age of arrival played a critical role in their L2 learning outcomes, it exerted varying degrees of influence by L2 domain. Age of arrival was a strong predictor of L2 phonological production, grammar knowledge, and oral language proficiency, but not literacy skills. L2 input, language learning aptitude, and child immigrants’ affective status also contributed to their L2 outcomes, and carried more weight than age of arrival. We interpreted the results to be in line with the multiple sensitive period hypothesis in developmental psycholinguistics research. The results also suggested that literacy is not susceptible to age-related effects in the same way in which oral language and more specifically the phonological and syntactic systems are. Literacy as a cultural construct rather than a biologically unique human system is intensively taught throughout the school years and curriculum. Malleable factors, such as instruction and reading strategies, are thus perhaps more important in determining child immigrants’ long-term literacy outcomes.
Efficient randomized-adaptive designs

Response-adaptive randomization has recently attracted a lot of attention in the literature. In this paper, we propose a new and simple family of response-adaptive randomization procedures that attain the Cramer-Rao lower bounds on the allocation variances for any allocation proportions, including optimal allocation proportions. The allocation probability functions of proposed procedures are discontinuous. The existing large sample theory for adaptive designs relies on Taylor expansions of the allocation probability functions, which do not apply to nondifferentiable cases. In the present paper, we study stopping times of stochastic processes to establish the asymptotic efficiency results. Furthermore, we demonstrate our proposal through examples, simulations and a discussion on the relationship with earlier works, including Efron's biased coin design.
Altruism and Gender in the Trust Game University of Siena Department of Economics Working Paper

This paper analyses gender differences in the trust game. Our experiment implements the triadic design proposed by Cox (2004) to discriminate between transfers resulting from trust or trustworthiness and transfers resulting from altruistic preferences. We observe that women exhibit a higher degree of altruism than men for both trust and trustworthiness but relatively more for trustworthiness. This result provides an explanation to the experimental finding that women reciprocate more than men. JEL classification: C90; C91; D64; J16
Pre‐ and postsynaptic contributions of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels to nociceptive transmission in rat spinal lamina I neurons

Activation of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) is critical for neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability and postsynaptic Ca2+ signalling. Antagonists of VDCCs can be antinociceptive in different animal pain models. Neurons in lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn play a pivotal role in the processing of pain‐related information, but the role of VDCCs to the activity‐dependent Ca2+ increase in lamina I neurons and to the synaptic transmission between nociceptive afferents and second order neurons in lamina I is not known. This has now been investigated in a lumbar spinal cord slice preparation from young Sprague–Dawley rats. Microfluorometric Ca2+ measurements with fura‐2 have been used to analyse the Ca2+ increase in lamina I neurons after depolarization of the cells, resulting in a distinct and transient increase of the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. This Ca2+ peak was reduced by the T‐type channel blocker, Ni2+, by the L‐type channel blockers, nifedipine and verapamil, and by the N‐type channel blocker, ω‐conotoxin GVIA. The P/Q‐type channel antagonist, ω‐agatoxin TK, had no effect on postsynaptic [Ca2+]i. The NMDA receptor channel blocker D‐AP5 reduced the Ca2+ peak, whereas the AMPA receptor channel blocker CNQX had no effect. Postsynaptic currents, monosynaptically evoked by electrical stimulation of the attached dorsal roots with C‐fibre and Aδ‐fibre intensity, respectively, were reduced by N‐type channel blocker ω‐conotoxin GVIA and to a much lesser extent, by P/Q‐type channel antagonist ω‐agatoxin TK, and the L‐type channel blockers verapamil, respectively. No difference was found between unidentified neurons and neurons projecting to the periaqueductal grey matter. This is the first quantitative description of the relative contribution of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels to the synaptic transmission in lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn, which is essential in the processing of pain‐related information in the central nervous system.
Immune Deficiency Could be An Early Risk Factor for Altered Insulin Sensitivity in Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-1-Infected Patients: The Anrs Copana Cohort

Background The relationships between immunovirological status, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and fat distribution have not been studied in recently diagnosed (<1 year) antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients. Methods We studied 214 antiretroviral-naive patients at enrolment in the metabolic substudy of the ANRS COPANA cohort. We measured clinical, immunovirological and inflammatory parameters, glucose/insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), adipokines, subcutaneous and visceral fat surfaces (subcutaneous adipose tissue [SAT] and visceral adipose tissue [VAT], assessed by computed tomography) and the body fat distribution based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Results Median age was 36 years; 28% of the patients were female and 35% of sub-Saharan origin; 20% had low CD4+ T-cell counts (≤200/mm3). Patients with low CD4+ T-cell counts were older and more frequently of sub-Saharan Africa origin, had lower body mass index (BMI) but no different SAT/VAT ratio and fat distribution than other patients. They also had lower total, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein cholesterolaemia, higher triglyceridaemia and post-OGTT glycaemia, higher markers of insulin resistance (insulin during OGTT and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) and of inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2). After adjustment for age, sex, geographic origin, BMI and waist circumference, increased insulin resistance was not related to any inflammatory marker. In multivariate analysis, low CD4+ T-cell count was an independent risk factor for altered insulin sensitivity (β-coefficient for HOMA-IR: +0.90; P=0.001; CD4+ T-cell count >500/mm3 as the reference), in addition to older age (P: +0.26 for a 10-year increase; P=0.01) and higher BMI (P: +0.07 for a 1-kg/m2 increase; P=0.003). Conclusions In ART-naive patients, severe immune deficiency but not inflammation could be an early risk factor for altered insulin sensitivity.
Incentives to Innovate and the Decision to Go Public or Private

We model the impact of public and private ownership structures on firms' incentives to invest in innovative projects. We show that it is optimal to go public when exploiting existing ideas and optimal to go private when exploring new ideas. This result derives from the fact that private firms are less transparent to outside investors than are public firms. In private firms, insiders can time the market by choosing an early exit strategy if they receive bad news. This option makes insiders more tolerant of failures and thus more inclined to invest in innovative projects. In contrast, the prices of publicly traded securities react quickly to good news, providing insiders with incentives to choose conventional projects and cash in early.
Morphometry of small recent impact craters on Mars: Size and terrain dependence, short‐term modification

Most recent studies of crater morphometry on Mars have addressed large craters (D>5 km) using elevation models derived from laser altimetry. In the present work, we examine a global population of small (25 m ≤D≤5 km), relatively well‐preserved simple impact craters using HiRISE stereo‐derived elevation models. We find that scaling laws from prior studies of large simple craters generally overestimate the depth and volume at small diameters. We show that crater rim curvature exhibits a strong diameter dependence that is well‐described by scaling laws for D<1 km. Above this diameter, upper rim slopes begin to exceed typical repose angles and crater rims sharpen significantly. This transition is likely the result of gravity‐driven collapse of the upper cavity walls during crater formation or short‐term modification. In addition, we identify a tendency for small craters (D<500m) to be more conical than large craters, and we show that the average cavity cross section is well‐described by a power law with exponent ∼1.75 (neither conical nor paraboloidal). We also conduct a statistical comparison of crater subpopulations to illuminate trends with increasing modification and target strength. These results have important implications for describing the “initial condition” of simple crater shape as a function of diameter and geological setting and for understanding how impact craters are modified on the Martian surface over time.
Cosmic X-Ray Background and Earth Albedo Spectra with Swift BAT

We use Swift BAT Earth occultation data at different geomagnetic latitudes to derive a sensitive measurement of the cosmic X-ray background (CXB) and of the Earth albedo emission in the 15-200 keV band. We compare our CXB spectrum with recent (INTEGRAL, BeppoSAX) and past results (HEAO-1) and find good agreement. Using an independent measurement of the CXB spectrum we are able to confirm our results. This study shows that the BAT CXB spectrum has a normalization ~8% ± 3% larger than the HEAO-1 measurement. The BAT accurate Earth albedo spectrum can be used to predict the level of photon background for satellites in low Earth and mid inclination orbits.