Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mid- to far-infrared spectroscopy of Sharpless 171

We have collected one-dimensional raster-scan observations of the active star-forming region Sharpless 171 (S171), a typical H  region-molecular cloud complex, with the three spectrometers (LWS, SWS, and PHT-S) on board ISO. We have detected 8 far-infrared fine-structure lines, (O  )5 2µm, (N  )5 7µm, (O  )6 3µm, (O  )8 8µm, (N ) 122 µm, (O ) 146 µm, (C ) 158 µm, and (Si  )3 5µm together with the far-infrared continuum and the H2 pure rotation transition (J = 5-3) line at 9.66 µm. The physical properties of each of the three phases detected, highly-ionized, lowly-ionized and neutral, are investi- gated through the far-infrared line and continuum emission. Toward the molecular region, strong (O ) 146 µm emission was observed and the (O  )6 3µm to 146 µm line ratio was found to be too small (∼5) compared to the values predicted by current photodissociation region (PDR) models. We examine possible mechanisms to account for the small line ratio and conclude that the absorption of the (O  )6 3µ ma nd the (C) 158 µm emission by overlapping PDRs along the line of sight can account for the observations and that the (O ) 146 µm emission is the best diagnostic line for PDRs. We propose a method to estimate the effect of overlapping clouds using the far-infrared continuum intensity and derive the physical properties of the PDR. The (Si  )3 5µm emission is quite strong at almost all the observed positions. The correlation with (N ) 122 µm suggests that the (Si ) emission originates mostly from the ionized gas. The (Si  )3 5µ mt o (N) 122 µm ratio indicates that silicon of 30% of the solar abundance must be in the diffuse ionized gas, suggesting that efficient dust destruction is undergoing in the ionized region.
Separable lifting property and extensions of local reflexivity

A Banach space X is said to have the separable lifting prop- erty if for every subspace Y of X ∗∗ containing X and such that Y/X is separable there exists a bounded linear lifting from Y/X to Y . We show that if a sequence of Banach spaces E 1 ,E 2 ,. has the joint uniform approximation property and E n is c -complemented in E ∗∗ n for every n (with c ﬁxed), then (cid:0)(cid:80) n E n (cid:1) 0 has the separable lifting property. In particular, if E n is a L p n ,λ -space for every n (1 < p n < ∞ , λ independent of n ), an L ∞ or an L 1 space, then (cid:0)(cid:80) n E n (cid:1) 0 has the separable lifting property. We also show that there exists a Banach space X which is not extendably locally reﬂexive; moreover, for every n there exists an n -dimensional subspace E (cid:44) → X ∗∗ such that if u : X ∗∗ → X ∗∗ is an operator (= bounded linear operator) such that u ( E ) ⊂ X , then || ( u | E ) − 1 || · || u || ≥ c √ n , where c is a numerical constant.
An Inelastic Damage Model for Fiber Reinforced Laminates

A new modelfor damage behavior of polymer matrix composite laminates is presented. The model is developed for an individual lamina, and then assembled to describe the nonlinear behavior of the laminate. The model predicts the inelastic effects as reduction of stiffness and increments of damage and unrecoverable deformation. The modelis defined using Continuous Damage Mechanics coupled with Classical Thermodynamic Theory. Unrecoverable deformations and Damage are coupled by the concept of effective stress. New expressions of damage and unrecoverable deformation domains are presented so that the number of model parameters is small. Furthermore, model parameters are obtained from existing test data for unidirectional laminae, supplemented by cyclic shear stress strain data. Comparison with lamina and laminate test data are presented to demonstrate the ability of the model to predict the observed behavior.
The Oxytocinergic Neurons in Hypothamo-hypophysial Tract Contributes to CNS Pathway Innervating Ovary in Rat

The mammalian ovary is innervated by sympathetic and sensory neurons which contribute to regulating several aspects of ovarian function, including blood flow, steroidogenesis and follicular development. The existence of a neural connection between central neurons and the ovary has been rarely reported, but the mechanism underlying integration of ovarian activity to broader neuroendocrine responses has not been reported. We have now used a viral transneuronal tracing technique combined with a conventional retrograde labeling procedure of CT-HRP to demonstrate that oxytocin-producing neurons of the hypothalamus are synaptically connected to the ovary. Since ovarian activity is suppressed but the activity of oxytocin neurons is increased during breast feeding. Our finding that the oxytocinergic neural connection is likely to provide a direct transsynaptic mechanism by which the central nervous system maintains the state of infertility that accompanies lactation in mammals.
The Complexity and Viability of Dna Computations (extended Draft) Ctag-97001

In this paper we examine complexity issues in DNA computation. We believe that these issues are paramount in the search for so-called \killer applications", that is, applications of DNA computation that would establish the superiority of this paradigm over others in particular domains. An assured future for DNA computation can only be established through the discovery of such applications. We demonstrate that current measures of complexity fall short of reality. Consequently, we de ne a more realistic model, a so-called strong model of computation which provides better estimates of the resources required by DNA algorithms. We also compare the complexities of published algorithms within this new model and the weaker, extant model which is commonly (often implicitly) assumed.
Immunoecology of species with alternative reproductive tactics and strategies

Alternative reproductive tactics and strategies (ARTS) refer to polymorphic reproductive behaviours in which in addition to the usual two sexes, there are one or more alternative morphs, usually male, that have evolved the ability to circumvent direct intra-sexual competition. Each morph has its own morphological, ecological, developmental, behavioural, life-history, and physiological profile that shifts the balance between reproduction and self-maintenance, one aspect being immunity. Immunoecological work on species with ARTS, which is the topic of this review, is particularly interesting because the alternative morphs make it possible to separate the effects of sex, per se, from other factors that in other species are inextricably linked with sex. We first summarize the evolution, development and maintenance of ARTS. We then review immunoecological hypotheses relevant to species with ARTS, dividing them into physiological, life-history, and ecological hypotheses. In context of these hypotheses, we critically review in detail all immunoecological studies we could find on species with ARTS. Several interesting patterns emerge. Oddly, there is a paucity of studies on insects, despite the many benefits that arise from working with insects: larger sample sizes, simple immune systems, and countless forms of alternative reproductive strategies and tactics. Of all the hypotheses considered, the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis has generated the greatest amount of work, but not necessarily the greatest level of understanding. Unfortunately, it is often used as a general guiding principle rather than a source of explicitly articulated predictions. Other hypotheses are usually considered a posteriori, but it is perhaps time that they take centre stage. Whereas blanket concepts such as “immunocompetence” and “androgens” might useful to develop a rationale, predictions need to be far more explicitly articulated. Integration so far has been a one-way street, with ecologists delving deeper into physiology, seemingly at the cost of ignoring their organisms’ evolutionary history and ecology. One possible useful framework is to divide ecological and evolutionary factors affecting immunity into those that stimulate the immune system, and those that depress it. Finally, the contributions of genomics to ecology are being increasingly recognized, including in species with ARTS, but we must ensure that evolutionary and ecological hypotheses drive the effort, as there is no grandeur in the strict reductionist view of life.
Psychiatric presentation of childhood epilepsy: Case series and review

Childhood-onset epilepsy has a varied presentation and may have different etiological factors. A multiaxial diagnostic approach should be used before making treatment and management decisions for any individual patient. It is widely accepted that distinction among primary psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and nonepileptic seizures is a challenge for physicians. This case series demonstrated the identification of three atypical presentations of seizures in children on the basis of detailed history taking and electroencephalogram findings, despite having normal findings in neurological examination and magnetic resonance imaging. We report three rare cases of atypical presentation in epilepsy in patients with symptoms of episodic hallucinations, rage attacks, and secondary enuresis. Clinically, the diagnosis of epilepsy can be strengthened by paying sufficient attention to detailed history and symptom spectrum of partial epilepsy.
The molecular basis of leukemia.

Major strides have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of adult and pediatric leukemias. More than one hundred disease alleles have been identified and characterized in cell culture and murine models of leukemia. In some instances, molecularly targeted therapies have been developed based on these insights that are currently in clinical trials, such as small molecule inhibitors of FLT3. In addition, it has recently been appreciated that, as with normal hematopoiesis, there is a hierarchical organization among leukemic cells that includes a rare population of leukemic stem cells that have properties of self-renewal. Understanding the characteristics of these leukemic stem cells may provide new insights into leukemia therapies that target self-renewal pathways. In Section I, Dr. Craig Jordan reviews the data that supports the existence of a "leukemia stem cell. " He provides an overview of the functional properties of leukemic stem cells, their relationship to hematopoietic stem cells, and the relevance of leukemic stem cells in other human malignancies including solid tumors. He briefly discusses what is known of the pathways that regulate properties of self-renewal. Dr. Gary Gilliland provides an overview of the genetics of adult leukemias in Section II and ongoing genome-wide strategies for discovery of new disease alleles. He describes the clinical and therapeutic implications of these findings and provides examples of bench-to-bedside translation of molecularly targeted therapies for AML, including the use of FLT3 inhibitors. In Section III, Dr. Carolyn Felix reviews recent advances in our understanding of the genetics and therapy of pediatric leukemias. She provides an overview of leukemias that are common in pediatric malignancies but rarely observed in adults, including the TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) fusion associated with pediatric B-cell ALL, the OTT-MAL fusion associated with infant megakaryoblastic leukemia, PTPN11 mutations in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and MLL fusion genes in leukemogenesis, among others.
Quality of Life Differences in Female and Male Patients with Fecal Incontinence

Background/Aims To explore and compare quality of life (QoL) differences in female and male patients with fecal incontinence. Methods Ninety-one patients with fecal incontinence (60 women, mean (SD) age 64.13 (9.72) years; 31 men, mean (SD) age 63.61 (13.33) years) were assessed for pathophysiology (anorectal manometry and ultrasound), clinical severity (Wexner and Vaizey scales), QoL (Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Score [FIQL]) and health status (EQ-5D). Results External and internal anal sphincter impairment rates were 96.5% and 70.2%, respectively, in women, compared to 30% and 43.3% respectively in men (P < 0.05). Clinical severity was similar in both sexes, with mean (SD) Wexner scores of 10.95 (4.35) for women and 9.81 (4.30) for men, and mean (SD) Vaizey scores of 13.27 (4.66) for women and 11.90 (5.22) for men. Scores for women were significantly lower for all FIQL depression and coping subscales (P < 0.001) and the EQ-5D depression subscale (P < 0.01). EQ-5D index was 0.687 (0.20) for women and 0.835 (0.15) for men (P < 0.001). QoL was negatively affected by female gender (−1.336), anxiety/depression (−1.324) and clinical severity (−0.302), whereas age had a positive impact (0.055 per year) (P < 0.01). Conclusions The pathophysiology of fecal incontinence differed between the sexes. For similar severity scores, impact on QoL was higher in women. Gender had the highest impact on QoL compared to other factors. QoL measurements should be part of assessment and treatment protocols.
What does Ockham ’ s Razor in Network Design really mean ?

The principle of Maximum Parsimony involves the identification of a combinatorial structure that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes. This is an application of Ockham’s razor, according to which the best hypothesis is the one requiring the smallest number of assumptions. It means that among all possible structures we search one which satisfy only one, namely the condition of length minimizing. What other condition can be more natural in a metric space?
Disparities in female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil between 1980 and 2009

OBJECTIVE: To describe the temporal trends in female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil in its macro-regions and states between 1980 and 2009. METHODS: This was an ecological time-series study using data on breast cancer deaths registered in the Mortality Data System (SIM/WHO) and census data on the resident population collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE/WHO). Joinpoint regression analyses were used to identify the significant changes in trends and to estimate the annual percentage change (APC) in mortality rates. RESULTS: Female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil tended to stabilize from 1994 onward (APC = 0.4%). Considering the Brazilian macro-regions, the annual mortality rates decreased in the Southeast, stabilized in the South and increased in the Northeast, North, and Midwest. Only the states of Sao Paulo (APC = -1.9%), Rio Grande do Sul (APC = -0.8%) and Rio de Janeiro (APC = -0.6%) presented a significant decline in mortality rates. The greatest increases were found in Maranhao (APC = 12%), Paraiba (APC = 11.9%), and Piaui (APC = 10.9%). CONCLUSION: Although there has been a trend toward stabilization in female breast cancer mortality rates in Brazil, when the mortality rate of each macro-region and state is analyzed individually, considerable inequalities are found, with rate decline or stabilization in states with higher socioeconomic levels and a substantial increase in those with lower socioeconomic levels.
Inducing Probabilistic Relational Rules from Probabilistic Examples

We study the problem of inducing logic programs in a probabilistic setting, in which both the example descriptions and their classification can be probabilistic. The setting is incorporated in the probabilistic rule learner ProbFOIL+, which combines principles of the rule learner FOIL with ProbLog, a probabilistic Prolog. We illustrate the approach by applying it to the knowledge base of NELL, the Never-Ending Language Learner.
Triangulating Social Multimedia Content for Event Localization using Flickr and Twitter

The analysis of social media content for the extraction of geospatial information and event‐related knowledge has recently received substantial attention. In this article we present an approach that leverages the complementary nature of social multimedia content by utilizing heterogeneous sources of social media feeds to assess the impact area of a natural disaster. More specifically, we introduce a novel social multimedia triangulation process that uses both Twitter and Flickr content in an integrated two‐step process: Twitter content is used to identify toponym references associated with a disaster; this information is then used to provide approximate orientation for the associated Flickr imagery, allowing us to delineate the impact area as the overlap of multiple view footprints. In this approach, we practically crowdsource approximate orientations from Twitter content and use this information to orient Flickr imagery accordingly and identify the impact area through viewshed analysis and viewpoint integration. This approach enables us to avoid computationally intensive image analysis tasks associated with traditional image orientation, while allowing us to triangulate numerous images by having them pointed towards the crowdsourced toponym location. The article presents our approach and demonstrates its performance using a real‐world wildfire event as a representative application case study.
Robust Bayesianism: Relation to Evidence Theory

We are interested in understanding the relationship between Bayesian inference and evidence theory. The concept of a set of probability distributions is central both in robust Bayesian analysis and in some versions of Dempster-Shafer’s evidence theory. We interpret imprecise probabilities as imprecise posteriors obtainable from imprecise likelihoods and priors, both of which are convex sets that can be considered as evidence and represented with, e.g., DS-structures. Likelihoods and prior are in Bayesian analysis combined with a place’s parallel composition. The natural and simple robust combination operator makes all pairwise combinations of elements from the two sets representing prior and likelihood. Our proposed combination operator is unique, and it has interesting normative and factual properties. We compare its behavior with other proposed fusion rules, and earlier efforts to reconcile Bayesian analysis and evidence theory. The behavior of the robust rule is consistent with the behavior of Fixsen/Mahler’s modified Dempster’s (MDS) rule, but not with Dempster’s rule. The Bayesian framework is liberal in allowing all significant uncertainty concepts to be modeled and taken care of and is therefore a viable, but probably not the only, unifying structure that can be economically taught and in which alternative solutions can be modeled, compared and explained.
Policy gradient based Reinforcement Learning for real autonomous underwater cable tracking

This paper proposes a field application of a high-level reinforcement learning (RL) control system for solving the action selection problem of an autonomous robot in cable tracking task. The learning system is characterized by using a direct policy search method for learning the internal state/action mapping. Policy only algorithms may suffer from long convergence times when dealing with real robotics. In order to speed up the process, the learning phase has been carried out in a simulated environment and, in a second step, the policy has been transferred and tested successfully on a real robot. Future steps plan to continue the learning process on-line while on the real robot while performing the mentioned task. We demonstrate its feasibility with real experiments on the underwater robot ICTINEU AUV.
The Effect of Expiration Dates on the Purchasing Behavior for Grocery Store Perishables

This paper examines consumers’ awareness of and response to expiration dates for grocery store perishable products. We develop a conceptual framework that captures the frequency with which consumers check expiration dates and their willingness to pay for a perishable over its shelf-life. Our framework is rooted in the notion that these behaviors are largely influenced by the perceived risks associated with purchasing and consuming perishable goods. A better understanding of these behaviors, and the role risk plays in influencing them, can help managers better educate consumers about the risks associated with perishables as they approach their expiration dates and implement more effective promotional strategies for these products over their shelf-lives, both of which could ultimately result in greater sales and reduced shrinkage (waste due to spoilage).
QTLs Associated with Agronomic Traits in the Cutler × AC Barrie Spring Wheat Mapping Population Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphic Markers

We recently reported three earliness per se quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with flowering and maturity in a recombinant inbred lines (RILs) population derived from a cross between the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars ‘Cutler’ and ‘AC Barrie’ using 488 microsatellite and diversity arrays technology (DArT) markers. Here, we present QTLs associated with flowering time, maturity, plant height, and grain yield using high density single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers in the same population. A mapping population of 158 RILs and the two parents were evaluated at five environments for flowering, maturity, plant height and grain yield under field conditions, at two greenhouse environments for flowering, and genotyped with a subset of 1809 SNPs out of the 90K SNP array and 2 functional markers (Ppd-D1 and Rht-D1). Using composite interval mapping on the combined phenotype data across all environments, we identified a total of 19 QTLs associated with flowering time in greenhouse (5), and field (6) conditions, maturity (5), grain yield (2) and plant height (1). We mapped these QTLs on 8 chromosomes and they individually explained between 6.3 and 37.8% of the phenotypic variation. Four of the 19 QTLs were associated with multiple traits, including a QTL on 2D associated with flowering, maturity and grain yield; two QTLs on 4A and 7A associated with flowering and maturity, and another QTL on 4D associated with maturity and plant height. However, only the QTLs on both 2D and 4D had major effects, and they mapped adjacent to well-known photoperiod response Ppd-D1 and height reducing Rht-D1 genes, respectively. The QTL on 2D reduced flowering and maturity time up to 5 days with a yield penalty of 436 kg ha-1, while the QTL on 4D reduced plant height by 13 cm, but increased maturity by 2 days. The high density SNPs allowed us to map eight moderate effect, two major effect, and nine minor effect QTLs that were not identified in our previous study using microsatellite and DArT markers. Results from this study provide additional information to wheat researchers developing early maturing and short stature spring wheat cultivars.
The T-Ruby Design System

This paper describes the T-Ruby system for designing VLSI circuits, starting from formal specifications in which they are described in terms of relational abstractions of their behaviour. The design process involves correctness-preserving transformations based on proved equivalences between relations, together with the addition of constraints. A class of implementable relations is defined. The tool enables such relations to be simulated or translated into a circuit description in VHDL. The design process is illustrated by the derivation of a circuit for 2-dimensional convolution.
Cosmic electron gradients in the inner heliosphere

We report the first determination of the radial gradient of cosmic ray electrons in the inner heliosphere at rigidities of 1.2 and 2.5 GV from 1 to 5 AU. Since this determination was made during the A+ solar polarity state, it also constitutes the only determination for particles in a polarity state opposite to their charge sign. We find that the radial gradient for electrons is indistinguishable from that for positive particles measured at the same time. We have found no significant latitude gradient in either 1.2 or 2.5 GeV electrons. Lack of the ability to study time evolution greatly hampers interpretation of our results.