Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Differential clearance and host-pathogen interactions of YopE- and YopK- YopL- Yersinia pestis in BALB/c mice

This study characterized infections in BALB/c mice by the nonpigmented Yersinia pestis KIM and its derivatives lacking the low-Ca2+-response virulence plasmid pCD1 or failing to express selected yersinial outer membrane proteins (YOPs). The parent Y. pestis showed net growth in the spleen by 2 h and in the liver after 7 h; exponential growth in both the liver and spleen culminated in death of the mice starting on day 4, with total bacterial numbers of less than 10(8) in the blood, liver, and spleen together. The histopathology progressed from microabscesses to extensive coagulative necrosis unaccompanied by further immigration of inflammatory cells. This, together with the relatively low bacterial numbers, suggests a toxigenic mechanism. YopE- or YopK- YopL- yersiniae were cleared from the spleen but grew in the liver after an initial lag. Their growth was curbed after 1 to 2 days and entered a plateau that lasted 5 to 6 days; viable numbers then decline rapidly. This suggests that these Yop- mutations distinguish, at least kinetically, between host responses in liver and spleen. Both strains caused acute inflammation in liver that evolved into structured lesions surrounded by progressively mononuclear inflammation suggestive of a granulomatous response. Accordingly, YOP E and YOPs K and L are necessary in the early days of the infection for net growth in spleen and prolonged growth in the liver; their absence is reflected morphologically by the emergence of cell-mediated immunity in the liver. The YopE- and YopK- YopL- mutants bound only slightly increased amounts of C3, suggesting that YOPs E, K, and L are protective through mechanisms other than interfering with the binding of complement.
Feasibility of using a large deep water PV water pumping system: A case study for an average farm in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

This paper illustrates a study of sizing a large deep water PV water pumping system in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This system is applied on an average farm located in Riyadh which has an average water consumption of 245 m3/day. Sizing such a system has been carried out by using some useful tools such as Homer and PVsyst. A 45 m water level in a deep well needs a 5.4 kW pump, 11.6 kw PV, 6.8 kW converter and 9, 200 A-12 V, batteries. The results of both softwares are compared to each other and showed almost the same outputs. In addition, water cost has been estimated with supporting data, resulting in exact value of C4/m3.
Attachment and Loss. Vol. I. Attachment.

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A Brain Unfixed: Unlimited Neurogenesis and Regeneration of the Adult Planarian Nervous System

Powerful genetic tools in classical laboratory models have been fundamental to our understanding of how stem cells give rise to complex neural tissues during embryonic development. In contrast, adult neurogenesis in our model systems, if present, is typically constrained to one or a few zones of the adult brain to produce a limited subset of neurons leading to the dogma that the brain is primarily fixed post-development. The freshwater planarian (flatworm) is an invertebrate model system that challenges this dogma. The planarian possesses a brain containing several thousand neurons with very high rates of cell turnover (homeostasis), which can also be fully regenerated de novo from injury in just 7 days. Both homeostasis and regeneration depend on the activity of a large population of adult stem cells, called neoblasts, throughout the planarian body. Thus, much effort has been put forth to understand how the flatworm can continually give rise to the diversity of cell types found in the adult brain. Here we focus on work using single-cell genomics and functional analyses to unravel the cellular hierarchies from stem cell to neuron. In addition, we will review what is known about how planarians utilize developmental signaling to maintain proper tissue patterning, homeostasis, and cell-type diversity in their brains. Together, planarians are a powerful emerging model system to study the dynamics of adult neurogenesis and regeneration.
The Production of Minimal Words: A Longitudinal Case Study of Phonological Development

Two developmental models incorporating recent innovations in prosodic theory were evaluated using the phonological forms of 1 child's vocabulary documented in its entirety for the first 9 months of his language production (10 to 20 months of age). The data support the proposal (Demuth and Fee (1995)) that there is a period of development characterized by the production of minimal words, the unmarked prosodic word defined by McCarthy and Prince (1986). The data do not provide evidence for certain aspects of the second model (Fikkert (1994)), which specifies universal parameters that define the acquisition of subsyllabic structure because there was very little development shown in the relevant aspects of syllable structure. The observed trends were due more to increasing segmental competence than to restricted syllable templates. Results indicate the relevance of the prosodic hierarchy in the early grammar as well as considerable early knowledge of prosodic structure below the word level.
Spaces for public orientation? Longitudinal effects of Internet use in adolescence

The article departs from an overarching research question: How does young people's engagement in different Internet spaces affect the development of their public orientation during adolescence? It analyses longitudinal panel data in order to explore how young people's public orientation develops during a phase in life (13–20) which is critical for political socialization. Data are derived from three waves of data collection among young people who were 13–17 years old at the time for the first data collection. The concept public orientation is measured by three indicators: young people's values, interests and everyday peer talk. These indicators are analysed with reference to respondents' Internet orientations, which we conceptualize as four separate but inter-related spaces (a news space, a space for social interaction, a game space and a creative space). The results primarily emphasize the importance of orientations towards news space and space for social interaction. Overall, the findings strongly suggest that orientations towards these spaces are related to adolescents' public orientation. The findings confirm the centrality of news and information in political socialization, but they also challenge the idea that social media facilities – such as Facebook, Twitter and blogging – enable forms of social interaction and creative production that have an overall positive impact on young people's public orientation.
Disponibilidad de recursos materiales en el hogar y adquisición de habilidades pre-lectoras

Learning to read involves a number of factors. Among these, we focus on the family context related to literacy. We understand this context as a set of resources, including experiences in which the child is in contact with the events surrounding the literacy and the availability of printed materials, as well as skills and knowledge of pre- reading, identified as precursors of formal reading. In this study we aim to explore and describe the relationships between family background and performance in pre-reading skills. We take, as sample, 88 children 5 years old, both sexes, and their parents. We interviewed the family to evaluate the family context and used the the Spanish version of “Get Ready to Read! Screening Tool” by Whitehurst & Lonigan. The results indicate a statistically significant association between rates of resource availability of reading materials at home - particularly access to technological means - and performance in pre-reading skills. This reveals the importance of the characteristics of environment in which the child grows to the development of literacy.
The Contribution of Passage and No-Passage Factors to Item Performance on the SAT Reading Task

A regression analysis was carried out to assess the contributions of passage and no-passage factors to item variance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test reading comprehension task. Unlike earlier regression studies of multiple-choice reading tasks, no-passage factors were experimentally isolated from passage factors, and passage factors from the multiple-choice context. Results showed that no-passage factors play a larger role than do passage factors, accounting for as much as three fourths of systematic variance in item difficulty and more than half of total variance. The task, therefore, appears largely to reflect the systematic influence of factors having nothing to do with the comprehension of reading passages.
Susceptibility to Mortality in Weather Extremes: Effect Modification by Personal and Small-Area Characteristics

Background: Extremes of temperature have been associated with short-term increases in daily mortality. We identified subpopulations with increased susceptibility to dying during temperature extremes, based on personal demographics, small-area characteristics, and preexisting medical conditions. Methods: We examined Medicare participants in 135 US cities and identified preexisting conditions based on hospitalization records before their deaths, from 1985 to 2006. Personal characteristics were obtained from the Medicare records, and area characteristics were assigned based on zip code of residence. We conducted a case-only analysis of over 11 million deaths and evaluated modification of the risk of dying associated with extremely hot days and extremely cold days, continuous temperatures, and water vapor pressure. Modifiers included preexisting conditions, personal characteristics, zip code–level population characteristics, and land cover characteristics. For each effect modifier, a city-specific logistic regression model was fitted and then an overall national estimate was calculated using meta-analysis. Results: People with certain preexisting conditions were more susceptible to extreme heat, with an additional 6% (95% confidence interval = 4%–8%) increase in the risk of dying on an extremely hot day in subjects with previous admission for atrial fibrillation, an additional 8% (4%–12%) in subjects with Alzheimer disease, and an additional 6% (3%–9%) in subjects with dementia. Zip code level and personal characteristics were also associated with increased susceptibility to temperature. Conclusions: We identified several subgroups of the population who are particularly susceptible to temperature extremes, including persons with atrial fibrillation.
Characterization of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2A1 (UGT2A1) variants and their potential role in tobacco carcinogenesis

Objective To examine UGT2A1 expression in human tissues, determine its glucuronidation activity against tobacco carcinogens, and assess the potential functional role of UGT2A1 missense single nucleotide polymorphisms on UGT2A1 enzyme activity. Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and real time polymerase chain reaction were used to assess UGT2A1 gene expression in various human tissues. A glucuronidation assay measured by reverse phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine UGT2A1 activity. Results UGT2A1 was expressed in aerodigestive tract tissues including trachea, larynx, tonsil, lung, and colon; no expression was observed in breast, whole brain, pancreas, prostate, kidney, liver, or esophagus. UGT2A1 exhibited highest expression in the lung, followed by trachea >tonsil >larynx >colon >olfactory tissue. Cell homogenates prepared from wildtype UGT2A175Lys308Gly overexpressing HEK293 cells showed significant glucuronidation activity against a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including, 1-hydroxy-benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol, and 5-methylchrysene-1,2-diol. No activity was observed in UGT2A1 overexpressing cell homogenate against substrates that form N-glucuronides, such as 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), nicotine, or N-OH-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5–b] pyridine (N-OH PhIP). A significant (P<0.05) decrease (approximately 25%) in glucuronidation activity (Vmax/KM) was observed against all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons substrates for the UGT2A175Arg308Gly variant compared with homogenates from wildtype UGT2A175Lys308Gly; no activity was observed for cell homogenates overexpressing the UGT2A175Lys308Arg variant for all substrates tested. Conclusion These data suggest that UGT2A1 is an important detoxification enzyme in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons within target tissues for tobacco carcinogens and functional polymorphisms in UGT2A1 may play a role in tobacco-related cancer risk.
ISS Method for Coordination Control of Nonlinear Dynamical Agents Under Directed Topology

The problems of coordination of multiagent systems with second-order locally Lipschitz continuous nonlinear dynamics under directed interaction topology are investigated in this paper. A completely nonlinear input-to-state stability (ISS)-based framework, drawing on ISS methods, with the aid of results from graph theory, matrix theory, and the ISS cyclic-small-gain theorem, is proposed for the coordination problem under directed topology, which can effectively tackle the technical challenges caused by locally Lipschitz continuous dynamics. Two coordination problems, i.e., flocking with a virtual leader and containment control, are considered. For both problems, it is assumed that only a portion of the agents can obtain the information from the leader(s). For the first problem, the proposed strategy is shown effective in driving a group of nonlinear dynamical agents reach the prespecified geometric pattern under the condition that at least one agent in each strongly connected component of the information-interconnection digraph with zero in-degree has access to the state information of the virtual leader; and the strategy proposed for the second problem can guarantee the nonlinear dynamical agents moving to the convex hull spanned by the positions of multiple leaders under the condition that for each agent there exists at least one leader that has a directed path to this agent.
Comparative and International Research in Education: Scope, Problems, and Potential.

Abstract This article argues that as the significance of national boundaries increasingly gives way to larger‐scale federations, so the potential salience of comparative and international research in education is dramatically increased. The relevance of such developments for researchers not familiar with the perspectives and literature of comparative and international education is explored in the light of the evolution of this specialist field. The discussion identifies how more researchers could usefully contribute to a strengthening of comparative and international studies, while considering what implications such wider involvement holds for research training. The latter issue is examined with reference to the rapidly increasing involvement of educational researchers in international consultancy work where sensitivity to cross‐cultural factors is especially important.
Relation of Two Cultural Identities of Armenian-Americans

The gap between the two cultural identities of 37 female and 43 male Armenian-American teen-agers attending Armenian schools was studied. The effects of ethnic involvement and residency status (native-born and recent immigrant) were examined. The absolute difference between the Armenian and American identity scores defined the gap between the two cultural identities. It was hypothesized that more ethnic involvement and recent immigrant status would show greater gap. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance of ethnic involvement and residency status produced significant main effects in the expected directions and no interaction. The ethnically more involved and the recent immigrants showed greater gap in their American and Armenian identities than the ethnically less involved and the native-born, respectively. Some phenomenological explanations for the observed effects were considered.
Style Failure: Consumption, Identity and Social Exclusion

Recent studies of youth culture suggest that consumption is central to the construction of adolescent identities. Many of these studies have focused on the links between consumption, style and identity, and have concluded that style is a crucial means of sustaining and defining group boundaries. Drawing on a series of group interviews with young people from an ESRC-funded study of young consumers, we focus here on the causes and consequences of being seen as a ‘style failure’. We argue that the link between styles and branded and designer goods makes the maintenance of a style identity economically costly. However, there are also social costs associated with failing to maintain such an identity. We examine the consequences of such ‘style failure’ for young people in relation to issues of social exclusion and status loss.
A world divided by a common Internet [national ranking calculations]

We hear a lot about the digital divide - the gulf between rich and poor ut it is a hard thing to quantify, especially when it comes to the Internet. The International Telecommunication Union calculated a ranking for each of the 178 nations in the world, which it called the digital access index (DAI), determined by such factors as education, the affordability of Internet access, and the proportion of Internet users with high-speed connections. This article details the results of these calculations and the methodology behind their generation.
Questioning the Questions of Instructional Technology Research.

In April 1994, I was "flamed" on the Internet, a '90s phenomenon that has been portrayed in publications as diverse as The New Yorker (Seabrook, 1994) and The Chronicle of Higher Education (Lemisch, 1995). Although what exactly constitutes a "flame" in the rapidly evolving "metaverse" (Stephenson, 1993) is a matter of much debate, I can vividly recall the feelings of shock and anger that swept through me when I read the note calling me a "jerk" on a "listserv" shared by hundreds of members around the world.
Different effects of atenolol and nebivolol on coronary flow reserve

Atenolol and nebivolol are commonly used antihypertensive agents. Nebivolol increases both stimulated and basal release of endothelial nitric oxide, thereby improving flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with essential hypertension.1 However, it is believed that atenolol has no effect on arterial vasoreactivity.1 Pharmacological stress transthoracic second harmonic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a useful tool in evaluating coronary flow reserve (CFR). Several studies have evaluated its feasibility.2 We hypothesised that in patients with essential hypertension, nebivolol can reverse coronary microvascular dysfunction and improve CFR. After one month of lifestyle changes, 63 consecutive patients with hypertension had 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Hypertension was diagnosed in 30 of these who had average daytime blood pressure > 135/85 mm Hg and average night-time blood pressure > 125/75 mm Hg. These 30 patients constituted the study population. For the control group, 30 healthy volunteers were enrolled. Patients with known cardiovascular risk factors, those who were taking any vasoactive or hypertension drug, and those with ECG changes specific for myocardial ischaemia were excluded from the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant, and the institutional ethics committee approved the …
Exploring the Content and Factorial Validity of Job Embeddedness Through the Lens of a Multigroup Sample

The purpose of the present research was to provide additional evidence for the construct validity of Mitchell, Holtom, Lee, Sablynski, and Erez’s Job Embeddedness Questionnaire (JEQ). While most studies have focused on building the nomological network of job embeddedness with organizationally relevant outcomes, scant research has focused attention on the psychometric properties of the JEQ. To this end, this study explores the meta-analytic relationships of the JEQ with job satisfaction and organizational commitment measures to help build additional evidence for the discriminant validity of the job embeddedness construct. Results revealed that the organizational dimensions of links, fit, and sacrifice and job satisfaction measures have differential relationships with perceived desirability and ease of movement variables thereby lending support to the construct validity of the JEQ. In addition, the content and factorial validity of the JEQ was examined using a cross-industry, multioccupational sample from 542 respondents. Results indicated that while the three-factor model for both organizational and community embeddedness had the best fit to the data, other psychometric properties were somewhat questionable. Recommendations were provided to refine the current operationalization of the JEQ and to expand the nomological network of job embeddedness by exploring predictors and outcomes of individual dimensions of organizational embeddedness and community embeddedness.
The negative distortion scale: a new PAI validity scale

The personality assessment inventory (PAI) includes three scales to address negative feigning, but none have proved successful under all circumstances, especially with forensic populations. Using psychiatric inpatients, a new validity scale was developed for individuals presenting with higher levels of psychopathology, as often is the case with forensic patients. Items with extreme response frequencies were identified from within PAI's eight clinical scales that address psycho-pathology; from these a negative distortion scale (NDS) was constructed. To evaluate efficacy of the NDS, the structured interview of reported symptoms (SIRS) was used as a criterion measure for malingering. The NDS was found to effectively discriminate suspected malingerers, and it added incremental validity to existing PAI validity measures.