Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fitness of hatchery-reared salmonids in the wild

Accumulating data indicate that hatchery fish have lower fitness in natural environments than wild fish. This fitness decline can occur very quickly, sometimes following only one or two generations of captive rearing. In this review, we summarize existing data on the fitness of hatchery fish in the wild, and we investigate the conditions under which rapid fitness declines can occur. The summary of studies to date suggests: nonlocal hatchery stocks consistently reproduce very poorly in the wild; hatchery stocks that use wild, local fish for captive propagation generally perform better than nonlocal stocks, but often worse than wild fish. However, the data above are from a limited number of studies and species, and more studies are needed before one can generalize further. We used a simple quantitative genetic model to evaluate whether domestication selection is a sufficient explanation for some observed rapid fitness declines. We show that if selection acts on a single trait, such rapid effects can be explained only when selection is very strong, both in captivity and in the wild, and when the heritability of the trait under selection is high. If selection acts on multiple traits throughout the life cycle, rapid fitness declines are plausible.
Role of endometrial immune cells in implantation

Implantation of an embryo occurs during the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, known as the "implantation window. " During this implantation period, there are significant morphologic and functional changes in the endometrium, which is followed by decidualization. Many immune cells, such as dendritic and natural killer (NK) cells, increase in number in this period and early pregnancy. Recent works have revealed that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and NK cells are involved in vascular remodeling of spiral arteries in the decidua and lack of APCs leads to failure of pregnancy. Paternal and fetal antigens may play a role in the induction of immune tolerance during pregnancy. A balance between effectors (i.e., innate immunity and helper T [Th] 1 and Th17 immunity) and regulators (Th2 cells, regulatory T cells, etc.) is essential for establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. The highly complicated endocrine-immune network works in decidualization of the endometrium and at the fetomaternal interface. We will discuss the role of immune cells in the implantation period and during early pregnancy.
Ketamine administration reduces amygdalo‐hippocampal reactivity to emotional stimulation

Increased amygdala reactivity might lead to negative bias during emotional processing that can be reversed by antidepressant drug treatment. However, little is known on how N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism with ketamine as a novel antidepressant drug target might modulate amygdala reactivity to emotional stimulation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and resting‐state fMRI (rsfMRI), we assessed amygdalo‐hippocampal reactivity at baseline and during pharmacological stimulation with ketamine (intravenous bolus of 0.12 mg/kg, followed by a continuous infusion of 0.25 mg/kg/h) in 23 healthy subjects that were presented with stimuli from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS). We found that ketamine reduced neural reactivity in the bilateral amygdalo‐hippocampal complex during emotional stimulation. Reduced amygdala reactivity to negative pictures was correlated to resting‐state connectivity to the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Interestingly, subjects experienced intensity of psychedelic alterations of consciousness during ketamine infusion predicted the reduction in neural responsivity to negative but not to positive or neutral stimuli. Our findings suggest that the pharmacological modulation of glutamate‐responsive cerebral circuits, which is associated with a shift in emotional bias and a reduction of amygdalo‐hippocampal reactivity to emotional stimuli, represents an early biomechanism to restore parts of the disrupted neurobehavioral homeostasis in MDD patients. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1941–1952, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined analysis of vascular invasion, grade, HER2 and Ki67 expression identifies early breast cancer patients with questionable benefit of systemic adjuvant therapy

Abstract Introduction. Over-treatment of low-risk early breast cancer patients with adjuvant systemic therapies is an important clinical challenge. Better techniques are required which can be used to distinguish between the large group of patients with no residual disease after surgery and consequently no benefit of adjuvant treatment, from the smaller group with high relapse risk. A better integration of available prognostic factors might contribute to improved prediction of clinical outcome. Material and methods. The current study included 346 unselected pT1pN0 patients who did not receive adjuvant systemic treatment. In Norway, no patients with this stage were recommended systemic treatment at the time of the study (1995–1998). Histological type, tumour size, grade, vascular invasion (VI), hormone receptor (HR) status, HER2 and Ki67 (cut-off 10%) were analysed. Median follow-up was 86 months for relapse and 101 months for death. Results. Thirty-eight patients experienced relapse, 31 with distant metastasis. Twenty-one patients died of breast cancer. In univariate analysis grade, HER2, HR, VI and Ki67 had impact on clinical outcome (p < 0.005, log rank). In multivariate analysis, only grade 1–2 vs. grade 3, HER2, VI, and Ki67 status were significant for disease free survival, distant disease free survival, and/or breast cancer specific survival. These factors were used in combination, to separate patients into groups based on the number of unfavourable factors present [combined prognostic score (CPS) 0–4]. Close to 2/3 of the patients (61.4%) had no unfavourable factor (CPS0), whilst 18.4% had CPS ≥ 2. Only 3.6% of those with CPS0 developed metastasis (p < 0.001). The outcome was clearly worse for patients with CPS ≥ 2 (p < 0.001), systemic relapse was detected in approximately 40%. Conclusions. This study indicates that the combined use of grade, VI, HER2 and Ki67 identifies a subgroup of breast cancer patients with a relapse risk that may question the benefit of adjuvant systemic therapy.
Identification of Differentiation-Related Proteins in Gastric Adenocarcinoma Tissues by Proteomics

There is a significant correlation between the degree of tumor differentiation and the survival of patients with gastric cancers. In this report, we compared proteomic differences between poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma tissues and well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in order to identify differentiation-related proteins that may be closely correlated with differentiation of gastric cancer pathogenesis. We identified 7 proteins, of which calreticulin precursor, tapasinERP57 heterodimer, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2, class Pi glutathione S-transferase, and chain A crystal structure of human enolase 1 were upregulated in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma compared with well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma, while myosin-11 isoform SM2A and actin alpha cardiac were downregulated. Two of them, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 are enzymes involved in glycolytic pathway. The upregulation of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, we observed 107 cases with gastric adenocarcinoma and found that the high expression of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 correlates with tumor size (P = .0001 and P = .0017, respectively), depth of invasion (P = .0024 and P = .0261, respectively), and poor prognosis of patients. In conclusion, with this proteomic analysis, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 were identified upregulated in poorly differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma comparing with well-differentiated gastric adenocarcinoma. The expression level of pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 isoform M2 and enolase 1 was significantly correlated with overall survival. Some of them would be differentiation-related cancer biomarkers and are associated with tumor metastasis, invasion, and prognosis.
Downhill Running Excessive Training Inhibits Hypertrophy in Mice Skeletal Muscles with Different Fiber Type Composition

The aim of this study was to verify the effects of running overtraining protocols performed in downhill, uphill, and without inclination on the proteins related to hypertrophy signaling pathway in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus of C57BL/6 mice. We also performed histological and stereological analyses. Rodents were divided into control (CT; sedentary mice), overtrained by downhill running (OTR/down), overtrained by uphill running (OTR/up), and overtrained by running without inclination (OTR). The incremental load, exhaustive, and grip force tests were used as performance evaluation parameters. 36 h after the grip force test, EDL and soleus were removed and immediately used for immunoblotting analysis or stored at −80°C for histological and stereological analyses. For EDL, OTR/down decreased the protein kinase B (Akt) and tuberous sclerosis protein 2 (TSC2) phosphorylation (p), and increased myostatin, receptor‐activated Smads (pSMAD2‐3), and insulin receptor substrate‐1 (pIRS‐1; Ser307/636). OTR/down also presented low and high relative proportions of cytoplasm and connective tissue, respectively. OTR/up increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (pmTOR), 70‐kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (pS6K1) and pSMAD2‐3, and decreased pTSC2. OTR decreased pTSC2 and increased pIRS‐1 (Ser636). For soleus, OTR/down increased S6 ribosomal protein (pS6RP) and pSMAD2‐3, and decreased pIRS‐1 (Ser639). OTR/up decreased pS6K1, pS6RP and pIRS‐1 (Ser639), and increased pTSC2 (Ser939), and pSMAD2‐3. OTR increased pS6RP, 4E‐binding protein‐1 (p4E‐BP1), pTSC2 (Ser939), and pSMAD2‐3, and decreased pIRS‐1 (Ser639). In summary, OTR/down inhibited the skeletal muscle hypertrophy with concomitant signs of atrophy in EDL. The effects of OTR/up and OTR depended on the analyzed skeletal muscle type. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1045–1056, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Natural Hazards

The challenge Drought is natural hazard that has hit Europe hard over the last decades. Likely it will become more frequent and severe and the scale will increase due to the increased likelihood of warmer Northern winters and hotter Mediterranean summers. There is an urgent need to improve drought preparedness through increased knowledge on the past and future hazard, impacts, and possible management and policy options. measures, and through drought management plans and an improved sciencepolicy interfacing. This will reduce vulnerability to future drought and the risks they pose for Europe. DROUGHT-R&SPI will address this pressing need.
Evaluation of Analgesia, Tolerance, and the Mechanism of Action of Morphine-6-O-Sulfate Across Multiple Pain Modalities in Sprague-Dawley Rats

BACKGROUND: Morphine-6-O-sulfate (M6S) is a mixed &mgr;/&dgr;-opioid receptor (OR) agonist and potential alternative to morphine for treatment of chronic multimodal pain. METHODS: To provide more support for this hypothesis, the antinociceptive effects of M6S and morphine were compared in tests that access a range of pain modalities, including hot plate threshold (HPT), pinprick sensitivity threshold (PST) and paw pressure threshold tests. RESULTS: Acutely, M6S was 2- to 3-fold more potent than morphine in HPT and PST tests, specifically, derived from best-fit analysis of dose–response relationships of morphine/M6S half-effective dose (ED50) ratios (lower, upper 95% confidence interval [CI]) were 2.8 (2.0–5.8) in HPT and 2.2 (2.1, 2.4) in PST tests. No differences in analgesic drug potencies were detected in the PPT test (morphine/M6S ED50 ratio 1.2 (95% CI, 0.8–1.4). After 7 to 9 days of chronic treatment, tolerance developed to the antinociceptive effects of morphine, but not to M6S, in all 3 pain tests. Morphine-tolerant rats were not crosstolerant to M6S. The antinociceptive effects of M6S were not sensitive to &kgr;-OR antagonists. However, the &dgr;-OR antagonist, naltrindole, blocked M6S-induced antinociception by 55% ± 4% (95% CI, 39–75) in the HPT test, 94% ± 4% (95% CI, 84–105) in the PST test, and 5% ± 17% (95% CI, −47 to 59) or 51% ± 14% (95% CI, 14–84; 6 rats per each group) in the paw pressure threshold test when examined acutely or after 7 days of chronic treatment, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Activity via &dgr;-ORs thus appears to be an important determinant of M6S action. M6S also exhibited favorable antinociceptive and tolerance profiles compared with morphine in 3 different antinociceptive assays, indicating that M6S may serve as a useful alternative for rotation in morphine-tolerant subjects.
Phloroglucinols from Anti‐Microbial Deposit‐Resins of Australian Stingless Bees (Tetragonula carbonaria)

Stingless bees accumulate deposits of plant resins that are mixed with beeswax to produce propolis. Previous studies have reported anti‐microbial constituents of stingless bee (Tetragonula carbonaria) propolis from East Australia, but several components remained to be characterized. In the search of natural products yet unreported for Australian propolis, four bee deposit‐resins of T. carbonaria bees were analysed by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurements. Ethanolic extracts of the deposit‐resins were tested in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25983 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 by the agar diffusion method. Phloroglucinols, flavonoids and isoprenoids were identified in samples. The crude extracts showed strong anti‐staphylococcal effects but were less active against the Gram‐negative bacterium. The diagnostic data enabled the identification of markers that can be used for profiling other Australian propolis sources and to target the isolation of bioactive phloroglucinols in future studies against antibiotic resistant S. aureus strains. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are We Puppets on a String? Comparing the Impact of Contingency and Validity on Implicit and Explicit Evaluations

Research has demonstrated that implicit and explicit evaluations of the same object can diverge. Explanations of such dissociations frequently appeal to dual-process theories, such that implicit evaluations are assumed to reflect object-valence contingencies independent of their perceived validity, whereas explicit evaluations reflect the perceived validity of object-valence contingencies. Although there is evidence supporting these assumptions, it remains unclear if dissociations can arise in situations in which object-valence contingencies are judged to be true or false during the learning of these contingencies. Challenging dual-process accounts that propose a simultaneous operation of two parallel learning mechanisms, results from three experiments showed that the perceived validity of evaluative information about social targets qualified both explicit and implicit evaluations when validity information was available immediately after the encoding of the valence information; however, delaying the presentation of validity information reduced its qualifying impact for implicit, but not explicit, evaluations.
Effective Dye Degradation by Graphene Oxide Supported Manganese Oxide

Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a support for manganese oxide (MnO2) for the preparation of a nanocomposite catalyst for the degradation of an azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The nanocomposite was characterized for the structure by XRD, for the morphology with SEM, and for the surface chemistry with FTIR and potentiometric titration measurements. The GO-MnO2 nanocomposite presented a high catalytic activity for the degradation/oxidation of RB5 at ambient conditions, which was higher than that of the pure MnO2 and could be attributed to the beneficial contribution of the manganese oxide and the graphene oxide.
Correlation of APOBEC3 in tumor tissues with clinico-pathological features and survival from hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy.

OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the relationships between members of APOBEC3 in tumor tissues and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) aggressiveness and prognosis. METHODS Using the expression profile GSE36376 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), we compared APOBEC3 expression between tumor and non-tumor tissues, and correlated this with clinico-pathological features and outcomes of HCC patients. RESULTS A3B, A3D, A3F and A3H were overexpressed in HCC tumor tissues compared to non-tumor tissues (all P≤0.001). Cox regression shown that A3G was negatively associated with overall survival of HCC patients (HR=2.277, 95% CI=1.324-3.915, P=0.033), in contrast, A3C level in tumor tissues might play a positive role in HCC overall survival (HR=0.364, 95% CI=0.182-0.727, P=0.004). Interestingly, A3F contributed to a poor disease-free survival of HCC (HR=3.383, 95% CI=1.249-9.715, P=0.017), while A3H may be a positive factor associated with HCC disease-free survival (HR=0.25, 95% CI=0.098-0.636, P=0.004). Cirrhosis, tumor size and intrahepatic metastasis were associated with HCC poor disease-free survival (HR=1.838, 95% CI=1.308-2.583, P<0.001; HR= 1.095, 95% CI=1.042-1.15, P<0.001 and HR=3.669, 95% CI=2.447-5.5, P<0.001; respectively). Logistic regression analysis indicated that up-regulation of A3F in tumor tissues promoted HCC vascular invasion, intrahepatic metastasis and AFP elevation (all P<0.05). In contrast, A3H might decrease these risks (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F might be risk factors for HCC development and survival, while APOBEC3C and APOBEC3H should play positive roles in HCC aggressiveness and prognosis. Further investigation for APOBEC3 mechanisms are needed in the future.
African swine fever virus assembles a single membrane derived from rupture of the endoplasmic reticulum

Collective evidence argues that two members of the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) acquire their membrane from open membrane intermediates, postulated to be derived from membrane rupture. We now study membrane acquisition of the NCLDV African swine fever virus. By electron tomography (ET), the virion assembles a single bilayer, derived from open membrane precursors that collect as ribbons in the cytoplasm. Biochemically, lumenal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins are released into the cytosol, arguing that the open intermediates are ruptured ER membranes. ET shows that viral capsid assembles on the convex side of the open viral membrane to shape it into an icosahedron. The viral capsid is composed of tiny spikes with a diameter of ∼5 nm, connected to the membrane by a 6 nm wide structure displaying thin striations, as observed by several complementary electron microscopy imaging methods. Immature particles display an opening that closes after uptake of the viral genome and core proteins, followed by the formation of the mature virion. Together with our previous data, this study shows a common principle of NCLDVs to build a single internal envelope from open membrane intermediates. Our data now provide biochemical evidence that these open intermediates result from rupture of a cellular membrane, the ER.
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Sweden from an exotic to an endemic disease

Summary Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is causally associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection of pigs. PCV2 was first demonstrated in Swedish pigs in 1993, although the virus was almost certainly present in pigs in the country before that. Despite this, no signs of PMWS were observed in pigs of Sweden until the first outbreak was reported in 2003. The accumulated number of PMWS‐affected herds have increased via 16 (2004) and 41 (2005) to 123 in December 2006. Of these herds, 30 (25%) have now been declared free from PMWS. However, a number of other herds have had individual pigs that have fulfilled the demands for PMWS at necropsy and 52 of these herds have been declared negative on herd basis after treatment for intestinal or respiratory diseases, and/or by correcting shortcomings in management of the herd including feed. Thus, individual cases of the disease have been observed in around 200 herds by the end of 2006 and PMWS is now regarded as an endemic disease in Sweden. The pig population of Sweden is geographically isolated, the density of pigs and the pathogen load in the country is low and the use of growth promoters (low dose antibiotics in feed) was prohibited in 1986 Additionally, the trade of animals in Sweden is organised in a restricted way. Because of these factors it is possible to conduct meaningful real‐time studies on the transformation of PMWS in Sweden from being an exotic to an endemic disease in a three year time scale. Initially the PMWS cases were concentrated in the southern part of Sweden, but have gradually spread north. The PMWS‐positive herds have, in general, had an effective production, but some management errors have constantly been observed in affected herds. Physical links between affected herds are often missing, and the data generated to date on the PMWS outbreaks in Sweden do not suggest an introduction of a new contagious microbe into the country that is responsible for the PMWS outbreaks, nor does PMWS appear to be spread via semen. In Sweden, intensity in rearing, disease preventing measures and immaturity of the piglets appear to be important as predisposing factors to PMWS and, as such, are discussed in this article.
‘Nickel Allergy’ arising from decorative nickel plated and alloyed articles: prevention at source

ABSTRACT This work builds on papers published in Transactions during 2015 and 2018 reporting research into low-cost commercial methods for the prevention of nickel release from decorative nickel plated articles, rendering them suitable for placement on the European market in accordance with the requirements of REACH. ‘Nickel Allergy’ sometimes occurs when nickel-containing articles are in direct and prolonged contact with the skin, leading to corrosion of elemental nickel by sweat, liberating sufficient nickel ions to be absorbed through the skin and initiate an allergenic effect. The EU ‘Nickel Restrictions’ impose limits on the amount of nickel released from articles intended for use in this application, but permits a non-nickel surface coating that can ensure the rate of nickel release does not exceed 0.5 µg cm−2 week−1 after 2 years of normal use. The official tests for coated items are simulated wear and corrosion under EN 12472 followed by determination of nickel release under EN 1811. Earlier work concluded that suitable barrier coatings over bright electrodeposited nickel are regular chromium deposited from a hexavalent electrolyte, microporous trivalent chromium from a chloride electrolyte and UV cured PU electrophoretic coatings. Further tests reported here focused on nickel release from examples of wearable articles such as costume jewellery and watch cases. A typical flash coating of gold over bright nickel is thin and porous and being more noble, causes the rate of nickel release to be accelerated; but this can be prevented by an intermediate barrier coating of electrodeposited palladium. To round out the relevance of this study on wearable articles, nickel release tests were also conducted on nickel-containing Grades 304 (UNS S30400) and 316 (UNS S31600) austenitic stainless steels, plus a typical gold alloy containing nickel. All passed the nickel release tests satisfactorily.