Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Inuit identity in the canadian arctic

Contemporary Nunavut Inuit perceive their identity to be a combination of inherited substances as well as knowledge, skills, and values that one must learn in order to be considered authentically Inuit. Inuit understand the latter part of their identity as examples of inuktitut , which is learning how to act in the Inuit way. Equally important for the expression of Inuit identity is knowledge of qallunaatitut , the way of “white people. ” This is why Inuit identity is best understood as an ethnic identity that influences how Inuit perceive themselves, their culture, and their relations to non-Inuit. The dominant discourse of Inuit identity rests on a reified notion of culture as well as a logic that equates the boundary between Inuit culture and Qallunaat culture as primordial and permanent. As such, Inuit identity is experienced as a set of primordial ties to specific places and persons and as a way of life that must be protected from the incursion of non-Inuit culture. Ethnic identity, Nunavut Inuit, Canadian Arctic
An XMM-Newton observation of the massive, relaxed galaxy cluster ClJ1226.9+3332 at z=0.89

A detailed X-ray analysis of an XMM-Newton observation of the high-redshift (z = 0.89) galaxy cluster ClJ1226.9+3332 is presented. After careful consideration of background subtraction issues, the X-ray temperature is found to be 11.5 +1.1 -0.9 keV, the highest X-ray temperature of any cluster at z > 0.6. The temperature is consistent with the observed velocity dispersion. In contrast to MS 1054-0321, the only other very hot cluster currently known at z > 0.8, ClJ1226.9+3332, features a relaxed X-ray morphology, and its high overall gas temperature is not caused by one or several hotspots. The system thus constitutes a unique example of a high-redshift (z >0.8), high-temperature (T > 10 keV), relaxed cluster, for which the usual hydrostatic equilibrium assumption and the X-ray mass are most reliable. A temperature profile is constructed (for the first time at this redshift) and is consistent with the cluster being isothermal out to 45 per cent of the virial radius. Within the virial radius (corresponding to a measured overdensity of a factor of 200), a total mass of 1.4 ± 0.5 x 10 15 M ○. is derived, with a gas mass fraction of 12 ± 5 per cent (for a A cold dark matter cosmology and H 0 = 70 km s -1 Mpc -1 ). This total mass is similar to that of the Coma cluster. The bolometric X-ray luminosity is 5.3 +0.2 -0.2 x 10 45 erg s -1 . Analysis of a short Chandra observation confirms the lack of significant point-source contamination, the temperature, and the luminosity, albeit with lower precision. The probabilities of finding a cluster of this mass within the volume of the discovery X-ray survey are ∼8 x 10 -5 for Ω M = 1 and 0.64 for Ω M = 0.3, making Ω M = 1 highly unlikely. The entropy profile suggests that entropy evolution is being observed. The metal abundance (of Z = 0.33 +0.14 -0.10 Z ○. ), gas mass fraction and gas distribution are consistent with those of local clusters; thus the bulk of the metals were in place by z = 0.89.
Integrating knowledge effects into university impact studies. A case study of Aberdeen University

Universities' impacts on their local areas can be divided into spending impacts and knowledge effects. Spending impacts refer to the effects of consumption spending by university staff and students, and of spending by universities themselves on capital equipment and supplies, on income and employment in the local area. Knowledge effects refer to the benefits of the outcomes of university activities, notably the production of highly educated graduates and the production and dissemination of knowledge, to local businesses. Most studies of the economic impact of British universities on their local areas concentrate almost exclusively on spending impacts. In contrast to the studies of British universities, studies of the economic impact of various European and American universities on their local areas have at least sought to identify the nature of knowledge effects. It is an innovative feature of this paper that, in addition to quantifying the spending impact of Aberdeen University on its local area (for the year 1995/96), it attempts to identify and describe the nature of the University's linkages with business through the output of graduates and dissemination of knowledge. The paper also provides suggestions for the direction of further research.
Using Regression Techniques to Estimate Futures Hedge Ratios, Some Results from Alternative Approaches Applied to Australian 10 Year Treasury Bond Futures

The paper uses Australian bond futures data from the Sydney Futures Exchange to critically assess some of the potential problems involved in the use of cointegration techniques in the calculation of minimum variance hedge ratios. Following Ghosh (1993a,b) there have been a number of papers which have made use of these techniques. Ghosh (1993), and Lien (1996) suggest that if spot and futures prices are cointegrated then the non-inclusion of an error correction term in the VAR model used to estimate the hedge ratio will lead to mis-specification problems and the under-estimation of the true optimal hedge ratio. We examine the use of such regression techniques in the calculation of hedge ratios. In particular we consider the extent to which the stacking of the data into a time series, which effectively constrains the estimated hedge ratio to a single value over the span of the data, influences the results of such techniques. If the hedge ratio differs by contract, the movement from one contract to the next is likely to lead to instability in the estimated regression coefficients. Tests for parameter instability in the estimated regression suggest that this is indeed the case and our conclusion is that it is preferable to consider the estimation of the hedge ratio in a panel setting with each individual contract considered as an observational unit. One problem in the past with such a move has been the lack of tests for cointegration and unit roots in such a setting, fortunately these are now available and we take advantage of them in this paper. In such a panel setting we find that the result that the spot and futures prices are cointegrated still holds but that the estimated hedge ratios are not constant between contracts, throwing doubt on the applicability of regression methods which make such an assumption.
Functional analysis of keratinocyte and fibroblast gene expression in skin and keloid scar tissue based on deviation analysis of dynamic capabilities

The aim of the present study was to select key genes that are associated with fibroblasts and keratinocytes during keloid scar progression and development. The gene expression profile of GSE44270, which includes 32 samples, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in case samples compared with control samples were screened using the Limma R package followed by hierarchical clustering analysis. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks of the total selected DEGs were constructed using Cytoscape. Moreover, the Gene Ontology biological processes and significant Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of the total selected DEGs were enriched using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery. Significant pathways that may be associated with keloid scar were analyzed using deviation analysis of dynamic capabilities. There were 658 DEGs in fibroblast keloid vs. normal, 112 DEGs in fibroblast non-lesion vs. normal, 439 DEGs in fibroblast keloid vs. non-lesion, 523 DEGs in keratocyte keloid vs. normal, 186 DEGs in keratocyte non-lesion vs. normal, and 963 DEGs in keratocyte keloid vs. non-lesion groups. HOXA9, BMP4, CDKN1A and SMAD2 in fibroblasts, and HOXA7, MCM8, PSMA4 and PSMB2 in keratinocytes were key genes in the PPI networks. Moreover, the amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathway, cell cycle, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction pathway were significant pathways. This study suggests that several key genes (BMP4, HOXA9, SMAD2, CDKN1A, HOXA7, PSMA4 and PSMB2) that participate in some significant pathways (cell cycle and ECM-receptor interaction pathways) may be potential therapeutic targets for keloid scars.
Reflections on the omission of social capital from enterprise education and business start training

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the case for the inclusion, in enterprise education, of training and/or guidance in the acquisition and use of social capital. Design/methodology/approach – The paper considers the reasons, not just why social capital should be included as a factor at least as important as financial capital, but also the possible reasons why so far it has largely been omitted – and then explores the implications behind that omission. Findings – The core assertion of the paper is that, despite its clear relevance, social capital is rarely included in enterprise education because the basis for much enterprise education is a traditional business plan menu which is in turn based on big business thinking. Practical implications – The implications of this are not just that social capital should be given a key place in enterprise education but that, before this can happen, the different nature of small business needs to be accepted and the basis of small business training adjuste.
Estimating the Effects of Credit Constraints on Productivity of Peruvian Agriculture

This paper proposes an estimator for the endogenous switching regression models with fixed effects. The estimator allows for endogenous selection and for conditional heteroscedasticity in the outcome equation. Applying the estimator to a dataset on the productivity in agriculture substantially changes the conclusions compared to earlier analysis of the same dataset. This paper proposes an estimator for the endogenous switching re-gression models with fixed effects. The estimator allows for endogenous selection and for conditional heteroscedasticity in the outcome equation. Applying the estimator to a dataset on the productivity in agriculture substantially changes the conclusions compared to earlier analysis of the same dataset.
The commercial paper market, the Fed, and the 2007-2009 financial crisis

Since its inception in the early nineteenth century, the U.S. commercial paper market has grown to become a key source of short-term funding for major businesses, with issuance averaging over $100 billion per day. In the fall of 2008, the commercial paper market achieved national prominence when increasing market stress caused some to fear that, given its size and importance, the market's failure would sharply worsen the recession. The Department of the Treasury and Federal Reserve enacted programs targeted at providing credit and liquidity to restore investor confidence. The authors review the history of the commercial paper market, describe its structure and key relationships to money market mutual funds, and present a detailed discussion of the crisis in the market, including the resulting Federal Reserve programs.
On dynamic tree growing in hypercubes

Abst rac t A key issue in performing tree structured parallel computations is to distribute process components of a parallel program over processors in a parallel computer at run time such that both the maximum load and dilation are minimized. The main contribution of this paper is the application of recurrence relations in studying the performance of a dynamic tree embedding algorithm in hypercubes. We show recurrence relations that characterize the expected maximum load in randomized tree embeddings where, a tree grows by letting its nodes to take random walks of short distance. By using these recurrence relations, we are able to calculate the expected load on each processor. Therefore, for constant dilation embeddings, we are able to evaluate expected loads numerically and analytically. The applicability of recurrence relations is due to the recursive structure of trees and the fact that embeddings of the subtrees of a process node-are independent of each other. Our methodology does not depend on the hypercube topology. Hence, it can be applied to study dynamic tree growing in other networks.
Code of Ethics and Professionalism: Implication for Bank Failure in Nigeria

The objective of this study is to undertake empirical investigation into the various causes of Bank failure with particular emphasis on the need to enforce compliance by Banks with the Banking Code of Ethics and Professionalism (BCEP), in order to achieve standardized and efficient banking environment. This stems from the fact that banking failure in Nigeria had become increasingly worrisome to all stakeholders. This study employed a well-structured questionnaire administered to staffers of selected banks located in Ogun and Lagos states environs, to obtain first hand data. One hundred [100] questionnaires were administered, out of which 79 were retrieved and analyzed. The analysis of data and the test of hypotheses was based on the use of the Pearson’s Moment Correlation Co-efficient, which showed a significant evidence that majority of banks in Nigeria, however, did not fail due to lack of adherence to ethical practices but mostly due to other factors, such as insider’s abuse on lending; lending to high risk borrowers; micro-economic instability; deficiency in bank regulation and supervision. The paper recommended legal enforcement and strict sanctions to ensure mandatory adherence to ethical and professional practices in the banks. Keywords: Code of Ethics; Professionalism; Banking Distress; Mismanagement
The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and GDP: A Causality Analysis on Balkan Countries

This study examines the causal links between energy consumption (EC) and economic development, as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for four Balkan countries (i.e. Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Albania) during the period 1980-2009. Energy is a key source of economic growth because many production and consumption activities involve energy as a basic input. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether energy conservation policies may be pursued without adversely affecting economic development. The Granger Causality test results using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) estimates and the Error Correction Model imply that there is a one-way causality running from GDP to EC for Greece. This means that increase in economic growth requires enormous consumption of total energy and energy conservation policies do not harm economic growth. On the other hand, evidence show unidirectional causal links running from EC to GDP for Bulgaria and Romania. In this case, energy consumption can be viewed as a leading indicator of economic growth for these two Balkan countries, which means that energy conservation policies are likely to affect economic growth. Finally, empirical results for Albania suggest that EC and GDP are independent, which favours neutrality hypothesis. Therefore, energy conservation policies may not effect economic growth.
Relationship between muscle force and muscle area showing glycogen loss during locomotion.

This experiment was designed to study the relationship between the cross-sectional area of rat skeletal muscle showing glycogen loss and the muscle forces exerted during exercise. Muscular force exerted by the extensors of the elbows and ankle was increased by 24% by loading rats with 24% of their body mass while running them on a treadmill at 30 m.min-1. VO2 increased by 24% and stride frequency was unchanged when the rats ran with loads. Cross-sectional areas of the elbow and ankle extensor muscles showing glycogen loss were compared from rats running with and without the load. We found a nearly direct proportionality between the changes in force and the changes in muscle area showing glycogen loss, i.e. when the force of the extensors was increased by 24%, the cross-sectional area of the elbow extensors showing glycogen loss increased by 28%, and that of the ankle extensor group increased by 24%. The more peripheral muscles in each group accounted for a greater proportion of the increase in cross-sectional area of the group showing glycogen loss (i.e. lateral and long heads of triceps brachii muscle accounted for 91% of the increase in the elbow extensor group, and gastrocnemius muscle accounted for 84% of the increase in the ankle extensor group). Most of the increases in muscle area showing glycogen loss occurred in fast-twitch-glycolytic fibres (84% in the elbow and 88% in the ankle). The data suggest that increasing muscle force requirements by 24% by loading resulted in proportional increases in cross-sectional area of muscles recruited to produce the force, i.e. that spatial recruitment primarily accounted for the elevation in force. The relatively greater increases in cross-sectional area showing glycogen loss of peripheral muscles within a group indicate the importance of studying whole groups of muscles when considering muscular recruitment patterns during exercise.
An Integrated Divide-by-Two Direct Injection-Locking Frequency Divider for Bands  $S$ Through  $K_{u}$

In this work, direct injection locking is applied to a ring oscillator topology to design a wideband divide-by-two frequency divider circuit with a locking range covering bands S through Ku, namely input frequencies from 2 to 16 GHz. A thorough analysis is carried out: a behavioral model is developed that allows us to capture the operation of the two-stage differential ring oscillator. The mixing operation inherent in the direct injection scheme is deeply investigated and compared with tail injection locking. The design guidelines leading to a wide locking range are derived and exploited. Prototypes implemented in a digital 65-nm CMOS technology draw 1.6 mA from a 1.2-V supply. Since the design is inductorless, the divider area is as low as 130 μm2. The output phase noise tracks the reference's one with the expected 6-dB difference over the entire range of operation frequencies.
Transoral resection of thyroid cancer metastasis to lateral retropharyngeal nodes

Lymph node metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma may occur outside of the basins at greatest risk of spread, such as the lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes. The extensive surgery of traditional approaches to the retropharyngeal space are rarely justified in the treatment of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Therefore, a less invasive surgical approach is advantageous in resection of metastatic lateral retropharyngeal nodes.
Early Detection of Atrophy of Foot Muscles in Chinese Patients of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by High-Frequency Ultrasonography

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of high-frequency ultrasonography in detecting atrophy of foot muscles in Chinese patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Chinese patients of T2DM with (n = 56) or without (n = 50) diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and the control subjects (n = 50) were enrolled. The nondominant foot of all subjects was examined with high-frequency ultrasonography. The transverse diameter, thickness, and cross-sectional area of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle (EDB) and the thickness of the muscles of the first interstitium (MILs) were measured. The results showed that the ultrasonographic transverse diameter, thickness, and cross-sectional area of EDB and the thickness of MILs in patients of T2DM with DPN were significantly smaller than those in patients of T2DM without DPN (all P < 0.01) and those in the control subjects (all P < 0.01). The transverse diameter and cross-sectional area of the EDB and thickness of MILs in patients of T2DM without DPN were significantly smaller than those of the control subjects (all P < 0.01). In conclusion, the atrophy of foot muscle in Chinese T2DM patients can be detected by high-frequency ultrasonography. Notably, ultrasonography may detect early atrophy of foot muscles in patients without DPN.
Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce E-commerce Usage in the Pharmaceutical Sector of Zimbabwe

His areas of interest are e-commerce technologies, mobile commerce and computer security. Abstract This research explored the use of e-commerce in the pharmaceutical sector of Zimbabwe. More specifically, it looked at e-commerce technologies being used in the sector, uses of e-commerce technologies, usage level of e-commerce technologies, benefits and barriers of e-commerce usage. The study followed an exploratory research design wherein a questionnaire was used as the main research tool. Data was gathered from 33 pharmaceutical companies and analysed using SPSS. It was found out that slightly more than 50 percent of pharmaceutical companies had websites. Also, most popular uses of e-commerce technologies were e-mailing, generation of direct sales, provision of customer service and support, price comparison, purchasing and ordering and internal communications. In addition, the World Wide Web and instant messaging emerged as the most widely used technologies in the sector. The benefits of e-commerce usage identified include provision of high quality information needed for business operations, increasing interdepartmental and inter-organisational coordination which leads to increased productivity. Lastly, the cost of e-commerce technology equipment, absence of a company's website, complexity of e-commerce technologies and privacy related issues came out as the strongest e-commerce usage barriers in the sector.
How Is Foreign Aid Spent? Evidence from a Natural Experiment

We use oil price fluctuations to test the impact of transfers from wealthy OPEC nations to their poorer Muslim allies. The instrument identifies plausibly exogenous variation in foreign aid. We investigate how aid is spent by tracking its short-run effect on aggregate demand, national accounts, and balance of payments. Aid affects most components of GDP though it has no statistically identifiable impact on prices or economic growth. Much aid is consumed, primarily in the form of imported noncapital goods. Aid substitutes for domestic savings, has no effect on the financial account, and leads to unaccounted capital flight. (JEL F35, O19)
Somatostatin and somatostatin analogues reduce PDGF-induced endometrial cell proliferation and motility.

BACKGROUND Endometriosis is characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial cells, which show increased proliferation and migration. Somatostatin (SST) and its analogues inhibit normal and cancer cell growth and motility through the SST receptors, sst1-5. Cortistatin (CST), which displays high structural and functional homology with SST, binds all ssts, as well as MrgX2. Our objective was to investigate the gene expression of the SST/CST system and to determine the effect of SST and its analogues on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced proliferation and motility in telomerase-immortalized human endometrial stromal cell (T HESC) line and in primary endometrial stromal cell (ESCs) isolated from human endometriotic tissues. METHODS Ectopic endometrial tissues were collected from women (n= 23) undergoing laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis (Stage III/IV). Gene expression was evaluated by real-time PCR, cell motility by wound healing assay, protein expression and β-actin rearrangement by immunofluorescence, cell proliferation by the Alamar blue assay and ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation by western blot. RESULTS Human endometriotic tissues, primary ESCs and T HESCs expressed SST, CST and ssts. SST, its analogues SOM230 and octreotide, as well as CST, counteracted PDGF-induced proliferation and migration in both ESCs and T HESCs. SST also inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor and metalloprotease-2 mRNA expression, and reduced basal and PDGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the SST/CST system is expressed in endometriotic tissues and cells. The inhibitory effects of SST and its analogues on PDGF-induced proliferation and motility suggest that these peptides may represent promising tools in the treatment of endometriosis.