Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Deposition and Removal of Fugitive Dust in the Arid Southwestern United States: Measurements and Model Results

Abstract This work was motivated by the need to better reconcile emission factors for fugitive dust with the amount of geologic material found on ambient filter samples. The deposition of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 μm (PM10), generated by travel over an unpaved road, over the first 100 m of transport downwind of the road was examined at Ft. Bliss, near El Paso, TX. The field conditions, typical for warm days in the arid southwestern United States, represented sparsely vegetated terrain under neutral to unstable atmospheric conditions. Emission fluxes of PM10 dust were obtained from towers downwind of the unpaved road at 7, 50, and 100 m. The horizontal flux measurements at the 7 m and 100 m towers indicated that PM10 deposition to the vegetation and ground was too small to measure. The data indicated, with 95% confidence, that the loss of PM10 between the source of emission at the unpaved road, represented by the 7 m tower, and a point 100 m downwind was less than 9.5%. A Gaussian model was used to simulate the plume. Values of the vertical standard deviation σ z and the deposition velocity V d were similar to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ISC3 model. For the field conditions, the model predicted that removal of PM10 unpaved road dust by deposition over the distance between the point of emission and 100 m downwind would be less than 5%. However, the model results also indicated that particles larger than 10 μm (aerodynamic diameter) would deposit more appreciably. The model was consistent with changes observed in size distributions between 7 m and 100 m downwind, which were measured with optical particle counters. The Gaussian model predictions were also compared with another study conducted over rough terrain and stable atmospheric conditions. Under such conditions, measured PM10 removal rates over 95 m of downwind transport were reported to be between 86% and 89%, whereas the Gaussian model predicted only a 30% removal. One explanation for the large discrepancy between measurements and model results was the possibility that under the conditions of the study, the dust plume was comparable in vertical extent to the roughness elements, thereby violating one of the model assumptions. Results of the field study reported here and the previous work over rough terrain bound the extent of particle deposition expected to occur under most unpaved road emission scenarios.
Task-Independent Functional Brain Activity Correlation with Skin Conductance Changes: An fMRI Study

Lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex cause a loss of skin conductance response (SCR) to stimuli with affective content and an inability to integrate information with social consequences into decisions. Previous behavioral studies using a gambling task were able to differentiate patients with lesions in this region from normal subjects. In the present imaging study, this region, among others, was shown to be "spontaneously" activated during three different cognitive states: a gambling task, a working memory task, and resting state. SCR data were simultaneously collected during the scanning process. Six subjects were scanned at 1.5 T during all three states, and one subject was scanned at 3 T during the resting state only. SCR data were used as a reference function for correlation analysis with the fMRI time series during each of the three tasks. SCR changes were evident during the gambling and two-back tasks as well as during rest. SCR activity was not observed to be specifically related to reward-based decisions in the gambling task. Correlation of the fMRI time series directly with the SCR data revealed a consistent set of activated regions. The activity of these regions showing correlation with the SCR appeared independent of the cognitive state. Further, the subject scanned only at rest (without the possible confound of task-related carryover activity) replicated the findings in the original six subjects. From these data, SCR appears to be a marker of a network that is active during, but independent of, the task being studied.
A double blind, randomized, controlled trial to study the effect of dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic and recovery responses during tracheal extubation

Background: The α2-adrenoreceptor agonist, dexmedetomidine, provides excellent sedation with minimal cardiovascular instability or respiratory depression and may be a useful adjunct to facilitate smooth tracheal extubation. Materials and Methods: Fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I-II patients, aged 20-45 years, scheduled for elective general surgical, urological and gynecological surgeries were studied after randomization into two groups. Group A and B, received an intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg or placebo respectively, over 15 minutes before anticipated time of end of surgery, in a double blind manner. Anesthesia techniques were standardized. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures were recorded while starting injection, at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 minutes after starting injection, during extubation, at 1, 3, 5 minutes after extubation, and thereafter every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. Quality of extubation was evaluated on a 5 point scale and postoperative sedation on a 6 point scale. Any event of laryngospasm, bronchospasm, desaturation, respiratory depression, vomiting, hypotension, undue sedation was noted. Results: Heart rate, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressures were significantly higher in group B (P < 0.05). Extubation quality score of majority of patients was 2 in group A and 3 in group B. Sedation score of most patients was 3 in group A and 2 in group B. Bradycardia and hypotension incidences were higher in group A. One patient in group A, two patients in group B had vomiting. No patient had any other side effects. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg administered 15 minutes before extubation, stabilizes hemodynamics and facilitates smooth extubation.
DIFFERENTIAL DIFFICULTY IN THE ACQUISITION OF SECOND LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY

This paper reports on Mandarin speakers' acquisition of English final voiced and voiceless obstruents and final labial nasals, none of which occur in Mandarin codas. The leamers' production patterns are compared with a simulation using the Gradual Leaming Algorithm (Boersma & Hayes 2001). We dernonstrate that when the Mandarin Chinese rankings are assumed as the initial state and this system is provided with representative English input, the GLA correctly models the order of acquisition of obstruent codas (voiceless before voiced). However, the GLA also predicts that voiced obstruent codas should be acquired before coda labials, which are less frequent than voiced obstruents in English. This prediction is not bome out; speakers made fewer errors with final labial nasals than with final voiced obstruents. We argue that Mandarin speakers' native language perception grammar makes perception of final obstruents more difficult than perception of final nasals, and conclude that the Mandarin learners' pattern can be understood with reference to perceived rather than absolute frequency of input structure types.
Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and a severe form of bipolar disorder, but no interaction with the serotonin transporter gene.

BACKGROUND Recent data suggest that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and the serotonergic system are involved and interact in major depressive disorder and suicidal behavior (SB). Several family and population-based studies have reported associations between the BDNF gene and serotonin-related genes, specifically the serotonin transporter (5HTT) gene, with bipolar disorder (BD) and SB. However, despite the fact that gene-by-gene interaction between BDNF and 5HTT has been demonstrated in monoamine deficiencies in animals, this kind of interaction has never been tested in humans. Our hypothesis is that some BDNF and 5HTT polymorphisms might confer increased risk for BD and SB and that both genes may interact with each other. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we genotyped the most common BDNF polymorphisms, G196A (Val66Met), A-633T and BDNF-LCPR, as well as 5HTT (5HTT-LPR), in 447 BD patients and 370 controls. RESULTS We replicated the association previously reported between BDNF G196A (Val66Met) polymorphism and BD. We also observed a correlation between the number of G196 alleles and short alleles of 5HTT-LPR and the severity of SB in BD. However, we found no significant interaction between these two markers. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BDNF G196A as well as 5HTT-LPR polymorphisms confer risk for SB in BD, but we did not observe any evidence for an interaction between them.
Benefits of Blogging in a Fourth Grade Classroom

The current study examined the impact of using a blog in the classroom and how it affected the literacy skills of fourth grade students. I worked with 25 fourth grade students. The study consisted of observing the students using a blog, analyzing the blog responses the students typed, and using a questionnaire to find out how the students felt about the blog experience. The findings of this study were that blogs increase student motivation, blogs were a social, reflective tool for learning, and using a blog built s tudent familiarity with blogging and technology experience. This study has implications for elementary school teachers as well as for technology language instruction. Document Type Thesis Degree Name MS in Literacy Education Department Education First Supervisor Joellen Maples Subject Categories Education This thesis is available at Fisher Digital Publications: http://fisherpub.sjfc. edu/education_ETD_masters/53 Benefits of Blogging in a Fourth Grade Classroom
Role of Angiography in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus-Induced Choroiditis

Abstract Purpose: To report a case of systemic lupus erythematosus-induced choroidal vasculitis. Methods: A 34-year-old woman with a long-standing history of systemic lupus erythematosus had a sudden painless loss of vision in the right eye over 12 hours. Ocular examination revealed a visual acuity of counting fingers of 1 foot on the right eye and 20/20 on the left. There was a relative afferent pupillary defect on the right side with a pink, distinct optic disk margin. Results: Optical coherence tomography of the macula and fundus fluorescein angiogram for the eyes were normal. The MRI brain and orbit with the cerebral MRA did not show signs of optic neuritis or occipital vasculitic changes. However, the indocyanine green angiography revealed patches of ill-defined areas of choroidal hypofluorescence in the early- to mid-phase in the macula region. Conclusion: ICGA becomes the crucial tool in unmasking the presence of choroidal vasculitis.
KNaNbO3-LiTaO3-LiSbO3 thin films by pulsed laser deposition

<001> oriented epitaxial thin films of (K,Na)NbO3-LiTaO3-LiSbO3 (KNN-LT-LS) were grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition on <100> single crystal SrTiO3 (STO) substrates, which were coated with 200 nm SrRuO3. Experimental data based on X-ray phase analysis and elemental analysis by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy indicated that deposition under 300 mTorr oxygen partial pressure, and 1.3 J/cm2 laser fluence were found to be the optimum condition to obtain single phase epitaxial film growth. Furthermore, nanostructural analysis by field emission SEM of films, grown to 400nm thickness at 600¿750°C indicated a gradual transition from (001) textured columnar grains to a dense and crack free film. Using XRD ¿ scans, these films were found to be epitaxial with a cube-on-cube relationship with substrate. Dielectric measurements (1 kHz-1 MHz) at room temperature have revealed that the dielectric constant (K) and loss tangent (tan¿) decreased with increasing deposition temperature. Hysteresis loop measurements on 350 nm films showed saturation and spontaneous polarizations of 7.1 and 4 ¿C/cm2; respectively.
A Stand-Development Approach to Oak Afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley

Oak (Quercus spp.) afforestation in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley has involved planting 1-year-old bareroot seedlings on a relatively wide spacing in single-species stands or planting light-seeded species with oaks to form mixed-species stands. In the former case, the developing single-species stands have limited future management options because they do not provide structures that favor quality wildlife habitat or quality sawtimber production. In the latter case, species mixtures are being planted with little knowledge of subsequent stand development, leading to an inability to predict future stand composition for management purposes. In this article, we present a system to determine bottomland tree planting mixtures that will create single-cohort, mixed-species stands with a component of high-quality bottomland oak. Using individual species ecological life-history characteristics, such as early height growth pattern, relative twig diameter and durability, and developmental patterns in natural stands, bottomland species are rated for their ability to provide beneficial training effects that will lead to the development of quality oak boles. Incorporating such a system to determine species value in mixtures should provide an increased number of future options to meet explicit management objectives and promote improved restoration of bottomland hardwood ecosystems.
The Effect of Limited Diffusion and Wet–Dry Cycling on Reversible Polymerization Reactions: Implications for Prebiotic Synthesis of Nucleic Acids

A long-standing problem for the origins of life is that polymerization of many biopolymers, including nucleic acids and peptides, is thermodynamically unfavourable in aqueous solution. If bond making and breaking is reversible, monomers and very short oligomers predominate. Recent experiments have shown that wetting and drying cycles can overcome this problem and drive the formation of longer polymers. In the dry phase, bond formation is favourable, but diffusion is restricted, and bonds only form between monomers that are initially close together. In the wet phase, some of the bonds are hydrolyzed. However, repositioning of the molecules allows new bonds to form in the next dry phase, leading to an increase in mean polymer length. Here, we consider a simple theoretical model that explains the effect of cycling. There is an equilibrium length distribution with a high mean length that could be achieved if diffusion occurred freely in the dry phase. This equilibrium is inaccessible without diffusion. A single dry cycle without diffusion leads to mean lengths much shorter than this. Repeated cycling leads to a significant increase in polymerization relative to a single cycle. In the most favourable case, cycling leads to the same equilibrium length distribution as would be achieved if free diffusion were possible in the dry phase. These results support the RNA World scenario by explaining a potential route to synthesis of long RNAs; however, they also imply that cycling would be beneficial to the synthesis of other kinds of polymers, including peptides, where bond formation involves a condensation reaction.
Testing monadic code with QuickCheck

QuickCheck is a previously published random testing tool for Haskell programs. In this paper we show how to use it for testing monadic code, and in particular imperative code written using the ST monad. QuickCheck tests a program against a specification: we show that QuickCheck's specification language is sufficiently powerful to represent common forms of specifications: algebraic, model-based (both functional and relational), and pre-/post-conditional. Moreover, all these forms of specification can be used directly for testing. We define a new language of monadic properties, and make a link between program testing and the notion of observational equivalence.
On the Nature of Expertise.

When writing can change your life, when writing can enrich you by offering much money, why don't you try it? Are you still very confused of where getting the ideas? Do you still have no idea with what you are going to write? Now, you will need reading. A good writer is a good reader at once. You can define how you write depending on what books to read. This nature of expertise can help you to solve the problem. It can be one of the right sources to develop your writing skill.
When Music and Long-Term Memory Interact: Effects of Musical Expertise on Functional and Structural Plasticity in the Hippocampus

The development of musical skills by musicians results in specific structural and functional modifications in the brain. Surprisingly, no functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study has investigated the impact of musical training on brain function during long-term memory retrieval, a faculty particularly important in music. Thus, using fMRI, we examined for the first time this process during a musical familiarity task (i.e., semantic memory for music). Musical expertise induced supplementary activations in the hippocampus, medial frontal gyrus, and superior temporal areas on both sides, suggesting a constant interaction between episodic and semantic memory during this task in musicians. In addition, a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) investigation was performed within these areas and revealed that gray matter density of the hippocampus was higher in musicians than in nonmusicians. Our data indicate that musical expertise critically modifies long-term memory processes and induces structural and functional plasticity in the hippocampus.
Self-imposed delay of gratification in adolescents with Down Syndrome

This study examined the associations between ability to delay gratification and language, temperament and generalized self-regulation in young people with Down syndrome. Using a median split, those who delayed gratification longer had better expressive language, were less impulsive on a measure of temperament and had higher reported self-regulation. The combination of these variables provided very good discrimination using logistic regression.
Plato's Psychology

matter. Instead, he illuminates each dialogue by relating it on a high level to other works and to the whole system. From this Plato emerges as the self-confident creator of a fully worked-out system; the fine details of the dialogues are unimportant, and so are the discrepancies between them. The emphasis on the system sets Levi apart from both those modern analytical philosophers and those more literary interpreters who attach, for different reasons, great importance to minute details of setting and expression, and in this he probably comes nearer to Plato's own view of his philosophy. For, unprofitable as we may find it, both Plato himself, old but obviously not senile, and many younger members of the Academy, devoted great attention to abstruse metaphysical matters. Plato must have thought he was getting somewhere, as indeed in some respects he was. But even so Levi probably goes too far. On his view even the later dialogues, for some reason, give us only inferior accounts of his highly-developed system, but, at the same time, their hesitations and inconsistencies are unimportant. But it is difficult to read the Philebus, for instance, in this way. Whatever the earlier dialogues may have been, and whatever Plato said about written works, this is not a mere popularization. It contains hard philosophy, directed at a particular problem, and shows Plato at full stretch. What is not clear in it was not clear to Plato. Indeed, throughout his career Plato appears much more as a philosophical explorer, charting now one piece of territory and now another, and hoping that all his charts will fit together, than as the builder of an independent structure rising continually upwards from the same foundations. And so Levi's account is more probably the system Plato might have arrived at than one he actually held.
Electroactive materials : from piezomotors to electroactive morphing

Electroactive materials concerns a wide variety of physical phenomena which plays today an important part in the research of novel electromechanical systems. The present article proposes a survey of the modern stakes of electrodynamics in this field, from physical processes to sophisticated electromechanical functions. The potential of the new technologies considered is evaluated through different examples of novel actuators which aim at meeting the increase of the performances or the expansion of required functionalities in the face of varied types of applications. Besides the development of new drives, recent investigations concerning the concept of electroactive morphing applied to air flow control are dealt with at the end of the article. The aim is first the quasi-static shape control of a large aircraft wing and second, the dynamic control of a turbulent boundary layer so as to reduce friction drag
Ketamine in Pain Management

For ketamine's fiftieth birthday, a narrative review of this unique drug in pain management is presented. Its history is traced from its conception, and its heritage, as a phencyclidine offspring, delineated. The earliest roots of the conceptions concerning the mechanisms of action are sought, and then followed in preclinical as well as clinical research. The major proposed mechanisms in the literature are commented on and evaluated. The growth of the clinical evidence for perioperative pain, acute pain, and chronic pain is followed from early attempts to systematic reviews. Finally, an attempt is made to foresee what the next 50 years might hold in store for our 50 years old.
The Clara cell

Smith, P., Heath, D. , and Moosavi, H. (1974). Thorax, 29, 147-163. The Clara cell. The ultrastructure of the bronchiolar Clara cell was examined in normal adult and neonatal rats, in similar animals which had been acutely exposed to hypoxia, and in adult rats following repeated doses of the anorexigen chlorphentermine. The Clara cell has all the features of a secretory cell, the product of secretion accumulating within smooth cisternae at the apex of the cell. The apical region is then extruded into the bronchiolar lumen in a process of apocrine secretion. Acute hypoxia accelerates this secretion in adult rats but has little effect upon neonatal rats. Administration of chlorphentermine induces a hyperplasia of Clara cells which is associated with large quantities of phospholipid free within the alveolar spaces and in macrophages. The Clara cells also contain accumulations of what appear to be phospholipid. This suggests that the Clara cell secretes the phospholipid pulmonary surfactant.