Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temporal-Spatial Interaction between Reactive Oxygen Species and Abscisic Acid Regulates Rapid Systemic Acclimation in Plants[W][OPEN]

An autopropagating wave of reactive oxygen species (the ROS wave) rapidly spreads from a local tissue exposed to stress to the entire plant. In coordination with other systemic signals and abscisic acid, it activates systemic acclimation mechanisms in the entire plant and enhances tolerance to abiotic stress. The enhanced tolerance is specific to the original stress that induces it. Being sessile organisms, plants evolved sophisticated acclimation mechanisms to cope with abiotic challenges in their environment. These are activated at the initial site of exposure to stress, as well as in systemic tissues that have not been subjected to stress (termed systemic acquired acclimation [SAA]). Although SAA is thought to play a key role in plant survival during stress, little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying it. Here, we report that SAA in plants requires at least two different signals: an autopropagating wave of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that rapidly spreads from the initial site of exposure to the entire plant and a stress-specific signal that conveys abiotic stress specificity. We further demonstrate that SAA is stress specific and that a temporal–spatial interaction between ROS and abscisic acid regulates rapid SAA to heat stress in plants. In addition, we demonstrate that the rapid ROS signal is associated with the propagation of electric signals in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our findings unravel some of the basic signaling mechanisms underlying SAA in plants and reveal that signaling events and transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming of systemic tissues in response to abiotic stress occur at a much faster rate than previously envisioned.
Regimes of Ethnicity: Comparative Analysis of Germany, the Soviet Union/Post-Soviet Russia, and Turkey

How do state policies that regulate the relationship between ethnicity and nationality change? This article examines the dynamics of persistence and change in state policies toward ethnicity. In order to better comprehend the nature of political contestation over these state policies, the author first develops a new typology, "regimes of ethnicity," and categorizes states as having monoethnic, multiethnic, and antiethnic regimes. These regimes are defined along dimensions of membership and expression. Second, he develops a theory of ethnic regime change. He explains the persistence and change in policies related to ethnicity and nationality in Germany, the Soviet Union/post-Soviet Russia, and Turkey since the 1950s by reference to the presence or absence of three independent variables: counterelites, new discourses, and hegemonic majority. He argues that if counterelites representing constituencies with ethnically specific grievances come to power equipped with a new discourse on ethnicity and nationality and garner a hegemonic majority, they can change state policies on ethnicity. These three factors are separately necessary and jointly sufficient for change. Reform in the German citizenship law, removal of ethnicity from Russian internal passports, and the beginning of public broadcasting in Kurdish and other minority languages on state television in Turkey are examined as major changes in state policies.
Overlooking the Obvious: Incentives to Lie

Over the years, people have searched for deception cues in the liar's behavior. However, the sender's incentives to lie might be more revealing than behavior. In Experiment 1, an incentive was developed that was predictive of lying. Judges with access to incentive information in addition to behavior achieved almost perfect lie/truth detection. This was not a result of the speakers' behavior being transparent (Experiment 2) but because incentive information was useful to separate lies from truths (Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 3 revealed that people may forego perfectly diagnostic contextual cues to base their judgments on illusory behavioral cues.
Impact of social support on valued activity disability and depressive symptoms in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of instrumental and emotional support on valued life activity (VLA) disability and depressive symptoms. Instrumental support was expected to affect VLA disability; emotional support was expected to be associated with depressive symptoms and moderate the impact of VLA disability on depressive symptoms. METHODS Data were collected over 3 years through interviews with the University of California, San Francisco, Rheumatoid Arthritis Panel. Analyses assessed whether instrumental support predicted later VLA disability and whether emotional support predicted both concurrent and later depressive symptoms. RESULTS Receiving adequate instrumental support was associated with less subsequent VLA disability. Strong associations were noted between both VLA disability and emotional support with concurrent depressive symptoms. No relationship was found between emotional support and later depression. No evidence was found for the hypothesis that emotional support moderated the impact of VLA disability on depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Results highlight the need to assess different types of support and their unique impact on critical outcomes. Instrumental support is beneficial to the maintenance of valued activities, a critical factor in the psychological adjustment of individuals living with rheumatoid arthritis. Emotional support has a significant short-term impact on depression, although it may not buffer the impact of VLA disability on future depression.
Ginsenoside Rb1 Inhibits Doxorubicin-Triggered H9C2 Cell Apoptosis via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; however, the dose-dependent cardiotoxicity associated with DOX significantly limits its clinical application. In the present study, we investigated whether Rb1 could prevent DOX-induced apoptosis in H9C2 cells via aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). H9C2 cells were treated with various concentrations (− μM) of Rb1. AhR, CYP1A protein and mRNA expression were quantified with Western blot and real-time PCR analyses. We also evaluated the expression levels of caspase-3 to assess the anti-apoptotic effects of Rb1. Our results showed that Rb1 attenuated DOX-induced cardiomyocytes injury and apoptosis and reduced caspase-3 and caspase-8, but not caspase-9 activity in DOX-treated H9C2 cells. Meanwhile, pre-treatment with Rb1 decreased the expression of caspase-3 and PARP in the protein levels, with no effects on cytochrome c, Bax, and Bcl-2 in DOX-stimulated cells. Rb1 markedly decreased the CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression induced by DOX. Furthermore, transfection with AhR siRNA or pre-treatment with AhR antagonist CH-223191 significantly inhibited the ability of Rb1 to decrease the induction of CYP1A, as well as caspase-3 protein levels following stimulation with DOX. In conclusion, these findings indicate that AhR plays an important role in the protection of Ginsenoside Rb1 against DOX-triggered apoptosis of H9C2 cells.
Effect of atrazine on immunocompetence of red-eared slider turtle(Trachemys scripta)

Abstract The impact of agrichemicals on aquatic vertebrate species has been a matter of increasing concern to researchers and environmentalist. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of atrazine (ATZ), a worldwide used herbicide, on some immune parameters of red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta). Twenty-four turtles (2 years old) were randomly distributed in four groups. Three groups were intraperitoneally injected once with one of three different doses of atrazine (0.01, 0.1 or 1.0 ng/g body mass), while one was maintained as control (saline injected). Blood samples were taken 1- and 2-week post-treatment. A positive correlation was found between atrazine (high dose) concentration and immunosuppressive effects as evidenced by lowered serum complement and lysozyme activities, reduced leucocyte number as well as their phagocytic activity and increased heterophil/lymphocyte ratio. These data demonstrate that turtles with elevated atrazine exposure exhibit immunomodulation.
The effect of low frequency current ripple on the performance of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery energy storage system

In a typical single-phase battery energy storage system, the battery is subject to current ripple at twice the grid frequency. Adverse effects of such a ripple on the battery performance and lifetime would motivate modifications to the design of the converter interfacing the battery to the grid. This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of such a current ripple on the temperature rise, cell voltage balancing, and roundtrip efficiency of a Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP) battery. The test results indicate that the current ripple causes a slight but noticeable increase in the heat generated within the storage system; but the increase is not significant enough to justify any changes to the grid interface circuit.
Potentiation of Effects of Weight Loss by Monounsaturated Fatty Acids in Obese NIDDM Patients

Although moderate weight loss improves glycemic control in obese NIDDM patients, quite often it is not normalized. To determine whether the response to weight loss can be improved by altering the macronutrient composition of hypocaloric diets, 17 obese NIDDM patients were studied at 1) baseline, 2) after dieting for 6 weeks on a formula diet enriched in either monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, n = 9) or carbohydrates (CHOs, n = 8) at a 50% caloric deficit, and 3) after 4 weeks of postdiet refeeding on the respective formulas with caloric intake titrated to achieve weight maintenance. Fasting, 24-h, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) blood glucose, plasma insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured. All prediet parameters were similar between groups. After dieting, although weight loss was similar between groups, the fasting glucose level decreased significantly more in the MUFA group (−4.6 ± 0.7 mmol/l) than in the CHO group (−2.4 ± 1.0 mmol/l; P < 0.05). Twenty-four–hour glycemia decreased in both groups after dieting, but the MUFA group had a greater decrease than the CHO group (P < 0.05, analysis of variance [ANOVA]). Although decreases in fasting glycemia were maintained in both groups after refeeding, postprandial glycemia deteriorated after refeeding with the CHO- but not the MUFA-enriched formula (P < 0.05). After dieting and refeeding, fasting C-peptide increased 204 ± 47 pmol/l in the MUFA group, but the CHO group remained at prediet levels (P < 0.05). Twenty-four-hour C-peptide levels were similar between groups after dieting and refeeding, despite the lower glycemia and CHO content of the MUFA formula. However, when equal amounts of CHO were consumed during the OGTT, the MUFA group had significantly higher C-peptide levels after both dieting and refeeding (P < 0.05). Fasting, 24-h, and OGTT insulin levels were similar between groups throughout the study. These results indicate that macronutrient composition is an important determinant of the glycemic response to weight-loss therapy in obese NIDDM patients. Based on the C-peptide response during the OGTT, increased CHO-induced insulin secretion is one possible mechanism by which this occurs.
ENCEPHALOMYELITIS ACCOMPANIED BY MYELIN DESTRUCTION EXPERIMENTALLY PRODUCED IN MONKEYS

The repeated intramuscular injections of aqueous emulsions and alcohol-ether extracts of sterile normal rabbit brains in some manner produced pathological changes accompanied by myelin destruction in the brains of 7 of 8 monkeys (Macacus rhesus). Eight, control monkeys remained well. Cultures from the involved brains remained sterile, and no transmissible agent was demonstrated by means of intracerebral inoculations of emulsions of bits of the brains into monkeys, rabbits, guinea pigs, and white mice.
Proposals of Curvibacter gracilis gen. nov., sp. nov. and Herbaspirillum putei sp. nov. for bacterial strains isolated from well water and reclassification of [Pseudomonas] huttiensis, [Pseudomonas] lanceolata, [Aquaspirillum] delicatum and [Aquaspirillum] autotrophicum as Herbaspirillum huttiense c

Two strains of curved bacteria, 7-1(T) and 7-2(T), isolated from well water, were phylogenetically examined to determine their taxonomic position. Strain 7-1(T) is a Gram-negative, slightly curved rod. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 7-1(T) formed a cluster with [Aquaspirillum] delicatum and [Pseudomonas] lanceolata. It has some similar characteristics to [A. ] delicatum and [P.] lanceolata, but has sufficient distance to separate it from other genera. DNA-DNA hybridization analysis, as well as chemotaxonomic and morphological studies, demonstrated that strain 7-1(T), [A. ] delicatum and [P.] lanceolata belong to a new genus, Curvibacter gen. nov. Strain 7-1(T) (=IAM 15033(T)=ATCC BAA-807(T)) is classified as the type strain of Curvibacter gracilis gen. nov., sp. nov., and [A. ] delicatum and [P.] lanceolata are classified as Curvibacter delicatus comb. nov. and Curvibacter lanceolatus comb. nov., respectively. Strain 7-2(T) is a Gram-negative spirillum. Phylogenetic study based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that it formed a cluster with the members of the genus Herbaspirillum, [Pseudomonas] huttiensis and [Aquaspirillum] autotrophicum. The classification is therefore proposed of strain 7-2(T) (=IAM 15032(T)=ATCC BAA-806(T)) as the type strain of Herbaspirillum putei sp. nov., and [P.] huttiensis and [A. ] autotrophicum are transferred to the genus Herbaspirillum as Herbaspirillum huttiense comb. nov. and Herbaspirillum autotrophicum comb. nov., respectively.
Endothelin Axis Is Upregulated in Human and Rat Right Ventricular Hypertrophy

Rationale: Right ventricular (RV) function is the most important determinant of morbidity and mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Endothelin (ET)-1 receptor antagonists (ERAs) are approved therapies for PAH. It is not known whether ERAs have effects on the RV, in addition to their vasodilating/antiproliferative effects in pulmonary arteries. Objective: We hypothesized that the ET axis is upregulated in RV hypertrophy (RVH) and that ERAs have direct effects on the RV myocardium. Methods and Results: RV myocardial samples from 34 patients with RVH were compared with 16 nonhypertrophied RV samples, and from rats with normal RV versus RVH attributable to PAH. Confocal immunohistochemistry showed that RVH myocardial ET type A (but not type B) receptor and ET-1 protein levels were increased compared with the nonhypertrophied RVs and positively correlated with the degree of RVH (RV thickness/body surface area; r2=0.838 and r2=0.818, respectively; P<0.01). These results were recapitulated in the rat model. In modified Langendorff perfusions, ERAs (BQ-123 and bosentan 10−7,−6,−5 mol/L) decreased contractility in the hypertrophied, but not normal RV, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01). Conclusions: Patients and rats with PAH have an upregulation of the myocardial ET axis in RVH. This might be a compensatory mechanism to preserve RV contractility, as the afterload increases. ERAs use might potentially worsen RV function, and this could explain some of the peripheral edema noted clinically with these agents. Further studies are required to evaluate the effects of ERAs on the RV in patients with RVH and PAH.
Social Work Supervision

• Summary: This article identifies important challenges facing social work supervision as a result of the social, political and economic changes that have characterized the last two decades in most Western countries. In response a re-positioning of the critical tradition in the scholarship and practice of social work has been proffered by several authors (for example, Allan et al., 2003; Dominelli, 2002) as a means of addressing and counteracting the more negative challenges facing social work emanating from these changes. We argue that this critical re-positioning can also be applied to similar challenges facing practice supervision. • Findings: As the social work landscape has to contend with a more conservative and fiscally restrictive environment, so too has practice supervision become more focused on efficiency, accountability and worker performance often at the expense of professional and practice development. In addition, current research has identified a crisis in the probity of practice supervision where many practitioners cite disillusionment and despair, as well as lack of opportunity to stop and critically reflect on practice situations as another challenge in this changed climate. • Application: As a significant site of practice, a critically informed supervision praxis has the potential to emerge as a site for modelling social change strategies associated with the critical social work tradition.
Changing Patterns of Individualism and Collectivism in the United States and Japan

We argue that culture is not a rigid or static entity. Instead, it is dynamic, in constant flux across individuals within cultures, and across time. In this article, we use the dimension of individualism vs collectivism (IC) as a specific and limited aspect of culture, within and between the United States and Japan, to highlight this notion. We analyze briefly social changes in the United States and Japan to suggest the changing nature of this dimension in both cultures. We re-present data reported elsewhere (Matsumoto, Brown, Preston, & Weissman, 1993; Matsumoto, Weissman, Preston, Brown, & Kupperbusch, 1994) that challenge our stereotypic notions of IC in the American and Japanese cultures. We discuss previous data on subgroup cultural differences within an American sample. In Study 1, we reanalyze data from this previous study using unconventional techniques to examine within-individual and within-culture variability on IC. In Study 2, we report new data from a second sample of Japanese individuals that are considerably different from previous data, further highlighting the dynamic nature of culture within an ethnically and racially homogeneous group; and we replicate the unconventional analyses reported in Study 1. Finally, we discuss the empirical and theoretical implications of culture as a dynamic and fluid, not fixed, entity.
The Interplay between Attachment and Affiliation Systems in Adolescents' Same-Sex Friendships: The Role of Attachment Style

Three studies examined attachment-style differences in the interplay between attachment and affiliation systems within adolescents' same-sex friendships. In Study 1, adolescents completed attachment-style scales and reported on the rewards involved in a same-sex friendship, as well as on attachment features of this relationship. In Studies 2 and 3, adolescents completed attachment-style scales, visualized an interaction with their best same-sex friend under either attachment or affiliation contexts, and reported on the motives they pursued in such an interaction. Findings indicated that secure adolescents attached high importance to both attachment and affiliation goals in friendship, anxious-ambivalent adolescents overemphasized attachment goals, and avoidant adolescents gave low importance to the two types of goals. In addition, whereas secure adolescents were responsive to affiliation and attachment contexts, insecure adolescents showed less responsiveness to these contexts and their habitual working models guided their responses. Results were discussed in terms of Bowlby's `attachment-affiliation balance'.
RAPIDLY SPINNING BLACK HOLES IN QUASARS: AN OPEN QUESTION

Wang et al. estimated an average radiative efficiency of 30%–35% for quasars at moderate redshift. We find that their method is not independent of quasar lifetimes and thus that quasars do not necessarily have such high efficiencies. Nonetheless, it is possible to derive interrelated constraints on quasar lifetimes, Eddington ratios, and radiative efficiencies of supermassive BH. We derive such constraints using a statistically complete sample of quasars with BH mass estimates from broad Mg ii, made both with and without the radiation pressure correction of Marconi et al. We conclude that for quasars with L/LEdd ≳ 0.02, lifetimes can range from 140 to 750 Myr for Schwarzschild BHs. Coupled with observed BH masses, quasar lifetimes of ⩽ 140 Myr would imply that radiatively inefficient accretion or BH mergers must be important in the accretion history of quasars. Given reasonable assumptions about the quasar population, if the average quasar lifetime is <1 Gyr, and if radiatively inefficient accretion is unimportant, then not many BHs with Eddington ratio <0.2 can be rapidly spinning.
Adolescent Coping: Exploring Adolescents' Leisure-Based Responses to Stress

Adolescents often perceive aspects of their lives to be stressful, and their ability to manage stress has important health and risk behavior consequences. This study integrated recent developments in coping theory and adolescent leisure research to examine the relationship between adolescents' coping goals (active/accommodation vs. avoidance) and the types of leisure activities (structured vs. unstructured) adolescents engage in when they are stressed. A sample of adolescents (ages 12-14; N = 152) was drawn from a rural middle school in the northeastern United States. Results indicated that an active/accommodative coping goal orientation predicted involvement in structured leisure activities, including shared family time and activities. Counter to expectations, an active/accommodative goal orientation also predicted engagement in unstructured activities. An avoidant coping goal significantly predicted engagement in TV/music. The only structured activities to be positively predicted by an active/accommodative coping goal and negatively predicted by an avoidance coping goal were family-based activities.
Completing Quasigroups or Latin Squares: A Structured Graph Coloring Problem

We introduce a graph coloring challenge benchmark based on the problem of completing Latin squares. We show how the hardness of the instances can be finely controlled by varying the fraction of pre- colored squares. We compare three complete (exact) solution strategies on this benchmark: (1) a Constraint Satisfaction (CSP) based approach, (2) a hybrid Linear Programming / CSP approach, and (3) a Boolean Satisfibility (SAT) approach. None of these methods uniformly dominates the others on this domain. The CSP and hybrid approaches lead to more compact encodings. The hybrid approach uses a randomized rounding LP based approximation that considerably boosts the performance of the CSP strategy on hard instances. However, the SAT-based approach can solve some of the hardest problem instances, provided the SAT encoding remains manageable. We will discuss the various tradeoffs between these approaches in detail.
Practice and divided attention

This paper puts forward a general framework for thought about human information processing. It is intended to avoid some of the problems of pipeline or stage models of function. At the same time it avoids the snare of supposing a welter of indefinitely many separate processes. The approach is not particularly original, but rather represents the common elements or presuppositions in a number of modern theories. These presuppositions are not usually explicit, however, and making them so reduces the danger of slipping back into earlier modes of thought. The key point is to distinguish between persisting representations and the processes that translate one representation into another. Various classes or groups of persisting representations can be distinguished by the experimental treatments that interfere with them. In particular, there now seem to be several kinds of short-term or temporary storage, different from each other as well as from longterm memory; the translating processes also have several different modes or kinds. A particularly important aspect of the current position is that a model of this general type no longer requires some external agent to direct and control long sequences of behaviour.