Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A deep ALMA image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field

We present the results of the first, deep Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) imaging covering the full ≃4.5 arcmin2 of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) imaged with Wide Field Camera 3/IR on HST. Using a 45-pointing mosaic, we have obtained a homogeneous 1.3-mm image reaching σ1.3 ≃ 35 μJy, at a resolution of ≃0.7 arcsec. From an initial list of ≃50 > 3.5σ peaks, a rigorous analysis confirms 16 sources with S1.3 > 120 μJy. All of these have secure galaxy counterparts with robust redshifts (〈z〉 = 2.15). Due to the unparalleled supporting data, the physical properties of the ALMA sources are well constrained, including their stellar masses (M*) and UV+FIR star formation rates (SFR). Our results show that stellar mass is the best predictor of SFR in the high-redshift Universe; indeed at z ≥ 2 our ALMA sample contains seven of the nine galaxies in the HUDF with M* ≥ 2 × 1010 M⊙, and we detect only one galaxy at z > 3.5, reflecting the rapid drop-off of high-mass galaxies with increasing redshift. The detections, coupled with stacking, allow us to probe the redshift/mass distribution of the 1.3-mm background down to S1.3 ≃ 10 μJy. We find strong evidence for a steep star-forming ‘main sequence’ at z ≃ 2, with SFR ∝M* and a mean specific SFR ≃ 2.2 Gyr−1. Moreover, we find that ≃85 per cent of total star formation at z ≃ 2 is enshrouded in dust, with ≃65 per cent of all star formation at this epoch occurring in high-mass galaxies (M* > 2 × 1010 M⊙), for which the average obscured:unobscured SF ratio is ≃200. Finally, we revisit the cosmic evolution of SFR density; we find this peaks at z ≃ 2.5, and that the star-forming Universe transits from primarily unobscured to primarily obscured at z ≃ 4.
Science, Culture, and the Emergence of Language.

A major achievement in the sociology and philosophy of science over the past two decades has been the recognition that science is a form of culture with its own creeds, language, material practices, perceptions, theories, and beliefs. Learning science then amounts to participation (from more peripheral to central ways) in the particular practices of this culture. We argue here that there are some fundamental, heretofore neglected, ways in which newcomers come to perceive and talk about natural phenomena. Beginning with “muddled” talk and supported by deictic and iconic gestures, learners isolate salient objects and events which are, in increasing ways, represented in linguistic forms. More abstract forms of communication (writing, abstract symbols) are competently used only later in the emerging communicative patterns. As such, there lies tremendous potential in science activities that focus on observational and theoretical language in the presence of the relevant phenomena. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed86:368–385, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10008
N A ] 1 6 Fe b 20 00 A Third-Order Semi-Discrete Central Scheme for Conservation Laws and Convection-Diffusion Equations

We present a new third-order, semi-discrete, central method for approximating solutions to multi-dimensional systems of hyperbolic conservation laws, convectiondiffusion equations, and related problems. Our method is a high-order extension of the recently proposed second-order, semi-discrete method in [16]. The method is derived independently of the specific piecewise polynomial reconstruction which is based on the previously computed cell-averages. We demonstrate our results, by focusing on the new third-order CWENO reconstruction presented in [21]. The numerical results we present, show the desired accuracy, high resolution and robustness of our method.
Testing on the Difference of Student's Performance using Robust Methods

ANOVA is known to be adversely affected by non-normality and unbalanced design. Type I error and power rates are substantially affected when these problems occur simultaneously. Continuously using ANOVA under the influence of these problems eventually will result in unreliable findings. This study proposed a robust procedure known as modified S1 and Ft methods. This procedure combines the S1 and F t statistics with a popular robust scale estimator, MADn. A simulation study was conducted to compare the robustness (Type I error) of the method with respect to its counterpart from the parametric and non parametric aspects namely ANOVA and Kruskal Wallis respectively. Since the null distribution of S1 is intractable, bootstrap methods were used to give better approximation. The Ft used the approximation method. The findings were in favor of the S1 and Ft methods especially when the data were skewed. The performance of the methods was further demonstrated on real education data.
Determining the Strength of Chess Players Based on Actual Play

The increasing strength of chess engines and their fine-tuned ability to evaluate positions provide the opportunity to use computer analysis for assessing the strength of players on a move-by-move basis, as a game is being played. As each player makes a move on the board, a sufficiently strong engine will be able to determine whether that move has contributed to improve or degrade the position. This change in position evaluation is defined as the gain per move. In this article, we assume that it is possible to characterise a player by a distribution of gain over several moves, preferably across several games. We present an approach to estimate the strength of players based on their distributions of gain. This estimated strength is expressed in terms of a perceived Elo rating, which may differ from a player’s actual rating. However, the average of the perceived Elo ratings is equal to the average of the actual Elo ratings for a set of players. A critical factor in the approach is the need to determine the strength of the engine used for analysis. Once this is obtained, it is possible to carry out all sorts of comparisons between players, even players from different eras who never competed against each other. There are many potential applications but here we focus mainly on developing the approach, using a few recent tournaments as well as some historical events for illustrative purposes.
The Effect of Preoperative Type 2 Diabetes and Physical Fitness on Mental Health and Health-Related Quality of Life after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Objective. To investigate the predictive value of type 2 diabetes and lack of physical activity for mental health and health-related quality of life after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Method. Forty severely obese patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were included in the GASMITO study. Information about physiological and psychological factors was prospectively assessed at four time points, two times prior to surgery and two times after surgery. Measures included oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests, VO2max test, Symptoms Checklist (SCL-90), Short Form Health Survey 36 (SF-36), Body Image Questionnaire, and a questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors and medical status. Results. Mean % excess weight loss was 65% (±12) at 18-month follow-up and 50% of the participants with diabetes experienced total remission. Also, significant improvements were observed with regard to physical fitness, mental distress, health-related quality of life, and weight-related body image (p < 0.05). The interaction between follow-up time and type 2 diabetes at baseline significantly predicted six of the thirteen psychological subscales (p < 0.05) and, across the follow-ups, physical fitness level made modest contributions to variations in mental symptoms and HRQOL but not weight-related body image. Conclusion. The results suggest that baseline difference in mental symptoms and physical HRQOL between diabetic and nondiabetic patients declines across follow-ups and resolves around the time of surgery.
Electronic Commerce in Korea: Critical Success Factors

The purposes of the paper are to (1) determine critical success factors (CSF’s) for electronic commerce (EC) and (2) investigate the explanatory power of these CSF’s on firm performance in Korea. Through a literature review and interviews with managers in Korean EC firms, a list of 16 CSF’s consisting of 111 items was complied. In the second stage, questionnaires were administered to top EC managers of EC companies in Seoul, Korea. Survey results show that CSF’s have very significant explanatory power for firm performance (above 51% for both Tobin’s q and ROA). Security, privacy, technical expertise, information about goods/services, and variety of goods/services is the most explanatory CSF’s. This analysis confirms the fact that customers use EC if they feel comfortable about navigating EC for plenty of information about and variety of goods/services without any technical difficulty in a secure and private way. Regression analyses on high and low performance firms show that explanatory power indicated by R2 is higher for high performance firms than lower performance firms for both Tobin’s q and ROA. High performance firms tend to have already accommodated customer service requirements while low performance firms are working to accomplish these services.
Women incumbents in Canada and the decision to run again: an exploratory study

In analyzing the problem of women's underrepresentation in elected office, many scholars have pointed to one dimension of the "supply side" problem: women are generally less willing to run for office. However, when it comes to the decision to run for re-election, women appear to be as likely, if not more so, to run again than their male counterparts. This exploratory study uses data from interviews with female Canadian MPs to explore this apparent paradox. The results of this study suggest that for female officeholders, the decision to run again is influenced by at least five factors. These are: a desire to seek a return on the investment that is made when entering a career in politics, a desire to carry out specific policy objectives, an increased sense of confidence, reduced role conflict related to work and family responsibilities, and an overall level of satisfaction with the experience of being an officeholder.
Precopulatory stabbing, hypodermic injections and unilateral copulations in a hermaphroditic sea slug

Reciprocity constitutes the prevalent mating mechanism among simultaneous hermaphrodites. Yet, when copulations in the female role confer fitness costs through male manipulation, it becomes advantageous sometimes to mate unilaterally in the male role only. In the sea slug Siphopteron quadrispinosum, acting males stab their partner with a bipartite penis, which not only hypodermically injects prostate fluids, but also apparently mechanically enforces unilateral male matings. Despite a pronounced male mating drive in both partners, unilaterality ensued when one slug stabbed more rapidly than its partner. The acting male may thus avoid the costs inflicted by traumatic injections and penial spines. While future studies need to elucidate the net fitness consequences of stabbing, our behavioural evidence is in line with the hypothesis that mating in S. quadrispinosum represents conflicting rather than complementary mating interests between mates.
Authentic leadership and psychological capital in job demands-resources model among Pakistani university teachers

ABSTRACT The current research intends to expand the job demands-resources model (JD-R model) by exploring the role of authentic leadership and psychological capital (PsyCap) in stress and motivational processes of JD-R model in a purposive sample of N = 500 university teachers from Pakistan. The survey instruments of the present study were self-reported questionnaires in English language and the research model was tested through structured equation modeling. Results revealed that authentic leadership had direct effects on work engagement, PsyCap, quantitative overload, and job-related affective well-being. PsyCap demonstrated significant direct effects on all outcome measures in the expected directions. Burnout negatively influenced both performance and well-being, whereas engagement predicted well-being positively. Quantitative overload was positively related to both engagement and burnout. Authentic leadership demonstrated indirect effects on all outcomes through PsyCap. Quantitative overload also mediated the relationships of authentic leadership with engagement and burnout. Burnout mediated PsyCap’s links with well-being and performance, whereas engagement mediated between PsyCap and well-being only. Finally, PsyCap buffered the negative effect of overload on performance and well-being. Overall, these results provided strong empirical support for the JD-R model and suggested that authentic leadership and PsyCap can be integrated into the JD-R model as powerful resources.
Cannabinoids in the management of difficult to treat pain

This article reviews recent research on cannabinoid analgesia via the endocannabinoid system and non-receptor mechanisms, as well as randomized clinical trials employing cannabinoids in pain treatment. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol®) and nabilone (Cesamet®) are currently approved in the United States and other countries, but not for pain indications. Other synthetic cannabinoids, such as ajulemic acid, are in development. Crude herbal cannabis remains illegal in most jurisdictions but is also under investigation. Sativex®, a cannabis derived oromucosal spray containing equal proportions of THC (partial CB1 receptor agonist ) and cannabidiol (CBD, a non-euphoriant, anti-inflammatory analgesic with CB1 receptor antagonist and endocannabinoid modulating effects) was approved in Canada in 2005 for treatment of central neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis, and in 2007 for intractable cancer pain. Numerous randomized clinical trials have demonstrated safety and efficacy for Sativex in central and peripheral neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer pain. An Investigational New Drug application to conduct advanced clinical trials for cancer pain was approved by the US FDA in January 2006. Cannabinoid analgesics have generally been well tolerated in clinical trials with acceptable adverse event profiles. Their adjunctive addition to the pharmacological armamentarium for treatment of pain shows great promise.
xArx 2 : An Aristaless Homolog That Regulates Brain Regionalization During Development in Xenopus laevis

The aristaless-related gene, Arx, plays a fundamental role in patterning the brain in humans and mice. Arx mutants exhibit lissencephaly among other anomalies. We have cloned a Xenopus aristaless homo-log that appears to define specific regions of the developing forebrain. xArx2 is transcribed in blastula through neurula stages, and comes to be restricted to the ventral and lateral telencephalon, lateral diencephalon, neural floor plate of the anterior spinal cord, and somites. In this respect, Arx2 expresses in regions similar to Arx with the exception of the somites. Overexpression enlarges the telencephalon, and interference by means of antisense morpholino-mediated translation knock-down reduces growth of this area. Overexpression and inhibition studies demonstrate that misregulation of xArx2 imposes dire consequences upon patterns of differentiation not only in the forebrain where the gene normally expresses, but also in more caudal brain territories and derivatives as well. This suggests that evolutionary changes that expanded Arx-expression from ventral to dorsal prosencephalon might be one of the determinants that marked development and expansion of the telencephalon. genesis 00:000–000, 2008. V
Adolescent Sexuality and Gender Discourses in Seventeen, Cosmo Girl, and Teen: A Frame Analysis of Online Teen Magazines

This research examines the role of online teen magazines in the production of gender ideologies by analyzing the representation of teenage sexuality from a critical perspective. Informed by theories of representation, citationality, and ideology, I used Pan & Kosicki’s frame analysis to analyze three online teen magazines including Cosmo Girl, Seventeen, and Teen, focusing on 251 articles centered on adolescent sexuality. Each article was coded for the thematic, rhetorical, syntactic, and script structures, and categorized based on salient elements. After the articles were analyzed, the three online teen magazines constructed a discourse on sexuality through a common dominant frame: sexuality as a function of a romantic relationship between a boy and girl. This heteronormative ideology also
Party identification, islam and secularism in Turkey

The current Turkish party system is only a few decades old, and some parties are even younger. We should expect scant evidence of psychological ties of the voters and the political parties they support at the polls in Turkey. Indeed, earlier research on the Turkish parties and voting behavior, conducted by Hofferbert and Erguder (1985), Kalaycioglu (1994 and 1999), Ozbudun (2000), Sayari and Esmer (2002), Carkoglu (2004), and Carkoglu and Hinich (2005) indicated that Turkey tends to host a plenitude of political parties due to several cultural and ideological divides that separate the Turkish party systems in various blocs. The above-mentioned literature indicates that secular – Islamist divide is in part responsible in the socio-cultural cleavages that divide up the Turkish body politic. Moreover, data analysis seems to indicate that the management of macro economy and performance of the parties in government influence electoral choices, and the socio-cultural cleavages of the country play relatively large role in determining party preferences of the voters in Turkey. However, the earlier research has been inconclusive about the role played by such psychological factors as party identification in Turkey. In this paper first of all, the role that such socio-cultural cleavages as secularism versus Islamism in determining party identification play is examined. Secondly various determinants of party preferences are comparatively examined to evaluate the role played by such factors as ideology, identity, economic expectations and party identification of the voters in Turkish politics of the early 2000s. A causal model that assesses the relative influence that ideological, economic, and psychological (party identification) factors play in the determination of party preferences of the Turkish voters is developed and tested by the help of the data collected by means of a national survey in April – May 2006. In the final and the third part of the paper a comparative evaluation of factors that explain party preferences across secular and Islamist parties in Turkey are attempted, with the specific aim of ascertaining the role that reason versus dogma play in the party politics that operate in a Muslim society and secular democratic system
Quantifying Proteinuria in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Background. Progressive proteinuria indicates worsening of the condition in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and hence its quantification guides clinician in decision making and treatment planning. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy of spot dipstick analysis and urinary protein-creatinine ratio (UPCR) in hypertensive disease of pregnancy for predicting 24-hour proteinuria. Subjects and Methods. A total of 102 patients qualifying inclusion criteria were evaluated with preadmission urine dipstick test and UPCR performed on spot voided sample. After admission, the entire 24-hour urine sample was collected and analysed for daily protein excretion. Dipstick estimation and UPCR were compared to the 24-hour results. Results. Seventy-eight patients (76.5%) had significant proteinuria of more than 300 mg/24 h. Dipstick method showed 59% sensitivity and 67% specificity for prediction of significant proteinuria. Area under curve for UPCR was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.83 to 0.95, P < 0.001) showing 82% sensitivity and 12.5% false positive rate for cutoff value of 0.45. Higher cutoff values (1.46 and 1.83) predicted heavy proteinuria (2 g and 3 g/24 h, resp.). Conclusion. This study suggests that random urinary protein : creatine ratio is a reliable investigation compared to dipstick method to assess proteinuria in hypertensive pregnant women. However, clinical laboratories should standardize the reference values for their setup.
Effective Science Teaching in a High Poverty Middle School

This qualitative case study described the characteristics of science teachers in a high poverty urban middle school whose 2010 scores on South Carolina’s Palmetto Assessment of State Standards (PASS) ranked second in the state. Data was obtained through classroom observations, open-ended interviews, school documents, and photographs taken inside the school from ten participants, who were seven science teachers, a science coach, and two administrators. Findings revealed a school culture that pursued warm and caring relationships with students while communicating high expectations for achievement, strong central leadership who communicated their vision and continuously checked for its implementation through informal conversations, frequent classroom observations, and test score analysis. A link between participants’ current actions and their perception of prior personal and professional experiences was found. Participants related their classroom actions to the lives of the students outside of school, and evidenced affection for their students. Descriptors: science education, poverty education, high-poverty high-performing schools, effective teachers, turnaround schools, cognitive-perceptual theory
Perception and prejudice about organ donation among medical students in a tertiary healthcare, Mysuru

Background: Today, increase in deaths due to organ failure can be avoided if organ donors are available. Many states in India adopted the transplantation of human organs act and enthusiastic medical professionals and philanthropists joined hands to move the matter further forward. Lack of awareness about organ donation has been noted among the general public including medical professionals. Awareness can be promoted through medical students to bridge the gap of knowledge about organ donation and they can carry the message to the community. Hence an attempt has been made to probe this issue with objective to assess the perception and prejudice about organ donation among medical students.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in a tertiary healthcare centre, Mysuru. A total of 201 students from 1st and 3rd term, consenting to participate were included in the study. A semi-structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data and was analysed using SPSS 22 version.Results: Knowledge about brain death was 73.1%, transplant of harvested organs was 59%, compatibility tests were 89% and organs donated by live donors were 89.6% for kidneys and 66.7% for cornea in cadaver donors. Regarding legal issues 73% knew that organ selling is criminal offence. 90% supported organ donation and related to prejudice 53% agreed that there are no religious constraints to donate organs.Conclusions: Knowledge and awareness regarding procedure, pre-requisites and legal issues related to organ donation needs to be improved among the medical students.