Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does “Main Street” Promote Sense of Community? A Comparison of San Francisco Neighborhoods

Creating “community” has long been a goal of urban planners. Although such rhetoric abounds in planning circles, what it all means is unclear. In this article, the authors review the community psychology and urban planning literature, defining sense of community within the context of how the built environment might facilitate or impede it. They then present their research, which tests the effects of “main street” on sense of community in four San Francisco neighborhoods. Results indicate that respondents in neighborhoods exhibiting characteristics of a main street town (Bernal Heights and West Portal) have significantly higher sense of community than do respondents from a high-density neighborhood (Nob Hill) and from a more suburban-style city neighborhood (Sunset).
Jihad or Security? Understanding the Jihadization of Chechen Insurgency through Recruitment into Jihadist Units

Drawing upon a range of ethnographic sources, this paper proposes an alternative micro-level explanation of the Jihadization process of the Chechen insurgency in that it explores individual motivations for recruitment into Jihadist units in interwar Chechnya (1996–99). First, it shows that enrolment into Jihadist units was sought by Chechen males who attempted to challenge the established forms of social organization. Second, it illustrates that membership in Jihadist units served as a means of providing security, particularly so for the members of weakened clans who found themselves increasingly discriminated against by their ethnic kin, and incapable of ensuring protection for themselves within the established clan-based networks. In both cases, the Jihadist ideology per se seems to have been of little or no real concern as regards prospective recruits to the Jihadist units.
A practical strategy of an efficient and sparse FWL implementation of LTI filters

The problem of finite word length implementation is discussed in this paper. Alternatively to the ρDFIIt recently proposed by G. Li et al., and leaning on the specialized implicit form for a unified analysis, a new effective and sparse structure, named ρ-modal realization, is developed. This realization meets simultaneously accuracy (low sensitivity, round-off noise gain and overflow risk), few and flexible computational efforts with a good readability (owing to sparsity), and simplicity (no tricky optimization is involved) as well. Two numerical examples are presented to confirm the theoretical results and illustrate the ρ-modal realization interest.
Problems with Problematizing Mathematics: A Reply to Hiebert et al

I n "Problem Solving as a Basis for Reform in Curriculum and Instruction: The Case of Mathematics," James Hiebert and his colleagues (1996) have proposed that curriculum and instruction be guided by the basic principle that students problematize their subjects. To problematize is to "wonder why things are, to inquire, to search for solutions, and to resolve incongruities" (p. 12). When students problematize mathematics, they become "engaged in genuine problem solving" and find, present, and discuss "alternative solution methods" (p. 13). Whether tasks become "problematic" and engaging, they emphasize, depends more on how teachers and students treat them than on their source (e.g., "real-life situations" or school texts). There is much value in this proposal. In general, choosing and arguing for basic, first principles to orient class room practice are important tasks for mathematics education, yet they receive relatively little attention. The Hiebert et al. view focuses our attention—appropriately I think—on understanding as the central instructional goal, on students solving problems and making sense in class room learning communities, and on students' views of what is mathematically problematic. The core of their proposal, however—the notion that students should problematize mathematics—is itself problematic. Important issues ("problems") are raised by this proposal that must be examined and debated, because quite different interpretations and positions ("solutions") are possible. Without consensus on these issues, it matters little if we agree that students should problematize mathematics. I briefly consider one such issue: the nature and range of mathematical content pursued in classrooms and the related question of student participation and autonomy in finding and solving problems.
The BLAST 250 μm-selected galaxy population in GOODS-South

We identify and investigate the nature of the 20 brightest 250 μm sources detected by the Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimetre Telescope (BLAST) within the central 150 arcmin2 of the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS)-South field. Aided by the available deep VLA 1.4 GHz radio imaging, reaching S1.4≃ 40 μJy (4σ), we have identified radio counterparts for 17/20 of the 250 μm sources. The resulting enhanced positional accuracy of ≃1 arcsec has then allowed us to exploit the deep optical (Hubble Space Telescope), near-infrared (VLT) and mid-infrared (Spitzer) imaging of GOODS-South to establish secure galaxy counterparts for the 17 radio-identified sources, and plausible galaxy candidates for the three radio-unidentified sources. Confusion is a serious issue for this deep BLAST 250 μm survey, due to the large size of the beam. Nevertheless, we argue that our chosen counterparts are significant, and often dominant contributors to the measured BLAST flux densities. For all of these 20 galaxies we have been able to determine spectroscopic (eight) or photometric (12) redshifts. The result is the first near-complete redshift distribution for a deep 250 μm-selected galaxy sample. This reveals that 250 μm surveys reaching detection limits of ≃40 mJy have a median redshift z≃ 1, and contain not only low-redshift spirals/LIRGs, but also the extreme z≃ 2 dust-enshrouded starburst galaxies previously discovered at sub-millimetre wavelengths. Inspection of the LABOCA 870 μm imaging of GOODS-South yields detections of ≃1/3 of the proposed BLAST sources (all at z > 1.5), and reveals 250/870 μm flux-density ratios consistent with a standard 40 K modified blackbody fit with a dust emissivity index β= 1.5. Based on their Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) colours, we find that virtually all of the BLAST galaxy identifications appear better described as analogues of the M82 starburst galaxy, or Sc star-forming discs rather than highly obscured ULIRGs. This is perhaps as expected at low redshift, where the 250 μm BLAST selection function is biased towards spectral energy distributions which peak longward of λrest= 100 μm. However, it also appears largely true at z≃ 2.
The isolation of antigens associated with farmer's lung.

The isolation and physicochemical characterization of three of the `major' farmer's lung antigens derived from Micropolyspora faeni is recorded. Antigen 1, the major antigen in the C region is a glycopeptide with an average molecular weight of 85,000 and exhibits extreme heat stability being unaffected by 120°C for 7 days. Antigens 2 and 3, the major antigens in the A and B regions respectively are proteins whose molecular weights are 44,000 and 77,000 respectively and are thermolabile with half lives of 25 days and 20 days at 50°C respectively. The extreme thermolability of certain other antigens is described and their absence from mouldy hay known to be associated with cases of farmer's lung and other considerations suggest that the antigenic stimulus in farmer's lung may in part be attributable to the germination and possible limited development of M. faeni spores in the lungs.
Reciprocal Cross-school Attraction in Domestic Educational Policy Borrowing: An Initial Conceptualization

This article presents a novel theoretical framework for the study of educational policy borrowing at the sub-national level. Prior theorizing on educational policy transfer, and on policy ‘borrowing’ in particular, has focused on cross-national processes. In this article the author uses the existing cross-national models of Phillips and Ochs and of Rappleye to develop a conceptualization of how and why educational ideas and practices move between schools of the same country. Domestic policy borrowing is of theoretical interest to the field of comparative education because it demands exploration of reciprocal cross-school attraction, a phenomenon that does not have much relevance at an international scale. Further, domestic policy borrowing is of practical interest in England because of the role that it plays in deliberate government attempts to improve the lowest-performing schools. By articulating a theoretical framework for the study of reciprocal cross-school attraction, the author hopes to facilitate more systematic and comparable research on how and why educational ideas and practices move between schools. Results from his own empirical work using this model will be reported at a later date.
Work Rules: Insights from Inside Google That Will Transform How You Live and Lead.

The three main authors are academics with chairs of physical medicine and rehabilitation within North America. Of a total of 214 contributors only three were from Europe. The aim of the book is to cover a variety of medical conditions any specialist or GP could encounter in his or her medical practice. There is an emphasis on chronic medical conditions requiring rehabilitation from the practitioners’ perspectives in an ambulatory setting. The concept is to complement existing texts of rehabilitation medicine and provide an efficient and useful reference tool in the office setting. The 162 chapters are divided into three parts covering musculoskeletal, pain and rehabilitation of chronic medical conditions. Chapters are well organized to a set pattern including synonyms, ICD coding, definitions, symptoms, physical examination (findings), functional limitations, diagnostic studies, treatment (initial, rehabilitation, procedures including surgery), potential disease complications, potential treatment complications and references. Although standing alone each chapter follows in logical order with respect of anatomical or related conditions. The entire book is very readable and although orientated to world rather than purely UK medicine deals succinctly with most important issues. The text is scientifically correct and is superbly illustrated with extremely clear radiological images. The tables showing details of physical examination manoeuvres are particularly helpful. The book is comprehensive except for the provision of an index rather than just chapter headings in the hard copy version and details specifically about cognitive testing, cold injuries and skin conditions other than systemic lupus erythematosus. Some medical complications of physical medicine and rehabilitation are better dealt with by Cardenas and Hooton in their focused manual on the subject. This edition covers new topics such as labral tears (shoulder and hip) and conditions associated with cancer and its treatment. The book serves well as a useful and economic reference source for its wide intended audience. As an occupational physician, it represents at present a helpful source of specialized reference material. Unless rehab services in the UK become more accessible, the book is likely to become a standard aid in dealing with multidisciplinary teams treating severely injured employees.
Influence de l’adhésion aux stéréotypes de sexe sur la perception des comportements piétons chez l’adulte

L'objectif de cette etude est d'explorer l'effet de l'adhesion aux stereotypes de sexe sur les comportements et la perception du risque pietons chez l'adulte. L'adhesion aux stereotypes de sexe masculins et feminins a ete mesuree chez 258 adultes (104 hommes et 154 femmes). Les effets de cette adhesion au masculin et au feminin ont ete observes sur la frequence d'apparition, declaree par ces adultes, de seize comportements pietons ainsi que sur la perception de la dangerosite, la perception du risque pour eux-memes et les croyances normatives liees a ces comportements. Les resultats montrent une difference en fonction du sexe et un effet de l'adhesion aux stereotypes de sexe sur les croyances normatives : les croyances normatives liees aux comportements d'erreur et de mise en danger de soi sont plus elevees chez les hommes que chez les femmes ; les individus adherant plus fortement aux stereotypes masculins approuvent davantage les comportements de prise de risque que les individus adherant fortement aux stereotypes feminins. Ces resultats sont discutes en termes de relation entre croyances et comportements et en termes de contenus des stereotypes de sexe.
Identifying the Basal Ganglia Network Model Markers for Medication-Induced Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease Patients

Impulsivity, i.e. irresistibility in the execution of actions, may be prominent in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients who are treated with dopamine precursors or dopamine receptor agonists. In this study, we combine clinical investigations with computational modeling to explore whether impulsivity in PD patients on medication may arise as a result of abnormalities in risk, reward and punishment learning. In order to empirically assess learning outcomes involving risk, reward and punishment, four subject groups were examined: healthy controls, ON medication PD patients with impulse control disorder (PD-ON ICD) or without ICD (PD-ON non-ICD), and OFF medication PD patients (PD-OFF). A neural network model of the Basal Ganglia (BG) that has the capacity to predict the dysfunction of both the dopaminergic (DA) and the serotonergic (5HT) neuromodulator systems was developed and used to facilitate the interpretation of experimental results. In the model, the BG action selection dynamics were mimicked using a utility function based decision making framework, with DA controlling reward prediction and 5HT controlling punishment and risk predictions. The striatal model included three pools of Medium Spiny Neurons (MSNs), with D1 receptor (R) alone, D2R alone and co-expressing D1R-D2R. Empirical studies showed that reward optimality was increased in PD-ON ICD patients while punishment optimality was increased in PD-OFF patients. Empirical studies also revealed that PD-ON ICD subjects had lower reaction times (RT) compared to that of the PD-ON non-ICD patients. Computational modeling suggested that PD-OFF patients have higher punishment sensitivity, while healthy controls showed comparatively higher risk sensitivity. A significant decrease in sensitivity to punishment and risk was crucial for explaining behavioral changes observed in PD-ON ICD patients. Our results highlight the power of computational modelling for identifying neuronal circuitry implicated in learning, and its impairment in PD. The results presented here not only show that computational modelling can be used as a valuable tool for understanding and interpreting clinical data, but they also show that computational modeling has the potential to become an invaluable tool to predict the onset of behavioral changes during disease progression.
Therapeutic effects of intranigral transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells in rat models of Parkinson's disease

Stem cell transplantation is a promising tool for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD); however, the therapeutic routes and mechanisms of mechanical approaches to stem cell transplantation must be explored. This study tests the therapeutic effect of transplantation of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the substantia nigra (SN) of the PD rat. 5‐Bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine‐labeled rat MSCs were transplanted into the SN of the 6‐hydroxydopamine‐injected side of PD rat brains. The behavioral changes in PD rats were examined before and 4 and 8 weeks after MSC transplantation. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the SN and the striatum and the survival and differentiation of MSCs were assessed by immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence techniques. Abnormal behavior of PD rats was significantly improved by the administration of bone marrow MSCs, and the number of TH‐positive cells in the SN and the optical density of TH‐positive fibers in the striatum were markedly increased. Transplanted MSCs can survive and migrate in the brain and differentiate into nestin‐, neuron‐specific enolase‐, and GFAP‐positive cells. Our findings suggest that transplantation of rat bone marrow MSCs into the SN of PD rats may provide therapeutic effects. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The construction of a questionnaire to evaluate the science orientedness of students' identities as learners from a cognitive perspective

Forming a science-oriented identity is considered a process underlying both interest and achievement in science education. A questionnaire is developed for describing “identities as learners” and evaluating their science orientedness. The instrument (k = 65) focuses on cognitive aspects. An internal coherence of . 88 was found. Five subscales were defined that proved interrelated yet distinguishable. A pilot amongst 40 students from Dutch general secondary education showed that preferring science over non-science subjects and relatively high grades for sciences subjects were strongly correlated to science orientedness of the learner identity (rs = .65; p < .001). The results support the reliability and validity of the questionnaire but also point to the importance of identity as a central concept in studying science education. It is concluded that we made a promising step in constructing an instrument for monitoring the development of cognitive aspects of science-oriented identities during (innovative) science education.
The importance of familiarisation when doing research with young children

Becoming familiar with ‘the field’ location and its inhabitants is a natural and important part of ethnographic research. However, little has been written about how operationalising a ‘familiarisation period’ within an ethnography can form the foundation on which fieldwork can be built. By reflecting on the experience of employing a familiarisation period within an ethnography with young children, this paper explores how key principles may be used to enhance research practice. The paper argues that the outlined principles of familiarisation are an important aspect of ethnography which need to be engaged with at the start of a study and also form a part of the reflexive process of ‘being in the field’. It is also argues that the familiarisation can be an important tool in effectively accessing children's ‘voice’ and working with so-called ‘hard to reach’ groups.
Night market experience and image of temporary residents and foreign visitors

Purpose – The paper aims to differentiate the differences of both night market experience and image between temporary residents and foreign visitors in Taiwan and to explore the relationship between experience and image.Design/methodology/approach – Night market experiences comprise the dimensions of Schmitt's experiential marketing theory and night market image is analyzed by exploratory factor analysis. This research probes the socio‐demographics differences of experience and image between temporary residents and foreign visitors. Canonical analysis explores the experience‐image relationships.Findings – Some socio‐demographics have relativity differences in night market experiences and images. Visitors have stronger thinking experience than temporary residents. Temporary residents have stronger image in atmosphere, while foreign visitors have general stronger images than temporary residents. Canonical analysis shows that visitors have stronger relationships between experience and image than temporary re.
Phallometric Assessments Designed to Detect Arousal to Children: The Responses of Rapists and Child Molesters

The phallometric responses of child molesters and rapists were assessed using two assessments of sexual arousal to children. Groups responded to both audiotaped depictions of sexual activity with children and to a set of slides of nude adults and children. Analyses revealed that the audiotaped child sexual violence assessment was as effective as the slide assessment in discriminating child molesters from rapists. It was also found that rapists displayed some degree of deviant response to both stimulus sets.
Concerns about body shape and weight in the postpartum period and their relation to women's self‐identification

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how three groups of women, with different levels of eating disorder psychopathology, perceived and coped with changes in eating and body shape and weight following pregnancy and the birth of a baby. Furthermore, we aimed to find out how such changes influenced their identity as mothers. Twenty‐one mothers were selected from a large survey of women's eating habits and attitudes in the postnatal period: mothers with an eating disorder (n = 6), mothers who were at risk for eating disorder (n = 9) and a comparison group without such concerns (n = 6). They were interviewed in detail about their eating habits and attitudes to body shape and weight and a variety of related issues. Thematic analyses of the transcripts identified five themes: (i) loss of the pre‐pregnancy self; (ii) life transitions; (iii) feeding relationship with infant; (iv) new relationship with family members; and (v) role within wider society. Differences were identified between the groups. For example, mothers with eating disorders tended to perceive the external world as more negative and critical about their new maternal selves. Mothers in the comparison group seemed better able to ‘prioritize’ and tolerate their baby's dependency on their bodies, discussing breastfeeding in relation to infant needs rather than their own body needs. Comparison mothers were also more able to reflect on the implications of the changes in shape (and loss of their former slim selves). The findings suggest that the postnatal period may be a vulnerable time for mothers with eating difficulties. Previous life transitions seemed to be relevant to this life‐changing transition.
The world of twins: an update

In last years, owing to the widespread availability of assisted-reproduction technology, multiple pregnancy rates in Western countries have increased. In twin pregnancies, an increased rate of gestational complications, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm birth and severe perinatal conditions is present. These complications are more frequent in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins as well as an increased relative risk of chromosomal abnormalities and congenital malformation. Monochorionic twins are at higher risk for complications, since they share a common placenta where an imbalance in unidirectional arteriovenous anastomoses can lead to twin–twin transfusion syndrome. This extremely dangerous condition, if not early identified, can determine severe fetal complications with mortality rates that, in case of no treatment, reaches 90%. Laser photocoagulation is the treatment of choice in severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome with high survival rate. IUGR occurs more frequently in MC twins and along with prematurity and perinatal pathology is considered an important determinant of developmental delay.