Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Parastomal Hernia and Factors Associated With Its Development

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for development of a parastomal hernia (PH). DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING AND SUBJECTS: The target population comprised 2854 persons receiving services from the Manitoba Ostomy Program. Seven hundred sixty-four responses were received, yielding a response rate of 29.3%. Respondents average age was 70 years (SD = 12.8); 425 (55.6%) had a colostomy, 236 (30.8%) had an ileostomy, 63 (8.2%) had a urostomy, and 40 (5.2%) indicated other types of stomas or fistula. INSTRUMENTS: A questionnaire was developed by the authors that collected the following data: demographics, relevant medical history, personal and lifestyle factors, surgery-related factors, pre- and postoperative care factors, and information about the presence of a PH and physical and lifestyle effects related to a PH. Devices to enable respondents to measure the size of their stoma and abdominal girth were included in the survey package. The survey tool took approximately 30 to 45 minutes to complete. METHODS: An informational pamphlet and introductory letter were mailed 2 weeks before the survey was mailed. This was followed by a reminder letter. Bivariate analyses were completed in order to identify potential associations between all variables and a diagnosis of a PH; multivariate analysis was then completed to determine which factors were associated with an increased likelihood of a PH. RESULTS: Significant univariate associations were found between a diagnosis of a PH and diverticulitis, cirrhosis, benign prostatic enlargement, previous diagnosis of hernia, a smoking history, type of ostomy, stoma size, and continuous variables age and abdominal girth. Multiple regression analysis indicated that patients who underwent stoma surgery for cancer had larger stomas (1.5 to >3 in), and a colostomy were more likely to develop a PH. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that PHs are prevalent. Additional research is needed to determine more effective intervention for preventing and managing a PH.
Gender-Role Personality Traits in Japanese Culture

The etic (universal) aspect of gender-role personality traits was examined in Japanese culture. The Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974, 1977) was validated for the Japanese culture and modified for this study. An investigation of the personality traits among 1,227 college students using the Japanese BSRI indicated that male students scored significantly higher on the Masculine scale than the female students, whereas they did not differ from each other on the Feminine scale. It was also found that both female and male students scored significantly higher on the Femininity than on the Masculinity scale.
Safety and Efficacy of Phenylephrine Nasal Drops in Bronchiolitis

Objective: Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in the first year of life. In this disease upper respiratory tract infection is associated with nasal congestion, respiratory distress and hypoxia. We studied the effect of phenylephrine drops as a decongestant in treatment of light and moderately severe cases of acute bronchiolitis. Methods: This is a double blind randomized trial involving 100 children aged 4 weeks to 12 months. The patients were divided into two groups, the first group received 0.1 ml phenylephrine 0.5% and the second group 0.1 ml sodium chloride (NaCl) 0.9% as placebo in both nostrils. Respiratory rate, heart rate, O2 saturation, dyspnea, retractions and wheezing were assessed before and 30 minutes after medication. Findings: After medication, O2 saturation and respiratory muscles retractions in the phenylephrine group were significantly better than those of the placebo group (P=0.004 and P=0.002, respectively). In the phenylephrine group, O2 saturation, retractions and wheezing were also significantly better before than those after medication (P=0.003 and P<0.0001 respectively). In the placebo group no significant difference before and after intervention was observed. Conclusion: Phenylephrine as a topical decongestant is an inexpensive, easily available and suitable means in the treatment of mild to moderately severe bronchiolitis.
Gender differences in self‐reported symptoms of depression and anxiety in adults with intellectual disabilities

Purpose – This study aimed to examine for differences on how symptoms relating to depression and anxiety were reported by males and females with intellectual disability as part of the development of the Self-Assessment Intervention Package (SAINT), a guided self-help tool. Design/methodology/approach – Three self-report questionnaires were administered (The Glasgow Depression Scale – Learning Disabilities (GDS-LD)), Glasgow Anxiety Scale – Intellectual Disabilities (GAS-ID) and Self-Assessment Intervention Package (SAINT) to a group of people with mild intellectual disabilities (n ¼36), to allow comparison of symptom reporting between genders, in particular examining the SAINT across the two groups. Findings – Statistically significant differences in self-reported symptoms as assessed with SAINT were found between males and females. The symptoms where related mainly to mood and self-esteem. Overall, endorsement of self-reported depressive symptoms was between 2.7-3.2 times higher in female than male patients. Originality/value – There was evidence to suggest differences in self-report and symptom profiles of depression and anxiety of males and females with mild intellectual disabilities with females reporting higher in terms of symptoms using the SAINT. The SAINT is a valid tool for screening and self-reporting symptoms of anxiety and depression in people with intellectual disabilities.
Genetic and environmental influences on alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine use from early adolescence to middle adulthood.

CONTEXT While both environmental and genetic factors are important in the etiology of psychoactive substance use (PSU), we know little of how these influences differ through development. OBJECTIVE To clarify the changing role of genes and environment in PSU from early adolescence through middle adulthood. DESIGN Retrospective assessment by life history calendar, with univariate and bivariate structural modeling. SETTING General community. PARTICIPANTS A total of 1796 members of male-male pairs from the Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Levels of use of alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, and nicotine recorded for every year of the respondent's life. RESULTS For nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis, familial environmental factors were critical in influencing use in early adolescence and gradually declined in importance through young adulthood. Genetic factors, by contrast, had little or no influence on PSU in early adolescence and gradually increased in their effect with increasing age. The sources of individual differences in caffeine use changed much more modestly over time. Substantial correlations were seen among levels of cannabis, nicotine, and alcohol use and specifically between caffeine and nicotine. In adolescence, those correlations were strongly influenced by shared effects from the familial environment. However, as individuals aged, more and more of the correlation in PSU resulted from genetic factors that influenced use of both substances. CONCLUSIONS These results support an etiologic model for individual differences in PSU in which initiation and early patterns of use are strongly influenced by social and familial environmental factors while later levels of use are strongly influenced by genetic factors. The substantial correlations seen in levels of PSU across substances are largely the result of social environmental factors in adolescence, with genetic factors becoming progressively more important through early and middle adulthood.
Type Inference for Guarded Recursive Data Types

We consider type inference for guarded recursive data types (GRDTs) -- a recent generalization of algebraic data types. We reduce type inference for GRDTs to unification under a mixed prefix. Thus, we obtain efficient type inference. Inference is incomplete because the set of type constraints allowed to appear in the type system is only a subset of those type constraints generated by type inference. Hence, inference only succeeds if the program is sufficiently type annotated. We present refined procedures to infer types incrementally and to assist the user in identifying which pieces of type information are missing. Additionally, we introduce procedures to test if a type is not principal and to find a principal type if one exists.
Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China

This book-length ethnography of the revival of a popular religious temple in contemporary rural China examines the organizational and cultural logics that inform the staging of popular religious activities. It also explores the politics of the religious revival, detailing the relationships of village-level local activists and local state agents wtih temple associations and temple bosses. Shedding light on shifting state-society relationships in the reform era, this book is of interest to scholars and students in Asian Studies, the social sciences, and religious and ritual studies.
Finnish version of the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia: Reference values in the Finnish general population and associations with leisure-time physical activity.

OBJECTIVES To create reference values for the general Finnish population using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-FIN), to study gender differences in the TSK-FIN, to assess the internal consistency of the TSK-FIN, to estimate the prevalence of high levels of kinesiophobia in Finnish men and women, and to examine the association between kinesiophobia and leisure-time physical activity and the impact of co-morbidities on kinesiophobia. METHODS The study population comprised 455 men and 579 women. Participants completed a self-administered questionnaire about their socio-demographic factors, leisure-time physical activity, co-morbidities and kinesiophobia. RESULTS The mean TSK-FIN score was significantly higher for men (mean 34.2, standard deviation (SD) 6.9) compared with women (mean 32.9, SD 6.5), with an age-adjusted p = 0.004 for the difference between men and women. Cronbach's alpha was 0.72, indicating substantial internal consistency. Men over 55 years of age and women over 65 years of age had a higher (p < 0.001) TSK score compared with younger people. There was a significant (p < 0.001) inverse association between kinesiophobia and leisure-time physical activity among both sexes. The presence of cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disease or a mental disorder was associated with a higher TSK-FIN score compared with the absence of the aforementioned disorders. CONCLUSION We present here the reference values for the TSK-FIN. The reference values and prevalence among the general population may help clinicians to define the level of kinesiophobia among patients. Disorders other than musculoskeletal diseases were associated with kinesiophobia, which should be noted in daily practice.
The persistence of cultural divides – Reflections on the audience for culture and the arts in Norway

How does cultural policy shape the audience for culture and art? The article discusses this question in relation to Norwegian cultural policy and its explicit goal of promoting equal access and inclusion. The background for the egalitarian tradition in cultural life of Norway is outlined. Three factors that structure the audience for culture and the arts are then discussed, namely income, place of residence and education. It is argued that the explicit concern for equality of access has alleviated some of the economic and geographical barriers toward participation, but has had little impact on the cultural divides that tend to structure audiences for culture and the arts. Specific attention is given to the persistent effects of education on cultural interests and attendance at cultural arrangements. The effects of education are related to general traits of educational institutions – particularly academic institutions – that are only marginally influenced by cultural policy measures.
Dose-effect of ionizing radiation-induced PIG3 gene expression alteration in human lymphoblastoid AHH-1 cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes

Abstract Purpose: To identify new ionizing radiation (IR)-sensitive genes and observe the dose-effect of gene expression alteration (GEA) induced by IR. Materials and methods: Microarray was used to screen the differentially expressed genes in human lymphoblastoid cells (AHH-1) using three doses of 60Co γ-rays (0.5–8 Gy at 1 Gy/min). Given that p53-inducible gene 3 (PIG3) was consistently upregulated, the GEA of PIG3 in AHH-1 cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBL) induced by γ-rays (1 Gy/min) was measured at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. The GEA of PIG3 in AHH-1 cells exposed to neutron radiation (californium-252, 0.073 Gy/min) was also quantified. Results: PIG3 was one of the seven differentially expressed genes found in the microarray analysis. The PIG3 mRNA and protein levels in AHH-1 cells were significantly increased from 1–10 Gy of γ-rays 8–72 h or 8–168 h after exposure, respectively. The enhancement was also observed in AHH-1 cells from 0.4–1.6 Gy of neutrons 48 h post-irradiation. The PIG3 mRNA levels (mRNA copy numbers) in HPBL were significantly increased from 1–8 Gy of γ-rays within 4–24 h post-irradiation, but the highest increase in signal-to-noise responsiveness is approximately two-fold, which was less than that of AHH-1 (approximately 20-fold). Conclusions: IR can upregulate the PIG3 gene expression in AHH-1 and HPBL in the early phase after exposure; however, the IR induced expression levels of PIG3 are greater in AHH-1 than HPBL.
Differential Clearance and Immune Responses to Tick Cell-Derived versus Macrophage Culture-Derived Ehrlichia chaffeensis in Mice

ABSTRACT Human monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused by a tick-transmitted rickettsia, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. We recently reported that E. chaffeensis grown in tick cells expresses different proteins than bacteria grown in macrophages. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that immune responses against E. chaffeensis would be different if the mice are challenged with bacteria grown in macrophages or tick cells. We assessed the E. chaffeensis clearance from the peritoneum, spleen, and liver by C57BL/6J mice using a TaqMan-based real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay. Macrophage-grown E. chaffeensis was cleared in 2 weeks from the peritoneum, whereas the pathogen from tick cells persisted for nine additional days and included three relapses of increasing bacterial load separated by three-day intervals. Tick cell-grown bacteria also persisted in the livers and spleens with higher bacterial loads compared to macrophage-grown bacteria and fluctuated over a period of 35 days. Three-day periodic cycles were detected in T-cell CD62L/CD44 ratios in the spleen and bone marrow in response to infections with both tick cell- and macrophage-grown bacteria and were accompanied by similar periodic cycles of spleen cell cytokine secretions and nitric oxide and interleukin-6 by peritoneal macrophages. The E. chaffeensis-specific immunoglobulin G response was considerably higher and steadily increased in mice infected with the tick cell-derived E. chaffeensis compared to DH82-grown bacteria. In addition, antigens detected by the immunoglobulins were significantly different between mice infected with the E. chaffeensis originating from tick cells or macrophages. The differences in the immune response to tick cell-grown bacteria compared to macrophage-grown bacteria reflected a delay in the shift of gene expression from the tick cell-specific Omp 14 gene to the macrophage-specific Omp 19 gene. These data suggest that the host response to E. chaffeensis depends on the source of the bacteria and that this experimental model requires the most natural inoculum possible to allow for a realistic understanding of host resistance.
The Reproduction of Symbolic Capital: Language, State, and Class in Egypt1

The relationships between the state, the dominant classes, and symbolic capital are neither linear nor timeless. Official/standard languages, for example, are commonly thought to represent the speech of the dominant classes, and states are said to seek hegemony over these languages. What happens, however, when institutions besides the state make successful claims to control over these languages? What happens when the choice of an official language is not guided by the speech habits of the dominant classes? What becomes of the relationship between the official language and the dominant classes when proficiency in a foreign language rather than the official language earns the highest rewards? These questions prove central to a critique of Bourdieu's notions about linguistic exchange and its relation to cultural capital.
Accounting students' perceptions of questionable academic practices and factors affecting their propensity to cheat

A wave of discussion involving ethics and accounting education has recently taken place. However, before accounting educators can design curricula with the most positive impact on the moral development of accounting students, educators need to have an idea of where their students stand on a variety of ethical issues. For example, there is an absence of information describing the ethical reasoning of accounting students as it relates to academic dishonesty. Knowing how accounting students feel about academic dishonesty is important. Sierles et al.(1980) found there was a continuum from cheating in college, to cheating in medical school in didactic areas, to cheating in clerkships in patient care. Thus, cheating in school may be an early warning of a propensity to engage in unethical practices during one's professional career. This study provides descriptive information concerning accounting students and academic dishonesty. First, students' perceptions of questionable academic activities are presented. Nex.
Effects of Physical Training on Peripheral Vascular Disease: A Controlled Study

The effects of physical exercise on 8 stage II peripheral vascular disease (PVD) patients were observed after a six-month training program. Doppler velocimetry (including the treadmill test), strain gauge plethysmography, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure were used to quantify the results, which were compared with those obtained in a control group of another 8 stage II PVD patients, under placebo therapy for six months. The results show physical exercise increased the walking capacity, both the pain-free walking time and the maximum walking time. No significant difference was observed in the other parameters studied, in either the exercise patients or the control group.
Scene-Selectivity and Retinotopy in Medial Parietal Cortex

Functional imaging studies in human reliably identify a trio of scene-selective regions, one on each of the lateral [occipital place area (OPA)], ventral [parahippocampal place area (PPA)], and medial [retrosplenial complex (RSC)] cortical surfaces. Recently, we demonstrated differential retinotopic biases for the contralateral lower and upper visual fields within OPA and PPA, respectively. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we combine detailed mapping of both population receptive fields (pRF) and category-selectivity, with independently acquired resting-state functional connectivity analyses, to examine scene and retinotopic processing within medial parietal cortex. We identified a medial scene-selective region, which was contained largely within the posterior and ventral bank of the parieto-occipital sulcus (POS). While this region is typically referred to as RSC, the spatial extent of our scene-selective region typically did not extend into retrosplenial cortex, and thus we adopt the term medial place area (MPA) to refer to this visually defined scene-selective region. Intriguingly MPA co-localized with a region identified solely on the basis of retinotopic sensitivity using pRF analyses. We found that MPA demonstrates a significant contralateral visual field bias, coupled with large pRF sizes. Unlike OPA and PPA, MPA did not show a consistent bias to a single visual quadrant. MPA also co-localized with a region identified by strong differential functional connectivity with PPA and the human face-selective fusiform face area (FFA), commensurate with its functional selectivity. Functional connectivity with OPA was much weaker than with PPA, and similar to that with face-selective occipital face area (OFA), suggesting a closer link with ventral than lateral cortex. Consistent with prior research, we also observed differential functional connectivity in medial parietal cortex for anterior over posterior PPA, as well as a region on the lateral surface, the caudal inferior parietal lobule (cIPL). However, the differential connectivity in medial parietal cortex was found principally anterior of MPA. We suggest that there is posterior–anterior gradient within medial parietal cortex, with posterior regions in the POS showing retinotopically based scene-selectivity and more anterior regions showing connectivity that may be more reflective of abstract, navigationally pertinent and possibly mnemonic representations.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for parallel, constant time conversion and addition

This note presents necessary and sufficient conditions for parallel and constant time conversions from one digit-set into another, and thus also for constant time addition. In the integer domain it is generally believed that such conversion and addition is possible if the target digit-set is redundant and complete. This is also the case when the digit-set is a contiguous set of integers. However, when this is not the case then such conversion and addition in the integer domain is not possible in general, and when more general rings are considered, the same problem may be present.
Closure-aware sketch simplification

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to simplify sketch drawings. The core problem is how to group sketchy strokes meaningfully, and this depends on how humans understand the sketches. The existing methods mainly rely on thresholding low-level geometric properties among the strokes, such as proximity, continuity and parallelism. However, it is not uncommon to have strokes with equal geometric properties but different semantics. The lack of semantic analysis will lead to the inability in differentiating the above semantically different scenarios. In this paper, we point out that, due to the gestalt phenomenon of closure, the grouping of strokes is actually highly influenced by the interpretation of regions. On the other hand, the interpretation of regions is also influenced by the interpretation of strokes since regions are formed and depicted by strokes. This is actually a chicken-or-the-egg dilemma and we solve it by an iterative cyclic refinement approach. Once the formed stroke groups are stabilized, we can simplify the sketchy strokes by replacing each stroke group with a smooth curve. We evaluate our method on a wide range of different sketch styles and semantically meaningful simplification results can be obtained in all test cases.