Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NAOMI FELDMAN LEARNING AND OVERGENERALIZATION PATTERNS IN A CONNECTIONIST MODEL OF THE GERMAN PLURAL

The debate over the processing mechanism for inflectional morphology has focused largely on the German plural system because it seems to contain a minority default, a form that has low frequency but high productivity in diverse contexts. Child overgeneralization patterns, phonological similarity effects, restrictions on compounding, reaction times, and neural dissociations have all been used to argue that the German plural supports either the single-route model or the dual-route model of inflectional morphology. However, lack of modeling evidence limits the reliability with which researchers can attribute empirical patterns to either model. This thesis first examines whether a connectionist model can reproduce child acquisition and overgeneralization patterns. A three-layer perceptron is used to map singular forms to plural class, and the resulting learning and generalization patterns are compared with empirical data. Several similarities emerge, including early overgeneralization of the –e and –n plural classes, later overgeneralizations involving all plural classes, and poor learning and generalization of the umlaut plural class. The network also displays some key differences to child acquisition data, particularly lack of overgeneralizations on null plural target items. The next question involves the emergence of a default form in the network. This is examined by removing all familiar features from the input, yielding an input vector that contains only zeroes. Of ten trained networks tested with this vector, five produce an –n plural and two produce an –s plural, with one network activating both –n and –s and two networks producing no plural form at all. None of the other plural markers show signs of activation. Though the –n plural default is expected due to its high frequency in the training corpus, the –s plural cannot have emerged as a default form simply on the basis of frequency. These results suggest that the default-like characteristics of the German –s plural are compatible with the single-route model.
Behavioural responses to fisheries capture among sharks caught using experimental fishery gear

The response to capture is important in fisheries because it can reveal potential threats to species beyond fishing mortalities resulting from direct harvest. To date, the vast majority of studies assessing shark stress responses have used physiology or biotelemetry to look at sensitivity after capture, leaving a gap in our understanding of the behaviours of sharks during capture. We examined the behavioural responses of sharks to capture by attaching accelerometers to fishing gear and measuring the immediate and prolonged forces they exerted while on the line. We recorded acceleration vectors and derived the rate of intense fighting behaviours of 23 individual sharks comprising three species. Results suggest that blacktip sharks (Carcharhinus limbatus) exhibited intense bouts of fighting behaviour at the onset of hooking, while nurse (Ginglymostoma cirratum) and tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) displayed more subdued acceleration values during capture. We also obtained plasma lactate from a subset of ind.
The mutual effect of virtualization and parallelism in a cloud environment

Cloud computing is a dominant technology nowadays in both industry and academia. It evolved from many concepts such as distributed processing and parallel computing. In addition, virtualization is the core of cloud computing since it facilitates live migration for the sake of load balancing. The ultimate result is the optimization of resources utilization and increase in the whole system's performance. Moreover, virtualization plays an important role in achieving disaster recovery plans. Furthermore, virtual machines secure the underlying physical hardware against malware. However, parallel computing is of no less importance, especially to cloud platforms. Consequently, contemporary laptops, mobile and hand-held devices manufacturers produce multicore equipment with the aim of achieving high performance levels when these become nodes in a cloud environment. However, what is the mutual effect of virtualization and parallel processing? Do they impede each other? Do they really boost the overall performance collectively? This research helps to better understand the effect of virtualization on parallel processing. In addition, this paper covers some researches made to answer such questions. Such studies are so few - to the extent of our knowledge - that they don't give comprehensive answers to the previously imposed questions. Finally, a methodology is exposed to quantitatively measure the mutual effect of parallelism and virtualization in a cloud environment.
Use of Insecticide-Treated Mosquito Net among Pregnant Women and Guardians of Children under Five in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Background Insecticide-treated mosquito nets (ITNs) are one of the most effective tools for preventing malaria in sub-Saharan Africa. Objective This study examined knowledge, attitude, and practice on the use of ITNs in the prevention of malaria among pregnant women and guardians of children under five in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods A total of 5,138 pregnant women and guardians of children under five were interviewed. Results The majority of participants (>80%) knew the signs and symptoms of malaria; 81.6% reported having an ITN in the household, but 78.4% reported using it the night before the interview. Only 71.4% of pregnant women used ITN the night compared to 68.2% of children under five. In the Logistic Regression model, women who believed that it is normal to use ITNs were 1.9 times more likely to use it than those who did not (OR: 1.930); women who were confident in their abilities to use ITNs were 1.9 times more likely than those who were not confident (OR: 1.915); and women who had a good attitude towards ITNs were also more likely to use ITNs compared to those who did not (OR: 1.529). Conclusion New and innovative evidence-based behavior change interventions are needed to increase the utilization of ITNs among vulnerable groups.
Increased Genetic Variance of BMI with a Higher Prevalence of Obesity

Background and objectives There is no doubt that the dramatic worldwide increase in obesity prevalence is due to changes in environmental factors. However, twin studies suggest that genetic differences are responsible for the major part of the variation in body mass index (BMI) and other measures of body fatness within populations. Several recent studies suggest that the genetic effects on adiposity may be stronger when combined with presumed risk factors for obesity. We tested the hypothesis that a higher prevalence of obesity and overweight and a higher BMI mean is associated with a larger genetic variation in BMI. Methods The data consisted of self-reported height and weight from two Danish twin surveys in 1994 and 2002. A total of 15,017 monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs were divided into subgroups by year of birth (from 1931 through 1982) and sex. The genetic and environmental variance components of BMI were calculated for each subgroup using the classical twin design. Likewise, the prevalence of obesity, prevalence of overweight and the mean of the BMI distribution was calculated for each subgroup and tested as explanatory variables in a random effects meta-regression model with the square root of the additive genetic variance (equal to the standard deviation) as the dependent variable. Results The size of additive genetic variation was positively and significantly associated with obesity prevalence (p = 0.001) and the mean of the BMI distribution (p = 0.015). The association with prevalence of overweight was positive but not statistically significant (p = 0.177). Conclusion The results suggest that the genetic variation in BMI increases as the prevalence of obesity, prevalence of overweight and the BMI mean increases. The findings suggest that the genes related to body fatness are expressed more aggressively under the influence of an obesity-promoting environment.
The seasonal variations in the nematode EGG counts of sheep: a comparison of the spring rise phenomenon in breeding and unmated ewes.

Abstract Extract Various aspects of the seasonal fluctuations of worm egg counts in sheep have claimed the attention of many workers and, in particular, a number of detailed studies have been undertaken to examine the phenomenon designated the spring rise or post-parturient rise which occurs in sheep each year with apparent unfailing regularity. These studies have been reviewed by Crofton (1954), Soulsby (1962), and Spedding (1962).
CD45+ Cells Present Within Mesenchymal Stem Cell Populations Affect Network Formation of Blood-Derived Endothelial Outgrowth Cells

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) represent promising cell sources for angiogenic therapies. There are, however, conflicting reports regarding the ability of MSCs to support network formation of endothelial cells. The goal of this study was to assess the ability of human bone marrow-derived MSCs to support network formation of endothelial outgrowth cells (EOCs) derived from umbilical cord blood EPCs. We hypothesized that upon in vitro coculture, MSCs and EOCs promote a microenvironment conducive for EOC network formation without the addition of angiogenic growth supplements. EOC networks formed by coculture with MSCs underwent regression and cell loss by day 10 with a near 4-fold and 2-fold reduction in branch points and mean segment length, respectively, in comparison with networks formed by coculture vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) cocultures. EOC network regression in MSC cocultures was not caused by lack of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A or changes in TGF-β1 or Ang-2 supernatant concentrations in comparison with SMC cocultures. Removal of CD45+ cells from MSCs improved EOC network formation through a 2-fold increase in total segment length and number of branch points in comparison to unsorted MSCs by day 6. These improvements, however, were not sustained by day 10. CD45 expression in MSC cocultures correlated with EOC network regression with a 5-fold increase between day 6 and day 10 of culture. The addition of supplemental growth factors VEGF, fibroblastic growth factor-2, EGF, hydrocortisone, insulin growth factor-1, ascorbic acid, and heparin to MSC cocultures promoted stable EOC network formation over 2 weeks in vitro, without affecting CD45 expression, as evidenced by a lack of significant differences in total segment length (p=0.96). These findings demonstrate the ability of MSCs to support EOC network formation correlates with removal of CD45+ cells and improves upon the addition of soluble growth factors.
, Poststroke : A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Computer Therapy Compared With Usual Care for People With Long-Standing Aphasia

Munyaradzi Dimairo, Simon Dixon, Jane Mortley, Rose Hilton, Audrey Delaney and Helen Rebecca Palmer, Pam Enderby, Cindy Cooper, Nick Latimer, Steven Julious, Gail Paterson, Poststroke : A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Computer Therapy Compared With Usual Care for People With Long-Standing Aphasia Print ISSN: 0039-2499. Online ISSN: 1524-4628 Copyright © 2012 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Stroke doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.112. 650671 2012;43:1904-1911 Stroke. http://stroke.ahajournals. org/content/43/7/1904 World Wide Web at: The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the http://stroke.ahajournals. org/content/suppl/2012/06/25/43.7. 1904.DC1. html Data Supplement (unedited) at:
Parasitic plants of the genus Cuscuta and their interaction with susceptible and resistant host plants

By comparison with plant–microbe interaction, little is known about the interaction of parasitic plants with their hosts. Plants of the genus Cuscuta belong to the family of Cuscutaceae and comprise about 200 species, all of which live as stem holoparasites on other plants. Cuscuta spp. possess no roots nor fully expanded leaves and the vegetative portion appears to be a stem only. The parasite winds around plants and penetrates the host stems via haustoria, forming direct connections to the vascular bundles of their hosts to withdraw water, carbohydrates, and other solutes. Besides susceptible hosts, a few plants exist that exhibit an active resistance against infestation by Cuscuta spp. For example, cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fends off Cuscuta reflexa by means of a hypersensitive-type response occurring in the early penetration phase. This report on the plant–plant dialog between Cuscuta spp. and its host plants focuses on the incompatible interaction of C. reflexa with tomato.
Assembly principles of a unique cage formed by hexameric and decameric E. coli proteins

A 3.3 MDa macromolecular cage between two Escherichia coli proteins with seemingly incompatible symmetries–the hexameric AAA+ ATPase RavA and the decameric inducible lysine decarboxylase LdcI–is reconstructed by cryo-electron microscopy to 11 Å resolution. Combined with a 7.5 Å resolution reconstruction of the minimal complex between LdcI and the LdcI-binding domain of RavA, and the previously solved crystal structures of the individual components, this work enables to build a reliable pseudoatomic model of this unusual architecture and to identify conformational rearrangements and specific elements essential for complex formation. The design of the cage created via lateral interactions between five RavA rings is unique for the diverse AAA+ ATPase superfamily. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.03653. 001
Autonomic reactivity of panic patients during a CO2 inhalation procedure

The objectives of this study were to compare continuous subjective and physiological responses of panic disorder patients and normal controls during 5% CO2 inhalation. Psychophysiological responses of panic disorder patients (n = 42) and controls (n = 25) were monitored during baseline (20 min), 5% CO2 inhalation (20 min), and recovery (20 min). The data were compared at baseline and over periods of the experiment using analysis of variance. A subgroup of patients who experienced panic attacks during the CO2 inhalation (n = 12) were significantly different from the other subjects on baseline heart rate and on variability of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, skin conductance, and breathing variability (length and number of breathing pauses and length of breathing cycle variability). Inspection of the data showed that elevation in blood pressure and breathholding were present during some of the panic attacks, suggesting that some attacks may represent a complex psychophysiological response with elements of a “freezing” reaction, well described in animal experiments, which can quickly shift to a “fight/flight” reaction that is usually characterized by an increase in heart and breathing rate. However, some patients had only minimal changes in breathing and others had minimal psychophysiological changes during the time they indicated that they had a panic attack.
Conceptual model of a cold storage warehouse with PV generation in a smart grid setting

This paper presents a model of a cold storage warehouse combined with PV generation in a smart grid setting. We formulate an optimization problem that maximizes profits of sold PV energy minus the cost of electricity withdrawn from the grid under constraints dictated by the temperature dynamics. We focus on the influence of different electricity tariff structures on the optimal cooling schedule that results from the optimization. The results show that the various tariff structures lead to markedly different optimal cooling trajectories, that can be understood in terms of the trade-offs between thermal leakage to the environment, time dependent PV revenues and prices for consuming electricity. The value of the optimized energy management vs uncontrolled cooling was found to be largest for the case where electricity prices were low during PV generation. This type of responsive demand can therefore facilitate the efficient integration of renewable energy sources in the power system.
Engineering Novel VPAC2-Selective Agonists with Improved Stability and Glucose-Lowering Activity in Vivo

A previously described VPAC2-selective agonist, BAY 55-9837 (peptide HSDAVFTDNYTRLRKQVAAKKYLQSIKNKRY), had several limitations with respect to its potential as an insulin secretagogue for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. These limitations were primarily poor stability in aqueous buffer and short duration of action in vivo. In this report, we describe a series of novel analogs of BAY 55-9837 that were designed around the likely degradation mechanisms and structure-activity relationship of this peptide with a view to overcoming its limitations. These analogs were tested for improved liquid stability and retention of VPAC2-selective binding and activation, as well as prolonged activity in vivo. Although several degradation mechanisms were possible based on the degradation pattern, it was determined that deamidation at the two asparagines (N9 and N28) was the major instability determinant. Changing these two asparagines to glutamines did not negatively affect VPAC2-selective binding and activation. The double glutamine mutein analog, BAY(Q9Q28), retained full VPAC2 activity and selectivity while displaying no significant degradation when stored at 40°C for 4 weeks. This is in contrast to BAY 55-9837, which showed greater than 80% degradation when stored at 40°C for 2 weeks. A cysteine was added to the C terminus of BAY(Q9Q28), followed by site-specific cysteine conjugation with a 22- or 43-kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) to yield BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG22 or BAY(Q9Q28C32)PEG43, respectively. These PEGylated peptides retain the ability to selectively bind and activate the VPAC2 receptor and have prolonged glucose-lowering activity in vivo.
Compositional Determinants of Prion Formation in Yeast

ABSTRACT Numerous prions (infectious proteins) have been identified in yeast that result from the conversion of soluble proteins into β-sheet-rich amyloid-like protein aggregates. Yeast prion formation is driven primarily by amino acid composition. However, yeast prion domains are generally lacking in the bulky hydrophobic residues most strongly associated with amyloid formation and are instead enriched in glutamines and asparagines. Glutamine/asparagine-rich domains are thought to be involved in both disease-related and beneficial amyloid formation. These domains are overrepresented in eukaryotic genomes, but predictive methods have not yet been developed to efficiently distinguish between prion and nonprion glutamine/asparagine-rich domains. We have developed a novel in vivo assay to quantitatively assess how composition affects prion formation. Using our results, we have defined the compositional features that promote prion formation, allowing us to accurately distinguish between glutamine/asparagine-rich domains that can form prion-like aggregates and those that cannot. Additionally, our results explain why traditional amyloid prediction algorithms fail to accurately predict amyloid formation by the glutamine/asparagine-rich yeast prion domains.
Emotion and Motivation: Understanding User Behavior of Web 2.0 Application

With the integration of social interaction and web technologies, Web 2.0 has become an important internet application. It also provides the flexibility to integrate various user motivations into one kind of information system (e.g., for a utilitarian purpose or a hedonic purpose). In this paper, we will examine the influence of user motivations and emotion factors on user behavior in the Web 2.0 environment. We designed two experimental tasks based on different user motivations and collected self-report data from the participants. According to the PLS (Partial Least Squares) analysis, our study demonstrated that emotions affected users' perceived belief in the Web 2.0 application and positive emotions had a more powerful influence on perceived belief than negative emotion. Additionally, as for motivation, we demonstrated that utilitarian and hedonic purposes had a moderate effect on the relationship between perceived belief and user attitude in the Web 2.0 application.
Methylation microarray analysis of late-stage ovarian carcinomas distinguishes progression-free survival in patients and identifies candidate epigenetic markers.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to profile methylation alterations of CpG islands in ovarian tumors and to identify candidate markers for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A global analysis of DNA methylation using a novel microarray approach called differential methylation hybridization was performed on 19 patients with stage III and IV ovarian carcinomas. RESULTS Hierarchical clustering identified two groups of patients with distinct methylation profiles. Tumors from group 1 contained high levels of concurrent methylation, whereas group 2 tumors had lower tumor methylation levels. The duration of progression-free survival after chemotherapy was significantly shorter for patients in group 1 compared with group 2 (P < 0.001). Differential methylation in tumors was independently confirmed by methylation-specific PCR. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that a higher degree of CpG island methylation is associated with early disease recurrence after chemotherapy. The differential methylation hybridization assay also identified a select group of CpG island loci that are potentially useful as epigenetic markers for predicting treatment outcome in ovarian cancer patients.
Describing the impact of refactoring on internal program quality

The technique of refactoring – restructuring the source-code of an object-oriented program without changing its external behavior – has been embraced by many object-oriented software developers as a way to accommodate changing requirements. The overall goal of refactoring is to improve the maintainability of software. Unfortunately, it is unclear how specific quality factors are affected. Therefore, this paper proposes a formalism to describe the impact of a representative number of refactorings on an AST representation of the source code, extended with cross-references. We elicitate how internal program quality metrics can be formally defined on top of this program structure representation, and demonstrate how to project the impact of refactorings on these internal program quality metric values in the form of potential drifts or improvements.
On Ihara’s lemma for Hilbert modular varieties

Abstract Let ρ be a two-dimensional modulo p representation of the absolute Galois group of a totally real number field. Under the assumptions that ρ has a large image and admits a low-weight crystalline modular deformation we show that any low-weight crystalline deformation of ρ unramified outside a finite set of primes will be modular. We follow the approach of Wiles as generalized by Fujiwara. The main new ingredient is an Ihara-type lemma for the local component at ρ of the middle degree cohomology of a Hilbert modular variety. As an application we relate the algebraic p-part of the value at one of the adjoint L-function associated with a Hilbert modular newform to the cardinality of the corresponding Selmer group.