Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Disclosure of HIV status to sexual partners by people living with HIV

Background Disclosure of one's HIV status to a sexual partner can have significant health implications. From a health promotion point of view, disclosure is seen as a cornerstone for the prevention of HIV transmission between partners. Despite its importance as a strategy for controlling the spread of HIV, there are challenges that inhibit voluntary disclosure. Objectives In exploring factors associated with disclosure of HIV status, the study had two complementary objectives related to: (1) investigation of participants’ views about HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners; and (2) a broader identification of factors that influence disclosure of HIV-positive status. Method The study explored factors associated with disclosure of the HIV status of people living with HIV to their sexual partners. Purposive sampling was used to select 13 participants living with HIV who attended a wellness clinic. Primary data were collected via an in-depth interview with each of the participants. Results The exploration showed that male participants were notably more reluctant to disclose to their sexual partners for fear of rejection; and secrecy was commonly reported around sexual matters. Female participants (who were in the majority) were relatively more willing to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners. Despite the complexity of disclosure, all participants understood the importance of disclosure to their sexual partners. Conclusion There is a need for HIV prevention strategies to focus on men in particular, so as to strengthen disclosure counselling services provided to people living with HIV and to advocate strongly for partner testing.
Model‐driven intervention in bilingual aphasia: Evidence from a case of pathological language mixing

Background: Speech‐language pathologists are meeting an increasing number of bilingual clients. This poses a special challenge to clinical practice, given that bilingualism adds to the complexity of aphasia patterns and clinical decisions must be made accordingly. One question that has come to the attention of clinical aphasiologists is that of the language in which therapy should be administered. This issue becomes particularly relevant in cases of involuntary language switching, when choosing between L1 and L2 implies inhibiting one of the languages. Models of lexical selection in bilingual people offer a rationale for language choice based on the specificities of bilingual aphasia within each client. Aims: To provide evidence for model‐based intervention in bilingual aphasia, particularly in cases of pathological language switching. Methods & Procedures: This paper reports a model‐driven intervention in a case of involuntary language switching following aphasia in a Spanish–English bilingual client. Outcomes & Results: Intervention tailored to the client's strengths resulted in improved communication skills thanks to the implementation of a self‐regulated strategy to overcome involuntary language switching. Conclusions: Model‐driven descriptions of bilingual aphasia contribute to efficient intervention by identifying therapy approaches that take account of each client's language abilities. Further, clinical data analysed within models of bilingual language processing can provide evidence for dissociations between components of the bilingual lexical system.
General Intelligence in Another Primate: Individual Differences across Cognitive Task Performance in a New World Monkey (Saguinus oedipus)

Background Individual differences in human cognitive abilities show consistently positive correlations across diverse domains, providing the basis for the trait of “general intelligence” (g). At present, little is known about the evolution of g, in part because most comparative studies focus on rodents or on differences across higher-level taxa. What is needed, therefore, are experiments targeting nonhuman primates, focusing on individual differences within a single species, using a broad battery of tasks. To this end, we administered a large battery of tasks, representing a broad range of cognitive domains, to a population of captive cotton-top tamarin monkeys (Saguinus oedipus). Methodology and Results Using a Bayesian latent variable model, we show that the pattern of correlations among tasks is consistent with the existence of a general factor accounting for a small but significant proportion of the variance in each task (the lower bounds of 95% Bayesian credibility intervals for correlations between g and task performance all exceed 0.12). Conclusion Individual differences in cognitive abilities within at least one other primate species can be characterized by a general intelligence factor, supporting the hypothesis that important aspects of human cognitive function most likely evolved from ancient neural substrates.
Disrupted Brain Activation and Deactivation Pattern during Semantic Verbal Fluency Task in Patients with Major Depression

Background: Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit cognitive impairment, and evidence suggests that the semantic version of the verbal fluency task is a reliable cognitive marker of the disorder. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the dysfunction of neural processing in acute depression and examined the effects of a 6-week pharmacological intervention. Methods: Sixteen patients with MDD participated in 2 fMRI sessions, and 16 healthy control (HC) subjects participated in 1 fMRI session. During each fMRI session, the participants performed a semantic verbal fluency task. Brain activity during the task was compared between groups (MDD 1st fMRI vs. HC) and times (MDD 1st fMRI vs. 2nd fMRI). Results: Significant brain hypoactivation was observed in MDD patients at the prefrontal, lateral parietal, and limbic regions compared to HC, and MDD patients exhibited hyperactivation at the left precuneus compared to HC. Hypoactivity of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hyperactivity of the precuneus were normalized with treatment. Conclusions: Hypoactivation of the left DLPFC and hyperactivation of the precuneus should be considered as dysregulation of anticorrelated brain networks during a cognitive demanding task. This failure of network regulation may be an important factor in the pathophysiology of MDD.
Family‐Based Social Capital Considerations as Predictors of Attainments Among Appalachian Youth

The purpose of this study was to explore social and human capital theory in application to status attainment research using a sample of 463 low-income youth from rural Appalachian families. Comparisons were made between social capital variables based in the family of origin and social interaction variables based in the broader community as influences on the status attainment of youth. Surveys of youth were conducted during a ten-year longitudinal study (i.e., three assessments conducted during fifth/sixth grades and eleventh/twelfth grades, and for ages twenty-one/twenty-two). Path analyses confirmed some of the social interaction hypotheses but demonstrated eve greater support for individual human and family social capital variables in explaining young adult attainment outcomes. Support was provided for the inclusion of family-based social capital variables as a means of gaining a broader understanding of youth attainment.
A stability analysis of finite-volume advection schemes permitting long time steps

Abstract Finite-volume schemes developed in the meteorological community that permit long time steps are considered. These include Eulerian flux-form schemes as well as fully two-dimensional and cascade cell-integrated semi-Lagrangian (CISL) schemes. A one- and two-dimensional Von Neumann stability analysis of these finite-volume advection schemes is given. Contrary to previous analysis, no simplifications in terms of reducing the formal order of the schemes, which makes the analysis mathematically less complex, have been applied. An interscheme comparison of both dissipation and dispersion properties is given. The main finding is that the dissipation and dispersion properties of Eulerian flux-form schemes are sensitive to the choice of inner and outer operators applied in the scheme that can lead to increased numerical damping for large Courant numbers. This spurious dependence on the integer value of the Courant number disappears if the inner and outer operators are identical, in which case, under the a.
Shakespearizing Modern Language Using Copy-Enriched Sequence to Sequence Models

Variations in writing styles are commonly used to adapt the content to a specific context, audience, or purpose. However, applying stylistic variations is still by and large a manual process, and there have been little efforts towards automating it. In this paper we explore automated methods to transform text from modern English to Shakespearean English using an end to end trainable neural model with pointers to enable copy action. To tackle limited amount of parallel data, we pre-train embeddings of words by leveraging external dictionaries mapping Shakespearean words to modern English words as well as additional text. Our methods are able to get a BLEU score of 31+, an improvement of ≈ 6 points above the strongest baseline. We publicly release our code to foster further research in this area.
Preschool Development Antecedents of Conduct Problems in Children Beginning School

Examined the developmental correlates and predictors of conduct problems in children who made the transition from preschool to kindergarten. Measures of social competence, self-control, and vocabulary ability were assessed in 79 children (4 to 5 years of age) and related to teacher ratings of impulsive-aggressive problem behavior assessed concurrently and 1 year later. Boys with high behavior-problem scores performed more impulsively on a delay-of-gratification task, responded more aggressively to hypothetical peer-conflict situations, and received more negative peer nominations than others. Conduct problems in girls were associated with motor impulsivity and low vocabulary scores (suggesting a co-occurring pattern of developmental immaturity) and with measures of both positive and negative peer status.
EVALUATION OF BODY STATURE USING RADIUS IN MEDICAL STUDENTS : A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Address for Correspondence: Dr. Rameswarapu Suman Babu, Associate Professor, Department of Anatomy, Narayana Medical College, Nellore -524 003, Andhra Pradesh, India. Mobile: +919440 713718 E-Mail: anatomysuman@gmail.com Body stature is usual heights of a person in an upright position. Assessment of body stature has a key importance in the field of anthropometry and forensic discipline research. In this relation, we have derived regression equation formula; to estimate stature from the length of radius bone in south Indian medical student population. This study was conducted in 150 medical college students of Telangana zone of South India. The age group was between18 to 22 years. Each student’s height and percutaneous radius length were measured in centimetres with the help of measure scale and spreading calipers; The data was analysed statistical calculation, by using SPSS software version-19. The correlation coefficients for right and left a radius in males are 0.591 and 0.598 whereas in females 0.543 and 0.551 respectively. The variation in mean length of radius in male and female students was statistically significant (P <0.001). The radius will length will assist in better reliability in the evaluation of an individual stature in all the cases of medico-legal anthropometry scenarios.
Impact of individual and market factors on the timing of initiation of hospice terminal care.

CONTEXT Hospice terminal care is now used by 10% to 15% of elderly Americans at variable points before their deaths. OBJECTIVE By examining the duration of patient survival after enrollment in hospice care, we sought to identify individual and market factors associated with the timing of hospice use. DESIGN We linked Medicare claims, census information, and Area Resource File data to form a national cohort of 151,410 hospice patients admitted in 1993 and followed up until late 1996. We examined this cohort with Cox regression and other means. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome measure was survival after hospice enrollment. RESULTS The patients had a mean +/- SD age of 79.0 +/- 7.4 years; 10.2% were nonwhite; 51.4% were female; and 71.3% had cancer. Median survival after hospice enrollment was 30 days (interquartile range, 10-86 days). After adjustment for measured patient, provider, and market factors, several variables were associated with relatively earlier hospice enrollment, farther from death. Compared with complementary groups, nonwhites were enrolled in hospice 4 days earlier; women, 5 days earlier; older people, 1 day earlier; and those with substance abuse, psychiatric disease, or dementia, each 3 days earlier. After adjustment, income and education were not associated with the timing of enrollment. Patients residing in markets with more hospital beds, greater hospice capacity, or a higher proportion of generalists were enrolled earlier. CONCLUSIONS Even after adjustment for certain clinical attributes, individual social factors and local market factors were associated with survival after hospice enrollment. Certain socially disadvantaged groups were enrolled earlier, as were those residing in areas with more medical institutions. The decision to enroll patients in hospice may depend on both nonclinical and clinical factors.
Two Threats to the Common Good: Self-Interested Egoism and Empathy-Induced Altruism

In each of two experiments, some participants chose between allocation of resources to the group as a whole or to themselves alone (egoism condition); some chose between allocation to a group or to a group member for whom they were induced to feel empathy (altruism condition); and some chose between allocation to a group or to a member for whom empathy was not induced (baseline condition). When the decision was private, allocation to the group was significantly—and similarly—lower in the egoism and altruism conditions compared to the baseline. When the decision was public, allocation to the group was significantly lower only in the altruism condition. These results indicated, first, that both egoism and altruism can be potent threats to the common good and, second, that anticipated social evaluation is a powerful inhibitor of the egoistic but not the altruistic threat.
Adolescent Future Expectations of Work, Education, Family, and Community Development of a New Measure

The development and validation of a measure of adolescent future expectations associated with work, education, family, health, and church/community participation is presented. The 25-item measure was administered to a sample of 389 7th- to 12th-grade urban poor and working-class Chilean students. Results of an exploratory principal axis factor analysis with oblimin (oblique) rotation revealed a five-factor structure for the measure. Evidence of concurrent validity is supported by subscale correlations with a series of other measures, and internal consistency estimates for subscales and the full scale are strong. This promising measure has potential utility for understanding Chilean and other adolescents' future expectations in distinct domains. Recommendations for additional research are provided, including validation of this measure in other national and cultural contexts.
Interfusing the Confused Region Score of Speaker Verification Systems

In the text-independent speaker recognition field, there have been many excellent techniques based on the cepstral acoustic features. Recently, high level prosodic features have been widely used to verify the speaker's identity as they are less sensitive to the channel and noisy effect. But how to combine the existed prosodic system's scores with the scores of the system based on acoustic features to achieve a superior performance becomes a very difficult issue. This paper presents a combination method called interfusing the confused region scores (ICRS) to achieve a better recognition precisio.n. We report results on the NIST 2006 speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) using two component systems: a standard MFCC-SVM and PGCP- SVM prosodic system, and show that the proposed interfusing technique results in 9.25% reduction in equal error rate (EER) and at last gets a EER = 4.9% after system's combination.
Team Attributions in Sport: A Meta-Analysis

The purpose of the study was to determine (via meta-analysis) whether team-oriented attributions in sport are team-serving. Analyses were carried out with 21 studies containing 99 effect sizes. The results indicated (a) the presence of a team-serving bias, (b) no temporal change in the pattern of results from studies using operational definitions based on Weiner's theoretical model, and (c) significant differences (p < .05) between the internal composite dimension (i.e., ability/effort versus task difficulty/luck) advanced by Weiner (1985) and the internal dimensions developed by Greenlees et al. (2005; Causal Dimension Scale for Teams). This study documents the continued presence of the team-serving bias.
Utility of microcosm studies for predicting phylloplane bacterium population sizes in the field

Population sizes of two ice nucleation-active strains of Pseudomonas syringae were compared on leaves in controlled environments and in the field to determine the ability of microcosm studies to predict plant habitat preferences in the field. The P. syringae strains investigated were the parental strains of recombinant deletion mutant strains deficient in ice nucleation activity that had been field tested for their ability to control plant frost injury. The population size of the P. syringae strains was measured after inoculation at three field locations on up to 40 of the same plant species that were studied in the growth chamber. There was seldom a significant relationship between the mean population size of a given P. syringae strain incubated under either wet or dry conditions in microcosms and the mean population size which could be recovered from the same species when inoculated in the field. Specifically, on some plant species, the population size recovered from leaves in the field was substantially greater than from that species in a controlled environment, while for other plant species field populations were significantly smaller than those observed under controlled conditions. Population sizes of inoculated P. syringae strains, however, were frequently highly positively correlated with the indigenous bacterial population size on the same plant species in the field, suggesting that the ability of a particular plant species to support introduced bacterial strains is correlated with its ability to support large bacterial populations or that indigenous bacteria enhance the survival of introduced strains. Microcosm studies therefore seem most effective at assessing possible differences between parental and recombinant strains under a given environmental regime but are limited in their ability to predict the specific population sizes or plant habitat preferences of bacteria on leaves under field conditions.
The Relationship Between Technetium-99m-Methoxyisobutyl Isonitrile Parathyroid Scintigraphy and Hormonal and Biochemical Markers in Suspicion of Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Objective: Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (Tc-99m MIBI) has been widely used to evaluate hyperfunctioning autonomous parathyroid glands in patients with elevated intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) and/or calcium (Ca) level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy and hormonal and biochemical markers in suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Material and Methods: Dual-phase Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy and total serum iPTH, Ca, phosphorus (P) and albumin measurements were performed in 60 patients (52 females, 8 males; mean age, 59.38±12.51 years; range, 34 to 86 years) with suspicion of PHPT. Results: The iPTH median level was 160.3 pg/mL (47.8 to 782.6). Thirty-five of the patients had surgical resection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid glands. Of the 35 patients, parathyroid gland pathology was detected in 30 patients using scintigraphic examination. Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy was negative in 30 patients. The iPTH, Ca and P levels were significantly different between in the Tc-99m MIBI positive group and the negative group, respectively: For iPTH, 202.1 (47.8-782.6) pg/mL versus 111.6 (80.1-373) pg/mL; p<0.001. For Ca, 11.7±1.15 mg/dL versus 10.3±1.05 mg/dL; p<0.001 and for P levels, 2.46±0.62 mg/dL versus 3.40±0.70 mg/dL; p<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum albumin levels between the MIBI positive and MIBI negative groups (4.25±0.27 g/dL versus 4.25±0.41 g/dL; p>0.05). Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy showed good correlation with iPTH level and histopathological diagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity was found 83.3% and 76.7%, respectively at the level of iPTH>147.7pg/mL. Conclusion: Tc-99m MIBI parathyroid scintigraphy is most likely to produce identification and localization of a parathyroid adenoma when both iPTH and Ca are elevated as well as decreased P levels. Conflict of interest:None declared.
Evaluation of Recombinant Antigens for Serodiagnosis of Chagas’ Disease in South and Central America

ABSTRACT The commercially available diagnostic tests for Chagas’ disease employ whole extracts or semipurified fractions ofTrypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Considerable variation in the reproducibility and reliability of these tests has been reported by different research laboratories, mainly due to cross-reactivity with other pathogens and standardization of the reagents. The use of recombinant antigens for the serodiagnosis of Chagas’ disease is recommended to increase the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests. Expressed in Escherichia coli, as fusion products with glutathione S-transferase, six T. cruzirecombinant antigens (H49, JL7, A13, B13, JL8, and 1F8) were evaluated in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Chagas’ disease. The study was carried out with a panel of 541 serum samples of chagasic and nonchagasic patients from nine countries of Latin America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Venezuela). The optimal concentration of each recombinant antigen for coating of plates was determined with the help of125I-labelled recombinant proteins. While the specificity of the epimastigote antigen was 84% because of false positives from leishmaniasis cases, for the recombinant antigens it varied from 96.2 to 99.6%. Recombinant antigens reacted with 79 to 100% of serum samples from chronic chagasic patients. In this way, it is proposed that a mixture of a few T. cruzi recombinant antigens should be employed in a diagnostic kit to minimize individual variation and promote high sensitivity in the diagnosis of Chagas’ disease.