Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Parallels of craniofacial maldevelopment in down syndrome and Ts65Dn mice

Mouse genetic models can be used to dissect molecular mechanisms that result in human disease. This approach requires detection and demonstration of compelling parallels between phenotypes in mouse and human. Ts65Dn mice are at dosage imbalance for many of the same genes duplicated in trisomy 21 or Down syndrome (DS), the most common live‐born human aneuploidy. Analysis of the craniofacial skeleton of Ts65Dn mice using three‐dimensional morphometric methods demonstrates an absolute correspondence between Ts65Dn and DS craniofacial dysmorphology, a distinctive and completely penetrant DS phenotype. The genes at dosage imbalance in Ts65Dn are localized to a small region of mouse chromosome 16 and, by comparative mapping, to the corresponding region of human Chromosome 21, providing independent experimental data supporting the contribution of genes in this region to this characteristic DS phenotype. This analysis establishes precise parallels in human and mouse skull phenotypes resulting from dosage imbalance for the same genes, revealing strong conservation of the evolved developmental genetic program that underlies mammalian skull morphology and validating the use of this mouse model in the analysis of this important DS phenotype. This evolutionary conservation further establishes the mouse as a valid model for a wide range of syndromes producing craniofacial maldevelopment. Dev Dyn;217:137–145. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of Tumor Cell-Specific mRNA in the Peripheral Blood of Patients with Breast Cancer—Evaluation of Several Markers with Real-Time Reverse Transcription-PCR

It is widely known that cells from epithelial tumors, e.g., breast cancer, detach from their primary tissue and enter blood circulation. We show that the presence of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in samples of patients with primary and metastatic breast cancer can be detected with an array of selected tumor-marker-genes by reverse transcription real-time PCR. The focus of the presented work is on detecting differences in gene expression between healthy individuals and adjuvant and metastatic breast cancer patients, not an accurate quantification of these differences. Therefore, total RNA was isolated from blood samples of healthy donors and patients with primary or metastatic breast cancer after enrichment of mononuclear cells by density gradient centrifugation. After reverse transcription real-time PCR was carried out with a set of marker genes (BCSP, CK8, Her2, MGL, CK18, CK19). B2M and GAPDH were used as reference genes. Blood samples from patients with metastatic disease revealed increased cytokine gene levels in comparison to normal blood samples. Detection of a single gene was not sufficient to detect CTCs by reverse transcription real-time PCR. Markers used here were selected based on a recent study detecting cancer cells on different protein levels. The combination of such a marker array leads to higher and more specific discovery rates, predominantly in metastatic patients. Identification of CTCs by PCR methods may lead to better diagnosis and prognosis and could help to choose an adequate therapy.
Effects of Profitable Downsizing on Collective Bargaining by Sven Fischer Werner Güth

We experimentally test how acceptance thresholds react to the decision of the proposer in a three party ultimatum game to exclude one of two responders with veto power from the game. We elicit responder acceptance thresholds in case the proposer decides to exclude one of them, what increases the available pie, and in case he doesn’t exclude him despite strong monetary incentives. We find that on the aggregate level the proposer’s decision has no effect on acceptance thresholds. However, if the proposer excludes one responder, the distribution of thresholds becomes bimodal, indicating a polarization in behavior.
The immunosuppressant 15-deoxyspergualin [correction of 1,5- deoxyspergualin] reveals commonality between preT and preB cell differentiation

15 [correction of 1,5] deoxyspergualin (DSG) is a potent immunosuppressant whose mechanism of action is still somewhat of a mystery. We have studied the generation of lymphocytes in mice treated with this drug. The differentiation of T cells in the thymus was blocked at an important early control point: the CD4-8- --> CD4+8+ transition, known to depend on the expression of a preTCR complex that includes the variable TCR-beta, but not TCR-alpha, chain. In clear contrast, a later control point, the CD4+8+ --> CD4+8- or CD4-8+ transition, dependent on the display of a conventional alpha:beta TCR complex, appeared unaffected, as did activation of mature T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, preB cell differentiation in the bone marrow was blocked at a precisely equivalent point: the A-C --> C' transition, controlled by expression of a pre-receptor complex containing the Ig heavy, but not light, chain. Mature B cells seemed unperturbed. These findings have theoretical implications, suggesting common signaling pathways in early lymphocytes that are distinct from those employed by more mature cells, and are also of practical interest, to be considered in the design of DSG treatment protocols.
Using Mobile, Wearable, Technology to Understand the Role of Built Environment Demand for Outdoor Mobility

Walking outdoors requires navigating a complex environment. However, no studies have evaluated how environmental barriers affect outdoor mobility in real time. We assessed the impact of the built environment on outdoor mobility, using mobile, wearable inertial measurement units. Data come from a convenience sample of 23 community-dwelling adults in Southeast Michigan. Participants walked a defined outdoor route where gait metrics were captured over a real-world urban environment with varying challenges. Street segments were classified as high versus low environmental demand using the Senior Walking Environmental Assessment Tool. Participants ranged in age from 22 to 74 years (mean age of 47 years). Outdoor gait speed was 0.3 m/s slower, and gait variability almost doubled, over the high- versus low-demand environments (coefficient of variability = 10.6% vs. 5.6%, respectively). This is the first study to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearable motion sensors to gather real-time mobility data in response to outdoor environmental demand. Findings contribute to the understanding of outdoor mobility by quantifying how real-world environmental challenges influence mobility in real time.
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES Inducing Absent-Mindedness in the Lab

After years of neglect, Piccione and Rubinstein (1997a) re-examined the problem of imperfect recall and its implications for game theory. They introduced the notion of absent-mindedness through a decision-making problem called the absentminded driver's paradox. This simple game precipitated a vigorous discussion with different researchers having strong opinions about whether the paradox actually exists. Alternative interpretations and varied ways to resolve the paradox were suggested. In the hopes of forwarding this debate, we provide a technique to directly test absentmindedness in the laboratory, even though in the past it has been claimed to be impossible to achieve absent-mindedness in a controlled environment. To accomplish this we rely on a technique called divided attention to impair a subject's recollection of previous choices. Our findings indicate that subjects in the experiment suffer from absent-mindedness while still behaving in a rational manner. Our experimental data for the absent-minded driver’s game shows that a substantial number of subjects demonstrate behavior consistent with the paradox.
Payment by Results How can payment systems help to deliver better care ?

The King's Fund is an independent charity working to improve health and health care in England. We help to shape policy and practice through research and analysis; develop individuals, teams and organisations; promote understanding of the health and social care system; and bring people together to learn, share knowledge and debate. Our vision is that the best possible care is available to all. List of figures and tables iv About the authors v Key messages vi What have we learnt about payment systems? vi Is PbR fit for purpose given current and future challenges? vii How should the system be developed? vii Introduction 1 1 Payment systems: policy context and description of terms 2 2 Payment systems in the NHS and the development of Payment 6 by Results
Fabrication and Integration of Multi-Scale Compliant Elastomer Dry Adhesives with Climbing Robot Designs

We present a new manufacturing technology to produce multi-scale compliant feet for use with a novel climbing robot. Climbing robots for space exploration missions may allow scientists to explore environments too difficult for traditional wheeled designs. These climbing robot designs should be able to grasp or adhere to a variety of surface types at multiple angles in order to be effective. To adhere to multiple surfaces, biomimetic dry adhesives based on gecko feet have been proposed. These biomimetic dry adhesives work by using multi-scale compliant mechanisms to make intimate contact with different surfaces and adhere by using Van der Waals forces. Fabrication of these adhesives has frequently been challenging however, due to the difficulty in combining macro, micro and nanoscale compliance. We present here strategies for creating multi-scale compliant mechanisms from macro to nanoscale for use with bioinspired climbing robots for eventual use in space exploration.
ASSOCIATION OF HAND LENGTH WITH HEIGHT IN MEDICAL STUDENTS ENROLLED IN SKIMS MEDICAL COLLEGE, INDIA

Introduction: Stature is considered as one of the important parameters for personal identification. So, Stature reconstruction is important as it provides forensic anthropological estimation of the height of a person in the living state which plays a vital role in the identification of individual remains. Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of hand length with height and to show if height could be predicted using hand length measurements in students of SKIMS Medical college. Methodology: The study of the anthropometric characteristics of 100 Medical College students of ages between 18-23 years of SKIMS Medical college, bemina with no obvious deformities or previous history of trauma to the spine or hand was undertaken. The study of these medical students, males (n=50) & females (n=50) was investigated. The anthropometric characteristics of their height and hand length were measured, analysed statistically for any significant difference, and correlation between the parameters studied. Results: The results show some significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, Pearson’s correlation analysis was used and showed a strong positive correlation, which means that high X variable scores go with high Y variable scores. (R is 0.8229) and it is significant. Results from the present study show that there was a positive correlation between height and hand length indicating that height could be predicted using hand length. Conclusion: As age groups increase the mean length of hand also increase, so there is direct relation between length of hand and age groups. Definite proportion also exists between the height and hand length in an individual at all ages, irrespective of the sex. Height of an individual is 9 times the height of hand length. Thus we can predict height from hand length when it is difficult or not possible to measure height directly.
Cross-Border Acquisitions and Board Globalization in The World's Largest TNCS, 1995–2005

Because of their size, power, and undemocratic nature, the cross-border activities of the world's transnational corporations (TNCs) are of particular interest to sociologists. Previous research shows that over the past decade the boards of directors of the world's largest TNCs have become more multinational, in other words are increasingly composed of individuals from different countries. During the same period there was also a dramatic increase in the number of cross-border TNC mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Anecdotal evidence suggests a connection between cross-border acquisitions and the increasingly multinational composition of TNC boards, and this study explores that relationship using data on the 148 largest TNCs and commercial banks. We find that a cross-border acquisition almost always results in a more multinational board of directors, that multinational boards are more likely to do cross-border deals, and that once a board becomes multinational it stays that way. The evidence also shows that multinational boards are concentrated in Europe, suggesting another dynamic between the integrating forces of the European Union and its TNCs. Because the results show increasing cross-national contact between the corporate elites who serve on multinational TNC boards, the results also provide some support for claims about the recent emergence of a “Transnational Business Class” or “Transnational Capitalist Class,” at least in Europe, although it is recognized that more study is needed to make the case that such a class is forming.
Towards understanding developing world traffic

While many projects aim to provide network access to the developing world or improve existing network access, relatively little data exists regarding the behavior of traffic in these environments, especially in regards to the characteristics of traffic in the developing world. In this paper, we provide a first glimpse into the traffic gathered by a worldwide proxy network, and try to observe differences in first-world and developing-world traffic characteristics. What sets this work apart from similar research is the scope and level of detail -- we capture more than 3TB of content representing one week's browsing by 348K users across 190 countries. Capturing the content, rather than just access logs, also allows us to perform similarity analysis at the content level.
Characters and blocks for finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras

We introduce the notion of the ell-weight lattice and the ell-root lattice adapted to the study of finite-dimensional representations of quantum affine algebras. We then study the ell-weights of the fundamental representations and show that they are invariant under the action of the associated braid group, in the case when the underlying simple Lie algebra is of classical type. As an application of this result we are able to give explicit formulas for their q-characters. An example is worked out in detail in Section 5. Finally, we describe the blocks in the category and prove that they are parametrized by the quotient of the ell-weight lattice by the ell-root lattice.
Flow-level Stability of Utility-Based Allocations for Non-Convex Rate Regions

We investigate the stability of utility-maximizing allocations in networks with arbitrary rate regions. We consider a dynamic setting where users randomly generate data flows according to some exogenous traffic processes. Network stability is then defined as the ergodicity of the process describing the number of active flows. When the rate region is convex, the stability region is known to coincide with the rate region, independently of the considered utility function. We show that for non-convex rate regions, the choice of the utility function is crucial to ensure maximum stability. The results are illustrated on the simple case of a wireless network consisting of two interacting base stations.
Influence of Severity of Problem Drinking, Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Quality on Sleep Disorder in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients

Purpose: This study was done to identify the influence of severity of drinking problem, circadian rhythm and sleep quality in patients with alcohol use. Methods: A descriptive study design was utilized. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 139 patients with alcohol use disorder who were admitted to a psychiatric hospital in D city, Korea. The questionnaires included Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Composite Scale of Morningness (CMS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Korea sleep scale A. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficients, and multiple regressions using the SPSS 20.0 program. Results: There was significant correlations among severity of problem drinking, circadian rhythm, sleep quality and sleep disorder. The significant factors influencing sleep disorder were severity of problem drinking(β = .12, p = .042), circadian rhythm(β = -.14, p = .039) and sleep quality(β = .63, p = < .001). This model explained 56% of variance in sleep disorder(F = 57.34, p = < .001). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the development of sleep intervention programs for alcohol use disorder patients needs to consider severity of alcohol use, circadian rhythm and sleep quality, and sleep assessment and intervention are needed the early stage of the treatment and recovery process.
Crucial role of sidewalls in granular surface flows: consequences for the rheology

In this paper we study the steady uniform flows that develop when granular material is released from a hopper on top of a static pile in a channel. More specifically, we focus on the role of sidewalls by carrying out experiments in set-up of different widths, from narrow channels 20 particle diameters wide to channels 600 particle diameters wide. Results show that steady flows on pile are entirely controlled by sidewall effects. A theoretical model, taking into account the wall friction and based on a simple local constitutive law recently proposed for other granular flow configurations, gives predictions in quantitative agreement with the measurements. This result gives new insights into our understanding of free-surface granular flows and strongly supports the relevance of the constitutive law proposed.
Type on Platelet Serotonin Transporter Functionality in De- Pressed Children and Adolescents. References

(1998): Polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene and antidepressant efficacy of fluvoxamine. Mol Psychiatry 3:508 –511. Reply To the Editor: Battaglia et al based their comments on the fact that in our article (Leboyer et al 1999b) " we did not make any genotyping of the 5-HTTLPR. " They further suggest that we should have selected the unaffected relatives on the basis of their 5-HTTLPR genotypes. This suggestion is highly inappropriate according to the strategy we are using, which is the identification of peripheral vulnerability markers (" endophenotypes ") in nonaffected relatives of psychiatric patients (Leboyer et al 1998, 1999a, 1999b; Pierson et al, in press). Endophenotypes are traits, or covariates, that correlate with the main trait of interest and serve to define the trait or its underlying genetic mechanism more accurately. Endophenotypes may be biochemical, neurophysiologic, cogni-tive, and/or neuropsychologic markers. To fulfill the criteria for a marker trait, an endophenotype should be able to be measured in an objective fashion among clinically unaffected relatives of patients, should occur before the onset of illness, should be stable, and should be associated with an increased risk of clinical illness. This alternative phenotypic strategy may greatly enhance the power of genetic analysis of psychiatric disorders. Their second concern regarding the potential bias of seasonal variation in 5-HT parameters is irrelevant: it is well-known that 5-HT function might change by less than 20% according to the season (Wirz-Justice 1988), whereas the differences of imipra-mine binding between unaffected relatives and control subjects we report is close to 60% for the K d and 75% for the B max. Their third comment is related to the fact that, having shown that unaffected relatives have lower platelet imipramine binding and 5-HT content, we say " this result was consistent with several reports of an association between bipolar disorder and the short allele of the 5-HTTLPR, although this result has not always been replicated. " The association with the s allele reported among bipolar patients in the literature is indeed coherent with reduced 5-HT uptake (Lesch et al 1996). One team (the authors of these criticisms) has reported that depressed children do not differ from control subjects with regard to paroxetine binding, although they carry the l/l genotype (Nobile et al 1999); however, this is in contradiction with the highly replicated observation of functional expression of the promoter (i.e., l/l and l/s being associated …
On the Gaussian approximation and margin measurements in optical amplifier systems

By comparing with the exact optical communication system performance obtained using a quasi-analytical BER calculation method, we systematically analyze the accuracy of the Gaussian approximation (GA) method and the threshold-based margin measurement method for performance evaluation of on-off keying (OOK) optical amplifier systems. We reveal the inherent connection between the GA and the threshold method from both the one-shot case and systems with low inter-symbol interference (ISI). For systems with strong ISI, we show that GA method may fail but the threshold method still provides accurate system performance estimates, even when large threshold bias is used in the measurement.
Different Presynaptic Roles of Synapsins at Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses

The functions of synapsins were examined by characterizing the phenotype of mice in which all three synapsin genes were knocked out. Although these triple knock-out mice were viable and had normal brain anatomy, they exhibited a number of behavioral defects. Synaptic transmission was altered in cultured neurons from the hippocampus of knock-out mice. At excitatory synapses, loss of synapsins did not affect basal transmission evoked by single stimuli but caused a threefold increase in the rate of synaptic depression during trains of stimuli. This suggests that synapsins regulate the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles. This possibility was examined further by measuring synaptic vesicle density in living neurons transfected with green fluorescent protein-tagged synaptobrevin 2, a marker of synaptic vesicles. The relative amount of fluorescent synaptobrevin was substantially lower at synapses of knock-out neurons than of wild-type neurons. Electron microscopy also revealed a parallel reduction in the number of vesicles in the reserve pool of vesicles >150 nm away from the active zone at excitatory synapses. Thus, synapsins are required for maintaining vesicles in the reserve pool at excitatory synapses. In contrast, basal transmission at inhibitory synapses was reduced by loss of synapsins, but the kinetics of synaptic depression were unaffected. In these terminals, there was a mild reduction in the total number of synaptic vesicles, but this was not restricted to the reserve pool of vesicles. Thus, synapsins maintain the reserve pool of glutamatergic vesicles but regulate the size of the readily releasable pool of GABAergic vesicles.
CDMA Implementation for Many-to-Many Cooperation in Mobile Ad HocNetworks

We describe a collaboration-driven approach to the sharing of the avail- able bandwidth in wireless ad hoc networks, which we call many-to-many cooper- ation, that allows concurrent many-to-many communication. This scheme is based on the integration of multi-user detection and position-location information with frequency and code division in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Transmissions are divided in frequency and codes according to nodal locations, and successive interference cancellation (SIC) is used at receivers to allow them to decode and use all transmissions from strong interfering sources. Many-to-many cooperation allows multi-copy relaying of the same packet, which reduces the packet delivery delay compared to single-copy relaying without any penalty in capacity.