Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HEREDITY AND SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY: A RECONSIDERATION*

In most sociological treatments of crime and delinquency, genetic explanations are either ignored or ridiculed. While the belief that single genetic defects produce delinquent behavior is untenable, modern genetic theory is concerned with the influence of many genes on normal human behavioral variation. This analysis of genetic variation can be united with sociological theory. In particular, a twin study of the covariation between delinquent behavior and association with delinquent peers is used to demonstrate the value of a behavioral genetic analysis for developing social theory. The phenotypic correlation between self-reported "delinquency" and the "delinquency of friends" is apportioned to three theoretical sources: genetic variation; common environmental influences that affect family members equally; and specific environmental influences that affect each individual uniquely. Of the three component sources, genetic factors contributed most to the phenotypic covariation in this study. Although genetic factors are implicated, this result does not mean that delinquency is either a direct result of biological differences or that it is inevitable. Rather, it shows that causal sequences leading to delinquency are traceable to individual differences in genes, so any social causation entails either individual differences in reactions to social processes or differential social reactions to already differing individuals. Implications of behavioral genetic analyses of covariation for theories of delinquency are discussed.
Attention-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Relation Classification

Relation classification is an important semantic processing task in the field of natural language processing (NLP). State-ofthe-art systems still rely on lexical resources such as WordNet or NLP systems like dependency parser and named entity recognizers (NER) to get high-level features. Another challenge is that important information can appear at any position in the sentence. To tackle these problems, we propose Attention-Based Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks(AttBLSTM) to capture the most important semantic information in a sentence. The experimental results on the SemEval-2010 relation classification task show that our method outperforms most of the existing methods, with only word vectors.
Socialization to a New Conception of the Principalship.

Institutions which train potential administrators are confronted with how best to help them conceive their new role in a way that supports school reform. Reports on study of candidates in a non‐traditional principal preparation programme in order to examine the socialization process of developing an innovative role conception. Candidates completed a questionnaire on entry to the programme and were interviewed at the end of the programme. Findings are reported in terms of sources and definitions of role conception, as well as socialization mechanisms. Candidates encountered conflict between the role conception emphasized by the university and that of the school system in terms of whether they stressed present reality or future change. During the course of the programme, the sense of facilitating teachers gave way to a sense of the principal′s autonomy in creating a vision and persuading others to buy into that vision. Provides implications for training principals and for future research.
Young people’s voices: disciplining young people’s participation in decision-making in special educational needs

In recent years, education and family policy in the UK has sought to incorporate the views of children and young people through an active participation agenda, in the fulfilment of children’s rights under the obligations of the UN Convention for the Rights of the Child. Drawing on empirical evidence, this paper suggests that this aspiration is flawed. The inclusion of young people’s voices in decision-making is context dependent, and influenced by individual relationships, both positive and negative. It is framed by policies that subjugate children within disciplinary technologies that determine a regime of ‘truth’ about effective and appropriate participation. Drawing on data gathered as part of a wider study on the relationships between services users and services providers in special educational needs, this paper demonstrates that active inclusion of the voice of the child can be illustrated to be at least variable, and at worst prejudiced. It is suggested that the notion of participation produces tacit forms of ‘government’ that further classify and divide young people, magnifying their marginalization.
The Structure of Wages and Internal Mobility

As the fields of personnel economics and organizational economics have become more visible in recent years, more economists, practitioners, and policymakers have become interested in the internal workings of firms. Fortunately, at the same time as interest in these areas has grown, new data sets have emerged that provide consistent personnel data from a wide variety of firms. This paper provides an example of how newly available data can be used to analyze internal labor markets and suggests how such data can be used to address other issues. Basic questions in personnel economics include how firms set wages and how people move between jobs (within and across firms). Answering these questions is essential to assessing the relative importance of theoretical models as explanations of the nature of employment relationships. These models include agency theory, matching, and search theory, among others. Historically, most attempts to study these models were limited to data sets that are drawn from a random sample of individuals with no identification of firms, such as the Current Population Survey (CPS). While much can be learned from such studies, much of the inference is indirect and the data may suffer from inconsistent or inaccurate self-reported data. An alternative strategy, used by, for example, Lazear (1992), George Baker et al. (1994), and Kenn Ariga et al. (1999), is to procure detailed personnel information from a single firm and use it to study the policies at that firm. While these papers were successful at providing details of the individual firms, they leave open the question of how widely the results generalize, especially given that the results are not consistent even across these three papers, which are based on different firms. An important step in getting past the limits of CPS-style and individual-firm data is to find data sets that provide employee details for numerous firms. Such data sets have been created in the United States, France, Sweden, and other countries. As John M. Abowd and Francis Kramarz (1999) show, these data sets take many forms and, like the data that preceded them, have varying strengths and weaknesses. They have already been used, according to Abowd and Kramarz (1999), in over 100 studies of more than 15 countries. That paper provides details on many of these studies, as well as comparing some of the features of the various data sets. Although the U.S. data have many virtues, they lack job information. A key advantage of the Swedish data used here is its detailed and accurate job classifications. This makes it possible to determine whether job openings are filled internally or externally and to follow employees as they change jobs. The data include many firms, a long panel of years, and accurate wage data, allowing the study of the relative importance of firms and jobs on wage changes and levels. The main results of this paper are as follows. First, the Swedish firms studied fill a significant † Discussants: Henry Farber, Princeton University; Lawrence Katz, Harvard University; Derek Neal, University of Chicago.
The Interpretation of Pronouns in Spanish Language Acquisition and Breakdown: Evidence for the "Principle B Delay" as a Non-Unitary Phenomenon

It is well known that English and Dutch children often allow pronouns to refer to local c-commanding antecedents, the so-called Principle B Delay. A similar observation has been made for English agrammatics. This phenomenon, which we call the Pronoun Interpretation Problem (PIP), has been argued to be due to children's and agrammatics' difficulties with the application of a Pragmatic Principle regulating intrasentential coreference. In this article, we present experimental evidence from Spanish language acquisition and agrammatism showing that (i) in both Spanish children and Spanish agrammatics, the PIP is limited to Exceptional Case Marking constructions; (ii) the PIP is not a unitary phenomenon in the sense that it is partly a pragmatic and partly a morphosyntactic phenomenon; (iii) the PIP is not the result of incomplete acquisition or the loss of linguistic knowledge; and (iv) the results support a modular approach to Binding Theory as proposed by Reinhart and Reuland (1993) and Reuland (2001).
Episodic memory for emotional and nonemotional words in schizophrenia

Deficits in the outward expression of emotion have long been recognised as a symptom of schizophrenia. However, recent research suggests that patients with schizophrenia may not have deficits in subjective emotional experience, in that they report experiencing intact levels of affect when presented with emotional stimuli. Relatively little is known about other aspects of emotional processing in schizophrenia, such as memory for emotionally valenced information, or how this might be related to either subjective emotional experience or facial emotion expressivity in schizophrenia. To address these questions, we administered an incidental‐encoding task for emotional verbal stimuli followed by recall and recognition tasks to 27 patients with schizophrenia and 28 healthy controls. Overall, patients demonstrated worse recall than controls, although they did not display worse recognition. Nonetheless, patients and controls displayed similar patterns of memory for emotional words in all tasks. However, patients with blunted affect did not show the usual memory benefit for emotionally laden words during the recall and recognition tasks, even though they rated emotional words similarly to nonblunted patients and controls.
Multidimensional Descriptions of the Optokinetic and Vestibuloocular Reflexes

The vestibuloocular and optokinetic reflexes (VOR and OKR) help to stabilize the retinal image by rotating the eyes to compensate for movements of the head or visual field. In the past both reflexes have been studied one-dimensionally and characterized by their gain, which is output (eye velocity) divided by input (head or visual field velocity). The 3-D generalization of gain is a 3 x 3 matrix whose 9 components describe the dependence of all 3 components of the output vector on all 3 components of the input. But this description ignores the dependence of eye velocity on eye position, which should theoretically be negligible for OKR and VOR; e.g., for the VOR, eye velocity should be equal and opposite to head velocity, regardless of eye position. In this study we used linear fitting to describe the 3 x 3 matrix of VOR and OKR and examined both reflexes for any eye position dependence. For OKR, 3-D eye motion was recorded using the magnetic field-search coil technique in 3 normal human subjects as they tracked a field of light spots rotating about various axes (horizontal, vertical, torsional) with a constant velocity of 60"/second. For VOR, 3 normal subjects were rotated about body-vertical, nasooccipital, and interaural axes in complete darkness with a constant velocity of 150"/second by means of a computer-controlled rotating chair. TABLE 1 shows the gain matrix of the OKR averaged over the 3 subjects. To see whether slow phases follow Listing's law, we used an analysis program that assigned scores to periods of horizontal tracking: 0 when eye velocity was independent of eye position (as required for optimal tracking of a full-field stimulus), 0.5 for a Listing's law strategy (pursuit and saccades). "' For full-field tracking (stare), scores averaged 0.35 (range 0.25-0.40) showing a smaller but still strong dependence on eye position. TABLE 2 shows the gain matrices of the VOR averaged over the 3 subjects separate
Subunit Composition of Nicotinic Receptors in Monkey Striatum: Effect of Treatments with 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine or l-DOPA

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) represent an important modulator of striatal function both under normal conditions and in pathological states such as Parkinson's disease. Because different nAChR subtypes may have unique functions, immunoprecipitation and ligand binding studies were done to identify their subunit composition. As in the rodent, α2, α4, α6, β2, and β3 nAChR subunit immunoreactivity was identified in monkey striatum. However, distinct from the rodent, the present results also revealed the novel presence of α3 nAChR subunit-immunoreactivity in this same region, but not that for α5 and β4. Relatively high levels of α2 and α3 subunits were also identified in monkey cortex, in addition to α4 and β2. Experiments were next done to determine whether striatal subunit expression was changed with nigrostriatal damage. 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine treatment decreased α6 and β3 subunit immunoreactivity by ∼80% in parallel with the dopamine transporter, suggesting that they are predominantly expressed on nigrostriatal dopaminergic projections. In contrast, α3, α4, and β2 subunit immunoreactivity was decreased ∼50%, whereas α2 was not changed. These data, together with those from dual immunoprecipitation and radioligand binding studies ([3H]cytisine, 125I-α-bungarotoxin, and 125I-α-conotoxin MII) suggest the following: that α6β2β3, α6α4β2β3, and α3β2* nAChR subtypes are present on dopaminergic terminals and that the α4β2 subtype is localized on both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic neurons, whereas α2β2* and α7 receptors are localized on nondopaminergic cells in monkey striatum. Overall, these results suggest that drugs targeting non-α7 nicotinic receptors may be useful in the treatment of disorders characterized by nigrostriatal dopaminergic damage, such as Parkinson's disease.
The Nightsat mission concept

Nightsat is a concept for a satellite system capable of global observation of the location, extent and brightness of night‐time lights at a spatial resolution suitable for the delineation of primary features within human settlements. Based on requirements from several fields of scientific inquiry, Nightsat should be capable of producing a complete cloud‐free global map of lights on an annual basis. We have used a combination of high‐resolution field spectra of outdoor lighting, moderate resolution colour photography of cities at night from the International Space Station, and high‐resolution airborne camera imagery acquired at night to define a range of spatial, spectral, and detection limit options for a future Nightsat mission. The primary findings of our study are that Nightsat should collect data from a near‐synchronous orbit in the early evening with 50 to 100 m spatial resolution and have detection limits of 2.5E−8 Watts cm−2sr−1µm−1 or better. Although panchromatic low‐light imaging data would be useful, multispectral low‐light imaging data would provide valuable information on the type or character of lighting; potentially stronger predictors of variables such as ambient population density and economic activity; and valuable information to predict response of other species to artificial night lighting. The Nightsat mission concept is unique in its focus on observing a human activity, in contrast to traditional Earth observing systems that focus on natural systems.
The Waxing and Waning of Relational Intimacy: Touch as a Function of Relational Stage, Gender and Touch Avoidance

Scholars have paid increasing attention to the role of non-verbal communication within intimate relationships. Reportedly, immediate behaviors such as touch escalate opposite-sex relationships by promoting increased intimacy and psychological closeness. This study examined the effects of relational stage, gender and touch avoidance on unobtrusively coded public touch behavior. An ANOVA indicated that relational stage was curvilinearly related to public interpersonal touch such that the level of touch was higher in intermediate stage of relationships than in either initial or stable stages. Gender had no effect on touch. Instead, a high correlation was found between the amount of touch used by males and the amount of touch used by their female partners. Touch avoidance was found to be linearly related to the amount of touch displayed, with low touch avoiders touching the most and high touch avoiders touching the least. There was a strong additive effect for touch avoidance, with all three touch avoidance groups following a curvilinear pattern for relational stage. x2 tests found that touch increased primarily in the hand and waist areas during the intermediate stage. Implications for the study of reciprocity, immediacy, intimacy and stage theory are discussed.
Materialism: Trait Aspects of Living in the Material World

The relevance of materialism to consumer behavior is discussed. Materialism is advanced as a critical but neglected macro consumer-behavior issue. Measures for materialism and three subtraits—envy, nongenerosity, and possessiveness—are presented and tested. The subtraits are compared over three generations of consumers from the same families, and measure validity is further explored via responses to a sentence completion task. Based on these results, a call is made for research into related macro consumer-behavior issues.
Crystal structures of {μ2-N,N′-bis[(pyridin-3-yl)methyl]ethanediamide}tetrakis(dimethylcarbamodithioato)dizinc(II) dimethylformamide disolvate and {μ2-N,N′-bis[(pyridin-3-yl)methyl]ethanediamide}tetrakis(di-n-propylcarbamodithioato)dizinc(II)

The ZnII atom is each of the title compounds is coordinated by two dithiocarbamate ligands and a pyridyl-N atom. The resultant NS4 donor set approximates a square-pyramid and trigonal-bipyramid, for the solvated and unsolvated structures, respectively. In the solvate, amide-N—H⋯O(dimethylformamide) hydrogen-bonds define a three-molecule aggregate while in the unsolvated structure, amide⋯amide hydrogen-bonding leads to a supramolecular chain.
Bilingual speech perception and learning: A review of recent trends

Over the past several years, the field of bilingual speech perception has seen a substantial increase in both the number of publications and in the amount of interest directed at its findings. Consequently, the time is ripe to assess the state of the field, what we have accomplished and where we have yet to go. Although we cannot capture the full state of the field in the space of this paper, we hope to summarize the major trends that have led to the current state and take stock of its future directions. To that end, we focus our review on the relative merits of single phonemes versus whole words and phrases when investigating bilingual speech, the efficacy of the different training paradigms that have been attempted and we focus, in particular, on the role of individual differences in predicting learning outcomes. We conclude our review by highlighting recent developments demonstrating that identifying individual differences in ability pre-training can result in more efficacious training paradigms. Goals for future research are also discussed.
Retrieval-induced forgetting of arithmetic facts across cultures

Retrieving a single-digit multiplication fact (3×4 =12) can slow response time (RT) for the corresponding addition fact (3+4=7). The present experiment investigated effects of problem type (i.e., tie addition problems such as 3+3 vs. non-ties such as 3+4) and cultural background on this retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF) phenomenon in young adults. Canadians answering in English (n=36), Chinese adults answering in English (n=36), and Chinese answering in Chinese (n=36) received four blocks of multiplication practice and then two blocks of the addition counterparts and control additions. Tie addition problems presented a robust RIF effect that did not differ between groups, but only the Canadian group showed RIF for non-ties and only for small non-ties with sum≤10 (3+4). The Chinese groups' RIF effect for addition ties, but not small non-ties, converges with recent evidence that ties are solved by direct memory retrieval whereas small non-ties may be solved by highly efficient procedural processes in skilled performers.
The Effect of Economic Standing, Individual Preferences, and Co-ethnic Resources on Immigrant Residential Clustering 1

Our study examines how immigrants cluster in co-ethnic neighborhoods. We systematically explore the effects of three factors on the co-ethnic clustering of immigrants: economic resources, co-ethnic preferences, and the use of co-ethnic information sources. The study is based on a unique data set that provides rarely available rich information on housing search collected in Toronto in 2006. Focusing on Asian Indians and Chinese immigrants, the results clearly suggest that of all preferences, only co-ethnic preference is related to co-ethnic clustering of the two groups when income and use of co-ethnic resources are taken into consideration, and that levels of co-ethnic clustering are not related to the economic resources of immigrants. The findings also reveal that some effects are distinctive to specific groups. Although immigrants use various co-ethnic resources to obtain housing information, only the use of co-ethnic real estate agents is significant, and that only for the clustering of Chinese, not for Asian Indians.
Seeing One’s Partner Through Intimacy-Colored Glasses: An Examination of the Processes Underlying the Intimacy Goals-Relationship Satisfaction Link

This research extends previous work demonstrating that individuals with intimacy goals experience greater relationship satisfaction by examining three distinct processes that may underlie this association (e.g., engaging in intimacy-conducive interactions with their partners, having intimacy-focused partners, perceiving partners as intimacy focused). The study included 100 female college students who completed measures of intimacy goals, patterns of relationship interaction, perceptions of their partner’s intimacy goals, and relationship satisfaction. Their dating partners also completed the intimacy goals measure. Results indicate that individuals with intimacy goals engage in particular patterns of interaction and perceive their partners as having intimacy goals, although there was no association between own and partner’s goals. Moreover, women’s perceptions of their partners’ intimacy goals partially mediated the intimacy goals-relationship satisfaction link.
Cheaper Options in the Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is a common challenge in oncology practice for which there are expensive guideline-based treatment options. Although supportive care in cancer adds significantly to the overall cost, the discussion of unaffordability of anticancer treatment frequently only revolves around the targeted drugs and immunotherapies. In this review, we highlight the available cost-saving strategies and recent updates in preventing CINV in patients with cancer. This is the first work, to our knowledge, to review specifically the less expensive alternatives in CINV prevention, which is particularly important for those working in resource-limited settings. Whereas patients in these settings often cannot afford expensive antiemetics, we now have the science to offer cheaper, more affordable options without necessarily compromising efficacy.