Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Magnetic Stimulation of Central Nervous System Neurons

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a stimulation method in which a magnetic coil generates a magnetic field in an area of interest in the brain. This magnetic field induces an electric field that modulates neuronal activity. The spatial distribution of the induced electric field is determined by the geometry and location of the coil relative to the brain. Although TMS has been used for several decades, the biophysical basis underlying the stimulation of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) is still unknown. To address this problem we developed a numerical scheme enabling us to combine realistic magnetic stimulation (MS) with compartmental modeling of neurons with arbitrary morphology. The induced electric field for each location in space was combined with standard compartmental modeling software to calculate the membrane current generated by the electromagnetic field for each segment of the neuron. In agreement with previous studies, the simulations suggested that peripheral axons were excited by the spatial gradients of the induced electric field. In both peripheral and central neurons, MS amplitude required for action potential generation was inversely proportional to the square of the diameter of the stimulated compartment. Due to the importance of the fiber's diameter, magnetic stimulation of CNS neurons depolarized the soma followed by initiation of an action potential in the initial segment of the axon. Passive dendrites affect this process primarily as current sinks, not sources. The simulations predict that neurons with low current threshold are more susceptible to magnetic stimulation. Moreover, they suggest that MS does not directly trigger dendritic regenerative mechanisms. These insights into the mechanism of MS may be relevant for the design of multi-intensity TMS protocols, may facilitate the construction of magnetic stimulators, and may aid the interpretation of results of TMS of the CNS.
The N2K Consortium. VI. Doppler Shifts without Templates and Three New Short-Period Planets

We present a modification to the iodine cell Doppler technique that eliminates the need for an observed stellar template spectrum. For a given target star, we iterate toward a synthetic template spectrum beginning with an existing template of a similar star. We then perturb the shape of this first-guess template to match the program observation of the target star taken through an iodine cell. The elimination of a separate template observation saves valuable telescope time, a feature that is ideally suited for the quick-look strategy employed by the "Next 2000 Stars" (N2K) planet search program. Tests using Keck HIRES (High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer) spectra indicate that synthetic templates yield a short-term precision of 3 m s-1 and a long-term, run-to-run precision of 5 m s-1. We used this new Doppler technique to discover three new planets: a 1.50MJ planet in a 2.1375 day orbit around HD 86081; a 0.71MJ planet in circular, 26.73 day orbit around HD 224693; and a Saturn-mass planet in an 18.179 day orbit around HD 33283. The remarkably short period of HD 86081b bridges the gap between the extremely short period planets detected in the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey and the 16 Doppler-detected hot Jupiters (P < 15 days), which have an orbital period distribution that piles up at about 3 days. We have acquired photometric observations of two of the planetary host stars with the automated photometric telescopes at Fairborn Observatory. HD 86081 and HD 224693 both lack detectable brightness variability on their radial velocity periods, supporting planetary-reflex motion as the cause of the radial velocity variability. HD 86081 shows no evidence of planetary transits in spite of a 17.6% transit probability. We have too few photometric observations to detect or rule out transits for HD 224693.
Cost-Effectiveness of Cardiac Radiosurgery for Atrial Fibrillation: Implications for Reducing Health Care Morbidity, Utilization, and Costs

In the United States (U.S.), atrial fibrillation (AF) is the second-most common cardiovascular condition after hypertension, affecting four million Americans each year. Individuals with AF are three times more likely to be hospitalized over the span of a year when compared to medically matched control groups. The considerably large clinical population of individuals with AF mandates that the cost-effectiveness and efficacy of current treatment regimens for AF have egregious implications for health care spending and public health. Unfortunately, catheter ablation for AF treatment has been shown to make only modest gains in quality-adjusted life years, has yet to demonstrate cost-utility advantages over conventional therapies for AF, and has a reported rate of recurrence for AF that is notably high. Thus, there is a major unmet clinical need for a therapeutic option to treat AF that produces more consistent and efficacious results that are cost-effective. Cardiac radiosurgery as a therapy for AF has the potential to be remarkably cost-effective and produce robust patient outcomes. CyberHeart Inc. has developed the world’s first-ever cardiac radiosurgery (CRS) system designed to ablate the heart non-invasively. Procedures that ablate the heart utilizing the Cyberheart CRS system are anticipated to allow higher efficacy and more consistent results than current techniques such as catheter ablation. The aim of this study is to present the current healthcare utilization and expenditures in AF treatment, report the cost-effectiveness of catheter ablation for AF, and project the potential cost-effectiveness of cardiac radiosurgery for the treatment of AF.
Social Barriers Faced by Newcomers Placing Their First Contribution in Open Source Software Projects

Newcomers' seamless onboarding is important for online communities that depend upon leveraging the contribution of outsiders. Previous studies investigated aspects of the joining process and motivation in open collaboration communities, but few have focused on identifying and understanding the critical barriers newcomers face when placing their first contribution, a period that frequently leads to dropout. This is important for Open Source Software (OSS) projects, which receive contributions from many one-time contributors. Focusing on OSS, our study qualitatively analyzed social barriers that hindered newcomers' first contributions. We defined a conceptual model composed of 58 barriers including 13 social barriers. The barriers were identified from a qualitative data analysis considering different sources: a systematic literature review; open question responses gathered from OSS projects' contributors; students contributing to OSS projects; and semi-structured interviews with 36 developers from 14 different projects. This paper focuses on social barriers and its contributions include gathering empirical evidence of the barriers faced by newcomers, organizing and better understanding these barriers, surveying the literature from the perspective of the barriers, and identifying new potential research streams.
The Forgotten Self-Talk Attribute: Examining Perceived Effectiveness Profiles and Patterns of Elite Female Junior Soccer Players

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the role of “perceived effectiveness” as a relevant self-talk (ST) attribute using an exploratory instrument designed to measure multiple ST dimensions/attributes as well as psychosocial correlate variables. A sample of 214 adolescent female soccer players were surveyed while participating in an Olympic Development Program Regional Camp. Correlational analysis demonstrated moderate relationships between perceived ST frequency and effectiveness and psychosocial correlates, with perceived effectiveness correlations similar to, or stronger than, frequency relationships. Cluster analysis identified three perceived ST effectiveness profiles (i.e., effective, ineffective and strategy-users), and MANOVA results found the effective ST profile demonstrated significantly more positive psychosocial outcomes than did the other two profiles, supporting perceived effectiveness as a key self-talk process attribute.
Hybrid Tail Risk and Expected Stock Returns: When Does the Tail Wag the Dog?

We introduce a new, hybrid measure of stock return tail covariance risk, motivated by the under-diversified portfolio holdings of individual investors, and investigate its cross-sectional predictive power. Our key innovation is that this covariance is measured across the left tail states of the individual stock return distribution, not across those of the market return as in standard systematic risk measures. We document a positive and significant relation between hybrid tail covariance risk (H-TCR) and expected stock returns, with an annualized premium of 9%, in contrast to the insignificant or negative results for purely stock-specific or systematic tail risk measures.
Partial collection replication versus caching for information retrieval systems

The explosion of content in distributed information retrieval (IR) systems requires new mechanisms to attain timely and accurate retrieval of unstructured text. In this paper, we compare two mechanisms to improve IR system performance: partial collection replication and caching. When queries have locality, both mechanisms return results more quickly than sending queries to the original collection(s). Caches return results when queries exactly match a previous one. Partial replicas are a form of caching that return results when the IR technology determines the query is a good match. Caches are simpler and faster, but replicas can increase locality by detecting similarity between queries that are not exactly the same. We use real traces from THOMAS and Excite to measure query locality and similarity. With a very restrictive definition of query similarity, similarity improves query locality up to 15% over exact match. We use a validated simulator to compare their performance, and find that even if the partial replica hit rate increases only 3 to 6%, it will outperform simple caching under a variety of configurations. A combined approach will probably yield the best performance.
Patterns of connections between zona incerta and brainstem in rats

To understand better the organisation of zona incerta of the thalamus, this study has examined the patterns of connections that this nucleus has with various nuclei of the brainstem. Injections of biotinylated dextran or cholera toxin subunit B were made into the dorsal raphe, midbrain reticular nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, periaqueductal grey matter, pontine reticular nucleus, substantia nigra, superior colliculus, and ventral tegmental area of Sprague‐Dawley rats, and their brains were processed by using standard tracer‐detection methods.
Paralyzed Flagella Mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Five paralyzed flagella mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been isolated and characterized ultrastructurally as specifically defective for either the outer row or inner row of arms on the axonemal doublet microtubules. Four mutants falling in two genetic loci (pf-13, pf-ItA, pf-22, and pf-22A) show quantitative deficiencies for outer arms. One mutant for a third locus, pf-23, is deficient for inner arms. The structural defects in the mutants have been correlated with deficiencies for two different groups of wild type axonemal polypeptides resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. pf-13 and pf-22 mutants show a common deficiency for 13 axonemal polypeptides, four high molecular weight polypeptides in the range of 330,000 to 300,000 and nine lower molecular weight polypeptides in the range of 88,000 to 16,000. A different group of nine axonemal polypeptides were found to be affected uniquely in pf-23. In the case of the outer arm mutants, a marked reduction in axonemal ATPase activity measured in isolated axonemes and high salt axonemal extracts has been correlated with a specific deficiency for two peaks of Mg+-dependent ATPase activity sedimenting at 12 S and 18 S on sucrose density gradients. The major ATPases contained within these two peaks have been recently purified and identified as two distinct multicomponent dyneins (Piperno, G., and Luck, D. J. L. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 3084-3090). The 13 axonemal polypeptides found to be deficient in the outer arm mutants coincide with the polypeptides observed to co-purify with either the 12 S or 18 S dyneins. These data indicate that both the 12 S and 18 S dyneins are localized in the outer arms.
The WORKPAD P2P Service-Oriented Infrastructure for Emergency Management

In this paper~ we present the architecture of the research project WORKPAD 1. This project aims at designing and developing an innovative service-oriented software infrastructure J/br supporting collaborative work of human operators in emergency/disaster scenarios. In such scenarios, different teams, belonging to different organizations, need to collaborate with one other; each team member is equipped with handheld devices (PIJAs) and communication technologies, and should carry on specific tasks. In such a case we can consider the whole team as carrying on a process, and the different teams collaborate through the "interleaving " of all the different processes. Each team is supported by some back-end centres, which need to cooperate at an inter-organizational level.
VEGF Scaffolds Enhance Angiogenesis and Bone Regeneration in Irradiated Osseous Defects

Bone regeneration is challenging in sites where the blood supply has been compromised by radiation. We examined the potential of a growth factor (VEGF) delivery system to enhance angiogenesis and bone formation in irradiated calvarial defects. VEGF‐releasing polymers significantly increased blood vessel density and vascular perfusion in irradiated defects and increased bone formation relative to control conditions.
Analysis of Biochemical Composition of Honey Samples from North-EastNigeria

Natural honey is one of the most widely sought products due to its unique properties, which are attributed to the influence of the different groups of substances it contains. Honey is used for nutritional, medicinal and industrial purposes and it is an important commodity in the international market; serving as foreign exchange earner for many countries. In Nigeria, honey production (beekeeping) has the potential to develop as a prime agro-horticultural and forest-based industry which can be a major foreign exchange earner if international standards are met. The precise chemical composition and physical properties of natural honeys differ according to the plant species on which the bees forage. Differences in climatic conditions and vegetations are also important factors that can affect the various properties of honey. North-eastern Nigeria consists of humid, semi arid and arid climates with varying agricultural activities and blossoms from different types of vegetations, which can influence the natural composition and properties of honey. Thus, analysis of the biochemical composition of 18 honey samples obtained from different locations in the northeast sub-region of Nigeria was carried out to ascertain their qualities. Moisture and ash contents of the samples had average values of 16.00 ± 2.19 g/100 g and 0.47 ± 0.09 g/100 g, respectively. The protein contents ranged between 0.35 and 1.08g/100 g with a mean of 0.67 ± 0.25 g/100 g while fat content lied between 0.10 and 0.50 g/100 g with a mean of 0.29 ± 0.11 g/100 g. Total carbohydrate contents and Energy values showed average values of 82.30 ± 2.03 g/100 g and 1,401.33 ± 33.71 KJ/100 g, respectively. Fructose contents gave an average of 38.94 ± 0.90 g/100 g, while glucose contents had a mean value of 31.65 ± 2.79 g/100 g. The sucrose contents of the honey samples had a mean value of 1.84 ± 0.79 g/100 g. Total polyphenol and vitamin C contents showed mean values of 65.31 ± 19.50 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100 g and 21.15 ± 3.99 mg/100 g, respectively. The results of this study indicate that the samples compare favorably with samples in many parts of the world and also fall within the limits of international standards.
‘Them That Runs the Country Don't Know What They're Doing’: Political Dissatisfaction Amongst Members of the White Working Class

There are signs that a significant number of British people do not feel that their concerns are being addressed by the mainstream parties or the political system. This paper attends to the quality of that political dissatisfaction amongst members of ‘the white working classes’. There is a need to extend typical concerns about youth disengagement to adults and to consider the role that class plays. Lower participation in formal democratic processes may not mean disengagement from all forms of politics, but could have considerable consequences for who gains power and for the tone and focus of political debates and policies. Our project contributes to exploring political dissatisfaction by engaging with low wage workers in Yorkshire and the North West, where high support for the far-right BNP and low voter turnout are signs that mainstream politics and politicians are failing to impress. We asked people about their feelings in relation to mainstream politics and their concerns. These participants feel distanced from governing elites, formal political processes and old ideologies. They are searching for ways to make sense of their struggles to live a decent life, and in doing so must contend with the dominance of racist discourses.
Towards Cognitive Exploration through Deep Reinforcement Learning for Mobile Robots

Exploration in an unknown environment is the core functionality for mobile robots. Learning-based exploration methods, including convolutional neural networks, provide excellent strategies without human-designed logic for the feature extraction. But the conventional supervised learning algorithms cost lots of efforts on the labeling work of datasets inevitably. Scenes not included in the training set are mostly unrecognized either. We propose a deep reinforcement learning method for the exploration of mobile robots in an indoor environment with the depth information from an RGB-D sensor only. Based on the Deep Q-Network framework, the raw depth image is taken as the only input to estimate the Q values corresponding to all moving commands. The training of the network weights is end-to-end. In arbitrarily constructed simulation environments, we show that the robot can be quickly adapted to unfamiliar scenes without any man-made labeling. Besides, through analysis of receptive fields of feature representations, deep reinforcement learning motivates the convolutional networks to estimate the traversability of the scenes. The test results are compared with the exploration strategies separately based on deep learning or reinforcement learning. Even trained only in the simulated environment, experimental results in real-world environment demonstrate that the cognitive ability of robot controller is dramatically improved compared with the supervised method. We believe it is the first time that raw sensor information is used to build cognitive exploration strategy for mobile robots through end-to-end deep reinforcement learning.
Making strategy work: A literature review on the factors influencing strategy implementation

Although numerous studies acknowledge that strategies frequently fail not because of inadequate strategy formulation, but because of insufficient implementation, strategy implementation has received less research attention than strategy formulation. In this study, we review the factors that enable or impede effective strategy implementation, and survey the state-of-the-art in this domain. We highlight how strategy implementation has been researched so far – and in which contexts – and how this field may be moved forward. As a result of our literature analysis, spanning the last twenty-four years, we find nine crucial factors for strategy implementation that are frequently discussed in the literature as well as two approaches of aggregating and relating relevant factors. We find several important research needs regarding these factors and outline how they could be addressed.
At an Intersection of Postfeminism and Neoliberalism: A Discourse Analytical View of an International Women's Magazine

Female empowerment, success and agency have become icons of contemporary postfeminist popular culture and especially of women’s magazines. While in previous research these notions have been seen as manifestations of a new, popular feminism, more recently they have also been connected to the growing hegemony of neoliberal governance, a mode of power that ultimately aims at an economization of the social and is fundamentally exercised in and through discourse. This article seeks to contribute to the emerging body of research on the interconnectedness of these two phenomena, postfeminism and neoliberalism, by using the example of the German edition of the women’s magazine Cosmopolitan. Methodologically the study draws on linguistically oriented discourse analysis. The analysis focuses on the operation of a ‘discourse of postfeminist self-management’ in two key domains of the magazine: work and sex. Following a multilayered examination, the study concludes that although the discourse of postfeminist self-management evokes a feminist ethos, its logic is that of neoliberal governmentality. Thus the study suggests that rather than feminist action of any kind, what is going on here is gender-specific neoliberal governance, whereby the subversive power of feminism is systematically turned into a productive force for the (self-)production of neoliberalized, entrepreneurial subjects.
Adapting an established measure of supervision for beach settings. Is the parent supervision attributes profile questionnaire reliable?

The Parent Supervision Attributes Profile Questionnaire (PSAPQ), developed to measure aspects of caregiver supervision and protectiveness and previously applied within playgrounds and in the home, was modified for implementation in a beach setting. To assess the test–retest reliability of the PSAPQ beach modification (PSAPQ-BEACH), 20 caregivers completed the PSAPQ-BEACH twice, over a mean interval of 18 days (range 10–24). The test–retest reliability and internal consistency of the PSAPQ-BEACH scores were compared to those of the PSAPQ. All scores on the PSAPQ-BEACH were higher than the PSAPQ, providing evidence that the questionnaire remains reliable after its adaptation to beach settings.