Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Basis for Formal Robustness Checking

Correct input/output behavior of circuits in presence of internal malfunctions becomes more and more important. But reliable and efficient methods to measure this robustness are not available yet. In this paper a formal measure for the robustness of a circuit is introduced. Then, a first algorithm to determine the robustness is presented. This is done by reducing the problem either to sequential equivalence checking or to a sequence of property checking instances. The technique also identifies those parts of the circuit that are not robust from a functional point of view and therefore have to be hardened during layout.
Massively Parallel Memory-Based Parsing

This paper discusses a radically new scheme of natural language processing called massively parallel memory-based parsing. Most parsing schemes are rule-based or principle-based which involves extensive serial rule application. Thus, it is a time consuming task which requires a few seconds or even a few minutes to complete the parsing of one sentence. Also, the degree of parallelism attained by mapping such a scheme on parallel computers is at most medium, so that the existing scheme can not take advantage of massively parallel computing. The massively parallel memory-based parsing takes a radical departure from the traditional view. It views parsing as a memory-intensive process which can be sped up by massively parallel computing. Although we know of some studies in this direction, we have seen no report regarding implementation strategies on actual massively parallel machines, on performance, or on practicality accessment based on actual data. Thus, this paper focuses on discussion of the feasibility and problems of the approach based on actual massively parallel implementation using real data. The degree of parallelism attained in our model reaches a few thousands, and the performance of a few milliseconds per sentence has been accomplished. In addition, parsing time grows only linearly (or sublincarly) to the length of the input sentences. The experimental results show the approach is promising for real-time parsing and bulk text processing.
Heritability estimation of sex‐specific effects on human quantitative traits

Recent studies have suggested that sex‐specific genetic architecture could be because of the effects of autosomal genes that are differentially expressed in males and females. Yet, few studies have explored the effects of X‐linked genes on sex‐specific genetic architecture. In this study, we extended the variance component, maximum likelihood method to evaluate the relative contributions of sex‐specific effects on both autosomes and the X chromosome to estimates of heritability of 20 quantitative human phenotypes in the Hutterites. Seventeen of these traits were previously analyzed in this population under a model that did not include X chromosomal effects; three traits are analyzed for the first time (age at menarche, percent fat and fat‐free mass [FFM]). Seven traits (systolic blood pressure (SBP), adult height, fasting insulin, triglycerides, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], serotonin, and age at menarche) showed significant X‐linked effects; three of these (SBP, adult height, and triglycerides) showed X‐linked effects only in males. Four traits (Lp(a), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, ratio of percent predicted forced expiratory volume at 1 s/forced vital capacity, and FFM) showed significant sex‐environment interactions, and two traits (high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and FFM) showed significant sex‐specific autosomal effects. Our analyses demonstrate that sex‐specific genetic effects may not only be common in human quantitative traits, but also that the X chromosome both plays a large role in these effects and has a variable influence between the sexes. Genet. Epidemiol. 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental and Periodontal Diseases Among United Nations Personnel in Mission: A Fifteen Months Experience of Rwanda Level 2 Hospital Bria in Central African Republic

Oral diseases and orodental trauma are major public health problems worldwide and poor oral health has a profound effect on general health and quality of life. This retrospective study was conducted on dental visits at Rwandan Level 2 hospital Bria in Central African Republic from August 2015 to November 2016. Dental and periodontal diseases have been documented; demographic and analytical data were reviewed and analyzed. A total of 540 dental visits aged from 22 to 59 years; mean age of 37.57 ± 8.15 years. Male sex ratio of 9.6: 1. Dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis were more prevalent with 33.13%, 16.98% and 13.87% respectively. Scaling and root planning, permanent filling and extractions were the most treatment in 34%, 32.4% and 19.92% respectively. The teeth 16, 26, 36 and 46 were found to be more diseased with 23%, 25.52%, 30.17% and 27.15% respectively. Gingivitis and periodontitis showed a protection association with age of less than 37.57 years p=0.013, OR=0.55, 95% CI (0.34 - 0.88) and p < 0.001, OR=0.38, 95% CI (0.22 – 0.64) respectively. Dental caries, Operculitis, fractured crown and teeth extractions showed strong statistical significance and risks with particular teeth. Dental and periodontal diseases are prevalent at Rwanda Level 2 hospital Bria. The different diseases and management have been documented. As per our hypothesis, dental caries were found to be the most common disease in this population. Particular statistical association of some diseased teeth has been shown.
Near infrared intersubband absorption and photovoltaic detection in GaN/AIN multi quantum well structures

Due to the large conduction band offset of nearly 2 eV between GaN and AlN, group III nitride semiconductor heterostructures are of great interest for optoelectronics based on intersubband transitions (ISBTs). These properties allow the extension of the ISBT wavelength range into the near infrared. In this work near infrared ISBTs in GaN/AlN heterostructures were investigated for samples grown by both plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PAMBE) and metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy (MOVPE). It was shown in the experiment that a 15 Å thick quantum well (QW) absorbs light around 800 meV (1.5μm). The highest ISB absorption energy for PAMBE samples in this work is 890 meV (1.39μm) and 834 meV (1.49μm) for MOVPE. Those results show that both growth techniques are appropriate to achieve short ISBT wavelengths. As group III nitrides are non-centrosymmetric, strong piezoand pyro-electric fields occur in GaN/AlN heterostructures; they lead to intrinsic asymmetries in the electronic potential of a multi quantum well (MQW) structure and give rise to nonlinear optical phenomena. Based on the photoinduced polarization detection mechanism, ISB detectors were designed and investigated. Photovoltaic responses, which originate both from linear absorption as well as from step two-photon absorption were measured. These prototype photoinduced polarization photodetectors work up to room temperature. The frequency response obtained with a modulated telecommunication laser diode showed a signal up to 3GHz. A narrow-band electro-optic modulator prototype working around 1. 5μm based on the depletion of a GaN/AlN MQW region is also presented. Those results on modulation and fast photovoltaic detection at 1. 55μm illustrate the application potential of group III nitride ISB devices as electro-optic detectors and modulators for long-haul optical fiber telecommunication.
Clinical versus Sonographic Estimation of Foetal Weight in Southwest Nigeria

A prospective study was conducted at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between 3 January and 31May 2004, to compare the accuracy of clinical and ultrasonographic estimation of foetal weight at term. One hundred pregnant women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria had their foetal weight estimated independently using clinical and ultrasonographic methods. Accuracy was determined by percentage error, absolute percentage error, and proportion of estimates within 10% of actual birthweight (birthweight of +10%). Statistical analysis was done using the paired t-test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and the chi-square test. The study sample had an actual average birthweight of 3,255+622 (range 2,150–4,950) g. Overall, the clinical method overestimated birthweight, while ultrasound underestimated it. The mean absolute percentage error of the clinical method was smaller than that of the sonographic method, and the number of estimates within 10% of actual birthweight for the clinical method (70%) was greater than for the sonographic method (68%); the difference was not statistically significant. In the low birthweight (<2,500 g) group, the mean errors of sonographic estimates were significantly smaller, and significantly more sonographic estimates (66.7%) were within 10% of actual birthweight than those of the clinical method (41.7%). No statistically significant difference was observed in all the measures of accuracy for the normal birthweight range of 2,500-<4,000 g and in the macrosonic group (≥4,000 g), except that, while the ultrasonographic method underestimated birthweight, the clinical method overestimated it. Clinical estimation of birthweight is as accurate as routine ultrasonographic estimation, except in low-birthweight babies. Therefore, when the clinical method suggests weight smaller than 2,500 g, subsequent sonographic estimation is recommended to yield a better prediction and to further evaluate foetal well-being.
Dissection of the Complex Phenotype in Cuticular Mutants of Arabidopsis Reveals a Role of SERRATE as a Mediator

Mutations in LACERATA (LCR), FIDDLEHEAD (FDH), and BODYGUARD (BDG) cause a complex developmental syndrome that is consistent with an important role for these Arabidopsis genes in cuticle biogenesis. The genesis of their pleiotropic phenotypes is, however, poorly understood. We provide evidence that neither distorted depositions of cutin, nor deficiencies in the chemical composition of cuticular lipids, account for these features, instead suggesting that the mutants alleviate the functional disorder of the cuticle by reinforcing their defenses. To better understand how plants adapt to these mutations, we performed a genome-wide gene expression analysis. We found that apparent compensatory transcriptional responses in these mutants involve the induction of wax, cutin, cell wall, and defense genes. To gain greater insight into the mechanism by which cuticular mutations trigger this response in the plants, we performed an overlap meta-analysis, which is termed MASTA (MicroArray overlap Search Tool and Analysis), of differentially expressed genes. This suggested that different cell integrity pathways are recruited in cesA cellulose synthase and cuticular mutants. Using MASTA for an in silico suppressor/enhancer screen, we identified SERRATE (SE), which encodes a protein of RNA-processing multi-protein complexes, as a likely enhancer. In confirmation of this notion, the se lcr and se bdg double mutants eradicate severe leaf deformations as well as the organ fusions that are typical of lcr and bdg and other cuticular mutants. Also, lcr does not confer resistance to Botrytis cinerea in a se mutant background. We propose that there is a role for SERRATE-mediated RNA signaling in the cuticle integrity pathway.
ASTLOG: A Language for Examining Abstract Syntax Trees

We desired a facility for locating/analyzing syntactic artifacts in abstract syntax trees of C/C++ programs, similar to the facility grep or awk provides for locating artifacts at the lexical level. Prolog, with its implicit pattern-matching and backtracking capabilities, is a natural choice for such an application. We have developed a Prolog variant that avoids the overhead of translating the source syntactic structures into the form of a Prolog database; this is crucial to obtaining acceptable performance on large programs. An interpreter for this language has been implemented and used to find various kinds of syntactic bugs and other questionable constructs in real programs like Microsoft SQL server (450Klines) and Microsoft Word (2Mlines) in time comparable to the runtime of the actual compiler. The model in which terms are matched against an implicit current object, rather than simply proven against a database of facts, leads to a distinct "inside-out functional" programming style that is quite unlike typical Prolog, but one that is, in fact, well-suited to the examination of trees. Also, various second-order Prolog set-predicates may be implemented via manipulation of the current object, thus retaining an important feature without entailing that the database be dynamically extensible as the usual implementation does.
Grid synchronization PLL based on cascaded delayed signal cancellation

During the grid synchronization of distributed generating (DG) units, phase-locked loop (PLL) is well accepted as an efficient approach to detect grid phase angle. Conventional PLL schemes used in DG controller have to compromise between steady-state accuracy and transient dynamics when grid voltage is polluted by unbalance and harmonics. To simultaneously realize good steady-state and transient performances, this paper proposes a general delayed signal cancellation (DSC) operator, which can be tailored to eliminate any specified harmonic. The proposed DSC operator can be further cascaded to stepwisely reject all undesired harmonics. Then the conditioned voltage signal can be used in PLL loop to achieve fast transient response at high control bandwidth without suffering from the steady-state error caused by harmonics. Based on differently configured DSC operators, two PLL designs are then developed, namely CDSC-PLL1 and CDSC-PLL2. Specifically, CDSC-PLL1 is aimed for grid voltage with unbalance and odd/even harmonics, while CDSC-PLL2 further addresses asymmetrical harmonics, i.e. harmonics arising from asymmetrically distorted three-phase voltages. All proposed PLL designs have very simple structure and can be easily implemented. The superior performance is confirmed by experimental results.
Repeat abortion: facts and issues

Background The commonest reason for undertaking termination of pregnancy (TOP) in the UK is as defined by Clause 2 of the Abortion Act. There are no agreed criteria for defining 'recurrent abortion seekers'. We aimed to review the characteristics of women requesting termination of at least two consecutive pregnancies within 24 months of the first and to identify any factors for seeking repeat TOP. Methods The database of patients that attended our Fertility Control Services from 2001 to 2006 was evaluated. Demographic data, contraceptive use in the cycle of conception and reasons for request were assessed for possible associations with repeat TOP. Results The incidence was 2.3% as defined by our criteria. Financial circumstances was the commonest reason for seeking TOP (75%). The combined oral contraceptive pill and condom were the commonest forms of contraception in these patients before the first TOP (35% and 38%, respectively). Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) was used by only 8% of women before their TOP. Although 58% accepted LARC following TOP, only 2% continued its use thereafter and 50% of women were not using any contraception at the time of the repeat TOP. Conclusion This study suggests that social workers and perhaps psychologists should be part of the peri-abortion counselling team. Contraceptive counselling should emphasise the side effects of LARC to improve compliance. Follow-up to ensure compliance and involvement of partners in decision-making could help to reduce the incidence of repeat TOP.
TweeTime : A Minimally Supervised Method for Recognizing and Normalizing Time Expressions in Twitter

We describe TweeTIME, a temporal tagger for recognizing and normalizing time expressions in Twitter. Most previous work in social media analysis has to rely on temporal resolvers that are designed for well-edited text, and therefore suffer from the reduced performance due to domain mismatch. We present a minimally supervised method that learns from large quantities of unlabeled data and requires no hand-engineered rules or hand-annotated training corpora. TweeTIME achieves 0.68 F1 score on the end-to-end task of resolving date expressions, outperforming a broad range of state-of-the-art systems.
Combining isometric knee extension exercises with hip adduction or abduction does not increase quadriceps EMG activity

Objective: To determine if the combined isometric contractions of knee extension/hip adduction and knee extension/hip abduction will elicit a different quadriceps and gluteus medius electromyographic (EMG) pattern as compared to isometric contraction of a uniplanar knee extension exercise. Methods: Eight healthy young adult volunteers without history of knee or quadriceps injury participated. Surface EMG data were collected from the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), vastus lateralis (VL), and gluteus medius (Gmed) muscles of the dominant leg of each subject during three single leg, weight bearing, isometric exercises (uniplanar knee extension, knee extension/hip adduction, knee extension/hip abduction). All exercises were performed at a position of 60° knee flexion. Three trials lasting 5 s each were performed for each of the three exercises. EMG data from each muscle were integrated and the maximum root mean square activity over a 0.5 s window for each trial was averaged. Analyses of variance were performed with exercise (straight extension, extension/adduction, extension/abduction) as the independent variable and VMO, VL, and Gmed activity and VMO:VL ratio as dependent variables. Results: A significant main effect for exercise was found for the VMO (p = 0.006) and VL (p = 0.02), but not the Gmed (p = 0.25) or the VMO:VL ratio (p = 0.13). For the VMO and VL, the uniplanar knee extension task produced significantly more EMG activity than the extension/adduction or extension/abduction tasks. Conclusions: Uniplanar knee extension exercises may be more appropriate than combining isometric knee extension exercises with hip adduction or abduction when eliciting maximal VMO and VL contractions.
INVOLVEMENT OF GENOTYPING AND PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF HCV AND HIV ISOLATES IN THE MONITORING OF THE DISEASE PROGRESSION AMONG HIV/HCV CO-INFECTED INDIVIDUALS IN CAMEROON

Background: RNA virus infections represent a significant cause of illness and death in vertebrates. Specifically in humans, RNA viruses are responsible for a wide range of acute, chronic, emerging and re-emerging infections. HIV and HCV rank as some of the RNA viruses infections facing Africa. Methods: To perform genotyping and phylogenetic analysis using HCV specific genes in order to monitor the disease progression, RNA was isolated from HIV/HCV co-infected patients, in a town with heterogeneous population in Cameroon, Douala. From 2005 to 2006, a total of 36 HIV/HCV co-infected isolates (22 from volunteer blood donors and 14 from people living with HIV/AIDS and naive of treatment) were analyzed using molecular biology techniques and bioinformatics tools. Molecular biology techniques (RT-PCR, gene/TOPO cloning and DNA sequencing) and bioinformatics tools were performed at the J. Craig Venter Institute, MD, USA. Results: The results obtained show that HCV isolates from Cameroon belong to genotypes 1, 2, and 4. The corresponding subtypes investigated were 1a, 1b, 1c, 2a, 2c, 2k, and 4a. Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5B gene showed that Cameroonian strains cluster with Gabonese, French and Martinique strains, whereas they differ from Ghanaian and Canadian strains. Subtypes 1a and 1b that are mostly found in developed countries also circulate in Cameroon, indicating that HCV infection represents a serious threat in infected people. Results also show that the majority of HIV strains belong to the circulating recombinant forms, CRF_02_AG. Epidemiologic data show that HCV infected individuals are older than HIV mono-infected patients. Conclusions: These results show evidence of genetic diversity of HIV and HCV; virulent hepatitis C virus in Cameroon, and therefore a great need for further investigation of quasi-species using different clones from the same strain. Besides, there is an imperative need for monitoring the disease progression in the sub-region, using genomics and bioinformatic approaches.
Divergence in Morris Water Maze-Based Cognitive Performance under Chronic Stress Is Associated with the Hippocampal Whole Transcriptomic Modification in Mice

Individual susceptibility determines the magnitude of stress effects on cognitive function. The hippocampus, a brain region of memory consolidation, is vulnerable to stressful environments, and the impact of stress on hippocampus may determine individual variability in cognitive performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to define the relationship between the divergence in spatial memory performance under chronically unpredictable stress and an associated transcriptomic alternation in hippocampus, the brain region of spatial memory consolidation. Multiple strains of BXD (B6 × D2) recombinant inbred mice went through a 4-week chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm, and the Morris water maze (MWM) test was conducted during the last week of CVS to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial memory performance and grouped animals into low and high performing groups based on the cognitive performance. Using hippocampal whole transcriptome RNA-sequencing data, differential expression, PANTHER analysis, WGCNA, Ingenuity's upstream regulator analysis in the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis® and phenotype association analysis were conducted. Our data identified multiple genes and pathways that were significantly associated with chronic stress-associated cognitive modification and the divergence in hippocampal dependent memory performance under chronic stress. Biological pathways associated with memory performance following chronic stress included metabolism, neurotransmitter and receptor regulation, immune response and cellular process. The Ingenuity's upstream regulator analysis identified 247 upstream transcriptional regulators from 16 different molecule types. Transcripts predictive of cognitive performance under high stress included genes that are associated with a high occurrence of Alzheimer's and cognitive impairments (e.g., Ncl, Eno1, Scn9a, Slc19a3, Ncstn, Fos, Eif4h, Copa, etc.). Our results show that the variable effects of chronic stress on the hippocampal transcriptome are related to the ability to complete the MWM task and that the modulations of specific pathways are indicative of hippocampal dependent memory performance. Thus, the divergence in spatial memory performance following chronic stress is related to the unique pattern of gene expression within the hippocampus.