Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking form and function of the fibrous joints in the skull: A new quantification scheme for cranial sutures using the extant fish Polypterus endlicherii

The aim of this study is to connect specific sutural morphologies with the specific types of deformation they experience. To meet this goal, we quantified the morphologies of the interfrontal (IF), interparietal (IP), and frontoparietal (FP) sutures in the extant fish Polypterus endlicherii, and used our published measurements of in vivo deformation of these sutures during feeding to infer how suture morphology and function are connected. Specifically, we found that three relatively simple measures of cross‐sectional suture complexity (i.e., the ratio of total sutural length to its shortest end‐to‐end length; amount of sutural overlap; and size of the largest interdigitation) can be used to distinguish between the IF, FP, and IP sutures, which exhibit very different cross‐sectional shapes and responses to loading. Interestingly, these differences in cross‐sectional morphology are not reflected by the linear traces of these sutures on the surface of the skull, implying that cross‐sectional shape of a suture must be known to infer the loading conditions it experiences. Plotting the three cross‐sectional metrics against one another to yield a sutural morphospace shows that the IF, IP, and FP sutures define regions that are largely distinct from one another. Our previous measurements of strain across these sutures suggested that the FP region would lie between the IF and IP regions; instead, the FP region is largely set apart from the other two fields. Based on this discovery, and on the locations of cranial muscles, we propose a new model of deformation in the skull of P. endlicherii during feeding, in which rotation parallel to the skull roof is combined with bending, subjecting the FP suture to complex shearing. Finally, although the sutures of P. endlicherii appear to be significantly less complex than those of mammals, these fish sutures show a similar range of morphologies and perform similar functions as do mammalian sutures. J. Morphol. , 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wireless Power Transfer with Metamaterials Wireless Power Transfer with Metamaterials

In this paper, wireless power transfer based on resonant coupling with metamaterials is studied. We show with numerical studies that the coupling between transmitter and receiver can be enhanced, and the power transfer efficiency can be improved by metamaterials. A prototype wireless power transfer system and a metamaterial is designed and built. Experiment results prove the efficiency improvement with the fabricated metamaterial. The system with metama-terial is capable of transferring power wirelessly at roughly double the efficiency of the same system without a metamaterial. This work may not be copied or reproduced in whole or in part for any commercial purpose. Permission to copy in whole or in part without payment of fee is granted for nonprofit educational and research purposes provided that all such whole or partial copies include the following: a notice that such copying is by permission of Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc.; an acknowledgment of the authors and individual contributions to the work; and all applicable portions of the copyright notice. Copying, reproduction, or republishing for any other purpose shall require a license with payment of fee to Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved. Abstract—In this paper, wireless power transfer based on resonant coupling with metamaterials is studied. We show with numerical studies that the coupling between transmitter and receiver can be enhanced, and the power transfer efficiency can be improved by metamaterials. A prototype wireless power transfer system and a metamaterial is designed and built. Experiment results prove the efficiency improvement with the fabricated metamaterial. The system with metamaterial is capable of transferring power wirelessly at roughly double the efficiency of the same system without a metamaterial.
On the Road to the Unconscious Self: Understanding when People Gain Self–knowledge of Implicit Disgust Sensitivity from Behavioural Cues

On the basis of an integration of dual–process models of information processing and the lens model framework of person perception, we conducted two studies to investigate whether self–perceivers could detect their implicit disposition from video feedback of behavioural cues and whether these cues were used for explicit dispositional inferences under conditions that maximized the presumed self–perception process. Using an approach that differed from previous research, we used the following: (i) a more detailed and stepwise self–perception procedure; (ii) a specific explicit measure compared with a global explicit measure; and (iii) disgust sensitivity as a domain with clear, unambiguous cues and an assumed low self–presentation bias. The results from two studies (N = 117 and N = 130) on disgust sensitivity provide the first evidence for the assumed process with regard to bodily reaction cues but not with regard to facial expression cues. These novel findings suggest that people can get to know their unconscious selves better if supporting conditions are met and the right behavioural cues are attended to. Additional boundary conditions of this self–perception process were investigated using display rules and need for closure in Study 2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hedonic Damages, Hedonic Adaptation, and Disability

This article contributes to the broad debate over adaptive preferences in law, economics, and political philosophy by addressing an important ongoing controversy in tort law. Hedonic damages compensate for the lost enjoyment of life that results from a tortious injury. Lawyers seeking hedonic damages in personal injury cases emphasize their clients' new status as compromised and damaged persons, and courts frequently uphold jury verdicts awarding hedonic damages to individuals who experienced disabling injuries based on a view that disability necessarily limits one's enjoyment of life. This view is consonant with a general societal understanding of disability as a tragedy and of people with disabilities as natural objects of pity. But a rich psychological literature demonstrates that disability does not inherently limit enjoyment of life to the degree that these courts suggest. Rather, people who experience disabling injuries tend to adapt to their disabilities. To be sure, the views of people with disabilities about their own quality of life are classic adaptive preferences. Accordingly, one might suggest that the legal system should disregard those views. But we argue that the legal system goes wrong by so devaluing the experience of people with disabilities. When courts award damages based on the (nondisabled person's) view that disability is tragic, they distract attention from the societal choices and stigmas that attach disadvantage to disability; they also make it harder for people with disabilities to make hedonic adjustments to their conditions. For deterrence and compensation reasons, people who experience disabling injuries should be able to recover for their physical pain; for medical expenses and the cost of assistive technology and personal assistance; for the opportunities society denies people with their conditions; and for the effects of social stigma. But they should not recover for any purported effect of disability on the enjoyment of life.
The Representation of Tools in Left Parietal Cortex Is Independent of Visual Experience

Tool use depends on processes represented in distinct regions of left parietal cortex. We studied the role of visual experience in shaping neural specificity for tools in parietal cortex by using functional magnetic resonance imaging with sighted, late-blind, and congenitally blind participants. Using a region-of-interest approach in which tool-specific areas of parietal cortex were identified in sighted participants viewing pictures, we found that specificity in blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses for tools in the left inferior parietal lobule and the left anterior intraparietal sulcus is independent of visual experience. These findings indicate that motor- and somatosensory-based processes are sufficient to drive specificity for representations of tools in regions of parietal cortex. More generally, some aspects of the organization of the dorsal object-processing stream develop independently of the visual information that forms the major sensory input to that pathway in sighted individuals.
Analysing Texts in Context: Current Practices and New Protocols for Critical Discourse Analysis in Organization Studies

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in organization studies would be strengthened by an increased focus on a central CDA tenet that texts should be analysed in context. Context has, for the most part, been afforded a taken-for-granted status that is misplaced because of the diverse ways in which it may be defined and applied. These generally unacknowledged differences relate to whether context is treated as space, time, practice, change, or frame. The result is a confusing array of studies claiming some degree of CDA status without core agreement – or acknowledgement of disagreements – about what is meant by context or how it should be linked to texts. To remedy this situation we identify in this Point article nine methodological protocols related to conceptual definitions, data selection, and data analysis which we argue benefit the consistency and rigour with which CDA in organization studies is applied. Use of these protocols may also serve as criteria against which the rigour of CDA research papers may be assessed.
Analysis and Control of a Dissipative Spring-Mass Hopper with Torque Actuation

It has long been established that simple springmass models can accurately represent the dynamics of legged locomotion. Existing work in this domain, however, almost exclusively focuses on the idealized Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum (SLIP) model and neglects passive dissipative effects unavoidable in any physical robot or animal. In this paper, we extend on a recently proposed analytic approximation to the stance trajectories of a dissipative SLIP model to analyze stability properties of a planar hopper with a single rotary actuator at the hip. We first describe how a suitably chosen torque controller can compensate for damping losses, maintaining the same energy level across strides and hence reducing the return map to a single dimension. We then identify and characterize equilibrium points for this return map under a fixed leg placement policy and show that “uncontrolled” asymptotic stability is feasible for this energy-regulated system. Subsequent presentation of simulation evidence establishes that the predictions of this approximate model are consistent with the exact plant model. The paper concludes with the application of our energy-regulation scheme to the design of a task-level gait controller that uses explicit leg placement commands in conjunction with the hip torque.
p38 Is a Key Signaling Molecule for H‐ras‐Induced Inhibition of Gap Junction Intercellular Communication in Rat Liver Epithelial Cells

Abstract: Multiple lines of evidence indicate that inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication (GJIC) is a major carcinogenic process. Several reports suggest that activation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) plays a key role in the disrupted GJIC by hydrogen peroxide, 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate, and quinones in rat liver epithelial cells. Recently, we reported that p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) is also involved in the inhibition of GJIC by hydrogen peroxide in WB‐F344 rat liver epithelial cells (WB cells). The present study investigated the role of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK in H‐ras‐induced inhibition of GJIC in WB cells. H‐ras induces complete inhibition of GJIC and unphosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) in WB cells. SB203580, an inhibitor of p38, restored inhibition of GJIC and blocked unphosphorylation of Cx43 in H‐ras‐transformed WB cells. However, PD98059, an inhibitor of ERK1/2, had no effect. Our results suggest that the disruption of GJIC induced by H‐ras may be strongly related to the unphosphorylation of Cx43 via the activation of p38 but not ERK1/2. Thus, p38 is a key signaling molecule for H‐ras‐induced inhibition of GJIC in WB cells.
Brief Report: Manipulation of Task Difficulty in Inhibitory Control Tasks

The present study investigated how task difficulty can be manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. Tasks from three widely used task paradigms — a Go/No-Go task, a Stop-Signal task, and a Flanker task — were manipulated on two parameters each (Go/No-Go task: interstimulus interval, prepotency. Stop-signal task: stop-signal-delay, prepotency. Flanker task: number of distractors, size of target stimulus). Participants were 86 children (age 4–6) from a population-based sample. The results showed no significant effects on the Go/No-Go task but both main and interaction effects on the Stop-Signal task and the Flanker task. Together, these findings indicate that task difficulty can be successfully manipulated in inhibitory control tasks. However, the interactive rather than additive effects on performance suggest that the level of one parameter only has the desired effect under certain conditions. This new information about how to manipulate task difficulty is important when adapting tasks for use with children of different ages, as well as when designing training programs for improving inhibitory control among children with ADHD.
Health-Related Quality of Life and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Radiology 1

The number of radiological studies performed annually, including ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), has been increasing dramatically. This trend is influenced by several factors, including an aging population with multiple comorbidities and a higher number of overall studies obtained per patient and/or per time period (1). More than ever before, radiology is playing an integral role during both initial investigations and follow-up of patients with acute and chronic illnesses. For example, Beinfeld and Gazelle (2) determined that medical technology has accounted for 19% of the growth in hospital costs between 1998 and 2000 and that imaging costs at one major tertiary care center increased by 50% between 1996 and 2002. In this challenging practice environment, evidencebased medicine has been recognized as an essential tool for deciding on appropriate diagnostic, medical, and interventional care for patients. Additionally, greater emphasis is being placed on cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes to guide utilization of high-tech, often high-cost, diagnostic and therapeutic radiological resources. Equally important (perhaps more so in certain situations), these often less tangible values are increasingly being measured in addition to the physical outcomes. Much of the early development of HRQOL assessments focused specifically on patients with cancer (3–5) and those with chronic renal failure on he-
A formal specification of Java class loading

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) has a novel and powerful mechanism to support lazy, dynamic class loading according to user-definable policies. Class loading directly impacts type safety, on which the security of Java applications is based. Conceptual bugs in the loading mechanism were found in earlier versions of the JVM that lead to type violations. A deeper understanding of the class loading mechanism, through such means as formal analysis, will improve our confidence that no additional bugs are present.The work presented in this paper provides a formal specification of (the relevant aspects of) class loading in the JVM and proves its type safety. Our approach to proving type safety is different from the usual ones since classes are dynamically loaded and full type information may not be statically available. In addition, we propose an improvement in the interaction between class loading and bytecode verification, which is cleaner and enables lazier loading.
Age-related changes in associative memory

Older adults suffer from many cognitive impairments relative to young adults and one of the most established types of age-related cognitive decline is a reduction in memory performance. Memory for single units of information (item memory) have been shown to be less susceptible to cognitive ageing than memory for associations among units of information (associative memory). An associative deficit hypothesis has been used to describe these observations as an age-related impairment in forming links between single units of information. The thesis elucidated specific differences between item and associative memory and evaluated how such differences correspond to their differential susceptibility to the effects of cognitive ageing. This indicated links between the associative deficit hypothesis and other theories of age-related memory decline, in particular, to the notion of age deficits in memory resulting from age deficits in self-initiated processing (in the absence of environmental support). Experiments 1-3 considered associative memory where the processing of associations was encouraged by distinctiveness of memory stimuli. Environmental support provided by distinctiveness was shown to improve associative memory in older adults. Experiments 4-7 considered how item and associative memory differ in their support from preexisting knowledge. Experimentally equating preexisting knowledge for item and associative memory tests eliminated the age-related associative deficit. Furthermore, it was found that preexisting knowledge could be used to enhance associative memory performance in older adults by providing support to encoding and/or retrieval processes. Experiment 8 established that item and associative memory processes were equally disrupted by a concurrent task, which indicated that both memory types are similarly affected by levels of available cognitive resources. In general, age-related associative deficits were considered to result from differing levels of environmental support for item and associative memory as opposed to a differential decline of item and associative memory processes.
International Risk Sharing and the Transmission of Productivity Shocks

This paper shows that standard international business cycle models can be reconciled with the empirical evidence on the lack of consumption risk sharing. First, we show analytically that with incomplete asset markets productivity disturbances can have large uninsurable effects on wealth, depending on the value of the trade elasticity and shock persistence. Second, we investigate these findings quantitatively in a model calibrated to the U.S. economy. With the low trade elasticity estimated via a method of moments procedure, the consumption risk of productivity shocks is magnified by high terms of trade and real exchange rate (RER) volatility. Strong wealth effects in response to shocks raise the demand for domestic goods above supply, crowding out external demand and appreciating the terms of trade and the RER. Building upon the literature on incomplete markets, we then show that similar results are obtained when productivity shocks are nearly permanent, provided the trade elasticity is set equal to the high values consistent with micro-estimates. Under both approaches the model accounts for the low and negative correlation between the RER and relative (domestic to foreign) consumption in the data—the "Backus-Smith puzzle". Copyright 2008, Wiley-Blackwell.
‘I'M A SEX KITTEN, AREN'T I …’

Abstract This article draws on data collected as part of a two-year funded study concerning the making of modern heterosexuality in the East Yorkshire region of England. The starting point for our family-based empirical project has been to problematise feminist theorising that has conceptualised heterosexuality as a monolithic and static category in which women (and men) are denied agency. Via participants’ nuanced accounts of being and becoming heterosexual, we identify the existence of a multiplicity of heterosexualities and begin to appreciate differences in meaning and experiences, acknowledging the creative capacity of some of our women participants to subvert the structural conditions they are assumed to be subordinated to. Sexuality and sexual practice have long been argued to be the cornerstone of women's subordination, and our data are laden with examples of mothers, daughters and grand-daughters ‘giving in’ to male sexual desires. But these were not the only stories. This paper focuses on the experiences of women, now aged 50+, who spoke of sex not only as pleasurable but also as something they actively pursued, both as young women and in their later years. In recognising a diversity of heterosexual experiences, this allows for a more inclusive feminist politics which might speak to a wider group of women than previously.
Implications of Chinese empire discourses in East Asia: critical studies on China

Abstract China is characterized by a long history, vast land, huge population and diversity unprecedented in world history. In addition, she is a unique case that has successfully completed the transition from empire to the nation-state. Therefore, her historical independence and her continuity become very important subject areas for research, and the concept “empire” re-emerges as a major means of explanation. The essential defining features of empire are tolerance and expansion. I have been reviewing discourses on “China as Empire,” looking at studies of the tributary system, the civilization-state, and the Tianxia view raised from both inside and outside of China. A common characteristic of these discourses is the perception that the past, present and future of China cannot be fully explained by Western concepts such as nation-state. They also reveal that the supposed continuity with the past, which is overemphasized in many studies, does not necessarily always correspond with historical reality. The key focus of the empire discourses is the project of future China. Finally, I put a particular emphasis upon the “perspective of peripheries” in order to find ways to demonstrate the benefits of viewing China as an empire, while also overcoming the weaknesses of empire theory. It is the reason why I apply to the analysis of the empire discourses the “compound state” theory incubated as a way of reunification of the Korean Peninsula.