Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Langevin's `Twin Paradox' paper revisited

An in-depth and mathematically-detailed analysis of Langevin's popular 1911 article on the special theory of relativity is presented. For the reader's convenience, English translations of large parts of the original French text are given. The self-contradictory nature of many of Langevin's assertions is pointed out. Of special interest is the analysis of the exchange of light signals between the travelling and stay-at-home twins in Langevin's thought experiment, in which antinomies are found in the conventional relativistic treatment. Their resolution shows that the physical basis of the differential aging effect in the experiment is not `length contraction', as in the conventional interpretation, but instead the application of the correct relative velocity transformation formula. The spurious nature of the correlated `length contraction' and `relativity of simultaneity' effects of conventional special relativity is also demonstrated. In consequence, an argument given, claiming to demonstrate that an upper limit of $c$ on the speed of any physical signal is required by causality, is invalid. Its conclusion is also in contradiction with astronomical observations and the results of a recent experiment.
Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) regulates B-cell reactivity, subset differentiation, and trafficking molecule expression

The transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is critical for normal trafficking of T lymphocytes, but its role in B cells is unclear. We report that B cell-specific KLF2 deficiency leads to decreased expression of the trafficking molecules CD62L and β7-integrin, yet expression of sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 1 (which is a critical target of KLF2 in T cells) was, unexpectedly, minimally altered. Unexpectedly, Klf2 deletion led to a drastic reduction in the B1 B-cell pool and a substantial increase in transitional and marginal zone B-cell numbers. In addition, we observed that KLF2-deficient B cells showed increased apoptosis and impaired proliferation after B-cell receptor cross-linking. Gene expression analysis indicated that KLF2-deficient follicular B cells display numerous characteristics shared by normal marginal zone B cells, including reduced expression of several signaling molecules that may contribute to defective activation of these cells. Hence, our data indicate that KLF2 plays a critical role in dictating normal subset differentiation and functional reactivity of mature B cells.
Water-Extractable Nonstarch Polysaccharide Distribution in Pilot Milling Analysis of Soft Winter Wheat

ABSTRACT Commercial wheat (Triticum aestivum em. Thell) flour milling produces flour streams that differ in water absorption levels because of variability in protein concentration, starch damaged by milling, and nonstarch polysaccharides. This study characterized the distribution of water-extractable (WE) nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) in long-flow pilot-milling streams of soft wheat to model flour quality and genetic differences among cultivars. Existing reports of millstream analysis focus on hard wheat, which breaks and reduces differently from soft wheat. Seven soft winter wheat genotypes were milled on a pilot-scale mill that yields three break flour streams, five reduction streams, and two resifted streams. Protein concentration increased linearly through the break streams. WENSP concentration was low and similar in the first two break streams, which are the largest break streams. Flour recovery decreased exponentially through the reduction streams; flour ash and water-extractable glucose and galac.
State Court Processing of Domestic Violence Cases

In state courts of 15 large urban counties, 2,629 violent felony cases were filed in May 2002. In nearly 7 in 10 of these cases, sexual assault or aggravated assault was the most serious charge. A third of these felony sexual or aggravated assault charges were classified as domestic violence (DV); the remainder were classified as non-domestic violence (non-DV) charges. Domestic violence includes violence between family members, intimate partners, and household cohabitants.
Nucleotide sequence and characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus norA gene, which confers resistance to quinolones

The norA gene cloned from chromosomal DNA of quinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus TK2566 conferred relatively high resistance to hydrophilic quinolones such as norfloxacin, enoxacin, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin, but only low or no resistance at all to hydrophobic ones such as nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, and sparfloxacin in S. aureus and Escherichia coli. The 2.7-kb DNA fragment containing the norA gene had a long open reading frame coding for 388 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 42,265, which was consistent with the experimental value of about 49,000 obtained on DNA-directed translation. The deduced NorA polypeptide has 12 hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions and is partly homologous to tetracycline resistance protein and sugar transport proteins. The uptake of a hydrophilic quinolone, enoxacin, by S. aureus harboring a plasmid carrying the norA gene was about 50% that by the parent strain lacking the plasmid, but it increased to almost the same level as that by the latter strain with carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. On the other hand, the uptake of a hydrophobic quinolone, sparfloxacin, was similar in the two strains. These results suggest that the NorA polypeptide may constitute a membrane-associated active efflux pump of hydrophilic quinolones.
Conceptualizing the health and well-being impacts of social enterprise: a UK-based study

Summary Social enterprises–businesses that work for social benefit rather than for the maximization of financial returns to shareholders or owners–could potentially prove to be an innovative and sustainable way of tackling ‘upstream’ social determinants of health. However, empirical work focusing upon how, and to what extent, social enterprise-led activity may impact upon health and well-being is still relatively scarce. This study examines how social enterprises portray their impact, and how such impacts may be considered in health and well-being terms. Through analysing evaluative reports of the work of social enterprises in Scotland (n = 17) utilizing a ‘process coding’ method, we investigate both the self-reported impacts of the work of social enterprises and the mechanisms by which these are said to be derived. Revisiting previous conceptualizations in the extant literature, this work allows us to present an ‘empirically-informed’ conceptual model of the health and well-being impacts of social enterprise-led activity, and thus presents a significant advance on previous hypothetical, theoretically-based conceptualizations. It is considered that these findings further improve our overall knowledge of ways in which social enterprise and other parts of the third sector could be considered as potentially valuable ‘non-obvious’ public health actors.
Changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac activation during mental load: an assessment by spectral analysis of heart rate variability.

Spectral analyses of heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) fluctuations yield three typical peaks at a low (0.02-0.06 Hz), a mid (0.07-0.14 Hz) and a high (around the respiratory frequency) frequency area. These so-called bands attract the interest of researchers because they seem to offer the facility of non-invasively studying autonomic cardiovascular control mechanisms. The high frequency component is solely under vagal control, the influence of sympathetic/vagal efferents on the low and mid frequency band is unclear. We therefore investigated in a single case study (23 year old male) the effects of propanol (0.06 mg/kg, 30 min. interruption, 0.12 mg/kg i.v.), dobutamine (1.14 micrograms/kg/min for 30 minutes, then 2.21 micrograms/kg/min i.v., then 4.42 micrograms/kg/min), atropine (0.01 mg/kg within 5 minutes, 30 minutes later 0.02 mg/kg within 5 minutes), and carbachol (0.125 mg, 30 min. interruption, 0.25 mg s.c.) upon HR, HR-variability spectra, BP and respiratory parameters at rest and during 5 minutes of a mental task. Under all four drug conditions BP is elevated at rest and mental stress, the latter always giving higher results than the former. Atropine shortens interbeat intervals (IBI) by almost 50 percent (from 939 msec to 514 msec), the high dose of dobutamine reduces IBI from 725 to 580 msec, propranolol increases interval length by 10 percent. Drug effects on spectral bands give clear results with atropine: It reduces spectral energy in all three frequency bands at rest and during mental stress. The other drugs show no clear-cut effects on HR-variability spectra. Even though results of a single case study should be interpreted with great caution we believe that the following conclusion can be made: At rest and during short-lasting mental stress all frequency bands in HR-variability spectra are to a large extent under parasympathetic control.
Perceived Intelligence Is Associated with Measured Intelligence in Men but Not Women

Background The ability to accurately assess the intelligence of other persons finds its place in everyday social interaction and should have important evolutionary consequences. Methodology/Principal Findings We used static facial photographs of 40 men and 40 women to test the relationship between measured IQ, perceived intelligence, and facial shape. Both men and women were able to accurately evaluate the intelligence of men by viewing facial photographs. In addition to general intelligence, figural and fluid intelligence showed a significant relationship with perceived intelligence, but again, only in men. No relationship between perceived intelligence and IQ was found for women. We used geometric morphometrics to determine which facial traits are associated with the perception of intelligence, as well as with intelligence as measured by IQ testing. Faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are rather prolonged with a broader distance between the eyes, a larger nose, a slight upturn to the corners of the mouth, and a sharper, pointing, less rounded chin. By contrast, the perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces with eyes closer to each other, a shorter nose, declining corners of the mouth, and a rounded and massive chin. By contrast, we found no correlation between morphological traits and real intelligence measured with IQ test, either in men or women. Conclusions These results suggest that a perceiver can accurately gauge the real intelligence of men, but not women, by viewing their faces in photographs; however, this estimation is possibly not based on facial shape. Our study revealed no relation between intelligence and either attractiveness or face shape.
Correction of Enophthalmos with Porous Polyethylene Implants

The most common clinical setting for enophthalmos is following trauma. Other mechanisms include orbital fibrosis occurring from pathological conditions of the orbit (e.g., Erdheim-Chester disease, scirrhous breast carcinoma) or involutional changes occurring with age. The following discussion is limited to treatment of posttraumatic enophthalmos. Correction of traumatic enophthalmos necessitates an understanding of the mechanisms involved [l , 21, including an increase in bony orbital volume, orbital soft-tissue fibrosis, and disruption of the orbital ligament support system. Surgical management cannot simply be limited to the correction of one aspect of enophthalmos but rather must be approached from several aspects, including decreasing the bony volume of the orbit and freeing any tissue tethered to fracture sites [3]. Initial evaluation of the posttraumatic enophthalmic patient will not be discussed in detail, since.it is well described elsewhere [3]. The importance of such an evaluation as well as the need for adequate preoperative orbital imaging cannot be overemphasized.
Fermat and the number of fixed points of periodic flows

We obtain a general lower bound for the number of fixed points of a circle action on a compact almost complex manifold $M$ of dimension $2n$ with nonempty fixed point set, provided the Chern number $c_1c_{n-1}[M]$ vanishes. The proof combines techniques originating in equivariant K-theory with celebrated number theory results on polygonal numbers, introduced by Pierre de Fermat. This lower bound confirms in many cases a conjecture of Kosniowski from 1979, and is better than existing bounds for some symplectic actions. Moreover, if the fixed point set is discrete, we prove divisibility properties for the number of fixed points, improving similar statements obtained by Hirzebruch in 1999. Our results apply, for example, to a class of manifolds which do not support any Hamiltonian circle action, namely those for which the first Chern class is torsion. This includes, for instance, all symplectic Calabi Yau manifolds.
Silicon: a duo synergy for regulating crop growth and hormonal signaling under abiotic stress conditions

Abstract Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, heavy metals and drought, are some of the most devastating factors hindering sustainable crop production today. Plants use their own defensive strategies to cope with the adverse effects of these stresses, via the regulation of the expression of essential phytohormones, such as gibberellins (GA), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET). However, the efficacy of the endogenous defensive arsenals of plants often falls short if the stress persists over an extended period. Various strategies are developed to improve stress tolerance in plants. For example, silicon (Si) is widely considered to possess significant potential as a substance which ameliorate the negative effects of abiotic stresses, and improves plant growth and biomass accumulation. This review aims to explain how Si application influences the signaling of the endogenous hormones GA, SA, ABA, JA and ET during salinity, wounding, drought and metal stresses in crop plants. Phytohormonal cross talk plays an important role in the regulation of induced defences against stress. However, detailed molecular and proteomic research into these interactions is needed in order to identify the underlying mechanisms of stress tolerance that is imparted by Si application and uptake.
Idiopathic Parkinson's disease: vocal and quality of life analysis.

OBJECTIVE To compare voice and life quality of male patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease, with individuals without disease (Control Group). METHODS A cross-sectional study that evaluated the voice of individuals with Parkinson's disease, the group was composed of 27 subjects, aged from 39 to 79 years-old (average 59.96). The Control Group was matched on sex and age. Participants underwent voice recording. Perceptual evaluation was made using GRBASI scale, which considers G as the overall degree of dysphonia, R as roughness, B as breathiness, A as asthenia, S as strain and I as instability. The acoustic parameters analyzed were: fundamental frequency, jitter, shimmer, and harmonic to noise ratio (NHR). For vocal self-perception analysis, we used the Voice Related Quality of Life protocol. RESULTS Fundamental frequency and jitter presented higher values in the Parkinson's group. NHR values were higher in the Control Group. Perceptual analysis showed a deviation ranging. The vocal disorder self-perception demonstrated a worse impact on quality of life. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with Parkinson's disease have an altered voice quality and a negative impact on quality of life.
Isolation and identification of urinary metabolites of porfiromycin in dogs and humans.

Porfiromycin (PM), a bioreductive alkylating agent, is currently under development for the treatment of head and neck cancers as an adjunct to radiation therapy in phase III clinical trials. After i.v. administration of a single dose of PM to patients at 40 mg/m2, urinary metabolites were isolated by HPLC and identified by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. In dogs, [methyl-3H]PM was administered i.v. to three Beagle dogs at a single dose of 2 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of radioactivity and PM at different times was determined by liquid scintillation counting and by HPLC, respectively. An average of 48.0% of total radioactivity given to the dogs was cumulatively excreted in urine over a period of 7 days. Unchanged parent drug excreted in urine accounted for 10.8% of the administered dose over the same period of time. The results indicated that the majority of excreted dose in dog urine was in the form of metabolites. Three phase I and four phase II metabolites of PM were identified in human and dog urine. The phase I metabolites are 2-methylamino-7-aminomitosene, 1,2-cis and 1,2-trans-1-hydroxy-2-methylamino-7-aminomitosenes. The phase II metabolites are a pair of isomeric N-acetylcysteine S-conjugates and a pair of isomeric cysteine S-conjugates of mitosenes at the C-1 and C-10 positions. Most of the identified metabolites were confirmed by comparison with synthetic reference standards using HPLC and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The identification of mercapturic acids and cysteine S-conjugates in urine indicates that the metabolism of PM may be through GSH conjugation.
A few more functions that are not APN infinitely often

We consider exceptional APN functions on ${\bf F}_{2^m}$, which by definition are functions that are not APN on infinitely many extensions of ${\bf F}_{2^m}$. Our main result is that polynomial functions of odd degree are not exceptional, provided the degree is not a Gold member ($2^k+1$) or a Kasami-Welch number ($4^k-2^k+1$). We also have partial results on functions of even degree, and functions that have degree $2^k+1$.
The evolutionary functions of repression and the ego defenses.

Recent advances in basic evolutionary biology have transformed ethology, but have had little impact on psychoanalysis. As evolutionary approaches to human behavior begin to focus on the specific behavior regulation mechanisms that have been shaped by natural selection, psychodynamic mechanisms become natural objects of inquiry. The capacity for repression is at the core of psychodynamics, and must be explained first. It is a first-class evolutionary mystery because it distorts reality, it contributes to maladaptation, and because existing explanations have been outmoded by advances in evolutionary theory. The evolutionary biologists Trivers and Alexander have each proposed that repression conceals motives from the self, and thus better conceals them from others so that selfish motives can be covertly pursued. This startling idea becomes plausible when viewed in the light of modern studies of animal relationships and communication. Several other functions of repression also enhance fitness by deceiving the self to better deceive others, but repression may function more generally by distorting reality whenever accurate perception would be maladaptive. Although repression sometimes assists short-term strategies of manipulation (cheating), it more often assists long-term strategies that depend on maintenance of secure relationships. This position is largely consistent with existing psychoanalytic theory. The specific ego defenses can be understood as specialized capacities for deceiving others. The
Muscle phosphofructokinase deficiency: Two cases with unusual polysaccharide accumulation and immunologically active enzyme protein

Two patients with phosphofructokinase (PFK) deficiency had exercise intolerance and increased serum activity of creatine kinase; one presented with hemolytic anemia, hyperuricemia, and gouty arthritis. The glycogen concentration in the muscle of these patients was about twice normal. PFK activity was virtually absent in muscle, but antibodies against the M subunits of the normal human PFK showed cross‐reacting material in muscle from both patients. The PFK level in red blood cells, studied in one case, was lower than normal in the patient and both parents. Morphologically, there was extensive deposition of normal glycogen underneath the sarcolemma and in the intermyofibrillar space. In addition, 2% to 3% of the myofibers contained hyaline, PAS‐positive, diastase‐resistant inclusions that had a filamentous fine structure; histochemical reactions suggested an insoluble form of glycogen. Similar inclusions have not been described previously in PFK deficiency. Accumulation of an abnormal polysaccharide in muscle may be due to a second undiscovered enzymatic defect or may be a metabolic consequence of PFK deficiency.
The Smell of Age: Perception and Discrimination of Body Odors of Different Ages

Our natural body odor goes through several stages of age-dependent changes in chemical composition as we grow older. Similar changes have been reported for several animal species and are thought to facilitate age discrimination of an individual based on body odors, alone. We sought to determine whether humans are able to discriminate between body odor of humans of different ages. Body odors were sampled from three distinct age groups: Young (20–30 years old), Middle-age (45–55), and Old-age (75–95) individuals. Perceptual ratings and age discrimination performance were assessed in 41 young participants. There were significant differences in ratings of both intensity and pleasantness, where body odors from the Old-age group were rated as less intense and less unpleasant than body odors originating from Young and Middle-age donors. Participants were able to discriminate between age categories, with body odor from Old-age donors mediating the effect also after removing variance explained by intensity differences. Similarly, participants were able to correctly assign age labels to body odors originating from Old-age donors but not to body odors originating from other age groups. This experiment suggests that, akin to other animals, humans are able to discriminate age based on body odor alone and that this effect is mediated mainly by body odors emitted by individuals of old age.
Climatic Controls on Spring Onset of the Tibetan Plateau Grasslands from 1982 to 2008

Understanding environmental controls on vegetation spring onset (SO) in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial to diagnosing regional ecosystem responses to climate change. We investigated environmental controls on the SO of the TP grasslands using satellite vegetation index (VI) from the 3rd Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS3g) product, with in situ air temperature (Ta) and precipitation (Prcp) measurement records from 1982 to 2008. The SO was determined using a dynamic threshold method based on a 25% threshold of seasonal VI amplitude. We find that SO shows overall close associations with spring Ta, but is also subject to regulation from spring precipitation. In relatively dry but increasingly wetting (0.50 mm·year−1, p < 0.10) grasslands (mean spring Prcp = 22.8 mm; Ta = −3.27 °C), more precipitation tends to advance SO (−0.146 day·mm−1, p = 0.150) before the mid-1990s, but delays SO (0.110 day·mm−1, p = 0.108) over the latter record attributed to lower solar radiation and cooler temperatures associated with Prcp increases in recent years. In contrast, in relatively humid TP grasslands (73.0 mm; −3.51 °C), more precipitation delays SO (0.036 day·mm−1, p = 0.165) despite regional warming (0.045 °C·year−1, p < 0.05); the SO also shows a delaying response to a standardized drought index (mean R = 0.266), indicating a low energy constraint to vegetation onset. Our results highlight the importance of surface moisture status in regulating the phenological response of alpine grasslands to climate warming.