Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Loss of maternal chromosome 11 is a signature event in SDHAF2, SDHD, and VHL-related paragangliomas, but less significant in SDHB-related paragangliomas

Germline mutations in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF2) or Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) genes cause hereditary paraganglioma/pheochromocytoma. While SDHB (1p36) and VHL (3p25) are associated with autosomal dominant disease, SDHD (11q23) and SDHAF2 (11q13) show a remarkable parent-of-origin effect whereby tumor formation is almost completely dependent on paternal transmission of the mutant allele. Loss of the entire maternal copy of chromosome 11 occurs frequently in SDHD-linked tumors, and has been suggested to be the basis for this typical inheritance pattern. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, microsatellite marker and SNP array analysis, we demonstrate that loss of the entire copy of chromosome 11 is also frequent in SDHAF2-related PGLs, occurring in 89% of tumors. Analysis of two imprinted differentially methylated regions (DMR) in 11p15, H19-DMR and KvDMR, showed that this loss always affected the maternal copy of chromosome 11. Likewise, loss of maternal chromosome 11p15 was demonstrated in 85% of SDHD and 75% of VHL-related PGLs/PCCs. By contrast, both copies of chromosome 11 were found to be retained in 62% of SDHB-mutated PGLs/PCCs, while only 31% showed loss of maternal chromosome 11p15. Genome-wide copy number analysis revealed frequent loss of 1p in SDHB mutant tumors and show greater genomic instability compared to SDHD and SDHAF2. These results show that loss of the entire copy of maternal chromosome 11 is a highly specific and statistically significant event in SDHAF2, SDHD and VHL-related PGLs/PCCs, but is less significant in SDHB-mutated tumors, suggesting that these tumors have a distinct genetic etiology.
The Decision Tree Approach to Stock Selection

A frequent question regarding quantitative investing is: What are good variables for stock selection? Traditional quantitative strategies are variations of screening techniques. Quantitative investment managers seek to narrow the investable universe to a manageable number of stocks that have desirable characteristics. The authors introduce an alternative approach to traditional methods of stock screening based on a statistical technique known as classification and regression tree (CART). CART allows screening factors to interact on a conditional basis. The end result is a hierarchical (tree) structure that assigns a probability of outperformance (or underperformance) for each stock. The authors apply two alternative CART strategies to the selection of technology stocks, and evaluate their performance. The models demonstrate significant improvement over the more ad hoc stock ranking techniques.
Optimal Selection for Direct Mail

Direct marketing mail is a growing area of marketing practice, yet the academic journals contain very little research on this topic. The most important issue for direct marketers is how to sample targets from a population for a direct mail campaign. Although some selection methods are described in the literature, there seems to be not a single paper discussing the analytical and statistical aspects involved. The objective of this paper is to introduce a comprehensive methodology for the selection of targets from a mailing list for direct mail. At least theoretically, this methodology leads to more efficient selection procedures than the existing ones. The latter are not based on an optimal selection strategy, whereas we explicitly take the profit function into account. By equating marginal costs and marginal returns we determine which households should receive a mailing in order to maximize expected profit. In the empirical part we show that our methodology has great predictive accuracy and generates higher net returns than traditional approaches.
Output Composition of the Monetary Policy Transmission Mechanism: Is Australia Different?

This paper compares the output composition of the monetary policy transmission mechanism in Australia to those for the Euro area and the United States. Four Vector Autoregressive (VAR) models are used to estimate the contributions of private consumption and investment to output reactions resulting from nominal interest rate shocks for the period 1982Q3-2007Q4. The results suggest that the investment channel plays a more important role than the consumption channel in Australia, while the contributions of the two channels are indistinguishable in the Euro area and the U.S. The difference between Australia and the Euro area comes from differences in housing investment responses, whereas Australia is different to the U.S. mainly because it has a lower share of household consumption in total demand.
Displacement or Succession?

This article examines the extent to which gentrification in U.S. neighborhoods is associated with displacement by comparing mobility and displacement in gentrifying neighborhoods with mobility and displacement in similar neighborhoods that did not undergo gentrification. The results suggest that displacement and higher mobility play minor if any roles as forces of change in gentrifying neighborhoods. Demographic change in gentrifying neighborhoods appears to be a consequence of lower rates of intra neighborhood mobility and the relative affluence of in-movers.
TINGKAT LITERASI KEUANGAN PADA MAHASISWA S-1 FAKULTAS EKONOMI

The purpose of this research was to examine the level of financial literacy and the factors that influence undergraduate students of Faculty of Economics. This stu­dy distributed 625 questionnaires and only 584 usable questionnaires. Data analysis me­thods used by this research were descriptive statistics and ANOVA. The level of fi­nan­cial literacy was 48.91% were in the low category. The test results revealed that there was influence of gender, age, GPA, and parents income. The results showed that stu­dents should improve their understanding of personal finance, especially in the area of investment, in addition to the university to provide education about personal finance to students. Suggestions for further research was examined throughout the Trisakti Uni­ver­sity students, using online methods, increasing the number of questions and adding va­riables such as student income, savings and debt holdings and work experience st­u­dents.
The negative impact of R&D capitalization: A value relevance approach

Abstract Accounting for R&D costs is an open issue. SFAS N°2 mandates that all R&D costs must be immediately expensed. IAS 38 requires capitalization of R&D costs if they meet certain criteria. Recent research papers show the value relevance of capitalized R&D. We test the value relevance of R&D reporting in a sample of 197 French firms between 1993 and 2002. The French context provides an interesting field for R&D value relevance studies because both accounting treatments of R&D costs (expensing and capitalization) are allowed. Unlike previous studies, we find that capitalized R&D is negatively associated with stock prices and returns. This negative coefficient on capitalized R&D implies that investors are concerned with and react negatively to capitalization of R&D. We also find that the firms choosing to capitalize (successful) R&D are smaller, more highly leveraged, less profitable and have less growth opportunities. Taking into account these characteristics, our robustness checks confirm that capitalized R&D is not associated with higher prices and is related to lower returns.
Patents only live twice: a patent survival analysis in Europe

The length of patent rights is an issue of considerable importance in the design of patent systems, and its optimality has been intensively discussed in the literature. This dimension – taking the form of the number of years during which a given patent has been maintained – has been considered in the empirical literature as a direct indication of the private value of patents. But the lack of comprehensive data on both the renewal of patents and their characteristics has prevented so far any systematic analysis of the determinants of this duration. Relying on a comprehensive dataset including detailed information on all patent applications filed to the European Patent Office from 1980 to 2000 and on the renewal of those of them that were granted, this paper presents a survival time analysis of the determinants of patent length in Europe. The results are threefold: first, they clearly establish that patent rights have significantly increased in length over the past decades despite a small decline in the average grant rate, and due to the dilatation of the examination process and higher maintenance rates. Second, they show that some filing strategies induce considerable delays in the examination process, possibly to the benefits of the patentee, but most certainly to the expense of legal uncertainty on the markets and undue exploitation of the provisional protection granted to pending applications by the European Patent Convention. And third, they confirm that more valuable patents (more cited or covering a larger geographical scope) take more time to be processed and live longer, whereas more complex applications are associated with longer decision lags but also with lower grant and renewal rates. These results have many policy implications for technology markets, patent systems and all their stakeholders.
Investment Behavior and Neo-Classical Theory

p HE role of relative prices as a determinant of factor demand has received wide attention in recent work. Major contributions 1 have been made by Dale W. Jorgenson who, either alone or with associates, has presented, along with various empirical results and certain policy conclusions, what is called "a theory of investment behavior based on the neo-classical theory of optimal accumulation of capital. " 2 We shall endeavor in this paper to direct a number of tests to critical points of departure in the Jorgenson model. This task has been greatly facilitated by Jorgenson, who has made available to us his own basic quarterly data for total United States manufacturing, thus permitting our re-examination to go forward without confusing the analysis with questions of data comparability.3 The essential burden of Jorgenson's argument is that substitution parameters have been improperly neglected or ignored in most work on the investment function. He accepts the widely held view of the demand for capital stock as a function of the output produced but argues that it is also a function of the relative price of output and capital. Investment itself then consists of the replacement of depreciating capital stock and a distributed lag adjustment of capital to its (usually changing) equilibrium value. Jorgenson also argues that, in quarterly data at least, a particular generalization of the techniques by Chenery and Koyck for estimating distributed lag relations is essential. Jorgenson seeks to capture the price or substitution effect in investment with various measures of, or proxies for the "implicit rental or 'shadow price' of a unit of capital services. " ' In his original formulation 5 this depends upon the price of capital goods, q, the rate of depreciation, 8, the rate of interest, r, the relative rate of change of capital goods prices, q/q (capital gains), the rate of direct business taxation, u, and the proportions, v, w, and x, of depreciation, cost of capital, and capital losses (gains) chargeable against taxable income; his rental price for capital services is
Heart Rate Variability Analysis in Risk of Asthma Stratification

Early diagnosis of asthma is crucial to avoid long-term effects such as permanent airway obstruction. Pathogenesis of asthma has been related with autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction, concretely with abnormal parasympathetic activity. As heart rate variability (HRV) analysis does reflect ANS activity, it has been employed here in risk of asthma stratification.
Income Distribution, Market Size, and Industrialization

When world trade is not free and costless, a less developed country can profitably industrialize only if its domestic markets are large enough. In such a country, for increasing returns technologies to break even, sales must be high enough to cover the set-up costs, This paper studies some determinants of the size of the domestic market, and focuses on two conditions conducive to industrialization. First, agriculture or exports must provide the source of autonomous demand for manufactures. Such expansion of autonomous demand usually results from increases in farm productivity or from opening of new export markets. Second, income generated in agriculture or exports must be broadly enough distributed that it materializes as demand for mass-produced domestic goods, and not just for luxuries. We resort to these two determinants of the size of domestic markets to interpret several historical development episodes.
The Electronic Republic: Reshaping Democracy in the Information Age

From the Publisher: Can our system adapt to the new form of democracy forming via the electronic age? Will the new communication age usher in a nation governed not by professional politicians but by citizens themselves? Grossman answers these questions and many others clearly and provocatively as he brings the features of our rapidly changing political environment into focus.
The (Mis)Behaviour of the Aggregate Price Level

This paper investigates the response of the price level to random monetary shocks through a model of the fixed cost of changing a nominal price. It shows that in an inflationary environment, an expansionary monetary shock is accommodated faster than a contractionary monetary shock. Furthermore, when the average rate of monetary expansion increases, the lag in response to a positive shock decreases. The study also proves that the relationship between the expected rate of inflation and the variance of real prices is positive only above a critical level of expected inflation.
The Use of Interest Rate Futures and Options by Corporate Financial Managers

existence as currency futures began trading on the International Monetary Market of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. By 1975, the definition of financial futures was greatly expanded when interest rate futures on GNMA certificates were initiated on the Chicago Board of Trade. By early 1976, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange quickly countered with interest rate futures on 90-day U.S. Treasury bills. A number of other products rapidly followed. Futures contracts were introduced for Treasury bonds, Treasury notes, commercial paper, certificates of deposit, and other interest-related instruments. The enthusiasm eventually spread to the equity markets in the early 1980s with the introduction of stock index futures on the Value Line Index by the Kansas City Board of Trade. The Chicago Mercantile Exchange quickly came into the equity picture with the Standard and Poor's 500 Index futures contract as did the New York S ock Exchange with the NYSE Composite Index futures.
Market Underreaction and Overreaction of Technology Stocks

Several studies have assessed stock market under- or overreaction of stocks and there is some agreement among them. However, there is much disagreement about what constitutes market underreaction or overreaction, and the conditions that cause it. The substantial variation in results among studies may be partially attributed to the types of firms that are contained in any sample. We investigate this premise by focusing on a sample of technology stocks that experienced an extreme change in stock price, along with a corresponding control sample of non-technology stocks that experienced a similar extreme change in stock price on the same day. Based on the subsequent stock price behavior of each sample, we find a greater degree of overreaction within extreme positive changes in technology stock prices (winners) than in non-technology stock prices. In addition, we find a greater degree of underreaction within extreme negative changes in technology stock prices (losers) than in non-technology stock prices. When considering winners and losers collectively for technology and non-technology firms, it appears the market is overoptimistic when it initially revalues technology stock prices relative to non-technology stock prices. The degree of under- or overreaction of technology stocks varies within the sample of technology stocks, and is conditioned on firm-specific characteristics. Overall, our results suggest that technology stocks exhibit unique stock price behavior subsequent to an extreme change in price, and that this unique behavior can even vary among technology firms according to firm-specific characteristics.
Selective RAF inhibitor impairs ERK1/2 phosphorylation and growth in mutant NRAS, vemurafenib‐resistant melanoma cells

The RAF inhibitor vemurafenib achieves remarkable clinical responses in mutant BRAF melanoma patients. However, vemurafenib is burdened by acquired drug resistance and by the side effects associated with its paradoxical activation of the ERK1/2 pathway in wild‐type BRAF cells. This paradoxical effect has driven the development of a new class of RAF inhibitors. Here, we tested one of these selective, non‐paradox‐inducing RAF inhibitors termed paradox‐breaker‐04 (PB04) or PLX7904. Consistent with its design, PB04 is able to efficiently inhibit activation of ERK1/2 in mutant BRAF melanoma cells but does not hyperactivate ERK1/2 in mutant RAS‐expressing cells. Importantly, PB04 inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation in mutant BRAF melanoma cells with acquired resistance to vemurafenib/PLX4720 that is mediated by a secondary mutation in NRAS. Consistent with ERK1/2 reactivation driving the re‐acquisition of malignant properties, PB04 promoted apoptosis and inhibited entry into S phase and anchorage‐independent growth in mutant N‐RAS‐mediated vemurafenib‐resistant cells. These data indicate that paradox‐breaker RAF inhibitors may be clinically effective as a second‐line option in a cohort of acquired vemurafenib‐resistant patients.
The vesicular ATPase: A missing link between acidification and exocytosis

The vesicular adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) acidifies intracellular compartments, including synaptic vesicles and secretory granules. A controversy about a second function of this ATPase in exocytosis has been fuelled by questions about multiple putative roles of acidification in the exocytic process. Now, Poëa-Guyon et al. (2013. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201303104) present new evidence that the vesicular ATPase performs separate acidification and exocytosis roles and propose a mechanism for how these two functions are causally linked.
The Potential of Artificial Neural Networks in Mass Appraisal: The Case Revisited

Purpose – The aim of this paper is to investigate the comparative performance of an artificial neural network (ANN) and several multiple regression techniques in terms of their predictive accuracy and capability of being used within the mass appraisal industry.Design/methodology/approach – The methodology first tested that the data set had neglected non‐linearity which suggested that a non‐linear modelling technique should be applied. Given the capability of ANNs to model non‐linear data, this technique was used along with an OLS regression model (baseline model) and two non‐linear multiple regression techniques. In addition, the models were evaluated in terms of predictive accuracy and their capability of use within the mass appraisal environment.Findings – Previous studies which have compared the predictive performance of an ANN model against multiple regression techniques are inconclusive. Having superior predictive capability is important but equally important is whether the technique can be successfu.
Child Care Arrangements and Labor Supply

This paper discusses several approaches to examining the relationship between child care and mothers' labor supply. The focus is on child care for children aged 0-3, because this is a critical period for working mothers and their children and because most European and American households with children aged 3-5 already use child care centers. The paper provides data concerning availability of, government spending on, and quantity and quality standards for child care in different countries, then compares different approaches to the determinants of child care demand and labor supply. The paper subsequently reviews and compares empirical results regarding the impact of child care costs, availability and quality. Finally, the paper discusses different impacts across different groups and provides concluding remarks.
Occurrence of antibodies to the T antigen of chicken embryo lethal orphan virus.

The occurrence of viral and T antibodies in hamsters bearing chicken embryo lethal orphan virus (CELO)-induced tumors was determined. By complement fixation tests, approximately 11% (5/44) of primary tumor-bearing animals had viral antibodies in either serum or ascitic fluids. Although both complement fixation tests and indirect immunofluorescence tests detected antibodies to CELO T antigen induced in chick kidney cell cultures, the immunofluorescence test was more sensitive. About 62% (29/47) of primary tumor-bearing hamsters (fibrosarcomas, hepatomas, liver adenocarcinomas, and sarcomas) produced T antibodies detectable by the immunofluorescence reaction of sera or ascitic fluid against CELO-infected chick kidney cell cultures. Fewer positive sera were detected in animals bearing transplanted tumors. In contrast to other reports, the T antigen of CELO-induced tumors does appear to be expressed in the primary tumor, although it may not be as easily detected as with other DNA-tumor virus systems.
Cation Cl− cotransporters in the dendrites of goldfish bipolar cells

Bipolar cells receive an input from &ggr;-aminobutyric acid ergic horizontal cells in distal retinas. &ggr;-Aminobutyric acid can induce either an inhibitory or an excitatory Cl− response based on the intracellular Cl− concentration in the bipolar dendrites. Two cation Cl− cotransporters, Na-K-2Cl− and K-2Cl−, differently control local Cl− levels in neurons by uptaking or extracting Cl−, respectively. By using immunocytochemical techniques, we found that Na-K-2Cl− and K-2Cl− were preferentially distributed in On-bipolar and Off-bipolar dendrites in goldfish retinas. Na-K-2Cl− was colocalized with protein kinase C in On-bipolar dendrites, whereas K-2Cl− was located in Off-bipolar dendrites, fully overlapping with ionotropic glutamate receptor GluR4. Possibly, an internal Cl− level is higher in the On-bipolar dendrites than in the Off-bipolar dendrites. &ggr;-Aminobutyric acid inputs in the distal retina might excite On-bipolar cells, but inhibit Off-bipolar cells.
Sustainable development level in rural China based on osculating value method

This paper expounds the theoretical basis of rural sustainable development, sets up evaluation index system for rural sustainable development level in China, and uses the osculating value method to evaluate the rural sustainable development in cities, autonomous regions and provinces of China. They are divided into 3 grades of A, B and C according to the evaluation result. Finally, we analyze the causation of the differences of rural sustainable development among cities. autonomous regions and provinces in rural China.
High-performance work systems and performance of French small- and medium-sized enterprises: examining causal order

In order to improve our understanding of human resource management (HRM) in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and causality inside the black box of the firm's human management, this paper examines the relationship between high-performance work systems (HPWSs) and SMEs' performance. HPWSs are conceived here like a whole of complementary HRM practices and not in terms of isolated practices. Firm's performance is studied through profitability, degree of innovation and social climate. In the case of 275 French SMEs, we have found simultaneous and longitudinal correlations between HPWS and all performance indicators; and that controlling past performance does not eliminate the correlation of HPWS with future performance.