Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Early Childhood Parenting Programme in Rural Bangladesh

To promote physical and mental development of children, parenting education programmes in developing countries focus on specific practices such as age-appropriate responsive stimulation and feeding. A programme delivered to groups of poor mothers of children, aged less than three years, in rural Bangladesh was evaluated using an intervention-control post-test design. Mothers (n=170) who had attended a year of educational sessions and their children were compared with those (n=159) from neighbouring villages who did not have access to such a programme. After covariates were controlled, the parenting mothers obtained higher scores on a test of child-rearing knowledge and on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory of stimulation. The parenting mothers did not communicate differently with their children while doing a picture-talking task, and children did not show benefits in nutritional status or language comprehension. Parenting sessions offered by peer educators were informative and participatory, yet they need to include more practice, problem-solving, and peer-support if information is to be translated into behaviour.
Schooling, intelligence, and income.

In this article, the authors examined the evidence for linkages among 3 variables: schooling, intelligence, and income. They concluded that intelligence and schooling have a bidirectional relationship, with each variable influencing variations in the other. Moreover, changes in both schooling and intelligence influence variations in economic outcomes. Although any single study of the interdependency of these 3 variables can be criticized on the grounds that the data are correlational--and consequently are open to alternative interpretations--when viewed together, the evidence for their linked causality is quite convincing: Each increment in school attendance appears to convey significant increases not only in economic and social returns but also in psychometric intelligence. Thus, the value o f schooling appears to extend beyond simply schooling's direct effect on income.
Throughput analysis of trauma resuscitations with financial impact.

OBJECTIVES In an era of diminishing reimbursement, efficient resource utilization is paramount. The effects of three parallel factors were tracked: (a) coordinated physician-hospital patient care, (b) increasing physician awareness of resources, and (c) in-house trauma attendings. DESIGN Observational study. METHODS A Windows-based database application was made to track all resuscitations at a Level I adult/pediatric trauma center. Time data were immediately entered upon discharge from the resuscitation bay, and further data (Injury Severity Score, length of stay, and mortality) were obtained by linking to a concurrent trauma registry. Group I was a 6-month control. Group II reflects factors a and b, and group III adds factor c, each contributing 3 months of additional data. Statistical comparisons were made using analysis of variance and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS There were 2,546 resuscitations with 1,201, 636, and 709 in groups I, II, and III, respectively. The five most frequent dispositions, resuscitation times, and hospital costs were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Given similar patient groups, factors a and b together and factor c improved throughput in the resuscitation bay by approximately 35% (5-133 min) each. Hospital costs concurrently decreased with no rise in mortality.
English and Australian Children's Perceptions about Technology

Abstract This paper compares the perceptions about technology held by elementary school children in England and Australia. Children's perceptions were measured using a writing/drawing activity, designed for children of all ages, a picture quiz, devised for young children, and a questionnaire intended for older children. In each country, samples of about 800 children in Years 3‐6 were chosen from schools representative of those in their region. The results indicate that although many children only associate technology with computers and modern appliances, overall there is an enormous variety of ideas about technology with the more complex and coherent among older children. Children's attitudes are positive, although older children expressed less interest in technology. The high profile of design and make in the England and Wales Technobgy National Curriculum is reflected by children's emphasis on model‐making, an aspect generally ignored by Australian children. The diverse views children hold underscores t.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Traumatic Brain Injury and Usage of Protective Headgear During Equestrian Activities

Some of the more popular sporting activities for those living in rural areas include equestrian activities such as rodeo events and horseback riding. The lack of helmet use poses a concern for those who participate in these activities due to the risk of sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and ultimately having a negative effect on their future. A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a trauma center comparing the data on animal-riding patients and their use or lack of use of headgear and incidence of TBI. Of the patients identified, 16.2% sustained a head injury, ranking TBI fourth among all injuries sustained by the animal-riding population. Males were predominantly affected; however, females of pediatric age 5–17 years (54.5%) ranked high among the TBI population. Among all the patients identified with TBI, none of the patients were wearing a helmet and all sustained a head injury. The average injury severity score was 11, with hospital length of stay averaging less than 2 days and the overall mortality was 3.6%. Findings from the study should be considered for the purpose of implementing an age-specific educational program focused on head injury prevention and utilization of protective headgear. Current literature supports the use of protective headgear to reduce the risk of head injuries. Animal riders should be educated on the importance of using headgear as a preventive measure. Future studies are needed to indicate the effectiveness of injury prevention in regard to head injury severity and the use of protective headgear.
The chicken egg yolk plasma and granule proteomes

Using 1‐D SDS‐PAGE, LC‐MS/MS, and MS3, we identified 119 proteins from chicken egg yolk, 86 of which were not identified in yolk previously. Proteins were roughly quantitated by calculating their exponentially modified protein abundance index (emPAI) to classify them as major or minor yolk components, and to estimate their distribution between yolk plasma and yolk granular fraction. The proteins with highest abundance were serum albumin, the vitellogenin cleavage products, apovitellenins, IgY, ovalbumin, and 12 kDa serum protein with cross‐reactivity to β2‐microglobulin. In addition yolk contained many other serum and egg white proteins, the proteases nothepsin and thrombin, numerous protease inhibitors, and antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Among the moderately abundant proteins were two α2‐macroglobulin‐like proteins different from egg white α2‐macroglobulin, and the major biotin‐binding protein of yolk. An unexpected identification was that of the eggshell matrix protein ovocleidin‐116, which was previously thought to be eggshell‐specific. The list of chicken egg yolk proteins provided in this report is by far the most comprehensive at present and may serve as a starting point for the characterization of less well‐known yolk proteins.
Internet Addiction Disorder and Chatting in the Czech Republic

This study analyzes connections between online chatting and the Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD). In the research are compared two groups of respondents--Czech online chat users and Czech university students. The set of answers designed by Kimberly Young, of the University of Pittsburgh, was the common base for research. The research showed that IAD is known among university students, that some of them spend an enormous time on the Internet, and that many of them feel it is a problem. The research also clearly showed that the most serious chat users more often have problems with IAD than other university students.
An interspecific comparison between morphology and swimming performance in cyprinids

Flow regimes are believed to be of major evolutionary significance in fish. The flow regimes inhabited by cyprinids vary extensively from still flow regimes to riptide flow regimes. To test (i) whether flow‐driven swimming performance and relevant morphological differentiation are present among fish species and (ii) whether evolutionary shifts between high‐flow and low‐flow habitats in cyprinids are associated with evolutionary trade‐offs in locomotor performance, we obtained data on both steady and unsteady swimming performance and external body shape for 19 species of cyprinids that typically occur in different flow regimes (still, intermediate and riptide). We also measured the routine energy expenditure (RMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the optimal swimming speed. Our results showed that fish species from riptide groups tend to have a higher critical swimming speed (Ucrit), maximum linear velocity (Vmax) and fineness ratio (FR) than fish from the other two groups. However, there was no correlation between the reconstructed changes in the steady and unsteady swimming performance of the 19 species. According to the phylogenetically independent contrast (PIC) method, the Ucrit was actively correlated with the MMR. These results indicated that selection will favour both higher steady and unsteady swimming performance and a more streamlined body shape in environments with high water velocities. The results suggested that steady swimming performance was more sensitive to the flow regime and that for this reason, changes in body shape resulted more from selective pressure on steady swimming performance than on unsteady swimming performance. No evolutionary trade‐off was observed between steady and unsteady swimming performance, although Ucrit and MMR were found to have coevolved. However, a further analysis within each typically occurring habitat group suggested that the trade‐off that may exist between steady and unsteady swimming performance may be concealed by the effect of habitat.
An innovative review of an undergraduate dissertation double marking policy

The aims of this research were to establish inter-marker reliability and how a mark is agreed between two markers, as part of a dissertation marking review. The ultimate aim was to decrease double marking workload from 100 to 25–30%, while maintaining an acceptable level of reliability. In cohort one (100% double marked), the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.87 and in cohort two 0.73 (75% double marked, n = 18); and in cohort three 0.82 (25% double marked, n = 26). An already-established process of peer review of learning and teaching, in conjunction with developing communities of practice within research teams, is thought to have helped maintain the high level of reliability whilst achieving the aim of reducing double marking to 25–30%. There was no pattern with regard to how the mark was agreed between the two markers.
The Entry into Employment: An Approach towards a General Theory

R epresentatives of various disciplines including psychology, economics and education have all examined die entry into employment. They have all defined their own particular problems that the subject matter poses and have attempted to answer them. Before the sociologist enters the field it appears sensible that he should first define his particular interests in the subject. If confusion is to be avoided the questions that the sociologist hopes to answer as a result of his examinations of the entry into employment need to be clearly declared in advance. I would like to suggest that the entry into employment embodies two major social processes. Firstly school-leavers must be differentiated and placed in their various roles within the occupational system, and secondly they must be induced to accept their new r61es as workers in the specific occupations to which they have been allocated. These processes must take place during the entry into employment in any society with a complex division of labour and in which childhood r61es are not precisely articulated with the specific adult destinations of the young. The sociologist's interest in the entry into employment should be focused upon these two processes of occupational rdle allocation and socialisation. We want to obtain an accurate description of how these processes take place, and to explain why they take place in the manner that they do.
Human microevolution and the Atlantic Slave Trade. A case study from Sao Tomé

Populations derived from the Atlantic slaving process provide unique opportunities for studying key evolutionary determinants of current patterns of human cultural and biological variation. Examination of the genetic patterning of the small plantation island of Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea) using a study design that avoids the use of preconceived ethno-linguistic labels to define genetic sampling units reveals that, despite the fact that maximum distance between any two sampled sites is less than 50 km, the island has an unusual level of genetic structure that is mainly caused by the grouping of Angolar Creole-speakers in a separate cluster carrying a distinctive imprint of genetic drift. This pattern may have been shaped by a kin-structured founder effect associated with the flight of a patrilineal clan of rebel slaves who established a remarkably successful maroon community in the vicinity of the plantation complex. The observation that population-discontinuous jumps may occur even under social conditions of massive coercive amalgamation provides an illustration of the way in which human clusters emerge and eventually shape the genetic background of human populations.
Cognitive Skills, Adolescent Violence, and the Moderating Role of Neighborhood Disadvantage

Numerous studies uncover a link between cognitive skills and adolescent violence. Overlooked is whether the relationship changes at varying levels of neighborhood disadvantage. We examine the issue by contrasting two models that place individual difference in cognitive skill within a social‐structural framework. Using five waves of the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a three‐level hierarchical model, results indicate that cognitive skill is inversely associated with violence and that the relationship is strongest in non‐disadvantaged neighborhoods. However, the cognitive skills–violence relationship is indistinguishable from zero in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods. The findings are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that social expression of developed ability is muted in disadvantaged contexts.
New Reconfigurable Architectures for Implementing FIR Filters With Low Complexity

Reconfigurability and low complexity are the two key requirements of finite impulse response (FIR) filters employed in multistandard wireless communication systems. In this paper, two new reconfigurable architectures of low complexity FIR filters are proposed, namely constant shifts method and programmable shifts method. The proposed FIR filter architecture is capable of operating for different wordlength filter coefficients without any overhead in the hardware circuitry. We show that dynamically reconfigurable filters can be efficiently implemented by using common subexpression elimination algorithms. The proposed architectures have been implemented and tested on Virtex 2v3000ff1152-4 field-programmable gate array and synthesized on 0.18 ¿m complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology with a precision of 16 bits. Design examples show that the proposed architectures offer good area and power reductions and speed improvement compared to the best existing reconfigurable FIR filter implementations in the literature.
Comparison of Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Approaches in Abdominal Aortic Surgery

Abstract Background: The transperitoneal approach (TP) to the aorta is the most widely accepted surgical approach in aortic surgery as it is simple, fast and provides excellent exposure of the intra-abdominal cavity and vascular structures. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the retroperitoneal (RP) approach to the aorta since it has been described as having a better outcome, i.e., preserving pulmonary function and gastro-intestinal physiology, reducing the intra-operative blood loss, minimising patient discomfort or pain, decreasing the incidence of wound complications and shortening ICU and hospital stay. The aim of this study is to compare the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches in aortic surgery for aorto-iliac occlusive disease (AIOD). Methods: From December 2003 to June 2006, a total of 153 consecutive patients who had undergone aortic surgery for AIOD, were studied retrospectively. The TP approach was used in 85 patients and the RP approach in 68 patients. Demographic features, intra-operative and postoperative data were analysed and compared according to the approach used. Results: The mean operating time (83.6 ± 23 vs. 104.4 ± 30 min, p < 0.001) and mean aortic cross-clamp time (18.4 ± 3 vs. 15.2 ± 3 min, p < 0.0412) were significantly longer in the RP group. Peri-operative blood loss (700 ± 350 vs. 650 ± 330 ml, p < 0.683) and mortality rate < 30 day (1/1.2% vs. 0/0.0%, p < 0.896) were similar between the groups. The operative 30 day mortality rate was 0.7% (1 of 153) overall. The RP group had an earlier return of bowel functions (17.1 ± 3 vs. 24.2 ± 5 hrs, p < 0.001), earlier resumption of diet (26.4 ± 4 vs. 31.4 ± 5 hrs, p < 0.001), shorter period of intubation (3.5 ± 2 vs. 6.5 ± 3 hrs, p < 0.001), ICU stay (1.5 ± 1 vs. 4.2 ± 1 hrs, p < 0.001) and hospital stay (4.0 ± 1 vs. 5.9 ± 1 days, p < 0.001). Mean effort-pain scores were significantly lower in the RP group (3.8 ± 1 vs. 5.3 ± 1, p < 0.001). Incidence of pulmonary complications (4.4%, 3 of 68 vs. 7.3%, 8 of 85, p < 0.001), paralytic ileus (1.5%, 1 of 68 vs. 3.5%. 3 of 85, p < 0.001) were also lower in the RP group. Wound complications were more common in the TP group (4.7%, 4 of 85 vs. 10.3%, 7 of 86, p < 0.001). Most cases in both groups were related to incisional hernia or evisceration. Conclusion: This report presents our experience with the use of TP and RP approaches in a patient population merely consisting of AIOD. The RP approach was associated with a significantly lower incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications, rapid recovery of gastro-intestinal functions, shorter ICU and hospital stay, less peri-operative blood loss and lower mean effort-pain scores. We conclude that the RP approach is a safe and feasible technique that exposes patients to less postoperative complications.
Involved‐field radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for limited‐stage small‐cell lung cancer: Disease control, patterns of failure and survival

Introduction: Major randomised trials have employed elective nodal irradiation as part of combined modality therapy for limited‐stage small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). The present investigation describes patterns of failure, disease control, and survival outcomes for involved‐field radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy, without elective irradiation of uninvolved mediastinal nodal regions.
Introduction: Leadership Preparation in Education

This special issue breaks EAQ precedent; by publishing five empirical articles on evaluation of leadership preparation, it increases by 63% the total of empirical articles on all aspects of school leader preparation and preparation programs in the entire 45-year history of this journal. In inviting me to write the introduction, Margaret Terry Orr, special issue editor, suggested that I focus on the historical policy context and existing evaluation research just past the millennium and the birth of the cross-institutional work that created and pursued the conceptual evaluation model that underpins much of the empirical work presented here. With Terry’s blessing, I pursue the historical context in first person.
Self-report multicultural counseling competence scales: Their relation to social desirability attitudes and multicultural case conceptualization ability.

This study examined the relationship between 4 self-report multicultural counseling competence measures and a general index of social desirability. The authors also investigated the association between these 4 multicultural scales and multicultural case conceptualization ability. Results revealed significant positive relationships between 3 of the 4 multicultural counseling competence inventories and a measure of social desirability attitudes. Additionally, after controlling for social desirability, none of the self-report multicultural counseling competence scales were significantly related to multicultural case conceptualization ability. Limitations of self-report multicultural counseling competence measures are discussed, and implications of the findings for counseling training, practice, and research are delineated.
Birth, Fortune, and Discrepant Fertility in Twentieth-Century America

Twentieth-century American men and women were often unable to live up to or down to their own fertility ideals. In a national random sample of 11,126 ever-married men and women over the age of 44, “discrepant fertility”—the difference between ideal fertility and completed fertility—was common. This article seeks to identify the causes of such discrepancies, and findings suggest that the most important exogenous factor is “birth cohort. ” Those born prior to or after the Great Depression were prone to exhibit negative discrepant fertility, having had fewer children than they thought ideal, while those born during the Depression—the parents of the baby boom—were characterized by significant positive discrepant fertility, having had more children than they thought ideal. It is argued that these cohort effects are closely related to social and economic conditions that prevailed as twentieth-century Americans came of age and assessed their professional and familial prospects.
Investigating fashion disposition with young consumers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is first, to investigate young consumers' fashion disposition behavior, second, to identify motivations for their fashion disposition, and third, to identify emotional responses experienced during and after the fashion disposition process. The paper also aims to investigate young consumers' ideas about their future fashion disposition practices and to what extent did participants link being socially responsible to their fashion disposition decisions and behaviors.Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative approach was adopted wherein undergraduates wrote an essay concerning their apparel disposal habits. Data were analyzed using content analyses.Findings – Participants engaged in multiple fashion disposition behaviors including donation, selling, repurposing, and swapping unwanted clothing, Participants mentioned fashionability, physical condition of an item, and social responsibility as factors that prompted their fashion disposition. Participants experienced primaril.