Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPETING GOALS: THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS ON WOMEN'S JUDGMENTS OF AND RESPONSES TO SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION RISK

Researchers have identified many variables associated with the risk of sexual victimization among college women, including a previous history of sexual victimization and the ability to appraise and respond to victimization risk. Nurius and Norris (1996) included these and other variables in their theoretical model of factors influencing women’s sexual victimization risk appraisal and response. The current study attempted to examine one part of that complex model, the role of social goals and expectations in women’s perceptions of and responses to victimization risk. The study also used a social information processing model to inform a task-based method of measuring women’s judgments of and responses to sexual victimization risk. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the relationships between previous sexual victimization and social goals, sex-related beliefs, and women’s risk-related skills. College women’s social goals, particularly those related to affiliation and intimacy, were negatively related to their judgments of and responses to hypothetical situations with some level of risk for sexual victimization; women with greater affiliation motivation and intimacy relationship orientation, judged hypothetical scenarios to be less risky and generated and selected less effective responses as well. These goals were also related to women’s beliefs about the positive influence of alcohol on consensual sexual experiences. The study’s approach to measuring college women’s social goals and expectations increases understanding of the
Affective coding: the emotional dimension of agency

The sense of agency (SoA) (i.e., the registration that I am the initiator and controller of my actions and relevant events) is associated with several affective dimensions. This makes it surprising that the emotion factor has been largely neglected in the field of agency research. Current empirical investigations of the SoA mainly focus on sensorimotor signals (i.e., efference copy) and cognitive cues (i.e., intentions, beliefs) and on how they are integrated. Here we argue that this picture is not sufficient to explain agency experience, since agency and emotions constantly interact in our daily life by several ways. Reviewing first recent empirical evidence, we show that self-action perception is in fact modulated by the affective valence of outcomes already at the sensorimotor level. We hypothesize that the “affective coding” between agency and action outcomes plays an essential role in agency processing, i.e., the prospective, immediate or retrospective shaping of agency representations by affective components. This affective coding of agency be differentially altered in various neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., schizophrenia vs. depression), thus helping to explain the dysfunctions and content of agency experiences in these diseases.
Self-Control in Context: A Mixed Methods Investigation of Self-Control and Self-Control Failure

SELF-CONTROL IN CONTEXT: A MIXED METHODS INVESTIGATION OF SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-CONTROL FAILURE Anne Elizabeth Bergen Advisor: University of Guelph, 2011 Professor Ian R. Newby-Clark In this thesis, I take a mixed methods approach to exploring motivations and explanations for self-control and self-control failure. In Study 1, I used quantitative, experimental methods to test predictions derived from the strength model of self-control and self-determination theory related to voluntary risk, vitality, and self-control. In Study 2, I used thematic analysis of qualitative interviews to describe how people experience self-control and self-control failure. The strength model describes self-control as a limited resource that is depleted by acts requiring executive control. When people’s self-control is depleted, they are motivated to conserve and replenish self-control resources. One way of regaining self-control may be engaging in risky activities that provide a replenishing sense of vitality. Feelings of vitality are associated with perceptions of autonomy, and may serve as an experiential barometer of self-control strength. In Study 1, I manipulated self-control depletion and risk autonomy to test whether people engage in risky choices to provide a replenishing sense of vitality. My results suggest that vitality is not a reliable barometer of self-control strength. Perceptions of autonomy appear to be a predictor of short-term self-control strength, such that forced risk is a depleting experience. Further, perceptions of autonomy were an important facet of participants’ attributions of selfcontrol success. However, thematic analysis further suggests that experiences of self-control cannot be removed from a context of motivation and emotion. More than just short-term fluctuations in ability to resist temptation, people’s personal theories of self-control provide a long-term narrative for explaining success and failures of goal-directed striving. More than just an intra-individual construct, the social context of self-control appears to have important
New Radio Sources and the Composite Structure of Component B in the Very Young Protostellar System IRAS 16293–2422

In this article we report high-resolution (~0.1''-0.3''), high-sensitivity (~50-100 μJy beam-1) Very Large Array 0.7 and 1.3 cm observations of the young stellar system IRAS 16293-2422 in ρ Ophiuchus. In the 0.7 cm image, component A to the southeast of the system looks like its usual binary self. In the new 1.3 cm image, however, component A2 appears to have split into two subcomponents located roughly symmetrically around the original position of A2. This change of morphology is likely the result of a recent bipolar ejection, one of the very first such events observed in a low-mass source. Also in component A, a marginal detection of 0.7 cm emission associated with the submillimeter component Ab is reported. If confirmed, this detection would imply that Ab is a relatively extended dusty structure, where grain coagulation may already have taken place. With an angular size increasing with frequency, and an overall spectral index of 2, the emission from component B to the northwest of the system is confirmed to be dominated by optically thick thermal dust emission associated with a fairly massive, nearly face-on, circumstellar disk. In the central region, however, we find evidence for a modest free-free contribution that originates in a structure elongated roughly in the east-west direction. We argue that this free-free component traces the base of the jet driving the large-scale bipolar flow at a position angle of about 110° that has long been known to be powered by IRAS 16293-2422.
Gender differences in reading achievement and enjoyment of reading: The role of perceived teaching quality

ABSTRACT The authors examined the extent to which classroom-specific relationships between students’ gender and their reading achievement and enjoyment of reading are associated with student-perceived teaching quality. Based on a sample of 10,543 ninth-grade students from 427 classrooms, multilevel analyses revealed that effective classroom management, adequate pacing, and a strong focus on language competencies were related to a less pronounced increase of girls’ advantage in reading achievement during Grade 9. High levels of teacher support and focus on language competencies were related to smaller gender differences in enjoyment of reading at the beginning of Grade 9, though not associated with change of these differences over the school year. Our findings suggest that high teaching quality is not only related to higher reading achievement and reading enjoyment in classrooms as a whole, but may also help to mitigate the increase of gender gaps in reading achievement and motivation commonly observed in secondary school.
A risk‐based approach to flood management decisions in a nonstationary world

Traditional approaches to flood management in a nonstationary world begin with a null hypothesis test of “no trend” and its likelihood, with little or no attention given to the likelihood that we might ignore a trend if it really existed. Concluding a trend exists when it does not, or rejecting a trend when it exists are known as type I and type II errors, respectively. Decision‐makers are poorly served by statistical and/or decision methods that do not carefully consider both over‐ and under‐preparation errors, respectively. Similarly, little attention is given to how to integrate uncertainty in our ability to detect trends into a flood management decision context. We show how trend hypothesis test results can be combined with an adaptation's infrastructure costs and damages avoided to provide a rational decision approach in a nonstationary world. The criterion of expected regret is shown to be a useful metric that integrates the statistical, economic, and hydrological aspects of the flood management problem in a nonstationary world.
Relational Teaching with Black Boys: Strategies for Learning at a Single-Sex Middle School for Boys of Color

Background/Context Positive teacher-student relationships are critical for Black boys’ learning across single-sex and coeducational environments. Limited attention to these relationships by school professionals is rooted in deficit-oriented conceptions of boyhood and Black masculinity. The popular message of deficiency and pathology is clear: Black boys and men are either dangerous or at-risk and need to be saved. Such narrow conceptions are destructive, operate unconsciously, skew teachers’ perceptions of who boys are, and distort teachers’ efforts to meet boys’ distinct learning needs. A “boy crisis” in U.S. education has been characterized by a set of distressing school outcomes in specific learning categories. Racial marginalization and poverty only serve to exacerbate these negative academic outcomes, whereby low-income Black boys remain in the bottom quartile across all achievement measures. Scholars have recently begun to partly attribute boys’ underachievement to a lack of emphasis on the relational dimension of schools. Purpose/Focus of the Study (1) Illustrate how a set of relational teaching strategies supported Black boys’ engagement and learning, and (2) further contribute boys’ “voice” to a counternarrative, which strives to complicate and dispel negative race and gender stereotypes associated with Black males in the United States. Setting/Population/Participants This study employs a relational teaching framework to examine the learning relationships among teachers and a full cohort of eighth-grade Black boys (N = 27) at a single-sex middle school for boys of color in New York City. Research Design/Data Collection In-depth interviews from a critical ethnography conducted at the school-site (2011–2012) culled boys’ narratives of their teacher-student relationships. Findings/Discussion Boys particularly expressed how teachers must foremost convey mastery of course content, with a lucid set of humane behavioral expectations. Narratives from the boys revealed how relationally effective teachers consistently enacted the following gestures: reaching out and go beyond; personal advocacy; establishing common ground; and accommodating opposition. Teachers demonstrated the capacity to acquire and refine relational gestures, but relationship struggles among the boys and their teachers were commonplace. Core findings include: (a) Boys illuminated how specific aspects of the school context facilitated successful enactment of the relational teaching strategies by teachers; (b) teachers’ use of the relational strategies was also facilitated by the social categories of race, gender, and class the boys embodied; (c) boys’ engagement and learning benefitted from positive teacher–student relationships, which ensued after effective use of the relational teaching strategies; and (d) relational teaching with Black boys is not limited to either single-sex or coeducational learning environments.
The Natural satellite database of the Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. An overview

About 1000 astrometric positions of the Saturnian satellites, 400 positions of the satellites of Mars, and 30 positions of the external satellites of Jupiter were obtained from the numerous photographic observations of the natural satellites made at the Main Astronomical Observatory of National Academy of Science of Ukraine during 1961-1990. The astronomical observations were carried out with 400/5500 double long-focus astrograph, 400/2000 double wide-angle astrograph (Golosiiv, Ukraine), 400/3000 double wide-angle astrograph (Kitab, Republic of Uzbekistan), 600/7500 Zeiss reflector (Majdanak, Republic of Uzbekistan). All astrometric positions were derived or re-reduced later with Tycho-2 and ACT catalogues. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the available photographic plates as well as the derived positions will be given in the presentation. It will be shown that the positions have different inner accuracy being at 0.2 arcsec at average. Moreover, some of them may be biased with the different systematic effects such as closeness of the bright primary planet. Nevertheless, the database likely contain useful material to be re-analyzed and re-reduced with a modern reference catalogue, for example, uniform set of the observations for Iapetus, Titan, Rhea, and Dione as well as Phobos and Deimos, which cover every opposition between 1961 and 1988.
Family Safety Nets and Economic Transition: A Study of Worker Households in Poland

Can Eastern European families most severely impoverished during the transition to capitalism rely on private family safety nets? This question is likely critical for the transition's success, but little is known about family networks in Eastern Europe. We analyze newly available Polish household surveys, conducted both before and after Poland's economic transition, which measure private inter- household transfers. Such transfers are large and widespread in Poland, and in many ways they appear to function like means-tested public transfers. They flow from high to low-income households and are targeted to young couples, large families and those experiencing illness. Private transfer patterns also suggest that they are responsive to liquidity constraints. Our results from 1987 data indicate that private transfers could fill a non-trivial portion of the income gap left by unemployment. But we also find evidence from 1992 data that family networks weakened somewhat after the transition.
The large-scale environment of low surface brightness galaxies

Context. The exact formation scenarios and evolutionary processes that led to the existence of the class of low surface brightness galaxies (LSBs) have not yet been understood completely. There is evidence that the lack of star formation expected to be typical of LSBs can only occur if the LSBs were formed in low-density regions. Aims. Since the environment of LSBs has been studied before only on small scales (below 2 Mpc), a study of the galaxy content in the vicinity of LSB galaxies on larger scales could add a lot to our understanding of the origin of this galaxy class. Methods. We used the spectroscopic main galaxy sample of the SDSS DR4 to investigate the environmental galaxy density of LSB galaxies compared to the galaxy density in the vicinity of high surface brightness galaxies (HSBs). To avoid the influence of evolutionary effects depending of redshift and to minimize completeness issues within the SDSS, we limited the environment studies to the local universe with a redshift of z ≤ 0.1. At first we studied the luminosity distribution of the LSB sample obtained from the SDSS within two symmetric redshift intervals (0.01 < z ≤ 0.055 and 0.055 < z ≤ 0.1). Results. It was found that the lower redshift interval is dominated by small, low-luminosity LSBs, whereas the LSB sample in the higher redshift range mainly consists of larger, more luminous LSBs. This comes from selection effects of the SDSS spectroscopic sample. The environment studies, also divided into these two redshift bins, show that both the low mass, and the more massive LSBs possess an environment with a lower galaxy density than HSBs. The differences in the galaxy density between LSBs and HSBs are significant on scales between 2 and 5 Mpc, the scales of groups and filaments. To quantify this, we have introduced for the first time the LSB-HSB Antibias. The obtained LSB-HSB Antibias parameter has a value of 10%–15%. Conclusions. From these results we conclude that LSBs formed in low-density regions of the initial universe and have drifted until now to the outer parts of the filaments and walls of the large-scale structure. Furthermore, our results, together with actual cosmological simulations, show that LSBs are caused by a mixture of nature and nurture.
Characteristics of Methylphenidate Misuse in a University Student Sample

Objective: Methylphenidate (MPH) is a prescription stimulant drug with known abuse potential; however, little is known about its patterns of misuse or the characteristics of its abusers. Methods: A sample of 50 university students reporting MPH misuse and 50 control subjects matched for age, sex, and ethnicity completed structured face-to-face interviews about their MPH and other drug use. For each substance ever used, they provided information regarding routes of administration and other substances ever coadministered, as well as details about the most recent administration. MPH users provided additional information about their reasons for use and, in 36 cases, about how they obtained the drug. Results: Relative to control subjects, those who misused MPH were more likely to have used various other prescription and nonprescription stimulant drugs over their lifetime, and most MPH users reported mixing the drug with other psychoactive substances. Of the MPH sample, 70% reported recreational use of the drug, while 30% reported that MPH was used exclusively for study purposes. Relative to those using it exclusively for study, recreational users were more likely to report using MPH intranasally, as well as coadministering MPH with other substances. Most of those who reported their source of MPH obtained it from an acquaintance with a prescription. Conclusions: Those who misuse MPH are more likely than their peers to misuse various other substances, and MPH misuse frequently occurs in the context of simultaneous polydrug use. Because the primary supply of inappropriately used MPH appears to be prescribed users, efforts should be directed toward preventing its diversion.
Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey

Functional studies of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobe of the rhesus monkey have implicated the former in spatial mnemonic function and the latter in visuospatial processing. We used the 14C-2-deoxyglucose (2DG) method to assess the contribution of these cortical regions to the cognitive performance of monkeys on working memory tasks. In these experiments, one group of monkeys (WORK) was trained to perform tasks (delayed spatial alternation, spatial delayed response, or delayed object alternation) that specifically engaged working memory processing. Local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) rates in the WORK group was compared with LCGU rates for a second group of monkeys (CONT) tested on one of two tasks (visual pattern discrimination or sensory-motor) that relied upon associative memory. The results showed that in comparison to the CONT group, working memory performance significantly enhanced LCGU by 19% in the principal sulcus region of prefrontal cortex and by 11–20% in regions of the inferior parietal cortex corresponding to areas 7A, 7B, 7IP, and 7M. By contrast, LCGU in the auditory cortex was similar for both groups. In all areas examined, metabolic activation peaked in lower layer III where the majority of associational and callosal neurons lie. Correlation analyses of LCGU and behavioral task parameters indicated that LCGU in the parietal subdivisions was significantly related either to the accuracy of performance or to the number of trials completed on the 2DG test. In contrast, LCGU in the principal sulcus was positively correlated with task difficulty. These findings suggest that the enhancement of LCGU in the principal sulcus was primarily influenced by the mnemonic components of the tasks whereas LCGU in the inferior parietal cortex was influenced by their sensory-motor demands. These are the first results showing concurrent metabolic activation of the prefrontal and parietal cortex in monkeys performing working memory tasks and they support the suggestion that these cortical regions represent two important nodes in a neural network mediating spatial working memory in the monkey (Goldman-Rakic, 1988). Further, the present report reinforces the power of the 2DG method for functional mapping as these areal and laminar results could not be readily appreciated at this resolution in any other methodological context.
Eddy current sensors for nondestructive inspection of graphite composite materials

A system using eddy current sensors for nondestructive evaluation of graphite composite plates is described. The basic physical principle of measurement with this kind of sensor is reviewed. An analytical model of the relationships between the properties of the object approached by the sensitive area of the sensor and the induced variation of the signal is presented. In this case the interesting properties are the distance between the sensor and the target, and the latter's local conductivity. The inversion of this model to extract useful data from the sensor signal is discussed. The method is illustrated for a graphite composite plate on which a mechanical constraint was applied. The inspection process consists of scanning the sensor above the surface of the sample, and computing in each point values either of distance or conductivity. Both values, presented at successive stages of structure damage, show simultaneously the surface deformations and the internal defects in the sample. <<ETX>>
How Leaders Affect Followers’ Work Engagement and Performance: Integrating Leader−Member Exchange and Crossover Theory

Drawing on leader−member exchange and crossover theory, this study examines how leaders’ work engagement can spread to followers, highlighting the role of leader−member exchange as an underlying explanatory process. Specifically, we investigate if leaders who are highly engaged in their work have better relationships with their followers, which in turn can explain elevated employee engagement. For this purpose, we surveyed 511 employees nested in 88 teams and their team leaders in a large service organization. Employees and supervisors provided data in this multi-source design. Furthermore, we asked the employees to report their annual performance assessment. We tested our model using multilevel path analyses in Mplus. As hypothesized, leaders’ work engagement enhanced leader−member exchange quality, which in turn boosted employee engagement (mediation model). Moreover, employee engagement was positively linked to performance and negatively linked to turnover intentions. As such, our multilevel field study connects the dots between work engagement research and the leadership literature. We identify leaders’ work engagement as a key to positive leader−follower relationships and a means for promoting employee engagement and performance. Promoting work engagement at the managerial level may be a fruitful starting point for fostering an organizational culture of engagement.