Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Synthetic prions with novel strain-specified properties

Prions are infectious proteins that possess multiple self-propagating structures. The information for strains and structural specific barriers appears to be contained exclusively in the folding of the pathological isoform, PrPSc. Many recent studies determined that de novo prion strains could be generated in vitro from the structural conversion of recombinant (rec) prion protein (PrP) into amyloidal structures. Our aim was to elucidate the conformational diversity of pathological recPrP amyloids and their biological activities, as well as to gain novel insights in characterizing molecular events involved in mammalian prion conversion and propagation. To this end we generated infectious materials that possess different conformational structures. Our methodology for the prion conversion of recPrP required only purified rec full-length mouse (Mo) PrP and common chemicals. Neither infected brain extracts nor amplified PrPSc were used. Following two different in vitro protocols recMoPrP converted to amyloid fibrils without any seeding factor. Mouse hypothalamic GT1 and neuroblastoma N2a cell lines were infected with these amyloid preparations as fast screening methodology to characterize the infectious materials. Remarkably, a large number of amyloid preparations were able to induce the conformational change of endogenous PrPC to harbor several distinctive proteinase-resistant PrP forms. One such preparation was characterized in vivo habouring a synthetic prion with novel strain specified neuropathological and biochemical properties.
Identifying leadership roles for quality in early childhood education programmes

This article aims to identify leadership roles for quality in early childhood programmes in the local settings of a sample of Hong Kong preschools. Two schools were selected for the study, both of which were rated as excellent in the quality assurance inspections of a local education authority. Effective leadership was explored from the multiple perspectives of various school stakeholders, including school governors, principals, teachers, members of support staff and parents. The qualitative interviews were used for data collection. The interview data indicated that the teachers, members of support staff and parents quite often viewed themselves as followers and were dependent on a single leader, the head. As perceived by the school stakeholders, the principals tended to take up three major roles: role model, school manager and mentor for curriculum and pedagogy. Characteristics of the associated patterns of the three leadership roles were similar to those of moral, managerial and instructional leadership documented in the Western literature. The implications of the study for promoting moral leadership and developing teacher leadership are discussed.
The Role of Information and Communication Technologies in the Relationship Between Group Effectiveness and Group Potency

The aim of this research is to examine the role of information and communication technologies in the relationship between group effectiveness and group potency changes. A laboratory experiment compared 44 groups of four members, working in two communication media—face-to-face condition and computer-mediated communication (CMC). Groups developed a project during 4 weekly meetings during a 1-month period. No significant difference in group potency between communication media was found initially. However, different patterns of group potency development over time were identified. Group potency increased in the face-to-face condition, whereas it remained stable in the CMC condition. Results showed that group effectiveness has a positive effect on group potency. CMC groups that were higher in effectiveness presented higher levels of group potency than those lower in effectiveness, whereas group potency perceived by face-to-face groups remained stable over different levels of group effectiveness.
Remembering a depressive primary object

Memory has always been a central issue in psychoanalytic theory and practice. Recent developments in the cognitive and neural sciences suggest that traditional notions of memory based on stored structures which are also often underlying psychoanalytic thinking cannot account for a number of fundamental phenomena and thus need to be revised. We suggest that memory be conceived as a) a theoretical construct explaining current behaviour by reference to events that have happened in the past. b) Memory is not to be conceived as stored structures but as a function of the whole organism, as a complex, dynamic, recategorising and interactive process, which is always ‘embodied’. c) Memory always has a subjective and an objective side. The subjective side is given by the individual's history, the objective side by the neural patterns generated by the sensory motor interactions with the environment. This implies that both ‘narrative’ (subjective) and ‘historical’ (objective) truth have to be taken into account achieving stable psychic change as is illustrated by extensive clinical materials taken from a psychoanalysis with a psychogenic sterile borderline patient.
Fostering an Ethic of Care in Leadership: A Conversation with Five African American Women

This article is a qualitative, exploratory, multicase study that examines the leadership of five educational administrators and teachers serving students of various levels. This study addresses the following questions: How do African American women leaders’ experiences with intersectionality (race, class, and gender) inform an ethic of care in responding to social injustices within the educational system? How do African American women in these situations define caring? This study offers new perspectives to feminist care-focused frameworks by including the intersection of race, gender, and class in the conversation. Central to the discussion is African American women’s sensitivity of issues that emerge from the intersection of race, gender, and social class in large organizational systems as a result of their own marginalized status in society. Although this study examines educational leaders, the implications are similar across other professions where African American women are leaders and demonstrate an ethic of care.
Efficacy of adalimumab for the treatment of extraintestinal manifestations of Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Crohn's disease (CD) is commonly associated with inflammatory processes located in organs and systems others than the gut, which are known as extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of adalimumab (ADA) for the treatment of EIM in patients with CD. METHODS forty two consecutive CD patients with at least one EIM were prospectively included in a open-label study. Patients received ADA (160 mg at week zero, 80 mg at week two and 40 mg every other week) over six months and the effectiveness and safety of ADA for EIMs were assessed. The influence of gender, age, smoking habits, family history of inflammatory bowel disease, phenotype and previous anti-TNF treatment on EIM resolution was also investigated. RESULTS at month six, 76.2% of the patients showed remission or response in CD (33.3% remission and 42.9% any response). EIM showed a parallel course with CD in most cases, and showed remission or response in 66.7% of patients (38.1% remission and 28.5% any response). Patients with any response of their EIM condition were younger than those with no response (p = 0.04). No relationship was found between sex, tobacco, family history of IBD, phenotype and previous treatment with anti-TNF, and EIM resolution. CONCLUSIONS adalimumab is effective in reducing EIM of CD. Age but not tobacco, CD phenotype and anti-TNF-naïve status appears to influence the response.
Early findings in a pilot study of anterior cervical interbody fusion in which recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 was used with poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide) bioabsorbable implants.

OBJECT The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of bioabsorbable interbody spacers in cervical spine fusion. METHODS The authors report on a prospective examination of 20 patients with degenerative cervical disc disease who underwent anterior cervical fusion at 28 total levels. The authors used Infuse bone graft (that is, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 applied to an absorbable collagen sponge and contained within a Cornerstone-HSR bioabsorbable spacer. Multiple-level fusions were performed in 30% of these patients. At 3 months postfusion, radiographs and computerized tomography scans demonstrated bridging bone in 100% of the patients. Improvement from baseline scores in physical functioning, mental health, and bodily pain was demonstrated at 3 months postoperatively according to results of the Short Form-36 Version 2 health survey. There were no device-related complications. CONCLUSIONS The results in this series indicate that the use of Cornerstone-HSR as a bioabsorbable interbody spacer in combination with Infuse bone graft may be an alternative treatment for cervical spine fusion.
Self-Construction, Cognitive Conflicts, and Disordered Eating Attitudes in Young Women

The aim of this study is to identify cognitive variables that predict disordered eating attitudes in a nonclinical sample composed of 50 female university students. Repertory grid technique was used to assess cognitive features of self-construing and cognitive conflicts. Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction scales from the Eating Disorder Inventory–2 were used as dependent variables, as previous studies suggested that high scores on these scales are associated with the risk of developing or aggravating eating syndromes. Results suggest that drive for thinness can be associated with cognitive conflicts, whereas body dissatisfaction may be higher for those who construct themselves as inadequate and similar to others. In addition, both dependent variables were predicted by being younger and having a higher body mass index.
An Automatic Building Reconstruction Method : A Structural Approach using High Resolution Satellite Images

We present an automatic 3D city model of dense urban areas from HR satellite data. The proposed method is developed using a structural approach: we construct complex buildings by merging simple parametric models with rectangular ground footprint. To do so, an automatic building extraction method based on marked point processes is used to provide rectangular building footprints. A collection of 3D parametric models is defined in order to be fixed onto these building footprints. A Bayesian framework including both prior knowledge of models and their interactions, and a likelihood fitting them to the digital elevation model, is then used. A simulated annealing scheme allows to find the configuration which maximizes the posterior density of the Bayesian expression.
The Impact of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Reform: A Comparative Analysis

In this article, application of the United States Sentencing Guidelines among district court judges adjudicating substantially similar drug cases is compared. When district court judges use the Guidelines, either applying ranges from the sentencing table or explicitly departing from them, average sentences and sentence variation among the circuits analyzed are very similar. However, rates of departure from the Guidelines by district court judges in some circuits vary significantly. Further, district court judges in the circuits analyzed reacted differently than judges nationwide to three significant legal events: the PROTECT Act (2003) (limiting judicial discretion), Blakely v. Washington (2004), and United States v. Booker (2005) (expanding judicial discretion). This analysis suggests that long-existing federal Sentencing Guideline schemes, whether mandatory or advisory, reduce disparities in sentences when judges apply the Guideline ranges, but not disparities associated with the choice of whether to apply those ranges.
Non-contradiction—The Main Way of Progress of Professional Interwar Magazines in Oltenia

The study finds that, for Romania, the period 1920-1939 is one without major contradictions. In “neutrosophy” of renowed American professor F. Smarandache’s terms, the interwar period was, in Romania, a “neutral” period. As mediating operators, professional journals reflected the atmosphere of relative tranquility and social peace. From the qualitative analysis of their media discourse, we can see three elements that: (1) the professional journals of Oltenia, as media tools for teachers, priests and folklore (folklorist), or music enthusiasts (music lovers), were loyal to their financial supporters; (2) although they served oblique and opposition interests, the communication professional operators have generally not emphasized, perpetuated or generated conflicts, disputes and misunderstandings; and (3) social attitudes promoted by professional magazines in Oltenia was a beneficial, objective one of better understanding and neutrality. The conclusion is that, despite the axiom that progress is generated by contradiction, it shows that professional journals in Oltenia, during 1920-1939, even in the absence of contradictions, namely under neutrality, there have been major advances.
Cardiovascular Depression in Rats Exposed to Inhaled Particulate Matter and Ozone: Effects of Diet-Induced Metabolic Syndrome

Background: High ambient levels of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in people with preexisting cardiopulmonary diseases. Enhanced susceptibility to the toxicity of air pollutants may include individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Objective: We tested the hypothesis that cardiovascular responses to O3 and PM2.5 will be enhanced in rats with diet-induced MetS. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fructose diet (HFrD) to induce MetS and then exposed to O3, concentrated ambient PM2.5, or the combination of O3 plus PM2.5 for 9 days. Data related to heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), and blood pressure (BP) were collected. Results: Consistent with MetS, HFrD rats were hypertensive and insulin resistant, and had elevated fasting levels of blood glucose and triglycerides. Decreases in HR and BP, which were found in all exposure groups, were greater and more persistent in HFrD rats compared with those fed a normal diet (ND). Coexposure to O3 plus PM2.5 induced acute drops in HR and BP in all rats, but only ND rats adapted after 2 days. HFrD rats had little exposure-related changes in HRV, whereas ND rats had increased HRV during O3 exposure, modest decreases with PM2.5, and dramatic decreases during O3 plus PM2.5 coexposures. Conclusions: Cardiovascular depression in O3- and PM2.5-exposed rats was enhanced and prolonged in rats with HFrD-induced MetS. These results in rodents suggest that people with MetS may be prone to similar exaggerated BP and HR responses to inhaled air pollutants. Citation: Wagner JG, Allen K, Yang HY, Nan B, Morishita M, Mukherjee B, Dvonch JT, Spino C, Fink GD, Rajagopalan S, Sun Q, Brook RD, Harkema JR. 2014. Cardiovascular depression in rats exposed to inhaled particulate matter and ozone: effects of diet-induced metabolic syndrome. Environ Health Perspect 122:27–33; http://dx.doi. org/10.1289/ehp.1307085
School Process and Teacher Job Satisfaction at Alternative Schools: A Multilevel Study Using SASS 2007–08 Data

This study examined the associations between public alternative schools’ teacher job satisfaction and school processes. Based on a multilevel analysis of the national School and Staffing Survey 2007–08 data, we found that among the seven school processes, public alternative schools’ administrative support, staff collegiality, career and working condition, and positive student behavior had positive associations with teacher job satisfaction. More importantly, we noticed that higher level factors (e.g., administrative/resource support from school level or above) presented more impacts on teacher job satisfaction. Other factors’ impacts on teacher job satisfaction and relevant implications were discussed as well.
Willingness to Communicate and Language Learning Orientations in Iranian EFL Context

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between Iranian EFL Learners’ willingness to communicate (WTC) inside and outside the classroom and their language learning orientations. Sixty seven intermediate students (36 males and 31 females) who were majoring in English Literature and Translation at University of Isfahan during the academic year of 2010-2011 participated in the study. The students were bilingual and their age ranged from 19 to 24. Modified versions of likert-type questionnaires developed by MacIntyre, Baker, Clement, and Conrod (2001) were used for measuring students’ willingness to communicate inside and outside the classroom and language learning orientations. The data obtained from the study indicated language orientations to be more correlated with willingness to communicate outside than inside the classroom.
Gender, Sexuality, Power and Drug Acquisition Strategies Among Adolescent Girls Who Use Meth

This study drew on social construction of gender and reflexive methodological approaches to examine how adolescent girls procured meth within the context of relationships with boys and men. A total of 18 incarcerated adolescent girls, aged 14 to 17 years, were interviewed about their meth-using experiences. The findings indicate that girls used five relationship strategies and one nonrelationship strategy to procure meth on the streets. Close examination revealed that girls' meth procurement strategies, with few exceptions, occurred in ways resonant with culturally dominant views of femininity (referred to hereafter as emphasized femininities). However, most girls presented themselves in interviews as breaking out of culturally prescribed constraints and crafting their own version of femininity. However, their agency was contextualized or limited by the social power relations that surrounded them.
Potato Plants Lacking the CDSP32 Plastidic Thioredoxin Exhibit Overoxidation of the BAS1 2-Cysteine Peroxiredoxin and Increased Lipid Peroxidation in Thylakoids under Photooxidative Stress

The CDSP32 protein (chloroplastic drought-induced stress protein of 32 kD) is a thioredoxin participating in the defense against oxidative damage. We recently have identified in vitro the BAS1 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, a peroxide-detoxifying enzyme, as a target for CDSP32. Here, we report the characterization under stress conditions of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants lacking CDSP32 with regard to the BAS1 redox state and the level of lipid peroxidation. Under control conditions, BAS1 is present at similar levels both in wild-type (WT) and transgenic plants. Under drought and methyl viologen treatment, CDSP32-lacking plants display, compared with WT, an increased proportion of BAS1 monomer corresponding to an overoxidized form of the protein. Leaf discs from transgenic plants treated with methyl viologen exhibit earlier degradation of BAS1 than WT plants do. Using several approaches, i.e. a probe emitting fluorescence when reacting with peroxides, high-performance liquid chromatography determination of lipid hydroxy fatty acid content, and measurement of chlorophyll thermoluminescence, we show a higher lipid peroxidation level under methyl viologen treatment in thylakoids from CDSP32-lacking plants compared with WT. These data show that CDSP32 is a critical component in the defense system against lipid peroxidation in photosynthetic membranes, likely as a physiological electron donor to the BAS1 peroxiredoxin.
The Effects of Feminist Scholarship on Developmental Psychology

The present article examines some of the ways in which feminist scholarship has helped shape developmental psychology, particularly the study of child development. Three main influences are discussed. (a) Feminist scholars have helped break the “male-as-norm” tradition. Toward this end, feminists have encouraged the valuing of females, the recognition that fewer sex differences exist than had previously been asserted by society at large, and the understanding that many sex differences that do exist are caused by the different socialization patterns of girls and boys. (b) Feminist scholarship has helped lessen “mother blaming” in accounting for children's behavior. The entire social world of the child (including fathers, peers, siblings, schools, grandparents, daycare, etc.) and biological makeup and predispositions are now all recognized as important influences on children's behavior. Finally, (c) feminist scholars have helped reconceptualize children's gender-role socialization. This has been done both by reinterpreting existing theories of gender-role socialization and by developing new theories.
RUBER: An Unsupervised Method for Automatic Evaluation of Open-Domain Dialog Systems

Open-domain human-computer conversation has been attracting increasing attention over the past few years. However, there does not exist a standard automatic evaluation metric for open-domain dialog systems; researchers usually resort to human annotation for model evaluation, which is time- and labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose RUBER, a Referenced metric and Unreferenced metric Blended Evaluation Routine, which evaluates a reply by taking into consideration both a groundtruth reply and a query (previous user-issued utterance). Our metric is learnable, but its training does not require labels of human satisfaction. Hence, RUBER is flexible and extensible to different datasets and languages. Experiments on both retrieval and generative dialog systems show that RUBER has a high correlation with human annotation, and that RUBER has fair transferability over different datasets.
PLAYING RESTRICTED VIDEOGAMES

Videogames have become a matter of course in the everyday life of young people (Roberts, Foehr, & Rideout, 2005). However, the ubiquity of violent games has lead to public expression of worries (Anderson, 2004; American Psychological Association [APA], 2005; Children Now, 2001; Grossman, & DeGaetano, 1999; Smith, Lachlan, & Tamborini, 2003). In many countries measures have been taken to ensure that children are not confronted with controversial media, such as age and content based ratings. However, it is questionable whether parents always succeed in keeping their children away from rated productions since some children watch TV programs and play videogames that are forbidden by their parents, or not meant for their age (Krahé & Möller, 2004; Roberts et al., 2005). Research, therefore, has raised the issue that parental regulation of television and videogames for some children may have the unintended outcome of focusing the child on the aversive content (Nathanson, 2001a, 2002; Nikken & Jansz, 2006). Also, some children are more interested in media productions because of the higher age rating (Bushman & Stack, 1996; Cantor & Harrison, 1997; Foehr, Rideout, & Miller, 2001; Greenberg, RampoldiHnilo, & Hofschire, 2001). The present study maps the extent of playing ‘‘restricted’’ videogames in children and adolescents (8–18 years). The label ‘‘restricted’’ refers to videogames that were implicitly or explicitly forbidden by parents and to games that children know they are not supposed to play because of the age rating. Previous research about playing restricted games has been limited (Krahé & Möller, 2004; Roberts et al., 2005). Therefore, we conducted an exploratory survey among 536 parent–child dyads to provide ‘‘benchmark data’’ about the prevalence of playing restricted videogames and its relation with game ratings, parental mediation, and a number of (demographic) characteristics of both children and parents.