Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Abundance, diversity, and feeding behavior of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island

Endemic species are assumed to have a high risk of extinction because their restricted geographic range is often associated with low abundance and high ecological specialization. This study examines the abundance of Chaetodon butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island in the south-west Pacific, and compares interspecific differences in local abundance to the feeding behavior and geographic range of these species. Contrary to expected correlations between abundance and geographic range, the single most abundant species of butterflyfish was Chaetodon tricinctus, which is endemic to Lord Howe Island and adjacent reefs; densities of C. tricinctus (14.1 ± 2.1 SE fish per 200m2) were >3 times higher than the next most abundant butterflyfish (Chaetodon melannotus), and even more abundant than many other geographically widespread species. Dietary breadth for the five dominant butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island was weakly and generally negative correlated with abundance. The endemic C. tricinctus was a distinct outlier in this relationship, though our extensive feeding observations suggest some issues with the measurements of dietary breadth for this species. Field observations revealed that all bites taken on benthic substrates by C. tricinctus were from scleractinian corals, but adults rarely, if ever, took bites from the benthos, suggesting that they may be feeding nocturnally and/or using mid-water prey, such as plankton. Alternatively, the energetic demands of C. tricinctus may be fundamentally different to other coral-feeding butterflyfishes. Neither dietary specialization nor geographic range accounts for interspecific variation in abundance of coral reef butterflyfishes at Lord Howe Island, while much more work on the foraging behavior and population dynamics of C. tricinctus will be required to understand its’ abundance at this location.
The Changing Microstructure of European Equity Markets

In the last decade, the increased competition between European stock exchanges has reduced the cost of trading and increased the variety of trading mechanisms. The London Stock Exchange, which initiated the competition in 1986 by setting up the SEAQ-I market, attracted considerable trading volume in Continental equities in the late 1980s. Later, however, Continental exchanges recovered most of the trading volume from London upon restructuring their auction systems so as to offer very low trading costs, greater transparency and continuous trading via an automated order book. At the same time, the spreads quoted by SEAQ-I dealers increased considerably. Lately, potential competition by continuous auction systems is threatening even the market for British equities, and prompting the London Stock Exchange to replace its former SEAQ system with an automated order book. As in Continental Bourses, this automated auction system is expected to run in parallel with a dealership market for large trades. So trading systems appear to be converging towards a dualistic structure all over Europe. The paper documents these developments, and considers how the competition between European exchanges is likely to evolve and which opportunities and dangers the future may hold for them.
Forward-Mode Automatic Differentiation in Julia

We present ForwardDiff, a Julia package for forward-mode automatic differentiation (AD) featuring performance competitive with low-level languages like C++. Unlike recently developed AD tools in other popular high-level languages such as Python and MATLAB, ForwardDiff takes advantage of just-in-time (JIT) compilation to transparently recompile AD-unaware user code, enabling efficient support for higher-order differentiation and differentiation using custom number types (including complex numbers). For gradient and Jacobian calculations, ForwardDiff provides a variant of vector-forward mode that avoids expensive heap allocation and makes better use of memory bandwidth than traditional vector mode. In our numerical experiments, we demonstrate that for nontrivially large dimensions, ForwardDiff's gradient computations can be faster than a reverse-mode implementation from the Python-based autograd package. We also illustrate how ForwardDiff is used effectively within JuMP, a modeling language for optimization. According to our usage statistics, 41 unique repositories on GitHub depend on ForwardDiff, with users from diverse fields such as astronomy, optimization, finite element analysis, and statistics.
Localized Extended Kalman Filter for Scalable Real-Time Traffic State Estimation

Current or historic traffic states are essential input to advanced traveler information, dynamic traffic management, and model predictive control systems. As traffic states are usually not perfectly measured and are everywhere, they need to be estimated from local and noisy sensor data. One of the most widely applied estimation methods is the Lighthill-Whitham and Richards (LWR) model with an extended Kalman filter (EKF). A large disadvantage of the EKF is that it is too slow to perform in real time on large networks. To overcome this problem, the novel localized EKF (L-EKF) is proposed in this paper. The logic of the traffic network is used to correct only the state in the vicinity of a detector. The L-EKF does not use all information available to correct the state of the network; the resulting accuracy is equal, however, if the radius of the local filters is sufficiently large. In two experiments, it is shown that the L-EKF is much faster than the traditional Global EKF (G-EKF), that it scales much better with the network size, and that it leads to estimates with nearly the same accuracy as the G-EKF and when the spacing between detectors is varied somewhere between 0.7 and 5.1 km. Compared with the G-EKF, the L-EKF is a highly scalable solution to the state estimation problem.
Tropospheric NO 2 columns: a comparison between model and retrieved data from GOME measurements

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 plays a variety of significant roles in atmospheric chemistry. In the troposphere it is one of the most significant precursors of photochemical ozone (O3) production and nitric acid (HNO3). In this study tropospheric NO2 columns were calculated by the fully coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM. These have been compared with tropospheric NO2 columns, retrieved using the tropospheric excess method from measurements by the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) of up-welling earthshine radiance and the extraterrestrial irradiance. GOME is part of the core payload of the second European Research Satellite (ERS-2). For this study the first five years of GOME measurements have been used. The period of five years of observational data is sufficiently long to facilitate for the first time a comparison based on climatological averages with global coverage, focussing on the geographical distribution of the tropospheric NO2. A new approach of analysing regional differences (i.e. on continental scales) by calculating individual averages for different environments provides more detailed information about specific NOx sources and of their seasonal variations. The results obtained enable the validity of the model NO2 source distribution and the assumptions used to separate tropospheric and stratospheric parts of the NO2 column amount from the satellite measurements to be investigated.
Abundance Inhomogeneity in the Northeastern Rim of the Cygnus Loop Revealed by the Suzaku Observatory

We present the results of a spatially resolved spectral analysis from four Suzaku observations covering the northeastern rim of the Cygnus Loop. A two-kTe non-ionization equilibrium (NEI) model fairly well represents our data, which confirms the NEI condition of the plasma there. The metal abundances are depleted relative to the solar values almost everywhere in our field of view. We find abundance inhomogeneities across the field: the northernmost region (Region A) has enhanced absolute abundances compared with other regions. In addition, the relative abundances of Mg= Oa nd Fe=O in Region A are lower than the solar values, while those in the other regions are twice higher than the solar values. As far as we are concerned, neither a circumstellar medium, fragments of ejecta, nor abundance inhomogeneities of the local interstellar medium around the Cygnus Loop can explain the relatively enhanced abundance in Region A. This point is left as an open question for future work.
Electron Injection at High Mach Number Quasi-perpendicular Shocks: Surfing and Drift Acceleration

The process of electron injection at high Mach number, collisionless, quasi-perpendicular shock waves is investigated by means of one-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations. We find that energetic electrons are generated in two steps: (1) electrons are accelerated nearly perpendicular to the local magnetic field by shock surfing acceleration at the leading edge of the shock transition region, and (2) these preaccelerated electrons are further accelerated by shock drift acceleration. As a result, energetic electrons are preferentially reflected back upstream. Shock surfing acceleration provides sufficient energy for the reflection. Therefore, it is important not only for the energization process itself, but also for triggering the secondary acceleration. We also present a theoretical model of the two-step acceleration mechanism, based on the simulation results, that can predict the injection efficiency for a subsequent diffusive shock acceleration process. We show that the injection efficiency obtained in the present model agrees well with the value obtained from Chandra X-ray observations of SN 1006. At typical supernova remnant shocks, energetic electrons injected by this mechanism can self-generate upstream Alfvén waves, which scatter the energetic electrons themselves.
Choosing Between Fault-Tolerance and Increased V&V for Improving Reliability

Fault tolerant systems based on the use of software design diversity may be able to achieve high levels of reliability more cost-effectively than other approaches, such as heroic debugging. Earlier experiments have shown that multi-version software systems are more reliable than the individual versions. However, it is also clear that the reliability benefits are much worse than would be suggested by naive assumptions of failure independence between the versions. To decide whether to use design diversity or other means for achieving the desired reliability a developer would need to know how they compare from the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness. Empirical data are insufficient for deciding this question, and expert opinions differ. We refute a recently published argument in favour of diversity and in the process show some general factors deciding whether process improvement, or debugging of the versions in a multiple-version system, will increase or decrease the statistical correlation between failures of the versions. The conclusion is that there is as yet no evidence that the choice between design diversity and other means of reliability improvement can be decided by general arguments rather than by detailed (and uncertain) special-case analysis.
The comparative psychology of serially organized behavior

The study of serially organized behavior has benefited from a new paradigm for training sequences, from new technology for presenting multiple images in varied spatial positions and from new concepts for describing serially organized behavior. The new paradigm is the simultaneous chaining paradigm, one that presents all list items simultaneously, in a new configuration on each trial. Because there are no external cues to guide the execution of the required sequence, subjects must form a representation of the sequence and update it while moving from item to item. Experiments in which humans and monkeys were trained to learn sequences composed of arbitrary items showed that subjects acquired knowledge of the ordinal position of each item, and its relationship with other items from a list, without any requirement to do so. Symbolic distance and magnitude functions, that were obtained from both monkeys and humans, who were trained to execute arbitrary and numerical lists, provide strong evidence of an underlying ordinal knowledge, at both the behavioral and the neural level.
The Roles of Job-Related Psychosocial Factors and Work Meaningfulness in Promoting Nurses’ Bridge Employment Intentions

This study examined the relationships between preretirement job-related psychosocial factors (i.e., generativity opportunities, workplace incivility, and relational job crafting) and older workers’ bridge employment intentions, as well as the mechanism (i.e., work meaningfulness) underlying these relationships. A sample of 384 nurses who were 50 years old or older was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The results indicated that workplace incivility and relational job crafting, but not generativity opportunities, were significantly and directly related to bridge employment intentions. The associations of workplace incivility and relational job crafting with bridge employment intentions were partially mediated by work meaningfulness, and the relationship between generativity opportunities and bridge employment intentions was fully mediated by work meaningfulness. Implications of these findings and future directions were discussed.
Professional Development: Learning from the Best. A Toolkit for Schools and Districts Based on the National Awards Program for Model Professional Development.

This work was produced in whole or in part with funds from the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (OERI), U.S. Department of Education, under contract number RJ96006301. The content does not necessarily reflect the position or policy of OERI or the Department of Education, nor does mention or visual representation of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the federal government.
Evaluation of the Brazilian version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Quilombola population using the Item Response Theory

Introduction. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is one of the most validated tools used to detect depressive episodes in Brazil. Objective. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9 using the Item Response Theory. Method. We used the gradual response model to assess depression in 764 residents of Brazilian rural communities of descended from slaves (quilombos) from the county of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia, Brazil, who had responded to PHQ-9. We estimated the parameters for item discrimination and difficulty. Results. The items of the PHQ-9 showed the ability to discriminate from moderate to very high. The items evaluating thoughts of hurting oneself and death showed the greatest discrimination while feeling depressed showed the lowest discrimination. Discussion and conclusion. The Item Response Theory enables advances in the analysis of the psychometric properties of the screening tools assessing depression, and indicates that PHQ-9 can be used in rural populations in Brazil.
PCDA — A massively parallel, scalable, precise, FPGA-based coincidence detector array

In Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Quantum Optics, the quality of the reconstructed images is directly proportional to the quality of the employed coincidence detectors, which provide important timing information about the location of the emitted nuclear particles. This paper proposes a new circuitry, called precise coincidence detector (PCD). It consists of two RS latches, is of low complexity, and fully synthesizable in FPGAs. A first, non-optimized prototype on a standard Cyclone IV FPGA achieves a coincidence window smaller than 100 ps, which is more than ten times better than reported elesewhere. Because of its very low complexity, a standard FPGA can host tens of thousands of PCD elements, which can support the construction of high-precision, cost-effective tomographs.
The Relationship between Job Satisfaction, Work-Life Balance and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance

The study examines the influence of work-life balance, job satisfaction and organizational commitment on employee performance among administrative staff in Northern region universities in Malaysia. The study adopted quantitative research method, collecting the data from two hundred and seventy-one administrative staff respondents by using probability sampling technique. Data collected were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The data were analysed using different statistical techniques such as reliability analysis, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis (Pearson Correlation Analysis) and regression analysis (Multiple Regression Analysis). The regression results indicate that all independent variables which are work-life balance, job satisfaction and organizational commitment are positively correlated with the dependent variable which is employee performance. However, the study concludes that for effective employee performance to be enhanced, the level of motivation needs to be improved. This would determine the sustainability of organizational goals either in private or public sector.
Long period variables in 47 Tuc: direct evidence for lost mass

Received ; accepted Abstract. We have identified 22 new variable red giants in 47 Tuc and dete rmined periods for another 8 previously known variables. All red giants redder than V-Ic = 1.8 are variable at the limits of our detection threshold, wh ich corresponds to δV≈ 0.1 mag. This colour limit corresponds to a luminosity log L/L⊙=3.15 and it is considerably below the tip of the RGB at log L/L⊙=3.35. Linear non-adiabatic models without mass loss on the giant branch can not reproduce the observed PL laws for the low amplitude pulsators. Models that have undergone mass loss do reproduce the observed PL relations and they show that mass loss of the order of 0.3 M⊙ occurs along the RGB and AGB. The linear pulsation periods do not agree well with the observed periods of the large amplitude Mira variables, which pulsate in the fundamental mode. The solution to this problem appears to be that the nonlinear pulsation periods in these l ow mass stars are considerably shorter than the linear pulsation periods due to a rearrangement of stellar structure caused by the pulsation. Both observations and theory show that stars evolve up the RGB and first part of the AGB pulsating in low orde r overtone modes, then switch to fundamental mode at high luminosities.
Hadron Scattering in an Asymmetric Box 1 CLQCD

We propose to study hadron-hadron scattering using lattice QCD in an asymmetric box which allows one to access more non-degenerate low-momentum modes for a given volume. The conventional Lüscher’s formula applicable in a symmetric box is modified accordingly. To illustrate the feasibility of this approach, pion-pion elastic scattering phase shifts in the I = 2, J = 0 channel are calculated within quenched approximation using improved gauge and Wilson fermion actions on anisotropic lattices in an asymmetric box. After the chiral and continuum extrapolation, we find that our quenched results for the scattering phase shifts in this channel are consistent with the experimental data when the three-momentum of the pion is below 300MeV. Agreement is also found when compared with previous theoretical results from lattice and other means. Moreover, with the usage of asymmetric volume, we are able to compute the scattering phases in the low-momentum range (pion three momentum less than about 350MeV in the center of mass frame) for over a Preprint submitted to Elsevier 2 March 2008 dozen values of the pion three-momenta, much more than using the conventional symmetric box with comparable volume.
APPLICATION TO THE KNUDSEN GAS AND TO THE SINAI BILLIARD

0.1. Context. We denote probability dynamical system (Ω,F , ν, T ) where (Ω,F , ν) is a probability space endowed with a ν-preserving transformation T of Ω. Let a probability dynamical system (Ω,F , ν, T ) and a measurable function f :Ω→Rd (with d≥ 1) be given; we consider the stationary process (Xk := f ◦ T )k≥1. We say that a Rd-random variable N is Gaussian if, for any β ∈Rd, the distribution of the real-valued random variable 〈β,N〉 is either a normal distribution or a Dirac measure. With this definition, a Gaussian random variable has a general normal distribution (cf. [16], III-6 for more details). We say that we have a central limit theorem (CLT) for (Xk)k≥1 if ( 1 √ n ∑n k=1Xk)n≥1 converges in distribution to a Gaussian random variable N . CLTs in the context of dynamical systems have been established in many articles (cf. [13, 27, 36, 39]). In these works, multidimensional central limit theorem follows directly from one-dimensional central limit theorem. Indeed, let us recall that the fact that ( 1 √ n ∑n k=1Xk)n≥1 converges in dis-
Students’ Perspectives towards Using Youtube in Improving EFL Learners’ Motivation to Speak

It is beneficial for educators to apply the use of modeling strategies to assist English language learners (ELLs) and their ability to improve their understanding of word diction and the movements that are needed to create English sounds using their mouths and tongues. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Youtube, as a media source that is able to model language practice in an engaging manner, can be used to help ELLs gain improve word pronunciation skills. A questionnaire was administered to students to assess the attitudes that students had towards using Youtube to improve their motivation to speak and practice language in class. The results demonstrated that the use of Youtube in the English language classroom represents an engaging method, and this motivates students to participate in these lessons. Furthermore, participation in English speaking lessons using Youtube videos increased student confidence about their English-speaking abilities. It is therefore reasonable for educators to continue to use Youtube and other video media as a part of instruction in the ELL classroom because this motivates students to learn and to practice their speaking skills aloud with confidence, enabling them to achieve their language attainment goals.
Mixed fortunes : a qualitative study of supported employment and quality of life

Chapter 1: Employment Opportunities For People with Learning 1 Disabilities Chapter 2: Barriers to Employment 19 Chapter 3: Issues From Supported Employment Research 37 Chapter 4: Research Design & Methods of the Study 56 Chapter 5: Supported Employment Settings 79 Variation on a Theme Chapter 6: Profile & Perceptions of the Study Sample 101 Before Supported Employment Chapter 7: Aspects ofQuality ofLife Before Supported 129 Employment Chapter 8: Profile of Jobs & Individuals'Job Satisfaction 155 Chapter 9: The Meaning of Supported Employment 180 to Individuals Chapter 10: Emergent Themes: Implications for Theory, Policy 202 And Practice, and Research