Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the chemical constituents of the different processed products of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Rhizomes by high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a hybrid quadrupole time of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-TOF-MS/MS) was used to study chemical compositions of different processed products of Rhizoma Anemarrhenae (RA). A Grace Alltima(TM) C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) was used for separation. Mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile, using gradient elution. ESI-MS data was acquired in both positive and negative mode. The experiment was established on the basis of a series of reference substances (two xanthone and seven saponins) to qualitatively identify the chemical compounds of different processed products of RA by MS analysis. There was no difference in the type of chemical constituents between different processed products of RA. A total of 25 compounds were identified, including four xanthones, 21 steroidal saponins and eight pairs of isomers.
The Las Campanas Infrared Survey — V. Keck spectroscopy of a large sample of extremely red objects

We present deep Keck spectroscopy, using the Deep Imaging Multi-Object Spectrograph and the Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer spectrographs, of a large and representative sample of 67 extremely red objects (EROs) to H = 20.5 in three fields (SSA22, Chandra Deep Field South and NTT Deep Field) drawn from the Las Campanas Infrared Survey (LCIRS). Using the colour cut (I - H) > 3.0 (Vega magnitudes) adopted in earlier papers in this series, we verify the efficiency of this selection for locating and studying distant old sources. Spectroscopic redshifts are determined for 44 sources, of which only two are contaminating low-mass stars. When allowance is made for incompleteness, the spectroscopic redshift distribution closely matches that predicted earlier on the basis of photometric data. Our spectra are of sufficient quality that we can address the important question of the nature and homogeneity of the z > 0.8 ERO population. A dominant old stellar population is inferred for 75 per cent of our spectroscopic sample, a higher fraction than that seen in smaller, less complete samples with broader photometric selection criteria (e.g. R - K). However, only 28 per cent have spectra with no evidence of recent star formation activity, such as would be expected for a strictly passively evolving population. More than ∼30 per cent of our absorption-line spectra are of the 'E+A' type with prominent Balmer absorption consistent, on average, with mass growth of 5-15 per cent in the past gigayear. We use our spectroscopic redshifts to improve earlier estimates of the spatial clustering of this population as well as to understand the significant field-to-field variation. Our spectroscopy enables us to pinpoint a filamentary structure at z = 1.22 in the Chandra Deep Field South. Overall, our study suggests that the bulk of the ERO population is an established population of clustered massive galaxies undergoing intermittent activity consistent with continued growth over the redshift interval 0.8 < z < 1.6.
Risk factors for all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in the oldest-old. The Adventist Health Study.

BACKGROUND The oldest-old population (> or = 84 years of age) is growing rapidly and consumes a disproportionate amount of health care dollars. Risk factors for disease have not been extensively studied in this group. METHODS A cohort study of non-Hispanic white Seventh-Day Adventists from California allowed follow-up for mortality from 1976 through 1988. Associations between traditional risk factors, consumption of selected foods, and both coronary heart disease (CHD) and all-cause mortality were evaluated in the oldest-old portion of this population, using proportional hazards regression analyses. RESULTS We observed 364 cases of CHD and 1387 total deaths during 11,828 person-years of follow-up. Men had higher risk of both all-cause mortality and mortality from CHD. The relative risks (RRs) associated with diabetes mellitus were 1.51 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-1.84; P < .001) for all deaths and 1.95 (95% CI, 1.38-2.76; P < .001) for mortality from CHD. The apparent effects of hypertension were small unless subjects were currently taking antihypertensive medications. Compared with those with no regular vigorous activity, subjects who exercised at least 3 times each week had RRs of death of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70-0.91; P < .001) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.56-0.97; P < .05) for mortality from CHD. Subjects who consumed nuts 5 times per week had RRs of death of 0.82 (95% CI, 0.70-0.96; P < .01) and 0.61 (95% CI, 0.45-0.83; P < .001) for death from CHD compared with those consuming nuts less than weekly. In men, regular consumption of donuts appeared hazardous for both all-cause mortality (RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.05-1.88) and mortality from CHD (RR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.15-3.81), and consumption of beef 4 times weekly was associated with a 2-fold RR for CHD compared with vegetarians, but there was no increase in risk for women. CONCLUSIONS Even in the oldest-old, certain traditional risk factors and dietary habits are associated with mortality.
Developing an instrumental activities of daily living tool as part of the low vision assessment of daily activities protocol.

PURPOSE To determine the validity, reliability, and measurement characteristics using factor and Rasch analysis of the Very Low Vision Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL-VLV) in persons with severe vision loss. METHODS From an initial pool of 296 tasks, 25 were shortlisted after conducting a Delphi survey with persons designated legally blind. Using further input from occupational therapy and low-vision professionals, 11 activities were chosen to be pilot tested. Forty legally blind participants (better eye visual acuity < 20/200) underwent clinical assessments and functional tests as well as the 53 IADL tasks related to the 11 activities. The task pool was refined and condensed using factor and Rasch analysis. RESULTS Based on iterative principal component analyses, tasks were grouped together into the following domains: reading signs/information access, signature placement, clothes sorting, shelf search, gesture recognition, clock reading, and table search. A final selection of 23 tasks yielded satisfactory measurement characteristics, differentiated between at least four different levels of IADL performance (person separation of 3.8), and had adequate task difficulty for the tested sample (person mean -0.61). In multivariate analyses, only visual acuity (VA) and percent of remaining visual field (VF) were associated with IADL performance. CONCLUSIONS Using a large item pool, participant, and expert input, as well as factor and Rasch analysis, we designed a valid and reliable assessment to measure vision-related IADL performance in persons with severe vision loss. This assessment tool can be used in clinical sight restoration trials.
Strength training improves 5‐min all‐out performance following 185 min of cycling

To investigate the effects of heavy strength training on the mean power output in a 5‐min all‐out trial following 185 min of submaximal cycling at 44% of maximal aerobic power output in well‐trained cyclists. Twenty well‐trained cyclists were assigned to either usual endurance training combined with heavy strength training [E+S; n=11 (♂=11)] or to usual endurance training only [E; n=9 (♂=7, ♀=2)]. The strength training performed by E+S consisted of four lower body exercises [3 × 4–10 repetition maximum (RM)], which were performed twice a week for 12 weeks. E+S increased 1 RM in half‐squat (P≤0.001), while no change occurred in E. E+S led to greater reductions than E in oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rate of perceived exertion (P<0.05) during the last hour of the prolonged cycling. Further, E+S increased the mean power output during the 5‐min all‐out trial (from 371 ± 9 to 400 ± 13 W, P<0.05), while no change occurred in E. In conclusion, adding strength training to usual endurance training improves leg strength and 5‐min all‐out performance following 185 min of cycling in well‐trained cyclists.
Adversarially Robust Policy Learning: Active construction of physically-plausible perturbations

Policy search methods in reinforcement learning have demonstrated success in scaling up to larger problems beyond toy examples. However, deploying these methods on real robots remains challenging due to the large sample complexity required during learning and their vulnerability to malicious intervention. We introduce Adversarially Robust Policy Learning (ARPL), an algorithm that leverages active computation of physically-plausible adversarial examples during training to enable robust policy learning in the source domain and robust performance under both random and adversarial input perturbations. We evaluate ARPL on four continuous control tasks and show superior resilience to changes in physical environment dynamics parameters and environment state as compared to state-of-the-art robust policy learning methods. Code, data, and additional experimental results are available at: stanfordvl.github. io/ARPL
Asymmetric cell volume changes regulate epithelial morphogenesis in zebrafish Kupffer’s vesicle

How epithelial cell behaviors are coordinately regulated to sculpt tissue architecture is a fundamental question in biology. Kupffer's vesicle (KV), a transient organ with a fluid - filled lumen, provides a simple system to investigate the interplay between intrinsic cellular mechanisms and external forces during epithelial morphogenesis. Using 3 - dimensional (3D) analyses of single cells we identify asymmetric cell volume changes along the anteroposterior axis of KV that coincide with asymmetric cell shape changes. Blocking ion flux prevents these cell volume changes and cell shape changes. Vertex simulations suggest cell shape changes do not depend on lumen expansion. Consistent with this prediction, asymmetric changes in KV cell volume and shape occur normally when KV lumen growth fails due to leaky cell adhesions. These results indicate ion flux mediates asymmetric cell volume changes that contribute to asymmetric cell shape changes in KV, and that these changes in epithelial morphology are separable from lumen - generated forces.
OX40 is required for regulatory T cell–mediated control of colitis

The immune response in the gastrointestinal tract is a tightly controlled balance between effector and regulatory cell responses. Here, we have investigated the role of OX40 in influencing the balance between conventional T cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells. Under steady-state conditions, OX40 was required by T reg cells for their accumulation in the colon, but not peripheral lymphoid organs. Strikingly, under inflammatory conditions OX40 played an essential role in T reg cell–mediated suppression of colitis. OX40−/− T reg cells showed reduced accumulation in the colon and peripheral lymphoid organs, resulting in their inability to keep pace with the effector response. In the absence of OX40 signaling, T reg cells underwent enhanced activation-induced cell death, indicating that OX40 delivers an important survival signal to T reg cells after activation. As OX40 also promoted the colitogenic Th1 response, its expression on T reg cells may be required for effective competition with OX40-dependent effector responses. These results newly identify a key role for OX40 in the homeostasis of intestinal Foxp3 +T reg cells and in suppression of colitis. These fi ndings should be taken into account when considering OX40 blockade for treatment of IBD.
A Multi-World Approach to Question Answering about Real-World Scenes based on Uncertain Input

We propose a method for automatically answering questions about images by bringing together recent advances from natural language processing and computer vision. We combine discrete reasoning with uncertain predictions by a multi-world approach that represents uncertainty about the perceived world in a bayesian framework. Our approach can handle human questions of high complexity about realistic scenes and replies with range of answer like counts, object classes, instances and lists of them. The system is directly trained from question-answer pairs. We establish a first benchmark for this task that can be seen as a modern attempt at a visual turing test.
Lectures on random matrix models. The Riemann-Hilbert approach

This is a review of the Riemann-Hilbert approach to the large $N$ asymptotics in random matrix models and its applications. We discuss the following topics: random matrix models and orthogonal polynomials, the Riemann-Hilbert approach to the large $N$ asymptotics of orthogonal polynomials and its applications to the problem of universality in random matrix models, the double scaling limits, the large $N$ asymptotics of the partition function, and random matrix models with external source.
Human Factors and Information Security : Individual , Culture and Security Environment Executive Summary

The application of information security technologies do not always result in improved security. Human factors play a significant role in computer security; factors such as individual difference, cognitive abilities and personality traits can impact on behaviour. Information security behaviours are also greatly influenced by an individual’s perception of risk. All of these factors are also affected by the organisation culture and security environment in which they occur. These factors interact with one another and can result in behaviours that are often detrimental to information security. This report provides recommendations as to how these human and cultural factors can be influenced to result in more positive behaviours and lead to more secure information environments. RELEASE LIMITATION Approved for public release
Multi-Target Tracking using Separated Importance Sampling Particle Filters with Joint Image Likelihood

In visual tracking, Multi-target tracking (MTT) systems encounter the problem that unavoidably moving targets may overlap each other and the measurement process of each target becomes dependent, so we construct a tracking system with considering joint image likelihood to track recognize targets, even homogeneous ones. Also, in order to enhance the tracking performance, we extend the sequential importance sampling (SIS) particle filter with the separated importance functions for tracking each target and detection at the same time. The overall performance is validated in the experiments and shows the robustness with near real-time tracking.
Dietary Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Do Not Influence Growth of Term Infants: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective. To determine if dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) affect the growth of formula-fed infants relative to breastfed infants. Methods. A randomized, double-blind trial of three formula-fed groups and a parallel reference group of breastfed infants was conducted. The three treatments were a placebo (no LCPUFA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplemented, and DHA plus arachidonic acid supplemented formulas fed for 12 months. Infant weight, length, head circumference, and fatty acid status were assessed at 6, 16, 34 weeks, and 1 year of age. Anthropometrics were repeated at 2 years of age. Results. There were no differences between the randomized formula groups for weight, length, or head circumference even after adjustment for gender, gestational age, and the actual age at assessment. Post hoc regressions demonstrated a small negative association between DHA status at 16 weeks of age and weight at 1 and 2 years. Conclusions. Dietary LCPUFA do not influence growth of healthy term infants to a clinically significant degree.
Parallels between competence- versus morality-related traits and individualistic versus collectivistic values.

The distinction between individualistic (IV) and collectivistic (CV) instrumental values was compared to the distinction between competence-related and moral personality traits. Study 1 (N=89 students) showed that IV referred mostly to competence and were self-profitable, whereas CV referred mostly to morality and were other-profitable in their nature. Therefore, IV were predicted to reach a relatively higher position in the value hierarchy formulated for the self, whereas CV were predicted to rank higher in the value hierarchy formulated for other people. Both hypotheses were confirmed in study 2 (N=118 high school students) in which subjects ordered 18 instrumental values of the Rokeach Value Survey according to their importance either for themselves, or for other people.
Association of -158(C → T) (XmnI) DNA Polymorphism inGγ-Globin Promoter with Delayed Switchover from Fetal to Adult Hemoglobin Synthesis

In this study, the effect of -158(C → T) (XmnI) polymorphism on the synthesis of fetal Hb and its Gγ component during the switchover from fetal to adult Hb was examined using cord blood samples from normal Caucasian term infants. The presence of -158(C→T) mutation was determined by amplification of Gγ- and Aγ-globin gene promoter fragments from the DNA isolated from cord blood samples, followed by XmnI restriction enzyme digestion. The syntheses of fetal and adult Hb in cord blood were measured by [3H]leucine incorporation in globin synthesis, separation of the globin polypeptides by HPLC, and scintillation counting of the fractions. The presence of -158(C→ T) substitution in the Gγ-globin promoter region was positively correlated with elevated synthesis of fetal Hb and itsGγ-globin component in term newborn infants and is associated with delayed switchover from fetal to adult Hb. In addition, analysis of cord blood samples from 100 normal Caucasian French Canadian term infants revealed that the frequency of -158(C → T) substitution inGγ-promoter was 0.32.
Factors influencing the residence time of catchment waters: A virtual experiment approach

Estimates of mean residence time (MRT) are increasingly used as simple summary descriptors of the hydrological processes involving storage and mixing of water within catchment systems. Current understanding of the physical controls on MRT remains limited, and various hypotheses have been proposed to explain its variability between catchments. We present a series of virtual experiments to investigate different hypotheses regarding the significance of different hydrological processes and geographical controls in determining the MRT of catchment waters. The experiments were undertaken using a semidistributed conceptual hydrological model, applied to the Maimai experimental catchment in New Zealand. Our results show that in this small steep catchment, with largely impermeable bedrock, the primary control on the stream water mean residence time is storage within the unsaturated zone. The physical location on the hillslope had only a small influence on soil water residence time. Stream water mean residence time was very sensitive to small additional amounts of deep groundwater in the model. Overall, our results suggest that stream water MRT is additive. The component residence times of stream water MRT appear relatable to characteristic properties of the catchment. Through this mechanism there is future potential for extrapolating MRT data from experimental catchments to other areas.
Morphogenic effect of colchicine in Cichorium intybus L. root explants cultured in vitro

Abstract A simple and efficient protocol for in vitro shoot regeneration from storage root expiants of witloof chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been used to study the effect of colchicine at different concentrations, and colchicine in combination with kinetin or 2,4-D or with 2,4-D and kinetin, in comparison with kinetin and control (no treatment), upon this type of morphogenic event. The results demonstrated a strong stimulatory effect of colchicine at low concentration on shoot regeneration frequency when compared to the number of shoots formed in the control. This effect was comparable to that of kinetin, a growth regulator that induces shoot differentiation. By contrast, the presence of 2,4-D completely inhibited shoot regeneration. Colchicine at high concentration did not induce shoots, and caused the complete death of the expiants. A carefully histological analysis of the expiants during the in vitro culture period showed the formation of numerous meristematic zones (precursors of adventitious bud and shoot development) in the parenchyma mass; these meristems were present only in the expiants subjected to the colchicine and to the other treatments able to stimulate shoot differentiation. Nuclei of different sizes were observed in the explants treated with colchicine at low dose, the largest, probably, polyploids. Polyploid nuclei, in fact, were found in the regenerated plants.
The Driving Internal Beliefs of Household Internet Adoption among Jordanians and the Role of Cultural Values

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a comprehensive model for the determinants of household Internet adoption through identifying the driving internal beliefs of individuals and the effect of cultural values on behavioral intention to adopt the household Internet among Jordanians. Given the widely recognized effect of cultural values on adoption of Information and Communication Technology ICT, this study, applying Hofstede's multidimensional framework, investigated the effect of cultural values on the behavioral intention to household Internet adoption in micro level. The empirical examination of the research model indicated that the behavioral intention to household Internet adoption is determined directly by five internal beliefs, including perceived needs, perceived risks, perceived ease of use, perceived resources, and perceived image. The results provide supporting empirical evidence linking most of Hofstede's cultural dimensions to behavioral intention to household Internet adoption. With the exception of power distance, the results showed that collectivism low individualism, masculinity, long-term orientation, and uncertainty avoidance had significant effects on the behavioral intention to household Internet adoption. The results demonstrated differences in the driving forces and cultural impact on Internet adoption between households and organizations settings.
Gamma Activity Coupled to Alpha Phase as a Mechanism for Top-Down Controlled Gating

Coupling between neural oscillations in different frequency bands has been proposed to coordinate neural processing. In particular, gamma power coupled to alpha phase is proposed to reflect gating of information in the visual system but the existence of such a mechanism remains untested. Here, we recorded ongoing brain activity using magnetoencephalography in subjects who performed a modified Sternberg working memory task in which distractors were presented in the retention interval. During the anticipatory pre-distractor period, we show that the phase of alpha oscillations was coupled with the power of high (80-120Hz) gamma band activity, i.e. gamma power consistently was lower at the trough than at the peak of the alpha cycle (9-12Hz). We further show that high alpha power was associated with weaker gamma power at the trough of the alpha cycle. This result is in line with alpha activity in sensory region implementing a mechanism of pulsed inhibition silencing neuronal firing every ~100 ms.