Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Isolated Cleft Palate

Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of CPO varies substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births, with the highest rates in British Columbia, Canada and the lowest rates in Nigeria, Africa. Stratified by ethnicity/race, the highest rates of CPO are observed in non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest in Africans; nevertheless, rates of CPO are consistently higher in females compared to males. Approximately fifty percent of cases born with cleft palate occur as part of a known genetic syndrome or with another malformation (e.g., congenital heart defects) and the other half occur as solitary defects, referred to often as non-syndromic clefts. The etiology of CPO is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental risk factors. Several animal models have yielded insight into the molecular pathways responsible for proper closure of the palate, including the BMP, TGF-β, and SHH signaling pathways. In terms of environmental exposures, only maternal tobacco smoke has been found to be strongly associated with CPO. Some studies have suggested that maternal glucocorticoid exposure may also be important. Clearly, there is a need for larger epidemiologic studies to further investigate both genetic and environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions. In terms of treatment, there is a need for long-term comprehensive care including surgical, dental and speech pathology. Overall, five main themes emerge as critical in advancing research: (1) monitoring of the occurrence of CPO (capacity building); (2) detailed phenotyping of the severity (biology); (3) understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors (primary prevention); (4) access to early detection and multidisciplinary treatment (clinical services); and (5) understanding predictors of recurrence and possible interventions among families with a child with CPO (secondary prevention).
Inactivation of Selected Bacterial Pathogens in Dairy Cattle Manure by Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion (Balloon Type Digester)

Anaerobic digestion of animal manure in biogas digesters has shown promise as a technology in reducing the microbial load to safe and recommended levels. We sought to treat dairy manure obtained from the Fort Hare Dairy Farm by investigating the survival rates of bacterial pathogens, through a total viable plate count method, before, during and after mesophilic anaerobic digestion. Different microbiological media were inoculated with different serial dilutions of manure samples that were withdrawn from the biogas digester at 3, 7 and 14 day intervals to determine the viable cells. Data obtained indicated that the pathogens of public health importance were 90%–99% reduced in the order: Campylobacter sp. (18 days) < Escherichia coli sp. (62 days) < Salmonella sp. (133 days) from a viable count of 10.1 × 103, 3.6 × 105, 7.4 × 103 to concentrations below the detection limit (DL = 102 cfu/g manure), respectively. This disparity in survival rates may be influenced by the inherent characteristics of these bacteria, available nutrients as well as the stages of the anaerobic digestion process. In addition, the highest p-value i.e., 0.957 for E. coli showed the statistical significance of its model and the strongest correlation between its reductions with days of digestion. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the specific bacterial pathogens in manure can be considerably reduced through anaerobic digestion after 133 days.
Automatic Generation of Data-Oriented Exploits

As defense solutions against control-flow hijacking attacks gain wide deployment, control-oriented exploits from memory errors become difficult. As an alternative, attacks targeting non-control data do not require diverting the application's control flow during an attack. Although it is known that such data-oriented attacks can mount significant damage, no systematic methods to automatically construct them from memory errors have been developed. In this work, we develop a new technique called data-flow stitching, which systematically finds ways to join data flows in the program to generate data-oriented exploits. We build a prototype embodying our technique in a tool called FLOWSTITCH that works directly on Windows and Linux binaries. In our experiments, we find that FLOWSTITCH automatically constructs 16 previously unknown and three known data-oriented attacks from eight real-world vulnerable programs. All the automatically-crafted exploits respect fine-grained CFI and DEP constraints, and 10 out of the 19 exploits work with standard ASLR defenses enabled. The constructed exploits can cause significant damage, such as disclosure of sensitive information (e.g., passwords and encryption keys) and escalation of privilege.
Online Learning Asymmetric Boosted Classifiers for Object Detection

We present an integrated framework for learning asymmetric boosted classifiers and online learning to address the problem of online learning asymmetric boosted classifiers, which is applicable to object detection problems. In particular, our method seeks to balance the skewness of the labels presented to the weak classifiers, allowing them to be trained more equally. In online learning, we introduce an extra constraint when propagating the weights of the data points from one weak classifier to another, allowing the algorithm to converge faster. In compared with the Online Boosting algorithm recently applied to object detection problems, we observed about 0-10% increase in accuracy, and about 5-30% gain in learning speed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Histopathological Study of a Lead-Based Indian Traditional Drug: Naga Bhasma

The aim of the present study is to prepare and characterize Naga bhasma on structural and elemental basis to address the role of the raw materials used during the preparation, compound form of the lead bhasma, nature (crystalline/amorphous) and crystallite/particle size of the drug. The study also covers the toxicological effect of the drug on albino rats. It was found that drug contains lead in nano-crystalline (~60 nm) lead sulfide form (Pb2+) associated with the organic contents and different nutrient elements coming from the herbs used during the preparation. Naga bhasma prepared was found to be totally safe in histopathology study on rats at a dose of 6 mg/100 g/day. The different characterization techniques used present a role model for the quality control and standardization of such kinds of herbo-metallic medicines.
Climate change and trace gases

Palaeoclimate data show that the Earth's climate is remarkably sensitive to global forcings. Positive feedbacks predominate. This allows the entire planet to be whipsawed between climate states. One feedback, the ‘albedo flip’ property of ice/water, provides a powerful trigger mechanism. A climate forcing that ‘flips’ the albedo of a sufficient portion of an ice sheet can spark a cataclysm. Inertia of ice sheet and ocean provides only moderate delay to ice sheet disintegration and a burst of added global warming. Recent greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions place the Earth perilously close to dramatic climate change that could run out of our control, with great dangers for humans and other creatures. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the largest human-made climate forcing, but other trace constituents are also important. Only intense simultaneous efforts to slow CO2 emissions and reduce non-CO2 forcings can keep climate within or near the range of the past million years. The most important of the non-CO2 forcings is methane (CH4), as it causes the second largest human-made GHG climate forcing and is the principal cause of increased tropospheric ozone (O3), which is the third largest GHG forcing. Nitrous oxide (N2O) should also be a focus of climate mitigation efforts. Black carbon (‘black soot’) has a high global warming potential (approx. 2000, 500 and 200 for 20, 100 and 500 years, respectively) and deserves greater attention. Some forcings are especially effective at high latitudes, so concerted efforts to reduce their emissions could preserve Arctic ice, while also having major benefits for human health, agricultural productivity and the global environment.
Turning Points and Conflict Transformation in Mediation

This study used a turning point framework to identify discourse that changed the nature of a mediation interaction from adversarial to cooperative. Based on Daniel Druckman's discussion of turning points, we performed a text analysis of mediation transcripts to identify disputant-initiated and mediator-initiated precipitants and departures in role-played mediations. Comparing the discourse of precipitants and departures in mediations that achieved agreement only (resolution) with those that reached both agreement and evidence of relationship change (transformation) allowed us to extend previous turning point research by identifying some features of interaction in mediation that can lead to transformative outcomes. This study has implications for applying the turning point framework to mediation and practical implications for mediators.
The language dependent recall effect influences the number of items recalled in autobiographical memory reports

This study investigated the influence of the language dependent recall effect on the number of memory items recalled in bilingual adults’ autobiographical memories. Thirty-nine Spanish–English bilinguals were randomly assigned to receive task instructions and write one childhood memory (before age 10) and one recent memory (from the last five years) in either Spanish (Bi-Sp) or English (Bi-Eng). Twenty English monolinguals served as a control group. Memory items were coded by calculating the proportion of nouns, verbs, and adjectives relative to the total word count. When recalling childhood memories, but not recent memories Bi-Sp participants were more likely to experience a match between encoding and retrieval linguistic contexts than Bi-Eng participants. Consequently, Bi-Sp participants recalled a significantly greater proportion of nouns than Bi-Eng participants. In contrast, there were no significant differences in recent memories. These findings suggest that match between encoding and retrieval linguistic contexts afford better retrieval than a mismatch.
Spectroscopic observation of fluctuation-induced dynamo in the edge of the reversed-field pinch.

The fluctuation-induced dynamo has been investigated by direct measurement of v and b in the edge of a reversed-field pinch and is found to be significant in balancing Ohm's law. The velocity fluctuations producing the dynamo emf have poloidal mode number m = 0, consistent with MHD calculations and in contrast with the core m = 1 dynamo. The velocity fluctuations exhibit the parity relative to their resonant surface predicted by linear MHD theory.
Knowledge Organization: A Sociohistorical Analysis and Critique

In this article, the authors examine the discipline of knowledge organization by harnessing the theories of Michel Foucault and Jürgen Habermas. The argument is that knowledge organization is not just a question of improved technology; as an academic discipline, it has to define and legitimize its relevance for society. The authors use the theories of Foucault and Habermas to provide a sociohistorical analysis and critique of knowledge organization in order to point out how the discipline understands itself and how it is a de facto human activity. The self‐understanding of the discipline is investigated through the case of knowledge organization in the Danish public libraries at the beginning of the twentieth century, using the theories of Foucault. The second part of the article deals with the correspondence between the organization of society and knowledge organization based on the concept of Habermas’s public sphere.
Pathological effects of sodium hypochlorite administration through drinking water in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

Fifty male Japanese quails of 40 days of age were divided into five equal groups viz. A, B, C, D, and E. Drinking water supplemented with sodium hypochlorite at dose level of 0, 25, 50, 200, and 400 mg chlorine/L, respectively was offered for 6 weeks. At the end of week 6 when no clinical signs of toxicity of sodium hypochlorite appeared, the birds in groups B and C were shifted to 100 mg chlorine/L drinking water, and this level was increased fourfold (400, 1600, 6400 mg chlorine/L drinking water) every week, till i.e., 10th week (70 day). Afterwards all the birds were killed. Depression and anorexia were prominent clinical signs observed. Reduction in feed intake, body weight, and hematological parameters appeared in a dose-dependant manner. Decreased serum total proteins and weights of liver, heart, and kidneys were recorded in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. Intoxicated birds were emaciated. Decreased weight and volume of the testes were observed in birds receiving high levels of sodium hypochlorite. However, birds receiving 400 mg chlorine (group E) had smaller but functional testes. Birds receiving higher level of chlorine (groups B and C) had decreased weight and volume of testes, atrophied seminiferous tubules, and arrested spermatogenesis. It was concluded that sodium hypochlorite at high levels, that is, 6400 mg/L in drinking water is toxic to the quails; therefore, it should be used with caution in poultry farming as drinking water disinfectant.
High performance network i/o in virtual machines over modern interconnects

With the increasing size and complexity of modern computing systems, a balance between performance and manageability is becoming critical to achieve high performance as well as high productivity computing. Virtual Machine (VM) technology provides various features that help management issues on large-scale computing systems; however, performance concerns have largely blocked the deployment of VM-based computing, especially in the High-Performance Computing (HPC) area. This dissertation aims at reducing the virtualization overhead and achieving the co-existence of performance and manageability through VM technologies. We focus on I/O virtualization, designing an experimental VM-based computing framework, and addressing performance issues at different levels of the system software stack. We design VMM-bypass I/O, which achieves native I/O performance in VMs by taking advantage of the OS-bypass interconnects. Also with the OS-bypass interconnects, we propose high performance VM migration with Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA), which drastically reduces the VM management cost. To further improve the communication efficiency on multi-core systems, we design Inter-VM Communication (IVC), a VM-aware communication library to allow efficient shared memory communication among VMs on the same physical host. Finally, we design MVAPICH2-ivc, an MPI library that is aware of VM-based environments and can transparently benefit HPC applications with our proposed designs. The dissertation concludes that performance should no longer be a barrier to deploying VM-based computing, which enhances productivity by achieving much improved manageability with very little sacrifice in performance.
Maturation of Intracellular Escherichia coli Communities Requires SurA

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli is the most common cause of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI). During murine cystitis, uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) utilizes type 1 pili to bind and invade superficial bladder epithelial cells. UPEC then replicates within to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), a process whose genetic determinants are as yet undefined. In this study, we investigated the role of SurA in the UPEC pathogenic cascade. SurA is a periplasmic prolyl isomerase/chaperone that facilitates outer membrane protein biogenesis and pilus assembly in E. coli. Invasion into bladder epithelial cells was disproportionately reduced when surA was genetically disrupted in the UPEC strain UTI89, demonstrating that binding alone is not sufficient for invasion. In a murine cystitis model, UTI89 surA::kan was unable to persist in the urinary tract. Complementation of UTI89 surA::kan with a plasmid (pDH15) containing surA under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter restored in vivo binding and invasion events. However, the absence of arabinose within the mouse bladder resulted in depletion of SurA after invasion of the bacteria into the superficial epithelial cells. Under these conditions, invasion by UTI89/pDH15 surA::kan was normal, but in contrast to UTI89, UTI89/pDH15 surA::kan formed intracellular collections that contained fewer bacteria, were loosely organized, and lacked the normal transition to a densely packed, coccoid morphology. Our data argue that SurA is required within bladder epithelial cells for UPEC to undergo the morphological changes that underlie IBC maturation and completion of the UTI pathogenic cascade.
What factors contribute to an ownership advantage?

In most taxa, owners win fights when defending a territory against intruders. We calculated effect sizes for four factors that potentially contribute to an ‘owner advantage’. We studied male fiddler crabs Uca mjoebergi, where owners won 92% of natural fights. Owners were not more successful because they were inherently better fighters (r=0.02). There was a small effect (r=0.18) of the owner's knowledge of territory quality (food availability) and a medium effect (r=0.29) of his having established relations with neighbours (duration of active tenure), but neither was statistically significant. There was, however, a significant effect due to the mechanical advantage the owner gained through access to the burrow during fights (r=0.48, p<0.005).
Influence of Palm Kernel Meal Inclusion and Exogenous Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Energy Utilization, and Nutrient Digestibility in Young Broilers

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a 4×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.
Antibodies to RNA polymerase III in systemic sclerosis detected by ELISA.

OBJECTIVE To determine serological and clinical variables associated with anti-RNA polymerase III (RNAP-III) antibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) using a new ELISA method. METHODS Sera from 242 patients with SSc were collected from 14 Canadian clinics. Control sera were from 287 blood donors, and 42 patients with infectious disease, 30 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 30 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Antibodies to RNAP-III were detected by an ELISA kit and antibodies to other cellular antigens were identified by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) on HEp-2 cell substrate, line immunoassay, immunoprecipitation of recombinant protein, and addressable laser bead immunoassay (ALBIA). RESULTS Anti-RNAP-III antibodies were detected in 47/242 (19.4%) SSc sera, 0% RA and SLE sera, 1/287 blood donor sera, and 2/42 infectious disease sera. Diffuse disease (59.5%) was more common than limited disease (36.1%) in the anti-RNAP-III-positive patients (p = 0.006) and there was an association between the presence of anti-RNAP-III and kidney and joint/tendon involvement, but there was no association with a nucleolar IIF pattern, lung involvement, or other clinical indicators. There was a negative association between the presence of anti-RNAP-III antibodies and anticentromere by IIF (p = 0.00004) and anti-Scl-70 by ALBIA (p = 0.0005) and line immunoassay (p = 0.003), suggesting a virtually exclusive presence of these antibodies in SSc. CONCLUSION Anti-RNAP-III autoantibodies were found in nearly 20% of SSc patients but in less than 1% of controls, thus detection of this antibody is a useful marker to help diagnose SSc. As well, this antibody has prognostic utility, since it is associated with scleroderma renal crisis and the diffuse cutaneous form of SSc.
What Is Right With Behavior Disorders: Seminal Achievements and Contributions of the Behavior Disorders Field

This article focuses on the theme of, "What's right with behavior disorders? " In recent years, the internal and external attacks on special education have accelerated markedly. The field of behavior disorders (BDs) has not been immune from such attacks, but they have been less frequent than is the case for other areas of special education or generic special education. The current landscape of BDs, and critical issues within it, are described herein followed by a review of the strengths, contributions, and notable achievements of professionals in our field that have influenced society and general education as well as special education. The capacity of our field to produce high-quality research is also reviewed. Some challenges that our field faces from postmodern formulations of BDs as well as translating our research into effective, deliverable practices are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion of the strengths and resilience of BDs and its cadre of professionals.
MTJs with a composite free layer for high-speed spin transfer torque RAM: Micromagnetic simulations

We demonstrate a substantial decrease of the switching time in penta-layer MTJs with a composite free layer regardless of the size and aspect ratio of the MTJ. The composite magnetic layer consists of two half-ellipses separated by a non-magnetic spacer. We analyze the peculiarities of the magnetic dynamics of these MTJs and reveal the physical reason for the decrease of the switching time. The scaling potential based on an analysis of the thermal stability is discussed. Furthermore, we outline the method for increasing the thermal.