Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Goal Orientation Theory on Behavioral Ethics

In response to the calls to advance the study of behavioral ethics beyond the traditional cognitive perspective, the current paper introduces a goal orientation theory on behavioral ethics. Specifically, we investigate how learning and avoidance goal orientations influence ethical choices and examine the generalizability of the results in different populations (working adult and future employees) and across different moral outcomes (unethical business practices and unethical decision-making). In addition, we also dissect the mediating process underlying the link between achievement motivation and ethics. Insights gain from the present investigation can add new evidence-based contents to the discourse on behavioral ethics. They can increase the awareness on key motivation factors that is connected to ethical judgments and behaviors, and inspire future studies that examine policies and practices that promote ethicality.
Vice Principalship and Moral Literacy: Developing a Moral Compass

Competency in moral Literacy, like any other literacy develops through careful and continual practice (Herman, 2007). In this qualitative study we explore the vice principalship and the development of administrative moral literacy. Using a northern Ontario Canada case study, we recount how three secondary school vice principals further their own moral literacy through the execution of their professional role—specifically, how such practices as professional decision making, self-reflection and the use of personal self messaging can ameliorate moral literacy competency. We used both interviews and job-shadowing to investigate how participants navigated the challenges of the vice principalship, and how participants defined and measured success. We analysed stories and metaphors (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000; Seidman, 2006) to identify specific skills and strategies in the formation of moral literacy, such as a sense of moral purpose, self-knowledge and self-regulation, flexibility, vision and a high tolerance for ambiguity.
Do Collectivists Conform More Than Individualists? Cross-Cultural Differences in Compliance and Internalization

Many previous researchers of conformity have found that people from collectivist cultures have stronger conformity tendencies than those from individualistic cultures. However, as most of these researchers focused on only 1 type of conformity, that is, compliance, these findings are limited. Consequently, little is known about the influence of culture on internalization, another type of conformity. In a series of virtual laboratory (e-lab) experiments in which participants were either simply exposed to choice dilemmas and opinion items or presented with a persuasive argument about each of them, I found that there was a lower level of cross-cultural differences in internalization than in compliance. Thus, only superficial cross-cultural differences may exist in conformity.
Phase-Locked Loop Based on an Observer for Grid Synchronization

A grid synchronization technique is essential for grid-connected power converters. Phase-locked loop (PLL) has been widely exploited as an implementation technique, but additional efforts are required to deal with severely distorted grid voltages. In this paper, an observer is proposed to enhance the performance of PLL. A state equation is newly formulated to construct the observer, which extracts positive-sequence voltage from the distorted grid voltage. Additionally, guidelines are suggested to set the observer gains by considering its internal transfer functions. The PLL and proposed observer have been tested in simulations and experiments in contrast to dual second-order generalized integrator frequency-locked loop. The results have shown that the proposed method reveals a better phase-tracking performance for grid synchronization.
Multimodel Estimate of the Global Terrestrial Water Balance: Setup and First Results

Six land surface models and five global hydrological models participate in a model intercomparison project [Water Model Intercomparison Project (WaterMIP)], which for the first time compares simulation results of these different classes of models in a consistent way. In this paper, the simulation setup is described and aspects of the multimodel global terrestrial water balance are presented. All models were run at 0.58 spatial resolution for the global land areas for a 15-yr period (1985–99) using a newly developed global meteorological dataset. Simulated global terrestrial evapotranspiration, excluding Greenland and Antarctica, ranges from 415 to 586 mm yr 21 (from 60 000 to 85 000 km 3 yr 21 ), and simulated runoff ranges from 290 to 457 mm yr 21 (from 42 000 to 66 000 km 3 yr 21 ). Both the mean and median runoff fractions for the land surface models are lower than those of the global hydrological models, although the range is wider. Significant simulation differences between land surface and global hydrological models are found to be caused by the snow scheme employed. The physically based energy balance approach used by land surface models generally results in lower snow water equivalent values than the conceptual degreeday approach used by global hydrological models. Some differences in simulated runoff and evapotranspiration are explained by model parameterizations, although the processes included and parameterizations used are not distinct to either land surface models or global hydrological models. The results show that differences between models are a major source of uncertainty. Climate change impact studies thus need to use not only multiple climate models but also some other measure of uncertainty (e.g., multiple impact
Isolation of intraflagellar transport trains

The intraflagellar transport (IFT) system was first identified in situ by electron microscopy in thin sections of plastic‐embedded flagella as linear arrays of electrondense particles, located between the B tubules of the outer doublets and the flagellar membrane. These arrays of particles are referred to as IFT trains. Upon membrane rupture, IFT trains are thought to easily dissociate to yield soluble IFT particles, which are commonly purified through sucrose gradients as ∼16‐17S complexes. The latters easily dissociate into two subcomplexes, named A and B. We report here the isolation, visualization, and identification by immunolabeling of flexible strings of IFT particles, which are structurally similar to in situ IFT trains and appear to be formed by both complex A and complex B polypeptides. Moreover, the particles forming isolated IFT trains are structurally similar to the individual particles found in the ∼17S gradient peak. Our results provide the first direct evidence that ∼17S particles do indeed compose the IFT trains. The paper also represents the first isolation of the IFT trains, and opens new possibilities for higher resolution studies on their structure and how particles are attached to each other to form the particle trains. © 2013 The Authors. Cytoskeleton published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of the ‘professional community’ in action research

Abstract The article argues that collective learning plays an important role in the practice of teacher research, which has not yet been adequately dealt with in its theory. Lave & Wenger's (1991) theory of ‘Situated Learning’ is examined as an example for a conceptualisation of collective learning. In the concluding section, some provisions for ‘learning in communities’ in the practice of teacher research are discussed. Although the argument is made for the teaching profession, it is assumed that it also has some bearing on action research in other professions.
Early Diagnosis of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis by a New Procedure Combining Broth Culture and PCR

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is difficult because of the paucibacillary nature of these infections. We developed a culture-enhanced PCR assay combining a preliminary step of broth culture in BacT/Alert MP bottles with the subsequent detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the GenoType Mycobacteria Direct test. First, the procedure was applied to 10-fold-diluted suspensions of M. tuberculosis prepared in vitro. These experiments showed that a 15-day incubation time was required to detect bacilli in the suspension, with the lowest inoculum size yielding a single colony on Lowenstein-Jensen slants. The efficacy of culture-enhanced PCR at day 15 was subsequently evaluated with 225 nonrespiratory specimens from 189 patients with suspected tuberculosis. All these specimens were smear negative, and 31 (13.8%) from 27 patients were culture positive. The result of culture-enhanced PCR at day 15 was consistent with final culture results in all specimens tested. Compared to culture results, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100%. Four patients with a negative culture and a negative PCR result were diagnosed as having tuberculosis on the basis of histological findings or therapeutic response. When using a positive diagnosis of tuberculosis as a gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 88.6%, 100%, 100%, and 97.9%, respectively. These results indicate that culture-enhanced PCR is a highly sensitive and specific method for the early detection of M. tuberculosis in extrapulmonary specimens.
What We Have Learned About Teaching Multiparty Negotiation

This article grows out of our experience teaching an advanced course on multiparty negotiation. The main question underlying the course is: “How can experts in two-party negotiations make themselves effective multiparty negotiators? ” In this article, we describe what and how we taught, what we think worked, and what we decided to change after the first year of teaching.
Distinct subpopulations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) containing sympathetic preganglionic neurons in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar‐Kyoto rats

The sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) of the intermediolateral cell column (IML) play a critical role in the maintenance of vascular tone. We undertook a comparative neuroanatomical analysis of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression in the SPN of the mature normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). The anatomical relationship between nNOS and the NO signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) was also determined. All animals were male, age >6 months. Fluorogold (FG) retrograde labeling of SPN (detected with immunohistochemistry) was combined with NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry for NOS in the thoracic spinal cord (T1–11, n = 5 WKY, 5 SHR). There was no difference in the total number of FG‐labeled SPN (WKY 6,542 ± 828, SHR 6,091 ± 820), but the proportion of FG‐labeled cells expressing NOS was significantly less in the SHR (WKY 64.4 ± 5.1 vs. SHR 55.6 ± 2.1, P < 0.05). Fluorescence immunohistochemistry for nNOS/cGMP (n = 4 WKY, 4 SHR) was also performed. Confocal microscopy revealed that all nNOS‐positive SPN contain cGMP and confirmed a strain‐specific anatomical arrangement of SPN cell clusters. A novel subpopulation of cGMP‐only cells were also identified. Double labeling for cGMP and choline acetyltransferase (n = 3 WKY, 3 SHR), confirmed these cells as SPN in both WKY and SHR. These results suggest that cGMP is a key signaling molecule in SPN, and that a reduced number of NOS neurons in the SHR may play a role in the increase in sympathetic tone associated with hypertension in these animals. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:566–574, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From patients to teachers: the perspectives of trainers with aphasia in a UK Conversation Partner Scheme

Background: The importance of addressing the long-term needs of stroke survivors is emphasised in recent strategy and guideline documents, with community re-engagement and participation seen as particularly important. In recent years there has been a growing interest in stroke survivors with aphasia becoming involved as trainers in Conversation Partner Schemes (CPSs). There is little research into the experiences of people with aphasia being involved in or developing this “expert” role. Aims: This study explored the experiences of aphasia trainers in a UK CPS in order to develop an understanding of how “aphasia expertise” was understood and whether participation addressed long-term issues implicit in living with aphasia. Methods & Procedure: A qualitative approach was adopted involving semi-structured interviews with eight Conversation Partner Trainers, four males and four females, with a range of mild to severe aphasia. All except one trainer was of working age when they had their stroke. Interviews were transcribed and subject to thematic analysis. Outcomes & Results: Three themes were produced through thematic analysis: Informal communication practice, Social re-engagement, and Interpersonal connections. Participants spoke about being motivated to improve their own and others’ communication skills, gaining a sense of purpose, achievement, and self-worth through their participation as a trainer. Deploying their expertise was seen as a way of “giving back”, addressing the effects of social isolation, and reconnecting to their previous self. Conclusions: Becoming involved as a trainer in a CPS gave these participants an opportunity to feel they had a meaningful purpose. This has wider implications for trainers’ currently living with aphasia in regard to their sense of reclaiming, maintaining, and constructing their identity, and for future services for people with aphasia.
On the size of homogeneous and of depth four formulas with low individual degree

Let r be an integer. Let us call a polynomial f as a multi-r-ic polynomial if the degree of f with respect to any variable is at most r (this generalizes the notion of multilinear polynomials). We investigate arithmetic circuits in which the output is syntactically forced to be a multi-r-ic polynomial and refer to these as multi-r-ic circuits. Specifically, first define the formal degree of a node a with respect to a variable x inductively as follows. For a leaf it is 1 if a is labelled with x and zero otherwise; for an internal node labelled with * (respectively +) it is the sum of (respectively the maximum of) the formal degrees of the children with respect to x. We call an arithmetic circuit as a multi-r-ic circuit if the formal degree of the output node with respect to any variable is at most r. We prove lower bounds for various subclasses of multi-r-ic circuits.
Sources, Procedures, and Microeconomic Effects of Innovation

Evaluates the processes leading from the initial ideas for technological opportunities to serious innovative attempts, and finally, to changes in the structures and performance of industries. Discussed are: (1) innovation opportunity sources, (2) the markets' role in both resource allocation for opportunity exploration and the rates and directions of technological advances, (3) the characteristics of the processes of innovative search, and (4) details about the incentives that drive private agents to commit themselves to innovation. This interpretation of the innovation process helps to demonstrate why sectors vary in their innovation modes and rates and why firms within each industry differ in their innovation tendency. Also considered is the relationship between innovative activities and the dynamics of industrial structures and performances. (SFL)
Auxiliaries and Clitics in French UCG Grammar

French auxilliaries and clitics have been analysed in the frame of U.C. G. (Unification Categorial Grammar). Concatenation of a functor sign and an adjacent argument sign is the basic operation of the model; unification allows (a) to verify if constraints on concatenation are respected; (b) to produce a flow of information between the functor sign and the argument sign.The rules of the grammar and the design structure of the sign allows to express: (a) the concatenation between French auxilliaries (etre and avoir) and the participle verb form within a single pattern, (b) transitions between clitics in a systematic way. Two complex questions of French syntax are thus covered in a fairly simple way.
Cohort Variations in the Membership of Voluntary Associations in Great Britain, 1991–2007

This article uses longitudinal data from the British Household Panel Study to examine trends in the level of membership in a range of voluntary associations from 1991 to 2007. It has been suggested that the membership of voluntary associations is in decline in western societies and the analysis examines the trajectory of the number of memberships with age for four 10-year age cohorts born between 1935 and 1975. The results for men show lower levels of membership over time for the 1955–1964 and 1965–1974 cohorts in comparison to those of earlier born cohorts. For women, levels of membership were only notably lower for the 1965–1974 cohort. The differences in the probability of belonging to an organisation between cohorts were similar in magnitude to those between categories of social class and education. Cohort differences in the membership of voluntary associations are interpreted to reflect primarily the impact of changing social and economic conditions on individual’s capacity for involvement.
A User's Guide to Compressed Sensing for Communications Systems

SUMMARY This survey provides a brief introduction to compressed sensing as well as several major algorithms to solve it and its various applications to communications systems. We firstly review linear simultaneous equations as ill-posed inverse problems, since the idea of compressed sensing could be best understood in the context of the linear equations. Then, we consider the problem of compressed sensing as an underdetermined linear system with a prior information that the true solution is sparse, and explain the sparse signal recovery based on � 1 optimization, which plays the central role in compressed sensing, with some intuitive explanations on the optimization problem. Moreover, we introduce some important properties of the sensing matrix in order to establish the guarantee of the exact recovery of sparse signals from the underdetermined system. After summarizing several major algorithms to obtain a sparse solution focusing on the � 1 optimization and the greedy approaches, we introduce applications of compressed sensing to communications systems, such as wireless channel estimation, wireless sensor network, network tomography, cognitive radio,
Kindergarten Teachers' Perspectives on Developmentally Appropriate Practices (DAP): A Study Conducted in Mumbai (India)

Abstract A qualitative study examining teachers' beliefs regarding developmentally appropriate practices was conducted in the city of Mumbai, India. Twelve kindergarten teachers were interviewed for this study, and a constant comparative method was used to analyze the interviews. Six themes were identified within this study. The themes highlighted distinct differences between American and Indian cultures, as well as striking similarities, and pinpoint the importance of culture as the foundation for classroom practices. Themes included a focus on academics vs. play, the importance of worksheets, the importance of groups for socialization, and the difficulties of implementing a play-based curriculum. The description of these themes and its implication for the early childhood care and education of India are discussed in detail.
Importance of aerosol composition and mixing state for cloud droplet activation over the Arctic pack ice in summer

Abstract. Concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) were measured throughout an expedition by icebreaker around the central Arctic Ocean, including a 3 week ice drift operation at 87° N, from 3 August to 9 September 2008. In agreement with previous observations in the area and season, median daily CCN concentrations at 0.2% water vapour supersaturation (SS) were typically in the range of 15 to 30 cm−3, but concentrations varied by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude over the expedition and were occasionally below 1 cm−3. The CCN concentrations were highest near the ice edge and fell by a factor of 3 in the first 48 h of transport from the open sea into the pack ice region. For longer transport times they increased again, indicating a local source over the pack ice, suggested to be polymer gels, via drops injected into the air by bubbles bursting on open leads. We inferred the properties of the unexplained non-water soluble aerosol fraction that was necessary for reproducing the observed concentrations of CCN. This was made possible by assuming Kohler theory and simulating the cloud nucleation process using a Lagrangian adiabatic air parcel model that solves the kinetic formulation for condensation of water on size resolved aerosol particles. We propose that the portion of the internally/externally mixed water insoluble particles was larger in the corresponding smaller aerosol size ranges. These particles were physically and chemically behaving as polymer gels: the interaction of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic entities on the structures of polymer gels during cloud droplet activation would at first only show a partial wetting character and only weak hygroscopic growth. Given time, a high CCN activation efficiency is achieved, which is promoted by the hydrophilicity or surface-active properties of the gels. Thus the result in this study argues that the behaviour of the high Arctic aerosol in CCN-counters operating at water vapour SSs > 0.4% (high relative humidities) may not be properly explained by conventional Kohler theory.
Effects of organic solvents on the time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by diazepam

The effects of organic solvents, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and methanol, which are used to dissolve lipophilic test compounds and cytochrome P450 (P450) substrates, and carried into pre-incubation at 1% (v/v), on time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by diazepam, were evaluated using human liver microsomes (HLM) and recombinant human P450 expressed microsomes (rCYPs). The inactivation kinetics of CYP3A4 by diazepam dissolved in acetonitrile and methanol were almost equal with kinact/KI values, 0.095 and 0.15 min−1 mM−1 for HLM and 1.1 and 1.4 min−1 mM−1 for rCYP3A4, respectively. In contrast, the inactivation by diazepam dissolved in 1% DMSO significantly decreased and the kinetic parameter could not be calculated. The formation rate of nordiazepam and temazepam metabolized from diazepam dissolved in DMSO were approximately half of those using substrate dissolved in acetonitrile and methanol in both HLM and rCYP3A4. Dixon plots revealed that the metabolism of diazepam in rCYP3A4 were inhibited by DMSO in a competitive or mixed-type manner with Ki (inhibition constant) values of 6 and 24 mM for nordiazepam and temazepam, respectively. In conclusion, the time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4 by diazepam was attenuated by DMSO, while acetonitrile and methanol had no effect. The metabolite formation profile under the conditions tested suggested that DMSO competitively inhibit the formation of the reactive metabolites of diazepam by CYP3A4. The effect of organic solvents should be taken into consideration when evaluating the in vitro time-dependent inhibition of new chemical entities.
The impacT of guilT on mimicry behavior

In the experiment we conducted, participants were separated into guilt or not guilt conditions, with guilt induced by causing participants to feel that they were responsible for something wrong that occurred to a confederate. A few minutes later, the participants viewed a video where a young female touched and rubbed her face several times. A measure of feeling of guilt was administered in both experimental conditions. Participants in the guilt condition mimicked the target person more than those in the no-guilt condition. The level of mimicry appeared to be linked with the level of guilt felt, but only in the guilt condition. Results support the notion that mimicry helps to create affiliation and rapport because the desire to build such a relationship is higher in the guilt condition.