Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Time Is on My Side

In light of high unemployment and declining volunteer rates, this study examines the complex relationship between time, employment, and volunteering. Are unemployed people more likely to volunteer due to newfound time or to obtain some benefit? Alternatively, are the unemployed less likely to volunteer due to their loss of social ties or feelings of insecurity? A framework tying together four competing theories—opportunity cost, exchange, social ties, and attachment—into positive and negative influences is put forth and tested using pooled U.S. data from 2003 to 2013. The duration of unemployment emerges as a key factor, where volunteering decreases over time. Findings suggest organizations should recruit volunteers from untapped and under-represented groups, especially because the supply of volunteers is not endless. For example, unemployed volunteers devote more time but are less likely to receive an invitation to volunteer. Dedicated individuals may not volunteer simply because no one asks them.
Longer is Better: On the Role of Test Sequence Length in Software Testing

In the presence of an internal state, often it is required a sequence of function calls to test software. In fact, to cover a particular branch of the code, a sequence of previous function calls might be required to put the internal state in the appropriate configuration. Internal states are not only present in object-oriented software, but also in procedural software(e.g., static variables in C programs). In the literature, there are many techniques to test this type of software. However, to our best knowledge, the properties related to choosing the length of these sequences have received only little attention in the literature. In this paper, we analyse the role that the length plays in software testing, in particular branch coverage. We show that on “difficult” software testing benchmarks longer test sequences make their testing trivial. Hence, we argue that the choice of the length of the test sequences is very important in software testing.
Factors influencing medication compliance among hypertensive older African American adults.

OBJECTIVE The purpose was to gain an indepth understanding of the factors influencing hypertension medication compliance among hypertensive older African Americans. DESIGN Qualitative descriptive. In depth semistructured interviews were conducted with 28 patients. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed by the Colaizzi-style method. SETTING Patients at a cardiovascular clinic in the Southeast. PATIENTS 28 African American males and females aged > or = 55 with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension were recruited and interviewed. RESULTS Stroke Heart Attack and Prevention Program (SHAPP) patients reported self-efficacy, patient-provider communication, and social support contributed to their hypertension regimen compliance. Patients reported higher self-efficacy contributed to their hypertension control. Patients also reported that open communication with the SHAPP nurses and social support from their family, friends, and coworkers provided emotional support, information and guidance to assist them in being compliant with their hypertension management regimen. CONCLUSIONS Our results can inform SHAPP providers and staff about patients' hypertension medication compliance, can improve patient-provider communication in other SHAPP clinics, and can aid in future patient hypertension management. Our results also suggest the importance of self-efficacy, patient-provider communication, and social support in hypertension regimen compliance.
Nature of science, scientific and geoscience models: Examining students and teachers’ views

This study investigates Portuguese science teachers’ and Portuguese high school students’ views regarding nature of science, scientific models and Geoscience models and explores the relations between their views. It also examines how Portuguese science teachers value and use models in science classroom. A survey was applied to 145 science teachers and 415 students of the last year of secondary school, who answered to 14 multiple choice questions. Descriptive analyses showed that teachers and students hold intermediate views regarding nature of science and scientific models. Some errors were also detected concerning Geoscience models. T-test analyses showed significant differences between teachers and students’ views, as teachers gave globally more informed answers. Authors considered that more attention should be given to teachers training regarding those issues and that more research is needed in order to understand how teachers deal with nature of science teaching and how they value and use models in classes.
The Prototypical Majority Effect Under Social Influence

Majority views are reported with greater confidence and fluency than minority views, with the difference increasing with majority size. This Prototypical Majority Effect (PME) was attributed generally to conformity pressure, but Koriat et al. showed that it can arise from the processes underlying decision and confidence independent of social influence. Here we examined the PME under conditions that differ in social influence. In Experiment 1, a robust PME emerged in the absence of information about the majority views, but the provision sof that information increased the choice of the majority view and magnified the PME. In Experiment 2, a PME emerged in a minority-biased condition that misled participants to believe that the majority view was the minority view, but the PME was stronger in a majority-biased condition. The results were discussed in terms of a dual-process view: The PME observed under social influence may contain externally driven and internally driven components.
Pattern of histopathologic diagnosis of lymph node biopsies in a teaching hospital in Addis Ababa, 1981-1990 G.C.

To determine the pattern of diseases that are responsible for lymph node biopsy, a retrospective study was carried out by reviewing daily register and pathologic reports for surgical biopsy specimens for the year 1981-1990 in the Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Addis Ababa University. Among 33,924 biopsy specimens 3,396 (10%) were lymph node biopsies (1,378 females, 2018 males). The results showed that 57% were cervical, 15.17% axillary and 8.7% inguinal lymph nodes. The three main causes of lymphadenopathy were tuberculosis (47.8%), reactive lymphadenopathy (26.3%) and malignant lesions (19.8%). In general this study has shown that the majority of lymphadenopathies in patients under 40 years of age are mainly due to tuberculosis and non specific (reactive) lesions and we think this may serve as a basic information for clinicians in their daily activities.
Numerical Study of Sheet Cavitation Breakoff Phenomenon on a Cascade Hydrofoil

2-D unsteady cavity flows through hydrofoils in cascade which is the most fundamental element of turbomachinery are numerically calculated. In particular, attention was paid to instability phenomena of the sheet cavity in transient cavitation condition and the mechanism of break-off phenomenon was examined. A TVD MacCormack's scheme employing a locally homogeneous model of compressible gas-liquid two-phase media was applied to analyze above cavity flows. The present method permits us to treat the whole cavitating/noncavitating unsteady flow field. By analyzing numerical results in detail, it became clear that there are at least two mechanisms in the break-off phenomena of sheet cavity; one is that re-entrant jets play a dominant role in such a break-off phenomenon, and the other is that pressure waves propagating inside the cavity bring about an another type of break-off phenomenon accompanied with cavity surface waves.
Lewisx and α2,3-Sialyl Glycans and Their Receptors TAG-1, Contactin, and L1 Mediate CD24-Dependent Neurite Outgrowth

Although carbohydrates have been implicated in cell interactions in the nervous system, the molecular bases of their functions have remained largely obscure. Here, we show that promotion or inhibition of neurite outgrowth of cerebellar or dorsal root ganglion neurons, respectively, induced by the mucin-type adhesion molecule CD24 depends on α2,3-linked sialic acid and Lewisx present on glia-specific CD24 glycoforms. α2,3-Sialyl residues of CD24 bind to a structural motif in the first fibronectin type III domain of the adhesion molecule L1. Following the observation that the adhesion molecules TAG-1 and Contactin show sequence homologies with fucose-specific lectins, we obtained evidence that TAG-1 and Contactin mediate Lewisx-dependent CD24-induced effects on neurite outgrowth. Thus, L1, TAG-1, and Contactin function as lectin-like neuronal receptors. Their cis interactions with neighboring adhesion molecules, e.g., Caspr1 and Caspr2, and with their triggered signal transduction pathways elicit cell type-specific promotion or inhibition of neurite outgrowth induced by glial CD24 in a glycan-dependent trans interaction.
Nuchal Salmon Patch Persisting into Adulthood

Erythema at the base of the head is often seen in healthy adults, and this nuchal erythema could be a persistent salmon patch. Nuchal salmon patches tend to persist, and are often seen in adults. Our survey found that 71.1% (32/45) of our adult subjects without skin disease had a salmon patch at the nuchal location. This incidence is higher than that indicated in previous reports. In this studying, most nuchal salmon patches have a drop shape.
Mountain Pine Beetles Use Volatile Cues to Locate Host Limber Pine and Avoid Non-Host Great Basin Bristlecone Pine

The tree-killing mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is an important disturbance agent of western North American forests and recent outbreaks have affected tens of millions of hectares of trees. Most western North American pines (Pinus spp.) are hosts and are successfully attacked by mountain pine beetles whereas a handful of pine species are not suitable hosts and are rarely attacked. How pioneering females locate host trees is not well understood, with prevailing theory involving random landings and/or visual cues. Here we show that female mountain pine beetles orient toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from host limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and away from VOCs of non-host Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva Bailey) in a Y-tube olfactometer. When presented with VOCs of both trees, females overwhelmingly choose limber pine over Great Basin bristlecone pine. Analysis of VOCs collected from co-occurring limber and Great Basin bristlecone pine trees revealed only a few quantitative differences. Noticeable differences included the monoterpenes 3-carene and D-limonene which were produced in greater amounts by host limber pine. We found no evidence that 3-carene is important for beetles when selecting trees, it was not attractive alone and its addition to Great Basin bristlecone pine VOCs did not alter female selection. However, addition of D-limonene to Great Basin bristlecone pine VOCs disrupted the ability of beetles to distinguish between tree species. When presented alone, D-limonene did not affect behavior, suggesting that the response is mediated by multiple compounds. A better understanding of host selection by mountain pine beetles could improve strategies for managing this important forest insect. Moreover, elucidating how Great Basin bristlecone pine escapes attack by mountain pine beetles could provide insight into mechanisms underlying the incredible longevity of this tree species.
Descriptions of Religious Experience Using Trait and Affect Adjectives

66 adults rated the relevance of adjectives representing dimensions of affect and personality for describing how they felt during religious experiences. Adjectives, representing positive affect (enthusiastic, at ease), low neuroticism (calm, relaxed), and high agreeableness (soft-hearted, sympathetic), conscientiousness (conscientious, reliable), and extraversion (sociable, talkative), were rated to be descriptive of religious experiences. The failure of openness to discriminate religious experiences is consistent with Block's criticism (1995) of the five-factor model of personality.
Cognitive Network Interference

Opportunistic spectrum access creates the opening of under-utilized portions of the licensed spectrum for reuse, provided that the transmissions of secondary radios do not cause harmful interference to primary users. Such a system would require secondary users to be cognitive-they must accurately detect and rapidly react to varying spectrum usage. Therefore, it is important to characterize the effect of cognitive network interference due to such secondary spectrum reuse. In this paper, we propose a new statistical model for aggregate interference of a cognitive network, which accounts for the sensing procedure, secondary spatial reuse protocol, and environment-dependent conditions such as path loss, shadowing, and channel fading. We first derive the characteristic function and cumulants of the cognitive network interference at a primary user. Using the theory of truncated-stable distributions, we then develop the statistical model for the cognitive network interference. We further extend this model to include the effect of power control and demonstrate the use of our model in evaluating the system performance of cognitive networks. Numerical results show the effectiveness of our model for capturing the statistical behavior of the cognitive network interference. This work provides essential understanding of interference for successful deployment of future cognitive networks.
Effectiveness of Different Rest Intervals Following Whole-Body Vibration on Vertical Jump Performance between College Athletes and Recreationally Trained Females

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different rest intervals following whole-body vibration on counter-movement vertical jump performance. Sixteen females, eight recreationally trained and eight varsity athletes volunteered to participate in four testing visits separated by 24 h. Visit one acted as a familiarization visit where subjects were introduced to the counter-movement vertical jump and whole-body vibration protocols. Visits 2–4 contained 2 randomized conditions. Whole-body vibration was administered in four bouts of 30 s with 30 s rest between bouts. During whole-body vibration subjects performed a quarter squat every 5 s, simulating a counter-movement vertical jump. Whole-body vibration was followed by three counter-movement vertical jumps with five different rest intervals between the vibration exposure and jumping. For a control condition, subjects performed squats with no whole-body vibration. There was a significant (p 0.05) group differences for relative ground reaction forces. Practitioners and/or strength and conditioning coaches may utilize whole-body vibration to enhance acute counter-movement vertical jump performance after identifying individuals optimal rest time in order to maximize the potentiating effects.
Review of the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of elvitegravir with an emphasis on resource-limited settings

Integrase inhibitors represent an important new class of antiretroviral drugs. Elvitegravir, the second available integrase inhibitor to be submitted for regulatory approval appears to be a promising once-daily agent when combined with other antiretroviral drugs. Elvitegravir has demonstrated good efficacy and safety, with minimal side effects and no specific requirements in terms of laboratory monitoring. In addition, elvitegravir is available as a fixed-dose combination. However, the drug requires boosting and this leads to a number of drug–drug interactions and necessary dose adjustment when dosing with certain drugs, including dose reduction in the presence of atazanavir, lopinavir, rifabutin, and ketoconazole, and dose increase for ethinyl estradiol when co-administered with boosted elvitegravir. The main advantage of elvitegravir lies in its potential to be administered as a once-daily, single pill. Limitations include dose adjustment requirements, a relatively low genetic barrier to resistance, high price, and lack of data for use in children. Clinical trials addressing specific challenges encountered in resources-limited settings should be encouraged.
Characteristics of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 Dually Seropositive Adults in West Africa Presenting for Care and Antiretroviral Therapy: The IeDEA-West Africa HIV-2 Cohort Study

Background HIV-2 is endemic in West Africa. There is a lack of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis, management and antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-2 or HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infections. Because of these issues, we designed a West African collaborative cohort for HIV-2 infection within the framework of the International epidemiological Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA). Methods We collected data on all HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dually seropositive patients (both ARV-naive and starting ART) and followed-up in clinical centres in the IeDEA-WA network including a total of 13 clinics in five countries: Benin, Burkina-Faso Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal, in the West Africa region. Results Data was merged for 1,754 patients (56% female), including 1,021 HIV-2 infected patients (551 on ART) and 733 dually seropositive for both HIV-1 and HIV 2 (463 on ART). At ART initiation, the median age of HIV-2 patients was 45.3 years, IQR: (38.3–51.7) and 42.4 years, IQR (37.0–47.3) for dually seropositive patients (p = 0.048). Overall, 16.7% of HIV-2 patients on ART had an advanced clinical stage (WHO IV or CDC-C). The median CD4 count at the ART initiation is 166 cells/mm3, IQR (83–247) among HIV-2 infected patients and 146 cells/mm3, IQR (55–249) among dually seropositive patients. Overall, in ART-treated patients, the CD4 count increased 126 cells/mm3 after 24 months on ART for HIV-2 patients and 169 cells/mm3 for dually seropositive patients. Of 551 HIV-2 patients on ART, 5.8% died and 10.2% were lost to follow-up during the median time on ART of 2.4 years, IQR (0.7–4.3). Conclusions This large multi-country study of HIV-2 and HIV-1/HIV-2 dual infection in West Africa suggests that routine clinical care is less than optimal and that management and treatment of HIV-2 could be further informed by ongoing studies and randomized clinical trials in this population.
5-Aminolevulinic acid synthesis in Escherichia coli

A hemA mutant of Escherichia coli containing a multicopy plasmid which complemented the mutation excreted 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) into the medium. [1-14C]glutamate was substantially incorporated into ALA by this strain, whereas [2-14C]glycine was not. Periodate degradation of labeled ALA showed that C-5 of ALA was derived from C-1 of glutamate. The synthesis of ALA by two sonicate fractions which had been processed by gel filtration and dialysis, respectively, was dependent on glutamate, ATP, NADPH, tRNA(Glu), and pyridoxal phosphate. tRNA(Glu) stimulated ALA synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment with RNase reduced this stimulation. The amino acid sequence of the cloned insert, derived from the nucleotide sequence (J.-M. Li, C. S. Russell, and S. D. Cosloy, J. Cell Biol. 107:617a, 1988), showed no homology with any ALA synthase sequenced to date. These results suggest that E. coli synthesizes ALA by the C5 pathway from the intact five-carbon chain of glutamate.
Treatment of acute traumatic brain injury in children with moderate hypothermia improves intracranial hypertension

Studies in adults have demonstrated improved outcomes using moderate hypothermia in the management of acute traumatic brain injury (1–6). Moderate hypothermia may reduce secondary brain injury by reducing cerebral ischemia, edema, and tissue injury and by attenuating the production of excitatory amino acids (7–10). A rat model utilizing mechanical traumatic brain injury and transient forebrain ischemia demonstrated that the peak time of vulnerability for posttraumatic secondary brain ischemia occurs within the first 24 hrs (11). Another model demonstrated that apoptotic cells were detectable for up to 72 hrs after the initial brain injury, reaching a peak at approximately 24 to 48 hrs. In the animals treated with moderate hypothermia (32°C), the numbers of apoptotic cells were reduced, and DNA fragmentation was inhibited (12). Studies evaluating the efficacy of moderate hypothermia in the management of acute traumatic brain injury have had variable entry criteria, time to entry, and duration of hypothermia. Shiozaki et al. (1) utilized hypothermia of 33.5–34.5°C for a minimum of 48 hrs after failure of conventional therapy, including barbiturate therapy. Tateishi et al. (13) induced hypothermia within 24 hrs and continued for a mean duration of 68 hrs (range, 20–118 hrs). Marion et al. (2, 3) reported a mean time of 10 hrs from injury to hypothermia that was maintained for 24 hrs. Clifton et al. (5, 14) induced cooling within 6 hrs of injury and maintained hypothermia for 48 hrs. Although hypothermia has been utilized for 40 yrs in the management of traumatic brain injury in adults (15–17), reports of its use in children are few (18). Due to the paucity of information in the pediatric population and animal data that suggest that significant secondary brain injury and apoptosis occur 24 to 48 hrs after brain injury (11, 12), we opted for a study design similar to that of Clifton et al. (5, 14). We hypothesized that in children with acute traumatic brain injury, 48 hrs of moderate hypothermia (32– 34°C, initiated within 6 hrs of injury), in conjunction with standard conventional management of intracranial hypertension, would result in decreased severity and duration of intracranial hypertension and a favorable cerebral physiology compared with patients treated with normothermia. Furthermore, we hypothesized that this duration of moderate hypothermia would be safe and not associated with serious adverse clinical events, such as bleeding, electrolyte disturbances, pneumonia, or other infections.
Head-tail Galaxies: beacons of high-density regions in clusters

Using radio data at 1.4 GHz from the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), we identify five head–tail (HT) galaxies in the central region of the Horologium–Reticulum Supercluster (HRS). Physical parameters of the HT galaxies were determined along with substructure in the HRS to probe the relationship between environment and radio properties. Using a density enhancement technique applied to 582 spectroscopic measurements in the 2°× 2° region about A3125/A3128, we find all five HT galaxies reside in regions of extremely high density (>100 galaxies Mpc−3). In fact, the environments surrounding HT galaxies are statistically denser than those environments surrounding non-HT galaxies and among the densest environments in a cluster. Additionally, the HT galaxies are found in regions of enhanced X-ray emission and we show that the enhanced density continues out to substructure groups of 10 members. We propose that it is the high densities that allow ram pressure to bend the HT galaxies as opposed to previously proposed mechanisms relying on exceptionally high peculiar velocities.