Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Predictors and mechanisms of conversion to psychosis

Summary Background: Identifying predictors and elucidating mechanisms underlying onset of psychosis are critical for the development of preventive interventions. Methods: This paper reviews findings on risk prediction algorithms and potential mechanisms of onset in youth at clinical high-risk for psychosis. Results: An independently validated individualized risk calculator is available that incorporates risk factors from clinical, demographic, neurocognitive, and psychosocial assessments to predict likelihood of conversion to psychosis among individuals who meet criteria for a prodromal risk syndrome. At risk individuals who convert to psychosis show a steeper rate of gray matter reduction, most prominent in prefrontal cortex, compared with those who do not. Higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines at baseline predicted the accelerated reduction in prefrontal gray matter. These same markers are associated with microglial-mediated synaptic pruning and dendritic retraction in animal models. Conclusions: Processes that modulate microglial activation, such as dysregulated immune function and deficient synaptic plasticity, may represent convergent mechanisms that influence brain dysconnectivity and risk for onset of psychosis.
An Efficient Data Driven Algorithm for Multi-Sensor Alignment

This paper describes how model-specific constraints and domain specific knowledge can be utilized to develop efficient sampling based algorithms for robust model estimation in the presence of outliers. As a special case, a robust algorithm for homography estimation is proposed that exploits the invariance of collinearity under homography to improve efficiency in noisy scenarios. Unlike most existing approaches, the proposed algorithm does not make any assumption regarding the data distribution, data specific properties or availability of large amount of data. The proposed estimation algorithm is applied for multiple applications involving large sensor networks. These include estimation and maintenance of geo-registration by fusing observations from different modalities, such as RADAR and Automatic Identification System (AIS), and data-driven estimation (using target observations) of the relative topology of cameras with overlapping fields of view. Qualitative and quantitative results are presented that show the ability of the proposed algorithm to handle large fraction of outliers in the data, spatial noise, and high traffic densities, which are defining characteristics of these applications.
Adiponectin and Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis

In the present study, we examined the potential impact of adiponectin on carotid ultrasound determined atherosclerosis in 210 (119 black and 91 white) RA patients in mixed regression models. Total adiponectin concentrations were smaller in patients with compared to those without the metabolic syndrome (MetS) defined waist criterion (median (range) = 6.47 (1.23–34.54) versus 8.38 (0.82–85.30) ng/mL, P = 0.02, resp. ); both total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin concentrations were larger in patients with compared to those without joint deformities (7.97 (0.82–85.30) and 3.51 (0.01–35.40) versus 5.36 (1.29–19.49) and 2.34 (0.01–19.49) ng/mL, P = 0.003 and 0.02, resp. ). Total and HMW adiponectin concentrations were associated with carotid artery plaque in patients with MetS waist (odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.87 (0.76–0.99) and 0.92 (0.85–0.99) per 1-standard deviation increment, P = 0.02 for both) and those without joint deformities (odds ratio (95% CI) = 0.94 (0.88–0.99) and 0.94 (0.89–0.99), P = 0.03 for both). Plaque prevalence was lower in patients without compared to those with joint deformities (23.4% versus 42.6, P = 0.004 in multivariable analysis). In RA patients with abdominal obesity or no clinically evident joint damage, adiponectin concentrations are reduced but nevertheless associated with decreased carotid atherosclerosis.
From Political Islam to Muslim Democracy.

The author discusses the transition of the Tunisian political party Ennahda, from being an Islamist movement fighting against repression and dictatorship to a political party focused on practical agenda and economic vision. Topics addressed include history of the Islamic Tendency Movement (MTI), which later became Ennahda, reason behind the party's objective to separate the political and religious fields, and political progress made by Tunisia.
Extended Report

Objectives To perform a systematic literature review of effective strategies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods As part of a European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) Task Force investigation, a literature search was carried out from January 1962 until February 2009 in PubMed/Ovid Embase/Cochrane and EULAR/American College of Rheumatism (ACR)) abstracts (2007/2008) for studies with a treatment strategy adjusted to target a predefi ned outcome. Articles were systematically reviewed and clinical outcome, physical function and structural damage were compared between intensive and less intensive strategies. The results were evaluated by an expert panel to consolidate evidence on treatment strategies in RA. Results The search identifi ed two different kinds of treatment strategies: strategies in which the reason for treatment adjustment differed between the study arms ('steering strategies', n=13) and strategies in which all trial arms used the same clinical outcome to adjust treatment with different pharmacological treatments ('medication strategies', n=7). Both intensive steering strategies and intensive medication strategies resulted in better outcome than less intensive strategies in patients with early active RA. Conclusion Intensive steering strategies and intensive medication strategies produce a better clinical outcome, improved physical function and less structural damage than conventional steering or treatment. Proof in favour of any steering method is lacking and the best medication sequence is still not known.
The Barra Credit Series : Default and Information

The recent string of accounting scandals highlights the need for bond investors to reconsider the informational assumptions underlying traditional models of default. In these models it is implicitly assumed that the information used to calibrate and run the model is publicly available. In reality, model inputs and parameters are uncertain. We develop a class of cause and effect default models based on incomplete information, in which investors can specify the degree of confidence they have around inputs and parameters. These models are predicated on the surprise nature of default and typically forecast positive short-term credit spreads. The level and shape of the credit spread term structure is determined by investors’ information level. We introduce the pricing trend and provide a reduced-form representation of our cause and effect model class in terms of this trend. Closed-form expressions of the pricing trend, conditional default rates, default probabilities, prices of default-sensitive securities, and credit spreads are obtained.
Comparison of genetic algorithm and sequential search methods for classifier subset selection

Classifier subset selection (CSS) from a large ensemble isan effective way to design multiple classifier systems(MCSs). Given a validation dataset and a selectioncriterion, the task of CSS is reduced to searching thespace of classifier subsets to find the optimal subset. Thisstudy investigates the search efficiency of geneticalgorithm (GA) and sequential search methods for CSS.In experiments of handwritten digit recognition, we selecta subset from 32 candidate classifiers with aim to achievehigh accuracy of combination. The results show that inrespect of optimality, no method wins others in all cases.All the methods are very fast except the generalized plus land take away r(GPTA) method.
SPARC, a Matricellular Glycoprotein with Important Biological Functions

SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) is a unique matricellular glycoprotein that is expressed by many different types of cells and is associated with development, remodeling, cell turnover, and tissue repair. Its principal functions in vitro are counteradhesion and antiproliferation, which proceed via different signaling pathways. SPARC consists of three domains, each of which has independent activity and unique properties. The extracellular calcium binding module and the follistatin-like module have been recently crystallized. Specific interactions between SPARC and growth factors, extracellular matrix proteins, and cell surface proteins contribute to the diverse activities described for SPARC in vivo and in vitro. The location of SPARC in the nuclear matrix of certain proliferating cells, but only in the cytosol of postmitotic neurons, indicates potential functions of SPARC as a nuclear protein, which might be involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and mitosis. High levels of SPARC have been found in adult eye, and SPARC-null mice exhibit cataracts at 1–2 months of age. This animal model provides an excellent opportunity to confirm and explore some of the properties of SPARC, to investigate cataractogenesis, and to study SPARC-related family proteins, e.g., SC1/hevin, a counteradhesive matricellular protein that might functionally compensate for SPARC in certain tissues.
Use of data to inform practice in elementary school classrooms

iii LIST OF FIGURES . v LIST OF TABLES . vi Chapters 1 OVERVIEW OF STUDY . 1 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . 8 How Data Are Currently Used in School Systems . 8 Data Use Linked to Student Achievement Outcomes . 10 Data Characteristics That Influence Use . 12 Educator and School Factors That Influence Data Use . 14 Instructional Change in Response to Data . 17 3 METHODOLOGY . 21 Data . 21 Method . 27 4 RESULTS . 30 Use of Assessment Tools Correlated to Student Achievement . 30 School and Teacher Factors That Explain Use of Assessment Tools . 35 5 SUMMARY AND IMPLICATION OF FINDINGS . 43 Summary of Results . 43 Limitations of the Study . 46 Implications for Research . 47 Implications for Practice . 49 APPENDIX: ADMINISTRATOR SURVEY . 51 REFERENCES . 52
The Employee–Organization Relationship and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

Drawing upon social exchange theory and the norm of reciprocity, we review the employee–organization relationship (EOR). A number of EOR frameworks share common theoretical ground yet have developed independently: psychological contracts, perceived organizational support, employment relationship, social and economic exchange, and idiosyncratic deals. We examine the empirical evidence linking each of the frameworks to employees’ organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Relationships based on minimal investment (quasi-spot contracts and transactional psychological contracts) and psychological contract breach are negatively related to OCB. Economic exchange is unrelated to OCB. Relationships that demonstrate investment, support, fulfillment of obligations, and granting of idiosyncratic deals are positively related to OCB because they signal a trusting and benefit conferring relationship. We outline challenges and future research directions that address the “value addedness” of the EOR frameworks.
Is Allison More Likely Than Lakisha to Receive a Callback From Counseling Professionals? A Racism Audit Study

Using an audit study, we examined racially biased callback responses in the mental health field by leaving voicemails soliciting services with practicing counselors and psychologists (N = 371). To manipulate perceived race, an actor identified herself with either a stereotypically Black- or non–Latino White-sounding name. Although the difference in callback rate between the two names was not significant, the difference in voice messages from therapists that either promoted potential services or impeded services was significant. The caller with the stereotypically White-sounding name received voice messages that promoted the potential for services at a 12% higher rate than the caller with the stereotypically Black-sounding name. Limitations, future directions for research, and counseling implications are discussed.
Quantification of growth and lateral propagation of the Kashi anticline, southwest Chinese Tian Shan

Received 11 February 2006; revised 16 January 2007; accepted 2 February 2007; published 28 March 2007. [1] The Kashi anticline is a north vergent, asymmetric, doubly plunging detachment fold located in the SW Tian Shan foreland. We combine structural, magnetostratigraphic, and topographic data to define the fold’s lateral propagation, surface uplift, and concomitant exhumation. Two new magnetostratigraphic sections indicate that the fold began growing at � 1.4 Ma and by 1.07 Ma, deformation had propagated eastward � 13 km at an average rate of � 40 km/Myr. Subsequently, propagation rates increased at least twofold, until the fold reached >60 km in length by 0.8 ± 0.3 Ma. Since then, eastward fold propagation slowed to � 15 km/Myr, and the eastern 15–25% of the fold remains buried in the rapidly aggrading foreland. The structure and topography of the emergent fold support interpretations of fold growth in three stages: initial symmetric lateral growth both east and west to a total length of � 30 km followed by, first, rapid and, then, slower eastward lengthening to 72 ± 10 km total length. Shortening rates as high as 1.9� 0.2 +0.3 mm/yr characterize the western part of the fold but decrease toward the east. Significant dissection of the emergent fold does not occur until topographic relief is sufficient (� 200 m) to permit stripping of protective conglomerates from across the fold’s upper surface. As differential rock uplift continues following breaching of the conglomerate, � 75% of the rock raised above local base level is subsequently eroded at rates as high as 2.4 km/Myr. Despite extensive erosion, the modern fold topography mimics spatial patterns of both long-term shortening and variations in rock uplift.
Distinguishing the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Encoding and Semantic Memory Retrieval

Episodic memory and semantic memory interact very closely. In particular, episodic memory encoding (EE) tends to elicit semantic memory retrieval (SR), and vice versa. Thus, similar activations for EE and SR in functional neuroimaging studies may reflect shared memory processes, or they may reflect the fact that EE and SR are usually confounded. To address this issue, we used a factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to disentangle the neural correlates of EE and SR. Within the left temporal lobe, the hippocampus was associated with successful EE, whereas a posterior lateral region was associated with successful SR. Within the left inferior prefrontal cortex, a posterior region was involved in SR, a mid region was involved in both SR and EE, and an anterior region was involved in EE, but only when SR was also high. Thus, the neural correlates of EE and SR are dissociable but interact in specific brain regions.
A randomised trial of the impact of counselling on treatment adherence of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan.

SETTING Tuberculosis Department, Bethania Hospital, Sialkot, Pakistan. OBJECTIVE To determine whether intensive counselling can improve treatment adherence. DESIGN In a randomised controlled intervention trial of 1,019 adult tuberculosis patients, 49% were assigned to the intervention group and 51% to the control group. Baseline data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. Patients were followed until the end of treatment (cure, default, referral or death). The intervention included counselling at the start of treatment and at each subsequent visit for ambulatory patients, or weekly for hospitalised patients. Counselling combined health education with strategies to strengthen patients' self-efficacy. Control group patients received the usual care. The outcome measure was treatment default. RESULTS The default rate was 54% in the control group and 47% in the intervention group: the default risk ratio was 0.87, implying a reduction in defaulting of 13%. The impact was stronger in women, ambulatory patients, re-treatment patients, women who worked in the home, and patients who were not the main provider, those with a poor knowledge of the disease or those with a short treatment delay. CONCLUSIONS Intensive counselling has a significant, although limited, impact on treatment adherence.
Self-incompatibility in Brassicaceae crops: lessons for interspecific incompatibility

Most wild plants and some crops of the Brassicaceae express self-incompatibility, which is a mechanism that allows stigmas to recognize and discriminate against “self” pollen, thus preventing self-fertilization and inbreeding. Self-incompatibility in this family is controlled by a single S locus containing two multiallelic genes that encode the stigma-expressed S-locus receptor kinase and its pollen coat-localized ligand, the S-locus cysteine-rich protein. Physical interaction between receptor and ligand encoded in the same S locus activates the receptor and triggers a signaling cascade that results in inhibition of “self” pollen. Sequence information for many S-locus haplotypes in Brassica species has spurred studies of dominance relationships between S haplotypes and of S-locus structure, as well as the development of methods for S genotyping. Furthermore, molecular genetic studies have begun to identify genes that encode putative components of the self-incompatibility signaling pathway. In parallel, standard genetic analysis and QTL analysis of the poorly understood interspecific incompatibility phenomenon have been initiated to identify genes responsible for the inhibition of pollen from other species by the stigma. Herewith, we review recent studies of self-incompatibility and interspecific incompatibility, and we propose a model in which a universal pollen-inhibition pathway is shared by these two incompatibility systems.
MEASURING EFFICIENCY IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS ’ PLANNING AND REGULATORY FUNCTION

(2000) Measuring efficiency in local governments' planning and function Public Productivity and Management Review 23(4):pp. 468-485. Public sector reform has now become an established dimension of policymaking in many developed countries, including Australia. Although the ongoing program of public sector reform is Australia has focused mainly on the Commonwealth government and some state governments, especially Victoria, it is now being applied to local government. Key aspects of this process have been administrative reforms (compulsory competitive tendering and contracting-out), structural reforms (local council consolidations), legislative reforms (fiscal transparency and accountability), and workplace reform (labour market deregulation). Another part has been the collection of new ideas associated with what has come to be known as the 'New Public Management'. Central ingredients in this movement have been the notion of explicit standards and measures of performance in the public sector, the greater emphasis on outputs rather than inputs, the shift to greater competition in the public sector, an emphasis on private-sector styles of management practice (ie. 'letting managers manage'), and a stress on greater discipline and parsimony in resource use (Hood, 1991). Finally, there is a greater awareness on the behalf of the Commonwealth
Adrenal imbalance in mouse skin carcinogenesis.

Summary The influence of adrenal hormonal imbalance on separate stages of skin carcinogenesis was investigated in SWR mice, with a single feeding of 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]-anthracene given as initiating stimulus and twice-weekly paintings of 5 per cent croton oil to the skin, for 20 weeks, as promoting stimulus. An excess of hormonal action was achieved by the addition of hydrocortisone to the standard diet, and a deficiency by bilateral adrenalectomy (with reimplantation of isologous adrenal tissue at the end of the required period). The initiating phase of skin carcinogenesis remained unchanged by hydrocortisone feeding or by adrenalectomy, the resulting tumor incidence being 77 per cent in the control animals, 76 per cent in the hydrocortisone-fed animals, and 69 per cent in the adrenalectomized animals (the tumor yields per animal being 2.0 ± 0.2, 1.3 ± 0.2, and 1.2 ± 0.3, respectively). The promoting phase of skin carcinogenesis, on the other hand, was strikingly inhibited by hydrocortisone feeding and strongly enhanced by adrenalectomy, the tumor incidence being reduced to 11 per cent (0.14 ± 0.07 per animal) in the former, and raised to 100 per cent (3.5 ± 0.8 per animal) in the latter. The implication of these results, in the light of the two-stage mechanism of carcinogenesis and in relation to the known effects of glucocorticoid hormones on skin physiology, is discussed.
Widening participation and contextual entry policy in accounting and finance

ABSTRACT The paper examines the performance of accounting and finance students entering university via a ‘widening participation’ scheme that seeks to attract students who have been historically under-represented in higher education. Focus is placed on the policy of providing contextual entry offers that recognise that academic qualifications be judged in the social context in which they were achieved. Accounting and finance recruits the highest proportion of ‘widening participation’ students at a UK ‘Russell Group’ university and provides a key arena for investigating widening participation policy. The study is based on a quantitative analysis of relative performance levels over 12 years and interview findings with 27 students. The quantitative results show that those receiving contextual offers perform at least as well at university level as students with equivalent entry qualifications, thereby supporting contextual entry offer policy. The paper also provides insights into why accounting and finance is popular with ‘widening participation’ students.
The Determinants of Customer Loyalty in Nigeria's GSM Market

The objective of the study is to investigate the determinants of customer loyalty in the GSM market in Nigeria. Primary data was obtained through a questionnaire. 252 questionnaires were self-administered by the researchers to the subscribers of the four major GSM providers in Lagos State. 198 of the questionnaires were returned, properly filled. The questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 17. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent constructs of the research. The findings revealed that service quality, customer satisfaction, and corporate image are important determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty in the Nigeria's GSM market. The fourth factor, price/tariff is found not to be a determinant of customer satisfaction and loyalty in market. A conclusion was drawn to the effect that since factors influencing customer loyalty have been established, GSM companies should note these and emphasize them in their marketing strategy.
Exploring the role of positive mechanisms between early affiliative memories and eating psychopathology

Dissertacao de mestrado em Psicologia Clinica e Saude (Intervencoes Cognitivo-Comportamentais nas Perturbacoes Psicologicas da Saude), apresentada a Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciencias da Educacao da Universidade de Coimbra
BELIEFS ABOUT THE PAST AND TRUST: EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN IRAQ

This paper examines beliefs about the past across ethnic groups in conflict ridden Northern Iraq, and the extent to which such beliefs are associated with interethnic trust and political trust. Using individual-level survey data collected in 2010 and 2011 in the cities of Erbil and Kirkuk, we show that beliefs about the past are strongly structured by ethnicity, but that the ethnic composition of friendship networks is an important moderating factor. Our results also indicate that beliefs about the past play a significant role in interethnic trust as beliefs about the past connected to particular ethnic groups are often associated with trust in these groups. Beliefs about the past are also shown to be associated with trust in political institutions.