Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex-specific genetic analysis indicates low correlation between demographic and genetic connectivity in the Scandinavian brown bear (Ursus arctos)

The degree of gene flow within and among populations, i.e. genetic population connectivity, may closely track demographic population connectivity. Alternatively, the rate of gene flow may change relative to the rate of dispersal. In this study, we explored the relationship between genetic and demographic population connectivity using the Scandinavian brown bear as model species, due to its pronounced male dispersal and female philopatry. Thus, we expected that females would shape genetic structure locally, whereas males would act as genetic mediators among regions. To test this, we used eight validated microsatellite markers on 1531 individuals sampled noninvasively during country-wide genetic population monitoring in Sweden and Norway from 2006 to 2013. First, we determined sex-specific genetic structure and substructure across the study area. Second, we compared genetic differentiation, migration/gene flow patterns, and spatial autocorrelation results between the sexes both within and among genetic clusters and geographic regions. Our results indicated that demographic connectivity was not a reliable indicator of genetic connectivity. Among regions, we found no consistent difference in long-term gene flow and estimated current migration rates between males and females. Within regions/genetic clusters, only females consistently displayed significant positive spatial autocorrelation, indicating male-biased small-scale dispersal. In one cluster, however, males showed a dispersal pattern similar to females. The Scandinavian brown bear population has experienced substantial recovery over the last decades; however, our results did not show any changes in its large-scale population structure compared to previous studies, suggesting that an increase in population size and dispersal of individuals does not necessary lead to increased genetic connectivity. Thus, we conclude that both genetic and demographic connectivity should be estimated, so as not to make false assumptions about the reality of wildlife populations.
‘For Them it's Sink or Swim’: Refugee Students and the Dynamics of Migration, and (Dis)Placement in School

This article focuses on qualitative research conducted with a group of refugee high school students from the Vietnamese Central Highlands living in the south-eastern region of the United States. As students with limited and/or interrupted formal education, they face linguistic, academic, and social challenges that confound their expectations for success in and beyond school. Analyzed through Bourdieu's theory of field (1977), the research shows that in spite of the students associating school with long-range aspirations, certain normative school structures and interactions prove detrimental to their language learning, their self-esteem and their motivation to succeed. The experiences of this group shed light on the education of newcomer high school refugee youth, building critical understanding for regions with growing linguistic and ethnic diversity. Possibilities for integrative linguistic and academic support for refugees with limited and/or interrupted formal education are discussed.
The pattern of expression of the chicken homolog of HOX1I in the developing limb suggests a possible role in the ectodermal inhibition of chondrogenesis

Homeobox‐containing genes have been implicated in a variety of patterning events during vertebrate limb development. In an attempt to isolate cDNAs corresponding to 5′ members of the chicken HOX 4 cluster of homeobox‐containing genes, a cDNA library constructed from mRNAs expressed during early stages of chick limb development was screened with probes generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers corresponding to sequences in the homeoboxes of the human HOX4C and HOX4F genes, the human homologs of Hox‐4.4 and Hox‐4.6. This screening resulted in the isolation of full length cDNAs for the chicken homolog of HOX4F (cognate of mouse Hox‐4.6), which we have termed GHox‐4.6, and the chicken homolog of human HOX1I, which we have named GHox‐1i, a paralog of Hox‐4.6 in the HOX 1 cluster. The homeodomains encoded by GHox‐4.6 and GHox‐ li differ by only three amino acids, and the two proteins show extensive similarity along their entire lengths. Despite their sequence similarity, in situ hybridization analysis has revealed that GHox‐4.6 and GHox‐li exhibit strikingly different spatial patterns of expression during embryonic chick limb development. At early stages of limb development (stages 20–22), GHox‐4.6 transcripts are present in high amounts throughout the posterior half of the limb mesoderm and are absent from the anterior half of the mesoderm, an expression pattern consistent with the possible involvement of GHox‐4.6 in the specification of posterior positional identity. In contrast, GHox‐li exhibits no distinct anterior‐posterior polarity of expression at stage 22, but rather is expressed in high amounts throughout the mesenchyme of the limb bud. At later stages of development (stage 25), GHox‐li continues to be expressed in high amounts throughout the undifferentiated mesenchyme subjacent to the apical ectodermal ridge, and, in addition, is expressed in the mesodermal cells in the proximal peripheral regions of the limb bud subjacent to the ectoderm which are differentiating into nonchondrogenic lineages. Conversely, little or no expression of GHox‐li is detectable in the proximal central core of the limb bud where chondrogenic differentiation is occur‐ring. Thus, GHox‐li is expressed by the undifferentiated subridge mesenchymal cells and proximal peripheral mesenchymal cells of the limb bud that are being inhibited from undergoing chondrogenesis by the apical ectodermal ridge and nonridge ectoderm. These observations suggest the possibility that GHox‐li may be involved in mediating the antichondrogenic effect of limb ectoderm, and that the cessation of GHox‐li expression may be required for chondrogenic differentiation to occur in the proximal central core of the limb bud.
Comparison of selected textural features as global content-based descriptors of VHR satellite image

The paper presents the results of the study of usefulness of selected textural features for describing the content of image chips (1024 by 1024 pixels) cut from WorldView-2 panchromatic images. Several texture analysis techniques were applied to calculate 290 different global image descriptors. These features together with 4 histogram-based characteristics formed the set of classification features. Decision trees were used to classify the images into broad land cover categories. Performance of each group of textural characteristics was assessed and compared to the results of classification based on all calculated characteristics.
In-group favoritism due to friend selection strategies based on fixed tag and within-group reputation

In-group favoritism (e.g. in the context of nationalism or ethnocentrism) has been receiving considerable attention. To explain it, many researches have proposed theoretical models using a tag which was assumed as a variable one. Following the perspective that an ethnicity is invariable, we assume a fixed tag. We also assume that the reputations of others are created and shared within a group. On the basis of these assumptions, we introduce strategies for selecting friends using tags and within-group reputations. We conducted evolutionary simulations and found the emergence of in-group favoritism. The tag in our model is not minimal but highly neutral because it is defined not to cause a direct payoff. In the beginning of a simulation, the identification of a tag is independent of any payoff, but the tag ultimately becomes closely correlated to cooperation and a payoff.
Producing desulfurized biogas through removal of sulfate in the first‐stage of a two‐stage anaerobic digestion

In the present work, a two‐stage anaerobic digestion system (TSADS) was newly designed to produce biogas with a greatly reduced H2S content. The role of first (sulfidogenic)‐stage digester was not only acidogenesis but also sulfidogenesis (sulfate reduction to H2S), which would minimize the input of H2S‐producing source in the followed second (methanogenic)‐stage digester. For the coexistence of acidogens and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) in the sulfidogenic‐stage digester, it was found that pH played a crucial role. The acidogenic activity was not affected within a pH range of 4.5–6.0, while it was important to maintain a pH at 5.5 to achieve a sulfate removal efficiency over 70%. The highest sulfate removal attained was 78% at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 5 h at pH 5.5 ± 0.1. The H2S content in the biogas produced in the conventional single‐stage digester (SSAD), used as a control, reached 1,650 ± 25 ppmv. In contrast, the biogas produced in the methanogenic‐stage digester of the developed process had an H2S content of 200 ± 15 ppmv. Microbial analysis, done by the next generation sequencing technique, clearly showed the changes in community under different operating conditions. Desulfovibrio bastinii (4.9%) played a key role in sulfate removal in the sulfidogenic‐stage of the TSADS owing to its characteristics of a short doubling time and growth in an acidic environment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 970–979. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of renal failure on the risk of myocardial infarction and death.

BACKGROUND It is unclear whether pre-existing cardiovascular disease or predisposition of the uremic state leads to the high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with renal failure. We examined whether renal failure independently increases the risk of myocardial infarction and death. METHODS A total of 8600 patients with variable glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the time of coronary angiography participated in the Intermountain Heart Study. Coronary disease was defined as >or=70% stenosis. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula was used to calculate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Cox regression models were used to compare outcomes. RESULTS The mean GFR was 71 +/- 24 mL/min. There were 1320 (15%) deaths, 657 (9%) myocardial infarctions and 1776 (21%) death or myocardial infarctions over 3.2 +/- 1.9 years. Compared to the highest GFR quartile, the lowest GFR quartile (mean GFR 41 +/- 14 mL/min) was associated with higher risk for myocardial infarction (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.78), death (RR 2.77, 95% CI 2.32 to 3.30) and death/myocardial infarction (RR 2.13, 95% CI 1.85 to 2.45) in multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, family history of coronary disease and diabetes. Even after further adjustment for coronary angiographic data and the choice of initial therapy, lowest GFR quartile was associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.88), death (RR 2.60, 95% CI 2.18 to 3.10) and death/myocardial infarction (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.80 to 2.39). CONCLUSIONS Even moderate renal failure increases the risk of myocardial infarction and death independent of clinical variables, baseline angiographic evidence of coronary disease and therapy.
Life goals: the concept and its relevance to rehabilitation

Objective: Life goals are desired states that people seek to obtain maintain or avoid. These goals may influence motivation to participate in the rehabilitation process. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on life goals and the influence of life goals on the rehabilitation process. Methods: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Psychlit and CINAHL databases were searched with the keywords goals, life goals, aim of life, meaning of life, motivation, assessment (identification) of life goals, goal planning, disability, coping and rehabilitation. Results: The initial search produced 917 abstracts. After going through these abstracts, 39 articles were selected for inclusion in the review. Age, gender, personality, experiences and society and environment influence life goals. Pursuit and attainment of life goals affect sense of well-being. Life goals are accessible to conscious awareness and can be identified. Several questionnaires are available for assessment of life goals. Different questionnaires assess different aspects of life goals. All except one of these questionnaires need to be tested for validity and reliability in a rehabilitation setting. Disabilities interfere with goal striving and result in emotional distress. Motivation to participate in a rehabilitation programme depends on concurrence between a patient's life goals and treatment goals. Incorporation of a subject's life goals into a management programme resulted in better outcomes in various physical and psychiatric disorders. There are no data on the efficacy of life goal-orientated rehabilitation programmes. Conclusions: Life goals influence patients’ motivation to participate in and compliance with treatment programmes. We still do not know whether rehabilitation programmes focusing on life goals make any difference in outcome. There is need for further studies in this area.
Relation of race and sex to supermarket helping behavior.

Summary The relation of race and sex of a person in need of help to the frequency of white male and female helping behavior was studied in a field situation separately involving interactions with 66 white women and 36 white men as potential helpers. Subjects could help, or not help, a white or black male or female, respectively, whose bag of groceries had just broken in front of a supermarket. Overall, the white females tended to help more than the white males, but the overall percentages of help given to males or females, or to blacks or whites, was not significantly different. However, the distribution of the white males' and females' helping did differ in relation to the sex and race of the person in need of help. Yet, despite these differences, no support was found for a racial or sexual congruence—increased helping frequency relation.
Tracking and Follow-Up Methods for Research On Homelessness

To conduct comprehensive treatment effectiveness studies, evaluators must frequently track, locate and interview service recipients long after program participation has ended. For some populations, this is an arduous task. But, despite wide variations in retention rates, the published literature from follow-up studies rarely provides information on their tracking, locating, or interviewing techniques. The present report concerns a 12-month follow-up study of individuals who were homeless and mentally ill, which achieved a remarkably high retention rate—over 70%. Quantitative information is presented on client characteristics related to locatability and agreement to be interviewed, as well as qualitative information on successful techniques, from a focus group session with research interviewers.
The Relationship Between Obsessional Problems and Intrusive Thoughts

According to the cognitive theory, obsessional problems occur when the occurrence and/or content of intrusive thoughts are interpreted as a sign of increased personal responsibility for some harmful outcome to oneself or others. The link between normal intrusive thoughts and obsessional thoughts is outlined. Current definitions of “neutralizing” and “responsibility” within the cognitive framework are examined and clarified. Responsibility-driven attempts to control cognitive activity explain obsessional and compulsive phenomena better than generalized deficit models. Recent descriptions of “meta-cognitive” factors in obsessions echo the existing cognitive model and have similar implications. An extension of the cognitive-behavioural model suggests a link between thought suppression and the perception of responsibility and to concerns about failure to act (omissions).
An HPLC Evaluation of Cytochalasin D Biosynthesis by Xylaria arbuscula Cultivated in Different Media

A quantitative profile of cytochalasin D production by Xylaria arbuscula was followed by growing the fungus in rice, Czapek, Czapek enriched with yeast extract, wheat, and corn. This cytochalasin producer, X. arbuscula, was collected as an endophytic fungus from healthy tissues of Cupressus lusitanica (Cupressaceae). A new HPLC method was developed using a synthetic N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester as internal standard, which showed a good correlation coefficient (r2 = 0.9995). The results varied from 6.40 to 39.55 mg per 100 g of culture medium, with wheat being the best medium for cytochalasin D production. The level of any free amino acids in the medium, not necessarily phenylalanine, appeared to be an important factor to enhance cytochalasin D biosynthesis.
The Referents of Trait Inferences: The Impact of Trait Concepts Versus Actor-Trait Links on Subsequent Judgments

The authors investigated the hypothesis that when trait inferences refer to abstract behavior labels they act as a general interpretation frame and lead to assimilation in subsequent judgments of an ambiguous target, whereas when they refer to a specific actor-trait link they will be used as a scale anchor and lead to contrast. Similar to G.B. Moskowitz and R.J. Roman's ( 1992 ) study, participants who were instructed to memorize trait-implying sentences showed assimilation, and participants who were instructed to form an impression of the actors in these sentences showed contrast. However, exposure to trait-implying sentences that described actors with real names and were accompanied with photos of the actors resulted in contrast under both memorization and impression instructions (Experiment 1 ). Furthermore, contrast ensued when trait-implying sentences were accompanied with information that suggested a person attribution, whereas assimilation ensued when that information suggested a situation attribution, independent of processing goals (Experiment 2). These findings are interpreted as support for referent-based explanations of the consequences of trait inferences.
Predictive Validity of General Intelligence and Big Five Measures for Adult Basic Education and Training Outcomes

This study explored whether scores on intelligence tests and personality questionnaires can predict performance in an adult basic education and training (ABET) programme. Participants in ABET programmes often have limited English reading skills, which make the use of conventional assessment tools problematic. A proposed solution is to utilise instruments that make limited demands on the use of language. Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM), a well-established intelligence test, and the Five Factor-Nonverbal Personality Questionnaire (FF-NPQ) are both instruments that do not require any reading. The performance of 82 participants in the practical and academic components of an ABET programme was correlated with the RPM and the five traits of the FF-NPQ, namely, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, Openness to Experience, Neuroticism and Agreeableness. The RPM correlated significantly with both the practical (r= 0.47) and academic components (r= 0.35). The Agreeableness scale of the FF-NPQ correlated significantly with the practical component (r = 0.34). No personality scale correlated significantly with the academic component. The results show that non-verbal intelligence tests and personality inventories can be potentially useful in the prediction of performance in an ABET programme.
‘If kids don't feel safe they don't do anything’: young people's views on seeking and receiving help from Children's Social Care Services in England

This paper presents findings from qualitative interviews with 24 young people (11–17 years) who have been referred to Children's Social Care Services in England. The paper explores young people's experiences of help seeking and their experiences of receiving help for maltreatment through statutory agencies. A central finding is the importance of relationships for young people when seeking and receiving help. It is through trusting relationships with professionals that young people are most likely to disclose maltreatment and/or engage with services. The paper concludes that young people's expectations and needs are not always met by the current safeguarding system and that the system needs to become more child-centred if it is to address the concerns maltreated young people have consistently voiced through research.
Does timing of alcohol administration affect sleep?

STUDY OBJECTIVES To explore the time of day effects of alcohol on sleep, we examined sleep following alcohol administered at four times of day and three homeostatic loads during a 20-hr forced desynchrony (FD) protocol. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six healthy young adults (21-25 yrs) were studied. DESIGN Participants were dosed at 4 clock times: 0400 (n = 6; 2 females), 1600 (n = 7; 4 females), 1000 (n = 6; 1 female) or 2200 (n = 7; 2 females). Participants slept 2300 to 0800 for at least 12 nights before the in-lab FD study. Double blind placebo and alcohol (vodka tonic targeting 0.05g% concentration) beverages were each administered three times during FD at different homeostatic loads: low (4.25 or 2.24 hrs awake), medium (8.25 or 6.25 hrs awake), high (12.25 or 10.25 hrs awake) in the 0400 and 1600 or 1000 and 2200 groups, respectively. Sleep was staged and subjected to spectral analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Breath Alcohol Concentration (BrAC) confirmed targeted maximal levels. At bedtime, BrAC was 0 in the low and medium homeostatic load conditions; however, at high homeostatic load, BrAC was still measurable. Spectral characteristics of sleep were unaffected with alcohol at any time of day. Few alcohol related changes were seen for sleep stages; however, with alcohol given at 0400 at a high homeostatic load there was an increase in wake. CONCLUSIONS These data lend support to the idea that alcohol may be disruptive to sleep; however, our findings are inconsistent with the idea that a low dose of alcohol is a useful sleep aid when attempting to sleep at an adverse circadian phase.
Disagreement and Flexibility: A Theory of Optimal Security Issuance and Capital Structure

In this Paper we introduce flexibility as an economic concept and apply it to the firm’s security-issuance decisions and capital structure choice. Flexibility is the ability to make decisions that one thinks are best even when others disagree. Firms value flexibility because it allows management to make decisions it believes are best for shareholders without being blocked by dissenters. The amount of flexibility management has at any point in time depends on how the firm is financed. Debt offers little flexibility relative to equity. The flexibility offered by equity depends, however, on the extent to which shareholders are inclined to agree with management’s strategic choices. Equity offers the greatest flexibility when the propensity for shareholder agreement is the highest. It turns out that the firm stock price also increases with shareholders’ propensity to agree with management. Thus, the flexibility benefit of equity is high only when the share price is high. The firm’s optimal security-issuance choice trades the flexibility benefit of equity against the now-familiar debt tax shield, and the firm’s capital structure is the consequence of a sequence of past security-issuance choices. The strongest implication of this theory of capital structure evolution is that optimal capital structure is essentially dynamic, and depends on the firm’s stock price, implying that firms issue equity when stock prices are high, and debt when stock prices are low. The theory explains many stylized facts that fly in the face of existing capital structure theories and also generates new testable predictions. Moreover, the theory can rationalize the use of debt in the absence of taxes, agency costs or signalling considerations.