Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Lavas from the Northern Mariana Trough: Implications for Magmagenesis in Back-arc Basins

We report the results of a geochemical and isotopic study of mostly basaltic glasses recovered from 25 dredge stations along the northernmost 500 km of the Mariana Trough extension axis. The distribution of samples links regions of seafloor spreading to the south with regions farther north where a progression of rifting styles accompanies the earliest stages of back-arc basin extension. Petrographic, chemical and isotopic compositions of igneous rocks reflect the changing styles of extension, with typical back-arc basin basalts in the south which become increasingly similar to arc lavas to the north. Felsic lavas also appear along the extensional axis in the north. Glassy, sparsely phyric basalts characterize regions of seafloor spreading. Felsic lavas and porphyritic basalts occur in the northern, rifting portion. Geochemical and isotopic compositions distinguish between mature arc portions (Ce/Pb 20; ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb >18.5, ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr >0.7032, ^eNd 10, Ba/La +7). Samples from along the extensional axis of the northern Mariana Trough show progressive changes in chemical and isotopic compositions, from back-arc basin basalts that formed by seafloor spreading northward through increasingly arc–like basalts, until lavas that are indistinguishable from arc lavas are encountered in the northernmost portion of the rift. Batch-melting models indicate that northernmost rift lavas reflect higher degrees of melting, with 13 ± 5% melting where seafloor spreading occurs, doubling to 28 ± 8% for the northernmost part of the rift axis. The greater degree of melting in the north reflects the greater amount of water added to the mantle source, reflecting the arc-like nature of the source region and melt generation style characteristic of the initial stages of back-arc basin formation. Our data indicate that F = 0.44W + 0.07, where F is the degree of mantle melting and W is the percent water in the mantle. ‘True’ back-arc basin basalts are generated by adiabatic decompression associated with mantle upwelling in mature extensional settings. Eruption of ‘true’ back-arc basin basalts accompanies seafloor spreading, which begins when the basin is 100–150 km wide. The arc is disrupted during early rift formation, because arc magmatism is captured by the extension axis, but the generation of arc melts by hydrous melting of the mantle wedge continues whether or not back-arc extension is occurring. Back-arc basin seafloor spreading requires development of an upwelling mantle flow regime, allowing melting by adiabatic decompression, similar to that responsible for mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB). The arc begins to re-form once extension progresses nearly to the point of seafloor spreading.
Health Care Chaplaincy: A Scoping Review of the Evidence 2009–2014

There is a growing body of evidence investigating chaplaincy services. The purpose of this scoping review was to examine the empirical literature specific to the role of chaplaincy within health care published since 2009. Electronic searches of four databases were conducted in August 2015. After screening, 48 studies were retained and reviewed. Four themes emerged: experiences and perceptions of the health care chaplain (n = 15), chaplain practice (n = 9), emerging areas of health care chaplaincy (n = 16), and outcome studies (n = 8). Studies were diverse in topics covered, methods, national contexts, and clinical settings. The majority were descriptive in nature. Evidence continues to demonstrate a relationship between chaplains and increased patient satisfaction. Nascent areas of research include chaplain’s role with diverse populations, involvement in clinical ethics, and confidence with research and evidence-based practice. Few conclusions can be drawn from the limited evidence on the outcomes of chaplain interventions.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites and suicide

Dear Sir, A recent report suggests that low levels of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) predict completed suicides (1). This observation is consistent with multiple reports suggesting that serotonergic ab- normalities are involved in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior (2). Many studies indicate that there is a positive correlation between 5-HIAA and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in the CSF (3, 4). This suggests that CSF HVA levels can also be related to suicidal behavior. Indeed, Traskman et al. (5) and Engstrom et al. (6) found lower levels of CSF HVA in patients with a history of either violent or non-violent suicide attempts than in controls. Roy et al. (7) and Jones et al. (8) found that depressed suicide attempters had lower CSF HVA levels compared with depressed non-attempters. In a 5-year longitudinal study, Roy et al. (9) observed that patients who reattempted suicide during the follow-up had lower CSF HVA levels compared with controls. This predictive value of low CSF HVA concentrations has been confirmed in another longitudinal study over a period of 2 years (10). Montgomery & Montgomery (11) and Agren (12) also showed a highly significant relationship between low CSF HVA levels and suicidal behavior. In our recent study, we compared CSF HVA levels in depressed suicide attempters without comorbid Axis II disorders, depressed non-attempters without comorbid Axis II disorders and normal controls (13). Depressed suicide attempters had lower CSF HVA levels compared with depressed non-attempters and to controls. There was no difference in CSF HVA levels between depressed non-attempters and controls. According to Montgomery & Montgomery (11) and Agren (12), who studied both CSF HVA and 5-HIAA, low CSF HVA levels could be a more reliable index of suicidal behavior than low CSF 5- HIAA concentrations. Roy et al. (7) also lend support to the hypothesis that low CSF HVA levels could be a more potent predictive index of suicide than low CSF 5-HIAA concentrations. We have recently observed that CSF monoamine metabolite levels were predictors of lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder (13). Several studies that did not involve CSF HVA measures also suggested that the dopaminergic system may be involved in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior (14). Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that CSF HVA levels in combination with other biological and clinical markers of suicidal behavior may help predict and prevent suicide in some patient populations. Future investigations of the neurobiology of suicidal behavior should include CSF HVA studies as well as neuroima- ging studies of dopamine receptor function. Sincerely
Identification of New Respiratory Viruses in the New Millennium

The rapid advancement of molecular tools in the past 15 years has allowed for the retrospective discovery of several new respiratory viruses as well as the characterization of novel emergent strains. The inability to characterize the etiological origins of respiratory conditions, particularly in children, led several researchers to pursue the discovery of the underlying etiology of disease. In 2001, this led to the discovery of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) and soon following that the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) promoted an increased interest in coronavirology and the latter discovery of human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV-HKU1. Human bocavirus, with its four separate lineages, discovered in 2005, has been linked to acute respiratory tract infections and gastrointestinal complications. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) represents the most recent outbreak of a completely novel respiratory virus, which occurred in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and presents a significant threat to human health. This review will detail the most current clinical and epidemiological findings to all respiratory viruses discovered since 2001.
A tight space bound for consensus

Existing n-process randomized wait-free (and obstruction-free) consensus protocols from registers all use at least n registers. In 1992, it was proved that such protocols must use Omega(sqrt(n)) registers. Recently, this was improved to Omega(n) registers in the anonymous setting, where processes do not have identifiers. Closing the gap in the general case, however, remained an open problem. We resolve this problem by proving that every randomized wait-free (or obstruction-free) consensus protocol for n processes must use at least n-1 registers.
Parameter stability of the functional-structural plant model GREENLAB as affected by variation within populations, among seasons and among growth stages.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is increasingly accepted that crop models, if they are to simulate genotype-specific behaviour accurately, should simulate the morphogenetic process generating plant architecture. A functional-structural plant model, GREENLAB, was previously presented and validated for maize. The model is based on a recursive mathematical process, with parameters whose values cannot be measured directly and need to be optimized statistically. This study aims at evaluating the stability of GREENLAB parameters in response to three types of phenotype variability: (1) among individuals from a common population; (2) among populations subjected to different environments (seasons); and (3) among different development stages of the same plants. METHODS Five field experiments were conducted in the course of 4 years on irrigated fields near Beijing, China. Detailed observations were conducted throughout the seasons on the dimensions and fresh biomass of all above-ground plant organs for each metamer. Growth stage-specific target files were assembled from the data for GREENLAB parameter optimization. Optimization was conducted for specific developmental stages or the entire growth cycle, for individual plants (replicates), and for different seasons. Parameter stability was evaluated by comparing their CV with that of phenotype observation for the different sources of variability. A reduced data set was developed for easier model parameterization using one season, and validated for the four other seasons. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The analysis of parameter stability among plants sharing the same environment and among populations grown in different environments indicated that the model explains some of the inter-seasonal variability of phenotype (parameters varied less than the phenotype itself), but not inter-plant variability (parameter and phenotype variability were similar). Parameter variability among developmental stages was small, indicating that parameter values were largely development-stage independent. The authors suggest that the high level of parameter stability observed in GREENLAB can be used to conduct comparisons among genotypes and, ultimately, genetic analyses.
Sparse Estimation Based on a New Random Regularized Matching Pursuit Generalized Approximate Message Passing Algorithm

Approximate Message Passing (AMP) and Generalized AMP (GAMP) algorithms usually suffer from serious convergence issues when the elements of the sensing matrix do not exactly match the zero-mean Gaussian assumption. To stabilize AMP/GAMP in these contexts, we have proposed a new sparse reconstruction algorithm, termed the Random regularized Matching pursuit GAMP (RrMpGAMP). It utilizes a random splitting support operation and some dropout/replacement support operations to make the matching pursuit steps regularized and uses a new GAMP-like algorithm to estimate the non-zero elements in a sparse vector. Moreover, our proposed algorithm can save much memory, be equipped with a comparable computational complexity as GAMP and support parallel computing in some steps. We have analyzed the convergence of this GAMP-like algorithm by the replica method and provided the convergence conditions of it. The analysis also gives an explanation about the broader variance range of the elements of the sensing matrix for this GAMP-like algorithm. Experiments using simulation data and real-world synthetic aperture radar tomography (TomoSAR) data show that our method provides the expected performance for scenarios where AMP/GAMP diverges.
Review of The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed

From Osama bin Laden’s assertion that he has a religious duty to seek nuclear weapons to the U.S. invasion of Iraq over the concerns of its weapons of mass destruction (WMD) programs, the topic of nuclear proliferation is both timely and grave. Nuclear issues are not likely to recede into the background in the near future, given the recent behavior of both Iran and North Korea. For this reason, political science professors should consider adding The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: A Debate Renewed to their syllabi. In the book, Sagan and Waltz crystallize the policy question that the world currently faces: what are the ramifications of nuclear proliferation? In addition, the book clearly illustrates how different theoretical perspectives lead to drastically different policy recommendations. Finally, the book manages to expose students to important policy and theory questions, using a topic that’s currently front-page news. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons is essentially a debate between Sagan and Waltz over whether nuclear proliferation will make the world safer. Waltz presents his neorealist argument that nuclear weapons enhance global stability and prevent war, and that the more states that possess nuclear weapons, the safer the world will be. Waltz draws on lessons of the Cold War to show how fear of mutually assured destruction (MAD) reduced conflict between the United States and Soviet Union. Sagan’s argument, informed by organizational theory, is that the spread of nuclear weapons will increase the likelihood of their use, whether through accident, theft, or intentional decision. Both authors then flesh out their cases further by examining the India-Pakistan nuclear rivalry and the potential use of nuclear weapons by terrorists. Finally, each author devotes a chapter to responding to the other’s critiques. The book offers a number of strengths as a pedagogical tool. First, the topic itself is likely to grab students’ attention. With headlines dominated by Iraq, Iran, North Korea, and the war on terrorism, students are likely to take seriously the
On the Expected Complexity Analysis of a Generalized Sphere Decoding Algorithm for Underdetermined Linear Communication Systems

This paper presents an analytical approach to evaluate the expected complexity of a generalized sphere decoding (GSD) algorithm, lambda - GSD, for underdetermined integer least- squares (ILS) problems. The analytical approach is used to derive the closed-form formulas to approximate the expected complexity of the lambda - GSD algorithm, by utilizing special statistical properties in the transformed channel matrix. Analytical and simulation results in various scenarios are in good agreement, indicating that the proposed complexity analysis can be used as reliable complexity estimation for practical implementation of lambda - GSD and can serve as reference for other GSD algorithms.
Mining Unstructured Software Repositories Using IR Models

MINING SOFTWARE REPOSITORIES, which is the process of analyzing the data related to software development practices, is an emerging field which aims to aid development teams in their day to day tasks. However, data in many software repositories is currently unused because the data is unstructured, and therefore difficult to mine and analyze. Information Retrieval (IR) techniques, which were developed specifically to handle unstructured data, have recently been used by researchers to mine and analyze the unstructured data in software repositories, with some success. The main contribution of this thesis is the idea that the research and practice of using IR models to mine unstructured software repositories can be improved by going beyond the current state of affairs. First, we propose new applications of IR models to existing software engineering tasks. Specifically, we present a technique to prioritize test cases based on their IR similarity, giving highest priority to those test cases that are most dissimilar. In another new application of IR models, we empirically recover how developers use their mailing list while developing software. Next, we show how the use of advanced IR techniques can improve results. Using a framework for combining disparate IR models, we find that bug localization performance can be improved by 14–56% on average, compared to the best individual IR model. In addition, by using topic evolution models on the history of source code, we can uncover the evolution of source code concepts with an accuracy of 87–89%. i Finally, we show the risks of current research, which uses IR models as black boxes without fully understanding their assumptions and parameters. We show that data duplication in source code has undesirable effects for IR models, and that by eliminating the duplication, the accuracy of IR models improves. Additionally, we find that in the bug localization task, an unwise choice of parameter values results in an accuracy of only 1%, where optimal parameters can achieve an accuracy of 55%. Through empirical case studies on real-world systems, we show that all of our proposed techniques and methodologies significantly improve the state-of-the-art.
"The way it works" doesn't: Theatre of the Oppressed as Critical Pedagogy and Counternarrative

This paper presents data from a study examining the use of Theatre of the Oppressed as a critical pedagogy and research method for exploring notions of identity, belonging, and culture with francophone secondary students (Schroeter, 2009). It describes the process whereby Black African–Canadian students with refugee backgrounds identified their program, as well as their language, citizenship status, and race as factors limiting their imagined social futures (New London Group, 2000). The paper finds that students used their identities, symbolism, and ambiguity to challenge authorized discourses and show how their identities intersected in their educational experiences. Keywords: critical pedagogy, Theatre of the Oppressed, refugee youth, identity.
Functional Maturation of the Executive System during Adolescence

Adolescence is characterized by rapid development of executive function. Working memory (WM) is a key element of executive function, but it is not known what brain changes during adolescence allow improved WM performance. Using a fractal n-back fMRI paradigm, we investigated brain responses to WM load in 951 human youths aged 8–22 years. Compared with more limited associations with age, WM performance was robustly associated with both executive network activation and deactivation of the default mode network. Multivariate patterns of brain activation predicted task performance with a high degree of accuracy, and also mediated the observed age-related improvements in WM performance. These results delineate a process of functional maturation of the executive system, and suggest that this process allows for the improvement of cognitive capability seen during adolescence.
Affect, cognition, and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception.

Cognitive and Affective Processes in Intergroup Perception: The Developing Interface. Emotions, Arousal, and Stereotypic Judgments: A Heuristic Model of Affect and Stereotyping. The Influence of Affect on Stereotyping: The Case of Illusory Correlations. Affect and Perceived Group Variability: Implications for Stereotyping and Prejudice. The Role of Anxiety in Facilitating Stereotypic Judgments of Out-Group Behavior. Cognition and Affect in Stereotyping: Parallel Interactive Networks. Values, Stereotypes, and Emotions as Determinants of Intergroup Attitudes. Stereotypes and Evaluative Intergroup Bias. Mere Exposure Effects With Outgroup Stimuli. Applications of Emotion Theory and Research to Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. Negative Interdependence and Prejudice: Whence the Affect? Stereotyping and Affect in Discourse: Interpreting the Meaning of Elderly Painful Self-Disclosure. Social Identity and Social Emotions: Toward New Conceptualizations of Prejudice. The Role of Discrepancy Associated Affect in Prejudice Reduction. Social Stigma: The Consequences of Attributional Ambiguity. Affect, Cognition, and Sterotyping: Concluding Comments. Commentary. Subject Index.
The problem of indexing risk of viewing television aggression

Media effects research has documented that violence can have a disinhibiting effect on viewers. It has also identified a number of factors that contribute to this effect. But it has yet to address the issue of how to assemble the multiple contributing elements into a single scale that could usefully predict risk of disinhibition. This study provides an empirical test to demonstrate why this is a major problem as policymakers look to social scientists to assess the relative degree of risk of watching different kinds of portrayals and thereby develop useful program warnings and V‐chip software.
The Mind in the Middle: Taking Stock of Affect and Cognition Research in Entrepreneurship

In spite of substantial advances, entrepreneurship research on affect and cognition remains characterized by a multiplicity of theoretical approaches, methods, variables and measures. Although this multiplicity affords a lot of richness, it also poses potential risks – from the lack of a coherent knowledge base to the dangers of an atomistic evolution, with minimum exchanges between ‘siloed’ groups of scholars, limited theoretical integration and increased chances of redundant repetitions without real advances in understanding. To help guard against these risks and in order to augment the impact and value‐adding contribution of future research, the six papers in this special issue analyse the progress made in entrepreneurship research on (1) situated cognition, (2) fear, (3) how affective dynamics influences entrepreneurship, (4) intuition, (5) opportunity evaluation and (6) entrepreneurial team cognition. This short introductory essay builds on the synthesis of the literature to summarize ‘the road travelled so far’. The six papers forming this special issue are then introduced and their respective focus and contributions are detailed. The authors conclude by reflecting on these papers’ implications, and offer a number of observations about future research and the ‘road ahead’.
Framing Bouazizi: ‘White lies’, hybrid network, and collective/connective action in the 2010–11 Tunisian uprising

By delving into the detailed account of the Tunisian uprising, this article offers an explanation that sets the 2010 uprising apart from its precursors. The 2010 uprising was successful because activists successfully managed to bridge geographical and class divides as well as to converge offline and online activisms. Such connection and convergence were made possible, first, through the availability of dramatic visual evidence that turned a local incident into a spectacle. Second, by successful frame alignment with a master narrative that culturally and politically resonated with the entire population. Third, by activating a hybrid network made of the connective structures to facilitate collective action – among Tunisians who shared collective identities and collective frames – and connective action – among individuals who sought more personalized paths to contribute to the movement through digital media.
College Adjustment in a Multiethnic Sample: Attachment, Separation-Individuation, and Ethnic Identity

Two hundred fifty-two students (105 males, 147 females; mean age = 19.9 years) completed the Parental Attachment Questionnaire, the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, the Multigenerational Interconnectedness Scales, and the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire. Results from Asian, Asian Indian, Black, Hispanic, and White participants revealed sex differences in predicting college adjustment. Implications for college counselors are discussed.