Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The impact and deformation of press-fit metal acetabular components

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS . 3 LIST OF FIGURES . 7 LIST OF TABLES . 12 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 14 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 15 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW . 18 2.1 Anatomical Reference Planes and Terms . 18 2.2 Anatomy of the Hip Joint . 19 2.2.1 Function of the Hip . 19 2.2.2 The Hip Joint . 20 2.2.3 Structure of the Pelvis . 21 2.2.4 Bone Structure in the Pelvis . 22 2.3 Common Indicators for a Hip Replacement . 23 2.4 History of Hip Arthroplasty . 24 2.4. 1 Total Hip Replacement . 26 2.4. 2 Hip Resurfacing . 27 2.4. 3 Failure of Early Hip Resurfacing Designs . 28 2.4. 4 Re-Introduction of Metal-on-Metal Bearings . 29 2.5 Modern Hip Replacement Acetabular Components . 30 2.5.1 Cup-Head Articulating Surfaces . 31 2.5.2 Orientation of Acetabular Cups . 31 2.5.3 Current Cementless Designs . 33 2.5. 4 Supplementary Fixation . 33 2.5. 5 Press-Fit Fixation . 34 2.5. 5.1 Incidence of Polar Gaps . 35 2.5. 5.2 Influence of Interference Size on Fixation Stability . 36 2.5. 5.3 Effect of Press-Fit Fixation on Surrounding Bone . 37 2.6 Recent Metal-on-Metal Designs . 38 2.6. 1 Causes of Failure of Hip Replacements . 40 2.6. 2 Indicators for Revision Surgery . 43 2.7 Implant Tribology . 44 2.8 Concerns Surrounding the use of Metal-on-Metal Implants . 50 2.8. 1 Uncertainty of the Factors Causing MoM Problems . 53 2.9 Deformation of Acetabular Cups . 54
Preparation of Co-B Alloy with the Assistance of the Sonication and its Electrochemical Properties

In order to enhance the electrochemical properties of Co-B alloys used as negative electrode materials of alkaline rechargeable batteries, Co-B alloy was successfully prepared by a chemical reduction method with the assistance of the sonication. The phase structure and the surface morphology of the as-prepared Co-B alloys were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen physisorption. Moreover, the electrochemical performance was characterized by galvonostatic charge-discharge tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and anodic polarization (AP). Co-B alloy prepared with the assistance of the sonication consists of small particles with a uniform distribution. The electrochemical measurements showed that at a discharge current density of 100 mA/g, the initial discharge capacity was 858.1 mAh/g and the discharge capacity was 322.6 mA/g even at the 100th cycle with the capacity retention of 37.6%.
Perception of stress by French, Spanish, and bilingual subjects

Previous research has shown that French subjects, as opposed to Spanish subjects, have difficulties in distinguishing two words that differ only as far as the location of stress is concerned. In French, stress is not contrastive, and French subjects are ‘deaf’ to stress contrasts. In Experiment 1, we replicate this finding with a new and more powerful paradigm for assessing the perception of stress. With this new method, we obtain a complete separation of the two subject populations. In Experiment 2, we test highly proficient French-Spanish bilinguals with the same paradigm. Our findings are that the performance of individual bilinguals is either Frenchlike or Spanish-like. The factor that best predicts the bilingual’s performance is the country in which the subject is born. Consequences for models of bilingualism are discussed.
Automated formal verification of processors based on architectural models

To keep up with the growing complexity of digital systems, high level models are used in the design process. In today's processor design, a comprehensive tool chain can be built automatically from architectural or transaction level models, but disregarding formal verification. We present an approach to automatically generate a complete property suite from an architecture description, that can be used to formally verify a register transfer level (RTL) implementation of a processor. The property suite is complete by construction, i.e. an exhaustive verification of all the functionality of the processor is ensured by the method. It allows for the efficient verification of single pipeline processors, including several advanced processor features like multicycle instructions. At the same time, the structured approach reduces the effort for verification significantly compared to a manual complete formal verification. The presented techniques have been implemented in the tool FISACo, which is demonstrated on an industrial processor.
Bone Uptake of 99mTc-Phosphate via Labeled Plasma Protein

The transfer of albumin into the extravascular space of bone and other tissues was evaluated in the non-adult rat and was found to be less rapid in bone than in the liver and kidneys but more rapid than in muscle. Protein binding of 99mTc increased continuously with time after injection of 99mTc-EHDP and -PPi. One hour after administration, about 20% of the plasma activity of 99mTc-EHDP and 90% of 99mTc-PPi was bound to proteins. Thus the possibility exists that the fetation of 99mTc through protein binding in the extravascular space of bone contributes significantly to the regular bone uptake of 99mTc-phosphates, in the event that relatively unstable compounds such as 99mTc-PPi are used.
Prophylactic Effects of Doxapram, Ketamine and Meperidine in Postoperative Shivering

Background: Postanaesthetic shivering is one of the most common unpleasant complications in patients. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of doxapram, ketamine and meperidine in prevention of shivering after anaesthesia. Patients and Methods: In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 120 patients aged between 20 - 45 years old under general anaesthesia were enrolled. The patients were randomly allocated into one of three groups: group M received 20 mg meperidine (n = 40), group K received 0.25 mg/kg ketamine (n = 40) and group D received 0.25 mg/kg doxapram (n = 40). All of the drugs were administered intravenously. The core temperature, shivering, time of the first postoperative analgesic requirement, and some of the other side effects were recorded. Obtained data from the three groups were compared using one-way ANOVA and chi-square test. Results: Three patients (7.5%) of group K, four patients (10%) of group D and one patient (2.5%) of group M experienced shivering (P = 0.39). The interval to the first analgesic requirement significantly prolonged in the groups K and M compared to the group D (P < 0.001). No significant differences were identified in nausea and vomiting among the groups. No significant pharmaceutical adverse effects were observed in our study. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that ketamine, doxapram and meperidine are equally effective in the prevention of postoperative shivering.
The covering factor of high-redshift damped Lyman-α systems

We have used the very long baseline array to image 18 quasars with foreground damped Lyman-αsystems (DLAs) at 327, 610 or 1420 MHz, to measure the covering factor f of each DLA at or near its redshifted H I 21 cm line frequency. Including six systems from the literature, we find that none of 24 DLAs at 0.09 ~ 0.45-1 for the 14 DLAs at z > 1.5 and f ~ 0.41-1 for the 10 systems at z < 1, and consistent covering factor distributions in the two subsamples. The observed paucity of detections of H I 21 cm absorption in high-z DLAs thus cannot be explained by low covering factors and is instead likely to arise due to a larger fraction of warm H I in these absorbers.
Increasing the Action Gap: New Operators for Reinforcement Learning

This paper introduces new optimality-preserving operators on Q-functions. We first describe an operator for tabular representations, the consistent Bellman operator, which incorporates a notion of local policy consistency. We show that this local consistency leads to an increase in the action gap at each state; increasing this gap, we argue, mitigates the undesirable effects of approximation and estimation errors on the induced greedy policies. This operator can also be applied to discretized continuous space and time problems, and we provide empirical results evidencing superior performance in this context. Extending the idea of a locally consistent operator, we then derive sufficient conditions for an operator to preserve optimality, leading to a family of operators which includes our consistent Bellman operator. As corollaries we provide a proof of optimality for Baird's advantage learning algorithm and derive other gap-increasing operators with interesting properties. We conclude with an empirical study on 60 Atari 2600 games illustrating the strong potential of these new operators.
The Cys6 Intermolecular Disulfide Bond and the Collagen-like Region of Rat SP-A Play Critical Roles in Interactions with Alveolar Type II Cells and Surfactant Lipids*

Rat pulmonary surfactant protein A is an oligomer of 18 polypeptide chains which are associated by triple helix formation in the collagen-like domain and interchain disulfide bridges at the NH2 terminus. The roles of the intermolecular bond at Cys6 and the collagen-like domain (Gly8-Pro80) in the interactions of SP-A with phospholipids and alveolar type II cells were investigated using mutant forms of the protein. Wild type SP-A (SP-Ahyp), SP-A with the substitution Cys6 → Ser to prevent disulfide formation (SP-Ahyp,C6S), and SP-A with the collagen-domain deleted (SP-AΔG8-P80) were synthesized in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. The SP-As were glycosylated and secreted from the invertebrate cells and the binding affinities of the wild type and mutant proteins for the mannose-Sepharose matrix used for purification were nearly identical. The SP-Ahyp and SP-AΔG8-P80 were at least nonameric in solution based on gel exclusion chromatography, and demonstrated extensive sulfhydryl-dependent oligomerization under nonreducing conditions. The SP-Ahyp,C6S was also oligomeric in solution and formed disulfide-dependent dimers, indicating the presence of at least one additional interchain disulfide bond. The SPAΔG8-P80 but not the SP-Ahyp,C6S aggregated lipid vesicles at 20 °C and augmented the surface tension lowering effect of extracts of natural surfactant. The SP-AΔG8-P80 competed poorly with native SP-A for receptor occupancy on isolated alveolar type II cells and was a potent but nonspecific (concanavalin A-like) inhibitor of surfactant secretion. In contrast, the SP-Ahyp,C6S partially competed for receptor occupancy and weakly inhibited surfactant secretion in a specific manner. Neither the SP-AΔG8-P80 nor the SP-Ahyp,C6S supported the association of phospholipid liposomes with type II cells. We conclude that: 1) the Cys6interchain disulfide bond of SP-A is required for aggregation of liposomes and for potent inhibition of surfactant secretion. 2) The collagen-like region is required for competition with125I-SP-A for receptor occupancy and specific inhibition of surfactant secretion in the presence of competing sugars. 3) Both the NH2-terminal disulfide and the collagen-like region are required to enhance the association of phospholipid vesicles with type II cells.
Automatic annotation of context and speech acts for dialogue corpora

Abstract Richly annotated dialogue corpora are essential for new research directions in statistical learning approaches to dialogue management, context-sensitive interpretation, and context-sensitive speech recognition. In particular, large dialogue corpora annotated with contextual information and speech acts are urgently required. We explore how existing dialogue corpora (usually consisting of utterance transcriptions) can be automatically processed to yield new corpora where dialogue context and speech acts are accurately represented. We present a conceptual and computational framework for generating such corpora. As an example, we present and evaluate an automatic annotation system which builds ‘Information State Update’ (ISU) representations of dialogue context for the Communicator (2000 and 2001) corpora of human–machine dialogues (2,331 dialogues). The purposes of this annotation are to generate corpora for reinforcement learning of dialogue policies, for building user simulations, for evaluating different dialogue strategies against a baseline, and for training models for context-dependent interpretation and speech recognition. The automatic annotation system parses system and user utterances into speech acts and builds up sequences of dialogue context representations using an ISU dialogue manager. We present the architecture of the automatic annotation system and a detailed example to illustrate how the system components interact to produce the annotations. We also evaluate the annotations, with respect to the task completion metrics of the original corpus and in comparison to hand-annotated data and annotations produced by a baseline automatic system. The automatic annotations perform well and largely outperform the baseline automatic annotations in all measures. The resulting annotated corpus has been used to train high-quality user simulations and to learn successful dialogue strategies. The final corpus will be made publicly available.
Human proximal tubular epithelial cells express somatostatin: regulation by growth factors and cAMP.

Somatostatin modulates several renal tubular cell functions, including gluconeogenesis and proliferation. In this study, we demonstrate that cultured human proximal tubular epithelial cells (PTEC) express somatostatin. We also demonstrate positive and negative regulation of PTEC somatostatin production. We found that PTEC derived from 14 different human donors consistently expressed somatostatin mRNA and/or peptide as detected by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunoassay. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis revealed that PTEC express the same size mRNA transcript (750 nucleotides) as human thyroid carcinoma (TT) cells. The PTEC mitogens, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and hydrocortisone, inhibit PTEC somatostatin secretion, whereas forskolin (a direct stimulator of adenylate cyclase) and fetal bovine serum stimulate secretion. These findings raise the possibility that renal-derived somatostatin modulates tubular cell function in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Manipulation of this pathway may lead to novel methods with which to alter tubular cell proliferation and function in vivo.
Sketch Recognizers from the End-User's, the Designer's, and the Programmer's Perspective

Although the accuracy and robustness of sketch recognizers have been steadily improving, there are still many issues involved in using them in applications. This paper details our experiences with using sketch recognizers from three different perspectives—end-users, user interface designers, and programmers—and describes some of the open research problems in each of these areas.
Is it Necessary to Operate All Split Cord Malformations Before Corrective Surgery for Patients With Congenital Spinal Deformities?

Study Design. Retrospective case series. Objectives. To evaluate the necessity of neurosurgical interventions for split cord malformations (SCMs) before correction and instrumentation for patients with congenital spinal deformity(CSD)s. Summary of Background Data. SCMs are commonly associated with CSD. As pathology of SCMs understood well, the common belief of all SCM must be operated before any orthopedic intervention is needed to be revised. Materials and Methods. Sixty-one consecutive patients with CSD and spinal dysraphism treated by correction and posterior instrumentation between 1994 and 2005 were retrospectively evaluated. Inclusion criteria were patients with CSD and SCM, who were treated with long segment instrumentation (more than 6 functional units) with at least 2 years of follow-up. Thirty-two patients (8 male and 24 female) with an age average of 11 years +8 months (4–18 years) fulfilled the criteria. While all patients with Type I SCM were managed with neurosurgical intervention (spur excision and dural reconstruction) before corrective surgery, Type II SCM cases were treated by instrumented fusion without neurologic intervention. Results. There were 18 patients with Type I and 14 patients with Type II SCM. The average follow-up was 52 (24–144) months. The correction rate of deformity was 44% in type I and 47% in Type II SCM. Two patients with Type II SCM had transient neurologic deterioration while there were no neurologic events in patients with Type II SCM. Conclusion. Due to high incidence of SCMs, all patients with CSDs must be evaluated with MRI, before surgery. Neurosurgical interventions are recommended even for neurologically asymptomatic Type I SCM before spinal deformity surgery; however, patients with Type II SCM can be treated safely without a need of neurosurgical intervention.
On the Connectedness of Self‐Affine Tiles

Let T be a self‐affine tile in Rn defined by an integral expanding matrix A and a digit set D. The paper gives a necessary and sufficient condition for the connectedness of T. The condition can be checked algebraically via the characteristic polynomial of A. Through the use of this, it is shown that in R2, for any integral expanding matrix A, there exists a digit set D such that the corresponding tile T is connected. This answers a question of Bandt and Gelbrich. Some partial results for the higher‐dimensional cases are also given.
Prevalence of Malocclusion in 3- to 5-Year-Old Children in Shanghai, China

The aim of the present study was to obtain the prevalence of malocclusions in preschool children in Shanghai, China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2335 children aged 3–5 years from kindergartens. Several occlusal parameters were clinically assessed, including second deciduous molar terminal plane, canine relationship, degree of overjet and overbite, anterior and posterior crossbite, and the presence or absence of physiologic spaces and crowding. All parents of subjects were asked to fill in the oral health knowledge questionnaires. The prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in Shanghai was 83.9%, and no significant differences were found in genders. Data showed that the prevalence of deep overbite (63.7%) was the highest in children with malocclusion, followed by deep overjet (33.9%), midline deviation (26.6%), anterior crossbite (8.0%) and anterior crowding (6.5%). The results revealed a high prevalence of malocclusion in primary dentition in children aged 3–5 years old of Shanghai, especially in vertical anomalies. The need for preventive orthodontic therapy is extremely desired and oral health education about malocclusion should be strengthened.
Altered energy flow in the food web of an experimentally darkened lake

Theory suggests that alternative resources may begin to support a food web when highly used resources become less available relative to alternatives. To test the potential for alternative resources to support consumers, we experimentally darkened a lake whose consumers had relied heavily on algal resources (phytoplankton and benthic algae). We estimated the support consumers received from resources before and after darkening using a Bayesian mixing model and stables isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Between a prior year and the darkened year, phytoplankton biomass diminished by 60%, and surface dissolved oxygen saturation, pCO2, and net ecosystem production indicated a shift from autotrophy to heterotrophy. Although a specialist copepod maintained a high reliance on phytoplankton after darkening, a generalist zooplankton predator (Chaoborus spp.) derived more support from terrestrial sources. Fishes received less support from benthic algae after darkening, and received greater support from float.
Scenarios in user-centred design-setting the stage for reflection and action

This paper will discuss three examples of use of scenarios in user-centred design. The examples are from projects that the author has been involved with. Common to them are the use of scenarios to support the tensions between reflection and action, between typical and critical situations, and between plus and minus situations. The paper will illustrate how a variety of more specific scenarios emphasising, for example, critical situations, or even caricatures of situations are very useful for helping groups of users and designers being creative in design. Emphasising creativity in design is a very different view on the design process than normally represented in usability work or software/requirements engineering, where generalising users' actions are much more important than the, in this paper, suggested richness of and contradiction between actual use situations. In general the paper proposes to attune scenarios to the particular purposes of the situations that they are to be used in, and to be very selective based on these purposes.
Origin of extracellular matrix synthesis during coronary repair.

BACKGROUND Coronary injury triggers differentiation of activated adventitial fibroblasts to myofibroblasts, which may contribute to neointimal formation and vascular remodeling. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the cellular origin of the enhanced synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins during coronary repair. METHODS AND RESULTS The time course and localization of collagen and elastin expression were examined by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in porcine coronary arteries after balloon-induced injury. Procollagen-alpha 1(I) transcripts and intracellular type I procollagen protein increased in the adventitia within 2 days after injury. This was followed by a sustained synthesis of type I procollagen in neointima beginning at 7 days and the extracellular accumulation of type I collagen in both layers. The origin of synthetic cells was further examined by colocalization of type I procollagen and bromodeoxyuridine labeling to activated adventitial cells, which translocated to neointima. Neointimal cells exhibited sustained synthetic activity manifested by the presence of type I procollagen and elastin at 3 months after injury. In contrast, the media showed only minor changes in the synthesis of collagen or elastin throughout coronary repair. CONCLUSIONS Activated adventitial fibroblasts are endowed with synthetic capabilities after coronary injury. They express type I procollagen, with some of them translocating to the intima, where they continue to synthesize procollagen. The accumulation of type I collagen is evident in the adventitia and neointima, whereas elastin accumulates mainly in neointima. These findings support the involvement of adventitial fibroblasts in coronary repair and remodeling after endoluminal injury.