Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Kinetic Control on the Depth Distribution of Superdeep Diamonds

Superdeep diamonds contain unique information from the sublithospheric regions of Earth's interior. Recent studies suggest that reaction between subducted carbonate and iron metal in the mantle plays an important role in the production of superdeep diamonds. It is unknown if this reaction is kinetically feasible in cold slabs subducted into the deep mantle. Here we present experimental data on real‐time tracking of the magnesite‐iron reaction at high pressures and high temperatures to demonstrate the production of diamond at the surface conditions of cold slabs in the transition zone and lower mantle. Our data reveal that the diamond production rate has a positive temperature dependence and a negative pressure dependence, and along a slab geotherm it decreases by a factor of three at pressures from 14.4 to 18.4 GPa. This rate reduction provides an explanation for the rarity of superdeep diamonds from the interior of the mantle transition zone.
The Dynamics of Firm-Level Adjustment to Trade Liberalization

We build a dynamic model of rm-level adjustment to trade liberalization that jointly incorporates the main salient features highlighted by recent empirical micro-level studies of rms and trade. Our model captures the joint entry, exit, export, and innovation decisions (subject to sunk costs) of heterogeneous rms as they adjust to trade liberalization. We characterize this industrial evolution over its entire transition path to a new steady state with lower trade costs starting from the time that trade liberalization is rst announced (but not necessarily yet implemented). We rely on numerical methods to solve for these equilibrium paths. In order to more accurately capture the dynamics of rm adjustments to trade, we model the sunk nature of market entry costs for both the domestic and export market as well as the per-unit and additional xed costs of exporting incurred in every period. Firm-level productivity evolves stochastically, and innovation involves a trade-o¤ between its cost and a return in terms of a betterdistribution of future productivity draws. Although the empirical micro-level studies of rms and export status initially emphasized the selection e¤ects of more productive rms into export markets, several recent studies have highlighted a separate channel for the e¤ects of trade on productivity operating through rmlevel improvements in productivity. Our model captures both of these channels for the productivity enhancing e¤ects of trade and analyzes their interactions over the adjustment path to lower trade costs. In particular, we highlight how the relative timing and magnitude of rm-level productivity improvements and export market entry decisions are also determined by non-technological factors such as the timing of trade liberalization announcements and the speed of liberalization. Under all these di¤erent trade liberalization scenarios (anticipated versus surprise, gradual versus sudden), we characterize both the distributional e¤ects across rms as well as their aggregate e¤ects for industrial performance. We nd that the anticipation of upcoming liberalization, and a more gradual path of liberalization (once implemented) induces rms to innovate ahead of export market entry. We are grateful to Robert Feenstra, Elhanan Helpman, and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg for helpful discussions and suggestions. We also greatly bene ted from all the discussions at the book conference where the paper was originally presented.
Does rural micro credit improve well-being of borrowers in the Punjab (Pakistan)?

Rural micro credit is intended primarily for investment in rural productive activities to improve well-being of poor. However, its use to meet daily consumption needs is not prohibited. Nonetheless, credit increases income and consequently effects consumption. Punjab Rural Support Programme provides micro loans to rural poor who have regular source of income. The study uses six years (1999-2004) secondary data and primary data of 2005. Primary data, using stratified random sample technique of variables like credit, income, assets, education and family-size, was collected and applied to multiple regression model. It was concluded that micro credit was largely availed by the poor borrowers, however, non-poor also availed micro loans. Also per capita credit to poor was less than per capita to non-poor. The results show that it is not just micro credit but education also improves income. Assets and family size has insignificant role in income improvement. In rural areas therefore, the micro credit organization need to focus on the amount of loan, customize and geographically target new loan products and discourage misdirected use of micro credit so that income of poor may improve.
SYSTEMATIC COLLABORATIVE STUDIES ON NEOPLASMS IN MARINE ANIMALS AS RELATED TO THE ENVIRONMENT *

One of the dilemmas in cancer research concerns the extrapolation of results from animal models to man. On the one hand, a vast amount of experimental data has been gathered from animal experiments, but, for obvious reasons, corresponding studies on man are lacking. On the other hand, numerous epidemiologic investigations, which can readily uncover high-risk situations, have been performed on human population groups, whereas epizootiologic studies on the distribution of cancers within wild animal populations are few and restricted in scope. To rectify this situation and to provide a good animal model for epidemiologic studies, we embarked on a large-scale investigation of skin papillomas of flatfish. These fish are distributed worldwide, have a restricted territorial and migratory pattern, inhabit shallow estuaries that are sites of current or future aquaculture enterprises, can be easily obtained in large numbers by bottom trawling, and are afflicted by a relatively high prevalence of tumors. Moreover, viruses cause an extreme hypertrophy of skin cells among pleur~nect ids ' -~ and have also been implicated in the formation of skin papilloma^. '. ^ Thus, most of the prerequisites of a good model are satisfied. Since, with the support of governmental and commercial fishing agencies, a network of sampling stations can be fairly easily established, workers in the field should attempt to determine whether flatfish tumors can be used to monitor changes in cancer patterns on a global scale. Apart from this academic interest, fish neoplasms could be made the basis of an early warning system for the appearance of carcinogen^. ^. ^
Cancer of the prostate

This chapter contains sections titled: Are clinical outcomes superior when androgen deprivation is initiated at diagnosis or deferred until clinical signs of disease progression are evident? Does adjuvant androgen suppression with radiotherapy improve clinical outcomes compared to radiotherapy with androgen suppression deferred until clinical evidence of disease progression? Conclusions and future directions
Penalized regression for interval‐censored times of disease progression: Selection of HLA markers in psoriatic arthritis

Times of disease progression are interval‐censored when progression status is only known at a series of assessment times. This situation arises routinely in clinical trials and cohort studies when events of interest are only detectable upon imaging, based on blood tests, or upon careful clinical examination. We consider the problem of selecting important prognostic biomarkers from a large set of candidates when disease progression status is only known at irregularly spaced and individual‐specific assessment times. Penalized regression techniques (e.g., LASSO, adaptive LASSO, and SCAD) are adapted to handle interval‐censored time of disease progression. An expectation–maximization algorithm is described which is empirically shown to perform well. Application to the motivating study of the development of arthritis mutilans in patients with psoriatic arthritis is given and several important human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variables are identified for further investigation.
Mapping a Forest: Utilizing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Track Phenology

HOGUE, JONATHON D. , M.S., May 2018, Geography Mapping a Forest: Utilizing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle to Track Phenology Director of Thesis: James M. Dyer This project acquired high-resolution, RGB images of a deciduous forest in Athens, Ohio from an unmanned aerial vehicle over the course of a year. With UAVs, greater temporal and spatial scales exist today than what were available in the recent past with the full capabilities of these images yet to be fully assessed. The goal of the project was to follow the different phenology patterns of various deciduous trees to accurately map the project site while formulating a reproducible methodology for future work. Acquiring mosaics for 29 dates in 2017, a supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification scheme was employed to classify various species using 15 of the mosaics. Simultaneously, spectral profiles were built for 16 common species at the site using 25 of the mosaics. A community level map displaying three main groups was produced for the study site along with a phenology calendar which highlights key dates for identifying various species. The results of this project show that many species have a high amount of overlap in their spectral signals following phenology, making differentiation of individual species difficult when employing a pixel-based approach alone.
Characterization of the Silicon Uptake System and Molecular Mapping of the Silicon Transporter Gene in Rice1

Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv Oochikara) is a typical silicon-accumulating plant, but the mechanism responsible for the high silicon uptake by the roots is poorly understood. We characterized the silicon uptake system in rice roots by using a low-silicon rice mutant (lsi1) and wild-type rice. A kinetic study showed that the concentration of silicon in the root symplastic solution increased with increasing silicon concentrations in the external solution but saturated at a higher concentration in both lines. There were no differences in the silicon concentration of the symplastic solution between the wild-type rice and the mutant. The form of soluble silicon in the root, xylem, and leaf identified by 29Si-NMR was also the same in the two lines. However, the concentration of silicon in the xylem sap was much higher in the wild type than in the mutant. These results indicate that at least two transporters are involved in silicon transport from the external solution to the xylem and that the low-silicon rice mutant is defective in loading silicon into xylem rather than silicon uptake from external solution to cortical cells. To map the responsible gene, we performed a bulked segregant analysis by using both microsatellite and expressed sequence tag-based PCR markers. As a result, the gene was mapped to chromosome 2, flanked by microsatellite marker RM5303 and expressed sequence tag-based PCR marker E60168.
PLASMODIUM YOELII: IDENTIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN MDR1 GENE IN AN ARTEMISININ-RESISTANT LINE

The molecular mechanisms by which the malarial parasite has managed to develop resistance to many antimalarial drugs remain to be completely elucidated. Mutations in the pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum, as well as an increase in pfmdr1 copy number, have been associated with resistance to the quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs. We investigated the mechanisms of drug resistance in Plasmodium using a collection of P. yoelii lines with different drug resistance profiles. The mdr1 gene of P. yoelii (pymdr1) was identified and characterized. A 2- to 3-fold increase in the pymdr1 gene copy number was observed in the P. yoelii ART line (artemisinin resistant) when compared with the NS parental line. The pymdr1 gene was mapped to a chromosome of 2.1 Mb in all lines analyzed. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot experiments confirmed the expression of the gene at the RNA and protein levels.
Study the quality of school environment as new habitat for allergenc mites in Cairo, Egypt

The present study was conducted on eight schools representing four different districts in Cairo Governorate from December 2006 till November 2007. The total annual number of school dust mites collected was relatively low (66 individuals). Shobera Al-khama schools embraced the highest population mite density (65.15%) followed by AlAbassia (16.16%), Al-Salam city (9.09%) and Nasr city recorded the lowest population density (7.58%). The most abundant family collected was Pyroglyphidae representing 27.27% of the total number distributed between two different species of the Genus Dermatophagoides (D.pteronyssinus and D. farinae). This followed by families Cheyletidae and Dermanyssidae, each comprises 25.75% of the total with a single species for each; Cheyletus malccensis and Dermanyssus sp. , respectively. Family Acaridae was represented by (21.21% of the total) and came later in abundance. The average number /5 gm. dust ranged between only one individual during April and July and 20 individuals during November, however completely absent during March and September. dermanyssids and acarids were present in seven months, cheyletids in six months and pyroglyphids in five months. All mite species were recorded with relatively higher rate during cold months reaching its maximum in January for Pyroglyphidae and Acaridae and during October and November for Cheyletidae and Dermanyssidae. The lower rate of these mites obtained during hot months. These results indicate that the lower the temperature, the higher population density of school dust mites.
Improving simulation through advanced computing techniques: Grid computing and simulation interoperability

Today, due to exciting developments in advanced computing techniques and technologies, many scientists can now make use of dedicated high speed networks and high performance computing. This so-called ‘e-Science’ in enabling scientist across many fields to work together in global virtual research communities. What do these advancements mean for modeling and simulation? This advanced tutorial instigates two key areas that are affecting the way M&S projects are being developed and deployed. Grid Computing addresses the use of many computers to speed up applications. Simulation Interoperability deals with linking together remote simulations and/or speeding up the execution of a single run. Through the use of case studies we hope to show that both these areas are making a major impact on the practice of M&S in both industry and science, as well as in turn supporting the future capabilities of e-Science.
Late onset post-keratoplasty astigmatism in patients with keratoconus

Aim: 10 eyes of 10 patients are reported where progression of keratoconus in the host cornea occurred more than 10 years after penetrating keratoplasty with resultant increase in astigmatism. The technique and results of graft refractive surgery in seven eyes are presented. Methods: The clinical features and management of these patients were retrospectively analysed. Graft refractive surgery involved an incision at the graft-host junction adjacent to the host thinning with compressive resuturing. Astigmatic changes were calculated using vector analysis. Results: There were seven men and three women with a mean age of 41.2 years. The average age when undergoing penetrating keratoplasty in the affected eye was 28.4 years and the average time after penetrating keratoplasty until keratoconus appeared in the host cornea defined by host thinning was 13.5 years. The mean cylinder power before host thinning was noted was 5.07D (SD 2.19) and the mean after host thinning was 11.0D (2.53). The mean vector calculated disease induced astigmatism magnitude was 7.59D (3.09). Graft refractive surgery was performed in seven eyes. The mean cylinder power before and after graft refractive surgery was 11.28D (2.15) and 7.09D (5.53) respectively. The surgically induced astigmatism vector magnitude was 7.36D (4.88). Conclusion: Progression of keratoconus in the host cornea late after penetrating keratoplasty is characterised by a large astigmatic change where the flat axis of astigmatism passes through an area of host thinning visible on slit lamp examination. Compressive resuturing performed in the area of host thinning resulted in satisfactory reduction of astigmatism.
Non‐coding RNAs: emerging regulatory factors in the derivation and differentiation of mammalian parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells

Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (PESCs) are ESCs derived from early parthenogenetic embryos. Haploid PESCs, containing haploid DNA, originate from a single sperm or occyte, while, diploid PESCs originate from two fused occytes. Most PESC lines used so far are diploid. PESCs exhibit representative pluripotent stem cell features, such as the capacity for self‐renewal and the pariticular molecular signatures. Whereas, PESCs display distinctive properties, such as differential regulation of X‐chromosome inactivation (XCI) and divergent monitor of genes involved in multiple biological processes. PESCs are considered promising in the regeneration medicine and developmental biology. Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially miRNAs and lncRNAs, have garnered increasing attention over the past 2 decades. They are now known to be involved in almost all cellular processes due to their full‐range regulation of gene expression. Numerous studies have indicated that embryonic stem cells (ESCs) displayed distinct signatures of ncRNA genes, which play key roles in the pluripotency and self renewal of ESCs. However, the expression pattern of ncRNAs in PESCs and their roles in the derivation and differentiation of PESCs were rarely reported. In this paper, we reviewed recent research on the derivation and differentiation of PESCs and describe the emerging role of ncRNAs in these processes.
The meaning of interior tomography

The classic imaging geometry for computed tomography is for the collection of un-truncated projections and the reconstruction of a global image, with the Fourier transform as the theoretical foundation that is intrinsically non-local. Recently, interior tomography research has led to theoretically exact relationships between localities in the projection and image spaces and practically promising reconstruction algorithms. Initially, interior tomography was developed for x-ray computed tomography. Then, it was elevated to have the status of a general imaging principle. Finally, a novel framework known as ‘omni-tomography’ is being developed for a grand fusion of multiple imaging modalities, allowing tomographic synchrony of diversified features.
Short-Term Mechanical Ventilation Increases Airway Reactivity in Rat Pups

We used a rat pup model to delineate whether mechanical ventilation of ≤4 h duration in the absence of supplemental oxygen contributes to the development of airway hyperreactivity. Eight-day-old rat pups were assigned to unventilated normoxic controls, ventilated under normoxic conditions, ventilated under hyperoxic conditions (100% O2), or unventilated hyperoxic groups (>95% O2). After each intervention, they were returned to their mothers. On d 10 of life, all animals were anesthetized, paralyzed, and ventilated to measure pulmonary function. Total lung resistance (RL) and dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn) were measured in response to increasing intravenous doses of methacholine (0.03–1 μg/g) by head-out body plethysmography. Injection of methacholine caused a dose-dependent increase in RL and decrease in Cdyn. The response of both RL and Cdyn to methacholine was significantly potentiated by prior exposure to mechanical ventilation when compared with unventilated normoxic controls. The addition of hyperoxia to mechanical ventilation did not further potentiate responses to methacholine. Mechanical ventilation did not alter lung myosin or the number of inflammatory cells in airways of room air ventilated versus unventilated control animals. We conclude that a brief period of mechanical ventilation in rat pups increases airway reactivity 48 h after such exposure in the presence as well as absence of hyperoxic exposure. This represents a potentially important model to investigate the mechanisms involved in airway hyperreactivity induced by neonatal lung injury.
The Impact Of Tourism On Indian Culture

Tourism is an important, even vital, source of income for many regions and countries. Increased leisure time and changes in lifestyle and consumption have given renewed importance to tourism. Travel outside a person's local area for leisure was largely confined to wealthy classes, who at times travelled to distant parts of the world, to see great buildings, works of art, learn new languages , experience new cultures, and to taste different cuisines . Tourism also encourages respect for and preservation of monuments and heritage properties. ” At the interface between culture and tourism lies a series of deep and challenging issues relating to how we deal with issues of political engagement, social justice, economic change, belonging, identity and meaning. Tourism is a cultural phenomenon. It both impacts cultures and society, and is shaped by cultures and society. There is a deep influence of tourists and tourism on host country. Tourism is genuinely powerful and unique force for change in the community. Tourist impact has been most noticeable in lesser developed countries but is not entirely restricted to them. The cultural impact of tourism is concerned with the question of protecting and maintaining the cultural heritage and certain allied issues. The paper is an attempt to discuss the impact of tourism on Indian culture. The research design of this paper will be descriptive in nature. Keywords: Manila Declaration, Tradition, Value system, tribal tourism, Globalization
Effect of climate change and mining on hydrological connectivity of surficial layers in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region

This research analyses the impact of climate change and surface mining activities on the hydrologic connectivity of surficial (soil and geological) layers located in a watershed in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region. Surface water and groundwater flow are simulated for the period 2014–2080 under four climate scenarios: median (M), double precipitation (DP), no change in precipitation (NP), and double temperature (DT) and with the assumption of no change in the extent of mine activities after 2013. The results demonstrate that the annual growing season duration is longer and snowmelt happens earlier in the year 2080. During the growing season, the daily proportion of connected hydrologic units (DPCUs) remains approximately the same in the future under the different climate scenarios. It appears that around 68% of watershed area, mostly in western and central eastern portions, will be frequently connected (annual proportion of connected days [APCD] ≥ 20%) in the future. This area remains hydrologically connected for more than 20–50% of the year. Results also show that mining areas are located in infrequently connected areas (APCD < 20%), where DPCU values are significantly lower than other areas. DPCUs in forestlands are more stable with a growing season, that is, ~15 days longer than in wetlands. Comparisons between hydrologic responses in 2016 and 2080 show that, in 2080, maximum snow depths are about 0.7 times smaller, evapotranspiration is ~0.05 mm higher, capillary soil moisture in DT and NP scenarios are 1.01–1.52 mm lower, and the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration is almost the same during the growing season. However, at the end of growing season, the ratio is ~1 unit less in 2080 in DT and NP scenarios. Results also demonstrate that thinner surficial geological layers in the mining areas (located mostly in downstream part of the watershed) lead to their lower hydrologic connectivities. Therefore, these areas are more vulnerable to mining activity impacts, and their hydrologic response under a changing climate should be considered in reclamation planning.