Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The shift in Egypt's migration policy: 1952–1978

A major socio-economic and political reality of the seventies in the Arab World is the increasing migration of Egyptian manpower, workers and professionals of all kinds, to Arab countries, in particular to the Gulf States and Libya. Unlike temporary emigration from Southern to Northern and Western Europe after the Second World War (from Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey to France, West Germany and Belgium) where it was primarily confined to workers, the list of Egyptian migrants include doctors, engineers, lawyers, teachers and university professors. What is novel is not the phenomenon itself, but rather its magnitude, the rate of increase, its role in the economies of sending and recipient countries and the new configuration of interdependence emerging in the region as a consequence of this process. Egyptian transient migrants perform a crucial role in the development plans of certain Arab countries, in particular the Gulf States and Libya where the basic impediment to development is manpower shortage. This fact is clearly reflected in the case of Kuwait and Qatar where the number of 'aliens' exceeds those of 'nationals'. Their contribution to manpower force is 74 per cent and 83 per cent in Kuwait and Qatar respectively. ' In 1974, Egyptians constituted 13.3 per cent of public servants in the United Arab Emirates, second only to nationals (45.98 per cent),2 and in 1975 they were the second largest group representing 17.9 per cent of all foreigners working in Kuwait, preceded only by the Palestinians (22.7 per cent). 3 In 1977, there were about 14,809 Egyptians working in Qatar reresenting around 25 per cent of the total manpower force.4 The exact number of Egyptians working in Arab countries is not known. According to a recent estimate by the Egyptian Foreign Ministry, there are 1,365,000 Egyptians distributed as follows: 500,000 in each of Saudi Arabia and Libya, 150,000 in each of United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, 50,000 in Iraq and 15,000 in Qatar.5 In spite of the increasing importance of manpower transfer from Egypt to other Arab countries,6 the phenomenon has not attracted enough attention on the part of Egyptian scholars and academicians. As a result, there is paucity of research in this area; yet, there is an increasing interest on the part of the League of Arab States agencies and a number of international institutions in the subject.7 Thus the existing analyses of Egyptian economy and polity do not deal with manpower transfer. The traditional view has been that 'external migration plays a very small part in recent Egyptian demographic history'. 8 A
Injections of adipose tissue-derived stem cells and stem cell lysate improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury.

INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction (ED) remains a major complication after radical prostatectomy. The use of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) has shown promising results for the treatment of ED. However, the mechanisms of action for stem cell therapy remain controversial, with increasing evidence pointing to paracrine pathways. AIM To determine the effects and to identify the mechanism of action of ADSC and ADSC-derived lysate in a rat model of cavernous nerve (CN) crush injury. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: one group underwent sham operation, while three groups underwent bilateral CN crush. Crush-injury groups were treated at the time of injury with intracavernous injection of ADSC, lysate, or vehicle only (injured controls). Erectile function was assessed by CN electrostimulation at 4 weeks. Penile tissue was collected for histology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intracavernous pressure increase upon CN stimulation; neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) content in the dorsal penile nerve; smooth muscle content, collagen content, and number of apoptotic cells in the corpus cavernosum. RESULTS Both ADSC and lysate treatments resulted in significant recovery of erectile function, as compared with vehicle treatment. nNOS content was preserved in both the ADSC and lysate group, with significantly higher expression compared with vehicle-treated animals. There was significantly less fibrosis and a significant preservation of smooth muscle content in the ADSC and lysate groups compared with injured controls. The observed functional improvement after lysate injection supports the hypothesis that ADSCs act through release of intracellular preformed substances or by active secretion of certain biomolecules. The underlying mechanism of recovery appears to involve neuron preservation and cytoprotection by inhibition of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Penile injection of both ADSC and ADSC-derived lysate can improve recovery of erectile function in a rat model of neurogenic ED.
The Relative Importance of Intramedullary, Intracortical, and Extraosseous Soft‐Tissue Blood Flow to the Repair of Devascularized Canine Tibial Cortex

Previous studies have not quantified the relative contributions of intracortical and extracortical perfusion to cortical porosity and new bone formation. The current study was performed to determine the relative importance of intramedullary, intracortical, and extraosseous soft-tissue blood flow and type of tissue to the repair of devascularized canine tibial cortex. A 2.5-cm segment of tibia between two standardized osteotomies was devascularized. The segment was replaced anatomically and stabilized with a plate. The animals were divided randomly into two groups: skin coverage (N = 8) and muscle coverage (N = 8). Thirty-one days postoperatively, cerium141 microspheres were injected, prior to sacrifice, to measure blood flow. Extraosseous soft-tissue perfusion was the same in the skin coverage and muscle flap coverage groups. There was no relationship between intramedullary or extraosseous soft-tissue flow and depth of new bone formation and cortical porosity. Intracortical blood flow was directly related to depth of new bone formation (p = 0.0006) and cortical porosity (outer cortex, p = 0.001; inner cortex, p = 0.0001). These findings indicate that the cortical repair process is linked to the restoration of perfusion and that muscle coverage, rather than the quantity of blood flow, determines the extent of cortical repair.
Towards Effective Information Display Using Vibrotactile Apparent Motion

In this paper, we explore the use of tactile apparent motion at different speeds for information display. A prototype vibrotactile tactor array was constructed, consisting of three rings of five voice-coil tactors each, and mounted on the upper arm of test subjects. The results of two experiments are presented: a study on the sensitivity to differences in apparent motion speed, and a study on users’ ability to differentiate four motion patterns at three different speeds. Users had little trouble with pattern identification, but found absolute speed recognition difficult. Several ideas for future exploration of tactile apparent motion for general-purpose information displays are presented.
Estimating Dynamic Panel Models in Corporate Finance

Dynamic panel models play a natural role in several important areas of corporate finance, but the combination of fixed effects and lagged dependent variables introduces serious econometric bias. Several methods of counteracting these biases are available and these methodologies have been tested on small datasets with independent, normally-distributed explanatory variables. However, no one has evaluated the methods' performance with corporate finance data, in which the dependent variable may be clustered or censored and independent variables may be missing, correlated with one another, or endogenous. We find that the data's properties substantially affect the estimators' performances. We provide evidence about the impact of various data set characteristics on the estimators, so that researchers can determine the best approach for their datasets.
How to schedule a cascade in an arbitrary graph

When individuals in a social network make decisions that depend on what others have done earlier, there is the potential for a cascade to form --- a run of behaviors that are highly correlated. In an arbitrary network, the outcome of such a cascade can depend sensitively on the order in which nodes make their decisions, but to do date there has been very little investigation of how this dependence works, or how to choose an order to optimize various parameters of the cascade. Here we formulate the problem of ordering the nodes in a cascade to maximize the expected number of "favorable" decisions --- those that support a given option. We provide an algorithm that ensures an expected linear number of favorable decisions in any graph, and we show that the performance bounds for our algorithm are essentially the best achievable assuming P ≠ NP.
Re-inventing Dalit women's identity? Dynamics of social activism and electoral politics in rural north India

Abstract Dalit or ex-untouchable women's voices and perspectives have been marginalized not only in Dalit movements but also in predominantly upper-caste Hindu-led women's movements. This paper aims at exploring the unheard voices and perspectives of Dalit women in the context of Dalit assertion in the state of Uttar Pradesh, north India. Scholarly writing examines the different facets of Dalit political assertion led by the Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh. Few scholars, however, examine the ways in which individual and organizational actors engage with women of Dalit castes through social activism in the state. This paper is an attempt to do so. Specifically, it examines, with special reference to issues of culture and identity, the engagement of a grassroots women's non-governmental organization with rural Dalit women in southern Uttar Pradesh. The paper begins with an enquiry into why engagement with issues of culture and identity is necessary for social activism with Dalit women, and how it is carried out. It then examines whether social activism and electoral politics with Dalit women cross-cut each other, and also what implications this or its lack has for the women. Finally, the paper asks how far activism and politics can go towards re-inventing Dalit (women's) identity.
Dissociative Experiences Described by Women Survivors of Childhood Abuse

Clinicians and researchers use a language of fragmentation that limits experiential descriptions of women abuse survivors. Secondary analysis of focused life stories of women recovering from both substance use and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) revealed in vivo descriptions of dissociative experiences. Findings included seven categorical themes and additional observations of behavior during interviews that qualify and/or contradict conventional empirical and clinical conceptualizations. It is concluded that the language of fragmentation is not universally applicable to diverse abuse and survival experiences. An alternative language about core issues was salient in the data. Questions are raised about tensions between participants' narratives and current clinical practice, theory, and research.
Intermolecular forces, spontaneous emission, and superradiance in a dielectric medium: Polariton-mediated interactions.

A reduced equation of motion that describes the excited-state dynamics of interacting two-level impurity molecules in a dielectric host crystal is derived starting from a microscopic model for the total system. Our theory generalizes the derivation of the conventional superradiance master equation for molecules in vacuum; the role of photons in the conventional theory is played by polaritons (mixed crystal-radiation excitations) in our approach. Our final equation thus contains dispersive and superradiant polariton-mediated intermolecular interactions. The effect of the dielectric host is completely contained within a rescaling of these interactions with the transverse dielectric function e(ω) of the crystal taken at the impurity’s transition frequency. Our theory yields all local field and screening factors for both the dispersive and the dissipative couplings from a single, unified starting point. Known scaling laws for the spontaneous-emission rate and the instantaneous dipole-dipole interaction are extended to the frequency region where the dispersion of e(ω) is important.
Performance Characteristics of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 In Relation to Creatinine, Urea, and Microalbuminuria in the Diagnosis of Kidney Disease

Context: The diagnosis and evaluation of impaired renal function remains a challenge owing to lack of reliable biomarker for assessment of kidney function. The existing panel of biomarkers currently displays several limitations, and recently kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) has been suggested as a sensitive biomarker of renal function and proposed to enter clinical practice. Aims: This study was conducted to determine the diagnostic value of serum creatinine, urea, and microalbuminuria (MAU) in relation to the novel biomarker, KIM-1. Materials and Methods: Serum creatinine, urea, MAU, and KIM-1 were measured in forty individuals with and forty without kidney disease. Data were analyzed using multivariate methods of assessing diagnostic efficiency, test agreement, condition effects, and variability. Results: The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve revealed a diagnostic advantage of creatinine (0.924 ± 0.0066) and urea (0.925 ± 0.0068) over MAU (0.880 ± 0.078) and KIM-1 (0.35 ± 0.124). Overall diagnostic efficiency was higher for creatinine and urea (89.5% and 90.9%, respectively), followed by MAU (85.7%) and then KIM-1 (56.3%). Logistic regression analysis showed that creatinine and urea (R2 = 0.75 and R2 = 0.72, respectively, P< 0.001 for both) were better predictors of kidney disease than MAU (R2 = 0.64, P< 0.001) and KIM-1 (R2 = 0.046, P = 0.116). Further analysis of agreement showed that urea had an excellent agreement with creatinine (kappa r = 0.835, P< 0.001), with KIM-1 (kappa r = –0.198, P = 0.087) showing a poor agreement with creatinine. Conclusion: Our results indicate that elevated serum creatinine and urea above specific cutoff points reliably identifies patients with acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease. However, more researches are warranted to further validate the diagnostic efficiency and application of MAU and for KIM-1 before its implementation in clinical practice.
Blocking Dopaminergic Signaling Soon after Learning Impairs Memory Consolidation in Guinea Pigs

Formation of episodic memories (i.e. remembered experiences) requires a process called consolidation which involves communication between the neocortex and hippocampus. However, the neuromodulatory mechanisms underlying this neocortico-hippocampal communication are poorly understood. Here, we examined the involvement of dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and D2 receptors (D2R) mediated signaling on memory consolidation using the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test. We conducted the tests in male Hartley guinea pigs and cognitive behaviors were assessed in customized Phenotyper home cages utilizing Ethovision XT software from Noldus enabled for the 3-point detection system (nose, center of the body, and rear). We found that acute intraperitoneal injections of either 0.25 mg/kg SCH23390 to block D1Rs or 1.0 mg/kg sulpiride to block D2Rs soon after acquisition (which involved familiarization to two similar objects) attenuated subsequent discrimination for novel objects when tested after 5-hours in the NOR test. By contrast guinea pigs treated with saline showed robust discrimination for novel objects indicating normal operational processes undergirding memory consolidation. The data suggests that involvement of dopaminergic signaling is a key post-acquisition factor in modulating memory consolidation in guinea pigs.
School policy on teaching and school learning environment: direct and indirect effects upon student outcome measures

School policy on teaching and the school learning environment (SLE) are the main school factors of the dynamic model of educational effectiveness (Creemers & Kyriakides, 2008). A longitudinal study in which 50 primary schools, 108 classes, and 2369 students participated generated evidence supporting the validity of the dynamic model. This article reports the results of a re-analysis of the data of this study in order to search for direct and indirect effects of school factors included in the model. Using multilevel structural equation modelling techniques, indirect effects of school policy on teaching and SLE upon achievement in mathematics and Greek language are demonstrated. Implications of findings are drawn. Comparing the results of the multilevel direct and indirect effect model with those from using a multilevel regression model, we demonstrate the importance of choosing appropriate conceptual models and using relevant methodological approaches to understand the dynamic nature of educational effectiveness.
Molecular evolution of the cacophony IVS6 region in sandflies

A number of insects produce acoustic signals during courtship. Genes involved in the control of the courtship song are particularly interesting from an evolutionary viewpoint because interspecific variation in this signal is potentially important as a reproductive isolation mechanism and, as a consequence, in the speciation process. The cacophony gene was identified by a mutation affecting the ‘lovesong’ in Drosophila melanogaster. Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) also produce acoustic stimuli during courtship and therefore cacophony can be used as an interesting molecular marker in evolutionary studies in these important disease vectors. In this paper we have studied the molecular evolution of the IVS6 region of cacophony in sandflies. We compared the level of divergence in the exon sequences encoding this conserved domain in Drosophila and Phlebotomines. We also analysed the high level of variation in an intron that is present in sandflies but that was lost in Drosophila during evolution. The available cacophony sequences were also used for a phylogenetic analysis of some species of the Neotropical genus Lutzomyia.
New Perspectives on Gender Differences in Mathematics: An Introduction

In a longitudinal study of gender differences in mathematics, 38 girls and 44 boys, who were in classrooms with teaching based on reform ideas, were interviewed 5 times and asked to solve number fact, addition/subtraction, and nonroutine problems each year as they progressed through grades 1-3. In grade 3 only, they were also asked to solve extension problems. No gender differences were found in the ability to solve any problems except for the superior performance of boys on the extension problems in grade 3. However, significant differences in problem-solving strategies were found in all grades. Girls tended to use concrete solution strategies like modeling and counting, and boys tended to use more abstract solution strategies that reflected conceptual understanding. These results called into question the long-accepted belief that gender differences in math appear first at adolescence. In order to understand the study results, 4 different interpretations are presented. Judith Sowder, a mathematics educator, stated that the results indicate important gender differences in learning and suggested that the findings indicate that girls' use of more concrete strategies may lead to less understanding of important ideas on which further learning of mathematics is based, which might help explain the gender differences usually found in adolescence and in math-related careers. Janet Hyde and Sara Jaffee, social psychologists, interpreted the results as showing minimal gender differences in performance. They hypothesized that because the curriculum was not prescribed, stereotypical behaviors on the part of the teachers and students were activated, which in turn, encouraged girls and boys to solve the problems differently. Nel Noddings, a feminist philosopher, interpreted the findings as showing that boys did better on items that emphasized meaning. She suggested that we should consider that girls could be less interested in mathematics than boys and that this lower interest leads to lower performance. She goes on to question why this becomes a concern when society doesn't show the same concern when boys are less interested than girls in activities like child care. She also cautions that no one's self-worth should be connected to whether or not he or she can learn mathematics, and each mathematical learner should be treated individually. The authors of the study, while offering the caveat that the study needs replication, argue that the results indicate that the girls in the study had not developed an understanding of mathematics to the same degree that the boys had. They argue that these gender-related patterns of development could lead to even stronger gender differences in later years. Wliile offering no explanation of why there were gender differences in strategies used to solve problems, they suggest that merely reforming instruction in mathematics classes without specific attention to achieving equity for girls and boys is insufficient.
Reactive oxygen as modulator of TNF and fas receptor-mediated apoptosis in vivo: studies with glutathione peroxidase-deficient mice.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can directly induce or enhance tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis in a number of different cell lines. To test the relevance of intracellular ROS in modulating apoptotic signaling in vivo, we evaluated hepatocellular apoptosis mediated by the TNF or Fas receptor in wild-type and glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1-/-)-deficient mice (129SV/B6 background). Apoptosis developed in livers of wild-type animals 4-6 h after intraperitoneal administration of 700 mg/kg galactosamine/100 micro g/kg endotoxin. Apoptosis was indicated by processing of procaspases-3 (assessed by western blotting), a fivefold increase in caspase-3 activity (DEVD-AMC as substrate), and a 44-fold increase in DNA fragmentation (ELISA). The time course and magnitude of apoptosis were the same in Gpx1-/- mice. In contrast, Gpx1-/- mice had higher plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and more severe hemorrhage compared to wild-type animals at 6 h. Treatment of wild-type mice with the anti-Fas antibody Jo-2 (0.6 mg/kg i.v.) resulted in processing of procaspase-3 and a sevenfold increase in caspase-3 activity in both wild-type and Gpx1-/- mice. However, higher plasma ALT values in Gpx1-/- mice at 3 h may reflect a trend to develop more rapidly secondary necrosis. These data suggest that, under our experimental conditions, intracellular ROS did not modulate the death receptor-initiated apoptotic signaling cascade in hepatocytes. As Gpx1 is located in the cytosol and in mitochondria, which are the main cellular compartments involved in apoptotic signaling, our findings indicate that the oxidant stress in vivo was insufficient to modulate these signaling pathways. However, Gpx1 deficiency enhances the susceptibility for secondary necrosis or neutrophil-induced cell injury.