Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neuroimaging insights into network-based neurodegeneration.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Convergent evidence from a number of neuroscience disciplines supports the hypothesis that Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders progress along brain networks. This review considers the role of neuroimaging in strengthening the case for network-based neurodegeneration and elucidating potential mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in functional and structural MRI have recently enabled the delineation of multiple large-scale distributed brain networks. The application of these network-imaging modalities to neurodegenerative disease has shown that specific disorders appear to progress along specific networks. Recent work applying theoretical measures of network efficiency to in-vivo network imaging has allowed for the development and evaluation of models of disease spread along networks. Novel MRI acquisition and analysis methods are paving the way for in-vivo assessment of the layer-specific microcircuits first targeted by neurodegenerative diseases. These methodological advances coupled with large, longitudinal studies of subjects progressing from healthy aging into dementia will enable a detailed understanding of the seeding and spread of these disorders. SUMMARY Neuroimaging has provided ample evidence that neurodegenerative disorders progress along brain networks, and is now beginning to elucidate how they do so.
Após a licença maternidade: a percepção de professoras sobre a divisão das demandas familiares

In this study, we investigated the experiences of school teachers returning from a maternity leave, examining the division of tasks with her partner as well as her satisfaction with her own and her partner's family involvement and with her wider social-support network. We interviewed 40 public-school teachers, mothers of children under two years of age, in the state of Sao Paulo. The majority of the participants related spending double the time spent by their partners on domestic chores and childcare, assuming more high-frequency tasks, performed at fixed times. In general, the respondents were satisfied with their own family involvement, although 65% wanted to spend more time with their children. They evaluated their partner's family involvement as being good, but systematically lower than their own. Many used other sources of support, which were evaluated positively. Nonetheless, the respondents were overloaded, pointing to the need to reorganize the division of family work.
David Kirk on physical education and sport pedagogy: in dialogue with Steven Stolz (part 2)

Forming the second of two articles, this dialogue revisits and explores the educational value of physical education as a means to stimulate further discussion about what physical education is, or as Kirk states within this interview, what do ‘we want physical education to be’. Although the theme of the second interview relates to the educative purpose of physical education and sport pedagogy, the dialogue concludes with some remarks about teaching as a profession and raises some serious concerns about physical education being ‘outsourced’ to external providers.
Antioxidant properties and antiproliferative effect of brewers' rice extract (temukut) on selected cancer cell lines

Temukut, or brewers’ rice, is a mixture of broken rice, rice bran, and rice germ. Extensive studies have been conducted on rice bran, which possesses various health benefits. Temukut, however has been less well studied. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and growth inhibition properties of temukut extract using colon cancer (HT-29), ovary cancer (Caov-3), and liver cancer (HepG2) cell lines. The antioxidant activity was determined by the β-carotene bleaching assay, analysis of the DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and a FRAP assay. The total phenolic compounds, oryzanol, vitamin E, and phytic acid levels in temukut were also investigated. The antiproliferative activity was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. There was a significant difference in the cytotoxicity of two types of temukut extract (water and methanol) for HT-29 and Caov-3 cells(p < 0.05) but not for HepG2 cells. The HepG2 cell line is the least sensitive to temukut, (IC 50 = 55.30 μg/mL), whereas the highest sensitivity was observed in Caov-3 cells (IC 50=36.67 μg/ mL). No cytotoxic effect of temukut was observed on normal cells (BalBlc3T3). Although the content of the phytochemicals studied (total phenolic compounds, vitamin E, oryzanol, and phytic acid) in temukut was lower than that in rice bran, as has been previously reported, the present study demonstrated temukut’s potential to inhibit the proliferation of HT-29, Caov-3, and HepG2 cells.
Unemployment, Relative Deprivation, and Social Protest

A study of a sample of unemployed people is reported in which survey interview data were used to examine the differential effects of different forms of deprivation. Two outcome variables were operationalized: the number of stress symptoms reported by the respondents and the respondents' orientation to social protest. Two different measures of egoistic deprivation (the perceived gap between personal expectations and attainments) and two different measures of fraternalistic deprivation (the perceived gap between ingroup and outgroup attainment) were also obtained. It was hypothesized that the measures of egoistic relative deprivation would predict the number of stress symptoms reported better than would measures of fraternalistic relative deprivation. Conversely, fraternalistic relative deprivation measures were hypothesized to predict protest orientation better than would the egoistic relative deprivation measures. Multiple regression analyses bore out these hypotheses. The results underline the importance of the conceptual distinction between egoistic and fraternalistic relative deprivation for explaining the social behavior of the deprived.
Small effect of dopamine release and no effect of dopamine depletion on [18F]fallypride binding in healthy humans

Molecular imaging has been used to estimate both drug‐induced and tonic dopamine release in the striatum and most recently extrastriatal areas of healthy humans. However, to date, studies of drug‐induced and tonic dopamine release have not been performed in the same subjects. This study performed positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fallypride in healthy subjects to assess (1) the reproducibility of [18F]fallypride and (2) both D‐amphetamine‐induced and α‐methyl‐p‐tyrosine (AMPT)‐induced changes in dopamin release on [18F]fallypride binding in striatal and extrastriatal areas. Subjects underwent [18F]fallypride PET studies at baseline and following oral D‐amphetamine administration (0.5 mg/kg) and oral AMPT administration (3 g/70 kg/day over 44 h). Binding potential (BP) (BPND) of [18F]fallypride was calculated in striatal and extrastriatal areas using a reference region method. Percent change in regional BPND was computed and correlated with change in cognition and mood. Test–retest variability of [18F]fallypride was low in both striatal and extrastriatal regions. D‐Amphetamine significantly decreased BPND by 8–14% in striatal subdivisions, caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and medial temporal cortex. Correlation between change in BPND and verbal fluency was seen in the thalamus and substantia nigra. In contrast, depletion of endogenous dopamine with AMPT did not effect [18F]fallypride BPND in both striatum and extrastriatal regions. These findings indicate that [18F]fallypride is useful for measuring amphetamine‐induced dopamine release, but may be unreliable for estimating tonic dopamine levels, in striatum and extrastriatal regions of healthy humans. Synapse 62:399–408, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orai1 deficiency leads to heart failure and skeletal myopathy in zebrafish

Mutations in the store-operated Ca2+ entry pore protein ORAI1 have been reported to cause myopathies in human patients but the mechanism involved is not known. Cardiomyocytes express ORAI1 but its role in heart function is also unknown. Using reverse genetics in zebrafish, we demonstrated that inactivation of the highly conserved zebrafish orthologue of ORAI1 resulted in severe heart failure, reduced ventricular systolic function, bradycardia and skeletal muscle weakness. Electron microscopy of Orai1-deficient myocytes revealed progressive skeletal muscle instability with loss of myofiber integrity and ultrastructural abnormalities of the z-disc in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Isolated Orai1-deficient cardiomyocytes showed loss of the calcineurin-associated protein calsarcin from the z-discs. Furthermore, we found mechanosignal transduction was affected in Orai1-depleted hearts, indicating an essential role for ORAI1 in establishing the cardiac signaling transduction machinery at the z-disc. Our findings identify ORAI1 as an important regulator of cardiac and skeletal muscle function and provide evidence linking ORAI1-mediated calcium signaling to sarcomere integrity and cardiomyocyte function.
Random walks and exclusion processes among random conductances on random infinite clusters: homogenization and hydrodynamic limit

We consider a stationary and ergodic random field $\{\omega (b):b \in \mathbb{E}_d \}$ parameterized by the family of bonds in $\mathbb{Z}^d$, $d\geq 2$. The random variable $\omega(b)$ is thought of as the conductance of bond $b$ and it ranges in a finite interval $[0,c_0]$. Assuming that the set of bonds with positive conductance has a unique infinite cluster $\mathcal{C}(\omega)$, we prove homogenization results for the random walk among random conductances on $\mathcal{C}(\omega)$. As a byproduct, applying the general criterion of Faggionato (2007) leading to the hydrodynamic limit of exclusion processes with bond--dependent transition rates, for almost all realizations of the environment we prove the hydrodynamic limit of simple exclusion processes among random conductances on $\mathcal{C}(\omega)$. The hydrodynamic equation is given by a heat equation whose diffusion matrix does not depend on the environment. We do not require any ellipticity condition. As special case, $\mathcal{C}(\omega)$ can be the infinite cluster of supercritical Bernoulli bond percolation.
Knowledge and Attitudes toward Global Issues: Students in Japan and the United States

Attempting to enhance understanding of one educational system by comparing it with another is not a new idea. For 2 decades following the launching of Sputnik, comparisons of the U.S. system were often made with the Soviet Union. Then, with the advent of the first International Educational Achievement science survey, the growing competence of Japanese students made the Japanese system an obvious basis of comparison. ' Research findings such as these, coupled with the economic growth of Japan and the perceived role of education in that development, have caused interest to shift to comparisons with Japan. During the 1980s there has been a continuing series of reports focusing on the strengths of the Japanese system of schooling, prompting debates concerning whether some Japanese practices could or should be transplanted to the United States. The binational study undertaken by CULCON (the U.S.-Japan Conference on Cultural and Educational Interchange) was intended to be a case study of schooling in each country. Though comparisons were not intended, they were, nevertheless, included in the final report.2 Although of less widespread concern than science education and achievement, the importance of university graduates' knowledge and awareness of the world and global problems has also been debated within both Japan and the United States with regard to comparison of educational systems on this dimension. Ever since the opening of Japan in the nineteenth century there has been a concern with how the nation should establish its place in the world. As Japan has been thrust into the international economic limelight, particularly among Pacific Rim nations, questions have continued about how
The mystery of extreme non-coding conservation

Regions of several dozen to several hundred base pairs of extreme conservation have been found in non-coding regions in all metazoan genomes. The distribution of these elements within and across genomes has suggested that many have roles as transcriptional regulatory elements in multi-cellular organization, differentiation and development. Currently, there is no known mechanism or function that would account for this level of conservation at the observed evolutionary distances. Previous studies have found that, while these regions are under strong purifying selection, and not mutational coldspots, deletion of entire regions in mice does not necessarily lead to identifiable changes in phenotype during development. These opposing findings lead to several questions regarding their functional importance and why they are under strong selection in the first place. In this perspective, we discuss the methods and techniques used in identifying and dissecting these regions, their observed patterns of conservation, and review the current hypotheses on their functional significance.
Factor Analysis of the Spouse Observation Checklist-revised Using Attachment Theory As an Organizational Framework

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the factor structure of the Spouse Observation Checklist-Revised using attachment theory as an organizational framework. The study used archival data from a community sample of 92 heterosexual childless couples married 1-5 years and 4 lesbian couples (N = 192). Separate exploratory factor analysis on the Perception of Self-Behavior and Perception of Partner-Behavior items revealed symmetrical 4-factor structures with factors reflecting emotional support, physical intimacy, instrumental support, and disengagement. Separate analyses examined associations of the four identified factors with the Experiences in Close Relationships Scale and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale to begin to place the SOC-R within a nomological network.
Chinese and American Individuals’ Mate Selection Criteria

In this study, we compared Chinese and American never-married heterosexual adults’ minimum mate selection criteria (N = 1,260) and write-in responses on additional criteria important in mate selection (N = 756). Participants’ mean age was 25.55 years (SD = 4.44), and data were collected in 2013. Having analyzed quantitative and qualitative data both separately and corroboratively, we discuss Chinese and American individuals’ cultural emphases and unique expressions regarding the relative prioritization of mate selection criteria and additional mate selection criteria typically not included in mate selection studies. We also compare our findings with the results of previous mate selection studies, highlighting possible developments in Chinese and American individuals’ mate selection criteria, and suggest potential modifications and extensions of existing survey items to more comprehensively capture individuals’ mate selection criteria, particularly in different cultural contexts.
MLE IN THE PROPORTIONAL ODDS MODELBY

We consider maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters in the proportional odds model with right censored data. The estimator of the regression coeecient is shown to be asymptotically normal with eecient variance. The maximum likelihood estimator of the unknown monotonic transformation of the survival time converges uniformly at a parametric rate to the true transformation. Standard errors of the estimated regression coeecients are estimated by diierentiation of the proole likelihood and are shown to be consistent. A likelihood ratio test for the regression coeecient is also considered.
The Paradox of Publicity

Although increases in status often lead to more favorable inferences about quality in subsequent evaluations, in this paper, we examine a setting in which an increase to an actor’s status results in less favorable quality evaluations, contrary to what much of sociological and management theory would predict. Comparing thousands of reader reviews on Goodreads.com of 64 English-language books that either won or were short-listed for prestigious book awards between 2007 and 2011, we find that prizewinning books tend to attract more readers following the announcement of an award and that readers’ ratings of award-winning books tend to decline more precipitously following the announcement of an award relative to books that were named as finalists but did not win. We explain this surprising result, focusing on two mechanisms whereby signals of quality that tend to promote adoption can subsequently have a negative impact on evaluation. First, we propose that the audience evaluating a high-status actor or object tends to shift as a result of a public status shock, like an award, increasing in number but also in diverse tastes. We outline how this shift might translate into less favorable evaluations of quality. Second, we show that the increase in popularity that tends to follow a status shock is off-putting to some, also resulting in more negative evaluations. We show that our proposed mechanisms together explain the negative effect of status on evaluations in the context of the literary world.
Self-reported job characteristics and negative spillover from work to private life as mediators between expert-rated job characteristics and vital exhaustion

Negative spillover from work into private life has often been found to be a mediator between work characteristics and health complaints. This study examined whether this mediator role can also be found when work characteristics are measured independently of job incumbents, i.e., when self-reported bias can be ruled out as a likely alternative explanation of the findings. Multiple mediator models in a heterogeneous sample of 517 employees from three occupational sectors were tested. Job demand and job control, both self-reported by job incumbents, and assessed by job analysis experts via a standardized observational interview, were measured as job characteristics. As hypothesized, the relations between expert-rated job characteristics and vital exhaustion are mediated by both, self-reported job characteristics and negative spillover. However, whereas expert-rated job demands have an impact on negative spillover and vital exhaustion without being perceived, the perception of job control plays a crucial role for the relations between expert-rated job control, negative spillover, and vital exhaustion. Altogether, we demonstrate that the strong relations between job characteristics, negative spillover, and vital exhaustion are not merely a consequence of biased subjective perception, but are rooted in the “real” job environment.
Treatment Utility of Response Class Assessment in Heterosocial Difficulties

College-student males (n = 27) with self-reported heterosocial difficulties received treatment that was either matched or mismatched to their identified (by questionnaires) problematic response class of social anxiety, social skills deficits, or irrational cognitions. Both matched and mismarched treatments produced significant pre-post changes on the questionnaire measures, but only marched treatment produced significant pre-post changes on the role-playing and self-monitoring measures.
Pre-treatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts survival in patients with laryngeal cancer

An increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is associated with poorer prognostic outcomes in numerous types of cancer. However, a small number of studies have demonstrated the prognostic role of NLR in patients with laryngeal cancer. The present study evaluated the association between NLR and survival outcomes in patients with laryngeal squamous cancer. All patients were scheduled for follow-up visits. The levels of cytokines from tumor tissues were analyzed by ELISA. A classification and regression tree (CART) was used to determine the optimal cutoff values of NLR. The clinical features and NLR were determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression to analyze the survival outcomes and associated risks. Of the total 654 patients, 70 patients (70/654; 10.7%) failed to receive follow-up. Blood and biochemical parameters, including NLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and albumin-to-globulin ratio were associated with clinical characteristics of the patients, with the exception of histologic grade. Only one node with NLR at 3.18 divided patients into different categories, according to CART analysis. Survival analysis demonstrated that NLR at cutoff values subdivided patients into different survival outcomes (P<0.001). Subsequent to adjustments for age and other clinical features, NLR was identified to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival and progression-free survival (P<0.05). Increased levels of cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-8, in tumor tissues were associated with NLR values. In summary, pre-treatment NLR was associated with the prognostic outcomes for patients with laryngeal cancer, and may assist to establish prognostic factors for these patients.
Expression of NMDA receptor subunit mRNAs in neurochemically identified projection and interneurons in the human striatum

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are composed of subunits from two families: NR1 and NR2. We used a dual‐label in situ hybridization technique to assess the levels of NR1 and NR2A‐D messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expressed in projection neurons and interneurons of the human striatum. The neuronal populations were identified with digoxigenin‐tagged complementary RNA probes for preproenkephalin (ENK) and substance P (SP) targeted to striatal projection neurons, and somatostatin (SOM), glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 kD (GAD67), and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) targeted to striatal interneurons. Intense NR1 signals were found over all striatal neurons. NR2A signals were high over GAD67‐positive neurons and intermediate over SP‐positive neurons. ENK‐positive neurons displayed low NR2A signals, whereas ChAT‐ and SOM‐positive neurons were unlabeled. NR2B signals were intense over all neuronal populations in striatum. Signals for NR2C and NR2D were weak. Only ChAT‐positive neurons displayed moderate signals, whereas all other interneurons and projection neurons were unlabeled. Moderate amounts of NR2D signal were detected over SOM‐ and ChAT‐positive neurons; GAD67‐ and SP‐positive striatal neurons displayed low and ENK‐positive neurons displayed no NR2D hybridization signal. These data suggest that all human striatal neurons have NMDA receptors, but different populations have different subunit compositions that may affect function as well as selective vulnerability. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:407–421, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.