Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diabetes-Related Emotional Distress Over Time

In this study, we examine trajectories of adolescents’ diabetes-related emotional distress and assess predictors of adaptive and maladaptive patterns over a 16-month timespan. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Many adolescents with type 1 diabetes experience diabetes-related distress (DRD; the negative emotional reactions specific to managing diabetes), but most research on DRD among adolescents relies on cross-sectional data. We assess adolescents’ longitudinal DRD patterns and predictors of chronic DRD. METHODS: This secondary analysis of data from a depression prevention clinical trial included 264 adolescents with type 1 diabetes randomly assigned to a resilience or education intervention (mean age: 15.7 ± 1.1 years; 59.8% female). Youth reported their DRD at 5 assessments over 16 months. Using latent class growth analysis, we classified adolescents into trajectory groups according to baseline starting point (intercept) and rate of change (slope) of DRD. We examined bivariate associations between trajectory group membership and demographic and clinical factors. Baseline predictors of chronic DRD were assessed via multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Participants were classified into 4 groups: stable high DRD (7.2%; high intercept, flat slope), stable moderate DRD (28.0%; above-average intercept, flat slope), improving DRD (33.7%; average intercept, downward slope), and low DRD (31.1%; below-average intercept, downward slope). Lower hemoglobin A1c, greater adherence, fewer socioemotional difficulties, and more adaptive coping distinguished the improving and low DRD trajectories. Chronic DRD patterns were associated with female sex and higher depressive symptoms and hemoglobin A1c. CONCLUSIONS: In this study of adolescents’ DRD trajectories during and after a psychoeducational intervention, one-third of youth were classified as having chronic, elevated DRD. Links with multiple clinical factors support efforts for routine DRD screening and comprehensive interventions for distressed youth.
Child and adolescent chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: where are we now?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review aims to determine the recent evidence regarding cause, impact, effective treatment and prognosis of children and young people (CYP) affected by chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) at a time when the National Institute for Clinical Excellence guidelines in the United Kingdom are being reviewed and more research is called for worldwide. RECENT FINDINGS CFS/ME is a debilitating illness with no clear cause. This review describes the heterogeneous clinical picture and the effects on the young person and family. Comorbidities such as mood disorders and pain are discussed including evidence for treatment. The various aetiological hypotheses are discussed and the precipitating factors identified. The evidence base is limited regarding effective treatment for CYP with CFS/ME, particularly the severely affected group. A large trial of online cognitive behavioural therapy with teenagers is being explored in the United Kingdom. The Lightning Process has been shown to be effective when added to medical care. SUMMARY Current evidence is hampered by different diagnostic criteria, the heterogeneous nature of the condition, and limited number of small studies. There is a clear need for more research and larger studies exploring the cause of and most effective treatment for CYP with CFS/ME.
Three‐plane description of astroglial populations of OVLT subdivisions in rat: Tanycyte connections to distant parts of third ventricle

This study demonstrates glial and gliovascular markers of organon vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT) in three planes. The distribution of glial markers displayed similarities to the subfornical organ. There was an inner part with vimentin‐ and nestin‐immunopositive glia whereas GFAP and the water‐channel aquaporin 4 were found at the periphery. This separation indicates different functions of the two regions. The presence of nestin may indicate stem cell‐capabilities whereas aquaporin 4 has been reported to promote the osmoreceptor function. Glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity was sparse like in the area postrema and subfornical organ. The laminin and β‐dystroglycan immunolabelings altered along the vessels such as in the subfornical organ indicating altering gliovascular relations. The different subdivisions of OVLT received glial processes of different origins. The posterior periventricular zone contained short vimentin‐immunopositive processes from the ependyma of the adjacent surface of the third ventricle. The lateral periventricular zone received forceps‐like process systems from the anterolateral part of the third ventricle. Most interestingly, the “dorsal cap” received a mixed group of long GFAP‐ and vimentin‐immunopositive processes from a distant part of the third ventricle. The processes may have two functions: a guidance for newly produced cells like radial glia in immature brain and/or a connection between distant parts of the third ventricle and OVLT.
Normative database for corneal backscatter analysis by in vivo confocal microscopy.

PURPOSE To ascertain the sex and age relatedness, diurnal variation, and repeatability of backscatter measurement in the normal human cornea. METHODS Seven corneal backscatter variants were measured by in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in both normal eyes (n = 314) of 157 healthy subjects. These subjects were assigned to one or more of three groups. The sex and age relatedness of corneal backscatter were assessed in group 1 (n = 300), which comprised 75 men and 75 women evenly distributed over five age categories. To assess diurnal variation, eyes in group 2 (n = 40) were measured four times a day, at 3-hour intervals. The eyes in group 3 (n = 50) were examined four times a year to determine intersession repeatability. Intrasession repeatability was determined by performing all IVCM examinations in duplicate. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of sex, age, and time of measurement on corneal backscatter. RESULTS Mean corneal backscatter was 3.5% higher in men (P = 0.003). From the age of 50 years, backscatter increased significantly in the anterior stroma (P = 0.0003). A small but statistically significant diurnal variation was found in all seven backscatter variants (P < 0.01). The test-retest coefficient of variation of mean corneal backscatter was 5.3%, comprising intra- and intersession repeatability. CONCLUSIONS Sex and time of measurement significantly affect corneal backscatter measured by IVCM, whereas age affects only backscatter in the anterior stroma. All three factors should be taken into account when conducting scientific research. For ophthalmic practice, the authors suggest ignoring these factors and propose a generalized normal range and minimum detectable change for each backscatter variant.
AIAA 2001-2828 X-38 Experimental Aeroheating At Mach 10

This report provides an update of the hypersonic aerothermodynamic wind tunnel test program conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center in support of the X-38 program. Global surface heat transfer distributions were measured on 0.0177 aml 0.0236 scale models of the proposed X-38 configuration at Mach 10 in air. The parametrics that were investigated primarily include freestream unit Reynolds numbers of O.6 to 2.2 million per foot and body flap deflections of 15, 20, and 25 deg. for an angle-of-attack of 40-deg. The model-scale variance was tested to obtain laminar, transitional and turbulent heating levels on the defected body flaps. In addition, a limited investigation of forced boundary layer transition through the use of discrete roughness elements was performed Comparisons of the present experimental results to computational predictions and previous experimental data were conducted. Laminar, transitional, and turbulent heating levels were observed on the defected body flap, which compared favorably to the computational results and to the predicted heating based on the flight aerothem_odynamic database. H k L M P 0 Re T t NOMENCLATURE heat transfer coefficient (lbm/ft2-sec), =q/(H_,_-tL) where H,w = tt_z enthalpy (BTU/Ibm) trip height (in) reference length taken from nose to end of body free stream Mach number pressure (psia) heat transfer rate (BTU/flZ-sec) unit Reynolds number (l/ft) temperature (°R) time (see) angle of attack (deg) Body flap deflection (deg)
Association of p53 expression with poor prognosis in patients with triple-negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma

Abstract TP53 gene is mutated in approximately 80% of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the prognostic significance of immunohistochemical (IHC)-detected p53 protein expression remains controversial in TNBC. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the association between IHC-detected p53 expression and the prognosis in a cohort of 278 patients with stage I-III triple-negative breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), who received surgery at the department of breast surgery in the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University from 2010–01 to 2012–12. We found a positive expression ratio of IHC-detected p53 in triple-negative breast IDC of 58.6% (163/278). Furthermore, levels of expression were significantly associated with vessel tumor emboli and higher histologic grade (P = .038, P = .043, respectively), with the highest expression level observed in G3 breast cancer (64.7%). Additionally, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that p53 expression indicated worse overall survival (OS) in the whole cohort (79.6% vs 89.6%, Log-rank test P = .025) as well as in stratified prognostic stage II patients (90.8% vs 100%, Log-rank test P = .027). The mortality risk of p53 expression patients was 2.22 times higher than that of p53 negative patients (HR: 2.222; 95%CI: 1.147–4.308). In addition, p53 expression was also associated with poor disease-free survival (DFS) (76.7% vs 86.8%, P = .020). Cox proportional hazard ratio model showed p53 expression was an independent risk factor for OS (P = .018) and DFS (P = .018) after controlling for tumor size, lymph node status, and vessel tumor emboli. Altogether, our data showed that IHC-detected p53 expression is a promising prognostic candidate for poor survival in triple-negative breast IDC patients. However, more studies are needed to determine if p53 may be applied to clinical practice as a biomarker and/or novel therapeutic target for TNBC.
Efficient approximation schemes for uniform-cost clustering problems in planar graphs

We consider the $k$-Median problem on planar graphs: given an edge-weighted planar graph $G$, a set of clients $C \subseteq V(G)$, a set of facilities $F \subseteq V(G)$, and an integer parameter $k$, the task is to find a set of at most $k$ facilities whose opening minimizes the total connection cost of clients, where each client contributes to the cost with the distance to the closest open facility. We give two new approximation schemes for this problem: -- FPT Approximation Scheme: for any $\epsilon>0$, in time $2^{O(k\epsilon^{-3}\log (k\epsilon^{-1}))}\cdot n^{O(1)}$ we can compute a solution that (1) has connection cost at most $(1+\epsilon)$ times the optimum, with high probability. -- Efficient Bicriteria Approximation Scheme: for any $\epsilon>0$, in time $2^{O(\epsilon^{-5}\log (\epsilon^{-1}))}\cdot n^{O(1)}$ we can compute a set of at most $(1+\epsilon)k$ facilities (2) whose opening yields connection cost at most $(1+\epsilon)$ times the optimum connection cost for opening at most $k$ facilities, with high probability. As a direct corollary of the second result we obtain an EPTAS for the Uniform Facility Location on planar graphs, with same running time. Our main technical tool is a new construction of a "coreset for facilities" for $k$-Median in planar graphs: we show that in polynomial time one can compute a subset of facilities $F_0\subseteq F$ of size $k\cdot (\log n/\epsilon)^{O(\epsilon^{-3})}$ with a guarantee that there is a $(1+\epsilon)$-approximate solution contained in $F_0$.
Functional and laminar dissociations between muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic neuromodulation in the tree shrew primary visual cortex

Acetylcholine is an important neuromodulator involved in cognitive function. The impact of cholinergic neuromodulation on computations within the cortical microcircuit is not well understood. Here we investigate the effects of layer‐specific cholinergic drug application in the tree shrew primary visual cortex during visual stimulation with drifting grating stimuli of varying contrast and orientation. We describe differences between muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic effects in terms of both the layer of cortex and the attribute of visual representation. Nicotinic receptor activation enhanced the contrast response in the granular input layer of the cortex, while tending to reduce neural selectivity for orientation across all cortical layers. Muscarinic activation modestly enhanced the contrast response across cortical layers, and tended to improve orientation tuning. This resulted in highest orientation selectivity in the supra‐ and infragranular layers, where orientation selectivity was already greatest in the absence of pharmacological stimulation. Our results indicate that laminar position plays a crucial part in functional consequences of cholinergic stimulation, consistent with the differential distribution of cholinergic receptors. Nicotinic receptors function to enhance sensory representations arriving in the cortex, whereas muscarinic receptors act to boost the cortical computation of orientation tuning. Our findings suggest close homology between cholinergic mechanisms in tree shrew and primate visual cortices.
The association between serum vitamin D and inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract Patients with inflammatory bowel disease have an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency and this may impact upon the disease activity. This study explored the association between serum vitamin D levels and inflammatory bowel disease in a Chinese population. Sixty-five patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 50 with Crohn's disease (CD) were investigated between January 2015 and December 2016 at the Kunshan Second People's Hospital, China. A control group of 120 healthy volunteers was also selected. Serum vitamin D levels were detected and compared between groups and among patients with different disease activity. The serum vitamin D levels in the UC (10.27 ± 4.05 ng/mL) and CD (11.13 ± 3.96 ng/mL) groups were lower than in the control group (12.96 ± 5.18 ng/mL) (P < .05). In the UC group, during the moderate (9.21 ± 3.26 ng/mL) and severe (7.58 ± 3.81 ng/mL) periods, serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower compared with during remission (12.18 ± 3.69 ng/mL) and the mild period (11.35 ± 4.08 ng/mL) (P < .05). In the CD group, serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower during the moderate (10.28 ± 3.57 ng/mL) and severe (8.52 ± 3.72 ng/mL) periods compared with remission (13.97 ± 5.61 ng/mL) (P < .05). Patients with UC and CD are both prone to vitamin D deficiency. Serum vitamin D was significantly lower with aggravating disease status. Therefore, vitamin D may be involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease in a Chinese population.
Critical appraisal of: The endotracheal tube air leak test does not predict extubation outcome in critically ill pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9:490–496

Objective: To review and discuss the airway leak test in predicting extubation failure in critically ill infants and children. Design: A critical appraisal with literature review of Wratney AT, Benjamin DK Jr, Slonim AD, et al: The endotracheal tube air leak test does not predict extubation outcome in critically ill pediatric patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9:490–496. Findings: In this prospective, blinded, cohort study, the authors sought to determine whether the absence of an endotracheal tube airleak (airleak test >30 cm H2O) predicts extubation failure in infants and children. Absence of the airleak did not predict extubation failure. The airleak test was >30 cm H2O before extubation in 47% (28 of 59) of patients, yet 23 patients were extubated successfully (negative predictive value, 18%). An airway leak test >30 cm H2O did not increase the likelihood of postextubation reintubation, with a likelihood ratio of 1.2. The authors found that the positive and negative likelihood ratios for all airway leak test results were between 0.8 and 1.4, thus adding little information for the clinician assessment of extubation readiness. Conclusion: Pediatric patients who are otherwise candidates for extubation but do not have an endotracheal airleak may successfully be extubated.
The Effect of Family Income During Childhood on Later-Life Attainment: Evidence from Germany

We examine the impact of family income during childhood on the type of secondary school that German children attend, a good indicator of their lifetime socioeconomic attainment. By contrast with several US child outcome studies, we find that late-childhood income is a more important determinant of outcomes than early-childhood income, and income effects are not greater for poor households compared to rich households, other things equal. The income effects are small for native-born German children and non-existent for children from guestworker households. Income effects are also small relative to the impact of differences in parental educational qualifications or institutional factors related to the federal state of residence.
Phenolic Composition, Antioxidant Capacity and Antibacterial Activity of Selected Irish Brassica Vegetables

Vegetables belonging to the Brassicaceae family are rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and glucosinolates, and their hydrolysis products, which may have antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer properties. In the present study, phenolic composition, antibacterial activity and antioxidant capacity of selected Brassica vegetables, including York cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli and white cabbage were evaluated after extraction with aqueous methanol. Results obtained showed that York cabbage extract had the highest total phenolic content, which was 33.5, followed by 23.6, 20.4 and 18.4 mg GAE/g of dried weight (dw) of the extracts for broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage, respectively. All the vegetable extracts had high flavonoid contents in the order of 21.7, 17.5, 15.4 and 8.75 mg QE/g of extract (dw) for York cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage, respectively. HPLC-DAD analysis showed that different vegetables contain a mixture of distinct groups of phenolic compounds. All the extracts studied showed a rapid and concentration dependent antioxidant capacity in diverse antioxidant systems. The antibacterial activity was determined against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. York cabbage extract exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes (100%) and Salmonella abony (94.3%), being the most susceptible at a concentration of 2.8%, whereas broccoli, Brussels sprouts and white cabbage had moderate to weak activity against all the test organisms. Good correlation (r2 0.97) was found between total phenolic content obtained by spectrophotometric analysis and the sum of the individual polyphenols monitored by HPLC-DAD.
Spectrum of Antley-Bixler Syndrome

Antley-Bixler syndrome (ABS) is an exceptionally rare craniosynostosis syndrome characterized by radiohumeral synostosis present from the perinatal period. There is a wide spectrum of anomalies seen within ABS, and other features include midface hypoplasia; choanal stenosis or atresia; multiple joint contractures; visceral anomalies, particularly of the genitourinary system; and impaired steroidogenesis.The condition of ABS is curious in that mutations of 2 separate genes have been identified and that there seem to be subtle phenotypic differences between the 2 genotypes. Mutations of the P450 oxidoreductase gene have been reported in those patients with genital anomalies and/or impaired steroidogenesis, and the S351C mutation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene has been reported predominantly in those patients with normal genitalia and steroidogenesis. We report a series of 4 patients with ABS and review their main findings and management.
Individual Perceptions of the Criminal Justice System

This paper empirically examines perceptions of the criminal justice system held by young males using longitudinal survey data from the recent National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort and the National Youth Survey. While beliefs about the probability of an arrest are positively correlated with local official arrest rates, they are largely idiosyncratic and unresponsive to information about the arrests of other random individuals and local neighborhood conditions. There is little support, therefore, for the `broken windows' theory of Wilson and Kelling (1982). Yet, perceptions do respond to changes in an individual's own criminal and arrest history. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested revise their perceived probability of arrest downward, while those who are arrested revise their probability upwards. Beliefs respond similarly to changes in a sibling's criminal and arrest history. The perceived probability of arrest is then linked to subsequent criminal behavior. Cross-sectionally, youth with a lower perceived probability of arrest are significantly more likely to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Following an arrest, individuals commit less crime, consistent with deterrence theory and the fact that their perceived probability of arrest increases.
A Billion-Scale Approximation Algorithm for Maximizing Benefit in Viral Marketing

Online social networks have been one of the most effective platforms for marketing and advertising. Through the “world-of-mouth” exchanges, so-called viral marketing, the influence and product adoption can spread from few key influencers to billions of users in the network. To identify those key influencers, a great amount of work has been devoted for the influence maximization (<italic>IM</italic>) problem that seeks a set of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> seed users that maximize the expected influence. Unfortunately, <italic>IM</italic> encloses two impractical assumptions: 1) any seed user can be acquired with the same cost and 2) all users are equally interested in the advertisement. In this paper, we propose a new problem, called <italic>cost-aware targeted viral marketing</italic> ( <italic>CTVM</italic>), to find the most cost-effective seed users, who can influence the most relevant users to the advertisement. Since <italic>CTVM</italic> is NP-hard, we design an efficient <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$(1- 1/\sqrt {e}-\epsilon )$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-approximation algorithm, named Billion-scale Cost-award Targeted algorithm (BCT), to solve the problem in billion-scale networks. Comparing with <italic>IM</italic> algorithms, we show that <italic>BCT</italic> is both theoretically and experimentally faster than the state-of-the-arts while providing better solution quality. Moreover, we prove that under the linear threshold model, <italic>BCT</italic> is the first <italic>sub-linear time</italic> algorithm for <italic>CTVM</italic> (and <italic>IM</italic>) in dense networks. We carry a comprehensive set of experiments on various real-networks with sizes up to several billion edges in diverse disciplines to show the absolute superiority of <italic>BCT</italic> on both <italic>CTVM</italic> and <italic>IM</italic> domains. Experiments on Twitter data set, containing 1.46 billions of social relations and 106 millions tweets, show that <italic>BCT</italic> can identify key influencers in trending topics in only few minutes.