Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are Overconfident CEOs Better Innovators?

Previous empirical work on adverse consequences of CEO overconfidence raises the question of why firms would hire overconfident managers. Theoretical research suggests a reason, that overconfidence can sometimes benefit shareholders by increasing investment in risky projects. Using options- and press-based proxies for CEO overconfidence, we find that over the 1993-2003 period, firms with overconfident CEOs have greater return volatility, invest more in innovation, obtain more patents and patent citations, and achieve greater innovative success for given research and development (R&D) expenditure. Overconfident managers only achieve greater innovation than non-overconfident managers in innovative industries. Our findings suggest that overconfidence may help CEOs exploit innovative growth opportunities.Presentation slides at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3190958.
Institutional Aggression as a Predictor of Violent Recidivism: Implications for Parole Decision Making

Assessing risk for future violence in incarcerated offenders is a complex task, one which members of parole boards routinely undertake when they consider the suitability of an offender for release. Among the factors shown to influence parole board decision making is institutional aggression. However, several factors complicate the use of institutional aggression as a proxy for violent behavior following release. This includes environmental influences that may promote or suppress aggression during incarceration, and the process of adaptation to imprisonment that is characteristic of those who are imprisoned for extended periods. Furthermore, the extant research exploring the link between institutional aggression and post-release recidivism has produced varied results. This literature review examines the factors shown to impact on parole release decisions, how the decision-making process has evolved over time, and the use of violence risk assessment approaches to this task. The link between aggressive behavior in custody and aggression within the community is explored, along with the implications this holds for parole decision making and violence risk assessment in incarcerated offenders. The emergent Offence Paralleling Behaviour framework is introduced here as a method that may support the risk assessment process and guide the identification and monitoring of relevant violence risk-related behavior in custody.
07 THIELE CENTRE for applied mathematics in natural science

A task of random size T is split into M subtasks of lengths T1, . , TM , each of which is sent to one out of M parallel processors. Each processor may fail at a random time before completing its allocated task, and then has to restart it from the beginning. If X1, . , XM are the total task times at the M processors, the overall total task time is then ZM = max1,. ,M Xi. Limit theorems as M → ∞ are given for ZM , allowing the distribution of T to depend on M . In some cases the limits are classical extreme value distributions, in others they are of a different type.
Toward effective deployment of design patterns for software extension: a case study

A design pattern documents a reference design for the solution to a recurring problem encountered in object-oriented software development. The fundamental theme of design patterns is to encapsulate the concepts that vary. Software practitioners generally take it for granted that achieving the pattern theme would lead to extensible software. Is such a conjecture legitimate? A direct validation of the conjecture is difficult because it requires an objective measurement of extensibility, which is still an open controversial concept. In this paper, we examine the conjecture indirectly by exploring if there is any relation between the pattern theme and the Open-Closed Principle, which has been advocated by many to achieve extensible object-oriented software. We conducted an experiment based on 98 postgraduate students in a software engineering course. The experiment suggested that the satisfaction of the pattern theme generally lead to the conformance to the Open-Closed principle. However, three exception cases were found. We look into these few exceptions and provide some analyses.
Neurocysticercosis: risk and primary prevention strategies update

Neurocysticercosis results from the infestation of the central nervous system with invading tapeworm larvae. Though uncommon in the US prior to 1965, new cases are currently being diagnosed at an unprecedented rate. Drawing on environmental health, intervention and risk data retrieved from standard/alternative databases and in-country sources, we present an update and summary of modifiable risk factors and field-tested primary prevention measures. While points of intervention, subpopulations at risk and overall magnitude of the problem are addressed, particular attention is paid to defining risk reduction measures that can be adopted by individuals and high risk groups in the near-term to interrupt or eliminate pathways of exposure leading to disease transmission. Though global eradication is not attainable in the near future, effective preventative measures exist and should be taken now by international travellers and workers, US/foreign government agencies, and individuals living in endemic regions to reduce human suffering.
Don’t let knowledge walk away: Knowledge retention during employee downsizing

In today’s business environment, employee downsizing is a widespread strategy aimed at improving firm performance and competitiveness. The literature, however, highlights unequivocal findings that many downsizing initiatives fail to retain critical skills, capabilities, experience and knowledge. Employee downsizing may therefore lead to deteriorating quality, productivity and effectiveness. This article builds on this dilemma and develops a comprehensive framework to explore the relationships between employee downsizing and knowledge retention. By holding specific organizational levels responsible for knowledge retention, we derive propositions that contribute to a better understanding of how firms can retain and avoid critical knowledge losses during employee downsizing.
Contemporary Property Rights, Lockean Provisos, and the Interests of Future Generations

L'A. etudie la question de l'importance des droits a la propriete presents pour des personnes qui, n'existant pas encore, n'ont pas l'opportunite presente d'acquerir ces droits. L'A. montre que le statut et la validite des droits presents dependent de l'importance accordee par l'institution du droit prive au bien-etre des personnes futures
Down-regulation of microRNA-155 attenuates retinal neovascularization via the PI3K/Akt pathway

Purpose We aimed to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of miR-155 via in vitro and in vivo studies. Methods miR-155 was knocked down using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference. The proliferation, migration, and tube formation of human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) were measured using BrdU, Transwell, and Matrigel assays, respectively. An oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model was induced using neonatal C57BL/6J pups. Anti-miR-155 was intravitreally injected on postnatal day 12, and the retinal non-perfused areas and extent of neovascularization were measured on postnatal day 18 using transcardiovascular fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran perfusion and retina sections. A laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model was induced in adult C57BL/6J mice. To evaluate the leakage areas, fundus fluorescein angiography was performed on day 14 after anti-miR-155 intravitreal injection. The neovascularization area of the CNV model was also examined in confocal and retina section studies. The expression levels of SHIP1 and p-Akt (Thr308, Ser473, and Thr450) were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Results The expression of miR-155 was elevated in HRMECs after treatment with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and in neovascularized mouse model retinas. Anti-miR-155 lentivirus reduced the VEGF-induced proliferation, migration, and tube formation abilities of HRMECs. Anti-miR-155 attenuated retinal neovascularization in in vivo CNV and OIR models. In VEGF-treated HRMECs and retina neovascularization models, p-Akt (Ser473) was significantly upregulated, while SHIP1 was downregulated. Conversely, the inhibition of miR-155 restored the expression of SHIP1 and reduced the phosphorylation of effectors in the Akt (Ser473) signaling pathway. Conclusions The results revealed that the downregulation of miR-155 attenuated retinal neovascularization via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway.
Phase space engineering in optical microcavities I: Preserving near-field uniformity while inducing far-field directionality

Optical microcavities have received much attention over the last decade from different research fields ranging from fundamental issues of cavity QED to specific applications such as microlasers and bio-sensors. A major issue in the latter applications is the difficulty to obtain directional emission of light in the far-field while keeping high energy densities inside the cavity (i.e. high quality factor). To improve our understanding of these systems, we have studied the annular cavity (a dielectric disk with a circular hole), where the distance cavity-hole centers d is used as a parameter to alter the properties of cavity resonances. We present results showing how one can affect the directionality of the far-field while preserving the uniformity (hence the quality factor) of the near-field simply by increasing the value of d. Interestingly, the transition between a uniform near- and far-field to a uniform near- and directional far-field is rather abrupt. We can explain this behavior quite nicely with a simple model, supported by full numerical calculations, and we predict that the effect will also be found in a large class of eigenmodes of the cavity.
Handbook of Organizational Measurement

Addresses the standardization of the measurements and the labels for concepts commonly used in the study of work organizations. As a reference handbook and research tool, seeks to improve measurement in the study of work organizations and to facilitate the teaching of introductory courses in this subject. Focuses solely on work organizations, that is, social systems in which members work for money. Defines measurement and distinguishes four levels: nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Selects specific measures on the basis of quality, diversity, simplicity and availability and evaluates each measure for its validity and reliability. Employs a set of 38 concepts ‐ ranging from “absenteeism” to “turnover” as the handbook’s frame of reference. Concludes by reviewing organizational measurement over the past 30 years and recommending future measurement reseach.
Integrating Conflicting Data: The Role of Source Dependence

Many data management applications, such as setting up Web portals, managing enterprise data, managing community data, and sharing scientific data, require integrating data from multiple sources. Each of these sources provides a set of values and different sources can often provide conflicting values. To present quality data to users, it is critical that data integration systems can resolve conflicts and discover true values. Typically, we expect a true value to be provided by more sources than any particular false one, so we can take the value provided by the majority of the sources as the truth. Unfortunately, a false value can be spread through copying and that makes truth discovery extremely tricky. In this paper, we consider how to find true values from conflicting information when there are a large number of sources, among which some may copy from others. We present a novel approach that considers dependence between data sources in truth discovery. Intuitively, if two data sources provide a large number of common values and many of these values are rarely provided by other sources (e.g., particular false values), it is very likely that one copies from the other. We apply Bayesian analysis to decide dependence between sources and design an algorithm that iteratively detects dependence and discovers truth from conflicting information. We also extend our model by considering accuracy of data sources and similarity between values. Our experiments on synthetic data as well as real-world data show that our algorithm can significantly improve accuracy of truth discovery and is scalable when there are a large number of data sources.
Effective Task Scheduling for Embedded Systems Using Iterative Cluster Slack Optimization

To solve computationally expensive problems, multiple processor SoCs (MPSoCs) are frequently used. Mapping of applications to MPSoC architectures and scheduling of tasks are key problems in system level design of embedded systems. In this paper, a cluster slack optimization algorithm is described, in which the tasks in a cluster are simultaneously mapped and scheduled for heterogeneous MPSoC architectures. In our approach, the tasks are iteratively clustered and each cluster is optimized by using the branch and bound technique to capitalize on slack distribution. The proposed static task mapping and scheduling method is applied to pipelined data stream processing as well as for batch processing. In pipelined processing, the tradeoff between throughput and memory cost can be exploited by adjusting a weighting parameter. Furthermore, an energy-aware task mapping and scheduling algorithm based on our cluster slack optimization is developed. Experimental results show improvement in latency, throughput and energy.
The Context of Gene Expression Defines the Immunodominance Hierarchy of Cytomegalovirus Antigens

Natural immunity to CMV dominates the CD4 and CD8 memory compartments of the CMV-seropositive host. This property has been recently exploited for experimental CMV-based vaccine vector strategies, and it has shown promise in animal models of AIDS and Ebola disease. Although it is generally agreed that CMV-based vaccine vectors may induce highly protective and persistent memory T cells, the influence of the gene expression context on Ag-specific T cell memory responses and immune protection induced by CMV vectors is not known. Using murine CMV (MCMV) recombinants expressing a single CD8 T cell epitope from HSV-1 fused to different MCMV genes, we show that magnitude and kinetics of T cell responses induced by CMV are dependent on the gene expression of CMV Ags. Interestingly, the kinetics of the immune response to the HSV-1 epitope was paralleled by a reciprocal depression of immune responses to endogenous MCMV Ags. Infection with a recombinant MCMV inducing a vigorous initial immune response to the recombinant peptide resulted in a depressed early response to endogenous MCMV Ag. Another recombinant virus, which induced a slowly developing “inflationary” T cell response to the HSV-1 peptide, induced weaker long-term responses to endogenous CMV Ags. Importantly, both mutants were able to protect mice from a challenge with HSV-1, mediating strong sterilizing immunity. Our data suggest that the context of gene expression markedly influences the T cell immunodominance hierarchy of CMV Ags, but the immune protection against HSV-1 does not require inflationary CD8 responses against the recombinant CMV-expressed epitope.
A Unifed Approach to the Purification of Nash Equilibria in Large Games

We present a puri¯cation result for incomplete information games with a large ¯nite number of players that allows for compact metric spaces of actions and types. This result is then used to generalize the puri¯cation theorems of Schmeidler (1973), Rashid (1983) and Kalai (2004). Our proofs are elementary and rely on the Shapley-Folkman theorem.
Cause Maps, Sensemaking, and Planned Organizational Change

This study represents a first attempt to employ cognitive cause-mapping techniques to explore individual sensemaking during a planned organizational change. The authors evaluated the contribution of this method as a vehicle for exploring sensemaking processes during a change effort. Study data revealed that cause mapping generates a rich source of information, demonstrates a high degree of content validity, and is a particularly useful technique for capturing the dynamics of sensemaking. The study also provided needed longitudinal and structural analyses of cause maps. Results showed significant differences in cause map content over time without corresponding differences in cause map structure. An integrated model of sensemaking during organizational change is offered.
The Condensed Nearest Neighbor Rule

Since, by (8) pertaining to the nearest neighbor decision rule (NN rule). We briefly review the NN rule and then describe the CNN rule. The NN rule['l-[ " I assigns an unclassified sample to the same class as the nearest of n stored, correctly classified samples. In other words, given a collection of n reference points, each classified by some external source, a new point is assigned to the same class as its nearest neighbor. The most interesting t)heoretical property of the NN rule is that under very mild regularity assumptions on the underlying statistics, for any metric, and for a variety of loss functions , the large-sample risk incurred is less than twice the Bayes risk. (The Bayes decision rule achieves minimum risk but ,requires complete knowledge of the underlying statistics.) From a practical point of view, however, the NN rule is not a prime candidate for many applications because of the storage requirements it imposes. The CNN rule is suggested as a rule which retains the basic approach of the NN rule without imposing such stringent storage requirements. Before describing the CNN rule we first define the notion of a consistent subset of a sample set. This is a subset which, when used as a stored reference set for the NN rule, correctly classifies all of the remaining points in the sample set. A minimal consistent subset is a consistent subset with a minimum number of elements. Every set has a consistent subset, since every set is trivially a consistent subset of itself. Obviously, every finite set has a minimal consistent subset, although the minimum size is not, in general, achieved uniquely. The CNN rule uses the following algorithm to determine a consistent subset of the original sample set. In general, however, the algorithm will not find a minimal consistent subset. We assume that the original sample set is arranged in some order; then we set up bins called STORE and GRABHAG and proceed as follows. 1) The first sample is placed in STORE. 2) The second sample is classified by the NN rule, using as a reference set the current contents of STORE. (Since STORE has only one point, the classification is trivial at this stage.) If the second sample is classified correctly it is placed in GRABBAG; otherwise it is placed in STORE. 3) Proceeding inductively, the ith sample is classified by the current contents of …
The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders

The Life Effectiveness of Wilderness Adventure Leaders Cory Maria Dack Southern Illinois University Carbondale Introduction The call of the wild has long been accepted as a true phenomenon by mankind. Throughout history countless scores of women and men have written novels, poems, and symphonies in-spired by the ubiquitous reach of nature. As Sigurd Olson once wrote, "Wilderness to the people. is a spiritual necessity, an antidote to the high pressure of modern life, a means of regaining serenity and equilibrium" (Olson & Backes, 2001, p. 61). Eventually, musings on the powerful effects of nature branched out from the realm of artistic expression and began to take root in the domain of science and research as well. As the academic world has begun to quantify the positive benefits nature has on those who immerse themselves in the wilderness, the populace has simulta-neously looked to nature for an antidote to the ever increasing stressors of life. Wilderness adventure programs are one medium that exposes participants to the numerous benefits associated with nature, including an increase in overall life effectiveness and an increase in holistic well being. Wilderness adventure programs can be recreational, educational, developmental, or therapeutic in purpose (Hans, 2000). Programming can range from an afternoon of recreation in a city park, to a week-long stay at a summer camp, to a 45 day backpacking trip through the arctic. Whatever the level or duration of the program, participants are often attracted to wilderness adventure programming by the inherent benefits of adventure and personal growth. A vast array of nature based benefits research exists (see Brown, 1999; Ewert, 1985, 1989; Klint, 1999; Rog-genbuck & Driver, 2000; Stein & Lee, 1995). Literature concerning these benefits often focuses on researching, testing, and measuring the benefits participants receive after completing a wilderness adventure program. While most of the research has shown that participating in a wilderness adventure program increases the self-confidence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and overall life effectiveness of participants (see Caulkins, White, & Russell, 2006; Goldenberg, McAvoy, & Klenosky, 2005; and Hattie, Marsh, Neill, & Richards, 1997), there is a deficit of research on the benefits and outcomes that occur to those who guide or lead wilderness adventure programs. To truly understand how wilderness adventure program-ming affects the human mind, body, and spirit, there needs to be more research that focuses specifically on the outcomes experi-enced by those who lead wilderness adventure programs. Methods Research was conducted at two camps located in northern Minnesota over the course of the summer during the 2009 camp season. The two camps, Camp Vermilion and Camp Hiawatha, are church affiliated and offer week long canoe adventures, houseboat trips, and residential in-camp experiences. The proposed research was based off of the following research questions: a) Do in-camp counselors experience an increase in life…
Elevated triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-positive persons

Objectives:To explore the relationship between elevated triglyceride levels and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in HIV-positive persons after adjustment for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol (HDL-C) and nonlipid risk factors. Background:Although elevated triglyceride levels are commonly noted in HIV-positive individuals, it is unclear whether they represent an independent risk factor for MI. Methods:The incidence of MI during follow-up was stratified according to the latest triglyceride level. Multivariable Poisson regression models were used to describe the independent association between the latest triglyceride level and MI risk after adjusting for TC and HDL-C, nonlipids cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, HIV and treatment-related factors. Results:The 33 308 persons included in the study from 1999 to 2008 experienced 580 MIs over 178 835 person-years. Unadjusted, the risk of MI increased by 67% [relative risk (RR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval 1.54–1.80] per doubling in triglyceride level. After adjustment for the latest TC and HDL-C level, the RR dropped to 1.33 (95% confidence interval 1.21–1.45); this effect was further attenuated by other CVD risk factors and the RR was reduced to 1.17 (95% confidence interval 1.06–1.29). In models that additionally adjusted for HIV and treatment factors, the risk was further diminished, although remained significant (RR 1.11, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.23). Conclusion:Higher triglyceride levels were marginally independently associated with an increased risk of MI in HIV-positive persons, although the extent of reduction in RR after taking account of latest TC, latest HDL-C and other confounders suggests that any independent effect is small.