Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Family context and adolescents expectations about marriage fertility and nonmarital childbearing.

Adolescent expectations about marriage and childbearing were examined in descriptive and logistic models based on data from the 1979 US National Longitudinal Surveys of Labor Market Experience of Youth. The study population included 12868 persons aged 14-21 years. The relative effects of family parental and individual characteristics of adolescents were investigated. Most adolescents did not expect to get married in the next five years; expectations varied by race. More Blacks expected to have a nonmarital birth within 5 years: 28.9% of Black adolescents 13.3% of Hispanics and 11.4% of Whites. Almost 8% of Blacks 14% of Hispanics and 5.9% of Whites were high school drop-outs. In the multivariate analysis few explanatory variables explained the odds of expecting marriage. Maternal education lowered the expectation of marriage within five years for Blacks. Older age and female sex increased the expectation to marry. If Hispanics lived with their mother their expectations of marrying within five years were increased for males and decreased for females. Poverty increased the expectation. Older age and female sex increased Hispanic and White expectation for marriage. For Whites Catholic religion and maternal education lowered odds. This study confirmed Thorntons findings that childhood family structure had little influence on the timing of marriage. The logistic models for expectations of childbearing showed that poverty increased expectations. Religious affiliation did not affect childbearing expectations. Maternal education lowered the odds of teenage expectation of childbearing. Only maternal labor force participation lowered the expectation for a nonmarital teenage birth. Hispanic dropouts and those behind in school had a higher likelihood of expecting a nonmarital childbirth. Mother-only residence and Catholic religion increased the expectation of nonmarital White childbearing particularly for men. Nonmarital childbearing expectations among Blacks were increased by residence without biological parents being behind in school and number of siblings and were decreased by frequency of church attendance and maternal employment.
N-gram models for language detection

In this document we report a set of experiments using n-gram language models for automatic language detection of text. We will start with a brief explanation of the concepts and of the mathematics behind n-gram language models and discuss some applications and domains in which they are widely used. We will also present an overview of related work in language detection. Then, we will describe the resources used in the experiments, namely a subset of the Europarl corpus and the SRILM toolkit. We will then perform a toy experiment in order to explain in detail our methodology. Afterwards, we will evaluate the performance of different language models and parameters through a precision measure based on the perplexity of a text according to a model. We conclude that n-gram models are indeed a simple and efficient tool for automatic
The Practice of Social influence in Multiple Cultures

Contents: W. Wosinska, R.B. Cialdini, D.W. Barrett, Preface. Part I:Principles of Social Influence Across Cultures. J. Reykowski, Overview and Commentary. S.S. Iyengar, J. Brockner, Cultural Differences in Self and the Impact of Personal and Social Influence. R.B. Cialdini, W. Wosinska, D.W. Barrett, J. Butner, M. Gornik-Durose, The Differential Impact of Two Social Influence Principles on Individualists and Collectivists in Poland and the United States. E.R. Spangenberg, A.G. Greenwald, Self-Prophecy as a Behavior Modification Technique in the United States. P.A. Miller, J. Kozu, A.C. Davis, Social Influence, Empathy, and Prosocial Behavior in Cross-Cultural Perspective. M. Pietras, Social Influence Principles in Polish Advertising and Consumer Decision Making. M.W. Morris, J.M. Podolny, S. Ariel, Culture, Norms, and Obligations: Cross-National Differences in Patterns of Interpersonal Norms and Felt Obligations Toward Coworkers. S.E. Gutierres, C.M. Van Puymbroeck, Social Influence Factors in Euro-American and Mexican-American Women's Vulnerability to Misuse of Illicit Substances. Part II:Social Influence and Social Change Across Cultures. J. Reykowski, Overview and Commentary. A. Nowak, R.R. Vallacher, Societal Transition: Toward a Dynamical Model of Social Change. B. Wojciszke, The Consequences of Being an Influential Minority in the Context of Social Controversies in the Emerging Polish Democracy. E.W. Klinger, G. Bierbrauer, Acculturation and Conflict Regulation of Turkish Immigrants in Germany: A Social Influence Perspective. M. Kopp, A. Skrabski, S. SzedmAk, Socioeconomic Influences on Depression and Morbidity in the Hungarian Population in the Context of Postcommunist Modernization. M. Gornik-Durose, Mass-Mediated Influences on Patterns of Consumption in Polish Youth. Part III:Culture and Moral Perspective in the Social Influence Process. J. Reykowski, Overview and Commentary. D. Dolinski, M. Kofta, Stay Tuned: The Role of the Break in the Message on Attribution of Culpability. A.R. Pratkanis, Propaganda and Deliberative Persuasion: The Implications of Americanized Mass Media for Established and Emerging Democracies. M. Snyder, A.M. Omoto, Basic Research and Practical Problems: Volunteerism and the Psychology of Individual and Collective Action. R.K. Ohme, Social Influence in Media: Culture and Antismoking Advertising. M.J. Cody, J.S. Seiter, Compliance Principles in Retail Sales in the United States.
Treatment of atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis.

David Pelz MD L. Nelson Hopkins MD Elad Levy MD Section Editors: Atherosclerotic stenosis of the major intracranial arteries (intracranial internal carotid artery, middle cerebral artery, vertebral artery, basilar artery) is probably the most common cause of stroke worldwide.1 Intracranial atherosclerosis causes 30% to 50% of strokes in Asia2 and 8% to 10% of strokes in North America.3 This review focuses on the medical and endovascular treatment of atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis. Initially, a retrospective study suggested that warfarin was superior to aspirin for stroke prevention in patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis.4 This retrospective data combined with a proposed pathophysiological rationale for anticoagulation5 made warfarin a common treatment choice for symptomatic intracranial stenosis.6 However, the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial showed that aspirin was safer and as effective as warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis. WASID was stopped early after a mean follow-up of 1.8 years because of higher rates of death and major hemorrhage in the warfarin arm. The primary end point of ischemic stroke, brain hemorrhage or vascular death, occurred in 22.1% of patients assigned aspirin and 21.8% of those in the warfarin group.7 The rates of myocardial infarction or sudden death were also higher in the warfarin arm. Certain high-risk subgroups of patients with intracranial stenosis were previously thought to benefit from anticoagulation, such as those with severe stenosis,4 vertebrobasilar disease,4 and those who have failed antithrombotic therapy.8 In WASID, however, patients with severe stenosis9 or those previously on antithrombotic therapy9,10 did not benefit from warfarin. Patients with basilar artery stenosis in WASID did appear to have a lower rate of the primary end point on warfarin, but there was no difference in the rate of stroke in the …
A study of the prevalence of thalassemia and its correlation with liver function test in different age and sex group in the Chittagong district of Bangladesh

Thalassemia is the name of a group of genetic, inherited disorders of the blood. More specifically, it is a disorder of the hemoglobin molecule inside the red blood cells. According to World health Organization (WHO), there are about 3% beta-thalassemia carrier and about 4% Hb E/beta-thalassemia carrier in Bangladesh. Our objective is to identify the prevalence of beta-thalassemia in our adolescent populations and to review risk factors that would most easily identify a subset of adolescent patients at greatest risk for the development of beta-thalassemia. We also made a study of clinical profile of 53 thalassemic patients, observing the relationship between the patients with their verity ages and sex. The cases are taken on the basis of their age (2-30 years), beta-thalassemia major, clinical jaundice with history of chronic blood transfusion. The cases excluded those who had jaundice due to viral hepatitis or hepatitis due to heavy metal poisoning (Arsenic) and those with spleenectomy. Liver function test has been evaluated in 53 patients. That were recorded with some relevant demographical data such as age, sex, blood group where median age was of 16 years and mean (±SD) age 15.4151 ± 7.90918. Among them were 21 (39.6%) female and 32 (60.4%) male. With an average 15.1% (8 in no.) beta-thalassemia, 7.5% (4 in no.) beta-thalassemia major and 77.4% (41 in no.) E-beta-thalassemia cases have been found in the study. Mean (±SD) TSB in total 53 subjects with age group 2-10 years and 21-30 years is significant. The study revealed that in thalassemic patients when the age is more, the disease progresses with their complication. Hepatic complication is mainly due to being hepatocellular in nature than that of obstructive one.
Reproduction of elephant, Loxodonta africana, in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.

Summary. Aspects of reproduction in the African elephant in the Luangwa Valley in Zambia were studied in relation to the population dynamics of the species. The fetal and the secondary sex ratio up to 16 years of age did not depart significantly from equality. Males left family units soon after 16 years of age and joined bachelor herds. From 1964 to 1968, 88% of conceptions were in the rains, but in 1969 there was a shift in the breeding season peak to the dry months of the year. There was no evidence of seasonal breeding in the male elephant. Females reached maturity at 14 years, and males at 15 years, when the combined weights of the testes reached 650 to 700 g, and the mean seminiferous tubule diameter reached 90 to 120 \g=m\m. The mean calving interval was 3\m=. \5 to 4\m=. \0 years. In the population, 6% of the elephant were less than 1 year old. Apparent cycles of recruitment were considered to be artefacts caused by slight inaccuracies of the ageing technique used. Corpora albicantia accumulated at the approximate mean rate of 0\m=. \6/year, and the significance of this was examined in relation to com-parative studies of population fertility. Reproductive senescence was a consequence of a combination of uterine defects and a reduction of oocyte number.
Is Autophagy the Key Mechanism by Which the Sphingolipid Rheostat Controls the Cell Fate Decision?

Sphingolipids are major constituents of biological membrane and some of them behave as second messengers involved in the cell fate decision. Ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) constitute a rheostat system in which ceramide promotes cell death and S1P increases cell survival. We have shown that both sphingolipids are able to trigger autophagy with opposing outcomes on cell survival. Here we discuss and speculate on the diverging functions of the autophagic pathways induced by ceramide and S1P, respectively. Addendum to: Regulation of Autophagy by Sphingosine Kinase 1 and Its Role in Cell Survival during Nutrient Starvation G. Lavieu, F. Scarlatti, G. Sala, S. Carpentier, T. Levade, R. Ghidoni, J. Botti and P. Codogno J Biol Chem 2006; 281:8518-27
Counseling, Treatment, and Intervention Methods with Juvenile and Adult Offenders

1. Correctional Counseling and Intervention: Introduction and Critical Issues. 2. Legal Issues in Correctional Treatment. 3. Treatment Theories. 4. Screening, Assessment, and Diagnosis in Correctional Treatment. 5. Individual Counseling Processes. 6. Group Treatment Processes. 7. Treating Female Juvenile Offenders. 8. Treating Male Juvenile Offenders. 9. Treating Female Adult Offenders. 10. Treating Male Adult Offenders. 11. Treating and Intervention with Special Offender Populations.
The macrophage marker translocator protein (TSPO) is down-regulated on pro-inflammatory ‘M1’ human macrophages

The translocator protein (TSPO) is a mitochondrial membrane protein, of as yet uncertain function. Its purported high expression on activated macrophages, has lent utility to TSPO targeted molecular imaging in the form of positron emission tomography (PET), as a means to detect and quantify inflammation in vivo. However, existing literature regarding TSPO expression on human activated macrophages is lacking, mostly deriving from brain tissue studies, including studies of brain malignancy, and inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Here, we utilized three human sources of monocyte derived macrophages (MDM), from THP-1 monocytes, healthy peripheral blood monocytes and synovial fluid monocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, to undertake a detailed investigation of TSPO expression in activated macrophages. In this work, we demonstrate a consistent down-regulation of TSPO mRNA and protein in macrophages activated to a pro-inflammatory, or ‘M1’ phenotype. Conversely, stimulation of macrophages to an M2 phenotype with IL-4, dexamethasone or TGF-β1 did not alter TSPO expression, regardless of MDM source. The reasons for this are uncertain, but our study findings add some supporting evidence for recent investigations concluding that TSPO may be involved in negative regulation of inflammatory responses in macrophages.
Midperiod Rayleigh wave attenuation model for Asia

We present an attenuation model for midperiod Rayleigh waves in Central Asia and surrounding regions. This model is defined by maps of attenuation coefficient across the region of study in the period band 14–24 s. The model is constructed to characterize the regional variations in attenuation of seismic waves in the crust, which are related to the tectonic history of the studied territory, to calibrate the regional surface‐wave magnitude scale, and to extend the teleseismic 'surface‐wave magnitude – body wave magnitude' (Ms‐mb) discriminant to regional distances. The construction of the model proceeds in three stages. The first stage in model construction is the measurement of Rayleigh wave spectral amplitudes. We collected and processed waveform data for 200 earthquakes occurring from 2003 to 2006 inside and around Eurasia, and used records of about 135 broadband permanent and temporary stations. This data set provided a sufficient number of spectral amplitude measurements between 14 and 24 s periods for the construction of two–dimensional tomographic maps of attenuation coefficients. At the second stage of the work, the integral of attenuation coefficients along given paths is estimated using both inter‐station measurements and single‐station measurements corrected for source and receiver terms. The third stage includes the refining of source parameters, recalculation of attenuation coefficient integrals after this refinement, grooming of resulting coefficients, and multistage tomographic inversion of the data. Tomographic maps for the set of periods from 14 to 24 s, which exhibit clear correlation with geology and tectonics of the territory under study, were obtained. Validation of these maps using the inter‐station measurements confirms their accuracy in predicting the observations.
Random matrices and the spectrum of N-flation

N-flation is a promising embedding of inflation in string theory in which many string axions combine to drive inflation. We characterize the dynamics of a general N-flation model with nondegenerate axion masses. Although the precise mass of a single axion depends on compactification details in a complicated way, the distribution of masses can be computed with very limited knowledge of microscopics: the shape of the mass distribution is an emergent property. We use random matrix theory to show that a typical N-flation model has a spectrum of masses distributed according to the Marčenko–Pastur law. This distribution depends on a single parameter, the number of axions divided by the dimension of the moduli space. We use this result to describe the inflationary dynamics and phenomenology of a general N-flation model. We produce an ensemble of models and use numerical integration to track the axions’ evolution and the resulting scalar power spectrum. For realistic initial conditions, the power spectrum is considerably more red than in single-field m2ϕ2 inflation. We conclude that random matrix models of N-flation are surprisingly tractable and have a rich phenomenology that differs in testable ways from that of single-field m2ϕ2 inflation.
Critically Ill Patients With the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES To describe patient characteristics, clinical manifestations, disease course including viral replication patterns, and outcomes of critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory infection from the Middle East respiratory syndrome and to compare these features with patients with severe acute respiratory infection due to other etiologies. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Patients admitted to ICUs in 14 Saudi Arabian hospitals. PATIENTS Critically ill patients with laboratory-confirmed Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection (n = 330) admitted between September 2012 and October 2015 were compared to consecutive critically ill patients with community-acquired severe acute respiratory infection of non-Middle East respiratory syndrome etiology (non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection) (n = 222). INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Although Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection patients were younger than those with non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection (median [quartile 1, quartile 3] 58 yr [44, 69] vs 70 [52, 78]; p < 0.001), clinical presentations and comorbidities overlapped substantially. Patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection had more severe hypoxemic respiratory failure (PaO2/FIO2: 106 [66, 160] vs 176 [104, 252]; p < 0.001) and more frequent nonrespiratory organ failure (nonrespiratory Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score: 6 [4, 9] vs 5 [3, 7]; p = 0.002), thus required more frequently invasive mechanical ventilation (85.2% vs 73.0%; p < 0.001), oxygen rescue therapies (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation 5.8% vs 0.9%; p = 0.003), vasopressor support (79.4% vs 55.0%; p < 0.001), and renal replacement therapy (48.8% vs 22.1%; p < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounding factors, Middle East respiratory syndrome was independently associated with death compared to non-Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection (adjusted odds ratio, 5.87; 95% CI, 4.02-8.56; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Substantial overlap exists in the clinical presentation and comorbidities among patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome severe acute respiratory infection from other etiologies; therefore, a high index of suspicion combined with diagnostic testing is essential component of severe acute respiratory infection investigation for at-risk patients. The lack of distinguishing clinical features, the need to rely on real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction from respiratory samples, variability in viral shedding duration, lack of effective therapy, and high mortality represent substantial clinical challenges and help guide ongoing clinical research efforts.
Adjustment of Adolescents: Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences

Preface. Introduction. Background and Overview. The Study. Measures of Adjustment and their Personality and Demographic Correlates. Models of Adjustment: Demographic Antecedents and Personality Mediators. Measuring Family Relations. Models of Adjustment: Family Relations. Models of Adjustment: Similarities and Differences. Summaries and Conclusions. References. Appendix A: Item-total Correlations of Common Item Scales. Appendix B: Descriptive Data. Index.
Keyword search in databases: the power of RDBMS

Keyword search in relational databases (RDBs) has been extensively studied recently. A keyword search (or a keyword query) in RDBs is specified by a set of keywords to explore the interconnected tuple structures in an RDB that cannot be easily identified using SQL on RDBMS. In brief, it finds how the tuples containing the given keywords are connected via sequences of connections (foreign key references) among tuples in an RDB. Such interconnected tuple structures can be found as connected trees up to a certain size, sets of tuples that are reachable from a root tuple within a radius, or even multi-center subgraphs within a radius. In the literature, there are two main approaches. One is to generate a set of relational algebra expressions and evaluate every such expression using SQL on an RDBMS directly or in a middleware on top of an RDBMS indirectly. Due to a large number of relational algebra expressions needed to process, most of the existing works take a middleware approach without fully utilizing RDBMSs. The other is to materialize an RDB as a graph and find the interconnected tuple structures using graph-based algorithms in memory. In this paper we focus on using SQL to compute all the interconnected tuple structures for a given keyword query. We use three types of interconnected tuple structures to achieve that and we control the size of the structures. We show that the current commercial RDBMSs are powerful enough to support such keyword queries in RDBs efficiently without any additional new indexing to be built and maintained. The main idea behind our approach is tuple reduction. In our approach, in the first reduction step, we prune tuples that do not participate in any results using SQL, and in the second join step, we process the relational algebra expressions using SQL over the reduced relations. We conducted extensive experimental studies using two commercial RDBMSs and two large real datasets, and we report the efficiency of our approaches in this paper.
Charity as a Substitute for Reputation: Evidence from an Online Marketplace

Consumers respond positively to products tied to charity, particularly from sellers that are relatively new and hence have limited alternative means of assuring quality. We establish this result using data from a diverse group of eBay sellers who "experiment" with charity by varying the presence of a donation in a set of otherwise matched product listings. Most of charity's benefits accrue to sellers without extensive eBay histories. Consistent with charity serving as a quality signal, we find fewer customer complaints among charity-intensive sellers. Copyright , Oxford University Press.