Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Links between time of day, sleep and unhappy mood in early infancy: An intensive case study

Crying in early infancy is usually worse in the evening, peaks about six weeks after birth, and then gradually decreases, but it is not known why. This study tests the idea that the pattern of affect in early infancy is related to the development of circadian control over the sleep‐ wake cycle. Sleep and unhappy mood measures for a female infant were recorded in a diary by her parents for 210 consecutive days, starting a fortnight after her birth. Analysis of variance and cosinor analysis of the data revealed a circadian rhythm in unhappy mood that peaked in the evening, was present irrespective of food intake, and declined in strength after a few months. Developments in the diurnal pattern of unhappy mood were paralleled by increasing circadian rhythmicity in time of falling asleep and sleep duration. Regression analysis showed that unhappy mood was influenced by an interaction between time of sleep and duration of sleep. The results were in accord with recent research on mood in adults and suggest that the pattern of affect in early infancy may occur because the sleep‐ wake cycle is not yet aligned with the circadian timing system.
Disentangling Two Causes of Biased Probability Judgment – Cognitive Skills and Perception of Randomness

This experimental study investigates the interaction of two influential factors of biased probability judgments. Results provide new insights on the preconditions for an application of either the gambler's fallacy or its exact opponent, the hot hand fallacy. The first factor is cognitive ability, measured in a cognitive reflection test. The second one is the level of perceived randomness in the observed outcomes. Probability judgments are found to vary significantly across salience of randomness treatments as well as across subgroups with high or low cognitive abilities. Like in previous research, subjects with higher cognitive skills are more likely to engage the gambler's fallacy, yet only if perception of sequential randomness is low. In a setting where randomness is very salient the exact opposite can be observed. Similarly surprising insights are revealed when controlling for cognitive abilities in the analysis of salience treatments. Past results are only confirmed for a subgroup with lower cognitive skills, while their peers' beliefs are completely opposite.
Comparative Analysis of Gene Regulation by the Transcription Factor PPARα between Mouse and Human

Background Studies in mice have shown that PPARα is an important regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism and the acute phase response. However, little information is available on the role of PPARα in human liver. Here we set out to compare the function of PPARα in mouse and human hepatocytes via analysis of target gene regulation. Methodology/Principal Findings Primary hepatocytes from 6 human and 6 mouse donors were treated with PPARα agonist Wy14643 and gene expression profiling was performed using Affymetrix GeneChips followed by a systems biology analysis. Baseline PPARα expression was similar in human and mouse hepatocytes. Depending on species and time of exposure, Wy14643 significantly induced the expression of 362–672 genes. Surprisingly minor overlap was observed between the Wy14643-regulated genes from mouse and human, although more substantial overlap was observed at the pathway level. Xenobiotics metabolism and apolipoprotein synthesis were specifically regulated by PPARα in human hepatocytes, whereas glycolysis-gluconeogenesis was regulated specifically in mouse hepatocytes. Most of the genes commonly regulated in mouse and human were involved in lipid metabolism and many represented known PPARα targets, including CPT1A, HMGCS2, FABP1, ACSL1, and ADFP. Several genes were identified that were specifically induced by PPARα in human (MBL2, ALAS1, CYP1A1, TSKU) or mouse (Fbp2, lgals4, Cd36, Ucp2, Pxmp4). Furthermore, several putative novel PPARα targets were identified that were commonly regulated in both species, including CREB3L3, KLF10, KLF11 and MAP3K8. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that PPARα activation has a major impact on gene regulation in human hepatocytes. Importantly, the role of PPARα as master regulator of hepatic lipid metabolism is generally well-conserved between mouse and human. Overall, however, PPARα regulates a mostly divergent set of genes in mouse and human hepatocytes.
Ease of intubation with the GlideScope or Airway Scope by novice operators in simulated easy and difficult airways – a manikin study *

The GlideScope and Airway Scope are video laryngoscopes that have been found to be useful in difficult airway situations. With the GlideScope, there are frequently problems associated with insertion of the tracheal tube despite the ability to view the glottis. The Airway Scope’s imaging system and disposable PBlade aid alignment of the PBlade with the glottis and guide insertion of the tracheal tube. We performed a randomised crossover study of 20 medical students using both videolaryngoscopes in a manikin, with simulated normal and difficult airway scenarios. We found that the students required less time for tracheal intubation with the Airway Scope and reported greater ease of intubation with the Airway Scope in both scenarios. A greater number of students chose the Airway Scope as their device of choice. Our results suggest that the Airway Scope’s features may improve the ease of tracheal intubation compared with the GlideScope.
The Influence of Social Support on the Lived Experiences of Spinal Cord Injured Sportsmen

This study draws upon life history data to investigate the influence of social support on the lives of 6 men who had acquired a spinal cord injury and become disabled through playing sport. Interviews were analyzed utilizing categorical-content analysis (Lieblich, Tuval-Mashiach, & Zilber, 1998). The participants experienced emotional, esteem, informational, and tangible support (Rees & Hardy, 2000) from various sources. Alongside the positive influence of social support, examples are shown of inappropriate or negatively-experienced support and where participants considered sport to be lacking. The spinal cord injured person is encouraged to be proactive in resourcing social support, but providers might also be taught to recognize the impact, either positively or negatively, that their giving support can have.
‘Turning Points’

In the current higher education climate, there is a growing perception that the pressures associated with being an academic middle manager outweigh the perceived rewards of the position. This article investigates the personal and professional circumstances that lead academics to become middle managers by drawing on data from life history interviews undertaken with 17 male and female department heads from a range of disciplines, in a post-1992 UK university. The data suggests that experiencing conflict between personal and professional identities, manifested through different socialization experiences over time, can lead to a ‘turning point’ and a decision that affects a person’s career trajectory. Although the results of this study cannot be generalized, the findings may help other individuals and institutions move towards a firmer understanding of the academic who becomes head of department—in relation to theory, practice and research.
Herbicides in the Soil Environment: Linkage between Bioavailability and Microbial Ecology

Modern agriculture relies heavily on herbicides for the control of weeds in crops and pastures to maximize yields and economical benefits to sustain an increasing world population. The introduction of herbicide-resistant traits in several crops, such as glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean, maize and canola, has further increased herbicide consumption worldwide (Cerdeira & Duke, 2006). United States consumed roughly 200 million kg in 2001, with glyphosate representing 20 % of the total. Glyphosate is, undoubtedly, the most used herbicide worldwide (Woodburn, 2000). In Argentina, where GR soybean accounts for almost 90 % of planted soybean, it was estimated that 160 million l of glyphosate were used with this crop in 2004, representing 37 % of the total herbicide consumed in agriculture (Altieri & Pengue, 2006; Pengue, 2004). The environmental fate of herbicides is a matter of recent concern given that only a small fraction of the chemicals reach the target organisms (Pimentel, 1995), leading to potential impacts of residual herbicides in soil and water have on human, animal and crop health. Bunce (1993) wrote in 1993 ”It is useful to keep in mind the concept that a pollutant is a substance in the wrong place, at the wrong time, or in the wrong amount”. While herbicides are very important to agriculture, under certain circumstances they may act as pollutants that can deteriorate soils, ground waters and surface waters. While most herbicides are not intentionally applied onto soil, they can enter the soil environment from 1) direct interception of spray by the soil surface during early season or post-harvest applications, 2) runoff of the herbicide from vegetation and 3) leaching from dead plant material. The herbicide concentration may vary from a few μg to mg per kg soil, as most of the applied chemical is retained within the top 5 cm of soil. This chapter will present aspects of the behavior of herbicides in soils, focusing on soil retention and microbial degradation as main factors controlling persistence. The potential impact of herbicides on non-target soil microbes, including their processes and interactions, will be also discussed. Adsorption to soil is of critical importance for the regulation of herbicide persistence and mobility throughout the environment because sorption processes control the amount of
Supported treadmill ambulation training after spinal cord injury: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES To conduct a pilot study of weight-supported ambulation training after incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI), and to assess its safety. DESIGN Quasiexperimental, repeated measures, single group. SETTING Veterans Affairs medical center. PATIENTS Three subjects with incomplete, chronic, thoracic SCIs; 2 classified as D on the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale and 1 as ASIA impairment scale C. INTERVENTION Subjects participated in 12 weeks of training assisted by 2 physical therapists. The training consisted of walking on a treadmill while supported by a harness and a pneumatic suspension device. Support started at 40% of body weight and a treadmill speed of.16kmph, and progressed by reducing support and increasing treadmill speed and continuous treadmill walking time up to 20 minutes. Training was conducted for 1 hour per day, 5 days per week for 3 months. Treadmill walking occurred for 20 minutes during the sessions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Gait function (speed, endurance, walking status, use of assistive device and orthotics); oxygen costs of walking; brain motor control assessment; self-report indices; ASIA classification; muscle function test; and safety. RESULTS All 3 subjects increased gait speed (.118m/s initially to.318m/s after training 12wk), and gait endurance (20.3m/5min initially to 63.5m/5min). The oxygen costs decreased from 1.96 to 1.33mL x kg(-1) x m(-1) after 12 weeks of training. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study suggests that supported treadmill ambulation training can improve gait for individuals with incomplete SCIs by using objective gait measures. The self-report indices used have promise as patient-centered outcome measures of this new form of gait training. A larger, controlled study of this technique is warranted.
A Comparison of Forensic Acquisition Techniques for Android Devices: A Case Study Investigation of Orweb Browsing Sessions

The issue of whether to "root" a small scale digital device in order to be able to execute acquisition tools with kernel-level privileges is a vexing one. In the early research literature about Android forensics, and in the commercial forensic tools alike, the common wisdom was that "rooting" the device modified its memory only minimally, and enabled more complete acquisition of digital evidence, and thus was, on balance, an acceptable procedure. This wisdom has been subsequently challenged, and alternative approaches to complete acquisition without "rooting" the device have been proposed. In this work, we address the issue of forensic acquisition techniques for Android devices through a case study we conducted to reconstruct browser sessions carried out using the Orweb private web browser. Orweb is an Android browser which uses Onion Routing to anonymize web traffic, and which records no browsing history. Physical and logical examinations were performed on both rooted and non-rooted Samsung Galaxy S2 smartphones running Android 4.1. 1. The results indicate that for investigations of Orweb browsing history, there is no advantage to rooting the device. We conclude that, at least for similar investigations, rooting the device is unnecessary and thus should be avoided.
Jena Research Papers in Business and Economics Level Scheduling of Mixed-model Assembly Lines under Storage Constraints Level Scheduling of Mixed-model Assembly Lines under Storage Constraints

In a mixed-model assembly line dierent models of a common base product can be manufactured in intermixed production sequences. A famous solution approach for the resulting short-term sequencing problem is the so called level scheduling problem, which aims at evenly smoothing the material requirements over time in order to facilitate a just-in-time supply. However, if materials are delivered in discrete quantities, the resulting spreading of material usages implies that issued cargo carriers of a respective material remain at a station for a longer period of time. In practical applications with plenty materials required per station, this procedure might lead to bottlenecks with respect to the scarce storage space at stations. This paper investigates level scheduling under the constraint that the induced part usage patterns may not violate given storage constraints. The resulting sequencing problem is formalized and solved by suited exact and heuristic solution approaches.
The Relation between Star Formation, Morphology, and Local Density in High-Redshift Clusters and Groups

We investigate how the [O II] properties and the morphologies of galaxies in clusters and groups at z = 0.4–0.8 depend on projected local galaxy density, and compare with the field at similar redshifts and clusters at low z. In both nearby and distant clusters, higher density regions contain proportionally fewer star-forming galaxies, and the average [O II] equivalent width of star-forming galaxies is independent of local density. However, in distant clusters the average current star formation rate (SFR) in star-forming galaxies seems to peak at densities ~15-40 galaxies Mpc−2. At odds with low-z results, at high z the relation between star-forming fraction and local density varies from high- to low-mass clusters. Overall, our results suggest that at high z the current star formation (SF) activity in star-forming galaxies does not depend strongly on global or local environment, though the possible SFR peak seems at odds with this conclusion. We find that the cluster SFR normalized by cluster mass anticorrelates with mass and correlates with the star-forming fraction. These trends can be understood given (1) that the average star-forming galaxy forms about 1 M☉ yr−1 (uncorrected for dust) in all clusters; (2) that the total number of galaxies scales with cluster mass; and (3) the dependence of star-forming fraction on cluster mass. We present the morphology-density (MD) relation for our z = 0.4 − 0.8 clusters, and uncover that the decline of the spiral fraction with density is entirely driven by galaxies of type Sc or later. For galaxies of a given Hubble type, we see no evidence that SF properties depend on local environment. In contrast with recent findings at low z, in our distant clusters the SF-density relation and the MD relation are equivalent, suggesting that neither of the two is more fundamental than the other.
A Configurational Approach of the Relationship Between Entrepreneurial Orientation and Growth of Family Firms

The present research aims to improve scholars’ understanding of the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation (EO) and the growth of family firms in two areas. The authors propose that the EO—growth relationship is contingent on different contextual variables—environmental dynamism and environmental hostility—and an internal variable—generational involvement. Also, they consider EO to be a composite construct integrated from and related to different independent dimensions. Using information from 317 Spanish family firms, results show that (a) EO positively influences growth only in second-generation family businesses, (b) the moderating influence of the generational involvement is related to the risk-taking dimension, and (c) dynamism and hostility of the environment, respectively, moderate the relationship between EO and growth in a positive sense.
Ethanol Decreases Purkinje Neuron Excitability by Increasing GABA Release in Rat Cerebellar Slices

Cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) receive inhibitory GABAergic input from stellate and basket cells, which are located in the outer and inner portions of the molecular layer, respectively. Ethanol (EtOH) was recently shown to increase GABAergic transmission at PNs via a mechanism that involves enhanced calcium release from presynaptic internal stores (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 323:356–364, 2007). Here, we further characterized the effect of EtOH on GABA release and assessed its impact on PN excitability. Using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiological techniques in cerebellar vermis parasagittal slices, we found that EtOH acutely increases the frequency but not the amplitude or half-width of miniature and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs). EtOH significantly increased the amplitude and decreased the paired pulse ratio of IPSCs evoked by stimulation in the outer but not inner molecular layer. In current clamp, EtOH decreased both the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked in PNs by granule cell axon stimulation and the number of action potentials triggered by these events; these effects depended on GABAA receptor activation because they were not observed in presence of bicuculline. Loose-patch cell-attached PN recordings revealed that neither the spontaneous action potential firing frequency nor the coefficient of variation of the interspike interval was altered by acute EtOH exposure. These findings suggest that EtOH differentially affects GABAergic transmission at stellate cell- and basket cell-to-PN synapses and that it modulates PN firing triggered by granule cell axonal input. These effects could be in part responsible for the cerebellar impairments associated with acute EtOH intoxication.
Stability of Serotypes during Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae

ABSTRACT Serotype changes among natural isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae are well documented and occur by recombinational exchanges at the capsular biosynthetic locus. However, the frequency with which this phenomenon occurs within the nasopharynx of children is not clear and is likely to be highest in the nasopharynx of children, who have high rates of pneumococcal carriage. A birth cohort of 100 infants was studied, and pneumococci were recovered from nasopharyngeal samples taken at monthly intervals during the first 6 months of life and then at 2-monthly intervals until the age of 2 years. Among the 1,353 nasopharyngeal samples were 523 that contained presumptive pneumococci, and three colonies from each were serotyped. A total of 333 isolates, including all isolates of differing serotypes from the same child, were characterized by multilocus sequence typing. Sixty-eight children carried multiple serotypes during the first 2 years of life. Two children carried a typeable and a nonserotypeable pneumococcus of identical genotype, and five children carried genetically indistinguishable isolates of serotypes 15B and 15C. These isolates were considered, respectively, to be due to loss of capsule expression and the known ability of serotype 15B and 15C pneumococci to interconvert by loss or gain of an acetyl group on the capsular polysaccharide. In all other cases, isolates from the same children that differed in serotype also differed in genotype, indicating the acquisition of a different pneumococcal strain rather than a change in capsular type. There was therefore no evidence in this study for any change of serotype due to recombinational replacements at the capsular locus among the pneumococci carried within the nasopharynges of the children.
Mannosylation in Candida albicans: role in cell wall function and immune recognition

The fungal cell wall is a dynamic organelle required for cell shape, protection against the environment and, in pathogenic species, recognition by the innate immune system. The outer layer of the cell wall is comprised of glycosylated mannoproteins with the majority of these post‐translational modifications being the addition of O‐ and N‐linked mannosides. These polysaccharides are exposed on the outer surface of the fungal cell wall and are, therefore, the first point of contact between the fungus and the host immune system. This review focuses on O‐ and N‐linked mannan biosynthesis in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans and highlights new insights gained from the characterization of mannosylation mutants into the role of these cell wall components in host–fungus interactions. In addition, we discuss the use of fungal mannan as a diagnostic marker of fungal disease.
Tethered cord syndrome in childhood: special emphasis on the surgical technique and review of the literature with our experience.

AIM Surgery is the treatment of choice for children who had tethered cord syndrome (TCS). However, a detailed technique for the release of spinal cord is not described yet. The aims of this study are to present our series of TCS in children and to focus on the details of surgical technique. MATERIAL and METHODS Forty-nine children with tethered cord syndrome underwent surgical treatment for the release of spinal cord between 2004 and 2009. The mean age was 4.6 years (2 days-13 years). Twenty (40.8%) patients were female and 29 (59.2%) were male. Among the 49 children, 41 (83.7%) had different spinal malformations and 8 (16.3%) had no associated lesion. Sectioning of the filum terminale, cutting the arachnoid and fibrous bands, protection of the rootlets and correction of the associated malformations was the standard surgical method to release the spinal cord. RESULTS Neurological improvement was observed in 4 (8.2%) patients, while the neurological status was unchanged in the others. Cerebrospinal fluid fistula was the main complication and was observed in 3 patients. No mortality or neurological deterioration was encountered. CONCLUSION Spinal cord release with appropriate technique seems to be beneficial in maintaining neurological functioning in children with TCS.