Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trans-Endocytosis via Spinules in Adult Rat Hippocampus

Locations of a distinctive mode of trans-endocytosis involving dendrites, axons, and glia were quantified through serial section electron microscopy. Short vesicular or long vermiform evaginations emerged from dendrites and axons and were engulfed by presynaptic or neighboring axons, astrocytes, and, surprisingly, a growth cone to form double-membrane structures called spinules. In total, 254 spinules were evaluated in 326 μm3 of stratum radiatum in area CA1 of mature rat hippocampus. Spinules emerged from spine heads (62%), necks (24%), axons (13%), dendritic shafts (1%), or nonsynaptic protrusions (<1%) and invaginated into axons (∼90%), astrocytic processes (∼8%), or a growth cone (∼1%). Coated pits occurred on the engulfing membrane at the tips of most spinules (69%), and double-membrane structures occurred freely in axonal and astrocytic cytoplasm, suggesting trans-endocytosis. Spinule locations differed among mushroom and thin spines. For mushroom spines, most (84%) of the spinules were engulfed by presynaptic axons, 16% by neighboring axons, and none by astrocytic processes. At thin spines, only 17% of the spinules were engulfed by presynaptic axons, whereas 67% were engulfed by neighboring axons and 14% by astrocytic processes. Spinules engulfed by astrocytic processes support the growing evidence that perisynaptic glia interact directly with synapses at least on thin spines. Spinules with neighboring axons may provide a mechanism for synaptic competition in the mature brain. Trans-endocytosis of spinules by presynaptic axons suggest retrograde signaling or coordinated remodeling of presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes to remove transient perforations and assemble the postsynaptic density of large synapses on mushroom spines.
Exchange nailing for aseptic nonunion of femoral shaft: a retrospective cohort study for effect of reaming size.

BACKGROUND Exchange nailing has been the favored method to treat aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft. The recommended amount of over-reaming is at least 2 mm. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the effectiveness of nonunion treatment is greatly reduced with less than 2 mm of over-reaming. METHODS Aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft were treated by exchange nailing with 1 mm (n = 37) or at least 2 mm (n = 44) of over-reaming. Union rates, union periods, and complications were compared. Indications for exchange nailing were aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft with an inserted intramedullary nail, shortening of less than 1.5 cm, and a fracture gap of less than 5 mm. RESULTS After a mean follow-up of 3.6 years (range, 1.1-7.1 years), union rates were 31 (91.2%) of 34 nonunions with over-reaming of 1 mm and 37 (92.5%) of 40 nonunions with over-reaming of 2 mm or more (p = 0.32). The mean union periods were 4.4 months (range, 2.5-8 months) and 4.4 months (range, 3-8 months), respectively (p = 0.83). Except for persistent nonunions, no significant complications occurred. CONCLUSIONS Exchange nailing can be considered the first choice to treat aseptic nonunions of the femoral shaft. The diameter of the new intramedullary nail should be as large as possible to reinforce the mechanical strength of the repair. The osteogenic potential stimulated by the reaming of cancellous bone graft was similar with over-reaming of 1 mm and with over-reaming of 2 mm or more.
Interference of two electrons entering a superconductor.

The subgap conductivity of a normal-superconductor (NS) tunnel junction is thought to be due to tunneling of two electrons. There is a strong interference between these two electrons, originating from the spatial phase coherence in the normal metal at a mesoscopic length scale and the intrinsic coherence of the superconductor. We evaluated the interference effect on the transport through an NS tunnel junction. We propose the layouts to observe drastic Aharonov-Bohm and Josephson effects
Structural Model for Ferrihydrite

Abstract The structure of 6-line and 2-line ferrihydrite (Fh) has been reconsidered. X-ray diffraction (XRD) curves were first simulated for the different structural models so far proposed, and it is shown that neither of these corresponds to the actual structure of ferrihydrite. On the basis of agreement between experimental and simulated XRD curves it is shown that Fh is a mixture of three components: (i) Defect-free Fh consisting of anionic ABACA . close packing in which Fe atoms occupy only octahedral sites with 50% probability; the hexagonal unit-cell parameters are a = 2-96 Å and c = 9-40 Å, and the space group is P1c. (ii) Defective Fh in which Ac1Bc2A and Ab1Cb2A structural fragments occur with equal probability and alternate completely at random; Fe atoms within each of these fragments have identical ordered distribution with in the hexagonal super-cell with a = 5.26 Å. (iii) Ultradispersed hematite with mean dimension of coherent scattering domains (CSD) of 10-20 Å. The main structural difference between 6-line and 2-line Fh is the size of their CSD which is extremely small for the latter structure. Nearest Fe-Fe distances calculated for this new structural model are very close to those determined by EXAFS spectroscopy on the same samples.
Effects of Exendine-4 on The Differentiation of Insulin Producing Cells from Rat Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Objective To evaluate the effect of Exendine-4 (EX-4), a Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, on the differentiation of insulin-secreting cells (IPCs) from rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells(ADMSCs). Materials and Methods In this experimental study, ADMSCs were isolated from rat adi- pose tissue and exposed to induction media with or without EX-4. After induction, the existence of IPCs was confirmed by morphology analysis, expression pattern analysis of islet-specific genes (Pdx-1, Glut-2 and Insulin) and insulin synthesis and secretion. Results IPCs induced in presence of EX-4 were morphologically similar to pancre- atic islet-like cells. Expression of Pdx-1, Glut-2 and Insulin genes in EX-4 treated cells was significantly higher than the cells exposed to differentiation media without EX-4. Compared to EX-4 untreated ADMSCs, insulin release from EX-4 treated ADMSCs showed a nearly 2.5 fold (P<0.05) increase when exposed to a high glucose (25 mM) medium. The percentage of insulin positive cells in the EX-4 treated group was ap- proximately 4-fold higher than in the EX-4 untreated ADMSCs. Conclusion The present study has demonstrated that EX-4 enhances the differen- tiation of ADMSCs into IPCs. Improvement of this method may help the formation of an unlimited source of cells for transplantation.
Alternatively spliced isoforms of the human elk-1 mRNA within the 5′ UTR: implications for ELK-1 expression

The expression of cellular proteins that play central roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation is frequently tightly controlled at the level of translation initiation. In this article, we provide evidence that the ETS domain transcription factor ELK-1 forms part of this class of genes. Its mRNA 5′ UTR is composed of a complexed mosaic of elements, including uAUGs, uORFs and RNA structure, that interplay to modulate ribosomal access to the ELK-1 AUG start codon. Superimposed upon this is the generation of two different 5′ UTRs via alternative splicing. The two spliced isoforms show altered cellular and tissue distributions and behave differently in polysomal recruitment assays in the presence of the drug rapamycin. We propose that repression is therefore the sum of a series of interplaying negative elements within the 5′ UTRs, a situation which may reflect the need for tight translational control of ELK-1 in different tissues and under changing physiological conditions.
Universal Fluctuations of Chern Integers.

Chern integers describing quantized transport change (typically by $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1$) when the energy levels or bands with which they are associated become degenerate. We give a statistical treatment of these degeneracies and the consequent fluctuations of the Chern integers. The density of degeneracies is calculated exactly for a parametrization of the Gaussian unitary ensemble of matrices, and we present numerical results indicating that the ``gas'' of degeneracies has a ``charge neutrality'' property. The results apply to a broad class of complex systems after rescaling the parameter space.
Horn Belief Contraction: Remainders, Envelopes and Complexity

A recent direction within belief revision theory is to develop a theory of belief change for the Horn knowledge representation framework. We consider questions related to the complexity aspects of previous work, leading to questions about Horn envelopes (or Horn LUB’s), introduced earlier in the context of knowledge compilation. A characterization is obtained of the remainders of a Horn be- lief set with respect to a consequence to be contracted, as the Horn envelopes of the belief set and an elementary conjunction corresponding to a truth assignment satisfying a certain body building formula. This gives an efficient algorithm to generate all remainders, each represented by a truth assignment. On the negative side, examples are given of Horn belief sets and consequences where Horn formulas representing the result of most contraction operators, based either on remainders or on weak remainders, must have exponential size.
Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion

Patronage is recognized in the literature on state formation as a tool used to co-opt elite adversaries. But the focus on economic bases of elite opposition has obscured a second issue: co-optation benefits some elites at the expense of those who occupy disadvantaged positions in local patronage networks, inclining the latter to resist. This mechanism accounts for patterns of elite participation in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, a mass mobilization against state building in the postrevolutionary United States. Elites without patronage ties, and those whose clienteles overlapped with those of federal officers, were more likely to mobilize against the state.
An ethnographic study of sources of conflict between young men in the context of the night out

This paper describes an ethnographic study of male values and interpersonal conflict in the context of evening social events in the North of England. The study involved participant observations, assisted by discussions with ‘guides’, and interviews with participants. It became apparent that the understanding of conflict required appreciation of the social context, ‘the night out’. Important themes that are described include the following: the perceived aim of the night out (‘to have a laff’) and different ways this was achieved; the appraisal of other men; provoking situations; the sequence leading up to aggressive verbal exchanges and to fights; the role of alcohol; the importance of physical aggression in gaining status; the importance attached to responding to a challenge or insult by men and women; age differences; and ‘banter’ and story-telling among all-male groups. The findings are discussed in relation to previous ethnographic observations of physical aggression between men in bars, and are interp.
The importance of traits and abilities in supervisors' hirability decisions as a function of method of assessment

Past research on the importance of traits and abilities in supervisors’ hirability decisions has ignored the influence of the selection method used to derive information about these traits and abilities. In this study, experienced retail store supervisors (N ¼ 163) rated job applicant profiles that were described on the Big Five and General Mental Ability (GMA) personality dimensions. Contrary to past studies, the supervisors were also informed about the method of assessment used (paper-and-pencil test vs. unstructured interview). Hierarchical linear modelling analyses showed that the importance attached to extraversion and GMA was significantly moderated by the selection method, with extraversion and GMA decreasing in importance when store supervisors knew that scores on extraversion and GMA were derived from a paperand-pencil test as opposed to from an unstructured interview. Store supervisors with more selection-related experience also attached more importance to GMA. Results are discussed in relation to the practice–science gap and the extant literature on perceptions of selection procedures.
Effects of Group-Level Fit on Group Conflict and Performance

Departing from the prevailing focus of the person–environment (P-E) fit literature on individual-level outcomes, we apply the fit concept to the group level and develop a theoretical framework that elaborates the nomological network involving group-level goal fit and ability fit. Specifically, we propose that the positive affect exhibited by leaders and members is a predictor of group-level goal fit and ability fit. We expect two types of group-level fit to predict group performance by shaping intermediate interactive dynamics among members, such as task and relationship conflict. Our analyses based on 96 work teams with 898 members provide empirical support for most of our hypotheses. Of the two group-level fit constructs, only group-level goal fit exerts a significant effect on group performance, which is completely mediated by task and relationship conflict. These theoretical and empirical developments highlight the potential and benefit of the group-level application of the P-E fit theory.
Expectations, Impressions, and Judgments of Physically Attractive Students: A Review

This article examines the effect of students’ physical attractiveness on a variety of judgments made in educational settings. This review discusses the following issues: (a) methodology for studying physical attractiveness in the classroom; (b) teacher judgments, expectations, and impressions of physically attractive students; and (c) the influence of moderator variables such as gender, race, conduct, and physical attractiveness effects. A descriptive and a meta-analytic review of the research indicated that physically attractive students are judged usually more favorably by teachers in a number of dimensions including intelligence, academic potential, grades, and various social skills. The potential influence of moderator variables—such as, student gender, race, and past performance on the physical attractiveness bias—is also examined. Finally, the possible mechanisms responsible for the attractiveness effect and the limitations of this research are discussed.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries and its association with binge drinking among 12-year-olds: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries and its association with binge drinking among 12-year-old schoolchildren. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 588 students from a medium-sized city in Brazil. Data were collected through a clinical examination and self-administered questionnaires. Andreasen's classification was used for the determination of traumatic dental injuries. The consumption of alcoholic beverages and binge drinking were evaluated using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test--Consumption. Socio-economic status, overjet, and inadequate lip seal were also analysed. Associations were tested using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence rates of traumatic dental injuries, alcohol consumption in one's lifetime, and binge drinking were 29.9%, 45.6%, and 23.1%, respectively. The prevalence of traumatic dental injuries was significantly higher among those who engaged in binge drinking (PR = 1.410; 95% CI: 1.133-1.754) and even higher among those with inadequate lip protection and accentuated overjet (PR = 3.288; 95% CI: 2.391-4.522 and PR = 1.838; 95% CI: 1.470-2.298, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A higher prevalence rate of traumatic dental injuries was found among 12-year-olds who engaged in binge drinking. The high rate of alcohol intake among adolescents is worrisome considering the vulnerability of this population due to the intense transformations that occur in the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Perception versus Reality

This study investigated the relationship between parents' reports, as compared with our obtained measurements, of their children's body status. Separate body mass index (BMI) scores were calculated based on: (1) parents' report of their children's height and weight, and (2) children's measured height and weight. Results indicate that parents' perceptions of their children's body status reliably varied from the scores obtained from our measurements, such that parents whose children classified as overweight consistently underreported their children's BMI, while parents whose children fell into the underweight category did the opposite. Implications for the potential psychological mechanisms at play in addition to how these findings might relate to the larger childhood obesity crisis in the United States and internationally are discussed.
Adoptive family experiences of post‐adoption contact in an Internet era

In the UK, post-adoption contact between adoptive and birth families traditionally includes letterbox and/or face-to-face methods of communication. Because of the emphasis in the UK of adoption from the public care system, post-adoption contact is often supported and mediated by social work professionals. The growth in the use of e-communication, through for example social media, has created concerns regarding the use of such technologies for the purposes of ‘virtual contact’ following adoption. This paper reports the findings of a study of this emerging practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 adoptive parents and six adopted young people. Findings suggest that virtual contact presents both challenges and opportunities for adoptive families. We conclude that virtual contact is complex, but with appropriate boundaries and consideration of different interests, can work well in some cases.
Hybrid peace: The interaction between top-down and bottom-up peace

This article is interested in the interface between internationally supported peace operations and local approaches to peace that may draw on traditional, indigenous and customary practice. It argues that peace (and security, development and reconstruction) in societies emerging from violent conflict tends to be a hybrid between the external and the local. The article conceptualizes how this hybrid or composite peace is constructed and maintained. It proposes a four-part conceptual model to help visualize the interplay that leads to hybridized forms of peace. Hybrid peace is the result of the interplay of the following: the compliance powers of liberal peace agents, networks and structures; the incentivizing powers of liberal peace agents, networks and structures; the ability of local actors to resist, ignore or adapt liberal peace interventions; and the ability of local actors, networks and structures to present and maintain alternative forms of peacemaking.
The Study on the Effects of Environmental Quality , Food and Restaurant Services on Mental Image of the Restaurant , Customer Perceived Value , Customer Satisfaction and Customer Behavioral Intentions : Case Study of Boroujerd's Restaurants

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of environmental quality, food and restaurant services on the mental image of the restaurant, customer perceived value, customer satisfaction and customer behavioral intention. This research is applied research. The research method is descriptive-survey and for obtaining purposes of this study, and for collecting data, a questionnaire was used. Information and data obtained through the questionnaire consisted of 29 questions that have been approved by the teacher advisors, statistic society consist of customers of Boroujerd’s restaurants. Structural equation has been processed through software (LISREL). Collected data in the form of two parts: descriptive statistics (frequency tables and graphs) and inferential statistics (using structural equation modeling techniques to confirm or reject hypotheses using Lisrel) reviewed and analyzed and present the final results. This study consisted of six hypotheses. Results for the six hypotheses restaurant quality (Physical environment, food and service) had a positive impact on the image of the restaurant and the hypothesis has been confirmed. Restaurant quality (physical environment, food and services) have a positive effect on customer perceived value and this hypothesis has been confirmed. Mental picture of the restaurant had a positive effect on perceived value and customer satisfaction, and this hypothesis has been confirmed. Customer perceived value had a positive effect on customer satisfaction and this hypothesis has been confirmed . Customer satisfaction has a positive impact on behavioral intention, and this hypothesis has been confirmed.
Pharmacokinetics and excretion of dalbavancin in the rat.

OBJECTIVES The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion routes of dalbavancin, a semi-synthetic glycopeptide, were investigated in rats. METHODS A 20 mg/kg intravenous dose of dalbavancin or [(3)H]dalbavancin was administered to rats in three studies. Concentrations of dalbavancin or drug-derived radioactivity were assessed in blood, plasma, tissues, bile, urine and faeces by HPLC-MS/MS, scintillation counting or microbiological methods. RESULTS Dalbavancin decayed tri-exponentially in plasma with an apparent terminal t(1/2) of 187 h (approximately 8 days). Dalbavancin has dual routes of elimination, with around two-thirds of the excreted drug-derived radioactivity being found in the urine and around one-third in the faeces. After 70 days, 44.2% and 22.3% of the drug-derived radioactivity had been recovered in the urine and faeces, respectively. Biliary excretion of drug-derived radioactivity accounted for over half of the radioactivity excreted faecally. At 70 days post-dose, <5% of the dose remained in the carcass, showing that drug elimination was complete. CONCLUSIONS Dalbavancin has a long t(1/2) (approximately 8 days) in the rat and distributes widely throughout the body. It is not selectively retained in any single organ, tissue or blood component and is completely eliminated by both renal and non-renal routes in rats. These data were useful in designing and interpreting animal infection model studies used to select the dose for human studies.
Long-distance quantum communication with neutral atoms

The architecture proposed by Duan, Lukin, Cirac, and Zoller (DLCZ) for entangling distant atomic ensembles is addressed and analyzed. Its performance, in terms of fidelity and throughput, is compared to that of the quantum communication architecture using trapped rubidium-atom quantum memories that has been proposed by a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Northwestern University (MIT/NU). It is shown that the DLCZ protocol for entanglement distribution achieves a better throughput versus distance behavior than does the MIT/NU architecture, with both being capable of high entanglement fidelities. The DLCZ scheme also admits to a conditional teleportation scheme based on its entangled atomic ensembles, whereas the MIT/NU architecture affords unconditional teleportation based on its trapped-atom quantum memories. It is shown that achieving unity fidelity in DLCZ teleportation requires photon-number resolving detectors; the maximum teleportation fidelity that can be realized with non-resolving detectors is 1/2.