Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of nulliparous women's body mass index or excessive weight gain in pregnancy on genital tract trauma at birth.

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of body mass index (BMI) or pregnancy weight gain on the presence, site, and severity of genital tract trauma at childbirth in nulliparous women. METHODS The present study is a subanalysis of a prospective cohort of healthy nulliparous women recruited during pregnancy and followed through birth. Weight gain during pregnancy and prepregnancy BMI were recorded. At birth, women underwent detailed mapping of genital tract trauma. For analyses, women were dichotomized into obese (BMI ≥ 30) versus nonobese (BMI < 30) at baseline as well as into those who gained weight as recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and those who gained more than the recommended amount to determine the impact of obesity or excessive weight gain on rates of genital tract trauma. RESULTS Data from 445 women were available for analysis. Presence and severity of genital tract trauma did not vary between obese and nonobese women (51% vs 53%, P = .64). Likewise, women who had more than the IOM-recommended weight gain did not have a higher incidence of perineal lacerations (52% versus 53% with perineal lacerations, P = .69). Obese women were more likely to gain in excess of the IOM guidelines during pregnancy (75% vs 50% excessive weight gain in obese vs nonobese women, respectively; P < .001). DISCUSSION A woman's BMI or excessive weight gain in pregnancy did not influence her risk of genital tract trauma at birth.
Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway Did Not Protect Immature Retina from Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury.

PURPOSE Visual loss associated with hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain damage is the most common cause of visual impairment in children of developed countries. A neuroprotective role for Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative disorders. The association of Wnt signaling with HI injury in immature retina has not been established. METHODS On postnatal day 7 (P7), HI was induced by unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 8% oxygen hypoxia for 2 hours. The pups received intravitreous injection (i.v.i) of PBS, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1, the negative modulator of Wnt/β-catenin pathway) antisense (AS) or sense (S) oligonucleotides at various concentrations for pretreatment (24 and 1 hour before HI) or post treatment (1 and 4 hours after HI). For chronic treatments, animals received repeated intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of DKK-1-AS, DKK-1-S, lithium chloride (LiCl), or vehicles after HI. The retinal injury was assessed by electroretinography (ERG, P21, and P30) and immunohistochemical staining (P8 or P30). RESULTS Pretreatment with DKK-1-AS (i.v.i.) attenuated DKK-1 and enhanced β-catenin expression, but did not protect immature retina against HI injury at both pathological and functional levels. Post treatment with DKK-1-AS (i.v.i. or i.p.) also did not rescue HI retinopathy. Chronic systemic LiCl treatment did not decrease Müller cell activation or neuronal damage in HI retinal injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated that DKK-1 inhibition or chronic lithium treatment did not protect the immature retina from HI injury. It is speculated that the enhanced canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is not sufficient to protect the immature retina from HI injury.
INSECURITY MANTRA: THE PARADOX OF NIGERIAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

The title of the paper is concise, unambiguous but very broad. This is because the issue of insecurity permeates all aspects of human endeavor and serves as a fundamental panacea to any societyes growth and development. More so, it is tied to every societyes social, political, economic and cultural growth. Consequently, the paper addresses the fundamental issue of the \management of insecurity. and its impact on national growth and development by taking a paradoxical perspective of the Nigerian context within the globalized world. Thus, in all entirety, the issue of security is now becoming a policy mantra to every existing nation.
The State of Citizenship Education in Turkey: Past and Present

Citizenship education in Turkey has been a part of the state-centric modernization project involving the transformation of public and private lives of Turkish citizens. Although there has always been a separate course on civics, citizenship education emerges as a cross-curricular theme in the Turkish educational system which aims at creating a self-sacrificing and patriotic citizen. Besides its particularistic content, however, Turkish citizenship education also involves references to a universal conception of citizenship in line with Turkey’s aspiration to be a member of the European Union. This paper presents a historical frame and breaking points for citizenship education in Turkey from its foundation to the present. It critically examines paradoxical content of the current citizenship and human rights education curriculum.
Complete mitochondrial genome of Spiniphilus spinicornis (Coleoptera: Vesperidae: Philinae) and phylogenetic analysis among Cerambycoidea

Abstract Spiniphilus spinicornis belongs to subfamily Philinae of family Vesperidae from cerambycoid assemblage. The first complete mitogenome of Spiniphilus spinicornis was reported. The genome is 15 707 bp in length and contains the typical 37 genes that are arranged in the same order as that of the putative ancestor of beetles. The total base composition of the mitogenome is 30.9% for A, 11.1% for C, 19.3% for G, and 38.6% for T. The genome organization, nucleotide composition, and codon usage do not differ significantly from other martens. The percentage of A + T is 69.5%. The first complete mitogenome of subfamily Philinae could be used in studies of molecular systematics, phylogenetic, and conservation genetics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cerambycoidea was monophyly with high support value. Lamiinae, Cerambycinae, and Philinae were monophyly too, respectively.
Evaluation of five common induction protocols by comparison of hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation in halothane-anesthetized horses.

OBJECTIVE To determine whether hemodynamic responses of halothane-anesthetized horses undergoing surgical procedures depended on anesthetic induction protocols used, and to determine whether hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation could be detected. DESIGN Prospective experimental study without controls. ANIMALS 36 clinically normal horses. PROCEDURE Horses were allotted to 5 groups according to anesthetic induction protocol: acepromazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, acepromazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, xylazine/guaifenesin/thiamylal, xylazine/guaifenesin/ketamine, and xylazine/diazepam/ketamine. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane. Hemodynamic measurements and blood gas values were obtained prior to the start of surgery, during surgery, and after surgery. RESULTS Few differences in hemodynamic measurements existed between horses in which anesthesia was induced by 5 anesthetic induction protocols, whether prior to the start of surgery or for pooled values for all 3 measurement periods. Hemodynamic responses to surgical manipulation were marked and included increased mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac index and oxygen delivery. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Choice of anesthetic induction protocol has little impact on hemodynamic function during surgery in halothane-anesthetized horses. Surgical stimulation may increase blood pressure, but does not improve cardiac index or oxygen delivery.
Chimpanzees return favors at a personal cost

Significance There are many examples of costly cooperation in humans. Although other great apes have been shown to engage in a number of cooperative behaviors, there is no reliable experimental evidence that they will sacrifice resources to benefit others. Here, we show that chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) return favors to conspecifics who have previously assisted them in acquiring food; crucially, they even do this at a material cost to themselves and especially when the conspecific incurred a risk in providing the assistance. Chimpanzees are thus capable of engaging in materially costly reciprocal interactions commonly considered unique to humans. Humans regularly provide others with resources at a personal cost to themselves. Chimpanzees engage in some cooperative behaviors in the wild as well, but their motivational underpinnings are unclear. In three experiments, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) always chose between an option delivering food both to themselves and a partner and one delivering food only to themselves. In one condition, a conspecific partner had just previously taken a personal risk to make this choice available. In another condition, no assistance from the partner preceded the subject’s decision. Chimpanzees made significantly more prosocial choices after receiving their partner’s assistance than when no assistance was given (experiment 1) and, crucially, this was the case even when choosing the prosocial option was materially costly for the subject (experiment 2). Moreover, subjects appeared sensitive to the risk of their partner’s assistance and chose prosocially more often when their partner risked losing food by helping (experiment 3). These findings demonstrate experimentally that chimpanzees are willing to incur a material cost to deliver rewards to a conspecific, but only if that conspecific previously assisted them, and particularly when this assistance was risky. Some key motivations involved in human cooperation thus may have deeper phylogenetic roots than previously suspected.
FUNCTIONAL FORM ANALYSIS OF THE SHORT-RUN DEMAND FOR TRAVEL AND GASOLINE BY ONE-VEHICLE HOUSEHOLDS

The short-run elasticity of vehicle travel and gasoline demand is analyzed using gasoline purchase diary data for households in the United States owning one vehicle. A Box-Cox method (iterative ordinary least squares) is used to determine best functional forms for each of four income quartiles in the sample. Transformation parameters for all income groups are found to be close to 0.4. Thus, price elasticity increases with increasing fuel prices. Elasticity estimates at the mean for the three upper quartiles are -0.6, and that for the lowest quartile is approximately -0.5.
National Elites in the Post-national Era: Ethno-politics and Internationalization in the Baltic States

After the Baltic states had become candidate members to EU and NATO these organizations exercised considerable efforts to bring the political institutions of these countries and their elites’ orientations into correspondence with international liberal democratic standards of including minorities into the polity. The paper investigates to which extent institutions and orientations did adapt to the international requirements; and discusses how the national responses to including the Russian minority may be understood as national elites’ rational adaptation to insecure environments. A main finding is that internationalization resulted only in moderate liberalization of laws and did not affect the elites’ orientations in any substantial ways. A high threshold forachieving citizenship as advocated by the national elites contrasts the liberal notion of creating state identity by ‘thin’ integration procedures, but opens an alternative way of generating more fundamental trust by ‘thick integration’. The element of ethnicexclusion seems to be a necessary political cost of the sad experiences of the past.
Hospital Characteristics Affecting HealthCare Chaplaincy and the Provision of Chaplaincy Care in the United States: 2004 vs. 2016

This study replicates, expands and analyzes a 2004 survey examining six hospital characteristics influencing three measures of chaplain employment in large, small, for-profit and nonprofit hospitals. The relationship between hospital characteristics and hiring Board Certified Chaplains was minor and inconsistent across time. The results indicate that religiously affiliated hospitals employed more full-time chaplains and that chaplain full-time equivalents were inversely related to hospital size in both surveys. The current survey suggests that urban and religiously affiliated hospitals were more likely to hire chaplains. The sampling method proved problematic, precluding meaningful conclusions but the study focus and questions remain important for future investigation based on this pilot effort.
Frankl's Conjecture for Subgroup Lattices

We show that the subgroup lattice of any finite group satisfies Frankl's Union-Closed Conjecture. We show the same for all lattices with a modular coatom, a family which includes all supersolvable and dually semimodular lattices. A common technical result used to prove both may be of some independent interest.
Ein Insolvenzrecht für souveräne Staaten

Auf der Jahrestagung des IWF im Oktober in Washington wurde ein Mechanismus zur Regulierung von Schulden souveraner Staaten diskutiert und vereinbart, bis zur Fruhjahrstagung im April 2003 einen ausgearbeiteten Vorschlag vorzulegen. Ist ein Insolvenzrecht fur Staaten sinnvoll? Konnen dadurch internationale Finanzkrisen leichter bereinigt werden?
The Australian Greens: between movement and electoral professional party

Since appearing in the 1970s, Green parties have grown from obscurity to electoral prominence globally. The Australian Greens trace their origins to various social movements in Australia, and could be said to have originally been a movement party. However, as the party has grown and become electorally successful changes have occurred within the structure, organisation and modes of operation. While some of these changes are in response to an increased membership, they also represent a shift towards a new organisational form: the electoral professional party. There is now greater emphasis on the party organisation and electoral success that marks a shift in emphasis from the party in the electorate to the parliamentary party. Have, then, the Greens moved from being a movement party to an electoral professional party? To trace the importance and impact of these changes within the Australian Greens this thesis examines two groups within the party, activists and staff, through survey and interview. The analysis demonstrates that some aspects of movement operations still exist within the party, but views supporting these are more likely to be held by long-term members. In the last ten years there has been a major expansion of the party’s vote and membership. Recently recruited members are more comfortable with changes that move the Greens towards being a professionally organised party that focuses chiefly on electoral success. While staff generally act as interlocutors between the party organization and MPs, they also have divergent positions on party priorities and leadership, with party-based staff advocating far greater membership input into both strategic and leadership discussions. Therefore there is still some ambivalence towards the changes, indicating that the party sits in a unique place in Australian politics somewhere between a movement and electoral professional party.
Composition and Antioxidant, Antienzymatic and Antimicrobial Activities of Volatile Molecules from Spanish Salvia lavandulifolia (Vahl) Essential Oils

The current study describes the composition of Salvia lavandulifolia (Vahl) essential oils (SlEOs) obtained from plants cultivated in Murcia (Spain), as determined by gas chromatography. Relative and absolute concentrations, the enantiomeric ratios of chiral compounds and the in vitro antioxidant, antienzymatic and antimicrobial activities are described. The main components of the SlEOs were camphor, 1,8-cineole, camphene and α-pinene, and the main enantiomers were (+)-camphor and (−)-camphene. The activities against free radicals and the capacity to reduce and chelate metallic ions were measured. SlEO-3 showed the highest activity in ORAC, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power methods, while SlEO-1 exhibited the highest chelating power. The activity of lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase could be inhibited by all the SlEOs, being bornyl acetate and limonene the most active individual compounds against lipoxygenase and 1,8-cineole against acetylcholinesterase. SlEOs and some individual compounds inhibited Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. These results increase our knowledge of SlEOs and, particularly, provide for the first time a complete characterization of SlEOs from Murcia, Spain, while proposing possible biotechnological uses for them.
Decisions on capital structure in a Zakat environment with prohibition of riba

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to assess and explain the leverage of Saudi companies (53 companies) during the period 2003-2007. Design/methodology/approach - This paper reviews two different classical capital structure theories, namely tradeoff theory and pecking order theory, to formulate testable propositions concerning the determinants of debt levels of Saudi companies. It develops a number of regression models (pooled OLS and panel techniques) to test the study's hypotheses. Findings - The results suggest that a firm's capital structure is positively affected by profitability, size, growth opportunities, and institutional ownership. It is negatively impacted by tangibility, government ownership, family ownership, business risk, dividend payment, and liquidity. Practical implications - Cost of capital is one of the pillars of corporate competitive advantage. Knowing which factors have the potential to influence capital structure can be essential to minimizing the cost of capital. Originality/value - This is the first study of the determinants of capital structure in Saudi Arabia that considers dividend payment, ownership structure (as a proxy for agency problems), and risk. This work also contributes to the current debate regarding theories of competitive capital structure.
Evaluation of cariogenic potential of dry powder inhalers: A case-control study

Objective: Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are commonly employed in the management of asthma and other diseases with airway obstruction. A causal relationship of DPI use and occurrence of dental caries has been speculated. The present case-control study was therefore designed to examine the potential link between dental caries and specific use of dry powder inhalers in patients with bronchial asthma. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 asthmatic patients aged between 10 and 45 years who were using DPIs for at least one year. The control group (n = 100) was selected from non-asthmatic individuals and were matched with the study group with respect to age, gender, and socio-economic status. Results: The results revealed that asthmatic subjects exhibited higher occurrence of dental caries in comparison to control group, but the difference was statistically non-significant. The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) indices scores in asthmatic and control group were found to be 1.71 ± 2.34 SD and 1.46 ± 1.89 SD (P = 0.408), respectively. Likewise, the mean decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS) indices scores in both the groups were 2.41 ± 3.84 SD and 2.34 ± 4.48 SD (P = 0.90). However, increased frequency of DPI use was associated with significant risk of caries (P = 0.01). It has been observed that oral rinsing after an inhaler use limited the occurrence of dental caries to a certain extent although was non significant. Conclusions: Dry powder inhaler use in patients with bronchial asthma was not associated with significant risk of dental caries.
A study of BP-camp algorithm for SAR imaging

Recently, the sparse reconstruction algorithms (SRAs) based on compressive sensing (CS) have been applied in the fields of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging and show plenty of potential advantages. However, due to the great computational complexity and memory cost caused by matrix-vector multiplications, most of these algorithms are not suitable to reconstruct large-scale observed scenes. To solve this problem, we construct a backprojection based imaging operator, and introduce it to the complex approximate message passing algorithm (CAMP). The new image formation algorithm is called BP-CAMP in this paper. Compared with the approximated observation methods deduced from the FFT-based imaging technology, BP-CAMP is not limited by observation models of the radar and motion modes of the platform, and it therefore possesses universal applicability. By the simulations and real data processing, the experimental results show that BP-CAMP has lower computational complexity and memory cost than CAMP, and also achieves SAR imaging with under-sampled echo data.
An Endogenous Model of Public School Expenditures and Private School Enrollment

This paper examines the link between private school enrollment rates and public school expenditures. Using a panel of New York State school districts, models are estimated in which public school spending and private school enrollment rates are endogenously determined. The results indicate the presence of endogeneity. Increases in private school enrollment are not shown to cause decreases in public school per pupil expenditure; however, private school enrollment rates are found to respond to changes in public school expenditure and are sensitive to changes in tuition.
Influence of negative dental experiences in childhood on the development of dental fear in adulthood: a case–control study

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with high dental fear among Brazilian university students, especially the effect of a negative dental experience in childhood. This paired case-control study was conducted at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais in Brazil. Dental, psychology and mathematics students were divided into cases (high fear) and controls (low fear), defined by cluster analysis, according to the items of the Dental Fear Survey (DFS). Cases (n = 65) and controls (n = 260) participants were paired (1:4) by gender, undergraduate course and social vulnerability. The students self-reported the DFS and a questionnaire about oral health. Descriptive analysis, bivariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression were used as statistical tests with a significance level of 5%. The multivariate model showed that students who reported negative dental experiences in childhood (OR = 2·97; 95% CI: 1·44-6·14), toothache in the last 12 months (OR = 11·31; 95% CI: 4·79-26·68), discomfort during dental treatment (OR = 5·36; 95% CI: 2·53-11·36) and poor self-evaluation of oral health (OR = 3·82; 95% CI: 1·61-8·11) were more likely to have high dental fear. Negative dental experiences in childhood influence dental fear in adulthood. Oral health education should be addressed among university students to reduce dental fear.
The Wage Curve: A Review

In The Wage Qurve, David G. Blancflower and Andrew J. Oswald argue that there is a fundamental negative relation between wages and the unemployment rate in a worker's local labor market. Blancflower and Oswald use large-scale micro data sets to estimate this relation for the United States, Britain, and 10 other countries. I review their empirical methods and findings, and provide some further evidence on the nature of the wage curve relationship in the United States. I conclude that there is a strong statistical correlation between rates of pay and local unemployment, although the interpretation of this correlation remains unresolved.