Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of NMDA in the Visual Working Memory of the Macaque Monkey

ii Contributions . iv Acknowledgements. v List of Figures . viii List of Tables . ix Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Working Memory . 1 1.2 Approaches to Studying Working Memory 1.2.1 Delayed Response Tasks . 5 1.2.2 Self-Ordered Tasks . 6 1.2.3 Delayed Non-Match to Sample (DNMS) . 9 1.2.4 Visual Sequential Comparison Tasks. 10 1.3 Neural Basis of Working Memory 1.3.1 Persistent Activity . 12 1.3. 2 Basis of Persistent Activity . 17 1.3. 3 NMDA Antagonist Studies . 21 1.4 Scope of the Study . 25 Chapter 2 – Materials and Methods 2.1 Subjects and Apparatus . 27 2.2 Visual Sequential Comparison Task . 30 2.3 Experimental Procedures . 31 2.4 Data Analysis . 32 Chapter 3 Results. 35 3.1 – Non (memory) maintenance processes . 46 Chapter 4 Discussion 4.1 Results 4.1.1 Effects on Response Latency . 54 4.1.2 Effects on Response Accuracy . 55 vii 4.1.3 Omission Errors and Retention Breaks . 56 4.1.4 Effects on processes other than memory maintenance . 58 4.2 Literature Review 4.2.1 NMDA Basis of Working Memory . 60 4.2.2 Maintenance vs. Manipulation . 61 4.3 Concluding Remarks 4.3.1 Limitations and Future Directions . 62 4.3. 2 Conclusion . 64 References . 65
Limit Laws for Local Counters in Random Binary Search Tree

Limit laws for several quantities in random binary search trees that are related to the local shape of a tree around each node can be obtained very simply by applying central limit theorems for w-dependent random variables. Examples include: the number of leaves (Ln), the number of nodes with k descendants (k fixed), the number of nodes with no left child, the number of nodes with k left descendants. Some of these results can also be obtained via the theory of urn models, but the present method seems easier to apply. © 1991 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of a Computerized Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management Intervention On Psychological Factors and Diabetes Management

DEDICATION This doctoral dissertation is dedicated in memory of my father, Richard A. Rosowski. For my entire life he demonstrated the importance of continued education and striving to attain my goals and dreams. He taught me that I would encounter obstacles and hardships but that perseverance and hard work would allow me to achieve more than I ever imagined. His character and unending support inspired me to pursue my doctorate. His diagnosis of diabetes provided me with personal knowledge of the ways in which it affects both physical and psychological health and a drive to improve our understanding of that relationship and the quality of life for those affected. This work is a small reflection of the profound impact that he has had on my life and a promise to continue to evolve in a way that would make him proud. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The feat of completing this doctoral dissertation could not have been accomplished on my own. First and foremost, I want to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. William Sacco. He served as my co-major professor since my acceptance into the clinical psychology graduate program. He shared his knowledge of clinical psychology and diabetes in a way that both taught and challenged me. His guidance shaped me as a clinician and researcher and for that I am very grateful. I am also indebted to Dr. Kristen Salomon, also a co-major professor since the day she informed me of my acceptance in to the graduate program at USF. Her background as a social psychologist provided me with a unique perspective in my clinical research. She emphasized critical thinking and research and taught me what it means to be a psychophysiologist. She also supported my divergence from psychophysiology and encouraged my pursuit of topics that inspired and challenged me. I must also thank my dissertation committee, especially Dr. Paul Jacobsen who stepped in as co-major professor upon Dr. Sacco's retirement. Their ideas and questions motivated me to be my best and allowed me to overcome obstacles to the completion of the research study. Also, the entire clinical psychology faculty at the University of South Florida, who provided me with the skills and knowledge to become a clinical scientist. Finally, I must acknowledge the contributions of my family. Their love and encouragement enabled me to focus on my education and provided the resources necessary to complete this research study. My children motivated me …
Deterioration of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function in overweight Hispanic children during pubertal transition: a longitudinal assessment.

PURPOSE To examine 1-year changes in insulin dynamics in overweight Hispanic children at high-risk of type 2 diabetes as a function of body composition and pubertal transition. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Longitudinal changes in insulin dynamics, body composition and maturation were determined in 132 Hispanic children (70 boys/62 girls; aged 10.9 +/- 1.8 years). METHODS Body composition was determined by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and Tanner stage by physical examination. Insulin sensitivity (SI), the acute insulin response to glucose (AIR) and the disposition index (DI; an index of beta-cell function) were determined using an insulin modified intravenous glucose tolerance test. These measures were conducted at baseline and 1-year later. RESULTS Fat mass increased by 13% (3.0 kg) and SI declined by 24%. In repeated measures analysis of variance, the fall in insulin sensitivity over 1 year remained highly significant even after adjusting for baseline fat mass, age, gender and change in fat mass. The fall in SI was not significantly influenced by Tanner stage. However, subjects in earlier maturation showed a compensatory increase in AIR (i.e. appropriate beta-cell compensation), whereas subjects in the latter stages of maturation did not (i.e. poor compensation). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that failure to increase AIR in response to the fall in SI may be one factor in the pathogenesis of the progression of pediatric type 2 diabetes in this at risk population.
Coverage checking contextual objects

We reconsider the question: Does a set of patterns cover all objects of a given type? This is straightforward in the simply-typed setting, but undecidable in the presence of dependent types. We revisit this question in the setting of contextual objects where objects are closed with respect to a context and contexts are intensional, i.e. their structure can be observed by pattern matching. Our algorithm generalizes and extends prior work on coverage checking of closed LF objects by Pfenning and Schürmann to contextual objects and more generally to datatypes which are indexed by contextual objects. In particular, we describe the design and implementation of a coverage algorithm for Beluga programs, a rich dependently typed programming and proof environment which supports contextual objects and contexts, and prove its correctness. Beluga’s coverage algorithm has been used on a wide range of examples, including all the examples from the Twelf repository. Most recently, we have also used the presented algorithm to check coverage of data-types indexed by contextual objects.
Perceptions of Cultural Sensitivity through Language Choice in Online Advertising: The Effects of Medium and Gender

This paper investigated the relationship between ethnic language in online and offline advertising and perceptions of advertiser cultural sensitivity. An experiment was conducted among bilingual Arabic/English speakers. In offline advertising, bilingual or Arabic-only ads were seen as more culturally sensitive than English-only ads. In online advertising, no overall differences in this perception were found based on language used. However, by examining gender, an important interaction effect was observed. Specifically, men viewed bilingual online advertising as most culturally sensitive, while women perceived Arabic-only advertising as most sensitive. This gives further support for the inclusion of individualspecific variables when investigating ethnic groups.
Extending Mosaic Displays: Marginal, Partial, and Conditional Views of Categorical Data

This paper first illustrates the use of mosaic displays and other graphical methods for the analysis of multiway contingency tables. We then introduce several extensions of mosaic displays designed to integrate graphical methods for categorical data with those used for quantitative data. For example, the scatterplot matrix shows all pairwise (marginal) views of a set of variables in a coherent display. One analog for categorical data is a matrix of mosaic displays showing some aspect of the bivariate relation between all pairsof variables. The simplest case shows the marginal relation for each pair of variables. Another case shows the conditional relation between each pair, with all other variablespartialled out. For quantitative data this represents (a) a visualization of the conditional independence relations studied by graphical models. and (b) a generalization of partial residual plots. The conditioning plot, or coplot shows a collection of (conditional) views of several variables, conditioned by the values of one or more other variables. A direct analog of the coplot for categorical data is an array of mosaic plots of the dependence among two or more variables, stratified by the values of one or more given variables. Each such panel then shows the partial associations among the foreground variables; the collection of such plots show how these associations change as the given variables vary.
Is a Lymph Node Detected by the Dye-Guided Method a True Sentinel Node in Gastric Cancer?

Purpose: A sentinel node is defined as the initial lymph node, to which cancer cells metastasize from a primary tumor. Recently, sentinel node navigation surgery has been done using the dye-guided method. However, no study has shown that a lymph node detected by the dye-guided method is the true sentinel node from the viewpoint of micrometastasis. Micrometastases of lymph nodes, in which no metastasis was found by H&E staining, were examined to establish whether a lymph node detected by the dye-guided method is the true sentinel node. Experimental Design: Isosulfan blue was injected endoscopically as the dye-guided method at a submucosal lesion of early gastric cancer. Total 345 lymph nodes, including 150 blue-dyed lymph nodes and 195 nondyed lymph nodes were collected from 57 patients and each was quartered. Two quarters were examined histologically by H&E staining and cytokeratin staining. The other specimens were used for quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of CEA and CK20 mRNAs. Results: Lymph node disease was not found in any of 345 lymph nodes from the 57 patients by routine H&E staining. By contrast, either CEA or CK20 mRNA expression was detected in 21 of 345 lymph nodes obtained from the 10 (18%) of 57 patients by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Eight of the 21 micrometastasis-positive lymph nodes were confirmed to be positive for cytokeratin staining. Although micrometastasis of nondyed lymph nodes was found in three cases, these were included in the 10 cases with micrometastasis of blue-dyed nodes, such that there was no patient who only had micrometastasis in nondyed nodes. Six of 10 cases were micrometastasis-positive in a single node; all six were blue-dyed nodes. Conclusion: A lymph node detected by the dye-guided method should be a true sentinel node to which cancer cells metastasize initially.
Examining the effect of experiential marketing on behavioral intentions in a festival with a specific sport event

ABSTRACT Research question: Participation in sport events is a significant aspect of experience. So far very few analyses exist that shed light on the kind of experiences that satisfy participants within the context of sport events. Using an experiential marketing approach, a behavioral model was tested in which perceived experiences and attitudes were proposed to interact with satisfaction to predict behavioral intentions of participants in festival with a specific sport event. Research methods: The proposed model was tested by path analysis. The sample setting of this study was Dragon Fest, which is held in Turkey’s different cities. Data for the pilot study were collected from 358 Dragon Fest participants in 2013, while a different sample of 490 participants were included in the main study for the path analysis. Results and findings: The current study verified the value of incorporating an experiential approach into sport event modeling. The relative importance of hedonic and utilitarian attitudes on sport event evaluation decisions was also presented. This study is unique in considering the utility of both hedonic and utilitarian attitudes and 4E experiences in a sport event context. Implications: Sport event organizers should design their event programs to facilitate experiencing different types of experiences with regard to senses of feeling (entertainment), learning (education), being (esthetic), and doing (escapist). This may be a convenient tool for sport and leisure-marketing efforts because the more experience dimensions an event incorporates the more individuals become satisfied and repeat attendance behavior in the future.
The Substellar Population of the Young Cluster λ Orionis

By collecting optical and infrared photometry and low-resolution spectroscopy, we have identified a large number of low-mass stars and brown dwarf candidates belonging to the young cluster (∼5 Myr) associated with the binary star λ Orionis. The lowest mass object found is an M8.5 with an estimated mass of 0.02 M⊙ (∼0.01 M⊙ for objects without spectroscopic confirmation). For those objects with spectroscopy, the measured strength of the Hα emission line follows a distribution similar to other clusters with the same age range, with larger equivalent widths for cooler spectral types. Three of the brown dwarfs have Hα emission equivalent widths of order 100 Å, suggesting that they may have accretion disks and thus are the substellar equivalent of classical T Tauri stars. We have derived the initial mass function for the cluster. For the substellar regime, the index of the mass spectrum is α = 0.60 ± 0.06, very similar to other young associations.
Role of the node in controlling traffic of cadmium, zinc, and manganese in rice

Heavy metals are transported to rice grains via the phloem. In rice nodes, the diffuse vascular bundles (DVBs), which enclose the enlarged elliptical vascular bundles (EVBs), are connected to the panicle and have a morphological feature that facilitates xylem-to-phloem transfer. To find a mechanism for restricting cadmium (Cd) transport into grains, the distribution of Cd, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and sulphur (S) around the vascular bundles in node I (the node beneath the panicle) of Oryza sativa ‘Koshihikari’ were compared 1 week after heading. Elemental maps of Cd, Zn, Mn, and S in the vascular bundles of node I were obtained by synchrotron micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and electron probe microanalysis. In addition, Cd K-edge microfocused X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses were used to identify the elements co-ordinated with Cd. Both Cd and S were mainly distributed in the xylem of the EVB and in the parenchyma cell bridge (PCB) surrounding the EVB. Zn accumulated in the PCB, and Mn accumulated around the protoxylem of the EVB. Cd was co-ordinated mainly with S in the xylem of the EVB, but with both S and O in the phloem of the EVB and in the PCB. The EVB in the node retarded horizontal transport of Cd toward the DVB. By contrast, Zn was first stored in the PCB and then efficiently transferred toward the DVB. Our results provide evidence that transport of Cd, Zn, and Mn is differentially controlled in rice nodes, where vascular bundles are functionally interconnected.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor and a Low Carbohydrate Diet Affect Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Content Differently in the Kidney and the Liver of Non-Diabetic Mice

A low carbohydrate diet (LCHD) as well as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) may reduce glucose utilization and improve metabolic disorders. However, it is not clear how different or similar the effects of LCHD and SGLT2i are on metabolic parameters such as insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation, and especially gluconeogenesis in the kidney and the liver. We conducted an 8-week study using non-diabetic mice, which were fed ad-libitum with LCHD or a normal carbohydrate diet (NCHD) and treated with/without the SGLT-2 inhibitor, ipragliflozin. We compared metabolic parameters, gene expression for transcripts related to glucose and fat metabolism, and glycogen content in the kidney and the liver among the groups. SGLT2i but not LCHD improved glucose excursion after an oral glucose load compared to NCHD, although all groups presented comparable non-fasted glycemia. Both the LCHD and SGLT2i treatments increased calorie-intake, whereas only the LCHD increased body weight compared to the NCHD, epididimal fat mass and developed insulin resistance. Gene expression of certain gluconeogenic enzymes was simultaneously upregulated in the kidney of SGLT2i treated group, as well as in the liver of the LCHD treated group. The SGLT2i treated groups showed markedly lower glycogen content in the liver, but induced glycogen accumulation in the kidney. We conclude that LCHD induces deleterious metabolic changes in the non-diabetic mice. Our results suggest that SGLT2i induced gluconeogenesis mainly in the kidney, whereas for LCHD it was predominantly in the liver.
Neurophysiological Correlates of Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents

Psychologists consider emotion regulation a critical developmental acquisition. Yet, there has been very little research on the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation across childhood and adolescence. We selected two ERP components associated with inhibitory control—the frontal N2 and frontal P3. We recorded these components before, during, and after a negative emotion induction, and compared their amplitude, latency, and source localization over age. Fifty-eight children 5–16 years of age engaged in a simple go/no-go procedure in which points for successful performance earned a valued prize. The temporary loss of all points triggered negative emotions, as confirmed by self-report scales. Both the frontal N2 and frontal P3 decreased in amplitude and latency with age, consistent with the hypothesis of increasing cortical efficiency. Amplitudes were also greater following the emotion induction, only for adolescents for the N2 but across the age span for the frontal P3, suggesting different but overlapping profiles of emotion-related control mechanisms. No-go N2 amplitudes were greater than go N2 amplitudes following the emotion induction at all ages, suggesting a consistent effect of negative emotion on mechanisms of response inhibition. No-go P3 amplitudes were also greater than go P3 amplitudes and they decreased with age, whereas go P3 amplitudes remained low. Finally, source modeling indicated a developmental decline in central-posterior midline activity paralleled by increasing activity in frontal midline regions suggestive of the anterior cingulate cortex. Negative emotion induction corresponded with an additional right ventral prefrontal or temporal generator beginning in middle childhood.
Open Mind Animals : Insuring the quality of data openly contributed over the World Wide Web

We describe the Open Mind Initiative, a framework for building intelligent systems collaboratively over the internet, and focus on one of its simpler component projects, Open Mind Animals. The Initiative extends traditional open source development methods by allowing non-expert netizens to contribute informal data over the internet. Such data is used to train classifiers or guide automatic inference systems, and thus it is important that only data of high accuracy and consistency be accepted. We identify a number of possible sources of poor data in Animals — several of which are generic and applicable to a range of open data collection projects — and implement a system of software modules for automatically and semi-automatically preventing poor data from being accepted. Our system, tested in a controlled laboratory intranet, filters faulty data through a variety of mechanisms and leads to accurate decision tree classifiers. Our reusable modules can be employed in our planned large-scale internet deployment of Animals and other Open Mind projects.
Blunted cardiovascular reactions are a predictor of negative health outcomes: A prospective cohort study

The study examined whether cardiovascular responses to psychological stress tests predict future anxiety and depression scores 40-months later. Hemodynamic measures were obtained from 102 healthy adults before, during and after mental arithmetic, a speech task, and a cold pressor task. The 14-item Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was administered at initial testing and at 40-months follow-up. At initial testing analyses revealed that high anxiety symptoms were characterized by blunted cardiovascular reactions to acute mental stress, particularly mental arithmetic. Furthermore, after adjustment for baseline blood pressure (BP), baseline anxiety levels and traditional risk factors, attenuated systolic BP responses to mental arithmetic were associated with future anxiety levels (ΔR2 = .055). These findings suggest that blunted cardiovascular reactions to stress may be an independent risk factor for future anxiety levels.
The Experiencing Self and the Remembering Self: Implications for Leisure Science

ABSTRACT In this research reflection we question the way leisure experience is commonly understood and how leisure science is commonly conducted. Specifically, we focus on advances in multiple self-theory popularized by Daniel Kahneman in Thinking, Fast and Slow, an in-depth examination of human thought processes. After establishing Kahneman's foundational perspective, we apply his thinking to leisure experience and leisure science by reviewing recent scholarship focused on the “experiencing” and “remembering” selves (2000). We conclude the reflection by discussing the implications of Kahneman's thinking for the use of self-reports by leisure scientists, as well as call for greater congruence between the selves we seek to research and our selected research methods.
Impact of Grit on Performance After Mastery- or Performance-Oriented Feedback

Grit and achievement motivation have been predictors of behavior in academia and military settings (Duckworth, Matthews, Peterson, & Kelly, 2007), but to date, research on their effects on sport performance has been limited. Given grit's predictive role in other performance domains, grit may be influential in athletes' long-term goal attainment, interacting with their achievement motives and leading to better performances. Athletes' trait levels of grit may influence how they understand and respond to messages received within motivational climates from key personnel such as from coaches and teammates. We examined potential moderating effects of grit on the relationship between motivational feedback and high school soccer players (N = 71, Mage = 15.81) performance on a soccer task, their desire to persist in the task, and their choices of task difficulty. We used hierarchical multiple regression to test the main effects of feedback and grit and to determine if grit moderated the effects of feedback on performance. Grit was a significant moderator of the feedback-shooting performance relationship, accounting for 3.9% of variance. Simple slopes analysis revealed a significant effect for low (B = 13.32, SEb = 4.44, p = .004, t = 2.99), but not high, (B = 2.11, SEb = 4.31, p = .63, t = .49), grit on task success. Grit was not a significant moderator of task difficulty selection or task persistence. These results suggest that for those high in grit, feedback about natural ability or hard work is not particularly influential on performance. However, for low grit athletes, type of feedback matters.