Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MULTIPLE ROUTES TO DELINQUENCY? A TEST OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND GENERAL THEORIES OF CRIME

General and developmental theories take very different approaches to the study of crime. General theories, like Gottfredson and Hirschi's recent theory of self-control, assume that crime can be explained with reference to a single or very limited set of explanatory factors. In addition, some general theories, like Gottfredson and Hirschi's, adopt a very static approach to causality. They presume that prior offending has no causal effect on current offending once time-stable criminal propensity is controlled, and they assume that the relationship between changes in life events and changes in offending are spurious. Recent developmental theories, like those proposed by Moffitt and Patterson, stand in stark contrast to Gottfredson and Hirschi's theory. These developmental theories are far more complex because they relax the assumption of general causality and adopt a more dynamic position about the relationship between changes in life circumstances and changes in crime. In this article we examine whether the added complexity of a developmental theory of crime is preferable to the more parsimonious general/static theory of Gottfredson and Hirschi. We find that the evidence is not faithful to either a pure static/general model or a pure developmental model of crime. Our findings appeal to a theoretical middle ground that assumes that pathways to crime are more similar than different and that allows for a causal effect of past offending and life experiences on future criminality. When viewed in the context of previous studies that have assessed offending over the life course, our results suggest that further theoretical development can profit from studying issues of measurement and sample composition.
The theoretical state of Philippine youth studies

This article deals with the current theoretical trends in Philippine youth research. It aims at: (1) providing a preliminary summary and assessment of existing Philippine youth studies in terms of their theoretical underpinnings; (2) describing the general theoretical trends in Philippine youth studies; and (3) suggesting some useful recommendations for the future theoretical development in youth studies. The discussion is set within the macro-structural trends shaping Filipino youth and the historical relevance of youth studies in the life of the nation.
Reproducing the nation: `banal nationalism' in the Turkish press

Nationalism is an elusive concept, resisting all attempts at formulating an allembracing definition. Despite this Janus-faced character, however, the literature on nationalism abounds with definitions and theories designed to explain its rise. In a groundbreaking study, Michael Billig (1995) challenges the orthodox conceptions of nationalism and introduces the term `banal nationalism' to cover all those unnoticed, routine practices and ideological habits which enable the daily reproduction of nationhood. The newspapers play a major role in this `unmindful' process of reproduction. This article is inspired by Billig's day survey of British newspapers. Replicating Billig's analysis in the Turkish context, the article examines 38 newspapers on a randomly selected day. In the course of the survey, the presentation and content of the news are analysed and the articles of the columnists and the advertisements are dissected. The results of the survey do not deviate from Billig's findings in the British case: the Turkish newspapers constantly `flag' nationhood. The fundamental premises of nationalist ideology are taken for granted and all debates are conducted within the parameters of the nationalist discourse. The article concludes by raising the following question: is there an alternative to this state of affairs?
Tumor Invasion of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Is Accompanied by Strong Hemorrhage Promoted by TNF-α

Background Several facultative anaerobic bacteria with potential therapeutic abilities are known to preferentially colonize solid tumors after systemic administration. How they efficiently find and invade the tumors is still unclear. However, this is an important issue to be clarified when bacteria should be tailored for application in cancer therapy. Methodology/Principal Findings We describe the initial events of colonization of an ectopic transplantable tumor by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Initially, after intravenous administration, bacteria were found in blood, spleen, and liver. Low numbers were also detected in tumors associated with blood vessels as could be observed by immunohistochemistry. A rapid increase of TNF-α in blood was observed at that time, in addition to other pro-inflammatory cytokines. This induced a tremendous influx of blood into the tumors by vascular disruption that could be visualized in H&E stainings and quantified by hemoglobin measurements of tumor homogenate. Most likely, together with the blood, bacteria were flushed into the tumor. In addition, blood influx was followed by necrosis formation, bacterial growth, and infiltration of neutrophilic granulocytes. Depletion of TNF-α retarded blood influx and delayed bacterial tumor-colonization. Conclusion Our findings emphasize similarities between Gram-negative tumor-colonizing bacteria and tumor vascular disrupting agents and show the involvement of TNF-α in the initial phase of tumor-colonization by bacteria.
THE ISOLATION AND ASSAY OF GANGLIOSIDES AND THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH BASIC PROTEINS

BASIC proteins, including added protamine, have been found to inhibit the normal metabolic response of cerebral tissues, to applied electrical pulses (MARKS and MCILWAIN, 1959; MCILWAIN, 1959; see also WOLFE and MCILWAIN, 1961), presumably by interaction with some acidic site in the tissue. The acid materials found to be most efficient in restoring tissue response to pulses after inhibition were ganglioside preparations (MCILWAIN, 196 I), comprised of mucolipids containing N-acetylneuraminic acid. That basic protein does interact with this particular acidic tissue component is suggested not only by the fact that added gangliosides show greatest antagonism to inhibition of tissue response, but by the reduction in the amount of gangliosides, native to the tissue, which can be extracted after basic protein has been allowed to inhibit response (BALAKRISHNAN and MCILWAIN, 1961). To assist in the interpretation of such data, the present study was undertaken to examine to what extent gangliosides are rendered inextractable after interaction with basic protein in simpler systems. In previous studies of the interaction of protamines and gangliosides the methods used have been dependent on precipitation from aqueous solution (MCILWAIN, 1960,1961 ; HARRIS and SAFER, 1960).
Augmented Tissue Oxygen Supply during Striated Muscle Contraction in the Hamster: Relative Contributions of Capillary Recruitment, Functional Dilation, and Reduced Tissue PO2

To investigate the relative contributions of alterations in blood flow, capillary density, and tissue PO2 to elevated oxygen delivery in working muscle, we conducted experiments on the suffused hamster cremaster muscle, using in vivo microscopic techniques. Muscle PO2 was measured during striated muscle twitch contraction at 1 Hz. Tissue oxygenation was changed by using suffusion solutions equilibrated with 0%, 5%, 10%, 21%, or 50% oxygen. Contraction caused an increase in capillary density (capillary recruitment), whose magnitude was related to the equilibration gas and, thus, to the suffusate PO2. Capillary recruitment first increased as the oxygen content was raised, peaked with 10% oxygen, and then diminished with higher oxygen content. Arteriolar functional dilation was also observed; when oxygen was raised above 21%, dilation was decreased. The data suggest that oxygen supply is increased primarily by arteriolar conductance changes with low suffusion solution oxygen (0% to 5%), and by capillary recruitment and increased PO2 gradients above 10% oxygen. When vasomotor tone was increased by addition of norepinephrine to the suffusion medium, the changes observed were similar to those observed when oxygen was increased. Therefore, we propose that the altered microvascular responses during vasoconstriction are a function of vascular tone rather than the levels of tissue PO2. A model is proposed which may partially explain the relations among vascular tone, functional dilation, and capillary recruitment. Our data also suggest that tissue PO2 may not be precisely regulated about a narrowly defined set point in this striated muscle but that, instead, tissue PO2 is a dependent variable controlled by the integrated effects of capillary recruitment, functional vasodilation, and altered metabolism.
Comparison of visual field sensitivities between the Medmont automated perimeter and the Humphrey field analyser

Background: Two commonly used perimeters in Australia and in many parts of Asia are the Humphrey field analyser II (HFA) and the Medmont automated perimeter (MAP). Each device maps the incremental light threshold of the visual field and describes the sensitivity at each point in ‘decibels’ (dB); however, these values are not interchangeable between devices. This study was designed to compare directly the sensitivity values of HFA and MAP visual fields.
ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) as second‐line chemotherapy in relapsed or primary progressive aggressive lymphoma – the Nordic Lymphoma Group experience

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate ICE (ifosfamide, carboplatin, etoposide) as second‐line chemotherapy in relapsed or primary progressive aggressive lymphoma, in terms of objective response rate (ORR) and peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvest mobilization rate. Patient population: A total of 40 patients were included, with a median age of 57 yr. The major histopathological subgroup was diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (n = 27). The indication for ICE was relapse in 23 patients, primary progressive disease in 11, transformation in four and adjuvant primary chemotherapy in one patient. Results: After three cycles of ICE, the ORR was 59%. Among patients with primary progressive disease, ORR was 36% (four of 11). A PBSC harvest after ICE could be performed in 11 of 20 patients, and was sufficient for stem cell rescue in 10 of 20. The median number of collected CD34+ cells was 3.6 × 106 (range 1.4–12.5). In six of 10 patients, an adequate PBSC harvest could be performed with a second mobilization regimen. Conclusion: In this patient population, the rate of response to ICE was comparable with other second‐line regimens used in aggressive lymphoma. The rate of harvest failure (45%) was disappointingly high, compared with previous reports, possibly because of patient selection or differences in granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) dosage.
High school music classes enhance the neural processing of speech

Should music be a priority in public education? One argument for teaching music in school is that private music instruction relates to enhanced language abilities and neural function. However, the directionality of this relationship is unclear and it is unknown whether school-based music training can produce these enhancements. Here we show that 2 years of group music classes in high school enhance the neural encoding of speech. To tease apart the relationships between music and neural function, we tested high school students participating in either music or fitness-based training. These groups were matched at the onset of training on neural timing, reading ability, and IQ. Auditory brainstem responses were collected to a synthesized speech sound presented in background noise. After 2 years of training, the neural responses of the music training group were earlier than at pre-training, while the neural timing of students in the fitness training group was unchanged. These results represent the strongest evidence to date that in-school music education can cause enhanced speech encoding. The neural benefits of musical training are, therefore, not limited to expensive private instruction early in childhood but can be elicited by cost-effective group instruction during adolescence.
Cross‐National Gender Variation in Environmental Behaviors

Objective. This article presents a cross‐national examination of gender variations in environmental behaviors. Research on environmental concern reveals modest distinctions between men and women, with women typically displaying higher levels of environmental concern and behavioral adjustments relative to men. Additionally, some prior research suggests that women appear more engaged in household‐oriented (private) pro‐environment behaviors (e.g., recycling), and men in community/society‐oriented (public) pro‐environment behaviors (e.g., protests). The analysis provided here offers an important extension to existing research through its cross‐cultural, comparative perspective. Method. We make use of the 1993 International Social Survey to explore gender differences in “private” and “public” environmentally‐oriented behaviors across 22 nations. Results. It is shown that women tend to engage in more environmental behaviors than men in many nations, particularly private behaviors. In addition, both women and men tend to engage in relatively more private environmental behaviors as opposed to public ones. Conclusion. The cross‐national analysis provides support for gender distinctions with regard to some environmental behaviors within most of the incorporated 22 national contexts. Gender differences in level of private environmental behaviors tend to be more consistent within nations at the upper end of the wealth distribution.
Validation of a gene expression signature for assessment of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

PURPOSE Current assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is not accurate enough to prevent overtreatment. The aim of this study was validation of a gene expression signature for distinguishing metastasizing (N+) from nonmetastasizing (N0) squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (OSCC) and oropharynx (OPSCC) in a large multicenter cohort, using a diagnostic DNA microarray in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments/International Organization for Standardization-approved laboratory. METHODS A multigene signature, previously reported as predictive for the presence of lymph node metastases in OSCC and OPSCC, was first re-evaluated and trained on 94 samples using generic, whole-genome, DNA microarrays. Signature genes were then transferred to a dedicated diagnostic microarray using the same technology platform. Additional samples (n=222) were collected from all head and neck oncologic centers in the Netherlands and analyzed with the diagnostic microarray. Human papillomavirus status was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The negative predictive value (NPV) of the diagnostic signature on the entire validation cohort (n=222) was 72%. The signature performed well on the most relevant subset of early-stage (cT1-T2N0) OSCC (n=101), with an NPV of 89%. CONCLUSION Combining current clinical assessment with the expression signature would decrease the rate of undetected nodal metastases from 28% to 11% in early-stage OSCC. This should be sufficient to enable clinicians to refrain from elective neck treatment. A new clinical decision model that incorporates the expression signature is therefore proposed for testing in a prospective study, which could substantially improve treatment for this group of patients.
Multigrid Waveform Relaxation on Spatial Finite Element Meshes: The Discrete-Time Case

The efficiency of numerically solving time-dependent partial differential equations on parallel computers can be greatly improved by computing the solution on many time levels simultaneously. The theoretical properties of one such method, namely the discrete-time multigrid waveform relaxation method, are investigated for systems of ordinary differential equations obtained by spatial finite-element discretisation of linear parabolic initial-boundary value problems. The results are compared to the corresponding continuous-time results. The theory is illustrated for a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional model problem and checked against results obtained by numerical experiments.
Changes in Mean Chorioallantoic Artery Blood Flow and Heart Rate Produced by Hypoxia in the Developing Chick Embryo

Hypoxia in the mammalian fetus produces cardiovascular changes, such as bradycardia, systemic hypertension, and changes in heart rate variability. This response was studied in 140 chick embryos ranging from stage 34 to stage 42 (d 9-16 of the 21-d incubation), by measuring the changes in mean chorioallantoic artery blood flow (CABF) and heart rate for 5 min in two levels of hypoxia (group 1; n = 90; 100% N2) or (group 2;n = 50; 5% O2). Eggs were opened at the air cell and placed in a small plexiglass holder, which had a continuous gas flow of an O2/N2 mixture (5 L/min), at 38 °C and 60% humidity. The chorioallantoic artery was placed in the lumen of a flow probe to measure mean CABF, heart rate, peak flow, and blood flow acceleration. After baseline measurements, the gas mixture was changed to 100% N2 or 5% O2 in N2 for 5 min. Mean CABF and heart rate decreased significantly in both groups (Wilcoxon paired sample test, p < 0.05). This response was more pronounced with the development of the chick embryo. Chorioallantoic artery peak flow (mL/min) and CABF acceleration (mL/s2) increased with incubation time and decreased during periods of hypoxia. During recovery, heart rate returned to baseline levels, whereas mean CABF showed an overshoot. The initial decrease in mean CABF and heart rate was similar in both groups. The cardiovascular response to hypoxia in the chick embryo is similar to the response in the mammalian fetus. The more pronounced response in the more developed chick embryo may represent a maturation of cardiovascular control.
Burden of illness associated with metastatic melanoma

Although long‐term survival in patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) is infrequent, response to a variety of cytotoxic and immunotherapies occurs and survival varies based on the site of metastases. Because different patterns of care of MM are likely to vary substantially in their intensity and resource use, the authors audited care at a regional referral center.
HDL3 induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostacyclin release in human endothelial cells via a p38 MAPK/CRE-dependent pathway: effects on COX-2/PGI-synthase coupling.

OBJECTIVE In endothelial cells, cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and COX-2 both contribute to prostacyclin production. Recent findings suggest that COX-2 contributes significantly to systemic prostacyclin synthesis in humans; whether COX-2 inhibition is related to an increased cardiovascular risk is undergoing debate. HDLs have been shown to increase prostacyclin synthesis, thus in the present study we investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this effect in endothelial cells. METHODS AND RESULTS HDL3 (30 microg/mL) induced COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. COX-2 was found mainly in the perinuclear area where it co-localizes with PGI synthase. Transient transfection experiments showed that CRE is required for HDL-induced COX-2 transcription, and we demonstrated that p38 MAPK activation by HDL3 is involved in COX-2 mRNA transcription and stabilization. As a consequence of COX-2-induction by HDL3 prostacyclin production increased, incubation with a COX-2 selective inhibitor blocked this effect. Moreover, HDL3 increased caveolin-1 phosphorylation, thus promoting PGI-synthase shuttling from the membrane to the perinuclear area. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in endothelial cells, HDL modulates COX-2/PGI-S activity via both p38 MAPK-dependent COX-2 mRNA stability and transcription and both caveolin-1-dependent PGI-synthase shuttling and COX-2 coupling. The understanding of these mechanisms may provide new insights into the antiatherogenic role of HDL.
Escitalopram versus venlafaxine XR in the treatment of depression

This article reanalyses and reviews data from the two published randomized clinical trials comparing escitalopram and venlafaxine XR in the treatment of patients with major depressive disorder. The aim was to further compare the efficacy and tolerability of escitalopram and venlafaxine XR and to assess the impact of the two treatments on the patient's quality of life, as well as the benefit/risk of treatment. A total of 243 escitalopram-treated patients and 240 venlafaxine XR-treated patients were included in this analysis. Comparable treatment efficacy was achieved with respect to the prospectively defined primary efficacy endpoint (mean change from baseline in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score at week 8). An analysis of the outcome at the end of study by baseline severity showed that the treatment difference became greater the more severely depressed the patients were at baseline. At the highest permitted doses, in the subgroup of patients who were severely depressed (baseline MADRS ≥30), patients treated with escitalopram had a statistically significantly greater improvement (P<0.05) in mean MADRS total scores than patients treated with venlafaxine XR at endpoint. For these patients, treatment with 20 mg/day escitalopram resulted in a statistically significantly (P<0.05) higher remission rate at week 8 (47%) than treatment with venlafaxine XR (29%). This difference was confirmed by the analysis of the pooled data, which showed that patients in the escitalopram group had a significantly (P<0.05) higher mean number of depression-free days (30.4 days) than those in the venlafaxine XR group (26.2 days) over the 8-week period. The relative benefit of escitalopram versus venlafaxine XR was 1.46, indicating that a patient was more likely to benefit from treatment with escitalopram. The proportions of patients who withdrew owing to adverse events were 7.5% in the escitalopram group and 11.2% in the venlafaxine XR group. The mean number of discontinuation emergent signs and symptoms in the venlafaxine XR group (mean: 5.0) was significantly (P<0.001) higher than for the escitalopram group (mean: 2.4).
When Voice Matters

The conventional wisdom is that voice leads to desirable outcomes for organizations. However, this is most certainly an oversimplification. Of the over 1,000 studies examining the impact of voice in organizations, the implications of voice vary by the level of the organization (individual, group, organization) as well as the outcome of interest (e.g., group harmony vs. job satisfaction). In this article, we draw from the diverse literatures examining the impact of voice to integrate the theoretical frameworks and empirical results for voice outcomes across organizational levels. To do so, we start with a discussion of the definition and development of voice as a construct, beginning with Hirschman’s seminal work on voice/exit/loyalty. We then review the theoretical frameworks within each level that explain the effect of voice on outcomes, highlight the role of mediating or moderating mechanisms, and discuss directions for future research. Finally, we emphasize emerging trends in the study of voice and suggest areas in which the various literatures may benefit from borrowing across fields and levels of interest to produce a more comprehensive, theoretically grounded, and cohesive body of work.