Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Annual Rhythm in the Growth of Human Breast Carcinomas as Reflected in the Histology of Their Growing Edge

This histologic study of breast carcinoma, based on 100 consecutive cases, identifies a dynamic scenario at the tumor edge. Three main types of tumor edge were identified. An inactive edge, seen throughout the year, consisted of tumor cells lying in fibrous tissue that merged into the adjacent fatty tissue. An infiltrative edge was characterized by an acute microvascular response and the presence of fine lymph channels often containing embolic tumor cells. A capsular edge showed sharp tumor demarcation accompanied by proliferation and followed by lymphocyte infiltration. Infiltrative edges were found mainly in the first half of the year, and capsular edges in the second. Thus, the growth of individual breast carcinomas appears to be the result of a common series of growth phases at their advancing edge that follow an annual cycle.
Youth Justice in England and Wales: A Risky Business

Risk factor research dominates explanatory models of youth offending and “evidence-based” policy and practice with young people in the youth justice system in England and Wales. Asset is the product of these actuarial ideas and has put the risk factor prevention paradigm into practice. This article evaluates the impact that an actuarial approach to assessment has had on both the representation of young people who offend and the way in which their behavior is explained and responded to. It describes the factors that led to the introduction of Asset, before briefly summarizing the positive assessments of Asset. It is contended that the “achievement” of actuarialism in youth justice is to render arbitrary and discriminatory practices acceptable, and apparently rational.
Spam Filtering Using Inexact String Matching in Explicit Feature Space with On-Line Linear Classifiers

Contemporary spammers commonly seek to defeat statistical spam filters through the use of word obfuscation. Such methods include character level substitutions, repetitions, and insertions to reduce the effectiveness of word-based features. We present an efficient method for combating obfuscation through the use of inexact string matching kernels, which were first developed to measure similarity among mutating genes in computational biology. Our system avoids the high classification costs associated with these kernel methods by working in an explicit feature space, and employs the Perceptron Algorithm using Margins for fast on-line training. No prior domain knowledge was incorporated into this system. We report strong experimental results on the TREC 2006 spam data sets and on other publicly available spam data, including near-perfect performance on the TREC 2006 Chinese spam data set. These results invite further exploration of the use of inexact string matching for spam filtering.
Work and Social Support: Social Workers’ Assessments of Male and Female Clients’ Problems and Needs

This study investigated how social workers assess single mothers’and fathers’needsin the areas of paid work and social support. It found that social workers conform togender “heteronormative” expectations. A father’s problems are assessed as beingmore closely linked to paid work than are a mother’s, whereas a mother’s problemsare assessed as being related to difficulties in the area of social networks.
How common is sexual attraction towards clients? The experiences of sexual attraction of counselling psychologists toward their clients and its impact on the therapeutic process

This study investigated counselling psychologists' experiences of sexual attraction to their clients. Self-reported incidence of this phenomenon, the reaction that it provokes in therapists, the way they manage their feelings, and the potential impact of their sexual attraction on the therapeutic process, were assessed. On the basis of previous studies of psychotherapists, it was hypothesized that sexual attraction toward clients is common, and that these perceived feelings are not necessarily negative to the therapeutic process or professional relationship; also, it was hypothesized that the disclosure of these feelings to the client could nevertheless lead to a positive therapeutic outcome. Questionnaires were sent to the 286 chartered counselling psychologists included in the British Psychological Society Register. The results showed that significantly more therapists were attracted to at least one client than not. Furthermore, half of the respondents who reported attraction to clients believed that their feelings had a positive impact on the therapeutic process. Therapists who had disclosed their feelings to their clients found significantly more frequently that the impact of their sexual attraction had been positive to the therapeutic process (87.5%), than therapists who did not disclose their sexual attraction (47.1%). The implications of these results for training, supervision and professional issues are discussed.
Rotten Apple or Rotten Barrel? Social Identity and Children's Responses to Bullying.

Recent research has suggested that bullying behaviour may be understood as a group process, where those involved act in ways predicted by social identity theory (Ojala & Nesdale, 2004). One relevant phenomenon is the black sheep effect, whereby individuals evaluate deviant members of their in-group more negatively than that of an out-group. To examine this process, a study was conducted (N = 60) in which 10- and 11-year-old children were randomly assigned to a high-status, peripheral or irrelevant group. They were then read a scenario in which a member of the high-status group bullied a person outside the group and was supported by other high-status group members. It was found that assigned group membership affected judgements of the acceptability of the bullying behaviour and the likeability of both (a) the high-status group and (b) the high-status group member. Specifically, evidence of a black sheep effect meant that high-status group members showed less liking for the high-status group member than for the high-status group, and believed that this member deserved greater punishment than the high-status group as a whole. Peripheral group members differentiated between the high-status group member and the high-status group in terms of liking but not punishment, while members of the irrelevant group did not make a distinction on either measure. Implications for the conceptualization of bullying are discussed.
Persistent movement disorders following Japanese encephalitis

The authors report on movement disorders that persist for a long duration following Japanese encephalitis (JE). Fifteen patients with diagnosed JE were followed up after an interval of 3 to 5 years. Of the four patients with a movement disorder, two were children with severe generalized dystonia in whom MRI revealed bilateral thalamic lesions. The two adult patients had parkinsonism. MRI in both adult patients showed lesions confined to the substantia nigra. Viral antibody and antigen were absent in the CSF of all patients.
Are we preaching to the converted? The role of motivation in understanding the contribution of intergroup encounters

The role of motivation to participate in peace encounters was examined against the popular claim that such programs mainly benefit those who already espouse peace-movement ideas. The self-determination theory served as the theoretical framework for the study. Jewish and Arab high-school students (N = 330) were randomly assigned to research and control groups based on their motivation to participate in peace encounters. The findings revealed that those who benefited most and whose social relationships were significantly enhanced by participation in the program were participants who were extrinsically motivated. Those who were amotivated gained nothing but did not deteriorate, whereas their counterparts in the control group deteriorated. Those who were intrinsically motivated did not gain much from their participation but did not deteriorate, even without the encounters (in the control group). Theoretical and pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Politics of Anti-Nuclear Protest in Taiwan: A Case of Party-Dependent Movement (1980–2000)

This essay tries to understand a particular pattern of the relation between social movement and political party. By analyzing the development of the anti-nuclear protest in Taiwan, the author puts forth the concept of party-dependent movement. This term denotes an awkward situation where the fate of a social movement is bound to the electoral performance of a certain political party. In Taiwan, the rise of anti-nuclear voice is closely related to the democratic opening. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) adopted an unequivocal anti-nuclear stand ever since its founding in 1986, thus helped to collect the increasing support from the broad movement constituents. But the growing DPP has other political priorities, which means the anti-nuclear goal is often shelved to the disappointment of movement activists. As a consequence of the early convergence, the movement has not been able to re-assert its autonomy.
Parent empowerment for family literacy: a European initiative

The article describes the genesis of, rationale for and running of the Parent Empowerment for Family Literacy Project (PEFaL), a European-Union funded six-nation family literacy initiative that took place between 2001 and 2004. Whilst a number of features of the project are typical of family literacy programmes, some aspects of PEFaL are identifiably distinctive. These include the multicultural, trans-cultural and linguistic dimensions, and an innovative attempt to encourage parent and child participants to communicate with each other across countries by email and the Internet. These features and some of the project outcomes are discussed and prospects for follow-on activities are examined.
Sleep quality and health-related quality of life in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disorder resulting in irreversible scarring of the lung parenchyma. Although fatigue is a prominent symptom for patients with IPF, little is known about sleep quality in patients with IPF. METHODS In this cross-sectional study of 41 patients with IPF from a prospectively designed cohort, we ascertained sleep quality by means of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) and the Epworth sleepiness scale. Health status, baseline demographics, and physiologic parameters were also assessed. RESULTS Patients with IPF reported extremely poor sleep quality and high frequency of daytime sleepiness, which differs significantly from normal control populations. Further, poor sleep quality was not associated with body mass index, age, gender, or lung function. This population also demonstrated extremely poor health status in a number of domains, including physical function and vitality. Poor sleep quality (by the global PSQI) was significantly associated with decreased quality of life (QOL) in several domains, including role of physical function (r = - 0.58, p = 0.001), vitality (r = - 0.43, p = 0.015), and role of emotions (r = - 0.40, p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep quality is extremely common in patients with IPF and is not predicted by variables traditionally associated with sleep-disordered breathing. Further, poor sleep quality is associated with poor QOL. These findings suggest that systematic evaluation of the cause of poor sleep quality in IPF is merited.
Interleukin 1 beta, but not tumor necrosis factor, enhances neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat skin: involvement of nitric oxide.

In phenobarbitone-anesthetized rats the effects of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) were examined on the capsaicin-induced increase of plantar cutaneous blood flow in the rat hind paw as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. IL-1 beta (0.5-500 pg) or TNF alpha or TNF beta (50-500 pg) was injected subcutaneously into the left paws, while the right paws received vehicle (10 microL) only. IL-1 beta was without effect on blood flow by its own but dose dependently enhanced the hyperemia due to capsaicin (0.3 microgram). TNFs failed to enhance the capsaicin-induced vasodilatation although 5000 pg TNF alpha produced a transient increase of local blood flow. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter the capsaicin-induced vasodilatation but prevented IL-1 beta (50 pg) from augmenting the hyperemic response to capsaicin. Likewise, blockade of nitric oxide formation by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) failed to affect the capsaicin-evoked vasodilatation but abolished its amplification by IL-1 beta. Systemic pretreatment with a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin reduced the capsaicin-induced hyperemia and prevented the facilitatory effect of IL-1 beta. The hyperemia evoked by intraplantar calcitonin gene related peptide (0.038-3.8 ng) was not altered by IL-1 beta (50 pg). These data indicate that IL-1 beta but not TNF enhances the cutaneous hyperemic response to capsaicin. This proinflammatory action arises from sensitization of afferent nerve endings and depends on nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase products as essential intermediates.
Expression of Endoderm and Hepatic Specific Genes after in vitro Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Background: Human embryonic stem cells (hESC), which are derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocysts, have been considered to be pluripotent cells. In this study we examine the differentiating potential of hESC into hepatocytes by characterization of the expression of endoderm and liver-specific genes. Methods: hESC were cultivated in suspension to form aggregates, the embryoid bodies. They were allowed to outgrowth on the plated culture with the stepwise addition of growth factors such as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), hepatocyte growth factor and oncostatin M into the culture medium. The expressions of endodermal and liver specific genes such as hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), albumin (ALB), cytokeratin 8 (CK-8), CK-18, transthyretin, glucose 6-phosphatase and tyrosine aminotransferase were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expressions of ALB and CK-18 in the cytoplasm were analyzed by Immunohistochemistry. Results: The immunoblotting and chemiluminescence of the conditioned media indicated the secretion of ALB and AFP. RT-PCR analysis revealed that hepatic gene expression related to early and late-stage liver development were enhanced through in vitro differentiation of hESC. Conclusion: Our results showed the expression of endoderm and hepatic specific genes after in vitro differentiation of hESC into hepatocyte-like cells through addition of various growth factors in three dimensional culture systems (collagen type I). hESC could be a new potential source of hepatocyte for transplantation in patients with liver failure. Iran. Biomed. J. 10 (3): 117-124, 2006
Diet rich in α-lactalbumin improves memory in unmedicated recovered depressed patients and matched controls

Depression is associated with reduced brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) function and with cognitive dysfunctions. A diet rich in α-lactalbumin protein has been found to increase the ratio tryptophan /large neutral amino acids (Trp/σLNAA), and to improve cognitive functioning in individuals with high neuroticism scores. Since cognitive dysfunctions sometimes persist after remission of depression, the present study investigated the effects of α-lactalbumin-enriched diet on cognition in recovered depressed patients. Twenty-three recovered depressed patients and 20 healthy matched controls without a history of depression consumed meals rich in α-lactalbumin or casein protein in a double-blind crossover design. Mood, cognitive function and plasma amino acids were assessed at both sessions before and after dietary intake. Alpha-lactalbumin protein had no effect on mood, but improved abstract visual memory and impaired simple motor performance. These effects were independent of history of depression. Supplements of lactalbumin may be useful for nutrition research in relation to age- or disease-related memory decline. The present findings should be further examined in different (e.g. medicated) samples. The long-term effects of α-lactalbumin should also be investigated.
A perfect match: decoding employee engagement – Part I: Engaging cultures and leaders

Purpose – The purpose of this two‐part article is to introduce engagement and review key research on engagement‐related factors.Design/methodology/approach – The author conducted a literature search on employee engagement and pilot interviews with ten professionals.Findings – Environment, leadership, job, and individual factors are connected to employee engagement. Environmental engagement factors include congruency between organizational and individual values, the quality of the workplace relationships, and work‐life balance. Leadership engagement factors include vision and integrity. Job engagement factors include the meaningfulness of the job, itsw level of challenge, and the amount of control the employee has on the job. Finally, individual factors related to engagement include resilience, locus of control, active coping style, self‐esteem, neuroticism, and extraversion. The author suggests that the connections (or the match) between organizational, leadership, job, and individual characteristics is p.
An eye-tracking investigation of intentional motion perception in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been characterized by an impaired attribution of intentions in social interactions. However, it remains unclear to what extent poor performance may be due to low-level processes or to later, higher-level stages or to what extent the deficit reflects an over- (hypermentalization) or underattribution of intentions (hypomentalization). METHODS We evaluated intentional motion perception using a chasing detection paradigm in individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and in healthy controls while eye movements were recorded. Smooth pursuit was measured as a control task. Eye-tracking was used to dissociate ocular from cognitive stages of processing. RESULTS We included 27 patients with schizophrenia, 2 with schizoaffective disorder and 29 controls in our analysis. As a group, patients had lower sensitivity to the detection of chasing than controls, but showed no bias toward the chasing present response. Patients showed a slightly different visual exploration strategy, which affected their ocular sensitivity to chasing. They also showed a decreased cognitive sensitivity to chasing that was not explained by differences in smooth pursuit ability, in visual exploration strategy or in general cognitive abilities. LIMITATIONS It is not clear whether the deficit in intentional motion detection demonstrated in this study might be explained by a general deficit in motion perception in individuals with schizophrenia or whether it is specific to the social domain. CONCLUSION Participants with schizophrenia showed a hypomentalization deficit: they adopted suboptimal visual exploration strategies and had difficulties deciding whether a chase was present or not, even when their eye movement revealed that chasing information had been seen correctly.
Evolution in Biology Textbooks: A Comparative Analysis of 5 Muslim Countries

This study seeks to explore the status and treatment of evolutionary science in secondary education in 5 Muslim countries, including Egypt, Malaysia, Syria, Turkey, and Pakistan. Evolutionary concepts, including natural selection, are presented in the curricula in all these locations. An explicit discussion of human evolution, however, is missing in these curricula. With the exception of Pakistan, though, religious references are not common in evolutionary science curricula. Pakistani biology curriculum presents scientific models and religious perspectives on the origin and evolution of life and presents interpretations of the scripture as compatible with evolutionary science. The current comparative analysis informs our growing understanding of the diversity of scientific and religious perspectives that Muslim students and teachers are exposed to in formal science education.
Genes, diet and serum lipid concentrations: lessons from ethnically diverse populations and their relevance to coronary heart disease in Asia

Purpose of review The burden of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Asia has risen in tandem with socio-economic development and urbanization. Although all ethnic groups have been affected, some appear to be at particularly high risk. The basis of these ethnic differences remains poorly understood. Recent findings Differing levels of risk factors for CHD have been observed between ethnic groups. Previous studies, however, may be confounded by a large ethnic variation in socio-economic status and place of residence. Few studies have taken dietary factors into account. Recent studies involving Chinese, Malays and Asian Indians living in Singapore suggest that neither dietary nor genetic factors, taken in isolation, sufficiently explain ethnic differences in serum lipid profiles. Several genetic variants in key candidate genes (apolipoprotein E, APOE, cholesteryl ester transfer protein, CETP and hepatic lipase, LIPC) have recently been found to modulate the association between dietary factors and serum lipid concentrations in these ethnic groups and in other populations. Summary To fully evaluate the differences in CHD risk between ethnic groups, environmental exposures, including dietary factors need to be carefully evaluated, and gene-environment interactions that may give rise to these differences need to be taken into account. These are critical steps in the development of targeted strategies to contain the epidemic of coronary heart disease in Asia. An understanding of the basis of these differences may also provide insights into the pathogenesis of disease that one cannot get through the examination of more homogenous populations.
Creativity and performativity policies in primary school cultures

Cultures of performativity in English primary schools refer to systems and relationships of: target‐setting; Ofsted inspections; school league tables constructed from pupil test scores; performance management; performance related pay; threshold assessment; and advanced skills teachers. Systems which demand that teachers ‘perform’ and in which individuals are made accountable. These policy measures, introduced to improve levels of achievement and increased international economic competitiveness, have, potentially, profound implications for the meaning and experience of primary teachers’ work; their identities; their commitment to teaching; and how they view their careers. At the same time as policies of performativity are being implemented there is now increasing advocacy for the adoption and advancement of ‘creativity’ policies within primary education. These major developments are being introduced in the context of a wide range of social/educational policies also aimed at the introduction of creativity initiatives into schools and teaching. This complex policy context has major implications for the implementation process and also primary teachers’ work and how they experience it. The ethnographic research reported in this article has been conducted over a school year in six English primary schools in order to analyse the effects of creativity and performativity policy initiatives at the implementation stage. The article concludes by arguing that in the schools of our research the drive to raise pupil test scores involves both performative and creative strategies and that this critical mediation goes beyond amelioration toward a more complex view of professional practice. Implementing creativity and performativity policies provided important contextual influencing factors on teacher commitment. These were: curriculum coverage and task completion; and providing psychic rewards of teaching.