Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The "Trust" Problem

CONGRESS has recently endeavored to frame a law that would adequately control and regulate " trusts. " The various plans proposed and the discussions that took place in the House and Senate clearly showved that Conagress has not the power to deal with this subject in a thorough and comprehelnsive manner. A makeshift act has been passed which will throw additional light on the way in which "trusts" are organized and conducted, but will in no wise correct the evils or prevent the abtuse of power. And until the federal constitution is amended, giving adeqtlate power to Congress, we must look to the state governments to take up the consideration of this problem and to test the Xvarious plans suggested for its solution, so that when the natiolnal lawmakers have the authority they may act intelligently and successfully. A "trust," in the common acceptance of the term as applied to inidustrial combinations, is a corporation having a large aggregation of capital. A corporate charter is sought after because it enables its owners to exercise many functions impossible to individuals and partnerships. Being a privilege highly prized, it ought not to be given without an adequate consideration being paid for it. Therefore, when the government confers a special privilege, such as a corporate charter, it should require payment in proportion to the value of such privilege. A corporate privilege is worth to its owners just what it will earn, no more and no less. If this privilege is the means whereby moniey is made, then the privilege is worth something. If the earning power of this privilege is greater than is the earning power of individual dealers or of partnerships, then it is unfair and unjust to the nmany to permit the few, through the gift of the government, to outstrip them in the race for wealth. And if the possession of this corporate privilege gives to the fexv owners the opportunity to make money at the expense of the many, as so many corporations are doing today, the government should step in and, so far as possible equalize the rights of all. This the state can do in but one way -by means of its power of taxation. That the state has a right to lay a tax as a payment for the
Theorising determinants of employee voice: an integrative model across disciplines and levels of analysis

This article critiques organisational behaviour (OB) research on employee voice and presents a broader-based conceptual model that integrates ideas and concepts across employment relationship disciplines and levels of analysis. OB studies err by taking an overly individualistic, psychological, managerialist and de-institutionalised perspective on employee voice. This criticism is documented and illustrated with numerous examples from the OB literature. To provide a constructive step forward, the article presents an enlarged model of employee voice that not only includes OB but also brings in important contributions from the HRM, industrial relations, labour economics and labour process fields. The model provides an integrative framework for theoretical and empirical studies of voice and yields a number of research and practice implications.
THE KINEMATICS OF ANTERIOR CERVICAL DISCECTOMY AND FUSION VERSUS ARTIFICIAL CERVICAL DISC: A PILOT STUDY

OBJECTIVE Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the management of cervical spondylosis may contribute to further degenerative changes at adjacent levels secondary to abnormal spinal motion. Insertion of a Bryan Cervical Disc (AD) (Medtronic Sofamor Danek, Memphis, TN) may prevent this accelerated degeneration. This retrospective study compares the in vivo x-ray cervical spine kinematics in patients with ACDF and AD. METHODS Ten patients with single-level AD were matched to 10 patients with single-level ACDF based on age and sex. Lateral neutral, flexion and extension cervical x-rays were obtained preoperatively and at regular intervals up to 24 months postoperatively. Kinematic parameters, including range of motion, anteroposterior translation, and disc height, were assessed for all cervical functional spinal units using quantitative motion analysis software. Changes in these parameters were compared between matched patients from both groups using paired Student's t tests. RESULTS The range of motion at the operated level was greater in the AD group compared with the ACDF group at early (6.9 versus 0.89 degrees, P < 0.01) and late (8.4 versus 0.53 degrees, P < 0.01) follow-up evaluations. Translation was greater at the operated level in patients with AD at late follow-up (6.8 versus 0.8%, P < 0.03) evaluation. No significant between-group kinematic differences were seen at adjacent levels. CONCLUSION Patients with AD and those with ACDF demonstrated similar in vivo adjacent level kinematics within the first 24 months after anterior cervical decompression.
University Research Management - Developing Research in New Institutions

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Real-Time PCR Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiotas in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

ABSTRACT Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus can beneficially affect the host by producing acetic acid and lactic acid, which lower pH and thereby inhibit the growth of pathogens or allow the probiotic bacteria to compete with pathogens for epithelial adhesion sites and nutrients. The transmural migration of enteric organisms into the peritoneal cavity can cause peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We hypothesized that the composition of the intestinal microbiota with regard to Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species differed between PD patients and healthy controls. The aim of the study was to investigate these differences by real-time PCR analysis of fecal samples. From 1 August 2009 to 31 March 2010, a total of 29 nondiabetic PD patients and 41 healthy controls from China Medical University Hospital were recruited after giving their informed consent. Fecal samples were collected from the PD patients and their age-matched counterparts in the morning using a standardized procedure. DNA extracted from these samples was analyzed by real-time PCR. All bifidobacteria, Bifidobacterium catenulatum, B. longum, B. bifidum, Lactobacillus plantarum, L. paracasei, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were less frequently detected in the patient samples. Dysbiosis (microbial imbalance) may impair intestinal barrier function and increase host vulnerability to pathogen invasion. Further studies are necessary to confirm our findings before clinical trials with probiotic supplementation in PD patients.
Prolonged dystocia, uterine necrosis, and ovariohysterectomy in a Chios ewe

A 4-year-old Chios ewe was submitted to the Clinic of Farm Animals (School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki). The animal had delivered 2 healthy lambs, 2 days earlier, and was inappetent, depressed, and reluctant to move, while it had tachycardia and tachypnea. The cervix was opened at a dilation of 1 finger in diameter and fetid fetal membranes expelled from the vagina. Serum biochemistry revealed renal and liver disease, while ultrasonography revealed uterine dilatation. Laparotomy revealed a partly autolysed embryo in the uterus and gangrenous metritis. Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli were isolated in bacterial cultures from the necrotic uterus. As the condition was critical, an ovariohysterectomy was conducted in order for the ewe to survive. Unfortunately, the animal died the following day and a necropsy revealed liver and kidney degeneration.
Inter- and intra-observer variability in three grading systems for oral epithelial dysplasia

Background and Objectives: Management of oral premalignant lesions depends on clinical assessment and grading of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED), which remains one of the most important predictors of malignant potential. Numerous grading systems for OED exists with varying sets of assessing criteria and are largely considered subjective. The present study attempted to assess the inter- and intra-observer variability in three grading systems: Binary system, WHO (2005) and Ljubljana systems. Methodology: Histopathological grading of 63 cases of leukoplakia was performed by two oral pathologists and one general pathologist, who were blinded, using all the three grading systems at different time intervals and was repeated twice. Inter- and intra-observer variability was then evaluated by multivariate kappa analysis. Results: Inter-observer agreement in the two set of observations was found to be “slight” in WHO (k = 0.001 and 0.039), “slight” and “poor” in binary (k = 0.108 and −0.007), “poor” and “slight” in Ljubljana's (k = −0.027 and 0.106) grading systems. Intra-observer agreement ranged from “slight” to “fair” (k = 0.128 and 0.295) in WHO, “fair” to “moderate” (k = 0.224 and 0.420) in binary and “slight” to “fair” (k = 0.161 and −0.353) in Ljubljana's grading systems. Conclusions: The binary system of classification proved to have an overall better inter- and intra-observer agreement. This study also showed better intra-observer agreement in all the grading systems as well as in individual histopathological parameters. Defining the individual parameters more objectively with the reproducible structuring of the grading systems and training of the pathologists would help reduce the variability in diagnosing dysplasia.
Video summarization with minimal visual content redundancies

We propose a video summarization method able to produce a motion video summary that minimizes the visual content redundancy for the input video. We derive the visual content redundancy metric that tells how much redundancy a video contains, and how much the video can be curtailed without losing too much visual content. Then we develop a method that produces a summary of the input video with the minimal redundancy measured. The video summary also contains the original audio segments that are partially synchronized with the summarized visual content. The experimental evaluations show the effectiveness of the redundancy metric and the summarization method.
A Population-Based Survey of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use in Men Recently Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer

Purpose: To determine prevalence and patterns of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among men recently diagnosed with prostate cancer. Study Design: Men, diagnosed with prostate cancer over a 10-month period in British Columbia, Canada, were randomly selected to obtain a population-based sample. Methods: Surveys, addressing patient demographics, types of CAM therapies, and CAM information resources utilized, reasons for use, and disclosure to physician(s), were mailed to 1108 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer. A 42% response rate was obtained. Results: Thirty-nine percent of patients used CAM therapies with the most common being herbal supplements (saw palmetto), vitamins (vitamin E), and minerals (selenium). The most common reasons given for choosing to use CAM therapies were to (1) boost the immune system and (2) prevent recurrence. The majority of men (58%) had told their physician(s) about their CAM use, but few utilized either their family physician (15%) or their oncologist (7%) as sources of CAM information. CAM users most commonly consulted friends or family (39%) or the Internet (19%) for information about CAM. CAM users were more likely than nonusers to delay (9%) or decline (4%) conventional treatment. Respondents who had never used CAM had typically never thought about it or did not have enough information about the treatments. Conclusions: More than one third of recently diagnosed prostate cancer patients utilize some form of CAM therapy, and the majority disclose their use to their physician(s). However, they tend to rely on anecdotal information for their CAM decision making. Dissemination of reliable CAM information is one key to helping men navigate this difficult arena.
Late Cytomegalovirus Transmission and Impact of T‐Depletion in Clinical Islet Transplantation

The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) in islet transplantation (IT) is not well defined. This study defines incidence, transmission and clinical sequelae of CMV reactivation or disease in 121 patients receiving 266 islet infusions at a single institution. The donor (D)/recipient (R) serostatus was D+/R– 31.2%, D+/R+ 26.3%, D–/R+ 13.2% and D–/R– 29.3%. CMV prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir/valganciclovir was given in 68%. CMV infection occurred in 14/121 patients (11.6%); six had asymptomatic seroconversion and eight others had positive viremia (six asymptomatic and two with CMV febrile symptoms). Median peak viral loads were 1755 copies/mL (range 625–9 100 000). Risk factors for viremia included lymphocyte depletion (thymoglobulin or alemtuzumab, p < 0.001). Viremia was more common in D+/R+ versus D+/R– (p = 0.12), occurring mostly late after transplant (median 306 days). Presumed transmission from IT occurred in 8/83 of D+/R– procedures (9.6%). Of the two cases of CMV disease, one resulted from islet transmission from a CMV positive donor (D+/R–); the other was due to de novo exogenous infection (D–/R–). Therefore, CMV transmission presents rarely after IT and with low incidence compared to solid organ transplantation, but occurs late posttransplant. The use of lymphocyte depleting therapies is a primary risk factor.
Improvement of sperm transport in estrous rabbits by exogenous estradiol.

In an experiment of 2 X 4 factorial design, 80 virgin estrous does (10 per group) were given an intramuscular injection of either corn oil or 1 ig of estradiol-1713 in corn oil.The does were mated 1 h after treatment and killed 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 h after mating. The oviducts, uterine horns, cervices and vagina were flushed separately and sperm cells in the flushings were counted. Estradiol treatment caused significant increases in sperm cellnumbers in the oviducts at 1 and 2.5 h, in the uterine horns at 1, 2.5 and 5 h, and in the cervices at 2.5 h. Effects of estradiol on sperm cell numbers were not seen at 10 h. The resultsindicate that exogenous estradiol increased the numbers of sperm cells in the oviducts and uterine horns as early as 2 h after administration of the hormone, which was 1 h after mating.
A Placebo‐Controlled Double‐Blinded Randomized Pilot Study of Combination Phytotherapy in Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer

Men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer following local therapies often use natural supplements in an attempt to delay metastases and/or avoid the need for more aggressive treatments with undesirable side‐effects. While there is a growing body of research into phytotherapeutic agents in this cohort, with some promising results, as yet no definitive recommendations can be made. This pilot study was undertaken to assess the feasibility of a fully‐powered study to examine the effects of this phytotherapeutic intervention (containing turmeric, resveratrol, green tea and broccoli sprouts) on PSA doubling time in men with biochemical recurrence with a moderate PSA rise rate.
Profitability of Price Momentum Strategies

This article investigates the profitability of price-based momentum strategies in the Asian markets. The authors find that unrestricted momentum strategies are not profitable. Using the benchmark 6-month formation period/6 month holding period strategy, the authors find that although returns are in the expected direction (i.e., past winners outperform past losers), they are not statistically significant. In addition, the statistical significance is not improved when the authors control for size and country effects. Interestingly, fourteen of the sixteen trading strategies generate unexpected negative returns, suggesting that past losers outperform past winners. In ten of these fourteen cases, the returns generated are statistically significant. The authors' results represent challenges to those researchers trying to reconcile within a unified framework short-term momentum and long-term overreaction in equity markets. t
Diagnosis of fetal submicroscopic chromosomal abnormalities in failed array CGH samples: copy number by sequencing as an alternative to microarrays for invasive fetal testing

Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has become the technology of choice for high‐resolution prenatal whole genome analysis. Limitations of microarrays are mainly related to the analog nature of the analysis, and poor‐quality DNA can result in failed quality metrics with these platforms. We examined a cohort of abnormal fetuses with failed array CGH results using a next‐generation sequencing algorithm, CNV‐Seq. We assessed the ability of the platform to handle suboptimal prenatal samples and generate interpretable molecular karyotypes.
Aspects of the rural-urban transformation of countries

This paper models the rural-urban spatial transformation that occurs with urbanization, as driven by economic and population growth. This transformation involves the agglomeration of populations into cities, with increasing numbers of cities and increasing populations of individual cities. The paper focuses on the forces that drive this transformation, how this transformation proceeds, and what are the potential traps and inefficiencies are that may inhibit it. We also examine the issue of evolving spatial inequality under urbanization, between the rural and urban sectors and potentially within the urban sector distinguishing true inequality, from observed inequality in nominal incomes and wages.
Prior Knowledge, Potential Financial Reward, and Opportunity Identification

This article simultaneously explores the constructs of potential financial reward and prior knowledge of customer problems to provide a deeper understanding of the identification of opportunities. Results suggest that while prior knowledge of customer problems leads to the identification of more opportunities and opportunities that are more innovative, it also moderates the relationship between potential financial reward and opportunity identification. We found that the less knowledgeable an individual was about customer problems, the more positive the effect that potential financial reward had on the number of opportunities identified and the innovativeness of those opportunities.
The Optimal Taxation of Heterogeneous Capital

I. Introduction, 589. —II. The model, 590. —III. The controlled economy, 592. —IV. Competitive behavior, 593. —V. Optimal factor taxation, 596. —VI. The nature of optimal taxes, 602. —VII. Optimal capital taxation, 605. —VIII. Bequests and the discount rate, 609. —IX. Conclusion, 610.
The paucity of effects in community trials: is secular trend the culprit?

BACKGROUND The most recent major U.S. trials that evaluated community-level programs to influence risk factors and health behaviors identified secular trends in the risk factors and health behaviors among the factors that might have limited community-level effects. The research reported in this paper uses data from one of the trials to examine the secular trend explanation directly. METHODS Data from the 22-community Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) were analyzed to test a hypothesis based on secular trend reasoning: program effects for smoking prevalence were larger for treatment communities matched to control communities with small declines in smoking than in treatment communities matched to control communities with larger declines in smoking. RESULTS Consistent with the secular trend explanation, program effects were larger when control communities had relatively small declines in smoking prevalence. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that secular trends masked community-level program effects in COMMIT.
The Classical Indictment of Indirect Taxation

The "excess burden" doctrine, 577. — I. Marshall's analysis, 578 —. Mrs. Hicks' reformulation, 579. — J. R. Hicks on "compensating variations in income," 579. — Miss Joseph's analysis, 579. — II. Excess burden not peculiar to indirect taxes, 582. — Comparison with income taxes, 586. — Progression, 587. — Compensation for subjective costs, 590. — III. Other economic effects of taxes, 591. — IV. Commodity and income taxes in the light of "ideal" requirements, 594. — V. Conclusions, 596.
Switzerland and the EU: the puzzling effects of Europeanisation without institutionalisation

Switzerland is not a member of the EU and in 1992 refused to join the European Economic Area (EEA) treaty in a popular vote. A conservative majority preferred to keep utmost national autonomy, and consequently, relations between the EU and Switzerland are regulated by a series of bilateral treaties. This process of Europeanisation without institutionalisation has led to profound changes of Swiss politics over the last two decades. While many effects of economic liberalisation and internationalisation are similar to those found in EU countries, some specific problems like the acceleration of immigration present rising social conflict. Social cleavages between urban and rural regions, and between capital and labour are deepening. The continuous rise of the conservative nationalist Swiss People's Party and the growing polarisation between the political Right and Left have put the traditional political culture of accommodation and power sharing at risk. Twenty years after the No-vote on the EEA-treaty, Switzerland is a divided country. Why do Swiss politicians still practice consensus democracy, and what does the divide mean for the future relations between the EU and Switzerland?
Subsampling Hypothesis Tests for Nonstationary Panels with Applications to Exchange Rates and Stock Prices

This paper studies subsampling hypothesis tests for panel data that may be nonstationary, cross-sectionally correlated, and cross-sectionally cointegrated. The subsampling approach provides approximations to the finite sample distributions of the tests without estimating nuisance parameters. The tests include panel unit root and cointegration tests as special cases. The number of cross-sectional units is assumed to be finite and that of time-series observations infinite. It is shown that subsampling provides asymptotic distributions that are equivalent to the asymptotic distributions of the panel tests. In addition, the tests using critical values from subsampling are shown to be consistent. The subsampling methods are applied to panel unit root tests. The panel unit root tests considered are Levin, Lin, and Chu's (2002) t-test; Im, Pesaran, and Shin's (2003) averaged t-test; and Choi's (2001) inverse normal test. Simulation results regarding the subsampling panel unit root tests and some existing unit root tests for cross-sectionally correlated panels are reported. In using the subsampling approach to examine the real exchange rates of the G7 countries and a group of 26 OECD countries, we find only mixed support for the purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis. We then examine a panel of 17 developed stock market indexes, and also find only mixed empirical support for them exhibiting relative mean reversion with respect to the US stock market index. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.