Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Emotional, Restorative and Vitalizing Effects of Forest and Urban Environments at Four Sites in Japan

The present study investigated the well-being effects of short-term forest walking and viewing (“forest bathing”). The hypothesis in our study was that both environment (forest vs. urban) and activity (walking and viewing) would influence psychological outcomes. An additional aim was to enhance basic research using several psychological methods. We conducted the experiments using 45 respondents in four areas of Japan from August to September, 2011. The hypothesis in our study was supported, because significant interaction terms between the environment and activity were confirmed regarding the Profile of Mood States (POMS) indexes, Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS) and Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). No statistical differences between the two experimental groups in any of the ten scales were found before the experiment. However, feelings of vigor and positive effects, as well as feelings of subjective recovery and vitality were stronger in the forest environment than in the urban environment.
Study and correlation analysis of linguistic, perceptual, and automatic machine translation evaluations

Evaluation of machine translation output is an important task. Various human evaluation techniques as well as automatic metrics have been proposed and investigated in the last decade. However, very few evaluation methods take the linguistic aspect into account. In this article, we use an objective evaluation method for machine translation output that classifies all translation errors into one of the five following linguistic levels: orthographic, morphological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic. Linguistic guidelines for the target language are required, and human evaluators use them in to classify the output errors. The experiments are performed on Englishto-Catalan and Spanish-to-Catalan translation outputs generated by four different systems: 2 rule-based and 2 statistical. All translations are evaluated using the 3 following methods: a standard human perceptual evaluation method, several widely used automatic metrics, and the human linguistic evaluation. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients between the linguistic, perceptual, and automatic results are then calculated, showing that the semantic level correlates significantly with both perceptual evaluation and automatic metrics.
On the Use of Dynamic Bayesian Networks in Reconstructing Functional Neuronal Networks from Spike Train Ensembles

Coordination among cortical neurons is believed to be a key element in mediating many high-level cortical processes such as perception, attention, learning, and memory formation. Inferring the structure of the neural circuitry underlying this coordination is important to characterize the highly nonlinear, time-varying interactions between cortical neurons in the presence of complex stimuli. In this work, we investigate the applicability of dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs) in inferring the effective connectivity between spiking cortical neurons from their observed spike trains. We demonstrate that DBNs can infer the underlying nonlinear and time-varying causal interactions between these neurons and can discriminate between mono- and polysynaptic links between them under certain constraints governing their putative connectivity. We analyzed conditionally Poisson spike train data mimicking spiking activity of cortical networks of small and moderately large size. The performance was assessed and compared to other methods under systematic variations of the network structure to mimic a wide range of responses typically observed in the cortex. Results demonstrate the utility of DBN in inferring the effective connectivity in cortical networks.
An Introduction to Mathematical Taxonomy

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Fear conditioning leads to alteration in specific genes expression in cortical and thalamic neurons that project to the lateral amygdala

RNA transcription is needed for memory formation. However, the ability to identify genes whose expression is altered by learning is greatly impaired because of methodological difficulties in profiling gene expression in specific neurons involved in memory formation. Here, we report a novel approach to monitor the expression of genes after learning in neurons in specific brain pathways needed for memory formation. In this study, we aimed to monitor gene expression after fear learning. We retrogradely labeled discrete thalamic neurons that project to the lateral amygdala (LA) of rats. The labeled neurons were dissected, using laser microdissection microscopy, after fear conditioning learning or unpaired training. The RNAs from the dissected neurons were subjected to microarray analysis. The levels of selected RNAs detected by the microarray analysis to be altered by fear conditioning were also assessed by nanostring analysis. We observed that the expression of genes involved in the regulation of translation, maturation and degradation of proteins was increased 6 h after fear conditioning compared to unpaired or naïve trained rats. These genes were not expressed 24 h after training or in cortical neurons that project to the LA. The expression of genes involved in transcription regulation and neuronal development was altered after fear conditioning learning in the cortical‐LA pathway. The present study provides key information on the identity of genes expressed in discrete thalamic and cortical neurons that project to the LA after fear conditioning. Such an approach could also serve to identify gene products as targets for the development of a new generation of therapeutic agents that could be aimed to functionally identified brain circuits to treat memory‐related disorders.
Estimation of L-threonine requirements for Longyan laying ducks

Objective A study was conducted to test six threonine (Thr) levels (0.39%, 0.44%, 0.49%, 0.54%, 0.59%, and 0.64%) to estimate the optimal dietary Thr requirements for Longyan laying ducks from 17 to 45 wk of age. Methods Nine hundred Longyan ducks aged 17 wk were assigned randomly to the six dietary treatments, where each treatment comprised six replicate pens with 25 ducks per pen. Results Increasing the Thr level enhanced egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and the feed conversion ratio (FCR) (linearly or quadratically; p<0.05). The Haugh unit score, yolk color, albumen height, and the weight, percentage, thickness, and breaking strength of the eggshell did not response to increases in the Thr levels, but the albumen weight and its proportion increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas the yolk weight and its proportion decreased significantly as the Thr levels increased. Conclusion According to a regression model, the optimal Thr requirement for egg production, egg mass, and FCR in Longyan ducks is 0.57%, while 0.58% is the optimal level for egg weight from 17 to 45 wk of age.
Effect of overlap technique on hardness and fatigue behavior in ND-Glass laser heat treatment of carbon steel

The engineer faced a state where it is desirable that the component should have a surface properties differing from those of its interior, therefore core with high strength and sufficient toughness, to take up the mechanical forces combined with high surface hardness to combat wear are needed. This requirement cannot be satisfied by one material (1,2). The direction is turned to surface treatment as the only means of achieving this ends.
Structural stability of Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126 β‐glucan with fermentation time: a chemical, infrared spectroscopic and enzymatic approach

Aims: Sclerotium rolfsii ATCC 201126 exopolysaccharides (EPSs) recovered at 48 h (EPS I) and 72 h (EPS II) of fermentation, with differences in rheological parameters, hydrogel topography, salt tolerance, antisyneresis, emulsifying and suspending properties, were subjected to a polyphasic characterization in order to detect structural divergences.
Phytochemical Screening Studies on the Leaves and Stem of Andrographis neesiana Wight - An Endemic Medicinal Plant from India

The present communication deals with the phytochemical screening studies of leaves and stem of the medicinal plant Andrographis neesiana. Andrographis neesiana is an endemic medicinal plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It has been used in traditional medicine to treat antifungal and aphrodisiac. Phytochemical screening of any medicinal importance from Andrographis neesiana. Qualitative analysis of the plant parts the presence of various components of therapeutic importance including tannins, saponins, phenolic compounds, glycosides, flavonoids, gums and mucilases, steroids and triterpenoids and absence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, protein and amino acids have been reported here in this herb for the first time. The experiment carried out in the medicinal plant leaves and stem. The results are discussed with the available literature.
PII: S0048-7333(01)00143-3

This issue of Research Policy brings together a number of scholars who have made important contributions to the analysis of innovation systems. The modern version of the innovation system concept was introduced in a booklet on user–producer interaction and product innovation (Lundvall, 1985, p. 55). It was brought to an international audience by Freeman (1987) and by some of the contributions in Dosi et al. (1988) (see Freeman, 1988; Nelson, 1988; Lundvall, 1988). Niosi and colleagues gave an early critical perspective on the concept (Niosi et al., 1993). Bo Carlsson and his colleagues introduced the concept of technological system in the beginning of the 1990s (Carlsson et al., 1992). Malerba introduced the concept of sectoral innovation systems in the second half of the nineties but it has roots back in his earlier work (Malerba and Orsenigo, 1993). Coriat worked with a concept similar to national innovation systems but more focused on the national characteristics of the manufacturing sector under the heading of ‘Made in France’ (see Taddei and Coriat, 1993). The aim of this issue is to take stock of the field of research and to define some of the most important tasks ahead. Several of the papers raise important methodological issues and aims at clarifying central concepts connected to the innovation system approach. Most of the articles were first presented at the 1999 DRUID Summer Conference on Innovation Systems at Rebild Bakker. The two introductory papers by Freeman and by four Aalborg economists (Lundvall, Johnson, Dalum and Andersen) have been added to the selection in order to give more full coverage of the subject. The paper by Freeman gives an effective demonstration of the usefulness of the concept for understanding the history of the wealth of nations over long periods. Several of the papers discuss the need to define the limits for the innovation system in geographical and economic space—national versus technological and sectoral systems. This is true for the papers by Lundvall et al., Carlsson et al. and Malerba. Another important theme addressed especially in the papers by Nelson and Coriat/Weinstein is the need to develop a concept of institution that distinguishes it from and relates it to organisation and technology. The paper by Niosi points to the need for a more precise approach to study the performance of national innovation systems. In this introduction, we will not try to make a summing up on all the issues raised in the papers. We will reflect upon three questions. Why study systems of innovation? How does the concept relate to economic theory? How to design the analysis if the major aim is to understand and contribute to regional and national development?
Translocation of a semiflexible polymer through a nanopore in the presence of attractive binding particles.

We study the translocation dynamics of a semiflexible polymer through a nanopore from the cis into the trans compartment containing attractive binding particles (BPs) using the Langevin dynamics simulation in two dimensions. The binding particles accelerate the threading process in two ways: (i) reducing the back-sliding of the translocated monomer, and (ii) providing the pulling force toward the translocation direction. We observe that for certain binding strength (ε_{c}) and concentration (ρ) of the BPs, the translocation is faster than the ideal ratcheting condition as elucidated by Simon, Peskin, and Oster [M. Simon, C. S. Peskin, and G. F. Oster, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 3770 (1992)PNASA60027-842410.1073/pnas.89. 9.3770]. The asymmetry produced by the BPs at the trans-side leads to similarities of this process to that of a driven translocation with an applied force inside the pore manifested in various physical quantities. Furthermore, we provide an analytic expression for the force experienced by the translocating chain as well as for the scaled mean first passage time (MFPT), for which we observe that for various combinations of N, ε, and ρ the scaled MFPT (〈τ〉/N^{1.5}ρ^{0.8}) collapses onto the same master plot. Based on the analysis of our simulation data, we provide plausible arguments with regard to how the scaling theory of driven translocation can be generalized for such a directed diffusion process by replacing the externally applied force with an effective force.
Phenolic contents, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Hymenocardia acida

This study investigates the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts from Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae). The inhibition values of the extracts and quercetin were found to be very close, with no significant differences at a concentration of 0.05 mg mL−1 in their ability to inhibit 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Total proanthocyanidins for both water and methanol extracts were 20.2 ± 0.01 and 30.6 ± 0.51 mg g−1 (catechin equivalent) while the total phenol contents were 20.0 ± 0.52 and 35.6 ± 1.42 mg mL−1 (tannic acid equivalent), respectively. Positive correlations R 2 = 0.85, R 2 = 0.94, R 2 = 0.97 for DPPH, reducing power and 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline)6-sulphonic acid (ABTS). Linear regression analysis also produced a high correlation coefficient with total proanthocyanidins (DPPH, R 2 = 0.69; ABTS, R 2 = 0.94). H. acida extracts showed low antibacterial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ≥5.0 mg mL−1) against gram negative bacteria but significantly (MIC value ≤2.5 mg mL−1) inhibited the growth of the gram positive strains tested. Qualitative TLC of the extract was positive for flavonoids, phenols, steroids and triterpenoids. The results of this study support the use of H. acida in traditional Nigerian medicine and show that the alcoholic extract of the leaves can be used as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant and can be of assistance in some dermatological problems.
Characterization of Changes in Polyphenols, Antioxidant Capacity and Physico-Chemical Parameters during Lowbush Blueberry Fruit Ripening

Changes in major polyphenols, antioxidant capacity, and selected physico-chemical parameters were examined in lowbush blueberry during fruit ripening. Polyphenols (phenolic acids, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and anthocyanins), density, soluble solid content, pH, titratable acidity, sugars, organic acids, and antioxidant capacity were determined in fruits of four maturities: green, pink/red, blue, and over-mature. Highest concentrations of flavonols, flavan-3-ols, and phenolic acids were in green fruits: 168 ± 107, 119 ± 29 and 543 ± 91 mg/100 g dry weight (DW) respectively. Highest anthocyanin levels were found in blue and over-mature fruits (1011–1060 mg/100 DW). Chlorogenic acid was the most abundant phenolic acid and quercetin-3-O-galactoside the most abundant flavonol in all maturities. Epicatechin was the most abundant flavan-3-ol in green fruits (80 ± 20 mg/100 DW), and catechin was the most abundant in other maturity stages. Increase of glucose and fructose and decrease of organic acids were observed during fruit ripening. Among six organic acids found, quinic acid (1.7–9.5 mg/100 mg DW) was the most abundant throughout the fruit ontogeny. Soluble solids, pH, and density increased with maturity while, titratable acidity decreased. These findings can be helpful in optimizing harvest and processing operations in lowbush blueberry fruits.
HIIphot: Automated Photometry of H II Regions Applied to M51

We have developed a robust, automated method, hereafter designated HIIphot, which enables accurate photometric characterization of H II regions while permitting genuine adaptivity to irregular source morphology. HIIphot utilizes object recognition techniques to make a first guess at the shapes of all sources and then allows for departure from such idealized "seeds" through an iterative growing procedure. Photometric corrections for spatially coincident diffuse emission are derived from a low-order surface fit to the background after exclusion of all detected sources. We present results for the well-studied, nearby spiral M51 in which 1229 H II regions are detected above the 5 σ level. A simple, weighted power-law fit to the measured Hα luminosity function (H II LF) above log LHα = 37.6 gives α = -1.75 ± 0.06, despite a conspicuous break in the H II LF observed near LHα = 1038.9. Our best-fit slope is marginally steeper than measured by Rand, perhaps reflecting our increased sensitivity at low luminosities and to notably diffuse objects. H II regions located in interarm gaps are preferentially less luminous than counterparts which constitute M51's grand design spiral arms and are best fitted with a power-law slope of α = -1.96 ± 0.15. We assign arm/interarm status for H II regions based upon the varying surface brightness of diffuse emission as a function of position throughout the image. Using our measurement of the integrated flux contributed by resolved H II regions in M51, we estimate the diffuse fraction to be approximately 0.45—in agreement with the determination of Greenawalt et al. Automated processing of degraded narrowband data sets is undertaken in order to gauge (distance-related) systematic effects associated with limiting spatial resolution and sensitivity.
A Hyperlink-directed Data Dissemination Scheme Suite

In data dissemination to a large client population using a broadcast medium, data items are inevitably serialized over the medium and thus a scheduling strategy that determines the data transfer sequences should be developed. The resulted data provision intended to satisfy multiple clients at the same time insists that client local sto rage should be utilized as data cache to compensate the gap between the broadcast schedule and a single user’s behavior. This paper suggests that the application characteristics should be examined and exploited when designing data dissemination schemes; Dominating data broadcast applications depend on hyperlinks for movement between information pages, which definitely restricts the sequence of data requests. Inspired by this observation, we propose a scheduling mechanism that deals with users of different interests in a fair manner but does not sacrifice the response time, and a cache management that significantly lowers the response time by raising cache hit ratio.
Construction of Bifurcation Diagrams Using POD on the Fly

An adaptive method is presented for the construction of bifurcation diagrams providing the large time dynamics of dissipative systems as a bifurcation parameter is varied. The method combines a standard numerical solver and a Galerkin system resulting from Galerkin projecting the governing equations onto a set of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes that are computed on the fly as the bifurcation parameter is varied. The numerical solver provides some snapshots that are used to either completely calculate (at the outset of the process) or update (later on) the POD modes. This solver is run over short time intervals only, at specific values of the bifurcation parameter, meaning that the (much faster) Galerkin system is used for the majority of the calculation. The key ingredients are (i) detecting on the fly when updating is needed and (ii) reconstructing the POD modes. The necessity of updating the POD basis is detected monitoring (a) the amplitudes of the high-order modes (which estimate the accur.
Glucocorticoid-mediated control of the activation and clonal deletion of peripheral T cells in vivo

Poly- and oligoclonal T cell stimuli like anti-CD3 epsilon monoclonal antibody or Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB), injected at doses that per se are not lethal, provoke acute death within less than 24 h, provided that endogenous glucocorticoids (GC) are depleted by adrenalectomy or by injection of saturating amounts of the GC receptor antagonist RU-38486 (mifepristone). Pharmacological doses of the GC agonist dexamethasone (DEX) alter the in vivo response of splenic V beta 8+ T cells to SEB, thus impeding the expansion of such cells and causing their rapid (3 d) clonal deletion. In contrast, coadministration of RU-38486 counteracts a SEB-induced early (12 h) reduction of V beta 8+CD4+ and V beta 8+CD8+ spleen cells. In vivo T cell stimulation by injection of bacterial superantigen induces a rapid (peak at 90-120 min) increase in corticosterone serum levels, suggesting that endogenous GC might control early T cell activation. Accordingly, kinetic studies revealed that RU-38486 has to be administered within 2 h after superantigen administration to exert its lethal effect. Similarly, exogenous GC must be injected during this critical phase (2 h) to rescue animals from acute death induced by coinjection of SEB and D-galactosamine (GalN). Adrenalectomy, injection of RU-38486 and priming with GalN per se provoke the programmed death of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Thus, three manipulations that sensitize mice for the lethal effect of T cell stimulation also exert a proapoptotic effect on peripheral T cells. In synthesis, endogenous and exogenous GC regulate T cell responses and determine the propensity of peripheral T cells to undergo apoptosis.
An architectural comparison of ST-II and RSVP

This paper presents a comparative analysis of two resource reservation protocols, ST-II proposed by Topolcic (1990) and resource reservation protocol (RSVP) proposed by Zhang, Braden, Estrin, Herzog and Jamin (1994) in support of an integrated services packet network (ISPN). The authors use simulations to examine the network-wide resource requirements for each protocol to support a number of application communication styles, across a range of group sizes and membership distributions. They also present a comparison of the protocol features to accommodate network and group membership dynamics. <<ETX>>
Some experimental and modeling results of widely varying urban environments on train mobile radio communication

A comparative study of urban mobile radio wave propagation characteristics in the UHF band has been carried out based on the field strength measurements conducted inside a moving train in two widely varying urban environments. Various prediction techniques are employed to compare the observed path losses with those of predicted ones in both the environments. The major fall out of the present study is the modification of Xia's model, which gave better agreement with the observed results. The deviations of the prediction techniques and their suitability have been discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.