Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Different Thymosin Beta 4 Immunoreactivity in Foetal and Adult Gastrointestinal Tract

Background Thymosin beta 4 (Tβ4) is a member of beta-thymosins, a family of peptides that play essential roles in many cellular functions. A recent study from our group suggested a role for Tβ4 in the development of human salivary glands. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of Tβ4 in the human gut during development, and in the adult. Methodology/Principal Findings Immunolocalization of Tβ4 was studied in autoptic samples of tongue, oesophagus, stomach, ileum, colon, liver and pancreas obtained from two human foetuses and two adults. Tβ4 appeared unevenly distributed, with marked differences between foetuses and adults. In the stomach, superficial epithelium was positive in foetuses and negative in adults. Ileal enterocytes were strongly positive in the adult and weakly positive in the foetuses. An increase in reactivity for Tβ4 was observed in superficial colon epithelium of adults as compared with the foetuses. Striking differences were found between foetal and adult liver: the former showed a very low reactivity for Tβ4 while in the adult we observed a strong reactivity in the vast majority of the hepatocytes. A peculiar pattern was found in the pancreas, with the strongest reactivity observed in foetal and adult islet cells. Significance Our data show a strong expression of Tβ4 in the human gut and in endocrine pancreas during development. The observed differential expression of Tβ4 suggests specific roles of the peptide in the gut of foetuses and adults. The observed heterogeneity of Tβ4 expression in the foetal life, ranging from a very rare detection in liver cells up to a diffuse reactivity in endocrine pancreas, should be taken into account when the role of Tβ4 in the development of human embryo is assessed. Future studies are needed to shed light on the link between Tβ4 and organogenesis.
Education Policy and Social Class: The Selected Works of Stephen J. Ball

Part 1: Perspectives on Policy Research 1. Policy Sociology and Critical Social Research: A Personal Review of Recent Education Policy and Policy Research 2. Discipline and Chaos: The New Right and Discourses of Derision 3. What is Policy? Texts, Trajectories and Toolboxes 4. Educational Studies, Policy Entrepreneurship and Social Theory 5. Big Policies/Small World: An Introduction to International Perspectives on Education Policy Part 2: Policy Technologies and Policy Analysis 6. Ethics, Self Interest and the Market Form in Education 7. Good School/Bad School: Paradox and Fabrication 8. Educational Reform, Market Concepts and Ethical Re-tooling 9. Standards in Education: Privatisation, Profit and Values 10. The Teacher's Soul and the Terrors of Performativity Part 3: Social Class and Education Policy 11. Circuits of Schooling: A Sociological Exploration of Parental Choice of School in Social Class Contexts 12. Space, Work and the 'New Urban Economies' 13. Social Justice in the Head: Are we all Libertarians Now 14. 'Ethnic Choosing': Minority Ethnic Students and Higher Education Choice 15. 'I Heard it on the Grapevine': 'Hot' Knowledge and School Choice 16. The Risks of Social Reproduction: The middle Class and Education Markets
Communications of the Association for Information Systems a Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches a Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches a Hermeneutic Approach for Conducting Literature Reviews and Literature Searches

The quality and success of scholarly work depends in large measure on the quality of the literature review process. This paper advances conceptual understanding of the literature review process and extends earlier guidelines on literature reviews. It proposes a hermeneutic framework that integrates the analysis and interpretation of literature and the search for literature. This hermeneutic framework describes the literature review process as fundamentally a process of developing understanding that is iterative in nature. Using the hermeneutic circle it describes the literature review process as being constituted by literature searching, classifying and mapping, critical assessment, and argument development. The hermeneutic approach emphasizes continuous engagement with and gradual development of a body of literature during which increased understanding and insights are developed. The paper contributes to better understanding of the literature review process and provides guidelines to assist researchers in conducting high quality reviews. Approaches for efficient searching are included in an Appendix.
PREDATOR-INDUCED PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN LARVAL NEWTS: TRADE-OFFS, SELECTION, AND VARIATION IN NATURE

Phenotypic plasticity has important ecological consequences because the strengths of species interactions can change with the behavior and morphology of interacting individuals. Evolutionary studies of plasticity can predict conditions under which shifts in phenotypes will occur and, therefore, may modify species interactions. We studied evolutionary mechanisms maintaining an induced response to predators in Triturus newt larvae, which are among many taxa in freshwater habitats exhibiting predator-induced plasticity. When exposed to caged (nonlethal) Aeshna dragonfly larvae, newts of two species (T. alpestris and T. helveticus) spent more time hiding in the leaf litter, had darker pigmentation in the tail fin, and developed larger heads and larger tails relative to their body size, in comparison with newts in predator-free ponds. The two phenotypes faced a performance trade-off across environments with and without odonates: the predator-induced phenotype survived twice as well as the no-predator phenotype when exposed to free dragonflies, but the predator-induced phenotype of both species grew more slowly until just before metamorphosis. For Triturus alpestris, a direct comparison of performance between phenotypes was complicated because predator-induced newts emerged later in the summer but at a larger body size. Nonrandom mortality imposed by hunting dragonflies caused selection favoring increasing tail size, but we found no selection on specific traits in predator-free ponds. Head shape was not subject to selection in either environment; we suspect that head shape is involved in consuming different prey in the presence and absence of predators and is unrelated to predator escape. Triturus in 25 natural populations from which we collected quantitative samples in 1997 and 1998 exhibited extreme spatial variation in predation regime (density of large predators ranged from 0 to 24 individuals/m2). Variation among populations in head shape was exactly as predicted by experimental results (Triturus of both species had relatively large heads when exposed to predators), but results for tail shape were consistent with the experiments in only one of the two years. The evolutionary mechanisms maintaining plasticity in Triturus and other amphibian larvae should apply to many organisms inhabiting freshwater ponds, so trait-mediated indirect effects seem especially likely to occur in these habitats.
Social-cognitive barriers to ethical authorship

The apparent increase in research misconduct in the scientific literature has caused considerable alarm in both the biomedical (Benos et al., 2005; Smith, 2006) and psychological research communities (Stroebe et al., 2012). An understanding of research misconduct must be informed by the recognition that the norms of science might be quite general (e.g., Merton, 1942; Bronowski, 1965), ambiguous (Cournand and Meyer, 1976), or even contradictory (e.g., Mitroff, 1974; Ziman, 2000), leading to possible disagreements in terms of what constitutes misconduct within a research community (Fields and Price, 1993; Berk et al., 2000; Al-Marzouki et al., 2005). Considerable insight can be gained from research on behavioral ethics (e.g., Bazerman and Tenbrunsel, 2011; Ariely, 2012; Greene, 2013). Using inappropriate authorship practices as an illustrative example, I consider the role of social-cognitive mechanisms in research misconduct while also suggesting preventative measures.
A No-Go Theorem for One-Layer Feedforward Networks

Abstract It is often hypothesized that a crucial role for recurrent connections in the brain is to constrain the set of possible response patterns, thereby shaping the neural code. This implies the existence of neural codes that cannot arise solely from feedforward processing. We set out to find such codes in the context of one-layer feedforward networks and identified a large class of combinatorial codes that indeed cannot be shaped by the feedforward architecture alone. However, these codes are difficult to distinguish from codes that share the same sets of maximal activity patterns in the presence of subtractive noise. When we coarsened the notion of combinatorial neural code to keep track of only maximal patterns, we found the surprising result that all such codes can in fact be realized by one-layer feedforward networks. This suggests that recurrent or many-layer feedforward architectures are not necessary for shaping the (coarse) combinatorial features of neural codes. In particular, it is not possible to infer a computational role for recurrent connections from the combinatorics of neural response patterns alone. Our proofs use mathematical tools from classical combinatorial topology, such as the nerve lemma and the existence of an inverse nerve. An unexpected corollary of our main result is that any prescribed (finite) homotopy type can be realized by a subset of the form , where is a polyhedron.
A sequential reversible belief revision method based on polynomials

This paper deals with iterated belief change and proposes a drastic revision rule that modifies a plausibility ordering of interpretations in such a way that any world where the input observartion holds is more plausible that any world where it does not. This change rule makes sense in a dynamic context where observations are received, and the newer observations are considered more plausible than older ones. It is shown how to encode an epistemic state using polynomials equipped with the lexicographical ordering. This encoding makes it very easy to implement and iterate the revision rule using simple operations on these polynomials. Moreover, polynomials allow to keep track of the sequence of observations. Lastly, it is shown how to efficiently compute the revision rule at the syntactical level, when the epistemic state is concisely represented by a prioritized belief base. Our revision rule is the most drastic one can think of, in accordance with Darwiche and Pearl's principles, and thus contrasts with the minimal change rule called natural belief revision.
A Dual Method of Empirically Evaluating Dynamic Competitive Equilibrium Models with Market Distortions, Applied to the Great Depression & World War Ii

I prove some theorems for competitive equilibria in the presence of market distortions, and use those theorems to motivate an algorithm for (simply and exactly) computing and empirically evaluating competitive equilibria for dynamic economies. Although a competitive equilibrium models interactions between all sectors, all consumer types, and all time periods, I show how my algorithm permits separate empirical evaluation of these pieces of the model and hence is practical even when very little data is available. I then compute a neoclassical growth model with distortionary taxes that fits aggregate U.S. time series for the period 1929-50 and conclude that, if it is to explain aggregate behavior during the period, government policy must have heavily taxed labor income during the Great Depression and lightly taxed it during the war. In other words, the challenge for the competitive equilibrium approach is not so much why output might change over time, but why the marginal product of labor and the marginal value of leisure diverged so much and why that wedge persisted so long. In this sense, explaining aggregate behavior during the period has been reduced to a public finance question -- were actual government policies distorting behavior in the same direction and magnitude as government policies in the model?
PRIVATE PENSION SAVINGS: GENDER, MARITAL STATUS AND WEALTH - EVIDENCE FROM SWEDEN IN 2002

During the last decades, people in Sweden have changed their savings behavior towards longterm savings such as tax-deferred pension accounts. This indicates that the tax-deferrable pension savings will play a larger roll as a source of income for retired people in the future. To improve the understanding of the saving for retirement in general and the policy design for tax-deferred pension saving in particular, it is important to learn more about the people currently saving in the tax deferrable pension accounts. This paper investigates the attributes of the people beginning to save in tax-deferred pension accounts. The emphasis is on gender, marital status, and wealth. The theoretical framework is the life-cycle hypothesis. The results suggest that women are more likely to pension save and save a greater amount than men. Also, the results indicate that married and single people differ in their savings behaviour. The saving decisions of married people seem to be made at the household level and not on individual level. Further, the public old-age pension wealth has a positive impact on the probability of beginning to pension save and on the size of the pension saved amount for all individuals.
An improved time domain linear sampling method for Robin and Neumann obstacles

We consider inverse obstacle scattering problems for the wave equation with Robin or Neumann boundary conditions. The problem of reconstructing the geometry of such obstacles from measurements of scattered waves in the time domain is tackled using a time domain linear sampling method. This imaging technique yields a picture of the scatterer by solving a linear operator equation involving the measured data for many right-hand sides given by singular solutions to the wave equation. We analyse this algorithm for causal and smooth impulse shapes, we discuss the effect of different choices of the singular solutions used in the algorithm, and finally we propose a fast FFT-based implementation.
Mutations in FKBP10 Cause Recessive Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Bruck Syndrome

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue characterized by bone fragility and alteration in synthesis and posttranslational modification of type I collagen. Autosomal dominant OI is caused by mutations in the genes (COL1A1 or COL1A2) encoding the chains of type I collagen. Bruck syndrome is a recessive disorder featuring congenital contractures in addition to bone fragility; Bruck syndrome type 2 is caused by mutations in PLOD2 encoding collagen lysyl hydroxylase, whereas Bruck syndrome type 1 has been mapped to chromosome 17, with evidence suggesting region 17p12, but the gene has remained elusive so far. Recently, the molecular spectrum of OI has been expanded with the description of the basis of a unique posttranslational modification of type I procollagen, that is, 3‐prolyl‐hydroxylation. Three proteins, cartilage‐associated protein (CRTAP), prolyl‐3‐hydroxylase‐1 (P3H1, encoded by the LEPRE1 gene), and the prolyl cis‐trans isomerase cyclophilin‐B (PPIB), form a complex that is required for fibrillar collagen 3‐prolyl‐hydroxylation, and mutations in each gene have been shown to cause recessive forms of OI. Since then, an additional putative collagen chaperone complex, composed of FKBP10 (also known as FKBP65) and SERPINH1 (also known as HSP47), also has been shown to be mutated in recessive OI. Here we describe five families with OI‐like bone fragility in association with congenital contractures who all had FKBP10 mutations. Therefore, we conclude that FKBP10 mutations are a cause of recessive osteogenesis imperfecta and Bruck syndrome, possibly Bruck syndrome Type 1 since the location on chromosome 17 has not been definitely localized. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Corporate Ownership Structure and Performance in Europe

In this paper, we show that ownership structures vary considerably across Europe, and that the dominant form of ownership is not necessarily the most efficient one. These findings are in contradiction to similar research based on US samples. The results also demonstrate that firms without a dominant shareholder tend to outperform their country peer groups. We base our analysis on a new and unique dataset of uniform ownership data of the largest 100 firms in the five major European economies. We quantify the differences in ownership by comparing three distinct ownership structures of firms and relating them to performance. For the first time we employ a Hodrick-Prescott Filter, a methodology widely used in macroeconomics to isolate the trend growth components from cyclical fluctuations, to estimate the share price trend of each firm. We take this trend as a good indirect indicator of the quality of governance.
Interface dynamics explain assembly dependency of influenza neuraminidase catalytic activity

Influenza virus neuraminidase (iNA) is a homotetrameric surface protein of the influenza virus and an established target for antiviral drugs. In contrast to neuraminidases (NAs) of other biological systems (non-iNAs), enzymatic activity of iNA is only observed in a quaternary assembly and iNA needs the tetramerization to mediate enzymatic activity. Obviously, differences on a molecular level between iNA and non-iNAs are responsible for this intriguing observation. Comparison between protein structures and multiple sequence alignment allow the identification of differences in amino acid composition in crucial regions of the enzyme, such as next to the conserved D151 and the 150-loop. These differences in amino acid sequence and protein tetramerization are likely to alter the dynamics of the system. Therefore, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate differences in the molecular flexibility of monomers, dimers, and tetramers of iNAs of subtype N1 (avian 2004, pandemic 1918 and pandemic 2009 iNA) and as comparison the non-iNA monomer from Clostridium perfringens. We show that conformational transitions of iNA are crucially influenced by its assembly state. The protein–protein interface induces a complex hydrogen-bonding network between the 110-helix and the 150-loop, which consequently stabilizes the structural arrangement of the binding site. Therefore, we claim that these altered dynamics are responsible for the dependence of iNA’s catalytic activity on the tetrameric assembly. Only the tetramerization-induced balance between stabilization and altered local flexibility in the binding site provides the appropriate arrangement of key residues for iNA’s catalytic activity.
Reduced-Complexity Novel Ordering for Group Maximum Likelihood Detection in MIMO Frequency Selective Fading Channels

In this paper a novel ordering of substreams for detection in a multi-input multi-output slow time-varying frequency selective fading channel is proposed. The detection structure is nulling, detection and cancellation scheme called layered maximum likelihood detection (L-MLD) and group maximum likelihood detection (G-MLD) proposed in D. K. C. So, et al., Aug. 2006. The novel ordering scheme reduces the complexity of detection process imposed by the need for a thorough search among all possible combinations of substreams (groups) in each stage of detection, in order to find the best substream (group) which has the highest post-detection signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for detection in that stage.
Public debt sustainability and endogenous seigniorage in Brazil: time-series evidence from 1947-92: revised version

Using national accounts data for the revenue-GDP and expenditureGDP ratios from 1947 to 1992, we examine three central issues in public finance. First, was the path of public debt sustainable during this period? Second, if debt is sustainable, how has the government historically balanced the budget after shocks to either revenues or expenditures? Third, are expenditures exogenous? The results show that (i) public deficit is stationary (bounded asymptotic variance), with the budget in Brazil being balanced almost entirely through changes in taxes, regardless of the cause of the initial imbalance. Expenditures are weakly exogenous, but tax revenues are not; (ii) the behavior of a rational Brazilian consumer may be consistent with Ricardian Equivalence; (iii) seigniorage revenues are critical to restore intertemporal budget equilibrium, since, when we exclude them from total revenues, debt is not sustainable in econometric tests.
Chaos Driven Evolutionary Algorithm: a New Approach for Evolutionary Optimization

This research deals with the initial investigations on the concept of a chaos-driven evolutionary algorithm Differential evolution. This paper is aimed at the embedding of simple two- dimensional chaotic system, which is Lozi map, in the form of chaos pseudo random number generator for Differential Evolution. The chaotic system of interest is the discrete dissipative system. Repeated simulations were performed on standard benchmark Schwefel's test function in higher dimensions. Finally, the obtained results are compared with canonical Differential Evolution. Keywords—Chaos, Differential evolution, Evolutionary algorithms, Lozi map. I. INTRODUCTION HESE days the methods based on soft computing such as neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, fuzzy logic, and genetic programming are known as powerful tool for almost any difficult and complex optimization problem. Ant Colony (ACO), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Self Organizing Migration Algorithm (SOMA) are some of the most potent heuristics available. Recent studies have shown that Differential Evolution (1) has been used for a number of optimization tasks, (2), (3) has explored DE for combinatorial problems, (4) has hybridized DE whereas (5) - (7) has developed self-adaptive DE variants. This chapter is aimed at investigating the chaos driven DE. Although a several of papers have been recently focused on the connection of DE and chaotic dynamics either in the form of hybridizing of DE with chaotic searching algorithm (8) or in the form of chaotic mutation factor and dynamically changing weighting and crossover factor in self-adaptive
Second Order Kinetic Modeling of Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction of Flavors Released from Selected Food Model Systems

The application of headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) has been widely used in various fields as a simple and versatile method, yet challenging in quantification. In order to improve the reproducibility in quantification, a mathematical model with its root in psychological modeling and chemical reactor modeling was developed, describing the kinetic behavior of aroma active compounds extracted by SPME from two different food model systems, i.e., a semi-solid food and a liquid food. The model accounted for both adsorption and release of the analytes from SPME fiber, which occurred simultaneously but were counter-directed. The model had four parameters and their estimated values were found to be more reproducible than the direct measurement of the compounds themselves by instrumental analysis. With the relative standard deviations (RSD) of each parameter less than 5% and root mean square error (RMSE) less than 0.15, the model was proved to be a robust one in estimating the release of a wide range of low molecular weight acetates at three environmental temperatures i.e., 30, 40 and 60 °C. More insights of SPME behavior regarding the small molecule analytes were also obtained through the kinetic parameters and the model itself.