Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MAGNETIC FIELD GENERATION IN CORE-SHEATH JETS VIA THE KINETIC KELVIN–HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY

We have investigated magnetic field generation in velocity shears via the kinetic Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (kKHI) using a relativistic plasma jet core and stationary plasma sheath. Our three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations consider plasma jet cores with Lorentz factors of 1.5, 5, and 15 for both electron–proton and electron–positron plasmas. For electron–proton plasmas, we find generation of strong large-scale DC currents and magnetic fields that extend over the entire shear surface and reach thicknesses of a few tens of electron skin depths. For electron–positron plasmas, we find generation of alternating currents and magnetic fields. Jet and sheath plasmas are accelerated across the shear surface in the strong magnetic fields generated by the kKHI. The mixing of jet and sheath plasmas generates a transverse structure similar to that produced by the Weibel instability.
Method for Simulating Dose Reduction in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis

This paper proposes a new method of simulating dose reduction in digital breast tomosynthesis, starting from a clinical image acquired with a standard radiation dose. It considers both signal-dependent quantum and signal-independent electronic noise. Furthermore, the method accounts for pixel crosstalk, which causes the noise to be frequency-dependent, thus increasing the simulation accuracy. For an objective assessment, simulated and real images were compared in terms of noise standard deviation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS). A two-alternative forced-choice (2-AFC) study investigated the similarity between the noise strength of low-dose simulated and real images. Six experienced medical physics specialists participated on the study, with a total of 2 160 readings. Objective assessment showed no relevant trends with the simulated noise. The relative error in the standard deviation of the simulated noise was less than 2% for every projection angle. The relative error of the SNR was less than 1.5%, and the NNPS of the simulated images had errors less than 2.5%. The 2-AFC human observer experiment yielded no statistically significant difference ( ${p}$ =0.84) in the perceived noise strength between simulated and real images. Furthermore, the observer study also allowed the estimation of a dose difference at which the observer perceived a just-noticeable difference (JND) in noise levels. The estimated JND value indicated that a change of 17% in the current-time product was sufficient to cause a noticeable difference in noise levels. The observed high accuracy, along with the flexible calibration, make this method an attractive tool for clinical image-based simulations of dose reduction.
Env-Specific IgA from Viremic HIV-Infected Subjects Compromises Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity

ABSTRACT Elucidating the factors that modulate HIV-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) will help in understanding its role in HIV immunity. The aim of this study was to determine whether IgA could modify the magnitude of ADCC in HIV infection, abrogating its protective role. Plasma samples from 20 HIV-positive (HIV+) subjects enrolled during primary HIV infection (PHI), 10 chronically infected subjects (chronic), and 7 elite controllers (EC) were used. ADCC was determined by using a fluorometric ADCC assay, before and after removal of plasma IgA. Data were analyzed by using nonparametric statistics. ADCC was documented in 80% of PHI enrollment samples and in 100% of PHI 12-month, chronic, and EC samples; it peaked after acute infection, reached a plateau in chronic infection, and decreased after initiation of antiretroviral treatment (ART). Significant associations between ADCC and disease progression were found only after removal of plasma IgA from 12-month PHI samples: the magnitude of ADCC not only increased after IgA removal but also correlated with CD4+ T-cell preservation. This work provides evidence that gp120-specific IgA was capable of modifying ADCC responses during natural HIV infection for the first time and adds to similar evidence provided in other settings. Furthermore, it underscores the complexity of the ADCC phenomenon and will help in an understanding of its underlying mechanisms. IMPORTANCE Although the induction of ADCC-mediating antibodies in HIV-infected subjects has been extensively documented, the association of these antibodies with protection from disease progression is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that plasma IgA is a factor capable of modifying the magnitude of IgG-mediated ADCC in HIV infection, mitigating its beneficial effect. These results help in understanding why previous studies failed to demonstrate correlations between ADCC and disease progression, and they also contribute to the notion that an HIV vaccine should stimulate the production of ADCC-mediating IgG antibodies but not IgA.
Numerical simulation of magnetic fusion plasmas

The review specializes to the modelling of plasmas in a particular type of fusion experiment, namely the tokamak. Simulation is taken to imply the use of a model which involves variation in at least two coordinate directions and is nonlinear, the nonlinearity invariably being of the advective type. Developments in the period 1976-1992 are covered under five main headings, with particle methods constituting the first. The remaining four concern the solution via mesh-based methods of (1) the Fokker-Planck equation, (2) drift-wave problems, (3) edge models and (4) time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic problems. Care is taken to outline the capabilities of the currently available software. Progress in the. Design of numerical algorithms for the mesh-based simulations is found to have been incremental rather than revolutionary. In particle simulation, gyrokinetic schemes and the ' delta f' method have been found to give dramatic gains in some circumstances. Many of the newer results obtained withstand comparison with experimental observation, although it has not always proved possible to reach the extreme conditions found in tokamaks, especially when three-dimensional effects are important.
Xylanase supplementation improves the nutritive value of diets containing high levels of sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles for broiler chickens.

BACKGROUND An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sorghum distillers' dried grains with solubles (sDDGS) and xylanase supplementation in broiler chicken diets. A total of 432 Cobb-500 day-old male broiler chicks were used in a 4 × 2 factorial design (0, 100, 200 or 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS with or without xylanase supplementation). Each treatment was replicated six times with nine birds per replicate in a 35 day study. RESULTS Feed intake was increased (P < 0.001) throughout the study with the inclusion of dietary sDDGS. Body weight gain (BWG) was unaffected except for the last 2 weeks of study, when birds that received 200 and 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS had higher (P < 0.001) BWG. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased (P < 0.05) as sDDGS in the diet rose to 100 g kg(-1) during the starter phase and the whole period of study. Over the starter period, xylanase supplementation improved (P < 0.05) FCR, particularly for the highest inclusion of sDDGS. Protein digestibility deteriorated (P < 0.001) as sDDGS in the diet rose to 300 g kg(-1) . Xylanase reduced (P < 0.001) the concentration of xylose in the ileum of birds. The activities of sucrase and maltase in the jejunal mucosa were reduced when birds were offered 200 and 300 g kg(-1) sDDGS. Incorporation of sDDGS increased (P < 0.01) the total short-chain fatty acid concentration in the caeca. CONCLUSION The results showed that diets containing large amounts of sDDGS will benefit from xylanase supplementation, particularly in terms of FCR.
“Ditto Heads”

In three studies, we examined (a) whether conservatives possess a stronger desire to share reality than liberals and are therefore more likely to perceive consensus with politically like-minded others even for non-political judgments and, if so, (b) whether motivated perceptions of consensus would give conservatives an edge in progressing toward collective goals. In Study 1, participants estimated ingroup consensus on non-political judgments. Conservatives perceived more ingroup consensus than liberals, regardless of the amount of actual consensus. The desire to share reality mediated the relationship between ideology and perceived ingroup consensus. Study 2 replicated these results and demonstrated that perceiving ingroup consensus predicted a sense of collective efficacy in politics. In Study 3, experimental manipulations of affiliative motives eliminated ideological differences in the desire to share reality. A sense of collective efficacy predicted intentions to vote in a major election. Implications for the attainment of shared goals are discussed.
The megaphone of the people? Spanish SentiStrength for real-time analysis of political tweets

Twitter is an important platform for sharing opinions about politicians, parties and political decisions. These opinions can be exploited as a source of information to monitor the impact of politics on society. This article analyses the sentiment of 2,704,523 tweets referring to Spanish politicians and parties from a month in 2014–2015. The article makes three specific contributions: (a) enriching SentiStrength, a fast unsupervised sentiment strength detection system, for Spanish political tweeting; (b) analysing how linguistic phenomena such as negation, idioms and character duplication influence Spanish sentiment strength detection accuracy; and (c) analysing Spanish political tweets to rank political leaders, parties and personalities for popularity. Sentiment in Twitter for key politicians broadly reflects the main official polls for popularity but not for voting intention. In addition, the data suggests that the primary role of Twitter in politics is to select and amplify political events published by traditional media.
A Comparative Study of Different Motif Occurrence Models Applied to a Hybrid Multiobjective Shuffle Frog Leaping Algorithm

The motif discovery problem (MDP) is an important biological optimization problem that has been addressed in numerous ways. However, it is important to note that when we address real complex optimization problems, we should adequately formulate them in order to provide real applicability to the developed techniques. In the particular case of MDP, as we do not know the size of the motifs and the number of repetitions that can be found in the sequences, we must not make any length or pattern-repetition assumptions. In addition, if we consider that it is practically impossible to adequately formulate an optimization problem with a single-objective function formulation, multiobjective optimization can be a good methodology to be considered. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid multiobjective algorithm for tackling the MDP. Our main objective is to study the results achieved by our algorithm, analysing its performance when different motif occurrence models are considered. As we will see, experimental results on different sets of real instances will point out the advantages and disadvantages of each model, also checking how a more realistic definition of the optimized problem provides better quality biological results.
Validity of a single question to assess habitual physical activity of community‐dwelling older people

The aim is to determine concurrent validity of a single self‐report habitual physical activity (PA) question against accelerometer‐based PA and mobility variables, and corresponding changes in self‐reported PA and mobility. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal data of the “Life‐space mobility in old age” (LISPE) cohort and its substudy on PA were utilized. At baseline, 848 community‐dwelling, 75‐ to 90‐year‐old people living independently in central Finland participated in home‐based interviews. One and 2 years later, 816 and 761 of them were reassessed by phone, respectively. Tri‐axial accelerometer data over 7 days were collected following the baseline assessments in a subsample of 174. Self‐reported habitual PA was assessed based on intensity and duration using a single question with seven response options (range: mostly resting to competitive sports). Mobility variables were as follows: life‐space mobility, walking difficulty over 500 m, and short physical performance battery. Statistically significant correlations were found between self‐reported habitual PA and mobility (Spearman correlation coefficient Rs = 0.40–0.61) and accelerometer‐based PA variables [step counts (Rs = 0.49), time in moderate (Rs = 0.49) and low intensity (Rs = 0.40) PA, and time in sedentary behavior (Rs = −0.28)]. A decline in self‐reported habitual PA over time was associated with 5–10p decline in life‐space mobility (PA improvement with 0–3p increase) and with developing a higher degree of walking difficulty (in 35–44% of participants). In conclusion, based on these results, the self‐report question to assess habitual PA is valid and responsive to change and thus useful for epidemiological research in community‐dwelling older people, also in follow‐up studies.
Understanding the Association Between Negative Life Events and Suicidal Risk in College Students: Examining Self-Compassion as a Potential Mediator.

OBJECTIVE We tested a hypothesized model consistent with the notion that self-compassion mediates the association between negative life events and suicidal risk (viz., depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors) in college students METHOD: The sample was comprised of 331 college students. Self-compassion facets (viz., self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and overidentification) were used in testing for multiple mediation, controlling for sex. RESULTS Common humanity, mindfulness, and overidentification were found to mediate the association between negative life events (NLE) and depressive symptoms. However, common humanity was found to be the only mediator of the association between NLE and suicidal behaviors. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that there are specific facets of self-compassion that account for the association between NLE and suicidal risk in college students and that (loss of) common humanity plays a central role in this process.
HDAC6 is a therapeutic target in mutant GARS-induced Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease with predominant axonal loss (CMT2) show extensive genetic heterogeneity. Benoy et al. demonstrate a link between CMT2 and histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), which controls the acetylation of α-tubulin, and propose that pharmacological inhibition of HDAC6 has therapeutic potential in CMT2 genetic variants.
Acclimation of light and dark respiration to experimental and seasonal warming are mediated by changes in leaf nitrogen in Eucalyptus globulus

Quantifying the adjustments of leaf respiration in response to seasonal temperature variation and climate warming is crucial because carbon loss from vegetation is a large but uncertain part of the global carbon cycle. We grew fast-growing Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees exposed to +3 °C warming and elevated CO2 in 10-m tall whole-tree chambers and measured the temperature responses of leaf mitochondrial respiration, both in light (RLight) and in darkness (RDark), over a 20-40 °C temperature range and during two different seasons. RLight was assessed using the Laisk method. Respiration rates measured at a standard temperature (25 °C - R25) were higher in warm-grown trees and in the warm season, related to higher total leaf nitrogen (N) investment with higher temperatures (both experimental and seasonal), indicating that leaf N concentrations modulated the respiratory capacity to changes in temperature. Once differences in leaf N were accounted for, there were no differences in R25 but the Q10 (i.e., short-term temperature sensitivity) was higher in late summer compared with early spring. The variation in RLight between experimental treatments and seasons was positively correlated with carboxylation capacity and photorespiration. RLight was less responsive to short-term changes in temperature than RDark, as shown by a lower Q10 in RLight compared with RDark. The overall light inhibition of R was ∼40%. Our results highlight the dynamic nature of leaf respiration to temperature variation and that the responses of RLight do not simply mirror those of RDark. Therefore, it is important not to assume that RLight is the same as RDark in ecosystem models, as doing so may lead to large errors in predicting plant CO2 release and productivity.
Modelisation of accumulation barrier of nanostructure AlGaAs/GaAs

This work investigates an approach for contributing to the development of a numerical model based on physical and numerical modelling of the potential at the interface of a heterostructure in AlGaAs/GaAs. We elaborate a calculus; using projective methods permit the Hamiltonian integration using Green functions in the equation of Schrodinger, for a rigorous resolution auto coherent with the equation of Poisson. A study of the convergence of globally non linear system so is effectuated and confirmed for ten essential basic functions and for a definite position of electrics walls. The validity of this rigorous physical and numerical model for heterojunction can be effectuated with a comparison of our results with the result of different models developed in the literature of the related work, from this point of view the validity of our model is confirmed.
Olanzapine plus carbamazepine v. carbamazepine alone in treating manic episodes

Background Combinations of olanzapine and carbamazepine are often used in clinical practice in the management of mania. Aims To assess the efficacy and safety of olanzapine plus carbamazepine in mixed and manic bipolar episodes. Method Randomised, double-blind, 6-week trial of olanzapine (10–30 mg/day) plus carbamazepine (400–1200 mg/day; n=58) v. placebo plus carbamazepine (n=60) followed by open-label, 20-week olanzapine (10–30 mg/day) plus carbamazepine (400–1200 mg/day, n=86), with change in manic symptoms as main outcome measure. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also evaluated. Results There were no significant differences (baseline to endpoint) in efficacy measures between treatment groups, but at 6 weeks triglyceride levels were significantly higher (P=0.008) and potentially clinically significant weight gain (⩾7%) occurred more frequently (24.6% v. 3.4%, P=0.002) in the combined olanzapine and carbamazepine group. Carbamazepine reduced olanzapine concentrations but olanzapine had no effect on carbamazepine concentrations. Conclusions The combination of olanzapine and carbamazepine did not have superior efficacy to carbamazepine alone. The increases in weight and triglycerides observed during combination treatment are a matter of concern.
Pathological lesions and global DNA methylation in rat prostate under streptozotocin‐induced diabetes and melatonin supplementation

Chronic hyperglycemia increases production of reactive oxygen species, which favors carcinogenesis. The association between diabetes and prostate cancer is controversial. Melatonin has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. We investigated whether low doses of melatonin prevent the tissue alterations caused by diabetes and alter prostate histology of healthy rats. We also investigated whether experimental diabetes promoted the development of pathological lesions in the ventral prostate of rats. Melatonin was provided in drinking water (10 μg/kg/day) from age 5 weeks until the end of experiment. Diabetes was induced at 13 weeks by administration of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, ip). Rats were euthanized at 14 or 21 weeks. Histological and stereological analyses were carried out and the incidence and density of malignant and pre‐malignant lesions were assessed. Immunohistochemical assays of α‐actin, cell proliferation (PCNA), Bcl‐2, glutathione S‐transferase (GSTPI), and DNA methylation (5‐methylcytidine) were performed. Melatonin did not elicit conspicuous changes in the prostate of healthy animals; in diabetic animals there was a higher incidence of atrophy (93%), microinvasive carcinoma (10%), proliferative inflammatory atrophy, PIA (13%), prostatitis (26%), and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, PIN (20%) associated with an increase of 40% in global DNA methylation. Melatonin attenuated epithelial and smooth muscle cell (smc) atrophy, especially at short‐term diabetes—and normalized incidence of PIN (11%), inflammatory cells infiltrates, prostatitis (0%) and PIA (0%) at long‐term diabetes. MLT was effective in preventing inflammatory disorders and PIN under diabetic condition. Although MLT has antioxidant action, it did not influence DNA methylation and not avoid carcinogenesis at low doses.
Prevalence of Dental Anxiety among Dental Patients in Saudi Arabia

Objective: Anxiety towards dental procedures are common difficulties that may be experienced by dental patients all over the world. This study focused on evaluating the dental anxiety frequency and its relationship with age, gender, educational level, and past dental visits among patients attending the outpatient clinics of College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: A total of 221 patients, aged 21-50 years were selected for the study. A questionnaire comprising the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used to measure the level of dental anxiety. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The mean anxiety score of the 221 patients was 11.39 (SD ± 2.7). Independent t-test showed a significant variation between the age groups with regards to their mean overall anxiety score (P < 0.05), which reduced with increasing age. A significant difference was found by independent t-test in the mean total score between male and female groups and regarding previous dental visit (P < 0.05). Regarding education level, there was no significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Younger patients, female, and patients with previous unpleasant dental experience were associated with increased MDAS score. Clinical Significance: The present study was done for better patient management and proper treatment plan development for dentally anxious patients.
On the Singular Values of Matrices with Displacement Structure

Matrices with displacement structure such as Pick, Vandermonde, and Hankel matrices appear in a diverse range of applications. In this paper, we use an extremal problem involving rational functions to derive explicit bounds on the singular values of such matrices. For example, we show that the $k$th singular value of a real $n\times n$ positive definite Hankel matrix, $H_n$, is bounded by $C\rho^{-k/\log n}\|H\|_2$ with explicitly given constants $C>0$ and $\rho>1$, where $\|H_n\|_2$ is the spectral norm. This means that a real $n\times n$ positive definite Hankel matrix can be approximated, up to an accuracy of $\epsilon\|H_n\|_2$ with $0<\epsilon<1$, by a rank $\mathcal{O}(\log n\log(1/\epsilon) )$ matrix. Analogous results are obtained for Pick, Cauchy, real Vandermonde, L\"{o}wner, and certain Krylov matrices.