Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Leroy O. Stone. Family and Friendship Ties among Canada's Seniors . An Introductory Report of Findings from the General Social Survey. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1988, cat. 89–508.

RÉSUMÉ Ce livre décrit l'aide reçue et donnée par les canadiens d'âge mûr. La première section porte sur les “principaux réseaux d'entraide possibles” (membres de la parenté et amis proches) qui apportent un soutien au “véritable” groupe d'entraide et qui peuvent en réalité être plus utiles en offrant un support moral et en facilitant l'accès aux services organisés. Les sections 2 et 3 traitent de l'assistance donnée et reçue par les canadiens d'âge mûr et présentent les différences attribuées au sexe, à l'âge, à l'état de santé donné, aux conditions de vie et au niveau d'éducation. Les conclusions confirment les études de recherches et les expériences dans le domaine. À l'âge de 70 ans, on observe une diminution de l'aide donnée, tandis qu'au-delà de 80, on remarque une nette augmentation de l'aide reçue. Cette aide provient en majeure partie de simples réseaux d'entraide. Le livre sert remarquablement bien d'introduction au General Social Survey de 1985 et il servira tant aux chercheurs qu'aux praticiens.
Who Considers Themselves Victims of Discrimination?: Individual Difference Predictors of Perceived Gender Discrimination in Women and Men

We focus on the general issue of how and why individuals might decide if they have been victims of gender discrimination and how social status differences between women and men may change the significance of experiencing gender discrimination. Because both self-protective and situational factors have been found to influence interpretation of prejudicial events, in the present study we explore several individual-difference factors that might differentially predict perceived gender discrimination in women and men. We found that, for men, low self-esteem and high personal assertiveness were related to higher ratings of personal discrimination. Low self-esteem was also related to men's perceptions of discrimination against men as a group. For women, high need for approval was negatively related to perceptions of personal discrimination whereas depression was positively related. Depression was also related to higher ratings of discrimination against women, as was feminism. We argue that perceptions of discrimination serve different purposes for structurally privileged and disadvantaged groups.
Serine protease inhibitors and cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Summary: Serine proteases control a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in multi‐cellular organisms, including blood clotting, cancer, cell death, osmoregulation, tissue remodeling, and immunity to infection. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are required for adaptive cell‐mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens by killing infected cells and through the development of memory T cells. Serine proteases not only allow a CTL to kill but also impose homeostatic control on CTL number. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) are the physiological regulators of serine proteases’ activity. In this review, I discuss the role of serpins in controlling the recognition of antigen, effector function, and homeostatic control of CTLs through the inhibition of physiological serine protease targets. An emerging view of serpins is that they are important promoters of cellular viability through their inhibition of executioner proteases. This view is discussed in the context of the T‐lymphocyte survival during effector responses and the development and persistence of long‐lived memory T cells. Given the important role serpins play in CTL immunity, I discuss the potential for developing new immunotherapeutic approaches based directly on serpins or knowledge gained from identifying their physiologically relevant protease targets.
The Impact of Part‐time Jobs in Years 12 and 13 on Qualification Achievement

Many students in full-time secondary education in the UK hold part-time jobs. Though this has benefits, there is concern that long hours of paid work conflict with students' studies. However, there is no recent nationally based UK evidence on the impact of paid work on examination results. This article fills the gap, with data on a large, nationally representative sample from the England and Wales Youth Cohort Study. It describes patterns of paid work amongst full-time students in Years 12 and 13 and how these relate to time spent working for qualifications. It shows that, after controlling for a range of factors, paid work of a few hours per week has a negligible impact on A level grades, but that long working hours significantly reduce grades. The critical number of hours is lower in Year 13 than in Year 12. The impact of part-time jobs on the probability of obtaining advanced vocational qualifications is much less clear.
Detection of Streptococcus equi in equine nasal swabs and washes by DNA amplification

Streptococcus equi, the causative agent of equine strangles, is shed in nasal discharges and pus from lymph nodes of affected animals. Routine laboratory detection of the bacterium involves culture of nasal swabs, nasal washes and pus from abscesses and is often difficult because of background contamination, small numbers of the organism, or the presence of S zooepidemicus and other 3-haemolytic streptococci. Completion of culture and identification usually takes two to three days, an excessively lengthy interval given the highly contagious nature of strangles and the need to quickly identify shedding horses so that they may be isolated in the early stages of an outbreak. The recent elucidation of the DNA sequence of SeM, the gene for the protective, type-specific M-like protein unique to S equi has provided information for the development of a test for S equi DNA (Timoney and others 1997) based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR takes advantage of the ability of DNA polymerase to synthesise many copies of as few as one DNA template molecule by repetitive cycles of strand separation, primer extension and subsequent strand annealing. Primers are short pieces of DNA made from the upper end of the coding strand and from the lower end of the noncoding strand of the DNA of interest. The resulting amplified fragment has a characteristic size. This short communication describes the application of PCR to the detection of S equi in nasal swabs and washes from horses from five different outbreaks of strangles in horses in Kentucky in the spring of 1996. Nasal swabs were collected from affected and exposed in-contact horses one to five days after clinical diagnosis of strangles on farms A, B, C and D. Some horses were sampled more than once over the following three weeks. Nasal washes were also collected from 13 horses on a UK farm, 15 and 85 days after exposure to two horses with clinical strangles. All 13 horses developed strangles within 17 days of this exposure. Nasal washes were collected by instilling 50 ml phosphate buffered saline (pH 7-2) via an 8 mm diameter latex tube (Fisher Scientific) inserted 15 cm into the nostril and collecting the fluid that drained out. The fluid was centrifuged at 3000 g and the pelleted debris separated for culture and PCR. Swabs and nasal wash pellets were cultured on Columbia CNA horse blood agar (Difco Laboratories) and incubated for 18 hours at 37°C. 0-haemolytic colonies were subcultured and their fermentation behaviour tested in lactose, sorbitol and trehalose broths. Mucoid P-haemolytic colonies that did not ferment any of these sugars were identified as S equi. DNA for PCR from the nasal swabs and washes was prepared as follows. Swab tips were placed in 300
History, historiography and organization studies: The challenge and the potential

Abstract What justification is there for a new organizational journal devoted to history? First, it is to be hoped that a contribution can be made in creating dialogue between the poorly connected fields of business history and organization studies. Secondly, Management & Organizational History can stimulate awareness within organization studies of the mainstream importance of historical perspective to theoretical understanding.This will require nurturing a community of practice within which historiography is actively debated and taught.The ‘organizational culture movement’ of the 1980s is offered as an example for comparison.
ONLINE PRONOUN RESOLUTION IN L2 DISCOURSE: L1 Influence and General Learner Effects

This study investigates whether advanced second language (L2) learners of a nonnull subject language (Dutch) are influenced by their null subject first language (L1) (Turkish) in their offline and online resolution of subject pronouns in L2 discourse. To tease apart potential L1 effects from possible general L2 processing effects, we also tested a group of German L2 learners of Dutch who were predicted to perform like the native Dutch speakers. The two L2 groups differed in their offline interpretations of subject pronouns. The Turkish L2 learners exhibited a L1 influence, because approximately half the time they interpreted Dutch subject pronouns as they would overt pronouns in Turkish, whereas the German L2 learners performed like the Dutch controls, interpreting pronouns as coreferential with the current discourse topic. This L1 effect was not in evidence in eye-tracking data, however. Instead, the L2 learners patterned together, showing an online processing disadvantage when two potential antecedents for the pronoun were grammatically available in the discourse. This processing disadvantage was in evidence irrespective of the properties of the learners' L1 or their final interpretation of the pronoun. Therefore, the results of this study indicate both an effect of the L1 on the L2 in offline resolution and a general L2 processing effect in online subject pronoun resolution.
Verified Trust: Reciprocity, Altruism and Noise in Trust Games

Behavioural economists have come to recognize that reciprocity, the interaction of trust and trustworthiness, is a distinct and economically relevant component of individual preferences alongside selfishness and altruism. This recognition is principally due to observed decisions in experimental ‘trust games’. However, recent research has cast doubt on the explanatory power of trust as a determinant of those decisions, suggesting that altruism may explain much of what ‘looks like’ trust. Moreover, empirical tests for alternative behavioural determinants can be sensitive to experimental bias due to differences in protocols and framing. Therefore, we propose discriminatory tests for altruism and trust that can be based on within-treatment and within-subject comparisons, and we control for group attributes of experimental subjects. Our results support trust (i.e. expected reciprocation) as the dominant motivation for ‘trust like’ decisions.
Minority status and culture: local constructions of diversity in a classroom in the Netherlands

In this paper, we explain diversity in knowledge‐sharing strategies in a multi‐ethnic classroom both from a minority status perspective and from a cultural production perspective. The analysis shows how these perspectives are dynamically related in local productions of diversity. The paper argues how, at the level of classroom practice, culturally learned experiences are shaped by status relationships and, at the same time, how status relationships are expressed in cultural formats. Moreover, it is also argued that at a larger social level, collective attitudes towards schooling develop as a co‐construction between cultural processes and status issues.
Satisfaction and Stressors in a Religious Minority: A National Study of Orthodox Jewish Marriage

The paucity of mental health studies with Orthodox Jews makes culturally competent counseling care unlikely. In this large-scale investigation of marriage among Orthodox Jews, most respondents reported satisfaction with marriage and spouse, although satisfaction was highest among recently married couples. The most significant stressors were finances, communication, physical intimacy/sexuality, time pressures, and in-law conflicts. Counseling interventions are discussed. La escasez de estudios sobre salud mental en poblaciones de judios ortodoxos limita la posibilidad de ofrecer un cuidado de consejeria culturalmente competente. En esta investigacion a gran escala sobre el matrimonio entre judios ortodoxos, la mayoria de los participantes indicaron satisfaccion con su matrimonio y esposo/a, aunque la satisfaccion fue mayor entre las parejas recien casadas. Los elementos estresantes mas significativos fueron las finanzas, la comunicacion, el contacto intimo/sexualidad, la falta de tiempo, y los conflictos con la familia politica. Se discuten intervenciones para la consejeria.
Biology education in Germany: research into the effectiveness of different teaching methods

This paper first takes a brief look at the school system and the teaching of biology in Germany. Then a research project is described which is aimed at improving methods of teaching biology. Within the framework of this project, several teaching models are examined and their effectiveness, in both cognitive and affective terms, analysed. This research project includes empirical studies in which more than 2000 school students have been involved. The results of four of these studies will be looked at in detail. The following models were studied and compared: Lab work completed by students compared with lab work demonstrated by the teacher and with pencil and paper lessons. Classroom instruction on the identification of plants compared with outdoor instruction. Lessons using living invertebrates compared with lessons using models, slides and pictures. The effect on the attitudes of students towards AIDS infected children and on their knowledge about AIDS after lessons showing films on the subject compared wi.
Mechanical continuity and reversible chromosome disassembly within intact genomes removed from living cells

Chromatin is thought to be structurally discontinuous because it is packaged into morphologically distinct chromosomes that appear physically isolated from one another in metaphase preparations used for cytogenetic studies. However, analysis of chromosome positioning and movement suggest that different chromosomes often behave as if they were physically connected in interphase as well as mitosis. To address this paradox directly, we used a microsurgical technique to physically remove nucleoplasm or chromosomes from living cells under isotonic conditions. Using this approach, we found that pulling a single nucleolus or chromosome out from interphase or mitotic cells resulted in sequential removal of the remaining nucleoli and chromosomes, interconnected by a continuous elastic thread. Enzymatic treatments of interphase nucleoplasm and chromosome chains held under tension revealed that mechanical continuity within the chromatin was mediated by elements sensitive to DNase or micrococcal nuclease, but not RNases, formamide at high temperature, or proteases. In contrast, mechanical coupling between mitotic chromosomes and the surrounding cytoplasm appeared to be mediated by gelsolin‐sensitive microfilaments. Furthermore, when ion concentations were raised and lowered, both the chromosomes and the interconnecting strands underwent multiple rounds of decondensation and recondensation. As a result of these dynamic structural alterations, the mitotic chains also became sensitive to disruption by restriction enzymes. Ion‐induced chromosome decondensation could be blocked by treatment with DNA binding dyes, agents that reduce protein disulfide linkages within nuclear matrix, or an antibody directed against histones. Fully decondensed chromatin strands also could be induced to recondense into chromosomes with pre‐existing size, shape, number, and position by adding anti‐histone antibodies. Conversely, removal of histones by proteolysis or heparin treatment produced chromosome decondensation which could be reversed by addition of histone H1, but not histones H2b or H3. These data suggest that DNA, its associated protein scaffolds, and surrounding cytoskeletal networks function as a structurally‐unified system. Mechanical coupling within the nucleoplasm may coordinate dynamic alterations in chromatin structure, guide chromosome movement, and ensure fidelity of mitosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 65:114–130. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
School Plays in Secondary Schools: An Exploration of Student and Teacher Perspectives

This research aimed to explore the perceptions of students and teachers involved in school plays in secondary schools. The main aims of the study were to investigate teachers’ and students' motivation to participate and to explore their perceptions regarding the potential benefits, challenges and positive and negative impacts of involvement in this activity. Given the limited amount of research investigating this area, literature relating to the arts in education, drama and theatre in education, youth theatre groups and extra-curricular activities have been included in the rationale for studying this area. The study employed a two-phase mixed methodology design, which involved an initial phase of questionnaires completed by students and teachers. This was followed by focus groups with the students and semi-structured interviews with the teachers involved. Results indicate that intrinsic enjoyment of the activity was one of the key motivators for student participants. A number of perceived positive impacts and benefits in relation to the students’ personal and social development were identified, along with a number of perceived challenges and negative impacts in relation to the process. The findings are discussed in relation to relevant psychological theories and the practical implications for the field of Educational Psychology.
A qualitative study of how mothers and teenage daughters negotiate sex-related risk and independence

Concern across more economically developed nations has focused on the role of parental communication and monitoring in predicting risk-taking behaviour and health outcomes. However, explorations of how mothers and daughters negotiate risk remain under-researched. This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study examining mothers’ and teenage daughters’ perceptions of risk-related health concerns around sexual behaviour and the implications for health policy, nursing practice and future research. A purposive sample of seven young women aged 14–16 years and their mothers (n = 14) were recruited from low-income families living in the south-west of England. Data were collected through longitudinal in-depth interviews and were analysed for thematic content using constant comparative methods. Findings highlighted how mothers and daughters understand risks associated with sex and relationships and their implications for safety. Mothers’ concerns focused on their daughters’ vulnerability to the risk of sexual threat, particularly after alcohol consumption. Within relationships mothers did not advocate abstinence but developed harm minimisation approaches to minimise the impact of risk taking and maximise opportunities for independence. Strategies based on trust and openness were preferred to expectations of rigid adherence in rule negotiation. Clinical significance lies in building on maternal expertise to develop community-based initiatives that have the potential to improve health and clinical outcomes for young women.
Contemporary Challenges to Welfare State Development

That convenient division of academic labour which once made study of welfare states principally the responsibility of sociologists has broken down. Of course, there were always a few political scientists and rather more economists who concerned themselves with the making of social policy. In the last ten years, however, and for a number of reasons (ranging from the ageing of the population to the end of the Cold War) questions of welfare have risen towards the top of the political studies agenda. Such a development is long overdue, given the importance of welfare provision in both governments' activity and spending, as well as its centrality in discussions of rights, equality, justice, citizenship and so on in contemporary political theory. But it also presents a problem. Recent years have seen an avalanche of new work on the welfare state. Within the broad ®eld of political studies this has involved work in political theory, in the study of policy making, on new forms of public administration, on the role of parties and elections, on changes in public opinion and on the structure of public ®nances. It has also sponsored a great deal of inter-disciplinary work with historians, sociologists, demographers and (international ) political economists. No contemporary survey of the many things happening to, and being said about, welfare states could pretend to be exhaustive. I shall, for example, say comparatively little about the crucial development of feminist theories of welfare and citizenship or about the ongoing conservative critique of welfare dependency, both of which have been very ably and recently reviewed. I shall also have comparatively little to say about important developments in the use of statistical techniques to illuminate patterns of welfare state development. My more modest intention here is to assess the state of our knowledge in ®ve or six key areas that have developed in the 1990s and to draw some general conclusions about future prospects for the welfare state and its political study.
Computing observability don't cares efficiently through polarization

A new method is presented to compute the exact observability don't cares (ODCs) for multiple-level combinational circuits. A new mathematical concept, called polarization, is introduced. Polarization captures the essence of ODC calculation on the otherwise difficult points of reconvergence. It makes it possible to derive the ODC of a node from the ODCs of its fanouts with a very simple formula. Experimental results for the 39 largest MCNC benchmark examples show that the method is able to compute the ODC set (expressed as a Boolean network) for all but one circuit in at most a few seconds.
Comparative Evolution of Photosynthetic Genes in Response to Polyploid and Nonpolyploid Duplication1[C][W][OA]

The likelihood of duplicate gene retention following polyploidy varies by functional properties (e.g. gene ontologies or protein family domains), but little is known about the effects of whole-genome duplication on gene networks related by a common physiological process. Here, we examined the effects of both polyploid and nonpolyploid duplications on genes encoding the major functional groups of photosynthesis (photosystem I, photosystem II, the light-harvesting complex, and the Calvin cycle) in the cultivated soybean (Glycine max), which has experienced two rounds of whole-genome duplication. Photosystem gene families exhibit retention patterns consistent with dosage sensitivity (preferential retention of polyploid duplicates and elimination of nonpolyploid duplicates), whereas Calvin cycle and light-harvesting complex gene families do not. We observed similar patterns in barrel medic (Medicago truncatula), which shared the older genome duplication with soybean but has evolved independently for approximately 50 million years, and in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which experienced two nested polyploidy events independent from the legume duplications. In both soybean and Arabidopsis, Calvin cycle gene duplicates exhibit a greater capacity for functional differentiation than do duplicates within the photosystems, which likely explains the greater retention of ancient, nonpolyploid duplicates and larger average gene family size for the Calvin cycle relative to the photosystems.