Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
R&D on 52-kA HTS Current Lead at ASIPP

The Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ASIPP) is experienced in the design and fabrication of high-temperature superconductor (HTS) current leads such as those successfully used in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting (EAST) Tokamak. The aim of the 52-kA trial lead was to develop a prototype for the leads supplying the poloidal field and central solenoid magnets of ITER. This lead differs from former HTS current leads and from another trial (68 kA) lead developed in parallel for the toroidal field magnet, in that it features a foil-type heat exchanger, a helium-cooled transition section, and a binary shunt made of stainless steel and phosphor bronze. The 52-kA trial lead was fabricated and tested in the EAST Tokamak facility. Results of the test are presented. An analysis of these results indicates that the design concepts introduced are validated. The test also served to validate the HTS stacks that equipped the lead. These were supplied by InnoST.
Prevalence and risk factors for unrecognized obstructive lung disease among urban drug users

Background Obstructive lung disease (OLD) is frequently unrecognized and undertreated. Urban drug users are at higher risk for OLD due to race, behavioral, and socioeconomic characteristics, yet little data exist on prevalence and risk factors associated with unrecognized OLD in this population. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of unrecognized OLD in an urban population and identify the characteristics associated with lack of physician-diagnosed OLD. Design Cross-sectional analysis from the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Linked to the Intravenous Experience (ALIVE) study, an observational study of current and former injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Participants All participants with spirometry-defined airflow obstruction were stratified by the presence or absence of physician diagnosis of OLD. Main measures Using cross-sectional demographic, clinical, and spirometric measurements, multivariable regression models were generated to identify factors independently associated with unrecognized OLD. Key results Of the 1083 participants evaluated in the ALIVE lung substudy, 176 (16.3%) met spirometric criteria for OLD. Of those, only 88 (50%) had a physician diagnosis of OLD. The prevalence of unrecognized OLD decreased as severity of airflow obstruction increased. Factors independently associated with unrecognized OLD were absence of respiratory symptoms (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–2.23; P < 0.01) and less severe dyspnea (PR, 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72–0.96, per point increase in dyspnea scale; P = 0.01). In the subset of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected participants, the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was independently associated with an increased prevalence of unrecognized OLD (PR, 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05–3.56; P = 0.03). Conclusions In a cohort of current and former urban drug users, OLD is substantially underrecognized and associated with lack of respiratory symptoms. Relying on the presence of respiratory symptoms as a trigger to perform spirometry may result in a substantial underdiagnosis of OLD in this population. HIV-infected individuals receiving ART are a population particularly vulnerable to unrecognized OLD.
Dexmedetomidine protects from post-myocardial ischaemia reperfusion lung damage in diabetic rats

Objective Diabetic complications and lipid peroxidation are known to have a close association. Lipid peroxidation commonly occurs at sites exposed to ischaemia, but distant organs and tissues also get damaged during ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). Some of these targets are vital organs, such as the lung, liver, and kidney; the lung is the most frequently affected. The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine on I/R damage in lung tissue and on the oxidant/anti-oxidant system in diabetic rats. Material and methods Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) in 18 Wistar Albino rats, which were then randomly divided into three groups (diabetes control (DC), diabetes plus ischaemia-reperfusion (DIR), and diabetes plus dexmedetomidine-ischaemia/reperfusion (DIRD)) after the effects of diabetes were clearly evident. The rats underwent a left thoracotomy and then ischaemia was produced in the myocardium muscle by a left anterior descending artery ligation for 30 min in the DIR and DIRD groups. I/R was performed for 120 min. The DIRD group received a single intraperitoneal dose of dexmedetomidine (100 µg/kg); the DIR group received no dexmedetomidine. Group DC was evaluated as the diabetic control group and also included six rats (C group) in which diabetes was not induced. These mice underwent only left thoracotomy and were closed without undergoing myocardial ischaemia. Histopathological changes, activities of catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase anti-oxidant enzymes, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were evaluated in the lung tissues of all rats. Results Neutrophil infiltration/aggregation was higher in the DIR group than in the C, DC, and DIRD groups (p=0.001, p=0.013, and p=0.042, respectively). The lung injury score was significantly higher in the DIR group than in the C and DC groups (p<0.0001 and p=0.024, respectively). The levels of MDA were significantly higher in the DIR group than in the C and DIRD groups. CAT activity was significantly higher in the DIR group than in the DIRD and C groups. Conclusion Our results confirm that dexmedetomidine has protective effects against the lung damage resulting from I/R in diabetic rats. Future studies conducted to evaluate the effects of the use of dexmedetomidine on damage to various organs following different I/R durations may help understanding possible protective effects of dexmedetomidine and underlying mechanisms in tissue damage related to I/R injury.
Discovery of Sodium and Potassium Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Moon

Spectra of the region just above the bright limb of the Moon show weak emission features that are attributed to resonant scattering of sunlight from sodium and potassium vapor in the lunar atmosphere. The maximum omnidirectional emission flux above the bright limb is 3.8 � 0.4 kilorayleighs for sodium and 1.8 � 0.4 kiloray-leighs for potassium. The zenith column densities above the subsolar point are estimated to be 8 � 3 x 108 atoms cm-2 for sodium 1.4 � 0.3 x 108 atoms cm-2 for potassium. Corresponding surface densities are 67 � 12 atoms cm-3 and 15 � 3 atoms cm-3, respectively. The scale height for the sodium atmosphere is 120 � 42 kilometers, and for potassium 90 � 20 kilometers, which implies that the effective temperature of the sodium and potassium is close to the lunar surface temperature. The sodium density at the south polar region was found to be similar to that at the subsolar point, indicating wide-spread distribution of sodium vapor over the lunar surface. The ratio of the density of sodium to the density of potassium is (6 � 3) to 1, which is close to the sodium to potassium ratio in the lunar surface, suggesting that the atmosphere originates from the vaporization of surface minerals.
Adipose Tissue Plasticity During Catch-Up Fat Driven by Thrifty Metabolism

OBJECTIVE Catch-up growth, a risk factor for later type 2 diabetes, is characterized by hyperinsulinemia, accelerated body-fat recovery (catch-up fat), and enhanced glucose utilization in adipose tissue. Our objective was to characterize the determinants of enhanced glucose utilization in adipose tissue during catch-up fat. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS White adipose tissue morphometry, lipogenic capacity, fatty acid composition, insulin signaling, in vivo glucose homeostasis, and insulinemic response to glucose were assessed in a rat model of semistarvation-refeeding. This model is characterized by glucose redistribution from skeletal muscle to adipose tissue during catch-up fat that results solely from suppressed thermogenesis (i.e., without hyperphagia). RESULTS Adipose tissue recovery during the dynamic phase of catch-up fat is accompanied by increased adipocyte number with smaller diameter, increased expression of genes for adipogenesis and de novo lipogenesis, increased fatty acid synthase activity, increased proportion of saturated fatty acids in triglyceride (storage) fraction but not in phospholipid (membrane) fraction, and no impairment in insulin signaling. Furthermore, it is shown that hyperinsulinemia and enhanced adipose tissue de novo lipogenesis occur concomitantly and are very early events in catch-up fat. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased adipose tissue insulin stimulation and consequential increase in intracellular glucose flux play an important role in initiating catch-up fat. Once activated, the machinery for lipogenesis and adipogenesis contribute to sustain an increased insulin-stimulated glucose flux toward fat storage. Such adipose tissue plasticity could play an active role in the thrifty metabolism that underlies glucose redistribution from skeletal muscle to adipose tissue.
How negative descriptive norms for healthy eating undermine the effects of positive injunctive norms

Healthy eating intentions were assessed as a function of theory of planned behavior variables and manipulated group norm salience. Participants (n=119) were exposed (or not) to a positive injunctive norm that their fellow students approve of eating healthily, and (or not) to a negative descriptive norm that their fellow students do not eat healthily. A significant interaction emerged. When a negative descriptive norm was made salient, participants exposed to a positive injunctive norm reported significantly lower intentions to eat healthily. When no descriptive norm was given, exposure to a positive injunctive norm had no effect. The results suggest the weakness of manipulated injunctive norm salience in the health domain, and the importance of investigating the interactive effects of referent group norms.
Anxiety, anticipation and contextual information: A test of attentional control theory

We tested the assumptions of Attentional Control Theory (ACT) by examining the impact of anxiety on anticipation using a dynamic, time-constrained task. Moreover, we examined the involvement of high- and low-level cognitive processes in anticipation and how their importance may interact with anxiety. Skilled and less-skilled tennis players anticipated the shots of opponents under low- and high-anxiety conditions. Participants viewed three types of video stimuli, each depicting different levels of contextual information. Performance effectiveness (response accuracy) and processing efficiency (response accuracy divided by corresponding mental effort) were measured. Skilled players recorded higher levels of response accuracy and processing efficiency compared to less-skilled counterparts. Processing efficiency significantly decreased under high- compared to low-anxiety conditions. No difference in response accuracy was observed. When reviewing directional errors, anxiety was most detrimental to performance in the condition conveying only contextual information, suggesting that anxiety may have a greater impact on high-level (top-down) cognitive processes, potentially due to a shift in attentional control. Our findings provide partial support for ACT; anxiety elicited greater decrements in processing efficiency than performance effectiveness, possibly due to predominance of the stimulus-driven attentional system.
Intraoperative ultrasonography for the correction of brainshift based on the matching of hyperechogenic structures

In this paper, a global approach based on 3D freehand ultrasound imaging is proposed to (a) correct the error of the neuronavigation system in image-patient registration and (b) compensate for the deformations of the cerebral structures occurring during a neurosurgical procedure. The rigid and non rigid multimodal registrations are achieved by matching the hyperechogenic structures of brain. The quantitative evaluation of the non rigid registration was performed within a framework based on synthetic deformation. Finally, experiments were carried out on real data sets of 4 patients with lesions such as cavernoma and low-grade glioma. Qualitative and quantitative results on the estimated error performed by neuronavigation system and the estimated brain deformations are given.
Host Genetic Factors Affect Susceptibility to Norovirus Infections in Burkina Faso

Norovirus (NoV) constitutes the second most common viral pathogen causing pediatric diarrhea after rotavirus. In Africa, diarrhea is a major health problem in children, and yet few studies have been performed regarding NoV. The association of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and susceptibility to NoV infection is well established in Caucasian populations with non-secretors being resistant to many common NoV strains. No study regarding HBGA and NoV susceptibility has yet been performed in Africa. We collected 309 stool and 208 saliva samples from diarrheal children in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso; May 2009 to March 2010. NoV was detected using real-time PCR, and genotyped by sequencing. Saliva samples were ABO, Lewis and secretor phenotyped using in house ELISA assays. NoV was detected in 12% (n = 37) of the samples. The genotype diversity was unusually large; overall the 37 positive samples belonged to 14 genotypes. Only children <2 years of age were NoV positive and the GII.4 NoVs were more frequent in the late dry season (Jan-May). NoV infections were observed less in children with the secretor-negative phenotype or blood group A (OR 0.18; p = 0.012 and OR 0.31; p = 0.054; respectively), with two non-secretors infected with genotypes GII.7 and GII.4 respectively. Lewis-negative (Lea−b−) children, representing 32% of the study population, were susceptible to GII, but were not infected with any NoV GI. GII.4 strains preferentially infected children with blood group B whereas secretor-positive children with blood group O were infected with the largest variety of genotypes. This is the first study identifying host genetic factors associated with susceptibility to NoV in an African population, and suggests that while the non-secretor phenotype provides protection; the Lewis b antigen is not necessary for GII infection.
Reconstructing the Snake River–Hoback River Canyon section of the Wyoming thrust belt through direct dating of clay-rich fault rocks

Quantifi cation of fault-related illite neomineralization in clay gouge allows periods of fault activity to be directly dated, complementing indirect fault dating techniques such as dating synorogenic sedimentation. Detrital “contamination” of gouge is accounted for through the use of illite age analysis, where gouge samples are separated into at least three size fractions, and the proportions of detrital and authigenic illite are determined using illite polytypism (1M d = neoformed, 2M 1 = detrital). Size fractions are dated using the 40 Ar/ 39 Ar method, representing a signifi cant improvement over earlier methods that relied on K-Ar dating. The percentages of detrital illite are then plotted against the age of individual size fractions, and the age of faultrelated neoformed material (i.e., 0% detrital/100% neoformed illite) is extrapolated. The sampled faults and their ages are the Absaroka thrust (47 ± 9 Ma), the Darby thrust (46 ± 10 Ma), and the Bear thrust (50 ± 12 Ma). Altered host rock along the frontal Prospect thrust gives an age of 85 ± 12 Ma, indicating that the 46‐50 Ma ages are not related to a regional fl uid-fl ow event. These ages indicate that the faults in the Snake River‐Hoback River Canyon section of the Wyoming thrust belt were active at the same time, indicating that a signifi cant segment of the thrust belt (100 km 2 +) was active and therefore critically stressed in Eocene time.
Who Confronts Prejudice?

Despite the possible costs, confronting prejudice can have important benefits, ranging from the well-being of the target of prejudice to social change. What, then, motivates targets of prejudice to confront people who express explicit bias? In three studies, we tested the hypothesis that targets who hold an incremental theory of personality (i.e., the belief that people can change) are more likely to confront prejudice than targets who hold an entity theory of personality (i.e., the belief that people have fixed traits). In Study 1, targets’ beliefs about the malleability of personality predicted whether they spontaneously confronted an individual who expressed bias. In Study 2, targets who held more of an incremental theory reported that they would be more likely to confront prejudice and less likely to withdraw from future interactions with an individual who expressed prejudice. In Study 3, we manipulated implicit theories and replicated these findings. By highlighting the central role that implicit theories of personality play in targets’ motivation to confront prejudice, this research has important implications for intergroup relations and social change.
Understanding the use of intimidation as a response to job tension: Career implications for the global leader

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between job tension (JT) and the use of intimidation in the workplace, as well as positive and negative affectivity as two potential personality trait moderators of this relationship.Design/methodology/approach – The paper hypothesizes that employees would use more intimidation when they perceive higher levels of JT based on a fight response. Furthermore, it hypothesizes that when JT was high, people high in negative affectivity would use more intimidation in the workplace due to trait activation, whereas individuals high in positive affectivity would use less intimidation due to greater resource pools. The hypotheses was tested with a sample of 134 employees from a wide range of occupations and industries who completed an online survey measuring their levels of felt JT, usage of intimidation behaviors, and self‐reported affectivity.Findings – Hierarchical moderated regression analyses revealed that JT was positively related to intimid.
Immunization with a Combination of Integral Chlamydial Antigens and a Defined Secreted Protein Induces Robust Immunity against Genital Chlamydial Challenge

ABSTRACT We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of recombinant chlamydial protease-like activity factor (rCPAF; a secreted chlamydial protein) in inducing antigen-specific CD4+ T cell/gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-mediated but not antibody-mediated chlamydial clearance and reduction of upper genital tract (UGT) pathological sequelae. Since chlamydial integral antigens may induce neutralizing antibody protection, we further evaluated induction of protective immunity using a combination of rCPAF and UV-inactivated chlamydial elementary bodies (UV-EB) against vaginal chlamydial challenge in comparison to immunization with the individual components or live EB. The rCPAF-UV-EB immunization induced a significantly enhanced anti-UV-EB cellular and antibody response and a reduced anti-CPAF cellular and antibody response, compared to immunization with the respective individual components. Moreover, vaccination with UV-EB and rCPAF-UV-EB induced serum antibodies that neutralized chlamydial infectivity. The rCPAF-UV-EB immunization resulted in a significant reduction of vaginal chlamydial shedding and induced earlier bacterial clearance than vaccination of mice with the individual components. Importantly, the UGT sequelae were significantly reduced in mice immunized with rCPAF or rCPAF-UV-EB, but not in those immunized with UV-EB alone, and approached the levels of protection induced by live EB. These results collectively suggest that a combination of neutralizing antibodies induced by integral chlamydial antigens and cell-mediated responses induced by secreted proteins such as CPAF induces optimal protective immunity against genital chlamydial infections.
Mode interactions in an enclosed swirling flow : a double Hopf bifurcation between azimuthal wavenumbers 0 and 2

A double Hopf bifurcation has been found of the flow in a cylinder driven by the rotation of an endwall. A detailed analysis of the multiple solutions in a large region of parameter space, computed with an efficient and accurate three-dimensional Navier– Stokes solver, is presented. At the double Hopf point, an axisymmetric limit cycle and a rotating wave bifurcate simultaneously. The corresponding mode interaction generates an unstable two-torus modulated rotating wave solution and gives a wedge-shaped region in parameter space where the two periodic solutions are both stable. By exploring in detail the three-dimensional structure of the flow, we have identified the two mechanisms that compete in the neighbourhood of the double Hopf point. Both are associated with the jet that is formed when the Ekman layer on the rotating endwall is turned by the stationary sidewall.
The Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Is Required for Neuromuscular Development and Function

ABSTRACT The vesicular acetylcholine (ACh) transporter (VAChT) mediates ACh storage by synaptic vesicles. However, the VAChT-independent release of ACh is believed to be important during development. Here we generated VAChT knockout mice and tested the physiological relevance of the VAChT-independent release of ACh. Homozygous VAChT knockout mice died shortly after birth, indicating that VAChT-mediated storage of ACh is essential for life. Indeed, synaptosomes obtained from brains of homozygous knockouts were incapable of releasing ACh in response to depolarization. Surprisingly, electrophysiological recordings at the skeletal-neuromuscular junction show that VAChT knockout mice present spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials with reduced amplitude and frequency, which are likely the result of a passive transport of ACh into synaptic vesicles. Interestingly, VAChT knockouts exhibit substantial increases in amounts of choline acetyltransferase, high-affinity choline transporter, and ACh. However, the development of the neuromuscular junction in these mice is severely affected. Mutant VAChT mice show increases in motoneuron and nerve terminal numbers. End plates are large, nerves exhibit abnormal sprouting, and muscle is necrotic. The abnormalities are similar to those of mice that cannot synthesize ACh due to a lack of choline acetyltransferase. Our results indicate that VAChT is essential to the normal development of motor neurons and the release of ACh.
Sibling Position and Juvenile Delinquency

A study of the significance of sibling position in delinquency was made by comparing 1,046 Minneapolis school children, legally adjudicated delinquent, with non-delinquent children selected at random from groups matched with each delinquent for age, sex, and size of sibship. A new classification of sibling positions was employed which designated the sex of the siblings of the marked child. Delinquency ratios were higher for girls whose sibligs were all brothers than for girls whose siblings were all sisters. For boys this was true only when in the intermediate position. In general, delinquency ratios are high for children who are in sibling positions involving the presence of younger siblings of each sex, and low for children in positions involving the presence of elder sublings of each sex. The ratios are somewhat higher for both boys and girls when elder siblings are of the same sex and younger siblings are of the opposite sex than when the reverse is true. The explanation of differences in delinquency ratios for children in various sibling position may lie in the roles which children play in intrafamily interaction. Intensive study is necessary to determine the influence of family relationships in the development of personality traits.