Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Time Course of World Knowledge Integration in Sentence Comprehension

Using a violation paradigm,Hagoort et al.observed that world knowledge and word meaning are integrated simultaneously at the end of a sentence.The present study was intended to track the time course of integration of world knowledge in sentence comprehension when world knowledge is embedded in a sentence rather than at the sentence end.The materials used were four-word sentences.The second word in the sentences was the target word that could contain information leading to semantic or world knowledge violations.Event-related brain potentials(ERPs) induced by the last three words in each sentence were recorded and compared across three conditions,the word meaning violation condition,the world knowledge violation condition,and the non-violation normal congruence condition.Compared with non-violation congruous sentences,presentation of the target message in world knowledge violation sentences immediately evoked a typical N400.As the sentence unfolded,the subsequent words in the sentence did not produce similar N400 effect except at the sentence end when a negative N400-like component was observed.It is noted that while the N400 evoked by the violation target words showed no obvious hemispheric asymmetry,the one evoked by the ending words showed right hemisphere dominance.Compared with word meaning violation sentences,there were no other ERP waveform differences except that the N400 amplitude was much smaller for world knowledge violation than word meaning violation.The results indicate that world knowledge,similar to word meaning,could be integrated instantly as the sentence unfolds during sentence comprehension and outcome of this integration process does not affect processing of subsequent information.Integrated world knowledge manifested earlier could be reactivated however when the reader reaches the sentence end and makes judgment about the facticity of the whole sentence.
An NCME Instructional Module on Exploring the Logic of Tatsuoka's Rule‐Space Model for Test Development and Analysis

K. Tatsuoka's rule-space model is a statistical method for classifying examinees' test item responses into a set of attribute-mastery patterns associated with different cognitive skills. A fundamental assumption in the model resides in the idea that test items may be described by specific cognitive skills called attributes which can include distinct procedures, skills, or processes possessed by an examinee. The rule-space model functions by collecting and ordering information about the attributes required to solve test items and then statistically classifying examinees' test item responses into a set of attribute-mastery patterns, each one associated with a unique cognitive blueprint. The logic of Tatsuoka's rule-space model, as it applies to test development and analysis, is examined an this module. Controversies and unresolved issues are also presented and discussed.
Effects of carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and acetate on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and K-12: uncoupling versus anion accumulation.

Non-growing cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and K-12 that were incubated anaerobically in sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 consumed glucose at a rate of approximately 8 mumol. (mg protein)-1.h-1 and had intracellular pH values of 7.3 and 7.5, respectively. The uncoupler, carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), caused a marked decrease in intracellular pH, ATP and potassium of both strains. Low concentrations of CCCP stimulated glucose consumption rate, but higher concentrations were inhibitory. Acetate also caused a decrease in intracellular pH, but it never caused a large decrease in glucose consumption rate. Acetate decreased the intracellular ATP of E. coli K-12, but it had no effect on the ATP of O157:H7. Acetate had no effect on the intracellular potassium of E. coli O157:H7, and acetate-treated K-12 cells had even more potassium than untreated controls. Based on these results, acetate and CCCP appear to have different effects on E. coli. The comparison of E. coli O157:H7 and K-12 indicated that intracellular pH, acetate accumulation and intracellular potassium were related. E. coli K-12 maintained a higher intracellular pH than O157:H7, accumulated more acetate and had a greater intracellular potassium.
Diversity of visual pigments from the viewpoint of G protein activation—comparison with other G protein-coupled receptors

The visual pigment present in the photoreceptor cells of the retina is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and contains an 11- cis -retinal as a light-absorbing chromophore. Light induces conformational changes in the protein moiety of the visual pigment through cis–trans isomerization of the chromophore, which leads to the activation of a G protein-mediated signal transduction cascade that eventually generates an electrical response of the photoreceptor cells. So far, various types of visual pigments have been identified from a variety of photoreceptor cells and the structure–function relationship of visual pigments has been widely investigated by means of biophysical, biochemical and molecular biological techniques. Recent identifications of visual pigment-like proteins in the extra-ocular cells emphasize the importance of the visual pigment family as the photoreceptive molecules in not only visual but also non-visual photoreception. This article reviews the functional diversity of visual pigments from the viewpoint of the molecular mechanisms of photoreception and G protein activation. In addition, the similarity and difference of G protein activation mechanism between visual pigment and other G protein-coupled receptors are discussed for furthering our understanding of the common mechanism of G protein activation by G protein-coupled receptors.
THE SPITZER ARCHIVAL FAR-INFRARED EXTRAGALACTIC SURVEY

We present the Spitzer Archival Far-InfraRed Extragalactic Survey (SAFIRES). This program produces refined mosaics and source lists for all far-infrared (FIR) extragalactic data taken during the more than six years of the cryogenic operation of the Spitzer Space Telescope. The SAFIRES products consist of FIR data in two wavelength bands (70 and 160 μm) across approximately 180 square degrees of sky, with source lists containing far-infrared fluxes for almost 40,000 extragalactic point sources. Thus, SAFIRES provides a large, robust archival far-infrared data set suitable for many scientific goals.
Rural students’ transitions to secondary school: culture, curriculum and context

Abstract This article is based on a year‐long study of elementary to secondary transition in rural Ontario, Canada. The study considered the experience of transition for rural students within the political context of recently mandated changes to the transition years in Ontario. Research elsewhere suggests that the strong academic orientation of the secondary school creates a polarized and fragmented school culture which leads to student alienation and high drop‐out rates. These issues were regarded as less relevant in the rural area where the study took place and, thus, the teachers, parents and students who participated were sceptical about the need for change. The article examines the influence of contextual factors, including the rural setting, school structure and size, and teacher experience, on school culture and curriculum, and participants’ experiences of transition and their perspectives on change. A dialogical approach to enquiry was taken which attempted to bring together, through dialogue, the.
Body and intestinal growth of broiler chicks on a commercial starter diet. 1. Intestinal weight and mucosal development

1. A study was conducted on the pattern of development of the intestinal mucosa of the Steggles × Ross (F 1 ) strain of broiler chickens reared on a commercial starter diet. The mechanisms underlying the structural changes were also assessed. 2. In relation to body weight, small intestinal weight peaked at 7 d of age and declined subsequently. There was also a reduction in the relative weights of the gizzard and yolk sac with age. The length of the small intestine and its regions increased with age. 3. Crypt depth increased with age in the duodenum and jejunum while villus height increased significantly with age in all three regions of the small intestine. There were also significant changes in apparent villus surface area in the three regions, while interactions between age and intestinal region were significant in the case of crypt depth and villus height. 4. There were significant differences between the age groups in the mucosal protein content of jejunal and ileal homogenates, both tending to peak at 7 d of age. The DNA content of the intestinal mucosa declined with age in the three regions of the small intestine. While there was an increase in RNA content in the duodenum and ileum, there was a reduction in the jejunum. 5. Protein : DNA ratio increased between hatch and 21 d of age in all intestinal regions. Protein : RNA ratio decreased with age in the duodenum and ileum but increased in the jejunum. There were significant increases in RNA : DNA ratio in the duodenum and ileum but no changes were observed in the jejunum. The interactions between age and intestinal region were significant for all biochemical indices assessed. 6. At all ages, enterocyte proliferation at the jejunum was completed and quantifiable within 1 h of administration of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrDU). Subsequent assessment revealed an increase in crypt column count and number of BrDU-labelled cells. The rate of cell migration increased with age while there was a decline in the distance migrated in proportion to mucosal depth. The estimated life-span of enterocytes and time spent by enterocytes in the crypt varied with age. In d-old and 7-d-old chicks, migration was complete or nearly complete within 96 h of cell birth. 7. Although the intestinal mucosa of the strain was structurally developed at hatch, there was much change in structure with age, especially over the first 7 d post hatch. The rate of development was most rapid in the jejunum but the other regions are also important, on account of villus height or relative length of the region.
Blind identification of evoked human brain activity with independent component analysis of optical data

Diffuse optical tomography (DOT) methods observe hemodynamics in the brain by measuring light transmission through the scalp, skull, and brain. Thus, separating signals due to heart pulsations, breathing movements, and systemic blood flow fluctuations from the desired brain functional responses is critical to the fidelity of the derived maps. Herein, we applied independent component analysis (ICA) to temporal signals obtained from a high‐density DOT system used for functional mapping of the visual cortex. DOT measurements were taken over the occipital cortex of human adult subjects while they viewed stimuli designed to activate two spatially distinct areas of the visual cortex. ICA was able to extract clean functional hemodynamic signals and separate brain activity sources from hemodynamic fluctuations related to heart and breathing without knowledge of the stimulus paradigm. Furthermore, independent components were found defining distinct functional responses to each stimulus type. Images generated from single ICA components were comparable, with regard to spatial extent and resolution, to images from block averaging (with knowledge of the block stimulus paradigm). Both images and estimated time‐series signals demonstrated that ICA was superior to principal component analysis in extracting the true event‐evoked response signals. Our results suggest that ICA can extract the time courses and the corresponding spatial extent of functional responses in DOT imaging. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of method, duration, and sleep stage on rebounds from sleep deprivation in the rat.

Total sleep deprivation (TSD) of rats for 24 hours or less by continually enforced locomotion has consistently produced subsequent rebounds of slow-wave or high-amplitude EEG activity in NREM sleep, which has contributed to the widely held view that this EEG activity reflects particularly "intense" or restorative sleep. These rebounds usually have been accompanied by substantial rebounds of REM sleep. In contrast, chronic TSD (2 weeks or longer) by the disk-over-water (DOW) method has produced only huge, long-lasting rebounds of REM sleep with no rebound of high-amplitude NREM sleep. To evaluate whether the different rebounds result from different methods or from different lengths of deprivation, rats were subjected to 24-hour TSD by the DOW method. Rebounds included increases in high-amplitude and slow-wave activity; i.e., the methods produced similar rebound patterns following short-term TSD. (Chronic TSD by continually enforced locomotion would be strategically difficult and severely confounded with motor fatigue.) Rats subjected to DOW-TSD for 4 days, well before the development of severe TSD symptoms, showed primarily REM sleep rebounds. Rats subjected to 1 day of selective REM sleep deprivation, but not their closely yoked control rats, showed large, significant REM sleep rebounds, which evidently were not induced by the stress of the deprivation method per se. The combined findings prompted reexamination of published evidence relevant to "sleep intensity," including "negative rebounds," rebounds in other species, the effects of stress and fatigue, depth of sleep indicators, and extended sleep. The review points out pitfalls in the designation of any specific pattern as intense sleep.
Hyperplane separability and convexity of probabilistic point sets

We describe an O(n^d) time algorithm for computing the exact probability that two d-dimensional probabilistic point sets are linearly separable, for any fixed d >= 2. A probabilistic point in d-space is the usual point, but with an associated (independent) probability of existence. We also show that the d-dimensional separability problem is equivalent to a (d+1)-dimensional convex hull membership problem, which asks for the probability that a query point lies inside the convex hull of n probabilistic points. Using this reduction, we improve the current best bound for the convex hull membership by a factor of n [Agarwal et al., ESA, 2014]. In addition, our algorithms can handle "input degeneracies" in which more than k+1 points may lie on a k-dimensional subspace, thus resolving an open problem in [Agarwal et al., ESA, 2014]. Finally, we prove lower bounds for the separability problem via a reduction from the k-SUM problem, which shows in particular that our O(n^2) algorithms for 2-dimensional separability and 3-dimensional convex hull membership are nearly optimal.
Development of a Scale to Measure Attitude Toward the Condom as a Method of Birth Control

The Attitude Toward Condoms Scale (ATC) was developed as an assessment instrument for use in research directed toward promotion of barrier methods of contraception. The resulting 40-item, Likert-type scale was found to have an internal consistency reliability coefficient of . 93, with an average inter-item correlation of . 24. It is comprised of five major factors, accounting for 45No of the total variance. The scale has been shown to be sensitive to a positive attitude change manipulation, giving some evidence of its construct validity. It has been estimated that, on the average, at least half of sexually active, unmarried young people fail to use contraception consistently (Anderson, McPherson, Beeching, Weinberg, & Vessey, 1978; Brown & Pollack, 1983; Fisher, et al., 1979; Pollack & Brown, 1982). Among the young and unmarried who do use contraception, the method most used at first intercourse appears to be the condom (Brown & Pollack, 1983; Parcel, 1975b; Sorensen, Drusin, Ley, Deuschle, & Yano, 1978). As sexual activity continues, oral contraception (the pill) gains
Cervical Cancer Screening of Adolescents Should Not Be Encouraged

Objective The study aims to assess the frequency of cytological abnormalities in adolescents and young women, to establish the optimum age to start screening. Methods A retrospective study of cervical cytology results were obtained from the data center at the Santa Casa Hospital of São Paulo between January 2006 and December 2014, adopting the Bethesda nomenclature system. The cytology exams were divided into 3 groups: group 1—adolescents (10–19 years old); group 2—young women (20–24 years old); and group 3—adults, comprising the remaining cytology exams. The frequency of cytological abnormalities in the 3 groups was compared using version 3.4. 3 of the Epi Info software program and the chi-square statistical test (p < .05). Results A total of 177,075 satisfactory cytology exams were included in the study. The cytological abnormalities detected in the adolescent group were predominantly low-grade lesions (97.4%); in the young women group, low-grade lesions represented 89.12%, and in the adult group, 76.33%. A significantly greater proportion of high-grade lesions were noted in the adult group, accounting for approximately 24% of all abnormalities detected; in the young women group, it was approximately 11%, and in the adolescent group, it was 2.6%. Conclusions The natural history of HPV infection shows it is transient in young women, with most cases regressing within 2 years of presentation. Our data confirm that screening of adolescents is not recommended because serious cytological abnormalities and cancer are rare in this group.
The Impact of Professional Development in Family Child Care: A Practice-Based Approach

Research Findings: The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the efficacy of a practice-based approach to professional development for family child care providers working in low-income communities. This approach included a literacy coaching component that anchors knowledge in practice. One hundred and twenty-eight family child care providers were randomly assigned to three groups: a language and literacy course plus coaching, the course only, and control. Quantitative results revealed that providers who received the course plus coaching experienced statistically and educationally significant improvements in their literacy practice compared to the other two groups. Qualitative data described specific areas in early literacy that were improved as a result of this professional development intervention. Practice or Policy: Implications of these findings for child care policy and professional development programs for family child care providers are discussed
Peer assessment as a learning tool for enhancing student teachers' preparation

This study investigates how peer assessment contributes to enhancing student teachers' preparation during field experience. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 72 student teachers. The findings showed that the student teachers have positive beliefs about peer assessment. They think that it can be beneficial if some changes are made in the way it is employed in teacher education programs. In light of the study findings, the researchers put forth a number of suggestions and recommendations for employing peer assessment in teacher education programs in Jordan.
Statins are diabetogenic e Myth or reality ?

Multiple clinical trials have demonstrated the beneficial effects of statins in lowering levels of low-density lipoprotein and in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, although statins have a good safety profile, a debate has been ongoing as to whether use of statins increases risk of new-onset diabetes. Recent large scale meta-analyses of statin trials support the concept of a diabetogenic effect of statins, as do some other small trials assessing changes in glycaemia parameters and insulin levels. However, a definitive mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. Nevertheless, the level of evidence has been sufficient to lead the FDA to make a change to the labelling of statins. This review assesses the current available evidence and offers a clinical perspective. 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Arabic language learning among Arab immigrants in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: a study of attitudes and motivations

This study examines the attachment to Arabic language in the Arab‐American community in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA as a form of maintaining cultural identity. The researcher interviewed Arab‐American students at the University of Wisconsin as well as selected members of the broader Arab‐American community in the city. This research suggests that there is strong interest in Arabic language education particularly among Arab‐Muslim families who have arrived within recent decades. The researcher concludes that the interest in Arabic language education in Milwaukee stems from the strong leadership structure in the community and the feeling of community members that young Muslims have a responsibility to read the Qur'an in the original and understand it for themselves. Members of the Arab‐American community also maintain an ethos of connectedness with the homeland which results in students' attitude that knowledge of Arabic is important for their cultural identity and relationship to their internationally located families.
Association of the H-Y male antigen with beta2-microglobulin on human lymphoid and differentiated mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines

The expression of the H-Y antigen has been tested on several human lymphoid lines and mouse teratocarcinoma cell lines during differentiation. The human male lymphoid cell line Raji is a very useful target for studies of the H-Y antigen by lymphocytotoxicity test with rat anti-H-Y sera. With a few exceptions, all cells carrying the Y chromosome were H-Y positive. One of the exceptions is the human Daudi cell line which, besides lacking H-Y antigen, also lacks beta2- microglobulin. We have studied a possible association between the H-Y antigen, beta2-microglobulin, and HLA antigen with redistribution experiments. The results strongly suggest that H-Y antigen is not associated with HLA antigens but with beta2-microglobulin.
Marital status and the duration of joblessness among white men.

The Career Development Study (CDS) surveyed 6729 male and female public high school juniors and seniors in Washington state during the 1965-66 academic year about their demographic backgrounds social psychological information high school experiences and plans for the future. 86% completed the classroom-administered questionnaire. The CDS was designed to explore the individual-level determinants of access to careers and the relationships between transitions made by adolescents as they move into adulthood. Contact was reestablished in 1980 with more than 98% of the original participants 91% of whom provided usable responses to second-round questions about all educational family military and work experiences since high school. The authors use data for 2851 white men in the CDS to study the effect of marital status upon their duration of joblessness. Only about 2% of the CDS sample is nonwhite. The data also indicate that married men were slightly less educated than single men. Multivariate analysis found that after leaving employment married men spend significantly less time unemployed than do single men. Marital status is therefore a significant predictor of the length of time spent without a job with married men in any given month being 50-100% more likely to take a job than single men. Chronic joblessness is apparently associated with a set of unmeasured characteristics either behavioral or social-psychological. The authors have assumed that married men return to employed status faster than single men because they feel responsible for providing for their families and because they have the emotional support of their wives. More research however is needed to determine whether those factors are truly behind the comparatively more rapid return of married men to the workforce after periods of joblessness. Additional research is also needed to determine the proximate mechanisms through which marital status is related to length of joblessness.