Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Model-Driven Specification of Software Services

Aligning adequately business requirements and software functionality as well as achieving 'loose coupling' for service functionalities, are identified challenges relevant to service-oriented software design. Furthering previous related work, we propose in this paper an application design process that, taking the above challenges into account, addresses systematically and separately business requirements, the identification of (desirable) service functionalities, and their mapping onto technology platforms. With respect to service modeling, a communication pattern has been identified that is relevant and useful. As for the enforcement of social restrictions in the application functionality, semiotic norms are helpfully applied. And finally, 'loose coupling' is achieved in an orchestration-driven way.
Features of Acute Ischemic Stroke With Rheumatic Heart Disease in a Hospitalized Chinese Population

Background and Purpose— Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is an important risk factor for ischemic stroke in developing countries. Observational data on its characteristics and influence on outcome or recurrence of ischemic stroke are scarce. We aimed to investigate proportions, characteristics, functional outcome, and recurrence of acute ischemic stroke patients with RHD in a hospitalized Chinese population. Methods— We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke who were admitted within 1 month of stroke onset from January 2003 to February 2007, into the analysis. Clinical characteristics such as age, gender, risk factors, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission were investigated. Basic characteristics, functional outcomes, and recurrence were compared between RHD group and nonRHD group. Results— Of the 1638 cases included, RHD was present in 130 patients (7.9%). RHD patients, compared with those without RHD, were younger, more frequently female, and more often had experienced atrial fibrillation and higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score on admission (all P<0.006). After adjustment for age, sex, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale on admission, the death risk in patients with RHD was 2.0-fold higher at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year compared with patients without RHD (all P<0.013). Compared with patients without RHD, those with RHD showed a significantly higher cumulative recurrence rate (13.6% vs 6.0%; P=0.001, log rank test) by 1-year cumulative recurrent curves. Conclusions— Stroke attributable to RHD is still common in the Chinese population. RHD was associated with 2-fold increased risk of death and 1-fold increased risk of recurrence in stroke patients.
Deblurring Methods Using Antireflective Boundary Conditions

In this paper we consider the numerical solution of self-adjoint deblurring problems on bounded intervals. For these problems it has recently been shown that appropriate modeling of the solution near the boundary of the interval may significantly improve the numerical reconstructions. Among the alternatives the so-called antireflective boundary condition appears to be the best known choice. Here we develop an appropriate, i.e., stable and efficient implementation of this model in two steps, namely by (i) transforming the problem to homogeneous boundary values, and (ii) using the fast sine transform to solve the transformed problem. This approach allows us to incorporate regularization in a very straightforward way. Numerical reconstructions are superior qualitatively and quantitatively to those obtained with the reblurring method of Donatelli and Serra-Capizzano.
A Case-Control Study of Body Mass Index and Breast Cancer Risk in White and African-American Women

Objective: Large body size has been associated with decreased risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women but with increased risk in postmenopausal women. Limited information is available about African-American women and differences by estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Methods: We analyzed data from the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study among 3,997 white and African-American breast cancer case patients diagnosed in 1994 to 1998 and 4,041 control participants ages 35 to 64 years. We calculated multivariate odds ratios (OR) as measures of relative risk of breast cancer associated with self-reported body mass index (BMI) at age 18 and 5 years before diagnosis (recent BMI). Results: Risk tended to decrease with increasing BMI at age 18 years in all women [ORBMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 versus < 20 kg/m2 = 0.76; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63-0.90; Ptrend = 0.005] and with recent BMI in premenopausal women (ORBMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 versus < 25 kg/m2 = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.61-1.06; Ptrend = 0.05), unmodified by race. Among postmenopausal white but not African-American women, there was an inverse relation between recent BMI and risk. High recent BMI was associated with increased risk of estrogen receptor– and progesterone receptor–positive tumors among postmenopausal African-American women (ORBMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 versus < 25 kg/m2 = 1.83; 95% CI, 1.08-3.09; Ptrend = 0.03). Conclusion: Among women at age 35 to 64 years, BMI at age 18 years is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer, but association with recent BMI varies by menopause status, race, and hormone receptor status. Impact: Our findings indicate that studies of BMI and breast cancer should consider breast cancer subtypes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(6); 1532–44. ©2010 AACR.
Does ureteral stenting matter for stone size? A retrospectıve analyses of 1361 extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy patients

Introduction The aim of our study was to determine the efficacy of ureteral stents for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) treatment of pelvis renalis stones and to compare the results and complications in stented and non-stented patients. Material and methods Between 1995 and 2011, 1361 patients with pelvis renalis stones were treated with SWL. Patients were subdivided into three groups according to stone burden: ≤1 cm2 (group 1; n = 514), 1.1 to 2 cm2 (group 2; n = 530) and >2 cm2 (group 3; n = 317). Each group was divided into subgroups of patients who did and did not undergo ureteral stent implantation before SWL treatment. The efficacy of treatment was evaluated by determining the effectiveness quotient (EQ). Statistical analysis was performed by chi-square, Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results Of the 514, 530 and 317 patients in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively, 30 (6%), 44 (8%) and 104 (33%) patients underwent auxiliary stent implantation. Steinstrasse rates did not differ significantly between stented and non-stented patients in each group. The EQ was calculated as 62%, 33% and 70% respectively in non-stented, stented and totally for group 1. This ratio calculated as 58%, 25% and 63% for group 2 and 62%, 26% and 47% for group 3. Stone-free rates were significantly higher for non-stented than for stented patients in groups 2 and 3. Conclusions Stone free rates are significantly higher in non-stented than in stented patients with pelvis renalis stones >1 cm2, whereas steinstrasse rates are not affected.
MULTIPLE ORIGINS OF EUSOCIALITY AMONG SPONGE‐DWELLING SHRIMPS (SYNALPHEUS)

Abstract. — As the most extreme expression of apparent altruism in nature, eusociality has long posed a central paradox for behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Because eusociality has arisen rarely among animals, understanding the selective pressures important in early stages of its evolution remains elusive. Employing a historical approach to this problem, we used morphology and DNA sequences to reconstruct the phylogeny of 13 species of sponge‐dwelling shrimps (Synalpheus) with colony organization ranging from asocial pair‐bonding through eusociality. We then used phylogenetically independent contrasts to test whether sociality was associated with evidence of enhanced competitive ability, as suggested by hypotheses invoking an advantage of cooperation in crowded habitats. The molecular, morphological, and combined data each strongly supported three independent origins of monogynous, multigenerational (eusocial) colony organization within this genus. Phylogenetically independent contrasts confirmed that highly social taxa, with strong reproductive skew, have significantly higher relative abundance within the host sponge than do less social taxa, a result that was robust to uncertainty in tree topology and varying models of character change. A similar tendency for highly social species to share their sponge with fewer congener species was suggestive, but not significant. Because unoccupied habitat appears to be limiting for many sponge‐dwelling shrimp species, these data are consistent with hypotheses that cooperative social groups enjoy a competitive advantage over less organized groups or individuals, where independent establishment is difficult, and that enemy pressure is of central importance in the evolution of animal sociality.
Shock Metamorphism of Bosumtwi Impact Crater Rocks, Shock Attenuation, and Uplift Formation

Shock wave attenuation rate and formation of central uplifts are not precisely constrained for moderately sized complex impact structures. The distribution of shock metamorphism in drilled basement rocks from the 10.5-kilometer-diameter Bosumtwi crater, and results of numerical modeling of inelastic rock deformation and modification processes during uplift, constrained with petrographic data, allowed reconstruction of the pre-impact position of the drilled rocks and revealed a shock attenuation by ∼5 gigapascals in the uppermost 200 meters of the central uplift. The proportion of shocked quartz grains and the average number of planar deformation feature sets per grain provide a sensitive indication of minor changes in shock pressure. The results further imply that for moderately sized craters the rise of the central uplift is dominated by brittle failure.
A pilot study of an oral phosphodiesterase inhibitor (apremilast) for atopic dermatitis in adults.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the preliminary safety and efficacy of apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, for atopic dermatitis. DESIGN This investigator-initiated, open-label pilot study evaluated 2 doses of apremilast in patients with atopic dermatitis. Differential gene analysis was performed from peripheral whole blood using data before and after treatment. SETTING University-based dermatology clinical research unit. PATIENTS Sixteen adult patients with atopic dermatitis. INTERVENTION A specific phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, apremilast. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was incidence of adverse events. Secondary outcomes included the differences in pruritus, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores between the baseline visit and end-ofstudy visit for each cohort. RESULTS The group receiving apremilast, 20 mg twice daily, displayed a significant reduction from baseline of pruritus (P=.02) and the DLQI (P=.003) at 3 months. The group receiving apremilast, 30 mg twice daily, displayed a significant reduction of the EASI (P=.008) and the DLQI (P=.01) at 3 months. At 6 months, there was a significant reduction of the EASI (P=.002), the visual analog scale (P=.03), and the DLQI (P=.03). Gene ontologic analyses comparing baseline with samples during treatment revealed alterations in immune response pathways, especially those related to cyclic adenosine monophosphate–mediated signaling. CONCLUSIONS These results support further development of apremilast for treatment of atopic dermatitis. Larger randomized controlled studies are needed to more adequately evaluate both safety and efficacy. Limitations include the small sample size and absence of a control. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01393158.
Xampling at the Rate of Innovation

We address the problem of recovering signals from samples taken at their rate of innovation. Our only assumption is that the sampling system is such that the parameters defining the signal can be stably determined from the samples, a condition that lies at the heart of every sampling theorem. Consequently, our analysis subsumes previously studied nonlinear acquisition devices and nonlinear signal classes. In particular, we do not restrict attention to memoryless nonlinear distortions or to union-of-subspace models. This allows treatment of various finite-rate-of-innovation (FRI) signals that were not previously studied, including, for example, continuous phase modulation transmissions. Our strategy relies on minimizing the error between the measured samples and those corresponding to our signal estimate. This least-squares (LS) objective is generally nonconvex and might possess many local minima. Nevertheless, we prove that under the stability hypothesis, any optimization method designed to trap a stationary point of the LS criterion necessarily converges to the true solution. We demonstrate our approach in the context of recovering pulse streams in settings that were not previously treated. Furthermore, in situations for which other algorithms are applicable, we show that our method is often preferable in terms of noise robustness.
Biotic and Abiotic Nitrogen Retention in a Variety of Forest Soils

Nitrogen (N) immobilization in sterilized (abiotic) and non-sterilized (biotic) O and A horizons was studied to determine the relative importance of biotic and abiotic processes in N retention in forest ecosystems. We collected samples from a variety of forest locations in Washington, Nevada, California, Tennessee, and North Carolina with differing soil types, vegetation, N status, and soil acidity. Included among these sites were adjacent stands of N 2 -fixing and non-N 2 -fixing species and sites of differing N status due to slope position at a given location. We treated O and A horizon samples from each site with ( 15 NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 : sterilization was achieved by adding HgCl 2 , which proved to he highly effective. We found significant levels of both abiotic and biotic N immobilization in all soils. Biotic N immobilization was much greater in the N-poor sites in California and Nevada than in the other sites and was inversely related to N concentration overall. Biotic immobilization was directly related to pH and base saturation among all sites, but we hypothesize that these correlations resulted from a correlation between those parameters and N concentration. Abiotic N immobilization varied less than biotic N immobilization across sites and was unrelated to N concentration or pH. The percentage of total N immobilization as abiotic N immobilization varied considerably (from 6-90%), and was positively correlated with N concentration. These results suggest that abiotic N immobilization can be a significant process in a variety of soil types. Across soil types with increasing N saturation, biotic N immobilization decreases and abiotic N immobilization accounts for a greater proportion of total N immobilization.
Dynamic NMR effects in breast cancer dynamic-contrast-enhanced MRI

The passage of a vascular-injected paramagnetic contrast reagent (CR) bolus through a region-of-interest affects tissue 1H2O relaxation and thus MR image intensity. For longitudinal relaxation [R1 ≡ (T1)−1], the CR must have transient molecular interactions with water. Because the CR and water molecules are never uniformly distributed in the histological-scale tissue compartments, the kinetics of equilibrium water compartmental interchange are competitive. In particular, the condition of the equilibrium trans cytolemmal water exchange NMR system sorties through different domains as the interstitial CR concentration, [CRo], waxes and wanes. Before CR, the system is in the fast-exchange-limit (FXL). Very soon after CRo arrival, it enters the fast-exchange-regime (FXR). Near maximal [CRo], the system could enter even the slow-exchange-regime (SXR). These conditions are defined herein, and a comprehensive description of how they affect quantitative pharmacokinetic analyses is presented. Data are analyzed from a population of 22 patients initially screened suspicious for breast cancer. After participating in our study, the subjects underwent biopsy/pathology procedures and only 7 (32%) were found to have malignancies. The transient departure from FXL to FXR (and apparently not SXR) is significant in only the malignant tumors, presumably because of angiogenic capillary leakiness. Thus, if accepted, this analysis would have prevented the 68% of the biopsies that proved benign.
Frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in patients attended in Belém, Pará, Brazil

Background Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a hematological disease with complex physiopathology. It is genetically characterized by a somatic mutation in the PIG-A gene (phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A), in which the best known antigens are DAF (decay accelerating factor or CD55) and MIRL (membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis or CD59). Objective To determine the frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in patients attended at the HEMOPA foundation from November 2008 to July 2009. Method Thirty patients, with ages ranging from two to 79 years old and suspected of having paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria were examined. All patients were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry for the CD5, CD59, CD16 and CD45 antigens. Results Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was identified in nine of the thirty patients investigated. Another 3 cases had inconclusive results with CD59-negative labeling only for neutrophils. The highest frequency of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients (7/9) and inconclusive cases (2/3) were between 19 years old and 48 years old, with a median of 28 years. Conclusion These results show the importance of flow cytometry to identify cases in which patients are deficient in only one antigen (CD59).
Optimal Index Policies for Anomaly Localization in Resource-Constrained Cyber Systems

The problem of anomaly localization in a resource-constrained cyber system is considered. Each anomalous component of the system incurs a cost per unit time until its anomaly is identified and fixed. Different anomalous components may incur different costs depending on their criticality to the system. Due to resource constraints, only one component can be probed at each given time. The observations from a probed component are realizations drawn from two different distributions depending on whether the component is normal or anomalous. The objective is a probing strategy that minimizes the total expected cost, incurred by all the components during the detection process, under reliability constraints. We consider both independent and exclusive models. In the former, each component can be abnormal with a certain probability independent of other components. In the latter, one and only one component is abnormal. We develop optimal index policies under both models. The proposed index policies apply to a more general case where a subset (more than one) of the components can be probed simultaneously. The problem under study also finds applications in spectrum scanning in cognitive radio networks and event detection in sensor networks.
Community-based web security: complementary roles of the serious and casual contributors

Does crowdsourcing work for web security? While the herculean task of evaluating hundreds of millions of websites can certainly benefit from the wisdom of crowds, skeptics question the coverage and reliability of inputs from ordinary users for assessing web security. We analyze the contribution patterns of serious and casual users in Web of Trust (WOT), a community-based system for website reputation and security. We find that the serious contributors are responsible for reporting and attending to a large percentage of bad sites, while a large fraction of attention on the goodness of sites come from the casual contributors. This complementarity enables WOT to provide warnings about malicious sites while differentiating the good sites from the unknowns. This in turn helps steer users away from the numerous bad sites created daily. We also find that serious contributors are more reliable in evaluating bad sites, but no better than casual contributors in evaluating good sites. We discuss design implications for WOT and for community-based systems more generally.
Species Associations in a Species-Rich Subtropical Forest Were Not Well-Explained by Stochastic Geometry of Biodiversity

The stochastic dilution hypothesis has been proposed to explain species coexistence in species-rich communities. The relative importance of the stochastic dilution effects with respect to other effects such as competition and habitat filtering required to be tested. In this study, using data from a 25-ha species-rich subtropical forest plot with a strong topographic structure at Badagongshan in central China, we analyzed overall species associations and fine-scale species interactions between 2,550 species pairs. The result showed that: (1) the proportion of segregation in overall species association analysis at 2 m neighborhood in this plot followed the prediction of the stochastic dilution hypothesis that segregations should decrease with species richness but that at 10 m neighborhood was higher than the prediction. (2) The proportion of no association type was lower than the expectation of stochastic dilution hypothesis. (3) Fine-scale species interaction analyses using Heterogeneous Poisson processes as null models revealed a high proportion (47%) of significant species effects. However, the assumption of separation of scale of this method was not fully met in this plot with a strong fine-scale topographic structure. We also found that for species within the same families, fine-scale positive species interactions occurred more frequently and negative ones occurred less frequently than expected by chance. These results suggested effects of environmental filtering other than species interaction in this forest. (4) We also found that arbor species showed a much higher proportion of significant fine-scale species interactions (66%) than shrub species (18%). We concluded that the stochastic dilution hypothesis only be partly supported and environmental filtering left discernible spatial signals in the spatial associations between species in this species-rich subtropical forest with a strong topographic structure.
Allocation of Attention and Production of Time Intervals

14 students enrolled in introductory psychology classes engaged in several trials of card sorting to acquire the rule for correct sorting They also were instructed to keep track of time simultaneously and to continue sorting for what they believed was 20 sec. The duration of card sorting was significantly greater for the first sorting trial, during which the rule was unknown, relative to the second consecutive trial of errorless sorting when the rule had been learned. After a shift in the rule mean sorting duration was reduced from the second errorless trial but returned to a value comparable to that on the first sorting trial. Results are interpreted in terms of the attention-allocation model of time estimation.
Multiscale Modeling and Estimation of Poisson Processes with Application to Photon-Limited Imaging

Many important problems in engineering and science are well-modeled by Poisson processes. In many applications it is of great interest to accurately estimate the intensities underlying observed Poisson data. In particular, this work is motivated by photon-limited imaging problems. This paper studies a new Bayesian approach to Poisson intensity estimation based on the Haar wavelet transform. It is shown that the Haar transform provides a very natural and powerful framework for this problem. Using this framework, a novel multiscale Bayesian prior to model intensity functions is devised. The new prior leads to a simple Bayesian intensity estimation procedure. Furthermore, we characterize the correlation behavior of the new prior and show that it has 1/f spectral characteristics. The new framework is applied to photon-limited image estimation, and its potential to improve nuclear medicine imaging is examined.