Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why Has CEO Pay Increased so Much?

This paper develops a simple equilibrium model of CEO pay. CEOs have different talents and are matched to firms in a competitive assignment model. In market equilibrium, a CEO’s pay changes one for one with aggregate firm size, while changing much less with the size of his own firm. The model determines the level of CEO pay across firms and over time, offering a benchmark for calibratable corporate finance. The sixfold increase of CEO pay between 1980 and 2003 can be fully attributed to the six-fold increase in market capitalization of large US companies during that period. We find a very small dispersion in CEO talent, which nonetheless justifies large pay differences. The data broadly support the model. The size of large fi rms explains many of the patterns in CEO pay, across firms, over time, and between countries. (JEL D2, D3, G34, J3)
The ambiguities of sport and community engagement

Sport is a powerful social institution in Australia. Many Australians derive a great deal of enjoyment from playing, watching or following sport. Sport is also believed to be an educative context capable of facilitating the development of positive social values, life skills and pro-social behaviour among young people. Moreover, policymakers and practitioners articulate the public value of sport in terms of its contribution to community cohesion, a view that is reflected in popular commentary that refers to sport as the social cement or glue that helps bind families, communities, regions and the nation. The idea of building social cohesion through sport has surfaced at all levels of government. In its policy statement Australian Sport: Emerging Challenges, New Directions, the Australian Government (2008) notes: At the community level, sport brings people together, break downs [sic] barriers and unites those who may have nothing else in common. Sport has a unique ability to transcend race, religion, gender and creed. It is truly a tool of social cohesion (p. 2).
Starting School—A Singapore Story told by Children

This paper offers the perspective of a group of Primary One children in Singapore on their transition from preschool to formal schooling. It examines their impressions of school expectations, adjustments in daily routine, and the best and worst aspects of school. Data obtained from a structured interview indicates that children regard school as a positive experience. Almost all had made new friends and enjoyed the larger school building and facilities. They held a very serious view of schooling, where learning held centre-stage and play took a back seat. They registered a positive view of themselves as learners. Many were concerned about school rules. Whereas the majority did not indicate anxieties about school, some expressed worries that pertained mostly to being reprimanded by teachers, the principal, and vice-principal. Implications for best practices in school transition are discussed.
Learning the law

Abstract In the population, the knowledge of the law is at best fragmentary. It takes law students years to handle the law properly. How is the law nonetheless able to govern people's lives? To find an explanation, this paper draws on neurobiology, developmental psychology, and the psychology of learning. Typically, the law reaches its addressees indirectly. The law is not followed, it is learned. There are two learning objects. In childhood, individuals acquire normative proficiency, i.e. the ability to handle normative expectations. This procedural knowledge is gradually filled with the declarative knowledge of individual normative expectations of legal origin. If the law changes, through secondary learning, individuals must acquire new normative expectations. To that end, some intermediary must translate the new rule into a more contextualized social mirror rule. If changes are fundamental, as after the fall of the iron curtain, individuals must also learn new ways to handle normative expectations.
Large Longitude Libration of Mercury Reveals a Molten Core

Observations of radar speckle patterns tied to the rotation of Mercury establish that the planet occupies a Cassini state with obliquity of 2.11 ± 0.1 arc minutes. The measurements show that the planet exhibits librations in longitude that are forced at the 88-day orbital period, as predicted by theory. The large amplitude of the oscillations, 35.8 ± 2 arc seconds, together with the Mariner 10 determination of the gravitational harmonic coefficient C22, indicates that the mantle of Mercury is decoupled from a core that is at least partially molten.
Learning for Larger Datasets with the Gaussian Process Latent Variable Model

In this paper we apply the latest techniques in sparse Gaussian process regression (GPR) to the Gaussian process latent variable model (GPLVM). We review three techniques and discuss how they may be implemented in the context of the GP-LVM. Each approach is then implemented on a well known benchmark data set and compared with earlier attempts to sparsify the model.
Expectancy-value theory outcomes of a school-based bicycling programme

Objective: Research on bicycle safety education (BSE) programmes has examined limited factors beyond bicycle safety knowledge. Additionally, evaluations of BSE have not been theoretically grounded. The purpose of this study was to apply expectancy-value theory to examine changes in perceptions of biking competence, bicycling enjoyment, and value of bicycling as broader outcomes of BSE beyond bicycle safety knowledge. Design: Pre–post programme survey. Setting: Fifth-grade students participating in a one-week BSE programme. Method: Participants (N = 130) completed assessments of programme outcomes (bicycle safety knowledge, perceived bicycling competence, enjoyment, and value) and predictors of outcomes (perceived support). Results: Knowledge of bicycle safety, perceived bicycling competence, bicycling enjoyment, and value of bicycling increased significantly (p < .05). Perceptions of support for bicycling predicted increases in the perceptions of competence, enjoyment, and value of bicycling (p < .05), but no study variables predicted increases in knowledge. Conclusion: The BSE programme not only increased general bicycle safety knowledge but also other key theoretical outcomes relevant to physical activity. Autonomy support predicted positive outcomes, highlighting a key factor to be incorporated in future education programmes. Perceived parental support predicted student perceptions of competence, enjoyment, and value of bicycling, highlighting the potential of also involving parents in school-based programmes to leverage their influential role in shaping motivational outcomes.
RNA Polymerase Obtained by Precipitation of the Low Salt Extract with Protamine Sulfate , Elution with Sodium Succinate , and Chromatography on Phosphocellulose

Bovine lymphosarcoma tissue has been extracted with lowand high-salt buffers [0.05 M Tris-CI Â± 0.3 M (N H4)25O4]. Diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography of both the high-salt and low-salt extracts yields RNA polymerases I and II, although low-salt extraction releases only one-third as much activity. Extraction by high salt of the residue from the low-salt extract, followed by die thylaminoethyl-Sephadex chromatography, yields addi tional enzyme activity with properties of Form II. Purifica
Comparing Concepts of Ethnicity in Ethnic Composition Measures: Local Community Contexts and the Educational Attainment of the Second Generation in Belgium

This study examines the relation between the ethnic composition of municipalities and the secondary-school completion of the second generation of Italian, Moroccan and Turkish origin and of the Belgian majority. Drawing on random samples from the Belgian census and on contextual data at the level of municipalities, we use multilevel models to compare two competing concepts and measures of ethnic composition. The percentage of ethnic minorities in a municipality is found to be negatively related to secondary-school completion among Belgians, but not among ethnic minorities. In contrast, a positive association is found for the percentage of co-ethnics for all groups. Compared to measures of socio-economic composition, however, ethnic composition measures are more weakly associated with school completion. The findings are discussed in light of research on neighbourhood effects, in particular ethnic density effects. We argue that combining different ethnic groups into one measure of ethnic minority concentration, though relevant for the majority population, glosses over crucial ethnic differences from the perspective of ethnic minorities.
Leaving in Droves: Exit Chains in Network Attrition

The article examines the emergence of “exit chains”—temporal clusters in attrition, which are expected but rarely documented. Studying attrition in an industry peer network (IPN), we compare the three modes of leaving: as an initial exit in a chain (“leader”), a subsequent exit in a chain (“follower”), and a stand-alone exit (“loner”). Combining regression and simulation techniques, the analysis affirms the role interdependence between leader and followers, whose rationales for leaving are distinct but complementary, one internal based on exchange imbalances, the other external based on exposure to peer influence. Exit chains are depicted as a by-product of social embeddedness and the inherently high costs of relationship termination.
Anchoring CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles on N‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers for High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution Reaction

The exploration of earth‐abundant and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significant for sustainable energy conversion and storage applications. Although spinel‐type binary transition metal oxides (AB2O4, A, B = metal) represent a class of promising candidates for water oxidation catalysis, their intrinsically inferior electrical conductivity exert remarkably negative impacts on their electrochemical performances. Herein, we demonstrates a feasible electrospinning approach to concurrently synthesize CoFe2O4 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in 1D N‐doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs). By integrating the catalytically active CoFe2O4 nanoparticles with the N‐doped carbon nanofibers, the as‐synthesized CoFe2O4@N‐CNF nanohybrid manifests superior OER performance with a low overpotential, a large current density, a small Tafel slope, and long‐term durability in alkaline solution, outperforming the single component counterparts (pure CoFe2O4 and N‐doped carbon nanofibers) and the commercial RuO2 catalyst. Impressively, the overpotential of CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at the current density of 30.0 mA cm−2 negatively shifts 186 mV as compared with the commercial RuO2 catalyst and the current density of the CoFe2O4@N‐CNFs at 1.8 V is almost 3.4 times of that on RuO2 benchmark. The present work would open a new avenue for the exploration of cost‐effective and efficient OER electrocatalysts to substitute noble metals for various renewable energy conversion/storage applications.
Grafting on a Non-Transgenic Tolerant Tomato Variety Confers Resistance to the Infection of a Sw5-Breaking Strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus via RNA Silencing

RNA silencing controls endogenous gene expression and drives defensive reactions against invasive nucleic acids like viruses. In plants, it has been demonstrated that RNA silencing can be transmitted through grafting between scions and silenced rootstocks to attenuate virus and viroid accumulation in the scions. This has been obtained mostly using transgenic plants, which may be a drawback in current agriculture. In the present study, we examined the dynamics of infection of a resistance-breaking strain of Tomato spotted wilt virus (RB-TSWV) through the graft between an old Apulian (southern Italy) tomato variety, denoted Sl-Ma, used as a rootstock and commercial tomato varieties used as scions. In tests with non-grafted plants, Sl-Ma showed resistance to the RB-TSWV infection as viral RNA accumulated at low levels and plants recovered from disease symptoms by 21 days post inoculation. The resistance trait was transmitted to the otherwise highly susceptible tomato genotypes grafted onto Sl-Ma. The results from the analysis of small RNAs hallmark genes involved in RNA silencing and virus-induced gene silencing suggest that RNA silencing is involved in the resistance showed by Sl-Ma against RB-TSWV and in scions grafted on this rootstock. The results from self-grafted susceptible tomato varieties suggest also that RNA silencing is enhanced by the graft itself. We can foresee interesting practical implications of the approach described in this paper.
A Need for a Taxonomy for Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities.

Abstract There is extensive discussion on the quality of education and support for individuals with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) in relation to inclusion and full citizenship. The discussions are complicated because of differences or lack of clarity in the description of the variations and types of PIMD. A description of the core group is offered, but it is also argued that there cannot be an absolute separation of this specific target group from other adjoining groups. The authors propose a multi-axial model-based taxonomy that distinguishes visual and/or auditory impairments, other physical impairments, and mental health problems, in addition to the two key defining characteristics (limited intellect and compromised physical functions). The authors also propose that assessment of people with PIMD be structured toward ascertainment of diagnostic objectives (e.g., confirming or disconfirming the person’s level of intellectual disability) and the determination of a starting point and direction for support of the individual. They conclude that, to prevent misunderstanding in comparison of results of educational programs and interventions, it is recommended that workers describe individuals (or subgroups) with PIMD in publications in detail—using operational definitions. In addition, they propose that an international effort be undertaken to develop and use generally agreed assessment procedures.
Tyrosine Phosphatases in the HER2-Directed Motility of Ovarian Cancer Cells: Involvement of PTPN12, ERK5 and FAK

Background: HER2 activation in tumours supports multiple signalling pathways, including those regulating invasion and metastasis. Among the involved genes, Tyrosine and Dual Specificity Phosphatases (PTPs and DSPs) may play a relevant, though not completely clear role. Methods: HER2 was silenced in ovarian SKOV-3 cells, a genome-wide expression analysis of PTPs and DSPs was performed, the effects on cell motility were analysed and compared with those of PTPN12-silencing, focusing on FAK. Results: HER2-silencing altered the expression of 4 PTPs and 6 DSPs; PTPN12 displayed also 3-4-fold protein increase. Conversely, PTPN12-silencing enhanced migration, suggesting that PTPN12 down-modulation by HER2 favours motility. HER2-silencing inactivated FAK, in quiescent and migrating cells, involving FAK dephosphorylation at Y397 and S910. Conversely, in PTPN12-silenced cells FAK activity was close to control, altogether suggesting that PTPN12 targets Y397. As regards to S910, cell-treatment with the MEK inhibitor UO126 and ERK5-silencing indicated its targeting by ERK5. Loss of pS910 and decreased ERK5 kinase activity in HER2-silenced cells confirmed their control by HER2. Conclusions: The results indicate the contribution of PTPN12, targeting FAK Y397, and ERK5, targeting FAK S910, to the HER2-driven cell motility, thus depicting new aspects of the complex crosstalk between HER2 and the motility machinery.
Retention and intention in teaching careers: will the new generation stay?

The research reported in this article investigates the changing demography of the teaching force at a time of increasing accountability. The study offers analysis of qualitative data to inform teacher retention strategies. It supplements existing knowledge about the career of teaching and challenges prevalent conceptions of linear career paths derived from the former industrial era. In many developed nations, the teaching profession is undergoing radical centralist reform aimed at school improvement, greater accountability and productivity, but retention of teachers is crucial to any planned improvements. This empirical study investigates beginning secondary teachers’ notions of career, from initial attraction to the profession to experienced and projected career trajectories in the second, third and fourth years of service. It focuses on 18 new teachers of modern languages in England. This research draws on the perspectives of three cohorts of six beginning teachers in consecutive years. An initial survey of participants in an induction support programme during their first year of teaching following qualification provided a representative sample. Data were gathered by means of semi‐structured interviews and written journal reflections. The analysis of novice teachers’ experiences, constructions of identity and perspectives on career trajectories suggests a typology of teachers: the ‘career’ teacher, the ‘classroom’ teacher and the ‘portfolio’ teacher, whose commitment to teaching may be temporary. The results of this study reveal diversity of experience, motivation and career trajectories that raise key issues for retention. Results suggest that increasing marketisation of education and intensification of teachers’ work challenge teachers’ ‘moral purpose’ and professional identity and adversely affect not only their retention but also new teachers’ intentions to remain in teaching. These findings suggest that if retention rates of the new generation of teachers are to be improved, policymakers need to recognise that supportive induction is essential, that professional satisfaction belongs to the ‘moral purpose’ of teaching, and that intensification of teachers’ work may contribute to teacher shortages.
Lifetime Portfolio Selection under Uncertainty: The Continuous-Time Case

OST models of portfolio selection have M been one-period models. I examine the combined problem of optimal portfolio selection and consumption rules for an individual in a continuous-time model whzere his income is generated by returns on assets and these returns or instantaneous "growth rates" are stochastic. P. A. Samuelson has developed a similar model in discrete-time for more general probability distributions in a companion paper [8]. I derive the optimality equations for a multiasset problem when the rate of returns are generated by a Wiener Brownian-motion process. A particular case examined in detail is the two-asset model with constant relative riskaversion or iso-elastic marginal utility. An explicit solution is also found for the case of constant absolute risk-aversion. The general technique employed can be used to examine a wide class of intertemporal economic problems under uncertainty. In addition to the Samuelson paper [8], there is the multi-period analysis of Tobin [9]. Phelps [6] has a model used to determine the optimal consumption rule for a multi-period example where income is partly generated by an asset with an uncertain return. Mirrless [5] has developed a continuous-time optimal consumption model of the neoclassical type with technical progress a random variable.
In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation and Translation to the Clinical Outcome for CJ-13,610, a Novel Inhibitor of 5-Lipoxygenase

The metabolism of the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, 4-(3-(4-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenylthio)phenyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxamide (CJ-13,610), was investigated in liver microsomes from human and preclinical species in an effort to compare metabolite profiles and evaluate the in vitro-in vivo correlation for metabolic clearance. Overall, the metabolite profile of CJ-13,610 was comparable across the species tested with multiple oxidative metabolites observed, including sulfoxidation. The sulfoxidation kinetics characterized in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes (HLM) indicated a low apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (Km, app) of 4 to 5 μM. Results from cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 (P450) studies indicated that the metabolism in HLM was primarily mediated by CYP3A4 and 3A5. A subsequent in vitro study using ketoconazole as an inhibitor of CJ-13,610 sulfoxidation corroborated the CYP3A4/5-mediated pathway (IC50 = 7 nM). Assessment of multiple methods for predicting the human pharmacokinetic profile observed with CJ-13,610 after a 30-mg single oral dose indicated that clearance scaled from human liver microsomes yielded a better prediction when coupled with a Vdss term that was scaled from dog [area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and half-life within 1.3-fold of actual] versus a Vdss term obtained from rat. Single-species allometric scaling of clearance and Vdss from dog pharmacokinetic studies was equally predictive, whereas scaling from rat resulted in underpredictions of both AUC and maximal concentration (Cmax). Results from these studies support the strategy of predicting human pharmacokinetics using human liver microsomal intrinsic clearance data. More importantly, results from the present investigation enabled the selection of alternative drug candidates from the chemical series via in vitro screening, while subsequently eliminating costly routine preclinical in vivo studies.
Macroscopic models for ionization in the presence of strong electric fields

Abstract Starting from a kinetic model for electrons in a weakly ionized plasma, a spherical harmonic expansion (SHE-) model is derived by a formal asymptotic analysis for strongly disparate masses of electrons and ions. The macroscopic limit of the SHE-model for high fields gives a high field extension of standard macroscopic models for ionization.
Fish optic nerve oligodendrocytes support axonal regeneration of fish and mammalian retinal ganglion cells

Segments from adult fish and rat retinae were explanted on myelin‐marker expressing oligodendrocytes derived from the regenerating goldfish optic nerve. Fish axons grew in high density and even rat retinal axons regenerated to considerable length on the surface of the fish oligodendrocytes, suggesting that this type of fish glia has axon‐growth promoting surface components that exert their influence across species boundaries. One interesting surface component of the fish oligodendrocytes as demonstrated here is the E 587 antigen, which is related to the L1 family of cell adhesion molecules.
Response to the reviews and marked-up version of the revised manuscript Limiting amplitudes of fully nonlinear interfacial tides and solitons ( npg-2016-1 )

We thank the three referees for their constructive review and thoughtful comments which we have used to improve our manuscript in a revised version. The final author’s response to all referee comments (this document) is now provided with reference to all the changes made in the revised manuscript. For clarity, blue font is used for the reviewer’s text, black font is used for our response and font in italics is used for the new text in the revised manuscript.