Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Toxic effects of different doses of cyclophosphamide on the reproductive parameters of male mice

The cyclophosphamide is used in cancer treatment. The aim of this study was evaluating the effect of different doses of this drug on male mice reproductive parameters. The cyclophosphamide was administered in the doses 100, 150, 200 e 250 mg.kg-1, intraperitoneal route, for six weeks. As a result, it was observed a decrease in body mass and a decrease in testicles and kidney's weight, in all animals treated with cyclophosphamide. Only the groups that received the doses 100, 150 mg.kg-1 of cyclophosphamide were able to fertilize their females. There was higher incidence of post- implantation losses, reabsorptions and decrease in fetal viability in the group that received the dose of 150 mg.kg-1. It was observed a reduction in epididymis and liver's weight of the animals treated with the doses 150, 200 e 250 mg.kg-1. Abnormal spermatozoa were found in the doses 200 e 250 mg.kg-1. Based on the methodology used and results obtained, it was concluded that the cyclophosphamide was toxic, considering the decrease in animal's body mass and testicle's weight; promoted hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxic effect; influenced in the animals spermatogenesis taking them to infertility and/or subfertility; decreased fetal viability, despite it didn't cause significant malformations in the offspring.
PCC: a modeling technique for mixed control/data flow systems

Many signal processing systems make use of event driven mechanisms-typically based on finite state machines (FSMs)-to control the operation of the computationally intensive (data flow) parts. The state machines in turn are often fueled by external inputs as well as by feedback from the signal processing portions of the system. Packet-based transmission systems are a good example for such a close interaction between data and control flow. For a smooth design flow with a maximum degree of modularity it is of crucial importance to be able to model the complete functionality of the system, containing both control and data flow, within one single design environment. While the degree of abstraction should be sufficiently high to model and simulate efficiently, the link to implementation has to be fully supported. For these reasons we developed a computational model that integrates the specification of control and data flow. It combines the notion of multirate dynamic data flow graphs with event driven process activation. Thus, it maintains the flexibility and expressive power of data flow representations while enabling designers to efficiently control these operations by incorporating control automata that may have been designed using protocol compilers or state machine tools.
Dental Health

basis and be linked with accident units. They should endeavour to provide practical and if possible gainful employment during the period of convalescence. Provision must also be made for the efficient treatment of a much larger number of minor injurious, which are a greater financial burden, and cause loss of more working hours than all industrial disputes. Many of these minor injuries are treated by general practitioners but they could do much more if better facilities were provided. These are needed at three levels: (I) In the casualty departments of hospitals not designated as Accident Centres. Practitioners in group practice should be encouraged to spend two or three sessions per week in these casualty departments. They could treat all minor casualties in the local comm unity and give first-aid treatment and resuscitation to the seriously injured whilst awaiting transfer to a major accident centre. (2) In the factory. Medical posts In Industry should care for most of the minor injuries received at work. (3) In the surgery or health centre. Practitioners would be encouraged to treat many more injuries if they were provided with sterile instruments and dressings. A service of this type should be considered when new central sterile supply departments are being planned. Some reorganization of the transport and rescue services is also called for. Today many ambulance crews are inadequately trained in first-aid. We need an elite corps of highly trained first-aid workers manning a small number of ambulances reserved for accident duty, all of which should be radio-controlled, so that accident units can be alerted for the reception of a major casualty. In Scotland greater use will have to be made of helicpoters for the transport of the seriously injured from the remote areas of the highlands. Finally there is the problem of trainingboth undergraduate and postgraduate. All undergraduate students should have practical experience in the management of minor injuries, and the principles of first-aid treatment. In the past all house-surgeons were expected to do a rota of duty in the casualty Leading Art icle
Comparative Growth Parameters and Feed: Gain Ratio of Pure- and Inbred Nigerian Indigenous Chickens

The objectives of the study were to evaluate and compare the growth performance (body weight, BWT, and body weight gain, BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed:gain (F:G) of G1 and G2 generations of inbred Nigerian indigenous chickens (NIC). A total of 500 chicks (250/generation) were used for the study. The G1 birds were produced from sire families established from a base population of random breeding NIC whereas the G2 birds were progenies of half and full sib matings involving the G1 population. Result showed significant (P˂ 0.05) sire and line effects for BWT in G1 and G2 generations, respectively. Feed intake did not vary much between sire groups (G1 generation) but varied without a definite trend between sire lines in G2 generation. Differences between sire group and their progenies were non-significant in most of the parameters except for BWT at hatch and 12 wk of age (G1S1 vs G2L1: 27.06 ± 0.41 vs 24.42 ± 0.29g and 671.42 ± 19.66 vs 619.85 ± 18.60g, respectively), and at wk 16 and 20 (G1S2 vs G2L2 for wk 16: 794.33 ± 22.58 vs 741.93 ± 18.50g and G1S4 vs G2L4 for wk 20: 950.98 ± 22.05 vs 888.33 ± 18.50g). For feed intake, significant differences were observed at wk 4 and 20 (G1S5 vs G2L5: 17.84 ± 0.46 vs 21.64 ± 0.63g and 84.78 ± 1.80 vs 90.16 ± 1.87g, respectively). Comparison between G1and G2 generations for growth parameters was significant for BWT at hatch, 12 and 20 wk of age ( % Δ = -4.95 * , -3.91 and -4.00, respectively, P˂ 0.05), FI at wk 4 and 20 (18.66 ± 0.24 vs 20.20 ± 0.29; % Δ = 8.50 * and 88.94 ± 0.90 vs 92.78 ± 0.81, % Δ = 4.32 * , respectively, P˂ 0.05), BWG and F:G across the age periods (range: -13.72 to -24.97%, and 19.93 to 27.97%, respectively, P˂ 0.05). It was concluded that inbreeding could be used to establish sire lines to be used in crosses for the improvement of productive traits in populations of NIC.
Human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder

The goal of the current work is to provide a comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature on the human and economic burden of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and how it compares with that of other mental disorders. The term “human burden” is used to describe quantified impairments in role functioning and quality of life (QOL). “Economic burden” describes costs related to health care resource utilization and lost work. A review of 34 studies reporting original quantitative data on associations between GAD and role functioning, QOL, and/or economic costs was undertaken. GAD was defined by DMS‐III‐R, DSM‐IV, or ICD‐10 DCR. Persons with GAD (both with and without a comorbid mental disorder) described significant impairments due to both physical and emotional problems. Studies typically showed that role and QOL impairments of GAD were at least comparable in magnitude to those of other anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, and physical conditions, and greater than those of substance use disorders. Large representative studies showed that role impairments of pure GAD were similar in magnitude to those of pure MDD. Studies of DSM‐IV disorders showed that QOL impairments of GAD were at least comparable in magnitude to those of MDD; studies of DSM‐III‐R disorders showed the opposite pattern. GAD was associated with considerable economic costs owing to lost work productivity and high medical resource use. Quality of care initiatives that have been implemented to increase recognition and improve treatment outcomes for persons with MDD should be extended to the effective management of GAD. Depression Anxiety 0:1–19, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analysis of tag-recommender evaluation procedures

Since the rise of collaborative tagging systems on the web, the tag recommendation task -- suggesting suitable tags to users of such systems while they add resources to their collection -- has been tackled. However, the (offline) evaluation of tag recommendation algorithms usually suffers from difficulties like the sparseness of the data or the cold start problem for new resources or users. Previous studies therefore often used so-called post-cores (specific subsets of the original datasets) for their experiments. In this paper, we conduct a large-scale experiment in which we analyze different tag recommendation algorithms on different cores of three real-world datasets. We show, that a recommender's performance depends on the particular core and explore correlations between performances on different cores.
Diet-Related Risk Factors for Leprosy: A Case-Control Study

Background Food shortage was associated with leprosy in two recent studies investigating the relation between socioeconomic factors and leprosy. Inadequate intake of nutrients due to food shortage may affect the immune system and influence the progression of infection to clinical leprosy. We aimed to identify possible differences in dietary intake between recently diagnosed leprosy patients and control subjects. Methods In a leprosy endemic area of Bangladesh, newly diagnosed leprosy patients and control subjects were interviewed about their socioeconomic situation, health and diet. Dietary intakes were recorded with a 24-hour recall, from which a Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was calculated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was filled out for every participant. Using logistic regression, a univariate, block wise multivariate, and an integrated analysis were carried out. Results 52 leprosy cases and 100 control subjects were included. Food shortage was more common, dietary diversity was lower and household food insecurity was higher in the patient group. Patients consumed significantly less items from the DDS food groups ‘Meat and fish’ and ‘Other fruits and vegetables. ’ Lower food expenditure per capita, lower BMI, lower DDS and absence of household food stocks are the main factors associated with an increased risk of having leprosy. Conclusion Low income families have only little money to spend on food and consequently have a low intake of highly nutritious non-rice foods such as meat, fish, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables. Development of clinical leprosy could be explained by deficiencies of the nutrients that these foods normally provide.
Clinical experience with everolimus in the second-line treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma

Everolimus is an oral inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-I) and is currently approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) after failure of first-line vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). In this narrative review, we aim to report the available evidence about the use of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. A literature search was performed using PubMed/MEDLINE and abstracts from major conferences on clinical oncology as sources. We report data from prospective as well as retrospective and real world data studies and we analyze the safety and efficacy profile of everolimus as second-line therapy for mRCC. Although different drugs are currently available for the second-line treatment of mRCC, everolimus represents a feasible and safe option in this setting, especially for patients who have experienced high-grade toxicity or are still carrying TKI-related toxicities from first-line treatment.
An Actor-Based Model of Social Network Influence on Adolescent Body Size, Screen Time, and Playing Sports

Recent studies suggest that obesity may be “contagious” between individuals in social networks. Social contagion (influence), however, may not be identifiable using traditional statistical approaches because they cannot distinguish contagion from homophily (the propensity for individuals to select friends who are similar to themselves) or from shared environmental influences. In this paper, we apply the stochastic actor-based model (SABM) framework developed by Snijders and colleagues to data on adolescent body mass index (BMI), screen time, and playing active sports. Our primary hypothesis was that social influences on adolescent body size and related behaviors are independent of friend selection. Employing the SABM, we simultaneously modeled network dynamics (friendship selection based on homophily and structural characteristics of the network) and social influence. We focused on the 2 largest schools in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) and held the school environment constant by examining the 2 school networks separately (N = 624 and 1151). Results show support in both schools for homophily on BMI, but also for social influence on BMI. There was no evidence of homophily on screen time in either school, while only one of the schools showed homophily on playing active sports. There was, however, evidence of social influence on screen time in one of the schools, and playing active sports in both schools. These results suggest that both homophily and social influence are important in understanding patterns of adolescent obesity. Intervention efforts should take into consideration peers’ influence on one another, rather than treating “high risk” adolescents in isolation.
Thermocyclic entrainment of lizard blood plasma melatonin rhythms in constant and cyclic photic environments.

We assessed how chronic exposure to 6-h cryophase temperatures of 15°C in an otherwise 33°C environment entrains the rhythm of blood plasma melatonin rhythms in lizards ( Tiliqua rugosa) subjected to constant dark (DD), constant light (LL), and to 12:12-h light-dark cycles (12L:12D). The peak of the melatonin rhythm was entrained by the cryophase temperature of the thermocycle in DD and LL, irrespective of the time at which the cryophase temperature was applied. Comparable thermocycles of 6 h at 15°C imposed on a 12L:12D photocycle, however, affected the amplitude and phase of the melatonin rhythm, depending on the phase relationship between light and temperature. Cold pulses in the early light period and at midday resulted, respectively, either in low amplitude or nonexistent melatonin rhythms, whereas those centered in or around the dark phase elicited rhythms of high amplitude. Supplementary experiments in 12L:12D using two intermittent 6-h 15°C cryophases, one delivered in the midscotophase and another in the midphotophase, elicited melatonin rhythms comparable to those in lizards subjected to constant 33°C and 12L:12D. In contrast, lizards subjected to 12L:12D and a 33°C:15°C thermocycle, whose thermophase was aligned with the photophase, produced a threefold increase in the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm. Taken together, these results support the notion that there is an interaction between the external light and temperature cycle and a circadian clock in determining melatonin rhythms in Tiliqua rugosa.
HER2 Amplification or Overexpression in Upper GI Tract and Breast Cancer with Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment

© 2013 Zhou and Hicks, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. HER2 Amplification or Overexpression in Upper GI Tract and Breast Cancer with Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment
Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition.

OBJECTIVE This is the fourth edition of diagnostic and treatment guidelines for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS; aka reflex sympathetic dystrophy). METHODS Expert practitioners in each discipline traditionally utilized in the treatment of CRPS systematically reviewed the available and relevant literature; due to the paucity of levels 1 and 2 studies, less rigorous, preliminary research reports were included. The literature review was supplemented with knowledge gained from extensive empirical clinical experience, particularly in areas where high-quality evidence to guide therapy is lacking. RESULTS The research quality, clinical relevance, and "state of the art" of diagnostic criteria or treatment modalities are discussed, sometimes in considerable detail with an eye to the expert practitioner in each therapeutic area. Levels of evidence are mentioned when available, so that the practitioner can better assess and analyze the modality under discussion, and if desired, to personally consider the citations. Tables provide details on characteristics of studies in different subject domains described in the literature. CONCLUSIONS In the humanitarian spirit of making the most of all current thinking in the area, balanced by a careful case-by-case analysis of the risk/cost vs benefit analysis, the authors offer these "practical" guidelines.
Failure analysis: enamel fracture after debonding orthodontic brackets.

OBJECTIVE To determine the location and size of enamel fracture (EF) when debonding a bracket. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tests on actual EF situations were conducted in different debonding load modes (tension, shear, and torsion) via mechanical testing, finite element model (FEM) analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). Through these simultaneous analyses of the relationships among debonding load modes, value/distribution of stress, and actual enamel fracture location/size, an investigation was undertaken to explore the complex failure mode during enamel fracture after debonding of an orthodontic bracket. RESULTS The EF usually was located in the area where the force was exerted during various loading modes. The tensile, shear, and torsion debonding modes produce EF sizes and incidences with no significant differences. Findings on FEM matched the mechanical testing and SEM results. CONCLUSIONS The EF locations coincided with the areas where the tensile, shear, or torsion force was exerted. Therefore, the dentist should give extra care and attention to these specific areas of enamel after debonding. The sizes and incidences of EF produced by these three debonding modes showed no significant difference. Thus, clinically, when the sizes and incidences of produced EF are considered, it should not matter which of these three exerting forces is used to debond a bracket.
Numerical Methods for Fuzzy Initial Value Problems

In this paper, fuzzy initial value problems for modelling aspects of uncertainty in dynamical systems are introduced and interpreted from a probabilistic point of view. Due to the uncertainty incorporated in the model, the behavior of dynamical systems modelled in this way will generally not be unique. Rather, we obtain a large set of trajectories which are more or less compatible with the description of the system. We propose so-called fuzzy reachable sets for characterizing the (fuzzy) set of solutions to a fuzzy initial value problem. Loosely spoken, a fuzzy reachable set is defined as the (fuzzy) set of possible system states at a certain point of time, with given constraints concerning the initial system state and the system evolution. The main-part of the paper is devoted to the development of the numerical methods for the approximation of such sets. Algorithms for precise as well as outer approximations are presented. It is shown that fuzzy reachable sets can be approximated to any degree of accuracy under certain assumptions. Our method is illustrated by means of an example from the field of economics.
LMO7 Mediates Cell-Specific Activation of the Rho-Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor-Serum Response Factor Pathway and Plays an Important Role in Breast Cancer Cell Migration

ABSTRACT Serum response factor (SRF) is a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that regulates cell-specific functions such as muscle development and breast cancer metastasis. The myocardin-related transcription factors (MRTFs), which are transcriptional coactivators mediating cell-specific functions of SRF, are also ubiquitously expressed. How MRTFs and SRF drive cell-specific transcription is still not fully understood. Here we show that LIM domain only 7 (LMO7) is a cell-specific regulator of MRTFs and plays an important role in breast cancer cell migration. LMO7 activates MRTFs by relieving actin-mediated inhibition in a manner that requires, and is synergistic with, Rho GTPase. Whereas Rho is required for LMO7 to activate full-length MRTFs that have three RPEL actin-binding motifs, the disruption of individual actin-RPEL interactions is sufficient to eliminate the Rho dependency and to allow the strong Rho-independent function of LMO7. Mechanistically, we show that LMO7 colocalizes with F-actin and reduces the G-actin/F-actin ratio via a Rho-independent mechanism. The knockdown of LMO7 in HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cells compromises both basal and Rho-stimulated MRTF activities and impairs the migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. We also show that LMO7 is upregulated in the stroma of invasive breast carcinoma in a manner that correlates with the increased expression of SRF target genes that regulate muscle and actin cytoskeleton functions. Together, this study reveals a novel cell-specific mechanism regulating Rho-MRTF-SRF signaling and breast cancer cell migration and identifies a role for actin-RPEL interactions in integrating Rho and cell-specific signals to achieve both the synergistic and Rho-dependent activation of MRTFs.
Autonomous evolution of dynamic gaits with two quadruped robots

A challenging task that must be accomplished for every legged robot is creating the walking and running behaviors needed for it to move. In this paper we describe our system for autonomously evolving dynamic gaits on two of Sony's quadruped robots. Our evolutionary algorithm runs on board the robot and uses the robot's sensors to compute the quality of a gait without assistance from the experimenter. First, we show the evolution of a pace and trot gait on the OPEN-R prototype robot. With the fastest gait, the robot moves at over 10 m/min, which is more than forty body-lengths/min. While these first gaits are somewhat sensitive to the robot and environment in which they are evolved, we then show the evolution of robust dynamic gaits, one of which is used on the ERS-110, the first consumer version of AIBO.
KRAS/BRAF Analysis in Ovarian Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma Having Synchronous All Pathological Precursor Regions

Ovarian low-grade serous carcinoma is thought to begin as a serous cystadenoma or adenofibroma that progresses in a slow stepwise fashion. Among the low-grade serous carcinomas, there is a high frequency of activating mutations in the KRAS or BRAF genes; however, it remains unclear as to how these mutations contribute to tumor progression. This is the first report to track the histopathological progression of serous adenofibroma to low-grade serous carcinoma. Each stage was individually analyzed by pathological and molecular genetic methods to determine what differences occur between the distinct stages of progression.