Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Boys and Girls: The Development of Gender Roles

CHAPTER 1: Introduction CHAPTER 2: Biological Beginnings CHAPTER 3: Boys and Girls: The First Year CHAPTER 4: Theories of Gender Role Development: The Psychoanalytic Perspective CHAPTER 5: Theories of Gender Role Development: Social Learning CHAPTER 6: Theories of Gender Role Development: Cognitive-Developmental Approaches CHAPTER 7: Beyond the Family: The Power of Peers CHAPTER 8: Beyond the Family: Schools and the Hidden Curriculum CHAPTER 9: Beyond the Family: Media Message CHAPTER 10: Personality Characteristics of Boys and Girls CHAPTER 11: Intellectual Characteristics of Boys and Girls CHAPTER 12: Growing Up: The Transition to Adult Roles CHAPTER 13: Gender Identity Disturbance in Childhood
The Core and Accessory Genomes of Burkholderia pseudomallei: Implications for Human Melioidosis

Natural isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp), the causative agent of melioidosis, can exhibit significant ecological flexibility that is likely reflective of a dynamic genome. Using whole-genome Bp microarrays, we examined patterns of gene presence and absence across 94 South East Asian strains isolated from a variety of clinical, environmental, or animal sources. 86% of the Bp K96243 reference genome was common to all the strains representing the Bp “core genome”, comprising genes largely involved in essential functions (eg amino acid metabolism, protein translation). In contrast, 14% of the K96243 genome was variably present across the isolates. This Bp accessory genome encompassed multiple genomic islands (GIs), paralogous genes, and insertions/deletions, including three distinct lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-related gene clusters. Strikingly, strains recovered from cases of human melioidosis clustered on a tree based on accessory gene content, and were significantly more likely to harbor certain GIs compared to animal and environmental isolates. Consistent with the inference that the GIs may contribute to pathogenesis, experimental mutation of BPSS2053, a GI gene, reduced microbial adherence to human epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the Bp accessory genome is likely to play an important role in microbial adaptation and virulence.
Analysis of the influence of self-efficacy on entrepreneurial intentions

This study is aimed to investigate the moderating role of gender in the relationship between self-efficacy and the development of individual intentions to become entrepreneurs in a group of people in Barranquilla-Colombia. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) is viewed as having the capabilities that can modify a person? s belief in his or her likelihood of completing the tasks required to successfully initiate and establish a new business [1]. According to expectations, the relationship between entrepreneurial intentions and self-efficacy was not moderated by gender. The author discusses practical implications and directions for future research.
Experience-Dependent Network Modification in the Medial Temporal Lobe

Theoretical models of information storage in the brain have suggested that neurons may undergo an experience-dependent tuning or sharpening of their representations in order to maximize the amount of information that can be stored. Changes in the tuning profiles of neurons have been demonstrated to occur when animals must learn perceptual discriminations, however, whether similar changes occur in the absence of behavioral demands is unclear. To address these questions, the activity of simultaneously recorded medial temporal lobe (MTL) neurons was studied in relation to a passive visual recognition memory task. The structure of this task was such that it allowed for a comparison between novelty related responses as well as tuning properties of individual neurons. A total of 565 well isolated single neurons were recorded from four rhesus macaques. The first contribution of this dissertation is the finding of a dissociation between different medial temporal lobe regions such that neurons in temporal area F (TF), but not perirhinal cortex (PRC) or the hippocampus, show an experience-dependent change in their stimulus selectivity. This finding indicates that tuning of stimulus representations may be an effective mechanism for maximizing information storage in some brain regions. The absence of stimulus tuning in higher level association regions (i.e. TF and PRC) suggests that tuning in these regions may be disadvantageous due to the need to construct unified representations across sensory modalities. A complimentary question to the question of network storage capacity is how networks avoid saturation in the connections between neurons. The
The role of oral dryness in interdialytic weight gain by diabetic and non-diabetic haemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND Factors influencing the percentage of daily interdialytic weight gain (IDWG%) and their interactions in haemodialysis (HD) patients have not been well-defined, especially in diabetic patients. We analysed contributing factors for the increase of IDWG%, particularly xerostomia (oral dryness), among diabetic and non-diabetic HD patients. METHODS We collected 3 month prospective data in 184 stable HD patients (116 non-diabetic and 68 diabetic), including assessments of xerostomia by 100 mm visual analog scales (VASs), and the unstimulated whole salivary (UWS) flow rate was measured in 91 patients by a spitting method. RESULTS Diabetic patients have higher IDWG% (P = 0.042) and VAS oral dryness score (P = 0.021), whereas, have lower UWS (P = 0.032). In non-diabetic patients, the VAS oral dryness score, age, Kt/V and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level correlated independently with IDWG%. In diabetic patients, the haemoglobin A(1C) (HbA(IC)) correlated significantly with IDWG% after controlling for age, Kt/V and BUN level; however, when VAS oral dryness score was introduced into the regression model, the effect of HbA(IC) became marginally significant (P = 0.073) while the VAS oral dryness score became significantly correlated with IDWG%. The increases in IDWG% per unit change in VAS oral dryness score did not show significant difference between the non-diabetic and total diabetic patients; however, it was larger in patients with HbA(IC) >or=9%. CONCLUSIONS Xerostomia plays a significant role in increasing IDWG% among diabetic and non-diabetic HD patients. In diabetic patients, the increased IDWG% associated with the increasing HbA(1C) level is largely dependent on the severity of xerostomia, and we speculate that insulin deficiency may operate synergistically with xerostomia in increasing IDWG% in patients with HbA(1C) >or=9%.
Heat balance precedes stabilization of body temperatures during cold water immersion.

Certain previous studies suggest, as hypothesized herein, that heat balance (i.e., when heat loss is matched by heat production) is attained before stabilization of body temperatures during cold exposure. This phenomenon is explained through a theoretical analysis of heat distribution in the body applied to an experiment involving cold water immersion. Six healthy and fit men (mean +/- SD of age = 37.5 +/- 6.5 yr, height = 1.79 +/- 0.07 m, mass = 81.8 +/- 9.5 kg, body fat = 17.3 +/- 4.2%, maximal O2 uptake = 46.9 +/- 5.5 l/min) were immersed in water ranging from 16.4 to 24.1 degrees C for up to 10 h. Core temperature (Tco) underwent an insignificant transient rise during the first hour of immersion, then declined steadily for several hours, although no subject's Tco reached 35 degrees C. Despite the continued decrease in Tco, shivering had reached a steady state of approximately 2 x resting metabolism. Heat debt peaked at 932 +/- 334 kJ after 2 h of immersion, indicating the attainment of heat balance, but unexpectedly proceeded to decline at approximately 48 kJ/h, indicating a recovery of mean body temperature. These observations were rationalized by introducing a third compartment of the body, comprising fat, connective tissue, muscle, and bone, between the core (viscera and vessels) and skin. Temperature change in this "mid region" can account for the incongruity between the body's heat debt and the changes in only the core and skin temperatures. The mid region temperature decreased by 3.7 +/- 1.1 degrees C at maximal heat debt and increased slowly thereafter. The reversal in heat debt might help explain why shivering drive failed to respond to a continued decrease in Tco, as shivering drive might be modulated by changes in body heat content.
Circulation of HRSV in Belgium: From Multiple Genotype Circulation to Prolonged Circulation of Predominant Genotypes

Molecular surveillance of HRSV in Belgium for 15 consecutive seasons (1996–2011) revealed a shift from a regular 3-yearly cyclic pattern, into a yearly alternating periodicity where HRSV-B is replaced by HRSV-A. Phylogenetic analysis for HRSV-A demonstrated the stable circulation of GA2 and GA5, with GA2 being dominant over GA5 during 5 consecutive seasons (2006–2011). We also identified 2 new genotype specific amino acid mutations of the GA2 genotype (A122 and Q156) and 7 new GA5 genotype specific amino acid mutations (F102, I108, T111, I125, D161, S191 and L217). Several amino acid positions, all located in the second hypervariable region of HRSV-A were found to be under positive selection. Phylogenetic analysis of HRSV-B showed the circulation of GB12 and GB13, where GB13 represented 100% of the isolated strains in 4 out of 5 consecutive seasons (2007–2011). Amino acids under positive selection were all located in the aminoterminal hypervariable region of HRSV-B, except one amino acid located in the conserved region. The genotype distribution within the HRSV-B subgroup has evolved from a co-circulation of multiple genotypes to the circulation of a single predominant genotype. The Belgian GB13 strains circulating since 2006, all clustered under the BAIV branch and contained several branch specific amino acid substitutions. The demographic history of genotypes GA2, GA5 and GB13 demonstrated a decrease in the total GA2 and GA5 population size, coinciding with the global expansion of the GB13 population. The emergence of the GB13 genotype resulted in a newly established balance between the predominant genotypes.
Uniformly root-n consistent density estimators for weakly dependent invertible linear processes

Convergence rates of kernel density estimators for stationary time series are well studied. For invertible linear processes, we construct a new density estimator that converges, in the supremum norm, at the better, parametric, rate n -1/2 . Our estimator is a convolution of two different residual-based kernel estimators. We obtain in particular convergence rates for such residual-based kernel estimators; these results are of independent interest.
JUPITER'S MAGNETIC FIELD AS REVEALED BY THE SYNCHROTRON RADIATION BELTS. I. COMPARISON OF A 3-D RECONSTRUCTION WITH MODELS OF THE FIELD

We use tomographic techniques to make a 3-D reconstruction of Jupiter’s synchrotron radiation belts from Very Large Array observations at 20 cm. As in earlier observations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, this reconstruction shows that the equatorial belt is not symmetric or planar, but is warped. The warp is related to the φ component of the magnetic field, or equivalently the magnetic declination at Jupiter’s magnetic equator: Dmag. We show that there is a well defined maximum of intensity at a radius that ranges from about 1.4 to 1.7 RJ, and that the brightness variation with longitude is anticorrelated with|Dmag| at the magnetic equator. The observed magnetic equatorial radius, jovicentric latitude and brightness are compared with calculations of radius, jovicentric latitude and magnetic declination at the magnetic equator on a locus of constantB = 1.2 G in two field models: H4 and VIP4. The agreement between the observed and model quantities is generally good. However, there are discrepancies that suggest inadequacies in the models, particularly at longitudes where the non-dipolar field elements are pronounced. Until now, observations have provided very few constraints at small radii(R . 2) and low latitudes ( . 15◦) for the generation of magnetic field models. Therefore it is not surprising that they are accurate at high latitudes but not at low. The observations of this paper should provide useful constraints for improved models.
Student Perceptions of Small-Group Learning

Background/Context Elementary school teachers regularly arrange students in small groups for learning activities. A rich literature discusses various types of small-group learning formats and how those formats affect achievement. Few studies, however, have examined students’ perceptions of small-group learning experiences. Our work extends the small-group literature by studying stories written in response to a picture of children in a small group by students who attend Comprehensive School Reform (CSR) schools about learning in small groups. Research Question We examined students’ responses to pictures of small-group situations. Story analysis was guided by the following questions: How do student stories portray small-group experiences? Specifically, do students’ representations focus on achievement or affiliation? Are their representations positive and optimistic, or negative and pessimistic? What motivational systems are attributed to story characters? What are their challenges, behaviors, and goals? What do story characters feel, and how do they manage emotions? Population Students (N = 183) in Grades 3–5 who attended three CSR schools. Research Design Data collection consisted of student stories in response to a picture of three children working in a group in a classroom. Project instruments and procedures are an adaptation of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). Conclusions Results suggest that students in these CSR schools held positive beliefs about their small-group learning experiences. The stories portrayed students as active, compliant participants who supported one another's learning, sometimes found their experiences personally meaningful, and were concerned with both achievement and affiliation. Students rarely represented competitive themes and never described rejection, being ignored, or giving up. Students told stories about small-group learning in school that sound like a typical day in most schools: They portray students who work together, support one another, and get the job done.
DIRECT EVIDENCE FOR OUTFLOW OF METAL-ENRICHED GAS ALONG THE RADIO JETS OF HYDRA A

Using deep Chandra observations of the Hydra A galaxy cluster, we examine the metallicity structure near the central galaxy and along its powerful radio source. We show that the metallicity of the intracluster medium is enhanced by up to 0.2 dex along the radio jets and lobes compared to the metallicity of the undisturbed gas. The enhancements extend from a radius of 20 kpc from the central galaxy to a distance of ∼120 kpc. We estimate the total iron mass that has been transported out of the central galaxy to be between 2 × 107 M☉ and 7 × 107 M☉, which represents 10%–30% of the iron mass within the central galaxy. The energy required to lift this gas is roughly 1% to 5% of the total energetic output of the active galactic nuclei. Evidently, Hydra A's powerful radio source is able to redistribute metal-enriched, low entropy gas throughout the core of the galaxy cluster. The short re-enrichment timescale <109 yr implies that the metals lost from the central galaxy will be quickly replenished.
Generation of Enterocyte-Like Cells with Pharmacokinetic Functions from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using Small-Molecule Compounds

The small intestine plays an important role in all aspects of pharmacokinetics, but there is no system for the comprehensive evaluation of small-intestinal pharmacokinetics, including drug metabolism and absorption. In this study, we aimed to construct an intestinal pharmacokinetics evaluation system and to generate pharmacokinetically functional enterocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Using activin A and fibroblast growth factor 2, we differentiated these stem cells into intestinal stem cell–like cells, and the resulting cells were differentiated into enterocytes in a medium containing epidermal growth factor and small-molecule compounds. The differentiated cells expressed intestinal marker genes and drug transporters. The expression of sucrase-isomaltase, an intestine-specific marker, was markedly increased by small-molecule compounds. The cells exhibited activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes expressed in enterocytes, including CYP1A1/2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, UGT, and sulfotransferase. Fluorescence-labeled dipeptide uptake into the cells was observed and was inhibited by ibuprofen, an inhibitor of the intestinal oligopeptide transporter solute carrier 15A1/PEPT1. CYP3A4 mRNA expression level was increased by these compounds and induced by the addition of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. CYP3A4/5 activity was also induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in cells differentiated in the presence of the compounds. All these results show that we have generated enterocyte-like cells that have pharmacokinetic functions, and we have identified small-molecule compounds that are effective for promoting intestinal differentiation and the gain of pharmacokinetic functions. Our enterocyte-like cells would be useful material for developing a novel evaluation system to predict human intestinal pharmacokinetics.
Model Selection Management Systems: The Next Frontier of Advanced Analytics

John Boyd recognized in the 1960's the importance of situation awareness for military operations and introduced the notion of the OODA loop (Observe, Orient, Decide, and Act). Today we realize that many applications have to deal with situation awareness: Customer Relationship Management, Human Capital Management, Supply Chain Management, patient care, power grid management, and cloud services management, as well as any IoT (Internet of Things) related application; the list seems to be endless. Situation awareness requires applications to support the management of data, knowledge, processes, and other services such as social networking in an integrated way. These applications additionally require high personalization as well as rapid and continuous evolution. They must provide a wide variety of operational and functional requirements, including real time processing. Handcrafting these applications is an almost impossible task requiring exhaustive resources for development and maintenance. Due to the resources and time involved in their development, these applications typically fall way short of the desired functionality, operational characteristics, and ease and speed of evolution. We - the authors - have developed a model enabling the development and maintenance of situation-aware applications in a declarative and therefore economical manner; we call this model KIDS - Knowledge Intensive Data-processing System.
POCARIM policy report 9 : Intersectoral mobility of social science and humanities PhD graduates in Europe

Between 2011 and 2014 a multinational team of academics and researchers collaborated on a research project funded by the European Commission under the Framework 7 Programme: ‘Mapping the Population, Careers, Mobilities and Impacts of Advanced Research Degree Graduates in the Social Sciences and Humanities (POCARIM)’. One aim of the project was to explore the main issues and trends in relation to the intersectoral mobility of social sciences and humanities (SSH) PhD graduates. Intersectoral moves are defined here as job moves between the academic sector and other sectors, including the private, public and third sectors. Our purpose with regard to sectoral mobility was to, firstly, identify some of the main trends in terms of the employment of PhD graduates in the social sciences and humanities in different sectors and to understand more about the nature of intersectoral moves, including the direction of job moves (from academia to other sectors, or from other sectors to academia), the timing of moves (e.g. prior to the PhD, immediately after the PhD, or some years later) and the extent of repeat moves. Secondly, we aimed to improve understanding of the factors shaping intersectoral mobility, in particular to investigate the barriers to intersectoral mobility and the factors that promote intersectoral mobility. In this policy report we present the project’s key findings on intersectoral mobility. Our findings are based on original work carried out in each of the POCARIM countries. This includes: a review of the literature, policy and existing data, as well as original empirical survey and interview research. In the conclusions we draw out the implications of our findings for policymakers.
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D++: Structural credit assignment in tightly coupled multiagent domains

Autonomous multi-robot teams can be used in complex coordinated exploration tasks to improve exploration performance in terms of both speed and effectiveness. However, use of multi-robot systems presents additional challenges. Specifically, in domains where the robots' actions are tightly coupled, coordinating multiple robots to achieve cooperative behavior at the group level is difficult. In this paper, we demonstrate that reward shaping can greatly benefit learning in multi-robot exploration tasks. We propose a novel reward framework based on the idea of counterfactuals to tackle the coordination problem in tightly coupled domains. We show that the proposed algorithm provides superior performance (166% performance improvement and a quadruple convergence speed up) compared to policies learned using either the global reward or the difference reward [1].