Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Constraints on resonant-trapping for two planets embedded in a protoplanetary disc

Context. A number of extrasolar planet systems contain pairs of Jupiter-like planets in mean motion resonances. As yet there are no known resonant systems which consist of a giant planet and a significantly lower-mass body. Aims. We investigate the evolution of two-planet systems embedded in a protoplanetary disc, which are composed of a Jupiter-mass planet plus another body located further out in the disc. The aim is to examine how the long-term evolution of such a system depends on the mass of the outer planet. Methods. We have performed 2D numerical simulations using a grid-based hydrodynamics code. The planets can interact with each other and with the disc in which they are embedded. We consider outermost planets with masses ranging from 10 M⊕ to 1 MJ. Combining the results of these calculations and analytical estimates, we also examine the case of outermost bodies with masses <10 M⊕. Results. Differential migration of the planets due to disc torques leads to different evolution outcomes depending on the mass of the outer protoplanet. For planets with mass <3.5 M⊕ the type II migration rate of the giant exceeds the type I migration rate of the outer body, resulting in divergent migration. Outer bodies with masses in the range 3.5 < mo ≤ 20 M⊕ become trapped at the edge of the gap formed by the giant planet, because of corotation torques. Higher mass planets are captured into resonance with the inner planet. If 30 ≤ mo ≤ 40 M⊕ or mo = 1 MJ, then the 2:1 resonance is established. If 80 ≤ mo ≤ 100 M⊕, the 3:2 resonance is favoured. Simulations of gas-accreting protoplanets of mass mo ≥ 20 M⊕, trapped initially at the edge of the gap, or in the 2:1 resonance, also result in eventual capture in the 3:2 resonance as the planet mass grows to become close to the Saturnian value. Conclusions. Our results suggest that there is a theoretical lower limit to the mass of an outer planet that can be captured into resonance with an inner Jovian planet, which is relevant to observations of extrasolar multiplanet systems. Furthermore, capture of a Saturn-like planet into the 3:2 resonance with a Jupiter-like planet is a very robust outcome of simulations, independent of initial conditions. This result is relevant to recent scenarios of early Solar System evolution which require Saturn to have existed interior to the 2:1 resonance with Jupiter prior to the onset of the Late Heavy Bombardment.
Task Influences on Category Learning

Two plausible influences on category learning are presentation format and the learner’s beliefs about future category uses. Standard experimental designs typically do not manipulate these two dimensions independently, and so their effects cannot be easily disentangled, particularly since both plausibly affect task difficulty. In the present paper, we independently manipulated the two influences, and found that they have different effects on learning difficulty and learned category representation.
Simultaneous EEG-fMRI during a Working Memory Task: Modulations in Low and High Frequency Bands

Background EEG studies of working memory (WM) have demonstrated load dependent frequency band modulations. FMRI studies have localized load modulated activity to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Recently, an EEG-fMRI study found that low frequency band (theta and alpha) activity negatively correlated with the BOLD signal during the retention phase of a WM task. However, the coupling of higher (beta and gamma) frequencies with the BOLD signal during WM is unknown. Methodology In 16 healthy adult subjects, we first investigated EEG-BOLD signal correlations for theta (5–7 Hz), alpha1 (8–10), alpha2 (10–12 Hz), beta1 (13–20), beta2 (20–30 Hz), and gamma (30–40 Hz) during the retention period of a WM task with set size 2 and 5. Secondly, we investigated whether load sensitive brain regions are characterised by effects that relate frequency bands to BOLD signals effects. Principal Findings We found negative theta-BOLD signal correlations in the MPFC, PPC, and cingulate cortex (ACC and PCC). For alpha1 positive correlations with the BOLD signal were found in ACC, MPFC, and PCC; negative correlations were observed in DLPFC, PPC, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Negative alpha2-BOLD signal correlations were observed in parieto-occipital regions. Beta1-BOLD signal correlations were positive in ACC and negative in precentral and superior temporal gyrus. Beta2 and gamma showed only positive correlations with BOLD, e.g., in DLPFC, MPFC (gamma) and IFG (beta2/gamma). The load analysis revealed that theta and—with one exception—beta and gamma demonstrated exclusively positive load effects, while alpha1 showed only negative effects. Conclusions We conclude that the directions of EEG-BOLD signal correlations vary across brain regions and EEG frequency bands. In addition, some brain regions show both load sensitive BOLD and frequency band effects. Our data indicate that lower as well as higher frequency brain oscillations are linked to neurovascular processes during WM.
Three-dimensional radiative transfer models of clumpy tori in Seyfert galaxies

Context. Tori of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are made up of a mixture of hot and cold gas, as well as dust. In order to protect the dust grains from destruction by the surrounding hot gas as well as by the energetic (UV/optical) radiation from the accretion disk, the dust is often assumed to be distributed in clouds. Aims. A new three-dimensional model of AGN dust tori is extensively investigated. The torus is modelled as a wedge-shaped disk within which dusty clouds are randomly distributed throughout the volume, by taking the dust density distribution of the corresponding continuous model into account. We especially concentrate on the differences between clumpy and continuous models in terms of the temperature distributions, the surface brightness distributions and interferometric visibilities, as well as spectral energy distributions. Methods. Radiative transfer calculations with the help of the three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer code MC3D are used in order to simulate spectral energy distributions as well as surface brightness distributions at various wavelengths. In a second step, interferometric visibilities for various inclination as well as position angles and baselines are calculated, which can be used to directly compare our models to interferometric observations with the MIDI instrument. Results. We find that the radial temperature distributions of clumpy models possess significantly enhanced scatter compared to the continuous cases. Even at large distances, clouds can be heated directly by the central accretion disk. The existence of the silicate 10 µm-feature in absorption or in emission depends sensitively on the distribution, the size and optical depth of clouds in the innermost part of the dust distribution. With this explanation, failure and success of previous modelling efforts of clumpy tori can be understood. The main reason for this outcome are shadowing effects of clouds within the central region. We underline this result with the help of several parameter variations. After adapting the parameters of our clumpy standard model to the circumstances of the Seyfert 2 Circinus galaxy, it can qualitatively explain recent mid-infrared interferometric observations performed with MIDI, as well as high resolution spectral data.
A Tight Upper Bound on the Mutual Information of Two Boolean Functions

Let (X,Y) be a doubly symmetric binary source. For n i.i. d. copies (X<sup>n</sup>,Y<sup>n</sup>) of (X,Y) we show that max[I(f(X<sup>n</sup>); g(Y<sup>n</sup>))]= I(X,Y), where the maximum is over all Boolean functions f, g: {0, 1}<sup>n</sup> → {0, 1}. This positively resolves a conjecture published by Kumar and Courtade in 2013.
A new approach to solve the inverse scattering problem for waves: combining the TRAC and the adaptive inversion methods

The aim of this paper is to propose a new method to solve the inverse scattering problem. This method works directly in the time-dependent domain, using the wave equation and proceeds in two steps. The first step is the time-reversed absorbing condition (TRAC) method to reconstruct and regularize the signal and to reduce the computational domain. The second step is the adaptive inversion method to solve the inverse problem from the TRAC data, by using basis and mesh adaptation. This strategy allows us to recover the position, the shape and the properties of the scatterer in a precise and robust manner.
The Time Evolution of Bias

We study the evolution of the bias factor b and the mass-galaxy correlation coefficient r in a simple analytic model for galaxy formation and the gravitational growth of clustering. The model shows that b and r can be strongly time dependent but tend to approach unity even if galaxy formation never ends as the gravitational growth of clustering debiases the older galaxies. The presence of random fluctuations in the sites of galaxy formation relative to the mass distribution can cause large and rapidly falling bias values at high redshift.
Eliciting ELT Students’ Understanding of Plagiarism in Academic Writing

Given that the term ‘plagiarism’ is open to multiple interpretations, resulting in confusion among students and teachers alike, research that investigates the current state of empirical evidence and sheds light on students’ ability to define and detect this notion has important pedagogical implications. This study examines undergraduate English Language Teaching (ELT) students’ understanding of plagiarism in academic writing through qualitative data collection methods. After the focus group filled in the open-ended questionnaire, they were exposed to two sets of texts each containing an original, a plagiarized and non-plagiarized copy. The copy in the first set featured mainly word-for-word plagiarism while the copy in the second set was plagiarized in terms of illicit paraphrasing. The students were asked to identify whether there is any plagiarism in each copy and assess the texts regarding their acceptability in the format of an interview and think-aloud protocols. The results of the open-ended questionnaire and interviews were compared revealing that although all the students were able to define plagiarism correctly, most of them failed to identify it in the written text. The study also uncovered discrepancies in how the students view the aforementioned types of plagiarism.
Understanding the Relationship between Informal Interactional Diversity and Males’ Engagement in the Undergraduate Experience

The diversity of the undergraduate student population encourages understanding of others and provides opportunities for students to challenge their assumptions of cultures, political and religious views, values, and personal backgrounds. However, it also creates challenges for academic and student success as faculty and administrators struggle to meet different generational and cultural needs. A broader, more inclusive definition of student success may help meet the needs of a more modern complex institutional student demographic. It may also allow for new avenues of research specifically related to success for Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduate male students, as these students continue to struggle in higher education (Bailey & Moore, 2004; Barker & Avery, 2012; Conger & Long, 2010; Harper, 2006b; Harper & Kuykendall, 2012; Kuh & Love, 2000; Kuh et al., 2007; Sax & Arms, 2006; Sax & Harper, 2007; Spruhill, Hirt, & Mo, 2014; Strayhorn, 2010a; Sutton & Kimbrough, 2001). Meanwhile, the concept of globalization and global citizenship are being integrated into higher education at many levels in both academic and student affairs. Many institutions are integrating these concepts into policies and programs, which provide opportunities for diverse interactions, conversations, and experiences. Informal interactional diversity, which is defined as “the opportunity to interact with students from diverse backgrounds in the broad, campus environment” (Gruin, 1999, para. 4), is a concept related to globalization and global citizenship, but not much research exists to show how it might impact student success. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to further explore informal interactional diversity in Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduate males and its possible relationship to the multi-faceted nature of student engagement. The resulting framework for this study was built around Tinto’s (1993) theory of social integration, Astin’s (1993a) theory of student involvement, and persistence research by Pascarella and Terenzini (1991) because these models highlighted important environmental factors that informed research on informal interactional diversity. In this quantitative study, the researcher utilized a purposeful, national sample of secondary data from the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE) to analyze levels of informal interactional diversity in Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduate men. The sample included 3,613 Black, Hispanic, and White undergraduate men who were enrolled at five participating large, public predominantly White institutions (PWIs) in the United States and completed the survey with an appended Experiences with Diverse Perspectives topical module in 2013 and 2014. The majority of the males in the sample were White and classified as seniors, or fourth-year undergraduate students (n = 1,830). Statistical analyses, such analysis of variances (ANOVAs) and multiple regressions tests, were conducted to examine the relationships between variables (informal interactional diversity,…
Recoiling Black Holes in Quasars

Recent simulations of merging black holes with spin give recoil velocities from gravitational radiation up to several thousand kilometers per second. A recoiling supermassive black hole can retain the inner part of its accretion disk, providing fuel for a continuing QSO phase lasting millions of years as the hole moves away from the galactic nucleus. One possible observational manifestation of a recoiling accretion disk is in QSO emission lines shifted in velocity from the host galaxy. We have examined broad-line QSOs with measurable Hβ and [O III] from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey that have broad emission lines substantially shifted relative to the narrow lines. We find no convincing evidence for recoiling black holes carrying accretion disks. We place upper limits on the incidence of recoiling black holes in QSOs of 0.2% for kicks greater than 800 km s-1, 0.08% for kicks greater than 2000 km s-1, and 0.04% for kicks greater than 2500 km s-1 line-of-sight velocity.
Universal dependences between turbulent and mean flow parameters instably and neutrally stratified Planetary Boundary Layers

Abstract. We consider the resistance law for the planetary boundary layer (PBL) from the point of view of the similarity theory. In other words, we select the set of the PBL governing parameters and search for an optimal way to express through these parameters the geostrophic drag coefficient Cg=u* /Ug and the cross isobaric angle α (where u* is the friction velocity and Ug is the geostrophic wind speed). By this example, we demonstrate how to determine the "parameter space" in the most convenient way, so that make independent the dimensionless numbers representing co-ordinates in the parameter space, and to avoid (or at least minimise) artificial self-correlations caused by the appearance of the same factors (such as u*) in the examined dimensionless combinations (e.g. in Cg=u* /Ug) and in dimensionless numbers composed of the governing parameters. We also discuss the "completeness" of the parameter space from the point of view of large-eddy simulation (LES) modeller creating a database for a specific physical problem. As recognised recently, very large scatter of data in prior empirical dependencies of Cg and α on the surface Rossby number Ro=Ug| fz0|-1 (where z0 is the roughness length) and the stratification characterised by µ was to a large extent caused by incompactness of the set of the governing parameters. The most important parameter overlooked in the traditional approach is the typical value of the Brunt-Vaisala frequency N in the free atmosphere (immediately above the PBL), which involves, besides Ro and µ, one more dimensionless number: µN=N/ | f |. Accordingly, we consider Cg and α as dependent on the three (rather then two) basic dimensionless numbers (including µN) using LES database DATABASE64. By these means we determine the form of the dependencies under consideration in the part of the parameter space representing typical atmospheric PBLs, and provide analytical expressions for Cg and α.
Adaptive Control for a Class of Non-affine Nonlinear Systems via Neural Networks

Adaptive control of highly uncertain nonlinear dynamic systems has been an important research area in the past decades, and in the meantime neural networks control has found extensive application for a wide variety of areas and has attracted the attention of many control researches due to its strong approximation capability. Many significant results on these topics have been published in the literatures (Lewis et al., 1996 ; Yu & Li 2002; Yesidirek & Lewis 1995). It is proved to be successful that neural networks are used in adaptive control. However, most of these works are applicable for a kind of affine systems which can be linearly parameterized. Little has been found for the design of specific controllers for the nonlinear systems, which are implicit functions with respect to control input. We can find in literatures available there are mainly the results of Calise et al. (Calise & Hovakimyan 2001) and Ge et al. (Ge et al. 1997). Calise et al. removed the affine in control restriction by developing a dynamic inversion based control architecture with linearly parameterized neural networks in the feedback path to compensate for the inversion error introduced by an approximate inverse. However, the proposed scheme does not relate to the properties of the functions, therefore, the special properties are not used in design. Ge, S.S. et al., proposed the control schemes for a class of non-affine dynamic systems, using mean value theorem, separate control signals from controlled plant functions, and apply neural networks to approximate the control signal, therefore, obtain an adaptive control scheme. Furthermore, when controlling large-scale and highly nonlinear systems, the presupposition of centrality is violated due to either due to problems in data gathering when is spread out or due to the lack of accurate mathematical models. To avoid the difficulties, the decentralized control architecture has been tried in controller design. Decentralized control systems often also arise from various complex situations where there exist physical limitations on information exchange among several subsystems for which there is insufficient capability to have a single central controller. Moreover, difficulty and uncertainty in, measuring parameter values within a large-scale system may call for adaptive techniques. Since these restrictions encompass a large group of applications, a variety of decentralized adaptive techniques have been developed (Ioannou 1986).
of nonlinear systems

: In this paper, we introduce the Data-Driven Inversion-Based Control (D 2 -IBC) method for nonlinear control system design. The method relies on a two degree-of-freedom architecture, with a nonlinear controller and a linear controller running in parallel, and does not require any detailed physical knowledge of the plant to control. Speciﬁcally, we use input/output data to synthesize the control action by employing convex optimization tools only. We show the eﬀectiveness of the proposed approach on a simulation example, where the D 2 -IBC performance is also compared to that of the Direct FeedbacK (DFK) design approach, a benchmark method for nonlinear controller design from data.
Model Con fi dence Sets 1 . 1 Theory of Model Con fi dence Sets

The paper introduces the model confidence set (MCS) and applies it to the selection of forecasting models. A MCS is a set of models that is constructed such that it will contain the ’best’ forecasting model, given a level of confidence. Thus, a MCS is analogous to a confidence interval for a parameter. The MCS acknowledges the limitations of the data, such that uninformative data yields a MCS with many models, whereas informative data yields a MCS with only a few models. We revisit the empirical application in Stock and Watson (1999) and apply the MCS procedure to their set of inflation forecasts. Although the MCS contains only a few models in the first subsample, there is little information in the second post-1984 subsample, which results in a large MCS. Yet, the random walk forecast is not contained in the MCS for either of the samples. This shows that the random walk forecast is inferior to principal component-based inflation forecasts. JEL Classification: C12, C19, C44, C52, and C53.
Bayesian inference for multivariate point processes observed at sparsely distributed times

We consider statistical and computational aspects of simulation-based Bayesian inference for a multivariate point process which is only observed at sparsely distributed times. For speci(cid:12)city we consider a particular data set which has earlier been analyzed by a discrete time model involving unknown normalizing constants. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using continuous time processes compared to discrete time processes in the setting of the present paper as well as other spatial-temporal situations.
Teachers of Students with Visual Impairments Share Experiences and Advice for Supporting Students in Understanding Graphics

Introduction Knowing how to gather information from graphics and to use that information to solve mathematics problems is an important skill. Prior research indicates that many students with visual impairments face considerable challenges when attempting to locate information in math graphics. Little is known about how teachers of students with visual impairments support their students in acquiring graphics skills. Methods Eleven teachers of visually impaired students participated in focus groups. Sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed. Themes were identified. Results The teachers described the importance of individualizing instruction for the student, teaching a systematic approach, and ensuring that graphics are clear to them. Discussion From an early age, visually impaired students need explicit instruction in how to access information in graphics. The use of prescribed low vision devices, manipulatives, and systematic instruction are integral to student success, as are the design and production of clear and accurate graphics. Implications for practitioners Teachers of visually impaired students utilize a variety of strategies to support students in accessing information in graphics. A curriculum and guidelines to assist them in supporting a wide range of learners would be valuable to the field of vision loss.