Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in the prevalence of depression: artefact, alternative disorders, biology or roles?

Women’s greater risk of depression is one of the most consistent findings in psychiatric epidemiology. However, the explanation for this difference remains contested. Here possible explanations were tested using a sample of couples where, because they had experienced a life event that was severe for both members, both the woman and man were at risk of depression. There was no evidence to suggest that the higher range of depression among women in this sample was the result of a measurement artefact. In addition, men were not more likely to develop alternative, externalising, disorders to depression. If anything, women were more likely to experience and express anger about the life event. Consistent with an explanation based on gender differences in roles, women were only at greater risk of depression following an event involving children, housing and reproduction, and then only when there were clear gender differences in associated roles. Such a specific difference cannot be explained easily as a result of biological differences, particularly as among women rates of depression did not vary by parity. In conclusion it seems likely that women’s greater risk of depression is a consequence of gender differences in roles, which lead to differences in the experience of life events.
Sex, Society, and Association: A Cross-national Examination of Status Construction Theory

Status construction theory (SCT) has established a set of sufficient conditions for the formation of status characteristics that define informal hierarchies. However, while it has proven successful in explaining the development of status-laden personal characteristics in the laboratory, relatively less attention has been devoted to its predictions at the societal level. This paper alters the current state of affairs by examining the predictions of status construction theory using the 2001 International Social Survey Program's networks module. This data source allows the comparison of a macro-level distribution of a goal object (authority positions) with a novel measure of status derived from the social networks literature. The results are consistent with the predictions of SCT, supporting the theory outside the laboratory and cross-nationally.
Beoadbent's Filter Theory: Postulate H and the Problem of Switching Time

Groups of digits were presented binaurally and dichotically to subjects who were asked to recall them. Different rates and patterns of presentation were used, the design being based on that of Broadbent (1954). Broadbent's findings in this field were confirmed. If subjects are presented with simultaneous pairs of digits at a rate of 2 pairs per second dichotically, they cannot recall them if they are asked to alternate between the ears. If however the presentation is staggered, so that although the rate is constant the signals do not overlap, subjects can recall alternately from the two ears. It is suggested that these findings are better interpreted as an interference effect, not a rate effect. Criticism is offered of similar designs to measure “switching rate”. Criticism is also offered of Broadbent's estimate of “perception time” in such experiments. An analysis of the quantity and type of errors made by subjects is given, which suggests that Broad-bent's theory of a short term store on the peripheral side of a selective filter is in need of revision.
Anger Expression, Depression, Anxiety and Stress among Turkish Students Living in Turkey and Germany

In the present cross-sectional, descriptive study, different dimensions of anger and symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress were evaluated in a group of Turkish students in grades 9-12 who were living in Turkey (N= 442) and Germany (N=320). Depression-Anxiety and Stress Scale-42 (DASS-42) and Multi Dimensional Anger Scale (MDAS) were used. Students living in Turkey had higher scores of anxiety and stress than those living in Germany. Scores of anger symptoms were found to be higher among students in Turkey. Being belittled, transgressed against and criticized were found to be important anger eliciting situations. Among students in Germany, aggressive and revengeful reactions were higher among males than females whereas in Turkey no gender differences were found. Passive-aggressive reactions were higher among female students in Turkey whereas in Germany no gender differences were found. All of the scores for the subscales of MDAS increased with the increasing grades of the students.
Clustering of symbolic data using the assignment-prototype algorithm

This paper shows a fuzzy relational clustering method in order to perform the clustering of symbolic data. The presented method yields a fuzzy partition and prototype for each cluster by optimizing an adequacy criterion based on suitable dissimilarity measures. This work considers two volume-based measures that may be applied to data described by set-valued, list-valued or interval-valued symbolic variables. Experiments with real and synthetic symbolic data sets show the usefulness of the proposed approach. The accuracy of the results were assessed by the corrected Rand index and the overall error rate of classification.
The Importance of Managing Interference for Second Language Reading Ability: An Individual Differences Investigation

Research on individual differences in second language (L2) reading ability has primarily focused on factors known to contribute to first language (L1) reading ability, with little consideration of factors mediating interference between languages. In an exploratory analysis, we compared the degree to which the linguistic interference that readers experience predicted reading ability in L1 and L2. Based on current psycholinguistic models, we also investigated whether the relation is mediated by working memory capacity. A series of regression analyses were performed to investigate these relations in 83 monolinguals, 50 L1 English-speaking bilinguals, and 127 L2 English-speaking bilinguals. Results revealed that the amount of linguistic interference experienced significantly predicted reading ability in L2 but not in L1 or for monolinguals. Further, the relation was not mediated by individual differences in working memory capacity. These results illustrate the need for consideration of cross-linguistic factors for models of L2 reading ability in particular.
Extramucosal pancreaticojejunostomy at laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy

While the 'best pancreatic anastomosis technique' debate is going during Whipple procedure, the laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy lately began to appear more and more often in the medical literature. All the popular anastomosis techniques used in open pancreas surgery are being experienced in laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy. However, when they were adapted to laparoscopy, their implementation was not technically easy, and assistance of robotic surgery was sometimes required at the pancreatic anastomosis stage of the procedure. Feasibility and simplicity of a new technique have a vital role in its adaptation to laparoscopic surgery. We frequently use the extra-mucosal single row handsewn anastomosis method in open and laparoscopic surgery of the stomach, small and large bowel and we found it easy and reliable. Here, we defined the adaptation of this technique to the laparoscopic pancreas anastomosis. The outcomes were not inferior to the other previously described techniques and it has the advantage of simplicity.
The Relationship Between College Women’s Sexual Attitudes and Sexual Activity: The Mediating Role of Body Image

ABSTRACT. This study examined the relationship between sexual attitudes and engagement in sexual activity among a sample of 401 college women. In addition, we investigated the potential role of body image as a mediator of this relationship. Online surveys included self-report measures of sexual attitudes ranging from liberal to conservative, body image satisfaction, and frequency of sexual activity. Results indicated that more liberal sexual attitudes were directly linked with more frequent sexual activity. Whereas mediation was not evident, indirect effects existed such that more liberal sexual attitudes were associated with higher body image satisfaction, which, in turn, was associated with increased sexual activity. Clearly, sexual attitudes and body image are important cognitive factors that affect women's sexual activity, yet each influence alone is not enough to explain the complex process that leads to sexual behavior. Although cross-sectional in nature, our findings suggest that body image and sexual attitudes may work together as a process to affect women's sexual activity.
The Lies That Bind: Heteronormative Constructions of “Family” in Social Work Discourse

The social work profession has an enduring history of commitment to American families; in fact, it has often led the way in embracing alternative family arrangements. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) families are gaining more political visibility and lobbying for rights and protections from which they were previously excluded. Therefore, this study is an analysis of social work's contemporary, defining representations of LGBTQ families. Twelve LGBTQ “family” research studies were culled from the database Social Work Abstracts, and subjected to queer discourse analysis in order to illuminate how these alternative family forms are being constructed within the discipline. This analysis details the multiple ways in which heterosexual norms are privileged throughout the research studies. For example, the heterosexual family is often constructed as an unchallenged index for psychological health, appropriate partnering, and child rearing practices, social acceptability, and general normative behavior. LGBTQ relationships often earn their “family” designations by their ability to approximate these legible, heteronormative “family” characteristics. As such, this queer discourse analysis indicates that LGBTQ families are ultimately invited to join, but not to change, the traditional terms of “family,” thus making the social work research less of an exploration of alternative family forms and more of an endorsement of same-sex, nuclear families.
CETP genotype and changes in lipid levels in response to weight-loss diet intervention in the POUNDS LOST and DIRECT randomized trials1

Little is known about whether cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) genetic variation may modify the effect of weight-loss diets varying in fat content on changes in lipid levels. We analyzed the interaction between the CETP variant rs3764261 and dietary interventions on changes in lipid levels among 732 overweight/obese adults from a 2 year randomized weight-loss trial [Preventing Overweight Using Novel Dietary Strategies (POUNDS LOST)], and replicated the findings in 171 overweight/obese adults from an independent 2 year weight-loss trial [Dietary Intervention Randomized Controlled Trial (DIRECT)]. In the POUNDS LOST, participants with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype on the high-fat diet had larger increases in HDL cholesterol (P = 0.001) and decreases in triglycerides (P = 0.007) than those on the low-fat diet at 6 months, while no significant difference between these two diets was observed among participants carrying other genotypes. The gene-diet interactions on changes in HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were replicated in the DIRECT (pooled P for interaction ≤ 0.01). Similar results on trajectory of changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides over the 2 year intervention were observed in both trials. Our study provides replicable evidence that individuals with the CETP rs3764261 CC genotype might derive greater effects on raising HDL cholesterol and lowering triglycerides by choosing a low-carbohydrate/high-fat weight-loss diet instead of a low-fat diet.
Alcohol and Homicide in Eastern Europe

Few studies have addressed the association between alcohol consumption and homicide rates at the population level in eastern European countries. The aim of the present study was to test hypotheses on how this association may vary across countries with different drinking patterns and for gender specific homicide rates. Time series analysis was used on annual alcohol consumption and homicide rates for six eastern European countries. The estimates were pooled into two groups of countries with more (Russia and Belarus) and somewhat less (Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and former Czechoslovakia) hazardous drinking patterns. The overall results showed that annual changes in alcohol consumption were positively and significantly associated with homicide rates and also indicated that the estimates were stronger in countries with a more detrimental drinking pattern. The results suggest that alcohol consumption has an effect on homicide rates in Eastern Europe and that this effect varies with drinking pattern.
What Works in Teaching Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Treatment Studies

As one part of a comprehensive review of research related to the teaching of composition, I have conducted an integrative review or meta-analysis of experimental treatment studies completed from 1963 through 1982. Among many researchers in the field of composition, such studies are currently in disrepute. Cooper and Odell (1978, p. xiii) claim that the authors included in their Research on Composing share "one audacious aim-that of redirecting and revitalizing research in written composition. " Their aim was to redirect research away from the kind of experimental studies summarized by Braddock, LloydJones, and Schoer in 1963. They argue that the Braddock et al. review was based on the assumption that "We already had a thorough understanding of written products and processes" (p. xiv), an assumption that Cooper, Odell, and their co-authors see as unwarranted. They believe that "ultimately, comparison-group research may enable us to improve instruction in writing" (p. xiv), but not before such research is "informed by carefully tested theory and by descriptions of written discourse and the processes by which that discourse comes into being" (p. xiv). Emig (1982) sees much less promise for "comparison group" studies. Her attack is launched against the whole "positivist" research "paradigm," by which she apparently means testing hypotheses in experimental designs in or out of laboratories. The most vituperative attack against experimental studies was launched by Graves (1980). He claims that such research in writing is "an exercise for students to apply courses in statistics to their dissertations" (p. 914). Referring to experimental studies conducted between 1955 and 1972, Graves claims that most of this research "wasn't readable and was of limited value. It couldn't help teachers in the classroom"
Insufficient Milk Supply and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review

Background An association between insufficient milk supply, the inability of a mother's breast milk to provide sufficiently for her infant, and breast cancer has been suggested by observations in animal models. To determine if an association has been reported in epidemiological studies of human breast cancer, a systematic review of the literature has been conducted. We also sought to identify the methodological limitations of existing studies to guide the design of any future prospective studies in this field. Methodology/Principal Findings PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, BIOSIS, and CAB abstracts were searched. We selected any study that (1) assessed breast cancer in association with breastfeeding history and (2) examined the relationship between insufficient milk supply with breast cancer. Seven relevant studies were identified that met both criteria. There was statistically significant heterogeneity among the results which likely reflects clinically significant differences in definitions of insufficient milk supply and reference groups that were used. Among premenopausal women who had experienced insufficient milk supply, odds ratios (ORs) for breast cancer risk ranged from 0.9 to 16.3. Among postmenopausal women, ORs ranged from 0.6 to 6.7. Based on the range of odds ratios obtained in the studies reported in this review, it remains unclear if there is a true association between insufficient milk supply and breast cancer. Conclusions/Significance Although some studies have shown a strong positive association, there is no consistent evidence for an effect of insufficient milk supply on breast cancer risk. Exposure definitions are in need of improvement in order to focus on primary insufficient milk supply. Reference groups consisting of women who have successfully breastfed may also introduce positive bias (inflation of the odds ratio) into study results because of the protective effect of prolonged breastfeeding in the control group.
The Distribution of Social Defects in Liverpool

The aim of this investigation was to study the distribution of social defects throughout the City of Liverpool and to discover whether there existed in specific areas an accumulation of problems likely to precipitate family breakdown and to impose a disproportionately heavy burden on the Social Services. Such knowledge could assist the treatment of families in difficulty and lead to improvements in the administration of services concerned with family welfare. The social defects selected for the purpose of this study were defined in the terms of the incidence of mental deficiency and mental illness, child neglect (as evidenced by the proportion of children who were deprived of normal home life within the meaning of the 1948 Children Act), and juvenile crime (as evidenced by the proportion of children who were placed on probation by the Juvenile Courts). The initial stages of this investigation have been concemed with plotting the incidence of these problems according to their geographical distribution throughout the City. The investigation inevitably raised issues, therefore, which might be held to be implicit in any form of ecological research. In the first instance, it had to be assumed that this type of research might eventually succeed in establishing a direct relationship between the characteristics of a population and the number of people who develop specific types of disorder within it. The mere demonstration,
Marital Status and Subjective Well-Being: A Research Synthesis

Using meta-analytic techniques, results were synthesized from 58 empirical sources on the association between being married and subjective well-being (S WB). A mean correlation of . 14 was found across all studies, which indicated that being married was positively and significantly associated with SWB. However, the magnitude of this association was weaker than expected. The marital-status/SWB relation was correlated with age (r = -.54) and year of study (r = -.28); the relation was stronger in younger samples as compared with older ones and in earlier studies as compared with more recent ones. The introduction of single covariates had little impact on the association between marital status and SWB.
Spermidine Suppresses Age-Associated Memory Impairment by Preventing Adverse Increase of Presynaptic Active Zone Size and Release

Memories are assumed to be formed by sets of synapses changing their structural or functional performance. The efficacy of forming new memories declines with advancing age, but the synaptic changes underlying age-induced memory impairment remain poorly understood. Recently, we found spermidine feeding to specifically suppress age-dependent impairments in forming olfactory memories, providing a mean to search for synaptic changes involved in age-dependent memory impairment. Here, we show that a specific synaptic compartment, the presynaptic active zone (AZ), increases the size of its ultrastructural elaboration and releases significantly more synaptic vesicles with advancing age. These age-induced AZ changes, however, were fully suppressed by spermidine feeding. A genetically enforced enlargement of AZ scaffolds (four gene-copies of BRP) impaired memory formation in young animals. Thus, in the Drosophila nervous system, aging AZs seem to steer towards the upper limit of their operational range, limiting synaptic plasticity and contributing to impairment of memory formation. Spermidine feeding suppresses age-dependent memory impairment by counteracting these age-dependent changes directly at the synapse.
Named Entity Recognition for Novel Types by Transfer Learning

In named entity recognition, we often don't have a large in-domain training corpus or a knowledge base with adequate coverage to train a model directly. In this paper, we propose a method where, given training data in a related domain with similar (but not identical) named entity (NE) types and a small amount of in-domain training data, we use transfer learning to learn a domain-specific NE model. That is, the novelty in the task setup is that we assume not just domain mismatch, but also label mismatch.
Paleoneuroanatomy of the European lambeosaurine dinosaur Arenysaurus ardevoli

The neuroanatomy of hadrosaurid dinosaurs is well known from North America and Asia. In Europe only a few cranial remains have been recovered that include the braincase. Arenysaurus is the first European endocast for which the paleoneuroanatomy has been studied. The resulting data have enabled us to draw ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional inferences. Arenysaurus preserves the endocast and the inner ear. This cranial material was CT scanned, and a 3D-model was generated. The endocast morphology supports a general pattern for hadrosaurids with some characters that distinguish it to a subfamily level, such as a brain cavity that is anteroposteriorly shorter or the angle of the major axis of the cerebral hemisphere to the horizontal in lambeosaurines. Both these characters are present in the endocast of Arenysaurus. Osteological features indicate an adult ontogenetic stage, while some paleoneuroanatomical features are indicative of a subadult ontogenetic stage. It is hypothesized that the presence of puzzling mixture of characters that suggest different ontogenetic stages for this specimen may reflect some degree of dwarfism in Arenysaurus. Regarding the inner ear, its structure shows differences from the ornithopod clade with respect to the height of the semicircular canals. These differences could lead to a decrease in the compensatory movements of eyes and head, with important implications for the paleobiology and behavior of hadrosaurid taxa such as Edmontosaurus, Parasaurolophus and Arenysaurus. The endocranial morphology of European hadrosaurids sheds new light on the evolution of this group and may reflect the conditions in the archipelago where these animals lived during the Late Cretaceous.