Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dunning–Kruger Effect

Page 1 of 5 https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Dunning–Kruger_effect Dunning–Kruger effect From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which relatively unskilled persons suffer illusory superiority, mistakenly assessing their ability to be much higher than it really is. Dunning and Kruger attributed this bias to a metacognitive inability of the unskilled to recognize their own ineptitude and evaluate their own ability accurately. Their research also suggests corollaries: highly skilled individuals may underestimate their relative competence and may erroneously assume that tasks which are easy for them are also easy for others. [1] The bias was first experimentally observed by David Dunning and Justin Kruger of Cornell University in 1999. They postulated that the effect is the result of internal illusion in the unskilled, and external misperception in the skilled: "The miscalibration of the incompetent stems from an error about the self, whereas the miscalibration of the highly competent stems from an error about others. "[1]
Detour: informed Internet routing and transport

Despite its obvious success, the Internet suffers from end-to-end performance and availability problems. We believe that intelligent routers at key access and interchange points could improve Internet behavior by actively managing traffic. We describe the inefficiencies in routing and transport protocols in the modern Internet. We are constructing a prototype, called Detour, a virtual Internet, in which routers tunnel packets over the commodity Internet instead of using dedicated links.
Comparison of linear and nonlinear equalization for ultra-high capacity spectral superchannels

In ultra-high-speed (>400Gb/s per wavelength), high-spectral efficiency coherent optical communication systems using multi-carrier spectral superchannels, the maximum reach is severely limited due to linear and, foremost, nonlinear impairments. Hence, the implementation of advanced digital signal processing (DSP) techniques in optical transceivers is crucial for alleviating the impact of such impairments. However, the DSP performance improvement comes at the expense of increased cost and power consumption. Given that the computational complexity of the applied linear and nonlinear equalizers is the factor that determines the trade-off between the performance improvement and cost, in this study we provide an extended analysis on the computational complexity of various linear and nonlinear equalization approaches. First, we draw a complexity comparison between a conventional OFDM coherent receiver versus a filter-bank based OFDM receiver and it is shown that the latter provides significant complexity savings. Second, we present a comparison between the digital back-propagation split-step Fourier (DBP-SSF) method and the inverse Volterra series transfer function nonlinear equalizer (IVSTF-NLE) in terms of performance and computational complexity for a 32 Gbaud polarization multiplexed (PM)-16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) OFDM superchannel.
Essential diurnal Rac1 activation during retinal phagocytosis requires αvβ5 integrin but not tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase or Mer tyrosine kinase

Activation specifically of the GTPase Rac1 in retinal pigment epithelial cells is necessary for F-actin recruitment to and engulfment of photoreceptor debris, a process essential for vision. Rac1 activation requires αvβ integrin and its ligand milk fat globule-EGF8 but, unexpectedly, is independent of tyrosine kinase signaling via focal adhesion kinase and Mer tyrosine kinase.
Macroeconomic Volatility, Predictability, and Uncertainty in the Great Moderation

I examine the extent to which the large decline in observed real output volatility, that is, the great moderation, can be attributed to changes in macroeconomic uncertainty and macroeconomic predictability using forecasts of future real output growth from the Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF). The results indicate that both predictability and uncertainty have declined over the great moderation. The results indicate that measuring the decline in macroeconomic uncertainty with the volatility of shocks from a fixed-parameter autoregressive model overstates the decline in uncertainty by between 20% and 25%. I examine how this overstatement affects predictions of the equity premium in the consumption capital asset pricing model (CCAPM), and I relate the decline in predictability to a significant change in the relationship between SPF forecasts and key measures of current macroeconomic performance.
Chromosomal Locations of mcr-1 and blaCTX-M-15 in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli ST410

To the Editor: Recently, Yi-Yun Liu et al. reported on the discovery of mcr-1, a plasmidborne resistance gene mediating resistance to colistin, in isolates obtained from humans and animals (1). Since the original publication, mcr-1 with or without the insertion element ISApl1 has been detected on plasmids of different incompatibility groups, including IncI2, IncHI2, and IncX4, and in many different countries (1–3). Because colistin is a last-resort parenteral antimicrobial drug, the transfer of mcr-1 by conjugation or through mobilizable plasmids raises concern about the emergence of pan-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
The Chinese chestnut genome: a reference for species restoration

Forest tree species are increasingly subject to severe mortalities from exotic pests, diseases, and invasive organisms, accelerated by climate change. Forest health issues are threatening multiple species and ecosystem sustainability globally. While sources of resistance may be available in related species, or among surviving trees, introgression of resistance genes into threatened tree species in reasonable time frames requires genome-wide breeding tools. Asian species of chestnut (Castanea spp.) are being employed as donors of disease resistance genes to restore native chestnut species in North America and Europe. To aid in the restoration of threatened chestnut species, we present the assembly of a reference genome with chromosome-scale sequences for Chinese chestnut (C. mollissima), the disease-resistance donor for American chestnut restoration. We also demonstrate the value of the genome as a platform for research and species restoration, including new insights into the evolution of blight resistance in Asian chestnut species, the locations in the genome of ecologically important signatures of selection differentiating American chestnut from Chinese chestnut, the identification of candidate genes for disease resistance, and preliminary comparisons of genome organization with related species.
Innovation in financial services and payments

Rapid innovation is changing the array of financial services and payment options available to customers. To examine the driving forces behind the surge of innovation and the adoption of new technology, the Payment Cards Center and the Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia hosted a conference on “Innovation in Financial Services and Payments” on May 16-17 of this year. ; This document provides a summary of the presentations and discussions during the two day conference event.
An Inductive Approach to Examining Racial Majority Versus Minority Expectations and Appraisals of Police Legitimacy in a Small-Town Context

In the wake of significant media coverage of officer involved shootings and civil unrest to protest police behaviors toward Black suspects, policing is confronting a time where public perceptions of police are central to effective policing, especially views by racial minorities. Efforts to understand these views have largely been conducted within urban contexts. Moreover, many studies have relied on quantitative survey data to examine racial differences in views about police; thus, scant research has used qualitative approaches to understand racial differences. Based on qualitative in-person surveys administered to 238 residents in a small Midwestern town, we aim to understand residents’ expectations and assessments of police legitimacy. Contrary to research conducted in urban areas, we do not find a racial gap in views about police. Other than a stronger preference among White residents on the role of police as crime fighters, differences are subtle. These small-town residents appear to be like-minded in their assessments and view police positively. However, nontrivial, albeit nonsignificant, differences by race include minority residents emphasizing treatment by police in making legitimacy judgments, likely explained by the group position thesis and accumulated experiences, while it seems White residents based their responses on global views about the ideal police officer.
TissuesLymphoid and Nonlymphoid Organs and Mannose-Binding Lectins A and C in Differential Expression of the Murine

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a member of the collectin family, binds to carbohydrate structures on the surfaces of micro-organisms and may serve as a recognition molecule of the lectin pathway of complement activation. In rodents two forms, MBL-A and MBL-C, were described and shown to be products of two related, but uncoupled, genes. The liver is the main source of MBL biosynthesis. For rat MBL-A, expression has also been described in the kidney. Here we report that the two forms of murine MBL are differentially expressed in a number of nonhepatic tissues. Real-time RT-PCR revealed that the liver is the major site of expression for both MBL genes. Lower copy numbers were found in kidney, brain, spleen, and muscle. In testis, only the MBL-A gene is expressed, whereas MBL-C is exclusively expressed in small intestine. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that both MBLs are synthesized by hepatocytes and show MBL expression in cells of the monocyte/ macrophage lineage. In the kidney MBL-A, but not MBL-C, was found to be synthesized. Vice versa, only MBL-C biosynthesis was detected in endothelial cells of the small intestine. The latter ﬁnding may support the view that MBL-C, as part of the innate immune system, may be a counterpart of secretory IgA of the acquired immune system in preventing, for example, microbial invasion and colonization. Our ﬁndings demonstrate that MBL-A and MBL-C are differentially expressed, implying distinct biological roles for both recognition molecules of the murine lectin pathway of complement. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170: 1462–1465.
Pretreatment platelet count as a predictor for survival and distant metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients

The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic value of different pretreatment platelet (PLT) counts on the treatment outcome in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or radiotherapy (RT) alone. A total of 1,501 NPC patients, including 412 receiving CCRT and 1,089 receiving RT, were enrolled in the present study. The PLT count cut-off points for the CCRT and RT groups were 150 and 300×109/l, respectively, and the PLT counts were categorized it into three groups: Low (PLT≤150×109/l), moderate (150×109/l300×109/l). To identify independent predictors of overall survival (OS), the Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine local-regional recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates in the CCRT and RT patients. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analysis indicated that compared with a moderate PLT count, a low PLT count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS rate in CCRT patients [hazard ratio (HR), 2.024; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.165–3.516], and a high PLT count was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS and DMFS rates in CCRT (OS: HR, 1.742; 95% CI, 1.090–2.786; DFMS: HR, 2.110; 95%CI, 1.084–4.108) and RT (OS: HR, 1.740; 95%CI, 1.283–2.362; DMFS: HR, 2.819; 95% CI, 1.766–4.497) patients. Compared with a low PLT count, a high PLT count was significantly and independently associated with a poor DMFS rate in the RT patients (P=0.025; HR, 2.454; 95% CI, 1.121–5.372). Therefore, the present study indicates that low and high PLT counts may be useful indicators of survival and distant metastasis in NPC patients who have undergone radiation treatment.
Large primes in generalized Pascal triangles

In this paper, after presenting the results of the generalization of Pascal triangle (using powers of base numbers), we examine some properties of the 112-based triangle, most of all regarding to prime numbers. Additionally, an effective implementation of ECPP method is presented which enables Magma computer algebra system to prove the primality of numbers with more than 1000 decimal digits.
Organizational Socialization of Newcomers: The Role of Professional Socialization

Organizational socialization is the process through which newcomers learn the requisite social and task knowledge in order to resolve role uncertainty and become organizational insiders. Successful socialization of newcomers implies better retention of employees, higher productivity, and reduced recruitment and training costs. Many organizational newcomers undergo professional socialization through education and related work experience during their schooling. These newcomers may respond differently to an organization's efforts to socialize them when compared with newcomers without any related professional education or work experience. The importance of prior work experience and professional education for organizational socialization of newcomers, however, has received attention only recently. The aim of the research reported in this paper is to investigate the moderating effects of prior related work experience and professional education on the relationship between organizational socialization tactics and newcomer's adjustment. The study was conducted with a sample of new graduates from an Asian university. Findings show that prior related work experience and professional education moderate the effects of socialization tactics on newcomer's role clarity, role conflict and organizational commitment. The moderators have effects on different outcomes and in opposite directions. The paper discusses theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Information states in stochastic control and filtering: a Lie algebraic theoretic approach

The purpose of the paper is two-fold: (i) to introduce the sufficient statistic algebra which is responsible for propagating the sufficient statistics, or information state, in the optimal control of stochastic systems and (ii) to apply certain Lie algebraic methods and gauge transformations, widely used in nonlinear control theory and quantum physics, to derive new results concerning finite dimensional controllers. This enhances our understanding of the role played by the sufficient statistics. The sufficient statistic algebra enables us to determine a priori whether there exist finite-dimensional controllers; it also enables us to classify all finite-dimensional controllers. Relations to minimax dynamic games are delineated.
Synchronous BRAFV600E and MEK inhibition leads to superior control of murine melanoma by limiting MEK inhibitor induced skin toxicity

The BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment has led to impressive responses in BRAFV600E mutation-positive melanomas, but responses are not durable in many patients. As most of the BRAFi escape mechanisms involve ERK reactivation, combinations with MEK inhibitors (MEKi) are currently tested to improve BRAFi-mediated response durations. Additionally, such a combination is expected to reduce MEKi-induced skin toxicities, as these drugs are thought to have antagonistic effects on ERK activation in keratinocytes. However, preclinical in vivo data exploring the combination of BRAFi and MEKi to achieve improved tumor control in the absence of skin toxicities are limited. Using a murine Tyr::CreERT2;PtenLoxP/LoxP;BrafCA/+ melanoma model, we have determined the effect of BRAFi and MEKi treatment and their combination on melanoma control and occurrence of adverse events. We found that the MEKi dosed beyond the maximum tolerable dose (MTD) led to stronger control of tumor growth than did the BRAFi, but mice had to be removed from treatment because of skin toxicity. The combination of BRAFi and MEKi reduced MEKi-associated skin toxicity. This allowed high and long-term dosing of the MEKi, resulting in long-term tumor control. In contrast to previous hypotheses, the addition of a BRAFi did not restore the MEKi-mediated downregulation of pERK1/2 in skin cells. Our data describe, for the first time, the alleviation of MEKi-mediated dose-limiting toxicity by addition of a BRAFi in a mouse melanoma model. Additional clinical Phase I studies should be implemented to explore MEKi dosing beyond the single drug MTD in combination with BRAFi.
Beyond the Classroom : Using Title IX to Measure the Return to High School Sports

This project has drawn on the advice of many generous friends and colleagues, including Richard Freeman, Claudia Goldin, Caroline Minter Hoxby, Lawrence Katz, Brigitte Madrian, Justin Wolfers, as well as participants in the ASSA CeMENT Workshop. I am grateful for the comments and insights provided by seminar participants at Chicago Law School, Northwestern Law School, Harvard University, University of Michigan, the John F. Kennedy School of Government, The Harris School, The College of William and Mary, The Wharton School, Emory University, Rutgers, The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Brigham Young University, University of Maryland BC, Vanderbilt Law School, University of Virginia Law School and the London School of Economics. In addition, I received valuable feedback from participants at the NBER Summer Institute, the NBER Law and Economics spring meeting, the Conference on Empirical Legal Studies, CEPR’s Economics of Education and Education Policy conference, the Australian Conference of Economists, and at meetings organized by the Econometric Society, Eastern Economic Association, the American Law and Economics Association, and the Society of Labor Economics. Eric Klotch, Rachel Schwartz, Rohak Doshi, and Sonali Muraka all provided excellent research assistance. Special thanks go to Bruce Howard and John Gillis at the National Federation of State High School Associations for their assistance in tracking down data. Generous funding from the Zell/Lurie Real Estate Center and the Wharton Sports Business Initiative is gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Effect of Cellulases and Xylanases on Refining Process and Kraft Pulp Properties

Samples of bleached kraft pine cellulosic pulp, either treated with an enzyme preparation (a Thermomyces lanuginosus xylanase, an Aspergillus sp. cellulase, and a multienzyme preparation NS-22086 containing both these activities) or untreated, were refined in a laboratory PFI mill. The treatment with cellulases contained in the last two preparations significantly improved the pulp’s susceptibility to refining (the target freeness value of 30°SR was achieved in a significantly shorter time), increased water retention value (WRV) and fines contents while the weighted average fiber length was significantly reduced. These changes of pulp parameters caused deterioration of paper strength properties. The treatment with the xylanase, which partially hydrolyzed xylan, small amounts of which are associated with cellulose fibers, only slightly loosened the structure of fibers. These subtle changes positively affected the susceptibility of the pulp to refining (refining energy was significantly reduced) and improved the static strength properties of paper. Thus, the treatment of kraft pulps with xylanases may lead to substantial savings of refining energy without negative effects on paper characteristics.
On the difficulty of some shortest path problems

We prove superlinear lower bounds for some shortest path problems in directed graphs, where no such bounds were previously known. The central problem in our study is the <i>replacement paths</i> problem: Given a directed graph <i>G</i> with non-negative edge weights, and a shortest path <i>P</i> = {<i>e</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>e</i><sub>2</sub>, …, <i>e</i><sub><i>p</i></sub>} between two nodes <i>s</i> and <i>t</i>, compute the shortest path distances from <i>s</i> to <i>t</i> in each of the <i>p</i> graphs obtained from <i>G</i> by deleting one of the edges <i>e</i><sub>i</sub>. We show that the replacement paths problem requires Ω(<i>m</i> &sqrt;<i>n</i>) time in the worst case whenever <i>m</i> = <i>O</i>(<i>n</i> &sqrt;<i>n</i>). Our construction also implies a similar lower bound on the <i>k</i> shortest simple paths problem for a broad class of algorithms that includes all known algorithms for the problem. To put our lower bound in perspective, we note that both these problems (replacement paths and <i>k</i> shortest simple paths) can be solved in near-linear time for <i>undirected</i> graphs.
Each One Counts: Basic Needs Mediating the Association Between Social Support and Vitality at Work

The aim of this study was to provide new detailed information concerning the role of basic psychological needs in the relations between social support and work-related vitality. Drawing on the self-determination theory, it was hypothesized that support from both co-workers and supervisors is associated with work-related vitality via the needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The participants were 109 employees in a preventive vocationally oriented intervention program. Results of the regression and bootstrapping analyses were consistent with the hypotheses, suggesting that each need is essential in the indirect association of social support and vitality at work, regardless of the source of the support. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Forecasts for the WFIRST High Latitude Survey using the BlueTides simulation

We use the BlueTides simulation to predict the properties of the high-z galaxy and active galactic nucleus (AGN) populations for the planned 2200 deg2 Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope's (WFIRST) High Latitude Survey (HLS). BlueTides is a cosmological hydrodynamic simulation, which incorporates a variety of baryon physics in a (400 h−1 Mpc)3 volume evolved to z = 8 with 0.7 trillion particles. The galaxy luminosity functions in the simulation show good agreement with all the current observational constraints (up to z = 11) and predict an enhanced number of UV bright galaxies. At the proposed depth of the HLS (mUV < 26.75), BlueTides predicts 106 galaxies at z = 8 with a few up to z ∼ 15 due to the enhanced bright end of the galaxy luminosity function. At z = 8, galaxies in the mock HLS have specific star formation rates of ∼10 Gyr−1 and ages of ∼80 Myr (both evolving linearly with redshift) and a non-evolving mass–metallicity relation. BlueTides also predicts ∼104 AGN in WFIRST HLS from z = 8 out to z ∼ 14. These AGN host black holes of M ∼ 106–108 M⊙ accreting close to their Eddington luminosity. Galaxies and AGN have host halo masses of Mhalo ∼ 1011–12 M⊙ and a linear bias b ≈ 13–20. Given the expected galaxy space densities, their high bias and large volume probed, we speculate that it may be feasible for WFIRST HLS to detect the baryon acoustic oscillation peak in the galaxy power spectrum out to z = 8–9.
Playing the Part: Pseudo-Families, Wives, and the Politics of Relationships in Women’s Prisons in California

At present, little is known regarding the experience and activities of gang-affiliated women in prison. This article is based on interviews with 15 formerly incarcerated women who offered insights into their experiences. Rather than continue the territorially based street divisions they defended, the women tended, instead, to create interpersonal units in the form of families and/or sexual dyads, reconstructing hetero-normative relational patterns during the course of their incarceration. The article offers an alternative lens through which to understand human agency among incarcerated women.