Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noise-Robust Keyword Spotting through Self-supervised Pretraining

Voice assistants are now widely available, and to activate them a keyword spotting (KWS) algorithm is used. Modern KWS systems are mainly trained using supervised learning methods and require a large amount of labelled data to achieve a good performance. Leveraging unlabelled data through self-supervised learning (SSL) has been shown to increase the accuracy in clean conditions. This paper explores how SSL pretraining such as Data2Vec can be used to enhance the robustness of KWS models in noisy conditions, which is under-explored. Models of three different sizes are pretrained using different pretraining approaches and then fine-tuned for KWS. These models are then tested and compared to models trained using two baseline supervised learning methods, one being standard training using clean data and the other one being multi-style training (MTR). The results show that pretraining and fine-tuning on clean data is superior to supervised learning on clean data across all testing conditions, and superior to supervised MTR for testing conditions of SNR above 5 dB. This indicates that pretraining alone can increase the model's robustness. Finally, it is found that using noisy data for pretraining models, especially with the Data2Vec-denoising approach, significantly enhances the robustness of KWS models in noisy conditions.
‘ Poor me ’ versus ‘ bad me ’ paranoia and the instability of persecutory ideation

Methods. In-patients experiencing persecutory delusions were assigned either to ‘poor me’ (PM) or ‘bad me’(BM) groups, according to their rating of a perceived deservedness scale, which was repeated on subsequent assessments. Participants were assessed for depression (BDI); construction of the self (Self-to-Others Scale); autonomy and sociotropy (PSI); perceived parental behaviour (PBI); attributional style (ASQ) and, meaningful daily events (DEI, devised for the study). A healthy control group was also assessed.
Narcissism, Self-Knowledge Organization, and Emotional Reactivity: The Effect of Daily Experiences on Self-Esteem and Affect

In two studies, participants preselected on their extreme scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory were assessed for self complexity and evaluative integration. Then, for 5 (Study 1) or 6 (Study 2) consecutive days, they recorded their moods, self-esteem, and daily experiences. Narcissists displayed greater positive mood variability, mood intensity, and self-esteem instability than did less narcissistic individuals. Narcissism, self-complexity, and evaluative integration were unrelated; however, narcissists who were low in evaluative integration experienced the greatest self-esteem instability. Narcissism also interacted with daily events such that relative to less narcissistic individuals, negative interpersonal events increased self-esteem instability, and positive interpersonal events decreased self-esteem instability. The findings are discussed within reference to a social-cognitive-interpersonal model of narcissistic behavior.
Site-specific methylation and acetylation of lysine residues in the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II

Dynamic modification of heptad-repeats with the consensus sequence Tyr1-Ser2-Pro3-Thr4-Ser5-Pro6-Ser7 of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) C-terminal domain (CTD) regulates transcription-coupled processes. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that K7-residues in non-consensus repeats of human RNAPII are modified by acetylation, or mono-, di-, and tri-methylation. K7ac, K7me2, and K7me3 were found exclusively associated with phosphorylated CTD peptides, while K7me1 occurred also in non-phosphorylated CTD. The monoclonal antibody 1F5 recognizes K7me1/2 residues in CTD and reacts with RNAPIIA. Treatment of cellular extracts with phosphatase or of cells with the kinase inhibitor flavopiridol unmasked the K7me1/2 epitope in RNAPII0, consistent with the association of K7me1/2 marks with phosphorylated CTD peptides. Genome-wide profiling revealed high levels of K7me1/2 marks at the transcriptional start site of genes for sense and antisense transcribing RNAPII. The new K7 modifications further expand the mammalian CTD code to allow regulation of differential gene expression.
Development of HIF-1 inhibitors for cancer therapy

• Introduction • Mechanisms of action of action of HIF‐1 inhibitors ‐ Inhibitors of HIF‐1α mRNA expression ‐ Inhibitors of HIF‐1α protein translation ‐ Inhibitors that affect HIF‐1α degradation pathway ‐ Inhibitors of HIF‐1 binding to DNA ‐ Inhibitors of HIF‐1α transcriptional activity • Conclusions
Postictal cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in children.

OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency and characteristics of seizure-induced cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) abnormalities in children and to identify potential alternative causes of these findings. METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 80) who underwent lumbar puncture within 24 hours after a seizure were studied retrospectively. The presence of CSF abnormalities in total leukocytes, polymorphonuclear cells, and protein was determined by using age-specific reference values. Coexisting conditions that could affect CSF findings, such as traumatic lumbar puncture, concurrent neurologic disease, and undiagnosed meningitis, were identified. RESULTS Eighteen of the 80 patients were excluded from the final study group because of the presence of another condition that could alter the CSF. More than 50% of the excluded patients had an abnormal CSF leukocyte count or protein level, including 2 patients with initially undiagnosed meningitis, which was subsequently detected by post-hoc polymerase chain reaction testing. In the remaining 62 patients, postictal pleocytosis was detected in only 3 (5%), and increased protein was detected in only 6 (10%). The maximal postictal pleocytosis and protein level were 8 x 10(6) leukocytes/L (8 leukocytes/mm(3)) and 0.52 g/L (52 mg/dL), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Seizure-induced CSF abnormalities are rare in children, and alternative, often unidentified, disease processes may account for many observed postictal abnormalities. All patients with abnormal CSF after a seizure should be thoroughly evaluated for other causes of the abnormality.
Online Learning with Predictable Sequences

We present methods for online linear optimization that take advantage of benign (as opposed to worst-case) sequences. Specically if the sequence encountered by the learner is described well by a known \predictable process", the algorithms presented enjoy tighter bounds as compared to the typical worst case bounds. Additionally, the methods achieve the usual worst-case regret bounds if the sequence is not benign. Our approach can be seen as a way of adding prior knowledge about the sequence within the paradigm of online learning. The setting is shown to encompass partial and side information. Variance and path-length bounds [11, 9] can be seen as particular examples of online learning with simple predictable sequences. We further extend our methods and results to include competing with a set of possible predictable processes (models), that is \learning" the predictable process itself concurrently with using it to obtain better regret guarantees. We show that such model selection is possible under various assumptions on the available feedback. Our results suggest a promising direction of further research with potential applications to stock market and time series prediction.
The effects of social experience on aggressive behavior in the green anole lizard (Anolis Carolinensis)

To understand how context-specific aggression emerges from past experience, we examined how consecutive aggressive encounters influence aggressive behavior and stress responses of male green anole lizards (Anolis carolinensis). Animals were shown a video clip featuring an aggressively displaying conspecific male, which provoked aggressive responding, while control animals viewed a neutral video. After 5 d of interaction with the videos, both the subject and control groups were presented with a live conspecific. As a non-invasive assay of stress responses, we measured changes in body color and eyespot darkness, two features known to be strongly correlated with titers of stress hormones. Our results demonstrate that experience increased aggression in male anoles, but that increases in aggression to a repeated stimulus were transient. Tests with a novel conspecific indicate that the experienced animals remained aggressive when presented with novel stimuli. Although there were differences in the morphological indicators of the stress response between experimental and control groups during video presentations, there were no differences when presented with novel conspecifics. These data indicate that experience-dependent differences were not mediated by differences in the ‘stressfulness’ of aggressive interaction, as thought to be the case for animals in chronic subordinate/dominant dyads. We suggest that habituation and reinforcement interact to promote aggressive responding and to restrict it to novel individuals. Such context specificity is a hallmark of natural patterns of aggression in territorial species.
Pathophysiological Characteristics of Diabetic Ocular Complications in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Rat

The Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rat, a nonobese type 2 diabetes model, develops severe diabetic retinopathy as result of chronic severe hyperglycemia. Although existing diabetes animal models also develop ocular complications, severe retinal lesions frequently observed in human diabetes patients such as preretinal neovascularization or retinal detachment are not found. Distinctive features in SDT rat are hypermature cataract, tractional retinal detachment with fibrous proliferation, and massive hemorrhaging in the anterior chamber. These pathophysiological changes are caused by sustained hyperglycemic condition and subsequent increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in retina, iris, and ciliary body. Although some differences in diabetic retinopathy exist between SDT rats and humans (e.g., a low incidence of neovascular formation and poor development of nonperfused area are found in this animal), SDT rat will be a useful model in studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
High levels of CC‐chemokine expression and downregulated levels of CCR5 during HIV‐1/HTLV‐1 and HIV‐1/HTLV‐2 coinfections

The human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) and HTLV‐2 are common copathogens among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)‐infected individuals. HTLV‐2 may confer a survival benefit among patients with HIV‐1/HTLV‐2 coinfections, along with lower plasma HIV‐1 levels and delayed rates of CD4+ T‐cell decline. These effects have been attributed to the ability of the HTLV‐2 viral transactivating Tax2 protein to induce the production of high levels of antiviral CC‐chemokines and to downregulate expression of the CCR5 receptor, resulting in impaired entry of HIV‐1 into CD4+ T‐cells. This study investigated the innate immunity of coinfected HIV/HTLV individuals by testing the ability of patient PBMCs to produce CC‐chemokines in association CCR5 receptor modulation. The cellular proliferative responses of HIV/HTLV coinfected versus HIV monoinfected individuals were also evaluated. Higher levels of MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, and RANTES (P < 0.05) were found in HIV‐1/HTLV‐2 coinfected group compared to HIV‐1 monoinfected population. Upregulated levels of RANTES were shown in HIV‐1/HTLV‐1 after 1 and 3 days of culture (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes from HIV‐1/HTLV‐2 coinfected individuals showed significant CCR5 downregulation after 1 and 3 days of culture compared to lymphocytes from HIV‐1 and uninfected groups (P < 0.05). Lower percentages of CCR5‐positive cells were found in HIV‐1/HTLV‐1 coinfected after 3 days of incubation (P < 0.05). Levels of proliferation were significantly higher in the HIV‐1/HTLV‐1 group compared to HIV‐1 alone (P < 0.05). HTLV‐2 and HTLV‐1 infections may induce the involvement of innate immunity against HIV‐1 via stimulation of CC‐chemokines and receptors, potentially modifying CCR5/HIV‐1 binding and HIV‐1 progression in coinfected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 87:790–797, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Family in Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime: Structure, Parenting, and Self-Control

Abstract Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) core proposition concerning the relationship between self-control and crime has been tested by numerous researchers. However, other important assertions of the theory have received less attention, particularly those relating to family characteristics as determinants of self-control. This research seeks to answer three questions, all focusing on the family. First, do family socialization variables predict self-control? Second, do the more structural family variables, such as socioeconomic status, family form, and family size, predict self-control directly or through the socialization variables? Finally, do the demographic variables of gender, race, and age predict self-control, and if so, are the effects direct or indirect through the structural family variables and / or the socialization variables? Using a sample of 1,139 junior high and high school students, we find that both parental supervision and attachment are strong predictors of self-control. With the exception of parental education, the structural family background variables exert their influence on self-control through the family process variables of attachment and supervision. Finally, both age and gender are direct predictors of self-control, even controlling for the structural background and family process variables, while the effect of race is entirely explained by family variables.
Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features.

Five experiments used a name-matching paradigm developed by Taylor et al (1978) to investigate how people use the immediately apparent features of others as a basis of social categorization. Ss were more likely to categorize targets according to their sex than their race but also tended to categorize using a single subordinate category that represented sex and race simultaneously.
Increased Renal Vascular Reactivity to Angiotensin II but not to Nerve Stimulation or Exogenous Norepinephrine in Renal Hypertensive Rats

We isolated and perfused both the ‘clipped’ and ‘contralateral’ kidneys from Goldblatt renal hypertensive and sham-operated control rats, 1-104 days postoperatively. Responses to renal nerve stimulation were depressed in clipped kidneys from hypertensive rats (1 day postoperative), and these kidneys were supersensitive to exogenous norepinephrine (1-31 days) when compared with the contralateral organ of the same animal. Similar alterations were found between clipped and contralateral kidneys from sham-operated control rats. There was no difference in responses to renal nerve stimulation of norepinephrine between clipped kidneys from hypertensive and control rats, but cupped kidneys from hypertensive rats were supersensitive to angiotensin II (17 and 31 days). Comparison of contralateral kidneys from hypertensive and control rats revealed no change in norepinephrine sensitivity or in responses to renal nerve stimulation, but there was a reduction in the slope of the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and of the maximal effect of the catecholamine (104 days) and a pronounced supersensitivity to angiotensin II (17-104 days) in the hypertensive rats. These results indicate that (1) renal nerve function and norepinephrine sensitivity of the isolated renal vasculature are unchanged in renal hypertension, but clipping partially denervates the kidney causing depressed nerve function and unilateral norepinephrine supersensitivity, unrelated to hypertension; (2) the prolonged high pressure load on the contralateral kidney may impair the function of the vascular smooth muscle; and (3) bilateral supersensitivity to angiotensin II is associated wtih hypertension but is not solely a consequence of the high pressure.
Factors in Reading Achievement

One hundred children who had been referred to an interdisciplinary learning disabilities group were described on the bases of physical and neuropsychological status, intelligence, level of reading and school achievement, and family background. Through the joint efforts of representatives from the departments of Pediatrics, Child Neurology, Neuropsychology, Ophthalmology, the Children's Learning Center, the University Reading and Study Skills Center, Occupational Therapy, Special Education Hospital Teaching Unit, and the Visual Sciences Laboratory, a wide variety of evaluation procedures were completed on each child. Analyses of the data described the total group and compared the subgroups within the sample. Several factors were found to distinguish significantly between subgroups.
A stable solution of time domain electric field Integral equation for thin-wire antennas using the Laguerre polynomials

In this paper, a numerical method to obtain an unconditionally stable solution of the time domain electric field integral equation for arbitrary conducting thin wires is presented. The time-domain electric field integral equation (TD-EFIE) technique has been employed to analyze electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems from thin wire structures. However, the most popular method to solve the TD-EFIE is typically the marching-on in time (MOT) method, which sometimes may suffer from its late-time instability. Instead, we solve the time-domain integral equation by expressing the transient behaviors in terms of weighted Laguerre polynomials. By using these orthonormal basis functions for the temporal variation, the time derivatives can be handled analytically and stable results can be obtained even for late-time. Furthermore, the excitation source in most scattering and radiation analysis of electromagnetic systems is typically done using a Gaussian shaped pulse. In this paper, both a Gaussian pulse and other waveshapes like a rectangular pulse or a ramp like function have been used as excitations for the scattering and radiation of thin-wire antennas with and without junctions. The time-domain results are compared with the inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) of a frequency domain analysis.
Neural systems supporting and affecting economically relevant behavior

For about a hundred years, theorists and traders alike have tried to unravel and understand the mechanisms and hidden rules underlying and perhaps determining economically relevant behavior. This review focuses on recent developments in neuroeconomics, where the emphasis is placed on two directions of research: first, research exploiting common experiences of urban inhabitants in industrialized societies to provide experimental paradigms with a broader real-life content; second, research based on behavioral genetics, which provides an additional dimension for experimental control and manipulation. In addition, possible limitations of state- of-the-art neuroeconomics research are addressed. It is argued that observations of neuronal systems involved in economic behavior converge to some extent across the technologies and paradigms used. Conceptually, the data available as of today raise the possibility that neuro- economic research might provide evidence at the neuronal level for the existence of multiple systems of thought and for the importance of conflict. Methodologically, Bayesian approaches in particular may play an important role in identifying mechanisms and establishing causality between patterns of neural activity and economic behavior.
Gender-Linked Differences in the Style and Content of E-Mails to Friends

Previous research has found gender differences in the style of language used in both written communication and face-to-face interaction. Such differences have also been found in electronic interactions with strangers. This study examined the style and content of emails describing a recent holiday written by men and women for male and female friends. In line with traditional gender stereotypes, some gender differences were found in the topics covered, in the form of greater coverage of the social and domestic topics of shopping, night life, and cost by women; and the impersonal, external topics of the location, journey, and local people by men. The e-mails from female participants contained a higher incidence of features associated with the maintenance of rapport and intimacy than those from male participants, and this was more pronounced in the e-mails from female participants to male friends.
Finding Meaning in Difficult Family Experiences: Sense-Making and Interaction Processes During Joint Family Storytelling

Narratives help individuals make sense of their experiences (Bochner, Ellis, " Tillmann-Healy, 1997; Weber, Harvey, " Stanley, 1987). This is particularly true for people trying to make sense of difficult or traumatic experiences. Joint storytelling, or collaborative narration, however, introduces elements not at work in individual tellings. In this study, we looked for evidence of sense-making in joint stories about difficult family experiences told by 12 families. Families' level of engagement, perspective-taking, turn-taking, and expressed interpretations all emerged as features relevant to the sense-making process. During the storytelling episode, families engaged in three forms of sense-making: (a) family-unit sense-making in which members actively engaged in the process of telling the story together and reached a shared conclusion concerning the meaning of the experience, (b) individual family member sense-making in which family members participated in the storytelling by sharing separate versions of the story and reached individual conclusions about the meaning of the story, and (c) incomplete sense-making in which one or more family members were not engaged in the storytelling and no clear understanding of the story's meaning emerged at either the family or the individual level. This study offers an approach to aid in identifying communication behaviors that accompany and help differentiate the sense-making process in jointly told family stories about difficult family experiences.
Epidemiology of the Hepatitis C Virus

According to WHO estimations, about 3 % of the world population may be infected with the hepatitis C virus. The relative prevalences of subtypes of this virus vary in different geographic areas. The main known routes of transmission are parenteral; intravenous drug abuse, contaminated injection devices and receipt of unscreened blood. Sexual, vertical, household and nosocomial transmissions may occur, but seem to be rare. The risk of screened blood or blood products is now almost eliminated, but unscreened blood is a considerable risk in areas where screening is economically not possible. The future impact of this virus is greatly dependent on the trends in intravenous drug use as well as the possible emergence of increased late morbidity among present asymptomatic carriers during the next decades.