Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF PHILADELPHIA

and Kansas City, University of Texas, and ITAM are also gratefully acknowledged. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or of the Federal Reserve System. ABSTRACT Why does the level of economic activity vary so much across space? One reason given is " agglomeration economies, " meaning that a firm's or household's production costs (of market and home goods, respectively) are lower when production is carried out in close proximity to other firms and households. In this paper I explore, via a quantitative spatial macroeconomic model, the contribution of agglomeration economies to the observed spatial concentration of US employment. The approach is analogous to " business-cycle accounting " or " growth accounting. " The results of the " spatial accounting " performed in this study depend on the details of the model used. The critical detail pertains to how the model rationalizes the stability of low-density localities. If it is rationalized via an appeal to restrictions on labor mobility, the accounting implies that the bulk of spatial concentration results from an unequal distribution of natural advantages. In contrast, if it is rationalized via an agglomeration threshold (an employment level below which local increasing returns do not operate), the accounting implies that the bulk of the spatial concentration results from increasing returns.
The Differential Role of Classroom Working Alliance in Predicting School-Related Outcomes for Students With and Without High-Incidence Disabilities

Although quality of the teacher–student relationship contributes to school adjustment, students who experience difficulties appear to be least likely to benefit from positive interactions with their teachers. It was of interest to explore a broadened conceptualization of teacher–student relationship that considers both emotional connection and collaborative partnership—classroom working alliance—among students with high-incidence disabilities. This study sought to examine ratings of classroom working alliance for students with and without disabilities, as well as the interaction of disability status with teacher- or student-rated alliance variables in predicting school-related outcomes. Results revealed that teachers had more negative perceptions of their alliances with students with disabilities. Strong working alliance, as rated by the teacher, predicted positive social and behavioral outcomes for all students. Furthermore, students’ ratings of the collaborative elements of alliance were found to predict greater academic competence and school satisfaction for students with disabilities when compared with their peers.
The dimensions of organizational commitment

The dimensionality of the concept organizational commitment, formulated by Porter, Steers, Mowday and Boulian in 1974 and later by Cook and Wall in 1980, is explored by metric and non-metric methods among industrial workers in Israel. A distinction is established between loyalty to the employing organization and identification with and readiness to exert effort on its behalf. This is a distinction between passive and active organizational commitment, hidden in the original additive scales, that could prove useful in understanding the behavior of different populations of industrial workers.
Effects of Visual Perspective and Narcissism on Self-Perception: Is Seeing Believing?

Would people still see themselves through rose-colored glasses if they had the same perspective as others do? We contrast predictions from narcissism theory with cognitive-informational accounts of self-perception bias Study I showed that narcissists enjoy situations in which they can view themselves from an external perspective, and report that such situations boost their self-confidence In Study 2, subjects evaluated their performance in a group task from the normal visual perspective of the self and from a “reversed” perspective (manipulated via videotape) Narcissists overestimated their performance, and reversing visual perspective did not reduce this self-enhancement bias Instead, we found a person-situation interaction Narcissists became even more positively biased in the reversed-perspective condition, whereas nonnarcissists showed even less bias Thus, allowing narcissistic individuals to observe themselves on videotape further increased their self-admiration, just as the mythical Narcissus admired his reflection in the pond
A* CCG Parsing with a Supertag-factored Model

We introduce a new CCG parsing model which is factored on lexical category assignments. Parsing is then simply a deterministic search for the most probable category sequence that supports a CCG derivation. The parser is extremely simple, with a tiny feature set, no POS tagger, and no statistical model of the derivation or dependencies. Formulating the model in this way allows a highly effective heuristic for A parsing, which makes parsing extremely fast. Compared to the standard C&C CCG parser, our model is more accurate out-of-domain, is four times faster, has higher coverage, and is greatly simplified. We also show that using our parser improves the performance of a state-ofthe-art question answering system.
Do preoperative pancreatic stents increase operative morbidity for chronic pancreatitis?

BACKGROUND/AIMS Recent studies suggest that preoperative placement of bile duct stents increases morbidity after pancreatic surgery. The influence of pancreatic duct stenting on outcome after pancreatic surgery is unknown. METHODOLOGY The records of 264 consecutive patients who underwent lateral pancreaticojejunostomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, or distal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS There were 137 patients who received preoperative endoscopic pancreatic stents. The remainder underwent preoperative ERCP without stent placement. Both groups had a similar stage of disease measured by endoscopic, clinical, and histological findings. The overall postoperative morbidity was higher in the stent group (19.7% vs. 42.3%, p<0.001, odds ratio 3.0). Intra-abdominal complications occurred more frequently in the stent group (10.2% vs. 32.8%, p<0.001), including a difference in pancreatic leaks. There was no difference in extra-abdominal complications (10.2% vs. 13.1%) and mortality (1.6% vs. 1.5%). CONCLUSIONS Patients who undergo pancreatic duct stenting and require surgical drainage at a later point have a threefold increased risk for peri-operative complications. An increase in intra-abdominal complications might be related to stent associated pancreatic duct injuries, stent occlusion, and bacterial colonization of the stent.
Psychological skills usage among Japanese rugby players

Over the past few decades, there has been increased attention paid to psychological skills usage among high-level athletes. However, little is known about these skills in Japanese rugby players. Considering the significant role of practice in determining competition outcomes, a need exists to assess the usage of psychological skills in both practice and competition environments. The purpose of this study was to assess the usage of psychological skills by Japanese rugby players in both practice and competition. This study also aimed to test the ability of the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) to differentiate players of deferring competitive and experience levels. The TOPS was administered to 352 male rugby players, including 95 Top League and 257 university players. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated psychological skills were employed, in both practice and competition, used more frequently by Top League players than university players, and by more experienced versus less experienced players. The 16 subscales of the TOPS, with four exceptions, created an internally stable instrument with moderate predictive ability relative to performance level and competitive experience in this sample of Japanese rugby players.
Comparison of the activities of penicillin G and new beta-lactam antibiotics against clinical isolates of Bacteroides species

MICs were determined for 218 clinical isolates of Bacteroides by a broth microdilution method. Imipenem was the most active antibiotic tested. Azlocillin, mezlocillin, and cefoxitin had comparable activities, with resistance among members of the B. fragilis group and B. capillosus. Ceftizoxime was the most active cephalosporin tested. Members of the B. fragilis group showed high levels of resistance to cefotetan and ceftazidime. Resistance to penicillin G varied from 0 to 14%.
Language Policy, Language Teachers' Beliefs, and Classroom Practices

The widespread use of a local variety of English, Singapore Colloquial English, or Singlish, has become somewhat of a controversial issue in Singapore especially in the eyes of the Singapore government. For example, in 2002 the Singapore government launched The ‘Speak Good English Movement’ (SGEM) with the objective of promoting the use of Standard English among Singaporeans. Furthermore, Singapore's newspapers have recently suggested that the responsibility for halting the deterioration (perceived or real) of the standards of English rests with Singapore's English language teachers. The case study presented in this paper offers one lens from which to view a policy-to-practice connection by outlining the impact of language policy on the beliefs and classroom practices of three primary school teachers concerning the use of Singlish in their classrooms. The results confirm those of previous studies that teachers’ reactions to language policy is not a straightforward process and as such it is important to understand the role teachers play in the enactment of language policy.
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of a Novel Broad-Spectrum Cephalosporin (BAL5788) in Healthy Volunteers

ABSTRACT BAL5788 is the water-soluble prodrug of BAL9141, a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with potent bactericidal activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of BAL5788 in a double-blind, single-ascending-dose study with 40 healthy male subjects. The subjects were randomized to receive placebo (n = 2 subjects per dose) or BAL5788 (n = 6 subjects per dose) as a 200-ml intravenous infusion over 30 min. The BAL5788 doses used were 125, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 mg (BAL9141 equivalents). All doses were well tolerated, with no severe or serious adverse events (AEs). The most frequent AE was taste disturbance. No electrocardiographic abnormalities and no trends or clinically significant changes in laboratory parameters or vital signs were observed. The maximum concentration of drug in serum and the area under the concentration-time curve for BAL9141 were dose proportional over the dosing range. The elimination half-life of BAL9141 was about 3 h. The volume of distribution at steady state was equal to the volume of the adult extracellular water compartment, and the rate of renal clearance of free drug corresponded to the normal glomerular filtration rate for adults. More than 70% of the administered dose was excreted as BAL9141 in the urine, and almost no prodrug was detected. After the infusion of 750 mg, the mean plasma BAL9141 concentrations exceeded the MIC at which 100% of MRSA isolates are inhibited (4 μg/ml) for approximately 7 h, or 58% of a 12-h dosing interval. These results indicate that infusions of 750 mg twice a day should be adequate for the treatment of infections caused by MRSA.
Mechanical Stiffening of Porphyrin Nanorings through Supramolecular Columnar Stacking

Solvent-induced aggregates of nanoring cyclic polymers may be transferred by electrospray deposition to a surface where they adsorb as three-dimensional columnar stacks. The observed stack height varies from single rings to four stacked rings with a layer spacing of 0.32 ± 0.04 nm as measured using scanning tunneling microscopy. The flexibility of the nanorings results in distortions from a circular shape, and we show, through a comparison with Monte Carlo simulations, that the bending stiffness increases linearly with the stack height. Our results show that noncovalent interactions may be used to control the shape and mechanical properties of artificial macromolecular aggregates offering a new route to solvent-induced control of two-dimensional supramolecular organization.
Identity negotiations in narrative accounts about poverty

Focusing on three interviews with people who were in debt and participated in the collective debt mediation program of the Belgian social services, I study the way these interviewees negotiate their identities. In spite of the diversity of their stories, which were framed as accounts, all interviewees shift the blame for their current situation and put forward their membership of an alternative category, namely that of the responsible parent. As such, they — in co-construction with the interviewer — counter the theme of personal blame and construct an identity that is ‘recipient designed’ and acceptable both from a local and a global contextual point of view.
Activity of Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Polymyxin B, and Colistimethate in Mouse Protection Tests with Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Mouse protection tests were carried out with four antibiotics and six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All strains were susceptible to all four antibiotics by an in vitro test. A heavier bacterial inoculum increased the mean effective dose of gentamicin and tobramycin, but not polymyxin B. Second and third doses of gentamicin in the mouse protection test made little change in the mean effective dose. In the mouse protection tests, tobramycin was the most active antibiotic if the results were analyzed in terms of the therapeutic index or ratio of toxicity to efficacy. Colistimethate was poorly inactive in vivo. Polymyxin B was most active on an absolute basis but also was the most toxic. One strain of Pseudomonas was classified as resistant to gentamicin in vivo although it was susceptible in vitro. Strains of Pseudomonas that were uniformly susceptible to antibiotics in vitro were not uniformly susceptible in the mouse protection test to low doses of antibiotic.
Introduction: Climate Change and Religion - A Review of Existing Research

Although we have a large body of work on ‘religion and nature’, much less has been written about the specific question of ‘religion and climate change’. Moreover, to date much of that literature on religion and climate change is theological and prescriptive, laying out arguments for why it is legitimate for believers/adherents of one faith or another to be concerned about climate change. Comparatively little can be characterized as empirical or social scientific, examining what faiths and their adherents are actually saying or doing about climate change. To our knowledge, this special issue will therefore be the first devoted solely to beginning to answer these questions from a social-scientific perspective.
Female top leaders – prisoners of gender? The gendering of leadership discourses in Norwegian sports organizations

Female leadership is scarce in sport as well as in most other male dominated institutions. The research body on leadership indicates general leadership skills often associated with ‘heroic’ masculine traits, but are seen and treated as gender neutral. This article highlights dominant leadership discourses in sport organizations and focuses, in particular, on the conceptualization of female leadership, and the ways in which these construct female leadership and gender as a difference and power relation. The analyses are empirically grounded in a study, which focus on the gendering of sport leadership. The data material consists of qualitative interviews of executive board members in Norwegian sports federations. The theoretical framework includes approaches employed in feminist leadership research, in neo-liberal leadership research as well as in the body of gender equality research. The analyses conclude that certain forms of masculinity and stereotyped notions of gender are an integral part of the dominant leadership discourses in sport organizations. Because dominant leadership discourses are rooted in conceptualizations of female gender as making the gender difference, gender as a power relation is hidden or blurred, with the consequence that dominant leadership discourses make women ‘prisoners’ of gender.
Optical currents in coherent and partially coherent vector fields

We present the results of computer simulation of spatial distribution of the Poynting vector and illustrate motion of microparticles in spatially inhomogeneously polarized fields. The influence of phase relations and the degree of mutual coherence of superposing waves in the arrangements of two-wave and four-wave superposition on the characteristics of microparicle's motion has been analyzed. The prognosis of prospects of the study of temporal coherence using the proposed approach is made.
`Natural' and `contrived' data: a sustainable distinction?

One of the most consistent and (for some) troubling findings of mainstream social scientific research, is that the context in which a research project takes place has a significant effect on the behaviour of respondents and the overall quality of the data (Banyard and Hunt, 2000; Schuman and Presser, 1996). Researchers working within both positivist and interpretative paradigms, for example, worry that their data collection techniques are not wholly neutral or objective instruments, and that there are numerous potential sources of ‘bias’ (Hammersley and Gomm, 1997) which may lead to invalid and erroneous results (‘researcher effects’, ‘reactivity’, ‘context effects’, ‘observer effects’, and so on). Because they represent a source of error, these effects are treated as problems which must be overcome by improving the research instrument or by taking ‘proper methodological precautions’ (p. 11). Books on interview methodology, for example, often advise researchers to minimize the ‘intrusive’ effects of a variety of interactional and contextual features. Some frequently recommended ‘techniques’ include taking time to build up a rapport with respondents, allowing for acclimatization periods (such that the researcher and his or her tools can ‘blend’ with the setting), dressing in a way that is not intimidating, learning about techniques to broach sensitive topics, being non-directive, and so on (see Judd et al., 1991). Thus, the primary aim is to eliminate extraneous, researchinduced ‘contaminants’ and uncover some more ‘pristine’ reality. One of the distinguishing features of discursive and conversation analytic (CA) approaches, by contrast, is their emphasis on the action orientation of talk, and the local, or ‘endogenous’ production of context (Potter and Wetherell, 1987; Schegloff, 1997a; Hutchby and Wooffitt, 1998). Since these approaches treat respondents, not as passive containers of knowledge, but as active participants within the research process who construct, rather than report on reality, ‘bias’ is regarded as both unavoidable and pervasive. Research contexts are thoroughly social, interactional occasions, and it is for this reason that, as Holstein D E B AT E 511
The Happy Worker: An Analysis of Educational and Occupational Differences in Determinants of Job Satisfaction

Two types of explanation for the generally high level of job satisfaction reported by workers holding manual or routine jobs are distinguished on the basis of the degree to which they emphasize the values and needs of such workers as opposed to relying upon the worker's accommodation to limited job opportunities. The former, "dispositional," approach involves theoretical assumptions compatible with a Durkheimian social theory; the "situational" approach is characteristic of a more Marxian set of theoretical assumptions. Data from a national sample of workers are analyzed to show that perceived intrinsic and extrinsic sources of satisfaction have powerful effects on overall job satisfaction irrespective of educational background and that intrinsic satisfaction is a powerful determinant of overall satisfaction among members of occupational groups, while extrinsic sources of satisfaction vary in importance among different groups. Entrinsic satisfaction is shown to be much more important as a determinant of overall satisfaction among unskilled, semiskilled, and clerical workers than it is among skilled and professional workers, a finding that is interpreted as reflecting the differential in opportunities for instrinsic satisfaction for instrinsic satisfaction associated with each group. More generally, the findings support the Marxian rather than the Durkheimian model.
Using Change Propagation Probabilities to Assess Quality Attributes of Software Architectures 1

The study of software architectures is gaining importance due to its role in various aspects of software engineering, like product line engineering, componentbased software engineering and other emerging paradigms. With the increasing emphasis on design patterns, the traditional practice of ad-hoc software construction is slowly shifting towards pattern-oriented development. Various architectural attributes like error propagation, change propagation, requirements propagation provide a wealth of information about software architectures. In this paper, we show that change propagation probability (CP) is helpful and effective in assessing the design quality of software architectures. We study two different architectures (one that employs patterns versus one that does not) for the same application. We also analyze and compare the change propagation metric with respect to other coupling-based metrics.
When Penal Populism Stops: Legitimacy, Scandal and the Power to Punish in New Zealand

Abstract This article examines the relationship between the concept of legitimacy and the power to punish in modern society. It argues that the rise of penal populism is related to the way in which criminal justice elites steadily lost legitimacy in the post-1970s period. However, it goes on to argue, using New Zealand as an illustration, that there are limits to the power of penal populism. It too can lose its legitimacy when it breaches the boundaries of morally justifiable punishment levels or when it loses consent for what it promises to do.
Trapezius squeeze test as an indicator for depth of anesthesia for laryngeal mask airway insertion in children

Background: Clinical tests, such as loss of verbal contact, eyelash reflex, corneal reflex, and jaw relaxation, are used to assess the depth of anesthesia. “Trapezius squeeze test” (TST) is one such clinical test. It is a simple test to perform in which 1–2 inches of trapezius muscle is held and squeezed in full thickness and response is evaluated in the form of toe/body movement. Materials and Methods: One hundred pediatric patients between 3 and 5 years of age, scheduled to undergo elective surgery, were included in this study. We evaluated negative TST as an indicator for optimal anesthesia depth for laryngeal mask airway (LMA) insertion in anesthetized spontaneously breathing children. Anesthesia was induced using 4% sevoflurane in oxygen. As the child lost the verbal contact or loss of body movement, TST was performed. Test was repeated every 15 s till it became negative. When the TST became negative, a well lubricated, appropriate-size LMA was inserted. Results: Mean time for TST to become negative in our study was 271.80 ± 55.8 s and ease of insertion was excellent in 91 patients and acceptable in 9 patients. LMA was successfully inserted in first attempt in 96% patients. Conclusions: Negative TST is a reliable indicator for placement of LMA in spontaneously breathing children. Excellent conditions for LMA placement are present in majority of the patients without any untoward effects at this point of time.