Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social origin, school choice, and student performance

The paper defines education markets based on the major divisions in the school system like public–private, tracking either by curriculum or by ability, and schools' practice regarding admittance of students. These segments in the school system create a “market”, put the schools into various positions in the educational “field”, and parents consider these options when deciding about school choice. Furthermore, school's position in the market has an impact on students' performance even if controlled for school composition. This paper analyzes 23 OECD countries from the PISA 2006 survey. The results indicate that high-status families prefer more selective schools with the exception of ability tracking. Moreover, the more selective schools perform better, but ability grouping does not improve achievement. Applying interaction terms shows that religious schools are able to compensate the disadvantages of pupils coming from low-status families at most.
Chapter I: Research in Reading in the Elementary School

M ANY articles and several professional books dealing with developmental reading at the elementary level have appeared since the last review of the research in April 1949 (17) . Much of this literature dealt with (a) philos­ ophy of the teaching of reading, (b) explanations of technics and methods, (c) descriptions of reading programs, (d) summaries of research, and (e) bibliographies. Many of the contributions to the literature are of great value to workers in the field of reading, even tho they cannot be classified as research. Notable among these are reviews of the research such as those by Betts (4 ) , Johnson (33) , and Traxler (61) , and bibliographies compiled by Gray (22, 23, 24) , Dale (15) , and Smith (55, 56) . Several classroom teachers have reported descriptions of programs and technics which have proved effective and interesting. Reports from various conferences have also added to the literature. Among the books which dealt with a specific aspect of instruction are those in the area of readiness contributed by Monroe (43) and Hildreth (28) , and one dealing with word analysis by Gray (21) . Professional books by Adams, Gray, and Reese (1 ) , and Russell (51) , gave emphasis to methods of instruction. Bond and Wagner (7) and Broom and others (10) revised previous editions. The Forty-Eighth Yearbook of the National So­ ciety for the Study of Education (44) related child development to many general problems in reading. In addition to these, Olson (45) , and Breckenridge and Vincent (8) devoted considerable space to problems of learning in general, and reading specifically, in their books on child development. Brickman (9) reviewed books in the field of reading considered suitable for college texts. The published research during this three-year period may be classified as (a) status studies, (b) investigations of the materials of instruction, (c) studies dealing with instruction and achievement, and (d) comparison and criticisms of various measuring instruments.
Acquisition of Politeness Markers in an EFL Context: Impact of Input Enhancement and Output Tasks

Although politeness markers are frequently used in written and spoken communication, pragmatic studies have not sufficiently explored the instruction of such markers to English as a foreign language (EFL) learners who lack sufficient opportunity to communicate with native speakers to acquire them in the context of use. Ignoring politeness as a subject of instruction could be due to the hypothesis that politeness is ingrained in the culture of its use and hence cannot be taught to EFL learners. To investigate this hypothesis, politeness markers proposed by House and Kasper (1981) in their politeness framework were used as the point of departure to teach these markers to two groups of EFL students using film-driven input-enhancement tasks and output tasks. The results of the study revealed the beneficial effect of teaching politeness markers through the two tasks. Whereas the input-enhancement group improved significantly in their comprehension of politeness markers, the output group manifested more gains in their production of these markers. Findings from this study have implications for interlanguage pragmatic instruction, suggesting that politeness is teachable and that different instructional tasks bring about different effects on the production and comprehension of politeness markers.
Imitation of intentional actions and internal state language in infancy predict preschool theory of mind skills

The present study examined whether infants' imitation of intentional actions, concurrent vocabulary, and later internal state lexicon predicted their “theory of mind” (ToM) at preschool age. Initially, 14- and 18-month-olds completed an imitation task on intentional action understanding. Concurrent general vocabulary and internal state language at 32 months was also assessed. At approximately 4 years of age, children were retested with an interactive game measuring intention understanding, a false belief task or the Theory of Mind Scale (Wellman & Liu, 2004), and the PPVT. Infants' performance on the imitation task predicted their later concept of intention. Furthermore, internal state language was highly predictive of later ToM. These findings suggest that there is developmental continuity between precursors to ToM in infancy and ToM in the preschool years.
A Household Study of Self-Regulation in Children Intergenerational Links and Maternal Antecedents

Delay of gratification (DoG) and delay discounting (DD) are behavioral measures of self-regulation and impulsivity. Whereas DoG refers to the postponement of gratification, DD involves the devaluation of a reward over time. Previous studies have demonstrated associations between paternal self-control, paternal personality traits, parenting styles, maternal intelligence, and children's self-regula- tion. The present study explored intergenerational links between mothers' and child's self-regulation and maternal antecedents of chil- dren's DoG. We analyzed 267 mother-child dyads in the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) Children's Study. Measures included an experiment using gummy bears as rewards to assess DoG in children and monetary choice procedures to assess DD in mothers. Additionally, cognitive abilities and personality traits of mothers and children were assessed. The main result was that the children's age and breastfeeding were significant predictors of DoG in children, even when we controlled for other influences such as maternal cognitive abilities and personality traits. We explain the result in the context of previous findings concerning attachment security, bonding, maternal sensitivity, children's self-regulation of energy intake, neuroscientific evidence, and breastfeeding. Further studies should use equivalent measures of DoG in children and parents to further explore this link between breastfeeding and DoG in a genetically sensitive design.
The effect of geometry instruction with dynamic geometry software; GeoGebra on Van Hiele geometry understanding levels of students

th grade geometry course. The study was conducted with pre and posttest control group quasi-experimental method. The sample of the study was 42 eleventh grade students studying in the spring term of 2011 to 2012 educational year. “Van Hiele Level of Geometric Understanding Test” developed by Usiskin (1982) and translated into Turkish by Duatepe (2001) was used as the data collecting tool of this study. Van Hiele Level of Geometric Understanding Test has 25 items. This result can be explained by the computer assisted instructional method applied in the experimental group and the learning environment provided by the dynamic geometry software GeoGebra. As a matter of fact, unlike the students in the control group, the students in the experimental group had the opportunity of moving given shapes or creating their own geometric shapes, trying different things on the shapes, testing and constructing their own knowledge. In addition, thanks to the activities in the learning environment, the students in the experimental group also had opportunity to participate actively to the instructional process, to share ideas comfortably, to discuss about the obtained results with friends and to construct their own knowledge.
A simple yet accurate neural branch predictor.

In this paper, we examine the application of simple neural processing elements to the problem of dynamic branch prediction in high-performance processors. A single neural network model is considered: the Perceptron. We demonstrate that a predictor based on the Perceptron can achieve a prediction accuracy in excess of that given by conventional Two-level Adaptive Predictors and suggest that neural predictors merit further investigation.
Beyond Words: Using Nonverbal Communication Data in Research to Enhance Thick Description and Interpretation

Interviews represent the most common method of collecting qualitative data in both qualitative research and mixed research because, potentially, they provide researchers with opportunities for collecting rich data. Unfortunately, when collecting and analyzing interview data, it appears that researchers tend to pay little attention to describing nonverbal communication data and the role that these data played in the meaning-making process. Thus, in this mixed methods research-based systematic review, we examined the prevalence and use of nonverbal communication data throughout the phases of all qualitative research studies published in a reputable qualitative journal—namely The Qualitative Report—since its inception in 1990 (n = 299) to the mid-year point (i.e., June 30) of 2012—representing approximately 22 years. Overall, nonverbal communication was evidenced in only 24% (N = 299, n = 72) of qualitative research studies involving design and instruments suitable for collection of nonverbal communication. Moreover, the degree of discussion varied greatly from a mere mention to substantive integration and interpretation. Nonverbal discussion was least frequent in the data analysis phase of research and most underutilized in case studies. The essential functions of nonverbal discussion across the stages of research were identified as clarification, juxtaposition, discovery, confirmation, emphasis, illustration, elaboration, complementarity, corroboration and verification, and effect. Implications are discussed.
Intention to use internet marketing: A comparative study between Malaysians and South Koreans

Purpose – This is a pilot study that aims to investigate the factors influencing the intention to use internet marketing among Malaysians and South Koreans, the two fast developing Asian countries with good internet infrastructure. Many businesses in these countries have leveraged on the rapid growth of World Wide Web by investing in internet marketing due to the anticipation that its acceptance and usage rates are on the increasing trend. However, the extent of intent to use internet marketing remains a question of interest. Design/methodology/approach – This research adopts unified theory of acceptance and use of technology as the underpinning theory to assess the intention to use internet marketing. Data were collected using convenience sampling method from 150 Malaysians and 150 South Koreans through the use of self-reporting questionnaires. The questionnaire was prepared in two languages, English and Hangul to obtain accurate responses. Findings – The findings suggest that different factors affect in.
S6K in geroconversion

Markers of cellular senescence depend in part on the MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) pathway. MTOR participates in geroconversion, a conversion from reversible cell cycle arrest to irreversible senescence. Recently we demonstrated that hyper-induction of cyclin D1 during geroconversion was mostly dependent on MEK, whereas rapamycin only partially inhibited cyclin D1 accumulation. Here we show that, while not affecting cyclin D1, siRNA for p70S6K partially prevented loss of RP (replicative/regenerative potential) during p21-induced cell cycle arrest. Similarly, an inhibitor of p70 S6 kinase (PF-4708671) partially inhibited phosphorylation of S6 and preserved RP, while only marginally prevented cyclin D1 induction. Thus S6K and MEK play different roles in geroconversion.
How to Look Good (Nearly) Naked: The Performative Regulation of the Swimmer’s Body

This article explores the discursive construction, regulation and performance of the body in the context of the swimming pool. The near-naked state of the swimmer’s body presents a potential threat to the interaction order, insofar as social encounters may be misconstrued as sexual, and so rituals are enacted to create a ‘civilized’ definition of the situation. The term ‘performative regulation’ is introduced to theorize this process, as a synergy of the symbolic interactionist models of dramaturgy (Goffman) and negotiated order (Strauss) and the post-structuralist concept of disciplinary power (Foucault). The regulation and representation of the swimmer’s body can be understood as mutually constitutive mechanisms, enforced by the pool-as-institution but enacted through the embodied practices of individual actors in the pool-as-interaction. Crossley’s notion of reflexive body techniques is applied to interpret this dualistic process in relation to communicative gestures and facework rituals, which implicates both individual and social bodies in the somatization of the interaction order.
The second Prodi government and Italian foreign policy: New and improved or the same wrapped up differently?

This article examines whether Italian foreign policy has undergone significant and substantial changes under the second Prodi government. The first part identifies the variables affecting continuity and change in a country's foreign policy and addresses the question of the conditions under which one can expect changes as a result of a change in government, and the conditions under which continuity is instead more likely. The second part looks at the second Prodi government's foreign policy on a number of topical issues, most of which were also faced by the Berlusconi government, to see to what extent the Prodi government's approach to foreign policy indeed changed from that of its predecessor. The article concludes that the Prodi government did not change Italian foreign policy in any substantial manner; differences existed only in the way the new government occasionally chose to present and justify its policies publicly.
Incorporating Global Visual Features into Attention-based Neural Machine Translation.

We introduce multi-modal, attention-based neural machine translation (NMT) models which incorporate visual features into different parts of both the encoder and the decoder. Global image features are extracted using a pre-trained convolutional neural network and are incorporated (i) as words in the source sentence, (ii) to initialise the encoder hidden state, and (iii) as additional data to initialise the decoder hidden state. In our experiments, we evaluate translations into English and German, how different strategies to incorporate global image features compare and which ones perform best. We also study the impact that adding synthetic multi-modal, multilingual data brings and find that the additional data have a positive impact on multi-modal NMT models. We report new state-of-the-art results and our best models also significantly improve on a comparable phrase-based Statistical MT (PBSMT) model trained on the Multi30k data set according to all metrics evaluated. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time a purely neural model significantly improves over a PBSMT model on all metrics evaluated on this data set.
College Students' Academic Motivation: Differences by Gender, Class, and Source of Payment.

The purpose of this paper is to describe college students’ (n = 856) gender, year in school and source of tuition funding in relation to their academic motivation. The design was cross-sectional and used cluster sampling. The Academic Motivation Scale was used to measure students' intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as well as amotivation. Three main findings of this study are as follows. First, females reported higher levels of overall motivation as well as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Second, both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation declined with years in college. Third, self-funded students appeared lower in academic motivation in general and in extrinsic motivation in particular.
Mechanisms of Thrombin Receptor Agonist Specificity

Identification of the docking interactions by which peptide agonists activate their receptors is critical for understanding signal transduction at the molecular level. The human and Xenopus thrombin receptors respond selectively to their respective hexapeptide agonists, SFLLRN and TFRIFD. A systematic analysis of human/Xenopus thrombin receptor chimeras revealed that just two human-for-Xenopus amino acid substitutions, Phe for Asn in the Xenopus receptor's amino-terminal exodomain and Glu for Leu in the second extracellular loop, conferred human receptor-like specificity to the Xenopus receptor. This observation prompted complementation studies to test the possibility that Arg in the human agonist peptide might normally interact with Glu in the human receptor. The mutant agonist peptide SFLLEN was a poor agonist at the wild type human receptor but an effective agonist at a mutant human receptor in which Glu was converted to Arg. An “arginine scan” of the receptor's extracellular surface revealed additional complementary mutations in the vicinity of position 260 and weak complementation at position 87 but not elsewhere in the receptor. Strikingly, a double alanine substitution that removed negative charge from the Glu region of the human receptor also effectively complemented the SFLLEN agonist. The functional complementation achieved with single Arg substitutions was thus due at least in part to neutralization of a negatively charged surface on the receptor and not necessarily to introduction of a new salt bridge. By contrast, charge neutralization did not account for the gain of responsiveness to SFLLRN seen in the human/Xenopus receptor chimeras. Thus two independent approaches, chimeric receptors and arginine scanning for complementary mutations, identified the Glu region and to a lesser degree Phe as important determinants of agonist specificity. These extracellular sites promote receptor responsiveness to the “correct” agonist and inhibit responsiveness to an “incorrect” agonist. They may participate directly in agonist binding or regulate agonist access to a nearby docking site.
Effect of numerical dissipation on the predicted spectra for compressible turbulence

The present work is aimed towards a detailed study of shock/turbulence interaction, which is of scientific and engineering interest in a wide variety of fields. Among other issues, there are unanswered questions relating to the shock/turbulence interaction physics at large turbulent Mach numbers (large deflections of the main shock), the interaction with passive scalar fields, and the appropriate subgrid scale modeling in large-eddy simulations (LES). In addition to these more physical issues, the question of how best to numerically handle shock/turbulence interaction is still somewhat open. The core issue is the contradictory requirements of accuracy and stability, coupled with the fact that stability is often ensured by the addition of numerical dissipation. Even in the absense of shockwaves, the discretized compressible Navier-Stokes equations are sensitive to numerical instabilities, often more so than their incompressible counterparts. This is especially true when the convective terms are discretized in conservative form, for example as
Relational leadership, decision-making and the messiness of context in healthcare

Decision-making is a neglected area in the leadership literature and in healthcare in particular. This paper draws on the Cynefin framework, which is a practice-based approach to decision-making, to theorize about leadership in healthcare. The framework uses a multi-ontology cognitive-based sense-making perspective to identify five domains of decision-making that are linked to individual leadership styles and given contexts. It is markedly different from other complexity approaches by the inclusion of the central domain of Disorder. While this inclusion is vitally important, the leadership implications of the approach are under-theorized. Focusing on the idea of Disorder, we argue alternatively that a relational leadership approach is needed to understand decision-making as a multi-ontology sensemaking approach and this also necessitates accounting for professional sensemaking in healthcare settings. The relational approach adopted here is based on Dian Hosking's work and views decision-making as a task that is undertaken through organizing processes that are cognitive but also social/cultural, political and emotional, and in which the social construction of leadership and context are inseparable individual and collective undertakings. When skilful relating is a part of leadership practice then multi-ontology sensemaking is a possibility in decision-making tasks. We support our arguments with illustrative examples to put forward a relational approach to leadership in healthcare.
Playing the game of sovereign states: Charles Manning’s constructivism avant-la-lettre

This article analyses C.A. W. Manning’s The Nature of International Society (NIS) by exploring the constructivist insights avant-la-lettre displayed in this not so prominent opus on international society. The article’s objective is twofold. First, to re-establish Manning’s argument, which has been distorted by its successors. That is to say, whereas often identified as a source of inspiration by subsequent generations of English School academics, the British mainstream at the same time appears to have missed out on Manning’s more metatheoretical, socio-linguistic insights. By exploring his message about the link between knowledge, language, meaning and reality, this article secondly addresses the added value of Manning’s work in terms of his analysis of the metaphor of sovereignty games. It is argued that, particularly in the analysis of the constitutive role of language, NIS provides useful insights for the reconvention project of the English School.
Internal and External Validity of Experimental Risk and Time Preferences

Using a unique field experiment from Canada, we estimate individual preference over risk and time and show considerable heterogeneity in both dimensions and relatively stable distributions across our various specifications, which include hyperbolic, quasi-hyperbolic discounting as well as subjective failure probability over future payments. We investigate the predictive power (transportability) of the estimated preference parameters when used to explain the take-up decision of higher education grants where financial stakes are approximately seven to fifty times larger than the cash transfers used to elicit preferences. We find that both long-run discount factors and subjective payment failure risk parameters have a high degree of transportability across tasks, while parameters characterizing short-run discount preferences are irrelevant when considering higher-stakes decisions.