Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effective Demand, Exogenous Normal Utilization and Endogenous Capacity in the Long Run: Evidence from a Cointegrated Vector Autoregression Analysis for the USA

Using Cointegrated Vector Auto-Regression analysis, we provide evidence for the US manufacturing sector that production capacities adjust endogenously to current output in the long run. The rate of capacity utilization, i.e. the output–capacity ratio, is found to be stationary since production capacities respond endogenously to changes in current output and not vice versa. Hence, the principle of effective demand in a growth context, by which a permanent demand shock has a permanent growth effect, is consistent with the stylized fact of a stationary rate of capacity utilization since production capacities are endogenous in the long run.
"What Future for Japan?" U.S. Wartime Planning for the Postwar Era, 1942-1945.

Within a few months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States government began to plan a policy for a defeated Japan. In order to avoid any future attacks on the United States, Japanese society had to be changed. Politicians, Japan specialists, historians, political scientists, and anthropologists debated the future of Japan. Topics ranged from the future role of the Emperor and politics, to Japanese economy, to re-education of the Japanese people. Eventually an overall policy for postwar Japan was formulated, which was to a high degree executed by General Douglas MacArthur during the Occupation of Japan. This study is based on research in the records of the government policy planners, both private papers and official records. It is the first book-length study of the American planning for the occupation of Japan, including the drafting of policy, not only in the State Department but also in the War Department, Office of Strategic Services, and the Office of War Information. The analysis focuses on the development of strategies for remodeling postwar Japan as well as on the meaning of Japan constructed by various planners and decision makers and the impact of their constructions on American Occupation policy.
Global Microarray Analysis of Alkaliphilic Halotolerant Bacterium Bacillus sp. N16-5 Salt Stress Adaptation

The alkaliphilic halotolerant bacterium Bacillus sp. N16-5 is often exposed to salt stress in its natural habitats. In this study, we used one-colour microarrays to investigate adaptive responses of Bacillus sp. N16-5 transcriptome to long-term growth at different salinity levels (0%, 2%, 8%, and 15% NaCl) and to a sudden salt increase from 0% to 8% NaCl. The common strategies used by bacteria to survive and grow at high salt conditions, such as K+ uptake, Na+ efflux, and the accumulation of organic compatible solutes (glycine betaine and ectoine), were observed in Bacillus sp. N16-5. The genes of SigB regulon involved in general stress responses and chaperone-encoding genes were also induced by high salt concentration. Moreover, the genes regulating swarming ability and the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall were also differentially expressed. The genes involved in iron uptake were down-regulated, whereas the iron homeostasis regulator Fur was up-regulated, suggesting that Fur may play a role in the salt adaption of Bacillus sp. N16-5. In summary, we present a comprehensive gene expression profiling of alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5 cells exposed to high salt stress, which would help elucidate the mechanisms underlying alkaliphilic Bacillus spp. survival in and adaptation to salt stress.
The evolution of sexual dimorphism in New Zealand giant moa (Dinornis) and other ratites

The extinct giant moa Dinornis is one of the most remarkable known examples of reversed sexual size dimorphism (RSD), with males weighing 34–85 kg, but females weighing up to 240 kg. However, there has been little consideration of the evolutionary mechanism that produced this level of dimorphism, and most living palaeognaths also exhibit varying levels of RSD. Using male and female body mass data for extant ratites and tinamous and four extinct moa genera, and tests of phylogenetic dependence (λ) of body size evolution among these species, we investigated whether Dinornis was truly unusual with respect to RSD relative to other palaeognaths, which sex was under greater pressure to change in size over evolutionary time, and which candidate hypotheses explaining the presence and variability of RSD in the genus are most plausible. We demonstrate that the extreme level of RSD exhibited by Dinornis represents a straightforward consequence of positive allometric scaling of body size. However, Dinornis females have undergone more evolutionary change than males, and larger females from high-productivity environments are associated with greater differentiation, possibly driven by intraspecific competition and female-biased selection for increased offspring investment.
Improved hybrid MMSE detection for turbo-trellis-coded modulation-assisted multi-user OFDM systems

A genetic algorithm assisted minimum mean-square error (MMSE) multi-user detector (MUD) is proposed for a turbo-trellis-coded modulation-based space division multiple access aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The simulation results show that the system employing the concatenated MMSE-GA MUD was capable of achieving a similar performance to that attained by its optimum counterpart employing the maximum likelihood MUD, while maintaining a significantly lower complexity, especially when supporting a high number of users.
Deep Boltzmann Machines with Fine Scalability

We present a layered Boltzmann machine (BM) whose generative performance scales with the number of layers. Application of deep BMs (DBMs) is limited due to its poor scalability where deep stacking of layers does not largely improve the performance. It is widely believed that DBMs have huge representation power, and its poor empirical scalability is mainly due to inefficiency of optimization algorithms. In this paper, we theoretically show that that the representation power of DBMs is actually rather limited, and the inefficiency of the model can result in the poor scalability. Based on these observations, we propose an alternative BM architecture, which we dub soft-deep BMs (sDBMs). We theoretically show that sDBMs possess much greater representation power than DBMs. Experiments demonstrate that we are able to train sDBMs with up to 6 layers without pretraining, and sDBMs nicely compare state-of-the-art models on binarized MNIST and Caltech-101 silhouettes.
Animal Model Age-Related Amyloid b Deposition in Transgenic Mice Overexpressing Both Alzheimer Mutant Presenilin 1 and Amyloid b Precursor Protein Swedish Mutant Is Not Associated with Global Neuronal Loss

From the Department of Neuropathology and Neuroscience,* Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; the Alzheimer Disease Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts; the Nathan Kline Institute, New York University, Orangeburg, New York; the Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Japan; the Center for Clinical and Molecular Neurobiology, Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and the Department of Pathological Sciences, the University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Coherent crosstalk noise analyses in ring-based optical interconnects

Recently, optical interconnects have been proposed for ultra-high bandwidth and low latency inter/intra-chip communication in multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). These optical interconnects employ the microresonators (MRs) to direct/detect the optical signal. However, utilized MRs suffer from intrinsic crosstalk noise and power loss, degrading the network efficiency via the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, both coherent and incoherent crosstalk in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks are discussed and systematically analyzed. We carefully develop our analytical models at the optical-circuit level, and apply them to two ring-based networks: SUOR and Corona ONoCs. The quantitative results have demonstrated that the architectural design of the ONoCs determines the impact of crosstalk on the SNR. Even though SUOR and Corona are both ring-based ONoCs, the worst-case SNR can be differed up to 50dB. Our analyses of the worst-case SNR can be utilized as a platform to compare the realistic performance among different optical interconnection networks via the degradation of BER and data bandwidth.
Strategic Leadership in the Business School: Keeping One Step Ahead

List of figures List of tables Preface Acknowledgements 1. Introduction: global financial crisis: future challenges for strategic leadership, Deans and business schools 2. The business school landscape: trends and dilemmas 3. Business schools as professional organisations (professional service firms) 4. The leadership process in business schools 5. Strategic leadership in practice: leading the strategic process in three top business schools 6. Strategic leadership in practice: the role of the Dean 7. Learning from the trenches: personal reflections on Deanship Bibliography Index.
Reducing Labor Costs in an LTL Crossdocking Terminal

A carrier designed for accepting a wide variety of vases employed in the floral trade is conveniently formed from plastic. The carrier configuration provides for ready adaptation to a wide range of vase sizes and shapes and prevents tipping during transportation and delivery of floral arrangements. Two general types of carriers are disclosed, a first type being used generally for most shapes and sizes of floral vase, and the other type being employed specially for a class of irregular shapes, such as for bulky oblong or rectangular vases.
Serum Oxalate Concentrations of 24 Healthy Men ( Left Column ) and 16 Healthy Women

There have been several recent methods for determining serum oxalate in man (1-8), but reported normal values have ranged from 0.3 to 14 mg/liter. Recently Knowles and Hodgkinson (6) reported an enzymic method for oxalate determination in human serum by use of oxalate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.2) with subsequent colorimetric determination of the evolved CO2. The method is specific, but the technique is rather too elaborate for routine use. Our method also involves use of oxalate decarboxylase in a linked reaction with NAD+ requiring formate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.2). Determinations are done spectrophotometrically, with reproducible results. We have recently applied the principle successfully for oxalate determinations in urine (9). In serum the mean value for data from 40 healthy volunteers was 1.82 mg/liter, the values for women being significantly higher than for men.
Real-time people and vehicle detection from UAV imagery

A generic and robust approach for the real-time detection of people and vehicles from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an important goal within the framework of fully autonomous UAV deployment for aerial reconnaissance and surveillance. Here we present an approach for the automatic detection of vehicles based on using multiple trained cascaded Haar classifiers with secondary confirmation in thermal imagery. Additionally we present a related approach for people detection in thermal imagery based on a similar cascaded classification technique combining additional multivariate Gaussian shape matching. The results presented show the successful detection of vehicle and people under varying conditions in both isolated rural and cluttered urban environments with minimal false positive detection. Performance of the detector is optimized to reduce the overall false positive rate by aiming at the detection of each object of interest (vehicle/person) at least once in the environment (i.e. per search patter flight path) rather than every object in each image frame. Currently the detection rate for people is ~70% and cars ~80% although the overall episodic object detection rate for each flight pattern exceeds 90%.
Deletion of exon 4 from human surfactant protein C results in aggresome formation and generation of a dominant negative

Human surfactant protein C (hSP-C) is synthesized by the alveolar type 2 cell as a 197 amino acid integral membrane proprotein and proteolytically processed to a secreted 3.7 kDa mature form. Although the SP-C null mouse possesses a non-lethal phenotype, a heterozygous substitution of A for G in the first base of intron 4 of the human SP-C gene (c.460+1A>G) has been reported in association with familial interstitial lung disease and absence of mature protein. This mutation produces a splice deletion of exon 4 (ΔExon4) resulting in removal of a positionally conserved cysteine in the C-terminal flanking propeptide. Based on a prior study showing that an identical deletion in the rat isoform diverted mutant protein to stable aggregates, we hypothesized that expression of the ΔExon4 mutation would result in disruption of intracellular trafficking of both mutant and wild-type proSP-C. We tested this in vitro using fusion proteins of EGFP conjugated either to wild-type SP-C (EGFP/hSP-C1-197) or to SP-C deleted of Exon4 (EGFP/hSP-CΔExon4). Fluorescence microscopy showed that EGFP/hSP-C1-197 transfected into A549 cells was expressed in a punctuate pattern in CD63 (+) cytoplasmic vesicles, whereas EGFP/hSP-CΔExon4 accumulated in ubiquitinated perinuclear inclusions linked to the microtubule organizing center. A similar juxtanuclear pattern was observed following transfection of SP-C cDNA lacking only cysteine residues in the C-terminal propeptide encoded by Exon 4 (EGFP/hSP-CC120/121G). To evaluate whether mutant proSP-C could function as a dominant negative, EGFP/hSP-CΔExon4 was cotransfected with HA-tagged hSP-C1-197 and resulted in the restriction of both forms to perinuclear compartments. Addition of Na+ 4-phenylbutyrate, a facilitator of trafficking of other misfolded proteins, attenuated the aggregation of EGFP/hSP-CΔExon4. We conclude that c.460+1A>G mutation of human SP-C results in disruption of disulfide-mediated folding encoded by Exon 4 leading to diversion of unprocessed proSP-C to aggresomes. The heterotypic oligomerization of hSP-C1-197 and hSP-CΔExon4 provides a molecular mechanism for the dominant-negative effect observed in vivo.
COST ECONOMICS OF AIRCRAFT SIZE

The authors study the relationship between aircraft cost and size for large commercial passenger jets. Based on a translog model, they develop an econometric cost function for aircraft operating cost and find that economies of aircraft size and stage length exist at the sample mean of their data set, and that for any given stage length there is an optimal size, which increases with stage length. The scale properties of the cost function are changed considerably if pilot unit cost is treated as endogenous, since it is correlated with size. The cost-minimising aircraft size is therefore considerably smaller, particularly at short stage lengths, when pilot cost is treated as endogenous, and this helps to explain why US airlines expect to accommodate future traffic growth with more flights instead of larger planes. © The London School of Economics and the University of Bath 2003
Effects of Bed-Rest on Urea and Creatinine: Correlation with Changes in Fat-Free Mass

Background Bed-rest experiments are designed for investigation on catabolic effects of hypokinetic conditions and/or for microgravity simulation in on-ground aerospace research. Bed-rest effects include a reduction in fat-free mass and muscle mass. Urea and creatinine are catabolites of endogenous protein and of muscular energetic metabolism which are excreted mainly by the kidney. The study investigated on urea, creatinine, and kidney function during bed-rest. Methods Twenty healthy young men underwent a 7-day adaptation period (day-6 to day-0) and a 35-day bed-rest experiment (day1 to day35) during normocaloric diet. Urine were collected from day-3 to day0 (baseline) and from day1 to day35. Blood samples and anthropometrical data were collected at day0 (baseline) and bed-rest days 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35. Results Bed-rest reduced plasma volume, weight, fat-free mass, and muscle mass (P<0.001). During bed-rest there was a transient increase in plasma and urinary urea, a decrease in plasma creatinine, and no change in urinary creatinine. The overall integral of changes from day0 to day35 was on average +101.7 mg/dL for plasma urea (95%CI = +43.4/+159.9), +82.2 g/24 h for urinary urea (95%CI = +55.8/+108.7), −2.5 mg/dL for plasma creatinine (95%CI = −3.1/−1.9). Bed-rest reduced plasma cistatyn C also, which was used as mass-independent marker of glomerular filtration rate (−13.1%, P<0.05). Correlations with final reduction in fat-free mass and muscle mass were significant for the overall integral of changes in urinary urea from day0 to day35 (R = 0.706, P<0.001) and for early changes in urinary urea and plasma urea from day0 to day7 (R = 0.566, P = 0.009 and R = 0.715, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusions Study results shows that urea is a marker of catabolic conditions secondary to hypokinetic conditions.
Designing a Voluntary Beef Checkoff

Recently, the U.S. Supreme Court considered whether the mandatory fees imposed by the beef checkoff violates the First Amendment. As a precaution, many states began forming voluntary beef checkoffs, where funds would be raised through voluntary contributions. This study conducted a survey of Oklahoma cattle producers to determine what type ofvoluntary checkoff design would receive the greatest support. The most popular checkoff placed a large emphasis on advertising and a slightly lower checkoff fee. The survey also tested the ability of a provision point mechanism to limit free-riding. The mechanism was not as effective as in other studies which used laboratory experiments.
Assessing the Forecast Properties of the CESifo World Economic Climate Indicator: Evidence for the Euro Area

This paper evaluates short-term forecasts of real GDP in the Euro area derived from the CESifo Economic Climate indicator (WES) in terms of forecast accuracy. We compare the forecast properties of the WES with those of monthly composite indicators. Considering the WES is interesting because (i) it is exclusively based on the assessment of economic experts about the current economic situation, and (ii) it is timely released within the quarter on a quarterly basis. The empirical analysis is carried out under full information, which means that the competing monthly indicators are known for the entire quarter, and under incomplete information. Our findings exhibit that the forecast power of the WES is comparatively proper.
Negative influence of programmed death‐1‐ligands on the survival of esophageal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy

The programmed death‐1/programmed death‐1 ligands (PD‐1/PD‐L) pathway plays an important role in immunological tumor evasion. However, the clinical significance of the PD‐L (L1 and L2) expression in esophageal cancer treated with chemotherapy has not been fully investigated. We examined the expression of PD‐L of the primary tumors obtained from 180 esophageal cancer patients who underwent radical resection with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using immunohistochemical staining. The relationship between the expression patterns and clinico‐pathological characteristics was examined. In the present study, 53 patients (29.4%) and 88 patients (48.3%) were classified into positive for PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expression, respectively. In all the patients examined, overall survival rates of the patients with tumors positive for PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 were significantly worse than those with tumors negative for PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 (P = 0.0010 and P = 0.0237, respectively). However, subgroup analysis showed that these tendencies are only found in the patients treated with NAC, and not in those without NAC. The patients with positive PD‐L1 expression had a significantly higher rate of NAC history (P = 0.0139), but those with positive PD‐L2 expression did not have a significantly high rate of NAC history (P = 0.6127). There is no significant relationship between PD‐L1 expression and response to chemotherapy (P = 0.3118), but patients with positive PD‐L2 expression had significantly inferior responses to chemotherapy (P = 0.0034). The PD‐1/PD‐L pathway might be an immunological mechanism associated with the long‐term effectiveness of chemotherapy in esophageal cancer patients. Further investigation into the roles of PD‐1 pathway in chemotherapy could lead to the development of better treatment options for this disease.
Risk Assessment : An Art or Science ? Predicting Recidivism at the Time of Sentencing

Motivated by recent legislation that bases sentencing of criminals on their likelihood to recommit a crime, we developed models that would make a prediction about whether or not individual criminals would commit another crime post-release. Using various supervised learning techniques, we looked at features of relevant criminal, locational, and demographic information to make predictions based on the known outcomes of, in some ways, similar individuals. We also created a ”balanced set” with equal numbers of positive and negative examples and trained and tested on that set. From there, we moved on to a hybrid unsupervised/supervised model. In this approach, we classified the data we had using k-Means Clustering before training our supervised learning algorithms on each data-cluster and looking at the average predictive error between clusters. Finally, we calculated Mutual Information statistics to infer which features were most informative of recidivism in an effort to decompose our hypothesized biases. In the end, we found that in the full data set the supervised learning models on their own could barely perform better than a null-hypothesis that no-one recommits, but when paired with the k-Means clustering, we saw slight but significant improvement in the prediction accuracy.
College students’ time use and labor market plans

I examine the patterns of association between college students’ time use and their senior-year labor market expectations. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen, I investigate the relationship between reported time use and students’ plans after graduation. Specifically, I consider three labor market outcomes: whether students intend to work full-time work after graduating (regardless of field), whether they intend to start working in a job (fullor part-time) that is a step in a desired career, and whether they apply to at least one graduate school. The problem reduces to determining which time use components are associated with each outcome, and then quantifying the relative strengths of those associations. Using elastic-net penalized regression for variable selection, I find that the activity most negatively associated with full-time job plans is time spent in class, while socially-oriented activities are the strongest positive predictors. This result can be explained by the inverse relationship between full-time job plans and applying to graduate school.