Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Statistical modeling for the minimum standby supply voltage of a full SRAM array

This paper presents two fast and accurate methods to estimate the lower bound of supply voltage scaling for standby SRAM/cache leakage power reduction of an SRAM array. The data retention voltage (DRV) defines the minimum supply voltage for a cell to hold its state. Within-die variation causes a statistical distribution of DRV for individual cells in a memory array, and cells far out the tail (i.e. >6sigma) limit the array DRV for large memories. We present two statistical methods to estimate the tail of the DRV distribution. First, we develop a new statistical model based on the connection between DRV and static noise margin (SNM). Second, we apply our Statistical Blockade tool to obtain fast Monte-Carlo simulation and a generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) model for comparison. Both the new model and the GPD model offer a high accuracy (<2% error) and a huge speed-up (>104times for 1 G-b memory) over Monte-Carlo simulation. In addition, both models show a very close agreement with each other at the tail even beyond 7sigma.
Comparing mechanisms of host manipulation across host and parasite taxa

Summary Parasites affect host behavior in several ways. They can alter activity, microhabitats or both. For trophically transmitted parasites (the focus of our study), decreased activity might impair the ability of hosts to respond to final-host predators, and increased activity and altered microhabitat choice might increase contact rates between hosts and final-host predators. In an analysis of trophically transmitted parasites, more parasite groups altered activity than altered microhabitat choice. Parasites that infected vertebrates were more likely to impair the host’s reaction to predators, whereas parasites that infected invertebrates were more likely to increase the host’s contact with predators. The site of infection might affect how parasites manipulate their hosts. For instance, parasites in the central nervous system seem particularly suited to manipulating host behavior. Manipulative parasites commonly occupy the body cavity, muscles and central nervous systems of their hosts. Acanthocephalans in the data set differed from other taxa in that they occurred exclusively in the body cavity of invertebrates. In addition, they were more likely to alter microhabitat choice than activity. Parasites in the body cavity (across parasite types) were more likely to be associated with increased host contact with predators. Parasites can manipulate the host through energetic drain, but most parasites use more sophisticated means. For instance, parasites target four physiological systems that shape behavior in both invertebrates and vertebrates: neural, endocrine, neuromodulatory and immunomodulatory. The interconnections between these systems make it difficult to isolate specific mechanisms of host behavioral manipulation.
Sirolimus for non‐progressive NF1‐associated plexiform neurofibromas: An NF clinical trials consortium phase II study

Patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF1) have an increased risk of developing tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including plexiform neurofibromas (PN), which are benign nerve sheath tumors that are among the most debilitating complications of NF1. There are no standard treatment options for PN other than surgery, which is often difficult due to the extensive growth and invasion of surrounding tissues. Mammalian Target of Rapamcyin (mTOR) acts as a master switch of cellular catabolism and anabolism and controls protein translation, angiogenesis, cell motility, and proliferation. The NF1 tumor suppressor, neurofibromin, regulates the mTOR pathway activity. Sirolimus is a macrolide antibiotic that inhibits mTOR activity.
Influences of Body-Size Variables on Age-Related Increases in Isokinetic Peak Torque in Young Wrestlers

Camic, CL, Housh, TJ, Weir, JP, Zuniga, JM, Hendrix, CR, Mielke, M, Johnson, GO, Housh, DJ, and Schmidt, RJ. Influences of body-size variables on age-related increases in isokinetic peak torque in young wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 24(9): 2358-2365, 2010-The purposes of the present study were to determine the patterns of age-related changes in 1) height (HT), body weight (BW), fat-free weight (FFW), and absolute isokinetic peak torque (PT); and 2) isokinetic PT covaried separately for HT, BW, FFW, and HT and BW combined in young wrestlers. One hundred twenty-five male wrestlers (mean age ± SD = 14.3 ± 2.4 yr; range = 11.1-18.2 yr) volunteered to perform concentric, isokinetic leg extension and flexion at 180°·s−1 on a Cybex II dynamometer to measure PT as well as underwater weighing to determine FFW. The polynomial regression analyses indicated there were significant quadratic increases across age for HT (R2 = 0.62), BW (R2 = 0.56), and FFW (R2 = 0.47). For leg extension, there were significant increases across age for absolute PT (quadratic, R2 = 0.66), PT covaried for HT (linear, r2 = 0.10), PT covaried for BW (linear, r2 = 0.12), PT covaried for FFW (quadratic, R2 = 0.32), and PT covaried for HT and BW combined (quadratic, R2 = 0.11). For leg flexion, there were significant increases across age for absolute PT (linear, r2 = 0.59), PT covaried for HT (linear, r2 = 0.07), PT covaried for BW (linear, r2 = 0.08), PT covaried for FFW (quadratic, R2 = 0.23), and PT covaried for BW and HT combined (linear, r2 = 0.03). The results of this study indicated that age-related increases in leg-extension and flexion PT for the current sample of young wrestlers could not be accounted for by changes in HT, BW, FFW, or HT and BW combined. These findings suggested that neural maturation may contribute to increases in leg strength across age in young wrestlers.
What is the Meaning of This? Identity and Wellbeing in Sensemaking about Retention and Turnover

Explanations of turnover from extant management research focus on the what (content) and how (process) of turnover. This study explores the why (meaning) to employees of quitting or staying at an employing organization, in order to add a new layer to our understanding of retention and turnover. Analysis of data from in-depth interviews with leavers and stayers, both post hoc and in situ, using grounded theory methods, reveals identity and psychological wellbeing assessment sensemaking cycles, which occur periodically or when threat to core elements of identity and wellbeing across life domains is perceived. Core elements of identity and wellbeing include purpose, trajectory, relatedness, expression, acceptance, and differentiation (PTREAD). Perceived threat to PTREAD elements across life domains leads to coping, often with varying levels of psychophysiological strain, and re-assessments, often in repeated cycles. Successful coping and lack of threat to PTREAD elements result in retention. Unsuccessful coping with threat to PTREAD elements results in retention while repeated occur, and in voluntary turnover. Cycles of unsuccessful coping deplete resources over time, escalating strain and contributing to turnover. Overall, these findings suggest that from the perspective of the actors “being retained” or “turning over,” retention and turnover are part of a quest for positive, congruent identity and holistic psychological wellbeing. Implications for research on retention, turnover, identity, wellbeing, and psychophysiology in organizations, as well as practical implications, are
Examining the potential role of a supervised injection facility in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to avert HIV among people who inject drugs.

BACKGROUND Research predicting the public health and fiscal impact of Supervised Injection Facilities (SIFs), across different cities in Canada, has reported positive results on the reduction of HIV cases among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID). Most of the existing studies have focused on the outcomes of Insite, located in the Vancouver Downtown Eastside (DTES). Previous attention has not been afforded to other affected areas of Canada. The current study seeks to address this deficiency by assessing the cost-effectiveness of opening a SIF in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. METHODS We used two different mathematical models commonly used in the literature, including sensitivity analyses, to estimate the number of HIV infections averted due to the establishment of a SIF in the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. RESULTS Based on cumulative cost-effectiveness results, SIF establishment is cost-effective. The benefit to cost ratio was conservatively estimated to be 1.35 for the first two potential facilities. The study relied on 34% and 14% needle sharing rates for sensitivity analyses. The result for both sensitivity analyses and the base line estimates indicated positive prospects for the establishment of a SIF in Saskatoon. CONCLUSION The opening of a SIF in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan is financially prudent in the reduction of tax payers' expenses and averting HIV infection rates among PWID.
Employees’ Exploration of Complex Systems: An Integrative View

Abstract Based on the theory of effective use and adaptive structuration theory, we propose that employees’ system exploration behavior can be affected by factors related to three major components: task, system, and organizational environment. Specifically, we examine how task characteristics (job autonomy and task variety), system complexity, and innovation climate jointly affect employees’ exploration, which, in turn, leads to extended use of enterprise systems. A field survey of enterprise resource planning (ERP) users yields several interesting findings. First, job autonomy and task variety directly enhance system exploration. Second, system complexity plays a moderating role by strengthening the relationship between job autonomy and exploration and weakening the relationship between task variety and exploration. Third, innovation climate, also acting as a moderator, strengthens both the impact of job autonomy on exploration and the impact of system exploration on extended use. This research contributes to information systems (IS) research by theoretically articulating that system exploration is subject to the simultaneous influences of task, system, and organizational environment factors and empirically testing these factors’ main effects and interactions to shed new light on system exploration research. It also contributes to IS practice by suggesting that organizations could enhance employees’ system exploration and facilitate the transition from exploration to extended use by increasing job autonomy and task variety, designing personalized training programs to reduce system complexity, and developing organizational climates that foster innovations.
Single-Microphone Early and Late Reverberation Suppression in Noisy Speech

This paper presents a single-microphone approach to the enhancement of noisy reverberant speech via inverse filtering and spectral processing. An efficient algorithm is used to blindly estimate the inverse filter of the Room Impulse Response (RIR). This filter is used to attenuate the early reverberation. A simple technique to blindly determine the filter length is presented. A two-step spectral subtraction method is proposed to efficiently reduce the effects of background noise and the residual reverberation on the equalized impulse response. In general, the equalized impulse response has two detrimental effects, late impulses and pre-echoes. For the late impulses, an efficient spectral subtraction algorithm is developed which introduces only minor musical noise. Then a new algorithm is introduced which reduces the remaining pre-echo effects. The performance of this two-stage method is examined in different reverberant conditions including real environments. It is also evaluated with white Gaussian and recorded babble noise. The results obtained demonstrate that the proposed blind method is superior in terms of reducing early and late reverberation effects and noise compared to well known single-microphone techniques in the literature.
Using Classification Tree and Logistic Regression Methods to Diagnose Myocardial Infarction

Early and accurate diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) in patients who present to the Emergency Room (ER) complaining of chest pain is an important problem in emergency medicine. A number of decision aids have been developed to assist with this problem but have not achieved general use. Machine learning techniques, including classification tree and logistic regression (LR) methods, have the potential to create simple but accurate decision aids. Both a classification tree (FT Tree) and an LR model (FT LR) have been developed to predict the probability that a patient with chest pain is having an MI based solely upon data available at time of presentation to the ER. Training data came from a data set collected in Edinburgh, Scotland. Each model was then tested on a separate Edinburgh data set, as well as on a data set from a different hospital in Sheffield, England. Previously published models, the Goldman classification tree[1] and Kennedy LR equation[2], were evaluated on the same test data sets. On the Edinburgh test set, results showed that the FT Tree, FT LR, and Kennedy LR performed equally well, with ROC curve areas of 94.04%, 94.28%, and 94.30%, respectively, while the Goldman Tree's performance was significantly poorer, with an area of 84.03%. The difference in ROC areas between the first three models and the Goldman model is significant beyond the 0.0001 level. On the Sheffield test set, results showed that the FT Tree, FT LR, and Kennedy LR ROC areas were not significantly different (p > = 0.17), while the FT Tree again outperformed the Goldman Tree (p = 0.006). Unlike previous work[3], this study indicates that classification trees, which have certain advantages over LR models, may perform as well as LR models in the diagnosis of patients with MI.
Toward a Conceptualization of Statistical Knowledge for Teaching.

The purpose of this article is to sketch a hypothetical descriptive framework of statistical knowledge for teaching. Because statistics is a discipline in its own right rather than a branch of mathematics, the knowledge needed to teach statistics is likely to differ from the knowledge needed to teach mathematics. Doing statistics involves many primarily nonmathematical activities, such as building meaning for data by examining the context and choosing appropriate study designs to answer questions of interest. Although there are differences between mathematics and statistics, the two disciplines do share common ground in that statistics utilizes mathematics. This connection suggests that existing research on mathematical knowledge for teaching can help inform research on statistical knowledge for teaching. I propose the use of research from the Learning Mathematics for Teaching (LMT) project to help shape the discussion. I conclude by identifying areas of needed research and suggesting directions for teacher education efforts in statistics.
The Browning of Alaska's Boreal Forest

We used twelve Landsat scenes from the 1980s–2009 and regional 2000–2009 MODIS data to examine the long-term trend in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within unburned areas of the Alaskan boreal forest. Our analysis shows that there has been a declining trend in NDVI in this region, with the strongest “browning trend” occurring in eastern Alaska where the climate during the growing season is relatively dry and warm. Possible reasons for the "browning trend" are decreased vegetation due to temperature-induced drought stress and increased infestations of insect pests.
Enhanced levels of the apoptotic BAX/BCL-2 ratio in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and high-risk features

It has been suggested that leukemia is characterized by an impaired balance between the proliferation of blood cells and their capacity to undergo apoptosis. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of key molecules related to apoptosis (BCL-2, BAX, FAS, FAS-L) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Measurement of BCL-2 and BAX mRNA was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, and membrane expression of FAS and FAS-L was assessed by flow cytometry in bone marrow mononuclear cells, both at diagnosis and at remission following induction chemotherapy. At diagnosis, increased levels of the apoptotic BAX/BCL-2 ratio were observed in children older than 10 years and with higher white blood cell counts. A DNA index < 1.16 was associated with increased BAX/BCL-2, both at diagnosis and at remission, and the del(9p) chromosome abnormality with increased BAX/BCL-2 at remission. The expression of the apoptotic receptor FAS was significantly higher at remission compared to diagnosis, which might reflect enhanced sensitivity of the leukemic clone to apoptosis and response to treatment. Altogether, our results highlight the association of apoptosis-related genes with clinical and cytogenetic prognostic parameters in pediatric ALL. A better understanding of the mechanisms and regulation of apoptosis should enable the design of novel targeted therapies for these patients.
Donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies detected by Luminex: predictive for short‐term but not long‐term survival after heart transplantation

In heart transplantation, the clinical significance of pretransplant donor‐specific antibodies (DSA) detected by solid phase assay (SPA), which is more sensitive than the conventional complement‐dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assays, is unclear. The aim was to evaluate SPA performed on pretransplant sera for survival after heart transplantation. Pretransplant sera of 272 heart transplant recipients were screened for anti‐HLA antibodies using CDC and SPA. For determination of pretransplant DSA, a single‐antigen bead assay was performed. The presence of anti‐HLA antibodies was correlated with survival. Secondary outcome parameters were acute cellular rejection, graft coronary vasculopathy and ejection fraction. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, SPA‐screening did not predict survival (P = 0.494), this in contrast to CDC screening (P = 0.002). However, the presence of pretransplant DSA against HLA class I was associated with decreased short‐term survival compared to non‐DSA (P = 0.038). ROC curve analysis showed a sensitivity of 76% and specificity of 73% at a cutoff of 2000 MFI. In contrast, the presence of anti‐HLA antibodies had no influence on long‐term survival, rejection incidence, and graft function. Thus, detection of DSA class I in pretransplant serum is a strong predictor of short‐term, but not long‐term survival and may help in the early management of heart transplant patients.
Children learn non-exact number word meanings first

Children acquire exact meanings for number words in distinct stages. First, they learn one, then two, and then three and sometimes four. Finally, children learn to apply the counting procedure to their entire count list. Although these stages are ubiquitous and well documented, the foundation of these meanings remains highly contested. Here we ask whether children assign preliminary meanings to number words before learning their exact meanings by examining their responses on the Give-a-Number task to numbers for which they do not yet have exact meanings. While several research groups have approached this question before, we argue that because these data do not usually conform to a normal distribution, typical methods of analysis likely underestimate their knowledge. Using non-parametric analyses, we show that children acquire non-exact meanings for small number words like one, two, three, four and possibly for higher numbers well before they acquire the exact meanings.
Subdifferential Convergence in Stochastic Programs

In this paper, we discuss convergence behavior of subdifferentials in approximation schemes for stochastic programs. This information is useful for solving stochastic programs by nonlinear programming techniques. Wets [Variational Inequalities and Complementarity Problems, John Wiley, New York, 1980, pp. 375–404] showed that epiconvergence of closed convex functions implies the set convergence of the graph of the subdifferentials of these functions. This conclusion is not true in general by a counterexample of Higle and Sen [Math. Oper. Res., 17 (1992), pp. 112–311]. We show that epiconvergence of closed convex functions implies set convergence of subdifferentials of these functions at points where the limit function is differentiable and apply this result to convex stochastic programs. We also show that similar results can be achieved in three other cases of expectational functionals: piecewise smooth integrands, continuous probability distributions, and loss functions. In the case of loss functions, we .
Is Mentoring Worth the Money? A Benefit-Cost Analysis and Five-Year Rate of Return of a Comprehensive Mentoring Program for Beginning Teachers.

Anthony Villar is an Associate Researcher, Division of Social Sciences, at the University of California, Santa Cruz, New Teacher Center. Email avillar@ucsc.edu. Michael Strong is the Research Director at the University of California, Santa Cruz, New Teacher Center. Email mastrong@ucsc.edu. The authors would like to thank Carlos Dobkin, Assistant Professor of Economics at UC Santa Cruz, Jennifer Imazeki, Associate Professor of Economics at San Diego State University, Rebecca London, Lecturer in Sociology at UC Santa Cruz, and David Henderson, a research fellow with the Hoover Institution and Associate Professor of Economics at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, for their valuable feedback on earlier drafts of this paper. Is Mentoring Worth the Money? A Benefit-Cost Analysis and Five-Year Rate of Return of a Comprehensive Mentoring Program for Beginning Teachers
Infant feeding and adult glucose tolerance, lipid profile, blood pressure, and obesity

BACKGROUND It is generally accepted that breast feeding has a beneficial effect on the health of infants and young children. Recently, a few studies have shown that the method of infant feeding is also associated with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in adult life. AIMS To examine the association between the method of infant feeding in the first weeks after birth and glucose tolerance, plasma lipid profile, blood pressure, and body mass in adults aged 48–53 years. METHODS Subjects born at term between 1 November 1943 and 28 February 1947 in the Wilhelmina Gasthuis in Amsterdam around the time of a severe period of famine (late November 1944 to early May 1945). For 625 subjects, information was available about infant feeding at the time of discharge from hospital (on average 10.4 days after birth), and at least one blood sample after an overnight fast. RESULTS Subjects who were bottle fed had a higher mean 120 minute plasma glucose concentration after a standard oral glucose tolerance test than those who were exclusively breast fed. They also had a higher plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration, a lower high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, and a higher LDL/HDL ratio. Systolic blood pressure and body mass index were not affected by the method of infant feeding. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive breast feeding seems to have a protective effect against some risk factors for cardiovascular disease in later life.