Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
El Niño–La Niña Asymmetry in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Simulations*

The El Nino–La Nina asymmetry was estimated in the 10 different models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Large differences in the “asymmetricity” (a variance-weighted skewness) of SST anomalies are found between models and observations. Most of the coupled models underestimate the nonlinearity and only a few exhibit the positively skewed SST anomalies over the tropical eastern Pacific as seen in the observation. A significant association between the nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) and asymmetricity in the model–ENSO indices is found, inferring that asymmetricity is caused mainly by NDH. Among the 10 models, one coupled GCM simulates the asymmetricity of the tropical SST realistically, and its simulation manifests a strong relationship between the intensity and the propagating feature of ENSO—the strong ENSO events moving eastward and the weak ENSO events moving westward—which is consistent with the observation. Interestingly, the coupled general circulation models, of which the ocean model is based on the one used by Bryan and Cox, commonly showed the reasonably positive skewed ENSO. The decadal changes in the skewness, variance, and NDH of the model-simulated ENSO are also observed. These three quantities over the tropical eastern Pacific are significantly correlated to each other, indicating that the decadal change in ENSO variability is closely related to the nonlinear process of ENSO. It is also found that these decadal changes in ENSO variability are related to the decadal variation in the tropical Pacific SST, implying that the decadal change in the El Nino–La Nina asymmetry could manifest itself as a rectified change in the background state.
Iofu and Spreading Architecture in LFG *

Andrews and Manning (1999) proposed a revision of LFG architecture whereby the standard conception of f-structure is replaced by a more general feature structure, which includes c-structural and argument-structural information in addition to the standard content of f-structure. Results produced in standard LFG by the many-to-one correspondence between c-structure and f-structure are then accounted for by use of a ‘spreading architecture’, in which grammatical attributes are systematically shared across multiple levels of the c-structure. This revision of LFG architecture supports straightforward analyses of various kinds of complex predicate structures whose properties are quite problematic under the standard version of LFG, and indeed other explicit linguistic formalisms. However the proposal has a compatibilityproblem with another recent development in LFG, the use of ‘inside-out functional uncertainty’ (iofu) to describe phenomena such as anaphoric dependence (Dalrymple 1993) and case-marking (Andrews 1996, Nordlinger 1998). In this paper I will present the problem and a proposed solution.
Intravesical combination treatment with antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 and HTI-286 as a novel strategy for high-grade bladder cancer

Clinical results of current intravesical chemotherapeutics are insufficient, and novel and safe intravesical options for high-risk bladder cancer are required to prevent both recurrence and progression. In this study, we show promising efficacy of intravesical combination treatment using antisense oligonucleotides targeting heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27; OGX427) with HTI-286, a synthetic analogue of the marine sponge product hemiasterlin. The expression of Hsp27 in bladder cancer was examined using tissue microarray analysis. Then, four bladder cancer cell lines were screened for combination effects of OGX427 with HTI-286, and the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergic effect were analyzed. Chemosensitivity against HTI-286 was also compared between mock-transfected T24 (T24 mock) cells and Hsp27-overexpressing T24 (T24 Hsp27) cells. Furthermore, in vivo data were obtained in a bioluminescent orthotopic murine model of high-grade disease. Hsp27 is expressed at higher levels in bladder cancers compared with normal bladder epithelium. OGX427 significantly enhanced cytotoxicity of HTI-286. Combination treatment induced Akt inactivation and Bcl-2 down-regulation. T24 Hsp27 cells were more resistant to HTI-286 than T24 mock cells and showed stronger Akt activation after HTI-286 treatment. The protective effect of Hsp27 against HTI-286 was suppressed by LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, indicating that Hsp27-Akt interactions are key mechanisms to enhance chemosensitivity via OGX427. Intravesical combination therapy effectively inhibited orthotopic tumor growth without toxic side effects. Our results suggest that OGX427 enhances cytotoxicity of HTI-286 through Akt inactivation and provide strong preclinical proof-of-principle for intravesical administration of OGX427 in combination with HTI-286 for high-grade bladder cancer. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(8):2402–11]
Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet

Abstract Objective Analyse the importance of components of Mediterranean diet in functional feeding. Design We have based the study in a bibliographic review. Results Many of the characteristic components of the traditional Mediterranean diet (MD) are known to have positive effects on health, capacity and well-being, and can be used to design functional foods. Vegetables, fruits and nuts are all rich in phenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, phytosterols and phytic acid—essential bioactive compounds providing health benefits. The polyunsaturated fatty acids found in fish effectively regulate haemostatic factors, protect against cardiac arrhythmias, cancer and hypertension, and play a vital role in the maintenance of neural functions and the prevention of certain psychiatric disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that olive oil, an integral component of the MD, may have health benefits, including the reduction of the risk of coronary heart disease, the prevention of several types of cancer and the modification of the immune and inflammatory responses. Olive oil is known for its high levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and is a good source of phytochemicals, such as polyphenolic compounds, squalene and α-tocopherol. In the context of the MD, the benefits associated with the consumption of several functional components may be intensified by certain forms of food preparation. In addition, the practice of more physical activity (once common among Mediterranean populations) and the following of other healthy lifestyle habits may have additive effects. Conclusions The identification of the active constituents of the MD is crucial in the formulation of appropriate dietary guidelines. Research into the pharmacological properties of the minor components of this diet (vitamins, sterols, polyphenols, etc.) is very active and could lead to the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals.
The North Atlantic Spring-Bloom System—Where the Changing Climate Meets the Winter Dark

The North Atlantic with its spring-bloom ecosystem has its particular responses to climate change, many of them different from the other parts of the world’s oceans. The system is strongly influenced by anthropogenic climate change as well as to strong decadal to multidecadal natural climate variability. In particular, the northernmost part of the system and the Arctic is exposed to higher increase in temperature than any other ocean region. The most pronounced examples of poleward migration of marine species are found in the North Atlantic, and comprise the recent warming phase after the 1970s. The latitudinal asymmetric position of the Arctic Front and its nature of change result in a considerably larger migration distance and migration speed of species in the Northeast Atlantic part of the system. However, we here hypothesize that there is a limit to the future extent of poleward migration of species constrained by the latitudinal region adjacent the Polar Circle. We define this region the critical latitudes. This is because the seasonal light cycle at high latitudes sets particular demands on the life cycle of planktivore species. Presently, boreal planktivore species at high latitudes deposit lipids during the short spring bloom period and overwinter when phytoplankton production is insufficient for feeding. Unless invading temperate species from farther south are able to adapt by developing a similar life cycle future poleward migration of such species will be unlikely.
Can People Choose Not to Smoke? A Study of Volitional Self-Control, Self-Efficacy, and Cigarette Use

by Quinn S. Bastian Traditional assumptions about the nature of science have historically precluded the empirical study of human agency, but conceptual and methodological advances by Howard (1984) and others have made research on agency possible. Following Howard and Conway’s (1986) volitional instruction paradigm, the present study examined whether participants could willfully control their cigarette use. Data from 43 smokers indicated that participants did indeed smoke significantly less when instructed to “try not to smoke;” moreover, the proportion of variability explained by this simple instruction was greater than is typically seen in psychological research. Self-control was not associated with self-efficacy, nor was self-control enhanced by participants’ self-prediction. Self-ratings of effort were found to mediate the effects of volitional instructions on smoking behavior, providing further support for an agentic (versus mechanistic) interpretation of volition effects. The results of this study highlight the importance of considering both agentic and non-agentic influences on human behavior.
Neuromuscular control system.

Rapid skilled movements by a human subject are executed at such a rate that conscious control can be no more than the strategic selection of a sequence of detailed tactical plans of control, which have previously been learned by the subject. By the use of transient changes in the force applied to various muscle groups, and computer analysis of the responses obtained, it has been possible to observe separately the roles of spinal reflexes, subroutines of motor impulses from the central nervous system, and conscious voluntary control.
The Impactful Academic: Relational Management Education as an Intervention for Impact

We widen the scope of the impact debate by extending Boyer's theorization of scholarship through Denyer, Tranfield and van Aken's CIMO framework to propose relational management education as an intervention that creates the generative mechanism of co‐production and subsequent impact. In so doing, we propose a new conceptualization of academic impact that occurs through teaching and is situated within a community of inquirers. We offer a critique of current thinking, dominated by the idea that the research paper is the most appropriate unit of analysis by which to measure the excellence and impact of research. We examine the notion of the gap between academics and practitioners and argue that the impact agenda should be widened to include a consideration of how management academics can become impactful through their teaching of practitioners, broadly defined to include the whole range of learners associated with business schools. We propose that for management research to have the potential to change these practitioners, an engagement with knowledge is needed, and that this involves more than translation but the creation of new ideas. Such impact can be brought about by a disruption of, and challenge to, thinking engendered by an approach to management education that we term relational.
External Validation of the A2DS2 Score to Predict Stroke-Associated Pneumonia in a Chinese Population: A Prospective Cohort Study

Background and Purpose The A2DS2 score was recently developed from the Berlin Stroke Registry for predicting in-hospital pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke and performed well in an external validation in the North-west Germany Stroke Registry. It could be a useful tool for risk stratification in clinical practice or stroke trials. We aimed to prospectively validate the predictive value of A2DS2 score in a Chinese stroke population. Methods The prognostic model was used to predict stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) from Henan Province Stroke Registry (HNSR) in which data were prospectively collected. The receiver-operating characteristic curves were plotted, and the C statistics were calculated to assess the discrimination ability. The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test and the plot of observed versus predicted SAP risk were used to assess model calibration. Results Among 1142 eligible patients, the overall in-hospital SAP was 18.8%, which ranged from 9.0% in patients with lower A2DS2 scores (0–4) to 65.0% in those with higher scores of 5 to 10 (P for trend <0.001). The C statistic was 0.836 (95% confidence interval, 0.803–0.868) through the A2DS2 score, suggesting excellent discrimination in the HNSR. The A2DS2 score also showed excellent calibration (Cox and Snell R 2 = 0.243) in the external validation sample from the HNSR. Conclusions The A2DS2 score could reliably predict in-hospital SAP in Chinese stroke patients. It might be helpful for the assessment of increased risk monitoring and prophylactic treatment in identified high-risk patients for SAP in clinical routine.
[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the psychiatric practice--case reports of the ataxic and Heidenhain variant].

OBJECTIVES Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) is a rare fatal neurodegenerative brain disorder of variable clinical manifestation. Making the right diagnosis still remains challenging. First symptoms are vague and differ between clinical subtypes of the disease. This is to present the symptoms variability and diagnostic difficulties in sCJD based on case reports of two female patients examined at time of the disease duration by psychiatrists. METHODS Data of our patients were collected from hospital medical records. RESULTS The case of patient A. P.' ataxic sCJD is an example of clinical picture suggesting neurological background of the disease almost from the symptoms' onset and being referred by psychiatrist to the neurological ward, where the right diagnosis of probable sCJD was established. In the opposite is the case of patient I. W. ' Heidenhain variant of sCJD, misdiagnosed with dissociative disorder delivering huge diagnostic difficulties, even to neurologists. In both patients the certain diagnosis was confirmed at autopsy. CONCLUSIONS In patients with visual disturbances of unknown etiology, even if the ophthalmological and neurological background is excluded, sCJD should be taken into consideration in the differential diagnosis.
Positioning Alcohol's Harm to others (AHTO) within Alcohol Research: A Reinvented Perspective with Mixed Policy Implications

Aims & Design This overview analyses the recent emergence of the concept of alcohols harm to others (AHTO) and the potential policy implications embedded in this research perspective. The overview is an account of ways in which recent alcohol research has grasped the kind of harm that goes beyond the drinker. It positions the dimensions of alcohol's harm to others as a research perspective in relation to other established research approaches to alcohol-related problems. Findings Several concepts presented within different disciplines have focused on how adverse consequences of drinking go beyond the individual drinker. However, the scientific discussion is still characterised by an obvious conceptual instability. Alongside the growing research interest in alcohol's harm to others there is a political discourse stressing the urgency of alcohol policy measures protecting innocent victims against damage from others' alcohol use. Conclusions In drawing attention to the interactional nature of alcohol-related harm, the AHTO perspective brings a novel syntagmatic and cross-cutting aspect to established traditions in alcohol research and forms a unique scientific approach. The AHTO perspective has the potential for creating a political will to move the alcohol policy agenda forward, but the question of a suitable and credible term is unresolved. Conceptually, the AHTO perspective is still in a state of flux, while politically it is loaded with considerable ambitions and interests related to causal attributions and ethical conclusions embedded in the research perspective.
Convergence of scores on the interview and questionnaire versions of the Eating Disorder Examination: a meta-analytic review.

Significant discrepancies have been found between interview- and questionnaire-based assessments of psychopathology; however, these studies have typically compared instruments with unmatched item content. The Eating Disorder Examination (EDE), a structured interview, and the questionnaire version of the EDE (EDE-Q) are considered the preeminent assessments of eating disorder symptoms and provide a unique opportunity to examine the concordance of interview- and questionnaire-based instruments with matched item content. The convergence of EDE and EDE-Q scores has been examined previously; however, past studies have been limited by small sample sizes and have not compared the convergence of scores across diagnostic groups. A meta-analysis of 16 studies was conducted to compare the convergence of EDE and EDE-Q scores across studies and diagnostic groups. With regard to the EDE and EDE-Q subscale scores, the overall correlation coefficient effect sizes ranged from . 68 to . 76. The overall Cohen's d effect sizes ranged from . 31 to . 62, with participants consistently scoring higher on the questionnaire. For the items measuring behavior frequency, the overall correlation coefficient effect sizes ranged from . 37 to . 55 for binge eating and . 90 to . 92 for compensatory behaviors. The overall Cohen's d effect sizes ranged from -0.16 to -0.22, with participants reporting more binge eating on the interview than in the questionnaire in 70% of the studies. These results suggest the interview and questionnaire assess similar constructs but should not be used interchangeably. Additional research is needed to examine the inconsistencies between binge frequency scores on the 2 instruments.
Effort-Based Decision Making in the rat: An [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose Micro Positron Emission Tomography Study

Decision making refers to the process by which subjects choose between competing courses of action based on the expected costs and benefits of their consequences. Lesion studies in rats suggest that the anterior cingulate cortex and the nucleus accumbens are key structures of a neural system that subserves effort-based decision making. Little is known about brain activation associated with effort-based decisions in intact rats. Using an open hypothesis approach, we used 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) to assess regional metabolic changes in two conditions of an effort-based decision making task. In the “same effort” condition, male rats could choose between two response options associated with the same effort but different reward sizes, i.e., decision making was simply a function of reward size. By contrast, in the “different effort” condition, an integration of different efforts and reward sizes associated with the two response options was necessary before making a decision. Separate PET scans were performed from each condition. Subtractive analysis revealed that metabolic activity was increased in the different effort relative to the same effort condition in the left anterior cingulate, left orbitofrontal and prelimbic cortex region. Metabolic activity was decreased in the infralimbic cortex and septum region. Our findings suggest that making decisions on how much effort to invest to obtain greater rewards evokes changes of metabolic activity in multiple brain areas associated with cognitive, limbic, motor and autonomic functions. This study demonstrates that FDG-PET provides a tool to determine in rats regional brain metabolic activity in cognitive tasks.
Institutions, unionization and voice: The relative impact of context and actors on firm level practice

Trade unions provide a voice in the way firms are run, an input into reward systems and increased security of employment. But these vary with national context. Using transnational survey evidence, this article explores the relative impact of setting, and of unions and collective bargaining, on these issues. It is found that, irrespective of context, organizations are significantly more likely to make use of compulsory redundancies in the absence of unions and collective bargaining. However, in other areas, the impact of unions appeared less pronounced than that of the wider context. The article explores the reasons behind this, and the broader policy implications thereof.
Walk the Talk : the association between older adult mobility and the built environment

ii Preface . iv Table of contents . vii List of tables. xvi List of figures . xix List of abbreviations . xx Glossary . xxii Acknowledgements . xxv Dedication . xxvii Chapter 1: Introduction, literature review, rationale, objectives, and hypotheses . 1 1.
Shear-wave elastography for breast masses: local shear wave speed (m/sec) versus Young modulus (kPa)

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the performance of shear-wave elastography (SWE) for breast masses using the local shear wave speed (m/sec) vs. Young modulus (kPa). Methods: A total of 130 breast lesions in 123 women who underwent SWE before ultrasound- guided core needle biopsy or surgical excision were included. With the region-of-interest placed over the stiffest areas of the lesion on SWE, the quantitative mean, maximum, and standard deviation (SD) of the elasticity values were measured in kPa and m/sec for each lesion. The SD was also measured with the region-of-interest including the whole breast lesion (wSD). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of each elasticity value measured in kPa and m/sec were compared. Results: Of the 130 lesions, 49 (37.7%) were malignant and 81 (62.3%) were benign. The AUCs for the mean, maximum, and SD of the elasticity values using kPa and m/sec did not differ significantly: mean, 0.974 vs. 0.974; maximum, 0.960 vs. 0.976; SD, 0.916 vs. 0.916. However, the AUC for wSD showed a significant difference: 0.964 (kPa) vs. 0.960 (m/sec) (P=0.036). There was no significant difference in the sensitivity and specificity of the mean, maximum, and wSD of the elasticity values. However, the specificity of the SD was significantly different between the two different measurements: 95.1% (kPa) vs. 87.7% (m/sec) (P=0.031). Conclusion: The quantitative elasticity values measured in kPa and m/sec on SWE showed good diagnostic performance. The specificity of the SD and AUC of the wSD measured in kPa were significantly higher than those measured in m/sec.