Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EEG can Track the Time Course of Successful Reference Resolution in Small Visual Worlds

Previous research has shown that language comprehenders resolve reference quickly and incrementally, but not much is known about the neural processes and representations that are involved. Studies of visual short-term memory suggest that access to the representation of an item from a previously seen display is associated with a negative evoked potential at posterior electrodes contralateral to the spatial location of that item in the display. In this paper we demonstrate that resolving the reference of a noun phrase in a recently seen visual display is associated with an event-related potential that is analogous to this effect. Our design was adapted from the visual world paradigm: in each trial, participants saw a display containing three simple objects, followed by a question about the objects, such as Was the pink fish next to a boat? , presented word by word. Questions differed in whether the color adjective allowed the reader to identify the referent of the noun phrase or not (i.e., whether one or more objects of the named color were present). Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed that reference resolution by the adjective was associated with a negative evoked potential at posterior electrodes contralateral to spatial location of the referent, starting approximately 333 ms after the onset of the adjective. The fact that the laterality of the effect depended upon the location of the referent within the display suggests that reference resolution in visual domains involves, at some level, a modality-specific representation. In addition, the effect gives us an estimate of the time course of processing from perception of the written word to the point at which its meaning is brought into correspondence with the referential domain.
An Efficient Functional Analysis Method for Micro-array Data Using Gene Ontology

Microarray data includes tens of thousands of gene expressions simultaneously, so it can be effectively used in identifying the phenotypes of diseases. However, the retrieval of functional information from a large corpus of gene expression data is still a time-consuming task. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for identifying functional categories of differentially expressed genes from a micro-array experiment by using Gene Ontology (GO). Our method is as follows: (1) The expression data set is first filtered to include only genes with mean expression values that differ by at least 3-fold between the two groups. (2) The genes are then ranked based on the t-statistics. The 100 most highly ranked genes are selected as informative genes. (3) The t-value of each informative gene is imposed as a score on the associated GO terms. High-scoring GO terms are then listed with their associated genes and represent the functional category information of the micro-array experiment. A system called HMDA (Hallym Micro-array Data analysis) is implemented on publicly available micro-array data sets and validated. Our results were also compared with the original analysis.
Demographic risk factors, affected anatomical sites and clinicopathological profile for oral squamous cell carcinoma in a north Indian population.

BACKGROUND Oral cancer is a common form of cancer in India, particularly among men. About 95% are squamous cell carcinomas. Tobacco along with alcohol are regarded as the major risk factors. OBJECTIVES (i) To determine associations of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with respect to gender, age group, socioeconomic status and risk habits; (ii) To observe the distribution of affected oral anatomical sites and clinico-pathological profile in OSCC patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is an unmatched case-control study during period January 2012 to December 2013. Total of 471 confirmed OSCC patients and 556 control subjects were enrolled. Data on socio-demography, risk habits with duration and medical history were recorded. RESULTS There were significant associations between OSCC with middle age (41-50years; unadjusted OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.05-2.52, p=0.02) (51-60 years; unadjusted OR=1.79, 95%CI=1.15-2.79, p=0.009) and male subjects (unadjusted OR=2.49, 95%CI=1.89-3.27, p=0.0001). Cases with both habits of tobacco chewing and smoking were at a higher risk for OSCC than tobacco chewing alone (unadjusted OR=0.52, 95%CI=0.38-0.72, p=0.0001), duration of risk habits also emerged as a responsible factor for the development of carcinoma. The majority of patients were presented in well-differentiated carcinomas (39.9%). Prevalence of advance stages (TNM stage III, IV) was 23.4% and 18.3% respectively. The buccal mucosa was the most common (35.5%) affected oral site. CONCLUSIONS In most Asian countries, especially India, there is an important need to initiate the national level public awareness programs to control and prevent oral cancer by screening for early diagnosis and support a tobacco free environment.
High-Frequency Substitution and the Measurement of Price Indexes

This paper investigates the use of high-frequency scanner data to construct price indexes. In the presence of inventory behavior, purchases and consumption by individuals differ over time. Cost-of-living indexes can still be constructed using data on purchases. For weekly data on canned tuna, the paper contrast two different types of price indexes: fixed-base and chained indexes. Only the former are theoretically correct, and in fact, the chained indexes have a pronounced upward bias for most regions of the U.S. This upward bias can be caused by consumers purchasing goods for inventory. The paper presents some direct statistical support for inventory behavior being the cause of the upward bias, though advertising and special displays also have a very significant impact on shopping patterns.
Association of a Common Oxytocin Receptor Gene Polymorphism with Self-Reported ‘Empathic Concern’ in a Large Population of Healthy Volunteers

Background Previous research has linked genomic variations of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene with individual differences in empathy. The impact of these variations on specific cognitive and emotional aspects of empathy, however, remains to be clarified. Methods We analysed associations of a common OXTR polymorphism (rs53576) with trait empathy in a sample of 421 blood donors (231 M, 190 F; age 18–74) using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) as an established multidimensional self-report measure of empathy. Results Female sex was significantly associated with higher empathy scores in all IRI scales (p<0.001) with the exception of the cognitive perspective taking scale (p = 0.09). The overall trait empathy score was significantly associated with rs53576 (p = 0.01), with mean scores increasing from AA to GG genotypes. An analysis of the IRI subscores revealed that the polymorphism was especially associated with the emotional empathic concern scale (p = 0.02). Separate analysis of the male and female subgroup revealed a significant association of the polymorphism with female (p = 0.04), but not with male (p = 0.20) empathic concern. A comparison of effect sizes between the groups showed greater effects for women compared to men although effect size differences did not become significant in our sample. Conclusions Our findings suggest a significant association of the rs53576 OXTR gene polymorphism with trait empathy and especially with emotional aspects of empathy. This association is possibly weaker or absent in men compared to women.
Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques Relationships between Interictal Spiking and Seizures: Human and Experimental Evidence

Epileptic seizures of focal origin often occur unpredictably as do interictal spikes. It is often assumed that spikes increase prior to seizures of focal origin and that antiepileptic medication affects spikes and seizures in a parallel fashion. We review evidence that this assumption is invalid and that there is a clear dissociation between spikes and seizures: increases in spiking before seizures have not been clearly documented; decreases in antiepileptic medication do not result directly in increased spiking; seizures are often followed by long-lasting increases in spiking; finally, seizures are no more likely when spikes are frequent than when spikes are rare. It therefore appears that spikes and seizures are two quite distinct phenomena, both originating in the epileptic focus but varying over time differently from what is most often believed. RESUME: Relations entre les pointes intercritiques et les crises epileptiques: donnees humaines et experimen-tales. Les crises 6pileptiques d'origine focale sont le plus souvent impr6visibles, comme le sont les pointes intercri-tiques meme si ces dernieres sont plus fr6quentes. On suppose souvent que les pointes intercritiques deviennent plus ftiquentes avant les crises, et que les medicaments antiipileptiques modifient les crises et les pointes de maniere sem-blable. En fait, les r6sultats prouvent plutot une forte dissociation entre pointes et crises: une augmentation pr6-ictale des pointes n'a jamais 6t6 6tablie clairement; la reduction de la medication anti6pileptique n'a pas pour effet direct une augmentation des pointes; les crises sont souvent suivies d'une augmentation de l'activite' intercritique; enfin, la proba-bilit6 d'apparition d'une crise ne depend pas de l'intensite' de l'activite intercritique. Nous en concluons que pointes et crises sont deux ph6nomenes tres distincts, ayant touts deux leur origine dans le foyer 6pileptique mais fluctuant au cours du temps d'une maniere diffeYente de ce qu'on pense habituellement. In almost all patients with focal epilepsy, interictal epilepti-form activity can be recorded from the focus and sometimes from other brain regions. In fact the localization of the focus originates in part from that of interictal spikes. I will not address the spatial relationships between these two phenomena in this paper but rather the question of how spikes and seizures are related over time. It is often assumed that spikes and seizures have a parallel time course such that when spikes become more frequent, seizures are more likely and if spikes are rare or absent, seizures are less likely. Following this logic, interictal EEGs are sometimes recorded in patients …
The Macrostructure of Financial Exclusion: Mainstream, Ethnic, and Fringe Banks in Money Space

Macrostructures de l'exclusion financiere : banques grand public et banques marginales dans l'espace financier de Los Angeles. ; ; L'exclusion financiere devient un probleme social lorsque des individus se voient systematiquement refuser un acces egal, voire tout acces aux services financiers essentiels pour conduire des operations bancaires et assurer leur future securite financiere. Les « droits a la ville » signifieraient ici des droits financiers pour des familles pauvres et minoritaires leur permettant de vivre, travailler, survivre et se developper dans les villes americaines. Cet essai vient s'ajouter aux etudes geographiques portant sur l' ----------- --------------- clusion financiere fondee sur la recherche de ses determinants macro-structurels. Une etude du phenomene d' « ethno-banking » a Los Angeles s'ensuit. L'approche strategique des banques ethniques est radicalement differente de celle des autres banques en ce fait qu'elle defie les tendances responsables de l'exclusion financiere. De cette etude resulte l'observation que ces banques mettent en œuvre leur strategies sous des conditions macro-structurelles tres particulieres. Les auteurs concluent en s'interrogeant sur le fait de savoir si la strategie des banques ethniques propose une alternative a l'exclusion financiere ou si, au contraire, cette strategie ne constitue qu'une exception qui confirme la regle.
Contrasted Effects of Diversity and Immigration on Ecological Insurance in Marine Bacterioplankton Communities

The ecological insurance hypothesis predicts a positive effect of species richness on ecosystem functioning in a variable environment. This effect stems from temporal and spatial complementarity among species within metacommunities coupled with optimal levels of dispersal. Despite its importance in the context of global change by human activities, empirical evidence for ecological insurance remains scarce and controversial. Here we use natural aquatic bacterial communities to explore some of the predictions of the spatial and temporal aspects of the ecological insurance hypothesis. Addressing ecological insurance with bacterioplankton is of strong relevance given their central role in fundamental ecosystem processes. Our experimental set up consisted of water and bacterioplankton communities from two contrasting coastal lagoons. In order to mimic environmental fluctuations, the bacterioplankton community from one lagoon was successively transferred between tanks containing water from each of the two lagoons. We manipulated initial bacterial diversity for experimental communities and immigration during the experiment. We found that the abundance and production of bacterioplankton communities was higher and more stable (lower temporal variance) for treatments with high initial bacterial diversity. Immigration was only marginally beneficial to bacterial communities, probably because microbial communities operate at different time scales compared to the frequency of perturbation selected in this study, and of their intrinsic high physiologic plasticity. Such local “physiological insurance” may have a strong significance for the maintenance of bacterial abundance and production in the face of environmental perturbations.
Extending the Sydney Strategic Model to represent toll road and park-and-ride choices

RAND Europe were commissioned by the Bureau of Transport Statistics, Transport NSW, to re-estimate the travel demand model components of the Sydney Strategic Transport Model (STM). As part of this work, they have extended the scope of the model to represent toll road and park-and-ride choices. The STM model is a tour-based model system, comprising: 1) a cohort model for predicting aggregate changes in licence holding by age and gender; 2) models of couple and individual licence holding; 3) models of household car ownership, with special attention to company cars; 4) a population synthesiser to forecast the future population by zone and segment; and 5) models of travel frequency, mode and destination choice at the individual level. A key component of the work undertaken was to update these models to use more recent (2004-2008) household survey data and to make a significant increase in the geographical detail (884 to 2690 zones). The paper will focus on the two key extensions to the model scope, both of which involved adding additional choice decisions to the mode-destination structure. The choice to travel by tolled or untolled routes was modelled as a nest beneath car driver, with separate alternatives for tolled and untolled routes. Separate assignments were made to provide the level of service for these two alternatives, and these will be discussed in depth in the paper. A key finding from the runs was that long-distance travellers were much more likely to choose to use toll roads, even in those purposes like commute where willingness to pay was segmented by income. Park-and-ride was modelled by explicitly representing different access mode options to train (park-and-ride, kiss-and-ride, other), and for car choice of station. The approach used was based on the methodology developed for the PRISM model for the West Midlands region of the UK, presented at the 2005 ETC. The paper will report on specific adjustments that were made to the model in order that the observed variation in observed access mode shares with distance to stations was replicated in base year model predictions. Finally, the paper will summarise the structural parameters in the models, given that the following choices are simultaneously represented in the nesting structure: 1) main mode choice; 2) public transport mode choice; 3) train transport access mode choice; 4) train station choice; 5) destination choice; and, 6) toll road choice. The tests, including elasticity tests, that were done to obtain the best hierarchy representation will be explained.
TELEWORKING IN SILICON VALLEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL CAPITAL

TELEWORKING IN SILICON VALLEY: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOCIAL CAPITAL By Sheraden J. Nicholau Utilizing indicators of social capital, this study investigates a potential relationship between work status (teleworking or non-teleworking) and levels of social capital among employees. The study also investigates a potential relationship between social capital indicators, working in Silicon Valley and using telecommunication technology tools at work. The data are from an online survey. The findings do not support the hypothesis that Silicon Valley employees have higher levels of social capital on multiple indicators, compared with employees working elsewhere. The findings also do not support the hypothesis that teleworkers have lower levels of social capital, compared with office-based workers. It cannot be determined that working in Silicon Valley or that teleworking have any direct effect on social capital. The findings do, however, provide some support for the third hypothesis. The amount of time spent using telecommunication technology tools at work negatively affects social trust, one social capital indicator.
The sex discrimination act: Advancing gender equality and decent work

The paper starts with a brief overview of the main Australian regulatory measures that address sex gender (in)equality in employment. It argues that a major constraint on the influence of the Sex Discrimination Act 1984 on the conditions of women's employment has been its effective separation from industrial relations (IR) law. This has made it difficult to conceive of sex discrimination as a mainstream IR issue and means the gender equality impact of IR regulation, reflected in classification structures, bargaining provisions and working time arrangements, remains invisible. The paper then weighs up the potential of the decent work agenda first proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the ILO's framing of gender equality as 'at the heart of decent work' as the basis for a more effective and integrated policy and regulatory framework.
Assessing Transformations of Algal Organic Matter in the Long-Term: Impacts of Humification-Like Processes

Algae and cyanobacteria are important contributors to the natural organic matter (NOM) of eutrophic water resources. The objective of this work is to increase knowledge on the modifications of algal organic matter (AOM) properties in the long term to anticipate blooms footprint in such aquatic environments. The production of AOM from an alga (Euglena gracilis) and a cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) was followed up and characterized during the stationary phase and after one year and four months of cultivation, in batch experiments. Specific UV absorbance (SUVA) index, organic matter fractionation according to hydrophobicity and apparent molecular weight were combined to assess the evolution of AOM. A comparison between humic substances (HS) mainly derived from allochthonous origins and AOM characteristics was performed to hypothesize impacts of AOM transformation processes on the water quality of eutrophic water resources. Each AOM fraction underwent a specific evolution pattern, depending on its composition. Impacts of humification-like processes were predominant over release of biopolymers due to cells decay and led to an increase in the hydrophobic compounds part and molecular weights over time. However, the hydrophilic fraction remained the major fraction whatever the growth stage. Organic compounds generated by maturation of these precursors corresponded to large and aliphatic structures.
Differentiating Morphology, Form, and Meaning: Neural Correlates of Morphological Complexity

The role of morphological structure in word recognition raises issues about the nature and structure of the language system. One major issue is whether morphological factors provide an independent principle for lexical organization and processing, or whether morphological effects can be reduced to the joint contribution of form and meaning. The independence of form, meaning, and morphological structure can be directly investigated using derivationally complex words, because derived words can share form but need not share meaning (e.g., archer-arch). We used an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm to investigate priming between pairs of words that potentially shared a stem, where this link was either semantically transparent (e.g., bravely-brave) or opaque (e.g., archer-arch). These morphologically related pairs were contrasted with identity priming (e.g., mist-mist) and priming for pairs of words that shared only form (e.g., scandal-scan) or meaning (e.g., accuse-blame). Morphologically related words produced significantly reduced activation in left frontal regions, whether the pairs were semantically transparent or opaque. The effect was not found for any of the control conditions (identity, form, or meaning). Morphological effects were observed separately from processing form and meaning and we propose that they reflect segmentation of complex derived words, a process triggered by surface morphological structure of complex words.
Analyses in the Economics of Aging

Analyses in the Economics of Aging summarizes a massive amount of new research on several popular and less-examined topics pertaining to the relationship between economics and aging. Among the many themes explored in this volume, considerable attention is given to new research on retirement savings, the cost and efficiency of medical resources, and the predictors of health events. The volume begins with a discussion of the risks and merits of 401(k) plans. Subsequent chapters present recent analysis of the growth of Medicare costs; the different aspects of disability; and the evolution of health, wealth, and living arrangements over the life course. Keeping with the global tradition of previous volumes, Analyses in the Economics of Aging also includes comparative studies on savings behavior in Italy, the Netherlands, and the United States; an examination of household savings among different age groups in Germany; and a chapter devoted to population aging and the plight of widows in India. Carefully compiled and containing some of the most cutting-edge research and analysis available, this volume should be of interest to any specialist or policymaker concerned with ongoing changes in savings and retirement behaviors.
EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO 2 ON COARSE-ROOT BIOMASS IN FLORIDA SCRUB DETECTED BY GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR

Growth and distribution of coarse roots in time and space represent a gap in our understanding of belowground ecology. Large roots may play a critical role in carbon sequestration belowground. Using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), we quantified coarseroot biomass from an open-top chamber experiment in a scrub-oak ecosystem at Kennedy Space Center, Florida, USA. GPR propagates electromagnetic waves directly into the soil and reflects a portion of the energy when a buried object is contacted. In our study, we utilized a 1500 MHz antenna to establish correlations between GPR signals and root biomass. A significant relationship was found between GPR signal reflectance and biomass (R 1⁄4 0.68). This correlation was applied to multiple GPR scans taken from each open-top chamber (elevated and ambient CO2). Our results showed that plots receiving elevated CO2 had significantly (P 1⁄4 0.049) greater coarse-root biomass compared to ambient plots, suggesting that coarse roots may play a large role in carbon sequestration in scrub-oak ecosystems. This nondestructive method holds much promise for rapid and repeatable quantification of coarse roots, which are currently the most elusive aspect of long-term belowground studies.