Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Critique of Nondirectivity in the Person-Centered Approach

This article discusses the concept of nondirectivity in person-centered theory. It argues that, since personal and theoretical biases are unavoidable, it is impossible for a therapist to be consistently nondirective. Furthermore, the concept of nondirectivity, with its focus on the psychology of the client, implies that person-centered therapy is a one-person rather than a two-person psychology. The article quotes therapists who believe that when a client’s autonomy is respected, a wide variety of therapeutic interventions are possible. The argument is made that therapist fallibility may be a more relevant concept than nondirectivity. With the fallibility of the therapist and a respect for the autonomy of the client, therapeutic responses can become more flexible and innovative, increasing the power of the person-centered approach with its unique and admirable democratic ideals.
Neurotensin Receptor 1 Determines the Outcome of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the role of the neurotensin/neurotensin receptor I (NTSR1) complex in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. Experimental Design: The expression of neurotensin and NTSR1 was studied by transcriptome analysis and immunohistochemistry in two series of 74 and 139 consecutive patients with pathologic stage I NSCLC adenocarcinoma. The findings were correlated with clinic-pathologic features. Experimental tumors were generated from the malignant human lung carcinoma cell line A459, and a subclone of LNM35, LNM-R. The role of the neurotensin signaling system on tumor growth and metastasis was investigated by small hairpin RNA–mediated silencing of NTSR1 and neurotensin. Results: Transcriptome analysis carried out in a series of 74 patients showed that the positive regulation of NTSR1 put it within the top 50 genes related with relapse-free survival. Immunohistochemistry revealed neurotensin- and NTSR1-positive staining in 60.4% and 59.7% of lung adenocarcinomas, respectively. At univariate analysis, NTSR1 expression was strongly associated with worse 5-year overall survival rate (P = 0.0081) and relapse-free survival (P = 0.0024). Multivariate analysis showed that patients over 65 years of age (P = 0.0018) and NTSR1 expression (P = 0.0034) were independent negative prognostic factors. Experimental tumor xenografts generated by neurotensin- and NTSR1-silenced human lung cancer cells revealed that neurotensin enhanced primary tumor growth and production of massive nodal metastasis via autocrine and paracrine regulation loops. Conclusion: NTSR1 expression was identified as a potential new prognostic biomarker for surgically resected stage I lung adenocarcinomas, as NTSR1 activation was shown to participate in lung cancer progression. Clin Cancer Res; 16(17); 4401–10. ©2010 AACR.
A Research Synthesis of Social Story Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Recent trends in the frequency of diagnoses and special education referrals for children With autism spectrum disorders necessitate the demand for evidence-based educational practices. Specifically, information related to improving social communication and social behavior domains in classrooms is needed. One method that is increasingly suggested for teaching social skills to children With autism spectrum disorders is the use of Social Stories. Although the rationale behind Social Stories is strong, little research exists examining the effectiveness of Social Story interventions for children With autism spectrum disorders. This article offers a synthesis of the available research regarding Social Stories and their effectiveness for educating children With autism spectrum disorders. In addition, future directions for research and implications for educators are provided.
Six-Month Behavioral Health Outcomes Among Family Dependency Treatment Court Participants

Significant substance abuse problems are prevalent in families involved with the child welfare system. Family Dependency Treatment Courts (FDTCs) are partnerships among the child welfare, court, and treatment systems designed for substance-abusing parents whose children are removed from the home primarily due to abuse and/or neglect. FDTCs enable the court to mandate treatment and make child reunification dependent on treatment compliance. This study evaluated 83 individuals during the first 6 months of their participation in a FDTC program. Participants included substance-abusing parents involved in the child welfare system who were referred to FDTC. Results indicated statistically significant reductions in past-month substance use, anxiety, and depression as well as high rates of therapeutic alliance. These findings, indicating significant reductions in the frequency of parental drug and alcohol use, replicate earlier FDTC evaluations. Assuming continuing evidence of cost savings, this unique judicial and treatment approach will likely continue to spread across the United States.
Musculoskeletal injuries in gastrointestinal endoscopists: a systematic review

ABSTRACT Introduction: Gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy forms a significant proportion of clinicians’ workloads. However, little attention is given to the ergonomic aspects of endoscopy. This systematic review of musculoskeletal pain and/or injuries in GI endoscopists aims to better understand the types of occupational injuries resulting from endoscopic procedures and associated risk factors. Areas covered: Systematic literature search conducted for articles evaluating prevalence, risk factors and mechanism of musculoskeletal pain and/or injuries related to GI endoscopy. In 13 included studies, 39–89% of surveyed endoscopists reported pain and/or injuries related to endoscopy. Common areas of pain were the back(15–57%), neck(9–46%), shoulders(9–19%), elbows(8–15%) and hands/fingers(14–82%). Risk factors included procedure volume, time spent doing endoscopy, cumulative time in practice and endoscopist age. Experimental studies showed that forces and loads placed on endoscopists’ bodies during procedures place them at risk of occupational injury. Areas of pain differed between novice and experienced endoscopists implying separate mechanisms of injury. Expert commentary: Comprehensive investigation into the prevalence, types, pathophysiology and methods to minimise endoscopy-related musculoskeletal injuries is vital to ensure the continued efficient provision of endoscopy services in the face of rising demands worldwide. A paradigm shift is required in endoscopic devices and techniques to improve safety and comfort.
Intracellular response to process optimization and impact on productivity and product aggregates for a high‐titer CHO cell process

A key goal in process development for antibodies is to increase productivity while maintaining or improving product quality. During process development of an antibody, titers were increased from 4 to 10 g/L while simultaneously decreasing aggregates. Process development involved optimization of media and feed formulations, feed strategy, and process parameters including pH and temperature. To better understand how CHO cells respond to process changes, the changes were implemented in a stepwise manner. The first change was an optimization of the feed formulation, the second was an optimization of the medium, and the third was an optimization of process parameters. Multiple process outputs were evaluated including cell growth, osmolality, lactate production, ammonium concentration, antibody production, and aggregate levels. Additionally, detailed assessment of oxygen uptake, nutrient and amino acid consumption, extracellular and intracellular redox environment, oxidative stress, activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) expression, and heavy and light chain mRNA expression provided an in‐depth understanding of the cellular response to process changes. The results demonstrate that mRNA expression and UPR activation were unaffected by process changes, and that increased PDI expression and optimized nutrient supplementation are required for higher productivity processes. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate the role of extra‐ and intracellular redox environment on productivity and antibody aggregation. Processes using the optimized medium, with increased concentrations of redox modifying agents, had the highest overall specific productivity, reduced aggregate levels, and helped cells better withstand the high levels of oxidative stress associated with increased productivity. Specific productivities of different processes positively correlated to average intracellular values of total glutathione. Additionally, processes with the optimized media maintained an oxidizing intracellular environment, important for correct disulfide bond pairing, which likely contributed to reduced aggregate formation. These findings shed important understanding into how cells respond to process changes and can be useful to guide future development efforts to enhance productivity and improve product quality.
Applying BronfenBrenner 's ecological model to identify the negative influences facing children with physical disabilities in rural areas in Kwa-Zulu Natal

Abstract Children with visible physical disabilities (CWPDs) living in rural areas of South Africa are a matter of particular concern. While all children living in rural areas face negative influences such as poverty and the high incidence of HIV/AIDS, this situation is exacerbated for CWPDs who are more vulnerable to these influences (Human Sciences Research Council). The aim of this research was to explore and describe the negative influences facing children with physical disabilities in rural South Africa utilising Bronfenbrenner's ecological model as a theoretical point of departure. A purposeful sampling strategy was used to select forty participants for a critical ethnographic study. Data were gathered through multiple strategies: interviews, observations, photos and drawings and analysed using a thematic approach. The findings indicated that children with physical disabilities experience negative influences in many domains of their everyday life: lack of resources, poverty, cultural beliefs and personal factors are a few of these domains that were identified. The complexity of the lack of resources for this marginalised group of children emerges from the interplay of these domains rather than a single domain.
A Proportionally Submodular Functions

Submodular functions are well-studied in combinatorial optimization, game theory and economics. The natural diminishing returns property makes them suitable for many applications. We study an extension of monotone submodular functions, which we call proportionally submodular functions. Our extension includes some (mildly) supermodular functions. We show that several natural functions belong to this class and relate our class to some other recent submodular function extensions. We consider the optimization problem of maximizing a proportionally submodular function subject to uniform and general matroid constraints. For a uniform matroid constraint, the “standard greedy algorithm” achieves a constant approximation ratio. More specifically, for any cardinality constraint p, the greedy algorithm has a constant approximation ratio bounded by a function α(p) that experimentally appears to be converging (from below) to 5.95 as p increases. For a general matroid constraint with rank s, we prove that the local search algorithm has constant approximation ratio bounded by a function ρ(s) which analytically is converging (from above) to 10.22 as s increases.
Neuroendocrine predictors of response to intravenous clomipramine therapy for refractory obsessive–compulsive disorder

The current study examines the neuroendocrine response to intravenous clomipramine (IV CMI) in oral CMI‐resistant obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) patients on day 1 and day 14 of treatment to identify predictors of response. Forty‐four OCD patients with an inadequate response or poorly tolerant to oral CMI were begun at 25 mg IV CMI, increasing to 250 mg by day 10, and continuing on that dose to day 14. On day 1, plasma levels of prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), and cortisol were obtained immediately before the 25 mg IV infusion, and at five 30‐minute time points after the infusion. On day 14, hormonal samples were obtained in a similar fashion. Response was assessed by the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI). Low PRLMAX to IV CMI and low cortisol levels overall on day 1 were both significantly associated with clinical response at day 14. An overall increase in growth hormone (GH) secretion during the day 14 testing was associated with positive response. A pronounced PRL response to IV CMI on day 14 was exhibited by the nonresponders, whereas a smaller and later but significant increase in PRL was noted in the responders. The findings suggest that in this sample of oral CMI‐resistant patients with OCD, neuroendocrine measures derived from pharmacological challenge with IV CMI are capable of distinguishing IV CMI treatment responders from nonresponders. The limitations of IV CMI as a specific probe of serotonin function are discussed. Depression and Anxiety 14:199–208, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The changing career strategies of managers

Examines the issues which managers consider when making career decisions and finds that, faced with reduced levels of employment security, they are redefining careers in terms that now include references to lifestyle and the achievement of a balance between the personal, domestic and employment aspects of their lives. Identifies that changes in any of these areas of managers’ lives can cause them to revise their career strategies. Identifies that life events also have a major impact upon career decisions. Recognises that there are gender‐related differences in the career strategies that managers adopt. Concludes that for some managers the definition of self is becoming less focused upon employment and more related to lifestyle.
Value-Added Taxes and International Trade: The Evidence

This paper examines the effect of value-added taxes (VATs) on international trade. Destination-based VATs are commonly thought to encourage exports, since exports are exempt from tax while imports are taxed. Economic theory implies that exchange rate adjustment prevents destination-based VATs from affecting exports and imports, since exchange rate appreciation completely undoes the effects of introducing a VAT. Indeed, this proposition is so well accepted among economists that it has not been subjected to serious prior testing. Evidence from 136 countries in 2000 indicates instead that reliance on VATs is associated with fewer exports and imports. Countries using VATs have one-third fewer exports than do countries not using VATs, and 10 percent greater VAT revenue is associated with two percent fewer exports. A similar pattern appears in an unbalanced panel of 168 countries from 1950-2000, in which VAT use is associated with 12 percent fewer exports. These patterns persist with the inclusion of income and geographic controls, and while the effect of VATs on exports is stronger among low-income countries than it is among high-income countries, there is a significant negative effect of VATs on exports even among high-income countries. The behavior of American multinational firms in 1999 is consistent: ten percent greater local VAT collections are associated with 5 percent fewer exports by local American-owned affiliates. Two features of VAT implementation may account for these effects: VATs tend to be imposed at higher rates on traded goods than on nontraded goods, and exporters often receive only incomplete VAT rebates. JEL Classifications: H87, H25, F17, F23. Mihir A. Desai James R. Hines Jr. Harvard Business School University of Michigan Morgan 363 Business School Soldiers Field 701 Tappan Street Boston, MA 02163 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234 mdesai@hbs.edu jrhines@umich.edu
Esophageal cancer: evaluation with triple-phase dynamic CT--initial experience.

PURPOSE To prospectively assess which phase of a triple-phase dynamic contrast material-enhanced multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) protocol is optimal for visualization of esophageal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was supported by the local ethical committee; all patients gave written informed consent. Thirty-one lesions in 28 consecutive patients (26 men, two women; mean age, 65 years; range, 53-87 years) with histopathologically confirmed esophageal cancer were evaluated with triple-phase dynamic CT performed at 5, 35, and 65 seconds (first arterial, second arterial, and venous phases) after attenuation of 200 HU was obtained at the descending aorta. Qualitative image analysis was performed to assess appearance and conspicuity of the tumor. Appearances of all 31 lesions were classified into three categories-not identifiable, focal enhancement with or without minimal (<1 cm) wall thickening, and focal mass lesion or obvious (>1 cm) wall thickening. Results were compared with surgical or endoscopic ultrasonographic findings. Quantitative assessment included regions-of-interest measurement of the tumor and normal esophageal wall and the difference between those measurements. A paired t test was used to determine which phase showed the highest tumor attenuation and tumor-to-normal esophageal wall attenuation differences. RESULTS At visual assessment, 30 lesions were identified in the second arterial phase. Of these 30 lesions, eight were focal enhancements; the best conspicuity was during the second arterial phase. Furthermore, seven of these eight lesions were T1 cancers. The remaining 22 lesions were enhanced masses or wall thickening. Twenty-one of these 22 tumors also showed best conspicuity in the second arterial phase. The greatest attenuation of tumors in the second arterial phase was 130.0 HU, and the difference in attenuation between tumor and normal esophageal wall was 50.6 HU in the second arterial phase, which were significantly higher than those in the other two phases (P<.01, each). CONCLUSION The second arterial phase of dynamic CT is the optimal phase for visualization of esophageal cancer.
Restricted gene flow and local adaptation highlight the vulnerability of high‐latitude reefs to rapid environmental change

Global climate change poses a serious threat to the future health of coral reef ecosystems. This calls for management strategies that are focused on maximizing the evolutionary potential of coral reefs. Fundamental to this is an accurate understanding of the spatial genetic structure in dominant reef‐building coral species. In this study, we apply a genotyping‐by‐sequencing approach to investigate genome‐wide patterns of genetic diversity, gene flow, and local adaptation in a reef‐building coral, Pocillopora damicornis, across 10 degrees of latitude and a transition from temperate to tropical waters. We identified strong patterns of differentiation and reduced genetic diversity in high‐latitude populations. In addition, genome‐wide scans for selection identified a number of outlier loci putatively under directional selection with homology to proteins previously known to be involved in heat tolerance in corals and associated with processes such as photoprotection, protein degradation, and immunity. This study provides genomic evidence for both restricted gene flow and local adaptation in a widely distributed coral species, and highlights the potential vulnerability of leading‐edge populations to rapid environmental change as they are locally adapted, reproductively isolated, and have reduced levels of genetic diversity.
The Matching of Motivations to Affordances in the Volunteer Environment

The functional approach to volunteerism holds that outcomes from volunteering (e.g., satisfaction and intentions to remain a volunteer) are a function of the match between a volunteer's motivations and affordances to meet those motivations found in the environment (i.e., the volunteer activities, position, or organization). In this article, the authors introduce an index for calculating a volunteer's total number of matches across six motivational categories identified by past research. They demonstrate that this index predicts outcomes better than motives or affordances alone and as well as any univariate match index (i.e., in a particular motivational category). Following logic about strong and weak situational contexts, the authors demonstrate that the magnitude of the total matches effect may be greater when organizational contexts are less structured and smaller when contexts are more structured. They discuss theoretical and practical benefits of this total match index.
Nature and Roles of Popular Discontent in Institutional Dynamics from the Early to the Later Veblen

The present work sets out to re-read Veblen on the nature and effect of popular opinion in the process of institutional evolution. We mainly want to show – contrary to much of the interpretative literature – that machine discipline is just one way, and not even the main one, that Veblen uses to explain how popular discontent is generated, and that the economic grounds underlying the process of modification of institutions can work only if it is free from any counteracting force and modification therefore does not necessarily derive from machine discipline. In these terms the technocratic reading of the role of the population in the process of institutional change is only partially convincing. In order to achieve this general goal we will show how and where Veblen actually deals with the question of popular discontent in his works and what role it plays.
Toward the Management of Heterosexual Jealousy

The findings of a recent study of extradyadic involvements and sexual jealousy among college-age couples are reported. Evidence is brought to bear in support of the principle finding that several aspects of the jealousy experience (eliciting factors, manner of expression) can and do vary widely among individuals. Despite the apparent universality of the jealousy phenomenon, communication in couples is inhibited by the social disapproval associated with its occurrence, and consequently discrepancies such as those evidenced in this study may pass entirely unobserved. As a result, jealousy problems remain unresolved and may serve to trigger further dissension. In light of these findings, developing communication skills is identified as the appropriate treatment mode for sexual jealousy.
Mechanical properties of a mature biofilm from a wastewater system: from microscale to macroscale level

A fundamental understanding of biofilm mechanical stability is critical in order to describe detachment and develop biofouling control strategies. It is thus important to characterise the elastic deformation and flow behaviour of the biofilm under different modes of applied force. In this study, the mechanical properties of a mature wastewater biofilm were investigated with methods including macroscale compression and microscale indentation using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The mature biofilm was found to be mechanically isotropic at the macroscale level as its mechanical properties did not depend on the scales and modes of loading. However, the biofilm showed a tendency for mechanical inhomogeneity at the microscale level as indentation progressed deeper into the matrix. Moreover, it was observed that the adhesion force had a significant influence on the elastic properties of the biofilm at the surface, subjected to microscale tensile loading. These results are expected to inform a damage-based model for biofilm detachment.