Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Saving Energy on Mobile Devices by Refactoring

Energy-efficiency is an import topic in information and communication technology and has to be considered for mobile devices, in particular. On the one hand, the environment should be protected by consuming less energy. On the other hand, users are also interested in more functionality of their mobile devices on hardware and software side, and at the same time, longer battery durations are expected. This paper shows an approach to save energy on the application level on mobile devices. This approach includes the definition, detection, and restructuring of energy-inefficient code parts. Energy savings are validated by different energy measurement techniques. 1. Motivation Mobile devices and the mobile communication network are big energy consumer of information and communication technologies (ICT) in Germany [1] and their rising sales volume in the last years shows their significance in ICT [2]. Meanwhile, the energy consumption of mobile devices and the mobile network amounts to 12.9 PJ in Germany per year. This corresponds to the complete energy production of the atomic power plant Emsland [3] within four months. This amount shows that energy saving for mobile devices is also important to reduce the energy consumption in Germany, and hence, to protect the environment. In addition, the scope of mobile devices is increasing, due to new requirements, more powerful processors, and a broad variety of different apps provided on mobile devices. All these functionalities have an influence on battery duration and battery lifetime. This paper focuses on supporting developers to save energy on application level and does not consider the OS, e.g. selecting the most energy efficient network connection. Therefore, an approach for saving energy on mobile devices on application level is described. Software evolution techniques, such as reverse engineering and reengineering, are used. Reverse engineering describes approaches to create abstract views of software systems to enable efficient code analyses. Software reengineering is a process to improve the software quality by reconstituting it in a new form without changing its functionality [4]. In this work, the energy consumption of existing Android apps [5] is changed by code analysis and transformation, which do not change apps’ behavior. The process of code analysis and transformation is called refactoring in this work. The approach starts with defining energy-inefficient code parts called energy code smells. For these, a reengineering process [6] is described and validated by different, softwarebased energy measurement techniques [7]. Aim of this work is the collection and validation of energy code smells and corresponding refactorings which are presented in form of a catalog.
Key issues in productive classroom talk and interventions

Abstract Classroom talk or verbal exchanges during lesson time play a central role in students’ disciplinary understanding and intellectual development. It greatly influences not only what students learn but also how they learn it. Despite this, teachers can be unaware of teacher–student talk patterns and functions; thus, what is uttered during class time can go unnoticed. Results from classroom observational research show that this is often not utilised to maximise children’s learning – teacher talk prevails in the classroom whilst few effective verbal interactions take place among learners. Research in this field started to take shape in the 1970s and has developed greatly since the 1990s. We review some types of productive classroom talk and talk interventions discussed in publications from the 1990s onwards. Further studies need to explore a more universal talk pedagogy employed across disciplines, whereas the process of change in teachers’ beliefs and identities in adopting this pedagogical approach deserves scholarly investigations.
The Co-Evolution of Education and Tolerance: Evidence from England

Abstract:Using data from several periods of English history and building on the literature on culture and institutions, we analyze the co-evolution of education and attitudes toward women's and minority rights. First, we establish a strong association between the size of twenty-first-century educational institutions in a given location and the attitudes prevalent there: the proximity of a large college or university is associated with individual support for women's and minority rights, regardless of whether the individual has been to university. Second, we present evidence for high inter-temporal persistence in the geographical variation in the density of educational institutions over several centuries. Third, we show that the geographical distribution of later educational institutions depends not only on the distribution of medieval institutions, but also on correlates of medieval exposure to ethnic and religious diversity that are likely to have influenced attitudes. Institutions and culture co-evolve, and the inter-temporal persistence of the density of educational institutions is one mechanism (though probably not the only one) that explains the association between medieval exposure to diversity and twenty-first-century attitudes.
Uplink LTE-A Performance Improvement Using Synchronous Direct and Multi-hop Transmission

Multi-hop Relay networks are proposed to fulfill the demanding coverage and capacity requirements for current applications in a cost efficient way. It can be used in IMT-Advanced technologies such as 3GPP LTE-Advanced. In this paper, LTE-A Uplink performance will be improved using Synchronous direct and multi-hop transmission (SDMT) between user equipment and Base Station. Also the effect of adding RS to the network and its position will be discussed. The total LTE-A uplink Throughput, average throughput per user, and Mean File Transfer Time (MFTT) in the LTE-A network are considered as performance measures. This is done and measured as a function of different arrival rates of UEs assigned from random positions in the cell. Adaptive Modulation, and Coding (AMC) scheme with high order 2x4MIMO is used to maximize network throughput with low bit error rate (BER). Simulation results show LTE-A uplink performance improvement using 2x4MIMO-AMC and SDMT scheme with RS at 50% of cell radius towards cell edge.
Neuropathological Asymmetry in Argyrophilic Grain Disease

The presence of argyrophilic grains in the neuropil is associated with a form of dementia. We investigated morphological asymmetry in 653 consecutive autopsy patients from a general geriatric hospital (age [mean ± SD] = 81.1 ± 8.9 years), focusing on those from patients with advanced argyrophilic grain disease. Paraffin sections of the bilateral posterior hippocampi were immunostained with anti-phosphorylated tau and anti-4-repeat tau antibodies and by the Gallyas-Braak method. In a side-to-side comparison, asymmetry was defined when either the extent or the density of argyrophilic grains was different. Of the 653 subjects, 65 (10%) had Stage 3 argyrophilic grain disease, and 59 (90.8%) showed histopathological asymmetry. Antemortem computed tomographic images (n = 24), magnetic resonance imaging scans (n = 8), and combined computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images (n = 15) were available; images from 20 of the 47 subjects showed asymmetry that correlated with the histopathological asymmetry. Cerebral cortical asymmetry consistent with the histopathology was also visible in N-isopropyl-123I-p-iodoamphetamine single photon emission computed tomographic images from 6 patients and 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic images from 2 patients. Thus, asymmetric involvement of the medial temporal lobe in patients with advanced argyrophilic grain disease may represent a diagnostic feature and contribute to distinguishing dementia with grains from Alzheimer disease.
SPICES II: Optical and Near-Infrared Identifications of Faint X-Ray Sources from Deep Chandra Observations of Lynx

We present our first results on field X-ray sources detected in a deep, 184.7 ks observation with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-I) on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. The observations target the Lynx field (α = 08h48m, δ = +44°54′) of SPICES, the Spectroscopic Photometric Infrared-Chosen Extragalactic Survey, which contains three known X-ray–emitting clusters at redshifts of z = 0.57, 1.26, and 1.27. Not including the known clusters, in the 17′ × 17′ ACIS-I field we detect 132 sources in the 0.5–2 keV (soft) X-ray band down to a limiting flux of ≈1.7 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1 and 111 sources in the 2–10 keV (hard) X-ray band down to a limiting flux of ≈1.3 × 10-15 ergs cm-2 s-1. The combined catalog contains a total of 153 sources, of which 42 are detected only in the soft band and 21 are detected only in the hard band. Confirming previous Chandra results, we find that the fainter sources have harder X-ray spectra, providing a consistent solution to the long-standing "spectral paradox. " From deep optical and near-infrared follow-up data, 77% of the X-ray sources have optical counterparts to I = 24, and 71% of the X-ray sources have near-infrared counterparts to Ks = 20. Four of the 24 sources in the near-IR field are associated with extremely red objects (EROs; I-Ks ≥ 4). We have obtained spectroscopic redshifts with the Keck telescopes of 18 of the Lynx Chandra sources. These sources comprise a mix of broad-lined active galaxies, apparently normal galaxies, and two late-type Galactic dwarfs. Intriguingly, one Galactic source is identified with an M7 dwarf exhibiting nontransient, hard X-ray emission. Thirteen of the Chandra sources are located within regions for which we have Hubble Space Telescope imaging. Nine of the sources are detected, showing a range of morphologies: several show compact cores embedded within diffuse emission, while others are spatially extended showing typical galaxy morphologies. Two of the Chandra sources in this subsample appear to be associated with mergers. We briefly review non–active galactic nucleus mechanisms to produce X-ray emission and discuss properties of the Lynx Chandra sample in relation to other samples of X-ray and non–X-ray sources.
Near-Infrared Spectral Classification of Late M and L Dwarfs

We present near-infrared (1–2.5 μm), low-resolution spectroscopy of 11 ultracool dwarfs, with spectral types ranging from M7 to L8. Combining our observations with data published by Leggett et al. in 2001, we have measured equivalent widths for the strongest atomic features and constructed narrowband indices to gauge the strength of the strongest molecular features. Those measurements show that the behavior at near-infrared wavelengths is well correlated with spectral type, where the latter is defined from observations between 6300 and 10000 Å. In particular, four indices designed to measure absorption in the wings of the 1.4 and 1.85 μm steam bands exhibit a linear, monotonic correlation with spectral type on the Kirkpatrick et al. system (published in 1999), allowing consistent calibration from both optical and near-infrared spectroscopy.
The Coevolution of Virulence: Tolerance in Perspective

Coevolutionary interactions, such as those between host and parasite, predator and prey, or plant and pollinator, evolve subject to the genes of both interactors. It is clear, for example, that the evolution of pollination strategies can only be understood with knowledge of both the pollinator and the pollinated. Studies of the evolution of virulence, the reduction in host fitness due to infection, have nonetheless tended to focus on parasite evolution. Host-centric approaches have also been proposed—for example, under the rubric of “tolerance”, the ability of hosts to minimize virulence without necessarily minimizing parasite density. Within the tolerance framework, however, there is room for more comprehensive measures of host fitness traits, and for fuller consideration of the consequences of coevolution. For example, the evolution of tolerance can result in changed selection on parasite populations, which should provoke parasite evolution despite the fact that tolerance is not directly antagonistic to parasite fitness. As a result, consideration of the potential for parasite counter-adaptation to host tolerance—whether evolved or medially manipulated—is essential to the emergence of a cohesive theory of biotic partnerships and robust disease control strategies.
Energy of isolated systems at retarded times as the null limit of quasilocal energy

We define the energy of a perfectly isolated system at a given retarded time as the suitable null limit of the quasilocal energy E. The result coincides with the Bondi-Sachs mass. Our E is the lapse-unity shift-zero boundary value of the gravitational Hamiltonian appropriate for the partial system S contained within a finite topologically spherical boundary B5]S. Moreover, we show that with an arbitrary lapse and zero shift the same null limit of the Hamiltonian defines a physically meaningful element in the space dual to supertranslations. This result is specialized to yield an expression for the full Bondi-Sachs four-momentum in terms of Hamiltonian values. @S0556-2821~97! 03104-4#
Sertoli cells from non-obstructive azoospermia and obstructive azoospermia patients show distinct morphology, Raman spectrum and biochemical phenotype.

STUDY QUESTION Are there differences in the morphology, spectrum and biochemical phenotype between Sertoli cells from non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients and those from obstructive azoospermia (OA) patients with normal spermatogenesis? SUMMARY ANSWER Sertoli cells from NOA patients are distinct from those from OA patients in terms of morphological features, Raman spectrum and phenotype including the expression of genes and proteins (e.g. SCF, BMP4 and GDNF). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY NOA affects 10% of infertile men and has been diagnosed in 60% of azoospermic men. In contrast with OA patients who have normal spermatogenesis, NOA patients have an impaired spermatogenesis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE AND DURATION This case-control study included 100 NOA patients (as cases) and 100 OA patients with normal spermatogenesis (as controls). The study was performed between January 2012 and January 2013. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING AND METHODS Karyotype analysis was performed to check the chromosome content and multiplex PCR was carried out to determine the expression of numerous Y chromosome genes in NOA patients. Human Sertoli cells were then isolated from the testes of NOA and OA patients by two-step enzymatic digestion and differential plating. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the ultrastructure of the Sertoli cells and real-time Raman microspectroscopy was used to assess their spectrum. We further compared the two groups of patients for expression of SCF, GDNF and BMP4 in Sertoli cells, using RT-PCR, microarray analysis, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and Western blots. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE NOA patients had normal chromosome karyotypes and Y chromosome microdeletions were excluded. In morphology, Sertoli cells isolated from NOA patients had a series of abnormal ultrastructural features compared with the control Sertoli cells: (i) existence of small and spindle-shaped nuclei, (ii) smaller diameter, (iii) deficient nucleolus or endoplasmic reticulum and (iv) more vacuoles. Spectral intensities in Sertoli cells of NOA patients were distinct at four typical Raman peaks compared with the control Sertoli cells. In phenotype, SCF, BMP4 and GDNF transcripts and proteins were significantly lower in Sertoli cells of NOA patients than in the control Sertoli cells. LIMITATIONS AND REASONS FOR CAUTION The Sertoli cells of NOA patients were not compared with Sertoli cells of normal fertile men due to the fact that it is hard to obtain adult testes from normal donors. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study provides novel insights into understanding the underlying causes for NOA and might offer a basis for developing new therapeutic strategies for patients with NOA.
Mechanics of the human hamstring muscles during sprinting.

PURPOSE An understanding of hamstring mechanics during sprinting is important for elucidating why these muscles are so vulnerable to acute strain-type injury. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to quantify the biomechanical load (specifically, musculotendon strain, velocity, force, power, and work) experienced by the hamstrings across a full stride cycle; and second, to determine how these parameters differ for each hamstring muscle (i.e., semimembranosus (SM), semitendinosus (ST), biceps femoris long head (BF), biceps femoris short head (BF)). METHODS Full-body kinematics and ground reaction force data were recorded simultaneously from seven subjects while sprinting on an indoor running track. Experimental data were integrated with a three-dimensional musculoskeletal computer model comprised of 12 body segments and 92 musculotendon structures. The model was used in conjunction with an optimization algorithm to calculate musculotendon strain, velocity, force, power, and work for the hamstrings. RESULTS SM, ST, and BF all reached peak strain, produced peak force, and formed much negative work (energy absorption) during terminal swing. The biomechanical load differed for each hamstring muscle: BF exhibited the largest peak strain, ST displayed the greatest lengthening velocity, and SM produced the highest peak force, absorbed and generated the most power, and performed the largest amount of positive and negative work. CONCLUSIONS As peak musculotendon force and strain for BF, ST, and SM occurred around the same time during terminal swing, it is suggested that this period in the stride cycle may be when the biarticular hamstrings are at greatest injury risk. On this basis, hamstring injury prevention or rehabilitation programs should preferentially target strengthening exercises that involve eccentric contractions performed with high loads at longer musculotendon lengths.
Path-Based Epidemic Spreading in Networks

Conventional epidemic models assume omni-directional contact-based infection. This strongly associates the epidemic spreading process with node degrees. The role of the infection transmission medium is often neglected. In real-world networks, however, the infectious agent as the physical contagion medium usually flows from one node to another via specific directed routes (path-based infection). Here, we use continuous-time Markov chain analysis to model the influence of the infectious agent and routing paths on the spreading behavior by taking into account the state transitions of each node individually, rather than the mean aggregated behavior of all nodes. By applying a mean field approximation, the analysis complexity of the path-based infection mechanics is reduced from exponential to polynomial. We show that the structure of the topology plays a secondary role in determining the size of the epidemic. Instead, it is the routing algorithm and traffic intensity that determine the survivability and the steady-state of the epidemic. We define an infection characterization matrix that encodes both the routing and the traffic information. Based on this, we derive the critical path-based epidemic threshold below which the epidemic will die off, as well as conditional bounds of this threshold which network operators may use to promote/suppress path-based spreading in their networks. Finally, besides artificially generated random and scale-free graphs, we also use real-world networks and traffic, as case studies, in order to compare the behaviors of contact- and path-based epidemics. Our results further corroborate the recent empirical observations that epidemics in communication networks are highly persistent.
ROBUST LEAST-SQUARES ADJUSTMENT BASED ORIENTATION AND AUTO-CALIBRATION OF WIDE-BASELINE IMAGE SEQUENCES

In this paper we propose a strategy for the orientation and auto-calibration of wide-baseline image sequences. Our particular contribution lies in demonstrating, that by means of robust least-squares adjustment in the form of bundle adjustment as well as least-squares matching (LSM), one can obtain highly precise and reliable results. To deal with large image sizes, we make use of image pyramids. We do not need approximate values, neither for orientation nor calibration, because we use direct solutions and robust algorithms, particularly fundamental matrices F , trifocal tensors T , random sample consensus (RANSAC), and auto-calibration based on the image of the dual absolute quadric. We describe our strategy from end to end, and demonstrate its potential by means of examples, showing also one way for evaluation. The latter is based on imaging a cylindrical object (advertisement column), taking the last to be the ﬁrst image, but without employing the closedness constraint. We ﬁnally summarize our ﬁndings and point to further directions of research.
Antigenic Complex Primarily by the Peptide Component of the TCR Repertoire Formation Is Guided + CD8

CD8 + T cells recognize infected or dysregulated cells via the clonotypically expressed ab TCR, which engages Ag in the form of peptide bound to MHC class I (MHC I) on the target cell surface. Previous studies have indicated that a diverse Ag-speciﬁc TCR repertoire can be beneﬁcial to the host, yet the determinants of clonotypic diversity are poorly deﬁned. To better understand the factors that govern TCR repertoire formation, we conducted a comprehensive clonotypic analysis of CD8 + T cell populations directed against epitopes derived from EBV and CMV. Neither pathogen source nor the restricting MHC I molecule were linked with TCR diversity; indeed, both HLA-A and HLA-B molecules were observed to interact with an overlapping repertoire of expressed TRBV genes. Peptide speciﬁcity, however, markedly impacted TCR diversity. In addition, distinct peptides sharing HLA restriction and viral origin mobilized TCR repertoires with distinct patterns of TRBV gene usage. Notably, no relationship was observed between immunodominance and TCR diversity. These ﬁndings provide new insights into the forces that shape the Ag-speciﬁc TCR repertoire in vivo and highlight a determinative role for the peptide component of the peptide–MHC I complex on the molecular frontline of CD8 + T cell–mediated immune surveillance. The Journal of Immunology , 2012, 190: 000–000. infections intracellular abnormalities. of short, cytosol-derived peptides in association with MHC class I (MHC I)
Development of a novel immunoassay for the assessment of plasma Gas6 concentrations and their variation with hormonal status.

BACKGROUND Gas6 is a vitamin K-dependent antiapoptotic protein that has been implicated in cardiovascular pathophysiology. We report the development and validation of an ELISA for Gas6, and the variation of plasma Gas6 with hormonal status in a study designed to evaluate the effect of oral contraception on plasma markers. METHODS After validation of the main stages of the ELISA assay, we measured plasma Gas6 concentrations in 94 male and 88 female healthy volunteers ages 18 to 38 years. Forty-five of the women then received an oral contraceptive, which contained ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, for 3 months before a new measurement was performed at the same time point in their menstrual cycles. RESULTS Interassay imprecision was 5.8%-11.8%, and the detection limit was 5.9 microg/L. Mean Gas6 plasma concentrations were significantly lower in men (52.0 microg/L) than in women not receiving oral contraceptives (63.8 microg/L, P <0.001). In the women who received oral contraceptives, Gas6 concentrations decreased after 3 months of therapy from 63.6 microg/L to 51.9 microg/L (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS We have developed a simple and reproducible ELISA assay for measuring plasma Gas6 concentrations, which vary with sex and are decreased by oral contraceptive use. These results suggest regulation of plasma Gas6 concentrations by sex hormones. Future clinical studies may require participants to be stratified by sex.