Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Runoff Depth Variation Process and Driving Mechanism of Upper Reaches of Marsh Stream

Through the double mass curves analysis, it concluded that the relationship between the areal and the runoff depth within upper reaches of the Naoli River, the Naoli River basin had experienced a great change since 1963, especially the runoff coefficient which appeared in a decreasing trend. By adopting the runoff coefficient difference Rank and T test (α=0.05,n1=7,n2=43,T=255,T1α=108.52,T2α=248.47, T＞T2α＞T1α), it also concluded that there was no consistency between the runoff coefficient series from 1956 to 1962 and the ones from 1963 to 2005. By analyzing the frequency curves of precipitation-runoff depth, it indicated that, under the same precipitation frequency, the runoff coefficient in 1963-2005 was much smaller than that in 1956-1962. The research results revealed that: (1) The precipitation was the key driving force to runoff variation; (2) The land use/cover changes posed by human activities was one of important causes contributing to runoff coefficient mutation in the catchment area; (3)The runoff depth variation was mainly controlled by the Longtouqiao reservoir and the water consumption was influenced by irrigation of paddy field since 2001.
Intelligent and automatic in vivo detection and quantification of transplanted cells in MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based cell tracking has emerged as a useful tool for identifying the location of transplanted cells, and even their migration. Magnetically labeled cells appear as dark contrast in T2*‐weighted MRI, with sensitivities of individual cells. One key hurdle to the widespread use of MRI‐based cell tracking is the inability to determine the number of transplanted cells based on this contrast feature. In the case of single cell detection, manual enumeration of spots in three‐dimensional (3D) MRI in principle is possible; however, it is a tedious and time‐consuming task that is prone to subjectivity and inaccuracy on a large scale. This research presents the first comprehensive study on how a computer‐based intelligent, automatic, and accurate cell quantification approach can be designed for spot detection in MRI scans.
Negative index metamaterials based on metal-dielectric nanocomposites for imaging applications

Negative index metamaterials are demonstrated based on metal-dielectric nanocomposites prepared using a versatile bottom-up nanofabrication approach. The method involves the incorporation of vertically aligned metal nanowires such as Au and Ag inside dielectric aluminum oxide nanotemplates. Optical absorbance measurements show resonance peaks corresponding to the transverse and longitudinal surface plasmon modes. A quantitative model based on effective medium theory is in excellent agreement with experimental data, and points to specific composite configurations and wavelength regimes where such structures can have applications as negative refraction media for imaging. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2945647 The development of next-generation optical devices such as flat lens and superlenses currently hinge on the demonstration of nanocomposite materials which will exhibit negative refraction in the optical wavelength regime. 1 Recent advances in nanofabrication both bottom up and top down clearly point to the feasibility of developing nanocomposites in various configurations in the near future which will indeed exhibit the required negative index of refraction. Particularly promising in this regard is the demonstration of nonlinear optical properties derived from surface plasmon modes exhibited in metal nanoparticles such as Au and Ag. 2‐6 Combining such metal nanoparticles with dielectrics and fabricating them appropriately in novel configurations can produce structures which will exhibit negative index of refraction in specific visible wavelength regimes. Several such structures are currently being proposed. 7‐11 In this paper, we show that a metal nanowire array, such as Au or Ag, embedded vertically in a dielectric medium, such as aluminum oxide see Fig. 1, can exhibit negative refraction in the visible wavelength regime. Consider such a metal nanowire array embedded in a dielectric medium. For such a material, if f is the ratio of metal wire versus dielectric fill ratio, =measure of the aspect ratio of nanowires, a=permittivity of the dielectric, m=permittivity of the wires and eff=effective permittivity of composite structure, then using effective medium theory, 12,13 one can write
A high-performance area-aware DSP processor architecture for video codecs

In this paper, we propose a high-performance and area-aware very long instruction word (VLIW) DSP architecture using a flexible single instruction multiple data (SIMD) approach and a grouped permutation (GP) structure register file, respectively. Via the proposed data path architecture, the reduction of the execution cycles for digital filter and RGB2YUV benchmarks can be improved up to 50% compared with that of Hinrichs et al. (2000) and Lin et al. (2003). For motion estimation, the number of pixels per cycle applying the proposed architecture can be four times than that of Hinrichs and Lin. For the register file, using the proposed GP structure, the saving of switching network overhead can be anticipated compared with the work in Lin
On the Origin of the Local Group’s Peculiar Velocity

We aim to settle the debate regarding the fraction of the Local Group's peculiar velocity that is induced by structures beyond the Great Attractor by calculating the dipole anisotropy of the largest, all-sky, truly X-ray-selected cluster sample compiled to date. The sample is the combination of the REFLEX catalog in the southern hemisphere, the eBCS sample in the north, and the CIZA survey in the Galactic plane. The composite REFLEX+eBCS+CIZA sample overcomes many of the problems inherent to previous galaxy and cluster catalogs that limited their effectiveness in determining the origin of the Local Group's motion. From the dipole anisotropy present in the cluster distribution, we determine that 44% of the Local Group's peculiar velocity is due to infall into the Great Attractor region, while 56% is in the form of a large-scale flow induced by more distant overdensities between 130 and 180 h-1 Mpc away. In agreement with previous analyses, we find that the Shapley supercluster is the single overdensity most responsible for the increase in the dipole amplitude beyond 130 h-1 Mpc, generating 30.4% of the large-scale contribution. We find that a significant portion of the remainder is due to numerous groupings and loose associations of clusters at roughly the same distance as the Shapley region. We also note the presence of a significant underdensity of clusters in the northern hemisphere roughly 150 h-1 Mpc away and suggest that the large-scale anisotropy observed in the cluster distribution near this distance may have as much to do with the presence of large overdensities in the south as it does with the lack of superclusters in the north.
AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIPTION OF PROSODIC STRESS FOR SPONTANEOUS ENGLISH DISCOURSE

The role of duration, amplitude and fundamental frequency of syllabic vocalic nuclei is investigated for marking prosodic stress in spontaneous American English discourse. Local maxima of different evidence variables, implemented as combinations of the three basic parameters duration, amplitude and pitch -, are supposed to be related with prosodic stress. As reference, two different subsets from the OGI English stories database were manually marked in terms of prosodic stress by two different trained linguists. The ROC curves, built on the training examples, show that both transcribers grant a major role to the amplitude and duration rather than to the pitch of the vocalic nuclei. More complex evidence variables, involving a product of the three basic parameters, allow around 80% primary stressed and 77% unstressed syllables to be correctly recognized in the test files of both transcribers’ datasets. The agreement between the two transcribers on a set of common files supplies . only slightly higher percentages.
Human Cluster Evaluation and Formal Quality Measures: A Comparative Study

Clustering quality evaluation is an essential component of cluster analysis. Given the plethora of clustering techniques and their possible parameter settings, data analysts require sound means of comparing alternate partitions of the same data. When proposing a novel technique, researchers commonly apply two means of clustering quality evaluation. First, they apply formal Clustering Quality Measures (CQMs) to compare the results of the novel technique with those of previous algorithms. Second, they visually present the resultant partitions of the novel method and invite readers to see for themselves that it uncovers the correct partition. These two approaches are viewed as disjoint and complementary. Our study compares formal CQMs with human evaluations using a diverse set of measures based on a novel theoretical taxonomy. We find that some highly natural CQMs are in sharp contrast with human evaluations while others correlate well. Through a comparison of clustering experts and novices, as well as a consistency analysis, we support the hypothesis that clustering evaluation skill is present in the general population.
Group work as an incentive for learning – students’ experiences of group work

Group work is used as a means for learning at all levels in educational systems. There is strong scientific support for the benefits of having students learning and working in groups. Nevertheless, studies about what occurs in groups during group work and which factors actually influence the students’ ability to learn is still lacking. Similarly, the question of why some group work is successful and other group work results in the opposite is still unsolved. The aim of this article is to add to the current level of knowledge and understandings regarding the essence behind successful group work in higher education. This research is focused on the students’ experiences of group work and learning in groups, which is an almost non-existing aspect of research on group work prior to the beginning of the 21st century. A primary aim is to give university students a voice in the matter by elucidating the students’ positive and negative points of view and how the students assess learning when working in groups. Furthermore, the students’ explanations of why some group work ends up being a positive experience resulting in successful learning, while in other cases, the result is the reverse, are of interest. Data were collected through a study-specific questionnaire, with multiple choice and open-ended questions. The questionnaires were distributed to students in different study programs at two universities in Sweden. The present result is based on a reanalysis and qualitative analysis formed a key part of the study. The results indicate that most of the students’ experiences involved group work that facilitated learning, especially in the area of academic knowledge. Three important prerequisites (learning, study-social function, and organization) for group work that served as an effective pedagogy and as an incentive for learning were identified and discussed. All three abstractions facilitate or hamper students’ learning, as well as impact their experiences with group work.
Detection of Patients at Risk for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation During Sinus Rhythm by P Wave‐Triggered Signal‐Averaged Electrocardiogram

To determine whether patients at risk for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation could be detected while in sinus rhythm, the signal-averaged electrocardiogram triggered by P waves was recorded in 42 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (Paf group) and in 50 control patients. The root mean square voltages (LP10, LP20, and LP30) for the last 10, 20, and 30 msec and the duration (Ad) of filtered (40—300 Hz) P wave of the spatial magnitude were measured. LP10 and LP20 were significantly lower in the Paf than in the control group (LP10, 1.92 ± 0.58 versus 2.49 ± 0.78, μV, p < 0.001; LP20, 2.47 ± 0.78 versus 3.46 ± 1.20, μV, p < 0.0001), although no significant difference in LP30 was found between groups. Ad was also significantly longer in the Paf than in the control group (137.0 ± 14.3 versus 118.6 ± 11.3 msec, p < 0.001). These differences between the Paf and control groups remained significant even after dividing by the presence or absence of organic heart diseases. The criteria of “LP20=3.5, μV or less” and “Ad > 120 msec” as defining “atrial late potential” gave a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 76%. These findings suggest that patients at risk for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation could be detected while in sinus rhythm by using the P wave-triggered signal-averaged electrocardiogram.
Rate-Optimal Multiuser Scheduling with Reduced Feedback Load and Analysis of Delay Effects

We propose a feedback algorithm for wireless networks that always collects feedback from the user with the best channel conditions and has a significant reduction in feedback load compared to full feedback. The algorithm is based on a carrier-to-noise threshold, and closed-form expressions for the feedback load as well as the threshold value that minimizes the feedback load have been found. We analyze two delay scenarios. The first scenario is where the scheduling decision is based on outdated channel estimates, and the second scenario is where both the scheduling decision and the adaptive modulation are based on outdated channel estimates.
Human anal reflexes.

By perianal electrical stimulation and EMG recording from the external anal sphincter the anal reflex was constantly present in normal subjects. The latency decreased within certain limits with increasing stimulation to an average minimum latency of 50 ms (SD 10.5). There was no difference between the minimum latency in normal subjects and patients with suprasegmental lesions of the CNS. The latency may be prolonged in patients with lesion of the reflex arc. By stimulation over the posterior tibial nerve behind the medial malleolus a reflex reaction could be picked up constantly from the anal sphincter in normal subjects. This reflex had a longer latency but a lower threshold than the reflex reaction from the tibialis anterior muscle. The average minimum latency from the anal sphincter was 93 ms (SD 21.1) and from the tibialis anterior muscle 64 ms (SD 7.9). In the absence of the anal reflex it may be possible to localise the defect to the afferent or efferent parts of the reflex by using types of stimulation. Preliminary studies of spinal shock revealed a perianally elicited anal reflex in all cases, but also a response to peripheral stimulation in some of the cases, more frequently found in the anal sphincter than in the tibialis anterior muscle.
Joint Optimal Pricing and Task Scheduling in Mobile Cloud Computing Systems

The evolving mobile cloud computing (MCC) paradigm enables mobile users to offload their computing tasks to cloud servers. In this paper, we study the following problems in MCC systems: 1) which tasks should be offloaded to cloud servers? 2) and what is the optimal price of cloud services? We jointly address these issues by formulating two levels of optimization problems. On the mobile users side, we formulate a utility maximization problem that takes the energy consumption, delay, and price of cloud services into account and obtain the optimal scheduling for both delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant applications. On the cloud service provider (CSP) side, we determine the optimal pricing strategy by formulating a profit maximization problem, which is non-convex in general. We further propose an algorithm using convexification and primal-dual methods to mitigate the non-convexity. Through numerical studies, we investigate the mobile users’ behavior and the CSP’s pricing strategy. Our results reveal that the proposed scheduler effectively balances the tradeoff between the energy consumption and delay in comparison with different schedulers proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we show that with the proposed pricing algorithm, the CSP can improve its profit by up to 25% compared with static and dynamic pricing strategies.
Managing Dysphagia Through Diet Modifications

OVERVIEWDysphagia can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, aspiration pneumonia, and even death. The condition has diverse causes and symptoms vary widely. Nurses are likely to encounter patients with dysphagia in various settings, including acute care medical units, rehabilitation centers, and skilled nursing facilities. Dietary modification—altering the consistency of foods and liquids—is a fundamental aspect of dysphagia management. This article describes normal and impaired swallowing, discusses several types and levels of dietary modification, and offers readers a concise list of nursing considerations. Keywordsdysphagia, impaired swallowing, dietary modification, malnutrition, aspiration pneumonia
Information scraps

In this article we investigate information scraps—personal information where content has been scribbled on Post-it notes, scrawled on the corners of sheets of paper, stuck in our pockets, sent in email messages to ourselves, and stashed in miscellaneous digital text files. Information scraps encode information ranging from ideas and sketches to notes, reminders, shipment tracking numbers, driving directions, and even poetry. Although information scraps are ubiquitous, we have much still to learn about these loose forms of information practice. Why do we keep information scraps outside of our traditional PIM applications? What role do information scraps play in our overall information practice? How might PIM applications be better designed to accommodate and support information scraps' creation, manipulation and retrieval? We pursued these questions by studying the information scrap practices of 27 knowledge workers at five organizations. Our observations shed light on information scraps' content, form, media, and location. From this data, we elaborate on the typical information scrap lifecycle, and identify common roles that information scraps play: temporary storage, archiving, work-in-progress, reminding, and management of unusual data. These roles suggest a set of unmet design needs in current PIM tools: lightweight entry, unconstrained content, flexible use and adaptability, visibility, and mobility.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a mouse model of anaphylaxis.

BACKGROUND The generation of large quantities of nitric oxide (NO) is implicated in the pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock. The source of NO, however, has not been established and conflicting results have been obtained when investigators have tried to inhibit its production in anaphylaxis. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in a mouse model of anaphylaxis. METHODS BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin to induce anaphylaxis. Tissues were removed from the heart and lungs, and blood was drawn at different time points during the first 48 hours after induction of anaphylaxis. The Griess assay was used to measure nitric oxide generation. Nitric oxide synthase expression was examined by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS A significant increase in iNOS mRNA expression and nitric oxide production was evident as early as 10 to 30 minutes after allergen challenge in both heart and lungs. In contrast, expression of eNOS mRNA was not altered during the course of the experiment. CONCLUSION Our results support involvement of iNOS in the immediate physiological response of anaphylaxis.
Value of thrombomodulin immunostaining in the diagnosis of transitional cell carcinoma: a comparative study with carcinoembryonic antigen

Aims: Thrombomodulin (TM) is a surface glycoprotein involved in the regulation of intravascular coagulation that has been reported to be expressed in a variety of tumours. We investigated TM expression in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and compared the value of TM immunostaining with that of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) for differentiating TCC from other tumours with which it may be confused.
Schottky Diode Series Resistance and Thermal Resistance Extraction From $S$ -Parameter and Temperature Controlled I–V Measurements

A new method for extracting the series resistance and thermal resistance of a Schottky diode is presented. The method avoids the inaccuracies caused by the temperature dependence of the saturation current and ideality factor. These are a major concern for traditional extraction methods, especially when the diode under test has a submicrometer anode diameter and is significantly heated up by the bias current. The method uses theoretical models validated with measurements for the temperature-dependent saturation current and ideality factor, and the series resistance values extracted from low-frequency scattering parameter measurements in the high bias current regime. The main focus of this paper is the accurate extraction of the series resistance. For example, the series resistance value extracted with our method for a discrete diode with a 0.8-μm anode diameter is 88% larger than the series resistance extracted using traditional techniques. As a by-product from the extraction algorithm, an estimate for the thermal resistance of the diode is obtained. The method is validated with extensive current-voltage (I-V) and scattering parameter measurements of two different commercially available discrete single anode mixer diodes optimized for terahertz operation. I-V measurements are performed at several controlled ambient temperatures and scattering parameter measurements at one known ambient temperature.
Impact of Autologous and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Peripheral T/NK-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are rare malignancies characterized by poor prognosis. So far, no standard therapy has been established, due to the lack of randomised studies. High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT-autoSCT) have shown good feasibility with low toxicity in retrospective studies. In relapsing and refractory PTCL several comparison analyses suggest similar efficacy for PTCL when compared with aggressive B-cell lymphoma. In the upfront setting, prospective data show promising results with a long-lasting overall survival in a relevant subset of patients. Achieving a complete remission at transplantation seems to be the most important prognostic factor. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) has been investigated only as salvage treatment. Especially when using reduced intensity conditioning regimen, eligible patients seem to benefit from this approach. To define the role for upfront stem cell transplantation a randomised trial by the German High-Grade Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Study Group comparing HDT-autoSCT and alloSCT will be initiated this year.
Serre weights for quaternion algebras

Abstract We study the possible weights of an irreducible two-dimensional mod p representation of ${\rm Gal}(\overline {F}/F)$ which is modular in the sense that it comes from an automorphic form on a definite quaternion algebra with centre F which is ramified at all places dividing p, where F is a totally real field. In most cases we determine the precise list of possible weights; in the remaining cases we determine the possible weights up to a short and explicit list of exceptions.