Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pitch Dispersal and the Perception of Tonal Strength in Schoenberg’s Oeuvre

The idea that listeners’ tonal/atonal sense represents a special case of multiple causation was examined, and the following hypothesis was tested: pitch dispersal (i.e., distance in pitch between successive tones) is a secondary determiner of tonality and atonality, the former being strengthened by low levels of pitch dispersal and the latter by high levels of pitch dispersal. A correlational study was conducted in which eight trained listeners judged the degree to which 78 melodies extracted from A. Schoenberg’s oeuvre convey a tonic. In line with the present hypothesis, results suggest that listeners’ judgments were influenced not only by consonance or pitch class distributions (i.e., by underlying “scales”), as expected from previous research, but also by pitch dispersal. Interestingly, it was also found that Schoenberg’ melodies became not only less diatonic over time, but also more dispersed, which suggests that the joint manipulation of pitch class distributions and pitch dispersal might have been a strategy on Schoenberg’s part to weaken the sense of tonality. Some of the key musicological, theoretical, and psychological implications of these findings are discussed.
Overbidding in Independant Private-Values Auctions and Misperception of Probabilities

We conduct an experiment to test whether probability misperception may be a possible alternative to risk aversion to explain overbidding in independent first-price private-values auctions. The experimental outcomes indicate that subjects underestimate their probability of winning the auction, and indeed overbid. Yet, when provided with feed-back on the precision of their predictions, subjects learn first to predict their probability of winning correctly, and second to curb-down significantly overbidding. The structural estimation of different behavioral models suggests that i) subjects are heterogenous with respect to risk preferences and probability perceptions, ii) subjects tend to best-respond to their stated beliefs, and iii) although necessary to explain fully behavior, risk aversion appears to play a lesser role than previously believed. Finally, our experimental findings are shown to be consistent with a standard theoretical auction model combining risk aversion and misperception of probabilities. Nous menons une experience pour evaluer si le fait qu'un sujet evalue mal ses probabilites de gagner peut etre une hypothese alternative a l'aversion au risque pour expliquer les surencheres lors d'encheres independantes privees au premier prix. Les resultats experimentaux montrent, en effet, que les sujets sous-estiment leurs probabilites de gagner l'enchere et ont tendance a surencherir. Cependant, lorsqu'on leur presente plus de precisions sur leurs predictions, les sujets apprennent d'abord a predire correctement leurs probabilites de gagner, puis a limiter considerablement la surenchere. L'estimation de differents modeles du comportement suggere que i) les sujets sont heterogenes par rapport a leurs preferences du risque et leurs perceptions des probabilites, ii) les sujets choisissent leur meilleure reponse conditionnellement aux croyances qu'ils revelent, et iii) bien que necessaire pour expliquer pleinement le comportement des sujets, l'aversion au risque semble jouer un role moins important que prevu. Finalement, nos resultats experimentaux sont consistants avec un modele theorique d'encheres standard qui combine l'aversion au risque et la mauvaise perception des probabilites.
Subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy (Leigh's disease; Leigh syndrome)

[Graphic][1] Like so many complex and incurable neurological disorders, the disease first described in this journal in 1951 by (Archibald) Denis Leigh (1915–1998; figure 1) as ‘Subacute Necrotising Encephalomyelopathy’ (SNE)1 remained for many years a rare and intriguing enigma, of interest mainly to paediatric neurologists and neuropathologists. The more recent history of this disorder, now designated Leigh syndrome (LS) in view of its heterogeneity, exemplifies the revolution in clinical neurosciences, culminating in the understanding of the consequences of multiple mitochondrial defects through fundamental insights derived from molecular genetics, and attributing LS to a tale of two genomes, that is, to mutations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or to nuclear DNA.2 Figure 1 Dr A Denis Leigh in his office at the Maudsley Hospital, London, circa 1966. The patient described by Leigh was an infant who had died aged 7 months in King's College Hospital, London, following a brief encephalopathic illness marked by drowsiness, respiratory difficulties, blindness, deafness and bilateral spasticity. The neuropathological features of the condition recognised as distinctive by Leigh included a strikingly symmetrical proliferation of smaller blood vessels, neuronal degeneration and gliosis targeting particularly parts of the thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla and dorsal spinal cord. There was loss of myelin in the optic nerves and in association with the necrotising lesions in the grey matter. Leigh recognised striking similarities—but also important differences—between the pathological lesions seen in the infant with SNE and in Wernicke's encephalopathy. In the former, the subthalamic nuclei and mammillary bodies were strikingly spared, in contrast to Wernicke's encephalopathy. He speculated that the lesions in SNE might also be attributable to a nutritional deficiency, a theme to which he and others returned some years later, hoping that treatment with thiamine or related agents might lie in that direction. Although most patients with LS do not convincingly respond … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Joint and Marginal Eigenvalue Distributions of (Non)Central Complex Wishart Matrices and PDF-Based Approach for Characterizing the Capacity Statistics of MIMO Ricean and Rayleigh Fading Channels

This paper characterizes the eigenvalue distributions of full-rank Hermitian matrices generated from a set of independent (non)zero-mean proper complex Gaussian random vectors with a scaled-identity covariance matrix. More specifically, the joint and marginal cumulative distribution function (CDF) of any subset of unordered eigenvalues of the so-called complex (non)central Wishart matrices, as well as new simple and tractable expressions for their joint probability density function (PDF), are derived in terms of a finite sum of determinants. As corollaries to these new results, explicit expressions for the statistics of the smallest and largest eigenvalues, of (non)central Wishart matrices, can be easily obtained. Moreover, capitalizing on the foregoing distributions, it becomes possible to evaluate exactly the mean, variance, and other higher order statistics such as the skewness and kurtosis of the random channel capacity, in the case of uncorrelated multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) Ricean and Rayleigh fading channels. Doing so bridges the gap between Telatar's initial approach for evaluating the average MIMO channel capacity (Telatar, 1999), and the subsequently widely adopted moment generating function (MGF) approach, thereby setting the basis for a PDF-based framework for characterizing the capacity statistics of MIMO Ricean and Rayleigh fading channels.
Energy-efficient distributed spectrum sensing with convex optimization

We consider the problem of distributed spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks with a central fusion center, from an energy efficiency viewpoint. In our scheme, each cognitive radio adopts a combination of sleeping and censoring to obtain a sensing result based on energy detection, while the fusion center combines all the sensing results using an OR decision rule. Our goal is to minimize the network energy consumption, given constraints on the global probabilities of detection and false-alarm. We show that the underlying optimization problem can be solved as a convex optimization problem. We then show the energy efficiency of our scheme via simulations using a ZigBee transceiver model.
The role of VOC oxidation products in continental new particle formation

Aerosol physical and chemical properties and trace gas concentrations were measured during the QUEST field campaign in March–April 2003, in Hyytiala, Finland. Our aim was to understand the role of oxidation products of VOC's such as mono- and sesquiterpenes in atmospheric nucleation events. Particle chemical compositions were measured using the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, and chemical compositions of aerosol samples collected with low-pressure impactors and a high volume sampler were analysed using a number of techniques. The results indicate that during and after new particle formation, all particles larger than 50 nm in diameter contained similar organic substances that are likely to be mono- and sesquiterpene oxidation products. The oxidation products identified in the high volume samples were shown to be mostly aldehydes. In order to study the composition of particles in the 10–50 nm range, we made use of Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer results. We found that during nucleation events, both 10 and 50 nm particle growth factors due to uptake of ethanol vapour correlate strongly with gas-phase monoterpene oxidation product (MTOP) concentrations, indicating that the organic constituents of particles smaller than 50 nm in diameter are at least partly similar to those of larger particles. We furthermore showed that particle growth rates during the nucleation events are correlated with the gas-phase MTOP concentrations. This indicates that VOC oxidation products may have a key role in determining the spatial and temporal features of the nucleation events. This conclusion was supported by our aircraft measurements of new 3–10 nm particle concentrations, which showed that the nucleation event on 28 March 2003, started at the ground layer, i.e. near the VOC source, and evolved together with the mixed layer. Furthermore, no new particle formation was detected upwind away from the forest, above the frozen Gulf of Bothnia.
Approximate Signal Reconstruction Using Nonuniform Samples in Fractional Fourier and Linear Canonical Transform Domains

Approximate signal reconstruction formulas for the class of L 2(R) signals in the fractional Fourier and linear canonical transform (LCT) domains are presented. The results make use of the finite number of nonuniform samples of the signal in fractional Fourier or LCT domains taken at the positions determined by the zeros of the Hermite polynomials. The results provide exact representation for the class of signals that can be expressed in the form of polynomials of some finite order. The truncation error bounds in the presented results are also discussed. Simulation results for some of the proposed theorems are also presented.
Exploring the Backstage: Preparation and Implementation of Mass Protests in Germany

This article aims to shed light on the understudied backstage of mass street protest preparation and implementation. In this article, I present an exploratory framework for systematizing the basic tasks and challenges of organizing a mass protest in the streets or other places. I elaborate on the concept of backstage and provide an overview of the basic tasks and challenges in preparing and organizing mass protest. These tasks are fleshed out with empirical support in the article, followed by some concluding remarks.
Normative data of corpus callosal morphology in a North-West Indian population- an autopsy and MRI study.

INTRODUCTION Morphometric measurements of the corpus callosum (CC) are necessary to have normative values for studying sex, age and race related variations. METHODS Morphometry of the CC was done in preserved brain specimens and in MRI scans, in adults.The measurements included parameters like length, width, height of the cc, distances between genu and fornix, genu and anterior commissure, splenium and superior colliculus, distances from the different parts of the cc to the nearest cortical surfaces. RESULTS In the preserved brain group, the length CC was 6.98 cm (males) and 6.86 cm (females) while the corresponding values in the MRI group were 7.57 cm and 7.1 cm. The height CC was 2.15 cm (males) and 1.92 cm (females) in the preserved group, and 3.27 cm (males) and 2.59 cm (females) in the MRI group. The splenial width values were 1.12 cm (males) and 1.01 cm (female) in the preserved brains while the corresponding MRI values were 1.15 cm and 1.17 cm. CONCLUSIONS The values of different CC parameters observed were almost similar to the values reported in the other two Indian studies. However, Indian values were found to be more than the Japanese values for length, height and most of the widths of CC. The length and width of CC were found to be less than those of Caucasian population. Generation of this data will help in comparing the CC structure of different sex and ages, to study variations from the normal and may help in surgical planning.
Effects of the availability of visual information and presence of competing conversations on speech production

How do talkers maintain intelligibility when speaking in the presence of a background conversation? The current study identified acoustic and temporal modifications of speech manifested by interlocutors in the face of competing speech, with and without visual contact. Pairs of talkers held free conversations either alone or in the presence of a second pair. Regardless of the availability of visual information, speaking simultaneously with another talker resulted in overall increases in energy, F0, F1 and a decrease in speech rate. Overlapping with the background pair resulted in an increase in energy but no change in the two prosodic parameters F0 and speech rate. By contrast , within-pair overlap led to an increase in F0 and a decrease in rate, and no change in speech level. The absence of visual cues produced a significant reduction in within-pair overlap, which tended to be greater when the background pair was present. These findings emphasize the need to distinguish between Lombard and interactional influences on acoustic parameters, and suggest that adverse conditions such as competing speech or absence of visual cues cause interlocutors to adopt more careful dialogue strategies, perhaps with the aim of reducing energetic and informational masking at the ears of the listener.
Police Involvement in Child Protective Services Investigations: Literature Review and Secondary Data Analysis

This article examines the relationship of police and child protective services (CPS) coinvolvement to the outcomes of child maltreatment investigations. It reviews practice and empirical literature and conducts a secondary analysis of a national CPS data set. Most sources argue that coordination of the two agencies improves investigations and benefits children and families. Yet, sources also report friction between these agencies, interference with each other’s job, and concerns that police involvement increases child removal. In the CPS case data, allegations were more likely to be judged credible when police also investigated and families were also more likely to receive various services. For neglect cases, multi-disciplinary decision making, but not police involvement per se, was linked to child removal. Across studies, police do not appear to hinder CPS effectiveness and may actually promote it. Their investigations should be coordinated in every community.
Text clustering using fuzzy neighborhood and evaluation of clusters

This study is concerned with text clustering and evaluating the clusters. Fuzzy neighborhood, a method of text mining, is used for this purpose. Five different clustering algorithms are used, they are kernel affinity propagation, kernel hard c-means, kernel fuzzy c-means, kernel hard k-means++ and kernel variable size hard c-means. These algorithms are applied to the clustering of nouns and adjectives in Chinese documents and SNS. The results from the previous four algorithms except kernel affinity propagation are evaluated by Rand index.
The structure of pre-adolescents’ perceptions of their teacher’s interpersonal behaviours and their relation to pre-adolescents’ learning outcomes

Abstract Previous studies have offered indications that the way pre-adolescents (fifth and sixth graders) structure their perceptions of their teacher’s interaction in terms of Agency and Communion differs from adolescents. The purpose of this study was to delineate previous findings by thoroughly examining the structure of pre-adolescents’ perceptions of their teacher’s interpersonal behaviour, and by investigating the extent to which this structure relates to pre-adolescents’ learning outcomes. A mixed methods research design was implemented including a qualitative instrument adaptation procedure followed by a quantitative large-scale administration. Participants for the latter were a random sample of 504 pre-adolescents (from 10 to 13 years old) and 36 teachers. Results showed that participants placed significantly more emphasis on their teachers’ Communion behavioural dimension and this emphasis was illustrated on the association of perceived teacher interaction and students’ learning outcomes. Implications for theory, research and practice are discussed.
Combining Antibody-Directed Presentation of IL-15 and 4-1BBL in a Trifunctional Fusion Protein for Cancer Immunotherapy

Influencing the cytokine receptor network that modulates the immune response holds great potential for cancer immunotherapy. Although encouraging results have been obtained by focusing on individual members of the common γ-chain (γc) receptor family and TNF receptor superfamily so far, combination strategies might be required to further improve the effectiveness of the antitumor response. Here, we propose the combination of interleukin (IL)-15 and 4-1BBL in a single, tumor-directed molecule. Therefore, a trifunctional antibody fusion protein was generated, composed of a tumor-specific recombinant antibody, IL-15 linked to a fragment of the IL-15Rα chain (RD) and the extracellular domain of 4-1BBL. In soluble and targeted forms, the trifunctional antibody fusion protein RD_IL-15_scFv_4-1BBL was shown to stimulate activated T-cell proliferation and induce T-cell cytotoxicity to a similar degree as the bifunctional scFv_RD_IL-15 fusion protein. On the other hand, in targeted form, the trifunctional fusion protein was much more effective in inducing T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ release of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Here, the additional signal enhancement could be attributed to the costimulatory activity of 4-1BBL, indicating a clear benefit for the simultaneous presentation of IL-15 and 4-1BBL in one molecule. Furthermore, the trifunctional antibody fusion protein was more effective than the corresponding bifunctional fusion proteins in reducing metastases in a tumor mouse model in vivo. Hence, the targeted combination of IL-15 and 4-BBL in the form of a trifunctional antibody-fusion protein is a promising new approach for cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(1); 112–21. ©2013 AACR.
circular permutation Alteration of the disulfide-coupled folding pathway of BPTI by References

The kinetics of disulfide-coupled folding and unfolding of four circularly permuted forms of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) were studied and compared with previously published results for both wild-type BPTI and a cyclized form. Each of the permuted proteins was found to be less stable than either the wild-type or circular proteins, by 3–8 kcal/mole. These stability differences were used to estimate effective concentrations of the chain termini in the native proteins, which were 1 mM for the wild-type protein and 2.5 to 4000 M for the permuted forms. The circular permutations increased the rates of unfolding and caused a variety of effects on the kinetics of refolding. For two of the proteins, the rates of a direct disulfide-formation pathway were dramatically increased, making this process as fast or faster than the competing disulfide rearrangement mechanism that predominates in the folding of the wild-type protein. These two permutations break the covalent connectivity among the -strands of the native protein, and removal of these constraints appears to facilitate direct formation and reduction of nearby disulfides that are buried in the folded structure. The effects on folding kinetics and mechanism do not appear to be correlated with relative contact order, a measure of overall topological complexity. These observations are consistent with the results of other recent experimental and computational studies suggesting that circular permutation may generally influence folding mechanisms by favoring or disfavoring specific interactions that promote alternative pathways, rather than through effects on the overall topology of the native protein.
The Population of Faint Optically Selected Active Galactic Nuclei at z ~ 3

We discuss a sample of 29 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) (16 narrow-lined and 13 broad-lined) discovered in a spectroscopic survey of ~1000 star-forming Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) at z ≃ 3. Reaching apparent magnitudes of ℛAB = 25.5, the sample includes broad-lined AGNs approximately 100 times less UV luminous than in most surveys to date covering similar redshifts and in the first statistical sample of UV/optically selected narrow-lined AGNs at high redshift. The fraction of objects in our survey with clear evidence for AGN activity is ≃3%. A substantial fraction, perhaps even most, of these objects would not have been detected in even the deepest existing X-ray surveys. We argue that these AGNs are plausibly hosted by the equivalent of LBGs. The UV luminosities of the broad-lined AGNs in the sample are compatible with Eddington-limited accretion onto black holes that satisfy the locally determined MBH versus Mbulge relation given estimates of the stellar masses of LBGs. The clustering properties of the AGNs are compatible with their being hosted by objects similar to LBGs. The implied lifetime of the active AGN phase in LBGs, if it occurs some time during the active star formation phase, is ~107 yr.
A Combined Impact-Process Evaluation of a Program Promoting Active Transport to School: Understanding the Factors That Shaped Program Effectiveness

This mixed methods study was a comprehensive impact-process evaluation of the Ride2School program in metropolitan and regional areas in Victoria, Australia. The program aimed to promote transport to school for primary school children. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected at baseline and followup from two primary schools involved in the pilot phase of the program and two matched comparison schools, and a further 13 primary schools that participated in the implementation phase of the program. Classroom surveys, structured and unstructured observations, and interviews with Ride2School program staff were used to evaluate the pilot program. For the 13 schools in the second phase of the program, parents and students completed questionnaires at baseline (N = 889) and followup (N = 761). Based on the quantitative data, there was little evidence of an overall increase in active transport to school across participating schools, although impacts varied among individual schools. Qualitative data in the form of observations, interviews, and focus group discussions with students, school staff, and program staff provided insight into the reasons for variable program impacts. This paper highlights the benefits of undertaking a mixed methods approach to evaluating active transport to school programs that enables both measurement and understanding of program impacts.