Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gaussian Power with Cylinder Vector Field Representation for Corneal Topography Maps

The corneal maps displayed on commercially available corneal topography instruments are really one-dimensional, defining quantities only along a meridian, and ignoring shape information along any other direction. Both axial and instantaneous power have the drawbacks that there is a singularity at the center data point on the videokeratograph axis, and the computed powers and appearance of the corneal map change depending on the videokeratograph axis or on the location of asymmetries. We propose a new representation for corneal topography maps, Gaussian power with cylinder vector field, that has no singularity, and faithfully produces power values and corneal map patterns that are independent of videokeratograph axis or location of asymmetries.
Modern Social Politics in Britain and Sweden: From Relief to Income Maintenance.

New Introduction to the ECPR Press edition by Hugh Heclo Preface 1 Politics and Social Policy 2 The Context of Social Policy 3 Support for the Unemployed 4 The Struggle for Old Age Pensions 5 From Pensions to Superannuation 6 Social Policy and Political Learning Epilogue: The Rediscovery of Inequality Works Cited Index
Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and levodopa on energy production rate and substrate oxidation in Parkinson's disease

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) often lose weight, but after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), they gain weight. We compared daily energy intake (DEI), resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation rates (measured by indirect calorimetry) in nineteen STN-DBS-treated patients (Group S), thirteen others on pharmacologic treatment by levodopa (Group L) and eight control subjects. We also determined the acute effects of STN-DBS and levodopa on REE and substrate oxidation rates. STN-DBS treated patients gained 9·7 (sem 7·1) kg after surgery, whereas patients on pharmacologic treatment lost 3·8 (sem 10·0) kg since diagnosis. In STN-DBS-treated patients, REE (−16·5 %; P<0·001), lipid oxidation (−27 %; P<0·05) and protein oxidation (−46 %; P<0·05) were decreased, whereas glucose oxidation was elevated (+81 %; P<0·05) as compared to patients on pharmacologic treatment. Levodopa acutely reduced REE (−8·3 %; P<0·05) and glucose oxidation (−37 %; P<0·01) with a slight hyperglycaemic effect (after levodopa challenge: 5·6 (sem 0·8) v. before levodopa challenge: 5·3 (sem 0·6) mmol/l; P<0·01). Switching ‘on’ STN-DBS acutely reduced REE (−17·5 %; P<0·01) and lipid oxidation (−24 %; P<0·001) 30 min after starting stimulation. Fasting glycaemia was slightly but significantly reduced (5·4 (sem 1·4) v. 5·5 (sem 1·3) mmol/l; P<0·01). After STN-DBS, the normalization of REE and the reduction in lipid and protein oxidation contribute to the restoration of weight. As levodopa decreases glucose oxidation, the reduction in daily dose of levodopa in STN-DBS-treated patients helps prevent the effect of weight gain on glycaemia.
Race, ethnicity, and the achievement syndrome.

In this analysis I have attempted to show the integration of love with various types of social structures. As against considerable contemporary opinion among both sociologists and anthropologists, I suggest that love is a universal psychological potential, which is controlled by a range of five structural patterns, all of which are attempts to see to it that youngsters do not make entirely free choices of their future spouses. Only if kin lines are unimportant, and this condition is found in no society as a whole, will entirely free choice be permitted. Some structural arrangements seek to prevent entirely the outbreak of love, while others harness it. Since the kin lines of the upper strata are of greater social importance to them than those of lower strata are to the lower strata members, the former exercise a more effective control over this choice. Even where there is almost a formally free choice of mate-and I have suggested that this pattern is widespread, to be found among a substantial segment of the earth's societies-this choice is guided by peer group and parents toward a mate who will be acceptable to the kin and friend groupings. The theoretical importance of love is thus to be seen in the sociostructural patterns which are developed to keep it from disrupting existing social arrangements.
Distinct Light-Initiated Gene Expression and Cell Cycle Programs in the Shoot Apex and Cotyledons of Arabidopsis[W]

In darkness, shoot apex growth is repressed, but it becomes rapidly activated by light. We show that phytochromes and cryptochromes play largely redundant roles in this derepression in Arabidopsis thaliana. We examined the light activation of transcriptional changes in a finely resolved time course, comparing the shoot apex (meristem and leaf primordia) and the cotyledon and found >5700 differentially expressed genes. Early events specific to the shoot apices included the repression of genes for Really Interesting New Gene finger proteins and basic domain/leucine zipper and basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors. The downregulation of auxin and ethylene and the upregulation of cytokinin and gibberellin hormonal responses were also characteristic of shoot apices. In the apex, genes involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein translation were rapidly and synchronously induced, simultaneously with cell proliferation genes, preceding visible organ growth. Subsequently, the activation of signaling genes and transcriptional signatures of cell wall expansion, turgor generation, and plastid biogenesis were apparent. Furthermore, light regulates the forms and protein levels of two transcription factors with opposing functions in cell proliferation, E2FB and E2FC, through the Constitutively Photomorphogenic1 (COP1), COP9-Signalosome5, and Deetiolated1 light signaling molecules. These data provide the basis for reconstruction of the regulatory networks for light-regulated meristem, leaf, and cotyledon development.
The Comparison of Grandparents’, Parents’, and Young People's Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Turkey

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare attitudes toward lesbians and gay men across three generations in Turkey. Participants were 112 young people, 169 parents, and 125 grandparents. A total of 406 men and women were involved. The short form of Herek's (1998) the Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men Scale was used. MANOVAs and ANOVAs were used to analyze the data. Results showed the attitudinal differences toward gay and lesbian people across generations. Grandparents have the most negative attitudes, whereas parents have more negative attitudes than their children. When comparing attitudes of each generation across sex, we found that young women have more liberal attitudes toward gay men compared to all other groups. Discussion focuses on understanding the results within the unique cultural context of Turkey.
ECG-gated C-arm computed tomography using L1 regularization

Cardiac C-Arm computed tomography leads to a view-starved reconstruction problem because of electrocardiogram gating. The lack of data has to be compensated by a-priori information on the solution. While standard regularization is performed by minimizing a quadratic penalty term, recently proposed limited-view reconstruction techniques perform it by minimizing the L1-norm of the signal in a basis where it is supposed to be sparse. Although some algorithms are formulated with this generic L1-norm term, their practical implementations replace it by total variation, which leads to piecewise constant images. In this article, we investigate the benefits of using a different sparsifying basis, which can be chosen depending on the expected properties of the solution. It results in more flexibility in the reconstruction. We provide an in-depth description of the algorithm used for the minimization.
Autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune thyroid disease do not interfere with the activity of the human iodide symporter gene stably transfected in CHO cells.

OBJECTIVE The human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) is a candidate autoantigen in autoimmune thyroid diseases. To investigate the possible existence of autoantibodies able to interfere with the biological activity of hNIS, an assay was developed using a cell line stably expressing hNIS. METHODS hNIS complementary cDNA cloned in pcDNA3 and a neomycin resistance gene vector were co-transfected into CHO cells. After selection with geneticin, a cell line termed PA4, showing the highest level of Na(125)I uptake, was characterized. The time course of iodide uptake was evaluated by incubating PA(4) cells with 10 micromol/l NaI and 0.1 microCi Na(125)I for a period up to 90 min. The accumulation of iodide increased linearly between 2 and 10 min, reaching a plateau at 45 min. The curve of iodide efflux mirrored that of iodide influx. Both perchlorate and thiocyanate inhibited iodide uptake in PA(4) cells in a dose-dependent manner starting from concentrations as low as 0.01 and 0.1 micromol/l respectively and complete inhibition was obtained at concentrations of 100 micromol/l perchlorate and 1000 micromol/l thiocyanate. The sensitivity of the inhibition assay was further improved using both inhibitors after 5 min incubation and in the absence of cold NaI. RESULTS Included in the study were 42 patients with Graves' disease (25 had active hyperthyroidism, ten were euthyroid and seven had hypothyroidism); 34 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (one was euthyroid, four had subclinical hypothyroidism and 29 were overtly hypothyroid); and 19 with atrophic thyroiditis (all hypothyroid). Four out of eight whole sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 8 out of 25 whole sera from patients with Graves' disease caused an inhibition of iodide uptake in PA(4) cells greater than 20% but also in 4 out of 15 sera from normal subjects. This inhibition activity exerted by sera from patients and controls was lost after dialyzing against buffer. Accordingly, IgGs purified from sera of all patients with Graves' disease and with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or atrophic thyroiditis were devoid of any effect on iodide uptake. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we believe that autoantibodies able to block the function of hNIS are very rare.
Re-evaluation of the Role of Postoperative Radiotherapy and the Impact of Radiation Dose for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer Using the National Cancer Database

Background: The role of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) after surgical resection of non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains controversial. Although pertinent randomized evidence is lacking, historical studies have shown a survival detriment, partially attributed to antiquated radiotherapy techniques and supratherapeutic doses, whereas more recent nonrandomized data have suggested a survival benefit for PORT in appropriate patients. This analysis reassesses the impact of PORT in a modern cohort of patients with particular attention to radiotherapy details. Methods: Patients treated with margin-negative (R0) surgical resection of NSCLC with complete adjuvant treatment information were identified within the National Cancer Database. Overall survival (OS) was compared between patients based upon pathologic stage of disease, histologic subtype, and details of adjuvant therapy delivered. Results: We identified 30,552 patients treated for stages II–IIIA NSCLC in National Cancer Database between 1998 and 2006. Histology was adenocarcinoma in 16,482, squamous cell in 9847, large cell in 1715 and other in 2562. Overall, 3430 patients (11.2%) received PORT, and 23.8% of N2 patients received PORT. There was a detriment in 5-year OS with PORT for pathologically N0 (48 versus 37.7%, p < 0.001) and N1 patients (39.4 versus 34.8%, p < 0.001), although 5-year OS was improved with PORT in N2 patients (27.8 versus 34.1%, p < 0.001). Importantly, PORT dose was found to have a significant impact on OS. Patients who received 45 to 54 Gy demonstrated superior survival relative to patients without PORT (5-year OS 38 versus 27.8%, p < 0.001), although patients who received greater than 54 Gy had equivalent survival to patients treated without PORT (5-year OS 27.6 versus 27.8%, p = 0.784). PORT with doses of 45 to 54 Gy remained significantly associated with improved OS on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio for death 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.76–0.94, p < 0.001). Conclusions: PORT delivered with modern techniques with appropriate doses continues to demonstrate a survival benefit in patients with positive mediastinal nodal metastases, and therefore should remain a standard of care for this population.
Antiviral Activity of Metal-Containing Polymers—Organotin and Cisplatin-Like Polymers

Polymers containing platinum and to a lesser extent tin, have repeatedly demonstrated antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo against a variety of cell and tumor types. The mechanisms responsible for the antitumor activity include inducing a delay in cell proliferation and sister chromatid exchanges blocking tumor growth. As most DNA and some RNA viruses require, and even induce, infected cells to initiate DNA replication and subsequent cell division, compounds with antitumor activity will very likely also possess antiviral activity. This article examines the use of metal-containing polymers as a novel class of antivirals.
Emulating global climate change impacts on crop yields

The potential effects of climate change on the environment and society are many. In order to effectively quantify the uncertainty associated with these effects, highly complex simulation models are run with detailed representations of ecosystem processes. These models are computationally expensive and can involve a computer run of several days. Computationally cheaper models can be obtained from large ensembles of simulations using statistical emulation. The purpose of this article is to construct a cheaper computational model (emulator) from simulations of the Lund-Potsdam-Jena managed Land (LPJmL), which is a dynamic global vegetation and crop model. This article focuses on statistical emulation of potential crop yields from LPJmL and an emulator is constructed using a combination of ordinary least squares, principal component analysis and weighted least squares methods. For five climate models, under cross-validation, the percentage of variance explained ranges from 60 to 88% for the rainfed crops and 62 to 93% for the irrigated crops. The emulator can be used to predict potential crop yield change under any future climate scenarios and management options.
Unsupervised Semantic Role Labellin

We present an unsupervised method for labelling the arguments of verbs with their semantic roles. Our bootstrapping algorithm makes initial unambiguous role assignments, and then iteratively updates the probability model on which future assignments are based. A novel aspect of our approach is the use of verb, slot, and noun class information as the basis for backing off in our probability model. We achieve 50–65% reduction in the error rate over an informed baseline, indicating the potential of our approach for a task that has heretofore relied on large amounts of manually generated training data
Some Constraints on the Generality and Interpretation of the Recognition Failure of Recallable Words

Three experiments explored the recognition failure of recallable words in the recognition-recall paradigm. Experiment I examined the effect of different degrees of associative strength between the cue and target. High associative strength resulted in the most recognition failure, with the amount being greater than that predicted by the Tulving-Wiseman equation. Experiments II and III investigated the possibility that the recognition-recall testing order produces artifactual recognition failure of recallable words. Substantial recognition failure and recall occurred even when the subjects did not have a prior study trial on the target words. This implies that some indeterminate amount of recognition failure in the recognition-recall paradigm is an artifact.
Learning probabilities over underlying representations

We show that a class of cases that has been previously studied in terms of learning of abstract phonological underlying representations (URs) can be handled by a learner that chooses URs from a contextually conditioned distribution over observed surface representations. We implement such a learner in a Maximum Entropy version of Optimality Theory, in which UR learning is an instance of semi-supervised learning. Our objective function incorporates a term aimed to ensure generalization, independently required for phonotactic learning in Optimality Theory, and does not have a bias for single URs for morphemes. This learner is successful on a test language provided by Tesar (2006) as a challenge for UR learning. We also provide successful results on learning of a toy case modeled on French vowel alternations, which have also been previously analyzed in terms of abstract URs. This case includes lexically conditioned variation, an aspect of the data that cannot be handled by abstract URs, showing that in this respect our approach is more general.
Extracellular matrix and mechanical ventilation in healthy lungs: back to baro/volotrauma?

Purpose of reviewThe extracellular matrix plays an important role in the biomechanical behaviour of the lung parenchyma. The matrix is composed of a three-dimensional fibre mesh filled with different macromolecules, including proteoglycans which have important functions in many lung pathophysiological processes, as they regulate tissue hydration, macromolecular structure and function, response to inflammatory agents, and tissue repair and remodelling. The aim of this review is to describe the role of mechanical ventilation on pulmonary extracellular matrix structure and function. Recent findingsRecent experimental and clinical data suggest that in healthy lungs, mechanical ventilation with tidal volume ranging between 7 and 12 ml/kg in the absence of positive end-expiratory pressure may lead to endothelial, extracellular matrix and peripheral airways damage without major inflammatory response. Several mechanisms may explain damage to the lung structure induced by mechanical ventilation: regional overdistension, ‘low lung volume’ associated with tidal airway closure, and inactivation of surfactant. SummaryTidal volume reduction to 6 ml/kg may be useful during mechanical ventilation of healthy lungs. The study of the extracellular matrix may be useful to better understand the pathophysiology of ventilator-induced lung injury in healthy and diseased lungs.
Business Intelligence and Analytics: A Capabilities Dynamization View

Business Intelligence and Analytics (BI&A) is an important topic of IS research with significant implications for practitioners. However, while substantial research exists related to BI&A, it often fails to bridge the gap between normative specifications on BI&A use and improved business outcomes such as the development of competitive advantage. Building on the dynamic capabilities perspective, this paper proposes BI&A as a mechanism for capability monitoring, and describes how it may enable capability dynamization. In light of this view, we highlight five core internal components of BI&A: (1) collection and management of capability practices data, (2) collection and management of environmental data, (3) analysis of environmental data and identification of discontinuities in the environment, (4) identification of capability maladjustments, and (5) producing a request for change. We then discuss the implications of the capability dynamization view on BI&A design, implementation, and management.
Fractures in the Color Line

Studies of social stratification and factors that contribute to inequalities by indices such as race, ethnicity, and gender are core contributions sociologists make to the discipline and to general discourse. The measurement and construction of such indices play a crucial role in the understanding or misunderstanding of inequalities in society. Focusing on within-group heterogeneity of persons of Hispanic origin, the authors examined the percentage of incarceration to demonstrate the varied understandings that arise from the changing definitions and categorizations of racial and ethnic groups in the United States. As social scientists, we often ask the general question of if and how racial and ethnic categorizations affect a specific area; however, we tend to pay less attention to how the exclusion of incarcerated persons from many of the national surveys that inform our areas of study affects the knowledge we produce. This is particularly important because the U.S. incarcerated population consists mostly of persons from marginalized groups. Not taking incarcerated populations into account paints a misleading picture of the United States regarding racial and ethnic inequalities. It is imperative that we recognize the implications of using race and ethnicity in studies such that our findings do not contribute to inaccurate representations of society.
Effects of losartan or enalapril on hemoglobin, circulating erythropoietin, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in patients with and without posttransplant erythrocytosis.

Both angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists reduce hemoglobin (Hb) levels in patients with posttransplantation erythrocytosis (PTE). However, their effects in transplant recipients without PTE are not certain, and the mechanism by which they reduce Hb levels in patients with PTE remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of losartan and enalapril on Hb levels in relation to serum erythropoietin (EPO) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in 8 patients with PTE and 10 patients without PTE. All 18 patients were treated sequentially with 24 weeks of losartan therapy, followed by 24 weeks of enalapril therapy; the two treatment phases were separated by a washout period. Patients with PTE showed significantly greater baseline Hb and IGF-1 concentrations compared with patients without PTE before both losartan and enalapril treatments. Baseline serum EPO levels were similar for patients with and without PTE. Baseline Hb level correlated significantly with IGF-1 level (r = 0.517; P = 0.002), but not with EPO level. Treatment with enalapril, 5 mg, reduced Hb levels more markedly than treatment with losartan, 50 mg, in patients with PTE. In patients without PTE, enalapril, 5 mg, mildly reduced Hb levels, whereas losartan, 50 mg, had no significant Hb-lowering effect. The reduction in Hb levels with enalapril therapy in patients with PTE was associated with a significant reduction in circulating IGF-1 levels, but not EPO levels, whereas losartan reduced Hb levels with no significant change in circulating IGF-1 and EPO levels. In patients without PTE, no significant change was noted in serum EPO and IGF-1 levels with either treatment. The differential Hb-lowering effect with losartan and enalapril treatment in patients with and without PTE suggests that the pathogenesis for PTE is complex and heterogeneous. Different erythropoietic mechanisms may be involved in patients with and without PTE. Further large-scale study is needed to determine the exact interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and regulation of IGF-1 and EPO synthesis and define the exact mechanism by which losartan and enalapril reduce Hb levels.