Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the multipole expansion of the gravitational field

The multipole expansion (in general relativity) of the gravitational field generated by a slowly-moving isolated source is constructed. We introduce some definitions for the source multipole moments, valid to all orders in a post-Newtonian expansion, and depending in a well defined way on the total stress-energy pseudo-tensor of the material and gravitational fields. The source moments parametrize the linearized approximation of the gravitational field exterior to the source, as computed by means of a specific post-Minkowskian algorithm defined in a previous work. Since the radiative multipole moments parametrizing the radiation field far from the source can be obtained as nonlinear functionals of the source moments, the present paper allows one to relate the radiation field far from a slowly-moving source to the stress-energy pseudo-tensor of the source. This should be useful when comparing theory with the future observations of gravitational radiation by the LIGO and VIRGO experiments.
Selecting Common Items for Linking the Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire and a Short Form of Self-Reported Activity Measure for Low Back Pain

To develop an effective and efficient measurement system for tracking changes of functional status across two measures, it is essential to integrate information and communicate scores across two measures. The lack of communication between two measures leads to score incompatibility. A potential solution would be the development of a crosswalk table between those measures. Prior to creating a crosswalk table, selecting common items between two measures is critical. By using the Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire (Oswestry) and a short form measuring disability resulting from low back pain, item level statistics as well as differential item functioning (DIF) using the Rasch measurement were investigated. Eighty-two participants with known group validity were recruited. Based on the application of the Rasch measurement model, item difficulties across the two measures were logically and hierarchically ordered. Ceiling effects for both measures were detected, which were not be able to be effectively measured with the two measures. The DIF analysis across the two measures confirmed that five paired items were found to have DIF and five common items were selected for common items. Although five paired items function differently across the Oswestry and the short form, all items of both measures were well targeted study participants. The common items selected by the Rasch measurement model may be effective when creating a crosswalk table between the Oswestry and the short form.
Effects of Sound on Fish

This report focuses on the effects of sound on fish. Exposure to sound is considered to include both the received level and duration of the signal. The report also identifies studies needed to address areas of uncertainty relative to sound measurement the response of fish. In addition, the report presents an evaluation of the literature related to the effects of pile driving on fish, with special emphasis on fish of the Pacific Coast region, including fish in bay, estuarine, lake, river, and stream habitats.
EDUCATION AND CONFLICT MITIGATION : WHAT THE AID WORKERS SAY

In February 2011, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) finalized a new strategy for its work in education around the world. Of its three key goals, the third goal focuses on “access to education in crisis and conflict environments,” establishing the first explicit reference to the impact of crises on education, and of education on crises, for USAID initiatives. With this change, USAID underscores the importance of supporting education programs for conflict-affected populations. To administer effective programs that are not detrimental to the populations they aim to serve, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of current programs and of the ways education and violent conflict interact. In this paper we seek to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between education and conflict? How might education mitigate conflict? Toward this end, what works and what does not in program interventions? We gather practitioner knowledge of the relationship between education and conflict mitigation to prepare USAID education officers to design, implement, and monitor “education in emergencies” programs and to respond better to partners’ needs in the field. 1 Acknowledgments: This paper was commissioned and funded by the United States Agency for International Development. The authors thank Anita Anastacio, Allison Anderson, Alberto Begue, Lori Heninger, Elisabeth King, Kate Lapham, Yolande Miller-Grandvaux, Jeanne Moulton, Christine Pagen, Nina Papadopoulos, Marion Pratt, Pilar Robledo, and Jennifer Sklar for their insightful comments on an earlier draft, and we express our deepest gratitude to the 17 educator-aid workers who took time to respond to the questions we posed. The authors’ views expressed in this publication are their own and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. 2 Dana Burde is an Assistant Professor of International Education at New York University’s Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development and an Affiliated Research Scholar at Columbia University’s Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies. Amy Kapit-Spitalny and Rachel Wahl are PhD candidates at NYU Steinhardt, and Ozen Guven is a PhD student at NYU Steinhardt. For correspondence about the paper, please contact Dana Burde, dana.burde@nyu.edu. Education and Conflict Mitigation: ii What the Aid Workers Say TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT . i. i
Sensitivity analysis of a closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion power plant

In order to have a thorough parameter identification of a closed cycle ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), sensitivity analysis method is suggested. It can illustrate the effects of each parameter variation on the output of the system and also can reveal their order of significance. In this paper, effect of different input parameters such as input warm and cold water temperatures, warm and cold water pipe diameters, warm and cold water velocity in pipes, and evaporator and condenser working temperatures on the net output power and efficiency of the system is investigated. A 100 MW power plant case study has been chosen for the sensitivity analysis process. The main advantage of this study is providing an acceptable range for system parameters which gives designers an insight to select system configuration properly.
Extragalactic Source Counts in the Spitzer 24 Micron Band: What Do We Expect from ISOCAM 15 Micron Data and Models?

The comparison between the new Spitzer data at 24 μm and the previous ISOCAM data at 15 μm is a key tool to understand galaxy properties and evolution in the infrared and to interpret the observed number counts, since the combination of Spitzer with the Infrared Space Observatory cosmological surveys provides for the first time the direct view of the universe in the infrared up to z ≳ 2. We present the prediction in the Spitzer 24 μm band of a phenomenological model for galaxy evolution derived from the 15 μm data. Without any "a posteriori" update, the model predictions seem to agree well with the recently published 24 μm extragalactic source counts, suggesting that the peak in the 24 μm counts is dominated by "starburst" galaxies like those detected by ISOCAM at 15 μm but at higher redshifts (1 ≲ z ≲ 2 instead of 0.5 ≲ z ≲ 1.5).
New Criteria for Global Robust Stability of Delayed Neural Networks With Norm-Bounded Uncertainties

In this paper, we study the global asymptotic robust stability of delayed neural networks with norm-bounded uncertainties. By employing the Lyapunov stability theory and homeomorphic mapping theorem, we derive some new types of sufficient conditions ensuring the existence, uniqueness, and global asymptotic stability of the equilibrium point for the class of neural networks with discrete time delays under parameter uncertainties and with respect to continuous and slope-bounded activation functions. An important aspect of our results is their low computational complexity, as the reported results can be verified by checking some properties of symmetric matrices associated with the uncertainty sets of the network parameters. The obtained results are shown to be generalizations of some of the previously published corresponding results. Some comparative numerical examples are also constructed to compare our results with some closely related existing literature results.
Head-related transfer function filter interpolation by root displacement

Head-related transfer function (HRTF) filters are used in virtual auditory displays for the binaural synthesis of the direction of a sound source over headphones. Once low-order HRTF filters are designed, the interpolation of these filters becomes an important issue for the synthesis of moving sound sources. An HRTF filter interpolation method based on the displacement of HRTF filter roots is proposed. It is possible to obtain a minimum-phase interpolated filter given that the original filters are also minimum-phase. The computational complexity of the method is the lower than that of the linear interpolation of magnitude responses.
Extending and Managing Software Reflexion Models

The artifacts comprising a software system often "drift" apart over time. Design documents and source code are a good example. The software reflexion model technique was developed to help engineers exploit---rather than remove---this drift to help them perform various software engineering tasks. More specifically, the technique helps an engineer compare artifacts by summarizing where one artifact (such as a design) is consistent with and inconsistent with another artifact (such as source). The use of the technique to support a variety of tasks-including the successful use of the technique to support an experimental reengineering of a system comprising a million lines-of-code-identified a number of shortcomings. In this paper, we present two categories of extensions to the technique. The first category concerns the typing of software reflexion models to allow different kinds of interactions to be distinguished. The second category concerns techniques to ease the investigation of reflexion models. These extensions are aimed at making the engineer more effective in performing various tasks by improving the management and understanding of the inconsistencies---the drift---between artifacts.
Investigating code review quality: Do people and participation matter?

Code review is an essential element of any mature software development project; it aims at evaluating code contributions submitted by developers. In principle, code review should improve the quality of code changes (patches) before they are committed to the project's master repository. In practice, bugs are sometimes unwittingly introduced during this process. In this paper, we report on an empirical study investigating code review quality for Mozilla, a large open-source project. We explore the relationships between the reviewers' code inspections and a set of factors, both personal and social in nature, that might affect the quality of such inspections. We applied the SZZ algorithm to detect bug-inducing changes that were then linked to the code review information extracted from the issue tracking system. We found that 54% of the reviewed changes introduced bugs in the code. Our findings also showed that both personal metrics, such as reviewer workload and experience, and participation metrics, such as the number of involved developers, are associated with the quality of the code review process.
Shape-controlled synthesis of porous AuPt nanoparticles and their superior electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract Control of structure and morphology of Pt-based nanomaterials is of great importance for electrochemical energy conversions. In this work, we report an efficient one-step synthesis of bimetallic porous AuPt nanoparticles (PAuPt NPs) in an aqueous solution. The proposed synthesis is performed by a simple stirring treatment of an aqueous reactive mixture including K2PtCl4, HAuCl4, Pluronic F127 and ascorbic acid at a pH value of 1 without organic solvent or high temperature. Due to their porous structure and bimetallic composition, as-made PAuPt NPs exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction.
Effectiveness of seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine for preventing influenza virus illness among pregnant women: a population-based case-control study during the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 influenza seasons.

BACKGROUND Although vaccination with trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) is recommended for all pregnant women, no vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies of TIV in pregnant women have assessed laboratory-confirmed influenza outcomes. METHODS We conducted a case-control study over 2 influenza seasons (2010-2011 and 2011-2012) among Kaiser Permanente health plan members in 2 metropolitan areas in California and Oregon. We compared the proportion vaccinated among 100 influenza cases (confirmed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) with the proportions vaccinated among 192 controls with acute respiratory illness (ARI) who tested negative for influenza and 200 controls without ARI (matched by season, site, and trimester). RESULTS Among influenza cases, 42% were vaccinated during the study season compared to 58% and 63% vaccinated among influenza-negative controls and matched ARI-negative controls, respectively. The adjusted VE of the current season vaccine against influenza A and B was 44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5%-67%) using the influenza-negative controls and 53% (95% CI, 24%-72%) using the ARI-negative controls. Receipt of the prior season's vaccine, however, had an effect similar to receipt of the current season's vaccine. As such, vaccination in either or both seasons had statistically similar adjusted VE using influenza-negative controls (VE point estimates range = 51%-76%) and ARI-negative controls (48%-76%). CONCLUSIONS Influenza vaccination reduced the risk of ARI associated with laboratory-confirmed influenza among pregnant women by about one-half, similar to VE observed among all adults during these seasons.
The Evidence for Efficacy of Osteoporosis Treatment in Men with Primary Osteoporosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Antiresorptive and Anabolic Treatment in Men

Purpose. Fragility fractures in men constitute a major worldwide public health problem with a life-time risk of 13%. It cannot be directly inferred that antiosteoporotic drugs effective in women have the same effect in men. Our aim was to appraise the existing evidence for efficacy of osteoporosis treatment in men. Methods. This study was a systematic review of the published literature on the clinical efficacy of medical osteoporosis therapy in the reduction of fracture risk in men (age > 50 years). Studies included were randomised, placebo-controlled trials of men. Results. Five BMD studies of antiresorptive treatment were included. All studies showed an increase in BMD, but there was only a nonsignificant trend in the reduction of clinical fractures. Three BMD studies of anabolic treatment with teriparatide were also included. These showed a significant mean increase in spine BMD and for vertebral fractures a non-significant trend towards a reduction was seen. Conclusion. The evidence of medical osteoporosis treatment in men is scant and inconclusive due to the lack of prospective RCT studies with fracture prevention as primary end point. So far, all evidence is based on BMD increases in small RCT studies showing BMD increases comparable to those reported in postmenopausal women.
Extracting and Exploring the Geo-Temporal Semantics of Textual Resources

Geo-temporal criteria are important for filtering, grouping and prioritizing information resources. This presents techniques for extracting semantic geo-temporal information from text, using simple text mining methods that leverage on a gazetteer. A prototype system, implementing the proposed methods and capable of displaying information over maps and timelines, is described. This prototype can take input in RSS, demonstrating the application to content from many different online sources. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approaches.
Magical thinking: A representation result

This paper suggests a novel way to import the approach of axiomatic theories of individual choice into strategic settings and demonstrates the benefits of this approach. We propose both a tractable behavioral model as well as axioms applied to the behavior of the collection of players, focusing first on Prisoners' Dilemma games. A representation theorem establishes these axioms as the precise behavioral content of the model, and that the model's parameters are (essentially) uniquely identified from behavior. The behavioral model features magical thinking: players behave as if their expectations about their opponents' behavior vary with their own choices. The model provides a unified view of documented behavior in a range of often-studied games, such as the Prisoners' Dilemma, the Battle of the Sexes, Hawk-Dove, and the Stag Hunt, and also generates novel predictions across games.
Long term outcomes of inversion ankle injuries

Background: Ankle sprains are common sporting injuries generally believed to be benign and self limiting. However, some studies report a significant proportion of patients with ankle sprains having persistent symptoms for months or even years. Aims: To determine the proportion of patients presenting to an Australian sports medicine clinic who had long term symptoms after a sports related inversion ankle sprain. Methods: Consecutive patients referred to the NSW Institute of Sports Medicine from August 1999 to August 2002 with inversion ankle sprain were included. Exclusion criteria were fracture, ankle surgery, or concurrent lower limb problems. A control group, matched for age and sex, was recruited from patients attending the clinic for upper limb injuries in the same time period. Current ankle symptoms, ankle related disability, and current health status were ascertained through a structured telephone interview. Results: Nineteen patients and matched controls were recruited and interviewed. The mean age in the ankle group was 20 (range 13–28). Twelve patients (63%) were male. Average follow up was 29 months. Only five (26%) ankle injured patients had recovered fully, with no pain, swelling, giving way, or weakness at follow up. None of the control group reported these symptoms (p<0.0001). Assessments of quality of life using short form-36 questionnaires (SF36) revealed a difference in the general health subscale between the two groups, favouring the control arm (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in the other SF36 subscales between the two groups. Conclusion: Most patients who sustained an inversion ankle injury at sport and who were subsequently referred to a sports medicine clinic had persistent symptoms for at least two years after their injury. This reinforces the importance of prevention and early effective treatment.
Lindstedt series and Hamilton--Jacobi equation for hyperbolic tori in three time scales problems

Interacting systems consisting of two rotators and a pendulum are considered, in a case in which the uncoupled systems have three very different characteristic time scales. The abundance of unstable quasi periodic motions in phase space is studied via Lindstedt series. The result is a strong improvement, compared to our previous results, on the domain of validity of bounds that imply existence of invariant tori, large homoclinic angles, long heteroclinic chains and drift--diffusion in phase space.
Properties of Matrix Representation with Parsimony Analyses

Baum (1992) and Ragan (1992b) independently devised a method that uses additive binary coding and parsimony to combine trees derived from di erent data sets, a procedure Ragan termed matrix representation with parsimony analysis (MRP). Because the method utilizes the topology of source trees rather than the orig inal data, (1) trees derived from di erent data types (e.g., molecular sequences, morphological characters, pairwise distances) and analy zed by di erent clustering techniques (e.g., maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, neighbor joining) can be combined, and (2) the source patterns are evaluated on a moreor-less equal basis, so that the phylogenetic signal from data matrices with a smaller number of characters is not swamped by those with a larger number (see M iyamoto, 1985; Hillis, 1987). The method is also unusual in that (1) trees with di erent terminal taxa can be combined, a feature that among consensus methods characterizes only the supertree method (Gordon, 1986; Steel, 1992) and the modi® ed semistrict algorithm of Lanyon (1993), and (2) it is less sensitive to con ̄ ict among source trees than are most conventional consensus techniques so that resolution is not necessarily lost as increasing numbers of con ̄ icting trees are analyzed (see also Purvis, 1995b). Although the appropriateness of MRP to phylogenetic inference has been discussed (Baum and Ragan, 1993; Rodrigo , 1993, 1996; Bruneau et al., 1995) and modi® cations to the method have been proposed (e.g., Purvis, 1995b; Ronquist, 1996), its properties, mechanics, and biases have not been considered in su cient depth. We discuss some of the properties of M RP, show how M RP di ers from standard consensus techniques, and explore some modi® cations to the method. Although other clustering methods, such as compatibility (Ragan, 1992a; Purvis, 1995b; Rodrigo, 1996), have also been suggested as methods for generating composite trees by using matrix representation, we will not discuss them.
Developmental regulation of tau splicing is disrupted in stem cell-derived neurons from frontotemporal dementia patients with the 10 + 16 splice-site mutation in MAPT

The alternative splicing of the tau gene, MAPT, generates six protein isoforms in the adult human central nervous system (CNS). Tau splicing is developmentally regulated and dysregulated in disease. Mutations in MAPT that alter tau splicing cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) with tau pathology, providing evidence for a causal link between altered tau splicing and disease. The use of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons has revolutionized the way we model neurological disease in vitro. However, as most tau mutations are located within or around the alternatively spliced exon 10, it is important that iPSC–neurons splice tau appropriately in order to be used as disease models. To address this issue, we analyzed the expression and splicing of tau in iPSC-derived cortical neurons from control patients and FTD patients with the 10 + 16 intronic mutation in MAPT. We show that control neurons only express the fetal tau isoform (0N3R), even at extended time points of 100 days in vitro. Neurons from FTD patients with the 10 + 16 mutation in MAPT express both 0N3R and 0N4R tau isoforms, demonstrating that this mutation overrides the developmental regulation of exon 10 inclusion in our in vitro model. Further, at extended time points of 365 days in vitro, we observe a switch in tau splicing to include six tau isoforms as seen in the adult human CNS. Our results demonstrate the importance of neuronal maturity for use in in vitro modeling and provide a system that will be important for understanding the functional consequences of altered tau splicing.