Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Fault slip in the 1997 Manyi, Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements

SUMMARY The Mw 7.6 1997 Manyi earthquake occurred in an area of central northern Tibet where sparse vegetation coverage and a lack of human habitation provide excellent conditions for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) studies. We use coseismic pairs of radar images acquired by the ESA ERS-2 satellite to construct interferograms of the surface displacement field due to the earthquake. The location and extent of the coseismic fault rupture are mapped using a combination of optical satellite imagery, high-resolution digital topography, interferometric correlation and azimuth offset measurements; in so doing, we are able to relate prominent geomorphic features in the fault zone to bends in the fault. Using elastic dislocation models consistent with this mapped fault trace, we then test a range of fault geometries and slip conditions to find the combination which best explains the InSAR displacements. Our favoured model contains a reversal in fault dip, approximately halfway along its length, occurring at the location of a restraining bend. Slip on this model fault is heterogeneous, with two areas of peak slip of 7 m or greater, and components of dip-slip displacement which vary significantly along-strike. The success of this model in fitting the data implies that an observed asymmetry in the coseismic interferograms can be explained in terms of the local fault geometry, rather than by using non-linear elastic rheologies as suggested by earlier authors.
Submillimeter Observations of Titan: Global Measures of Stratospheric Temperature, CO, HCN, HC3N, and the Isotopic Ratios 12C/13C and 14N/15N

Interferometric observations of the atmosphere of Titan were performed with the Submillimeter Array on two nights in 2004 February to investigate the global average vertical distributions of several molecular species above the tropopause. Rotational transitions of CO, isomers of HCN, and HC3N were simultaneously recorded. The abundance of CO is determined to be 51 ± 4 parts per million (ppm), constant with altitude. The vertical profile of HCN is dependent on the assumed temperature but generally increases from 30 parts per billion at the condensation altitude (~83 km) to 5 ppm at ~300 km. Furthermore, the central core of the HCN emission is strong and can be reproduced only if the upper stratospheric temperature increases with altitude. The isotopic ratios are determined to be 12C/13C = 132 ± 25 and 14N/15N = 94 ± 13 assuming the Coustenis & Bézard temperature profile. If the Lellouch temperature profile is assumed, the ratios decrease to 12C/13C = 108 ± 20 and 14N/15N = 72 ± 9. The vertical profile of HC3N is consistent with that derived by Marten et al.
Teacher mathematical knowledge, instructional quality, and student outcomes: a multilevel quantile mediation analysis

ABSTRACT In this study, we replicate and extend prior work that investigates the extent to which content-specific and non-content-specific measures of instruction mediate the relationships between teacher knowledge and student achievement gains. We further probe the extent to which classroom and district context moderate the individual and collective connections among the constructs. The results provide additional but qualified support for the mediating role of instruction – there are significant correlations among knowledge, instruction, and achievement, but these correlations are heavily conflated with differences among students, classrooms, schools, and districts. We find that classroom and district contexts play significant but different roles in cultivating the connections underlying mediation – district context influences the nature of the connections between instruction and achievement whereas classroom instructional context guides the connections between knowledge and instruction. We also find that knowledge must be proximal to the instructional domains it supports for associations to emerge.
Costs of time versus money: A mental accounting view of satisfaction

While satisfaction is a heavily researched construct in consumer behavior, the primary focus has been on expectations and product performance, with limited attention to how the timing and nature of costs might influence satisfaction assessments. The present research applies a mental accounting model to suggest that the timing of costs (i.e., with respect to accounting periods and budgeting periods) and the nature of costs (i.e., whether costs are temporal or monetary) influence satisfaction with product performance. Specifically, for costs of time, but not money, accounting periods influence satisfaction with positive product performance outcomes. For costs of money, but not time, budgeting periods influence satisfaction with positive product performance outcomes. Two completed studies provide evidence of asymmetric satisfaction processes for time versus money. Two additional planned experiments are discussed—one which provides process evidence for these effects, and a second which provides evidence of external validity.
Risk and Volatility: Econometric Models and Financial Practice

The advantage of knowing about risks is that we can change our behavior to avoid them. Of course, it is easily observed that to avoid all risks would be impossible; it might entail no flying, no driving, no walking, eating and drinking only healthy foods and never being touched by sunshine. Even a bath could be dangerous. I could not receive this prize if I sought to avoid all risks. There are some risks we choose to take because the benefits from taking them exceed the possible costs. Optimal behavior takes risks that are worthwhile. This is the central paradigm of finance; we must take risks to achieve rewards but not all risks are equally rewarded. Both the risks and the rewards are in the future, so it is the expectation of loss that is balanced against the expectation of reward. Thus we optimize our behavior, and in particular our portfolio, to maximize rewards and minimize risks.
The costs of home delivery of a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine in a prefilled syringe in Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE To provide global policy-makers with decision-making information for developing strategies for immunization of infants with a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine, this paper presents a retrospective cost analysis, conducted in Indonesia, of delivering this vaccine at birth using the Uniject prefill injection device. METHODS Incremental costs or cost savings associated with changes in the hepatitis B immunization programme were calculated using sensitivity analysis to vary the estimates of vaccine wastage rates and prices for vaccines and injection devices, for the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine. FINDINGS The introduction of hepatitis B vaccine prefilled in Uniject (HB-Uniject) single-dose injection devices for use by midwives for delivering the birth dose is cost-saving when the wastage rate for multidose vials is greater than 33% (Uniject is a trademark of BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). CONCLUSION The introduction of HB-Uniject for birth-dose delivery is economically worthwhile and can increase coverage of the critical birth dose, improve resource utilization, reduce transmission of hepatitis B and promote injection safety.
Epigenetic control of gene expression in leukemogenesis: Cooperation between wild type MLL and MLL fusion proteins

Although there has been great progress in the treatment of human cancers, especially leukemias, many remain resistant to treatment. A major current focus is the development of so-called epigenetic drugs. Epigenetic states are stable enough to persist through multiple cell divisions, but by their very nature are reversible and thus are amenable to therapeutic manipulation. Exciting work in this area has produced a new breed of highly specific small molecules designed to inhibit epigenetic proteins, some of which have entered clinical trials. The current and future development of epigenetic drugs is greatly aided by highly detailed information about normal and aberrant epigenetic changes at the molecular level. In this review we focus on a class of aggressive acute leukemias caused by mutations in the Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene. We provide an overview of how detailed molecular analysis of MLL leukemias has provided several early-stage epigenetic drugs and propose that further study of MLL leukemogenesis may continue to provide molecular details that potentially have a wider range of applications in human cancers.
1 Cache Performance of Indexing Data Structures

The speed of computer processors is growing rapidly in comparison to the speed of DRAM chips. The cost of a cache miss, measured in processor clock cycles, is increasing exponentially, and this is quickly becoming a b ottleneck for indexing in main memory. We study several indexing data structures on a simulated architectur and show that the relative performance of cache-conscio u indexing structures is increasing with memory laten cy. In addition, we show that top-down algorithms for main t i ing these structures reduce the total instruction c unt, leading to a modest improvement in execution time o v r the corresponding bottom-up algorithms.
ROR2 is a novel prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in leiomyosarcoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumour

Soft‐tissue sarcomas are a group of malignant tumours whose clinical management is complicated by morphological heterogeneity, inadequate molecular markers and limited therapeutic options. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) have been shown to play important roles in cancer, both as therapeutic targets and as prognostic biomarkers. An initial screen of gene expression data for 48 RTKs in 148 sarcomas showed that ROR2 was expressed in a subset of leiomyosarcoma (LMS), gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) and desmoid‐type fibromatosis (DTF). This was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 573 tissue samples from 59 sarcoma tumour types. Here we provide evidence that ROR2 expression plays a role in the invasive abilities of LMS and GIST cells in vitro. We also show that knockdown of ROR2 significantly reduces tumour mass in vivo using a xenotransplantation model of LMS. Lastly, we show that ROR2 expression, as measured by IHC, predicts poor clinical outcome in patients with LMS and GIST, although it was not independent of other clinico‐pathological features in a multivariate analysis, and that ROR2 expression is maintained between primary tumours and their metastases. Together, these results show that ROR2 is a useful prognostic indicator in the clinical management of these soft‐tissue sarcomas and may represent a novel therapeutic target. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified Scattering Decomposition for Soil Moisture Estimation from Polarimetric X-Band Data

Soil moisture content represents a key observable in order to model, describe and predict many ecological processes. In the last decades, theoretical and empirical inversion algorithms for soil moisture estimation using PolSAR data at L- and P-band have been intensively investigated, and, meanwhile, there exist innovative techniques for the quantitative retrieval of dielectric constant of the soil [1]. In this project work, the potential of estimating soil moisture from fully polarimetric X-band SAR data is investigated for the first time. Due to the short wavelength, the Physical Optics model has been chosen for the scattering process representation [2] and a model-based decomposition approach has been used to exploit the polarimetric observable space. For appropriate modelling of the very strong cross-polarization contribution of X-band waves, which are scattered by even very small objects, corrections of the volume scattering contribution were implemented. In order to improve the retrieval of the moisture content, the developed polarimetric decomposition has been further modified by means of an eigen-analysis of the coherency matrix. The SAR data were acquired by the German satellite TerraSAR-X over the agricultural area of Wallerfing (Lower Bavaria, Germany) in April/May 2009. A validation of the proposed approaches for a quality assessment has been performed by comparing the estimated moisture values with in situ measurements collected in collaboration with the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat (LMU) Munchen.
A Parallel Ray Tracing Architecture Suitable for Application-Specific Hardware and GPGPU Implementations

The Ray Tracing rendering algorithm can produce high-fidelity images of 3-D scenes, including shadow effects, as well as reflections and transparencies. This is currently done at a processing speed of at most 30 frames per second. Therefore, actual implementations of the algorithm are not yet suitable for interactive real-time rendering, which is required in games and virtual reality based applications. Fortunately, the algorithm allows for massive parallelization of its computations. In this paper, we present a parallel architecture for ray tracing based on a uniform spatial subdivision of the scene and exploiting an embedded computation of ray-triangle intersections. This approach allows for a significant acceleration of intersection computations, as well as, a reduction of the total number of the required intersections checks. Furthermore, it allows for these checks to be performed in parallel and in advance for each ray. In this paper we discuss and analyze an ASIP-based implementation using FPGAs and a GPGPU-based parallel implementation of the proposed architecture. The performance of both implementations are reported and compared.
Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness

Loneliness is a common experience probably few people avoid being lonely at some time in their life. It is also a distressing experience as many individual accounts bear out. For example, in interviews with journalist Suzanne Gordon (1976) one retired surgeon commented on the loneliness of old age, that, "You are alone, people have died and you look in the mirror and you look awful . "; while a middle-aged woman describing her unhappy marriage noted that "There was no one to talk to . To me, loneliness and depression were absolutely synonymous". Yet, despite the pervasiveness and importance of the phenomenon, it is only recently that social scientists have attempted a suitably empirical, theoretically-derived study of loneliness (e.g. see Hartog et at., 1980; Peplau and Perlman, in press). The intention of the present chapter is to review the literature, drawing mainly on current empirical research, and to provide a conceptual perspective on loneliness. We start, therefore, by considering a more formal definition of the concept; in our view loneliness is the unpleasant experience that occurs when a person's network of social relations is deficient in some important way, either quantitatively or qualitatively; and although 3 1 32 DANIEL PERLMAN AND LETITIA ANNE PEPLAU
The FLUIDE Framework for Specifying Emergency Response User Interfaces Employed to a Search and Rescue Case

The FLUIDE Framework supports development of flexible emergency response user interfaces, meeting the special challenges when developing such user interfaces. This paper presents the FLUIDE Framework with particular emphasis on its specifications languages. We demonstrate the FLUIDE Framework by giving examples from the FLUIDE specification of the user interface of an application supporting management of unmanned vehicles in search and rescue operations. We also report the findings from an experiment investigating how easy FLUIDE specifications are to understand for systems developers not knowing FLUIDE
The Treasury and British Public Policy, 1906-1959

This authoritative history of the Treasury provides a new perspective on public policy-making in the twentieth century as it explores the role and functions of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the consequent implications for the changing role of the Treasury. As the central department in British government, the Treasury plays a key role in decisions on public expenditure, and on raising taxes and loans. Professor Peden traces the development of the Treasury's responsibility for managing the national economy and looks at how it became increasingly involved in international relations from the time of the First World War. In further examining the relations between ministers and their official advisers, this history explores the growing influence of economists in Whitehall.
The α-Crystallin Domain Containing Genes: Identification, Phylogeny and Expression Profiling in Abiotic Stress, Phytohormone Response and Development in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

The α-crystallin domain (ACD) is an ancient domain conserved among all kingdoms. Plant ACD proteins have roles in abiotic stresses, transcriptional regulation, inhibiting virus movement, and DNA demethylation. An exhaustive in-silico analysis using Hidden Markov Model-based conserved motif search of the tomato proteome yielded a total of 50 ACD proteins that belonged to four groups, sub-divided further into 18 classes. One of these groups belongs to the small heat shock protein (sHSP) class of proteins, molecular chaperones implicated in heat tolerance. Both tandem and segmental duplication events appear to have shaped the expansion of this gene family with purifying selection being the primary driving force for evolution. The expression profiling of the Acd genes in two different heat stress regimes suggested that their transcripts are differentially regulated with roles in acclimation and adaptive response during recovery. The co-expression of various genes in response to different abiotic stresses (heat, low temperature, dehydration, salinity, and oxidative stress) and phytohormones (abscisic acid and salicylic acid) suggested possible cross-talk between various members to combat a myriad of stresses. Further, several genes were highly expressed in fruit, root, and flower tissues as compared to leaf signifying their importance in plant development too. Evaluation of the expression of this gene family in field grown tissues highlighted the prominent role they have in providing thermo-tolerance during daily temperature variations. The function of three putative sHSPs was established as holdase chaperones as evidenced by protection to malate-dehydrogenase against heat induced protein-aggregation. This study provides insights into the characterization of the Acd genes in tomato and forms the basis for further functional validation in-planta.
Modeling Multimodal Consumer Heterogeneity in Conjoint Analysis – A Sparse Learning Approach

Consumers’ preferences can often be represented using a multimodal continuous heterogeneity distribution. One explanation for such a preference distribution is that consumers belong to a few distinct segments, with preferences of consumers in each segment being heterogeneous and unimodal. We propose an innovative approach for modeling such multimodal distributions that builds on recent advances in sparse learning and optimization. We apply the model to conjoint analysis where consumer heterogeneity plays a critical role in determining optimal marketing decisions. Our approach uses a two-stage divide-and-conquer framework, where we first divide the consumer population into segments by recovering a set of candidate segmentations using sparsity modeling, and then use each candidate segmentation to develop a set of individual-level heterogeneity representations. We select the optimal individual-level heterogeneity representation using cross-validation. Using extensive simulation experiments and three field data sets, we show the superior performance of our sparse learning model compared to benchmark models including the finite mixture model and the Bayesian normal component mixture model.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi. org/10.1287/mksc.2016. 0992 .
Using Ghost Fronts Within STEREO Heliospheric Imager Data to Infer the Evolution in Longitudinal Structure of a Coronal Mass Ejection

Images of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the Heliospheric Imager instruments on board the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft frequently contain rich structure. Here, we present analysis of the Earth‐directed CME launched on 12 December 2008 in which we interpret the revealed structure as projections of separate discrete sections of the physical boundary of the CME. By comparing the relative position of the outer and inner “ghost” fronts seen in the STEREO Heliospheric Imager 1 cameras with the positions of features determined from three CME models, we show that the two fronts seen in the images correspond to the expected position of the flank and nose of the CME where the background solar wind is uniform. In contrast, the flank of the CME observed expanding into a structured background solar wind results in the elongation between the two fronts being greater than expected. This is consistent with the CME flank distorting in the presence of a high‐speed solar wind stream. Further work is required to consolidate these results. The presence of a shock for this event was ruled out by consideration of the low CME speed and by studying in situ spacecraft data. The CME flank crossing the Thomson sphere was also ruled out as a cause of the ghost fronts. Ghost fronts could provide information about the longitudinal shape of the CME independent of geometric models. This technique could subsequently be used to improve space weather forecast models through techniques such as data assimilation.
Potentials of surfaces in space

In the last decade, large electrostatic potentials of the order of tens of kV have been measured on spacecraft in the Earth's magnetosphere. Observations in space have led to the inference of large potentials on natural objects in the Solar System. The result for spacecraft can be material damage and operational interference caused by electrostatic discharges. Natural objects such as dust grains can be disrupted, and their motion influenced by electromagnetic forces.
A Relationship between the Average Precision and the Area Under the ROC Curve

For similar evaluation tasks, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) is often used by researchers in machine learning, whereas the average precision (AP) is used more often by the information retrieval community. We establish some results to explain why this is the case. Specifically, we show that, when both the AUC and the AP are rescaled to lie in [0,1], the AP is approximately the AUC times the initial precision of the system.
P66SHC and Ageing: ROS and TOR?

Both Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and hyperactivation of the nutrient-sensing mTOR/S6 kinase cascade have been linked to aging and age-related diseases as well as to the anti-aging effect of calorie restriction. Recent findings that the pro-aging and pro-oxidant molecule p66shc contributes to S6K activation by nutrients and promotes insulin resistance and diabetes in mice may provide an answer to the "ROS or TOR? " dilemma.