Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Acquiring writing skills in a third language: The positive effects of bilingualism:

The Threshold Hypothesis states that it is students who develop a high level of competence in two languages that most benefit from their bilingualism. This is borne out by findings that show children who have added a second language to their linguistic repertoire are better at acquiring a third language. However, fostering additive bilingualism in education is a complex process. The language used at school is definitely crucial, but active use of the target language is also essential for students to attain a high level of competence. In the case of a minority language, active use can be even more important because its development often depends on school instruction alone. This paper reports on a study carried out on 155 bilingual adolescents, aged 12 ‐ 16, in a school in the Basque Country (Northern Spain). The language of instruction is Basque (minority language). Spanish (majority language) is taught as a subject for 3 ‐ 4 hours a week as is English (foreign language). The students have been learning through the medium of Basque since the beginning of their schooling. Spanish and English were introduced in grade 3 when students were eight. For half of the students (78) their education through the medium of Basque constitutes a maintenance program whilst it is an immersion program for the other half (77). The results show that all the adolescents are highly competent in Basque and Spanish but that it is the students who use Basque in more language domains, who get the best scores in English.
Definitional constructs of cyber‐bullying and cyber‐aggression from a triangulatory overview: a preliminary study into elements of cyber‐bullying

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the acts that constitute cyber‐bullying and to see how from a lay concept these acts are classified.Design/methodology/approach – Data were gathered using two groups of participants (two Australian participants and three British participants may posit different cultural views). The first set of data was generated through cyber‐bullying element extraction from cyber‐bullying literature and interviews were conducted with five college students (three from the United Kingdom and two from Australia). The second set was generated through open ended demonstration of internet negative acts such as sending unwanted messages, rude images, threats and malicious messages in a scenario classification questionnaire. This involved the recruitment of 114 first year undergraduate psychology students in the United Kingdom. The scenario questionnaire measured participants' categorisation of internet negative acts from a lay perspective. Participants' perceptions of cyber‐bul.
Fluorouracil (F), adriamycin (A), and cisplatin (P) (FAP): Combination chemotherapy of advanced esophageal carcinoma

Twenty‐one patients with advanced epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus were treated with a combination of 5–fluorouracil (F) 600 mg/m2 day 1 and day 8; Adriamycin (A) 30 mg/m2 day 1; and cisplatin (P) 75 mg/m2 day 1 (FAP) with hydration and mannitol‐induced diuresis. Each course was repeated every 4 weeks. All 21 patients are evaluable for response: 7 patients had an objective response (33%). Two of these responses were complete remissions according to negative endoscopic and pathologic results; five patients had a partial response; all 7 responding patients had metastasis prior to treatment. Median survival of the 21 patients was 8 months. Median survival of 9 months for responders is superior to 4.5 months for nonresponders. No severe myelosuppression or nephrotoxicity was observed. This FAP regimen is useful in the treatment of advanced esophageal tumors.
Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Maternal Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms on Children's Emotional and Behavioral Functioning

Abstract Research has documented the detrimental effects of intimate partner violence (IPV) on children's emotional and behavioral functioning. This study examines the hypothesis that a child's response to witnessing IPV is most influenced by the mother's psychological health. We examined the relationships among IPV (as witnessed by children), mother's posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS), and children's emotional and behavioral problems. Analyses revealed that mothers' PTSS, and not amount of violence witnessed, predicted children's emotion dysregulation.
Task Design and Second Language Performance: The Effect of Narrative Type on Learner Output

This article presents a study examining how narrative structure and narrative complexity might influence the performance of second language learners. Forty learners of English in London and sixty learners in Teheran were asked to retell cartoon stories from picture prompts. Each performed two of four narrative tasks that had different degrees of narrative structure (loose or tight) and of storyline complexity (with or without background events). Results support the findings of previous research that tight task structure is connected to increased accuracy and that narratives involving background information give rise to more complex syntax. A comparison of the data from the London and Teheran cohorts showed that the learners in London used significantly more complex syntax and diverse vocabulary even though they did not differ from the Teheran learners in other performance dimensions.
Uncertainty quantification and parameter tuning in the CAM5 Zhang‐McFarlane convection scheme and impact of improved convection on the global circulation and climate

In this study, we applied an uncertainty quantification (UQ) technique to improve convective precipitation in the global climate model, the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), in which the convective and stratiform precipitation partitioning is very different from observational estimates. We examined the sensitivity of precipitation and circulation to several key parameters in the Zhang‐McFarlane deep convection scheme in CAM5, using a stochastic importance‐sampling algorithm that can progressively converge to optimal parameter values. The impact of improved deep convection on the global circulation and climate was subsequently evaluated. Our results show that the simulated convective precipitation is most sensitive to the parameters of the convective available potential energy consumption time scale, parcel fractional mass entrainment rate, and maximum downdraft mass flux fraction. Using the optimal parameters constrained by the observed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, convective precipitation improves the simulation of convective to stratiform precipitation ratio and rain‐rate spectrum remarkably. When convection is suppressed, precipitation tends to be more confined to the regions with strong atmospheric convergence. As the optimal parameters are used, positive impacts on some aspects of the atmospheric circulation and climate, including reduction of the double Intertropical Convergence Zone, improved East Asian monsoon precipitation, and improved annual cycles of the cross‐equatorial jets, are found as a result of the vertical and horizontal redistribution of latent heat release from the revised parameterization. Positive impacts of the optimal parameters derived from the 2° simulations are found to transfer to the 1° simulations to some extent.
Evaluating Collaboration and Core Competence in a Virtual Enterprise

During the Spring of 2000 and Autumn 2000 and 2001 students with a bachelor’s degree in engineering participated in an estimation which was intended to investigate the possibilities to manage a virtual company by means of collaboration. The test subjects developed a virtual company operating on the Internet with suppliers available on the Internet. The test subjects’ satisfaction and perception of the estimation were solicited. The task was complex, but taking into consideration the test subjects’ background, their degree in engineering, as well as their several years of industrial experience, these students, if any, should have the capabilities to manage the task given and thus provide us with some valuable information about the possibilities of collaboration and virtuality in the Internet.
Nonstandard, Not Substandard

The authors investigate how nonstandard work arrangements shape work attitudes and behaviors. They find that attitudes and behaviors vary across different types of nonstandard work arrangements. As expected, retention part-time workers have more positive and agency temporary workers more negative attitudes toward their work arrangements than do standard workers. But contrary to conventional wisdom about temporary work arrangements, agency temporary workers who have opportunities to transition to standard employment arrangements have more positive attitudes toward supervisors and coworkers and are better performers than their peers in standard work arrangements. Part-time arrangements designed to retain valued workers do not produce increased commitment or other attitudinal benefits consistent with retention. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for the study of nonstandard work and the management of nonstandard workers.
Awareness Reduces Racial Bias

Can raising awareness of racial bias subsequently reduce that bias? We address this question by exploiting the widespread media attention highlighting racial bias among professional basketball referees that occurred in May 2007 following the release of an academic study. Using new data, we confirm that racial bias persisted in the years after the study's original sample, but prior to the media coverage. Subsequent to the media coverage though, the bias completely disappeared. We examine potential mechanisms that may have produced this result and find that the most likely explanation is that upon becoming aware of their biases, individual referees changed their decision-making process. These results suggest that raising awareness of even subtle forms of bias can bring about meaningful change.
Cortical activation changes induced by visual biofeedback tracking training in chronic stroke patients.

OBJECTIVES We tried to examine whether visual biofeedback tracking training (VBTT) can improve both the gait performance and cortical activation pattern in chronic stroke patients. DESIGN We enrolled 10 chronic hemiparetic patients with stroke(mean age 46.3 +/- 5.19 years). The patients were randomly assigned to the training group (5 patients) or the control group (5 patients). VBTT was to follow the PC-generated sine waves with the knee joint electrogoniometer, and the two sine waves should appear as close to overlapping as possible on the PC monitor. The training was performed for 39 minutes/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. Pre-training and post-training accuracy of tracking, functional status of gait, and functional MRI (fMRI) were measured. fMRI was performed at 1.5 T in parallel with timed knee flexion-extension movements at a fixed rate. RESULTS The accuracy of the tracking performance, walking speed, and motor scale for gait improved in the training group. Primary sensorimotor cortex (SM1) cortical activation shifted significantly from the unaffected to the affected hemisphere in the training group. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that cortical activation changes occurred with gait function improvement in chronic stroke patients throughout the 4-week VBTT program. It seems that the cortical reorganization was induced by VBTT.
Familism A cultural value with implications for romantic relationship quality in U.S. Latinos

Familism is a cultural value that emphasizes interdependent family relationships that are warm, close, and supportive. We theorized that familism values can be beneficial for romantic relationships and tested whether (a) familism would be positively associated with romantic relationship quality and (b) this association would be mediated by less attachment avoidance. Evidence indicates that familism is particularly relevant for U.S. Latinos but is also relevant for non-Latinos. Thus, we expected to observe the hypothesized pattern in Latinos and explored whether the pattern extended to non-Latinos of European and East Asian cultural background. A sample of U.S. participants of Latino (n = 140), European (n = 176), and East Asian (n = 199) cultural background currently in a romantic relationship completed measures of familism, attachment, and two indices of romantic relationship quality, namely, partner support and partner closeness. As predicted, higher familism was associated with higher partner support a.
Analysis of NHSLA claims in hand and wrist surgery

Claims for negligence are increasing in medical practice. We analysed data provided by the UK NHS Litigation Authority (NHSLA) on all hand and wrist surgery from 1995–2001. The numbers of claims increased from 13 to 40, but the number being successfully defended also increased from 2 to 13 during this period. Claims were most commonly attributed to errors at surgery (56%) or in outpatient clinics (24%). Strikingly the claims are clustered to a few common conditions, particularly the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (22%) and wrist fractures (48%). There were no claims related to complex hand surgery. We recommend better training for ‘routine surgery’, better description of distal radius fracture parameters at each clinic visit and better training in emergency departments (ED).
Plagiarism: Do Students Know What It Is?

Abstract The ability of students to plagiarise coursework assessments has been a topic of much debate in recent years. The consequences of plagiarism for students may be devastating, since their failure to learn and use appropriate study skills will affect both their university experience and their subsequent career. This project set out to investigate students’ perceptions of what constitutes plagiarism. A scenario-based questionnaire was given to undergraduate bioscience students from Level 0, that is, Foundation level, to Level 3. Analysis of the completed questionnaires showed student uncertainty about several aspects of plagiarism, including downloading of material from the Internet. Students were unclear about the distinctions between collusion, plagiarism and permissible group work. Thus, despite the media attention given to plagiarism, students are not always aware of the boundaries between plagiarism and acceptable practice. Since the penalties for plagiarising may be severe, it is essential that guidelines are provided early in the programme. A case-study approach is more likely to engage the students than issuing them with a set of penalties should they be caught. As a result of these findings guidelines have been produced, aimed at addressing misconceptions. Future work is planned to adapt the exercise to an interactive format within a managed learning environment.
Hepatitis C in Sub-Saharan Africa: Urgent Need for Attention

The hepatitis C virus (HCV), which was not recognized as an infectious agent until the 1980s, is responsible for a worldwide epidemic. The World Health Organization estimates global prevalence at 2.8%, with 185 million persons infected. In contrast to hepatitis B, where successful vaccine campaigns have reduced the disease burden, much less progress has been made toward the control of HCV. Phylogenetic studies suggest that HCV originated in Africa and has been endemic in some regions for at least 500–600 years. However, little is known about the epidemiology, transmission, and clinical course of HCV in Africa. With the advent of highly effective anti-HCV agents, there exists great potential to at least curb the global epidemic. For regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, however, this will require a thorough understanding of the regional population-level epidemiology, risk factors, and transmission mechanisms. Only then can effective treatment and prevention strategies be introduced.
Time‐dependent changes in effective connectivity measured with PET

A voxel‐based method of measuring the effective connectivity between brain regions is presented. The approach is based on electrophysiological concepts and is applied to neurophysiological data obtained with [positron emission tomography (PET)] functional imaging. Time‐dependent changes in effective connectivity were assessed during a verbal fluency activation paradigm using 12 consecutive measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The changes observed were predicted by an associative (Hebbian) model of plasticity, applied to cortical activity, measured in terms of rCBF. The main finding was, in most regions, a selective enhancement of effective connections from the distributed brain regions exhibiting the dominant pattern of correlated activity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Field Programmable Gate Array-Based System-on-Chip for Real-Time Power Process Control

Problem Statement: Nowadays Real-Time (RT) embedded control applications require not just higher performance but more flexibility as well without increasing cost and resources. Approach: In this study we presented a promising co-design and implementation of control solution. We developed flexible solution using software control algorithms coupled with an embedded RT kernel on powerful embedded processor cores, combined with reconfigurable logic and dedicated resources on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Various architectures were compared and contrasted in terms of speed and FPGA area. Results: This fully integrated RT control system in a System-on-Chip (SoC) was applied to electric motors drive in order to enhance both flexibility and performance. Experimental results showed the feasibility and the efficiency of the approach; they demonstrate the capacity of implementing, in high-level coding, high speed and more complex control algorithms with RT constraints. Conclusions/Recommendations: Programmable SoC enabled flexible control system design. This solution can be readily applied to any control algorithm with minor hardware or software adapting to specific application requirements.
Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor mediated by JNK protein kinases

JNK protein kinases are distantly related to mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERKs) and are activated by dual phosphorylation on Tyr and Thr. The JNK protein kinase group includes the 46-kDa isoform JNK1. Here we describe the molecular cloning of a second member of the JNK group, the 55-kDa protein kinase JNK2. The activities of both JNK isoforms are markedly increased by exposure of cells to UV radiation. Furthermore, JNK protein kinase activation is observed in cells treated with tumor necrosis factor. Although both JNK isoforms phosphorylate the NH2-terminal activation domain of the transcription factor c-Jun, the activity of JNK2 was approximately 10-fold greater than that of JNK1. This difference in c-Jun phosphorylation correlates with increased binding of c-Jun to JNK2 compared with JNK1. The distinct in vitro biochemical properties of these JNK isoforms suggest that they may have different functions in vivo. Evidence in favor of this hypothesis was obtained from the observation that JNK1, but not JNK2, complements a defect in the expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase HOG1 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Together, these data indicate a role for the JNK group of protein kinases in the signal transduction pathway initiated by proinflammatory cytokines and UV radiation.
The Effects of International Trade on Democracy: A Panel Study of the Post-Soviet World-System

The author examines the relationship between democracy and international trade using post-Soviet countries as a historical example of a world-system. World-systems theory and alternative theories are employed to create theoretical models of democracy, and pooled timeseries regression is applied, using an index of democracy as the dependent variable and two sets of theoretically distinct control variables. The author finds a negative relationship between core periphery trade and democracy and a positive relationship between trade openness and democracy in the periphery. The author draws three conclusions. First, international trade deserves more attention as a link between economic and political processes in world-systems analysis. Second, contrary to conventional analysis, the structure of core-periphery trade shows that the core uses its economic ties to politically exploit the periphery. Last, it is necessary to distinguish between core and noncore international trade in world-systems and political analysis.
Strong and frequent T‐cell responses to the minor allergen Phl p 12 in Spanish patients IgE‐sensitized to Profilins

Profilins are dominant pan‐allergens known to cause cross‐sensitization, leading to clinical symptoms such as pollen‐food syndrome. This study aimed to determine the T‐cell response to Phl p 12 in profilin‐sensitized patients, by measuring the prevalence, strength and cross‐reactivity to clinically relevant profilins.
Misrule of experts? The financial crisis as elite debacle

Abstract This paper is about knowledge limits and the financial crisis. It begins by examining various existing accounts of crisis which disagree about the causes, but share the belief that the crisis represents a problem of socio-technical malfunction which requires some kind of technocratic fix: the three variants on this explanation are the crisis as accident, conspiracy or calculative failure. This paper proposes an alternative explanation which frames the crisis differently as an elite political debacle. Political and technocratic elites were hubristically detached from the process of financial innovation as it took the form of ‘bricolage’, which put finance beyond technical control or management. The paper raises fundamental questions about the politicized role of technocrats after the 1980s and emphasizes the need to bring private finance and its public regulators under democratic political control whose technical precondition is a dramatic simplification of finance.
For a political economy of moral panics

A case is made for a political economy of moral panics and moral regulation. After a brief discussion of the political economy of alcohol regulation, the focus shifts to the culture-of-fear thesis. Four writers (Glassner, Altheide, Furedi and Bauman) are interrogated for what they have to say about the culture of fear. Examined are its definition and manifestations; its historical genesis; its key agents and their motivations; how the culture of fear is constructed and disseminated; and its implications for governmental action and public attitudes. Six propositions are identified as constituting a consensus about the political economy of the culture of fear: (1) a safer society produces paradoxically more fear; (2) this fear is different from previous types of fear; (3) fear is symbolically constructed; (4) the media and popular culture are vital to sustaining fear; (5) fear distorts and misrecognizes social realities; (6) fear generates hostility to outsiders. Such a perspective revisits the original project of radical criminology. It is argued that moral panics and moral regulation analysis should be informed by the adherence of political economy to the importance of historical change, seeing society as a totality, insisting on morality as a focus and position, and through a sustained commitment to praxis.
Internalized Culture, Culturocentrism, and Transcendence

Internalized culture is introduced as a psychological, rather than anthropological, construct most useful to counselors. It addresses explicitly both between-group and within-group variations resulting from individual differences in enculturation and helps to sensitize counselors against stereotyping. The problem of defining cultural boundaries arises, with serious difficulties in defining three specific classes of cultural phenomena. It is argued that there is a basic continuity from intracultural to intercultural understanding. In a sense, all interpersonal encounters are cross-cultural in nature. Accordingly, all counseling requires an awareness of cultural processes and the transcendence of one's internalized culture.