Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alkali treatment of jute fibers: Relationship between structure and mechanical properties

The mechanical properties of tossa jute fibers were improved by using NaOH treatment process to improve the mechanical properties of composites materials. Shrinkage of fibers during this process has significant effects to the fiber structure, as well as to the mechanical fiber properties, such as tensile strength and modulus. Isometric NaOH-treated jute yarns (20 min at 20°C in 25% NaOH solution) lead to an increase in yarn tensile strength and modulus of ∼ 120% and 150%, respectively. These changes in mechanical properties are affected by modifying the fiber structure, basically via the crystallinity ratio, degree of polymerization, and orientation (Hermans factor). Structure–property relationships, developed for cellulosic man-made fibers, were used with a high correlation factor to describe the behavior of the jute fiber yarns. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 623–629, 1999
Cholinergic and GABAergic Inputs Drive Patterned Spontaneous Motoneuron Activity before Target Contact

Patterned spontaneous electrical activity has been demonstrated in a number of developing neural circuits and has been proposed to play a role in refining connectivity once axons reach their targets. Using an isolated spinal cord preparation, we have found that chick lumbosacral motor axons exhibit highly regular bursts of activity from embryonic day 4 (E4) (stage 24–25), shortly after they exit the spinal cord and while still en route toward their target muscles. Similar bursts could be evoked by stimulating descending pathways at cervical or thoracic levels. Unlike older embryonic cord circuits, the major excitatory transmitter driving activity was not glutamate but acetylcholine, acting primarily though nicotinic non-α7 receptors. The circuit driving bursting was surprisingly robust and plastic, because bursting was only transiently blocked by cholinergic antagonists, and following recovery, was now driven by GABAergic inputs. Permanent blockade of spontaneous activity was only achieved by a combination of cholinergic antagonists and bicuculline, a GABAA antagonist. The early occurrence of patterned motor activity suggests that it could be playing a role in either peripheral pathfinding or spinal cord circuit formation and maturation. Finally, the characteristic differences in burst parameters already evident between different motoneuron pools at E4 would require that the combination of transcription factors responsible for specifying pool identity to have acted even earlier.
Reducing neuroinflammation by delivery of IL‐10 encoding lentivirus from multiple‐channel bridges

Abstract The spinal cord is unable to regenerate after injury largely due to growth‐inhibition by an inflammatory response to the injury that fails to resolve, resulting in secondary damage and cell death. An approach that prevents inhibition by attenuating the inflammatory response and promoting its resolution through the transition of macrophages to anti‐inflammatory phenotypes is essential for the creation of a growth permissive microenvironment. Viral gene delivery to induce the expression of anti‐inflammatory factors provides the potential to provide localized delivery to alter the host inflammatory response. Initially, we investigated the effect of the biomaterial and viral components of the delivery system to influence the extent of cell infiltration and the phenotype of these cells. Bridge implantation reduces antigen‐presenting cell infiltration at day 7, and lentivirus addition to the bridge induces a transient increase in neutrophils in the spinal cord at day 7 and macrophages at day 14. Delivery of a lentivirus encoding IL‐10, an anti‐inflammatory factor that inhibits immune cell activation and polarizes the macrophage population towards anti‐inflammatory phenotypes, reduced neutrophil infiltration at both day 7 and day 28. Though IL‐10 lentivirus did not affect macrophages number, it skewed the macrophage population toward an anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype and altered macrophage morphology. Additionally, IL‐10 delivery resulted in improved motor function, suggesting reduced secondary damage and increased sparing. Taken together, these results indicate that localized expression of anti‐inflammatory factors, such as IL‐10, can modulate the inflammatory response following spinal cord injury, and may be a key component of a combinatorial approach that targets the multiple barriers to regeneration and functional recovery.
Widespread supplementary feeding in domestic gardens explains the return of reintroduced Red Kites Milvus milvus to an urban area

Reintroductions are commonly used to mitigate biodiversity loss. One prominent example is that of the Red Kite Milvus milvus, a charismatic raptor of conservation concern. This species has been reintroduced across the UK over the last 25 years following its near extinction after centuries of persecution. The species was not expected to recolonize urban areas; its historical association with human settlements is attributed to scavenging on human waste and refuse, a resource now greatly reduced on the streets of modern European cities. However, the species has become a common daytime visitor to a large conurbation centred on the town of Reading, southern England, approximately 20 km from the first English reintroduction site. Given a near-absence of breeding and roost sites, we investigated foraging opportunities and habitat associations that might explain use by Red Kites of this urban area. Surveys of discarded human foods and road-kill suggested that these could support at most 13–29 Kites per day. Face-to-face surveys of a cross-section of residents revealed that 4.5% (equivalent to 4349 households) provided supplementary food for Red Kites in their gardens. Using estimates of per-household resource provision from another study, we calculated that this is potentially sufficient to feed 142–320 Kites, a substantial proportion of the total estimated to visit the conurbation each day (between 140 and 440). Road transects found positive associations between Red Kites and residential areas. We suggest that the decision made by thousands of householders to provide supplementary food for Red Kites in their gardens is the primary factor explaining their daytime abundance in this urban area.
Similarities and differences of gene expression in yeast stress conditions

UNLABELLED MOTIVATION AND METHODS: All living organisms and the survival of all cells critically depend on their ability to sense and quickly adapt to changes in the environment and to other stress conditions. We study stress response mechanisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by identifying genes that, according to very stringent criteria, have persistent co-expression under a variety of stress conditions. This is enabled through a fast clique search method applied to the intersection of several co-expression graphs calculated over the data of Gasch et al. This method exploits the topological characteristics of these graphs. RESULTS We observe cliques in the intersection graphs that are much larger than expected under a null model of changing gene identities for different stress conditions but maintaining the co-expression topology within each one. Persistent cliques are analyzed to identify enriched function as well as enriched regulation by a small number of TFs. These TFs, therefore, characterize a universal and persistent reaction to stress response. We further demonstrate that the vertices (genes) of many cliques in the intersection graphs are co-localized in the yeast genome, to a degree far beyond the random expectation. Co-localization can hypothetically contribute to a quick co-ordinated response. We propose the use of persistent cliques in further study of properties of co-regulation.
Detection of the trend and seasonal variation in tropospheric NO2 over China

[1] The results of a trend study on the tropospheric NO2 column over China are presented, on the basis of measurements from the satellite instruments GOME and SCIAMACHY. From these observations, monthly averaged tropospheric NO2 distributions are determined for the period 1996 to 2005 on a 1° by 1° grid. A linear model with a seasonal component is used to fit these time series. The variance and the autocorrelation of the noise are used to calculate the significance of the trend. The results show a large growth of tropospheric NO2 over eastern China, especially above the industrial areas with a fast economical growth. For instance, Shanghai had a linear significant increase in NO2 columns of 20% ± 6% per year (reference year 1996) in the period 1996–2005. The seasonal pattern of the NO2 concentration shows a difference between east and west China. In the east a NO2 maximum is found during wintertime, because of chemistry and anthropogenic activity. Contrary to this, in the western part of China the NO2 concentration reaches a maximum in summertime. This spatial difference correlates with the population distribution of China. Since there is negligible anthropogenic activity in west China this difference in seasonality of NO2 is attributed to natural emissions in west China.
Solution structure of the major G-quadruplex formed in the human VEGF promoter in K+: insights into loop interactions of the parallel G-quadruplexes

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) proximal promoter region contains a poly G/C-rich element that is essential for basal and inducible VEGF expression. The guanine-rich strand on this tract has been shown to form the DNA G-quadruplex structure, whose stabilization by small molecules can suppress VEGF expression. We report here the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the major intramolecular G-quadruplex formed in this region in K+ solution using the 22mer VEGF promoter sequence with G-to-T mutations of two loop residues. Our results have unambiguously demonstrated that the major G-quadruplex formed in the VEGF promoter in K+ solution is a parallel-stranded structure with a 1:4:1 loop-size arrangement. A unique capping structure was shown to form in this 1:4:1 G-quadruplex. Parallel-stranded G-quadruplexes are commonly found in the human promoter sequences. The nuclear magnetic resonance structure of the major VEGF G-quadruplex shows that the 4-nt middle loop plays a central role for the specific capping structures and in stabilizing the most favored folding pattern. It is thus suggested that each parallel G-quadruplex likely adopts unique capping and loop structures by the specific middle loops and flanking segments, which together determine the overall structure and specific recognition sites of small molecules or proteins. LAY SUMMARY: The human VEGF is a key regulator of angiogenesis and plays an important role in tumor survival, growth and metastasis. VEGF overexpression is frequently found in a wide range of human tumors; the VEGF pathway has become an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. DNA G-quadruplexes have been shown to form in the proximal promoter region of VEGF and are amenable to small molecule drug targeting for VEGF suppression. The detailed molecular structure of the major VEGF promoter G-quadruplex reported here will provide an important basis for structure-based rational development of small molecule drugs targeting the VEGF G-quadruplex for gene suppression.
Stochastic Language Generation for Spoken Dialogue Systems

The two current approaches to language generation, template-based and rule-based (linguistic) NLG, have limitations when applied to spoken dialogue systems, in part because they were developed for text generation. In this paper, we propose a new corpus-based approach to natural language generation, specifically designed for spoken dialogue systems.
Density pervades: An analysis of phonological neighbourhood density effects in aphasic speakers with different types of naming impairment

We investigated the influence of phonological neighbourhood density (PND) on the performance of aphasic speakers whose naming impairments differentially implicate phonological or semantic stages of lexical access. A word comes from a dense phonological neighbourhood if many words sound like it. Limited evidence suggests that higher density facilitates naming in aphasic speakers, as it does in healthy speakers. Using well-controlled stimuli, Experiment 1 confirmed the influence of PND on accuracy and phonological error rates in two aphasic speakers with phonological processing deficits. In Experiments 2 and 3, we extended the investigation to an aphasic speaker who is prone to semantic errors, indicating a semantic deficit and/or a deficit in the mapping from semantics to words. This individual had higher accuracy, and fewer semantic errors, in naming targets from high- than from low-density neighbourhoods. It is argued that the Results provide strong support for interactive approaches to lexical access, where reverberatory feedback between word- and phoneme-level lexical representations not only facilitates phonological level processes but also privileges the selection of a target word over its semantic competitors.
AN INTRODUCTION TO ROBUST MECHANISM DESIGN By Dirk Bergemann and Stephen Morris COWLES

This essay provides an introduction to our recent work on robust mechanism design. The objective is to provide an overview of the research agenda and its results. We present the main results and illustrate many of them in terms of a common and canonical example, the single unit auction with interdependent values. In addition, we provide an extended discussion about the role of alternative assumptions about type spaces in our work, and the literature at large, in order to explain * We would like to thank Eric Maskin for inviting us to publish the work covered in this survey in a collection of the World Scientific Series in Economic Theory edited by Eric. An early version of this essay appeared as an introduction in Bergemann and Morris (2012b). We would like to thank our co-authors Hanming Fang, Moritz Meyer-ter-Vehn, Karl Schlag, Satoru Takahashi and Olivier Tercieux in this research agenda and Nemanja Antic, Andreas Blume, Tilman Borgers, Jacques Cremer, Moritz Meyer-ter-Vehn, Phil Reny and Olivier Tercieux for comments on this essay. We had the opportunity to deliver the present material at a number of invited lectures, notably at Boston University, Northwestern University and the European and North American Econometric Society Meetings and a set of slides which cover and accompany this essay can be found at http://dirkbergemann. commons.yale. edu/files/2010/12/robustmechanismdesign1.pdf. the common logic of the informational robustness approach that unifies the work.
Hydrogen Peroxide: A Feed-Forward Dilator That Couples Myocardial Metabolism to Coronary Blood Flow

Objective—We tested the hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the dismutated product of superoxide (O2·−), couples myocardial oxygen consumption to coronary blood flow. Accordingly, we measured O2·− and H2O2 production by isolated cardiac myocytes, determined the role of mitochondrial electron transport in the production of these species, and determined the vasoactive properties of the produced H2O2. Methods and Results—The production of O2·− is coupled to oxidative metabolism because inhibition of complex I (rotenone) or III (antimycin) enhanced the production of O2·− during pacing by about 50% and 400%, respectively; whereas uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation by decreasing the protonmotive force with carbonylcyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone (FCCP) decreased pacing-induced O2·− production. The inhibitor of cytosolic NAD(P)H oxidase assembly, apocynin, did not affect O2·− production by pacing. Aliquots of buffer from paced myocytes produced vasodilation of isolated arterioles (peak response 67±8% percent of maximal dilation) that was significantly reduced by catalase (5±0.5%, P<0.05) or the antagonist of Kv channels, 4-aminopyridine (18±4%, P<0.05). In intact animals, tissue concentrations of H2O2 are proportionate to myocardial oxygen consumption and directly correlated to coronary blood flow. Intracoronary infusion of catalase reduced tissue levels of H2O2 by 30%, and reduced coronary flow by 26%. Intracoronary administration of 4-aminopyridine also shifted the relationship between myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow or coronary sinus po2. Conclusions—Taken together, our results demonstrate that O2·− is produced in proportion to cardiac metabolism, which leads to the production of the vasoactive reactive oxygen species, H2O2. Our results further suggest that the production of H2O2 in proportion to metabolism couples coronary blood flow to myocardial oxygen consumption.
Comparative analysis of SRAM memories used as PUF primitives

In this publication we present the results of our investigations into the reliability and uniqueness of Static Random Access Memories (SRAMs) in different technology nodes when used as a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). The comparative analysis that can be found in this publication is the first ever of its kind, using different SRAM memories in technologies ranging from 180nm to 65nm. Each SRAM memory presents a unique and unpredictable start-up pattern when being powered up. In order to use an SRAM as a PUF in an application, the stability of its start-up patterns needs to be assured under a wide variety of conditions such as temperature and applied voltage. Furthermore the start-up patterns of different memories must be unique and contain sufficient entropy. This paper presents the results of tests that investigate these properties of different SRAM memory technology nodes. Furthermore, it proposes the construction of a fuzzy extractor, which can be used in combination with the tested memories for extracting secure cryptographic keys.
AAA-ATPases in Protein Degradation

Proteolytic machineries containing multisubunit protease complexes and AAA-ATPases play a key role in protein quality control and the regulation of protein homeostasis. In these protein degradation machineries, the proteolytically active sites are formed by either threonines or serines which are buried inside interior cavities of cylinder-shaped complexes. In eukaryotic cells, the proteasome is the most prominent protease complex harboring AAA-ATPases. To degrade protein substrates, the gates of the axial entry ports of the protease need to be open. Gate opening is accomplished by AAA-ATPases, which form a hexameric ring flanking the entry ports of the protease. Protein substrates with unstructured domains can loop into the entry ports without the assistance of AAA-ATPases. However, folded proteins require the action of AAA-ATPases to unveil an unstructured terminus or domain. Cycles of ATP binding/hydrolysis fuel the unfolding of protein substrates which are gripped by loops lining up the central pore of the AAA-ATPase ring. The AAA-ATPases pull on the unfolded polypeptide chain for translocation into the proteolytic cavity of the protease. Conformational changes within the AAA-ATPase ring and the adjacent protease chamber create a peristaltic movement for substrate degradation. The review focuses on new technologies toward the understanding of the function and structure of AAA-ATPases to achieve substrate recognition, unfolding and translocation into proteasomes in yeast and mammalian cells and into proteasome-equivalent proteases in bacteria and archaea.
Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine: could they act as antioxidants in vivo?

Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine have been proposed to act as antioxidants in vivo. Our studies show that all three compounds are good scavengers of the hydroxyl radical (.OH) but that none of them can react with superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide or hypochlorous acid at biologically significant rates. None of them can bind iron ions in ways that interfere with 'site-specific' iron-dependent radical damage to the sugar deoxyribose, nor can they restrict the availability of Cu2+ to phenanthroline. Homocarnosine has no effect on iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation; carnosine and anserine have weak inhibitory effects when used at high concentrations in some (but not all) assay systems. However, the ability of these compounds to interfere with a commonly used version of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test may have led to an overestimate of their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in some previous studies. By contrast, histidine stimulated iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that, because of the high concentrations present in vivo, carnosine and anserine could conceivably act as physiological antioxidants by scavenging . OH, but that they do not have a broad spectrum of antioxidant activity, and their ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation is not well established. It may be that they have a function other than antioxidant protection (e.g. buffering), but that they are safer to accumulate than histidine, which has a marked pro-oxidant action upon iron ion-dependent lipid peroxidation. The inability of homocarnosine to react with HOCl, interfere with the TBA test or affect lipid peroxidation systems in the same way as carnosine is surprising in view of the apparent structural similarity between these two molecules.
Performance Evaluation for Resource Allocation Algorithms in CoMP Systems

The International Telecommunications Union estab- lished through the International Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced a set of requirements for high performance 4rd Generation communication systems and, with the aim of meeting such requirements, 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (LTE) is considering a set of enhancements, referred to as LTE-Advanced. In LTE-Advanced context, Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) communication appears as a promissing technology to boost system throughput and to allow for an efﬁcient Resource Allocation (RA). In this paper, we study RA algorithms that exploit coordination in the Downlink (DL) of CoMP systems to implement adaptive frequency reuse and so improve system throughput. We show through system-level analyzes that quite high throughput gains are achieved through intelligent RA.
Cultural Dimensions in Twitter: Time, Individualism and Power

Previous studies have established the link between one's actions (e.g., engaging with others vs. minding one's own business) and one's national culture (e.g., collectivist vs. individualistic), and such actions have been shown to be important as they are collectively affiliated with a country's economic outcomes (e.g., Gross Domestic Product). Hitherto there has not been any systematic study of whether one's action on Twitter (e.g., deciding when to post messages) is linked to one's culture (e.g., country's Pace of Life). To fix that, we build different network snapshots starting from 55,000 seed users on Twitter, and we do so for 10 weeks across 30 countries (after filtering those with low penetration rates) for a total of 2.34 M profiles. Based on Hofstede's theory of cultural dimensions and Levine's Pace of Life theory, we consider three behavioral patterns on Twitter (i.e., temporal predictability of tweets, engaging with others, and supporting others who are less popular) and associate them with three different dimensions derived from the two theories: Pace of Life, Individualism and Power Distance. We find the following strong correlations: activity predictability negatively correlates with Pace of Life (r=-0.62), tweets with mentions negatively correlates with Individualism (r = -0.55), and power (e.g, Twitter popularity) imbalance in relationships (between, for example, two users mentioning each other) is correlated with Power Distance (r=0.62). These three cultural dimensions matter because they are associated with a country's socio-economic aspects - with GDP per capita, income inequality, and education expenditure.