Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN LEARNING: I—OUTCOME AND PROCESS*

Summary. This paper describes an attempt to identify different levels of processing of information among groups of Swedish university students who were asked to read substantial passages of prose. Students were asked questions about the meaning of the passages and also about how they set about reading the passages. This approach allows processes and strategies of learning to be examined, as well as the outcomes in terms of what is understood and remembered. The starting point of this research was that learning has to be described in terms of its content. From this point differences in what is learned, rather than differences in how much is learned, are described. It was found that in each study a number of categories (levels of outcome) containing basically different conceptions of the content of the learning task could be identified. The corresponding differences in level of processing are described in terms of whether the learner is engaged in surface-level or deep-level processing.
Body Characteristics, Perceived Body Size and Body-Cathexis for Short Women Aged 18 to 59

This study examined the body characteristics, perceived body size and body-cathexis according to the stature of women aged 18 to 59. Special focus was on women of short stature; in addition, the study searched for the proper clothing fit and satisfaction level for short women. The 2010 SizeKorea data of 2,586 women aged 18 to 59 was analyzed statistically to find the distribution of stature according to 4 age groups along with the body characteristics and proportion of 3 stature groups in each age group. A questionnaire was conducted with responses from 412 women aged 18 to 59, and the perceived body size and satisfaction with body size of 3 stature groups were studied with 5 Likert scales. Although the stature of Korean women has increased, short stature women (those under 155cm) still represent a high percentage of individuals in Korea. Short women (small in height and length) had unique body characteristics in width, depth, and girth that were distinguished from the characteristics of medium or tall women. Especially, the lower body part of short women had distinct characteristics. Accordingly, it is undesirable to reflect the same ease or same body proportion in clothing construction for the 3 stature groups. Short women perceived their stature and length of upper or lower body as too short and the satisfaction with their body size was lower than medium or tall women. To upgrade the clothing fit and satisfaction of short women, it is necessary to reflect the unique body characteristics of short women in clothing design and construction.
A Critical Review of Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score for Evaluation of Acute Stroke Imaging

Assessment of ischemic stroke lesions on computed tomography (CT) or MRI using the Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) is widely used to guide acute stroke treatment. We aimed to review the current evidence on ASPECTS. Originally, the score was developed for standardized lesion assessment on non-contrast CT (NCCT). Early studies described ASPECTS as a predictor of functional outcome and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after iv-thrombolysis with a threshold of ≤7 suggested to identify patients at high risk. Following studies rather pointed toward a linear relationship between ASPECTS and functional outcome. ASPECTS has also been applied to assess perfusion CT and diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI). Cerebral blood volume ASPECTS proved to be the best predictor of outcome, outperforming NCCT-ASPECTS in some studies. For DWI-ASPECTS varying thresholds to identify patients at risk for poor outcome were reported. ASPECTS has been used for patient selection in three of the five groundbreaking trials proving efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy published in 2015. ASPECTS values predict functional outcome after thrombectomy. Moreover, treatment effect of thrombectomy appears to depend on ASPECTS values being smaller or not present in low ASPECTS, while patients with ASPECTS 5–10 do clearly benefit from mechanical thrombectomy. However, as patients with low ASPECTS values were excluded from recent trials data on this subgroup is limited. There are several limitations to ASPECTS addressed in a growing number of studies. The score is limited to the anterior circulation, the template is unequally weighed and correlation with lesion volume depends on lesion location. Overall ASPECTS is a useful and easily applicable tool for assessment of prognosis in acute stroke treatment and to help guide acute treatment decisions regardless whether MRI or CT is used. Patients with low ASPECTS values are unlikely to achieve good outcome. However, methodological constraints of ASPECTS have to be considered, and based on present data, a clear cutoff value to define “low ASPECTS values” cannot be given.
Robust Identities or Nonentities? Typecasting in the Feature‐Film Labor Market1

This article addresses two seemingly incompatible claims about identity: (a ) complex, multivalent identities are advantageous because they afford greater flexibility versus (b) simple, focused identities are advantageous because they facilitate valuation. Following Faulkner, it is hypothesized that a focused identity is helpful in gaining entrée into an arena but subsequently leads to increasing limitations. The labor market for feature‐film actors is analyzed via career patterns recorded in the Internet Movie Database and interviews with key informants, allowing the article to distinguish between typecasting effects and those due to underlying skill differences or social networks. Important implications are drawn for research on identity formation in various social arenas, on categorical boundaries in external labor markets, and on the actor‐position interplay inherent in market dynamics.
Bethe Vectors of the osp(1|2) Gaudin Model

The eigenvectors of the osp(1|2) invariant Gaudin Hamiltonians are found using explicitly constructed creation operators. Commutation relations between the creation operators and the generators of the loop superalgebra are calculated. The coordinate representation of the Bethe states is presented. The relation between the Bethe vectors and solutions to the Knizhnik–Zamolodchikov equation yields the norm of the eigenvectors.
Effect of Kupffer cell phagocytosis of erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts on susceptibility to endotoxemia and bacteremia

The phagocytosis of erythrocytes by macrophages has previously been shown to depress macrophage function. In this study we compared the effect of the phagocytosis of erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts by Kupffer cells on the duration of the depression of complement receptor clearance function and host defense against endotoxemia and bacteremia. Phagocytosis of erythrocytes and erythrocyte ghosts was induced in rats by the injection of rat erythrocytes or erythrocyte ghosts coated with anti-rat erythrocyte immunoglobulin G (EIgG and GIgG, respectively). The hepatic uptake of EIgG and GIgG (17.4 X 10(8)/100 g) occurred during the first 30 min after injection. The digestion of phagocytized EIgG and GIgG, as assessed by electron microscopy, was complete at 24 and 3 h after injection, respectively. The depression of Kupffer cell complement receptor clearance function caused by EIgG and GIgG returned to normal by 6 h after injection of EIgG and by 3 h after injection of GIgG. Phagocytosis of EIgG depressed the survival rate after endotoxemia and bacteremia when endotoxin or bacteria were injected at 30 min after EIgG. The survival rate returned to normal when the endotoxin and bacteria were injected at 12 and 6 h after the EIgG, respectively. Phagocytosis of GIgG did not depress the survival rate after endotoxemia and bacteremia. Thus, compared with erythrocytes, erythrocyte ghosts are more rapidly digested after phagocytosis, depress complement receptor function for a shorter period of time, and cause less depression of host defense. These findings indicate that the contents of erythrocytes play an important role in the impairment of host defense caused by the phagocytosis of erythrocytes by Kupffer cells.
The foreign language and intercultural competence teacher: the acquisition of a new professional identity

It has now become commonplace to state that foreign language learning should be viewed in an intercultural perspective. The main objective of foreign language education is no longer defined strictly in terms of the acquisition of communicative competence. Teachers are now required to teach intercultural communicative competence. The aim of the study reported on here was to investigate to what extent and in what way teachers' current professional profiles meet the specifications formulated in the theoretical literature regarding the ‘foreign language and intercultural competence teacher’. To answer this question, an international research design was developed, involving teachers from Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Mexico, Poland, Spain and Sweden. Our findings suggest that teachers' current foreign language‐and‐culture teaching profiles do not yet meet those of the envisaged ‘foreign language and intercultural competence teacher’, and that patterns in teacher thinking and teaching practice appear to exist within and across the participating countries.
Social Anxiety is Associated with a Negatively Distorted Perception of One's Own Voice

According to cognitive models of social anxiety, negatively distorted self-images have a central role in the development and maintenance of social anxiety. In the present study, the relationship between social anxiety and the perception of one's own voice was investigated in a sample of 17 undergraduate students. The participants were asked to recount a story aloud in front of a tape recorder, and then to rate their voice characteristics on a Voice Evaluation Questionnaire. Independent observers (speech therapy students) were then asked to listen to the tape recordings and to rate the participants' voice characteristics on an equivalent version of the Voice Evaluation Questionnaire. Two hypotheses were contrasted: a skill deficits hypothesis and a cognitive distortion hypothesis. The results supported the cognitive distortion hypothesis. A high level of social performance anxiety was associated with an underestimation of one's voice qualities, compared with the independent observers. It is suggested that sound-tape feedback with cognitive preparation should be tested as a method for correcting the negatively distorted voice perception that is associated with social anxiety.
Relative testis size and sperm morphometry across mammals: no evidence for an association between sperm competition and sperm length

Understanding why there is extensive variation in sperm form and function across taxa has been a challenge because sperm are specialized cells operating at a microscopic level in a complex environment. This comparative study collates published data to determine whether the evolution of sperm morphometry (sperm total length and separate component dimensions) is associated with sperm competition (when different males' sperm mix and compete for a female' ova) across 83 mammalian species. We use relative testes mass as an indicator of the intensity of sperm competition across taxa: relative investment into testes is widely accepted to predict the level of sperm competition that a species or population endures. Although we found evidence for positive associations between relative testes mass (controlling for allometry) and sperm morphometry across 83 mammalian species, these relationships were phylogenetically dependent. When we appropriately controlled for phylogenetic association using multiple regression within a phylogenetic framework, there was no relationship between relative testes mass and sperm length across mammals. Furthermore, we found no evidence for associations between relative testes mass and sperm head, mid–piece or flagellar lengths, nor was there a relationship with mid–piece or mitochondrial volumes. Results, therefore, indicate that sperm competition does not select for longer or shorter sperm across mammals, and alternative forces selecting on sperm form and function are discussed.
Research students' early experiences of the dissertation literature review

ABSTRACT The phenomenon of a dissertation literature review is explored from a ‘second-order˚s perspective. Written responses from 41 neophyte research scholars from various disciplines in an Australian university were gathered in response to two questions: ‘What do you mean when you use the words “literature review˚d? ˚s and ‘What is the meaning of a literature review for your research? ˚s A phenomenographic analysis identified six conceptions, or ways of experiencing, literature reviews: literature review as a list, literature review as a search, literature review as a survey, literature review as a vehicle for learning, literature review as a research facilitator, and literature review as a report. The conceptions represent differing relations between student researchers and the literature. The range of conceptions suggests that the supervisors of postgraduates and other teachers interested in the literature review process need to accept literature reviews as a problem area for students and develop strat.
The Pennsylvania Project and the “Audio‐Lingual vs. Traditional” Question

T HE Pennsylvania Project had as its major focus the in-field comparison of three different foreign language teaching methods for beginning and intermediate French and German classes at the high-school level: 1) "traditional"; 2) "functional skills" (essentially, the "audiolingual" approach as broadly defined within the profession); and 3) "functional skills plus grammar" (similar to the "functional skills" approach but specifying the use of grammatical explanations by the teacher as a supplement to the regular audio-lingual procedures). Since there has been a considerable history of controversy between proponents of traditional and audio-lingual techniques on the relative merits of these approaches, results of this large-scale study were eagerly awaited by the profession. The reported major conclusion that after two years of "traditional," "functional skills," and "functional skills plus grammar" instruction there were no significant differences in student achievement in listening comprehension, speaking, and writing-and slight superiority of the "traditional" group in reading-was a rather disheartening outcome for the many persons who had placed their faith and developmental effort in the audio-lingual approach. While relatively modest student performance in reading and writing might have been anticipated following one or even two years of audio-lingual instruction, the lack of superiority in speaking and listening comprehension shown by audiolingual students in the Pennsylvania study was difficult to accept both in light of teachers' ongoing experiences with this method, and in view of the results of two other in-field research studies in the area: one comparing audiolingual and eclectic methods for beginning college French,1 and another contrasting audiolingual and traditional methods for first and second-year college German.2 In both of these investigations, the control groups were found equal or superior to the audio-lingual classes on measures of reading comprehension and writing, but the audio-lingually trained students surpassed the control groups on tests of listening comprehension and speaking ability, usually with quite large mean differences in test score. It is the intent of the next few pages to arrive at some estimation of the accuracy and import of the Pennsylvania Project findings as they relate to the "audio-lingual vs. traditional" question. Valette3 and Marxheimer4 have also commented on various aspects of this study, with particular attention to the classroom texts and language laboratory procedures used in the project. At the outset of the discussion, it should be emphasized that no experimental study-especially one which uses the real-life school situation as its laboratory-is faultless in the sense that it does not allow at least some ad-
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Superconducting and Structural Properties of Nb $_3$Sn: Ab-initio Modeling and SR-XRD Investigation

We report on the investigations of the structural and superconducting properties of Nb<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn in the GPa range by angular dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction and <italic>ab-initio</italic> calculations based on density functional theory. X-ray Diffraction experiments were carried out on Nb<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn technological samples to explore the equation of state at room temperature and at pressures up to 43.5 GPa: We observe an anomaly in the <italic>P–V</italic> curve in the region 5–10 GPa. The <italic>ab-initio </italic> calculated lattice parameter of Nb<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula> Sn as a function of pressure has been used as an input for the calculation of the phonon dispersion curves and of the electronic band structures along different high-symmetry directions in the Brillouin zone. The critical temperature has been calculated as a function of the hydrostatic pressure by means of the Allen–Dynes modification of the McMillan formula: We found that its behavior is dictated mostly by the electronic contribution, but evident anomalies up to 6 GPa arise from phonons. These findings are a clue that Nb<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>Sn could have some structural instabilities with impact on its superconducting properties when subjected to a pressure of a few GPa and they represent an important step to understand and optimize the performances of Nb<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_3$</tex-math></inline-formula>Sn materials under the hard operational conditions of high field superconducting magnets.
Nonlinear response of layer growth dynamics in the mixed kinetics-bulk-transport regime.

In situ high-resolution interferometry on horizontal facets of the protein lysozyme reveal that the local growth rate R, vicinal slope p, and tangential (step) velocity v fluctuate by up to 80% of their average values. The time scale of these fluctuations, which occur under steady bulk transport conditions through the formation and decay of step bunches (macrosteps), is of the order of 10 min. The fluctuation amplitude of R increases with growth rate (supersaturation) and crystal size, while the amplitude of the v and p fluctuations changes relatively little. Based on a stability analysis for equidistant step trains in the mixed transport-interface-kinetics regime, we argue that the fluctuations originate from the coupling of bulk transport with nonlinear interface kinetics. Furthermore, step bunches moving across the interface in the direction of or opposite to the buoyancy-driven convective flow increase or decrease in height, respectively. This is in agreement with analytical treatments of the interaction of moving steps with solution flow. Major excursions in growth rate are associated with the formation of lattice defects (striations). We show that, in general, the system-dependent kinetic Peclet number, Pe(sub k) , i.e., the relative weight of bulk transport and interface kinetics in the control of the growth process, governs the step bunching dynamics. Since Pe(sub k) can be modified by either forced solution flow or suppression of buoyancy-driven convection under reduced gravity, this model provides a rationale for the choice of specific transport conditions to minimize the formation of compositional inhomogeneities under steady bulk nutrient crystallization conditions.
Pannexin1 knockout and blockade reduces ischemic stroke injury in female, but not in male mice

The membrane channel Pannexin 1 (Panx1) mediates apoptotic and inflammatory signaling cascades in injured neurons, responses previously shown to be sexually dimorphic under ischemic conditions. We tested the hypothesis that Panx1 plays an underlying role in mediating sex differences in stroke outcome responses. Middle-aged, 8-9 month old male and female wild type and Panx1 KO mice were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and infarct size and astrocyte and microglia activation were assessed 4 days later. The sexually dimorphic nature of Panx1 deletion was also explored by testing the effect of probenecid a known Panx1 blocker to alter stroke volume. Panx1 KO females displayed significantly smaller infarct volumes (~ 50 % reduction) compared to their wild-type counterparts, whereas no such KO effect occurred in males. This sex-specific effect of Panx1 KO was recapitulated by significant reductions in peri-infarct inflammation and astrocyte reactivity, as well as smaller infarct volumes in probenecid treated females, but not males. Finally, females showed overall, higher Panx1 protein levels than males under ischemic conditions. These findings unmask a deleterious role for Panx1 in response to permanent MCA occlusion, that is unique to females, and provide several new frameworks for understanding sex differences in stroke outcome.
Modeling of Integrated Nanoneedle-Microfluidic System for Single Cell Temperature Measurement

In this research, a finite element study on a nanoneedle-microfluidic system for single cell temperature measurement is presented. The nanoneedle design and electrical and mechanical characterization are analyzed, in which tungsten is used as the sensing material. A rectangular shaped sensor with a gap of 10.8 µm showed to give the same current density distribution within the nanoneedle, and a 90 nm2 cross-sectional area showed to cause minimum damage to the cell. Furthermore, the current showed to have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) with an increase in the temperature, and the nanoneedle showed to be able to resist ramp force up to 22.5 μN before failure. Electrical measurement on yeast cell showed that the nanoneedle was independent of the cell conductivity. The nanoneedle proved to be able to measure temperature with a current difference of 50 nA and a resolution of 0.02 °C in 10 ms. A Y-shaped microchannel was proposed and the microchannel cross-sectional area was optimized to be 63 μm2 and a flow rate of 24.6 pL/min allowed successful cell penetration causing minimal damage to the cell.
A probabilistic approach for learning folksonomies from structured data

Learning structured representations has emerged as an important problem in many domains, including document and Web data mining, bioinformatics, and image analysis. One approach to learning complex structures is to integrate many smaller, incomplete and noisy structure fragments. In this work, we present an unsupervised probabilistic approach that extends affinity propagation [7] to combine the small ontological fragments into a collection of integrated, consistent, and larger folksonomies. This is a challenging task because the method must aggregate similar structures while avoiding structural inconsistencies and handling noise. We validate the approach on a real-world social media dataset, comprised of shallow personal hierarchies specified by many individual users, collected from the photosharing website Flickr. Our empirical results show that our proposed approach is able to construct deeper and denser structures, compared to an approach using only the standard affinity propagation algorithm. Additionally, the approach yields better overall integration quality than a state-of-the-art approach based on incremental relational clustering.