Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of Candidate Genes Downstream of TLR4 Signaling after Ozone Exposure in Mice: A Role for Heat-Shock Protein 70

Background: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in ozone (O3)-induced pulmonary hyperpermeability and inflammation, although the downstream signaling events are unknown. Objectives: The aims of our study were to determine the mechanism through which TLR4 modulates O3-induced pulmonary responses and to use transcriptomics to determine potential TLR4 effector molecules. Methods: C3H/HeJ (HeJ; Tlr4 mutant) and C3H/HeOuJ (OuJ; Tlr4 normal) mice were exposed continuously to 0.3 ppm O3 or filtered air for 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr. We assessed inflammation using bronchoalveolar lavage and molecular analysis by mRNA microarray, quantitative RT-PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction), immunoblots, immunostaining, and ELISAs (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays). B6-Hspa1a/Hspa1btm1Dix/NIEHS (Hsp70–/–) and C57BL/6 (B6; Hsp70+/+ wild-type control) mice were used for candidate gene validation studies. Results: O3-induced TLR4 signaling occurred through myeloid differentiation protein 88 (MyD88)-dependent and -independent pathways in OuJ mice and involved multiple downstream pathways. Genomewide transcript analyses of lungs from air- and O3-exposed HeJ and OuJ mice identified a cluster of genes that were significantly up-regulated in O3-exposed OuJ mice compared with O3-exposed HeJ mice or air-exposed controls of both strains; this cluster included genes for heat-shock proteins (e.g., Hspa1b, Hsp70). Moreover, O3-induced inflammation, MyD88 up-regulation, extracellular-signal–related kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, and kerotinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) protein content were significantly reduced in Hspa1a/Hspa1btm1Dix (Hsp70–/–) compared with Hsp70+/+ mice (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These studies suggest that HSP70 is an effector molecule downstream of TLR4 and is involved in the regulation of O3-induced lung inflammation by triggering similar pathways to TLR4. These novel findings may have therapeutic and preventive implications for inflammatory diseases resulting from environmental exposures.
Analytical and graphical methods for understanding hierarchical models with an application to estimating state trends in death penalty public opinion 1

One of the longest running questions that has been regularly included in Gallup’s national public opinion poll is “Do you favor or oppose the death penalty for persons convicted of murder? ” Because the death penalty is governed by state laws rather than federal laws, it is of special interest to know how public opinion varies by state, and how it has changed over time within each state. In this paper we combine dozens of national polls taken over a fifty-year span and fit a Bayesian multilevel logistic regression model We thank the National Science Foundation, Institute of Education Sciences, Department of Energy, and National Security Agency for partial support of this work. AT&T Labs Research, Florham Park, NJ. kshirley@research.att.com, http://www.research.att.com/∼kshirley/. A portion of this work was done while the author was a postdoc at Columbia University. Department of Statistics and Department of Political Science, Columbia University, New York. gelman@stat.columbia.edu, http://www.stat.columbia.edu/∼gelman/
STRATEGY AS A PATTERN IN RESOURCE ALLOCATION: A CONCEPTUAL EXTENSION OF THE MILES AND SNOW TYPOLOGY

Strategy is about committing resources to activities. This paper combines a generic strategy framework with a resource commitment framework. Specifically, it extends the Miles and Snow typology by incorporating issues such as the timing and nature of investment decision as critical elements of business level strategy. As such it makes a contribution to the literature by further explicating the links between strategy, resource commitments, financing and performance.
Nephrologists' likelihood of referring patients for kidney transplant based on hypothetical patient scenarios

Background There is wide variation in referral for kidney transplant and preemptive kidney transplant (PKT). Patient characteristics such as age, race, sex and geographic location have been cited as contributing factors to this disparity. We hypothesize that the characteristics of nephrologists interplay with the patients' characteristics to influence the referral decision. In this study, we used hypothetical case scenarios to assess nephrologists' decisions regarding transplant referral. Methods A total of 3180 nephrologists were invited to participate. Among those interested, 252 were randomly selected to receive a survey in which nephrologists were asked whether they would recommend transplant for the 25 hypothetical patients. Logistic regression models with single covariates and multiple covariates were used to identify patient characteristics associated with likelihood of being referred for transplant and to identify nephrologists' characteristics associated with likelihood of referring for transplant. Results Of the 252 potential participants, 216 completed the survey. A nephrologist's affiliation with an academic institution was associated with a higher likelihood of referral, and being ‘>10 years from fellowship’ was associated with lower likelihood of referring patients for transplant. Patient age <50 years was associated with higher likelihood of referral. Rural location and smoking history/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were associated with lower likelihood of being referred for transplant. The nephrologist's affiliation with an academic institution was associated with higher likelihood of referring for preemptive transplant, and the patient having a rural residence was associated with lower likelihood of being referred for preemptive transplant. Conclusions The variability in transplant referral is related to patients' age and geographic location as well as the nephrologists' affiliation with an academic institution and time since completion of training. Future educational interventions should emphasize the benefits of kidney transplant and PKT for all population groups regardless of geographic location and age and should target nephrologists in non-academic settings who are 10 or more years from their fellowship training.
Building resilience and managing crises and disasters in sport tourism

The focus of this commentary is to stimulate new discussions and debates amongst both established and emerging scholars with regards to the current limited body of knowledge on building resilience and managing crises and disasters within sport tourism. I am primarily advocating the development of a future research agenda for event sport tourism, and indicating that this is perhaps even more pressing given some of the more high-profile terror attacks have occurred within sport tourism environments or spaces. The highly publicised event sport tourism incidents at the Boston Marathon bombing in April 2013 and the November 2015 Stade de France attack in Paris are just two such examples. In doing so, there is also recognition that an exploration across the full spectrum of sport tourism activity (Gibson, 1998; Weed and Bull, 2009, Higham and Hinch, 2018) is perhaps also required. The combination of these relatively recent terrorist incidents and the increased (public) awareness of vulnerability and the need for greater resilience, merged with the growing global profile of major sports events and the ongoing global threats to sport tourism events and spaces more generally, now makes mitigation and prevention not just socially and economically acceptable, but also an imperative for both national and global governments, and more specifically for sport and tourism policy makers.
BYC-6-INF A PRELIMINARY OVERALL ESTIMATIONS OF BYCATCH LANDED BY THE SPANISH SURFACE LONGLINE FLEET TARGETING SWORDFISH ( XIPHIAS GLADIUS ) IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN AND INTERACTION WITH MARINE TURTLES AND SEA BIRDS : YEARS 1990-2005

This paper presents overall scientific estimations on bycatch landings by species, or groups of species, carried out by the Spanish surface longline fleet targeting swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Pacific Ocean. The mean level of bycatch landed by the Spanish fleet from the beginning of the fishing activity in 1990 until the year 2005 accounted for 42.6% of the total weight landed (target species and bycatch combined). Some of the bycatch landed that are worthy of note include the group of large pelagic sharks, representing a mean percentage of 95.8% of the total bycatch weight landed, followed by the tuna group (2.3%), and lastly, the billfish species (family Istiophoridae) and other species with lower levels and minor economical importance. The preliminary overall estimations of incidental mortality rates of marine turtles and sea birds -species combinedcaught incidentally in Pacific regions indicate an overall mortality rate per hook of around 6.70291*10 and 3.71707*10, respectively.
The Interface Function of Thinking Styles between Personality and Intelligence

The aim of the present study is to investigate thinking styles at the interface between personality traits andintelligence. A total of 266 students in Germany and Austria completed the Thinking Styles Inventory forGerman-Speaking Samples (TSI-GER), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and the Intelligence-StructureTest 2000 R (I-S-T 2000 R). Structural equation modelling was applied to investigate whether thinking stylesmediate the relationship between personality traits and intelligence. The results indicate that styles do not work as aninterface between personality and intelligence, which suggests that styles represent a “stand-alone” learningprerequisite.
Network Analysis Shows Novel Molecular Mechanisms of Action for Copper-Based Chemotherapy

The understanding of the mechanisms associated with the action of chemotherapeutic agents is fundamental to assess and account for possible side-effects of such treatments. Casiopeínas have demonstrated a cytotoxic effect by activation of pro-apoptotic processes in malignant cells. Such processes have been proved to activate the apoptotic intrinsic route, as well as cell cycle arrest. Despite this knowledge, the whole mechanism of action of Casiopeínas is yet to be completely understood. In this work we implement a systems biology approach based on two pathway analysis tools (Over-Representation Analysis and Causal Network Analysis) to observe changes in some hallmarks of cancer, induced by this copper-based chemotherapeutic agent in HeLa cell lines. We find that the metabolism of metal ions is exacerbated, as well as cell division processes being globally diminished. We also show that cellular migration and proliferation events are decreased. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of liver protection are increased in the cell cultures under the actions of Casiopeínas, unlike the case in many other cytotoxic drugs. We argue that this chemotherapeutic agent may be promising, given its protective hepatic function, concomitant with its cytotoxic participation in the onset of apoptotic processes in malignant cells.
The SZ effect as a probe of non-gravitational entropy in groups and clusters of galaxies

We investigate how strongly and at what scales the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect reflects the shifting balance between two processes that compete for governing the density and the thermodynamic state of the hot intracluster medium (ICM) pervading clusters and groups of galaxies. One such process is the hierarchical clustering of the dark matter; this induces gravitational heating of the diffuse baryons, and strives to push not only the galaxy systems but also the ICM they contain toward self-similarity. Away from it drives the other process, constituted by non-gravitational energy fed back into the ICM by the condensing baryons. We base our analysis on a semi-analytic model of galaxy formation and clustering to describe how the baryons are partitioned among the hot, the cool and the stellar phases; the partition shifts as the galaxies cluster hierarchically, and as feedback processes (here we focus on stellar winds and supernova explosions) follow the star formation. Such processes provide a moderate feedback, whose impact is amplified by the same large-scale accretion shocks that thermalize the gravitational energy of gas falling into the growing potential wells. We use the model to compute the Compton parameter y, and to predict how this is affected by the feedback; for individual clusters or groups we find a relation of y with the ICM temperature, the relation, which departs from the form suggested by the self-similar scaling, and bends down at temperatures typical of galaxy groups. We also compute the average 〈y〉 and the source counts as a function of y under different assumptions concerning feedback strength and cosmology/cosmogony. We then discuss to what extent our results are generic of the hierarchical models of galaxy formation and clustering; we show how the relation, to be measured at microwave or submillimetre wavelengths, is model-independently related to the shape of the correlation measured in X-rays. We conclude that these observables together – because of their complementarity and their observational independence – can firmly bound the processes responsible for non-gravitational entropy injections into the ICM.
HCP: A Flexible CNN Framework for Multi-Label Image Classification

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has demonstrated promising performance in single-label image classification tasks. However, how CNN best copes with multi-label images still remains an open problem, mainly due to the complex underlying object layouts and insufficient multi-label training images. In this work, we propose a flexible deep CNN infrastructure, called Hypotheses-CNN-Pooling (HCP), where an arbitrary number of object segment hypotheses are taken as the inputs, then a shared CNN is connected with each hypothesis, and finally the CNN output results from different hypotheses are aggregated with max pooling to produce the ultimate multi-label predictions. Some unique characteristics of this flexible deep CNN infrastructure include: 1) no ground-truth bounding box information is required for training; 2) the whole HCP infrastructure is robust to possibly noisy and/or redundant hypotheses; 3) the shared CNN is flexible and can be well pre-trained with a large-scale single-label image dataset, e.g., ImageNet; and 4) it may naturally output multi-label prediction results. Experimental results on Pascal VOC 2007 and VOC 2012 multi-label image datasets well demonstrate the superiority of the proposed HCP infrastructure over other state-of-the-arts. In particular, the mAP reaches 90.5% by HCP only and 93.2% after the fusion with our complementary result in [12] based on hand-crafted features on the VOC 2012 dataset.
Efficient Transmission and Characterization of Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Strains in Bank Voles

Transmission of prions between species is limited by the “species barrier,” which hampers a full characterization of human prion strains in the mouse model. We report that the efficiency of primary transmission of prions from Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease patients to a wild rodent species, the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), is comparable to that reported in transgenic mice carrying human prion protein, in spite of a low prion protein–sequence homology between man and vole. Voles infected with sporadic and genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease isolates show strain-specific patterns of spongiform degeneration and pathological prion protein–deposition, and accumulate protease-resistant prion protein with biochemical properties similar to the human counterpart. Adaptation of genetic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease isolates to voles shows little or no evidence of a transmission barrier, in contrast to the striking barriers observed during transmission of mouse, hamster, and sheep prions to voles. Our results imply that in voles there is no clear relationship between the degree of homology of the prion protein of the donor and recipient species and susceptibility, consistent with the view that the prion strain gives a major contribution to the species barrier. The vole is therefore a valuable model to study human prion diversity and, being susceptible to a range of animal prions, represents a unique tool for comparing isolates from different species.
Deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging surveys and the formation of spheroidal galaxies

We have extended our previous analysis of morphologically selected elliptical and S0 galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field (HDF) North to include Hubble Space Telescope (HST) data in the HDF South and the HDFS–NICMOS areas. Our final sample amounts to 69 E/S0 galaxies with K 1.4. This adds to the evidence that the rest-frame colours and spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the numerous objects found at 0.8<z<1.2 are inconsistent with a very high redshift of formation for the bulk of stars, while they are more consistent with protracted (either continuous or episodic) star formation down to z≤1. These results based on high-quality imaging on a small field can be complemented with data from colour-selected extremely red objects (EROs) on much larger sky areas: our claimed demise of E/S0s going from z=1 to z=1.5 is paralleled by a similarly fast decrease in the areal density of EROs when the colour limit is changed from (R−K)=5 to (R−K)=6 (corresponding to z≃1 and z≃1.3 respectively). Altogether, the redshift interval from 1 to 2 seems to correspond to a very active phase for the assembly of massive E/S0 galaxies in the field, and also probably one where a substantial fraction of their stars are formed.
A Statistically-Based Method for the Detection of Underwater Objects in Sonar Imagery

We offer a new unsupervised statistically-based algorithm for the detection of underwater objects in synthetic aperture sonar (SAS) imagery due to its high-resolution imagery and because its resolution is independent of the range. In contrast to other methods that do not utilize the statistical model of the shadow region, our algorithm combines highlight detection and shadow detection using a weighted likelihood ratio test, while exploiting the expected spatial distribution of potential objects. We detect highlights by a higher-order-statistics representation of the image, followed by a segmentation process to form a region-of-interest (ROI). Then, while taking into account the sonar elevation and scan angle, for each ROI, we use a support vector machine (SVM) over the statistical features of the pixels within the ROI to detect shadow-related pixels and background pixels. Our algorithm has the benefit of being robust as a result of setting its main parameters in situ. Moreover, we do not require knowledge about the target’s shape or size, thereby making our algorithm suitable for all sonar detection applications and sonar types. To test detection performance, using our own autonomous underwater vehicle, we collected 270 sonar images, which we also share with the community. Compared to the results of benchmark schemes, our detection algorithm shows a trade-off between the probability of detection and the false alarm rate (FAR), which is close to the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence lower bound.
Dynamic Balance Ability and Hypermobility In Pre-School Children Who Participate Gymnastic Training

The aim of this study was to examine dynamic balance ability and hypermobility according to gender and gymnastics training participation in 6 years of age children. In this research, 76 male and 86 female totally 162 children with the mean body height 114.51±5.15 cm and with the mean body weight 20.54±3.73 kg participated voluntarily. While 47 of the children participating gymnastics training for 12 weeks, 115 of the children continued regular pre-school program. Dynamic balance ability measured by prokin tecno body with easy base for 30 seconds. Hypermobility identified by The Beighton criteria and cut-off point was taken as 4. For dynamic balance ability in 6 years of age there were statistically significant difference in favor of gymnastic participation compared with the others (p<0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in dynamic balance ability in favor of girls, according to gender (p<0.005). And hypermobility was significantly different in favor of gymnastic participation (p<0.05). The hypermobility rate of males is 23.7%, females is 43%, gymnasts is 51.1% and sedentary is 27%. There wasn’t any correlation between dynamic balance ability and hypermobility. As a result, although they have similar physical characteristics and in the same age group, their dynamic balance performance and hypermobility differentiated depending on factors of gymnastics training and also it was observed that the dynamic balance performance was in favor of girls. This study emphasized the importance of early participation in gymnastics.
xiv On the Texture of This Book : A Reading Guide

In this section I provide a guide on how to read this book – from what it appears to be in terms of surface appearance and structure, but also in relation to its deeper messages. As such, this section present the " texture " of this book, as a relation between the appearance of the book (in terms of text, chapters, sections, examples, etc) and its deeper materials from which it is made, including an understanding of IT as a material that enable a new technology-enabled society. This new book is in fact my second book about a new technology-enabled society in the making. In my first book " The Interaction Society " (Wiberg, 2004) I pinpointed a very important shift in the way we use IT in our modern society. The book " The Interaction Society " marked out an important shift from IT being mainly used as a tool for calculations, transactions, etc. towards IT as a tool for communication and social interaction in between people. In the first book I therefore proposed that IT should rather be understood as an acronym for " Interaction Technologies " than an acronym for " Information Technologies " (Wiberg, 2004, p. 4). In this second book a new statement is made. IT needs to be better integrated in our physical world. We can now see that IT is heavily integrated in our social lives, and in our everyday communication and interaction patterns (typically through all the blogs, twitter feeds, etc. that has become so popular over the most recent years). The next big wave for IT development is therefore maybe not in this area. IT will
The Relativistic Iron Line Profile in the Seyfert 1 Galaxy IC 4329A

We present simultaneous ASCA and RXTE data on the bright Seyfert 1 galaxy IC 4329A. The iron line is significantly broadened, but not to the extent expected from an accretion disk that extends down to the last stable orbit around a black hole. We marginally detect a narrow-line component, presumably from the molecular torus, but even including this gives a line profile from the accretion disk that is significantly narrower than that seen in MCG -6-30-15, and is much more like that seen from the low/hard-state galactic black hole candidates. This is consistent with the inner disk being truncated before the last stable orbit, forming a hot flow at small radii, as in the advection-dominated accretion flow (ADAF) models. However, we cannot rule out the presence of an inner disk that does not contribute to the reflected spectrum, either because of extreme ionization suppressing the characteristic atomic features of the reflected spectrum or because the X-ray source is intrinsically anisotropic, so it does not illuminate the inner disk. The source was monitored by RXTE every 2 days for 2 months, and these snapshot spectra show that there is intrinsic spectral variability. The data are good enough to disentangle the power law from the reflected continuum, and we see that the power law softens as the source brightens. The lack of a corresponding increase in the observed reflected spectrum implies that either the changes in disk inner radial extent and/or ionization structure are small, or that the variability is actually driven by changes in the seed photons that are decoupled from the hard X-ray mechanism.