Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Special Learners in Elementary Music Classrooms

he number of special learners in American public school music classrooms is increasing dramatically. The "Condition of Education, 1998" reports, "The number of students who participated in federal programs for children with disabilities increased 51 percent, between 1977 and 1996" (National Council of Educational Statistics, p. 108). According to the Digest of Educational Statistics (1997), 5,573,350 of the 44,840,481 students enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools in the fall of 1995, or 12.4 percent of the total public school enrollment, were identified as special learners. "During the 1988—1989 school year, 93.1 percent of students with disabilities between the ages of 3 and 21 received education and related services in school settings with students who were not disabled" (Heller, 1994, p. 3). Legislation making equal access possible by preventing educators and administrators from excluding special learners has had many effects upon teachers, students, parents, administrators, and teacher educators. While it may not be generally recognized that special learners require instruction from teachers who possess specific competencies regarding inclusion (Heller, 1994), several studies indicate that many students graduating with music teaching certificates, as well as many experienced music teachers, do not feel adequately prepared to include special learners in music classrooms (Cassidy & Sims, 1991; Connard & Dill, 1984; Frisque, Niebur, & Humphreys, 1994; Hawkins, 1991; Wilson, 1996). Although "mainstreaming" classes have been in place in undergraduate programs for approximately 25 years, a large segment of the population affected by legislation regarding special learners continues to misinterpret its effects (Atterbury, 1990). Education students' first teacher education experi-
Serum lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein in endotoxemic patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), enhanced inflammatory activity in the gut is thought to increase the risk of bacterial translocation and endotoxemia. By searching for signs of endotoxin‐signaling cascade activation, including augmented levels of endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP), and soluble CD14 receptor (sCD14), this prospective study sought to establish whether endotoxemia could contribute to greater clinical activity of disease. Methods Concentrations of plasma endotoxin, LBP, sCD14, several cytokines, acute phase proteins and clinical activity indices were determined in 104 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 52 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Results Endotoxemia was present in 48% of the patients with CD and in 28% of the patients with UC. The mean LBP was higher in patients with active CD (23.1 ± 13.7 &mgr;g/mL) and UC (21.4 ± 10.9 &mgr;g/mL) than in healthy controls (7.2 ± 1.8 &mgr;g/mL; P < 0.01). Elevated serum concentrations of endotoxin and LBP were even detected in patients with inactive CD. Among the patients with active IBD, those with higher endotoxin levels had the worst clinical activity scores and the highest LBP levels. Treatment normalized LBP concentrations, from 29.1 ± 13.0 to 15.2 ± 7.3 &mgr;g/mL; (P < 0.05) in active CD and from 21.7 ± 9.8 to 13.6 ± 5.7 &mgr;g/mL; (P < 0.01) in active UC, along with normalizing endotoxin and sCD14 plasma concentrations. Conclusions Patients with IBD show increased serum levels of endotoxin, LBP and sCD14. This alteration correlates with disease activity, with normal levels recovered after treatment, although less completely in Crohn's disease, and parallels a rise in proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting a contribution of bacterial products to the inflammatory cascade in these patients. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007)
EEG Resting State Functional Connectivity Analysis in Children with Benign Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes

In this study, we investigated changes in functional connectivity (FC) of the brain networks in patients with benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) compared to healthy controls using high-density EEG data collected under eyes-closed resting state condition. EEG source reconstruction was performed with exact Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA). We investigated FC between 84 Brodmann areas using lagged phase synchronization (LPS) in four frequency bands (δ, θ, α, and β). We further computed the network degree, clustering coefficient and efficiency. Compared to controls, patients displayed higher θ and α and lower β LPS values. In these frequency bands, patients were also characterized by less well ordered brain networks exhibiting higher global degrees and efficiencies and lower clustering coefficients. In the β band, patients exhibited reduced functional segregation and integration due to loss of both local and long-distance functional connections. These findings suggest that benign epileptic brain networks might be functionally disrupted due to their altered functional organization especially in the α and β frequency bands.
Spatial patterning of response to odors in the peripheral olfactory system.

The low odor specificities of the olfactory receptors suggest that odor recognition depends on the simultaneous activity in an ensemble of receptor neurons. This ensemble could conceivably code quality without reference to the point of origin of each input on the receptor sheet. However, the nose-to-bulb projection appears sufficiently precise to provide the bulb with a topographical map of the receptor sheet although it is poorly delineated in the anteroposterior plane. (It is also known that the morphological changes that follow prolonged exposure to odors are more differentiated in the coronal than in the anteroposterior plane.) Furthermore, it is clear from work at both epithelial and bulbar levels that a spatiotemporal pattern of excitation is generated by odor stimulation of the receptor sheet and that this pattern differs for different odors. This evidence, then, supports the view that there is a spatial component to odor quality coding. This spatial pattern has two elements. One is imposed and depends (at least in part) on differences in the retentivity of different odorants by the mucous sheet, which has powerful sorptive properties. It effectiveness seems particularly weak for odorants with relatively long retention times. The second component is inherent and depends on the tendency of receptors with similar peak odor specificities to aggregate in the same region (or regions) of the epithelium. Different odors or groups of odors maximally excite different regions, which may overlap. The imposed component could not, in itself, provide an adequate mechanism for odor recognition, partly because many compounds have comparable or even identical mean retention times (e.g., enantiomeric isomers). The inherent component, on the other hand, possesses this potential. However, either or both forms of patterning may cooperate with a third nonspatial mechanism (based on differential responsiveness of receptors to different odors) in coding odor quality.
Lynch Syndrome: An Updated Review

Lynch syndrome is one of the most common cancer susceptibility syndromes. Individuals with Lynch syndrome have a 50%–70% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer, 40%–60% risk of endometrial cancer, and increased risks of several other malignancies. It is caused by germline mutations in the DNA mismatch repair genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 or PMS2. In a subset of patients, Lynch syndrome is caused by 3' end deletions of the EPCAM gene, which can lead to epigenetic silencing of the closely linked MSH2. Relying solely on age and family history based criteria inaccurately identifies eligibility for Lynch syndrome screening or testing in 25%–70% of cases. There has been a steady increase in Lynch syndrome tumor screening programs since 2000 and institutions are rapidly adopting a universal screening approach to identify the patients that would benefit from genetic counseling and germline testing. These include microsatellite instability testing and/or immunohistochemical testing to identify tumor mismatch repair deficiencies. However, universal screening is not standard across institutions. Furthermore, variation exists regarding the optimum method for tracking and disclosing results. In this review, we summarize traditional screening criteria for Lynch syndrome, and discuss universal screening methods. International guidelines are necessary to standardize Lynch syndrome high-risk clinics.
Religion and Bereavement: A Conceptual Framework

among U. S. Catholics. " Sociological Ryder, Norman and Charles Westoff Analysis 29: 28-34. 1968 Relationship Among Intended, Expected, Renzi, Mario Desired, and Ideal Family Size: United 1975 "Ideal family size as an intervening States 1965. Washington, D.C.: Center for variable between religion and attitudes Population Research. toward abortion. " Journal for the Scanzoni, Letha and John Scanzoni Scientific Study of Religion 14: 23-27. 1976 Men, Women and Change. New York: McGraw-Hill Co.
The economic value of a meeting: Evidence from an investment game experiment

The decrease of social distance between subjects and between subjects and experimenters facilitates the deviation from purely selfish behavior in different experimental contexts. Even though the effects of social distance reduction are widely documented, little is known about subjects’ preferences for anonymity, and in particular about the willingness to remove it if they are given the opportunity. In a variant of the investment game we give players the opportunity to decrease the social distance and investigate three main issues: a) how many subjects decide to remove anonymity when this is allowed; b) how this choice is associated with their behavior in the game; c) why should rational subjects opt for removing anonymity. Evidence shows that a significant number of subjects (43.5%) expects to obtain a positive utility by meeting their counterpart and they are ready to risk and/or lose money to get this utility.
Place Familiarity and Attachment: Moderators of The Relationship Between Readers’ Credibility Assessment of A Travel Blog and Review Acceptance

ABSTRACT This study examines how the readers’ credibility assessment of a travel blog article written about a destination relates to the following: intention to adopt the opinions expressed in the article; intention to recommend the article to others; intention to visit that destination; and place familiarity with and attachment to that destination. Partial least squares analysis revealed that past experience with the destination is needed for readers to use their credibility assessment of the article to recommend it to others. Place identity negatively moderates between blog’s credibility and review acceptance. Past experience is needed for place familiarity to be a moderator.
Social competence, theory of mind, and executive function in institution-reared Turkish children

This study had two aims. The first aim was to measure mental state understanding in institution-reared children by using a theory of mind (ToM) scale, and to examine the role of cultural context in sequencing of ToM acquisition. The other aim was to investigate ToM in relation to social competence and executive function (EF). Due to its pronounced role in mental state understanding and social interactions, we assessed receptive language as well. The participants were 107 institution-reared children aged 3 to 5 years in Turkey. Two visits were held within 2 days for behavioral assessments. In the first visit, the ToM scale was administered; in the second visit, the child was given the language test and the EF tasks. The social competence scales were completed by the child’s primary care provider in the institution. Guttman scaling analysis revealed that an understanding of diverse beliefs developed earlier than knowledge access, favoring the “individualistic pattern. ” The regression analysis showed that EF was a significant predictor of ToM, but neither of them was associated with social competence when age was controlled. Receptive language predicted social competence and EF directly, and ToM indirectly through EF, pointing to the importance of this ability for early development.
Gaining Control: How human behavior evolved

Presents a short, accessible, and insightful theory for understanding how complex behavior evolved - one that will be fascinating for students and researchers across the biological sciences Considers the practical implications of this theory for changing behavior, including those that might be harmful to the individual 'Gaining control' tells the story of how human behavioral capacities evolved from those of other animal species. Exploring what is known about the psychological capacities of other groups of animals, the authors reconstruct a fascinating history of our own mental evolution. In the book, the authors see mental evolution as a series of steps in which new mechanisms for controlling behavior develop in different species - starting with early representatives of this kingdom, and leading to a species - us - that can engage in a large number of different types of behavioral control. Key to their argument is the idea that each of these steps — from reflexes to instincts, drives, emotions, and cognitive planning - can be seen as a novel type of psychological adaptation in which information is 'inherited' by an animal from its own behavior through new forms of learning - a form of major evolutionary transition. Thus the mechanisms that result from these steps in increasingly complex behavioral control can also be seen as the fundamental building blocks of psychology. Such a perspective on behaviour has a number of implications for practitioners in fields ranging from experimental psychology to public health.
Expression of sialidase and dystroglycan in human glomerular diseases.

BACKGROUND alpha-Dystroglycan (alpha-DG) is a negatively charged glycoprotein that covers the surface of podocytes. A decreased glomerular expression of alpha-DG has been described in minimal change nephropathy (MCN), but not in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). This was suggested as a tool to distinguish these diseases. Sialic acid is a negatively charged carbohydrate extensively present on both alpha-DG and podocalyxin, which is also expressed on podocytes. Intrarenal perfusion with bacterial sialidase leads to foot process effacement and proteinuria. This is the first study on the expression of endogenous glomerular sialidase; furthermore, the expression of dystroglycan was re-evaluated. METHODS The expression of alpha-DG and sialidase was investigated by immunofluorescence in kidney biopsies of patients with MCN (n = 5), FSGS (n = 15), proliferative lupus nephritis (LN, n = 9), membranous glomerulopathy (MG, n = 10) and normal human kidneys (NHK, n = 4). The urinary sialic acid concentration was measured using a newly developed LC-tandem mass spectrometry method. RESULTS A 3-fold increased glomerular expression of sialidase was found in MG, accompanied with an increased urinary sialic acid concentration in two MG patients. However, we did not observe major changes in the expression of alpha-DG in patients with the above-mentioned glomerular diseases compared to NHK, also not between MCN and FSGS. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous glomerular sialidase expression is increased in MG, which might represent a novel mechanism for the loss of negative charge in the glomerular capillary filter. The expression of dystroglycan cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to differentiate between glomerular diseases.
TransEndoscopic Gastric SubMucosa Islet Transplantation (eGSM-ITx) in pigs with streptozotocine induced diabetes - technical aspects of the procedure - preliminary report.

BACKGROUND Islets and pancreas transplantation have become standard treatments of patients with diabetic complications. However pancreas transplantation is associated with high incidence of complications and the long-term results of islet transplantation are still unsatisfactory. Loss of pancreatic islets grafts is caused not only by immunological reactions but also due to the site of grafting and IBMIR. Gastric submucosal space could be an alternative site for transplantation. The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of endoscopic islets transplantation into the gastric submucosa-its efficacy and potential complications. MATERIAL/METHOD 20 Landrace pigs weighing 19-24 kg were obtained for the study. Seven animals were controls (C-group) and 13 formed the transplantation group (TX group). In both groups diabetes was induced by streptozotocine (stz) infusion at a dose of 200 mg/kg. At 7 days post stz infusion pigs of both groups underwent endoscopy-in group C to assess the feasibility of gastroscopic examination under general anaesthesia in pigs with diabetes and to study the influence of basiliximab infusion on pigs, in the Tx-group to perform endoscopic submucosal islet transplantation (eGSM-ITx). Immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus 0.2 mg/kg and sirolimus 6 mg/m(2). At 7 days post transplantation, control gastroscopy was performed to assess the gastric mucosa and to obtain biopsies for histopathology. 10 to 30 days after eGSM-ITx, magnetic resonance (MRI) scan was performed. Stomach and pancreas were obtained at autopsy for histopathology. Glycemia was assessed twice daily during the experiment. For 10 days after diabetes induction (up to three days after eGSM-ITx) in both groups, insulin was given to reach glycemia between 150-200 mg/dl, after that period insulin was given only when glycemia exceeded 600 mg/dl. RESULTS There were no differences in insulin requirement and glycemia up to the day of eGSM-ITx between the groups. Tx-group animals received a mean of 6000+/-3170 IEQ/kg. Tx-group animals had a significantly lower insulin requirement and significantly lower mean glycemia since the first day post transplantation. C-group animals all required insulin once daily to keep glycemia below 600 mg/dl. There were no signs of perforation, ulceration or bleeding after eGSM-ITx on gastroscopy and histopathological examination. MRI scans revealed unspecific thickening of gastric wall at sites of islet deposition. CONCLUSIONS Transendoscopic islets transplantation into gastric submucosa is feasible and a safe procedure in an experimental animal setting. Its potential for clinical application in human subjects needs further studies.
Temporal craniometric changes from the Jomon to the Modern period in western Japan.

Temporal changes in morphometric features of human cranial remains from the late Jomon period (1500 B.C.-300 B.C.) to the Modern period (1900-1950 A.D.) in western Japan are examined. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis indicate that the Yayoi people (300 B.C.-300 A.D.), characterized by high faces and tall stature, show morphological discontinuity with the earlier Jomon people, who exhibit lower faces and shorter stature. This discontinuity contrasts with the relatively continuous changes among populations after the Yayoi. Comparing these changes with those documented in the Kanto region of eastern Japan indicates there are significant regional differences in the degree and rate of transformation in certain cranial features, especially facial height, between the two regions. Differences in cranial shape between the two regions become apparent during the Yayoi period and these differences tend to diminish thereafter. The most plausible explanation for these observed changes is the introduction of new genes, coinciding with the arrival of new immigrants from the Asian continent in the northern Kyushu-Yamaguchi region at the beginning of the Yayoi period. Further testing of this hypothesis will be necessary before definitive conclusions can be reached regarding the appearance of modern Japanese.
A phase 1 and 2 trial of rubidazone in patients with acute leukemia.

Thirty-nine previously treated adults with acute leukemia received Rubidazone in a Phase 1 and 2 clinical trial. Thirteen (33%) achieved complete remission, 11 after a single course. Optimal results were obtained after single doses of 450 mg/sq m, from which 8 of 13 (62%) achieved complete remission. Of 19 patients treated with “low” doses (≤450 mg/sq m), 10 (53%) achieved complete remission including 4 of 7 over the age of 50. Higher doses were significantly more toxic and less effective. Neither age, sex, diagnosis, degree of prior therapy, nor previous chemotherapy with an anthracycline antibiotic affected the response rate. Eleven of the 13 complete responders achieved remission after a single course of chemotherapy; median time to complete remission was 29 days. The median duration of remission was 3 months, and the median survival of complete responders was 8 months. Toxic manifestations were similar to those seen with other anthracycline antibiotics, although drug-related deaths during induction at our Phase 2 doses, 1 of 19 (5%), were significantly less frequent than reported after daunorubicin. Maintenance doses of Rubidazone (median, 200 mg/sq m) caused severe granulocytopenia (median, 420/µl) and thrombocytopenia (median, 67,000/µl), which suggests an appropriate dose of 150 to 200 mg/sq m for solid tumor patients, considerably less than the low doses recommended for induction therapy in leukemia. Fatal anthracycline cardiomyopathy occurred after cumulative Rubidazone doses of 1700 to 2600 mg/sq m in 3 patients previously treated with 135- to 270-mg/sq m doses of other anthracyclines. Rubidazone is the most active antileukemic agent that we have tested and deserves further trial in primary combination chemotherapy of patients with acute leukemia as well as systemic investigation in patients with solid tumors.
Case Series Report of 66 Refractory Maintenance Patients Evaluating the Effectiveness of Topical Oxidizing Agents.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical effects of a prescription tray application of hydrogen peroxide gel as an adjunct to frequent maintenance appointments for refractory periodontal patients. METHODS Case series data were analyzed from 66 failing periodontal maintenance patients who had exhausted treatment options before using prescription trays with a 1.7% hydrogen peroxide gel once or twice daily for two-and-a-half to five years. Data included pocket probing depths (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), smoking status, and compliance with tray usage. Data were collected prior to tray usage and after tray delivery at six months, one year, and annual intervals. RESULTS A clinical and statistical reduction in BOP was maintained over the length of the study (p ≤ 0.01). No differences were seen in patients who used trays two times or one time a day or in patients who smoked or did not smoke. The 1.7% peroxide delivered via a prescription tray was most effective in shallow pockets. Aggregate PPD distribution did not change significantly. Of clinical relevance, only one tooth out of 1,745 teeth studied was lost due to periodontal disease during the study period. CONCLUSION Prescription tray application of peroxide gel, as an adjunct to frequent periodontal maintenance appointments for refractory patients, demonstrated significant reductions in BOP'for smokers and non-smokers who used tray delivery once or twice a day.