Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Residual Mechanical Effectiveness of External Ankle Tape Before and After Competitive Professional Soccer Performance

Objective:To evaluate the presupposed preventive residual mechanical effectiveness of the widespread use of adhesive elastic ankle tape after a nonlaboratory, realistic soccer-specific outfield intervention reflecting a soccer halftime. Design:A prospective nonrandomized test–retest design was used. Setting:Laboratory. Participants:Seventeen professional male outfield players (mean age, 25.5) without any signs of chronic ankle instability. Intervention:Participants were investigated before and after a 45-minute soccer-specific field intervention. Main Outcome Measures:The passive inversion range of motion (ROM) of the ankle was tested unloaded on a self-developed inversion device with and without a standardized ankle tape before and after the intervention. Additionally, electromyography signal was taken to assure the inactivity of the protective evertor muscles, and reliability tests for the inversion device (test–retest and trial to trial) were conducted in 12 healthy controls. Results:Tape restricted the maximum passive inversion ROM of the uninjured ankle significantly to 50.3%. The protection declined nearly completely after 45 minutes of outfield soccer performance to a negligible nonsignificant ROM restriction of 9.7%. Pearson correlation coefficient for the reliability was 0.931 (P ⩽ 0.001) for the test–retest and 0.983 (P ⩽ 0.001) for the trial-to-trial test. Conclusions:The initial significant protection of external ankle-tape support declines almost completely without relevant remaining residual mechanical effect after 45 minutes, reflecting a soccer halftime. The so far presupposed residual mechanical effectiveness of tape to prevent injury is increasingly irrelevant during soccer performance and consequently antidromic to the increasing injury risk toward the end of a soccer halftime.
Greenmail: A Study of Board Performance in Corporate Governance

The author thanks David Larcker for his assistance and support in designing this study, and the following people for their constructive comments on earlier versions of this manuscript: Barry Baysinger, Robert Dewar, Robert Duncan, Gareth Jones, and the associate editor and anonymous reviewers of ASQ. Based on predictions from agency theory and a theory of managerial hegemony, this study compares the board structure of 53 companies that privately repurchased stock at a premium above the market place-i.e., paid greenmail-and 57 companies that resisted greenmail. The decision to pay greenmail is used as a proxy for the board's ineffectiveness, which is defined as the inability of the board's outside directors to prevent management from making decisions-such as paying greenmail-that are in conflict with stockholders' interests. Boards that effectively resisted greenmail were found to have more outside directors, more directors with executive experience, and more directors who represented interorganizational transactions than boards of companies that paid greenmail. '
The replication origin decision point is a mitogen-independent, 2-aminopurine-sensitive, G1-phase event that precedes restriction point control

At a distinct point during G1 phase (the origin decision point [ODP]), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell nuclei experience a transition (origin choice) that is required for specific recognition of the dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) origin locus by Xenopus egg extracts. We have investigated the relationship between the ODP and progression of CHO cells through G1 phase. Selection of the DHFR origin at the ODP was rapidly inhibited by treatment of early G1-phase cells with the protein kinase inhibitor 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Inhibition of the ODP required administration of 2-AP at least 3 h prior to phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (Rb) and the restriction point (R point). Cells deprived of either serum or isoleucine from metaphase throughout early G1 phase acquired the capacity to replicate in Xenopus egg extract (replication licensing) and subsequently passed through the ODP on the same schedule as cells cultured in complete growth medium. After growth arrest at the R point with hypophosphorylated Rb protein, serum- or isoleucine-deprived cells experienced a gradual loss of replication licensing. However, recognition of the DHFR origin by Xenopus egg cytosol remained stable in growth-arrested cells until the point at which all nuclei had lost the capacity to initiate replication. These results provide evidence that the ODP requires a mitogen-independent protein kinase that is activated after replication licensing and prior to R-point control.
THE SIGNATURE OF SINGLE-DEGENERATE ACCRETION-INDUCED COLLAPSE

The accretion-induced collapse (AIC) of a white dwarf to a neutron star has long been suggested as a natural theoretical outcome in stellar evolution, but there has never been a direct detection of such an event. This is not surprising since the small amount of radioactive nickel synthesized (∼10−3 M☉) implies a relatively dim optical transient. Here we argue that a particularly strong signature of an AIC would occur for an oxygen–neon–magnesium (ONeMg) white dwarf accreting from a star that is experiencing Roche-lobe overflow as it becomes a red giant. In such cases, the ∼1050 erg explosion from the AIC collides with and shock-heats the surface of the extended companion, creating an X-ray flash lasting ∼1 hr followed by an optical signature that peaks at an absolute magnitude of ∼ − 16 to −18 and lasts for a few days to a week. These events would be especially striking in old stellar environments where hydrogen-rich supernova-like transients would not normally be expected. Although the rate of such events is not currently known, we describe observing strategies that could be utilized with high cadence surveys that should either detect these events or place strong constraints on their rates.
Pancreatogastrostomy versus Pancreatojejunostomy: An Up-to-Date Meta-Analysis of RCTs

Background A meta-analysis was conducted in order to provide an up-to-date comparison of pancreatogastrostomy (PG) and pancreatojejunostomy (PJ), after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD), in terms of clinically significant postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) and other postoperative complications. Methods This meta-analysis was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. A systematic literature search in MEDLINE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials was performed. Fixed Effects or Random Effects model was used, based on the Cochran Q test. Results In total, 10 studies (1629 patients) were included. There was no statistical significance between PG and PJ regarding the rate of clinically significant POPF (OR: 0.70, 95%CI: 0.46–1.06). PG was associated with a higher rate of postpancreatoduodenectomy haemorrhage (PPH) (OR: 1.52, 95%CI: 1.08–2.14). There was no difference between the two techniques in terms of clinically significant PPH (OR: 1.35, 95%CI: 0.95–1.93) and clinically significant postoperative delayed gastric emptying (DGE) (OR: 0.98, 95%CI: 0.59–1.63). Discussion There is no difference between the two anastomotic techniques regarding the rate of clinically significant POPF. Given several limitations, more large scale high quality RCTs are required.
Empirical Observations on Software Testing Automation

This study explores the factors that affect the use of software testing automation in different types of organizations. A case study was conducted in five organizations that develop and test technical software for the automation or telecommunication domains. The data was collected from interviews with managers, testers, and developers in each organization. The grounded theory was used as the data analysis method. According to the results, the factors which emphasize the wide use of testing automation include that the tested products are generic and independent of third-party systems. Low human involvement in testing, steady underlying technology, and reusability support the use of testing automation.
Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999

Beijing experiences air pollution such that the sky overhead is gray much of the time even on cloudless days. In order to understand the cause of this problem, the aerosol light scattering coefficient σ_(sp) and absorption coefficient σ_(ap) were measured under dry conditions (instrumental relative humidity 1.0 μm), the submicron aerosol was responsible for ∼80% of the light scattering at 530 nm. The largest contribution to the PM2.5 aerosol mass was due to organic compounds, which accounted for ∼30% of the mass. The contributions of sulfate, ammonium, and nitrate to the PM2.5 mass concentration were ∼15%, 5%, and 8%, respectively. Mineral aerosol contributed ∼16% to the PM2.5 aerosol mass. These data show that combustion-related particles rather than wind-blown dust dominated the light extinction budget during June 1999.
Extending Industry Specialization Through Cross-Border Acquisitions

We investigate the role of industry specialization in horizontal cross-border merg- ers and acquisitions. We find that acquirers from more specialized industries in a country are more likely to buy foreign targets in countries that are less specialized in these same industries. The role of industry specialization in foreign acquisitions is more prevalent when contracting inefficiencies and exporting costs limit arms' length relationships. The economic gains in cross-border deals are larger when spe- cialized acquirers purchase assets in less specialized industries. These results are consistent with an internalization motive for foreign acquisitions, through which acquirers can apply localized intangibles on foreign assets.
Epidemiology and Treatment of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis

Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is now thought to afflict between 1 and 2 million patients annually. Although significant regional variability in the distribution of disease has been recorded, surveillance data are limited by several factors. The true burden of disease is likely underestimated. Nevertheless, the estimated burden is substantial enough to warrant concerted action. A range of approaches is possible, but all appropriate interventions require scale-up of laboratories and early treatment with regimens containing a sufficient number of second-line drugs. Ambulatory treatment for most patients, and improved infection control, can facilitate scale-up with decreased risk of nosocomial transmission. Several obstacles have been considered to preclude worldwide scale-up of treatment, mostly attributable to inadequate human, drug, and financial resources. Further delays in scale-up, however, risk continued generation and transmission of resistant tuberculosis, as well as associated morbidity and mortality.
Presenilin 2 Is the Predominant γ-Secretase in Microglia and Modulates Cytokine Release

Presenilin 1 (PS1) and Presenilin 2 (PS2) are the enzymatic component of the γ-secretase complex that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP) to release amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide. PS deficiency in mice results in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the absence of accumulated Aβ. We hypothesize that PS influences neuroinflammation through its γ-secretase action in CNS innate immune cells. We exposed primary murine microglia to a pharmacological γ-secretase inhibitor which resulted in exaggerated release of TNFα and IL-6 in response to lipopolysaccharide. To determine if this response was mediated by PS1, PS2 or both we used shRNA to knockdown each PS in a murine microglia cell line. Knockdown of PS1 did not lead to decreased γ-secretase activity while PS2 knockdown caused markedly decreased γ-secretase activity. Augmented proinflammatory cytokine release was observed after knockdown of PS2 but not PS1. Proinflammatory stimuli increased microglial PS2 gene transcription and protein in vitro. This is the first demonstration that PS2 regulates CNS innate immunity. Taken together, our findings suggest that PS2 is the predominant γ-secretase in microglia and modulates release of proinflammatory cytokines. We propose PS2 may participate in a negative feedback loop regulating inflammatory behavior in microglia.
Determinants of Spousal Interaction: Marital Structure or Marital Happiness.

This paper examines factors associated with marital interaction, particularly work roles, marital structure, and marital happiness. Evidence from a nationwide probability sample of 2034 men and women suggests that heavy work involvement of husbands as well as wives, number of children, and a traditional division of household labor all reduce the proportion of time couples spend in joint activity. The determinants of interaction are found to differ significantly by racial/ethnic group. A major finding of this paper is the importance of marital happiness as a determinant of interaction. Using two-stage leastsquares analysis, the paper examines the nonrecursive relationship between interaction and happiness and concludes that previous research has overestimated the effect of interaction on marital happiness.
The spatial specificity of iconic gestures

Humans use spontaneous gestures when communicating. But what these gestures convey is still an open question and several findings indicate that they fall short of communicating semantic information. This paper presents a study in which naive observers had to draw images of what they saw in isolated iconic gestures. The detailed analyses of these drawings showed that observers were able to reliably extract visuospatial information from the gestures, with different hand shapes, movements, or hand orientations being differently salient and interpretable. In contrast to previous findings, these results suggest that iconic gestures can reach a level of specificity that makes them to an expedient means of conveying visuospatial information.
Development of the pancreas in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryos have several experimental advantages for studying development. Although these advantages have traditionally been used to elucidate mechanisms of early development, they can also be exploited to investigate issues later in development such as organogenesis. We have begun to study pancreatic organogenesis in Xenopus. Using histological and molecular marker analysis, we characterized the anatomy of the developing pancreas in Xenopus embryos from the time of initial pancreatic rudiment formation to the time when the tadpole starts to feed. We examined the expression of various endocrine hormones, exocrine gene products, and pancreatic transcription factors. Interestingly, the endocrine hormone insulin has restricted expression in the dorsal pancreas. Investigation of pancreatic specification during gastrulation demonstrates that insulin expression is regionalized along the dorsoventral axis early in development. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatic disposition of sufentanil in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery

In order to clarify the relative contribution of the liver to the short‐term disposition of sufentanil, hepatic blood flow was measured during induction of anaesthesia with a 10 μg/kg i.v. bolus dose of sufentanil followed by a continuous infusion of 0.3 μg/kg/min of sufentanil. The hepatic clearance of the drug was 0.57 1/min after induction and 0.55 1/min at sternotomy, its hepatic extraction 92% and 91%, respectively. As a consequence of the high hepatic extraction, the hepatic clearance of sufentanil was closely dependent on hepatic plasma flow. Comparing the hepatic clearance of sufentanil with data from the literature for total body clearance of sufentanil, there is a significant difference of more than 0.3 1/min. It is concluded that there is evidence for a relevant extrahepatic disposition of sufentanil.
Setting the Scene Speaking Out: Chinese Indonesians After Suharto

This article is an initial analysis of new and re-emerging expressions of identity among ethnic Chinese in Indonesia's contemporary public domain. As long ago as Dutch colonial times in Indonesia, the ethnic Chinese have frequently been the scapegoats for violence, especially during times of political uncertainty and economic hardship. Under President Suharto's rule the identity of the Chinese was politically contested further as Suharto manipulated local understandings of the Chinese in the economic and political spheres. However, since the 1998 riots and the downfall of President Suharto, things have begun to change, and ethnic Chinese are speaking out. Alternative discourses of identity have surfaced through a multitude of different avenues. These have included the actions of a range of political parties, some based on ethnicity, and others more broad-based; non-political organisations including those fighting discrimination and others examining Chinese socio-cultural needs; literature; and the print and television media. It is now, through such means, that new and re-emerging ethnic Chinese identities, some suppressed for more than thirty years, are becoming apparent.
Nos2 Inactivation Promotes the Development of Medulloblastoma in Ptch1+/− Mice by Deregulation of Gap43–Dependent Granule Cell Precursor Migration

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. A subset of medulloblastoma originates from granule cell precursors (GCPs) of the developing cerebellum and demonstrates aberrant hedgehog signaling, typically due to inactivating mutations in the receptor PTCH1, a pathomechanism recapitulated in Ptch1+/− mice. As nitric oxide may regulate GCP proliferation and differentiation, we crossed Ptch1+/− mice with mice lacking inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2) to investigate a possible influence on tumorigenesis. We observed a two-fold higher medulloblastoma rate in Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice compared to Ptch1+/− Nos2+/+ mice. To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying this finding, we performed gene expression profiling of medulloblastomas from both genotypes, as well as normal cerebellar tissue samples of different developmental stages and genotypes. Downregulation of hedgehog target genes was observed in postnatal cerebellum from Ptch1+/+ Nos2−/− mice but not from Ptch1+/− Nos2−/− mice. The most consistent effect of Nos2 deficiency was downregulation of growth-associated protein 43 (Gap43). Functional studies in neuronal progenitor cells demonstrated nitric oxide dependence of Gap43 expression and impaired migration upon Gap43 knock-down. Both effects were confirmed in situ by immunofluorescence analyses on tissue sections of the developing cerebellum. Finally, the number of proliferating GCPs at the cerebellar periphery was decreased in Ptch1+/+ Nos2−/− mice but increased in Ptch1+/− Nos2−/ − mice relative to Ptch1+/− Nos2+/+ mice. Taken together, these results indicate that Nos2 deficiency promotes medulloblastoma development in Ptch1+/− mice through retention of proliferating GCPs in the external granular layer due to reduced Gap43 expression. This study illustrates a new role of nitric oxide signaling in cerebellar development and demonstrates that the localization of pre-neoplastic cells during morphogenesis is crucial for their malignant progression.
Towards an understanding of local protest: hospital closure and community resistance

The aim of this paper is to suggest an analytical framework through which the complex question of hospital closure and local protest can be further explored. The significance of this area of study lies with the extraordinary events that surrounded a campaign to save the Kidderminster General Hospital from downsizing. Whilst the hospital was not saved, the local campaign committee organizing the protest took their fight into the political arena and were successful in gaining a parliamentary voice in the 2001 general elections. Such an achievement has had considerable political implications, however, the question asked here is how might we begin to interpret the events that took place. To this end, the paper draws on current geographical literature in an attempt to construct a framework that accounts for both national policy debates and the local context within which such campaigns emerge.
Quality of Life and Family Functioning in Children With Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts at Preschool Ages

Children with orofacial clefts (OFC) at preschool ages may have to tolerate psychosocial disadvantages due to their altered speech and facial appearance probably affecting their quality of life (QoL) and family functioning. In 147 children with OFC aged between 5 and 6 years and their families, the QoL and family functioning were analyzed using the KINDL questionnaire for measuring health-related QoL in children and impact on family scale. The KINDL scores were lowest in the dimension self-esteem. In all dimensions, the KINDL scores of children were higher than those of the parents suggesting a superior QoL than the caregivers estimated (P < 0.001). In affected families, the impact on family scale dimensions personal impact and impact on coping strategies were found highest. Families having children with isolated cleft lip or cleft lip and palate had higher impacts on coping strategies when compared with children having isolated cleft palate (P < 0.041). The impact for siblings (P < 0.02) was found highest in patients with cleft lip and palate. In all examined dimensions, children with OFC perceived a higher QoL than their caregivers expected. However, self-esteem seems to be problematic in all types of OFC and in both genders. Knowledge of potential impacts related to the type of cleft and the gender of the patient will probably facilitate health care professionals to identify children and families at high risk to experience a reduced QoL and may help to offer specific support and treatment strategies. Abbreviations: OFC, orofacial cleft; CLP, cleft lip and palate; CL, isolated cleft lip (and alveolus); CP, isolated cleft palate; QoL, quality of life; IFS, impact on family scale
Contesting Dominance and Performing Badness: A Micro-Sociological Analysis of the Forms, Situational Asymmetry, and Severity of Street Violence†

This article proposes two ideal types of street violence: contesting dominance and performing badness. These ideal types were used as heuristic devices in qualitative analyses of 159 violent interactions among Dutch youth, taken from judicial case files. These analyses revealed that over half of the interactions resembled the contesting dominance type. Here, opponents engage in sequences of challenges and provocations to aggressively establish a domineering self; attackers purposively looked for or arranged confrontations that revolved around the issue of who is superior per se. The performing badness type was found in 30% of the cases. This is one-sided violence in which attackers humiliate and toy with their victims to display their power and meanness. The relationships between these forms of violence, situational asymmetry (weak victims and supportive groups) and severity of the violence were analyzed statistically. Contesting dominance was associated with more severe violence, resulting from the greater amount of confrontational tension. Situational asymmetry was the rule in both forms of violence. The difference between the size of the attackers’ supportive group and that of the victims turned out to be especially important. The larger the difference, the more severe the violence in general, but especially in contesting dominance.