Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A stress generation model of the development of depression in girls during the transition to adolescence: Elucidating the role of interpersonal dysfunction

The goal of the present study was to examine the extent to which deficits in emotional, social-cognitive, and behavioral functioning might precipitate heightened levels of depression symptoms in a community sample of girls followed through the transition to adolescence (ages 11 to 15 years) while also considering the peer, family, and developmental contexts that might attenuate or enhance this pathway. Partial support was found for study hypotheses. First, associations between age 11 negative emotionality, social-cognitive biases, and negative social behaviors, were generally low and below hypothesized ‘moderate’ levels. Associations within the component measures of these interpersonal domains ranged from low to high and suggested some coherence among the study measures comprising each domain. Second, as expected, age 11 measures of interpersonal functioning predicted elevations in depression symptoms age 15 when each domain was examined separately. Only measures of negative emotionality, however, contributed unique variance in models incorporating all three domains simultaneously. Third, the majority of the main effects of interpersonal deficits were moderated by friendship quality and parent-child interaction; however, the risk-protective processes of having a high quality friendship and positive mother-child relationship were counter to anticipations, leading to worse, rather than better, emotional adjustment, in comparison to other girls. Importantly, parent and peer relationships were not interchangeable, as demonstrated by the little protection high friendship quality offered girls whose interactions with their mothers were low in positive features and also demonstrated poor self-control. On the other hand, high quality mother-child interactions protected against emotional difficulties associated with interpersonal deficits in girls with low friendship quality. Together, these findings highlight the continuing salience of the parent-child relationship in adolescent girls’ emotional adjustment, and the need to delineate the dynamic interplay of the peer and parenting contexts as they together shape the development of adolescent girls. Findings suggest that the onset of pubertal development interacts with social contextual factors to accentuate processes linking negative emotionality, but not social-cognitive biases or negative social behaviors, and depression symptoms. Future research should examine other indicators of the adolescent transition as they might accentuate pathways to depression.
Comparison of 2 tests for clinical assessment of formaldehyde exposure

The objective of the study was to obtain further experience on the applicability of 2 tests for clinical assessment of formaldehyde exposure. About 1300 products brought in by caosecutive formaldehyde‐sensitive eczema patients during a 2‐year period were tested with both the chromotropic acid test and the acetylacetone test. The chromotropic acid test was modified by including a 2nd reading after 2 days. The outcome was identical for about 90% of the products, and 74% of he products that were positive on day 2 were also positive on day 2. For products analyzed with both the chromotropic acid test (day 2 readings) and the acetylacetone test. About 80% gave identical results. Positive reactions were frequently found for hair shampoo, creams and lotions, soap and skin cleansers. Make‐up and dishing liquids. The samples causing discolouration or problems in the tests were mostly concentrated in specific product categories. Very few products caused problems in both test methods. Thus, the most convenient test can be used as the 1st choice and, for product categories causing discolouration or problems with a specific test, the other test method can be used.
Dielectric properties of water under extreme conditions and transport of carbonates in the deep Earth

Water is a major component of fluids in the Earth’s mantle, where its properties are substantially different from those at ambient conditions. At the pressures and temperatures of the mantle, experiments on aqueous fluids are challenging, and several fundamental properties of water are poorly known; e.g., its dielectric constant has not been measured. This lack of knowledge of water dielectric properties greatly limits our ability to model water–rock interactions and, in general, our understanding of aqueous fluids below the Earth’s crust. Using ab initio molecular dynamics, we computed the dielectric constant of water under the conditions of the Earth’s upper mantle, and we predicted the solubility products of carbonate minerals. We found that MgCO3 (magnesite)—insoluble in water under ambient conditions—becomes at least slightly soluble at the bottom of the upper mantle, suggesting that water may transport significant quantities of oxidized carbon. Our results suggest that aqueous carbonates could leave the subducting lithosphere during dehydration reactions and could be injected into the overlying lithosphere. The Earth’s deep carbon could possibly be recycled through aqueous transport on a large scale through subduction zones.
Simulations of Early Structure Formation: Primordial Gas Clouds

We use cosmological simulations to study the origin of primordial star-forming clouds in a ΛCDM universe, by following the formation of dark matter halos and the cooling of gas within them. To model the physics of chemically pristine gas, we employ a nonequilibrium treatment of the chemistry of nine species (e−, H, H+, He, He+, He++, H2, H, H−) and include cooling by molecular hydrogen. By considering cosmological volumes, we are able to study the statistical properties of primordial halos, and the high resolution of our simulations enables us to examine these objects in detail. In particular, we explore the hierarchical growth of bound structures forming at redshifts z ≈ 25-30 with total masses in the range ≈105-106 M☉. We find that when the amount of molecular hydrogen in these objects reaches a critical level, cooling by rotational line emission is efficient, and dense clumps of cold gas form. We identify these "gas clouds" as sites for primordial star formation. In our simulations, the threshold for gas cloud formation by molecular cooling corresponds to a critical halo mass of ≈5 × 105 h-1 M☉, in agreement with earlier estimates, but with a weak dependence on redshift in the range z > 16. The complex interplay between the gravitational formation of dark halos and the thermodynamic and chemical evolution of the gas clouds compromises analytic estimates of the critical H2 fraction. Dynamical heating from mass accretion and mergers opposes relatively inefficient cooling by molecular hydrogen, delaying the production of star-forming clouds in rapidly growing halos. We also investigate the effect of photodissociating ultraviolet radiation on the formation of primordial gas clouds. We consider two extreme cases, first by including a uniform radiation field in the optically thin limit and second by accounting for the maximum effect of gas self-shielding in virialized regions. For radiation with Lyman-Werner band flux J > 10-23 ergs s-1 cm-2 Hz-1 sr-1, hydrogen molecules are rapidly dissociated, rendering gas cooling inefficient. In both the cases we consider, the overall effect can be described by computing an equilibrium H2 abundance for the radiation flux and defining an effective shielding factor. Based on our numerical results, we develop a semianalytic model of the formation of the first stars and demonstrate how it can be coupled with large N-body simulations to predict the star formation rate in the early universe.
On the synthesis of a reactive module

We consider the synthesis of a reactive module with input <italic>x</italic> and output <italic>y</italic>, which is specified by the linear temporal formula @@@@(<italic>x</italic>, <italic>y</italic>). We show that there exists a program satisfying @@@@ iff the branching time formula (∀<italic>x</italic>) (∃<italic>y</italic>) <italic>A</italic>@@@@(<italic>x</italic>, <italic>y</italic>) is valid over all tree models. For the restricted case that all variables range over finite domains, the validity problem is decidable, and we present an algorithm for constructing the program whenever it exists. The algorithm is based on a new procedure for checking the emptiness of Rabin automata on infinite trees in time exponential in the number of pairs, but only polynomial in the number of states. This leads to a synthesis algorithm whose complexity is double exponential in the length of the given specification.
Dietary patterns and changes in cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy Chinese women: a longitudinal study

Little is known of the relationships between dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors in China. We therefore designed a 3-year longitudinal study to evaluate the impacts of dietary patterns on changes in these factors among Chinese women. A total of 1,028 subjects who received health examination in 2011 and 2014 were recruited. Three major dietary patterns (“vegetable pattern”, “meat pattern”, and “animal offal-dessert-and-alcohol pattern”) were derived by principal component analysis based on validated food frequency questionnaires. Cardiovascular risk factors were standardized to create within-cohort z-scores and the changes in them were calculated as the differences between 2011 and 2014. Relationships between dietary patterns and changes in cardiovascular risk factors were assessed using general linear model. After adjustment for potential confounders, changes in total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose decreased across the tertiles of vegetable pattern (p for trend = 0.01 and 0.04, respectively). While, changes in diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol increased across the tertiles of animal offal-dessert-and-alcohol pattern (p for trend = 0.02, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively). The findings suggest that vegetable pattern was beneficially related to cardiovascular risk factors, whereas animal offal-dessert-and-alcohol pattern was detrimental related to these factors among apparently healthy Chinese women.
Measuring the radiopacity of luting cements, dowels, and core build-up materials with a digital radiography system using a CCD sensor.

PURPOSE This study assessed the radiopacity of five luting cements, five dowels, and five core build-up materials using two target distances. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials were analyzed using a modified version of ISO protocol 4049. samples 1 mm thick were digitally radiographed alongside a stepwedge of aluminum alloy 1100 using a Trophy RVG-4 CCD sensor and 70 kVp X-ray generator. The gray-scale values of the stepwedge and sample were converted to X-ray absorbencies. The relationship between X-ray absorbance and aluminum thickness was linear for thicknesses less than 10 mm and followed a power-law relationship above 10 mm. These relations were used to convert the absorbencies of the samples into aluminum thicknesses. The radiopacity data was subjected to ANOVA/Student-Newman-Keuls testing. RESULTS All materials were more radiopaque than equivalent thicknesses of aluminum. Each product category contained a wide range of radiopacities. Syringe-dispensed materials tended to be less radiopaque than materials dispensed by mechanically assisted syringe or mixed by hand (p < 0.01). Target distance did not affect the measured radiopacity so long as the exposure time was suitably adjusted (p= 0.86). CONCLUSIONS All luting cements and core materials met or exceeded the ISO minimums. The tested metal-reinforced glass ionomer core build-up materials were extremely radiopaque. Some publications suggest that excessively radiopaque core materials can hinder a clinician's ability to spot voids or marginal defects.
Mechanosensory Activation of a Motor Circuit by Coactivation of Two Projection Neurons

Individual neuronal circuits can generate multiple activity patterns because of the influence of different projection neurons. However, in most systems it has been difficult to identify and assess the relative contribution of all upstream neurons responsible for the activation of any single activity pattern by a behaviorally relevant stimulus. To elucidate this issue, we used the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of the crab. The STNS includes the gastric mill (chewing) motor circuit in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) and no more than 20 projection neurons that innervate the STG. We previously identified at least some (four) of the projection neurons that are activated directly by the ventral cardiac neuron (VCN) system, a population of mechanosensory neurons that activates the gastric mill circuit. Here we show that two of these projection neurons, the previously identified modulatory commissural neuron 1 (MCN1) and commissural projection neuron 2 (CPN2), are necessary and likely sufficient for the initiation/maintenance of the VCN-elicited gastric mill rhythm. Selective inactivation of either MCN1 or CPN2 still enabled a VCN-elicited gastric mill rhythm. However, because MCN1 and CPN2 have different actions on gastric mill neurons, these manipulations resulted in rhythms distinct from each other and from that occurring in the intact system. After removal of both MCN1 and CPN2, VCN stimulation failed to activate the gastric mill rhythm. Selective conjoint stimulation of MCN1 and CPN2, approximating their VCN-elicited activity patterns and firing frequencies, elicited a VCN-like gastric mill rhythm. Thus the VCN mechanosensory system elicits the gastric mill rhythm via its activation of a subset of the relevant projection neurons.
Oxidative stress in preeclampsia and the role of free fetal hemoglobin

Preeclampsia is a leading cause of pregnancy complications and affects 3–7% of pregnant women. This review summarizes the current knowledge of a new potential etiology of the disease, with a special focus on hemoglobin-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, we also suggest hemoglobin as a potential target for therapy. Gene and protein profiling studies have shown increased expression and accumulation of free fetal hemoglobin in the preeclamptic placenta. Predominantly due to oxidative damage to the placental barrier, fetal hemoglobin leaks over to the maternal circulation. Free hemoglobin and its metabolites are toxic in several ways; (a) ferrous hemoglobin (Fe2+) binds strongly to the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) and reduces the availability of free NO, which results in vasoconstriction, (b) hemoglobin (Fe2+) with bound oxygen spontaneously generates free oxygen radicals, and (c) the heme groups create an inflammatory response by inducing activation of neutrophils and cytokine production. The endogenous protein α1-microglobulin, with radical and heme binding properties, has shown both ex vivo and in vivo to have the ability to counteract free hemoglobin-induced placental and kidney damage. Oxidative stress in general, and more specifically fetal hemoglobin-induced oxidative stress, could play a key role in the pathology of preeclampsia seen both in the placenta and ultimately in the maternal endothelium.
Do Court Rulings Matter?

The Srebrenica genocide is the worst atrocity to have taken place in Europe since the Holocaust. This article seeks to ascertain how journalists framed the mass atrocities committed in Srebrenica in July 1995 and to determine what effect genocide rulings by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in 2001 and the International Court of Justice in 2007 have had on journalists' framing of these atrocities. Using quantitative content analysis of news stories from 10 leading US news organizations published between 11 July 1995 and 15 November 2011, this study reveals that journalists primarily framed mass atrocities in Srebrenica as an instance of ethnic cleansing and a massacre of Bosniak men and boys. Genocide rulings by international courts have not led to the genocide frame becoming the dominant frame used by journalists and, overall, journalists did not use the same language and labels to describe the mass atrocities as international courts. The findings suggest that journalists were reluctant to label the mass atrocities committed in Srebrenica as genocide even after international courts had labelled them as such which could influence the public's understanding and collective memory of the events that took place.
Supervision in the Helping Professions

Foreword by Michael Carroll Preface Part One: The supervisee's perspective Good enough supervision and the challenges of our time The five capacities of reflective practice Reflecting on our motivations and core beliefs Being an effective supervisee Part Two: Becoming a supervisor and the process of supervision Becoming a supervisor Maps, models, frameworks and processes of supervision The seven-eyed model of supervision Working with difference - transcultural supervision Ethics and facing challenging and complex situations in supervision Supervisor training and development Part Three: Group, team and peer-group supervision Group and peer-group supervision Supervising in teams and team development Part Four: An organizational approach Supervising networks Towards a learning culture Developing supervision policy and practice in organizations Conclusion: Working with an open mind and an open heart Glossary Bibliography
A Carrier-Based Phase-Shift Space Vector Modulation Strategy for a Nine-Switch Inverter

By using a carrier-based pulse width modulation, this paper presents a developed phase-shift space vector modulation strategy for a nine-switch inverter to overcome one of major drawbacks, i.e., output voltage and current distortion. This is due to the crossover of modulating waves per phase based on the different phase-shift angle between dual terminals. The proposed strategy done by mathematical algorithms based on the critical operating point principle accomplishes in the wide range of phase-shift conditions that contribute in both common- and difference-frequency modes with its expediency of uncomplicated computation and handy implementation. Even more, the identical and nonidentical modulation index techniques are wholly brought up. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is confirmed by results of the simulation directly compared with the experiment, showing in good accordance with the theoretic analysis.
Perbedaan kemampuan berpikir kritis dan kreatif siswa SMP dalam matematika dengan pembelajaran konvensional melalui pendekatan advokasi dengan penyajian masalah open-ended

The objectives of this study were to determine the differences : (1) critical thinking ability of between students having learning by advocacy approach with open problems and conventional learning. (2) obtain the creative thinking ability of between students having learning by advocacy approach to with of open problems and conventional learning. (3) active student activity during the process of learning mathematics by advocacy approach with open problems. (4) Process in solving open-ended problems advocacy approach of students using. (5) students of response in terms of creativity in mathematics learning by advocacy approach to with of open problems. This research was a experimental quasi. The study population was a junior high student at SMP St. Petrus Medan. Samples selected at random , the class randomly. Instruments comprising : (1) The test of critical thinking skills (2) test the ability of creative thinking (3) questionnaire responses of the students on the theme of the function. Tests were used to the description in the form of the data . The data in this study were descriptive statistics and inferential analysis. Representative analysis approach is to describe the reaction of the students on learning advocacy. Inferential analysis of the data performed by the analysis of covariance (Anacova). The results showed that: (1) There are differences in mathematical ability of critical thinking among students that to advocacy were with conventional learning approach learning. (2) There are differences in the ability of creative thinking among students that to advocacy were with conventional learning approach learning. (3) The reaction of the students to learn advocacy approach is positive. Based on these results, the researchers suggested that advocacy on learning approach as an alternative for mathematics teachers to the mathematical skills of critical thinking and creative thinking can be used to improve skills.
How talkative is your mobile device?: an experimental study of Wi-Fi probe requests

The IEEE 802.11 standard defines Wi-Fi probe requests as a active mechanism with which mobile devices can request information from access points and accelerate the Wi-Fi connection process. Researchers in previous work have identified privacy hazards associated with Wi-Fi probe requests, such as leaking past access points identifiers and user mobility. Besides several efforts to develop privacy-preserving alternatives, modern mobile devices continue to use Wi-Fi probe requests. In this work, we quantify Wi-Fi probe requests' threat to privacy by conducting an experimental study of the most popular smartphones in different settings. Our objective is to identify how different factors influence the probing frequency and the average number of broadcasted probes. Our conclusions are worrisome: On average, some mobile devices send probe requests as often as 55 times per hour, thus revealing their unique MAC address at high frequency. Even if a mobile device is not charging and in sleep mode, it might broadcast about 2000 probes per hour. We also evaluate a commercially deployed MAC address randomization mechanism, and demonstrate a simple method to re-identify anonymized probes.
Multicolor Photometry of the Galaxies in the Central Region of Abell 2634

An optical photometric observation with the Beijing-Arizona-Taipei-Connecticut multicolor system is carried out for the central region of the nearby cluster of galaxies Abell 2634. From the 2K × 2K CCD images with 14 filters, which cover a range of wavelength from 3600 to 10000 Å, 5572 sources are detected down to V ∼ 20 mag in a field of 56′ × 56′ centered on this regular cluster of galaxies. As a result, we achieved the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of all sources detected. There are 178 previously known galaxies included in our observations, 147 of which have known radial velocities in the literature. After excluding the foreground and background galaxies, a sample of 124 known members is formed for an investigation of the SED properties. The comparison of observed SEDs of the early-type member galaxies with the template SEDs demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of our photometric measurements. Based on the knowledge of SED properties of member galaxies, we performed the selection of faint galaxies belonging to Abell 2634. It is well shown that the color-color diagrams are powerful in the star-galaxy separation. As a result, 359 faint galaxies are selected by their color features. The technique of photometric redshift and color-magnitude correlation for the early-type galaxies are applied for these faint galaxies, and a list of 74 faint member galaxies is achieved. On the basis of the newly generated sample of member galaxies, the spatial distribution and color-magnitude relation of the galaxies in the core region of Abell 2634 are discussed. There exists a tendency that the color index dispersion of the early-type members is larger for the outer region, which might reflect some clues about the environmental effect on the evolution of galaxies in a cluster.