Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Perceptions and Manifestations of Autonomy, Transparency and Harm among U.S. Newspaper Journalists

The media ethics literature is filled both with calls to more clearly define the values that govern media practitioners and with claims about which values ought to drive good journalism. Yet virtually nowhere in the field has social psychology research into the nature of values been brought to bear on this discussion. Based on an analysis of a series of in-depth interviews with 15 newspaper journalists in California, New Jersey and North Carolina, this examination of how journalists perceive, articulate and seek to embody their personal values in their work suggests that, far from working in a moral vacuum, journalists bring to bear a number of morality-based and competency-based values on their everyday ethical decision-making. Drawing from the body of value-theory research in social psychology, the analysis suggests that 1) journalists may have an inadequate conceptualization of journalistic autonomy; 2) the field suffers from an excessively wide range in the degree to which journalists embrace the goal of transparent deliberation; and 3) the journalistic admonition to “minimize harm” requires clarification within the profession.
Mechanisms of the components of the metabolic syndrome that predispose to diabetes and atherosclerotic CVD

The metabolic syndrome represents a summation of obesity-driven risk factors for atherosclerotic CVD and type 2 diabetes. Definitions of the syndrome vary but in general agree closely in identifying subjects. The relationships between the metabolic syndrome and atherosclerotic CVD and diabetes also vary, with relative risks of approximately 1·5–3·0 and approximately 3·0–5·0 respectively. Insulin resistance appears to explain much of the pathophysiology of the syndrome. Both increased fatty acid flux and an excess of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines are likely mediators. With increased waist circumference, increases in fatty acid delivery to the liver result in higher rates of hepatic glucose production and increases in the secretion of apoB-containing lipoproteins. Concomitant changes in HDL ensue, including a replacement of the cholesterol content with TAG, an accelerated clearance from the plasma and thus a reduced number of HDL particles. Typically also present are increases in small dense LDL. Hypertension in part relates to the insulin resistance, but may involve other mechanisms. Impaired fasting glucose often relates to defects in insulin secretion in addition to insulin resistance, and probably more than any other component of the syndrome predicts the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes. Although not included in the diagnostic criteria, increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-thrombotic factors, in addition to decreases in plasma adiponectin, may also contribute to the increased incidence of atherosclerotic CVD and diabetes. In general, the greater the number of metabolic syndrome components, the greater the risk for these outcomes. The cytokines and pro-thrombotic factors also appear to contribute.
Substratum compliance regulates human trabecular meshwork cell behaviors and response to latrunculin B.

PURPOSE To determine the impact of substratum compliance and latrunculin-B (Lat-B), both alone and together, on fundamental human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cell behavior. Lat-B is a reversible actin cytoskeleton disruptor that decreases resistance to aqueous humor outflow and decreases intraocular pressure. METHODS HTM cells were cultured on polyacrylamide hydrogels possessing values for compliance that mimic those reported for normal and glaucomatous HTM, or tissue culture plastic (TCP). Cells were treated with 0.2 μM or 2.0 μM Lat-B in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or DMSO alone. The impact of substratum compliance and/or Lat-B treatment on cell attachment, proliferation, surface area, aspect ratio, and migration were investigated. RESULTS HTM cells had profoundly decreased attachment and proliferation rates when cultured on hydrogels possessing compliance values that mimic those found for healthy HTM. The effect of Lat-B treatment on HTM cell surface area was less for cells cultured on more compliant hydrogels compared with TCP. HTM cell migration was increased on stiffer hydrogels that mimic the compliance of glaucomatous HTM and on TCP in comparison with more compliant hydrogels. Lat-B treatment decreased cellular migration on all surfaces for at least 7 hours after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Substratum compliance profoundly influenced HTM cell behaviors and modulated the response of HTM cells to Lat-B. The inclusion of substratum compliance that reflects healthy or glaucomatous HTM results in cell behaviors and responses to therapeutic agents in vitro that may more accurately reflect in vivo conditions.
Rapid development of speech translation using consecutive interpretation

The development of a speech translation (ST) system is costly, largely because it is expensive to collect parallel data. A new language pair is typically only considered in the aftermath of an international crisis that incurs a major need of crosslingual communication. Urgency justifies the deployment of interpreters while data is being collected. In recent work, we have shown that audio recordings of interpreter-mediated communication can present a low-cost data resource for the rapid development of automatic text and speech translation. However, our previous experiments remain limited to English/Spanish simultaneous interpretation. In this work, we examine our approaches for exploiting interpretation audio as translation model training data in the context of English/Pashto consecutive interpretation. We show that our previously made findings remain valid, despite the more complex language pair and the additional challenges introduced by the strong resource-limitations of Pashto.
Lessons From a Community-Based Participatory Research Project: Older People’s and Researchers’ Reflections

The ethical and practical importance of actively involving older people in the research process is increasingly articulated in the gerontology literature. This article contributes to the literature by outlining a community-based participatory research project that centered on the design and administration of a questionnaire exploring older people’s use and perceptions of community services. The authors discuss both older adults’ and the researchers’ views of the participatory process. The key lessons and challenges that emerged from the research are analyzed using the nine principles of community-based participatory research outlined by Israel et al. The authors question whether older people in all instances seek extensive involvement in all aspects of participatory projects and raise a number of questions that require further analysis before a robust and viable understanding of participatory research that safeguards against the tokenistic involvement of older people can be developed.
Comparison of expression systems in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Hansenula polymorpha, Klyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Yarrowia lipolytica. Cloning of two novel promoters from Yarrowia lipolytica

We have compared expression systems based on autonomously replicating vectors in the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorpha and Yarrowia lipolytica in order to identify a more suitable host organism for use in the expression cloning method (Dalbøge and Heldt‐Hansen, 1994) in which S. cerevisiae has traditionally been used. The capacity of the expression systems to secrete active forms of six fungal genes encoding the enzymes galactanase, lipase, polygalacturonase, xylanase and two cellulases was examined, as well as glycosylation pattern, plasmid stability and transformation frequency. All of the examined alternative hosts were able to secrete more active enzyme than S. cerevisiae but the relative expression capacity of the individual hosts varied significantly in a gene‐dependent manner. One of the most attractive of the alternative host organisms, Y. lipolytica, yielded an increase which ranged from 4·5 times to more than two orders of magnitude. As the initially employed Y. lipolytica XPR2 promoter is unfit in the context of expression cloning, two novel promoter sequences for highly expressed genes present in only one copy on the genome were isolated. Based on sequence homology, the genes were identified as TEF, encoding translation elongation factor‐1α and RPS7, encoding ribosomal protein S7. Using the heterologous cellulase II (celII) and xylanase I (xylI) as reporter genes, the effect of the new promoters was measured in qualitative and quantitative assays. Based on the present tests of the new promoters, Y. lipolytica appears as a highly attractive alternative to S. cerevisiae as a host organism for expression cloning. GenBank Accession Numbers: TEF gene promoter sequence: AF054508; RPS7 gene promoter sequence: AF054509. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Violent Women, Blame Attribution, Crime, and Personality

Background: The attribution of blame for criminal act has an impact, both on the way the offender must come to terms with the offence and on the risk of recidivism. Blame attribution has been found to be related to the type of crime and personality. Aims: This study examined the relationship of blame attribution and feelings of guilt in violent female offenders, according to factors related to crime, background and personality. Methods: The Gudjonsson Blame Attribution Inventory (BAI) and the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ) were administered to 58 violent female offenders. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R), Structured Clinical Interview II for DSM-IV (SCID II) and clinical interviews were used for assessment. Results: Lower scores of guilt feelings were found in women than has been reported for men. The feelings of guilt were higher in homicide than in other violent crimes, but lower in the cases where women had committed prior violent crimes. No differences were found between psychiatric patients and prisoners. The duration of hospitalisation and incarceration did not result in differences in blame attribution and guilt, but when the victims survived, guilt feelings seemed to increase with the passing of the time. External attribution was related to motives of crime, but traumatic experiences did not have a crucial impact upon blame attribution. The attribution of blame and the amount of guilt feelings were found to be related to personality. Women scoring high on psychopathy reported less guilt than women with low scores. The corresponding result was not obtained in the group of women with antisocial personality disorder, who, however, showed an unexpectedly low use of external attribution. Conclusion: The results suggest that it might be difficult for women to cope with the violent offence and that the characteristics of psychopathy seems to have a crucial impact on the guilt feelings and consequently on coping with the crime in female offenders.
Harmonisation of Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables in Cross-National Survey Research

Harmonisation des variables démographiques et socio-économiques dans la recherche par enquêtes transnationales: L'objectif de cet article est de démontrer comment les variables démographiques et socio-économiques dans les enquêtes transnationales peuvent être harmonisées. Après une courte introduction sur la différence entre traduction et harmonisation, on montre le développement qui s'opère entre des conceptions et des structures qui s'élaborent au niveau national jusqu'à des instruments de mesure qui soient valable à un niveau international, en utilisant l'exemple des variables éducatives.
Leaving the 2-Year College

The purpose of this study was to investigate Black male collegians’ reported reasons for leaving college. This study examined students in public 2-year colleges, comparing Black male collegians with all other male collegians. Data examined were derived from the first two waves (2003-2004 and 2005-2006) of the Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Findings from descriptive data indicated that Blacks and non-Blacks had few similarities in the areas they reported as their reasons for leaving. Logistic regression analyses revealed little differences in patterns across the two waves in leaving college for academic problems. However, they illustrated that Black males were less likely to leave college for program dissatisfaction, financial reasons, military reasons, or scheduling issues. In contrast, patterns indicated that Black males were more likely to leave for other reasons not included in the response categories. Two variables examined in this study illustrated differences across the waves. In the first wave, the odds of Black male departure due to family responsibilities were greater for Black males, while they were lower in the second wave. This suggested that Black men who will leave college due to family responsibilities will do so early on. Furthermore, the odds of Black male departure were lower for other reasons in the first wave and greater in the second wave.
A COMPARISON OF PUPIL ACHIEVEMENT IN GRADED AND NONGRADED PRIMARY CLASSROOMS

IT WAS THE purpose of this study to determine whether there would be a significant gain in the achievement of primary grade pupils after a vari ation of the nongraded primary unit was adopted. More specifically, the investigation sought to compare the achievement of 146 primary pupils who had been taught for approximately one year under a nongraded program in reading and spell ing with the achievement of 149 primary pupils who had been taught solely within the framework of the graded class structure.
A perspective for viewing the history of psychophysics

Abstract Fechner's conception of psychophysics included both “outer psychophysics” the relation between stimulus intensity and the response reflecting sensation strength, and “inner psychophysics” the relation between neurelectric responses and sensation strength. In his own time outer psychophysics focussed on the form of the psychophysical law, with Fechner espousing a logarithmic law, Delboeuf a variant of the logarithmic law incorporating a resting level of neural activity, and Plateau a power law. One of the issues on which the dispute was focussed concerned the appearance of contrasts if the overall illumination was increased or decreased; another issue was the question of whether a sensation of a “just noticeable difference” established for one value of a sensory dimension appeared the same for a value elsewhere on the dimension. The development of “inner psychophysics” led through the works of Delboeuf, Solomons, Jastrow, and Thurstone to modern signal detection theory. A third line of research, devoted to the question of what was meant by the “measurement” of sensation strength, stemmed from the criticism of Fechner's work by von Kries (1882) and others. Although a valid body of science could be built up without the intervening variable called “sensation strength,” such a science might be a cumbersome representation of reality. When an optical contrast is set up, and its overall illumination is increased or decreased, subjective contrasts involving medium levels of lightness vary little as illumination varies (as a power law based on sensation ratios or a logarithmic law based on sensation differences predict), but subjective contrasts involving extreme levels of lightness might be subject to the effects of other variables.
The Gendered Terrain of Disaster: Through Women's Eyes

Preface Gender? Why Women? : An Introduction to Women and Disaster by Elaine Enarson and Betty Hearn Morrow Perspectives on Gender and Disaster The Neglect of Gender in Disaster Work: An Overview of the Literature by Alice Fothergill Gender Inequality, Vulnerability, and Disaster: Issues in Theory and Research by Robert Bolin, Martina Jackson, and Allison Crist The Perspective of Gender: A Missing Element in Disaster Response by Joe Scanlon Social Construction of Gendered Vulnerability Eve and Adam among the Embers: Gender Pattern after the Oakland Berkeley Firestorm by Susanna M. Hoffman A Comparative Perspective on Household, Gender, and Kinship in Relation to Disaster by Raymond Wiest "Men Must Work and Women Must Weep": Examining Gender Stereotypes in Disasters by Maureen Fordham and Anne-Michelle Ketteridge Women and Post-Disaster Stress by Jane C. Ollenburger and Graham A. Tobin Balancing Vulnerability and Capacity: Women and Children during Philippine Disasters by Zenaida G. Delica Domestic Violence after Disaster by Jennifer Wilson, Brenda D. Phillips, and David M. Neal Case Studies of Women Responding to Disaster Gender, Disaster, and Empowerment: A Case Study from Pakistan by Farzana Bari Women in Bushfire Country by Helen Cox "Floods, They're a Damned Nuisance": Women's Flood Experiences in Rural Australia by C. Christine Finlay Disaster Prone: Reflections of a Female Permanent Disaster Volunteer by Carrie Barnecut Women's Disaster Vulnerability and Response to the Colima Earthquake by Carolina Serrat Vinas Gender Differentiation and Aftershock Warning Response by Paul W. O'Brien and Patricia Atchison Reflections from a Teacher and Survivor by Diane Gail Colina Women Will Rebuild Miami: A Case Study of Feminist Response to Disaster by Elaine Enarson and Betty Hearn Morrow Women in Emergency Management: An Australian Perspective by Doone Robertson Women's Roles in Natural Disaster Preparation and Aid: A Central American View by Letizia Toscani The Role of Women in Health-Related Aspects of Emergency Management: A Caribbean Perspective by Gloria E. Noel Conclusion: New Directions Toward a Gendered Disaster Science--Policy, Practice, and Research by Elaine Enarson and Betty Hearn Morrow References Index
Intracerebroventricular leptin inhibits gastric emptying of a solid nutrient meal in rats.

The effects of leptin injected intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or i.p. on food intake and gastric emptying of a solid nutrient meal were studied in fasted Long-Evan rats. Leptin (3 microg, i.c.v.) reduced the 5 h cumulative food intake by 39% and gastric transit by 50% while i.p. leptin (300 microg) resulted in a 35% decrease in food intake and no change in gastric transit after 5 h. Lower i.p. doses of leptin (30 or 3 microg) did not alter food intake. These results show that central, unlike peripheral, injection of leptin inhibits gastric transit of an ingested meal; such a central action of leptin may contribute to the greater potency of i.c. v. than i.p. leptin to suppress food intake.
Homework Compliance and Behavior Therapy Outcome for Panic with Agoraphobia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Relationships between outcome of in vivo exposure and the quality and quantity of homework assignments were examined for 82 outpatients with anxiety disorders (35 with panic disorder with agoraphobia; 47 with obsessive-compulsive disorder). Consistent with prior research, treatment outcome was largely unrelated to both quality and quantity of homework. The one exception was a significant correlation between worse outcome and larger subjective-units-of-distress scores during exposure. This effect was small and in the direction opposite to that predicted. A secondary goal was to explore client characteristics related to homework compliance. Although trends emerged for homework quantity to relate to race, diagnostic group and pre-treatment functioning, these relationships were no longer significant following f -correction for the number of tests. Methodological weaknesses in the area of homework compliance and outcome are discussed.
Anatomically shaped tissue-engineered cartilage with tunable and inducible anticytokine delivery for biological joint resurfacing

Significance Whereas some success has been realized treating isolated, focal defects or lesions of articular cartilage, the complete resurfacing of synovial joints remains an important challenge for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Here, we develop an anatomically shaped, functional cartilage construct based on a 3D woven scaffold that can provide for total joint resurfacing, with capabilities for tunable and inducible production of anticytokine therapy to protect diseased or injured joints from pathologic inflammation. An important advance of this work is the incorporation of a technique for scaffold-mediated viral gene delivery for overexpression of antiinflammatory molecules within the joint. This approach provides a foundation for total biological cartilage resurfacing to treat end-stage osteoarthritis for young patients, who currently have few therapeutic options. Biological resurfacing of entire articular surfaces represents an important but challenging strategy for treatment of cartilage degeneration that occurs in osteoarthritis. Not only does this approach require anatomically sized and functional engineered cartilage, but the inflammatory environment within an arthritic joint may also inhibit chondrogenesis and induce degradation of native and engineered cartilage. The goal of this study was to use adult stem cells to engineer anatomically shaped, functional cartilage constructs capable of tunable and inducible expression of antiinflammatory molecules, specifically IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). Large (22-mm-diameter) hemispherical scaffolds were fabricated from 3D woven poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers into two different configurations and seeded with human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Doxycycline (dox)-inducible lentiviral vectors containing eGFP or IL-1Ra transgenes were immobilized to the PCL to transduce ASCs upon seeding, and constructs were cultured in chondrogenic conditions for 28 d. Constructs showed biomimetic cartilage properties and uniform tissue growth while maintaining their anatomic shape throughout culture. IL-1Ra–expressing constructs produced nearly 1 µg/mL of IL-1Ra upon controlled induction with dox. Treatment with IL-1 significantly increased matrix metalloprotease activity in the conditioned media of eGFP-expressing constructs but not in IL-1Ra–expressing constructs. Our findings show that advanced textile manufacturing combined with scaffold-mediated gene delivery can be used to tissue engineer large anatomically shaped cartilage constructs that possess controlled delivery of anticytokine therapy. Importantly, these cartilage constructs have the potential to provide mechanical functionality immediately upon implantation, as they will need to replace a majority, if not the entire joint surface to restore function.
The Problem with Similarity: Ethnic-Affinity Migrants in Spain

Politics that give a privileged migratory or citizenship status to individuals abroad because of presumed common origins with a granting state's people foster the expectation that ethnic affinity facilitates social and economic integration. However, a growing literature has documented a mismatch between the social and the economic expectations of people defined as co-ethnics by these policies. Relying on a study of Spanish-descent Argentines who have ‘returned’ to Spain, we argue that the effect of perceived ethnic affinities varies by social context. While ethnic similarity with natives may offer an advantage to migrants in search of housing or educational opportunities, it can hinder entry to the job market. From an employer's standpoint, what makes ‘traditional’ immigrants suited to these positions is their willingness to put up with low wages and poor working conditions in anticipation of future economic and status payoffs in the homeland. To the extent that ethnic-affinity migrants are oriented primarily to the local economic and status structure, their access to entry-level jobs may be impeded and/or they may be forced to compete with natives for skilled or professional jobs precisely because they are not different in the sense valued by employers. In a concluding section, we measure insights gleaned from the Spanish case against the experiences of ethnic Germans and Japanese-descent Brazilians and conclude that ethnic-affinity migrants’ orientations are shaped by the terms on which policies allow access to destination countries and to citizenship.