Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analysis and dissipation of the antiparasitic agent ivermectin in cattle dung under different field conditions

Cattle treated with the veterinary parasiticide ivermectin fecally excrete residues. The authors report the exposition and dissipation characteristics of these residues in dung of ivermectin‐treated cattle and in soil beneath this dung on pastures in Canada, France, Switzerland, and The Netherlands. Residues were quantified for dung collected from cattle after 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, and 28 d posttreatment and subsequently exposed in the field for up to 13 mo. The authors optimized a high‐performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection method to detect ivermectin residues in dung and soil matrices. They showed that a solid phase extraction and purification step generally can be eliminated to reduce the time and cost of these analyses. They also found that the addition of water to relatively dry samples improves the extraction efficiency of residues. They then analyzed the field samples to document differences in ivermectin dissipation in cattle dung among sites, with 50% dissipation times of up to 32 d and 90% dissipation times >396 d. They further showed that the dissipation characteristics of residues are comparable between dung of ivermectin‐treated cattle and dung to which ivermectin has been added directly. Lastly, they report the first use of a desorption electrospray ionization–high‐resolution–mass spectrometric method to detect residues of metabolites in a dung matrix. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1924–1933. © 2016 SETAC
The Effect of Orbital Configuration on the Possible Climates and Habitability of Kepler-62f

Abstract As lower-mass stars often host multiple rocky planets, gravitational interactions among planets can have significant effects on climate and habitability over long timescales. Here we explore a specific case, Kepler-62f (Borucki et al., 2013), a potentially habitable planet in a five-planet system with a K2V host star. N-body integrations reveal the stable range of initial eccentricities for Kepler-62f is 0.00 ≤ e ≤ 0.32, absent the effect of additional, undetected planets. We simulate the tidal evolution of Kepler-62f in this range and find that, for certain assumptions, the planet can be locked in a synchronous rotation state. Simulations using the 3-D Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Generic global climate model (GCM) indicate that the surface habitability of this planet is sensitive to orbital configuration. With 3 bar of CO2 in its atmosphere, we find that Kepler-62f would only be warm enough for surface liquid water at the upper limit of this eccentricity range, providing it has a high planetary obliquity (between 60° and 90°). A climate similar to that of modern-day Earth is possible for the entire range of stable eccentricities if atmospheric CO2 is increased to 5 bar levels. In a low-CO2 case (Earth-like levels), simulations with version 4 of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM4) GCM and LMD Generic GCM indicate that increases in planetary obliquity and orbital eccentricity coupled with an orbital configuration that places the summer solstice at or near pericenter permit regions of the planet with above-freezing surface temperatures. This may melt ice sheets formed during colder seasons. If Kepler-62f is synchronously rotating and has an ocean, CO2 levels above 3 bar would be required to distribute enough heat to the nightside of the planet to avoid atmospheric freeze-out and permit a large enough region of open water at the planet's substellar point to remain stable. Overall, we find multiple plausible combinations of orbital and atmospheric properties that permit surface liquid water on Kepler-62f. Key Words: Extrasolar planets—Habitability—Planetary environments. Astrobiology 16, 443–464.
Atmospheric evidence for a global secular increase in carbon isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis

Significance Climate change and rising CO2 are altering the behavior of land plants in ways that influence how much biomass they produce relative to how much water they need for growth. This study shows that it is possible to detect changes occurring in plants using long-term measurements of the isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2. These measurements imply that plants have globally increased their water use efficiency at the leaf level in proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO2 over the past few decades. While the full implications remain to be explored, the results help to quantify the extent to which the biosphere has become less constrained by water stress globally. A decrease in the 13C/12C ratio of atmospheric CO2 has been documented by direct observations since 1978 and from ice core measurements since the industrial revolution. This decrease, known as the 13C-Suess effect, is driven primarily by the input of fossil fuel-derived CO2 but is also sensitive to land and ocean carbon cycling and uptake. Using updated records, we show that no plausible combination of sources and sinks of CO2 from fossil fuel, land, and oceans can explain the observed 13C-Suess effect unless an increase has occurred in the 13C/12C isotopic discrimination of land photosynthesis. A trend toward greater discrimination under higher CO2 levels is broadly consistent with tree ring studies over the past century, with field and chamber experiments, and with geological records of C3 plants at times of altered atmospheric CO2, but increasing discrimination has not previously been included in studies of long-term atmospheric 13C/12C measurements. We further show that the inferred discrimination increase of 0.014 ± 0.007‰ ppm−1 is largely explained by photorespiratory and mesophyll effects. This result implies that, at the global scale, land plants have regulated their stomatal conductance so as to allow the CO2 partial pressure within stomatal cavities and their intrinsic water use efficiency to increase in nearly constant proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Autism: a transdiagnostic, dimensional, construct of reasoning?

The concept of autism has changed across time, from the Bleulerian concept, which defined it as one of several symptoms of dementia praecox, to the present‐day concept representing a pervasive development disorder. The present theoretical contribution to this special issue of EJN on autism introduces new theoretical ideas and discusses them in light of selected prior theories, clinical examples, and recent empirical evidence. The overall aim is to identify some present challenges of diagnostic practice and autism research and to suggest new pathways that may help direct future research. Future research must agree on the definitions of core concepts such as autism and psychosis. A possible redefinition of the concept of autism may be a condition in which the rationale of an individual's behaviour differs qualitatively from that of the social environment due to characteristic cognitive impairments affecting reasoning. A broad concept of psychosis could focus on deviances in the experience of reality resulting from impairments of reasoning. In this light and consistent with recent empirical evidence, it may be appropriate to redefine dementia praecox as a developmental disorder of reasoning. A future challenge of autism research may be to develop theoretical models that can account for the impact of complex processes acting at the social level in addition to complex neurobiological and psychological processes. Such models could profit from a distinction among processes related to (i) basic susceptibility, (ii) adaptive processes and (iii) decompensating factors involved in the development of manifest illness.
Burnout among medical students during the first years of undergraduate school: Prevalence and associated factors

Objective To evaluate the prevalence and possible factors associated with the development of burnout among medical students in the first years of undergraduate school. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata. A total of 330 students in the first four years of medical undergraduate school were invited to participate in responding to the sociodemographic and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS) questionnaires. The first-year group consisted of 150 students, followed by the second-, third-, and fourth-year groups, with 60 students each. Results Data from 265 students who answered at least the sociodemographic questionnaire and the MBI-SS were analyzed (response rate = 80.3%). One (n = 1, 0.3%) potential participant viewed the Informed Consent Form but did not agree to participate in the study. A total of 187 students (187/265, 70.6%) presented high levels of emotional exhaustion, 140 (140/265, 52.8%) had high cynicism, and 129 (129/265, 48.7%) had low academic efficacy. The two-dimensional criterion indicated that 119 (44.9%) students experienced burnout. Based on the three-dimensional criterion, 70 students (26.4%) presented with burnout. The year with the highest frequency of affected students for both criteria was the first year (p = 0.001). Personal attributes were able to explain 11% (ΔR = 0.11) of the variability of burnout under the two-dimensional criterion and 14.4% (R2 = 0.144) under the three-dimensional criterion. Conclusion This study showed a high prevalence of burnout among medical students in a private school using active teaching methodologies. In the first years of graduation, students’ personal attributes (optimism and self-perception of health) and school attributes (motivation and routine of the exhaustive study) were associated with higher levels of burnout. These findings reinforce the need to establish preventive measures focused on the personal attributes of first-year students, providing better performance, motivation, optimism, and empathy in the subsequent stages of the course.
Survival of Cronobacter in powdered infant formula and their variation in biofilm formation

Cronobacter is a ubiquitous Gram‐negative pathogen bacterium capable of surviving in low water activity environments, in particular powdered infant formula (PIF). Seven Cronobacter strains representing four different species (C. sakazakii, n = 4; C. malonaticus, n = 1; C. muytjensii, n = 1; C. turicensis, n = 1) were subjected to dry stress and stored in PIF at room temperature. The resulting survivor curves showed that Cronobacter sp. can survive for extended periods of at least 3 months with a significant, but moderate, variability regarding the level of resistance between species; however, no correlation was evident regarding the origin of strains. These results are evaluated with regard to other key characteristics, including genomic profiles and biofilm formation capacities of the strains.
Effect of woven fabric architecture on interlaminar mechanical response of composite materials: an experimental study

Woven fabrics are usually selected for the reinforcement phase in laminated composite materials due to their balanced in-plane mechanical and thermal properties and their relatively simple handling during the composite fabrication process. One of the questions that usually arise in the design of laminated composites is the selection of the woven fabric architecture. It is well known the effect that this architecture plays in the in-plane elastic and ultimate composite properties under either in-plane tensile or shear loading. However, the effect of the woven fabric architecture on the mechanical response of composites under interlaminar shear loading is not well established. An experimental study was conducted to determine the role of the woven fabric architecture and its geometrical parameters on the interlaminar shear response of laminated composites. A set of composite materials with the same epoxy matrix and carbon fiber were prepared with five different woven fabrics of similar areal density and fiber volume fraction. The experimental results reveal that the interlaminar shear modulus is not significantly affected by the woven fabric architecture and that the interlaminar shear strength is not only dependent on the amount of crimp in the woven fabric reinforcement but also significantly affected by bridging effects.
Diagnostic Value of RAS Mutations in Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Objectives To determine the diagnostic value of HRAS, KRAS, and NRAS mutations in fine-needle aspiration biopsies of thyroid nodules that are nondiagnostic on cytology. Data Sources PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL. Review Methods Two authors independently searched the data sources. To be included, studies reported the RAS mutational status and postoperative histopathologic diagnosis of nodules that exhibited indeterminate cytology after fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Data were extracted to calculate sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values of any HRAS, KRAS, or NRAS mutation. A meta-analysis was performed to generate pooled values for each parameter. Results A total of 7 studies with a combined 1025 patients met inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity of a RAS mutation for detecting cancer was 0.343 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.198-0.506), while the pooled specificity was 0.935 (95% CI, 0.882-0.973). The weighted averages for positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 78.0% and 64.0%, respectively, with 68.0% accuracy. The positive likelihood ratio was 4.235 (95% CI, 1.506-11.910), and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.775 (95% CI, 0.630-0.953). Conclusion Our data suggest that testing for any RAS mutation is unlikely to change the clinical management of thyroid nodules that have indeterminate cytology. While a RAS mutation may rule in malignancy, the sensitivity of testing is low enough to merit further mutational analysis, repeat fine-needle aspiration, or surgical excision, even in the presence of a negative test.
Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization

While many efforts have been made to pave the way toward human space colonization, little consideration has been given to the methods of protecting spacefarers against harsh cosmic and local radioactive environments and the high costs associated with protection from the deleterious physiological effects of exposure to high-Linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation. Herein, we lay the foundations of a roadmap toward enhancing human radioresistance for the purposes of deep space colonization and exploration. We outline future research directions toward the goal of enhancing human radioresistance, including upregulation of endogenous repair and radioprotective mechanisms, possible leeways into gene therapy in order to enhance radioresistance via the translation of exogenous and engineered DNA repair and radioprotective mechanisms, the substitution of organic molecules with fortified isoforms, and methods of slowing metabolic activity while preserving cognitive function. We conclude by presenting the known associations between radioresistance and longevity, and articulating the position that enhancing human radioresistance is likely to extend the healthspan of human spacefarers as well.
Effect of martensite–austenite constituent on toughness of simulated inter-critically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone in X70 pipeline steel

The inter-critically reheated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (ICCGHAZ) of X70 pipeline steel with different second peak temperature and heat input was simulated in this study by means of Gleeble3500 simulator. The volume fraction, size, shape and distribution of martensite–austenite (M–A) constituent were analysed. The toughness of ICCGHAZ and corresponding fractographs were examined. The results showed that the distribution of M–A was strongly influenced by second peak temperature, and M–A constituent with necklace structure at lower second peak temperature led to worse toughness. The volume fraction and size of M–A were strongly affected by heat input, the volume fraction of M–A constituent increased with the increase of heat input; the volume fraction and size of M–A were key factors of toughness deterioration; the interfacial energies and the initiation of crack were related to the shape of M–A constituent.
Negligible Impact of Mass Screening and Treatment on Mesoendemic Malaria Transmission at West Timor in Eastern Indonesia: A Cluster-Randomized Trial

Abstract Background Mass screening and treatment (MST) aims to reduce malaria risk in communities by identifying and treating infected persons without regard to illness. Methods A cluster-randomized trial evaluated malaria incidence with and without MST. Clusters were randomized to 3, 2, or no MST interventions: MST3, 6 clusters (156 households/670 individuals); MST2, 5 clusters (89 households/423 individuals); and MST0, 5 clusters (174 households/777 individuals). All clusters completed the study with 14 residents withdrawing. In a cohort of 324 schoolchildren (MST3, n = 124; MST2, n = 57; MST0, n = 143) negative by microscopy at enrollment, we evaluated the incidence density of malaria during 3 months of MST and 3 months following. The MST intervention involved community-wide expert malaria microscopic screening and standard therapy with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and primaquine for glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase–normal subjects. All blood examinations included polymerase chain reaction assays, which did not guide on-site treatment. Results The risk ratios for incidence density of microscopically patent malaria in MST3 or MST2 relative to that in MST0 clusters were 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], .53–1.91) and 1.22 (95% CI, .42–3.55), respectively. Similar results were obtained with molecular analysis and species-specific (P. falciparum and P. vivax) infections. Microscopically subpatent, untreated infections accounted for 72% of those infected. Conclusions Two or 3 rounds of MST within 3 months did not impact the force of anopheline mosquito-borne infection in these communities. The high rate of untreated microscopically subpatent infections likely explains the observed poor impact. Clinical Trials Registration NCT01878357.
Low dialysate potassium concentration is associated with prolonged recovery time

Introduction: Modifiable hemodialysis treatment parameters may impact patient reported outcomes, including recovery time. Answers to the recovery question may predict the impact of treatment parameters on clinical outcomes and health related quality of life. However, the reliability of answers to the recovery question after consecutive and nonconsecutive dialysis treatments in diverse populations has not been established.
Metallic Interconnects for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: High Temperature Corrosion and Protective Spinel Coatings

Manganese cobalt spinel oxides are promising coating materials for corrosion protection of metallic interconnects in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stacks. This work investigates how iron and copper doping affect the crystal structure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity of the MnCo2-xMxO4 (M=Cu, Fe; x = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5) spinel oxides. Single phase cubic spinels were successfully prepared by spray pyrolysis. The lattice parameter increased with increasing iron content. The lattice parameter of the copper substituted materials varied greatly with the sample thermal history. The electrical conductivity between room temperature and 1000 °C increased with increasing copper content and decreased with increasing iron content. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) between 50 and 800 °C decreased from 14.4 to 11.0×10 K from MnCo2O4 to MnCo1.5Fe0.5O4, respectively. The TEC of copper substituted materials did not follow any obvious trend with composition and was likely influenced by precipitation of CuO during heating. For all materials the TEC was observed to increase above ca. 400 °C. The electrical conductivity and thermal expansion behavior is discussed on the basis of cation deficiency and spin-state transition of cobalt. Based on their physical properties, iron doped materials are the most attractive for application as SOFC interconnect coatings.
Neonatal Pneumothorax: A Descriptive Regional Danish Study

Background: Neonatal pneumothorax (PTX) can occur due to underlying pulmonary disease and/or ventilatory support. PTX can also develop at the onset of respiration. PTX can be life-threatening, and prompt diagnosis is essential to reduce mortality. Objective: To analyse aetiology, demographic aspects, age at diagnosis, required treatment (specifically drainage), and prognosis of all cases of neonatal PTX observed in the North Jutland Region of Denmark from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2014. Method: Retrospective, descriptive, population-based cohort study. Results: During the study period there were 48,968 live births and 71 cases of PTX, giving an incidence of PTX of 0.14% (95% Cl: 0.11-0.18). Of these, 21% were bilateral and 59% tension PTX. Fifty-two percent of neonates affected were born at term. Almost all neonates had underlying lung disease, most commonly transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) in 39% and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in 42%. Only 3% were considered to have developed PTX at the onset of respiration. In preterm neonates, the median age at diagnosis was 28.5 h (IQR: 18.3-48.6), whereas in infants born at term the median age was 6.1 h (IQR: 1.1-17.2) (p < 0.001). Thirteen percent of PTX infants died. Fifty-nine percent of the infants required drainage of the PTX, more frequently those with RDS than TTN. Conclusion: Almost all infants with PTX had underlying lung disease, divided equally between RDS and TTN. The diagnosis of PTX was made earlier in infants with TTN than RDS. Neonates with RDS required drainage more often than those with TTN.
Frames and numerical approximation

Functions of one or more variables are usually approximated with a basis; a complete, linearly independent set of functions that spans an appropriate function space. The topic of this paper is the numerical approximation of functions using the more general notion of frames; that is, complete systems that are generally redundant but provide stable infinite representations. While frames are well-known in image and signal processing, coding theory and other areas of applied mathematics, their use in numerical analysis is far less widespread. Yet, as we show via a series of examples, frames are more flexible than bases, and can be constructed easily in a range of problems where finding orthonormal bases with desirable properties is difficult or impossible. By means of example, we exhibit a frame which yields simple, high-order approximations of smooth, multivariate functions in complicated geometries. A major concern when using frames is that computing a best approximation typically requires solving an ill-conditioned linear system. Nonetheless, we show that an accurate frame approximation of a function $f$ can be computed numerically up to an error of order $\sqrt{\epsilon}$ with a simple algorithm, or even of order $\epsilon$ with modifications to the algorithm. Here, $\epsilon$ is a user-controlled parameter. Crucially, the order of convergence down to this limit is determined by the existence of accurate, approximate representations of $f$ in the frame that have small-norm coefficients. We demonstrate the existence of such representations in our examples. Overall, our analysis suggests that frames are a natural generalization of bases in which to develop numerical approximation. In particular, even in the presence of severe ill-conditioning, frames impose sufficient mathematical structure so as to give rise to good accuracy in finite precision calculations.