Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Universal Grammar in Second Language Acquisition

In his article, Meisel targets one of the central questions in the research on second language (L2) acquisition: why is it that the acquisition of a second language differs from first language (L1) acquisition when this second language acquisition takes place after a certain critical age? Meisel sets out to answer this question by referring to maturational changes in the developing brain that affect both, UG and the processing mechanisms necessary for acquiring a grammar on the basis of input data. In this comment, I will build up on Meisel’s suggestion that a relationship between developmental neuroscience and the study of language acquisition should be established. Specifically, I want to suggest that the growing spezialisation of the brain towards L1 during L1 acquisition is the central factor that causes problems in L2 acquisition. To attribute the differences between second and first language acquisition to differences in the availability of UG to language learners is an obvious move in the quest to explain L1 and L2 divergences. But what is UG? In fact, the answers to this question can be quite diverse (cf. e.g. Hauser et al. 2002, Wunderlich 2007). According to the framework of Principles and Parameters (Chomsky 1981), UG consists of a set of principles universal to all languages. Some of these principles, so-called parameters, allow for a choice between limited options ideally two. The variation between the languages of the world is restricted to the different settings languages can choose with respect to these parameters. During language acquisition parameters have to be fixed to the values expressed in the language acquired. By doing so, the child develops an I-language, an individual, internal grammatical representation of the language s/he acquires (IG L1). This Ilanguage contains the universally valid principles and the fixed parameters valid for the specific language that is acquired. Hence, during language acquisition, UG is replaced by an internal grammar IG L1 which guides language performance and is accessed when an individual produces, comprehends, or judges the grammaticality of speech utterances.
TwiSE at SemEval-2016 Task 4: Twitter Sentiment Classification

This paper describes the participation of the team "TwiSE" in the SemEval 2016 challenge. Specifically, we participated in Task 4, namely "Sentiment Analysis in Twitter" for which we implemented sentiment classification systems for subtasks A, B, C and D. Our approach consists of two steps. In the first step, we generate and validate diverse feature sets for twitter sentiment evaluation, inspired by the work of participants of previous editions of such challenges. In the second step, we focus on the optimization of the evaluation measures of the different subtasks. To this end, we examine different learning strategies by validating them on the data provided by the task organisers. For our final submissions we used an ensemble learning approach (stacked generalization) for Subtask A and single linear models for the rest of the subtasks. In the official leaderboard we were ranked 9/35, 8/19, 1/11 and 2/14 for subtasks A, B, C and D respectively. \footnote{We make the code available for research purposes at \url{this https URL\_Sentiment\_Evaluation}. }
Predictors and patterns of problematic Internet game use using a decision tree model

Background and aims Problematic Internet game use is an important social issue that increases social expenditures for both individuals and nations. This study identified predictors and patterns of problematic Internet game use. Methods Data were collected from online surveys between November 26 and December 26, 2014. We identified 3,881 Internet game users from a total of 5,003 respondents. A total of 511 participants were assigned to the problematic Internet game user group according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Internet gaming disorder criteria. From the remaining 3,370 participants, we used propensity score matching to develop a normal comparison group of 511 participants. In all, 1,022 participants were analyzed using the chi-square automatic interaction detector (CHAID) algorithm. Results According to the CHAID algorithm, six important predictors were found: gaming costs (50%), average weekday gaming time (23%), offline Internet gaming community meeting attendance (13%), average weekend and holiday gaming time (7%), marital status (4%), and self-perceptions of addiction to Internet game use (3%). In addition, three patterns out of six classification rules were explored: cost-consuming, socializing, and solitary gamers. Conclusion This study provides direction for future work on the screening of problematic Internet game use in adults.
Cardiovascular and thermal consequences of protective clothing: a comparison of clothed and unclothed states

We have undertaken a laboratory-based examination of the cardiovascular and thermal impact of wearing thermal (heat) protective clothing during fatiguing exercise in the heat. Seven males completed semi-recumbent, intermittent cycling (39.6°C, 45% relative humidity) wearing either protective clothing or shorts (control). Mean core and skin temperatures, cardiac frequency (f c), stroke volume (Q), cardiac output (), arterial pressure, forearm blood flow ( f), plasma volume change, and sweat rates were measured. In the clothed trials, subjects experienced significantly shorter times to fatigue (52.5 vs. 58.9 min), at lower peak work rates (204.3 vs. 277.4 W), and with higher core (37.9° vs. 37.5°C) and mean skin temperatures (37.3° vs. 36.9°C). There was a significant interaction between time and clothing on f c, such that, over time, the clothing effect became more powerful. Clothing had a significant main affect on , but not Q, indicating the higher was chronotropically driven. Despite a greater sweat loss when clothed (923.0 vs. 547.1 g.m−2·h − 1; P < 0.05), f and plasma volume change remained equivalent. Protective clothing reduced exercise tolerance, but did not affect overall cardiovascular function, at the point of volitional fatigue. It was concluded that, during moderately heavy, semi-recumbent exercise under hot, dry conditions, the strain on the unclothed body was already high, such that the additional stress imparted by the clothing ensemble represented a negligible, further impact upon cardiovascular stability.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Research Department Staff Report 397 Revised April 2008 Changes in the Distribution of Family Hours Worked Since 1950

This paper describes trends in average weekly hours of market work per person and per family in the United States between 1950 and 2005. We disaggregate married couple households by skill level to determine if there is a pattern in the hours of work by wives and husbands conditional on either husband’s wages or husband’s educational attainment. The wage measure of skill allows us to compare our findings to those of Juhn and Murphy (1997), who report on trends in family labor using a different data set. The educational measure of skill allows us to construct a longer time series. We find several interesting patterns. The married women with the largest increase in market hours are those with high-skilled husbands. When we compare households with different skill mixes, we also find dramatic differences in the time paths, with higher skill households having the largest increase in average hours over time. ∗This paper was prepared for the volume Frontiers of Family Economics. The authors thank Tetyana Dubovyk for excellent research assistance. The data and codes are available at the Minneapolis Federal Reserve’s website: www.minneapolisfed. org/research/sr/sr397.html. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis or the Federal Reserve System.
Family member involvement in relapse prevention improves alcohol dependence outcomes: a prospective study at an addiction treatment facility in India.

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to test if outcomes would be different when family members of alcohol-dependent individuals were included in intervention and to examine the factors associated with relapse during a 6-month follow-up period. METHOD Ninety male participants admitted for 3 weeks at an inpatient facility in India were randomly assigned to individual relapse prevention (IRP), dyadic relapse prevention (DRP), and treatment as usual (TAU), with 30 participants in each group. In IRP, intervention was administered to the individual participant. In DRP, both the participant and a family member were included in intervention. In all three conditions, family members stayed in the facility with participants. Participants were followed up for 6 months after discharge from the treatment center. RESULTS DRP consistently performed better than TAU on all of the outcomes (reduction in quantity of alcohol, drinking days, and number of days with dysfunction in family, occupational, and financial dimensions). DRP participants also reported a significant reduction in the quantity of alcohol, drinking days, and family problems, compared with IRP. Results of Cox regression showed that being in IRP/TAU groups, early-onset dependence (<25 years), and paternal history of alcohol dependence were associated with relapse after adjusting for baseline alcohol use and other covariates. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence for the effectiveness of Western-based family-oriented intervention for alcohol-dependent patients in India; also, findings might help to alert treatment providers that some subsets of alcohol users might need more tailored interventions and rigorous monitoring during follow-up.
Acylphloroglucinol Derivatives from the South African Helichrysum niveum and Their Biological Activities

Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of Helichrysum niveum (H. niveum) using different chromatographic methods including semi-preparative HPLC afforded three new (1–3) and six known (4–10) acylphloroglucinols alongside a known dialcohol triterpene (11). The structures of the isolated compounds were characterized accordingly as 1-benzoyl-3 (3-methylbut-2-enylacetate)-phloroglucinol (helinivene A, 1), 1-benzoyl-3 (2S-hydroxyl-3-methylbut-3-enyl)-phloroglucinol (helinivene B, 2), 8-(2-methylpropanone)-3S,5,7-trihydroxyl-2,2-dimethoxychromane (helinivene C, 3), 1-(2-methylbutanone)-4-O-prenyl-phloroglucinol (4), 1-(2-methylpropanone)-4-O-prennyl-phloroglucinol (5), 1-(butanone)-3-prenyl-phloroglucinol (6), 1-(2-methylbutanone)-3-prenyl-phloroglucinol (7), 1-butanone-3-(3-methylbut-2-enylacetate)-phloroglucinol (8), 1-(2-methylpropanone)-3-prenylphloroglucinol (9), caespitate (10), and 3β-24-dihydroxyterexer-14-ene (11). Excellent total antioxidant capacities were demonstrated by helinivenes A and B (1 and 2) when measured as oxygen radicals absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), trolox equivalent absorbance capacity (TEAC) and including the inhibition of Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 5.12 ± 0.90; 3.55 ± 1.92) µg/mL, while anti-tyrosinase activity at IC50 = 35.63 ± 4.67 and 26.72 ± 5.05 µg/mL were also observed for 1 and 2, respectively. This is the first chemical and in vitro biological study on H. niveum. These findings underpin new perspectives for the exploitation of these natural phenolic compounds in applications such as in the natural cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical sectors.
Citizenship, egalitarianism and global justice

Many of the foremost defenders of distributive egalitarianism hold that its scope should be limited to co-citizens. But this bracketing of distributive equality exclusively to citizens turns out to be very difficult to defend. Pressure is placed on it, for instance, when we recognize its vulnerability to ‘extension arguments’ which attempt to cast the net of egalitarian concern more widely. The paper rehearses those arguments and also examines some – ultimately unsuccessful – responses which ‘citizenship egalitarians’ might make. If it does turn out that citizenship egalitarianism cannot be defended, then two options are open to its adherents: to modify that position substantially in order to embrace at least some global egalitarian components, or to argue for a reorganization of citizenship regimes in such a way that citizenship might properly track the subjects of egalitarian justice. Both are radical options. Finally, the paper then briefly considers one way in which an attenuated form of citizenship egalitarianism might still be defended.
Novel lysine‐peptoid hybrids with antibacterial properties

Here we report the design, synthesis and antibacterial activity of 20 lysine‐peptoid hybrids. The hybrids are based on the peptoid lead structure [N‐(1‐naphthalenemethyl)glycyl]‐[N‐(4‐methylbenzyl)glycyl]‐[N‐(1‐naphthalenemethyl)glycyl]‐N‐(butyl)glycin amide (1) and contain between one and six lysine residues each. The compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922. Furthermore, the hemolytic activity toward human erythrocytes was assessed. Several compounds with potent antibacterial activity and low hemolytic activity were identified. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
from Proximal MSI Cancers Display Distinct Gene Expression Profiles that Are Different Distal Colorectal Cancers with Microsatellite Instability ( MSI )

Promoter methylation of the mismatch repair gene plays a key role in sporadic microsatellite instability (MSI) colorectal cancers. However, promoter methylation often occurs in proximal colon cancers, and molecular phenotypes underlying MSI cancers in distal colon have not been fully clarified. Our goal was to clarify the difference between MSI and microsatellite stability (MSS) cancers and, furthermore, to determine distinct characteristics of proximal and distal MSI cancers. By DNA microarray analysis of 84 cancers (33 MSI and 51 MSS), we identified discriminating genes (177 probe sets), which predicted MSI status with a high accuracy rate (97.6%). These genes were related to phenotypic characteristics of MSI cancers. Next, we identified 24 probe sets that were differentially expressed in proximal and distal MSI cancers. These genes included promoter methylation-mediated genes, whose expression was significantly down-regulated in proximal MSI cancers. Among discriminating genes between MSI and MSS, nine methylation-mediated genes showed down-regulation in MSI cancers. Of these, 7 (77.8%) showed down-regulation in proximal MSI cancers. Furthermore, methylation-specific PCR confirmed that frequency of hMLH1 promoter methylation was significantly higher in proximal MSI cancers (P = 0.0317). These results suggested that there is a difference between proximal and distal MSI cancers in methylation-mediated influence on gene silencing. In conclusion, using DNA microarray, we could distinguish MSI and MSS cancers. We also showed distinct characteristics of proximal and distal MSI cancers. The inactivation form of hMLH, per se, differed between proximal and distal MSI cancers. These results suggested that distal MSI cancers constitute a distinct subgroup of sporadic MSI cancers. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(20): 9804-8)
A typology of English texts

This paper develops a typology of texts in English with respect to a fivedimensional model of variation. Each dimension comprises a set of lexical and syntactic features that cooccur frequently in texts, reflecting underlying shared communicative functions. Eight text types are identified with respect to these dimensions; each type represents a grouping of texts that are markedly similar to one another with respect to their dimension characterizations. Although the linguistic variation among texts is continuous, there are only a few linguistic characterizations that occur frequently, and the text types identified here represent the prototypical groups of texts having these characterizations. The types are interpreted by considering their predominant linguistic features and the general communicative characteristics of the texts grouped in each type, and by performing microanalyses of particular texts. Based on these interpretations, functional labels, such as 'Informational interaction', 'Learned exposition', and 'Involved persuasion', are proposed for each type.
The amino-terminal transforming region of simian virus 40 large T and small t antigens functions as a J domain

Simian virus 40 (SV40) encodes two proteins, large T antigen and small t antigen that contribute to virus-induced tumorigenesis. Both proteins act by targeting key cellular regulatory proteins and altering their function. Known targets of the 708-amino-acid large T antigen include the three members of the retinoblastoma protein family (pRb, p107, and p130), members of the CBP family of transcriptional adapter proteins (cap-binding protein [CBP], p300, and p400), and the tumor suppressor p53. Small t antigen alters the activity of phosphatase pp2A and transactivates the cyclin A promoter. The first 82 amino acids of large T antigen and small t antigen are identical, and genetic experiments suggest that an additional target(s) important for transformation interacts with these sequences. This region contains a motif similar to the J domain, a conserved sequence found in the DnaJ family of molecular chaperones. We show here that mutations within the J domain abrogate the ability of large T antigen to transform mammalian cells. To examine whether a purified 136-amino-acid fragment from the T antigen amino terminus acts as a DnaJ-like chaperone, we investigated whether this fragment stimulates the ATPase activity of two hsc70s and discovered that ATP hydrolysis is stimulated four- to ninefold. In addition, ATPase-defective mutants of full-length T antigen, as well as wild-type small t antigen, stimulated the ATPase activity of hsc70. T antigen derivatives were also able to release an unfolded polypeptide substrate from an hsc70, an activity common to DnaJ chaperones. Because the J domain of T antigen plays essential roles in viral DNA replication, transcriptional control, virion assembly, and tumorigenesis, we conclude that this region may chaperone the rearrangement of multiprotein complexes.
Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events, and adjustment in urban elementary-school children.

Assessed the occurrence of three types of stressful life events among African- American and Hispanic children living in urban neighborhoods, and examined the concurrent and prospective relations between stressful life events and adjustment. Younger children and children living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods experienced more stressful life events. Stressful life events were significantly related to higher concurrent levels of aggression and predicted increases in aggression P year later. Life transitions and exposure to violence predicted concurrent aggression, but circumscribed events served as the strongest predictor of aggression 1 year later. Total number of stressful events and exposure to violence significantly interacted with neighborhood disadvantage, such that effects were only apparent under conditions of high neighborhood disadvantage.
Quality Management and the Process of Change

The implementation of quality programmes often leads to major change within an organization. However, the nature and causes of such change are not yet understood. There is need for much more research to help determine how to implement and manage major change. Traces the development and evolution of the quality management paradigm, including the resistance of the academic community to it. This evolution was not typical of a traditional organizational research issue in two ways. First, quality programme research occurred outside areas familiar to the organizational behaviour researcher. Second, pressure was exerted by the business community to influence the business school curricula to include quality management. Research on quality management was inhibited by the major paradigmatic shift required within organizations to implement quality programmes. Lack of commonly understood definitions of quality programmes has hindered research by organizational behaviour researchers. However, by relating, even redefin.
Causal ordering of academic self-concept and academic achievement: A multiwave, longitudinal panel analysis.

There is surprisingly little sound research on the causal ordering of academic self-concept and academic achievement in longitudinal panel studies, despite its theoretical and practical significance. Data collected in Grades 10, 11, 12, and one year after graduation from high school that were used in this study come from the large (N=1,456 students), nationally representative Youth in Transition study
Mechanical control of global cell behaviour during dorsal closure in Drosophila

Halfway through embryonic development, the epidermis of Drosophila exhibits a gap at the dorsal side covered by an extraembryonic epithelium, the amnioserosa (AS). Dorsal closure (DC) is the process whereby interactions between the two epithelia establish epidermal continuity. Although genetic and biomechanical analysis have identified the AS as a force-generating tissue, we do not know how individual cell behaviours are transformed into tissue movements. To approach this question we have applied a novel image-analysis method to measure strain rates in local domains of cells and performed a kinematic analysis of DC. Our study reveals spatial and temporal differences in the rate of apical constriction of AS cells. We find a slow phase of DC, during which apical contraction of cells at the posterior end predominates, and a subsequent fast phase, during which all the cells engage in the contraction, which correlates with the zippering process. There is a radial gradient of AS apical contraction, with marginal cells contracting earlier than more centrally located cells. We have applied this analysis to the study of mutant situations and associated a particular genotype with quantitative and reproducible changes in the rate of cell contraction and hence in the overall rate of the process. Our mutant analysis reveals the contribution of mechanical elements to the rate and pattern of DC.
Violence against women in Stockholm County: does marital status matter?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate differences in victimization among single and married mothers using data (n=6,388 women) from the 2006 Stockholm County Public Health Survey (SCPHS), a cross‐sectional survey based on a self‐administered postal questionnaire.Design/methodology/approach – Results showed higher odds of victimization among lone mothers compared to married ones. Additionally, the greatest odds of victimization were observed among those with low education, low income, and decreased social and practical support.Findings – In Sweden, particularly in Stockholm, there is a need for future population‐based surveys regarding the prevalence of violence and to identify high risk groups. Furthermore, it is crucial that these surveys include items that will enable investigation of direct links between violence and health effects, and the utilization of health care for these women.Originality/value – This paper is original and it addresses for the first time violence among single moth.
Community-Based Juvenile Reentry Services: The Effects of Service Dosage on Juvenile and Adult Recidivism

In this study the authors examined the influence of length of participation in a community-based reentry program on the odds of reconviction in the juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. A structured telephone survey of reentry program alumni was conducted with 75 transition-age (18–25 year-old) young men. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that increased length of participation in reentry services decreased the likelihood of new convictions in the juvenile system, but not in the adult system. Lower education attainment, unemployment and older age were all associated with the odds of new convictions in the adult criminal justice system. Implications for reentry services include extended service length and a focus on educational and vocational opportunities.