Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learning Chinese, Turning Chinese: Challenges to Becoming Sinophone in a Globalised World

Preface: Language in Chinese Studies Part 1: The Great Wall of Chinese Language Teaching 1. Arguing Semantics with a Beijing Taxi Driver: Relating Text and Context in a Chinese Studies Program 2. Gateways to Becoming Sinophone: Traditions and Biases in Chinese Language Textbooks 3. Learning Chinese the Lee Kwan Yew Way: The Social and Political Context of Language Learning Part 2: Drawing Battlelines over Language 4. Character Fetishization: The Modus Operandi of Orientalism in Chinese Studies 5. Ideolatry vs Phonolatry? : Chinese Characters as Disciplinary Identifier 6. Keeping Chinese for the Chinese: The Paradox of Nativised Orientalism in Chinese Linguistics Part 3: Getting Over the Walls of Discourse 7. Construing 'Metrosexual' in Chinese: Social and Semiotic Change in the Era of Globalisation 8. Reconstruction vs Deconstruction: Textual Criticism, Social Semiotics, and 'New Sinology' 9. From 'Ed McDonald' to 'Ned McHorse': Negotiating Multiple Identities in a Globalised World
Comparison of different ground techniques to map leaf area index of Norway spruce forest canopy

The leaf area index (LAI) of three monocultures of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), different in age and structure, was measured by means of two indirect optical techniques of LAI field mapping: 1/ plant canopy analyser LAI-2000, and 2/ digital hemispherical photographs (DHP). The supportive measurements with the TRAC instrument were conducted to produce mainly the element clumping index. The aim of the study was to compare the performances of LAI-2000 and DHP and to evaluate effect of three different sampling strategies on field estimation of leaf area index. One of the suggested sampling designs introduced spatial oversampling around one-point measurement. The oversampling was expected to reveal the importance of sampling point position with respect to surrounding trees. In general, the LAI-2000 instrument produced higher estimates of effective leaf area index than DHP in all experimental stands. On the other hand, the higher "true" estimates of LAI were obtained from DHP. All three sampling strategies produced consistent estimates of effective and "true" LAI in all forest sites. The spatial oversampling of LAI measurement point did not significantly improve the LAI estimate of the canopy subplots.
Stereotype activation and inhibition

Contents: Preface. G.V. Bodenhausen, C.N. Macrae, Stereotype Activation and Inhibition. D. Abrams, B. Masser, Context and the Social Self-Regulation of Stereotyping: Perception, Judgment, and Behavior. P.G. Devine, Beyond the Isolated Social Perceiver: Why Inhibit Stereotypes? A. Dijksterhuis, A. van Knippenberg, Inhibition, Aberdeen, and Other Cloudy Subjects. R.H. Fazio, Further Evidence Regarding the Multiple Category Problem: The Roles of Attitude Accessibility and Hierarchical Control. D. Kobrynowicz, M. Biernat, Considering Correctness, Contrast, and Categorization in Stereotyping Phenomena. A.J. Lambert, A.L. Chasteen, S. Khan, J. Manier, Rethinking Some Assumptions About Stereotype Inhibition: Do We Need to Correct Our Theories About Correction? A. Liberman, L.S. Newman, S. Chaiken, Rethinking the Role of Facilitation and Inhibition in Stereotyping. D. Operario, S.A. Goodwin, S.T. Fiske, Power Is Everywhere: Social Control and Personal Control Both Operate at Stereotype Activation, Interpretation, and Response. L.D. Reid, R.S. Wyer, Jr., Stereotype Suppression in a Social Context. C. Stangor, E.P. Thompson, T.E. Ford, An Inhibited Model of Stereotype Inhibition. S.J. Stroessner, Varieties of Inhibition in Social Stereotyping. N.A. Wyer, D.L. Hamilton, The Balance Between Excitation and Inhibition in Stereotype Use. G.V. Bodenhausen, C.N. Macrae, On Social Judgment and Social Justice: Further Reflections on Stereotyping and Its Avoidance.
Disrupted Intrinsic Connectivity among Default, Dorsal Attention, and Frontoparietal Control Networks in Individuals with Chronic Traumatic Brain Injury*

Abstract Objectives: Individuals with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI) often show detrimental deficits in higher order cognitive functions requiring coordination of multiple brain networks. Although assessing TBI-related deficits in higher order cognition in the context of network dysfunction is promising, few studies have systematically investigated altered interactions among multiple networks in chronic TBI. Method: We characterized disrupted resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), and frontoparietal control network (FPCN) whose interactions are required for internally and externally focused goal-directed cognition in chronic TBI. Specifically, we compared the network interactions of 40 chronic TBI individuals (8 years post-injury on average) with those of 17 healthy individuals matched for gender, age, and years of education. Results: The network-based statistic (NBS) on DMN-DAN-FPCN connectivity of these groups revealed statistically significant (p NBS<.05; |Z|>2.58) reductions in within-DMN, within-FPCN, DMN-DAN, and DMN-FPCN connectivity of the TBI group over healthy controls. Importantly, such disruptions occurred prominently in between-network connectivity. Subsequent analyses further exhibited the disrupted connectivity patterns of the chronic TBI group occurring preferentially in long-range and inter-hemispheric connectivity of DMN-DAN-FPCN. Most importantly, graph-theoretic analysis demonstrated relative reductions in global, local and cost efficiency (p<.05) as a consequence of the network disruption patterns in the TBI group. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that assessing multiple networks-of-interest simultaneously will allow us to better understand deficits in goal-directed cognition and other higher order cognitive phenomena in chronic TBI. Future research will be needed to better understand the behavioral consequences related to these network disruptions. (JINS, 2016, 22, 263–279)
Robust Stability of Time‐Varying Delay Systems: The Quadratic Separation Approach

In this article, we are interested in analysing the stability of systems that incorporate time‐varying delays in their dynamic. The Lyapunov‐Krasovskii approach is definitely the most popular method to address this issue and many results have proposed new functionals and enhanced techniques for deriving less conservative stability conditions. In the present work, we propose an original approach: the quadratic separation. To this end, the delay operator properties are exploited to provide delay range stability conditions. In particular, L2‐norm of delay‐dependent operators are computed so as to reduce the conservatism of the approach. Moreover, the main result is able to assess the stability of non‐small delay systems, i.e, it can detect a stability interval for systems that are unstable without any delay. Several examples illustrate the benefit of our methodology.
Alternate forms of logical memory and verbal fluency tasks for repeated testing in early cognitive changes

Background: Repeat cognitive testing is an essential diagnostic strategy to measure changes in cognition over time when following people with memory problems. Alternate forms may avert practice effects that can mimic improvements in cognition. We evaluated alternate forms of verbal fluency and logical memory (paragraph recall) tasks to evaluate their equivalence for clinical use. Methods: Participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia were recruited from five outpatient memory clinics and one nursing home. Participants with normal cognition (NC) were recruited from family members or friends. Verbal fluency categories of animals, cities & towns, fruits & vegetables and first names were used. Scores were recorded for 0–30 seconds, 31–60 seconds and errors. For the logical memory task, participants were read one of three different paragraphs and then were asked to recall the story. Immediate recall and delayed recall scores were recorded. The Standardized Mini-mental State Examination, the AB Cognitive Screen and the 15-point Geriatric Depression Scale were administered as part of the assessment. Analyses were performed using means, frequency distributions, t-tests, receiver-operating characteristic curves and effect sizes. Results: There were 46 NC participants, 45 with MCI and 55 with dementia. For verbal fluency, the mean number of animals, cities & towns, names or fruits & vegetables named in 60 seconds did not differ significantly within each cognitive group. First names was an easier category than the others: NC named 16.9–22.3 items, MCI named 11.6–14.4 items and dementia named 8.1–11.4 items. The mean number of items immediately recalled in logical memory was not significantly different for the three paragraphs. The verbal fluency task (in 60 seconds) and logical memory immediate recall were highly sensitive and specific to differences between NC and MCI (areas under the curves 0.87 and 0.76, respectively). Conclusions: Alternate forms allow serial testing without learning bias. Verbal fluency and logical memory tasks are sensitive to early cognitive changes.
Formulation of synthetic greywater as an evaluation tool for wastewater recycling technologies

On‐site greywater recycling is one of the main ways of preserving water resources in urban or arid areas. This study aims to formulate model synthetic greywater (SGW) in order to evaluate and compare the performances of several recycling processes on a reproducible effluent. The formulated SGW is composed of septic effluent to provide indicators of faecal contamination, and technical quality chemical products to simulate organic pollution of greywater. To ensure that the SGW developed is representative of household greywater, its analysis was compared to real greywater collected and analysed (RGWS) and to real greywater mentioned in previous publications (RGWL). The performance of a direct nanofiltration process with a concentration factor of 87.5% at 35 bar was then tested on both real greywater and SGW. The laboratory experimental results are promising: fluxes and retention rates were high, and similar for both effluents. The permeation flux was higher than 50 L h−1 m−2. Retentions greater than 97% for biochemical oxygen demand for 5 days (BOD5) and 92% for anionic surfactants were observed. No Enterococcus were detected in the two permeates. These results confirm that the model SGW developed in this study shows the same behaviour as real greywater when recycled. Thus, the use of this SGW developed in this study was validated for the evaluation of membrane efficiency to treat greywater. This new tool will be a real asset for future studies.
Eczematous Skin Reaction from Patch Testing with Aeroallergens in Atopic Children With and Without Atopic Dermatitis

Abstract: To determine whether aeroaltergens could induce eczematous lesions, 30 patients with atopic dermatitis were studied in comparison with 30 patients with respiratory atopy without atopic dermatitis. All patients were between 2 end 14 years of age. Patch testing with five aeroallergens—housedust, mite, cockroach, mold mix, and grass mixwas done on skin that was stripped by 10 applications of adhesive tape. Intradermal tests with the same antigens were done on the forearm. In 27 (90%) children with staple dermatitis, patch testing with aeroallergens Induced eczematous lesions at one or more sites. Mite, cockroach, house dust, mold mix, and grass mix caused reactions In 21 (70%), 21 (70%), 19 (63%), 15 (50%), and 13 (43%) patients, respectively. Three patients had a dermatitis flare at the antecubital and popliteal fossae during testing. Only three (10%) atopic children without atopic dermatitis had eczematous lesions, which was significantly different from children with atopic dermatitis (P < 10−5). Intradermai skin tests in both groups were not significantly different This study supports previous reports that aeroallergens play an Important role in causing eczamatous skin lesions.
Evidence Supporting a Role of Jasmonic Acid in Arabidopsis Leaf Senescence1

In this work, the role of jasmonic acid (JA) in leaf senescence is examined. Exogenous application of JA caused premature senescence in attached and detached leaves in wild-type Arabidopsis but failed to induce precocious senescence of JA-insensitive mutantcoi1 plants, suggesting that the JA-signaling pathway is required for JA to promote leaf senescence. JA levels in senescing leaves are 4-fold higher than in non-senescing ones. Concurrent with the increase in JA level in senescing leaves, genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze most of the reactions of the JA biosynthetic pathway are differentially activated during leaf senescence in Arabidopsis, except for allene oxide synthase, which is constitutively and highly expressed throughout leaf development. Arabidopsis lipoxygenase 1 (cytoplasmic) expression is greatly increased but lipoxygenase 2 (plastidial) expression is sharply reduced during leaf senescence. Similarly,AOC1 (allene oxide cyclase 1),AOC2, and AOC3 are all up-regulated, whereas AOC4 is down-regulated with the progression of leaf senescence. The transcript levels of 12-oxo-PDA reductase 1 and 12-oxo-PDA reductase 3 also increase in senescing leaves, as does PED1 (encoding a 3-keto-acyl-thiolase for β-oxidation). This represents the first report, to our knowledge, of an increase in JA levels and expression of oxylipin genes during leaf senescence, and indicates that JA may play a role in the senescence program.
Nations And Nationalism Since 1780

2 Documents about the work Nations and nationalism since 1780 (1990) / Eric John Hobsbawm (1917-2012) . 2 Pages in data.bnf. fr . 2 Related authors . 2 This page in data.bnf. fr lab . 2 Sources and references . 2 Link to the main catalogue . 2 Sources . 2 Variant of the title
Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution

Among countries colonized by European powers during the past 500 years those that were relatively rich in 1500 are now relatively poor. We document this reversal using data on urbanization patterns and population density, which, we argue, proxy for economic prosperity. This reversal is inconsistent with a view that links economic development to geographic factors. According to the geography view, societies that were relatively rich in 1500 should also be relatively rich today. In contrast, the reversal is consistent with the role of institutions in economic development. The expansion of European overseas empires starting in the 15th century led to a major change in the institutions of the societies they colonized. In fact, the European intervention appears to have created an 'institutional reversal' among these societies, in the sense that Europeans were more likely to introduce institutions encouraging investment in regions that were previously poor. This institutional reversal accounts for the reversal in relative incomes. We provide further support for this view by documenting that the reversal in relative incomes took place during the 19th century, and resulted from societies with good institutions taking advantage of industrialization opportunities.
Molecular, pharmacological and functional properties of GABAA receptors in anterior pituitary cells

Anterior pituitary cells express γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐A receptor‐channels, but their structure, distribution within the secretory cell types, and nature of action have not been clarified. Here we addressed these questions using cultured anterior pituitary cells from postpubertal female rats and immortalized αT3‐1 and GH3 cells. Our results show that mRNAs for all GABAA receptor subunits are expressed in pituitary cells and that α1/β1 subunit proteins are present in all secretory cells. In voltage‐clamped gramicidin‐perforated cells, GABA induced dose‐dependent increases in current amplitude that were inhibited by bicuculline and picrotoxin and facilitated by diazepam and zolpidem in a concentration‐dependent manner. In intact cells, GABA and the GABAA receptor agonist muscimol caused a rapid and transient increase in intracellular calcium, whereas the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was ineffective, suggesting that chloride‐mediated depolarization activates voltage‐gated calcium channels. Consistent with this finding, RT‐PCR analysis indicated high expression of NKCC1, but not KCC2 cation/chloride transporter mRNAs in pituitary cells. Furthermore, the GABAA channel reversal potential for chloride ions was positive to the baseline membrane potential in most cells and the activation of ion channels by GABA resulted in depolarization of cells and modulation of spontaneous electrical activity. These results indicate that secretory pituitary cells express functional GABAA receptor‐channels that are depolarizing.
Studying Children: A Cultural-Historical Approach

Chapter 1 Developmental Psychology and Childhood Education as Areas of Research Mariane Hedegaard, Marilyn Fleer, Jytte Bang and Pernille Hviid Chapter 2 Basic Conceptions in a Cultural-Historical Theory of Children's Development Mariane Hedegaard Chapter 3 Methodological considerations for a dialectical-interactive research approach to children's development Mariane Hedegaard Chapter 4 Differences between Protocol Collecting and Interpretation Mariane Hedegaard Chapter 5 The dialectical relations between the child's perspective, the institutional perspective and the researcher's perspective Marilyn Fleer Chapter 6 Dialogue between institutional practices analysed through child, family and teacher perspectives Marilyn Fleer Chapter 7 The relations between cultural-historical theory, methodology and digital video methods Marilyn Fleer Chapter 8 Studying Developmental Novelty in the Activity Setting - An Environmental Affordance Perspective Jytte Bang Chapter 9 Developmental Interviews with Children Pernille Hviid Chapter 10 The Questionnaire as a Tool for Researching Children's Perspective in Institutional Practices Jytte Bang and Mariane Hedegaard Chapter 11 The Educational Experiment Mariane Hedegaard Chapter 12 The Role of the Researcher in Studying Children's Everyday Lives Mariane Hedegaard
Noise-Induced Permanent Threshold Shifts in the Occupational Noise and Hearing Survey: An Explanation for Elevated Risk Estimates

Objectives: To (1) estimate noise-induced permanent threshold shift (NIPTS) values from the data of the 1968–1972 Occupational Noise and Hearing Survey (ONHS); (2) compare these NIPTS estimates to NIPTS predictions from an international standard (ISO-1999); (3) determine why excess risk estimates based on the ONHS are so much higher than those based on ISO-1999. Design: The ONHS raw data were acquired from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Binaural average thresholds from 0.5 to 6 kHz were calculated for each of 1291 noise-exposed subjects (80 to 94 dBA, for up to 30 yr, all tested just before their shifts) and 665 non-noise-exposed control subjects (mostly office workers, tested throughout the work day). “Screened” subjects had had no prior significant noise exposure and had no evidence of other ear disease, whereas “excluded” subjects had failed one or more screening criteria. Twenty exposure groups were created (based on exposure level, exposure duration, and screened versus excluded status) and compared with 20 age-matched control groups. The median difference statistic estimated median NIPTS. Results: Median NIPTS estimates in the 3 to 6 kHz region were generally consistent with the NIPTS predictions of ISO-1999. At lower frequencies, especially at 0.5 and 1 kHz, the ONHS estimates were significantly larger than the ISO-1999 predictions, even for exposures below 90 dBA, but these differences did not increase systematically with exposure level and duration. Conclusions: High-frequency median NIPTS estimates from ONHS data are consistent with the predictions of ISO-1999. Differences between exposed and control low-frequency thresholds in the ONHS are higher than predicted by ISO-1999, but these differences probably are related more to socioeconomic or test procedure effects than to occupational noise exposure. These low-frequency effects explain why excess risk estimates from the ONHS are higher than those based on ISO-1999.
Estimation of benchmark doses for urinary cadmium based on β2-microglobulin excretion in cadmium-polluted regions of the Kakehashi River basin, Japan

Abstract A benchmark dose low (BMDL) is used as a replacement for the no observed adverse effect level. The threshold levels of urinary cadmium (Cd) as BMDL were estimated using data from the Kakehashi River basin. The target population (≥50 years) comprised 3178 and 294 participants inhabiting Cd-polluted and non-polluted areas, respectively. Cut-off values for β2-MG-uria were defined as the 84 and 95% upper limit values calculated from control subjects, and 1000 µg/l or µg/g cr of β2-MG. Using these cut-off values, the BMDL at which the excess risk is 0.05 was determined to be 2.9 – 4.0 µg/g cr (males) and 1.5 – 3.6 µg/g cr (females). The present study demonstrated that a BMD approach is useful to estimate the threshold level of urinary Cd in Cd-exposed subjects and people living in general environment without any known Cd-pollution since a BMD approach does not need abnormality rates of urinary findings in the controls.
Hypercholesterolemia and Platelets

In recent years, it has been recognized that cholesterol has a causal role in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, and reducing elevated plasma cholesterol levels will aid in the prevention of coronary heart dis1 2 ease. Contemporarily, a number of studies that tend to indicate that platelet hyperreactivity occurs in animal and human hypercholesterolemia have been published, indicating that cholesterol may directly effect cell function, specifically that of the platelets. It should be mentioned, however, that the results of these studies are not univocal. This may be due to several reasons, including the poor reliability of some methods available for in vitro platelet studies and to the different criteria used for patient selection. It should also be considered that most of the studies concerning this topic have been carried out using in vitro tests for the evaluation of platelet function and therefore do not provide information about the possible in vivo impact of platelet functional metabolic abnormalities. In this article some of the major findings emerging from studies in the hypercholesterolemic condition are summarized and focus will be given on specific aspects that still need to be solved.
World Health Organization advocates for a healthy diet for all: Global perspective

| 2016 | 1 policymakers have a crucial role in enabling people to adopt and maintain healthy dietary practices by establishing uniformity in the national food/ agricultural policies and trade-sector initiatives. [1,2,7] Policymakers can provide additional incentives for producers and retailers who are involved in the production or sale of fresh fruits/vegetables; encourage measures to maintain the recommended levels of salt, fats, and free sugars in processed foods; decrease/nil incentive for those who are producing processed foods; develop liaison with schools/ public institutions/workplace to ensure provision of a healthy and affordable food; and even motivate transnational, national, and local food agencies to enhance the nutritive value of the food. [1,2]