Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Nature of Power Distance

Power distance is a value that differentiates individuals, groups, organizations, and nations based on the degree to which inequalities are accepted either as unavoidable or as functional. Understanding power distance is especially important in organizational research because power is fundamental to all relationships, is inherent in hierarchical organizations, and affects many organizational processes and outcomes. We begin by reviewing existing value taxonomies and definitional elements of power distance. Next, we review theories and research linking power distance to micro and macro work-related outcomes. We conclude by identifying areas where additional organizational research on power distance is needed and, in doing so, provide an agenda for future research in this area. Our review highlights power distance as an important explanatory variable and boundary condition for many relations that organizational (not just cross-cultural) scientists examine.
Passive smoking in China: contributing factors and areas for future interventions.

OBJECTIVE To reduce tobacco consumption and exposure to passive smoking in China. METHODS Discussion consisting of 80 focus groups and 35 interviews were held in three rural intervention counties of Jiangxi, Henan, and Sichuan Provinces. Participants came from hospitals, schools, rural areas, and urban areas. RESULTS Tobacco use and exposure to passive smoking were widely prevalent in the investigated schools, hospitals, county towns, and rural areas. Knowledge of the risks for passive smoking on health is lacking, especially in rural areas. Barriers to the control of tobacco use in public places include reluctance of administrators to implement tobacco control policies, lack of consistent policies, difficulties with regulations and enforcement, and reluctance of non-smokers to exercise their right to clean air. CONCLUSION To curb the current tobacco epidemic in China, tobacco control efforts must focus on reducing exposure to passive smoking. A strategy should be formulated to reduce the factors that contribute to tobacco use and exposure to passive smoking.
PLL/DLL system noise analysis for low jitter clock synthesizer design

This paper presents an analytical model for timing jitter accumulation in ring-oscillator based phase-locked-loops (PLL). The timing jitter of the system is shown to depend on the jitter in the ring-oscillator and an accumulation factor which is inversely proportional to the bandwidth of the phase-locked-loop. Further analysis shows that for delay-locked-loops (DLL), which use an inverter delay chain that is not configured as a ring-oscillator, there is no noise enhancement since noise jitter events do not contribute to the starting point of the next clock cycle. Finally, theoretical predictions for overall jitter are compared to behavioral simulations with good agreement. <<ETX>>
LEARNING TO BE AN “AMERICAN LADY”?

Studies of acculturation generally assume a similar process for men and women. Historically, the spectrum of young adults' activities was broader for women than for men, including domestic work in the home and labor force participation or school attendance. Using cross-sectional data from the 1910 Census Public Use Sample, this article applies a gendered critique of assimilation theory to explore ethnic differences in daughters' activities. Generational changes in daughters' pursuits reflect middle-class norms of women's domesticity. The findings highlight gender roles transmission within the family and the fluidity of daughters' activities in response to distinctive ethnic preferences. Families engaged in household strategies regarding the allocation of members' activities to negotiate valued cultural goals, whether retaining daughters in the home or enabling daughters to attend school. The results do not support a simple assimilation model but, rather, point to considerable variation across ethnic groups in the activities pursued by coresident daughters.
Shrek Meets Vygotsky: Rethinking Adolescents' Multimodal Literacy Practices in Schools

Recent research has emphasized the multimodal and digital nature of adolescent literacy practices. These practices cross multiple social spaces, particularly settings outside of schools. This article re-examines current research to yield three caveats that counter assumptions about the pervasiveness, relevance, and spontaneity of youths' multimodal practices in the digital communications environment: (1) It is incorrect to assume that today's adolescents are all “digital natives” (2) Engaging adolescents in multimodal textual practices must involve more than conforming the curriculum to their interests and practices—it should extend students' repertoire of skills and genres; and (3) Although some new multimodal practices are taken up by adolescents with minimal instruction in informal contexts, greater emphasis should be placed on expert scaffolding of these literacies in school settings.
Determining the paediatric educational needs of prehospital providers: part 2

Caring for paediatric patients presents unique challenges to prehospital personnel who may have limited training, experience and confidence caring for children. These challenges exist worldwide. Specific recommendations for paediatric educational content and learning strategies are lacking. The purpose of this study was to characterize the paediatric educational needs, barriers, and preferences of prehospital providers in Oregon and to examine these findings in the context of international emergency medical services (EMS) training. This was a qualitative analysis of 9 focus group discussions with a total of 64 prehospital providers from the state of Oregon. An iterative process of theme identification was used to generate themes, and then inter-rater checking was applied to confirm themes and assure inter-rater reliability. A review of the literature was conducted to compare the paediatric training of prehospital providers in the US and the UK. Participants identified a need for more paediatric training a.
The effect of trauma center care on pediatric injury mortality in California, 1999 to 2011

BACKGROUND Trauma centers (TCs) have been shown to decrease mortality in adults, but this has not been demonstrated at a population level in all children. We hypothesized that seriously injured children would have increased survival in a TC versus nontrauma center (nTC), but there would be no increased benefit from pediatric-designated versus adult TC care. METHODS This was a retrospective study of the unmasked California Office of Statewide Health and Planning Department patient discharge database (1999–2011). DRG International Classification of Diseases—9th Rev. (ICD-9) diagnostic codes indicating trauma were identified for children (0–18 years), and injury severity was calculated from ICD-9 codes using validated algorithms. To adjust for hospital case mix, we selected patients with ICD-9 codes that were capable of causing death and which appeared at both TCs and nTCs. Instrumental variable (IV) analysis using differential distance between the child’s residence to a TC and to the nearest hospital was applied to further adjust for unobservable differences in TC and nTC populations. Instrumental variable regression models analyzed the association between mortality and TC versus nTC care as well as for pediatric versus adult TC designations, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS Unadjusted mortality for the entire population of children with nontrivial trauma (n = 445,236) was 1.2%. In the final study population (n = 77,874), mortality was 5.3%, 3.8% in nTCs and 6.1% in TCs. IV regression analysis demonstrated a 0.79 percentage point (95% confidence interval, −0.80 to −0.30; p = 0.044) decrease in mortality for children cared for in TC versus nTC. No decrease in mortality was demonstrated for children cared for in pediatric versus adult TCs. CONCLUSION Our IV TC outcome models use improved injury severity and case mix adjustment to demonstrate decreased mortality for seriously injured California children treated in TCs. These results can be used to take evidence-based steps to decrease disparities in pediatric access to, and subsequent outcomes for, trauma care. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic/care management, level III.
Influence of regulation and information on environmental investment decision-making: An experimental study

Previous empirical studies provide mixed results on the relationships between regulatory and human factors in relation to corporate environmental informational strategies on individual environmental investment decision- making. We investigate the relationships by testing hypotheses from socio-political and cognitive dissonance theories using an experiment. We find that both regulatory climate and information strategy have strong main effects on individual environmental investment decision-making. However, contrary to the literature, these two variables do not have any interaction effect on individual environmental investment decision-making. The results are consistent with the predictions of the institutional and legitimacy theories but inconsistent with the interaction effect of the two variables predicted by self-justification theory. Nevertheless, we show that both regulatory influence and environmental information strategy can be highly desirable social control options for business organisations to include environmental and ethical drivers in investment decision-making.
The strategic role of charm, simpatia and jeitinho in Brazilian Society : a qualitative study

Charm is the power to attract, please and fascinate which creates a positive rapport in social interaction. In Brazilian society, charm is a highly valued and actively cultivated personal attribute. It is inextricably intertwined with simpatia, or the ability to empathise and strive for harmony in interpersonal relations. Based on a qualitative study carried out in Brazil, this paper explores the strategic role of charm and simpatia, and their links with another personalist Brazilian social practice known as ‘the jeitinho’. It also examines the links of these practices with an imagined ‘Brazilian identity’. The findings reveal that Brazilians generally take for granted the use of charm, simpatia and the jeitinho to foster or enhance personal connections that can be advantageous to the people who use them. While these practices are not uniquely Brazilian, there is evidence that Brazilians attribute a particular significance to them in their daily routines.
Skillset Distribution for Accelerated Knowledge Building in Crowdsourced Environments

Crowdsourcing has revolutionized the process of knowledge building on the web. Wikipedia and StackOverflow are witness to this uprising development. However, the dynamics behind the success of crowdsourcing in the domain of knowledge building is an area relatively unexplored. It has been observed that ecosystem exists in the collaborative knowledge building environments (KBE), which divides the people in a KBE into various categories based on their skills. In this work, we provide a detailed investigation of the process, explaining the reason behind fast and efficient knowledge building in such settings. We follow on Luhmann's theory of autopoietic systems and hypothesize that the existence of categories leads to triggering, which makes a knowledge building system an autopoietic system. This triggering process helps bring a substantial amount of extra knowledge to the system, which would have remained undiscovered otherwise. We quantitatively analyze the contribution of triggered knowledge and find it to be a significant part of the total knowledge generated. We demonstrate that different distribution of users across categories leads to varied amount of knowledge in the system. We further discuss on the ideal distribution of users for accelerated knowledge building. The study will help the portal designers to accordingly build suitable crowdsourced environments.
Assessing Trainee Clinical Psychologists' Clinical Competence

Within UK clinical psychology training, traditionally used methods for assessing the development of trainees' clinical competence have taken the form of evaluations of trainee knowledge regarding their clinical practice, either in the form of written assignments or via discussion in the supervisory relationship. Whilst direct observation of trainees is expected and required by supervisors on practice placements, frequency of observation varies, and supervisors can experience difficulties occupying both supervisory and evaluatory roles. In addition, calls from within the clinical psychology training community have expressed a need for a consistent and formalised in vivo assessment of trainees' clinical competency (Gallichan & Mitchell, 2008). This article reports on a psychometric evaluation of the Clinical Skills Assessment Rating Form (CSA-RF), a seven domain measure of clinical competence developed at the University of Leicester Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology for use with live or videotaped clinical material. Results suggest that the CSA-RF has acceptable levels of internal consistency, although interrater reliability requires further investigation. Factor analysis revealed a five domain structure. From this, a revised CSA-RF has been developed which aims to be a valid and practicable initial means by which trainees' clinical competence can be assessed.
Perceived Parental Reactions to Adolescent Distress: development and validation of a brief measure

Although adolescence is a time of individuation with increased reliance on peers, research indicates that, despite a deliberate distancing from parents, adolescents continue to seek the support and console of parental attachment figures in times of distress. The Perceived Parental Reactions to Adolescent Distress (PRAD) is a brief self-report measure developed to examine adolescents’ perception of parental response under conditions of distress as measured by four conceptually and empirically distinct parental reactions to distress: Comfort, Self-Focus, Avoidance and Harshness. Across two studies involving a total of 738 high school students, we developed the PRAD and substantiated its robust psychometric properties, including evidence for reliability as well as internal and criterion validity. Sources of individual differences in the test-scores were also explored. Empirical as well as practical importance of assessing parental reactions to adolescent distress is discussed with regard to both the attachment and adolescent development literature.
Development of International Relations theory in China: progress through debates

The development of International Relations theory (IRT) in China has been framed by three debates since 1979. The first was about China’s opening up to the outside world. It started with the question of whether the world was characterized by ‘war and revolution’ or ‘peace and development’ between orthodox and reformist scholars and continued to focus on China’s interest between orthodox scholars and the newly rising Chinese realists. It resulted in a wide acceptance of the reformist argument that peace and development characterized our era and of the realist view that China was a normal nation-state and should have its own legitimate national interest. The second started in the early 1990s and centered on the better way of realizing China’s national interest. It was between Chinese realists and liberals. While the former emphasized national power, the latter proposed the alternative approach of international institutions. The third debate was on China’s peaceful rise. It evolved at the turn of the century, when all the three major American IRTs, realism, liberalism, and constructivism, had been
Sociotechnical coordination and collaboration in open source software

In the mid 90s, a new style of software development, termed open source software (OSS) has emerged and has originated large, mature, stable, and widely used software projects. As software continues to grow in size and complexity, so do development teams. Consequently, coordination and communication within these teams play larger roles in productivity and software quality. My dissertation focuses on the relationships between developers in large open source projects and how software affects and is affected by these relationships. Fortunately, source code repository histories, mailing list archives, and bug databases from OSS projects contain latent data from which we can reconstruct a rich view of a project over time and analyze these sociotechnical relationships. We present methods of obtaining and analyzing this data as well as the results of empirical studies whose goal is to answer questions that can help stakeholders understand and make decisions about their own teams. We answer questions such as “Do large OSS project really have a disorganized bazaar-like structure? ” “What is the relationship between social and development behavior in OSS? ” “How does one progress from a project newcomer to a full-fledged, core developer? ” and others in an attempt to understand how large, successful OSS projects work and also to contrast them with projects in commercial settings.
M-SCTP: DESIGN AND PROTOTYPICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF AN END-TO-END MOBILITY CONCEPT

The problem of mobility in IP networks has traditionally been solved at the net- work layer. We present an alternative solution that solves it at the transport layer in an end-to-end fashion, leveraging the ability of a modern transport layer pro- tocol (SCTP) to use multiple IP addresses per association. This is achieved by dynamically modifying this set of IP addresses with new IP addresses that are assigned to the mobile node as it moves around the network We show that this is a feasible approach, discuss the performance ramifications of underlying pro- tocol mechanisms and identify those that are deterrent to handoff performance.
Careers and identity in flexible working: Do flexible identities fare better?

The relationship between personal identity and experience of individual career change and flexible working was investigated. Cluster analyses with survey data from 596 employees in 14 companies with varying levels of flexibility indicated the existence of four types of personal identity: the critical-flexible, self-determined, continuous, and job-centred type. The types were explicated further on the basis of narrative interviews with 59 individuals with either a continuous or discontinuous work biography. The types differed significantly in the identity dimensions biographical continuity, ecological consistency, and locus of control as well as in career-related self-esteem and satisfaction with their employment situation, especially their psychological contract. The continuous type expressed the highest and the critical-flexible type the least satisfaction. Consequences for career management and identity research are discussed.
Quotients of non-classical flag domains are not algebraic

A flag domain D = G/V for G a simple real non-compact group G with compact Cartan subgroup is non-classical if it does not fiber holomorphically or anti-holomorphically over a Hermitian symmetric space. We prove that any two points in a non-classical domain D can be joined by a finite chain of compact subvarieties of D. Then we prove that for F an infinite, finitely generated discrete subgroup of G, the analytic space F\D does not have an algebraic structure.
Adjustment of Refugees to American Life

HE rise of Fascism and Nazism T brought about a movement of people fleeing from their homelands which in some respects was unprecedented in history. The uniqueness of this mass flight of human beings, which has constituted the refugee movement, has lain primarily in its magnitude and character. Modern history not infrequently has recorded the phenomenon of people fleeing from their homelands and seeking a haven in other countries. Our own land has received them from its
Modulating the sensitivity to syntactic factors in production: Evidence from syntactic priming in agrammatism

ABSTRACT This study investigates the extent to which the production of complex morphosyntactic structures can be modulated in agrammatic speakers by utilizing a syntactic priming paradigm. Italian clitic pronouns (varying in morphosyntactic complexity) were chosen as the focal linguistic structure under investigation to test hypotheses based on alternative theories. Three experiments were performed. Experiment 1 analyzed clitic production in spontaneous speech. Experiments 2 and 3 used syntactic priming to prime the production of direct- and indirect-object clitics in finite and in restructuring sentences. These structures critically require different clitic positions (finite sentences: before the finite verb; restructuring sentences: before or after the verbal complex). The pattern of results shows that agrammatic speakers are impaired in clitic production. However, they show that the deficit is quantitative rather than qualitative, suggesting residual sensitivity despite the poor performance. The findings demonstrate that agrammatic (and control) speakers show a positive effect of syntactic priming across clitic types, suggesting that agrammatism can be characterized in terms of a linguistic processing deficit owing to increased processing demands for complex linguistic structures. Specifically, it is suggested that morphosyntactic complexity modulates both the level of impairment and the effect of priming for these grammatical structures.
Infants' use of gaze direction to cue attention: The importance of perceived motion

Three experiments were carried out with 4 to 5-month-old infants using the eye gaze cueing paradigm of Hood, Willen, and Driver (1998). Experiment 1 replicated the previous finding that infants are faster to make saccades to peripheral targets cued by the direction of eye gaze of a central face. However, the results of Experiment 2, in which the pupils of the stimulus face stayed still while the face was displaced to the same extent as the pupils in Experiment 1, revealed that under these conditions infants were cued by direction of motion rather than by eye gaze. This conclusion was confirmed by the results of Experiment 3 in which the cueing effect was not obtained under conditions similar to those in Experiment 1, except that there was no apparent movement of the pupils. Taken together, the last two experiments suggest that directed motion may be an important contributor to the cueing effects observed following shifts of eye gaze.
Impairment of teacher efficiency during extended sessions of test correction

SUMMARY The relationship between monotonous work, mental fatigue, and reduction in efficiency has been discussed at length in the literature. This paper examines a theory, based on the interactions revealed in those studies, that uninterrupted examination of a large number of tests over an extended period of time, leads to inconsistency in grading. Three specialists judged typed compositions of seventh-grade pupils, and independently awarded the grade of 80% to 31 papers. These compositions were submitted to 60 female teachers. Each teacher received all 31 papers, stacked in one of three different, randomly arranged sequences. The subjects, unaware of the earlier review, were asked to read the compositions in one sitting and in the order in which they were stacked, and to assign a grade. There was no communication between teachers in the project with regard to the task. The variable found to contribute significantly to the grading pattern was the order in which the essays were arranged. The first tests received lower grades, on average, than those awarded by the specialists. As the teachers worked their way through the stack, the grades gradually rose, and eventually exceeded those given by the specialists. The discrepancy between the mean evaluation of the first papers and last papers in the pile was approximately 10%. Teacher seniority and other variables tested did not contribute significantly to the process.