Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of GABA Release through Endogenous Activation of Axonal GABAA Receptors in Juvenile Cerebellum

Recent evidence indicates the presence of presynaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in the axon domain of several classes of central neurons, including cerebellar basket and stellate cells. Here, we investigate the possibility that these receptors could be activated in the absence of electrical or chemical stimulation. We find that low concentrations of GABA increase the frequency of miniature GABAergic synaptic currents. Submaximal concentrations of a GABAAR blocker, gabazine, decrease both the miniature current frequency and the probability of evoked GABA release. Zolpidem, an agonist of the benzodiazepine binding site, and NO-711 (1-[2-[[(diphenylmethylene)imino]oxy]ethyl]-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid hydrochloride), a blocker of GABA uptake, both increase the frequency of miniature currents. These effects occur up to postnatal day 14, but not later. Immunohistochemistry indicates the presence of α1-containing GABAARs in interneuron presynaptic terminals with a similar age dependence. We conclude that, under resting conditions, axonal GABAARs are significantly activated, that this activation results in enhanced GABA release, and that it can be augmented by increasing the affinity of GABAARs or reducing GABA uptake. Our findings suggest the existence of a positive-feedback mechanism involving presynaptic GABAARs that maintains a high release rate and a high local GABA concentration in the immature cerebellar network.
A Flat Photoionization Rate at 2 ≤ z ≤ 4.2: Evidence for a Stellar-Dominated UV Background and against a Decline of Cosmic Star Formation beyond z ~ 3

We investigate the implications of our measurement of the Lyα forest opacity at redshifts 2 ⩽ z ⩽ 4.2 from a sample of 86 high-resolution quasar spectra for the evolution of the cosmic ultraviolet luminosity density and its sources. The derived hydrogen photoionization rate Γ is remarkably flat over this redshift range, implying an increasing comoving ionizing emissivity with redshift. Because the quasar luminosity function is strongly peaked near z ∼ 2, star-forming galaxies likely dominate the ionizing emissivity at z≳ 3. Our measurement argues against a star formation rate density declining beyond z ∼ 3, in contrast to existing state-of-the-art determinations of the cosmic star formation history from direct galaxy counts. Stellar emission from galaxies therefore likely reionized the universe.
Efficiency aspects in processing of metals with high-repetition-rate ultra-short-pulse lasers

Production time and quality are main concerns in competition of laser technologies in microfabrication with other diverse methods. Ultra-short pulse lasers can offer extraordinary precision on a nanometer scale when laser fluence is close to the ablation threshold. High pulse energies or high repetition rate are usually proposed to be used for an increase in productivity of the system. We discuss experimental and modeling results on effects of both laser and material parameters to the ablation threshold, energy coupling and heating of the workpiece in case of metals. Optimal focusing of the laser beam facilitates an enhancement in the material removal rate but the comparatively large beam spot does not allow achieving a high lateral accuracy. High repetition rate is favorable for the ablation threshold. The threshold decreases with irradiation due to defect formation and modification of the surface causing better energy coupling to material. On the other hand, considerable portion of energy from the laser pulse is converted to heat even when ultra-short pulses are applied. The heat is dissipated in surrounding material causing rise in temperature of the workpiece. Plasma which is formed in picosecond time domain well absorbs laser energy in the whole spectral range and affects an energy coupling to the workpiece. Thermal management of the specimen could be a problem at high repetition rates because of the laser energy wasted in the bulk. Balancing between the rate of energy introduction and accompanying alterations in material and surrounding requires new strategies for effective use of the laser energy.Production time and quality are main concerns in competition of laser technologies in microfabrication with other diverse methods. Ultra-short pulse lasers can offer extraordinary precision on a nanometer scale when laser fluence is close to the ablation threshold. High pulse energies or high repetition rate are usually proposed to be used for an increase in productivity of the system. We discuss experimental and modeling results on effects of both laser and material parameters to the ablation threshold, energy coupling and heating of the workpiece in case of metals. Optimal focusing of the laser beam facilitates an enhancement in the material removal rate but the comparatively large beam spot does not allow achieving a high lateral accuracy. High repetition rate is favorable for the ablation threshold. The threshold decreases with irradiation due to defect formation and modification of the surface causing better energy coupling to material. On the other hand, considerable portion of energy from the laser.
Ribosomal stress activates eEF2K–eEF2 pathway causing translation elongation inhibition and recruitment of Terminal Oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs on polysomes

The synthesis of adequate amounts of ribosomes is an essential task for the cell. It is therefore not surprising that regulatory circuits exist to organize the synthesis of ribosomal components. It has been shown that defect in ribosome biogenesis (ribosomal stress) induces apoptosis or cell cycle arrest through activation of the tumor suppressor p53. This mechanism is thought to be implicated in the pathophysiology of a group of genetic diseases such as Diamond Blackfan Anemia which are called ribosomopathies. We have identified an additional response to ribosomal stress that includes the activation of eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 kinase with a consequent inhibition of translation elongation. This leads to a translational reprogramming in the cell that involves the structurally defined group of messengers called terminal oligopyrimidine (TOP) mRNAs which encode ribosomal proteins and translation factors. In fact, while general protein synthesis is decreased by the impairment of elongation, TOP mRNAs are recruited on polysomes causing a relative increase in the synthesis of TOP mRNA-encoded proteins compared to other proteins. Therefore, in response to ribosomal stress, there is a change in the translation pattern of the cell which may help restore a sufficient level of ribosomes.
Asymptotics of poisson approximation to random discrete distributions: an analytic approach

A general analytic scheme for Poisson approximation to discrete distributions is studied in which the asymptotic behaviours of the generalized total variation, Fortet-Mourier (or Wasserstein), Kolmogorov and Matusita (or Hellinger) distances are explicitly characterized. Applications of this result include many number-theoretic functions and combinatorial structures. Our approach differs from most of the existing ones in the literature and is easily amended for other discrete approximations; arithmetic and combinatorial examples for Bessel approximation are also presented. A unified approach is developed for deriving uniform estimates for probability generating functions of the number of components in general decomposable combinatorial structures, with or without analytic continuation outside their circles of convergence.
Stimulus Predictability Reduces Responses in Primary Visual Cortex

In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study we tested whether the predictability of stimuli affects responses in primary visual cortex (V1). The results of this study indicate that visual stimuli evoke smaller responses in V1 when their onset or motion direction can be predicted from the dynamics of surrounding illusory motion. We conclude from this finding that the human brain anticipates forthcoming sensory input that allows predictable visual stimuli to be processed with less neural activation at early stages of cortical processing.
Mapping of retinal projections in the living rat using high‐resolution 3D gradient‐echo MRI with Mn2+‐induced contrast

This study describes the neuroaxonal tracing of the visual pathway in the living rat using high‐resolution T1‐weighted 3D gradient‐echo MRI (195 × 195 × 125 μm3) at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h after intraocular Mn2+ injection (0.1 μl of 1 M aqueous MnCl2). Best results were obtained at 24 h postinjection, revealing a continuous pattern of anterograde labeling from the retina, optic nerve, and chiasm to the contralateral optic tract, the dorsal and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, the superior colliculus and its brachium, the olivary pretectal nucleus, the nucleus of the optic tract, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. These results underline the feasibility of repeated MRI tract tracing in living animals after a single injection of Mn2+. The approach is expected to advance studies of neuroaxonal function in behaving animals with special emphasis on applications in developmental neurobiology. Magn Reson Med 46:424–429, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual vs. Collective Bargaining in the Large Firm Search Model

We analyze the welfare and employment effects of different wage bargaining regimes. Within the large firm search model, we show that collective bargaining affects employment via two channels. Collective bargaining exerts opposing effects on job creation and wage setting. Firms have a stronger incentive for strategic employment, while workers benefit from the threat of a strike. We find that the employment increase due to the strategic motive is dominated by the employment decrease due to the increase in workers' threat point. In aggregate equilibrium, employment is ineciently low under collective bargaining. But it is not always true that equilibrium wages exceed those under individual bargaining. If unemployment benefits are sufficiently low, collectively bargained wages are smaller. The theory sheds new light on policies concerned with strategic employment and the relation between replacement rates and the extent of collective wage bargaining.
Money is memory

This paper examines the sets of feasible allocations in a large class of economic environments in which commitment is impossible (the standard definition of feasibility is adapted to take account of the lack of commitment). The environments feature either memory or money. Memory is defined as knowledge on the part of an agent of the full histories of all agents with whom he has had direct or indirect contact in the past. Money is defined as an object that does not enter preferences or production and is available in fixed supply. The main proposition proves that any allocation that is feasible in an environment with money is also feasible in the same environment with memory. Depending on the environment, the converse may or may not be true. Hence, from a technological point of view, money is equivalent to a primitive form of memory.
Vanishing Cycles and Wild Monodromy

Let K be a complete discrete valuation field of mixed characteristic (0,p) with algebraically closed residue field, and let f: Y --> P^1 be a three-point G-cover defined over K, where G has a cyclic p-Sylow subgroup P. We examine the stable model of f, in particular, the minimal extension K^{st}/K such that the stable model is defined over K^{st}. Our main result is that, if g(Y) \geq 2, the ramification indices of f are prime to p, and |P| = p^n, then the p-Sylow subgroup of Gal(K^{st}/K) has exponent dividing p^{n-1}. This extends work of Raynaud in the case that |P| = p.
Improved GrabCut Segmentation via GMM Optimisation

Semi-automatic segmentation of still images has vast and varied practical applications. Recently, an approach "GrabCut" has managed to successfully build upon earlier approaches based on colour and gradient information in order to address the problem of efficient extraction of a foreground object in a complex environment. In this paper, we extend the GrabCut algorithm further by applying an unsupervised algorithm for modelling the Gaussian Mixtures that are used to define the foreground and background in the segmentation algorithm. We show examples where the optimisation of the GrabCut framework leads to further improvements in performance.
Mining Spam Accounts with User Influence

As the increasing development of online social networks (OSNs), spammers' attentions have been attracted from the traditional email field. Nowadays, advertisements, deception messages, illegal contents are prevalent in all kinds of ONSs. They're propagated from one to another arbitrarily, polluting the Internet environment, and what's more, resulting in a great many of security problems. Some previous works have been proposed to detect spammers according to user properties. The problem is that in order to prevent from being detected, spammers are likely to pretend to be normal, and what's more, some normal users also engage into spam spreading for financial benefits, making detection more difficult. In this paper, we solve the detection problem from the view of user influence. The basic of our work is that since spammers pretend to be normal, their influences should keep step with their normal behaviors. But when a spam campaign is launched, usually in order to influent others, a great many of spammers engaged into propagation, the original poster's influence would get a sudden increase, making him outstanding from the others. In this way, we can distinguish the original spammers and supervise from the root of the propagation tree. Our work is experimented on real data gathered from Weibo and shows inspiring results.
Breaking through Fast-Forwarding: Brand Information and Visual Attention

This research explores how fast-forwarding through commercials alters the visual attention of viewers and how marketers can tailor advertisements to retain effectiveness as digital video recorder usage rises. Building on prior work in visual marketing and perceptual psychology, the authors conduct two eye-tracker studies that show how fast-forwarding viewers pay more attention during commercials, but their attention is heavily limited to the center of the screen. Fast-forwarded advertisements containing brand information at screen center still create brand memory even with a 95% reduction in frames and complete loss of audio, whereas advertisements with brand information located elsewhere are of virtually no value. A third study shows that fast-forwarded commercials containing extensive central brand information can positively affect brand attitude, behavioral intent, and even actual choice behavior. These findings show that marketers can counteract the negative effects of digital video recorders by ensuring that their advertisements are heavily branded and that the branding is centrally located.
Neuronal Interactions Improve Cortical Population Coding of Movement Direction

Interactions among groups of neurons in primary motor cortex (MI) may convey information about motor behavior. We investigated the information carried by interactions in MI of macaque monkeys using a novel multielectrode array to record simultaneously from 12–16 neurons during an arm-reaching task. Pairs of simultaneously recorded cells revealed significant correlations in their trial-to-trial firing rate variation when estimated over broad (600 msec) time intervals. This covariation was only weakly related to the preferred directions of the individual MI neurons estimated from the firing rate and did not vary significantly with interelectrode distance. Most significantly, in a portion of cell pairs, correlation strength varied with the direction of the arm movement. We evaluated to what extent correlated activity provided additional information about movement direction beyond that available in single neuron firing rate. A multivariate statistical model successfully classified direction from single trials of neural data. However, classification was consistently better when correlations were incorporated into the model as compared to one in which neurons were treated as independent encoders. Information-theoretic analysis demonstrated that interactions caused by correlated activity carry additional information about movement direction beyond that based on the firing rates of independently acting neurons. These results also show that cortical representations incorporating higher order features of population activity would be richer than codes based solely on firing rate, if such information can exploited by the nervous system.
Northern Hemispheric Trends of Pressure Indices and Atmospheric Circulation Patterns in Observations, Reconstructions, and Coupled GCM Simulations

Abstract The decadal trend behavior of the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation is investigated utilizing long-term simulations with different state-of-the-art coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for present-day climate conditions (1990), reconstructions of the past 500 yr, and observations. The multimodel simulations show that strong positive winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) trends are connected with the underlying sea surface temperature (SST) and exhibit an SST tripole trend pattern and a northward shift of the storm-track tail. Strong negative winter trends of the Aleutian low are associated with SST changes in the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region and a westward shift of the storm track in the North Pacific. The observed simultaneous appearance of strong positive NAO and negative Aleutian low trends is very unlikely to occur by chance in the unforced simulations and reconstructions. The positive winter NAO trend of the last 50 yr is not statistically different from the le.
Exact solution of the quantum Calogero–Gaudin system and of its q deformation

A complete set of commuting observables for the Calogero–Gaudin system is diagonalized, and the explicit form of the corresponding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is derived. We use a purely algebraic procedure exploiting the coalgebra invariance of the model; with the proper technical modifications this procedure can be applied to the q-deformed version of the model, which is then also exactly solved.
Quantifying the Impact of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Maternal Weight and Race on Birthweight via Quantile Regression

Background Quantile regression, a robust semi-parametric approach, was used to examine the impact of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) across birthweight quantiles with a focus on maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG). Methods Using linked birth certificate, inpatient hospital and prenatal claims data we examined live singleton births to non-Hispanic white (NHW, 135,119) and non-Hispanic black (NHB, 76,675) women in South Carolina who delivered 28–44 weeks gestation in 2004–2008. Results At a maternal BMI of 30 kg/m2 at the 90th quantile of birthweight, exposure to GDM was associated with birthweights 84 grams (95% CI 57, 112) higher in NHW and 132 grams (95% CI: 104, 161) higher in NHB. Results at the 50th quantile were 34 grams (95% CI: 17, 51) and 78 grams (95% CI: 56, 100), respectively. At a maternal GWG of 13.5 kg at the 90th quantile of birthweight, exposure to GDM was associated with birthweights 83 grams (95% CI: 57, 109) higher in NHW and 135 grams (95% CI: 103, 167) higher in NHB. Results at the 50th quantile were 55 grams (95% CI: 40, 71) and 69 grams (95% CI: 46, 92), respectively. Summary Our findings indicate that GDM, maternal prepregnancy BMI and GWG increase birthweight more in NHW and NHB infants who are already at the greatest risk of macrosomia or being large for gestational age (LGA), that is those at the 90th rather than the median of the birthweight distribution.
Nuclear Na+/K+-ATPase plays an active role in nucleoplasmic Ca2+ homeostasis

Summary Na+/K+-ATPase, an integral membrane protein, has been studied for over a half century with respect to its transporter function in the plasma membrane, where it expels three Na+ ions from the cell in exchange for two K+ ions. In this study, we demonstrate a functioning Na+/K+-ATPase within HEK293 cell nuclei. This subcellular localization was confirmed by western blotting, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of the nuclear membrane fraction, immunocytochemistry and delivery of fluorescently tagged Na+/K+-ATPase &agr;- and &bgr;-subunits. In addition, we observed an overlap between nuclear Na+/K+-ATPase and Na/Ca-exchanger (NCX) when nuclei were immunostained with commercially available Na+/K+-ATPase and NCX antibodies, suggesting a concerted physiological coupling between these transporters. In keeping with this, we observed an ATP-dependent, strophanthidin-sensitive Na+ flux into the nuclear envelope (NE) lumen loaded with the Na-sensitive dye, CoroNa-Green. Analogous experiments using Fluo-5N, a low affinity Ca2+ indicator, demonstrated a similar ATP-dependent and strophanthidin-sensitive Ca2+ flux into the NE lumen. Our results reveal an intracellular physiological role for the coordinated efforts of the Na+/K+-ATPase and NCX to actively remove Ca2+ from the nucleoplasm into the NE lumen (i.e. the nucleoplasmic reticulum).
Effect of Human Capital on the Entrepreneurship Gender Gap

The presence of a gender gap in entrepreneurship has been well studied in previous literature. There are various contributing factors, including differences in human capital, which has been reviewed less so than social capital. Through a career survey of Wharton MBAs, this research paper 1) examines the presence of an entrepreneurship gender gap; 2) identifies human capital variables that predict entry into entrepreneurship; and 3) determines whether or not there is a human capital gender gap. The results showed both an entrepreneurship and human capital gender gap. Furthermore, experience working at small companies, more years of experience, and experience in finance-related industries were found to be good predictors of entry. Overall, the human capital predictor model explained 6.4% of the variability of entry into entrepreneurship. Though applicability is limited due to the biases of the sample, there are tangible implications for decreasing the entrepreneurship gender gap.
Introduction to Special Issue: Misdemeanor Justice Project—A Focus on Criminal Justice System Responses to Lower Level Offenses

To date, the enforcement of lower level offenses and the criminal justice system’s response to these enforcement actions has received little scholarly attention. To address this gap in scientific research, the Misdemeanor Justice Project (MJP) commissioned nine scholarly papers focused on criminal justice responses to lower level offenses. Each of the papers in this volume is guided by one of four overarching themes, including officer discretion; the impact of lower level enforcement on individuals, communities, and institutions; pretrial detention and diversion; and court processing and legal representation. As a collection, these papers serve as a launching pad for the development of a body of research in a critical and opaque area of our criminal justice system as well as highlight areas for future research.