Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lower Bounds for Exact Model Counting and Applications in Probabilistic Databases

The best current methods for exactly computing the number of satisfying assignments, or the satisfying probability, of Boolean formulas can be seen, either directly or indirectly, as building 'decision-DNNF' (decision decomposable negation normal form) representations of the input Boolean formulas. Decision-DNNFs are a special case of 'd-DNNF's where 'd' stands for 'deterministic'. We show that any decision-DNNF can be converted into an equivalent 'FBDD' (free binary decision diagram) -- also known as a 'read-once branching program' (ROBP or 1-BP) -- with only a quasipolynomial increase in representation size in general, and with only a polynomial increase in size in the special case of monotone k-DNF formulas. Leveraging known exponential lower bounds for FBDDs, we then obtain similar exponential lower bounds for decision-DNNFs which provide lower bounds for the recent algorithms. We also separate the power of decision-DNNFs from d-DNNFs and a generalization of decision-DNNFs known as AND-FBDDs. Finally we show how these imply exponential lower bounds for natural problems associated with probabilistic databases.
Differences in cannabis-related experiences between patients with a first episode of psychosis and controls

Background Many studies have reported that cannabis use increases the risk of a first episode of psychosis (FEP). However, only a few studies have investigated the nature of cannabis-related experiences in FEP patients, and none has examined whether these experiences are similar in FEP and general populations. The aim of this study was to explore differences in self-reported cannabis experiences between FEP and non-psychotic populations. Method A total of 252 subjects, who met International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 criteria for FEP, and 217 controls who reported cannabis use were selected from the Genetics and Psychosis (GAP) study. The Medical Research Council Social Schedule and the Cannabis Experience Questionnaire were used to collect sociodemographic data and cannabis use information, respectively. Results Both ‘bad’ and ‘enjoyable’ experiences were more commonly reported by FEP subjects than controls. Principal components factor analysis identified four components which explained 62.3% of the variance. Linear regression analysis on the whole sample showed that the type of cannabis used and beliefs about the effect of cannabis on health all contributed to determining the intensity and frequency of experiences. Linear regression analysis on FEP subjects showed that the duration of cannabis use and amount of money spent on cannabis were strongly related to the intensity and frequency of enjoyable experiences in this population. Conclusions These results suggest a higher sensitivity to cannabis effects among people who have suffered their first psychotic episode; this hypersensitivity results in them reporting both more ‘bad’ and ‘enjoyable’ experiences. The greater enjoyment experienced may provide an explanation of why FEP patients are more likely to use cannabis and to continue to use it despite experiencing an exacerbation of their psychotic symptoms.
Westernization of dietary patterns among young Japanese and Polish females -- a comparison study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Nowadays, the process of the westernization of eating habits is perceived to be one of the main causes of epidemics of civilization diseases, such as metabolic syndrome. The aim of the study was to assess the westernization of eating habits among 100 Japanese (aged 18-23 years) and 111 Polish female students (aged 19-25 years) of nutrition science related faculties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Food-frequency questionnaires were used to assess a dietary pattern during the four seasons of a one-year investigation. Data obtained in each season was pooled. The frequency of consumption of different foods (servings/week) between the two countries was compared and characterization of the dietary patterns of both studied populations was analyzed by factor analysis. RESULTS When food consumption between the two countries was compared, apart from total meat and meat products and high-energy drink intake, significant differences were observed in all foods and food groups. Three dietary patterns were identified in both groups. Among Japanese participants, the first pattern was 'traditional Japanese', the second 'sweets and beverages', and the third 'Western', explaining 9.0%, 8.5% and 6.4% of the total variance, respectively. Among Polish participants, the first pattern was 'prudent', the second 'Western', and the third 'sweets and alcoholic beverages', explaining 8.2%, 7.7%, 6.4% of the total variance, respectively. Although the 'Western' dietary pattern was found in both groups, there were some differences in the remaining dietary patterns between the two countries. CONCLUSIONS In the Japanese participants, significant cultural influences on habitual food intake could still be observed, and the extent of diet westernization seems to be smaller compared to the Polish participants.
Characterization and Performance Prediction of Cement-Based Materials Using a Simple Isothermal Calorimeter

In the present study, early-age heat evolution of over 120 mortar mixes was monitored for 24 hours after mixing using a simple isothermal calorimetry device. This paper describes the processes of calorimetric characterization and performance prediction of these mortar materials. The features of the heat evaluation curves obtained from the calorimetry tests and the effects of the mortar materials, mix proportions, and curing conditions on the heat evaluation curves were studied. A derivative method was employed for exemplifying the physical changes in the tested materials from the heat evolution curves, and the results were compared with set times from ASTM C403 tests. The study indicates that the simple calorimetry technique can be used to flag changes in cementitious materials, pre-screen concrete materials and/or mix design, identify incompatibility of cementitious materials, and forecast setting time and early-age strength.
Depressive Symptoms and Problematic Internet Use Among Adolescents: Analysis of the Longitudinal Relationships from the Cognitive-Behavioral Model

Problematic Internet use-frequently called Internet addiction or compulsive use-represents an increasingly widespread problem among adolescents. The objective of this study was to analyze the temporal and reciprocal relations between the presence of depressive symptoms and various components of problematic Internet use (i.e., the preference for online relationships, use of the Internet for mood regulation, deficient self-regulation, and the manifestation of negative outcomes). Consequently, a longitudinal design was employed with two times separated by a 1 year interval. The sample consisted of 699 adolescents (61.1% girls) between 13 and 17 years of age. The results indicated that depressive symptoms at time 1 predicted an increase in preference for online relationships, mood regulation, and negative outcomes after 1 year. In turn, negative outcomes at time 1 predicted an increase in depressive symptoms at time 2. These results entail several practical implications for the design of prevention programs and the treatment of problematic Internet use.
The generation mechanisms of acoustic emission in metal cutting

The objective of the present thesis is the investigation of the generation mechanism of the ultrasonic vibrations, commonly called acoustic emissions (AE), detected during the course of metal cutting, since, although quite a lot of research effort has been put into the use of AE to monitor metal cutting condition, the mechanism by which AE is generated is still not fully understood. If chip generation is continuous, without built-up edge, and a sharp tool is used, continuoustype AE is normally assumed. Most published models relate the energy of AE to the total cutting power, but this can be shown to be rather incorrect. Consequently, as continuous-type AE is mostly generated due to plastic deformation, and as dislocation motion is the main mechanism of plastic deformation of metals, a relationship between AE and dislocation motion is developed for the typical plastic deformation regimes encountered in metal cutting (due to the high temperatures, flow stress decreases with temperature in the so-called diffusion controlled regime, and due to the high strain rates, opposing viscous damping becomes the dominant mechanism governing dislocation movement). Although viscous damping governs the mechanics of deformation in metal cutting, it is proposed that AE is generated due to the interaction between dislocations and obstacles, since as a dislocation approaches an obstacle, strain energy is stored, which is rapidly released as soon as the dislocation surmounts the obstacle, resulting in the emission of an AE event. The detected AE is a result of many consequential likewise events. Consequently, a qualitative original model of AE generation is developed, in which the energetic level of AE is predicted to increase with strain and strain rate, but decrease with temperature, and the frequency content of AE is predicted to increase with strain rate, decrease with temperature, and remain unchanged with strain. In order to access the validity of the above-mentioned model, two sets of metal cutting experiments were accomplished for four different work materials, in which the cutting conditions were varied over a wide range, and the workpiece temperature was artificially modified. Both energy and frequency information were computed from the experimental data using the most appropriate data processing technics, i.e. AE mode and mean frequency, respectively. In addition, a semi-empirical metal cutting theory was utilized to predict basic metal cutting parameters. As the experimental results are in close agreement with the predictions provided by the qualitative model, it is concluded that the main source of AE in metal cutting comes from the interaction of moving dislocations with obstacles, whose dynamics is, however, dictated by viscous damping.
Output Feedback Regulation of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems With Stochastic iISS Inverse Dynamics

This paper develops a unifying framework for output feedback regulation of stochastic nonlinear systems with more general stochastic inverse dynamics. The contributions of this work are characterized by the following novel features: (1) Motivated by the concept of integral input-to-state stability (iISS) in deterministic systems and stochastic input-to-state stability (SISS) using Lyapunov function in stochastic systems, a concept of stochastic integral input-to-state stability (SiISS) using Lyapunov function is first introduced, two important properties of SiISS are obtained: (i) SiISS is strictly weaker than SISS using Lyapunov function; (ii) SiISS is stronger than the minimum-phase property. However, only under the minimum-phase assumption, there is no dynamic output feedback control law for global stabilization in probability. (2) Almost sure boundedness, a reasonable and stronger concept than boundedness in probability, is introduced. The purpose of introducing the concept is to prove the boundedness and convergence of some signals in the closed-loop control system. (3) Some important mathematical tools which play an essential role in the boundedness and convergence analysis of the closed-loop system are established. (4) A unifying framework is proposed to design a dynamic output feedback control law, which drives the states to the origin almost surely while maintaining all the closed-loop signals bounded almost surely.
Use of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Support Topical Skin Adhesive for Wound Closure: A Preliminary Report from Animal In Vivo Study

The aim of this study was to determine the local and systemic effects of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) as a component of topical skin adhesive in an animal artificial wound closure model. In presented study the cosmetic effects, histological analysis, mechanical properties, and cell migration have been assessed to evaluate the usefulness of ADSCs as supporting factor for octyl blend cyanoacrylate adhesive. The total of 40 rats were used and divided into six groups. In the Study Group, ADSCs were administered by multipoint injection of the six surrounding intrawound areas with additional freely leaving procedure of the cells between the skin flaps just before applying adhesive to close the wound. Five control groups without using ADSCs, utilizing different types of standard wound closure, were created in order to check efficiency of experimental stem cell therapy. In our study, we proved that ADSCs could be used effectively also as a supportive tool in topical skin adhesive for wound closure. However we did not achieve any spectacular differences related to such aspects as better mechanical properties or special biological breakthroughs in wound healing properties. The use of stem cells, especially ADSCs for wound closure can provide an inspiring development in plastic and dermatologic surgery.
Hydrolysis of residual starch from sago pith residue and its fermentation to bioethanol

Utilisation of sago pith residue (SPR) for fermentable sugar production using both acid and enzymatic hydrolysis was studied. In acid hydrolysis, the effect of solid and acid concentrations, temperature and reaction time was optimised. The effect of enzyme dosage was studied on enzymatic hydrolysis of SPR. Higher yield and conversion of 0.73 g g-1 (96% conversion) was achieved by treating 6% (w v-1) of SPR with 1% (v v-1) H2SO4 at 125°C for 90 min as compared to 0.61 g g-1 (79% conversion) using 40 U g-1 biomass of Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase incubated at 60°C and pH4 for 48 h. The fermentation of acid hydrolysate of SPR demonstrated that high ethanol yield of 98% can be achieved without supplementation of nitrogen and nutrients. The complete process showed that 470 L of bioethanol could be produced from 1 tonne of SPR. This figure makes SPR an ideal raw material for bio-conversion into bioethanol or other value-added products.
Skin-Stiffener Debond Prediction Based on Computational Fracture Analysis

Interlaminar fracture mechanics has proven useful for characterizing the onset of delaminations in composites and has been used with limited success primarily to investigate onset in fracture toughness specimens and laboratory size coupon type specimens. Future acceptance of the methodology by industry and certification authorities however, requires the successful demonstration of the methodology on structural level. For this purpose a panel was selected that is reinforced with stringers. Shear loading causes the panel to buckle and the resulting out-of-plane deformations initiate skin/stringer separation at the location of an embedded defect. For finite element analysis, the panel and surrounding load fixture were modeled with shell elements. A small section of the stringer foot and the panel in the vicinity of the embedded defect were modeled with a local 3D solid model. Across the width of the stringer foot the mixed-mode strain energy release rates were calculated using the virtual crack closure technique. A failure index was calculated by correlating the results with the mixed-mode failure criterion of the graphite/epoxy material. For small applied loads the failure index is well below one across the entire width. With increasing load the failure index approaches one first near the edge of the stringer foot from which delamination is expected to grow. With increasing delamination lengths the buckling pattern of the panel changes and the failure index increases which suggests that rapid delamination growth from the initial defect is to be expected.
Genetic differentiation across the social transition in a socially polymorphic sweat bee, Halictus rubicundus

Eusociality is widely considered a major evolutionary transition. The socially polymorphic sweat bee Halictus rubicundus, solitary in cooler regions of its Holarctic range and eusocial in warmer parts, is an excellent model organism to address this transition, and specifically the question of whether sociality is associated with a strong barrier to gene flow between phenotypically divergent populations. Mitochondrial DNA (COI) from specimens collected across the British Isles, where both solitary and social phenotypes are represented, displayed limited variation, but placed all specimens in the same European lineage; haplotype network analysis failed to differentiate solitary and social lineages. Microsatellite genetic variability was high and enabled us to quantify genetic differentiation among populations and social phenotypes across Great Britain and Ireland. Results from conceptually different analyses consistently showed greater genetic differentiation between geographically distant populations, independently of their social phenotype, suggesting that the two social forms are not reproductively isolated. A landscape genetic approach revealed significant isolation by distance (Mantel test r = 0.622, P < 0.001). The Irish Sea acts as physical barrier to gene flow (partial Mantel test r = 0.453, P < 0.01), indicating that geography, rather than expression of solitary or social behaviour (partial Mantel test r = −0.238, P = 0.053), had a significant effect on the genetic structure of H. rubicundus across the British Isles. Although we cannot reject the hypothesis of a genetic underpinning to differences in solitary and eusocial phenotypes, our data clearly demonstrate a lack of reproductive isolation between the two social forms.
No evidence for an association between the 5‐hydroxytryptamine 5‐HT2a receptor gene and schizophrenia in Kuwaiti Arabs

Abstract The prevalence of T102C polymorphism of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine 5‐HT2a receptor gene has been investigated using a polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method in 80 Kuwaiti Arabs with schizophrenia and in 109 normal healthy controls with a similar ethnic background. There was no significant difference in the frequency of T102 polymorphism in the Kuwaiti cohort of schizophrenia patients and the controls (P = 0.23). The data from Kuwaiti Arabs (although our sample size is relatively small) support the findings from some other populations (Caucasians, Japanese), in which a lack of association has been found between T102C polymorphism and the onset of schizophrenia.
A similarity measure for biological signals : new applications to HRV analysis

In this paper we introduce and discuss a similarity distance function between symbolic strings recently introduced in [24]. Application to phylogenetic tree construction and HRV analysis are considered. PACS number(s): 87.10. +e, 87.14. Gg, 87.19. Hh, 89.70. +c, 05.10. -a
The heparins: all a nephrologist should know.

For decades, the use of unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been the basic principle of anticoagulation in patients at risk of or with established thromboembolic disorders. Nowadays, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are increasingly used in this setting, because they are as effective but more convenient than UFH. The advantages of LMWHs include a longer elimination half-life, a lower incidence of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT-II), a lower risk of osteopenia and a more predictable anticoagulant effect that reduces the need for routine laboratory monitoring. Major clinical trials have demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy in patients with acute coronary syndrome or venous thromboembolism compared with UFH [1–3]. However, most trials excluded subjects at risk for unpredictable pharmacokinetics such as the severely obese, the very elderly and patients suffering from chronic kidney disease stage IV and V. In renal failure, the elimination half-life of all LMWHs is significantly prolonged. Thus, severe and even fatal bleeding complications have been reported after unadjusted dosing [4–8]. Although the use of these agents is not strictly contraindicated in patients with advanced renal failure, there are currently no data indicating superior efficacy and safety compared with UFH. It is therefore essential to know the relevant data concerning the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of different heparins in order to render an individual decision in patients at risk of bleeding. In the following, we summarize the main information for the nephrologist to know.
Myocardial Titin Hypophosphorylation Importantly Contributes to Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction in a Rat Metabolic Risk Model

Background—Obesity and diabetes mellitus are important metabolic risk factors and frequent comorbidities in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. They contribute to myocardial diastolic dysfunction (DD) through collagen deposition or titin modification. The relative importance for myocardial DD of collagen deposition and titin modification was investigated in obese, diabetic ZSF1 rats after heart failure with preserved ejection fraction development at 20 weeks. Methods and Results—Four groups of rats (Wistar-Kyoto, n=11; lean ZSF1, n=11; obese ZSF1, n=11, and obese ZSF1 with high-fat diet, n=11) were followed up for 20 weeks with repeat metabolic, renal, and echocardiographic evaluations and hemodynamically assessed at euthanization. Myocardial collagen, collagen cross-linking, titin isoforms, and phosphorylation were also determined. Resting tension (Fpassive)–sarcomere length relations were obtained in small muscle strips before and after KCl–KI treatment, which unanchors titin and allows contributions of titin and extracellular matrix to Fpassive to be discerned. At 20 weeks, the lean ZSF1 group was hypertensive, whereas both obese ZSF1 groups were hypertensive and diabetic. Only the obese ZSF1 groups had developed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, which was evident from increased lung weight, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular DD. The underlying myocardial DD was obvious from high muscle strip stiffness, which was largely (±80%) attributable to titin hypophosphorylation. The latter occurred specifically at the S3991 site of the elastic N2Bus segment and at the S12884 site of the PEVK segment. Conclusions—Obese ZSF1 rats developed heart failure with preserved ejection fraction during a 20-week time span. Titin hypophosphorylation importantly contributed to the underlying myocardial DD.
The Magic of Words Reconsidered: Investigating the Automaticity of Reading Color-Neutral Words in the Stroop Task

In 2 variants of the color-word Stroop task, we compared 5 types of color-neutral distractors—real words (e.g., HAT), pseudowords (e.g., HIX), consonant strings (e.g., HDK), symbol strings (e.g., #$%), and a row of Xs (e.g., XXX)—as well as incongruent color words (e.g., GREEN displayed in red). When participants named the color, relative to a row of Xs, words and pseudowords interfered equally and more than the consonant strings, which in turn interfered more than the symbols. In contrast, when participants identified the color by manual key-press responses, all 5 types of neutral strings produced equal color response latencies. In both tasks, the incongruent color words produced robust interference relative to the color-neutral words. Reaction time (RT) distribution analyses showed that all interference effects (relative to the row of Xs) increased across the quantiles. We interpret these results in terms of an evidence accumulation process in which the interfering distractor reduces the effective rate of evidence accumulation for the color target. We take the results to argue that the task of reading, even when triggered unintentionally, is not an invariant process driven solely by the stimulus properties, and is instead guided by the task goal.