Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Irish famine of 1740–1741: famine vulnerability and "climate migration"

Abstract. The "Great Frost" of 1740 was one of the coldest winters of the eighteenth century and impacted many countries all over Europe. The years 1740–1741 have long been known as a period of general crisis caused by harvest failures, high prices for staple foods, and excess mortality. Vulnerabilities, coping capacities and adaptation processes varied considerably among different countries. This paper investigates the famine of 1740–1741 in Ireland applying a multi-indicator model developed specifically for the integration of an analysis of pre-famine vulnerability, the Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model (FVAM). Our focus is on Ireland, because famine has played a more outstanding role in Irish national history than in any other European country, due to the "Great Famine" of 1845–1852 and its long-term demographic effects. Our analysis shows that Ireland was already particularly vulnerable to famine in the first half of the eighteenth century. During and after the experience of hardship in 1740–1741, many Irish moved within Ireland or left the country entirely. We regard migration as a form of adaptation and argue that Irish migration in 1740–1741 should be considered as a case of climate-induced migration.
TEACHING SPEAKING FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING "THINK PAIR SHARE '

The objective of the research is to know the effectiveness of Think Pair Share for teaching Speaking. This research was conducted at one of Senior High School in Purwokerto. The Research design used is experimental study. The research findings imply that the use of Think Pair Share can motivate students speaking competen than those taught using discussion. In learning speaking, the common problem faced by the syudents is how to explore their idea. Through this technique students will think first about the topic, then they can explore their ideasby asking some one opinion, and at the end they can share with anothe group confidently since they have already make some discussion with their team. By implementing Think Pair Share, the students will have enough time to speak both in pair and in group. By doing Think Pair Share students will be motivated in learning English especially in speaking activity. It also improves and keeps the cooperation. The used of Think Pair Share is strongly suggested since, the students not only getting a better result of their speaking, but also enlarging students vocabulary. Students are motivated to do the speaking activity through this technique. This method will give the students time to practice the target language and to reflect themselves. The students will be very active, busy, and challenged to deliver their idea and practice comprehenshively. Key words: Think Pair Share, effective, Speaking
Quantifier float and structure dependence in child Japanese

ABSTRACT This study experimentally investigates whether Japanese-speaking children around the age of 4 conform to a structural constraint on Quantifier Float. After pointing out a potential confound in a previous study by Otsu (1994), I report the results of my own experiment, in which this confound in the experimental design is eliminated. The results of this new experiment confirm that the relevant structural constraint is indeed in the grammar of Japanese-speaking preschool children as suggested by Otsu, which in turn provides cross-linguistic support for previous findings regarding preschool children’s adherence to structure dependence.
Low-melting-point polymeric nanoshells for thermal-triggered drug release under hyperthermia condition

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this paper was to synthesise core-shell nanostructures comprised of mesoporous silica core and a low melting-point polyethylene glycol (PEG) nanoshell with a sharp gel–liquid phase transition for rapid drug release at hyperthermia temperature range. Materials and methods: The phase transition behaviours of PEGs with molecular weights of 1000, 1500, and 2000 Da were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to determine the optimal formulation with phase transition in the hyperthermia range. The ‘graft-to’ method was employed to synthesise core–shell nanostructures using the selected PEG formulation. The drug loading and release behaviours of these nanocarriers were examined by ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) using doxorubicin as a model drug. Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) was also applied as a typical thermal modality to evaluate the rate of drug release from the core-shell nanostructures. Results: The PEG molecular weight of 1500 Da presented the optimal phase transition temperature for thermal-triggered release under hyperthermia conditions. Drug release measurements at different temperatures using UV-Vis methods showed a 20.2 ± 4.3% leakage in aqueous solution at 37 °C after 30 min, while this value was significantly increased to 68.2 ± 3.7% at 50 °C. A 45.5 ± 3.1% drug release was also obtained after sonication of the drug-loaded nanoparticles for 5 × 20 s using MRgFUS. Conclusion: Although the ratio of drug leakage at physiological temperatures was relatively high, the sharp transition temperature, high loading efficiency, and fast drug release at hyperthermia temperature range could make these core-shell nanoparticles prominent for enhancing the efficacy of various hyperthermia modalities in the treatment of cancer tumours.
Serum Concentrations of Antibodies Against Vaccine Toxoids in Children Exposed Perinatally to Immunotoxicants

Background Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may cause immunotoxic effects, but the detailed dose–response relationship and possible vulnerable time windows of exposure are uncertain. In this study we applied serum concentrations of specific antibodies against childhood vaccines as sentinels of immunotoxicity. Objectives The main objective was to assess the possible dependence of antibody concentrations against diphtheria and tetanus toxoids in children with regard to prenatal and postnatal PCB exposures. Methods From a cohort of 656 singleton births formed in the Faroe Islands during 1999–2001, children were invited for examination with assessment of serum antibody concentrations at 5 years (before and after a booster vaccination) and at 7 years of age. Total PCB concentrations were determined in serum from ages 5 and 7 years, and data were also available on PCB concentrations in maternal pregnancy serum, maternal milk, and, for a subgroup, the child’s serum at 18 months of age. Results A total of 587 children participated in the examinations at ages 5 and/or 7 years. At age 5 years, before the booster vaccination, the antidiphtheria antibody concentration was inversely associated with PCB concentrations in milk and 18-month serum. Results obtained 2 years later showed an inverse association of concentrations of antibodies against both toxoids with PCB concentrations at 18 months of age. The strongest associations suggested a decrease in the antibody concentration by about 20% for each doubling in PCB exposure. At age 5 years, the odds of an antidiphtheria antibody concentration below a clinically protective level of 0.1 IU/L increased by about 30% for a doubling in PCB in milk and 18-month serum. Conclusions Developmental PCB exposure is associated with immunotoxic effects on serum concentrations of specific antibodies against diphtheria and tetanus vaccinations. The immune system development during the first years of life appears to be particularly vulnerable to this exposure.
Correlated Inter-Domain Motions in Adenylate Kinase

Correlated inter-domain motions in proteins can mediate fundamental biochemical processes such as signal transduction and allostery. Here we characterize at structural level the inter-domain coupling in a multidomain enzyme, Adenylate Kinase (AK), using computational methods that exploit the shape information encoded in residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) measured under steric alignment by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). We find experimental evidence for a multi-state equilibrium distribution along the opening/closing pathway of Adenylate Kinase, previously proposed from computational work, in which inter-domain interactions disfavour states where only the AMP binding domain is closed. In summary, we provide a robust experimental technique for study of allosteric regulation in AK and other enzymes.
PENGARUH SIFAT MACHIAVELLIAN, LOCUS OF CONTROL, DAN EQUITY SENSITIVITY TERHADAP PENGHINDARAN PAJAK DENGAN KEPUTUSAN ETIS SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING

This study aimed to examine the influence of machiavellian behaviour, locus of control, and equity sensitivity on tax avoidance with ethical decision as an intervening variable. The population in this study were taxpayer who doing business and employment free that is registered in the Tax Office Pratama Pekanbaru Senapelan. The sampling method used in this study is convenience sampling method. The sample used in this study were 100 respondents. The hypotheses then tested is multiple linear regression analysis by using SPSS 17.0. The result of this study indicated that (1) machiavellian behaviour has a significant influence on the ethical decision, (2) locus of control has significant effect on the ethical decision, (3) equity sensitivity has not a significant influence on the ethical decision,(4) ethical decision has significant effect on tax avoidance. Keywords: machiavellian, locus of control, equity sensitivity, tax avoidance, and ethical decision.
The Epistemological Challenges of Social Work Intervention Research

We argue that the dominance of an empiricist epistemology in social work research steers much of the research away from studying and explaining the structural forces that cause the conditions of oppression, exploitation, and social exclusion that are at the roots of the social problems addressed by the profession. It does so because it assumes that the research enterprise can be insulated from the broader cultural, socioeconomic, and political forces that inherently slant the research to echo dominant ideologies that celebrate individualism. In contrast, we present the feminist standpoint epistemology, which directs researchers to start from the daily lives and conditions of the oppressed and marginalized. Such strong objectivity leads the researchers to interrogate the structural determinants of the oppressed and marginalized. We propose that it provides a more effective starting point for social work intervention research that supports the mission of the social work profession.
The Relationship Between Sexual Content on Mass Media and Social Media: A Longitudinal Study

The goal of this study was to investigate whether exposure to sexual reality television content and Internet pornography (IP) is related to sexual self-presentation on social media. Based on a two-wave panel survey among 1,765 adolescents aged 13-17 years, we found that watching sexual reality television content stimulated adolescents to produce and distribute sexual images of themselves on social media. In turn, sexual self-presentation on social media led adolescents to watch sexual reality television content more frequently. These relationships were similar among boys and girls. No reciprocal relationship between exposure to IP and boys' and girls' sexual self-presentation on social media was found. The results suggest that sexual content in mainstream mass media may predict adolescents' sexually oriented behavior on social media and vice versa. Moreover, adolescents seem to differentiate between types of sexual content (i.e., mainstream versus more explicit sexual content) when incorporating sexual media content in their sexual behavior online.
Short-term and long-term diagonalization of correlated MIMO channels with adaptive modulation

Theoretical results on MIMO capacity maximization suggest the decoupling of the MIMO channel into independent subchannels with optimum water-filling on these subchannels. Those results inspire the development of real systems that diagonalize the MIMO channel and adaptively control the modulation on each of the resulting subchannels. We study the design of a fully adaptive transmitter, where transmit filtering and adaptive modulation is controlled by short-term as well as long-term channel state information (channel correlation), where the focus is on channels with correlated fading at transmitter and receiver array. To this end, we are motivating the use of long-term channel eigenmodes by capacity-independent considerations. Simulation results confirm the potential of fully adaptive transmit processing.
The Selfie Paradox: Nobody Seems to Like Them Yet Everyone Has Reasons to Take Them. An Exploration of Psychological Functions of Selfies in Self-Presentation

Selfies appear as a double-edged phenomenon. Taking, posting, and viewing selfies has become a daily habit for many. At the same time, research revealed that selfies often evoke criticism and disrespect, and are associated with non-authenticity and narcissism. The present study (N = 238) sheds further light on the somewhat contradictory phenomenon of selfies and their psychological value. In addition to previous studies on selfies and personality traits, the present research explores relations to popular, habitual self-presentation strategies, self-reflections on own and others’ selfie-taking behavior, selfie-related affect, and perceived consequences of selfies, by applying a combination of self-constructed and existing scales [e.g., habitual self-presentation scales (Merzbacher, 2007), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (Watson et al., 1988)]. Our findings confirmed habitual self-presentation strategies as a relevant factor for understanding selfies: Participants scoring high on self-promotion (promoting one’s strength and abilities) and self-disclosure (revealing one’s feelings for earning sympathy) felt especially positive while takings selfies, whereas understatement was correlated with negative feelings. Nevertheless, self-presentational motives were rather attributed to others’ selfies than to own selfies. Moreover, others were assumed to have more fun and positive feelings while taking selfies whereas own selfies were judged as more authentic and self-ironic. Altogether, participants expressed a distanced attitude toward selfies, with stronger agreement for potential negative consequences (threats to self-esteem, illusionary world) than for positive consequences (e.g., relatedness, independence), and a clear preference (82%) for viewing more usual pictures instead of selfies in social media. The revealed selfie-bias, i.e., the systematic discrepancy between judgments on own versus others’ selfies, and the reported critical attitude toward selfies allows multiple interpretations. Taking peoples’ statements literally, selfies should have never become as popular as they actually are. On the other hand, the selfie bias may fulfill a psychological function. Perceiving one’s own selfie behavior as self-ironic and only half-committed, allows to fulfill self-presentational needs without feeling narcissistic. In conclusion, we suggest that the playful and somewhat ambiguous support of self-presentation may be a key factor for the success of selfies. Relations to biases and mechanisms from social psychology, limitations of the present study and implications for future research are discussed.
A Battery Management System using an active charge equalization technique based on a DC/DC converter topology

A novel active charge equalization technique based on a DC/DC converter topology is proposed in this paper. The technique achieves cell balancing of batteries in a stack in terms of both voltage and charge as the pack is being charged/discharged and in idle periods to maximize the energy and reliability of stack operation. A set of MOSFET switches controlled by a voltage monitoring circuit ensures that each battery module has the same output voltage by transferring charge from an individual battery module with the highest voltage to a weak module. An overvoltage and over-discharge protection circuit is presented to reduce the degradation of battery life and to operate each battery within the voltage limits.
A comparison of visuomotor cue integration strategies for object placement and prehension

Abstract Visual cue integration strategies are known to depend on cue reliability and how rapidly the visual system processes incoming information. We investigated whether these strategies also depend on differences in the information demands for different natural tasks. Using two common goal-oriented tasks, prehension and object placement, we determined whether monocular and binocular information influence estimates of three-dimensional (3D) orientation differently depending on task demands. Both tasks rely on accurate 3D orientation estimates, but 3D position is potentially more important for grasping. Subjects placed an object on or picked up a disc in a virtual environment. On some trials, the monocular cues (aspect ratio and texture compression) and binocular cues (e.g., binocular disparity) suggested slightly different 3D orientations for the disc; these conflicts either were present upon initial stimulus presentation or were introduced after movement initiation, which allowed us to quantify how information from the cues accumulated over time. We analyzed the time-varying orientations of subjects’ fingers in the grasping task and those of the object in the object placement task to quantify how different visual cues influenced motor control. In the first experiment, different subjects performed each task, and those performing the grasping task relied on binocular information more when orienting their hands than those performing the object placement task. When subjects in the second experiment performed both tasks in interleaved sessions, binocular cues were still more influential during grasping than object placement, and the different cue integration strategies observed for each task in isolation were maintained. In both experiments, the temporal analyses showed that subjects processed binocular information faster than monocular information, but task demands did not affect the time course of cue processing. How one uses visual cues for motor control depends on the task being performed, although how quickly the information is processed appears to be task invariant.
Ant-Based Clustering and Topographic Mapping

Ant-based clustering and sorting is a nature-inspired heuristic first introduced as a model for explaining two types of emergent behavior observed in real ant colonies. More recently, it has been applied in a data-mining context to perform both clustering and topographic mapping. Early work demonstrated some promising characteristics of the heuristic but did not extend to a rigorous investigation of its capabilities. We describe an improved version, called ATTA, incorporating adaptive, heterogeneous ants, a time-dependent transporting activity, and a method (for clustering applications) that transforms the spatial embedding produced by the algorithm into an explicit partitioning. ATTA is then subjected to the most rigorous experimental evaluation of an ant-based clustering and sorting algorithm undertaken to date: we compare its performance with standard techniques for clustering and topographic mapping using a set of analytical evaluation functions and a range of synthetic and real data collections. Our results demonstrate the ability of ant-based clustering and sorting to automatically identify the number of clusters inherent in a data collection, and to produce high quality solutions; indeed, we show that it is particularly robust for clusters of differing sizes and for overlapping clusters. The results obtained for topographic mapping are, however, disappointing. We provide evidence that the solutions generated by the ant algorithm are barely topology-preserving, and we explain in detail why results havein spite of thisbeen misinterpreted (much more positively) in previous research.
The effects of integrated transformational leadership on achievement

Purpose – Greater understanding about how variables mediate the relationship between leadership and achievement is essential to the success of reform efforts that hold leaders accountable for student learning. The purpose of this paper is to test a model of integrated transformational leadership including three important school mediators. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 5,392 students provided data on student engagement, and 569 teachers provided survey data on principal leadership and the collective teacher efficacy (CTE) and extra effort of their colleagues. Data were analyzed at the school level (n=51) using mediation analysis with the PROCESS macro to calculate the direct and indirect effects of all of the variables in the serial multiple mediator model. Findings – The model explained a significant amount of variance in both reading (38 percent) and mathematics (35 percent). CTE and student engagement mediated all of the leadership effects, demonstrating the importance of teacher and student r.
P53 Arg72Pro and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms cooperate to increase lung adenocarcinoma risk in Chinese female non-smokers: a case control study.

BACKGROUND Cell cycle deregulation is a major component of carcinogenesis. The p53 tumor suppressor gene plays an important role in regulating cell cycle arrest, and mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is a key regulator of p53 activity and degradation. Abnormal expression of p53 and MDM2 occurs in various cancers including lung cancer. METHODS We investigated the distribution of the p53 Arg72Pro (rs1042522) and MDM2 SNP309 (rs2279744) genotypes in patients and healthy control subjects to assess whether these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with an increased risk of lung adenocarcinomas in Chinese female non- smokers. Genotypes of 764 patients and 983 healthy controls were determined using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay. RESULTS The p53 Pro/Pro genotype (adjusted OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.17-2.06) significantly correlated with an increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma, compared with the Arg/Arg genotype. An increased risk was also noted for MDM2 GG genotype (adjusted OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.27-2.21) compared with the TT genotype. Combined p53 Pro/Pro and MDM2 GG genotypes (adjusted OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.54-4.60) had a supermultiplicative interaction with respect to lung adenocarcinoma risk. We also found that cooking oil fumes, fuel smoke, and passive smoking may increase the risk of lung adenocarcinomas in Chinese female non-smokers who carry p53 or MDM2 mutant alleles. CONCLUSIONS P53 Arg72Pro and MDM2 SNP309 polymorphisms, either alone or in combination, are associated with an increased lung adenocarcinoma risk in Chinese female non-smokers.
Human hopping on damped surfaces: strategies for adjusting leg mechanics

Fast–moving legged animals bounce along the ground with spring–like legs and agilely traverse variable terrain. Previous research has shown that hopping and running humans maintain the same bouncing movement of the body's centre of mass on a range of elastic surfaces by adjusting their spring–like legs to exactly offset changes in surface stiffness. This study investigated human hopping on damped surfaces that dissipated up to 72% of the hopper's mechanical energy. On these surfaces, the legs did not act like pure springs. Leg muscles performed up to 24–fold more net work to replace the energy lost by the damped surface. However, considering the leg and surface together, the combination appeared to behave like a constant stiffness spring on all damped surfaces. By conserving the mechanics of the leg–surface combination regardless of surface damping, hoppers also conserved centre–of–mass motions. Thus, the normal bouncing movements of the centre of mass in hopping are not always a direct result of spring–like leg behaviour. Conserving the trajectory of the centre of mass by maintaining spring–like mechanics of the leg–surface combination may be an important control strategy for fast–legged locomotion on variable terrain.