Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nonparametric Part Transfer for Fine-Grained Recognition

In the following paper, we present an approach for fine-grained recognition based on a new part detection method. In particular, we propose a nonparametric label transfer technique which transfers part constellations from objects with similar global shapes. The possibility for transferring part annotations to unseen images allows for coping with a high degree of pose and view variations in scenarios where traditional detection models (such as deformable part models) fail. Our approach is especially valuable for fine-grained recognition scenarios where intraclass variations are extremely high, and precisely localized features need to be extracted. Furthermore, we show the importance of carefully designed visual extraction strategies, such as combination of complementary feature types and iterative image segmentation, and the resulting impact on the recognition performance. In experiments, our simple yet powerful approach achieves 35.9% and 57.8% accuracy on the CUB-2010 and 2011 bird datasets, which is the current best performance for these benchmarks.
The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir is potentially active against urological malignancies

The human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir has recently been shown to have antineoplastic activity, and its use in urological malignancies is under investigation with an eye toward drug repositioning. Ritonavir is thought to exert its antineoplastic activity by inhibiting multiple signaling pathways, including the Akt and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways. It can increase the amount of unfolded proteins in the cell by inhibiting both the proteasome and heat shock protein 90. Combinations of ritonavir with agents that increase the amount of unfolded proteins, such as proteasome inhibitors, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or heat shock protein 90 inhibitors, therefore, induce endoplasmic reticulum stress cooperatively and thereby kill cancer cells effectively. Ritonavir is also a potent cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibitor, increasing the intracellular concentration of combined drugs by inhibiting their degradation and efflux from cancer cells and thereby enhancing their antineoplastic activity. Furthermore, riotnavir’s antineoplastic activity includes modulation of immune system activity. Therapies using ritonavir are thus an attractive new approach to cancer treatment and, due to their novel mechanisms of action, are expected to be effective against malignancies that are refractory to current treatment strategies. Further investigations using ritonavir are expected to find new uses for clinically available drugs in the treatment of urological malignancies as well as many other types of cancer.
Mechanotransduction pathways of low-intensity ultrasound in C-28/I2 human chondrocyte cell line

Abstract Low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) has recently been considered to be an effective method to induce cartilage repair and/or regeneration after injury. Nevertheless, there is no study to provide a cellular mechanism or signal pathways of LIUS stimulation. The current study is designed to investigate the effects of LIUS on the mechanotransduction pathways in C-28/I2, an immortalized human chondrocyte cell line. C-28/I2 cells were treated with LIUS at an intensity of 200 mW/cm2 using Noblelife™ from Duplogen. The role of stretch-activated channels (SAC) and integrins that are most well-known mechanoreceptors on the chondrocyte cell surface was first examined in mediating the LIUS effects on the expression of type II collagen and aggrecan. When analysed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, gadolinium (a specific inhibitor of SACs) or GRGDSP (a peptide inhibitor of integrins) specifically reduced the LIUS-induced elevation of type II collagen and aggrecan expressions depending on the incubation time. In addition, the LIUS treatment of C-28/I2 cells induced the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) but not p38 kinase among the members of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The phosphorylation of ERK by LIUS was repressed by a specific inhibitor of the ERK pathway and integrin function. These results suggest that the LIUS signal might be mediated via canonical mechanoreceptors of SACs and integrins and subsequently through JNK and ERK pathways. The present study provides the first evidence for the activation of the mechanotransduction pathways by LIUS in human chondrocytes.
Breakfast and Snacks: Associations with Cognitive Failures, Minor Injuries, Accidents and Stress

One strategy for examining effects of nutrients on cognitive function is to initially investigate foods that contain many different nutrients. If effects are demonstrated with these foods then further studies can address the role of specific nutrients. Breakfast foods (e.g., cereals, dairy products and fruit) provide many important nutrients and consumption of breakfast has been shown to be associated with beneficial effects on cognitive function. Isolating effects of specific constituents of breakfast has proved more difficult and it is still unclear what impact breakfast has on real-life performance. The present study provided initial information on associations between breakfast consumption and cognitive failures and accidents. A second aim was to examine associations between consumption of snacks which are often perceived as being unhealthy (chocolate, crisps and biscuits). A sample of over 800 nurses took part in the study. The results showed that frequency of breakfast consumption (varied breakfasts: 62% cereal) was associated with lower stress, fewer cognitive failures, injuries and accidents at work. In contrast, snacking on crisps, chocolate and biscuits was associated with higher stress, more cognitive failures and more injuries outside of work. Further research requires intervention studies to provide a clearer profile of causality and underlying mechanisms.
Head movements during locomotion in a gibbon and Japanese macaques

Kinematic analysis of head and body movements during locomotion in Macaca fuscata and Hylobates lar revealed that coordinated head rotation and translation that have been reported to play an important role in stabilizing gaze during locomotion for humans are also observed in non-human primates. The fact that well-coordinated head movements were observed in two species, and during both bipedal and quadrupedal walking, suggests that the head orientation during locomotion is well regulated in the manner of top-down control over the species and modes of locomotion. The result validates the monkey model and enables us to explore the underlying mechanisms for gaze, head, and postural control during locomotion.
Convergence of a Boundary Integral Method for Water Waves

We prove nonlinear stability and convergence of certain boundary integral methods for time-dependent water waves in a two-dimensional, inviscid, irrotational, incompressible fluid, with or without surface tension. The methods are convergent as long as the underlying solution remains fairly regular (and a sign condition holds in the case without surface tension). Thus, numerical instabilities are ruled out even in a fully nonlinear regime. The analysis is based on delicate energy estimates, following a framework previously developed in the continuous case [Beale, Hou, and Lowengrub, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 46 (1993), pp. 1269--1301]. No analyticity assumption is made for the physical solution. Our study indicates that the numerical methods must satisfy certain compatibility conditions in order to be stable. Violation of these conditions will lead to numerical instabilities. A breaking wave is calculated as an illustration.
Panic disorder in public sector primary care: Clinical characteristics and illness severity compared with “mainstream” primary care panic disorder

The prevalence of anxiety disorders is increased among low‐income individuals, who are more likely to seek mental health care in medical as opposed to specialty settings because of limited insurance access and restricted availability of public sector mental health resources. However, little is known about the clinical characteristics and illness severity of anxiety disorders in this setting. We studied the clinical characteristics of low‐income compared with middle‐income primary care panic patients. Clinical, functional, and service use measures obtained at baseline interview in 39 panic disorder patients seen in one public sector medical clinic were compared with 76 patients seen in two middle‐income clinics. All patients were participants in a randomized effectiveness pharmacotherapy trial [Roy Byrne et al., Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:869–876]. Public sector patients were more often older, male, single, unemployed, of lower income, and non‐Caucasian ethnicity. They had more severe clinical symptoms, more medical comorbidity, worse physical and role health status, and more emergency room visits. Low income and unemployment accounted for most of the differences in non‐anxiety–related measures. However, type of clinic still contributed independently to the greater severity of specific measures of panic/anxiety (Panic Disorder Severity Scale and Marks Fear Scale scores), suggesting that the increased stress and limited social resources associated with low‐income and disadvantaged status may have more specific effects on anxiety than other aspects of psychopathology. Depression and Anxiety 17:51–57, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linking prenatal experience to the emerging musical mind

The musical brain is built over time through experience with a multitude of sounds in the auditory environment. However, learning the melodies, timbres, and rhythms unique to the music and language of one’s culture begins already within the mother’s womb during the third trimester of human development. We review evidence that the intrauterine auditory environment plays a key role in shaping later auditory development and musical preferences. We describe evidence that externally and internally generated sounds influence the developing fetus, and argue that such prenatal auditory experience may set the trajectory for the development of the musical mind.
IOWA SOIL-TEST FIELD CALIBRATION RESEARCH UPDATE: POTASSIUM AND THE MEHLICH-3 ICP PHOSPHORUS TEST

Iowa soil-test interpretations and fertilizer recommendations for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were last updated in 1999. The only change from previous recommendations (Voss et al., 1996; Voss and Mallarino, 1996) was to add interpretations for the Mehlich-3 (M3) P and K tests to existing interpretations for the Bray-1 P, Olsen P, and ammonium-acetate K tests (Voss et al., 1999). The interpretations for the ammonium-acetate and M3 K tests are similar because comparisons of amounts of K extracted from Iowa soils have shown no significant differences between these tests. The interpretations for the M3 P and Bray-1 tests (both based on a colorimetric determination of extracted P) are similar because comparisons of amounts of P extracted and field calibrations showed similar results in acid or neutral Iowa soils (Mallarino and Blackmer, 1992; Mallarino, 1997). However, the M3 test extracts more P than the Bray-1 test in many calcareous soils and it is better correlated with both the Olsen P test and crop yield response than the Bray-1 test across soils varying in soil pH. Other recommendations were not changed. Soil-test values are classified into two sets of interpretive categories for each nutrient (very low, low, optimum, high, and very high) that apply to soil series with low or high subsoil P and K levels. Less topsoil P and K are deemed necessary for crop production when subsoil nutrient levels are high. The probability of response within the optimum category (16-20 ppm P with the Bray-1 or M3 tests and 90-130 K ppm with the ammonium acetate or M3 tests) is considered small, and maintenance fertilization is recommended based on expected nutrient removal with harvest.
Physical fitness normative values for 6–18-year-old Greek boys and girls, using the empirical distribution and the lambda, mu, and sigma statistical method

Abstract The aim of the this study was to establish age- and gender-specific physical fitness normative values and to compare percentiles and Z scores values in a large, nationwide sample of Greek children aged 6–18 years. From March 2014 to May 2014, a total of 424,328 boys and girls aged 6–18 years who attended school in Greece were enrolled. The studied sample was representative, in terms of age–sex distribution and geographical region. Physical fitness tests (i.e. 20 m shuttle run test (SRT), standing long jump, sit and reach, sit-ups, and 10 × 5 m SRT) were performed and used to calculate normative values, using the percentiles of the empirical distributions and the lambda, mu, and sigma statistical method. Normative values were presented as tabulated percentiles for five health-related fitness tests based on a large data set comprising 424,328 test performances. Boys typically scored higher than girls on cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and speed/agility, but lower on flexibility (all p values <0.001). Older boys and girls had better performances than younger ones (p < 0.001). Physical fitness tests' performances tended to peak at around the age of 15 years in both sexes. The presented population-based data are the most up-to-date sex- and age-values for the health-related fitness of children and adolescents in Greece and can be used as standard values for fitness screening and surveillance systems and for comparisons among the same health-related fitness scores of children from other countries similar to Greece. Schools need to make efforts to improve the fitness level of the schoolchildren through the physical education curriculum to prevent cardiovascular risk.
Statistical logic cell delay analysis using a current-based model

A statistical model for the purpose of logic cell timing analysis in the presence of process variations is presented. A new current-based cell delay model is utilized, which can accurately compute the output waveform for input waveforms of arbitrary shapes subjected to noise. The cell parasitic capacitances are pre-characterized by lookup tables to improve the accuracy. To capture the effect of process parameter variations on the cell behavior, the output voltage waveform of logic cells is modeled by a stochastic Markovian process in which the voltage value probability distribution at each time instance is computed from that of the previous time instance. Next the probability distribution of a % Vdd crossing time, i.e., the hitting time of the output voltage stochastic process is computed. Experimental results demonstrate the high accuracy of our cell delay model compared to Monte-Carlo-based SPICE simulations
Improving the fatigue life of high strength steel welded structures by post weld treatments and specific filler materials (FATWELDHSS)

The objective of the FATWELDHSS project was to study post-weld treatment techniques and their effect on the fatigue life of MAG welded attachments in High Strength Steel (HSS). Fatigue cracks in steel structures often occur at welded joints, where stress concentrations due to the joint geometry and tensile residual stresses are relatively high. Fatigue life improvement techniques, which rely on improving the stress field and/or the surface geometry around the welded joints, are generally known to be beneficial. Therefore, within the framework of this project, the following were examined: diode laser weld toe re-melting; High Frequency Mechanical Impact (HFMI) treatment; Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) filler wires Laser diode re-melting was used to improve the surface profile at the weld toe and thus reduce stress concentrations. HFMI treatment involving high frequency hammering of the weld toe is another technique that can produce a smooth weld toe profile but, more significantly, which also can introduce compressive residual stresses. Lastly, two new LTT filler wires were developed within the project as these can decrease or even remove tensile residual stresses resulting from weld zone shrinkage. An extensive fatigue testing programme was set up to establish the levels of improvement in the fatigue lives of the welded attachments achieved by application of the selected improvement techniques. Furthermore, two industrial demonstrators were selected that could show the project achievements in terms of facilitating the introduction of high strength steels by overcoming the limitations posed by the fatigue properties of the welded joints. In addition, modelling tools were developed to predict the residual stresses at the welded joint. Finally, practical guidelines were developed for enhancing the fatigue strength of HSS welded structures
Effects of exercise on activity of heart and muscle mitochondria.

DOHM, G. LYNIS, RICHARD L. HUSTON, E. WAYNE ASKEW, AND PHILIP c. WIZISER. Effects of exercise on activity of heart and muscle mitochondria. Am. J. Physiol. 223(4) : 783-787. 1972. -After 12 weeks on a rigorous schedule of treadmill running, trained and untrained rats were physically exhausted to assess the effects of acute exercise on the activity of several mitochondrial enzyme systems. Skeletal muscle from untrained rats exhausted at 13 m/min demonstrated a decrease in palmitate oxidation but no significant changes in glucose oxidation, mitochondrial yield, pyruvate-malate oxidation, succinate oxidation, ADP/O ratios, or respiratory control. Skeletal muscle from trained rats exhausted at 34 m/min exhibited decreases in palmitate oxidation, mitechondrial yield, pyruvate-malate oxidation and succinate oxidation, but there were no significant changes in glucose oxidation or ADP/O ratios. There was no difference in heart mitochondrial oxygen uptake between trained rested and untrained rested rats; however, in the exhausted state oxygen uptake was greater for heart mitochondria from untrained than trained animals. The data show that exhaustion of trained rats causes a decrease in the capacity of skeletal muscle to oxidize important energy fuels.
The gnotobiotic animal as a tool in the study of host microbial relationships

INTRODUCTION. 390 GNOTOBIOTIC TERMINOLOGY AND CRITERIA. 392 THE MICROBIAL ASSOCIATES. 393 Development and Characteristics of the Normal Flora. 393 Attempts to Establish a Microbial Flora in Germ-Free Animals. 395 Dietary Effects . 396 Effects of Closed Environment. 397 Factors Affecting Microbial Passage into the Host. 397 THE ANIMAL HOST: GERM-FREE OR MODIFIED BY MICROBES. 398 Nutrition, Digestion, and Metabolism. 398 Rats and mice. 398 Other animal species. 400 Structure and Function of Various Organ Systems. 401 Cardiovascular systems. 401 Gastrointestinal tract (upper segments) . 402 Enlarged cecum of germ-free rodents. 402 Other autocoid substances of the germ-free intestine. 403 Water absorption inhibition in the germ-free lower bowel. 403 Other organ systems. 404 Body Defenses. 404 Cells, tissues, and organs associated with defense functions . 405 Humoral defensive elements. 406 Immune responses . 407 Tissue Repair. 410 Survival and Aging. 410 THE GNOTOBIOTIC ANIMAL IN THE STUDY OF DISEASE. 411 Shock, Intestinal Obstruction, and Thermal Trauma. 411 Wasting Syndrome . 412 Oral Diseases. 413 Dental caries . 413 Periodontal disease. 414 Enteric Infections . 414 Ulcerative Colitis. 416 Uremia. 416 Mycoplasmosis . 417 Tuberculosis. 417 Yeast Infections. 418 Protozoal Infections. 418 Amebiasis . 418 Histomoniasis. 419 CONCLUSION. 419 LITERATURE CITED. 420
Young adolescents' wellbeing and health-risk behaviours: gender and socio-economic differences.

In this paper we use the 1994-1997 Youth Surveys of the British Household Panel Study to examine the wellbeing of young adolescents. We conceptualize wellbeing as a multi-dimensional construct and we develop and test models of gender and age differences. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we find clear gender differences in self-esteem, self-efficacy, unhappiness and worries. We confirm that wellbeing and some health-risk behaviours (fighting and smoking) are linked. We test models that examine how family structure, father's occupation, tenure, and household income, affect adolescent wellbeing. While socio-economic factors affect health-risk behaviours and also adolescents' reported worries, they have little impact on other aspects of youth wellbeing. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Nutrient Uptake by a Deposit-Feeding Enteropneust: Nitrogenous Sources

We measured carbon, nitrogen, protein, bacterial and microalgal abundance, and minerals p e c ~ f ~ c surface area m sediments from the feeding zone of undisturbed Saccoglossus korualewskyi, as well as In their fresh egesta. Comparison of results using surficial material (> 1 mm) and the top 3 mm of sediments indicated ingestion of surficial material by the enteropneusts. Assuming the surficial s e h ment as a food source results in apparent absorption efficiencies of 15 % for TOC, 35 % for TON, 60 % for protein and 86% for microalgae. The C:N ratio of the apparently absorbed material was 4.2, consistent with an amino acid-rich diet. Protein-nitrogen uptake, however, accounted for only about 28% of total nitrogen absorption, indicating a dominant use of non-protein nitrogen. Bacter~al and microalgal contributions to dietary nitrogen uptake were no more than 3 % and 4 "/o respectively Active worms maintain 2 foraglng areas with an average total foraging volume of 0.9 cm3 and a volume ingestion rate of 0.06 to 0.12 cm3 ind. -' h-' If the preferred feeding zone of these enteropneusts is the nitrogen-enriched surficial layer, we estimate that their feeding activities will deplete the available food resources every 8 to 16 h and they may rely on biological and tidal redistribution of surface material.
The Molecular Scaffold Kinase Suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) Regulates Adipogenesis

ABSTRACT Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways are implicated in the regulation of cell differentiation, although their precise roles in many differentiation programs remain elusive. The Raf/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase cascade has been proposed to both promote and inhibit adipogenesis. Here, we titrate expression of the molecular scaffold kinase suppressor of Ras 1 (KSR1) to regulate signaling through the Raf/MEK/ERK/p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) kinase cascade and show how it determines adipogenic potential. Deletion of KSR1 prevents adipogenesis in vitro, which can be rescued by introduction of low levels of KSR1. Appropriate levels of KSR1 coordinate ERK and RSK activation with C/EBPβ synthesis leading to the phosphorylation and stabilization of C/EBPβ at the precise moment it is required within the adipogenic program. Elevated levels of KSR1 expression, previously shown to enhance cell proliferation, promote high, sustained ERK activation that phosphorylates and inhibits peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, inhibiting adipogenesis. Titration of KSR1 expression reveals how a molecular scaffold can modulate the intensity and duration of signaling emanating from a single pathway to dictate cell fate.
In-flow real-time detection of spectrally encoded microgels for miRNA absolute quantification

We present an in-flow ultrasensitive fluorescence detection of microRNAs (miRNAs) using spectrally encoded microgels. We researched and employed a viscoelastic fluid to achieve an optimal alignment of microgels in a straight measurement channel and applied a simple and inexpensive microfluidic layout, allowing continuous fluorescence signal acquisitions with several emission wavelengths. In particular, we chose microgels endowed with fluorescent emitting molecules designed for multiplex spectral analysis of specific miRNA types. We analysed in a quasi-real-time manner circa 80 microgel particles a minute at sample volumes down to a few microliters, achieving a miRNA detection limit of 202 fM in microfluidic flow conditions. Such performance opens up new routes for biosensing applications of particles within microfluidic devices.