Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Best Practice for Digitising Small-Scale Digital Humanities Projects

Digital Humanities (DH) are growing rapidly; the necessary infrastructure is being built up gradually and slowly. For smaller DH projects, e. g. for testing methods, as a preliminary work for submitting applications or for use in teaching, a corpus often has to be digitised. These small-scale projects make an important contribution to safeguarding and making available cultural heritage, as they make it possible to machine read those resources that are of little or no interest to large projects because they are too special or too limited in scope. They close the gap between large scanning projects of archives, libraries or in connection with research projects and projects that move beyond the canonised paths. Yet, these small projects can fail in this first step of digitisation, because it is often a hurdle for (Digital) Humanists at universities to get the desired texts digitised: either because the digitisation infrastructure in libraries/archives is not available (yet) or it is paid service. Also, researchers are often no digitising experts and a suitable infrastructure at university is missing. In order to promote small DH projects for teaching purposes, a digitising infrastructure was set up at the University of Stuttgart as part of a teaching project. It should enable teachers to digitise smaller corpora autonomously. This article presents a study that was carried out as part of this teaching project. It suggests how to implement best practices and on which aspects of the digitisation workflow need to be given special attention. The target group of this article are (Digital) Humanists who want to digitise a smaller corpus. Even with no expertise in scanning and OCR and no possibility to outsource the digitisation of the project, they still would like to obtain the best possible machine-readable files.
Law and Capitalism: What Corporate Crises Reveal about Legal Systems and Economic Development around the World

This book explores the relationship between legal systems and economic development by examining, through a methodology we call the institutional autopsy, a series of high profile corporate governance crises around the world over the past six years. We begin by exposing hidden assumptions in the prevailing view on the relationship between law and markets, and provide a new analytical framework for understanding this question. Our framework moves away from the canonical distinction between common law and civil law regimes. It emphasizes the constant, iterative, rolling relationship between law and markets, and suggests that how a given country's legal system rolls with economic changes depends significantly on its organization rather than its formal characteristics or legal origin. We find that legal systems around the world differ significantly along two crucial organizational dimensions: their degree of centralization of the lawmaking and enforcement processes, and the primary function law serves in support of market activity, ranging from protective functions to coordinative functions. We use this analytical framework to understand why countries as diverse as the United States, Germany, Japan, Korea, China, and Russia have all experienced corporate crises in recent years, and to analyze the different institutional responses to these crises. These case studies provide insights into the diversity of legal systems and institutional arrangements that support capitalist activity over time and across a range of societies. They also suggest that systemic legal change is rarely achieved by changes in formal law alone, but is the result of changes in the composition and identity of core constituencies within a given system who use (or avoid) law to advance their position in the market. Among other things, our study suggests the need for new thinking about how and why legal systems change, the limits of convergence even in a world where national laws increasingly look alike, and a new emphasis on the demand for law in the process of legal adaptation and change.
Should the government stimulate enrolment in science and engineering studies?

In many countries there is a deep concern about shortages of Science and Engineering workers (S&E). This article focuses on the effectiveness of policies aimed at stimulating the supply of S&E workers in the Netherlands. Despite the ‘common wisdom’ of severe and increasing shortages, we do not find evidence for a tight labour market of S&E workers. Instead, the data suggest that S&E workers have become less scarce since 1996. Stimulating enrolment in S&E studies may not be an effective policy for increasing R&D activity in the Netherlands because the majority of Dutch S&E freshmen do not end up working in R&D. They drop out during their S&E study or choose other jobs. In addition, the internationalization of the market for S&E workers tends to counter the effects of supply-side policies because the growing supply of foreign S&E graduates puts downward pressure on wages. As a result, demand-side policies may be more effective because they are directly targeted at fostering R&D.
A Mixture-Model Approach to Combining Forecasts

A multiprocess mixture-model approach to combining forecasts from alternative sources is proposed. This approach extends the Granger–Ramanathan method by allowing the weights used in producing the combination forecast to vary over time. In addition, the procedure discounts outlying data points that arise during time periods when all of the competing forecasts miss the mark. An empirical comparison with traditional and more recently proposed combination methods demonstrates that the proposed methodology outperforms these.
Propensity Score Matching and Abnormal Performance after Seasoned Equity Offerings

The long-run underperformance of stocks after seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) is a major challenge to the efficient market hypothesis. We reexamine the SEO underperformance anomaly using the propensity score matching method on a sample of around 2000 offerings between 1986 and 1998. While underperformance characterizes equal-weight and buy-and-hold returns if traditional matching methods are used, the underperformance is economically and statistically insignificant when we match issuers to non-issuers by propensity scores. Our results suggest that SEO underperformance manifests statistical inadequacies of traditional matching methods rather than an anomaly challenging the efficient market hypothesis.
Managing work health and safety: recent developments and future directions

Effective management of occupational health and safety ( OHS) continues to pose a challenge to many organisations. While significant advancement has occurred in knowledge about traditional workplace risks, organisational and labour market changes have created new risks, psychosocial risks are more prevalent, and the trend towards the adoption of OHS management systems has produced only mixed results. These issues are the focus of this review of recent developments in workplace health and safety. We argue there is a need for organisations to refocus systematically on a collaborative approach to identifying and controlling workplace risks, and on improving the integration of OHS into broader systems and every day management to better meet existing and future OHS challenges.
What Factors Influence World Literacy? Is Africa Different?

Ninety-five percent of the worlds illiterate people live in developing countries, and about 70 percent are women. Female illiteracy rates are particularly high in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Niger and Burkina Faso, for example, more than 90 percent of women are illiterate. This paper presents a model of literacy. It shows that the main determinants of worldwide literacy are enrollment rates, average years of schooling of adults, and life expectancy at birth. Income has a weak nonlinear effect, negatively affecting literacy until a threshold level of per-capita income of about $2200 a year is reached and positively affecting literacy thereafter. Finally, African countries do not have a significantly higher literacy rate when controlling for other factors.
The Wnt co-receptors Lrp5 and Lrp6 are essential for gastrulation in mice

Recent work has identified LDL receptor-related family members, Lrp5 and Lrp6, as co-receptors for the transduction of Wnt signals. Our analysis of mice carrying mutations in both Lrp5 and Lrp6 demonstrates that the functions of these genes are redundant and are essential for gastrulation. Lrp5;Lrp6 double homozygous mutants fail to establish a primitive streak, although the anterior visceral endoderm and anterior epiblast fates are specified. Thus, Lrp5 and Lrp6 are required for posterior patterning of the epiblast, consistent with a role in transducing Wnt signals in the early embryo. Interestingly, Lrp5+/-;Lrp6-/- embryos die shortly after gastrulation and exhibit an accumulation of cells at the primitive streak and a selective loss of paraxial mesoderm. A similar phenotype is observed in Fgf8 and Fgfr1 mutant embryos and provides genetic evidence in support of a molecular link between the Fgf and Wnt signaling pathways in patterning nascent mesoderm. Lrp5+/-;Lrp6-/- embryos also display an expansion of anterior primitive streak derivatives and anterior neurectoderm that correlates with increased Nodal expression in these embryos. The effect of reducing, but not eliminating, Wnt signaling in Lrp5+/-;Lrp6-/- mutant embryos provides important insight into the interplay between Wnt, Fgf and Nodal signals in patterning the early mouse embryo.
The kinetics of TEM1 antibiotic degrading enzymes that are displayed on Ure2 protein nanofibrils in a flow reactor

Enzymatic functionalization of cross-β structured protein nanofibrils has hitherto resulted in a severe reduction of the catalytic efficiency of high turnover biocatalysts. It has been speculated that steric restrictions and mass transport pose limits on the attached enzymes, but detailed kinetics analyzing this have not yet been reported. For a more comprehensive understanding, we studied protein nanofibrils endowed with TEM1, a β-lactamase from Escherichia coli. The packing density of TEM1 along the fibrils was controlled by co-fibrillation; in other words, the N-terminal ureidosuccinate transporter Ure2(1–80) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was simultaneously aggregated with the chimeric proteins TEM1-Ure2(1–80). The mature fibrils were trapped in a column, and the rate of ampicillin hydrolysis was recorded using a continuous substrate flow. The turnover rate was plotted as a function of substrate molecules available per enzyme per second, which demonstrated that an elevated substrate availability counteracts mass transport limitations. To analyze this data set, we derived a kinetic model, which makes it possible to easily characterize and compare enzymes packed in columns. The functional TEM1 nanofibrils possess 80% of the catalytic turnover rate compared to free TEM1 in solution. Altogether, we have created protein nanofibrils that can effectively hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotic contaminations and provided a groundwork strategy for other highly functional enzymatic nanofibrils.
Testing the mediation effect of person–organization fit on the relationship between high performance HR practices and employee outcomes in the Egyptian public sector

Previous studies suggest that high performance HR practices (HPHRP) are positively related to employee outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which this relationship occurs require further research. This paper examines the effect of one such mechanism, person–organization (P-O) fit, on the relationship between HPHRP, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours (OCBs). Using a sample of 671 professionals in the Egyptian health and higher education sectors, a partial mediation model is outlined and tested using structural equation modelling. The study results show that HPHRP had a positive relationship with P-O fit, job satisfaction and OCBs. Further, P-O fit had a positive relationship with job satisfaction and OCBs, and partially mediated the relationship between HPHRP, job satisfaction and OCBs. Thus, the adoption of HPHRP not only leads to desirable employee outcomes, but it is also associated with better fit between employees and organizations. As such, managers should endeavour to use HPHRP to facilitate greater congruence between employees and organizations in order to achieve improved employee attitudes and behaviours.
Secondary insomnia in the primary care setting: review of diagnosis, treatment, and management

ABSTRACT Introduction: Insomnia is associated with a number of medical and psychiatric disorders, including chronic pain and clinical depression. Until recently, it was assumed that effective treatment of the underlying medical condition would also correct the sleep disturbance. However, some evidence indicates that treatment of secondary or comorbid insomnia should be considered separately from, and perhaps in addition to, optimizing treatment of the primary condition. Methods: This article reviews the extant literature to examine the impact of secondary and comorbid insomnia on the patient, and on healthcare economics, in the primary care setting, and discusses current diagnostic and treatment approaches. A MEDLINE search was performed for literature published from 1980 to 2005, and retrieved randomized, controlled clinical trials and key review articles for the conditions most often accompanied by secondary insomnia: depression, chronic pain, and menopause/perimenopause. The search terms included those for commonly used pharmacologic treatments and behavioral therapy. Results: Due to the paucity of clinical trial data in secondary insomnia patients, physicians have had to rely on evidence derived from primary insomnia trials. These data indicate that hypnotic medications are effective in treating sleep onset insomnia. However, few of these agents are effective against the most commonly occurring insomnia symptom – poor sleep maintenance – and many are associated with problematic residual sedation. Nevertheless, the cost of not treating these insomnia symptoms is often greater than the treatment inadequacies. Physicians should thus consider treating what they perceive as secondary insomnia with one of the available forms of therapy. Conclusion: Patients experiencing sleep problems associated with a potential medical or psychiatric primary condition would likely benefit from increased physician awareness of secondary insomnia and the subsequent increased attention to diagnosing and treating this prevalent condition. Recommendations for managing secondary or comorbid insomnia in the primary care setting are discussed.
Fraud Detection Using a Multinomial Logit Model with Missing Information

Recently, Artis, Ayuso, and Guillen (2002, Journal of Risk and Insurance 69: 325-340; henceforth AAG) estimate a logit model using claims data. Some of the claims are categorized as 'honest' and other claims are known to be fraudulent. Using the approach of Hausman, Abrevaya, and Scott-Morton (1998 Journal of Econometrics 87: 239-269), AAG estimate a modified logit model allowing for the possibility that some claims classified as 'honest' might actually be fraudulent. Applying this model to data on Spanish automobile insurance claims, AGG find that 5 percent of the fraudulent claims go undetected. The purpose of this article is to estimate the model of AAG using a logit model with missing information. A constrained version of this model is used to reexamine the Spanish insurance claim data. The results indicate how to identify misclassified claims. We also show how misclassified claims can be identified using the AAG approach. We show that both approaches can be used to probabilistically identify misclassified claims.
pH-regulated Secretion of a Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase from Streptococcus gordonii FSS2: Purification, Characterization, and Cloning of the Gene Encoding this Enzyme

Streptococcus gordonii and other viridans streptococci (VS) are primary etiologic agents of infective endocarditis, despite being part of the normal oral microflora. Recently, a surface-bound glyceraldehyde-3 -phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been found on the cells of all tested streptococcal species, where it has been implicated as a virulence factor. In contrast, we observed that a soluble extracellular GAPDH was the major secreted protein from S. gordonii FSS2, an endocarditis strain. The biochemical properties and gene sequence of S. gordonii GAPDH are almost identical to those of other streptococcal GAPDHs. Growth at defined pHs showed that secretion of GAPDH is regulated by environmental pH. GAPDH was primarily surface-associated at growth pH 6.5 and shifted to > 90% secreted at growth pH 7.5. Others have identified S. gordonii promoters that are up-regulated by a pH shift similar to that experienced by organisms entering the blood stream (neutral) from the oral cavity (slightly acid). Analysis of our results suggests that secretion of GAPDH may be a similar adaptation by S. gordonii.
Listeria monocytogenes CtaP is a multifunctional cysteine transport‐associated protein required for bacterial pathogenesis

The bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes survives under a myriad of conditions in the outside environment and within the human host where infections can result in severe disease. Bacterial life within the host requires the expression of genes with roles in nutrient acquisition as well as the biosynthesis of bacterial products required to support intracellular growth. A gene product identified as the substrate‐binding component of a novel oligopeptide transport system (encoded by lmo0135) was recently shown to be required for L. monocytogenes virulence. Here we demonstrate that lmo0135 encodes a multifunctional protein that is associated with cysteine transport, acid resistance, bacterial membrane integrity and adherence to host cells. The lmo0135 gene product (designated CtaP, for cysteine transport associated protein) was required for bacterial growth in the presence of low concentrations of cysteine in vitro, but was not required for bacterial replication within the host cytosol. Loss of CtaP increased membrane permeability and acid sensitivity, and reduced bacterial adherence to host cells. ctaP deletion mutants were severely attenuated following intragastric and intravenous inoculation of mice. Taken together, the data presented indicate that CtaP contributes to multiple facets of L. monocytogenes physiology, growth and survival both inside and outside of animal cells.
Variant-Specific Tropism of Human Herpesvirus 6 in Human Astrocytes

ABSTRACT Though first described as a lymphotropic virus, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is highly neuropathogenic. Two viral variants are known: HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Both variants can infect glial cells and have been differentially associated with central nervous system diseases, suggesting an HHV-6 variant-specific tropism for glial cell subtypes. We have performed infections with both viral variants in human progenitor-derived astrocytes (HPDA) and monitored infected cell cultures for cytopathic effect (CPE), intra- and extracellular viral DNA load, the presence of viral particles by electronic microscopy, mRNA transcription, and viral protein expression. HHV-6A established a productive infection with CPE, visible intracellular virions, and high virus DNA loads. HHV-6B-infected HPDA showed no morphological changes, intracellular viral particles, and decreasing intra- and extracellular viral DNA over time. After long-term passage, HHV-6B-infected HPDA had stable but low levels of intracellular viral DNA load with no detectable viral mRNA. Our results demonstrate that HHV-6A and HHV-6B have differential tropisms and patterns of infection for HPDA in vitro, where HHV-6A results in a productive lytic infection. In contrast, HHV-6B was associated with a nonproductive infection. These findings suggest that HHV-6 variants might be responsible for specific infection patterns in glial cells in vivo. Astrocytes may be an important reservoir for this virus in which differential tropism of HHV-6A and HHV-6B may be associated with different disease outcomes.
Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index and Bank Stock Prices in China: A Causality Analysis

This paper analyzes empirically the relationship between the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) Composite Index and the indexes of 10 Chinese listed banks to test whether the listing of these banks had played a role in leading the Chinese stock market. Using daily prices from 1 June 2006 to 15 November 2007, we applied the Granger causality test and found that a uni-directional causality relationship existed either way between most bank stock prices and the market index while the bi-directional relationship only identified among five of the ten banks. This research finding is in part consistent with previous studies showing that stock markets in great China region are integrated and are strongly influenced by the psychological factors of investors. In the following co-integration test, both AEG and Johansen's methods concluded a long-run stable equilibrium relationship between majority of the banking stock prices and the SSE Composite Index.
Catching‐up and post catching‐up strategies of latecomer firms: Evidence from samsung semiconductor

Summary This study analyzes the difference between the post catching‐up innovation of latecomer countries versus the catching‐up of latecomer countries and the innovation by advanced countries through the adaptation of post catching‐up innovation. To review the overall technology‐innovation strategy of leading companies in latecomer countries during their catching‐up and post catching‐up periods, the case of the semiconductor business of Samsung Electronics Co. (SEC) is analyzed. In the last section of this study, the policy implications of the case of Samsung Semiconductor are presented for latecomer countries.
Capital Regulation, Monetary Policy and Asymmetric Effects of Commercial Banks’ Efficiency

Purpose - Owing to the importance of the efficiency of commercial banks, the aim of this paper is to find the relationship between capital regulation, monetary policy and the asymmetric effects of the commercial banks' efficiency. Design/methodology/approach - First, the paper makes a static profit model of commercial banks with double constraints and then makes a proposition with numeric simulation. Findings - In this paper, the author finds it unreasonable to calculate the commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency by SFA (DEA) directly, as there is no evidence that indicates the linearity relationship among them. Hence, more complicated solutions should be introduced. Research limitations/implications - The rate of non-performing loans (NPL) is inversely proportional to the commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency and capital adequacy ratio (CAR) and statutory reserve ratio (SRR) show a nonlinear relationship between commercial banks' cost and profit efficiency. Hence, the paper defines the different influences of commercial banks' efficiency imposed by CAR and SRR as the asymmetric effects of commercial banks' efficiency. Practical implications - The nonlinear relationship is found based on improved Kopecky and VanHoose, so excessive regulation has harmful effects on the commercial banks. The reasonable capital regulation and other prudential supervision measures should be emphasized. Originality/value - First, the paper gets its proposition through the improved KV model, which displays a new perception on analyzing this problem. Second, the nonlinear relationship is discovered by this new model and the empirical results show the nonlinear relationship further.