Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social creativity strikes back: improving motivated performance of low status group members by valuing ingroup dimensions

Motivation of stigmatized group members to perform on status-relevant ‘outgroup’ dimensions can be impaired after ingroup failure. Three experiments examined whether social creativity by valuing ingroup dimensions (dimensions on which an ingroup outperforms an outgroup) can increase motivation and performance on outgroup dimensions. It was hypothesized that under high social identity threat, motivation on the outgroup dimension would benefit from valuing an ingroup dimension. Experiments 1 and 2 show that when social identity threat is increased, low status group members who personally value ingroup dimensions show higher motivation to perform on the outgroup dimension. Experiment 3 shows that the induction of high contextual value of both ingroup and outgroup dimensions improves low status group members' well-being and motivated performance on the outgroup dimension. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STUDENT TEACHERS’ ACCEPTANCE OF A WEB-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEM

This study investigated the relationship between computer experience and perceived ease of use as mediated by anxiety and enjoyment in using the Blackboard-Ml system reported by a group of student teachers at a tertiary institution in Hong Kong. Earlier studies carried out in different educational and cultural contexts showed that the effect of system experience on ease of use was mediated by playfulness (i.e., enjoyment) and anxiety. The current study found that the effect of computer experience on ease of use was significantly mediated only by anxiety and not enjoyment. However, enjoyment was found to have a significantly stronger direct effect on ease of use than previous studies have indicated, suggesting the unique effects of educational and cultural influences.
A Primary Cortical Input to Hippocampus Expresses a Pathway-Specific and Endocannabinoid-Dependent Form of Long-Term Potentiation

Abstract The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), a key modulator of synaptic transmission in mammalian brain, is produced in dendritic spines and then crosses the synaptic junction to depress neurotransmitter release. Here we report that 2-AG-dependent retrograde signaling also mediates an enduring enhancement of glutamate release, as assessed with independent tests, in the lateral perforant path (LPP), one of two cortical inputs to the granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Induction of this form of long-term potentiation (LTP) involved two types of glutamate receptors, changes in postsynaptic calcium, and the postsynaptic enzyme that synthesizes 2-AG. Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy confirmed that CB1 cannabinoid receptors are localized presynaptically to LPP terminals, while the inhibition or knockout of the receptors eliminated LPP-LTP. Suppressing the enzyme that degrades 2-AG dramatically enhanced LPP potentiation, while overexpressing it produced the opposite effect. Priming with a CB1 agonist markedly reduced the threshold for LTP. Latrunculin A, which prevents actin polymerization, blocked LPP-LTP when applied extracellularly but had no effect when infused postsynaptically into granule cells, indicating that critical actin remodeling resides in the presynaptic compartment. Importantly, there was no evidence for the LPP form of potentiation in the Schaffer-commissural innervation of field CA1 or in the medial perforant path. Peripheral injections of compounds that block or enhance LPP-LTP had corresponding effects on the formation of long-term memory for cues conveyed to the dentate gyrus by the LPP. Together, these results indicate that the encoding of information carried by a principal hippocampal afferent involves an unusual, regionally differentiated form of plasticity.
Unionization and Labor Market Institutions in Advanced Capitalism, 1950-1985

This article examines the depedence of unionization on labor market institutions and long-run trends in inflation, unemployment, and the sectoral composition of the labor force in 18 OECD countries. The large number of contending explanations highlights the difficulty in comparative sociology of drawing confident conclusions when there are few cases to compare. This problem is addressed through diverse evidence-a review of the comparative historical record and a time-series analysis-to form a Bayesian prior distribution, which is combined with a cross-sectional data set to sharpen conventional estimates of economic and institutional effects. This analysis indicates working-class organization in trade unions expanded in the postwar period where labor acquired an institutional influence over capitalist labor markets.
Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Lateral Preferences, and Performance in Fencing

The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is a sexually dimorphic trait (men tend to have lower values than women) and a likely biomarker for the organizational (permanent) effects of prenatal androgens on the human brain and body. Prenatal testosterone, as reflected by 2D:4D, has many extragenital effects, including its relevance for the formation of an efficient cardiovascular system. Previous research, reviewed here, has therefore investigated possible associations of 2D:4D with sport performance. Several studies found more masculinized digit ratio patterns (low 2D:4D values or a negative right-minus-left difference in 2D:4D) to be related to high performance in running, soccer, and skiing. The present research tested this hypothesis in a sample of 54 tournament fencers, predominantly from Austria. For men, negative right-left differences in 2D:4D corresponded significantly to better current as well as highest national fencing rankings, independent of training intensity and fencing experience. The mean 2D:4D values of these fencers were significantly lower and the proportion of left-handers was elevated relative to the local general population. For the right hand, the ratio was somewhat lower in male sabre fencers than in male 6pke and foil fencers combined and significantly lower in left-handed compared to right-handed fencers. Although nonsignificant due to low statistical power, effect sizes suggested that crossed versus congruent hand-eye and hand-foot preferences might also be related to fencing performance. The present findings add to the evidence that 2D:4D might be a performance indicator for men across a variety of sports.
Race and Gender Differences in Correlates of Death Anxiety Among Elderly in the United States

Background Death anxiety among elderly is a major public health concern. Few studies, however, have been conducted on factors associated with death anxiety. Objectives This study investigated race and gender differences in psychosocial correlates of death anxiety among elderly in the US. Materials and Methods With a cross-sectional design, we used data of the Religion, Aging, and Health survey. 1,074 White and Black elderly (age > 65 years, 615 women, 359 men) were entered to this study. Demographic (age, gender, and race), socio-economic (family income, perceived financial difficulty), health (number of chronic medical conditions and self-rated health), and psychological (perceived control over life) factors were measured. Death anxiety was measured using four items. We used linear regressions to determine factors associated with death anxiety based on race and gender. Results Although race and gender did not have main effects on death anxiety (P > 0.05), they altered correlates of death anxiety. Age was a predictor of death anxiety among women (B = 0.165, P = 0.002) but not men (B = 0.082, P = 0.196). Self-rated health was associated with death anxiety among Whites (B = - 0.120, P = 0.050) but not Blacks (B = - 0.077, P = 0.268). Total family income was only associated with death anxiety among White men. Conclusions Demographic, socio-economic, health, and psychological determinants of death anxiety in United States differ based on race, gender, and their intersection. Findings advocate that geriatric psychiatrists and gerontologists who wish to reduce death anxiety among elderly people may need to tailor their interventions to race and gender.
Teaching as Problem Solving

are true and valuable, which dubious and trivial, which deserve emotional support, and why. education consists in thinking, in the perception of meanings and relationships among ideas which are true and important, and in the marshaling of an individual’s natural emotions behind ideas in proportion to their truth and importance. Knoivledge is the product of thought, and not only or chiefly its raw material. The &dquo;power of organizing&dquo; ideas or of &dquo;reasoning&dquo; with them is a function of a clear understanding of the facts themselves in their relationships, and proceeds from the thinking which establishes that understanding; it is not
A Community-based Study of Prolonged Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue

Previous estimates of the prevalence of fatigue and chronic fatigue have derived largely from treated populations and have been biased by differential access to health-care treatment linked with gender, racial/ethnic and social class status. This study involves a community-based prevalence study of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue. It addresses: (1) the rate of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue in a socioeconomically and ethnically diverse sample of 28,673 adults in Chicago; and (2) establishes the relative prevalence of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue across race/ethnicity, socio-economic status and gender. Univariate and multivariate statistical techniques were utilized to delineate the overall rate of prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue in the Chicago population and its relative prevalence by gender, race/ethnicity, and social class. Findings indicated that fatigue is common in urban populations, but that prolonged fatigue and chronic fatigue occur in about 5.00 to 7.68 percent and 2.72 to 4.17 percent, respectively, of the sample of the population. Highest levels of fatigue were consistently found among women and those with lower levels of education and occupational status.
Arterial Distensibility in Chronic Inflammatory Rheumatic Disorders

The pulse wave velocity (PWV), as an indicator of arterial distensibility, may play an important role in the stratification of patients based on the cardiovascular risk. PWV inversely correlates with arterial distensibility and relative arterial compliance. Decreased arterial distensibility alters arterial blood pressure and flow dynamics, and disturbes coronary perfusion. Systemic immune and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, predominantly due to adverse cardiovascular events. Systemic inflammation in these disorders may alter arterial compliance and arterial distensibility and, through this effect, lead to accelerated atherosclerosis. We have demonstrated an increase in the carotid-femoral (aortic) PWV that is a technique in which large artery elasticity is assessed from analysis of the peripheral arterial waveform, in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions such as RA, SLE, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), Wegener’s granulomatosis (WG), sarcoidosis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis except Behçet’s disease (BD). In this review, the issue of arterial stiffness in RA, SLE, as well as WG, psoriasis, FMF, BD, sarcoidosis, systemic sclerosis (SS) and Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is overviewed.
Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation May Impose a Detrimental Effect on Overall Survival of Patients with Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose To determine the role of brain metastases (BM) and overall survival (OS) in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by performing a meta-analysis of the RCTs (randomized controlled clinical trials) and non-RCTs (non-randomized controlled clinical trials) published in the literature. Methods A meta-analysis was performed using trials identified through PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. Two investigators independently assessed the quality of the trials and extracted data. The outcomes included BM, OS, median survival (MS), response rate (RR), Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs), and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using ReMan software. Results Twelve trials (6 RCTs and 6 non-RCTs) involving 1,718 NSCLC patients met the inclusion criteria. They were grouped on the basis of study design for separate Meta-analyses. The results showed that prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) reduced the risk of BM as compared with non-PCI in NSCLC patients (OR = 0.30, 95% [CI]: 0.21–0.43, p<0.00001). However, HRs for OS favored non-PCI (HR = 1.19, 95% [CI]: 1.06–1.33, p = 0.004), without evidence of heterogeneity between the studies. Conclusion Our results suggest that although PCI decreased the risk of BM, it may impose a detrimental effect on OS of NSCLC patients.
Survey of canine tick-borne diseases in Lábrea, Brazilian Amazon: 'accidental' findings of Dirofilaria immitis infection.

Blood samples were collected from 99 domestic dogs from the urban and rural areas of the Lábrea municipality, state of Amazonas, Brazil. Canine serum samples were tested by immunofluorescence assay against Rickettsia spp. , which revealed that only 3.0% (1/33) and 7.6% (5/66) of the dogs from urban and rural areas, respectively, reacted positively to at least one Rickettsia species. DNA was extracted from canine blood and tested by a battery of PCR assays targeting protozoa of the genera Babesia and Hepatozoon, and bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Ehrlichia and family Anaplasmataceae. All samples were negative in the PCR assays targeting the genera Babesia, Hepatozoon, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia. For Anaplasmataceae, 3% (1/33) and 39.4% (26/66) of the urban and rural dogs, respectively, yielded amplicons that generated DNA sequences 100% identical to the corresponding sequence of Wolbachia endosymbiont of Dirofilaria immitis. Because of these results, all canine DNA samples were further tested in a PCR assay targeting filarial nematodes, which was positive for 18.2% (6/33) and 57.6% (38/66) urban and rural dogs, respectively. Filarial-PCR products generated DNA sequences 100% identical to D. immitis. While tick-borne infections were rare in Lábrea, D. immitis infection rates were among the highest reported in South America.
Scene Recognition with Naive Bayes Non-linear Learning

A crucial feature of a good scene recognition algorithm is its ability to generalize. Scene categories, especially those related to human made indoor places or to human activities like sports, do present a high degree of intra-class variability, which in turn requires high robustness and generalization properties. Such features are amongst the distinctive characteristics of the Naive Bayes Nearest Neighbor (NBNN) approach [1], an image classification framework that since its introduction in 2008 has been gaining momentum in the visual recognition community. In this paper we show how with a straightforward modification of the original NBNN scoring function it is possible to use a recently introduced latent locally linear SVM algorithm to discriminatively learn a set of prototype local features for each class. The resulting classification algorithm, that we call Naive Bayes Nonlinear Learning (NBNL) preserves the generality and robustness properties of the original approach, while greatly reducing its memory requirements during testing, and significantly improving its performance. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work to exploit the structure of the local features through the use of a latent locally linear discriminative learning method. Experiments over three different public scene recognition datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, which outperforms several existing NBNN-based methods and is competitive with standard Bag-of-Words plus SVM approaches.
EFFECTS OF DECISION MOTIVE AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE LEVEL ON STRATEGIC DECISION PROCESSES

The purpose of this study was to increase the understanding of how the performance level of an organization and the CEO's perceptions of a strategic issue affect the processes employed toward the development of recommendations for solutions. Two of the most important mechanisms mentioned in the strategic decision‐making literature are the CEO's subjective labeling of strategic issues and the performance level of the organization. These two variables were examined in this study. Superintendents from 220 school districts and presidents from 68 community colleges were asked through a questionnaire to report what processes they employ in recommending solutions to strategic issues described in a case study. A MANOVA procedure was used for the statistical analyses. The findings generally support the existing literature that contextual factors play an important role in the way leaders of organizations attempt to tackle strategic issues. Overall, results provide a clearer picture of the relationship between organ.
10. Cyber-attraction: The emergence of computer-mediated communication in the development of interpersonal relationships

The main goal of this chapter is the analysis of cyber-attraction: the emergence of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) in the development of interpersonal attraction. According to recent theories and studies, it would seem that not only does CMC support emotional and intensely involving communication between people, but also that it would be characterized by and offer a specific allure, a special element that makes it so fascinating. In particular, different forms of miscommunication implicit, say not to say, and obliquity – play an important role in this process. Starting from this background, the chapter addresses the effects of CMC on interpersonal communication, and especially on the development of interpersonal attraction, aiming at identifying the specific features that this process has in cyberspace. At the same time, the chapter underlines the fact that online and offline are not two separate dimensions to be dealt with separately and almost dichotomously. A broader approach to the study of interpersonal communication in CMC is needed: flexible and complex enough to account for the use of communication strategies in interaction contexts characterized by different levels of virtuality and by the presence of interfaces.
Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review.

IMPORTANCE Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increase in mortality and morbidity, with a substantial increase in stroke and systemic thromboembolism. Strokes related to AF are associated with higher mortality, greater disability, longer hospital stays, and lower chance of being discharged home than strokes unrelated to AF. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of current concepts and recent developments in stroke prevention in AF, with suggestions for practical management. EVIDENCE REVIEW A comprehensive structured literature search was performed using MEDLINE for studies published through March 11, 2015, that reported on AF and stroke, bleeding risk factors, and stroke prevention. FINDINGS The risk of stroke in AF is reduced by anticoagulant therapy. Thromboprophylaxis can be obtained with vitamin K antagonists (VKA, eg, warfarin) or a non-VKA oral anticoagulant (NOAC). Major guidelines emphasize the important role of oral anticoagulation (OAC) for effective stroke prevention in AF. Initially, clinicians should identify low-risk AF patients who do not require antithrombotic therapy (ie, CHA2DS2-VASc score, 0 for men; 1 for women). Subsequently, patients with at least 1 stroke risk factor (except when the only risk is being a woman) should be offered OAC. A patient's individual risk of bleeding from antithrombotic therapy should be assessed, and modifiable risk factors for bleeding should be addressed (blood pressure control, discontinuing unnecessary medications such as aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The international normalized ratio should be tightly controlled for patients receiving VKAs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Stroke prevention is central to the management of AF, irrespective of a rate or rhythm control strategy. Following the initial focus on identifying low-risk patients, all others with 1 or more stroke risk factors should be offered OAC.
Validation of the Korean version of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey screening questionnaire for use in epidemiologic studies for adult asthma

Background Standardized questionnaire is one of key instruments for general population surveys. Objective The present study aimed to develop and validate the Korean version of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) screening questionnaire for adult asthma surveys. Methods The ECRHS screening questionnaire was translated into Korean language according to the international criteria. Study participants were prospectively recruited from six referral hospitals and one health check-up center. Comprehensibility of the translation was tested in a pilot study of 10 patients. The reliability was evaluated by internal consistency and test-retest repeatability. Validity was assess with regard to physician-diagnosed asthma. Results A total of 100 adult asthma patients and 134 volunteers were recruited. Reliability was examined for 10 items in 100 asthmatics; Cronbach α coefficients were 0.84, and test-retest repeatability was good (Cohen κ coefficient, 0.71-1.00). Validity was assessed for 8 items in 234 participants; in particular, 'recent wheeze' showed a high sensitivity (0.89) for physician-diagnosed asthma. 'Recent asthma attack' and 'current asthma medication' showed high specificity (0.96-0.98). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the Korean version of the ECRHS screening questionnaire was comprehensible, reliable and valid. We suggest the questionnaire to be utilized in further epidemiological studies for asthma in Korean adult populations.
How parallel are the primate visual pathways?

The visual system, like all sensory systems, contains parallel pathways (see Stone 1 983). Recently, m uch emphasis has been placed on the relationship between two subcortical and two cortical pathways. It has been suggested that the cortical and subcortical pathways are continuous, so that distinct channels of information that arise in the retina remain segregated up to the highest levels of visual cortex. According to this view, the visual system comprises two largely independent subsystems that mediate different classes of visual behaviors. In this paper, we evaluate this proposal, which has far-reaching implications for our understanding of the functional organization of the visual system. The subcortical projection from the retina to cerebral cortex is strongly dominated by the two pathways (M and P pathways) that are relayed by the magnocellular and parvocellular subdivisions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) (see Shapley & Perry 1 986). The importance of these pathways is demonstrated by the fact that they include about 90% of the axons that leave the retinas (Silveira & Perry 1 99 1 ) and that little vision survives when both pathways are destroyed (Schiller et al 1 990a). The P and M pathways maintain their sharp anatomical segregation through the termination of the LGN projection in layer 4C of VI (striate cortex). The complex network of connections in primate extrastriate visual cor-