Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Electromigration study of 50 µm pitch micro solder bumps using four-point Kelvin structure

Electromigration (EM) of micro bumps of 50 µm pitch was studied using four-point Kelvin structure. Two kinds of bumps, i. e. , SnAg solder bump and Cu post with SnAg solder were tested. These bumps with thick Cu under bump metallization (UBM) were bonded with electroless Ni/Au (ENIG) pads. The results showed different EM features comparing with larger flip chip joints. Under various test temperatures from 100 to 140 °C, the increasing of electrical resistance under current stressing was mainly due to the formation of the high temperature intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The resistance increase-rate in solder bump interconnects was faster than that of Cu post with SnAg bump joints since there was more low temperature solder and under current stressing, more IMCs would be formed. When Cu post with SnAg bumps were tested at 140 °C with the current density of 4.08×104 A/cm2, after certain stressing time the resistances would reach a plateau region, where the diffusion between different materials, i. e. , Cu, Ni and Sn reached equilibrium, and IMCs became stable. Large number of Kirkendall voids and a number of cracks were found in the Cu post interconnects which was caused by the electron wind since less voids and cracks were found in the adjacent bump interconnects. When Cu post with SnAg bumps were tested at 140 °C with the current density of 2.04×104 A/cm2 for 1000 h, the resistance did not reach steady state. The electron flow direction also has an effect on the diffusion of materials. The degradation of resistance increased faster when electrons flow from Cu UBM to ENIG.
Gamma Oscillations Coordinate Amygdalo-Rhinal Interactions during Learning

The rhinal cortices contribute to memory formation by integrating and transferring neocortical information to the hippocampus. Rhinal contributions to memory are likely influenced by the amygdala because strong reciprocal connections exist between these structures. In light of previous data showing that oscillations regulate neuronal activity during memory formation and recall, we tested the possibility that coherent oscillations serve to coordinate amygdalo-rhinal activity during learning. To this end, we performed simultaneous extracellular recordings of basolateral amygdala (BLA), perirhinal, and entorhinal activity. We first tested whether there are correlated fluctuations in the power of BLA and rhinal field activity during the waking state. Correlated power fluctuations were most pronounced in the 35–45 Hz band. Within each structure, firing probability fluctuated rhythmically with the fast oscillations, indicating that they were not volume conducted. To test whether fast oscillations coordinate BLA and rhinal activity during learning, animals were trained on a trace-conditioning task in which a visual conditioned stimulus (CS) predicted a food reward after a delay. The predictive value of the CS was learned gradually over 9 d. As learning progressed, the 35–45 Hz power increased in the BLA and rhinal cortices, particularly during the late part of the CS and delay. Moreover, the firing of BLA and rhinal neurons became rhythmically entrained by BLA oscillations at that time. Thus, our data suggest that neuronal interactions are coordinated by fast oscillations in the BLA–rhinal network. By telescoping the periods of effective neuronal interactions in short recurring time windows, these fast oscillations may facilitate rhinal interactions and synaptic plasticity.
A SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE STUDY OF THE DEBRIS DISKS AROUND FOUR SDSS WHITE DWARFS

We present Spitzer Space Telescope data of four isolated white dwarfs that were previously known to harbor circumstellar gaseous disks. Infrared Array Camera photometry shows a significant infrared excess in all of the systems, SDSS0738+1835, SDSS0845+2257, SDSS1043+0855, and SDSS1617+1620, indicative of a dusty extension to those disks. The 4.5 μm excesses seen in SDSS0738, SDSS0845, and SDSS1617 are 7.5, 5.7, and 4.5 times the white dwarf contribution, respectively. In contrast, in SDSS1043, the measured flux density at 4.5 μm is only 1.7 times the white dwarf contribution. We compare the measured IR excesses in the systems to models of geometrically thin, optically thick disks, and find that we are able to match the measured spectral energy distributions to within 3σ of the uncertainties, although disks with unfeasibly hot inner dust temperatures generally provide a better fit than those below the dust sublimation temperature. Possible explanations for the dearth of dust around SDSS1043+0855 are briefly discussed. Including our previous study of SDSS1228+1040, all five white dwarfs with gaseous debris disks have significant amounts of dust around them. It is evident that gas and dust can coexist around these relatively warm, relatively young white dwarfs.
The biology of post-traumatic stress disorder

Abstract Insights into the biology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) offer great optimism for successful treatment, especially if provided at an early stage of its development. Treatment involves facilitation of the processing of deeply imprinted sensory memories of traumatic events with high survival content. The increasing prevalence of PTSD worldwide provides a huge medical challenge because of its toxic impact on individuals and society, and demands more vigorous detection and treatment. Neuroscience has emphasized the need to graft biologically based treatments to the psychosocial rootstock to make the subject truly biopsychosocial.
Low albite; an X-ray and neutron diffraction study

Least-squares refinements of the structure of low albite from Amelia, Virginia with threedimensional neutron and X-ray diffraction intensity data sets yield weighted R factors of 0.024 and 0.035, respectively, with anisotropic thermal models. The two methods result in essentially identical positional parameters, though slight differences in thermal parameters may be due to the variation in relative scattering powers. Direct refinement of Allsi occupancy of tetrahedral sites was possible for the neutron data but not for the X-ray data, resulting in the following values of (T:O) Gn A) and Al occupancy (associated errors in parentheses): TrO r.743Q)L,0.97(2) Al; T,m 1.609(l)A, O.U(z) Al; T,O 1.614(l)A, 0.0 Al; T,m 1.616(l)A, 0.0 Al. The diference between the refned T,O occupancy and an Al-filled T,O site is signi-ficant at a 9Wo confidence. When these data are combined with other neutron di-ffraction estimates of order/disorder for a low sanidine and Himalaya orthoclase, a non-linear plot of (T-O) vs. Al content results, which is best fit with a 3rd-order polynomial. This curve differs from the linear plot by as much as 0.016A in the high-Al region. However, direct comparison of average T-O bond lengths between ordered and disordered tetrahedra includes an apparent shortening in disordered feldspars (comparable to a thermal motion etrect) which may amount to 0.003A. Analysis of the apparent-thermal-motion anisotropy of the Na site with displacive split-site models yields a splitting distance of 0.39A for both data sets, but a singleNa, anisotropic thermal model is preferred.
SSR Marker Development, Linkage Mapping, and QTL Analysis for Establishment Rate in Common Bermudagrass

Common bermudagrass has been widely used as a major warm‐season turf, forage, and soil stabilization grass in the southern United States. However, codominant marker development, linkage, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping resources are limited in the important taxon. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, construct a genetic map, and identify genomic regions associated with establishment rate. Five genomic SSR libraries were constructed, sequenced, and used in the development of 1003 validated SSR primer pairs (PPs). A linkage map was constructed using a first‐generation selfed population derived from a genotype A12359 (2n = 4x = 36). A total of 249 polymorphic SSR PPs were mapped to 18 linkage groups (LGs). The total length of the map is 1094.7 cM, with an average marker interval of 4.3 cM. Ninety‐eight out of 252 mapped loci (39%) were found to be distorted from the Mendelian 1:2:1 segregation ratio. Among the other 154 nondistorted loci, 88 coupling vs. 66 repulsion linkage phases were observed to confirm the allopolyploid origin of the parent. Ground coverage (GCR) phenotypic data in the establishment stage were collected in two replicated field trials. Quantitative trait loci mapping identified five genomic regions significantly related to the trait. The findings of this study provide valuable genetic tools and resources for genomic research, genetic improvement, and breeding new cultivars in the species.
A Scheme of Moist Convective Adjustment

Abstract A new method of moist convective adjustment is presented. A large-scale state of the atmosphere is assumed to be in a thermodynamically critical condition when a hypothetical cloud element can develop. As a result of the convective adjustment, the atmosphere is altered to a new state that is marginal or unfavorable to the occurrence of a free moist convection. The numerical scheme of the adjustment is described in detail.
Adventure tourism

Definitions of adventure tourism and the supposed motivators for the experience of adventure tourism focus on the concepts of risk, danger and adrenaline. Risk and danger relate to a potential for injury and loss. Tourism on the other hand indicates fun, exciting events and safe experience. The focus of this article is to explore the relationship between participants’ emic experiences and the adventure tourism theories prominent in current literature. This exploration is based on observation of participation, conversations and in-depth interviews with nine tourists on a 14-day white-water kayaking tour of the South Island of New Zealand in February 2002. The interpretation of these tourists’ experiences, their understandings, and the response to these stories expand the scope and importance of concepts prominent in adventure tourism. Participants play with the reality of their experience through stories of freedom, identity and status.
Idiotope regulation by isotype switch variants of two monoclonal antiidiotope antibodies

Previous work has shown that the injection of antiidiotope antibodies specific for idiotopes of the germline-encoded anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitro- phenyl) acetyl (NP) antibody B1-8 enhanced or suppressed the expression of B1-8 idiotopes in subsequent humoral anti-NP responses, depending on the dose and perhaps also the isotype of the injected antibody. To formally answer the question of whether the isotype of an antiidiotope determines its effector function in this type of idiotypic control, we have performed regulatory experiments with isotype switch variants selected from two hybridomas secreting anti-B1-8 idiotopes of CBA (Ighj) and C57BL/6 (Ighb) origin. The antibodies of each variant family differ from each other only in the constant region of the heavy chain. The results show that, irrespective of whether an antiidiotope antibody belongs to the IgG1, IgG2b, IgG2a, or IgE class, a 10-ng dose enhances idiotope expression whereas a dose of 10 micrograms exerts a suppressive effect. It emerges from the present and parallel data that the expression of antibody V regions resembling idiotypically that of antibody B1-8 can be enhanced and suppressed by any of four antiidiotope antibodies that recognize distinct idiotopes on those V regions. This suggests that the initial step in the regulatory process induced by an antiidiotope is its binding to antibody V regions carrying the target idiotope. The antiidiotopes preferentially regulate the expression of antibodies that coexpress with the target idiotope other B1-8 idiotopes, despite the fact that some B1-8 idiotopes are also expressed independently of each other in anti-NP responses of idiotypically unmanipulated mice. This finding may reflect high affinity binding of the antiidiotopes to the target against which they were originally raised (i.e., antibody B1-8) or, more likely, a preferential recognition of B1-8-like V regions by regulatory T cells.
Solar coronal heating by relaxation events

A coronal heating model is proposed which predicts heating by a series of discrete events of various energies, analogous to the observed range of events from large scale flares through various transient brightening phenomena down to the often discussed "nanoflares". We suggest that an energy release event occurs when a field becomes linearly unstable to ideal MHD modes, with dissipation during the nonlinear phase of such an instability due to reconnection in fine-scale structures such as current sheets. The energy release during this complex dynamic period can be evaluated by assuming the field relaxes to a minimum energy state subject to the constraint of helicity conservation. A model problem is studied: a cylindrical coronal loop, with a current profile generated by slow twisting of the photospheric footpoints parameterised by two values of α (the ratio of current density to field strength). Different initial α profiles, corresponding to different footpoint twisting profiles, lead to energy release events of a wide range of magnitudes, but our model predicts an observationally realistic minimum size for these events.
Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England

Crime and law have now been studied by historians of early modern England for more than a generation. Crime and Mentalities in Early Modern England attempts to reach further than most conventional treatments of the subject, to explore the cultural contexts of law-breaking and criminal prosecution, and to recover their hidden social meanings. In this sense the book is more than just a 'history from below': it is a history from within. Conversely, the book explores crime to shed light on the long-term development of English mentalities in general. To this end, three serious crimes - witchcraft, coining and murder - are examined in detail, revealing new and important insights into how religious reform, state formation, secularisation, and social and cultural change (for example, the spread of literacy and the availability of print) may have transformed the thinking and outlook of most ordinary people between 1550 and 1750.
Channel Selection scheme for Cooperative Routing protocols in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this work, we propose CSCR, a channel selection scheme for cooperation-based routing protocols in cognitive radio networks. The proposed scheme increases the spectrum utilization through integrating the channels selection in the route discovery phase of the cooperation-based routing protocols. The best channels, that are less congested with primary users and that lead to minimum switching overhead, are chosen while constructing the cooperative group. Evaluating CSCR via NS2 simulations shows that it outperforms its counterparts in terms of goodput, end-to-end delay, and packet delivery ratio. The proposed scheme can enhance the network goodput, in some cases, by more than 150%, as compared to other related protocols.
LDLR C1725T Gene Polymorphism Frequency in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With Dyslipidemia

Background Dyslipidemia has a substantial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Determining the genetic profile of T2DM patients with dyslipidemia is important in order to reduce the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications. Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) plays a critical role in plasma lipoprotein hemostasis. LDLR mutations/polymorphisms cause changes at the lipoprotein level. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of LDLR (rs179989) polymorphisms in Turkish T2DM patients with dyslipidemia. Methods The study group consisted of 217 T2DM patients with dyslipidemia including 28 cases with myocardial infarction and 212 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from venous blood samples and genotype analysis was carried out on the LightCycler® 480 instrument. The χ2 test was used to compare genotype distributions. Results There were no significant differences in the frequency or allelic distribution of the LDLR C1725T (rs1799898) genotype between the type 2 diabetic dyslipidemia patients and the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion LDLR C1725T polymorphism was not associated with lipid parameters, and dyslipidemia in T2DM patients.
Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines in the Context of Current Molecular Epidemiology

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, this minimalistic virus with a 1.7 kb single-stranded DNA genome and two indispensable genes has become one of the most important porcine pathogens, and presently is subjected to the highest volume of prophylactic intervention in the form of vaccines in global swine production. PCV2 can currently be divided into five different genotypes, PCV2a through PCV2e. It is well documented that PCV2 continues to evolve, which is reflected by changes in the prevalence of genotypes. During 2006, commercial vaccines for PCV2 were introduced on a large scale in a pig population mainly infected with PCV2b. Since 2012, the PCV2d genotype has essentially replaced the previously predominant PCV2b genotype in North America and similar trends are also documented in other geographic regions such as China and South Korea. This is the second major PCV2 genotype shift since the discovery of the virus. The potential increase in virulence of the emergent PCV2 genotype and the efficacy of the current vaccines derived from PCV2a genotype against the PCV2d genotype viruses has received considerable attention. This review attempts to synthesize the understanding of PCV2 biology, experimental studies on the antigenic variability, and molecular epidemiological analysis of the evolution of PCV2 genotypes.
Efeitos da ginástica laboral na dor nas costas e nos hábitos posturais adotados no ambiente de trabalho

The objective of this study aimed at verifying the Labor Gymnastic's (GL) effect on the low back pain and on postural habits of workers who stay for long periods in the sitting position. Thirty workers of both sex genders participated of the research; divided in two groups: control (n=15) and experimental (n=15), had GL sessions during three months. The instrument of evaluation consisted of a questionnaire about pain and posture, that the answers were codified and tabled as well as submitted to Wilcoxon test to verify differences between pre and post experiment in two groups. The results demonstrate that GL helped to diminish intensity and frequency of the referred pain in the workers from experimental group as well as changed their postural habit during the work.
Uncovering Latent Style Factors for Expressive Speech Synthesis

Prosodic modeling is a core problem in speech synthesis. The key challenge is producing desirable prosody from textual input containing only phonetic information. In this preliminary study, we introduce the concept of "style tokens" in Tacotron, a recently proposed end-to-end neural speech synthesis model. Using style tokens, we aim to extract independent prosodic styles from training data. We show that without annotation data or an explicit supervision signal, our approach can automatically learn a variety of prosodic variations in a purely data-driven way. Importantly, each style token corresponds to a fixed style factor regardless of the given text sequence. As a result, we can control the prosodic style of synthetic speech in a somewhat predictable and globally consistent way.
Japanese Dependency Structure Analysis based on Lexicalized Statistics

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A componential approach to hypnotic memory facilitation: focused meditation, context reinstatement and eye movements

Although hypnosis is now less popular as an interviewing technique in forensic investigations than it used to be, recent evidence suggests that some of the components of hypnotic interviewing might still be useful in the development of brief memory facilitation procedures. Two experiments are described which continue this componential approach to hypnotic interviewing. In the first experiment, the effects on episodic memory of a brief context reinstatement (revivication) procedure were examined together with a focused breathing meditation technique which shares similarities with traditional hypnotic induction. A second experiment investigated the effects of horizontal eye movements which some have also associated with hypnotic responding. Results indicated that a combined context reinstatement and focused meditation procedure was more effective than context reinstatement alone in facilitating memory for an emotional event without the increase in false positive errors familiar to more traditional hypnosis techniques. In contrast, an instruction to perform horizontal eye movements was not effective in facilitating memory and, when combined with a suggestion for improved recall, produced higher confidence in incorrect responses. Implications are discussed. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacology , mode of action , and pharmacokinetics of sertindole

Correspondence: Joshua S Rodefer Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 West Call St, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA Tel +1 850/645-9142 Fax +1 850/644-7739 email rodefer@psy.fsu. edu Abstract: The atypical antipsychotic sertindole is a phenylindole-derived compound that has affinity for and functions as an antagonist at a number of receptor systems, including dopamine D2 receptors, 5-HT 2A and 5-HT 2C receptors, and α-1-noradrenergic receptors. Although previous data suggested that sertindole was well tolerated and had good efficacy against both positive and negative symptom clusters, reports of QT prolongation with sertindole prompted its voluntary removal from the market in 1998. After further safety analyses, it recently regained approval and was reintroduced to the European market for the treatment of schizophrenia, where its role in therapy among available atypicals remains unclear. This article evaluates the preclinical and clinical data regarding sertindole’s effectiveness and concludes that sertindole continues to demonstrate a number of strengths, including effective management of both positive and negative symptoms, well-tolerated side effects (including little or no sedation, weight gain, and extrapyramidal side effects), and a superior procognitive profile that is unique among atypical antipsychotics. However, minor concerns regarding its sexual side effects and the major consideration of QT prolongation suggest that additional comparative effectiveness studies are needed to determine the superiority of sertindole vs other atypical antipsychotics recently introduced.