Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Psychological distance in emotion attribution 1 RUNNING

People tend to judge themselves as exhibiting above average levels of desirable traits— including competence, kindness, and life satisfaction—but does this self-enhancement extend to emotional responses? Here, we explore this question by having people attribute emotions to themselves and others following simple gambles. We demonstrate that people display an emotional self-enhancement bias that varies with the context of the emotion-eliciting situation. People judge themselves as experiencing more positive emotional reactions on average, and they also believed that others’ emotions are more sensitive to gamble outcomes, such that people judge others to experience stronger negative affect in response to negative outcomes (Study 1). This self-enhancement bias further tracks social distance, such that people attribute less positive and more negative emotion to more dissimilar, as compared to more similar others (Study 2). People also predict less favorable emotional states for themselves and others experiencing events in the future, as compared to the present (Study 3), suggesting that this attribution bias extends across multiple dimensions of psychological distance. Broadly, these data suggest that people exhibit self-enhancement in emotion attribution, but do so in subtle ways that depend on situational and social factors.
Algorithmic Aspects of Hardware/Software Partitioning: 1D Search Algorithms

Hardware/software (HW/SW) partitioning is one of the key challenges in HW/SW codesign. This paper presents efficient algorithms for the HW/SW partitioning problem, which has been proved to be NP-hard. We reduce the HW/SW partitioning problem to a variation of knapsack problem that is approximately solved by searching 1D solution space, instead of searching 2D solution space in the latest work cited in this paper, to reduce time complexity. Three heuristic algorithms are proposed to determine suitable partitions to satisfy HW/SW partitioning constraints. We have shown that the time complexity for partitioning a graph with n nodes and m edges is significantly reduced from O(dx · dy · n3) to O(n log n + d · (n + m)), where d and dx · dy are the number of the fragments of the searched 1D solution space and the searched 2D solution space, respectively. The lower bound on the solution quality is also proposed based on the new computing model to show that it is comparable to that reported in the literature. Moreover, empirical results show that the proposed algorithms produce comparable and often better solutions when compared to the latest algorithm while reducing the time complexity significantly.
Inferring useful static types for duck typed languages

Complete and precise identification of types is essential to the effectiveness of programming aids such as refactoring or code completion. Existing approaches that target dynamically typed languages infer types using flow analysis, but flow analysis does not cope well with heavily used features such as heterogeneous containers and implicit interfaces. Our solution makes the assumption that programs that are known to work do not encounter run-time type errors which allows us to derive extra type information from the way values are used, rather than simply where those values originate. This is in keeping with the “duck typing” philosophy of many dynamically typed languages. The information we derive must be conservative, so we describe and formalise a technique to ‘freeze’ the duck type of a variable using the features, such as named methods, that are provably present on any run of the program. Development environments can use these sets of features to provide code-completion suggestions and API documentation, amongst other things. We show that these sets of features can be used to refine imprecise flow analysis results by using the frozen duck type to perform a structural type-cast. We first formalise this for an idealised duck-typed language semantics and then show to what extent the technique would work for a real-world language, Python. We demonstrate its effectiveness by performing an analysis of several real-world Python programs which shows that we can infer the types of method-call receivers more precisely than can flow analysis alone.
Causal Search in Structural Vector Autoregressive Models

This paper reviews a class of methods to perform causal inference in the framework of a structural vector autoregressive model. We consider three different settings. In the first setting the underlying system is linear with normal disturbances and the structural model is identified by exploiting the information incorporated in the partial correlations of the estimated residuals. Zero partial correlations are used as input of a search algorithm formalized via graphical causal models. In the second, semi-parametric, setting the underlying system is linear with non-Gaussian disturbances. In this case the structural vector autoregressive model is identified through a search procedure based on independent component analysis. Finally, we explore the possibility of causal search in a nonparametric setting by studying the performance of conditional independence tests based on kernel density estimations.
Serum Lipid Profile in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

This study was conducted to determine the association between the serum lipid profile and meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). The study was carried out on patients attending Outpatient Department Of Ophthalmology at M.L. B Medical College, Jhansi. 100 patients with dry eye symptoms, satisfying the inclusion criteria were selected . After complete ocular examination , Tear film tests and lid margin examination to detect MGD were done and allotted two groups as: patients with meibomian gland dysfunction(MGD) [cases] and without MGD [control] ,with no history of dyslipidemia. Both the groups were investigated and compared for Serum Fasting Lipid Profile . Unpaired t test was used to calculate the pvalue. There was statistically significant difference in the levels of TCH , TGs , LDL between MGD (CASES) and NonMGD (CONTROLS) with p-value 0.012 , 0.014 , 0.015 respectively . Levels of VLDL and HDL in both groups were insignificant. It may be summarized that patients with MGD with no history of dyslipidemia may have undiscovered abnormal serum cholesterol levels compared to controls without MGD and may become a sign of undiagnosed dyslipidemia and ophthalmologists will have a role in early detection of an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Bridging the GUI gap with reactive values and relations

There are at present two ways to write GUIs for functional code. One is to use standard GUI toolkits, with all the benefits they bring in terms of feature completeness, choice of platform, conformance to platform-specific look-and-feel, long-term viability, etc. How- ever, such GUI APIs mandate an imperative programming style for the GUI and related parts of the application. Alternatively, we can use a functional GUI toolkit. The GUI can then be written in a func- tional style, but at the cost of foregoing many advantages of stan- dard toolkits that often will be of critical importance. This paper introduces a light-weight framework structured around the notions of reactive values and reactive relations. It allows standard toolk- its to be used from functional code written in a functional style. We thus bridge the gap between the two worlds, bringing the ad- vantages of both to the developer. Our framework is available on Hackage and has been been validated through the development of non-trivial applications in a commercial context, and with different standard GUI toolkits.
HEALTH ADVANTAGES OF BREAST FEEDING FOR INFANTS : A CRITICAL REVIEW

I N F A N T M O R B I D I T Y . 93 A C U T E I N F E C T I O U S I L L N E S S . 93 G A S T R O I N T E S T I N A L DISEASES . 94 N E C R O T I Z I N G E N T E R O C O L I T I S . 95 R E S P I R A T O R Y DISEASES . 96 O T I T I S M E D I A . 91 B A C T E R A E M I A A N D M E N I N G I T I S . 98 I N F A N T B O T U L I S M . 98 U R I N A R Y T R A C T I N F E C T l O N . 98 C H R O N I C I L L N E S S . 99
A co-flow-focusing monodisperse microbubble generator

We use a simple and inexpensive microfluidic device, which is based on microscope glass slides and two tapered glass capillaries, to produce monodisperse microbubbles. The innermost capillary used for transporting the gas is inserted into the second capillary, with its 2 μm sharp tip aligned with the center of the converging–diverging throat of the second capillary. This configuration provides a small and smooth gas flow rate, and a high velocity gradient at the tube outlet. Highly monodisperse microbubbles with diameters ranging from 3.5 to 60 microns have been successfully produced at a rate of up to 40 kHz. A simple scaling law, which is based on the capillary number and liquid-to-gas flow rate ratio, successfully predicts the bubble size.
Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels

The recent discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels (LVs) has raised interest in their possible involvement in neuropathological processes, yet little is known about their development or maintenance. We show here that meningeal LVs develop postnatally, appearing first around the foramina in the basal parts of the skull and spinal canal, sprouting along the blood vessels and cranial and spinal nerves to various parts of the meninges surrounding the central nervous system (CNS). VEGF-C, expressed mainly in vascular smooth muscle cells, and VEGFR3 in lymphatic endothelial cells were essential for their development, whereas VEGF-D deletion had no effect. Surprisingly, in adult mice, the LVs showed regression after VEGF-C or VEGFR3 deletion, administration of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib, or expression of VEGF-C/D trap, which also compromised the lymphatic drainage function. Conversely, an excess of VEGF-C induced meningeal lymphangiogenesis. The plasticity and regenerative potential of meningeal LVs should allow manipulation of cerebrospinal fluid drainage and neuropathological processes in the CNS.
Stability of the heart rate power spectrum over time in the conscious dog

The purpose of this experiment was to test the stability of the heart rate (HR) power spectrum over time in conscious dogs. HR was recorded for 1 h for each of six animals on 2 days. A Fast Fourier transform was used to derive the HR power spectrum for the 12 contiguous 5‐min epochs comprising the 1‐h recordings. Changes in frequency and amplitude of the various spectral peaks were quantitatively examined. We confirm the presence of two major concentrations of power centered around 0.02 (low frequency peak) and 0.32 Hz (high frequency peak). However, we observed variations in these spectral peaks, especially their amplitudes, both within each hour and from day 1 to day 2. The amplitudes of these two spectral peaks tended to vary reciprocally. HR power spectra based on 5 min of recorded data were also derived from an additional eight animals in both the lying and standing positions; the power spectra from these short recordings were sufficiently sensitive to detect redistributions in power due to changes in posture in all eight dogs. We conclude that: 1) data should be recorded for relatively long periods (e.g., 1 h) to characterize the HR power spectrum; 2) some variability in frequency and amplitude will persist across spectra even when based on longer data bases; 3) care should be taken to ensure that the subject's behavioral state is stable within the recording period; 4) shorter (e.g., 5 min) data bases are not suitable except for detecting relatively robust changes in the HR power spectrum. —Brown, D. R. ; Randall, D. C. ; Knapp, C. F. ; Lee, K. C. ; Yingling, J. D. Stability of the heart rate power spectrum over time in the conscious dog. FASEB J. 3: 1644‐1650; 1989.
Minimax and generalized likelihood ratio test for noncoherent FH/BFSK in band multitone jamming

We investigate non-coherent FH/BFSK detection in band multitone jamming when Bayesian detection is unfeasible due to lack of knowledge on a priori jamming state probabilities. We derive joint-suboptimal decision metrics of jamming states under Minimax hypothesis testing in band multitone jamming and AWGN. A sub-optimal generalized likelihood ratio test is also explored. Simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach which combines sub-optimal generalized likelihood ratio test with generalized FH/BFSK modulation.
A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease

SUMMARY Few studies have focussed on the health and immunity of triploid Atlantic salmon and therefore much is still unknown about their response to commercially significant pathogens. This is important if triploid stocks are to be considered for full-scale commercial production. This study aimed to investigate and compare the response of triploid and diploid Atlantic salmon to an experimental challenge with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). This disease is economically significant for the aquaculture industry. The results indicated that ploidy had no significant effect on gross gill score or gill filaments affected, while infection and time had significant effects. Ploidy, infection and time did not affect complement or anti-protease activities. Ploidy had a significant effect on lysozyme activity at 21 days post-infection (while infection and time did not), although activity was within the ranges previously recorded for salmonids. Stock did not significantly affect any of the parameters measured. Based on the study results, it can be suggested that ploidy does not affect the manifestation or severity of AGD pathology or the serum innate immune response. Additionally, the serum immune response of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon may not be significantly affected by amoebic gill disease.
Criteria in consultant selection: Public procurement of architectural and engineering services

The competence, commitment and attitudes of design consultants strongly influence the quality and costs of built facilities. However, in the selection of professional services it is often difficult to specify and assess non-price criteria related to both firms and individual consultants. Therefore, clients traditionally rely on long term relations or recommendations from clients or colleagues. Public procurement regulation, however, restricts the use of such informal data. This study seeks to understand how procurers act to reconcile these conflicting demands. An explorative questionnaire survey distributed to Swedish municipalities investigates which selection criteria and information sources are used, as well as perceived difficulties and shortcomings related to consultancy procurement. Results show a high focus on price or more easily measured non-price criteria. This might limit the ability of municipal officials to evaluate consultant competence, especially aspects related to design and execution of projects. Furthermore, personal information sources are widely used, indicating a conflict between procurement practice and existing regulation. Unexpectedly, procurement officials were generally satisfied with their procurement practice. However, managers and more experienced procurers tend to be more satisfied than other officials. Satisfaction also appears to be connected to the existence of a procurement policy and more advanced selection methods. Keywords: public procurement, selection, consultants, Sweden
Correlation of visual field with scanning confocal laser optic disc measurements in glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the correlation between structural optic disc measurements that were obtained with a scanning confocal laser tomograph and functional measurements that were obtained with automated static threshold perimetry. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING An American school of medicine. PATIENTS Forty-six patients (mean +/- SD age, 63 +/- 10 years) with early to moderate glaucoma (average mean deviation +/- SD, -4.8 +/- 6.2 dB). INTERVENTIONS Automated static threshold perimetry (performed with either the Octopus G1 program, Interzeag, Schlieren, Switzerland, or the Humphrey 24-2 program, Allergan Humphrey, San Leandro, Calif) and confocal optic disc tomography (performed with the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, Heidelberg [Germany] Engineering GmbH) were performed on one randomly selected eye per patient. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The correlation between the visual field indexes, namely, the mean deviation and corrected pattern SD, and the topographic measurements for the optic disc and nerve fiber layer. RESULTS A statistically significant correlation was found between the third central moment of the frequency distribution of the depth values for the optic disc structures and the visual field indexes. Pearson correlation coefficients were r = -. 65 (P < .0001) and r = . 55 (P < .0001) for the mean deviation and corrected pattern SD, respectively. CONCLUSION The third central moment of the depth distribution for the optic disc measurements is strongly related to the overall shape of the optic disc cup and is a robust indicator of the degree of glaucomatous optic nerve damage.
Effect of lipid vesicle (liposome) encapsulation of methotrexate on its chemotherapeutic efficacy in solid rodent tumors.

Abstract The possibility of the use of unilamellar phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) as carriers of methotrexate (MTX) was explored to overcome the resistance of solid tumors to the drug. Unilamellar vesicles were prepared by sonic dispersion of phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol:stearylamine (4:3:1) in an aqueous solution containing MTX. In MTX-resistant, cortisol-sensitive P1798 mouse lymphosarcoma cells in suspension, the uptake of [ 3 H]MTX at a concentration of 10 -6 m was 54% greater when the drug was encapsulated in lipid vesicles than that observed with the free drug. Daily i.p. injections of vesicle-entrapped MTX (1.0 mg/kg) into mice bearing established P1798 tumors for 4 consecutive days, a regimen that was ineffective with free MTX, resulted in an 80% reduction in tumor mass; this effect was greater than that achieved by 5 times the dosage of free drug. MTX-sensitive Murphy-Sturm rat lymphosarcoma cells in suspension showed a 2.6-fold increase in MTX uptake when the drug was encapsulated in lipid vesicles as compared to the free MTX at a concentration of 10 -6 m. Treatment of rats bearing the rat Murphy-Sturm lymphosarcoma tumor with MTX (0.5 mg/kg), following the regimen used previously, caused a 82% reduction in tumor mass when MTX was encapsulated in lipid vesicles compared to a 52% reduction in tumor mass achieved by administration of free drug. These results indicate that encapsulation of MTX in lipid vesicles enhances its association with tumor cells in vitro and improves the response of solid rodent tumors to treatment with MTX.
Maternal Effects Underlie Ageing Costs of Growth in the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata)

Maternal effects provide a mechanism to adapt offspring phenotype and optimize the mother’s fitness to current environmental conditions. Transferring steroids to the yolk is one way mothers can translate environmental information into potential adaptive signals for offspring. However, maternally-derived hormones might also have adverse effects for offspring. For example, recent data in zebra finch chicks suggested that ageing related-processes (i.e. oxidative stress and telomere loss) were increased after egg-injection of corticosterone (CORT). Still, we have few experimental data describing the effect of maternal effects on the growth-ageing trade-off in offspring. Here, we chronically treated pre-laying zebra finch females (Taeniopygia guttata) with 17-β-estradiol (E2) or CORT, and followed offspring growth and cellular ageing rates (oxidative stress and telomere loss). CORT treatment decreased growth rate in male chicks and increased rate of telomere loss in mothers and female offspring. E2 increased body mass gain in male offspring, while reducing oxidative stress in both sexes but without affecting telomere loss. Since shorter telomeres were previously found to be a proxy of individual lifespan in zebra finches, maternal effects may, through pleiotropic effects, be important determinants of offspring life-expectancy by modulating ageing rate during embryo and post-natal growth.
Evolution of hippocampal shapes across the human lifespan

Aberrant hippocampal morphology plays an important role in the pathophysiology of aging. Volumetric analysis of the hippocampus has been performed in aging studies; however, the shape morphometry—which is potentially more informative in terms of related cognition—has yet to be examined. In this paper, we employed an advanced brain mapping technique, large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM), and a dimensionality reduction approach, locally linear diffeomorphic metric embedding (LLDME), to explore age‐related changes in hippocampal shape as delineated from magnetic resonance (MR) images of 302 healthy adults aged from 18 to 94 years. Compared with the hippocampal volumes, the hippocampal shapes clearly showed the nonlinear trajectory of biological aging across the human lifespan, where the variation of hippocampal shapes by age was characterized by a cubic polynomial. By integrating of LDDMM and LLDME, we were also able to illustrate the average hippocampal shapes in each individual decade. In addition, LDDMM and LLDME facilitated the identification of 63 years as a threshold beyond which hippocampal morphological changes were accelerated. Adults over 63 years of age showed the inward‐deformation bilaterally in the head of the hippocampi and the left subiculum regardless of hippocampal volume reduction when compared to adults younger than 63. Hence, we demonstrated that the shape of anatomical structures added another dimension of structural morphological quantification beyond the volume in understanding aging. Hum Brain Mapp 34:3075–3085, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lysinibacillus halotolerans sp. nov., isolated from saline-alkaline soil.

A novel aerobic, halotolerant bacterium, designated strain LAM612(T), was isolated from saline-alkaline soil samples from Lingxian County, Shandong Province, China. Cells of strain LAM612(T) were Gram-reaction-positive, endospore-forming, motile and rod-shaped. The optimal temperature and pH for growth were 35 °C and pH 6.0, respectively. Strain LAM612(T) could grow in the presence of up to 10% (w/v) NaCl. The genomic DNA G+C conten was 36.4 mol% as detected by the T(m) method. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that LAM612(T) was closely related to Lysinibacillus sinduriensis KACC 16611(T) (98.0%), L. chungkukjangi KACC 16626(T) (97.5%), L. massiliensis KCTC 13178(T) (97.4%), L. xylanilyticus KACC 15113(T) (97.2%), L. macroides DSM 54(T) (97.0%) and L. manganicus DSM 26584(T) (96.5%). The DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain LAM612(T) and its closest relatives ranged from 20.6% to 41.9%. The major fatty acids of strain LAM612(T) were iso-C(15 : 0) (40.8%), iso-C(16 : 0) (15.2%) and anteiso-C(15 : 0) (10.8%). The cell-wall peptidoglycan content was A4α (L-Lys-D-Asp). The predominant menaquinone was MK-7 and the main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown phospholipids, five unknown glycolipids and an unknown lipid. Based on the DNA-DNA hybridization results and phenotypic, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic properties, strain LAM612(T) could be distinguished from the recognized species of the genus Lysinibacillus, and was suggested to represent a novel species of this genus, for which the name Lysinibacillus halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LAM612(T) ( = ACCC 00718(T) = JCM 19611(T)).