Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Returned migration, language, and identity: Puerto Rican bilinguals in dos worlds/two mundos

The poem 'Dos Worlds/Two Mundos' was written by a Rochesterican, Henry Padron, in 1982 (an excerpt is given in the Appendix). It portrays a bilingual's struggle with the two worlds represented by the two languages he/she knows, a struggle which can cause cultural conflict and 'un tremendo strain en tu brain'. In this regard, the Puerto Rican experience is no different from that of every other poor immigrant with a foreignlanguage background. The linguistic literature is full of examples of the we-they dichotomy experienced by members of language minorities when they attempt to participate in the dominant society (Gumperz 1964,1976; Fishman 1966). The 'we' language, that spoken at home, the mother tongue, is endowed with many positive affective variables such as intimacy and solidarity, but it is considered low in prestige. The 'they' language, in contrast, enjoys high status because it is linked with the outside world of power and money (Lambert 1972). In some communities, the high and low linguistic codes are kept strictly apart (Ferguson 1964; Fishman 1967), but in others, such as the Chicano and Puerto Rican communities in the US, the pervasiveness of the close cultural contact and the resulting lack of functional differentiation are reflected in code switching, as in Padron's poem. Often, code switching is misinterpreted as evidence only of lack of linguistic knowledge. But a spate of recent research has proved that switching serves many significant social and discourse functions beyond that of filling in forgotten phrases or word (Gumperz 1976; McClure 1977; Valdes 1981; LPTF 1980; Zentella 1985). Nor does code switching signal the deterioration of one or both of the languages involved; in fact, switchers display formidable syntactic knowledge by switching at points that maintain the grammatical integrity of both languages at the same time (Poplack 1979; Sankoff and Poplack 1980). Thus code switching allows us to make a graphic statement about the way we live with a foot in each of 'dos worlds/two mundos'. In the United States, code switching helps us to hold onto some of our Spanish, in the face of ever-mounting pressures to become English
Reference Values of Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin in Very Low Birth Weight Infants

In very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, acute renal impairment (ARI) is common, but there is no consensus about criteria for its diagnosis. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an early and sensitive indicator of renal impairment in experimental animals, children, and adults. Urinary NGAL (UNGAL) is detectable in VLBW infants; however, there is no reference range in this population. The objective of this study is to define the reference range for UNGAL in VLBW infants with no risk factors for acute renal impairment. UNGAL concentration was determined in urine samples collected from day of life (DOL) 4 through DOL 30 in 50 newborns with uncomplicated clinical courses, selected from a total of 145 prospectively enrolled appropriate for gestational age inborn VLBW premature infants. The birth weight and gestational age ranges were 790-1490 g and 26–33 wk, respectively. The median, 95th and 99th percentiles, and range of pooled UNGAL values were 5 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 120 ng/mL, and 2–150 ng/mL, respectively. Greater variability and higher quantile levels of UNGAL were observed in females versus males. In conclusion, a reference range for UNGAL in VLBW infants, similar to that in children and adults, has been established.
Social Science Literature and the Naturalization Process

This article examines social science research into the socioeconomic and cultural factors associated with immigrants who naturalize. Few of the studies in this review use statistical methodologies and many of the findings are highly impressionistic. Yet, several of the studies find common factors to explain the decision to naturalize. These include: length of residence in the United States, varied potentials for acculturation among different national origin groups, motivation for immigration and formal education and language skills. However, no single study is found that examines all of the variables influencing the naturalization decision.
Correcting OCR text by association with historical datasets

The Medical Article Records System (MARS) developed by the Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications uses scanning, OCR and automated recognition and reformatting algorithms to generate electronic bibliographic citation data from paper biomedical journal articles. The OCR server incorporated in MARS performs well in general, but fares less well with text printed in small or italic fonts. Affiliations are often printed in small italic fonts in the journals processed by MARS. Consequently, although the automatic processes generate much of the citation data correctly, the affiliation field frequently contains incorrect data, which must be manually corrected by verification operators. In contrast, author names are usually printed in large, normal fonts that are correctly converted to text by the OCR server. The National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database contains 11 million indexed citations for biomedical journal articles. This paper documents our effort to use the historical author, affiliation relationships from this large dataset to find potential correct affiliations for MARS articles based on the author and the affiliation in the OCR output. Preliminary tests using a table of about 400,000 author/affiliation pairs extracted from the corrected data from MARS indicated that about 44% of the author/affiliation pairs were repeats and that about 47% of newly converted author names would be found in this set. A text-matching algorithm was developed to determine the likelihood that an affiliation found in the table corresponding to the OCR text of the first author was the current, correct affiliation. This matching algorithm compares an affiliation found in the author/affiliation table (found with the OCR text of the first author) to the OCR output affiliation, and calculates a score indicating the similarity of the affiliation found in the table to the OCR affiliation. Using a ground truth set of 519 OCR author/OCR affiliation/correct affiliation triples, the matching algorithm is able to select a correct affiliation for the author 43% of the time with a false positive rate of 6%, a true negative rate of 44% and a false negative rate of 7%. MEDLINE citations with United States affiliations typically include the zip code. In addition to using author names as clues to correct affiliations, we are investigating the value of the OCR text of zip codes as clues to correct USA affiliations. Current work includes generation of an author/affiliation/zipcode table from the entire MEDLINE database and development of a daemon module to implement affiliation selection and matching for the MARS system using both author names and zip codes. Preliminary results from the initial version of the daemon module and the partially filled author/affiliation/zipcode table are encouraging.
On the outage probability of information sharing in cognitive vehicular networks

The last decade has witnessed a booming era of wireless vehicular networks, supporting diverse road traffic services and applications. Information dissemination/sharing among vehicles is the fundamental goal of vehicular networks. Although diverse information dissemination/sharing mechanisms have been proposed in the existing literature, the physical layer outage performance of information sharing has not been analyzed. Against this background, in this paper, we study the outage probability of road traffic information sharing in underlay cognitive vehicular networks under both a general scenario and a specific highway scenario. The general scenario relies on the Nakagami-m channel, while the highway scenario is its special case associated with the Rayleigh fading channel. Moreover, we also invoke a real-world dataset containing the locations of Beijing taxis to conduct simulations, the results of which verify the accuracy of our theoretical analysis.
A POI Categorization by Composition of Onomastic and Contextual Information

Point of interest (POI) categorization is the task of finding of categories of POIs within a document. Because the documents that possess POIs have clue words for identifying POI categories, the task can be solved as document classification. However, this approach misses two crucial factors for identifying the category of a POI. First, the approach pays no attention to onomastic information, even though POI names reveal much categorical information in many cases. Second, the approach ignores the fact that most clue words for identifying a POI category are located near the POI name. This paper proposes a novel method that incorporates both onomastic and local contextual information in POI categorization. The proposed method uses support vector machines (SVMs) to categorize POIs. In order to utilize the onomastic information of POIs, The proposed method adopts the string kernel that manages variations of the POI names efficiently at the character level. The method also proposes a Gaussian weighting to content words in a document. By setting the mean of a Gaussian weighting at the position of a POI name, the method imposes higher weights to the words near the POI name and lower weights to the words far from the name. Then, these two types of information are combined by a composite kernel of the string kernel and a linear kernel with the Gaussian weighting. A series of experiments prove that SVMs with the combined information outperforms those with single information.
Risk Stratification for Long-Term Mortality After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background—A simple risk score to predict long-term mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using preprocedural risk factors is currently not available. In this study, we created one by simplifying the results of a Cox proportional hazards model. Methods and Results—A total of 11 897 patients who underwent PCI from October through December 2003 in New York State were randomly divided into derivation and validation samples. Patients’ vital statuses were tracked using the National Death Index through the end of 2008. A Cox proportional hazards model was fit to predict death after PCI using the derivation sample, and a simplified risk score was created. The Cox model identified 12 separate risk factors for mortality including older age, extreme body mass indexes, multivessel disease, a lower ejection fraction, unstable hemodynamic state or shock, several comorbidities (cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, and renal failure), and a history of coronary artery bypass graft surgery. The C statistics of this model when applied to the validation sample were 0.787, 0.785, and 0.773 for risks of death within 1, 3, and 5 years after PCI, respectively. In addition, the point-based risk score demonstrated good agreement between patients’ observed and predicted risks of death. Conclusions—A simple risk score created from a more complicated Cox proportional hazards model can be used to accurately predict a patient’s risk of long-term mortality after PCI.
Back to Basics: Psychotherapy is an Interpersonal Process

Although psychotherapy has been found to be effective for a wide variety of conditions, there is considerable disagreement about the specific mechanisms that produce positive outcomes, and this disagreement has resulted in a variety of training methodologies. Various researchers have emphasized therapist variables, specific therapeutic systems, or the therapeutic alliance as the primary reason for beneficial effects from participation in psychotherapy. There is convincing evidence for conceptualizing psychotherapy as a reciprocal influence process that includes therapist variables and specific intervention systems within the context of a therapeutic alliance. Several recommendations are made for training practitioner-psychologists, which include (a) a focus on how to manage the interpersonal process, (b) developing strategies to avoid negative effects, and (c) an open and flexible approach to the use of a variety of therapeutic systems.
Biphasic Activation of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase in Anterior Cingulate Cortex Distinctly Regulates the Development of Pain-related Anxiety and Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Rats after Incision

Background: A recent study has demonstrated that surgical incision induces an anxiety-like behavior but its relationship with incision-evoked mechanical hypersensitivity remains elusive. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is important for the affective pain. The current study aims to explore ERK1/2 activity in the ACC and its role in the development of anxiety and mechanical hypersensitivity after incision. Methods: Anxiety-like behavior was measured by elevated plus maze experiment and open field test after hind paw incision. ERK1/2 phosphorylation was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Cannulae were implanted into the bilateral ACC for the intra-ACC injection of ERK inhibitors PD98059 and U0126. Brushing (innocuous stimulus) was used to investigate its effect on ERK activation under the incision-evoked painful condition. Results: The anxiety-like behavior induced by the hind paw incision persisted longer than mechanical hypersensitivity. One hind paw incision resulted in a biphasic ERK activation in bilateral ACC. Inhibiting ERK activation in the early phase attenuated pain-related anxiety and mechanical hypersensitivity whereas inhibiting ERK activation in the late phase only reduced the anxiety-like behavior. During the time interval between two phases of ERK activation, brushing the incised skin dramatically increased ERK phosphorylation in the ACC. Conclusions: These data suggest that in the early phase of postoperative pain, pain-related anxiety and mechanical hypersensitivity are tightly linked and regulated by the ERK activation in the ACC. However, in the late phase of postoperative pain, ERK activation in the ACC is only required for the expression of pain-related anxiety but not mechanical hypersensitivity.
A brief literature review about relaxation therapy and anxiety

Relaxation is often intended as the opposite of anxiety and its effects towards it have been widely studied. The aim of this paper was to review scientific literature about the effects of relaxation-based therapies on anxiety disorders and problems across clinical and community populations. Relaxation techniques proved to be effective in reducing anxiety for people from the general population as well as for people with physical or psychological disorders. Results support the efficacy of relaxation training as a valid stand-alone or combined treatment for anxiety disorders and problems and suggest a wider use of these techniques in the clinical practice.
The Effect of Step-Synchronized Vibration on Patients With Parkinson's Disease: Case Studies on Subjects With Freezing of Gait or an Implanted Deep Brain Stimulator

Identifying noninvasive treatments to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) is important to improving the quality of life for those with PD. Several studies have explored the effects of visual, auditory, and vibratory cueing to improve gait in PD patients. Here, we present a wireless vibratory feedback system, called the PDShoe, and an associated intervention study with four subjects. The PDShoe was used on two control subjects, one subject with PD who experienced freezing of gait (FOG), and one subject with PD with an implanted deep brain stimulator (DBS). This short intervention study showed statistically significant improvements in peak heel pressure timing, peak toe pressure timing, time on the heel sensor, and stance to swing ratio after just one week of twice-daily therapy. Thus, step-synchronized vibration applied to the feet of patients with PD may be an effective way to improve gait in those subjects.
A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Music

CURRENT LITERATURE in psychology, sociology, education, and political science indicates that attitudes and opinions are of great concern to the social scientist. Other indicators of the importance given attitudes are the government and business public relations agencies employed to convey a favorable public "image. " Why is a great amount of energy devoted to the study and creation of attitudes? Many studies indicate that attitudes correlate highly with behavior, and indeed, may cause behavior. Consequently, a knowledge of attitudes may provide insight into behavioral influences. This point has several ramifications for the educator: (a) the attitude toward learning and subject matter will influence learning; (b) attitude measurement will become as valuable as achievement measurement; and (c) awareness of attitudes will prove essential to teacher effectiveness. Music educators have become aware of the importance of attitudes. The Music Educators National Conference has appointed a director of public relations whose task is to generate favorable public opinion toward music education. Although music aptitude and achievement have been subject to considerable investigation, little research has been conducted in attitude formation. ' This is the case even though the ostensible goal of nearly all music education, in both group and individual situations, is to engender appreciation of music. Thus, music educators engage in developing attitudes each day. Curriculum guides and methods books frequently list achievement of a positive student attitude as a primary educational objective. Achievement is usually the sole consideration, however, in measurement of educational outcomes of college courses. With adequate measurement, teachers could determine whether significant changes in attitudes resulted from specific methods of instruction. Teacher-devised and standardized texts are not always adequate, for they measure only in the cognitive domain. As Remmers points out, many achievement tests are limited to relatively simple skills and knowledge, which are not necessarily measures
The Pseudo prefixation Effect in Visual Word Recognition: A True-Neither Strategic Nor Orthographic-Morphemic Effect

The question of how word morphology is coded and retrieved during visual word recognition has given rise to a large number of empirical studies. The results, however, do not enable one to decide between alternative models of morphological representation and processing. It is argued in this paper that the contrast between pseudoprefixed words and non-prefixed control words can provide an empirical basis for deciding between hypotheses of morphology representation as sublexical or lexical. This contrast has been used in the three lexical decision experiments reported here, which show that decision times for pseudoprefixed words are significantly slower than for non-prefixed control words. This pseudoprefixation effect strongly supports the hypothesis that morphology is coded and processed sublexically during word recognition. The experimental conditions employed allow both strategic and strictly orthographic explanations for the pseudoprefixation effect to be dismissed.
Supervised Ranking of Co-occurrence Profiles for Acquisition of Continuous Lexical Attributes

Certain common lexical attributes such as polarity and formality are continuous, creating challenges for accurate lexicon creation. Here we present a general method for automatically placing words on these spectra, using co-occurrence profiles, counts of co-occurring words within a large corpus, as a feature vector to a supervised ranking algorithm. With regards to both polarity and formality, we show this method consistently outperforms commonly-used alternatives, both with respect to the intrinsic quality of the lexicon and also when these newly-built lexicons are used in downstream tasks.
Force and power output of fast and slow skeletal muscles from mdx mice 6‐28 months old

1 Differences in the effect of age on structure‐function relationships of limb muscles of mdx (dystrophin null) and control mice have not been resolved. We tested the hypotheses that, compared with limb muscles from age‐matched control mice, limb muscles of 6‐ to 17‐month‐old mdx mice are larger but weaker, with lower normalised force and power, whereas those from 24‐ to 28‐month‐old mdx mice are smaller and weaker. 2 The maximum isometric tetanic force (Po) and power output of limb muscles from 6‐, 17‐, 24‐ and 28‐month‐old mdx and control mice were measured in vitro at 25 °C and normalised with respect to cross‐sectional area and muscle mass, respectively. 3 Body mass at 6 and 28 months was not signifcantly different in mdx and control mice, but that of control mice increased 16 % by 17 months and then declined 32 % by 28 months. The body masses of mdx mice declined linearly with age with a decrease of 25 % by 28 months. From 6 to 28 months of age, the range in the decline in the masses of EDL and soleus muscles of mdx and control mice was from 16 to 28 %. The muscle masses of mdx mice ranged from 9 % to 42 % greater than those of control mice at each of the four ages and, even at 28 months, the masses of EDL and soleus muscles of mdx mice were 17 % and 22 % greater than control values. 4 For mdx mice of all ages, muscle hypertrophy was highly effective in the maintenance of control values for absolute force for both EDL and soleus muscles and for absolute power of soleus muscles. Throughout their lifespan, muscles of mdx mice displayed significant weakness with values for specific Po and normalised power ≈20 % lower than values for control mice at each age. For muscles of both strains, normalised force and power decreased ≈28 % with age, and consequently weakness was more severe in muscles of old mdx than in those of old control mice.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices toward Post Exposure Prophylaxis for Human Immunodeficiency Virus among Dental Students in India

Background: India has the third largest number of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and thus, dental practitioners are more likely to encounter such patients for dental management. Aim: The aim of the following study is to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV among dental interns and post graduate (PG) students of a dental institution in India. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 128 dental students (64 interns and 64 PG students). Data related to HIV PEP was collected by pre-designed, pre-tested, self-administered questionnaire and difference in responses by education level was assessed by Chi-square test and Z-test (significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05). For statistical analysis, Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16, Chicago IL, USA) was used. Results: Difference in responses between dental interns and PG students was not statistically significant for majority of questions. All participants had positive attitude toward HIV patients (98.4% [63/64] interns vs. 100% [64/64] PG students). Interns (68.8%, 44/64) and PG students (68.8%, 44/64) were equally aware of the concept of HIV PEP. PG students had better knowledge than dental interns on few questions but overall both of them lacked knowledge about the best timing for commencement of HIV PEP (20.4% [13/64] interns vs. 42.2% [27/64] PG students) (P < 0.01), the antiretroviral drug regimen (48.4% [31/64] interns vs. 43.7% [28/64] PG students) and its duration (23.4% [15/64] interns vs. 25.0% [16/64] PG students), timing of antibody testing to rule out infection to health care worker (23.4% [15/64] interns vs. 35.9% [23/64] PG students) (P = 0.04). Conclusion: As knowledge regarding HIV PEP is found to be inadequate, well-designed educational programs need to be conducted to increase the understanding of dental professionals on this issue.