Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Gender disparities in students’ motivational experiences in high school science classrooms

1Rossier School of Education, University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles, California 2Teacher's College, ColumbiaUniversity, NewYork, NewYork 3Department of Educational Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas Correspondence ErikaA.Patall, Rossier School of Education, University of SouthernCalifornia, 3470TrousdaleParkway,WaitePhillipsHall, LosAngeles,CA90089-4036. Email: patall@rossier.usc. edu This researchwas supportedbyagrant fromthe WilliamT.GrantFoundation (Project #180042). Abstract Women remain underrepresented in physical science, engineering, and computer science collegemajors and careers. Prior research has suggested that motivational beliefs and experiences in high school play a critical role in girls’ persistence in science fields. We hypothesized that compared to male students, female high school students may experience less daily autonomy support from teachers and lower psychological need satisfaction in physics, chemistry, and engineering courses. In turn, we expected that these differences would explain girls’ lower daily engagement in these courses compared to boys. In line with current trends indicating gender parity in biology and biomedical fields, we did not expect to find gender differences in biology courses. Results froma six-week intensive longitudinal study in which high school students reported their daily experiences of teacher autonomy support, need satisfaction, and engagement during science class supported our hypotheses. The implications of the results for theory and practice are discussed.
Seasonal prevalence of different species of in Bangalore rural and urban districts of South India Culicoides

Culicoides is an important human and animal pest with great economic significance and a prime vector for various viruses like virus, virus, epizootic haemorrhagic disease, Akabane, Aino, Chuzan, and bovine ephemeral fever virus,Vesicularstomatitisvirus,EquineEncephalitisVirus (EEV),SchmallenbergVirus,protozoalike spp. and and Hepatocystis, avian Trypanosomes, Plasmodium in lizard and bird malaria and filarid worms like in horses. spp. , and and in humans and various filarid worms of birds, mammals [1]. commonly known as biting midges is a nematocerous fly. It is one of the worlds smallest haematophagous flies measuring from 1 to 3 mm in size. The family Ceratopogonidae to which it belongs contains 125 genera and 5,500 species. Of these genera, four are known to contain species that suck the blood of vertebrates , (subgenus Lasiohelea), and More than 1400 species of genus have been identified worldwide of which about 96% are obligate blood feeders attacking mammals (including humans) and birds and occur on virtually all large land masses with the exception of Antarctica and New Zealand, ranging from the tropics to the tundra and from sea level to 4000 m [2]. In India 63 species of were identified morphologically and their prevalence reported by many authors from Kolkata [3, 4], Kolkata and the neighbouring areas [5], Assam and Bengal and parts of India [6], Chennai [7], Marathwada region of Maharashtra [8], Calcutta [9], Tamil Nadu [10, 11], Chittoor and Prakasam districts ofAndhra Pradesh [12] and Northern Karnataka [13] region but there is a very scanty information on these midges in most parts of India including Karnataka. A detailed study was essential to know the prevalent species of Culicoides in Bangalore rural and urban districts. In view of this scenario and lack of seasonal prevalence study in Karnataka, the present study was undertaken in Bangalore rural and urban districts.
Rest-Mediated Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Is Crucial for Neural Development

Neural development from blastocysts is strictly controlled by intricate transcriptional programmes that initiate the down-regulation of pluripotent genes, Oct4, Nanog and Rex1 in blastocysts followed by up-regulation of lineage-specific genes as neural development proceeds. Here, we demonstrate that the expression pattern of the transcription factor Rest mirrors those of pluripotent genes during neural development from embryonic stem (ES) cells and an early abrogation of Rest in ES cells using a combination of gene targeting and RNAi approaches causes defects in this process. Specifically, Rest ablation does not alter ES cell pluripotency, but impedes the production of Nestin+ neural stem cells, neural progenitor cells and neurons, and results in defective adhesion, decrease in cell proliferation, increase in cell death and neuronal phenotypic defects typified by a reduction in migration and neurite elaboration. We also show that these Rest-null phenotypes are due to the dysregulation of its direct or indirect target genes, Lama1, Lamb1, Lamc1 and Lama2 and that these aberrant phenotypes can be rescued by laminins.
The neural processing of 3‐D visual information: evidence from eye movements

Primates have several reflexes that generate eye movements to compensate for bodily movements that would otherwise disturb their gaze and undermine their ability to process visual information. Two vestibulo‐ocular reflexes compensate selectively for rotational and translational disturbances of the head, and each has visual backups that operate as negative feedback tracking mechanisms to deal with any residual disturbances of gaze. Of particular interest here are three recently discovered visual tracking mechanisms that specifically address translational disturbances and operate in machine‐like fashion with ultra‐short latencies (< 60 ms in monkeys, < 85 ms in humans). These visual reflexes deal with motions in all three dimensions and operate as automatic servos, using preattentive parallel processing to provide signals that initiate eye movements before the observer is even aware that there has been a disturbance. This processing is accomplished by visual filters each tuned to a different feature of the binocular images located in the immediate vicinity of the plane of fixation. Two of the reflexes use binocular stereo cues and the third is tuned to particular patterns of optic flow associated with the observer's forward motion. Some stereoanomalous subjects show tracking deficits that can be attributed to a lack of just one subtype of cortical cell encoding motion in one particular direction in a narrow depth plane centred on fixation. Despite their rapid, reflex nature, all three mechanisms rely on cortical processing and evidence from monkeys supports the hypothesis that all are mediated by the medial superior temporal (MST) area of cortex. Remarkably, MST seems to represent the first stage in cortical motion processing at which the visual error signals driving each of the three reflexes are fully elaborated at the level of individual cells.
Potentiation of drug effect by Tween 80 in Chinese hamster cells resistant to actinomycin D and daunomycin.

Summary In vitro studies of Chinese hamster sublines have indicated that cellular resistance to actinomycin D and daunomycin is predominantly due to decreased uptake of drug. Very probably, the alteration mediating resistance occurs in the external cell membrane. For substantiation of these previous findings, sensitive and resistant sublines were grown in the presence of graded concentrations of antibiotics, of the surface-active, nonionic detergent Tween 80 and of various combinations of both. Tween 80 caused a marked potentiation of drug effect, particularly in resistant cells, which exhibited a considerable degree of cross-resistance to the surfactant. Increased uptake of tritiated actinomycin D and daunomycin in the presence of Tween 80 was shown by radioautography to be directly related to concentration of detergent. Both potentiation of drug effect in growth studies and enhancement of uptake of antibiotics strongly support the concept that experimentally developed resistance to antibiotics in these Chinese hamster cells is in large part due to an acquired alteration manifest at the cellular membrane.
Lack of dynein arms in immotile human spermatozoa

Sermatozoa from two brothers who are not twins were found to be straight and immotile. Examinations of the sperm showed that oxygen consumption and lactic acid production were normal; viability tests showed that the percentage of dead sperm was not increased. The ultrastructural appearance of the sperm tail was normal except for a complete lack of dynein arms and some irregularities in the arrangement of the accessory fibers and the longitudinal columns of the fibrous sheath. The mitochondrial apparatus and the sperm head conform to the conventional model. According to the sliding-filament hypothesis first proposed by Afzelius (1959. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 5:269.), the arms are responsible for the bending movements of the tail. The simplest explanation for the simultaneous lack of arms and sperm motility appears to be that the two brothers have a genetic disorder involving production, assembly, or attachment of the dynein arms.
Spatio-Temporal Variation in Crayfish Production in Disturbed Marl Prairie Marshes of the Florida Everglades

ABSTRACT We used the burrowing crayfish Procambarus alleni as a model organism to compare spatial and temporal patterns of density, standing crop biomass, and size-structured productivity in the seasonal wetlands of the Florida Everglades where environmental stress has been exacerbated by hydropattern disturbance. Crayfish density was not linked to fluctuations in water temperature or dissolved oxygen and was only artifactually associated with water depth. Density and biomass within sites were similar over time but increased significantly in habitats with longer hydroperiods (duration of flooding). The effect of hydroperiod-associated habitat quality on annual crayfish production, in terms of size-structured growth and recruit production, was even more pronounced. Crayfish production in the long-hydroperiod sites was approximately two times greater than in medium-hydroperiod sites and five times greater than in short-hydroperiod sites. Turnover ratios (productivity:biomass) showed that the spatial trend in productivity consistently lagged density and biomass trends in the shorter hydroperiod habitat, indicative of population sink conditions. The long-hydroperiod sites were characterized by high productivity and appeared to function as population sources from which crayfish dispersed to nearby, often marginal, habitats. Therefore, the spatial extent and distribution of short-hydroperiod sink habitats significantly impacted crayfish density, population size structure, and productivity. Simple estimates of density or biomass that do not account for the influence of hydropattern on habitat quality may be misleading indicators of productivity because survival, growth, and reproductive output may vary substantially across disturbed landscapes.
AI Planning and Combinatorial Optimization for Web Service Composition in Cloud Computing

years, there has been an increasing interest in web service composition due to its importance in practical applications. At the same time, cloud computing is gradually evolving as a widely used computing platform where many different web services are published and available in cloud data centers. The issue is that traditional service composition methods mainly focus on how to find service composition sequence in a single cloud, but not from a multi-cloud service base. It is challenging to efficiently find a composition solution in a multiple cloud base because it involves not only service composition but also combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we first propose a framework of service composition in multi-cloud base environments. Next, three different cloud combination methods are presented to select a cloud combination subject to not only finding feasible composition sequence, but also containing minimum clouds. Experimental results show that a proposed method based on artificial intelligence (AI) planning and combinatorial optimization can more effectively and efficiently find sub-optimal cloud combinations.
MEASUREMENTS OF EUV CORONAL HOLES AND OPEN MAGNETIC FLUX

Coronal holes are regions on the Sun’s surface that map the footprints of open magnetic field lines. We have developed an automated routine to detect and track boundaries of long-lived coronal holes using full-disk extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) images obtained by SOHO/EIT, SDO/AIA, and STEREO/EUVI. We measure coronal hole areas and magnetic flux in these holes, and compare the measurements with calculations by the potential field source surface (PFSS) model. It is shown that, from 1996 through 2010, the total area of coronal holes measured with EIT images varies between 5% and 17% of the total solar surface area, and the total unsigned open flux varies between (2–5)× 1022 Mx. The solar cycle dependence of these measurements is similar to the PFSS results, but the model yields larger hole areas and greater open flux than observed by EIT. The AIA/EUVI measurements from 2010–2013 show coronal hole area coverage of 5%–10% of the total surface area, with significant contribution from low latitudes, which is under-represented by EIT. AIA/EUVI have measured much enhanced open magnetic flux in the range of (2–4)× 1022 Mx, which is about twice the flux measured by EIT, and matches with the PFSS calculated open flux, with discrepancies in the location and strength of coronal holes. A detailed comparison between the three measurements (by EIT, AIA–EUVI, and PFSS) indicates that coronal holes in low latitudes contribute significantly to the total open magnetic flux. These low-latitude coronal holes are not well measured with either the He i 10830 line in previous studies, or EIT EUV images; neither are they well captured by the static PFSS model. The enhanced observations from AIA/EUVI allow a more accurate measure of these low-latitude coronal holes and their contribution to open magnetic flux.
Metabolic and evolutionary costs of herbivory defense: systems biology of glucosinolate synthesis.

Here, we describe our updated mathematical model of Arabidopsis thaliana Columbia metabolism, which adds the glucosinolates, an important group of secondary metabolites, to the reactions of primary metabolism. In so doing, we also describe the evolutionary origins of the enzymes involved in glucosinolate synthesis. We use this model to address a long-standing question in plant evolutionary biology: whether or not apparently defensive compounds such as glucosinolates are metabolically costly to produce. We use flux balance analysis to estimate the flux through every metabolic reaction in the model both when glucosinolates are synthesized and when they are absent. As a result, we can compare the metabolic costs of cell synthesis with and without these compounds, as well as inferring which reactions have their flux altered by glucosinolate synthesis. We find that glucosinolate production can increase photosynthetic requirements by at least 15% and that this cost is specific to the suite of glucosinolates found in A. thaliana, with other combinations of glucosinolates being even more costly. These observations suggest that glucosinolates have evolved, and indeed likely continue to evolve, for herbivory defense, since only this interpretation explains the maintenance of such costly traits.
Anomalous flow below 2700 m in the EPICA Dome C ice core detected using δ 18 O of atmospheric oxygen measurements

Abstract. While there are no indications of mixing back to 800 000 years in the EPICA Dome C ice core record, comparison with marine sediment records shows significant differences in the timing and duration of events prior to stage 11 (~430 ka, thousands of years before 1950). A relationship between the isotopic composition of atmospheric oxygen (δ18O of O2, noted δ18Oatm) and daily northern hemisphere summer insolation has been observed for the youngest four climate cycles. Here we use this relationship with new δ18O of O2 measurements to show that anomalous flow in the bottom 500 m of the core distorts the duration of events by up to a factor of 2. By tuning δ18Oatm to orbital precession we derive a corrected thinning function and present a revised age scale for the interval corresponding to Marine Isotope Stages 11–20 in the EPICA Dome C ice core. Uncertainty in the phasing of δ18Oatm with respect to insolation variations in the precession band limits the accuracy of this new agescale to ±6 kyr (thousand of years). The previously reported ~30 kyr duration of interglacial stage 11 is unchanged. In contrast, the duration of stage 15.1 is reduced by a factor of 2, from 31 to 16 kyr.
Increase of EEG Spectral Theta Power Indicates Higher Risk of the Development of Severe Cognitive Decline in Parkinson’s Disease after 3 Years

Objective: We investigated quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) and clinical parameters as potential risk factors of severe cognitive decline in Parkinson’s disease. Methods: We prospectively investigated 37 patients with Parkinson’s disease at baseline and follow-up (after 3 years). Patients had no severe cognitive impairment at baseline. We used a summary score of cognitive tests as the outcome at follow-up. At baseline we assessed motor, cognitive, and psychiatric factors; qEEG variables [global relative median power (GRMP) spectra] were obtained by a fully automated processing of high-resolution EEG (256-channels). We used linear regression models with calculation of the explained variance to evaluate the relation of baseline parameters with cognitive deterioration. Results: The following baseline parameters significantly predicted severe cognitive decline: GRMP theta (4–8 Hz), cognitive task performance in executive functions and working memory. Conclusions: Combination of neurocognitive tests and qEEG improves identification of patients with higher risk of cognitive decline in PD.
Compromise and complicity in international student mobility: the ethnographic case of Indian medical students at a Chinese university

ABSTRACT Existing scholarship on international student mobility (ISM) often draws on Bourdieu to interpret such mobility as a strategy of capital conversion used by privileged classes to reproduce their social advantage. This perspective stems from and also reinforces a rationalistic interpretation of student mobility. A shift of focus to interAsian educational mobilities involving non-elite individuals and institutions can reveal logics of behavior and of social interaction that are at discrepancy with the dominant perspective, thereby advancing the theorization of educational mobilities. This paper examines a case of Indian youths of less affluent backgrounds pursuing English-medium medical degrees (MBBS) at a provincial university in China. Through ethnography, the paper illustrates how various parties – individual, organizational and institutional – to this somewhat ‘unlikely’ project of knowledge mobility follow the discrepant logics of compromise and complicity to seek to realize their educational desires, social aspirations, and organizational objectives amidst realities of class disadvantage and resource inadequacy.
Determinants of self-medication with antibiotics in Europe: the impact of beliefs, country wealth and the healthcare system.

BACKGROUND Self-medication with antibiotics occurs among the population in Europe, particularly in southern and eastern countries. We studied the impact of predisposing factors (e.g. attitudes and knowledge concerning antibiotic use and self-medication) and enabling factors (country wealth and healthcare system factors) on self-medication with antibiotics in Europe. METHODS In this follow-up of a previous European survey, we interviewed a subsample of 1101 respondents. A multilevel analysis with two levels (respondent and country) was performed. Variables that were statistically significantly different between users and non-users of self-medication were considered for inclusion into the multilevel regression analyses. RESULTS Predisposing factors included individual-level characteristics. High perceived appropriateness of self-medication with antibiotics for bronchitis and an attitude favouring antibiotic use for minor ailments were related to a higher likelihood of self-medication. Enabling factors included individual and country data. At the individual level, perceived availability of antibiotics without a prescription was related to increased probability of self-medication. At the country level, higher gross domestic product (wealth) and exact dispensation of prescribed tablet quantities by pharmacies were independently associated with lower likelihood of self-medication. CONCLUSIONS Interventions aimed at preventing self-medication should include public education, enforcing regulations regarding the sale of antibiotics, and implementing laws for dispensing exact prescribed tablet quantities in pharmacies. With the included determinants, we explained almost all the variance at the country level, but not at the individual level. Future studies to increase our understanding of determinants of self-medication with antibiotics should focus on individual-level factors such as doctor-patient relationships and patient satisfaction.
Facilitating agency: the change laboratory as an intervention for collaborative sustainable development in higher education

ABSTRACT To cope with the rapidly changing higher education climate, teachers need agency to act proactively in initiating and steering changes in practice. This paper describes an academic development activity in the form of a Change Laboratory, an intervention method based on Cultural-Historical Activity Theory, to facilitate agency among teachers. The results of the study indicate that transformative agency emerges when teachers are given the opportunity to analyse, envision, and redesign their practice collaboratively. This has implications for academic development, suggesting that activities facilitating discussion, analysis, and criticism of current practices are needed to support the development of agency.