Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Decline of the U.S. Labor Share

Over the past quarter century, labor’s share of income in the United States has trended downward, reaching its lowest level in the postwar period after the Great Recession. A detailed examination of the magnitude, determinants, and implications of this decline delivers five conclusions. First, about a third of the decline in the published labor share appears to be an artifact of statistical procedures used to impute the labor income of the self-employed that underlies the headline measure. Second, movements in labor’s share are not solely a feature of recent U.S. history: The relative stability of the aggregate labor share prior to the 1980s in fact veiled substantial, though offsetting, movements in labor shares within industries. By contrast, the recent decline has been dominated by the trade and manufacturing sectors. Third, U.S. data provide limited support for neoclassical explanations based on the substitution of capital for (unskilled) labor to exploit technical change embodied in new capital goods. Fourth, prima facie evidence for institutional explanations based on the decline in unionization is inconclusive. Finally, our analysis identifies offshoring of the labor-intensive component of the U.S. supply chain as a leading potential explanation of the decline in the U.S. labor share over the past 25 years.
The Exchange Rate: A Shock Absorber or Source of Shocks in Turkey?

This study investigates the role of the exchange rate as shock-absorber as opposed to a source of its own shocks in Turkey during the period from 1990 to 2009 by employing a structural VAR framework with long-run and short-run restrictions. We find that the economic shocks have predominantly been asymmetric relative to one of the largest trading partner, the US. Our results provide evidence of the fact that while the major source of variability in exchange rates in the pre-2001 crisis period is mainly nominal shocks, a large proportion of the exchange rate variability can be attributed to supply and demand shocks in the post-2001 crisis period. This suggets that, rather than reacting to shocks to the foreign exchange market, such as shifts in risk premia, the exchange rate moves mainly in response to the real shocks during the post-2001 crisis period. Hence, there is a sizeable role for exchange rate stabilization during this period, absorbing those shocks and therefore requiring opposed monetary policy responses.
Fundamental Analysis and Option Returns

This article investigates whether fundamental volatility information is appropriately priced in the options market. We find that fundamental signals exhibit incremental predictive power with respect to future option returns above and beyond what is captured by implied and historical stock volatility, suggesting that the options market does not fully incorporate fundamental information into option prices. Transaction costs substantially reduce the overall profitability of hedge strategies that exploit only the fundamental volatility information in these accounting signals; however, fundamental signals provide a useful complement for strategies based on historical volatility.
Using the Internet as a new teaching method

Internet-based education is rapidly expanding because of its flexibility, convenience, and cost efficiency. On-line education is likely to continue to expand rapidly and become an increasingly significant component of higher education throuthout the world. With the technological developments, classical class environment composed of books, notebooks, blackboards and chalk is replaced by more modern educational environments. Computers, data shows, printers, scanners and educational software formed intelligent classes. In the course of time, Internet became prevalent and began to be used in the schools, this brought in new dimensions in field of training. In a short period of time, concepts such as “internet aided education”, “internet based education” took its place in the literature. At the present day, a great many of universities are currently carrying on “internet- aided education” application. This paper presents an analysis of feedback that has been gained from students' experiences of using network technology. Then it concludes by outlining some of the issues raised by using the Internet as a learning and teaching method.
An inventory system with stock-dependent, price-sensitive demand rate

This article analyses an inventory system where the demand rate is influenced by both displayed stock level and selling price. A finite period system has been considered under multi-replenishment scenario. Optimal selling price and the optimal order quantities have been treated as decision variables. An algorithmic solution procedure is provided on the basis of some observations and is illustrated by some numerical examples. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to study the effects of changes of the demand parameters on the net profit.
Economic Valuation of Shoreline

SHORELINE development is a growing public policy issue in many urban areas. While there is some published research on a related topic, the importance of ambient water quality, economists have not yet turned their attention to the economic significance of the existence and width of the undeveloped apron offering public use and access to bodies of water in urban areas. There are several important issues to be considered here. May we expect the urban land market to provide a solution which is Pareto efficient? Have public agencies through zoning and other building restrictions acted in a socially optimal way? What contribution can studies of the determinants of property values make to our understanding of these issues? We begin an exploration of these issues and present some empirical results that enhance our knowledge of the economics of water-related open space. More generally. this paper extends recent economic work that has produced quantitative measures of value for phenomena hitherto restricted to qualitative expression. The process of transforming qualitative into quantitative knowledge, so essential to an empirical science as to be one of its distinguishing features, is well illustrated by the work of Cobb and Douglas on production (1928); Griliches (1961) on the qualitative characteristics of automobiles; and Fogel and Engerinan's (1974) controversial piece on slavery. ' With respect to hotusing, implicit prices of each attribute contained in the bundle of housing services have been estimated by hedonic price regressions in the spirit of the work by Lancaster (1971) and others.2 In the following sections we first examine the choice of housing attributes, including waterrelated open space and proximity to bodies of water, faced by a household in a metropolitan area. Next, the process of implicit price formation is examined, and, employing data on individual dwelling units in a metropolitan area with numerous bodies of water, these implicit prices are estimated. We then turn to the question of what can and cannot be inferred from these results about the demand for open space and the welfare gains or losses resulting from possible changes in the amount of water-related open space.
Realized betas and the cross-section of expected returns

What explains the cross section of expected returns for the 25 size/value Fama–French (FF) portfolios? It is found that modelling time-varying betas is important to explain the cross section of expected returns, as well as to comply with the time series restriction on Jensen-alpha. Support for a modified version of the conditional Jagannathan and Wang's (1996) Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is found, where implementation is carried out in the realized beta framework proposed in this article. About 63% of the cross-sectional variability of the expected returns for the 25 FF size and value sorted portfolios is then found to be explained by this parsimonious two-variable model.
Family Firms, Plural Forms of Governance, and the Evolving Role of Trust

Trust plays an important role in the governance of most organizations. For the family firm, trust represents a particularly important source of strategic advantage. For example, in the early stages of firm development, the trust indigenous in most family relationships allows firms to reduce transaction costs substantially. As family firms evolve, so does the optimal role of trust as a governance mechanism. Ironically, in some cases, what was once a very resilient trust is replaced by an atmosphere of fragile trust or even distrust and an important source of strategic advantage is lost. As family firms naturally evolve, a major transitional task for them is optimizing the changing role of trust in firm governance. Using research-based case examples, this paper seeks to further the understanding of the dynamics of trust as a governance mechanism and source of competitive advantage within family firms.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), arginine, and 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2&agr; (8‐iso‐PGF2&agr;) level in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases

Background: Intestinal microvessels of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) show microvascular endothelial dysfunction. It may contribute to reduced perfusion, poor ulcer healing, and sustained chronic inflammation. The aim of the study was to assess endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress markers in patients with IBD. Methods: Serum levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA), arginine, and 8‐iso‐prostaglandin F2&agr; (8‐iso‐PGF2&agr;) were measured in 31 consecutive patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 32 with Crohn's disease (CD). Apparently healthy subjects served as age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Associations between these markers and the disease activity and laboratory variables were evaluated. Results: ADMA, SDMA, and 8‐iso‐PGF2&agr; levels were increased in the IBD group as compared to the control group and higher in patients with CD than UC (P < 0.05 for all comparisons). Arginine levels were similar in all the groups. In the CD and UC groups ADMA and SDMA showed positive correlation with 8‐iso‐PGF2&agr; (r from 0.47–0.67; P < 0.01 for all comparisons). ADMA and SDMA correlated positively with the CD activity (r = 0.4, P = 0.025; r = 0.4, P = 0.024, respectively) and the 8‐iso‐PGF2&agr; level correlated positively with the UC activity (r = 0.4, P = 0.026). Conclusions: This is the first study to show that in patients with IBD there is enhanced ADMA generation that might be associated with oxidative stress, and these effects are more pronounced in the CD group. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;)
Growth-Differentiation Factor-15 and Major Cardiac Events

Background:Growth-differentiation factor (GDF)-15 is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the effects of GDF-15 on left ventricular (LV) remodeling have not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this study is to investigate whether GDF-15 will be of benefit in predicting LV remodeling, heart failure and death in patients with STEMI. Methods:The authors enrolled 216 patients with STEMI who received measurement of GDF-15 level on day 2 of hospitalization. Echocardiographic studies were performed at baseline and were repeated 6 months later. Clinical events, including all-cause death and readmission for heart failure, were followed up for a maximum of 3 years. Results:Patients with GDF-15 levels above the median had lower LV ejection fraction at baseline (43.9% versus 48.0%, P = 0.041) and at 6 months (51.5% versus 56.9%, P = 0.025). In univariable regression model, log-transformed GDF-15 level was not a predictor of increase in LV end-diastolic volume index at 6 months (P = 0.767). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the combination of high GDF-15 and high N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide was a strong predictor of death and heart failure (P < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression model, the independent predictors of death and heart failure were age, GDF-15 level and diabetes mellitus. Conclusions:High GDF-15 level is a strong predictor of death and heart failure in patients with STEMI. Although patients with higher GDF-15 levels tend to have lower LV ejection fraction, they have similar degree of the increase in LV end-diastolic volume index at 6 months.
Analysing the technical efficiency of the Spanish Football League First Division with a random frontier model

This article analyses technical efficiency of football clubs in the Spanish Football League Division 1 (Primera Liga) from the seasons 1995–1996 to 2004–2005 with an unbalanced panel data. The random frontier model is used, allowing the identification of random variables in the cost frontier. It is concluded that the price of capital investment, the number of points won and attendance are heterogeneous variables. Therefore, no common public policy aiming to improve efficiency can embrace all of the clubs, so that policies by clusters are required.
Depression of contractile responses in rat aorta by spontaneously released endothelium-derived relaxing factor.

Removal of endothelial cells on rings of rat aorta increased the sensitivity to the selective alpha-1 adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine, to the nonselective alpha adrenoceptor agonist norepinephrine and to the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist clonidine. In the case of the first two, which are strong agonists for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor-mediating contraction, removal of endothelium increased sensitivity 4- and 6-fold at the EC30 level, but produced little or no increase in maximum. In the case of clonidine, a partial agonist for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor, which gave only about 15% of the maximum given by phenylephrine on endothelium-containing rings, removal of the endothelium not only shifted the curve to the left but also increased the maximum to about 50% of that given by phenylephrine. The depression of sensitivity to these agonists in rings with endothelium appeared to be due to the vasodepressor action of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), as hemoglobin, a specific blocking agent of EDRF, abolished this depression. It is unlikely that the endothelium-dependent depression was due to stimulation of release of EDRF, because clonidine did not produce endothelium-dependent relaxation in precontracted rings even when its contractile action was blocked by the alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin. Further evidence against alpha adrenoceptor agents stimulating release of EDRF was that neither phenylephrine nor clonidine induced a rise in cyclic GMP in aortic rings, whereas acetylcholine, which does release EDRF, caused a large rise in cyclic GMP content. The possibility that the muscle cells of intact rat aortic rings were under the tonic influence of released EDRF was supported by the finding that, in the absence of any contractile agent, hemoglobin induced a fall in the basal level of cyclic GMP in endothelium-containing rings. Also consistent with EDRF being released spontaneously was the finding that contraction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, like that by alpha-adrenergic agonists, was also depressed in endothelium-containing rings of aorta. When the efficacy of phenylephrine as an alpha-1 agonist was reduced to about the initial efficacy of clonidine by irreversible inactivation of a very large fraction of alpha-1 adrenoceptors of the smooth muscle cells by pretreatment with dibenamine, the concentration-contraction curves for phenylephrine for both endothelium-containing rings and for endothelium-denuded rings now became very similar to the corresponding curves obtained for clonidine before receptor inactivation. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
TRANSMISSION OF GERMAN MONETARY POLICY IN THE PRE-EURO PERIOD

A small macroeconomic model is constructed to study the transmission of the monetary policy conducted by the Deutsche Bundesbank (DBB) since the middle of the 1970s. For this purpose, quarterly, seasonally unadjusted data for the period from 1975 to 1998 are used; that is, the period until the introduction of the Euro is considered. A vector error correction model is constructed for the German monetary sector based on M3, GNP, an inflation rate, a long-term interest rate, and a short-term rate that represents the policy variable of the DBB. Moreover, import price inflation is included as an exogenous variable to capture foreign effects. An impulse response analysis highlights the effects of changes in the short-term interest rate and shows the interaction of the main variables of the monetary sector.We thank Alexander Benkwitz for helping with the computations and Massimiliano Marcellino, Paulo Rodrigues, Phillipe Andrade, Harald Uhlig, Adrian Pagan, and two anonymous referees for comments. Financial support was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Sonderforschungsbereich 373, and the European Commission under the Training and Mobility of Researchers Programme (contract No. ERBFMRXCT980213). The paper was presented at the EEA meeting and the ESEM in Venice in 2002.
Working Together Apart? Building a Knowledge-sharing Culture for Global Virtual Teams

A new impetus for greater knowledge-sharing among team members needs to be emphasized due to the emergence of a significant new form of working known as ‘global virtual teams’. As information and communication technologies permeate every aspect of organizational life and impact the way teams communicate, work and structure relationships, global virtual teams require innovative communication and learning capabilities for different team members to effectively work together across cultural, organizational and geographical boundaries. Whereas information technology-facilitated communication processes rely on technologically advanced systems to succeed, the ability to create a knowledge-sharing culture within a global virtual team rests on the existence (and maintenance) of intra-team respect, mutual trust, reciprocity and positive individual and group relationships. Thus, some of the inherent questions we address in our paper are: (1) what are the cross-cultural challenges faced by global virtual teams? ; (2) how do organizations develop a knowledge sharing culture to promote effective organizational learning among culturally-diverse team members? and; (3) what are some of the practices that can help maximize the performance of global virtual teams? We conclude by examining ways that global virtual teams can be more effectively managed in order to reach their potential in this new interconnected world and put forward suggestions for further research.
Triple Helix twins: innovation and sustainability

Debate over the Triple Helix model has focused on the question of whether there is a fourth helix. Various candidates have been suggested, such as labor, venture capital, the informal sector and civil society. However, introduction of a fourth helix might cause a triadic model to lose its creative dynamic. Nevertheless, an expanded model is required to incorporate a critical dimension. To resolve this paradox, we propose a Sustainability Triple Helix of university-public-government as a complement to the Innovation Triple Helix of university-industry-government, thereby introducing a missing element into the model, while retaining the dynamic properties of a tertius gaudens. Copyright , Beech Tree Publishing.
Evolutionary Changes in Service Attribute Importance in a Crisis Scenario The Uruguayan Financial Crisis

This article attempts to identify and assess the evolution of consumers' differential reactions to major service attribute classes that resulted from and were propagated by a severe financial crisis. The authors perform a longitudinal analysis, using correspondence analysis of square asymmetric matrices, on data generated from three different postcrisis time periods. The first period encompasses data during the 2 weeks after the crisis occurred, the second period assesses data 1 year later, and the third period refers to 5 years later. The results from the first and second periods both indicate the growing importance of credence attributes rather than search attributes compared with during the precrisis period. The third-period analysis indicates a reversal and greater importance of the search attributes that were important in the precrisis period. The results also reveal correlations with the type of banking organization. These findings point to important managerial implications; bank management's inability to realize the shift in consumers' attitudes failed to facilitate and expedite a resolution to the crisis.
Conspiratory fascination versus public interest: the case of ‘climategate’

Anderegg and Goldsmith (2014 Environ. Res. Lett. 9 054005) use Google Trends to examine the impact of specific media events—the so-called ‘climategate’ imbroglio and the glacial-melt error in the IPCCʼs 2007 report—on public opinion regarding climate change. There has been an overall decline of public interest in climate change after 2007, accompanied by spikes of interest with a half-life of six days for these two media events. The brevity of public interest in ‘climategate’ stands in contrast to the continued and growing fascination of the ‘skeptic’ blogosphere with that event. These results document the assertion that conspiratory obsession by a small number of people should not be mistaken for general public interest.
Neural Reranking for Named Entity Recognition

We propose a neural reranking system for named entity recognition (NER), leverages recurrent neural network models to learn sentence-level patterns that involve named entity mentions. In particular, given an output sentence produced by a baseline NER model, we replace all entity mentions, such as Barack Obama, into their entity types, such as PER. The resulting sentence patterns contain direct output information, yet is less sparse without specific named entities. For example, “PER was born in LOC” can be such a pattern. LSTM and CNN structures are utilised for learning deep representations of such sentences for reranking. Results show that our system can significantly improve the NER accuracies over two different baselines, giving the best reported results on a standard benchmark.
Bootstrapping autocorrelated financial time series

Bootstrap replications of financial time series are used to test the efficacy of portfolio selection algorithms, arbitrage strategies, and other risk management techniques. This paper shows several methods for bootstrapping financial time series with the objective of preserving autocorrelation structure and allowing time-varying variance in the replicated series. The replicated series are tested in terms of their resulting distributions by two methods: comparison of the distributions' moments and the autocorrelation coefficients.
Local Characteristics Are Linked to Food Insecurity Among Households With Elementary School Children

This study assessed the relationship between community characteristics and household food security status among elementary school children in Wisconsin. Data were from a self-administered survey of parents of elementary school children during 2003–2005 and were linked by ZIP code to data on community characteristics. The sample included 8396 households. Food security was measured with the standard 6-item Food Security Scale. A logistic regression model was estimated to measure the relationship between contextual characteristics and household food security status while also controlling for household characteristics. Higher local housing costs, lack of access to public and private transportation, very low proximity to supermarkets and grocery stores, and living in a more urban area all significantly increased the risk of household food insecurity.