Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ecologically relevant neurobehavioral assessment of the development of threat learning

As altricial infants gradually transition to adults, their proximate environment changes. In three short weeks, pups transition from a small world with the caregiver and siblings to a complex milieu rich in dangers as their environment expands. Such contrasting environments require different learning abilities and lead to distinct responses throughout development. Here, we will review some of the learned fear conditioned responses to threats in rats during their ontogeny, including behavioral and physiological measures that permit the assessment of learning and its supporting neurobiology from infancy through adulthood. In adulthood, odor–shock conditioning produces robust fear learning to the odor that depends upon the amygdala and related circuitry. Paradoxically, this conditioning in young pups fails to support fear learning and supports approach learning to the odor previously paired with shock. This approach learning is mediated by the infant attachment network that does not include the amygdala. During the age range when pups transition from the infant to the adult circuit (10–15 d old), pups have access to both networks: odor–shock conditioning in maternal presence uses the attachment circuit but the adult amygdala-dependent circuit when alone. However, throughout development (as young as 5 d old) the attachment associated learning can be overridden and amygdala-dependent fear learning supported, if the mother expresses fear in the presence of the pup. This social modulation of the fear permits the expression of defense reactions in life threatening situations informed by the caregiver but prevents the learning of the caregiver itself as a threat.
Urbanization, Mortality, and Fertility in Malthusian England.

The modern world is the product of two momen tous changes: the Industrial Revolution of 1800, which brought sustained efficiency advances in economies, and the Demographic Transition of 1900, which channeled those efficiency advances mainly into increased income per capita, instead of increases in population. How these revolutions were connected has been a persistent unsolved puzzle in the history of growth. The Demographic Transition was achieved without any improve ment in contraceptive technologies from those of 1800 and earlier. It was a possibility for all preindustrial societies. Why did it occur only after the Industrial Revolution? The key component of the Malthusian econ
Assessing perceived benefits/barriers and self-efficacy for cervical cancer screening among Korean American women

ABSTRACT A large proportion of Korean American women (KAW) do not receive regular cervical cancer screening. Self-report data from 102 KAW were analyzed by multiple linear regressions. As compared to women in action/maintenance, women in precontemplation/relapse stages were less likely to agree that a Pap test is important for health and were more likely to endorse barriers to testing (cost, not having a female doctor, preference for Korean medicine). Women in precontemplation/relapse stages also reported lower scores on self-efficacy items (travel large distances, pain perceptions, financial costs, and time). Differences in specific aspects may be informative for interventions to improve screening rates among KAW.
Thermo-mechanical strain rate–dependent behavior of shape memory alloys as vibration dampers and comparison to conventional dampers

A study on shape memory alloy materials as vibration dampers is reported. An important component is the strain rate–dependent and temperature-dependent constitutive behavior of shape memory alloy, which can significantly change its energy dissipation capacity under cyclic loading. The constitutive model used accounts for the thermo-mechanical strain rate–dependent behavior and phase transformation. With increasing structural flexibility, the hysteretic loop size of shape memory alloy dampers increases due to increasing strain rates, thus further decreasing the response of the structure to cyclic excitation. The structure examined is a beam, and its behavior with shape memory alloy dampers is compared to the same beam with conventional dampers. Parametric studies reveal the superior performance of the shape memory alloy over the conventional dampers even at the resonance frequency of the beam-damper system. An important behavior of the shape memory alloy dampers is discovered, in that they absorb energy from the fundamental and higher vibration modes. In contrast, the conventional dampers transfer energy to higher modes. For the same beam control, the stiffness requirement for the shape memory alloy dampers is significantly less than that of the conventional dampers. Response quantities of interest show improved performance of the shape memory alloy over the conventional dampers under varying excitation intensity, frequency, temperature, and strain rate.
The Role of Visual Association Cortex in Associative Memory Formation across Development

Associative learning underlies the formation of new episodic memories. Associative memory improves across development, and this age-related improvement is supported by the development of the hippocampus and pFC. Recent work, however, additionally suggests a role for visual association cortex in the formation of associative memories. This study investigated the role of category-preferential visual processing regions in associative memory across development using a paired associate learning task in a sample of 56 youths (age 6–19 years). Participants were asked to bind an emotional face with an object while undergoing fMRI scanning. Outside the scanner, participants completed a memory test. We first investigated age-related changes in neural recruitment and found linear age-related increases in activation in lateral occipital cortex and fusiform gyrus, which are involved in visual processing of objects and faces, respectively. Furthermore, greater activation in these visual processing regions was associated with better subsequent memory for pairs over and above the effect of age and of hippocampal and pFC activation on performance. Recruitment of these visual processing regions mediated the association between age and memory performance, over and above the effects of hippocampal activation. Taken together, these findings extend the existing literature to suggest that greater recruitment of category-preferential visual processing regions during encoding of associative memories is a neural mechanism explaining improved memory across development.
Massive Tachygonetria ( Oxyuridae ) infection in a Herman ’ s tortoise (

HISTORY A male Herman’s tortoise (Testudo hermanni hermanni), from a rescue centre on Majorca Island (Spain), was referred to the CRARC (Catalonian Reptile and Amphibian Rehabilitation Centre (Barcelona, Spain)) for evaluation of anorexia of 2-month duration. The tortoise belonged to a group of tortoises that were to be released into the Montsant Natural Park (Catalonia, Spain). At the time of clinical examination, the tortoise had numerous little parasites around its cloaca. The tortoise ate a variety of vegetables and fruit in an outdoor facility with access to direct sunlight, subject to the natural temperature fluctuations of the area. The tortoise hibernated in winter, from October to March. CLINICAL FINDINGS
AROUND THE CIRCULAR

These expository notes are centered around the circular law theorem, which states that the empirical spectral distribution of a n×n random matrix with i.i. d. entries of variance 1/n tends to the uniform law on the unit disc of the complex plane as the dimension n tends to infinity. This phenomenon is the non-Hermitian counterpart of the semi circular limit for Wigner random Hermitian matrices, and the quarter circular limit for Marchenko-Pastur random covariance matrices. We present a proof in a Gaussian case, due to Silverstein, based on a formula by Ginibre, and a proof of the universal case by revisiting the approach of Tao and Vu, based on the Hermitization of Girko, the logarithmic potential, and the control of the small singular values. Beyond the finite variance model, we also consider the case where the entries have heavy tails, by using the objective method of Aldous and Steele borrowed from randomized combinatorial optimization. The limiting law is then no longer the circular law and is related to the Poisson weighted infinite tree. We provide a weak control of the smallest singular value under weak assumptions, using asymptotic geometric analysis tools. We also develop a quaternionic Cauchy-Stieltjes transform borrowed from the Physics literature.
Characterization of submicron aerosols influenced by biomass burning at a site in the Sichuan Basin , southwestern China

Severe air pollution in Asia is often the consequence of a combination of large anthropogenic emissions and adverse synoptic conditions. However, limited studies on aerosols have been conducted under high emission intensity and under unique geographical and meteorological conditions. In this study, an Aerodyne high-resolution time-offlight aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-ToF-AMS) and other state-of-the-art instruments were utilized at a suburban site, Ziyang, in the Sichuan Basin during December 2012 to January 2013. The chemical compositions of atmospheric submicron aerosols (PM1) were determined, the sources of organic aerosols (OA) were apportioned, and the aerosol secondary formation and aging process were explored as well. Due to high humidity and static air, PM1 maintained a relatively stable level during the whole campaign, with the mean concentration of 59.7±24.1 μg m−3. OA was the most abundant component (36 %) in PM1, characterized by a relatively high oxidation state. Positive matrix factorization analysis was applied to the high-resolution organic mass spectral matrix, which deconvolved OA mass spectra into four factors: low-volatility (LV-OOA) and semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), biomass burning (BBOA) and hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA). OOA (sum of LV-OOA and SV-OOA) dominated OA as high as 71 %. In total, secondary inorganic and organic formation contributed 76 % of PM1. Secondary inorganic species correlated well (Pearson r = 0.415–0.555, p < 0.01) with relative humidity (RH), suggesting the humid air can favor the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols. As the photochemical age of OA increased with higher oxidation state, secondary organic aerosol formation contributed more to OA. The slope of OOA against Ox(=O3+NO2) steepened with the increase of RH, implying that, besides the photochemical transformation, the aqueous-phase oxidation was also an important pathway of the OOA formation. Primary emissions, especially biomass burning, resulted in high concentration and proportion of black carbon (BC) in PM1. During the episode obviously influenced by primary emissions, the contributions of BBOA to OA (26 %) and PM1 (11 %) were much higher than those (10–17 %, 4–7 %) in the clean and other polluted episodes, highlighting the significant influence of biomass burning.
Violent and Non-Violent Criminal Behavior among Young Chinese Drug Users: A Mixed Methods Study

Young drug users are found to be increasingly involved in criminal justice issues. This exploratory and descriptive study aims to analyze the criminal behaviors among young Chinese drug users through a mixed methods research design. Quantitative analysis indicates that young drug users with and without a history of criminality show significant differences in terms of several features. Male drug users, particularly, those who are older, with religious beliefs, and initiated into drug use at younger age were most likely to commit crimes. Among drug users with criminal experiences, those who committed crimes prior to drug initiation have a greater likelihood of committing violent crimes. Furthermore, young drug users with severe depression are more likely to commit crimes, especially violent ones. Qualitative analysis further illustrates that young male drug users often get involved in criminal conduct of the youth gang nature with propensity for engaging in violent crimes as compared to their female counterparts who are more likely to turn into drug dealers and traffickers, in addition to engaging in larceny. The research findings are consistent with developmental theories and “victim to offender cycle”. Integrated mental health and substance use services are suggested for crime prevention among young Chinese drug users.
Network-wide reorganization of procedural memory during NREM sleep revealed by fMRI

Sleep is necessary for the optimal consolidation of newly acquired procedural memories. However, the mechanisms by which motor memory traces develop during sleep remain controversial in humans, as this process has been mainly investigated indirectly by comparing pre- and post-sleep conditions. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography during sleep following motor sequence learning to investigate how newly-formed memory traces evolve dynamically over time. We provide direct evidence for transient reactivation followed by downscaling of functional connectivity in a cortically-dominant pattern formed during learning, as well as gradual reorganization of this representation toward a subcortically-dominant consolidated trace during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. Importantly, the putamen functional connectivity within the consolidated network during NREM sleep was related to overnight behavioral gains. Our results demonstrate that NREM sleep is necessary for two complementary processes: the restoration and reorganization of newly-learned information during sleep, which underlie human motor memory consolidation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.24987. 001
Additive manufacturing of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites using fused deposition modeling: Effects of process parameters on tensile properties

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites have been intensively used for many applications due to their attractive properties. The increasing demand of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites is driving novel manufacturing processes to be in short manufacturing cycle time and low production cost, which is difficult to realize during carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites fabrication in common molding processes. Fused deposition modeling, as one of the additive manufacturing techniques, has been reported for fabricating carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites. The process parameters used in fused deposition modeling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites follow those in fused deposition modeling of pure plastic materials. After adding fiber reinforcements, it is crucial to investigate proper fused deposition modeling process parameters to ensure the quality of the carbon fiber-reinforced plastic parts fabricated by fused deposition modeling. However, there are no reported investigations on the effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composites. In the experimental investigations of this paper, carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite parts are fabricated using a fused deposition modeling machine. Tensile tests are conducted to obtain the tensile properties. The effects of fused deposition modeling process parameters on the tensile properties of fused deposition modeling-fabricated carbon fiber-reinforced plastic composite parts are investigated. The fracture interfaces of the parts after tensile testing are observed by a scanning electron microscope to explain material failure modes and reasons.
Results of the ICTuS 2 Trial (Intravascular Cooling in the Treatment of Stroke 2)

Background and Purpose— Therapeutic hypothermia is a potent neuroprotectant approved for cerebral protection after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia and cardiac arrest. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke is safe and feasible in pilot trials. We designed a study protocol to provide safer, faster therapeutic hypothermia in stroke patients. Methods— Safety procedures and 4°C saline infusions for faster cooling were added to the ICTuS trial (Intravascular Cooling in the Treatment of Stroke) protocol. A femoral venous intravascular cooling catheter after intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator in eligible patients provided 24 hours cooling followed by a 12-hour rewarm. Serial safety assessments and imaging were performed. The primary end point was 3-month modified Rankin score 0,1. Results— Of the intended 1600 subjects, 120 were enrolled before the study was stopped. Randomly, 63 were to receive hypothermia plus antishivering treatment and 57 normothermia. Compared with previous studies, cooling rates were improved with a cold saline bolus, without fluid overload. The intention-to-treat primary outcome of 90-day modified Rankin Score 0,1 occurred in 33% hypothermia and 38% normothermia subjects, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.81 (0.36–1.85). Serious adverse events occurred equally. Mortality was 15.9% hypothermia and 8.8% normothermia subjects, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.95 (0.56–7.79). Pneumonia occurred in 19% hypothermia versus 10.5% in normothermia subjects, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.99 (0.63–6.98). Conclusions— Intravascular therapeutic hypothermia was confirmed to be safe and feasible in recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator–treated acute ischemic stroke patients. Protocol changes designed to reduce pneumonia risk appeared to fail, although the sample is small. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01123161.
Laplacian Dynamics on Cographs: Controllability Analysis Through Joins and Unions

In this article, we examine the controllability of Laplacian dynamic networks on cographs. Cographs appear in modeling a wide range of networks and include as special instances, the threshold graphs. In this article, we present necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability of cographs, and provide an efficient method for selecting a minimal set of input nodes from which the network is controllable. In particular, we define a sibling partition in a cograph and show that the network is controllable if all nodes of any cell of this partition except one are chosen as control nodes. The key ingredient for such characterizations is the intricate connection between the modularity of cographs and their modal properties. Finally, we use these results to characterize the controllability conditions for certain subclasses of cographs.
Physiological and Pathological Mineralization : Some problems and possible solutions

In the first part of this review similarities and differences between physiological and pathological biomineralization (bone and tooth formation, osteoarticular and tooth pathologies, urolithiasis) are discussed. Both processes may be seen as the deposition of ionic crystals from high ionic strength solutions upon / within a preformed organic matrix and the presence or deficiency of crystallization promoters or inhibitors plays a decisive role. However, while physiological mineralization is strictly biologically controlled, urolithiasis is more likely driven by physicochemical factors, such as urinary supersaturation and lack of inhibitors of crystallization and aggregation.
The Effectiveness of Chosen Partial Anthropometric Measurements in Individualizing Head-Related Transfer Functions on Median Plane

Individualized head-related impulse responses (HRIRs) to perfectly suit a particular listener remains an open problem in the area of HRIRs modeling. We have modeled the whole range of magnitude of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) in frequency domain via principal components analysis (PCA), where 37 persons were subjected to sound sources on median plane. We found that a linear combination of only 10 orthonormal basis functions was sufficient to satisfactorily model individual magnitude HRTFs. It was our goal to form multiple linear regressions (MLR) between weights of basis functions acquired from PCA and chosen partial anthropometric measurements in order to individualize a particular listener’s H RTFs with his or her own anthropometries. We proposed a novel individualization method based on MLR of weights of basis functions by employing only 8 out of 27 anthropometric measurements. The experiments’ results showed the proposed method, with mean error of 11.21%, outperformed our previous works on individualizing minimum phase HRIRs (mean error 22.50%) and magnitude HRTFs on horizontal plane (mean error 12.17%) as well as similar researches. The proposed individualization method showed that the individualized magnitude HRTFs could be well estimated as the original ones with a slight error. Thus the eight chosen anthropometric measurements showed their effectiveness in individualizing magnitude HRTFs particularly on median plane.
A low phase noise, high figure of merit, 3.1 GHz–3.5 GHz ring oscillator using edge injection technique

This paper presents the design of low phase noise, high figure of merit (FoM), and low power injection locked ring oscillator (ILRO) in 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Edge injection technique has been adopted for ring oscillator (RO) phase noise suppression and performance enhancement. Edge injection helps improving the oscillator jitter performance while maintaining spurious harmonics minimized. In addition, implementing the proposed RO using identical NAND delay stages simplifies the design and improves frequency oscillation adjustment. The proposed injection locked oscillator (ILO) has an oscillation frequency of 3.3 GHz with fine tuning range of 400 MHz. This ILO achieves a phase noise of −120.2 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. It consumes only 4.4 mW from a 1.8 V DC power source. The proposed ILRO can achieve a FoM of −184.1 dBc/Hz.
Oncolytic virus synergizes with Smac mimetic compounds to induce rhabdomyosarcoma cell death in a syngeneic murine model

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a neoplasm characterized by undifferentiated myoblasts, is the most common soft tissue tumour in children. Therapeutic resistance is common in RMS and is often caused by acquired defects in the cellular apoptotic program. Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) are a novel class of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists that are currently under clinical development as cancer therapeutics. We previously reported that cIAP1 is overexpressed in human primary RMS tumours and in patient-derived RMS cell lines where it drives resistance to apoptosis. In this study, we investigated whether inflammatory cytokine production triggered by activators of innate immunity synergizes with LCL161 to induce bystander killing of RMS cells in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, we show that innate immune stimuli (oncolytic virus (VSVΔ51-GFP), interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)) combine with SMCs in vitro to reduce cell viability in the Kym-1 RMS cancer cell line. Other human RMS cell lines (RH36, RH41, RD, RH18, RH28, and RH30) and the murine RMS cell line 76-9 are resistant to treatment with LCL161 alone or in combination with immune stimulants in in vitro cell viability assays. In contrast, we report that the combination of LCL161 and VSVΔ51-GFP reduces tumour volume and prolongs survival in a 76-9 syngeneic murine model. Our results support further exploration of the combined use of IAP antagonists and innate immune stimuli as a therapeutic approach for RMS cancers.