Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Right hemisphere language comprehension : perspectives from cognitive neuroscience

Contents: C. Chiarello, M. Beeman, Introduction to the Cognitive Neuroscience of Right Hemisphere Language Comprehension. Part I:Decoding Speech Sounds and Individual Words. R. Ivry, P.C. Lebby, The Neurology of Consonant Perception: Specialized Module or Distributed Processors? J.M. Clarke, C.M. McCann, E. Zaidel, The Corpus Callosum and Language: Anatomical-Behavioral Relationships. M.T. Banich, C.D. Nicholas, Integration of Processing Between the Hemispheres in Word Recognition. K. Baynes, J.C. Eliassen, The Visual Lexicon: Its Access and Organization in Commissurotomy Patients. H.B. Coslett, E.M. Saffran, Reading and the Right Hemisphere: Evidence From Acquired Dyslexia. C. Chiarello, M. Beeman, Commentary: Right Hemisphere Linguistic Decoding--More Than Meets the Eye and Ear? Part II:Lexical and Sentence-Level Semantics. C. Chiarello, On Codes of Meaning and the Meaning of Codes: Semantic Access and Retrieval Within and Between Hemispheres. M. Faust, Obtaining Evidence of Language Comprehension From Sentence Priming. J.W. King, G.G. Ganis, M. Kutas, Potential Asymmetries in Language Comprehension: In Search of the Electrical Right. C. Burgess, K. Lund, Modeling Cerebral Asymmetries in High-Dimensional Space. C. Chiarello, M. Beeman, Commentary: Getting the Right Meaning From Words and Sentences. Part III:Discourse Processing and Problem Solving. M. Beeman, Coarse Semantic Coding and Discourse Comprehension. J.C. Borod, R.L. Bloom, C. Santschi-Haywood, Verbal Aspects of Emotional Communication. H. Brownell, G. Martino, Deficits in Inference and Social Cognition: The Effects of Right Hemisphere Brain Damage on Discourse. B. Stemmer, Y. Joanette, The Interpretation of Narrative Discourse of Brain-Damaged Individuals Within the Framework of a Multilevel Discourse Model. S.M. Fiore, J.W. Schooler, Right Hemisphere Contributions to Creative Problem Solving: Converging Evidence for Divergent Thinking. M. Beeman, C. Chiarello, Commentary: Getting the Right Meaning From Discourse. M. Beeman, C. Chiarello, Concluding Remarks: Getting the Whole Story Right.
Stochastic Still Water Response Model

In this study a stochastic field model for the still water loading is formulated where the statistics (mean value, standard deviation, and correlation) of the sectional forces are obtained by integration of the load field over the relevant part of the ship structure. The objective of the model is to establish the stochastic load field conditional on a given draft and trim of the vessel. Emphasis is given to container vessels. The formulation of the model for obtaining the stochastic cargo container load field is based on a queuing and loading policy that assumes containers are handled by a first-come-first-serve policy. The load field is assumed to be Gaussian. The ballast system is imposed to counteract the angle of heel and to regulate both the draft and the trim caused by the possible uneven distribution of the cargo load and the bunker load over the system. Finally the calculated second moment statistics of the sectional forces in a container vessel in a full load condition are reported. The obtained statistics for the maximum still water bending moment is compared to statistics from available regression formulas. It is found that the suggested model predicts a coefficient of variation of the maximum still water bending moment that is a factor of three to six times lower than that obtained by use of the regression formula. It turns out that an important parameter of the stochastic cargo field model is the mean number of containers delivered by each customer.
The genus Enterococcus as probiotic: safety concerns

Species from the genus Enterococcus have been used as probiotic for humans or animals, although this genus is not considered "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS). While enterococci are considered "positive" in food technology, isolates of this genus have emerged as opportunistic pathogens for the humans. The aim of this review is to summarize the characteristics that can determine the use of this genus as probiotics. According to the guidelines used to define the genus Enterococcus strains as probiotic a case-by-case evaluation of each potential technological strain is presented and research perspectives for using enterococci as probiotic is also discussed.
Comparison of the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus genomes in plasma and liver

Nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable region of hepatitis C virus genomes obtained from plasma change rapidly during the course of in fection and are believed to play a part in immunological escape and consequently in the development of persistent infection. It is not known, however, whether these changes also occur in the liver. To clarify this aspect, RNA was extracted from the plasma and liver tissue of eight patients with chronic hepatitis C. After cDNA synthesis, DNA fragments that included the hypervariable region were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. Consensus nucleotide sequences were determined directly from the polymerase chain reaction products by the dideoxy chain termination method. The diversity of the hypervariable region was analyzed further by the polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Consensus nucleotide sequences of the hypervariable region were identical between the plasma and the liver in each patient. The polymerase chain reaction‐single strand conformation polymorphism analysis showed multiple DNA bands that represented different hypervariable region sequences. Comparison of the single strand conformation polymorphism patterns revealed that the number, the mobility, and the density of bands were the same between the plasma and the liver. It is concluded that the population and the diversity of hepatitis C virus quasispecies as detected by the hypervariable region sequence are the same between the plasma and the liver despite rapid mutations, indicating that rapid changes in the population of hepatitis C virus quasispecies also occur in the liver. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromatin structure and gene expression changes associated with loss of MOP1 activity in Zea mays

Though the mechanisms governing nuclear organization are not well understood, it is apparent that epigenetic modifications coordinately modulate chromatin organization as well as transcription. In maize, MEDIATOR OF PARAMUTATION1 (MOP1) is required for 24 nt siRNA-mediated epigenetic regulation and transcriptional gene silencing via a putative Pol IV- RdDM pathway. To elucidate the mechanisms of nuclear chromatin organization, we investigated the relationship between chromatin structure and transcription in response to loss of MOP1 function. We used a microarray based micrococcal nuclease sensitivity assay to identify genome-wide changes in chromatin structure in mop1-1 immature ears and observed an increase in chromatin accessibility at chromosome arms associated with loss of MOP1 function. Within the many genes misregulated in mop1 mutants, we identified one subset likely to be direct targets of epigenetic transcriptional silencing via Pol-IV RdDM. We found that target specificity for MOP1-mediated RdDM activity is governed by multiple signals that include accumulation of 24 nt siRNAs and the presence of specific classes of gene-proximal transposons, but neither of these attributes alone is sufficient to predict transcriptional misregulation in mop1-1 homozygous mutants. Our results suggest a role for MOP1 in regulation of higher-order chromatin organization where loss of MOP1 activity at a subset of loci triggers a broader cascade of transcriptional consequences and genome-wide changes in chromatin structure.
Bridging Multiple Worlds: How African American and Latino Youth in Academic Outreach Programs Navigate Math Pathways to College

Universities have launched outreach programs to enhance their ethnic diversity, yet little developmental research examines students' pathways to college. This study compares capital models (highlighting family background) with challenge models (highlighting students' challenges and resources) in predicting pathways to college. The Bridging Multiple Worlds Model frames this longitudinal study of 120 African American and Latino youth in outreach programs. We examined students' family backgrounds; challenges and resources across family, school, peer, and community worlds; and high school math pathways as predictors of college eligibility and enrollment. African American students more typically had U. S. born, college-educated parents, and Latino students, immigrant parents with high school education or less. Second, students saw parents as greater resources than teachers, siblings, and themselves; peers and teachers were their greatest challenges. Youth distinguished resources and challenges more by their source than form. Third, high school math and English grades rose and fell together, with early math grades predicting college eligibility. Five math pathways emerged: steady, slowly declining, rapidly declining, increasing, and "back on track" toward college, but pathways did not always predict college choices. Fourth, although family background predicted few outcomes, parents' and teachers' help and siblings' challenges predicted grades, eligibility, and admission to prestigious colleges. Findings highlight both capital and challenge models for science, policy, and programs involving diversity and equity.
An Analysis of Factors Contributing to the Delinquency of the Black Youth

Statistical research reveals a disproportionate involvement in criminal activity by people of color in comparison to their representation in the population. Most of the crime statistics point to young Blacks, especially young Black males, as being the major perpetrators of crime. National arrest st tistics in 1989 reveal that Blacks younger than 18 years old account for 30% of the part one index crimes (Flanagan & Maguire, 1989) while composing only 4% of the total U.S. population (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1989). Numerous theoretical models have tried to explain why Black youths are disproportionately associated with crime. One of the most prominent theoretical explanations is Wolfgang and Ferracuti's (1967) subculture of violence theory. According to this theory, the unique historical experiences of Blacks have led them to adopt a set of values and attitudes that are conducive to violence. This study takes a different perspective by arguing that theoretical explanations for Black delinquency should focus on macrorather than microlevel variables. In particular, research should examine the macroeconomic environment of Blacks and how this environment shapes the behavior of youths. This study examines the relationship between nine economic and demographic characteristics of New York state counties and Black and White juvenile arrest rates. Using White juvenile arrest rates as a comparison group, the study argues that (a) the Black delinquency rates can be
A Human Anti-Toll Like Receptor 4 Fab Fragment Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Production in Macrophages

The results of clinical and experimental studies suggest that endotoxin/toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated proinflammatory and profibrotic signaling activation is critical in the development of hepatic fibrosis. However, studies examining the role of specific TLR4 inhibitor are still lacking. The present study was aimed to prepare a human anti-TLR4 Fab fragment, named hTLR4-Fab01, and to explore its immune activity. We screened the positive clone of anti-human TLR4 phagemid from a human phage-display antibody library using recombinant TLR4 protein, which was used as template cDNA for the amplification of variable regions of the heavy (VH) chain and light chain (VL), then coupled with highly conserved regions of the heavy chain domain 1 (CH1) and the light chain (CL), respectively. Thus, the prokaryotic expression vector pETDuet-1 of hTLR4-Fab01 was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21. The characteristic of hTLR4-Fab01 was examined by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, ELISA, affinity and kinetics assay. Further, our data demonstrate that hTLR4-Fab01 could specifically bind to TLR4, and its treatment obviously attenuated the proinflammatory effect, characterized by less LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 production in human macrophages. In conclusion, we have successfully prepared the hTLR4-Fab01 with efficient activity for blocking LPS-induced proinflammatory cytokines production, suggesting that the hTLR4-Fab01 may be a potential candidate for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
A Modified Brain MR Image Segmentation and Bias Field Estimation Model Based on Local and Global Information

Because of the poor radio frequency coil uniformity and gradient-driven eddy currents, there is much noise and intensity inhomogeneity (bias) in brain magnetic resonance (MR) image, and it severely affects the segmentation accuracy. Better segmentation results are difficult to achieve by traditional methods; therefore, in this paper, a modified brain MR image segmentation and bias field estimation model based on local and global information is proposed. We first construct local constraints including image neighborhood information in Gaussian kernel mapping space, and then the complete regularization is established by introducing nonlocal spatial information of MR image. The weighting between local and global information is automatically adjusted according to image local information. At the same time, bias field information is coupled with the model, and it makes the model reduce noise interference but also can effectively estimate the bias field information. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has strong robustness to noise and bias field is well corrected.
Trellis Decoding for Multi-User Faster-Than-Nyquist Transmission

A K-user downlink transmission is considered, wherein the Nyquist sequences of different users are transmitted with different time offsets so that the entire transmitted signal is deemed a K times faster than Nyquist (FTN) signal. An inter-user interference removal technique is proposed that successively removes the interference using successive trellis update. It is shown by simulations that when the power difference between users is large enough, using only one round of trellis decoding, the system approaches the performance of the successive trellis update.
Assessing the Research on Media, Cognitive Development, and Infants

With the rise of television targeting very young children, it is important to ask if babies younger than two can learn from it. In this essay I review the literature on babies' attention to, imitation of, and language learning from television and I discuss the research that has found a video deficit in young children. The literature suggests that infants between the ages of approximately twelve and twenty-four months have a difficult time imitating and learning from television. This deficit may occur because television is perceived by babies as socially irrelevant; it may also occur because television is not as rich in detail as live images. Lastly, it may occur because of the complexity of dual representation. The extant literature also suggests that basic conceptual knowledge is needed in infants before more advanced learning, such as language acquisition, can be achieved. The essay explores whether television is capable of teaching these very basic cognitive skills.
What Makes Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurial?

What are the characteristics, habits, and behaviors of the species entrepreneur? Is there such a thing as "entrepreneurial thinking"? Is there a learnable and teachable "core" to entrepreneurship? This case examines the problem-solving process of 30 entrepreneurs from a variety of industries whose companies range in value from $200 million to $6.5 billion. Careful analysis reveals a distinct thought process: "effectual reasoning. " Using U-Haul as an example, the case delineates the way in which entrepreneurs factor in affordable loss, strategic partnerships, and leveraging contingencies. Thinking entrepreneurially, as opposed to managerially or strategically, means believing in a yet-to-be-made future that can be shaped by human action and realizing that, to the extent that such action can control the future, one need not expend energy trying to predict it. It is much more useful to understand and work with the people who are engaged in the decisions and actions that bring it into existence.
Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial--INTACT 1.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether the addition of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839; AstraZeneca, Wilmington, DE) to standard first-line gemcitabine and cisplatin provides clinical benefit over gemcitabine and cisplatin alone in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib has demonstrated encouraging efficacy in advanced NSCLC in phase II trials in pretreated patients, and a phase I trial of gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin showed favorable tolerability. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial in chemotherapy-naive patients with unresectable stage III or IV NSCLC. All patients received up to six cycles of chemotherapy (cisplatin 80 mg/m(2) on day 1 and gemcitabine 1,250 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 8 of the 3-week cycle) plus either gefitinib 500 mg/d, gefitinib 250 mg/d, or placebo. Daily gefitinib or placebo was continued until disease progression. End points included overall survival (primary), time to progression, response rates, and safety evaluation. RESULTS A total of 1,093 patients were enrolled. There was no difference in efficacy end points between the treatment groups: for the gefitinib 500 mg/d, gefitinib 250 mg/d, and placebo groups, respectively, median survival times were 9.9, 9.9, and 10.9 months (global ordered log-rank [GOLrank] P =.4560), median times to progression were 5.5, 5.8, and 6.0 months (GOLrank; P =.7633), and response rates were 49.7%, 50.3%, and 44.8%. No significant unexpected adverse events were seen. CONCLUSION Gefitinib in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin in chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced NSCLC did not have improved efficacy over gemcitabine and cisplatin alone. The reasons for this remain obscure and require further preclinical testing.
Tailorable domain objects as meeting tools for an electronic whiteboard

ABSTRACT Our goal is to provide tools to support working meetings onan electronic whiteboard, called Tivoli. This paper de-scribes how we have integrated structured “domain objects”into the whiteboard environment. Domain objects representthe subject matter of meetings and can be exchanged be-tween Tivoli and group databases. Domain objects can betailored to produce meeting tools that are finely tuned tomeeting practices. We describe the facility for tailoring andmanaging domain objects and the user interface techniquesfor blending these into the whiteboard environment. Weshow examples of both specific and generic meeting toolscrafted from domain objects, and we describe a long-termcase study in which these tools support an ongoing workprocess. Keywords: whiteboard metaphor, pen-based systems, freeforminteraction, implicit structure, informal systems, recognition-basedsystems, list structures, meeting support tools, gestural interfaces,user interface design, tailorability, customization, object-orienteduser interfaces
Growth and dissipation of wind-forced, deep-water waves

Abstract The input of energy by wind to water waves is compared with the observed growth of the waves using a suite of microphysical measurement techniques in the laboratory. These include measured tangential stresses in the water and air immediately adjacent to the interface with corresponding form drag measurements above wind-forced freely propagating waves. The drag data sets are consistent but the comparison has highlighted important issues in relation to the measurement of fluctuating pressures above freely propagating waves. Derived normalized wind input values show good collapse as a function of mean wave steepness and are significantly in excess of the assembly of net wave growth measurements by Peirson & Garcia (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 608, 2008, pp. 243–274) at low steepness. Sheltering coefficients in the form of Jeffreys (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, vol. 107, 1925, pp. 189–206) are derived that are consistent with values previously obtained by Donelan & Pierson (J. Geophys. Res., vol. 92, 1987, pp. 4971–5029), Donelan (Wind-over-Wave Couplings: Perspectives and Prospects, Clarendon, 1999, pp. 183–194) and Donelan et al. (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 36, 2006, pp. 1672–1689). The sheltering coefficients exhibit substantial scatter. By carefully measuring the associated growth of the surface wave fields, systematic energy budgets for the interaction between wind and waves are obtained. For non-breaking waves, there is a significant and systematic misclose in the radiative transfer equation if wave–turbulence interactions are not included. Significantly higher levels of turbulent wave attenuation are found in comparison with the theoretical estimates by Teixeira & Belcher (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 458, 2002, pp. 229–267) and Ardhuin & Jenkins (J. Phys. Oceanogr., vol. 36, 2006, pp. 551–557). Suitable normalizations of attenuation for wind-forced wave fields exhibit consistent behaviour in the presence and absence of wave breaking. Closure of the surface energy flux budget is obtained by comparing the normalized energy loss rates due to breaking with the values previously determined by Banner & Peirson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 585, 2007, pp. 93–115) and Drazen et al.(J. Fluid Mech., vol. 611, 2008, pp. 307–332) when expressed as a function of mean wave steepness. Their normalized energy loss rates obtained for non-wind forced breaking wave groups are remarkably consistent with the levels found during this present study when breaking waves are subject to wind forcing.
Deep Lamellar Keratoplasty: Surgical Techniques for Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty With and Without Baring of Descemet's Membrane

Purpose. To review current techniques used in deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (LKP), and to describe a novel approach that facilitates baring of Descemet's membrane (maximum depth anterior lamellar keratoplasty). Methods. A highly selective review of the literature is presented, with descriptions of different techniques in the light of the authors' personal experience over 3 decades. A novel method for baring Descemet's membrane is detailed. It involves air injection in such a way that a large bubble is created between stroma and Descemet's membrane. Visual results of this operation in patients with keratoconus are reviewed. Results. Visual results 6 months after maximum depth anterior LKP in 181 eyes with keratoconus are comparable with those resulting from penetrating keratoplasty: 89% achieved a best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better, and 10% achieved 20/20 or better. Intraoperative perforation occurred in 9% of cases. Conclusions. Maximum depth anterior LKP has some important advantages when compared with other types of anterior lamellar keratoplasty or penetrating keratoplasty, but it remains a challenging procedure. A new technique considerably facilitates this operation and reduces intraoperative complications.