Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of abnormal bleeding in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: acquired transient platelet dysfunction associated with selective alpha-granule release.

The hemostatic alterations underlying the occasional bleeding diathesis associated with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery have been defined in 31 selected patients by simultaneously measuring the serial changes in concentration. function and kinetics of platelets. coagulation factors. and fibrinolytic components. The effects of uncomplicated bypass surgery were evaluated in 21 elective patients. Immediately upon bypass. the circulating levels of platelets. coagulation factors. and plasminogen regularly fell about 50% due to dilution with nonblood prime in the oxygenator apparatus. However. none of these components was reduced below established hemostatic levels at any time during or following the procedure. Furthermore. the functional transformation of fibrinogen to fibrin was not measurably impaired. Heparin effectively blocked both fibrinolysis and fibrinogen consumption during bypass and was consistently neutralized with protamine without rebound at the end of bypass. Circulating platelets were uniformly activated in elective patients during bypass through a process that involved release and partial depletion of a-granules. but not release of dense granule constituents. Platelet activation was associated with transient marked impairment of function as evidenced by striking prolongation of the bleeding time and defective aggregation in vitro. In uncomplicated patients. platelet function largely normalized within 1 hr after bypass. Controlled studies in baboons demonstrated that platelet dysfunction was produced by either cardiopulmonary bypass under normothermic conditions or by hypothermia alone without bypass. In the baboon model. defective platelet function was also transient and characterized by selective depletion of platelet a-granule contents without release of dense granule contents. By contrast. in all of 1 0 patients in whom bypass surgery was complicated by substantial abnormal bleeding. there was persistent bleeding time prolongation to greater than 25 mm that persisted for hours after bypass despite platelet counts above 1 OO.OOO/ sI. With platelet transfusions. the bleeding time shortened rapidly. followed by cessation of bleeding. From these studies we conclude that cardiopulmonary bypass patients demonstrate abnormal clinical bleeding when there is a persistence of platelet dysfunction manifested as a bleeding time of greater than 20 mm after protamine administration. Such bleeding patients with a prolonged bleeding time should receive platelet transfusions even when the platelet count is greater than 1 0O.000/zl.
Evidence that a modified type IV pilus‐like system powers gliding motility and polysaccharide secretion in filamentous cyanobacteria

In filamentous cyanobacteria, the mechanism of gliding motility is undefined but posited to be driven by a polysaccharide secretion system known as the junctional pore complex (JPC). Recent evidence implies that the JPC is a modified type IV pilus‐like structure encoded for in part by genes in the hps locus. To test this hypothesis, we conducted genetic, cytological and comparative genomics studies on hps and pil genes in Nostoc punctiforme, a species in which motility is restricted to transiently differentiated filaments called hormogonia. Inactivation of most hps and pil genes abolished motility and abolished or drastically reduced secretion of hormogonium polysaccharide, and the subcellular localization of several Pil proteins in motile hormogonia corresponds to the site of the junctional pore complex. The non‐motile ΔhpsE‐G strain, which lacks three glycosyltransferases that synthesize hormogonium polysaccharide, could be complemented to motility by the addition of medium conditioned by wild‐type hormogonia. Based on this result, we speculate that secretion of hormogonium polysaccharide facilitates but does not provide the motive force for gliding. Both the Hps and Pil homologs characterized in this study are almost universally conserved among filamentous cyanobacteria, with the Hps homologs rarely found in unicellular strains. These results support the theory that Hps and Pil proteins compose the JPC, a type IV pilus‐like nanomotor that drives motility and polysaccharide secretion in filamentous cyanobacteria.
Measuring and Enhancing Prediction Capabilities of Vulnerability Discovery Models for Apache and IIS HTTP Servers

The prediction of the number of vulnerabilities in an HTTP server can allow us to evaluate the security risk associated with its use. Vulnerability discovery models have recently been proposed which can be used to estimate the future number of vulnerabilities expected to be discovered. A detailed analysis of the prediction capabilities of two models termed AML and LVD for the vulnerabilities in the two major HTTP servers is presented. Four complete data sets for Apache and US are used, representing an open source and a commercial Web server respectively. Both long term predictions involving several years and short term predictions for the following year are considered. Potential methods for enhancing the prediction accuracy are considered. The results show good predictive capabilities of the AML model when constraints are used for estimating the model parameters. The LVD model works well in some special cases when saturation has not yet set in. The results can be used by both developers to plan the test and maintenance effort needed and by users to assess the potential security risks associated with a specific server
Handbook of Psychology and Diabetes : A Guide to Psychological Measurement in Diabetes Research and Practice

Section 1: An Introduction to Issues and Choices. C. Bradley, An Introduction to the Guide to Psychological Measurement in Diabetes Research and Practice. C. Todd, C. Bradley, Evaluating the Design and Development of Psychological Scales. C. Bradley, Translation of Questionnaires for Use in Different Languages and Cultures. T. Posner, Qualitative Methods in Psychosocial Research. Section 2. Quality of Life, Well-being and Satisfaction Measures. A.M. Jacobson and The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group, The Diabetes Quality of Life Measure. C. Bradley, The Well-being Questionnaire. C. Bradley, Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire: (DTSQ). A. Irvine, D. Cox, L. Gonder-Frederick, The Fear of Hypoglycaemia Scale. Section 3: Knowledge and Cognitive Function. L.J. Beeney, S.M. Dunn, G. Welch, Measurement of Diabetes Knowledge C.M. Ryan, Measures of Cognitive Function. Section 4: Measures of Attitudes and Beliefs. G. Welch, S.M. Dunn, L.J. Beeney, The ATT39: A Measure of Psychological Adjustment to Diabetes. K.S. Lewis, C. Bradley, Measures of Diabetes-specific Health Beliefs. C. Bradley, Measures of Perceived Control of Diabetes. Section 5: Measures of Behaviour and Composite Measures. R.E. Glasgow, Social-environmental Factors in Diabetes: Barriers to Diabetes Self-care. D.J. Toobert, R.E. Glasgow, Assessing Diabetes Self-management: The Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Questionnaire. Section 6: Use and Abuse of Psychological Measures. C. Bradley, Adapting Scales and Procedures: The Limits of Reliability and Validity. Appendix: Additional Measures Including Recently Developed and Newly Designed Scales. Author Index. Subject Index.
ESPIRiT—an eigenvalue approach to autocalibrating parallel MRI: Where SENSE meets GRAPPA

Parallel imaging allows the reconstruction of images from undersampled multicoil data. The two main approaches are: SENSE, which explicitly uses coil sensitivities, and GRAPPA, which makes use of learned correlations in k‐space. The purpose of this work is to clarify their relationship and to develop and evaluate an improved algorithm.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Atmospheric Data over a Solar Cycle: No Connection between Galactic Cosmic Rays and New Particle Formation

Aerosol particles affect the Earth's radiative balance by directly scattering and absorbing solar radiation and, indirectly, through their activation into cloud droplets. Both effects are known with considerable uncertainty only, and translate into even bigger uncertainties in future climate predictions. More than a decade ago, variations in galactic cosmic rays were suggested to closely correlate with variations in atmospheric cloud cover and therefore constitute a driving force behind aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. Later, the enhancement of atmospheric aerosol particle formation by ions generated from cosmic rays was proposed as a physical mechanism explaining this correlation. Here, we report unique observations on atmospheric aerosol formation based on measurements at the SMEAR II station, Finland, over a solar cycle (years 1996–2008) that shed new light on these presumed relationships. Our analysis shows that none of the quantities related to aerosol formation correlates with the cosmic ray-induced ionisation intensity (CRII). We also examined the contribution of ions to new particle formation on the basis of novel ground-based and airborne observations. A consistent result is that ion-induced formation contributes typically significantly less than 10% to the number of new particles, which would explain the missing correlation between CRII and aerosol formation. Our main conclusion is that galactic cosmic rays appear to play a minor role for atmospheric aerosol formation events, and so for the connected aerosol-climate effects as well.
Que sont les principes du New Public Management devenus

Il y a une trentaine d’annees, au nom de l’efficacite et de l’efficience, les gouvernements de nombreux pays ont introduit dans la gestion de leurs services publics des principes inspires du secteur prive. C’est l’essence du New Public Management, qui s’est diffuse en modifiant a des degres divers les structures et le fonctionnement des administrations publiques. C’est avec l’evolution des principes du NPM en toile de fond que nous observons les changements intervenus dans l’administration wallonne au cours des quinze dernieres annees, avec une attention particuliere pour le phenomene d’agencification.
The relationship between budgetary evaluation, firm size and performance

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the main results of the first empirical study done in Morocco and attempts to highlight the impact of the firm size on the budgetary evaluation and its performance according to the firm size. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected using a questionnaire sent to the Moroccan firms. A total of 62 questionnaires were correctly returned. The response rate was 15 per cent. Findings – In this research, we identified three principal styles of budgetary evaluation: “strict budgetary evaluation” adopted by 21 per cent of the sample; “moderate budgetary evaluation” adopted by 27.4 per cent of the surveyed enterprises; and “lower budgetary evaluation” adopted by 51.6 per cent of the sample. The first style is adopted especially by large firms. The firm’s performance is significantly and positively correlated with the budgetary evaluation in large enterprises. This correlation is not significant in SMEs. Practical implications – The findings of this research.
Effects of Public Education by Television on Knowledge of Early Stroke Symptoms Among a Japanese Population Aged 40 to 74 Years: A Controlled Study

Background and Purpose— An educational campaign by mass media has been associated with great increases in the knowledge about early symptoms of stroke. However, few studies were conducted with a controlled community intervention study. Methods— To clarify the effects of a 1-year television campaign for the whole population on improvement of knowledge about stroke symptoms in 2 cities, a campaign area and a control area in Japan were selected. Before and after the campaign, 1960 randomly selected residents aged 40 to 74 years answered a telephone survey regarding knowledge of early stroke symptoms. We calculated the percentage and 95% CIs of participants who correctly chose all 5 early symptoms of stroke in each area and in each year. Results— Before the campaign, 53% of participants (95% CI, 50%–55%) in the campaign area and 46% (95% CI, 44%–49%) in the control area correctly chose 5 early symptoms. After the 1-year television campaign, knowledge was significantly improved only in the campaign area (campaign area, 63%; 95% CI, 60%–66%; control area, 51%; 95% CI, 48%–54%). After sex stratification, only women showed improved knowledge of early symptoms. The audience rate for the campaign television programs was found to be higher in women than in men. Conclusions– A 1-year stroke educational television campaign effectively improved knowledge about early stroke symptoms among Japanese women aged 40 to 74 years. No impact was found among men in this age group. Future studies should examine the impact of this approach on stroke knowledge among younger individuals and whether there are any behavioral changes that contribute to earlier presentation for treatment.
Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise in women.

Our aim was to examine the effects of seven high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT) sessions over 2 wk on skeletal muscle fuel content, mitochondrial enzyme activities, fatty acid transport proteins, peak O(2) consumption (Vo(2 peak)), and whole body metabolic, hormonal, and cardiovascular responses to exercise. Eight women (22.1 +/- 0.2 yr old, 65.0 +/- 2.2 kg body wt, 2.36 +/- 0.24 l/min Vo(2 peak)) performed a Vo(2 peak) test and a 60-min cycling trial at approximately 60% Vo(2 peak) before and after training. Each session consisted of ten 4-min bouts at approximately 90% Vo(2 peak) with 2 min of rest between intervals. Training increased Vo(2 peak) by 13%. After HIIT, plasma epinephrine and heart rate were lower during the final 30 min of the 60-min cycling trial at approximately 60% pretraining Vo(2 peak). Exercise whole body fat oxidation increased by 36% (from 15.0 +/- 2.4 to 20.4 +/- 2.5 g) after HIIT. Resting muscle glycogen and triacylglycerol contents were unaffected by HIIT, but net glycogen use was reduced during the posttraining 60-min cycling trial. HIIT significantly increased muscle mitochondrial beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (15.44 +/- 1.57 and 20.35 +/- 1.40 mmol.min(-1). kg wet mass(-1) before and after training, respectively) and citrate synthase (24.45 +/- 1.89 and 29.31 +/- 1.64 mmol.min(-1). kg wet mass(-1) before and after training, respectively) maximal activities by 32% and 20%, while cytoplasmic hormone-sensitive lipase protein content was not significantly increased. Total muscle plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein content increased significantly (25%), whereas fatty acid translocase/CD36 content was unaffected after HIIT. In summary, seven sessions of HIIT over 2 wk induced marked increases in whole body and skeletal muscle capacity for fatty acid oxidation during exercise in moderately active women.
How Brains Make Up Their Minds

How do we exercise our will? The erosion of Descartes' concept of the soul in the machine by recent developments in neuroscience leaves us with the challenge of understanding how we control our behaviour and make sense of the world around us. Do our genes and environments determine all that goes on in our brains, or do we create ourselves through what we believe and how we behave? In How Brains Make Up Their Minds, the distinguished US neuroscientist Walter J. Freeman charts the brain's mind, progressing from single nerve cells, through cooperative assemblies of these cells, to the emergence of complex patterns of brain activity. By drawing on new developments in brain imaging and theories of chaos and nonlinear dynamics, he shows how brains create intentions and meanings. The result is an original and stimulating synthesis of neuroscience and philosophy that argues that the power to choose is an essential and inalienable property of brains, and, moreover, the foundation for the development and flourishing of individuals and societies.
Dynamics in human and primate societies: agent-based modeling of social and spatial processes

From the Publisher: Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies presents agent-based modeling studies from archaeologists, ethnologists, sociologists, philosophers, and primatologists that examine these social and spatial dynamics without ignoring their complexity or compromising replicability. With an emphasis on small-scale societies in an effort to maximize realism in the modeling efforts applied to social evolution, this volume is an important step toward an actor-oriented, cross-disciplinary approach to understanding human behavior over time. " "Presenting recent advances in software and algorithms for modeling societies, Dynamics in Human and Primate Societies is an ideal book for professionals in archaeology and cultural anthropology as well as a valuable tool for those studying primatology and computer science.
Optical/near-infrared colours of early-type galaxies and constraints on their star formation histories

We introduce and discuss the properties of a theoretical (B−K)(J−K) integrated colour diagram for single-age, single-metallicity stellar populations. We show how this combination of integrated colours is able to largely disentangle the well-known age–metallicity degeneracy when the age of the population is greater than ∼300 Myr, and thus provides valuable estimates of both age and metallicity of unresolved stellar systems. We discuss in detail the effect on this colour–colour diagram of α-enhanced metal abundance ratios (typical of the oldest populations in the Galaxy), the presence of blue horizontal branch stars unaccounted for in the theoretical calibration and of statistical colour fluctuations in low-mass stellar systems. In the case of populations with multiple stellar generations, the luminosity-weighted mean age obtained from this diagram is shown to be heavily biased towards the youngest stellar components. We then apply this method to several data sets for which optical and near-infrared photometry are available in the literature. We find that Large Magellanic Cloud and M31 clusters have colours which are consistent with the predictions of the models, but these do not provide a sensitive test due to the fluctuations which are predicted by our modelling of the Poisson statistics in such low-mass systems. For the two Local Group dwarf galaxies NGC 185 and 6822, the mean ages derived from the integrated colours are consistent with the star formation histories inferred independently from photometric observations of their resolved stellar populations. The methods developed here are applied to samples of nearby early-type galaxies with high-quality aperture photometry in the literature. A sample of bright field and Virgo cluster elliptical galaxies is found to exhibit a range of luminosity-weighted mean ages from 3 to 14 Gyr, with a mean of ∼8 Gyr, independent of environment, and mean metallicities at or just above the solar value. Colour gradients are found in all of the galaxies studied, in the sense that central regions are redder. Apart from two radio galaxies, where the extreme central colours are clearly driven by the active galactic nucleus, and one galaxy which also shows a radial age gradient, these colour changes appear consistent with metallicity changes at a constant mean age. Finally, aperture data for five Virgo early-type dwarf galaxies show that these galaxies appear to be shifted to lower mean metallicities and lower mean ages (range 1–6 Gyr) than their higher luminosity counterparts.
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI in differentiating hepatocellular adenoma from focal nodular hyperplasia: prospective study of the additional value of gadoxetate disodium.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this article is to prospectively determine the sensitivity of hepatobiliary phase gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI combined with standard MRI in differentiating focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) from hepatocellular adenoma (HCA). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Patients suspected of having FNH or HCA larger than 2 cm underwent gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI. Standard MRI was evaluated separately from the additional hepatobiliary phase by two blinded radiologists. For the largest lesion in each patient, findings were compared with histologic diagnosis. Sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and distinctive features were analyzed using McNemar and analysis of variance tests. RESULTS Fifty-two patients completed the study. Histologic diagnosis revealed 24 HCAs and 28 FNHs. Characterization on standard MRI was inconclusive in 40% (21/52) and conclusive in 60% (31/52) of lesions. The sensitivity of standard MRI for HCA was 50% (12/24) with a PPV of 100% (12/12). The sensitivity for FNH was 68% (19/28) with a PPV of 95% (18/19). After review of hepatobiliary phase, the sensitivity for HCA improved to 96% (23/24) with a PPV of 96% (23/24). The sensitivity for FNH improved to 96% (27/28) with a PPV of 96% (27/28). Features with significant predictive value for diagnosis in HCA included bleeding (p < 0.001), fat (p = 0.010), and glycogen (p = 0.024). The presence of a central scar was predictive for FNH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION This study shows high sensitivity of gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI when standard series are combined with the hepatobiliary phase for differentiation of FNH and HCA in lesions larger than 2 cm.
Botulism (type A) in a horse - case report

This paper presents the case of a six year-old, male, thoroughbred horse with clinical signs of inappetence, weakness, and incoordination when walking. Clinical examination showed that the horse staggered and leaned to the left side. Feedstuff was present inside and around its mouth. Salivation was increased and there was no reflex at the palpebrae and tongue. The horse had difficulty swallowing and the tone of its tail was reduced. Botulism was diagnosed based on the clinical signs. Antibiotic (ceftiofur) and fluid-electrolyte treatment was commenced. Next day, neostigmin was added to the horse’s treatment, and it became recumbent. The horse’s palpebral, tongue and tail reflexes returned partially after neostigmine methylsulphate treatment on the same day and it stood up on day four. However, it could not swallow anything during the whole week, so after getting permission from the owner, the horse was euthanized on day 10. Samples of the colonic content and blood serum were sent by courier to the laboratory for toxin neutralization, however, botulinum neurotoxins could not be detected. After that, serum samples from days 6 and 10 were sent to another laboratory for testing for botulinum neurotoxin antibodies by ELISA. Specific antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin type A were measured, indicating a previous, immuno-relevant contact with the toxin. This seroconversion for type A supports the clinical botulism diagnosis. Type A botulism is rarely seen in Europe and has been detected in a horse in Turkey for the first time. Equine, Clostridium botulinum, botulinum neurotoxin, Turkey