Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teaching Reading and Language to the Disadvantaged--What We Have Learned from Field Research.

In late 1967, Project Follow Through was reorganized to select, test, and evaluate promising but different educational programs for disadvantaged youngsters in the first three grades. Now, nearly ten years later, the completed evaluations of Follow Through suggest that one of these programs, the University of Oregon's Direct Instruction Model, has produced significant gains in measures of positive affect, basic skills, and conceptual reasoning. In this article, Wesley Becker discusses the distinctive features of this model—its underlying assumptions and basic teaching components. He then explores the implications of teaching reading and language skills to economically disadvantaged children and advocates that immediate steps be taken to teach vocabulary systematically throughout the school years. Viewing this goal as essential for compensatory education, he concludes with an analysis of how vocabulary instruction might best be implemented.
Language-specific aspects of reading acquisition: the case of Russian

We have investigated Russian children’s reading acquisition during an intermediate period in their development: after literacy onset, but before they have acquired welldeveloped decoding skills. The results of our study suggest that Russian first graders rely primarily on phonemes and syllables as reading grain-size units. Phonemic awareness seems to have reached the metalinguistic level more rapidly than syllabic awareness after the onset of reading instruction, the reversal which is typical for the initial stages of formal reading instruction creating external demand for phonemic awareness. Another reason might be the inherent instability of syllabic boundaries in Russian. We have shown that body-coda is a more natural representation of subsyllabic structure in Russian than onset-rime. We also found that Russian children displayed variability of syllable onset and offset decisions which can be attributed to the lack of congruence between syllabic and morphemic word division in Russian. We suggest that fuzziness of syllable boundary decisions is a sign of the transitional nature of this stage in the reading development and it indicates progress towards an awareness of morphologically determined closed syllables. Our study also showed that orthographic complexity exerts an influence on reading in Russian from the very start of reading acquisition. Besides, we found that Russian first graders experience fluency difficulties in reading orthographically simple words and nonwords of two and more syllables. The transition from monosyllabic to bisyllabic lexical items constitutes a certain threshold, for which the syllabic structure seemed to be of no difference. When we compared the outcomes of the Russian children with the ones produced by speakers of other languages, we discovered that in the tasks which could be performed with the help of alphabetic recoding Russian children’s accuracy was comparable to that of children learning to read in relatively shallow orthographies. In tasks where this approach works only partially, Russian children demonstrated accuracy results similar to those in deeper orthographies. This pattern of moderate results in accuracy and excellent performance in terms of reaction times is an indication that children apply phonological recoding as their dominant strategy to various reading tasks and are only beginning to develop suitable multiple strategies in dealing with orthographically complex material. The development of these strategies is not completed during Grade 1 and the shift towards diversification of strategies apparently continues in Grade 2.
Integration of information in four-valued logics under non-uniform assumptions

We study the problem of integrating information coming from different sources in a distributed environment. We assume a central server that collects facts from sources and tries to combine them using a set of logical rules, i.e. a logic program. We provide a formal framework for the integration of information in such a setting, under non-uniform assumptions on the missing information.
A Note on Usefulness of Geometrical Crossover for Numerical Optimization Problems

Numerical optimization problems enjoy a signi cant popularity in evolutionary computation community; all major evolutionary techniques (genetic algorithm, evolution strategies, evolutionary programming) have been applied to these problems. However, many of these techniques (as well as other, classical optimization methods) have di culties in solving some real-world problems which include non-trivial constraints. For such problems, very often the global solution lies on the boundary of the feasible region. Thus it is important to investigate some problem-speci c operators, which search this boundary in an e cient way. In this study we discuss a new experimental evidence on usefulness of so-called geometrical crossover, which might be used for a boundary search for particular problems. This operator enhances also the e ectiveness of evolutionary algorithms (based on oating point representation) in a signi cant way.
Effect of Tempol on Renal Cyclooxygenase Expression and Activity in Experimental Diabetes in the Rat

Renal cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression is increased in the streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat and is associated with enhanced renal prostaglandin release in response to arachidonic acid (AA). Endoperoxide-mediated vasoconstrictor responses to AA were also enhanced in the diabetic rat kidney. Because oxidative stress is increased in diabetes and has been shown to induce COX-2, we assessed its contribution to prostaglandin release by treating diabetic rats with tempol (120 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. Release of AA-stimulated prostaglandins PGE2 and 6-ketoPGF1α from the isolated perfused kidney was used as an index of COX activity, and Western analysis was used to determine COX-2 protein expression. In untreated diabetic rats, the release of prostaglandins in response to AA was markedly enhanced; the increase in release of both 6-ketoPGF1α and PGE2 after AA was twice that in control rats. Renal cortical COX-2 expression in diabetic rats was 3-fold that of control rats. Tempol treatment reduced the AA-stimulated release of prostaglandins to levels seen in control rats; this was associated with reduced expression of COX-2 protein to levels not different from that in control rats. However, the enhanced vasoconstrictor response to AA in diabetic rats was unaffected by tempol treatment but abolished by inhibition of COX-1 with SC58560 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole]. The addition of tempol to the perfusate of kidneys from diabetic and control rats had only a slight effect on prostaglandin release. We conclude that oxidative stress is an integral component of the mechanism involved in the induction of renal COX-2 in diabetes.
In Search of Value: A Model of Wagering Intentions

Most bettors know that long-run positive returns are unattainable in uncertain gaming contexts. If, as most marketing scholars assume, consumers strive for net positive returns from market transactions, then the total value of people's wagers cannot be expressed by probabilities and values of outcomes alone. We posit that imagined outcomes, prompted by anticipated emotions, entail the completive value ignored by traditional expected utility calculations. To probe this possibility, we develop and test a precursory dual-process model that relates cognitive factors-luck-oriented locus of control and personal expertise-and emotive factors-anticipated regret and anticipated elation-to willingness to incur uncertainty. Our empirical results support this model, and thus a dual-process theory, in a horse race betting context.
Relationships Among Perceived Supervisor Support, Psychological Empowerment and Employee Engagement in Indian Workplaces

This research examines the impact of perceived supervisor support and psychological empowerment on employee engagement. Social exchange theory and job demands-resources model of work engagement are used for explaining the association between these constructs. Data for the sample was collected from 177 employees in three service sector organizations in Central Kerala, South India. Regression analyses were performed to test the hypotheses. The results showed that perceived supervisor support and psychological empowerment positively influenced employee engagement and perceived supervisor support positively influenced psychological empowerment. Also, it was found that psychological empowerment fully mediated the relationship between perceived supervisor support and employee engagement. This research adds to the current body of literature by providing insight into the influence of perceived supervisor support and psychological empowerment on employee engagement in the Indian context.
Family Ties: Women's Work and Family Histories and their Association with Incomes in Later Life in the UK

Abstract This article examines the relationship between the family and work histories of older women and their personal incomes in later life, using retrospective data from the first 15 waves of the British Household Panel Survey. The association between women's family histories and their incomes later in life are relatively weak, explaining only a small proportion of the overall variation in older women's incomes. Divorce, early widowhood and re-marriage are not associated with any significant differences in older women's incomes, while motherhood is only associated with a small reduction in incomes later in life. While there are significant differences in the work histories of older women with different family histories, this translates into relatively small differences in their personal incomes, because the types of employment career pursued by most women are not associated with significantly higher retirement incomes and because public transfers dampen work history-related differentials, especially for widows. On the one hand, this could be seen as a positive finding in that the ‘pension penalty’ associated with life-course events such as motherhood and divorce is not as severe as often anticipated. On the other hand, the main reason for this is that the pension returns to working longer are relatively low, particularly for women with few qualifications. The analysis suggests that women retiring over the next two decades are unlikely to benefit significantly from the additional years they have spent in employment, because most of this increase has been in part-time employment. The article highlights the tensions between two objectives: rewarding work, and protecting the most vulnerable, such as carers, long-term disabled and unemployed. Resolving this dilemma involves moving away from a close association between pension entitlements and work history and towards universal entitlement based on a citizen's pension.
Building up social capital in a changing world

This paper models the dynamic process through which a large society may succeed in building up its "social capital" by establishing a stable and dense pattern of interaction among its members. In the model, agents interact according to a collection of (idyosincratic) infinitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma played on the existing social network. This network not only specifies the playing partners but, crucially, also determines how relevant strategic information diffuses or new cooperation opportunities are found. Over time, the underlying payoffs randomly change, i.e. display some "volatility". In response to it, agents react by creating new links and removing others. This combines into a complex but ergodic dynamic process, whose analysis is undertaken in different ways. First, we rely on its ergodicity to "compute" numerically its long-run regularities. Second, we use mean-field approximations to derive analytical results. Both routes are found in accord and also complementary. The long-run dynamics of the process sharply depends on environmental volatility, displaying the following features: (a) Only if volatility is not too high can the society sustain a dense social network and thus attain a large average payoff. (b) The social architecture endogenously responds to increased volatility by becoming more cohesive. (c) Network-based strategic effects are an essential buffer that preclude the abrupt collapse of the social network in the face of growing volatility. These conclusions are largely in tune with the points stressed in the social-capital literature.
The Malleability of Developmental Trends in Neutral and Negative Memory Illusions

Among many legal professionals and memory researchers there exists the assumption that susceptibility to false memory decreases with age. In 4 misinformation experiments, we show that under conditions that focus on the meaning of experiences, children are not always the most susceptible to suggestion-induced false memories. We begin by presenting a short overview of previous developmental false memory studies, the majority of which have found that the susceptibility to misinformation decreases with age. In Experiment 1, 6/7-year-olds, 11/12-year-olds, and adults received a video and were confronted with misinformation about related but nonpresented details. Older children and adults had higher misinformation acceptance rates than younger children. In Experiment 2, we replicated this finding adding a younger child group (4/6-year-olds). In Experiments 3 and 4, we used new material and again found that susceptibility to misinformation increased with age. Together, these experiments show that children’s memory accuracy is not necessarily inferior to that of adults. ’
Stacking Heterogeneous Joint Models of Chinese POS Tagging and Dependency Parsing

Previous joint models of Chinese part-of-speech (POS) tagging and dependency parsing are extended from either graphor transition-based dependency models. Our analysis shows that the two models have different error distributions. In addition, integration of graphand transition-based dependency parsers by stacked learning (stacking) has achieved significant improvements. These motivate us to study the problem of stacking graphand transition-based joint models. We conduct experiments on Chinese Penn Treebank 5.1 (CTB5.1). The results demonstrate that the guided transition-based joint model obtains better performance than the guided graph-based joint model. Further, we introduce a constituent-based joint model which derives the POS tag sequence and dependency tree from the output of PCFG parsers, and then integrate it into the guided transition-based joint model. Finally, we achieve the best performance on CTB5.1, 94.95% in tagging accuracy and 83.98% in parsing accuracy respectively. TITLE AND ABSTRACT IN CHINESE 采用堆方法融合异种的中文词性和依存句法联合模型 过去的中文词性和依存句法联合模型基本上都根据基于图的依存句法分析模型或者 基于转移的依存句法分析模型进行拓展而形成的。 我们的分析结果表明这两种不同的模型 错误分布并不一样,而且在依存句法中,将基于图的模型和基于转移的模型使用堆方法融 合之后,能够显著的提升依存句法的性能,这些促使我们进一步研究采用堆方法去融合基 于图的和基于转移的词性依存句法联合模型。 我们在中文宾州树库5.1版本(CTB5.1)上 进行试验,实验结果表明,相比使用基于图的联合模型为被指导模型,采用转移的联合模 型为被指导模型能取得较好的性能。 更进一步,我们介绍了基于短语句法结构的联合模 型,它从一个句子的概率短语文法分析器输出结果中提取句子的词性序列以及依存树结 果,然后我们采用基于短语句法结构的联合模型更进一步指导基于转移的联合模型,最终 我们在CTB5.1的数据上取得了最好结果,词性标注准确率达到94.95%,同时,依存句法 准确率达到83.98%。
Sample Composition Discrepancies in Different Stages of a Probability-based Online Panel

We report sample composition discrepancies related to demographic and personality variables occurring in different stages of development of a probability-based online panel. The first stage—selecting eligible participants—produces differences between Internet users and nonusers in age, education, and gender distribution as well as in the personality traits of openness to experience, conscientiousness, and extraversion. The second and third stages of panel development—asking about willingness to participate in the panel and actual participation in online surveys—result in fewer and smaller discrepancies. The results suggest that among the three potential sources of sample composition bias considered, the largest impact comes from coverage differences with regard to Internet access.
Species-specific Standardisation of Licorice by Metabolomic Profiling of Flavanones and Chalcones.

INTRODUCTION Major phenolics from licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza sp.) are glycosides of the flavanone liquiritigenin (F) and its 2′-hydroxychalcone isomer, isoliquiritigenin (C). As the F and C contents fluctuate between batches of licorice, both quality control and standardisation of its preparations become complex tasks. OBJECTIVE To characterise the F and C metabolome in extracts from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. ex DC. by addressing their composition in major F–C pairs and defining the total F:C proportion. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three types of extracts from DNA-authenticated samples were analysed by a validated UHPLC/UV method to quantify major F and C glycosides. Each extract was characterised by the identity of major F–C pairs and the proportion of Fs among all quantified Fs:Cs. RESULTS The F and C compositions and proportions were found to be constant for all extracts from a Glycyrrhiza species. All G. uralensis extracts contained up to 2.5 more Fs than G. glabra extracts. Major F–C pairs were B-ring glycosidated in G. uralensis, and A-/B-ring apiosyl-glucosidated in the G. glabra extracts. The F:C proportion was found to be linked to the glycosidation site: the more B-ring F-C glycosides were present, the higher was the final F:C proportion in the extract. These results enable the chemical differentiation of extracts from G. uralensis and G. glabra, which are characterised by total F:C proportions of 8.37:1.63 and 7.18:2.82, respectively. CONCLUSION Extracts from G. glabra and G. uralensis can be differentiated by their respective F and C compositions and proportions, which are both useful for further standardisation of licorice botanicals.
Mood effects on the organization of person information

Subjects in a positive, neutral, or negative mood were presented with behaviour descriptions exemplifying different categories to investigate mood effects on the organization of person information. Subjects were instructed either to form an impression about the person performing the behaviours (impression set) or to memorize the behaviours (memory set). Neutral mood subjects showed higher recall and more clustering under impression instructions than under memory instructions, replicating previous findings. Regardless of instructions, subjects in both positive and negative mood showed recall as high as that shown by those in a neutral mood under impression set. Subjects in a positive mood showed considerable clustering regardless of instruction set, whereas subjects in a negative mood showed little clustering regardless of instructional set. Thus, recall appeared to be mediated by different processes in the positive and negative mood conditions. Results are consistent with the interpretation that different affective states influence processing styles which in turn mediate recall.
Common variants of the vitamin D binding protein gene and adverse health outcomes

Abstract The vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is the major plasma carrier for vitamin D and its metabolites, but it is also an actin scavenger, and is the precursor to the immunomodulatory protein, Gc-MAF. Two missense variants of the DBP gene – rs7041 encoding Asp432Glu and rs4588 encoding Thr436Lys – change the amino acid sequence and alter the protein function. They are common enough to generate population-wide constitutive differences in vitamin D status, based on assay of the serum metabolite, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). Whether these variants also influence the role of vitamin D in an immunologic milieu is not known. However, the issue is relevant, given the immunomodulatory effects of DBP and the role of protracted innate immune-related inflammation in response to tissue injury or repeated infection. Indeed, DBP and vitamin D may jointly or independently contribute to a variety of adverse health outcomes unrelated to classical notions of their function in bone and mineral metabolism. This review summarizes the reports to date of associations between DBP variants, and various chronic and infectious diseases. The available information leads us to conclude that DBP variants are a significant and common genetic factor in some common disorders, and therefore, are worthy of closer attention. In view of the heightened interest in vitamin D as a public health target, well-designed studies that look simultaneously at vitamin D and its carrier in relation to genotypes and adverse health outcome should be encouraged.
Parents’ Educational Beliefs and Children’s Early Academic Skills: Examining How Beliefs Operate across the SES Continuum

In this study, we tested whether associations between parents’ educational beliefs and growth in their children’s achievement in kindergarten were moderated by socioeconomic status (SES) and whether this moderation effect was mediated by parental enrichment practices. Participants included 13,400 children drawn from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Kindergarten Class of 2010-11 (ECLS-K:2011) and their parents. Educational beliefs included parents’ beliefs about the skills necessary for a child entering kindergarten and parents’ expectations for their children’s eventual educational attainment. SES was operationalized as both income and parental educational attainment, and enrichment was measured as academically-related practices in the home and community. Educational beliefs were significantly and positively related to achievement, such that children whose parents rated early skills as more important and held higher expectations for their children tended to have higher math and reading scores at the end of kindergarten. A marginally significant interaction emerged between school readiness beliefs and income such that beliefs were less predictive of achievement at higher levels of income. In addition, both school readiness beliefs and expectations were positively related to home enrichment practices, but only expectations were associated with community enrichment practices. However, neither enrichment measure mediated the educational beliefs by SES interaction. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
THE DECLINING POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF SOCIAL CLASS

Social classes have not died, but their political significance has declined substantially; this justifies a shift from class-centred analysis towards multi-causal explanations of political behaviour and related social phenomena. This contribution extends key propositions from Clark and Lipset and adds new empirical evidence to the commentaries by Hout et al. and Pakulski. Four general propositions are stated concerning where and why class is weaker or stronger. The propositions are then applied to several areas, considering how class has weakened in its impact, especially on politics. We cite several writers of Marxist background to show how they have converged with others in interpreting central developments. The paper notes the impact of organisations like parties and unions, independent of classes, in affecting political processes. It points to the rise of the welfare state as generally weakening class conflict by providing a safety-net and benefits. The diversification of the occupational structure toward small firms, high tech and services weakens class organisational potentials. So does more affluence. Political parties have correspondingly shifted from class conflict to non-economic issues like the environment. The Socialist and Communist Parties have drastically altered their programmes in dozens of countries, away from traditional class politics toward new social issues, and often even toward constraining government. New nationalist parties have arisen stressing national identity and limiting immigration. These developments cumulatively weaken class politics.