Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Clinical features and prognosis of intracranial artery dissection.

BACKGROUND Intracranial artery dissections (IADs) are an important cause of stroke or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Outcome of IAD in the anterior circulation or presentation without SAH is rarely investigated and might be different. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the clinical features and prognosis of patients with IAD, with special emphasis on the location (anterior vs posterior circulation) and clinical presentation (SAH or cerebral ischemia). METHODS Between January 1998 and May 2012, 60 patients with IAD were included in this single-center cohort study. Clinical features, functional outcome, mortality, and prognostic factors were evaluated. Unfavorable functional outcome was defined as a modified Rankin scale score of 3 to 6. RESULTS In 18 patients (30%), IAD was located in the anterior circulation. At a median follow-up of 6.4 months, 35.3% of patients with IAD in the anterior circulation had an unfavorable functional outcome vs 39.0% in patients with IAD in the posterior circulation (P = .79). Forty-two patients (70%) presented with SAH. Clinical presentation with SAH was not significantly associated with poor functional outcome (41.5% vs 29.4%, P = .39). Low Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission (odds ratio, 0.72, P = .003) and older age (odds ratio, 1.04, P = .04) were independent predictors of unfavorable functional outcome. Mortality rate was 13% and did not significantly differ with location or clinical presentation. CONCLUSION Low Glasgow Coma Scale score on admission and older age were independent predictors of unfavorable functional outcome. IAD presenting with SAH was not significantly associated with poor functional outcome.
Propensity to export and effects on cluster development: a comparative study of the Cyprus and Greek solar thermal clusters

Access to sophisticated demand is critical for cluster upgrading in developing countries. Despite this, the role of exports in cluster development has not been adequately researched. This study tries to answer two questions; what are the factors that increase the propensity of a cluster to successfully engage in exports and how exports affect cluster upgrading. In order to isolate the effect of exports, two clusters are studied, the Cyprus and the Greek solar thermal clusters. Despite the fact that these two clusters emerged in similar environments, today they present some distinct differences which could be explained by the different levels of success in exporting. Our findings suggest that the export vision shared among cluster participants, and the collaboration to achieve the vision are of critical importance in penetrating sophisticated export markets. This study highlights the positive influence of exports on cluster development and provides managers and policy makers with an indication of which factors contribute to successful exporting.
The Returns to Schooling: A Selectivity Bias Approach with a Continuous Choice Variable

The essence of selection bias is that we do not observe nonoptimal choices. This applies whether the choice variable is discrete or continuous. This paper extends the selection bias methodology to the case where the choice variable is continuous and the choice set is ordered. The leading practical application of this analysis is the schooling choice problem. Schooling is treated as a continuous choice variable and selectivity corrected rates of return are estimated. The findings suggest selectivity is of considerable importance and support the comparative advantage hypothesis of Willis and Rosen [18].
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure

rum iron, ferritin and erythropoietin. Absent stainable iron in the bone marrow is not diagnostic of absolute iron deficiency [10] . Depleted iron stores in the bone marrow may be explained by a diversion of iron from the bone marrow to reticuloendothelial stores where it is unavailable for erythropoiesis even though serum iron and ferritin may be normal or even increased. This functional or relative iron deficiency is an important feature of anemia of chronic disease [11, 12] . Unlike a ferritin cutoff <30 μg/l and transferrin saturation <16% used in healthy individuals to diagnose iron deficiency [11] , a more strict definition of absolute iron deficiency is a ferritin level <100 μg/l and of relative iron deficiency a ferritin level 100–299 μg/l in combination with transferrin saturation <20% [12, 13] . Using these criteria, a recent study showed that iron deficiency was present in 57% of 546 HF patients with anemia and in 32% of HF patients without anemia [14] . In that study, iron deficiency was associated with poor outcomes independent of the presence of anemia. Thus, either absolute or relative iron deficiency is more common than previously thought and is associated with poor outcomes. In this issue of Cardiology , Rangel et al. [15] report their findings of a prospectively designed study in 127 patients with stable HF and left ventricular ejection fraction <45%. Iron deficiency was defined by the strict criteThe remarkable advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic heart failure (HF) have led to rational therapies with a considerable improvement in survival [1] . Despite this, however, the prognosis of HF remains dismal [2] . One of the factors that contribute to poor prognosis is the presence of comorbidities in these patients. Anemia and iron deficiency are two important comorbidities that are common in patients with HF, and their presence is associated with poor clinical status and worse outcomes. Although meta-analyses of small studies showed that correcting anemia was an attractive and novel therapeutic option to improve outcomes in HF [3] , the neutral results of treating anemic HF patients with the erythropoietin stimulation agent darbepoetin in the large pivotal RED-HF (Reduction of Events by Darbepoetin Alfa in Heart Failure) trial [4] suggest that anemia is probably not a mediator of poor outcomes but perhaps just a marker of the severity of HF. The role of iron deficiency in HF is not entirely clear but is the subject of intense interest and the focus of several clinical studies. Although detailed studies of iron homeostasis are not available, the prevalence of absolute iron deficiency in early studies was reported to be in the range of 5–21% of patients with HF [5–8] . However, Nanas et al. [9] found depleted iron stores in the bone marrow biopsies of 73% of patients with anemia and acute HF despite normal seReceived: March 3, 2014 Accepted: March 3, 2014 Published online: June 7, 2014
Product Diversification, Multinationality, and Country Involvement

Abstract This study assesses the interactive effects of product diversification (PD), multinationality (MN), and country involvement (CI) on firm performance, and explores these effects not only in pairs but also in groups. It locates the optimal combinations of these three variables that will help firms to maximize their performance. The results indicate that when these three variables interact in pairs (that is, MN and CI, respectively, interact with PD), their impact on firm performance are opposite, when they interact as a group (MN and CI jointly interact with PD), they mutually strengthen or cancel each other out, and the optimal combinations differ depending on the interactions of PD with MN and CI.
Failure analysis and modeling of a VAXcluster system

The authors discuss the results of a measurement-based analysis of real error data collected from a DEC VAXcluster multicomputer system. In addition to evaluating basic system dependability characteristics, such as error and failure distributions and hazard rates for both individual machines and the VAXcluster, they develop reward models to analyze the impact of failures on the system as a whole. The results show that more than 46% of all failures were due to errors in shared resources. This is despite the fact that these errors have a recovery probability greater than 0.99. The hazard rate calculations show that not only errors but also failures occur in bursts. Approximately 40% of all failures occur in bursts and involve multiple machines. This result indicates that correlated failures are significant. Analysis of rewards shows that software errors have the lowest reward (0.05 versus 0.74 for disk errors). The expected reward rate (reliability measure) of the VAXcluster drops to 0.5 in 18 hours for the 7-out-of-7 model and in 80 days for the 3-out-of-7 model. The VAXcluster system availability is evaluated to be 0.993 250 days of operation. <<ETX>>
Histamine modulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in human neutrophils

The influence of histamine on the basal intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and agonist‐ induced increases of [Ca2+], was studied in Fura‐2‐loaded neutrophils. Histamine was unable to change the basal [Ca2+]i at concentrations (10−6‐10‐4 M) that have been shown to cause a rapid increase in [Ca2+]i in a variety of cell types. Histamine, in contrast, was found to inhibit dose‐dependently the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by two neutrophil receptor agonists, IV‐ formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐ phenylalanine (fMLP) and serum‐opsonized zymosan particles. The histamine inhibition was shown to be specific for H2 receptor activation by blocking experiments with selective H1 and H2 receptor antagonists. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, histamine failed to inhibit the agonist‐induced rise in [Ca2*]i, indicating that histamine does not affect the release of Ca2+ from internal pools. Forskolin, which mimics the biochemical effects of H2 receptor activation by directly stimulating adenylate cyclase, also decreased the Ca2+ transients induced by receptor agonists. Similarly, 3‐isobutyl‐l‐methylxanthine (IBMX), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, reduced the Ca2+ response of activated neutrophils. These data suggest that in human neutrophils (1) no functional H1 receptors are present or alternatively H1 receptors are not coupled to cellular Ca2+ metabolism, and (2) H2 receptors modulate the receptor‐triggered Ca2+ flux via the cAMP second messenger system.
Exercise capacity of black sickle cell trait males.

Aerobic capacity data were collected on matched groups of 16 black sickle cell trait males and 16 non-trait males. The subjects were matched on race, age, weight, sex, physical activity profile, skinfolds, and smoking habits. Total treadmill times, predicted and actual Vo2 max, max HR, and recovery HR were compared. The Bruce Multi-Stage Treadmill Test was administered with continuous ECG and OCC (Oxygen Consumption Computer) monitoring. The results indicated no significant difference (P greater than .05) between the trait and non-trait subjects on any of the performance variables.
Does growing Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat under organic management alter its breadmaking quality?

Abstract Canadian Western Hard Red Spring (CWRS) wheat is recognized as premium quality wheat, ideal for breadmaking due to its superior milling qualities, baking characteristics and protein content. Organic wheat production is becoming more prevalent in Canada, due to increasing consumer demand for organic wheat products. Differences may exist in the baking and milling quality of wheat grown under conventional and organic management, a result of the dissimilarity between organic and conventional soil and crop management practices. Five CWRS cultivars released from 1885 to 1997 were grown under conventional and organic management and were assessed for their breadmaking potential. Several traits were investigated, including test weight, protein content, flour yield, kernel hardness and several mixograph parameters. Test weight was higher under conventional management, while no differences in protein content were observed between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, a reflection of gluten strength, was observed under conventional management, while there was a trend towards higher dough strength under organic management. Cultivars differed in grain protein, flour yield, kernel hardness and mixograph parameters, with Park and McKenzie superior to the others, particularly Red Fife, a much older cultivar. Management×cultivar interaction effects suggest that cultivars exhibit somewhat different baking characteristics when grown in the two management systems. There was no evidence that older cultivars (developed prior to the widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers) are better suited, in terms of breadmaking quality, for organic production.
The Persistent Segregation of Girls into Lower-Paying Jobs While in School

This paper analyzes gender differences in jobs while in high school. The availability of school class based samples with detailed information on teenage jobs allows for a comparison of the behavior of boys and girls who are in the same school class, and thus have virtually identical education levels. Even within these highly homogeneous groups, boys earn substantially more than girls. The earnings gap cannot be explained by differences in participation rates and hours of work, nor by gender wage gaps within job types. It is entirely due to the fact that girls work more in job types with relatively low wages, in particular babysitting. During the period considered, 1984-2001, the gender patterns of jobs while in school largely remained unchanged.
A representative consumer theory of the logit model

The log it model is usually derived from a discrete choice approach with stoc hastic utilities. It is shown here that the logit demand system may also be derived from the maximization of a deterministic, entropy-type utility. The latter may be interpreted as the preference function of a representative consumer with variety-seeking behavior. This altern ative view suggests a generalization of the standard logit which allo ws total demand to be determined endogenously. Copyright 1988 by Economics Department of the University of Pennsylvania and the Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association.
Finance-growth nexus: evidence from a top global reformer

In the last two decades, Egypt has experienced two waves of ambitious economic reforms. During the same period, the economy has boomed and the stock market has skyrocketed. In this article, we develop a simple endogenous growth model and estimate multivariate vector autoregressive models in order to investigate the linkages between economic reforms, stock market and economic growth in Egypt. The channels through which the stock market may affect the Egyptian economic activity are also examined. Our results show unidirectional causality running from stock market development to economic growth through the level of investment. Furthermore, there is evidence that the reforms launched by the Egyptian government impact directly on the liquidity of the stock market, which in turn increases the incentives for investment and boosts further economic growth.
Contact sensitivity to preservatives in the UK, 2004–2005: results of multicentre study

Preservative sensitivity in the UK was last assessed in 2000. Given the changes in preservative usage, we have re‐evaluated our patch test data in order to detect any changes in the trend of sensitization. The results of patch testing using the extended British Contact Dermatitis Society Standard series were collected from 9 dermatology centres in the UK. Positive reactions to each of 10 preservative allergens were captured together with the MOAHFLA indices for each centre. In total, 6958 patients were tested during the period 2004–2005. The current data were compared with previously published data. Formaldehyde and methylchloroisothiazolinone/methyl‐isothiazolinone have the highest positivity rates at 2.0% and chloroxylenol the lowest at 0.2%. Parabens mix has the highest irritancy rate. Compared with the UK data in 2000, the positivity rate of imidazolidinyl urea (0.02 < P < 0.05) has significantly increased and that of methyldibromo glutaronitrile has significantly reduced (P < 0.001).
A Strategic Posture toward Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate social responsibility has been a topic of wide and speculative interest to both managers and academics. Little careful and systematic empirical research, however, has been done in this area. This article presents an analysis based on the food-processing industry, as well as two supporting studies, followed by theoretical explanation and normative implications. Middle ground is demonstrated to be the place occupied by the most commercially successful firms.
Rotator cuff muscles perform different functional roles during shoulder external rotation exercises

The aim of this study was to compare activity in shoulder muscles during an external rotation task under conditions of increasing arm support to investigate whether changing support requirements would influence muscle recruitment levels, particularly in the rotator cuff (RC) muscles. Electromyographic recordings were collected from seven shoulder muscles using surface and indwelling electrodes. The dominant shoulder of 14 healthy participants were examined during dynamic shoulder external rotation performed at 90° abduction with the arm fully supported, partially supported, and unsupported. Linear regressions between arm support load and the averaged muscle activity across participants for each muscle showed infraspinatus predominantly contributing to rotating the shoulder whilst supraspinatus, deltoid, upper trapezius, and serratus anterior were predominantly functioning in support/stabilization roles. During dynamic shoulder external rotation in mid‐range abduction, the RC muscles perform different functional roles. Infraspinatus is responsible for producing external rotation torque, supraspinatus is playing a larger joint stabilizer role, and subscapularis is contributing minimally to joint stability. The results also indicate that increasing support load requirements during an external rotation task may be a functionally specific way to retrain the stabilization function of axioscapular muscles. Manipulating joint stabilization requirements while maintaining constant rotational load is a novel method of investigating the differential contribution of muscles to joint movement and stabilization during a given task. Clin. Anat. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Folk Risk Analysis: Factors Influencing Security Analysts' Interpretation of Risk

There are several standard approaches to risk analysis recommended for use in information security, however, the actual application of risk analysis by security analysts follows an opaque mix of standard risk analysis procedures and adaptations based on an analyst’s understanding of risk. We refer to these approaches as Folk Risk Analysis. To understand folk risk analysis, we present the results of a study where Distributed Cognition and Grounded Theory were used to elicit factors influencing risk interpretation by security analysts, and the constrained conditions to risk decision making they encounter.
Nystagmus in patients with unilateral acute otitis media complicated by serous labyrinthitis

Abstract Conclusion The patients with serous labyrinthitis caused by acute otitis media (AOM) exhibited various patterns of nystagmus in which direction-fixed irritative-type nystagmus was the most common pattern. Differential effects on inner ear function by toxic or inflammatory mediators may be responsible for the various manifestation of nystagmus. Objective This study aimed to investigate nystagmus patterns in patients with serous labyrinthitis, and discuss possible mechanisms. Methods From October 2011 to March 2014, 13 consecutive patients with serous labyrinthitis were included. Eye movements of the patients were serially examined using video-nystagmography, and patterns of nystagmus were investigated. Results The most commonly observed pattern was direction-fixed nystagmus (nine of 13 patients). Of these, eight showed irritative-type, and one showed paretic-type. Direction of nystagmus, although the intensity gradually decreased, was not changed during the course of treatment. One patient showed direction-changing spontaneous nystagmus, which changed into paretic-type direction-fixed nystagmus 1 day after myringotomy. Three patients exhibited persistent direction-changing positional nystagmus in a supine head-roll test. Of them, two showed apogeotropic and one showed geotropic type. In all 13 patients, vertigo and hearing loss were improved after the treatment.
Systems Model of the Performance Appraisal Interview Process

A model of the performance appraisal interview, adapted from open systems theory, is proposed. The linkages within the model are examined and examples of hypotheses regarding the patterns of relationships which can be generated from this systems perspective are provided. The open systems framework is useful for examining the performance appraisal interview process because it integrates past models and research, generates issues and ideas for future research, and provides a multivariate perspective.
A Stakeholder Analysis of Employee Disclosures in Annual Reports

Little empirical research has identified what drives companies to voluntarily report employee-related information. Ullmann's three-dimensional stakeholder theory model is applied as a framework to analyse associations with corporate employee-related disclosures. Measures are developed to estimate stakeholder power, strategic posture and economic performance associated with employee-related disclosures. Results indicate that employee-related disclosures increase with more employee share ownership, employee concentration, the quality of corporate governance, employee recognition in corporate mission statements, adverse publicity about employees and economic performance measured by profit per employee.
Automatic view classification for cardiac MRI

View classification for cardiac MR images is a new topic in medical image analysis, and can support efficient content-based filtering, browsing, and retrieval. The major difficulty lies in large variability in image appearance caused by various acquisition protocols, heart phases and disease conditions. We propose a collaborative learning approach that exploits statistical dependencies at three levels: the local image patch level, the parts-whole level, and the anatomical level. Specifically, at the local image patch level, we make redundant use of the training images in a spatial manner; At the parts-whole level, we model the relationship among the detected landmarks by a sparse configuration method to remove erroneously detected landmarks; At the anatomical level, we train a view classifier based on the DICOM header as another information source, which is then optimally incorporated in a Bayesian way as a prior. We compare the approach with various integrations of state-of-art methods. Large-scale experiments on real-world clinical datasets - over ten thousand unseen images, many with severe diseases - show that the approach is highly robust, outperforming other integrated approaches, and can achieve a 97.6% classification accuracy.