Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On Connecting Stochastic Gradient MCMC and Differential Privacy

Significant success has been realized recently on applying machine learning to real-world applications. There have also been corresponding concerns on the privacy of training data, which relates to data security and confidentiality issues. Differential privacy provides a principled and rigorous privacy guarantee on machine learning models. While it is common to design a model satisfying a required differential-privacy property by injecting noise, it is generally hard to balance the trade-off between privacy and utility. We show that stochastic gradient Markov chain Monte Carlo (SG-MCMC) -- a class of scalable Bayesian posterior sampling algorithms proposed recently -- satisfies strong differential privacy with carefully chosen step sizes. We develop theory on the performance of the proposed differentially-private SG-MCMC method. We conduct experiments to support our analysis and show that a standard SG-MCMC sampler without any modification (under a default setting) can reach state-of-the-art performance in terms of both privacy and utility on Bayesian learning.
Highly divergent mussel lineages in isolated Indonesian marine lakes

Marine lakes, with populations in landlocked seawater and clearly delineated contours, have the potential to provide a unique model to study early stages of evolution in coastal marine taxa. Here we ask whether populations of the mussel Brachidontes from marine lakes in Berau, East Kalimantan (Indonesia) are isolated from each other and from the coastal mangrove systems. We analyzed sequence data of one mitochondrial marker (Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI)), and two nuclear markers (18S and 28S). In addition, we examined shell shape using a geometric morphometric approach. The Indonesian populations of Brachidontes spp. harbored four deeply diverged lineages (14–75% COI corrected net sequence divergence), two of which correspond to previously recorded lineages from marine lakes in Palau, 1,900 km away. These four lineages also showed significant differences in shell shape and constitute a species complex of at least four undescribed species. Each lake harbored a different lineage despite the fact that the lakes are separated from each other by only 2–6 km, while the two mangrove populations, at 20 km distance from each other, harbored the same lineage and shared haplotypes. Marine lakes thus represent isolated habitats. As each lake contained unique within lineage diversity (0.1–0.2%), we suggest that this may have resulted from in situdivergence due to isolation of founder populations after the formation of the lakes (6,000–12,000 years before present). Combined effects of stochastic processes, local adaptation and increased evolutionary rates could produce high levels of differentiation in small populations such as in marine lake environments. Such short-term isolation at small spatial scales may be an important contributing factor to the high marine biodiversity that is found in the Indo-Australian Archipelago.
Evaluation of p-cymene, a natural antioxidant.

AbstractContext: Several studies have demonstrated that essential oils and their major components have antioxidant activity. p-Cymene is a monoterpene and a major constituent of essential oils of various species of plants.Objective: This paper evaluated the antioxidant potential of p-cymene in the hippocampus of mice by determining the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), nitrite content, and activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Materials and methods: Swiss mice were intraperitoneally treated with 0.05% Tween 80 dissolved in 0.9% saline solution, ascorbic acid 250 mg/kg, and p-cymene at doses of 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg, respectively. After treatment, all groups were observed for 24 h, afterwards, the groups were euthanized for removal of the brain and dissection of the hippocampus.Results: The results of treatment with p-cymene were a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation and nitrite content at a dose of CYM 50: 65.54%, CYM 100: 73.29%, CYM 150: 89.83%, and C.
Les thérapies comportementales et cognitives

En therapie comportementale et cognitive, l’attribution du caractere pathologique de l’excitation chez l’enfant dependra de l’etude fine des consequences du comportement excite. L’enfant deprime, l’enfant phobique presentent des processus excitatifs qui ne sont pas forcement pathologiques. Dans cet article, l’aspect benefique ou nefaste de l’excitation est discute. Pour l’excitation pathologique, quelques techniques therapeutiques sont decrites.
Ageostrophic, anticyclonic instability of a geostrophic, barotropic boundary current

After having previously demonstrated the occurrence of ageostrophic, anticyclonic instability (AAI) for several other steady flows, in this paper we further test the hypothesis that rotating, stably stratified, shear flows are generally subject to AAI at finite Rossby (Ro) and Froude (Fr) numbers by calculating the inviscid, incompressible normal modes of a geostrophic, barotropic boundary current that vanishes toward the interior of the domain. We focus on a background current profile with no inflection point and nonvanishing absolute vorticity to exclude other known instability types. The hypothesis is again confirmed. The instability occurs for finite Ro only in an anticyclonic background flow. Its modal growth rate steeply decreases (approximately inverse exponentially, ∼e−c/Ro) as Ro→0. The downstream phase velocity of the unstable mode lies within the speed range for the background current, so the eigenmode has a near-critical layer within the zone of strong background shear. Its unstable eigenmode .
Syntax-based word reordering in phrase-based statistical machine translation: why does it work?

Most natural language applications have some degree of preprocessing of data: tokenisation, stemming and so on. In the domain of Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) it has been shown that word reordering as a preprocessing step can help the translation process, but it is unclear why. We propose two possible reasons for the observed improvement: (1) that the reordering explicitly matches the syntax of the source language more closely to that of the target language; or (2) that it ﬁts the data better to the mechanisms of phrasal SMT. In previous work from German to English, for example, hand-written language-speciﬁc reordering rules both match the German more closely to English syntax, and compress heads and dependants into the PSMT phrasal window. Whether the source of the improvement is (1) or (2) has not been determined, although most other work assumes the former. To identify the effects of each possible cause, we carry out two sets of experiments. For (1) we reverse the language-dependent syntactic reordering such that heads and dependants are moved apart. For (2), we propose a generic approach to minimising dependency distances in reordering that does not explicitly match target language word order and that does not require language-speciﬁc rules; the aim of which, rather than to beat state-of-the-art systems, is to investigate. The results show that (1) and (2) individually do still lead to improvements in translation quality, but each weaker than the original, suggesting that both features are necessary for a strong improvement. A consequence of this is that is possible to gain half the improvement of language-speciﬁc rules through one generic one.
Which members? Using cross-national surveys to study party membership

Reports of party membership have documented steep declines in formal enrollment in many countries, but numbers alone tell us little about the systemic causes or likely implications of such drops. Existing cross-national surveys can help illuminate the extent and consequences of these changes. Unfortunately, they are difficult to use for this purpose because differences in question wording and institutional differences in the meaning of party membership produce unstable results. This paper proposes to overcome these obstacles by using behavioral measures of party membership in survey-based studies of party membership. We demonstrate that such measures produce results which are more consistent across surveys and therefore more meaningful. We then illustrate their utility by using a behaviorally-qualified measure to study how party membership decline has affected parties’ ability to mobilize grassroots partisan participation. Our analysis also shows that even though reported party membership declined from the 1990s to the 2000s, there was surprisingly little change in this decade in the number of politically active partisans.
Object Affordances Potentiate Responses but Do Not Guide Attentional Prioritization

Handled objects automatically activate afforded responses. The current experiment examined whether objects that afford a response are also prioritized for attentional processing in visual search. Targets were pictures of coffee cups with handles oriented either to the right or the left. Subjects searched for a target, a right-handled vs. left-handled coffee cup, among a varying number of distractor cups oriented in the opposite direction. Responses were faster when the direction of target handle and the key press were spatially matched than mismatched (stimulus-response compatibility (SRC) effect), but object affordance did not moderate slopes of the search functions, indicating the absence of attentional prioritization effect. These findings imply that handled objects prime afforded responses without influencing attentional prioritization.
A Cross Sectional Study of the Prevalence of Preputial and Penile Scrotal Abnormalities among Clients Undergoing Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Soweto, South Africa

Objective Medical device use is currently approved for males without preputial or major penile scrotal abnormalities for voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC). We determined the prevalence of preputial abnormalities at a busy VMMC centre in Soweto, South Africa. Methods This was a cross-sectional record review at a high-volume VMMC centre in South Africa. We collated pre-circumcision demographic and genital examination findings from clients 8 years and older who had undergone VMMC from 01 May 2013 to 30 April 2014. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with preputial abnormalities. Findings During the review period, 6861 circumcisions were conducted and 37.1% (n = 2543) were 8–13 year olds. Median age was 15 years (IQR: 12–23 years). Fifteen percent (n = 1030) had preputial abnormalities or major penile scrotal abnormalities. Age-specific prevalence of preputial or major genital abnormalities were 27.3%, 10.6% and 6.0% in 8–13, 14–18 and > 18 year olds respectively. The odds of preputial or major penile scrotal abnormality were higher in younger clients aged 8–13 years (OR = 5.9; 95% CI = 4.8–7.1) and 14–18 years (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.5–2.4) compared to older clients above18 years and in those testing for HIV outside our clinic network (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.4–2.7). Conclusion The high prevalence of preputial and penile scrotal abnormalities observed suggests a need for VMMC sites to provide for both open surgical and devices methods in the provision of VMMC services. This is especially so among young male subjects presenting themselves for VMMC services at the various sites being developed in sub Saharan African countries.
Moral Judgment and the Development of Real and Ideal Androgynous Self-image During Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Subjects at 13, 17, and 20 years of age responded to Rest's Defining Issues Test and to Bern's Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI). The BSRI was divided into real self-image and ideal self-image formats. Seventeen-year-old and college-age males showed less preference on ideal image for masculine characteristics and more preference for feminine characteristics compared to 13-year-old males. College-age females had a greater preference for masculine compared to feminine characteristics, whereas younger females had no preference for sex-typed characteristics. Subjects at higher stages of moral judgment or with a higher percent of postconventional moral judgment were more likely to incorporate aspects of the opposite sex in their self-image. The findings are discussed in terms of both Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of sex role development and Loevinger's theory of ego development. Kohlberg (1966, 1969) has proposed that sex role development is related to cognitive developmental level. According to Kohlberg, once younger children attain gender constancy, they come to view conformity to their sex role as moral and selectively attend to and imitate either same-sex models or gender-stereo typed behavior. Although a number of studies have been concerned with the influence of gender constancy or intelligence in the development of sex-typed behaviors or interests (Bryan & Luria, 1978; Kohlberg & Zigler, 1967; Slaby & Frey, 1975; Thompson, 1975), little is known of the relationship between moral judgment and the development of sex role. Although Kohlberg's discussion of sex role development is limited to learning or internalizing conventionally stereotyped masculine or feminine values, his general theoretical model may be extended to the development of less stereotyped sex role attitudes. One implication of Kohlberg's claim that moral
Regulation of Cell Signaling Pathways When phosphorylated at Thr 148 , the 2-subunit of AMP-activated kinase does not associate with glycogen in skeletal muscle

Hongyang Xu, Noni T. Frankenberg, Graham D. Lamb, Paul R. Gooley, David I. Stapleton, and Robyn M. Murphy Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Emotional well‐being and mental health of looked after children in England

The national prevalence studies of the mental health of looked after children in Great Britain provide sobering reading. Forty-five per cent of looked after children in England were found to have a diagnosable mental health disorder. In contrast, this is to one in 10 in the general population. Carers estimated that mental health problems were even more widespread. Children with mental health disorders were also more likely to have education, health and social issues. This paper discusses the findings and argues for early intervention along with inter-departmental and interdisciplinary approaches. The recent Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services Review clearly indicates that issues of access to appropriate and timely Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services remain. However, the introduction of evidence-based approaches is encouraging. Young people's views on the services they want and on what is important for emotional well-being and mental health are important considerations.
A Phase II Trial of AZD6244 (Selumetinib, ARRY-142886), an Oral MEK1/2 Inhibitor, in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma

Purpose: AZD6244 is a MEK1/2 inhibitor with significant preclinical activity in multiple myeloma cells. This phase II study used a two-stage Simon design to determine the AZD6244 response rate in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Experimental Design: AZD6244 (75 mg) was administered orally, twice a day, continuously for 28-day cycles. Response was evaluated after three cycles. Results: Thirty-six patients received therapy. The median age was 65 years (range: 43–81) and the median number of prior therapies was 5 (range: 2–11). The most common grade 3 and 4 toxicities included anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, and fatigue. Three deaths occurred possibly related to AZD6244 (2 due to sepsis, 1 due to acute kidney injury). After AZD6244 discontinuation, three additional deaths occurred due to disease progression. The response rate (CR + PR) was 5.6% with a mean duration of response of 4.95 months and median progression-free survival time of 3.52 months. One patient had a very good partial response (VGPR), 1 patient had a partial response, 17 patients had stable disease, 13 patients had progressive disease, and 4 patients could not be assessed for response. Pharmacodynamic studies revealed variable effects on bone marrow CD138+ cell MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. The best clinical response, a prolonged VGPR, occurred in a patient with an MMSET translocation. Conclusions: Single-agent AZD6244 was tolerable and had minimal activity in this heavily pretreated population. Clin Cancer Res; 22(5); 1067–75. ©2015 AACR.
The Ethnographic Contribution to Understanding Co-Worker Relations

Relations among co-workers are becoming both more important and more complex in modern workplaces as authority over job decisions is shifted from supervisors to quasi-independent teams. The author develops a model of co-worker relations that recognizes these changes and evaluates this model using data content coded from the full population of published book-length workplace ethnographies ("N e" 204). Confirmatory factor analysis techniques support the existence of three distinct aspects of co-worker relations: cohesiveness, conflict and peer supervision. The most important determinants of co-worker relations are employee involvement programmes and management behaviour. Returning to specific case studies allows a theoretical elaboration of how employee involvement and management behaviour condition co-worker relations. The author concludes by noting the importance of intellectual exchanges between qualitative and quantitative methods for generating new advances in the study of work and employment relations. Copyright (c) Blackwell Publishing Ltd/London School of Economics 2008.
Renal transplants using expanded cadaver donor criteria.

AIMS to analyze the frequency of transplants using expanded donor criteria (EDC) and the incidence of delayed graft function, acute rejection and the patient and graft survival compared to ideal donors (ID). PATIENTS retrospective analysis of the 582 cadaver renal transplants performed from Jun 1988 to Mar 2003 in adult recipients. The expanded donor criteria were considered as history of hypertension or evidence of atherosclerosis, diabetes, age less than 5 or more than 55 years old, serum creatinine higher than 2.0 mg/dL, shock and retrieval in cardiac arrest. The statistical analysis used was Student t test, Chi-square test, and Kaplan-Meier method as indicated. RESULTS 25.4% of our transplants used expanded criteria donor. Comparing, respectively, the EDC and ID we found: the incidence of delayed graft function of 63.9% vs 50.4% (P: 0.007); incidence of acute rejection of 66.1% vs 72.3% (P: 0.203). The patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 87% vs 92% and 81% vs 79%, respectively (P: 0.6809). The graft survival at 1 and 5 year was 74% vs 82% and 57% vs 59% (P: 0.2072), respectively for EDC and ID. CONCLUSIONS One fourth of our cadaver transplants fulfilled the extended donor criteria. The incidence of delayed graft function was higher in these transplants, but the prevalence of rejection episodes was similar to ideal donors. The patient and graft survival were not statistically different at 1 and 5 year.
Lytic Growth of Human Herpesvirus 8: Morphological Aspects

The human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, is a gamma herpesvirus associated with AIDS-related body cavity-based lymphomas (BCBL), also called primary effusion lymphomas (PEL). These are a rare form of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in which HHV-8 is present, often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. HHV-8 is also present in a latent state or in a state of low-level persistence in different primary effusion lymphoma-derived cell lines, such BCBL-1 cells, that lack EBV infection. This cell line was induced to produce mature virions by treatment with 12- O -tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and the characteristic ultrastructural features of HHV-8 lytic replication were identified and compared to those of the other members of Herpesviridae family.
Gangsters: 50 Years of Madness, Drugs, and Death on the Streets of America

The effects of gang violence are witnessed every day on the streets, in the news, and on the movie screen. In all these forums, gangs of young adults are associated with drugs and violence. Yet what is it that prompts young people to participate in violent behavior? And what can be done to extract adolescents from the gangster world of crime, death, and incarceration once they have become involved? In Gangsters: 50 Years of Madness, Drugs, and Death on the Streets of America, Lewis Yablonsky provides answers to the most baffling and crucial questions regarding gangs. Using information gathered from over forty years of experience working with gang members and based on hundreds of personal interviews, many conducted in prisons and in gang neighborhoods, Yablonsky explores the pathology of the gangsters' apparent addiction to incarceration and death. Gangsters is divided into four parts, including a brief history of gangs, the characteristics of gangs, successful approaches for treating gangsters in prison and the community, and concluding with a review and analysis of notable behavioral and social scientific theories of gangs. While condemning their violent behavior in no uncertain terms, Yablonsky offers hope through his belief that, given a chance in an effective treatment program, youths trapped in violent behavior can change their lives in positive ways and, in turn, facilitate positive change in their communities and society at large.
Pharmacokinetic Study of Saquinavir 500 mg Plus Ritonavir (1000/100 mg Twice a Day) in HIV-Positive Pregnant Women

Antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy is critical to preventing human immunodeficiency virus vertical transmission. Physiological changes during pregnancy can alter drug kinetics. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) of saquinavir (SQV) boosted with ritonavir during pregnancy and postpartum. Fourteen human immunodeficiency virus-positive pregnant women started SQV 500 mg new tablet formulation plus ritonavir at a dose of 1000/100 mg twice a day + 2 nucleoside retrotranscriptase inhibitors during pregnancy. At weeks 24 and 34 of pregnancy and 6 weeks postpartum, a 12-hour PK study was conducted. PK parameters were calculated using Win Nolin software version 4.1. At week 24, the geometric mean values for SQV area under the plasma concentration–time curve from 0–12 hours (AUC0–12), the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax), trough plasma concentration (Cmin), and the elimination half-life (t1/2) were 24.80 mg·h−1·mL−1, 4.66 mg/mL, 0.93 mg/mL, and 4.31 hours, respectively. At week 34, AUC0–12, Cmax, Cmin, and t1/2 were 12.71 mg·h−1·mL−1, 3.23 mg/mL, 0.26 mg/mL, and 4.06 hours, respectively. Finally, at 6 weeks postpartum, mean values for SQV AUC0–12, Cmax, Cmin, and t1/2 were 28.94 mg·h−1·mL−1, 3.92 mg/mL, 0.86 mg/mL, and 3.60 hours, respectively. Although PK parameters in week 24 and postpartum were very similar, those for week 34 showed an important reduction: −71.20%, −30.61%, −48.73%, and −5.81% in Cmin, Cmax, AUC0–12, and t1/2, respectively, compared with week 24, but no statistically significant differences were shown between patients. No vertical transmissions were reported. Therapeutic drug monitoring of SQV during pregnancy should be considered, mainly during the third trimester, to ensure adequate drug exposure throughout the entire pregnancy.