Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Delay Scaling Laws of Cache Networks

The Internet is becoming more and more content-oriented. CDN (Content Distribution Networks) has been a popular architecture compatible with the current Internet, and a new revolutionary paradigm such as ICN (Information Centric Networking) has studied. One of the main components in both CDN and ICN is considering cache on network. Despite a surge of extensive use of cache in the current and future Internet architectures, analysis on the performance of general cache networks are still quite limited due to complex inter-plays among various components and thus analytical intractability. Due to mathematical tractability, we consider 'static' cache policies and study asymptotic delay performance of those policies in cache networks, in particular, focusing on the impact of heterogeneous content popularities and nodes' geographical 'importances' in caching policies. Furthermore, our simulation results suggest that they perform quite similarly as popular 'dynamic' policies such as LFU (Least-Frequently-Used) and LRU (Least-Recently-Used). We believe that our theoretical findings provide useful engineering implications such as when and how various factors have impact on caching performance.
Trusting the Stock Market

We provide a new explanation to the limited stock market participation puzzle. In deciding whether to buy stocks, investors factor in the risk of being cheated. The perception of this risk is a function not only of the objective characteristics of the stock, but also of the subjective characteristics of the investor. Less trusting individuals are less likely to buy stock and, conditional on buying stock, they will buy less. The calibration of the model shows that this problem is sufficiently severe to account for the lack of participation of some of the richest investors in the United States as well as for differences in the rate of participation across countries. We also find evidence consistent with these propositions in Dutch and Italian micro data, as well as in cross country data.
[Co-culture with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promotes the synthesis and mechnism of milk protein in bovine mammary epithelial cells].

Objective To explore the possible mechanism of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UCMSCs) regulating milk protein synthesis in bovine mammary gland epithelial cells (BMECs). Methods UCMSCs and BMECs were co-cultured by double-chamber TranswellTM, and other BMECs were cultured alone as a control group. Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor AG1024 was used to treat cells. IGF-1, β casein (CSN2) and κ casein (CSN3) content in the supernatants were determined by ELISA; the relative expression abundance of Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription factor (JAK/STAT) signaling pathway-related genes were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); and after the cells were treated with JAK2 signal blocker AG490, qRT-PCR was performed to test the relative expression abundance of CSN2 and CSN3 mRNAs. Results CSN2, CSN3 synthetic quantity, and the relative expression abundance of CSN2, CSN3, JAK2, STAT5, E74-like ETS transcription factor 5 (ELF5) mRNAs of the co-culture group were significantly higher than those of the control group. After treated with AG1024, the co-culture group showed remarkably decreased CSN2, CSN3 synthesis in BMECs as well as the decreased relative expression abundance of CSN2, CSN3, JAK2, STAT5, ELF5 mRNAs. After blocked with AG490, the relative expression abundance of CSN2 and CSN3 mRNAs were reduced significantly in the co-culture group. In addition, the expressions of CSN2 and CSN3 mRNAs were inhibited significantly when both AG1024 and AG490 were supplemented. Conclusion UCMSCs can mediate JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway via IGF-1, and increase the expressions of milk protein synthesis key genes in BMECs, thus promoteing the synthesis of milk protein.
Prevention of Ventricular Fibrillation Episodes in Brugada Syndrome by Catheter Ablation Over the Anterior Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Epicardium

Background— The underlying electrophysiological mechanism that causes an abnormal ECG pattern and ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) in patients with the Brugada syndrome (BrS) remains unelucidated. However, several studies have indicated that the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) is likely to be the site of electrophysiological substrate. We hypothesized that in patients with BrS who have frequent recurrent VF episodes, the substrate site is the RVOT, either over the epicardium or endocardium; abnormal electrograms would be identified at this location, which would serve as the target site for catheter ablation. Methods and Results— We studied 9 symptomatic patients with the BrS (all men; median age 38 years) who had recurrent VF episodes (median 4 episodes) per month, necessitating implantable cardioverter defibrillator discharge. Electroanatomic mapping of the right ventricle, both endocardially and epicardially, and epicardial mapping of the left ventricle were performed in all patients during sinus rhythm. All patients had typical type 1 Brugada ECG pattern and inducible VT/VF; they were found to have unique abnormal low voltage (0.94±0.79 mV), prolonged duration (132±48 ms), and fractionated late potentials (96±47 ms beyond QRS complex) clustering exclusively in the anterior aspect of the RVOT epicardium. Ablation at these sites rendered VT/VF noninducible (7 of 9 patients [78%]; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.97, P=0.015) and normalization of the Brugada ECG pattern in 89% (95% confidence interval, 0.52 to 0.99; P=0.008). Long-term outcomes (20±6 months) were excellent, with no recurrent VT/VF in all patients off medication (except 1 patient on amiodarone). Conclusions— The underlying electrophysiological mechanism in patients with BrS is delayed depolarization over the anterior aspect of the RVOT epicardium. Catheter ablation over this abnormal area results in normalization of the Brugada ECG pattern and prevents VT/VF, both during electrophysiological studies as well as spontaneous recurrent VT/VF episodes in patients with BrS.
Motor Control Exercise for Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Cochrane Review

Study Design. A systematic review. Objective. The aim of this review was to evaluate the effectiveness of motor control exercise (MCE) in patients with nonspecific low back pain (LBP). Summary of Background Data. MCE is a common form of exercise used for managing LBP. MCE focuses on the activation of the deep trunk muscles and targets the restoration of control and coordination of these muscles, progressing to more complex and functional tasks integrating the activation of deep and global trunk muscles. Methods. We conducted electronic searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, five other databases, and two trials registers from their inception up to April 2015. Two independent review authors screened the search results, assessed risk of bias, and extracted the data. A third reviewer resolved any disagreement. We included randomized controlled trials comparing MCE with no treatment, another treatment, or as a supplement to other interventions in patients with nonspecific LBP. Primary outcomes were pain intensity and disability. We assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Back and Neck (CBN) Review Group 12-item criteria. We combined results in a meta-analysis expressed as mean difference and 95% confidence interval. We assessed the overall quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach. Results. We included 32 trials (n = 2628). Most included trials had a low risk of bias. For acute LBP, low to moderate quality evidence indicates no clinically important differences between MCE and spinal manipulative therapy or other forms of exercise. There is very low-quality evidence that the addition of MCE to medical management does not provide clinically important improvements. For recurrence at one year, there is very low-quality evidence that MCE and medical management decrease the risk of recurrence. For chronic LBP, there is low to moderate quality evidence that MCE is effective for reducing pain compared with minimal intervention. There is low to high-quality evidence that MCE is not clinically more effective than other exercises or manual therapy. There is very low to low quality evidence that MCE is clinically more effective than exercise and electrophysical agents (EPAs) or telerehabilitation for pain and disability. Conclusion. MCE is probably more effective than a minimal intervention for reducing pain, but probably does not have an important effect on disability, in patients with chronic LBP. There was no clinically important difference between MCE and other forms of exercises or manual therapy for acute and chronic LBP. Level of Evidence: 1
Abnormal auditory forward masking pattern in the brainstem response of individuals with Asperger syndrome

Abnormal auditory information processing has been reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the present study auditory processing was investigated by recording auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) elicited by forward masking in adults diagnosed with Asperger syndrome (AS). Sixteen AS subjects were included in the forward masking experiment and compared to three control groups consisting of healthy individuals (n = 16), schizophrenic patients (n = 16) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients (n = 16), respectively, of matching age and gender. The results showed that the AS subjects exhibited abnormally low activity in the early part of their ABRs that distinctly separated them from the three control groups. Specifically, wave III amplitudes were significantly lower in the AS group than for all the control groups in the forward masking condition (P < 0.005), which was not the case in the baseline condition. Thus, electrophysiological measurements of ABRs to complex sound stimuli (eg, forward masking) may lead to a better understanding of the underlying neurophysiology of AS. Future studies may further point to specific ABR characteristics in AS individuals that separate them from individuals diagnosed with other neurodevelopmental diseases.
Thresholds of response to electric shock in previously undernourished rats

1. Rats were undernourished in early life by feeding their mothers a restricted quantity of a good-quality diet during pregnancy and lactation. All offspring were fed ad lib. from weaning. Behavioural tests were done using adult males. 2. Thresholds of aversion to electric shock were determined in a rectangular box, one side of which was designated ‘live’ and the other ‘safe’ (o V side) for any particular shock level. Three 15 min sessions were given at each of five shock levels. Previously undernourished rats had a lower aversion threshold than controls. They spent more time than controls on the o V side at two intermediate levels of shock. 3. Other male rats were subjected to six graded series of brief, unavoidable shocks. Previously undernourished rats responded to a greater total number of shocks than controls. 4. These results support the hypothesis that previously undernourished rats have a lowered threshold of arousal.
A Diffusion Model Analysis of the Effects of Aging on Recognition Memory Journal of Memory and Language

The effects of aging on response time were examined in a recognition memory experiment with young, college age subjects and older, 60–75 year old subjects. The older subjects were slower than the young subjects but almost as accurate. RatcliffÕs (1978) diffusion model was fit to the data and it provided a good account of response times, their distributions, and accuracy values. The fits showed a 100 ms slowing of the nondecision components of response time for older subjects relative to young subjects, and roughly equal response criteria settings with accuracy instructions but more conservative settings for the older subjects with speed instructions. In the diffusion model, the decision process is driven by the rate of accumulation of evidence from the stimulus. We found that the rate of accumulation for older subjects was a non-significant 7% lower than the rate for young subjects, indicating that the output from recognition memory entering the decision process was not significantly worse for the older subjects. The results are compared to those obtained from letter discrimination, brightness discrimination, and signal detection-like tasks. A central finding in the literature on aging is that as people age, their response times increase. Along with the increase in response times, performance sometimes shows a decrease in accuracy. examined the effects of aging on performance in several two-choice tasks: signal detection-like tasks, a brightness discrimination task, and a letter discrimination task. the data, they were able to separate out the effects of aging on several components of processing in the model. The older subjects in their studies adopted more conservative decision criteria than the young subjects and they were also slower in components of processing outside the decision itself (e.g., encoding and response execution). In some tasks, the quality of the stimulus evidence driving the decision process was not significantly lower for the older subjects than the young ones, although in other tasks, it showed a deficit. For the brightness and letter discrimination tasks, the deficits occurred exactly as would be predicted from psycho-physical research on the effects of aging on visual dis-: a deficit occurred with the high spatial frequencies in letters in the letter discrimination task but not with the low spatial frequencies of the stimuli in the brightness discrimination task.
Vacuolar status and water relations in embryonic axes of recalcitrant Aesculus hippocastanum seeds during stratification and early germination

Cells of embryonic axes in recalcitrant horse chestnut seeds are associated with a high water content and functionally preserved vacuoles with active aquaporins and invertase. These vacuoles function to the support rapid cell elongation of the hypocotyl that results in radicle emergence and thus the start of visible germination.
Planning through Automatic Portfolio Configuration: The PbP Approach

In the field of domain-independent planning, several powerful planners implementing different techniques have been developed. However, no one of these systems outperforms all others in every known benchmark domain. In this work, we propose a multiplanner approach that automatically configures a portfolio of planning techniques for each given domain. The configuration process for a given domain uses a set of training instances to: (i) compute and analyze some alternative sets of macro-actions for each planner in the portfolio identifying a (possibly empty) useful set, (ii) select a cluster of planners, each one with the identified useful set of macro-actions, that is expected to perform best, and (iii) derive some additional information for configuring the execution scheduling of the selected planners at planning time. The resulting planning system, called PbP (Portfolio-based Planner), has two variants focusing on speed and plan quality. Different versions of PbP entered and won the learning track of the sixth and seventh International Planning Competitions. In this paper, we experimentally analyze PbP considering planning speed and plan quality in depth. We provide a collection of results that help to understand PbP's behavior, and demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach to configuring a portfolio of planners with macro-actions.
The effect of social network sites on adolescents' social and academic development: Current theories and controversies

Teenagers are among the most prolific users of social network sites (SNS). Emerging studies find that youth spend a considerable portion of their daily life interacting through social media. Subsequently, questions and controversies emerge about the effects SNS have on adolescent development. This review outlines the theoretical frameworks researchers have used to understand adolescents and SNS. It brings together work from disparate fields that examine the relationship between SNS and social capital, privacy, youth safety, psychological well-being, and educational achievement. These research strands speak to high-profile concerns and controversies that surround youth participation in these online communities, and offer ripe areas for future research. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entropy function and AdS2/CFT1 correspondence

Wald's formula for black hole entropy, applied to extremal black holes, leads to the entropy function formalism. We manipulate the entropy computed this way to express it as the logarithm of the ground state degeneracy of a dual quantum mechanical system. This provides a natural definition of the extremal black hole entropy in the full quantum theory. Our analysis also clarifies the relationship between the entropy function formalism and the Euclidean action formalism.
Differential regulation of two distinct families of glucose transporter genes in Trypanosoma brucei

A tandemly arranged multigene family encoding putative hexose transporters in Trypanosoma brucei has been characterized. It is composed of two 80% homologous groups of genes called THT1 (six copies) and THT2 (five copies). When Xenopus oocytes are microinjected with in vitro-transcribed RNA from a THT1 gene, they express a glucose transporter with properties similar to those of the trypanosome bloodstream-form protein(s). This THT1-encoded transport system for glucose differs from the human erythrocyte-type glucose transporter by its moderate sensitivity to cytochalasin B and its capacity to transport D-fructose. These properties suggest that the trypanosomal transporter may be a good target for antitrypanosomal drugs. mRNA analysis revealed that expression of these genes was life cycle stage dependent. Bloodstream forms express 40-fold more THT1 than THT2. In contrast, procyclic trypanosomes express no detectable THT1 but demonstrate glucose-dependent expression of THT2.
Aggressive multi-visceral pancreatic resections for locally advanced neuroendocrine tumours. Is it worth it?

CONTEXT Traditional surgical principles state that pancreatic resection should not be contemplated when malignancies arise in the pancreas and involve other organs. While this is logic for ductal adenocarcinoma and other tumours with aggressive biological behavior; for even large neuroendocrine tumours, aggressive multivisceral resection may achieve useful palliation and excellent survival. DESIGN Case records were retrospectively analyzed. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTIONS Twelve consecutive patients (7 males, 5 females; median age 57 years, range: 37-79 years) underwent multi-visceral en bloc resections for neuroendocrine tumour arising in the pancreas between 1994 and 2008. RESULTS Three patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy; 9 patients had left sided pancreatic resections for neuroendocrine tumour of median diameter 9.5 cm (5-25 cm). They had a median of 3 (range: 1-4) additional organs resected. There were no post-operative deaths or late mortality with median follow up of 24 months. Five patients experienced a complication (major in 3 patients). Median disease free survival was not attained and 3 patients experienced recurrent disease mostly in the liver and may be candidates for further resection. CONCLUSION Aggressive multi-visceral resection for locally advanced neuroendocrine tumour involving the pancreas is technically feasible and in selected patients can be achieved with low mortality and acceptable morbidity, offering good disease free and overall survival. However this complex surgery should be only performed in specialist centers.
Observer-Based Fault Detection for Nonlinear Systems With Sensor Fault and Limited Communication Capacity

In this technical note, a new fault detection design scheme is proposed for interval type-2 (IT2) Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems with sensor fault based on a novel fuzzy observer. The parameter uncertainties can be captured by the membership functions of the IT2 fuzzy model. The premise variables of the plant are perfectly shared by the fuzzy observer. A stochastic process between the plant and the observer is considered in the system. A fault sensitive performance is established, and then sufficient conditions are obtained for determining the fuzzy observer gains. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the presented scheme.
Dog bites

Bites and maulings by dogs, sometimes fatal, are a worldwide problem and particularly affect children. Every year ���� ������ people who have been bitten by dogs attend minor injuries and emergency units in the United Kingdom,1 and some of them are admitted to hospital for surgical debridement or intravenous antibiotics. Increasingly, dog bites are the subject of litigation because bite wounds are still being sutured when they should be left open and because of incorrect antimicrobial prophylaxis. The “hole and tear” effect—whereby canine teeth anchor the person while other teeth bite, shear, and tear the tissues—results in stretch lacerations, easily piercing immature cranial bones. The biting force of canine jaws varies with the breed, from 31�� kPa to nearly 31 79�� kPa in specially trained attack dogs.w1 w� Large wounds, significant devitalisation, and high mortality can result, with the highest mortality in neonates (six times that in toddlers), who are usually bitten by household pets. � 3 This review is aimed at clinicians who deal with dog bites. The basic principles of wound management and indications for use of antimicrobials and rabies prophylaxis apply to clinicians in all countries, but the primary focus of this article will be the UK. Overall, the clinical approach in the UK to management of dog bites is pragmatic and based largely on consensus opinion rather than firm evidence. The major basis for recommending co-amoxiclav is in-vitro sensitivity data of organisms related to dog bites, and most authorities recommend using prophylactic antimicrobials in selected patients at high risk of infection.
Oseltamivir Pharmacokinetics and Clinical Experience in Neonates and Infants during an Outbreak of H1N1 Influenza A Virus Infection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

ABSTRACT Detailed oseltamivir pharmacokinetics have yet to be reported in neonates and infants; this group is at high risk of serious influenza-associated complications. Extrapolation of doses from older patients is complicated by rapid organ and drug-metabolizing enzyme maturation. A pharmacokinetic study has been conducted during an influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in a neonatal intensive care unit. Each included patient provided 4 samples for oseltamivir and 4 samples for its active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed with NONMEM. Allometric weight scaling and maturation functions were added a priori to scale for size and age based on literature values. Nine neonates and infants were recruited. A physiologically parameterized pharmacokinetic model predicted typical day 1 area under the curve (AUC0-12) values of 1,966 and 2,484 μg · h/liter for neonates and infants of ≤37 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) and >37 weeks of PMA treated with 1 mg/kg of body weight and 2 mg/kg, respectively. The corresponding steady-state AUC0-12 values were 3,670 and 4,559 μg · h/liter. Premature neonates treated with 1 mg/kg and term babies treated with 2 mg/kg should have average oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations in a range similar to that for adults treated with 75 mg, corresponding to >200-fold above the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for influenza A(H1N1) from the start of therapy.