Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test of 4-methoxy-2-nitroaniline in rats

Abstract 4-Methoxy-2-nitroaniline (4M2NA) is widely used as an intermediate for the synthesis of dyes, pigments and other chemical compounds. Since 4M2NA has amino-group and nitro-group on the benzene ring, it was expected that it induced obvious hemolytic anemia. We conducted a combined repeated dose and reproductive/developmental toxicity screening test according to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline No. 422 (OECD TG 422) to enrich the toxic information and ensure the safety of 4M2NA. 4M2NA was administered to Crl:CD(SD) male and female rats by gavage at 0, 12.5, 75 or 450 mg/kg/day for 42 to maximum of 54 days through pre-mating, mating, pregnancy and lactation periods. An extramedullary hematopoiesis and congestion in spleen, and higher reticulocyte ratio were noted in only females at 450 mg/kg/day without decreased anemic parameters in the hematological examination. Hypertrophy of centrilobular hepatocytes in both sexes was observed with increased relative liver weight at 450 mg/kg/day. Furthermore, the diffuse follicular cell hypertrophy of the thyroid was observed in females at 450 mg/kg/day. No abnormalities were detected in the reproductive indices of copulation, delivery or fetal viability. We concluded the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for repeated-dose toxicity was 75 mg/kg/day based on the trace evidences of hemolytic anemia, and the NOAEL for reproductive/developmental toxicity as 450 mg/kg/day based on no toxicological concerns for reproductive endpoints. The hemolytic anemia was much milder than expected. Thus, we discussed the reason of this much less hemolytic effect from the point of view of the structural characteristics of 4M2NA.
A Wheat CCAAT Box-Binding Transcription Factor Increases the Grain Yield of Wheat with Less Fertilizer Input1

The transcription factor TaNFYA-B1 is up-regulated by low-nitrogen and low-phosphorus treatment in wheat seedlings, and overexpressing this gene increases the grain yield of wheat under differing nitrogen and phosphorus supply levels. Increasing fertilizer consumption has led to low fertilizer use efficiency and environmental problems. Identifying nutrient-efficient genes will facilitate the breeding of crops with improved fertilizer use efficiency. This research performed a genome-wide sequence analysis of the A (NFYA), B (NFYB), and C (NFYC) subunits of Nuclear Factor Y (NF-Y) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and further investigated their responses to nitrogen and phosphorus availability in wheat seedlings. Sequence mining together with gene cloning identified 18 NFYAs, 34 NFYBs, and 28 NFYCs. The expression of most NFYAs positively responded to low nitrogen and phosphorus availability. In contrast, microRNA169 negatively responded to low nitrogen and phosphorus availability and degraded NFYAs. Overexpressing TaNFYA-B1, a low-nitrogen- and low-phosphorus-inducible NFYA transcript factor on chromosome 6B, significantly increased both nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and grain yield under differing nitrogen and phosphorus supply levels in a field experiment. The increased nitrogen and phosphorus uptake may have resulted from the fact that that overexpressing TaNFYA-B1 stimulated root development and up-regulated the expression of both nitrate and phosphate transporters in roots. Our results suggest that TaNFYA-B1 plays essential roles in root development and in nitrogen and phosphorus usage in wheat. Furthermore, our results provide new knowledge and valuable gene resources that should be useful in efforts to breed crops targeting high yield with less fertilizer input.
Overexpression of CD163, CD204 and CD206 on Alveolar Macrophages in the Lungs of Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

We have previously reported that the lungs of patients with very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contain significantly higher numbers of alveolar macrophages than those of non-smokers or smokers. M1 and M2 macrophages represent pro- and anti-inflammatory populations, respectively. However, the roles of M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages in COPD remain unclear. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to examine CD163, CD204 and CD206, as M2 markers, expressed on alveolar macrophages in the lungs of patients with mild to very severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage I (mild) n = 11, II (moderate) n = 9, III (severe) n = 2, and IV (very severe) n = 16). Fifteen smokers and 10 non-smokers were also examined for comparison. There were significantly higher numbers of alveolar macrophages in COPD patients than in smokers and non-smokers. The numbers and percentages of CD163+, CD204+ or CD206+ alveolar macrophages in patients with COPD at GOLD stages III and IV were significantly higher than in those at GOLD stages I and II, and those in smokers and non-smokers. In patients with COPD, there was a significant negative correlation between the number of CD163+, CD204+ or CD206+ alveolar macrophages and the predicted forced expiratory volume in one second. Overexpression of CD163, CD204 and CD206 on lung alveolar macrophages may be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD.
Character-based kernels for novelistic plot structure

Better representations of plot structure could greatly improve computational methods for summarizing and generating stories. Current representations lack abstraction, focusing too closely on events. We present a kernel for comparing novelistic plots at a higher level, in terms of the cast of characters they depict and the social relationships between them. Our kernel compares the characters of different novels to one another by measuring their frequency of occurrence over time and the descriptive and emotional language associated with them. Given a corpus of 19th-century novels as training data, our method can accurately distinguish held-out novels in their original form from artificially disordered or reversed surrogates, demonstrating its ability to robustly represent important aspects of plot structure.
N-(2-Aminophenylsulfonyl)-N-(2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)methylamine

In the title molecule, C13H13N3O6S2, the two benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 28.59 (7)°. The crystal sructure exhibits weak intermolecular N—H⋯O, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions [centroid-to-centroid distance = 3.899 (3) Å].
Interpretation of environmental tracers in groundwater systems with stagnant water zones

Lumped-parameter models are commonly applied for determining the age of water from time records of transient environmental tracers. The simplest models (e.g. piston flow or exponential) are also applicable for dating based on the decay or accumulation of tracers in groundwater systems. The models are based on the assumption that the transit time distribution function (exit age distribution function) of the tracer particles in the investigated system adequately represents the distribution of flow lines and is described by a simple function. A chosen or fitted function (called the response function) describes the transit time distribution of a tracer which would be observed at the output (discharge area, spring, stream, or pumping wells) in the case of an instantaneous injection at the entrance (recharge area). Due to large space and time scales, response functions are not measurable in groundwater systems, therefore, functions known from other fields of science, mainly from chemical engineering, are usually used. The type of response function and the values of its parameters define the lumped-parameter model of a system. The main parameter is the mean transit time of tracer through the system, which under favourable conditions may represent the mean age of mobile water. The parameters of the model are found by fitting calculated concentrations to the experimental records of concentrations measured at the outlet. The mean transit time of tracer (often called the tracer age), whether equal to the mean age of water or not, serves in adequate combinations with other data for determining other useful parameters, e.g. the recharge rate or the content of water in the system. The transit time distribution and its mean value serve for confirmation or determination of the conceptual model of the system and/or estimation of its potential vulnerability to anthropogenic pollution. In the interpretation of environmental tracer data with the aid of the lumped-parameter models, the influence of diffusion exchange between mobile water and stagnant or quasi-stagnant water is seldom considered, though it leads to large differences between tracer and water ages. Therefore, the article is focused on the transit time distribution functions of the most common lumped-parameter models, particularly those applicable for the interpretation of environmental tracer data in double-porosity aquifers, or aquifers in which aquitard diffusion may play an important role. A case study is recalled for a confined aquifer in which the diffusion exchange with aquitard most probably strongly influenced the transport of environmental tracers. Another case study presented is related to the interpretation of environmental tracer data obtained from lysimeters installed in the unsaturated zone with a fraction of stagnant water.
The hypereosinophilic syndromes: current concepts and treatments

The hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) encompass a spectrum of diseases that have increased blood eosinophils and tissue damage in common. The clinical manifestations are protean and may involve any organ system, but especially the skin. Our understanding of these diseases has drastically changed over the past 15 years, along with new classifications that characterize patients with marked eosinophilia. One HES variant, myeloproliferative, is actually chronic eosinophilic leukaemia with a unique genetic marker, FIP1L1‐PDGFRA. Such patients are well‐controlled by administration of the kinase inhibitor, imatinib, and remissions appear durable with continued imatinib therapy. FIP1L1‐PDGFRA is expressed in several cell lineages, thus explaining increases in neutrophils and mast cells in HES. The lymphocytic HES variant is associated with T‐cell clones producing interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) and can evolve into lymphoma. While myeloproliferative and lymphocytic HES are well established and permit elimination of the term, idiopathic, to these varieties, most HES patients do not fall into these categories and are classified as complex (using the 2006 Workshop Report). A recent study showed that a monoclonal antibody to IL‐5, mepolizumab, reduced glucocorticoid therapy in HES patients who did not possess the FIP1L1‐PDGFRA mutation while controlling eosinophilia and preventing recurrence or progression of tissue damage. These advances augur well for continued progress in the understanding and treatment of HES.
Cluster-based language models for distributed retrieval

E ective retrieval in a distributed environment is an important but di cult problem. Lack of e ectiveness appears to have three causes. First, collection selection based on word histograms is not appropriate for heterogeneous collections. Second, relevant documents are scattered over many collections and searching a few collections misses many relevant documents. Third, most existing collection selection metrics lack sound theoretical justi cations and hence may not be well tuned to the problem. We propose a new approach to distributed retrieval based on document clustering and language modeling. Document clustering is used to organize collections around topics. Language modeling is used to properly represent topics and e ectively select the right topics for a query. Based on these ideas, three methods are proposed to suit di erent environments. We show that all three methods improve e ectiveness of distributed retrieval.
The Neglected Offender: Exploring the Role of Executive Dysfunction in Violent Offending

Executive dysfunction and aggression and violence have been consistently associated in the research literature over at least the last 50 years. Some literature documents profound behaviour changes and the development of antisocial traits after changes to the prefrontal cortex and it’s supporting neural networks. Other research makes tentative links using brain imaging and neuropsychological methods. Prefrontal dysfunction can lead to executive dysfunction, and executive dysfunction may constitute a pathway to violence. Robust demonstrations of the association between executive function and violence have been limited by poor methodology in previous studies. This study attempts to address methodological concerns and uses a neuropsychological battery to examine the role of the executive functions in the expression of violence through violent offending. It is hypothesised that problems with executive functioning as measured by a neuropsychological battery may be linked to violent offending through impulsivity and disinhibition. Two studies were completed with sixty participants across the two groups. In the first study three groups of men were assessed on tests of executive dysfunction; 21 inmates convicted of violent crimes; 16 inmates convicted of non-violent crimes; and a matched control sample of 16 men in the community who are
A Sample of IRAS Infrared-selected Seyfert 1.5 Galaxies: Infrared Color α(60, 25)-dominated Eigenvector 1

The well-documented E1 relationships are first extended to infrared color α(60, 25) and flux ratio [O III]/Hβn by comparing emission-line properties to continuum properties in infrared wavelengths. Both direct correlations and a principal component analysis are used in a sample of 50 IRAS IR-selected Seyfert 1.5 galaxies. In addition, to confirm the correlations of E1 in Boroson & Green, our eigenvector 1 turns out to be dominated by the mid-infrared color α(60, 25) and most strongly affected by RFe, [O III]/Hβn, and EW(Hβb). Our analysis indicates that the objects with large E1 tend to coexist with relatively young nuclear stellar populations, which implies that E1 is related to the nuclear star formation history. The IR-dominated eigenvector 1 can therefore be inferred to be interpreted as the "age" of an AGN. In confirmation of the work of Xu and coworkers, it is clear that the extreme Seyfert galaxies with both large RFe and large [O III]/Hβn are rare in our universe.
Doing gender in conflict talk: an analysis of gendered discourses in a U.S. reality TV show

This paper presents an analysis of gendered discourses in conflict talk by drawing upon interactional data from the U.S. reality TV show The Apprentice. It explores the ways in which women professionals enact their gender identities while engaging actively in conflict talk which is stereotypically coded as ‘masculine’. Specifically, I shall look at the different ways in which they construct their gendered identities by aligning themselves with different gendered discourses. It is found that these woman professionals are shown to draw upon different gendered discourses in constructing their feminine gender identities, namely the dominant discourses of femininity and resistant discourses. The paper also shows that the enactment of gendered identities in conflict talk may vary from one context to another.
Tower Pair Selection for Geolocation in 4G Wireless Networks

Multilateration schemes presented in literature generally focus on deriving a minimum solution. The problem of how to make optimal use of the information about specific spatial configurations of the transmitter of interest and the associated set of observers in a wireless network is not generally considered. Such considerations are especially important when using Time Difference of Arrival methods because they are especially susceptible to geometric dilution of precision problems. Given an appropriate choice of geolocation algorithm, it is possible to use graph theory and a few simple facts from linear it is possible to choose index assignments such that geometric dilution of precision problems are significantly reduced.
Survey on Wage and Price Formation of Czech Firms

Using an ad-hoc survey at the firm level, we investigate the determinants of wage and price-setting practices in Czech firms, the presence and sources of wage rigidity, and reactions of firms to hypothetical shocks. Although the evidence of downward wage rigidity is not widespread, we find particular relevance of efficiency wage models for wage rigidity, while implicit contract theory is relevant in firms employing mainly highskilled labour. The survey further suggests that prices are less rigid than wages, while the link between wage and price changes is weak. As a response to unanticipated shocks such as a demand drop, an increase in the cost of an intermediate input or a wage increase, firms mainly reduce costs by reducing non-labour costs and temporary employment.
When a ribosomal protein grows up - the ribosome assembly path of Rps3

The biogenesis of ribosomes is a central process in all dividing cells. Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of a large 60S and a small 40S subunit, each comprising a complex assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). The synthesis of these constituents is spatially separated, with r-proteins being produced by translation in the cytoplasm, while rRNA is generated by transcription in the nucleus. Hence, the arrangement of r-proteins and rRNA into large ribonucleoprotein complexes requires dedicated mechanisms ensuring their encounter in the same compartment. To this end, r-proteins need to be safely delivered to the nucleus where they assemble with the rRNA. Beyond these initial challenges, the synthesis of ribosomes does not merely comprise the joining of r-proteins with rRNA, but occurs in a complex assembly line involving multiple maturation steps, including the processing and folding of rRNA. R-proteins usually have composite rRNA binding sites, with several different rRNA helices contributing to the full interaction. Not all of these interaction sites may already be accessible at the point when an r-protein is incorporated, necessitating that some of the r-protein-rRNA contacts are formed at later maturation stages. In our two recent studies, we investigated the ribosome assembly path of r-proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the small subunit r-protein S3 (Rps3) as a model. Our studies revealed intricate mechanisms to protect the protein, transport it into the nucleus, integrate it into pre-ribosomal precursor particles and promote its final stable association with 40S subunits.
High early death rate in tuberculosis patients in Malawi.

SETTING Thirty-eight district and mission hospitals in Malawi. OBJECTIVES In patients registered with all types of tuberculosis (TB) in 1997 to determine 1) treatment outcomes, and 2) when in the course of anti-tuberculosis treatment TB deaths occurred. DESIGN A retrospective study using information from TB registers, health centre registers, TB treatment cards and TB ward admission books. RESULTS A total of 16,004 patients were registered with all types of TB, 6471 with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), 5305 with smear-negative PTB and 4228 with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Of patients with all types of TB, 3720 (23%) died: death rates were 22% in smear-positive PTB, 26% in smear-negative PTB and 22% in EPTB. Month of death was known in 3371 patients (91% of those who died) and day of death in 3326 patients (89% of those who died). In patients who died, 19% of deaths occurred by day 7 and 41% by the end of the first month of treatment. A higher proportion of early deaths occurred in patients with smear-negative PTB and EPTB and in relation to increasing age. CONCLUSIONS There was a high overall death rate in TB patients registered in 1997, with 40% of deaths occurring in the first month of treatment. Strategies to combat this problem are needed.
Infection of common marmosets with hepatitis C virus/GB virus‐B chimeras

The development of vaccination and novel therapy for hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been hampered by the lack of suitable small‐animal models. GB virus B (GBV‐B), closely related to HCV, causes viral hepatitis in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchue jacchus) and might represent an attractive surrogate model for HCV infection. However, differences exist between GBV‐B and HCV in spite of a short genetic distance between the two viruses. Here we report common marmosets infected with two HCV/GBV‐B chimeras containing HCV structural genes coding for either whole core and envelope proteins (CE1E2p7) or full envelope proteins (E1E2p7) substituted for the counterpart elements of GBV‐B. Naïve animals intrahepatically injected with chimeric RNA transcripts or intravenously injected with sera from primary infected animals produced high levels of circulating infectious chimeric viruses and they developed chronic infection. Tacrolimus‐treated marmosets inoculated with a CE1E2p7 chimera had higher viral loads and long‐term persistent infection. A moderate elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels was observed in parallel with viral replication. Chimeras recovered from liver samples revealed 1/958 adaptive viral mutations. Histopathological changes typical of viral hepatitis were observed in liver tissues from all types of HCV chimeras‐infected marmosets. HCV core and E2 proteins were detected in liver tissues from infected animals by immunohistochemical staining. Fluctuations of chimeric virus replication in marmosets with spontaneous and sporadic viral clearance might be related to specific antibody and T‐cell response to HCV proteins in vivo. Replication of CE1E2p7 chimera was observed in primary hepatocyte cultures by immunofluorescent staining in vitro. Conclusion: Infectious HCV chimeras causing chronic hepatitis in marmosets might constitute a small primate model suitable for evaluation of virus‐cell interaction, vaccination, and antiviral therapy against HCV infection. (Hepatology 2014;59:789–802)
Psychiatric Morbidity in a Military General Practice

The General Health Questionnaire of Goldberg was used as an indicator of morbidity in three groups of a Military General Practice in British Army of the Rhine. Group 1 consisted of 299 service and civilian consecutive new attenders at the General Practice. Group 2 of 80 attenders for routine medical examination and Group 3 of a community sample of 446 soldiers from units in the practice area. Patients presenting for consultation at the practice were shown to have higher GHQ scores and percentage positive scores than the community sample, which in turn showed higher mean scores than those referred to the practice as non-complainants for routine medical examination. Service personnel showed lower mean scores than dependants or civilians. There were significant differences in scores between groups by rank in soldier attenders, those of junior non-commissioned officer rank having lower mean scores and lower percentage high scores than others.
Image Set Classification Using Sparse Bayesian Regression

This paper presents Bayesian Representation-based Classification (BRC), an approach based on sparse Bayesian regression and subspace clustering for image set classification. Similar to existing representation-based approaches such as Sparse RC (SRC) and Collaborative RC (CRC), BRC assumes that a test image is approximated by a linear combination of the gallery images of the true class. However, we show through a Bayesian statistical framework that BRC employs precision hyperpriors that are more non-informative than those of CRC/SRC, while also showing that CRC and SRC are identical up to an implicit choice of different precision hyperpriors. Furthermore, we analyze the assumptions of existing strategies for selecting the images to classify from a probe set (e.g. sequence mean) and we show that these strategies can still work under milder assumptions. Finally, we present a more robust probe set handling strategy that balances efficiency and accuracy. Experiments on three datasets illustrate the effectiveness of our algorithm compared to state-of-the-art set-based methods.