Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Efficient input reordering for the DCT based on a real-valued decimation-in-time FFT

The possibility of computing the discrete cosine transform (DCT) of length N=2/sup v/, v integer, via an N-point discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is widely known from the literature. It is demonstrated that this computation can be done in place by just employing butterfly swaps if the input reordering (necessary for the DCT computation via DFT) is combined with the bit-reverse scrambling required by the real-valued version of the decimation-in-time fast Fourier transform algorithm. As computer code for many real-valued FFT algorithms is publicly available, and FFT-based DCT computations exhibit a very regular structure that is helpful in signal processor implementations, this method of DCT-computation becomes even more attractive.
High-speed C-testable systolic array design for Galois-field inversion

Systolic architectures for inversion in Galois field (GF(2/sup m/)) are presented. The proposed inversion algorithm is a counter-free extended Euclidean algorithm, which results in simple circuit implementation for GF inversion. Additionally, the bit-parallel implementation proposed is shown to be C-testable. Testability and modularity make it suited to VLSI implementation.
Preparation and evaluation of SEDDS of simvastatin by in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo technique

Abstract The objective of this work was to formulate a Self Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) of simvastatin, a poorly soluble drug and to evaluate by in vivo, in vitro and ex vivo techniques. Oils and surfactants were screened out depending upon their solubilizing capacity. Among all of the solvents, Capryol 90 showed good solubilizing capacity. It dissolved 105 mg/ml of simvastatin. Tween-80 also showed good solubilizing capacity which was 117 mg/ml. The two excipients were used to prepare simvastatin SEDDS. Formulations were initially checked for the color, clarity and sedimentation. The SEDDS formulations were transparent and clear. Formulation F2 containing 7:3 (m/m) mixture of Capryol 90/Tween-80 produced smallest micro-emulsion with particles size of 0.074 µm and drug release was higher than other formulation (102% within 20 min). Ex vivo study of the SEDDS formulation was evaluated using guinea pig intestinal sac. Drug diffused from F2 formulation was significantly higher than pure drug (p < 0.001). In vivo study of SEDDS was performed in albino mice using plasma cholesterol level as a pharmacodynamic marker parameter. The test formulation (F2) appeared remarkable reduction in plasma cholesterol level, after oral administration which showed that SEDDS may be an effective technique for the oral administration of simvastatin.
Coassembly and Coupling of SK2 Channels and mGlu5 Receptors

Group I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors regulate hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neuron excitability via Ca2+ wave-dependent activation of small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels. Here, we show that mGlu5 receptors and SK2 channels coassemble in heterologous coexpression systems and in rat brain. Further, in cotransfected cells or rat primary hippocampal neurons, mGlu5 receptor stimulation activated apamin-sensitive SK2-mediated K+ currents. In addition, coexpression of mGlu5 receptors and SK2 channels promoted plasma membrane targeting of both proteins and correlated with increased mGlu5 receptor function that was unexpectedly blocked by apamin. These results demonstrate a reciprocal functional interaction between mGlu5 receptors and SK2 channels that reflects their molecular coassembly.
Fulminant Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Multicenter Study in China

Background To investigate the hospital-based incidence of FT1D in Chinese children and compare the clinical feature with classical T1DM. Methods A cross-sectional study with sixteen hospitals involved. We obtained 23 FT1D cases as group 1, acute-onset T1DM as group 2, and typical T1DM as group 3. Results The incidence of FT1D was 1.56% in 16 participating hospitals. The mean age at the onset of group 1 was 2.00 (1.08, 6.51) years old, much younger than that of group 2 (6.11 (3.92, 9.50)) and group 3 (6.92 (4.17, 10.03)). In addition, significant differences were found between three groups: mean BMI and flu-like symptoms with fever and abdominal pain. Follow-up comparison of three groups from Beijing Children's Hospital for at least one year showed that there is no significant difference between the three groups in terms of mean HbA1c levels and insulin injection dosages. Conclusion FT1D onset age is much younger than that of classical T1D patients. The hospital-based incidence of FT1D in Chinese children was 1.56% in all new-onset T1DM. For the diagnosis, making FT1D alone into a subtype within type 1 diabetes may be meaningful. However, for the treatment and prognosis, such classification should not be helpful to the clinic.
Solving the consensus problem in a mobile environment

Atomic broadcast or non-blocking atomic commitment are classic agreement problems encountered when designing fault-tolerant distributed systems. Specific protocols that solve such agreement problems can be designed based on a common building block, namely the consensus service. Unfortunately, the consensus problem has no deterministic solution in an asynchronous distributed system that is subject to even a single process crash failure. Among the solutions proposed to circumvent this impossibility result, the concept of unreliable failure detectors proposed by Chandra and Toueg is particularly attractive. They have defined a protocol that solves the consensus problem when the assumption that the underlying failure detector belongs to the class /spl square/S holds true. This paper presents an extension of their protocol that allows to solve this fundamental problem in a mobile environment. In such an environment, the problem is more challenging: based on their initial states, a set of mobile hosts must agree on a common decision, despite disconnections, changes of location and failures of mobile/fixed hosts.
Quality perception and consumer attitudes to «specific quality beef» in Aragón, Spain

Over the last decade, beef consumption has decreased in most European countries, including Spain. Along with other factors that have contributed towards greater competition in agricultural markets, this has led to an increase in the offer of high-added-value beef products - a strategy the sector also follows to help it deal with the crisis caused by a number of health scandals. The aim of the present study was to analyse consumer attitudes towards "specific quality beef" (SQB; beef with quality specifications as indicated by labels or public quality denominations). A relationship was seen with respect to the level of consumer knowledge and the purchase of this type of product. Those with a higher average income and higher level of education had a more favourable attitude towards them. The butcher was the most important source of consumer information on SQB. Price was the factor that most limited the consumption of these products.
Evaluation of the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer in Patients with Prostate-specific Antigen <20 ng/ml

Background:The European Society of Urogenital Radiology has built the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) for standardizing the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa). This study evaluated the PI-RADS diagnosis method in patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) <20 ng/ml. Methods:A total of 133 patients with PSA <20 ng/ml were prospectively recruited. T2-weighted (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted (DWI) magnetic resonance images of the prostate were acquired before a 12-core transrectal prostate biopsy. Each patient's peripheral zone was divided into six regions on the images; each region corresponded to two of the 12 biopsy cores. T2WI, DWI, and T2WI + DWI scores were computed according to PI-RADS. The diagnostic accuracy of the PI-RADS score was evaluated using histopathology of prostate biopsies as the reference standard. Results:PCa was histologically diagnosed in 169 (21.2%) regions. Increased PI-RADS score correlated positively with increased cancer detection rate. The cancer detection rate for scores 1 to 5 was 2.8%, 15.0%, 34.6%, 52.6%, and 88.9%, respectively, using T2WI and 12.0%, 20.2%, 48.0%, 85.7%, and 93.3%, respectively, using DWI. For T2WI + DWI, the cancer detection rate was 1.5% (score 2), 13.5% (scores 3–4), 41.3% (scores 5–6), 75.9% (scores 7–8), and 92.3% (scores 9–10). The area under the curve for cancer detection was 0.700 (T2WI), 0.735 (DWI) and 0.749 (T2WI + DWI). The sensitivity and specificity were 53.8% and 89.2%, respectively, when using scores 5–6 as the cutoff value for T2WI + DWI. Conclusions:The PI-RADS score correlates with the PCa detection rate in patients with PSA <20 ng/ml. The summed score of T2WI + DWI has the highest accuracy in detection of PCa. However, the sensitivity should be further improved.
ADAPTIVE FINITE ELEMENT ALGORITHMS FOR THE STOKES PROBLEM : CONVERGENCE RATES AND OPTIMAL COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY

Although adaptive finite element methods (FEMs) are recognized as powerful techniques for solving mixed variational problems of fluid mechanics, usually they are not even proven to converge. Only recently, in [SINUM, 40 (2002), pp.1207-1229] Bänsch, Morin and Nochetto introduced an adaptive Uzawa FEM for solving the Stokes problem, and showed its convergence. In their paper, numerical experiments indicate (quasi-) optimal triangulations for some values of the parameters, where, a theoretical explanation of these results is still open. In this paper, we present a similar adaptive Uzawa finite element algorithm that uses a generalization of the optimal adaptive FEM of Stevenson [SINUM, 42 (2005), pp.21882217] as an inner solver. By adding a derefinement step to the resulting adaptive Uzawa algorithm, in order to optimize the underlying triangulation after each fixed number of iterations, we show that the overall method converges with optimal rates with linear computational complexity.
Improvement over time in outcomes for patients undergoing endoscopic therapy for Barrett's oesophagus-related neoplasia: 6-year experience from the first 500 patients treated in the UK patient registry

Background Barrett's oesophagus (BE) is a pre-malignant condition leading to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). Treatment of neoplasia at an early stage is desirable. Combined endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) followed by radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an alternative to surgery for patients with BE-related neoplasia. Methods We examined prospective data from the UK registry of patients undergoing RFA/EMR for BE-related neoplasia from 2008 to 2013. Before RFA, visible lesions were removed by EMR. Thereafter, patients had RFA 3-monthly until all BE was ablated or cancer developed (endpoints). End of treatment biopsies were recommended at around 12 months from first RFA treatment or when endpoints were reached. Outcomes for clearance of dysplasia (CR-D) and BE (CR-IM) at end of treatment were assessed over two time periods (2008–2010 and 2011–2013). Durability of successful treatment and progression to OAC were also evaluated. Results 508 patients have completed treatment. CR-D and CR-IM improved significantly between the former and later time periods, from 77% and 56% to 92% and 83%, respectively (p<0.0001). EMR for visible lesions prior to RFA increased from 48% to 60% (p=0.013). Rescue EMR after RFA decreased from 13% to 2% (p<0.0001). Progression to OAC at 12 months is not significantly different (3.6% vs 2.1%, p=0.51). Conclusions Clinical outcomes for BE neoplasia have improved significantly over the past 6 years with improved lesion recognition and aggressive resection of visible lesions before RFA. Despite advances in technique, the rate of cancer progression remains 2–4% at 1 year in these high-risk patients. Trial registration number ISRCTN93069556.
Experience on the Barnes Spatial Maze Influences PKCγ Levels in the Hippocampus

In order to examine hippocampal plasticity following spatial learning, expression of the γ isoform of protein kinase C (PKCγ) was analyzed in mice, following experience and training on the Barnes spatial maze. Both context-exposed (animals familiarized with the maze but not trained) and trained animals (animals trained to escape the maze using spatial cues) showed increased immunoreactivity to PKCγ in the CA1 region in comparison to naive, home-caged animals. However, there were no quantitative differences in PKCγ immunoreactivity between context-exposed and trained animals. These changes suggest that spatial experience and training result in altered activation of PKCγ, consistent with the idea that PKCγ activation in the CA1 region participates in postsynaptic plasticity associated with spatial experiences and learning.
Protected area concept effect on species composition and abundance: a case of Lake Mutirikwi, Zimbabwe

A study to investigate the concept of protected areas in the conservation of targeted fish species was carried out on Lake Mutirikwi, Zimbabwe. The research was aimed at establishing differences in fish species composition, abundance and catch per unit effort (CPUE) on different sites of the lake and to enhance conservation and management of targeted fish species through better understanding on the concept of protected area. The study was done using a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with two treatments and no blocking factor. Biological data (species, count and weight) for individual fish samples were collected from two sampling stations, one protected and the other fished using monofilament gillnets. Species composition, species diversity (H'), species evenness and CPUE were determined in each station. A total of 1310 specimens belonging to 7 species (Tilapia rendalli, Oreochromis niloticus, Oreochromis macrochir, Serranochromis robustus, Micropterus salmoides, Clarius gariepinus, and Mormyrus longirostris) representing 4 families (Cichlidae, Centrachidae, Clariidae, and Mormyridae) were recorded in the 10 sampled stations. All statistical analysis was performed with GenStat Version 14 software. The findings reviewed no significant difference in fish species composition (F = 0.581; p > 0.05), a significant difference in fish abundance (F = 0.018; p < 0.05); in terms of biomass (F = 0.019; p < 0.05) and catch per unit effort (CPUE) (F = 0.019; p < 0.05) between the protected areas and fished areas. The results add to a growing body of evidence that, populations of commercially exploited fish species can rise considerably within protected areas given time and adequate protection. It is therefore strongly recommended that the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority is to put in place strong law enforcement and stiff penalties to minimise poaching activities and zone encroachment within the protected areas and also to establish closed fishing seasons, regular monitoring of mesh sizes, and prohibiting fishing activities in littoral zones so as to realise the value of protected areas.
A computational technique characterizing the asymptotic stabilizability of planar linear switched systems with unstable modes

In this paper a new computational technique for characterizing the asymptotic stabilizability of linear switched systems on the plane is presented. Switching between a finite number of unstable LTI systems is studied. A ray-gridding idea is used which allows the construction of sufficiently dense subdivisions of the state space into conic regions, whose boundaries are candidate switching domains. Progressive refinements of the partition add flexibility in the search for a solution. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the asymptotic stabilizability of linear switched systems are developed by constructing polyhedral Lyapunov-like functions (PLF) associated to the convergence of an iterative algorithm. Therefore, it is shown that the existence of a PLF is equivalent to the asymptotic stabilizability of linear switched systems with unstable modes. The extension of the results to higher dimensions and the computational complexity associated with their implementation is also discussed.
Robust Circadian Rhythmicity of Per1 and Per2 Mutant Mice in Constant Light, and Dynamics of Per1 and Per2 Gene Expression under Long and Short Photoperiods

The Per1 and Per2 genes are components of the mammalian circadian clock. Mutations in these genes alter phase resetting in response to a nocturnal light pulse, and Per2 mutant mice are known to become arrhythmic in constant darkness. We show that under constant light conditions, Per2 mutant mice exhibit robust activity rhythms as well as body temperature rhythms with a period length that is less than 24 h. In Per1 mutants, the period length of both activity and body temperature rhythms is longer than 24 h in constant light. Per1mutants prolong their period length ([.tau]) when illuminance is increased, whereas Per2 mutants shorten their endogenous period. Additionally, the authors show that the circadian pattern of Per1 and Per2 gene expression in mice is modified under different photoperiods and that there is a mutual influence of these genes on their timing of expression. We propose that, in mice, the phase relationship between Per1 and Per2 gene expression might be critical for transducing day length information to the organism. Per1 could be part of a morning oscillator tracking dawn, and Per2 could be part of an evening oscillator tracking dusk.
Tolerance for random recombination of domains in prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation systems: Limited interdomain misfolding in a eukaryotic translation system

It has been proposed that eukaryotic translation systems have a greater capacity for cotranslational folding of domains than prokaryotic translation systems, which reduces interdomain misfolding in multidomain proteins and, therefore, leads to tolerance for random recombination of domains. However, there has been a controversy as to whether prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation systems differ in the capacity for cotranslational domain folding. Here, to examine whether these systems differ in the tolerance for the random domain recombination, we systematically combined six proteins, out of which four are soluble and two are insoluble when produced in an Escherichia coli and a wheat germ cell‐free protein synthesis systems, to construct a fusion protein library. Forty out of 60 two‐domain proteins and 114 out of 120 three‐domain proteins were more soluble when produced in the wheat system than in the E. coli system. Statistical analyses of the solubilities and the activities indicated that, in the wheat system but not in the E. coli system, the two soluble domains comprised mainly of β‐sheets tend to avoid interdomain misfolding and to fold properly even at the neighbor of the misfolded domains. These results demonstrate that a eukaryotic system permits the concomitance of a wider variety of domains within a single polypeptide chain than a prokaryotic system, which is probably due to the difference in the capacity for cotranslational folding. This difference is likely to be related to the postulated difference in the tolerance for random recombination of domains. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of off season bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under different growing condition, transplanting dates and pruning level

Bell pepper fruits fetches higher premium during early winter or late winter as off-season crops. An experiment was conducted during late winter (February to June) of 2013 at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, West Bengal, India to compare the performance of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in open field and agro shade net under different transplanting dates and pruning level which was laid out in split split plot design with 3 replications. The results revealed that agro shade net cultivation of bell pepper emerged as best in terms of highest plant height (52.42 cm), and higher number of fruit (11.18 plant-1). The interaction effect combining shade net cultivation with 1st February planting date coupled with 3 shoot pruning proved superiority with respect to growth and yield characters of bell pepper and resulted in many fold improvement in the form of higher fruit number (16.21 plant-1), individual fruit weight (107.54 g) and maximum fruit yield (1743.21 g plant-1).
From natural to artificial photosynthesis

Demand for energy is projected to increase at least twofold by mid-century relative to the present global consumption because of predicted population and economic growth. This demand could be met, in principle, from fossil energy resources, particularly coal. However, the cumulative nature of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions demands that stabilizing the atmospheric CO2 levels to just twice their pre-anthropogenic values by mid-century will be extremely challenging, requiring invention, development and deployment of schemes for carbon-neutral energy production on a scale commensurate with, or larger than, the entire present-day energy supply from all sources combined. Among renewable and exploitable energy resources, nuclear fusion energy or solar energy are by far the largest. However, in both cases, technological breakthroughs are required with nuclear fusion being very difficult, if not impossible on the scale required. On the other hand, 1 h of sunlight falling on our planet is equivalent to all the energy consumed by humans in an entire year. If solar energy is to be a major primary energy source, then it must be stored and despatched on demand to the end user. An especially attractive approach is to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds as occurs in natural photosynthesis. However, a technology is needed which has a year-round average conversion efficiency significantly higher than currently available by natural photosynthesis so as to reduce land-area requirements and to be independent of food production. Therefore, the scientific challenge is to construct an ‘artificial leaf’ able to efficiently capture and convert solar energy and then store it in the form of chemical bonds of a high-energy density fuel such as hydrogen while at the same time producing oxygen from water. Realistically, the efficiency target for such a technology must be 10 per cent or better. Here, we review the molecular details of the energy capturing reactions of natural photosynthesis, particularly the water-splitting reaction of photosystem II and the hydrogen-generating reaction of hydrogenases. We then follow on to describe how these two reactions are being mimicked in physico-chemical-based catalytic or electrocatalytic systems with the challenge of creating a large-scale robust and efficient artificial leaf technology.
Modelling and control of six-phase induction machine under special current waveform

A novel strategy for the direct control of the torque and field currents applied to the six-phase induction motor drive was proposed in this paper. This novel current control strategy benefits the developed torque of the motor as well as simplifying the control algorithm by removing the complex transformations used. The main performance of the six-phase machine including the machine modelling is determined with finite element analysis (FE). Furthermore the control strategy proposed is experimentally verified by using the six-phase induction drive system built. All the methods/approaches were proven that the field and torque current components of the six-phase machine can be controlled separately without any coordinate transformation. As such emulation separately excited DC motor control.