Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Religion and Families

Social scientists are once again actively interested in the connections between religion and family, two institutions that have enjoyed a long and complementary relationship (Wilcox, 2004; Edgell, 2006). This interest can be observed in the increased number of works on this topic that have appeared in recent years in major peer-reviewed outlets in sociology, family studies, psychology, religious studies, and allied fields and the significant volumes now published on prominent university and trade presses. In this chapter, we will review the existing theoretical and empirical literature linking multiple dimensions of religion with various facets of family life. Several caveats are in order. First, because much of the work on this topic has been conducted about and within the United States, our review will necessarily concentrate on this context, and we will return to this as a limitation in the concluding section. Second, most studies on religion and family in the United States and other Western societies center on the Judeo-Christian tradition, and consequently, our work will emphasize this theme as well. Third, although there are important literatures on religious variations toward family-related issues (e.g., women’s roles, equal rights for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender persons), due to space limitations, we will focus primarily on specific family-related behaviors. The remainder of this chapter is organized as follows. First, we will briefly review key patterns and trends in religion and spirituality in the United States over the past 25 years. Then, we will review recent theory and research linking religion with the following areas of family life, organized primarily by life course stage: (i) premarital interactions, (ii) cohabitation and timing of marriage, (iii) relationship dynamics and quality, (iv) childbearing, (v) child-rearing, and (vi) intergenerational Religion and Families
Association of metabolic risk with longitudinal physical activity and fitness: coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA).

BACKGROUND Despite established relationships between physical activity (PA) or physical fitness (fitness) and metabolic risk, the prospective association is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to determine whether metabolic risk in young adults is associated with 20-year PA or fitness trajectories. METHODS Young adults were from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, baseline ages 18-30 years (n=4161). PA was determined from a self-reported questionnaire administered at baseline and at follow-up exams at years 2, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20. Fitness (seconds) was estimated from a graded exercise treadmill test at baseline and years 7 and 20. Baseline metabolic risk was calculated using age-adjusted principal components analysis (elevated=top 10% of first factor), for each sex-race group, from mean arterial pressure, glucose, waist circumference, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Repeated measures general linear modeling estimated PA and fitness trajectories over 20 years, separately in sex-race groups, adjusting for age and smoking status. RESULTS PA was significantly lower among those with elevated metabolic risk compared with normal risk at baseline and each subsequent time point (black and white men, white women; all P<0.0001; black women P=0.27). Significant and consistent results were also found with fitness trajectories for all sex-race groups (P<0.0001). Despite these lower PA and fitness levels at baseline in young adults with elevated metabolic compared with normal risk, 20-year trajectories declined at similar rates. CONCLUSION Elevated metabolic risk is associated with lower levels of PA and fitness in early adulthood, and these differences persist over 20 years.
Analysis of Galactic late-type O dwarfs: more constraints on the weak wind problem ,

Aims. We investigate the stellar and wind properties of a sample of late-type O dwarfs. Previous analyses of such stars have found very low mass-loss rates; rates much lower than predicted by theory (the weak wind problem). Methods. Far-UV to optical spectra of five Galactic O stars were analyzed: HD 216898 (O9IV/O8.5V), HD 326329 (O9V), HD 66788 (O8V/O9V), ζ Oph (O9.5Vnn), and HD 216532 (O8.5V((n))). We used a grid of TLUSTY models to obtain effective temperatures, gravities, rotational velocities, and to identify wind lines. Wind parameters for each object were obtained using expanding atmosphere models calculated with the CMFGEN code. Results. The spectra of our sample have primarily a photospheric origin. A weak wind signature is seen in C iv λλ1548, 1551, from which mass-loss rates consistent with previous CMFGEN results for O8-O9V stars were derived (∼10 −10 −10 −9 Myr −1 ). A discrepancy of roughly two orders of magnitude is found between these mass-loss rates and the values predicted by theory ( u MVink), confirming a breakdown or a steepening of the modified wind momentum-luminosity relation at log L� /L� −3.5). The validity of the models used in our analyses is discussed.
Tracking of biogenic hydrodynamic trails in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)

SUMMARY For seals hunting in dark and murky waters one source of sensory information for locating prey consists of fish-generated water movements, which they can detect using their highly sensitive mystacial vibrissae. As water movements in the wake of fishes can persist for several minutes, hydrodynamic trails of considerable length are generated. It has been demonstrated that seals can use their vibrissae to detect and track hydrodynamic trails generated artificially by miniature submarines. In the present study, we trained a harbour seal to swim predefined courses, thus generating biogenic hydrodynamic trails. The structure of these trails was measured using Particle Image Velocimetry. A second seal was trained to search for and track the trail after the trail-generating seal had left the water. Our trail-following seal was able to detect and accurately track the hydrodynamic trail, showing search patterns either mostly congruent with the trail or crossing the trail repeatedly in an undulatory way. The undulatory trail-following search pattern might allow a seal to relocate a lost trail or successfully track a fleeing, zigzagging prey fish.
CONVECTION EFFECTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL DENDRITIC GROWTH

A phase-field model is developed to simulate free dendritic growth coupled with fluid flow for a pure material in three dimensions. The preliminary results presented here illustrate the strong influence of convection on the three-dimensional (3D) dendrite growth morphology. The detailed knowledge of the flow and temperature fields in the melt around the dendrite from the simulations allows for a detailed understanding of the convection effects on dendritic growth.
Efficient Algorithms for Attribute-Oriented Induction

Data mining or knowledge discovery in databases is the search for relationships and global patterns that exist but are hidden in large databases. Many different methods have been proposed and one of them is the attribute-oriented induction method. In this method, domain knowledge in the form of concept hierarchies helps to generalize the concepts of the attributes in the database relations. This approach has been generalized to the rule-based attribute-oriented induction. The time complexity of the original algorithms is given by O(N log N), where N is the number of relevant tuples in the database. In this paper, we make use of the static property of the database schema and the concept hierarchies to derive more efficient algorithms. Given that the concept hierarchies and the resulting knowledge are small in size compared to the database, the complexity of our algorithm is O(N). The amount of disk I/O is decreased by O(log N) times compared to the previous methods. We believe that this improvement in performance will give extra power to the attribute-oriented method.
How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion

One approach to experimental science involves creating hypotheses, then testing them by varying one or more independent variables, and assessing the effects of this variation on the processes of interest. We use this strategy to compare the intellectual status and available evidence for two models or views of mechanisms of transmembrane drug transport into intact biological cells. One (BDII) asserts that lipoidal phospholipid Bilayer Diffusion Is Important, while a second (PBIN) proposes that in normal intact cells Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (i.e., may be neglected quantitatively), because evolution selected against it, and with transmembrane drug transport being effected by genetically encoded proteinaceous carriers or pores, whose “natural” biological roles, and substrates are based in intermediary metabolism. Despite a recent review elsewhere, we can find no evidence able to support BDII as we can find no experiments in intact cells in which phospholipid bilayer diffusion was either varied independently or measured directly (although there are many papers where it was inferred by seeing a covariation of other dependent variables). By contrast, we find an abundance of evidence showing cases in which changes in the activities of named and genetically identified transporters led to measurable changes in the rate or extent of drug uptake. PBIN also has considerable predictive power, and accounts readily for the large differences in drug uptake between tissues, cells and species, in accounting for the metabolite-likeness of marketed drugs, in pharmacogenomics, and in providing a straightforward explanation for the late-stage appearance of toxicity and of lack of efficacy during drug discovery programmes despite macroscopically adequate pharmacokinetics. Consequently, the view that Phospholipid Bilayer diffusion Is Negligible (PBIN) provides a starting hypothesis for assessing cellular drug uptake that is much better supported by the available evidence, and is both more productive and more predictive.
'Is this normal?' The role of category predicates in constructing mental illness online

One of their functions of online mental health communities is the construction of coherent identities for their members based on the various characteristics of different mental health conditions. This paper contains microanalyses of 2 message threads on mental health discussion forums—one concerning depression and the other ‘emetophobia’ (fear of being sick)—which illustrate some of the discursive functions of such forums. Conversation analytic techniques are employed, such as the use of second stories for social support purposes, and the generation of category predicates for building up a set of activities that constitute ‘normality’ in this context. It is argued that these socially situated practices constitute a more important function of online support groups than the mere dissemination of ‘advice’.
Interaction between beet vinasse and iron fertilisers in the prevention of iron deficiency in lupins.

BACKGROUND Recycling of organic byproducts for use as soil amendments or fertilisers may enhance the productivity of soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of sugar beet vinasse to correct iron chlorosis in crops when applied in conjunction with Fe fertilisers such as vivianite and ferrous sulfate (FS). An experiment involving two factors (Fe source and dialysed sugar beet vinasse (DBV) rate) was performed using white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and calcareous sand as growing medium. RESULTS Although vivianite provided lower chlorophyll contents than Fe-chelate, dry matter production was not significantly different between the two Fe sources. Vivianite was more effective than FS in preventing iron chlorosis in white lupin, but not when DBV was applied. DBV significantly increased chlorophyll content in plants treated with FS after 3 weeks of growth. CONCLUSION DBV increased the effect of FS in preventing iron deficiency chlorosis in white lupin. This was due, at least in part, to the inhibition of the precipitation of Fe oxides by organic compounds and to the increase in the content of Fe complexed by organic compounds in the growing medium, as revealed by sequential Fe fractionation.
A stranger's touch : effects of accidental interpersonal touch on consumer evaluations and shopping time

This article examines an unexplored area of consumer research—the effect of accidental interpersonal touch (AIT) from a stranger on consumer evaluations and shopping times. The research presents a field experiment in a retail setting. This study shows that men and women who have been touched by another consumer when examining products report more negative brand evaluations, negative product beliefs, less willingness to pay, and spend less time in-store than their control (no-touch) counterparts. Our findings indicate that the AIT effect is especially negative for touch from a male stranger for both men (same-sex touch) and women (opposite-sex touch). Directions are provided for future study that highlight potential moderators and process explanations underlying the AIT effect.
Basis for Acceleration-Based Conceptual Design of Low-Height Base-Isolated Systems

The dynamic response of a series of base-isolated systems subjected to ground motions that were recorded in firm soils located inshore of the Mexican Pacific was estimated in order to evaluate the influence of the structural properties of these systems in their floor acceleration demands. While the super-structures were assumed to remain elastic, the energy dissipation capacity of the base-isolation systems was represented through a viscous damping model, and the different damping levels in the super-structures and isolation systems were taken into account through a non-classical damping approach. After identifying in general terms the structural properties of the systems that are able to better control their floor acceleration demands, an equivalent singledegree-of-freedom system that can be used within an acceleration-based format to conceive base-isolation systems, is discussed.
Characterising the Doppler spectra of high grazing angle sea clutter

This paper characterises the Doppler spectra of radar sea clutter using data collected by the Ingara radar at grazing angles in the range 29° to 38°. It is shown that recently proposed modelling and simulation methods for lower grazing angles are still applicable for this data. The modelling method is also extended to capture the bimodal behaviour observed with high intensity returns from breaking waves looking up or downwind.
A readout circuit with wide dynamic range for differential capacitive sensing applications

This paper presents a compact, low power, digitally assisted differential capacitive-sensing readout circuit. It utilizes digital design and switch-based synchronous demodulator to reduce area and power consumption while improving the robustness of the system by diminishing the effects of interfering signals. To broaden the sensing range of the system, the simple implementation of a closed-loop configuration is employed to dynamically adjust the gain. This circuit is designed, analyzed, and laid out in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS technology from Austria Microsystems. Post-layout simulation results reveal that the proposed circuit is capable of resolving a minimum of 1fF changes in input capacitance under test.
Three Distinct Auditory Areas of Cortex (AI, AII, and AAF) Defined by Optical Imaging of Intrinsic Signals

Using pure-tone sound stimulation, three separate auditory areas are revealed by optical imaging of intrinsic signals in the temporal cortex of the chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger). These areas correlate with primary auditory cortex (AI) and two secondary areas, AII and the anterior auditory field (AAF). We have distinguished AI on the basis of concurrent single-unit electrophysiological recording; neurons within the AI intrinsic signal region have short (<15 ms) onset-response latencies compared with neurons recorded in AII and the AAF. Within AI, AII, and AAF we have been able to define cochleotopic or tonotopic organization from the differences in intrinsic signal areas evoked by pure tones at octave-spaced frequencies from 500 Hz to 16 kHz. The maps in AI and AII are arranged orthogonal to each other.
"Remember where you last saw that card": children's production of external symbols as a memory aid.

Four experiments examined the age at which children start to use external symbols to aid their memory and how external symbol use affects both their memory performance and information allocation strategies. In Experiment 1, children in Grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 played a memory card game (Concentration) twice, once with the opportunity to make notes to aid performance and once without the opportunity. Grades I and 3 students tended to produce nonmnemonic notations, whereas Grades 5 and 7 students were more likely to produce functional, adultlike notations that aided performance in the task. In Experiments 2a and 2b, unexpected removal of children's notations led to a decrease in performance. suggesting that the spontaneously produced notations were being used as an external store rather than as an aid to encoding information. Experiment 3 examined whether all information was placed in external storage or if some types of information remained in memory. Grade 7 students who had their notations unexpectedly taken away were able to recognize the identity of the cards they had previously seen but had more difficulty remembering their locations. They appeared to place the location information mainly in external storage while retaining the identity information in memory. These results suggest that in mid-childhood, children begin to distribute information actively between internal and external memory storage.
Wafer Level Surface Activated Bonding Tool for MEMS Packaging

A wafer level surface activated bonding (SAB) tool has been developed for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) packaging at low temperature. The tool accommodates 8 in. diam wafers. The principle features of the tool are the automatic parallel adjustment for 8 in. wafers to a margin of error within ± 1 μm and the X, Y, and θ axis alignments with an accuracy of ±0.5 μm. We have approached a new integration technique for the integration of ionic crystals with transparent and nontransparent thin intermediate layers using this tool. Various sizes of patterned and bare silicon, Al silicate glass, and quartz wafers cleaned by a low energy argon ion source in a vacuum have been successfully bonded by this technique at low temperature. Radioisotope fine leak and vacuum seal tests of sealed silicon cavities show leak rates of 1.0 X 10 -9 and 2.6 X 10 -16 Pa/m 3 s, respectively, which are lower than the American military standard encapsulation requirements for MEMS devices in harsh environments. Void-free interfaces with bonding strengths comparable to bulk materials are found. Low adhesion between SAB-processed ionic crystals without adhesive layers is believed to be due to radiation-induced discontinuous polarization.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic investigation of biochemical effects in serum of γ-irradiated mice

Purpose: Radiation exposure induces change in many biological compounds. It is important to assess the physiological and biochemical response to an absorbed dose of ionising radiation due to intentional or accidental event and to predict medical consequences for medical management. In the present study, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolic profiling was used in mice serum for identification of radiation-induced changes at metabolite level. Materials and methods: Mice were irradiated with 3, 5 and 8 Gray of γ-radiation dose and serum samples collected at day 1, 3 and 5 post irradiation were analysed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. 1H NMR spectra of serum were analysed by pattern recognition using principal component analysis. Results: Irradiated mice serum showed distinct metabonomic phenotypes and revealed dose- and time-dependent clustering of irradiated groups. 1H NMR spectral analysis exhibited increased lactate, amino acids, choline and lipid signals as well as decreased glucose signals. These findings indicate radiation-induced disturbed energy, lipid and protein metabolism. Conclusions: The information obtained from this study reflects multiple physiological dysfunctions. The study promises the application of NMR-based metabonomics in the field of radiobiology, for development of metabolic-based markers for screening of risk populations and medical management in these cases.
The pharmacology of synapses formed by identified corticocollicular neurons in primary cultures of rat visual cortex

Primary cultures of neurons from the visual cortex of 7–10-d-old Long Evans rats were used to study the pharmacology of synaptic transmission. Dissociated cells were grown either in mass cultures, which contained 8000–10,000 neurons, or in miniature island cultures of 50–100 cells. Prior to dissociation, cells in layer V of visual cortex that project to the superior colliculus were labeled in vivo by retrograde transport of fluorescent latex microspheres-a permanent fluorescent marker. After 2 d to 8 weeks in culture, labeled neurons were identified by epifluorescent illumination, and electrophysiological recordings were obtained from a labeled cell and, simultaneously, from a nearby unlabeled neuron in the same field of view. The 2 neurons were stimulated sequentially by current injection and the pharmacology of evoked postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) was investigated. In mass cultures, relatively few pairs of neurons from which we recorded were synaptically connected, although nearly every cell exhibited abundant spontaneous EPSPs and IPSPs. Neurons grown on island cultures generally did not exhibit spontaneous synaptic activity; however, stimulation of one of the cells in a pair frequently elicited a short-latency PSP in the follower neuron. Retrogradely labeled corticocollicular neurons produced only excitatory PSPs in follower cells, while unlabeled neurons were either excitatory or inhibitory. Three antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors, kynurenic acid, piperidine dicarboxylic acid, and gamma-D- glutamylglycine, completely blocked EPSPs produced by labeled corticocollicular neurons, as well as EPSPs produced by nearly all of the unlabeled excitatory cells. We have previously shown that these compounds block both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type and non-NMDA receptors on cultured cortical neurons (Huettner and Baughman, 1986). The specific NMDA receptor antagonist 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV) did not alter short-latency EPSPs recorded in 1 mM Mg2+, but did reduce longer-latency EPSPs polysynaptic activity. Since responses mediated by the NMDA receptor are known to be antagonized by Mg2+ (Mayer and Westbrook, 1985), we perfused cultures with Mg2+-free medium and found that the falling phase of some monosynaptic EPSPs was prolonged. Addition of APV to Mg2+-free medium reduced the duration of the falling phase of EPSPs such that they returned to the time course obtained in 1 mM Mg2+.
OBBTree: a hierarchical structure for rapid interference detection

We present a data structure and an algorithm for efficient and exact interference detection amongst complex models undergoing rigid motion. The algorithm is applicable to all general polygonal models. It pre-computes a hierarchical representation of models using tight-fitting oriented bounding b ox trees (OBBTrees). At runtime, the algorithm traverses two such trees and tests for overlaps between oriented bounding boxes based on a separating axis theorem, which takes less than 200 operations in practice. It has been implemented and we compare its performance with other hierarchical data structures. In particular, it can robustly and accurately detect all the contacts between large complex geometries composed of hundreds of thousands of polygons at interactive rates.