Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
ON THE INTEGERS WHICH ARE THE TOTIENT OF A PRODUCT OF THREE PRIMES

THRXGHOUT this paper p, 4, r, p’, Q’, r’, s, P are used t’o denote prime numbers; E a,n arbitrarily small positive number; n all sufficiently large integers, i.e. n > n(e); N{p,m) the number of the primes p not exceeding m and belonging to a defined set. The C denote positive absolute const’ants, not always the same in ea’ch occurrence. I prove the following THEOREM. I’ f(f(n) is th e number of solutions of the equation
Governance of sustainable development: co-evolution of corporate and political strategies

This article proposes a policy framework for analysing corporate governance toward sustainable development. The aim is to set up a framework for analysing market evolution toward sustainability. In the first section, the paper briefly refers to recent theories about both market and government failures that express scepticism about the way that framework conditions for market actors are set. For this reason, multi-layered governance structures seem advantageous if new solutions are to be developed in policy areas concerned with long-term change and stepwise internalisation of externalities. The paper introduces the principle of regulated self-regulation. With regard to corporate actors' interests, it presents recent insights from theories about the knowledge-based firm, where the creation of new knowledge is based on the absorption of societal views. The result is greater scope for the endogenous internalisation of externalities, which leads to a variety of new and different corporate strategies. Because governance has to set incentives for quite a diverse set of actors in their daily operations, the paper finally discusses innovation-inducing regulation. In both areas, regulated self-regulation and innovation-inducing regulation, corporate and political governance co-evolve. The paper concludes that these co-evolutionary mechanisms may assume some of the stabilising and orientating functions previously exercised by framing activities of the state. In such a view, the government's main function is to facilitate learning processes, thus departing from the state's function as known from welfare economics.
Selective in vivo damage by "visible" light of BrdU-containing mitochondrial DNA in a thymidine kinase-deficient mouse cell line with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity.

The selective incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) into mitochondrial DNA (mit-DNA) in the LM(TK-) Cl ID cell line, a thymidine kinase-deficient derivative of L, fibrobla8ts with persistent mitochondrial enzyme activity, has been utilized to specifically damage mit-DNA by 'visible' light irradiation. ('Visible light' indicates the source of light used, although the components most active photochemically on BrdU-substituted DNA are in the near-visible range, 300—340 nm.) (Szybalski & Opara-Kubinski, 1965). LM(TK-) Cl ID cells, which had been grown in the presence of 30 µg/ml BrdU, were irradiated with 'visible' light. Analysis of the pre-existing mit-DNA in these cells, which had been long-term labelled with [5-3H]deoxycytidine, showed a progressive decrease, with increasing duration of irradiation, in the proportion of the closed-circular form and an increase in that of the open-circular form of mit-DNA, with the subsequent appearance of fragments of this DNA. Furthermore, there was a decrease during irradiation in the total amount of mit-DNA, which became about 35% of the non-irradiated control after 65 h irradiation. On the other hand, irradiation with 'visible' light failed to cause any quantitative or qualitative change, with respect to the non-irradiated control, in mit-DNA from cells grown in the absence of BrdU and long-term labelled with [Me-3H]thymidine. An analysis of the incorporation of [5-3H]deoxycytidine into mit-DNA of BrdU-grown cells, during a 3-h exposure of the cells to the precursor following irradiation, showed a fairly rapid decline of mit-DNA labelling; this became about 50% of the non-irradiated control after 12 h irradiation, decreasing to about 25% in the next 48 h. By contrast, no effect of irradiation was observed on the subsequent pulse-labelling of mit-DNA with [Me-3H] thymidine in cells grown in the absence of BrdU. Furthermore, no change in the size of the extracted nuclear DNA was found in irradiated BrdU-grown cells. The progressive and selective damage and destruction of mit-DNA during irradiation with 'visible' light of Cl ID cells correlate fairly well with the kinetics of loss of cell viability occurring under the same conditions, as described in the accompanying paper, strongly suggesting a link between the two phenomena.
Flexural limb deformities in a cohort of Thoroughbred foals on commercial stud farms

Introduction The production focus of the New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry is the generation of successful racehorses which are marketed for sale as a yearling (Fennessy 2010). The return on investment is largely influenced by the ability to sell to international buyers and this, is in turn, influenced by the auction sales through which the yearling is marketed (Waldron et al. 2011). Selection into the different sales categories is dependent on the pedigree and physical appearance (mature height and correctness of conformation). The focus by purchasers on conformation, and limb conformation in particular, may be due to musculoskeletal injury accounting approximately one third of lost training days and the industry perception of an association between certain conformations and a predilection to injury (Perkins et al. 2005). Thus, there is considerable focus by breeders on optimising the growth rate of the foal and the presentation of a foal with correct conformation. Poor or incorrect conformation can be attributed to acquired or congenital deformities. Acquired deformities are often associated with an acute event or in some cases associated with rapid growth rates, and because of this, can be mitigated by changes in management practice. The causes of congenital deformities are poorly understood, and as such not easily prevented. The management of congenital limb deformities requires rapid decision making by the breeder within the first week(s) post-partum due to the rapid growth of the Thoroughbred foal (Morel et al. 2007) and the relatively small developmental window in which the foal is responsive to conservative or aggressive treatment of the limb deformity. It is, therefore, important to obtain data on the risk factors for limb deformities, the range of severity of limb deformities present and the responsiveness of the limb deformities to the common treatments routinely used in the commercial Thoroughbred industry.
The effect of electrode size on memristor properties: An experimental and theoretical study

The width of the electrodes is not included in the current phenomenological models of memristance, but is included in the memory-conservation (mem-con) theory of memristance. An experimental study of the effect of changing the top electrode width was performed on titanium dioxide sol-gel memristors. It was demonstrated that both the on resistance, Ron, and the off resistance, Roff, decreased with increasing electrode size. The memory function part of the mem-con model could fit the relationship between Ron and electrode size. Similarly, the conservation function fits the change in Roff, The experimentally measured hysteresis did not fit the phenomenological model's predictions. Instead the size of the hysteresis increased with increasing electrode size, and correlated well to decreasing Ron.
Limited Correlation Between Conventional Pathologist and Automatic Computer-Assisted Quantification of Hepatic Steatosis due to Difference Between Event-Based and Surface-Based Analysis

Computer-assisted automatic quantification (CAQ) was developed as an alternative method for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis in order to compensate for observer-dependent bias. Here, we aim to demonstrate that CAQ can provide an accurate and precise result in analysis of fatty content, but that it is inappropriate to validate CAQ by comparison with conventional pathologist estimation (PE). Male rats were fed with a methionine-choline-deficient plus high-fat diet for three days, one week, or two weeks to induce mild, moderate, or severe steatosis. Samples were collected from all liver lobes. Severity of hepatic steatosis was assessed by an experienced pathologist who estimated the percentage of hepatocytes containing lipid droplets. Fatty content was quantified by PE, CAQ, and biochemical analysis (BA). CAQ, PE, and BA can correctly reflect severe fatty change. However, in the case of mild and moderate steatosis, PE could not reflect the true fatty content ( r between PE and BA was <;0). The result of CAQ correlated well with that of BA among the various degrees of severity of hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, due to a difference between event-based and surface-based analysis, it is inappropriate to validate the CAQ of hepatic steatosis by comparison with PE.
Material Hardship and Alcohol Use among Low-income Households in South Korea

This study aimed to examine the association between material hardship and alcohol use among low-income households in Korea, with particular attention to whether the association was mediated by family conflict and self-esteem. Using a nationally representative sample of 960 low-income households, this study conducted a path analysis to test a structural model liking material hardship to alcohol use through family conflict and self-esteem. The significance of indirect paths was tested by a Sobel test. This study found that experiencing material hardship was directly associated with low levels of coping skills for family conflict and low levels of self-esteem, but not with alcohol use. However, material hardship was indirectly associated with alcohol use through low levels of coping skills for family conflict as well as low levels of self-esteem. The findings of this study suggest that experiencing material hardship among low-income households would be a socio-structural stressor for alcohol use, particularly in that it increases secondary role and intra-psychic strains. Implications to address material hardship and alcohol use among low-income households were discussed.
Potential benefits of allogeneic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells for wound healing

Introduction: It is becoming increasingly evident that select adult stem cells have the capacity to participate in repair and regeneration of damaged and/or diseased tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells have been among the most studied adult stem cells for the treatment of a variety of conditions, including wound healing. Areas covered: Mesenchymal stem cell features potentially beneficial to cutaneous wound healing applications are reviewed. Expert opinion: Given their potential for in vitro expansion and immune modulatory effects, both autologous and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells appear to be well suited as wound healing therapies. Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells derived from young healthy donors could have particular advantage over autologous sources where age and systemic disease can be significant factors.
Explorer Bayesian Phylogeography Finds Its Roots

As a key factor in endemic and epidemic dynamics, the geographical distribution of viruses has been frequently interpreted in the light of their genetic histories. Unfortunately, inference of historical dispersal or migration patterns of viruses has mainly been restricted to model-free heuristic approaches that provide little insight into the temporal setting of the spatial dynamics. The introduction of probabilistic models of evolution, however, offers unique opportunities to engage in this statistical endeavor. Here we introduce a Bayesian framework for inference, visualization and hypothesis testing of phylogeographic history. By implementing character mapping in a Bayesian software that samples time-scaled phylogenies, we enable the reconstruction of timed viral dispersal patterns while accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty. Standard Markov model inference is extended with a stochastic search variable selection procedure that identifies the parsimonious descriptions of the diffusion process. In addition, we propose priors that can incorporate geographical sampling distributions or characterize alternative hypotheses about the spatial dynamics. To visualize the spatial and temporal information, we summarize inferences using virtual globe software. We describe how Bayesian phylogeography compares with previous parsimony analysis in the investigation of the influenza A H5N1 origin and H5N1 epidemiological linkage among sampling localities. Analysis of rabies in West African dog populations reveals how virus diffusion may enable endemic maintenance through continuous epidemic cycles. From these analyses, we conclude that our phylogeographic framework will make an important asset in molecular epidemiology that can be easily generalized to infer biogeogeography from genetic data for many organisms. Citation: Lemey P, Rambaut A, Drummond AJ, Suchard MA (2009) Bayesian Phylogeography Finds Its Roots. PLoS Comput Biol 5(9): e1000520. doi:10.1371/ journal.pcbi. 1000520 Editor: Christophe Fraser, Imperial College London, United Kingdom Received February 27, 2009; Accepted August 25, 2009; Published September 25, 2009 Copyright: 2009 Lemey et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: PL was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Fund for Scientific Research (FWO) Flanders and FWO grant G.0513. 06. AR is supported by The Royal Society. MAS is supported by NIH R01 GM086887 and the Marsden Fund (with AJD). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: philippe.lemey@uz.kuleuven. be
Human Benchmarks on AI ’ s Benchmark Problems

Default reasoning occurs when the available information does not deductively guarantee the truth of the conclusion; and the conclusion is nonetheless correctly arrived at. The formalisms that have been developed in Artificial Intelligence to capture this mode of reasoning have suffered from a lack of agreement as to which non-monotonic inferences should be considered correct; and so Lifschitz 1989 produced a set of “Nonmonotonic Benchmark Problems” which all future formalisms are supposed to honor. The present work investigates the extent to which humans follow the prescriptions set out in these Benchmark Problems.
Organizing Artworks in an Ontology-based Semantic Affective Space

In this paper, we focus on applying sentiment analysis to resources from online collections, by exploiting, as information source, tags intended as textual traces that visitors leave for commenting artworks on social platforms. Our aim is to create a semantic social space where artworks can be dynamically organized according to an ontology of emotions. We propose to tackle this issue in a semantic web setting, through the development of an ontology of emotional categories based on Plutchik’s circumplex model, a well-founded psychological model of human emotions. The ontology has been conceived for categorizing emotiondenoting words and has been populated with Italian terms. The capability of detecting emotions in artworks can foster the development of emotion-aware search engines, emotional tag clouds or interactive map of emotions, which could enable new ways of accessing and exploring art collections. First experiments on tags and artworks from the ArsMeteo Italian web portal are discussed.
Insertion of the Ca2+-Independent Phospholipase A2 into a Phospholipid Bilayer via Coarse-Grained and Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Group VI Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) is a water-soluble enzyme that is active when associated with phospholipid membranes. Despite its clear pharmaceutical relevance, no X-ray or NMR structural information is currently available for the iPLA2 or its membrane complex. In this paper, we combine homology modeling with coarse-grained (CG) and all-atom (AA) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to build structural models of iPLA2 in association with a phospholipid bilayer. CG-MD simulations of the membrane insertion process were employed to provide a starting point for an atomistic description. Six AA-MD simulations were then conducted for 60 ns, starting from different initial CG structures, to refine the membrane complex. The resulting structures are shown to be consistent with each other and with deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (DXMS) experiments, suggesting that our approach is suitable for the modeling of iPLA2 at the membrane surface. The models show that an anchoring region (residues 710–724) forms an amphipathic helix that is stabilized by the membrane. In future studies, the proposed iPLA2 models should provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of lipid extraction and drug-inhibition. In addition, the dual-resolution approach discussed here should provide the means for the future exploration of the impact of lipid diversity and sequence mutations on the activity of iPLA2 and related enzymes.
Bronchoalveolar cellularity and interleukin-8 levels in measles bronchiolitis obliterans.

BACKGROUND Measles virus infection may progress to a chronic obstructive process including bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). This study investigates pulmonary cellular profiles and interleukin (IL)-8 levels in patients with BO following the measles. METHODS BAL fluid was obtained from 12 children with BO who had a history of measles pneumonia during an outbreak in 2000 and 2001. BAL cell counts and differentials were compared to control patients as well as BAL IL-8 levels, which were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemical staining of BAL cells and three open-lung biopsy specimens were also analyzed for T-cell surface markers CD3, CD4, and CD8. RESULTS BAL cellular profiles were characterized by a significantly increased percentage of neutrophils in the measles BO group (median, 16.0%) compared to the control group (2.3%) [p < 0.01]. BAL IL-8 levels were also markedly increased in the measles BO group (mean +/- SD, 418.6 +/- 286.0 pg/mL) compared to the control group (92.8 +/- 126.7 pg/mL) [p < 0.01]. BAL IL-8 levels correlated significantly with neutrophil percentages in both the measles BO group (r = 0.86, p = 0.000) and the control group (r = 0.79, p = 0.007). The lymphocyte subsets were characterized by a significantly increased number of CD8+ cells, resulting in a decreased CD4/CD8 ratio in the BAL and the biopsy specimens. CONCLUSION These results suggest that pulmonary neutrophils and IL-8, along with CD8+ T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BO after measles virus infection.
Exposure of the U.S. Population to Bisphenol A and 4-tertiary-Octylphenol: 2003–2004

Background Bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-tertiary-octylphenol (tOP) are industrial chemicals used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins (BPA) and nonionic surfactants (tOP). These products are in widespread use in the United States. Objectives We aimed to assess exposure to BPA and tOP in the U.S. general population. Methods We measured the total (free plus conjugated) urinary concentrations of BPA and tOP in 2,517 participants ≥ 6 years of age in the 2003–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey using automated solid-phase extraction coupled to isotope dilution–high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Results BPA and tOP were detected in 92.6% and 57.4% of the persons, respectively. Least square geometric mean (LSGM) concentrations of BPA were significantly lower in Mexican Americans than in non-Hispanic blacks (p = 0.006) and non-Hispanic whites (p = 0.007); LSGM concentrations for non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites were not statistically different (p = 0.21). Females had statistically higher BPA LSGM concentrations than males (p = 0.043). Children had higher concentrations than adolescents (p < 0.001), who in turn had higher concentrations than adults (p = 0.003). LSGM concentrations were lowest for participants in the high household income category (> $45,000/year). Conclusions Urine concentrations of total BPA differed by race/ethnicity, age, sex, and household income. These first U.S. population representative concentration data for urinary BPA and tOP should help guide public health research priorities, including studies of exposure pathways, potential health effects, and risk assessment.
Upregulated MicroRNA-155 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells and Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Objective. This study was to screen for the miRNAs differently expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of RA, to further identify the expression of miR-155 in RA PBMC and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS), and to evaluate the function of miR-155 in RA-FLS. Methods. Microarray was used to screen for differentially expressed miRNAs in RA PBMC. miR-155 expression in PBMC and FLS of RA were identified by real-time PCR. Enforced overexpression and downexpression of miR-155 were used to investigate the function of miR-155 in RA-FLS. Expression of IKBKE which was previously identified as the actual target of miR-155 was examined by Western blot and real-time PCR in RA-FLS. Results. miR-155 levels were increased in both PBMC and FLS of RA and could be induced by TNF-α. Upregulation of miR-155 decreased MMP-3 levels and suppressed proliferation and invasion of RA-FLS. Inverse relationship between the expressions of miR-155 and the MMPs production-related protein IKBKE was found. Conclusion. An inflammatory milieu may alter miRNA expression profiles in rheumatoid arthritis. miR-155 is upregulated in RA-FLS, and it may be a protective factor against the inflammatory effect in part by attenuating expression of IKBKE.
Clinical Information Extraction at the CLEF eHealth Evaluation lab 2016

This paper reports on Task 2 of the 2016 CLEF eHealth evaluation lab which extended the previous information extraction tasks of ShARe/CLEF eHealth evaluation labs. The task continued with named entity recognition and normalization in French narratives, as offered in CLEF eHealth 2015. Named entity recognition involved ten types of entities including disorders that were defined according to Semantic Groups in the Unified Medical Language System® (UMLS®), which was also used for normalizing the entities. In addition, we introduced a large-scale classification task in French death certificates, which consisted of extracting causes of death as coded in the International Classification of Diseases, tenth revision (ICD10). Participant systems were evaluated against a blind reference standard of 832 titles of scientific articles indexed in MEDLINE, 4 drug monographs published by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) and 27,850 death certificates using Precision, Recall and F-measure. In total, seven teams participated, including five in the entity recognition and normalization task, and five in the death certificate coding task. Three teams submitted their systems to our newly offered reproducibility track. For entity recognition, the highest performance was achieved on the EMEA corpus, with an overall F-measure of 0.702 for plain entities recognition and 0.529 for normalized entity recognition. For entity normalization, the highest performance was achieved on the MEDLINE corpus, with an overall F-measure of 0.552. For death certificate coding, the highest performance was 0.848 F-measure.