Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Melanophores in the stripes of adult zebrafish do not have the nature to gather, but disperse when they have the space to move

Animal skin pattern is one of the good model systems used to study the mechanism of pattern formation. Molecular genetic studies with zebrafish have shown that pigment cells play a major role in the mechanism of stripe formation. Among the variety of cellular events that may be involved in the mechanism, aggregation of melanophores has been suggested as an important factor for pattern formation. However, only a few experimental studies detected the migration ability of melanophores in vivo. Here, we tried to determine whether melanophores really have the ability to aggregate in the skin of zebrafish. Melanophores in the adult stripes are packed densely and they rarely move. However, when the neighboring pigment cells are killed, they move and regenerate the stripe pattern, suggesting that melanophores retain the migration ability. To analyze the migration, we ablated a part of the melanophores by laser to give free space to the remaining cells; we then traced the migration. Contrary to our expectation, we found that melanophores repulsed one another and dispersed from the aggregated condition in the absence of xanthophores. Apparent aggregation may be forced by the stronger repulsive effect against the xanthophores, which excludes melanophores from the yellow stripe region.
A probabilistic signal-strength-based evaluation methodology for sensor network deployment

The deployment of sensor networks have attracted a lot of attention recently. In essence this issue is concerned with how well a sensing field is monitored by sensors to achieve a particular coverage. In this paper, we propose a signal-strength-based approach to evaluate how well a sensing field is covered/monitored. We first formulate object tracking by a single sensor as a Gaussian-error model. Then we establish an error model on location estimation given that the location of an object is known. This leads to a model to evaluate a sensor network with given locations of sensors. We then apply the result to several applications, such as adding more sensor nodes for error reduction and scheduling power modes (awake or sleep) of sensors, and demonstrate our simulation results.
Definition of Initial Grading, Specific Events, and Overall Outcome in Patients With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Survey

Background and Purpose Scientific communication in medicine can be effective only if reports are based on unequivocal criteria for clinical conditions or specific diagnoses. Methods We reviewed all articles about subarachnoid hemorrhage published in nine neurosurgical or neurological journals from 1985 through 1992 and assessed the presence and the precision of definitions used for reporting the initial grade, the specific complications of rebleeding, delayed cerebral ischemia, and hydrocephalus, and the overall outcome. We identified 184 articles reporting direct observations in at least 10 patients on one or more of these conditions. Results Of 161 articles reporting the initial condition, only 19% used an unequivocal grading system (World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Scale or Glasgow Coma Scale); this proportion did not increase after 1988, when the World Federation of Neurological Surgeons Scale was introduced. The specific outcome events of rebleeding, ischemia, and hydrocephalus (283 instances) were sufficiently defined in only 31% of instances, incompletely in 22%, and not at all in 47%. The proportions were similar when the results were analyzed according to the type of complication, the year of publication, or per study. The four exclusively neurosurgical journals featured suitable definitions for any of the three outcome events in 20% of 209 instances, whereas the five mainly neurological journals published fewer articles about subarachnoid hemorrhage (74 instances of outcome events) but more often with precise criteria (65%). Overall outcome was adequately reported in 63% of all articles, with an increase over the years (54% in 1985 through 1988, 71% in 1989 through 1992). Conclusions Reports about subarachnoid hemorrhage require closer scrutiny before publication to ascertain whether the conclusions about specific outcome events are based on unequivocal criteria.
Future Extreme Climates Projection over Huang-Huai-Hai Region of China

This study projects the future extreme climate changes over Huang-Huai-Hai (3H) region in China using a regional climate model (RegCM4). The RegCM4 performs well in “current” climate (1970-1999) simulations by compared with the available surface station data, focusing on near-surface air temperature and precipitation. Future climate changes are evaluated based on experiments driven by European-Hamburg general climate model (ECHAM5) in A1B future scenario (2070-2099). The results show that the annual temperature increase about 3.4 °C-4.2 °C and the annual precipitation increase about 5-15% in most of 3H region at the end of 21st century. The model predicts a generally less frost days, longer growing season, more hot days, no obvious change in heat wave duration index, larger maximum five-day rainfall, more heavy rain days, and larger daily rainfall intensity. The results indicate a higher risk of floods in the future warmer climate. In addition, the consecutive dry days in Huai River Basin will increase, indicating more serve drought and floods conditions in this region.
Analysis of the Assembly Profiles for Mitochondrial- and Nuclear-DNA-Encoded Subunits into Complex I

ABSTRACT Complex I of the respiratory chain is composed of at least 45 subunits that assemble together at the mitochondrial inner membrane. Defects in human complex I result in energy generation disorders and are also implicated in Parkinson's disease and altered apoptotic signaling. The assembly of this complex is poorly understood and is complicated by its large size and its regulation by two genomes, with seven subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the remainder encoded by nuclear genes. Here we analyzed the assembly of a number of mtDNA- and nuclear-gene-encoded subunits into complex I. We found that mtDNA-encoded subunits first assemble into intermediate complexes and require significant chase times for their integration into the holoenzyme. In contrast, a set of newly imported nuclear-gene-encoded subunits integrate with preexisting complex I subunits to form intermediates and/or the fully assembly holoenzyme. One of the intermediate complexes represents a subassembly associated with the chaperone B17.2L. By using isolated patient mitochondria, we show that this subassembly is a productive intermediate in complex I assembly since import of the missing subunit restores complex I assembly. Our studies point to a mechanism of complex I biogenesis involving two complementary processes, (i) synthesis of mtDNA-encoded subunits to seed de novo assembly and (ii) exchange of preexisting subunits with newly imported ones to maintain complex I homeostasis. Subunit exchange may also act as an efficient mechanism to prevent the accumulation of oxidatively damaged subunits that would otherwise be detrimental to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and have the potential to cause disease.
Maximum segmented-scene spatial entropy thresholding

The segmented-scene spatial entropy (SSE) is defined as the amount of information contained in the spatial structure of a segmented scene resulting from segmenting an image. An automatic, nonparametric, unsupervised thresholding algorithm that maximizes the SSE of an image is described, and this algorithm is known as the maximum segmented-scene spatial entropy (MSSE) thresholding algorithm. It is shown that the MSSE-thresholded image contains the maximum amount of information about the original scene and hence good thresholding results are warranted. Simulation and practical results are presented to illustrate the improvement in performance as compared to some other histogram-based thresholding algorithms.
A Developmental Examination of Amygdala Response to Facial Expressions

Several lines of evidence implicate the amygdala in face-emotion processing, particularly for fearful facial expressions. Related findings suggest that face-emotion processing engages the amygdala within an interconnected circuitry that can be studied using a functional-connectivity approach. Past work also underscores important functional changes in the amygdala during development. Taken together, prior research on amygdala function and development reveals a need for more work examining developmental changes in the amygdala's response to fearful faces and in amygdala functional connectivity during face processing. The present study used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare 31 adolescents (917 years old) and 30 adults (2140 years old) on activation to fearful faces in the amygdala and other regions implicated in face processing. Moreover, these data were used to compare patterns of amygdala functional connectivity in adolescents and adults. During passive viewing, adolescents demonstrated greater amygdala and fusiform activation to fearful faces than did adults. Functional connectivity analysis revealed stronger connectivity between the amygdala and the hippocampus in adults than in adolescents. Within each group, variability in age did not correlate with amygdala response, and sex-related developmental differences in amygdala response were not found. Eye movement data collected outside of the magnetic resonance imaging scanner using the same task suggested that developmental differences in amygdala activation were not attributable to differences in eye-gaze patterns. Amygdala hyperactivation in response to fearful faces may explain increased vulnerability to affective disorders in adolescence; stronger amygdala-hippocampus connectivity in adults than adolescents may reflect maturation in learning or habituation to facial expressions.
Processing and Nuclear Localization of CRMP2 during Brain Development Induce Neurite Outgrowth Inhibition*

Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are believed to play a crucial role in neuronal differentiation and axonal outgrowth. Among them, CRMP2 mediates axonal guidance by collapsing growth cones during development. This activity is correlated with the reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins. CRMP2 is implicated in the regulation of several intracellular signaling pathways. Two subtypes, A and B, and multiple cytosolic isoforms of CRMP2B with apparent masses between 62 and 66 kDa have previously been reported. Here, we show a new short isoform of 58 kDa, expressed during brain development, derived from C-terminal processing of the CRMP2B subtype. Although full-length CRMP2 is restricted to the cytoplasm, using transfection experiments, we demonstrate that a part of the short isoform is found in the nucleus. Interestingly, at the tissue level, this short CRMP2 is also found in a nuclear fraction of brain extract. By mutational analysis, we demonstrate, for the first time, that nuclear translocation occurs via nuclear localization signal (NLS) within residues Arg471-Lys472 in CRMP2 sequence. The NLS may be unmasked after C-terminal processing; thereby, this motif may be surface-exposed. This short CRMP2 induces neurite outgrowth inhibition in neuroblastoma cells and suppressed axonal growth in cultured cortical neurons, whereas full-length CRMP2 promotes neurite elongation. The NLS-mutated short isoform, restricted to the cytoplasm, abrogates both neurite outgrowth and axon growth inhibition, indicating that short nuclear CRMP2 acts as a dominant signal. Therefore, post-transcriptional processing of CRMP2 together with its nuclear localization may be an important key in the regulation of neurite outgrowth in brain development.
Repeatability of glass fiber reinforced polymer laminate panels manufactured by hand lay-up and vacuum-assisted resin infusion

The paper presents a comparison of the test results for the fiber volume fraction, static bending and Charpy impact strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer laminates reinforced by 0/90 fabric and chopped strand mat, produced by the hand lay-up and the vacuum-assisted resin infusion (VARI) method. The laminates were produced under equivalent conditions, with polyester matrix and lay-up areal mass 2100 g/m2. In the comparison of the obtained measurement results, similar mechanical performance was stated in the case of the hand lay-up and the VARI production. However, significantly smaller scatter of results and better uniformity of the reinforcement in the matrix with smaller amount of local structure defects was observed for the samples obtained by VARI method. The laminates obtained by VARI method show a much more advantageous coefficient of variation than that of the hand lay-up method, especially in the case of the mat reinforcement.
Neuron to glia signaling triggers myelin membrane exocytosis from endosomal storage sites

During vertebrate brain development, axons are enwrapped by myelin, an insulating membrane produced by oligodendrocytes. Neuron-derived signaling molecules are temporally and spatially required to coordinate oligodendrocyte differentiation. In this study, we show that neurons regulate myelin membrane trafficking in oligodendrocytes. In the absence of neurons, the major myelin membrane protein, the proteolipid protein (PLP), is internalized and stored in late endosomes/lysosomes (LEs/Ls) by a cholesterol-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis pathway that requires actin and the RhoA guanosine triphosphatase. Upon maturation, the rate of endocytosis is reduced, and a cAMP-dependent neuronal signal triggers the transport of PLP from LEs/Ls to the plasma membrane. These findings reveal a fundamental and novel role of LEs/Ls in oligodendrocytes: to store and release PLP in a regulated fashion. The release of myelin membrane from LEs/Ls by neuronal signals may represent a mechanism to control myelin membrane growth.
Association of Maternal Vitamin D Status with Glucose Tolerance and Caesarean Section in a Multi-Ethnic Asian Cohort: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes Study

Objective Epidemiological studies relating maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and mode of delivery have shown controversial results. We examined if maternal 25OHD status was associated with plasma glucose concentrations, risks of GDM and caesarean section in the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) study. Methods Plasma 25OHD concentrations, fasting glucose (FG) and 2-hour postprandial glucose (2HPPG) concentrations were measured in 940 women from a Singapore mother-offspring cohort study at 26–28 weeks’ gestation. 25OHD inadequacy and adequacy were defined based on concentrations of 25OHD ≤75nmol/l and >75nmol/l respectively. Mode of delivery was obtained from hospital records. Multiple linear regression was performed to examine the association between 25OHD status and glucose concentrations, while multiple logistic regression was performed to examine the association of 25OHD status with risks of GDM and caesarean section. Results In total, 388 (41.3%) women had 25OHD inadequacy. Of these, 131 (33.8%), 155 (39.9%) and 102 (26.3%) were Chinese, Malay and Indian respectively. After adjustment for confounders, maternal 25OHD inadequacy was associated with higher FG concentrations (β = 0.08mmol/l, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.01, 0.14), but not 2HPPG concentrations and risk of GDM. A trend between 25OHD inadequacy and higher likelihood of emergency caesarean section (Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.39, 95% CI = 0.95, 2.05) was observed. On stratification by ethnicity, the association with higher FG concentrations was significant in Malay women (β = 0.19mmol/l, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.33), while risk of emergency caesarean section was greater in Chinese (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.06, 3.43) and Indian women (OR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.01, 5.73). Conclusions 25OHD inadequacy is prevalent in pregnant Singaporean women, particularly among the Malay and Indian women. This is associated with higher FG concentrations in Malay women, and increased risk of emergency caesarean section in Chinese and Indian women.
Functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels on mouse Schwann cells cultured in serum‐free medium: regulation by a diffusible factor from neurons and by cAMP

Regulation of expression of functional voltage‐gated ion channels for inward currents was studied in Schwann cells in organotypic cultures of dorsal root ganglia from E19 mouse embryos maintained in serum‐free medium. Of the Schwann cells that did not contact axons, 46.5% expressed T‐type Ca2+ conductances (ICaT). Two days or more after excision of the ganglia, and consequent disappearance of neurites, ICaT were detectable in only 10.9% of the cells, and the marker 04 disappeared. On Schwann cells deprived of neurons, T‐ (but not L‐) type Ca2+ conductances were re‐induced by weakly hydrolysable analogues of cAMP, and by forskolin (an activator of adenylyl cyclase) after long‐term treatment (4 days). With CPT cAMP (0.1–2 mm), 8Br cAMP, db cAMP or forskolin (0.01 or 0.1 mm), the proportion of cells with ICaT was not significantly different from the proportion in the cultures with neurons. These agents also induced expression in some cells of tetrodotoxin‐resistant Na+ currents, which were rarely induced by neurons, but 04 was not re‐induced by cAMP analogue treatments that re‐induced ICaT. Inward currents (Ba2+ or Na+) were partly restored (P < 0.05) on Schwann cells cultured for 6–7 days beneath a filter bearing cultured neurons. In contrast, addition of neuron‐conditioned medium was ineffective. The results suggest that neurons activate, via diffusible and degradable factors, a subset of Schwann cell cAMP pathways leading to expression of ICaT, and activate additional non‐cAMP pathways that lead to expression of 04.
ASYMPTOTICALLY STABLE MULTI-VALUED MANY-TO-MANY ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY NEURAL NETWORK AND ITS APPLICATION IN IMAGE RETRIEVAL

As an important artificial neural network, associative memory model can be employed to mimic human thinking and machine intelligence. In this paper, first, a multi-valued many-to-many Gaussian associative memory model (M 3 GAM) is proposed by introducing the Gaussian unidirectional associative mem- ory model (GUAM) and Gaussian bidirectional associative memory model (GBAM) into Hattori et al's multi-module associative memory model ((MMA) 2 ). Second, the M 3 GAM's asymptotical stability is proved theoretically in both synchronous and asynchronous update modes, which ensures that the stored patterns become the M 3 GAM's stable points. Third, by substituting the general similarity metric for the negative squared Euclidean distance in M 3 GAM, the generalized multi- valued many-to-many Gaussian associative memory model (GM 3 GAM) is pre- sented, which makes the M 3 GAM become its special case. Finally, we investigate the M 3 GAM's application in association-based image retrieval, and the computer simulation results verify the M 3 GAM's robust performance.
Learning Identity Mappings with Residual Gates

We propose a layer augmentation technique that adds shortcut connections with a linear gating mechanism, and can be applied to almost any network model. By using a scalar parameter to control each gate, we provide a way to learn identity mappings by optimizing only one parameter. We build upon the motivation behind Highway Neural Networks and Residual Networks, where a layer is reformulated in order to make learning identity mappings less problematic to the optimizer. The augmentation introduces only one extra parameter per layer, and provides easier optimization by making degeneration into identity mappings simpler. Experimental results show that augmenting layers provides better optimization, increased performance, and more layer independence. We evaluate our method on MNIST using fully-connected networks, showing empirical indications that our augmentation facilitates the optimization of deep models, and that it provides high tolerance to full layer removal: the model retains over 90% of its performance even after half of its layers have been randomly removed. In our experiments, augmented plain networks -- which can be interpreted as simplified Highway Neural Networks -- outperform ResNets, raising new questions on how shortcut connections should be designed. We also evaluate our model on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 using augmented Wide ResNets, achieving 3.65% and 18.27% test error, respectively.
Brain-Penetrating Tumor Necrosis Factor Decoy Receptor in the Mouse

Biologic tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFIs) include TNF decoy receptors (TNFRs). TNFα plays a pathologic role in both acute and chronic brain disease. However, biologic TNFIs cannot be developed as brain therapeutics because these large molecule drugs do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). To enable penetration of the brain via receptor-mediated transport, the human TNFR type II was re-engineered as an IgG fusion protein, where the IgG part is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the mouse transferrin receptor (TfR), and this fusion protein is designated cTfRMAb-TNFR. The cTfRMAb part of the fusion protein acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the TNFR across the BBB via transport on the endogenous BBB TfR. cTfRMAb-TNFR was expressed by stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified by affinity chromatography to homogeneity on electrophoretic gels. The fusion protein reacted with antibodies to both mouse IgG and the human TNFR and bound TNFα with high affinity (Kd = 96 ± 34 pM). cTfRMAb-TNFR was rapidly transported into mouse brain in vivo after intravenous administration, and the brain uptake of the fusion protein was 2.8 ± 0.5% of injected dose per gram of brain, which is >45-fold higher than the brain uptake of an IgG that does not recognize the mouse TfR. This new IgG-TNFR fusion protein can be tested in mouse models of brain diseases in which TNFα plays a pathologic role.
using the genetic tug-of-war method cerevisiae Saccharomyces Identification of dosage-sensitive genes in Material Supplemental

Material Supplemental http://genome.cshlp. org/content/suppl/2013/01/04/gr.146662. 112.DC1. html References http://genome.cshlp. org/content/23/2/300.full. html#ref-list-1 This article cites 47 articles, 16 of which can be accessed free at: Open Access Open Access option. Genome Research Freely available online through the License Commons Creative . http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ described at as a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License), ). After six months, it is available under http://genome.cshlp. org/site/misc/terms.xhtml for the first six months after the full-issue publication date (see This article is distributed exclusively by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press