Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chinese-Speaking Children's Production of Wh-Questions

This paper deals with the acquisition of monoclausal wh-questions in Mandarin Chinese. Several experiments on the acquisition of wh-questions in Cantonese, English, Korean, and Japanese have been reported; however, the studies have yielded different results. In addition, no study of this issue in Mandarin Chinese-has been conducted. Hence, an experiment has been designed to test for the pure syntactic effects of a possible subject/object asymmetry in the relative difficulty of wh-questions in Mandarin Chinese. This experiment focuses on simple wh-questions which are subject wh-questions (e.g., Who is kicking John? ) and object wh-questions (e.g., Who is John kicking? ), and the crucial issue is whether subject wh-questions are easier to acquire than object wh-questions in Mandarin Chinese and how important is the role of age in the acquisition of wh-questions. The results show that subject wh-questions are much easier for Chinese-speaking children than object wh-questions and younger and older children do not behave differently.
A Tale of Two Voices: Relational Dialectics Theory

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. Charles Dickens (1967), A Tale of Two Cities
Intention Analysis for Sales, Marketing and Customer Service

In recent years, social media has become a customer touch-point for the business functions of marketing, sales and customer service. We aim to show that intention analysis might be useful to these business functions and that it can be performed effectively on short texts (at the granularity level of a single sentence). We demonstrate a scheme of categorization of intentions that is amenable to automation using simple machine learning techniques that are language-independent. We discuss the grounding that this scheme of categorization has in speech act theory. In the demonstration we go over a number of usage scenarios in an attempt to show that the use of automatic intention detection tools would benefit the business functions of sales, marketing and service. We also show that social media can be used not just to convey pleasure or displeasure (that is, to express sentiment) but also to discuss personal needs and to report problems (to express intentions). We evaluate methods for automatically discovering intentions in text, and establish that it is possible to perform intention analysis on social media with an accuracy of 66.97%±0.10%.
Structural Perspective on Enzymatic Halogenation

Simple halogen substituents frequently afford key structural features that account for the potency and selectivity of natural products, including antibiotics and hormones. For example, when a single chlorine atom on the antibiotic vancomycin is replaced by hydrogen, the resulting antibacterial activity decreases by up to 70% (HarrisC. M.; KannanR.; KopeckaH.; HarrisT. M.J. Am. Chem. Soc.1985, 107, 6652−6658). This Account analyzes how structure underlies mechanism in halogenases, the molecular machines designed by nature to incorporate halogens into diverse substrates. Traditional synthetic methods of integrating halogens into complex molecules are often complicated by a lack of specificity and regioselectivity. Nature, however, has developed a variety of elegant mechanisms for halogenating specific substrates with both regio- and stereoselectivity. An improved understanding of the biological routes toward halogenation could lead to the development of novel synthetic methods for the creation of new compounds with enhanced functions. Already, researchers have co-opted a fluorinase from the microorganism Streptomyces cattleya to produce 18F-labeled molecules for use in positron emission tomography (PET) (DengH.; CobbS. L.; GeeA. D.; LockhartA.; MartarelloL.; McGlincheyR. P.; O’HaganD.; OnegaM.Chem. Commun.2006, 652−654). Therefore, the discovery and characterization of naturally occurring enzymatic halogenation mechanisms has become an active area of research. The catalogue of known halogenating enzymes has expanded from the familiar haloperoxidases to include oxygen-dependent enzymes and fluorinases. Recently, the discovery of a nucleophilic halogenase that catalyzes chlorinations has expanded the repertoire of biological halogenation chemistry (DongC.; HuangF.; DengH.; SchaffrathC.; SpencerJ. B.; O’HaganD.; NaismithJ. H.Nature2004, 427, 561−56514765200). Structural characterization has provided a basis toward a mechanistic understanding of the specificity and chemistry of these enzymes. In particular, the latest crystallographic snapshots of active site architecture and halide binding sites have provided key insights into enzyme catalysis. Herein is a summary of the five classes of halogenases, focusing on the three most recently discovered: flavin-dependent halogenases, non-heme iron-dependent halogenases, and nucleophilic halogenases. Further, the potential roles of halide-binding sites in determining halide selectivity are discussed, as well as whether or not binding-site composition is always a seminal factor for selectivity. Expanding our understanding of the basic chemical principles that dictate the activity of the halogenases will advance both biology and chemistry. A thorough mechanistic analysis will elucidate the biological principles that dictate specificity, and the application of those principles to new synthetic techniques will expand the utility of halogenations in small-molecule development.
Corporate Bond Market Transaction Costs and Transparency

Using a complete record of U.S. over-the-counter (OTC) secondary trades in corporate bonds, we estimate average transaction costs as a function of trade size for each bond that traded more than nine times between January 2003 and January 2005. We find that transaction costs decrease significantly with trade size. Highly rated bonds, recently issued bonds, and bonds close to maturity have lower transaction costs than do other bonds. Costs are lower for bonds with transparent trade prices, and they drop when the TRACE system starts to publicly disseminate their prices. The results suggest that public traders benefit significantly from price transparency.
Sexual Self-Concept and Sexual Self-Disclosure: Examining the Role of Individual Factors within a Contextual Model of Sexual Self-Disclosure

Communicating about sex is important for romantic relationships because it is instrumental in maintaining sexual satisfaction in both the short and long term. Despite this, talking about sex is not an easy task for many people. This dissertation study extends current contextual understanding of sexual self-disclosure processes by examining individual and disclosure-level factors and their impact on the sexual selfdisclosure process. Using a sample of 582 emerging adults, this study examined the relationship between sexual self-concept, importance of impression management goals, perceptions of sexual self-disclosure risk, and sexual self-disclosure efficacy on a person’s likelihood to sexually self-disclose, the depth of sexual self-disclosure, and ultimately, sexual satisfaction. Results suggested that elements of the sexual self-concept are critical predictors of impression management goal importance and sexual selfdisclosure risk. Sexual self-disclosure efficacy was predicted by perceptions of risk. The likelihood of sexual self-disclosure was predicted by the confidence one has in their ability to accurately and effectively sexually self-disclose. Sexual satisfaction was not predicted by the perceived likelihood of sexual self-disclosure, but it was predicted by sexual self-esteem, an important element of the sexual self-concept. By looking beyond simply whether someone is communicating about sex with their relationship partner and instead understanding the dynamic influence of various contextual-level factors, the results of this study lend implications for future empirical understanding of sexual selfdisclosure processes, considerations for theory development and testing, and applications for therapy and sex education.
Decomposing of Socioeconomic Inequality in Mental Health: A Cross-Sectional Study into Female-Headed Households.

BACKGROUND Connection between socioeconomic statuses and mental health has been reported already. Accordingly, mental health asymmetrically is distributed in society; therefore, people with disadvantaged condition suffer from inconsistent burden of mental disorders. In this study, we aimed to understand the determinants of socioeconomic inequality of mental health in the female-headed households and decomposed contributions of socioeconomic determinants in mental health. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 787 female-headed households were enrolled using systematic random sampling in 2014. Data were taken from the household assets survey and a self-administered 28 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) as a screening tool for detection of possible cases of mental disorders. Inequality was measured by concentration index (CI) and as decomposing contribution in inequality. All analyses were performed by standard statistical software Stata 11.2. RESULTS The overall CI for mental health in the female-headed households was -0.049 (95% CI: -0.072, 0.025). The highly positive contributors for inequality in mental health in the female-headed households were age (34%) and poor household economic status (22%). CONCLUSIONS Socioeconomic inequalities exist in mental health into female-headed households and mental health problems more prevalent in women with lower socioeconomic status.
A Multiple-Case Study Examining Faculty Members’ Online Course Design and Teaching Experiences in Distance Education

ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION . 1 Statement of the Problem . 7 Purpose of the Study . 8 Significance of the Study . 9 Research Questions . 11 Definition of Terms.12 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW . 14 Michael Moore’s Three Types of Interaction Framework 14 Learner-Content Interaction . 15 Learner-Instructor Interaction . 16 Learner-Learner Interaction . 16 Systematic literature review . 17 Methods . 25 Inclusion and exclusion criteria . 25 Search Strategies and inclusion/exclusion criteria . 26 Study features coding and analyses . 26 Overview of the studies included . 27 Motivation . 35 Willingness to continue to teach online . 37 Motivating Factors for the faculty to teach online . 38 Personal motivating factors.38 Professional motivating factors.41 Institutional motivating factors . 45
Salivary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Lipid Peroxidation in Patients with Erosive Oral Lichen Planus

Background and aims. Oral lichen planus is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa with malignant potential, pathogenesis of which is not still well known. Free radicals and reactive oxygen species can play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in patients with oral lichen planus. Materials and methods.In this case-control study, 30 patients with oral lichen planus (case group) and 30 age-and gender-matched healthy subjects (control group), referring to Dental School of Babol University of Medical Sciences, were selected using simple sampling method. Unstimulated saliva of the two groups was collected. Salivary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation products were investigated and compared, using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) methods, respectively. Data were analyzed using Student' t-test. Results. The mean and standard deviation of salivary TAC in patients with oral lichen planus (297.23 ± 149.72 μM) was significantly lower than that in the controls (791.43 ± 183.95 μM; P & 0.0001), and mean and standard deviation of salivary malondialdehyde (MDA) (0.49 ± 0.30 μM) was remarkably higher in oral lichen planus patients compared to the control group (0.15 ± 0.11 μM) (P & 0.0001). TAC was also reduced in both groups in line with an increase in the level of MDA (P & 0.0001, r = -0.48). Conclusion. The results of this study suggested that an increase in oxidative stress and an imbalance in antioxidant defense system in the saliva of oral lichen planus patients may be involved in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus.
Hartle-Hawking state for the Bianchi type IX model in supergravity.

We solve the quantum constraints for homogeneous N=1 supergravity on 3-geometries with a Bianchi IX metric. Because these geometries admit Killing vectors with the same commutation relations as the angular momentum generators, there are two distinct definitions of homogeneity. The first of these is well-known and has been shown by D'Eath to give the wormhole state. We show that the alternative definition of homogeneity leads to the Hartle-Hawking ``no boundary" state.
The differing relationships between size, mass, metallicity and core velocity dispersion of central and satellite galaxies

We study the role of environment in the evolution of central and satellite galaxies with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We begin by studying the size-mass relation, replicating previous studies, which showed no difference between the sizes of centrals and satellites at fixed stellar mass, before turning our attention to the size-core velocity dispersion (σ0) and mass-σ0 relations. By comparing the median size and mass of the galaxies at fixed velocity dispersion we find that the central galaxies are consistently larger and more massive than their satellite counterparts in the quiescent population. In the star forming population we find there is no difference in size and only a small difference in mass. To analyse why these difference may be present we investigate the radial mass profiles and stellar metallicity of the galaxies. We find that in the cores of the galaxies there is no difference in mass surface density between centrals and satellites, but there is a large difference at larger radii. We also find almost no difference between the stellar metallicity of centrals and satellites when they are separated into star forming and quiescent groups. Under the assumption that σ0 is invariant to environmental processes, our results imply that central galaxies are likely being increased in mass and size by processes such as minor mergers, particularly at high σ0, while satellites are being slightly reduced in mass and size by tidal stripping and harassment, particularly at low σ0, all of which predominantly affect the outer regions of the galaxies.
Sparse MRI: The application of compressed sensing for rapid MR imaging

The sparsity which is implicit in MR images is exploited to significantly undersample k‐space. Some MR images such as angiograms are already sparse in the pixel representation; other, more complicated images have a sparse representation in some transform domain–for example, in terms of spatial finite‐differences or their wavelet coefficients. According to the recently developed mathematical theory of compressed‐sensing, images with a sparse representation can be recovered from randomly undersampled k‐space data, provided an appropriate nonlinear recovery scheme is used. Intuitively, artifacts due to random undersampling add as noise‐like interference. In the sparse transform domain the significant coefficients stand out above the interference. A nonlinear thresholding scheme can recover the sparse coefficients, effectively recovering the image itself. In this article, practical incoherent undersampling schemes are developed and analyzed by means of their aliasing interference. Incoherence is introduced by pseudo‐random variable‐density undersampling of phase‐encodes. The reconstruction is performed by minimizing the ℓ1 norm of a transformed image, subject to data fidelity constraints. Examples demonstrate improved spatial resolution and accelerated acquisition for multislice fast spin‐echo brain imaging and 3D contrast enhanced angiography. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deposit Insurance and Financial Development

This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of deposit insurance on financial development and stability, broadly defined to include the level of banking activity and the stability of the banking sector. We use a unique dataset capturing a variety of deposit insurance features across countries, such as coverage, premium structure, etc., and synthesize available information by means of principal component indices. This paper specifically addresses sample selection concerns by estimating a generalized Tobit model both via maximum likelihood and theHeckman two-stepmethod. The empirical construct is guided by recent theories of banking regulation that employ an agency framework. The basic moral hazard problem is the incentive for depository institutions to engage in excessively high-risk activities, relative to socially optimal outcomes, in order to increase the option value of their deposit insurance guarantee. The overall empirical evidence is consistent with the likelihood that generous government-funded deposit insurancemight have a negative impact on financial development and growth in the long run, except in countries where the rule of law is well established and bank supervisors are granted sufficient discretion and independence from legal reprisals. Insurance premium requirements on member banks, even when risk-adjusted, are instead found to have little effect in restraining banksÕ risk-taking behavior.
Ab Initio Structure Search and in Situ 7Li NMR Studies of Discharge Products in the Li–S Battery System

The high theoretical gravimetric capacity of the Li–S battery system makes it an attractive candidate for numerous energy storage applications. In practice, cell performance is plagued by low practical capacity and poor cycling. In an effort to explore the mechanism of the discharge with the goal of better understanding performance, we examine the Li–S phase diagram using computational techniques and complement this with an in situ 7Li NMR study of the cell during discharge. Both the computational and experimental studies are consistent with the suggestion that the only solid product formed in the cell is Li2S, formed soon after cell discharge is initiated. In situ NMR spectroscopy also allows the direct observation of soluble Li+-species during cell discharge; species that are known to be highly detrimental to capacity retention. We suggest that during the first discharge plateau, S is reduced to soluble polysulfide species concurrently with the formation of a solid component (Li2S) which forms near the beginning of the first plateau, in the cell configuration studied here. The NMR data suggest that the second plateau is defined by the reduction of the residual soluble species to solid product (Li2S). A ternary diagram is presented to rationalize the phases observed with NMR during the discharge pathway and provide thermodynamic underpinnings for the shape of the discharge profile as a function of cell composition.
Event extraction on Indonesian news article using multiclass categorization

Event extraction identifies who did what, when, where, why, and how, which is known as 5W1H. We aim to investigate event extraction on Indonesian news articles as multiclass-categorization problem, and apply statistical learning-based approach that treats event extraction as a sequence labeling problem under BIO (Begin Inside Outside) labeling scheme. Each token of input text will be classified into one of 13 predefined classes. Our contributions are providing 5W1H corpus, and the best technique to build model of event extraction. Our experiments show that C4.5 is better than AdaboostM1 although Adaboost can identify minority labels better than C4.5. In addition, C4.5 with all features gave the best Fmeasure of 0.666.
Inhaled CD86 Antisense Oligonucleotide Suppresses Pulmonary Inflammation and Airway Hyper-Responsiveness in Allergic Mice

The B7-family molecule CD86, expressed on the surface of pulmonary and thoracic lymph node antigen-presenting cells, delivers essential costimulatory signals for T-cell activation in response to inhaled allergens. CD86-CD28 signaling is involved in priming allergen-specific T cells, but it is unclear whether these interactions play a role in coordinating memory T-helper 2 cell responses. In the ovalbumin (OVA)-induced mouse model of asthma, administration of CD86-specific antibody before systemic sensitization suppresses inhaled OVA-induced pulmonary inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR). In previously OVA-sensitized mice, systemic and intranasal coadministration of CD86 antibody is required to produce these effects. To directly assess the importance of pulmonary CD86 expression in secondary immune responses to inhaled allergens, mice were sensitized and locally challenged with nebulized OVA before treatment with an inhaled aerosolized CD86 antisense oligonucleotide (ASO). CD86 ASO treatment suppressed OVA-induced up-regulation of CD86 protein expression on pulmonary dendritic cells and macrophages as well as on recruited eosinophils. Suppression of CD86 protein expression correlated with decreased methacholine-induced AHR, airway inflammation, and mucus production following rechallenge with inhaled OVA. CD86 ASO treatment reduced BAL eotaxin levels, but it did not reduce CD86 protein on cells in the draining lymph nodes of the lung, and it had no effect on serum IgE levels, suggesting a local and not a systemic effect. These results demonstrate that CD86 expression on pulmonary antigen-presenting cells plays a vital role in regulating pulmonary secondary immune responses and suggest that treatment with an inhaled CD86 ASO may have utility in asthma and other chronic inflammatory lung conditions.
European Transnational Solidarity: Citizenship in Action?

Europeans proclaim a readiness to engage for solidarity in support of others, even across their most immediate environment. However, our knowledge is rather limited on how widespread transnational European solidarity might be. Additionally, we do not know what kinds of beliefs and ideas are patterning cognitively the popular conceptions of transnational European solidarity. This article aims to present fresh insights on all these aspects. The analysis is based on a survey conducted in the context of the TransSOL project. This survey provides data about citizens reporting to have supported people abroad through various practices. In conceptual and theoretical terms, the article wishes to analyze and discuss transnational European solidarity from the perspective of political citizenship. Findings show that solidarity activities in support of other Europeans are more likely among citizens with “civic” skills and commitments, stronger identifications with the European Union, and preferences for more inclusive social rights.
Setswana Syllable Structure and Distribution

This paper investigates the frequency and distribution of Setswana syllables by analysing the frequency and distribution of (orthographic representations of) Setswana syllables in a wordlist of about 59,000 words extracted from a corpus of over 13.6 million words. The study uses Wordsmith tools to calculate syllables found at word initial, word medial and word final positions of Setswana words. Each orthographic consonant is then paired to each of the five Setswana orthographic vowels to generate a list of potential Setswana syllables. Each potential syllable is then tested for frequency and distribution in the extracted wordlist. Non-occurring syllables are discarded, leaving an inventory of all Setswana syllables that make up Setswana words. The final part investigates the distribution of the allophones [l] and [d], as well as the phoneme /g/ and confirms, with some modification, previous analyses.