Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Noradrenergic modulation in the olfactory bulb influences spontaneous and reward‐motivated discrimination, but not the formation of habituation memory

The mammalian main olfactory bulb receives a significant noradrenergic input from the locus coeruleus. Norepinephrine is involved in acquisition of conditioned odor preferences in neonatal animals and in some species‐specific odor dependent behaviors. Thus far, the role of norepinephrine in odor processing in adult rats remains less studied. We tested the role of noradrenergic modulation in the olfactory bulb of cannulated rats by bilateral injections of vehicle (6 µL saline), the α noradrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (3.15 or 10 mm), the β noradrenergic receptor antagonist alprenolol (12 or 120 mm), the α1 noradrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin (1 or 10−2 mm) and the α2 noradrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine (2 or 0.02 mm) 20 min before two different behavioral tasks. We found that local blockade of noradrenergic receptors in the olfactory bulb did not affect the formation of habituation memory to an odorant over sequential presentations separated by 5‐min intertrial intervals. However, spontaneous discrimination between chemically related odorants was impaired when noradrenergic receptors, and in particular α1 receptors, were blocked by local antagonist infusion into the olfactory bulb. By contrast, discrimination was improved when β receptors were blocked. These results show that although the formation of a habituation memory to odorants is not affected by noradrenergic modulation, the specificity of this memory is affected. In contrast, reward‐motivated discrimination learning was not impaired, but slowed down in rats in which both α and β receptors had been blocked.
Convergence Rates of Inexact Proximal-Gradient Methods for Convex Optimization

We consider the problem of optimizing the sum of a smooth convex function and a non-smooth convex function using proximal-gradient methods, where an error is present in the calculation of the gradient of the smooth term or in the proximity operator with respect to the non-smooth term. We show that both the basic proximal-gradient method and the accelerated proximal-gradient method achieve the same convergence rate as in the error-free case, provided that the errors decrease at appropriate rates. Using these rates, we perform as well as or better than a carefully chosen fixed error level on a set of structured sparsity problems.
Inpatient Hospital Care of Children With Trisomy 13 and Trisomy 18 in the United States

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 are generally considered fatal anomalies, with a majority of infants dying in the first year after birth. The inpatient hospital care that these patients receive has not been adequately described. This study characterized inpatient hospitalizations of children with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 in the United States, including number and types of procedures performed. METHODS: Retrospective repeated cross-sectional assessment of hospitalization data from the nationally representative US Kids’ Inpatient Database, for the years 1997, 2000, 2003, 2006, and 2009. Included hospitalizations were of patients aged 0 to 20 years with a diagnosis of trisomy 13 or trisomy 18. RESULTS: The number of hospitalizations for each trisomy type ranged from 846 to 907 per year for trisomy 13 (P = .77 for temporal trend) and 1036 to 1616 per year for trisomy 18 (P < .001 for temporal trend). Over one-third (36%) of the hospitalizations were of patients older than 1 year of age. Patients underwent a total of 2765 major therapeutic procedures, including creation of esophageal sphincter (6% of hospitalizations; mean age 23 months), repair of atrial and ventricular septal defects (4%; mean age 9 months), and procedures on tendons (4%; mean age 8 years). CONCLUSIONS: Children with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 receive significant inpatient hospital care. Despite the conventional understanding of these syndromes as lethal, a substantial number of children are living longer than 1 year and undergoing medical and surgical procedures as part of their treatment.
The relationship between personality characteristics, social support and life satisfaction with university students’ academic performance

هدیکچ شرتسگ بجوم ددعتم نارظنبحاص یشهوژپ و يرظن ياهشلات هدنیازف لماوع نییبت و لیلحت رد يا هب نایوجشناد یلیصحت درکلمع هک اجنآ زا . تسا هدش یلیصحت درکلمع اب طبترم تیفیک مهم رایعم ناونع شزومآ ماظن یلاع یم هتفرگ رظن رد هژیو تیمها نآ اب طبترم لماوع هعلاطم ،دوش یم يا . دبای شهوژپ فده اب رضاح طابترا ،یتیصخش ياهیگژیو مح یعامتجا تیا یلیصحت درکلمع اب یگدنز زا تیاضر و دش ماجنا . شور یفیصوت عون زا شهوژپ یگتسبمه دوب نایوجشناد هیلک لماش شهوژپ هعماج . مولع هدکشناد ناشاک هاگشناد یناسنا دوب و 250 يوجشناد نز و درم هنومن شور هب هقبط يریگ يا هب . دندش باختنا عمج روظنم زا تاعلاطا يروآ وئن تیصخش یلماع جنپ همانشسرپ (NEO-FFI) ، تراوتسا و نروبرش یعامتجا تیامح سایقم (MOS – SSS) تیاضر سایقم و زا و رنیاد یگدنز ناراکمه (SWLS) هدافتسا دش بیرض . ییایاپ بیرض زا هدافتسا اب تیصخش یلماع جنپ همانشسرپ خابنورک يافلآ رب ،ییوخروجنر ناور هگر جنپ زا کی ره يارب قفاوت ،هبرجت هب ندوب زاب ،ییارگنو يریذپ و اب بیترت هب ندوب نادجو 88 / 0 ، 80 / 0 ، 79 / 0 ، 76 / 0 و 83 / 0 تیاضر و یعامتجا تیامح ياهسایقم يارب و بیترت هب یگدنز زا 97 / 0 و 87 / 0 هب . دمآ تسد يارب هداد لیلحت و هیزجت نوسریپ یگتسبمه نومزآ زا اه ماگ هب ماگ نویسرگر لیلحت و و ییوخروجنر ناور تفص ود نیب هک داد ناشن جیاتن . دش هدافتسا اب نادجو ندوب طابترا یلیصحت درکلمع اب رادانعم نینچمه . دراد دوجو ، ا تیامح نیب یلیصحت درکلمع اب یعامتج طابترا یلاح رد . درادن دوجو رادانعم ب یگدنز زا تیاضر نیب هک طابترا یلیصحت درکلمع ا رادانعم دراد دوجو . هتفای عومجم رد نایوجشناد يدرف رادیاپ تافص و اهیگژیو اب یلیصحت درکلمع هک تسا نآ دیؤم اه اب و یگدنز ياهتیعقوم زا نانآ يدنمتیاضر نیاربانب . دراد هطبار ، م یطیحم و يدرف لماوع هب هجوت ؤ رد رث م لماوع ییاسانش و نایوجشناد یلیصحت تفرشیپ ؤ یم نانآ يدنمتیاضر رد رث دناوت اح ی . دشاب تیمها ز
Self-schemas and the theory of planned behaviour

This paper argues that empirical, conceptual, and statistical difficulties characterise previous demonstrations that self-schemas moderate the relationship between intentions and behaviour. A longitudinal study (n=163) was designed to overcome limitations of previous research. Theory of planned behaviour variables, past behaviour, and self-schemas were assessed in relation to exercise. Behaviour was followed up two weeks later. Findings showed that self-schemas moderated the intention–behaviour relation such that schematics were more likely to enact their intentions to exercise compared to unschematics. Evidence suggested that the importance dimension of self-schema measures was responsible for the moderator effect. Self-schemas were also associated with improved prediction of behavioural intentions after controlling for the other predictors. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial Predictors of Clinicians' Recommendations and Judges' Placement Orders in a Juvenile Court

A large proportion of youthful offenders who enter the juvenile justice system have psychiatric disorders and psychosocial risk factors that perpetuate delinquency, and addressing these issues has been a growing concern of juvenile courts nationwide. This study examines the relationship between the clinical information provided through comprehensive forensic assessments and clinicians' recommendations for placement (community setting vs. secure facility) and judges' sentencing decisions. The sample included 248 youth, ranging from 11 to 17 years old, who were adjudicated in the Cook County (Chicago) Juvenile Court. A reliable and valid approach for coding psychosocial variables is also presented as a prototype for future research. Consistent with previous studies, results show that judges are inclined to adopt clinical recommendations and that the material provided by comprehensive clinical evaluations could diminish the effects of offense and delinquency-based factors on dispositions.
Interlingual homograph interference in German–English bilinguals: Its modulation and locus of control

We used a visual lexical decision task to explore control processes in proficient German–English bilinguals. Participants pressed a “yes” button if the letter string was a word in English and a “no” button if it was not. Our critical stimuli were interlingual homographs such as the low-frequency English word TAG. In German, TAG means “day” and is a relatively high frequency word. Overall, our participants responded more slowly to an interlingual homograph than to a control word matched to its English frequency. As we expected, the size of this interference effect depended on various factors. First, including “pure” German words in the stimulus list increased interference. However, participants were able to reduce the degree of interference over time even in the presence of such words. Second, in the absence of pure German words, informing participants about the presence of interlingual homographs from the start of the experimental trials allowed them to reduce interference. We examined the locus of these control effects by analysing carry-over, i.e., reaction times on word trials immediately following an interlingual homograph or its matched control. We inferred from the patterns of interference and carry-over that the primary locus for reducing interference is external to the bilingual lexico-semantic system. We consider the implications of these data for theories of control.
Polymorphism of IL-28B Gene (rs12979860) in HCV Genotype 1Patients Treated by Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin.

BACKGROUND Nowadays, the immune response to hepatitis C (HCV) treatment has become a crucial issue mostly due to the interleukin 28B (IL-28B) polymorphism effects in chronic HCV patients. The aim of this study was to detect the polymorphism of IL-28B gene (rs12979860) in HCV genotype 1 patients treated with pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin. METHODS From the 2010 to 2012, a total of 115 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HCV patients who presented to Gastrointestinal & Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC), Firoozgar Hospital, Tehran, Iran were enrolled in this retrospective cross sectional study. Samples were then categorized based on the presence of sustained virologic response (SVR and no-SVR). Variables including age, gender, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels of the two groups were investigated based on different IL-28B genotypes. RESULTS Analysis by the variables of age and gender showed a mean age ± SD of 42.1±14.0 and gender variability of 44 females (38.2%) and 71 males (61.8%). Adding up these results, the analysis of ALT levels revealed that there was between 293 and 14 mg/ml; AST levels ranged between 217 and 17 mg/ml; the viral load (HCV RNA) ranged between 7,822,000 and 50 IU/ml; the prevalence of CC, CT and TT genotypes were 90.9%, 54% and 25.0%. CONCLUSION IL-28B polymorphism has an effective impact on the therapeutic response to ribavirin and peginterferon combination therapy in chronic HCV patients infected by different genotypes. This polymorphism is crucial in natural clearance.
Capturing the Structure of Distinct Types of Individual Differences in the Situation–Specific Experience of Emotions: The Case of Anger

The aim of this paper was to understand why some people experience certain emotions in a specific situation, whereas others do not. We postulate that these individual differences arise from individual differences in two underlying processes of emotion elicitation: (i) individual differences in the emotion components (appraisals and action tendencies) that situations activate in a person and (ii) individual differences in how these emotion components are related to subjective emotional experience. In this paper, we re–analysed data from two studies on anger to capture the structure of these two types of individual differences by using clustering modelling techniques. Consistent results across the two studies demonstrated that individuals differ in anger because they (i) differ in how easy they experience anger–relevant appraisals (Studies 1 and 2) and action tendencies (Study 2) in increasingly negative situations and (ii) differ in which of these components are necessary to experience anger. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Core of Darkness: Uncovering the Heart of the Dark Triad

The Dark Triad consists of three overlapping but distinct personality variables: narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. To date, however, no research has empirically identified what leads these three variables to overlap or whether other variables share the same core. The present research addresses why and how dark personalities overlap. Drawing from classic work in psychopathy, Hare's Factor 1 or manipulation and callousness were found to be the common antagonistic core. A series of latent variable procedures, including Multisample Structural Equation Models, revealed that for both samples, manipulation and callousness, completely accounted for the associations among the facet scores of the psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism scales. Sample 2 also included Social Dominance Orientation, and results further confirmed that Social Dominance Orientation has the same common core as the Dark Triad. In sum, Hare's Factor 1—manipulation–callousness—emerged as common dark core that accounts for the overlap among antagonistic traits. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Personality Psychology
Moving the Middle Ahead

Sustainable development came onto the American planning scene with a flourish in the 1990s. It was hailed as the new planning paradigm, and cases began appearing in the literature that highlighted communities making progress toward sustainability. Noticeably absent from the literature, however, has been an examination of whether the concept is resonating across the rest of the country, and if so, how. This study attempts to address that deficiency through a survey of planning directors across municipalities and counties in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio. Findings of the study indicate that a general familiarity with the concept of sustainable development exists but that it has not been accepted as a new or different standard for planning practice.
Relaxed LMI Conditions for Local Stability and Local Stabilization of Continuous-Time Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Systems

This paper addresses the problems of local stability analysis, local stabilization, and computation of invariant subsets of the domain of attraction for continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems. Improvements on the existing stability and stabilization conditions are achieved through the reduction of conservatism. To release the conservatism further, the so-called multidimensional fuzzy summation approach is adopted. The design and analysis conditions are expressed as one-parameter minimization problems which can be solved via a sequence of linear matrix inequality optimizations or treated as eigenvalue problems. Examples are given to show the validity of the proposed method.
Risk and Protective Factors for Psychological Adjustment Among Low-Income, African American Children

This investigation identifies unique risk and protective factors for internalizing and externalizing problems among 8- to 12-year-old, low-income, African American children and tests cumulative risk and protective models. A total of 152 mother—child dyads complete questionnaires. Receipt of food stamps, mother’s distress, and child maltreatment increase children’s risk for internalizing and externalizing problems and family functioning (adaptability, cohesion), and after-school program participation (externalizing only) are protective against internalizing and externalizing problems. A cumulative risk model reveals that compared with youth with no risk factors, having one risk factor confers three- and fivefold risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively. Having two or three risk factors confers 12 and 19 times greater risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms, respectively. Compared with no protective factors, youth with two protective factors are 4 and 6 times less likely to display internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively. Implications for community-based preventive intervention efforts and future research are discussed.
The Reciprocity‐Arousing Potential of the Requester's Occupation and Helping Behavior

In a field experiment, 90 subjects were contacted by phone and asked by an experimenter to make a phone call for him notifying his employer that he would be late for work. The experimenter presented himself as a (1) physician vs. accountant (high social status occupations), (2) youthcounsellor vs. insurance salesman (medium social status occupations), or (3) fireman vs. gas-stationattendant (low social status occupations). It was found that subjects helped more frequently requesters in occupations of high potential for reciprocityarousing behavior (e.g., a physician) than of low potential (for reciprocityarousing behavior) (e.g., an accountant), regardless of the social status of the occupations.
ZIP8 Zinc Transporter: Indispensable Role for Both Multiple-Organ Organogenesis and Hematopoiesis In Utero

Previously this laboratory characterized Slc39a8-encoded ZIP8 as a Zn2+/(HCO3 –)2 symporter; yet, the overall physiological importance of ZIP8 at the whole-organism level remains unclear. Herein we describe the phenotype of the hypomorphic Slc39a8(neo/neo) mouse which has retained the neomycin-resistance gene in intron 3, hence causing significantly decreased ZIP8 mRNA and protein levels in embryo, fetus, placenta, yolk sac, and several tissues of neonates. The Slc39a8(neo) allele is associated with diminished zinc and iron uptake in mouse fetal fibroblast and liver-derived cultures; consequently, Slc39a8(neo/neo) newborns exhibit diminished zinc and iron levels in several tissues. Slc39a8(neo/neo) homozygotes from gestational day(GD)-11.5 onward are pale, growth-stunted, and die between GD18.5 and 48 h postnatally. Defects include: severely hypoplastic spleen; hypoplasia of liver, kidney, lung, and lower limbs. Histologically, Slc39a8(neo/neo) neonates show decreased numbers of hematopoietic islands in yolk sac and liver. Low hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count, serum iron, and total iron-binding capacity confirmed severe anemia. Flow cytometry of fetal liver cells revealed the erythroid series strikingly affected in the hypomorph. Zinc-dependent 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase, required for heme synthesis, was not different between Slc39a8(+/+) and Slc39a8(neo/neo) offspring. To demonstrate further that the mouse phenotype is due to ZIP8 deficiency, we bred Slc39a8(+/neo) with BAC-transgenic BTZIP8-3 line (carrying three extra copies of the Slc39a8 allele); this cross generated viable Slc39a8(neo/neo)_BTZIP8-3(+/+) pups showing none of the above-mentioned congenital defects–proving Slc39a8(neo/neo) causes the described phenotype. Our study demonstrates that ZIP8-mediated zinc transport plays an unappreciated critical role during in utero and neonatal growth, organ morphogenesis, and hematopoiesis.
Learning outdoors: the Forest School approach

This paper outlines the role that Forest School can play in children's development. With over 100 Forest Schools in England, 20 in Scotland and 20 in Wales, this concept is growing across Britain. Forest School involves children having regular contact with woodland over an extended period of time; it allows them to become familiar, and have contact, with the natural environment. The recent Learning outside the classroom manifesto highlights the importance of children and young people gaining experience of the world beyond the classroom. Twenty-four children from seven schools in Oxfordshire, Shropshire and Worcestershire were observed over an eight-month period as they attended Forest School. Improvements in the children's confidence, motivation and concentration, language and communication and physical skills were recorded by teachers and Forest School leaders. Changes took time to occur, highlighting the need for repeated and regular contact with the natural environment, especially for children who do not have access to nature as part of their everyday lives.
Microstimulation of V1 delays the execution of visually guided saccades

Electrical stimulation delivered to V1 concurrently with the presentation of a visual target interferes with both the selection and the detection of targets positioned in the receptive field of the stimulated neurons. In the present study, we examined the temporal course of this effect by delivering electrical stimulation to V1 of rhesus monkeys at various times before the appearance of a visual target. Each trial was initiated by the appearance of a fixation spot that, once acquired, was followed by the presentation of a visual target in the receptive field of the stimulated neurons. A monkey was reward after making a saccadic eye movement to the target. A delay in saccade generation was obtained when stimulation was delivered while an animal maintained fixation on the fixation spot. No delay occurred when the visual target was placed outside the receptive field of the stimulated neurons. The best parameters for inducing the saccadic delay were: (i) anode‐first pulses (as opposed to cathode‐first pulses) and (ii) train durations greater than 40 ms and frequencies greater than 100 Hz. The lowest current threshold for producing a saccadic delay occurred at 1.5 mm below the top of superficial V1. The chronaxies of the directly stimulated elements mediating the delay ranged from 0.13 to 0.24 ms. These values overlap with those that have been described for phosphene induction in human V1. We discuss how the elements mediating the saccadic delay might interrupt a visual signal as it passes along the geniculostriate pathway.
Gap Acceptance by Pedestrians

The riskiness of street crossing behavior of 75 individuals and groups of pedestrians was observed. Gap acceptance, or the elapsed time before a pedestrian initiated a crossing at a marked crosswalk and the time until a vehicle passed through the crosswalk, was the measure of risk. Pedestrian groups containing at least one infant tended to choose longer gaps, i.e., they were less risky in their crossing. Gap acceptance was also more conservative as the mean age of the pedestrian group increased. Gap was not affected by the sex ratio of the group or the volume of traffic passing through the intersection.
Safety of telephone triage in out-of-hours care: A systematic review

Objective.Telephone triage in patients requesting help may compromise patient safety, particularly if urgency is underestimated and the patient is not seen by a physician. The aim was to assess the research evidence on safety of telephone triage in out-of-hours primary care. Methods. A systematic review was performed of published research on telephone triage in out-of-hours care, searching in PubMed and EMBASE up to March 2010. Studies were included if they concerned out-of-hours medical care and focused on telephone triage in patients with a first request for help. Study inclusion and data extraction were performed by two researchers independently. Post-hoc two types of studies were distinguished: observational studies in contacts with real patients (unselected and highly urgent contacts), and prospective observational studies using high-risk simulated patients (with a highly urgent health problem). Results. Thirteen observational studies showed that on average triage was safe in 97% (95% CI 96.5–97.4%) of all patients contacting out-of-hours care and in 89% (95% CI 86.7–90.2%) of patients with high urgency. Ten studies that used high-risk simulated patients showed that on average 46% (95% CI 42.7–49.8%) were safe. Adverse events described in the studies included mortality (n = 6 studies), hospitalisations (n = 5), attendance at emergency department (n=1), and medical errors (n = 6). Conclusions. There is room for improvement in safety of telephone triage in patients who present symptoms that are high risk. As these have a low incidence, recognition of these calls poses a challenge to health care providers in daily practice.