Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Large Ionospheric Gradients on Single Frequency Airborne Smoothing Filters for WAAS and LAAS

Both WAAS and LAAS receivers use carrier-smoothing filters to reduce the effects of multipath and thermal noise at the aircraft. For the majority of users this reduces the magnitude of the errors and leads to improved accuracy. However, the presence of a significant ionospheric gradient can introduce a bias into the output of this filter. If unmitigated, this bias can grow to be significantly larger than the noise and multipath effects the filter is employed to reduce. Such gradients are rare at midlatitudes; however, they are much more common in polarregions and sometimes a daily occurrence in equatorial regions. Therefore, this problem which may be rare in the United States or Europe will be much more significant in other parts of the world. The bias arises because the GPS code and carrier measurements are affected differently by the ionosphere. A positive delay for the code creates an equal, but opposite advance for the carrier. Therefore, as the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) changes along a user’s line of sight to the satellite, the code and carrier measurements diverge from each other at twice the rate of ionospheric change. Nominally, the rate of change over a few hundred seconds is very small (less than a few millimeters per second) leading to decimeter-sized biases or less. However, if the user’s line of sight traverses a significant ionospheric gradient, the TEC can change by tens of meters in just a few minutes. This in turn can create a biased filter estimate of greater than 20 meters. This error is large compared to the overall error budget less than 0.4 m one-sigma. This paper investigates the combined effect of the TEC change and the filter bias on the WAAS/LAAS user’s differential range error and suggests a remedy to lessen the impact. This solution includes changes to the airborne algorithms to detect large differences between the code and carrier. The ability of the airborne receiver to detect this bias depends on the amount of thermal noise and multipath it experiences. This paper will review the current expected levels of noise and multipath and indicate level of performance that should be achievable.
Exploring Subpixel Learning Algorithms for Estimating Global Land Cover Fractions from Satellite Data Using High Performance Computing

Land cover (LC) refers to the physical and biological cover present over the Earth’s surface in terms of the natural environment such as vegetation, water, bare soil, etc. Most LC features occur at finer spatial scales compared to the resolution of primary remote sensing satellites. Therefore, observed data are a mixture of spectral signatures of two or more LC features resulting in mixed pixels. One solution to the mixed pixel problem is the use of subpixel learning algorithms to disintegrate the pixel spectrum into its constituent spectra. Despite the popularity and existing research conducted on the topic, the most appropriate approach is still under debate. As an attempt to address this question, we compared the performance of several subpixel learning algorithms based on least squares, sparse regression, signal–subspace and geometrical methods. Analysis of the results obtained through computer-simulated and Landsat data indicated that fully constrained least squares (FCLS) outperformed the other techniques. Further, FCLS was used to unmix global Web-Enabled Landsat Data to obtain abundances of substrate (S), vegetation (V) and dark object (D) classes. Due to the sheer nature of data and computational needs, we leveraged the NASA Earth Exchange (NEX) high-performance computing architecture to optimize and scale our algorithm for large-scale processing. Subsequently, the S-V-D abundance maps were characterized into four classes, namely forest, farmland, water and urban areas (in conjunction with nighttime lights data) over California, USA using a random forest classifier. Validation of these LC maps with the National Land Cover Database 2011 products and North American Forest Dynamics static forest map shows a 6% improvement in unmixing-based classification relative to per-pixel classification. As such, abundance maps continue to offer a useful alternative to high-spatial-resolution classified maps for forest inventory analysis, multi-class mapping, multi-temporal trend analysis, etc.
Forward induction reasoning revisited

Battigalli and Siniscalchi (2002) formalize the idea of forward induction reasoning as "rationality and common strong belief of rationality" (RCSBR). Here, we study the behavioral implications of RCSBR across all type structures. Formally, we show that RCSBR is characterized by a solution concept we call Extensive Form Best Response Sets (EFBRS's). It turns out that the EFBRS concept is equivalent to a concept already proposed in the literature, namely Directed Rationalizability. (See Battigalli and Siniscalchi 2003.) We conclude by applying the EFBRS concept to games of interest.
Beliefs and attitudes in judo coaching: toward a new model of coaching

This work or any part thereof has not previously be en presented in any form to the University or to any other body whether for the pur pose of assessment, publication or for any other purpose (unless previously indicated). Sa ve for any express acknowledgement, references and / or bibliographies cited in the wor k, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and no other person.
A Study of the Impact of a Crowd Wisdom Online Learning Community Platform on Student Learning

Abstract The use of collective intelligence applications in educational settings has been reported in the literature for almost two decades. These collective intelligence applications aggregate individual knowledge via different synchronous and asynchronous mode of communications and Web 2.0 applications which support learning, communication and collaboration activities, and create “Wisdom of the Crowds”. Crowdsourcing further extends these collective intelligence processes in a distributed and cross-organizational way. This paper evaluates the effects and impacts of crowd wisdom applications on a peer assisted learning support service titled Peer-Assisted Learning scheme using Supplemental Instruction (PALSI) in a higher education institution in Hong Kong. Adopting the Design Science approach, an Online Learning Community (OLC) platform was developed tap on the Wisdom of Crowds and its effectiveness on student learning was evaluated. The OLC platform is not designed to replace existing face-to-face PALSI learning sessions and activities. Rather it helps to provide an additional online platform for supplementing and facilitating interaction between student mentors and mentees and among student mentees as well. The OLC platform is designed in a way that supports indexed and search functions who join the PALSI scheme, and it can also be archived as a repository for future reference by similar courses. Empirical analysis was carried out to evaluate the relationship between user participation and assessment results. Statistics show that students who made use of the OLC platform obtained better grades.
Forearm Bones and Sexual Variation in Turkish Population

Abstract Forensic anthropologists are aware that there are considerable differences between human populations and therefore develop study models for each skeletal population. The purpose of this study was to analyze forearm bones obtained from forensic settings in Turkey. The sample consists of 42 males and 38 females with an average age of 40 and 36 years, respectively. Numerous measurements were taken from the radius and ulna including lengths (in millimeters), midshaft diameters, and epiphyseal breadths (0.01 mm). Individuals with any anomaly and pathology were not included in the investigation. A stepwise analysis, when applied to individual bones, selected only length and midshaft transverse dimension in the radius and length only in the ulna. When the length was excluded from the statistic, head diameter and distal breadth of the radius and distal minimum head and midshaft anteroposterior diameters of the ulna provided the best predicting functions. Classification results were 92% for the radius and 91% for the ulna. For the incomplete bones, the accuracy rates were about 92% and 83%, respectively. In conclusion, a sex determination was made, in different rates of accuracy, in the human skeleton. Correct assessment can vary among populations. Dimorphism in our region forearm bones is greater than American whites. This supported the hypothesis that human variation is diverse, and population difference should be taken into account when osteometric standards are applied to others. Further studies are needed to understand why the forearm is more dimorphic in Turks.
Who Gets Student Aid?: Variations in Access to Aid

Data from the National Postsecondary Student Aid Survey (NPSAS) reveal substantial differences among types of institutions in how likely their students are to receive financial aid, including federal aid. Students in proprietary vocational schools are much more likely than others to receive aid, while those attending community colleges are much less likely. Because community college students are especially sensitive to costs and because evidence indicates that financial aid is more effective in two-year colleges than in four-year colleges, this pattern is cause for concern.
Affective Meaning, Concreteness, and Subjective Frequency Norms for Indonesian Words

This study investigated the lexical-semantic space organized by the semantic and affective features of Indonesian words and their relationship with gender and cultural aspects. We recruited 1,402 participants who were native speakers of Indonesian to rate affective and lexico-semantic properties of 1,490 Indonesian words. Valence, Arousal, Dominance, Predictability, Subjective Frequency, and Concreteness ratings were collected for each word from at least 52 people. We explored cultural differences between American English ANEW (affective norms for English words), Spanish ANEW, and the new Indonesian inventory [called CEFI (concreteness, emotion, and subjective frequency norms for Indonesian words)]. We found functional relationships between the affective dimensions that were similar across languages, but also cultural differences dependent on gender.
Bioactive Flavonoids, Antioxidant Behaviour, and Cytoprotective Effects of Dried Grapefruit Peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.)

Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) is an important cultivar of the Citrus genus which contains a number of nutrients beneficial to human health. The objective of the present study was to evaluate changes in bioactive flavonoids, antioxidant behaviour, and in vitro cytoprotective effect of processed white and pink peels after oven-drying (45°C–60°C) and freeze-drying treatments. Comparison with fresh grapefruit peels was also assessed. Significant increases in DPPH, FRAPS, and ABTS values were observed in dried grapefruit peel samples in comparison with fresh peels, indicating the suitability of the treatments for use as tools to greatly enhance the antioxidant potential of these natural byproducts. A total of thirteen flavonoids were quantified in grapefruit peel extracts by HPLC-MS/MS. It was found that naringin, followed by isonaringin, was the main flavonoid occurring in fresh, oven-dried, and freeze-dried grapefruit peels. In vivo assay revealed that fresh and oven-dried grapefruit peel extracts (45°C) exerted a strong cytoprotective effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines at concentrations ranging within 0.1–0.25 mg/mL. Our data suggest that grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel has considerable potential as a source of natural bioactive flavonoids with outstanding antioxidant activity which can be used as agents in several therapeutic strategies.
The effect of riluzole on post‐traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat

THIS study evaluated treatment with riluzole, a neuroprotective agent, following thoracic spinal cord compression in the rat. Animals received riluzole (2 mg kg−1) or vehicle twice daily for 10 days following the trauma. Motor deficits, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and lesion histology were evaluated. Although paralysis was seen following trauma, seven of 10 animals receiving riluzole recovered motor function and nearly normal behaviour, unlike animals receiving vehicle. Trauma dramatically disturbed SEPs with falls in amplitude and increases in latency. After riluzole SEP returned towards pre-injury levels, while untreated animals showed no recovery. Morphological studies revealed significant (53%) reduction in the degree of spinal cord infarcted after riluzole treatment.
Charles A . Dice Center for Research in Financial Economics Investor Abilities and Financial Contracting : Evidence from Venture Capital

Using a large, new database of contractual provisions governing the allocation of cash flow rights between venture capitalists (VCs) and entrepreneurs, we investigate how contract design is impacted by VC abilities to monitor and provide value-added services to the entrepreneur. In doing so, this paper is the first to demonstrate that VC characteristics, in addition to portfolio company characteristics, have a significant impact on VC contract design in the U.S. We find that more experienced VCs, who have superior monitoring and value-added abilities and more frequently join the boards of their portfolio companies, obtain weaker downside-protecting contractual cash flow rights than less experienced VCs. This result is robust to extensive controls and several methods to account for endogenous selection effects. The relation between VC experience and downside protections is weaker when entrepreneurial agency problems are less severe and stronger when VC ownership is greater. The results, together with the existing literature, suggest that VCs with better governance abilities optimally focus less on obtaining downside protections, which are costly from a risk-sharing perspective, and more on upside payoffs and obtaining board representation during negotiations with entrepreneurs. The results also imply that previous estimates of the amount entrepreneurs pay for affiliation with high-quality VCs are overstated. *University of Illinois and **Ohio State University. We thank Joseph Bartlett, Harry DeAngelo, Simon Gervais, Maureen O’Hara, Gordon Phillips, Manju Puri, David Robinson, Morten Sorensen, Per Strömberg, Mike Weisbach, and seminar participants at Cornell University, Duke University, University of Illinois, Syracuse University, NBER Entrepreneurship Group, University of Maryland, and Swedish Institute for Financial Research (SIFR) for helpful comments and discussions. We are grateful to VCExperts and Joseph Bartlett for access to the contract data, and to Anastasia Beglova, Sonali Das, Cathy Chenxi You, Vikas Patel, and Liheng Xu for valuable research assistance. This research was begun while Bengtsson was at Cornell University and Sensoy was at the University of Southern California. Contact information: ola@illinois.edu; bsensoy@fisher.osu. edu.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Cognitive Predictors of Self-careBehaviors in Youth with Type I Diabetes

A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF COGNITNE PREDICTORS OF SELFCARE BEHAVIORS IN YOUTH WITH TYPE I DIABETES By Michelle M. Greene, B.A. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University Virginia Commonwealth University, 2006 Major Director: Clarissa S. Holmes, Ph.D. Professor Department of Psychology Cross-sectional research of youth with type I diabetes has demonstrated that rote and working memory predict blood glucose monitoring (BGM) and carbohydrate consumption, respectively; however, to date, no longitudinal follow-up studies exist. Rote and working memory subtests fiom well-standardized memory measures, along with a problem-solving and executive functioning measures were administered to 1 18 youth with type I diabetes, aged 916 in two waves of data collection (mean interval = 2.07 years). Diabetes care behaviors were assessed through the 24-hour Diabetes Interview. This study was the first to document longitudinal prediction of BGM by rote memory and fat consumption by working memory. Extant cross-sectional literature was replicated; rote memory was concurrently associated with BGM and working memory with carbohydrate consumption. Memory was a stronger predictor of disease care behavior than disease responsibility or age. Problem solving and executive fimctioning failed to significantly predict disease care behaviors.
Adaptive friction compensation in DC motor drives

This paper proposes a control scheme where the nonlinear effects of friction are compensated adaptively. When the friction is compensated the motor drive can approximately be described by a constant coefficient linear model. Standard methods can be applied to design a regulator for such a model. This results in a control law which is a combination of a fixed linear controller and an adaptive part which compensates for nonlinear friction effects. Experiments have clearly shown that both static and dynamic friction have nonsymmetric characteristic. They depend on the direction of motion. This is considered in the design of the adaptive friction compensation. The proposed scheme has been implemented and tested on a laboratory prototype with good results. The control low is implemented on an IBM-PC. The paper describes the ideas, the algorithm and the experimental results. The results are relevant for many precision drives like those found in industrial robots.
Levels and patterns of daily physical activity and sedentary behavior measured objectively in older care home residents in the United Kingdom.

BACKGROUND Physical activity is important for maintaining independence and quality of life in older people living in care homes. Little is known about patterns of physical activity or sedentary behavior in this population. METHODS Thirty-three care home residents (82.6 ± 9.2 years) wore an ActiGraph GTX3 accelerometer for seven days, which provided minutes of sedentary behavior and low, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Participants undertook the Mini-Mental State Examination and care staff reported activities of daily living (Barthel index) and functional ambulation classification (FAC) for each participant. RESULTS Participants spent on average 79% of their day sedentary, 14% in low, 6% in light, and 1% in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Activity levels did not significantly differ between days or hours of the day (P > .05). CONCLUSION Levels of physical activity were very low and time being sedentary was high. This study can inform physical activity and sedentary behavior interventions for care homes' residents.
Test in canine extraction site preservations by using mineralized collagen plug with or without membrane

The aim of this study was to discuss the feasibility of porous mineralized collagen plug and bilayer mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration membrane in site preservation in extraction sockets. The third mandibular premolars on both sides were extracted from four dogs, thus there were 16 alveolar sockets in all dogs and were randomly assigned into three groups. Group A had six alveolar sockets, and groups B and C had five alveolar sockets, respectively. Each alveolar socket of group A was immediately implanted with a porous mineralized collagen plug and covered with a bilayer mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration membrane after tooth extraction. Alveolar sockets of group B were implanted with porous mineralized collagen plug only, and group C was set as blank control without any implantation. The healing effects of the extraction sockets were evaluated by gross observation, morphological measurements, and X-ray micro-computed tomography after twelve weeks. Twelve weeks after operation, both groups A and B had more amount of new bone formation compared with group C; in terms of the degree of alveolar bone height, group A was lower than groups B and C with significant differences; the bone mineral density in the region of interest and bone remodeling degree in group A were higher than those of groups B and C. As a result, porous mineralized collagen plug could induce the regeneration of new bone in extraction socket, and combined use of porous mineralized collagen plug and bilayer mineralized collagen guided bone regeneration membrane could further reduce the absorption of alveolar ridge and preserve the socket site.
Assessment of photo aesthetics with efficiency

Photo quality assessment has been a popular research topic. Many previous works achieved high classification rates in photo aesthetics assessment by designing new aesthetic features. However, those hand-crafted features sometimes are not describable, or are very time-consuming and thus not applicable for real-time applications. In this paper, we propose aesthetic features with high efficiency to compute. The experimental results show that our proposed features reach considerable performance. The computation consumption for classifying an image is low so that it is possible to realize online assessment in photo capturing and provide instant feedback to users or fulfill photo rating system on portable devices.
Wakame Seaweed Suppresses the Proliferation of 7,12‐Dimethylbenz(a)‐anthracene‐induced Mammary Tumors in Rats

We examined the anti‐tumor proliferation effects of wakame seaweed on 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)‐anthracene (DMBA)‐induced rat mammary tumor. DMBA was administered to 8‐week‐old female Sprague‐Dawley rats, and rats which developed mammary tumors were assigned randomly to three groups. Commercial rat feed was used in a control group (group I‐A), and two feed mixtures were prepared, which contained commercial rat feed blended with wakame at 1.0% (group I‐B) and 5.0% (group I‐C) by weight. The respective feeds were given to each group for 8 weeks, and changes in mammary tumor size were compared. At the end of the experiment, mammary tumors and thyroid glands were resected to compare their weights. Serum total iodine and thyroxin (T4) levels were measured. Immunohistochemical studies for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and apoptosis were carried out in the resected tumor. Significant suppression of tumor growth was observed in groups I‐B and I‐C compared with I‐A. In groups I‐B and I‐C, the weights of resected mammary tumors were significantly lower and serum total iodine concentration was significantly higher than in I‐A. BrdU indices were significantly lower in groups I‐B and I‐C, compared with I‐A. TGF‐β and apoptotic index were inversely related to BrdU. These results suggest that iodine is transported from the serum into mammary tissues and induces apoptosis through the expression of TGF‐β. In conclusion, wakame suppressed the proliferation of DMBA‐induced mammary tumors.
Global optimization in the localization of neuromagnetic sources

The locations of active brain areas can be estimated from the magnetic field produced by the neural current sources. In many cases, the actual current distribution can be modeled with a set of stationary current dipoles with time-varying amplitudes. This work studies global optimization methods that find the minimum of the least-squares error function of the current dipole estimation problem. Three different global optimization methods were investigated: clustering method, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. In simulation studies, the genetic algorithm was the most effective method. The methods were also applied to analysis of actual measurement data.