Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Analyses of Generic Dairy Advertising, 1984-97

Generic advertising raised fluid milk sales about 6.0 percent, or 18.1 billion pounds, between September 1984 and September 1997. Sales of cheese rose by about 6.8 billion pounds (milk equivalent) in the same period because of increased generic advertising. An assessment of 15 cents per hundredweight of milk sold commercially, mandated by the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983, funded the advertising. Activities of the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board also contributed to increased milk sales over the past year. Gross returns to dairy farmers between September 1984 and September 1997 were estimated to increase by $3.44 for each dollar spent on generic advertising.
Bootstrapped Learning of Semantic Classes from Positive and Negative Examples

We present an algorithm for unsupervised learning and semantic classiflcation of names and terms. Given a small number of seed examples and an unlabeled training corpus, the algorithm learns patterns that identify more examples, in a bootstrapping cycle. Multiple classes are learned simultaneously, including negative classes that serve to provide negative examples for the target classes. We apply the algorithm to texts from several domains, in English and Chinese.
Interactions between Activation and Repolarization Restitution Properties in the Intact Human Heart: In-Vivo Whole-Heart Data and Mathematical Description

Background The restitution of the action potential duration (APDR) and conduction velocity (CVR) are mechanisms whereby cardiac excitation and repolarization adapt to changes in heart rate. They modulate the vulnerability to dangerous arrhythmia, but the mechanistic link between restitution and arrhythmogenesis remains only partially understood. Methods This paper provides an experimental and theoretical study of repolarization and excitation restitution properties and their interactions in the intact human epicardium. The interdependence between excitation and repolarization dynamic is studied in 8 patients (14 restitution protocols, 1722 restitution curves) undergoing global epicardial mapping with multi-electrode socks before open heart surgery. A mathematical description of the contribution of both repolarization and conduction dynamics to the steepness of the APDR slope is proposed. Results This study demonstrates that the APDR slope is a function of both activation and repolarization dynamics. At short cycle length, conduction delay significantly increases the APDR slope by interacting with the diastolic interval. As predicted by the proposed mathematical formulation, the APDR slope was more sensitive to activation time prolongation than to the simultaneous shortening of repolarization time. A steep APDR slope was frequently identified, with 61% of all cardiac sites exhibiting an APDR slope > 1, suggesting that a slope > 1 may not necessarily promote electrical instability in the human epicardium. APDR slope did not change for different activation or repolarization times, and it was not a function of local baseline APD. However, it was affected by the spatial organization of electrical excitation, suggesting that in tissue APDR is not a unique function of local electrophysiological properties. Spatial heterogeneity in both activation and repolarization restitution contributed to the increase in the modulated dispersion of repolarization, which for short cycle length was as high as 250 ms. Heterogeneity in conduction velocity restitution can translate into both activation and repolarization dispersion and increase cardiac instability. The proposed mathematical formulation shows an excellent agreement with the experimental data (correlation coefficient r = 0.94) and provides a useful tool for the understanding of the complex interactions between activation and repolarization restitution properties as well as between their measurements.
A Theory of Social Comparison Processes

Hypothesis I: There exists, in the human organism, a drive to evaluate his opinions and his abilities. While opinions and abilities may, at first glance, seem to be quite different things, there is a close functional tie between them. They act together in the manner in which they affect behavior. A person’s cognition (his opinions and beliefs) about the situation in which he exists and his appraisals of what he is capable of doing (his evaluation of his abilities) will together have bearing on his behavior. The holding of incorrect opinions and/or inaccurate appraisals of one’s abilities can be punishing or even fatal in many situations. It is necessary, before we proceed, to clarify the distinction between opinions and evaluations of abilities since at first glance it may seem that one’s evaluation of one’s own ability is an opinion about it. Abilities are of course manifested only through performance which is assumed to depend upon the particular ability. The clarity of the manifestation or performance can vary from instances where there is no clear ordering criterion of the ability to instances where the performance which reflects the ability can be clearly ordered. In the former case, the evaluation of the ability does function like other opinions which are not directly testable in “objective reality’. For example, a person’s evaluation of his ability to write poetry will depend to a large extent on the opinions which others have of his ability to write poetry. In cases where the criterion is unambiguous and can be clearly ordered, this furnishes an objective reality for the evaluation of one’s ability so that it depends less on the opinions of other persons and depends more on actual comparison of one’s performance with the performance of others. Thus, if a person evaluates his running ability, he will do so by comparing his time to run some distance with the times that other persons have taken. In the following pages, when we talk about evaluating an ability, we shall mean specifically the evaluation of that ability in situations where the performance is unambiguous and is known. Most situations in real life will, of course, present situations which are a mixture of opinion and ability evaluation. In a previous article (7) the author posited the existence of a drive to determine whether or not one’s opinions were “correct”. We are here stating that this same drive also produces behavior in people oriented toward obtaining an accurate appraisal of their abilities. The behavioral implication of the existence of such a drive is that we would expect to observe behaviour on the part of persons which enables them to ascertain whether or not their opinions are correct and also behavior which enables them accurately to evaluate their abilities. It is consequently
The Lagoon: How Aristotle Invented Science

In the Eastern Aegean lies an island of forested hills and olive groves, with streams, marshes and a lagoon that nearly cuts the land in two. It was here, over two thousand years ago, that Aristotle came to work. Aristotle was the greatest philosopher of all time. Author of the Poetics, Politics and Metaphysics, his work looms over the history of Western thought. But he was also a biologist - the first. Aristotle explored the mysteries of the natural world. With the help of fishermen, hunters and farmers, he catalogued the animals in his world, dissected them, observed their behaviours and recorded how they lived, fed, and bred. In his great zoological treatise, Historia animalium, he described the mating habits of herons, the sexual incontinence of girls, the stomachs of snails, the sensitivity of sponges, the flippers of seals, the sounds of cicadas, the destructiveness of starfish, the dumbness of the deaf, the flatulence of elephants and the structure of the human heart. And then, in another dozen books, he explained it all. In The Lagoon, acclaimed biologist Armand Marie Leroi recovers Aristotle's science. He goes to Lesbos to see the creatures that Aristotle saw, where he saw them, and explores the Philosopher's deep ideas and inspired guesses - as well as the things that he got wildly wrong. Leroi shows how Aristotle's science is deeply intertwined with his philosophical system and how modern science even now bears the imprint of its inventor.
Exodus from Sovereign Risk: Global Asset and Information Networks in the Pricing of Corporate Credit Risk

Using five-year credit default swap (CDS) spreads on 2,364 companies in 54 countries from 2004 to 2011, we find that firms exposed to stronger property rights through their foreign asset positions (institutional channel) and firms cross-listed on exchanges with stricter disclosure requirements (informational channel) reduce their CDS spreads by 40 bps for a one-standard-deviation increase in their exposure to the two channels. These channels capture effects beyond those associated with firm- and country-level fundamentals. Overall, we find that firm-level global asset and information connections are important mechanisms to delink firms from their sovereign and country risks.
Creating Space For New Teacher Voices: Examining Mentoring From the Perspective of New Teacher Residents

Educators and policy makers recognize the need to provide a continuum of support for beginning teachers to facilitate the transition from preservice preparation to independent practice. As a result, both have responded with the recommendation of increasing and expanding induction programs. Teacher Residency programs have recently emerged as an innovative model for new teacher induction. This qualitative study was situated within a charter school context and investigated how five beginning teachers participating in a New Teacher Residency Program perceived and experienced mentoring. Drawing on sociocultural theory, situated learning, and communities of practice as theoretical frames, the research question was: How do new teachers participating in a residency program experience mentoring? This study specifically sought to explore the expectations of mentoring held by Resident Teachers as well as the ways mentoring support aligned with their personal and professional needs. Multiple data sources were analyzed, including in-depth interviews, written reflections, surveys, and pupil work samples. Data analysis was iterative and axial coding revealed six key categories including (a) expectations; (b) support; (c) gaps in support; (d) teacher development; (e) social identities; and (f) Critical Friends Groups. Findings revealed that Resident Teachers found mentoring to be a source of emotional support as well as a resource for professional learning, particularly with reflection, lesson planning, and instruction. Recommendations for residency program improvements include (a) release time for mentors; (b) defined roles and responsibilities for Resident Teachers; and (c) an increase in Resident Teachers’ stipend amount. As educators and policy makers continue to view mentoring as a way to improve teaching and learning, insights gained from Resident Teachers being mentored can inform the way mentored induction translates from policy to practice. In addition, the mentoring experiences of Resident Teachers can be used to guide the development of new induction programs or help strengthen existing programs. INDEX WORDS: New teacher mentoring, Teacher induction, Urban teacher residency programs CREATING SPACE FOR NEW TEACHER VOICES: EXAMINING MENTORING FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF NEW TEACHER RESIDENTS by CASSANDRA C. MATTHEWS
Working Paper No . 5 33 Pay by Design : Teacher Performance Pay Design and the Distribution of Student Achievement By

There is growing interest in strengthening teacher incentives by tying pay to performance measures based on student achievement. Yet, there is little empirical evidence on how teachers may respond to specific design features of performance pay schemes. Theoretically appealing but relatively complex schemes may not outperform less appealing but simple schemes in practice. In this paper, we present the results of a randomized trial designed to test alternative approaches of mapping student achievement into rewards for teachers. Teachers in western China were randomly assigned to participate in rank-order tournaments in which teacher rankings were determined as a function of their students’ scores on standardized exams by one of three different methods of defining teacher performance. We find that teachers offered pay-for-percentile incentives (based on the scheme described in Barlevy and Neal 2012) outperform teachers offered two simpler schemes based on year-end class average achievement levels or average gains over the course of a school year. Achievement gains under pay-for-percentile were mirrored by meaningful changes in the intensity of teaching. Moreover, we find that pay-for-percentile incentives lead to broad based gains, improving outcomes for students across the achievement distribution within the class. Our finding that teachers respond to a relatively intricate feature of an incentive scheme highlights the importance of close attention to performance pay design.
The Calcitonin and Glucocorticoids Combination: Mechanistic Insights into Their Class–Effect Synergy in Experimental Arthritis

Introduction Previous work reported the anti-arthritic synergy afforded by combining calcitonin (CT) and glucocorticoids (GC). Here we focus on the pairing of elcatonin (eCT) and dexamethasone (Dex), querying whether: i) this was a class-effect action; ii) mechanistic insights could be unveiled; iii) the synergy affected canonical GC adverse effects. Methods Using the rat collagen-induced arthritis model, different combinations of eCT and Dex, were administered from disease onset to peak (day 11 to 18). Macroscopic disease score was monitored throughout, with biochemical and histological analyses conducted on plasma and tissues at day 18. The effect on acute hyperglycaemia and liver enzyme message were also assessed. Results Whilst eCT alone was inactive, it synergised at 1 µg/kg with low doses of Dex (7.5 or 15 µg/kg) to yield an anti-arthritic efficacy equivalent to a 4- to 7-fold higher Dex dose. Mechanistically, the anti-arthritic synergy corresponded to a marked attenuation in RA-relevant analytes. CXCL5 expression, in both plasma and joint, was markedly inhibited by the co-therapy. Finally, co-administration of eCT did not exacerbate metrics of GC adverse effects, and rescued some of them. Conclusions We present evidence of a class-effect action for the anti-arthritic synergy of CT/GC combination, underpinned by the powerful inhibition of joint destruction markers. Furthermore, we identify CXCL5 as a marker for the combination therapy with potential diagnostic and prognostic utility. Substantial GC dose reduction, together with the absence of exacerbated adverse effects, indicated a significant clinical potential for this co-therapy in RA and beyond.
Difference in Gender Attitude in Investment Decision Making in India

As women play a more active role, they also want to get the same attention, advice, terms and deals that men get from their wealth managers and advisers. Traditionally, the right to make investment decisions normally belongs to men. However, women today are making a bigger share of the decision over whether to invest in stocks, bonds or real estate. Specifically, in 2009, women decided how to allocate about $20 trillion in investments -- about 27% of the world's wealth, which is up by 16% from 2008. The objective of this study is to study the differences in the Investment Decision Making (IDM) process between female and male investors. In this study, chi-square test has been applied as statistical tool. The findings of this study are higher level of awareness for males than females for different investment avenues and Female investors tend to display less confidence in their investment decisions and hence have lower satisfaction levels. Key words : IDM, investment avenues, awareness, stereotypes, self-directed
A hybrid scheme for Automated Essay Grading based on LVQ and NLP techniques

This paper presents a hybrid approach to an Automated Essay Grading System (AEGS) that provides automated grading and evaluation of student essays. The proposed system has two complementary components: Writing Features Analysis tools, which rely on natural language processing (NLP) techniques and neural network grading engine, which rely on a set of pre-graded essays to judge the student answer and assign a grade. By this way, students essays could be evaluated with a feedback that would improve their writing skills. The proposed system is evaluated using datasets from computer and information sciences college students' essays in Mansoura University. These datasets was written as part of mid-term exams in introduction to information systems course and Systems analysis and design course. The obtained results shows an agreement with teachers' grades in between 70% and nearly 90% with teachers' grades. This indicates that the proposed might be useful as a tool for automatic assessment of students' essays, thus leading to a considerable reduction in essay grading costs.
Normal functional characteristics of cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) after induction of differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide

The HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line can be induced to terminally differentiate to mature myeloid cells sharing a number of functional characteristics with normal granulocytes including response to chemoattractants, development of complement receptors, phagocytosis, superoxide production, and nitroblue tetrazolium dye reduction. Hence the Me2SO-induced HL-60 cells provide a unique in vitro model for studying various important aspects of human myeloid cell differentiation.
The Chilean Business Cycles Through the Lens of a Stochastic General Equilibrium Model

This paper uses an estimated dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with nominal and real rigidities, to describe the sources of business cycle fluctuations in Chile. Our results show that foreign shocks and domestic supply shock account for a large share of output fluctuations over the last 20 years. Relatively tight domestic monetary conditions have contributed to contain inflationary pressures arising from other shocks, namely a slowdown in productivity by mid 90s. Foreign factors are also behind the large swings exhibited by the real exchange rate, although a monetary contraction in 1998 explains part of the delayed adjustment of the exchange rate in response to effects of the Asian crisis. The tight monetary policy around 1998 also contributes to the slow recovery of the employment afterwards.
Final Report on Efficient Implementation of Security Systems

Project co-funded by the European Commission within the 7th Framework Programme Dissemination Level PU Public X PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission services) The information in this document is provided as is, and no warranty is given or implied that the information is fit for any particular purpose. The user thereof uses the information at its sole risk and liability.
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SUPERMASSIVE BLACK HOLES, VELOCITY DISPERSIONS, AND MASS DEFICITS IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES WITH CORES

High-dynamic-range surface photometry in a companion paper makes possible accurate measurement of the stellar light deficits Ldef and mass deficits Mdef associated with the cores of elliptical galaxies. We show that Ldef correlates with velocity dispersions σ of the host galaxy bulge averaged outside the central region that may be affected by a supermassive black hole (BH). We confirm that Ldef correlates with BH mass M•. Also, the fractional light deficit Ldef/L* correlates with M•/M*, the ratio of BH mass to the galaxy stellar mass. All three correlations have scatter similar to or smaller than the scatter in the well-known correlation between M• and σ. The new correlations are remarkable in view of the dichotomy between ellipticals with cores and those with central extra light. Core light deficit correlates closely with M• and σ, but extra light does not. This supports the suggestion that extra light Es are made in wet mergers with starbursts whereas core Es are made in dry mergers. After dry mergers, cores are believed to be scoured by BH binaries that fling stars away as their orbits decay or by BHs that sink back to the center after recoiling from anisotropic gravitational radiation emitted when they merge. Direct evidence for these mechanisms has been elusive. We interpret the new correlations as the “smoking gun” that connects cores with BHs. Together, the M•–σ and M•–Ldef correlations give us two independent ways to estimate BH masses in core Es.
Social capital and innovation: an empirical analysis in the context of European regions

Although conceptual support for the relevance of social capital as an antecedent of innovation has received much theoretical attention over recent years, measurement and quantitative evidence are scarce, particularly in regional contexts. Available empirical research referring to different units of analysis (individuals, organizations, and so on) supports, in general terms, a linear positive relationship among some components of social capital and innovation. Yet some studies also offer controversial results by finding non-significant, negative, diminishing returns and quadratic relationships. Building on the social network theory of innovation, this paper seeks to contribute some insights to this stream of research by empirically testing the impact of social capital on innovation in 54 NUTS1 European regions. Our results show that the social capital-innovation relationship has an inverted U-shape, which is consistent with recent research that suggests that some sub-constructs of social capital, such as tie strength, involve maintenance and opportunity costs and that social capital has positive effects but has also its limits.
An Examination of the Chinese Housing Market through the Lens of the DiPasquale- Wheaton Model: a Graphical Attempt

Many existing studies on the China real estate industry are empirical, or policyoriented. This paper complements the literature by adopting the DiPasquale and Wheaton model (1996) to study the China housing market, and trace the impact of different policies. Surprisingly, the model is capable of accounting for several developments in the market. We also extend the model to a dual-class housing situation, not only for the analysis of a recent policy change in China, but also for the potentially independent interest of other countries. A summary of the evolution of recent China housing policies is provided.
Left inferior-parietal lobe activity in perspective tasks: identity statements

We investigate the theory that the left inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is closely associated with tracking potential differences of perspective. Developmental studies find that perspective tasks are mastered at around 4 years of age. Our first study, meta-analyses of brain imaging studies shows that perspective tasks specifically activate a region in the left IPL and precuneus. These tasks include processing of false belief, visual perspective, and episodic memory. We test the location specificity theory in our second study with an unusual and novel kind of perspective task: identity statements. According to Frege's classical logical analysis, identity statements require appreciation of modes of presentation (perspectives). We show that identity statements, e.g., “the tour guide is also the driver” activate the left IPL in contrast to a control statements, “the tour guide has an apprentice. ” This activation overlaps with the activations found in the meta-analysis. This finding is confirmed in a third study with different types of statements and different comparisons. All studies support the theory that the left IPL has as one of its overarching functions the tracking of perspective differences. We discuss how this function relates to the bottom-up attention function proposed for the bilateral IPL.