Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Origin and microscopic mechanism for suppression of leakage currents in Schottky contacts to GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy

Dislocation-related conduction paths in n-type GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy and a mechanism for local suppression of current flow along these paths are analyzed using conductive atomic force microscopy, scanning Auger spectroscopy, and macroscopic current–voltage measurements. Application of an electric field at the GaN surface in an ambient atmospheric environment is shown to lead to local formation of gallium oxide in the immediate vicinity of the conduction paths, resulting in the strong suppression of subsequent current flow. Current–voltage measurements for Schottky diodes in which local conduction paths have been suppressed in this manner exhibit reverse-bias leakage currents reduced by two to four orders of magnitude compared to those in Schottky diodes not subjected to any surface modification process. These results demonstrate that the dislocation-related current leakage paths are the dominant source of leakage current in Schottky contacts to n-type GaN grown by molecular-beam epitaxy, and elucidate the nature of a microscopic process for their suppression.
Semantic Class Learning from the Web with Hyponym Pattern Linkage Graphs

We present a novel approach to weakly supervised semantic class learning from the web, using a single powerful hyponym pattern combined with graph structures, which capture two properties associated with pattern-based extractions: popularity and productivity. Intuitively, a candidate is popular if it was discovered many times by other instances in the hyponym pattern. A candidate is productive if it frequently leads to the discovery of other instances. Together, these two measures capture not only frequency of occurrence, but also cross-checking that the candidate occurs both near the class name and near other class members. We developed two algorithms that begin with just a class name and one seed instance and then automatically generate a ranked list of new class instances. We conducted experiments on four semantic classes and consistently achieved high accuracies.
Sfold web server for statistical folding and rational design of nucleic acids

The Sfold web server provides user-friendly access to Sfold, a recently developed nucleic acid folding software package, via the World Wide Web (WWW). The software is based on a new statistical sampling paradigm for the prediction of RNA secondary structure. One of the main objectives of this software is to offer computational tools for the rational design of RNA-targeting nucleic acids, which include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), antisense oligonucleotides and trans-cleaving ribozymes for gene knock-down studies. The methodology for siRNA design is based on a combination of RNA target accessibility prediction, siRNA duplex thermodynamic properties and empirical design rules. Our approach to target accessibility evaluation is an original extension of the underlying RNA folding algorithm to account for the likely existence of a population of structures for the target mRNA. In addition to the application modules Sirna, Soligo and Sribo for siRNAs, antisense oligos and ribozymes, respectively, the module Srna offers comprehensive features for statistical representation of sampled structures. Detailed output in both graphical and text formats is available for all modules. The Sfold server is available at http://sfold.wadsworth. org and http://www.bioinfo. rpi.edu/applications/sfold.
Regulation of Inflammatory Pain by Inhibition of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase

Although cannabinoids are efficacious in laboratory animal models of inflammatory pain, their established cannabimimetic actions diminish enthusiasm for their therapeutic development. Conversely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the chief catabolic enzyme regulating the endogenous cannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), has emerged as an attractive target for treating pain and other conditions. Here, we tested WIN 55212-2 [(R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo[1,2,3-de)-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-napthalenylmethanone], a cannabinoid receptor agonist, and genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of FAAH in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) mouse model of inflammatory pain. WIN 55212-2 significantly reduced edema and hot-plate hyperalgesia caused by LPS infusion into the hind paws, although the mice also displayed analgesia and other central nervous system effects. FAAH(−/−) mice exhibited reduced paw edema and hyperalgesia in this model without apparent cannabimimetic effects. Transgenic mice expressing FAAH exclusively on neurons continued to display the antiedematous, but not the antihyperalgesic, phenotype. The CB2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2) antagonist SR144528 [N-[(1S)-endo-1,3,3-trimethyl bicyclo [2.2. 1] heptan-2-yl]-5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] blocked this non-neuronal, anti-inflammatory phenotype, and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) antagonist rimonabant [SR141716, N-(piperidin-1-yl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] blocked the antihyperalgesic phenotype. The FAAH inhibitor URB597 [cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3′-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester] attenuated the development of LPS-induced paw edema and reversed LPS-induced hyperalgesia through the respective CB2 and CB1 mechanisms of action. However, the transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 antagonist capsazepine did not affect either the antihyperalgesic or antiedematous effects of URB597. Finally, URB597 attenuated levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α in LPS-treated paws. These findings demonstrate that simultaneous elevations in non-neuronal and neuronal endocannabinoid signaling are possible through inhibition of a single enzymatic target, thereby offering a potentially powerful strategy for treating chronic inflammatory pain syndromes that operate at multiple levels of anatomical integration.
Improving One-Shot Learning through Fusing Side Information

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) often struggle with one-shot learning where we have only one or a few labeled training examples per category. In this paper, we argue that by using side information, we may compensate the missing information across classes. We introduce two statistical approaches for fusing side information into data representation learning to improve one-shot learning. First, we propose to enforce the statistical dependency between data representations and multiple types of side information. Second, we introduce an attention mechanism to efficiently treat examples belonging to the 'lots-of-examples' classes as quasi-samples (additional training samples) for 'one-example' classes. We empirically show that our learning architecture improves over traditional softmax regression networks as well as state-of-the-art attentional regression networks on one-shot recognition tasks.
Expression of Neurodevelopmental Markers by Cultured Porcine Neural Precursor Cells

Despite the increasing importance of the pig as a large animal model, little is known about porcine neural precursor cells. To evaluate the markers expressed by these cells, brains were dissected from 60‐day fetuses, enzymatically dissociated, and grown in the presence of epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet‐derived growth factor. Porcine neural precursors could be grown as suspended spheres or adherent monolayers, depending on culture conditions. Expanded populations were banked or harvested for analysis using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunocytochemistry, microarrays, and flow cytometry, and results compared with data from analogous human forebrain progenitor cells. Cultured porcine neural precursors widely expressed neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), polysialic acid (PSA)–NCAM, vimentin, Ki‐67, and Sox2. Minority subpopulations of cells expressed doublecortin, β‐III tubulin, synapsin I, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and aquaporin 4 (AQP4) consistent with increased lineage restriction. A human microarray detected porcine transcripts for nogoA (RTN4) and stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF1), possibly cyclin D2 and Pbx1, but not CD133, Ki‐67, nestin, or nucleostemin. Subsequent RT‐PCR showed pig forebrain precursors to be positive for cyclin D2, nucleostemin, nogoA, Pbx1, vimentin, and a faint band for SDF1, whereas no signal was detected for CD133, fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), or Ki‐67. Human forebrain progenitor cells were positive for all the genes mentioned. This study shows that porcine neural precursors share many characteristics with their human counterparts and, thus, may be useful in porcine cell transplantation studies potentially leading to the application of this strategy in the setting of nervous system disease and injury.
Gene Expression Profiles of Main Olfactory Epithelium in Adenylyl Cyclase 3 Knockout Mice

Adenylyl Cyclase 3 (AC3) plays an important role in the olfactory sensation-signaling pathway in mice. AC3 deficiency leads to defects in olfaction. However, it is still unknown whether AC3 deficiency affects gene expression or olfactory signal transduction pathways within the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). In this study, gene microarrays were used to screen differentially expressed genes in MOE from AC3 knockout (AC3−/−) and wild-type (AC3+/+) mice. The differentially expressed genes identified were subjected to bioinformatic analysis and verified by qRT-PCR. Gene expression in the MOE from AC3−/− mice was significantly altered, compared to AC3+/+ mice. Of the 41266 gene probes, 3379 had greater than 2-fold fold change in expression levels between AC3−/− and AC3+/+ mice, accounting for 8% of the total gene probes. Of these genes, 1391 were up regulated, and 1988 were down regulated, including 425 olfactory receptor genes, 99 genes that are specifically expressed in the immature olfactory neurons, 305 genes that are specifically expressed in the mature olfactory neurons, and 155 genes that are involved in epigenetic regulation. Quantitative RT-PCR verification of the differentially expressed epigenetic regulation related genes, olfactory receptors, ion transporter related genes, neuron development and differentiation related genes, lipid metabolism and membrane protein transport etc. related genes showed that P75NTR, Hinfp, Gadd45b, and Tet3 were significantly up-regulated, while Olfr370, Olfr1414, Olfr1208, Golf, Faim2, Tsg101, Mapk10, Actl6b, H2BE, ATF5, Kirrrel2, OMP, Drd2 etc. were significantly down-regulated. In summary, AC3 may play a role in proximal olfactory signaling and play a role in the regulation of differentially expressed genes in mouse MOE.
Functional domains of paired‐like homeoprotein Cart1 and the relationship between dimerization and transcription activity

Background: Cart1 encodes the paired‐like homeodomain in the central portion of the gene, and plays a crucial role in the developmental lineage of bone and cartilage, especially in head formation. However, its transactivation mechanism is still poorly understood, including the target gene. Here, we report biochemical dissections of Cart1 functional domains and a relationship between dimerization and transcription activity.
Coronary Dilatation After Heart Transplantation

Background. The angiographic incidence of coronary dilatation (CD) in the nontransplant population is approximately 0.2% to 5%. The endothelial-dependent and -independent causes for CD are postulated. So far, the incidence and prognosis of CD after heart transplantation is unknown. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the annual coronary angiographies of 688 heart transplant recipients regarding the incidence of CD (defined as ≥1.5-fold localized increased vessel diameter or diffuse dilatation involving more than 50% of the coronary artery). A subgroup analysis of coronary epicardial (quantitative angiography) and microvascular (doppler flow measurement) vasomotor function in response to acetylcholine (endothelial dependent) and adenosine (endothelial independent) as well as intravascular ultrasound was performed in 177 patients. Results. CD was detectable in 26 patients (3.8%) and was associated with stenosing coronary artery disease in 27% of the patients. Segments with CD tended to have less intimal hyperplasia compared with nondilated segments. A diffuse dilatation (type I–II) was present in 63% of the recipients. The right coronary artery was always involved. The patients with CD (5 of 177) showed a 31% reduced flow velocity in the dilated coronaries compared with the nondilated coronary arteries (P=0.03). Microvascular endothelial-independent function was impaired in CD by −29% (coronary flow reserve mean 1.9 vs. 2.7; P=0.04), whereas endothelial-dependent response was unchanged. Epicardial endothelial-dependent and -independent responses were not different between the groups. Incidence of CD was not associated with limited survival. Conclusion. The incidence of CD in the nontransplant population is similar to that in the transplanted population. However, the latter shows a more diffuse extent. Heart transplantation patients with CD had microvascular endothelial-independent functional limitations and flow deceleration, whereas survival was not affected.
Comparison of numerous delivery systems for the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by immunization

A variety of vaccine delivery systems including peptides with various adjuvants, recombinant particles, live recombinant viruses and bacteria and plasmid DNA were tested for their ability to induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) against a well‐defined epitope (amino acids 252–260) from the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium berghei. We compared routes of immunization that would be applicable for the administration of a malaria vaccine in humans. The majority of these vaccines did not induce high CTL responses in the spleens of immunized mice. However, both a yeast‐derived Ty virus‐like particle expressing the optimal nine‐amino acid epitope SYIPSAEKI from the CS protein (CSP‐VLP) and a lipid‐tailed peptide of this same sequence induced high levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I‐restricted CTL with one and three subcutaneous immunizations, respectively. Moreover, these CTL were able to recognize naturally processed antigen expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus. The levels of CTL induced by CSP‐VLP could be augmented by co‐immunization with certain cytokines. Target cells pulsed with CSP‐VLP were recognized and lysed, showing that the particles were effectively processed and presented through MHC class I presentation pathway. The levels of CTL induced using CSP‐VLP and lipopeptides are comparable to those observed after immunization with multiple doses of irradiated sporozoites.
Consumers can make decisions in as little as a third of a second

We make hundreds of decisions every day, many of them extremely quickly and without much explicit deliberation. This motivates two important open questions: What is the minimum time required to make choices with above chance accuracy? What is the impact of additional decision-making time on choice accuracy? We investigated these questions in four experiments in which subjects made binary food choices using saccadic or manual responses, under either “speed” or “accuracy” instructions. Subjects were able to make above chance decisions in as little as 313 ms, and choose their preferred food item in over 70% of trials at average speeds of 404 ms. Further, slowing down their responses by either asking them explicitly to be confident about their choices, or to respond with hand movements, generated about a 10% increase in accuracy. Together, these results suggest that consumers can make accurate every-day choices, akin to those made in a grocery store, at significantly faster speeds than previously reported.
Centering Theory in natural text: a large-scale corpus study

We present an extensive corpus study of Centering Theory (CT), examining how adequately CT models coherence in a large body of natural text. A novel analysis of transition bigrams provides strong empirical support for several CT-related linguistic claims which so far have been investigated only on various small data sets. The study also reveals genre-based differences in texts’ degrees of entity coherence. Previous work has shown unsupervised CTbased coherence metrics to be unable to outperform a simple baseline. We identify two reasons: 1) these metrics assume that some transition types are more coherent and that they occur more frequently than others, but in our corpus the latter is not the case; and 2) the original sentence order of a document and a random permutation of its sentences differ mostly in the fraction of entity-sharing sentence pairs, exactly the factor measured by the baseline.
Termination Sequence Generation Circuits for Low-Density Parity-Check Convolutional Codes

Low-density parity-check convolutional codes (LDPC-CCs) complement their popular block-oriented counterparts and may be more suitable in certain communication applications. These include streaming voice, video, and packet switching networks. In order to use these codes efficiently we must generate termination sequences similar to those used in conventional convolutional codes. In this paper, we present a construction method for termination sequence generation circuits suitable for field-programmable gate arrays and application-specific integrated circuits. This method uses linear algebra to determine the termination sequence for a small number of states of the encoder and converts these solutions into a sequential circuit. Results are presented for several realizations of termination circuits for a (128,3,6) LDPC-CC
EFFECT OF SHEAR SPAN RATIO ON THE FRACTURE OF DEEP BEAMS

せん断スパン比(以下，a/d)が小さく，せん断補強筋を有するディープビーム部材を対象に，a/d，せん断補強筋比，有効高さをパラメータとして，単純梁を用いた鉛直載荷実験を行い，せん断抵抗に関する検討を行った．その結果，a/d≦1. 0とa/d=1. 5では終局時の破壊の形態が異なることが，デジタルカメラやひずみの計測を詳細に行うことにより明らかとなり，a/d≦1. 0のせん断破壊では，圧縮力が主体となるためせん断補強筋はほとんど効果を発揮しないが，a/d=1. 5ではひび割れ幅の抑制効果があることからせん断補強筋が十分に効果を発揮することが分かった．また，本研究におけるせん断耐力評価式は実験値を概ね評価できることが分かった．
Energy efficiency for large-scale MapReduce workloads with significant interactive analysis

MapReduce workloads have evolved to include increasing amounts of time-sensitive, interactive data analysis; we refer to such workloads as MapReduce with Interactive Analysis (MIA). Such workloads run on large clusters, whose size and cost make energy efficiency a critical concern. Prior works on MapReduce energy efficiency have not yet considered this workload class. Increasing hardware utilization helps improve efficiency, but is challenging to achieve for MIA workloads. These concerns lead us to develop BEEMR (Berkeley Energy Efficient MapReduce), an energy efficient MapReduce workload manager motivated by empirical analysis of real-life MIA traces at Facebook. The key insight is that although MIA clusters host huge data volumes, the interactive jobs operate on a small fraction of the data, and thus can be served by a small pool of dedicated machines; the less time-sensitive jobs can run on the rest of the cluster in a batch fashion. BEEMR achieves 40-50% energy savings under tight design constraints, and represents a first step towards improving energy efficiency for an increasingly important class of datacenter workloads.
A General Linear Non-Gaussian State-Space Model

State-space modeling provides a powerful tool for system identication and prediction. In linear state-space models the data are usually assumed to be Gaussian and the models have certain structural constraints such that they are identiable. In this paper we propose a non-Gaussian state-space model which does not have such constraints. We prove that this model is fully identiable. We then propose an ecient two-step method for parameter estimation: one rst extracts the subspace of the latent processes based on the temporal information of the data, and then performs multichannel blind deconvolution, making use of both the temporal information and non-Gaussianity. We conduct a series of simulations to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. Finally, we apply the proposed model and parameter estimation method on real data, including major world stock indices and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings. Experimental results are encouraging and show the practical usefulness of the proposed model and method.
A Practical, Hardware Friendly MMSE Detector for MIMO-OFDM-Based Systems

Design and implementation of a highly optimized MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) detector requires cooptimization of the algorithm with the underlying hardware architecture. Special attention must be paid to application requirements such as throughput, latency, and resource constraints. In this work, we focus on a highly optimized matrix inversion free MMSE (minimum mean square error) MIMO detector implementation. The work has resulted in a real-time field-programmable gate array-based implementation (FPGA-) on a Xilinx Virtex-2 6000 using only 9003 logic slices, 66 multipliers, and 24 Block RAMs (less than 33% of the overall resources of this part). The design delivers over 420 Mbps sustained throughput with a small 2.77-microsecond latency. The designed linear MMSE MIMO detector is capable of complying with the proposed IEEE 802.11n standard.
Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation: Long-Term Outcome and Prognostic Implications With Quantitative Doppler Assessment

BackgroundMyocardial infarction (MI) can directly cause ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR), which has been touted as an indicator of poor prognosis in acute and early phases after MI. However, in the chronic post-MI phase, prognostic implications of IMR presence and degree are poorly defined. Methods and ResultsWe analyzed 303 patients with previous (>16 days) Q-wave MI by ECG who underwent transthoracic echocardiography: 194 with IMR quantitatively assessed in routine practice and 109 without IMR matched for baseline age (71±11 versus 70±9 years, P =0.20), sex, and ejection fraction (EF, 33±14% versus 34±11%, P =0.14). In IMR patients, regurgitant volume (RVol) and effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area were 36±24 mL/beat and 21±12 mm2, respectively. After 5 years, total mortality and cardiac mortality for patients with IMR (62±5% and 50±6%, respectively) were higher than for those without IMR (39±6% and 30±5%, respectively) (both P <0.001). In multivariate analysis, independently of all baseline characteristics, particularly age and EF, the adjusted relative risks of total and cardiac mortality associated with the presence of IMR (1.88, P =0.003 and 1.83, P =0.014, respectively) and quantified degree of IMR defined by RVol ≥30 mL (2.05, P =0.002 and 2.01, P =0.009) and by ERO ≥20 mm2 (2.23, P =0.003 and 2.38, P =0.004) were high. ConclusionsIn the chronic phase after MI, IMR presence is associated with excess mortality independently of baseline characteristics and degree of ventricular dysfunction. The mortality risk is related directly to the degree of IMR as defined by ERO and RVol. Therefore, IMR detection and quantification provide major information for risk stratification and clinical decision making in the chronic post-MI phase.
On the characteristics of BGP multiple origin AS conflicts

The Internet has thousands of autonomous systems (ASs), each advertising one or more prefixes it owns. According to RFC 1930, each prefix should originate from a single AS. However, routing updates involving multiple ASs advertising reachability to a given prefix, so called multiple origin AS conflict (MOAS), are becoming prevalent. To this end, this paper analyzes and quantifies MOAS conflicts observed in routing updates collected over 21 days in January 2007, and presents ten reasons that explain why they occur.