Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
N2H+ Observations of Molecular Cloud Cores in Taurus

N2H+ observations of molecular cloud cores in Taurus with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope are reported. We compare cores with young stars to cores without young stars. The differences in core radius, line width, and core mass are small. Line width is dominated by thermal motions in both cases. N2H+ maps show that the intensity distribution does not differ much between cores without stars and those with stars. This is in contrast to the result previously obtained in H13CO+ toward Taurus molecular cloud cores. A larger degree of depletion of H13CO+ in starless cores is one possible explanation for this difference. We studied the physical state of molecular cloud cores in terms of "critical pressure" for the surface (external) pressure. There is no systematic difference between starless cores and cores with stars in this analysis. Both are not far from the critical equilibrium state. We suggest that molecular cloud cores in which thermal support dominates evolve toward star formation by keeping close to the critical equilibrium state. This result is in contrast to that obtained in the intermediate-mass star-forming region OMC-2/3, where molecular cloud cores evolve by decreasing the critical pressure (dissipating turbulence). We investigate the radial distribution of the integrated intensity. Cores with stars are found to have shallow (-1.8 to -1.6) power-law density profiles.
Disability and Social Exclusion

This article explores the experiences of social exclusion of individuals with visual impairment (IWVI) as they negotiate their daily lives in their homes and societal settings in the Oshana and Oshikoto regions of Namibia. Employing qualitative research approach, this research tried to better understand the lived experiences of IWVI. Nine IWVI with ages ranging from 30 to 90 years were initially engaged in focus group discussions, followed by semi-structured in-depth individual interviews. The findings of this research indicated that IWVI experience exclusion from education, employment and social and community participation as well as relationships. Based on these findings, we suggest more inclusive policies to address social exclusion of IWVI. At the same time, this group of individuals should be empowered to participate in community activities to promote interaction with people without visual impairments.
Learning by Stretching Deep Networks

In recent years, deep architectures have gained a lot of prominence for learning complex AI tasks because of their capability to incorporate complex variations in data within the model. However, these models often need to be trained for a long time in order to obtain good results. In this paper, we propose a technique, called 'stretching', that allows the same models to perform considerably better with very little training. We show that learning can be done tractably, even when the weight matrix is stretched to infinity, for some specific models. We also study tractable algorithms for implementing stretching in deep convolutional architectures in an iterative manner and derive bounds for its convergence. Our experimental results suggest that the proposed stretched deep convolutional networks are capable of achieving good performance for many object recognition tasks. More importantly, for a fixed network architecture, one can achieve much better accuracy using stretching rather than learning the weights using backpropagation.
Can Regional Integration Accelerate Development in Africa? CGE Model Simulations of the Impact of the SADC FTA on the Republic of Madagascar

Madagascar plans to start phasing out its customs tariffs on imports from the Southern African Development Community in 2007. This paper uses a CGE model to evaluate the impact of the SADC FTA on Madagascar economy. The results suggest that the SADC FTA would only have a limited impact on Madagascar's real GDP because the liberalization affects only a small share of its total imports. However, Madagascar's trade and production pattern would change and benefit the textile and clothing sector. Removing rigidities in the labor and capital market would increase the gains but they would remain limited. Gains from the SADC FTA become substantial only when the regional liberalization is accompanied by a multilateral liberalization.
Peer-Assessed Emotional Expressivity: Unique Association With Status in the Peer Group

We examined the association between peer-assessed emotional expressivity and children’s status in the peer group after controlling for social behavior. Participants were 417 elementary school children ( X ¯ age = 10 years) from a Midwestern urban community and their teachers. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used. After controlling for gender, race, and other emotionality, happiness was positively associated with likability and popularity. Sadness was positively associated with disliking and unpopularity, and negatively associated with popularity. Anger was positively associated with disliking and popularity. Overall, emotional expressivity uniquely predicted status after controlling for social behavior. Regarding gender and race effects, girls were perceived as happier than boys and an inverse pattern was found for anger; White children were perceived as happier than Black children. The association between emotionality and status did not differ by gender. Findings expand the literature on predictability of peer-assessed emotions regarding different dimensions of status in the peer group.
Compliance with drug treatment.

I asked the chief tonometrist at the Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion in Edinburgh to approve this form for recording intraocular pressure before I had it duplicated. She told me that it would not do. I wondered why-it was simple, neat, and unambiguous. Or was it? The patient's right eye is, of course, on the tonometrist's left as she faces the patient and ought to be so on the form also. Therefore the form should be redesigned as shown.
The Fit of Business Relationships with Business Strategies

The concept of strategic fit has been a focus of the contemporary literature on organisational behaviour and strategy. This concept follows the logic of contingency theory and suggests that where business strategy is aligned with organizational structures, such a Gestalt (i.e. the optimised organisational implementation characteristics) provides the greatest contribution to firm performance. In this study, we apply the concept of strategic fit to the characteristics of inter-firm relationships. A coalignment perspective invokes a configurational view on strategy vis-a-vis relationship characteristics by which we are able to explain (a) how firms with different business strategies adopt and implement alternative relationship strategies in dealing with their counterparts, and (b) how the interplay between business strategy and relationship strategy leads to firm performance as well as relationship performance. Results of our empirical analysis with 195 international managers confirm the existence of an ideal relational configuration profile for each business strategy type. A profile deviation analysis indicates that the more similar configurations of business relationship characteristics are to those of the top performing companies for their given business strategy type, the higher is both their relationship performance as well as their firm’s overall performance. We further test ideal single-firm versus multiple-firm benchmarking of deriving ideal configurations for our deviation study; however, results indicate no significant improve in explaining performance by single-firm operationalization. Furthermore, we tested the deviation logic against a fit conceptualization as covariation, which examines the impact of the internal consistency regarding aligning a company’s relationship characteristics with business strategy to achieve superior relationship performance. Overall, the results provide support that the higher-order coalignment model as used by fit as covariation analyses is the preferred model specification.
SELF-CONCEPT, INNER RESIDUE OF PAST RELATIONSHIPS, AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING IN ADOLESCENCE A STUDY OF AGE AND GENDER DIFFERENCES IN GROUPS OF NORMAL AND ANTISOCIAL ADOLESCENTS

Östgård-Ybrandt, H. (2003). Self-concept, inner residue of past relationships, and social functioning in adolescence: A study of age and gender differences in groups of normal and antisocial adolescents. Doctoral dissertation from the Department of Psychology, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden: ISBN 91-7305-595-6. This thesis presents several studies of normative development in adolescence, focusing specifically on internalized perceptions of parents’ early behavior and how these perceptions affect the self-concept and social functioning during adolescence. Questions of possible age and gender differences in relation to perceptions of self-concept and early parental behavior are addressed. The patterns found in a normal adolescent group are compared with those in a group of adolescents with antisocial problems. Two hundred seventy-seven normal adolescents aged 12 to18 and 30 adolescents with antisocial problems aged 13-19 were investigated. The following self-administered instruments were used: self-concept assessments, the Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) introject questionnaire, perception of early parental behavior assessment, the SASB mother/father questionnaires, and the EMBU (A Swedish acronym for “own memories of upbringing”). The Youth Self Report checklist (YSR) was used to assess internalizing and externalizing problems. The incidence of problem behavior in the group of adolescents with antisocial problems was assessed using DICA-R, Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Studies I and II showed that the normal adolescent self-concept and perception of early parental behavior were positive and that there were no age or gender differences. The antisocial group of adolescents, and particularly the antisocial girls, showed a more autonomous and negative self-concept and more negative perceptions of early parental behaviors. Study III showed that a positive self-concept was related to a positive perception of parent’s early behavior. Study IV showed that an adolescent’s positive self-concept was influenced by a mix of mother acting positively and father acting with control. Adolescent self-control was indirectly influenced by parental control behavior mediated through self-affiliation. Study V showed that a positive self-concept was important for adjustment. A negative self-concept combined with female gender was a risk factor for internalizing problems. Self-control had only a small effect on social adjustment in adolescence. The relationship between a negative self-concept and externalizing problem behavior was stronger for adolescents aged 15 to 16 than for younger or older adolescents. Internalizing problem behavior influenced externalizing problems. The results presented in this thesis support a modified “storm-and-stress” view of adolescence and highlight the importance of promoting a positive self-concept in every adolescent in various psychosocial contexts.
The Role of Physical Image Properties in Facial Expression and Identity Perception

A number of attempts have been made to understand which physical image properties are important for the perception of different facial characteristics. These physical image properties have been broadly split in to two categories; namely facial shape and facial surface. Current accounts of face processing suggest that whilst judgements of facial identity rely approximately equally on facial shape and surface properties, judgements of facial expression are heavily shape dependent. This thesis presents behavioural experiments and fMRI experiments employing multi voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) to investigate the extent to which facial shape and surface properties underpin identity and expression perception and how these image properties are represented neurally. The first empirical chapter presents experiments showing that facial expressions are categorised approximately equally well when either facial shape or surface is the varying image cue. The second empirical chapter shows that neural patterns of response to facial expressions in the Occipital Face Area (OFA) and Superior Temporal Sulcus (STS) are reflected by patterns of perceptual similarity of the different expressions, in turn these patterns of perceptual similarity can be predicted by both facial shape and surface properties. The third empirical chapter demonstrates that distinct patterns of neural response can be found to shape based but not surface based cues to facial identity in the OFA and Fusiform Face Area (FFA). The final experimental chapter in this thesis demonstrates that the newly discovered contrast chimera effect is heavily dependent on the eye region and holistic face representations conveying facial identity. Taken together, these findings show the importance of facial surface as well as facial shape in expression perception. For facial identity both facial shape and surface cues are important for the contrast chimera effect although there are more consistent identity based neural response patterns to facial shape in face responsive brain regions.
Structure theorems for real-time variable rate coding with side information

The output of a discrete Markov source is to be encoded instantaneously by a variable-rate encoder and decoded by a finite-state decoder. Our performance measure is a linear combination of the distortion and the instantaneous rate. Structure theorems, pertaining to the encoder and next-state functions are derived for every given finite-state decoder, which has access to side information.
Cardiac troponin-I accurately predicts myocardial injury in renal failure.

BACKGROUND Non-specific elevations of creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin-T may be seen in renal failure, confusing the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) has been shown to be specific for myocardial damage in several disease states, but has not been prospectively evaluated in the setting of renal failure. METHODS This prospective case series evaluated 56 patients with acute or chronic renal failure or end-stage renal disease to assess the sensitivity and specificity of cTn-I for detecting myocardial injury in this patient population. During a 6-month period, patients admitted with suspected myocardial injury by history, physical examination, and electrocardiography were evaluated. Cardiac troponin-I (cTn-I) measurements were assessed between 8 and 48 h after admission. Appropriate medical care and further cardiac testing (echocardiography, stress testing, or arteriography) was performed at the discretion of the primary physician. RESULTS Myocardial injury was diagnosed in 18/56 (32%) patients by positive cTn-I levels, while only 7/56 (13%) patients had evidence of myocardial damage by CK-MB. Twenty-one of 56 (38%) patients had indeterminate CK-MB levels and 53% of these patients demonstrated myocardial ischaemia on follow-up testing. Sixteen patients had negative cardiac studies; all of these patients had negative cTn-I levels, while seven of these 16 (44%) patients had indeterminate CK-MB measurements. All of the patients with positive cTn-I levels had positive cardiac studies. Positive troponin levels were associated with increased in-hospital mortality. Sensitivity and specificity for CK-MB were 44 and 56% respectively, and 94 and 100% for cTn-I. CONCLUSION These data support the use of cTn-I for diagnosing myocardial injury in patients with renal failure. Elevated cTn-I levels are associated with increased short-term mortality in renal failure patients. The accuracy of cTn-I could potentially limit unnecessary cardiac testing in renal failure patients, while the enhanced sensitivity contributes to risk stratification and aids in diagnosing true myocardial injury in this population susceptible to non-specific elevations in other muscle enzymes.
Address terms in New Zealand English: Tracking changes to the social indexicality of gendered terms of address

Recent research has suggested that some conventionally masculine address terms are becoming more gender neutral in English speaking countries. This study examines the four most prominent gendered address forms in New Zealand English: mate, bro, man and guys in order to gain insight into the terms’ social indexicalities, and track any shifts towards gender neutrality. The study takes a mixed-methods approach to analysing two distinct data sets: four corpora of spoken New Zealand English and a data set collected from a range of current media sources. Results from this study suggest that mate is in retreat in younger New Zealanders’ speech, while bro may be increasing in usage as an unmarked form. Results also suggest that both man and guys have a largely gender free status and are being used frequently in New Zealand. These findings contribute to the growing interest sociolinguists are taking in informal address terms by providing an analysis of the interactional and social functions of address forms in New Zealand English.
arwin ’ s invisible hand : Market competition , evolution and the firm ominic

Competition among firms has been suggested to reflect the ruthless logic of Darwinian selection: a free market is a struggle for survival, in which successful firms survive and unsuccessful ones die. This view appears to bolster three pillars of neoclassical economics: (1) that economic actors are self-interested; (2) that self-interest leads to public goods (Adam Smith’s “invisible hand”); and (3) that together these lead to market optimization. However, this chain of reasoning leads to a paradox. We show that the application of Darwinian selection to competition among firms (as opposed to among individuals) invokes group selection, which leads to exactly the opposite predictions: notably altruism and the suppression of individual self-interest. We apply an alternative evolutionary model of economic competition, multi-level selection (MLS) theory, which integrates the effects of selection at both individual and group levels. This approach reveals that, while individuals may generally pursue their own self-interest (as in the standard evolutionary account), humans also have evolved traits that—as if led by an invisible hand—steer our self-interest to align with the good of the firm or wider society as well. But it is the hand of Darwin, not Smith. © 2013 Published by Elsevier B.V.
Aboriginal Language and School Outcomes: Investigating the Associations for Young Adults

Being taught an Aboriginal language at school has generally been associated with positive school outcomes for Aboriginal children but not adults. This study attempted to understand this discordance by examining three possible explanations: (a) confounding variables, (b) a cohort effect, and (c) differences in the timing and duration of Aboriginal language instruction. Confounding variables (school attendance on reserve, parental education, and family residential school attendance) and duration of Aboriginal language instruction (six of more grades) were important contributors; whereas the presence of a cohort effect and the timing of Aboriginal language instruction were not found to be significant. Future studies of Aboriginal language instruction should consider family educational experiences, location of schooling, and the duration of Aboriginal language instruction.
Testing Alternative Ground Water Models Using Cross‐Validation and Other Methods

Many methods can be used to test alternative ground water models. Of concern in this work are methods able to (1) rank alternative models (also called model discrimination) and (2) identify observations important to parameter estimates and predictions (equivalent to the purpose served by some types of sensitivity analysis). Some of the measures investigated are computationally efficient; others are computationally demanding. The latter are generally needed to account for model nonlinearity. The efficient model discrimination methods investigated include the information criteria: the corrected Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and generalized cross‐validation. The efficient sensitivity analysis measures used are dimensionless scaled sensitivity (DSS), composite scaled sensitivity, and parameter correlation coefficient (PCC); the other statistics are DFBETAS, Cook’s D, and observation‐prediction statistic. Acronyms are explained in the introduction. Cross‐validation (CV) is a computationally intensive nonlinear method that is used for both model discrimination and sensitivity analysis. The methods are tested using up to five alternative parsimoniously constructed models of the ground water system of the Maggia Valley in southern Switzerland. The alternative models differ in their representation of hydraulic conductivity. A new method for graphically representing CV and sensitivity analysis results for complex models is presented and used to evaluate the utility of the efficient statistics. The results indicate that for model selection, the information criteria produce similar results at much smaller computational cost than CV. For identifying important observations, the only obviously inferior linear measure is DSS; the poor performance was expected because DSS does not include the effects of parameter correlation and PCC reveals large parameter correlations.
Using Choice Experiments for Non-Market Valuation

This paper provides the latest research developments in the method of choice experiments applied to valuation of non-market goods. Choice experiments, along with the, by now, well-known contingent valuation method, are very important tools for valuing non-market goods and the results are used in both cost-benefit analyses and litigations related to damage assessments. The paper should provide the reader with both the means to carry out a choice experiment and to conduct a detailed critical analysis of its performance in order to give informed advice about the results. A discussion of the underlying economic model of choice experiments is incorporated, as well as a presentation of econometric models consistent with economic theory. Furthermore, a detailed discussion on the development of a choice experiment is provided, which in particular focuses on the design of the experiment and tests of validity. Finally, a discussion on different ways to calculate welfare effects is presented.
The Influence of Psychopathic Personality Traits, Low Self-Control, and Nonshared Environmental Factors on Criminal Involvement

Theoretical and empirical research has linked variation in parental and peer socialization patterns as well as criminogenic traits, particularly psychopathy and low self-control, to criminal involvement. Findings from this body of scholarship, however, have generally been produced without adequately controlling for genetic confounding. The current study addresses this gap in the literature by analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health using a genetically informative research design. This study employs monozygotic difference scores analyses in order to examine the effects of psychopathic personality traits (PPTs), low self-control, and nonshared environmental factors on involvement with criminal behavior while controlling for genetic factors. The results indicated that of the four outcomes examined, PPTs were only associated with involvement in violent behavior. In addition, the results revealed that delinquent peers was the only nonshared environmental factor associated with any of the outcome measures.