Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rationalising Choice with Multi�?Self Models

This paper studies a class of multi-self decision-making models proposed in economics, psychology, and marketing. In this class, choices arise from the set-dependent aggregation of a collection of utility functions, where the aggregation procedure satisfies some simple properties. We propose a method for characterizing the extent of irrationality in a choice behavior, and use this measure to provide a lower bound on the set of choice behaviors that can be rationalized with n utility functions. Under an additional assumption (scale-invariance), we show that generically at most five "reasons" are needed for every "mistake. "
Propagation of Uncertainty Through Multilayer Perceptrons for Robust Automatic Speech Recognition

Observation uncertainty techniques offer a way to dynamically compensate automatic speech recognizers to account for the information missing in real world scenarios. These techniques have been demonstrated to effectively be able to compensate multiple environment distortions and improve the integration of ASR systems with speech enhancement pre-processing through uncertainty propagation. Unfortunately observation uncertainty techniques rely on statistical methods and as such are limited to GMM-HMM architectures. In this paper we explore the application of observation uncertainty and uncertainty propagation techniques to multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs). We develop solutions for propagation through a generic MLP and exemplify potential gains with an large vocabulary robust ASR experiment on the AURORA4 database using an Hybrid MLP-HMM recognizer.
Can Health Care Information Technology Save Babies?

Electronic medical records (EMRs) facilitate fast and accurate access to patient records, which could improve diagnosis and patient monitoring. Using a 12-year county-level panel, we find that a 10 percent increase in births that occur in hospitals with EMRs reduces neonatal mortality by 16 deaths per 100,000 live births. This is driven by a reduction of deaths from conditions requiring careful monitoring. We also find a strong decrease in mortality when we instrument for EMR adoption using variation in state medical privacy laws. Rough cost-effectiveness calculations suggest that EMRs are associated with a cost of $531,000 per baby’s life saved.
Lateral Inferotemporal Cortex Maintains ConceptualSemantic Representations in Verbal Working Memory

Verbal working memory, that is, the temporary maintenance of linguistic information in an activated state, is typically assumed to rely on phonological representations. Recent evidence from behavioral, neuropsychological, and electrophysiological studies, however, suggests that conceptual-semantic representations may also be maintained in an activated state. We developed a new semantic working memory task that involves the maintenance of a novel conceptual combination. Functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired during the maintenance of conceptual combinations, relative to an item recognition task without the possibility of conceptual combination, demonstrate increased activation in the posterior left middle and inferior temporal gyri (known to be involved in conceptual representations) and left inferior frontal gyrus (known to be involved in semantic control processes). We suggest that this temporo-frontal system supports maintenance of conceptual information in working memory, with the frontal regions controlling the sustained activation of heteromodal conceptual representations in the inferior temporal cortex.
Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation Dovepress Use of Microdoses for Induction of Buprenorphine Treatment with Overlapping Full Opioid Agonist Use: the Bernese Method

you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms Background: Buprenorphine is a partial µ-opioid receptor agonist used for maintenance treatment of opioid dependence. Because of the partial agonism and high receptor affinity, it may precipitate withdrawal symptoms during induction in persons on full µ-opioid receptor agonists. Therefore, current guidelines and drug labels recommend leaving a sufficient time period since the last full agonist use, waiting for clear and objective withdrawal symptoms, and reducing pre-existing full agonist therapies before administering buprenorphine. However, even with these precautions, for many patients the induction of buprenorphine is a difficult experience, due to withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, tapering of the full agonist bears the risk of relapse to illicit opioid use. Cases: We present two cases of successful initiation of buprenorphine treatment with the Bernese method, ie, gradual induction overlapping with full agonist use. The first patient began buprenorphine with overlapping street heroin use after repeatedly experiencing relapse, withdrawal , and trauma reactivation symptoms during conventional induction. The second patient was maintained on high doses of diacetylmorphine (ie, pharmaceutical heroin) and methadone during induction. Both patients tolerated the induction procedure well and reported only mild withdrawal symptoms. Discussion: Overlapping induction of buprenorphine maintenance treatment with full µ-opioid receptor agonist use is feasible and may be associated with better tolerability and acceptability in some patients compared to the conventional method of induction.
Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach Report No . 32 / 2005 Explicit Methods in Number Theory

These notes contain extended abstracts on the topic of explicit methods in number theory. The range of topics included modular forms, varieties over finite fields, rational and integral points on varieties, class groups, and integer factorization. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 11xx, 12xx, 13xx, 14xx. Introduction by the Organisers The workshop Explicit Methods in Number Theory was organised by Henri Cohen (Talence), Hendrik W. Lenstra (Leiden), and Don B. Zagier (Bonn) and was held July 17–23, 2005. Three previous workshops on the topic had been held in 1999, 2001, and 2003. The goal of this meeting was to present new methods and results on concrete aspects of number theory. In many cases, this included computational and experimental work, but the primary emphasis was placed on the implications for number theory rather than on the computational methods employed. There was a ‘mini-series’ of five 1-hour morning talks given by Bas Edixhoven, Johan Bosman, Robin de Jong, and Jean-Marc Couveignes on the topic of computing the coefficients of modular forms. Let
Paris-Lille-3D: A large and high-quality ground-truth urban point cloud dataset for automatic segmentation and classification

This paper introduces a new urban point cloud dataset for automatic segmentation and classification acquired by mobile laser scanning (MLS). We describe how the dataset is obtained from acquisition to post-processing and labeling. This dataset can be used to train pointwise classification algorithms; however, given that a great attention has been paid to the split between the different objects, this dataset can also be used to train the detection and segmentation of objects. The dataset consists of around 2 k m of MLS point cloud acquired in two cities. The number of points and range of classes mean that it can be used to train deep-learning methods. In addition, we show some results of automatic segmentation and classification. The dataset is available at: http://caor-mines-paristech.fr/fr/paris-lille-3d-dataset/.
Contact between bird species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza strains

Significance The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses has received much attention due to the severe consequences of their occasional spread to humans, as well as the large toll they take on the poultry industry. Here we argue that the main barriers to the emergence of these viruses are imposed by immunity to related strains rather than the ability of the virus to acquire the necessary mutations. We show that, under these circumstances, patterns of influenza in different avian species are strongly dependent on their lifespan and that processes that alter the interactions between species of different lifespans—such as changes in farming practices—could promote the emergence of highly pathogenic types. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) cause considerable economic losses to the poultry industry and also pose a threat to human life. The possibility that one of these strains will evolve to become transmissible between humans, sparking a major influenza pandemic, is a matter of great concern. Most studies so far have focused on assessing these odds from the perspective of the intrinsic mutability of AIV rather than the ecological constraints to invasion faced by the virus population. Here we present an alternative multihost model for the evolution of AIV in which the mode and tempo of mutation play a limited role, with the emergence of strains being determined instead principally by the prevailing profile of population-level immunity. We show that (i) many of the observed differences in influenza virus dynamics among species can be captured by our model by simply varying host lifespan and (ii) increased contact between species of different lifespans can promote the emergence of potentially more virulent strains that were hitherto suppressed in one of the species.
Association between a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase and the cadherin-catenin complex

Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion molecules that play fundamental roles in embryonic development, tissue morphogenesis, and cancer. A prerequisite for their function is association with the actin cytoskeleton via the catenins. Tyrosine phosphorylation of beta- catenin, which correlates with a reduction in cadherin-dependent cell adhesion, may provide cells with a mechanism to regulate cadherin activity. Here we report that beta-catenin immune precipitates from PC12 cells contain tyrosine phosphatase activity which dephosphorylates beta-catenin in vitro. In addition, we show that a member of the leukocyte antigen-related protein (LAR)-related transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase family (LAR-PTP) associates with the cadherin-catenin complex. This association required the amino-terminal domain of beta- catenin but does not require the armadillo repeats, which mediate association with cadherins. The interaction also is detected in PC9 cells, which lack alpha-catenin. Thus, the association is not mediated by alpha-catenin or by cadherins. Interestingly, LAR-PTPs are phosphorylated on tyrosine in a TrkA-dependent manner, and their association with the cadherin-catenin complex is reduced in cells treated with NGF. We propose that changes in tyrosine phosphorylation of beta-catenin mediated by TrkA and LAR-PTPs control cadherin adhesive function during processes such as neurite outgrowth.
Association of genetic and phenotypic variability with geography and climate in three southern California oaks.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Geography and climate shape the distribution of organisms, their genotypes, and their phenotypes. To understand historical and future evolutionary and ecological responses to climate, we compared the association of geography and climate of three oak species (Quercus engelmannii, Quercus berberidifolia, and Quercus cornelius-mulleri) in an environmentally heterogeneous region of southern California at three organizational levels: regional species distributions, genetic variation, and phenotypic variation. METHODS We identified climatic variables influencing regional distribution patterns using species distribution models (SDMs), and then tested whether those individual variables are important in shaping genetic (microsatellite) and phenotypic (leaf morphology) variation. We estimated the relative contributions of geography and climate using multivariate redundancy analyses (RDA) with variance partitioning. KEY RESULTS The modeled distribution of each species was influenced by climate differently. Our analysis of genetic variation using RDA identified small but significant associations between genetic variation with climate and geography in Q. engelmannii and Q. cornelius-mulleri, but not in Q. berberidifolia, and climate explained more of the variation. Our analysis of phenotypic variation in Q. engelmannii indicated that climate had more impact than geography, but not in Q. berberidifolia. Throughout our analyses, we did not find a consistent pattern in effects of individual climatic variables. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative analysis illustrates that climate influences tree response at all organizational levels, but the important climate factors vary depending on the level and on the species. Because of these species-specific and level-specific responses, today's sympatric species are unlikely to have similar distributions in the future.
Application of Poiseuille's law to aqueous outflow.

To the Editor: —Thank you for the opportunity of replying to the comments of Dr. Lohle regarding my recent manuscript. The general tenor of Dr. Lohle's comments is that Poiseuille's law when applied to flow through the trabeculae yields results which are "problematic if not misleading. " That the results are problematic in the sense that there is still a problem, I quite agree. There is always uncertainty in applying any law developed in a physical milieu to a biological system. I felt that the readers of this journal were sufficiently acquainted with the uncertainties and difficulties of biological research that they needed no more than the note of caution given in my paper. If I have underestimated their familiarity with medical sciences, Dr. Lohle's comments should further warn them. The purpose of the paper was not to arrive at any precise quantitative values but to use recently acquired data to
Abdominal Intratesticular Islet-Xenograft Survival in Rats

We investigated the survival of islet xenografts in the abdominal testes of normal, diabetes-resistant ACI and Wistar-Lewis (W-L) and in diabetes-prone BB/Wor rats. Islets were isolated from hamster donors, and after a period in tissue culture, they were injected into the abdominal testes of diabetic rats. Postoperatively, the rats were divided into two treatment groups. Four ACI rats received antilymphocyte serum (ALS) injections over a period of 30 days, and 13 ACI, 15 W-L, and 13 BB/Wor rats were given cyclosporin (CsA) according to the following regimen: 25 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days, then 7 mg/kg i.p. for 23 days. On day 30, immunosuppression was stopped. The results showed that none of the ALS-treated ACI rats remained normoglycemic for >9 days. However, CsA therapy resulted in an extended mean duration of normoglycemia in the ACI and W-L rats of 160.0 ± 36.0 and 131.0 ± 31 days, respectively. By contrast, the mean duration of normoglycemia in the BB/Wor rats was 33.0 ± 4.0 days. Furthermore, all of the BB/Wor rats reverted to diabetes after CsA was stopped. Therefore, the concomitant administration of an antigenic islet xenograft with CsA led to a state of unresponsiveness only in diabetes-resistant but not in diabetes-prone rats. Because the BB/Wor rats have demonstrable T-lymphocyte dysfunction, they may be unable to generate the CsA-induced suppressor T-lymphocytes required for the long-term acceptance of the graft by the host.
Value of diffusion-weighted MRI in diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer: a prospective study evaluating the benefits of DWI compared to conventional MR sequences in a 3T environment

Background Imaging of cervical carcinoma remains challenging as local infiltration of surrounding tissues cannot always be discriminated safely. New imaging techniques, like diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) have emerged, which could lead to a more sensitive tumor detection. Purpose To evaluate the benefits of DWI for determination of size, local infiltration, and tumor grading, in patients with primary and recurrent cervical cancer. Material and Methods In this prospective, study we enrolled 50 patients with primary (n = 35) and recurrent (n = 15) tumors. All patients underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including conventional (e.g. T1/T2 ± fs ± contrast) sequences and DWI (b-values of 0, 50, 400, 800 s/mm2). All images were analyzed by three readers with different experience levels (1, 3, 6 years), who compared image quality, tumor delineation, dimensions, local infiltration, lymph node involvement, and quantified ADC values compared to the histopathological grading. Results Additional use of DWI resulted in significantly better (P < 0.001) tumor delineation for the least experienced reader, but not for experienced readers. Tumor dimensions were assessed almost equally (P > 0.05) in conventional sequences and DWI. Use of DWI led to an increase in sensitivity of infiltrated adjacent tissue (from 86% to 90%) and detection of lymph node metastases (from 47% to 67%). Quantitative assessment of carcinomas showed lower ADC values (P < 0.001) with significant inverse correlations between different grading levels. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the overall benefits using DWI in 3T MRI resulting in a higher reader confidence, sensitivity of tissue infiltration, and tumor-grading for cervical cancer.
Ultrasound-guided internal jugular vein catheterization: a randomized controlled trial

Introduction Even though advantages of ultrasound line placement seem obvious, many countries do not have easy access to such technology. This study aims to compare the degree of difficulty in central venous line placement with or without ultrasound and the incidence of complications, and to establish the effect of the operator’s degree of training. Methods The study included 257 patients that required central venous catheterization during the study period. Patients were divided into groups according to the operator’s experience: expert group (over 70 central accesses performed before the study) (n=152) and in-training or non-expert group. Procedures were randomized to “without ultrasound” (n=80 expert and 54 non-expert) and “with ultrasound" (n=72 expert and 51 non-expert). Results Catheter placements were more successful in the “expert” and in the “with ultrasound” than in the “non-expert” (88% vs 79%; p=0.04) or in the “without ultrasound” groups (91% vs 78%; p=0.005). Incidence of complications was 11.7%, with no significant difference among “with ultrasound” (8.1%) and “without ultrasound” (14.9%) groups. However, the “non-expert” group had fewer complications with the use of ultrasound (7.8% vs 24%). Conclusions Ultrasound reduces the incidence of complications when placement is performed by inexperienced operators. Centers with residents should emphasize the necessity of ultrasound for central line catheterization. Training in ultrasound might be of paramount importance in the effectiveness of the technique.
Minimality Attack in Privacy Preserving Data Publishing

Data publishing generates much concern over the protection of individual privacy. Recent studies consider cases where the adversary may possess different kinds of knowledge about the data. In this paper, we show that knowledge of the mechanism or algorithm of anonymization for data publication can also lead to extra information that assists the adversary and jeopardizes individual privacy. In particular, all known mechanisms try to minimize information loss and such an attempt provides a loophole for attacks. We call such an attack a minimality attack. In this paper, we introduce a model called m-confidentiality which deals with minimality attacks, and propose a feasible solution. Our experiments show that minimality attacks are practical concerns on real datasets and that our algorithm can prevent such attacks with very little overhead and information loss.
Towards a behavioral software engineering

Throughout the history of Software Engineering (SE) it has been repeatedly found that the humans involved, i.e. the engineers and developers in addition to other stakeholders, are a key factor in determining project outcomes and success. However, the amount of research that focuses on human aspects has been limited compared to research with technology or process focus. With increasing maturity of the field, interest in agile methods and a growing dissatisfaction with the continued challenges of developing high-quality software on time, the amount of SE research putting human aspect in primary focus has increased. In this paper we argue that a synthesized view of the emerging human-focused SE research is needed and can add value through giving focus, direction and help identify gaps. Taking cues from the addition of Behavioral Economics as an important part of the area of Economics we propose the term Behavioral Software Engineering (BSE) as an umbrella concept for research that focus on behavioral and social aspects in the work activities of software engineers. We propose that a model based on three units of analysis can give structure and point to concepts that are important for BSE. To add detail to this model we are conducting a systematic review to map out what is currently known. To exemplify the model and the area we here present the results from a subset of the identified concepts.
Sentimentality versus Transformation of the Historical Traditional Rural Landscape (A Case Study: The Landscape of Dutch Law Settlement in Poland)

Abstract The study concentrated on social attitudes towards landscape heritage and the how the place of living was perceived in the context of the transformation of the rural landscape that is currently taking place. The following question was formulated: Are individuals’ approaches to landscape and their attachment to their place of living essential in terms of landscaping and future landscape changes? The research revealed that individual perceptions of rurality and the historical traditional rural landscape (HTRL) varied in different groups of interviewees. Nevertheless, observing the loss of the landscape’s beauty was a traumatic experience, and destructive changes to the landscape were difficult to accept for most of individuals who had spent their lives in the countryside and who felt a strong sense of patrimony. Conversely, the HTRL presented a less important value to other respondents, thus the destruction they observed of the local heritage induced less painful feelings in them. Overall, the results suggest that it is one’s personal interest that will ultimately decide about his/her preservation of the HTRL in the nearest future.
Gravitation Without Curved Space-time

A quantum-mechanical theory of gravitation is presented, where the motion of particles is based on the optics of de Broglie waves. Here the large-scale geometry of the universe is inherently flat, and its age is not constrained to < 13 Gyr. While this theory agrees with the standard experimental tests of Einstein’s general relativity, it pr edicts a different second-order deflection of light, and measurement of the LenseThirring effect in the upcoming NASA experiment Gravity Probe B.