Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Search satisfaction: choice overload, variety seeking and serendipity in search engine use

Users of current web search engines are often presented with a large number of returns after submitting a search term and choosing from the list might lead to them suffering from the effect of “choice overload”, as reported in earlier work. However, these search results are typically presented in an ordered list so as to simplify the search process, which may influence search behaviour and moderate the effect of number of choices. In this thesis, the effects of the number of search returns and their ordering on user behaviour and satisfaction are explored. A mixed methods approach combining multiple data collection and analysis techniques is employed in order to investigate these effects in terms of three specific issues, namely, choice overload in search engine use, variety seeking behaviour in a situation where multiple aspects of search results are required, and the chance of encountering serendipity. The participants were given search tasks and asked to choose from the sets of returns under experimental conditions. The results from the first three experiments revealed that large numbers of search results returned from a search engine tended to be associated with more satisfaction with the selected options when the decision was made without a time limit. In addition, when time was more strongly constrained the choices from a small number of returns led to relatively higher satisfaction than for a large number. Moreover, users’ behaviour was strongly influenced by the ordering of options in that they often looked and selected options presented near the top of the result lists when they perceived the ranking was reliable. The next experiment further investigated the ranking reliance behaviour when potentially useful search results were presented in supplementary lists. The findings showed that when users required a variety of options, they relied less on the ordering and tended to adapt their search strategies to seek variety by browsing more returns through the list, selecting options located further down, and/or choosing the supplementary web pages provided. Finally, with the aim of illustrating how chance encountering can be supported, a model of an automated synonym-enhanced search was developed and employed in a real-world literature search. The results showed that the synonym search was occasionally useful for providing a variety of search results, which in turn increased users’ opportunity to come across serendipitous experiences.
Political Radicalization as a Communication Process

Based on data taken from 412 adult education students in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, this research attempts to show that attitudes toward French Canadian Separatism by the sample members can be accounted for by differentiaf communication processes. Results show that attitudes held by sample members are well explained (R2 = .64) by a weighted average of the information they received from interpersonal and media sources. The resultant attitude shows substantial effects on behaviors related to separatism for the same respondents.
Excitotoxic Cell Death Dependent on Inhibitory Receptor Activation

Although excitotoxic cell death is usually considered a Ca(2+)-dependent process, in certain neuronal systems there is strong evidence that excitotoxic cell death is independent of Ca2+ and is instead remarkably dependent on extracellular Cl-. We have shown (in isolated chick embryo retina) that at least some of the lethal Cl- entry is through GABA and glycine receptors. Here we show that when all the GABA and glycine receptors are blocked by using an appropriate cocktail of inhibitors, agonist-induced excitotoxic cell death can be completely prevented. To determine if ligand-gated Cl- channels contribute to excitotoxic cell death in other neurons, we examined KA-induced cell death in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells. GABA receptor blockade with either a competitive or noncompetitive antagonist provides complete neuroprotection. KA stimulates Cl- uptake by the granule cells, and this is blocked by the GABA antagonists. Granule cell cultures take up [3H]GABA and release it in response to KA treatment. A subpopulation of neurons in the cultures is shown to have GAD and high concentrations of GABA, and this presumably is the source of the GABA that leads to receptor activation and lethal Cl- entry. Finally, we show that retinal cell death due to 1 h of simulated ischemia (combined oxygen and glucose deprivation) is completely prevented by blocking the inhibitory receptors. These results indicate that, paradoxically, excitotoxic cell death is completely dependent on activation of inhibitory receptors, in at least some neuronal systems, and this pathological process may contribute to disease.
The effect of inducing panic search on the detection of fear-relevant and neutral images

Panic search occurs when the presentation of a fearful facial expression precue, prior to a search display, improves target detection relative to when neutral and positive expressions are used. In the present study, fearful and neutral expressions acted as precues and targets were images of either neutral or threatening animals. It was predicted that detection of a threatening image following a fearful precue would be particularly facilitated. In a first experiment, target detection was better when targets were threatening than neutral, but the predicted cue enhancement did not occur. In a second experiment, when cue type was blocked, participants were particularly facilitated in responding to threatening targets following fearful precues. It is concluded that consistent and repeated exposure to threatening facial expression results in a generalized increase in processing efficiency and that such a state induces a particular facilitation in responding in the presence of threatening targets.
Vitamin D deficiency is a risk factor for obesity and diabetes type 2 in women at late reproductive age

It was suggested that glucose metabolism and body fat content depend on serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. We studied 320 healthy women at late reproductive age of 40 to 52 years old (mean age 46.1±4.5) from St. Petersburg (North-West region of Russia). 25(OH)D levels were from 19.4 to 134.0 nMol/L (mean 52.9±22.7). Vitamin D deficiency (lower than 50 nMol/L) and insufficiency (50-75 nMol/L) was revealed in 59.1% and 27.8% of women, respectively. The study showed that low 25(OH)D levels were associated with obesity (r=-0.35, p<0.01), increased plasma glucose levels after OGTT (r=-0.31, p<0.01) and decreased insulin sensitivity index (r=-0.28, p<0.01). We found that 25(OH)D levels below 50 nMol/L were associated with obesity risk (OR 2.25[1.05-3.95], CI 95%) but not with risk of impaired glucose metabolism (1.07[0.54-2.12],CI95%). Our results showed that vitamin D insufficiency is highly prevalent in the population of healthy women. Low 25(OH)D levels correlated with high body fat, glucose levels and decreased insulin sensitivity. We conclude that vitamin D deficiency is a potential risk factor for obesity and development of insulin resistance leading to diabetes type 2.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES IN SOLEUS AND ELDERLY SUBJECTS* H-REFLEX EXCITABILITY IN YOUNG

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of task complexity on soleus H-reflex modulation in young and elderly subjects. Twelve young (mean age = 29.2yrs) and 10 elderly (mean age = 75.1 yrs) apparently healthy individuals were examined under four experimental conditions: (1) eyes open on normal floor surface; (2) eyes open on foam floor surface; (3) eyes closed on normal floor surface; and (4) eyes closed on foam surface. Under each condition, soleus H-reflexes, and background electromyography (EMG) (40 ms window prior to stimulation in both the soleus and the tibialis anterior) were recorded. Postural sway in each condition was also assessed using a Kistler force platform. Results indicated differential reflex modulation between young and elderly subjects. Specifically, young subjects depressed the amplitude of the reflex as task complexity was increased. Elderly subjects, on the other hand, increased the amplitude of the H-reflex when utilizing visual cues, but decreased H-reflex amplitude when vision was occluded. Postural sway in both groups increased as task complexity was increased. There existed a significant difference in the relationship between tibialis anterior activation and soleus H-reflex between the two groups. These results demonstrate differential reflex adjustments between young and elderly subjects as task complexity is increased, and may provide useful information pertaining to postural control in the elderly.
Use of HIV/AIDS information sources and sexual behaviour of adolescents in a rural community in Southeastern Nigeria

Many studies examining the use of HIV/AIDS information sources abound; but these studies do not establish whether there exist few sources that provided much of the information about HIV/AIDS possessed by the respondents. The paper established those information sources that most provided HIV/AIDS information to 540 adolescents in Ekwusigo Local Government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. The study showed further how the adolescents' personal and parental characteristics explained the use of the sources as well as the relationship between source use and adolescents' sexual behaviour. The result showed that handbills, television and friends were the most frequently used sources. Use of handbills is related to decreasing total number of sexual partners, and reduction in the chances that the respondent has ever had sex; while use of television relates to increased chances of ever having had sex, increased current number of sexual partners and decreasing use of condom during last sex. Friends relates positively to condom use during last sex and to ever had sex, age at first sex, last time had sex, and current number of sexual partners. Increased investment in the use of handbills and use of friends could not only significantly reduce government's budget for HIV/AIDS awareness among youth but could also lead to increased effectiveness in achieving the impartation of the right information.
Preferential Loading of the ACL Compared With the MCL During Landing

Background: Strong biomechanical and epidemiological evidence associates knee valgus collapse with isolated, noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, a concomitant injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) would be expected under valgus collapse, based on the MCL’s anatomic orientation and biomechanical role in knee stability. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative ACL to MCL strain patterns during physiological simulations of a wide range of high-risk dynamic landing scenarios. We hypothesized that both knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments would generate a disproportionate increase in the ACL strain relative to the MCL strain. However, the physiological range of knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments that produce ACL injuries are not of sufficient magnitude to compromise the MCL’s integrity consistently. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A novel in sim approach was used to test our hypothesis. Seventeen cadaveric lower extremities (mean age, 45 ± 7 years; 9 female and 8 male) were tested to simulate a broad range of landings after a jump under anterior tibial shear force, knee abduction, and internal tibial rotation at 25° of knee flexion. The ACL and MCL strains were quantified using differential variable reluctance transducers. An extensively validated, detailed finite element model of the lower extremity was used to help better interpret experimental findings. Results: Anterior cruciate ligament failure occurred in 15 of 17 specimens (88%). Increased anterior tibial shear force and knee abduction and internal tibial rotation moments resulted in significantly higher ACL:MCL strain ratios (P < .05). Under all modes of single-planar and multiplanar loading, the ACL:MCL strain ratio remained greater than 1.7, while the relative ACL strain was significantly higher than the relative MCL strain (P < .01). Relative change in the ACL strain was demonstrated to be significantly greater under combined multiplanar loading compared with anterior tibial shear force (P = .016), knee abduction (P = .018), and internal tibial rotation (P < .0005) moments alone. Conclusion: While both the ACL and the MCL resist knee valgus during landing, physiological magnitudes of the applied loads leading to high ACL strain levels and injuries were not sufficient to compromise the MCL’s integrity. Clinical Relevance: A better understanding of injury mechanisms may provide insight that improves current risk screening and injury prevention strategies. Current findings support multiplanar knee valgus collapse as a primary factor contributing to a noncontact ACL injury.
Translational Research in Acute Lung Injury and Pulmonary Fibrosis Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia . The preterm and term rabbit models

D’Angio CT, Ryan RM. Animal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The preterm and term rabbit models. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 307: L959–L969, 2014. First published October 17, 2014; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00228. 2014. —Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is an important lung developmental pathophysiology that affects many premature infants each year. Newborn animal models employing both premature and term animals have been used over the years to study various components of BPD. This review describes some of the neonatal rabbit studies that have contributed to the understanding of BPD, including those using term newborn hyperoxia exposure models, premature hyperoxia models, and a term newborn hyperoxia model with recovery in moderate hyperoxia, all designed to emulate aspects of BPD in human infants. Some investigators perturbed these models to include exposure to neonatal infection/inflammation or postnatal malnutrition. The similarities to lung injury in human premature infants include an acute inflammatory response with the production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors that have been implicated in human disease, abnormal pulmonary function, disordered lung architecture, and alveolar simplification, development of fibrosis, and abnormal vascular growth factor expression. Neonatal rabbit models have the drawback of limited access to reagents as well as the lack of readily available transgenic models but, unlike smaller rodent models, are able to be manipulated easily and are significantly less expensive than larger animal models.
Psychometric Properü es of the Defense Style Quesü onnaire: A Reliability and Validity Study

Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi 2007; 18(3) Results: As for the psychometric properties of the DSQ-40, the internal consistency of the mature, neurotic, and immature defense styles was 0.70, 0.61, and 0.83, respectively. Additionally, results revealed that the 3 defense styles had acceptable split-half reliability and test-retest reliability coefficients. Considering the concurrent validity, the mature defense style was negatively correlated with the symptoms of depression and anxiety, whereas the immature defense style was positively correlated with these symptoms. The neurotic defense style, on the other hand, had a positive correlation with anxiety symptoms, but did not reveal a significant correlation with depressive symptoms. The examination of criterion validity revealed results were consistent with our expectations. Significant differences were found in the expected direction between the control and clinical groups. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of DSQ-40 seem to be quite acceptable; therefore, this questionnaire can be utilized for research purposes.
Definitive Setup of Clinical Scale Procedure for Ex Vivo Expansion of Cord Blood Hematopoietic Cells for Transplantation

We recently developed a clinical grade ex vivo cord blood expansion procedure enabling a massive amplification of hematopoietic progenitors without any loss of stem cell potential. This procedure, based on day 14 liquid cultures of cord blood CD34+ cells, in medium Macopharma HP01 and in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF; 100 ng/ml), fms-related tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (Flt-3L; 100 ng/ml), megakaryocyte growth and developmental factor (MGDF; 100 ng/ml), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 10 ng/ml) had to be modified due to the commercially unavailability of clinical grade MGDF molecule. So MGDF was replaced by thrombopoietin (TPO) in fivefold lower dose (20 ng/ml), and culture time was reduced to 12 days. That way, a mean expansion fold of 400, 80, and 150 was obtained for total cells, CD34+ cells, and colony-forming cells (CFCs), respectively. This amplification was associated with a slight enhancing effect on stem cells [Scid repopulating cells (SRCs)]. These are the ultimate preclinical modifications of a clinical grade expansion protocol, which is already employed in an ongoing clinical trial.
Diagnosis of Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome by the Measurement of Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein in Serum: A Prospective Case Control Study

A prospective case control study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic performance of serum heart-type fatty acid binding protein (HFABP) in comparison to cardiac TnT and TnI in 33 patients admitted with chest pain, diagnosed as NSTE-ACS (non ST elevation acute coronary syndrome) and 22 healthy controls. Area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) was highest for H-FABP (AUC 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.89) versus cTnI (AUC 0.73; 95% CI 0.59–0.84) and cTnT (AUC 0.71; 95% CI 0.57–0.83). The H-FABP level above 6.5 ng/mL showed 56.7% (CI 37.4–74.5) sensitivity, 0.5 (95% CI 0.3–0.7) negative likelihood ratio (−LR), 100% (CI 84.6–100.0) specificity, and 100% (CI 79.4–100.0) positive predictive value (PPV), 62.9% (CI 44.9–78.5) negative predictive value (NPV). cTnI level above 0.009 μg/L had 40% (CI 22.7–59.4) sensitivity, 0.6 (95% CI 0.4–0.8) −LR, 100% (CI 84.6–100.0) specificity, 100% (CI 73.5–100.0) PPV, and 55% (CI 38.5–70.7) NPV. cTnT showed 46.7% (CI 28.3–65.7) sensitivity, 0.5 (95% CI 0.4–0.7) −LR, 100% (CI 84.6–100.0) specificity, 100% (CI 76.8–100.0) PPV, and 57.9% (CI 40.8–73.7) NPV at level above 9 μg/L. +LR were 12.5 (95% CI 1.8–86.8), 1.7 (95% CI 1.0–3.0), and 1.2 (95% CI 0.8–1.9) for H-FABP, cTnI, and cTnT respectively. In conclusion measurement of H-FABP is a valuable tool in the early diagnosis of patients with chest pain (6–8 hrs) and seems to be a preferred biomarker in the differential diagnosis of NSTE-ACS. More studies are needed to determine whether serum H-FABP further improves diagnostic performance.
The baffling issues of Brugada electrocardiogram pattern for anaesthesiologist!

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Testing Mundell's Intuition of Endogenous Oca Theory Testing Mundell's Intuition of Endogenous Oca Theory

Any opinions expressed here are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but the institute itself takes no institutional policy positions. The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA) in Bonn is a local and virtual international research center and a place of communication between science, politics and business. IZA is an independent nonprofit organization supported by Deutsche Post World Net. The center is associated with the University of Bonn and offers a stimulating research environment through its international network, workshops and conferences, data service, project support, research visits and doctoral program. IZA engages in (i) original and internationally competitive research in all fields of labor economics, (ii) development of policy concepts, and (iii) dissemination of research results and concepts to the interested public. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author. ABSTRACT Testing Mundell's Intuition of Endogenous OCA Theory * This paper presents an empirical assessment of the endogenous optimum currency area theory. Frankel and Rose (1998) study the endogeneity of a currency union through the lens of international trade flows. Our study extends Frankel and Rose's model by using FDI flows to test the original theory developed by Mundell in 1973. A gravity model is used to empirically assess the effectiveness of the convergence criteria by examining location specific advantages that guide multinational investment within the European Union. A fixed effects model based on a panel data of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows within the EU-15 shows that horizontal investment promotes the diffusion of the production process across the national border. Specifically, our results suggest that economic convergence ensured by belonging to the common currency area helps double FDI flows. for their valuable editorial suggestions, and Pavel Svaton for his timely research assistance. The views expressed herein are the authors' and the usual caveats apply.
Universal Dependency Parser : A Single Parser for Many Languages on Arc-Swift

Dependency parsing has been a longstanding task in NLP with a recent boost in performance thanks to neural network models. However, most dependency parsers are monolingual–a single parser is trained per language–and utilize transitionbased systems that are limited to local information. We utilize a novel transitionbased system, arc-swift, proposed in [1] that incorporates both local and global information and achieves improved performance compared to current transitionbased systems. We propose a universal, multilingual dependency parser model built on arc-swift and augment this model by aligning GloVe word vectors across languages and prepending the parser with a character-level language detector model to help the parser explicitly learn language embeddings. Our results show that word vector alignments greatly improve UAS and LAS scores, while language detector predictions show modest increase in parse scores. Our universal dependency parser performs comparably to monolingual parser baselines models, and is potentially able to help advance downstream applications, such as machine translation.