Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Evidence-Based Comparison of Operational Criteria for the Presence of Sarcopenia

Background. Several consensus groups have previously published operational criteria for sarcopenia, incorporating lean mass with strength and/or physical performance. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the prevalence, agreement, and discrepancies between the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) criteria with other operational definitions for sarcopenia. Methods. The FNIH Sarcopenia Project used data from nine studies including: Age, Gene and Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study; Boston Puerto Rican Health Study; a series of six clinical trials from the University of Connecticut; Framingham Heart Study; Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study; Invecchiare in Chianti; Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study; Rancho Bernardo Study; and Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Participants included in these analyses were aged 65 and older and had measures of body mass index, appendicular lean mass, grip strength, and gait speed. Results. The prevalence of sarcopenia and agreement proportions was higher in women than men. The lowest prevalence was observed with the FNIH criteria (1.3% men and 2.3% women) compared with the International Working Group and the European Working Group for Sarcopenia in Older Persons (5.1% and 5.3% in men and 11.8% and 13.3% in women, respectively). The positive percent agreements between the FNIH criteria and other criteria were low, ranging from 7% to 32% in men and 5% to 19% in women. However, the negative percent agreement were high (all >95%). Conclusions. The FNIH criteria result in a more conservative operational definition of sarcopenia, and the prevalence was lower compared with other proposed criteria. Agreement for diagnosing sarcopenia was low, but agreement for ruling out sarcopenia was very high. Consensus on the operational criteria for the diagnosis of sarcopenia is much needed to characterize populations for study and to identify adults for treatment.
The Stability of Patterns of Primary Mental Abilities Among Junior High and Senior High School Students

nesses relatively permanent? Do such profiles provide better predictions of future performance than can be made on the basis of an over-all assessment of intelligence? These questions were empirically examined in a recent paper by Tyler (1958). Only chance relationships between patterns obtained by children in the first grade on the Primary Mental Abilities (PMA) with their patterns obtained in the fourth grade on the same test were found. Considering the same two grade levels, the
Long-term effect of overnight orthokeratology on axial length elongation in childhood myopia: a 5-year follow-up study.

PURPOSE Our prospective study was conducted to compare axial length elongation in myopic children receiving long-term overnight orthokeratology (OK) treatment to those wearing spectacles as controls. METHODS There were 59 subjects enrolled in this study. The OK group comprised 29 subjects who matched the inclusion criteria for OK. The control group comprised 30 subjects who also matched the inclusion criteria for OK, but preferred spectacles for myopia correction. Axial length was measured periodically for 5 years using an IOLMaster device, and the time course of changes was evaluated and compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 43 subjects (22 and 21 in the OK and control groups, respectively) completed the 5-year follow-up examinations. At baseline, the mean age ± SD was 10.04 ± 1.43 and 9.95 ± 1.59 years, the spherical equivalent refractive error was -1.89 ± 0.82 and -1.83 ± 1.06 diopters (D), and the axial length was 24.09 ± 0.77 and 24.22 ± 0.71 mm in the OK and control groups, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. The increase in axial length during the 5-year study period was 0.99 ± 0.47 and 1.41 ± 0.68 mm for the OK and control groups, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0236, unpaired t-test). The annual increases in axial length were significantly different between the groups for the first (P = 0.0002), second (P = 0.0476), and third years (P = 0.0385), but not for the fourth (P = 0.0938) and fifth (P = 0.8633) years. There were no severe complications throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS The current 5-year follow-up study indicated that OK can suppress axial length elongation in childhood myopia.
Perceived Persuasive Effects of Product Commercials and Public Service Announcements

A recent but robust phenomenon described in communication literature has been the third-person effect—the finding that in response to mass media messages, such as news stories and programs, people estimate themselves to be less affected than others. The present experiment asked whether this self-other pattern would characterize responses to two types of product commercials (i.e., those that did and those that did not engender emotion) and to public service announcements (PSAs). The authors were also concerned with how accurately people could estimate the effects of these types of ads on themselves and others. Results indicated that for neutral ads, people estimated themselves to be more resistant than others, but for emotional ads, people estimated themselves to be more yielding to influence than others. For PSAs, there were no differences in perceived self and other influence. In addition, judgments of persuasive influence on self and others were markedly overestimated. Perhaps most interestingly, there was both a directional (yielding vs. resistance) and a magnitudinal impact of emotion on the influence estimates.
Cylindrical Pellet Pose Estimation in Clutter using a Single Robot Mounted Camera

Pose estimation of cylindrical pellet using a single camera-in-hand configuration of a robot is discussed in this paper. Approaches to estimate pose in both isolated and an occluded environment is discussed. The pellet contour from the segmented image of the scene was compared with contours in the database to ascertain the matching orientation. For occluded pellets, a multiple-view based pose recognition system is proposed. Later, the estimated pose was communicated to the robot to enable it to pick-up the pellet. This has been experimentally implemented for cylindrical pellets and the performance is discussed. The algorithm enables online pellet pose determination and pick-up using KUKA KR5 robot.
Toddlers' Spontaneous Attention to Number

Hannula and Lehtinen (2001, 2005) defined spontaneous focusing on numerosity (SFON) as the tendency to notice the relatively abstract attribute of number despite the presence of other attributes. According to nativists, an innate concept of one to three directs young children's attention to these “intuitive numbers” in everyday situations—even before they acquire language. If so, their tendency to attend to two and three should be comparable. If language in the form of the first few number words facilitates the construction of these number concepts, then toddlers' tendency to focus on two and three should parallel the staggered development of verbal number skills. The present study is the first to systematically examine if and how the size and makeup of a collection affect toddlers' tendencies to focus on number. For each of two types of attention tasks, each of 37 participants between the ages of 2 and 4.25 years old was shown 36 different collections of 2, 3, and 4 items that were homogeneous, semihomogeneous (the same shape but two different colors), or heterogeneous (two different shapes and two different colors). Age, size, and makeup had a significant effect on participants' tendency to attend to number. The significant drop off in this tendency with collections of more than two items is inconsistent with the nativists' hypothesis of an innate cardinal concept of three.
A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization Algorithms

The smart grid concept continues to evolve and various methods have been developed to enhance the energy efficiency of the electricity infrastructure. Demand Response (DR) is considered as the most cost-effective and reliable solution for the smoothing of the demand curve, when the system is under stress. DR refers to a procedure that is applied to motivate changes in the customers' power consumption habits, in response to incentives regarding the electricity prices. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of various DR schemes and programs, based on the motivations offered to the consumers to participate in the program. We classify the proposed DR schemes according to their control mechanism, to the motivations offered to reduce the power consumption and to the DR decision variable. We also present various optimization models for the optimal control of the DR strategies that have been proposed so far. These models are also categorized, based on the target of the optimization procedure. The key aspects that should be considered in the optimization problem are the system's constraints and the computational complexity of the applied optimization algorithm.
EXPERIMENTAL ADENOVIRUS HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE IN YEARLING BLACK-TAILED DEER

An apparently novel adenovirus was associated with an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease that is believed to have killed thousands of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California (USA) during 1993—1994. A systemic vasculitis with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy or a localized vasculitis associated with necrotizing stomatitis/pharyngitis/glossitis or osteomyelitis of the jaw were common necropsy findings in animals that died during this epizootic. Six black-tailed yearling deer (O. hemionus columbianus) were inoculated with purified adenovirus isolated from a black-tailed fawn that died of acute adenovirus hemorrhagic disease during the epizootic. Three of six inoculated deer also received intramuscular injections of dexamethasone sodium phosphate every 3 days during the study. Eight days post-inoculation, one deer (without dexamethasone) developed bloody diarrhea and died. Necropsy and histopathologic findings were identical to lesions in free-ranging animals that died of the natural disease. Hemorrhagic enteropathy and pulmonary edema were the significant necropsy findings and there was microscopic vascular damage and endothelial intranuclear inclusion bodies in the vessels of the intestines and lungs. Adenovirus was identified in necrotic endothelial cells in the lungs by fluorescent antibody staining, immunohistochemistry and by transmission electron microscopy. Adenovirus was reisolated from tissues of the animal that died of experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease. Similar gross and microscopic lesions were absent in four of six adenovirus-inoculated deer and in the negative control animal which were necropsied at variable intervals during the 14 wk study. One deer was inoculated with purified adenovirus a second time, 12 wk after the first inoculation. Fifteen days after the second inoculation, this deer developed severe ulceration of the tongue, pharynx and rumen and necrotizing osteomyelitis of the mandible which was associated with vasculitis and thrombosis of adjacent large vessels and endothelial intranuclear inclusions. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated adenovirus within the nuclei of vascular cells and immunohistochemistry demonstrated adenovirus antigen within tonsilar epithelium and in rare vessels.
Differences in Baseline Lymphocyte Counts and Autoreactivity Are Associated With Differences in Outcome of Islet Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetic Patients

OBJECTIVE The metabolic outcome of islet cell transplants in type 1 diabetic patients is variable. This retrospective analysis examines whether differences in recipient characteristics at the time of transplantation are correlated with inadequate graft function. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty nonuremic C-peptide–negative type 1 diabetic patients had received an intraportal islet cell graft of comparable size under an ATG-tacrolimus–mycophenolate mofetil regimen. Baseline patient characteristics were compared with outcome parameters during the first 6 posttransplant months (i.e., plasma C-peptide, glycemic variability, and gain of insulin independence). Correlations in univariate analysis were further examined in a multivariate model. RESULTS Patients that did not become insulin independent exhibited significantly higher counts of B-cells as well as a T-cell autoreactivity against insulinoma-associated protein 2 (IA2) and/or GAD. In one of them, a liver biopsy during posttransplant year 2 showed B-cell accumulations near insulin-positive β-cell aggregates. Higher baseline total lymphocytes and T-cell autoreactivity were also correlated with lower plasma C-peptide levels and higher glycemic variability. CONCLUSIONS Higher total and B-cell counts and presence of T-cell autoreactivity at baseline are independently associated with lower graft function in type 1 diabetic patients receiving intraportal islet cells under ATG-tacrolimus–mycophenolate mofetil therapy. Prospective studies are needed to assess whether control of these characteristics can help increase the function of islet cell grafts during the first year posttransplantation.
Experimental Studies of Changes in Attitudes: I. A Study of the Effect of Oral Argument on Changes of Attitude

Resume On a fait cette etude dans le but de determiner le degre auquel l'expression des attitudes a l'egard de la prohibition des boissons alcooliques pourrait etre changee par le raisonnement oral dans de diverses conditions experimentales. On a construit des arguments logiques et emotifs pour le pour et le contre de la question, et on les a valides quant au type. L'Echelle Smith-Thurstone a ete employee dans le test et apres la presentation des arguments dans le nouveau test. Les sujets experimentaux ont ete 607 etudiants universitaires. Un autre groupe de 300 etudiants universitaires a servi comme sujets de controle et ceux-ci n'ont ecoute aucun argument. Les arguments ont produit un changement statistiquement signifiant des attitudes des sujets experimentaux. Vingt-cinq pour cent des sujets experimentaux ont fait des changements individuels statistiquement signifiants, tandis que seulement cinq pour cent des sujets de controle ont fait ce changement. La suggestibilite negative s'est montree rarement.
Towards Smart Card Based Mutual Authentication Schemes in Cloud Computing

In the cloud environment, users pay more attentions to their data security since all of them are stored in the cloud server. Researchers have proposed many mutual authentication schemes for the access control of the cloud server by using the smart card to protect the sensitive data. However, few of them can resist from the smart card lost problem and provide both of the forward security and the backward security. In this paper, we propose a novel authentication scheme for cloud computing which can address these problems and also provide the anonymity for the user. The trick we use is using the password, the smart card and the public key technique to protect the processes of the user’s authentication and key exchange. Under the Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH) assumption, it is provably secure in the random oracle model. Compared with the existing smart card based authentication schemes in the cloud computing, the proposed scheme can provide better security degree.
Study of Tuberculin Skin Test Conversion and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin ( BCG ) Vaccine Scar in Infants Given BCG at Birth

Tuberculosis remains a major public health problem in developing countries including India. Although investigations pertaining to TB vaccines are resurging, immunization against TB is limited to the BCG vaccine. Because sputum production and the Paucibacillary status in children remain the limiting factors to use the gold standard of microscopy for AFB for diagnosis of Tuberculosis. Aim of the study was to evaluate the Tuberculin test conversion with the progression of the BCG vaccination given at birth into scar at 3 month of age. This Prospective study was conducted over a period of 2 years on 100 Newborns. All newborns received 0.1ml of the BCG vaccine as per standard protocol on BCG administration. The infants were reviewed at 6 weeks and 3 months of age for Tuberculin testing. The presence of BCG scar was noted and correlated with tuberculin sensitivity. The study showed Tuberculin skin test reactivity in all 100 infants at 6 weeks but did not show positive conversion and at 3 months Tuberculin test conversion was 54%. The most common BCG reaction observed at 6 weeks following BCG vaccination was an ulcer. There was a positive correlation between birthweight and rate of tuberculin reaction i.e. with increasing birth weight the rate of Tuberculin reaction was also increasing. This study shows that Tuberculin skin test is a good screening test for BCG vaccination status and correlated with scar of BCG.
‘Education makes you have more say in the way your life goes’: Indian women and arranged marriages in the United Kingdom

This paper explores Indian women’s views on arranged marriages in the United Kingdom. It is based on research carried out with 32 Indian women studying at a university in the South East of England, UK. The article draws on Wenger’s social theory of learning to explore how Indian women’s participation in communities of practice in higher education contributes to their participation in arranged marriages. The concept of ‘social capital’ is used to discuss how women are able to negotiate their participation in arranged marriages, It is used to examine the knowledge and identity resources that women develop through their participation in higher education, which provides them with the means from which to develop the necessary ‘bridging ties’ leading to their active participation in the wider South Asian community.
An Evaluation of the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Grade of Preoperative Biopsy Compared to Surgical Excision in Chondrosarcoma of the Long Bones

Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary malignant bone tumour. Distinguishing between grades is not necessarily straightforward and may alter the disease management. We evaluated the correlation between histological grading of the preoperative image-guided needle biopsy and the resection specimen of 78 consecutive cases of chondrosarcoma of the femur, humerus, and tibia. In 11 instances, there was a discrepancy in histological grade between the biopsy and surgical specimen. Therefore, there was an 85.9% (67/78) accuracy rate for pre-operative histological grading of chondrosarcoma, based on needle biopsy. However, the accuracy of the diagnostic biopsy to distinguish low-grade from high-grade chondrosarcoma was 93.6% (73/78). We conclude that accurate image-guided biopsy is a very useful adjunct in determining histological grade of chondrosarcoma and the subsequent treatment plan. At present, a multidisciplinary approach, comprising experienced orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and pathologists, offers the most reliable means of accurately diagnosing and grading of chondrosarcoma of long bones.
Comments on 'Code acquisition for a frequency-hopping system'

For the original article see ibid., vol.COM-35, no.5, p.566-8 (1987). It is pointed out that in the paper by I. Vajda and G. Einarsson the proposed sets of frequency-hopping sequences, that permit the correct resynchronization in FH-MFSK (frequency-hopping multiple-frequency-shift-keyed) multiple-access systems, are only the special case of the Reed-Solomon sets of asynchronous frequency-hopping sequences previously derived. For the case when the number of available frequencies is prime, another class of FH-MFSK sequences with good resynchronization and interference properties is presented. >
Social Support and Depressive Symptoms among Blacks

Depressive symptoms among a sample of Black adults were investigated as a function of three structural characteristics of social support networks: (1) frequency of contact with network members, (2) durability of network relationships, and (3) reciprocity of network relationships. Overall, respondents had frequent contact with their network members, long-term network relationships, and little reciprocity in network relationships. None of these structural characteristics were significantly related to depressive symptoms. Several demographic factors, however, had an effect on depressive symptom scores and network characteristics. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Student and Supervisor Perspectives on the Benefits of Criminal Justice Internships

Many criminal justice (CJ) undergraduates earn academic credit for completing internships. There is widespread recognition that these activities offer a range of potential benefits for students, yet many questions remain unanswered. The extent to which students and agency supervisors differ in their views about internships, for example, has thus far gone unexamined. This study, based on self-report surveys, explores these differences. Specifically, we compare how student and agency supervisors evaluate the importance of internships and the benefits commonly associated with them. With the goal of determining how long it takes to realize these benefits, we also examine opinions about the optimal duration of internships. Findings suggest that while students and their agency supervisors generally agree that internships are an important component of an undergraduate education in CJ and that a considerable amount of time must be invested to achieve the primary benefits, they tend to prioritize these benefits differently.
Gaze-dependent visual neurons in area V3A of monkey prestriate cortex

Extracellular recordings from single neurons of the prestriate area V3A were carried out in awake, behaving monkeys, to test the influence of the direction of gaze on cellular activity. The responsiveness to visual stimulation of about half of the studied neurons (88/187) was influenced by the animal's direction of gaze: physically identical visual stimuli delivered to identical retinotopic positions (on the receptive field) evoked different responses, depending upon the direction of gaze. Control experiments discount the possibility that the observed phenomenon was due to changes in visual background or in depth, depending on the direction in which the animal was looking. The gaze effect modulated cell excitability with different strengths for different gaze directions. The majority of these neurons were more responsive when the animal looked contralaterally with respect to the hemisphere they were recorded from. Gaze-dependent neurons seem to be segregated in restricted cortical regions, within area V3A, without mixing with non-gaze-dependent cells of the same cortical area. The most reliable differences between V3A gaze-dependent neurons and the same type of cells previously described in area 7a (Andersen and Mountcastle, 1983) concern the small receptive field size, the laterality of gaze effect, and the lack of straight-ahead facilitated or inhibited neurons in area V3A. Since the present results show that V3A gaze-dependent neurons combine information about the position of the eye in the orbit with that of a restricted retinal locus (their receptive field), we suggest that they might directly encode spatial locations of the animal's field of view in a head frame of reference. These cells might be involved in the construction of an internal map of the visual environment in which the topographical position of the objects reflects their objective position in space instead of reflecting the retinotopic position of their images. Such an objective map of the visual world might allow the stability of visual perception despite eye movement.