Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors as a Function of Empathy, Consideration of Future Consequences, and Employee Time Horizon: An Initial Exploration Using an In‐Basket Simulation of OCBs1

We hypothesized that organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) represent a social dilemma. Two studies supported this hypothesis, In Study 1, participants rated OCBs as costly to an employee in the short run, and beneficial to an organization in the long run. In Study 2, likelihood of engaging in OCBs was higher among those high in empathy and concern with future consequences; and less likely among those instructed to imagine they would be leaving the company in 3 months for another job. Empathy showed a stronger relationship with OCBs when respondents imagined they would soon leave an organization and that individuals high in concern with future consequences were less likely to engage in OCBs when faced with a short-term time horizon. © 2006 Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
The structure of prejudice: associative strength as a determinant of stereotype endorsement

Previous research obtained inconsistent findings as to whether implicit and explicit measures of prejudice are related. According to our view, some of these inconsistencies are due to whether implicit measures assess exclusively the strength of association between the social category and the evaluation or the activation of the social category in addition. Derived from recent theorizing we suggest that it is especially associative strength between the social category and its evaluation that determines the endorsement of prejudice assessed in explicit measures. To test this assumption we used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess the associative strength of German students' prejudice towards Turkish people and the Blatant-and-Subtle-Prejudice-Scale (BS scale) as an explicit measure of prejudice. We obtained evidence for prejudice at a relative level in that the category of Turks was more closely associated with a negative evaluation and the category of Germans more closely associated with a positive evaluation. In line with our assumptions the implicit measure was correlated with the explicit measure in that the stronger the representation of Turks was associated with a negative evaluation the more prejudiced individuals responded in the explicit prejudice measure. Using a trait assignment technique, we found that neither associative strength nor the endorsement of the prejudice in the explicit measure were related to the contents of the stereotype. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adult learners’ emotions in online learning

The aim of the research study reported in this article was to investigate how adult learners talk about their emotions in the context of a year‐long online course, the first online course these adults take, as part of a distance education program. The theoretical and methodological approach focused on formulating an account of how emotion discourses are used by learners, what role they play in online learning, and how they change over a one‐year period (if they do so). The findings of this study provide three insights: (1) they show how adult learners (who also happen to be novice online learners) respond emotionally and talk about their emotions in relation to online learning; (2) they call attention to the ways in which emotion talk changes from the beginning of the course to the end, always in response to specific demands and dimensions of online learning; and (3) they reveal the differential emotional responses between men and women in relation to their social and gender roles and responsibilities. Empirical and policy implications of this study are discussed at the end.
An Additional Baurusuchid from the Cretaceous of Brazil with Evidence of Interspecific Predation among Crocodyliformes

A new Baurusuchidae (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia), Aplestosuchus sordidus, is described based on a nearly complete skeleton collected in deposits of the Adamantina Formation (Bauru Group, Late Cretaceous) of Brazil. The nesting of the new taxon within Baurusuchidae can be ensured based on several exclusive skull features of this clade, such as the quadrate depression, medial approximation of the prefrontals, rostral extension of palatines (not reaching the level of the rostral margin of suborbital fenestrae), cylindrical dorsal portion of palatine bar, ridge on the ectopterygoid-jugal articulation, and supraoccipital with restricted thin transversal exposure in the caudalmost part of the skull roof. A newly proposed phylogeny of Baurusuchidae encompasses A. sordidus and recently described forms, suggesting its sixter-taxon relationship to Baurusuchus albertoi, within Baurusuchinae. Additionally, the remains of a sphagesaurid crocodyliform were preserved in the abdominal cavity of the new baurusuchid. Direct fossil evidence of behavioral interaction among fossil crocodyliforms is rare and mostly restricted to bite marks resulting from predation, as well as possible conspecific male-to-male aggression. This is the first time that a direct and unmistaken evidence of predation between different taxa of this group is recorded as fossils. This discovery confirms that baurusuchids were top predators of their time, with sphagesaurids occupying a lower trophic position, possibly with a more generalist diet.
Vitamin D Bioavailability: State of the Art

There has been renewed interest in vitamin D since numerous recent studies have suggested that besides its well-established roles in bone metabolism and immunity, vitamin D status is inversely associated with the incidence of several diseases, e.g., cancers, cardio-vascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Surprisingly, there is very little data on factors that affect absorption of this fat-soluble vitamin, although it is acknowledged that dietary vitamin D could help to fight against the subdeficient vitamin D status that is common in several populations. This review describes the state of the art concerning the fate of vitamin D in the human upper gastrointestinal tract and on the factors assumed to affect its absorption efficiency. The main conclusions are: (i) ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), the form mostly used in supplements and fortified foods, is apparently absorbed with similar efficiency to cholecalciferol (vitamin D3, the main dietary form), (ii) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), the metabolite produced in the liver, and which can be found in foods, is better absorbed than the nonhydroxy vitamin D forms cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol, (iii) the amount of fat with which vitamin D is ingested does not seem to significantly modify the bioavailability of vitamin D3, (iv) the food matrix has apparently little effect on vitamin D bioavailability, (v) sucrose polyesters (Olestra) and tetrahydrolipstatin (orlistat) probably diminish vitamin D absorption, and (vi) there is apparently no effect of aging on vitamin D absorption efficiency. We also find that there is insufficient, or even no data on the following factors suspected of affecting vitamin D bioavailability: (i) effect of type and amount of dietary fiber, (ii) effect of vitamin D status, and (iii) effect of genetic variation in proteins involved in its intestinal absorption. In conclusion, further studies are needed to improve our knowledge of factors affecting vitamin D absorption efficiency. Clinical studies with labeled vitamin D, e.g., deuterated or 13C, are needed to accurately and definitively assess the effect of various factors on its bioavailability.
The Role of Affect and Ability in Initial Exchange Quality Perceptions

We hypothesized that positive and negative affect would interact with ability information in predicting exchange quality ratings of leaders and group members in a laboratory study. Ninety-six undergraduates completed a measure of cognitive ability, as well as a measure of positive-and negative-trait affect before participating in several group exercises. Exchange quality ratings collected from emergent leaders were best predicted by the interaction of member ability and negative affect. Specifically, there was a positive relationship between ability and exchange quality for those members with low negative affect, but no relationship for those with high negative affect. Exchange quality ratings gathered from group members (i.e., nonleaders) were best predicted only from leaders' positive-affect scores. Discussion centers on the particular role that affect plays in initial exchange quality judgments, as well as practical implications and generalizability issues.
Imagery constraints on quantitative and qualitative aspects of mental synthesis

Two experiments are reported which explored constraints on the use of imagery in mental synthesis tasks in which subjects generated images of recognisable objects by mentally combining a set of specified shapes. Experiment 1 demonstrated that subjects' naming of imaged constructions is poorer when constructions are derived from sets of concrete-object shapes than from sets of more abstract shapes. This suggests that the semantic properties of the concrete shapes may constrain mental synthesis. In Experiment 2 subjects were given unlimited time to generate multiple imaged patterns from an increasing number of abstract shapes. Number of shapes to be combined had little effect on the number of imaged constructions or on the quality of those constructions as rated by independent judges. In both experiments, drawing the imaged constructions resulted in improved naming of those constructions and appeared to act as a form of external stimulus support that mitigated both qualitative and quantitative constraints o.
Empowering Individual Effort in Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning techniques have established themselves in higher education for their ability to foster skills relevant to today's business world and to enhance learning outcomes. However, group investigation can become dysfunctional if all individuals do not give full and equal effort, that is known as social loafing. Peer evaluation has been shown to mitigate social loafing but evidence found in this research study refutes these claims. Peer evaluation had no significant effect on social loafing. Instead, certain group-influences and empowerment strategies were shown to significantly reduce social loafing.
Analysis of WISC-R Standardization Data in Terms of the Stratification Variables.

KAUFMAN, ALAN S. , and DOPPELT, JEROME E. Analysis of WISC-R Standardization Data in Terms of the Stratification Variables. CmID DEVELOPMENT, 1976, 47, 165-171. The sampling plan for the standardization of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised was based on age groups stratified along the variables of sex, race, geographic region, parental occupation, and type of residence (urban vs. rural). The verbal, performance, and full-scale IQs of the standardization sample were analyzed according to classifications along these variables. Findings were compared with corresponding data in a study of the WISC standardization sample reported in 1950. The relationship between IQ and sex and between IQ and parental occupation group has not changed, although the differences between IQs of ruraland urbanreared youngsters have become smaller in the course of a generation. IQ differences between the sexes are not of practical importance. The average IQs of whites in the sample were about 1 SD higher than those of blacks, and IQ differences among the 5 parental occupation groups were also substantial. Regional differences were larger for blacks than for whites.
Interaction of rim seal and annulus flows in an axial flow turbine

A combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and experimental study of interaction of main gas path and rim sealing flow is reported. The experiments were conducted on a two stage axial turbine and included pressure measurements for the cavity formed between the stage 2 rotor disc and the upstream diaphragm for two values of the diaphragm-to-rotor axial clearance. The pressure measurements indicate that ingestion of the highly swirling annulus flow leads to increased vortex strength within the cavity. This effect is particularly strong for the larger axial clearance. Results from a number of steady and unsteady CFD models have been compared to the measured results. Good agreement between measurement and calculation for time-averaged pressures was obtained using unsteady CFD models, which predicted previously unknown unsteady flow features. This led to fest response pressure transducer measurements being made on the rig, and these confirmed the CED prediction.
Song Learning in Cross-Fostered Zebra Finches: a Re-Examination of the Sensitive Phase

Male zebra finches, Taeniopygia guttata, which have been normally-raised or cross-fostered to Bengalese finches, Lonchura striata, learn from a song tutor with whom they arc housed during the sensitive phase, between 35 to 70 days of age. If the tutor is a different species from the father or foster-father however, then the tendency to learn during this time is much less and some males will produce song heard before 35 days. None of the birds in this study learnt after 70 days, although some lost song elements or added improvised ones. These results suggests that specific types of experience influence when a young bird learns its song. It seems that exposure to "poor" song during the sensitive phase stimulates the bird to remember song heard previously and blocks further learning after this time. These results are compared with those obtained in imprinting studies.
Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Perspectives in issues and decision making

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1980, Vol 25(3), 275. Reviews the book, Ethics in counseling and psychotherapy: Perspectives in issues and decision making by William H. Van Hoose and Louis V. Paradise (1979). This slim volume would make a useful primer to introduce the beginning counselor or psychotherapist to some of the ethical issues involved in the work of the counselor or therapist. It is a useful mixture of the substantive aspects and background of ethical issues encountered in the helping professions along with exercises that can be used to illustrate points and serve as discussion material. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
Grief Reactions to the Death of a Divorced Spouse Revisited

This research report shows grief following the death of a divorced spouse to be a common event which frequently is not understood, acknowledged, and/or accepted by society, family members, and friends. With the divorce rate still hovering near 50 percent and people living longer, there will be an increasing number who may suffer this grief experience. This article focuses on why people often grieve for an ex-spouse, the unique factors which influence their grief response, the importance of developing ways to assist survivors manage their grief, and the necessity of educating the helping professions, and society in general, to recognize and validate survivor's emotional needs.
Are We Biologically Safe with Snow Precipitation? A Case Study in Beijing

In this study, the bacterial and fungal abundances, diversities, conductance levels as well as total organic carbon (TOC) were investigated in the snow samples collected from five different snow occurrences in Beijing between January and March, 2010. The collected snow samples were melted and cultured at three different temperatures (4, 26 and 37°C). The culturable bacterial concentrations were manually counted and the resulting colony forming units (CFUs) at 26°C were further studied using V3 region of 16 S rRNA gene-targeted polymerase chain reaction -denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The clone library was constructed after the liquid culturing of snow samples at 26°C. And microscopic method was employed to investigate the fungal diversity in the samples. In addition, outdoor air samples were also collected using mixed cellulose ester (MCE) filters and compared with snow samples with respect to described characteristics. The results revealed that snow samples had bacterial concentrations as much as 16000 CFU/ml for those cultured at 26°C, and the conductance levels ranged from 5.6×10−6 to 2.4×10−5 S. PCR-DGGE, sequencing and microscopic analysis revealed remarkable bacterial and fungal diversity differences between the snow samples and the outdoor air samples. In addition, DGGE banding profiles for the snow samples collected were also shown distinctly different from one another. Absent from the outdoor air, certain human, plant, and insect fungal pathogens were found in the snow samples. By calculation, culturable bacteria accounted for an average of 3.38% (±1.96%) of TOC for the snow samples, and 0.01% for that of outdoor air samples. The results here suggest that snow precipitations are important sources of fungal pathogens and ice nucleators, thus could affect local climate, human health and agriculture security.
Analysis of the factors that stabilize a designed two‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet

Autonomously folding β‐hairpins (two‐strand antiparallel β‐sheets) have become increasingly valuable tools for probing the forces that control peptide and protein conformational preferences. We examine the effects of variations in sequence and solvent on the stability of a previously designed 12‐residue peptide (1). This peptide adopts a β‐hairpin conformation containing a two‐residue loop (D‐Pro‐Gly) and a four‐residue interstrand sidechain cluster that is observed in the natural protein GB1. We show that the conformational propensity of the loop segment plays an important role in β‐hairpin stability by comparing 1 with DP→ N mutant 2. In addition, we show that the sidechain cluster contributes both to conformational stability and to folding cooperativity by comparing 1 with mutant 3, in which two of the four cluster residues have been changed to serine. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the high loop‐forming propensity of the DPG segment decreases the entropic cost of β‐hairpin formation relative to the more flexible NG segment, but that the conformational rigidity of DPG may prevent optimal contacts between the sidechains of the GB1‐derived cluster. The enthalpic favorability of folding in these designed β‐hairpins suggests that they are excellent scaffolds for studying the fundamental mechanisms by which amino acid sidechains interact with one another in folded proteins.
Lower Bounds for Passive and Active Learning

We develop unified information-theoretic machinery for deriving lower bounds for passive and active learning schemes. Our bounds involve the so-called Alexander's capacity function. The supremum of this function has been recently rediscovered by Hanneke in the context of active learning under the name of "disagreement coefficient. " For passive learning, our lower bounds match the upper bounds of Gine and Koltchinskii up to constants and generalize analogous results of Massart and Nedelec. For active learning, we provide first known lower bounds based on the capacity function rather than the disagreement coefficient.
When Truth Is Personally Inconvenient, Attitudes Change

A naturalistic investigation of New Jersey residents, both before and after they experienced Hurricanes Irene and Sandy, examined support for politicians committed or opposed to policies designed to combat climate change. At Time 1, before both hurricanes, participants showed negative implicit attitudes toward a green politician, but at Time 2, after the hurricanes, participants drawn from the same cohort showed a reversed automatic preference. Moreover, those who were significantly affected by Hurricane Sandy were especially likely to implicitly prefer the green politician, and implicit attitudes were the best predictor of voting after the storms, whereas explicit climate-change beliefs was the best predictor before the storms. In concert, the results suggest that direct experience with extreme weather can increase pro-environmentalism, and further support conceptualizing affective experiences as a source of implicit attitudes.
Do OFSTED Inspections of Secondary Schools Make a Difference to GCSE Results

The Office for Standards in Education (OFSTED) aims to improve school performance through inspection. A government indicator of a secondary school's performance in England and Wales is the students' success in examinations. The examination results of over 3000 OFSTED inspected secondary schools offering students for General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) examination during the 1992 to 1997 inspection cycle were modelled statistically. For kinds of schools where achievement was already much higher or lower than the average (e.g. selective schools), inspection was associated with slight improvements in achievement. For county, local education authority maintained, comprehensive schools (the largest single group), inspection did not improve examination achievement. Some implications for school improvement are discussed.
Prometheus: Enhancing the Quality of Service of the Joint Battlespace Infosphere

Abstract : This project investigated performance, scalability and associated quality of service (QoS) needs of the Global Information Grid (GIG) and Network-Centric Enterprise Systems (NCES) in the context of large-scale DoD C2 and C4ISR systems-of-systems (SoS) architectures, with additional attention to security considerations. The objectives of this study were to: Explore and classify near-term (lower risk) requirements and opportunities; Develop prototypical proofs-of-concepts and evaluations aimed at establishing a technology baseline in the area of QoS-enabled JBI; Produce a guide to future RD Develop an empirically-based understanding of the extent to which QoS and other properties can be addressed in limited ways by these COTS platforms; and Identify open questions on which fundamental research may be required to close the gap between capabilities of existing SOA platforms, including anticipated platform extensions, and requirements that arise in DoD contexts.
Effects of deuterium oxide on the rate and dissociation constants for saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin action. Voltage-clamp studies on frog myelinated nerve

The actions of tetrodotoxin (TTX) and saxitoxin (STX) in normal water and in deuterium oxide (D2O) have been studied in frog myelinated nerve. Substitution of D2O for H2O in normal Ringer's solution has no effect on the potency of TTX in blocking action potentials but increases the potency of STX by approximately 50%. Under voltage clamp, the steady-state inhibition of sodium currents by 1 nM STX is doubled in D2O as a result of a halving of the rate of dissociation of STX from the sodium channel; the rate of block by STX is not measurably changed by D2O. Neither steady-state inhibition nor the on- or off-rate constants of TTX are changed by D2O substitution. The isotopic effects on STX binding are observed less than 10 min after the toxin has been added to D2O, thus eliminating the possibility that slow-exchange (t 1/2 greater than 10 h) hydrogen-binding sites on STX are involved. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that attributes receptor-toxin stabilization to isotopic changes of hydrogen bonding; this interpretation suggests that hydrogen bonds contribute more to the binding of STX than to that of TTX at the sodium channel.