Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The new executive brain : frontal lobes in a complex world

1. Introduction 2. An End and a Beginning: A Dedication 3. The Brain's Chief Executive: The Frontal Lobes at a Glance THE MANY FACES OF LEADERSHIP THE EXECUTIVE LOBE 4. Architecture of the Brain: A Primer THE MICROSCOPIC VIEW THE MACROSCOPIC VIEW THE COMMAND POST AND ITS CONNECTIONS 5. The Orchestra's Front Row: The Cortex SOUNDS AND PLAYERS NOAH'S PREDICAMENT AND THE LANDSCAPES OF THE BRAIN NEUROPAGANISM: MODULE MADNESS COGNITIVE GRADIENTS AND COGNITIVE HIERARCHIES A THING IS A THING A WORD TO A THING AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN THE BRAIN 6. Novelty, Routines, and Cerebral Hemispheres AGNOSIAS AND HEMISPHERES EXECUTIVE DEFICIT AND HEMISPHERES 7. The Conductor: A Closer Look at the Frontal Lobes NOVELTY AND THE FRONTAL LOBES WORKING MEMORY-OR WORKING WITH MEMORY? FREEDOM OF CHOICE, AMBIGUITY, AND THE FRONTAL LOBES NEUROEVERYTHING 8. Emotion and Cognition 9. Different Lobes for Different Folks: Decision-Making Styles and the Frontal Lobes THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES MALE AND FEMALE COGNITIVE STYLES FRONTAL LOBES, HEMISPHERES, AND COGNITIVE STYLES COGNITIVE STYLES AND BRAIN WRITING REBELS IN SMALL PROPORTION: HANDEDNESS AND NOVELTY SEEKING EXECUTIVE TALENTS: THE S FACTOR AND THE THEORY OF MIND 10. When the Leader is Wounded THE FRAGILE FRONTAL LOBES FRONTAL LOBE SYNDROMES DRIVE AND NEWTONIAN BODIES: A DORSOLATERAL CASE STUDY PLANS AND THE "MEMORIES OF THE FUTURE" RIGIDITY OF MIND MIND BLINDSPOT: ANOSOGNOSIA 11. Social Maturity, Morality, Law, and the Frontal Lobes ORBITOFRONTAL "PSEUDOPSYCHOPATHIC" SYNDROME AND THE LOSS OF SELF-CONTROL SOCIAL MATURITY AND THE FRONTAL LOBES BIOLOGICAL MATURATION AND SOCIAL MATURITY: A HISTORICAL PUZZLE FRONTAL LOBE DAMAGE AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR THE HAPLESS ROBBER FRONTAL LOBE DAMAGE AND THE PUBLIC BLINDSPOT 12. Fateful Disconnections THE FALLEN HORSEMAN: A CASE STUDY SCHIZOPHRENIA: A CONNECTION THAT WAS NEVER MADE HEAD TRAUMA: A BROKEN CONNECTION ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER: A FRAGILE CONNECTION ADHD CONQUERED: HOW TOBY FROM DOWN UNDER RECLAIMED HIMSELF JERKY TIES AND TICKY JOKES THE CORTEX AND THE STRIATUM 13. "What Can You Do for Me? " "COGNOTROPIC" DRUGS JOGGING THE BRAIN HISTORY OF COGNITIVE REHABILITATION BRAIN PLASTICITY AND COGNITIVE EXERCISE COGNITIVE FITNESS: BEGINNING OF A TREND BEGINNINGS OF A PROGRAM 14. Breaking and Entering 15. Frontal Lobes and the Leadership Paradox AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN THE BRAIN AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN SOCIETY AUTONOMY AND CONTROL IN THE DIGITAL WORLD Epilogue References and Notes Index
Adaptation and increased susceptibility to infection associated with constitutive expression of misfolded SP-C

Mutations in the gene encoding SP-C (surfactant protein C; SFTPC) have been linked to interstitial lung disease (ILD) in children and adults. Expression of the index mutation, SP-CΔexon4, in transiently transfected cells and type II cells of transgenic mice resulted in misfolding of the proprotein, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, and cytotoxicity. In this study, we show that stably transfected cells adapted to chronic ER stress imposed by the constitutive expression of SP-CΔexon4 via an NF-κB–dependent pathway. However, the infection of cells expressing SP-CΔexon4 with respiratory syncytial virus resulted in significantly enhanced cytotoxicity associated with accumulation of the mutant proprotein, pronounced activation of the unfolded protein response, and cell death. Adaptation to chronic ER stress imposed by misfolded SP-C was associated with increased susceptibility to viral-induced cell death. The wide variability in the age of onset of ILD in patients with SFTPC mutations may be related to environmental insults that ultimately overwhelm the homeostatic cytoprotective response.
Investigation of cool and hot executive function in ODD/CD independently of ADHD.

BACKGROUND Children with oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) have shown deficits in 'cool' abstract-cognitive, and 'hot' reward-related executive function (EF) tasks. However, it is currently unclear to what extent ODD/CD is associated with neuropsychological deficits, independently of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Fifty-nine adolescents with a history of early-onset oppositional problems, 28 with pure ODD/CD symptoms and 31 with ADHD with or without ODD/CD, and 34 healthy controls were administered a task battery measuring motor response inhibition, sustained attention, cognitive flexibility and reward-related decision-making. Findings were analysed using dimensional and group analyses. RESULTS In group analyses both groups with and without ADHD were impaired in EF measures. Dimensional analyses, however, showed that ODD/CD but not ADHD was related to hot EF based on increased risky decision-making in the Iowa Gambling Task. ODD/CD was also independently related to aspects of cool EF independently of ADHD, namely slower speeds of inhibitory responding and increased intra-subject variability. CONCLUSIONS These findings show EF deficits associated with ODD/CD independently of ADHD, and implicate reward-related abnormalities in theories of antisocial behaviour development.
Insecurity and Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria

This paper examines the pertinent issue of insecurity in Nigeria and its implication for socio-economic development. Available data on the level and dimensions of insecurity in Nigeria reveals an increase over time, which constitutes serious threat to lives and properties, hinders business activities and discourages local and foreign investors, all which stifles and retards Nigeria’s socio-economic development. This rising wave of insecurity has not abated but has assumed a dangerous dimension which is threatening the corporate existence of the country as one geographical entity. In the light of the above the paper recommends that government must be proactive in dealing with security issues and threats, through modern methods of intelligence gathering, and sharing among security personnel, training, logistics, motivation, and deploying advanced technology in managing security challenges. The real solution lies in government accelerating the pace of economic development through creating an economy with relevant social, economic and physical infrastructure to support business and industrial growth.
PHYTOACCUMULATION OF ANTIMICROBIALS BY HYDROPONIC CUCURBITA PEPO

Consumer use of antimicrobial-containing products continuously introduces triclocarban and triclosan into the environment. Triclocarban and triclosan adversely affect plants and animals and have the potential to affect human health. Research examined the phytoaccumulation of triclocarban and triclosan by pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo cultivar Howden) and zucchini (Cucurbita pepo cultivar Gold Rush) grown hydroponically. Pumpkin and zucchini were grown in nutrient solution spiked with 0.315 μg/mL triclocarban and 0.289 μg/mL triclosan for two months. Concentrations of triclocarban and triclosan in nutrient solutions were monitored weekly. At the end of the trial, roots and shoots were analyzed for triclocarban and triclosan. Research demonstrated that pumpkin and zucchini accumulated triclocarban and triclosan. Root accumulation factors were 1.78 and 0.64 and translocation factors were 0.001 and 0.082 for triclocarban and triclosan, respectively. The results of this experiment were compared with a previous soil column study that represented environmentally relevant exposure of antimicrobials from biosolids and had similar root mass. Plants were not as efficient in removing triclocarban and triclosan in hydroponic systems as in soil systems. Shoot concentrations of antimicrobials were the same or lower in hydroponic systems than in soil columns, indicating that hydroponic system does not overpredict the concentrations of antimicrobials.
Maintaining vigorous activity attenuates 7-yr weight gain in 8340 runners.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Body weight generally increases with aging in Western societies. Although training studies show that exercise produces acute weight loss, it is unclear whether the long-term maintenance of vigorous exercise attenuates the trajectory of age-related weight gain. Specifically, prior studies have not tested whether the maintenance of physical activity, in the absence of any change in activity, prevents weight gain. METHODS Prospective study of 6119 male and 2221 female runners whose running distances changed < 5 km x wk(-1) between baseline and follow-up surveys 7 yr later. RESULTS On average, men who maintained modest (0-23 km x wk(-1)), intermediate (24-47 km x wk(-1)), or prolonged running distances (> or = 48 km x wk(-1)) all gained weight through age 64; however, those who maintained > or = 48 km x wk(-1) had one half the average annual weight gain of those who maintained < 24 km x wk(-1). For example, between the ages of 35 and 44 in men and 30 and 39 yr in women, those who maintained < 24 km x wk(-1) gained, on average, 2.1 and 2.9 kg more per decade than those averaging > 48 km x wk(-1). Age-related weight gain, and its attenuation by maintained exercise, were both greater in younger than in older men. Men's gains in waist circumference with age, and its attenuation by maintaining running, were the same in older and younger men. Regardless of age, women increased their body weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference over time, and these measurements were attenuated in proportion to their maintained running distance. In both sexes, running disproportionately prevented more extreme increases in weight. CONCLUSION As they aged, men and women gained less weight in proportion to their levels of sustained vigorous activity. This long-term beneficial effect is in addition to the acute weight loss that occurs with increased activity.
Human Cancer Biology Characteristics and Clinical Impacts of the Immune Environments in Colorectal and Renal Cell Carcinoma Lung Metastases : In fl uence of Tumor Origin

Purpose: If immune cells are involved in tumor surveillance and have a prognostic impact in most primary tumors, little is known about their significance in metastases. Because patients’ survival is heterogeneous, even at metastatic stages, we hypothesized that immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases. We therefore characterized the tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastases, and compared it to primary tumors. Experimental Design: We analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n 1⁄4 192) and qPCR (n 1⁄4 32) the immune environments of colorectal carcinoma and RCC lung metastases. Results: Metastases from colorectal carcinoma and RCC have different immune infiltrates. Higher densities of DC-LAMPþ mature dendritic cells (P < 0.0001) and lower densities of NKp46þ NK cells (P < 0.0001) were observed in colorectal carcinoma as compared to RCCmetastases, whereas densities of T cells were similar. High densities of CD8þ and DC-LAMPþ cells correlated with longer overall survival (OS) in colorectal carcinoma (P 1⁄4 0.008) and shorter OS in RCC (P < 0.0001). High NK-cell densities were associatedwith improved survival in RCC (P1⁄4 0.002) but not in colorectal carcinoma.Densities of immune cells correlated significantly from primary to relapsing metastases for the same patient. A TH1 orientation was found in colorectal carcinomametastases,whereas aheterogeneous immune gene expressionwas found in RCC metastases. Conclusions:Our results show amajor prognostic value of the immune pattern (CD8þ/DC-LAMPþ cell densities) in colorectal carcinoma andRCC, reproducible fromprimary tometastatic tumors, althoughwith opposite clinical impacts, and highlight the role of the tumor cell in shaping its immune environment. Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 1–13. 2013 AACR.
The Effect of β-Carotene Supplementation on the Pharmacokinetics of Nelfinavir and Its Active Metabolite M8 in HIV-1-infected Patients

β-Carotene supplements are often taken by individuals living with HIV-1. Contradictory results from in vitro studies suggest that β-carotene may inhibit or induce cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters. The study objective was to investigate the effect of β-carotene on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite M8 in HIV-1 infected individuals. Twelve hour nelfinavir pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted at baseline and after 28 days of β-carotene supplementation (25,000 IU twice daily). Nelfinavir and M8 concentrations were measured with validated assays. Non-compartmental methods were used to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters. Geometric mean ratios comparing day 28 to day 1 area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0–12 h), maximum (Cmax) and minimum (Cmin) concentrations of nelfinavir and M8 are presented with 90% confidence intervals. Eleven subjects completed the study and were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences in nelfinavir AUC0–12 h and Cmin (−10%, +4%) after β-carotene supplementation. The M8 Cmin was increased by 31% while the M8 AUC0–12 h and Cmax were unchanged. During the 28 day period, mean CD4+ % and CD4+:CD8+ ratio increased significantly (p < 0.01). β-carotene supplementation increased serum carotene levels but did not cause any clinically significant difference in the nelfinavir and M8 exposure.
Fine-Grained Car Detection for Visual Census Estimation

Targeted socio-economic policies require an accurate understanding of a country’s demographic makeup. To that end, the United States spends more than 1 billion dollars a year gathering census data such as race, gender, education, occupation and unemployment rates. Compared to the traditional method of collecting surveys across many years which is costly and labor intensive, data-driven, machine learning-driven approaches are cheaper and faster—with the potential ability to detect trends in close to real time. In this work, we leverage the ubiquity of Google Street View images and develop a computer vision pipeline to predict income, per capita carbon emission, crime rates and other city attributes from a single source of publicly available visual data. We first detect cars in 50 million images across 200 of the largest US cities and train a model to predict demographic attributes using the detected cars. To facilitate our work, we have collected the largest and most challenging fine-grained dataset reported to date consisting of over 2600 classes of cars comprised of images from Google Street View and other web sources, classified by car experts to account for even the most subtle of visual differences. We use this data to construct the largest scale fine-grained detection system reported to date. Our prediction results correlate well with ground truth income data (r=0.82), Massachusetts department of vehicle registration, and sources investigating crime rates, income segregation, per capita carbon emission, and other market research. Finally, we learn interesting relationships between cars and neighborhoods allowing us to perform the first large scale sociological analysis of cities using computer vision techniques.
Myocardial infarction and apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of the terminal complement components and inhibition by anti-C5 therapy.

BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion (MI/R)-induced tissue injury involves necrosis and apoptosis. However, the precise contribution of apoptosis to cell death, as well as the mechanism of apoptosis induction, has not been delineated. In this study, we sought to define the contribution of the activated terminal complement components to apoptosis and necrosis in a rat model of MI/R injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs; 18A and 16C) raised against the rat C5 complement component bound to purified rat C5 (ELISA). 18A effectively blocked C5b-9-mediated cell lysis and C5a-induced chemotaxis of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), whereas 16C had no complement inhibitor activity. A single dose (20 mg/kg i.v.) of 18A blocked >80% of serum hemolytic activity for >4 hours. Administration of 18A before myocardial ischemia (30 minutes) and reperfusion (4 hours) significantly reduced (91%) left ventricular free wall PMN infiltration compared with 16C treatment. Treatment with 18A 1 hour before ischemia or 5 minutes before reperfusion significantly reduced infarct size compared with 16C treatment. A significant reduction in infarct size (42%) was also observed in 18A-treated rats after 30 minutes of ischemia and 7 days of reperfusion. DNA ladders and DNA labeling (eg, TUNEL assay) demonstrated a dramatic reduction in MI/R-induced apoptosis in 18A-treated compared with 16C-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Anti-C5 therapy in the setting of MI/R significantly inhibits cell apoptosis, necrosis, and PMN infiltration in the rat despite C3 deposition. We conclude that the terminal complement components C5a and C5b-9 are key mediators of tissue injury in MI/R.
Clinical use of parnaparin in major and minor orthopedic sugery: a review

Patients undergoing arthroplasty or other orthopedic surgery show a high risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), involving mortality, morbidity, and social costs; however, the risk for VTE in minor orthopedic surgery should not be underestimated and antithrombotic prophylaxis may be required. According to the literature, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are more effective in preventing VTE than unfractionated heparins (UFHs) or vitamin K antagonists, and have a lower hemorrhagic risk. By comparing different prophylactic regimens, it has been shown that starting the prophylaxis near the time of the operation is the most critical point for efficacy, whether or not the first dose is administered pre- or post-operatively. Moreover, most thromboembolic complications are observed after discharge and, therefore, many clinicians advocate continuing prophylaxis for longer times (6–8 weeks) in order to further reduce the rate for VTE. The literature on parnaparin, a new LMWH, in VTE prophylaxis was reviewed. Parnaparin is equally effective as UFH, but it offers the advantages of a once-daily administration and improved tolerability, thus allowing the home management of patients with no need for laboratory coagulation tests.
Modelling of Dynamic Magnetic Hysteresis Loops and Power Losses in Laminated Steel

This paper describes a simulation method for modelling the dynamic magnetic hysteresis loops in laminated steel stators for high frequency permanent magnet machines, such as Brushless DC (BLDC) motors, and compares the results obtained with those from practical measurements on a brushless generator running at over 15,000 rpm. The model is based on utilization of the dynamic Jiles-Atherton model with particle swarm optimization for parameter extraction. Accurate dynamic BH curve fitting and magnetic power loss derivations have been achieved from 5 Hz to 2000 Hz, over a flux density range of 0.8 T to 1.3 T, with simulated and measured results agreeing quite closely.
Relationship between humeral geometry and shoulder muscle power among suspensory, knuckle‐walking, and digitigrade/palmigrade quadrupedal primates

Shoulder morphology is functionally related to different patterns of locomotion in primates. To investigate this we performed a quantitative analysis of the relationship between cortical bone thickness (Cbt) of the muscle/tendon attachment site on the humerus and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) of the shoulder muscle in primates with different locomotory habits. The deltoid, subscapularis, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus were investigated. A chimpanzee, a gibbon, a baboon, two species of macaque, a lutong, a capuchin, and a squirrel monkey were included in the study. The total length of the humerus was measured and the values were converted into three‐dimensional reconstructed data on a computer by computed tomography. The Cbt values were obtained from the volumes divided by the areas of the muscle/tendon attachment sites of the humerus by computer analysis. Muscle mass, muscle fascicle length, and muscle pennation angle were measured and PCSA was calculated using these parameters. A relatively high Cbt and small PCSA were characteristic of the gibbon. The gibbon’s high Cbt suggests that passive tension in the muscle/tendon attachment site of suspensory primates (brachiators) may be greater than that of quadrupedal primates, whereas the relatively small PCSA indicates an association with a large amount of internal muscle fascia to endure the passive stress of brachiation. Although chimpanzees undertake some suspensory locomotion, the results for this species resemble those of the digitigrade/palmigrade quadrupedal primates rather than those of the suspensory primate. However, the deltoid and subscapularis in chimpanzee differ from those of the other primates and appear to be affected by the peculiar locomotion of knuckle‐walking, i.e. the moment arm of forelimb in chimpanzees is relatively longer than that of digitigrade/palmigrade quadrupedal primates. Hence, a large PCSA in the deltoid and subscapularis may contribute to sustaining the body weight during locomotion. On the other hand, a thin cortical bone relative to a large PCSA was a feature of the cercopithecids, indicating that digitigrade/palmigrade quadrupedal locomotion produces less tension at the muscle/tendon attachment sites compared with that produced by brachiators.
Marxism, Morality, and Social Justice

The interpreter of Marx's writings faces the task of reconciling, on the one hand, Marx's frequent explicit condemnations and criticisms of morality and, on the other, the obvious way in which his world-view reflects substantive moral judgments. In this book R. G. Peffer tackles the challenges of finding in Marx's work an implicit moral theory, of answering claims that Marxism is incompatible with morality, and of developing the outlines of an adequate Marxist moral and social theory. Peffer analyzes the moral components of Marx's thought and considers all the major interpretations of his moral perspective; he concludes that Marx is a mixed deontologist who is most committed to a maximum system of equal freedoms, both positive and negative. He then utilizes contemporary metaethical theory to show that Marxism is compatible with morality in general and with the concepts of justice and rights in particular. Peffer proposes a radically egalitarian theory of social justice (which subsumes Marx's own moral theory) and a minimal set of Marxist empirical theses, which together entail the Marxist's basic normative political positions. This book demonstrates that contemporary analytic political philosophy is invaluable for coming to terms with Marxism and that it is only Marx's less abstract empirical theories about classes and class struggle, the dysfunctions of capitalism, and the possibility of creating democratic, self-managing postcapitalist societies that are needed for the development of an adequate Marxist moral and social theory.Originally published in 1990.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.