Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stimulus Control Exerted by Remember Cues Over Processing in Pigeons' Short-Term Memory

The aim of the present research was to provide further evidence regarding the role of remember cues on pigeon short-term memory. The first two experiments were conducted to determine whether, using a single cuing procedure, control over delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) performance could be demonstrated by establishing a no cue condition as an implicit cue to forget. In Experiment 1, subjects were provided with training in a procedure where both forget cue (F) and no cues indicated the omission of the comparison stimuli at the end of the delay interval. In Experiment 2, naive subjects were trained with remember (R) and F trials cued from the outset. In both experiments the cuing effect was evaluated during R, F, and no cue probe trials where the cues were presented in the beginning, middle, or end of a 3 sec delay interval. The results revealed that DMTS accuracy on F cued probe trials was significantly lower than that on R cued or no cue probe trials. Performance on R cued and no cue probe trials was statistically equivalent despite both the explicit training of the no cue condition to function as an implicit cue to forget (Experiment 1), and cuing R and F trials from the outset and presenting the no cue trials only during probe testing (Experiment 2). The main aim of the
State Estimation of Multiple Plants over a Shared Communication Network

This paper considers state estimation for multiple plants over a shared communication network. Each linear time-invariant plant transmits information through the common network according to either a timetriggered or an event-triggered rule. For an event-triggered algorithm with CSMA (carrier sense multiple access), each plant is assumed to access the network based on a priority mechanism. For a time-triggered algorithm combined with TDMA (time division multiple access), each plant uses the network according to an off-line scheduling. Performance in terms of the communication frequency and the estimation error covariance is analytically characterized for some special cases. The main result is that event-triggered schemes may perform worse than time-triggered schemes when considering the effect of communication network.
FISH-mapping comparison between river buffalo chromosome 7 and sheep chromosome 6: assignment of new loci and comparison with HSA4

Synchronized peripheral blood lymphocytes from both river buffalo (BBU) and sheep (OAR) were treated for late incorporation of both BrdU and H-33258 to obtain R-banded preparations to be used for FISH-mapping. Ovine BAC-clones were hybridized for three days on slides pre-exposed to UV light after H-33258 staining. The following loci were mapped: GPR103 (BBU7q13, OAR6q13), TRAM1L1(OAR6q13dist), PPP3CA (BBU7q21, OAR6q15), SNCA (OAR6q17), PPARGC1A(BBU7q23, OAR6q17), UGDH (BBU7q25prox, OAR6q22prox), KDR (BBU7q27, OAR6q22), CNOT6L (BBU7q32prox, OAR6q32prox), NUP54 (BBU7q32, BBU6q32), DMP1 (BBU7q34dist-q36prox, OAR6q34dist-q36prox), QDPR (BBU7q36, OAR6q36). All loci mapped in homoeologous chromosomes and chromosome bands of the two species and their locations are in agreement with the previous RH-mapping performed on BBU7 with some difference in the distal region of BBU7. However, the present cytogenetic map better anchors the RH-map on specific river buffalo chromosome bands. In addition, eleven loci were assigned for the first time in sheep to OAR6, noticeably extending the cytogenetic map on this important chromosome which encodes caseins. Two loci (TRAM1L1 and SNCA) mapped in sheep were unmapped in river buffalo in three different FISH experiments. Comparisons between integrated cytogenetic maps of BBU7/OAR6 (and BTA6) with human chromosome 4 (HSA4) revealed complex chromosome rearrangements differentiating these chromosomes.
Functional Categories and Language Acquisition

Many theorists (e.g., Hyams 1987; Pinker 1984) working in the framework of generative grammar have assumed the “Continuity Hypothesis”. Under this view language acquisition is made up of a series of continuous stages. The child moves from one stage to another, and at each stage the grammar posited by the child is determined by Universal Grammar (UG). The motivation for the movement from one stage to another comes from a trigger in the language environment which causes the child to restructure her grammar, and so move on to the next stage. The Continuity Hypothesis has provided an explanation for the acquisition of many linguistic structures; however, in many instances it has been difficult to explain exactly which data in the language environment act as a trigger, and why they have an effect on the child’s grammar.
Integrins Modulate Relapse to Cocaine-Seeking

Relapse to cocaine-seeking involves impairments in plasticity at glutamatergic synapses in the nucleus accumbens. Integrins are cell adhesion molecules that bind to the extracellular matrix and regulate aspects of synaptic plasticity, including glutamate receptor trafficking. To determine a role for integrins in cocaine-seeking, rats were trained to self-administer cocaine, the operant response extinguished, and cocaine-seeking induced by a conditioned cue or noncontingent cocaine injection. This cocaine self-administration protocol reduced the content of the β3 integrin subunit in postsynaptic density of the accumbens core at 24 h after the last self-administration session. However, after 3 weeks of forced abstinence plus extinction training, the level of β3 was elevated and was further regulated over 120 min during cocaine-induced drug-seeking. A small peptide ligand [arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD)] that mimics extracellular matrix protein binding to integrins was microinjected into the accumbens core during self-administration or extinction training, or just before cocaine-reinstated drug seeking. The daily RGD injections during self-administration or just before a reinstatement session inhibited cocaine-induced drug-seeking, while RGD microinjection during extinction training was without consequence on reinstated cocaine-seeking. Daily RGD during self-administration also prevented the enduring changes in β3 levels. Finally, reduced surface expression of the GluR2 subunit of the AMPA receptor is associated with cocaine-seeking, and daily RGD microinjections during self-administration training normalized the surface expression of GluR2. Together, these data indicate that the regulation integrins may contribute to cocaine-reinstated drug-seeking, in part by promoting reduced GluR2 surface expression.
Matrix Factorization with Explicit Trust and Distrust Relationships

With the advent of online social networks, recommender systems have became crucial for the success of many online applications/services due to their significance role in tailoring these applications to user-specific needs or preferences. Despite their increasing popularity, in general recommender systems suffer from the data sparsity and the cold-start problems. To alleviate these issues, in recent years there has been an upsurge of interest in exploiting social information such as trust relations among users along with the rating data to improve the performance of recommender systems. The main motivation for exploiting trust information in recommendation process stems from the observation that the ideas we are exposed to and the choices we make are significantly influenced by our social context. However, in large user communities, in addition to trust relations, the distrust relations also exist between users. For instance, in Epinions the concepts of personal "web of trust" and personal "block list" allow users to categorize their friends based on the quality of reviews into trusted and distrusted friends, respectively. In this paper, we propose a matrix factorization based model for recommendation in social rating networks that properly incorporates both trust and distrust relationships aiming to improve the quality of recommendations and mitigate the data sparsity and the cold-start users issues. Through experiments on the Epinions data set, we show that our new algorithm outperforms its standard trust-enhanced or distrust-enhanced counterparts with respect to accuracy, thereby demonstrating the positive effect that incorporation of explicit distrust information can have on recommender systems.
Long-term outcomes of patients with light chain amyloidosis (AL) after renal transplantation with or without stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND Recent advances in the treatment of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) have dramatically improved survival. Kidney transplantation (KTx) has become more common but the long-term outcomes remain unknown and it is the objective of this study. METHODS Nineteen patients with AL underwent living (n = 18) or deceased (n = 1) KTx at our institution from 1999 to 2008 (median age 57 years, six women). The primary end points were patient and kidney allograft survival and recurrence of AL in the allograft. The secondary end point was kidney transplant rejection. Outcome data were stratified according to three treatment modalities: renal transplantation followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) (Group 1, n = 8), ASCT followed by renal transplantation (Group 2, n = 6) and renal transplantation after complete remission achieved with nonmyeloablative therapy (Group 3, n = 5). RESULTS The median follow-up was 41.4 months. At the time of study, 79% were still alive. Median graft survival did not differ from median overall survival. There was no difference in survival rates between the treatment groups. Five patients had a cellular rejection. Two of the three patients with a rejection in Group 1 died but neither patient with rejection in Groups 2 and 3. Recurrent amyloidosis was diagnosed by biopsy in one patient in Group 2 (preceding ASCT) and in another patient in Group 3. CONCLUSIONS KTx can be successfully performed in AL patients in complete hematologic response and meet the usual KTx selection criteria. Outcomes appear similar whether hematologic response was achieved with ASCT or by nonmyeloablative therapy.
Saving the Vaquita: Immediate Action, Not More Data

∗Instituto Nacional de Ecolog ? a (INE), c/o CICESE, Km. 107 Carretera EnsenadaTijuana, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico †Instituto Nacional de Ecolog ? a (INE), c/o CICESE, Km. 107 Carretera EnsenadaTijuana, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico ‡Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92038, U.S.A. ∗∗Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School of the Environment, 135 Duke Marine Laboratory Road, Beaufort, NC 28516-9721, U.S.A. ††Okapi Wildlife Associates, 27 Chandler Lane, Hudson, Quebec JOP-1HO, Canada ‡‡National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012 MRC 5503, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012, U.S.A. §Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8604 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92038, U.S.A. This paper is posted at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska Lincoln.
The relationship between negative urgency and generalized anxiety disorder symptoms: the role of intolerance of negative emotions and intolerance of uncertainty

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: GAD symptoms are associated with greater negative urgency, a dimension of impulsivity defined as the tendency to act rashly when distressed. This study examined the degree to which intolerance of negative emotional states and intolerance of uncertainty account for the association between negative urgency and GAD symptoms. Design: An analysis of indirect effects evaluated whether intolerance of negative emotions and intolerance of uncertainty uniquely account for the association between negative urgency and GAD symptom severity. Methods: Undergraduate students (N = 308) completed measures of GAD symptoms, trait anxiety, negative urgency, distress tolerance, and intolerance of uncertainty. Results: Greater symptoms of GAD, intolerance of negative emotional states, and intolerance of uncertainty were associated with greater negative urgency. There was an indirect relationship between negative urgency and GAD symptoms through intolerance of negative emotional states and intolerance of uncertainty even when controlling for trait anxiety. Intolerance of negative emotional states and intolerance of uncertainty each had an indirect relationship with GAD severity through negative urgency, suggesting possible bi-directional relations. Conclusions: Future studies should examine the role of intolerance of negative emotional states and intolerance of uncertainty in the impulsive behavior of individuals with GAD, and whether impulsive behavior reinforces these processes.
Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a naturalistic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics

Hyperprolactinaemia is a common finding in patients treated with antipsychotics. A complete cohort of 194 schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients receiving antipsychotics in a single community mental health trust in Halifax UK underwent routine prolactin screening in the absence of any reLevant symptomatoLogy. Values above the upper limit of normal were measured in 38% of the cohort and were more common in females (52%) than males (26%). Significantly elevated levels (>1000 mIU/l) were measured in 21% of the cohort. Risperidone monotherapy treatment was associated with hyperprolactinaemia in 69% of patients ( n = 35) and in 100% of female patients (n = 16) and amisulpride monotherapy in 100% (n = 7). Prolactin screening is not currently undertaken routinely in the UK. These data give some indication of prevalence of varying degrees of hyperproLactinaemia that might be found when screening an asymptomatic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients. Clinicians may be helped by the reporting of such categorical data from clinical trials in addition to mean cohort values of prolactin. Long-term hyperprolactinaemia may be associated with clinical sequeLae in some patients.
Differential CD133 expression pattern during mouse colon tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND/AIM The cancer stem cell model suggests that only a rare subpopulation, known as cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for tumor initiation. CSC from several human carcinomas are characterized by specific cell surface markers, such as CD133. The CD133 role in colon tumorigenesis remains controversial. MATERIALS AND METHODS CD133 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in a mouse model of colitis-related colon tumorigenesis induced by a combined treatment with azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). RESULTS In normal tissue rare scattered positive cells were detectable at the bottom of the crypts. The percentage of positive cells significantly increased in dysplastic lesions and appeared to progressively decrease in the passage from dysplasia to adenoma and then to cancer, although always remaining greater in number than in the normal tissue. CONCLUSION An increased CD133 expression occurs at early stages of colon tumorigenesis in the mouse. CD133-expressing cells might play an important role from the earlier phase and throughout the entire process of colon cancer development.
Weighing in on type 2 diabetes in the military: characteristics of U.S. military personnel at entry who develop type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES Current incidence trends in type 2 diabetes portend a significant public health burden and have largely been attributed to similar trends in overweight and physical inactivity. Medical surveillance of the U.S. military indicates that the incidence of all types of diabetes is similar to that in the civilian population (1.9 vs. 1.6 cases per 1,000 person-years) despite weight and fitness standards. Differences in the common determinants of diabetes have not been studied in the military population, which may provide novel clues to the increasing incidence of diabetes in the U.S. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A case-control study, 4-to-1 matched for age, sex, entry date, time in service, and service component (e.g., Army, Navy), was used to describe the association of race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and BMI and blood pressure at entry into military service with the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. RESULTS Increased BMI (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0 for the > or =30 kg/m(2) vs. < or =20 kg/m(2) categories and 2.0 for the 25.0-29.9 kg/m(2) category, compared with the reference category), African-American (adjusted odds ratio, 2.0) and Hispanic origin (adjusted odds ratio, 1.6) compared with white race and rank (adjusted odds ratio for junior enlisted versus officers, 4.1) were all associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with type 2 diabetes in the U.S. military have risk factors similar to the general U.S. population. Because diabetes is a preventable disease, it is of concern that it is occurring in this population of younger and presumably more fit individuals. This has significant implications for the prevention of diabetes in both military and civilian populations.
Genome and Phylogenetic Analyses of Trypanosoma evansi Reveal Extensive Similarity to T. brucei and Multiple Independent Origins for Dyskinetoplasty

Two key biological features distinguish Trypanosoma evansi from the T. brucei group: independence from the tsetse fly as obligatory vector, and independence from the need for functional mitochondrial DNA (kinetoplast or kDNA). In an effort to better understand the molecular causes and consequences of these differences, we sequenced the genome of an akinetoplastic T. evansi strain from China and compared it to the T. b. brucei reference strain. The annotated T. evansi genome shows extensive similarity to the reference, with 94.9% of the predicted T. b. brucei coding sequences (CDS) having an ortholog in T. evansi, and 94.6% of the non-repetitive orthologs having a nucleotide identity of 95% or greater. Interestingly, several procyclin-associated genes (PAGs) were disrupted or not found in this T. evansi strain, suggesting a selective loss of function in the absence of the insect life-cycle stage. Surprisingly, orthologous sequences were found in T. evansi for all 978 nuclear CDS predicted to represent the mitochondrial proteome in T. brucei, although a small number of these may have lost functionality. Consistent with previous results, the F1FO-ATP synthase γ subunit was found to have an A281 deletion, which is involved in generation of a mitochondrial membrane potential in the absence of kDNA. Candidates for CDS that are absent from the reference genome were identified in supplementary de novo assemblies of T. evansi reads. Phylogenetic analyses show that the sequenced strain belongs to a dominant group of clonal T. evansi strains with worldwide distribution that also includes isolates classified as T. equiperdum. At least three other types of T. evansi or T. equiperdum have emerged independently. Overall, the elucidation of the T. evansi genome sequence reveals extensive similarity of T. brucei and supports the contention that T. evansi should be classified as a subspecies of T. brucei.
Horizontal Transmissible Protection against Myxomatosis and Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease by Using a Recombinant Myxoma Virus

ABSTRACT We have developed a new strategy for immunization of wild rabbit populations against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD) that uses recombinant viruses based on a naturally attenuated field strain of myxoma virus (MV). The recombinant viruses expressed the RHDV major capsid protein (VP60) including a linear epitope tag from the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) nucleoprotein. Following inoculation, the recombinant viruses induced specific antibody responses against MV, RHDV, and the TGEV tag. Immunization of wild rabbits by the subcutaneous and oral routes conferred protection against virulent RHDV and MV challenges. The recombinant viruses showed a limited horizontal transmission capacity, either by direct contact or in a flea-mediated process, promoting immunization of contact uninoculated animals.
Mouse Meckel's cartilage chondrocytes evoke bone‐like matrix and further transform into osteocyte‐like cells in culture

We reported that when Meckel's cartilage was transplanted ectopically, chondrocytes transformed into osteocyte‐like cells accompanying the extracellular calcified matrix. However, we could not determine whether the osteocyte‐like cells were derived from host tissues or from Meckel's cartilage itself. Therefore, we examined whether the Meckel's cartilage chondrocytes, which have a retrogressive ultimate fate, are capable of inducing the observed calcification and further transform into osteocyte‐like cells in culture.
Weighted parallel contributions of binocular correlation and match signals to conscious perception of depth

Binocular disparity is detected in the primary visual cortex by a process similar to calculation of local cross-correlation between left and right retinal images. As a consequence, correlation-based neural signals convey information about false disparities as well as the true disparity. The false responses in the initial disparity detectors are eliminated at later stages in order to encode only disparities of the features correctly matched between the two eyes. For a simple stimulus configuration, a feed-forward nonlinear process can transform the correlation signal into the match signal. For human observers, depth judgement is determined by a weighted sum of the correlation and match signals rather than depending solely on the latter. The relative weight changes with spatial and temporal parameters of the stimuli, allowing adaptive recruitment of the two computations under different visual circumstances. A full transformation from correlation-based to match-based representation occurs at the neuronal population level in cortical area V4 and manifests in single-neuron responses of inferior temporal and posterior parietal cortices. Neurons in area V5/MT represent disparity in a manner intermediate between the correlation and match signals. We propose that the correlation and match signals in these areas contribute to depth perception in a weighted, parallel manner. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.
Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vaccine Vectors Expressing Filovirus Glycoproteins Lack Neurovirulence in Nonhuman Primates

The filoviruses, Marburg virus and Ebola virus, cause severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality in humans and nonhuman primates. Among the most promising filovirus vaccines under development is a system based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) that expresses an individual filovirus glycoprotein (GP) in place of the VSV glycoprotein (G). The main concern with all replication-competent vaccines, including the rVSV filovirus GP vectors, is their safety. To address this concern, we performed a neurovirulence study using 21 cynomolgus macaques where the vaccines were administered intrathalamically. Seven animals received a rVSV vector expressing the Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) GP; seven animals received a rVSV vector expressing the Lake Victoria marburgvirus (MARV) GP; three animals received rVSV-wild type (wt) vector, and four animals received vehicle control. Two of three animals given rVSV-wt showed severe neurological symptoms whereas animals receiving vehicle control, rVSV-ZEBOV-GP, or rVSV-MARV-GP did not develop these symptoms. Histological analysis revealed major lesions in neural tissues of all three rVSV-wt animals; however, no significant lesions were observed in any animals from the filovirus vaccine or vehicle control groups. These data strongly suggest that rVSV filovirus GP vaccine vectors lack the neurovirulence properties associated with the rVSV-wt parent vector and support their further development as a vaccine platform for human use.