Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Method for Modifying March Tests for Bit-Oriented Memories into Tests for Word-Oriented Memories

Most memory test algorithms are optimized for a particular memory technology and a particular set of fault models, under the assumption that the memory is bit-oriented, i.e., read and write operations affect only a single bit in the memory. Traditionally, word-oriented memories have been tested by repeated application of a test for bit-oriented memories, whereby a different data background is used during each application. This results in time inefficiencies and limited fault coverage. A systematic way of converting tests for bit-oriented memories into tests for word-oriented memories is presented, distinguishing between interword and intraword faults. The conversion consists of concatenating to the test for interword faults, a test for intraword faults. This approach results in more efficient tests with complete coverage of the targeted faults. Word-oriented memory tests are very important, because most memories have an external data path which is wider than one bit.
A Multicenter Intervention to Prevent Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections

Background. Education-based interventions can reduce the incidence of catheter-associated bloodstream infection. The generalizability of findings from single-center studies is limited. Objective. To assess the effect of a multicenter intervention to prevent catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Design. An observational study with a planned intervention. Setting. Twelve intensive care units and 1 bone marrow transplantation unit at 6 academic medical centers. Patients. Patients admitted during the study period. Intervention. Updates of written policies, distribution of a 9-page self-study module with accompanying pretest and posttest, didactic lectures, and incorporation into practice of evidence-based guidelines regarding central venous catheter (CVC) insertion and care. Measurements. Standard data collection tools and definitions were used to measure the process of care (ie, the proportion of non-tunneled catheters inserted into the femoral vein and the condition of the CVC insertion site dressing for both tunneled and nontunneled catheters) and the incidence of catheter-associated bloodstream infection. Results. Between the preintervention period and the postintervention period, the percentage of CVCs inserted into the femoral vein decreased from 12.9% to 9.4% (relative ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.88); the total proportion of catheter insertion site dressings properly dated increased from 26.6% to 34.4% (relative ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.17-1.42), and the overall rate of catheter-associated bloodstream infections decreased from 11.2 to 8.9 infections per 1,000 catheter-days (relative rate, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67-0.93). The effect of the intervention varied among individual units. Conclusions. An education-based intervention that uses evidence-based practices can be successfully implemented in a diverse group of medical and surgical units and reduce catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates.
Bayesian Models of Judgments of Causal Strength: A Comparison

We formulate four alternative Bayesian models of causal strength judgments, and compare their predictions to two sets of human data. The models were derived by factorially varying the generating function for integrating multiple causes (based on either the power PC theory or the ΔP rule) and priors on strengths (favoring necessary and sufficient (NS) causes, or uniform). The models based on the power generating function provided much better fits than those based on the linear function. The models that included NS priors were able to account for subtle asymmetries between strength judgments for generative and preventive causes.
Coupled active transport of Na and Cl across forestomach epithelium.

CHIEN, WAN-Ju, AND C. E. Stevens. Coupled active transport of Na and Cl across forestomach epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 223(4) : 9971003. 1972. -Bidirectional fluxes of Na and Cl across the isolated, short-circuited bovine rumen epithelium were measured by both doubleand quadruple-isotope-labeling techniques. Both Na and Cl were actively transported in the direction of lumen to blood, but since Cl was transported at approximately twice the rate of Na, the algebraic sum of their ion currents did not account for the recorded short-circuit current or even the sign (blood side positive) of the transepithelial electrical potential. Ion replacement experiments indicated that active transport of K or multivalent, inorganic ions could not account for this discrepancy. Removal of Cl from the bathing solution markedly reduced active Na transport to levels which could entirely account for the short-circuit current. Alternatively, the removal of the Na from these solutions almost completely inhibited the short-circuit current and markedly inhibited the active transport of Cl. Replacement of the bicarbonate buffer system with tricine significantly reduced active transport of both Na and Cl. Results indicated that 1) a substantial, active transport of at least three ions was required to explai,n the observed short-circuit current, 2) the additional ion(s) were HCOs and possibly H, and 3) the active transport of these ions was coupled to a significant degree.
Password Security Risk versus Effort: An Exploratory Study on User-Perceived Risk and the Intention to Use Online Applications

In the current paper, we present the results of a study that explored the relationship between user-perceived security risk of online applications and the efforts associated with password use. Based on data that were collected from undergraduate students and analyzed using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method, we found that the reactions of users to efforts related with password strength differed from the reactions to efforts related with frequency of required password change. In general, long and complicated passwords appear to be more acceptable than passwords that need to be changed very often, in particular for applications that users perceive to be of high risk. The results of our study should be of interest to practitioners who need to balance organizational needs with individual user behavior when developing effective security strategies, and to researchers who are interested in the conceptualization of fit-variables.
Constraints on the Extremely-high Energy Cosmic Neutrino Flux with the IceCube 2008-2009 Data

We report on a search for extremely-high energy neutrinos with energies greater than 10(6) GeV using the data taken with the IceCube detector at the South Pole. The data was collected between April 2008 and May 2009 with the half-completed IceCube array. The absence of signal candidate events in the sample of 333.5 days of live time significantly improves model-independent limits from previous searches and allows to place a limit on the diffuse flux of cosmic neutrinos with an E-2 spectrum in the energy range 2.0 x 10(6) - 6.3 x 10(9) GeV to a level of E-2 phi <= 3.6 x 10(-8) GeV cm(-2) sec(-1) sr(-1).
DTN routing in urban public transport systems

Communication is crucial to the coordination and efficient operation of public transport systems. However, deployment of infrastructure based communication systems is very expensive. Delay tolerant vehicular networks are a promising alternative since only very few infrastructure elements are required. This paper presents a DTN routing algorithm for urban public transport systems. Beginning with an analysis of node mobility, system characteristics are derived and exploited to improve routing performance. To increase realism in the performance evaluation and comparison a new approach is taken for the generation of mobility traces. A map based on real cartographic data is combined with line definitions, stops and timetables of real public transport systems. A micromobility simulator then produces large scale mobility traces which are fed into a DTN simulator. We compare various DTN routing schemes with our algorithm. Moreover, the impact of disturbances in the public transport system on the routing performance is examined. The results show that our routing algorithm can outperform previously proposed algorithms even if 20% of all vehicles are behind schedule.
TG-Pro: A SAT-based ATPG System

Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) is arguably one of the practical applications that motivated the development of modern Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers in the mid 90s. Despite the interest of using SAT in ATPG, the original model remained mostly unchanged for nearly two decades, even in the presence of renewed interest in applying modern SAT technology to large-scale hardware designs. This paper describes the SAT-based ATPG system TG-Pro. In contrast to all SAT-based ATPG work over the last two decades, TG-Pro is based on a new fundamentally different SAT-based ATPG model. Experimental results, obtained on well-known and publicly available benchmarks, demonstrate that TG-Pro achieves major performance improvements over other well-established SAT-based ATPG models.
Histopathological Effects of Sodium Saccharin Toxicity on Liver and Kidney of Rats in Duhok City-Iraq

HE most frequently used synthetic sweetener that is used by patients who have high blood glucose and in food administration is sodium saccharin. The danger of sodium saccharin is still in debate, according to the outcomes of some previous research. The aim of this study was to observe the changes that happen due to sodium saccharin's effects on the renal and hepatic organs of laboratory albino rats by histotechnique. Forty experimental rats were used in this study; they were 3–4 months old, and their weight was between 250 and 325 gram. They were separated into four groups (each group contained 10 rats); the control group was the first one (water and food ad libitum ). The second, third and fourth groups have been administered by three different measures of sodium saccharin, which were started at 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg respectively. The oral gavages were used to give treatments to rats once daily for 120 days; at the end of the experimentation, for histopathological technique, the organs were collected. Depending on the dose, the pathological lesions were different in the hepatic and renal tissues as an outcome of therapeutic effects with sodium saccharin compared to the normal group. The ending results demonstrate that the toxic effects of sodium saccharin in rats taken at 10 mg/kg are higher than those of animals in group 2 treated at 5 mg/kg, and the effects appear lower in group 1 when administered at 2.5 mg/kg of substance. This indicates that sodium saccharin requires an elevated dose to generate pathological changes. The conclusion of this research was that sodium saccharin toxicity became higher for the liver and kidneys by raising its dose.
Termination of Probabilistic Concurrent Program

The asynchronous execution behavior of several concurrent processes, which may use randomization, is studied. Viewing each process as a discrete Markov chain over the set of common execution states, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for the processes to converge almost surely to a given set of goal states under any fair, but otherwise arbitrary, schedule, provided that the state space is finite. (These conditions can be checked mechanically.) An interesting feature of the proof method is that it depends only on the topology of the transitions and not on the actual values of the probabilities. It is also shown that in this model synchronization protocols that use randomization are in certain cases no more powerful than deterministic protocols. This is demonstrated by (1) establishing lower bounds, similar to those known for deterministic protocols, on the size of a shared variable necessary to ensure mutual exclusion and lockout-free behavior of a randomized protocol and (2) showing that no fully symmetric randomized protocol can ensure mutual exclusion and freedom from lockout. 12 references.
Random Generation and Population of Probabilistic Relational Models and Databases

Probabilistic relational models (PRMs) extend Bayesian networks (BNs) to a relational data mining context. Even though a panoply of works have focused, separately, on Bayesian networks and relational databases random generation, no work has been identified for PRMs on that track. This paper provides an algorithmic approach allowing to generate random PRMs from scratch to cover the absence of generation process. The proposed method allows to generate PRMs as well as synthetic relational data from a randomly generated relational schema and a random set of probabilistic dependencies. This can be of interest for machine learning researchers to evaluate their proposals in a common framework, as for databases designers to evaluate the effectiveness of the components of a database management system.
Features of Upward Positive Leaders Initiated From Towers in Natural Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Based on Simultaneous High‐Speed Videos, Measured Currents, and Electric Fields

Original simultaneous records of currents, close electric field, and high‐speed videos of natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning striking the tower of Morro do Cachimbo Station are used to reveal typical features of upward positive leaders before the attachment, including their initiation and mode of propagation. According to the results, upward positive leaders initiate some hundreds of microseconds prior to the return stroke, while a continuous uprising current of about 4 A and superimposed pulses of a few tens amperes flow along the tower. Upon leader initiation, the electric field measured 50 m away from the tower at ground level is about 60 kV/m. The corresponding average field roughly estimated 0.5 m above the tower top is higher than 0.55 MV/m. As in laboratory experiments, the common propagation mode of upward positive leaders is developing continuously, without steps, from their initiation. Unlike downward negative leaders, upward positive leaders typically do not branch off, though they can bifurcate under the effect of a downward negative leader's secondary branch approaching their lateral surface. The upward positive leader's estimated average two‐dimensional propagation speed, in the range of 0.06 × 106 to 0.16 × 106 m/s, has the same order of magnitude as that of downward negative leaders. Apparently, the speed tends to increase just before attachment.
Optimal Resilience for Erasure-Coded Byzantine Distributed Storage

We analyze the problem of efficiently storing large amounts of data on a distributed set of servers that may be accessed concurrently from multiple clients by sending messages over an asynchronous network. Up to one third of the servers and an arbitrary number of clients may be faulty and exhibit Byzantine behavior. We provide the first simulation of a multiple-writer multiple-reader atomic read/write register using erasure-coding in this setting that achieves optimal resilience and minimal storage overhead. Additionally, we give the first implementation of non-skipping timestamps which provides optimal resilience and withstands Byzantine clients; it is based on threshold cryptography
Speeding-up hirschberg and hunt-szymanski LCS algorithms

Two algorithms are presented that solve the problem of recovering the longest common subsequence of two strings. The £rst algorithm is an improvement of Hirschberg's divide-and- conquer algorithm. The second algorithm is an improvement of Hunt-Szymanski algorithm based on an ef£cient computation of all dominant match points. These two algorithms use bit-vector operations and are shown to work very ef£ciently in practice.
Genetic Variation in the Interleukin-28B Gene Is Associated with Spontaneous Clearance and Progression of Hepatitis C Virus in Moroccan Patients

Background Genetic variation in the IL28B gene has been strongly associated with treatment outcomes, spontaneous clearance and progression of the hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of polymorphisms at this locus with progression and outcome of HCV infection in a Moroccan population. Methods We analyzed a cohort of 438 individuals among them 232 patients with persistent HCV infection, of whom 115 patients had mild chronic hepatitis and 117 had advanced liver disease (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma), 68 individuals who had naturally cleared HCV and 138 healthy subjects. The IL28B SNPs rs12979860 and rs8099917 were genotyped using a TaqMan 5′ allelic discrimination assay. Results The protective rs12979860-C and rs8099917-T alleles were more common in subjects with spontaneous clearance (77.9% vs 55.2%; p = 0.00001 and 95.6% vs 83.2%; p = 0.0025, respectively). Individuals with clearance were 4.69 (95% CI, 1.99–11.07) times more likely to have the C/C genotype for rs12979860 polymorphism (p = 0.0017) and 3.55 (95% CI, 0.19–66.89) times more likely to have the T/T genotype at rs8099917. Patients with advanced liver disease carried the rs12979860-T/T genotype more frequently than patients with mild chronic hepatitis C (OR = 1.89; 95% CI, 0.99–3.61; p = 0.0532) and this risk was even more pronounced when we compared them with healthy controls (OR = 4.27; 95% CI, 2.08–8.76; p = 0.0005). The rs8099917-G allele was also associated with advanced liver disease (OR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.40–3.93; p = 0.0100). Conclusions In the Moroccan population, polymorphisms near the IL28B gene play a role both in spontaneous clearance and progression of HCV infection.
The effects of wilting and biological and chemical additives on the fermentation process in field pea silage

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the effects of wilting and additives on the fermen - tation quality of field pea silage, and to determine the rumen degradability of organic matter of pea silage. The following additives were used: commercial bacterial inoculant (1 g/t) containing homofermentative lactic acid bacteria - Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIMB 30121) and Enterococcus faecium (NCIMB 30122) and chemical additive containing formic acid, propionic acid, ammonium formate and benzoic acid (4 l/t). Compared to the control and chemical additive, the addition of the inoculant to wilted silage increased the lactic acid content ( P < 0.05) and lactic:acetic ratio ( P < 0.001). Both bacterial and chemical additives decreased (P < 0.001) the pH value of wilted silage. Differences between the control and chemically treated unwilted silage were also significant ( P < 0.01). The pH value of silage with chemical additive was lower compared to the control. Proteolysis determined in wilted silage was lower compared to unwilted silage. Rumen degrad - ability of organic matter in wilted silage treated with the chemical additive was found to be higher ( P < 0.05) than in control and inoculant treated silages.
Evolution of the Automotive Body Coating Process—A Review

Automotive coatings and the processes used to coat automobile surfaces exemplify the avant-garde of technologies that are capable of producing durable surfaces, exceeding customers’ expectations of appearance, maximizing efficiency, and meeting environmental regulations. These accomplishments are rooted in 100 years of experience, trial-and-error approaches, technique and technology advancements, and theoretical assessments. Because of advancements directed at understanding the how, why, when, and where of automobile coatings, the progress in controlling droplets and their deposition attributes, and the development of new technologies and paint chemistries, a comprehensive and up-to-date review of automobile coatings and coating technologies was considered to be of value to industrial practitioners and researchers. Overall, the critical performance factors driving the development and use of advanced automotive coatings and coating technologies are (a) aesthetic characteristics; (b) corrosion protection; (c) mass production; (d) cost and environmental requirements; and (e) appearance and durability. Although the relative importance of each of these factors is debatable, the perfection of any one at the expense of another would be unacceptable. Hence, new developments in automotive coatings are described and discussed in the following review, and then related to improvements in production technologies and paints. Modern automotive coating procedures are also discussed in detail. Finally, an extrapolation into the future of automotive coating is offered with a view of the developments and technologies needed for an increasingly efficient and more sustainable coatings industry.
Origin of abundant moonmilk deposits in a subsurface granitic environment

Subsurface granitic environments are scarce and poorly investigated. A multi‐disciplinary approach was used to characterize the abundant moonmilk deposits and associated microbial communities coating the granite walls of the 16th Century Paranhos spring water tunnel in Porto city (north‐west Portugal). It is possible that this study is the first record of moonmilk in an urban subsurface granitic environment. The morphology and texture, mineralogical composition, stable isotope composition and microbial diversity of moonmilk deposits have been studied to infer the processes of moonmilk formation. These whitish secondary mineral deposits are composed of very fine needle‐fibre calcite crystals with different morphologies and density. Calcified filaments of fungal hyphae or bacteria were distinguished by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Stable isotope analysis revealed a meteoric origin of the needle‐fibre calcite, with an important contribution of atmospheric CO2, soil respiration and HCO3− from weathering of Ca‐bearing minerals. The DNA‐based analyses revealed the presence of micro‐organisms related to urban contamination, including Actinobacteria, mainly represented by Pseudonocardia hispaniensis, Thaumarchaeota and Ascomycota, dominated by Cladosporium. This microbial composition is consistent with groundwater pollution and contamination sources of the overlying urban area, including garages, petrol stations and wastewater pipeline leakage, showing that the Paranhos tunnel is greatly perturbed by anthropogenic activities. Whether the identified micro‐organisms are involved in the formation of the needle‐fibre calcite or not is difficult to demonstrate, but this study evidenced both abiotic and biogenic genesis for the calcite moonmilk in this subsurface granitic environment.
Color Image Blind Watermarking Algorithm Based on QR Decomposition and Voting in DWT Domain

To achieve a better trade-off between robustness and imperceptibility, a blind watermarking algorithm based on QR decomposition and voting for color image in DWT domain is proposed in the paper. Most of the existing QR decomposition based watermarking schemes take the first row of R matrix into consideration while in our approach the watermark is embedded by modifying the first column element of Q matrix. In the embedding process, DCT is applied to the R, G and B color components, respectively. Then DWT is utilized on the DCT coefficients of each component and acquire corresponding LL, HL, LH, and HH. Later, the associated DWT coefficients in LH and HH are decomposed with QR decomposition and the watermark message is embedded into the first column of Q matrix by changing Q 21 and Q 31 with stable characteristic. In the extraction phase, a redundant watermark scheme with voting method is used to improve the robustness of the watermarking algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm, compared with the existing methods is robust enough to resist common signal attacks including filtering, noising, small cutting and JPEG compressing.