Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental phases in self-regulation : Shifting from process goals to outcome goals

The effects of goal setting and self-monitoring during self-regulated practice on the acquisition of a complex motoric skill were studied with 90 high school girls. It was hypothesized that girls who shifted goals developmentally from process to outcome goals would surpass classmates who adhered to only process goals who, in turn, would exceed classmates who used only outcome goals in posttest dart-throwing skill, self-reactions, self-efficacy perceptions, and intrinsic interest in the game. Support for alt hypotheses derived from the developmental model was found. The girls' self-reactions to dart-throwing outcomes and self-efficacy perceptions about dart skill were highly correlated with their intrinsic interest in the game. It was also found that self-recording, a formal form of self-monitori ng, enhanced dart-throwing skill, self-efficacy, and self-reaction beliefs. Mastery of complex skills, such as reading, writing, dance, music, or athletics, is a time-consuming process requiring intensive teaching and countless hours of personal practice (Ericsson & Charness, 1994). A number of theorists have attempted to identify distinctive phases or steps in the attainment of a self-regulatory level of competence in skills such as these. For example, Fitts (1964) distinguished three phases in the acquisition of motoric skills from the beginner level to mastery. These included a cognitive phase in which knowledge of a skill is acquired first, then an associative phase wherein knowledge is transformed into action sequences, and finally an autonomous phase in which actions become spontaneous or self-regulatory. Robb (1972), M. D. Adams (1971), and J. A. Adams (1980) suggested that distinct learning processes may underlie these phase changes in learning, such as forming plans, motoric practicing, and automatic motoric execution. These accounts drew attention to qualitative changes in learning processes that ultimately became self-regulatory, but they provided relatively little detail about the formative role of teaching and social experiences in the development of these processes. This is an important issue. Complex cognitive-motor skills are difficult to learn on one's own because they are both subtle and covert and because evidence of their effectiveness is often hard to interpret or is delayed in time. To overcome these personal limitations, cultural and familial groups have resorted to social means, such as modeling, verbal descriptions, and written instructions to convey important skills to the next generation. Not only is social
Individual risk factors for school bullying

This article reviews individual risk factors for bullying, especially gender, age, aggressiveness, low intelligence and achievement, hyperactivity‐impulsiveness, low empathy, low self‐esteem, depression, unpopularity, and physical and biological features. It also reports individual, family and socio‐economic predictors and correlates of bullying discovered in a longitudinal survey of 411 London boys. The most important individual risk factors are low impulsiveness and low empathy, and they could be targeted in cognitive‐behavioural skills training programmes.
Percutaneous transluminal therapeutic ultrasound for high‐risk thrombus‐containing lesions in native coronary arteries

We assessed the short‐term outcome of percutaneous coronary ultrasound thrombolysis (CUT) for high‐risk thrombus‐containing lesions in native coronaries in the setting of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Data were prospectively collected in a multicenter (n = 32) registry of consecutive ACS patients. The study population (n = 126) had mostly (84%) totally occluded vessels. The mean age of clot was 5.7 ± 9.5 days (range, 0–60 days). CUT (41 kHz, 18 W) led to device success in 112 (89%) patients, with a residual stenosis of 69% ± 20%. Adjunct PTCA or stenting was used in 97% of the patients. Procedural success was achieved in 124 (98%) patients, with a final residual stenosis of 6% ± 10%. There were no major adverse clinical events during hospitalization. Ultrasound thrombolysis is a feasible procedure that offers a safe and probably effective adjuvant device solution for the treatment of high‐risk, thrombus‐containing lesions in the native coronary arteries. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:43–49. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prejudice and Ingroup Favoritism in a Minimal Intergroup Situation

Previous studies indicate that people who are low in self-esteem are more prejudiced (i.e., more negative about outgroups) than people who are high in self esteem. It is not clear from this research, however, whether low self-esteem individuals derogate outgroups relative to the ingroup (i.e., whether they show ingroup favoritism or ethnocentrism). In an experiment using the minimal intergroup situation paradigm, it was found that both high and low self-esteem subjects show ingroup favoritism, although low self-esteem subjects rated both the ingroup and the outgroup more negatively than did high self-esteem subjects. There was no evidence for greater ingroup favoritism among low self-esteem subjects. The results are discussed in terms of the distinction between prejudice and ethnocentrism and the self-enhancing functions of ingroup favoritism.
EM decoding of tardos traitor tracing codes

This paper proposes a major shift in the decoding of probabilistic Tardos traitor tracing code. The goal of the decoder is to accuse colluders but it ignores how they have been mixing their copies in order to forge the pirated content. As originally proposed by Tardos, so far proposed decoders are agnostic and their performances are stable with respect to this unknown collusion attack. However, this stability automatically leads to non-optimality from a detection theory perspective. This is the reason why this paper proposes to estimate the collusion attack in order to approximate the optimal matched decoder. This is done iteratively thanks to the application of the well-known Expectation-Maximization algorithm. We have dropped the stability: the power of our decoding algorithm deeply depends on the collusion attack. Some attacks are worse than others. However, even for the worst collusion channel, our decoder performs better than the original Tardos decoding.
Screening for diabetes in an outpatient clinic population

AbstractBACKGROUND: Opportunistic disease screening is the routine, asymptomatic disease screening of patients at the time of a physician encounter for other reasons. While the prevalence of unrecognized diabetes in community populations is well known, the prevalence in clinical populations is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, predictors, and clinical severity of unrecognized diabetes among outpatients at a major medical center. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional observational study at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. SUBJECTS: Outpatients without recognized diabetes (N=1,253). METHODS: We screened patients for diabetes by using an initial random Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement, and then obtaining follow-up fasting plasma glucose (FPG) for all subjects with HbA1c ≥6.0%. A case of unrecognized diabetes was defined as either HbA1c ≥7.0% or FPG ≥7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). Height and weight were obtained for all subjects. We also obtained resting blood pressure, fasting lipids, and urine protein in subjects with HbA1c ≥6.0%. RESULTS: The prevalence of unrecognized diabetes was 4.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 5.7). Factors associated with unrecognized diabetes were the diagnosis of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.5; P=.004), weight >120% of ideal (adjusted OR, 2.2; P=.02), and history of a parent or sibling with diabetes (adjusted OR, 1.7; P=.06). Having a primary care provider did not raise or lower the risk for unrecognized diabetes (P=.73). Based on the new diagnosis, most patients (61%) found to have diabetes required a change in treatment either of their blood sugar or comorbid hypertension or hyperlipidemia in order to achieve targets recommended in published treatment guidelines. Patients reporting a primary care provider were no less likely to require a change in treatment (P=.20). CONCLUSIONS: If diabetes screening is an effective intervention, opportunistic screening for diabetes may be the preferred method for screening, because there is substantial potential for case-finding in a medical center outpatient setting. A majority of patients with diabetes diagnosed at opportunistic screening will require a change in treatment of blood sugar, blood pressure, or lipids to receive optimal care.
Do Children and Adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder have Ocular Abnormalities?

Purpose. To investigate visual function and ocular features in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods. Fifty-one children underwent a detailed ophthalmologic evaluation. Thirty-two were diagnosed with ADHD, and 19 children with attention deficit disorder (ADD). The mean age was 9.9±3.1 years. Results. The average best-corrected visual acuity of the better-seeing eye was 1 (range 0.9-1.25) and 0.96 (range 0.5-1.25) for the fellow eye. Eighteen percent (10) had amblyopia in one or both eyes (3 had strabismic and 7 had ametropic amblyopia). Heterotropia was found in 5 (10%), and absent stereoacuity was found in 3 (6%). Subnormal convergence amplitude was noted in 2 patients (4%). The mean spherical equivalent (SE) of the eyes in this study was 0.17±1.73 (range −5.5 to +7). Twenty-two subjects (43%) had a myopia of −0.50 D or higher. Hyperopia higher than 3.5 D was seen in 10 cases (20%), and astigmatism larger or equal to 1.0 D was observed in 10 patients (20%). With-the-rule astigmatism was by far most common type in the 29 eyes with an astigmatic refractive error (59%). Significant ametropia was detected in 42 (83%) of the patients. In contrast to other studies, we did not find a higher rate of convergence insufficiency or heterotropia. Conclusions. Children diagnosed with either ADHD or ADD can present with significant ametropia but infrequent heterotropia.
Partial Identification in Econometrics

Identification in econometric models maps prior assumptions and the data to information about a parameter of interest. The partial identification approach to inference recognizes that this process should not result in a binary answer that consists of whether the parameter is point identified. Rather, given the data, the partial identification approach characterizes the informational content of various assumptions by providing a menu of estimates, each based on different sets of assumptions, some of which are plausible and some of which are not. Of course, more assumptions beget more information, so stronger conclusions can be made at the expense of more assumptions. The partial identification approach advocates a more fluid view of identification and hence provides the empirical researcher with methods to help study the spectrum of information that we can harness about a parameter of interest using a menu of assumptions. This approach links conclusions drawn from various empirical models to sets of assumptions made in a transparent way. It allows researchers to examine the informational content of their assumptions and their impacts on the inferences made. Naturally, with finite sample sizes, this approach leads to statistical complications, as one needs to deal with characterizing sampling uncertainty in models that do not point identify a parameter. Therefore, new methods for inference are developed. These methods construct confidence sets for partially identified parameters, and confidence regions for sets of parameters, or identifiable sets.
Temporal analysis of the developing Chlamydia psittaci inclusion by use of fluorescence and electron microscopy

The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites that develop and multiply within a vacuole (termed an inclusion) that does not fuse with lysosomes. Inclusion morphology varies dramatically among the different chlamydiae, particularly within the species Chlamydia psittaci. Some strains develop within a single vacuole, while the mature inclusion of other strains consists of several distinct lobes, each filled with chlamydial developmental forms. The development of this lobed structure was investigated in HeLa cells infected with the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain of C. psittaci. We employed two recently described probes for the chlamydial inclusion to study the development of these unique lobed structures. The novel probes were an antiserum directed at a protein localized to the GPIC inclusion membrane (anti-IncA) and the fluorescent sphingolipid (N-[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-)]) aminocaproyl sphingosine (NBD-ceramide). Lobed inclusions developed in cells infected at very low multiplicities of infection, suggesting that the structure is not a function of infection by more than one elementary body (EB). Double-label fluorescent-antibody analysis with anti-IncA and an antibody directed at a chlamydial outer membrane protein showed that, prior to 18 h postinfection (p.i.), the inclusion membrane and the chlamydial membrane were tightly associated. After 18 to 20 h p.i. , the lobes began to expand and fill with developmental forms and the inclusion membrane and chlamydial membrane became distinct. At times from 8 to 48 h p.i. , GPIC inclusions were shown to receive fluorescent derivatives of NBD-ceramide and to be localized to the perinuclear region of the host cell. Labeled lectins with affinity for carbohydrate moieties localized to the Golgi apparatus showed that the lobes of mature inclusions surround the Golgi apparatus. Labeling with NBD-ceramide and the Golgi apparatus-specific lectins therefore demonstrated a functional and physical association of the inclusion with the Golgi apparatus throughout the developmental cycle. Collectively, these results lead to a model for the development of the lobed chlamydial inclusion. We propose that the lobed structure is a result of division of inclusions occurring in parallel with the multiplication of reticulate bodies (RB) early in the developmental cycle. The division of inclusions slows or stops in mid-cycle, and dividing RB accumulate within the enlarging lobes. The RB then differentiate to EBs, the inclusion and cell are lysed, and EBs are freed to infect another cell.
Epidemiology and course of anorexia nervosa in the community.

OBJECTIVE Most previous studies of the prevalence, incidence, and outcome of anorexia nervosa have been limited to cases detected through the health care system, which may bias our understanding of the disorder's incidence and natural course. The authors sought to describe the onset and outcomes of anorexia nervosa in the general population. METHOD Lifetime prevalences, incidence rates, and 5-year recovery rates of anorexia nervosa were calculated on the basis of data from 2,881 women from the 1975-1979 birth cohorts of Finnish twins. Women who screened positive for eating disorder symptoms (N=292), their screen-negative female co-twins (N=134), and 210 randomly selected screen-negative women were assessed for lifetime eating disorders by telephone by experienced clinicians. To assess outcomes after clinical recovery and to detect residua of illness, women who had recovered were compared with their unaffected co-twins and healthy unrelated women on multiple outcome measures. RESULTS The lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV anorexia nervosa was 2.2%, and half of the cases had not been detected in the health care system. The incidence of anorexia nervosa in women between 15 and 19 years of age was 270 per 100,000 person-years. The 5-year clinical recovery rate was 66.8%. Outcomes did not differ between detected and undetected cases. After clinical recovery, the residua of illness steadily receded. By 5 years after clinical recovery, most probands had reached complete or nearly complete psychological recovery and closely resembled their unaffected co-twins and healthy women in weight and most psychological and social measures. CONCLUSIONS The authors found a substantially higher lifetime prevalence and incidence of anorexia nervosa than reported in previous studies, most of which were based on treated cases. Most women recovered clinically within 5 years, and thereafter usually progressed toward full recovery.
Edward Said and Contrapuntal Reading: Implications for Critical Interventions in International Relations

Notwithstanding the prominence accorded to Edward Said in the fields of history, anthropology, cultural studies, literary criticism, women's studies, and other disciplines, he remains a rather neglected figure in the field of international relations (IR) with the notable exception of postcolonial and some critical scholarship. This article seeks to attend to this neglect and highlights the work of Edward Said and its implications for the field of IR. I discuss two overlapping categories in the work of Edward Said that have implications for interrogating received knowledge in IR - Culture, Identity and Representation, and Nation and Memory. The essay concludes with Said's discussion of intellectual responsibility and what it means for scholars in the field of IR. The concepts of contrapuntality and fugue, which Said borrows from Western classical music, weave through his arguments and are central to his unique articulation and development of the categories listed above. Arguably, a contrapuntal analysis has significant implications for `responsible scholarship' and teaching in IR.
Characterization of histochemically detectable altered hepatocyte foci and their relationship to hepatic tumorigenesis in rats treated once with diethylnitrosamine or benzo(a)pyrene within one day after birth.

A new experimental system was used to examine the stages of chemically induced hepatic neoplasia in the rat. The treatment protocol involved the i.p. injection of a single dose of carcinogen [diethylnitrosamine or benzo(a)pyrene] into male and female rats within 1 day after birth, followed by dietary exposure to promoter (0.05% dietary phenobarbital) beginning at weaning. Rats were killed at intervals, and their livers were examined for tumors and for histochemically detectable foci of altered hepatocytes using six histochemical markers. Through serial frozen-sectioning techniques and computer-assisted image analysis, foci containing between one and six markers were identified, and their average diameters were calculated. The same complement of histochemical tests was applied to the primary hepatic tumors observed in this study. The principal findings were the following. (a) Both the diethylnitrosamine and benzo(a)pyrene treatments were tumorigenic and produced foci with similar phenotypic properties (numbers and identities of histochemical markers). (b) Foci relative growth rates and growth capacities (ranges of possible growth rates) were directly related to foci phenotypic complexity levels (numbers of markers per focus). (c) Individual foci were phenotypically stable; i.e., they neither gained nor lost markers. (d) A substantial fraction of the tumors observed in this study had fewer markers than the most complex foci. On the basis of these observations, we suggest that foci emerge as the result of a specific set of cellular changes solely inducible by carcinogenic stimuli, but the foci do not evolve through progressively more deviated forms into tumors. Instead, we postulate that tumorigenesis involves a separate transformation event that may occur in a susceptible fraction of foci subsequent to their induction or, alternatively, may occur at the time of exposure to carcinogen, in parallel with the carcinogen-mediated events leading to focus formation.
Online Decision-Making with High-Dimensional Covariates

Big data has enabled decision-makers to tailor decisions at the individual-level in a variety of domains such as personalized medicine and online advertising. This involves learning a model of decision rewards conditional on individual-specific covariates. In many practical settings, these covariates are high-dimensional; however, typically only a small subset of the observed features are predictive of a decision's success. We formulate this problem as a multi-armed bandit with high-dimensional covariates, and present a new efficient bandit algorithm based on the LASSO estimator. Our regret analysis establishes that our algorithm achieves near-optimal performance in comparison to an oracle that knows all the problem parameters. The key step in our analysis is proving a new oracle inequality that guarantees the convergence of the LASSO estimator despite the non-i.i. d. data induced by the bandit policy. Furthermore, we illustrate the practical relevance of our algorithm by evaluating it on a real-world clinical problem of warfarin dosing. A patient's optimal warfarin dosage depends on the patient's genetic profile and medical records; incorrect initial dosage may result in adverse consequences such as stroke or bleeding. We show that our algorithm outperforms existing bandit methods as well as physicians to correctly dose a majority of patients.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF WEBSITES AND BLOGS TO THE STUDENTS’ PROTEST COMMUNICATION TACTICS DURING THE 2010 UK UNIVERSITY OCCUPATIONS

This paper examines the use of websites and blogs during the 2010 UK anti-cuts protests, where students across the UK occupied more than 35 universities in a symbolic act of opposition to government plans to cut education funding and increase tuition fees. Although social media have largely monopolized the debate on online political activism in recent years, students did not limit their online e-tactics to the use of social media, but used websites and blogs extensively to describe and contextualize their views, demands, protest experiences and actions. This study assesses which of the website features that are usually found in social movement organization (SMO) websites are adopted by websites constructed by loosely organized groups, such as those of the occupying students, and how they differ from SMO websites. The findings show that informational, interactive and mobilizing features were not equally prominent in all occupation websites. Although all standard SMO website features could, to some extent, also be found on the occupying students' websites, the features were emphasized differently. Mobilizing (and some interactive) features played a more prominent role in the occupying students' websites, which tended to lack other customary SMO website functions such as establishing lateral links with other occupation websites. This study discusses the differences in website features and suggests avenues for further research.
Programming in Pairs with Alice to Improve Confidence, Enjoyment, and Achievement

Students in an introductory computing class participated in a study investigating the impact of using a graphics programming environment (Alice) and pair-programming on confidence, enjoyment and achievement. Sixty-four participants completed a short questionnaire and a content pre-test about computer programming concepts. Students were then assigned to one of two groups: individual or paired. The pairs completed a tutorial on Alice and then completed a short assignment over a period of one week working as a team of two. The individuals completed the same tutorial and assignment but completed it alone. Lastly, all participants took the same questionnaire and content post-test. The results showed that all students experienced increased confidence in programming, that students in pairs enjoyed programming more than students who worked individually, and that all students performed significantly better on the content post-test.