Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Central Thalamic Contributions to Arousal Regulation and Neurological Disorders of Consciousness

This review focuses on the contributions of the central thalamus to normal mechanisms of arousal regulation and to neurological disorders of consciousness. Forebrain arousal is regulated by ascending influences from brainstem/basal forebrain neuronal populations (“arousal systems”) and control signals descending from frontal cortical systems. These subcortical and cortical systems have converging projections to the central thalamus that emphasize their role in maintaining organized behavior during wakefulness. Central thalamic neurons appear to be specialized both anatomically and physiologically to support distributed network activity that maintains neuronal firing patterns across long‐range cortico–cortical pathways and within cortico–striatopallidal–thalamocortical loop connections. Recruitment of central thalamic neurons occurs in response to increasing cognitive demand, stress, fatigue, and other perturbations that reduce behavioral performance. In addition, the central thalamus receives projections from brainstem pathways evolved to rapidly generate brief shifts of arousal associated with the appearance of salient stimuli across different sensory modalities. Through activation of the central thalamus, neurons across the cerebral cortex and striatum can be depolarized and their activity patterns selectively gated by descending or ascending signals related to premotor attention and alerting stimuli. Direct injury to the central thalamus or prominent deafferentation of these neurons as a result of complex, multifocal, brain insults are both associated with severe impairment of forebrain functional integration and arousal regulation. Interventions targeting neurons within the central thalamus may lead to rational therapeutic approaches to the treatment of impaired arousal regulation following nonprogressive brain injuries. A model accounting for present therapeutic strategies is proposed.
Kaposi's sarcoma in Colombia

Seventy‐nine cases of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), which correspond to one of every 1000 malignant tumors, were reviewed at the National Institute of Cancer (NIC), Bogotá, Colombia, from 1935 to 1985. Seventy‐four percent of the patients were older than 65 years of age. The male to female ratio was 8:1. In all cases, plaques and nodules first appeared in the lower limbs; they were symmetrical in 47% of the cases and ulcerated in 25%. No generalized or epidemic forms were seen. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma concurrent with KS was observed in one case. KS developed several years after treatment for follicular lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in two patients. An angiosarcomatous variant and one fibrosarcomatous change were seen. Ten cases studied for factor VIII expression through the peroxidase–antiperoxidase (PAP) technique were all reactive. We conclude that in Colombia before 1985, KS behaved as a chronic multicentric Stage I disease without a tendency to associate simultaneously with malignant conditions.
Issues in the assessment and treatment of male sex offenders with mild learning disabilities

Abstract The psychological assessment and treatment of male sex offenders has been of increasing interest in recent years, and a substantial literature, primarily cognitive-behavioural in orientation, now exists. However, there is little information about the application of this literature to men with mild learning disabilities (previously known as mild ‘mental handicap’), who have impaired intellectual and social functioning and are at increased risk of additional difficulties. This paper uses the cognitive-behavioural approach as a framework for presenting preliminary guidance on the assessment and treatment of men with mild learning disabilities. It should be emphasized that, at present, almost nothing is known about the outcome of attempts to intervene in the sex offending of this population.
Sildenafil improves six-minute walk distance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Sildenafil has been found to improve exercise capacity and haemodynamic parameters in patients with various pulmonary disorders. This study was undertaken to evaluate its efficacy in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS In this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study, 37 patients with severe COPD received either sildenafil or placebo for 12 weeks. Distance covered in six-minute walk test (6MWD) was taken as primary end-point. Pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) was measured as secondary end point. RESULTS Thirty-three patients (15 in sildenafil arm and 18 in placebo arm) completed the study. Non-parametric tests were used for comparison. There was significant increase in 6MWD from baseline after three months of follow-up in sildenafil users (median change in distance covered in six-minute walk test (delta6MWD) = 190m) as compared to placebo users (delta6MWD = 0m, p < 0.05). The PAP decreased significantly (chi2 = 14.94, p < 0.05) in sildenafil group after three months, while it did not change significantly among placebo group (chi2 = 3.84, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Sildenafil improved 6MWD and PAP in patients with severe COPD.
Global Alliances and Independent Domination in Some Classes of Graphs

A dominating set $S$ of a graph $G$ is a global (strong) defensive alliance if for every vertex $v\in S$, the number of neighbors $v$ has in $S$ plus one is at least (greater than) the number of neighbors it has in $V\setminus S$. The dominating set $S$ is a global (strong) offensive alliance if for every vertex $v\in V\setminus S$, the number of neighbors $v$ has in $S$ is at least (greater than) the number of neighbors it has in $V\setminus S$ plus one. The minimum cardinality of a global defensive (strong defensive, offensive, strong offensive) alliance is denoted by $\gamma_a(G)$ ($\gamma_{\hat a}(G)$, $\gamma_o(G)$, $\gamma_{\hat o}(G))$. We compare each of the four parameters $\gamma_a, \gamma_{\hat a}, \gamma_o, \gamma_{\hat o}$ to the independent domination number $i$. We show that $i(G)\le \gamma ^2_a(G)-\gamma_a(G)+1$ and $i(G)\le \gamma_{\hat{a}}^2(G)-2\gamma_{\hat{a}}(G)+2$ for every graph; $i(G)\le \gamma ^2_a(G)/4 +\gamma_a(G)$ and $i(G)\le \gamma_{\hat{a}}^2(G)/4 +\gamma_{\hat{a}}(G)/2$ for every bipartite graph; $i(G)\le 2\gamma_a(G)-1$ and $i(G)=3\gamma_{\hat{a}}(G)/2 -1$ for every tree and describe the extremal graphs; and that $\gamma_o(T)\le 2i(T)-1$ and $i(T)\le \gamma_{\hat o}(T)-1$ for every tree. We use a lemma stating that $\beta(T)+2i(T)\ge n+1$ in every tree $T$ of order $n$ and independence number $\beta(T)$.
Becoming Co-Authors: Toward Sharing Authority in Religious Education

Abstract This article offers an alternative model, the model of shared authority, to the traditional, authoritarian model for authority and obedience for Religious Education. This model moves away from the authoritarian model of a teacher as the authority and the students as obedient listeners in the direction of a shared authority model in which teachers and students participate in learning as partners, in other words, “to become co-authors. ”
Asymptotic Behavior of Solutions of Free Boundary Problem with Logistic Reaction Term

We study a free boundary problem for a reaction diffusion equation modeling the spreading of a biological or chemical species. In this model, the free boundary represents the spreading front of the species. We discuss the asymptotic behavior of bounded solutions and obtain a trichotomy result: spreading (the free boundary tends to and the solution converges to a stationary solution defined on ), transition (the free boundary stays in a bounded interval and the solution converges to a stationary solution with positive compact support), and vanishing (the free boundary converges to 0 and the solution tends to 0 within a finite time).
Motives of Organizational Citizenship Behavior : comparison between OCBO & OCBI

AbstractThis study has three purposes. Firstly, we try to extract the types of the motives of OCBO & OCBI instead of global OCB. Secondly, we compare the types of the motives OCBO & OCBI and those of the motives of global OCB. Finally, using another set of P-sample, we try to find out whether the four types of the motives of OCB found in the study of Kim & Lee(2013) could be found once again. The findings are as follows. First, we found the four types of the motives of OCBO, and three the types of the motives of OCBI. Second we found some similarities and differences at the same time between the types of OCBO, OCBI, & global OCB. Third, except the instrumentality-based type, three of the four types found in the study of Kim & Lee(2013) reappeared in this study. In conclusion, these findings suggest that OCBO & OCBI, the sub-dimensions of OCB, have their own distinctive natures respectively. ■ keyword : ∣Organizational Citizenship Behavior(OCB) ∣OCBO∣OCBI∣Q-methodology ∣Motives of OCB ∣
The miR-223/Nuclear Factor I-A Axis Regulates Glial Precursor Proliferation and Tumorigenesis in the CNS

Contemporary views of tumorigenesis regard its inception as a convergence of genetic mutation and developmental context. Glioma is the most common and deadly malignancy in the CNS; therefore, understanding how regulators of glial development contribute to its formation remains a key question. Previously we identified nuclear factor I-A (NFIA) as a key regulator of developmental gliogenesis, while miR-223 has been shown to repress NFIA expression in other systems. Using this relationship as a starting point, we found that miR-223 can suppress glial precursor proliferation via repression of NFIA during chick spinal cord development. This relationship is conserved in glioma, as miR-223 and NFIA expression is negatively correlated in human glioma tumors, and the miR-223/NFIA axis suppresses tumorigenesis in a human glioma cell line. Subsequent analysis of NFIA function revealed that it directly represses p21 and is required for tumorigenesis in a mouse neural stem cell model of glioma. These studies represent the first characterization of miR-223/NFIA axis function in glioma and demonstrate that it is a conserved proliferative mechanism across CNS development and tumorigenesis.
Conditions for staff acceptance of organizational change : Burnout as a mediating construct

Abstract Relationships among organizational change strategies, staff engagement with work, and staff acceptance of change in two amalgamating hospitals were examined. Acceptance of change, as indicated by positive perceptions of morale, job security, and quality of patient care, was associated with supportive supervision, confidence in management, effective communication, and work meaningfulness. Engagement with work acted as mediator in most of the relationships. The impact of major organizational change on individuals is explored and management strategies examined.
Combining Estimators Using Non-Constant Weighting Functions

This paper discusses the linearly weighted combination of estimators in which the weighting functions are dependent on the input. We show that the weighting functions can be derived either by evaluating the input dependent variance of each estimator or by estimating how likely it is that a given estimator has seen data in the region of the input space close to the input pattern. The latter solution is closely related to the mixture of experts approach and we show how learning rules for the mixture of experts can be derived from the theory about learning with missing features. The presented approaches are modular since the weighting functions can easily be modified (no retraining) if more estimators are added. Furthermore, it is easy to incorporate estimators which were not derived from data such as expert systems or algorithms.
Assemblages of penal governance, social justice and youth justice partnerships

Youth justice in England and Wales is delivered by multi-agency Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) which are expected to work in partnership with social welfare agencies to provide ‘holistic’ support that targets the interrelated personal and social needs of young offenders associated with their risk of reoffending. This article engages with criminological debates which attempt to interpret the hybrid assemblages of penal governance that have characterized late modernity in order to theorize why these partnerships have had only limited success in addressing the social context of youth crime. It will be argued, evidenced by an analysis of research data on YOT partnerships in action, that these assemblages are ‘classed’ in so much as they act as conduits for strategic elements which articulate powerful class interests (along with those of other social forces) to be translated into practice. Such strategic elements sustain class inequality and deny social justice to young people in conflict with the law.
Re: Meta-analysis: dietary fat intake, serum estrogen levels, and the risk of breast cancer.

I would like to bring up a small—but relatively important—point with regard to the excellent meta-analysis and review of the link between dietary fat, serum estrogen levels, and breast cancer risk by Wu et al.(1). Not mentioned in the review was the original animal model study(2) that brought this intriguing question to light in the first place. The study, conducted by Dr. Chan and myself in 1974 (and published in this Journal), showed that, in the presence of an antiestrogen, the yield of chemically induced mammary tumors was reduced as expected but that the tumor-enhancing effect of a high-fat diet remained. This result indirectly argued against estrogen mediation of the highfat effect, but it did not address the possible role of circulating estrogen levels. Later, in 1981, we showed (3) by the use of ovariectomized rats that the tumorenhancing effect of a high-fat diet could be demonstrated even in the absence of cycling estrogens. Despite the problems inherent in extrapolating from rodents to humans, these results cast doubt on the hypothesis that high-fat intake induces elevations in serum estradiol (free and/ or bound), which produces an exposure of the mammary gland to excess estrogens that increases the risk of breast cancer.
Social Cohesion, Autonomy and the Liberal Defence of Faith Schools

This article is a response to recent attempts by liberals to defend faith-based schools against the criticism that they are both socially divisive and prejudicial to the individual autonomy of their pupils. Geoffrey Short (2002) and Joban De Jong and Ger Snik (2002) divide faith-based schooling into moderate and strong versions and then go on to argue for a moderate version of faith schooling that is compatible with liberal educational aims in culturally diverse societies. Against this view I will argue that it is the qualities of the strong version of faith schooling that appeals to many traditional religious communities and any liberal defence of faith schooling must take account of this. The article concludes by examining the part that faith schools might play in the achievement of a range of diverse, and often incompatible, human goods-community belonging, social cohesion and individual autonomy.
The Berlin Aging Study

This comment focuses on three interrelated issues raised by a reading of Ageing & Society s Special Issue devoted to the Berlin Aging Study: 1) the continuing robustness of age as a predictor in multivariate and multidisciplinary analyses; 2) the interpretation of strong age-related patterns in the context of a multidisciplinary research project; and 3) the special intellectual tensions generated by multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary work. Across this set of articles, age frequently appears as a significant (and often strong) explanatory variable, in domains as diverse as cognitive skills, mental and physical health, subjectivity, and functional capacity. Although it is not unusual to find age effects, this is noteworthy in the context of BASE for at least three reasons. First is the restricted age range covered by the study. Although the sample covers an age range of more than 30 years, it contains no one under 70 thus demonstrating strong age differences even among the aged. Second, unlike many traditional gerontological studies, these analyses are generally not designed to identify age effects. Rather, they focus on relationships among social, psychological and physical health factors in age-specific populations. For the most part, age is thus not given any special analytical privilege. The third reason is BASE's orientation to differential aging. The emphasis on heterogeneity is an important and refreshing shift from the traditional emphasis on modal differences between age groups, and it is much to the credit of these researchers that this focus has been maintained even in the face of findings that reveal a generally powerful net effect of age.
Organizational Changes of the Daughter Basal Complex during the Parasite Replication of Toxoplasma gondii

The apicomplexans are a large group of parasitic protozoa, many of which are important human and animal pathogens, including Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. These parasites cause disease only when they replicate, and their replication is critically dependent on the proper assembly of the parasite cytoskeletons during cell division. In addition to their importance in pathogenesis, the apicomplexan parasite cytoskeletons are spectacular structures. Therefore, understanding the cytoskeletal biogenesis of these parasites is important not only for parasitology but also of general interest to broader cell biology. Previously, we found that the basal end of T. gondii contains a novel cytoskeletal assembly, the basal complex, a cytoskeletal compartment constructed in concert with the daughter cortical cytoskeleton during cell division. This study focuses on key events during the biogenesis of the basal complex using high resolution light microscopy, and reveals that daughter basal complexes are established around the duplicated centrioles independently of the structural integrity of the daughter cortical cytoskeleton, and that they are dynamic “caps” at the growing ends of the daughters. Compartmentation and polarization of the basal complex is first revealed at a late stage of cell division upon the recruitment of an EF-hand containing calcium binding protein, TgCentrin2. This correlates with the constriction of the basal complex, a process that can be artificially induced by increasing cellular calcium concentration. The basal complex is therefore likely to be a new kind of centrin-based contractile apparatus.
Parenting quality, adversity, and conduct problems in adolescence: Testing process-oriented models of resilience

Abstract Structural equation modeling was used (a) to determine the extent to which parent-related and non-parent-related adversity were associated with increases in conduct problems between childhood and adolescence and (b) to evaluate the possible preventive, compensatory, and moderating effects of parenting quality in this regard. Subjects were 180 boys and girls from the Project Competence longitudinal study of adversity, competence, and resilience (Garmezy & Tellegen, 1984). Conduct problems, parenting quality, and socioeconomic status were assessed when subjects were in the third through sixth grades, and adversity and conduct problems were assessed again 7 years later. Results were consistent with the view that parentrelated adversity experienced between the two assessment times was associated with a small increase in conduct problems. Adversity involving siblings, extended family, and friends was not associated with changes in conduct. Effective parenting was associated with less parent-related adversity during adolescence. Effective parenting, however, did not directly compensate for the negative effects of adversity; nor did it moderate the effects of adversity. Structural equation modeling was helpful in testing for several of these effects simultaneously. Short-term longitudinal studies with baseline measures, more frequent assessments, and adequate sample size are necessary to clarify the processes suggested by these results.
Trust and Testimony

Some recent accounts of testimonial warrant base it on trust, and claim that doing so helps explain asymmetries between the intended recipient of testimony and other non-intended hearers, e.g. differences in their entitlement to challenge the speaker or to rebuke the speaker for lying. In this explanation ‘dependence-responsiveness’ is invoked as an essential feature of trust: the trustor believes the trustee to be motivationally responsive to the fact that the trustor is relying on the trustee. I argue that dependence-responsiveness is not essential to trust and that the asymmetries, where genuine, can be better explained without reference to trust.
Exploring semantics in activity recognition using context lattices

Studying human activities has significant implication in human beneficial applications such as personal healthcare. This research has been facilitated by the development of sensor technologies in pervasive computing with a large quantity of observational data collected about environments and user actions. By mining these data, traditional machine learning techniques have made great progress in recognising activities, but due to the increasing number of sensors and complexity of activities, they are subject to feasibility and scalability. These techniques may benefit from the inclusion of semantic information about the nature and relationships of sensor data and activities being observed. We introduce a new data structure, the context lattice, which allows designers to capture and explore this sort of knowledge. We demonstrate how context lattices can be used to infer human activities with the inclusion of such knowledge. We present comprehensive evaluations of the system against two third-party smart-home data sets, and demonstrate that our approach compares favourably with traditional analytic techniques in many circumstances. We conclude with a discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of context lattices in activity recognition.
Tortured refugees' expectations of a multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme: an explorative qualitative study.

BACKGROUND Refugees have often been exposed to torture in their countries of origin. Rehabilitation of tortured refugees living in Denmark is offered by the specialized Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims in Copenhagen. After an interdisciplinary assessment eligible patients are recommended rehabilitation. OBJECTIVE To explore tortured refugees' expectations of the multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme offered at our centre. DESIGN Explorative qualitative interview study. PATIENTS Fifteen consecutive Arabic-speaking men, waiting for rehabilitation after having been assessed by a physician, a psychologist, a physiotherapist and a social worker, were interviewed. METHODS Individual qualitative interviews were performed by an Arabic-speaking psychologist, and analysed with content analyses. RESULTS One theme: different expectations of multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation and 4 categories emerged: general expectations of the rehabilitation programme; specific expectations of professional treatment; expectations of mutual participation and communication; and expected rehabilitation outcomes. CONCLUSION The tortured refugees had different, mostly positive, expectations of the multidisciplinary pain rehabilitation programme. General expectations of the rehabilitation content, as well as specific expectations of the professionals' treatment, were expressed. Mutual and active participation and communication between patients and therapists were important expectations. In addition, positive outcomes, such as improved health, improved coping ability and decreased pain, were expected.