Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linking without thinking : Weblogs , readership , and online social capital formation

Weblogs have emerged as a popular form of online communication, driven by an array of personal, professional and social motivations. These websites provide tools for interaction, but designed as a broadcast medium, the depth and breadth of personal relationships between authors are not immediately observable. Hypertext links made between blogs have been described as conversation, affiliation, or readership, implying a form of implicit social structure. We investigate this network of links using data collected through the automated surveillance of one million weblogs over the course of a month. These data suggest that attention in this economy is related to the author’s frequency of communication. To better understand the personal and social implications of weblog authorship, we have conducted a random survey of weblog authors. The results suggest two general classes of authors, professional and social, with differing motivations, behaviors, and effects in offline social life. While professional authors invest more time and entertain larger audiences, social bloggers tend to have more personal contact with their readers, and are more likely to have social capital embedded in ties formed online.
Learning Theory and the Logic of Critical Mass

The Oliver-Marwell theory of "critical mass" is a prominent solution to the 'free-rider" problem that plagues collective action in large groups. I reformulate the theory as a stochastic learning model in which cooperative responses are shaped by the social sanctions and cues generated by the responses of others. This relaxes four assumptions in the original formulation: that the actors are rational, decisions are isolated events, outcomes are deterministic, and public goods have pure jointness of supply and "collective profit. " Computer simulations then show how adaptive actors become trapped in a suboptimal equilibrium and how they escape through attainment of critical mass. "Start-up" problems arise from accommodation to social costs and not from low returns to early contributors as previously believed. Simulations also identify a new dilemma of group size and show why solidarity tends to emerge in response to crisis. Finally, normative solidarity appears to be a consequence rather than cause of critical mass but may promote recovery from random deviance.
Homology and derived series of groups II: Dwyer’s Theorem

We give new information about the relationship between the low-dimensional homology of a space and the derived series of its fundamental group. Applications are given to detecting when a set of elements of a group generates a subgroup “large enough” to map onto a nonabelian free solvable group, and to concordance and grope cobordism of classical links. We also greatly generalize several key homological results employed in recent work of Cochran‐Orr‐Teichner in the context of classical knot concordance. In 1963 J Stallings established a strong relationship between the low-dimensional homology of a group and its lower central series quotients. In 1975 W Dwyer extended Stallings’ theorem by weakening the hypothesis on H2 . In 2003 the second author introduced a new characteristic series, G . n/ H , associated to the derived series, called the torsion-free derived series. The authors previously established a precise analogue, for the torsion-free derived series, of Stallings’ theorem. Here our main result is the analogue of Dwyer’s theorem for the torsion-free derived series. We also prove a version of Dwyer’s theorem for the rational lower central series. We apply these to give new results on the Cochran‐Orr‐Teichner filtration of the classical link concordance group. 57M07; 20J06, 55P60
Māori Rugby and Subversion: Creativity, Domestication, Oppression and Decolonization

This article examines the genesis of racialized discourse and whiteness in Aotearoa/New Zealand through rugby, the ‘national game’. The construction of historical racial parameters will be investigated through accounts of the Māori All Blacks, a ‘race’-based team that, since its inception, has facilitated the allegorical logic of race in Aotearoa/New Zealand by anchoring Pākehā whiteness in contrast to the brown skin of Māori rugby players. The article traces the changing nature of dominant constructions of Pākehā whiteness in relation to Māori, firstly, as imperialists, colonizers and assimilators, secondly, as proponents of racial equality (especially in relation to ‘the old foe’– South Africa) and, more recently, as advocates of biculturalism. The article achieves this by examining historical case studies where racialized discourses were prominent, including the debate whether to include Māori All Blacks in All Black tours to South Africa and, more recently, the discourse surrounding the ‘hanging by a fingernail’ saga, which developed when a number of prominent players who ‘did not look Māori’ were selected to play for the Māori All Blacks.
Adverse effects of high-dose vitamin A supplements in children hospitalized with pneumonia.

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that high-dose vitamin A supplements will enhance recovery of children hospitalized for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia. DESIGN We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose vitamin A supplements among children 3 months to 10 years of age (N = 95) admitted to hospital with community-acquired pneumonia in Lima, Peru. Children </=1 year of age received 100 000 IU of water-miscible vitamin A on admission to the hospital and an additional 50 000 IU the next day. Children >1 year of age received 200 000 IU on admission and 100 000 IU the next day. RESULTS Children receiving vitamin A (n = 48) had lower blood oxygen saturation (the mean difference on day 3 in hospital was 1.1%), higher prevalence rates of retractions (37% in the vitamin A group vs 15% in the placebo group on day 3), auscultatory evidence of consolidation (28% in the vitamin A group vs 17% in the placebo group on day 3), and were more likely to require supplemental oxygen (21% in the vitamin A group vs 8% in the placebo group on day 3) than children in the placebo group (n = 47). Adjustment for baseline severity of disease and nutritional status did not alter the association of vitamin A with increased clinical severity, although the difference in blood oxygen saturation was no longer statistically significant. No differences were seen in duration of hospitalization or in chest x-ray changes 14 days after admission. No deaths occurred, and toxicity of vitamin A was not seen. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that high-dose vitamin A supplements cause modest adverse effects in children recovering from pneumonia and should not be used therapeutically in such patients unless there is clinical evidence of vitamin A deficiency or concurrent measles infection.
Tobacco Truths: The Impact of Role Models on Children's Attitudes toward Smoking

The present study assessed the impact of parents, peers, siblings, cigarette advertising, and sponsorship as role models influencing attitudes toward smoking and smoking behavior in seventh- and eleventh-grade students. The participants completed an anonymous questionnaire concerning their current and future smoking behavior, attitudes toward a cigarette advertising ban, general attitudes toward smoking, and smoking status of parents and siblings. Fifty-one percent of the smokers reported that they are not likely to be smoking in the future. Smokers were found to have less negative attitudes than never smokers. Seventh-grade students who admitted to being triers or smokers had less negative attitudes toward smoking than eleventh-grade students. Parent smoking had no impact on attitudes. However, if a sibling smoked, the respondents' attitudes toward smoking were less negative. Students appeared to be more aware of sport sponsorship than conventional advertising. Most never smokers favored a total cigarette advertising ban, versus only 35% of smokers. Results from this study suggest that intervention programs need to address nicotine addiction and be in place before grade seven. Investigation is further warranted in the shaping of attitudes toward smoking.
Survivability Evaluation of Fluid Critical Infrastructures Using Hybrid Petri Nets

In this paper we propose a formal, model-checking based procedure to evaluate the survivability of fluid critical infrastructures. To do so, we introduce the Stochastic Time Logic (STL), which allows to precisely express intricate state-based and until-based properties for an important class of hybrid Petri nets. We present an efficient model checking procedure which recursively traverses the underlying state-space of the hybrid Petri net model, and identifies those regions (subsets of the discrete-continuous state space) that satisfy STL formulae. A case study studying the survivability of a water refinery and distribution plant shows the feasibility of our approach.
The Rule-Following Considerations1

i. Recent years have witnessed a great resurgence of interest in the writings of the later Wittgenstein, especially with those passagesroughly, Philosophical Investigations ##I/38-242 and Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, section VI-that are concerned with the topic of rules. Much of the credit for all this excitement, unparalleled since the heyday of Wittgenstein scholarship in the early I96os, must go to Saul Kripke's Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language.2 It is easy to explain why. To begin with, the dialectic Kripke uncovered from Wittgenstein's discussion is enormously exciting on its own terms. On Kripke's reading, the passages on rule-following are concerned with some of the weightiest questions in the theory of meaning, questions-involving the reality, reducibility, and privacy of meaning-that occupy centre-stage in contemporary philosophy. Furthermore, Kripke represented Wittgenstein as defending a set of unified and extremely provocative claims concerning these questions. And, finally, he argued for these claims with power and clarity. The ensuing flood of articles and books on the subject of rulefollowing was both predictable and warranted. The present paper is the result of an invitation to survey this literature. It could have been about exegetical matters, on what the recent discussions have had to teach us about the historical Wittgenstein's philosophical views. In the event, however, it is almost entirely concerned with a retrospective assessment of the philosophical contributions. Limitations of space dictated that a choice be made; and the philosophical assessment seemed the more fruitful thing to do.3 Despite a lot of discussion, there is room for an improved understanding of the precise nature of Kripke's
Motivations for Participation in a Crowdsourcing Application to Improve Public Engagement in Transit Planning

Governments increasingly turn to the Internet to aid in transparency, accountability, and public participation activities, and there is growing interest in innovative online problem-solving models to serve the public good. One such model, the crowdsourcing model, leverages the collective intelligence of online communities for specific purposes. Understanding how and why people participate in these kinds of activities is important for developing better new media tools for the public good going forward. In 2009, the Federal Transit Administration supported the Next Stop Design project, an attempt to use crowdsourcing for public participation in transit planning. Based on interviews with 23 Next Stop Design participants, the present applied communication study discusses the motivations of those participants to engage the project.
When citizens go against elite directions

While much research has investigated the persuasive effects of partisan cues on citizens’ evaluations of political messages, our knowledge regarding failed persuasion is limited. It remains particularly unclear whether failed elite attempts at persuasion simply leave citizens’ attitudes unchanged or whether such attempts at persuading one segment of the electorate can actually lead to a loss of support in others. This study therefore investigates partisan cues and the occurrence of contrast effects, i.e. when the presence of an elite cue induces citizens to shift their attitudes away from the viewpoint advocated in a persuasive message. Based on data from three experiments involving two different party leader cues, I demonstrate that partisan cues can trigger contrast effects among those perceiving the party leader in question as non-likeable and those who vote for a party which is politically opposed to the source. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Style and Language Use among Youth of the New Immigration: Formations of Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class in Everyday Practice

In this article I consider “style” as a linguistic and cultural concept that can demonstrate how identities performed through language use are linked to topics of central concern in studies of immigrant youth, including racial and ethnic formation, generational cohorts, acculturation, assimilation, and gender. I draw on anthropological and sociolinguistic approaches to style not generally considered in migration studies and present ethnographic data of two cliques of Desi (South Asian American) teens in a Northern California high school. I argue that analyses of youth style can substantially complicate assimilation frameworks by highlighting the ways in which young peoples' linguistic practices may not fit neatly into commonly used analytical categories of “immigrant” and “American. ” Focusing on how political economy and local histories inform power and difference that shape migration experiences for youth, the article moves beyond routinely examined areas of heritage language retention and loss to analyze the significance of youth performances of heritage languages as well as English.
Parenting and Children’s School Achievement: A Multiethnic Perspective

The present study is an examination of the relations between parenting and the school performance of fourth- and fifth-grade children (mean age = 10 years, 2 months) in 75 Asian-American, 109 Latino, and 91 European-American families. Five aspects of parenting were studied: (a) expectations for children’s educational attainment, (b) grade expectations, (c) basic childrearing beliefs (i.e., development of autonomy, development of conformity to external standards, and importance of monitoring children’s activities), (d) self-reported behaviors (i.e., creating an academically enriching environment and helping with homework), and (e) perceptions of parental efficacy. School performance was measured by school grades and achievement test scores. Ethnic group differences emerged in parents’ expectations for children’s educational attainment, grade expectations, childrearing beliefs, perceptions of parental efficacy, and in the relations between these beliefs and children’s school achievement. These results provide further evidence of the importance of considering the constellation of parents’ beliefs, goals for their children, and the type of help parents can offer children when working with parents to facilitate their children’s school experiences.
Associations Between Verbal Reasoning, Normative Beliefs About Aggression, and Different Forms of Aggression

The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of sex, verbal reasoning, and normative beliefs on direct and indirect forms of aggression. Three scales from the Peer Estimated Conflict Behavior Questionnaire, Verbal Reasoning tests, and an extended version of Normative Beliefs About Aggression Scale were administered to 663 Estonian students (289 boys and 374 girls; 150 fifth, 264 seventh, and 249 ninth graders; ages 11–16). Self- and same-sex peer ratings were used to assess the frequency of aggression. Associations between study variables were examined using structural equation modeling. Results showed that boys had higher levels of physical and verbal aggression in all the grades and higher levels of indirect aggression in Grade 7. Verbal reasoning predicted negatively all the forms of aggression, except for indirect aggression in Grade 7. Normative beliefs had a positive effect on all three forms of aggression in Grade 7 and Grade 9. Several studies have shown that aggression is widely used during middle childhood and adolescence. As a rule, boys are more aggressive than girls,
The Effects of Openness on Attitude toward the Ad, Attitude toward the Brand, and Brand Beliefs in Dutch Magazine Ads

Abstract In recent decades, magazine advertisers have used an increasing number of open ads. Open ads do not guide consumers towards a specific interpretation as traditional ads do, and they require more effort to decipher. An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of ad openness on the attitude towards the ad, brand beliefs, the attitude towards the brand, and the moderating role of ease of comprehension on the attitude towards the ad. We also assessed the effects of openness in relation to an individual's need for cognition. As expected, openness was found to have an overall negative effect on the attitude towards the ad, brand beliefs, and the attitude towards the brand. The negative effect of openness was related to the difficulty participants experience searching for an interpretation. Contrary to expectations, however, need for cognition did not moderate the effects of openness on the attitude towards the ad and the ability to interpret open ads.
Real-time system for monitoring driver vigilance

In this paper we present a non-intrusive prototype computer vision system for real-time monitoring driver's vigilance. It is based on a hardware system, for real time acquisition of driver's images using an active IR illuminator, and their software implementation for monitoring some visual behaviors that characterize a driver's level of vigilance. These are the eyelid movements and the pose face. The system has been tested with different sequences recorded on night and day driving conditions in a motorway and with different users. We show some experimental results and some conclusions about the performance of the system.
A Cross-Disciplinary Exploration of Entrepreneurship Research

The eclectic and pervasive benefits of entrepreneurship are generating research questions that interest scholars in a variety of disciplines. These questions have been primarily examined within the context of a scholar's home discipline while ignoring insights from other disciplines. This approach has left entrepreneurship research as a widely dispersed, loosely connected domain of issues. In this review, the authors explore entrepreneurship research in accounting, anthropology, economics, finance, management, marketing, operations management, political science, psychology, and sociology. They seek to identify common interests that can serve as a bridge for scholars interested in using a multitheoretic and multimethodological lens to design and complete entrepreneurship studies.
Before Speech: The Beginning of Interpersonal Communication

1. Introduction: prelinguistic communication: a field for scientific research M. Bullowa 2. 'The epigenesis of conversational interaction': a personal account of research development M. C. Bateson 3. Evidence of communication in neonatal behavioral assesment T.B. Brazelton 4. Mutual regulation of the neonatal-maternal interactive: context for the origins of communication P.F. Chappell and L.W. Lander 5. Describing the structure of social interaction in infancy G.M. Collis 6. Neonata entrainment and enculturation W.S. Condon 7. Blind infants and their mothers: an examination of the sign system S. Fraiberg 8. One child's protolanguage M.A.K. Halliday 9. Thickening thin data: the maternal tole in devloping communication and language K. Kaye 10. The growth of shared understandings between infant and caregiver J. Newson 11. How wild chimpanzee babies trigger the onset of mother-infant play - and what the mother makes of it F. Plooij 12. Making sense of experience to make sensible sounds D. Ricks 13. Talking and playing with babies: the role of ideologies of child-rearing C.E. Snow, A. de Blauw and G. van Roosmalen 14. Early tactile communication and the patterning of human organization: a New Guinea case study E.R. Sorenson 15. Communication starts with selective attention K. Stensland Junker 16. Communication and cooperation in early infancy: a description of primary intersubjectivity C. Trevarthen 17. Structure of early face-to-face communicative interactions E. Tronick, H. Als and L. Adamson Bibliography (and citation and names index).
A fuzzy link-based approach for XML information retrieval

The increasing amount of available XML documents collections has led to the emergence of new challenges in information retrieval field. Therefore, multiple sources of evidence were used to retrieve XML elements at different levels of granularity. XML information retrieval combines textual and structural information to perform different information retrieval tasks. In this paper, we propose a new approach exploiting link evidence to re-rank XML retrieval results. Our approach, based on fuzzy logic concepts, combines both content and link evidence for all retrieved XML elements. The combination process generates a new ranked list from the initial returned list. Experiment based on INEX 2007 Wikipedia collection showed improvement of the interpolated precision values.
Models for Aggressive Behavior: The Attributes of Violent Characters in Popular Video Games

Americans are increasingly concerned about video games, presumably due to the amount and graphicness of violence they contain. Social Cognitive Theory suggests that people are more likely to imitate characters they see as attractive or similar to self. To date, however, little research has examined attributes of violent characters in video games related to this issue. This content analysis examined 10 minutes of play from 60 of the most popular video games. Adapting the coding scheme from the National Television Violence Study (Smith et al., 1998; Wilson et al., 1997, 1998), various demographic and contextual features of violent characters and violent interactions were assessed. The results show that violent game characters have attributes that are likely to increase the extent to which some players perceive them as attractive and similar. Moreover, these violent characters engage in aggression that is presented as justified or graphic.
Aspects of the Epidemiology of Schizophrenia

Reasons are given why the hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia may be accurate enough for the proper study of certain aspects of its epidemiology. Studies in the seasonality of admissions and of births in schizophrenic patients have produced consistent results in different countries and at different times. The results are summarized, and causal hypotheses based on them are discussed. The idea that schizophrenia is a relatively recent disease is compatible with these hypotheses.
Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency

The present research explored the controversial link between global self-esteem and externalizing problems such as aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. In three studies, we found a robust relation between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of self-esteem and externalizing problems based on self-report, teachers' ratings, and parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). Moreover, this relation held both cross-sectionally and longitudinally and after controlling for potential confounding variables such as supportive parenting, parent-child and peer relationships, achievement-test scores, socioeconomic status, and IQ. In addition, the effect of self-esteem on aggression was independent of narcissism, an important finding given recent claims that individuals who are narcissistic, not low in self-esteem, are aggressive. Discussion focuses on clarifying the relations among self-esteem, narcissism, and externalizing problems.