Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quicker metabolic recovery after forebrain ischemia in rats treated with the antioxidant U74006F.

We used phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a rat model of 10 minutes' severe incomplete forebrain ischemia (two-vessel occlusion with hypotension) to study the effects of preischemic and postischemic treatment with 3 mg/kg i.v. U74006F on the recovery of high-energy phosphates and intracellular pH during early reperfusion. The mean +/- SD time to 85% recovery of phosphocreatine was 14.1 +/- 8.4 minutes in the control group (n = 10) compared with 6.6 +/- 3.5 minutes (p less than 0.05) in the preischemic (n = 8) and 4.2 +/- 1.0 minutes (p less than 0.001) in the postischemic (n = 11) treatment groups. The mean +/- SD time to 80% recovery of adenosine triphosphate was 15.4 +/- 8.5 minutes in the control group compared with 6.3 +/- 1.8 (p less than 0.005) and 5.4 +/- 2.8 (p less than 0.001) minutes in the preischemic and postischemic treatment groups, respectively. There were no differences in intracellular pH between the control and either of the treatment groups. We conclude that U74006F led to quicker recovery of high-energy phosphates during early reperfusion, and this beneficial effect was also seen with postischemic treatment.
Somatic Mutations Affecting the Selectivity Filter of KCNJ5 Are Frequent in 2 Large Unselected Collections of Adrenal Aldosteronomas

Primary hyperaldosteronism, one cause of which is aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs), may account for ⩽5% to 10% of cases of essential hypertension. Germline mutations have been identified in 2 rare familial forms of primary hyperaldosteronism, but it has been reported recently that somatic mutations of the KCNJ5 gene, which encodes a potassium channel, are present in some sporadic nonsyndromic APAs. To address this further we screened 2 large collections of sporadic APAs from the United Kingdom and Australia (totalling 73) and found somatic mutations in the selectivity filter of KCNJ5 in 41% (95% CI: 31% to 53%) of the APAs (30 of 73). These included the previously noted nonsynonymous mutations, G151R and L158R, and an unreported 3-base deletion, delI157, in the region of the selectivity filter. APAs containing a somatic KCNJ5 mutation were significantly larger than those without (1.61 cm [95% CI: 1.39–1.83 cm] versus 1.04 cm [95% CI: 0.91–1.17 cm]; P<0.0001) but with substantial overlap in size between genotypes. The APAs carrying a mutation, but not those without, also consistently lacked a postural aldosterone response, suggesting a physiologically distinct subtype. Hence, somatic KCNJ5 mutations are not restricted to large APAs (>2 cm), and their frequency in our unselected series suggests they are common and could be important in the molecular pathogenesis of many sporadic cases of APA.
Disentangling Offenders and Non-Offenders in the Scottish Children's Hearings: A Clear Divide?

Children referred to the Scottish children's hearings tribunals system on offence and non-offence grounds were compared to explore whether more similarities than differences were found in their underlying realities and actual needs. This was the contention of the Kilbrandon Committee in 1964, which led to the establishment of the children's hearings system. The hearings system is distinctive in that decision-making for children who offend and those in need of care and protection is dealt with in the same system of lay panels. Data on the referral records of 482 children found the grounds of referral changed over time with the majority of children (two-thirds) referred on offence and non-offence grounds at different points in their contact with the system. The remaining third of children had referrals either solely on offence grounds (villains) or solely on care and protection grounds (victims). While the social backgrounds of children showed more similarities than differences, the different referral pathways over time suggest that for some children more focused intervention primarily to address offending behaviour or child abuse and neglect may be required. The implications for policy and practice in the use of compulsory measures of supervision are discussed.
The Long-Term Effects of Childhood Music Instruction on Intelligence and General Cognitive Abilities

This article reviews research on the effects of music instruction on general cognitive abilities. The review of more than 75 reports shows (1) the consistency in results pertaining to the short-term effects of music instruction on cognitive abilities and the lack of clear evidence on the long-term effects on intelligence; (2) the complex nature of the relationship between music instruction and intellectual measures due to the intervention of factors associated with who is interested, studies, perseveres, and succeeds in learning music; and (3) the importance of music practice on the long-term cognitive benefits of music instruction.
The Role of Moral Emotions and Consumer Values and Traits in the Decision to Support Nonprofits

We investigate the mediating role of moral emotions and their contingency on individual characteristics between perceptions of corporate ethical/unethical actions and consumer support for nonprofits. We conducted two between-subjects experiments to test our hypotheses on a sample of adult consumers. The results show that social justice values moderate elicitation of gratitude upon exposure to corporate ethical actions, which subsequently impacts consumer support for nonprofits. Furthermore, important individual characteristics (social justice values, moral identity) moderate the elicitation of negative moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) upon perception of corporate unethical actions, which then leads to consumer support for nonprofits. Our study adds to extant research on prosocial behavior by investigating how actions by for-profit companies impact individual helping and by examining a new psychological mechanism (i.e., moral emotional processes and their contingencies) underlying consumer support for nonprofits.
Prediction of Wireless Network Signal Strength Within a Building

With the increase in the provision of access to Wireless Local Area Networks and the abundance of user devices capable of utilising Wi-Fi, the design of the network infrastructure has introduced some significant problems. Prior to the installation of Access Points it is difficult to predict whether access can be guaranteed at specific locations. Additionally, to increase the level of security, it is often preferable, despite the use of security protocols, to ensure that the signal strength is not large enough to enable connection in areas other than those designated. By combining the theory of antennae and the measurement of the performance of devices, it is possible to predict whether access is likely and hence how secure the network design is. Additionally, the use of a simple application is proposed that enables the network designer to enter a configuration and produce an answer showing if WIFI will operate and a value to indicate the margin.
Differential patterns of neutrophil adhesion molecules during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans.

BACKGROUND Neutrophils are activated during cardiopulmonary bypass, and it is believed that they play an important role in the postoperative inflammatory response. The effects of neutrophils are mediated by the surface adhesion molecules L-selectin, beta 2-integrins, and platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and it has been reported that beta 2-integrins are upregulated and L-selectin downregulated by cardiopulmonary bypass. However, the time course of these changes and their relative importance are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate the temporal changes in the expression of the neutrophil surface adhesion molecules L-selectin, beta 2-integrins, and PECAM-1 induced by cardiopulmonary bypass, we used immunofluorescent flow cytometry in blood samples obtained at various times (before anesthesia, before bypass, and 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 24, and 48 hours after initiation of bypass) from patients undergoing routine coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Anesthesia had no effect on the expression of any of the study molecules. The expression of all beta 2-integrins was not significantly affected during the entire study period. The mean fluorescence (expressed as a percentage of control) of CD18 did not change significantly during the first 2 hours after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass, but then it declined by 4 hours (P = NS) and attained its lowest values after 24 and 48 hours. The mean fluorescence of CD11b and CD11c decreased by 2 and 4 hours and remained reduced after 24 hours and 48 hours. The expression of PECAM-I decreased rapidly after the initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass to achieve 60 +/- 8% of the preanesthesia control values (P < .05) after only 1 hour; it fell to its lowest after 4 hours (44 +/- 8%; P < .05); and then it recovered partially by 24 hours (60 +/- 11%; P < .05), with a further recovery toward control after 48 hours (77 +/- 8%; P = NS). The profile for the mean fluorescence of PECAM-I was identical to that observed with its expression. In contrast, the expression and mean fluorescence of L-selectin were not changed during the 48-hour period. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that cardiopulmonary bypass in humans induces (1) a rapid reduction in the expression of PECAM-I of circulating neutrophils, (2) a later reduction of beta 2-intergrin activity without significant changes in their expression, and (3) no alterations in the expression and activity of L-selectin. Thus, although the mechanism for the absence of neutrophil upregulation of beta 2-integrins and downregulation of L-selectin (no activation) remains to be elucidated, the downregulation of PECAM-1 indicates an early neutrophil activation, and its inhibition may represent a target for reducing the inflammatory response usually associated with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Influences on Strategic Decision-making in the Dutch Financial Services Industry

Following recommendations by Rajagopalan, Rasheed, and Datta (1993) and Schwenk (1995), this study attempts to extend what is known about integrative models of strategic decision-making by examining decision-making variable interactions in a field study of non-North American managers. We find some evidence to support the use of integrative models and variable interaction. We also find that some previous results seem to generalize to our Dutch setting, whereas others do not. The study concludes by noting that: (1) integrating multiple perspectives (environmental-based decision-making and managerial characteristics) and including variable interactions enhances what we know about the strategic decision-making process; and (2) much more research is needed before knowing which aspects of strategic decisionmaking can be generalized and which cannot.
Gastric cancer in Iceland. What is the current status? Survival of 193 patients operated on for cure, 1980-1995.

OBJECTIVE The incidence of gastric cancer has been decreasing in the last decades. Nevertheless, gastric cancer is still a substantial health problem in Iceland. The aim of this study was to analyze the survival of patients with gastric cancer operated on for cure. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed all medical files for above-mentioned patients, operated on at the National University Hospital in Reykjavik and the Quarter District Hospital of Akureyri during 1980-1995. The study was divided into three periods: 1980-1985, 1986-1990 and 1991-1995. The five-year survival for each study period and for the whole group was evaluated. RESULTS The study group included 193 patients between the ages of 21-96 (median 71). The five-year survival for the whole group was 28% (26% 1980-1985, 22% 1986-1990, 35% 1991-1995). Despite longer survival during the last period, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.16). The major survival factor of gastric cancer was the stage of the disease at diagnosis. A greater number of patients were at stage IA during 1991-1995. The complication rate was rather high or 31% and the hospital mortality was 6.7%. CONCLUSION The survival of patients with gastric cancer operated on for cure was low in Iceland but comparable to that in other countries. During the last years, the survival has been rising, and fortunately, more were diagnosed at a lower stage of the disease. These operations have a considerable risk and the hospital mortality was substantial.
Transcription by RNA polymerase II: initiator‐directed formation of transcription‐competent complexes 1

Studies of transcription by RNA polymerase II have revealed two promoter elements, the TATA motif and the initiator (Inr), capable of directing specific transcription initiation. Although binding to the TATA motif by one of the components of the transcription machinery has been shown to be the initial recognition step in transcription complex formation, many promoters that lack a traditional TATA motif have recently been described. In such TATA‐less promoters, the Inr element is critical in positioning RNA polymerase II. Various Inr elements have been described and classified according to sequence homology. These Inr elements are recognized specifically by Inr‐binding proteins. Interaction between these Inr‐binding proteins and components of the basal transcription machinery provides a means through which a transcription competent complex can be formed. — Weis, L. ; Reinberg, D. Transcription by RNA polymerase II: initiator‐directed formation of transcription‐competent complexes. FASEB J. 6: 3300‐3309; 1992.
Socio‐cultural agents and their impact on body image and body change strategies among adolescents in Fiji, Tonga, Tongans in New Zealand and Australia

This paper reports on the findings of studies that were conducted as part of the Pacific Obesity Prevention in Communities project. The studies evaluated the types of messages that adolescents received in relation to body image, physical activity and eating. The participants were male and female adolescents from Fiji (two cultural groups), Tonga, New Zealand (Tongans) and Australia (European Australians). Three studies were conducted: interviews with 48 adolescents (24 male, 24 female) from each cultural group, questionnaires with 600 adolescents (300 male, 300 female) from each cultural group and the perceptual distortion study with 100 adolescents (50 male, 50 female) from the two cultural groups in Fiji and European Australians. The results demonstrate that parents, peers, the media, as well as religious influences impact on the type of body valued by adolescents in each of the cultural groups, as well as their levels of body satisfaction. These influences also shape the type and volume of food consumed, and the type and frequency of physical activity. The results of these studies highlight the major role played by the broader societal values in shaping the nature of the messages that adolescents receive in relation to their body size, eating and physical activity.
Capturing the Stars: Predicting Ratings for Service and Product Reviews

Bloggers, professional reviewers, and consumers continuously create opinion--rich web reviews about products and services, with the result that textual reviews are now abundant on the web and often convey a useful overall rating (number of stars). However, an overall rating cannot express the multiple or conflicting opinions that might be contained in the text, or explicitly rate the different aspects of the evaluated entity. This work addresses the task of automatically predicting ratings, for given aspects of a textual review, by assigning a numerical score to each evaluated aspect in the reviews. We handle this task as both a regression and a classification modeling problem and explore several combinations of syntactic and semantic features. Our results suggest that classification techniques perform better than ranking modeling when handling evaluative text.
Independent living and community care: a disempowering framework

The British disability movement has had significant achievements in its struggle for independent living. However, the current community care framework contains many barriers to independent living. This article sets out a conceptual framework for an understanding of independent living and provides an analysis of the barriers posed by the social care system. These range from financial incentives for placing disabled people in residential care, to a failure to address needs relating to employment, parenting and leisure. Disabling attitudes held by social services professionals about ‘risk’ and ‘capacity’ are also major barriers. It is clear that, unless the legislative framework is amended to include an entitlement to independent living, disabled people will continue to be denied their full human and civil rights.
Brain Bases of Working Memory for Time Intervals in Rhythmic Sequences

Perception of auditory time intervals is critical for accurate comprehension of natural sounds like speech and music. However, the neural substrates and mechanisms underlying the representation of time intervals in working memory are poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the brain bases of working memory for time intervals in rhythmic sequences using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We used a novel behavioral paradigm to investigate time-interval representation in working memory as a function of the temporal jitter and memory load of the sequences containing those time intervals. Human participants were presented with a sequence of intervals and required to reproduce the duration of a particular probed interval. We found that perceptual timing areas including the cerebellum and the striatum were more or less active as a function of increasing and decreasing jitter of the intervals held in working memory respectively whilst the activity of the inferior parietal cortex is modulated as a function of memory load. Additionally, we also analyzed structural correlations between gray and white matter density and behavior and found significant correlations in the cerebellum and the striatum, mirroring the functional results. Our data demonstrate neural substrates of working memory for time intervals and suggest that the cerebellum and the striatum represent core areas for representing temporal information in working memory.
Full service and extended schools, disadvantage, and social justice

Despite successive waves of school reform, the English education system, like many others, continues to be characterized by marked inequalities of outcome. These seem to be related to factors in students’ family, community and wider societal contexts that schools traditionally have been powerless to tackle. This paper argues, however, that schools can intervene in these contexts by offering a wider range of services and activities to children and adults under the aegis of ‘full service and extended’ approaches. The paper outlines how these approaches have evolved in England and elsewhere, and reviews the evidence for their effectiveness. It concludes that their current limited impacts could be enhanced if the work of schools were aligned with wider social strategies. Such a move, it suggests, raises questions about how school systems are governed and about what kind of society schools are expected to help build.
Effect of Individual Difference in Maximal Strength and Number of Repetitions at Relative Intensity on Muscle Oxygenation During Knee Extension Exercise

The purpose of this study was to investigate muscle oxygenation during intense dynamic knee extension exercise, after a classification into four groups based on the relative merit of one repetition maximum (1RM) and the total number of repetitions loaded at 90%, 70% and 50% of 1RM (Ntotal). Thirty six male university undergraduate and graduate students with experience in various sports participated in the study. Subjects performed knee extension exercise at 1RM and a number of repetitions loaded at 90%, 70% and 50% of 1RM. Subjects were divided into four groups based on the results of 1RM and Ntotal (SN group : 1RM-high / Ntotal-high, Sn group : 1RM-high / Ntotal-low, sN group : 1RM-low / Ntotal-high, sn group : 1RM-low / Ntotal-low). Muscle oxygenation on the vastus lateralis muscle was measured during the repetition exercises. The minimum value and rate of decrease at onset of repetition exercise (4-9 seconds after the start of exercise) were calculated to estimate muscle oxygenation. The major findings were: (1) The relative merit of 1RM and number of repetitions at relative intensity affected the muscle oxygenation during repetition exercise. (2) A significant negative correlation between Ntotal and rate of decrease of muscle oxygenation was observed with loads at 70% and 50% 1RM, but not at 90% 1RM. These results suggest that it is important to focus on the improvement of aerobic capacityin resistance training to increase the number of repetitions at relative intensity.
Comparing business modeling methods: creating and applying a comparison framework for meta-business models

A business model is very important to any company and especially for e-businesses. Over the past few years, several authors have created different meta-business models, methods for business modeling. However, the authors rarely use existing literature for their conceptual design. Because of this, there are no clear semantics in the field of business model research. The elements used in meta-business models are not clearly defined, or differ wildly from one model to the next. As business models are important to companies, they must add some value. The use of business models certainly does that for just about any company. Nevertheless, this value is strongly limited by the lack of cohesion in the field of business model research. In order to identify the elements used in meta-business models and their role, 10 meta-business models are compared. First a comparison framework is constructed, consisting of 19 criteria. After that, the framework is applied to compare the different meta-business models. After the comparison, the elements are categorized in five groups. These groups provide a clear overview of the metabusiness models and the role that different elements play.
Attention, Time & Purpose

Abstract Action explanations that cite dynamic beliefs and desires cannot be modelled as causal explanations. The contents of dynamic psychological states cannot be treated as the causal antecendents to behaviour. Behavioural patterns cannot be explained in virtue of the patterns of operations performed upon the intentional antecedents to behaviour. Dynamic intentional states are persisting regulatory devices for behaviour that provide couplings with the environment. Behavioural patterns emerge from choice couplings rather than being produced by patterns for operating upon intentional antecendents to behaviour in cognition.