Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure and strength in causal induction q

We present a framework for the rational analysis of elemental causal induction—learning about the existence of a relationship between a single cause and effect—based upon causal graphical models. This framework makes precise the distinction between causal structure and causal strength: the difference between asking whether a causal relationship exists and asking how strong that causal relationship might be. We show that two leading rational models of elemental causal induction, DP and causal power, both estimate causal strength, and we introduce a new rational model, causal support, that assesses causal structure. Causal support predicts several key phenomena of causal induction that cannot be accounted for by other rational models, which we explore through a series of experiments. These phenomena include the complex interaction between DP and the base-rate probability of the effect in the absence of the cause, sample size effects, inferences from incomplete contingency tables, and causal 0010-0285/$ see front matter 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych. 2005.05. 004 q We thank Russ Burnett, David Lagnado, Tania Lombrozo, Brad Love, Doug Medin, Kevin Murphy, David Shanks, Steven Sloman, and Sean Stromsten for helpful comments on previous drafts of this paper, and Liz Baraff, Onny Chatterjee, Danny Oppenheimer, and Davie Yoon for their assistance in data collection. Klaus Melcher and David Shanks generously provided their data for our analyses. Initial results from Experiment 1 were presented at the Neural Information Processing Systems conference, December 2000. TLG was supported by a Hackett Studentship and a Stanford Graduate Fellowship. JBT was supported by grants from NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, and the Paul E. Newton chair. * Corresponding author. Present address: Department of Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Brown University, Box 1978, Providence RI 02912, USA. E-mail address: Tom_Griffiths@brown.edu (T.L. Griffiths). T.L. Griffiths, J.B. Tenenbaum / Cognitive Psychology 51 (2005) 334–384 335 learning from rates. Causal support also provides a better account of a number of existing datasets than either DP or causal power. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
The temperature of the warm neutral medium in the Milky Way

We report high-spectral-resolution Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) H I 21-cm observations resulting in the detection of the warm neutral medium (WNM) of the Galaxy in absorption against two extragalactic radio sources, PKS 1814-637 and PKS 0407-658. The two lines of sight were selected on the basis of the simplicity of their absorption profiles and the strength of the background sources; the high velocity resolution of the spectra then enabled us to estimate the kinetic temperatures of the absorbing gas by fitting multiple Gaussians to the absorption profiles. Four separate WNM components were detected towards the two sources, with peak optical depths tau(max)= (1.0 +/- 0.08) x 10(-2), (1.4 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3), (2.2 +/- 0.5) x 10(-3) and (3.4 +/- 0.5) x 10(-3) and kinetic temperatures T-k = 3127 +/- 300, 3694 +/- 1595, 3500 +/- 1354 and 2165 +/- 608 K, respectively. All four components were thus found to have temperatures in the thermally unstable range 500 T-k <5000 K; this suggests that thermal equilibrium has not been reached throughout the WNM.
Comparison of the theoretical temperature dependence of power leakage with experiments on LST-cut quartz

The theoretical temperature dependence of the center frequency and insertion loss of SAW (surface acoustic wave) filters on the LST-cut of quartz is compared with experimental results. Theoretical values including metallization effect are in good agreement with experiments. The temperature dependence of the center frequency on the LST-cut filters is greatly affected by both the cut-angle and the aluminium thickness of the interdigital transducer. The temperature dependence of insertion loss is mainly affected by the cut-angle. It is found by theoretical calculation that there is a combination of cut-angle and an aluminium thickness which exhibits both the minimum temperature frequency shift and change of insertion loss. <<ETX>>
Effects of Trace Metal Profiles Characteristic for Autism on Synapses in Cultured Neurons

Various recent studies revealed that biometal dyshomeostasis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Substantial evidence indicates that disrupted neuronal homeostasis of different metal ions such as Fe, Cu, Pb, Hg, Se, and Zn may mediate synaptic dysfunction and impair synapse formation and maturation. Here, we performed in vitro studies investigating the consequences of an imbalance of transition metals on glutamatergic synapses of hippocampal neurons. We analyzed whether an imbalance of any one metal ion alters cell health and synapse numbers. Moreover, we evaluated whether a biometal profile characteristic for ASD patients influences synapse formation, maturation, and composition regarding NMDA receptor subunits and Shank proteins. Our results show that an ASD like biometal profile leads to a reduction of NMDAR (NR/Grin/GluN) subunit 1 and 2a, as well as Shank gene expression along with a reduction of synapse density. Additionally, synaptic protein levels of GluN2a and Shanks are reduced. Although Zn supplementation is able to rescue the aforementioned alterations, Zn deficiency is not solely responsible as causative factor. Thus, we conclude that balancing Zn levels in ASD might be a prime target to normalize synaptic alterations caused by biometal dyshomeostasis.
Obscuration of Active Galactic Nuclei by Circumnuclear Starbursts

We examine the possibility of active galactic nucleus (AGN) obscuration by dusty gas clouds that spurt out from circumnuclear starburst regions. For this purpose, the dynamical evolution of gas clouds is pursued, including the effects of radiation forces by an AGN as well as a starburst. Here we solve the radiative transfer equations for clouds, taking into consideration the growth of clouds by inelastic cloud-cloud collisions and the resultant change in optical depth. As a result, if the starburst is more luminous than the AGN, gas clouds are distributed extensively above the galactic disk with the assistance of radiation pressure from the starburst. The total covering factor of gas clouds reaches a maximum of about 20%. After several 107 yr, gas clouds with larger optical depth form by cloud-cloud collisions; thereafter the clouds fall back as a result of weakened radiation pressure. The larger clouds undergo runaway growth and are eventually distributed around the equatorial plane on the inner sides of circumnuclear starburst regions. These clouds have an optical depth of several tens. The result is qualitatively consistent with the putative tendency that Seyfert 2 galaxies appear more frequently associated with starbursts than Seyfert 1 galaxies. On the other hand, if the AGN luminosity overwhelms that of the starburst, almost all clouds are ejected from the galaxy as a result of the radiation pressure from the AGN, resulting in the formation of a quasar-like object. The origin of obscuration of AGNs is discussed with relevant observations.
Synthesis of fixed-point programs

Several problems in the implementations of control systems, signal-processing systems, and scientific computing systems reduce to compiling a polynomial expression over the reals into an imperative program using fixed-point arithmetic. Fixed-point arithmetic only approximates real values, and its operators do not have the fundamental properties of real arithmetic, such as associativity. Consequently, a naive compilation process can yield a program that significantly deviates from the real polynomial, whereas a different order of evaluation can result in a program that is close to the real value on all inputs in its domain. We present a compilation scheme for real-valued arithmetic expressions to fixed-point arithmetic programs. Given a real-valued polynomial expression t, we find an expression t' that is equivalent to t over the reals, but whose implementation as a series of fixed-point operations minimizes the error between the fixed-point value and the value of t over the space of all inputs. We show that the corresponding decision problem, checking whether there is an implementation t' of t whose error is less than a given constant, is NP-hard. We then propose a solution technique based on genetic programming. Our technique evaluates the fitness of each candidate program using a static analysis based on affine arithmetic. We show that our tool can significantly reduce the error in the fixed-point implementation on a set of linear control system benchmarks. For example, our tool found implementations whose errors are only one half of the errors in the original fixed-point expressions.
Nano-sized particles emission during drilling and low velocity impact of silica-based thermoplastic nanocomposites

During the past decade, polymer nanocomposites have emerged as a novel and rapidly developing class of materials and attracted considerable investment in research and development worldwide. Driven by the certainty that by the integration of low nano ller amounts, existing material properties can be improved and moreover new material properties can be developed. Despite the clear bene t and therefore, increasing research, production and utilisation of nanomaterials, little is known about how nanocomposites will perform over their whole life cycle, especially in the usage and end of life phase. Under the in uence of environmental factors such as ultraviolet light, moisture, temperature and mechanical actions, nano-sized particles can be potentially released from nanocomposites and thus may have negative e ects on the human health and the environment. Within the scope of this work an extensive literature review has been conducted in which polymer nanocomposites are brie y introduced and release scenarios of engineered nano-sized particles from nanocomposites during their life cycle are discussed. In the experimental part of this work silica based polypropylene, polyamide and polyurethane composites were manufactured and particle exposure mechanism during mechanical processing and testing were monitored and analysed. A series of comprehensive physical characterisation techniques were utilised to assess particle size distribution, shape, and concentration in di erent mediums, once emitted by the solid composite materials. It was observed that during drilling of PA6 composites, the airborne particle emis-
Differential Composition of 5-Hydroxytryptamine3Receptors Synthesized in the Rat CNS and Peripheral Nervous System

The type 3 serotonin (5-HT3) receptor is the only ligand-gated ion channel receptor for serotonin in vertebrates. Two 5-HT3 receptor subunits have been cloned, subunit A (5-HT3A) and subunit B (5-HT3B). We used in situ hybridization histochemistry and reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification to demonstrate that 5-HT3Asubunit transcripts are expressed in central and peripheral neurons. In contrast, 5-HT3B subunit transcripts are restricted to peripheral neurons. Thus, the prevalent form of 5-HT3receptor synthesized within the CNS lacks the 5-HT3Bsubunit. Because coexpression of 5-HT3A and 5-HT3B subunits produces heteromeric 5-HT3A/3Breceptors with properties that differ from those of 5-HT3Ahomomeric receptors, we investigated possible coexpression of both subunits at the cellular level. We found that near to 90% of all 5-HT3B expressing neurons coexpress the 5-HT3Asubunit in superior cervical and nodose ganglia (NG). In addition, there is a cellular population that expresses only the 5-HT3A subunit. Therefore, peripheral neurons have the capacity to synthesize two different 5-HT3 receptors, 5-HT3A+/3B− and 5-HT3A+/3B+ receptors. We also determined that neurons of NG projecting to the nucleus tractus solitarium and those of dorsal root ganglia projecting to superficial layers of the spinal cord express 5-HT3A or 5-HT3A/3B subunits. Thus, presynaptic 5-HT3 receptors containing the 5-HT3B subunit might be present in these target brain areas. The compartmentalized structural composition of the 5-HT3 receptor may be the basis of functional diversity within this receptor. This raises the possibility that 5-HT3 receptors participating in sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory functions may be functionally different from those involved in cognition and emotional behavior.
Zinc Signal in Brain Diseases

The divalent cation zinc is an integral requirement for optimal cellular processes, whereby it contributes to the function of over 300 enzymes, regulates intracellular signal transduction, and contributes to efficient synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. Given the critical role of zinc in a breadth of cellular processes, its cellular distribution and local tissue level concentrations remain tightly regulated via a series of proteins, primarily including zinc transporter and zinc import proteins. A loss of function of these regulatory pathways, or dietary alterations that result in a change in zinc homeostasis in the brain, can all lead to a myriad of pathological conditions with both acute and chronic effects on function. This review aims to highlight the role of zinc signaling in the central nervous system, where it may precipitate or potentiate diverse issues such as age-related cognitive decline, depression, Alzheimer’s disease or negative outcomes following brain injury.
Defining Operational Behavior of Object Specifications by Attributed Graph Transformations

A single pushout approach to the transformation of attributed partial graphs based on categories of partial algebras and partial morphisms is introduced. A sufficient condition for pushouts in these categories is presented. As the synchronization mechanism we use amalgamation of rules and show how synchronization can be minimized. We point out how the results obtained can be employed in order to define an operational semantics for object specification languages.
Effects of Deletion of Mutant Huntingtin in Steroidogenic Factor 1 Neurons on the Psychiatric and Metabolic Phenotype in the BACHD Mouse Model of Huntington Disease

Psychiatric and metabolic features appear several years before motor disturbances in the neurodegenerative Huntington’s disease (HD), caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. Although the mechanisms leading to these aspects are unknown, dysfunction in the hypothalamus, a brain region controlling emotion and metabolism, has been suggested. A direct link between the expression of the disease causing protein, huntingtin (HTT), in the hypothalamus and the development of metabolic and psychiatric-like features have been shown in the BACHD mouse model of HD. However, precisely which circuitry in the hypothalamus is critical for these features is not known. We hypothesized that expression of mutant HTT in the ventromedial hypothalamus, an area involved in the regulation of metabolism and emotion would be important for the development of these non-motor aspects. Therefore, we inactivated mutant HTT in a specific neuronal population of the ventromedial hypothalamus expressing the transcription factor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) in the BACHD mouse using cross-breeding based on a Cre-loxP system. Effects on anxiety-like behavior were assessed using the elevated plus maze and novelty-induced suppressed feeding test. Depressive-like behavior was assessed using the Porsolt forced swim test. Effects on the metabolic phenotype were analyzed using measurements of body weight and body fat, as well as serum insulin and leptin levels. Interestingly, the inactivation of mutant HTT in SF1-expressing neurons exerted a partial positive effect on the depressive-like behavior in female BACHD mice at 4 months of age. In this cohort of mice, no anxiety-like behavior was detected. The deletion of mutant HTT in SF1 neurons did not have any effect on the development of metabolic features in BACHD mice. Taken together, our results indicate that mutant HTT regulates metabolic networks by affecting hypothalamic circuitries that do not involve the SF1 neurons of the ventromedial hypothalamus.
Synanthropic rodents as possible reservoirs of shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli strains

Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are worldwide zoonotic pathogen responsible for different cases of human disease including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Transmission of STEC to humans occurs through the consumption of food and water contaminated by faeces of carriers and by person-to-person contact. The objective of this study was two-fold: (1) to investigate whether synanthropic rodents are possible reservoirs of STEC in the urban area and (2) whether a particular genus out of synanthropic rodent is the principal carrier of STEC. One hundred and forty-five rodents were captured in Buenos Aires City. Screening for stx1/stx2 and rfbO157 was done by PCR from the confluence zone. STEC isolates were further characterized with biochemical tests by standard methods. Additional virulence factors (eae, ehxA, and saa) were also determined by PCR. Forty-one of the rodents were necropsied and sample of kidney and small and large intestine were taken for histopathological diagnosis. The samples sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, and observed by light microscopy to evaluate the systemic involvement of these species in natural infections. STEC was isolated from seven out of 27 suspect animals at screening. The following genotypes were found in the STEC strains: stx1/stx2/ehxA (1), stx2 (4), stx2/ehxA (1), stx2/ehxA/eae (1). Neither gross nor microscopic lesions compatible with those produced by Shiga toxin were observed in the studied organs of necropsied rodents. The bivariate analysis including the 145 rodent's data showed that the isolation of STEC is associated positively to Rattus genus. This synanthropic species may play a role in the transmissibility of the agent thus being a risk to the susceptible population. Their control should be included specifically in actions to dismiss the contamination of food and water by STEC in the urban area, as additional strategies for epidemiological control.
Feature-based systematic approach development for inconsistency resolution in automated production system design

Inconsistency management is important and challenging in automated production system design (APSD), because consistency among interdisciplinary models from different stakeholders cannot always be maintained in different design phases. Hence, (semi-)automated techniques assisting domain-specific engineers to resolve arising inconsistencies are essential to increase system reliability and design efficiency. However, few efforts have been made on inconsistency resolution in APSD. This study proposes a systematic method to develop an inconsistency resolution approach from problem definition to approach formulation. The problem addressed is firstly formalized, in order to reach a clear and common understanding across disciplines. Then, the solution space is framed with the feature diagram, which draws on mostly primary features in resolving inconsistencies. The feature diagram also allows approaches in different domains to be compared. As a result, a conceptual approach based on the feature diagram and oriented by the formalized problem is put forward. It is capable to plan resolutions semi-automatically for inter-model inconsistencies in APSD.
Prevention of bicycle-related injuries in children and youth: a systematic review of bicycle skills training interventions

Background Bicycling is a popular means of recreation and transportation for children; however, it is a leading cause of recreational injury. Bicycle skill development and safety education are important methods of bicycle injury prevention. Objective To determine the effectiveness of bicycle skills training programmes in reducing bicycle-related injuries in children and youth. Methods Sixteen databases were systematically searched to include studies involving children less than 19 years of age who participated in interventions that targeted bicycle skills and safety education. Outcome measures included injury, behaviour, knowledge and attitudes. Data extraction included study characteristics, intervention and outcomes. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Downs and Black criteria. Results Twenty-five studies, including both observational (ie, case–control) and experimental (ie, randomised controlled trials) designs met the inclusion criteria. Overall, there was no statistically significant intervention effect on measures of injury. Eight of 16 studies measuring knowledge reported significant knowledge gains as a result of the intervention. Of 13 studies evaluating behavioural and attitude changes, five reported significant improvement. There was no significant difference in quality index scores between studies that showed an improvement in knowledge or behaviour (61%, 95% CI 49% to 74%) and studies that did not (57%, 95% CI 48% to 66%). Conclusions There is a paucity of high-quality research in the area of bicycle skills training programmes. Educational and skills training bicycling programmes may increase knowledge of cycling safety, but this does not seem to translate into a decrease in injury rate, or improved bicycle handling ability and attitudes.
Factors Affecting the Drying of Apparel Fabrics

The hanging strip water gradient determination and its interpretation on the basis of a capillary bundle model have been applied to a study of the effect of finishing agents on the water-holding capacity of cotton printcloth. Water repellents, cross-linking reactive resins, and surface resins all reduce the water capacity to varying degrees and thereby should make them easier to dry. However, the effect of water repellents is negligible if the fabric is wet out with a surface active agent or by mechanical action, both of which are normally met with in laundering. The reductions in capacity pro duced by reactive or surface resins are not affected by these factors.
GENETIC COVARIANCE OF FITNESS CORRELATES: WHAT GENETIC CORRELATIONS ARE MADE OF AND WHY IT MATTERS

The genetic variance‐covariance matrix, G, is determined in part by functional architecture, the pathways by which variation in genotype influences phenotype. I develop a simple architectural model for G for two traits under directional selection constrained by their dependence on a common limiting resource. I assume that genetic variance is maintained by mutation‐selection balance. The relative numbers of loci that play a role in acquiring versus allocating a limiting resource play a crucial role in determining genetic covariance. If many loci are involved in acquiring a resource, genetic covariance may be either negative or positive at equilibrium, depending on the fitness function and the input of mutational variance. The form of G does not necessarily reveal the constraint on resource acquisition inherent in the system, and therefore studies estimating G do not test for the existence of life‐history tradeoffs. Characters may evolve in patterns that are unpredictable from G. Experiments are suggested that would indicate if this model could explain observations of positive genetic covariance.