Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural Selectivity in the Retrieval of Social Information.

Three experiments examined the issue of retrieval selectivity. How do people organize their retrieval of social information when more than one organizing cognitive structure is present? In these studies, retrieval organization was assessed through categorical clustering in free recall. Experiment 1 found that with unfamiliar persons, subjects manifested a distinct preference for descriptor-based organization over person-based organization. In Experiment 2, preference for descriptor organization was found to be mediated by the familiarity of the persons. The tendency to organize retrieval around persons increased and the tendency to organize it around descriptor categories decreased when the persons were familiar. In Experiment 3, analogous results were found with respect to person- and context-based organizations of tree recall. Together, Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that a processing-objectives manipulation designed to encourage a person-based organization may be effective only when persons already cons.
Autosomal recessive postlingual hearing loss (DFNB8): compound heterozygosity for two novel TMPRSS3 mutations in German siblings

Mutations in the transmembrane protease, serine 3 (TMPRSS3) gene, encoding a transmembrane serine protease, cause autosomal recessive deafness childhood (DFNB8) or congenital onset (DFNB10). TMPRSS3 mutations have been mainly identified in patients from Asian and Mediterranean countries and seem to be a rare finding in the Northern European population so far. The identification of two novel pathogenic TMPRSS3 mutations (c.646C→T − R216C; c.916G→A − A306T) is described in four affected siblings of German origin with postlingual hearing loss, treated by bilateral cochlear implantation with good results. Although TMPRSS3 mutations are supposed to be a rare cause of autosomal recessive hearing loss, in families with postlingual disease onset TMPRSS3 is the most favourable candidate gene after exclusion of GJB2 mutations.
The Future of the Thermohaline Circulation – a Perspective

Evidence from paleoclimatic archives suggests that the ocean atmosphere system has undergone dramatic and abrupt changes with widespread consequences in the past. Climatic changes are most pronounced in the North Atlantic region where annual mean temperature can change by 10°C and more within a few decades. Climate models are capable of simulating some features of abrupt climate change. These same models also indicate that changes of this type may be triggered by global warming. Here we summarize what is known about such future changes and discuss the state of our knowledge about these potential threats to the stability of the Earth System.
On the instability of attachment style ratings

We examined the stability of ratings on the Hazan and Shaver (1987) single-item attachment style scale in a number of data sets, gathered by us and other researchers. Approximately 30% of subjects overall changed their attachment style classifications over a relatively short time span (ranging from 1 week to several months). The highest rate of instability was observed in subjects who classified themselves as anxious-ambivalent–the majority of whom changed their ratings from one time to the next. Given these findings, we explore the methodological and conceptual implications of instability in attachment style ratings. With regard to the former, we question the current practice of selecting subjects for participation in research based on responses to the attachment style questionnaire administered on a different occasion. Our findings suggest that a substantial proportion would change their style rating in the interim. In terms of conceptualization, we examine a number of different explanations for the observed instability and propose that it may reflect variability in the underlying construct, rather than a lack of continuity in style or unreliability of measurement. From this perspective, an individual's response to an attachment style questionnaire reflects the relational schema that is activated at that moment, rather than an enduring general disposition or trait. Stability in ratings is therefore neither assumed nor expected.
A Spiking Neuron as Information Bottleneck

Neurons receive thousands of presynaptic input spike trains while emitting a single output spike train. This drastic dimensionality reduction suggests considering a neuron as a bottleneck for information transmission. Extending recent results, we propose a simple learning rule for the weights of spiking neurons derived from the information bottleneck (IB) framework that minimizes the loss of relevant information transmitted in the output spike train. In the IB framework, relevance of information is defined with respect to contextual information, the latter entering the proposed learning rule as a third factor besides pre- and postsynaptic activities. This renders the theoretically motivated learning rule a plausible model for experimentally observed synaptic plasticity phenomena involving three factors. Furthermore, we show that the proposed IB learning rule allows spiking neurons to learn a predictive code, that is, to extract those parts of their input that are predictive for future input.
Accessing social meanings: Values of keywords, values in keywords

Abstract Attitudes are by their nature not easy to define and, therefore, to research, and there are constant turns towards methodological reappraisal. Here, we outline an approach to data collection that we call ‘keywords’, considering it in relation to information processing theory and the elicitation of stereotypes, making comparisons with other methodological approaches. We appraise some of our experiences in using this technique in our own recent research, and consider the value of keywords by weighing up some of the difficulties against the advantages relating to their use. In doing this, we also consider the complexities of interpreting keywords data - the values in keywords - due to reduced context and culturally variable semantics. We conclude that one of the main strengths in the technique is that it allows better access to the local vernacular resources that respondents draw upon in their characterisation of language varieties and of their users.
Domain V Peptides Inhibit β2-Glycoprotein I-Mediated Mesenteric Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Tissue Damage and Inflammation

Reperfusion of ischemic tissue induces significant tissue damage in multiple conditions, including myocardial infarctions, stroke, and transplantation. Although not as common, the mortality rate of mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (IR) remains >70%. Although complement and naturally occurring Abs are known to mediate significant damage during IR, the target Ags are intracellular molecules. We investigated the role of the serum protein, β2-glycoprotein I as an initiating Ag for Ab recognition and β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI) peptides as a therapeutic for mesenteric IR. The time course of β2-GPI binding to the tissue indicated binding and complement activation within 15 min postreperfusion. Treatment of wild-type mice with peptides corresponding to the lipid binding domain V of β2-GPI blocked intestinal injury and inflammation, including cellular influx and cytokine and eicosanoid production. The optimal therapeutic peptide (peptide 296) contained the lysine-rich region of domain V. In addition, damage and most inflammation were also blocked by peptide 305, which overlaps with peptide 296 but does not contain the lysine-rich, phospholipid-binding region. Importantly, peptide 296 retained efficacy after replacement of cysteine residues with serine. In addition, infusion of wild-type serum containing reduced levels of anti–β2-GPI Abs into Rag-1−/− mice prevented IR-induced intestinal damage and inflammation. Taken together, these data suggest that the serum protein β2-GPI initiates the IR-induced intestinal damage and inflammatory response and as such is a critical therapeutic target for IR-induced damage and inflammation.
Action Planning and the Timescale of Evidence Accumulation

Perceptual decisions are based on the temporal integration of sensory evidence for different states of the outside world. The timescale of this integration process varies widely across behavioral contexts and individuals, and it is diagnostic for the underlying neural mechanisms. In many situations, the decision-maker knows the required mapping between perceptual evidence and motor response (henceforth termed “sensory-motor contingency”) before decision formation. Here, the integrated evidence can be directly translated into a motor plan and, indeed, neural signatures of the integration process are evident as build-up activity in premotor brain regions. In other situations, however, the sensory-motor contingencies are unknown at the time of decision formation. We used behavioral psychophysics and computational modeling to test if knowledge about sensory-motor contingencies affects the timescale of perceptual evidence integration. We asked human observers to perform the same motion discrimination task, with or without trial-to-trial variations of the mapping between perceptual choice and motor response. When the mapping varied, it was either instructed before or after the stimulus presentation. We quantified the timescale of evidence integration under these different sensory-motor mapping conditions by means of two approaches. First, we analyzed subjects’ discrimination threshold as a function of stimulus duration. Second, we fitted a dynamical decision-making model to subjects’ choice behavior. The results from both approaches indicated that observers (i) integrated motion information for several hundred ms, (ii) used a shorter than optimal integration timescale, and (iii) used the same integration timescale under all sensory-motor mappings. We conclude that the mechanisms limiting the timescale of perceptual decisions are largely independent from long-term learning (under fixed mapping) or rapid acquisition (under variable mapping) of sensory-motor contingencies. This conclusion has implications for neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies of perceptual decision-making.
Evolution of Millon's Personality Prototypes

In 1969, Millon proposed 8 personality prototypes that could be conceptualized at lower levels of severity than the level of the personality disorders. These personalities were fit into a theoretical system that emphasized the strength of the interpersonal attachment and the mode of accommodation. Disorders such as schizophrenia and depression were pictured as a decompensation of the basic personality. This article traces the evolution of Millon's theory from the original inception, through the influence of the 3rd and 4th editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and onto its present form. Now visualized as resulting from 3 polarities, the model has expanded the number of personalities to include 3 additional prototypes.
Mother-Child Attachment Representation and Relationships Over Time in Mexican-Heritage Families

Continuity and intergenerational transmission of representations of attachment were examined in a longitudinal sample of 88 Mexican immigrant mothers and their children who participated in the local intervention group of the Early Head Start Evaluation Study. The authors interviewed mothers with the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) and Parent Attachment Interview (PAI). Mothers and children were observed when the children were 14 months old with the Attachment Q-Set (AQS), and children were interviewed at 54 months with the MacArthur Story Stem Battery. Early maternal AAI and PAI scores were associated with toddler-age children's AQS scores and preschool Story Stem scores. Mothers who were more secure in their attachment representations in the AAI had children who were also more secure, as measured by the AQS and in their Story Stem narratives. Mothers' high comfort and low enmeshment PAI scores predicted children's Story Stem security. Mothers' AAI security scores predicted children's Story Stem narrative coherence.
Treatment of the Ageing Hand with Dermal Fillers

Following the trend in facial cosmetic procedures, patients are now increasingly requesting hand rejuvenation treatments. Intrinsic ageing of the hands is characterized by loss of dermal elasticity and atrophy of the subcutaneous tissue. Thus, veins, tendons and bony structures become apparent. Among the available procedures, intrinsic ageing of the hands is best improved by restoring the volume of soft tissue. Volume restoration can be achieved with a number of long-lasting dermal fillers with varying degrees of improvement and treatment longevity. The dermal fillers used in hand rejuvenation include autologous fat, collagen, hyaluronic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite and poly-L-lactic acid. Here, we describe our preferred injection method for hand rejuvenation using calcium hydroxylapatite and a single-bolus injection.
Reduced risk of pre-eclampsia with organic vegetable consumption: results from the prospective Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study

Objective Little is known about the potential health effects of eating organic food either in the general population or during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine associations between organic food consumption during pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia among nulliparous Norwegian women. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Norway, years 2002–2008. Participants 28 192 pregnant women (nulliparous, answered food frequency questionnaire and general health questionnaire in mid-pregnancy and no missing information on height, body weight or gestational weight gain). Main outcome measure Relative risk was estimated as ORs by performing binary logistic regression with pre-eclampsia as the outcome and organic food consumption as the exposure. Results The prevalence of pre-eclampsia in the study sample was 5.3% (n=1491). Women who reported to have eaten organic vegetables ‘often’ or ‘mostly’ (n=2493, 8.8%) had lower risk of pre-eclampsia than those who reported ‘never/rarely’ or ‘sometimes’ (crude OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.96; adjusted OR=0.79, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.99). The lower risk associated with high organic vegetable consumption was evident also when adjusting for overall dietary quality, assessed as scores on a healthy food pattern derived by principal component analysis. No associations with pre-eclampsia were found for high intake of organic fruit, cereals, eggs or milk, or a combined index reflecting organic consumption. Conclusions These results show that choosing organically grown vegetables during pregnancy was associated with reduced risk of pre-eclampsia. Possible explanations for an association between pre-eclampsia and use of organic vegetables could be that organic vegetables may change the exposure to pesticides, secondary plant metabolites and/or influence the composition of the gut microbiota.
Augmenting NMDA receptor signaling boosts experience-dependent neuroplasticity in the adult human brain

Significance Experience-dependent plasticity is the capacity of the brain to undergo changes following environmental input and use, and is a primary means through which the adult brain enables new behavior. In the current study, we provide evidence that enhancing signaling at the glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) can enhance the mechanism underlying many forms of experience-dependent plasticity (i.e., long-term potentiation of synaptic currents) and also enhance experience-dependent learning in healthy adult humans. This suggests exciting possibilities for manipulating plasticity in adults and has implications for treating neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders in which experience-dependent plasticity is impaired. Experience-dependent plasticity is a fundamental property of the brain. It is critical for everyday function, is impaired in a range of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and frequently depends on long-term potentiation (LTP). Preclinical studies suggest that augmenting N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) signaling may promote experience-dependent plasticity; however, a lack of noninvasive methods has limited our ability to test this idea in humans until recently. We examined the effects of enhancing NMDAR signaling using d-cycloserine (DCS) on a recently developed LTP EEG paradigm that uses high-frequency visual stimulation (HFvS) to induce neural potentiation in visual cortex neurons, as well as on three cognitive tasks: a weather prediction task (WPT), an information integration task (IIT), and a n-back task. The WPT and IIT are learning tasks that require practice with feedback to reach optimal performance. The n-back assesses working memory. Healthy adults were randomized to receive DCS (100 mg; n = 32) or placebo (n = 33); groups were similar in IQ and demographic characteristics. Participants who received DCS showed enhanced potentiation of neural responses following repetitive HFvS, as well as enhanced performance on the WPT and IIT. Groups did not differ on the n-back. Augmenting NMDAR signaling using DCS therefore enhanced activity-dependent plasticity in human adults, as demonstrated by lasting enhancement of neural potentiation following repetitive HFvS and accelerated acquisition of two learning tasks. Results highlight the utility of considering cellular mechanisms underlying distinct cognitive functions when investigating potential cognitive enhancers.
From Incivility to Outrage: Political Discourse in Blogs, Talk Radio, and Cable News

Most research on incivility in American politics focuses on its effects on citizens' political attitudes and behaviors, in spite of remarkably little data on the extent to which political discourse is actually uncivil. Those studies that do examine content focus on negative campaign advertisements, overlooking more egregious forms of political incivility that penetrate the broader media landscape. In this study, we attempt to conceptualize and measure more dramatic types of political incivility, which we term “outrage. ” Outrage discourse involves efforts to provoke a visceral response from the audience, usually in the form of anger, fear, or moral righteousness through the use of overgeneralizations, sensationalism, misleading or patently inaccurate information, ad hominem attacks, and partial truths about opponents. Scrutinizing 10 weeks of data from political blogs, talk radio, and cable news analysis programs, we demonstrate that outrage discourse is extensive, takes many different forms (we examine 13 different types), and spans media formats. We also show that while outrage tactics are largely the same for liberal and conservative media, conservative media use significantly more outrage speech than liberal media. It is our hope that introducing more concrete information about the actual content of political media will render existing research on potential effects more meaningful.
Cytokeratin 7/19 expression in N‐diethylnitrosamine‐induced mouse hepatocellular lesions: implications for histogenesis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common malignancy with poor clinical outcome, whose histogenesis is the subject of intense debate. Specifically, expression of cytokeratins (CKs) 7 and 19, associated with aggressive biological behaviour, is proposed to reflect a possible progenitor cell origin or tumour dedifferentiation towards a primitive phenotype. This work addresses that problem by studying CKs 7 and 19 expression in N‐diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced mouse HCCs. ICR mice were divided into six DEN‐exposed and six matched control groups. Samples were taken from each group at consecutive time points. Hyperplastic foci (13 lesions) occurred at 29–40 weeks (groups 8, 10 and 12) with diffuse dysplastic areas (19 lesions) and with one hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) (at 29 weeks). HCCs (4 lesions) were observed 40 weeks after the first DEN administration (group 12). CKs 7 and 19 showed identical expression patterns and located to large, mature hepatocytes, isolated or in small clusters. Hyperplastic foci and the single HCA were consistently negative for both markers, while dysplastic areas and HCCs were positive. These results support the hypothesis that CKs 7 and 19 expression in hepatocellular malignancies results from a dedifferentiation process rather than from a possible progenitor cell origin.
Target tracking with guaranteed coverage in autonomous mobile sensor networks

The advancements in robotics and wireless communication provide a good opportunity to combine the mobility and wireless sensor networks so that different objectives can be satisfied simultaneously with less required resources. Specifically, mobility enables the sensors to dynamically adjust their positions for better sensing quality, and offers a higher probability for guaranteeing the coverage required at the same time. In this paper, we propose a novel coordinating scheme for autonomous mobile sensor networks so that the target sensing quality is optimized while the coverage requirement of the field of interest is also guaranteed. The whole problem is transformed into one finite horizon optimization problem, which is then solved efficiently. Extensive simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Emergent Alternation in Complement Selection

This article examines the transitive into-ing pattern in current English with seven verbs of manner-neutral causation involving object control. It is argued that the usage is innovative. While the to infinitive pattern is still much more common, the article substantiates the existence of the transitive into-ing pattern with these verbs. Four of the seven verbs afford a noteworthy number of tokens in the material, and it is argued that with manner-neutral matrix verbs, the pattern is more frequent in British English than in American English at this time. The emergence of the pattern with such verbs is viewed as yet another manifestation of the more general spread of -ing complements at the expense of to infinitive complements. It is also argued that the distinctive semantic flavor of the transitive intoing pattern is also a factor aiding in its emergence.
Trends in health information-seeking behaviour in the U.S. foreign-born population based on the Health Information National Trends Survey, 2005 - 2014

Introduction. This study investigated trends in the health information-seeking behaviour of the U.S. foreign-born population over a ten-year period and examined whether health information disparities between this population and native-born citizens have decreased. Method. Data were collected from six iterations of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS): HINTS 2 (2005), HINTS 3 (2007), HINTS 4 Cycle 1 (2011), Cycle 2 (2012), Cycle 3 (2013), and Cycle 4 (2014). Analysis. The percentage distribution of all variables across the foreign-born and native-born populations was examined using Chi/squared analysis. Results. Increasing rates of health information-seeking in foreign-born populations as well as Internet use for health information-seeking were observed over the ten-year period. However, compared with the U.S.-born population, the foreign-born population was consistently less likely to seek health information or to use the Internet as its first source for health information and had more difficulty understanding found information. Conclusion. Since the foreign-born population exhibits persistent disparities in accessing and using health information, efforts should be focused on enhancing the accessibility of online health information to this population and improving health information literacy to facilitate use of this information.