Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Geohydrology of bedrock aquifers in the Northern Great Plains in parts of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming

Development of energy-related resources in the northern Great Plains of the US will require large quantities of ground water. Because Montana, North Dakota, and Wyoming are semiarid, the primary local sources of nonappropriated water are the deep bedrock aquifers of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age. The US Geological Survey undertook a 4-year interdisciplinary study that has culminated in a digital-simulation model of the regional flow system and incorporates the results of geochemical, hydrologic, and geologic studies. Rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic age form at least five artesian aquifers that are recharged in the mountainous areas of Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming. The aquifers extend for more than 600 mi to discharge areas in the northeastern part of North Dakota and in Manitoba. In general, the direction of flow in each aquifer is east to northeast, but flow is deflected to the north and south around the Williston basin. Flow through the Williston basin is restricted because of brine (200,000-350,000 mg/l), halite beds, geologic structures, and decreased permeability of rocks in the deeper parts of the basin. Fracture systems and lineaments transverse the entire area and act either as conduits or as barriers to ground-water flow, depending on their hydrogeologic and geochemicalmore » history. Vertical leakage from the aquifers is restricted by shale with low permeability, by halite beds, and by stratigraphic traps or low-permeability zones associated with petroleum accumulations. However, interaquifer leakage appears to occur through and along some of the major lineaments and fractures. Interaquifer leakage may be a major consideration in determining the quality of water produced from wells. « less
A model for microwave emission from vegetation‐covered fields

A radiative transfer model for simulating the measured brightness temperatures over vegetation-covered fields is studied. The model treats the vegetation as a uniform layer, or canopy, with a constant temperature over a moist soil which emits polarized microwave radiation. The equation of radiative transfer is solved analytically subject to boundary conditions at the soil surface and canopy top. Scattering by the vegetation is primarily in the forward direction and given by a single scattering albedo ω*. The effect of soil surface roughness is introduced by modifying the smooth surface reflectivity with a roughness height parameter h and polarization mixing factor Q. The analytic formula for the microwave emission has four parameters, h, Q, τ0* (effective canopy optical thickness), and ω*. The model provides a good representation of the observed angular variations for both the horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperatures at 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies over fields covered with grass, soybean, and corn. The effective canopy optical thickness is found to be directly proportional to the amount of water present in the vegetation canopy, while the effective canopy single scattering albedo depends on the type of vegetation.
Antitumor activity of intratracheal inhalation of temozolomide (TMZ) loaded into gold nanoparticles and/or liposomes against urethane-induced lung cancer in BALB/c mice

Abstract The current study aimed to develop gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and liposome-embedded gold nanoparticles (LGNPs) as drug carriers for temozolomide (TMZ) and investigate the possible therapeutic effects of intratracheal inhalation of nanoformulation of TMZ-loaded gold nanoparticles (TGNPs) and liposome-embedded TGNPs (LTGNPs) against urethane-induced lung cancer in BALB/c mice. Physicochemical characters and zeta potential studies for gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and liposome-embedded gold nanoparticles (LGNPs) were performed. The current study was conducted by inducing lung cancer chemically via repeated exposure to urethane in BALB/C mice. GNPs and LGNPs were exhibited in uniform spherical shape with adequate dispersion stability. GNPs and LGNPs showed no significant changes in comparison to control group with high safety profile, while TGNPs and LTGNPs succeed to improve all biochemical data and histological patterns. GNPs and LGNPs are promising drug carriers and succeeded in the delivery of small and efficient dose of temozolomide in treatment lung cancer. Antitumor activity was pronounced in animal-treated LTGNPs, these effects may be due to synergistic effects resulted from combination of temozolomide and gold nanoparticles and liposomes that may improve the drug distribution and penetration.
Geological and depositional setting of the Sirius Passet Lagerstatte (Early Cambrian), North Greenland

The Early Cambrian Sirius Passet Lagerstatte of North Greenland occurs in marine mudstones (Buen Formation) deposited in a slope environment along the eroded scarp of a pre-existing carbonate platform. The shallow-water platform is represented by dolostones of the Portfjeld Formation (Neoproterozoic - earliest Cambrian), which record a belt of tide-swept subtidal ooid shoals and microbial patch reefs at the outer edge of the platform. Solution features and meteoric cements attest to exposure of the platform, accompanied by fracturing, mass wastage and erosional retreat of the escarpment producing slope talus, and extensive debris sheets and olistoliths in basinal deposits. The marine mud-dominated siliciclastics of the Buen Formation, deposited in slope and shelf environments, record the transgression and onlap of the degraded platform in the Early Cambrian. The Sirius Passet Lagerstatte has yielded an arthropod-dominated fossil assemblage of over 40 species, many showing exceptional preservation of soft tissues; the finely laminated mudstones hosting this fauna accumulated from suspension in a poorly oxygenated slope sub-environment, such as an erosional embayment or abandoned slope gully. Although taphonomic features suggest that the fauna is mainly parautochthonous, some components (e. g., sponges, worms, the halkieriids and certain sightless arthropods) may be truly autochthonous. Comparison of the Sirius Passet locality with the renowned Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of western Canada reveals similarities in overall depositional and tectonic setting: both accumulated in deep water adjacent to the steep, eroded margins of carbonate platforms - settings that subsequently sheltered the faunas from tectonic and metamorphic obliteration.
Role Reversal Imitation and Language in Typically Developing Infants and Children With Autism

Three types of role reversal imitation were investigated in typically developing 12- and 18-month-old infants and in children with autism and other developmental delays. Many typically developing infants at both ages engaged in each of the 2 types of dyadic, body-oriented role reversal imitation: self–self reversals, in which the adult acted on herself and the child then acted on himself, and other–other reversals, in which the adult acted on the child and the child then acted back on the adult. However, 12-month-olds had more difficulty than 18-month-olds with triadic, object-mediated role reversals involving interactions around objects. There was little evidence of any type of role reversal imitation in children with autism. Positive relations were found between role reversal imitation and various measures of language development for 18-month-olds and children with autism.
Structural and Psychosocial Correlates of Birth Order Anomalies in Schizophrenia and Homicide

Birth order—a unique index of both neurodevelopmental and/or psychosocial factors in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorder—remains largely unexplored in violent schizophrenia. We examined whether murderers with schizophrenia would demonstrate birth order anomalies, distinguishing them from both nonviolent schizophrenia patients and murderers without schizophrenia. Self-report birth order, psychosocial history data (i.e., maternal birth age, family size, parental criminality, parental SES), and structural magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from normal controls, nonviolent schizophrenia patients, murderers with schizophrenia, murderers without schizophrenia, and murderers with psychiatric conditions other than schizophrenia at a brain hospital in Nanjing, China. Results indicated that murderers with schizophrenia were characterized by significantly increased (i.e., later) birth order compared with both nonviolent schizophrenia patients and murderers without schizophrenia. Additionally, birth order was negatively correlated with gray matter volume in key frontal subregions for schizophrenic murderers, and was negatively correlated with parental SES. Findings may suggest biological, psychosocial, or interactional trajectories which may lead to a homicidally violent outcome in schizophrenia.
Chemical apportionment of aerosol column optical depth off the mid‐Atlantic coast of the United States

Aerosol column optical depths derived from airborne Sun photometer and in situ measurements of aerosol properties in 14 vertical profiles off the mid-Atlantic coast of the United States in June show excellent agreement. Simultaneous measurements of the chemical compositions of the aerosol allows an assessment of the chemical apportionment of the aerosol column optical depths. The optical depths had essentially three chemical components, which, in order of descending average contributions, were condensed water, carbonaceous species, and sulfate. These results do not support the common assumption that sulfate dominates aerosol optical depths in polluted regions.
Dynamics of mixed bottom boundary layers and its implications for diapycnal transport in a stratified, natural water basin

Here we report on two field experiments from Lake Alpnach (surface area: 4.8 km(2); maximum depth: 34 m) that were designed to study the process of boundary mixing and to estimate its efficiency, the ratio between the turbulent kinetic energy converted into potential energy and dissipated into heat, for diapycnal tracer transport. Lake Alpnach is particularly suited for this purpose because it is known from earlier experiments that (1) its currents follow a regular oscillatory pattern, associated with basin-wide standing internal waves (seiches, period similar to 0.5 days and 1 day, respectively), and (2) diapycnal tracer transport is mainly caused by boundary mixing. During one of the experiments reported here, strong seiches were excited regularly and damped on a timescale of the order of 3 days; during the other experiment seiching motion was comparably weak. If seiching is excited regularly, we find a persistent well-mixed bottom layer of 4-5 m height at the deepest part of the lake. In the absence of regular seiching the layer disappears within 10-20 days. On the sloping bottom boundaries the well-mixed layers (1) are of much more transient nature, (2) exhibit different thermal structure, and (3) decrease in thickness toward shallower depth inversely proportionally to the stability at the same depth in the lake interior. Their reduced thickness is possibly the result of repeatedly occurring intrusions of boundary mixed water masses that are observed to extend horizontally similar to 100-200 m into the lake interior. As a consequence of repeated generation of intrusions, mixing on the sloping boundaries is expected to be considerably more efficient compared to mixing over flat bottom boundaries. The observed mixing efficiency, the ratio of the rate of change of potential energy below depth z caused by turbulence to the energy loss by bottom friction below depth z, increases indeed from 0.01 +/- 0.01 in the deepest well-mixed layers to 0.15 +/- 0.04 in the upper pycnocline.
Mesenchymal stem cells isolated from human uterine cervix cancer tissues

In the present study, MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells) were successfully isolated and identified from hUCC (human uterine cervix cancer) tissues. The morphological appearance, immunophenotype, growth curve, cell cycle, cytogenetic features and differentiation potential of these cells were investigated. Results showed that cells isolated from the uterine cervix cancer tissues displayed fibroblast‐like morphology and grew into colonies. Immunophenotyping by flow cytometry revealed that the isolated cells were positive for CD13, CD29, CD44, CD105 and HLA‐I, while negative for CD10, CD14, CD31, CD34, CD38 and HLA‐DR. The cells kept a normal karyotype by chromosome analysis. At the third passage, the percentages of cells in G0‐/G1‐, 2‐/M‐ and S‐phase were 84.94, 8.36 and 6.71%, respectively. Under appropriate induction conditions, these cells can differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic cells and hepatocytes. Taken together, MSCs were confirmed to exist in hUCC tissues, which may provide a new target for clinical cancer therapy.
Cumulus-specific genes are transcriptionally silent following somatic cell nuclear transfer in a mouse model

This study investigated whether four cumulus-specific genes: follicular stimulating hormone receptor (FSHr), hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2), prostaglandin synthase 2 (Ptgs2) and steroidogenic acute regulator protein (Star), were correctly reprogrammed to be transcriptionally silent following somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in a murine model. Cumulus cells of C57×CBAF1 female mouse were injected into enucleated oocytes, followed by activation in 10 μmol/L strontium chloride for 5 h and subsequent in vitro culture up to the blastocyst stage. Expression of cumulus-specific genes in SCNT-derived embryos at 2-cell, 4-cell and day 4.5 blastocyst stages was compared with corresponding in vivo fertilized embryos by real-time PCR. It was demonstrated that immediately after the first cell cycle, SCNT-derived 2-cell stage embryos did not express all four cumulus-specific genes, which continually remained silent at the 4-cell and blastocyst stages. It is therefore concluded that all four cumulus-specific genes were correctly reprogrammed to be silent following nuclear transfer with cumulus donor cells in the mouse model. This would imply that the poor preimplantation developmental competence of SCNT embryos derived from cumulus cells is due to incomplete reprogramming of other embryonic genes, rather than cumulus-specific genes.
Guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology: A review

The newest installment on state‐of‐the‐art standards of practice in cytopathology from the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) focuses on the pancreaticobiliary system. Similar to the National Cancer Institute recommendations for aspiration cytology of the thyroid, the PSC guidelines for pancreaticobiliary cytology addresses indications, techniques, terminology and nomenclature, ancillary studies, and postprocedure management. Each committee was composed of a multidisciplinary group of experts in diagnosing, managing, and treating patients with pancreaticobiliary disease. Draft documents were posted on an interactive Web‐based forum hosted by the PSC Web site (www.papsociety.org) and the topics of terminology, ancillary testing, and management were presented at national and international meetings over an 18‐month period for discussion and feedback from practicing pathologists around the world. This review provides a synopsis of these guidelines. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:399–411. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
GABAB Receptor Modulation of Feedforward Inhibition through Hippocampal Neurogliaform Cells

Feedforward inhibition of neurons is a fundamental component of information flow control in the brain. We studied the roles played by neurogliaform cells (NGFCs) of stratum lacunosum moleculare of the hippocampus in providing feedforward inhibition to CA1 pyramidal cells. We recorded from synaptically coupled pairs of anatomically identified NGFCs and CA1 pyramidal cells and found that, strikingly, a single presynaptic action potential evoked a biphasic unitary IPSC (uIPSC), consisting of two distinct components mediated by GABAA and GABAB receptors. A GABAB receptor-mediated unitary response has not previously been observed in hippocampal excitatory neurons. The decay of the GABAA receptor-mediated response was slow (time constant = 50 ms), and was tightly regulated by presynaptic GABAB receptors. Surprisingly, the GABAB receptor ligands baclofen and (2S)-3-{[(1S)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino-2-hydroxypropyl}(phenylmethyl)phosphinic acid (CGP55845), while affecting the NGFC-mediated uIPSCs, had no effect on action potential-evoked presynaptic Ca2+ signals monitored in individual axonal boutons of NGFCs with two-photon microscopy. In contrast, baclofen clearly depressed presynaptic Ca2+ transients in non-NGF interneurons. Changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration that mimicked the effects of baclofen or CGP55845 on uIPSCs significantly altered presynaptic Ca2+ transients. Electrophysiological data suggest that GABAB receptors expressed by NGFCs contribute to the dynamic control of the excitatory input to CA1 pyramidal neurons from the temporoammonic path. The NGFC–CA1 pyramidal cell connection therefore provides a unique and subtle mechanism to shape the integration time domain for signals arriving via a major excitatory input to CA1 pyramidal cells.
Nyungar Tourism in the South West of Western Australia: A literature review of tourism

Indigenous tourism is a form of ‘special interest’ tourism and depends on the primary motivation of the tourist (Hall & Weiler 1992). Harron and Weiler (1992) discuss ‘ethnic tourists’, and say that most Indigenous/ethnic tourists seek “first hand, authentic and sometimes intimate contact with people whose Indigenous and / or cultural background is different from the tourist” (Harron & Weiler 1992:84). They seek direct experience, the human element, more intimate and authentic contact than that classed as ‘cultural tourism’ (which involves culture in an indirect way as a backdrop). Indigenous tourism also links to environmental / nature-based tourism, arts and heritage, plus adventure tourism (Harron & Weiler 1992). Harron and Weiler (1992) suggest that the motives of Indigenous / ethnic tourists are poorly understood. There are a variety of reasons to seek this form of tourism; some are motivated by curiosity and seek elite peer approval, some only want short-time and not-too-close encounters. However demand is growing and influenced by marketing, the images of which create preconceived ideas in the tourist (Walle 1996). Harron and Weiler (1992) suggest that marketing is often half-true, perpetuating stereotypes of aboriginality as an “exotic, inanimate curio…” (p87), not as a complex living culture. The term ‘ethnic’ tourism is not commonly used in Australia, most marketing refers to Aboriginal or indigenous tourism.
Effect of Humor on Interpersonal Attraction and Mate Selection

The authors examined whether different levels of sense of humor would influence respondents' ratings about a potentially desirable partner. The authors used vignettes to predict that the targets who possessed a good sense of humor would receive significantly higher ratings in measures of attractiveness and suitability as a long-term partner than would those who possessed an average or no sense of humor. In an experimental design—with gender and humor as independent variables and level of attractiveness and suitability as a long-term partner as dependent variables—the authors analyzed the data using a multivariate analysis of variance. Results show that the targets with a good sense of humor received significantly higher ratings of attractiveness and suitability than did those with an average or no sense of humor. Furthermore, male participants rated female targets as significantly more attractive than female participants rated male targets. The authors found no significant interaction between gender and humor.
Characterization of Extraordinary Transmission for a Single Subwavelength Slit: A Fabry-Pérot-Like Formula Model

Enhanced optical transmission properties of a single subwavelength slit in a metallic film is theoretically studied by the Fabry-Pérot-like formula. By using the analytical model based on a modal expansion method, reflection coefficient of electric field amplitude of surfaces at two slit ends is thoroughly analyzed and an empirical Fabry-Pérot-like formula is derived. Good agreement between our formula and the experimental data is obtained. It is shown that a simple Fabry-Pérot equivalent formula accounts for extraordinary transmission satisfactorily, explaining all of the details of the observed transmission spectra: it is demonstrated that the spacing of two adjacent resonant peaks in the spectra is linearly proportional to the slit width. Also it shows that the linewidth of these resonances increases with increase of the wavelength and is in linear proportion to the slit width. Our Fabry-Pérot-like model can also easily predict on many features of the extraordinary transmission phenomenon.
A limited number of genes are involved in the differentiation of germinal center B cells

Mature B cells, upon activation, progressively differentiate through centroblasts into centrocytes and finally to plasmacytes that express large amounts of selected immunoglobulins. A significant part of this maturation is thought to involve induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). We have compared gene expression in normal germinal center centroblasts, centrocytes, lymphoblastoid cells undergoing induced UPR, and the CCL155 plasmacytoma cell line. In the centroblast to centrocyte transition there is a change in the expression of a relatively small number of genes. These include a limited subset of the genes upregulated by a fully activated UPR as well as a small number of other transcription factors, some disulphide isomerases, and other genes. This is consistent with a model in which this transition is mediated by changes in the levels of expression of transcription factor B‐lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1) (PRDM1), BACH2, X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and possibly vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, together with post‐transcriptional changes and a limited induction of aspects of the UPR. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 1308–1325, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sources of magnetic fields in recurrent interplanetary streams

We examined the sources of magnetic fields in recurrent streams observed by the Imp 8 and Heos spacecraft at 1 AU and by Mariner 10 en route to Mercury between October 31, 1973, and February 9, 1974, during Carrington rotations 1607–1610. Most fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to coronal holes, and the magnetic field lines were open in those holes. However, some of the magnetic fields and plasmas at 1 AU were related to open field line regions on the sun which were not associated with known coronal holes, indicating that open field lines may be more basic than coronal holes as sources of the solar wind. Magnetic field intensities in five equatorial coronal holes, estimated by projecting the measured interplanetary magnetic fields back to the sun by using the principle of flux conservation, ranged from 2 to 18 G with an average of 9 G. Average measured photospheric magnetic fields along the footprints of the corresponding unipolar fields on circular equatorial arcs at 2.5 RS had a similar range and average, but in two cases the intensities were approximately 3 times higher than the projected intensities. The coronal footprints of the sector boundaries on the source surface at 2.5 RS, determined by a potential field extrapolation of the measured photospheric fields, meandered between −45° and +45° latitude, and their inclination with respect to the solar equator ranged from near 0° at some longitudes to near 90° at others. It is possible that sector boundaries are related to convergence surfaces of the flow near the sun. The high densities observed near sector boundaries between streams might be due in part to the convergence of flows from adjacent coronal holes.