Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact analysis by mining software and change request repositories

Impact analysis is the identification of the work products affected by a proposed change request, either a bug fix or a new feature request. In many open-source projects, such as KDE, Gnome, Mozilla, Openoffice, change requests, and related data, are stored in a bug tracking system such as Bugzilla. These data, together with the data stored in a versioning system, such as CVS, are a valuable source of information on which useful analyses can be performed. In this paper we propose a method to derive the set of source files impacted by a proposed change request. The method exploits information retrieval algorithms to link the change request description and the set of historical source file revisions impacted by similar past change requests. The method is evaluated by applying it on four open-source projects
– 20 Statistics-based outlier detection for wireless sensor networks

Statistics-based outlier detection for wireless sensor networks Y. Zhang a , N.A. S. Hamm b , N. Meratnia a , A. Stein b , M. van de Voort a & P.J.M. Havinga a a Pervasive System Group, Department of Computer Science (EWI), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands b Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of GeoInformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
The Internet's Impact on the Practice of Psychiatry

Objective: In the past decade, the Internet has rapidly evolved into a mainstream communication and information resource. During this period, health care resources and databases have been developed. This paper reviews the literature on e-mail communication and on-line health care information resources to determine the impact on psychiatry. Method: The Medline electronic database and the search engines Altavista and Google were used to review the literature discussing on-line guidelines, clinical trials, and continuing medical education (CME) resources, as well as the literature on Internet usage, e-journals, and e-mail communication. Conclusions: The Internet has accelerated psychiatrists' access to new research findings and other information pertinent to clinical practice. It has eliminated distance barriers and offered psychiatrists and the general public equal access to scientific articles, clinical trials, and guidelines. The literature shows that the general public is using the Internet to obtain information and, to a lesser extent, to communicate with health care professionals. In terms of health outcomes, the effectiveness of patient on-line access to information is still uncertain, and further research is necessary. Although physicians have embraced on-line journals, further work is required before they embrace on-line CME. The Internet has developed to a point where it is important for psychiatrists to understand the issues and pitfalls in its use, to be able to access the resources available, and to be in a position to mentor patients who want to research their condition further.
Unknotting sequences for torus knots

Abstract The unknotting number of a knot is bounded from below by its slice genus. It is a well-known fact that the genera and unknotting numbers of torus knots coincide. In this paper we characterize quasipositive knots for which the genus bound is sharp: the slice genus of a quasipositive knot equals its unknotting number, if and only if the given knot appears in an unknotting sequence of a torus knot.
Safety culture and the 5 steps to safer surgery: an intervention study.

BACKGROUND Improvements in safety culture have been postulated as one of the mechanisms underlying the association between the introduction of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist with perioperative briefings and debriefings, and enhanced patient outcomes. The 5 Steps to Safer Surgery (5SSS) incorporates pre-list briefings, the three steps of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) and post-list debriefings in one framework. We aimed to identify any changes in safety culture associated with the introduction of the 5SSS in orthopaedic operating theatres. METHODS We assessed the safety culture in the elective orthopaedic theatres of a large UK teaching hospital before and after introduction of the 5SSS using a modified version of the Safety Attitude Questionnaire - Operating Room (SAQ-OR). Primary outcome measures were pre-post intervention changes in the six safety culture domains of the SAQ-OR. We also analysed changes in responses to two items regarding perioperative briefings. RESULTS The SAQ-OR survey response rate was 80% (60/75) at baseline and 74% (53/72) one yr later. There were significant improvements in both the reported frequency (P<0.001) and perceived importance (P=0.018) of briefings, and in five of the six safety culture domain scores (Working Conditions, Perceptions of Management, Job Satisfaction, Safety Climate and Teamwork Climate) of the SAQ-OR (P<0.001 in all cases). Scores in the sixth domain (Stress Recognition) decreased significantly (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS Implementation of the 5SSS was associated with a significant improvement in the safety culture of elective orthopaedic operating theatres.
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1  Abstract—Electromyographical (EMG) signals have been frequently used to estimate human muscular torques. In the field of human-assistive robotics, these methods provide valuable information to provide effective support to the user. However, their usability is strongly limited by the necessity of complex user-dependent and session-dependent calibration procedures, which confine their use to the laboratory environment. Nonetheless, an accurate estimate of muscle torque could be not necessary to provide effective movement assistance to the users. The natural ability of human CNS of adapting to external disturbances could compensate for a lower accuracy of the torque provided by the robot and maintain the movement accuracy unaltered, while the effort is reduced. In order to explore this possibility, in this paper we study the reaction of 10 healthy subjects to the assistance provided through a proportional EMG control applied by an elbow powered exoskeleton. This system gives only a rough estimate of the user muscular torque but does not require any specific calibration. Experimental results clearly show that subjects adapt almost instantaneously to the assistance provided by the robot and can reduce their effort while keeping full control of the movement in different dynamic conditions (i.e. no alterations of movement accuracy are observed).
Innate immunity gene expression changes in critically ill patients with sepsis and disease-related malnutrition

The aim of this study was an attempt to determine whether the expression of genes involved in innate antibacterial response (TL R2, NOD 1, TRAF6, HMGB 1 and Hsp70) in peripheral blood leukocytes in critically ill patients, may undergo significant changes depending on the severity of the infection and the degree of malnutrition. The study was performed in a group of 128 patients with infections treated in the intensive care and surgical ward. In 103/80.5% of patients, infections had a severe course (sepsis, severe sepsis, septic shock, mechanical ventilation of the lungs). Clinical monitoring included diagnosis of severe infection (according to the criteria of the ACC P/SCC M), assessment of severity of the patient condition and risk of death (APACHE II and SAPS II), nutritional assessment (NRS 2002 and SGA scales) and the observation of the early results of treatment. Gene expression at the mRNA level was analyzed by real-time PCR. The results of the present study indicate that in critically ill patients treated in the IC U there are significant disturbances in the expression of genes associated with innate antimicrobial immunity, which may have a significant impact on the clinical outcome. The expression of these genes varies depending on the severity of the patient condition, severity of infection and nutritional status. Expression disorders of genes belonging to innate antimicrobial immunity should be diagnosed as early as possible, monitored during the treatment and taken into account during early therapeutic treatment (including early nutrition to support the functions of immune cells).
Large Sample Area and Size Are Needed for Forest Soil Seed Bank Studies to Ensure Low Discrepancy with Standing Vegetation

A large number of small-sized samples invariably shows that woody species are absent from forest soil seed banks, leading to a large discrepancy with the seedling bank on the forest floor. We ask: 1) Does this conventional sampling strategy limit the detection of seeds of woody species? 2) Are large sample areas and sample sizes needed for higher recovery of seeds of woody species? We collected 100 samples that were 10 cm (length) ×10 cm (width) ×10 cm (depth), referred to as larger number of small-sized samples (LNSS) in a 1 ha forest plot, and placed them to germinate in a greenhouse, and collected 30 samples that were 1 m×1 m×10 cm, referred to as small number of large-sized samples (SNLS) and placed them (10 each) in a nearby secondary forest, shrub land and grass land. Only 15.7% of woody plant species of the forest stand were detected by the 100 LNSS, contrasting with 22.9%, 37.3% and 20.5% woody plant species being detected by SNLS in the secondary forest, shrub land and grassland, respectively. The increased number of species vs. sampled areas confirmed power-law relationships for forest stand, the LNSS and SNLS at all three recipient sites. Our results, although based on one forest, indicate that conventional LNSS did not yield a high percentage of detection for woody species, but SNLS strategy yielded a higher percentage of detection for woody species in the seed bank if samples were exposed to a better field germination environment. A 4 m2 minimum sample area derived from power equations is larger than the sampled area in most studies in the literature. Increased sample size also is needed to obtain an increased sample area if the number of samples is to remain relatively low.
Emergence of Perceptual Gestalts in the Human Visual Cortex

Many Gestalt phenomena have been described in terms of perception of a whole being not equal to the sum of its parts. It is unclear how these phenomena emerge in the brain. We used functional MRI to study the neural basis of the behavioral configural-superiority effect (i.e., visual search is more efficient when an odd element is part of a configuration than when it is presented by itself). We found that searching for the odd element in a display of four line segments (parts) was facilitated by adding two additional line segments to each of them (creating whole shapes). Functional MRI–based decoding of neural responses to the position of the odd element revealed a neural configural-superiority effect in shape-selective regions but not in low-level retinotopic areas, where decoding of parts was more pronounced. These results show how at least some Gestalt phenomena in vision emerge only at the higher stages of visual information processing and suggest that feed-forward processing might be sufficient to produce such phenomena.
Experiments in Optimal Sensing for Situated Agents

The design of systems, or agents, situated in dynamic environments is of considerable practical and theoretical importance. In this paper, we describe experiments examining the e cacy of static sensing policies when the time cost of processing sensor information is signi cant. Extending the Tileworld experiments performed earlier by Kinny and George , we demonstrate that several expected features of sensing cost do arise in empirical tests. In particular, we observe that for a given sensing cost and degree of world dynamism, an optimal sensing rate exists, and we show how this optimal rate is a ected by changes in these parameters. A mathematical model describing the data is presented and used to predict optimal sensing rates. Our results indicate that static sensing policies can be successful, provided that the rate of change in the environment and the cost of sensor processing do not vary too greatly.
Implied Market Loss Given Default in the Czech Republic Structural-Model Approach

This paper focuses on the key credit risk parameter – Loss Given Default (LGD). We describe its general properties and determinants with respect to seniority of debt, characteristics of debtors and macroeconomic conditions. Furthermore, we illustrate how the LGD can be extracted from market observable information with help of the adjusted Mertonian structural approach. We present a derivation of the formula for the expected LGD and show its sensitivity with respect to other structural company parameters. Finally , we estimate the 5-year expected LGDs for companies listed on the Prague Stock Exchange and find that the average LGD for this analyzed sample is in the range of 20– –45 %. To the authors' knowledge, these are the first implied market estimates of LGD in the Czech Republic. 1. Introduction Awareness of credit risk has led to the development of procedures and mechanisms for determining the causality between the attributes and potential bankruptcy of a borrower. In the last decade, credit risk techniques have seen significant development concerning the estimation of risks and other parameters specifying possible losses. One of those parameters is Loss Given Default (LGD), expressing the percentage of an exposure which will be not recovered after a counterparty defaults. While the estimation of the probability of default (PD) has received considerable attention over the past 20 years, LGD has gained greater acceptance only in recent years, as the New Basel Accord identified it as one of the key risk parameters. Yet LGD modeling is still quite a new, open problem in credit risk management. LGD estimation is not straightforward because it depends on many driving factors, such as the seniority of the claim, the quality of collateral, and the state of the economy. Moreover , the insufficient database of realized LGDs makes it more difficult to develop accurate LGD estimates based on historical data. Hence, the extraction of LGDs for credit-sensitive securities based on market observable information is an important issue in the current credit risk area and may bring other improvements in credit risk management.
Efficient Multiview Stereo by Random-Search and Propagation

We present an efficient multi-view 3D reconstruction method based on randomization and propagation scheme. Our method progressively refines 3D point estimates by randomly perturbing the initial guess of 3D points and propagates photo-consistent ones to their neighbors. In contrast to previous refinement methods that perform local optimization for a better photo-consistency, our randomization approach takes lucky matchings for reducing the computational complexity. Experiments show favorable efficiency of the proposed method with the accuracy that is close to the state-of-the-art methods.
Coding of spatial attention priorities and object features in the macaque lateral intraparietal cortex

Primate posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is known to be involved in controlling spatial attention. Neurons in one part of the PPC, the lateral intraparietal area (LIP), show enhanced responses to objects at attended locations. Although many are selective for object features, such as the orientation of a visual stimulus, it is not clear how LIP circuits integrate feature‐selective information when providing attentional feedback about behaviorally relevant locations to the visual cortex. We studied the relationship between object feature and spatial attention properties of LIP cells in two macaques by measuring the cells' orientation selectivity and the degree of attentional enhancement while performing a delayed match‐to‐sample task. Monkeys had to match both the location and orientation of two visual gratings presented separately in time. We found a wide range in orientation selectivity and degree of attentional enhancement among LIP neurons. However, cells with significant attentional enhancement had much less orientation selectivity in their response than cells which showed no significant modulation by attention. Additionally, orientation‐selective cells showed working memory activity for their preferred orientation, whereas cells showing attentional enhancement also synchronized with local neuronal activity. These results are consistent with models of selective attention incorporating two stages, where an initial feature‐selective process guides a second stage of focal spatial attention. We suggest that LIP contributes to both stages, where the first stage involves orientation‐selective LIP cells that support working memory of the relevant feature, and the second stage involves attention‐enhanced LIP cells that synchronize to provide feedback on spatial priorities.
PTE: Enumerating Trillion Triangles On Distributed Systems

How can we enumerate triangles from an enormous graph with billions of vertices and edges? Triangle enumeration is an important task for graph data analysis with many applications including identifying suspicious users in social networks, detecting web spams, finding communities, etc. However, recent networks are so large that most of the previous algorithms fail to process them. Recently, several MapReduce algorithms have been proposed to address such large networks; however, they suffer from the massive shuffled data resulting in a very long processing time. In this paper, we propose PTE (Pre-partitioned Triangle Enumeration), a new distributed algorithm for enumerating triangles in enormous graphs by resolving the structural inefficiency of the previous MapReduce algorithms. PTE enumerates trillions of triangles in a billion scale graph by decreasing three factors: the amount of shuffled data, total work, and network read. Experimental results show that PTE provides up to 47 times faster performance than recent distributed algorithms on real world graphs, and succeeds in enumerating more than 3 trillion triangles on the ClueWeb12 graph with 6.3 billion vertices and 72 billion edges, which any previous triangle computation algorithm fail to process.
Emerging trends in earnings structures of couples in Europe

Are couples in Europe becoming more gender-equal? This short statistical paper examines two specific aspects of the question: (i) the emerging trends in couples’ earnings structure, and (ii) the extent to which more equal earnings relates to more equal domestic work contributions. We found a continued majority of male sole- or main-earners, but also a decline in this gender imbalance over the three year period. It is not yet known, however, whether this will ultimately be seen to have been driven by the economic crisis or to be part of a continuing trend towards more gender-equal couple earnings structures. This short statistical report is part of a series of reports on gender equality in the work force and reconciliation of work, family and private life. These reports have been commissioned by the Justice Directorate General of the European Commission. The study was jointly undertaken by RAND Europe and the University of Groningen. These reports should be of interest to policy makers and academics with an interest in improving gender equality in the work force and improving the compatibility of having a career in combination with a family and private life.
Spin-SILC: CMB polarization component separation with spin wavelets

We present Spin-SILC, a new foreground component separation method that accurately extracts the cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization E and B modes from raw multifrequency Stokes Q and U measurements of the microwave sky. Spin-SILC is an internal linear combination method that uses spin wavelets to analyse the spin-2 polarization signal P = Q + iU. The wavelets are additionally directional (non-axisymmetric). This allows different morphologies of signals to be separated and therefore the cleaning algorithm is localized using an additional domain of information. The advantage of spin wavelets over standard scalar wavelets is to simultaneously and self-consistently probe scales and directions in the polarization signal P = Q + iU and in the underlying E and B modes, therefore providing the ability to perform component separation and E–B decomposition concurrently for the first time. We test Spin-SILC on full-mission Planck simulations and data and show the capacity to correctly recover the underlying cosmological E and B modes. We also demonstrate a strong consistency of our CMB maps with those derived from existing component separation methods. Spin-SILC can be combined with the pseudo- and pure E–B spin wavelet estimators presented in a companion paper to reliably extract the cosmological signal in the presence of complicated sky cuts and noise. Therefore, it will provide a computationally efficient method to accurately extract the CMB E and B modes for future polarization experiments.
End-Stage Renal Disease and Renal Replacement Therapy in older Patients

As the world’s population continues to age, practitioners encounter increasing numbers of older patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who require renal replacement therapy (RRT). Conservative management may be considered in older patients and has been shown to offer comparable survival rates and hospital-free days to RRT patients. At present, for those who choose RRT, hemodialysis is the most commonly used modality. Many practitioners believe that peritoneal dialysis (PD), including assisted peritoneal dialysis, can be used safely in this population. Age is not a contra-indication to peritoneal dialysis, and a choice of modality should be offered to older patients. Assisted peritoneal dialysis has been used successfully in multiple regions without an increase in complication rates. Quality of life is an important issue for older patients with ESRD, and studies such as Broadening options for long-term Dialysis in the Elderly support the use of PD in older patients as it is associated with fewer fluctuations in symptoms of ESRD and less intrusion into people’s lives. This review discusses the appropriateness of initiating RRT in older patients, choices of modality, underutilization of PD in older patients, use of assisted PD, complication rates, and quality of life in these patients. overall, PD seems to be a safe and effective modality of RRT in older patients, and assisted PD can be used in patients with limited functional impairment.