Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Complete axiomatizations of the algebras of finite, rational and infinite trees

Complete axiomizations for the algebras of infinite trees and infinite trees are presented. The axiomizations are parameterized by the alphabet of function symbols for both the finite trees and infinite trees. There are two main cases, depending on whether the number of function symbols is finite or infinite. In the former case an extra axiom is necessary to obtain completeness. The method of proof is an elimination of quantifiers. Although a full elimination of quantifiers is not possible, the method forms the basis of decision procedures for the theories of the corresponding algebras. As a corollary to the results in infinite trees, the elementary equivalence of the algebra of rational trees and the algebra of infinite trees is obtained. <<ETX>>
An American transplant. The Rockefeller Foundation and Peking Union Medical College

century on. "For the first time doctors found themselves able to obtain significant results, and recognizing that these could lead to fame and renown, many more doctors began to attach importance to clinical work and, consequently, to the hygiene of hospitals. " The majority then preferred the pavilion plan. While cited, Florence Nightingale is upstaged. A further point is made that as soon as germs had been identified and sterilization introduced, doctors saw no advantage in the pavilion form over others, buildings being no longer considered instruments of cure. They advocated the less expensive high-rise hospitals and did what they could to siphon saved funds into medical technology and research. Nurses, meanwhile, clung to the pavilion for its ease of nursing supervision. Andrew Scull (professor of sociology) traces the Victorian lunatic asylum, "a convenient place to get rid of inconvenient people," from its idealistic beginnings in the early nineteenth century, when it was hoped that real cures might come from diagnosis, segregation, and classification of what had been the undifferentiated mad, homogenized within the general population. But the cure rate remained at about eight per cent, and well-meaning but ever larger asylums filled up with a backlog of incurables. What had been effective moral treatment for thirty patients at the York Retreat proved unworkable in state institutions housing two thousand. The plan of Claybury County Asylum speaks for itself, incidentally illustrating why the word "asylum", originally a refuge as in the words "grant asylum", was debased to "asylum" meaning "loony bin". The endless Italianate facade of Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, 1851, reinforces the sad text, as does an elevation of pavilions at Leavesden Woodside and Caterham, 1868, for the "efficient storage for pauper lunatics". "It is in respect to the very evils these institutions were designed to remedy that they are themselves conspicuously defective. " Scull grimly foresees that, overflowing with patients to this very day, the obsolete buildings will not easily be obliterated. He does not refer to a considerable dent in mental hospitalization recently made by psychotropic drugs. This beautiful book can be entered from many professional disciplines. Once within, professionals will enjoy a fresh breath of air if they wander across to the unknown areas: for physicians and medical historians this would mean to consider, perhaps for the first time, the development of the restaurant, the vacation house, or indeed architecture itself, the built environment. Grace Goldin Swarthmore, Pa. , U.S.A.
Comovement in business cycles and trade in intermediate goods.

Positive correlation between intermediate goods trade and business cycle comovement raises the question of causality. Existing theories propose the direction from trade to comovement, but don't explain positive correlation of trade with TFP comovement, also in the data. My model predicts both positive correlations, and explains potential causality in the reverse direction, i.e. countries might choose trade partners based on business cycle properties. There is greater benefit in trading with positively correlated sources and self-insuring through capital accumulation, when constrained by domestic technology. I provide empirical evidence of this condition by estimating the elasticity of substitution between capital and intermediates.
Heartbeat and Economic Decisions: Observing Mental Stress among Proposers and Responders in the Ultimatum Bargaining Game

The ultimatum bargaining game (UBG), a widely used method in experimental economics, clearly demonstrates that motives other than pure monetary reward play a role in human economic decision making. In this study, we explore the behaviour and physiological reactions of both responders and proposers in an ultimatum bargaining game using heart rate variability (HRV), a small and nonintrusive technology that allows observation of both sides of an interaction in a normal experimental economics laboratory environment. We find that low offers by a proposer cause signs of mental stress in both the proposer and the responder; that is, both exhibit high ratios of low to high frequency activity in the HRV spectrum.
Positron-Hydrogen Scattering , Annihilation , and Positronium Formation

In previous papers (Bhatia A.K. 2007, 2012) a hybrid theory for the scattering of electrons from a hydrogenic system was developed and applied to calculate scattering phase shifts, Feshbach resonances, and photoabsorption processes. This approach is now being applied to the scattering of positrons from hydrogen atoms. Very accurate phase shifts, using the Feshbach projection operator formalism, were calculated previously (Bhatia A.K. et al. 1971 and Bhatia et al. 1974a). The present results, obtained using shorter expansions in the correlation function, along with long-range correlations in the Schrödinger equation, agree very well with the results obtained earlier. The scattering length is also calculated and the present results are compared with the previous results. Annihilation cross-sections, and positronium formation cross-sections, calculated in the distorted-wave approximation, are also presented.
Automatic Image Filtering on Social Networks Using Deep Learning and Perceptual Hashing During Crises

The extensive use of social media platforms, especially during disasters, creates unique opportunities for humanitarian organizations to gain situational awareness and launch relief operations accordingly. In addition to the textual content, people post overwhelming amounts of imagery data on social networks within minutes of a disaster hit. Studies point to the importance of this online imagery content for emergency response. Despite recent advances in the computer vision field, automatic processing of the crisis-related social media imagery data remains a challenging task. It is because a majority of which consists of redundant and irrelevant content. In this paper, we present an image processing pipeline that comprises de-duplication and relevancy filtering mechanisms to collect and filter social media image content in real-time during a crisis event. Results obtained from extensive experiments on real-world crisis datasets demonstrate the significance of the proposed pipeline for optimal utilization of both human and machine computing resources.
Downregulation of TNF-α/TNF-R1 Signals by AT-Lipoxin A4 May Be a Significant Mechanism of Attenuation in SAP-Associated Lung Injury

Our previous studies verified the potent anti-inflammatory effects against severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) of AT-Lipoxin A4 and their analogues. However, the anti-inflammatory effects of AT-Lipoxin A4 on SAP-associated lung injury are not thoroughly known. We used western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and immunofluorescence to investigate the downregulation of TNF-α signals in cellular and animal models of SAP-associated lung injury following AT-Lipoxin A4 intervention. In vitro, we found that AT-Lipoxin A4 markedly suppressed protein expression in TNF-α signals in human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell, such as tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), TNF-R1-associated death domain (TRADD), receptor-interacting protein (RIP), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin. Moreover, AT-Lipoxin A4 inhibited downstream signals activated by TNF-α, including NF-κB/p65, JNK/MAPK, and ERK/MAPK. In vivo, AT-Lipoxin A4 significantly decreased pathological scores of the pancreas and lungs and the serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Immunofluorescence, western blotting, and real-time PCR assay showed that AT-Lipoxin A4 significantly attenuated the expression of TNF-R1, TRADD, TRAF2, and RIP in the lungs of SAP rats. In addition, the activation of NF-κB was also downregulated by AT-Lipoxin A4 administration as compared with SAP rats. AT-Lipoxin A4 could inhibit the production of proinflammatory mediators and activation of TNF-α downstream signals such as NF-κB and MAPK. Downregulation of TNF-α signals by AT-Lipoxin A4 may be a significant mechanism in the attenuation of SAP-associated lung injury.
Redescription of Milnesium alpigenum Ehrenberg, 1853 (Tardigrada: Apochela) and a description of Milnesium inceptum sp. nov., a tardigrade laboratory model.

Intra- and interspecific variability, being at the very core of alpha taxonomy, has been a long-standing topic of debate among tardigrade taxonomists. Early studies tended to assume that tardigrades exhibit wide intraspecific variation. However, with more careful morphological studies, especially those incorporating molecular tools that allow for an independent verification of species identifications based on phenotypic traits, we now recognise that ranges of tardigrade intraspecific variability are narrower, and that differences between species may be more subtle than previously assumed. The taxonomic history of the genus Milnesium, and more specifically that of the nominal species, M. tardigradum described by Doyère in 1840, is a good illustration of the evolution of views on intraspecific variability in tardigrades. The assumption of wide intraspecific variability in claw morphology led Marcus (1928) to synonymise two species with different claw configurations, M. alpigenum and M. quadrifidum, with M. tardigradum. Currently claw configuration is recognised as one of the key diagnostic traits in the genus Milnesium, and the two species suppressed by Marcus have recently been suggested to be valid. In this study, we clarify the taxonomic status of M. alpigenum, a species that for nearly a century was considered invalid. We redescribe M. alpigenum, using a population collected from the locus typicus, by the means of integrative taxonomy, i.e. including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, ontogenetic observations, and genetic barcoding. Moreover, the redescription of M. alpigenum allowed us to verify the uncertain taxonomic status of two popular laboratory models that were originally considered to be M. tardigradum; though one was recently reidentified as M. cf. alpigenum. Our analysis showed that both laboratory strains, despite being morphologically and morphometrically nearly identical to M. alpigenum, in fact represent a new species, M. inceptum sp. nov. The two species, being disnguishable only by statistical morphometry and/or DNA sequences, are the first example of pseudocryptic species in tardigrades.
Impact of curing protocol on the selected properties of a model bis-GMA/TEGDMA dental resin composite

This study investigated the impact of different photo-activation protocols on selected properties of a model composite formulated using bis-GMA/TEGDMA (1:1 mass ratio), camphorquinone/amine (1:2 mass ratio) and 75% of fillers. The protocols tested were: high-intensity continuous (HIC-500 mW cm−2 for 20 s), medium-intensity continuous (MIC-250 mW cm−2 for 40 s), low-intensity continuous (LIC-100 mW cm−2 for 100 s) and pulse-delay-1 min or 3 min (PD-1 min/3 min–100 mW cm−2 for 5 s + 1 or 3 min interval + 500 mW cm−2 for 19 s). Degree of conversion (DC) was evaluated using infrared spectroscopy. Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (FM) were measured in three-point bending mode. Cross-link density was estimated by calculating the swelling coefficient (α) after immersion in chloroform. All methods showed similar values for DC except for PD-1 min, which showed lower DC. HIC and MIC showed similar FS, but were both different than all of the other methods. All curing methods showed similar FM, except for HIC, which presented a different modulus. PD-3 min showed a different swelling than all of the remaining groups, while HIC showed the lowest swelling. A significant relationship was observed between swelling and both FS and FM. In conclusion, the HIC activation protocol generated polymers with properties at least similar, and sometimes improved, in comparison with the alternative protocols.
Health Care Workers and Standard Precautions: Perceptions and Determinants of Compliance in the Emergency and Trauma Triage of a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India

Background. Careful adherence to standard precautions can protect both health care workers (HCWs) and patients from infections. The present study identified the perceptions and compliance with the use of standard precautions and assessed the determinants of noncompliance among the HCWs in an emergency and trauma triage centre. Methods. A cross-sectional study using a semistructured questionnaire was carried out to collect the relevant information from the study participants. Results. A total of 162 HCWs were recruited into the study, who reported varying degrees of compliance with standard precautions. While most of them declared the use of hand rub (95%) and gloves (77%), reported use of protective eye gear and outer protective clothing was very low (22 and 28%, resp.). Despite a perceived risk of exposure to blood-borne infections, 8% of the HCWs had not completed the hepatitis B vaccination schedule. About 17% reported at least one needle stick injury in the past year but only 5.6% received medical attention. Conclusion. Inadequate adherence to standard precautions among health care providers warrants new training and monitoring strategies. Establishment of an effective occupational health cell incorporating these elements including periodic surveillance could be the way forward.
Pollen morphology of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia

The pollen morphology of four genera and 33 taxa of Lecythidaceae in Southeast Asia was investigated, including 26 taxa of Barringtonia , one taxon each of Careya and Chydenanthus , and five taxa of Planchonia to determine which, if any, taxonomically important characters were present and the implications they have for the systematics of the family. Acetolysed and unacetolysed pollen samples were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pollen grains were found to be monads, radially symmetrical, isopolar, small to medium-sized, syntricolpate or syntricolporate, prolate spheroidal, oblate spheroidal, subprolate, suboblate or spherical in shape with marginal ridges. Marginal grooves and polar cushions are commonly present in most species. The polar ectoaperture may be open or sealed. The mesocolpial sculpturing is perforate-reticulate. The colpial surface is smooth, with sparsely or densely scattered verrucae-gemmae and with clavate to pilate elements scattered or aligned in longitudinal rows. The results indicated that pollen morphological characters can be used for identification and classification of some closely related species in the genus Barringtonia .
Potential Rates of Fermentation in Digesta from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Pigs: Effect of Feeding Fermented Liquid Feed

ABSTRACT Microbial catabolic capacity in digesta from the gastrointestinal tract of pigs fed either dry feed or fermented liquid feed (FLF) was determined with the PhenePlate multisubstrate system. The in vitro technique was modified to analyze the kinetics of substrate catabolism mediated by the standing stock of enzymes (potential rates of fermentation), allowing a quantitative evaluation of the dietary effect on the catabolic capacity of the microbiota. In total, the potential rates of fermentation were significantly reduced in digesta from the large intestine (cecum, P < 0.1; colon, P < 0.01; and rectum, P < 0.0001) of pigs fed FLF compared to pigs fed dry feed. No effect of diet was observed in the stomach (P = 0.71) or the distal part of the small intestine (P = 0.97). The highest rates of fermentation and the most significant effect of diet were observed for readily fermentable carbohydrates like maltose, sucrose, and lactose. Feeding FLF to pigs also led to a reduction in the large intestine of the total counts of anaerobic bacteria in general and lactic acid bacteria specifically, as well as of microbial activity, as determined by the concentration of ATP and short-chain fatty acids. The low-molecular-weight carbohydrates were fermented mainly to lactic acid in the FLF before being fed to the animals. This may have limited microbial nutrient availability in the digesta reaching the large intestine of pigs fed FLF and may have caused the observed reduction in activity and density of the cecal and colonic microbial population. On the other hand, feeding FLF to pigs reduced the viable counts of coliform bacteria (indicator of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) most profoundly in the stomach and the distal part of the small intestine, probably due to the bactericidal effect of lactic acid and low pH. The results presented clearly demonstrate that feeding FLF to pigs had a great impact on the indigenous microbiota, as reflected in bacterial numbers, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and substrate utilization. However, completely different mechanisms may be involved in the proximal and the distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract. The present study illustrates the utility of the PhenePlate system for quantifying the catabolic capacity of the indigenous gastrointestinal tract microbiota.
Behavioural interventions to reduce sexual risk for HIV in heterosexual couples: a meta-analysis

Objectives The current study was conducted to synthesise evaluations of couple-based HIV prevention interventions, assess the efficacy of these interventions in reducing sexual risk, and identify moderators of intervention efficacy. Methods A comprehensive literature search identified 29 interventions (22 reports; N=5168 couples) that met the inclusion criteria, including enrolment of both members of a heterosexual couple, measurement of condom use at baseline and follow-up, and sufficient statistical information to calculate effect sizes. Effect sizes were analysed using fixed-effects and random-effects assumptions; factors related to intervention efficacy were identified using metaregression. Results Overall, there were significant increases in condom use from baseline to follow-up (d+=0.78, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.09) and significant decreases in partner concurrency (d+=0.37, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.60). Condom use increased to a greater extent when studies were conducted toward the beginning of the epidemic, were located in countries scoring lower on the Human Development Index, enrolled serodiscordant couples, and delivered intervention content in multiple contexts. Couples who had been together longer, reported higher incidence of sexually transmitted infection, were provided voluntary counselling and testing, and provided outcome measures during face-to-face interviews also reported larger increases in condom use. Conclusions Couple-based interventions are efficacious in reducing unprotected sex within the context of romantic relationships. Future research should continue to improve risk reduction for couples.
Senior residents’ perceived need of and preferences for “smart home” sensor technologies

Objectives: The goal of meeting the desire of older adults to remain independent in their home setting while controlling healthcare costs has led to the conceptualization of “smart homes. ” A smart home is a residence equipped with technology that enhances safety of residents and monitors their health conditions. The study aim is to assess older adults’ perceptions of specific smart home technologies (i.e., a bed sensor, gait monitor, stove sensor, motion sensor, and video sensor). Methods: The study setting is TigerPlace, a retirement community designed according to the Aging in Place model. Focus group sessions with fourteen residents were conducted to assess perceived advantages and concerns associated with specific applications, and preferences for recipients of sensor-generated information pertaining to residents’ activity levels, sleep patterns and potential emergencies. Sessions were audio-taped; tapes were transcribed, and a content analysis was performed. Results: A total of fourteen older adults over the age of 65 participated in three focus group sessions Most applications were perceived as useful, and participants would agree to their installation in their own home. Preference for specific sensors related to sensors’ appearance and residents’ own level of frailty and perceived need. Specific concerns about privacy were raised. Conclusions: The findings indicate an overall positive attitude toward sensor technologies for nonobtrusive monitoring. Researchers and practitioners are called upon to address ethical and technical challenges in this emerging domain.
Long-term effects of secukinumab on MRI findings in relation to clinical efficacy in subjects with active ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study

Introduction A 28-week study suggested efficacy of the anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody secukinumab in active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). MRI-assessed inflammation was reduced at weeks 6, 28. Objective To analyse the longer-term effects of secukinumab on MRI inflammatory and non-inflammatory spinal lesions in relation to its clinical efficacy in subjects with active AS. Methods Spinal MRI results (baseline, week 94) for 13 subjects with AS initially treated with secukinumab 2×10 mg/kg intravenously (n=10) or placebo (n=3) and receiving a secukinumab maintenance dose of 3 mg/kg IV every 4 weeks up to week 94 were evaluated by the Berlin score; inflammatory/non-inflammatory (fatty) changes were assessed at vertebral edges (VEs). Results were compared with clinical outcomes. Results Most of the 13 subjects assessed at week 94 had sustained clinical responses: 8 (62%) achieved Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society 20% (ASAS20), including 6 (46%) achieving ASAS40 responses, corresponding to 75% and 83% reductions in the Berlin score, respectively. In the 10 subjects treated with secukinumab throughout the study period, 79/91 (87%) inflammatory VEs at baseline resolved by week 94; new fatty lesions occurred in 39/796 (4.9%) of VEs; 87/124 (70%) VEs with fatty lesions at baseline remained unchanged; 30% were no longer visible. Conclusions In this pilot study, secukinumab treatment up to 2 years yielded sustained clinical improvement accompanied by regression of spinal inflammation. The impact of secukinumab on the development of fatty changes and bone formation in AS will be assessed in larger trials. Trial registration number This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00809159.
Evaluation of the cross-reactivity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 on seven commercial immunoassays on native samples

Introduction: In serum, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) can be found in two forms, namely 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3. We recently published a mathematical method to estimate the 25(OH)D2 recovery without spiking the samples. Since then, new “total” vitamin D immunoassays have appeared on the market (Roche “Total” vitamin D, Siemens Centaur vitamin D “total”, “total” vitamin D on DiaSorin Liaison XL, Abbott Architect Vitamin D). We aimed to study the 25(OH)D2 recovery of these new immunoassays and re-evaluate the cross-reactivity of previously studied assays (IDS iSYS Vitamin D and DiaSorin RIA).