Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When Synchronizing to Rhythms Is Not a Good Thing: Modulations of Preparatory and Post-Target Neural Activity When Shifting Attention Away from On-Beat Times of a Distracting Rhythm

Environmental rhythms potently drive predictive resource allocation in time, typically leading to perceptual and motor benefits for on-beat, relative to off-beat, times, even if the rhythmic stream is not intentionally used. In two human EEG experiments, we investigated the behavioral and electrophysiological expressions of using rhythms to direct resources away from on-beat times. This allowed us to distinguish goal-directed attention from the automatic capture of attention by rhythms. The following three conditions were compared: (1) a rhythmic stream with targets appearing frequently at a fixed off-beat position; (2) a rhythmic stream with targets appearing frequently at on-beat times; and (3) a nonrhythmic stream with matched target intervals. Shifting resources away from on-beat times was expressed in the slowing of responses to on-beat targets, but not in the facilitation of off-beat targets. The shifting of resources was accompanied by anticipatory adjustment of the contingent negative variation (CNV) buildup toward the expected off-beat time. In the second experiment, off-beat times were jittered, resulting in a similar CNV adjustment and also in preparatory amplitude reduction of beta-band activity. Thus, the CNV and beta activity track the relevance of time points and not the rhythm, given sufficient incentive. Furthermore, the effects of task relevance (appearing in a task-relevant vs irrelevant time) and rhythm (appearing on beat vs off beat) had additive behavioral effects and also dissociable neural manifestations in target-evoked activity: rhythm affected the target response as early as the P1 component, while relevance affected only the later N2 and P3. Thus, these two factors operate by distinct mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Rhythmic streams are widespread in our environment, and are typically conceptualized as automatic, bottom-up resource attractors to on-beat times—preparatory neural activity peaks at rhythm-on-beat times and behavioral benefits are seen to on-beat compared with off-beat targets. We show that this behavioral benefit is reversed when targets are more frequent at off-beat compared with on-beat times, and that preparatory neural activity, previously thought to be driven by the rhythm to on-beat times, is adjusted toward off-beat times. Furthermore, the effect of this relevance-based shifting on target-evoked brain activity was dissociable from the automatic effect of rhythms. Thus, rhythms can act as cues for flexible resource allocation according to the goal relevance of each time point, instead of being obligatory resource attractors.
Some observations on quantifier floating in Japanese

Quantifier Floating (QF) in Japanese has been claimed to be a relational rule (Postal (1976)), non-relational (Shibatani (1977)), or partially relational (Inoue (1978), Kuno (1978)). The necessary for and, more strongly, the possibility of a rule ofQFhas been questioned by Inoue (1978) and Kitagawa (1980). QF is partially relational, but, since it can apply to some non-terms and cannot apply to some unusually case-marked subjects, not entirely so. Moreover, it appears to be governed by the precision of the quantifier it is applied to and by word order — a surprising finding since, except for a strict verb final condition, Japanese is generally considered to have a relatively free word order. The word order restrictions and separation of the apparent effects of QF into those of QF proper and those of scrambling rules help to unify a number of seemingly unrelated facts about QF. This separation is strongly supported by arguments regarding quantifier interpretation. It is shown that objections raised by Inoue (1978) to the existence ofQF stem from a general word order requirement of Japanese and are not compelling. Arguments in Kitagawa (1980) for denying QF fail to support his contention but, instead, support a transformational approach to QF. Quantifier Floating (QF) is a rule which has been proposed to derive (Ib) and (Ic) from (la). * (1) a. Yonin no otoko-no-ko ga syokudoo de mesi o tabeta. four boys dining hall at food ate Tour boys ate in the dining hall'. b. Otoko-no-ko ga yonin syokudoo de mesi o tabeta. c. Otoko-no-ko ga syokudoo de yonin mesi ο tabeta. It has been pointed out by Kuno (1978). Okutsu (1969, 1974), and Linguistics 18 (1980), 1065-1083. 0024-3949/80/0018-1065 $2.00 © Mouton Publishers, The Hague /
Forms of Exchange: Education, Economics and the Neglect of Social Contingency

Economics is privileged in contemporary government policy such that all human transactions are seen as economic forms of exchange. Education has been discursively restructured according to the logic of the market, with education policy being increasingly colonised by economic policy imperatives. This paper explores some of the consequences of this re-framing which draws upon metaphors from industrial and business domains. This paper examines a significant dimension of teaching that currently has marginal presence in official discourse: social contingency. We argue that social contingency is characterised by a variety of distinctive features that include unpredictability, relationality and ethical demands. The significance of social contingency is highlighted by a comparison with industrial production, which is organisationally contingent, and craft production, which is characterised as materially contingent. We argue that the different nature of contingency in these domains makes them inappropriate as metaphors for teaching. We explore the nature of social contingency and some of the practical and ethical consequences of the failure to articulate this in official discourse. Its absence in such discourse is illustrated by consideration of competence statements in the Initial Teacher Education context. We argue that the neglect of social contingency is founded on assumptions of teacher sovereignty that are both philosophically and ethically unsustainable.
High Affinity Streptococcal Binding to Human Fibronectin Requires Specific Recognition of Sequential F1 Modules*

Fibronectin (Fn) binding by the Streptococcus pyogenes protein SfbI has been shown to trigger integrin-dependent internalization of this pathogen by human epithelial and endothelial cells. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry in a dissection approach, the basis for the specificity and high affinity of the interaction between the N-terminal domain of Fn and SfbI is revealed. Each of the five Fn type 1 modules is directly involved in the interaction and is recognized by short consecutive motifs within the repeat region of SfbI. Crucially, these motifs must be combined in the correct order to form a high affinity ligand for the N-terminal domain of Fn.
A Neutron Star with a Massive Progenitor in Westerlund 1

We report the discovery of an X-ray pulsar in the young, massive Galactic star cluster Westerlund 1. We detected a coherent signal from the brightest X-ray source in the cluster, CXO J164710.2-455216, during two Chandra observations on 2005 May 22 and June 18. The period of the pulsar is 10.6107(1) s. We place an upper limit to the period derivative of < 2 × 10-10 s s-1, which implies that the spin-down luminosity is ≤ 3 × 1033 ergs s-1. The X-ray luminosity of the pulsar is LX ≈ 3 × 1033(D/5 kpc)2 ergs s-1, and the spectrum can be described by a kT = 0.61 keV blackbody with a radius of Rbb = 0.27 ± 0.03(D/5 kpc) km. Deep infrared observations reveal no counterpart with K < 18.5, which rules out a binary companion with M > 1 M☉. Taken together, the properties of the pulsar indicate that it is a magnetar. The rarity of slow X-ray pulsars and the position of CXO J164710.2-455216 only 1. ′6 from the core of Westerlund 1 indicates that it is a member of the cluster with >99.97% confidence. Westerlund 1 contains 07 V stars with initial masses Mi ≈ 35 M☉ and >50 post-main-sequence stars that indicate the cluster is 4 ± 1 Myr old. Therefore, the progenitor to this pulsar had an initial mass Mi > 40 M☉. This is the most secure result among a handful of observational limits to the masses of the progenitors to neutron stars.
Elemental Uptake in Relation to Root Characteristics of Tall Fescue #

Abstract HiMag, an accession of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), was selected for high magnesium (Mg) concentration in leaves to reduce grass tetany risk to ruminants. However, the mechanism for enhanced Mg uptake in HiMag leaves has not been determined. The objective was to investigate if increased Mg uptake in HiMag could be explained by differences in elemental distribution among plant parts, root characteristics, or organic acid concentrations compared to its parental cultivars, “Kentucky 31” (KY31) and “Missouri 96” (MO96). The study was conducted on a surface-irrigated calcareous Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid). Vegetation and soil cores of 7.6-cm diameter were sampled to a 45-cm soil depth in 15-cm increments. Mass and ash were determined for leaves, crowns, and roots. Leaf area, root length, root area, root length density, elemental concentration, and uptake [potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Mg, sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P)], and malate and citrate concentrations also were determined. Leaf Mg concentration was higher in HiMag than parental cultivars. HiMag generally did not differ in crown and root elemental concentrations from its parents. Risk of causing grass tetany, indicated by leaf K/(Ca + Mg), was lower in HiMag than KY31 and MO96 in both 1994 (P = 0.03) and 1995 (P = 0.01). Root length, area, and mass were not related to cation concentrations in the three tall fescue accessions, suggesting that HiMag may have an active uptake or transport mechanism for Mg. #University of Idaho Ag. Expt. Sta. No. 01709.
Do Color-Deficient Observers Take Longer to Complete a Color-Related Task?

Purpose. Previous research has shown that observers with congenital red-green color vision deficiencies (color-deficient) have longer reaction and response times in making color-related judgments compared with individuals with normal color vision (color-normals). The objectives of this study were to determine how much longer color-deficient observers take to complete a visual display terminal (VDT) based color naming test without imposed time constraints, whether there was any correlation between error rate and time to complete the task, to determine the effect of familiarity on the time to complete the task, and whether the completion times were correlated with the anomaloscope or Farnsworth D-15. Methods. The VDT task requires individuals to identify colors used to code information in a railway dispatcher display. The test typically takes 8 to 10 min to complete. Eighty-one color-normals and 41 color-deficient observers participated. The total number of errors and time to complete the test were recorded. There were two sessions separated by ∼2 weeks. The color-deficient group was divided into those that passed the test and those that failed. Pass/fail criteria for the color naming test was established based on the number and types of color-normal errors. Results. The time to complete the task for the color-deficient group who passed was 14% longer than color-normals. Color-deficient observers who failed took 29% longer than color-normals. Mean times to complete the task at the second session were significantly faster (18%) for all three groups with the reduction in time approximately equal across the groups. There was no significant correlation between the number of errors and time to complete or the clinical tests and completion times for any of the three groups. Conclusions. In general, color-deficient observers required more time to the complete the color identification test than color-normals. Although color-deficient observers who failed the VDT test took the longest, there was no correlation between time and the number of errors for any of the subject groups.
Living with Oil: Towards an Ethics of the Environment in the Niger Delta

The vital issues and problems of sustaining the environment for the ever expanding population of mankind are as philosophical as they are ethical. Scholars have in various ways agreed that the issues of resource allocation and the responsibility for both human and non-human components of nature are indeed wholly ethical. However, in the Niger Delta of Nigeria, where the resources that cater for whole nation are tapped or come from, the ethical dimensions have not been deeply investigated, applied or considered towards solving the multifarious crisis that have engulfed that region. The major factor of this crisis is the prevalence of disaffected youths in the area who are involved in militant activism to redress perceived injustice done to them and their environment. Majority of these youths were born and grew up under the military era and so have internalized the culture of violence. Since the amalgamation of 1914, what emerged as the Niger Delta has received wider attention and witnessed more crisis. The problem here is a complex one as it involves human and non –human components that have been exploited, despoiled and depraved. So, it is necessary that an ethical approach be adopted to attempt to proffer solutions to the Niger Delta crisis what we intend to do in this work therefore is to evolve an ethics of the Niger Delta environment which is aimed at looking at the moral angle of the problems as a way of providing solutions. Key Words: Living, Oil, Ethics, Environment
Evaluation of an experimental midwife-led unit in Scotland

This paper reports on the outcome of pregnancy among 3322 low-risk women managed in an 'experimental midwife-led unit' at Forth Park Hospital, Kirkcaldy, Scotland. All women were allocated to receive midwife-led antenatal and intrapartum care. Of the 3322 women, 1786 were nulliparous and 1536 were parous. Of the 1786 nulliparous women, 532 (30%) were transferred to consultant care antepartum, 488 (27%) were transferred intrapartum and the remaining 766 (43%) were delivered in the midwife-led unit (MLU). Of the 1536 multiparous women, 343 (22%) were transferred to consultant care antepartum, 158 (10%) were transferred intrapartum and the remaining 1035 (68%) were delivered in the MLU. Among the intrapartum transfer group, 14% delivered during the first hour after the decision to transfer and another 14% gave birth during the second hour (28% between 0-2 hours). More than half of the women transferred during the second stage delivered within the first hour. Of the 2447 admitted to the MLU, 32% were seen by obstetric team on more than one occasion. Of the 1801 babies delivered in the MLU, 9% required resuscitation and 2% of all the babies were admitted to the special care baby unit. This study suggests that present antenatal criteria are unable to determine who will remain at low risk throughout pregnancy and labour, especially among nulliparous women. The clinical situation could change adversely during labour, requiring the involvement of medical staff. Commissioners of maternity services may wish to utilise these data to formulate local protocols for stand-alone midwife-led units.
Gene Expression Pattern in Caco-2 Cells following Rotavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Rotaviruses are recognized as the leading cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants and young children worldwide. Preventive and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to fight this pathogen. In tissue culture and in vivo, rotavirus induces structural and functional alterations in the host cell. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the events after rotavirus infection, we identified host cellular genes whose mRNA levels changed after infection. For this analysis, we used microarrays containing more than 38,000 human cDNAs to study the transcriptional response of the human intestinal cell line Caco-2 to rotavirus infection. We found that 508 genes were differentially regulated >2-fold at 16 h after rotavirus infection, and only one gene was similarly regulated at 1 h postinfection. Of these transcriptional changes, 73% corresponded to the upregulation of genes, with the majority of them occurring late, at 12 or more hours postinfection. Some of the regulated genes were classified according to known biological function and included genes encoding integral membrane proteins, interferon-regulated genes, transcriptional and translational regulators, and calcium metabolism-related genes. A new picture of global transcriptional regulation in the infected cell is presented and families of genes which may be involved in viral pathogenesis are discussed.
Processing reflexives in a second language: The timing of structural and discourse-level constraints

ABSTRACT We report the results from two eye-movement monitoring experiments examining the processing of reflexive pronouns by proficient German-speaking learners of second language (L2) English. Our results show that the nonnative speakers initially tried to link English argument reflexives to a discourse-prominent but structurally inaccessible antecedent, thereby violating binding condition A. Our native speaker controls, in contrast, showed evidence of applying condition A immediately during processing. Together, our findings show that L2 learners’ initial focusing on a structurally inaccessible antecedent cannot be due to first language influence and is also independent of whether the inaccessible antecedent c-commands the reflexive. This suggests that unlike native speakers, nonnative speakers of English initially attempt to interpret reflexives through discourse-based coreference assignment rather than syntactic binding.
Approximately Stable, School Optimal, and Student-Truthful Many-to-One Matchings (via Differential Privacy)

We present a mechanism for computing asymptotically stable school optimal matchings, while guaranteeing that it is an asymptotic dominant strategy for every student to report their true preferences to the mechanism. Our main tool in this endeavor is differential privacy: we give an algorithm that coordinates a stable matching using differentially private signals, which lead to our truthfulness guarantee. This is the first setting in which it is known how to achieve nontrivial truthfulness guarantees for students when computing school optimal matchings, assuming worst-case preferences (for schools and students) in large markets.
The Role of Finger Representations and Saccades for Number Processing: An fMRI Study in Children

A possible functional role of finger representations for the development of early numerical cognition has been the subject of recent debate; however, until now, only behavioral studies have directly supported this view. Working from recent models of number processing, we focused on the neural networks involved in numerical tasks and their relationship to the areas underlying finger representations and saccades in children aged 6–12 years. We were able to differentiate three parietal circuits that were related to distinct aspects of number processing. Abstract magnitude processing was subserved by an association area also activated by saccades and visually guided finger movements. Addition processes led to activation in an area only engaged during saccade encoding, whereas counting processes resulted in the activation of an area only activated during visually guided finger movements, namely in the anterior intraparietal sulcus. Apart from this area, a large network of specifically finger-related brain areas including the ventral precentral sulcus, supplementary motor area, dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex, insula, thalamus, midbrain, and cerebellum was activated during (particularly non-symbolic) exact addition but not during magnitude comparison. Moreover, a finger-related activation cluster in the right ventral precentral sulcus was only present during non-symbolic addition and magnitude comparison, but not during symbolic number processing tasks. We conclude that finger counting may critically mediate the step from non-symbolic to symbolic and exact number processing via somatosensory integration processes and therefore represents an important example of embodied cognition.
Impacts of plant diversity on biomass production increase through time because of species complementarity

Accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted a growing number of researchers to manipulate the richness of various groups of organisms and examine how this aspect of diversity impacts ecological processes that control the functioning of ecosystems. We summarize the results of 44 experiments that have manipulated the richness of plants to examine how plant diversity affects the production of biomass. We show that mixtures of species produce an average of 1.7 times more biomass than species monocultures and are more productive than the average monoculture in 79% of all experiments. However, in only 12% of all experiments do diverse polycultures achieve greater biomass than their single most productive species. Previously, a positive net effect of diversity that is no greater than the most productive species has been interpreted as evidence for selection effects, which occur when diversity maximizes the chance that highly productive species will be included in and ultimately dominate the biomass of polycultures. Contrary to this, we show that although productive species do indeed contribute to diversity effects, these contributions are equaled or exceeded by species complementarity, where biomass is augmented by biological processes that involve multiple species. Importantly, both the net effect of diversity and the probability of polycultures being more productive than their most productive species increases through time, because the magnitude of complementarity increases as experiments are run longer. Our results suggest that experiments to date have, if anything, underestimated the impacts of species extinction on the productivity of ecosystems.
Delayed rt-PA Treatment in a Rat Embolic Stroke Model: Diagnosis and Prognosis of Ischemic Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

The authors characterized effects of late recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) administration in a rat embolic stroke model with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to assess potential MRI correlates, or predictors, or both, of rt-PA–induced hemorrhage. Diffusion-, perfusion-, and postcontrast T1 -weighted MRI were performed between 4 and 9 hours and at 24 hours after embolic stroke in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Treatment with either rt-PA or saline was started 6 hours after stroke. A spectrophotometric hemoglobin assay quantified hemorrhage severity. Before treatment, relative cerebral blood flow index (rCBFi) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the ischemic territory were 30% ± 23% and 60% ± 5% (of contralateral), respectively, which increased to 45% ± 39% and 68% ± 4% 2 hours after rt-PA. After 24 hours, rCBFi and ADC were 27% ± 27% and 59 ± 5%. Hemorrhage volume after 24 hours was significantly greater in rt-PA–treated animals than in controls (8.7 ± 3.7 μL vs. 5.1 ± 2.4 μL, P < 0.05). Before rt-PA administration, clear postcontrast T1 -weighted signal intensity enhancement was evident in areas of subsequent bleeding. These areas had lower rCBFi levels than regions without hemorrhage (23% ± 22% vs. 36% ± 29%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, late thrombolytic therapy does not necessarily lead to successful reperfusion. Hemorrhage emerged in areas with relatively low perfusion levels and early blood–brain barrier damage. Magnetic resonance imaging may be useful for quantifying effects of thrombolytic therapy and predicting risks of hemorrhagic transformation.