Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Autonomous Language Learning: The teachers' perspectives

This paper reports on a large-scale study on learner autonomy in language learning carried out with students and English teachers at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University in Hong Kong. It focuses on the teachers' views of their roles and responsibilities, their assessment of their students' decision-making abilities and the autonomous language learning activities that they have encouraged their students to take up. Generally, teachers perceive themselves to be more responsible for the methodological aspects of language learning, and for motivating their students to be responsible for assessing and evaluating their learning. However, they consider themselves less responsible for their engagement in outside class activities and their progress out of class. The paper will conclude with the pedagogical implications of such findings on the development of learner autonomy at tertiary level in Hong Kong.
Understanding the Battered Woman Who Kills her Violent Partner — The Admissibility of Expert Evidence of Domestic Violence in Australia

This article aims to challenge the traditional way in which evidence of the accused's personal history is presented and constructed in cases where battered women kill and rely on self-defence. Although an accused (and other witnesses) may provide an account of the history of violence and her lack of alternatives other than the use of force, the potential message of reasonable necessity that this evidence might convey is usually not realised. It is contended that the current evidentiary framework of “battered woman syndrome” (BWS) relied on for the presentation of “expert evidence” to educate judges and juries in cases where women kill their violent partners works against the efforts of defence counsel to make apparent the reality of the accused's situation. In this article, a fundamental shift from BWS evidence (with or without accompanying social framework evidence) to the reception of social framework evidence in its own right is proposed. This conceptual change aims to open the way for the legal system to think more creatively about the relevance of specific evidence relating to the personal experiences of the accused that is presented in cases where women kill their violent partners.
Examining the functions and identities associated with English and Korean in South Korea: a linguistic landscape study

This study focuses on the linguistic landscape (LL) of Seoul, South Korea and, via the examination of bottom-up public signage in areas of different functions, the study aims to elucidate the functions of English and Korean in the society, and how they relate to the statuses and ideologies associated with the two languages. Special attention is paid to the distinction between information-giving and decorative signs, especially for signs containing English, as it will potentially reveal whether English plays a communicative or symbolic function in South Korea. By paying attention to sign content and the different establishment types in the sign coding method, this paper argues that the linguistic landscape of Seoul reflects the city’s careful and calculated use of English and Korean to mark different identities. The findings suggest that both English and Korean in South Korea have symbolic and commercial value and the LL in South Korea has become increasingly commodified in nature.
The chloride–bicarbonate exchanger pendrin is increased in the kidney of the pregnant rat

What is the central question of this study? Pregnancy requires a robust plasma volume expansion driven by renal sodium retention. In the late‐pregnant kidney, the aldosterone‐responsive epithelial Na+ channel is increased, whereas the sodium–chloride cotransporter is decreased. Pendrin has been shown to support sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron and compensate for loss of the sodium–chloride cotransporter. We investigated the expression and abundance of pendrin in the pregnant kidney. What is the main finding and its importance? Pendrin protein, apical localization and thiazide sensitivity are increased in pregnancy. This implicates a possible role for pendrin in supporting the renal sodium chloride reabsorption and plasma volume expansion of pregnancy.
Job Enrichment and Job Satisfaction in Greenfield and Redesign QWL Sites

QWL programs were introduced at five petrochemical plants in the chemical valley complex in Lambton County, Ontario: three at newly constructed or greenfield sites and two at redesigned, existing sites. A random-sample survey of job enrichment and job satisfaction was conducted among blue-collar workers at each of the QWL sites and at traditional, unchanged petrochemical sites. Comparisons between employees in QWL and traditional sites showed no differences on various aspects of either perceived job enrichment or job satisfaction. However, comparisons between employees at greenfield and redesign sites showed several significant differences. It was concluded that there is greater potential for successful introduction of QWL programs at greenfield sites than at redesign sites and that a job-enrichment ceiling for QWL programs may exist in technologically intensive, continuous process production systems such as at petrochemical plants. Some unanticipated effects of QWL programs were also noted in that employees at redesign sites had lower satisfaction with job security and employees at greenfield sites had lower satisfaction with compensation.
A Correlation between Inclination and Color in the Classical Kuiper Belt

We have measured broadband optical BVR photometry of 24 classical and scattered Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), approximately doubling the published sample of colors for these classes of objects. We find a statistically significant correlation between object color and inclination in the classical Kuiper belt using our data. The color and inclination correlation increases in significance after the inclusion of additional data points culled from all published works. Apparently, this color and inclination correlation has not been more widely reported because the Plutinos show no such correlation and thus have been a major contaminant in previous samples. The color and inclination correlation excludes simple origins of color diversity, such as the presence of a coloring agent without regard to dynamical effects. Unfortunately, our current knowledge of the Kuiper belt precludes us from understanding whether the color and inclination trend is due to environmental factors, such as collisional resurfacing, or primordial population effects. A perihelion and color correlation is also evident, although this appears to be a spurious correlation induced by sampling bias, as perihelion and inclination are correlated in the observed sample of KBOs.
Group Rebellion in the 1980s

The authors evaluate the ability of four theoretical approaches to account for the occurrence and severity of group rebellion in the 1980s. These explanations for rebellion are state responses and capabilities, relative deprivation, diffusion, and rational actor. Results indicate that relative deprivation and rational actor explanations were most important in accounting for the occurrence of group rebellion. On the other hand, state responses and capabilities and relative deprivation were the best explanations for the level of group rebellion.
Summer camping

This study explored the influence of core-consumption experience on the nostalgia intensity, word-of-mouth activity and revisit intentions of Greek summer campers. An online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. The link for the online survey was posted on the Facebook fan pages of some of the most popular Greek campsites. Results suggested that core-consumption experience strongly affects nostalgia felt by campers, which in turn influences campers’ word-of-mouth activity, praise, and revisit intentions. Based on the findings, marketers should carefully design and manage campers’ experiences in order to enhance nostalgia, leading to an increase in campers’ word-of-mouth recommendations and loyalty.
How The Future Orientation of Traditional Israeli Palestinian Girls Links Beliefs about Women's Roles and Academic Achievement

A model in which future orientation links perceived fathers' and girls' beliefs about traditional women's roles and academic achievement was tested on data collected from traditional Israeli Palestinian girls (N = 295) attending a Moslem all-girl senior high school. LISREL analyses estimated two empirical models pertaining to educational and family future orientation. The estimated models showed that fathers' perceived beliefs were directly linked to academic achievement and future orientation partially mediated the relationships between girls' beliefs about women's roles and academic achievement. Girls' beliefs were negatively linked to the educational future orientation and positively linked to the family future orientation, and the educational model explained a larger percent of the variance of academic achievement than did the family model.
A qualitative study on the initiation into injection drug use: Necessary and background processes

Previous literature has identified several factors associated with the initiation of injection drug use; we add to this literature by focussing on the biological, psychosocial, socio-cultural and socio-structural processes that play a role in injection initiation. We identified three necessary processes. Firstly, one must already have developed a conception of drugs as creating desired effects. Secondly, initiation is born out of a social context through interaction with injection drug users. Lastly, the medical mismanagement of pain was a necessary process for a small number of participants. This article also sheds some light on how and why such necessary processes develop. In general, the majority of the participants indicated backgrounds of intense psychosocial and socio-structural hardship. An unstable family life, childhood abuse and environments where drug use is prominent all helped to reinforce a sense of inevitability in some participants.
Isolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid opening in the new-born animal.

During the course of our studies on the nerve growth-promoting protein of the submaxillary gland of the mouse (1,2). it was noted that the daily injection of partially purified extracts of the salivary gland into new-born mice resulted in a number of gross anatomical changes in addition to the previously reported effects on the nerve cells. These were (a) precocious opening of the eyelids (as early as 7 days instead of the usual 12 to 14 days), (b) precocious eruption of the teeth (at 6 to 7 days instead of the normal 8 to 10 days), and (c) a marked stunting of the animals with an inhibition of hair growth. We are reporting here the isolation of the factor responsible for the earlier development of the incisors and eyelids. The tooth-lid factor is a heat-stable, nondialysable, antigenic protein, whose most distinctive chemical characteristic is the absence of phenylalanine and lysine. The injection of 0.5 pg per 1.5 g of body weight per day of tooth-lid factor into new-born mice or rats produces a demonstrable biological effect.
Clinical significance of knowledge about the structure, function, and impairments of working memory

A review of contemporary research on the working memory system (WMS) is important, both due to the need to focus the discussion on further necessary investigations on the structure and function of this key part of the human brain, as well as to share this knowledge with clinicians. In our introduction we try to clarify the actual terminology and provide an intuitively understandable model for 3 basic cognitive operations: perception, recognition, imagery, and manipulation of recalled mental images. We emphasize the importance of knowledge of the structure and function of the WMS for the possibility to demonstrate the links between genetic polymorphisms and the prevalence to some mental disorders. We also review current knowledge of working memory dysfunction in the most common diseases and specific clinical situations such as maturation and aging. Finally, we briefly discuss methods for assessment of WMS capacity. This article establishes a kind of compendium of knowledge for clinicians who are not familiar with the structure and operation of the WMS.
Formal analysis of electronic exams

Universities and other educational organizations are adopting computer and Internet-based assessment tools (herein called e-exams) to reach widespread audiences. While this makes examination tests more accessible, it exposes them to new threats. At present, there are very few strategies to check such systems for security, also there is a lack of formal security definitions in this domain. This paper fills this gap: in the formal framework of the applied n-calculus, we define several fundamental authentication and privacy properties and establish the first theoretical framework for the security analysis of e-exam protocols. As proof of concept we analyze two of such protocols with ProVerif. The first “secure electronic exam system” proposed in the literature turns out to have several severe problems. The second protocol, called Remark! , is proved to satisfy all the security properties assuming access control on the bulletin board. We propose a simple protocol modification that removes the need of such assumption though guaranteeing all the security properties.
The role of the nucleus intercalatus in vertical gaze holding

I was interested to read the report of Janssen et al 1 of a patient with upbeat nystagmus who had had a medial medullary infarct. By contrast with our patient,2 their patient had slow phases with a constant velocity, a “vestibular” type of nystagmus of central origin. As noted by Janssen et al , Hirose et al 3 have reported on a patient with a medial medullary infarct and upbeat nystagmus; some slow phases were exponential, some of constant velocity. In the analysis of slow phases it is useful to plot eye velocity against position rather than plot eye position against time. In this representation, the plot of a vestibular type of slow phase with constant velocity is a horizontal straight line. However, when position varies exponentially with time, velocity is a linear function of position: Position-time and velocity-position plots of the slow phase of …
Rater Effects on Essay Scoring: A Multilevel Analysis of Severity Drift, Central Tendency, and Rater Experience

This study examined rater effects on essay scoring in an operational monitoring system from England's 2008 national curriculum English writing test for 14-year-olds. We fitted two multilevel models and analyzed: (1) drift in rater severity effects over time; (2) rater central tendency effects; and (3) differences in rater severity and central tendency effects by raters’ previous rating experience. We found no significant evidence of rater drift and, while raters with less experience appeared more severe than raters with more experience, this result also was not significant. However, we did find that there was a central tendency to raters’ scoring. We also found that rater severity was significantly unstable over time. We discuss the theoretical and practical questions that our findings raise.
Unsupervised Face Annotation by Mining the Web

Searching for images of people is an essential task for image and video search engines. However, current search engines have limited capabilities for this task since they rely on text associated with images and video, and such text is likely to return many irrelevant results. We propose a method for retrieving relevant faces of one person by learning the visual consistency among results retrieved from text correlation-based search engines. The method consists of two steps. In the first step, each candidate face obtained from a text-based search engine is ranked with a score that measures the distribution of visual similarities among the faces. Faces that are possibly very relevant or irrelevant are ranked at the top or bottom of the list, respectively. The second step improves this ranking by treating this problem as a classification problem in which input faces are classified as psilaperson-Xpsila or psilanon-person-Xpsila; and the faces are re-ranked according to their relevant score inferred from the classifierpsilas probability output. To train this classifier, we use a bagging-based framework to combine results from multiple weak classifiers trained using different subsets. These training subsets are extracted and labeled automatically from the rank list produced from the classifier trained from the previous step. In this way, the accuracy of the ranked list increases after a number of iterations. Experimental results on various face sets retrieved from captions of news photos show that the retrieval performance improved after each iteration, with the final performance being higher than those of the existing algorithms.
Drinking toward Manhood

Existing research extensively documents the health crisis in Russia and the former Soviet Union. In this article, the authors examine what historical factors set the stage for these trends and, perhaps more importantly, their origins. Specifically, the authors analyze Russian history, culture, and state ideology to explore the connections between masculinities and alcohol and to apply existing sociological theories of gender to this unique social context. The authors employ the concept of hegemonic masculinity to examine the historical dimensions of working-class drinking and its impact on Russian men’s health. The authors also identify one of the important origins of men’s harmful drinking practices by focusing on the historical construction and enactment of masculinities in two prominent social fields—the tavern and the workplace. The authors’ focus upon Russian history and culture emphasizes the sociohistorical factors associated with negative drinking patterns, and consequent health problems, among men in this part of the world.
Investigation of secondary school, undergraduate, and graduate learners' mental models of ionic bonding

Secondary school, undergraduate, and graduate level learners' mental models of bonding in ionic substances were explored using an interview protocol that involved the use of physical substances and a focus card containing depictions of ionic bonding and structure. Teachers and faculty from the teaching institutions were interviewed to contextualize teaching models within the educational setting for the inquiry. These data resulted in two socially negotiated consensus teaching models and a series of criterial attributes for these models: the essential qualities, all of which must be negotiated, if the model is used in a way that is acceptable to scientists. The secondary school learners see ionic bonding as consisting of attraction of oppositely charged species that arise from the transfer of electrons driven by the desire of atoms to obtain an octet of electrons. The undergraduates see the lattice structure as a key component of ionic substances and quickly identified specific ionic lattices for the physical prompts used as probes. The graduates also identified strongly with ionic lattices, were less likely to focus on particular ionic structures, and had a stronger appreciation for the notion of the ionic-covalent continuum. The research findings suggest that learners at all educational levels harbor a number of alternative conceptions and prefer to use simple mental models. These findings suggest that teachers and university faculty need to provide stronger links between the detailed nature of a model and its intended purpose. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 464–486, 2003
Music as a Mnemonic to Learn Gesture Sequences in Normal Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease

Strong links between music and motor functions suggest that music could represent an interesting aid for motor learning. The present study aims for the first time to test the potential of music to assist in the learning of sequences of gestures in normal and pathological aging. Participants with mild Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and healthy older adults (controls) learned sequences of meaningless gestures that were either accompanied by music or a metronome. We also manipulated the learning procedure such that participants had to imitate the gestures to-be-memorized in synchrony with the experimenter or after the experimenter during encoding. Results show different patterns of performance for the two groups. Overall, musical accompaniment had no impact on the controls’ performance but improved those of AD participants. Conversely, synchronization of gestures during learning helped controls but seemed to interfere with retention in AD. We discuss these findings regarding their relevance for a better understanding of auditory–motor memory, and we propose recommendations to maximize the mnemonic effect of music for motor sequence learning for dementia care.
Children's Expression of Emotion in Song

Children 4-12 years of age (N = 160) were recorded (audio and video) as they sang two versions of a familiar song, once in an attempt to make an adult listener happy and once to make her sad. Coding of gestural, vocal, linguistic and musical devices revealed that children used all of these means to portray contrastive emotions. Regardless of age or singing skill, children relied primarily on expressive devices used in interpersonal communication (e.g. tempo, facial expression) and made relatively little use of music-specific devices (e.g. legato). Moreover, they used a greater variety of expressive devices in their sad performances than in their happy performances. Finally, age-related changes reflected the influence of maturity, socialisation and musical knowledge.
Salivary Gland Choristoma of the Middle Ear and Review of the Literature

Conductive hearing loss due to middle ear masses is uncommon and usually diagnosed after biopsy. We present a case of a permanent facial palsy occurred following an uneventful biopsy during an exploratory tympanotomy in a salivary gland choristoma of the middle ear. Most salivary gland choristomas have been found in the head and neck. Its location in the ear is extremely rare, and thus we present the 38th case in English and non-English literature from the first publication by Taylor in 1961. Complete surgical removal of salivary gland choristomas of the middle ear is indicated when may not result in permanent damage to the facial nerve. Only biopsy and observation are recommended when the mass is intimately associated with the facial nerve or there are unsafe facial nerve abnormalities. Although the facial nerve is involved in 40% of cases, transient or even permanent facial palsies are exceptional. The reactivation of latent herpes virus in the facial canal may be involved in facial palsy’ etiology following minimal and uneventful middle ear surgery like a biopsy rather than nerve injury related to facial canal malformations.