Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
FUNERARY REGALIA AND INSTITUTIONS OF LEADERSHIP IN PARACAS AND TOPARÁ

The transition between the great historic periods known as the Formative and Regional Development on the southern coast of the Central Andes is defined by the interaction of two neighboring societies associated with the ceramic traditions Paracas and Topara. In the last 15 years there have been investigation of habitational sites associated with them in the valleys of Chincha, Pisco, Ica and Nasca. However, they are primarily known by the funerary complex of Paracas Caverns, Paracas Necropolis and Ocucaje, excavated archaeologically and clandestinely in the first half of this century. A study of individual interments from three funerary complexes shows a complex relationship of mutual influence between approximately 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. I try to clarify the nature of this exchange between these neighboring societies through the examination of the relationships between the grave, the grave goods and the mortuary concept reflected in the tombs of each complex. I have found evidence of an institution of social, political and religious leadership that could be the missing link for understanding the dynamic multiethnic interaction and the social transformation characterized during this period.
Comparing Abnormal Accruals Estimates across Samples: An International Test

This study examines whether accruals models' performance, in terms of predictive accuracy and power to detect earnings management, varies across strongly heterogeneous samples, such as different countries. We analyse the performance of two accruals estimation models, that is, the Modified Jones model and the Dechow–Dichev model. Using accounting data from nine countries for the period 1989–2009, we find that the models exhibit considerable cross-country performance variation and, more importantly, that this variation is systematic. We empirically establish that the international variation in sales growth persistence, accounting practices, and sample size explains a significant proportion of the cross-country performance variation, highlighting a potential inference problem in across-sample comparisons.
Effect of permafrost thaw on CO2 and CH4 exchange in a western Alaska peatland chronosequence

Permafrost soils store over half of global soil carbon (C), and northern frozen peatlands store about 10% of global permafrost C. With thaw, inundation of high latitude lowland peatlands typically increases the surface-atmosphere flux of methane (CH4), a potent greenhouse gas. To examine the effects of lowland permafrost thaw over millennial timescales, we measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and CH4 exchange along sites that constitute a ∼1000 yr thaw chronosequence of thermokarst collapse bogs and adjacent fen locations at Innoko Flats Wildlife Refuge in western Alaska. Peak CH4 exchange in July (123 ± 71 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1) was observed in features that have been thawed for 30 to 70 (<100) yr, where soils were warmer than at more recently thawed sites (14 to 21 yr; emitting 1.37 ± 0.67 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1 in July) and had shallower water tables than at older sites (200 to 1400 yr; emitting 6.55 ± 2.23 mg CH4–C m−2 d−1 in July). Carbon lost via CH4 efflux during the growing season at these intermediate age sites was 8% of uptake by net ecosystem exchange. Our results provide evidence that CH4 emissions following lowland permafrost thaw are enhanced over decadal time scales, but limited over millennia. Over larger spatial scales, adjacent fen systems may contribute sustained CH4 emission, CO2 uptake, and DOC export. We argue that over timescales of decades to centuries, thaw features in high-latitude lowland peatlands, particularly those developed on poorly drained mineral substrates, are a key locus of elevated CH4 emission to the atmosphere that must be considered for a complete understanding of high latitude CH4 dynamics.
Environmental Conflicts with Reimbursement for Citizen Suits

Abstract Conflicts between a firm and a citizens′ group can arise over environmental regulation or enforcement. The group and the firm compete, often in the courts, over the rewards of varying levels of regulation and enforcement. This paper explores the efficiency consequences of a contest between a firm and a citizens′ group where the group′s legal expenditures are reimbursed if victorious. Relative to symmetric reimbursement, we demonstrate that asymmetric reimbursement reduces the total amount of effort expended. In addition, if reparations exceed 50% of the group′s legal expenses, a firm will move first and invest zero effort. We also consider the impact of asymmetric rewards and ability.
Thin Chest Wall is an Independent Risk Factor for the Development of Pneumothorax after Chest Tube Removal

The factors contributing to the development of pneumothorax after removal of chest tube thoracostomy are not fully understood. We hypothesized that development of post pull pneumothorax (PPP) after chest tube removal would be significantly lower in those patients with thicker chest walls, due to the “protective” layer of adipose tissue. All patients on our trauma service who underwent chest tube thoracostomy from July 2010 to February 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient age, mechanism of trauma, and chest Abbreviated Injury Scale score were analyzed. Thoracic CTs were reviewed to ascertain chest wall thickness (CW). Thickness was measured at the level of the nipple at the midaxillary line, as perpendicular distance between skin and pleural cavity. Chest X-ray reports from immediately prior and after chest tube removal were reviewed for interval development of PPP. Data are presented as average ± standard deviation. Ninety-one chest tubes were inserted into 81 patients. Patients who died before chest tube removal (n = 11), or those without thoracic CT scans (n = 13) were excluded. PPP occurred in 29.9 per cent of chest tube removals (20/67). When PPP was encountered, repeat chest tube was necessary in 20 per cent of cases (4/20). After univariate analysis, younger age, penetrating mechanism, and thin chest wall were found to be significant risk factors for development of PPP. Chest Abbreviated Injury Scale score was similar in both groups. Logistic regression showed only chest wall thickness to be an independent risk factor for development of PPP.
Messages to new mothers: an analysis of breast pump advertisements

Abstract The mass media is replete with all kinds of advice, products and ideas about ‘motherhood’ with advertising being a major source of information on the latest products and consumer trends. Advertising is a key means of promoting ideas about infant feeding, and yet, there has been little in the way of critical analyses of breast pump advertisements in order to reveal the kinds of messages they convey about this method of feeding. This article makes an important step towards addressing this gap through analysing three advertisements for breast pumps from a popular Australian magazine for mothers. We utilize a social semiotic framework to investigate not just what choices are made in the design of the ads but also what those choices mean in terms of the overall message of the ads. Our analysis identifies three core messages: ‘breastfeeding and breast pumping are the same with the purpose being to produce breast milk only’, ‘using breast pumps facilitates quality time with the baby’ and ‘mothers need outside expertise (including breast pumps) to ensure baby's development’. We believe it is important for those who provide information and support for breastfeeding women to be aware of the subtle, naturalized messages that ads convey so that they may better understand what may be underlying women's decisions regarding methods of infant feeding. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
The Influence of School Nutrition Programs on the Weight of Low‐Income Children: A Treatment Effect Analysis

Recent policy attempts to set high nutrition standards for the School Breakfast Program (SBP) and National School Lunch Program (NSLP) aim to improve children's health outcomes. A timely and policy-relevant task evaluates to what extent school meal programs contribute to child body mass index (BMI) outcomes to assess those school meal policies' potential impacts. This study examines children's weight progress from 1st through 8th grade, while recognizing the potential effects on those children participating in both programs compared with those children participating in only one program. We used difference-in-differences (DID) and average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) methodologies and focused on free- and reduced-price meal-eligible children to filter out income effects. The DID results show that short-term participation in only NSLP increases the probability that children will be overweight, and these results are more prominent in the South, Northeast, and rural areas. ATT results show that participation in both programs from 1st through 8th grade increases the probability that these students will be overweight. With the Community Eligibility Provision having taken effect across the nation in the 2014-2015 school year, the need to continue examining the impacts of these programs on child BMI is even greater. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical Literacy and the Social Studies Methods Course: How Pre-Service Social Studies Teachers Learn and Teach for Critical Literacy

This study looks at the development of critical literacy for three pre-service teacher participants, relevant support systems, and pedagogies. It considers how pre-service teacher participants construct knowledge on critical literacy within the methods course. The participants started with their own literacy histories in order to began developing internalization and critical consciousness within the methods and field experience course. Throughout the course, the participants took social action by using some of the critical literacy approaches that were presented as instructional strategies in the methods course. However, the participants were still internalizing two essential components of critical pedagogy in their own teaching: problem posing and dialogue. They acknowledged the value of problem posing and dialogue in their own learning but had some difficulty using these methods in their own teaching. The implications from this study suggest that teacher educators and future teachers take a stance on critical education and push for structural changes in common teaching practices and school curriculum mandates.
Backpacking in China: A Netnographic Analysis of Donkey Friends’ Travel Behaviour

“Donkey friends”, a nomenclature term in tourism that originated from the Chinese words “lu you”, refer to an emerging market of independent travellers in China. This study examines the characteristics of donkey friends’ travel behaviour by taking the five criteria of the backpacker definition (Pearce, 1990) as a benchmark. Using the netnographic data collected from two online donkey friend communities, the study presents a clear picture of donkey friends’ travel behaviour and reveals differences in comparison with western backpackers. The behavioural peculiarities can be partly explained by contemporary cultural and social forces shaping the Chinese society. They are interpreted as the product of traditional Chinese culture, new emerging individualism, and developing social conditions.
The role of the private sector in Japan’s recovery from the Great Depression

Japanese economic thought includes a long debate on the driving forces behind the country’s early and rapid recovery from the Great Depression. Most previous studies attribute the Japanese recovery to expansionary policy measures, but a minority view emphasizes the role of the private sector. This paper, while considering the contribution of the private sector, reassesses the impact of the policy measures on real output and, in turn, on the upswing in the 1930s. The analysis reveals that neither fiscal policy nor monetary policy had a consistent or potent effect on real output, but the private sector, specifically private sector consumption, accounted for a large part of output fluctuations. However, in contrast to previous studies, the response of export shock on output is unclear. The study also shows that the depreciation of the yen had a partly significant effect on output and price levels.
Targeting Inflation by Constant-Interest-Rate Forecasts

This paper reviews the concept of constant-interest-rate inflation forecast (CIR) targeting. It stresses the time-inconsistent nature of CIR targeting and provides a new method for constructing CIR forecasts consistently in the context of models with forward-looking variables. A dynamic New Keynesian model with forward-looking price setting is used as an illustration, suggesting that the main reason for choosing a relatively long forecast targeting horizon lies in the monetary authorities’ objective to smooth interest rate movements, as greater nominal and real stabilization is achieved at a relatively short inflation forecast targeting horizon.
Disability, Earnings, Income and Consumption

Using longitudinal data for 1968-2009 for male household heads, we determine the prevalence of pre- retirement age disability and its association with a wide range of outcomes, including earnings, income, and consumption. We then employ some of these quantities in the optimal social insurance framework of Chetty (2006) to study current compensation for the disabled. Six of our findings stand out. First, disability rates are high. We divide the disabled along two dimensions based on the persistence and severity of their work-limiting condition. We estimate that a person reaching age 50 has a 36 percent chance of having been disabled at least temporarily once during his working years, and a 9 percent chance that he has begun a chronic and severe disability. Second, the economic consequences of disability are frequently profound. Ten years after disability onset, a person with a chronic and severe disability on average experiences a 79 percent decline in earnings, a 35 percent decline in after-tax income, a 24 percent decline in food and housing consumption and a 22 percent decline in food consumption. Third, economic circumstances differ sharply across disability groups. The outcome decline for the chronically and severely disabled is often more than twice as large as that for the average disabled head. Fourth, our findings show the partial and incomplete roles that individual savings, family support and social insurance play in reducing the consumption drop that follows disability. Fifth, time use and detailed consumption data further indicate that disability is associated with a decline in well-being. Sixth, using the quantities we have estimated, we provide the range of behavioral elasticities and preference parameters consistent with current disability compensation being optimal within the Chetty framework.
Islamic Equity Investing: Alternative Performance Measures and Style Analysis

We examine the performance of Islamic equity indices in comparison to their conventional market benchmarks around the world. First, using a variety of alternative performance measures based on, e.g., lower partial moments, drawdown, and value at risk, we document that Islamic indices outperform in developed markets, while they tend to underperform in emerging markets. Second, the style analysis reveals that Islamic indices in developed markets exhibit a strong growth-orientation in their investment behavior, while they show a substantial large cap bias in emerging markets. Finally, the significant overweighting of stocks from the energy and materials sectors relative to the market is identified as one of the main performance drivers of Islamic indices.
Inpatient asthma clinical pathways for the pediatric patient: an integrative review of the literature.

BACKGROUND Asthma is one of the most prevalent childhood chronic illnesses in the United States leading to nearly 190,000 pediatric hospitalizations yearly. In response to the increasing number of children with asthma being hospitalized, some institutions have developed and implemented clinical pathways and are now reporting their findings in the literature. The purpose of this paper was to conduct an integrative literature review of studies using an inpatient clinical pathway for the management of pediatric asthma. METHOD Five research-based articles evaluating clinical pathways for the management of inpatient pediatric asthma were included in this review. The integrative review was conducted using the guidelines set forth by Ganong (1987). RESULTS The results revealed that clinical pathways appear to be effective in reducing length of stay and hospital costs associated with inpatient pediatric asthma. The pathways were not as effective in reducing readmission rates or affecting clinical outcomes for patients such as increasing asthma education, the use of controller medications, spacers, and peak flow meters. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Although the pathways are effective in reducing hospitalization costs associated with asthma, there was little reported improvement in clinical outcomes. Nurses should ensure that each pediatric asthma hospitalization provides an opportunity to promote education about asthma. This approach may lead to decreased asthma admissions and increased self and family management of pediatric asthma. Future research should focus on the clinical outcomes of patients using the inpatient pathways and also on the development of pathways to be used in outpatient settings that manage pediatric asthma.
Follow-up of mild papilledema in idiopathic intracranial hypertension with optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE To evaluate optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurement of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in patients with mild papilledema associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. METHODS Patients with papilledema underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including peripapillary RNFL analysis with OCT (Fast RNFL thickness 3.46; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA) at diagnosis and 3, 6, and 12 months after presentation. Age- and sex-matched control subjects underwent a similar evaluation. Changes in RNFL overall thickness and by quadrant and interocular differences were evaluated and studied regarding changes in visual field global indices (mean deviation [MD] and pattern SD [PSD]). RESULTS Both eyes of 22 patients with mild papilledema and 22 control subjects were included. At diagnosis, the RNFL thickness was 183.3 +/- 74.7 microm and 74.9% (78.5 microm) greater than in control eyes. Mean RNFL thicknesses in all quadrants were significantly greater in eyes with papilledema (P = 0.000). The mean average RNFL was significantly correlated with the MD (sigma = -0.451, P = 0.002) and PSD (sigma = 0.370, P = 0.013) at diagnosis. The RNFL thickness decreased significantly (P = 0.000), whereas the mean MD and the mean PSD improved (P = 0.000 and P = 0.005, respectively) at each follow-up visit. Regression analysis showed that for every 10 microm of mean RNFL thickness increase at baseline, there was a 0.6-dB decrease in MD at the last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Peripapillary RNFL thickness abnormalities assessed by OCT in patients with mild papilledema were quantitatively correlated with visual field sensitivity losses. The data support the possible use of OCT as a noninvasive quantitative method of monitoring the amount and evolution of papilledema.
Perception of length to width relations of city squares

In this paper, we focus on how people perceive the aspect ratio of city squares. Earlier research has focused on distance perception but not so much on the perceived aspect ratio of the surrounding space. Furthermore, those studies have focused on “open” spaces rather than urban areas enclosed by walls, houses and filled with people, cars, etc. In two experiments, we therefore measured, using a direct and an indirect method, the perceived aspect ratio of five city squares in the historic city center of Delft, the Netherlands. We also evaluated whether the perceived aspect ratio of city squares was affected by the position of the observer on the square. In the first experiment, participants were asked to set the aspect ratio of a small rectangle such that it matched the perceived aspect ratio of the city square. In the second experiment, participants were asked to estimate the length and width of the city square separately. In the first experiment, we found that the perceived aspect ratio was in general lower than the physical aspect ratio. However, in the second experiment, we found that the calculated ratios were close to veridical except for the most elongated city square. We conclude therefore that the outcome depends on how the measurements are performed. Furthermore, although indirect measurements are nearly veridical, the perceived aspect ratio is an underestimation of the physical aspect ratio when measured in a direct way. Moreover, the perceived aspect ratio also depends on the location of the observer. These results may be beneficial to the design of large open urban environments, and in particular to rectangular city squares.
Possible Role of Cyclooxygenase II in the Acquisition of Ovarian Luteal Function in Rodents1

Abstract The development of the corpus luteum (CL), which involves angiogenesis, is essential for the establishment of early pregnancy. We investigated the roles of the prostaglandin synthases cyclooxygenase (COX) I and COX-II in angiogenesis and progesterone production in the newly formed CL, using inhibitors of the COX enzymes and the gonadotropin-induced pseudopregnant rat as a model. Injection of indomethacin, a nonselective COX inhibitor, on the day of ovulation and the following day decreased serum levels of progesterone, as did injection of the selective COX-II inhibitor NS-398. In contrast, a selective COX-I inhibitor, SC-560, had no effect on serum progesterone concentrations. None of the inhibitors had any effect on the weight of the superovulated ovaries or on the synthesis of progesterone by cultured luteal cells. To determine whether changes in angiogenesis are responsible for the decrease in progesterone synthesis, we measured hemoglobin and CD34 levels in luteinized ovaries following injection of COX inhibitors and measured the relative frequency of cells positive for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule as a specific marker for endothelial cells. All of these parameters were reduced by the COX-II inhibitors, suggesting that changes in the vasculature are responsible for the decrease in serum progesterone. Histological examination of ovarian corrosion casts indicated that NS-398 inhibited the establishment of luteal capillary vessels following the injection of hCG. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the activity of COX-II is associated with the formation of functional CL via its stimulation of angiogenesis.
Sources of Competitiveness of the United States and of Its Multinational Firms

This paper compares the industry characteristics that determine U.S. export competitiveness with those that affect the export competitiveness of U.S. multinationals. Higher R&D and human capital intensities are associated with high U.S. shares in exports and, more strongly with high U.S. multinationals' shares, and higher labor content with low shares. Within the multinationals, high R&D intensity leads to a larger share of the firms' exports being supplied from the U.S. parent. The higher the labor intensity and the level of advertising expenditures in an industry, the larger the proportion of the firms' exports supplied by the foreign affiliates. Copyright 1992 by MIT Press.