Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Growth Cone Localization of the mRNA Encoding the Chromatin Regulator HMGN5 Modulates Neurite Outgrowth

ABSTRACT Neurons exploit local mRNA translation and retrograde transport of transcription factors to regulate gene expression in response to signaling events at distal neuronal ends. Whether epigenetic factors could also be involved in such regulation is not known. We report that the mRNA encoding the high-mobility group N5 (HMGN5) chromatin binding protein localizes to growth cones of both neuron-like cells and of hippocampal neurons, where it has the potential to be translated, and that HMGN5 can be retrogradely transported into the nucleus along neurites. Loss of HMGN5 function induces transcriptional changes and impairs neurite outgrowth, while HMGN5 overexpression induces neurite outgrowth and chromatin decompaction; these effects are dependent on growth cone localization of Hmgn5 mRNA. We suggest that the localization and local translation of transcripts coding for epigenetic factors couple the dynamic neuronal outgrowth process with chromatin regulation in the nucleus.
Student perspectives on learning research methods in the social sciences

ABSTRACT This paper addresses the perspectives of students of social science research methods from a UK study of their holistic experience of learning during two years of their postgraduate research training/ early careers as researchers. Unusually the ten participants span diverse institutions and disciplines and three became co-authors. The study used a diary circle combining online diary method with face-to-face focus groups to generate dialogue. Data were analysed narratively and thematically to produce two individual learning journeys and a synthesis of common experiences. Findings show the active, experiential learning of the participants alongside salient themes of difficulty and struggle. This leads to discussion of the emotional dimensions of methods learning and implications for teaching. The iterative role of the diary circle in the learning journey is also examined. The paper argues that teachers and supervisors should attend more carefully to the social, emotional, active and reflective nature of methods learning.
Multiple Resolution Segmentation of Textured Images

A multiple resolution algorithm is presented for segmenting images into regions with differing statistical behavior. In addition, an algorithm is developed for determining the number of statistically distinct regions in an image and estimating the parameters of those regions. Both algorithms use a causal Gaussian autoregressive model to describe the mean, variance, and spatial correlation of the image textures. Together, the algorithms can be used to perform unsupervised texture segmentation. The multiple resolution segmentation algorithm first segments images at coarse resolution and then progresses to finer resolutions until individual pixels are classified. This method results in accurate segmentations and requires significantly less computation than some previously known methods. The field containing the classification of each pixel in the image is modeled as a Markov random field. Segmentation at each resolution is then performed by maximizing the a posteriori probability of this field subject to the resolution constraint. At each resolution, the a posteriori probability is maximized by a deterministic greedy algorithm which iteratively chooses the classification of individual pixels or pixel blocks. The unsupervised parameter estimation algorithm determines both the number of textures and their parameters by minimizing a global criterion based on the AIC information criterion. Clusters corresponding to the individual textures are formed by alternately estimating the cluster parameters and repartitioning the data into those clusters. Concurrently, the number of distinct textures is estimated by combining clusters until a minimum of the criterion is reached. >
Bronchodilator response to salbutamol after chronic dosing with salmeterol or placebo.

It has been hypothesized that regular inhaled beta2-agonist therapy causes desensitization of beta2-receptors. The aim of this study was to define whether beta2-receptor desensitization occurs after treatment with the long-acting beta2-agonist salmeterol, assessed by measuring the bronchodilator response to cumulative repeated doses of inhaled salbutamol before and after treatment. Forty nine stable adult patients with asthma were randomized to receive either salmeterol 50 microg b.d. or placebo b.d. from an Accuhaler for 4 weeks after an initial 2 week run-in period without beta2-agonists. All patients were receiving inhaled corticosteroids. Bronchodilator responsiveness to cumulative repeated doses of inhaled salbutamol were measured before and 12 and 36 h after the last dose of study treatment. The primary efficacy endpoint was the peak forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) response before and after treatment. There were no significant differences between the two treatment groups in the absolute peak FEV1 or maximal peak expiratory flow (PEF) results 12 or 36 h after the last dose of study treatment. Significantly higher clinic lung function and diary card parameters were noted in the salmeterol group when compared to the placebo-treated patients, demonstrating the beneficial effects of regular salmeterol. Regular salmeterol usage did not lead to reduced efficacy of usual or higher than usual doses of salbutamol.
Angular Momentum Profiles of Warm Dark Matter Halos

We compare the specific angular momentum profiles of virialized dark halos in cold dark matter (CDM) and warm dark matter (WDM) models, using high-resolution dissipationless simulations. The simulations were initialized using the same set of modes, except on small scales, where the power was suppressed in WDM below the filtering length. Remarkably, WDM as well as CDM halos are well described by the two-parameter angular momentum profile of Bullock and coworkers, even though the halo masses are below the filtering scale of the WDM. Although the best-fit shape parameters change quantitatively for individual halos in the two simulations, we find no systematic variation in profile shapes as a function of the dark matter type. The scatter in shape parameters is significantly smaller for the WDM halos, suggesting that substructure and/or merging history plays a role in producing scatter about the mean angular momentum distribution, but that the average angular momentum profiles of halos originate from larger scale phenomena or a mechanism associated with the virialization process. The known mismatch between the angular momentum distributions of dark halos and disk galaxies is, therefore, present in WDM as well as CDM models. Our WDM halos tend to have a less coherent (more misaligned) angular momentum structure and smaller spin parameters than do their CDM counterparts, although we caution that this result is based on a small number of halos.
The Scale Dependence of Relative Galaxy Bias: Encouragement for the “Halo Model” Description

We investigate the relationship between the colors, luminosities, and environments of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic sample, using environmental measurements on scales ranging from 0.2 to 6 h-1 Mpc. We find that (1) the relationship between color and environment persists even to the lowest luminosities we probe (Mr - 5 h ~ -14); (2) at luminosities and colors for which the galaxy correlation function has a large amplitude, it also has a steep slope; and (3) in regions of a given overdensity on small scales (1 h-1 Mpc), the overdensity on large scales (6 h-1 Mpc) does not appear to relate to the recent star formation history of the galaxies. Of these results, the last has the most immediate application to galaxy formation theory. In particular, it lends support to the notion that a galaxy's properties are related only to the mass of its host dark matter halo, and not to the larger scale environment.
Seroepidemiology of varicella-zoster virus in Korean adolescents and adults using fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen test

SUMMARY We conducted a cross-sectional seroepidemiological study in 2012–2013 to determine the seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in adolescents and adults living in Korea, where varicella vaccination has been recommended universally at age 12–15 months since 2005. Residual serum samples were collected from 1196 healthy adults and adolescents aged ⩾10 years between November 2012 and March 2013. The fluorescent antibody to membrane antigen (FAMA) test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to determine the seroprevalence of VZV. The seroprevalences of VZV were compared between six age groups: 10–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, and ⩾60 years. The seroprevalence of VZV in the entire study cohort was 99·1% according to the FAMA test and 93·1% as determined by ELISA. The seroprevalences of the six age groups were as follows: 96·0%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 99·5%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, by the FAMA test, and 83·3%, 93·0%, 93·0%, 97·5%, 94·5%, and 97·5%, respectively, by ELISA. Seroprevalence increased significantly with age (P < 0·001); moreover, the seroprevalence in subjects aged 10–19 years was significantly lower than in other age groups (P < 0·001), as measured by both the FAMA test and ELISA. Thus, strategies to increase protective immunity against VZV in teenagers are necessary.
CN Cycle Solar Neutrinos and the Sun's Primordial Core Metallicity

We argue that it may be possible to exploit neutrinos from the CN cycle and p-p chain to determine the primordial solar core abundances of C and N at an interesting level of precision. Such a measurement would allow a comparison of the Sun's deep interior composition with its surface, testing a key assumption of the standard solar model (SSM), a homogeneous zero-age Sun. It would also provide a cross-check on recent photospheric abundance determinations that have altered the once excellent agreement between the SSM and helioseismology. As further motivation, we discuss a speculative possibility in which the photospheric abundance-helioseismology puzzle is connected with the solar system metal differentiation that accompanied formation of the gaseous giant planets. The theoretical relationship between core C and N and the 13N and 15O solar neutrino fluxes can be made more precise (and more general) by making use of the Super-Kamiokande and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)8B neutrino capture rates, which calibrate the temperature of the solar core. The primordial C and N abundances can then be obtained from these neutrino fluxes and from a product of nuclear rates, with little residual solar model dependence. We describe some of the recent experimental advances that could allow this comparison to be made (theoretically) at the ~9% level, and we note that this uncertainty may be reduced further as a result of ongoing work on the S-factor for 14N(p, γ). The envisioned measurement might be possible in deep, large-volume detectors using organic scintillator, for example, Borexino or SNO+.
Solving the key equation for Hermitian codes with a division algorithm

This paper presents a division algorithm to solve the key equation for Hermitian codes, which is capable of locating most error patterns with weight up to half the designed minimum distance. The algorithm has a structure similar to the Euclidean algorithm used in the decoding of Reed-Solomon codes, yet it is a little more complex because bivariate polynomials have to be used. We give simulation results for the decoding of several Hermitian codes of various rates over the finite field GF(24) to verify the claims.
Electrotonic Coupling in the Pituitary Supports the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in a Sex Specific Manner

Gap junctions are present in many cell types throughout the animal kingdom and allow fast intercellular electrical and chemical communication between neighboring cells. Connexin-36 (Cx36), the major neuronal gap junction protein, synchronizes cellular activity in the brain, but also in other organs. Here we identify a sex-specific role for Cx36 within the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis at the level of the anterior pituitary gland (AP). We show that Cx36 is expressed in gonadotropes of the AP sustaining their synchronous activity. Cx36 ablation affects the entire downstream HPG axis in females, but not in males. We demonstrate that Cx36-mediated coupling between gonadotropes in the AP supports gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced secretion of luteinizing hormone. Furthermore, we provide evidence for negative feedback regulation of Cx36 expression in the AP by estradiol. We thus, conclude that hormonally-controlled plasticity of gap junction communication at the level of the AP constitutes an additional mechanism affecting female reproduction.
The Supply-Driven Input-Output Model: A Reinterpretation and Extension

Most previous input-output applications have focused on constructing various demand-driven IO models because of their widely accepted usefulness in regional science. After Ghosh’s suggestion of the supply-driven IO model, a debate over its plausibility ensued. Much of this was resolved with Dietzenbacher’s (1997) suggestion of its interpretation as a price model, one that similar to Leontief’s price model; the Leontief model estimates relative price changes whereas the Ghosh model can estimate absolute price changes. However, in static market equilibrium, producers will not change the current technical relationships that are based on historical sales during the immediate period after an exogenous event. This addresses the fact that Ghosh’s supply-driven model is in terms of monetarily expressed quantities and hence applicable when using the supply-side IO in the circumstance of static market equilibrium with abnormal economic cessations. To suggest a new interpretation for the supply-driven IO model, a four-quadrant space of economic situations is introduced, along ‘price vs. price-quantity’ and ‘increase-decrease’ axes. Furthermore, even in the case that normal market equilibrium is not maintained, instead of the direct use of supply-side quantity models, Ghosh’s case can be translated to a price-type supply-driven model, and play a role in estimating economic impacts. To address this switching process, exogenous price elasticities of demand are combined with the supply-driven model, adjusting quantity responses to price impacts. This logic will underlie the theoretical background necessary to utilize the supply-side model, and hence it highlights the power and the usefulness of linear models by clarifying the applicability of the supply model. This approach can also simplify the development of non-linear IO models.
Projections of surfaces in the hyperbolic space along horocycles

We study orthogonal projections of embedded surfaces M in H3+ (−1) along horocycles to planes. The singularities of the projections capture the extrinsic geometry of M related to the lightcone Gauss map. We give geometric characterizations of these singularities and prove a Koenderink-type theorem that relates the hyperbolic curvature of the surface to the curvature of the profile and of the normal section of the surface. We also prove duality results concerning the bifurcation set of the family of projections.
Generational Differences in Attitudes toward Deficit Reduction Policy

In an effort to understand the generation gap as it is manifested in attitudes toward current tax policy, this study compares survey responses from experienced tax professionals and inexperienced undergraduate tax students applied to the most effective tax and budgetary changes to reduce the federal deficit. The authors created the survey from tax studentsâ€™ suggestions after a semester (Spring 2011) of reading tax-related articles in an international business journal. At the end of that semester, the authors requested suggestions from students for changes to the federal tax code (revenue) and budget (spending) and incorporated them into a survey to which students during that semester and the next two semesters responded. In July 2012, the authors asked a group of experienced tax professionals to respond to the survey. The authors found significant variation in a few predictable areas. Results include findings that the Millennial generation is less conservative on social issues, and favors Social Security reform and reduced defense spending.
The apparent size of gamma‐ray burst afterglows as a test of the fireball model

Taylor et al. reported recently on the first direct measurement of the apparent size of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow. Here we confront these observations with the predictions of the fireball model. We use a simple model to study numerically the evolution of the fireball and determine its apparent size, starting at the early spherical expansion phase through the jet break and into the Newtonian regime. We perform these calculations on the background of a uniform interstellar medium and a massive stellar wind environment. We find that the calculated apparent size at the time of the measurements taken by Taylor et al. depends only weakly on the chosen parameters (the jet opening angle, the energy and the external density profile). Thus it is reassuring that the only possible outcome of the model, within the plausible range of parameters, agrees very well with the data. These measurements therefore present us with a strong test of possible GRB models, which the fireball model passes successfully.
The role of p21Waf1/CIP1 as a Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator in oral squamous cell carcinoma (Review).

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is biologically characterized by the accumulation of multiple genetic and molecular alterations that end up clinically characterized as a malignant neoplasm through a phenomenon known as multistep. The members of the Cip/Kip family, specifically p21Waf1/CIP1, are responsible for cell cycle control, blocking the transition from phase G1 to phase S. We made a search of articles of peer-reviewed Journals in PubMed/ Medline, crossing the keywords. The goal of this paper is to determine the relationship between p21Waf1/CIP1 expression and several clinical and pathological aspects of OSCC, their relationship with p53 and HPV, as well as genetic alterations in their expression pattern, their use as a prognosis market in the evolution of precancerous lesions and their roles in anticancer treatments. The results of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression in OSCC showed mixed results in terms of positivity/negativity throughout different studies. It seems that, although p21Waf1/CIP1 expression is controlled in a p53-dependent manner, coexpression of both in OSCC is not intrinsically related. Although the presence of HPV viral oncoproteins increases p21Waf1/CIP1 levels, the small number of studies, have forced us to disregard the hypothesis that HPV infected lesions that present better prognosis are due to a p21Waf1/CIP1–dependent control. The role of p21WAF1/CIP1 as cell-cycle regulator has been well described; however, its relationship to OSCC, the clinical and pathological variables of tumors, HPV and different treatments are not entirely clear. Thus, it would be very interesting to pursue further study of this protein, which may have a significant value for the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of this type of tumors. Key words:p21Waf1/CIP1, Cip/Kip type cell-cycle regulator, Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), p53, genetic alterations.
A Pairwise Likelihood Method For Correlated Binary Data With/withoutMissing Observations Under Generalized Partially Linear Single-indexModels

Correlated data, such as multivariate or clustered data, arise commonly in practice. Unlike analysis for independent data, valid inference based on such data often requires proper accommodation of complex association structures among re- sponse components within clusters. Semiparametric models based on generalized estimating equations (GEE) methods, and their extensions, have become increas- ingly popular. However, these inferential schemes are greatly challenged by the complexity of such data features as missing observations, ubiquitous in applica- tions. Moreover, existing methods mainly concern marginal mean parameters with association parameters treated as nuisance. This treatment is inadequate to han- dle clustered data for which estimation of association parameters can be a central theme of the study. To address these problems, we develop a flexible semiparamet- ric method that can handle correlated data with or without missing values. Our discussion focuses on binary data that arise commonly. The proposed method en- joys a number of attractive properties, including that the missing data process is left unmodeled, yet model assumptions for the response process are kept to a min- imum. It is robust in the sense that only the mean and association structures for the response process are modeled. The proposed method is flexible because both parametric and nonparametric structures are incorporated in modeling the mean
Whiteness as Structuring Property: Multiracial Women Students' Social Interactions at a Historically White Institution

Abstract:The purpose of this research is to explore the experiences of Multiracial women college students in a manner that frustrates the privileged location of whiteness and its intersecting systems of domination in higher education. To work toward this purpose, whiteness as property and intersectionality are used as conceptual frameworks to explore how whiteness structures 10 Multiracial women students' social interactions at a HWI. This study focuses on whiteness in an attempt to center Multiracial students, disrupt the normalization of whiteness, and complicate a body of higher education literature that privileges racial identity as the primary way to understand human experience.
Dust in active nuclei. I. evidence for anomalous properties

We present observational evidences that dust in the circumnuclear region of AGNs has different properties than in the Galactic diffuse interstellar medium. By comparing the reddening of optical and infrared broad lines and the X-ray absorbing column density we find that the E(B-V)/N_H ratio is nearly always lower than Galactic by a factor ranging from ~3 up to ~100. Other observational results indicate that the Av/N_H ratio is significantly lower than Galactic in various classes of AGNs including intermediate type 1.8-1.9 Seyferts, hard X-ray selected and radio selected quasars, broad absorption line QSOs and grism selected QSOs. The lack of prominent absorption features at 9.7um (silicates) and at 2175A (carbon dip) in the spectra of Seyfert 2s and of reddened Seyfert 1s, respectively, add further evidence for dust in the circumnuclear region of AGNs being different from Galactic. These observational results indicate that the dust composition in the circumnuclear region of AGNs could be dominated by large grains, which make the extinction curve flatter, featureless and are responsible for the reduction of the E(B-V)/N_H and Av/N_H ratios. Regardless of the physical origin of these phenomena, the reduced dust absorption with respect to what expected from the gaseous column density should warn about a mismatch between the optical and the X-ray classification of the active galactic nuclei in terms of their obscuration.