Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phospho enol pyruvate Carboxylase in Arabidopsis Leaves Plays a Crucial Role in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism 1

State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China (J.S., K.Y., L.X., Z.Z., Z.H., T.Z., R.L., J.C.); College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, People’s Republic of China (Y.L., Yue.C., Yun.C.); and Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China (K.Y.)
Pros and Cons of the Liposome Platform in Cancer Drug Targeting

Coating of liposomes with polyethylene-glycol (PEG) by incorporation in the liposome bilayer of PEG-derivatized lipids results in inhibition of liposome uptake by the reticulo-endothelial system and significant prolongation of liposome residence time in the blood stream. Parallel developments in drug loading technology have improved the efficiency and stability of drug entrapment in liposomes, particularly with regard to cationic amphiphiles such as anthracyclines. An example of this new generation of liposomes is a formulation of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin known as Doxil® or Caelyx®, whose clinical pharmacokinetic profile is characterized by slow plasma clearance and small volume of distribution. A hallmark of these long-circulating liposomal drug carriers is their enhanced accumulation in tumors. The mechanism underlying this passive targeting effect is the phenomenon known as enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) which has been described in a broad variety of experimental tumor types. Further to the passive targeting effect, the liposome drug delivery platform offers the possibility of grafting tumor-specific ligands on the liposome membrane for active targeting to tumor cells, and potentially intracellular drug delivery. The pros and cons of the liposome platform in cancer targeting are discussed vis-à-vis nontargeted drugs, using as an example a liposome drug delivery system targeted to the folate receptor.
Oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid in various neurological diseases

We studied the frequency of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with various neurological diseases. We used a micromethod employing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that required only 50 μl of unconcentrated CSF. Oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of 95% of the patients with multiple sclerosis, 90% with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and 100% with herpes simplex encephalitis, but less frequently in other central nervous system infections. No oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of patients with Parkinson, Huntington, Creutzfeldt‐Jakob, or herniated disc diseases. Bands were detected in some patients with Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular accident, idiopathic vertigo, idiopathic seizures, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polyneuropathy, and central nervous system glioma. Patients with other conditions infrequently had positive bands. The determination of oligoclonal bands is a useful aid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis. The presence of oligoclonal bands indicates an immunological response but is not diagnostic for a particular condition.
FDI Spillovers and Time Since Foreign Entry

This study investigates the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on the productivity of local firms. In contrast to existing literature our empirical approach does not require FDI to have immediate or permanent effects. We find that foreign entry initially negatively affects local competitors’ productivity, followed by a positive permanent effect from majority foreign owned firms present for longer time. The effect on the productivity of local suppliers, in contrast, is transient. Majority foreign owned firms boost local suppliers’ productivity a few years after entry, then the effect fades out. Minority foreign owned firms have similar but smaller effect.
An investigation of the effects of FGFR2 and B7-H4 polymorphisms in breast cancer.

INTRODUCTION Polymorphisms in FGFR2 are important markers for breast cancer susceptibility in the general population. CHEK2 and FGFR2 polymorphisms with known susceptibility alleles of BRCA1, BRCA2, PTEN, and TP53, can be investigated as potential modifiers of high penetrant risk alleles. Although the B7-H4 gene is highly expressed in many different tumors, there is one published study showing the association of polymorphisms with breast cancer. We aimed to investigate FGFR2 and B7-H4 polymorphisms in breast cancer in the Turkish community. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a group of 31 cases diagnosed with breast cancer and 30 healthy women with matched ages, the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1219648, rs2981582 in FGFR2 gene were identified by sequence analysis and the SNPs rs10754339, rs10801935, and rs3738414 in the B7-H4 gene were identified by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. RESULTS Although statistically not significant, the frequency of FGFR2 heterozygous polymorphisms in the group with breast cancer was detected to be higher. In the B7-H4 SNP rs10801935, polymorphic AA, and AG genotype distributions were found in higher frequencies in the breast cancer patients. In contrast to the results of a published study, the present study shows that B7-H4 rs3738414 polymorphism GG genotype was found in higher frequency in the control group than the breast cancer group and the result was statistically significant (P=0.018). CONCLUSION Larger scale studies are necessary to determine the prevalence of these polymorphisms and association with breast cancer in Turkish community, as this study is the first study performed.
Implications of the U.S. Current Account Deficit

In 1988, the United States recorded a current account deficit of about $135 billion. The consensus forecast seems to be for little change in the current account in the near term. In this paper, the implications of the U.S. current account deficit and of the consequent buildup in U.S. external debt are examined. The analytical framework for thinking about the U.S. current account is first surveyed, and the results from the empirical literature on the causes of the deficits in the 1980s are then reported. The sustainability of the U.S. external position is discussed next. It is concluded that, at some point, the U.S. trade deficit has to be closed, but that it is conceivable that the U.S. current account balance could remain substantially negative. How the trade gap might be closed is addressed in the final section of the paper.
Dynamic Critical-Path based on Fit Degree scheduling for reconfigurable multi-FPGAs

Reconfigurable computing is becoming increasingly attractive for many applications. In this paper, an efficient algorithm named dynamic critical-path based on fit degree (DCPFD) is formalized and used to schedule related hardware tasks in terms of task graphs for reconfigurable FPGAs with respect to the constraints: precedence, deadline and resource. The dynamic critical-path (DCP) dynamically evaluates critical-paths of a task graph and determines the most critical task in order to shorten the schedule length. The fit degree (FD) is calculated for the scheduled task w.r. t each FPGA, and used to check which FPGA has enough space and where in it, to place the task. The Pre-fetching technique is also employed to reduce the FPGA configuration overhead.
Tsukiyamaia, a new genus of the tribe Baorini (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae, Hesperiinae)

Abstract Skippers of the tribe Baorini are evidently a monophyletic group in the subfamily Hesperiinae. In this study, a new Baorini member Tsukiyamaia albimacula gen. n. et sp. n. is described from north Myanmar, southwest China and north Vietnam. Despite its peculiar and striking wing-pattern, this new genus has some important characters of Baorini, such as a broad and bifid uncus and a well-developed gnathos. Based on an analysis of male genitalia and the molecular phylogenies inferred from both mitochondrial and nuclear genes (28 taxa, total aligned length: 2968 bp), it is proposed that the genus Tsukiyamaia is closely related to the genus Polytremis, which has high species diversity in China. This study not only describes a new skipper but also highlights that Tsukiyamaia is important in clarifying phylogenetic relationship of Polytremis and its allies.
Long-term update of U.S. GI Intergroup RTOG 98-11 phase III trial for anal carcinoma: Comparison of concurrent chemoradiation with 5FU-mitomycin versus 5FU-cisplatin for disease-free and overall survival.

367 Background: On initial publication of GI Intergroup RTOG 98-11, concurrent chemoradiation with 5FU+mitomycin (MMC) decreased colostomy failure (CF) vs induction plus concurrent 5FU+cisplatin (CDDP), but did not significantly impact disease free or overall survival (DFS, OS). The intent of the current analysis is to determine the long-term impact of treatment on survival (DFS, OS, colostomy-free [CFS]), CF and relapse (local-regional [LRF], distant [DM]) in this patient group. METHODS Stratification factors included gender, clinical node status, and primary size. DFS/OS were estimated univariately by Kaplan-Meier method and treatment arms compared by log-rank test. Time to relapse/CF were estimated by cumulative incidence method and treatment arms compared by Gray's test. Multivariate analyses were done with Cox proportional hazard models to test for treatment differences, adjusting for stratification factors. RESULTS Of 682 patients accrued, 649 were analyzable for outcomes. As seen in the table, 5-yr DFS and OS were statistically better for RT+5FU/MMC vs RT+5FU/CDDP (67.7 v 57.6%, p=.0.0045; 78.2 v 70.5%, p=0.021) with trends toward statistical significance for CFS, LRF, and CF (71.8 v 64.9%, p=0.053; 20 v 26.5%, 11.9 v 17.3%, p=0.092 and 0.075). Similar results were seen in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Concurrent chemoradiation with 5FU-MMC has a statistically significant impact on DFS and OS vs induction + concurrent 5FU-CDDP and borderline significance for CFS, CF and LRF. Therefore, RT+5FU/MMC remains the preferred standard of care. Potential strategies to improve outcomes include treatment intensification and individualized molecular-based treatment. Supported by RTOG grant U10 CA21661 and CCOP grant U10 CA37422 from the National Cancer Institute (NCI). [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
A New Prognostic Staging System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Value of the Biomarker Combined Japan Integrated Staging Score

Objectives: The Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) score has been reported to have good stratification ability in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the JIS score could not estimate malignant grade of HCC. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new staging system: the biomarker combined JIS (bm-JIS) which includes three tumor markers: α-fetoprotein (AFP), Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive AFP and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin with the conventional JIS score. Methods: A total of 1,924 HCC patients were included in this study. We compared their overall survival, the stratification ability and suitability as a prognostic model according to the bm-JIS score and the conventional JIS score. Results: There were significant differences between the survival curves for all bm-JIS scores. For the conventional JIS scores of 0, 1, 2 and 3, the survival curves differed greatly according to the bm-JIS score (p < 0.0001). The independent homogenizing ability and the stratification value of the JIS score and the bm-JIS score determined by the likelihood ratio test using the Cox proportional hazard regression model showed the bm-JIS score to have a higher value(χ2 = 717.348) than the JIS score (χ2 = 668.91). Conclusions: The bm-JIS score showed superior stratification ability and thus was found to be a better predictor of the prognosis than the conventional JIS score, especially for the patients with good prognosis.
The Impact of Pharmaceutical Innovation on Disability Days and the Use of Medical Services in the United States, 1997–2010

I investigate whether diseases subject to more rapid pharmaceutical innovation experienced greater declines in Americans’ disability days and use of medical services during the period 1997–2010, controlling for several other factors, using data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The mean number of work loss days, school loss days, and hospital admissions declined more rapidly among medical conditions with larger increases in the mean number of new (post-1990) prescription drugs consumed. The value of reductions in work loss days and hospital admissions attributable to pharmaceutical innovation is estimated to be three times as large as the cost of new drugs consumed.
ELECTRICITY REFORMS IN MALI: A MACRO–MICRO ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS ON POVERTY AND DISTRIBUTION

This paper uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) micro-simulation model to explore the distributional and poverty-related effects of price reform in the electricity sector of Mali, a poor country in West Africa. In the first part of the paper we analyse the distribution of electricity in Mali by income deciles, showing that few poor households are connected to the electricity grid. We then apply a sequential CGE micro-simulation model to track the transmission mechanisms between increases in electricity prices and changes in poverty and inequality among different household groups. Our results show that direct price increases have a minimal effect on poverty and inequality, whereas the general equilibrium effects of such increases are quite strong and negative. The compensating policies we tested do not help those who lose from the pricing reform. In fact they amplify the negative effects. Copyright (c) 2009 The Authors. Journal compilation (c) 2009 Economic Society of South Africa.
Is oxidative stress a cause or consequence of disuse muscle atrophy in mice? A proteomic approach in hindlimb‐unloaded mice

Two‐dimensional proteomic maps of soleus (Sol), a slow oxidative muscle, and gastrocnemius (Gas), a fast glycolytic muscle of control mice (CTRL), of mice hindlimb unloaded for 14 days (HU mice) and of HU mice treated with trolox (HU‐TRO), a selective and potent antioxidant, were compared. The proteomic analysis identified a large number of differentially expressed proteins in a pool of ∼800 proteins in both muscles. The protein pattern of Sol and Gas adapted very differently to hindlimb unloading. The most interesting adaptations related to the cellular defense systems against oxidative stress and energy metabolism. In HU Sol, the antioxidant defense systems and heat shock proteins were downregulated, and protein oxidation index and lipid peroxidation were higher compared with CTRL Sol. In contrast, in HU Gas the antioxidant defense systems were upregulated, and protein oxidation index and lipid peroxidation were normal. Notably, both Sol and Gas muscles and their muscle fibres were atrophic. Antioxidant administration prevented the impairment of the antioxidant defense systems in Sol and further enhanced them in Gas. Accordingly, it restored normal levels of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in Sol. However, muscle and muscle fibre atrophy was not prevented either in Sol or in Gas. A general downsizing of all energy production systems in Sol and a shift towards glycolytic metabolism in Gas were observed. Trolox administration did not prevent metabolic adaptations in either Sol or Gas. The present findings suggest that oxidative stress is not a major determinant of muscle atrophy in HU mice.
Trade, Factor Prices, and the Gains from Trade with Increasing Returns to Scale

Existing analyses seem to suggest that national increasing returns to scale are not a very useful tool for analysing trade owing to problems such as multiple equilibria and the tendency towards complete specialization. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model in which there are, in fact, determinant relationships among country size, the direction of trade, the gains from trade, and international factor price differences. In the model differences in country size determine the direction of trade, which in turn determines factor price differences and limits the possible distribution of the gains from trade. Commerce international, prix des facteurs de production et les gains de l'change dans un contexte de rendements croissants a' l'echelle. Les analyses conventionnelles semblent suggerer que les rendements croissants h l'6chelle au niveau national ne constituent pas une avenue prometteuse dans l'analyse du commerce international parce que de tels rendements creent une presomption en faveur de la specialisation complete et conduisent a des situations d'6quilibres multiples. Le but de ce m6moire est de construire un mod&le dans lequel il existe des rapports determinants entre la dimension du pays, la direction des 6changes, les gains de l'echange et les differentiels internationaux entre les prix des facteurs de production. Dans ce mod&le, les differences entre les pays en termes de dimension d6terminent la direction du commerce international, laquelle d6termine le differentiel entre les prix des facteurs de production et limite l'eventail des r6partitions possibles des gains de l'echange.
Ownership structure, board composition and the market for corporate control in the UK: an empirical analysis

This paper analyses the board composition and ownership structures of a sample of companies that have been acquired and those of a matching control sample that have not. We find significant governance differences between acquired firms and the control sample. Firms with the following characteristics were more likely to be acquired: they had the same person acting as CEO and chair, a higher proportion of non-executive directors, larger institutional shareholdings and higher director shareholdings. An analysis of small firms also found evidence of higher CEO shareholdings. We also find that treating all take-overs as a single group leads to a model mis-specification which does not identify the incentive effects of board and CEO shareholdings present in non-hostile acquisitions. These results are consistent with two agency-derived hypotheses, financial incentives and effective monitoring. We also find that targets exhibit lower growth potential but do not have worse accounting performance.
Li Ta-Chao and the Chinese Communist Treatment of the Materialist Conception of History

The traditional alliance between politics and scholarship that Professor Fitzgerald has referred to as “characteristically Chinese” has become a most explicit alliance in contemporary China. Not only is scholarship to serve immediate political interests, but it must do so within the frame-work of an all-pervasive ideology. In no field of scholarship is this union more explicit than in the study of history. The application of Marxist-Leninist theory and the “thought of Mao Tse-tung” to the study and understanding of the Chinese past is the appointed task of Chinese Communist historians, and they would no doubt be the first to acknowledge that historiography cannot, and indeed should not, be separated from ideology. The most relevant portion of this body of ideology for historians is, of course, the materialist conception of history. It is from the assumptions of this theory that the Chinese Communist interpretation of history ostensibly begins.
Laparoscopy for Colorectal Cancer

The advantages of laparoscopy in the treatment of benign disease have been well demonstrated. Compared to open surgery, laparoscopy is associated with a shorter hospital stay, less ileus, decreased postoperative pain, earlier return to work, and better cosmesis. The role of laparoscopy for the cure of malignant disease, however, remains controversial. In order to elucidate the safety and efficacy of laparoscopy for malignancy, worldwide large controlled randomized trials were developed. While awaiting the results of large randomized trials, a review of the many published studies to date was undertaken demonstrating a high level of evidence of the superiority of laparoscopy over laparotomy in regard to short-term benefits, when performed by appropriately skilled surgeons in properly selected patients. The data also suggest similar or superior local recurrence and long-term survival rates. However, further follow-up and review of large, multicenter, randomized trials will be needed before widespread acceptance of the technique can be recommended.
The East Asian Miracle: Four Lessons for Development Policy

Four public policy lessons of the East Asian miracle are examined. The argument is made that eight East Asian economies can be distinguished from other developing countries on the basis of three common characteristics-rapid, persistent, and shared growth. A growth accounting exercise based on cross-country data indicates that while accumulation was the primary source of growth, total factor productivity (TFP) change was also significant. Macroeconomic stability and broad-based education are found to have contributed significantly to both accumulation and TFP change. The conclusion is made that manufactured export orientation rather than industrial policy played the dominant role in increasing economywide TFP growth rates.
Simulation of the urban radio propagation channel

A simulation program for the wide-band response of the urban multipath propagation channel has been developed. The program enables the generation of a sequence of "impulse responses" of the channel that would be observed by a moving vehicle communicating with a fixed station. The program incorporates empirical parameters covering four types of urban areas and three frequencies (in the 0.5-3- GHz range) and can be used in design of urban communication systems.
Building a positive candidate experience: towards a networked model of e-recruitment

Purpose – The ubiquity of the social web has forced online recruitment to change dramatically. This paper introduces the first e-recruitment network business model, the Private Talent Network© to support the practice of online talent resourcing. Design/methodology/approach – Grounded theory was the research approach adopted, using mixed method data collection and triangulation of results. A study of six FTSE100 companies was conducted from different industries. This was an explorative study into network theories and models in context of e-recruitment. Findings – The key outcome was the identification of a positive candidate experience. This was central to realising cost benefits and candidate quality and was influenced by nine internal and external factors. Theoretically actor network theory provided a flexible and representative framework of the online ecosystem adopted by businesses for talent resourcing. Research limitations/implications – Limited to UK FTSE100 target group only, the research is presen.