Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the Battle between Shipbuilding Regions in Germany and South Korea

Over time we can observe a dramatic global shift in shipbuilding activities, from Great Britain to Continental Europe to Japan to South Korea; most recently China is gaining ground. Every transition is accompanied by institutional and political reactions, leading to protectionism and trade conflicts. The most recent of these battles is being fought out between the European Commission, in particular Germany as a major player in this market, and South Korea, which is accused of illegally supporting its shipyards. As state support has traditionally played an important role, both in establishing and in protecting shipbuilding as a strategic industry within a national economy, the concept of political lock-in appears to provide a promising method for explaining both the rise, through its enabling element, and delayed fall, through its constraining element, of these specific regional economies. Against the background of this theoretical concept, an empirical study comparing two competing shipbuilding regions—Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in eastern Germany and Gyeongnam in South Korea—was conducted; the results are twofold. First, restructuring the shipbuilding industry in these two regions seems less affected by local and regional factors than it is by national and international organisations. National and international organisations are, under globalisation conditions, increasingly responsible for regulating the conditions of competition, but are failing to do so. Second, because of the multiscale involvement of political and economic actors and, hence, the increasing complexity of the restructuring process, the concept of political lock-in needs to be integrated into a much broader explanatory framework—which the authors develop.
Gratification: A pivotal point in psychotherapy.

This theoretical peEer is\based on the premise that, nearly, all people who enter therapy dO so, to varying iegrees, with the wish (consclous or unconscious demand). to hAie dependent longing end affectionalneeds gratified in the therapy itself. The conditions. underand the extent to which, the therapist proVides direct. ( gratifiation are crucial determinarts ofthe cutcomeof therapy. ' While certain amounts and forms 'of direct gratification are helpful and often necessary, too, -much and/or certain.kindsof gratification may be d.estructive. The paper presents five rules-of-thumb tohelp guide therapist decisions about whet to gratify what demands. An. . effort f,,p made. to tcnnect the ruls'to clinical theory and recent ,research.,,The. rule-of-thumb foc1;is cn: 1(a) differentiating petween paients, wants and needs; (b). a prcper therapeutic stance Vis-a-vis 'direct -gratification; (c) the use of, direct gratification in the early stage of therapy; (d) patient characteristiqs severit of disturbance and infantilism of ' demand ) tmodrating the,, appropriateness of, direct gratiIicatio 'throughout the therapy. (Author)
Peace education in conflict and post-conflict societies: comparative perspectives

Peace Education in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies: Comparative Perspectives makes a significant contribution to the field of peace education. The book’s main focus is how peaceful relations can be achieved and how coexistence can be promoted through peace education and other forms of education such as integrated education, critical multicultural education, or human rights education. The book is comprised of three parts, which provide an overview of conflicts that have happened or are happening in the world. These include conflicts in Northern Ireland, Burundi, the Dominican Republic, South Africa, the Republic of Macedonia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Israel and Palestine, Cyprus, the USA, and others relating, for example, to ethnic strife, racial discrimination, land disputes, language issues, and the historical impact of colonialism. In the introduction to each section, there is an overview which helps to guide the readers. In Part 1, the authors tackle the reconstruction of peace in conflict and postconflict societies from a variety of perspectives. McGlynn employs a combined approach of plural, liberal, and critical discourses to examine integrated education in Northern Ireland. Ndura-Ouedraogo uses multicultural education and peace education as transformational tools to heal ethnic polarization and suffering in postconflict Burundi. Bajaj and Acosta discuss the reconstruction of the Dominican Republic through feminist efforts to uphold human rights. Nolan proposes the concept of a learning society and ‘peace entrepreneurs’ (62) as providing opportunities for people to learn to live together. This includes learning to get a job, since it is critical for people to be working if the society is to be peaceful. Learning, according to Nolan, also means dealing with the memory of conflicts, and devising a new language to foresee a new future. In Part 2, the contact hypothesis is proposed as a means of making peace education effective. Efforts in Macedonia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, Israel and Palestine, Northern Ireland and Croatia (chapters by Tomovska, Hromadzic, Hammack, and Kosic and Senehi, respectively) all highlight intergroup contacts as effective approaches for breaking down walls of hostility and bringing people back to treating each other with respect. However, how effective the contacts are, when the society still upholds intergroup prejudice, and where residential segregation is still maintained, such as in Macedonia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina, is problematic. Theories in social psychology and bioecological systems are brought in to support the contact hypothesis. Despite disappointing problems in the society, authors note the Journal of Peace Education Vol. 9, No. 2, August 2012, 201–209
International Union of Pharmacology. LXXI. Free Fatty Acid Receptors FFA1, -2, and -3: Pharmacology and Pathophysiological Functions

Identification of G protein-coupled receptors that are activated by free fatty acids has led to considerable interest in their pharmacology and function because of the wide range of normal physiology and disease states in which fatty acids have been implicated. Free fatty acid receptor (FFA) 1 is activated by medium- to long-chain fatty acids and is expressed in the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. Activation of FFA1 has been proposed to mediate fatty acid augmentation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion although it is unclear whether the known long-term detrimental effects of β-cell exposure to high levels of fatty acids are also mediated through this receptor. The related receptors FFA2 and FFA3 are both activated by short-chain fatty acids although they have key differences in the signaling pathways they activate and tissue expression pattern. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the pharmacology and physiological role of these fatty acid receptors.
Specification of Arabidopsis floral meristem identity by repression of flowering time genes

Flowering plants produce floral meristems in response to intrinsic and extrinsic flowering inductive signals. In Arabidopsis, the floral meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) are activated to play a pivotal role in specifying floral meristems during floral transition. We show here that the emerging floral meristems require AP1 to partly specify their floral identities by directly repressing a group of flowering time genes, including SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1). In wild-type plants, these flowering time genes are normally downregulated in emerging floral meristems. In the absence of AP1, these genes are ectopically expressed, transforming floral meristems into shoot meristems. By post-translational activation of an AP1-GR fusion protein and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we further demonstrate the repression of these flowering time genes by induced AP1 activity and in vivo AP1 binding to the cis-regulatory regions of these genes. These findings indicate that once AP1 is activated during the floral transition, it acts partly as a master repressor in floral meristems by directly suppressing the expression of flowering time genes, thus preventing the continuation of the shoot developmental program.
Using Personal Construct Psychology to Reduce the Risk of Exclusion

This article describes the use of Personal Construct Psychology (PCP) as part of an intervention with a Year 10 pupil considered by school to be 'at risk' of permanent exclusion due to emotional and behavioural difficulties. It provides a detailed description of the techniques used during an 8-week intervention, which included work with the individual pupil, staff and parents. PCP is an enabling strategy that can allow children to tell their stories. It provides the opportunity for the individual to consider an alternative self-image and to experiment with new behaviours. The outcome for this pupil was a more positive view of his behaviour, which helped to support his continued inclusion in the school. The role of the Educational Psychologist (EP) was to advocate for the pupil, enabling staff to include his perceptions in their problem-solving approach to devising a Pastoral Support Plan. PCP may offer EPs an essential and unique role in this process.
Multiply wound Polyakov loops at strong coupling

We study the expectation value of a Polyakov-Maldacena loop that wraps the thermal circle k times in strongly coupled N = 4 super Yang-Mills theory. This is achieved by considering probe D3 and D5 brane embeddings in the dual black hole geometry. In contrast to multiply wound spatial Wilson loops, nontrivial dependence on k is captured through D5 branes. We find N −2/3 corrections, reminiscent of the scaling behaviour near a Gross-Witten transition.
EFFECTS OF BIAS AND EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE ON TWO KNOWLEDGE OF AGING QUESTIONNAIRES

Palmore's Facts on Aging Quiz (FAQ)‐Part 1 (1977) has been used frequently to gauge a respondent's knowledge of aging. The preponderance of positively‐valenced items on the FAQ, however, is such that score on the test may be more representative of a respondent's attitude toward, than knowledge about aging and the elderly, positive attitudes being associated with a higher FAQ score. Although such confounding of directional bias and knowledge is acceptable in an “edumetric” test, it is problematic in a research instrument. In experiment 1, the FAQ's vulnerability to bias was tested by having young adults complete the FAQ under instructions to adopt either a positive or negative bias toward the elderly, their scores being compared to their own performance when requested to respond neutrally (i.e., on the basis of knowledge alone). Scores on the FAQ were found to be greatly affected by the direction of bias. A new Knowledge of Aging and the Elderly (KAE) questionnaire, patterned after the FAQ but more balance.
The mortality of Royal Naval submariners 1960-89.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the mortality pattern of submariners in the Royal Navy to assess the long term effects on health of serving in submarines. Any specific cause of death which was increased was considered in advance to be of interest, but attention focused particularly on cancer mortality. METHOD: A mortality follow up study: 15 138 submariners who had conducted their first submarine training between 1960 and 1979 were followed up through their time in the Navy and into civilian life, up to the end of 1989. The main outcome measures were the numbers of deaths and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) which indicate whether the mortality from all causes and specific causes, particularly cancers, exceeds that in men in England and Wales. RESULTS: Mortality in submariners was lower than that for men in England and Wales with an all cause SMR of 86; this was comparable with that found in other studies of armed forces personnel. Cancer mortality was particularly low with an SMR of 69 and there was no particular cancer site which showed an excess. Increased mortality from digestive diseases was found, the excess being attributable to cirrhosis of the liver, which had an SMR of 221 based on 12 deaths, alcohol being a contributory factor in eight. Deaths from accidents and violence were also higher than expected with an SMR of 115, but this was due to high levels of accidents occurring after discharge from the Navy. There was no apparent trend in mortality with time since starting submarine work. Likewise there was no pattern by calendar period, although the excess of cirrhosis of the liver was confined to the period 1970-9. CONCLUSION: The submariners seemed to be a healthy group with low mortality overall. Working in submarines was not associated with any increased cancer mortality. Excess deaths from cirrhosis of the liver, and from accidents and violence after leaving the Navy, were of some concern but they cannot be attributed directly to the submarine environment.
IMPROVED log(gf) VALUES FOR LINES OF Ti i AND ABUNDANCE DETERMINATIONS IN THE PHOTOSPHERES OF THE SUN AND METAL-POOR STAR HD 84937 (ACCURATE TRANSITION PROBABILITIES FOR Ti i)

New atomic transition probability measurements for 948 lines of Ti i are reported. Branching fractions from Fourier transform spectra and from spectra recorded using a 3 m echelle spectrometer are combined with published radiative lifetimes from laser-induced fluorescence measurements to determine these transition probabilities. Generally good agreement is found in comparisons to the NIST Atomic Spectra Database. The new Ti i data are applied to re-determine the Ti abundance in the photospheres of the Sun and metal-poor star HD 84937 using many lines covering a range of wavelength and excitation potential to explore possible non-local thermal equilibrium effects. The variation of relative Ti/Fe abundance with metallicity in metal-poor stars observed in earlier studies is supported in this study.
Developmental changes in dental anxiety in a normative population of Dutch children.

AIM The aim of this study was to ascertain age and gender related differences that contribute to dental anxiety and to find relations with early onset of child dental anxiety in a population of 4-11 years old Dutch children. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted among 2,865 patients (48.2% girls) aged between 4 and 11 years old. The sample included a normative (n = 2,153) and an anxious group of children (n = 712), who were referred to the Special Dental Care Clinic in Amsterdam because of manifested dental phobia. Children were divided into three age groups (4-6, 7-9 and 10-11 years). Dental anxiety was assessed using the Children Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale. Three levels of dental anxiety were used: low (CFSS-DS = 15-25), moderate (CFSS-DS = 26-36) and high (CFSS-DS above 37). Only children with CFSS-DS scores above 37 were considered dentally phobic. STATISTICS Statistical analysis was performed in Statistics for Windows 10. RESULTS In the total group a significantly higher level of dental anxiety was found among girls (p = 0.004; t = -3.262). There was a considerably lower number of dentally phobic boys (7.1%) and girls (9.2%) in the older group compared with the younger (51.8%, 52.8% respectively). One way Anova results revealed a statistically significant age related difference between the oldest and the youngest as well as the middle-aged groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.001). In general dental anxiety was explained better in the younger than in the older group. The regression analysis accounted for a higher percentage of the explained variance. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the highest level of dental anxiety was present at 4 years of age and an overall decrease in dental anxiety occurred as children became older. In different age groups, dental anxiety seems to be related to different aspects of dentistry, indicating the causes shift from simple initial stimuli to more complex events.
Genetic and functional interactions between Mus81–Mms4 and Rad27

The two endonucleases, Rad27 (yeast Fen1) and Dna2, jointly participate in the processing of Okazaki fragments in yeasts. Mus81–Mms4 is a structure-specific endonuclease that can resolve stalled replication forks as well as toxic recombination intermediates. In this study, we show that Mus81–Mms4 can suppress dna2 mutational defects by virtue of its functional and physical interaction with Rad27. Mus81–Mms4 stimulated Rad27 activity significantly, accounting for its ability to restore the growth defects caused by the dna2 mutation. Interestingly, Rad27 stimulated the rate of Mus81–Mms4 catalyzed cleavage of various substrates, including regressed replication fork substrates. The ability of Rad27 to stimulate Mus81–Mms4 did not depend on the catalytic activity of Rad27, but required the C-terminal 64 amino acid fragment of Rad27. This indicates that the stimulation was mediated by a specific protein–protein interaction between the two proteins. Our in vitro data indicate that Mus81–Mms4 and Rad27 act together during DNA replication and resolve various structures that can impede normal DNA replication. This conclusion was further strengthened by the fact that rad27 mus81 or rad27 mms4 double mutants were synergistically lethal. We discuss the significance of the interactions between Rad27, Dna2 and Mus81–Mms4 in context of DNA replication.
The Negro Race and European Civilization

While in the past century populations and racial elements which had formerly been far distant from each other have been brought into intimate contact, the twentieth century will witness the formation of new mixed races and the attempt to adjust the mutual relations of all the various peoples that inhabit the globe. Tlhe recent great advance in the safeness and rapidity of communication has made the whole world into a community whose solidarity of interests becomes more apparent day by day. Closer contact with the more advanced nations of the Orient will have a profound influence upon European civilization, because these nations, though ready to adopt our industrial methods, are determined to maintain their national beliefs and customs. Though fromn the races that stand on a lower level of civilization no such deep-going influence upon European and American life is to be expected, their relations to the peoples of more advanced culture will nevertheless be a matter of great moment. Some of them, the weakest and lowest in organization, may indeed continue to fade away before the advance of European power; but this is not likely to be the fate of the negro race. The negroes have come in contact with the worst side of European civilization; yet their buoyant, vigorous constitution and their fundamental comnmon-
Mexican American Mothers' Perceptions and Beliefs About Language Acquisition in Infants and Toddlers With Disabilities

Abstract This study examined the perceptions and beliefs about language acquisition of seven Spanish-speaking Mexican American mothers who had young children (age 24–37 months) with language disabilities. These children were served in an Early Childhood Intervention (ECI) program in central Texas. How mothers' perceptions and beliefs influenced their decision as to whether ECI services were provided in Spanish or English was examined, as was their understanding of how to support their children's language development. Data were gathered using a home language questionnaire, a structured interview, and observations of mother-child interactions. Data were analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. Themes that emerged from the interviews and mother-child interactions are examined and implications for early childhood intervention are discussed.
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Wild Type ( C 57 BL / 6 J + / + ) and Pearl Mutant ( C 57 BL / 6 J pe / pe ) Mice

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lying along the vertical meridian of the eyes of wild-type (+/+) and pearl mutant {pe/pe) mice was examined with electron microscopy and microspectrophotometry in order to compare differences in melanosome location, size, numerical density, volume density, and melanin concentration. In + /+ mice the fraction of melanosomes that lie in the apical processes was greater in the superior than in the inferior retina. Also, the numerical density and volume density of soma melanosomes were lower in the superior retina. The soma melanosomes were also located closer to the basal membrane and had a larger average diameter in the inferior retina. No significant differences in melanosome location were observed between light-adapted and darkadapted retinas. In pe/pe mice the fraction of melanosomes in the apical processes was very low in both inferior and superior retinas. The numerical density and the volume density of soma melanosomes of pe/pe were significantly less than those of + /+ . The soma melanosomes of pe/pe mice lie closer to the basal membrane than those of + /+ , and they had a larger mean diameter than those of + /+ . Electron micrographs depicted some melanosomes of pe/pe with irregular profiles and abnormal melanin deposition at their periphery. Microspectrophotometric measurements of individual melanosomes in semithin sections showed that maximal specific absorption and Xmax were nearly equal for both genotypes and both superior/inferior locations. These findings show that intramelanosomal melanin concentration is normal for pe/pe. The basal membrane of the RPE of pe/pe was infolded over only 80% of the area covered by the basal surface, whereas the basal membrane in + / + was infolded over more than 98% of the area covered. The boundary density of RPE basal infoldings was also lower in pe/pe than in + /+ . Furthermore, some areas of the basal lamina of pe/pe RPE had a periodic, rather than an amorphous, structure. These findings suggest that the reduced retinal sensitivity found in intact pe/pe animals, but not in superfused, isolated pe/pe retinas, may result from impaired transport of a diffusible substance by the basal membrane of the RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26:657-669, 1985
High Antibody Titer against Apical Membrane Antigen-1 Is Required to Protect against Malaria in the Aotus Model

A Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain Apical Membrane Antigen-1 (AMA1) vaccine, formulated with AS02A adjuvant, slowed parasite growth in a recent Phase 1/2a trial, however sterile protection was not observed. We tested this AS02A, and a Montanide ISA720 (ISA) formulation of 3D7 AMA1 in Aotus monkeys. The 3D7 parasite does not invade Aotus erythrocytes, hence two heterologous strains, FCH/4 and FVO, were used for challenge, FCH/4 AMA1 being more homologous to 3D7 than FVO AMA1. Following three vaccinations, the monkeys were challenged with 50,000 FCH/4 or 10,000 FVO parasites. Three of the six animals in the AMA+ISA group were protected against FCH/4 challenge. One monkey did not become parasitemic, another showed only a short period of low level parasitemia that self-cured, and a third animal showed a delay before exhibiting its parasitemic phase. This is the first protection shown in primates with a recombinant P. falciparum AMA1 without formulation in Freund's complete adjuvant. No animals in the AMA+AS02A group were protected, but this group exhibited a trend towards reduced growth rate. A second group of monkeys vaccinated with AMA+ISA vaccine was not protected against FVO challenge, suggesting strain-specificity of AMA1-based protection. Protection against FCH/4 strain correlated with the quantity of induced antibodies, as the protected animals were the only ones to have in vitro parasite growth inhibitory activity of >70% at 1∶10 serum dilution; immuno-fluorescence titers >8,000; ELISA titers against full-length AMA1 >300,000 and ELISA titer against AMA1 domains1+2 >100,000. A negative correlation between log ELISA titer and day 11 cumulative parasitemia (Spearman rank r = −0.780, p value = 0.0001), further confirmed the relationship between antibody titer and protection. High titers of cross-strain inhibitory antibodies against AMA1 are therefore critical to confer solid protection, and the Aotus model can be used to down-select future AMA1 formulations, prior to advanced human trials.