Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Newcastle University E-prints Citation for Item: Publisher's Copyright Statement: Neural Development Features: Spatio-temporal Development of the Caenorhabditis Elegans Neuronal Network

Always use the definitive version when citing. The full-text may be used and/or reproduced and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not for profit purposes provided that: • A full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • A link is made to the metadata record in Newcastle E-prints • The full text is not changed in any way. The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Abstract The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, with information on neural connectivity, three-dimensional position and cell linage, provides a unique system for understanding the development of neural networks. Although C. elegans has been widely studied in the past, we present the first statistical study from a developmental perspective, with findings that raise interesting suggestions on the establishment of long-distance connections and network hubs. Here, we analyze the neuro-development for temporal and spatial features, using birth times of neurons and their three-dimensional positions. Comparisons of growth in C. elegans with random spatial network growth highlight two findings relevant to neural network development. First, most neurons which are linked by long-distance connections are born around the same time and early on, suggesting the possibility of early contact or interaction between connected neurons during development. Second, early-born neurons are more highly connected (tendency to form hubs) than later-born neurons. This indicates that the longer time frame available to them might underlie high connectivity. Both outcomes are not observed for random connection formation. The study finds that around one-third of electrically coupled long-range connections are late forming, raising the question of what mechanisms are involved in ensuring their accuracy, particularly in light of the extremely invariant connectivity observed in C. elegans. In conclusion, the sequence of neural network development highlights the possibility of early contact or interaction in securing long-distance and high-degree connectivity. Copyright: ß 2011 Varier, Kaiser. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Arity-generic datatype-generic programming

Some programs are doubly-generic. For example, map is datatype-generic in that many different data structures support a mapping operation. A generic programming language like Generic Haskell can use a single definition to generate map for each type. However, map is also arity-generic because it belongs to a family of related operations that differ in the number of arguments. For lists, this family includes repeat, map, zipWith, zipWith3, zipWith4, etc. With dependent types or clever programming, one can unify all of these functions together in a single definition. However, no one has explored the combination of these two forms of genericity. These two axes are not orthogonal because the idea of arity appears in Generic Haskell: datatype-generic versions of repeat, map and zipWith have different arities of kind-indexed types. In this paper, we define arity-generic datatype-generic programs by building a framework for Generic Haskell-style generic programming in the dependently-typed programming language Agda 2.
A model of professional knowledge for social work practice

Abstract This article develops a model of professional knowledge for social work. The development of professional knowledge in social work has largely been influenced by knowledge from other areas of the social sciences such as psychology, sociology, social policy and organisational theory as well as being influenced by historical trends. Social science knowledge has, in turn, been influenced by the scientific method. The professional knowledge of social work can be categorised into five main knowledge forms. These are theoretical, empirical, procedural, practice wisdom and personal knowledge. Each of these forms is not a discrete category but there is considerable overlap between each area. However, it is also useful to consider each area separately as the research has demonstrated that social workers rely on some types of knowledge more than others. The research literature has demonstrated that theoretical and empirical knowledge forms are used infrequently in social work practice. It is argued that thi.
Perceptions of job insecurity and the impact of world market competition as health risks: Results from Belstress

Concern has been raised about the impact of job insecurity and fierce world market competition on the well-being and health of workers (Marmot, 1999). For that reason, the Job Content Questionnaire was supplemented with items that relate to the wider organization and, especially, global economy level. Two items relate to the 'perception of job insecurity' (JIS) and three items relate to the 'perception of impact of world market competition on one's own job' (WMC). In the Belstress study, which comprises a sample of 16,335 men and 5084 women aged 35-59 years recruited from 25 companies across Belgium between 1994 and 1998, cross-sectional associations of both factors with health status indicators, health behaviour and cardiovascular risk factors were studied. Scores for JIS and WMC were dichotomized yielding high (upper quartile group) and low levels (else). JIS and WMC are independently associated with job strain and with some health status indicators. No clear or consistent associations are found with health-related behaviours or with cardiovascular risk factors.
Political Outcome Bias in Grading: Identifying Problems and Suggesting Solutions

Political bias in the academy is a topic of great controversy. Many conservatives have argued that liberals dominate American campuses and use their classrooms to indoctrinate students or to discriminate against those with differing political beliefs. Liberals have responded by calling studies that purport to demonstrate these claims as flawed or as attacks on academic freedom. Regardless of the magnitude of campus political bias, it is ill-advised for the scholarly community to argue that it is immune from bias because scholars simply are fair. This article focuses on one element of political bias: partisan “outcome” bias in grading. We proceed in several steps. First, we provide an overview of the problem of grading bias and the concerns about political bias. Next, we consider the attributes of political grading bias and the forms that it can take. We present the analytics of partisan outcome bias and logic of using “paired” assignments to eliminate outcome bias. We provide data and analysis concerning outcome bias from a course Rom has taught. We conclude with a discussion of the ethics of grading.
The Rise, Risks, and Realities of Methamphetamine use among Women: Implications for Research, Prevention and Treatment

&NA; Methamphetamine (meth) is a highly addictive psychostimulant which activates the brain's reward pathway like no other substance. It is associated with risky sexual practices, HIV/AIDS, antisocial behavior, and violence. For the first time, women are presenting for treatment with a primary methamphetamine use disorder at higher rates than men. Yet, current treatment and prevention initiatives may not be sufficiently sensitive to the unique risks associated with women's use of meth. This article describes the history and rise of methamphetamine and outlines the qualities of meth that contribute to its unique social and environmental impact. Specific attention is devoted to women's experiences with meth focusing on sexual practices, HIV/AIDS, antisocial and violent behavior. Implications for treatment, prevention and research are discussed.
Oculomotor Evidence for Top-Down Control following the Initial Saccade

The goal of the current study was to investigate how salience-driven and goal-driven processes unfold during visual search over multiple eye movements. Eye movements were recorded while observers searched for a target, which was located on (Experiment 1) or defined as (Experiment 2) a specific orientation singleton. This singleton could either be the most, medium, or least salient element in the display. Results were analyzed as a function of response time separately for initial and second eye movements. Irrespective of the search task, initial saccades elicited shortly after the onset of the search display were primarily salience-driven whereas initial saccades elicited after approximately 250 ms were completely unaffected by salience. Initial saccades were increasingly guided in line with task requirements with increasing response times. Second saccades were completely unaffected by salience and were consistently goal-driven, irrespective of response time. These results suggest that stimulus-salience affects the visual system only briefly after a visual image enters the brain and has no effect thereafter.
Reputation, Image, Prestige, and Goodwill: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Organizational Standing

Reputation, image, prestige, and goodwill areconcepts used by different disciplines, e.g., economics,marketing, sociology, and accounting, to denote thegeneral standing of organizations among their counterparts. In this paper, the variousconcepts are reviewed and compared in terms ofsemantics, organizational cost, determinants, andimplications, among others. An interdisciplinary,multiconstituency framework of organizational standing isdeveloped, and research propositions aredelineated.
Genomic evaluation of health traits in dairy cattle.

There is growing interest from dairy producers in traits related to health and fitness of cattle, which often have low heritabilities but high economic values. Traits with low heritability can be improved by genetic selection, but large numbers of daughter records are required to produce predicted transmitting abilities with high reliability. Producer-recorded health event data collected from on-farm computer systems were used to estimate variance components and compute traditional predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) for several health traits (digestive problems, displaced abomasum, ketosis, lameness, mastitis, metritis, reproductive problems, and retained placenta) using single-trait threshold sire models. Heritabilities ranged from 0.01 for lameness to 0.30 for displaced abomasum using only first lactation data. Results were similar when only first lactation or first through fifth parity data were used. Multiple trait models also were used to estimate genetic correlations among those traits, which ranged from -0.29 (ketosis, lameness) to +0.81 (displaced abomasum, ketosis). Only three traits (displaced abomasum, mastitis, metritis) had 300 or more bulls with traditional reliabilities of at least 0.50. A multiple-trait sire threshold model was used to compute genomic PTA for 2,649 genotyped bulls. The increase in reliability from including the genomic data ranged from 0.38 (displaced abomasum) to 0.48 (lameness). These results suggest that enough data may exist in on-farm computer systems to enable the routine calculation of genetic and genomic evaluations for the most common health disorders in US Holstein cattle.
The Career Development Influence of Family of Origin

Family of origin is probably the single most potent determinant of career development and one means by which the sociopolitical salience of race and class are translated into individualcareer trajectories, perhaps most significantly for those of racial/ethnicgroup minorities. However, Whiston and Keller’s critical analysis reveals that scholars have paid little attention to the relation between race/ethnic group membership and key family influencevariables.Inaddition, althoughsocioeconomicclass hasbeen shownto beparticularly influential, a readingof that analysis suggests questions aboutwhether the most important family of origin variables have been investigated. In this article, the author identifies family variables and correlates of likely importance in understanding the career development of persons from diverse racial/ethnic group minorities and diverse social strata. Future scholarship might be advanced by considering race and class in an integrated and psychologically relevant framework.
The frequency and predictors of poly-victimisation of South African children and the role of schools in its prevention

Abstract Violence has become a characteristic feature of South African society, with women and children often bearing the brunt of this. Contemporary research suggests that the key to stemming the tide of child victimisation is understanding the complete inventory of victimisations that may co-occur during childhood. There is growing recognition that children in South Africa typically experience abuse in the context of other forms of maltreatment and victimisation. This article draws on the empirical data collected for a national prevalence and incidence study on child sexual abuse and maltreatment in South Africa and draws attention to the frequency of poly-victimisation amongst South African children and highlights why some children experience multiple co-occurring forms of victimisations while others do not. Understanding the complete victim profile of young children, and how the different forms of victimisation they experience intersect, is critical to ensuring that the most vulnerable South Africans are provided with the extensive and targeted interventions required to break free from their heightened vulnerability to victimisation.
The alchemy of austerity

The return of austerity has provoked social conflict, political controversy and academic disputes. In this article we explore some of these through the metaphor of an ‘alchemy of austerity’ that forms the foundation for strategies of state retrenchment through which the consent of populations is sought. We begin, in ‘Magical thinking’, by tracing some of the discursive repertoires that circulate in analyses of austerity, showing something of its significance as a key term being mobilized in different international and national political discourses. We then go on to explore political strategies, with a particular focus on the UK in ‘Sharing the pain’. However, we suggest that such a focus offers a limited conception of politics that fails to illuminate the contradictory field of political forces put into motion by austerity strategies. This field of forces, we go on to argue, crystallizes around the problem of securing consent. In ‘Austerity and the problem of consent’ we examine this further, pointing to the proliferation of different forms of dissent and their relationship to austerity measures. We end by tracing shifting articulations of the moral and the economic by revisiting E.P. Thompson’s concept of ‘moral economy’.
Mediation between discourse and society: assessing cognitive approaches in CDA

While reviewing relevant recent research, it becomes apparent that cognitive approaches have been rejected and excluded from Critical Discourse Analysis by many scholars out of often unjustified reasons. This article argues, in contrast, that studies in CDA would gain significantly through integrating insights from socio-cognitive theories into their framework. Examples from my own research into the comprehension and comprehensibility of news broadcasts, Internet discussion boards as well as into discourse and discrimination illustrate this position. However, I also argue that there are salient limits to cognitive theories which have to be taken into account, specifically when proposing social change via rational/cognitive insights. Examples from recent political debates on immigration and from the election campaign in the US in 2004 serve to emphasize these arguments.
Do Textbooks and Tests Define a National Curriculum in Elementary School Mathematics?

The Elementary School Journal Volume 83, Number 5 ? 1983 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-5984/83/8305-0006$01.00 In the folklore of education, popular claims often survive with little or no empirical verification. Some claim that a national consensus determines the content covered in elementary school mathematics textbooks and tests. If so, when teachers "teach to the test" or look to textbooks for guidance in deciding what to teach, topics included in the national curriculum will constitute the content of classroom instruction. In contrast, substantive differences in content covered in textbooks and tests would call
‘‘I learn and I grow big’’: Chinese preschoolers’ purposes for learning

Despite much research on Chinese children’s learning achievement, little research exists on their early development of beliefs about learning. This study examined the perceptions of purposes for and affective and value expression toward learning among 129 Chinese preschoolers aged 3–6 years. To tap culturally valid perspectives, free narratives prompted by story beginnings and responses to probes about books and school scenarios were collected and analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively. We identified four types of benefits from learning that children revealed: (1) Intellectual benefits emphasising acquisition of skill, continuous personal growth, and ‘‘a lot’’ of knowledge; (2) respect/admiration for learning; (3) social benefits for others; and (4) economic benefits. Children also expressed highly positive feelings and value toward learning. These trends increased with age. The findings are discussed in light of Chinese cultural values of learning and their influence on children’s development of beliefs about learning.
Testing for Measurement Equivalence in Surveys Dimensions of Social Trust across Cultural Contexts

Our study evaluates the dimensionality and equivalence of social trust across cultural contexts, using new data from Switzerland and the World Values Survey 2005–2008. Whereas some scholars assert that trust should be regarded as a coherent concept, others claim that trust is better conceived of as a multidimensional concept. In contrast to the conventional dichotomy of the forms of social trust, we identify three distinct forms of trust, namely, particularized, generalized, and identity-based trust. Moreover, we dispute the view that respondents understand the wording of survey questions regarding social trust differently between different cultural contexts, which would imply that comparative research on trust is a pointless endeavor. Applying multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis to the various constructs of social trust, we conclude that one may study relationships among the three forms of trust and other theoretical constructs as well as compare latent means across cultural contexts. Our analyses therefore provide an optimistic outlook for future comparative analyses that investigate forms of social trust across cultural contexts.
Combining work and care in the polder model: an assessment of the Dutch part-time strategy

Working time is an important ingredient in the Dutch `polder model'. In particular, part-time employment has proven to be an important element on the road towards full employment. Part-time employment is also an important element in the so-called `combination model', a model that has been adopted by the Dutch government as the main guideline for policies in the field of labour and care. The point of departure of the combination model is a balanced combination of paid and unpaid care, where unpaid care work is shared equally between men and women and both work part-time for pay. The article looks at the consequences of this part-time strategy from an equal opportunities perspective. It concludes that for women the popularity of part-time work has resulted in a destandardization and individualization of working hours. The combined effects of both gender and the specific working time policy has been to create a one-and-a-half earner society. Given the half income of women, the polder model has not as yet resulted in a remedy for the socioeconomic inequality between men and women.
Activation of the glnA, glnK, and nac Promoters as Escherichia coli Undergoes the Transition from Nitrogen Excess Growth to Nitrogen Starvation

ABSTRACT The nitrogen-regulated genes and operons of the Ntr regulon of Escherichia coli are activated by the enhancer-binding transcriptional activator NRI∼P (NtrC∼P). Here, we examined the activation of the glnA, glnK, and nac promoters as cells undergo the transition from growth on ammonia to nitrogen starvation and examined the amplification of NRI during this transition. The results indicate that the concentration of NRI is increased as cells become starved for ammonia, concurrent with the activation of Ntr genes that have less- efficient enhancers than does glnA. A diauxic growth pattern was obtained when E. coli was grown on a low concentration of ammonia in combination with arginine as a nitrogen source, consistent with the hypothesis that Ntr genes other than glnA become activated only upon amplification of the NRI concentration.
Achievements and self-concepts in a comparison of math and science: exploring the internal/external frame of reference model across 28 countries

Marsh's (1986) Internal/External Frame of Reference (I/E) model posits a paradoxical pattern of relations between distinct school subjects, for example, math and verbal. (1) A high math achievement contributes to a positive math self-concept, and a high verbal achievement contributes to a positive verbal self-concept. (2) A high math achievement contributes to a negative verbal self-concept, and a high verbal achievement contributes to a negative math self-concept. An extension of the I/E model is proposed under which a comparison is made of the relationship between math and science, which might be regarded as distinctly different or as supplementary, and which process is termed “domain comparison”. In addition, the “supplementary” perspective (or integrating process) is a deviation from the “distinctly different” perspective (or contrasting process) that has long underpinned the I/E model. The results of exploring the I/E model for math and science across 28 countries (N = 144,069) participating in the TIMSS 2003 study revealed students from different countries undertake a contrasting or an integrating process to varying degrees. The findings suggest an incorporation of domain comparison into the I/E model.