Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic Regional Anesthesia: Medial Canthus Episcleral (Sub-Tenon) Single Injection Block

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of episcleral single-injection anesthesia in a large number of patients. MethodsOver a period of 5 yr, in four institutions, anesthesiologists involved in this prospective study completed a standardized form to evaluate single-injection medial canthus high-volume episcleral anesthesia. The success rate of the block was rated according to an akinesia score. The study parameters included demographic data, surgical procedure, and anesthetic management. All patients were followed up at least until postoperative day 1, and all complications, pain, and discomfort were noted. Statistical analysis was done to assess the risk factors for complications. ResultsA total of 2,031 patients were included in the study. The most frequent surgical procedures performed were phacoemulsification and posterior chamber artificial lens implantation (91.0%). A total of 66 complications (3.3%) occurred in 60 patients. One patient had a retrobulbar hemorrhage, and 59 had one or two more minor incidents or pain/discomfort with the procedure. The complications consisted of subconjunctival hematoma (1.3%), ocular hypertonia (0.4%), and chemosis (0.30%). Statistical analysis revealed that inexperience in the technique represented a risk factor for complications. ConclusionsThis is the first survey of a large experience in episcleral single-injection anesthesia, a form of anesthesia that does not preclude sharp-needle complications and does require training. Only one complication occurred among 2,031 patients; however, a larger number of patients is needed to definitively evaluate the safety of episcleral single-injection anesthesia.
Microchannels as Axonal Amplifiers

An implantable neural interface capable of reliable long-term high-resolution recording from peripheral nerves has yet to be developed. Device design is challenging because extracellular axonal signals are very small, decay rapidly with distance from the axon, and in myelinated fibres are concentrated close to nodes of Ranvier, which are around 1 mum long and spaced several hundred micrometers apart. We present a finite element model examining the electrical behavior of axons in microchannels, and demonstrate that confining axons in such channels substantially amplifies the extracellular signal. For example, housing a 10-mum myelinated axon in a 1-cm-long channel with a 1000-mum2 cross section is predicted to generate a peak extracellular voltage of over 10 mV. Furthermore, there is little radial signal decay within the channel, and a smooth axial variation of signal amplitude along the channel, irrespective of node location. Additional benefits include a greater extracellular voltage generated by large myelinated fibres compared to small unmyelinated axons, and the reduction of gain to unity at the end of the channel which ensures that there can be no crosstalk with electrodes in other channels nearby. A microchannel architecture seems well suited to the requirements of a peripheral nerve interface.
Part 1 Three Grand Challenges for Health Informatics

Introduction Diagnosis Diagnosis seems a good place to start a book about medicine and health care. After all, diagnosis is the first decision that a doctor has to make in the management of a new patient. What exactly do we mean by diagnosis? What is involved in diagnosing an illness? The patient arrives with a story about a problem, a complaint. The doctor first listens to the story, then starts to ask questions. Let us imagine a patient presents at accident and emergency (A&E) with acute abdominal pain and is seen by a junior doctor. As soon as the doctor hears that the patient has acute abdominal pain, he or she will start thinking of the seven or so common (or fairly common) diseases that can cause acute abdominal pain. The doctor might, later on, consider some more unlikely diagnoses as well. He or she will try to establish, through asking a set of questions and performing a simple set of examinations, what the patient's symptoms are. The trick in diagnosis is to work out, given the symptoms, what the disease is. Or at least what the disease probably is. Or, maybe, what the management should be, given the relative likelihood of a number of possible diagnoses, some more sinister than others. It is, inevitably, a matter of probabilities. As it happens, probability theory gives us a simple equation for dealing with probabilities of this type. It is called Bayes' theorem. In its simplest form, it looks like this: p(DjS) ¼ p(SjD) Â p(D)=p(S) Bayes' theorem The notation may look unfamiliar: p(D) stands for the probability of a disease, which is sometimes called the prevalence, prior probability or pre-test probability of a disease; p(S) stands for the probability of a symptom. The vertical bar means 'given that'. It expresses the idea that the probability of one thing happening can be altered by the occurrence of another thing. So p(SjD) is the probability of symptom S given that the patient has disease D. It is, therefore, a measure of how good a symptom is as a test for a disease. On the other hand, p(DjS) is the probability that a patient with symptom S will turn out to be suffering from disease D. This, if you think about it, is what the doctor is trying to work out: given these symptoms what is the most likely disease? Bayes' theorem tells him/her …
It Takes Two to Tango: Towards Theory of AI's Mind

Theory of Mind is the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, knowledge, perspectives, etc.) to others and recognize that these mental states may differ from one's own. Theory of Mind is critical to effective communication and to teams demonstrating higher collective performance. To effectively leverage the progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI) to make our lives more productive, it is important for humans and AI to work well together in a team. Traditionally, there has been much emphasis on research to make AI more accurate, and (to a lesser extent) on having it better understand human intentions, tendencies, beliefs, and contexts. The latter involves making AI more human-like and having it develop a theory of our minds. In this work, we argue that for human-AI teams to be effective, humans must also develop a theory of AI's mind (ToAIM) - get to know its strengths, weaknesses, beliefs, and quirks. We instantiate these ideas within the domain of Visual Question Answering (VQA). We find that using just a few examples (50), lay people can be trained to better predict responses and oncoming failures of a complex VQA model. We further evaluate the role existing explanation (or interpretability) modalities play in helping humans build ToAIM. Explainable AI has received considerable scientific and popular attention in recent times. Surprisingly, we find that having access to the model's internal states - its confidence in its top-k predictions, explicit or implicit attention maps which highlight regions in the image (and words in the question) the model is looking at (and listening to) while answering a question about an image - do not help people better predict its behavior.
Validation of dietary history method in a group of elderly women using measurements of total energy expenditure

The objective of the present study was to validate energy intake data, obtained by dietary history, in twelve elderly women aged 69–82 years. Energy and protein intakes were obtained using the dietary history method with a reference period of 30 d. Reported energy intake was compared with total energy expenditure (TEE) measured on two consecutive days in a respiration chamber. Reported protein intake was compared with mean N excretion from four 24 h urine collections. Mean reported energy intake was 7.2 (SD 1.5) MJ/d which was lower than TEE (P=0.059). Reported protein intake was 64 (SD 13) g/d and lower than estimated protein intake (P=0.053). The percentage underestimation was not related to body weight or percentage body fat. Subjects with a relatively high TEE or a relatively high estimated protein intake underestimated their energy intake to a greater extent. The discrepancy between reported energy intake and TEE was positively associated with the discrepancy between reported and estimated protein intakes. The results of this present study show an underestimation of energy intake of about 12% when using the dietary history method. Physical activity diaries completed in the chamber and during 4 d at home, as well as pedometer counts, indicated a higher level of physical activity in the free-living situation compared with the chamber situation. This suggests that the actual underestimation of energy intake may be even higher in this group of elderly women. These results have implications for the use of the dietary history method in, for example, epidemiological studies carried out in elderly subjects.
Spherical Auxetic Shells

Materials that exhibit negative Poissons ratio are called auxetic materials. Although such materials are quite rare, they nevertheless exist as naturally occurring materials and artificially made materials. Due to their unique material properties, auxetic materials have been intensively investigated for the past 20 years. This paper studies the effect of auxeticity on the maximum stresses in spherical shells. The results suggest that auxetic materials are not suitable for shells with built-in edge, but highly suitable for shells that are simply supported. For the latter boundary condition, it was found that the ratio of maximum bending stress to the maximum membrane stress diminishes as the Poissons ratio of the shell material approaches-1. This means that under the boundary condition of simple supports, a geometrically thick shell is mechanically equivalent to a thin or membrane shell, and therefore the use of membrane shell theory suffices even for a reasonably thick shell if the shell material is highly auxetic.
Synaptic Plasticity Enables Adaptive Self-Tuning Critical Networks

During rest, the mammalian cortex displays spontaneous neural activity. Spiking of single neurons during rest has been described as irregular and asynchronous. In contrast, recent in vivo and in vitro population measures of spontaneous activity, using the LFP, EEG, MEG or fMRI suggest that the default state of the cortex is critical, manifested by spontaneous, scale-invariant, cascades of activity known as neuronal avalanches. Criticality keeps a network poised for optimal information processing, but this view seems to be difficult to reconcile with apparently irregular single neuron spiking. Here, we simulate a 10,000 neuron, deterministic, plastic network of spiking neurons. We show that a combination of short- and long-term synaptic plasticity enables these networks to exhibit criticality in the face of intrinsic, i.e. self-sustained, asynchronous spiking. Brief external perturbations lead to adaptive, long-term modification of intrinsic network connectivity through long-term excitatory plasticity, whereas long-term inhibitory plasticity enables rapid self-tuning of the network back to a critical state. The critical state is characterized by a branching parameter oscillating around unity, a critical exponent close to -3/2 and a long tail distribution of a self-similarity parameter between 0.5 and 1.
Factors affecting continence after surgery for anal fistula

Anorectal physiology and continence were assessed prospectively before and after surgery in 50 patients with chronic perianal sepsis. Functional and physiological parameters were unchanged after surgery in 13 control patients who had sepsis but who did not undergo division of the anal sphincter. Group 1 comprised 22 patients with internal sphincter division alone (15 intersphincteric, seven trans‐sphincteric treated by a loose seton technique) and group 2 consisted of 15 patients with a trans‐sphincteric fistula laid completely open. In group 1 the median (interquartile range (i.q.r.)) resting pressure in the distal 1 cm of the anal canal was reduced from 68 (60–90) cmH2O before surgery to 44(35–60) cmH2O after operation (P<0·001); squeeze pressure was less affected, but function deteriorated in 11 of the 22 patients. The median (i.q.r.) resting pressure in group 2 patients also fell, from 68(34–84) cmH2O before operation to 28 (20–54) cmH2O afterwards (P = 0·003); median (i.q.r.) maximum squeeze pressure decreased more, from 124(76–170)cmH2O to 72 (48–112) cmH2O (P=0·002). Functional deficit occurred in eight of the 15 patients. Incontinence was related to low resting pressure, reflecting internal sphincter integrity, and to local epithelial electrosensitivity (reflecting scarring), but not to squeeze pressure, fistula type or surgical treatment.
Activation of the Transcription Factor GLI1 by WNT Signaling Underlies the Role of SULFATASE 2 as a Regulator of Tissue Regeneration*

Background: Tissue regeneration is a complex process involving a network of ligand-activated pathways. Results: The sulfatase SULF2 modulates cell proliferation and organ growth through a WNT-dependent activation of the transcription factor GLI1. Conclusion: Together, these data define a novel cascade regulating tissue regeneration. Significance: The knowledge derived from this study will contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms modulating regeneration and organogenesis. Tissue regeneration requires the activation of a set of specific growth signaling pathways. The identity of these cascades and their biological roles are known; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating the interplay between these pathways remain poorly understood. Here, we define a new role for SULFATASE 2 (SULF2) in regulating tissue regeneration and define the WNT-GLI1 axis as a novel downstream effector for this sulfatase in a liver model of tissue regeneration. SULF2 is a heparan sulfate 6-O-endosulfatase, which releases growth factors from extracellular storage sites turning active multiple signaling pathways. We demonstrate that SULF2-KO mice display delayed regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH). Mechanistic analysis of the SULF2-KO phenotype showed a decrease in WNT signaling pathway activity in vivo. In isolated hepatocytes, SULF2 deficiency blocked WNT-induced β-CATENIN nuclear translocation, TCF activation, and proliferation. Furthermore, we identified the transcription factor GLI1 as a novel target of the SULF2-WNT cascade. WNT induces GLI1 expression in a SULF2- and β-CATENIN-dependent manner. GLI1-KO mice phenocopied the SULF2-KO, showing delayed regeneration and decreased hepatocyte proliferation. Moreover, we identified CYCLIN D1, a key mediator of cell growth during tissue regeneration, as a GLI1 transcriptional target. GLI1 binds to the cyclin d1 promoter and regulates its activity and expression. Finally, restoring GLI1 expression in the liver of SULF2-KO mice after PH rescues CYCLIN D1 expression and hepatocyte proliferation to wild-type levels. Thus, together these findings define a novel pathway in which SULF2 regulates tissue regeneration in part via the activation of a novel WNT-GLI1-CYCLIN D1 pathway.
Reduction of Electrical Interaction in Auditory Prostheses

The spread of current in multichannel implants results in excitation of largely identical neural populations regardless of which electrode is stimulated. This severely reduces the number of independent channels of information conveyed with monopolar or even bipolar stimulation. A method based on the thresholds of multiple electrode stimuli was developed to calculate accurately the mapping from electrode current levels to excitation levels at each neural site. For the implant subjects tested, this technique accurately predicted thresholds for arbitrary patterns of stimulation. Inverting this mapping matrix produced patterns, of stimulation that selectively stimulated only one neural site with a minimum of interaction, while satisfying current limit constraints. These sharpened stimuli exhibited lower interaction and were pitch ranked with greater consistency than either monopolar or bipolar stimuli.
Promoter methylation of RB1, P15, P16, and MGMT and their impact on the clinical course of pilocytic astrocytomas

Promoter methylation of P15, P16, RB transcriptional corepressor 1 (RB1) and O-6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) impacts the prognosis of numerous glioma subtypes. However, whether promoter methylation of these genes also has an impact on the clinical course of pilocytic astrocytoma remains unclear. Using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, the methylation status of the tumor suppressor genes P15, P16, RB1, and MGMT in pilocytic astrocytomas (n=18) was analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining for the R132H mutation of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP(+)) 1, cytosolic (IDH1) gene was performed. Clinical data including age, gender, localization of tumor, extent of resection, treatment modality, progression-free survival and overall survival were collected. The methylation index for P15, P16, RB1 and MGMT was 0.0, 0.0, 5.6% (1/18) and 44.5% (8/18), respectively. If the MGMT promoter was methylated, the probability of relapse and second subsequent therapy was significantly increased (P=0.019). The one patient with methylation of P15 demonstrated a poor clinical course. The pilocytic astrocytomas of all 18 patients revealed wild-type IDH1. Clinically, there was a significant correlation of subtotal resection with the occurrence of relapse (P=0.005) and of the localization of the tumor with the extent of resection (P=0.031). Gross total resection was achieved significantly more often in pediatric patients than in adult patients (P=0.003). Adult patients demonstrated more relapses following the first tumor resection (P=0.001). The present study indicates that methylation of MGMT is associated with a poor clinical course and represents an age-independent risk factor for an unfavorable outcome. Other influential factors of outcome were the age of the patient and extent of resection.
Effects of silica–gentamicin nanohybrids on osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells

Introduction In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) as drug delivery systems. This interest is mainly attributed to the ease of their surface functionalization for drug loading. In orthopedic applications, gentamicin-loaded SiO2 NPs (nanohybrids) are frequently utilized for their prolonged antibacterial effects. Therefore, the possible adverse effects of SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids on osteogenesis of bone-related cells should be thoroughly investigated to ensure safe applications. Materials and methods The effects of SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids on the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells were investigated, together with native SiO2 NPs and free gentamicin. Results The results of Cell Count Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay show that both SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids and native SiO2 NPs reduce cell viability of SaOS-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Regarding osteogenesis, SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids and native SiO2 NPs at the concentration range of 31.25–125 μg/mL do not influence the osteogenic differentiation capacity of SaOS-2 cells. At a high concentration (250 μg/mL), both materials induce a lower expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) but an enhanced mineralization. Free gentamicin at concentrations of 6.26 and 9.65 μg/mL does not significantly influence the cell viability and osteogenic differentiation capacity of SaOS-2 cells. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that both SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids and SiO2 NPs show cytotoxic effects to SaOS-2 cells. Further investigation on the effects of SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids on the behaviors of stem cells or other regular osteoblasts should be conducted to make a full evaluation of the safety of SiO2–gentamicin nanohybrids in orthopedic applications.
Title 2 Quantitative and functional alterations of plasmacytoid dendritic 3 cells contribute to immune tolerance in ovarian cancer 4 Authors 5

Authors 5 Sana Intidhar Labidi-Galy, Vanja Sisirak, Pierre Meeus, Michael Gobert, Isabelle 6 Treilleux, Agathe Bajard, Jean-Damien Combes, Julien Faget, François Mithieux, 7 Alexandre Cassignol, Olivier Tredan, Isabelle Durand2, Christine Ménétrier-Caux, 8 Christophe Caux, Jean-Yves Blay, Isabelle Ray-Coquard, and Nathalie Bendriss-Vermare 9 10 Affiliation 11 Department of medical oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec Lyon, 69008, France 12 2 Université Lyon 1, ISPB, F-69008 Lyon, France ; INSERM U1052, Centre de Recherche en 13 Cancérologie de Lyon, F-69008 Lyon, France ; Centre Léon Bérard, F-69008 Lyon, France 14 Department of pathology, Centre Léon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec Lyon, 69008, France 15 Department of surgery, Centre Léon Bérard Lyon France, 28 rue Laennec Lyon, 69008, 16 France 17 5 Department of biostatistics, Centre Leon Bérard, 28 rue Laennec Lyon, 69008, France 18 6 Department of surgery, Infirmerie Protestante, Chemin du Penthod Caluire, 69300, France 19 20 Running title 21 pDC induce immune tolerance in ovarian cancer 22 23 24
Combining Directional Microphone and Single-Channel Noise Reduction Algorithms: A Clinical Evaluation in Difficult Listening Conditions With Cochlear Implant Users

Objectives: This study tested a combination of algorithms designed to improve cochlear implant performance in noise. A noise reduction (NR) algorithm, based on signal to noise ratio estimation was evaluated in combination with several directional microphone algorithms available in the CochlearTM CP810 sound processor. Design: Fourteen adult unilateral cochlear implant users participated in the study. Evaluation was conducted using word recognition in quiet, sentence recognition in noise, and subjective feedback via questionnaire after a period of take-home use. Music appreciation was also evaluated in a controlled listening task. The sentence recognition task measured speech reception threshold for 50% morphemes correct. The interfering maskers were speech-weighted noise and competing talkers, which were spatially separated from the target speech. In addition, the locations of the noise maskers changed during the test in an effort to replicate relevant real-world listening conditions. SmartSoundTM directionality settings Standard, Zoom, and BeamTM (used in the SmartSound programs Everyday, Noise, and Focus, respectively) were all evaluated with and without NR. Results: Microphone directionality demonstrated a consistent benefit in sentence recognition in all noise conditions tested. The group average speech reception threshold benefit over the Standard setting was 3.7 dB for Zoom and 5.3 dB for Beam. Addition of the NR algorithm further improved sentence recognition by 1.3 dB when the noise maskers were speech-weighted noise. There was an overall group preference for the NR algorithm in noisy environments. Group mean word recognition in quiet, preference in quiet conditions, and music appreciation were all unaffected by the NR algorithm. Conclusions: Multimicrophone directionality was effective in improving speech understanding in spatially separated noisy conditions. The single-channel NR algorithm further enhanced speech intelligibility in speech-weighted noise for cochlear implant users while maintaining equivalent performance in quiet situations and when listening to music.