Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Temozolomide in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: a report from the Children's Oncology Group.

An open-label phase II study (ACNS0126) testing the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) followed by adjuvant TMZ was conducted by the Children's Oncology Group. During the period from July 6, 2004 through September 6, 2005, 63 children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) were enrolled in the study. All patients received TMZ at a dosage of 90 mg/m(2)/day for 42 days to a dose of 59.4 Gy. Four weeks following irradiation, TMZ was given at a dosage of 200 mg/m(2)/day for 5 days every 28 days, for a total of 10 cycles. The primary objective of the statistical analysis was to determine whether the current treatment produced a 1-year event-free survival (EFS) rate higher than the historical baseline of 21.9% observed in CCG-9941. The mean 1-year EFS (± standard deviation) was 14% ± 4.5%, compared with 21.9% ± 5% for CCG-9941. The P value of the test of comparison of 1-year EFS, based on a 1-sided, 1-sample test of proportions, was . 96. There was no evidence that temozolomide produced a 1-year EFS rate higher than 21.9%. The mean 1-year OS (± standard deviation) was 40% ± 6.5%, compared with 32% ± 6% for CCG-9941. The median time to death was 9.6 months. Chemoradiotherapy with TMZ followed by adjuvant TMZ is not more effective than previously reported regimens for the treatment of children with DIPG.
Strontium- and calcium-containing, titanium-stabilised phosphate-based glasses with prolonged degradation for orthopaedic tissue engineering

Strontium- and calcium-releasing, titanium-stabilised phosphate-based glasses with a controlled degradation rate are currently under development for orthopaedic tissue engineering applications. Ca and/or Sr were incorporated at varying concentrations in quaternary phosphate-based glasses, in order to promote osteoinduction. Ti was incorporated at a fixed concentration in order to prolong degradation. Glasses of the general formula (P2O5)–(Na2O)–(TiO2)–(CaO)–(SrO) were prepared via the melt-quench technique. The materials were characterised by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, 31P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and density determination. The dissolution rate in distilled water was determined by measuring mass loss, ion release and pH change over a two-week period. In addition, the cytocompatibility and alkaline phosphatase activity of an osteoblast-like cell line cultured on the surface of glass discs was assessed. The glasses were shown to be amorphous and contained Q1, Q2 and Q3 species. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed small changes in the glass structure as Ca was substituted with Sr and differential thermal analysis confirmed a decrease in crystallisation temperature with increasing Sr content. Degradation and ion release studies also showed that mass loss was positively correlated with Sr content. These results were attributed to the lower electronegativity of Sr in comparison to Ca favouring the formation of phosphate-based mineral phases. All compositions supported cell proliferation and survival and induced at least 2.3-fold alkaline phosphatase activity relative to the control. Glass containing 17.5 mol% Sr had 3.6-fold greater alkaline phosphatase activity than the control. The gradual release of Ca and Sr supported osteoinduction, indicating their potential suitability in orthopaedic tissue engineering applications.
Isotropic random walks on affine buildings

Dans cet article, nous utilisons les techniques de l'analyse harmonique spherique pour demontrer un theoreme local limite, un theoreme sur la vitesse de fuite et un theoreme central limite pour les marches aleatoires isotropes sur des immeubles affines epais arbitraires de type irreductible. Cela generalise des resultats de Cartwright et Woess sur les immeubles de type A n , de Lindlbauer et Voit sur les immeubles de type Ă 2 et de Sawyer sur les arbres homogenes (qui sont des immeubles de type A 1 ).
From the Tully–Fisher relation to the Fundamental Plane through mergers

We set up a series of self-consistent N-body simulations to investigate the Fundamental Plane of merger remnants of spiral galaxies. These last ones are obtained from a theoretical Tully- Fisher relation at z = 1, assuming a constant mass-to-light ratio within thecold dark matter cosmogony. Using a Sersic growth curve and an orthogonal fitting method, we find that the Fun- damental Plane of our merger remnants is described by the relation R e ∝ σ 1.48±0.01 I −0.75±0.01 , which is in good agreement with that reported from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, R e ∝ σ 1.49±0.05 I −0.75±0.01 . H owever, the R 1/4 -profile leads to a Fundamental Plane given by R e ∝ σ 1.79±0.01 I −0.60±0.01 . I ngeneral, the correlation found in our merger remnants arises from ho- mology breaking (V 2 ∝ σ ν, R g ∝ R η )i ncombination with a mass scaling relation between the total and luminous mass, M ∝ M γ . Considering an orthogonal fitting method, it is found that 1.74 ν 1.79, 0.21 η 0.52 and 0.80 γ 0.90 depending on the adopted profile (Sersic or R 1/4 ). Ke yw ords: methods: N-body simulations - galaxies: elliptical and lenticular, cD - galaxies: formation - galaxies: fundamental parameters.
Long-Horizon Regressions When the Predictor is Slowly Varying

Predictive stock return regressions have two distinctive characteristics: i) the predictor on the right-hand side is persistent and its variance is orders of magnitude smaller than the variance of returns; (ii) the left-hand side variable is a long-horizon return constructed from overlapping sums of short-horizon returns. We offer a new model for the predictor that parsimoniously captures and links its persistence and small variance. We then use two asymptotic approaches to analyze the properties of long-horizon regressions. The approaches differ in their treatment of the overlap. One of the asymptotics has previously been analyzed with other data generating processes, while the second one is novel. We find that under both asymptotics, least-squares estimators are not consistent, their t-statistics diverge, and the R is not an adequate goodness-of-fit measure. Interestingly, a re-scaled version of the t-statistic is consistent under both long-horizon approximations and is suitable for testing predictability in long-horizon regressions. A Monte Carlo analysis of the finite-sample properties of the re-scaled t-statistic reveals that both approximations are accurate even for small sample sizes. We apply these results to test for predictability in returns of real estate investment trusts (REITs) which have come into existence only since the early 1970s and for which a reliable predictability test is crucial given the small dataset.
Does human papillomavirus cause pterygium?

HPV is not necessary for the formation of a pterygium Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the only DNA tumour virus where a large body of evidence implicates it in human cancers. The evidence for a causative role of HPV in human cervical cancer, was recently reviewed by zur Hausen,1 and is the following: (1) expression of specific HPV genes (such as E6 and E7) were shown in cervical cancer cell lines and cancer biopsies2; (2) viral DNA was shown to have immortalisation properties3,4; (3) viral oncogene expression was shown to be required for the maintenance of the malignant phenotype in specific cervical cancer cell lines5,6; (4) a substantial number of epidemiological studies have been performed which point to high risk HPV as a primary risk factor for cervical cancer. In addition, large case-control and prospective epidemiological studies supported this idea, and indicated that persisting HPV infections were the most significant risk factor in cervical cancer.7,8 Different types of HPV have been identified in a high percentage of non-melanoma skin cancers …
Agricultural development during early industrialization in a low-wage economy: Saxony, c. 1790-1830

The characteristics of regional paths of industrialization had a deep impact on agricultural development during early industrialization in Germany. From 1840 rising incomes in the course of a “high wage-low energy cost” industrialization based on coal and steel and a rapid urbanization triggered a demand driven agricultural revolution in Northwest Germany. In contrast, Saxony’s early industrialization c. 1800-1860 followed a “low wage-high energy cost” trajectory based on textile production and slow urbanization. The low level and slow growth of income meant that up to 1830 the adaptation of agricultural innovations neither followed demand impulses transmitted through markets, nor did they facilitate inter-regional specialization according to comparative advantage. Rather, regional agriculture ac-commodated to population growth by expanding the cultivation of subsistence crops, mainly potatoes, probably at the detriment of animal husbandry. Whereas the increase of sown area indicates an intensification of land use yield ratios remained at best stable between the early 1790s and the late 1820s. Hence, local supply could barely cope with population growth, and since grain market integration did not evolve over time imports did not com-pensate for the shortcomings of domestic production. Our evidence of a deteriorating food standard goes a long way toward explaining the decline of the biological standard of living during Saxony’s early industrialization.
STATE-DEPENDENT PARAMETER NONLINEAR SYSTEMS: IDENTIFICATION, ESTIMATION AND CONTROL

Abstract A control system design procedure is proposed for a widely applicable class of discrete-time, non-linear systems in which the system nonlinearities are incorporated into a linear model structure in the form of State-Dependent Parameter (SDP) functions. The identification and estimation of both non-parametric and parametric SDP models is discussed briefly. The SDP NMSS model structure is defined, and the SDP Proportional-Integral-Plus (PIP) control algorithm is derived using an optimal LQ technique. The practical utility of the design methodology is illustrated by numerical example.
Sensitivity of tornadogenesis in very-high-resolution numerical simulations to variations in model microphysical parameters

With the recent improvement in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models and data assimilation techniques, together with the rapid increase in computational power, explicit predictions of both organized convective systems and individual convective storms have become a reality. As data assimilation techniques improve, the errors or uncertainties in the prediction model start to become a major issue. In fact, model errors affect both prediction and data assimilation. For short-range convective-scale data assimilation and prediction, the model microphysics scheme appears to be the largest source of uncertainty hence potential error. Most commonly used microphysics schemes employ the 'bulk' approach of parameterization, in which the particle or drop size distributions (DSD’s) are parameterized in functional forms. Often, significant uncertainties exist with the treatment of microphysical processes and microphysical parameters. Previous sensitivity studies (e.g. Gilmore et al. 2004; Tong and Xue 2006) demonstrate that the structure and evolution of simulated convective systems are very sensitive to microphysical parameterizations. Variations in microphysical parameters, such as collection efficiencies, DSD parameters and particle densities, have profound effects upon the characteristics of precipitation systems and their associated dynamical processes. In this study, we perform a set of idealized numerical simulations of supercell storms, using a horizontal resolution of 100 m, sufficient to explicitly simulate the genesis and life cycle of tornado(s) within the supercell. We vary the DSD-related parameters within an ice microphysics scheme employed by the simulation model to examine the sensitivity of tornadogenesis to these microphysical parameters. Through an analysis of the simulations, physical explanations as to the reasons for such sensitivities are offered.
Structured class-labels in random forests for semantic image labelling

In this paper we propose a simple and effective way to integrate structural information in random forests for semantic image labelling. By structural information we refer to the inherently available, topological distribution of object classes in a given image. Different object class labels will not be randomly distributed over an image but usually form coherently labelled regions. In this work we provide a way to incorporate this topological information in the popular random forest framework for performing low-level, unary classification. Our paper has several contributions: First, we show how random forests can be augmented with structured label information. In the second part, we introduce a novel data splitting function that exploits the joint distributions observed in the structured label space for learning typical label transitions between object classes. Finally, we provide two possibilities for integrating the structured output predictions into concise, semantic labellings. In our experiments on the challenging MSRC and CamVid databases, we compare our method to standard random forest and conditional random field classification results.
Metformin induces degradation of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells

Activation of mTOR is implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. mTOR inhibition exhibited promising antitumor effects in breast cancer; however, its effect is compromised by several feedback mechanisms. One of such mechanisms is the upregulation of mTOR pathway in breast cancer cells. Despite the established role of mTOR activation in breast cancer, the status of total mTOR protein and its impact on the tumor behavior and response to treatment are poorly understood. Besides, the mechanisms underlying mTOR protein degradation in normal and cancer breast cells are still largely unknown. We and others found that total mTOR protein level is elevated in breast cancer cells compared to their nonmalignant counterparts. We have detected defective proteolysis of mTOR protein in breast cancer cells, which could, at least in part, explain the high level of mTOR protein in these cells. We show that metformin treatment in MCF‐7 breast cancer cells induced degradation of mTOR and sequestration of this protein in a perinuclear region. The decrease in mTOR protein level in these cells correlated positively with a concomitant inhibition of proliferation and migration potentials of these cells. These findings provided a novel mechanism for the metformin action in breast cancer treatment. Understanding the proteolytic mechanism responsible for mTOR level in breast cancer may pave the way for improving the efficacy of breast cancer treatment regimens and mitigating drug resistance as well as providing a basis for potential novel therapeutic modalities for breast cancer.
Language acquisition in developmental disorders

In this chapter, I review recent research into language acquisition in developmental disorders, and the light that these findings shed on the nature of language acquisition in typically developing children. Disorders considered include Specific Language Impairment, autism, Down syndrome, and Williams syndrome. I argue that disorders of language should be construed in terms of differences in the constraints that shape the learning process, rather than in terms of the normal system with components missing or malfunctioning. I outline the integrative nature of this learning process and how properties such as redundancy and compensation may be key characteristics of learning systems with atypical constraints. These ideas, as well as the new methodologies now being used to study variations in pathways of language acquisition, are illustrated with case studies from Williams syndrome and Specific Language Impairment.
Environmental Influences on Patterns of Vertical Movement and Site Fidelity of Grey Reef Sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) at Aggregation Sites

We used acoustic telemetry to describe the patterns of vertical movement, site fidelity and residency of grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) on the outer slope of coral reefs in Palau, Micronesia, over a period of two years and nine months. We tagged 39 sharks (mostly adult females) of which 31 were detected regularly throughout the study. Sharks displayed strong inter-annual residency with greater attendance at monitored sites during summer than winter months. More individuals were detected during the day than at night. Mean depths of tagged sharks increased from 35 m in winter to 60 m in spring following an increase in water temperature at 60 m, with maximum mean depths attained when water temperatures at 60 m stabilised around 29°C. Sharks descended to greater depths and used a wider range of depths around the time of the full moon. There were also crepuscular cycles in mean depth, with sharks moving into shallower waters at dawn and dusk each day. We suggest that daily, lunar and seasonal cycles in vertical movement and residency are strategies for optimising both energetic budgets and foraging behaviour. Cyclical patterns of movement in response to environmental variables might affect the susceptibility of reef sharks to fishing, a consideration that should be taken into account in the implementation of conservation strategies.
Economic Capacity Utilization and Productivity Measurement for Multi-Product Firms with Multiple Quasi-Fixed Inputs

In this paper we develop measures of economic capacity output and economic capacity utilization for firms producing multiple outputs and having one or . ore quasi-fixed inputs. Although we produce an impossibility theorem showing that based only on the assumption of cost minimization, the concept of capacity output is undefined whenever the number of outputs I exceeds the number of fixed inputs M, we are able to provide alternative constructive procedures for defining capacity output whenever I [is less than] M. We also propose a number of additional primal and dual measures of utilization of the variable and fixed inputs, including a multi-fixed input analog to Tobin's q. We relate these alternative utilization measures to one another, and show that unambiguous inequality relationships among them (relative to unity) can typically be specified a priori only under rather restrictive assumptions. We show that unless restrictive assumptions are made. the multi-fixed input analogs to Tobin's q have little informational content regarding incentives for net investment of any specific fixed input. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the alternative utilization measures by showing how they can be incorporated to adjust traditional measures of multi factor productivity growth for variations in short-run utilization.
Pre-service teachers’ greater power to act in the classroom: analysis of the circumstances for professional development

This case study analysed the circumstances during a one-year work placement in which a pre-service teacher showed professional development, with a focus on the impact of her interactions with various interlocutors. The study was conducted within the framework of the cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) and of activity theory with its methods for the clinical study of activity. The results showed intra-psychic conflicts. produced by interactions with trainers, peers, experienced colleagues, and students. These conflicts prompted the development of the pre-service teacher’s professional activity through the construction of new goals and new motives for action (development through sense), and the construction of new operations to reach these goals (development through efficiency). This study thus opens the way for creating training programmes that favour the development of teachers’ power to act. It provides a source for transforming traditional mentoring methods in teacher training.
The Pseudomonas AvrPto Protein Is Differentially Recognized by Tomato and Tobacco and Is Localized to the Plant Plasma Membrane

The avrPto gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato triggers race-specific resistance in tomato plants carrying Pto, a resistance gene encoding a protein kinase. When introduced into P. s. tabaci, avrPto triggers resistance in tobacco W38 plants that carry the corresponding R gene. The AvrPto protein is believed to be secreted into host cells through the bacterial type III secretion pathway, where it activates disease resistance in tomato by interacting with Pto. We report here the identification of two distinct regions in AvrPto that determine the recognition specificity of this protein in tomato and tobacco. Point mutations in the central region disrupted the avirulence activity in tomato but not in tobacco. Conversely, point mutations in the C-terminal region abolished the avirulence in tobacco but not in tomato. We further report that AvrPto was localized to the plasma membrane of plant cells. Disrupting the membrane association by mutating a putative myristoylation motif of AvrPto abolished the avirulence activity in both tomato and tobacco. These findings demonstrate that AvrPto is recognized differently by the R genes in tomato and tobacco and that the recognition of AvrPto probably is associated with the plasma membrane.
Text Segmentation based on Semantic Word Embeddings

We explore the use of semantic word embeddings in text segmentation algorithms, including the C99 segmentation algorithm and new algorithms inspired by the distributed word vector representation. By developing a general framework for discussing a class of segmentation objectives, we study the effectiveness of greedy versus exact optimization approaches and suggest a new iterative refinement technique for improving the performance of greedy strategies. We compare our results to known benchmarks, using known metrics. We demonstrate state-of-the-art performance for an untrained method with our Content Vector Segmentation (CVS) on the Choi test set. Finally, we apply the segmentation procedure to an in-the-wild dataset consisting of text extracted from scholarly articles in the arXiv.org database.
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF PROCESS AND SPRINGBACK OF FRICTION AIDED DEEP DRAWING USING TAPERED BLANK HOLDER DIVIDED INTO EIGHT SEGMENTS

In this paper, a novel technique on friction aided deep drawing using tapered blank holder divided into eight segments is proposed to overcome defect of friction aided deep drawing using four segments tapered blank holder technique. A taper blank holder is designed to be of two parts: stationary part with 5 degree taper angle and moving parts divided into eight tapered segments. The main function of this tapered blank holder device is adopting the frictional force between the blank and the blank holder segments to work in the useful drawing direction. At first, the drawing mechanism of eight segments tapered blank holder technique and inflow of material in the flange portion of blank are investigated and compared with four segments tapered blank holder technique by ABAQUS software to show the merits of the proposed process. Then, the finite element analysis of springback is investigated by the ABAQUS software. Effect of different process parameters such as initial blank thickness, punch profile radius, blank holder force, friction coefficient and hardening models on springback prediction are studied. A successful deep cup with drawing ratio up to 3.67 can be produced without any defect by using this new technique only in one die set. The cost and time of die fabrication in this technique are less than the conventional deep drawing.