Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cough Once for Danger: Icons Versus Abstract Warnings as Informative Alerts in Civil Aviation

Objective: An experiment investigated the efficacy of auditory icons as warning signals in an aviation context. Background: Iconic signals, such as a cough to signal dangerous levels of carbon monoxide, convey information about the nature of an incident and alert the operator that there is a problem, whereas signals that are arbitrarily associated with a critical incident provide relatively less information. Warning recognition speed and accuracy are likely to be influenced by modality of presentation (visual, auditory, auditory + visual) and task demand (low, high). Methods: The 172 participants completed a computer-based training session and test task that involved responding to abstract or iconic auditory (1 s), visual, or auditory + visual warnings associated with seven critical incidents while performing low- and high-demand concurrent tasks. Results: Significantly fewer training trials were required to learn iconic warnings than abstract warnings. An advantage for iconic warnings persisted into the test phase, evident most consistently as greater warning recognition accuracy. The effect was observed in both high- and low-demand conditions. Auditory abstract warnings, in particular, elicited slow reaction times and poor accuracy. Conclusion: Associations between a small number of meaningful environmental sounds and critical incidents can be learned with ease relative to more abstract associations, although training is required and response times are relatively slow. Application: Sets of distinctive auditory iconic warnings can be designed to alert and inform pilots about non-time-pressured events. Potential applications of language-neutral icons as informative warnings include civil, commercial, and defense aircraft.
Effect of the Insulin Analogue [LYS(B28),PRO(B29)] on Blood Glucose Control

The limitations of conventional regular insulin in intensive insulin therapy are the slow onset of action and the long duration of action. To overcome these problems, the short-acting human insulin analogue [LYS(B28),PRO(B29)] (LYSPRO) was developed. In short-term and long-term clinical trials in healthy volunteers and diabetic patients, the difference in the time-action profile compared to regular insulin could be confirmed. Using LYSPRO without any injection-meal interval leads to reduced postprandial glucose excursions, even compared to the use of regular human insulin 30 minutes prior to the meal. Despite administration of LYSPRO immediately prior to meals, long-term blood glucose did not worsen. In additional studies it was shown that during exercise 3 hours after a meal, the fall of blood glucose was less pronounced in patients treated with LYSPRO as compared to regular human insulin. Thresholds for counterregulatory hormone responses to hypoglycemia were not different in volunteers when hypoglycemia was induced by either pork insulin or human insulin or LYSPRO. A short-acting human insulin analogue like LYSPRO may allow to simulate physiological postprandial insulin levels more closely. Treatment with LYSPRO may improve quality of life of diabetics by providing more flexibility.
Children exposed to a natural disaster: psychological consequences eight years after 2004 tsunami

Abstract Background: There is a need for studies that follow up children and adolescents for many years post disaster since earlier studies have shown that exposure during natural disasters constitutes a risk factor for poor psychological health. Aims: The main aim was to examine whether there was an association between severity of exposures during a natural disaster experienced in childhood or adolescence and posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychological distress, self-rated health, diagnosis of depression, anxiety or worry, thoughts about or attempted suicide, physical symptoms or daily functioning eight years later in young adulthood. A second aim was to compare psychological distress and self-rated health of exposed young adults with a matched population-based sample. Method: Young adults, who experienced the 2004 tsunami as children between 10 and 15 years of age, responded to a questionnaire eight years post disaster. The results were compared to a matched population sample. Results: The results showed that the likelihood for negative psychological outcomes was higher for those who had been exposed to several types of exposures during this natural disaster. Conclusions: The negative psychological impact on children and adolescents can still be present eight years post-disaster and seems to have association with the type of exposure; loss, physical presence and subjective experience. It is important for clinicians, who meet young adults seeking help, to be conscious about the impact as long as eight years post disaster and to be aware of possible clinical implications associated with severity of exposures.
Cost Estimation and the Vialibity of Metal Foams

At present all metal foams are produced in small quantities using time and labor-intensive methods, and all, relative to the solid metals from which they derive, are expensive. Thus, one may ask if metal foams are viable. By viable a favorable balance between performance and cost is meant. Viability is assessed by constructing a value function which includes measures of both performance and cost. It allows ranking of materials by both economic and technical criteria. The authors describe progress in constructing and using cost models for two of the processes by which metal foams are made, and describe their method for assessing the viability of a new material.
Urinary levels of chemokines (MCAF/MCP‐1, IL‐8) reflect distinct disease activities and phases of human IgA nephropathy

Leukocytes have been implicated to be involved in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). To clarify the precise molecular mechanism of recruitment and activation of leukocytes in the subgroups of IgAN, latent, acute, and chronic types, we studied monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF/MCP‐1) and interleukin (IL)‐8 in urines and renal expression of these cytokines. Urinary MCAF levels were significantly higher in chronic type, and were correlated with pathological progressive factors such as mesangial proliferation and interstitial cellular infiltration associated with CD68‐positive macrophage. On the other hand, urinary IL‐8 elevated only in acute type and were correlated with glomerular endocapillary proliferation and the degree of hematuria. In immunohistochemical study, IL‐8 was mainly observed in glomeruli, otherwise MCAF in vascular endothelial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and infiltrated mononuclear cells in the interstitial lesions. These observations demonstrated that MCAF and IL‐8 were differentially expressed in kidneys with IgAN, and their subtypes, and suggest that chemokines may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgAN at distinct phases or pathological lesions, possibly through the recruitment and activation of a distinct type of leukocyte. J. Leukoc. Biol. 63: 493–499; 1998.
On the relation of load to average gap in the contact between surfaces with longitudinal roughness

A computer simulation model for the contact between longitudinally-oriented rough surfaces has been formulated. This model closely duplicates the actual surf ace contact deformation behavior by taking into account the elastic interactions between the asperities. There were no assumptions made about the shapes, or any deformation behavior of the asperities, except for their obeying the laws of elasticity. The plastic deformations on the high asperity peaks were taken into account by setting a ceiling on their contact pressures at the material hardness value. The simulations used real surface profiles which were digitized from unworn circumferentially ground steel surfaces. Each pair of these profiles was mathematically combined to form an equivalent rough profile pressing against an infinitely rigid flat and having the appropriately adjusted elastic modulus. A total of 28 different pairs of profiles were used in the simulations. Each contacting pair was subjected to 30 different load levels and the local c.
A Reinvestigation of Seroconversion Rates in Hepatits B–Vaccinated Individuals

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the hepatitis B seroconversion rates in a small sample of subjects reflected that of the published rates, regardless of HIV status, after a hepatitis B vaccination series was completed while following strict vaccine protocols. The study, which had a nonexperimental, correlational cross-sectional design, took place at a community clinic in Laguna Beach, CA. Participants comprised 100, predominantly White, men aged 18–65 years (mean 39.2 years) who were hepatitis B naive, regardless of immune status. After receiving a primary vaccine series for hepatitis B, participants were tested for seroconversion to immune status. Seroconversion to the immune state occurred in 78.6% of the non-immunocompromised, HIV-negative participants (n = 50), who had received the standard three-dose regimen of the vaccine, and in 77% of the immunocompromised, HIV-positive participants (n = 48), who had received the recommended modified three-double-dose regimen. The manufacturer-published rates of seroconversion are 90–100%, depending upon the population. These findings highlight a need for further study to validate or reveal deficits in current vaccine protocols for individuals who are vaccinated against hepatitis B, including health care workers, the immune-compromised and other high-risk populations.
Damped wave equations with dynamic boundary conditions

Abstract We discuss several classes of linear second order initial-boundary value problems in which damping terms appear in the main wave equation and/or in the dynamic boundary condition. We investigate their well-posedness and describe some qualitative properties of their solutions, like boundedness and stability. In particular, we provide sufficient conditions for analyticity, boundedness, asymptotic almost periodicity and exponential stability of certain C 0-semigroups associated to such problems.
Caloric restriction reverses the deficits in leptin receptor protein and leptin signaling capacity associated with diet-induced obesity: role of leptin in the regulation of hypothalamic long-form leptin receptor expression.

The objectives of this study were to determine if reduced long-form leptin receptor (ObRb) expression in diet-induced obese (DIO) animals is associated with deficits in maximal leptin signaling and, secondly, to establish the effects of short-term caloric restriction (CR) on ObRb expression and function. Groups of DIO and life-long chow-fed (CHOW) F344xBN male rats, aged 6 months, were given an i.c. v. injection containing 2 micro g leptin or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) vehicle. Leptin induced a >6-fold increase in STAT3 phosphorylation in CHOW rats, but less than 2-fold increase in DIO. Reduced maximal leptin-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation in DIO rats was coupled with a decline in both ObRb expression and protein. At this point, subgroups of DIO and CHOW animals underwent CR for 30 days and were then tested for acute leptin responsiveness. CR resulted in a 45 and 85% increase respectively in leptin-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation in CHOW and DIO animals. Similarly, CR increased ObRb expression and protein in both CHOW and DIO animals. To explore the role of leptin in regulating ObRb expression, we reversibly overexpressed leptin in the hypothalamus and found that ObRb mRNA inversely follows central leptin expression. By enhancing both ObRb expression and signaling capacity, CR may enhance leptin responsiveness in leptin-resistant DIO animals.
Therapeutic Targets: Progress of Their Exploration and Investigation of Their Characteristics

Modern drug discovery is primarily based on the search and subsequent testing of drug candidates acting on a preselected therapeutic target. Progress in genomics, protein structure, proteomics, and disease mechanisms has led to a growing interest in and effort for finding new targets and more effective exploration of existing targets. The number of reported targets of marketed and investigational drugs has significantly increased in the past 8 years. There are 1535 targets collected in the therapeutic target database compared with ∼500 targets reported in a 1996 review. Knowledge of these targets is helpful for molecular dissection of the mechanism of action of drugs and for predicting features that guide new drug design and the search for new targets. This article summarizes the progress of target exploration and investigates the characteristics of the currently explored targets to analyze their sequence, structure, family representation, pathway association, tissue distribution, and genome location features for finding clues useful for searching for new targets. Possible “rules” to guide the search for druggable proteins and the feasibility of using a statistical learning method for predicting druggable proteins directly from their sequences are discussed.
Evidence for low intrinsic surface-recombination velocity on p-type InP.

Direct measurements of the intrinsic surface-recombination velocity (SRV) on p-type InP have been performed using ultrafast time-resolved photoluminescence. The results show that the intrinsic SRV on p-type InP is low (\ensuremath{\sim}500 cm/s), similar to the value reported for n-type InP surfaces. It is suggested that the low luminescence efficiency of p-type InP is due to its low effective bulk lifetime (23 ns) and to a large surface band bending, and does not indicate high SRV as has been generally accepted.
Serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and prostate cancer risk--interpreting the evidence.

with such a history that the luteal false-negative phenomenon was observed in the Canadian study. Are menstruating women who have never used oral contraceptives at an advantage for mammographic imaging? And if so, why? Furthermore, we still have no measure of within-woman cyclic changes. All that is needed is an observational study in which premenopausal volunteers would agree to have split mammographic screening in the same menstrual cycle: one breast imaged in the follicular phase and the other in the luteal phase, with the technique kept as constant as possible. But an even more important question has been waiting to be answered ever since Tabar et al. (6) published their first results from the Two-County Study in Sweden back in 1985 that showed excess breast cancer mortality in screened women aged 40‐49 years. This mortality paradox is clearly displayed in a recent updated overview of the Swedish randomized trials (7) and parallels similar observations in the 7-year results from the Canadian National Breast Screening Study (8). However, as the end of the 1990s approaches, we know that the mortality paradox extinguishes itself 7 or more years after screening is initiated. So now the question is not so much: Why was the paradox ever observed? It is rather: Why is the benefit from screening this age group so small relative to screening older women, and why is the benefit so delayed? Even today, after many years of follow-up, two of the Swedish studies (7), Ostergotland (part of the Two-County Study) and Stockholm, show equal breast cancer mortality in screened and unscreened groups aged 40‐49 years. Can we agree that the arbitrary cutoff, age 40‐49 years versus 50‐59 years, used in the analysis of screening trials is a crude proxy for a cutoff that separates mainly premenopausal women
Creating Community Responsibility for Child Protection: Possibilities and Challenges

Deborah Daro and Kenneth Dodge observe that efforts to prevent child abuse have historically focused on directly improving the skills of parents who are at risk for or engaged in maltreatment. But, as experts increasingly recognize that negative forces within a community can overwhelm even well-intentioned parents, attention is shifting toward creating environments that facilitate a parent’s ability to do the right thing. The most sophisticated and widely used community prevention programs, say Daro and Dodge, emphasize the reciprocal interplay between individual-family behavior and broader neighborhood, community, and cultural contexts. The authors examine five different community prevention efforts, summarizing for each both the theory of change and the empirical evidence concerning its efficacy. Each program aims to enhance community capacity by expanding formal and informal resources and establishing a normative cultural context capable of fostering collective responsibility for positive child development. Over the past ten years, researchers have explored how neighborhoods influence child development and support parenting. Scholars are still searching for agreement on the most salient contextual factors and on how to manipulate these factors to increase the likelihood parents will seek out, find, and effectively use necessary and appropriate support. The current evidence base for community child abuse prevention, observe Daro and Dodge, offers both encouragement and reason for caution. Although theory and empirical research suggest that intervention at the neighborhood level is likely to prevent child maltreatment, designing and implementing a high-quality, multifaceted community prevention initiative is expensive. Policy makers must consider the trade-offs in investing in strategies to alter community context and those that expand services for known high-risk individuals. The authors conclude that if the concept of community prevention is to move beyond the isolated examples examined in their article, additional conceptual and empirical work is needed to garner support from public institutions, community-based stakeholders, and local residents.
Relations of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity to Preadolescent Peer Functioning: The Mediating Roles of Aggressive and Prosocial Behaviors

This study examined the structural relations of preadolescents' inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, aggressive and prosocial behaviors, and peer functioning. There were 739 fourth (n = 239) and fifth (n = 500) graders (52.23% boys) in Taiwan who participated in this study. Preadolescents' inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity were assessed using parent reports on the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV Rating Scale. Aggressive behaviors, including physical aggression and relational aggression, and prosocial behaviors were assessed using teacher and peer reports. Peer acceptance and the number of reciprocated friendships were obtained through peer nomination administered 6 months later after initial assessment and were combined to assess children's peer functioning. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that inattention was indirectly linked to impaired peer functioning through low levels of prosocial behavior, regardless of gender. In addition, inattention was directly related to less optimal peer functioning only for girls. Hyperactivity/impulsivity was neither directly nor indirectly related to impaired peer functioning in boys, although it was related to more physical and relational aggression. However, for girls, a positive and direct path existed between hyperactivity and peer functioning. Further, hyperactivity in girls was associated with more physical aggression, which in turn led to poorer peer functioning. These findings suggested that the processes related to each core domain of ADHD and peer functioning may be varied, depending on the mediating factors (e.g., aggression or prosocial behavior) and gender.
On the Kertész line: Some rigorous bounds

We study the Kertesz line of the q-state Potts model at (inverse) temperature β in the presence of an external magnetic field h. This line separates the two regions of the phase diagram according to the existence or not of an infinite cluster in the Fortuin–Kasteleyn representation of the model. It is known that the Kertesz line hK(β) coincides with the line of first order phase transition for small fields when q is large enough. Here, we prove that the first order phase transition implies a jump in the density of the infinite cluster; hence, the Kertesz line remains below the line of first order phase transition. We also analyze the region of large fields and prove, using techniques of stochastic comparisons, that hK(β) equals log(q−1)−log(β−βp) to the leading order, as β goes to βp=−log(1−pc), where pc is the threshold for bond percolation.
Using spatial occlusion to explore the control strategies used in rapid interceptive actions: Predictive or prospective control?

Abstract Interceptive actions require individuals to time their movements with an external event. To meet the intense spatial–temporal demands needed for successful interception, a tight coupling and coordination between perceptual and motor processes is required. The control strategy that underlies successful performance is a matter of debate. On the one hand, a predictive control strategy assumes that advanced information is used for response selection and the movement is carried out faithfully without modification. In contrast, a prospective control strategy assumes that the movement response is continuously specified through to the point of interception. Using the rapid interceptive timing task of ice hockey goaltending, we explored the effects of progressively removing predictive visual information from the shooter on the gaze behaviours and motor responses of elite goaltenders. Results showed that the goaltenders used a prospective reversal strategy on 18 of 79 glove trials (22.8% of glove saves; 4.5% of total shots). When a reversal was used, the goaltenders were more successful (saved 11/18 reversals). The gaze behaviour that corresponded to both of these strategies was the quiet eye, which was the final fixation before the onset of the saving motion. The optimal location and duration of the quiet eye was an important factor for successful interception of the puck.
Microstructure and Properties of Al-6061 Alloy by Equal Channel Angular Extrusion for 16 Passes

The experimental researches on Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) process of commercial available Al-6061 alloy were conducted and the grain refinement after ECAE processing was investigated. Sixteen passes of ECAE processing at room temperature were conducted and the relationship of grain refinement with extrusion pass was established. The property enhancements after ECAE processing including ultimate tensile strength and Vickers microhardness were investigated to determine the effects of the number of ECAE passes on the mechanical properties of the extruded samples. The research presents a whole picture of ECAE processing of the alloy for up to 16 passes.
Experimental Result of Particle Collision Algorithm for Solving Course Timetabling Problems

Summary This work presents a Particle Collision Algorithm (PCA) to solve university course timetabling problems. The aim is to produce an effective algorithm for assigning a set of courses, lecturers and students to a specific number of rooms and timeslots, subject to a set of constraints. PCA approach that was originally introduced by Sacco for policy optimization. PCA always accepts improved solution but adaptively accepts worse solution based on the quality of the solution. PCA differs from Simulated Annealing and other meta-heuristic approaches where, before accepting the trial solution (although we obtain good-quality solution), PCA attempts to further enhance the trial solution by exploring different neighbourhood structures. Therefore, PCA could be able of escaping from local optima. We evaluate the effectiveness of PCA. This testing it on standard test benchmark course timetabling datasets which were introduced by Socha. Results show that PCA significantly outperformed Simulated annealing (SA) and Great Deluge approach in some instances. Results also show that PCA is able to produce good quality solutions, which are comparable to other work in the literature.