Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
P-Glycoprotein, Multidrug-Resistance Associated Protein 2, Cyp3a, and Carboxylesterase Affect the Oral Availability and Metabolism of Vinorelbine

We investigated the interactions of the anticancer drug vinorelbine with drug efflux transporters and cytochrome P450 3A drug-metabolizing enzymes. Vinorelbine was transported by human multidrug-resistance associated protein (MRP) 2, and Mrp2 knockout mice displayed increased vinorelbine plasma exposure after oral administration, suggesting that Mrp2 limits the intestinal uptake of vinorelbine. Using P-glycoprotein (P-gp), Cyp3a-, and P-gp/Cyp3a knockout mice, we found that the absence of P-gp or Cyp3a resulted in increased vinorelbine plasma exposure, both after oral and intravenous administration. Surprisingly, P-gp/Cyp3a knockout mice displayed markedly lower vinorelbine plasma concentrations than wild-type mice upon intravenous administration but higher concentrations upon oral administration. This could be explained by highly increased formation of 4′-O-deacetylvinorelbine, an active vinorelbine metabolite, especially in P-gp/Cyp3a knockout plasma. Using wild-type and Cyp3a knockout liver microsomes, we found that 4′-O-deacetylvinorelbine formation was 4-fold increased in Cyp3a knockout liver and was not mediated by Cyp3a or other cytochrome P450 enzymes. In vitro incubation of vinorelbine with plasma revealed that vinorelbine deacetylation in Cyp3a and especially in P-gp/Cyp3a knockout mice but not in P-gp-deficient mice was strongly up-regulated. Metabolite formation in microsomes and plasma could be completely inhibited with the nonspecific carboxylesterase (CES) inhibitor bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate and partly with the CES2-specific inhibitor loperamide, indicating that carboxylesterase Ces2a, which was appropriately up-regulated in Cyp3a and especially in P-gp/Cyp3a knockout liver was responsible for the 4′O-deacetylvinorelbine formation. Such compensatory up-regulation can complicate the interpretation of knockout mouse data. Nonetheless, P-gp, Mrp2, Cyp3a, and Ces2a clearly restricted vinorelbine availability in mice. Variation in activity of their human homologs may also affect vinorelbine pharmacokinetics in patients.
Heating and Acceleration of Intracluster Medium Electrons by Turbulence

We investigate the feasibility of bremsstrahlung radiation from “nonthermal” electrons as a source of hard X-rays from the intracluster medium of clusters of galaxies. With an exact treatment of the Coulomb collisions in a Fokker-Planck analysis of the electron distribution, we find that the severe difficulties with lifetimes of nonthermal particles found earlier by Petrosian in 2001 using a cold-target model remain problematic. We then address the possible acceleration of background electrons into a nonthermal tail. We assume a simplified but generic acceleration rate and determine the expected evolution of an initially Maxwellian distribution of electrons. We find that strong nonthermal components arise only for a rapid rate of acceleration, which also heats up the entire plasma. These results confirm the conclusion that if the observed nonthermal excesses are due to some process accelerating the background thermal electrons, then this process must be short lived.
Receipt of asthma subspecialty care by children in a managed care organization.

BACKGROUND Although proper outpatient asthma management sometimes requires care from subspecialists, there is little information on factors affecting receipt of subspecialty care in a managed care setting. OBJECTIVE To determine factors associated with receipt of subspecialty care for children with asthma in a managed care organization. METHODS We conducted an analysis of the claims from 3163 children with asthma enrolled in a university-based managed care organization from January 1998 to October 2000. We used logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with an outpatient asthma visit with an allergist or pulmonologist. RESULTS Of the 3163 patients, 443 (14%) had at least 1 subspecialist visit for asthma; 354 (80%) were seen by an allergist, 63 (14%) were seen by a pulmonologist, and 26 (6%) were seen by both. In multivariate analysis, patients with more severe asthma (odds ratio [OR], 3.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.99-4.86) and older patients (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07) were more likely to receive care from a subspecialist. Compared with Medicaid patients, both non-Medicaid patients with copayment (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.85-4.43) and non-Medicaid patients without any copayment (OR, 3.40; 95% CI, 2.35-4.93) were more likely to receive care from an asthma subspecialist. CONCLUSIONS Children insured by Medicaid are less likely to receive care from subspecialists for asthma. Reasons may be due to health care system-related factors, such as accessibility of subspecialists, to physician referral decisions, and/or to patient factors, such as adherence to recommendations to see a subspecialist. Our findings suggest a need to further investigate health care system barriers, physician referral, and patient acceptance and completion of subspecialty referral.
Effect of some antioxidants on the prostate of adult and aged albino rats: a histological and immunohistochemical study

Effect of some antioxidants on the prostate of adult and aged albino rats. Twenty-five adult and twenty-five aged male albino rats were divided into four groups: group I (control group) group II (zinc sulphate treated group), group III (vitamin E) & group IV (vitamin C) zinc administered in doses of 0.2673 mg for adult rat and 0.693 mg for aged rat, vitamin E administered in doses of 0.973 mg for adult rat and 2.52 mg for aged rat, vitamin C administered in doses of 1.215mg for adult rat and 3.15 mg for aged rat. The prostate glands were processed and stained by H&E, Masson trichrome & immunoreaction of androgen receptor for light microscopic examinations. Morphometric analysis for collagen fibers and immunoreaction area percent was performed and statically analyzed. Zinc showed improvements, in which decrease in number of mucosal fold and increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in ventral lobe also, Decrease fibrosis and increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in dorsolateral lobe. vitamin E showed improvements, in which decrease in number of mucosal fold, decrease size of acini, decrease of epithelial heights and increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in ventral lobe also, decrease of epithelial heights, decrease fibrosis and increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in dorsolateral lobe. vitamin C there were improvements, in which decrease in number of mucosal fold, dilatation of acini and slightly increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in ventral lobe also, rarified collagenous fibers and increase in immunoreactions of nuclear androgen receptor in dorsolateral lobe. It also ameliorated blood vessels congestion. Zinc, vitamin E and vitamin C exerted no harmful effects on adult prostate but ameliorated effects against aged prostate.
Investigating the influence of media on male body image: in search of a potential moderator

Investigaflng the Influence of Media on Male Body Image: In Search of a Potential Moderator. (April 2004) Joseph Mignogna Department of Psychology Texas ARM University Fellows Advisor: Dr. David H. Gleaves Department of Psychology The primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of media exposure on male body image. The experimental manipulation involved exposing participants to slideshows which depicted either images of lean/muscular male bodies, thin male bodies, average male bodies, or athletic apparel. Other objectives were to examine if attitudes towards muscularity moderate this experimentally induced acute body dissatisfaction, if it in fact existed, as well as to examine the validity and sensitivity (sensitivity to body image size in terms of fatness and muscularity) of the dependent measures implored. There were no significant differences in the amounts of body dissatisfaction seen across each of the four slideshows. Results did however support the use of all three of the body image assessment measures (Body Image Assessment, BIA; Body Morph Assessment, BMA; and Somatomorphic Matrix, SM) in measuring various aspects of male body image. The BIA and BMA were mainly sensitive to measuring "thinness/fatness" and not muscularity, whereas the SM was capable of measuring both. Although none of the three body image assessment measures were sensitive to detecting the attempted manipulation of media's effect of acute body dissatisfaction, this may be due to a weak manipulation resulting from attempts to control for the facial attraction and race/ethnicity of the males featured in the advertisements.
Effectiveness of leukotriene receptor antagonism in the postoperative management of chronic rhinosinusitis

Montelukast is used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma. It has been used as adjuvant therapy in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but its effectiveness has not been evaluated. This study evaluates the efficacy of adjuvant leukotriene receptor antagonism in CRS and subtypes.
Improving the Retention and Endurance Characteristics of Charge-Trapping Memory by Using Double Quantum Barriers

We have studied the performance of double-quantum-barrier [TaN-Ir<sub>3</sub>Si]-[HfAlO-LaAlO<sub>3</sub>]-Hf<sub>0.3</sub>N<sub>0.2</sub>O<sub>0.5</sub>-[HfAlO-SiO<sub>2</sub>]-Si charge-trapping memory devices. These devices display good characteristics in terms of their plusmn9-V program/erase (P/E) voltage, 100-mus P/E speed, initial 3.2-V memory window, and ten-year extrapolated data retention window of 2.4 V at 150 degC. The retention decay rate is significantly better than single-barrier MONOS devices, as is the cycled retention data, due to the reduced interface trap generation.
Ultrasound-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Pleural-based Intrathoracic Lesions

BackgroundPleural-based intrathoracic lesions pose a diagnostic challenge. Image-guided percutaneous biopsy with fluoroscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan, and ultrasound (US) have been used to establish a diagnosis. We report the yield of US-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of these lesions at our center. MethodsTwenty patients with pleural-based intrathoracic lesions underwent US-guided FNAB. All were considered to have an unresectable malignant process based on clinical evaluation. Nineteen patients had pleural-based parenchymal lesion and 1 had an anterior mediastinal mass touching the chest wall. ResultsTwenty patients underwent 21 US-guided FNAB procedures. A final diagnosis was established in all the patients: 19 malignancies and 1 benign lesion. US-guided FNAB established a diagnosis of malignancy in 17 of 19 patients (89.5%) in the first attempt. In 1 patient, a diagnosis of malignancy was made on a repeat US-guided FNAB, increasing the overall yield to 18 of 19 (95%). In 1 patient with a nondiagnostic US-guided FNAB, a diagnosis of malignancy was established with CT scan-guided FNAB. US-guided FNAB was able to diagnose 15 of 16 cases of non-small cell carcinoma and 3 of 3 (100%) small cell carcinoma. In 1 patient with benign lesion, US-guided FNAB showed pulmonary macrophages. This patient was diagnosed as having pneumonia after antibiotic therapy and repeat CT scan showed complete resolution. For a diagnosis of malignancy, US-guided FNAB had 94.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 95% diagnostic accuracy, 100% positive predictive value, and 50% negative predictive value. There were no major complications. ConclusionsUS-guided FNAB of pleural-based intrathoracic lesions is a rapid, simple, and safe procedure with a high yield for malignancy.
Work–Family Role Conflict and Well-Being Among Women and Men

The main goal of the present study was to examine gender differences in the variables that explain the experience of role conflict and well-being among Jewish working mothers versus working fathers in Israel (n = 611). The unique contribution of the study lies in its integrative approach to examining the experience of two types of role conflict: work interferes with family (WIF) and family interferes with work (FIW). The explanatory variables included sense of overload, perceived social support, and gender role ideology. The findings revealed that for women, both FIW and WIF conflict correlated negatively with well-being, whereas for men, a negative correlation with well-being was found only in the case of FIW conflict. Contrary to expectations, social support contributed more to mitigating negative affect among men than among women. On the whole, the findings highlight the changes that men have experienced in the work–family system.
Belief into Action Scale: psychometric properties of the Farsi version

ABSTRACT This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Farsi version of Belief into Action Scale (FaBIAC) in a sample of healthy volunteer Muslims. A convenience sample of 200 healthy volunteer was enrolled from Tehran, Iran. Using a standard forward–backward method, we translated the English version of the BIAC into Farsi. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the measure were assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient. Convergent validity of the measure was assessed by examining the association between FaBIAC score and Hoge Intrinsic Religiosity Scale score. Divergent validity was assessed by evaluating the association between FaBIAC score and measures of perceived stress, depression, and social support. The findings of this study, while preliminary, suggest that the FaBIAC is a reliable and valid measure of religious commitment and can be used in studies of Farsi-language Muslim populations.
AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 Regulates Compound Leaf Patterning by Directly Repressing PALMATE-LIKE PENTAFOLIATA1 Expression in Medicago truncatula

Diverse leaf forms can be seen in nature. In Medicago truncatula, PALM1 encoding a Cys(2)His(2) transcription factor is a key regulator of compound leaf patterning. PALM1 negatively regulates expression of SGL1, a key regulator of lateral leaflet initiation. However, how PALM1 itself is regulated is not yet known. To answer this question, we used promoter sequence analysis, yeast one-hybrid tests, quantitative transcription activity assays, ChIP-PCR analysis, and phenotypic analyses of overexpression lines and mutant plants. The results show that M. truncatula AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (MtARF3) functions as a direct transcriptional repressor of PALM1. MtARF3 physically binds to the PALM1 promoter sequence in yeast cells. MtARF3 selectively interacts with specific auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the PALM1 promoter to repress reporter gene expression in tobacco leaves and binds to specific sequences in the PALM1 promoter in vivo. Upregulation of MtARF3 or removal of both PHANTASTICA (PHAN) and ARGONAUTE7 (AGO7) pathways resulted in compound leaves with five narrow leaflets arranged in a palmate-like configuration. These results support that MtARF3, in addition as an adaxial-abaxial polarity regulator, functions to restrict spatiotemporal expression of PALM1, linking auxin signaling to compound leaf patterning in the legume plant M. truncatula.
Empowering peace: service provision and state legitimacy in Nepal’s peace-building process

Abstract There is growing demand for an understanding of peace beyond the absence of violence. As such research focuses increasingly on the issue of state legitimacy as a tool to assess and understand peace processes. In this paper the relationship between service provision and state legitimacy is studied to assess whether the provision of services like electricity to rural communities of war-torn countries through state actors contributes to the consolidation of the post-war political system. The qualitative analysis of two localities in post-war Nepal highlights that service provision in the form of electricity through micro-hydropower yields tremendously positive socio-economic effects for rural communities. However, socio-economic development in combination with interactions among villagers has strengthened local autonomy through emphasising alternative local governance structures. This highlights that the relationship between service provision and state legitimacy is more complex than previous research anticipates. The absence of a positive effect on state legitimacy raises the question of whether in its current case-specific form service provision is conducive to the broader peace-building efforts in post-war Nepal, because it stresses the divide between state and society.
Maps II: Chasing Diagrams in Categorical Proof Theory

In categorical proof theory, propositions and proofs are presented as objects and arrows in a category. It thus embodies the strong constructivist paradigms of propositions-as-typet and proofs-as-constructions, which lie in the foundation of computational logic. Moreover, in the categorical setting, & third paradigm arises, not available elsewhere: logical-operationa-aa-adjunctions. It offers an answer to the notorious question of the equality of proofs. So we chase diagrams in algebra of proofs. On the basis of these ideas, the present paper investigates proof theory of regular logic the {A,3}-fragment of the first order logic with equality. The corresponding categorical structure is regular fibration. The examples include stable factorisations, sites, triposes. Regular logic is exactly what is needed to talk about maps, as total and single-valued relations. However, when enriched with proofs-as-arrows, this familiar concept must be supplied with an additional conversion rule, connecting the proof of the totality with the proof of the single-valuedness. We explain the logical meaning of this rule, and then determine precise conditions under which a regular fibration supports the principle of function comprehension (that each map corresponds to a unique function viz arrow in the base), thus lifting a basic theorem from regular categories (e.g. [12, 2.132]), recently relativized to factorisation systems [22, 42). The obtained results bring us a step closer to extending the jP-set construction [20] from triposes to non-posetal fibrations, and thus closer to 'toposes' accommodating categorical proof theory.
Manganese induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration via microglial activation in a rat model of manganism.

Manganese is an essential trace element required for normal development and bodily functions. However, exposure of the brain to excessive amounts of manganese results in neurotoxicity. Although previous studies examining manganese neurotoxicity have focused on neuronal injury, especially direct injury to dopaminergic neurons, the effects of manganese-induced neurotoxicity on glial cells have not been reported. The current study was designed to examine the effect of manganese on microglial activation, and the underlying mechanism of manganese-induced dopaminergic neuronal injury in vivo. We established an animal model of manganism by intrastriatal injection of MnCl(2). 4H(2)O into male Sprague-Dawley rats. One day after administration of manganese, a few microglial cells in the substantia nigra (SN) were activated, although the number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive neurons in the SN was unaffected. Seven days after administration of manganese, a marked reduction in the number of TH-immunoreactive neurons was observed in the SN, and the majority of microglial cells were activated. We found that manganese upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene expression, as well as iNOS, TNF-alpha, and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) protein levels in the SN. Furthermore, treatment with minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation, attenuated microglial activation and mitigated IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and iNOS production as well as dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by manganese. These results suggested that dopaminergic neurons could be damaged by manganese neurotoxicity, and that the activated microglial cells and their associated activation products played an important role in this neurodegenerative process.
Self-Graphing to Success

Data, data, data. Data is the word. We need data. You must gather data. So what’s a teacher to do with this timeconsuming demand? How do you collect data on your students and still manage to find time to actually teach? Believe it or not, your students can help—and benefit greatly from the process. This article shows how. Recent simplifications of computer technology software packages have the potential to make it easy for students to record and graph data regarding their academic or social behavior. Carr and Burkholder (1998) showed how to create single-subject design displays of data collected by using the Microsoft database software Excel. We have taken Carr and Burkholder’s application of this concept a step further and developed procedures to empower students with disabilities to take responsibility for graphing data reflecting their own academic performance (also, see box, “What Does the Literature Say? ”). By simplifying the steps in the technological applications, students we work with have become not only able to assist with the data-collection process and enhance their performance, but they often expressed enthusiasm for graphing their own performance data. Preparing Technology Begin the self-graphing process by identifying (a) the student behavior (e.g., academic or social), (b) the data-collection procedure, and (c) the extent to which the student can contribute to the data-collection process. The first consideration is relatively straightforward: At a minimum, you should gather data regarding student progress on each objective written on the student’s individualized education program (IEP). Students can participate in the datacollection process in several ways. For example, students can grade math worksheets either independently or cooperatively. Sometimes you or a paraprofessional—or even a student from a higher grade—will do the data collection. For instance, it would be difficult for a student to gather data on the number of words he or she reads correctly per minute. In this instance, an adult or an older student would gather the data either live or from audio recordings of student readings and then provide the performance information to the student for recording and graphing.
Cross‐species transferability of microsatellite markers from six aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) species and their use for evaluating biotypic diversity in two cereal aphids

The abundance and distribution of microsatellites, or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were explored in the expressed sequence tag (EST) and genomic sequences of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). A total of 108 newly developed, together with 40 published, SSR markers were investigated for their cross‐species transferability among six aphid species. Genetic diversity among six greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and two Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) biotypes was further examined with 67 transferable SSRs. It was found that the pea aphid genome is abundant in SSRs with a unique frequency and distribution of SSR motifs. Cross‐species transferability of EST‐derived SSRs is dependent on phylogenetic closeness between SSR donor and target species, but is higher than that of genomic SSRs. Neighbor‐joining analysis of SSR data revealed host‐adapted genetic divergence as well as regional differentiation of greenbug biotypes. The two Russian wheat aphid biotypes are genetically as diverse as the greenbug ones although it was introduced into the USA only 20 years ago. This is the first report of large‐scale development of SSR markers in aphids, which are expected to have wide applications in aphid genetic, ecological and evolutionary studies.