Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Early Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (EDoGDM) study: a protocol for a prospective, longitudinal cohort study

Introduction A diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in low-risk pregnant women is based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24 and 28 gestational weeks. However, there is insufficient evidence for why the test is performed in this time period. Moreover, the fetus may be exposed to hyperglycaemia prior to the current testing time frame, making earlier administration potentially advantageous. The main purpose of the present study is to investigate the GDM diagnostic value of an OGTT performed at 18–20 gestational weeks. The results of the study may provide scientific insight into the most beneficial time of OGTT for pregnant women. Methods and analysis As a prospective, longitudinal cohort study, the Early Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (EDoGDM) study will recruit 570 pregnant women who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria outlined below. OGTTs will be performed between 18 and 20 gestational weeks (early OGTT) and 24–28 gestational weeks (regular OGTT). Clinical and laboratory information of the mother and their offspring will be collected for analysis. The prevalence of GDM at 18–20 gestational weeks will be described, and the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of early OGTT on diagnosis of GDM will be studied. Clinical outcomes associated with hyperglycaemia will be compared between groups diagnosed by early or regular OGTT. Ethics and dissemination The study was approved by The Ethical Committees of The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (number 2016-042). Signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The results of this study will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT02740283.
Detection of Atomic Chlorine in Io’s Atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope GHRS

We report the detection of atomic chlorine emissions in the atmosphere of Io using Hubble Space Telescope observations with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS). The Cl I λ1349 dipole allowed and Cl I] λ1386 forbidden transition multiplets are detected at a signal-to-noise ratio of 6 and 10, respectively, in a combined GHRS spectrum acquired from 1994 through 1996. Oxygen and sulfur emissions are simultaneously detected with the chlorine, which allows for self-consistent abundance ratios of chlorine to these other atmospheric species. The disk-averaged ratios are Cl/O = 0.017 ± 0.008, Cl/S = 0.10 ± 0.05, and S/O = 0.18 ± 0.08. We also derive a geometric albedo of 1.0% ± 0.4% for Io at 1335 Å, assuming an SO2 atmospheric column density of 1 × 1016 cm-2.
Pengaruh Perbankan Atas Pertumbuhan Ekonomi: Studi Kasus Bank Konvensional dan Bank Syariah di Indonesia

Abstract: This paper examines the influence of banks (Conventional and Islamic) on economic growth in Indonesia during the period 2008–2012. Secondary data that were used in this research were in the form of monthly time series data during the year 2008–2012. The data were obtained based on monthly statistical banking report from Bank Indonesia (BI) and monthly statistical reports of the Monthly Industrial Production Index in the Large and Medium scale from Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Indonesia. Total deposits, total loans/total financial, and total assets as variables that are representing the bank. GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the variable that representing economic growth. By using Cointegration methods and Granger Causality, the result shows that generally, Conventional and Islamic banking affects economic growth in Indonesia. Keywords: banking and economic growth JEL Classification: E01, E21, F43, G21
Chronic exposure to low concentrations of waterborne cadmium during embryonic and larval development results in the long‐term hindrance of antipredator behavior in zebrafish

Cadmium has been recognized for some time as a potent environmental pollutant with the capability of disrupting olfactory‐mediated behaviors. Failing to respond to chemical cues in the environment could adversely affect foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Recognizing this impaired perception as a serious ecological problem has been undermined by the fact that the damage is often reversible; short depuration periods of 5 d may allow for the re‐establishment of responses to chemical cues. In this experiment, early life stage zebrafish were continuously exposed for 50 d at 0, 0.2, 2.0, and 20 μg Cd/L. The subjects were depurated for 14 d and then subjected to behavioral testing where antipredator responses to chemical alarm cues were observed. Our data show that continuous exposure during rearing to a concentration as low as 20 μg Cd/L is sufficient at eliminating antipredator behavior in zebrafish (Danio rerio) even after the source of the cadmium had been removed for 14 d. Furthermore, subjects raised under a 10‐fold lower concentration also showed alteration in their behavioral responses, taking significantly longer to respond to the predation threat. Exposure to low levels of cadmium throughout development may alter neurogenesis, subsequently resulting in long‐term impairment of chemical cue perception.
THE VORONOI TESSELLATION CLUSTER FINDER IN 2+1 DIMENSIONS

We present a detailed description of the Voronoi Tessellation (VT) cluster finder algorithm in 2+1 dimensions, which improves on past implementations of this technique. The need for cluster finder algorithms able to produce reliable cluster catalogs up to redshift 1 or beyond and down to 1013.5 solar masses is paramount especially in light of upcoming surveys aiming at cosmological constraints from galaxy cluster number counts. We build the VT in photometric redshift shells and use the two-point correlation function of the galaxies in the field to both determine the density threshold for detection of cluster candidates and to establish their significance. This allows us to detect clusters in a self-consistent way without any assumptions about their astrophysical properties. We apply the VT to mock catalogs which extend to redshift 1.4 reproducing the ΛCDM cosmology and the clustering properties observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey data. An objective estimate of the cluster selection function in terms of the completeness and purity as a function of mass and redshift is as important as having a reliable cluster finder. We measure these quantities by matching the VT cluster catalog with the mock truth table. We show that the VT can produce a cluster catalog with completeness and purity >80% for the redshift range up to ∼1 and mass range down to ∼1013.5 solar masses.
Mapping features to source code in dynamically configured avionics software

Mapping software features to the code that implements them is an important activity for program comprehension and software reengineering. In this paper, we present a novel automated approach to locate features in source code based on static analysis and model checking. This approach focuses on dynamically configured software in which the activation of specific features is controlled by configuration variables. The main advantages of a static approach to feature location are its affordability and applicability to large systems containing hundreds of features. Our methodology is applied to an industrial Flight Management System from the avionics industry. Results show that a static approach to feature mapping is feasible and can locate complex features whose implementation is spread across multiple files and functions.
Precautionary Contingent Capital

The financial crisis showed that levels and quality of bank capital were too low for banks to be able to absorb the losses they faced. Policymakers have responded by increasing the amount of equity all banks are required to have in their capital structures and imposing additional equity requirements on those banks considered to be globally systemically important. Contingent capital has been put forward by some as another way of potentially enhancing the resilience of banks. Several contingent capital instruments have been issued and some authorities have proposed that banks could issue such instruments to meet certain regulatory requirements. This paper takes stock of the current debate about contingent capital. The various possible designs of contingent capital are described and the key potential systemic risk implications of these instruments are highlighted. The paper suggests the considerations any policymaker would need to make if considering in future whether contingent capital is an appropriate means of ensuring banks’ resilience.
HER-3 targeting alters the dimerization pattern of ErbB protein family members in breast carcinomas

Breast carcinogenesis is a multi-step process in which membrane receptor tyrosine kinases are crucial participants. Lots of research has been done on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER-2 with important clinical results. However, breast cancer patients present intrinsic or acquired resistance to available HER-2-directed therapies, mainly due to HER-3. Using new techniques, such as proximity ligation assay, herein we evaluate the dimerization pattern of HER-3 and the importance of context-dependent dimer formation between HER-3 and other HER protein family members. Additionally, we show that the efficacy of novel HER-3 targeting agents can be better predicted in certain breast cancer patient sub-groups based on the dimerization pattern of HER protein family members. Moreover, this model was also evaluated and reproduced in human paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues.
The Market Mechanism as an Incentive Scheme

It is often argued that competition in the product market reduces managerial slack. We formalize this idea. Suppose that there is a common component to firms' costs, i.e., as one firm's (total and marginal) costs fall, so do those of other firms. Then when costs fall, profit-maximizing firms expand. This reduces product prices and gives the manager of a nonprofit-maximizing firm less opportunity for discretionary behavior than if his firm's costs had fallen alone and produce prices had not changed. Hence average managerial slack is lower under competition than if there is a single nonprofit-maximizing monopolistic firm.
Variability of the accretion stream in the eclipsing polar EP Dra

We present the first high time resolution light curves for six eclipses of the magnetic cataclysmic variable EP Dra, taken using the superconducting tunnel junction imager S-Cam2. The system shows a varying eclipse profile between consecutive eclipses over the two nights of observation. We attribute the variable stream eclipse after accretion region ingress to a variation in the amount and location of bright material in the accretion stream. This material creates an accretion curtain as it is threaded by many field lines along the accretion stream trajectory. We identify this as the cause of absorption evident in the light curves when the system is in a high accretion state. We do not see direct evidence in the light curves for an accretion spot on the white dwarf; however, the variation of the stream brightness with the brightness of the rapid decline in flux at eclipse ingress indicates the presence of some form of accretion region. This accretion region is most likely located at high colatitude on the white dwarf surface, forming an arc shape at the foot points of the many field lines channelling the accretion curtain.
Changes in Renal Function after Different Tandem Hematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation Approaches in Patients with Multiple Myeloma

This study was done to observe the alteration of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in multiple myeloma patients according to type of tandem hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Forty-one patients were enrolled in this study. Twenty patients underwent autologous HSCT (auto-HSCT) and 21 patients underwent allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). The changes in eGFR after the two tandem HSCT modalities were different between the two groups, according to the donor of stem cells (P = 0.016). In the auto-HSCT group, the eGFR, recorded 12 months after secondary HSCT, was significantly decreased compared with the eGFR recorded before stem cell mobilization (P = 0.005). Although there was no significant difference, the trend showed that the eGFR after allo-HSCT decreased from the previous HSCT until a month after secondary HSCT. In addition, after 6 months of secondary HSCT, the eGFR recovered to the level recorded prior to the HSCT (P = 0.062). This difference may be due to total body irradiation, a calcineurin inhibitor, or maintemance therapy. Changes in renal function would be monitored closely for these patients. The recovery of the eGFR would be a main focus for the patients treated with the total body irradiation or the calcineurin inhibitor, a progressive decline of the eGFR would be also crucial for the patients treated with maintenance therapy.
Failure detection and isolation in ceramic tile edges based on contour descriptor analysis

Today's industry is based on the principle of automatics. In order to increase production quality and improve production yield that reduces production costs, there is tendency to automate every phase in the production line and if possible to replace the human resource entirely. Ceramic tile industry is not an exception. In the ceramic tile production line almost every phase is more or less automated. The only part which is least automated is visual inspection and classification of a ceramic tile. In this paper we present a method for visual inspection of ceramic tile edges, their failure detection and isolation using a machine vision system. For edges inspection, detection and failure isolation we use a method based on contour tracing and description of tile edges. The method developed generates a contour reference descriptor based on directional contour tracing, determines tile orientation for referenced preprocessing and localizes and isolates the failure. The method is tested and results are given for several types and sizes of ceramic tiles.
Clique relaxation models in social network analysis

Clique relaxation models that were originally introduced in the literature on social network analysis are not only gaining increasing popularity in a wide spectrum of complex network applications, but also keep garnering attention of mathematicians, computer scientists, and operations researchers as a promising avenue for fruitful theoretical investigations. This chapter describes the origins of clique relaxation concepts and provides a brief overview of mathematical programming formulations for the corresponding optimization problems, algorithms proposed to solve these problems, and selected real-life applications of the models of interest.
The Arabidopsis HEI10 Is a New ZMM Protein Related to Zip3

In numerous species, the formation of meiotic crossovers is largely under the control of a group of proteins known as ZMM. Here, we identified a new ZMM protein, HEI10, a RING finger-containing protein that is well conserved among species. We show that HEI10 is structurally and functionally related to the yeast Zip3 ZMM and that it is absolutely required for class I crossover (CO) formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, we show that it is present as numerous foci on the chromosome axes and the synaptonemal complex central element until pachytene. Then, from pachytene to diakinesis, HEI10 is retained at a limited number of sites that correspond to class I COs, where it co-localises with MLH1. Assuming that HEI10 early staining represents an early selection of recombination intermediates to be channelled into the ZMM pathway, HEI10 would therefore draw a continuity between early chosen recombination intermediates and final class I COs.
The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for independent parallel MIMO channels

The diversity-multiplexing tradeoff has become a powerful tool to analyze MIMO fading channels. In this paper, we first derive the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff for the case that the transmitter and receiver are connected by multiple parallel and independent MIMO channels, each of which may be utilized for some limiting fraction of the total time. Our main result in this respect is an elegant geometric characterization of the tradeoff curve in terms of the Zheng-Tse tradeoff for a single MIMO channel. We then apply this result to compute bounds on the DMT for a three phase bi-directional cooperation (or two-way relay) protocol. These bounds are shown to be tight in the case of single antenna nodes and the optimal relative time duration of each phase that maximizes the diversity of the end-users is determined. The DMT derived here may also be of importance to problems where a node can be seen to receive information over channels that can be decomposed into parallel independent components, which is often the case in protocols for half-duplex cooperative networks.
Education and Economic Growth

This paper provides a survey of work on the link between education and economic growth.It shows that data from the early 20th century are coherent with conclusions about education and economic growth derived from the much more recent past. It also presents an analysis of the role of education in facilitating the use of best-practice technology. It is to be published in the International Handbook on the Economics of Education edited by G and J. Johnes and published by Edward Elgar.
Power and Information Technology Research: A Metatriangulation Review

This study uses a metatriangulation approach to explore the relationships between power and information technology impacts, development or deployment, and management or use in a sample of 82 articles from 12 management and MIS journals published between 1980 and 1999. We explore the multiple paradigms underlying this research by applying two sets of lenses to examine the major findings from our sample. The technological imperative, organizational imperative, and emergent perspectives (Markus and Robey 1988) are used as one set of lenses to better understand researchers' views regarding the causal structure between IT and organizational power. A second set of lenses, which includes the rational, pluralist, interpretive, and radical perspectives (Bradshaw-Camball and Murray 1991), is used to focus on researchers' views of the role of power and different IT outcomes. We apply each lens separately to describe patterns emerging from the previous power and IT studies. In addition, we discuss the similarities and differences that occur when the two sets of lenses are simultaneously applied. We draw from this discussion to develop metaconjectures, (i.e., propositions that can be interpreted from multiple perspectives), and to suggest guidelines for studying power in future research.
Differentiation-Associated Reprogramming of the Transforming Growth Factor β Receptor Pathway Establishes the Circuitry for Epithelial Autocrine/Paracrine Repair

Transforming growth factor (TGF) β has diverse and sometimes paradoxical effects on cell proliferation and differentiation, presumably reflecting a fundamental but incompletely-understood role in regulating tissue homeostasis. It is generally considered that downstream activity is modulated at the ligand:receptor axis, but microarray analysis of proliferative versus differentiating normal human bladder epithelial cell cultures identified unexpected transcriptional changes in key components of the canonical TGFβ R/activin signalling pathway associated with cytodifferentiation. Changes included upregulation of the transcriptional modulator SMAD3 and downregulation of inhibitory modulators SMURF2 and SMAD7. Functional analysis of the signalling pathway revealed that non-differentiated normal human urothelial cells responded in paracrine mode to TGFβ by growth inhibition, and that exogenous TGFβ inhibited rather than promoted differentiation. By contrast, in differentiated cell cultures, SMAD3 was activated upon scratch-wounding and was involved in promoting tissue repair. Exogenous TGFβ enhanced the repair and resulted in hyperplastic scarring, indicating a feedback loop implicit in an autocrine pathway. Thus, the machinery for autocrine activation of the SMAD3-mediated TGFβR pathway is established during urothelial differentiation, but signalling occurs only in response to a trigger, such as wounding. Our study demonstrates that the circuitry of the TGFβR pathway is defined transcriptionally within a tissue-specific differentiation programme. The findings provide evidence for re-evaluating the role of TGFβR signalling in epithelial homeostasis as an autocrine-regulated pathway that suppresses differentiation and promotes tissue repair. This provides a new paradigm to help unravel the apparently diverse and paradoxical effect of TGFβ signalling on cell proliferation and differentiation.
Performance Share Plans: Valuation and Empirical Tests

Performance share plans are an increasingly important component of executive compensation. They are equity-based, long-term incentive plans where the number of shares to be awarded is a quasi-linear function of a performance result over a fixed time period. We derive closed-form formulas for the value of a performance share plan when the performance measure is: (1) a non-traded measure following an Arithmetic Brownian Motion (e.g., earnings per share), (2) a non-traded measure following a Geometric Brownian Motion (e.g., revenue), or (3) a rank-order tournament of traded asset returns that are following Arithmetic Brownian Motions (e.g., percentile of ranked stock returns). Then we empirically test our valuation formulas. We find that our valuation formulas are more accurate for performance share plans based on earnings per share when forecasting using analyst consensus prior to the grant date. We also find that the efficiency of our valuation model greatly depends on the method used to forecast future firm performance. The policy implication is that FASB should consider requiring that grant date fair value be estimated using valuation formulas such as ours.
Signature and Beamformer Design for MIMO-CDMA with Various Levels of Feedback

We investigate the signature and beamformer design problem for multiple antenna CDMA (MIMO-CDMA) systems with sum capacity as the performance metric. We first find upper bounds for the sum capacity by relaxing a set of structural constraints. We construct an iterative algorithm to find the jointly optimum temporal signatures and transmit beamformers under the assumption of perfect temporal signature and transmit beamforming feedback. Next, motivated by milder feedback requirements, a low complexity orthogonal temporal signature assignment algorithm is presented that aims to approach the capacity upper bound for given transmit beamformers. The transmit beamformers can be shaped depending on the channel state information available at the transmitter. We next investigate the cases of various different levels of feedback, and combine the proposed orthogonal temporal signature assignment algorithm with antenna selection, eigen transmit beamforming and perfectly controlled transmit beamforming models. We observe that as the available feedback level is increased, the performance of the algorithms approach the upper bounds developed. In particular, a substantial sum capacity gain is attained when the individual channel state information is available at the transmitter side.