Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Status Quo Orientation, Capabilities, and Patterns of War Initiation in Dyadic Rivalries

The relationship between dyadic power balances and the onset of war is a principal element in realist theories of international politics. The influence of the status quo orientation of the belligerents has also been specified in power transition theory as a factor which impacts on the patterns of conflict. However, despite this theoretical underpinning, the question of the probabilistic identity of war initiators constitutes a gap in the understanding of factors associated with international conflict. This study examines the identity of war initiators as it relates to both power balances and status quo orientation for a set of nation-dyads that have formed long-term rivalries. The results of the analysis indicate that for rival dyads: (1) status quo challengers rather than defenders are the most probable war initiators; (2) status quo challengers are equally likely to initiate wars whether they are superior or inferior in capabilities to their rivals; and (3) status quo defenders initiate wars almost solely under unstable military balances. This last pattern suggests that stable military balances of either preponderance or parity are generally interpreted by status quo defenders as supportive of deterrence, whereas unstable balances producing capability shifts or transitions are deemed dangerous enough to provoke preemptive military action. The distribution is such that it approximates a necessary condition for the initiation of war by the status quo defender in an enduring rivalry. All three of the above findings are consistent with A.F. K. Organski's original formulation of power transition theory.
Opinionation, Vagueness, and Specificity-Distinctions: Essay Traits Measured by Computer1

Three characteristics of writing quality were selected for study from among the many discussed in English texts on the assumption that single words or discrete phrases reliably cue the presence of such characteristics in essays. A set of 256 graded essays was searched by computer for cues, and the measures thus obtained were correlated with the essay grades. All predicted correlations were significant at p < . o0. A short while ago, the attempt to grade essays by computer seemed to many psychologists to be distinctly premature. Little was known of the cognitive processes of essay graders; objective, catalogued facts of student essay characteristics especially influential among graders were seemingly too few and too impotent to engender optimism. But most discouraging was the absence of any well defined theory for evaluating writing quality by computer. How could a computer program evaluate a student composition if it didn't know what was being said, and if it couldn't begin to discriminate subtleties of style? Indeed, the initial attempt to
Job Performance and Turnover Decisions: Two Field Studies

Hypotheses involving relationships between job performance and turnover decisions were tested in two settings within the context of an integrated model. In an initial test with a sample of manufacturing operatives, support was foundfor (a) a curvilinear relationship between performance and turnover intentions, and (b) a satisfaction X performance interaction in predicting such intentions. A second test of the same hypotheses, using actual turnover as a criterion, was conducted for first-line manufacturing supervisors. Only the curvilinear hypothesis received support.
Deep Recurrent Neural Network-Based Identification of Precursor microRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) which play key roles in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Direct identification of mature miRNAs is infeasible due to their short lengths, and researchers instead aim at identifying precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs). Many of the known pre-miRNAs have distinctive stem-loop secondary structure, and structure-based filtering is usually the first step to predict the possibility of a given sequence being a pre-miRNA. To identify new pre-miRNAs that often have non-canonical structure, however, we need to consider additional features other than structure. To obtain such additional characteristics, existing computational methods rely on manual feature extraction, which inevitably limits the efficiency, robustness, and generalization of computational identification. To address the limitations of existing approaches, we propose a pre-miRNA identification method that incorporates (1) a deep recurrent neural network (RNN) for automated feature learning and classification, (2) multimodal architecture for seamless integration of prior knowledge (secondary structure), (3) an attention mechanism for improving long-term dependence modeling, and (4) an RNN-based class activation mapping for highlighting the learned representations that can contrast pre-miRNAs and non-pre-miRNAs. In our experiments with recent benchmarks, the proposed approach outperformed the compared state-of-the-art alternatives in terms of various performance metrics.
Serotonin 5-HT(3) receptors on mechanosensitive neurons with cardiac afferents.

In rats, the mechanosensitive cardiorenal baroreflex influencing renal excretory function might be impaired by serotonin occurring in coronary arteries, e.g., in hypertension. Because the afferent limb of this reflex could be affected, we investigated the responses of nodose ganglion cells (one neuron of reflex) to osmotic, mechanical stress in presence or absence of the serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor agonist phenylbiguanide (PBG). Current-voltage relationships (from -100 to +50 mV) were obtained using cell patch recordings while the cells were exposed to control or hypoosmotic solutions to induce mechanical stress. This protocol was repeated after low doses of PBG (10 microM), angiotensin II (10 nM), or the stretch-activated channel blocker gadolinium (20 microM) were added to the extracellular medium (EM). Hypoosmotic EM induced significant changes in cellular conductance. The full-range current-voltage relationship allowed for the calculation of a mean reversal potential of -13 +/- 1.2 mV with respect to this change in cellular conductance (n = 44). This increase in conductance was impaired after addition of either PBG or gadolinium to the EM,which was statistically evaluated at a voltage of -80 mV, where influences of voltage-gated channels are not likely to interfere with the responses recorded. The serotonin 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist tropisetron (10 nM) prevented the PBG effect on conductance responses. Angiotensin II had no influence. Hence, serotonin might decrease the mechanical sensitivity of afferent cardiac nerves controlling renal sympathetic nerve activity.
Generative naming in normal aging: Total output and qualitative changes using phonemic and semantic constraints

Abstract Verbal fluency tasks are commonly used in the assessment of dementia, although less is known about fluency characteristics in normal aging individuals. Category and letter fluency tasks were administered to four groups of healthy subjects who ranged in age from 50 to 90 years (N = 174). Despite similar educational and vocabulary levels, significant group differences were found on the majority of category fluency tasks, but not in letter fluency. Qualitative analysis revealed that perseveration and intrusion errors were rare and not associated with age. In contrast, analysis of the hierarchical structure of one category fluency task demonstrated age-related differences. Older subjects produced fewer exemplars per subcategory, and generated more category names in relation to specific exemplars. Gender effects were minimal across tasks. Category fluency appears to be disproportionately reduced compared with letter fluency in normal aging, which would be consistent with some degradation of semantic m.
Adolescent to parent violence: Framing and mapping a hidden problem

Adolescent to parent violence is virtually absent from policing, youth justice and domestic violence policy, despite being widely recognized by practitioners in those fields. It is under-researched and rarely appears in criminological discussions of family or youth violence. This article presents the first UK analysis of cases of adolescent to parent violence reported to the police. We analyse victim, offender and incident characteristics from 1892 cases reported to the Metropolitan Police in 2009–2010, most of which involved violence against the person or criminal damage in the home. Our findings reveal that adolescent to parent violence is a gendered phenomenon: 87 per cent of suspects were male and 77 per cent of victims were female. We argue that the absence of adolescent to parent violence from criminological discourse must be addressed if criminology is to have a thorough understanding of family violence in all its forms.
Pathogenic Function of Herpesvirus Entry Mediator in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Induction of Th1- and Th17-Type T Cell Responses

Herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the TNFR superfamily, serves as a unique molecular switch to mediate both stimulatory and inhibitory cosignals, depending on its functions as a receptor or ligand interacting with multiple binding partners. In this study, we explored the cosignaling functions of HVEM in experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), a mouse model resembling human autoimmune uveitis conditions such as ocular sarcoidosis and Behcet disease. Our studies revealed that EAU severity significantly decreased in HVEM-knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, suggesting that stimulatory cosignals from the HVEM receptor are predominant in EAU. Further studies elucidated that the HVEM cosignal plays an important role in the induction of both Th1- and Th17-type pathogenic T cells in EAU, including differentiation of IL-17–producing αβ+γδ− conventional CD4+ T cells. Mice lacking lymphotoxin-like, inducible expression, competes with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed by T lymphocytes (LIGHT), B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) or both LIGHT and BTLA are also less susceptible to EAU, indicating that LIGHT–HVEM and BTLA–HVEM interactions, two major molecular pathways mediating HVEM functions, are both important in determining EAU pathogenesis. Finally, blocking HVEM cosignals by antagonistic anti-HVEM Abs ameliorated EAU. Taken together, our studies revealed a novel function of the HVEM cosignaling molecule and its ligands in EAU pathogenesis through the induction of Th1- and Th17-type T cell responses and suggested that HVEM-related molecular pathways can be therapeutic targets in autoimmune uveitis.
The impact of dementia and mild memory impairment (MMI) on intimacy and sexuality in spousal relationships

ABSTRACT Background: Sexuality and intimacy in couples in which one partner is affected by dementia has been widely researched. Few studies have explored these issues in couples where one partner is affected by mild memory impairment (MMI) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify and contrast issues of intimacy and sexuality that spousal caregivers of persons with MMI and dementia may experience, and (2) identify future lines of research in this population. Methods: Fourteen dementia and nine MMI spousal caregivers participated in focus groups conducted between 2008 and 2009 at the Stanford/VA Alzheimer's Research Center. Content analyses were conducted to identify themes. Results: Five themes emerged: communication, marital cohesion, affectional expression, caregiver burden, and ambiguity concerning the future of the relationship. Dementia caregivers reported more difficulties with communication, cohesion, and perceptions of increased burden than their MMI counterparts. Both groups indicated reduced sexual expression due to physical limitations; substitute activities including hand-holding, massaging, and hugging were noted. Both groups reported difficulty anticipating the future of the relationship due to present stressors. While dementia caregivers could consider future romantic relationships with others, MMI caregivers were primarily able to consider future relationships only for companionship and emotional intimacy. Conclusion: Early therapeutic interventions may assist couples in modifying activities, behaviors, and expectations about the future of the relationship. Such modifications may help maintain relationship satisfaction, decrease burden, preserve quality of life, and delay time-to-placement. Extending time-to-placement could have cost savings implications for families and the healthcare system.
Follow the Thing: Papaya

In a recent round table about Antipode's radical geographies, contributors argued that the journal needed more papers which stimulated debate, were accessible to academics and non-academics alike, didn’t “preach to the cognoscenti”, were written to fit into radical teaching agendas, and were diverse and eclectic in style (Waterstone 2002:663; Hague 2002). This paper has been written to fit this bill. It outlines the findings of multi-locale ethnographic research into the globalization of food, focusing on a supply chain stretching from UK supermarket shelves to a Jamaican farm, and concluding in a North London flat. It addresses perspectives and critiques from the growing literature on the geographies of commodities, but presents these academic arguments “between the lines” of a series of overlapping vignettes about people who were (un)knowingly connected to each other through the international trade in fresh papaya, and an entangled range of economic, political, social, cultural, agricultural and other processes also shaping these connections in the early 1990s. The research on which it is based was initially energized by David Harvey's (1990:422) call for radical geographers to “get behind the veil, the fetishism of the market”, to make powerful, important, disturbing connections between Western consumers and the distant strangers whose contributions to their lives were invisible, unnoticed, and largely unappreciated. Harvey argued that radical geographers should attempt to de-fetishise commodities, re-connect consumers and producers, tell fuller stories of social reproduction, and thereby provoke moral and ethical questions for participants in this exploitation who might think they’re decent people. This paper has been written to provoke such questions, to provide materials to think through and with, for geography's ongoing debates about the politics of consumption.
Dynamic spatial cognition: Components, functions, and modifiability of body schema1

There has been substantial progress towards the understanding of the classical notion of "body schema," with recent advances in experimental methodology and tech- niques. Mental rotation of the hands can be used as a tool to investigate body schema. Research has shown that implicit motor imagery (i.e., mental simulated movements) can be generated based on the body schema, by combining both stored and incoming sensory information. Multimodal stimulation of peripersonal space has also served as an experimental paradigm for the study of body schema. Perception of peripersonal space is based on body- part-centered space coding that is considered as a manifestation of the body schema, its function being to integrate visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information, and perhaps motor plans as well. By combining such experimental paradigms with neuroimaging and neuro- physiological techniques, research has converged to show that the parietal association cortex and premotor cortex are important for the body schema. Multimodal perception of body parts and peripersonal space have been also studied in relation to prism adaptation and tool use effects, indicating a clear modifiability of the body schema. Following prolonged adaptation to reversed vision, a reversed hand representation can be added to the body schema like a tool. The stored component of the body schema may not be established well in young children. But once established it may not be deleted even after an arm is amputated, although it may be weakened. All of these findings help to specify properties of the body schema, its components, functions, and modifiabilities.
Modelling the innovation process: An empirical comparison of approaches

Research into the innovation process requires models of the process which accurately describe, and can reliably be applied to, real examples of innovation in organizations. In this paper two models are compared empirically in terms of reliability and accuracy. The first (Zaltman, Duncan & Holbek, 1973) follows the traditional approach of depicting the process in a series of discrete stages. The second (Schroeder, Van de Ven, Scudder & Polley, 1989) shows the process to be more fluid, without a fixed sequence of stages. The models are applied to case histories of seven innovations observed in a longitudinal study of a hospital ward. Inter-rater reliability is higher for Schroeder's model, while overall support across raters tends to be stronger for the individual stages of Zaltman's model. However, there are problems with the sequence of stages in the latter model. Future research should aim to develop empirically-grounded models based on a wide range of different innovations.
The Perception of Temporal Order: Fundamental Issues and a General Model

How do people judge the order of two nearly simultaneous stimuli, such as a light and a tone? We consider this question in the context of a general independent-channels model that incorporates most existing models of order perception as special cases, and which has been implicitly assumed when temporal-order judgments are used to study perceptual latency. In the model, a "decision function" converts a difference in central "arrival times" of two sensory signals into an order judgment. The psychometric function for order is regarded as a distribution function, and can be represented additively in terms of the central arrival latencies and the decision function. Various distinct decision functions correspond to various previously proposed mechanisms involving a "perceptual moment," attention switching, a threshold for arrival-time dif­ ferences, and so forth (Section II). One test of the model is to compare reaction-time measurements with order judgments (Section III). Discrepancies can be understood by an analysis of the concept of perceptual latency that recognizes the internal response to a pulse as being spread out in time (Section IV). IA glossary of symbols and abbreviations may be found at the end of the text.
`She'll Wake Up One of These Days and Find She's Turned into a Nigger'

In this article, I examine racial narratives of passing and their relationship to discourses of hybridity. Rather than defining passing as inherently transgressive, or as one side of identity politics or the other, I suggest that passing must be understood in relationship to forms of social antagonism. I ask the following questions: how are differences that threaten the system recuperated? How do ambiguous or hybrid bodies get read in a way which further supports the enunciative power of those who are telling the difference? In what ways is `passing' implicated in the very discourse around tellable differences? Although to some extent all identities involve passing - insofar as the subject never `is' what it `images' itself to be - we still need to theorize the differences between passing as white and passing as black. I argue that passing as black as a white subject can function as a technique of knowledge which assumes `blackness' to be imageable and hence beable. However, for black subjects to refuse to pass as white - that is, for black subjects to pass as black - can make visible the violent histories concealed by the invisibility of the mark of passing. Such a process of passing as black subjects is tied to a politics of the collective - a coming together through the recognition of the lack that engenders passing in the first place.
Span of Integration for Delayed‐Reward Contingency Learning in 6‐ to 8‐Month‐Old Infants

For over 60 years psychologists have been interested in the role of temporal factors in stimulus-response associations. Early interest focused on delayed reinforcement (Thorndike, 1913; Watson, 1917) and deiayed response (Hunter, 1913). Watson (1967) has proposed that contingency memory and the intertrial interval are two other time analysis situations in which cue stimulation and reward stimulation are temporally separated from a response. In each case a time interval separates elements of the task and so provides four distinct types of time analysis (Watson, 1967, p. 71-74). Although this papcr addresses the issue of delayed reinforcement in actionconsequence learning in human infants, it is important to distinguish among these time analysis situations because they provide different opportunities for examining the role of temporal factors in learning. Understanding the similarities and differences among these procedures is essential if they are to be used to investigate the neural mechanisms for bridging temporal delays during learning. Delayed reinforcementa is examined typically within operant or instrumental learning situations where the subject must respond in order to produce reinforcement (see Terrell, 1965, for a review). Here, gap-bridging refers to the capacity to associate a response with reinforcement when a delay occurs between the response and the reinforcing stimulus. The delayed response task (DR) was used initially to demonstrate the capacity for representation (Hunter, 1913,1917). The subject is presented with a stimulus cue (e.g., a cue indicating the location of food) which is then removed and the subject is prevented from responding until a delay has elapsed. The subject is then allowed to respond. The maximum delay interval before response accuracy drops below criterion provides a measure of memory span. Note that here the delay occurs between the cue and response and not between the response and the reward as in delayed reinforcement paradigms. This task has been used extensively with monkeys in the laboratory and has becomc the criteria1 test for assessing the functioning of dorsolatera1 prefrontal cortex (see Diamond, this volume, a). The version of this test that has been used most with children is the version devised by Piaget (1954 [ 19371).
On the Formation of the Psychological Contract

While much is known about the consequences of the psychological contract, comparatively less is understood about how the contract is actually formed in the first instance. We argue that a closer examination of the fundamental building blocks of the psychological contract will facilitate a better understanding of how it should be effectively managed. Based on its cognitive underpinnings, we make the case for the development of a schema theory perspective on the contract formation process. Specifically, we explore how previous employment experiences and both individual and organizational sources of contract-related information differentially influence the formation of the emerging psychological contract in the new firm. Arising from this, we advance several linked propositions to direct future research in this area. Finally, we discuss the methodological challenges facing researchers seeking to access employee–employer schemata and propose how some of these may be addressed.
On school educational technology leadership

This analysis of the literatures on school educational technology leadership addresses definitions of school technology leaders and leadership, their role in educational change, and why schools are now changing as a result of 21st century advancements in technology. The literatures disagree over the definition of educational technology leadership. Further examination revealed that technology leadership is about the reorganization of teaching rather than the process of teaching itself. Several gaps relating to who is doing research on technology leadership are identified, and an attempt is made to assemble a model showing how schools can organize technology leadership so that teaching and learning remain the central focus.