Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
1 " Either " as a Focus Particle

Many analyses of initial coordination are based on the view that elements like either, both and neither are conjunctions. Such a view, however, leaves many questions unanswered with respect to the prosodic and syntactic structure of these constructions and their interpretation. This study argues that English either and its Dutch counterpart of are focus particles rather than conjunctions. This not only accounts for their relatively free distribution but also explains the restrictions that are posed on their possible surface positions by focus and intonation. In addition, the scopal effects that have been observed in either-or constructions can be explained. The behavior of English either and Dutch of with disjunctions thus suggests a complex interaction between syntactic, prosodic and discourse-semantic information in the process of sentence generation.
Local and Systemic Regulation of Plant Root System Architecture and Symbiotic Nodulation by a Receptor-Like Kinase

In plants, root system architecture is determined by the activity of root apical meristems, which control the root growth rate, and by the formation of lateral roots. In legumes, an additional root lateral organ can develop: the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing nodule. We identified in Medicago truncatula ten allelic mutants showing a compact root architecture phenotype (cra2) independent of any major shoot phenotype, and that consisted of shorter roots, an increased number of lateral roots, and a reduced number of nodules. The CRA2 gene encodes a Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase (LRR-RLK) that primarily negatively regulates lateral root formation and positively regulates symbiotic nodulation. Grafting experiments revealed that CRA2 acts through different pathways to regulate these lateral organs originating from the roots, locally controlling the lateral root development and nodule formation systemically from the shoots. The CRA2 LRR-RLK therefore integrates short- and long-distance regulations to control root system architecture under non-symbiotic and symbiotic conditions.
Quality of estimation guaranteed energy efficient sensor selection in wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we study the sensor selection problem for parameter estimation in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to minimize the energy consumption with guaranteed quality of estimation. We adopt the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE) as the fusion algorithm, and the Mean Squared Error (MSE) criterion to measure the quality of estimation. We formulate the problem as a constrained optimization problem, and prove that it is NP-Complete. A greedy algorithm and a heuristic algorithm are proposed based on the variances of the noises and the energy-accuracy ratio (EAR) of the sensors respectively. Extensive simulation results show that the heuristic algorithm can achieve superior performance than the greedy algorithm in both the energy consumption and the quality of estimation.
Shaping Academic Success: Understanding the Interrelationship Between Intelligence Beliefs, Motivation, Learning, and Achievement

The findings of recent studies in the area of achievement indicate that the motivation to learn contributes to academic success, apart from intelligence, individually and significantly. While the early motivational theorists concluded that cognitive skills and abilities were factors of intelligence, and that behavioral and psychosocial attributes were factors of motivation, the more contemporary motivational researchers have found that the belief one holds about intelligence influences both cognition and behavior, more powerfully than previously estimated. Presented here are the main social cognitive components of motivation: (a) competence beliefs and self-efficacy, (b) attributions, (c) intrinsic motivation, and (d) achievement goals. The research on each of these components was reviewed, along with its relationship to academic achievement, based upon which suggestions are offered for instruction and assessment. The goal of this project is to provide a useful means by which student motivation might be increased and achievement improved, thereby shaping student success. This project includes an Instructional Booklet for Educators, including Learning Motivation and Academic Achievement Models, which were designed by the author to inform teachers of the ways in which beliefs about the nature of intelligence (i.e., those of students, teachers, and parents) affect academic achievement. In addition, this booklet may guide educators in instructional and classroom design, along with the informal assessment of intelligence beliefs, which they may use to shape academic achievement through the feedback and the developmental actions that foster motivation and learning, immediately and continually.
Unified passivity-based Cartesian force/impedance control for rigid and flexible joint robots via task-energy tanks

In this paper we propose a novel hybrid Cartesian force/impedance controller that is equipped with energy tanks to preserve passivity. Our approach overcomes the problems of (hybrid) force control, impedance control, and set-point based indirect force control. It allows accurate force tracking, full compliant impedance behavior, and safe contact resemblance simultaneously by introducing a controller shaping function that robustly handles unexpected contact loss and avoids chattering behavior that switching based approaches suffer from. Furthermore, we propose a constructive way of initiating the energy tanks via the concept of task energy. This represents an estimate of the energy consumption of a given force control task prior to execution. The controller can be applied to both rigid body and flexible joint dynamics. To show the validity of our approach, several simulations and experiments with the KUKA/DLR LWR-III are carried out.
J‐band spectroscopy of cataclysmic variables

ABSTRA C T We present time-resolved, J-band (1.025‐1.340mm) infrared spectra of the short-period dwarf novae (DNe) WZ Sge and VY Aqr, and single spectra of the short-period DN EF Peg and the nova-like variable PX And. There is some evidence in the spectra of VY Aqr and EF Peg that we have detected the secondary star, both in the continuum slope and also through the possible presence of spectral features. The spectra of WZ Sge and PX And, on the other hand, show no evidence for the secondary star, with upper limits for its contribution to the J-band light of 10 and 20 per cent respectively. The spectral type of the secondary in WZ Sge is constrained to be later than M7.5V. Using skew mapping, we have been able to derive a value for the radial velocity semi-amplitude of the secondary star in VY Aqr of KRa 320 ^ 70 km s 21 ; which in conjunction with KW from Thorstensen & Taylor gives a mass ratio of qa 0:15 ^ 0:04:
The Spectral Correlation Function of Molecular Clouds: A Statistical Test for Theoretical Models

We compute the spectral correlation function (SCF) of 13CO J = 1-0 maps of molecular cloud complexes. The SCF is a power law over approximately an order of magnitude in spatial separation in every map. The power-law slope of the SCF, α, its normalization, S0(1 pc), and the spectral line width averaged over the whole map, σv, are computed for all the observational maps. The values of α, S0(1 pc), and σv are combined to obtain empirical correlations to be used as tests for theoretical models of molecular clouds. Synthetic spectral maps are computed from different theoretical models, including solutions of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with different values of the rms Mach number of the flow and stochastic models with different power spectra of the velocity field. In order to compute the radiative transfer from the MHD models, it is necessary to assign the models a physical scale and a physical density. When these assignments are made according to Larson-type relations, the best fit to the observational correlations is obtained. Unphysical stochastic models are instead ruled out by the empirical correlations. MHD models with equipartition of magnetic and kinetic energy of turbulence do not reproduce the observational data when their average magnetic field is oriented approximately parallel to the line of sight.
The Legacy of Teaching Medical Professionalism for Promoting Professional Practice: A Systematic Review

Medical professionalism is a multi-dimensional construct. Teaching the culture-specific, context-based and societal characteristics of medical professional are challenging. This work identifies the teaching strategies for medical professionalism drawn from the published articles that have validated their effectiveness through some objective measures. In May 2016, the databases of ISI web of knowledge, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE were searched for the full-text English-language articles published during 2005 through 2015 using the keywords “Medical professionalism” OR “Role modelling” OR “Teaching and learning” OR “Mentoring” OR “Hidden curriculum” OR “Reflective practice”. This search showed 974 articles and further shortlisting and exclusion of non-relevant material selected 48 articles for detailed analysis in this systematic review. The published work that employed various pedagogies for teaching medical professionalism showed marked heterogeneity. The most powerful and effective strategies with profound impact has been imparted by role modelling, mentoring, hidden curriculum, reflective practice, and by effective communication. Medical faculty can exert positive and exemplary role by practicing with integrity, respect for patients, and altruism. Interactive lecture, vignettes, small group teaching, simulation and videotape reviews have been shown be effective teaching tools. There is no universally agreed model that can effectively integrate the teaching of professionalism in the medical curriculum. However, the professional performance of medical faculty by role modelling in hidden curricula and by delivering key principles of reflective practice and mentoring can potentially inculcate and promote a professionally rich culture among medical students.
1 DEP-induced fra-1 expression correlates with a distinct activation of AP 1-dependent gene transcription in alveolar epithelial cells

Recent studies indicate a potential role for Fra-1, a heterodimeric partner of AP1, in toxicantinduced epithelial injury, repair, and cellular transformation. Here, we have investigated the effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on fra-1 expression in C10 cells, a nonmalignant murine alveolar type II-like epithelial cell line. DEP markedly up-regulated fra-1, but not fra-2, expression. The increase in fra-1 mRNA expression correlated well with its protein and DNA binding activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with antibodies specific to each of the other AP1 family members revealed a predominant presence of Jun-B and Jun-D in the AP1 complex. Interestingly, DEP did not alter Jun-B and Jun-D protein levels. Transcriptional analysis revealed that fra-1 induction is regulated in part at the transcriptional level. The -379 to +32 bp 5′-flanking region mediated this induction. Furthermore, inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK1 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) significantly suppressed DEP-stimulated fra-1 promoter activity and expression suggesting their involvement in the induction process. Consistent with this finding, DEP stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1 and p38 MAPKs with a distinct activation pattern. Overexpression of Fra-1 down-regulated both basal and c-Jun enhanced AP1 transcriptional activity. It had a similar effect on basal and Nrf2enhanced ARE-mediated reporter gene expression. In contrast, Fra-1 had the opposite effect on MMP-9 promoter activity. In particular, it bound to the functional TRE sequence of the MMP-9 promoter after DEP stimulation. Consistent with this result, DEP also markedly up-regulated MMP-9 promoter activity. Collectively, these findings suggest that fra-1 induction by DEP may play a role in selectively regulating gene expression involved in alveolar epithelial cell injury and repair.
On the approximability of influence in social networks

In this paper, we study the spread of influence through a social network, in a model initially studied by Kempe, Kleinberg and Tardos [14, 15]: We are given a graph modeling a social network, where each node v has a (fixed) threshold tv, such that the node will adopt a new product if tv of its neighbors adopt it. Our goal is to find a small set S of nodes such that targeting the product to S would lead to adoption of the product by a large number of nodes in the graph. We show strong inapproximability results for several variants of this problem. Our main result says that the problem of minimizing the size of S, while ensuring that targeting S would influence the whole network into adopting the product, is hard to approximate within a polylogarithmic factor. This implies similar results if only a fixed fraction of the network is ensured to adopt the product. Further, the hardness of approximation result continues to hold when all nodes have majority thresholds, or have constant degree and threshold two. The latter answers a complexity question proposed in [10, 29]. We also give some positive results for more restricted cases, such as when the underlying graph is a tree.
On the interpretation of spectral-energy correlations in long gamma-ray bursts

Context. Recently, Liang & Zhang found a tight correlation involving only observable quantities, namely the isotropic emitted energy $E_{\rm \gamma, iso}$, the energy of the peak of the prompt spectrum $E^\prime_{\rm p}$, and the jet break time $t^\prime_{\rm j}$ of Gamma Ray Bursts. This phenomenological correlation can have a first explanation in the framework of jetted fireballs, whose semiaperture angle $\theta_{\rm j}$ is measured by the jet break time $t^\prime_{\rm j}$. By correcting E \gamma, iso for the angle $\theta_{\rm j}$ one obtains the so-called Ghirlanda correlation, linking the collimation-corrected energy $E_\gamma$ and $E^\prime_{\rm p}$. Aims. There are two ways to derive $\theta_{\rm j}$ from $t^\prime_{\rm j}$ in the “standard” scenario, corresponding to a homogeneous or to a wind-like circumburst medium. We compute and compare the $E^\prime_{\rm p}$–$E_\gamma$ correlations derived in these two conditions and study the consistency of these model-dependent correlations with the empirical Liang & Zhang correlation. We consider the difference between the observed correlations and the ones in the comoving frame . Methods. We study 18 GRBs with firmly measured z , E peak and $t_{\rm break}$ and discuss the differences with previously published samples. We compute the correlations accounting for the errors on all the relevant quantities. Results. We show that the Ghirlanda correlation with a wind-like circumburst medium is as tight as (if not tighter) than the Ghirlanda correlation for a homogeneous medium. These two Ghirlanda correlations are both consistent with the phenomenological Liang & Zhang relation. The wind-like Ghirlanda relation, which is linear, remains linear also in the comoving frame, independently of the distribution of bulk Lorentz factors. Instead, in the homogeneous density case, one is forced to assume the existence of a strict relation between the bulk Lorentz factor and the total energy, which in turn places constraints on the radiation mechanisms of the prompt emission. The wind-like Ghirlanda correlation, being linear, corresponds to different bursts having the same number of photons.
Proteomic Profiling in Multiple Sclerosis Clinical Courses Reveals Potential Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration

The aim of our project was to perform an exploratory analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteomic profiles of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients, collected in different phases of their clinical course, in order to investigate the existence of peculiar profiles characterizing the different MS phenotypes. The study was carried out on 24 Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), 16 Relapsing Remitting (RR) MS, 11 Progressive (Pr) MS patients. The CSF samples were analysed using the Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time Of Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer in linear mode geometry and in delayed extraction mode (m/z range: 1000–25000 Da). Peak lists were imported for normalization and statistical analysis. CSF data were correlated with demographic, clinical and MRI parameters. The evaluation of MALDI-TOF spectra revealed 348 peak signals with relative intensity ≥1% in the study range. The peak intensity of the signals corresponding to Secretogranin II and Protein 7B2 were significantly upregulated in RRMS patients compared to PrMS (p<0.05), whereas the signals of Fibrinogen and Fibrinopeptide A were significantly downregulated in CIS compared to PrMS patients (p<0.04). Additionally, the intensity of the Tymosin β4 peak was the only signal to be significantly discriminated between the CIS and RRMS patients (p = 0.013). Although with caution due to the relatively small size of the study populations, and considering that not all the findings remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons, in our opinion this mass spectrometry evaluation confirms that this technique may provide useful and important information to improve our understanding of the complex pathogenesis of MS.
Multiscale Statistical Properties of a High-Resolution Precipitation Forecast

Abstract Small-scale (less than ∼15 km) precipitation variability significantly affects the hydrologic response of a basin and the accurate estimation of water and energy fluxes through coupled land–atmosphere modeling schemes. It also affects the radiative transfer through precipitating clouds and thus rainfall estimation from microwave sensors. Because both land–atmosphere and cloud–radiation interactions are nonlinear and occur over a broad range of scales (from a few centimeters to several kilometers), it is important that, over these scales, cloud-resolving numerical models realistically reproduce the observed precipitation variability. This issue is examined herein by using a suite of multiscale statistical methods to compare the scale dependence of precipitation variability of a numerically simulated convective storm with that observed by radar. In particular, Fourier spectrum, structure function, and moment-scale analyses are used to show that, although the variability of modeled precipitation agr.
Antibody-supervised deep learning for quantification of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in hematoxylin and eosin stained breast cancer samples

Background: Immune cell infiltration in tumor is an emerging prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. The gold standard for quantification of immune cells in tissue sections is visual assessment through a microscope, which is subjective and semi-quantitative. In this study, we propose and evaluate an approach based on antibody-guided annotation and deep learning to quantify immune cell-rich areas in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained samples. Methods: Consecutive sections of formalin-fixed parafin-embedded samples obtained from the primary tumor of twenty breast cancer patients were cut and stained with H&E and the pan-leukocyte CD45 antibody. The stained slides were digitally scanned, and a training set of immune cell-rich and cell-poor tissue regions was annotated in H&E whole-slide images using the CD45-expression as a guide. In analysis, the images were divided into small homogenous regions, superpixels, from which features were extracted using a pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) and classified with a support of vector machine. The CNN approach was compared to texture-based classification and to visual assessments performed by two pathologists. Results: In a set of 123,442 labeled superpixels, the CNN approach achieved an F-score of 0.94 (range: 0.92-0.94) in discrimination of immune cell-rich and cell-poor regions, as compared to an F-score of 0.88 (range: 0.87-0.89) obtained with the texture-based classification. When compared to visual assessment of 200 images, an agreement of 90% (k = 0.79) to quantify immune infiltration with the CNN approach was achieved while the inter-observer agreement between pathologists was 90% (k = 0.78). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that deep learning can be applied to quantify immune cell infiltration in breast cancer samples using a basic morphology staining only. A good discrimination of immune cell-rich areas was achieved, well in concordance with both leukocyte antigen expression and pathologists′ visual assessment.
Imitation tendencies of local search schemes in baldwinian evolution

Baldwinian evolution is a type of hybridization of population-based global search and individual local search. The individuals take local refining processes, then in selection benefit from the improved fitness, but do not pass on the refined traits the data in to the offspring. The lost information of the refined phenotype implies that the inheritance encoded in genotypes is not directly benefit traits, but the traits having potential to achieve high fitness through the lifetime interaction with the environment. As the result, it is necessary to study how learning works comparing to the previous generation, in addition to how much it improves on the current population. The children may imitate what their parents performed and catch up with them, or alternatively, explore elsewhere and have no idea of where the parents arrived. In this paper, the trade-off is investigated, and it is revealed that in Baldwinian learning, the capability to follow the parents' footprints benefits. With higher imitation tendency, the evolving population can maintain a greater scale of learning potential, and the search results in better speed and convergence.
Static quark-antiquark pairs at finite temperature

In a fram ework thatm akesclosecontactwith m odern eectiveeld theoriesfornon-relativistic bound states at zero tem perature,we study the real-tim e evolution ofa static quark-antiquark pairin a m edium ofgluonsand lightquarksatnitetem perature.Fortem peraturesranging from values larger to sm aller than the inverse distance ofthe quark and antiquark,1=r,and at short distances,we derive the potentialbetween the two static sources,and calculate theirenergy and therm aldecay width.Two m echanism scontributeto thetherm aldecay width:theim aginary part ofthe gluon selfenergy induced by the Landau dam ping phenom enon,and the quark-antiquark color singletto color octettherm albreak up. Param etrically,therstm echanism dom inates for tem peraturessuch thatthe Debye m assislargerthan the binding energy,while the latter,which wequantify hereforthersttim e,dom inatesfortem peraturessuch thattheDebyem assissm aller than thebindingenergy.IftheDebyem assisofthesam eorderas1=r,ourresultsarein agreem ent with a recentcalculation ofthestaticW ilson loop atnitetem perature.Fortem peraturessm aller than 1=r,wend new contributions to the potential, both realand im aginary,which m ay be relevantto understand theonsetofheavy quarkonium dissociation in a therm alm edium .