Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dimensions of Educational and Occupational Attainment in Great Britain.

The usual analysis of status attainment has ignored important dimensions of both education and occupation and has consequently underestimated the role of education in the occupational attainment process. We examine four aspects of British educational attainment (years of schooling, type of school attended, examinations passed in school, and qualifications obtained) andfour aspects of occupations (prestige, authority, control, and earnings). The analysis is conducted for four ten-year age cohorts of British men. Findings include: (a) No single dimension of educational attainment suffices to represent the effects of education on occupation. (b) Different patterns of the educational attainment measures are important in explaining different dimensions of occupational attainment. (c) The degree to which educational attainment is important for occupational attainment depends on the dimension of occupational attainment considered. (d) The persistent importance of school type in explaining occupational outcomes suggests the importance of "chartering" in British education. (e) The full model varies greatly in its ability to explain occupational outcomes, indicating that alternative models will need to be constructed.
Creolisation on the Nineteenth-century Frontiers of Southern Africa: A Case Study of the AmaTola ‘Bushmen’ in the Maloti-Drakensberg

This article explores the formation of mounted frontier raiding groups of diverse origins in the mountains of the north-eastern Cape Colony. It addresses concepts of creolisation, identity formation and image making (rock art) with special reference to nineteenth-century frontier conditions, and examines the ways in which ‘contact period’ rock art has been perceived until now. Certain frontier raiding groups often referred to simply as ‘Bushmen’ are revealed to comprise members from many formerly distinct ‘ethnicities’2, and include the progeny resulting from subsequent inter-marriage. Cultural and ‘ethnic’ mixing, the advent of the horse and the need for identity to adapt to these changes, results in a creolisation process probably more common to South Africa than has previously been allowed.
Cross‐cultural studies on the information content of service advertising

Differences in cultural values may result in perceptual differences and thus necessitate the use of different advertising information content in varying cultures. Intends to test the relationship between cultural values and the information cues employed in service advertising, using an affective response approach instead of the traditional cognitive response approach (content analysis). The results show that Hong Kong has significantly more information cues than does service advertising in the USA. The results also show that information content and cultural values often relate in a non‐random way. The use of price cues is associated with power‐distance, due to the close relationship between price and status. People from masculine cultures prefer performance information cues, as to them achievement and status are important for indicating success. People in less individualistic cultures with high uncertainty avoidance prefer content cues, in order to protect group interests and eliminate uncertainty in buying decisions. Information cues on availability tend to be appreciated in long‐term orientation cultures with high power‐distances. However, no relationship was found between quality cues and cultural values.
“Doing the duck”: negotiating the resistant‐consumer identity

Purpose – This paper aims to examine how dumpster divers' practices and tension‐resolution strategies facilitate their construction of resistant‐consumer identities outside the dominant paradigm of consumer choice.Design/methodology/approach – Interview data were interpreted with the assistance of relevant literature, netnography and observation.Findings – By viewing ideological motivations as paramount, even divers initially having economic or psychological motivations are able to negotiate a positive hero identity. Sharing forms community and constructs a “self‐for‐others” narrative that accommodates the paradoxical need to consume while resisting.Research limitations/implications – The illegality of the practice prevented researcher participation. Examining the reacquisition of waste informs identity construction and consumer resistance, and suggests that corporate and public policies should facilitate waste reclamation.Originality/value – This investigation, unlike prior research, does not examine onl.
Child-friendly procedures and accommodations for the use of a self-report fear survey with children who have visual impairments: Reflections on a South African case study

Although the experience of childhood fear has been deemed a common phenomenon, in some cases, children’s fears can become excessive and interfere with daily functioning and activities, and may thus warrant clinical attention. It is in cases such as these that reliable and valid methods to assess childhood fears are required. Although normative fear literature describes many effective modes of assessment, these methods are not accessible to all children, and certain accommodations are necessary when assessing the fears of children with visual impairments. This article provides a reflection on a case study where the fears of 67 South African children with varying degrees of visual impairment were assessed using the South African version of the Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC-SA). Aspects relating to child-friendly procedure and accommodations are discussed.
Frequency of meat and fish intake and risk of breast cancer in a prospective study of 14,500 norwegian women

The association between the frequency of meat and fish intake and the incidence rate of breast cancer has been ana lyzed in 152 incident cases that developed among 14,500 Nor wegian women during 11 to 14 years of follow‐up. At the time of dietary inquiry they were between 35 and 51 years of age. A positive association was observed between the frequency of overall meat intake and breast cancer risk. There was an age‐adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.8 (95% confidence limits, 1.1 and 3.1) for women who had a main meal with meat 5 times or more per week compared to women who had 2 meat dinners or less per week, and this association displayed a linear trend (2 trend = 4.30, p = 0.04). No association was detected between the overall frequency of fish for dinner and breast cancer risk (2 trend = 1.39, p = 0.24), but there was an inverse relation with the frequency of main meals contain ing fish in poached form. The age‐adjusted IRR was 0.7 (95% confidence limits, 0.4 and 1.0) for women who had poached fish for dinner at least 5 times per month compared to women who had fish in this form twice monthly or less often (2 trend = 3.56, p = 0.06). The positive association with meat may be in accordance with the hypothesis that dietary fat increases the risk of breast cancer. Although there was no association with overall fish intake, the inverse relation with poached fish might deserve further investigation.
The politics of penal excess and the echo of colonial penality

Recent trends towards more severe forms of punishment in western nations have been interpreted as undermining the central tenets of penal modernity: rationality, scientism and restraint. Analyses of the turn to penal severity have emphasized a variety of factors, each said to underpin this departure from modern penal doctrines. In this article I take up the issue of penal excess, arguing instead that it is a foundational and central element of penal modernity. Drawing upon historical material from a distinctly modern formation - the 19th-century colonial state - I illustrate how the idea and practices of penal excess were central to the constitution of the state in British India and to the governance of its population. The current turn towards more excessive punishment practices may thus be interpreted within a framework of recursions within penal modernity, rather than as signalling an end or fundamental transformation of the modern state.
The fractured ‘we’ and the ethno-national ‘I’: the Macedonian citizenship framework

This article discusses some of the salient features of the post-2001 Macedonian citizenship model, understood not only as a legal formula, but also as a social and cultural fact (Brubaker, R., 1994. Citizenship and nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge/London: Harvard University Press). By using the analytical lens of two competing conceptions of nationhood and citizenship (political vs. ethno-cultural), the article analyses the phenomenon of ‘fractured citizenship’, as reflected in the apparent tension between an official, elite-driven discourse of the Macedonian model of multi-ethnic democracy on the one hand, and diverging ethno-culturally coded initiatives, ideologies and perceptions, on the other. The article concludes that in the future the fractures will either ‘heal’ through a weakening of the ethnic dimension, or progress towards a new form of fragmented citizenship.
Topography of the greater palatine artery and the palatal vault for various types of periodontal plastic surgery

The purpose of the present study is to provide useful data that could be applied to various types of periodontal plastic surgery by detailing the topography of the greater palatine artery (GPA), looking in particular at its depth from the palatal masticatory mucosa (PMM) and conducting a morphometric analysis of the palatal vault. Forty‐three hemisectioned hard palates from embalmed Korean adult cadavers were used in this study. The morphometry of the palatal vault was analyzed, and then the specimens were decalcified and sectioned. Six parameters were measured using an image‐analysis system after performing a standard calibration. In one specimen, the PMM was separated from the hard palate and subjected to a partial Sihler's staining technique, allowing the branching pattern of the GPA to be observed in a new method. The distances between the GPA and the gingival margin, and between the GPA and the cementoenamel junction were greatest at the maxillary second premolar. The shortest vertical distance between the GPA and the PMM decreased gradually as it proceeded anteriorly. The GPA was located deeper in the high‐vault group than in the low‐vault group. The premolar region should be recommended as the optimal donor site for tissue grafting, and in particular the second premolar region. The maximum size and thickness of tissue that can be harvested from the region were 9.3 mm and 4.0 mm, respectively. Clin. Anat. 578–584, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schizophrenia: lurasidone

an acute exacerbation of schizophrenia, whose disease had responded to treatment with lurasidone or quetiapine prolonged release in a 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the primary relapse analysis population). A sensitivity analysis involving all participants treated with lurasidone or quetiapine in the original 6-week study, irrespective of responder status
Sentence processing deficits: Theory and therapy

Abstract Investigations of sentence processing were carried out using two patients with impairments in comprehending and producing sentences. The deficits observed were interpreted as resulting from impairments to the procedures which map thematic relations in sentence comprehension and production (Schwartz, Linebarger, & Saffran, 1985). Therapy for these mapping disorders was carried out, and as a result of the treatment, improvements were measured in sentence comprehension and production for both patients, despite the fact that they had both been aphasic for at least five years prior to this therapy. The improvement observed was specific to tasks in which mapping of thematic relations is crucial. Impairments in carrying out tasks unrelated to the mapping procedure were not improved by the mapping therapy. Furthermore, therapy was then applied for one of the patients to an untreated function which then improved, suggesting that all the improvements measured were specific effects of the treatment applied.
Student learning through service learning: Effects on academic development, civic responsibility, interpersonal skills and practical skills

Although anecdotal evidence and research alike espouse the benefits of service learning, some researchers have suggested that more rigorous testing is required in order to determine its true effect on students. This is particularly true in the case of academic development, which has been inconsistently linked to service learning. It has been proposed that this discrepancy is due to three complications: grades not reflecting higher order thinking skills, self-selection bias, and different grading methods. The study described in this article attempted to circumvent these complications using a test–retest methodology and measuring academic development in three ways: course grades, an assignment that directly tested course-specific comprehension, and self-reported improvement. In addition, improvements in civic responsibility, interpersonal skills, and practical skills were measured via self-report. Although students who participated in service learning self-reported greater improvement in civic responsibility, interpersonal skills, and academic development, they only demonstrated more academic development in terms of concrete course concepts, showing no differences in final examination marks or generation of detailed examples. These findings suggest that academic improvement through service learning may not be adequately assessed by typical methods used to evaluate academic development at universities.
Transgenesis and Animal Welfare

The two main techniques used in biomedical research for the production of transgenic animals have several implications for animal welfare in terms of the Three Rs of Russell & Burch. Some are intrinsic to the transgenic objectives, while others relate to the effects of mutations, transgene expression, associated methodologies, and husbandry or production systems. All of these actual and potential implications for animal welfare demand serious consideration within a broad ethical analysis of the technology. In the light, of the Three Rs, this may require a fundamental reappraisal of the processes by which such scientific procedures are approved.
Can Music Really "Improve" the Mind?

It is frequently claimed that music can "improve" the mind, not only through aesthetic and personal development, but also through the development of "intellectual" skills such as abstract thinking and logical reasoning. The evidence for such a relationship is by no means conclusive, and yet the idea has become fairly well established in some areas of music education, and is currently gaining in popularity.
EUROPEAN LANGUAGE POLICY: ASSESSMENT, LEARNING, AND THE CEFR

This article describes how language policy is formed at a European level, focusing on the Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR). The CEFR's prominent role in assessment has led to criticisms of its adequacy as a model for learning and fears that it is being used as an instrument of centralization and harmonization. First, we argue for studying the CEFR's effect on language policy as a case of impact, as this concept is understood within language assessment. We refer to experience with Asset Languages, developed as part of the United Kingdom's national languages strategy. Second, we agree with many commentators who insist on the framework's “flexible and context-amenable” nature. If use of the CEFR is made prescriptive and closed, it indeed becomes a straitjacket. What is needed is engagement with the complexity of specific contexts. We introduce the European Survey on Language Competences, a European Union (EU) initiative scheduled for 2011, which will further raise the profile of the CEFR as an assessment framework. This project should contribute to achieving comparability of measures and standards across languages. At the same time it underlines the need to develop contextualized, practical ways of realizing the CEFR's potential as a framework for teaching and learning.
Political Socialization: the Implicit Assumptions Questioned

There is a tendency for quantitative research to be undertaken without sufficient consideration being given to its theoretical justification. An interesting field reveals itself, a hypothesis is generated, a means of testing it is devised and then the research begins. Unfortunately research in political socialization has often been of this type. We need to view political socialization in a wider context, to ask, why do we study political socialization? Unless we can answer this question then it is difficult to judge the validity of work done in the field. Such work must be analyzed in the light of its broader purpose.
The role of context and functionality in the interpretation of quantifiers

The aim of the three experiments that are reported was to investigate the role of context, especially size and functionality, in the interpretation of quantifiers. The studies all used a task in which participants rated the appropriateness of quantifiers describing the number of balls in a bowl. The size of the balls was found to have an effect: Identical numbers of balls were given different ratings depending on ball size. It was also found that quantifiers were rated as more appropriate when the balls were in their natural functional relationship with the bowl (i.e., contained within the bowl), than when the functional relationship was breached (i.e., the balls overflowed the bowl). Tilting the bowl had surprising effects in that it led to some quantifiers being rated as more appropriate. The results are interpreted as indicating that quantifiers carry little specific meaning in themselves but instead derive their meaning from the context in which they occur.
Dilettante or Renaissance Person? How the Order of Job Experiences Affects Hiring in an External Labor Market 1

Social actors who move across categories are typically disadvantaged relative to their more focused peers. Yet candidates who compile experiences across disparate areas can either be appreciated as renaissance individuals or penalized as dilettantes. Extant literature has focused on the comparison between single versus multiple category members and on skill assessment, hindering its applicability. To discriminate between more versus less successful category spanners, I suggest that the order of accumulated experiences matters, because it serves as an indicator of commitment. I propose the concept of erraticism and predict that employers will prefer candidates who demonstrate some erraticism, by moving incrementally between similar jobs, over candidates who do not move and also over those with highly erratic job histories. Furthermore, I suggest this relationship holds for more complex jobs, less experienced freelancers, and is attenuated through working together. These issues are particularly salient given the rise of external labor markets where careers are increasingly marked by moves across traditional boundaries. I test and find support for these hypotheses with data from an online crowd-sourced labor market for freelancing services, Elance.com. I discuss how virtual mediated labor markets may alter hiring processes.
Estimating the Probability of Failure When Testing Reveals No Failures

Formulas for estimating the probability of failure when testing reveals no errors are introduced. These formulas incorporate random testing results, information about the input distribution; and prior assumptions about the probability of failure of the software. The formulas are not restricted to equally likely input distributions, and the probability of failure estimate can be adjusted when assumptions about the input distribution change. The formulas are based on a discrete sample space statistical model of software and include Bayesian prior assumptions. Reusable software and software in life-critical applications are particularly appropriate candidates for this type of analysis. >
Impact of Explanation Seeking on Student Achievement and Attitudes

Abstract Explanation seeking in academic settings has been characterized in recent research as an achievement related strategy. The impact of explanation seeking on achievement and attitudes was examined in three studies (N = 65 Grade 7 and 8 students and 96 Grade 9 and 10 students) in which the participants learned how to solve correlational reasoning problems in cooperative learning groups. In only one study (in which students worked in pairs on a computer) was there any support for explanation seeking as a productive strategy. The ineffectiveness of explanation seeking was attributed to students' inability to recognize when they needed help and to the quality of the explanations they were given.
Reciprocal influences between developmental transitions and parent–child relationships in young adulthood

Inconsistent findings exist on the effects of young adult–parent relationships on developmental status transitions into adulthood. Such transitions in turn predicted less conflicted and closer young adult–parent relationships. But systematic investigations of reciprocal effects between developmental transitions and young adult–parent relationships are lacking. A total of 477 participants initially aged 20–32 (M = 23.9, SD = 1.5) were interviewed twice, once in 1993 and again in 1995/1996. Subsamples were drawn that had not yet undergone the transitions to work, leaving home, cohabitation with a romantic partner, marriage and parenthood at Time 1. It was assessed whether the levels of mutual trust, instrumentality of relationships, and critical discussions at Time 1 predicted developmental transitions by Time 2, and whether developmental transitions were followed by changes in the relationship measures. The more the participants trusted in their parents, the more likely they were to marry or to have children. Cohabitation was followed by decreased instrumentality. Higher discussion frequency predicted cohabitation and was a consequence of starting to work and leaving home. The results are discussed with regard to individuation theory of adolescent and young adult–parent relationship development.
Comparison of Six Models for Violent Romantic Relationships in College Men and Women

Six types of parent and partner violence were compared as possible models for violence in the romantic relationships of 608 college students (164 men, 444 women). Participants used the Conflict Tactics Scale to report violence to and from the present partner, as well as violence from mother to father, father to mother, mother to participant, father to participant, and past partners to participant. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that violence to the present partner was explained by both partner and parent models of violence for men (R 2 = .39) and women (R 2 = .51), with violence from the present partner found to be the most powerful model. Violence received from the mother was the most powerful parental model for violence in the present romantic relationship, but for women it was associated with receiving violence, whereas for men it was associated with both receiving and inflicting violence.