Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Automated Volumes-of-Interest Identification for Classical and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndrome Differentiation Using T2’ MR Imaging

Summary Objectives: In clinical routine, patients with classical Parkinsonian syndromes (CPS) need to be differentiated from those with atypical Parkinsonian syndromes (APS), particularly with respect to prognosis and treatment decision. To date, this diagnosis is mainly based on clinical criteria, leading to failure rates up to 25%, motivating the development of image-based decision support systems. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and in particular T2´ image sequences have been suggested as a potential marker for differential diagnosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether automatically identified T2´ volumes-of-interest (VOIs) can be used for an automatic differentiation of CPS and APS patients. Material and Methods: 74 MRI datasets were available for this hypothesis generating trial, including image sequences from 24 healthy subjects, 33 CPS and 17 APS patients. First, a problem-specific reference atlas was generated using the healthy control datasets. Next, patients’ datasets were registered to the atlas. Voxel-wise t-tests, reflecting significance levels of T2´ value differences between CPS and APS patients, were then applied for calculation of a p-map. Finally, the calculated p-map was thresholded and a connected component analysis was performed for final VOI detection. In parallel, manually defined VOIs were determined in grey and white matter for comparison. Results: Three VOIs in parts of the basal ganglia and the left occipital lobe were automatically identified by the presented method. There was a trend for higher area under the curve on multivariable receiver operating characteristic curves for automatically determined VOIs over manually defined VOIs (0.939 vs. 0.818, p = 0.0572). Conclusion: The diagnostic role of automatically defined VOIs in differentiation of CPS and APS patients based on T2´ image sequences should be further investigated.
The Mr 165,000 M-protein myomesin: a specific protein of cross-striated muscle cells

The tissue specificity of chicken 165,000 M-protein, tentatively names "myomesin", a tightly bound component of the M-line region of adult skeletal and heart myofibrils, was investigated by immunological techniques. Besides skeletal and heart muscle, only thymus (known to contain myogenic cells) was found to contain myomesin. No myomesin could however, be detected in smooth muscle or any other tissue tested. This result was confirmed in vitro on several cultured embryonic cell types. Only skeletal and heart muscle cells, but not smooth muscle or fibroblast cells, showed the presence of myomesin. When the occurrence and the distribution of myomesin during differentiation of breast muscle cells in culture were studied by the indirect immunofluorescence technique, this protein was first detected in postmitotic, nonproliferating myoblasts in a regular pattern of fluorescent cross- striations. In electron micrographs of sections through young myotubes, it could be shown to be present within the forming H-zones of nascent myofibrils. In large myotubes the typical striation pattern in the M- line region of the myofibrils was observed. Synthesis of myomesin measured by incorporation of [35S]methionine into immunoprecipitable protein of differentiating cells increased sharply after approximately 48 h in culture, i.e., at the time when the major myofibrillar proteins are accumulated. No significant amounts of myomesin were, however, found in cells prevented from undergoing normal myogenesis by 5'- bromodeoxyuridine. The results indicate that myomesin (a) is a myofibrillar protein specific for cross-striated muscle, (b) represents a highly specific marker for cross-striated muscle cell differentiation and (c) might play an important role in myofibril assembly and/or maintenance.
Pregnancy Outcome Using General Anesthesia Versus Spinal Anesthesia for In Vitro Fertilization

Background There is a considerable rate of fertility failure and this causes a great burden of untoward effects for patients. Usually a considerable number of these patients undergo anesthesia for their treatment. Objectives This study was designed to compare the effects of general and spinal anesthesia on these patients. Patients and Methods In a randomized clinical trial, after taking informed written consent from the patients, 200 patients entered the study; 100 in each. During a 2 year period, women aged 20 to 40 years entered the study (one group receiving spinal anesthesia and the other, receiving general anesthesia). Ovum retrieval protocols were the same. Nonparametric and parametric analyses were used for data analysis. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results There was no difference between the two groups regarding demographic variables. 15 of 100 patients (15%) in the general anesthesia group and 27 of 100 patients (27%) in the spinal anesthesia group had successful pregnancy after IVF; so, spinal anesthesia increased significantly the chance of IVF success (P value < 0.001; Chi Square). Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that spinal anesthesia increased the chance of fertilization success.
Geckos as Springs: Mechanics Explain Across-Species Scaling of Adhesion

One of the central controversies regarding the evolution of adhesion concerns how adhesive force scales as animals change in size, either among or within species. A widely held view is that as animals become larger, the primary mechanism that enables them to climb is increasing pad area. However, prior studies show that much of the variation in maximum adhesive force remains unexplained, even when area is accounted for. We tested the hypothesis that maximum adhesive force among pad-bearing gecko species is not solely dictated by toepad area, but also depends on the ratio of toepad area to gecko adhesive system compliance in the loading direction, where compliance (C) is the change in extension (Δ) relative to a change in force (F) while loading a gecko’s adhesive system (C = dΔ/dF). Geckos are well-known for their ability to climb on a range of vertical and overhanging surfaces, and range in mass from several grams to over 300 grams, yet little is understood of the factors that enable adhesion to scale with body size. We examined the maximum adhesive force of six gecko species that vary in body size (~2–100 g). We also examined changes between juveniles and adults within a single species (Phelsuma grandis). We found that maximum adhesive force and toepad area increased with increasing gecko size, and that as gecko species become larger, their adhesive systems become significantly less compliant. Additionally, our hypothesis was supported, as the best predictor of maximum adhesive force was not toepad area or compliance alone, but the ratio of toepad area to compliance. We verified this result using a synthetic “model gecko” system comprised of synthetic adhesive pads attached to a glass substrate and a synthetic tendon (mechanical spring) of finite stiffness. Our data indicate that increases in toepad area as geckos become larger cannot fully account for increased adhesive abilities, and decreased compliance must be included to explain the scaling of adhesion in animals with dry adhesion systems.
Portfolio Choice and Asset Prices: The Importance of Entrepreneurial Risk

Using cross-sectional data from the SCF and Tax Model, we show that entrepreneurial income risk has a significant influence on portfolio choice and asset prices. We find that households with high and variable business income hold less wealth in stocks than other similarly wealthy households, although they constitute a significant fraction of the stockholding population. Similarly for nonentrepreneurs, holding stock in the firm where one works reduces the portfolio share of other common stocks. Finally, we show that adding proprietary income to a linear asset pricing model improves its performance over a similar model that includes only wage income. Copyright The American Finance Association 2000.
The Improving Relative Status of Black Men

Using data from the Current Population Survey, we examine recent trends in the relative economic status of black men. Our findings point to gains in the relative wages of black men (compared to whites) during the 1990s, especially among younger workers. In 1989, the average black male worker (experienced or not) earned about 69% as much per week as the average white male worker. In 2001, the average younger black worker was earning about 86% as much as an equally experienced white male; black males at all experience levels earned 72% as much as the average white in 2001. Greater occupational diversity and a reduction in unobserved skill differences and/or labor market discrimination explain much of the trend. For both younger and older workers, general wage inequality tempered the rate of wage convergence between blacks and whites during the 1990s, although the effects were less pronounced than during the 1980s.
Pasang Surut Hubungan Aceh dan Turki Usmani: Perspektif Sejarah

A. C. S. Peacock and Annabel Teh Gallop, eds. 2015. From Anatolia to Aceh: Ottomans, Turks, and Southeast Asia . Oxford: The British Academy by Oxford University Press. This book comprises of some articles with the major contribution to investigating further the relation between the Ottoman in Istanbul and Muslim kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Using the archival sources from the Ottoman period, those articles highlight new information on the Ottoman-Southeast Asia network, which has been rather neglected from any scholarly studies. Especially in relation with the Acehnese kingdom, the discussions of this book demonstrate that Aceh was the only Southeast Asian Islamic kingdom which made serious efforts to make relation with the Ottoman. Issues related to politics, commerce, and military aids constituted the main substance in the relation they established in the sixteenth century, which then continued in the seventeenth century in the form of intellectual and religious network. The period of the nineteenth century witnessed the re-emergence of the political issue in Aceh-Ottoman relation, as Aceh looked for Ottoman protection to face the Dutch military invasion. DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v23i2. 3259
North-South Neutrino Heating Asymmetry in Strongly Magnetized and Rotating Stellar Cores

We perform a series of magnetohydrodynamic simulations of supernova cores. Since the distributions of the angular momentum and the magnetic fields of strongly magnetized stars are quite uncertain, we systematically change the combinations of the strength of the angular momentum, rotation law, degree of differential rotation, and profiles of the magnetic fields to construct the initial conditions. By so doing, we estimate how the rotation-induced anisotropic neutrino heating is affected by the strong magnetic fields through parity-violating effects and for the first time investigate how the north-south asymmetry of the neutrino heating in a strongly magnetized supernova core could be affected. As for the microphysics, we employ a realistic equation of state based on the relativistic mean field theory and take into account electron captures and the neutrino transport via a neutrino leakage scheme. With these computations, we find that the neutrino heating rates are reduced by ≲0.5% over those without the magnetic fields as a result of the parity-violating effects in the vicinity of the north pole of a star, while they are enhanced by about ≲0.5% in the vicinity of the south pole. If the global asymmetry of the neutrino heating in the both of the poles develops in the later phases, the newly born neutron star might be kicked toward the north pole in the subsequent period.
A THEORY OF VACANCIES

This paper is, firstly, a reappraisal of the matching function, arguing that the proper specification of the relation between hirings (H), vacancies (V), and unemployment is the duration function, which shows how average recruitment times as measured by V/H depend on unemployment and other relevant variables. Secondly, indirect effects of longer recruitment times on employment through higher recruitment costs are studied by extending previous models to include both price formation and the distinction between vacancy costs and hiring costs. Thirdly, direct effects of longer recruitment times on employment through more unfilled jobs are explored and illustrated with data from Sweden since 2000 from a new business survey, which measures not only job vacancies but also unfilled jobs.
Behavioral and Experimental Economics can Inform Public Policy: Some Thoughts

Experimental and behavioral economics are well established branches in the economic science. This essay presents and discusses some results and behavioral regularities from these fields which are of potential importance for public policy. After a brief introduction of what experimental and behavioral economics is, some behavioural regularities as presentation and framing effects, pro-social behavior, and reciprocity are introduced and it is reported how they interact with prominent trading institutions, taxation, and social and individual well-being. Throughout some implications for public policy are discussed.
Properties and Interpretations of Giant Micropulses and Giant Pulses from Pulsars

Giant pulses and giant micropulses from pulsars are distinguished from normal pulsed emission by their large fluxes, rarity, approximately power-law distribution of fluxes, and, typically, occurrence in restricted phase windows. Here existing observations of flux distributions are manipulated into a common format and interpreted in terms of theories for wave growth in inhomogeneous media, with the aim of constraining the emission mechanism and source physics for giant pulses and micropulses. Giant micropulses near 2 GHz (PSRs B8033-45 and B1706-44) and 0.4 GHz (PSR B0950+08) have indices α = 6.5 ± 0.7 for the probability distribution P(E) of the electric field E, with P(E) ∝ E-α. Giant pulses (PSRs B0531+24, B1937+214, and B1821-24) have α ranging from 4.6 ± 0.2 to 9 ± 2, possibly increasing with frequency. These are similar enough to regard giant micropulses and pulses as a single phenomenon with a common physical explanation. The power-law functional form and values of α observed are consistent with predictions for nonlinear wave collapse but inconsistent with known self-organized critical systems, nonlinear decay processes, and elementary burst theory. While relativistic beaming may be important, its statistics are yet to be predicted theoretically and collapse is currently the favored interpretation. Other possibilities remain, including stochastic growth theory (consistent with normal pulse emission) and, less plausibly, refractive lensing. Unresolved issues remain for all four interpretations, and suggestions for further work are given. The differences between normal and giant pulse emission suggest that they have distinct source regions and emission processes.
On the Generalized Local Stability and Local Stabilization Conditions for Discrete-Time Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Systems

In this paper, local stability and local stabilization problems are considered for discrete-time nonlinear systems represented by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems. Improved methods to assess the local stability, design locally stabilizing control laws, and estimate the domain of attraction are developed in terms of single-parameter minimization problems subject to linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. The improvement is achieved by applying a convergent LMI relaxation technique to prove positivity of homogeneous polynomial parameter-dependent matrices of arbitrary degree with variables in the simplex. We also take advantage of the recently developed parameter variation modeling technique to deal with the case that the variation rate of the membership functions of the T-S fuzzy systems is bounded and less than one. Finally, several illustrative examples demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed method.
Managing Knowledge in Organizations: An Integrative Framework and Review of Emerging Themes

In this concluding article to the Management Science special issue on "Managing Knowledge in Organizations: Creating, Retaining, and Transferring Knowledge," we provide an integrative framework for organizing the literature on knowledge management. The framework has two dimensions. The knowledge management outcomes of knowledge creation, retention, and transfer are represented along one dimension. Properties of the context within which knowledge management occurs are represented on the other dimension. These properties, which affect knowledge management outcomes, can be organized according to whether they are properties of a unit (e.g., individual, group, organization) involved in knowledge management, properties of relationships between units or properties of the knowledge itself. The framework is used to identify where research findings about knowledge management converge and where gaps in our understanding exist. The article discusses mechanisms of knowledge management and how those mechanisms affect a unit's ability to create, retain and transfer knowledge. Emerging themes in the literature on knowledge management are identified. Directions for future research are suggested.
The Social Construction of Production: An Application of Economic Sociology

The purported contribution of this paper is acknowledging the social character of production and related activities, as well as continuing a line of cognate research within economic sociology. The paper's key assumption is the social, including institutional, cultural and historical, construction of production, particularly its market-based types. The purpose of this paper is to show that market-based and (superficially) gain-seeking production, just as distribution, exchange and consump- tion, is a dependent variable of certain social conditions rather than being a natural universal. With that purpose in mind, the paper proceeds in the following way. The first section sets the stage for the analysis of production process- es by reconsidering the neoclassical production function within eco- nomics. The second section outlines and contrasts pluralist (socio- economic) and single-cause (purely economic) approaches to produc- tion and related phenomena. In the third section the pluralist approach is put in work by redefining production and identifying nonproductive gain-seeking methods. The approach is subject to tentative empirical evaluation in the fourth section by adducing the pertinent evidence with bearing on production and related economic processes. A con- cluding section discusses some theoretical and methodological impli- cations of the preceding.
A Chandra ACIS Study of 30 Doradus. II. X-Ray Point Sources in the Massive Star Cluster R136 and Beyond

We have studied the X-ray point-source population of the 30 Doradus (30 Dor) star-forming complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud using high spatial resolution X-ray images and spatially resolved spectra obtained with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Here we describe the X-ray sources in a 17′ × 17′ field centered on R136, the massive star cluster at the center of the main 30 Dor nebula. We detect 20 of the 32 Wolf-Rayet stars in the ACIS field. The cluster R136 is resolved at the subarcsecond level into almost 100 X-ray sources, including many typical O3-O5 stars, as well as a few bright X-ray sources previously reported. Over 2 orders of magnitude of scatter in LX is seen among R136 O stars, suggesting that X-ray emission in the most massive stars depends critically on the details of wind properties and the binarity of each system, rather than reflecting the widely reported characteristic value LX/Lbol ≃ 10-7. Such a canonical ratio may exist for single massive stars in R136, but our data are too shallow to confirm this relationship. Through this and future X-ray studies of 30 Dor, the complete life cycle of a massive stellar cluster can be revealed.
How College Affects Students: Volume 3. 21st Century Evidence That Higher Education Works by Matthew J. Mayhew et al. (review)

How College Affects Students: Volume 3. 21st Century Evidence That Higher Education Works makes a major and enduring contribution to the literature on how college affects students. The findings detailed in this volume will occupy scholars and practitioners for years to come. This current volume is inextricably tied to the How College Affect Students: Findings and Insights from Twenty Years of Research (Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991) and to How College Affects Students: Volume 2. A Third Decade of Research (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). Moreover, this current volume will maintain similar stature to the 1991 and 2005 volumes. No other books make such an important contribution as this trilogy. Like the previous two volumes, the authors of this third volume also meticulously and thoroughly review the empirical research that addresses the same six major questions:
Evaluation of Common Errors of Panoramic Radiographs in Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry

Background and aims Knowledge of the common radiographic errors and their prevention could prevent imposing redundant radiation, time and money to patient and the dentist. The aim of this study was to assess the common radiographic errors on panoramic radiographs in a radiology department. Materials and methods 250 panoramic radiographs (100 male and 150 female; mean age, 24.3) taken at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology were evaluated. Radiographs were categorized into five groups according to the type of errors (patient positioning errors, darkroom errors, failure to remove metallic accessories, equipment setup errors, and patient movement during exposure). Results here were19 error-free radiographs. The number of radiographs with errors was 231, of which 26 were unacceptable and had to be retaken. Errors of patient positioning were observed in 78% of cases, film de-velopment in 69.2%, equipment setup in 3.2%, failure to remove metallic accessories in 3.2% and patient move-ment during exposure in 2.4% of cases. Conclusion The errors seen on panoramic radiographs were relatively high with errors in patient positioning being the most frequent error.
Capacity and Optimal Resource Allocation in the Degraded Gaussian Relay Channel with Multiple Relays

We determine the capacity region of a degraded Gaussian relay channel with multiple relay stages. This is done by building an inductive argument based on the single-relay capacity theorem of Cover and El Gamal. We then give an iterative algorithm for determining the optimal power allocation between the transmitter and the relays. We show that in the case when all noise sources have equal power this results in a coding strategy that delivers SNR growth that is asymptotically linear with the number of relays.