Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SEPARATION ANXIETY: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION No CONCEPT is more central to psychoanalytical theory than the concept of anxiety. Yet it is one about which there is little consensus of opinion, which accounts in no small measure for the divisions between different schools of thought' Put briefly, all analysts are agreed that anxiety cannot be explained simply by reference to external threat: in some way processes usually thought of as internal and instinctive seem to play a crucial role. But how these inner forces are to be conceptualized and how they give rise to anxiety has always been a puzzle. As a result of this state of affairs we find, when we come to consider how psychoanalysts conceive separation anxiety, some widely differing formulations: for each formula.tion is strongly influenced by the particular outlook regarding the nature and origin of anxiety which the analyst happens to have. Moreover, the place given to separation anxiety within the wider theory of anxiety varies greatly. For some, like Hermann and Fairbairn, separation anxiety is the most important primary anxiety; for others, like Freud in both his earlier and later work, it is only the shortest of steps removed from being so; for others again, like Melanie Klein and her associates, separation anxiety is deemed to be secondary to and of less consequence than other and more primitive anxieties. This being the present state of thought, inevitably a review of literature has to touch on all aspects of the theory of anxiety. It will, however, be my aim to restrict the wider discussion as far as possible. The reason for undertaking a systematic study of the literature ariose from the need to relate observations of the behaviour of young children on separation from their mothers to traditional and current theory. Such observations show that the sequence of behaviour, which commonly occurs when children between the ages of about twelve months and four years are removed from the mother-figures to whom they are attached to the care of strangers, falls into three main phases: Robertson and I have termed these 'Protest', 'Despair' and 'Detachment'. * An examination of the theoretical problems posed shows that each phase raises a different one: Protest raises the problem especially of separation anxiety; Despair that of grief and mourning; Detachment that of defence. Although in this paper and its companion I; am concerned only with the first, separation anxiety, the overall context in which I view it is of consequence. The thesis I am advancing in this series of papers (Bowlby,
Measurement of Physical Fitness and Physical Activity: Fifty Years of Change

The tenth anniversary of Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science causes one to reflect on the major measurement issues impacting physical education and exercise science in the latter half of the 20th century. This anniversary causes us to contemplate how this history has brought us to where we are today and what it portends for the future. The purpose of this report is to provide our interpretation of these significant events. While there are individual occurrences and important decisions that have impacted what we have traditionally called “tests and measurements” in physical education, we believe five important events have most highly influenced measurement of physical fitness and physical activity in the past half century and will continue to influence measurement experts well into the 21st century. The events are:
RefDiff: Detecting Refactorings in Version Histories

Refactoring is a well-known technique that is widely adopted by software engineers to improve the design and enable the evolution of a system. Knowing which refactoring operations were applied in a code change is a valuable information to understand software evolution, adapt software components, merge code changes, and other applications. In this paper, we present RefDiff, an automated approach that identifies refactorings performed between two code revisions in a git repository. RefDiff employs a combination of heuristics based on static analysis and code similarity to detect 13 well-known refactoring types. In an evaluation using an oracle of 448 known refactoring operations, distributed across seven Java projects, our approach achieved precision of 100% and recall of 88%. Moreover, our evaluation suggests that RefDiff has superior precision and recall than existing state-of-the-art approaches.
The Sources of Variability in Saccadic Eye Movements

Our movements are variable, but the origin of this variability is poorly understood. We examined the sources of variability in human saccadic eye movements. In two experiments, we measured the spatiotemporal variability in saccade trajectories as a function of movement direction and amplitude. One of our new observations is that the variability in movement direction is smaller for purely horizontal and vertical saccades than for saccades in oblique directions. We also found that saccade amplitude, duration, and peak velocity are all correlated with one another. To determine the origin of the observed variability, we estimated the noise in motor commands from the observed spatiotemporal variability, while taking into account the variability resulting from uncertainty in localization of the target. This analysis revealed that uncertainty in target localization is the major source of variability in saccade endpoints, whereas noise in the magnitude of the motor commands explains a slightly smaller fraction. In addition, there is temporal variability such that saccades with a longer than average duration have a smaller than average peak velocity. This noise model has a large generality because it correctly predicts the variability in other data sets, which contain saccades starting from very different initial locations. Because the temporal noise most likely originates in movement planning, and the motor command noise in movement execution, we conclude that uncertainty in sensory signals and noise in movement planning and execution all contribute to the variability in saccade trajectories. These results are important for understanding how the brain controls movement.
The effects of ease of processing on the use and perception of strategies

In this experiment, the interaction between access to knowledge and strategy use was investigated. Participants were taught how to use the link mnemonic and then given a list of words to remember. The link mnemonic involves the construction of interactive images that connects pairs of successive words. Access to knowledge was varied in a between-subject fashion on the basis of a norming study that asked people to judge how easy it was to construct interactive images for pairs of words. Of interest was how this manipulation affected the efficacy and participants' perceptions of the strategy. After the participants recalled the items and their perceptions of the strategy were assessed, a second list of words was then presented and maintenance of strategy use was assessed. The data showed that variations in accessibility to relevant knowledge had a significant effect on the efficacy of the strategy and on participants' perceptions of effort and usefulness. It also affected participants' maintenance of strategy use – participants who first received the list where accessibility to relevant knowledge was more challenging were less likely to use the strategy again. We conclude by discussing how ease of accessibility might conflict with the design principles of desirable difficulties in that tasks that increase the difficulty of the utilisation of cognitive strategies might lead to negative perceptions about the strategy itself and thus, less use of the strategy in the future.
Relationship between Female Urinary Incontinence and Mode of Delivery

To retrospectively assess the relationship between female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mode of delivery and to evaluate whether vaginal delivery increases the risk of subsequent urinary incontinence or not. It was a case-series study that was done at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital and included women who were admitted to Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital, for having stress urinary incontinence, over a 5-year period, between January 2005 and December 2009. A second group of matched women, with no complaint of SUI and came to outpatient clinic for reasons other than urinary incontinence, were included as a control group. Data was collected from patient records available at "Patient Records Department" at AinShams University Maternity Hospital. Missing data was collected through phone calls or direct contact with the patients or their relatives. This study included 2 groups of women: group I (study group) [n=80]: women who were admitted for having a complaint of SUI, and group II (control group) [n=80]: women with no complaint of SUI and came to outpatient clinic for reasons other than urinary incontinence. There was a significantly higher proportion of vaginal deliveries and a significantly lower proportion of Cesarean sections among women who had stress urinary incontinence, when compared to women of the control group [66/80 (82.5%) vs. 41/80 (51.3%) and 14/80 (17.5%) vs. 39/80 (48.7%), respectively, p<0.001]. The prevalence of operative vaginal delivery was significantly higher among women who had stress urinary incontinence when compared to women of the control group [9/66 (13.6%) vs. 0/41 (0%), Relationship between Female Urinary Incontinence and Mode of Delivery
Characterization of a New Disease Syndrome Associated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Previously Vaccinated Herds

ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD) encompasses a group of wasting syndromes linked to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). This paper describes a new PCV2 disease syndrome, called acute pulmonary edema (APE), which, unlike other PCVAD syndromes, has a peracute onset and is associated with herds vaccinated for PCV2.
Theorizing Firm Adoption of Sustaincentrism

In the midst of a fundamental gap between theoretical assertions of a sustaincentric business paradigm and any rigorous empirical examination of its adoption at the firm level, I set out to answer the following two interrelated research questions: (1) How can we identify firms that adopt a sustaincentric paradigm and (2) What explains firm adoption of this paradigm? Based on cross-case comparisons of 12 African firms adopting a reactive, proactive, or sustaincentric orientation to sustainability, I develop a conceptual framework comprised of three interrelated constructs informed by descriptive observations across individual, organizational and interorganizational levels of analysis. Unlike their reactive and proactive counterparts, sustaincentric firms exhibited critical multilevel characteristics that demonstrated capacity for cognitive complexity and linked them closely to a highly interconnected network of external actors, the combination of which enabled the achievement of competitive advantage based on sustaincentrism.
Assessing the Psychometric Properties of Hofstede's versus Schwartz's Cultural Values of Chinese Customers

ABSTRACT This study examined the psychometric properties of two selected scales, Schwartz's cultural values and Hofstede's cultural values, within the Chinese context. A self-administered questionnaire was used with a sample of 808 native Chinese consumers to assess the scales’ reliability and validity. Further, the nomological validity of these measures was assessed to examine their relationships with the attitude toward the luxury products measure. The research found two appropriate subscales, SCV-7 and HCV-2, derived respectively from Schwartz's cultural values and Hofstede's cultural values within the Chinese context. Furthermore, the findings from this research suggest that SCV-7 better explained the Chinese attitude toward luxury than HCV-2 with higher explanation power.
Trends in nanosecond melanosome microcavitation up to 1540 nm

Abstract. Thresholds for microcavitation of bovine and porcine melanosomes were previously reported, using single nanosecond (ns) laser pulses in the visible (532 nm) and the near-infrared (NIR) from 1000 to 1319 nm. Here, we report average radiant exposure thresholds for bovine melanosome microcavitation at additional NIR wavelengths up to 1540 nm, which range from ∼0.159 J/cm2 at 800 nm to 4.5 J/cm2 at 1540 nm. Melanosome absorption coefficients were also estimated, and decreased with increasing wavelength. These values were compared to retinal pigment epithelium coefficients, and to water absorption, over the same wavelength range. Corneal total intraocular energy retinal damage threshold values were estimated and compared to the previous (2007) and recently changed (2014) maximum permissible exposure (MPE) safe levels. Results provide additional data that support the recent changes to the MPE levels, as well as the first microcavitation data at 1540 nm, a wavelength for which melanosome microcavitation may be an ns-pulse skin damage mechanism.
Measuring Perceived Teacher Support and Its Influence on Adolescent Career Development

This article examines available measures of perceived teacher support and presents findings from two studies exploring the psychometric properties of the Teacher Support Scale (TSS). In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis suggested a hierarchical structure with four first-order factors (Invested, Positive Regard, Expectations, and Accessible subscales) loading onto a single, higher order factor, excellent reliability, and concurrent validity. Perceived teacher support was significantly correlated with career decision-making self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis did not provide replication of the initial model in a separate sample. However, the four, first-order factors explained a statistically significant amount of the variance in question items, and support was provided for their strong relationship to a single, higher order construct of teacher support. Recommendations for future practice and research on the role of teacher support in adolescent career development and suggestions for modifications to the measure are provided.
Rotter's I. E.‐Scale and Socio‐Political Action‐Taking: The balance of 20 years of research

Besides Rotter's hypothesis that internals are more likely to participate in sociopolitical action than externals, in this paper the hypothesis is formulated that externals are more likely to participate in socio-political action than internals. Both hypotheses can be justified from a value-expectancy theoretical point of view. These hypotheses are called the efficacy hypothesis and the power-formation hypothesis respectively. The assumption is made that the power-formation hypothesis holds true for people who are convinced that they are powerless, on objective and for ideological grounds, and that the efficacy hypothesis holds true for people who do not have that conviction. Conditions under which a relationship between I. E. and socio-political action-taking can be expected were derived from both hypotheses. Thirty-one studies on I. E. and action-taking were reviewed. Five studies confirmed the efficacy hypothesis, four studies confirmed the power-formation hypothesis. Nineteen studies revealed no relationship between I. E. scores and action-taking. The explanations that various authors give for the absence of a relationship were examined. It was investigated whether explanations that held true for studies other than the ones for which they were formulated would fit into the theoretical framework developed in this article. This appeared to be the case. The implications for further research are discussed.
Geometric Means in a Novel Vector Space Structure on Symmetric Positive-Definite Matrices

In this work we present a new generalization of the geometric mean of positive numbers on symmetric positive‐definite matrices, called Log‐Euclidean. The approach is based on two novel algebraic structures on symmetric positive‐definite matrices: first, a lie group structure which is compatible with the usual algebraic properties of this matrix space; second, a new scalar multiplication that smoothly extends the Lie group structure into a vector space structure. From bi‐invariant metrics on the Lie group structure, we define the Log‐Euclidean mean from a Riemannian point of view. This notion coincides with the usual Euclidean mean associated with the novel vector space structure. Furthermore, this means corresponds to an arithmetic mean in the domain of matrix logarithms. We detail the invariance properties of this novel geometric mean and compare it to the recently introduced affine‐invariant mean. The two means have the same determinant and are equal in a number of cases, yet they are not identical in g.
Optimal conditions for synthesizing complementary DNA in the HIV‐1 endogenous reverse transcriptase reaction

Concentration of monovalent and divalent cations, anionic detergent, reducing agent and nucleotides, as well as pH, temperature, and incubation time were optimized for high levels of HIV-1 endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. In addition, mellitin, a peptide substitute for anionic detergent, and oligo(dT)12_18 were found to stimulate nucleic acid synthesis. This HIV-1 endogenous reaction demonstrated RNA- and DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities. Nucleic acid intermediates and final products included RNA: DNA hybrids as well as single- and double-stranded DNA. The complementary DNA products formed were representative of all regions of the HIV-1 genome.
Auditory verbal learning and memory in young adults with specific language impairment

Abstract One of the primary characteristics of a specific language impairment (SLI) is a deficit in language learning. Insight into the basis of SLI may be obtained through research of the learning characteristics of these individuals. This study investigated the verbal learning and memory of 28 individuals with SLI (Mean age = 21 years, 8 months) and 28 controls (Mean age = 19 years, 11 months) using Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Results showed statistically significant differences in the amount of words recalled for List A Trials 1 and 3 and for List B. However, the groups did not differ significantly in learning rate across the learning trials nor in retention of information during post-distractor List A recall. The subjective organization strategies of encoding information for the two groups could not explain the differences in the amount of words recalled. These findings of differences in initial list-learning ability but not in learning rate may support the limited capacity for verbal process.
Calcium antagonist, adenosine A1, and muscarinic bindings in rat hippocampus after transient ischemia.

The protective roles of Ca2+ channel blockers against ischemic hippocampal damage are still debated. We used autoradiography to study postischemic L-type Ca2+ channels (1,4-dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blocker binding), adenosine A1 receptors, and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the rat hippocampus using [3H]PN200-110 (PN), [3H]cyclohexyladenosine (CHA), and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), respectively, in 49 rats subjected to 20 minutes of forebrain ischemia. The rats were decapitated after 1 (n = 7), 3 (n = 7), 6 (n = 8), 12 (n = 7), 24 (n = 6), 48 (n = 6), or 168 (n = 8) hours of recirculation; eight control rats were sham-operated but experienced no cerebral ischemia. Reduced receptor binding preceding the delayed death of CA1 pyramidal cells was first observed in the stratum oriens of the CA1 subfield. Significant reductions in [3H]PN, [3H]CHA, and [3H]QNB bindings of this stratum compared with control were noticed after 3 (35%, p less than 0.01), 12 (31%, p less than 0.01), and 1 (10%, p less than 0.05) hours of recirculation, respectively. By 168 hours after ischemia (when the populations of CA1 pyramidal cells were depleted) all strata in the CA1 subfield had lost most of their receptor sites, and [3H]PN, [3H]CHA, and [3H]QNB bindings in the stratum oriens were decreased to 23%, 30%, and 63% of control (p less than 0.01). Although [3H]PN binding in the CA3 subfield did not change significantly during 168 hours after ischemia, the histologically intact dentate gyrus exhibited a 31% loss of binding sites compared with control (p less than 0.05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sexual harassment in a voluntary organization

Aims to present a recent unpublished report on sexual harassment within an organization comprising both paid staff and voluntary workers. This report is one of the first of its kind, and explores the extent and effects of sexual harassment within the Citizens’ Advice Bureaux (CABs). Posters were displayed in 45 CABs in Yorkshire and Humberside requesting information on incidents of harassment. Twenty‐five replies were received, all respondents were women and incidences involved over a third of CABs in the area. The results indicate that employment status is not predictive of who will harass, or who will become a victim of harassment, in a voluntary organization. These findings raise several important issues in terms of explanations of sexual harassment, legal implications for volunteers, and effective organizational action.
A category mistake: why contemporary Australian religious education in Catholic schools may be doomed to failure

Assuming religious education to be the same as other subject areas of a Catholic school’s curriculum by, for example, applying the outcomes based philosophy and language of other subject areas to religious education renders a category mistake. A prominent notion in the work of metaphysical philosopher Gilbert Ryle, a category mistake arises when facts of one kind are presented as if they belong to another. This is significant. When Australian Catholic diocesan syllabus documents treat and describe religious education as being like other subjects comprising the curriculum, a category mistake is made, the effects of which may be damaging for student learning. Following an examination of relevant Church documents to describe its purpose, a brief analysis of contemporary Australian Catholic diocesan religious education syllabi (cases in point) indicates that a series of category mistakes have been made. These findings have significance in informing the development and refinement of theory, policy and practice in religious education.
Overall and cause‐specific survival for patients undergoing lobectomy, near‐total, or total thyroidectomy for differentiated thyroid cancer

The extent of surgery for well‐differentiated thyroid cancer remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the type of resection, age, T classification, nodal status, tumor size, and year of diagnosis for overall survival (OS) and cause‐specific survival (CSS) using a large database.
Behavioral Summer Treatment Program Improves Social and Behavioral Functioning of Four Children With Asperger's Disorder

Difficulty in social functioning, especially in the context of a peer group, is one of the defining features of Asperger's disorder. A number of specific deficits in social behavior and cognitions have been identified as underlying the pervasive social problems experienced by these children. Although treatment guidelines recommend the use of behavioral modification to increase social interactions and integration, few studies evaluate treatment effectiveness of specific interventions. In this report, the authors describe the responses of 4 boys with Asperger's disorder to an intensive and comprehensive intervention developed for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the Summer Treatment Program. This naturalistic, 6-week-long behavioral program produced substantial positive changes in the boys' behavior, social skills, and social relationships. The potential effective components of the program are discussed.