Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Why do citizens want to keep refugees out? Threats, fairness and hostile norms in the treatment of asylum seekers

A social identity framework was employed to understand why people support the exclusionary treatment of refugee claimants (‘asylum seekers’) in Australia. Over and above individual difference effects of social dominance orientation and individuals' instrumental threat perceptions, insecure intergroup relations between citizens and asylum seekers were proposed to motivate exclusionary attitudes and behaviour. In addition, perceived procedural and distributive fairness were proposed to mediate the effects of social identity predictors on intergroup competitiveness, serving to legitimise citizens' exclusionary behaviours. Support for these propositions was obtained in a longitudinal study of Australians' social attitudes and behaviour. Small and inconsistent individual-level effects were noted. In contrast, after controlling for these variables, hostile Australian norms, perceived legitimacy of citizen status, and threatening socio-structural relations were strongly and consistently linked to intentions to support the harsh treatment of asylum seekers, and exclusionary attitudes and action at Time 2. Moreover, perceived procedural and distributive justice significantly mediated these relationships. The roles of fairness and intergroup socio-structural perceptions in social attitudes and actions are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constant-Time Callees with Variable-Time Callers

Side-channel attacks are a serious threat to securitycritical software. To mitigate remote timing and cachetiming attacks, many ubiquitous cryptography software libraries feature constant-time implementations of cryptographic primitives. In this work, we disclose a vulnerability in OpenSSL 1.0. 1u that recovers ECDSA private keys for the standardized elliptic curve P-256 despite the library featuring both constant-time curve operations and modular inversion with microarchitecture attack mitigations. Exploiting this defect, we target the errant modular inversion code path with a cache-timing and improved performance degradation attack, recovering the inversion state sequence. We propose a new approach of extracting a variable number of nonce bits from these sequences, and improve upon the best theoretical result to recover private keys in a lattice attack with as few as 50 signatures and corresponding traces. As far as we are aware, this is the first timing attack against OpenSSL ECDSA that does not target scalar multiplication, the first side-channel attack on cryptosystems leveraging P-256 constant-time scalar multiplication and furthermore, we extend our attack to TLS and SSH protocols, both linked to OpenSSL for P-256 ECDSA signing.
Employment status and job insecurity: On the subjective appraisal of an objective status

The article argues that job insecurity has subjective aspects that are not determined by the objective levels of security of someone’s employment status. These subjective aspects can be divided into two elements: the perceived probability and the perceived severity of job loss. The psychological consequences of job insecurity supposedly vary as a function of the objective status and the two constituting elements of subjective job insecurity. Results are reported from a study in the Netherlands among 1706 workers in five employment statuses that differ in degree of security. The perceived probability and severity of job loss were assessed, as were five possible consequences of subjective insecurity. The article shows that (1) job insecurity reflects the ‘objective’ conditions people are in; (2) the appraisal of job insecurity results from the functioning of the probability and severity of job loss; and (3) probability and severity have different consequences depending on employment status.
A numerical method for cellular electrophysiology based on the electrodiffusion equations with internal boundary conditions at membranes

We present a numerical method for solving the system of equations of a model of cellular electrical activity that takes into account both geometrical effects and ionic concentration dynamics. A challenge in constructing a numerical scheme for this model is that its equations are stiff: There is a time scale associated with “diffusion” of the membrane potential that is much faster than the time scale associated with the physical diffusion of ions. We use an implicit discretization in time and a finite volume discretization in space. We present convergence studies of the numerical method for cylindrical and two-dimensional geometries for several cases of physiological interest.
Sodium Bisulfite: Scapegoat for Chloroprocaine Neurotoxicity?

BackgroundNeurologic deficits after apparent intrathecal injection of 3% Nesacaine-CE intended for epidural administration created concern about the potential toxicity of chloroprocaine and the preservative sodium bisulfite. Although bisulfite-free formulations of chloroprocaine were subsequently introduced into clinical practice, the relative toxicities of this anesthetic and preservative were never clearly established. The current studies used a relevant functional and histologic model to investigate the intrathecal neurotoxicity of these two compounds. MethodsIn the first experiment, rats implanted with intrathecal catheters were given one of two commercially available solutions of chloroprocaine, one of which contained sodium bisulfite; control animals received saline. Animals were assessed for sensory impairment 7 days after administration using the tail-flick test and were killed to obtain histologic specimens to quantify nerve injury. In the second experiment, identical methodology was used to investigate the effects of freshly prepared solutions of chloroprocaine, chloroprocaine with sodium bisulfite, sodium bisulfite, and saline. ResultsThe two experiments yielded similar results. In experiment 1, tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores after administration of plain chloroprocaine were significantly greater than those of chloroprocaine containing bisulfite. Injury scores for animals receiving chloroprocaine with bisulfite were elevated compared with those for animals given saline. In experiment 2, animals receiving plain chloroprocaine developed elevations in tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores that were significantly greater than those for all other groups. Nerve injury scores with chloroprocaine containing bisulfite were greater than with saline or bisulfite alone. Tail-flick latencies and nerve injury scores with bisulfite alone were similar to those with saline. ConclusionsClinical deficits associated with unintentional intrathecal injection of chloroprocaine likely resulted from a direct effect of the anesthetic, not the preservative. The data also suggest that bisulfite can reduce neurotoxic damage induced by intrathecal local anesthetic.
Resilient and Nonresilient Hispanic English Language Learners' Attitudes Toward Their Classroom Learning Environment in Mathematics

This study examines resilient and nonresilient characteristics in mathematics among Hispanic students in a major metropolitan city located in the south central region of the United States. The study examined data from semistructure interviews of 118 resilient and nonresilient English language learners (ELLs) in 4th and 5th grade. The interviews focused on a variety of factors including: (a) individual attributes (e.g., students’ motivation); (b) school and classroom factors (e.g., satisfaction, involvement, and affiliation); (c) family factors (e.g., parent involvement in academics); and (d) students’ use of time (e.g., doing homework). Additional indicators that were examined include help-seeking behaviors and skills that allow students to cope with academic difficulties. Overall, the findings indicate significant differences between resilient and nonresilient students on academic performance and their self-efficacy on perceived mathematical abilities. Significant differences were also found in the home learning environment, indicating that resilient students receive more assistance at home on academic tasks than non-resilient students.
A compression‐based distance measure for texture

The analysis of texture is an important subroutine in application areas as diverse as biology, medicine, robotics, and forensic science. While the last three decades have seen extensive research in algorithms to measure texture similarity, almost all existing methods require the careful setting of many parameters. There are many problems associated with a lot of parameters, the most obvious of which is that with many parameters to fit, it is very difficult to avoid overfitting. In this work, we propose to extend recent advances in Kolmogorov complexity‐based similarity measures to texture matching problems. These Kolmogorov‐based methods have been shown to be very useful in intrinsically discrete domains such as DNA, protein sequences, MIDI music, and natural languages; however, they are not well defined for real‐valued data. To address this, we introduce a very simple idea, the Campana‐Keogh (CK) video compression‐based method for texture measures. These measures utilize video compressors to approximate the Kolmogorov complexity. Using the parameter‐free CK method, we novely utilize lossy compression to create an efficient and robust parameter‐lite texture similarity measure: the CK‐1 distance measure. We demonstrate the utility of our measure with extensive empirical evaluations on real‐world case studies drawn from nematology, arachnology, entomology, medicine, forensics, texture analysis benchmarks, and many other domains. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 3: 381‐398, 2010
A Comparison of Children's Handwriting Under Traditional vs. Whole Language Instruction

The current study compared the speed and legibility of handwriting produced by children exposed to either traditional instruction (TI) or whole-language instruction (WLI) in an attempt to determine whether children who received traditional, intensive classroom instruction in handwriting produce more legible andfaster handwriting. Forty-four TI students in lower (4 & 5) and upper (7 & 8) grades were matched with WLI students on the basis of chronological age, sex, grade, and dominant hand. All participants provided three writing samples exemplifying their best cursive writing, their usual cursive writing, and their handwriting under the pressure of speed. Samples were codedfor legibility using the Test of Legible Handwriting (Larsen & Hammill, 1989), and a total word count was computedfor speeded samples. The majorfindings showed that the TI children produced more legible handwriting than did WLI students, were able to write significantly more words under time pressure, and that these differences between the groups did not diminish with increased grade/age. The practical implications of the results are discussed, particularly the findings related to speed of transcription. Specifically noted in the discussion is the relationship between the automaticity of writing and compositional fluency that has emerged in recent research.
Intestinal Microorganisms Do Not Supply Associated Gnotobiotic Rats with Conjugated Linoleic Acid

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is produced from linoleic acid (LA) by bacteria in the rumen of herbivores. CLA enters the human diet mainly via milk fat and fatty beef; it acts as an effective anticarcinogen and exhibits other important physiological effects. The objective of the current study was to investigate the capability of a LA-conjugating bacterial community isolated from a human volunteer and associated with germ-free rats to supply the host with CLA. Gnotobiotic rats were fed a diet enriched with esterified LA in the form of sunflower-seed oil. The control group was fed the same diet and remained germ-free. Bacterial cell counts, in vitro LA-conjugation activities, and CLA concentration in feces and in the contents of various intestinal segments were determined. After 10 wk, various tissues were analyzed for CLA concentrations. LA-conjugation activity was found only in feces, cecum and colon content samples from associated rats, but CLA accumulation in various body tissues did not differ significantly between the two groups. The ratio of CLA to LA in feces and in cecal and colonic contents did not differ between groups, indicating that the microorganisms in the cecum and the colon do not synthesize substantial amounts of CLA in vivo and therefore, do not contribute to the CLA supplementation of the host.
Physical, behavioral, endocrinologic, and cytogenetic evaluation of two Standardbred racehorses competing as mares with an intersex condition and high postrace serum testosterone concentrations.

CASE DESCRIPTION 2 Standardbred racehorses that had been winning races while competing as mares underwent postrace drug testing and had serum testosterone concentrations above the acceptable limit for female racehorses. CLINICAL FINDINGS Initial physical examinations by the referring veterinarian revealed ambiguous external genitalia and suspected intra-abdominally located testes leading to a preliminary diagnosis of male pseudohermaphroditism. Horses were referred for further evaluation of sex. Physical examination of the external genitalia confirmed the findings of the referring veterinarian. Transrectal palpation and ultrasonography revealed gonads with an ultrasonographic appearance of testes. On cytogenetic analysis, both horses were determined to have a 64,XY karyotype and 8 intact Y chromosome markers and 5 SRY gene markers, which were indicative of a genetic male and confirmed an intersex condition. Additionally, both horses had some male-type behavior and endocrinologic findings consistent with those of sexually intact males. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Taken together, these findings confirmed that both horses were male pseudohermaphrodites. Both horses returned to racing competition as males. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As of October 1, 2008, the Pennsylvania Horse and Harness Racing Commissions implemented a postrace drug testing policy that included analysis of blood samples for anabolic and androgenic steroids and set maximum allowable concentrations of testosterone for racing geldings and females. Within 8 months of initiation of this drug testing policy, the 2 horses of this report were identified as having an intersex condition. This raises the possibility that intersex conditions may be more common in racing Standardbreds than was previously suspected.
Could Plasma Cystatin C Be Useful as a Marker of Hemodialysis Low Molecular Weight Proteins Removal?

Background: Plasma cystatin (pCyst) is a well-assessed tool for measuring renal function, and it could also play a part in hemodialysis adequacy. Methods: pCyst and other uremic toxins (urea, creatinine, parathyroid hormone, prolactin) were assessed before and after a dialysis session in 18 hemodialysis patients: 7 on bicarbonate hemodialysis (BHD) and 11 on mixed convective dialysis (MCD; 6 standard hemodiafiltration and 5 acetate-free biofiltration). Plasma levels and reduction ratios (RR) were then compared between the BHD and MCD groups. Results: The mean pre-dialysis pCyst level is nearly the same in both groups (5.3 ± 0.8 vs. 5.7 ± 1 mg/l, p = ns), although a substantial decrease occurs after MCD only (mean 2.4 ± 1 vs. 6.2 ± 2.2 mg/l after BHD, p = 0.002). The mean pCyst RR (PCRR) of 55.5% after MCD is poorly related to prolactin and urea RR, fairly comparable to parathyroid hormone RR and very close to creatinine RR (58.4%). Conclusions: Only MCD removes pCyst, but the amount of removal is different for other low molecular weight proteins (prolactin and parathyroid hormone) and similar for creatinine, a classic ‘little molecule’. In view of the discrepancy of these findings, the use of pCyst in hemodialysis still seems premature and needs further studies.
Coexistence of intraepithelial carcinoma and glandular differentiation in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

A review of 249 cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus showed 77 cases (30.9%) with intra‐epithelial carcinoma contiguous to the main lesion. There were 48 cases (19.3%) with glandular and/or mucus‐secreting components, in addition to the usual components of squamous cell carcinoma. Coexistence of intraepithelial carcinoma was observed in 20 cases (41.7%) among 48 with glandular differentiation, as compared with 57 cases (28.4%) without this differentiation. Of the 20 cases with glandular differentiation without preoperative irradiation, there were 16 (80.0%) containing areas of intraepithelial carcinoma. Moreover, among 77 cases with intraepithelial carcinoma, 20 (26.0%) were accompanied by glandular differentiation. Of nine tumors restricted to the mucosal or submucosal layer in 48 cases with glandular differentiation and in 44 of 203 cases without such differentiation, there were eight cases (88.9%) and 31 cases (70.5%) containing the areas of intraepithelial carcinoma, compared with rates of 30.8% and 16.6%, respectively, in the advanced carcinomas. Therefore, in the early carcinomas with glandular differentiation, there often coexist intraepithelial carcinomas. This high incidence of the coexistence of intraepithelial carcinoma and glandular differentiation, particularly in early cancers, supports the theory of a field carcinogenesis of esophageal carcinomas.
Voices From the Trenches: An Exploration of Teachers' Management Knowledge

Classroom management is a critical component of effective teaching. Despite its importance, little information is available about how teachers gain and use knowledge about management in their classrooms. The authors examined elementary physical education teachers' development and use of pedagogical knowledge related to class management. The authors interviewed 20 elementary teachers (14 women and 6 men). A constant comparison process guided data analysis. Trustworthiness measures included triangulation of data sources, member checks, and a search for negative cases. Results reveal insights into teachers' knowledge origins and influences, evolution, and content regarding class management.
Tobacco smoking habits among nursing students and the influence of family and peer smoking behaviour.

AIM This paper is a report of a study assessing tobacco smoking habits among nursing students and how these are influenced by family members and peers. BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking among nursing students is a serious problem because of the public role model of these future healthcare professionals. METHODS The smoking attitude of nursing students attending the 3 year full-time course at the University of Milan in the academic years 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 was investigated. A total of 820 students filled in the self-administered questionnaire and 812 valid questionnaires were returned. The response rate was 87%. RESULTS Forty-four percent of the 812 students were tobacco smokers and 7% former smokers. Among the smoking students 75% had at least one smoking parent, 47% had at least one smoking brother or sister and 87% saw smoking friends. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need to implement effective anti-smoking measures among nursing students. Decreasing the number of smokers among healthcare professionals would discourage people from smoking and would increase the credibility of anti-smoking campaigns.
Initial and Recurrent Bleeding Are the Major Causes of Death Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background and Purpose The goal of this study was to determine the causes of mortality and morbidity after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods We identified all first‐ever spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhages that occurred in the nearly 1.3 million population of greater Cincinnati during 1988. Results Thirty‐day mortality for subarachnoid hemorrhage was 45% (36 of 80 cases). Of the 36 deaths, 22 (61%) died within 2 days of onset; 21 of these deaths were due to the initial hemorrhage, and one death was due to rebleeding documented by computed tomography. Nine of the remaining 14 deaths after day 2 were caused by the initial hemorrhage (2 cases) or rebleeding (7 cases). Volume of subarachnoid hemorrhage was a powerful predictor of 30‐day mortality (P=.0001). Only 3 of the 29 patients with a volume of subarachnoid hemorrhage of 15 cm3 or less died before 30 days. Two of these 3 patients died from documented rebleeding; the third had 87 cm3 of additional intraventricular hemorrhage. Delayed arterial vasospasm contributed to only 2 of all 36 deaths. Conclusions Most deaths after subarachnoid hemorrhage occur very rapidly and are due to the initial hemorrhage. Rebleeding is the most important preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients. In a large representative metropolitan population, delayed arterial vasospasm plays a very minor role in mortality caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage. (Stroke. 1994;25:1342‐1347.)
Non Melanoma Skin Cancer and Subsequent Cancer Risk

Introduction Several studies have shown an increased risk of cancer after non melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) but the individual risk factors underlying this risk have not been elucidated, especially in relation to sun exposure and skin sensitivity to sunlight. Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the individual risk factors associated with the development of subsequent cancers after non melanoma skin cancer. Methods Participants in the population-based New Hampshire Skin Cancer Study provided detailed risk factor data, and subsequent cancers were identified via linkage with the state cancer registry. Deaths were identified via state and national death records. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate risk of subsequent malignancies in NMSC patients versus controls and to assess the potential confounding effects of multiple risk factors on this risk. Results Among 3584 participants, risk of a subsequent cancer (other than NMSC) was higher after basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (adjusted HR 1.40 [95% CI 1.15, 1.71]) than squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (adjusted HR 1.18 [95% CI 0.95, 1.46]) compared to controls (adjusted for age, sex and current cigarette smoking). After SCC, risk was higher among those diagnosed before age 60 (HR 1.96 [95% CI 1.24, 3.12]). An over 3-fold risk of melanoma after SCC (HR 3.62; 95% CI 1.85, 7.11) and BCC (HR 3.28; 95% CI 1.66, 6.51) was observed, even after further adjustment for sun exposure-related factors and family history of skin cancer. In men, prostate cancer incidence was higher after BCC compared to controls (HR 1.64; 95% CI 1.10, 2.46). Conclusions Our population-based study indicates an increased cancer risk after NMSC that cannot be fully explained by known cancer risk factors.
Increasing reach of quitline services in a US state with comprehensive tobacco treatment

Objective: The population reach of tobacco quitlines is an important measure of treatment seeking and penetration of services. Maine offers an opportunity to examine temporal changes in quitline reach and referral sources in the context of a comprehensive tobacco treatment programme. The impact of a $1.00 cigarette tax increase is also examined. Methods: This is a descriptive analysis of Maine Tobacco Helpline call volume September 2001 to December 2006. Annual reach was estimated using a cross sectional state surveillance survey. Weekly call volume was examined during 2005, a year of marked changes in tobacco taxes and quitline resources. Referral patterns were analysed yearly. Results: Maine’s Tobacco Helpline observed more than a threefold increase in population reach during a four year interval, from 1.9% to over 6% per year. Calls increased substantially in 2005, concurrent with added hours of operation and a rise in the cigarette tax. Over time, callers increasingly reported hearing about the quitline from health professionals, from 10% in 2001 to 38% in 2006. Conclusions: Tobacco treatment programmes offering free nicotine therapy and professional medical education can drive quitline utilisation over time. Call volume can also be affected by quitline operational and policy changes that promote the reduction of tobacco use.