Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Defining Smallness for Gestational Age in the Early Years of the Danish Medical Birth Registry

Background Being born small for gestational age (SGA) is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and increased blood pressure in childhood, but the association with clinical disease in early adulthood is less certain. The Danish Medical Birth Registry has registered all births in Denmark since 1973, but due to variable data quality, data is most often used only from 1981 onwards, and birth registers in other countries may have similar problems for the early years. We wanted to examine whether the data can be used for identification of children born SGA and used in future research. Methodology/Principal Findings All persons born between 1974 and 1996 were identified in the Danish Medical Birth Registry (n = 1.704.890). Immigrants and children without data on gestational age and birth weight were excluded, and a total of 1.348. 106 children were included in the analysis. The difference between the different variables used in the history of the registry were examined, and the quality of data in the birth registry from 1974-1981 was examined and compared to subsequent years. Data on birth weight and gestational age in the early years of the registry is inconsistent, and the identification of children born SGA is inaccurate, with 49% false-positives. The biggest source of error is due to the rough and inaccurate intervals used for gestational age. By using –3 standard deviations as a cut-off for the identification of children born SGA, the number of false-positives was reduced to 9%, while the amount of false-negatives were increased. Conclusion Choosing –3 standard deviations for identifying children born SGA is a viable, though not optimal solution for identifying children born SGA. Overall the data in the registry is of sufficient quality to be used in further medical research.
The influence of self‐construals, family and teacher communication patterns on communication apprehension among college students in Taiwan

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between self‐construals, family and teacher communication patterns, and communication apprehension (CA) among college students in Taiwan. This study surveyed 203 students who were enrolled in a required course at a large University in northern Taiwan. Participants completed the Chinese‐version of self‐report measures of communication apprehension, self‐construals, family communication patterns, and teacher communication patterns. The results indicated that independent self‐construals and conversation‐oriented teacher communication patterns were negatively related to CA among Taiwan college students. Individuals who held more independent views of the self and who received more encouragement from their teachers to speak up were less likely to be highly apprehensive in communication.
JBIG2-the ultimate bi-level image coding standard

JBIG2 is a new standard for lossy and lossless compression of bi-level images. It exploits model-based coding for text and halftones; as well as nearby neighbor based coding for generic bi-level images. It can achieve compression ratios of up to three times those of existing standards for lossless textual image compression. JBIG2 also allows loss to be introduced while maintaining "visually lossless" quality for textual images, for which it can yield compression ratios of up to eight times those of existing standards. It produces even greater compression ratios when exploiting similarities between multiple pages and efficiently codes and integrates both scanned and generated bi-level images. JBIG2 was developed for applications having widely differing requirements such as facsimile, document storage and archiving, Web image coding, wireless data transmission, print spooling, and even teleconferencing. Accordingly, JBIG2 is structured as a "toolkit" of alternate capabilities to be selected based on the requirements of such applications.
Elementary and Secondary Teachers' Reports of How They Make Learning Interesting

In this study I describe and interpret what teachers do to create interest in learning. A reflective writing procedure consisting of 4 interactive papers was used to gather data from 65 elementary and secondary teachers enrolled in a graduate course on constructivist teaching. The teachers' thoughts regarding interest revealed that the generation of interest is a major aspect of teaching. Hands-on activities are the primary way of establishing interest, although teachers also reported creating interest through the use of personalized content, student trust, and group tasks, and in other ways. Teachers reported that they rarely used content facts and concepts as a means to establish interest. A speculative explanation of the results based on teachers' views of content and the social realities of teaching is proposed.
Metallothionein induction by restraint stress: role of glucocorticoids and IL-6.

Restraint stress increased liver metallothionein-I (MT-I) mRNA and MT-I+II protein levels. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU 486 decreased this response. In contrast, adrenalectomy only decreased MT-I+II protein levels. Moreover, corticosterone or progesterone did not reverse the effect of RU 486. These results suggest that glucocorticoids are important for MT-I+II protein synthesis but not for MT-I mRNA accumulation during restraint stress, and that other factors must be involved in this process. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) deficient mice showed a significant decrease of restraint stress-induced liver MT-I mRNA levels (approximately 30% of IL-6+/+ mice) up to approximately 4-5 hours after the onset of stress. Western blotting of hepatic nuclear proteins showed that the IL-6 responsive transcription factor Stat3, which has been shown to mediate MT induction by inflammation, was also activated by restraint stress. Results after extended periods of restraint stress indicate that IL-6 participates early and transiently in the process. The analysis of the expression of the acute phase plasma protein serum amyloid A suggests that restraint stress elicits an acute phase response similar to that caused by inflammation.
Stress Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Provides Effective Cardiac Risk Reclassification in Patients With Known or Suspected Stable Coronary Artery Disease

Background— A recent large-scale clinical trial found that an initial invasive strategy does not improve cardiac outcomes beyond optimized medical therapy in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Novel methods to stratify at-risk patients may refine therapeutic decisions to improve outcomes. Methods and Results— In a cohort of 815 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of myocardial ischemia, we determined the net reclassification improvement of the risk of cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction (major adverse cardiac events) incremental to clinical risk models, using guideline-based low (<1%), moderate (1% to 3%), and high (>3%) annual risk categories. In the whole cohort, inducible ischemia demonstrated a strong association with major adverse cardiac events (hazard ratio=14.66; P<0.0001) with low negative event rates of major adverse cardiac events and cardiac death (0.6% and 0.4%, respectively). This prognostic robustness was maintained in patients with previous coronary artery disease (hazard ratio=8.17; P<0.0001; 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively). Adding inducible ischemia to the multivariable clinical risk model (adjusted for age and previous coronary artery disease) improved discrimination of major adverse cardiac events (C statistic, 0.81–0.86; P=0.04; adjusted hazard ratio=7.37; P<0.0001) and reclassified 91.5% of patients at moderate pretest risk (65.7% to low risk; 25.8% to high risk) with corresponding changes in the observed event rates (0.3%/y and 4.9%/y for low and high risk posttest, respectively). Categorical net reclassification index was 0.229 (95% confidence interval, 0.063–0.391). Continuous net reclassification improvement was 1.11 (95% confidence interval, 0.81–1.39). Conclusions— Stress cardiac magnetic resonance imaging effectively reclassifies patient risk beyond standard clinical variables, specifically in patients at moderate to high pretest clinical risk and in patients with previous coronary artery disease. Clinical Trial Registration:— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT01821924.
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES PIER 33 Progress In Electromagnetics Research

An electromagnetic analysis is presented for experiments with strong permanent disc magnets. The analysis is based on the well known experiment that demonstrates the effect of circulating eddy currents by dropping a strong magnet through a vertically placed metal cylinder and observing how the magnet is slowly falling through the cylinder with a constant velocity. This experiment is quite spectacular with a super strong neodymium magnet and a thick metal cylinder made of copper or aluminum. A rigorous theory for this experiment is provided based on the quasi-static approximation of the Maxwell equations, an infinitely long cylinder (no edge effects) and a homogeneous magnetization of the disc magnet. The results are useful for teachers and students in electromagnetics who wish to obtain a deeper insight into the analysis and experiments regarding this phenomenon, or with industrial applications such as the grading and calibration of strong permanent magnets or with measurements of the conductivity of various metals, etc. Several experiments and numerical computations are included to validate and to illustrate the theory.
a Primitive Teleost Fish ), Oncorhynchus mykiss from Rainbow Trout ( Features in a Primordial CD80/86 Molecule Conservation of Structural and Functional

In mammals, interaction of CD28 with CD80 or CD86 molecules provides costimulatory signals for T cell activation that leads to increased IL-2 gene and protein expression by activated T cells. Thus far, CD80 and CD86 have been cloned and functionally characterized only in mammals and birds. To shed light into the evolution of CD80 and CD86, we have cloned and functionally characterized a rainbow trout (rt) molecule (rtCD80/86) that shows the highest degree of sequence conservation and phylogenetic relationship with CD80 and CD86 molecules. Moreover, its genomic organization was almost identical to that of human CD86. Rainbow trout possess one membrane-bound and two soluble CD80/86 transcripts, all of which are derived from the same rtCD80/86 gene. The membrane-bound form exhibited its highest degree of expression in lymphoid tissues, particularly on B cells. Incubation of trout leukocytes with LPS and bacteria leads to up-regulation of rtCD80/86 gene expression. Importantly, we show that trout and other teleost ﬁsh contain a single CD80/86 gene, thus suggesting that this gene may represent the ancestor from which CD80 and CD86 arose by gene duplication in more evolved species. To gain further insights into the function of rtCD80/86, we have identiﬁed and cloned trout IL-2 and have shown that recombinantly produced trout CD80/86 up-regulates the expression of IL-2 in trout blood leukocytes. Signiﬁcantly, this ﬁnding indicates that the capacity to modulate IL-2 expression is a primordial function that has been conserved both in ﬁsh and mammalian CD80/CD86 molecules throughout 350 million years of evolution. The Journal of Immunology, 2009, 183: 83–96.
Continuous 24-hour ocular dimensional profile recording in medically treated normal-tension glaucoma

Purpose To analyze the 24-hour ocular dimensional profile in normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients on medical treatment. Methods Consecutive, medically treated NTG subjects were recruited from a university eye center. Subjects were on a mean of 1.7±0.7 types of antiglaucoma medications and 56.6% were on a prostaglandin analog. A contact lens-based sensor device was worn in one eye of NTG patients to record the intraocular pressure (IOP)-related profile for 24 hours, recording the following: variability from mean over 24 hours, nocturnally and diurnally, as well as the number of peaks and troughs diurnally and nocturnally. Results In 18 NTG subjects, the nocturnal variability around the mean contact lens-based sensor device signal was 48.9% less than the diurnal variability around the mean. The number of peaks was 54.7% less during the nocturnal period than during the diurnal period. The rate of increase in the ocular dimensional profile when going to sleep was significantly greater than the rate of decrease upon waking (P<0.001). Conclusion In medically treated NTG subjects, there was more variability in the IOP-related pattern during the daytime and there were fewer peaks during sleep.
Vitamin D and gene networks in human osteoblasts

Bone formation is indirectly influenced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) through the stimulation of calcium uptake in the intestine and re-absorption in the kidneys. Direct effects on osteoblasts and bone formation have also been established. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed in osteoblasts and 1,25D3 modifies gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation and mineralization-related genes, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), osteocalcin (BGLAP), and osteopontin (SPP1). 1,25D3 is known to stimulate mineralization of human osteoblasts in vitro, and recently it was shown that 1,25D3 induces mineralization via effects in the period preceding mineralization during the pre-mineralization period. For a full understanding of the action of 1,25D3 in osteoblasts it is important to get an integrated network view of the 1,25D3-regulated genes during osteoblast differentiation and mineralization. The current data will be presented and discussed alluding to future studies to fully delineate the 1,25D3 action in osteoblast. Describing and understanding the vitamin D regulatory networks and identifying the dominant players in these networks may help develop novel (personalized) vitamin D-based treatments. The following topics will be discussed in this overview: (1) Bone metabolism and osteoblasts, (2) Vitamin D, bone metabolism and osteoblast function, (3) Vitamin D induced transcriptional networks in the context of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
The Effect of Tonal Pattern Training on the Aural Perception, Reading Recognition, and Melodic Sight-reading Achievement of First-Year Instrumental Music Students

This study investigated the relationship of tonal pattern instruction to tonal concept development and performance achievement of beginning instrumentalists. The problem was to compare a course of study emphasizing tonal concept development with another emphasizing technical skill development Forty-eight subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental group or the control group. Experimental group content included tonal patterns taught through harmonization and vocalization. Control group content included a set of symbols and range of pitches taught from notation. Students received 14 weekly 30-minute lessons. A one-factor design was employed. The independent variable was teaching content. The dependent variables were pastiest mean scores from Iowa Tests of Musical Literacy and an investigator-constructed sight reading test Analysis of covariance was used. The experimental group scored significantly higher (p < .001) on aural identification of major and minor tonalities and significantly higher (p < .0001) in melodic sight-reading achievement. No significant difference occurred between groups in reading recognition (p > .05).
Lack of association between childhood common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and an HLA‐C locus dimorphism influencing the specificity of natural killer cells

Previous serological studies documenting an association between acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and HLA‐Cw antigens suggested that the HLA‐C locus might influence susceptibility to ALL. However, associations with more than one Cw antigen suggest that polymorphic variants shared by more than Cw allele could be involved. Recent studies have shown that the HLA‐C locus encodes two ligands (NK1 and NK2) recognized by receptors on natural killer (NK) cells. HLA‐Cw alleles encoding these ligands are dimorphic, dependent on whether they encode one or other NK ligand. To determine whether susceptibility to the common (CD10+) form of childhood ALL (c‐ALL) is associated with NK1 or NK2, we carried out a molecular analysis of 94 childhood c‐ALL patients and 136 infant controls. We found no difference in the frequency of NK1 and NK2 alleles, phenotypes or genotypes between the patients and controls, suggesting that this does not explain the role of the HLA‐C locus in susceptibility to childhood c‐ALL.
Inverse relationship between electrode size and lesion size during radiofrequency ablation with active electrode cooling.

BACKGROUND Clinical efficacy has driven the use of larger electrodes (7F, length > or =4 mm) for radiofrequency ablation, which reduces electrogram resolution and causes variability in tissue contact depending on electrode orientation. With active cooling, ablation electrode size may be reduced. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of electrode length on tissue temperature and lesion size with saline irrigation used for active cooling. METHODS AND RESULTS In 11 anesthetized dogs, the thigh muscle was exposed and bathed with heparinized canine blood. A 7F ablation catheter with a 2- or 5-mm irrigated tip electrode was positioned perpendicular or parallel to the thigh muscle. Radiofrequency current was delivered at constant voltage (50 V) for 30 seconds during saline irrigation (20 mL/min) to 148 sites. Tissue temperature at depths of 3.5 and 7 mm and lesion size were measured. In the perpendicular electrode-tissue orientation, radiofrequency applications at 50 V with the 2-mm electrode compared with the 5-mm electrode resulted in lower power at 50 V (26 versus 36 W) but higher tissue temperatures, larger lesion depth (8.0 versus 5.4 mm), and greater diameter (12.4 mm versus 8.4 mm). Also, in the parallel orientation, overall power was lower with the 2-mm electrode (25 versus 33 W), but tissue temperatures were higher and lesions were deeper (7.3 versus 6.9 mm). Lesion diameter was similar (11.1 versus 11.3 mm) for both electrodes. CONCLUSIONS The smaller electrode resulted in transmission of a greater fraction of the radiofrequency power to the tissue and resulted in higher tissue temperature, larger lesions, and lower dependency of lesion size on the electrode orientation.
The effects of priming with age stereotypes on a PC-based mail-sorting task

Abstract Objective: This study examines whether unconscious priming of attitudes towards older age might change the self-efficacy of older employees, and thus modify their performance at work. Methods: Three age- and gender-matched groups of 20 participants were primed with positive, negative or no age stereotypes by means of the scrambled sentence task, and were then transferred to a cognitively demanding PC-based mail-sorting task. Results: Participants’ accuracy on the latter task was significantly higher in the positively primed group than in the unprimed group, and was significantly lower in the negatively primed group than in the unprimed group, except for one parameter. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the performance of older workers may indeed be modifiable by unconscious priming. Practitioner Summary: This study analyses whether unconscious priming attitudes towards older age might modify work performance. Participants were primed with the scrambled sentence task and then conducted a cognitive mail-sorting task. The findings indicate that the performance of older workers may indeed be modifiable by unconscious negative as well as positive priming.
Why We Need Team Cognition

Abstract : Contributors to this volume have addressed a number of issues and questions to provide an overview of the different approaches to team cognition. In this vein, authors have considered the team cognition construct as a process or a product of group interaction. In particular, team cognition can be related to the process of information encoding, storage, and retrieval, such that a group product emerges (Larson & Christensen, 1993). As this suggests, groups or teams can be considered to be information-processing units (Hinsz, Tindale, & Vollrath, 1997) in a manner analogous to early views of human cognition (e.g., Newell & Simon, 1972). Thus, team cognition can describe a process (e.g., the transmission of team-relevant knowledge) or a product (e.g., shared mental model).
Analysis of ciliary beat pattern and beat frequency using digital high speed imaging: comparison with the photomultiplier and photodiode methods

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the power and recovery stroke of respiratory cilia using digital high speed video imaging. Beat frequency measurements made using digital high speed video were also compared with those obtained using the photomultiplier and modified photodiode techniques. METHOD Ciliated epithelium was obtained by brushing the inferior nasal turbinate of 20 healthy subjects. Ciliated edges were observed by microscopy and the deviation of cilia during their recovery stroke relative to the path travelled during their power stroke was measured. Beat frequency measurements made by digital high speed video analysis were compared with those obtained using the photomultiplier and modified photodiode. RESULTS Cilia were found to beat with a forward power stroke and a backward recovery stroke within the same plane. The mean angular deviation of the cilia during the recovery stroke from the plane of the forward power stroke was only 3.6°(95% CI 3.1 to 4.1). There was a significant difference in beat frequency measurement between the digital high speed video (13.2 Hz (95% CI 11.8 to 14.6)) and both photomultiplier (12.0 Hz (95% CI 10.8 to 13.1), p = 0.01) and photodiode (11.2 Hz (95% CI 9.9 to 12.5), p<0.001) techniques. The Bland-Altman limits of agreement for the digital high speed video were –2.75 to 5.15 Hz with the photomultiplier and –2.30 to 6.06 Hz with the photodiode. CONCLUSION Respiratory cilia beat forwards and backwards within the same plane without a classical sideways recovery sweep. Digital high speed video imaging allows both ciliary beat frequency and beat pattern to be evaluated.
Oxytetracycline residues in milk after intrauterine treatment of cows with retained fetal membranes.

OBJECTIVE To establish the maximum concentration and duration of oxytetracycline residues in milk from cows with retained fetal membranes given the antimicrobial via intrauterine infusion, and to investigate whether the number of infusions or the presence of fever (> 39.7 C) affected the duration of residues. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 54 Holstein cows with retained fetal membranes on a single 1,400-cow commercial dairy. PROCEDURE Cows were treated once a day with 5 g of oxytetracycline (50 ml of 100 mg/ml solution in a povidone base) by intrauterine infusion for at least 2 days, or until the membranes were expelled. Cows that became febrile (rectal temperature > or = 39.7 C) were also given 20,000 IU of procaine penicillin G/kg of body weight, i.m. , for 2 to 4 days. Milk samples were collected at 24-hour intervals during treatment. and at 12-hour intervals after the last treatment. All samples were frozen and submitted every 2 weeks for high performance liquid chromatography analysis for oxytetracycline. RESULTS Oxytetracycline was detected in milk of all cows during treatment, at a maximum concentration ranging from 47.2 to 1,804.6 micrograms/kg (mean, 316.9 micrograms/kg). Duration of oxytetracycline residues after the last infusion ranged from 0 to 144 hours (mean, 52.3 hours). Neither the number of infusions received, nor development of rectal temperature > 39.7 C, affected the maximum concentration or the duration of oxytetracycline residues in milk. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Milk obtained from cows that had been treated for retained fetal membranes by intrauterine infusion of oxytetracycline should be discarded to avoid illegal residues.