Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Unique individual or interchangeable group member? The accentuation of intragroup differences versus similarities as an indicator of the individual self versus the collective self

In 4 studies, the authors examined antecedents of self-definition as either a unique individual (the individual self) or an interchangeable group member (the collective self). Accentuation of perceived similarities versus differences among in-group members including the self served as the main indicator of participants' relative emphasis on their individual or collective self. Following prior work in the social identity and self-categorization theory tradition, the authors predicted and found systematic variations in the relative emphasis on the individual or collective self. Relative emphasis varied with the valence of temporarily salient in-group features, with the more stable or chronic attractiveness of one's in-group, and with awareness of special treatment of the in-group by the outside world. Finally, issues are discussed concerning the cognitive construal of in-groups as well as the role of the individual self and the collective self for strategies of social mobility and social change.
Clinical studies of sudden upper airway obstruction in patients with hereditary angioedema due to C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency.

BACKGROUND Hereditary angioedema due to C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency is clinically characterized by recurrent and self-limiting skin, intestinal, and laryngeal edema. Asphyxiation by laryngeal edema is the main cause of death among patients who die of hereditary angioedema. This study describes the age at which laryngeal edema first occurs, the time between onset and full development, and the effectiveness of therapy and prophylaxis. METHODS Information on 123 patients with hereditary angioedema was obtained from medical histories and reports by the general practitioners, emergency physicians, and hospitals involved. RESULTS Sixty-one patients (49.6%) experienced a total of 596 laryngeal edema episodes. The ratio of laryngeal edema episodes to skin swellings and abdominal pain attacks was approximately 1:70:54 in patients who had laryngeal edema. The mean (SD) age at the first laryngeal edema was 26.2 (15.3) years. Nearly 80% of the laryngeal edemas occurred between the ages of 11 and 45 years. The mean interval between onset and maximum development of laryngeal edema was 8.3 hours. A total of 342 laryngeal edemas cleared spontaneously without treatment, and 208 laryngeal edemas were successfully treated with C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate. Despite long-term prophylactic treatment with danazol, 6 patients developed subsequent laryngeal edemas. CONCLUSIONS Laryngeal edema may occur at any age, although young adults are at greatest risk. In adults, the interval between onset of symptoms and acute risk of asphyxiation is usually long enough to allow for use of appropriate emergency procedures. To prevent a fatal outcome, it is essential to instruct patients and their relatives about the first signs of laryngeal edemas and the necessary procedures to follow.
Job Insecurity and Psychological Well-being: Review of the Literature and Exploration of Some Unresolved Issues

Research on the psychological consequences of job insecurity is reviewed, showing that job insecurity reduces psychological well-being and job satisfaction, and increases psychosomatic complaints and physical strains. Next, three additional research questions are addressed, since these questions did not receive much attention in previous research. First, does the impact of job insecurity on workers differ according to their professional position, gender, and age? Second, how important is job insecurity compared to other stressors on the workfloor? Third, how important is job insecurity compared to the impact of unemployment? To analyse these issues, data were used from a Belgian plant, part of a European multinational company in the metalworking industry (N = 336). The results of this exploratory study showed that job insecurity was associated with lower well-being (score on the GHQ-12), after controlling for background variables, such as gender and age. A significant interaction with gender occurred, ind.
Prediction with Advice of Unknown Number of Experts

In the framework of prediction with expert advice, we consider a recently introduced kind of regret bounds: the bounds that depend on the effective instead of nominal number of experts. In contrast to the Normal- Hedge bound, which mainly depends on the effective number of experts but also weakly depends on the nominal one, we obtain a bound that does not contain the nominal number of experts at all. We use the defensive forecasting method and introduce an application of defensive forecasting to multivalued supermartingales.
Evolution, Development, and the Emergence of Disgust

Evolutionary developmental psychology typically utilizes an evolutionary lens to explain various phenomena that occur throughout development. In this paper, I argue that the converse is also important: Developmental evidence can inform evolutionary theory. In particular, knowledge about the developmental origins of a psychological trait can be used to evaluate theoretical claims about its evolved function. I use the emotion of disgust as a case study to illustrate this approach. Disgust is commonly thought to be a behavioral adaptation for avoiding the ingestion of pathogens. Given this claim, disgust should be expected to develop at a time when humans are especially vulnerable to the dangers of ingesting pathogens, during the immediate post-weaning period from about 3 to 5 years of age. Despite a strong selective pressure at this point in development, research has suggested that the emotion of disgust and the recognition of the “disgust face” do not reliably emerge until later in ontogeny, at 5 years of age or after. Given the late developmental appearance of disgust, I re-evaluate claims about its adaptive role.
Distribution of myosin isoenzymes among skeletal muscle fiber types

Using an immunocytochemical approach, we have demonstrated a preferential distribution of myosin isoenzymes with respect to the pattern of fiber types in skeletal muscles of the rat. In an earlier study, we had shown that fluorescein-labeled antibody against "white" myosin from the chicken pectoralis stained all the white, intermediate and about half the red fibers of the rat diaphragm, a fast-twitch muscle (Gauthier and Lowey, 1977). We have now extended this study to include antibodies prepared against the "head" (S1) and "rod" portions of myosin, as well as the alkali- and 5,5'dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)-light chains. Antibodies capable of distinguishing between alkali 1 and alkali 2 type myosin were also used to localize these isoenzymes in the same fast muscle. We observed, by both direct and indirect immunofluorescence, that the same fibers which had reacted previously with antibodies against white myosin reacted with antibodies to the proteolytic subfragments and to the low molecular-weight subunits of myosin. These results confirm our earlier conclusion that the myosins of the reactive fibers in rat skeletal muscle are sufficiently similar to share antigenic determinants. The homology, furthermore, is not confined to a limited region of the myosin molecule, but includes the head and rod portions and all classes of light chains. Despite the similarities, some differences exist in the protein compositions of these fibers: antibodies to S1 did not stain the reactive (fast) red fiber as strongly as they did the white and intermediate fibers. Non-uniform staining was also observed with antibodies specific for A2 myosin; the fast red fiber again showed weaker fluorescence than did the other reactive fibers. These results could indicate a variable distribution of myosin isoenzymes according to their alkali-light chain composition among fiber types. Alternatively, there may exist yet another myosin isoenzyme which is localized in the fast red fiber. Those red fibers which did not react with any of the antibodies to pectoralis myosin, did react strongly with an antibody against myosin isolated from the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD), a slow red muscle of the chicken. The myosin in these fibers (slow red fibers) is, therefore, distinct from the other myosin isoenzymes. In the rat soleus, a slow-twitch muscle, the majority of the fibers reacted only with antibody against ALD myosin. A minority, however, reacted with antiboddies to pectoralis as well as ALD myosin, which indicates that both fast and slow myosin can coexist within the same fiber of a normal adult muscle. These immunocytochemical studies have emphasized that a wide range of isoenzymes may contribute to the characteristic physiological properties of individual fiber types in a mixed muscle.
Preface: The Transfer of Management Knowledge to Peripheral Countries

Recent literature has increasingly recognized the expansion of management knowledge and its application beyond its original cultural and institutional context (e.g., Engwall and Kipping 2004; Sahlin-Andersson and Engwall 2002). Most empirical studies in this respect have examined the influence of U.S. management and technology models on Europe and Japan after World War II (e.g., Djelic 1998; Kipping and Bjarnar 1998; Kudo, Kipping, and Schröter 2004) or the application of Japanese management techniques in Western companies during the 1980s (e.g., Lillrank 1995; Pascale 1982; Shiomi and Wada 1996). Particular attention has been devoted to the different carriers of management knowledge, including productivity centers, business schools, consultancies, and multinationals (e.g., Amdam, Kvålshaugen, and Larsen 2003; Engwall and Zamagni 1998; Kipping and Engwall 2002). In many cases, the adoption and adaptation of U.S. or Japanese management ideas and practices are seen as an important ingredient for the subsequent success of companies from these countries in international markets (e.g., Kudo et
Concordance of metabolic enzyme genotypes assayed from paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed breast tumors and normal lymphatic tissue

Objectives Translational epidemiology studies often use archived tumor specimens to evaluate genetic hypotheses involving cancer outcomes. When the exposure of interest is a germline polymorphism, a key concern is whether the genotype assayed from tumor-derived DNA is representative of the germline. We evaluated the concordance between breast tumor-derived and normal lymph node-derived genotypes for three polymorphic tamoxifen-metabolizing enzymes. Methods We assayed paired DNA samples extracted from archived tumor and normal lymph node tissues from 106 breast cancer patients. We used TaqMan assays to determine the genotypes of three enzyme variants hypothesized to modify tamoxifen effectiveness, ie, CYP2D6*4, UGT2B15*2, and UGT1A8*2. We assessed genotype agreement between the two DNA sources by calculating the percent agreement and the weighted kappa statistic. Results We successfully obtained genotypes for CYP2D6*4, UGT2B15*2, and UGT1A8*2 in 99%, 100%, and 84% of the paired samples, respectively. Genotype concordance was perfect for the CYP2D6*4 and UGT1A8*2 variants (weighted kappa for both = 1.00; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00, 1.00). For UGT2B15*2, one pair out of 106 gave a discordant result that persisted over several assay repeats. Conclusions We observed strong agreement between DNA from breast tumors and normal lymphatic tissue in the genotyping of polymorphisms in three tamoxifen-metabolizing enzymes. Genotyping DNA extracted from tumor tissue avoids the time-consuming practice of microdissecting adjacent normal tissue when other normal tissue sources are not available. Therefore, the demonstrated reliability of tumor-derived DNA allows resources to be spent instead on increasing sample size or the number of polymorphisms examined.
Negotiating Identities for Mathematics Teaching in the Context of Professional Development

This article presents an analytical approach for documenting the identities for teaching that mathematics teachers negotiate as they participate in 2 or more communities that define high-quality teaching differently. Drawing on data from the first 2 years of a collaboration with a group of middle school mathematics teachers, the article focuses on a critical initial condition for teachers to improve their practice—determining that the effort required is worthwhile. Analysis of the data indicates that the teachers were constructing distinct identities for teaching mathematics as they worked in the institutional context of the school and the context of ongoing professional development. The results speak directly to a central issue that arises when supporting teachers’ efforts to improve their instructional practices: their motivation for affiliating with a vision of teaching that involves centering instruction on student thinking.
The modulation of reward priority by top-down knowledge

Reward-associated features capture attention automatically and continue to do so even when the reward contingencies are removed. This profile has led to the hypothesis that rewards belong to a separate class of attentional biases that is neither typically top-down nor bottom-up. The goal of these experiments was to understand the degree to which top-down knowledge can modulate value-driven attentional capture within (a) the timecourse of a single trial and (b) when the reward contingencies change explicitly over trials. The results suggested that top-down knowledge does not affect the size of value-driven attentional capture within a single trial. There were clear top-down modulations in the magnitude of value-driven capture when reward contingencies explicitly changed, but the original reward associations continued to have a persistent bias on attention. These results contribute to a growing body of evidence that reward associations bias attention through mechanisms separate from other top-down and bottom-up attentional biases.
Diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo fMRI at 9.4 T: Microvascular/tissue contribution to BOLD signal changes

The nature of vascular contribution to blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) contrast used in functional MRI (fMRI) is poorly understood. To investigate vascular contributions at an ultrahigh magnetic field of 9.4 T, diffusion‐weighted fMRI techniques were used in a rat forepaw stimulation model. Tissue and blood T2 values were measured to optimize the echo time for fMRI. The T2 of arterial blood was 40.8 ± 3.4 msec (mean ± SD; n = 5), similar to the tissue T2 of 38.6 ± 2.1 msec (n = 16). In comparison, the T2 of venous blood at an oxygenation level of 79.6 ± 6.1% was 9.2 ± 2.3 msec (n = 11). The optimal spin‐echo time of 40 msec was confirmed from echo‐time dependency fMRI studies. The intravascular contribution was examined using a graded diffusion‐weighted spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging technique with diffusion weighting factor (b) values of up to 1200 sec/mm2. Relative BOLD signal changes induced by forepaw stimulation showed no dependence on the strength or direction of the diffusion‐sensitizing gradients, suggesting that the large vessel contribution to the BOLD signal is negligible at 9.4 T. However, gradient‐echo fMRI performed with bipolar diffusion sensitizing gradients, which suppress intravascular components from large vessels, showed higher percent signal changes in the surface of the brain. This effect was attributed to the extravascular contribution from large vessels. These findings demonstrate that caution should be exercised when interpreting that higher percent changes obtained with gradient‐echo BOLD fMRI are related to stronger neural activation. Magn Reson Med 42:919–928, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for isolation by time in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.)

Life history traits of highly vagile marine species, such as adult reproductive success and larval dispersal, are strongly determined by oceanographic and climatic forces. Nevertheless, marine organisms may show restricted dispersal in time and space. Patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) have been repeatedly observed in marine species. If spawning time is a function of geographical location, temporal and spatial isolation, can easily be confounded or misinterpreted. In this study, we aimed at discriminating between various forces shaping the genetic composition of recruiting juveniles of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla L.). By controlling for geographical variation, we assessed temporal variation and tested for possible isolation by time (IBT) between recruitment waves within and between years. Using 12 polymorphic allozyme and six variable microsatellite loci, we show that genetic differentiation was low (FST = 0.01–0.002) and significant between temporal samples. Regression analysis between genetic and temporal distance, was consistent with a subtle interannual pattern of IBT. Our data suggest that the population dynamics of the European eel may be governed by a double pattern of temporal variance in genetic composition: (i) a broad‐scale IBT of spawning cohorts, possibly as a consequence of the large migration loop in anguillids and strong variance in annual adult reproductive contribution; and (ii) a smaller‐scale variance in reproductive success (genetic patchiness) within cohorts among seasonally separated spawning groups, most likely originating from fluctuating oceanic and climatic forces. The consistency of both mechanisms remains to be verified with fine‐scale analyses of both spawning/migrating aged adults and their offspring to confirm the stochastic/deterministic nature of the IBT pattern in eel.
Language policy-making in multilingual education: mass media and the framing of medium of instruction

In some settings, medium of instruction (MOI) policies in multilingual education break out into public debates in mass media involving politicians, business leaders, government officials, parents, and school children. These public discussions of MOI often index struggles over the distribution of political power and economic resources, and issues such as national cultural identity, national security, equity, and social justice. Although there is a vast scholarly literature on framing and media effects, very little research has examined the role of mass media in MOI policy-making. Specifically, how do mass media shape the policies that are adopted in multilingual contexts? This article reports on a comparative analysis of the coverage in major newspapers of two important MOI controversies in multilingual education: mother tongue versus English MOI in Hong Kong and the continuing discussion of the role of English and Spanish in Arizona. Using the conceptual frameworks of representation theory, legitimization theory, and framing, I identify the major components of the ideological framing of MOI policy in these contexts, the political agendas implicit in media texts about MOI, and the implications for language policy research and practice.
Editorial: the overlap of atopy and functional gastrointestinal disorders in primary care – authors' reply

The association between functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), atopy and mood disorders has been a subject of debate. There is mounting evidence supporting biological plausibility of a genuine association among these disorders. Jones et al. explored the relationship between atopy, functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and mood disorders by capturing the general practitioner (GP) diagnoses from a large cohort of more than 20000 patients’ medical records. This study is by far the largest epidemiological study that evaluates the association between the three conditions. While this study has strong statistical power with large sample size, as with other retrospective studies, the result largely depends on the accuracy of the medical record. Another shortcoming of this study is the robustness of definition of FGIDs, which is based on assessment by individual clinicians rather than standard definitions such as Manning or Rome criteria. Similarly, the definition of atopy and mood disorders also lacks uniformity. While it has been reported that only one in three patients could be correctly diagnosed as depression in the primary care setting, the database used in this study might not capture sub-threshold mood disorders, which is highly prevalent and clinically relevant as shown in population-based studies. The results of this study need further validation with more robust methodology, such as the use of ROME III questionnaires and semi-structured clinical interview for DSM-IV (SCID). Although some confounding factors have been prudently adjusted, it is difficult to evaluate the impact of food hypersensitivity and celiac disease in this retrospective study. It has been reported that food hypersensitivity is more prevalent in patients with IBS and those with atopic diseases. Patients with celiac disease or IBS experience clinically indistinguishable GI symptoms. Despite these shortcomings, the significant association reported in this large-scale study lends further support to a common pathophysiological basis of these conditions. Further mechanistic and interventional studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms.
Escherichia coli σ70 senses sequence and conformation of the promoter spacer region

In bacteria, promoter identification by RNA polymerase is mediated by a dissociable σ factor. The housekeeping σ70 factor of Escherichia coli recognizes two well characterized DNA sequence elements, known as the ‘−10’ and ‘−35’ hexamers. These elements are separated by ‘spacer’ DNA, the sequence of which is generally considered unimportant. Here, we use a combination of bioinformatics, genetics and biochemistry to show that σ70 can sense the sequence and conformation of the promoter spacer region. Our data illustrate how alterations in spacer region sequence can increase promoter activity. This stimulatory effect requires σ70 side chain R451, which is located in close proximity to the non-template strand at promoter position −18. Conversely, R451 is not required to mediate transcriptional stimulation by improvement of the −10 element. Mutation of σ70 residue R451, which is highly conserved, results in reduced growth rate, consistent with a central role in promoter recognition.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of the Inactive and Active Forms of Human Plasma Phospholipid Transfer Protein (PLTP)*

Plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) plays an important role in lipoprotein metabolism. Two forms of PLTP exist in human plasma, one catalytically active (high activity form, HA-PLTP) and the other inactive (low activity form, LA-PLTP) (Oka, T., Kujiraoka, T., Ito, M., Egashira, T., Takahashi, S., Nanjee, N. M., Miller, N. E., Metso, J., Olkkonen, V. M., Ehnholm, C., Jauhiainen, M., and Hattori, H. (2000) J. Lipid Res. 41, 1651–1657). The two forms are associated with macromolecular complexes of different size. The apparent size of LA-PLTP is 520 kDa and that of HA-PLTP is 160 kDa. Of the circulating PLTP mass only a minor portion is in the HA-PLTP form in normolipidemic subjects. In the present study we have isolated and partially characterized the LA and HA forms of PLTP. Both LA- and HA-PLTP bind to heparin-Sepharose and can be separated by elution with 0–0.5 m NaCl gradient, with HA-PLTP displaying higher affinity for the matrix. LA-PLTP was further purified using hydrophobic butyl-Sepharose and anti-PLTP immunoaffinity chromatography steps. HA-PLTP was subjected to a second heparin-Sepharose step and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Analysis of the two forms of PLTP by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and gel filtration demonstrates that LA-PLTP is complexed with apoA-I whereas HA-PLTP is not. Instead, HA-PLTP copurified with apoE. Based on these findings we suggest a model in which nascent PLTP enters the circulation as a high specific activity form not associated with apoA-I. During or after the transfer of lipolytic surface remnants to HDL, PLTP is transferred to apoA-I-containing HDL particles and thereby becomes part of the low activity complex.