Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simulation of the Shielding E ectiveness of CabinetsUsed in Communications

The basic formulations used in the description of thin walls and small apertures in simulations based on the Transmission-Line Modelling (TLM) method are described. It is shown that eecient and accurate methods are available which exhibit a reasonable balance between accuracy and computational eeciency. Results of simulations are presented showing the shielding eeectiveness of cabinets. Of all aspects of design innuencing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of equipment, electromagnetic shielding is the one in which the EMC designer has the maximum degree of control. EMC problems occur because a source of electromagnetic interference (EMI) affects , through coupling paths, the operation of an electronic system (the victim of EMI). The EMC designer has little control on externally generated interference and limited input in the design of the potential victim system which is dominated by operational considerations 1]. Good shielding on the other hand can remove or diminish coupling paths and thus unsure EMC. However, shielding adds cost, weight, interferes with access and cooling and may be aesthetically unacceptable. It is, therefore, imperative to be able to predict the performance of shielding arrangements in complex systems. Modern predictive design tools are computer-based. Hence, this paper deals with such tools based on the Transmission-Line Modelling (TLM) method 2]. TLM is a time-domain, diierential method ooering a degree of generality and versatility which is essential in EMC simulations. One aspect of this approach, however, which can cause diiculties, is the description of ne features in an otherwise large problem space. Typical situations where this occurs are in the description of ne slots, joints and thin walls, regularly found in practical equipment cabinets and shields. While, in principle, it is possible to use a very ne mesh around speciic ne features only and thus economise on computer resources, the diierences in physical scale are normally so large as to make this approach unprootable. In many practical problems it has been found necessary to devise special formulations, which are outside a full three-dimensional eld solution, which give an accurate description of ne features at a fraction of the computational cost of a full eld solution. Two speciic problems are described here. First, the modelling of thin panels made our of poor electrical conductivity materials is presented. Second, the manner in which EM wave penetration through small holes may be described in the TLM model, using the equivalence principle, are presented. Applications of the model in the …
Risk Aversion and the Subjective Time Discount Rate: A Joint Approach

In this paper we analyze a large sample of individual responses to six lottery questions. We derive a simultaneous estimate of risk aversion and the time preference discount rate per individual. This can be done because the consumption of a large prize is smoothed over a larger time period. It is found that both parameters strongly vary over individuals, while they are moderately negatively correlated. Furthermore we explain the estimated relative risk aversion and time preference by income, age, gender, entrepreneurship and an obesity index. Very significant effects are found. If we explain relative risk aversion in a simple model where time discounting is ignored, we find completely different estimates for this parameter. We conclude that in the case of lotteries with big prizes a simultaneous estimate of risk aversion and time preference is needed in order to avoid misspecification
Arms Races and Escalation

Recently, Michael Wallace published an article on a topic on which far too little research has been done so far (&dquo;Arms Races and Escalation,&dquo; JCR 23, 1 [March 1979]: 3-16). Most of us entertain strong convictions about the effects of arms races on war, but practically nobody within the peace research or QIP communities has so far tried to find out whether historical facts are compatible with his views. For example, builders of arms race models have preferred to work on the assumption that runaway arms races are dangerous to peace without testing this assumption or even urging others to do so. Hopefully, Wallace’s contribution will attract more serious data-based research on this topic. If it does, it will be extremely useful, quite irrespective of the truth content of his claims. However, I am not yet as much convinced of the harmful consequences of arms races, or even of their suitability as early warning indicators, as Wallace is. First, in looking over Table 1 it is easy to note that there are four time periods where escalation to war never occurred, whether the arms race index was up or down. These periods are: up to 1852, from 1871 to 1904, from 1919 to 1938, and after 1946. International system variables or the exhaustion of the major powers after major wars and therefore temporary peace-mindedness might be possible candidates for explanations of these periods of peace. In his research on IGOs jointly authored with Singer, Wallace used similar arguments. For much of the postWorld War II period, even the balance of terror or nuclear deterrence might have saved us from bellicose consequences of arms races to be observed in some other periods. At any rate, the arms race-war relationship seems to be different in different periods, even equal to zero in some periods, like the post-World War II period where escalation
Why Mental Arithmetic Counts: Brain Activation during Single Digit Arithmetic Predicts High School Math Scores

Do individual differences in the brain mechanisms for arithmetic underlie variability in high school mathematical competence? Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we correlated brain responses to single digit calculation with standard scores on the Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test (PSAT) math subtest in high school seniors. PSAT math scores, while controlling for PSAT Critical Reading scores, correlated positively with calculation activation in the left supramarginal gyrus and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, brain regions known to be engaged during arithmetic fact retrieval. At the same time, greater activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during calculation, a region established to be involved in numerical quantity processing, was related to lower PSAT math scores. These data reveal that the relative engagement of brain mechanisms associated with procedural versus memory-based calculation of single-digit arithmetic problems is related to high school level mathematical competence, highlighting the fundamental role that mental arithmetic fluency plays in the acquisition of higher-level mathematical competence.
A Feature-Segmentation Model of Short-Term Visual Memory

A feature-segmentation model of short-term visual memory (STVM) for contours is proposed. Memory of the first stimulus is maintained until the second stimulus is observed. Three processes interact to determine the relationship between stimulus and response: feature encoding, memory, and decision. Basic assumptions of the model are twofold: (i) the STVM system divides a contour into convex parts at regions of concavity; and (ii) the value of each convex part represented in STVM is an independent Gaussian random variable. Simulation showed that the five-parameter fits give a good account of the effects of the four experimental variables. The model provides evidence that: (i) contours are successfully encoded within 0.5 s exposure, regardless of pattern complexity; (ii) memory noise increases as a linear function of retention interval; (iii) the capacity of STVM, defined by pattern complexity (the degree that a pattern can be handled for several seconds with little loss), is about 4 convex parts; and (iv) the confusability contributing to the decision process is a primary factor in deteriorating recognition of complex figures. It is concluded that visually presented patterns can be retained in STVM with considerable precision for prolonged periods of time, though some loss of precision is inevitable.
Web 1.0 to Web 3.0 - Evolution of the Web and its various challenges

Now a day's people can hardly conceive of life without internet. The World Wide Web (WWW) as the largest global information media through which user can share, read, and writes data through computers connected with internet. WWW has had much progress since its advent. This paper provides a brief idea of the evolution of the web from web1.0 to web3.0. Web1.0 was about connecting and getting information on the net. Web2.0 is about connecting people and Web 3.0 as a web of knowledge. This paper also gives an overview of security and challenges present in web1.0 to web3.0.
Equilibrium and Inefficiency in Fixed Rate Tenders

The fixed rate tender is one of the main procedural formats relied upon by central banks in their implementation of monetary policy. This fact stands in a somewhat puzzling contrast to the prevalent view in the theoretical literature that the procedure, by fixing interest rate and quantity at the same time, does not allow a strategic equilibrium. We show that an equilibrium exists under general conditions even if bidders expect true demand to exceed supply on average. The outcome is typically inefficient. It is argued that the fixed rate tender, in comparison to other tender formats, may be an appropriate instrument for central bank liquidity management when market conditions are sufficiently calm. JEL Classification: D44, E52
On the Contribution of Binocular Disparity to the Long-Term Memory for Natural Scenes

Binocular disparity is a fundamental dimension defining the input we receive from the visual world, along with luminance and chromaticity. In a memory task involving images of natural scenes we investigate whether binocular disparity enhances long-term visual memory. We found that forest images studied in the presence of disparity for relatively long times (7s) were remembered better as compared to 2D presentation. This enhancement was not evident for other categories of pictures, such as images containing cars and houses, which are mostly identified by the presence of distinctive artifacts rather than by their spatial layout. Evidence from a further experiment indicates that observers do not retain a trace of stereo presentation in long-term memory.
Autistic Traits Modulate Mimicry of Social but not Nonsocial Rewards

Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) are associated with diminished responsiveness to social stimuli, and especially to social rewards such as smiles. Atypical responsiveness to social rewards, which reinforce socially appropriate behavior in children, can potentially lead to a cascade of deficits in social behavior. Individuals with ASC often show diminished spontaneous mimicry of social stimuli in a natural setting. In the general population, mimicry is modulated both by the reward value and the sociality of the stimulus (i.e., whether the stimulus is perceived to belong to a conspecific or an inanimate object). Since empathy and autistic traits are distributed continuously in the general population, this study aimed to test if and how these traits modulated automatic mimicry of rewarded social and nonsocial stimuli. High and low rewards were associated with human and robot hands using a conditioned learning paradigm. Thirty‐six participants from the general population then completed a mimicry task involving performing a prespecified hand movement which was either compatible or incompatible with a hand movement presented to the participant. High autistic traits (measured using the Autism Spectrum Quotient, AQ) predicted lesser mimicry of high‐reward than low‐reward conditioned human hands, whereas trait empathy showed an opposite pattern of correlations. No such relations were observed for high‐reward vs. low‐reward conditioned robot hands. These results demonstrate how autistic traits and empathy modulate the effects of reward on mimicry of social compared to nonsocial stimuli. This evidence suggests a potential role for the reward system in underlying the atypical social behavior in individuals with ASC, who constitute the extreme end of the spectrum of autistic traits. Autism Res 2013, 6: 614–620. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebral Hemodynamics and Vascular Reactivity in Mild and Severe Ischemic Rodent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Stroke Models

Ischemia can cause decreased cerebral neurovascular coupling, leading to a failure in the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. This study aims to investigate the effect of varying degrees of ischemia on cerebral hemodynamic reactivity using in vivo real-time optical imaging. We utilized direct cortical stimulation to elicit hyper-excitable neuronal activation, which leads to induced hemodynamic changes in both the normal and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) ischemic stroke groups. Hemodynamic measurements from optical imaging accurately predict the severity of occlusion in mild and severe MCAO animals. There is neither an increase in cerebral blood volume nor in vessel reactivity in the ipsilateral hemisphere (I.H) of animals with severe MCAO. The pial artery in the contralateral hemisphere (C.H) of the severe MCAO group reacted more slowly than both hemispheres in the normal and mild MCAO groups. In addition, the arterial reactivity of the I.H in the mild MCAO animals was faster than the normal animals. Furthermore, artery reactivity is tightly correlated with histological and behavioral results in the MCAO ischemic group. Thus, in vivo optical imaging may offer a simple and useful tool to assess the degree of ischemia and to understand how cerebral hemodynamics and vascular reactivity are affected by ischemia.
The Reddest Quasars. II. A Gravitationally Lensed FeLoBAL Quasar

We report the discovery of a z = 2.65 low-ionization iron broad absorption line quasar, FIRST J100424.9+122922, which is gravitationally lensed by a galaxy at z ≈ 0.95. The object was discovered as part of a program to find very red quasars by matching the FIRST radio survey with the Two Micron All Sky Survey in the near-infrared. J100424.9+122922 is the second lensed system to be found in this program, suggesting that many gravitational lenses are probably missed from conventional optical quasar surveys. We have made a simple lens model and a rough estimate of the reddening in the immediate environment of the quasar which suggests that the quasar is intrinsically very luminous and is accreting at close to the Eddington limit of its ∼109 M⊙ black hole. The lensing galaxy has a small amount of dust, which is responsible for some excess reddening observed in the fainter image of the quasar, but is otherwise a fairly typical massive elliptical galaxy. We model the selection effects working against the detection of red quasars in both lensed and unlensed samples. We show that these selection effects are very effective at removing even lightly reddened high-redshift quasars from magnitude-limited samples, whether they are lensed or not. This suggests that the red quasar population in general could be very large, and in particular the class of iron broad absorption line quasars of which J100424.9+122922 is a member may be much larger than their rarity in magnitude-limited samples would suggest.
Overexpression of SAMDC1 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana increases expression of defense-related genes as well as resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis

It has been previously described that elevation of endogenous spermine levels in Arabidopsis could be achieved by transgenic overexpression of S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) or Spermine synthase (SPMS). In both cases, spermine accumulation had an impact on the plant transcriptome, with up-regulation of a set of genes enriched in functional categories involved in defense-related processes against both biotic and abiotic stresses. In this work, the response of SAMDC1-overexpressing plants against bacterial and oomycete pathogens has been tested. The expression of several pathogen defense-related genes was induced in these plants as well as in wild type plants exposed to an exogenous supply of spermine. SAMDC1-overexpressing plants showed an increased tolerance to infection by Pseudomonas syringae and by Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Both results add more evidence to the hypothesis that spermine plays a key role in plant resistance to biotic stress.
Pin Balancing in Ratio Cut Partitioning.

Partitioning is a fundamental step in the computer-aided design process. One of the best algorithms for partitioning is ratio cut 10] but, as many others, it does not take into account speciic properties of multi-terminal nets, especially with regard to module pin count. In this paper, we show that the number of pins per module can be unbalanced if not taken care of properly. Since this unbalance can have important implications, we present a way to improve the pin balance without losing the best partitioning qualities.
B Cells Are Multifunctional Players in Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Insights from Therapeutic Interventions

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by autoimmune inflammation and neurodegeneration. Historically, damage to the CNS was thought to be mediated predominantly by activated pro-inflammatory T cells. B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of MS was solely attributed to autoantibody production. The first clues for the involvement of antibody-independent B cell functions in MS pathology came from positive results in clinical trials of the B cell-depleting treatment rituximab in patients with relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. The survival of antibody-secreting plasma cells and decrease in T cell numbers indicated the importance of other B cell functions in MS such as antigen presentation, costimulation, and cytokine production. Rituximab provided us with an example of how clinical trials can lead to new research opportunities concerning B cell biology. Moreover, analysis of the antibody-independent B cell functions in MS has gained interest since these trials. Limited information is present on the effects of current immunomodulatory therapies on B cell functions, although effects of both first-line (interferon, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, and teriflunomide), second-line (fingolimod, natalizumab), and even third-line (monoclonal antibody therapies) treatments on B cell subtype distribution, expression of functional surface markers, and secretion of different cytokines by B cells have been studied to some extent. In this review, we summarize the effects of different MS-related treatments on B cell functions that have been described up to now in order to find new research opportunities and contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of MS.
Random Geometric Graphs as model of Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are likely to be widely deployed in the near future because they greatly extend our ability to monitor and control the physical environment. Finding a good network model for WSN is of great importance and has been the subject of several publications. Many models have their origin in classic areas of theoretical computer science and applied mathematics: regardless of the radio technology used, from the topology point of view, at any instant in time a WSN can be represented as a graph with a set of vertices consisting of the nodes of the network and a set of edges consisting of the links between the nodes. However, future applications will involve a large number of sensors to deploy on inaccessible areas, leading to a random deployment which makes the classical graph models obsolete. In this paper, we show that the random strategy is the only way to deploy future WSN and therefore the modeling with Random Geometric Graphs is the most appropriate.
Toward a Computational Model of Creativity: Novel Hypothesis Generation from Structural Knowledge

Creativity, generation of a new idea from past experience and knowledge, is one of fundamental aspects of inferential process making progress in many scientific and non-scientific fields. Children's learning at their early development needs to be creative: by nature, they frequently encounter new situations in which they need to infer about things unfamiliar to them. In the present study, we attempt to review empirical and theoretical studies on creative inference in children's word learning. Two theoretical implications for creative cognition are discussed. A computational model of word learning offers a formal way to analyze the relationship between hypothesis generation and structural prior knowledge, which can potentially explain some aspects of empirical findings on new idea generation.
Predictors of intention to quit smoking in Hong Kong secondary school children.

BACKGROUND Behavioral theories suggest that a past quit attempt influences psycho-social determinants to predict smokers' intention to quit, although no study has tested the hypothesis among youth smokers. METHODS A sample of 1561 Chinese secondary students, who were current smokers, were collected in a cross-sectional school-based survey in Hong Kong. RESULTS For the 943 students with past quit attempts, those with lower daily cigarette consumption; who perceived smoking would not elicit positive social responses from others; who had one parent/teacher who prohibited them to smoke; who were aware of the health hazards of smoking and being male smokers, were more likely to have an intention to quit smoking. For the 618 students without a past quit attempt, those who did not perceive any benefit from smoking; who had parents and teachers to prohibit them to smoke and who received social support to quit, were more likely to have an intention to quit smoking. CONCLUSION Strengthening the prohibition of smoking and providing social support may help initiate the intention to quit among youth smokers without a past quit attempt, while de-normalizing social images of smoking, providing information about the health hazards of smoking and relieving nicotine addiction may sustain quitting intentions among youth smokers with past quit attempts.
Childhood adversities and distress - The role of resilience in a representative sample

While adverse childhood experiences have been shown to contribute to adverse health outcomes in adulthood, specifically distress and somatic symptoms, few studies have examined their joint effects with resilient coping style on adult adjustment. Hence, we aim to determine the association between resilient coping and distress in participants with and without reported childhood adversities. A representative German community sample (N = 2508) between 14–92 years (1334 women; 1174 men) was examined by the short form of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Brief Resilience Coping Scale, standardized scales of distress and somatoform symptoms. Childhood adversity was associated with reduced adjustment, social support and resilience. It was also strongly associated with increased distress and somatoform complaints. Resilient coping was not only associated with lower distress, it also buffered the effects of childhood adversity on distress. Our study corroborates the buffering effect of resilience in a representative German sample. High trait resilient subjects show less distress and somatoform symptoms despite reported childhood adversities in comparison to those with low resilient coping abilities.