Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A novel method to differentiate between ping-pong and simultaneous exchange kinetics and its application to the anion exchanger of the HL60 cell

We have developed a new test to differentiate between ping-pong and simultaneous mechanisms for tightly coupled anion exchange. This test requires the use of a dead-end reversible noncompetitive inhibitor. As an example, we have applied the test to the anion exchanger of the HL60 cell using the salicylic acid derivative 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (DIS), which reversibly inhibits HL60 cell Cl/Cl exchange. The concentration of DIS that causes 50% inhibition (ID50) increased only slightly as either intra- or extracellular chloride was increased, indicating that DIS inhibits HL60 anion exchange in a noncompetitive manner. In agreement with this observation, plots of the slope of the Dixon plot as a function of 1/[Clo] or 1/[Cli] were fit with straight lines with nonzero intercepts, indicating that DIS does not compete with either of the substrates ([Clo] and [Cli]). The secondary Dixon slope test is based on the fact that, for a dead-end inhibitor such as DIS, the slope of the Dixon plot slope vs. 1/[Cli] (secondary Dixon slope or SDS) is independent of extracellular Cl when the exchange mechanism follows ping-pong kinetics. Similarly, the SDS calculated from a plot as a function of 1/[Clo] is also independent of intracellular Cl for a ping-pong exchanger. In contrast to this prediction, we found that for DIS inhibition of Cl/Cl exchange in HL60 cells the slope of the Dixon plot slope vs. 1/[Cli] decreased by a factor of 2.5-fold when [Clo] was increased from 1 to 11 mM (P < 0.0001). This change in the SDS rules out ping-pong kinetics, but is consistent with a simultaneous model of Cl/Cl exchange in which there are extra- and intracellular anion binding sites, both of which must be occupied by suitable anions in order to allow simultaneous exchange of the ions.
M capacity as a lifespan construct: A study of its decrease in ageing subjects

The performance of 93 ageing subjects (age range, 59-96) was studied in tests that had been proved to measure M capacity in children (Morra, 1994), (i.e. the Backward Digit Span, the Counting Span, and the Mr Cucumber Test). For the sake of comparison, the Forward Digit Span was also administered. Preliminary analyses showed that Backward Digit Span, Counting Span, and Mr Cucumber have a similar rate of decline with age, and are significantly correlated with one another. The goodness of ” t of three different linear structural equation models suggests that, also in the elderly, the scores in these three tests reflect the same latent construct (i.e. M capacity), which in turn is negatively affected by age and positively affected by education. In addition, the variance within each subject of these three scores is usually small. It is concluded that these three tests can also be used as measures of M capacity in ageing subjects.
A characterisation of the workload on an engineering design grid

Computer-aided engineering design uses simulations to explore a design space and identify promising regions. The hierarchical structure of the engineering design process suggests distinctive workload patterns that we believe are common in industry, yet have been little captured by previous characterisations. Selecting a scheduling policy that is ill-suited to the workload it serves may lead to poor performance. This paper characterises the workload run on the private grid of a large aircraft manufacturer over a period of 30 months. Cycles of load at daily and weekly scales are observed, and there are extended periods where the grid operates at saturation and work must queue. A method of creating workloads containing such cycles at a given total load percentage by adjusting inter-arrival times is given. Task execution times are demonstrated to be distributed in a log-uniform way, and an algorithm is given to generate execution times following this distribution. Graphs of dependencies between tasks are shown to have variation in node degree greater than that of random graphs, and a process of constructing dependency graphs following the observed distribution is described.
Preliminary laboratory thermo-hydro-mechanical characterization of Opalinus clay

Argillite is being considered as a possible host rock for geological radioactive waste disposal in several countries. In the present work, Opalinus clay, taken from the Mont Terri Rock laboratory (Switzerland) was tested. A triaxial compression test was performed under saturated conditions. It was observed that preparing a specimen for triaxial test (38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height) may induce certain damage on the material. In addition, when saturating the specimen under its in situ stress (2 MPa), a volumetric swell of 1.2 % occurred. The swelling process continued even after 200 h of saturation. The results suggest that the variability of mechanical properties of Opalinus clay obtained from existing studies is related to the damage induced during the preparation of specimens on the one hand and the saturation on the other hand. Secondly, a possible effect of heating (which would be generated by the radioactive waste canister in the conditions of waste disposal) on the mechanical behaviour was also tested. A soil specimen, having a suction of 39 MPa was subjected to a heating/cooling cycle (temperature increased from 25 to 60°C and then decreased to 25°C) under a low confining pressure (0.1 MPa). The results show that heating induced first a thermal dilation. When the temperature was maintained at 60°C, a decrease of the soil volume was observed. The subsequent cooling induced a decrease of the soil volume with the same thermal dilation coefficient obtained during the heating. The thermal behavior of Opalinus clay (thermal dilation and then contraction during heating) is then similar to that usually observed on clays. Further studies on the temperature effects are needed to clarify this behaviour.
INTERACTION AND SYNTACTIC PRIMING: English L2 Speakers' Production of Dative Constructions

Interaction research about the role of language production in second language (L2) development has focused largely on modified output, specifically learners' responses to negative feedback (Iwashita, 2001; Loewen & Philp, in press; Mackey & Philp, 1998; McDonough, 2005; McDonough & Mackey, in press; Nobuyoshi & Ellis, 1993; Pica, 1988; Shehadeh, 2001). However, other processes involved in language production might help account for the beneficial relationship between interaction and L2 development. This paper reports the findings of two experiments that examined the occurrence of syntactic priming—a speaker's tendency to produce a previously spoken or heard structure—during interaction between L2 English speakers. Both studies used confederate scripting to elicit dative constructions from advanced English L2 speakers. In experiment 1, the participants (n = 50) were exposed to both prepositional and double-object dative primes. The linear mixed-model analysis indicated that syntactic priming occurred with prepositional datives only. In experiment 2, the English L2 participants (n = 54) received double-object dative primes only; results showed no evidence of syntactic priming. The implications are discussed in terms of the potential role of syntactic priming in driving L2 development in interactive contexts.This research was supported by grants (03135 and 04184) from the campus research board at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. I am grateful to Nick Ellis, Susan Gass, Alison Mackey, and Pavel Trofimovich for their insightful comments on this paper and to Ron Crawford for his assistance with the coding. Any errors, of course, are my own.
Indigenous People and Environmental Politics

AbstractModernity has helped to popularize, and at the same time threaten, indigeneity. Anthropologists question both the validity of the concept of indigeneity and the wisdom of employing it as a political tool, but they are reluctant to deny it to local communities, whose use of the concept has become subject to study. The concept of indigenous knowledge is similarly faulted in favor of the hybrid products of modernity, and the idea of indigenous environmental knowledge and conservation is heatedly contested. Possibilities for alternate environmentalisms, and the combining of conservation and development goals, are being debated and tested in integrated conservation and development projects and extractive reserves. Anthropological understanding of both state and community agency is being rethought, and new approaches to the study of collaboration, indigenous rights movements, and violence are being developed. These and other current topics of interest involving indigenous peoples challenge anthropologic.
Behavioral Inhibition in Childhood: A Risk Factor for Anxiety Disorders

&NA; Childhood antecedents of anxiety disorders in adulthood remain poorly understood. We have, therefore, examined from longitudinal and familial perspectives the relationship between behavioral inhibition in children and anxiety disorders. We review a series of studies describing the association between behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders in two independently ascertained and previously described samples of children. One sample was cross‐sectional and clinically derived (Massachusetts General Hospital at‐risk sample), and the other was epidemlologically derived and longitudinal (Kagan et al. longitudinal cohort). Our studies have found that (1) children of parents with panic disorder with agoraphobia, either alone or comorbid with major depressive disorder, are at increased risk for behavioral inhibition; (2) children identified as having behavioral inhibition have high rates of childhood‐onset anxiety disorders themselves; (3) behavioral inhibition is associated with familial risk for anxiety disorders; (4) children with behavioral inhibition and anxiety disorders have greater familial loading of anxiety disorders; (5) children who remain inhibited over time are at highest risk for anxiety disorders in themselves and their families; and (6) these differences between inhibited children and not‐inhibited controls become more robust at 3‐year follow‐up. Our research strongly indicates that behavioral inhibition is an identifiable early childhood predictor of later anxiety disorders.
Antecedents and Moderators of Online Shopping Behavior in Undergraduate Students

The online shopping behaviors of 600 undergraduate students in Taiwan were explored in regard to the influences of perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, trust, behavioral intentions, and actual behavior. The moderating effects of online experience were taken into account. A model depicting the mechanisms of an effective relationship with online shoppers was developed and a survey was conducted to gather information. Structural equation modeling was used to validate the measures developed and test the hypothesized model. All variables had a significant and positive impact, and experience online had a moderate impact.
Differential effects of a perioperative hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp on the neurohumoral stress response during coronary artery surgery.

BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with adverse outcome. Although insulin infusion strategies are increasingly used to improve outcome, a pathophysiological rationale is currently lacking. The present study was designed to quantify the effects of a perioperative hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp on the neurohumoral stress response during CABG. METHODS Forty-four nondiabetic patients, scheduled for elective CABG, were randomized to either a control group (n = 22) receiving standard care or to a clamp group (n = 22) receiving additionally a perioperative hyperinsulinemic (regular insulin at a fixed rate of 0.1 IU.kg(-1). h(-1)) normoglycemic (plasma glucose between 3.0 and 6.0 mmol.liter(-1)) clamp during 26 h. We measured the endocrine response of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the sympathoadrenal axis, and glucagon, as well as plasma glucose and insulin at regular intervals from the induction of anesthesia at baseline through the end of the second postoperative day (POD). RESULTS There were no differences in clinical outcome between the groups. In the control group, hyperglycemia developed at the end of surgery and remained present until the final measurement point on POD2, whereas plasma insulin levels remained unchanged until the morning of POD1. In the intervention group, normoglycemia was well maintained during the clamp, whereas insulin levels ranged between 600 and 800 pmol.liter(-1). In both groups, plasma ACTH and cortisol increased from 6 h after discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass onward. However, during the clamp period, a marked reduction in the HPA axis response was found in the intervention group, as reflected by a 47% smaller increase in area under the curve in plasma ACTH (P = 0.035) and a 27% smaller increase in plasma cortisol (P = 0.002) compared with the control group. Compared with baseline, epinephrine and norepinephrine increased by the end of the clamp interval until POD2 in both groups. Surprisingly, the area under the curve of epinephrine levels was 47% higher (P = 0.026) after the clamp interval in the intervention group as compared with the control group. CONCLUSION A hyperinsulinemic normoglycemic clamp during CABG delays and attenuates the HPA axis response during the first 18 h of the myocardial reperfusion period, whereas after the clamp, plasma epinephrine is higher. The impact of delaying cortisol responses on clinical outcome of CABG remains to be elucidated.
Parallel Organization

A parallel organization improves problem solving and decision making by liberating creative, rigorous inquiry blocked or unavailable in the formal organization. This article reports a study of a parallel organization unusual for its structure, size, and duration. Its outputs significantly affected a wide range of organizational policies in manufacturing, strategic planning, and human resources. Its structure, staffing, and process improved organizational practices, relationships, learning, and communication. The case provides a valuable extension and contrast to other cases and enlightens views of theory and practice.
Financial Market Contagion in the Asian Crisis

This paper tests for evidence of contagion between the financial markets of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Korea, and the Philippines. We find that correlations in currency and sovereign spreads increase significantly during the crisis period, whereas the equity market correlations offer mixed evidence. We construct a set of dummy variables using daily news to capture the impact of own-country and cross-border news on the markets. We show that after controlling for own-country news and other fundamentals, there is evidence of cross-border contagion in the currency and equity markets.
Genetically tagged TRE5-A retrotransposons reveal high amplification rates and authentic target site preference in the Dictyostelium discoideum genome

Retrotransposons contribute significantly to the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. They replicate by producing DNA copies of their own RNA, which are integrated at new locations in the host cell genome. In the gene-dense genome of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, retrotransposon TRE5-A avoids insertional mutagenesis by targeting the transcription factor (TF) IIIC/IIIB complex and integrating ∼50 bp upstream of tRNA genes. We generated synthetic TRE5-A retrotransposons (TRE5-Absr) that were tagged with a selection marker that conferred resistance to blasticidin after a complete retrotransposition cycle. We found that the TRE5-Absr elements were efficiently mobilized in trans by proteins expressed from the endogenous TRE5-A population found in D. discoideum cells. ORF1 protein translated from TRE5-Absr elements significantly enhanced retrotransposition. We observed that the 5′ untranslated region of TRE5-A could be replaced by an unrelated promoter, whereas the 3′ untranslated region of TRE5-A was essential for retrotransposition. A predicted secondary structure in the RNA of the 3′ untranslated region of TRE5-A may be involved in the retrotransposition process. The TRE5-Absr elements were capable of identifying authentic integration targets in vivo, including formerly unnoticed, putative binding sites for TFIIIC on the extrachromosomal DNA element that carries the ribosomal RNA genes.
The Impact of Leadership Styles and Knowledge Sharing on Police Officers’ Willingness to Exert Extra Effort to Provide Better Security: A Study in the Riot Unit of the Turkish National Police

The motivation for this study is to understand the factors affecting police officers’ willingness to exert extra effort for providing better service through knowledge sharing in different working environments such as riots. Since managers’ leadership styles may be important factors affecting subordinates’ willingness to exert extra effort, this study investigates which of the leadership styles -- transformational, transactional or laissezfaire leadership -- will have a positive effect on officers’ willingness to exert extra effort. In addition, the current study also examines the effect of the mentioned leadership styles on knowledge sharing, which, in turn, affects the officers’ willingness to exert extra effort in the riot unit of the Turkish National Police (TNP) in Ankara, Turkey. The sworn line police officers working in the riot unit in Ankara, Turkey, were the participants in this study. Three questionnaires --a Multifactor Leadership (MLQ), knowledge sharing, and demographic questionnaire -- were arranged as a booklet to be distributed to the respondents. The results of the study indicate that police supervisors' perceived transformational leadership behavior has a positive effect on officers' willingness to exert extra effort. In addition, the findings also reveal that although both officers' years of service in TNP and police supervisors' perceived transactional leadership behavior has no direct effect on officers' willingness to exert extra effort, they have an indirect positive effect through officers' knowledge sharing. On the other hand, police supervisors' perceive that laissez-fair leadership behavior has no effect on riot officers' willingness to exert extra effort. The findings also indicate that officers’ knowledge sharing is positively related to both their supervisors’ perceived transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. However, police supervisors’ perceived laissez-fair leadership behavior has no effect on officers’ knowledge sharing activities. This research study will provide police administrations with the data necessary to adopt the most appropriate leadership styles for increasing police officers' knowledge sharing and extra effort. The findings will also serve as guidance for police managers commanding line police officers working in different environments, such as social movements, demonstrations, and riots. In that they will be aware of how important it is to create a knowledge sharing environment in riot units to provide better security in all legal and illegal demonstrations and riots. Finally, the findings will be a valuable resource not only for Turkish National Police, but also for future research studies and various police organizations in other countries.
Repair-Independent Chromatin Assembly onto Active Ribosomal Genes in Yeast after UV Irradiation

ABSTRACT Chromatin rearrangements occur during repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) by nucleotide excision repair (NER). Thereafter, the original structure must be restored to retain normal genomic functions. How NER proceeds through nonnucleosomal chromatin and how open chromatin is reestablished after repair are unknown. We analyzed NER in ribosomal genes (rDNA), which are present in multiple copies but only a fraction are actively transcribed and nonnucleosomal. We show that removal of CPDs is fast in the active rDNA and that chromatin reorganization occurs during NER. Furthermore, chromatin assembles on nonnucleosomal rDNA during the early events of NER but in the absence of DNA repair. The resumption of transcription after removal of CPDs correlates with the reappearance of nonnucleosomal chromatin. To date, only the passage of replication machinery was thought to package ribosomal genes in nucleosomes. In this report, we show that early events after formation of UV photoproducts in DNA also promote chromatin assembly.
Public Enemy No. 1?

Outlier voices—particularly those views often dubbed climate “skeptics,” “denialists,” or “contrarians”—have gained prominence and traction in mass media over time through a mix of internal workings such as journalistic norms, institutional values and practices, and external political economic, cultural, and social factors. In this context, the article explores how and why these actors—through varied interventions and actions—garner disproportionate visibility in the public arena via mass media. It also examines how media content producers grapple with ways to represent claims makers, as well as their claims, so that they clarify rather than confuse these critical issues. To the extent that mass media misrepresent and/or gratuitously cover these outlier views, they contribute to ongoing illusory, misleading, and counterproductive debates within the public and policy communities, and poorly serve the collective public. Furthermore, working through mass media outlets, these outlier interventions demonstrate themselves to be (at times deliberately) detrimental to efforts seeking to enlarge rather than constrict the spectrum of possibility for varied forms of climate action.
Reflection in teacher education: exploring pre‐service teachers’ meanings of reflective practice

Reflective practice in teacher education is one reform effort that has taken hold in the education community. This article shares some of the findings of a qualitative interpretive study that explored how five pre‐service teachers constructed meanings of reflective practice, and how these meanings informed their practice. The purpose of this study was to better understand reflective practice in teacher preparation. The theoretical framework originates in the works of Dewey and Schon, and applies a symbolic interaction theoretical and analytical framework to give voice to the pre‐service teachers within the historical and institutional contexts of a teacher preparation program. Nine themes were culled from the data and categorized within the symbolic interaction social processes of acquiring perspective, achieving individuality, and situating the act of reflection. These themes highlighted how the pre‐service teachers interpreted and practiced reflection in this teacher preparation program. The findings su.