Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Body image evaluation, investment, and affect: The role of ethnicity and acculturation in college females

Historically, the Hispanic population has been underrepresented in body image research. The small number of body image research studies including Hispanic women indicated White women have a higher level of body dissatisfaction. However, current body image research indicates White and Hispanic women indicate the same level of body dissatisfaction (Grabe & Hyde, 2006). This study examined body image in White and Hispanic women and examined the role of acculturation and within-group differences for body image in Hispanic women. To address limitations of and replicate previous studies, BMI, age, and education level were included as covariates. Furthermore, body image was viewed as a multi-dimensional concept. Following the proposal of Cash (1994a), body image was measured as three dimensions: evaluation, investment, and affect. Lastly, acculturation was measured as a bidimensional concept. A total of 465 participants, 360 White women and 105 Hispanic women, completed the Appearance Evaluation and Appearance Orientation subscales of The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (Brown, et al.,1990), the Situational Inventory of Body-Image Dysphoria (SIBID) (Cash, 1994b), the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale (BAS) (Marin & Gamba, 1996), and a demographic questionnaire. Results indicated White and Hispanic women experience the same level of body dissatisfaction and time invested in their appearance. However, White and Hispanic women do differ in their experience of negative emotions related to their appearance. The results did not differ when controlling for covariates. In addition, no differences were discovered when examining acculturation and within-group differences in Hispanic women which can be attributed to the lack of diversity within the sample of Hispanic participants. These results support current research findings indicating Hispanic women experience the same level of body image concerns as White women. Furthermore, this warrants increased awareness of the need for body image prevention and treatment in Hispanic women.
Progress in the development of a multidimensional measure of fear of failure: The performance failure appraisal inventory (pfai)

Abstract Measuring fear of failure (FF) is a tremendous challenge for researchers and practitioners because (a) existing measures have demonstrated limited support for the validity of their score interpretations, and (b) existing measures are unidimensional while accumulating evidence suggests that FF is multidimensional. The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory (PFAI) was developed to measures a set of empirically-derived congnitive-motivational-relational appraisals associated with FF. Results indicated that PFAI scores represented fears of (a) experiencing shame and embarrassment, (b) devaluing one's self-estimate, (c) losing social influence, (d) having an uncertain future, and (e) upsetting important others. Correlations with external measures of achievement goal orientations, trait anxiety, and social desirability were consistent with theoretical predictions. PFAI scores correctly classified 76.5% of participants' perceptions of underachievement.
Face Recognition by Humans: 20 Results all Computer Vision Researchers Should Know About

A key goal of computer vision researchers is to create automated face recognition systems that can equal, and eventually surpass, human performance. To this end, it is imperative that computational researchers know of the key findings from experimental studies of face recognition by humans. These findings provide insights into the nature of cues that the human visual system relies upon for achieving its impressive performance, and serve as the building blocks for efforts to artificially emulate these abilities. In this paper, we present what we believe are 20 basic results, with direct implications for the design of computational systems. Each result is described briefly, illustrated, and appropriate pointers are provided to permit an in-depth study of any particular result
Flipping the Switch

Research suggests that high levels of interpersonal power can promote enhanced executive functioning capabilities. The present work explored whether this effect is contingent upon expectancies concerning power’s downstream cognitive consequences. Study 1 showed that social dominance orientation (SDO) predicted idiosyncratic expectancies of mental energy change toward interpersonal power. Study 2 showed that SDO moderated the executive functioning changes associated with interpersonal power and that this moderation effect was contingent upon changes in perceived mental depletion. Study 3 showed that directly manipulating expectancies of mental energy change concerning interpersonal power moderated the executive functioning consequences of power and that this moderation effect was contingent upon SDO and changes in perceived mental depletion. Together, the present findings underscore the importance of expectancies and individual differences in understanding the effects of interpersonal power.
Deep learning via Hessian-free optimization

We develop a 2nd-order optimization method based on the "Hessian-free" approach, and apply it to training deep auto-encoders. Without using pre-training, we obtain results superior to those reported by Hinton & Salakhutdinov (2006) on the same tasks they considered. Our method is practical, easy to use, scales nicely to very large datasets, and isn't limited in applicability to auto-encoders, or any specific model class. We also discuss the issue of "pathological curvature" as a possible explanation for the difficulty of deep-learning and how 2nd-order optimization, and our method in particular, effectively deals with it.
The impact of high neuroticism in parents on children's psychosocial functioning in a population at high risk for major affective disorder: A family–environmental pathway of intergenerational risk

Behavioral genetic studies indicate that nongenetic factors play a role in the development of bipolar and major depressive disorders. The trait of neuroticism is common among individuals with major affective disorders. We hypothesized that high neuroticism among parents affects the family environment and parenting practices and thereby increases the risk of psychosocial problems among offspring. This hypothesis is tested in a sample of participants at high and low risk for major affective disorders, which contained parents with bipolar disorder (55), major depression (21), or no mental disorder (148) and their 146 children between 4 and 14 years of age. Parents with high neuroticism scores were characterized by low psychosocial functioning, poor parenting, more dependent stressful life events, and the use of more emotion-focused and less task-oriented coping skills. High neuroticism in parents was associated with internalizing and externalizing problems among the children, as assessed by parent and teacher ratings on the Child Behavior Checklist and clinician ratings. The results suggest that high neuroticism in parents with major affective disorders is associated with inadequate parenting practices and the creation of a stressful family environment, which are subsequently related to psychosocial problems among the offspring.This work was supported by a grant to the Research Team for the Study of the Development of Affective Disorders (Drs. S. Hodgins, A. Schwartzman, L. Serbin, O. Bernazzani, C. Laroche, W. R. Beardslee, G. A. Carlson, and R. Rende) from the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec and by grants from the combined program of the Conseil Québecois de la Recherche Sociale and Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec (1994–1998) as awarded to S. Hodgins. M. A. Ellenbogen is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The authors would like to thank members of the Research Team for the Study of the Development of Affective Disorders and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on these findings.
Working in teams: negative effects on organisational performance in policing

This study tested predictions derived from social psychological theorising on the deindividuation phenomenon concerning the effects of working alone or collectively on the quality of outcomes of police patrolling activity. Police officers (n = 1,118) reported the resistance experienced when they last carried out each of 12 patrol activities. Officer age, gender, rank and experience did not predict resistance experienced. Increased resistance was associated with the more active afternoon and night shifts, the presence of larger numbers of civilians, and the two (cf. one) officer patrol mode. Although the resistance experienced by officers working collectively in part reflected the influence of work shift on patrol mode, there were substantial proportions of variance in resistance for most patrol activities that could not be explained by the shift variable. The influence of collective patrolling on resistance was consistent with theorising about the origins of deindividuated behaviour, and highlighted the importance of broad conceptualisations of organisational effectiveness when evaluating individual and collective functioning.
An exploration of cultural, institutional, and psychological influences on undergraduate students' academic achievement

This study explored the influences of various cultural, institutional, and psychological factors on different measures of postsecondary students' academic achievement. The cultural factors were ethnicity and years living in Canada. The institutional factors included course type, semester course load, campus, and postsecondary experience. The psychological factors related to culture (perceived family orientation, individualism-collectivism, and strength of ethnic affiliation), institution (goal and institutional commitment, and classroom goal structures), and motivation (achievement motivation). A few background factors were considered, including demographic variables such as age and sex, and high school achievement. The study b h e r investigated academic performance for students of different ethnicity in light of these cultural, institutional, psychological, and background influences. Unlike the majority of research regarding postsecondary achievement, this study was conducted at a large, Canadian commuter institution with open admission policies. Results suggested that particular cultural, institutional, and culturally-related psychological factors may influence students' achievement. For example, along with high school grades, approximately 36 percent of variance in course performance was accounted for through cultural, institutional, and culturally-related psychological variables. A slightly different combination of variables helped to explain approximately 57 percent of variance in overall gradepoint-average (GPA). The institutionally-related and motivationally-related psychological factors appeared to contribute little to explaining students' performance. Findings also suggested that students of different ethnicity may achieve at different levels. In particular, students who indicated Anglo-Caucasian ethnicity scored higher in course performance and overall GPA compared to East Asian, South Asian (Indo-Canadian), and students who reported another ethnicity. Further investigation revealed that these ethnic group differences may be associated with culturally-related psychological factors such as perceived family orientation. For institutional persistence, an attempt was made to differentiate those students who dropped out for academic reasons compared to those who departed due to voluntary withdrawal. Results suggested that three factors (semester course load, sex, and overall GPA) may predict student dropout for academic reasons. Although not as tenable a model, the factors of semester course load, sex, and perceived institutional commitment may help to explain student dropout due to voluntary departure. Implications for future research and limitations to the study are discussed.
Boundary string field theory as a field theory?mass spectrum and interaction

We study the BSFT actions by using an analytic continuation in momentum space. We compute various two- and three-point functions for some low-lying excitations including massive states on BPS/non-BPS D-branes. The off-shell two-point functions for the tachyon, the gauge field and the massive fields are found to reproduce the well-known string mass-shell conditions. We compare our action with the tachyon actions previously obtained by the derivative expansion (or the linear tachyon profiles), and find complete agreement. Furthermore, we reproduce the correct on-shell value of the tachyon-tachyon-gauge three-point function on brane-anti-brane systems. Though inclusion of the massive modes has been thought difficult because of the non-renormalizability in string ? models, we overcome this by adopting general off-shell momenta and the analytic continuation.
Running Header : REAPPRAISAL ATTEMPTS AND SUCCESS Understanding reappraisal as a multi-component process : The psychological health benefits of attempting to use reappraisal depend on reappraisal success

When is reappraisal – reframing a situation’s meaning to alter its emotional impact – associated with psychological health? To answer this question, we should consider that reappraisal is a multi-component process that includes, first, deciding to attempt to use reappraisal and, second, implementing reappraisal with varying degrees of success. Although theories of emotion regulation suggest that both attempting reappraisal more frequently and implementing reappraisal more successfully are necessary to achieve greater psychological health, no research has directly tested this assumption. We propose that daily diaries are particularly well-suited to assess these two components because diaries can capture repeated attempts and success in daily life and with relative precision. In a sample of community adults (N=219), we found that among participants experiencing elevated life stress (but not among those experiencing lower life stress), attempting reappraisal more frequently was associated with fewer depressive symptoms for those who used reappraisal more successfully, but was associated with somewhat more depressive symptoms for those who used reappraisal less successfully. These findings suggest that attempting reappraisal is associated with benefits only when individuals can implement it successfully. Thus, to fully understand the health implications of emotion regulation, we must consider it as a multi-component process.
Impact of aquatic programmes on adolescents with cerebral palsy

This research evaluates the impact of two aquatic programmes (conventional and experimental) on self-esteem and functional independence of 20 adolescents with cerebral palsy. Impact was examined through statistical analyses of data collected at baseline (T1), post-test (T2) and nine months after the end of aquatic programmes (T3). Significant relationships were found between self-esteem, functional independence and aquatic activities. The results confirm the potential value of aquatic programmes to improve the socio-emotional development and functional independence of this population. Despite the positive increase of the subjects' scores, the findings suggest that the experimental aquatic programme was not sufficiently powerful to be significantly different from the conventional program, in terms of gains in self-esteem and functional independence. The implications of these findings and the usefulness of aquatic activities as meaningful therapy for adolescents with cerebral palsy are discussed. Directions for future studies are also proposed. Copyright © 1996 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Good Effects of Bad Feelings: Negative Affectivity and Group Decision-Making

Extending the growing interest in the relationship between affect and workgroup processes, we propose that groups make better use of their distributed information and therefore make better decisions when group members are higher in negative affectivity. In an experiment, we studied the influence of negative affectivity when information was distributed among group members and when group members had fully shared information. Results indicated that negative affectivity indeed stimulates group information processing and decision quality when information is distributed among group members. © 2009 British Academy of Management.
Lexical Acquisition in Elementary Science Classes.

The purpose of this study was to further researchers' understanding of lexical acquisition in the beginning primary schoolchild by investigating word learning in small-group elementary science classes. Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of semantic scaffolding (e.g., use of synonymous terms) and physical scaffolding (e.g., pointing to referents) in children's acquisition of novel property terms. Children's lexical knowledge was assessed using multiple tasks (naming, comprehension, and definitional). Children struggled to acquire meanings of adjectives without semantic or physical scaffolding (Experiment 1), but they were successful in acquiring extensive lexical knowledge when offered semantic scaffolding (Experiment 2). Experiment 2 also shows that semantic scaffolding used in combination with physical scaffolding helped children acquire novel adjectives and that children who correctly named pictures of adjectives had acquired definitions.
Comparison of amantadine and desipramine combined with psychotherapy for treatment of cocaine dependence.

We conducted a single-blind, random assignment, placebo-controlled, 12-week comparison of desipramine hydrochloride and amantadine hydrochloride as adjunctive treatments to counseling for cocaine dependence. Subjects were 54 outpatients who met DSMIII-R criteria for active cocaine dependence and who completed a minimum of 2 weeks of treatment. Subjects treated with fixed doses of 200 mg/day desipramine (N = 17), 400 mg/day amantadine-placebo (N = 16), and placebo (N = 21) did not differ for lifetime cocaine use, lifetime histories of psychopathology, admission scores on psychometric assessments, and sociodemographics. All treatment groups demonstrated dramatic and persistent decreases in cocaine use, craving for cocaine, and psychiatric symptoms consequent to treatment. Although there was a trend for more dropouts by subjects taking desipramine, there were no significant differences among treatment groups regarding retention in treatment, craving for cocaine, and decreased cocaine use confirmed by urine t.
The Assessment of Marital Quality: A Reevaluation.

This article examines afundamental problem in research using self-report measures of marriage: attempts have been made to measure and explain variance in marital quality without adequate understanding and specification of the construct of "marital quality. "A specific consequence of this shortcoming is that marital quality is not readily distinguished from other relevant constructs (e.g., communication). This, in turn, results in measures that have a great deal of overlap in item content, thus preventing clear interpretation of the empirical relationship between the constructs. The inability to establish unambiguous empirical relationships among relevant constructs severely limits theory development in this research domain. One means of avoiding these problems is to treat marital quality solely as the global evaluation of one's marriage. The implications of this strategy are examined in regard to three issues that have received insufficient attention in marital research: (a) the association between empirical and conceptual dependence; (b) the interpretation of responses to self-report inventories; and (c) the consideration of the purpose for which marital quality is measured. The advantages of adopting this approach, and the conditions under which it is most appropriate to do so, are also outlined.
Historical short stories in the post-secondary biology classroom: Investigation of instructor and student use and views

This study investigated the use of five historically accurate short stories in a postsecondary introductory biology course. The stories were designed to include both high l evels of science content as well as explicitly attend students to nature of science i d as through bulleted points and reflective questions embedded within the stories. The stories tar geted fundamental science ideas including: age of the earth, biological evolution, and genet ics. Through mostly qualitative methods, student and instructor use and views of the short stories were investigated. That is, this study investigated 1) how the stori es were implemented in a post-secondary biology course, 2) instructor views of the stories, 3) student views of the stories, and 4) how students interpreted the stories. Data sources incl uded course observations and artifacts, student homework, student questionnaires, and instructor interviews. Data was analyzed to produce substantive categories or rich des criptions. Findings from the study are used to support several conclusions. First, most students are able to accurately interpret historical short stories that are desig ned to explicitly draw students’ attention to nature of science (NOS) ideas. Second, use of the historica l sh t stories increases students’ reported interest in science careers. Third, the nuanc d and contextual nature of NOS poses significant problems for student understanding of NOS in light of students’ inaccurate conceptual frameworks. Finally, instructor use of t h historical short stories is highly linked to the instructor’s perceived value of the short stor ies and NOS more generally. These findings have implications for science educators and curriculum designe rs. Design of historical materials must take an explicit/reflective app roach to NOS inclusion. Furthermore, curricular materials need to somehow address students’ prior thinking before