Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Financial Regulation After the Crisis

I critically discuss the main points in the financial reform legislation passed in the United States in 2010, with the adoption of the Dodd-Frank Act, and the planned reform proposals that are currently being drafted and discussed in the European Union. The general philosophy behind both reforms is similar. The inspiring idea is that financial innovation must be encouraged because it increases consumers' welfare and, by summing across all individuals, the whole of society's welfare. All the effort is concentrated in redesigning the regulatory and supervisory tools to deal with the whole range of new products and to be able to more accurately measure the risks arising from them than was done in the past. Once banks are ready to face those new risks, financial stability should follow. No structural measures aimed at changing the structure of financial markets or changing the business strategies of banking and nonbanking firms have been considered. The shadow banking system has not been explicitly addressed in the financial reform. Curiously enough, in the United States, regulators have succeeded in including a watered-down version of the Volcker rule in the approved reform, even though banks' share of the financial system's total activities is falling. On the contrary, in Europe, where banks are less disintermediated and have managed to reach leverage ratios higher than in the United States, no effort is planned to change their business strategy and to lower their leveragse.
Qualidade do gasto público municipal em ensino fundamental no Brasil

Quality of municipal public spending on primary education in Brazil. The focus of this paper was to analyze the relationship between municipal public education spending and students' academic achievement, evaluated according to IDEB (Index of Basic Education Development) of 2005. The following databases were used: School Census 2005, Brazil Exam (mathematics evaluation applied to students from fourth grade of elementary school) and Finance of Brazil (FINBRA). A multilevel model was estimated and the results suggest that simply increasing the percentage of municipal expenditures on education or the percentage of spending on primary education in relation to municipal expenditures on education do not automatically guarantee improvements in the quality of education.
Medial PFC Damage Abolishes the Self-reference Effect

Functional neuroimaging studies suggest that the medial PFC (mPFC) is a key component of a large-scale neural system supporting a variety of self-related processes. However, it remains unknown whether the mPFC is critical for such processes. In this study, we used a human lesion approach to examine this question. We administered a standard trait judgment paradigm [Kelley, W. M. , Macrae, C. N. , Wyland, C. L. , Caglar, S. , Inati, S. , & Heatherton, T. F. Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 785–794, 2002] to patients with focal brain damage to the mPFC. The self-reference effect (SRE), a memory advantage conferred by self-related processing, served as a measure of intact self-processing ability. We found that damage to the mPFC abolished the SRE. The results demonstrate that the mPFC is necessary for the SRE and suggest that this structure is important for self-referential processing and the neural representation of self.
Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for moderate to severe atopic dermatitis

Background. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the skin that can be refractory to topical and systemic corticosteroids, phototherapy, topical immunomodulators and systemic immunosuppressive drugs. Recent studies have shown promise for the use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) to treat recalcitrant AD.
Neural Contributions to Concentric vs. Eccentric Exercise–Induced Strength Loss

Beck, TW, Kasishke II, PR, Stock, MS, and DeFreitas, JM. Neural contributions to concentric vs. eccentric exercise-induced strength loss. J Strength Cond Res 26(3): 633–640, 2012—The purpose of this study was to examine the strength, electromyographic (EMG), and mechanomyographic (MMG) responses after workouts designed to elicit fatigue and muscle damage vs. only fatigue. Thirteen men (mean ± SD age = 23.7 ± 2.2 years) performed 6 sets of 10 maximal concentric isokinetic (CONexercise) or eccentric isokinetic (ECCexercise) muscle actions of the dominant forearm flexors on 2 separate days. Before (PRE) and after (POST) these workouts, peak torque (PT), surface EMG, and MMG signals were measured during maximal concentric isokinetic, eccentric isokinetic, and isometric muscle actions of the forearm flexors. The subjects also visited the laboratory for a control (CTL) visit with quiet resting between the PRE and POST measurements, rather than performing the CONexercise or ECCexercise. The results showed that there were significant 26 and 25% decreases in PT after the CONexercise and ECCexercise, respectively, and these decreases were statistically equivalent for the concentric, eccentric, and isometric muscle actions. There were also 19 and 23% reductions in normalized EMG amplitude after the CONexercise and ECCexercise, respectively, but no changes in EMG mean frequency (MNF), MMG amplitude, or MMG MNF. These findings demonstrated a neural component(s) to the strength decrement after CONexercise and ECCexercise. It is possible that after these 2 types of exercise, activation of free nerve endings that are sensitive to muscle damage and pH changes resulted in inhibition of alpha motor neurons, causing decreased muscle activation and torque. These findings suggest that training programs designed to minimize strength loss during competition should consider the fact that at least some of this loss is because of neural factors.
The Effect of Information on Attitudes regarding Tour Fees: The Case of the Hoover Dam Powerplant Tour

This study assessed residents' and nonresidents' attitudes toward the Hoover Dam powerplant tour fee (reference price) after the provision of contextual information. The contextual information included the admission cost to other well-known attractions and the cost of providing the powerplant tour on a daily basis. The study also assessed the effect of residual information, previous dam experience, on reference price. Five surveys were used to collect data from 2,958 respondents. The results indicate that contextual information significantly changed attitudes toward the reference price, although residual information had little influence.
Event Study Testing with Cross-sectional Correlation of Abnormal Returns

This article examines the issue of cross-sectional correlation in event studies. When there is event-date clustering, we find that even relatively low cross-correlation among abnormal returns is serious in terms of over-rejecting the null hypothesis of zero average abnormal returns. We propose a new test statistic that modifies the t-statistic of Boehmer, Musumeci, and Poulsen (1991) to take into account cross-correlation and show that it performs well in competition with others, including the portfolio approach, which is less powerful than other alternatives under study. Also, our statistic is readily useable to test multiple-day cumulative abnormal returns. The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Society for Financial Studies. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org. , Oxford University Press.
Betting Against Beta in the Indian Market

Recent empirical evidence from diff erent markets suggests that the security market line is flatter than posited by CAPM. This flatness implies that a portfolio long in low-beta assets and short in high-beta assets would earn positive returns. Frazzini and Pedersen (2014) conceptualize a BAB factor that tracks such a portfolio. We fi nd that a similar BAB factor earns signi ficant positive returns in India. The returns on the BAB factor dominate the returns on the size, value and momentum factors. We also nd that stocks with higher volatility earn relatively lower returns. These findings indicate overweighting of riskier assets by leverage constrained investors in the Indian market.
A statistical pattern recognition approach for determining cellular viability and lineage phenotype in cultured cells and murine bone marrow

Cellular binding of annexin V and membrane permeability to 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) are important tools for studying apoptosis and cell death by flow cytometry. Combining viability markers with cell surface marker expression is routinely used to study various cell lineages. Current classification methods using strict thresholds, or “gates,” on the fluorescent intensity of these markers are subjective in nature and may not fully describe the phenotypes of interest. We have developed objective criteria for phenotypic boundary recognition through the application of statistical pattern recognition. This task was achieved using artificial neural networks (ANNs) that were trained to recognize subsets of cells with known phenotypes, and then used to determine decision boundaries based on statistical measures of similarity. This approach was then used to test the hypothesis that erythropoietin (EPO) inhibits apoptosis and cell death in erythroid precursor cells in murine bone marrow.
Adaptation and distortion of podocytes in rat remnant kidney

A sequence of alterations of podocytes as well as the development of glomerulosclerosis was analyzed in a five‐sixths nephrectomy rat model. Morphometric measurements showed a gradual enlargement in glomerular size without any increase In the number of podocytes in the glomerulus. Structural changes of podocytes appeared as early as 4 weeks after operation, and increased their degree and extent with time. In electron microscopic studies, changes of podocytes In the early stage consisted of foot process stretching and thinning, and cell body attenuation accompanied by pseudocyst formation. As weeks passed, these changes became prominent and were occasionally associated with podocyte detachment from the glomerular basement membrane followed by tuft adhesion and the development of segmental sclerosis. In parallel to the structural changes, Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a marked Increase of desmin expression in the glomerulus with Intense staining in podocytes. Podocyte alterations were Identified as an adaptation to the enlargement of the glomerulus and, consequently, the podocytes seemed to fail to adapt to the structural changes of the glomerulus. The present study supports the hypothesis that podocyte defects are responsible for both the Initiation and progression of glomerular damage. Furthermore, the findings may provide the hypothesis that the native disposition of podocytes in the glomerulus participates In the development of glomerular lesions in a focal and segmental fashion.
Bertrand-Edgeworth Competition in Experimental Markets

The Bertrand-Edgeworth model describes competition among price setting sellers with production capacity constraints. The authors report on laboratory experiments that permit evaluation of different theories of Bertrand-Edgeworth competition: competitive pricing, Edgeworth cycles in prices, mixed strategy Nash equilibrium pricing, and tacit collusion. Each of the theories helps to explain some aspects of the data. However, none of these theories are completely consistent with the data. In relative terms, the Edgeworth cycle theory provides better predictions of key aspects of the data than the other theories. Coauthors are Stephen Rassenti, Stanley S. Reynolds, and Vernon L. Smith. Copyright 1994 by The Econometric Society.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP EFEKTIFITAS KERJA PEGAWAI DI DINAS PERHUBUNGAN KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

The title of this study is "Effect of the effectiveness of leadership at the Department of Transportation employee Kubu Raya district. Based on the breadth of aspects of leaderships, the study was limited as the effect (function) leadership (department heads) to effective employee in the Department of Transportation District Kubu Raya. This study aimed to determine whether there is an influence on the effectiveness of leadership functions in the Department of Transportation employees work Kubu Raya district. The title of this thesis raised by the development of new institutions in Kubu Raya district is the responsibility of each department head to manage and administer the assigned positions, so that the effectiveness of the work of each agency accountable. This research is quantitative research using statistical correlation Pearson Product Moment. Based on the analysis of statistical data, indicators in this study is valid and reliable variables are. For to knoe the results of the study, to determine the relationship obtained the following results: rxy = 0.216, while to know how much influence between two variables, do pengkuadradan of the correlation coefficient, so rxy ² = 0.046656. The results indicate that the hypothesis rxyhitung smaller than rxytabel (0.216 <0.44) with a significance level of 0.046656 or 4.66% so in this study, explained the rejection of hypotheses, there is no influence of the work function of the effectiveness of leadership, despite rejecting the hypothesis in significance of measurement data, the minimal influence of the leadership function of the effectiveness of an employee working at the Department of Transportation District Kubu Raya. Key Word : Leadership and employee effectiveness
DIFFUSION MODELS FOR EXCHANGE RATES IN A TARGET ZONE

We present two analytically tractable diffusion models for an exchange rate in a target zone. One model generalizes a model proposed by De Jong, Drost, and Werker (2001) to allow asymmetry between the currencies which is often an important feature of data. Estimation of the model parameters by the method of Kessler and Sørensen (1999) using eigenfunctions of the generator is investigated and shown to give well‐behaved estimators that are easy to calculate. The method is well suited to the models because the eigenfunctions are known so that explicit estimating functions are obtained, and because the state space is a finite interval, for which it is known that the method can be made arbitrarily efficient by including sufficiently many eigenfunctions. The model fits data on exchange rates in the European Monetary System well. In particular, the asymmetry parameter is significantly different from zero for three out of four currencies. An alternative diffusion model is presented with similarly nice properties, but with different dynamics that allow constant volatility near the boundaries of the target zone. No‐arbitrage pricing of derivative assets is considered, and the effect of realignments is briefly discussed.
On asymptotically equivalent shallow water wave equations

The integrable third-order Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation emerges uniquely at linear order in the asymptotic expansion for unidirectional shallow water waves. However, at quadratic order, this asymptotic expansion produces an entire family of shallow water wave equations that are asymptotically equivalent to each other, under a group of nonlinear, non-local, normal-form transformations introduced by Kodama in combination with the application of the Helmholtz-operator. These Kodama–Helmholtz (KH) transformations are used to present connections between shallow water waves, the integrable fifth-order KdV equation, and a generalization of the Camassa–Holm (CH) equation that contains an additional integrable case. The dispersion relation of the full water wave problem and any equation in this family agree to fifth order. The travelling wave solutions of the CH equation are shown to agree to fifth order with the exact solution. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. PACS: 47.35. +i; 05.45. Yv; 11.10. Ef; 11.10. Lm
Grassland Growth in Response to Climate Variability in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan

Grasslands in the upper Indus basin provide a resource base for nomadic livestock grazing which is one of the major traditional livelihood practices in the area. The study presents climate patterns, grassland phenology, productivity and spatio-temporal climate controls on grassland growth using satellite data over the upper Indus basin of the Himalayan region, Pakistan. Phenology and productivity metrics of the grasses were estimated using a combination of derivative and threshold methods applied on fitted seasonal vegetation indices data over the period of 2001–2011. Satellite based rainfall and land surface temperature data are considered as representative explanatory variables to climate variability. The results showed distinct phenology and productivity patterns across four bioclimatic regions: (i) humid subtropical region (HSR)—late start and early end of season with short length of season and low productivity (ii) temperate region (TR)—early start and late end of season with higher length of season and moderate productivity (iii) sub alpine region (SAR)—late start and late end of season with very high length of season and the most productive grasses, and (iv) alpine region (AR)—late start and early end of season with small length of season and least productive grasses. Grassland productivity is constrained by temperature in the alpine region and by rainfall in the humid sub-tropical region. Spring temperature, winter and summer rainfall has shown significant and varied impact on phenology across different altitudes. The productivity is being influenced by summer and annual rainfall in humid subtropical regions, spring temperature in alpine and sub-alpine regions and both temperature and rainfall are contributing in temperate regions. The results revealing a strong relationship between grassland dynamics and climate variability put forth strong signals for drawing more scientific management of rangelands in the area.
Sweet charity!Managing employee commitment in the UK voluntary sector

Presents results from an exploratory study of 143 voluntary organisations. Aims to evaluate management employee relations policies in the voluntary sector in the era of contracting. Reveals evidence of employee relations policies being influenced by the funding priorities of the state. Provides evidence to suggest that these policies may be leading to discontent among the workforce. Concludes with a discussion regarding the implications such policies may have on employee commitment in the sector, and suggests several possible avenues for continued research.
Mobile Money: Implications for Emerging Markets

Developing countries lack effective infrastructure: transportation, telecommunications, financial systems, etc. The positive economic impact of the improved telecommunications infrastructure has been demonstrated. The ability of microfinance has been shown to stimulate and enhance economic activity. Now a hybrid of the technologies has begun to emerge: mobile money. The ubiquity of cell phone service, coupled with the notion of microfinance offers the possibility of service in remote areas of a country where it would be otherwise economically unsustainable to provide banking services. Mobile money has all of the attributes of money including store of value and medium of exchange. This paper addresses the economics and policy issues of mobile money: What are the economics of mobile money? What policy issues does it raise? Is it a threat to the traditional banking system? How should it be regulated? What can we learn from the microfinance literature? Do we have empirical evidence of its impact on growth and development?
Technology, social services and organizational innovation or how great expectations in London and Cardiff are dashed in Lowestoft and Cymtyrch

The purpose of this paper is to illuminate important aspects of the policy implementation process in UK welfare organizations. We draw on two evaluations in which we were each involved — those of the Integrated Children's System and the Children's Fund. Our interpretive frameworks share a concern to foreground the significance of the local, informal, and ground level, but do so in ways that acknowledge the encompassing governmental and policy contexts. We illustrate and assess the significance of multiple policy aspirations, the significance of local implementation contexts, the diverse ways in which practitioners gain and subsequently develop knowledge of how policy works, and how such knowledge moves about in organizations. We indicate the kinds of expertise that social service workers bring to and achieve as actors within policy innovations, and how they may manage and in some cases seek to control knowledge shifts between providers and users of services. We infer the inadequacy of conventional top-down models of implementing policy innovations.
Foreign Share, Insurance Density, and Penetration: An Analysis of the International Life Insurance Market

Recent trends toward liberalization and deregulation have sparked significant interest in the topic of international insurers' participation in foreign markets. This research develops a profile of foreign national market characteristics that attract international life insurer participation and additionally, empirically assesses the value that international participation has to the host market. Characteristics that are found to be statistically significant with respect to international participation include high levels of trade liberalization and/or low insurer market share concentration, high levels of national wealth, and high levels of government expenditure on social security retirement benefits. With respect to the benefits such participation provides, we see that the presence of international life insurers share positive relationships with both life insurance consumption and the magnitude of the role life insurance plays within the broader national economy of those host markets.
Relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative state

SYNOPSIS Janis (1958) has proposed a curvilinear relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative emotional state. While other hypotheses share the prediction of a poor outcome for patients with pre-operative high anxiety, Janis' theory is unique in predicting a poor outcome for those with low anxiety. Subsequent research has failed to confirm Janis' hypotheses, perhaps because the designs have been insensitive to the predictions for low anxiety patients. The current study tests the hypothesis more directly and finds some support for a linear relationship between pre-operative anxiety and post-operative negative affect, with no support for Janis' curvilinear hypothesis. On the whole, pre-operative anxiety was a poor predictor of other measures of recovery but, on one measure, patients with low anxiety showed a slower recovery than those with moderate anxiety, i.e. supporting the prediction of a poor outcome for low anxiety patients. The implications of these results for pre-operative preparation of surgical patients and the development of theories of anxiety are discussed.
Are Information Attributes Priced?

Easley and O'Hara 2004 (EO) and Lambert, Leuz, and Verrecchia 2006 (LLV) model the links between information attributes and cost of capital. We explore how differences in the authors' interpretations of their models and their assumptions lead to different predictions, and we examine the relation between cost of equity capital and the information attributes posited by EO. We find that cost of equity capital is increasing in composition, and decreasing in precision and dissemination as predicted by EO. Our results suggest that managers might realize cost of equity capital benefits by providing greater public disclosure, taking actions to encourage greater dissemination of information, and selecting accounting and disclosure practices that increase the precision of their information set.