Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Identification of a nucleocapsid protein as a specific serological marker of human herpesvirus 6 infection

Enveloped whole virions and nucleocapsids of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strain Z29 were purified from supernatant fluids of infected human cord blood lymphocytes by filtration through polyvinylpyrrolidone-treated filters, banding on a Nycondenz step gradient, and centrifugation through two successive continuous sucrose gradients. More than 20 proteins ranging in molecular weight from less than 30,000 to more than 200,000 were identified in preparations of purified whole virions labeled with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine. Immunogenic virion proteins of HHV-6 were identified in immunoblot assays with human immune sera, immune sera generated from mice immunized with purified whole virions or purified nucleocapsids, and a monoclonal antibody generated from a mouse immunized with purified nucleocapsids. The sera and the monoclonal antibody reacted strongly with a 101-kilodalton protein in the immunoblots, suggesting that the protein is a component of the nucleocapsid. Human sera lacking HHV-6-specific antibodies and seropositive for one or more of the other human herpesviruses failed to react with this protein, indicating that it is a specific serologic marker for HHV-6 infection.
Factors Contributing to Different Agency in Work and Study

Most young adults today are following longer educational tracks and postpone entrance into the workforce. This 2-year study aimed to determine factors contributing to occupational self-efficacy in a representative sample of n = 1,891 young adults (M = 23.92, SD = 2.17 years) with different work statuses (studying, in an apprenticeship, employed, or unemployed). Occupational identity, perceived work quality, the ability to cope with work stress, and symptomatology were assessed. Path analyses revealed that work status was the most important predictor of later occupational self-efficacy, with employment showing the strongest prediction of later agency in the professional domain. Ruminative exploration, work stress, and internalizing symptoms contributed negatively to occupational self-efficacy, whereas commitment making and coping competence contributed positively to later agency in work and study. The discussion focuses on the early developmental roots of occupational self-efficacy.
The effects of noise, cognitive set and gender on mental arithmetic performance

Recent research on the effects of moderate noise seems to indicate that the main changes in performance are elicited by shifts in the adopted strategy. The present experiment investigated this effect by directly manipulating the cognitive set and following male and female subjects' performances on an arithmetic task under two levels of noise. The results showed that noise significantly impaired rate of work but has no detrimental effect on accuracy. Noise clearly reduced the pace at which female subjects were working, but it hardly affected that of male subjects. The differential response pattern of men and women in quiet and noise when working under different cognitive sets resulted in a significant interaction between these factors. These findings support the idea that the effects of noise are mediated by a constellation of factors whose control is necessary for a realistic evaluation of performance in noise.
Natural selection then and now

One often reads the following claims: (1) The modern conception of natural selection differs from Darwin's own conception only with respect to incidental features; (2) Natural selection is a very simple idea with enormous explanatory power. Both claims are problematic. R.A. Fisher famously argued that given a particulate view of inheritance, selection could proceed in a powerful manner even with frequent crossing, small fitness advantages and a low mutation rate. This is quite different from Darwin's view, which (roughly translated into a modern idiom) insists on infrequent crossing, large fitness advantages and a high mutation rate. The modern conception of natural selection is not the same as Darwin's, unless we describe natural selection in the most abstract manner. When so described, the ability of natural selection to account for adaptation is questionable.
Immunohistochemical localization of candidates for vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat brain

Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) is one of the best markers for glutamatergic neurons, because it accumulates transmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles. Differentiation‐associated Na+‐dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (DNPI) shows 82% amino acid identity to VGluT1, and is another candidate for vesicular glutamate transporters. Here, we report the immunocytochemical localization of DNPI and compare it with that of VGluT1 in the adult rat brain. Both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were found mostly in neuropil, presumably in axon terminals, throughout the brain. In the telencephalic regions, intense DNPI immunoreactivity was observed in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb, layer IV of the neocortex, granular layer of the dentate gyrus, presubiculum, and postsubiculum. In contrast, VGluT1 immunoreactivity was intense in the olfactory tubercle, layers I‐III of the neocortex, piriform cortex, entorhinal cortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and subiculum. In the thalamic nuclei, DNPI‐immunoreactive terminal‐like profiles were much larger than VGluT1‐immunoreactive ones, suggesting that DNPI immunoreactivity was subcortical in origin. DNPI immunoreactivity was much more intense than VGluT1 immunoreactivity in many brainstem and spinal cord regions, except the pontine nuclei, interpeduncular nucleus, cochlear nuclei, and external cuneate nucleus. In the molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex, climbing‐like fibers showed intense DNPI immunoreactivity, whereas neuropil contained dense VGluT1‐immnoreactive deposits. Both DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities were observed as mossy fiber terminal‐like profiles in the cerebellar granular layer. DNPI and VGluT1 immunoreactivities appeared associated with synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals forming asymmetric synapses in several regions examined electron microscopically. The present results indicate that DNPI and VGluT1 are used by different neural components in most, if not all, brain regions, suggesting the complementary functions of DNPI and VGluT1. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:39–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysing users’ satisfaction with e‐learning using a negative critical incidents approach

One critical success factor for e‐learning is learners’ satisfaction with it. This is affected by both positive and negative experiences in a learning process. This paper examines the impact of such critical incidents on learners’ satisfaction in e‐learning. In particular, frequent occurrence of negative critical incidents has significant potential of negatively affecting satisfaction. The focus of this paper is on assessing satisfaction with e‐learning from a ‘negative critical incidents’ perspective. The paper describes a satisfaction assessment model, called SAFE. The results of an empirical study at the National Sun Yat‐sen Cyber‐University are used to evaluate and validate the SAFE model. Based on the results, the critical incidents that affect e‐learning satisfaction are classified into four categories: administration, functionality, instruction and interaction. Of these, interaction and instruction are found to be the most important factors.
CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells: An unidentified population of immunosuppressive cells towards disease progression leprosy patients

This study, for the first time, reveals the role of M. leprae‐specific CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells in the progression and pathogenesis of leprosy. Co‐culture with CD4+CD25− cells suggested the immunosuppressive nature of CD4+TCRγδ+ cells in dose‐dependent manner. Isolation of CD4+TCRγδ+ cells from leprosy patients and then culture in presence of M. leprae cell wall antigens (MLCwA) along with TGF β, IPP and IL‐2 suggested that these cells are M. leprae specific. TGF‐β‐mediated SMAD3 signalling was turned out to be major factor towards the expression of FoxP3 in these cells. SMAD3 silencing during induction of these cells barely showed the induction of FoxP3. High density of SMAD3 binding at TGFβRII in CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ furthermore suggested the TGF‐β‐directed SMAD3 signalling in these cells. Taken together the above data, we can conclude that CD4+TCRγδ+FoxP3+ cells possess the potential to track the severity of the disease in leprosy patients.
The Roles of Quality, Value, and Satisfaction in Predicting Cruise Passengers’ Behavioral Intentions

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relationships between satisfaction, perceived value, and quality in their prediction of intentions to repurchase and positive word of mouth publicity. These constructs have been examined from three distinctly different perspectives, resulting in three competing models. Thus, the satisfaction model, perceived value model, and quality model were utilized to assess which one best explains cruise passengers’behavioral intentions. Results revealed that the quality model most accurately fit the data and that quality was the best predictor of intentions to repurchase. Quality was found to have both a moderated and direct effect on behavioral intentions. Specific theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Methods of analysis and overall mathematics teaching quality in at-risk prekindergarten classrooms

ABSTRACT Research Findings: This study analyzed the quality of teacher–child interactions across 10 videotaped observations drawn from 5 different prekindergarten classrooms delivering the same mathematics curriculum: MyTeachingPartner–Math. Interactions were coded using 2 observational measures: (a) a general measure, the Classroom Assessment Scoring System (CLASS); and (b) a math-specific measure, the Classroom Observation of Early Mathematics–Environment and Teaching (COEMET). Practice or Policy: High correlations were found between the 2 measures, suggesting that the CLASS may serve as a sufficient metric to determine the quality of mathematics instruction in prekindergarten, though the COEMET may provide finer grained detail about teachers’ practice. Results indicate that the quality of mathematics instruction provided by teachers generally fell in the low- to medium-quality range and did not differ significantly across curriculum-related contextual factors.
With children in their lived place: children's action as research data

Abstract This article discusses theory and methods of researching the everyday experiences of children in the city environment combined with the question of giving a voice to children. The article is organised into three parts. Part one provides a conceptual background, theorising the relational as well as intergenerational character of the concept of environment. The cultural-geographical theory and the concept of Thirdspace are used. Part two illustrates the theoretical and methodological themes with reference to my study with children. I explored the encounter between children and the urban environment. I applied ethnographic tours around a city block with children and the children's spontaneous chat and actions are the data which provide the basis for reflecting on how children's lived places arise in everyday action. The third part of this article discusses the construction of children's lived places and urban childhood.
Determinants of Actuarial Valuation Method Changes for Pension Funding and Reporting: Evidence from the UK

This study examines various factors that potentially explain cross-sectional variations in UK corporate managerial discretion to switch towards a market-based actuarial pension valuation method for pension funding and reporting purposes. Evidence is based on accounting, actuarial and share market data for an industry-matched pair sample of 90 UK firms. Consistent with our hypotheses we find that companies have a greater propensity to switch actuarial methods if they use lower discount rates, lower flow funding ratios and sponsor larger pension plans in the pre-switch valuation year. These findings are consistent with the traditional perspective, which implies that UK corporate switching decisions are explained by characteristics of their defined benefit pension funds. The results run contrary to the findings of earlier US based studies that find that such choices can be explained from an alternative corporate financial perspective. Copyright Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002.
The Future of ‘Gender and Organizations’: Connections and Boundaries

‘Gender and organizations’, a fruitful connection between two previously separate areas of study, has had a relatively short but bountiful history. Much of the research and theorizing within the general rubric of ‘gender and organizations’ has required the breaking of conceptual boundaries and the forging of new connections that go beyond the coalescence of two fields of inquiry. We have not exhausted the possibilities suggested by broken boundaries and new connections. This may be a particularly auspicious time to be breaking boundaries, for the apparent worldwide changes in work and organizing are not well enough understood with many of our old intellectual tools. In this paper I discuss briefly what our studies of gender and organization have, in my view, accomplished so far, and then review some issues and questions stimulated by thinking about broken boundaries and new connections, possibilities that, for me, represent part of the future for ‘gender and organizations. ’
Detection of respiratory viruses by real-time polymerase chain reaction in outpatients with acute respiratory infection

Viruses are the major contributors to the morbidity and mortality of upper and lower acute respiratory infections (ARIs) for all age groups. The aim of this study was to determine the frequencies for a large range of respiratory viruses using a sensitive molecular detection technique in specimens from outpatients of all ages with ARIs. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from 162 individuals between August 2007-August 2009. Twenty-three pathogenic respiratory agents, 18 respiratory viruses and five bacteria were investigated using multiplex real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF). Through IIF, 33 (20.4%) specimens with respiratory virus were recognised, with influenza virus representing over half of the positive samples. Through a multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay, 88 (54.3%) positive samples were detected; the most prevalent respiratory viral pathogens were influenza, human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Six cases of viral co-detection were observed, mainly involving RSV. The use of multiplex real-time RT-PCR increased the viral detection by 33.9% and revealed a larger number of respiratory viruses implicated in ARI cases, including the most recently described respiratory viruses [human bocavirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, human coronavirus (HCoV) NL63 and HCoV HKU1].
Impaired prefrontal synaptic gain in people with psychosis and their relatives during the mismatch negativity

The mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked potential, a preattentive brain response to a discriminable change in auditory stimulation, is significantly reduced in psychosis. Glutamatergic theories of psychosis propose that hypofunction of NMDA receptors (on pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons) causes a loss of synaptic gain control. We measured changes in neuronal effective connectivity underlying the MMN using dynamic causal modeling (DCM), where the gain (excitability) of superficial pyramidal cells is explicitly parameterised. EEG data were obtained during a MMN task—for 24 patients with psychosis, 25 of their first‐degree unaffected relatives, and 35 controls—and DCM was used to estimate the excitability (modeled as self‐inhibition) of (source‐specific) superficial pyramidal populations. The MMN sources, based on previous research, included primary and secondary auditory cortices, and the right inferior frontal gyrus. Both patients with psychosis and unaffected relatives (to a lesser degree) showed increased excitability in right inferior frontal gyrus across task conditions, compared to controls. Furthermore, in the same region, both patients and their relatives showed a reversal of the normal response to deviant stimuli; that is, a decrease in excitability in comparison to standard conditions. Our results suggest that psychosis and genetic risk for the illness are associated with both context‐dependent (condition‐specific) and context‐independent abnormalities of the excitability of superficial pyramidal cell populations in the MMN paradigm. These abnormalities could relate to NMDA receptor hypofunction on both pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons, and appear to be linked to the genetic aetiology of the illness, thereby constituting potential endophenotypes for psychosis. Hum Brain Mapp 37:351–365, 2016. © 2015 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Co-Creation of Caring Student-Teacher Relationships: Does Teacher Understanding Matter?

This study explores the role of high school students’ perceptions of teacher understanding in the development of caring student-teacher relationships. Whereas past research has embedded understanding as a facet of care, this research distinguishes between care and understanding to examine whether and how understanding is necessary for care. Extending Noddings’ (1992) conceptions of caring as virtue and caring as relation to consider understanding as virtue and understanding as relation, the researchers analyzed 33 interviews with high school students discussing 65 student-teacher relationships to consider the nuances within these different types of relationships. The findings confirm that caring as relation is the more desirable form of teacher care and that in most instances of relational caring, students perceive that teachers understand them both as people and learners. However, this is not uniformly the case, and many students perceive agency in co-creating their relationships with teachers by regulating the extent to which they allow teachers to understand them. The researchers recommend greater attention to the development of understanding as virtue within high schools as a middle ground between a complete lack of understanding and extensive relational understanding. This research has implications for teachers and school leaders seeking to foster stronger student-teacher relationships.
Aging and loss decision making: increased risk aversion and decreased use of maximizing information, with correlated rationality and value maximization

We investigated how adult aging specifically alters economic decision-making, focusing on examining alterations in uncertainty preferences (willingness to gamble) and choice strategies (what gamble information influences choices) within both the gains and losses domains. Within each domain, participants chose between certain monetary outcomes and gambles with uncertain outcomes. We examined preferences by quantifying how uncertainty modulates choice behavior as if altering the subjective valuation of gambles. We explored age-related preferences for two types of uncertainty, risk, and ambiguity. Additionally, we explored how aging may alter what information participants utilize to make their choices by comparing the relative utilization of maximizing and satisficing information types through a choice strategy metric. Maximizing information was the ratio of the expected value of the two options, while satisficing information was the probability of winning. We found age-related alterations of economic preferences within the losses domain, but no alterations within the gains domain. Older adults (OA; 61–80 years old) were significantly more uncertainty averse for both risky and ambiguous choices. OA also exhibited choice strategies with decreased use of maximizing information. Within OA, we found a significant correlation between risk preferences and choice strategy. This linkage between preferences and strategy appears to derive from a convergence to risk neutrality driven by greater use of the effortful maximizing strategy. As utility maximization and value maximization intersect at risk neutrality, this result suggests that OA are exhibiting a relationship between enhanced rationality and enhanced value maximization. While there was variability in economic decision-making measures within OA, these individual differences were unrelated to variability within examined measures of cognitive ability. Our results demonstrate that aging alters economic decision-making for losses through changes in both individual preferences and the strategies individuals employ.
Lake‐effect snow as the dominant control of mesic‐forest distribution in Michigan, USA

1 Recent studies demonstrated the sensitivity of northern forest ecosystems to changes in the amount and duration of snow cover at annual to decadal time scales. However, the consequences of snowfall variability remain uncertain for ecological variables operating at longer time scales, especially the distributions of forest communities. 2 The Great Lakes region of North America offers a unique setting to examine the long‐term effects of variable snowfall on forest communities. Lake‐effect snow produces a three‐fold gradient in annual snowfall over tens of kilometres, and dramatic edaphic variations occur among landform types resulting from Quaternary glaciations. We tested the hypothesis that these factors interact to control the distributions of mesic (dominated by Acer saccharum, Tsuga canadensis and Fagus grandifolia) and xeric forests (dominated by Pinus and Quercus spp.) in northern Lower Michigan. 3 We compiled pre‐European‐settlement vegetation data and overlaid these data with records of climate, water balance and soil, onto Landtype Association polygons in a geographical information system. We then used multivariate adaptive regression splines to model the abundance of mesic vegetation in relation to environmental controls. 4 Snowfall is the most predictive among five variables retained by our model, and it affects model performance 29% more than soil texture, the second most important variable. The abundance of mesic trees is high on fine‐textured soils regardless of snowfall, but it increases with snowfall on coarse‐textured substrates. Lake‐effect snowfall also determines the species composition within mesic forests. The weighted importance of A. saccharum is significantly greater than of T. canadensis or F. grandifolia within the lake‐effect snowbelt, whereas T. canadensis is more plentiful outside the snowbelt. These patterns are probably driven by the influence of snowfall on soil moisture, nutrient availability and fire return intervals. 5 Our results imply that a key factor dictating the spatio‐temporal patterns of forest communities in the vast region around the Great Lakes is how the lake‐effect snowfall regime responds to global change. Snowfall reductions will probably cause a major decrease in the abundance of ecologically and economically important species, such as A. saccharum.