Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Police Contact with Suicidal Individuals: A Comparison of Self- Inflicted Suicidal Behaviour and Potential Police Provoked Shooting Incidents

Due to the nature of community policing, police frequently find themselves coming into contact with people in psychiatric crisis; among these, calls to people who are suicidal are common. While many of those who attempt suicide do so through self-inflicted means, others have attempted to provoke police into using fatal force; these incidents have been referred to as suicide-by-cop or police provoked shootings. The study used a case linkage design to explore how commonly police report encountering a suicidal person and to consider what differentially characterised a self-inflicted suicide attempt from an attempted police provoked shooting. All incidents involving a person who was described by police as suicidal were extracted from a large random sample of incident fact sheets completed by police over the 2012-2013 fiscal year. Public mental health and prior police contact details of these individuals were also extracted from state-wide registries. Analyses revealed that two hundred and seventy-five (275; 8.9%) of the random sample of incidents involved police responding to suicidal individuals; 222 (80.7%) involved self-inflicted suicide attempts, and 53 (19.3%) were classified as potential police provoked shootings. A number of incident-level characteristics differentiated the self-inflicted suicidal group from the potential provoked shooting group. Multivariate analyses suggested that the likelihood of being a potential provoked shooting incident was 3.49 times higher if the individual was previously ‘known’ to either the public mental health system and/or the justice system. Collectively, these results suggest that police come into contact with suicidal individuals frequently. Self-inflicted and provoked police provoked incidents are characteristically different, both at historical and incident levels, suggesting the need for better information sharing between health and justice services, clinically guided risk assessment of known persons, and the need for more tailored approaches and resolution strategies.
The Social-Emotional Side of Learning Disabilities

This article provides a context for this special issue devoted to the social-emotional side of learning disabilities (LD). The impact LD definitions have on policy and practice, the prevalence of social-emotional deficits among youth with LD, relevant social-emotional terms, and the rationale for teaching social-emotional skills are discussed. Finally, the articles comprising this special issue are introduced.
Learning Grammars for Different Parsing Tasks by Partition Search

This paper describes a comparative application of Grammar Learning by Partition Search to four different learning tasks: deep parsing, NP identification, flat phrase chunking and NP chunking. In the experiments, base grammars were extracted from a treebank corpus. From this starting point, new grammars optimised for the different parsing tasks were learnt by Partition Search. No lexical information was used. In half of the experiments, local structural context in the form of parent phrase category information was incorporated into the grammars. Results show that grammars which contain this information outperform grammars which do not by large margins in all tests for all parsing tasks. It makes the biggest difference for deep parsing, typically corresponding to an improvement of around 5%. Overall, Partition Search with parent phrase category information is shown to be a successful method for learning grammars optimised for a given parsing task, and for minimising grammar size. The biggest margin of improvement over a base grammar was a 5.4% increase in the F-Score for deep parsing. The biggest size reductions were 93.5% fewer nonterminals (for NP identification), and 31.3% fewer rules (for XP chunking)
Individual Differences in Existential Orientation: Empathizing and Systemizing Explain the Sex Difference in Religious Orientation and Science Acceptance

On a wide range of measures and across cultures and societies, women tend to be more religious than men. Religious beliefs are associated with evolved social-cognitive mechanisms such as agency detection and theory-of-mind. Women perform better on most of these components of social cognition, suggesting an underlying psychological explanation for these sex differences. The Existential Orientation Scale was developed to extend the measurement of religion to include non-religious beliefs (Study 1). Factor analysis extracted two dimensions: religious orientation and science acceptance. This new scale was used to investigate the hypothesis that the dimensions of empathizing, a measure of social cognition, and systemizing can explain the sex differences in religious orientation (Study 2). The sex differences in both religious orientation and science acceptance disappeared when empathizing and systemizing were entered. This indicates that underlying dimensions of individual differences can explain existential orientation better than being male or female.
A nonstandard standardization theorem

Standardization is a fundamental notion for connecting programming languages and rewriting calculi. Since both programming languages and calculi rely on substitution for defining their dynamics, explicit substitutions (ES) help further close the gap between theory and practice. This paper focuses on standardization for the linear substitution calculus, a calculus with ES capable of mimicking reduction in lambda-calculus and linear logic proof-nets. For the latter, proof-nets can be formalized by means of a simple equational theory over the linear substitution calculus. Contrary to other extant calculi with ES, our system can be equipped with a residual theory in the sense of Lévy, which is used to prove a left-to-right standardization theorem for the calculus with ES but without the equational theory. Such a theorem, however, does not lift from the calculus with ES to proof-nets, because the notion of left-to-right derivation is not preserved by the equational theory. We then relax the notion of left-to-right standard derivation, based on a total order on redexes, to a more liberal notion of standard derivation based on partial orders. Our proofs rely on Gonthier, Lévy, and Melliès' axiomatic theory for standardization. However, we go beyond merely applying their framework, revisiting some of its key concepts: we obtain uniqueness (modulo) of standard derivations in an abstract way and we provide a coinductive characterization of their key abstract notion of external redex. This last point is then used to give a simple proof that linear head reduction --a nondeterministic strategy having a central role in the theory of linear logic-- is standard.
The paradox of rereading in hypertext fiction

Rereading often involves reading the same thing again to see something new. This paradox becomes more pronounced in an interactive story, where a reader's choices can literally change what the reader sees in each reading. There has been some discussion of rereading in both non-interactive and interactive stories. There has not, however, been any detailed study of what readers think they are doing as they reread hypertext fiction that changes dynamically as the result of reader choice. An understanding of this would help authors/designers of hypertext fiction create better hypertext that is explicitly intended to encourage rereading. To explore this issue, we conducted semi-structured interviews with participants who repeatedly read a complex hypertext fiction. Participants had trouble describing what they were doing as "rereading", and were looking for either the text, or their understanding of the story, to remain constant between readings. This difficulty highlights the paradoxical nature of rereading in interactive stories, and suggests the need for further research into this phenomenon.
Ocular Larva Migrans Caused by Toxocara cati in Mongolian Gerbils and a Comparison of Ophthalmologic Findings with Those Produced by T. canis

To elucidate the pathogenic potential of Toxocara cati, we observed the ophthalmologic changes of the fundi in Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, after oral inoculation of 17 embryonated eggs/g body weight. Ophthalmic conditions in 8 T. cati-infected gerbils were monitored using an ophthalmoscope from day 0 to day 156 and were compared with those of 57 T. canis-infected gerbils. The results showed that T. cati larvae migrated into the eye of the gerbil and then elicited ophthalmic changes, including retinal (25%) and vitreous (50%) hemorrhaging, vasculitis (37.5%), and exudative lesions (25%). Lesions were less prevalent, however, in T. cati-infected than in T. canis-infected gerbils. Unlike in T. canis-infected gerbils, the hemorrhagic lesions did not reappear in T. cati-infected gerbils after they were absorbed. These findings suggested that T. cati larvae are a potentially hazardous pathogen for ocular toxocariasis and that Mongolian gerbils infected with T. cati may be a useful model for the study of human ocular toxocariasis caused by T. cati. This is the first study to report that T. cati larvae can induce ophthalmic lesions in the retina of gerbils.
Meditation Experience Predicts Introspective Accuracy

The accuracy of subjective reports, especially those involving introspection of one's own internal processes, remains unclear, and research has demonstrated large individual differences in introspective accuracy. It has been hypothesized that introspective accuracy may be heightened in persons who engage in meditation practices, due to the highly introspective nature of such practices. We undertook a preliminary exploration of this hypothesis, examining introspective accuracy in a cross-section of meditation practitioners (1–15,000 hrs experience). Introspective accuracy was assessed by comparing subjective reports of tactile sensitivity for each of 20 body regions during a ‘body-scanning’ meditation with averaged, objective measures of tactile sensitivity (mean size of body representation area in primary somatosensory cortex; two-point discrimination threshold) as reported in prior research. Expert meditators showed significantly better introspective accuracy than novices; overall meditation experience also significantly predicted individual introspective accuracy. These results suggest that long-term meditators provide more accurate introspective reports than novices.
Efficient and Versatile Locomotion With Highly Compliant Legs

Drawing inspiration from nature, this paper introduces and compares two compliant robotic legs that are able to perform precise joint torque and position control, enable passive adaption to the environment, and allow for the exploitation of natural dynamic motions. We report in detail on the design and control of both prototypes and elaborate specifically on the problem of precise foot placement during flight without the sacrifice of efficient energy storage during stance. This is achieved through an integrated design and control approach that incorporates series elastic actuation, series damping actuation, and active damping through torque control. The two legs are employed in efficient hopping/running motions for which they achieve performance similar to humans or animals. This paper is concluded by a comparison of the various design choices with respect to performance and applicability, as well as an outlook on the usage of these legs in a fully actuated quadruped.
BIS WORKING PAPERS No . 71 – June 1999 THE TERM STRUCTURE OF ANNOUNCEMENT EFFECTS

We analyse high-frequency responses of the US yield curve to macroeconomic announcements, exploiting the high signal-to-noise ratios of these events. Surprises in the announcements evoke relatively weak reactions from the short maturities and the strong ones from the intermediate maturities. Thus the term structure of announcement effects is hump-shaped. We fit an affine-yield model to the yield changes, using the announcement surprises as instruments for the Generalised Method of Moments (GMM). The model estimates imply that the announcements impose larger shocks on an expected future target interest rate than on the current short-term interest rate and that different types of announcements generate different expectations about this target rate, how rapidly it will be approached, and how long it will be maintained.
Chandra observation of NGC 4449: analysis of the X-ray emission from a dwarf starburst galaxy

We present Chandra X-ray data on the nearby Magellanic irregular dwarf starburst galaxy NGC 4449. Contributions to the X-ray emission come from discrete point sources and extended diffuse emission. The extended emission has a complex morphology with an extent of ∼2.4 × 1.6 kpc down to a flux density of 1.3 × 10 −13 erg s −1 cm −2 arcmin −2 . The best spectral fit to this emission is obtained with an absorbed, two-temperature model giving temperatures for the two gas components of 0.28 ± 0.01 and 0.86 ± 0.04 keV, a total mass content of ∼10 7 Mcompared with a galactic mass of several 10 10 Mand a total thermal energy content of ∼2.5 × 10 55 erg, with an average energy injection rate for the galaxy of a few 10 41 erg s −1 . Comparison of the morphology of the diffuse X-ray emission with that of the observed Hα emission shows similarities in the two emissions. An expanding super-bubble is suggested by the presence of diffuse X-ray emission within what appears to be a cavity in the Hα emission. The kinematics of this bubble suggest an expansion velocity of ∼220 km s −1 and a mass injection rate of ∼0.14 Myr −1 , but the presence of a huge H I halo (r ∼ 40 kpc) in NGC 4449 may prevent the ejection, into the intergalactic medium, of the metal-enriched material and energy it contains. The arcsecond resolution of Chandra has detected 24 X-ray point sources down to a com- pleteness level corresponding to a flux of ∼2 × 10 −14 erg s −1 cm −2 , within the optical extent of NGC 4449 and analysis of their spectra has shown them to be from at least three different classes of object. As well as the known supernova remnant in this galaxy, it also harbours several X-ray binaries and supersoft sources. The point source X-ray luminosity function, for the higher-luminosity sources, has a slope of ∼− 0.51, comparable to those of other starburst
From dialogue to action: The development of White racial allies

Title of Document: FROM DIALOGUE TO ACTION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE RACIAL ALLIES Craig John Alimo, Doctor of Philosophy, 2010 Directed By: Dr. Karen Kurotsuchi Inkelas, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Counseling and Personnel Services The Supreme Court rulings of Gratz, et al. v. Bollinger, et al. and Grutter, et al. v. Bollinger, et al. (2003) legally affirmed the relationship between positive student learning outcomes and the presence of racial diversity on college and university campuses (Gurin, Dey, Hurtado, & Gurin, 2002). Institutions of postsecondary education are poised to leverage the presence of racial diversity to engage and educate for social change. The purpose of this study is to examine how a race/ethnicity themed intergroup dialogue facilitates the development of confidence and frequency of White college students’ engagement in actions that are congruent with the development of White racial allies. Variables measuring confidence and frequency of action engagement included: (a) self-directed, (b) other-directed, and (c) intergroup collaborative actions. Participants were part of the Multiversity Intergroup Dialogue Research (MIGR) project that included nine college and universities. Using an experimental design with stratified random assignment, three MANCOVA analyses were used to determine the differences in dependent variables between experimental dialogue and waitlist control groups. Covariates included pretest responses repeated survey measures and college involvement variables. All three analyses yielded multivariate group differences. Univariate ANOVA analyses revealed group differences for only the frequency subscales. FROM DIALOGUE TO ACTION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE RACIAL ALLIES
Memory for television advertisements as a function of advertisement–programme congruity

An experiment tested memory for a beer advertisement (placed either at the beginning or the end of the centre advertisement break) within four programme contexts featuring beer drinking either before and after, before or after the centre break, or not at all. The relationship between subjective audience evaluation of the programme and memory for advertisements was also investigated. The sample consisted of students (N = 79) aged 17 to 26 years. Brand recognition of the beer advertisement was significantly related to programme content, showing memory for the advertisement being enhanced when relevant programme material followed the break. Congruent material shown before the centre break had the reverse effect of impairing memory for the advertisement. Increased levels of programme involvement were found to be associated with improved recall and recognition of embedded advertisements but higher rated ‘happiness’ of the programme was associated with poorer memory for advertisement content. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infliximab in combination with methotrexate in active ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical and imaging study

Objective: To examine the efficacy and safety of infliximab combined with methotrexate compared with methotrexate alone in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) using MRI and DXA to monitor its impact on bone. Methods: In this single centre study 42 subjects with active AS were treated with methotrexate and were randomly assigned, in a ratio of 2:1, to receive five infusions of either 5 mg/kg infliximab or placebo over 30 weeks. The primary outcome was improvement in disease activity as shown by the BASDAI at week 30. MRI was used to assess the effect of treatments on sacroiliac and spinal enthesitis/osteitis and DXA to monitor bone mineral density. Results: Both therapeutic agents were well tolerated with no dropouts due to adverse events. A significantly greater improvement in mean BASDAI score was seen in the infliximab arm at week 10 (p = 0.017) than in the placebo arm, but this was not maintained by week 30 (p = 0.195), 8 weeks after the last infusion, at which stage disease flares were reported by some subjects. MRI showed that the mean number of lesions resolving for each subject from week 0 to week 30 was significantly greater in the combination group than in the methotrexate monotherapy group (p = 0.016). Conclusions: Infliximab in combination with methotrexate was a safe and efficacious treatment in AS over 6 months and was associated with significant regression in enthesitis/osteitis as determined by MRI. However, disease flares were reported 8 weeks after the last infusion, indicating that addition of methotrexate failed to extend the infliximab dosing interval.
Results of a randomized trial of partner notification in cases of HIV infection in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND We sought to compare two methods of notifying sex partners of subjects infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or persons who had shared needles with them (needle-sharing partners): "patient referral," in which the responsibility for notifying partners was left to the patient, and "provider referral," in which providers attempted to notify partners. METHODS Names of sex partners and needle-sharing partners and information on how to locate them were obtained from consenting HIV-infected subjects identified in the HIV-testing programs at three public health departments in North Carolina. The subjects were randomly assigned to a patient-referral group (in which patients had the initial responsibility for notifying their partners) or a provider-referral group (in which the study counselor notified the partners). The success of attempts to notify partners was monitored by means of interviews with counselors conducted both in the field and at the health department. RESULTS Of 534 HIV-positive persons identified at the health departments, 247 (46 percent) did not return for counseling after the test, 8 were counseled outside the study, and 117 (22 percent) were ineligible. Of the 162 invited to participate, 88 (54 percent) declined and 74 (46 percent) agreed. The subjects were mostly male (69 percent), black (87 percent), homosexual or bisexual (76 percent of the men), and had a median age of 30 years. Thirty-nine were assigned to the provider-referral group and 35 to the patient-referral group. In the provider-referral group 78 of 157 partners (50 percent) were successfully notified, whereas in the patient-referral group only 10 of 153 (7 percent) were notified. Of the partners notified by the counselors, 94 percent were not aware that they had been exposed to HIV. Overall, 23 percent of the partners notified and tested were HIV-positive. CONCLUSIONS In this trial, leaving the notification of partners up to the subjects (patient referral) was quite ineffective, despite the North Carolina law requiring that partners be notified. Partner notification by public health counselors (provider referral) was significantly more effective. Although the effectiveness of notification procedures is constrained by the accuracy of the information provided by HIV-infected patients, counselors who notify the partners of an infected patient can refer them to educational, medical, and support services targeted to persons at high risk for HIV infection and may encourage the adoption of less risky behavior.
Empirical Models Based on Free-Modulus Magnitude Estimation of Perceived Presence in Virtual Environments

A series of 3 studies was conducted to test free-modulus magnitude estimation as a measure of perceived presence in virtual environments (VEs) and to model the first-and second-order effects of 11 VE system parameters on perceived presence across 5 subtasks. Sequential experimentation techniques were used to build 4 empirical models using polynomial regression. An integrated empirical model of data combined across 2 experiments demonstrated that all significant factors had a positive effect on perceived presence. Three of these parameters - field of view, sound, and head tracking - had almost 3 times as much influence on presence than the other 4 significant parameters, which were visual display resolution, texture mapping, stereopsis, and scene update rate. Sequential experimentation was an efficient tool for building empirical models of perceived presence, but the subjective nature of this phenomenon and individual differences made data bridging across sequential studies problematic. It was concluded that magnitude estimation is a useful measure of perceived presence, and the resulting polynomial regression models can be used to facilitate VE system design decisions. This research has broad application in the selection and design of VE system components and overall design of VE systems.