Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Life history variation is maintained by fitness trade-offs and negative frequency-dependent selection

Significance Many populations and species have different strategies for maximizing reproductive success in changing environments. For example, some species of plants reproduce only once in their lifetime (annuals), whereas others can reproduce over multiple years (perennials). Such variation can also occur in fishes, and we examine how this variation in life history strategies is maintained in a Pacific salmonid species (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We find that fish that successfully migrate between the ocean and their freshwater spawning grounds multiple times (repeat spawners) have more than twice the lifetime reproductive success of fish that only spawn once (single spawners). We also find a striking pattern of negative frequency-dependent selection in which older, larger females have higher lifetime fitness when they are less abundant. The maintenance of diverse life history strategies within and among species remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolutionary biology. By using a near-complete 16-year pedigree of 12,579 winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Hood River, Oregon, we examined the continued maintenance of two life history traits: the number of lifetime spawning events (semelparous vs. iteroparous) and age at first spawning (2–5 years). We found that repeat-spawning fish had more than 2.5 times the lifetime reproductive success of single-spawning fish. However, first-time repeat-spawning fish had significantly lower reproductive success than single-spawning fish of the same age, suggesting that repeat-spawning fish forego early reproduction to devote additional energy to continued survival. For single-spawning fish, we also found evidence for a fitness trade-off for age at spawning: older, larger males had higher reproductive success than younger, smaller males. For females, in contrast, we found that 3-year-old fish had the highest mean lifetime reproductive success despite the observation that 4- and 5-year-old fish were both longer and heavier. This phenomenon was explained by negative frequency-dependent selection: as 4- and 5-year-old fish decreased in frequency on the spawning grounds, their lifetime reproductive success became greater than that of the 3-year-old fish. Using a combination of mathematical and individual-based models parameterized with our empirical estimates, we demonstrate that both fitness trade-offs and negative frequency-dependent selection observed in the empirical data can theoretically maintain the diverse life history strategies found in this population.
Noise Reduction in Hyperspectral Imagery: Overview and Application

Hyperspectral remote sensing is based on measuring the scattered and reflected electromagnetic signals from the Earth’s surface emitted by the Sun. The received radiance at the sensor is usually degraded by atmospheric effects and instrumental (sensor) noises which include thermal (Johnson) noise, quantization noise, and shot (photon) noise. Noise reduction is often considered as a preprocessing step for hyperspectral imagery. In the past decade, hyperspectral noise reduction techniques have evolved substantially from two dimensional bandwise techniques to three dimensional ones, and varieties of low-rank methods have been forwarded to improve the signal to noise ratio of the observed data. Despite all the developments and advances, there is a lack of a comprehensive overview of these techniques and their impact on hyperspectral imagery applications. In this paper, we address the following two main issues; (1) Providing an overview of the techniques developed in the past decade for hyperspectral image noise reduction; (2) Discussing the performance of these techniques by applying them as a preprocessing step to improve a hyperspectral image analysis task, i.e., classification. Additionally, this paper discusses about the hyperspectral image modeling and denoising challenges. Furthermore, different noise types that exist in hyperspectral images have been described. The denoising experiments have confirmed the advantages of the use of low-rank denoising techniques compared to the other denoising techniques in terms of signal to noise ratio and spectral angle distance. In the classification experiments, classification accuracies have improved when denoising techniques have been applied as a preprocessing step.
Magnetic confinement of the solar tachocline: II. Coupling to a convection zone

Context. The reason for the observed thinness of the solar tachocline is still not well understood. One of the explanations that have been proposed is that a primordial magnetic field renders the rotation uniform in the radiation zone. Aims. We test here the validity of this magnetic scenario through 3D numerical MHD simulations that encompass both the radiation zone and the convection zone. Methods. The numerical simulations are performed with the anelastic spherical harmonics (ASH) code. The computational domain extends from 0.07 R ⊙ to 0.97 R ⊙ . Results. In the parameter regime we explored, a dipolar fossil field aligned with the rotation axis cannot remain confined in the radiation zone. When the field lines are allowed to interact with turbulent unstationary convective motions at the base of the convection zone, 3D effects prevent the field confinement. Conclusions. In agreement with previous work, we find that a dipolar fossil field, even when it is initially buried deep inside the radiation zone, will spread into the convective zone. According to Ferraro’s law of iso-rotation, it then imprints on the radiation zone the latitudinal differential rotation of the convection zone, which is not observed.
Central Role for MCP-1/CCL2 in Injury-Induced Inflammation Revealed by In Vitro, In Silico, and Clinical Studies

The translation of in vitro findings to clinical outcomes is often elusive. Trauma/hemorrhagic shock (T/HS) results in hepatic hypoxia that drives inflammation. We hypothesize that in silico methods would help bridge in vitro hepatocyte data and clinical T/HS, in which the liver is a primary site of inflammation. Primary mouse hepatocytes were cultured under hypoxia (1% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) for 1–72 h, and both the cell supernatants and protein lysates were assayed for 18 inflammatory mediators by Luminex™ technology. Statistical analysis and data-driven modeling were employed to characterize the main components of the cellular response. Statistical analyses, hierarchical and k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis, and Dynamic Network Analysis suggested MCP-1/CCL2 and IL-1α as central coordinators of hepatocyte-mediated inflammation in C57BL/6 mouse hepatocytes. Hepatocytes from MCP-1-null mice had altered dynamic inflammatory networks. Circulating MCP-1 levels segregated human T/HS survivors from non-survivors. Furthermore, T/HS survivors with elevated early levels of plasma MCP-1 post-injury had longer total lengths of stay, longer intensive care unit lengths of stay, and prolonged requirement for mechanical ventilation vs. those with low plasma MCP-1. This study identifies MCP-1 as a main driver of the response of hepatocytes in vitro and as a biomarker for clinical outcomes in T/HS, and suggests an experimental and computational framework for discovery of novel clinical biomarkers in inflammatory diseases.
Airway Pressure Release Ventilation in Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Randomized Controlled Trial

Rationale: Although case series describe benefits of airway pressure release ventilation (APRV), this mode of ventilation has not been evaluated against the conventional low‐tidal volume ventilation (LoTV) in children with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Objectives: To compare the effect of APRV and conventional LoTV on ventilator‐free days in children with ARDS. Methods: This open‐label, parallel‐design randomized controlled trial was conducted in a 15‐bed ICU. Children aged 1 month to 12 years satisfying the modified Berlin definition were included. We excluded children with air leaks, increased intracranial pressure, poor spontaneous breathing efforts, chronic lung disease, and beyond 24 hours of ARDS diagnosis or 72 hours of ventilation. Children were randomized using unstratified, variable‐sized block technique. A priori interim analysis was planned at 50% enrollment. All enrolled children were followed up until 180 days after enrollment or death, whichever was earlier. Measurements and Main Results: The trial was terminated after 50% enrollment (52 children) when analysis revealed higher mortality in the intervention arm. Ventilator‐free days were statistically similar in both arms (P = 0.23). The 28‐day all‐cause mortality was 53.8% in APRV as compared with 26.9% among control subjects (risk ratio, 2.0; 95% confidence interval, 0.97‐4.1; Fisher exact P = 0.089). The multivariate‐adjusted risk ratio of death for APRV compared with LoTV was 2.02 (95% confidence interval, 0.99‐4.12; P = 0.05). Higher mean airway pressures, greater spontaneous breathing, and early improvement in oxygenation were seen in the intervention arm. Conclusions: APRV, as a primary ventilation strategy in children with ARDS, was associated with a trend toward higher mortality compared with the conventional LoTV. Limitations should be considered while interpreting these results. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials. gov (NCT02167698) and Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2014/06/004677).
Uva-dare (digital Academic Repository) Repeated Unidirectional Introgression towards Populus Balsamifera in Contact Zones of Exotic and Native Poplars Repeated Unidirectional Introgression towards Populus Balsamifera in Contact Zones of Exotic and Native Poplars

General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: Abstract As the evolutionary significance of hybridization is largely dictated by its extent beyond the first generation, we broadly surveyed patterns of introgression across a sympatric zone of two native poplars (Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides) in Quebec, Canada within which European exotic Populus nigra and its hybrids have been extensively planted since the 1800s. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that appeared fixed within each species were characterized by DNA-sequencing pools of pure individuals. Thirty-five of these diagnostic SNPs were employed in a high-throughput assay that genotyped 635 trees of different age classes, sampled from 15 sites with various degrees of anthropogenic disturbance. The degree of admixture within sampled trees was then assessed through Bayesian clustering of genotypes. Hybrids were present in seven of the populations, with 2.4% of all sampled trees showing spontaneous admixture. Sites with hybrids were significantly more disturbed than pure stands, while hybrids comprised both immature juveniles and trees of reproductive age. All three possible F1s were detected. Advanced-generation hybrids were consistently biased towards P. balsamifera regardless of whether hybridization had occurred with P. deltoides or P. nigra. Gene exchange between P. deltoides and P. nigra was not detected beyond the F1 generation; however, detection of a trihybrid demonstrates that even this apparent reproductive isolation does not necessarily result in an evolutionary dead end. Collectively, results demonstrate the natural fertility of hybrid poplars and suggest that introduced genes could potentially affect the genetic integrity of native trees, similar to that arising from introgression between natives.
Foley catheter with simultaneous oxytocin on labor induction: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Abstract Objective: It is unclear that whether Foley catheter with simultaneous oxytocin could improve the efficacy of induction outcome. Method: To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trial (RCT) studies to evaluate the effect of Foley catheter with simultaneous oxytocin on labor induction. PubMed, Embase, and other databases were searched from their inception to July 2017. We included all RCTs comparing Foley catheter with simultaneous oxytocin (i.e. intervention group) with Foley catheter followed by oxytocin (i.e. control group) in the three kinds of women (nulliparas and multiparas/only nulliparas/only multiparas). We estimate summarized relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes, standard mean difference for continuous outcomes. Fixed- and random-effects models were used, depending on heterogeneity. Results: After application of our inclusion and exclusion criteria, six RCTs with a total of 1133 participants were identified. We found that only nulliparas had significant RR of delivery within 24 h (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.55, I2 = 46.5%). Meanwhile, there was no statistically significant difference between intervention and control groups in vaginal delivery in 24 h, cesarean delivery, time to delivery, and Apgar score at 5 min less than 7. Foley catheter with simultaneous oxytocin did not increase the risk of side effects, included chorioamnionitis, postpartum hemorrhage, uterine hyperstimulation, and neonatal intensive care unit admission. Conclusion: The results seem to support the use of oxytocin to a Foley catheter at the initiation of labor induction, as it might lead to increases the rate of delivery within 24 h in nulliparas.
Low-Temperature Ohmic Contact to Monolayer MoS2 by van der Waals Bonded Co/h-BN Electrodes.

Monolayer MoS2, among many other transition metal dichalcogenides, holds great promise for future applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics due to its ultrathin nature, flexibility, sizable band gap, and unique spin-valley coupled physics. However, careful study of these properties at low temperature has been hindered by an inability to achieve low-temperature Ohmic contacts to monolayer MoS2, particularly at low carrier densities. In this work, we report a new contact scheme that utilizes cobalt (Co) with a monolayer of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) that has the following two functions: modifies the work function of Co and acts as a tunneling barrier. We measure a flat-band Schottky barrier of 16 meV, which makes thin tunnel barriers upon doping the channels, and thus achieve low-T contact resistance of 3 kΩ. μm at a carrier density of 5.3 × 1012/cm2. This further allows us to observe Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in monolayer MoS2 at much lower carrier densities compared to previous work.
An optimization approach using in production scheduling with different order

Aiming at the production scheduling problem of many varieties and small quantities, this paper designs an optimization model of production scheduling that considered equipment failures, which makes production scheduling more in line with actual processing. Firstly, assumed that the equipment failure rate obeys Weibull distribution. The sum of equipment maintenance cost, labor cost and part processing cost is the cost of production scheduling. The optimization model is established by minimizing the makespan and minimizing the cost of production scheduling; Secondly, genetic algorithm is improved by adding a cloud model generator. Then designed the process of how to use improved genetic algorithm to solve the job shop scheduling problem considering machine failure; Finally, select the case, verify the design of the model and algorithm, the calculation results show that the model and algorithm proposed in this paper has certain practical value.
A Novel Steady-State Technique for Measuring the Heat Extracted by Secondary Cooling Sprays

This paper presents a new technique for measuring the steady-state heat flux extracted locally by water sprays or air-mists impinging upon the surface of a hot metallic body. The technique is based on balancing the induction heating of a metallic sample with the heat removed by the boiling of spray droplets impinging on its exposed surface. Measurement of the RMS current flowing through the induction coil for maintaining a desired sample temperature, together with the solution of a two-dimensional axisymmetric computational model of the electromagnetic and heat conduction equations, enable estimation of the heat extracted by the cooling spray. Heat fluxes are reported for spray cooling of a Pt sample at temperatures spanning from 200-1200°C, using air-mist nozzles and operating conditions relevant to continuous casting of thin steel slabs. The results demonstrate the flexibility of the technique for investigating different aspects of spray cooling.
End-to-End Deep Learning of Optical Fiber Communications

In this paper, we implement an optical fiber communication system as an end-to-end deep neural network, including the complete chain of transmitter, channel model, and receiver. This approach enables the optimization of the transceiver in a single end-to-end process. We illustrate the benefits of this method by applying it to intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) systems and show that we can achieve bit error rates below the 6.7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. We model all componentry of the transmitter and receiver, as well as the fiber channel, and apply deep learning to find transmitter and receiver configurations minimizing the symbol error rate. We propose and verify in simulations a training method that yields robust and flexible transceivers that allow—without reconfiguration—reliable transmission over a large range of link dispersions. The results from end-to-end deep learning are successfully verified for the first time in an experiment. In particular, we achieve information rates of 42 Gb/s below the HD-FEC threshold at distances beyond 40 km. We find that our results outperform conventional IM/DD solutions based on two- and four-level pulse amplitude modulation with feedforward equalization at the receiver. Our study is the first step toward end-to-end deep learning based optimization of optical fiber communication systems.
A Stochastic Algorithm for Feature Selection in Pattern Recognition

We introduce a new model addressing feature selection from a large dictionary of variables that can be computed from a signal or an image. Features are extracted according to an efficiency criterion, on the basis of specified classification or recognition tasks. This is done by estimating a probability distribution P on the complete dictionary, which distributes its mass over the more efficient, or informative, components. We implement a stochastic gradient descent algorithm, using the probability as a state variable and optimizing a multi-task goodness of fit criterion for classifiers based on variable randomly chosen according to P. We then generate classifiers from the optimal distribution of weights learned on the training set. The method is first tested on several pattern recognition problems including face detection, handwritten digit recognition, spam classification and micro-array analysis. We then compare our approach with other step-wise algorithms like random forests or recursive feature elimination.
Crosstalk Between Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma and the Canonical WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress During Carcinogenesis

Inflammation and oxidative stress are common and co-substantial pathological processes accompanying, promoting, and even initiating numerous cancers. The canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) generally work in opposition. If one of them is upregulated, the other one is downregulated and vice versa. WNT/β-catenin signaling is upregulated in inflammatory processes and oxidative stress and in many cancers, although there are some exceptions for cancers. The opposite is observed with PPARγ, which is generally downregulated during inflammation and oxidative stress and in many cancers. This helps to explain in part the opposite and unidirectional profile of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ in these three frequent and morbid processes that potentiate each other and create a vicious circle. Many intracellular pathways commonly involved downstream will help maintain and amplify inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancer. Thus, many WNT/β-catenin target genes such as c-Myc, cyclin D1, and HIF-1α are involved in the development of cancers. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NFκB) can activate many inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, TGF-β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, MMP, vascular endothelial growth factor, COX2, Bcl2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These factors are often associated with cancerous processes and may even promote them. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated by cellular alterations, stimulate the production of inflammatory factors such as NFκB, signal transducer and activator transcription, activator protein-1, and HIF-α. NFκB inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and therefore activates the canonical WNT pathway. ROS activates the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signaling in many cancers. PI3K/Akt also inhibits GSK-3β. Many gene mutations of the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway giving rise to cancers have been reported (CTNNB1, AXIN, APC). Conversely, a significant reduction in the expression of PPARγ has been observed in many cancers. Moreover, PPARγ agonists promote cell cycle arrest, cell differentiation, and apoptosis and reduce inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, cell proliferation, invasion, and cell migration. All these complex and opposing interactions between the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway and PPARγ appear to be fairly common in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cancers.
Effect of different levels of organic acids in the diets of hens on laying performance, egg quality criteria, blood parameters, and intestinal histomorphology

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of different levels (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 g/kg) of organic acid mixture (OAM) (60% formic acid, 20% propionic acid, and 20% soft acid) supplementation in the diets of laying hens on egg production, egg quality parameters, and intestinal histomorphology. Seventy-two Lohman strains of layers (26-week-old) were divided into four treatment groups. The hens were fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with 0, 1.5, 3 or 4.5 kg/t level of OAM from 26 to 38 weeks of age. The OAM supplementation did not affect feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio and body weight. Except for yolk index none of egg quality parameters and metabolic profile were affected by the dietary treatments. Inclusion of OAM into the basal diet increased villus height (quadraticaly), villus weight (quadraticaly), and tunica mucosal width (linearly) eexcept for crypt depth. Based on the results, dietary supplementation with OAM containing 60% formic acid, 20% propionic acid, and 20% soft acid appears to exert neither positive nor negative effects on laying performance, egg quality parameters, or serum blood parameters. But the OAM supplementation into basal diet had a positive effect on the intestinal histomorphology except for crypt depth.