Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Effects of chronic exposure of diets with reduced concentrations of aflatoxin and deoxynivalenol on growth and immune status of pigs 1

This study investigated the growth and immune responses of pigs fed diets containing reduced concentrations of aflatoxin (AF) and deoxynivalenol (DON) from naturally contaminated corn. Sixty gilts (13.9 ± 0.2 kg of BW) were randomly assigned to 4 treatments (5 replicate pens per treatment and 3 pigs per pen): A (a control diet without detectable AF and DON); B (a diet with 60 μg of AF/kg and 300 μg of DON/kg); C (a diet with 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg); and D (a diet with 180 μg of AF/kg and 900 μg of DON/kg). Pigs were allowed ad libitum access to feed and water for 33 d. Feed intake and BW were measured weekly and pigs were bled (8 mL) on d 33 to measure the numbers of blood cells, to conduct liver function tests, and to measure immunological variables including IgG, IgM, interferon γ, IL4, IL6, and tumor necrosis factor α. One pig representing the average BW of each pen was killed to obtain the liver, kidneys, and spleen for weight, tissue color measurement, and histological evaluation of tissue damage. When compared with A, pigs in C and D tended to have reduced ADG (0.52 vs. 0.43 and 0.41 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.058) and ADFI (1.04 vs. 0.92 and 0.88 kg/d, respectively; P = 0.061). White blood cell count of pigs in D (23.4 × 10 cells/μL) was greater (P < 0.05) than those in A, B, and C (18.4, 18.5, and 16.8 × 10 cells/μL, respectively. Serum tumor necrosis factor α concentration of pigs in D (335 pg/mL) differed (P < 0.05) from those in A and C (299 and 290 pg/mL, respectively). Pigs in B and D had greater (P < 0.05) fibrosis in liver tissues than those in A. Collectively, this study shows that diets containing both AF and DON greater than 60 and 300 μg/kg, respectively, may reduce growth and decrease feed intake, whereas diets containing 120 μg of AF/kg and 600 μg of DON/kg may result in altered immune health, systemic inflammation, and partial liver damage, causing further reduction in growth of pigs.
INDIVIDUALS–AREA RELATIONSHIPS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANIMAL POPULATION DENSITY AND AREA

We compiled studies that report data on the relationship between animal population density and patch or island area for 287 individual species and 21 faunas. We tested the assumption of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography that population densities are independent of area by performing a meta-analysis using the linear correlation coefficient,r, as a measure of the effect of area on population density. We fit meta-analyses that used a random-effects model to these data to test for the effects of taxa, habitat, latitude, spatial scale, and overall population density. We also fit meta-analyses that used a fixed- effect model to the same data to estimate the repeatability of measurements of the correlation between population density and area within species. Contrary to the equilibrium theory of island biogeography, our results indicate that, on average, animal population densities are positively correlated with area, which suggests that density compensation may be uncommon. This result was found for individual species, but not for faunas. We found taxonomic differences in the correlation between population density and area, with insects and birds having on average large or moderately large positive correlations, respectively, and mammals having correlations near zero. Observations within individual species showed considerable repeatability. The observed overall positive cor- relation between the population density of individual animal species and area is best ex- plained in the context of the resource concentration hypothesis. Our results imply that the regional abundance and persistence of animal populations may depend strongly on the presence and continued persistence of a few large patches of suitable habitat, rather than on a regional network of small and large habitat patches.
Occupational Access and Wage Discrimination

This article presents a study on the quantification of the level of occupational access and wage discrimination in Great Britain. The traditional approach to quantifying the level of sex discrimination is to distinguish gender differences in productive characteristics from the unequal treatment of characteristics according to gender. The role of inter- versus intra-occupational effects in determining the magnitude of wage differences between men and women was examined. The econometric results provided estimates of the wage differential in six broad occupational classifications together with an aggregate picture of how important the occupational distribution of females is in explaining their lower average wage. In summary, the results of the study suggest that the vast majority of the male and female wage differential arises from intra-occupation effects. The results provide evidence to suggest that occupational segregation is not a major contributor to the observed male/female wage differential.
Overexpression of GA20‐OXIDASE1 impacts plant height, biomass allocation and saccharification efficiency in maize

Summary Increased biomass yield and quality are of great importance for the improvement of feedstock for the biorefinery. For the production of bioethanol, both stem biomass yield and the conversion efficiency of the polysaccharides in the cell wall to fermentable sugars are of relevance. Increasing the endogenous levels of gibberellic acid (GA) by ectopic expression of GA20‐OXIDASE1 (GA20‐OX1), the rate‐limiting step in GA biosynthesis, is known to affect cell division and cell expansion, resulting in larger plants and organs in several plant species. In this study, we examined biomass yield and quality traits of maize plants overexpressing GA20‐OX1 (GA20‐OX1). GA20‐OX1 plants accumulated more vegetative biomass than control plants in greenhouse experiments, but not consistently over two years of field trials. The stems of these plants were longer but also more slender. Investigation of GA20‐OX1 biomass quality using biochemical analyses showed the presence of more cellulose, lignin and cell wall residue. Cell wall analysis as well as expression analysis of lignin biosynthetic genes in developing stems revealed that cellulose and lignin were deposited earlier in development. Pretreatment of GA20‐OX1 biomass with NaOH resulted in a higher saccharification efficiency per unit of dry weight, in agreement with the higher cellulose content. On the other hand, the cellulose‐to‐glucose conversion was slower upon HCl or hot‐water pretreatment, presumably due to the higher lignin content. This study showed that biomass yield and quality traits can be interconnected, which is important for the development of future breeding strategies to improve lignocellulosic feedstock for bioethanol production.
Distinct Immune Response in Two MERS-CoV-Infected Patients: Can We Go from Bench to Bedside?

One year after the occurrence of the first case of infection by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) there is no clear consensus on the best treatment to propose. The World Health Organization, as well as several other national agencies, are still working on different clinical approaches to implement the most relevant treatment in MERS-CoV infection. We compared innate and adaptive immune responses of two patients infected with MERS-CoV to understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the response and propose potential therapeutic approaches. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) of the first week and sera of the first month from the two patients were used in this study. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRTPCR) was performed after extraction of RNA from BAL cells of MERS-CoV infected patients and control patients. BAL supernatants and sera were used to assess cytokines and chemokines secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The first patient died rapidly after 3 weeks in the intensive care unit, the second patient still recovers from infection. The patient with a poor outcome (patient 1), compared to patient 2, did not promote type-1 Interferon (IFN), and particularly IFNα, in response to double stranded RNA (dsRNA) from MERS-CoV. The absence of IFNα, known to promote antigen presentation in response to viruses, impairs the development of a robust antiviral adaptive Th-1 immune response. This response is mediated by IL-12 and IFNγ that decreases viral clearance; levels of both of these mediators were decreased in patient 1. Finally, we confirm previous in vitro findings that MERS-CoV can drive IL-17 production in humans. Host recognition of viral dsRNA determines outcome in the early stage of MERS-CoV infection. We highlight the critical role of IFNα in this initial stage to orchestrate a robust immune response and bring substantial arguments for the indication of early IFNα treatment during MERS-CoV infection.
Selecting Appropriate Spatial Scale for Mapping Plastic-Mulched Farmland with Satellite Remote Sensing Imagery

In recent years, the area of plastic-mulched farmland (PMF) has undergone rapid growth and raised remarkable environmental problems. Therefore, mapping the PMF plays a crucial role in agricultural production, environmental protection and resource management. However, appropriate data selection criteria are currently lacking. Thus, this study was carried out in two main plastic-mulching practice regions, Jizhou and Guyuan, to look for an appropriate spatial scale for mapping PMF with remote sensing. The average local variance (ALV) function was used to obtain the appropriate spatial scale for mapping PMF based on the GaoFen-1 (GF-1) satellite imagery. Afterwards, in order to validate the effectiveness of the selected method and to interpret the relationship between the appropriate spatial scale derived from the ALV and the spatial scale with the highest classification accuracy, we classified the imagery with varying spatial resolution by the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm using the spectral features, textural features and the combined spectral and textural features respectively. The results indicated that the appropriate spatial scales from the ALV lie between 8 m and 20 m for mapping the PMF both in Jizhou and Guyuan. However, there is a proportional relation: the spatial scale with the highest classification accuracy is at the 1/2 location of the appropriate spatial scale generated from the ALV in Jizhou and at the 2/3 location of the appropriate spatial scale generated from the ALV in Guyuan. Therefore, the ALV method for quantitatively selecting the appropriate spatial scale for mapping PMF with remote sensing imagery has theoretical and practical significance.
Applying user testing data to UEM performance metrics

The lack of standard assessment criteria for reliably comparing usability evaluation methods (UEMs) is an important gap in HCI knowledge. Recently, metrics for assessing thoroughness, validity, and effectiveness of UEMs, based on user data, have been proposed to bridge this gap. This paper reports our findings of applying these proposed metrics in a study that compared heuristic evaluation (HE) to HE-Plus (an extended version of HE). Our experiment showed better overlap among the HE-Plus evaluators than the HE evaluators, demonstrating greater reliability of the method. When evaluation data, from testing the usability of the same website, was used in calculating the UEM performance metrics, HE-Plus was found to be a superior method to HE in all assessment criteria with a 17%, 39%, and 67% improvement in the aspects of thoroughness, validity, and effectiveness, respectively. The paper concludes with a discussion concerning the limitations of the effectiveness of the UEM from which the real users' data was obtained.
Author ' s personal copy Learning , Memory , and Sleep in Children

ion in language-learning infants. Psychol Sci 2006;17(8):670–4. 105. Gomez R, Maye J. The developmental trajectory of nonadjacent dependency learning. Infancy 2005; 7(2):183–206. 106. Hupbach A, Gomez RL, Bootzin RR, et al. Napdependent learning in infants. Dev Sci 2009; 12(6):1007–12. 107. Deregnaucourt S, Mitra PP, Feher O, et al. How sleep affects the developmental learning of bird song. Nature 2005;433(7027):710–6. Learning, Memory, and Sleep in Children 57
On Representative Trust

This paper combines an economic experiment with survey data to investigate determinants of trust and trustworthiness in the Dutch society. We contrast the inferences which can be made on the trust propensity using stated and revealed measures and we test for participation bias in our experiment. We find that middle aged and educated individuals trust relatively more but are relatively less trustworthy. The effect of age and religion on trust is shown to depend heavily on whether experimental or survey trust measures are used. We find no evidence of participation bias in any experimental decisions.
The Determinants of Inflation in Botswana and Bank of Botswana’s Medium-Term Objective Range

This study is motivated by the high and unstable episodes of inflation in Botswana over the last 20 years or so. This is despite the Bank of Botswana’s (BOB) concerted effort to keep inflation at its minimum and stable over time. More specifically, it has been attempting to bring down and keep inflation within the medium-term objective range of 3 to 6percent. The objectives of this study are, therefore, to: (a) examine the determinants of inflation in Botswana by identifying the factors that have influenced its movements over time; and (b) assess the likelihood that the Bank of Botswana’s medium-term objective range of 3 to 6 percent could be achieved in the short to medium-term (one and half to two years). To examine these objectives, the study used an Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) estimation technique. A quarterly data ranging from the first quarter of 1990 to the fourth quarter of 2010 is used to estimate the model. And the results show that the identified variables are significant and have the theoretically expected signs. The main conclusions of the study are: (a) price inertia, real GDP, money supply and South African prices play a dominant role in determining inflation in Botswana; and (b) unless international deflationary environment prevails, the probability that the Bank of Botswana will achieve its medium-term objective range of 3 to 6 percent in the medium-term is very low, according to the policy simulation results in this study. Keywords: Inflation, Monetary Policy, forecasting, Simulation and Validation BOJE: Botswana Journal of Economics , 11(15(), 57-74
Emergence and lateral dispersal of adult Plecoptera and Trichoptera from Broadstone Stream, U.K.

1. Emergence and inland dispersal of adult stoneflies (Plecoptera) and caddisflies (Trichoptera) from Broadstone Stream, an acidic and iron-rich stream in southern England, were studied over 10 months in 1996–1997. Fifteen pyramidal emergence traps were placed randomly in a 200-m stretch. Three Malaise traps were placed above the stream and six more on each side (one wooded, one open) along a transect at distances of 1, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 m from the channel. 2. More than 16 000 stoneflies, belonging to 11 species, and just under 400 caddisflies (22 species) were caught. Four dominant stoneflies (Leuctra fusca, Leuctra nigra, Leuctra hippopus and Nemurella pictetii) accounted for 96% and 95% of the catches in the emergence and Malaise traps, respectively. Two caddisflies (Plectrocnemia conspersa and Potamophylax cingulatus) accounted for 63% of the catch in the Malaise traps. Few caddisflies were taken in emergence traps. 3. The emergence periods of L. fusca, L. nigra and L. hippopus were well-defined and unimodal, whereas that of N. pictetii was prolonged and erratic. Overall, more females (1285) emerged than males (740). 4. Female stoneflies and caddisflies were in the majority in the Malaise traps above the stream. On land, significantly more females than males of L. fusca, L. nigra and P. cingulatus were caught. The sex ratio of the remaining species did not deviate significantly from 1:1. 5. The three Malaise traps placed above the stream caught most of the stoneflies though there was also dispersal away from the channel, the numbers caught declining with distance. Exponential models explained between 67% and 99% of the variation in numbers of individuals with distance from the channel in the four common stoneflies. Half the individuals went less than 11–16 m from the stream, while 90% travelled less than 51 m. Significantly more L. nigra and N. pictetii were caught in the woodland than on the open side, whereas L. hippopus showed no overall preference for either side.
Soldiers As Police: The French And Prussian Armies And The Policing Of Popular Protest 1889-1914

Introduction: the demilitarisation of protest policing as a historical problem. Part I Domestic Military Intervention in its Political Context: The French and Prussian armies in state and society New problems, new priorities: conflicting priorities in Berlin The controversial issue of republican order and stability. Part II: Popular Protest and Riot Policing: Violent encounters and challenges to the public order The extension of police and gendarmerie forces Patterns of military involvement in the policing of protest. Part III Bureaucrats, Generals and Elites in Westphalia and Nord-Pas-De-Calais: Local influences on the requisition of troops Civilian and military elites: social backgrounds and interactions Civil-military cooperation in Nord-Pas-de-Calais Mutual exclusion and non-cooperation in Westphalia Conclusions: demilitarisation and 'modern' policing Appendices Bibliography Index.
Fiscal Policy in the EU in the Crisis: A Model-Based Approach

This paper uses a multi region DSGE model with collateral constrained households and residential investment to examine the effectiveness of fiscal policy stimulus measures in a credit crisis. The paper explores alternative scenarios which differ by the type of budgetary measure, its length, the degree of monetary accommodation and the level of international coordination. In particular we provide estimates for New EU Member States where we take into account two aspects. First, debt denomination in foreign currency and second, higher nominal interest rates, which makes it less likely that the Central Bank is restricted by the zero bound and will consequently not accommodate a fiscal stimulus. We also compare our results to other recent results obtained in the literature on fiscal policy which generally do not consider credit constrained households.
PENGARUH CORPORATE GOVERNANCE PADA NILAI PERUSAHAAN

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence corporate governance on firm value. Proxy of corporate governance is internal mechanisms (managerial ownership, independent commissioners, board of directors, and independent audit committee) and external mechanisms (institutional ownership). The samples were banking companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2012. Purposive sampling method used in the selection of the sample so that the obtained sample of 20 banking companies with total of observations is 80 observation data during 4 years. There are 5 data outliers were excluded from the analysis in order to obtain as many as 75 observations. Data analysis techniques using multiple regression analysis. Firm value is measured using Tobin's Q. Based on the results of testing the hypothesis, obtained results that only the independent audit committee variables that negatively affect on firm value while the other four independent variables has a positive effect on firm value.
IS INCREASING COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION ALWAYS A GOOD THING

This paper considers the impact of community participation on outcomes of development projects. It first offers a theoretical framework for participation by using the property rights literature to model how participation in an activity, in addition to involving information exchange, also results in greater influence in the activity. The model predicts that community participation may not always be desirable. The paper then uses primary data on development projects in Northern Pakistan to provide empirical support for this prediction. It shows that while community participation improves project outcomes in nontechnical decisions, increasing community participation in technical decisions actually leads to worse project outcomes. (JEL: D23, D78, H40, O12, O20) Copyright (c) 2004 The European Economic Association.
MODELLING THE SPACE DEBRIS EVOLUTION : TWO NEW COMPUTER

Two computer codes to simulate the long term evolution (100 years) of the Earth orbiting debris have been developed under a contract of the Euro-pean Space Agency. In one of them, called Semi Deterministic Model (SDM), the goal was to accurately follow the orbital evolution of the population, so that each large object (and a sample of the small particles) is individually propagated with a semi-analytical orbit predictor. In the other one, called STochastic Analog Tool (STAT), the population is divided in a large number of mass, eccentricity and semi-major axis bins and we follow the evolution of the number of objects in each bin, with the advantage of a reduced CPU time consumption. Explosions, collisions, launches and active retrievals are accurately simulated with common models developed for both the codes. A large number of options in the input les permit the simulation of many long term scenarios, with diierent launch policies, explosion rates and retrievals strategies, to study the outcome of possible mitigation measures. The paper presents a description of the programs.
Do hours restrictions matter? A discrete family labor supply model with endogenous wages and hours restrictions

The labor supply of West German married and cohabiting couples is analyzed using a discrete choice model. Following van Soest (1995), the labor supply decision is based on a household utility function which is determined by the leisure of the two spouses and net household income. Furthermore, heterogeneity of preferences and the German tax and benefit system are taken into account. We extend the neoclassical labor supply model in two directions. First, we allow for endogenous wages and find that there exist substantial wage differences between part-time and full-time jobs. In view of the negative wage differentials of part-time jobs, the model with endogenous wages predicts lower part-time employment than the standard neoclassical model. Compared with the distribution of actual hours worked, the share of part-time jobs is highly underpredicted. In a second step, hours restrictions are accommodated, as a result of which the estimated wage elasticities of both spouses are substantially reduced.
Comparative Cytogenetics between Two Important Songbird, Models: The Zebra Finch and the Canary

Songbird species (order Passeriformes, suborder Oscines) are important models in various experimental fields spanning behavioural genomics to neurobiology. Although the genomes of some songbird species were sequenced recently, the chromosomal organization of these species is mostly unknown. Here we focused on the two most studied songbird species in neuroscience, the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) and the canary (Serinus canaria). In order to clarify these issues and also to integrate chromosome data with their assembled genomes, we used classical and molecular cytogenetics in both zebra finch and canary to define their chromosomal homology, localization of heterochromatic blocks and distribution of rDNA clusters. We confirmed the same diploid number (2n = 80) in both species, as previously reported. FISH experiments confirmed the occurrence of multiple paracentric and pericentric inversions previously found in other species of Passeriformes, providing a cytogenetic signature for this order, and corroborating data from in silico analyses. Additionally, compared to other Passeriformes, we detected differences in the zebra finch karyotype concerning the morphology of some chromosomes, in the distribution of 5S rDNA clusters, and an inversion in chromosome 1.