Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Decomposition of Depression Heterogeneity on the Person-, Symptom- and Time-Level: The Use of Three-Mode Principal Component Analysis

Although heterogeneity of depression hinders research and clinical practice, attempts to reduce it with latent variable models have yielded inconsistent results, probably because these techniques cannot account for all interacting sources of heterogeneity at the same time. Therefore, to simultaneously decompose depression heterogeneity on the person-, symptom and time-level, three-mode Principal Component Analysis (3MPCA) was applied to data of 219 Major Depression patients, who provided Beck Depression Inventory assessments every three months for two years. The resulting person-level components were correlated with external baseline clinical and demographic variables. The 3MPCA extracted two symptom-level components (‘cognitive’, ‘somatic-affective’), two time-level components (‘improving’, ‘persisting’) and three person-level components, characterized by different interaction-patterns between the symptom- and time-components (‘severe non-persisting’, ‘somatic depression’ and ‘cognitive depression’). This model explained 28% of the total variance and 65% when also incorporating the general trend in the data). Correlations with external variables illustrated the content differentiation between the person-components. Severe non-persisting depression was positively correlated with psychopathology (r=0.60) and negatively with quality of life (r=-0.50). Somatic depression was negatively correlated with physical functioning (r=-0.45). Cognitive depression was positively correlated with neuroticism (r=0.38) and negatively with self-esteem (r=-0.47). In conclusion, 3MPCA decomposes depression into homogeneous entities, while accounting for the interactions between different sources of heterogeneity, which shows the utility of the technique to investigate the underlying structure of complex psychopathology data and could help future development of better empirical depression subtypes.
Resistance to Change

Established firms often fail to maintain leadership following disruptive market shifts. We argue that such firms are more prone to internal resistance. A radical adjustment of assets affects the distribution of employee rents, creating winners and losers. Losers resist large changes when strong customer goodwill cushions the consequences. Partial adaptation may lead winners to depart to form new firms with no goodwill, but no internal resistance.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease in the regional lymph nodes with node metastasis in a patient with tongue cancer: A case report and literature review

Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease (KFD), also known as histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, is a rare self-limiting disorder typically affecting the cervical lymph nodes (LNs), which is often misdiagnosed as other LN-associated diseases. KFD frequently presents with necrotic lesions and recurrences, which are also features of metastatic LNs. Clinicians may thus suspect LN metastasis when they encounter ipsilateral cervical lymphadenopathy in a patient with head and neck cancer. The present study reports the case of a 48-year-old man with tongue cancer and KFD affecting the right edge of his tongue and ipsilateral cervical LNs. LN metastasis was initially suspected, but pathological examination of the dissected LNs revealed one necrotic metastatic lesion and two necrotic KFD lesions. Ipsilateral cervical lymphadenopathy recurred 6 years after the initial surgery, and it was not possible to differentiate clinically between a second primary tumor and recurrent KFD prior to treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of simultaneous tongue cancer, regional LN metastasis and KFD. This highlights the requirement to consider KFD in the event of LNs with necrotic lesions but no cancerous cells. A combination of clinical and pathological approaches may aid in the diagnosis of KFD, in addition to ruling out LN metastasis in initial and recurrent lymphadenopathies. The present study indicate that a diagnosis of KFD should be considered in patients with head and neck cancer that exhibit necrotic LNs lacking cancerous cells. This is important, as misdiagnosis of KFD as LN metastasis may lead to unnecessary adjuvant therapy.
Where are Cultural and Social in Ecosystem Services? A Framework for Constructive Engagement

A focus on ecosystem services (ES) is seen as a means for improving decisionmaking. In the research to date, the valuation of the material contributions of ecosystems to human well-being has been emphasized, with less attention to important cultural ES and nonmaterial values. This gap persists because there is no commonly accepted framework for eliciting less tangible values, characterizing their changes, and including them alongside other services in decisionmaking. Here, we develop such a framework for ES research and practice, addressing three challenges: (1) Nonmaterial values are ill suited to characterization using monetary methods; (2) it is difficult to unequivocally link particular changes in socioecological systems to particular changes in cultural benefits; and (3) cultural benefits are associated with many services, not just cultural ES. There is no magic bullet, but our framework may facilitate fuller and more socially acceptable integrations of ES information into planning and management.
What percentage of chronic nonmalignant pain patients exposed to chronic opioid analgesic therapy develop abuse/addiction and/or aberrant drug-related behaviors? A structured evidence-based review.

DESIGN This is a structured evidence-based review of all available studies on the development of abuse/addiction and aberrant drug-related behaviors (ADRBs) in chronic pain patients (CPPs) with nonmalignant pain on exposure to chronic opioid analgesic therapy (COAT). OBJECTIVES To determine what percentage of CPPs develop abuse/addiction and/or ADRBs on COAT exposure. METHOD Computer and manual literature searches yielded 79 references that addressed this area of study. Twelve of the studies were excluded from detailed review based on exclusion criteria important to this area. Sixty-seven studies were reviewed in detail and sorted according to whether they reported percentages of CPPs developing abuse/addiction or developing ADRBs, or percentages diagnosed with alcohol/illicit drug use as determined by urine toxicology. Study characteristics were abstracted into tabular form, and each report was characterized according to the type of study it represented based on the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Guidelines. Each study was independently evaluated by two raters according to 12 quality criteria and a quality score calculated. Studies were not utilized in the calculations unless their quality score (utilizing both raters) was greater than 65%. Within each of the above study groupings, the total number of CPPs exposed to opioids on COAT treatment was calculated. Similarly, the total number of CPPs in each grouping demonstrating abuse/addiction, ADRBs, or alcohol/illicit drug use was also calculated. Finally, a percentage for each of these behaviors was calculated in each grouping, utilizing the total number of CPPs exposed to opioids in each grouping. RESULTS All 67 reports had quality scores greater than 65%. For the abuse/addiction grouping there were 24 studies with 2,507 CPPs exposed for a calculated abuse/addiction rate of 3.27%. Within this grouping for those studies that had preselected CPPs for COAT exposure for no previous or current history of abuse/addiction, the percentage of abuse/addiction was calculated at 0.19%. For the ADRB grouping, there were 17 studies with 2,466 CPPs exposed and a calculated ADRB rate of 11.5%. Within this grouping for preselected CPPs (as above), the percentage of ADRBs was calculated at 0.59%. In the urine toxicology grouping, there were five studies (15,442 CPPs exposed). Here, 20.4% of the CPPs had no prescribed opioid in urine and/or a nonprescribed opioid in urine. For five studies (1,965 CPPs exposed), illicit drugs were found in 14.5%. CONCLUSION The results of this evidence-based structured review indicate that COAT exposure will lead to abuse/addiction in a small percentage of CPPs, but a larger percentage will demonstrate ADRBs and illicit drug use. These percentages appear to be much less if CPPs are preselected for the absence of a current or past history of alcohol/illicit drug use or abuse/addiction.
Semi-direct products of Lie algebras, their invariants and representations

CONTENTS Introduction 1 1. Preliminaries 6 2. Generic stabilisers (centralisers) for the adjoint representation 9 3. Generic stabilisers for the coadjoint representation 10 4. Semi-direct products of Lie algebras and modules of covariants 12 5. Generic stabilisers and rational invariants for semi-direct products 14 6. Reductive semi-direct products and their polynomial invariants 21 7. Takiff Lie algebras and their invariants 23 8. The null-cone and its irreducibility 26 9. Isotropy contractions and Z 2-contractions of semisimple Lie algebras 31 10. Reductive Takiff Lie algebras and their representations 38 11. On invariants and null-cones for generalised Takiff Lie algebras 45 References 48 INTRODUCTION The ground field k is algebraically closed and of characteristic zero. The goal of this paper is to extend the standard invariant-theoretic design, well-developed in the reductive case, to the setting of non-reductive group representations. This concerns the following notions and results: the existence of generic stabilisers and generic isotropy groups for (finite-dimensional rational) representations; structure of the fields and algebras of invariants; quotient morphisms and structure of their fibres. One of the main tools for obtaining non-reductive Lie algebras is the semi-direct product construction. There is a number of articles devoted to the study of the coadjoint representations of non-reductive In this article , we consider such algebras from a broader point of view. In particular, we found that the adjoint representation is an interesting object, too. Our main references for Invariant Theory are [5] and [42]. If an algebraic group A acts on an affine variety X, then k[X] A stands for the algebra of A-invariant regular functions on X. If k[X] A is finitely generated, then X/ /A := Spec k[X] A , and the quotient morphism π A : X → X/ /A is the mapping associated with the embedding k[X] A ֒→ k[X]. If k[X] A is polynomial, then the elements of any set of algebraically independent homogeneous generators will be referred to as basic invariants.
Iterative Neural Autoregressive Distribution Estimator NADE-k

Training of the neural autoregressive density estimator (NADE) can be viewed as doing one step of probabilistic inference on missing values in data. We propose a new model that extends this inference scheme to multiple steps, arguing that it is easier to learn to improve a reconstruction in k steps rather than to learn to reconstruct in a single inference step. The proposed model is an unsupervised building block for deep learning that combines the desirable properties of NADE and multi-prediction training: (1) Its test likelihood can be computed analytically, (2) it is easy to generate independent samples from it, and (3) it uses an inference engine that is a superset of variational inference for Boltzmann machines. The proposed NADE-k is competitive with the state-of-the-art in density estimation on the two datasets tested.
PHAGOCYTIC RETICULOENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION AFTER HEMORRHAGE AND RESUSCITATION: MODULATION BY DIFFERENT FLUIDS

Although the efficacy of colloid resuscitation fluids in restoring cardiovascular status in hemorrhagic shock is accepted, the effect they have on the activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) is less clear. As interaction with the RES may be important in determining susceptibility to infections after resuscitation the effects of three such fluids, hydroxyethyl starch, Haemaccel, and fresh autologous blood on RES function after a 40% hemorrhage have been investigated in BALB/C mice. The mice, anesthetized with isoflurane, were bled over a 10 min period, left hypovolemic for 30 min, and then resuscitated with their shed blood or the same volume of asanguineous fluid. Normothermia was maintained throughout the experiments. Whole body phagocytic activity was assessed at 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h after the end of hemorrhage by measuring the clearance rate (K) of intravenously injected 51Cr-labeled sheep red blood cells. No significant change in K was found at any time in animals resuscitated with shed blood. However, significant increases in K were found 48 h after resuscitation with Haemaccel. Hepatic uptake of sheep red blood cells was significantly increased at 48 and 72 h in Haemaccel-resuscitated animals compared with hydroxyethyl starch or shed blood resuscitation, whereas spleen uptake decreased at 72 h. Lung uptake was not affected at any time with any fluid. The same volume of Haemaccel had no significant effect either on K or on organ uptake when given to normovolemic animals. The changes in organ uptake after hemorrhage and resuscitation with Haemaccel were partially prevented if animals were resuscitated with Haemaccel plus autologous red cells.
P2 receptor networks regulate signaling duration over a wide dynamic range of ATP concentrations

Summary The primordial intercellular signaling molecule ATP acts through two families of cell-surface P2 receptors – the P2Y family of G-protein-coupled receptors and the P2X family of ligand-gated cation channels. Multiple P2 receptors are expressed in a variety of cell types. However, the significance of these networks of receptors in any biological system remains unknown. Using osteoblasts as a model system, we found that a low concentration of ATP (10 µM, ATPlow) induced transient elevation of cytosolic Ca2+, whereas a high concentration of ATP (1 mM, ATPhigh) elicited more sustained elevation. Moreover, graded increases in the Ca2+ signal were achieved over a remarkable million-fold range of ATP concentrations (1 nM to 1 mM). Next, we demonstrated that ATPlow caused transient nuclear localization of the Ca2+-regulated transcription factor NFATc1; whereas, ATPhigh elicited more sustained localization. When stimulated with ATPhigh, osteoblasts from P2X7 loss-of-function mice showed only transient Ca2+-NFATc1 signaling; in contrast, sustained signaling was observed in wild-type cells. Additional experiments revealed a role for P2Y receptors in mediating transient signaling induced by low ATP concentrations. Thus, distinct P2 receptors with varying affinities for ATP account for this wide range of sensitivity to extracellular nucleotides. Finally, ATPhigh, but not ATPlow, was shown to elicit robust expression of the NFAT target gene Ptgs2 (encoding COX-2), consistent with a crucial role for the duration of Ca2+-NFAT signaling in regulating target gene expression. Taken together, ensembles of P2 receptors provide a mechanism by which cells sense ATP over a wide concentration range and transduce this input into distinct cellular signals.
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia: correlation between thin-section CT findings and pathologic subgroups in 55 patients.

PURPOSE To characterize thin-section computed tomographic (CT) findings of pathologic subgroups of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NIP) in a sizeable number of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 55 cases of pathologically proven NIP. The 55 cases were categorized histologically into four grades: grade 1, interstitial inflammation without fibrosis (n = 6); grade 2, interstitial inflammation predominating over fibrosis (n = 16); grade 3, fibrosis predominating over inflammation (n = 5); and grade 4, fibrosis only (n = 28). Two independent observers evaluated the presence, extent, and distribution of various CT findings. Thin-section CT findings and histologic grades were compared by using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Observer agreement was assessed. RESULTS Areas with ground-glass attenuation and architectural distortion were present in all 55 patients. Traction bronchiectasis and intralobular reticular opacities were seen in 52 and 48 patients, respectively. The extent of traction bronchiectasis (r = 0.68; P <.001) and intralobular reticular opacities (r = 0.35; P <.05) correlated with the histologic grade. Honeycombing was seen in 12 (43%) of 28 patients with grade 4 NIP and in three (11%) of the remaining 27 patients (chi(2) test, P <. 001). There was good agreement between the observers for the presence (kappa = 0.7-1.0) and extent (Spearman rank correlation; r = 0.87-0.98; P <.001) of various abnormalities. CONCLUSION The extent of traction bronchiectasis and intralobular reticulation at thin-section CT correlates with increased fibrosis in NIP. Honeycombing is seen almost exclusively in patients with fibrotic NIP.
Volumetric texture analysis of breast lesions on contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images

Automated image analysis aims to extract relevant information from contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance images (CE‐MRI) of the breast and improve the accuracy and consistency of image interpretation. In this work, we extend the traditional 2D gray‐level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) method to investigate a volumetric texture analysis approach and apply it for the characterization of breast MR lesions. Our database of breast MR images was obtained using a T1‐weighted 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence and consists of 121 biopsy‐proven lesions (77 malignant and 44 benign). A fuzzy c‐means clustering (FCM) based method is employed to automatically segment 3D breast lesions on CE‐MR images. For each 3D lesion, a nondirectional GLCM is then computed on the first postcontrast frame by summing 13 directional GLCMs. Texture features are extracted from the nondirectional GLCMs and the performance of each texture feature in the task of distinguishing between malignant and benign breast lesions is assessed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Our results show that the classification performance of volumetric texture features is significantly better than that based on 2D analysis. Our investigations of the effects of various of parameters on the diagnostic accuracy provided means for the optimal use of the approach. Magn Reson Med 58:562–571, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Computational Studies of Interactions of Metals with Amyloid Beta

With rapidly ageing populations, dementia caused by neurodegenerative diseases has become a global socioeconomic issue. Globally, more than 24 million people were suffering from dementia in 2005 (C. Ferri et al.,2005). Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. While characterized by the presence of Amyloid-beta () peptide plaques in the brain (Masters and Beyreuther, 2006), a major source of the neurotoxicity in AD is now believed to be due to the action of soluble  oligomers (Crouch et al., 2008).  is generated from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the action of and secretases, and yields peptides 39-43 amino acid residues long, with (1-40) and (1-42) the most common. (1-42) has the primary sequence D1AEFRH6DSGY10E11VH13H14QK16LVFFAEDVGSNK28GAIIGLM35VGGVVIA42). Structural characterization of the formation of the  oligomers is currently the subject of intensive research. Among the possible mechanisms are those mediated by the interaction of  with metal ions. This includes both redox-active metals such as Copper, and Iron, as well as redox-inactive metals such as Zinc. For example, interaction of Cu(II) (i.e. Cu2+) with  in the presence of reducing agents leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This in turn can generate toxic soluble  oligomers via the formation of di-tyrosine crosslinked  dimers (Barnham et al., 2004). The Copper-chelating compound PBT2 has shown efficacy and safety in Phase IIa clinical trials (Adlard et al., 2008). More recently, Platinum and Ruthenium compounds have been synthesized and shown to ablate -mediated neurotoxicity. Clearly, interaction of metals with  plays an important role in the aetiology of AD and is very relevant to the design of effective therapeutics. Knowledge of the atomic structure of metals bound to the  peptide would greatly facilitate the design of such chemical entities and assist in the elucidation of the mechanisms of neurotoxicity.
The Use of Enterprise Social Network Sites for Knowledge Sharing in Distributed Organizations

Enterprise social network sites (ESNSs) are increasingly being introduced into large multinational organizations. In this article, we consider their potential for supporting knowledge-sharing practices within the organization. First, we build on prior work on affordances by applying notions of collective affordances and affordances for organizing to the study of social media, and we theorize how ESNSs may provide organizational affordances for knowledge sharing in distributed multinational organizations in particular. Second, we articulate ways in which ESNS affordances may shape knowledge sharing through consideration of social capital dynamics, support for relationships and interactions, context collapse, and network interactions. Finally, and building on these ideas, we propose a research agenda and suggestions for future research on this topic.
Low power Convolutional Neural Networks on a chip

Deep learning, and especially Convolutional Neural Network (CNN, is among the most powerful and widely used techniques in computer vision. Applications range from image classification to object detection, segmentation, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), etc. At the same time, CNNs are both computationally intensive and memory intensive, making them difficult to be deployed on low power lightweight embedded systems. In this work, we introduce an on-chip convoltional neural network implementation for low-power embedded system. We point out that the high precision of weights limits the low-power CNN implementation on both FPGA and RRAM platform. A dynamic quantization method is introduced to reduce the precision while maintaining the same or comparable accuracy at the same time. Finally, the de ailed designs of low-power FPGA-based CNN and RRAM-based CNN are provided and compared. The results show that FPGA-based design gets 2× energy efficiency compared with GPU implementation, and toe RRAM-based design can further obtain more than 40× energy efficiency gains.
The role of emotion regulation in body-focused repetitive behaviours

Abstract Body-focused repetitive behaviours (BFRBs) including trichotillomania, skin picking, and nail biting, are non-functional self-destructive habits, which have a severe negative impact on everyday functioning. Although BFRBs cause distress, they are maintained by both negative (relief) and positive (stimulation) reinforcement. The emotional regulation (ER) model proposes that people with BFRBs have a general deficit in ER and, as a consequence, engage in BFRBs to alleviate affect and reinforce the behaviour. The current study was designed to explore differences in ER between people with BFRBs and controls to identify specific emotions triggering BFRBs. Forty-eight participants (24 BFRB, 24 controls) completed questionnaires measuring Difficulties in Emotional Regulation (DERS), a Triggers Scale and an Affective Regulation Scale (ARS). Significant differences in people with BFRBs and controls were reported principally on the DERS subscales of lack of emotional clarity, difficulties in impulse control, and access to ER strategies. On the ARS, the BFRB group reported overall difficulty ‘snapping out’ of emotions. The majority of BFRBs were reported to be triggered by anxiety (78%), tension (70%), or boredom (52%). The clinical implication is that ER could be beneficially targeted in therapy for BFRBs.