Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
When parasites disagree: Evidence for parasite-induced sabotage of host manipulation

Host manipulation is a common parasite strategy to alter host behavior in a manner to enhance parasite fitness usually by increasing the parasite's transmission to the next host. In nature, hosts often harbor multiple parasites with agreeing or conflicting interests over host manipulation. Natural selection might drive such parasites to cooperation, compromise, or sabotage. Sabotage would occur if one parasite suppresses the manipulation of another. Experimental studies on the effect of multi‐parasite interactions on host manipulation are scarce, clear experimental evidence for sabotage is elusive. We tested the effect of multiple infections on host manipulation using laboratory‐bred copepods experimentally infected with the trophically transmitted tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. This parasite is known to manipulate its host depending on its own developmental stage. Coinfecting parasites with the same aim enhance each other's manipulation but only after reaching infectivity. If the coinfecting parasites disagree over host manipulation, the infective parasite wins this conflict: the noninfective one has no effect. The winning (i.e., infective) parasite suppresses the manipulation of its noninfective competitor. This presents conclusive experimental evidence for both cooperation in and sabotage of host manipulation and hence a proof of principal that one parasite can alter and even neutralize manipulation by another.
Efficient simulation of critical synchronous dataflow graphs

Simulation and verification using electronic design automation (EDA) tools are key steps in the design process for communication and signal processing systems. The synchronous dataflow (SDF) model of computation is widely used in EDA tools for system modeling and simulation in the communication and signal processing domains. Behavioral representations of practical wireless communication systems typically result in critical SDF graphs - they consist of hundreds of components (or more) and involve complex inter-component connections with highly multirate relationships (i.e., with large variations in average rates of data transfer or component execution across different subsystems). Simulating such systems using conventional SDF scheduling techniques generally leads to unacceptable simulation time and memory requirements on modern workstations and high-end PCs. In this paper, we present a novel simulation-oriented SDF scheduler (SOS) that strategically integrates several techniques for graph decomposition and SDF scheduling to provide effective, joint minimization of time and memory requirements for simulating large-scale and heavily multirate SDF graphs. We have implemented the SOS scheduler in the advanced design system (ADS) from Agilent Technologies. Our results from this implementation demonstrate large improvements in simulating real-world wireless communication systems (e.g. 3GPP, Bluetooth, 802.16e, CDMA 2000, and XM radio)
How to Detect Deception? Arresting the Beliefs of Police Officers, Prosecutors and Judges

In this paper we examined beliefs about deception held by legal professionals. Three groups of presumed expert lie-catchers were investigated: police officers ( n =104), prosecutors ( n =158), and judges ( n =251). The experts' beliefs about deception were remarkably inconsistent with the general pattern resulting from studies mapping actual cues to deception. For example, a majority of police officers believed there is a strong relationship between (a) deceptive behaviour and gaze aversion and (b) deceptive behaviour and an increase in body movements. The scientific literature does not support this view. Furthermore, all three professional groups believed that truthful consecutive statements are more consistent than deceptive, and that it is easier to detect deception in interactive than non-interactive contexts. Research on deception shows the opposite. For five of the seven investigated items we found significant between-group differences. Both the genesis and the implications of these differences are discussed. Judging from self-ratings, the presumed experts admitted knowing close to nothing about scientific research on deception.
A Test of Current Explanations of the Effect of Item Familiarity on Memory

The effects of item familiarity in memory have been variously ascribed to differences in storage or retrieval efficiency, response availability, and response bias. The experiments reported here attempted to discriminate between these explanations, using a model of the response process based on signal-detection theory. Memory for English surnames varying in frequency of occurrence was tested under free recall and recognition conditions. In both conditions, common names appeared more often among the incorrect responses, reflecting a response bias in their favour; but storage and/or retrieval of these names, as measured by the parameter d′, was less efficient than for uncommon ones. The finding of similar results in recognition and recall shows that the effect remains even when differences in response availability are removed by the use of a probe.
Controlled synthesis of 2D Au nanostructure assembly with the assistance of sulfonated polyaniline nanotubes

A wet chemical approach is used successfully to produce nanostructured Au material by the reduction of sulfonated polyaniline (SPANI) nanotubes. The Au nanostructures obtained are composed of single crystal Au nanoplates, which are aggregated layer-by-layer into stacks or edge-on-face into clusters at various conditions. The Au nanoplate diameter and thickness can be conveniently controlled in the range of 100 nm to 2 µm and 10 to 30 nm, respectively, with no accompanying single Au nanoparticles being observed. The formation of the Au nanostructures was controlled by the degradation of SPANI. The gradually and slowly released segments of SPANI served as the reductant during the growth of the 2D Au nanostructures.
Finite Wordlength Controller Realizations using the Specialized Implicit Form

Une forme d'etat implicite specialisee est presentee pour etudier les effets de l'implantation en precision finie des regulateurs. Cette forme permet une description macroscopique des algorithmes a implanter. Elle constitue un canevas unificateur permettant de decrire les differentes structures utilisees pour l'implantation, telles que les realisations avec l'operateur delta, la forme directe II en rho, la forme d'etat-observateur et bien d'autres formes qui sont d'habitude traitees separement dans la litterature. Differentes mesures quantifiant les effets de l'implantation sur le comportement en boucle fermee sont definis dans ce contexte. Elles concernent aussi bien la stabilite que la performance. L'ecart entre la realisation a precision infinie et la realisation a precision finie est evaluee selon la mesure de sensibilite des coefficients et la mesure du bruit de quantification. Le probleme consistant a trouver une realisation dont l'implantation amene un minimum de degradation peut alors est resolut numeriquement. Cette approche est illustree avec deux exemples.
Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior: The Role of Charismatic Leadership and Employees’ Trust in Top Management

This questionnaire-based study investigated the relationship between two aspects of leadership (charismatic leadership and trust in top management) and followers’ innovation implementation behavior. Findings from 194 employees working in R&D teams of a multinational automotive company indicated that charismatic leadership and trust in top management were both positively related to innovation implementation behavior, controlling for followers’ individual differences, management level, and department affiliation. The findings demonstrate that both relationships were mediated by followers’ affective commitment to change. Results implicate the need to more closely bond the concepts of affective commitment to change and innovation implementation behavior and consider their connection in future investigations.
A complex network model of semantic memory impairments

In the last decades, several models have been proposed to describe the functions and the structure of human memory. Many of these agree in representing semantic memory, i.e. the part of memory which contains the general knowledge about the world, as a network. On the other hand, the study of complex networks is a new and emerging field at the intersection of physics, mathematics and computer science which aims at characterizing the topological properties of large networks. The paper proposes a quantitative study of the large-scale properties of semantic memory, modelled as the knowledge base of an automatic concept classifier of images. This approach allows us to probe the topological properties of the network, showing that it exhibits the marks of complexity, and provide us with a suitable mathematical framework to study memory impairments. These alterations are firstly modelled as nodes removals and secondly as links modifications, producing markedly different results.
A Promising Preliminary Study of Aripiprazole for Treatment-Resistant Childhood Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a relatively frequent disease in childhood, which is generally treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or clomipramine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). However, nearly half of the cases are treatment resistant. Aripiprazole was shown to be beneficial in augmentation therapy in treatment-refractory OCD. This study evaluated its effectiveness as a single agent in these cases. METHODS Sixteen children (nine girls, seven boys), who were nonresponders to treatment with at least two types of SSRIs and CBT, were administered 12 weeks of aripiprazole treatment with a mean dose of 4.75 mg/day (range: 2-7.5 mg/day). Treatment outcomes were evaluated by the Childhood Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity and Improvement (CGI-S and CGI-I) scales. RESULTS Children with a mean age of 10.9±2.9 years had severe obsessive compulsive symptoms at baseline, and >80% of them had another comorbid psychiatric disease. Significant improvements in symptoms were achieved after 12 weeks of aripiprazole treatment, which were evaluated by significant decreases in symptom scores in the CY-BOCS, and improvements in CGI-I scores. CONCLUSIONS This very small study of aripiprazole, given to children with OCD resistant to at least 12 weeks treatment with at least two SSRIs and CBT, demonstrated striking improvement in CGI scores (all subsets, p≤0.002) for 13 of 16 children, and halved all CY-BOCS subscores after ∼12 weeks of treatment.
Effects of oral exposure to mining waste on in vivo dopamine release from rat striatum.

Several single components of mining waste (arsenic, manganese, lead, cadmium) to which humans are exposed at the mining area of Villa de la Paz, Mexico, are known to provoke alterations of striatal dopaminergic parameters. In this study we used an animal model to examine neurochemical changes resulting from exposure to a metal mixture. We used microdialysis to compare in vivo dopamine release from adult rats subchronically exposed to a mining waste by oral route with those from a control group and from a sodium arsenite group (25 mg/kg/day). We found that arsenic and manganese do accumulate in rat brain after 2 weeks of oral exposure. The mining waste group showed significantly decreased basal levels of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC; 66.7 +/- 7.53 pg/ microl) when compared to a control group (113.7 +/- 14.3 pg/ microl). Although basal dopamine release rates were comparable among groups, when the system was challenged with a long-standing depolarization through high-potassium perfusion, animals exposed to mining waste were not able to sustain an increased dopamine release in response to depolarization (mining waste group 5.5 +/- 0.5 pg/ microl versus control group 21.7 +/- 5.8 pg/ microl). Also, DOPAC and homovanillic acid levels were significantly lower in exposed animals than in controls during stimulation with high potassium. The arsenite group showed a similar tendency to that from the mining waste group. In vivo microdialysis provides relevant data about the effects of a chemical mixture. Our results indicate that this mining waste may represent a health risk for the exposed population. ImagesFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3
Doppler-Derived Ejection Intraventricular Pressure Gradients Provide a Reliable Assessment of Left Ventricular Systolic Chamber Function

Background—Ejection intraventricular pressure gradients are caused by the systolic force developed by the left ventricle (LV). By postprocessing color Doppler M-mode (CDMM) images, we can measure noninvasively the ejection intraventricular pressure difference (EIVPD) between the LV apex and the outflow tract. This study was designed to assess the value of Doppler-derived EIVPDs as noninvasive indices of systolic chamber function. Methods and Results—CDMM images and pressure-volume (conductance) signals were simultaneously acquired in 9 minipigs undergoing pharmacological interventions and acute ischemia. Inertial, convective, and total EIVPD curves were calculated from CDMM recordings. Peak EIVPD closely correlated with indices of systolic function based on the pressure-volume relationship: peak elastance (within-animal R=0.98; between-animals R=0.99), preload recruitable stroke work (within-animal R=0.81; between-animals R=0.86), and peak of the first derivative of pressure corrected for end-diastolic volume (within-animal R=0.88; between-animals R=0.91). The correlation of peak inertial EIVPD with these indices was also high (all R>0.75). Load dependence of EIVPDs was studied in another 5 animals in which consecutive beats obtained during load manipulation were analyzed. During caval occlusion (40% EDV reduction), dP/dtmax, ejection fraction, and stroke volume significantly changed, whereas peak EIVPD remained constant. Aortic occlusion (40% peak LV pressure increase) significantly modified dP/dtmax, ejection fraction, and stroke volume; a nearly significant trend toward decreasing peak EIVPD was observed (P=0.06), whereas inertial EIVPD was unchanged (P=0.6). EIVPD beat-to-beat and interobserver variabilities were 2±12% and 5±11%, respectively. Conclusions—Doppler-derived EIVPDs provide quantitative, reproducible, and relatively load-independent indices of global systolic chamber function that correlate closely with currently available reference methods.
Personal and Offending Characteristics of Child Sexual Offenders Who Have Been Sexually Abused

A study of 324 sexual offenders against children referred to an assessment and treatment service in South Australia is reported in this article. Sexual offenders who had experienced sexual abuse in childhood were compared with offenders who had not experienced sexual abuse with regard to childhood, relationship, and offending variables. Sexual offenders who had been sexually abused were more likely to report other childhood difficulties, as well as adult homosexual relationships. They were more likely to have a history of nonsexual offending, sexual offending against male victims and against multiple victims, and to have crossed victim boundaries of gender, age, and relationship to their victims. There was little support for a relationship between characteristics of sexual abuse experiences and sexual offending. Further investigation of sexual abuse as a risk factor for sexual offending is recommended.
Protectionism, Trade, and Measures of Damage from Exotic Species Introductions

Unintentional introductions of nonindigenous plants, animals, and microbes cause significant ecological and agricultural crop damage worldwide. Trade in both manufactured and agricultural goods is a primary vector for such introductions. Fusing simple models of trade and biological introductions, we explore the links between trade, protectionism, and damage arising from exotic species introductions. We show that it is possible for freer trade to reduce damage arising from exotic species invasions. We also show how current measures of damage—heavily weighted toward agricultural damage—serve as misleading indicators of how restrictions to trade affect total losses arising from exotic species introductions. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Polymorphisms of the 5-HT2C receptor and leptin genes are associated with antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain in Caucasian subjects with a first-episode psychosis

Objectives Weight gain, leading to further morbidity and poor treatment adherence, is a common consequence of treatment with antipsychotic drugs. Two recent studies in the same cohort of Chinese Han subjects have shown that polymorphisms of the promoter regions of both the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C (5-HT2C) receptor and the leptin genes, are associated with antipsychotic-induced weight gain over 10 weeks. We have investigated whether these effects remain true in a Caucasian population and following longer term treatment. Methods Seventy-three Spanish caucasian patients with a first-episode psychosis and initially drug-naive were genotyped for the 5-HT2C receptor −759C/T and leptin −2548A/G polymorphisms. Body mass index and plasma leptin levels were monitored after 6 weeks, 3 months and 9 months of antipsychotic treatment. Results Patients with the −759T variant allele showed significantly less weight gain than those without this allele. This effect held true in the smaller group of patients receiving olanzapine. The −2548 leptin polymorphism was not associated with short-term (6 week and 3 month) weight increases but did show significant association with 9-month antipsychotic-induced weight gain. The 5-HT2C −759 genotype was significantly associated with pre-treatment plasma leptin levels. Conclusions These findings confirm the importance of two genetic factors associated with long-term antipsychotic-induced weight increases in schizophrenia, and implicate a role for leptin in the 5-HT receptor-mediated weight regulation.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Seedling and Adult Plant Resistance to Stripe Rust in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat

Use of genetic diversity from related wild and domesticated species has made a significant contribution to improving wheat productivity. Synthetic hexaploid wheats (SHWs) exhibit natural genetic variation for resistance and/or tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Stripe rust caused by (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici; Pst), is an important disease of wheat worldwide. To characterise loci conferring resistance to stripe rust in SHWs, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) with a panel of 181 SHWs using the wheat 9K SNP iSelect array. The SHWs were evaluated for their response to the prevailing races of Pst at the seedling and adult plant stages, the latter in replicated field trials at two sites in Ethiopia in 2011. About 28% of the SHWs exhibited immunity at the seedling stage while 56% and 83% were resistant to Pst at the adult plant stage at Meraro and Arsi Robe, respectively. A total of 27 SNPs in nine genomic regions (1BS, 2AS, 2BL, 3BL, 3DL, 5A, 5BL, 6DS and 7A) were linked with resistance to Pst at the seedling stage, while 38 SNPs on 18 genomic regions were associated with resistance at the adult plant stage. Six genomic regions were commonly detected at both locations using a mixed linear model corrected for population structure, kinship relatedness and adjusted for false discovery rate (FDR). The loci on chromosome regions 1AS, 3DL, 6DS and 7AL appeared to be novel QTL; our results confirm that resynthesized wheat involving its progenitor species is a rich source of new stripe (yellow) rust resistance that may be useful in choosing SHWs and incorporating diverse yellow rust (YR) resistance loci into locally adapted wheat cultivars.
Comparative Response of Castrate and Intact Male Rats to Diethylstilbestrol 1 2

Summary Treatment of castrate and intact male rats with DES in the feed was used to note its comparative effect on feed intake and gain in body weight; adrenal, seminal vesicle, testicle, spleen and liver weights, and femur length and weight were also noted. DES similarly reduced gain and feed efficiently in both castrate and intact male rats. Thus, there appears to be a basic difference in the response of rats to DES, compared to cattle and sheep, that does not depend on whether they are intact or castrate males.
Testing methods, testing consequences: are they ethical? are they fair?

Language tests employing methods which are not fair to all test takers are unethi cal. Equally, uses of language tests which aim to exercise control and manipulate stakeholders rather than provide information regarding proficiency levels are also unethical. Ways of reducing these sources of unfairness are discussed and language testers are urged to exercise vigilance at all times to ensure that the tests they develop are democratic and fair.
Diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography in stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: sonographic‐surgical correlation.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of ultrasonography in stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Fourteen of the 17 consecutive patients who underwent tenosynovectomy for stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction were included in this study. The preoperative diagnosis was based primarily on the clinical suspicion of dysfunction, which was confirmed by ultrasonography. Two measurements were obtained at the midpoint between the insertion site and the medial malleolus in both feet of the 14 patients: the diameter of the posterior tibial tendon and the diameter of the tendon sheath measured from its inner walls. The mean diameter of the tendon was 4.61 +/‐ 0.50 mm and that of the tendon sheath in the symptomatic foot was 7.24 +/‐ 0.75. In the unaffected foot, the mean diameter of the tendon was 3.30 +/‐ 0.34 mm and that of the tendon sheath was 3.64 +/‐ 0.35 mm, respectively. In the symptomatic tendon, the increase of peritendinous space was significantly higher than the increase in the tendinous portion (P < 0.0001). Surgical findings proved the accuracy of diagnosis in all patients. Although many cases of stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction remain undiagnosed owing to the mild clinical symptoms, this series indicates that ultrasonography is a valuable adjunctive diagnostic tool in the clinical examination and assists in achieving an accurate diagnosis of stage I posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, allowing early treatment.
First things first: exploring Spanish students' attitudes towards learning pronunciation in Australia

ABSTRACT The number of Spanish students in Australia is increasing. This growth coincides with a period of revival in the teaching and learning of pronunciation in the foreign language classroom. However, unlike their peers in the UK and especially in the US, no specific materials are available for Australian students. In order to assist them, the first essential step must be examining their attitudes and beliefs, which is necessary to recognise the ways in which they conceive of learning pronunciation and thus shape further work, as the literature has long established. Therefore, we analyse here the results of an anonymous survey distributed among Australian university students of Spanish. The results show positive attitudes and loci of control towards the subject but also reveal the need for strengthening awareness and a number of tensions where action is still needed in order to ensure adequate pedagogical procedure for pronunciation success.