Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Moon's Crust

Lunar Topography Even when viewed from earth, the moon's surface is easily divided into mare and terra (or highland) areas on the basis of albedo. Upon closer scrutiny we find that highland areas are considerably rougher and more intensely cratered than the mare suggesting a considerable difference in age. This twofold division of the lunar surface, first suggested by Galileo in 1610, is very basic in the understanding of the nature of the moon. Laser altimetry data collected from orbit by the Apollo 15, 16 and 17 spacecraft has shown that the mare areas are, for the most part, topographic lows although not all mare surfaces are at the same altitude (Kaula, 1972, 1973, 1974) (Fig. 4.1). For example, Mare Crisium and Mare Smythii are extremely low (-5 km) whereas Oceanus Procellarum is not much lower than the surrounding highlands (-3 km vs-2 km). Overall the mare are 3-4 km lower than the terra. In Figure 4.2 a hypsometric curve for the moon based on the altimeter data is compared with the earth. A direct comparison of the two curves is difficult because the lunar curve is based on topographic deviations about a mean sphere centered at the center of the lunar mass. This center of mass is not coincident with the geometric center of the moon but is displaced 2-3 km towards the lunar near side at about 25"E. Terrestrial data are related t o a complex mean geoid (i.e. mean sea level) rather than a simple sphere. However, the curves are grossly similar, except that the lunar curve is flatter, indicating that the topographic distinction between highland and mare areas is less clear than the division between ocean and continent on earth. It is tempting t o suggest that the similarity of the two curves indicates that something similar t o ocean floor spreading occurred during the early formation of the lunar crust but it is probably more realistic t o suggest that the shape of the lunar curve resulted from the excavation of the mare by impact and a resultant redistribution of the crustal materials. As a result of the extensive reworking of the lunar surface the moon's crust is structurally and stratigraphically complex and much of the early record of crustal evolution has been obliterated.
Meaning Making in Cancer Survivors: A Focus Group Study

Background Confrontation with a life-threatening disease like cancer can evoke existential distress, which can trigger a search for meaning in people after having survived this disease. Methods In an effort to gain more insight in the meaning making process, we conducted four focus groups with 23 cancer survivors on this topic. Participants responded to questions about experienced meaning making, perceived changes in meaning making after cancer and the perceived need for help in this area. Results Most frequently mentioned meaning making themes were relationships and experiences. We found that, in general, cancer survivors experienced enhanced meaning after cancer through relationships, experiences, resilience, goal-orientation and leaving a legacy. Some participants, however, also said to have (also) experienced a loss of meaning in their lives through experiences, social roles, relationships and uncertainties about the future. Conclusions The results indicated that there is a group of cancer survivors that has succeeded in meaning making efforts, and experienced sometimes even more meaning in life than before diagnosis, while there is also a considerable group of survivors that struggled with meaning making and has an unmet need for help with that. The results of this study contribute to develop a meaning centered intervention for cancer survivors.
Robust optimization of total joint replacements incorporating environmental variables.

Direct search techniques for the optimal design of biomechanical devices are computationally intensive requiring many iterations before converging to a global solution. This, along with the incorporation of environmental variables such as multiple loading conditions and bone properties, makes direct search techniques infeasible. In this study, we introduced new methods that are based on the statistical design and analysis of computer experiments to account efficiently for environmental variables. Using data collected at a relatively small set of training sites, the method employs a computationally inexpensive predictor of the structural response that is statistically motivated. By using this predictor in place of the simulator (e.g., finite element model), a sufficient number of iterations can be performed to facilitate the optimization of the complex system. The applicability of these methods was demonstrated through the design of a femoral component for total hip arthroplasty incorporating variations in joint force orientation and cancellous bone properties. Beams on elastic foundation (BOEF) finite element models were developed to simulate the structural response. These simple models were chosen for their short computation time. This allowed us to represent the actual structural response surface by an exhaustive enumeration of the design and environmental variable space, and provided a means by which to validate the statistical predictor. We were able to predict the structural response and the optimal design accurately using only 16 runs of the computer code. The general trends predicted by the BOEF models were in agreement with previous three-dimensional finite element computer simulations, and experimental and clinical results, which demonstrated that the important features of intramedullary fixation systems were captured. These results indicate that the statistically based optimization methods are appropriate for optimization studies using computationally demanding models.
Athymic mouse model of a human T-cell tumor.

Because of the large number of different immunoconjugates which can be produced from monoclonal antibody-directed anti-cancer therapy, it would be useful to have in vivo tumor models to compare such preparations. Although historically human leukemias-lymphomas have been difficult to establish in athymic mice we have succeeded in establishing human T-cell tumors from primary MOLT-4 cultures in 290 of 353 animals and have successfully transferred tumors in 42 of 45 animals during ten serial passages. The potential utility of this model for testing immunoconjugates of murine monoclonal antibody T101 have been confirmed by: (a) in all 148 tumors sampled including all passaged tumors the human T-cell antigen, T65, was expressed in a manner identical to that of cultured cells; (b) 111In-T101 was concentrated preferentially in the tumor; and (c) T101 injected by both the i.p. and i.v. routes bound to tumor and induced antigenic modulation to the same extent as that observed previously in vitro and in human studies.
Sazetidine-A, A Novel Ligand That Desensitizes α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors without Activating Them

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels found throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. They are crucial to normal physiology and have been clearly implicated in nicotine addiction. In addition, they are possible therapeutic targets in a wide range of pathological conditions, including cognitive disorders, Parkinson's disease, and neuropathic pain. Nicotinic ligands are usually classified as agonists (or partial agonists), competitive antagonists, or noncompetitive antagonists. Sazetidine-A is a new nicotinic ligand that shows a different pharmacological profile from any of these known classes of ligands. Sazetidine-A competes with very high binding affinity (Ki ≈ 0.5 nM) and selectivity for the α4β2 nAChR subtype (Ki ratio α3β4/α4β2 ∼ 24,000). Despite its high affinity, sazetidine-A neither activates nAChR channel function nor prevents channel activation when it is applied simultaneously with nicotine. However, when it is pre-incubated for 10 min with the receptors, it potently blocks nicotine-stimulated α4β2 nAChR function (IC50 ≈ 30 nM). The action of sazetidine-A may be explained by its very low affinity for the resting conformation of the α4β2 nAChRs, and its very high affinity for the desensitized state of the receptor. We propose that sazetidine-A is a “silent desensitizer” of nAChRs, meaning that it desensitizes the receptor without first activating it. Furthermore, comparison of the effects of sazetidine-A and nicotine at α4β2 nAChRs suggests that the predominant effects of nicotine and other nicotinic agonists are related to desensitization of the receptors and that sazetidine-A potently mimics these effects.
Risk factors for complications after bowel surgery in Korean patients with Crohn's disease

Purpose To assess the incidence and factors predictive of early postoperative complications in Korean patients who undergo surgery for Crohn's disease (CD). Methods We retrospectively assessed 350 patients (246 males, 104 females; mean age, 30 ± 9 years) who underwent surgery for primary or recurrent CD at Asan Medical Center between January 1991 and May 2010. The incidence and predictive factors of early postoperative complications were analyzed by both univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Of the 350 patients, 81 patients (23.1%) developed postoperative complications, the most common being septic complications (54 patients), including 19 cases of wound infection. Thirty patients (8.6%) required re-operations, and only one patient died. Multivariate analysis showed that four factors were independently associated with a high risk of early postoperative complications; preoperative moderate to severe anemia (hematocrit concentration <30%; odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 5.9), hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin level <3.0 g/dL; OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.7), emergency surgery (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.5 to 10.6), and covering stoma (OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3 to 5.4). Correction of preoperative moderate to severe anemia and hypoalbuminemia decreased the incidence of postoperative complications. Mean hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with than without postoperative complications (31.3 ± 27.2 days vs. 10.3 ± 3.8 days, P < 0.001). Conclusion Preoperative anemia, low albumin level, emergency surgery, and covering stoma significantly increased the risk of early postoperative complications in patients with CD. Correcting preoperatively deficient nutritional factors may reduce postoperative morbidities.
An ion-transporting ATPase encodes multiple apical localization signals

Epithelial cells accumulate distinct populations of membrane proteins at their two plasmalemmal domains. We have examined the molecular signals which specify the differential subcellular distributions of two closely related ion pumps. The Na,K-ATPase is normally restricted to the basolateral membranes of numerous epithelial cell types, whereas the H,K-ATPase is a component of the apical surfaces of the parietal cells of the gastric epithelium. We have expressed full length and chimeric H,K-ATPase/Na,K-ATPase cDNAs in polarized renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). We find that both the alpha and beta subunits of the H,K-ATPase encode independent signals that specify apical localization. Furthermore, the H,K-ATPase beta-subunit possesses a sequence which mediates its participation in the endocytic pathway. The interrelationship between epithelial sorting and endocytosis signals suggested by these studies supports the redefinition of apical and basolateral as functional, rather than simply topographic domains.
Smoking and depression: an examination of mechanisms of comorbidity.

OBJECTIVE Although the association between depression and smoking has been consistently established, little evidence regarding the mechanisms that influence this association is currently available. The present study evaluates alternate familial mechanisms of comorbidity between depression and smoking. METHOD Probands from a case-control family study were selected from outpatient specialty clinics or through a random-digit dialing procedure. A total of 133 probands and 273 directly interviewed, first-degree relatives of the probands were included in the present analyses. RESULTS The pattern of cross-aggregation of heavy smoking and depression differed according to the subtype of depressive disorder. There was evidence of a shared etiology between dysthymia and heavy smoking, whereas major and double depression did not demonstrate a shared vulnerability with heavy smoking. CONCLUSIONS This report contributes to the present sparse evidence regarding the mechanisms involved in the etiology of smoking and depressive disorders and highlights the need for greater attention to this issue through genetic epidemiological study methods.
Nonlinear Imaging of Microbubble Contrast Agent Using the Volterra Filter: In Vivo Results

A nonlinear filtering approach to imaging the dynamics of microbubble ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) in microvessels is presented. The approach is based on the adaptive third-order Volterra filter (TVF), which separates the linear, quadratic, and cubic components from beamformed pulse-echo ultrasound data. The TVF captures polynomial nonlinearities utilizing the full spectral components of the echo data and not from prespecified bands, e.g., second or third harmonics. This allows for imaging using broadband pulse transmission to preserve the axial resolution and the SNR. In this paper, we present the results from imaging the UCA activity in a 200-μm cellulose tube embedded in a tissue-mimicking phantom using a linear array diagnostic probe. The contrast enhancement was quantified by computing the contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) for the different imaging components, i.e., B-mode, pulse inversion (PI), and the TVF components. The temporal mean and standard deviation of the CTR values were computed for all frames in a given data set. Quadratic and cubic images, referred to as QB-mode and CB-mode, produced higher mean CTR values than B-mode, which showed improved sensitivity. Compared with PI, they produced similar or higher mean CTR values with greater spatial specificity. We also report in vivo results from imaging UCA activity in an implanted LNCaP tumor with heterogeneous perfusion. The temporal means and standard deviations of the echogenicity were evaluated in small regions with different perfusion levels in the presence and absence of UCA. The in vivo measurements behaved consistently with the corresponding calculations obtained under microflow conditions in vitro. Specifically, the nonlinear VF components produced larger increases in the temporal mean and standard deviation values compared with B-mode in regions with low to relatively high perfusion. These results showed that polynomial filters such as the TVF can provide an important tool for imaging UCA activity in regions with heterogeneous perfusion as is the case in some tumors and ischemic tissues.
The Mechanism of Heterogeneous Beta-Lactam Resistance in MRSA: Key Role of the Stringent Stress Response

All methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains carry an acquired genetic determinant – mecA or mecC - which encode for a low affinity penicillin binding protein –PBP2A or PBP2A′ – that can continue the catalysis of peptidoglycan transpeptidation in the presence of high concentrations of beta-lactam antibiotics which would inhibit the native PBPs normally involved with the synthesis of staphylococcal cell wall peptidoglycan. In contrast to this common genetic and biochemical mechanism carried by all MRSA strains, the level of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance shows a very wide strain to strain variation, the mechanism of which has remained poorly understood. The overwhelming majority of MRSA strains produce a unique – heterogeneous – phenotype in which the great majority of the bacteria exhibit very poor resistance often close to the MIC value of susceptible S. aureus strains. However, cultures of such heterogeneously resistant MRSA strains also contain subpopulations of bacteria with extremely high beta-lactam MIC values and the resistance level and frequency of the highly resistant cells in such strain is a characteristic of the particular MRSA clone. In the study described in this communication, we used a variety of experimental models to understand the mechanism of heterogeneous beta-lactam resistance. Methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) that received the mecA determinant in the laboratory either on a plasmid or in the form of a chromosomal SCCmec cassette, generated heterogeneously resistant cultures and the highly resistant subpopulations that emerged in these models had increased levels of PBP2A and were composed of bacteria in which the stringent stress response was induced. Each of the major heterogeneously resistant clones of MRSA clinical isolates could be converted to express high level and homogeneous resistance if the growth medium contained an inducer of the stringent stress response.
Divergent phenological response to hydroclimate variability in forested mountain watersheds

Mountain watersheds are primary sources of freshwater, carbon sequestration, and other ecosystem services. There is significant interest in the effects of climate change and variability on these processes over short to long time scales. Much of the impact of hydroclimate variability in forest ecosystems is manifested in vegetation dynamics in space and time. In steep terrain, leaf phenology responds to topoclimate in complex ways, and can produce specific and measurable shifts in landscape forest patterns. The onset of spring is usually delayed at a specific rate with increasing elevation (often called Hopkins' Law; Hopkins, 1918), reflecting the dominant controls of temperature on greenup timing. Contrary with greenup, leaf senescence shows inconsistent trends along elevation gradients. Here, we present mechanisms and an explanation for this variability and its significance for ecosystem patterns and services in response to climate. We use moderate‐resolution imaging spectro‐radiometer (MODIS) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data to derive landscape‐induced phenological patterns over topoclimate gradients in a humid temperate broadleaf forest in southern Appalachians. These phenological patterns are validated with different sets of field observations. Our data demonstrate that divergent behavior of leaf senescence with elevation is closely related to late growing season hydroclimate variability in temperature and water balance patterns. Specifically, a drier late growing season is associated with earlier leaf senescence at low elevation than at middle elevation. The effect of drought stress on vegetation senescence timing also leads to tighter coupling between growing season length and ecosystem water use estimated from observed precipitation and runoff generation. This study indicates increased late growing season drought may be leading to divergent ecosystem response between high and low elevation forests. Landscape‐induced phenological patterns are easily observed over wide areas and may be used as a unique diagnostic for sources of ecosystem vulnerability and sensitivity to hydroclimate change.
Perceived task expectations and the walk-run gait transition

This study examined the effect of expected task duration on the walk – run transition speed in human terrestrial locomotion and the hypothesis that the transition is made to minimize metabolic energy expenditure. Twelve healthy male participants engaged in treadmill locomotion trials lasting 50 s, 100 s, 5 min, 10 min, and 30 min. Speed was increased in 10 steps, every 0.1 m·s starting at 1.4 m·s, and the preferred walk – run transition speed was recorded. Participants also walked and ran at 40, 55, 70, 85, 100, 115, and 130% of the 30min preferred transition speed while oxygen consumption data were recorded. The metabolically optimal transition speed was then determined for extended walking and running. Participants moved on the treadmill at roughly 90% of the metabolically optimal transition speed in trials lasting 30 s, 3 min, 15 min, and 40 min. Running was more metabolically costly than walking at this speed. Participants were informed regarding trial duration prior to testing in the 30 s, 3 min, and 15 min conditions, but not in the 40-min condition. Both central and peripheral ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained at all speeds. The preferred walk – run transition speed decreased with increasing task duration and the preferred transition speed for each duration condition occurred prior to the metabolically optimal transition speed. Central RPE values increased across the walk – run transition while peripheral RPE values decreased. With increasing task duration, participants preferred running to walking at approximately 90% of the metabolically optimal transition speed. Moreover, participants experienced difficulty selecting the appropriate gait when the task duration was ambiguous. These results provide evidence to refute the hypothesis that the minimization of metabolic energy expenditure is the primary trigger for the transition between walking and running. Rather, the transition is made to reduce peripheral sensations of effort associated with fast walking. Furthermore, task-relevant information influences the decision whether to walk or run. It is concluded that perceptions about the task constraint create an informational boundary for a hierarchical array of physical gait triggers.
Younger Dryas Interval and outflow from the Laurentide Ice Sheet

A boxmodel of the Great Lakes is used to estimate meltwater flow into the North Atlantic between 8000 and 14,000 calendar years B.P. Controls on the model include the oxygen isotopic composition of meltwaters and lake waters as measured in the shells of ostracodes. Outflow rates are highest when oxygen isotopic values of the lake waters are most negative, denoting a maximum glacial meltwater component. Flow rates reach maximum values before the onset of the Younger Dryas and after it ends. These maxima appear to be correlative with the major meltwater pulses MWP 1A and 1B. Although the resumption of North Atlantic Deep Water formation may be tied to the reduction in ice sheet melting, neither the onset nor the end of the Younger Dryas, as recorded in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project (GISP2) records, appear tied to maxima in meltwater outflow from the Laurentide ice sheet.
The Social Circles of Leisure: Competing Explanations

This paper illustrates some theoretical possibilities for research on leisure behavior. There is an attempt to make explicit two hypotheses which often are implicit in our explanations of variation in leisure behavior. The origins, utility and limitations of these two hypotheses — “compensatory” and “familiarity” — are examined by using data on three styles of family camping. When confronted with these data, it appears that both familiarity and compensatory desires converge upon a specific activity. To understand the sources of this convergence, a third hypothesis - “personal community” - seems a useful alternative. This hypothesis suggests that the nature of those intimate social circles which surround the individual may be the crucial determinant of variation in leisure style. Our data on family camping suggest that future research should consider such a possibility.
All Under One Roof: Mixed-Status Families in an Era of Reform:

Support for this paper has been provided by the Ford, Will iam and Flora Hewlett, and Andrew W. Mellon Foundations and by a consortium of federal agencies that includes the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, the Administration for Children and Families, and the Health Care Financing Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the Food, Nutrition and Consumer Services and the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service.