Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A type-theoretic approach to higher-order modules with sharing

The design of a module system for constructing and maintaining large programs is a difficult task that raises a number of theoretical and practical issues. A fundamental issue is the management of the flow of information between program units at compile time via the notion of an interface. Experience has shown that fully opaque interfaces are awkward to use in practice since too much information is hidden, and that fully transparent interfaces lead to excessive interdependencies, creating problems for maintenance and separate compilation. The “sharing” specifications of Standard ML address this issue by allowing the programmer to specify equational relationships between types in separated modules, but are not expressive enough to allow the programmer complete control over the propagation of type information between modules. These problems are addressed from a type-theoretic viewpoint by considering a calculus based on Girard's system Fω. The calculus differs form those considered in previous studies by relying exclusively on a new form of weak sum type to propagate information at compile-time, in contrast to approaches based on strong sums which rely on substitution. The new form of sum type allows for the specification of equational, as well as type and kind, information in interfaces. This provides complete control over the propagation of compile-time information between program units and is sufficient to encode in a straightforward way most users of type sharing specifications in Standard ML. Modules are treated as “first-class” citizens, and therefore the system supports higher-order modules and some object-oriented programming idioms; the language may be easily restricted to “second-class” modules found in ML-like languages.
Gait parameters as predictors of slip severity in younger and older adults

This study investigated the association between slip severity and pre-slip gait characteristics of younger and older subjects. Sixteen younger and eleven older healthy adults walked onto an unexpectedly slippery surface. Slip severity was categorized as either hazardous or non-hazardous using a 1.0 ms peak slip velocity threshold. The results showed that hazardous slips were associated with greater step lengths (normalized by leg length) (SLR), larger and more rapidly changing foot – floor angles (FFA) at heel strike, and increased cadence across the two subject groups. Older subjects were found to walk with shorter SLR and with smaller and more slowly changing FFA at heel strike compared to younger subjects. However, both younger and older subjects experienced hazardous slips at the same rate. A logistic regression model relating SLR and cadence to slip severity predicted that increased SLR and decreased cadence would result in increased probability of hazardous slip (R2 = 0.45, χ2 = 15.30, p<0.01). A second logistic regression model relating FFA with slip severity predicted that increased FFA would result in increased probability of hazardous slip (R2 = 0.53, χ2 = 16.55, p<0.01). These results suggest that gait characteristics prior to foot contact play an important role in the severity of an ensuing slip. The finding that older adults experienced hazardous slips at the same rate as young adults even though their SLR and FFA are smaller suggests that age is also playing a role in other aspects of postural control that impact slip severity.
Amniotic membrane transplantation for pseudomonal keratitis with impending perforation.

BACKGROUND To determine whether amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) can be used as adjunctive therapy to promote wound healing and prevent perforation in bacterial keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. METHODS We report on 6 eyes from 6 patients with bacterial keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with prominent stromal melting and extensive stromal loss. AMT was performed after treatment with fortified antibiotics for at least 1 week. The mean follow-up period was 12.8+/-2.5 months. RESULTS The lesion became sterile in all but 1 case for which AMT was performed. Rapid reepithelialization and decreased inflammation was observed in 5 cases, with complete reepithelialization occurred at 9.4+/-2.1 days postoperatively. The amniotic membrane dissolved in the remaining case with active, extensive corneal infection and persistent epithelial defect; this case finally received evisceration due to intractable glaucoma. In all other cases, after AMT treatment, lesions did not extend, stromal loss was limited, and considerable stromal thickness was preserved. CONCLUSION AMT may be considered an alternative method for treating pseudomonal keratitis, especially when stromal melting and loss are extensive, and the infection has been controlled.
Signal and Image Approximation Using Interval Wavelet Transform

In signal approximation, classical wavelet synthesis are known to produce Gibbs-like phenomenon around discontinuities when wavelet coefficients in the cone of influence of the discontinuities are quantized. By analyzing a function in a piecewise manner, filtering across discontinuities can be avoided. Using this principle, the interval wavelet transform can generate sparser representations in the vicinity of discontinuities than classical wavelet transforms. This work introduces two new constructions of interval wavelets and shows how they can be used for image compression and upscaling
Hidden reality: sexual sphere in brain tumor patients

Abstract Most reports emphasize that tumors and their treatments affect sexual function. To date, no studies have focused on sexual functioning in patients with brain tumors. Our study’s objective is to describe the sexual sphere of patients with brain tumors and examine the possible differences between patients who reported sexual dysfunctions and those who did not with respect to their psychological and functional status. We tested 46 patients with brain tumors. We used an ad hoc questionnaire to assess patients’ subjective perception of their own sexual sphere. To assess patients’ psychological status, we used the following questionnaires: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Psychological Distress Inventory; EORTC QLQ-C30; EORTC QLQ-BN20. Fifty-eight percent of patients reported sexual disturbance. Our data showed that a lack of or decrease in sexual desire is the most common sexual problem reported by our patients (56%). Patients with sexual problems reported higher levels of anxiety and depression and a worse self-reported quality of life (QoL) than did those who did not perceive adverse changes in their sexual sphere. In addition, we found that patients with a better performance status (KPS) reported more changes in sexual behaviors than did those who had performance difficulties. Of the patients, 15.2% received information regarding possible changes in the sexual sphere by physicians. Additionally, 10.8 of 15.2% of the patients reported having explicitly requested information from physicians. The study demonstrated a relation between QoL and sexual function. Therefore, it would be important to encourage clinicians to ask questions regarding patients’ sexual issues, thus providing them with an opportunity to expose their difficulties and receive adequate support.
Effects of Polyethylene Glycol Spacer Length and Ligand Density on Folate Receptor Targeting of Liposomal Doxorubicin In Vitro

The folate receptor is an attractive target for selective tumor delivery of liposomal doxorubicin (DXR) because it is abundantly expressed in a large percentage of tumors. This study examined the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer length and folate ligand density on the targeting ability of folate-modified liposomes. Liposomes were modified with folate-derivatized PEG-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine with PEG molecular weights of 2000, 3400, or 5000. The association of DXR-loaded liposomes with KB cells, which overexpress the folate receptor, was evaluated by flow cytometry at various ratios of folate modification. A low ratio of folate modification with a sufficiently long PEG chain showed the highest folate receptor-mediated association with the cells, but did not show the highest in vitro cytotoxicity. DXR release from folate-modified liposomes in endosomes might be different. These findings will be useful for designing folate receptor-targeting carriers.
Dose Response of Retinol and Isotretinoin in the Prevention of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer Recurrence

Using data from a randomized, double blind, study of the efficacy of retinol or isotretinoin vs. placebo on recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in high-risk subjects, a reanalysis of the original intent to treat analysis was performed in a dose-response format. Cox proportional hazards models describe the relationship between dose quartiles of isotretinoin and retinol use and time to first occurrence of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in crude and adjusted models. Neither the isotretinoin nor retinol models showed any significance at any quartile for reduction in first BCC or SCC occurrence. Crude and adjusted retinol models show a statistically significant increase in risk of developing an SCC in the first quartile, whereas only the crude model shows a statistically significant increase in risk in the first quartile of the isotretinoin model. For retinol and SCC, hazard ratios (HRs) for the first quartile were as follows: HR = 2.92, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.67–5.10 crude; HR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.00–3.80 adjusted. For isotretinoin and SCC, HRs for the first quartile were as follows: HR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.35–4.19 crude; HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.87–3.31 adjusted. Test for trend was not significant in any of the models. These analyses confirm the results of the original intent to treat analyses and raise an interesting question related to the potential for increased risk for patients in the first quartile of retinol dose.
Task-defined associations are mode specific for selection of relevant dimension but mode independent for selection of location mapping

When compatible and incompatible mappings of a location-relevant task are mixed, or a location-relevant task is mixed with a task for which stimulus location is irrelevant, the benefit of the compatible mapping is eliminated for physical locations and enhanced for location words. Two experiments examined the influence of presenting the location information for the mixed conditions in different stimulus modes (physical location or word). Experiment 1 showed that the effects of mixing location-relevant and location-irrelevant tasks on the spatial compatibility and Simon effects are reduced when the location information is presented in different modes for the two tasks. Experiment 2 showed, in contrast, that the mode distinction had little influence on the effects of mixed compatible and incompatible mappings for location-relevant tasks: The compatibility effect was eliminated for physical locations and enhanced for words, as when there is no mode distinction. Thus, when location is relevant for one task and colour for the other, the task-defined associations of locations to responses are mode specific, but when location is relevant for both tasks, the associations are mode independent.
Cryptographic key generation from voice

We propose a technique to reliably generate a cryptographic key from a user's voice while speaking a password. The key resists cryptanalysis even against an attacker who captures all system information related to generating or verifying the cryptographic key. Moreover, the technique is sufficiently robust to enable the user to reliably regenerate the key by uttering her password again. We describe an empirical evaluation of this technique using 250 utterances recorded from 50 users.
Hyperspectral imaging for measurement of oxygen saturation in the optic nerve head.

PURPOSE To evaluate a hyperspectral imaging technique for monitoring relative spatial changes in retinal oxygen saturation. METHODS The optic nerve head (ONH) and overlying vessels in cynomolgus monkey eyes were imaged with a fundus camera attached to a hyperspectral imaging system. Images were acquired with inspiration of room air and pure oxygen and at controlled intraocular pressures (IOP) of 15 mm Hg (normal) and 60 mm Hg (sustained for up to 5 minutes). Changes in relative blood oxygen saturation in the vessels and ONH were assessed from reflectance spectra. Saturation maps were derived from contributions of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin spectral signatures extracted from hyperspectral images. The results obtained with hyperspectral imaging were compared with known experimental outcomes. RESULTS Pure oxygen markedly increased oxygen saturation in veins. Increases in arteries and the ONH were smaller. The results obtained with hyperspectral image analysis agreed with known changes in oxygen saturation from breathing experiments. Raising IOP reduced saturation in all structures and resulted in profound desaturation of arteries. During sustained high IOP, a rebound in saturation was observed in the ONH. Spatial maps clearly showed the saturation changes in arteries, veins, and surrounding tissues. CONCLUSIONS Hyperspectral imaging can be adapted to measure and map relative oxygen saturation in retinal structures and the ONH in nonhuman primate eyes.
Graph-restricted game approach for investigating human movement qualities

A novel computational method for the analysis of expressive full-body movement qualities is introduced, which exploits concepts and tools from graph theory and game theory. The human skeletal structure is modeled as an undirected graph, where the joints are the vertices and the edge set contains both physical and non-physical links. Physical links correspond to connections between adjacent physical body joints (e.g., the forearm, which connects the elbow to the wrist). Nonphysical links act as "bridges" between parts of the body not directly connected by the skeletal structure, but sharing very similar feature values. The edge weights depend on features obtained by using Motion Capture data. Then, a mathematical game is constructed over the graph structure, where the vertices represent the players and the edges represent communication channels between them. Hence, the body movement is modeled in terms of a game built on the graph structure. Since the vertices and the edges contribute to the overall quality of the movement, the adopted game-theoretical model is of cooperative nature. A game-theoretical concept, called Shapley value, is exploited as a centrality index to estimate the contribution of each vertex to a shared goal (e.g., to the way a particular movement quality is transferred among the vertices). The proposed method is applied to a data set of Motion Capture data of subjects performing expressive movements, recorded in the framework of the H2020-ICT-2015 EU Project WhoLoDance, Project no. 688865. Preliminary results are presented.
Induction of programmed cell death in Arabidopsis and rice by single-wall carbon nanotubes.

UNLABELLED PREMISE OF THE STUDY Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have many unique structural and mechanical properties. Their potential applications, especially in biomedical engineering and medical chemistry, have been increasing in recent years, but the toxicological impact of nanoparticles has rarely been studied in plants. • METHODS We exposed Arabidopsis and rice leaf protoplasts to SWCNTs and examined cell viability, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species generation, and related gene expression. We also tested the effects of nanoparticles on Arabidopsis leaves after injecting a SWCNT solution. EM-TUNEL (electron-microscopic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling) and a cerium chloride staining method were used. • KEY RESULTS SWCNTs caused adverse cellular responses including cell aggregation, chromatin condensation along with a TUNEL-positive reaction, plasma membrane deposition, and H(2)O(2) accumulation. The effect of SWCNTs on the survival of cells was dose dependent, with 25 μg/mL inducing 25% cell death in 6 h. In contrast, activated carbon, which is not a nano-sized carbon particle, did not induce cell death even 24 h after treatments. The data indicated that the nano-size of the particle is a critical factor for toxicity. Moreover, endocytosis-like structures with cerium chloride deposits formed after SWCNT treatment, suggesting a possible pathway for nanoparticles to traverse the cell membrane. • CONCLUSIONS Consequently, SWCNTs have an adverse effect on protoplasts and leaves through oxidative stress, leading to a certain amount of programmed cell death. Although nanomaterials have great advantages in many respects, the benefits and side effects still need to be assessed carefully.
The effects of local muscle fatigue on shock attenuation characteristics during running

The Effects of Local Muscle Fatigue on Shock Attenuation Characteristics During Running by Kaori Teramoto John A. Mercer, Ph.D., Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor o f Kinesiology University o f Nevada, Las Vegas The purpose o f this study was to examine shock attenuation (SA) characteristics as well as stride characteristics before and after a fatigue protocol o f the ankle dorsiflexors while running on a treadmill. Thirteen females (25.4 ± 3.8 yrs; 63.2 ± 8.9 kg; 164.3 ± 3.1 cm) ran at the same (preferred) speed prior to and following bilateral local muscle fatigue o f the ankle dorsiflexors. The fatigue protocol consisted o f five sets o f maximal concentric and eccentric contractions with a 15-second rest between the sets. Accelerometers (1004 Hz) were securely mounted on the distal aspect of the tibia and on the forehead. Head impact acceleration (ahead) and leg impact acceleration (aieg) over 10 consecutive strides per subject-condition were selected and used to quantify SA. Paired Mests were used to compare each dependent variable (SA, ahead, aieg, stride frequency, stride length) between conditions (running before vs. after the fatigue protocol). Results indicated SA was 4.2% greater when running after the fatigue protocol [78.4 ±6.1 % (mean ± std)] than when running before the fatigue protocol (74.2 ± 6.6 %; p < .05). Additionally, aieg was, on average, 1.7 g greater during running after (6.0 ± 2.4 g) than
Robust Transmit Beamforming for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel Feedback

In this paper, robust transmit beamforming (BF) for transmission over frequency-selective fading channels, taking into account the availability of imperfect channel state information at the transmitter (CSIT), is considered. In a realistic scenario, the CSIT differs from the true channel. The CSIT may be outdated due to channel variations or could be erroneous due to quantization effects and/or transmission errors. Transmit BF with reliable CSIT can improve the system performance significantly. On the other hand, pure space-time coding outperforms transmit BF if the CSIT is unreliable. The optimization criterion of the proposed robust BF scheme takes the reliability of the available CSIT in an optimum way into account. We show that the performance of the proposed robust BF scheme is upper and lower bounded by that of transmit BF with perfect CSIT and generalized delay diversity coding without instantaneous CSIT, respectively.
Psychological treatments for irritable bowel syndrome: a critique of controlled treatment trials.

OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine the efficacy of psychological treatments in irritable bowel syndrome. METHODS A systematic review of the literature on psychological treatments of IBS was performed using Medline (1966-1994) and Psychlit (1974-1994) and secondary references. Fully published studies in English were selected if they compared any type of "psychological" treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with a control group. Studies without any comparable control group, studies in which the subject group was not confined to irritable bowel syndrome sufferers, and those in which irritable bowel syndrome symptoms were not the primary outcome measures were excluded. Each study was reviewed using a structured format to examine methodological issues. A quality algorithm was developed a priori based on eight key requirements. RESULTS Eight studies (57%) reported that a psychological treatment was superior to control therapy; five failed to detect a significant effect, and one did not report if psychological treatment was superior. By the quality algorithm, only one study (a hypnotherapy trial) exceeded the preset cutoff score of 6, but this study was poorly generalizable due to sample selection. CONCLUSION The efficacy of psychological treatment for irritable bowel syndrome has not been established because of methodological inadequacies; future trials need to address these design limitations.
Increased Detection Sensitivity for KRAS Mutations Enhances the Prediction of Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody Resistance in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Purpose:KRAS mutations represent the main cause of resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We evaluated whether highly sensitive methods for KRAS investigation improve the accuracy of predictions of anti-EGFR MoAbs efficacy. Experimental Design: We retrospectively evaluated objective tumor responses in mCRC patients treated with cetuximab or panitumumab. KRAS codons 12 and 13 were examined by direct sequencing, MALDI-TOF MS, mutant-enriched PCR, and engineered mutant-enriched PCR, which have a sensitivity of 20%, 10%, 0.1%, and 0.1%, respectively. In addition, we analyzed KRAS codon 61, BRAF, and PIK3CA by direct sequencing and PTEN expression by immunohistochemistry. Results: In total, 111 patients were considered. Direct sequencing revealed mutations in codons 12 and 13 of KRAS in 43/111 patients (39%) and BRAF mutations in 9/111 (8%), with almost all of these occurring in nonresponder patients. Using highly sensitive methods, we identified up to 13 additional KRAS mutations compared with direct sequencing, all occurring in nonresponders. By analyzing PIK3CA and PTEN, we found that of these 13 patients, 7 did not show any additional alteration in the PI3K pathway. Conclusions: The application of highly sensitive methods for the detection of KRAS mutations significantly improves the identification of mCRC patients resistant to anti-EGFR MoAbs. Clin Cancer Res; 17(14); 4901–14. ©2011 AACR.