Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Tale of Four Teachers: A Study of an Australian Late-entry Content-based Programme in Two Asian Languages

This article summarises the results of a multidimensional study of a content-based bilingual education programme piloted in a suburban high school in Melbourne in which specialist subjects taught in Chinese and Vietnamese were offered to Grades 9 and 10 students optionally enrolled in the Chinese–English or Vietnamese–English stream. The study incorporated a coordinated action research methodology in which four participating specialist teachers documented their teaching progress, problems, interventions and reactions which provided the basis for regular shared discussions. The principal researcher, who participated in the meetings, documented the collective progress of the course, focusing particularly on biliteracy acquisition. Problems faced and lessons learned over the pilot year are documented here.
ATP dependence of vesicular stomatitis virus transcription initiation and modulation by mutation in the nucleocapsid protein

We recently reported that vesicular stomatitis virus pol R mutants contain a template-associated N-protein alteration which allows for efficient readthrough of leader RNA termination sites in vitro (Perrault et al., Cell 35:175-185, 1983). We show here that in vitro RNA synthesis mediated by pol R virions is much more resistant to replacement of ATP by the analog beta,gamma-imido ATP than by wild-type virus (approximately 50% inhibition versus approximately 95%). Characterization of beta,gamma-imido ATP-resistant and control products by size, polyadenylic acid content, frequency of initiation at the 3' end of the template, and readthrough of the leader-N gene junction leads us to conclude the following: (i) most likely, the ATP dependence of the transcription process primarily reflects a requirement for initiation or entry of the polymerase at the 3' end of the template; (ii) this requirement is largely bypassed in the mutant pol R viruses; (iii) the synthesis of small, internally initiated transcripts by wild-type virus is less dependent on ATP than that of leader RNA; and (iv) termination at leader RNA sites is not directly affected when beta,gamma-imido ATP is added before initiation of synthesis. These results are discussed in terms of the possible roles of ATP and the nucleocapsid protein in initiation and termination of vesicular stomatitis virus RNA synthesis.
The Nest Architecture of the Ant Odontomachus brunneus

Abstract The architecture of the subterranean nests of the ant Odontomachus brunneus (Patton) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) was studied by means of casts with dental plaster or molten metal. The entombed ants were later recovered by dissolution of plaster casts in hot running water. O. brunneus excavates simple nests, each consisting of a single, vertical shaft connecting more or less horizontal, simple chambers. Nests contained between 11 and 177 workers, from 2 to 17 chambers, and 28 to 340 cm2 of chamber floor space and reached a maximum depth of 18 to 184 cm. All components of nest size increased simultaneously during nest enlargement, number of chambers, mean chamber size, and nest depth, making the nest shape (proportions) relatively size-independent. Regardless of nest size, all nests had approximately 2 cm2 of chamber floor space per worker. Chambers were closer together near the top and the bottom of the nest than in the middle, and total chamber area was greater near the bottom. Colonies occasionally incorporated cavities made by other animals into their nests.
Response Format Effects in Questions about Norms: Implications for the Reliability and Validity of the Normative Approach

Several studies have demonstrated that altering the format (question wording or presentation format) can alter responses obtained from normative questions. This study extends that research with two experiments. In a study of McKenzie River boaters in Oregon ( n = 225), respondents received either a semiopen (fill in the blank) or closed (scale with anchored points) format of questions about acceptable waiting time at boat launches, percent of time spent in sight of other boaters, and number of groups met per day. In the second study, at Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge, 774 respondents received either the semiopen format or one of two closed formats (anchored with 30 or 60), asking for the acceptable number of motorboats and canoes. In both cases, norm prevalence was significantly higher in the closed format (46 to 78%) than in the semiopen format (27 to 60%), and the average increase from one format to the other was 23%. This suggests either that respondents are more likely to guess at a number when given a closed response frame or that the closed format provides important context that elicits valid responses. Examination of the mean values obtained under the different response formats suggest that both processes may be operating, but the latter is more likely. It appears that closed formats, like photographs, offer a cognitively easier and more meaningful task.
Personalization in Email Marketing: The Role of Non-Informative Advertising Content

In collaboration with three companies selling a diverse set of products, we conducted randomized field experiments in which experimentally tailored email ads were sent to millions of individuals. We found consistently that personalizing the emails by adding consumer-specific information e.g., recipient's name benefited the advertisers. Importantly, such content is not likely to be informative about the advertised product or the company. In our main experiment, we found that adding the name of the message recipient to the email's subject line increased the probability of the recipient opening it by 20% from 9.05% to 10.80%, which translated to an increase in sales' leads by 31% from 0.39% to 0.51% and a reduction in the number of individuals unsubscribing from the email campaign by 17% from 1.2% to 1.0%. We present similar experiments conducted with other companies, which show that the effects we document extend from objectives ranging from acquiring new customers to retaining customers who have purchased from the company in the past. Our investigation of several possible mechanisms suggests that such content increases the effort consumers make in processing the other content in the rest of the advertising message. Our paper quantifies the benefits from personalization and sheds light on the role of noninformative advertising content by analyzing several detailed measures of recipient's interaction with the message. It provides external validity to psychological mechanisms and has clear implications for the firms that are designing their advertising campaigns. Data and the online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017. 1066 .
Factors Governing Human Fear of Brown Bear and Wolf

This article analyzes people's subjectively experienced fear in areas with presence of brown bear or wolf. Departing from the Human-Environment Interaction Model (Küller, 1991), a hypothetical model of environmental and individual antecedents of fear was tested using structural equation modeling of survey data (n = 391). In the model of fear of brown bear, the main predictor was the appraisal of the species as dangerous/uncontrollable and unpredictable. In the model of fear of wolf, the greater experience with the species and a stronger appraisal of wolf as dangerous, uncontrollable, and unpredictable led to low social trust and this, together with the appraisal of wolf as dangerous/uncontrollable and unpredictable, increased the likelihood of fear. Efforts to reduce human fear of wolves should focus on building trust between the public and authorities, whereas efforts to reduce fear of brown bear should focus on the individual's appraisal of the species.
Ionic mechanisms of autorhythmic firing in rat cerebellar Golgi cells

Although Golgi cells (GoCs), the main type of inhibitory interneuron in the cerebellar granular layer (GL), are thought to play a central role in cerebellar network function, their excitable properties have remained unexplored. GoCs fire rhythmically in vivo and in slices, but it was unclear whether this activity originated from pacemaker ionic mechanisms. We explored this issue in acute cerebellar slices from 3‐week‐old rats by combining loose cell‐attached (LCA) and whole‐cell (WC) recordings. GoCs displayed spontaneous firing at 1–10 Hz (room temperature) and 2–20 Hz (35–37°C), which persisted in the presence of blockers of fast synaptic receptors and mGluR and GABAB receptors, thus behaving, in our conditions, as pacemaker neurons. ZD 7288 (20 μm), a potent hyperpolarization‐activated current (Ih) blocker, slowed down pacemaker frequency. The role of subthreshold Na+ currents (INa,sub) could not be tested directly, but we observed a robust TTX‐sensitive, non‐inactivating Na+ current in the subthreshold voltage range. When studying repolarizing currents, we found that retigabine (5 μm), an activator of KCNQ K+ channels generating neuronal M‐type K+ (IM) currents, reduced GoC excitability in the threshold region. The KCNQ channel antagonist XE991 (5 μm) did not modify firing, suggesting that GoC IM has low XE991 sensitivity. Spike repolarization was followed by an after‐hyperpolarization (AHP) supported by apamin‐sensitive Ca2+‐dependent K+ currents (Iapa). Block of Iapa decreased pacemaker precision without altering average frequency. We propose that feed‐forward depolarization is sustained by Ih and INa,sub, and that delayed repolarizing feedback involves an IM‐like current whose properties remain to be characterized. The multiple ionic mechanisms shown here to contribute to GoC pacemaking should provide the substrate for fine regulation of firing frequency and precision, thus influencing the cyclic inhibition exerted by GoCs onto the cerebellar GL.
FLT3 in Human Hematologic Malignancies

FLT3, a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) class III, is preferentially expressed on the surface of a high proportion of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and B-lineage acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cells in addition to hematopoietic stem cells, brain, placenta and liver. An interaction of FLT3 and its ligand has been shown to play an important role in the survival, proliferation and differentiation of not only normal hematopoetic cells but also leukemia cells. Mutations of the FLT3 gene was first reported as an internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain-coding sequence, subsequently as a missense mutation of D835 within a kinase domain. ITD- and D835-mutations are essentially found in AML and their frequencies are approximately 20 and 6% of adults with AML, respectively. Thus, mutation of the FLT3 gene is so far the most frequent genetic alteration reported to be involved in AML. Several large-scale studies in well-documented patients published to date have demonstrated that ITD-mutation is strongly associated with leukocytosis and a poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize the clinical and biological significance of FLT3-mutations and discuss the possibility of targeting FLT3 kinase for the treatment of leukemia.
Social Change and Sex-Role Change in Adolescent Orientations toward Life, Work, and Achievement: 1964-1975.

Widespread change in sex roles is assumed to be occurring at the present time. However, research evidence qualifies this assumption. Emerging evidence shows change in labor force participation, sexuality, and attitudes about women's role, but evidence on division of labor, sex-typed occupations, and persistence of stereotypes suggests stability, not change. The present study examines change in life goals, occupational values, and achievement orientations of 5600 graduating high school seniors from the same seventeen Wisconsin high schools in 1964 and 1975. The results show considerable social change in the liberalization of orientations of both sexes consistent with general value changes in the broader society over this period. There is no evidence of sex-role change toward masculinization offemale roles. What change there is suggests a different dimension of change: liberation and intensification of feminine patterns consistent with the changes in the broader society, but not consistent with current conceptions of changing sex roles that are formulated in terms of masculinizing female roles. Finally, higher levels of achievement value orientations in the female students in both cohorts point toward a redefinition of sex-role content regarding achievement.
Peripheral blood and synovial fluid T cells differ in their response to alloantigens and recall antigens presented by dendritic cells

Properties of T cells from inflammatory lesions were analysed by comparing the response of peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF)T cells from 19 patients with a range of arthropathies to enriched allogeneic dendritic cells (DC) in a primary mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR). In 17 patients the proliferative response of SF T cells was significantly (P < 0.05) less than that of PB lymphocytes. The reduced response of SF T cells was observed in all disease categories studied and could not be attributed to differences in cell number requirements or response kinetics. Addition of recombinant interlcukin‐2 enhanced the response of SF T cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Cell mixing experiments suggested that active suppression was not the underlying mechanism of the poor MLR response of SF T cells. In contrast to the MLR response, SF T cells were able to mount vigorous proliferative responses to recall antigen presented by autologous antigen‐presenting cells. The possibility is discussed that T cells compartmentalized at inflammatory lesions are a unique population with a diminished ability to interact with DC and respond to primary stimuli but an ability to respond to secondary antigenic challenge.
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection and Oscillatory Activity in the Basal Ganglia

The basal ganglia (BG) have long been implicated in both motor function and dysfunction. It has been proposed that the BG form a centralized action selection circuit, resolving conflict between multiple neural systems competing for access to the final common motor pathway. We present a new spiking neuron model of the BG circuitry to test this proposal, incorporating all major features and many physiologically plausible details. We include the following: effects of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus (GP), transmission delays between neurons, and specific distributions of synaptic inputs over dendrites. All main parameters were derived from experimental studies. We find that the BG circuitry supports motor program selection and switching, which deteriorates under dopamine-depleted and dopamine-excessive conditions in a manner consistent with some pathologies associated with those dopamine states. We also validated the model against data describing oscillatory properties of BG. We find that the same model displayed detailed features of both γ-band (30–80 Hz) and slow (∼1 Hz) oscillatory phenomena reported by Brown et al. (2002) and Magill et al. (2001), respectively. Only the parameters required to mimic experimental conditions (e.g., anesthetic) or manipulations (e.g., lesions) were changed. From the results, we derive the following novel predictions about the STN–GP feedback loop: (1) the loop is functionally decoupled by tonic dopamine under normal conditions and recoupled by dopamine depletion; (2) the loop does not show pacemaking activity under normal conditions in vivo (but does after combined dopamine depletion and cortical lesion); (3) the loop has a resonant frequency in the γ-band.
The effectiveness of decoupling

This paper examines the effectiveness of decoupling as an optimization technique for high-performance computer architectures. Decoupled access execute architectures are described, and the concept of control decoupling is introduced and justified. A description of a highly-decoupled architecture is given, and a metric for the effectiveness of decoupling on particular programs, the Loss of Decoupling frequency is introduced. Finally, a number of real benchmark programs are examined and the applicability of decoupling them is analyzed.
Iron Homeostasis Affects Antibiotic-mediated Cell Death in Pseudomonas Species*

Antibiotics can induce cell death via a variety of action modes, including the inhibition of transcription, ribosomal function, and cell wall biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrated directly that iron availability is important to the action of antibiotics, and the ferric reductases of Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas aeruginosa could accelerate antibiotic-mediated cell death by promoting the Fenton reaction. The modulation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NADH) levels and iron chelation affected the actions of antibiotics. Interestingly, the deletion of the ferric reductase gene confers more antibiotic resistance upon cells, and its overexpression accelerates antibiotic-mediated cell death. The results of transcriptome analysis showed that both Pseudomonas species induce many oxidative stress genes under antibiotic conditions, which could not be observed in ferric reductase mutants. Our results indicate that iron homeostasis is crucial for bacterial cell survival under antibiotics and should constitute a significant target for boosting the action of antibiotics.
Interreligious Marriage in the United States: Patterns and Recent Trends.

Combined data from six U.S. national surveys conducted from 1973 to 1978 were used to study patterns of interreligious marriage in the mid-1970s and to indicate changes since the Current Population Survey gathered data on interreligious marriage in 1957. Data on current religious preference showed an important degree of increase in religiously mixed couples from 1957 to 1973-1978. Data on the religions in which individuals had been raised indicated no extremely strong barriers to religious outmarriage except among Jews--the fairly high degree of homogamy in current religious preference apparently being achieved to a large extent by religious switching after marriage or in anticipation of marriage. The impact of interreligious marriage on marital happiness is also studied. (EXCERPT)
A Frequency Domain Neural Network for Fast Image Super-resolution

In this paper, we present a frequency domain neural network for image super-resolution. The network employs the convolution theorem so as to cast convolutions in the spatial domain as products in the frequency domain. Moreover, the non-linearity in deep nets, of ten achieved by a rectifier unit, is here cast as a convolution in the frequency domain. This not only yields a network which is very computationally efficient at testing, but also one whose parameters can all be learnt accordingly. The network can be trained using back propagation and is devoid of complex numbers due to the use of the Hartley transform as an alternative to the Fourier transform. Moreover, the network is potentially applicable to other problems elsewhere in computer vision and image processing which are of ten cast in the frequency domain. We show results on super-resolution and compare against alternatives elsewhere in the literature. In our experiments, our network is one to two orders of magnitude faster than the alternatives with a marginal loss of performance.
The psychosocial predictors of long-term distress in partners of patients with acute coronary syndrome

Objective: Partners of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients are at risk of experiencing long-term distress and the purpose of this study was to identify its predictors. Design: Using an observational design, 80 partners of ACS patients completed validated questionnaires at three time points. The predictor variables, marital satisfaction and optimism were assessed three weeks after patient hospital discharge (T1). The outcomes, depressive symptoms and physical health status (from a quality of life scale) were measured 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months post-discharge, and scores were combined to indicate the long-term response. Main outcome measures: Depressive symptoms and physical health status. Results: Partner depressive symptoms increased and physical health status deteriorated over the months following the patients’ ACS. After controlling for demographics, clinical severity of ACS and T1 levels of the outcome variable, partners’ long-term depressive symptoms were predicted by poor marital satisfaction and low optimism at T1, and poor physical health status was predicted by low T1 optimism. Conclusion: Psychosocial factors are predictors of long-term distress for ACS partners. Partners in an unhappy marriage or with low optimism after ACS are at an increased risk of depression and low physical health status, and should be the target of additional support.
Structural and Treatment Analyses of Safe and At-Risk Behaviors and Postures Performed by Pharmacy Employees

This study employed structural and treatment analyses to determine factors that contributed to wrist posture safety in a small pharmacy. The pharmacy was located on a university campus and participants were three female pharmacy technicians. These particular employees had experienced various repetitive-motion injuries that resulted in a total of 36 lost days and 161 restricted days. Observers collected observational data on the participants' wrist posture in the presence and absence of an improvised wrist support device that participants placed under the computer keyboard. Average percentage safe for wrist position with a wrist support was higher for all three participants when compared to wrist position without a wrist support. These results indicated that the participants' wrist posture was considerably safer when the wrist support was present. The structural analysis proved valuable for aiding in the development of an intervention and in identifying variables that were responsible for the participants' wrist posture.
The Method Section as Conceptual Epicenter in Constructing Social Science Research Reports

In this article, the author argues that Method sections in social science research reports, particularly those that employ qualitative methods, often lack sufficient detail to make any results that follow from the analytic method trustworthy. The author provides a brief review of the evolution of the Method section from the 1960s to the present, makes a case for a more robust reporting of research method, and then outlines one way to achieve the end of providing a detailed, specific account of research methods that enable readers to understand unambiguously the means by which data are rendered into results. This consideration includes attention to the reporting of data collection, data reduction, data analysis, and the context of the investigation to make it clear why an illustrative presentation of data supports the claim that it offers.
The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence

The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence Author(s): Kent D. Van Liere and Riley E. Dunlap Source: The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer, 1980), pp. 181-197 Published by: Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Association for Public Opinion Research Stable URL: http://www.jstor. org/stable/2748427 Accessed: 24/08/2008 21:36