Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bioproduction of mushroom mycelium of Agaricus bisporus by commercial submerged fermentation for the production of meat analogue.

BACKGROUND As worldwide interest in healthy and delicious meat analogues increases, the texture of these products has become an important indicator of quality. Mycoprotein as fungal mycelium could provide a distinctive chewing sensation; however, the unfavorable consumer perception of fungal mycelium demands the production of meat analogues with true mushroom mycelium. RESULTS The industrial and economical bioprocess was developed using an inexpensive medium (30 g L(-1) sugar cane extract (SCE), 10 g L(-1) NaNO(3) and 5 g L(-1) yeast extract) and A. bisporus Suksung. The SCE was maintained at around 10 g L(-1) to minimize osmotic shock. The maximum mycelium production of 15.0 g L(-1) (dry weight) was reached within 4 days. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed fibrous and directional structure rather than a more typical pellet structure. Meat analogues with mushroom mycelium had better textural properties, being higher in hardness, springiness, and chewiness and with preferable umami characteristics compared to meat analogues utilizing soy protein. The overall acceptance of meat analogues prepared with mycelium and soy protein, and a ground beef patty, were 5, 2 and 10, respectively. CONCLUSION The development of an industrial bioprocess for A. bisporus mycelium allowed the production of a highly acceptable meat analogue having not only superior textural properties but also umami characteristics when compared to that of soy protein.
Applying trait-based models to achieve functional targets for theory-driven ecological restoration 1 Appendix S 1 . User ’ s guide and R code for applying trait-based models in ecological restoration Getting started

The species abundances are plotted here species-by-species to obtain a glimpse of the four-dimensional hyperplane by viewing it in two-dimensions at a time. The axes represent relative abundances (range = 0,1) and the diagonal panels illustrate histograms of the predicted relative abundances for each species. These points illustrate the envelope of possible abundance combinations as predicted by the underdetermined system of linear equations.
Ultraluminous starbursts from supermassive black hole-induced outflows

I argue that there are two modes of global star formation. Discs and smaller spheroids form stars relatively inefficiently as a consequence of supernova-triggered negative feedback via a sequence of ministarbursts (S mode), whereas massive spheroids formed rapidly with high efficiency via the impact of active galactic nucleus (AGN) jet-triggered positive feedback (J mode) that generates and enhances ultraluminous starbursts. Supermassive black hole growth by accretion is favoured in the gas-rich protospheroid environment as mergers build up the mass of the host galaxy and provide a centrally concentrated gas supply. Quasi-spherical outflows arise and provide the source of porosity as the energetic jets from the accreting central supermassive black hole (SMBH) are isotropised by the inhomogeneous interstellar medium in the protospheroid core. Super-Eddington outflows occur and help to generate both the SMBH at high redshift and the strong positive feedback on protospheroid star formation that occurs as dense interstellar clouds are overpressured and collapse. SMBH form before the bulk of spheroid stars, and the correlation between spheroid velocity dispersion and supermassive black hole mass arises as AGN-triggered outflows limit the gas reservoir for spheroid star formation. The super-Eddington phase plausibly triggers a top-heavy initial mass function (IMF) in the region of influence of the SMBH. The Compton-cooled Eddington-limited outflow phase results in a spheroid core whose phase space density scales as the inverse 5/2 power of the core mass, and whose mass scales as the 2/3 power of SMBH mass. This latter scaling suggests that SMBH growth (and hence spheroid formation) is antihierarchical.
Gene expression analyses of vitellogenin, choriogenin and estrogen receptor subtypes in the livers of male medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to equine estrogens

In the present study, we investigated transcriptional profiles of estrogen‐responsive genes, such as vitellogenins (Vtg1 and Vtg2), choriogenins (ChgL and ChgH) and estrogen receptor subtypes (ERα, ERβ1, and ERβ2), in the liver of male medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) that were exposed to six equine estrogens (1–300 ng l−1) for 3 days. Our quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses revealed that the expression levels of hepatic Vtg, Chg and ERα genes in male medaka responded to various types and concentrations of equine estrogens. The estrogenic potentials of the tested chemicals were in the order of equilin > 17β‐estradiol > equilenin > 17β‐dihydroequilin > 17β‐dihydroequilenin > 17α‐dihydroequilin > 17α‐dihydroequilenin, showing the higher estrogenic potential of equilin than that of 17β‐estradiol. Our results also showed that the estrogenicities of 17β‐dihydroequilin and 17β‐dihydroequilenin were more potent than that of 17α‐dihydroequilin and 17α‐dihydroequilenin. Furthermore, in gene expression analyses of hepatic ER subtypes, observations were made to note that 17β‐estradiol and equilin induced ERα transcription in male medaka, and the ERα transcription level had significantly positive correlations with the expression of Vtg and Chg genes. In contrast, in the same 17β‐estradiol and equilin treatment groups, it was shown that the transcription levels of hepatic ERβ1 and/or ERβ2 had significantly negative correlations with the expression of Vtg and Chg genes. These results suggested some potential involvement of the ER subtypes in the regulation of Vtg and Chg gene expressions in the liver. This is the first report describing the comprehensive analyses of in vivo estrogenicity of the equine estrogens in male medaka. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual Coercion Reported by Men and Women in Prison

An anonymous survey of 1,800 men and women in a Midwestern state prison system revealed that 104 of 516 respondents (20%) had been pressured or forced at least once to have sexual contact against their will while incarcerated. Supporting the validity of this finding, a sample of staff estimated that the sexual coercion rate was 15%. The reported incident rate was 22% for male and 7% for female respondents. Based upon descriptions of worst case incidents, at least 50% of sexual targets had been forced to have intercourse (anal, vaginal, or oral), with one fourth of the cases qualifying as gang rape. Another 10% of targets were subjected to an attempt at forced intercourse. One fourth of targets reported less severe cases of forced and pressured sexual touching. Prison staff were reported as perpetrators in 18% of the incidents. Most targets rated the immediate and long‐term effects of the incident as very negative. One half of the targets did not tell anyone about the incident, and only 29% reported the in.
Dual roles – conflicting purposes: a comparative study on perceptions on assessment in mentoring relations during practicum

Despite considerable attention given to mentoring in initial teacher education little is known about mutual perspectives in perceptions of students and mentors regarding assessment and how this affects the quality of the student's teaching. Perceptions of assessment during practicum might impede the learning dialogue during mentoring and affect the student's achievements. A comparative qualitative study was conducted in Norway, Israel and The Netherlands to examine how student teachers (74) and mentors (52) perceive good mentoring regarding assessment of practice teaching and the interplay between the two processes. A semi‐structured questionnaire was used to analyse the perceptions on assessment during the practicum appraisal. Findings indicate that mentors and students differ slightly on key aspects of assessment, but agree more in the way it is being applied. From an assessment point of view, the differences between mentor and students may lead to a different approach in advice or recommendation to improve teaching action across the three national borders.
Kinetic modeling of 3'-deoxy-3'-fluorothymidine in somatic tumors: mathematical studies.

UNLABELLED We present a method to measure the regional rate of cellular proliferation using a positron-emitting analog of thymidine (TdR) for human imaging studies. The method is based on the use of 3'-deoxy-3'-(18)F-fluorothymidine (FLT) to estimate the flux of TdR through the exogenous pathway. The model reflects the retention of FLT-monophosphate (FLTMP), which is generated by the phosphorylation of FLT by thymidine kinase 1 (TK1), the initial step in the exogenous pathway. METHODS A model of FLT kinetics has been designed based on the assumptions of a steady-state synthesis and incorporation of nucleotides into DNA, an equilibration of the free nucleoside in tissue with the plasma level, and the relative rates of FLT and TdR phosphorylation from prior data using direct analysis with in vitro assays. A 2-compartment model with 4 rate constants adequately describes the kinetics of FLT uptake and retention over 120 min and leads to an estimation of the rate of cellular proliferation using the measured FLT blood clearance and the dynamic FLT uptake curve. RESULTS Noise characteristics of kinetic parameter estimates for 3 tissues were assessed under a range of conditions representative of human cancer patient imaging. The FLT flux in these tissues can be measured with a SE of <5%, and FLT transport can be estimated with a SE of <15%. Abbreviating the data collection to 60 min or neglecting k(4), giving a 3-parameter model, results in an unsatisfactory loss of accuracy in the flux constant in tumor simulations. CONCLUSION These analyses depict model behavior and provide expected values for the accuracy of parameter estimates from FLT imaging in human patients. Our companion paper describes the performance of the model for human data in patients with lung cancer. Further studies are necessary to determine the fidelity of K(FLT) (FLT flux) as a proxy for K(TDR) (thymidine flux), the gold standard for imaging cellular proliferation.
Comparative prevalence of MRSA in two Nepalese tertiary care hospitals

This comparative study has been focused on the prevalence of MRSA types and their antibiotic resistance in two tertiary care hospitals of Nepal. During November 2007 to June 2009, clinical samples from patients with nosocomial infection from two Nepali hospitals, Kathmandu Based Hospital (KBH) and Lalitpur Based Hospital (LBH) were cultured and antibiotic susceptibility tests done following standard methodology in Microbiology laboratory, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Occurrence of MRSA (52.9% of 304 Staphylococcus aureus isolates) in KBH and that of MSSA (62% of 100 S. aureus isolates) in LBH were significant. No association of age was observed with MRSA or MSSA. Among MSSA from both hospitals, the highest resistance was found against penicillin. KBH urinary isolates were resistant to norfloxacin (51.4%), while isolates from other sites were resistant to ciprofloxacin (30.6%), erythromycin (12%), gentamicin (10.3%). LBH isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole (22.6%), erythromycin (17.2%), ciprofloxacin (13.8%), gentamicin (12.9%). Among MRSA, most of the isolates from both hospitals were resistant to a wide array of antibiotics. A majority of the MSSA and MRSA isolates were susceptible to rifampicin and chloramphenicol. Most of KBH MRSA were homogeneous MRSA, 80.5% (significant), of which, 99.2% were multiresistant oxacillin resistant S. aureus (MORSA). And among the heterogeneous MRSA isolates from KBH, 71% were MORSA. On the other hand, among LBH MRSA isolates, 52.6% were homogeneous MRSA, cent percent of which were MORSA while 47.4% were heterogeneous MRSA of which 44.5% were MORSA. Since almost all of the homogeneous MRSA and most of the heterogeneous MRSA from both hospitals were MORSA, there is a possibility that a hospital acquired S. aureus could be MORSA. Hence, every infected patient should be considered as a potential source of MORSA.
A Markovian Approximation of TCP CUBIC

In this paper, we derive an expression for computing average window size of a single TCP CUBIC connection under random losses. Throughput expression for TCP CUBIC has been computed earlier under deterministic periodic packet losses. We validate this expression theoretically. We then use insights from the deterministic loss based model to derive an expression for computing average window size of a single TCP CUBIC connection under random losses. For this computation, we first consider the sequence of TCP CUBIC window evolution processes indexed by the drop rate, p and show that with a suitable scaling this sequence converges to a limiting Markov chain as p tends to 0. The stationary distribution of the limiting Markov chain is then used to derive the average window size for small packet error rates. We validate our model and approximations via simulations.
The Interference Effects of Training for Strength and Endurance Simultaneously

This study compared the effects of three preseason training programs on endurance, strength, power, and speed. Subjects were divided into four groups: the endurance (E) group completed a running endurance program 4 days · week−1; the strength (S) group trained 3 days · week−1; the S+E group combined S and E training programs 5 days · week−1; the control (C) group did not train. After 8 weeks, the E and S+E groups had similar gains in endurance running performance, the S group had no change, while the C group showed a decline. No strength gains were noted in the C or E groups, but strength gains were made in the S+E and S groups. Power (vertical jump performance) and speed (20-m sprint time) gains were noted only for the S group. These findings show that training for strength alone results in gains in strength, power, and speed while maintaining endurance. S+E training, while producing gains in endurance and upper body strength, compromises gains in lower body strength and does not improve power or speed.
Transactional Sex and the Pursuit of Modernity

Abstract This paper explores meanings and understandings of sexual exchange for material gain in an urban township of Durban, South Africa. The analysis argues against the tendency to assume too readily that all forms of sexual exchange are oriented towards subsistence, and not consumption. This paper also argues that sexual exchange is the means used by women in this study to pursue images and ideals largely created by the media and globalisation. It is revealed that transactional sex is perceived as ‘normal’ leading many women to accept men's multiple partners and to put themselves as risk of contracting HIV/AIDS (despite having knowledge of the pandemic). Finally, the paper highlights women's power and agency whereby women are asserting themselves in order to exploit sexual relationships in the interests of new ‘needs’ – the commodities of modernity
Economic evaluation of monitoring virologic responses to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children in resource-limited settings

Objective:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) management for HIV-infected children is critical in many resource-constrained countries. We investigated the cost-effectiveness and cost-utility of different frequencies of monitoring plasma viral load among HIV-positive children initiating ART in a resource-limited setting. Design/methods:A stochastic agent-based simulation model was built and directly informed by a cohort of 304 HIV-infected children starting ART in Thailand between 2001 and 2009. The model simulated the expected costs and clinical outcomes over time according to different viral load monitoring frequencies and initiation of second-line therapies when appropriate. Results:The optimal frequency of viral load monitoring was found to be annual, after a single screening at 6 months. Associated costs of viral load monitoring and appropriate ART would approximately triple current treatment costs. Compared with current conditions, a single screening during the first year of ART led to a 58.4% reduction in the total person-years of virological failure with annual monitoring leading to a 76.6% reduction. The incremental cost per quality adjusted life year gained from the optimal monitoring frequency was estimated as US$ 68 084 when including costs of ART and US$ 7224 without ART costs. The estimated cost attributed to preventing 1 year of virological failure was US$ 3393 with ART costs and US$ 359 without ART costs. Conclusion:Even infrequent viral load monitoring is likely to provide substantial clinical benefit to HIV-infected children on ART. Viral load monitoring can be considered cost-effective in many resource-limited settings. However, the costs associated with second-line therapies could be a barrier to its economic feasibility.
Phosphorylation and SCF-mediated degradation regulate CREB-H transcription of metabolic targets

The CREB3 transcription factors are a specialized set of regulatory proteins that are normally anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum and relay perturbation of function back to the nucleus. Phosphorylation and degradation modulate the response of one such factor (CREB-H), which is involved in secretion and metabolic homeostasis.
Under Consideration for Publication in J. Functional Programming Promoting Rewriting to a Programming Language: a Compiler for Non-deterministic Rewrite Programs in Associative-commutative Theories

First-order languages based on rewrite rules share many features with functional languages. But one difference is that matching and rewriting can be made much more expressive and powerful by incorporating some built-in equational theories. To provide reasonable programming environments, compilation techniques for such languages based on rewriting have to be designed. This is the topic addressed in this paper. The proposed techniques are independent from the rewriting language and may be useful to build a compiler for any system using rewriting modulo associative and commutative (AC) theories. An algorithm for many-to-one AC matching is presented, that works efficiently for a restricted class of patterns. Other patterns are transformed to fit into this class. A refined data structure, namely compact bipartite graph, allows encoding all matching problems relative to a set of rewrite rules. A few optimisations concerning the construction of the substitution and of the reduced term are described. We also address the problem of non-determinism related to AC rewriting and show how to handle it through the concept of strategies. We explain how an analysis of the determinism can be performed at compile time and we illustrate the benefits of this analysis for the performance of the compiled evaluation process. Then we briefly introduce the ELAN system and its compiler, in order to give some experimental results and comparisons with other languages or rewrite engines.
Gleason Score Discrepancies Between Needle Biopsies and Radical Prostatectomy Specimens in an African Men: Clinical Implication

Objective: Gleason scores, as determined by 18-gauge core needle biopsies (NB), were compared with both Gleason scores and the pathological staging of corresponding radical prostatectomy( RP) specimens. The goal was to evaluate the clinical implication and the prognostic impact of these discrepancies. Methods: Records of 234 consecutive patients undergoing a radical retro pubic prostatectomy between 2001 and 2012 were reviewed. In total, all our patients were enrolled, al1 of whom had been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma by transrectal needle biopsies using an 18-gauge automated spring-loaded biopsy gun. Results: Grading errors were greatest with wel1-differentiated tumors. The accuracy was 18 (23%) for Gleason scores of 2-4 on needle biopsy. Of the 108 evaluable patients with Gleason scores of 5-7 on needle biopsy, 84 (78%) were graded correctly. All of the Gleason scores of 8-10 on needle biopsy were graded correctly. 54 of 162 patients (33%), with a biopsy Gleason score of < 7 had their cancer upgraded to above 7. Tumors in 18 patients (60%) with both a Gleason score < 7 on the needle biopsy and a Gleason score of 7 for the prostatectomy specimen were confined to the prostate. Conclusion: The potential for grading errors is greatest with well-differentiated tumors and in patients with a Gleason score of < 7 on the needle biopsy. Predictions using Gleason scores are sufficiently accurate to warrant its use with all needle biopsies, recognizing that the potential for grading errors is greatest with well-differentiated tumors.
Plasminogen: An Important Hemostatic Parameter in Septic Patients

Summary Background: Previously we observed in some but not all septic patients a low plasma concentration of plasminogen. Objectives: To investigate prospectively whether plasma levels of plasminogen or the ratio of plasminogen to alpha-2-antiplasmin have a prognostic value for survival from sepsis and to study the variation of other hemostatic parameters during septicemia. Patients: The study population consisted of 45 consecutive patients with septicemia, 15 non-septic patients from the same intensive care unit and 30 healthy volunteers. Measurements and Main Results: Plasminogen concentrations were significantly lower (p <0.001) in plasma of septic patients (median 0,62 IU/ml range: 15-1,06) than in plasma of healthy controls (median 1.00 IU/ml, range: 0.75-1.10) or of non-septic intensive care patients (median 00 IU/ml, range: 0.82-1.08). Among the other parameters tested, plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) antigen concentration and PAI activity were similar in septic and non-septic intensive care patients, but higher than in healthy controls. Concentrations of elastase-alpha-1- protease inhibitor or of thrombin-antithrombin complexes were higher in septic patients than in non-septic intensive care patients or healthy controls. A degraded form of plasminogen of 38 kDa was detected by Western blot analysis in the plasma of septic patients, but not in plasma of non-septic intensive care patients or controls. Plasminogen alone or the ratio of plasminogen to antiplasmin were good markers for survival from septicemia. E.g. for plasminogen at a cut off of 0.65 IU/ml, sensitivity was 90.5% and specificity 66.7%, whereas for the ratio of plasminogen over antiplasmin at a cut off ratio of 0,65 IU/ml, sensitivity was 95.2% and specificity 70.8%. Conclusion: Plasminogen or the ratio of plasminogen to antiplasmin are sensitive markers for survival in patients with septicemia.
Children's Conceptions of Disordered Behavior.

MAAS, ELIZABETH; MARECEK, JEANNE; and TRAVERS, JEFFREY R. Children's Conceptions ofDisordered Behavior. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 146-154. 3 vignettes describing characters who exhibited disordered (antisocial, withdrawn, or self-punitive) behavior were read to second-, fourth-, and sixth-grade children. The children were asked what caused the behaviors, whether characters wanted to behave as they did, and whether and how characters could change their behavior. Older children attributed disordered behavior to social-environmental causes more