Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The electrodermal system

Electrodermal activity (EDA), formerly called the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR), has been one of the most widely used response systems in the history of psychophysiology. Research involving EDA has been reported in practically all areas of psychology, psychiatry, and psychophysiology. EDA measures have been applied to a wide variety of topics ranging from basic research examining attention, information processing, and emotion, to more applied clinical research examining predictors and/or correlates of normal and abnormal behavior. The application of EDA measures to a wide variety of issues is due in large part to its low cost, relative ease of measurement and quantification, combined with its sensitivity to psychological states and processes. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a tutorial overview of EDA for interested students, researchers, and practitioners who are not specialists in this particular system. We begin with a historical description of different methods of measuring EDA, and then discuss the physical, inferential, psychological, and social aspects of EDA.
A meta‐analysis of cerebellar contributions to higher cognition from PET and fMRI studies

A growing interest in cerebellar function and its involvement in higher cognition have prompted much research in recent years. Cerebellar presence in a wide range of cognitive functions examined within an increasing body of neuroimaging literature has been observed. We applied a meta‐analytic approach, which employed the activation likelihood estimate method, to consolidate results of cerebellar involvement accumulated in different cognitive tasks of interest and systematically identified similarities among the studies. The current analysis included 88 neuroimaging studies demonstrating cerebellar activations in higher cognitive domains involving emotion, executive function, language, music, timing and working memory. While largely consistent with a prior meta‐analysis by Stoodley and Schmahmann ( : Neuroimage 44:489‐501), our results extended their findings to include music and timing domains to provide further insights into cerebellar involvement and elucidate its role in higher cognition. In addition, we conducted inter‐ and intradomain comparisons for the cognitive domains of emotion, language, and working memory. We also considered task differences within the domain of verbal working memory by conducting a comparison of the Sternberg with the n‐back task, as well as an analysis of the differential components within the Sternberg task. Results showed a consistent cerebellar presence in the timing domain, providing evidence for a role in time keeping. Unique clusters identified within the domain further refine the topographic organization of the cerebellum. Hum Brain Mapp 35:593–615, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular comparison of GLT1+ and ALDH1L1+ astrocytes in vivo in astroglial reporter mice

Astrocyte heterogeneity remains largely unknown in the CNS due to lack of specific astroglial markers. In this study, molecular identity of in vivo astrocytes was characterized in BAC ALDH1L1 and BAC GLT1 eGFP promoter reporter transgenic mice. ALDH1L1 promoter is selectively activated in adult cortical and spinal cord astrocytes, indicated by the overlap of eGFP expression with ALDH1L1 and GFAP, but not with NeuN, APC, Olig2, IbaI, PDGFRα immunoreactivity in BAC ALDH1L1 eGFP reporter mice. Interestingly, ALDH1L1 expression levels (protein, mRNA, and promoter activity) in spinal cord were selectively decreased during postnatal maturation. In contrast, its expression was up‐regulated in reactive astrocytes in both acute neural injury and chronic neurodegenerative (G93A mutant SOD1) conditions, similar to GFAP, but opposite of GLT1. ALDH1L1+ and GLT1+ cells isolated through fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) from BAC ALDH1L1 and BAC GLT1 eGFP mice share a highly similar gene expression profile, suggesting ALDH1L1 and GLT1 are co‐expressed in the same population of astrocytes. This observation was further supported by overlap of the eGFP driven by the ALDH1L1 genomic promoter and the tdTomato driven by a 8.3kb EAAT2 promoter fragment in astrocytes of BAC ALDH1L1 eGFP X EAAT2‐tdTomato mice. These studies support ALDH1L1 as a general CNS astroglial marker and investigated astrocyte heterogeneity in the CNS by comparing the molecular identity of the ALDH1L1+ and GLT1+ astrocytes from astroglial reporter mice. These astroglial reporter mice provide useful in vivo tools for the molecular analysis of astrocytes in physiological and pathological conditions. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gender differences in tuberculosis diagnosis, treatment and outcomes in Victoria, Australia, 2002-2015.

BACKGROUND Gender has a significant impact on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and outcomes in many settings worldwide. We explored gender differences in Victoria, Australia, a low-incidence setting. METHODS Retrospective cohort study: 2002-2015. Gender was included as an independent variable in multivariate statistical analyses assessing TB management. RESULTS There were 2655 (54.5%) males and 2212 (45.5%) females notified (male:female ratio = 1.2:1). Among cases with pulmonary involvement, males underwent a chest X-ray or CT scan (CXR) sooner (hazard ratio [HR] 1.2, 95%CI 1.04-1.31, P = 0.010), began treatment sooner after presentation (HR 1.2, 95%CI 1.08-1.34, P = 0.001) and were more likely to have a sputum smear sample performed (OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.01-1.55, P = 0.037). Male cases with extra-pulmonary TB sought health care sooner after symptom onset (HR 1.3, 95%CI 1.03-1.58, P = 0.024) and were more likely to have an abnormal CXR (OR 1.9, 95%CI 1.54-2.32, P < 0.001). Males were more likely to die before or during treatment (OR 1.5, 95%CI 1.06-2.11, P = 0.024). CONCLUSIONS Women experienced small delays in management compared with men, with no obvious detriment to assessment results or treatment outcomes. Differences were consistent with the hypothesis that males manifest more severe disease at presentation, which could be related to a range of biological and social factors.
In Vitro Fungicidal Activities of Echinocandins against Candida metapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. parapsilosis Evaluated by Time-Kill Studies

ABSTRACT Anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin in vitro activities against Candida metapsilosis, C. orthopsilosis, and C. parapsilosis were evaluated by MICs and time-kill methods. All echinocandins showed lower MICs (mean MICs, 0.05 to 0.71 mg/liter) and the highest killing rates (−0.06 to −0.05 CFU/ml/h) for C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis rather than for C. parapsilosis (mean MICs, 0.59 to 1.68 mg/liter). Micafungin and anidulafungin killing rates were greater than those determined for caspofungin. None of the echinocandins had fungicidal activity against C. parapsilosis.
Dancing to Another Tune—Adhesive Moonlighting Proteins in Bacteria

Biological moonlighting refers to proteins which express more than one function. Moonlighting proteins occur in pathogenic and commensal as well as in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The canonical functions of moonlighting proteins are in essential cellular processes, i.e., glycolysis, protein synthesis, chaperone activity, and nucleic acid stability, and their moonlighting functions include binding to host epithelial and phagocytic cells, subepithelia, cytoskeleton as well as to mucins and circulating proteins of the immune and hemostatic systems. Sequences of the moonlighting proteins do not contain known motifs for surface export or anchoring, and it has remained open whether bacterial moonlighting proteins are actively secreted to the cell wall or whether they are released from traumatized cells and then rebind onto the bacteria. In lactobacilli, ionic interactions with lipoteichoic acids and with cell division sites are important for surface localization of the proteins. Moonlighting proteins represent an abundant class of bacterial adhesins that are part of bacterial interactions with the environment and in responses to environmental changes. Multifunctionality in bacterial surface proteins appears common: the canonical adhesion proteins fimbriae express also nonadhesive functions, whereas the mobility organelles flagella as well as surface proteases express adhesive functions.
Factors affecting the prevalence of foot pad dermatitis, hock burn and breast burn in broiler chicken

1. Standardised data on flock husbandry were recorded on 149 broiler farms during the 4 d prior to slaughter. 2. Birds were examined at the slaughterhouse for contact dermatitis lesions. Foot pad dermatitis score (FPDS) and hock burn score (HBS) were measured on five point scales. Carcase rejection data were also collected. 3. The mean percentage of birds in each flock with: moderate or severe foot lesions was 11·1% (range 0–71·5%); moderate or severe hock burn was 1·3% (range 0–33·3%); and, breast burn was 0·02%. 4. A general linear model was developed to examine factors associated with mean flock FPDS. Assuming a linear relationship, within the range of data collected and with all other factors remaining the same, every 1% increase in the proportion of Genotype A birds in the flock was associated with an increase in mean FPDS of 0·003, every one-point increase in litter score was associated with a 0·326 increase in mean FPDS and every one-point increase in flock mean HBS was associated with a 0·411 increase in mean FPDS. Flock mean FPDS was associated with feed supplier and was higher in winter. 5. The general linear model developed for flock mean HBS, found that every one-point increase in mean FPDS increased mean HBS by 0·090, every one-point increase in litter score increased HBS by 0·119 and, every 1% increase in small/emaciated birds decreased mean HBS by 0·333. Reduced HBS was also associated with increased final litter depth, younger slaughter age and an increased percentage of dietary wheat. For every 1% increase in Genotype A birds, a decrease in flock mean HBS of 0·003 would be expected. 6. An effect of hatchery was also identified.
New Opportunities or difficult challenges? Self-regulation of learning in Chinese students in a western university setting.

International students often desire to study overseas and many countries, including New Zealand, welcome them into their schools and universities. Students from Mainland China, one of the most populous countries in the world and, until quite recently closed to the rest of the world, have, in the past few years, made up the large majority of those who come to New Zealand to study. Those wishing to enter university after completing high school in China must acquire a specified level of English and successfully complete a two semester long Foundation Studies course, before being eligible for undergraduate study. Research into independent or self-regulated learning has shown that Western (mainly American) students are much more successful academically and enjoy their studies more if they are willing and able to self-regulate their learning. This research has occurred mostly in Western settings with Western participants. The present research using a mixed methods approach aimed to examine the self-regulated learning, epistemological beliefs, demographic factors and personality traits of Mainland Chinese students studying in the Foundation Studies course and to determine whether any of these factors appeared to have any appreciable effect on their experiences in the course and on their final outcomes. The research found that while no one specific factor seemed to determine experiences and outcomes, it would appear that personality characteristics of face, optimism and other Dependability scores may mediate factors such as ability (measured by grades), length of time in the country, self-regulated learning and motivational strategies (such as organisation, time management, effort regulation and self-efficacy), and previous independent learning to influence these experiences and outcomes. While it appears that the North American theory of self-regulated learning is applicable to these students, it seems that cultural beliefs may affect which selfregulatory factor is most salient in their academic outcomes. Further research would be valuable to clarify these differences.
Residues of rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrins and copper used to control Bactrocera oleae (Gmel.) in organic olives and oil

Rotenone, azadirachtin, pyrethrins and copper fungicide decay curves were determined in olives and olive oil samples after experimental trials, consisting of one, two and three applications of each active ingredient, were carried out twice in 2005 and 2006. Rotenone, azadiracthin and pyrethrins were analyzed by extraction with acetonitrile and determined by liquid chromatography; copper was extracted into aqueous HCl and determined by chemical stripping. Pyrethrins were always found but in levels below the acceptable limits, whereas rotenone and copper residues always exceeded, after the pre-harvest interval, the maximum threshold allowed for olives. As regards residues in olive oil, rotenone was found in concentrations higher than those detected in olives. Copper accumulated in olives according to the number of applications, whereas, in oil, the residue was always lower than the maximum residue limit. The sensitivity of the method applied did not allow detection of azadirachtin.
Nasopharyngeal versus Oropharyngeal Sampling for Detection of Pneumococcal Carriage in Adults

ABSTRACT Several studies have shown that nasopharyngeal sampling is more sensitive than oropharyngeal sampling for the detection of pneumococcal carriage in children. The data for adults are limited and conflicting. This study was part of a larger study of pneumococcal carriage on the Navajo and White Mountain Apache Reservation following a clinical trial of a seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Persons aged 18 years and older living in households with children enrolled in the vaccine trial were eligible. We collected both nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal specimens by passing a flexible calcium alginate wire swab either nasally to the posterior nasopharynx or orally to the posterior oropharynx. Swabs were placed in skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerin medium and frozen at −70°C. Pneumococcal isolation was performed by standard techniques. Analyses were based on specimens collected from 1,994 adults living in 1,054 households. Nasopharyngeal specimens (11.1%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.8 and 12.6%) were significantly more likely to grow pneumococci than were oropharyngeal specimens (5.8%; 95% CI, 4.8 to 6.9%) (P < 0.0001). Few persons had pneumococcal growth from both specimens (1.7%). Therefore, both tests together were more likely to identify pneumococcal carriage (15.2%; 95% CI, 13.7 to 16.9%) than either test alone. Although we found that nasopharyngeal sampling was more sensitive than oropharyngeal sampling, nasopharyngeal sampling alone would have underestimated the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in this adult population. Sampling both sites may give more accurate results than sampling either site alone in studies of pneumococcal carriage in adults.
‘Feminist theory is proper knowledge, but …’: The status of feminist scholarship in the academy

This article explores some of the most significant questions in feminist epistemology: how do academics demarcate what constitutes ‘proper’ academic knowledge? And to what extent is feminist theory and research recognised as such? I draw on material from an ethnographic study of academia in Portugal to examine the claims that non-feminist scholars make in classrooms and conferences about the epistemic status of feminist scholarship. I observed that feminist work was very commonly described as capable of generating credible and valuable knowledge, but only in some instances and in limited ways. I present examples of these adversative claims (i.e. propositions that express opposition or discrepancy through a ‘but’ or equivalent adversative conjunction) and analyse their structure, content and uses of caricature and humour, showing how epistemic boundaries are drawn in them and how feminist scholarship is positioned in relation to those boundaries. I argue that this boundary-work produces a representation of feminist scholarship as being located partly within, and partly outside, the realm of proper knowledge, a move which I designate as an epistemic splitting of that scholarship. I suggest that this splitting enables and legitimates a selective engagement with feminist work, because it provides non-feminist scholars with a recognised epistemological rationale for taking into account the feminist insights which broadly fit mainstream frameworks, while simultaneously rejecting as epistemologically unsound the feminist critiques of those frameworks.
Amygdala activity and flashbacks in PTSD – A review

Intrusive recollections are one of the core symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Flashbacks, a subcategory of intrusive memory phenomena, are considered exclusive to the disorder, indicating a direct correlation between the traumatic event, the memory encoding and the subsequently intruding flashback. The experience of a flashback is defined as the highest degree of reliving, and the memories have an ability to distort the individual’s spatiotemporal perception. Even though flashbacks are well described in PTSD patients, the neurocognitive processes underlying them are not well understood. Amygdala is one of the brain structures repeatedly targeted in the PTSD research due to its involvement in implicit and explicit emotional memory. As an intensifier for survival-related stimuli the amygdala may contribute to the generation of flashbacks and the review at hand seeks to outline processes relating flashbacks to amygdala activity. Facets include: amygdala modulation of hippocampal activity, resulting in enhanced memory for specific details of emotional events of high arousal, amygdalar influences on the visual processing areas during encoding and later retrieval, leading to more vivid memories and, finally, amygdalar influences on the prefrontal cortex during the stages of retrieval, resulting in a stronger and more vivid reconstruction of the memories. (Less)
The Feminization of Public Relations in Indonesia : Role Expectations and Prejudices

Public relations is often regarded as a female field. In Indonesia, women predominate in its teaching and many women are setting up their own agencies. At the higher level, however, public relations is often still a male domain. The number of female practitioners in the public relations industry has led to the notion that women are not experiencing gender discrimination. Nevertheless, the feminization of this industry has to be understood and monitored because it seems to be camouflaging the continuous reality of gender inequity. Framed by the role congruity theory, the question this study sought to answer is: Is there a connection between the Indonesian public relations practitioners’ gender and public relations’ dominant role? In-depth interviews with 53 public relations practitioners and educators in Jakarta were conducted. This research analyzes whether there are differences between what people expect from the roles of female practitioners and male practitioners and the prejudices that result from these expectations. Respondents of this study attribute communal characteristics to female leaders and agentic characteristics to male leaders. They argue that in order to gain compliance, men and women should behave according to their gender roles. Thus, for women in leadership positions, their gender role is likely to clash with their managerial role. This research concludes that there is indeed a correlation between the Indonesian public relations’ practitioners’ gender and their dominant role. Findings were lastly examined from a radical feminist perspective and a liberal feminist perspective.
Ultrafast optical and magneto-optical studies of III–V ferromagnetic semiconductors

Abstract We use ultrafast optical techniques to investigate the dynamics of charge and spin carriers and coherent phonons as well as magnetic order in III-V ferromagnetic semiconductors. We observe a rich array of dynamical phenomena that are absent in traditional nonmagnetic semiconductors or metallic ferromagnets. Very short charge and spin lifetimes of the photoinjected carriers (∼2ps) and multi-level charge decay dynamics are observed, which are attributed to a large density of mid-bandgap states introduced during low temperature molecular beam epitaxy (LT-MBE) growth and highly p-type Mn doping. During the very short free carrier lifetime, the coercivity of the system is seen to be reduced. We attribute this photo-induced ‘softening’ to the transient modification of carrier-mediated ferromagnetic exchange coupling between Mn spins. After the photogenerated free electrons are trapped by defects, periodic oscillations appear in differential reflectivity due to the coherent generation of acoustic phonon wavepackets.
Introduction: Preventing Youth Access to Tobacco

In this volume, we will examine different components of a preventive public health intervention directed at reducing rates of youth smoking. The rationale for this intervention is presented as well as a review of the literature on this topic. Five data-based papers will provide readers with an overview of different aspects of this large community-based preventive intervention. One paper will examine the types of ordinances that communities have adopted and what our recommendations are for optimal tobacco control policies at the local level. A second paper will examine the
‘An Image of Hope in a Week of Despair’: Representations of Sam the Koala in the Australian Mainstream News Media

Natural disasters are events with far-reaching humanitarian implications that frequently receive international attention through the use of an image that comes to represent the disaster in question. The most successful images often comprise ‘identifiable’ and therefore human victims. What is more unusual is for a single animal image to become representative of an entire disaster. This was the case with the 2009 Victorian bushfires in Australia, when the image of a firefighter offering a koala a drink gained international fame. Given that this image of ‘Sam’ the koala does not conform to traditional disaster imagery, we undertook a thematic analysis of mainstream news media representations of Sam in order to identify how she was represented by the media. In this article, we discuss these themes in relation to the ‘identifiable victim’, together with the implications of Sam's success in terms of disaster-relief campaigns.
[Clinical observation on abdominal electroacupuncture for treatment of poststroke constipation].

OBJECTIVE To compare therapeutic effects of abdominal electroacupuncture (EA) and western medicine on poststroke constipation. METHODS Eighty cases were randomly divided into an EA group and a medication group, 40 cases in each group. The EA group were treated with EA at Daheng (SP 15), Fujie (SP 14), Tianshu (ST 25), Shuidao (ST 28), etc., once a day, 30 min each session, and the medication group with oral administration of 10 mg Cisapride, thrice each day. Seven days constituted one course. After 2 courses, clinical therapeutic effects were evaluated by cumulative scores of symptoms. RESULTS The total effective rate of 92.5% in the EA group was significantly better than 72.5% in the medication group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the cumulative scores of clinical symptoms significantly decreased in the two groups (P < 0.05) and the improving degrees of symptoms in the EA group was significantly better than that in the medication group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Abdominal electroacupuncture has a definite therapeutic effect on poststroke constipation, accelerating gastrointestinal movement.