Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cenozoic Structure and Evolution of the Boundary Between the Basin and Range and Transition Zone Provinces in Arizona

Abstract Arizona can be divided into three physiographic and tectonic provinces, as follows: (1) the Colorado Plateau, (2) the Basin and Range province, and (3) the Transition Zone that extends diagonally across Arizona between the other two. The Transition Zone slopes southwestward from the elevated Colorado Plateau toward the Basin and Range province, but the regional slope was in the opposite direction in the early Tertiary. The Basin and Range province in Arizona underwent two phases of extension. Middle Tertiary detachment faulting, core complex uplift, and voluminous felsic magmatism were followed by late Tertiary high-angle normal faulting and formation of deep basins, many of which contain thick evaporite deposits. The first, core complex phase of extension accompanied reversal in slope across the Transition Zone. Detachment faults dip beneath the Transition Zone along most of its length, and it is generally inferred that displacement of lower plate rocks southwestward from beneath the Transition Zone led to both the reversal in Transition Zone slope due to greater crustal thinning in the southwest and to exhumation of most of Arizona’s core complexes. Crustal thinning and perhaps regional post-magmatic cooling led to great reduction in the mobility of the plastically deforming deep crust, and this loss of mobility is inferred to have caused a transition in structural styles of extension from detachment faulting and core complex exhumation to high angle normal faulting and deep basin subsidence. This transition appears to have been delayed where the crust was unusually thick because of earlier crustal shortening, but was not delayed by locally voluminous magmatism. During the middle Miocene transition from detachment faulting to high-angle normal faulting, parts of the boundary zone between the Basin and Range province and the Transition Zone underwent moderate to severe extension by southwestward dipping faults that are antithetic to underlying, regionally northeastward dipping detachment faults. This episode of antithetic faulting is inferred to be a consequence of the reversal in slope of the Transition Zone.
Fast Single Image Super-Resolution

This paper addresses the problem of single image super-resolution (SR), which consists of recovering a high resolution image from its blurred, decimated and noisy version. The existing algorithms for single image SR use different strategies to handle the decimation and blurring operators. In addition to the traditional first-order gradient methods, recent techniques investigate splitting-based methods dividing the SR problem into up-sampling and deconvolution steps that can be easily solved. Instead of following this splitting strategy, we propose to deal with the decimation and blurring operators simultaneously by taking advantage of their particular properties in the frequency domain, leading to a new fast SR approach. Specifically, an analytical solution can be obtained and implemented efficiently for the Gaussian prior or any other regularization that can be formulated into an $\ell_2$-regularized quadratic model, i.e., an $\ell_2$-$\ell_2$ optimization problem. Furthermore, the flexibility of the proposed SR scheme is shown through the use of various priors/regularizations, ranging from generic image priors to learning-based approaches. In the case of non-Gaussian priors, we show how the analytical solution derived from the Gaussian case can be embedded intotraditional splitting frameworks, allowing the computation cost of existing algorithms to be decreased significantly. Simulation results conducted on several images with different priors illustrate the effectiveness of our fast SR approach compared with the existing techniques.
Transfer of Motor Learning Is More Pronounced in Proximal Compared to Distal Effectors in Upper Extremities

The current experiment investigated generalizability of motor learning in proximal versus distal effectors in upper extremities. Twenty-eight participants were divided into three groups: training proximal effectors, training distal effectors, and no training control group (CG). Performance was tested pre- and post-training for specific learning and three learning transfer conditions: (1) bilateral learning transfer between homologous effectors, (2) lateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors, and (3) bilateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors. With respect to specific learning, both training groups showed significant, similar improvement for the trained proximal and distal effectors, respectively. In addition, there was significant learning transfer to all three transfer conditions, except for bilateral learning transfer between non-homologous effectors for the distal training group. Interestingly, the proximal training group showed significantly larger learning transfer to other effectors compared to the distal training group. The CG did not show significant improvements from pre- to post-test. These results show that learning is partly effector independent and generalizable to different effectors, even though transfer is suboptimal compared to specific learning. Furthermore, there is a proximal-distal gradient in generalizability, in that learning transfer from trained proximal effectors is larger than from trained distal effectors, which is consistent with neuroanatomical differences in activation of proximal and distal muscles.
ALK Status Assessment with Liquid Biopsies of Lung Cancer Patients

Patients with advanced stage non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) harboring an anaplastic lymphoma kinase ALK gene rearrangement, detected from a tissue sample, can benefit from targeted ALK inhibitor treatment. However, while treatment is initially effective in most cases, relapse or progression occurs due to different resistance mechanisms including mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (EML44)-ALK. The liquid biopsy concept has recently radically changed the clinical care of NSCLC patients, in particular for those harboring an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. Therefore, liquid biopsy is an alternative or complementary method to tissue biopsy for the detection of some resistance mutations in EGFR arising during tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment. Moreover, in some frail patients, or if the tumor lesion is not accessible to a tissue biopsy, a liquid biopsy can also detect some activating mutations in EGFR on initial assessment. Recent studies have evaluated the possibility of also using a liquid biopsy approach to detect an ALK rearrangement and/or the emergence during inhibitor treatment of some resistance mutations in ALK. These assessments can be performed by studying circulating tumor cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization and by immunocytochemistry and/or after the isolation of RNA from plasma samples, free or associated with platelets. Thus, the liquid biopsy may be a complementary or sometimes alternative method for the assessment of the ALK status in certain NSCLC patients, as well as a non-invasive approach for early detection of ALK mutations. In this review, we highlight the current data concerning the role of the liquid biopsy for the ALK status assessment for NSCLC patients, and we compare the different approaches for this evaluation from blood samples.
Lehrstuhl für Informatik 10 ( Systemsimulation ) Efficient Multigrid Solvers for the Stokes Equations using Finite Elements

Mixed nite element application to solve the Stokes equations using di erent smoothers by mean of multigrid technique has been investigated. Multigrid technique's e ciency for positive de nite linear systems is proved but it is much more challenging in the case of saddle-point problems. The e ciency of a multigrid method is highly dependent on the smoother and the coarse grid solver. A two-dimensional square domain with di erent mixed nite element pairs is the framework for this work. The e ciency of two di erent smoothers, Vanka and Distributive Gauss-Seidel were investigated with utilizing P2/P1 and P2-iso-P1 nite element pairs, moreover the Vanka smoother was applied two a stabilized P1/P1 element discretization. The Pressure Correction method as a well-understood approach was the tool to validate the results of Vanka and Distributed Gauss-Seidel smoothers. Moreover an investigation on τ -extrapolation technique to raise the accuracy of linear nite elements to achieve the accuracy of quadratic nite elements was done. To this end τ -extrapolation technique was applied to a P1/P1 and P2-iso-P1 nite element pairs in order to obtain a better accuracy.
Effects of Bacterial Fermentation on the Biochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Potential of Fermented and Unfermented Soybeans Using Probiotic Bacillus subtilis (KCTC 13241)

Fermented soybeans, cheonggukjang (CKJ), are considered to be more wholesome than soybeans in Korea. To select the best soybean cultivar for making functional CKJ, a comparison was made between the biological activities of four soybean cultivars in their unfermented soybean (UFS) and CKJ states. Changes in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, total phenolic compounds, total amino acids, and isoflavones were investigated. The levels of DPPH, ABTS, SOD-like activity, and total phenolic compounds increased in CKJ among all cultivars. The isoflavone aglycone and total amino acids showed the highest amount in CKJ prepared from soybean cultivar Aga 3. These results suggest that the improved antioxidant activity of CKJ in all cultivars might occur because of the higher levels of aglycones and total phenolic compounds achieved during fermentation. Moreover, CKJ prepared from soybean cultivar Aga 3 showed higher antioxidant activity than the other cultivars and so can be considered for the commercial production of functional foods in the future.
Global variability in leaf respiration in relation to climate, plant functional types and leaf traits.

Leaf dark respiration (Rdark ) is an important yet poorly quantified component of the global carbon cycle. Given this, we analyzed a new global database of Rdark and associated leaf traits. Data for 899 species were compiled from 100 sites (from the Arctic to the tropics). Several woody and nonwoody plant functional types (PFTs) were represented. Mixed-effects models were used to disentangle sources of variation in Rdark . Area-based Rdark at the prevailing average daily growth temperature (T) of each site increased only twofold from the Arctic to the tropics, despite a 20°C increase in growing T (8-28°C). By contrast, Rdark at a standard T (25°C, Rdark (25) ) was threefold higher in the Arctic than in the tropics, and twofold higher at arid than at mesic sites. Species and PFTs at cold sites exhibited higher Rdark (25) at a given photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax (25) ) or leaf nitrogen concentration ([N]) than species at warmer sites. Rdark (25) values at any given Vcmax (25) or [N] were higher in herbs than in woody plants. The results highlight variation in Rdark among species and across global gradients in T and aridity. In addition to their ecological significance, the results provide a framework for improving representation of Rdark in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) and associated land-surface components of Earth system models (ESMs).
Bedrock bedding, landsliding and erosional budgets in the Central European Alps

We explore the controls of the litho‐tectonic architecture on the erosional flux in the 370‐km2 Glogn basin (European Alps). In this basin, the bedding and schistosity of the bedrock dip parallel to the topographic slope on the NW valley flank, leading to a non‐dip slope situation on the opposite SE valley side. While the dip slope condition has promoted the occurrence of landslides (e.g. the c. 30‐km2 deep‐seated Lumnezia landslide), the opposite non‐dip slope side of the valley hosts >100‐m‐deeply incised tributary streams. 10Be concentrations of stream sediments yield catchment‐averaged denudation rates that vary between 0.27 ± 0.03 and 2.19 ± 0.37 mm a−1, while the spatially averaged denudation rate of the entire basin is 1.99 ± 0.34 mm a−1. Our 10Be‐based approach reveals that the Lumnezia landslide front contributes c. 30–65% of the entire sediment budget, although it covers <5% of the Glogn basin. This suggests a primary control of the bedrock bedding on erosion rates and processes.
Reduction of I(to) causes hypertrophy in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.

Prolonged action potential duration (APD) and decreased transient outward K+ current (I(to)) as a result of decreased expression of K(v4.2) and K(v4.3) genes are commonly observed in heart disease. We found that treatment of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes with Heteropoda Toxin3, a blocker of cardiac I(to), induced hypertrophy as measured using cell membrane capacitance and (3)H-leucine uptake. To dissect the role of specific I(to)-encoding genes in hypertrophy, I(to) was selectively reduced by overexpressing mutant dominant-negative (DN) transgenes. I(to) amplitude was reduced equally (by about 50%) by overexpression of DN K(v1.4) (K(v1.4)N) or DN K(v4.2) (either K(v4.2)N or K(v4.2)W362F), but only DN K(v4.2) prolonged APD duration (at 1 Hz) and induced myocyte hypertrophy. This hypertrophy was prevented by coexpressing wild-type K(v4.2) channels (K(v4.2)F) with the DN K(v4.2) genes, suggesting the hypertrophy is due to I(to) reduction and not nonspecific effects of transgene overexpression. The hypertrophy caused by reductions of K(v4.x)-based I(to) was associated with increased activity of the calcium-dependent phosphatase, calcineurin, and could be prevented by coinfection with Ad-CAIN, a specific calcineurin inhibitor. The hypertrophy and calcineurin activation induced by K(v4.2)N infection were prevented by blocking Ca2+ entry and excitability with verapamil or high [K+]o. Our studies suggest that reductions of K(v4.2/3)-based I(to) play a role in hypertrophy signaling by activation of calcineurin.
RISK FACTORS FOR STROKE: A hospital based study

Objective: Stroke is the commonest neurological cause of morbidity and mortality all over the world being the third leading cause of death. The goal of this study was to ascertain the frequency of risk factors for first ever stroke in our patients. Patients and Methods: This prospective study included all patients of either sex, 20 to 70 years and above admitted in Dr. Ziauddin Medical University Hospital, North Nazimabad Campus, Karachi, with first ever stroke verified by CT scan brain during a period of one year. Results: Data analysis showed that 70.1% had cerebral infarction and 29.9% cerebral hemorrhage. The mean age at presentation was 62 years and male to female ratio 1.05:1.The most frequent risk factors included hypertension 65.8%, smoking 43%, diabetes mellitus 41.3%, underlying cardiac diseases 29.1%, family history of stroke/transient ischemic attack in the first-degree relatives 26.7%, high cholesterol 25.5%, history of past transient ischemic attack 24.9% and significant extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in 18.18%. In-hospital mortality was 11.7%. At 30-day follow up 22.27% of all stroke survivors were functionally independent. This study suggested that diabetes mellitus was more and underlying cardiac diseases less frequent in our patients than in the western reported series. Cerebral hemorrhage was relatively morecommon and the mean age at presentation was lesser compared to those in the developed countries. Conclusion: Stroke patients consume a large part of health resources all over the world so accurate information about the incidence, risk factors, management and outcome is needed for planning medico-social services besides primary and secondary stroke prevention in the community.
Structure and transcription of the cellular homolog (c-myb) of the avian myeloblastosis virus transforming gene (v-myb)

We isolated and characterized molecular clones containing the chicken cellular homolog (c-myb) of the avian myeloblastosis virus oncogene (v-myb). Mapping of the c-myb clones using restriction endonucleases and hybridization to radiolabeled v-myb probes revealed that the sequences homologous to v-myb are contained within four separate regions, which have since been shown by nucleotide sequencing (Klempnauer et al., Cell 31:453-463, 1982) to carry seven exons. Analysis of c-myb transcripts showed the presence of several large precursor RNAs in addition to the 4.0-kilobase cytoplasmic mRNA. We also determined the approximate positions of the c-myb sequences that are present in the 4.0-kilobase c-myb mRNA but not present in v-myb. Some of these sequences are found in a separate region 5' to the v-myb-related sequences, whereas the remainder appear to be located immediately 3' to the v-myb-related sequences. The data presented here, in conjunction with nucleotide sequence analysis (Klempnauer et al., Cell 31:453-463, 1982), indicate that the c-myb gene contains at least eight exons which span a total of about 16 kilobase pairs. The presence of exon sequences in c-myb outside the regions of homology with v-myb raises the possibility that the v-myb and c-myb gene products may differ significantly.
Splitting Compounds by Semantic Analogy

Compounding is a highly productive word-formation process in some languages that is often problematic for natural language processing applications. In this paper, we investigate whether distributional semantics in the form of word embeddings can enable a deeper, i.e., more knowledge-rich, processing of compounds than the standard string-based methods. We present an unsupervised approach that exploits regularities in the semantic vector space (based on analogies such as "bookshop is to shop as bookshelf is to shelf") to produce compound analyses of high quality. A subsequent compound splitting algorithm based on these analyses is highly effective, particularly for ambiguous compounds. German to English machine translation experiments show that this semantic analogy-based compound splitter leads to better translations than a commonly used frequency-based method.
Multi-resolution wavelet analysis for chopped impulse voltage measurements and feature extraction

In this study, an application of the wavelet transform based on the multi-resolution analysis (MRA) is aimed for evaluation of amplitude and time parameters of the chopped impulse voltage. In terms of getting data set, three types of the chopped lightning impulse voltages with different chopping times are considered and MRA is applied to these data as different case studies. Hence, some characteristic properties are extracted from the impulse waveforms at some special frequency values. In this sense, frequency component of 33 MHz is found with the maximum peak value for each case before the chopping time and their appearing times for three cases are determined using the time-frequency analysis. Hence the difference between the chopping time and occurring time of the maximum peak values at 33 MHz is calculated easily. Also, some physical interpretations of the frequency component of 33 MHz are defined through the circuit parameters of the measurement system. In usual application, the MRA can be presented as a powerful technique to extract the noise effects, which come from different sources, in the high voltage measurements.
Efficiency of mixing in the main thermocline

Estimates of heat flux from direct measurements of vertical velocity-temperature fluctuation correlations have been obtained from vertical profiles through turbulent patches in the main thermocline. These have been compared to more indirect flux estimates derived from dissipation rates of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature variance. Because record lengths are limited by the thickness of observed turbulent patches, uncertainties are larger than would be expected from relatively longer horizontal records. The best estimate of dissipation flux coefficient from these data is about 0.15–0.2, but it is characterized by a large range of sample values. This implies mixing efficiencies (flux Richardson numbers) are about 0.13–0.17. This is within the range of laboratory estimates but is different from measurements in turbulent tidal fronts.
Juvenile dermatomyositis at diagnosis: clinical characteristics of 79 children.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate demographic and clinical characteristics, duration of time between disease onset (date of first rash and/or weakness), and diagnosis/therapy, as well as socioeconomic status, of children with newly diagnosed juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). METHODS Structured telephone interview of families of a cohort of 79 children with JDM: interval between onset of symptoms to diagnosis, median of 3 months (range 0.5-20.0). RESULTS At diagnosis, all the children had rash (100%) and proximal muscle weakness (100%); 58 (73%) had muscle pain; 51 (65%) fever; 35 (44%) dysphagia; 34 (43%) hoarseness; 29 (37%) abdominal pain; 28 (35%) arthritis; 18 (23%) calcinosis, and 10 (13%) melena. Muscle derived enzymes were normal in 10% of the children. Of the 43 children who had an electromyogram (EMG), 8 (19%) had normal results. Fifty-one children had a muscle biopsy; the results were normal/nondiagnostic in 10 (20%). Median time from disease onset to diagnosis was different between racial groups: Caucasians (n=59) 2.0 months: for minorities (n=20), 6.5 months, (p=0.0008). The median time from disease onset to therapy was: Caucasians. 3.0 months; minorities, 7.2 months (p=0.002). Report of calcinosis was associated with increased time to diagnosis and therapy (p=0.04). In the 33 children whose first symptom occurred in June-September, rash preceded or accompanied onset of muscle weakness in 83% (n=27). Ninety-one percent of the children were given steroid therapy and 9% received methotrexate as well. CONCLUSION The results of an undirected site for muscle biopsy or EMG may not be diagnostic. Minority children had a longer interval between first JDM symptom and diagnosis/therapy than Caucasian children. Delay in diagnosis/therapy was associated with calcinosis.
Longitudinal Mapping of Cortical Thickness and Brain Growth in Normal Children

Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology now allow the tracing of developmental changes in the brains of children. We applied computer-matching algorithms and new techniques for measuring cortical thickness (in millimeters) to the structural MRI images of 45 children scanned twice (2 yr apart) between the ages 5 and 11. Changes in brain size were also assessed, showing local brain growth progressing at a rate of ∼0.4-1.5 mm per year, most prominently in frontal and occipital regions. Estimated cortical thickness ranged from 1.5 mm in occipital regions to 5.5 mm in dorsomedial frontal cortex. Gray matter thinning coupled with cortical expansion was highly significant in right frontal and bilateral parieto-occipital regions. Significant thickening was restricted to left inferior frontal (Broca's area) and bilateral posterior perisylvian (Wernicke's area on the left) regions. In the left hemisphere, gray matter thickness was correlated with changing cognitive abilities. For the first time, developmental changes in gray matter thickness, brain size, and structure-function relationships have been traced within the same individuals studied longitudinally during a time of rapid cognitive development.