Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction, and Democracy

Americans in recent years have become thoroughly disenchanted with our political campaigns, especially with campaign advertising and speeches. Each year, as November approaches, we are bombarded with visceral appeals that bypass substance, that drape candidates in the American flag but tell us nothing about what they'll do if elected, that flood us with images of PT-109 or Willie Horton, while significant issues-such as Kennedy's Addison's Disease or the looming S&L catastrophe-are left unexamined. And the press-the supposed safeguard of democracy-focuses on campaign strategy over campaign substance, leaving us to decide where the truth lies. In Dirty Politics, campaign analyst Kathleen Hall Jamieson provides an eye-opening look at political ads and speeches, showing us how to read, listen to, and watch political campaigns. Jamieson provides a sophisticated (and often humorous) analysis of advertising technique, describing how television ads use soft focus, slow motion, lyrical or patriotic music (Reagan used "I'm Proud to be an American") to place a candidate in a positive light, or quick cuts, black and white, videotape, and ominous music (for instance, the theme from "Jaws") to portray the opposition. She shows how ads sometimes mimic news spots to add authenticity (Edwin Edwards, in his race against David Duke, actually used former NBC correspondent Peter Hackis, who would begin an ad saying "This is Peter Hackis in Baton Rouge"). And Jamieson points out that consultants create inflammatory ads hoping that the major networks will pick them up and run them as news, giving the ad millions of dollars of free air time. The most striking example would be the Willie Horton ad, which the press aired repeatedly (as an example of negative advertising) long after the ad had ceased running. (In fact, it never ran on the major networks as an ad, only as news.) From a colorful, compact history of negative campaigning from Eisenhower to the present, to an in-depth commentary on the Willie Horton ads, to an up-to-the-minute analysis of the Duke-Edwards campaign in Louisiana, Dirty Politics is both a fascinating look at underhanded campaigning as well as a compelling argument for fair, accurate, and substantive campaigns. It is a book that all voters should read before they vote again.
Artificial drainage of peatlands : hydrological and hydrochemical process and wetland restoration

Peatlands have been subject to artificial drainage for centuries. This drainage has been in response to agricultural demand, forestry, horticultural and energy properties of peat and alleviation of flood risk. However, there are several environmental problems associated with drainage of peatlands. This paper describes the nature of these problems and examines the evidence for changes in hydrological and hydrochemical processes associated with these changes. Traditional black-box water balance approaches demonstrate little about wetland dynamics and therefore the science of catchment response to peat drainage is poorly understood. It is crucial that a more process-based approach be adopted within peatland ecosystems. The environmental problems associated with peat drainage have led, in part, to a recent reversal in attitudes to peatlands and we have seen a move towards wetland restoration. However, a detailed understanding of hydrological, hydrochemical and ecological process-interactions will be fundamental if we are to adequately restore degraded peatlands, preserve those that are still intact and understand the impacts of such management actions at the catchment
The Influence of Muscle Forces and External Loads on Cruciate Ligament Strain

We know it is important to avoid excessive strain on reconstructed ligaments, but we do not know how in dividual muscles affect cruciate ligament strain. To an swer this, we studied the effect of muscle forces and external loads on cruciate ligament strain. Nine cadav eric knee joints were tested in an apparatus that allowed unconstrained knee joint motion. Quadriceps, ham string, and gastrocnemius muscle forces were simu lated. Additionally, external loads were applied such as varus-internal or valgus-external rotation forces. Cru ciate ligament strain was recorded at different knee flex ion angles. Activation of the gastrocnemius muscle sig nificantly (P < 0.05) strained the posterior cruciate ligament at flexion angles larger than 40°. Quadriceps muscle activation significantly strained the anterior cruciate ligament when the knee was flexed 20° to 60° (P < 0.01) and reduced the strain on the posterior cruciate ligament in the same flexion range ( P< 0.05). Activation of the hamstring muscles strained the pos terior cruciate ligament when the knee was flexed 70° to 110° (P< 0.05). Combined varus and internal rotation forces significantly increased anterior cruciate ligament strain throughout the flexion range (P < 0.05). The re sults suggest that to minimize strain on the ligament after posterior cruciate ligament surgery, strong gas trocnemius muscle contractions should be avoided be yond 30° of knee flexion. The study also calls into ques tion the use of vigorous quadriceps exercises in the range of 20° to 60° of knee flexion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Pedagogy in practice: the pedagogy of a learning setting as students experience it

This paper opens a theoretical discussion regarding the pedagogy of a learning setting as students experience it. Students’ experience of learning deserves particular attention because it may differ from the pedagogy that is designed and campaigned for by the school, or even from the one that is ‘experienced’ by the teacher in the same situation. In order to open up such a discussion, we introduce the term ‘pedagogy in practice’ (PiP). This new term describes the pedagogy that actually acts on students’ thought and affects; it relates to the interaction between the school’s pedagogy and students’ experience of it. In this paper, we define the concept of PiP and examine its implications and differentiation from related pedagogic concepts. By doing so, we question educators’ and policy makers’ ability to understand, evaluate, make sense of, and eventually improve pedagogies or curricula in general without looking at PiP in particular.
Studying, Practicing, and Mastering: A Test of the Model of Goal‐Directed Behavior (MGB) in the Software Learning Domain

The present study tested the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB). The model proposes that behavioral intentions to perform instrumental behaviors are primarily motivated by desires to perform the acts. In turn, desires mediate the effects of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived control, and anticipated emotions on intentions. Construct validity for MGB variables is assessed, and the predictive utility of the MGB is compared with that of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). College students (N= 102) provided measures for MGB and TPB variables while participating in a training program to use statistical software. We focused on two goal-related instrumental behaviors: studying handbooks and practicing with the package. The results show that the MGB accounts for a greater proportion of variance in intentions and instrumental behaviors than does TPB. Although desires mediate most of the effects of other predictors on intentions to perform the instrumental behaviors, it is proposed that when the behavior is normatively relevant, or when self-efficacy appraisals play a major role, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control may directly affect intentions.
Lower-category benign breast disease and the risk of invasive breast cancer.

BACKGROUND The risk of invasive breast cancer associated with benign breast disease (BBD) other than atypical hyperplasia and in situ breast cancer, especially with nonproliferative diagnosis, has not been explored extensively. This report evaluates the risk of breast cancer associated with this lower-category BBD (LC-BBD). METHODS 11 307 women without prior history of atypical hyperplasia or in situ breast cancer at randomization (1992-1997) were identified from the cohort of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project's Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. Pathologic findings from breast biopsy reports through August 2002 were reviewed, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the relative risks (RRs) of breast cancer with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The relative risks of breast cancer for LC-BBD were adjusted for treatment and for breast cancer risk as determined by the modified Gail model. RESULTS Of the 11 307 women, 1376 had LC-BBD, of whom 47 developed breast cancer, and of the 9931 women without LC-BBD, 291 developed breast cancer. The RR of breast cancer for women with LC-BBD relative to women without LC-BBD was 1.60 (95% CI = 1.17 to 2.19). Among women 50 years of age and older, the RR of breast cancer for those with LC-BBD was 1.95 (95% CI = 1.29 to 2.93). After adjustment for treatment and breast cancer risk, the RR of breast cancer for women with LC-BBD was 1.41 (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.94). CONCLUSIONS Women with LC-BBD had a statistically significant increased risk of breast cancer. The elevation of breast cancer risk was especially evident in women 50 years of age and older. Furthermore, this risk was independent of that associated with key epidemiologic breast cancer risk factors.
Real-Time Model Predictive Control for Shipboard Power Management Using the IPA-SQP Approach

Shipboard integrated power systems, the key enablers of ship electrification, call for effective power management control (PMC) to achieve optimal and reliable operation in dynamic environments under hardware limitations and operational constraints. The design of PMC can be treated naturally in a model predictive control (MPC) framework, where a cost function is minimized over a prediction horizon subject to constraints. The real-time implementation of MPC-based PMC, however, is challenging due to computational complexity of the numerical optimization. In this paper, an MPC-based PMC for a shipboard power system is developed and its real-time implementation is investigated. To meet the requirements for real-time computation, an integrated perturbation analysis and sequential quadratic programming (IPA-SQP) algorithm is applied to solve a constrained MPC optimization problem. Several operational scenarios are considered to evaluate the performance of the proposed PMC solution. Simulations and experiments show that real-time optimization, constraint enforcement, and fast load following can be achieved with the IPA-SQP algorithm. Different performance attributes and their tradeoffs can be coordinated through proper tuning of the design parameters.
Prednisolone as Preservation Additive Prevents from Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

The lung is, more than other solid organs, susceptible for ischemia reperfusion injury after orthotopic transplantation. Corticosteroids are known to potently suppress pro-inflammatory processes when given in the post-operative setting or during rejection episodes. Whereas their use has been approved for these clinical indications, there is no study investigating its potential as a preservation additive in preventing vascular damage already in the phase of ischemia. To investigate these effects we performed orthotopic lung transplantations (LTX) in the rat. Prednisolone was either added to the perfusion solution for lung preservation or omitted and rats were followed for 48 hours after LTX. Prednisolone preconditioning significantly increased survival and diminished reperfusion edema. Hypoxia induced vasoactive cytokines such as VEGF were reduced. Markers of leukocyte invasiveness like matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-2, or common pro-inflammatory molecules like the CXCR4 receptor or the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)-2 were downregulated by prednisolone. Neutrophil recruitment to the grafts was only increased in Perfadex treated lungs. Together with this, prednisolone treated animals displayed significantly reduced lung protein levels of neutrophil chemoattractants like CINC-1, CINC-2α/β and LIX and upregulated tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1. Interestingly, lung macrophage invasion was increased in both, Perfadex and prednisolone treated grafts, as measured by MMP-12 or RM4. Markers of anti-inflammatory macrophage transdifferentiation like MRC-1, IL-13, IL-4 and CD163, significantly correlated with prednisolone treatment. These observations lead to the conclusion that prednisolone as an additive to the perfusion solution protects from hypoxia triggered danger signals already in the phase of ischemia and thus reduces graft edema in the phase of reperfusion. Additionally, prednisolone preconditioning might also lead to macrophage polarization as a beneficial long-term effect.
Crossing the Border into Leadership: Experiences of Newly Appointed British Headteachers and American Principals

This article investigates the phenomena associated with English headteachers and US Principals crossing the professional ‘border’ into school leadership. Based on empirical evidence accumulated in both countries through in-depth interviews, the work explores the ways in which the successful candidates were prepared for the new role and the levels of professional support they received during the induction period. What becomes evident from the findings is that all respondents went through a process of ‘culture shock’ as none were prepared for the change in perceptions of others or for the intensity of the job. The article concludes by calling for a blend of theoretical and practical programmes of preparation and induction that allow those stepping into the school leader’s role to spend time reflecting on personal values, ethical stances and other similar matters as a way of adjusting to the demands of the ‘hot seat’.
A study of miscarriage: development and validation of the Perinatal Grief Intensity Scale.

OBJECTIVE This article outlines the development of the Perinatal Grief Intensity Scale (PGIS). It is based on a theoretical model developed to predict intensity of grief response to early pregnancy loss. DESIGN Participants completed the PGIS by mail and made an overall assessment of their grief intensity by completing a single Likert-type item. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of 186 women who had experienced a miscarriage before 16 weeks gestation in the previous 12-18 months. RESULTS Fourteen items were retained after factor analyses, loading at . 4 or greater. The 14 items loaded on a three-factor solution as predicted and accounted for 65% of the variance. Three factors were found to influence intensity of grieving: Reality of the pregnancy and baby within (Reality), congruence between the actual miscarriage experience and the woman's standard of the desirable (Congruence), and the ability of parents to make decisions or act in ways to increase this congruence (Confront Others). Chronbach's alpha for the entire instrument was . 82, with subscale reliability scores of . 89 (Reality), . 84 (Confront Others), and . 71 (Congruence). CONCLUSION The PGIS demonstrates acceptable beginning reliability and validity in predicting grief intensity. Further testing of the instrument is needed with all types of pregnancy losses. The level of score needed to predict intense responses also needs to be determined.
Large scale bias and the peak background split

Dark matter haloes are biased tracers of the underlying dark matter distribution. We use a simple model to provide a relation between the abundance of dark matter haloes and their spatial distribution on large scales. Our model shows that knowledge of the unconditional mass function alone is sufficient to provide an accurate estimate of the large-scale bias factor. We then use the mass function measured in numerical simulations of SCDM, OCDM and ΛCDM to compute this bias. Comparison with these simulations shows that this simple way of estimating the bias relation and its evolution is accurate for less massive haloes as well as massive ones. In particular, we show that haloes that are less/more massive than typical M* haloes at the time they form are more/less strongly clustered than is predicted by formulae based on the standard Press–Schechter mass function.
Neural correlates of visual dimension weighting

In a series of functional magnetic resonance experiments, we have investigated the neural basis of attentional dimension weighting in crossdimensional singleton search. Previous studies led to the characterization of a frontoposterior network of brain areas, which in part overlaps with the frontoparietal network supporting overt and covert attention shifts, but also involves anterior prefrontal components, which are likely to be involved in the detection of change and the initiation and control of attention shifts. Although this frontoposterior network is characterized by transient dimension change-related activation, we present new evidence that the effect of attentional weighting of a target-defining dimension is a modulation of the visual input areas processing the attended dimension.
Indigenous Practice Approaches to Women, Violence, and Healing Using Community Development: A Partnership between Indigenous and non Indigenous Workers

Abstract This article describes a successful partnership between Indigenous and non Indigenous workers in relation to women, violence, and healing. The focus was on identifying and using Indigenous practice approaches, taking a community development approach and a project that produced culturally-relevant Strengths Cards (“Yarnabout Cards”), which provided benefits for all partners. The processes used are documented. The project involved a work-based social work student placement, the benefits of which are also discussed. It is hoped this may serve as an example or guide for others interested in collaborative learning and working with Indigenous communities and work-based social work student field placements that can provide positive learning experiences.
Multi-class cancer classification by total principal component regression (TPCR) using microarray gene expression data

DNA microarray technology provides a promising approach to the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors on a genome-wide scale by monitoring the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously. One problem arising from the use of microarray data is the difficulty to analyze the high-dimensional gene expression data, typically with thousands of variables (genes) and much fewer observations (samples), in which severe collinearity is often observed. This makes it difficult to apply directly the classical statistical methods to investigate microarray data. In this paper, total principal component regression (TPCR) was proposed to classify human tumors by extracting the latent variable structure underlying microarray data from the augmented subspace of both independent variables and dependent variables. One of the salient features of our method is that it takes into account not only the latent variable structure but also the errors in the microarray gene expression profiles (independent variables). The prediction performance of TPCR was evaluated by both leave-one-out and leave-half-out cross-validation using four well-known microarray datasets. The stabilities and reliabilities of the classification models were further assessed by re-randomization and permutation studies. A fast kernel algorithm was applied to decrease the computation time dramatically. (MATLAB source code is available upon request.).
Design of Sequential Elements for Low Power Clocking System

Power consumption is a major bottleneck of system performance and is listed as one of the top three challenges in International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor 2008. In practice, a large portion of the on chip power is consumed by the clock system which is made of the clock distribution network and flop-flops. In this paper, various design techniques for a low power clocking system are surveyed. Among them is an effective way to reduce capacity of the clock load by minimizing number of clocked transistors. To approach this, we propose a novel clocked pair shared flip-flop which reduces the number of local clocked transistors by approximately 40%. A 24% reduction of clock driving power is achieved. In addition, low swing and double edge clocking, can be easily incorporated into the new flip-flop to build clocking systems.
The Effect of Overtly Categorizing Music on Preference for Popular Music Styles

This investigation was designed to examine the effect of overt listener categorization on preference for “crossover” excerpts (i.e., instrumental selections of artists nominated for Grammy awards in more than one popular style per year). Results showed no significant differences in nonmusic majors' (n = 534) preferential ratings subsequent to one of the following treatments: (a) stipulated categorization (pop, rock, jazz), (b) no overt categorization, or (c) free-operant categorization (any classification system). Subjects with musical experience responded significantly more positively than did the musically inexperienced, and females' ratings were significantly more positive than were males‘. The investigation's second component compared continuous versus static responses using a Continuous Response Digital Interface (CRDI) and Likert-type scales. Results showed that responses made across time were significantly more positive compared to static responses. Musical experience and gender significantly affected preferences for pop and jazz, but not rock.
Option Choice for Girls and Boys.

Abstract Children in the third year of ten co‐educational comprehensive schools were asked to identify the factors that influenced their subject choice. Both sexes named the same influences on their choices in general. More detailed analyses of subject choice in physics and technical craft showed that boys enjoyed these subjects more than girls and perceived greater support from parents, teachers and friends for continuing with them. This support was one of the strongest predictors of subject choice. Sex had no direct influence on subject choice in physics, but operated indirectly through other variables such as enjoyment of the subject, person orientation and perceived usefulness for getting a job. However boys were more likely than girls to continue with technical craft even when other factors had been taken into account.
Delegation And Employee Work Outcomes: An Examination Of The Cultural Context Of Mediating Processes In China

We used cultural self-representation theory to develop a model of the processes linking delegation to work outcomes. We tested this model with data from a sample of 171 subordinate-supervisor dyads from the People's Republic of China. Regression results revealed that organization-based self-esteem and perceived insider status fully mediated the influence of delegation on affective organizational commitment, task performance, and innovative behavior and partially mediated delegation's influence on job satisfaction. Furthermore, traditionality moderated the relationships between delegation and the mediators in such a way that the relationships were stronger for individuals lower rather than higher in traditionality. © Academy of Management Journal.