Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The situational reflection of reality in activity theory and the concept of situation awareness in cognitive psychology

This article presents new data from the implementation of Activity Theory and integrates it with some concepts of cognitive psychology. The main focus is on orienting activity, which is directed to comprehending and interpreting reality as well as predicting future events' significance for the performance of present events. The concept of orienting activity is directly related to what is known as Situation Awareness (SA) in the US. However, the concept of orienting activity is broader than that of SA. Orientation and comprehension of a situation includes not only conscious and verbally logical components, but also unconscious components. The imaginative elements of the activity and the non-verbalized meaning of the situation are important in the unconscious reflection of reality. This paper describes SA as one of the important function mechanisms involved in the dynamic reflection of the situation. Other important elements of this dynamic reflection are its emotional and motivational components.
Coherence and decoherence in biological systems: principles of noise-assisted transport and the origin of long-lived coherences

The quantum dynamics of transport networks in the presence of noisy environments has recently received renewed attention with the discovery of long-lived coherences in different photosynthetic complexes. This experimental evidence has raised two fundamental questions: firstly, what are the mechanisms supporting long-lived coherences; and, secondly, how can we assess the possible functional role that the interplay of noise and quantum coherence might play in the seemingly optimal operation of biological systems under natural conditions? Here, we review recent results, illuminate them by means of two paradigmatic systems (the Fenna–Matthew–Olson complex and the light-harvesting complex LHII) and present new progress on both questions.
PIK3CA mutation is predictive of poor survival in patients with colorectal cancer

The PI3K‐AKT pathway is activated in a variety of human cancers, resulting in disturbance of cell growth, proliferation and survival. Among the factors affecting the pathway, the K‐Ras mutation and PIK3CA mutation are the most common oncogenic alterations in colorectal cancer. We hypothesized that these two mutations are important in activation of the PI3K pathway and colorectal carcinogenesis. In this study, we aimed to examine the influence of PIK3CA mutation and K‐Ras mutation on AKT activation, and to clarify whether PIK3CA mutation, K‐Ras mutation and p‐AKT expression may be used as parameters for predicting prognosis in colorectal cancer. Tissue samples from 158 colorectal cancer patients who underwent surgical resection were examined. The sequences of exon 1 of K‐Ras and exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA were determined by direct sequencing using genomic DNA extracted from paraffin‐embedded blocks. Activation status of AKT was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using phospho‐specific AKT antibody (Ser473). Correlation between these factors and clinicopathologic findings/patient survival were examined. As a result, PIK3CA mutation was significantly associated with shorter relapse‐free survival (RFS) in stage II/III patients (p = 0.0216) and shorter disease‐specific survival in all patients (p = 0.0357). In the multivariate analysis, PIK3CA mutation was the only independent and significant prognostic factor for RFS in stage II/III patients (p = 0.0433, HR 2.478). This study revealed the prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation in colorectal cancer patients. Patients with PIK3CA mutation should be followed up carefully. Moreover, our result suggests that inhibition of PIK3CA mutant may be a new molecular target therapy. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution Cc by Supply Chain Management Practices and Supply Chain Performance Effectiveness

Supply chain performance effectiveness helps to provide many direct and indirect benefits for suppliers and manufacturing companies where it represents the ability to invent and produce solutions that add more value to (customers) than existing offers, also effectiveness adds great important for both manufacturing companies , supplier network and other parties, By using Resources based view theory the study aims to identify the effects of different dimensions of supply chain management practices (SCMP) on supply chain performance effectiveness (SCPE) of Sudanese manufacturing companies . and The quantitative method was employed, where convenience sampling and self-administrated survey questionnaires were sent to 110 manufacturer companies in Sudan. The study has found many empirical results which indicate that the practices of supplier's management have a significant positive effect on supply chain performance effectiveness. Furthermore the result of factor analysis adds a new dimension for supply chain management practices of Sudanese manufacturing companies. On the other hand the study has some limitations are in its focused on the manufacturing sector. Also the data were only collected from single respondents in an organization. The Practical implications this study it may explain to decision-makers and managers the importance of supply chain management practices on increase the supply chain performance effectiveness
Quality of life and perceived health status in surviving adults with univentricular heart

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the quality of life in patients with univentricular heart and to determine the impact of sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. DESIGN AND SETTING Retrospective, cross sectional study conducted in a regional paediatric cardiology centre. PATIENTS The health records of 89 survivors with univentricular heart (median age 21 years; range 17–49 years) were reviewed. Sixty seven answered the Duke questionnaire. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were similar in the responders and non-responders. The impact of sociodemographic and clinical variables on individual Duke's measures was assessed. RESULTS The Duke scores of adults with univentricular heart were similar to the normal population. Cyanosis predicted a worse score for physical (p = 0.05) and perceived health measures (p = 0.02). A higher educational level predicted a better score for physical (p = 0.004), mental (p = 0.01), and general health measures (p = 0.02). Orthopaedic problems worsened the social score (p = 0.05). Psychosocial problems worsened the pain score (p = 0.04). In comparison with the other anatomical types, mitral atresia worsened the perceived health score (p = 0.02). Patients younger than 23 years scored better for almost all health and dysfunction measures. CONCLUSIONS Despite repeated interventions and other disease related everyday stresses, a selected group of adults with univentricular heart had a satisfying quality of life.
Automating Co-evolution in Model-Driven Engineering

Software development is witnessing the increasing need of version management techniques for supporting the evolution of model-based artefacts. In this respect, metamodels can be considered one of the basic concepts of model-driven engineering and are expected to evolve during their life-cycle. As a consequence, models conforming to changed metamodels have to be updated for preserving their well-formedness. This paper deals with the co-adaptation problems by proposing higher-order model transformations which take a difference model recording the metamodel evolution and produce a model transformation able to co-evolve the involved models.
Mutator phenotype of C . elegans DNA damage checkpoint mutants

DNA damage response proteins identify sites of DNA damage and signal to downstream effectors that orchestrate either apoptosis or arrest of the cell cycle and DNA repair. The C. elegans DNA damage response mutants mrt-2, hus-1 and clk-2(mn159) displayed 8to 15-fold increases in the frequency of spontaneous mutation in their germlines. Many of these mutations were smallto medium-sized deletions, some of which had unusual sequences at their breakpoints such as purine-rich tracts or direct or inverted repeats. Although DNA damageinduced apoptosis is abrogated in the mrt-2, hus-1 and clk-2 mutant backgrounds, lack of the apoptotic branch of the DNA damage response pathway in cep-1/p53, ced-3and ced-4 mutants did not result in a Mutator phenotype. Thus, DNA damage checkpoint proteins suppress the frequency of mutation by ensuring that spontaneous DNA damage is accurately repaired in C. elegans germ cells. Although DNA damage response defects that predispose humans to cancer are known to result in large-scale chromosome aberrations, our results suggest that smallto medium-sized deletions may also play roles in the development of cancer.
Process Feedback in Task Groups: An Application of Goal Setting

An experiment was conducted to test the effects of interpersonal group process feedback on interpersonal behaviors and task performance in task groups. The form of process feedback was based on research findings about characteristics of task feedback that lead to effective goal setting. The feedback resulted in changes in dominance behaviors of individual members. No changes in friendly or emotionally expressive behaviors were found. Feedback had no effect on task performance. The results are discussed in terms of implications for the relationship between feedback and task performance and the stability of interpersonal behavior patterns.
Genetic structure and molecular variability of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected in maize and cotton fields in Brazil

Abstract The purpose of this research was to evaluate the genetic similarity and structure of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), populations associated with maize and cotton crops in Brazil using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. Mean genetic similarity among populations was 0.45. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis dendrograms did not separate populations of S. frugiperda into clusters related to the host plant in which the insects were collected. No genetic variation was observed among maize and cotton populations of S. frugiperda, suggesting that the same populations are injuring both crops in Brazil. This research validates the need for stewardship of crop-protection methods for managing S. frugiperda to reduce the incidence of pesticide resistance, due to the spatial and temporal overlapping of maize and cotton crops in some regions in Brazil.
Partial-Credit Scoring Methods for Multiple-Choice Tests

This review covers multiple-choice response and scoring methods that attempt to capture information about an examinee's degree or level of knowledge with respect to each item and use this information to produce a total test score. The period covered is mainly from the early 1970s onward; earlier reviews are summarized. It is concluded that there is little to be gained from the complex responding and scoring schemes that have been investigated. Although some of them have confirmed potential to increase internal-consistency reliability, this outcome is often obtained only at the expense of validity. Also, the extra responding time required by some methods would permit lengthening a conventional multiple-choice test sufficiently to obtain the same reliability improvement. Partial-credit response and scoring methods that continue to be used will probably earn this status due to secondary characteristics such as providing feedback to enhance learning.
‘Feeling like a sponge’: the emotional labour produced by solicitors in their interactions with clients seeking asylum

Immigration solicitors working within the field of asylum law are required to deal directly with asylum applicants in their everyday work. They are, therefore, expected to perform emotional labour as part of their job. This small empirical study focuses on pre-substantive meetings of solicitors with clients, analysing the form and extent of the emotional labour produced, its origins, and the potential negative and positive consequences resulting from that performance. Following a brief overview of emotional labour, the research methods will be outlined. The findings, which result from the analysis of interviews, show that this is a highly specialised job involving the performance of diverging emotional displays. Intense emotional displays of empathy are expected to gain the trust of clients. However, these emotions have to be managed to maintain the perceived professional integrity of the solicitor. This is achieved by concentrating on the legal aspects of the case to present a form of ‘detached concern’. This enables the task to be completed efficiently, as well as fulfilling the emotional demands of the job. However, balancing these different emotional displays can be hard work, and can lead to less experienced solicitors admitting reliance on surface acting to present expected emotional displays. This often results in emotional dissonance producing negative consequences such as decreased task efficiency, stress and depression. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings and proposals for future research. The importance of performing emotional labour is highlighted. Focus is also placed on the professional socialisation of immigration solicitors, and specifically the training undertaken. It is suggested that more explicit training in emotion management skills might ameliorate the potentially negative consequences of performing emotional labour. Following this will be a brief discussion of future research to be undertaken.
Mass Marketing, Music, and Morality

In recent years a good deal of attention has been paid to the role of music in marketing, and to the marketing of music. Mass marketing is endemic in music, its techniques having now spread from popular forms to classical music and jazz. Yet, despite their integral part in the production and consumption of music, little has been written about how musicians themselves view the marketing of what they consider to be 'their art'. The research involved interviewing over a dozen musicians about their beliefs about the ways in which modern marketing was affecting classical music and jazz. The results showed an emphatic divide between those who blamed marketing for undermining the artistic integrity of musicians and those who felt that marketing was already contributing to the well-being of music and needed to be better understood. Both groups, though, used similar ethical arguments to justify their positions.
Is there a critical period for bone response to weight-bearing exercise in children and adolescents? a systematic review

This systematic review examines and compares the bone mineral changes in children and adolescents, as measured by dual energy x ray absorptiometry, reported in exercise intervention studies. The effects of hormonal factors and growth on bone mineral change during puberty are examined, and the possibility of a critical period during which bone is especially adaptable to exercise is discussed.
The effect of ulvoid macroalgae on the inorganic carbon utilization by an intertidal seagrass Thalassia hemprichii

Blooms of ulvoid macroalgae (mainly Enteromorpha and Ulva) have covered 80% of the intertidal seagrass bed at Wanlitung, southern Taiwan, effectively shading the seagrasss species Thalassia hemprichii resulting in a decrease in photosynthetic performance and low inorganic carbon (C i ) uptake. We looked for evidence of C i limitation and investigated the C i utilization characteristics of ulvoid-free and ulvoid-covered T. hemprichii. The rapid light curve (RLC) function of the Diving-PAM (Diving-PAM, Walz, Germany) was used to measure in situ photosynthetic performance (based on the effective quantum yield of PSII (Y) values) of intact seagrasses that were placed in small incubating chambers. Significantly, a lower RETR max (maximum relative electron transport rate) and E k (light intensity at the onset of saturation) were noted in the ulvoid-covered compared to the ulvoid-free T. hemprichii, suggesting that the former has acclimatized to the low light environment becoming a "shade type" plant. The ulvoid-covered T. hemprichii showed some evidence of C i limitation since a significant increase in RETR max (up to 46%; P < 0.05) was noted after an increase in the concentration of NaHCO 3 from 2.2 (normal seawater) to 6.2 mM. In terms of C i utilization characteristics, T. hemprichii could directly absorb HCO 3 - as the major C i source but partially depended on the extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CA) to convert HCO 3 - to CO 2 prior to uptake in the ulvoid-free, high light- adapted populations. A wastewater stream with a high nutrient load coming from the urbanized area may have caused the frequent blooms of ulvoid macroalgae.
Rapid Forgetting Results From Competition Over Time Between Items in Visual Working Memory

Working memory is now established as a fundamental cognitive process across a range of species. Loss of information held in working memory has the potential to disrupt many aspects of cognitive function. However, despite its significance, the mechanisms underlying rapid forgetting remain unclear, with intense recent debate as to whether it is interference between stored items that leads to loss of information or simply temporal decay. Here we show that both factors are essential and interact in a highly specific manner. Although a single item can be maintained in memory with high fidelity, multiple items compete in working memory, progressively degrading each other’s representations as time passes. Specifically, interaction between items is associated with both worsening precision and increased reporting errors of object features over time. Importantly, during the period of maintenance, although items are no longer visible, maintenance resources can be selectively redeployed to protect the probability to recall the correct feature and the precision with which cued items can be recalled, as if it was the only item in memory. These findings reveal that the biased competition concept could be applied not only to perceptual processes but also to active maintenance of working memory representations over time.
Seeing Mixed Emotions: The Specificity of Emotion Perception From Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions Across Cultures

Although perceivers often agree about the primary emotion that is conveyed by a particular expression, observers may concurrently perceive several additional emotions from a given facial expression. In the present research, we compared the perception of two types of nonintended emotions in Chinese and Dutch observers viewing facial expressions: emotions which were morphologically similar to the intended emotion and emotions which were morphologically dissimilar to the intended emotion. Findings were consistent across two studies and showed that (a) morphologically similar emotions were endorsed to a greater extent than dissimilar emotions and (b) Chinese observers endorsed nonintended emotions more than did Dutch observers. Furthermore, the difference between Chinese and Dutch observers was more pronounced for the endorsement of morphologically similar emotions than of dissimilar emotions. We also obtained consistent evidence that Dutch observers endorsed nonintended emotions that were congruent with the preceding expressions to a greater degree. These findings suggest that culture and morphological similarity both influence the extent to which perceivers see several emotions in a facial expression.
Personal Teaching Efficacy and Its Sources: Student teachers’ perceptions

Teachers’ confidence in their ability to perform the actions that lead to student learning is one of the few individual characteristics that predicts teacher practice and student outcomes. Teachers and especially student teachers need strong efficacy beliefs in order to continue teaching during in‐service education. The current study explores the factors that precede student teachers’ beliefs of teaching efficacy and determine their conviction that they can influence instructional strategies, classroom management, and students’ engagement. In the study 198 fourth‐year students from two primary education departments in Greece completed a Teacher Efficacy Sources Inventory and a Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale. It was found that self‐perceptions of teaching competence, personal characteristics, and motivation for teaching were contributory factors to teaching efficacy. The search for this type of information from student teachers is based on the assumption that feedback from students comprises a substantive factor in relation to the evaluation and improvement of teacher training programmes.
THE IMPACT OF THE INDONESIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS ON CHILDREN: AN ANALYSIS USING THE 100 VILLAGES DATA

This paper examines the impact of the Asian financial crisis on children in Indonesia. Specifically, data from four rounds of the 100 Villages Survey are used to examine changes in school attendance rates, child labour force participation and health status. The paper also examines ways in which households are coping with the crisis. The findings provide little evidence that the crisis has had a dramatic negative impact on children. School attendance dropped slightly after the onset of the crisis but has since rebounded to higher than pre-crisis levels. Fewer children are now working, although the older children who are working and not attending school seem to be working longer hours. Comparisons of child health status indicators over time are complicated by changes in the questionnaire but appear to show a relatively stable pattern of child health.
Money or Time? Comparing the Effects of Time Structure and Financial Deprivation on the Psychological Distress of Unemployed Adults

This study compared the direct effects of time structure and financial deprivation on psychological distress to determine which had the greater impact. The indirect effect of financial deprivation on psychological distress, through its effect on time structure, was also examined. Time structure, financial deprivation, and psychological distress (consisting of scores of self-esteem, anxiety, and depression) were examined in 201 short-term unemployed adults (49% female) from Victoria and 113 long-term unemployed adults (54% female) from Queensland. These samples formed part of two separate longitudinal surveys which assessed variables at baseline, 6-month and 12-month follow-up. Data were analysed using correlation analysis and structural equation modelling. Results showed that psychological distress was directly affected by financial deprivation and time structure. Furthermore, financial deprivation had an indirect effect upon psychological distress through its impact on time structure but only at baseline in the short-term unemployed sample. Study implications and limitations are discussed.
Fetal Sex Identification and Prenatal Bonding

This study explored the relation between expectant parents' knowledge of fetal sex and their attachment to their fetuses. During a routine 18-wk. prenatal visit, 126 expectant couples from an HMO population independently completed a background questionnaire and Fetal Attachment Scales of Cranky. During a routine 34-wk. obstetrical ultrasound examination those who chose to know were informed of the fetal sex. Total attachment scales were readministered during the 37th week. Parents' sex, knowledge of fetal sex, and the passage of time significantly affected attachment scores. Both parents' scores increased over time. Mothers' scores increased at a greater rate than the fathers'. Those parents who knew the fetal sex had significantly lower scores than those who did not. Whether the sex of the fetus was the preferred sex was nonsignificant. Results were derived from a double multivariate analysis of variance which controlled the within-couple and within-subject effects.