Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Interannual variability of winter oceanic CO2 and air-sea CO2 flux in the western North Pacific for 2 decades

[1] The 2-decade records of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface waters (pCO2sea) and the resulting air-sea CO2 flux in the extensive subtropical to equatorial area along 137°E in the western North Pacific in winter exhibited significant interannual variations that differed in different regions. The pCO2sea varied largely in the equatorial region of 3°N to 6°N, depending on the oceanographic conditions related to the El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The magnitude of the variations differed year by year, corresponding to the different degrees of compensation between the sea surface temperature (SST) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) effects on pCO2sea during the events. Small pCO2sea variations in the subtropical gyre north of 23°N were due to highly counteracting effects between anticorrelated SST and DIC anomalies through the entrainment process. In contrast, a low negative correlation existed between SST and DIC, associated with the lateral advection in the region restricted around 15°N to 18°N in the North Equatorial Current, resulting in a large amplitude of variations of pCO2sea and hence CO2 influx. The interannual variations of CO2 flux depended predominantly on the difference in pCO2 between air and sea south of 18°N, but on wind speed in the northern region. It is important to monitor how the contributions of different properties to the CO2 flux could change in the western North Pacific, responding to possible shifts of the ENSO conditions and the future progress of global warming.
Convective generation of “giant” undulations on the evening diffuse auroral boundary

Convective generation of “giant” undulations on the equatorward boundary of an evening diffuse aurora is numerically simulated. A giant undulation is defined as a waveform having the crest-to-trough amplitude comparable to the wavelength. The two-dimensional electrostatic particle code is used for studying the motion of magnetospheric plasma perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. According to the simulation results by Yamamoto et al. [1993], the giant undulation is a manifestation of the Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) waves arising from the polarization of “an arc sheet” (dense plasma population of ionospheric origin) in the magnetosphere, which is assumed to be located just equatorward of the region of proton diffuse aurora. In this previous simulation, initially, irregularities are given evenly over the entire azimuthal length of the arc sheet so that the resulting undulations are periodic. The present simulation deals with a different situation, that a K-H wave starts growing from local irregularities on the polarized arc sheet. The simulation results show that the disturbance propagates both westward and eastward (relative to the background flow), forming a series of K-H waves along the arc sheet. As a consequence, giant undulations with spatially varying amplitudes are developed on the equatorward boundary of a diffuse aurora, which is located just poleward of the arc sheet. A series of giant undulations convectively produced in the simulation is remarkably similar to some auroral images photographed from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. In addition, we show the direct evidence for the presence of an arc sheet, probably associated with the giant undulations, which is provided by the measurements of precipitating particles from the DMSP F7 satellite crossing the equatorward boundary of the diffuse aurora; the high-density (∼10 cm−3) ions with energy of a few hundred electron volts are detected near the edge of the region of energetic (∼10 keV) ion precipitation. The primary cause of the formation of that arc sheet is thought to be escape of the oxygen and hydrogen ions from the topside ionosphere, due to the transverse acceleration by the ion-cyclotron waves.
PLATINUM-GROUP-ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY AND MINERALOGY OF OPHIOLITIC CHROMITITES FROM THE KOP MOUNTAINS, NORTHEASTERN TURKEY

Different types of chromitite, including texturally massive, disseminated and banded varieties, are present in the Kop ophiolitic ultramafic rocks, which extend from Erzincan to Erzurum in northeastern Turkey. The chemical composition of the chromian spinel in these deposits is relatively homogeneous, with 0.64 2 O 3 and FeO/MgO values in the range 0.71–1.12) from which the Kop chromitites precipitated is very similar to picritic basalt and boninite, in distinct contrast to MORB-type magma. Total contents of platinum-group elements (PGE) in different deposits range from 87 to 520 ppb, with an average of 199 ppb. Values normalized to chondrite (CI) show negatively sloping PGE patterns with slight positive Ru and Pd anomalies. Primary solid inclusions of silicates consist of olivine, amphibole, phlogopite and rare clinopyroxene, randomly distributed within the chromitites. Chlorite and a few grains of garnet were also identified as secondary phases. Mostly IPGE-dominated single and composite inclusions of sulfides and alloys are the main PGM phases in chromian spinel. Some PPGE phases, which are uncommon for ophiolitic chromitites, also were found as inclusions in unaltered chromian spinel. Stabilization of PGE alloys and laurite during the early stage of PGM crystallization in the Kop chromitites is explained by the relatively high temperature (T) and low fugacity of sulfur f (S 2 ) of the melt during the precipitation of the chromian spinel. Low-temperature in situ alteration and modification of PGM by loss of S and addition of base metals led to the transformation of laurite to alloys or S-depleted laurite in some samples of chromitite. The calculated composition of the parental melts, the high-Cr content (Cr# > 0.60) and low values of Ti in the chromian spinel in the presence of primary hydrous silicate inclusions suggest that the chromian spinel crystallized from a hydrous melt, enriched in Na and K, formed as a result of high degree of partial melting of upper mantle or of peridotite–melt interaction, probably in a suprasubduction setting.
On the formation of tilted flux ropes in the Earth's magnetotail observed with ARTEMIS

[1] On 21 October 2010, ARTEMIS spacecraft P2, located at about 57 REGSM in the Earth’s magnetotail, observed a series of flux ropes during the course of a moderate substorm. Subsequently, ARTEMIS spacecraft P1, located about 20RE farther downtail and farther into the lobe than P2, observed a series of TCRs, consistent with the flux ropes observed by P2. The dual-spacecraft configuration allows simultaneous examination of these phenomena, which are interpreted as an O-line, followed by a series of flux ropes/TCRs. An inter-spacecraft time of flight analysis, assuming tailward propagation of cross-tail aligned ropes, suggests propagation speeds of up to 2000 km/s. A principal axis investigation, however, indicates that the flux ropes were tilted between 41 and 45 in the GSM x-y-plane with respect to the noon-midnight meridional plane. Taking this into account, the tailward propagation speed of the different flux ropes is determined to be between 900 and 1400 km/s. The same timing analysis also reveals that the flux rope velocity increased progressively from one flux rope to the next. A clear correlation between the magnetic field and plasma flow components inside the flux ropes was observed. As possible mechanisms leading to the formation of tilted flux ropes we suggest (a) a progressive spreading of the reconnection line along the east-west direction, leading to a boomerang-like shape and (b) a tilting of flux ropes during their formation by non-uniform reconnection with open field lines at the ends of the flux ropes. The progressive increase in the propagation velocity from the first to the last flux rope may be evidence of impulsive reconnection: initially deep inside the plasma sheet the reconnection rate is slow but as reconnection proceeds at the plasma sheet boundary and possibly lobes, the reconnection rate increases.
Tourism and Protected Areas : Benefits Beyond Boundaries : the Vth IUCN World Parks Congress

* Foreword, D Sheppard, WCPA * Preface, Eugenio Yunis, WTO Section 1: Tourism and Conservation in the 21st Century * Tourism and Protected Areas: Benefits Beyond Boundaries, R Bushell, R Staiff, University of Western Sydney, Australia, and P Eagles * Tourism as a Tool for Conservation and Support of Protected Areas: Setting the Agenda, R Bushell, and S F McCool, The University of Montana, USA * Global Trends Affecting Tourism in Protected Areas, P F Eagles * Key Principles and Directions for Tourism in Protected Areas: A Review of Existing Charters, Guidelines and Declarations, J Foxlee, Darwin, Australia Section 2: Management Issues and Case Studies * Tourism, Indigenous and Local Communities and Protected Areas in Developing Nations, L M Scherl, Arcadia, Australia and S Edwards, Recreation and Conservation International, Ecuador * Joint Management: Aboriginal involvement in tourism in the Kakadu World Heritage Area, P Wellings, Darwin, Australia * Tourism as a tool for community-based conservation and development, P Figgis, World Commission on Protected Areas, Australia, T Berno and R Bushell * The World Heritage Tourism Programme: Lessons Learned, Art Pederse, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, France * Transfrontier Conservation Areas and Sustainable Nature-based Tourism, A Spenceley, Durban, South Africa * Sustainable Nature Tourism in Europe: An Overview of NGOs, M Schelhaas, Plantage Middenlaan 2K, The Netherlands * Capacity-Building for Ecotourism: Training Programmes for Managers of Protected Areas, W Strasdas, University of Applied Sciences, Eberswalde, Germany, B Corcoran, Howick, South Africa and T Petermann, InWEnt, Germany * The Role of Certification and Accreditation in Ensuring Tourism Contributes to Conservation, M Honey, The International Ecotourism Society, USA. Section 3: Economic Issues and Case Studies * Tourism-based Revenue Generation for Conservation, A Drumm, The Nature Conservancy, USA * Economic Impacts of Parks on Surrounding Communities: Findings from New South Wales, N Conner, NSW Department of Environment & Conservation, Australia * Management Information Tools for Setting Visitor Fees, K Lindberg, Oregon State University, USA * Conservation and Community Development: The Conservation Corporation Africa Model, L Carlisle, CC Africa, South Africa * Sabi Sabi: A Model for Effective Ecotourism, Conservation and Community Involvement, R Loon, Hoedspruit, South Africa, I Harper, and P Shorten * Financial Parks through Marketing: A Case Study of Ontario Parks, E Halpenny, Waterloo, Canada * Concessions and Commercial Development: Experience in South African National Parks, P Fearnhead, Sunninghill, South Africa * Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef: A Partnership Approach, A Skeat and H Skeat, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park, Australia Section 4: Conclusion * Tourism, Protected Areas and the World Parks Congress: Fundamental Lessons, New Horizons and Promising Directions, * S F McCool, P F J Eagles, R Bushell and J McNeely, Gland, Switzerland.
Surface Solar Radiation in North America: A Comparison of Observations, Reanalyses, Satellite, and Derived Products

AbstractObservations of daily surface solar or shortwave radiation data from over 4000 stations have been gathered, covering much of the continental United States as well as portions of Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. The quantity of data increases almost linearly from 1998, when only several hundred stations had data. A quality-control procedure utilizing threshold values along with computing the clear-sky radiation envelope for individual stations was implemented to both screen bad data and rescue informative data. Over two-thirds of the observations are seen as acceptable. There are 15 different surface solar radiation products assessed relative to observations, including reanalyses [Twentieth-Century Reanalysis (20CR), CFS Reanalysis and Reforecast (CFSRR), ERA-Interim, Japanese 55-year Reanalysis Project (JRA-55), MERRA, NARR, and NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis 1 (NCEP-1)], derived products [observations from the CRU and NCEP-1 (CRU–NCEP); Daily Surface Weather and Climatological Summaries (Daymet); Glob.
The Value of Success: Acquiring Gains, Avoiding Losses, and Simply Being Successful

A large network of spatially contiguous, yet anatomically distinct regions in medial frontal cortex is involved in reward processing. Although it is clear these regions play a role in critical aspects of reward-related learning and decision-making, the individual contributions of each component remains unclear. We explored dissociations in reward processing throughout several key regions in the reward system and aimed to clarify the nature of previously observed outcome-related activity in a portion of anterior medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC). Specifically, we tested whether activity in anterior mOFC was related to processing successful actions, such that this region would respond similarly to rewards with and without tangible benefits, or whether this region instead encoded only quantifiable outcome values (e.g., money). Participants performed a task where they encountered monetary gains and losses (and non-gains and non-losses) during fMRI scanning. Critically, in addition to the outcomes with monetary consequences, the task included trials that provided outcomes without tangible benefits (participants were simply told that they were correct or incorrect). We found that anterior mOFC responded to all successful outcomes regardless of whether they carried tangible benefits (monetary gains and non-losses) or not (controls). These results support the hypothesis that anterior mOFC processes rewards in terms of a common currency and is capable of providing reward-based signals for everything we value, whether it be primary or secondary rewards or simply a successful experience without objectively quantifiable benefits.
Mountain building in the central Andes

The Central Andes is the middle part of the Andean chain between about 13°S and 27°S, characterized by the parallel running high mountain chains (the Western and Eastern Cordilleras) at the edges of high plateaus with a height of about 4000 m and a width of 200 to 450 km (the Altiplano-Puna). From the examination of geophysical and geological data in this area, including earthquakes, deformation, gravity anomaly, volcanism, uplift history, and plate motion, we conclude that the continued plate subduction with domination of compressive stress over the entire arc system is the main cause of the tectonic style of the Central Andes. We propose that the present cycle of mountain building has continued in the Cenozoic with the most active phase since the Miocene, and that the present subduction angle (30°) is not typical in that period but that subduction with more shallowly dipping oceanic lithosphere has prevailed at least since the Miocene, because of the young and buoyant slab involved. This situation is responsible for the production of a broad zone of partial melt in the mantle above the descending slab. Addition of volcanic materials was not restricted to the western edge (where active volcanoes of the Western Cordillera exist) but extended to the western and central portion of the Altiplano-Puna. The western half of the Central Andes is essentially isostatic because the heat transferred with the volcanic activities softened the crust there. In the eastern edge, the thermal effect is small, and the crust is strongly pushed by the westward moving South American plate. This caused the shortening of crustal blocks due to reverse faulting and folding in the Eastern Cordillera and Amazonian foreland. The magmatism and crustal accretion are dominant at the western end of the mountain system and decrease eastward, while the compression and consequent crustal shortening are strongest at the eastern end and wane toward west. These two processes are superposed between the two mountain chains and form high plateaus there: the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and the Puna of Argentina. This interpretation is supported by the observation that (1) Neogene sedimentary formations have been uplifted to high elevations without heavy distortion in the Altiplano and the Western Cordillera, (2) no significant reverse fault systems are observed on the Altiplano, (3) Neogene volcanic rocks and volcanic centers since the Miocene are not restricted to the Western Cordillera but are widely distributed over most of the Altiplano, (4) most of the Altiplano is in a zone of high heat flow values, (5) thick Paleozoic rocks are strongly folded and faulted in the Eastern Cordillera with little volcanism and no large-scale plutonism in the Cenozoic age, (6) crustal earthquakes with reverse fault mechanisms are concentrated on the eastern flank of the Eastern Cordillera and Amazonian foreland, and (7) the crustal thickness suddenly decreases at the junction of the Eastern Cordillera and the Amazon Basin, exactly at the place of reverse earthquakes.
Socioeconomic factors affecting patients’ utilization of primary care services at a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Primary care services utilization is dependent on socioeconomic factors. It is proven that variation in socioeconomic factors result in discrepancies in the use of such services. Admittedly, research is limited on the socioeconomic factors affecting the utilization of primary care services in Saudi Arabia. Objectives: The aim of this research was to study the effect of the main socioeconomic factors affecting patients′ utilization of primary care services at a tertiary teaching hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to February 2014 in a primary care clinic of a tertiary teaching hospital in Riyadh city; subjects selected using a random consecutive sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire in Arabic was given to the participants to collect the data which comprised sociodemographic data, utilization measures, and health needs. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Results: A total of 358 subjects participated in the study. The main factors that best determine the utilization of primary health care clinic in a tertiary teaching hospital were the possession of a health insurance (P = 0.046, odds ratio [OR] = 8.333), and bad self-health-perception (P < 0.014, OR: 2.088). Chronic illness was also associated with higher utilization (OR = 2.003). Conclusion: Our results reveal that chronic health problems, self-health-perception, and health insurance are the most significant socioeconomic factors affecting the utilization of primary care services.
Palaeoclimatic significance of calcretes in the Dinantian of the Cockburnspath Outlier (East Lothian–North Berwickshire)

Synopsis Calcretes are present at two horizons in the Dinantian Inverclyde and Strathclyde Groups of the Cockburnspath Outlier. The lower calcrete, probably uppermost Courceyan to Chadian in age (at the top of the Hurker Member, Ballagan Formation), was formerly interpreted as a tectonic breccia. Petrology shows that the bed is a calcrete with associated root casts. Pyrite within this calcrete suggests that it underwent marine hydromorphism, probably caused by rising marine groundwater associated with relative sealevel rise. The upper calcrete, probably Asbian in age (in the Cove Harbour Member, Aberlady Formation), is mature (stage 3) and has undergone in situ gratification caused by desiccation and shrinkage The Hurker Member calcrete (and other palaeoclimatic indicators) suggest that semi-arid climatic conditions prevailed in Scotland throughout the Lower Carboniferous until Chadian times. This is consistent with palaeoclimatic indicators elsewhere in Euramerican rocks. The Cove Harbour Member calcrete probably correlates with calcretes in the Sandy Craig Formation in Fife. However, it occurs in a rock sequence dominated by humid climatic indicators (coals, sideritic mudstone palaeosols and oil-shales), implying a regionally significant semi-arid period, during otherwise humid conditions. This finding is consistent with fluctuating humid to semi-arid palaeoclimatic phases proposed for the Dinantian of England and Wales.
Rapid, sensitive PCR-based detection of mycoplasmas in simulated samples of animal sera

A fast and simple method to detect mycoplasmal contamination in simulated samples of animal sera by using a PCR was developed. The following five mycoplasma species that are major cell culture contaminants belonging to the class Mollicutes were investigated: Mycoplasma arginini, Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma orale, and Mycoplasma fermentans. After a concentration step involving seeded sera, genus-specific primers were used to amplify a 717-bp DNA fragment within the 16S rRNA gene of mycoplasmas. In a second step, the universal PCR was followed by amplification of variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene by using species-specific primers, which allowed identification of contaminant mycoplasmas. With this method, 10 fg of purified DNA and 1 to 10 color-changing units of mycoplasmas could be detected. Since the sensitivity of the assay was increased 10-fold when the amplification products were hybridized with an internal mycoplasma-specific 32P-labelled oligonucleotide probe, a detection limit of 1 to 10 genome copies per PCR sample was obtained. This highly sensitive, specific, and simple assay may be a useful alternative to methods currently used to detect mycoplasmas in animal sera.
Who Has Seen a Free Photon?

While the notion of the position of photons is indispensable in quantum optical situations, it has been known in mathematical physics that any position operator cannot be defined for a massless free particle with a non-zero finite spin. This dilemma is resolved by introducing the "effective mass" of a photon due to the interaction with matter. The validity of this interpretation is confirmed in reference to the picture of "polariton", a basic notion in optical and solid physics. In this connection, we discuss the long-standing controversy between Minkowski's and Abraham's definitions of the momenta of a photon in media from the general viewpoint adopted in the Appendix.
Hepatitis B virus transmission in Brazilian hemodialysis units: Serological and molecular follow‐up

A serological and molecular study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was carried out in dialysis units in Central Brazil. Between 1995 and 1999, serum samples from all HBsAg‐positive hemodialysis patients (n = 43) were tested for HBeAg/anti‐HBe and subtyping by monoclonal ELISA. HBV DNA was detected by PCR and positive samples were genotyped by restriction fragment polymorphism pattern (RFLP) methodology. TheHBsAg prevalence declined in this population during the survey period (12–5.8%). HBeAg and anti‐HBe were detected in 23 (53.5%) and 18 (41.9%) sera, respectively. Thirty‐six samples could be HBsAg subtyped: 21 were subtype ayw3, 14 belonged to adw2 and one was identified as adw4. HBV DNA was present in 30 serum samples. Of these, 20 (66.7%) were genotype D, 9 (30%) genotype A, and 1 (3.3%) genotype F. In addition, the RFLP pattern could be determined in samples from 18/20 genotype D patients: D3 (10 strains), D7 (7 strains) and D4 (1 strain); from 8/9 genotype A patients: A1 (6 strains) and A3 (2 strains); and from the patient infected with genotype F: F1. Patterns D3 and D7 were associated closely with HBV infection in the two largest hemodialysis units studied. These findings confirm the value of the RFLP method as an effective molecular epidemiological tool for elucidating HBV transmission in hemodialysis units. J. Med. Virol. 68:41–49, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.