Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REVIEWING THE CHILD LABOUR DEBATES THROUGH KAMALAHARI SYSTEM IN NEPAL

The Kamaiya (debt-bondage) system affecting a section of the Tharu ethnic group in Nepal was outlawed in 2000 but it has found its way as Kamalahari, Kamaiya child bonded labour. This Kamalahari (Kamaiya child bonded labour) system in Nepal has been labelled as modern forms of slavery by international and national human rights organizations and policy makers. This study presents two perspectives on children at work. The first perspective theorizes children at work as child labour. It uses Gillian’s (2003) supply-push, demand/pull and meso/micro/macro factors to explore the various determinants that are supporting the continuation of child labour. Like in the case of Kamalaharis, even after the declaration of the Kamaiya Prohibition Act 2000 and enormous efforts made by the ILO/IPEC and the Government of Nepal to eradicate the system, the practice still prevails. It also explores the various laws and policy interventions against child-debt bondage in Nepal. The second perspective then applies Hobbs and McKechnie’s (1998) ‘balance model’ to the extensive literature on child labour debates. It explores the various determinants of banning child labour and its consequences on children. The paper highlights the pros and cons on the debates between working children and child labour eradication and pins the gaps and overlaps. It looks at the why the state and organisations concerned about child labour should not simply focus on eradicating child labour but also need to consider the basic needs of the children and their families including protection from exploitation at work.
Participation in Congress

For every issue that arises on the legislative agenda, each member of Congress must make two decisions: What position to take and how active to be. The first has been thoroughly studied. But little is understood about the second. In this landmark book, a leading scholar of congressional studies draws on extensive interviews and congressional documents to uncover when and how members of congress participate at the subcommittee, committee, and floor stages of legislative decision making. Richard L. Hall develops an original theory to account for varying levels of participation across members and issues, within House and Senate, and across pre- and postreform periods of the modern Congress. By closely analyzing behavior on sixty bills in the areas of agriculture, human resources, and commerce, Hall finds that participation at each stage of the legislative process is rarely universal and never equal. On any given issue, most members who are eligible to participate forego the opportunity to do so, leaving a self-selected few to deliberate on the policy. These active members often do not reflect the values and interests evident in their parent chamber. A deeper understanding of congressional participation, the author contends, informs related inquiries into how well members of congress represent constituents' interests, what factors influence legislative priorities, how members gain legislative leverage on specific issues, and how well collective choice in Congress meets democratic standards of representative deliberation.
Specific Amino Acid Substitutions Determine the Differential Contribution of the N- and C-terminal Domains of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-binding Protein-5 in Binding IGF-I*

We have previously reported that two highly conserved amino acids in the C-terminal domain of rat insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-5, Gly203 and Gln209, are involved in binding to insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. Here we report that mutagenesis of both amino acids simultaneously (C-Term mutant) results in a cumulative effect and an even greater reduction in IGF-I binding: 30-fold measured by solution phase IGF binding assay and 10-fold by biosensor analysis. We compared these reductions in ligand binding to the effects of specific mutations of five amino acids in the N-terminal domain (N-Term mutant), which had previously been shown by others to cause a very large reduction in IGF-I binding (1). Our results confirm this as the major IGF-binding site. To prove that the mutations in either N- or C-Term were specific for IGF-I binding, we carried out CD spectroscopy and showed that these alterations did not lead to gross conformational changes in protein structure for either mutant. Combining these mutations in both domains (N+C-Term mutant) has a cumulative effect and leads to a 126-fold reduction in IGF-I binding as measured by biosensor. Furthermore, the equivalent mutations in the C terminus of rat IGFBP-2 (C-Term 2) also results in a significant reduction in IGF-I binding, suggesting that the highly conserved Gly and Gln residues have a conserved IGF-I binding function in all six IGFBPs. Finally, although these residues lie within a major heparin-binding site in IGFBP-5 and -3, we also show that the mutations in C-Term have no effect on heparin binding.
Working Together to Address Multiple Exclusion Homelessness

This article draws on preliminary findings from a two-year exploratory study to describe how different agencies and professionals work together to identify and manage the intersections between homelessness and other facets of deep social exclusion. We assess the extent to which current practice is informed by policy frameworks for ‘personalised and integrated care planning’ focusing in particular on the ‘coordinating’ and ‘sign-posting’ role of the housing support worker. We conclude with some initial thoughts as to how policy and practice might be strengthened in this area to ensure more ‘joined-up’ and continuous support for people with experience of multiple exclusion homelessness.
Knowledge sharing among R&D scientists

This study explores the relationship between reputation and knowledge sharing behavior in an environment where R&D work is embedded in a social context and may be broken down physically, organizationally, and by area of technology. Scientists in the same firm, though comprising a social community, may work in different locations, may be separated by organizational boundaries (e.g., teams, departments), and work in different scientific disciplines. Findings illuminate attributes of reputation conducive to collaboration. This research examines one scientist's decision to provide or not provide technological knowledge to another scientist in his or her firm. Analysis is based on 213 returned surveys. It was found that the dimensions of reputation, past behavior and expected action, influence the knowledge sharing decision.
Fertilization Economy in Organic Lettuce Production

In a field experiment on a farm registered for organic production, we studied the economic profitability of the application of different organic materials (farmyard manure, FYM; guano, G; soybean meal, S, and forage pea meal, P) in lettuce production. The highest fertility costs per unit of N were found with the P treatment (6.22 € kg N−1), and the lowest with the FYM treatment (0.8 € kg N−1). Due to the application of organic materials, the highest additional profit was made with the FYM treatment (1289 € ha−1), and the lowest with the P treatment (729 € ha−1). If the farm does not have manure at its disposal, with current market prices, the economically most sound application is soybean meal and forage pea meal.
Complexities of Large-Scale Technology Project Failure: A Forensic Analysis of the Seattle Popular Monorail Authority

"Being stuck in traffic doesn't have to be a way of life. " This prologue comes from the Elevated Transportation Company (ETC) board's letter in the ETC Seattle Popular Monorail Plan, one of the largest public works projects ever proposed in the city of Seattle. Three years after this proposal, on November 8, 2005, the Seattle Monorail Project (SMP) was shut down by voters. This paper critically analyzes the SMP through the lens of stakeholder theory. This perspective provides valuable insights into the failure of the SMP. We theorize that SMP's failure might have been avoided had its leadership recognized the many stakeholders that had power over the plan and, more important, the dynamic changes in relationships among the stakeholders. Failure might also have been avoided by managing conflicts in stakeholders' expectations. Specifically, we use stakeholder theory to develop four propositions that are relevant in the context of large-scale technology projects: (a) Organizations are more likely to succeed when they have effective mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating interactions among stakeholders and changes in their positions in relation to their strategic innovation projects; (b) organizations are more likely to succeed when they trade off the conflicts in expectations and interests that stakeholders hold; (c) organizations are more likely to implement complex technology projects if they understand stakeholders' expectations and the interplay among stakeholders; (d) organizations are more likely to achieve their innovative projects when they define stakeholders in terms of their power over strategic objectives. The paper makes a contribution to both the research and the practice of major technological infrastructure projects, strategic innovations, and government technology management.
Circulating tumor DNA: a resuscitative gold mine?

Tumor tissue specimens obtained by surgical or biopsy procedures remain to be the only source of the tumor DNA required for the molecular and genomic analysis of human cancers. However, such tumor tissue sampling has several clinical limitations: there are invasive procedures; a single tumor biopsy cannot reflect the intratumoral heterogeneity or the difference between primary tumor and metastasis, and it is difficult to sample frequently. Alternatively, blood-based biomarkers could overcome these limitations. However, only several clinically proven protein markers are commonly used in the diagnosis and prognosis of human cancer. In addition, these protein markers are often secreted not only by tumor cells but also by normal or benign tumor cells.
The Part-Time Pay Penalty for Women in Britain

Women in Britain who work part-time have, on average, hourly earnings about 25% less than that of women working full-time. This gap has widened greatly over the past 30 years. This paper tries to explain this part-time pay penalty. It shows that a sizeable part of the penalty can be explained by the differing characteristics of FT and PT women. Inclusion of standard demographics halves the estimate of the pay penalty. But inclusion of occupation makes the pay penalty very small, suggesting that almost the entire unexplained gap is due to occupational segregation. The rise in the pay penalty over time is partly a result of a rise in occupational segregation and partly the general rise in wage inequality. Policies to reduce the pay penalty have had little effect and it is likely that it will not change much unless better jobs can be made available on a part-time basis.
Reconceptualising e‐business performance measurement using an innovation adoption framework

Purpose – Previous empirical research into the performance measurement of exemplary e‐businesses has pointed to a lack of progress in developing distinctive performance metrics for e‐business and a failure to adopt best practice in performance management. The objective of this paper is to reconsider the evidence from that study by drawing on innovation adoption theories.Design/methodology/approach – The paper re‐examines the findings from case study‐based research that investigated leading e‐business performance measurement practices. The study suggests that there are limitations in analysing the findings using normative best practice, the dominant paradigm within performance management. Given that e‐business innovation relies on the adoption of multiple technologies this paper reconsiders the findings using the conceptual perspective of the innovation adoption literature.Findings – The study highlights the importance of individual, cognitive, social and cultural influences in an organisation's operating .
The evolution of tourism demand and supply: a regional policy study

The Life Cycle (LC) approach is a useful tool for analysing the development of destinations and market segments. The Island of Sardinia (Italy) highlights the usefulness of the LC approach using tourism demand and supply. An econometric and a descriptive approach have detected heterogeneities between domestic and international tourism LC. The paper shows that the dynamics of tourism demand are strictly dependent on the local policy and socio-economic changes. The development of the accommodation sector and tourists' preferences are triggered by several factors, such as transportation, advancements in information technology and implementation of public policy.
Voluntary citizen participation in carbon allowance markets: the role of norm-based motivation

The results from a semi-experimental study of Swedish students’ stated willingness to purchase emission allowances for carbon dioxide are presented. Drawing heavily on recent developments in the literature on integrating norm-motivated behaviour into neoclassical consumer theory, it is assumed that individuals have a preference for maintaining a self-image as a responsible (and thus norm-compliant) person. The results indicate that students’ willingness to purchase carbon allowances is determined by both price and the presence of norms: those who feel personally responsible for contributing to reducing climate damages also appear more inclined to buy allowances. The empirical findings are consistent with the notion that a person's beliefs about others’ stated willingness to purchase carbon allowances imply improvements in their own self-image and ultimately behavioural change. This suggests that information campaigns that attempt to influence beliefs about others’ intentions could promote ‘green’ consumer behaviour in the carbon allowance market. Such (stated) behaviour also appears to be influenced by a person's awareness of the problem of climate change and their beliefs about their own ability to contribute to solving it. Policy relevance Although there is a concern that public goods such as reduced climate change may be under-provided in the free market, individual concern for the environment occasionally has profound impacts on consumer choice and voluntary action. This research suggests that information campaigns that attempt to influence beliefs about others’ intentions could promote ‘green’ consumer behaviour in carbon allowance markets. Publicly-provided information about the impacts of climate change and the ways in which these damages stem from individual choices could also induce this type of behaviour.
Effect of form of nitrogen on growth of ruminal microbes in continuous culture.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of various forms of N on the growth of ruminal microbes in a continuous culture system with solids and liquid dilution rates comparable to those of a high-producing dairy cow. Nitrogen forms were isolated soy protein, soy peptides, individual amino acids (AA) blended to profile soy protein, and urea, which were fed alone and in combinations so that the total N provided was 1.6% of the diet DM. The 100% soy protein treatment resulted in reduced digestion of N and nonstructural carbohydrate compared with other N forms, and outflow of bacterial N/24 h was less than when peptides were fed. This suggested that proteolysis rather than peptide uptake was the rate-limiting step in N utilization in this study. Non-urea N forms increased ADF digestion, total VFA production and the molar percentages of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate compared to urea, which reflected the contribution of carbon skeletons of AA. When combinations of N forms were used, each form contributed an equal quantity of N, 50% of the total treatment, which was . 8% of the diet DM. Combinations of N forms did not enhance, and in most cases reduced, ADF and NDF digestion when compared with individual N forms, and no combinations increased microbial growth over that of the individual forms. These results confirm that N forms other than ammonia are needed not only for maximum microbial growth, and they further demonstrate a need for non-protein N for the fiber digestion. In addition, results of this study suggest a requirement for a minimum level of peptide or AA N, which was met only when individual N forms were fed.
The Augmented Solow Model and the Productivity Slowdown

In an insightful and influential paper, Mankiw, Romer and Weil (1992) have suggested that an augmented Solow growth model can account for 80% of the variation in output per capita across countries due to different steady-state growth paths that result from differences in saving rates, education, and population growth. This paper carries their analysis one step further and asks whether changes in the growth rate between the 1960s and the 1980s can also be explained by this framework. Our results provide further support for several of Mankiw, Romer and Weil's key conclusions--investment in physical capital, population growth, and the initial levels of output seem to matter a great deal. However, investment in human capital has no ability to account for changes in growth rates over time. We conclude that investment in physical capital seems to be quite important for economic growth, though the reasons for this importance may not be fully captured by the augmented Solow growth model. (Note: Some characters may not convert properly in the electronic paper)
Big 4 Audit Fee Premiums for National and Office‐Level Industry Leadership in the United Kingdom

The pricing of Big 4 industry leadership Is examined for a sample of U.K. publicly-listed companies, and adds to the evidence from the Australian and U.S. audit markets that city-specific industry leadership commands a fee premium. There is a significant fee premium for city-specific industry leaders relative to other Big 4 auditors, but no evidence that either the top-ranked or second-ranked firm nationally commands a fee premium relative to other Big 4 auditors, after controlling for city-level industry leadership. We also test for Big 4 fee premiums relative to non-Big 4 auditors and the U.K. data suggest a three-level hierarchy based on audit fee differentials: (1) Big 4 city-specific industry leaders have the largest fees; (2) other Big 4 auditors (noncity leaders) and second-tier national firms have comparable fees that are lower than Big 4 city leaders but larger than third-tier firms; and (3) third-tier accounting firms have the lowest fees.
Evaluation of a Novel Chimeric B Cell Epitope-Based Vaccine against Mastitis Induced by Either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus in Mice

ABSTRACT To construct a universal vaccine against mastitis induced by either Streptococcus agalactiae or Staphylococcus aureus, the B cell epitopes of the surface immunogenic protein (Sip) from S. agalactiae and clumping factor A (ClfA) from S. aureus were analyzed and predicted. sip-clfA, a novel chimeric B cell epitope-based gene, was obtained by overlap PCR, and then the recombinant Sip-ClfA (rSip-ClfA) was expressed and purified. rSip-ClfA and inactivated S. agalactiae and S. aureus were formulated into different vaccines with mineral oil as the adjuvant and evaluated in mouse models. The rSip-ClfA vaccination induced immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers higher than those seen in groups immunized with inactivated bacteria. Furthermore, the response to rSip-ClfA immunization was characterized as having a dominant IgG1 subtype, whereas both bacterial immunizations produced similar levels of IgG1 and IgG2a. The antiserum capacities for opsonizing adhesion and phagocytosis were significantly greater in the rSip-ClfA immunization group than in the killed-bacterium immunization groups (P < 0.05). The immunized lactating mice were challenged with either S. agalactiae or S. aureus via the intramammary route. At 24 h postinfection, the numbers of bacteria recovered from the mammary glands in the rSip-ClfA group were >5-fold lower than those in both inactivated-bacterium groups (P < 0.01). Histopathological examination of the mammary glands showed that rSip-ClfA immunization provided better protection of mammary gland tissue integrity against both S. agalactiae and S. aureus challenges. Thus, the recombinant protein rSip-ClfA would be a promising vaccine candidate against mastitis induced by either S. agalactiae or S. aureus.
Water Quality Trading Systems: An Integrated Economic Analysis of Theoretical and Practical Approaches

Permit trading systems are often the centre of current interest and activity in the creation of market-based environmental instruments as it is assumed that these systems can offer significant advantages over conventional approaches to pollution control. Economic investigation of permit trading systems often focuses on case studies for air pollution control. Such permit trading systems also exist (in theory and practice) for water pollution control, in form of water quality trading systems. The fact that pressure is being put on the quality of water resources in many countries resulting in serious problems means that there is a need to analyse the application of this instrument to control water pollution of rivers in more detail in order to identify its potential. Scientific work on water quality trading systems is rare. This is the starting point for this study. It tries to fill the gap in the literature in several respects. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis shows the particularities of the application of permit trading systems to water, and to rivers, in particular. Ecological and economic criteria are redefined with respect to the specific characteristics of rivers. A comprehensive and standardised evaluation system is developed that allows a comparable examination of the trading systems. Secondly, this study evaluates existing theoretical and practical approaches of water quality trading systems with respect to these same developed criteria. For the first time, an integrated, comprehensive and comparable analysis of different trading systems applies. Thirdly, results of the evaluations are consolidated by linking theoretical and practical approaches.
The Failure of Human Capital Theory to Explain Occupational Sex Segregation.

Predictions from Polachek's theory explaining occupational sex segregation are tested and found to be false. The NLS data do not show that women are penalized less for time spent out of the labor force if they choose predominantly female occupations than if they choose occupations more typical for males. Thus, there is no evidence that plans for intermittent employment make women's choice of traditionally female occupations economically rational. It is not surprising, then, that NLS women with more continuous employment histories are no more apt to be in predominantly male occupations than women who have been employed less continuously. I conclude that human capital theory has not generated an explanation of occupational sex segregation that fits the evidence.
The investment development path of newly developed countries

According to foreign direct investment (FDI) path theory, developed countries are grouped into two phases, known as the fourth and fifth phases. Fourth‐phase countries (newly developed economies) show a technological and institutional “gap” in comparison with fifth‐phase economies, which explains their lesser capacity to generate direct investment. We found that these countries, which were less developed economies in the 1980s, had undergone a deep structural transformation. This transformation encouraged the multinationalization of firms, which is a differentiating element and one outcome of their development process. These results have clear policy implications: the governments of newly developed countries should take steps to increase the endowment of knowledge‐intensive assets. The main contribution of this paper is the theoretical reformulation of the fourth phase of the investment development path theory.