Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low-frequency photospheric and wind variability in the early-B supergiant HD 2905

Despite the important advances in space asteroseismology during the last decade, the early phases of evolution of stars with masses above $\sim$15 M$_{\odot}$ have been only vaguely explored up to now. Our goal is to detect, analyze and interpret variability in the early-B type supergiant HD\,2905 using long-term, ground based, high resolution spectroscopy. We gather a total of 1141 high-resolution spectra covering some 2900 days. We complement these observations with the $Hipparcos$ light curve, which includes 160 data points obtained during a time span of $\sim$1200 days. We investigate spectroscopic variability of up to 12 diagnostic lines by using the zero and first moments of the line profiles. We perform a frequency analysis of both the spectroscopic and photometric dataset. HD\,2905 is a spectroscopic variable with peak-to-peak amplitudes in the zero and first moments of the photospheric lines of up to 15\% and 30 \kms, respectively. The amplitude of the line-profile variability is correlated with the line formation depth in the photosphere and wind. All investigated lines present complex temporal behavior indicative of multi-periodic variability with timescales of a few days to several weeks. The Scargle periodograms of the {\it Hipparcos\} light curve and the first moment of purely photospheric lines reveal a low-frequency amplitude excess and a clear dominant frequency at $\sim$0.37 d$^{-1}$. In the spectroscopy, several additional frequencies are present in the range 0.1 - 0.4 d$^{-1}$. These may be associated with heat-driven gravity modes, convectively-driven gravity waves, or sub-surface convective motions. Additional frequencies are detected below 0.1 d$^{-1}$. In the particular case of H$\alpha$, these are produced by rotational modulation of a non-spherically symmetric stellar wind.
Taking geographical economics out of equilibrium: implications for theory and policy

This article reports on research that translated a basic model from geographical economics into a dynamic, agent-based environment with the goal of tracing the path it takes towards the equilibrium/a posited by the analytic model. The research finds that the relationships in the analytic model do not make sense in a dynamic space time economy. Specifically, it is impossible for firms to make decisions about production levels without knowing exactly what every other firm will do and where labor will be available. This finding suggests some new directions for the development of dynamic spatial-economic models that can operate outside of equilibrium.
To Join or Not to Join? Factors Influencing Employee Share Plan Membership in a Multinational Corporation

Many firms encourage employees to own company stock through share plans that subsidize the price at favorable rates, but even so many employees do not buy shares. Using a new survey of employees in a multinational with a share ownership plan, we find considerable variation in joining among observationally equivalent workers and explore the reasons for the variation. Participation in the plan is higher the greater the potential pay-off from joining the share plan, which indicates that rational economic calculations affect the decision to join. But there is also evidence that psychological factors affect the decision to join. Some non-members say they intend to join in the future, which means they forgo the benefits of immediate membership. The proportion of workers who purchase shares varies across workplaces beyond what we predict from worker characteristics. This suggests that co-worker behavior influences decisions. Indeed, workers say that they pay most attention to other workers and little attention to company HR management in their decision on joining.
Stationary solution to the Navier-Stokes equations in the scaling invariant Besov space and its regularity

We consider the stationary problem of the Navier-Stokes equations in R for n ≥ 3. We show existence, uniqueness and regularity of solutions in the homogeneous Besov space Ḃ −1+np p,q which is the scaling invariant one. As a corollary of our results, a self-similar solution is obtained. For the proof, several bilinear estimates are established. The essential tool is based on the paraproduct formula and the imbedding theorem in homogeneous Besov spaces. Introduction. Let us consider the stationary Navier-Stokes equation in Rn for n ≥ 3; { −∆u+ u · ∇u+∇π = f, div u = 0, (NS) where u = u(x) = (u1(x), · · · , un(x)) and π = π(x) denote the unknown velocity vector and the unknown pressure at the point x = (x1, · · · , xn) ∈ Rn, respectively, while f = f(x) = (f1(x), · · · , fn(x)) denotes the given external force. In the literature, there are a number of results on weak and strong solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations, and modern techniques arising in functional and harmonic analysis have been applied to solve fundamental problems on both stationary and non-stationary cases such as existence, uniqueness, regularity and stability. The existence of the solution of the stationary Navier-Stokes equations (NS) had been founded by Leray [19], Ladyzhenskaya [18] and Fujita [9]. Then Finn [8] established a fundamental framework of the stationary problem in exterior domains. It was shown by Heywood [10] that the solution of (NS) can be obtained as a limit of the solutions of the non-stationary equation. Their methods can be also applied to the whole space Rn, and these results have been developed
On the Relevance of Debt Maturity Structure

In this paper, we present a tax-induced framework to analyze debt maturity problems. We show that under some modifications of the existing U.S. tax code, debt maturity is irrelevant even in the presence of taxes and bankruptcy costs that yield an optimal capital structure. If this restrictive structure is relaxed, and assuming the Miller [15] equilibrium does not prevail, tax reasons would usually imply the existence of an optimal debt maturity structure. If there exists a gain from leverage, then an increasing term structure of interest rates, adjusted for default risk, results in long-term debt being optimal. A decreasing term structure, under similar circumstances, renders short-term debt optimal. In the absence of agency costs, a Miller [15]-type result emerges at equilibrium and irrelevance prevails. We also argue that agency costs could again reverse the irrelevance and imply a firm-specific optimal debt maturity structure. THERE HAS BEEN EXTENSIVE discussion in the literature concerning the existence of an optimal debt maturity structure. Kraus [13] states, without proof, that efficient capital markets preclude the existence of an optimal debt maturity. Stiglitz [20] demonstrates the irrelevance of debt maturity, but in an economic environment in which the entire financing decision is irrelevant due to the absence of taxes and bankruptcy costs. In contrast, Morris [16] argues that the issuance of short-term debt can reduce the risk to stockholders and thereby increase equity value, if the covariance between the net operating income and future interest rates is positive. This result by Morris is obtained even in the absence of taxes and when there is no probability of default. The discrepancy between Morris and Stiglitz arises because Morris uses the Bogue and Roll [31 multiperiod Capital Asset Pricing Model to incorporate uncertain future interest rates, which implicitly assumes that investors cannot diversify away intertem
The evolution of the geographical concentration of tertiary sector activities in Europe

The purpose of this article is to measure the concentration of tertiary activities in Europe. Usually, these sectors are depicted as ‘invisible goods’ by international economics theories. However, the expansion of the tertiary sector in developed economies, liberalisation and an increasing number of studies argue that services have a serious influence upon the economy, most notably in the field of economic geography. This study measures the concentration of tertiary sector activities, breaking this field down into 21 distinct sectors. This research shows that Knowledge Intensive Business Services are highly concentrated, and are becoming even more so. This result points towards the desirability of explicitly including these activities in New Economic Geography models.
Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of mortality and institutional residence among middle aged and older people: results from the Longitudinal Study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify socioeconomic and demographic predictors of long term mortality and institutional residence in old age, taking into account changes in socioeconomic and demographic circumstances between the 1971 and 1981 censuses. DESIGN: Multivariate logistic regression modelling of outcomes for 10 year age cohorts of each gender. The outcomes were death by 31 December 1992; being in an institution in 1991. SETTING: Members of the Longitudinal Study (a 1% sample of the British Census): 43,092 men and 50,839 women aged 55-74 in 1971. MAIN RESULTS: Being in rented accommodation and in a household without access to a car carried 35-45% higher mortality rate over 21 years and similar excess risk of being in an institution in 1991. Marital status and living arrangements were weaker predictors of death but being single was a major predictor of moving to an institution for men. Losing household access to a car was a strong factor for mortality for men and for institutionalisation for men aged 55-64 in 1971. The effects were weaker for women. Moving into rented accommodation was a predictor of both outcomes for women and of death for the younger cohort of men. People who started to live alone in the inter-census period were at reduced risk of dying. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate persistence of inequalities in health related outcomes throughout old age, both in those with unfavourable circumstances in mid-life and in those who, in later life, have lost earlier advantages.
EndothelinB receptor activation enhances parathyroid hormone‐induced calcium signals in UMR‐106 cells

In studies of the regulation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) signal transduction, we observed that the peptide endothelin‐1 (ET) added prior to PTH greatly increased the calcium transients elicited by PTH in UMR‐106 osteosarcoma cells and mouse primary osteoblastic cells. Enhancement by ET also occurred in the presence of EGTA. The ETB receptor‐specific agonist sarafotoxin 6c (S6c) likewise enhanced PTH‐induced Ca2+ transients. Blocking the ETA receptor‐mediated component of the ET signal with BQ123 failed to abolish enhancement of PTH responses by ET. The nonselective ETA/ETB receptor antagonist PD 142893 blocked both ET and S6c‐induced enhancement of the PTH responses. Prostaglandin F1α (PGF1α) pretreatment also maximally potentiated PTH responses, whereas α‐thrombin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), or prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) did not affect the PTH responses. Neither active phorbol ester nor forskolin mimicked the ET effect. The ET effect was not prevented by indomethacin, NG‐mono‐methylarginine, genistein, pertussis toxin, 4‐aminopyridine, tetraethylammonium chloride, okadaic acid, or long‐term treatment with phorbol‐12,13‐dibutyrate. ET pretreatment did not abolish the inhibition of PTH signals by PTH(3–34), although in ET‐pretreated cells the suppression of the PTH signal by PTH(3–34) was not as great. ET pretreatment did not enhance the cAMP response to PTH; rather, there was a significant inhibition of the cAMP response. Thus, the calcium signal elicited by PTH is selectively modulated by activation of the ETB receptor. The effect of ET to enhance PTH‐stimulated calcium signaling appears to be independent of prostaglandins, nitric oxide, protein tyrosine kinase, protein kinase A, K+ channel activation, or phorbol ester‐activated protein kinase C.
Information and Investor Behavior Surrounding Earnings Announcements

The goal of this paper is to analyze the impact of annual earnings announcements on the market through the order flow data in addition to the usual transaction data. In this respect, examining order flow data can potentially reveal valuable information that is not available from transaction data. In fact, the data allow us to test hypotheses about asymmetric information and investor behavior and to test if the behavior varies with investor sophistication. In addition, the paper tries to identify the determinants of the impact on a firm's value using assumptions about investor behavior.
Risk scores predict atherosclerotic lesions in young people.

BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses through young adulthood to form the lesions that cause coronary heart disease. These preclinical lesions are associated with coronary heart disease risk factors in young persons. METHODS The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth study collected arteries and samples of blood and other tissues from persons aged 15 to 34 years who died of external causes and underwent autopsy in forensic laboratories. We measured the coronary heart disease risk factors and atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries (CAs) (n = 1117) and the abdominal aorta (n = 1458). RESULTS We developed risk scores, normalized so that a 1-unit increase was equivalent to a 1-year increase in age, to estimate the probability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the CAs and the abdominal aorta from age, sex, serum lipoprotein concentrations, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and hyperglycemia. Odds ratios for a 1-unit increase in the risk scores were 1.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.22) for the CAs and 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 1.23-1.35) for the abdominal aorta. These risk scores had good discrimination (c-indexes: 0.78 for the CAs and 0.84 for the abdominal aorta) and were calibrated. The presence of abdominal aortic lesions increased the likelihood of having CA lesions. CONCLUSION Risk scores calculated from traditional coronary heart disease risk factors provide a tool for identifying young individuals with a high probability of having advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Hong Kong English: attitudes, identity, and use

The current article builds upon and expands the previous research on attitudes to Hong Kong English (HKE) by speakers of English in Hong Kong via a survey with both closed- and open-ended questions given to 307 tertiary students in Hong Kong. Specifically, the study focuses on attitudes towards the legitimacy of HKE and use of HKE as well as why respondents have these attitudes. The study also probes whether cultural identity (Hong Konger, Hong Kong Chinese, Chinese) as well as self-reported use of HKE impacts attitudes towards HKE. Findings from the current study, and particularly from the open-ended questions, provide important insight into how speakers of English in Hong Kong view and use HKE.
Toward abstract interpretation of program transformations

Developers of program transformations often reason about transformations to assert certain properties of the generated code. We propose to apply abstract interpretation to program transformations in order to automate and support such reasoning. In this paper, we present work in progress on the development and application of an abstract interpreter for the program transformation language Stratego. In particular, we present challenges encountered during the development of the abstract Stratego interpreter and how we intend to solve these challenges.
Siamese networks for generating adversarial examples

Machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial examples. An adversary modifies the input data such that humans still assign the same label, however, machine learning models misclassify it. Previous approaches in the literature demonstrated that adversarial examples can even be generated for the remotely hosted model. In this paper, we propose a Siamese network based approach to generate adversarial examples for a multiclass target CNN. We assume that the adversary do not possess any knowledge of the target data distribution, and we use an unlabeled mismatched dataset to query the target, e.g., for the ResNet-50 target, we use the Food-101 dataset as the query. Initially, the target model assigns labels to the query dataset, and a Siamese network is trained on the image pairs derived from these multiclass labels. We learn the \emph{adversarial perturbations} for the Siamese model and show that these perturbations are also adversarial w.r. t. the target model. In experimental results, we demonstrate effectiveness of our approach on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and ImageNet targets with TinyImageNet/Food-101 query datasets.
A novel relay nucleus between the inferior colliculus and the optic tectum in the chicken (Gallus gallus)

Processing multimodal sensory information is vital for behaving animals in many contexts. The barn owl, an auditory specialist, is a classic model for studying multisensory integration. In the barn owl, spatial auditory information is conveyed to the optic tectum (TeO) by a direct projection from the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX). In contrast, evidence of an integration of visual and auditory information in auditory generalist avian species is completely lacking. In particular, it is not known whether in auditory generalist species the ICX projects to the TeO at all. Here we use various retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques both in vivo and in vitro, intracellular fillings of neurons in vitro, and whole‐cell patch recordings to characterize the connectivity between ICX and TeO in the chicken. We found that there is a direct projection from ICX to the TeO in the chicken, although this is small and only to the deeper layers (layers 13–15) of the TeO. However, we found a relay area interposed among the IC, the TeO, and the isthmic complex that receives strong synaptic input from the ICX and projects broadly upon the intermediate and deep layers of the TeO. This area is an external portion of the formatio reticularis lateralis (FRLx). In addition to the projection to the TeO, cells in FRLx send, via collaterals, descending projections through tectopontine‐tectoreticular pathways. This newly described connection from the inferior colliculus to the TeO provides a solid basis for visual‐auditory integration in an auditory generalist bird. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:513–534, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants and value relevance of corporate disclosure: Evidence from the emerging capital market of Ghana

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to document the determinants and value relevance of corporate disclosure and transparency on the Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE). Design/methodology/approach - – The paper employs the Fama and French model by relating firm value to firm level characteristics, with a sample of 27 firms on the GSE over a six-year period (2003-2008) Findings - – The author found positive though statistically insignificant relationship between corporate disclosure and firm value represented by market to book value ratio and negative for stock price. Consistent with the political cost, signalling, agency and economic theories of corporate disclosure, the author found firm size, financial leverage, audit quality, age and profitability to be significant firm level characteristics determining corporate disclosure in Ghana. Though the adoption of IFRS is significant, it has marginally improved disclosure, though perhaps it is observed more in breach than in compliance and practical steps must be taken to improve disclosure practice on the GSE. Originality/value - – The main value of the paper lies in providing further evidence of the value relevance and determinants of corporate disclosure using emerging data.
Immigrant Teachers in Australia

One of the features of contemporary society is the increasing global mobility of professionals. While the education industry is a key site of the demand for contemporary global professional migration, little attention has been given to the global circulation of education professionals. Over past decades, immigrant teachers have been an important component of skilled and professional immigration into Australia, there is no comprehensive contemporary national study of the experiences of immigrant teachers in Australia. This article aims to fill this gap and to answer questions about their decision to move to Australia, their experience with Australian Education Departments in getting appointed to a school, their experiences as teachers in the classroom and in their new Australian community. It draws on primary data sources - in the form of a survey of 269 immigrant teachers in schools in NSW, SA and WA conducted in 2008-9 - and secondary sources - in the form of the 2006 national census and Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Australia – to provide insights into immigrant teachers in Australian schools, adding also to our understanding of Australia’s contemporary immigration experience.
Beware of ‘Good’ Outliers and Overoptimistic Conclusions

The main goal of this paper is to warn practitioners of the danger of neglecting outliers in regression analysis, in particular, good leverage points (i.e. points lying close to the regression hyperplane but outlying in the x‐dimension). While the types of outliers which do influence regression estimates (vertical outliers and bad leverage points) have been extensively investigated, good leverage points have been largely ignored, probably because they do not affect the estimated regression parameters. However, their effect on inference is far from negligible. We propose a step‐by‐step procedure to identify and treat all types of outliers. The paper of Persson and Tabellini [American Economic Review (2004) Vol. 94, pp. 25–46] linking the degree of proportionality of an electoral system to the size of government is discussed to illustrate how the choice of a measure and the existence of atypical observations may substantially influence results.
Online Social Networking and Mental Health

During the past decade, online social networking has caused profound changes in the way people communicate and interact. It is unclear, however, whether some of these changes may affect certain normal aspects of human behavior and cause psychiatric disorders. Several studies have indicated that the prolonged use of social networking sites (SNS), such as Facebook, may be related to signs and symptoms of depression. In addition, some authors have indicated that certain SNS activities might be associated with low self-esteem, especially in children and adolescents. Other studies have presented opposite results in terms of positive impact of social networking on self-esteem. The relationship between SNS use and mental problems to this day remains controversial, and research on this issue is faced with numerous challenges. This concise review focuses on the recent findings regarding the suggested connection between SNS and mental health issues such as depressive symptoms, changes in self-esteem, and Internet addiction.