Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EXPLICIT–IMPLICIT SCHEME FOR RELATIVISTIC RADIATION HYDRODYNAMICS

We propose an explicit–implicit scheme for numerically solving special relativistic radiation hydrodynamic equations, which ensures a conservation of total energy and momentum (matter and radiation). In our scheme, zeroth and first moment equations of the radiation transfer equation are numerically solved without employing a flux-limited diffusion approximation. For an hyperbolic term, of which the timescale is the light crossing time when the flow velocity is comparable to the speed of light, is explicitly solved using an approximate Riemann solver. Source terms describing an exchange of energy and momentum between the matter and the radiation via the gas–radiation interaction are implicitly integrated using an iteration method. The implicit scheme allows us to relax the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition in optically thick media, where heating/cooling and scattering timescales could be much shorter than the dynamical timescale. We show that our numerical code can pass test problems of one- and two-dimensional radiation energy transport, and one-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics. Our newly developed scheme could be useful for a number of relativistic astrophysical problems. We also discuss how to extend our explicit–implicit scheme to the relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics.
An optimized feature set for music genre classification based on Support Vector Machine

Multimedia datas are growing at a fast rate. Music, which is one of the most popular types of online information, is a part of multimedia data and there are now hundreds of music streaming and downloading services operating on the World-Wide Web. Some of the music collections available are approaching the scale of ten million tracks and this has posed a major challenge for searching, retrieving, and organizing music content. So there is a need for automatic music classification methods for organizing these collections into different classes according to the certain information. In this work, a new effective feature extraction method is proposed for the classification of music according to the genre. Based on the calculated features, a new feature set is proposed to characterize the music content. The multi-class SVM is used for the classification purposes, which is one of the best classifying engines among the existing ones. Experiment result shows that the proposed method outperforms the existing methods implemented on the same database. A retrieval method is also proposed and its accuracy is verified using the proposed classification algorithm. The obtained accuracy indicates that the classifier and the retriever are very efficient compared to the existing ones.
Complexity of Conditional Planning under Partial Observability and Infinite Executions

The computational properties of many classes of conditional and contingent planning are well known. The main division in the field is between probabilistic planning (typically infinite or unbounded executions, reward rather than goal-based, and focus on expected costs or rewards) and non-probabilistic planning (ignoring probabilities, focus on plans that reach goal states.) In this work, we address the middle ground between these problems: planning with infinite executions and designated goal states. We address worst case rather than expected costs measures for the problem we consider. We analyze the structure of the plans for two possible goal-based specifications such plans may have to satisfy, maintaining a goal property indefinitely as well as visiting a goal state infinitely often, and establish their complexity under different observability assumptions.
Excited-State Charge Separation in the Photochemical Mechanism of the Light-Driven Enzyme Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase**

The unique light-driven enzyme protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is an important model system for understanding how light energy can be harnessed to power enzyme reactions. The ultrafast photochemical processes, essential for capturing the excitation energy to drive the subsequent hydride- and proton-transfer chemistry, have so far proven difficult to detect. We have used a combination of time-resolved visible and IR spectroscopy, providing complete temporal resolution over the picosecond–microsecond time range, to propose a new mechanism for the photochemistry. Excited-state interactions between active site residues and a carboxyl group on the Pchlide molecule result in a polarized and highly reactive double bond. This so-called “reactive” intramolecular charge-transfer state creates an electron-deficient site across the double bond to trigger the subsequent nucleophilic attack of NADPH, by the negatively charged hydride from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. This work provides the crucial, missing link between excited-state processes and chemistry in POR. Moreover, it provides important insight into how light energy can be harnessed to drive enzyme catalysis with implications for the design of light-activated chemical and biological catalysts.
A Theory for the Radius of the Transiting Giant Planet HD 209458b

Using a full frequency-dependent atmosphere code that can incorporate irradiation by a central primary star, we calculate self-consistent boundary conditions for the evolution of the radius of the transiting planet HD 209458b. Using a well-tested extrasolar giant planet evolutionary code, we then calculate the behavior of this planet's radius with age. The measured radius is in fact a transit radius that resides high in HD 209458b's inflated atmosphere. Using our derived atmospheric and interior structures, we find that irradiation plus the proper interpretation of the transit radius can yield a theoretical radius that is within the measured error bars. We conclude that if HD 209458b's true transit radius is at the lower end of the measured range, an extra source of core heating power is not necessary to explain the transit observations.
Dietary antioxidant supplementation enhances lipid and protein oxidative stability of chicken broiler meat through promotion of antioxidant enzyme activity1

Recent nutrigenomic studies have shown that animal nutrition can have a major influence on tissue gene expression. Dietary antioxidant supplements can enhance the quality of meat through modification of tissue metabolic processes. This study investigated the influence of dietary antioxidants and quality of oil on the oxidative and enzymatic properties of chicken broiler breast meat stored in an oxygen-enriched package (HiOx: 80% O2/20% CO2) in comparison with air-permeable polyvinylchloride (PVC) or skin packaging systems during retail display at 2 to 4°C for up to 21 d. Broilers were fed either a diet with a low-oxidized (peroxide value 23 mEq of O2/kg) or high-oxidized (peroxide value 121 mEq of O2/kg) oil, supplemented with or without an algae-based Se yeast and organic mineral antioxidant pack for 42 d. Lipid and protein oxidation and tissue enzymatic activity were analyzed. In all packaging systems, lipid oxidation (TBA reactive substances) was inhibited by up to 32.5% (P < 0.05) with an antioxidant-supplemented diet when compared with diets without antioxidants, particularly in the HiOx and PVC systems. Protein sulfhydryls were significantly protected by antioxidant diets (e.g., by 14.6 and 17.8% for low-and high-oxidized dietary groups, respectively, in PVC d 7 samples). Glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in antioxidant-supplemented diets compared with the basal diet, regardless of oil quality. Also, serum carbonyls were lower in broilers fed a low-oxidized antioxidant-supplemented treatment. The results demonstrate that dietary antioxidants can minimize the oxidative instability of proteins and lipids, and the protection may be linked to improved cellular antioxidant enzymatic activity.
AVERAGE INFRARED GALAXY SPECTRA FROM SPITZER FLUX-LIMITED SAMPLES

The mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of a flux-limited sample of galaxies with fν(24 μm) > 10 mJy is presented. Sources observed are taken from the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) catalog and from the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey region in Bootes (NDWFS). The spectroscopic sample includes 60 of the 100 sources in these combined catalogs having fν(24 μm) > 10 mJy. New spectra from the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph are presented for 25 FLS sources and for 11 Bootes active galactic nuclei (AGNs); these are combined with 24 Bootes starburst galaxies previously published to determine the distribution of mid-infrared spectral characteristics for the total 10 mJy sample. Sources have 0.01 < z < 2.4 and 41.8 < log νLν (15 μm) < 46.2 (ergs s−1). Average spectra are determined as a function of luminosity; lower luminosity sources (log νLν(15 μm) < 44.0) are dominated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) features and higher luminosity sources (log νLν(15 μm) > 44.0) are dominated by silicate absorption or emission. We find that a rest-frame equivalent width of 0.4 μm for the 6.2 μm PAH emission feature provides a well-defined division between lower luminosity, “pure” starbursts and higher luminosity AGN or composite sources. Using the average spectra, fluxes fν(24 μm) which would be observed with the Spitzer MIPS are predicted as a function of redshift for sources with luminosities that correspond to the average spectra. AGNs identical to those in this 10 mJy sample could be seen to z = 3 with fν(24 μm) > 1 mJy, but starbursts fall to fν(24 μm) < 1 mJy by z∼ 0.5. This indicates that substantial luminosity evolution of starbursts is required to explain the numerous starbursts found in other IRS results having fν(24 μm) ∼ 1 mJy and z∼ 2.
A Method for Robust Nose Tip Location across Pose Variety in 3D Face Data

3D face data have the potential to improve the face recognition performance at disadvantageous conditions, such as uncontrolled illuminations, pose and expression. 3D nose tip location is the crucial step for registration and recognition of 3D face data. An automatic nose tip location and pose estimation method robust for pose changing at 3D face scans is proposed in this paper. We firstly gain some tip candidates by directional maximum and normalize the 3D scan data to front by hypothetical nose tips. Two filters respectively based on local structure of curves and PCA reconstruction curves errors are utilized to discard false tip candidates. The results of nose tip position and face recognition at BJUT 3D Database show the proposed method is efficient and robust for pose angle variety.
Loss of ACS7 confers abiotic stress tolerance by modulating ABA sensitivity and accumulation in Arabidopsis

The phytohormones ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA) play essential roles in the abiotic stress adaptation of plants, with both cross-talk of ethylene signalling and ABA biosynthesis and signalling reported. Any reciprocal effects on each other's biosynthesis, however, remain elusive. ACC synthase (ACS) acts as the key enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. A pilot study on changes in ACS promoter activities in response to abiotic stresses revealed the unique involvement in abiotic stress responses of the only type 3 ACC synthase, ACS7, among all nine ACSs of Arabidopsis. Hence an acs7 mutant was characterized and its abiotic stress responses were analysed. The acs7 mutant germinated slightly faster than the wild type and subsequently maintained a higher growth rate at the vegetative growth stage. Ethylene emission of acs7 was merely one-third of that of the wild type. acs7 exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt, osmotic, and heat stresses. Furthermore, acs7 seeds were hypersensitive to both ABA and glucose during germination. Transcript analyses revealed that acs7 had elevated transcript levels of the stress-responsive genes involved in the ABA-dependent pathway under salt stress. The ABA level was also higher in acs7 following salt treatment. Our data suggest that ACS7 acts as a negative regulator of ABA sensitivity and accumulation under stress and appears as a node in the cross-talk between ethylene and ABA.
Alendronate Inhibits VEGF Expression in Growth Plate Chondrocytes by Acting on the Mevalonate Pathway

Bisphosphonates decrease chondrocyte turnover at the growth plate and impact bone growth. Likewise vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in endochondral bone elongation by influencing chondrocyte turnover at the growth plate. To investigate whether the action of bisphosphonate on the growth plate works through VEGF, VEGF protein expression and isoform transcription in endochondral chondrocytes isolated from growing mice and treated with a clinically used bisphosphonate, alendronate, were assessed. Alendronate at 10µM and 100µM concentrations decreased secreted VEGF protein expression but not cell associated protein. Bisphosphonates are known to inhibit the mevalonate intracellular signaling pathway used by VEGF. Addition of the mevalonate pathway intermediates farnesol (FOH) and geranylgeraniol (GGOH) interacted with the low concentration of alendronate to further decrease secreted VEGF protein whereas FOH partially restored VEGF protein secretion when combined with the high alendronate. Similar to the protein data, the addition of alendronate decreased VEGF mRNA isoforms. VEGF mRNA levels were rescued by the GGOH mevalonate pathway intermediate at the low alendronate dose whereas neither intermediate consistently restored the VEGF mRNA levels at the high alendronate dose. Thus, the bisphophonate alendronate impairs growth plate chondrocyte turnover by down-regulating the secreted forms of VEGF mRNA and protein by inhibiting the mevalonate pathway.
Laser-Casein phosphopeptide effect on remineralization of early enamel lesions in primary teeth

Background The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Nd:YAG laser irradiation following casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) application on calcium and phosphate concentration and surface microhardness (SMH) of enamel surface in artificial white spot lesions of primary teeth. Material and Methods Eighty teeth with artificial white spot lesions were randomly divided into four groups: (A) distilled and deionized water, (B) Nd:YAG laser, (C) CPP-ACP crème, & (D) CPP-ACP plus laser. SMH was measured using Vickers diamond indenter in Vickers Hardness Number (VHN). Two samples of each group were analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results were analyzed with the SPSS 17/win. Results The subjects of group D demonstrated a significant increase in the calcium and phosphate contents of enamel surface compared to those of groups A (P < 0.001, P < 0.001), B (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and C (P = 0.024, P = 0.04), respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen for mean VHN between groups A and B (P = 0.002). SEM evaluations confirmed the results. Conclusions The combination of Nd:YAG laser and CPP-ACP crème could be recommended as an effective preventive modality for remineralizing of white spot lesions in primary teeth. Key words:CPP-ACP, enamel remineralization, microhardness, Nd:YAG, primary teeth, SEM.
Rekeying Cultural Scripts for Youth Suicide: How Social Networks Facilitate Suicide Diffusion and Suicide Clusters Following Exposure to Suicide

Research suggests that suicide can socially diffuse through social relationships and social contexts; however, little is known about the mechanisms that facilitate this diffusion. Using data from an in-depth case study of a cohesive community with an enduring youth suicide problem (N = 118), we examine how, after repeated exposure to suicide, the community’s cultural script for suicide may have been rekeyed such that suicide became a more imaginable option for some community youth. Essentially, we found evidence that a series of sudden, shocking, suicide deaths of high-status youth may have triggered the formation of new locally generalized meanings for suicide that became available, taken-for-granted social facts. The new meanings reinterpreted broadly shared adolescent experiences (exposure to pressure) as a cause of suicide facilitating youth’s ability to imagine suicide as something someone like them could do to escape. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for the scientific understanding of (1) suicide and suicide clusters, (2) social diffusion processes, and (3) suicide prevention.
Household Epidemics: Modelling Effects of Early Stage Vaccination

A Markovian susceptible → infectious → removed (SIR) epidemic model is considered in a community partitioned into households. A vaccination strategy, which is implemented during the early stages of the disease following the detection of infected individuals is proposed. In this strategy, the detection occurs while an individual is infectious and other susceptible household members are vaccinated without further delay. Expressions are derived for the influence on the reproduction numbers of this vaccination strategy for equal and unequal household sizes. We fit previously estimated parameters from influenza and use household distributions for Sweden and Tanzania census data. The results show that the reproduction number is much higher in Tanzania (6 compared with 2) due to larger households, and that infected individuals have to be detected (and household members vaccinated) after on average 5 days in Sweden and after 3.3 days in Tanzania, a much smaller difference.
Comparative analysis of the anterior and posterior length and deflection angle of the cranial base, in individuals with facial Pattern I, II and III.

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the variations in the anterior cranial base (S-N), posterior cranial base (S-Ba) and deflection of the cranial base (SNBa) among three different facial patterns (Pattern I, II and III). METHOD A sample of 60 lateral cephalometric radiographs of Brazilian Caucasian patients, both genders, between 8 and 17 years of age was selected. The sample was divided into 3 groups (Pattern I, II and III) of 20 individuals each. The inclusion criteria for each group were the ANB angle, Wits appraisal and the facial profile angle (G'.Sn.Pg'). To compare the mean values obtained from (SNBa, S-N, S-Ba) each group measures, the ANOVA test and Scheffé's Post-Hoc test were applied. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS There was no statistically significant difference for the deflection angle of the cranial base among the different facial patterns (Patterns I, II and III). There was no significant difference for the measures of the anterior and posterior cranial base between the facial Patterns I and II. The mean values for S-Ba were lower in facial Pattern III with statistically significant difference. The mean values of S-N in the facial Pattern III were also reduced, but without showing statistically significant difference. This trend of lower values in the cranial base measurements would explain the maxillary deficiency and/or mandibular prognathism features that characterize the facial Pattern III.
Stepping out of Palanpur: employment outside Palanpur

As India integrates into the global economy, its villages are integrating into a rapidly growing urban economy. One of the links through which this is happening is labour markets, where demand for labour to undertake non-farm jobs has been growing. This has led to a rise in the share of non-farm incomes in total income. These jobs often take people out of the village to engage in labour markets in nearby urban/semi-urban centres. The village of Palanpur is an illustration of a similar trend and we delve deeper into understanding what has led to the rise of non-farm incomes for the last 25 years. An important first step in this endeavour is to understand how villagers allocate time among different job activities and how non-farm activities takes them out of the village. In this paper, we take this first step by examining trends in employment outside the village of Palanpur over the period 1983-2008. We classify activities as primary and subsidiary on the basis of the amount of time spent doing them. We find that, compared to 1993 and 1983, a higher proportion of the adult male labour force works outside the village in 2008. The key driver of outside work is subsidiary jobs that last for short periods of time. Somewhat surprisingly we find that the share of people who work outside the village as a primary occupation has not risen since 1983. This can be understood, however, as part of a process of selective migration. We find evidence, for example, that people who held regular jobs outside the village in 1983, have migrated out in disproportionate numbers. Further scrutiny reveals that there has been a rise in self-employment and non-farm casual labour; activities that take villagers outside Palanpur on a short-term, often daily, basis. We also find that land ownership is an important determinant of working outside the village and that the structural link between land and employment has not changed over time.
Special Issue: Knowledge, Knowing, and Organizations: Knowledge as a Contingency Variable: Do the Characteristics of Knowledge Predict Organization Structure?

This paper examines the validity of knowledge as a contingency variable. Building on recent advances in thinking about the dimensions of knowledge assets (Winter 1987, Zander and Kogut 1995), we argue that such dimensions might have an important influence on organization structure. More specifically, we focus on two dimensions of knowledge--observability and system embeddedness--and their influence over the level of unit autonomy and interunit integration in an international network of R&D units. Statistical analysis of questionnaire responses from 110 R&D unit managers show strong association between the dimensions of knowledge and organization structure. It also indicates partial support for the "fit" hypothesis in contingency theory.The paper makes two important contributions to the knowledge management literature. First, we find support for the contingency logic, suggesting that effective organization design has to take into account the underlying characteristics of the firm's knowledge base. Second, we shed light on a relatively neglected dimension of knowledge that we callsystem embeddedness. This is the extent to which knowledge is a function of the social and physical system in which it exists. In the statistical analysis it emerges as a strong predictor of organization structure. Moreover, it also appears to be conceptually distinct from the tacit-articulate dimension that is normally emphasized. This allows us to speculate on four generic forms that a firm's knowledge might take, that we label integrated, isolated, opaque, and transparent. These are discussed using examples from the data.
High performance bilayer-graphene terahertz detectors

We report bilayer-graphene field effect transistors operating as Terahertz (THz) broadband photodetectors based on plasma-waves excitation. By employing wide-gate geometries or buried gate configurations, we achieve a responsivity ∼1.2 V/W (1.3 mA/W) and a noise equivalent power ∼2 × 10−9 W/√Hz in the 0.29–0.38 THz range, in photovoltage and photocurrent mode. The potential of this technology for scalability to higher frequencies and the development of flexible devices makes our approach competitive for a future generation of THz detection systems.