Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sex and schizophrenia: a review of gender differences

Gender differences in schizophrenia have been noted since conceptualisation of the illness. Female onset is typically later, with a second peak post-menopause. Whilst incidence is higher in men, prevalence does not differ. Research has explored possible biopsychosocial causes of these differences. Evidence for genetic and neurodevelopmental factors is weak but support has garnered for the “estrogen hypothesis,” which emphasises the possible neuroprotective effect of estrogen in women. Differences have also been attributed to a differing psychological vulnerability between men and women based on symptomatology: “negative” symptoms are more common in men, whilst “positive” symptoms differ in content between the genders. Social factors might also play a role: whilst women experience more sexual assault, socioeconomic disadvantage and provide more care for dependents, men experience less familial engagement and more environmental hostility. The relevance of gender differences in schizophrenia has meaning beyond academic interest, since they can affect treatment: recent research has, for instance, begun to explore the efficacy of estrogen therapy. The aetiology of gender differences in schizophrenia is only partially understood and more research is needed to elucidate the causal roles of Biopsychosocial factors: understanding these will ultimately improve the treatment of all who suffer from this serious mental illness.
Can SMEs “do” CSR? A practitioner’s view of the ways small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises are able to manage reputation through corporate social responsibility

If major corporations struggle to define and place a value on reputation and reputational risk, what hope is there for small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs)? It is assumed here that large corporations have greater resources available to them to do this and stronger imperatives to do so in the form of a greater number of external stakeholders, most notably shareholders and analysts. Is a structured approach to managing corporate reputation the exclusive preserve of companies with communications departments? Is corporate social responsibility (CSR), in as much as it is a voluntary activity, “good value” for SMEs and is cost versus benefit the only way to evaluate CSR? This paper reviews a spectrum of views on reputation and CSR and argues that searching for a definitive, value‐for‐money‐based formula for reputation management and CSR is at odds with stakeholder expectations, and that much evidence exists to suggest that truly effective CSR is the result more of pragmatism than theory or corporate strategy and in some ways SMEs are better placed to take advantage of CSR programmes.
Genetic architecture of a wing size measure in Drosophila hibisci from two populations in eastern Australia

Two models of evolutionary change invoke either additive genetic contributions to phenotypic traits (Fisher) or epistatic as well as additive effects (Wright). An earlier study of the flower-breeding Drosophila hibisci from two sites in eastern Australia reported additive and epistatic genetic effects as well as environmental effects on ovariole number. The present study of the same flies examines the genetic architecture of wing width, a trait that is correlated phenotypically with ovariole number and body size. A generation means analysis of flies reared at 25°C indicated additive and epistatic genetic effects, but no consistent maternal effects, whereas for flies reared at three temperatures (18°C, 21.5°C, and 25°C) linear and nonlinear environmental effects interacted with additive genetic effects. The genetic correlation matrix for ovariole number and wing width suggested negative genetic correlations between additive effects on one trait and epistatic effects on the other. Both traits provide evidence of genetic effects consistent with assumptions of Wright’s shifting balance theory of evolution.
Thinking About Tourists

This article is part of a larger project which, based on interviews with 35 Canadian upper-middle-class tourists, explores what the `touristic experience' means to these people. In this article, the author takes a preliminary look at the role of aesthetics in the process of meaning-making in which these tourists engage as part of their ongoing commitment to travel for pleasure. The author argues that the tourists' comments suggested that their appreciation of their travels was embedded in large part in a sensual, aesthetic perception of the experience. Through this aestheticization, the ordinary, the everyday, joined with the monumental to become the `extraordinary', the `special'. But there is an irony in the experiential aesthetic of these touristic travels, as it induced a state of both detachment and engagement. These tourists are not in a simple state of banal escape or vulgar consumption but a much more complex one, `enwrapped' in intense sensual pleasure.
Sensory Lexicon Development Using Trained Panelists in Thailand and the U.S.A.: Soy Sauce

Twenty soy sauce products were presented to two sensory panels, one in Thailand and one in the U.S.A. Both panels had extensive training conducting descriptive sensory studies. Neither group had tested soy sauce previously; however, they had different familiarity with soy sauce. Each group separately evaluated samples during the same time period, then met in Thailand to compare and discuss their generated lexicons. Most attributes listed by each group of panelists provided similar definitions and references. Although, a few attributes were not used by one or the other panel because that term either does not exist in both languages (e.g., “cured” is not a term for the Thai panel), represented an uncommon characteristic (e.g., “roaches” for the American panel), or were complex concepts (e.g., “brown”), the panelists used references to assist their understanding of unclear attributes. After discussion, both panels agreed on 59 attributes with definitions and references for a soy sauce lexicon. The article presents attributes in English and Thai. Practical Applications A universal lexicon developed by different groups of trained panelists could reduce confusion and make the lexicon more understandable. A universal lexicon would help researchers in other countries to understand product quality. Additionally, the developed lexicon allows researchers to conduct studies with the same standard method in different laboratories enabling comparable results.
Atypical Histologic Features in Melanocytic Nevi

The atypical histologic features considered to be specific to dysplastic (atypical) nevi have been reported to occur in nevi that are common nevi by all other clinical and histologic features. The distribution and mutual relations among such features in nevi need to be further studied. Six histologic features (dimension > 5 mm, lentiginous proliferation, disordered nested pattern, melanocytic dyskaryosis, dermal lymphocytic infiltrate, suprabasal melanocytes) were analyzed in 253 melanocytic nevi with different clinical appearances. Atypical histologic features, found in 72% of nevi, occurred singly or formed numerous and highly variable combinations. Nevi formed a complex histologic spectrum comprising lesions showing a progressively increasing incidence of atypical features rather than two classes (common and dysplastic nevi). To divide the investigated lesions in objectively defined groups, we used a scoring system. In each nevus, a numeric value of 1 was assigned when each of the studied parameters was present and a value of 0 was assigned when each of these parameters was absent; on the basis of the final scores, nevi were divided in six different classes (classes 0–5). Diagnostic categories such as dysplastic nevi and common nevi seem to be inappropriate, as they do not reflect the real histologic complexity of such lesions.
When news sites go native: Redefining the advertising–editorial divide in response to native advertising

Professional journalism’s normative commitment to autonomy has long dictated the separation of editorial functions from advertising. However, the emergent practice of online native advertising complicates this division, resulting in conflicting visions of how journalistic authority should be established for digital news. This study examines reactions to a controversial Church of Scientology native advertisement on the Atlantic web site to assess how competing processes of norm-making and boundary work shape normative understandings of online journalism. Emergent understandings of content comprising both editorial and advertising components require new models for critical inquiry sufficiently sensitive to the online news environment.
Dyslexia: A Generation of Inquiry

This article provides a brief overview of the various areas of research that have served to clarify the condition of dyslexia. Using topics and content appearing in A. L. Benton and D. Pearl's (1978) text, Dyslexia: An Appraisal of Current Knowledge, as the point of departure, evolution of the definitions of dyslexia is traced to the current and widely held understanding of this learning disability as specifically related to a deficit in phonological processing abilities. The most prominent competing hypothesis—that a naming-speed deficit might also account for dyslexia—is also discussed. Research in the areas of human genetics, perceptual processing, and brain structure and function is summarized, as these have contributed to our current understanding of how dyslexia affects one's ability to read. The article concludes with a discussion of how dyslexia is manifested in languages other than English, as well as how research to date has influenced approaches to assessment and instruction.
Modeling the Complexity of Manual Annotation Tasks: a Grid of Analysis

Manual corpus annotation is getting widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP). While being recognized as a difficult task, no in-depth analysis of its complexity has been performed yet. We provide in this article a grid of analysis of the different complexity dimensions of an annotation task, which helps estimating beforehand the difficulties and cost of annotation campaigns. We observe the applicability of this grid on existing annotation campaigns and detail its application on a real-world example.
The Development of Laughing and Smiling in Nursery School Children.

BAINUM, CHARLENE K. ; LOUNSBURY, KAREN R. ; and POLLIO, HOWARD R. The Development of Laughing and Smiling in Nursery School Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1984, 55, 1946-1957. 86 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children were observed to evaluate the frequency of occurrence and conditions surrounding laughing and smiling. The following categories were used to classify events: whether it cooccurred with laughter or smiling; whether it was produced, responded to, or produced and responded to by the target child; whether it was judged an accidental or intentional attempt at humor; whether it was positive, negative, or neutral in intent; whether it was a verbal, motor, or verbal-motor event; and whether it occurred when the child was engaged in solitary, peer-parallel or peer cooperative play. An evaluation of 1,847 events indicated: (a) no differences between boys and girls in any category; (b) more events defined by smiling than by laughing; (c) an increase in laugh events and a decrease in smile events over age; (d) differences in event pattens co-occurring with laughing and smiling; and (e) 95% of events occurred in the presence of other children or adults. Results were interpreted as supporting interpersonal theories of laughing and smiling and as calling into question theories stressing intrapersonal factors.
Development of a Plating Medium for Selection of Helicobacter pylori from Water Samples

ABSTRACT The goal of this study was to develop a simple plating medium to allow large-scale screening of water samples for the presence of Helicobacter pylori. Five conventional plating media (brain heart infusion, brucella agar, Columbia blood agar base, campylobacter agar kit Skirrow, and HPSPA medium), each containing a commercial antibiotic supplement, were initially evaluated. Eight strains selected as common waterborne organisms (Acinetobacter, Aeromonas, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Helicobacter pylori, and Pseudomonas strains) were individually plated onto each of these media. Three organisms (Acinetobacter, E. coli, and H. pylori) were able to grow on all five media. This growth was unacceptable since Helicobacter grows very slowly and competing organisms must be inhibited for up to 7 days. Therefore, a more selective medium (HP agar) containing a novel mixture of growth supplements plus amphotericin B and polymyxin B was developed. This medium also included a phenol red color indicator for urease production. Aliquots of nonsterile well water that contained native flora (Flavobacterium, Serratia, Citrobacter, Pasteurella, Ochrobactrum, Rahnella, and unidentified molds) and were further adulterated with the eight strains listed above (106 CFU of each strain per 100 ml) were spiked with H. pylori and were plated. In spite of the heavy mixed microbial load, only H. pylori colonies grew during 7 days of incubation at 37°C. The color indicator system allowed presumptive identification of H. pylori colonies sooner (12 to 20 h) than the conventional media tested allowed. The HP formulation developed in this study provides a medium with superior selectivity for H. pylori from mixed microbial populations in water and reduces the time required to complete the assay.
Influence of forage level on passage rate, digestibility and performance of cattle.

Two trials (feedlot and metabolism) were conducted to evaluate the influence of level of chopped tall fescue hay (FH) in high concentrate diets on average daily gain (ADG), liquid and particulate passage rates, digestibility and in situ digestibility of corn. In the feedlot trial, 36 Hereford steers were fed diets containing 15, 30 and 50% FH in combination with 74, 59 and 39% whole shelled corn (WSC) and a soybean meal supplement. Steers offered 15, 30 and 50% FH consumed 9.0, 9.0 and 7.6 kg dry matter (DM) per d; gained 1.19, . 89 and . 67 kg; and had DM to gain ratios of 7.6, 10.1 and 11.5, respectively. A negative correlation was observed between fecal pH and ADG (r = -.52) and between fecal pH and fecal starch (r = -.40). In a 4 X 4 Latin-square trial, four cannulated steers were fed 4, 8, 16 or 24% FH in combination with 86, 82, 74 or 66% WSC and a soybean meal supplement. After 14 d of adaptation, steers were offered ytterbium (Yb)-labelled WSC and were ruminally pulse-dosed with chromium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Cr-EDTA) on the first day of the collection period. Steers fed 4, 8, 16 or 24% FH had the following particulate passage rates: 2.3, 2.7, 2.7 and 2.9%/h from fecal analyses; 2.3, 1.7, 2.4 and 2.8%/h from ruminal analyses; 6.0, 5.3, 6.3 and 8.1%/h for liquid, respectively. With increasing FH level, liquid passage rate exhibited linear and quadratic effects (P less than .05), while particulate passage rate (rumen sampling) showed linear and cubic effects (P less than .05). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Role of Pornography in Sexual Offending

This paper provides a review of the literature pertinent to the link between exposure to pornography and sexual offences. Research concerning the use of pornography as a precursor to sexual offending has yielded mixed results. Inconsistent findings can be attributed to differing research methodologies, including sampling strategies, measures, and genre(s) of pornography included. While the debate rages on regarding the potentially damaging effects of pornography, there is a consensus on one point: the availability and consumption of pornography does nothing to mitigate the likelihood that consumers will sexually offend. Very little research has been devoted to examining the impact of pornography consumption on incarcerated individuals. This is an important avenue of investigation for future studies.
Life Table Analysis for Immatures and Female Adults of the Predatory Beetle, Delphastus catalinae, Feeding on Whiteflies Under Three Constant Temperatures

Abstract Immature development and reproductive life history of Delphastus catalinae (Horn) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (= B. argentifolii Bellows and Perring) immatures was studied at three constant temperatures: 22, 26 and 30 °C. Lower developmental threshold temperatures (T0) were estimated at 9 and 9.9 °C, for males and females, respectively. Female adults weighed slightly more than males (0.587 and 0.505 mg, respectively). As temperature increased from 22 to 30 °C, developmental time from eggs to eclosion of the adult declined from 24 to 15 days. Thermal units required for immature development was ∼300 degree-days. Percentage egg hatch declined at increasing temperatures, but no significant effect of time was found. The intrinsic rate of increase, r, increased from 0.048 to 0.082 and doubling time decreased from 14.44 to 8.45 days as temperature increased from 22 to 26 °C. Mean daily fecundity was modeled as a function of time and temperature to create a 3-dimensional surface. Overall, Delphastus catalinae was found to perform better at 22 and 26 °C while 30 °C was detrimental to immature development and adult reproduction.
MR urography in pediatric uropathies with dilated urinary tracts.

PURPOSE To determine the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance (MR) urography in children with urinary tract dilatation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five children between the ages of 4 months and 13 years (19 males and 6 females, mean age 6.5 years) were evaluated with T2 weighted and contrast-enhanced T1 weighted MR sequences. Results were compared with findings obtained with ultrasonography (n=25), intravenous urography (n=18), Tc99m- DTPA scintigraphy (n=16), and/or micturating cystouretrography (n=13). RESULTS MR urography provided a superior imaging of urinary system dilatation, the site and the etiology of obstruction, and both regular and complicated kidney duplication than did conventional imaging methods. MR urography that used T2 weighted sequences was able to demonstrate 29 of 32 (90.6%) abnormal renal collecting systems. Fourteen of 21 (66.7%) normal systems were revealed by heavily T2 weighted images. Forty-six of 51 (90.2%) renal collecting systems could be shown by T1 weighted sequences. With this sequence, however, five collecting systems (9.8%) could not be shown secondary to poor renal function and/or dilution of contrast agent within the dilated urinary tract. CONCLUSION In children, MR urography may replace conventional uroradiological methods.
Talent management in Russia: not so much war for talent as wariness of talent

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to supply insights into talent management (TM) in Russia in the light of Soviet experience and the contemporary officially sanctioned business‐antagonistic political culture.Design/methodology/approach – A diachronic approach, whereby a key dictum of Karl Marx which underlays Soviet thinking and methods is contextualized and applied to post‐communist Russia, and TM practice in Russian firms and foreign firms in Russia is contrasted.Findings – A key finding is that there is seemingly greater value placed on Russian employees' talents by foreign companies. Six influential factors are identified which give Russian‐style TM a dysfunctional character: Russia's default position (i.e. instinctive gravitation to authoritarian rule), mistrust of institutions, entrenched “bossdom”, persistence of “Soviet mental software”, negative selection, and limited tradition of empowerment.Research limitations/implications – The paper highlights needs for: comparative empirical studies, c.
Targeted Disruption of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Protects Against Aging, S-Nitrosation, and Insulin Resistance in Muscle of Male Mice

Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that S-nitrosation of proteins plays a critical role in several human diseases. Here, we explored the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the S-nitrosation of proteins involved in the early steps of the insulin-signaling pathway and insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle of aged mice. Aging increased iNOS expression and S-nitrosation of major proteins involved in insulin signaling, thereby reducing insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. Conversely, aged iNOS-null mice were protected from S-nitrosation–induced insulin resistance. Moreover, pharmacological treatment with an iNOS inhibitor and acute exercise reduced iNOS-induced S-nitrosation and increased insulin sensitivity in the muscle of aged animals. These findings indicate that the insulin resistance observed in aged mice is mainly mediated through the S-nitrosation of the insulin-signaling pathway.
Trajectories of resilience during dyadic task performance among children six to seven years of age

The aim of this study is to analyse resilience displayed by young children in dyadic task performance situations. Data were collected by videotaping children (aged six to seven years; N = 40) during a geometrical task performance. Results describe ways in which children confronted the challenges during task performance, and the order in which the situations often occurred. Additionally, the results show that resilience in learning situations and in peer interaction is based in many respects on supportive relationships with adults and peers and on the children's own abilities to efficiently solve problems.
AnswerBot: Automated generation of answer summary to developers' technical questions

The prevalence of questions and answers on domain-specific Q&A sites like Stack Overflow constitutes a core knowledge asset for software engineering domain. Although search engines can return a list of questions relevant to a user query of some technical question, the abundance of relevant posts and the sheer amount of information in them makes it difficult for developers to digest them and find the most needed answers to their questions. In this work, we aim to help developers who want to quickly capture the key points of several answer posts relevant to a technical question before they read the details of the posts. We formulate our task as a query-focused multi-answer-posts summarization task for a given technical question. Our proposed approach AnswerBot contains three main steps : 1) relevant question retrieval, 2) useful answer paragraph selection, 3) diverse answer summary generation. To evaluate our approach, we build a repository of 228,817 Java questions and their corresponding answers from Stack Overflow. We conduct user studies with 100 randomly selected Java questions (not in the question repository) to evaluate the quality of the answer summaries generated by our approach, and the effectiveness of its relevant question retrieval and answer paragraph selection components. The user study results demonstrate that answer summaries generated by our approach are relevant, useful and diverse; moreover, the two components are able to effectively retrieve relevant questions and select salient answer paragraphs for summarization.