Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Instability of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD from preschool through elementary school.

CONTEXT The DSM-IV definition of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) distinguished 3 subtypes that had not been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the ADHD subtypes are stable enough over time to be valid. DESIGN Longitudinal study with a greater-than 89% retention rate in 7 assessments over 8 years. SETTING Outpatient clinics. PARTICIPANTS Volunteer sample of 118 4- to 6-year-olds who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD, including impairment in 2 settings in at least 1 assessment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Meeting DSM-IV criteria for the subtypes of ADHD during years 2 through 8. RESULTS The number of children who met criteria for ADHD declined over time, but most persisted. Children who met criteria for the combined subtype (CT, n = 83) met criteria for ADHD in more subsequent assessments than children in the predominantly hyperactive-impulsive subtype (HT, n = 23). Thirty-one (37%) of 83 CT children and 6 (50%) of 12 children in the predominantly inattentive subtype (IT) met criteria for a different subtype at least twice in the next 6 assessments. Children of the HT subtype were even more likely to shift to a different subtype over time, with HT children who persisted in ADHD mostly shifting to CT in later assessments. The subtypes exhibited consistently different mean levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptoms during years 2 through 8 that corresponded with their initial subtype classifications, but initial subtype differences in inattention symptoms diminished in later years. CONCLUSIONS In younger children, the CT and IT may be stable enough to segregate groups for research, but they seem too unstable for use in the clinical assessment of individual children. Children rarely remain in the HT classification over time; rather, they sometimes desist from ADHD but mostly shift to CT in later years. Using continuous ratings of hyperactivity-impulsivity symptoms as a diagnostic qualifier should be considered as an alternative to classifying nominal subtypes of ADHD in DSM-V.
Packet error model for the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol

Packet error in the IEEE 802.11 network is one source of performance degradation and its variability. Most of the previous works study how collision avoidance and hidden terminals affect the IEEE 802.11 performance metrics, such as probability of a collision and saturation throughput. In this paper we focus on the effect of packet errors on capacity and variability of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. We develop a new analytical model, called p/sub e/-model, by extending the existing model (Tay and Chun's model) to incorporate packet error probability p/sub e/. With p/sub e/-model, we successfully analyze the capacity and variability of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol. The variability analysis shows that increasing packet error probability by /spl Delta/p/sub e/ has more effect on saturation throughput than adding 0.5 W /spl Delta/p/sub e/ stations, where W is the minimum contention window size. We also show the numerical validation of p/sub e/-model with the IEEE 802.11 MAC-level simulator.
What Is Reasonable Suspicion of Child Abuse?

This study examined how Pennsylvania pediatricians characterized reasonable suspicion of child abuse, using their own words in open-ended queries. Content analysis and an iterative process identified themes, which then served as the dependent variable for analysis. 1,249 pediatricians returned the survey (61% response rate), of whom 1,012 answered the open-ended question (49% response rate). Content analysis identified 4 distinct theme categories and significant correlations with age, gender, frequency of reporting, prior education, and current position, but not expertise with child abuse or board certification. These findings add new, qualitative data to arguments for re-examining the threshold for mandated reporting.
Knowledge-Aided Space-Time Adaptive Processing

A fundamental issue in knowledge-aided space-time adaptive processing (KA-STAP) is to determine the degree of accuracy of the a~priori knowledge and the optimal emphasis that should be placed on it. In KA-STAP, the a priori knowledge consists usually of an initial guess of the clutter covariance matrix. This can be obtained either by previous radar probings or by a map-based study. We consider a linear combination of the a~priori clutter covariance matrix with the sample covariance matrix obtained from secondary data, and derive an optimal weighting factor on the a priori knowledge by a maximum likelihood (ML) approach. The performance of the ML approach for KA-STAP is evaluated based on numerically simulated data.
INSTITUTIONALISM, NEWS ORGANIZATIONS AND INNOVATION

This study adopts new institutional theory from the sociology of organizations, as well as concepts from the study of social networks, to help explain news organizations' struggles to innovate in the face of uncertainty. This literature suggests organizations with institutional orientations tend to adopt fleeting change, following industry trends, or even buffering internal processes from innovation in the product. In contrast, organizations that network with markets and readers tend to adopt more substantial change. Factors shaping managers' decision-making are explored, with a particular focus on the role environmental uncertainty plays in news organizations pursuing connections within the news institution (strong ties) or with audiences (weak ties). Data from a survey of news organizations and an analysis of features on their websites suggest levels of innovation are low, and institutionalist tendencies dominate decision-making about product change. Where innovation occurs, it is due to corporate coercion and resources, and concrete evidence from the organization's market. Uncertainty about audiences and technologies tends to reinforce institutionalist tendencies by encouraging managers to follow present industry trends. Uncertainty does seem to fuel the news organization's internal capacity to innovate, but it does not lead to actual changes in website features. This suggests news organizations are decoupling internal processes from external processes—more evidence of an institutional orientation.
Diabetes and CAPD.

Glucose utilization from dialysate in children on CAPD. In Uremia, Pathophysiology of patients treated for 10 years or more, Giordano C. and Friedman E.A. , Eds Milan: Wichtig, 325,1981. 4. De Santo N.G. , Capodicasa G. , M. Pluvio, Giugliano D. , Torella R. and Giordano C. : Protein-energy requirements of children and adolescents on CAPD. In: Pediatric Nephrology, Proceedings of the 5th Int. Pediatric Nephrology Symp. , Philadelphia 1980, Gruskin AB. and Norman M.E. , Eds. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 199, 1981. 5. De Santo N.G. , Capodicasa G. , De Simone V. et al. Experience of CAPD in children a pilot study. Proc. 1st Italian Symposium on CAPD. NUA 1:S-62, 1981. 6. Guillot M. , Clermont M.J., Gagnadoux M.F. and Broyer M. Nineteen months experience with continous ambu latory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in children: main clinical and biological results. In: Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis, Kessel D. , Gahl G.M. , Nolph K.D. Eds. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 203, 1981. 7. De Santo N.G. , Capodicasa G. , Pluvio M. , Gilli G. and Giordano C. : Nitrogen balance and growth in children on CAPD. In: Advances in Peritoneal Dialysis. Gahl G.M. , Kessel D. , Holph K.D. Eds. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 394, 1981. 8. Potter D.E. , Mc Daid T.K. and Mar H. : Continous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs XXVII:64, 1981. 9. Heller-Ackeret C. , Ertelt W. , Leuman E.P.: Kontinuerlich ambulant Peritoneal dialyse beim Kind. Schweiz. med. Wschr. 112:859, 1982. 10. Broyer M. CAPD in children. Presentation at the Int. Symp. on Self Care Dialysis, Venezia 1982. 11. De Santo N.G. , Capodicasa G. , Gilli G. and Giordano C. : CAPD in infants and children. Proc 1st International Course on Peritoneal Dialysis. La Greca G. Ed.
Voriconazole versus amphotericin B in cancer patients with neutropenia.

BACKGROUND Opportunistic fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neutropenic cancer patients and antifungal therapy are used both empirically and therapeutically in these patients. OBJECTIVES To compare the benefits and harms of voriconazole with those of amphotericin B and fluconazole when used for prevention or treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients with neutropenia. SEARCH STRATEGY MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library (May 2005). Letters, abstracts and unpublished trials were accepted. Contact to authors and industry. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing voriconazole with amphotericin B or fluconazole. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data on mortality, invasive fungal infection, colonisation, use of additional (escape) antifungal therapy and adverse effects leading to discontinuation of therapy were extracted by two authors independently. MAIN RESULTS Two trials were included. One trial compared voriconazole to liposomal amphotericin B as empirical treatment of fever of unknown origin (suspected fungal infections) in neutropenic cancer patients (849 patients, 58 deaths). The other trial compared voriconazole to amphotericin B deoxycholate in the treatment of confirmed and presumed invasive Aspergillus infections (391 patients, 98 deaths). In the first trial, voriconazole was significantly inferior to liposomal amphotericin B according to the authors' prespecified criteria. More patients died in the voriconazole group and a claimed significant reduction in the number of breakthrough fungal infections disappeared when patients arbitrarily excluded from analysis by the authors were included. In the second trial, the deoxycholate preparation of amphotericin B was used without any indication of the use of premedication and substitution with electrolytes and salt water to avoid handicapping this drug. This choice of comparator resulted in a marked difference in the duration of treatment on trial drugs (77 days with voriconazole versus 10 days with amphotericin B), and precludes meaningful comparisons of the benefits and harms of the two drugs. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Liposomal amphotericin B is significantly more effective than voriconazole for empirical therapy of neutropenic cancer patients and should be preferred. For treatment of aspergillosis, there are no trials that have compared voriconazole with amphotericin B given under optimal conditions.
Distress, Loss, and Adjustment Following the Birth of a Baby: A Qualitative Exploration of One New Father's Experiences

In contrast with the vast literature on the postnatal psychological difficulties experienced by some mothers, there have been few attempts to study the mental health of fathers in and around the time of the birth of a baby. Using an interpretive phenomenological analysis, this study attempts to map the experience of fathers following the birth of a child. A male consultation group was employed to guide the study, and the results feature an in-depth analysis of one new father. The findings were consistent with Kelly's notion of constructs of transition in revealing powerful emotional themes regarding loss and difficulties with adjustment. These are explored within the context of contemporary fathering, relational patterns, and male identity. The findings suggest that men's experience of distress may be linked to prevalent yet contradictory discourse directly linked to expectations about their roles following childbirth. They also suggest the clinical importance of this area, as men's well-being appears to impact that of the mother and baby.
[Comparison of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane acid in serum of non-occupational human from Shenyang and Chongqing areas].

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this investigation was to illustrate the perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) levels in serum of non-occupational exposure human from Shenyang and Chongqing areas and to compare the distributing character and region difference of PFOS and PFOA in those two region human. METHODS Sera samples of non-occupational human from Shenyang and Chongqing areas were collected, and the concentration of PFOS and PFOA in serum were measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Selective Detector (HPLC/MS-MIS). RESULTS The average Shenyang and Chongqing fluorochemical concentrations, respectively, were as follows: PFOS, 22.40 microg/L vs 7.40 microg/L, PFOA, 4.32 microg/L vs 1.00 microg/L. Statistical analysis indicated that serum concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in Shenyang human than in Chongqing human. Furthermore, there are sex differences in PFOS and PFOA concentrations in serum at all location. In Shenyang the concentration of PFOS in females were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in males. The correlations of PFOS (r = 0.298) and PFOA (r = 0.271) with age were significant in females from Chongqing area, and especially the correlations were higher in older females (age t 50) than the groups of age < 13 and 13 - 50 years old. CONCLUSION This finding suggests that there are predominant regional differences and distributing character for both PFOS and PFOA concentrations in Shenyang and Chongqing areas, and the concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in serum were correlated with age and sex.
Understanding circadian gene function: Animal models of tissue‐specific circadian disruption

Circadian rhythms are the daily patterns that occur within an organism, from gene expression to behavior. These rhythms are governed not only externally by environmental cues but also internally, with cell‐autonomous molecular clock mechanisms present nearly ubiquitously throughout the cells of organisms. In more complex organisms, it has been suggested that the clock mechanisms serve varied functions depending on the tissue in which they are found. By disrupting core circadian gene function in specific tissues of animal models, the various roles of the circadian clock in differing tissues can begin to be defined. This review provides an overview of the model organisms used to elucidate tissue‐specific functions of the molecular circadian clock. © 2014 IUBMB Life, 66(1):34–41, 2014.
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Technical Note: Simulating Chemical Systems in Fortran90 and Matlab with the Kinetic Preprocessor Kpp-2.1

This paper presents the new version 2.1 of the Kinetic PreProcessor (KPP). Taking a set of chemical reactions and their rate coefficients as input, KPP generates Fortran90, Fortran77, Matlab, or C code for the temporal integration of the kinetic system. Efficiency is obtained by carefully exploiting the sparsity structures of the Jacobian and of the Hessian. A comprehensive suite of stiff numerical integra-tors is also provided. Moreover, KPP can be used to generate the tangent linear model, as well as the continuous and discrete adjoint models of the chemical system.
Persistence during Tasks with Horses in Relation to Social Support, General Self-efficacy and Self-esteem in Adolescents

ABSTRACT In young people, interactions with horses may contribute to the development of social skills and self-efficacy. Our aim was to identify relationships between psychological variables and young people's experience of activities with horses. Participants in this study were 13–15-year-old adolescents (n = 25), given a 4-month intervention consisting of weekly sessions of stable work and horseback riding. We investigated the relationship between psychological variables from survey data with video-recorded behavioral observations during tasks and contact with horses. From the behavioral data, we calculated the frequency per hour of “trying again” when met with a challenge, as a measure of participants' persistence in horse-related tasks. The number of times per hour that that participant initiated contact with the horse was used as a measure of frequency of physical contact (petting). We examined correlations between the change from early to late stages of the intervention in trying again during horse-related tasks and for physical contact and three psychological variables measured prior to the intervention: perceived social support, self-esteem, and general self-efficacy. We detected an association between lower pretest levels of perceived social support and general self- efficacy, and an increase during the intervention in persistence of trying again when met with challenges during tasks with the horse. In a linear regression analysis, controlling for initial levels of persistence during horse-related tasks, self-esteem, and self-efficacy, social support was the only unique predictor of an increase in persistence during the intervention. No association was found between the psychological variables and change in frequency of petting the horse. The results indicate that adolescents with lower levels of perceived social support at the start of the intervention showed greater increases in their persistence in trying again after being met with challenges during horse-related tasks. Since persistence is a central aspect in the development of mastery of tasks, the possible positive social impact of the horse/stable environment should be given more attention in future intervention research.
Option Value of Cash

This paper uses a dynamic model of heterogeneous beliefs (where investors agree to disagree) to study the positive price-volume correlation during a housing downturn. It shows: (i) beliefs may diverge, which prevents some pessimists from buying; (ii) in the case that beliefs cross (i.e., buyers become more optimistic than the sellers), home sales occur but are delayed due to the buyers' option to sell cash higher (using house as numeraire) if the downturn worsens. Such option to wait also has implications for the velocity of money during deflation, troubled assets in the crisis since 2007, IPO waves, and fire sales.
Gender Differences in Workplace Authority: Discrimination and the Role of Organizational Leaders

This paper examines to what extent discrimination accounts for inequalities in authority exertion between women and men in the Swedish labour-market. Processes governing authority attainment are studied in terms of human capital and family responsibilities as well as of the horizontal sex segregation in the labour-market. The empirical results strongly indicate that women are being unduly restricted from attaining supervisory positions at work, primarily within the private sector of the economy. The assumption that discrimination is brought about by decision-makers within work organizations was tentatively tested and proved not to hold, since it was determined that neither women's nor men's chances to reach higher supervisory positions are affected by the sex of the highest workplace manager. The analyses are based upon data from the 1991 Swedish Level of Living Survey and the 1991 Swedish Establishment Survey on a sample of 2017 employees.
Youth gambling problems: A harm reduction prevention model

Despite the growing popularity of the harm reduction/harm minimization approach for adolescent alcohol and substance abuse, a harm reduction approach for the prevention of youth gambling problems has only recently been explored. A universal, selective, and indicative prevention framework used in harm reduction health paradigms for adolescent substance and alcohol abuse is applied to youth gambling problems. A risk-protective factor model is used as a conceptual basis for designing a harm reduction prevention program. This framework points to the developmental appropriateness of the harm reduction approach for youth with gambling problems.
Topology-transparent scheduling in mobile multihop ad hoc networks with directional antennas

Directional antennas have received much attention recently in multihop ad hoc networks, due to such benefits as increased transmission range, reduced co-channel interference, improved spatial reuse, and reduced susceptibility to jamming. However, existing random access scheduling schemes with directional antennas suffer from the issues of deafness and high probability of collisions. Moreover, such schemes cannot provide throughput and delay guarantees. In this paper, we propose a topology-transparent scheduling algorithm in mobile multihop ad hoc networks with directional antennas, to overcome these deficiencies. The proposed algorithm fully exploits the benefits of directional antennas and utilizes both assigned and unassigned time slots efficiently. We study the performance of our algorithm analytically and by simulation. The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm, in certain cases, can be comparable to that of some topology-dependent algorithms designed for static networks. Yet, the proposed algorithm also performs well even when the network topology is dynamic, as in mobile networks.
Language and Ethnicity in Minority Sociolinguistic Perspective

What is ethnicity and how is it linked to language? - phenomenological and socio-historical considerations language maintenance and language shift in ethnocultural perspective the ethnic dimension in language planning language and ethnicity in education - the bilingual minority focus elites and rank-and-file - contrasts and contexts in ethnolinguistic behaviour and attitudes ethnolinguistic homogeneity and heterogeneity - worldwide causes, consequences and aspirations.
Cancer associated fibroblasts: An essential role in the tumor microenvironment

Fibroblasts in the tumor stroma are well recognized as having an indispensable role in carcinogenesis, including in the initiation of epithelial tumor formation. The association between cancer cells and fibroblasts has been highlighted in several previous studies. Regulation factors released from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) into the tumor microenvironment have essential roles, including the support of tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy resistance. A mutual interaction between tumor-induced fibroblast activation, and fibroblast-induced tumor proliferation and metastasis occurs, thus CAFs act as tumor supporters. Previous studies have reported that by developing fibroblast-targeting drugs, it may be possible to interrupt the interaction between fibroblasts and the tumor, thus resulting in the suppression of tumor growth, and metastasis. The present review focused on the reciprocal feedback loop between fibroblasts and cancer cells, and evaluated the potential application of anti-CAF agents in the treatment of cancer.
Towards a unique FPGA-based identification circuit using process variations

A compact chip identification (ID) circuit with improved reliability is presented. Ring oscillators are used to measure the spatial process variation and the ID is based on their relative speeds. A novel averaging and postprocessing scheme is employed to accurately determine the faster of two similar-frequency ring oscillators in the presence of noise. Using this scheme, the average number of unstable bits i.e. bits which can change in value between readings, measured on an FPGA is shown to be reduced from 5.3% to 0.9% at 20°C. Within the range 20 – 60°C, the percentage of unstable bits is within 2.8%. An analysis of the effectiveness of the scheme and the distribution of the errors is given over different temperature ranges and FPGA chips.
CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO TWO MEASURES OF CONSCIENCE DEVELOPMENT AND THEIR RELATION TO SOCIOMETRIC NOMINATION

Two hundred and thirty-five ninth grade Ss were tested, using cognitive (C) and affective (A) measures of moral judgment, as well as a sociometric measure. Girl Ss showed greater moral maturity (as here defined) than did boys on both C and A measures. Ss who made mature responses on one moral measure tended to make them on the other one as well, even with IQ held constant. Sociometric nominations for morality were not significantly related to Ss' responses on either the C or A measures but were positively correlated with popularity.