Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Does distributed development affect software quality? An empirical case study of Windows Vista

It is widely believed that distributed software development is riskier and more challenging than collocated development. Prior literature on distributed development in software engineering and other fields discuss various challenges, including cultural barriers, expertise transfer difficulties, and communication and coordination overhead. We evaluate this conventional belief by examining the overall development of Windows Vista and comparing the post-release failures of components that were developed in a distributed fashion with those that were developed by collocated teams. We found a negligible difference in failures. This difference becomes even less significant when controlling for the number of developers working on a binary. We also examine component characteristics such as code churn, complexity, dependency information, and test code coverage and find very little difference between distributed and collocated components to investigate if less complex components are more distributed. Further, we examine the software process and phenomena that occurred during the Vista development cycle and present ways in which the development process utilized may be insensitive to geography by mitigating the difficulties introduced in prior work in this area.
Simulating the one‐dimensional structure of Titan's upper atmosphere: 1. Formulation of the Titan Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model and benchmark simulations

[1] We employ a newly developed Navier-Stokes model, the Titan Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model (T-GITM) to address the one dimensional (1-D) coupled composition, dynamics, and energetics of Titan's upper atmosphere. Our main goals are to delineate the details of this new theoretical tool and to present benchmark calibration simulations compared against the Ion-Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) neutral density measurements. First, we outline the key physical routines contained in T-GITM and their computational formulation. Then, we compare a series of model simulations against recent 1-D work by Cui et al. (2008), Strobel (2008, 2009), and Yelle et al. (2008) in order to provide a fiducial for calibrating this new model. In paper 2 and a future paper, we explore the uncertainties in our knowledge of Titan's atmosphere between ∼500 km and 1000 km in order to determine how the present measurements constrain our theoretical understanding of atmospheric structures and processes.
ACCULTURATION LEVELS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH FRUIT AND VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION AMONG LATINAS

OF THE THESIS Acculturation Levels and its Association with Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Among Latinas by Frances Juliana Cordero Master of Public Health San Diego State University, 2010 Latinos are the largest growing minority group in the United States. With the Latino population growing, their health is of major concern. Chronic diseases are prevalent among Latinos, with heart disease, cancer, stroke and diabetes, within the top five leading causes of death. Consuming diets high in fruit and vegetables have been linked to reducing rates in chronic diseases. Acculturation has been studied across multiple health behaviors among Latinos, but the results are inconsistent. These inconsistencies lie in the measurement of acculturation. Current studies have measured acculturation and dietary quality by using different methods: language, generational status, years in the U.S., birthplace, and using acculturation scales. Inconsistencies in how acculturation and dietary quality are measured among Latinos have resulted in conflicting findings. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between Latinas’ acculturation status and their fruit and vegetable consumption, specifically testing three models. Model 1 assessed acculturation based on years lived in the United States with more years lived in the United States representing higher acculturation. Model 2 was based on the respondent’s place of birth and that of their parents and grandparents (United States born vs. foreign born), with United States born representing higher acculturation. Models 3a and 3b were based on their preferred language spoken measured by a Hispanic (Model 3a) or NonHispanic domain (Model 3b), using the Marin bidimensional acculturation scale. The study also examined the total variety of fruits and vegetables consumed. This cross-sectional study used baseline questionnaire data from the Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud project, which regarded the healthy eating and parenting skills of mothers. The sample consisted of 120 mothers who reside in Imperial County. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using PASW 17.0. Analyses revealed that none of the hypotheses were supported. The study displayed that mean fruit and vegetable consumption was high overall, 5.35 servings per day, and acculturation was not associated. Results were inconsistent with previous research, and highlight the need to further explore acculturation research in relation to measurement in order to reach a consensus for public health research. More specifically, the study highlights that acculturation may not be a factor to consider within Imperial County while chronic diseases, indicated a need to further fruit and vegetable research in this population.
Motivating Lower Ability Students To Think: Some Classroom Activities

The importance of getting students to think cannot be overemphasized. This article identifies some features of classroom activities that seem to be able to motivate students to engage in higher order thinking. Several classroom activities are described. These activities had been used to motivate, in particular, weak mathematics students not only to learn mathematics, but also to engage in mathematical thinking normally associated with students who are mathematically inclined. Such activities often perceived by students as non-threatening, allow students to choose and make decisions, and are usually varied.
Outlining C loops: preliminary results and trends

We report on a system developed to construct outlines of loops in C programs. It is derived from a model and a system previously defined to outline LISP loops, that have both been enhanced to handle those constructs of an imperative language like C that were out of scope in (pure functional) LISP, especially: iterative control flow structures, variable assignments, and manipulations of arrays, structures or pointers. In this paper, we first introduce our model for C loop outlining. Then we present the architecture of our system and describe the main steps of the outline construction process. We then discuss results obtained from the application of our system to two real-world programs and finally we show that this experiment gives a preview of the use of outlines as indexes for browsing and querying large scale programs.
Which fMRI clustering gives good brain parcellations?

Analysis and interpretation of neuroimaging data often require one to divide the brain into a number of regions, or parcels, with homogeneous characteristics, be these regions defined in the brain volume or on the cortical surface. While predefined brain atlases do not adapt to the signal in the individual subject images, parcellation approaches use brain activity (e.g., found in some functional contrasts of interest) and clustering techniques to define regions with some degree of signal homogeneity. In this work, we address the question of which clustering technique is appropriate and how to optimize the corresponding model. We use two principled criteria: goodness of fit (accuracy), and reproducibility of the parcellation across bootstrap samples. We study these criteria on both simulated and two task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging datasets for the Ward, spectral and k-means clustering algorithms. We show that in general Ward’s clustering performs better than alternative methods with regard to reproducibility and accuracy and that the two criteria diverge regarding the preferred models (reproducibility leading to more conservative solutions), thus deferring the practical decision to a higher level alternative, namely the choice of a trade-off between accuracy and stability.
Optimizing evacuation instructions while anticipating traveler compliance behavior

Instructing evacuees on their departure time, destination and route can lead to more efficient traffic operations. Empirical findings on evacuation behavior support the view that in practice a share of travelers decides not to comply, while current evacuation plan optimization techniques are limited to assessing mandatory evacuation under the assumption of full compliance. In this contribution we show I) how traveler compliance behavior affects evacuation efficiency, and II) how evacuation efficiency can be improved in case of partial compliance when this traveler compliance is anticipated on. The optimization method and case study application presented here underline the relevance and importance of capturing traveler compliance behavior, as this has a large impact upon the evacuation efficiency.
Activation of Extracellular-Regulated Kinase by 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A Receptors in PC12 Cells is Protein Kinase C-Independent and Requires Calmodulin and Tyrosine Kinases

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)2A receptors have been implicated to play a role in both the treatment and pathophysiology of a number of psychiatric disorders. Therefore, the coupling of this receptor to signals, such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), that elicit long-term neuronal changes may be relevant. In the present study we examined the coupling of the Gq-coupled receptor to ERK in PC12 cells, a cell line commonly used as a neuronal model system. Activation of ERK occurred through a pathway different than the protein kinase C-dependent pathways described previously in studies of non-neuronal cells. Activation of ERK, in PC12 cells, was inhibited by both chelation of extracellular Ca2+ and by depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores. Surprisingly, activation was not inhibited, but actually potentiated, by a variety of protein kinase C inhibitors covering all known protein kinase C isoforms. In contrast, the coupling of receptor to activation of ERK was found to be sensitive to N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W7) andN-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide (W13), inhibitors of calmodulin, but not to 1-(N,O-bis[5-isoquinolinesulfonyl]-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl)-4-phenylpiperazine (KN62) and 2-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)]-N-4-methoxybenzenesulfonyl)]amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine) (KN93), inhibitors of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Additionally, the general tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, as well as the Src inhibitor PP1 and the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitor 4-(3-chloroanilino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline (AG 1478), inhibited receptor-mediated activation of ERK, suggesting a role for tyrosine kinases. In fact, 5-HT was found to stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of a number of proteins, and this phosphorylation was inhibited by W7. 5-HT2A receptor-activation of ERK through a protein kinase C-independent pathway requiring Ca2+/calmodulin/tyrosine kinases represents a pathway distinct from those described in studies of non-neuronal cells.
Increased Disease due to Haemophilus influenzae Type b: Population-based Surveillance in Eastern Gambia, 2008–2013

Background: In 1997, The Gambia became the first African country to introduce conjugate Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine with good disease control through to 2010. Methods: Culture-based surveillance for invasive bacterial disease in eastern Gambia, specifically the Basse Health and Demographic Surveillance System (BHDSS) area, was conducted from 12 May 2008 and in Fuladu West district from 12 September 2011 until 31 December 2013. In 2011, Hib serology was measured in 5–34-year-olds. Results: In all, 16,735 of 17,932 (93%) eligible patients were investigated. We detected 57 cases of invasive H. influenzae disease; 24 (42%) were type b. No cases of Hib disease were detected in the BHDSS area in 2008–2009; 1 was detected in 2010, 2 in 2011, 4 in 2012 and 7 in 2013. In 2013, the incidence of Hib disease in those aged 2–11 and 2–59 months in the BHDSS area was 88 [95% confidence interval (CI): 29–207] and 22 (95% CI: 9–45) cases per 105 person-years, respectively. In 2013, disease incidence in Fuladu West among those aged 0–59 months was 26 (95% CI: 7–67) cases per 105 person-years. Nine of 24 Hib cases were vaccine failures (2 HIV positive) and 9 were too young to have been vaccinated. The proportion of children aged 5–6 years (n = 223) with anti-Hib IgG ≥1.0 &mgr;g/mL was 67%; the antibody nadir was in 9–14-year-olds (n = 58) with 55% above threshold. Conclusions: Hib disease in eastern Gambia has increased in recent years. Surveillance in developing countries should remain alert to detect such changes.
Using public domain metrics to estimate software development effort

The authors investigate the accuracy of cost estimates when applying most commonly used modeling techniques to a large-scale industrial data set which is professionally maintained by the International Software Standards Benchmarking Group (ISBSG). The modeling techniques applied are ordinary least squares regression (OLS), analogy based estimation, stepwise ANOVA, CART, and robust regression. The questions addresses in the study are related to important issues. The first is the appropriate selection of a technique in a given context. The second is the assessment of the feasibility of using multi-organizational data compared to the benefits from company-specific data collection. We compare company-specific models with models based on multi-company data. This is done by using the estimates derived for one company that contributed to the ISBSG data set and estimates from using carefully matched data from the rest of the ISBSG data. When using the ISBSG data set to derive estimates for the company, generally poor results were obtained. Robust regression and OLS performed most accurately. When using the company's own data as the basis for estimation, OLS, a CART-variant, and analogy performed best. In contrast to previous studies, the estimation accuracy when using the company's data is significantly higher than when using the rest of the ISBSG data set. Thus, from these results, the company that contributed to the ISBSG data set, would be better off when using its own data for cost estimation.
DEPARTMENT OF DECISION SCIENCES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT (KBI)

Research and development portfolio management is traditionally technologically and financially dominated, with little or no attention to the sustainable focus, which represents the triple bottom line: not only financial (and technical) issues but also human and environmental values. This is mainly due to the lack of quantified and reliable data on the human aspects of product/service development: usability, ecology, ethics, product experience, perceived quality etc. Even if these data are available, then consistent decision support tools are not ready available. Based on the findings from an industry review, we developed a DEA model that permits to support strategic R&D portfolio management. We underscore the usability of this approach with real life examples from two different industries: consumables and materials manufacturing (polymers).
Pack & Cap: Adaptive DVFS and thread packing under power caps

The ability to cap peak power consumption is a desirable feature in modern data centers for energy budgeting, cost management, and efficient power delivery. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is a traditional control knob in the tradeoff between server power and performance. Multi-core processors and the parallel applications that take advantage of them introduce new possibilities for control, wherein workload threads are packed onto a variable number of cores and idle cores enter low-power sleep states. This paper proposes Pack & Cap, a control technique designed to make optimal DVFS and thread packing control decisions in order to maximize performance within a power budget. In order to capture the workload dependence of the performance-power Pareto frontier, a multinomial logistic regression (MLR) classifier is built using a large volume of performance counter, temperature, and power characterization data. When queried during runtime, the classifier is capable of accurately selecting the optimal operating point. We implement and validate this method on a real quad-core system running the PARSEC parallel benchmark suite. When varying the power budget during runtime, Pack & Cap meets power constraints 82% of the time even in the absence of a power measuring device. The addition of thread packing to DVFS as a control knob increases the range of feasible power constraints by an average of 21% when compared to DVFS alone and reduces workload energy consumption by an average of 51.6% compared to existing control techniques that achieve the same power range.
The stigma of claiming benefits: a quantitative study

Abstract Stigma has long been viewed by some as essential to discourage excessive claims, yet seen by others as a cause of non-take-up by people in need and as a form of symbolic violence. More recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the links between shame and poverty (including the role of benefits), and particular concerns about media/political rhetoric in the UK. Yet while our knowledge of benefits stigma has been enhanced by theoretical/qualitative contributions, few quantitative studies examine its extent or patterning. This paper therefore reports the results of a 2012 nationally-representative survey in the UK. It finds sub-types of stigma are reported by 10–19 per cent for each benefit, but 34 per cent report either personal stigma (their own view) or stigmatisation (perceived stigma by others) for at least one benefit, and over one-quarter say a stigma-related reason would make them less likely to claim. One-third of claimants themselves report some degree of stigma around their claim. Against the predictions of ‘dependency culture’ claims, however, respondents in high-claim areas were more likely to stigmatise benefits, both before and after accounting for other factors. The paper concludes by considering lessons for future benefits stigma studies, and policy options to reduce benefits stigma.
Allelic variations of the multidrug resistance gene determine susceptibility and disease behavior in ulcerative colitis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The MDR1 gene encodes P-glycoprotein 170, an efflux transporter that is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. The MDR1 exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) C3435T and G2677T have been shown to correlate with activity/expression of P-glycoprotein 170. METHODS This was a case-control analysis of MDR1 C3435T and G2677T SNPs in a large well-characterized Scottish white cohort (335 with ulcerative colitis [UC], 268 with Crohn's disease [CD], and 370 healthy controls). We conducted 2-locus haplotype and detailed univariate and multivariate genotypic-phenotypic analyses. RESULTS The MDR1 3435 TT genotype (34.6% vs 26.5%; P = .04; odds ratio [OR], 1.60; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.04-2.44) and T-allelic frequencies (58.2% vs 52.8%; P = .02; OR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.58) were significantly higher in patients with UC compared with controls. No association was seen with CD. The association was strongest with extensive UC (TT genotype: 42.4% vs 26.5%; P = .003; OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.34-4.99; and T allele: 63.9% vs 52.8%; P = .009; OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.24-2.29), and this was also confirmed on multivariate analysis ( P = .007). The G2677T SNP was not associated with UC or CD. These 2 SNPs lie in linkage disequilibrium in our population (D', .8-.9; r 2 , .7-.8). Two-locus haplotypes showed both positive (3435T/G2677 haplotype: P = .03; OR, 1.44) and negative (C3435/2677T haplotype: P = .002; OR, .35) associations with UC. Homozygotes for the haplotype 3435T/G2677 were significantly increased in UC ( P = .017; OR, 8.88; 95% CI, 1.10-71.45). CONCLUSIONS Allelic variations of the MDR1 gene determine disease extent as well as susceptibility to UC in the Scottish population. The present data strongly implicate the C3435T SNP, although the 2-locus haplotype data underline the need for further detailed haplotypic studies.
Vasopressor Agents for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The primary goal of cardiopulmonary resuscitation is to reestablish blood flow to vital organs until spontaneous circulation is restored. Adrenergic vasopressor agents produce systemic vasoconstriction. This increases aortic diastolic pressure, and consequently, coronary and cerebral perfusion pressures. The pharmacologic responses to the adrenergic agents are mediated by a group of receptors that are classified as alpha (α), including α1, and α2, and beta (β), including β1 and β2. Epinephrine, which has each of these adrenergic actions, has been the preferred adrenergic agent for the management of cardiac arrest for almost 40 years. Its primary efficacy is due to its ca-adrenergic vasopressor effects. This contrasts with its β-adrenergic actions, which are inotropic, chronotropic, and vasodilator. Accordingly,,B-adrenergic actions prompt increases in myocardial oxygen consumption, ectopic ventricular arrhythmias, and transient hypoxemia due to pulmonary arteriovenous shunting. This may account for the failure to demonstrate that epinephrine improves ultimate outcomes in human victims of cardiac arrest. Major interest has more recently been focused on selective α-adrenergic agonists. Both α1,-agonists and α2-agonists are peripheral vasopressors. However, rapid desensitization of α-adrenergic receptors occurs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Moreover, ax-adrenergic receptors are present in the myocardium, and α1-agonists, like β-adrenergic agonists, increase myocardial oxygen consumption. If they cross the blood-brain barrier, α2-adrenoceptor agonists also have centrally acting vasodilator effects. In the absence of central nervous system access, α2-adrenergic agonists have selective peripheral vasoconstrictor effects. Under experimental conditions of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, selective α2-agonists, which do not gain entrance into the brain, produce only systemic vasoconstriction. Experimentally, these selective Ut2-agonists are as effective as epinephrine for initial cardiac resuscitation and have the additional advantage of minimizing myocardial oxygen consumption during the global myocardial ischemia of cardiac arrest. Accordingly, myocardial ischemic injury during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is minimized, and postresuscitation myocardial function is preserved with improved survival.
Late malignant melanoma after treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit during childhood.

A 27-year-old woman developed malignant orbitoconjunctival melanoma in her left eye 21 years after treatment of a left orbital embryonal sarcoma with systemic chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the orbit. The coexistence of these 2 malignancies in the same orbit is very rare. It may be coincidental, but a genetic predisposition or late adverse effects of childhood cancer treatments cannot be excluded. Second malignant tumors can occur in patients treated for retinoblastoma during childhood, but other multiple ophthalmic malignancies in the same patient are a very rare occurrence. We report the case of a patient who had 2 distinct tumors involving her left orbit. A childhood sarcoma was followed 21 years later by a malignant melanoma.