Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Historical and impact analysis of API breaking changes: A large-scale study

Change is a routine in software development. Like any system, libraries also evolve over time. As a consequence, clients are compelled to update and, thus, benefit from the available API improvements. However, some of these API changes may break contracts previously established, resulting in compilation errors and behavioral changes. In this paper, we study a set of questions regarding API breaking changes. Our goal is to measure the amount of breaking changes on real-world libraries and its impact on clients at a large-scale level. We assess (i) the frequency of breaking changes, (ii) the behavior of these changes over time, (iii) the impact on clients, and (iv) the characteristics of libraries with high frequency of breaking changes. Our large-scale analysis on 317 real-world Java libraries, 9K releases, and 260K client applications shows that (i) 14.78% of the API changes break compatibility with previous versions, (ii) the frequency of breaking changes increases over time, (iii) 2.54% of their clients are impacted, and (iv) systems with higher frequency of breaking changes are larger, more popular, and more active. Based on these results, we provide a set of lessons to better support library and client developers in their maintenance tasks.
Axon Pruning in the Developing Vertebrate Hippocampus

During early development of the central nervous system (CNS), there is an exuberant outgrowth of projections which later need to be refined to achieve precise connectivity. One widely used strategy for this refinement is axon pruning. Axon pruning has also been suggested to be involved in creating more diverse connection patterns between different species. An understanding of the mechanism of pruning, however, has been elusive in the CNS. Recent studies have focused on a stereotyped pruning event that occurs within the mossy fibers of the developing vertebrate hippocampus. In the following discussion, we will review the cellular and molecular factors that are known to regulate pruning in the hippocampus and highlight some advantages this system presents for future studies on pruning in the developing CNS.
Propolis protects against doxorubicin-induced myocardiopathy in rats.

Propolis (bee glue) is one of the major hive products of bees and is rich in flavonoids, which are known for antioxidant activities. Doxorubicin-induced myocardiopathy is the consequence of oxidative stress through the mediation of free radicals. The effect of intraperitoneal administration of propolis (50 and 100 mg/kg) was studied on cardiomyopathy produced by doxorubicin (10 mg/kg, i.v.) in rats. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood and tissue glutathione (GSH), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in heart were estimated to assess the status of heart muscle. An elevation of the levels of CK, AST, GSH, and TBARS was observed following doxorubicin treatment. Parallel experiments with a pretreatment of propolis significantly reduced the levels of these parameters . Biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of heart sections. The protective effect of propolis was compared with that of rutin, a known cardioprotective flavonoid. The study demonstrates the cardioprotective effect of propolis in doxorubicin-induced experimental cardiotoxicity.
Perceptual Gloss Parameters Are Encoded by Population Responses in the Monkey Inferior Temporal Cortex

There are neurons localized in the lower bank of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex of the monkey that selectively respond to specific ranges of gloss characterized by combinations of three physical reflectance parameters: specular reflectance (ρs), diffuse reflectance (ρd), and spread of specular reflection (α; Nishio et al., 2012). In the present study, we examined how the activities of these gloss-selective IT neurons are related to perceived gloss. In an earlier psychophysical study, Ferwerda et al. (2001) identified a perceptually uniform gloss space defined by two axes where the c-axis corresponds to a nonlinear combination of ρs and ρd and the d-axis corresponds to 1 − α. In the present study, we tested the responses of gloss-selective neurons to stimuli in the perceptual gloss space defined by the c- and d-axes. We found that gloss-selective neurons systematically changed their responses in the perceptual gloss space, and the distribution of the tuning directions of the population of gloss-selective neurons is biased toward directions in which perceived gloss increases. We also found that a set of perceptual gloss parameters as well as surface albedo can be well explained by the population activities of gloss-selective neurons, and that these parameters are likely encoded by the gloss-selective neurons in this area of the STS to represent various glosses. These results thus provide evidence that the IT cortex represents perceptual gloss space.
Prostate cancer: Patients' and spouses' coping and marital adjustment

This qualitative study assessed the coping and marital adjustment of 12 prostate cancer patients and their spouses. Whilst drawing upon the transactional model of coping, differentiation was made between individual and interpersonal coping. Relative to their spouses, patients employed a wider range of individual strategies, and used them more frequently. With regard to interpersonal coping, spouses were more actively engaged in meeting the demands of the illness than were patients, whereas patients employed more protective buffering than partners by avoiding discussions about their cancer or by denying their anxieties and concerns regarding it. The majority of patients reported that their marital relationships had remained the same or had improved since their diagnoses, although a few men reported negative changes. Of those couples who had been sexually active prior to diagnosis, all reported negative changes arising from the patients' impotence brought about by their treatment for prostate cancer.
B Lymphopoiesis in the Thymus1

The thymus has been regarded as the major site of T cell differentiation. We find that in addition to αβ and γδ T cells, a significant number (∼3 × 104 per day) of B220+IgM+ mature B cells are exported from the thymus of C57BL/6 mice. Of these emigrating B cells, we estimate that at least ∼2 × 104 per day are cells which developed intrathymically, whereas a maximum of ∼0.8 × 104 per day are cells which circulated through the thymus from the periphery. The thymus possesses a significant number of pro-B and pre-B cells that express CD19, VpreB, λ5, and pax-5. These B cell progenitors were found in the thymic cortex, whereas increasingly mature B cells were found in the corticomedullar and medullary regions. Other lymphoid cells, including NK cells and lymphoid dendritic cells, are not exported from the thymus at detectable levels. Thus, the thymus contributes to the formation of peripheral pools of B cells as well as of αβ and γδ T cells.
Biochemical and pharmacological characterization of human α/β-hydrolase domain containing 6 (ABHD6) and 12 (ABHD12)[S]

In the central nervous system, three enzymes belonging to the serine hydrolase family are thought to regulate the life time of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (C20:4) (2-AG). From these, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) is well characterized and, on a quantitative basis, is the main 2-AG hydrolase. The postgenomic proteins α/β-hydrolase domain containing (ABHD)6 and ABHD12 remain poorly characterized. By applying a sensitive fluorescent glycerol assay, we delineate the substrate preferences of human ABHD6 and ABHD12 in comparison with MAGL. We show that the three hydrolases are genuine MAG lipases; medium-chain saturated MAGs were the best substrates for hABHD6 and hMAGL, whereas hABHD12 preferred the 1 (3)- and 2-isomers of arachidonoylglycerol. Site-directed mutagenesis of the amino acid residues forming the postulated catalytic triad (ABHD6: S148-D278-H306, ABHD12: S246-D333-H372) abolished enzymatic activity as well as labeling with the active site serine-directed fluorophosphonate probe TAMRA-FP. However, the role of D278 and H306 as residues of the catalytic core of ABHD6 could not be verified because none of the mutants showed detectable expression. Inhibitor profiling revealed striking potency differences between hABHD6 and hABHD12, a finding that, when combined with the substrate profiling data, should facilitate further efforts toward the design of potent and selective inhibitors, especially those targeting hABHD12, which currently lacks such inhibitors.
Neural Mechanisms Behind Identification of Leptokurtic Noise and Adaptive Behavioral Response

Large-scale human interaction through, for example, financial markets causes ceaseless random changes in outcome variability, producing frequent and salient outliers that render the outcome distribution more peaked than the Gaussian distribution, and with longer tails. Here, we study how humans cope with this evolutionary novel leptokurtic noise, focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms that allow the brain, 1) to recognize the outliers as noise and 2) to regulate the control necessary for adaptive response. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants tracked a target whose movements were affected by leptokurtic noise. After initial overreaction and insufficient subsequent correction, participants improved performance significantly. Yet, persistently long reaction times pointed to continued need for vigilance and control. We ran a contrasting treatment where outliers reflected permanent moves of the target, as in traditional mean-shift paradigms. Importantly, outliers were equally frequent and salient. There, control was superior and reaction time was faster. We present a novel reinforcement learning model that fits observed choices better than the Bayes-optimal model. Only anterior insula discriminated between the 2 types of outliers. In both treatments, outliers initially activated an extensive bottom-up attention and belief network, followed by sustained engagement of the fronto-parietal control network.
The vascular anatomy of the spine and its relationship to pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis.

1. Vascular anatomical studies of the spine are described and the possibility of spread of infection from pelvis to spine through the paravertebral venous plexus is discussed. 2. Though a venous route does exist, our studies do not support the supposition that infection is likely to spread by this route; nor is there any clear clinical, pathological or anatomical evidence that such spread occurs. 3. Nineteen cases of pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine are recorded, six of which followed urinary infections. The condition is compared with osteomyelitis as it occurs in the other bones of adults.
Comparative Advertising Effectiveness: The Role of Involvement and Source Credibility

Abstract Previous research on the persuasive impact of comparative advertising has produced inconsistent results. Consequently, researchers have suggested lack of credibility and the need for higher involvement as two problems which might impede the persuasive impact of comparative advertising. However, virtually no empirical evidence comparing the effects of comparative advertising to non-comparative advertising when different levels of involvement are activated exists. In addition, little research has examined whether source credibility enhances the persuasive impact of comparative advertising. Attribution theory provided the framework for the experiment reported in this paper. Experimental results suggest that when higher involvement is activated and a source of higher credibility is included in the advertisements, comparative advertising for a new brand has a more positive effect on purchase intentions than non-comparative advertising.
Taking risks when communicating on the Internet: the role of offline social-psychological factors in young people's vulnerability to online risks

Children and young people encounter a range of risks on the internet relating to communication. Making friends online has attracted particular attention as a risky behaviour, especially when this leads to offline meetings, as has giving out personal information online. This article, based on the ‘UK Children Go Online’ survey, seeks to explain the online communication of 9–19-year-olds in terms of their offline socio-psychological characteristics (shyness, life satisfaction, risk-taking), family communication patterns and online behaviour/skills. Findings show that older teens engage in more online communication activities than do younger children and so encounter more communication risks. Although girls communicate more on the internet, this seems not to put them more at risk. It was found that children's offline social psychological characteristics, particularly their levels of life satisfaction and risk-taking, influence their online communication, with different online communication activities being predicted by different patterns of off- and online characteristics. There are weak indications that, in families which have a more conversational style of communication, teens may take fewer risks online, including a lower likelihood of meeting online friends offline. Multiple regression analyses show that those children and teens who are less satisfied with their lives and who have become more frequent and skilled internet users are more likely to value the internet as a communicative environment in which they feel more confident than they do offline, particularly in relation to the potential for anonymous communication. Since this in turn leads some into risky activities, the implications for research and policy are discussed.
Sharing as Risk Pooling in a Social Dilemma Experiment

In rural economies with missing or incomplete markets, idiosyncratic risk is frequently pooled through informal networks. Idiosyncratic shocks, however, are not limited to private goods but can also restrict an individual from partaking in or benefitting from a collective activity. In these situations, a group must decide whether to provide insurance to the affected member. In this paper, we describe results of a laboratory experiment designed to test whether a simple sharing institution can sustain risk pooling in a social dilemma with idiosyncratic risk. We test whether risk can be pooled without a commitment device and, separately, whether effective risk pooling induces greater cooperation in the social dilemma. We find that even in the absence of a commitment device or reputational considerations, subjects voluntarily pool risk thereby reducing variance in individual earnings. In spite of effective risk pooling, however, cooperation in the social dilemma is unaffected.
Why sprint interval training is inappropriate for a largely sedentary population

Public health practitioners and researchers in behavioral medicine recognize the need to find effective physical activity interventions and prescriptions to curb the growth in inactivity and prevent chronic illness (Conn et al., 2009; Hagger, 2010; Hardcastle et al., 2012; Katzmarzyk and Lear, 2012). For example, researchers in exercise physiology have focused on the minimal dose of exercise needed to gain favorable physiological adaptations to cardiovascular and metabolic systems (Gibala et al., 2012). Efforts to identify a minimal dose of exercise are linked to the problem of exercise adherence with few people meeting current physical activity guidelines of 30 min per day of moderate intensity exercise. Given that time is the most commonly cited barrier to exercise (Trost et al., 2002; Sequeira et al., 2011), exercise professionals have focused attention on the development of time-efficient exercise interventions (Gibala, 2007). A recent development is the advocacy of Sprint Interval Training (SIT) as a means to attain substantial health benefits with a lower overall exercise volume. SIT is characterized by repeated, brief (4–6 × <30 s), intermittent bursts of all-out exercise, interspersed by periods (approximately 4.5 min) of active or passive recovery (Gibala et al., 2012). Research has consistently demonstrated that participation in SIT results in a host of physiological adaptations including improvements in health and fitness indicators (Burgomaster et al., 2006, 2008; Gibala et al., 2006, 2012; Rossow et al., 2010; Tong et al., 2011). In addition, these improvements have been reported to be equal or superior to traditional continuous aerobic training despite SIT involving a substantially lower total overall training volume (Rossow et al., 2010; Tong et al., 2011; Gibala et al., 2012; Cocks et al., 2013). Consequently, SIT is being advocated as a time-efficient alternative intervention for the achievement of fitness and health benefits through exercise (Gibala, 2007; Whyte et al., 2013).
Constructive architecture compliance checking — an experiment on support by live feedback

This paper describes our lessons learned and experiences gained from turning an analytical reverse engineering technology - architecture compliance checking - into a constructive quality engineering technique. Constructive compliance checking constantly monitors the modifications made by developers. When a structural violation is detected, the particular developer receives live feedback allowing prompt removal of the violations and hence, training the developers on the architecture. An experiment with six component development teams gives evidence that this training pro-actively prevents architecture decay. The three teams supported by the live compliance checking inserted about 60% less structural violations into the architecture than did the three other development teams. Based on the results, we claim that constructive compliance checking is a promising application of reverse engineering technology to the software implementation phase.
Clostridium difficile infection is a risk factor for bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in VRE-colonized patients with acute leukemia.

A cohort study was conducted in a cancer center to identify risk factors for bacteremia with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in neutropenic cancer patients colonized with VRE. There were 10 patients with VRE bacteremia among 56 colonized with VRE, of whose charts 51 were available for review. One hundred percent of patients with VRE bacteremia (10 of 10) vs. 56% of patients without VRE bacteremia (23 of 41) had acute leukemia (P = .01, Fisher's exact test). Four of the 10 patients with VRE bacteremia had a positive Clostridium difficile toxin assay within 6 days of their first positive VRE blood culture. Both C. difficile infection and antimicrobial (vancomycin and ciprofloxacin) use during VRE colonization were significant risk factors for VRE bacteremia in univariate analysis. When a Cox proportional hazards model was used to account for differences in follow-up time, C. difficile infection was the only statistically significant risk factor (risk ratio, 8.2; P = .007) for VRE bacteremia in VRE-colonized patients with acute leukemia.
Changing Smoking Attitudes by Strengthening Weak Antismoking Beliefs—Taiwan as an Example

I first explored the strength of Taiwanese high school students' beliefs regarding five antismoking messages. Findings of a nationwide survey showed that the students held these beliefs in the following order of decreasing strength: second-hand smoke damages health, smoking has long-term health consequences, smoking has short-term health consequences, cigarette marketers are manipulative, and smokers are perceived negatively. Experiment one further showed that antismoking ads featuring weakly held beliefs are more effective than those featuring strongly held beliefs. Experiment two demonstrated that antismoking campaigns need to be framed carefully; in general, it is more effective to positively frame messages about strongly held antismoking beliefs but negatively frame messages about weakly held antismoking beliefs.
Selection, training, and development for female international executives

This paper focuses on selecting, training and developing female executives for international assignments. The perspective explored is that of currently employed senior female executives in a wide range of organisations in a number of European countries, who have made at least one international career move. The findings of the research illustrate an organisational bias against females in the selection process for international assignments, a severe shortage of pre‐departure training and very little organisational attention given to female career development. This research is particularly relevant as European empirical research has not been conducted with senior female international executives, presumably because of their relative scarcity. Empirical work with senior female international managers in Europe is now necessary in order to explain why international management is still generally reserved for the male manager. Finally, some strategies for internationalising female managers are presented.
TP53 Mutation, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, and Stemlike Features in Breast Cancer Subtypes

Altered p53 protein is prevalently associated with the pathologic class of triple-negative breast cancers and loss of p53 function has recently been linked to the induction of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and acquisition of stemness properties. We explored the association between TP53 mutational status and expression of some genes involved in the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway (the most potent EMT inducer) and in two early EMT associated events: loss of cell polarity and acquisition of stemness-associated features. We used a publicly accessible microarray dataset consisting of 251 p53-sequenced primary breast cancers. Statistical analysis indicated that mutant p53 tumors (especially those harboring a severe mutation) were consistent with the aggressive class of triple-negative cancers and that, differently from cell cultures, surgical tumors underexpressed some TGF-β related transcription factors known as involved in EMT (ID1, ID4, SMAD3, SMAD4, SMAD5, ZEB1). These unexpected findings suggest an interesting relationship between p53 mutation, mammary cell dedifferentiation, and the concomitant acquisition of stemlike properties (as indicated by the overexpression of PROM1 and NOTCH1 genes), which improve tumor cells aggressiveness as indicated by the overexpression of genes associated with cell proliferation (CDK4, CDK6, MKI67) and migration (CXCR4, MMP1).
Electrochemical Determination of Metronidazole in Tablet Samples Using Carbon Paste Electrode

Cyclic voltammetric investigation of metronidazole at carbon paste electrode revealed an irreversible reduction peak centered at about −0.4 V. Observed peak potential shift with pH in the range 2.0 to 8.5 indicated the involvement of protons during the reduction of metronidazole, whereas the peak potential shift with scan rate in the range 10–250 mV/s confirmed the irreversibility of the reduction reaction. A better correlation coefficient for the dependence of peak current on the scan rate than on the square root of scan rate indicated an adsorption controlled kinetics. Under the optimized method and solution parameters, an excellent linearity between the reductive peak current and the concentration of metronidazole was observed in the concentration range 1.0 × 10−6 to 5.0 × 10−4 M with a correlation coefficient, method detection limit (based on s = 3σ), and limit of quantification of 0.999, 2.97 × 10−7 M and 9.91 × 10−7 M, respectively. Good recovery results for spiked metronidazole in tablet samples and selective determination of metronidazole in tablet formulations in the presence of selected potential interferents such as rabeprazole, omeprazole, and tinidazole confirmed the potential applicability of the developed method for the determination of metronidazole in real samples like pharmaceutical tablets.