Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Influence of Peer Group on Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Ekiti State

This study investigated the influence of peer group on the academic performance of secondary school students in Ekiti State. A total of 225 secondary school students were randomly selected from five mixed (boys and girls) secondary schools for participation in this study. The participants all responded to Peer Group and Adolescent’s Academic Performance (PGAAP) questionnaire. Eight hypotheses were tested in all. Independent t-test was used to test hypotheses 1 and 2, while Spearman Rank correlation co-efficient was used to test hypotheses 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Data collected were analyzed and findings showed that peers age (young and old) does not influence academic performance of secondary school students (t (198) = 7.747, P . 05). Peers pattern of socialization influence academic performance of secondary school students (R (4) = 0.6, P > . 05). Peers location influence their academic performance (R (4) = 0.25, P > . 05). Motivation of peers influence their academic performance (R (4) = 0.8, P > . 05). Use of drugs among peers influences their academic performance (R (4) = 0.4, P > . 05). Finally, peers religion affiliation have no influence on the academic performance of secondary school students (R (4) = 1.00, P > . 05). Above results suggest that age, gender and religion difference does not matter in determining academic performance among secondary school students. The result further suggest that peers relationship, socialization, location, motivation and drug use have a great influence in determining academic performance of secondary school students. However, the comparative influence of peers’ parent, home-setting and extra-curricular activities contextual variables that may differently influence academic performance was not taken into account in this study. Thus, future research should address the influence of such factors.
Corporal Punishment as a Means of Education? Patterns of Interpretation in the German Educational Discourse in the First Half of the 19th Century

In the last third of the 18th century, in the context of a general discursive reference to the child´s nature as a child and its naturalness there were attempts at making educational punishment more humane. Notwithstanding the critical debate on so called barbarious punishment, going as far as to a “campaign against stick and birch” (MÃ¶ller), after all corporal punishment was not fundamentally questioned. Also suggestions in this respect did not push through in the discourse. This contribution is meant to explain the reasons for this, with the following central thesis: In the first half of the 19th century the debate on corporal punishment produced a contradicting context of justification - out of love for the child and in view of its future social activities, it was said, in case of inappropriate behaviour a child must indeed be punished, because although being capable of reason it is at first, like an animal, only open for sensory stimuli.
Deconstructing bullying in Aotearoa / New Zealand: disclosing its liberal and colonial connections

A liberal understanding of social life has heavily influenced the manner in which bullying behaviour has been studied. Moreover, in countries with colonial histories, residues of that colonialism colour those understandings. This paper reinterprets bullying behaviour as "intimidatory practices" that carry racialized, gendered, and economic vectors. It addresses the negative effect that liberal and colonial discourses have on the construction of knowledge about bullying, demonstrating the manner in which those interpretations contribute to the reproduction of social divisions. Special reference is made to those divisions associated with ethnic difference.
Clinical features, impulsivity, temperament and functioning and their role in suicidality in patients with bipolar disorder

Our aim was to analyse sociodemographic and clinical differences between non‐suicidal (NS) bipolar patients (BP), BP reporting only suicidal ideation (SI) and BP suicide attempters according to Columbia–Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C‐SRSS) criteria. Secondarily, we also investigated whether the C‐SRSS Intensity Scale was associated with emergence of suicidal behaviour (SB).
Non-supportive disclosure in child sexual abuse : some conceptual considerations

This article critically examines conceptual models of non-supportive reactions to child sexual abuse. Drawing on findings from the KwaZulu-Natal Child Rape Study, and from related South African studies, it is proposed that available conceptualizations would benefit from: (a) an extended and more clearly articulated definition of non-supportiveness, (b) a definition of non-supportive agents which extends beyond the 'traditional focus' on maternal figures as neglectful or as 'not-good-enough" parents, and (c) a more concerted effort to conceptualize reactions to CSA as a truly social phenomenon.
Convergence between observations and interviews in clinical diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder and disinhibited social engagement disorder

Objective: A comprehensive approach is needed for diagnosing disordered attachment behavior due to the multifaceted nature of attachment. Differences between various indicators can pose a challenge for deciding on the proper diagnosis. This study assessed the convergence between clinical interview assessment and observation-based clinical diagnosis, and their linkages with inadequate care. Method: Participating children (N = 55) had intelligence quotients (IQs) between 50 and 85 and were referred for psychiatric consultation. Data were obtained by structured review of medical records, the Disturbances of Attachment Interview (DAI), and the Clinical Observation of Attachment (COA) procedure. Results: Of the 18 children identified using the DAI with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth Edition (DSM-5) diagnosis of reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and/or disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), only 7 received a clinical DSM-5 diagnosis of RAD and/or DSED. Observed maladaptive attachment behavior in the COA was strongly associated with DAI scores and with clinical diagnosis of DSM-5 RAD and/or DSED. There was a significantly higher prevalence of extremes of insufficient care in children who were classified with RAD by DAI or DSM-5 and/or with DSED by DSM-5 compared to those with no attachment disorder. Conclusions: Using structured observation and record assessment leads to more conservative identification of RAD or DSED than using the DAI.
Growth Platform-Dependent and -Independent Phenotypic and Metabolic Responses of Arabidopsis and Its Halophytic Relative, Eutrema salsugineum, to Salt Stress1[W][OA]

Eutrema salsugineum maintains its salt tolerance under very different growth conditions even though its development and metabolism show substantial growth condition-dependent differences. Comparative studies of the stress-tolerant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) halophytic relative, Eutrema salsugineum, have proven a fruitful approach to understanding natural stress tolerance. Here, we performed comparative phenotyping of Arabidopsis and E. salsugineum vegetative development under control and salt-stress conditions, and then compared the metabolic responses of the two species on different growth platforms in a defined leaf developmental stage. Our results reveal both growth platform-dependent and -independent phenotypes and metabolic responses. Leaf emergence was affected in a similar way in both species grown in vitro but the effects observed in Arabidopsis occurred at higher salt concentrations in E. salsugineum. No differences in leaf emergence were observed on soil. A new effect of a salt-mediated reduction in E. salsugineum leaf area was unmasked. On soil, leaf area reduction in E. salsugineum was mainly due to a fall in cell number, whereas both cell number and cell size contributed to the decrease in Arabidopsis leaf area. Common growth platform-independent leaf metabolic signatures such as high raffinose and malate, and low fumarate contents that could reflect core stress tolerance mechanisms, as well as growth platform-dependent metabolic responses were identified. In particular, the in vitro growth platform led to repression of accumulation of many metabolites including sugars, sugar phosphates, and amino acids in E. salsugineum compared with the soil system where these same metabolites accumulated to higher levels in E. salsugineum than in Arabidopsis. The observation that E. salsugineum maintains salt tolerance despite growth platform-specific phenotypes and metabolic responses suggests a considerable degree of phenotypic and metabolic adaptive plasticity in this extremophile.
Redundant documents and search effectiveness

The web contains a great many documents that are content-equivalent, that is, informationally redundant with respect to each other. The presence of such mutually redundant documents in search results can degrade the user search experience. Previous attempts to address this issue, most notably the TREC novelty track, were characterized by difficulties with accuracy and evaluation. In this paper we explore syntactic techniques --- particularly document fingerprinting --- for detecting content equivalence. Using these techniques on the TREC GOV1 and GOV2 corpora revealed a high degree of redundancy; a user study confirmed that our metrics were accurately identifying content-equivalence. We show, moreover, that content-equivalent documents have a significant effect on the search experience: we found that 16.6% of all relevant documents in runs submitted to the TREC 2004 terabyte track were redundant.
A Comparison of Changes in Anxiety and Depression Symptoms of Spontaneous Users and Trial Participants of a Cognitive Behavior Therapy Website

Background In randomized controlled trials Internet sites have been shown to be effective in the treatment of depression and anxiety. However, it is unclear if the positive effects demonstrated in these trials transfer to community users of such sites. Objective To compare anxiety and depression outcomes for spontaneous visitors to a publicly accessible cognitive behavior therapy website (MoodGYM) (http://moodgym.anu.edu.au) with outcomes achieved through a randomized controlled efficacy trial of the same site. Methods All community visitors to the MoodGYM site between April 2001 and September 2003 were sampled: 182 participants in the BlueMood Trial who had been randomly assigned to the MoodGYM site as part of a large trial and 19607 visitors (public registrants) to the site. Symptom assessments (quizzes) were repeated within the website intervention to allow the examination of change in symptoms across modules. Outcome variables were (1) age, gender, initial depression severity scores, and number of assessments attempted, and (2) symptom change measures based on Goldberg anxiety and depression scores recorded on a least two occasions. Results Public registrants did not differ from trial participants in gender, age, or initial level of depression, which was high for both groups relative to previously published epidemiological data sets. Trial participants completed more assessments. No significant differences in anxiety or depression change scores were observed, with both public registrants and trial participants improving through the training program. Conclusions Public registrants to a cognitive behavior therapy website show significant change in anxiety and depression symptoms. The extent of change does not differ from that exhibited by participants enrolled on the website for a randomized controlled trial.
Understanding and Treating Panic Disorder: Cognitive-Behavioural Approaches

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS AND EMPIRICAL FINDINGS Panic Attacks, Panic Disorders, and Agoraphobia Comorbidity: Panic Disorder in Context Cognitive Models Feared Sensations: What are Their Causes? Meta-Analyses of Treatment Outcome Treatment Outcome: A Closer Look Combining Psychological Treatments with Drug Therapies Predicting Treatment Outcome CLINICAL PROTOCOLS AND PROCEDURES Assessment Developing a Case Formulation Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy: An Overview Cognitive Interventions Interoceptive and Situational Exposure Adjunctive Cognitive-Behavioural Interventions Strategies for Improving Treatment Adherence and Preventing Relapse Cognitive-behavioural Protocols for Special Populations Other Psychological Treatments References Indexes.
Gay men report high rates of unprotected anal sex with partners of unknown or discordant HIV status.

OBJECTIVE To examine patterns and factors that correlate with unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) practices among San Francisco gay men, including UAI with partners of unknown or different HIV antibody status. DESIGN A longitudinal cohort recruited for the San Francisco Young Men's Health Study in 1992; re-assessed annually. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A sample of 510 unmarried gay men who were 18 to 29 years at baseline were originally recruited as part of a larger population and referral-based sample. Subjects participated in four consecutive waves of data collection. RESULTS The prevalence of reported unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) increased from 37% to 50% between 1993-1994 and 1996-1997. Almost half of all men who reported UAI in 1996-1997 indicated that it occurred with a partner of unknown or discordant HIV antibody status. This high-risk practice correlated with greater numbers of male sex partners, use of nitrite inhalants, sex in commercial sex environments, perceived difficulty controlling sexual risk-taking, and negative emotional reactions following UAI. CONCLUSIONS These data on increasing rates of sexual risk-taking further confirm trends in sexual behavior previously suggested by rising rates of rectal gonorrhea in this population. Additional and sustained prevention efforts are urgently needed in light of the very high background rates of HIV infection found among gay men in San Francisco.
Earnings Mobility Among Italian Low Paid Workers Lorenzo Cappellari

Earnings Mobility Among Italian Low Paid Workers This paper uses Italian panel data to analyse transition probabilities at the bottom of the earnings distribution during the 1990s. The analytical framework is characterised by the ability to account for the endogeneity of initial conditions, educational attainment and earnings attrition, providing a model that encompasses those applied by previous research. Results show that the three selection mechanisms are endogenous for the estimation of low pay transitions. The data also reveal considerable state dependence, i.e. the experience of low pay is found to raise, per se, the probability of subsequent low pay episodes. Low pay persistence and entry rates are found to be larger among female employees, the low educated, manual workers in small firms and workers from the South relative to otherwise comparable individuals. JEL Classification: C23, C35, D31, J31
Ratio or Length? A Proposed Methodology for Understanding Digit Ratio and Personality Using a Female Sample

Mounting evidence suggests a link between digit ratio (2D:4D) and personality – albeit with generally small effect sizes. While the identified effects are usually attributed to in utero biochemistry, the bivariate approach favored by researchers in this area does not rule out competing explanations. After first scrutinizing the independence of 2D:4D and overall finger length, we used a multivariate approach to predict the three-dimensional EPQ-R. Given that ring finger length and digit ratio varied conjointly, we introduced a logarithm of residuals model. This new method simultaneously addresses (1) the sensitivity of 2D:4D to measurement error and (2) the high correlations between 2D:4D and finger length. The traditional 2D:4D measure predicted neuroticism but not psychoticism. The logarithm of residuals model was able to identify specific personality effects for ring and index finger residuals. Both neuroticism and psychoticism were related to finger residual measures in a manner consistent with Manning.
The power reinforcement framework revisited: mobile technology and management control in home care

Whereas digital technologies are often depicted as being capable of disrupting long-standing power structures and facilitating new governance mechanisms, the power reinforcement framework suggests that information and communications technologies tend to strengthen existing power arrangements within public organizations. This article revisits the 30-year-old power reinforcement framework by means of an empirical analysis on the use of mobile technology in a large-scale programme in Danish public sector home care. It explores whether and to what extent administrative management has controlled decision-making and gained most benefits from mobile technology use, relative to the effects of the technology on the street-level workers who deliver services. Current mobile technology-in-use might be less likely to be power reinforcing because it is far more decentralized and individualized than the mainly expert-dominated and centrally controlled technologies that were the main focus of the 1970s and 1980s studies. Yet this study concludes that there is general support for the reinforcement framework in the contemporary application of mobile technology in public sector home care.
Potentiation of oxygen-induced lung injury in rats by the mechanism-based cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, 1-aminobenzotriazole.

In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) alters the susceptibility of rats to hyperoxic lung injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated i.p. with ABT (66 mg/kg), i.v. with N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole (1 micromol/kg), or the respective vehicles, followed by exposure to >95% oxygen for 24, 48, or 60 h. Pleural effusion volumes were measured as estimates of hyperoxic lung injury, and lung microsomal ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) (CYP1A1) activities and CYP1A1 apoprotein levels were determined by Western blotting. ABT-pretreated animals exposed to hyperoxia died between 48 and 60 h, whereas no deaths were observed with up to 60 h of hyperoxia in vehicle-treated animals. In addition, three of four ABT-treated rats exposed to hyperoxia for 48 h showed marked pleural effusions. Exposure of vehicle-treated rats to hyperoxia led to 6.3-fold greater lung EROD activities and greater CYP1A1 apoprotein levels than in air-breathing controls after 48 h, but both declined to control levels by 60 h. Liver CYP1A1/1A2 enzymes displayed responses to hyperoxia and ABT similar to the effects on lung CYP1A1. N-Benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole markedly inhibited lung microsomal pentoxyresorufin O-depentylation (principally CYP2B1) activities in air-breathing and hyperoxic animals but did not affect lung EROD or liver CYP activities. In conclusion, the results suggest that induction of CYP1A enzymes may serve as an adaptive response to hyperoxia, and that CYP2B1, the major pulmonary CYP isoform, does not contribute significantly to hyperoxic lung injury.
Cognitive Biases in Problem Gambling

The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of cognitive biases to negative versus positive valanced gambling words. Reaction times and error rates for a modified Stroop task were recorded for three groups of participants, corresponding to problem gamblers and high and low frequency social gamblers. Contrary to predictions, latencies for both negative and positive gambling words indicated no interference for the gambling group. Indeed, the reaction times of pathological gamblers were actually faster for positive gambling words. Overall, problem gamblers demonstrated faster reaction times and made more errors across conditions. Pathological gamblers were unaffected by negative words, whether they were general or gambling related but were faster in their response to positive gambling stimuli. It is suggested that this cognitive bias may represent an optimism bias, associated with impulsivity. The implications for research into cognitive processes in gambling are discussed.
AGN with strong forbidden high‐ionization lines selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

We have defined a sample of 63 active galactic nuclei with strong forbidden high-ionization line (FHIL) emission. These lines, with ionization potentials ≳100 eV, respond to a portion of the spectrum that is often difficult to observe directly, thereby providing constraints on the extreme ultraviolet-soft X-ray continuum. The sources are selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) on the basis of their [Fe x]λ6374 A emission, yielding one of the largest and the most homogeneous samples of FHIL-emitting galaxies. We fit a sequence of models to both FHILs ([Fe xi], [Fe x] and [Fe vii]) and lower ionization emission lines ([O iii], [O i], Hα, [N ii], [S ii]) in the SDSS spectra. These data are combined with X-ray measurements from the ROSAT satellite, which are available for half of the sample. The correlations between these parameters are discussed for both the overall sample and subsets defined by spectroscopic classifications. The primary results are evidence that (1) the [Fe x] and [Fe xi] lines are photoionized and their strength is proportional to the continuum flux around 250 eV, (2) the FHIL-emitting clouds form a stratified outflow in which the [Fe x] and [Fe xi] source regions extend sufficiently close to the broad-line region that they are partially obscured in Seyfert 2s, whereas the [Fe vii] source region is more extended and is unaffected by obscuration, (3) narrow-lined Seyfert 1s (NLS1s) tend to have the strongest [Fe x] flux (relative to lower ionization lines) and (4) the most extreme [Fe x] ratios (such as [Fe x]/[O iii] or [Fe x]/[Fe vii]) are found in the NLS1s with the narrowest broad lines and appear to be an optical-band indication of objects with strong X-ray soft excesses.
An Unexpected Success Story: Transition to Adulthood in Youth With Chronic Physical Health Conditions

We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY; 1987) to examine the relationship between having a chronic physical health condition during youth (ages 14 to 21), and the subsequent transition to adulthood among a nationally representative sample (10,485), followed from 1979 to 1986. We controlled for theoretically important baseline characteristics of the youths and their families in multivariate regression models examining educational attainment, marriage, income, unemployment, and self-esteem. Analyses suggest that adolescents and young adults with chronic physical health conditions are at a slightly higher risk of problems in early adult life, but these effects are overshadowed by more potent social, economic, and demographic characteristics of both the youths and their families of origin. These results were unexpected; we had hypothesized a wide variety of mechanisms whereby individuals with chronic conditions would not perform as well as their healthy peers in adult roles. For you.