Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extending a configuration model to find communities in complex networks

Discovery of communities in complex networks is a fundamental data analysis task in various domains. Generative models are a promising class of techniques for identifying modular properties from networks, which has been actively discussed recently. However, most of them cannot preserve the degree sequence of networks, which will distort the community detection results. Rather than using a blockmodel as most current works do, here we generalize a configuration model, namely, a null model of modularity, to solve this problem. Towards decomposing and combining sub-graphs according to the soft community memberships, our model incorporates the ability to describe community structures, something the original model does not have. Also, it has the property, as with the original model, that it fixes the expected degree sequence to be the same as that of the observed network. We combine both the community property and degree sequence preserving into a single unified model, which gives better community results compared with other models. Thereafter, we learn the model using a technique of nonnegative matrix factorization and determine the number of communities by applying consensus clustering. We test this approach both on synthetic benchmarks and on real-world networks, and compare it with two similar methods. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our method over competing methods in detecting both disjoint and overlapping communities.
Use of habitat heterogeneity in salmonid spawning habitat rehabilitation design

A shortage of salmonid spawning habitat on dammed and regulated rivers has led to the popularity of spawning habitat rehabilitation projects. Habitat heterogeneity is thought to be an important feature of aquatic ecosystems, but specific metrics for design and assessment are lacking. In August 2002, ~ 2,786 metric tons of spawning gravels and 7 large boulders were placed in a 155 meter reach on the lower Mokelumne River, California, USA. Habitat heterogeneity was incorporated into the design as part of a spawning habitat integrated rehabilitation approach (SHIRA) developed by the authors. A mix of conceptual and numerical models (2D hydrodynamic with habitat suitability and sediment entrainment submodels ) were used to test the effectiveness of design scenarios. Although optimal spawning habitat as defined by habitat suitability models is generally found in riffles, proximity of habitat to structural cover (pools, large woody debris, boulder clusters and overhanging vegetation) and hydrodynamic shear zones provide equally important refuge from predation and resting zones for energy conservation. The increased heterogeneity appeared highly effective in terms of redd utilization with 70 redds located in close proximity to 93% of the available structural cover, and 42 redds located in close proximity to 90% of the available shear zone refugia. Partial results emphasizing habitat heterogeneity availability and utilization metrics are presented to illustrate their potential in rehabilitation design and assessment. Habitat Simulation and Impact Assessments 2 framework was used to plan, design, construct and monitor the project; but details of the approach, provided in Wheaton et al. (2004a; 2004b), are not discussed here. The structural features used to provide habitat heterogeneity are themselves microhabitat scale (10 to 10 m) features but produce heterogeneity over the macrohabitat or morphological-unit scale (10 to 10 m).
How to drain without lymphatics? Dendritic cells migrate from the cerebrospinal fluid to the B-cell follicles of cervical lymph nodes.

The lack of draining lymphatic vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) contributes to the so-called "CNS immune privilege. " However, despite such a unique anatomic feature, dendritic cells (DCs) are able to migrate from the CNS to cervical lymph nodes through a yet unknown pathway. In this report, labeled bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs were injected stereotaxically into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or brain parenchyma of normal rats. We found that DCs injected within brain parenchyma migrate little from their site of injection and do not reach cervical lymph nodes. In contrast, intra-CSF-injected DCs either reach cervical lymph nodes or, for a minority of them, infiltrate the subventricular zone, where neural stem cells reside. Surprisingly, DCs that reach cervical lymph nodes preferentially target B-cell follicles rather than T-cell-rich areas. This report sheds a new light on the specific role exerted by CSF-infiltrating DCs in the control of CNS-targeted immune responses.
Readability of Characters on Display Faceplates in Terms of Human Sensation

Readability tests were carried out for three types of displays; a TFT-LCD with backlight of white LED matrices, a TFT-LCD with backlight of two-row cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), and a CRT. Readability of the TFT-LCD with backlight of white LED matrices was highest among the others from the viewpoint of flicker and luminance unevenness. The efficiency of VDT operations contiguously carried out for up to 90 minutes for the TFT-LCD with backlight of white LED matrices was higher than the other two types of displays by a factor of 10 to 20 %, since the readability for up to 30 minutes was greatly improved by TFT-LCD with backlight of white LED matrices. Throughout these experimental studies, we found that the temperature rise was recognized of the cilliary muscles surrounding the eye lenses, when measured on the infra-red thermometer, due to fatigue of the cilliary muscles during the VDT operations.
Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Cardiac Injury and Regeneration in Zebrafish Adult Heart

Aims the adult zebrafish heart regenerates spontaneously after injury and has been used to study the mechanisms of cardiac repair. However, no zebrafish model is available that mimics ischemic injury in mammalian heart. We developed and characterized zebrafish cardiac injury induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) and the regeneration that followed it. Methods and Results adult zebrafish were kept either in hypoxic (H) or normoxic control (C) water for 15 min; thereafter fishes were returned to C water. Within 2–6 hours (h) after reoxygenation there was evidence of cardiac oxidative stress by dihydroethidium fluorescence and protein nitrosylation, as well as of inflammation. We used Tg(cmlc2:nucDsRed) transgenic zebrafish to identify myocardial cell nuclei. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis were evidenced by TUNEL and Acridine Orange (AO) staining, respectively; 18 h after H/R, 9.9±2.6% of myocardial cell nuclei were TUNEL+ and 15.0±2.5% were AO+. At the 30-day (d) time point myocardial cell death was back to baseline (n = 3 at each time point). We evaluated cardiomyocyte proliferation by Phospho Histone H3 (pHH3) or Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) expression. Cardiomyocyte proliferation was apparent 18–24 h after H/R, it achieved its peak 3–7d later, and was back to baseline at 30d. 7d after H/R 17.4±2.3% of all cardiomyocytes were pHH3+ and 7.4±0.6% were PCNA+ (n = 3 at each time point). Cardiac function was assessed by 2D-echocardiography and Ventricular Diastolic and Systolic Areas were used to compute Fractional Area Change (FAC). FAC decreased from 29.3±2.0% in normoxia to 16.4±1.8% at 18 h after H/R; one month later ventricular function was back to baseline (n = 12 at each time point). Conclusions zebrafish exposed to H/R exhibit evidence of cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation, myocardial cell death and proliferation. The initial decrease in ventricular function is followed by full recovery. This model more closely mimics reperfusion injury in mammals than other cardiac injury models.
Stress Reactions in the Face of the “Good Cancer.” Correlates of Posttraumatic Growth in Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid cancer has been rapidly increasing in incidence. Little is known about the psychological impact of thyroid cancer beyond the impact on quality of life. Moreover, there is scant research on the potential positive outcomes following a diagnosis of thyroid cancer. This study investigated the experience of distress and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in thyroid cancer survivors. This study used a cross sectional design to survey 259 women with thyroid cancer across Canada and the United States. Age, time since diagnosis, recurrence, coping, social support, rumination, anxiety, depression, physical health-related quality of life, health locus of control, and health behaviour change were examined in relation to five dimensions of PTG. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to examine predictors of PTG. Moderation analysis was used to explore the impact of social support on coping and PTG. Findings from the regression analyses revealed that Positive Reappraisal style of coping was a significant predictor of factors relating to PTG including Relating to Others (R change=.18), New Possibilities (R change=.38), Personal Strength (R change=.07), Spiritual Change (R change=.28), Appreciation of Life (R change=.15), and total PTG (R change=.36). Social Support emerged as a moderator between Distancing as a style of coping and Relating to Others (R change=.16). Participants reported significantly higher levels of distress and moderate degrees of PTG. Being
Directness and liveness in the morphic user interface construction environment

Morphic is a user interface construction environment that strives to embody directness and liveness. Directness means a user interface designer can initiate the process of examining or changing the attributes, structure, and behavior of user interface components by pointing at their graphical representations directly. Liveness means the user interface is always active and reactive-+bjects respond to user actions, animations run, layout happens, and information displays update continuously. Four implementation techniques work together to support directness and liveness in Morphic: structural reification, layout reification, ubiquitous animation, and live editing.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission in powerful high-redshift radio galaxies

We present the mid-infrared (IR) spectra of seven of the most powerful radio-galaxies known to exist at 1.5 < z < 2.6. The radio emission of these sources is dominated by the AGN with 500 MHz luminosities in the range 10^(27.8)–10^(29.1) W Hz^(−1). The AGN signature is clearly evident in the mid-IR spectra; however, we also detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission, indicative of prodigious star formation at a rate of up to ∼1000 M_⊙ yr^(−1). Interestingly, we observe no significant correlation between AGN power and star formation in the host galaxy. We also find most of these radio galaxies to have weak 9.7 μm silicate absorption features (τ_(9.7 μm) < 0.8) which implies that their mid-IR obscuration is predominantly due to the dusty torus that surrounds the central engine, rather than the host galaxy. The tori are likely to have an inhomogeneous distribution with the obscuring structure consisting of individual clouds. We estimate that these radio galaxies have already formed the bulk of their stellar mass and appear to lie at a stage in their evolution where the obscured AGN dominates the energy output of the system but star formation is also prevalent.
The asymptotic CRLB for the spectrum of ARMA processes

This paper addresses the issue of quantifying the frequency domain accuracy of autoregressive moving average (ARMA) spectral estimates as dictated by the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). Classical work in this area has led to expressions that are asymptotically exact as both data length and model order tend to infinity, although they are commonly used in finite model order and finite data length settings as approximations. More recent work has established quantifications that, for AR models, are exact for finite model order. By employing new analysis methods based on rational orthonormal parameterizations, together with the ideas of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, this paper develops quantifications that extend this previous work by being exact for finite model order in all of the AR, MA, and ARMA system cases. These quantifications, via their explicit dependence on poles and zeros of the underlying spectral factor, reveal certain fundamental aspects of the accuracy achievable by spectral estimates of ARMA processes.
Effect of cytochalasin B on the maturation of enveloped viruses

The maturation of two enveloped viruses, influenza and vesicular stomatitis, occurs in cells treated with cytochalasin B. Virions produced in the presence of 50 microgram/ml cytochalasin B (CB) appear to be as infectious as those from control cells, indicating that polymerized actin is not required for the assembly of functional viral components. CB inhibits the release of influenza virus from treated cells, a phenomenon which appears to be a result of the synthesis of an aberrant neuraminidase (NA) glycoprotein; virions grown in CB-treated cells had a 90% reduction in specific enzymatic activity. We found that both influenza viral glycoproteins (NA and Hemagglutinin glycoprotein) had faster electrophoretic mobilities and were more heterogeneous in CB- treated cells as compared with controls. We also observed complete inhibition of incorporation of labeled glucosamine into viral glycoproteins in the presence of the drug. It was of interest that CB- induced inhibition of glycosylation appeared to cause loss of neuraminidase function, whereas hemagglutinating activity was not noticeably impaired. The presence of altered glycoproteins did not significantly diminish the infectivity of either influenza virus or vesicular stomatitis virus. Our results indicate that no step in the maturation of enveloped viruses is dependent upon an intact cytoskeletal network.
Detecting Design Defects Caused by Design Rule Violations

Research has shown that unintended violations of dependencies can incur modularity decay, higher maintenance cost, and software defects. However, dependency violations may be undetected by traditional software verification and validation techniques. In this paper, we present an approach to detect potential design defects caused by the violation of design rules. We identify the patterns of how different components change together to implement modification requests, and use a logical model to predict change scope according to the design rule theory. We then calculate the differences between the predicted and actual co-change patterns to reveal potential defects. To evaluate our approach, we investigated the version history of 15 releases of Hadoop and 9 releases of Derby. Our approach revealed such issues as poorly designed inheritance hierarchies, tightly coupled cyclical dependencies, and code clones. Some problems we identified were indeed refactored in later versions, validating the effectiveness of our approach.
Every saint has a past, and every sinner has a future: Influences of regulatory focus on consumers’ moral self-regulation

Moral decisions in the marketplace largely depend on consumers’ own behavioral history. Psychology literature distinguishes two possible routes for consumers’ sequential moral decision making: moral balancing and moral consistency. Moral balancing refers to consumers’ deviation from the moral stance reflected in their past decisions; moral consistency implies that consumers repeat their prior moral and immoral decisions. Drawing on regulatory focus theory, four experimental studies affirm that balancing effects occur for consumers with a strong promotion focus, but consistency is more pronounced for prevention-focused consumers; the studies also elucidate the processes underlying these effects. In addition, the promotion-balancing effect, but not the prevention-repetition effect, disappears if the second decision is unambiguously moral or immoral. These findings contribute to a better understanding of morality in the marketplace by showing that the prevention-repetition effect from psychology literature arises in consumption situations, and the promotion-balancing effect emerges as a new consumer behavior phenomenon.
Manual NephelometricMethodsfor Immunochemical Determinationof ImmunoglobulinslgG , IgA , and ! gM inHumanSerum 1

Manual procedures are presented for determining immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, and 1gM in human serum. The three immunoglobulins are quantitated, after reaction with specific ant sera, by measuring light scattering by the antigen-antibody complexes. The procedure is standardized by use of pooled human serum with known concentrations of IgG, IgA, and 1gM. Results with the present system correlated excellently with results of either radial immunodiffusion or an automated immunochemical procedure. Precision of duplicate determinations for the lgG, IgA, and 1gM methods is 5.37, 1.30, and 5.36% (CV), respectively.
The universe of symmetry breaking tasks

This brief announcement introduces the family of generalized symmetry breaking (GSB) tasks, that includes election, renaming and many other symmetry breaking tasks. Differently from agreement tasks, a GSB task is "inputless", in the sense that processes do not propose values; the task specifies only the symmetry breaking requirement, independently of the system's initial state (where processes differ only on their identifiers). Among various results characterizing the family of GSB tasks, it is shown that (non adaptive) perfect renaming is universal for all GSB tasks.
How to evaluate word embeddings? On importance of data efficiency and simple supervised tasks

Maybe the single most important goal of representation learning is making subsequent learning faster. Surprisingly, this fact is not well reflected in the way embeddings are evaluated. In addition, recent practice in word embeddings points towards importance of learning specialized representations. We argue that focus of word representation evaluation should reflect those trends and shift towards evaluating what useful information is easily accessible. Specifically, we propose that evaluation should focus on data efficiency and simple supervised tasks, where the amount of available data is varied and scores of a supervised model are reported for each subset (as commonly done in transfer learning). In order to illustrate significance of such analysis, a comprehensive evaluation of selected word embeddings is presented. Proposed approach yields a more complete picture and brings new insight into performance characteristics, for instance information about word similarity or analogy tends to be non--linearly encoded in the embedding space, which questions the cosine-based, unsupervised, evaluation methods. All results and analysis scripts are available online.
On a possible new type of a T odd skewon field linked to electromagnetism

In the framework of generally covariant (pre-metric) electrodynamics ("charge & flux electrodynamics"), the Maxwell equations can be formulated in terms of the electromagnetic excitation H = (D, H) and the field strength F = (E, B). If the spacetime relation linking H and F is assumed to be linear, the electromagnetic properties of (vacuum) spacetime axe encoded into 36 components of the vacuum constitutive tensor density chi. We study the propagation of electromagnetic waves and find that the metric of spacetime emerges eventually from the principal part ((1))chi of chi (20 independent components). In this article, we concentrate on the remaining skewon part (2) X (15 components) and the axion part ((3))chi (1 component). The skewon part, as we'll show for the first time, can be represented by a 2nd rank traceless tensor S-i(j). By means of the Fesnel equation, we discuss how this tensor disturbs the light cones. Accordingly, this is a mechanism for violating Lorentz invariance and time symmetry. In contrast, the (Abelian) axion part ((3))chi does not interfere with the light cones.
Effects of Head Start participation on cognitive and social functioning of children in the United States

This study examined the effects of Head start participation on the cognitive and social functioning of children 6 to 14 years of age in the United States. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 1998, the study found that children who participated in a Head Start program performed poorly on cognitive functioning, whether it was measured by math ability, reading recognition, or reading comprehension. They lagged significantly behind children who attended some other form of preschool program, as well as those who had not attended any preschool program. The gap was largely due to the differences in racial and maternal and family background characteristics of the three groups of children, with the Head Start group being over-represented by children of black and Hispanic origins, who were born to and had been brought up by younger and less educated mothers, had larger number of siblings, lived in households where the father was absent and where parents' involvement in children's school activities was low. When controlled for racial, maternal and family backgrounds, the differences between the three groups of
The Affective Computing Approach to Affect Measurement

Affective computing (AC) adopts a computational approach to study affect. We highlight the AC approach towards automated affect measures that jointly model machine-readable physiological/behavioral signals with affect estimates as reported by humans or experimentally elicited. We describe the conceptual and computational foundations of the approach followed by two case studies: one on discrimination between genuine and faked expressions of pain in the lab, and the second on measuring nonbasic affect in the wild. We discuss applications of the measures, analyze measurement accuracy and generalizability, and highlight advances afforded by computational tipping points, such as big data, wearable sensing, crowdsourcing, and deep learning. We conclude by advocating for increasing synergies between AC and affective science and offer suggestions toward that direction.
Is IT Enough? Evidence from a Natural Experiment in India's Agriculture Markets

Access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) such as mobile phone networks is widely known to improve market efficiency. In this paper, we examine whether access to timely and accurate information provided through ICT applications has any additional impact. Using a detailed data set from Reuters Market Light (RML), a text message service in India that provides daily price information to market participants, we find that this information reduces the geographic price dispersion of crops in rural communities by an average of 12%, over and above access to mobile phone technology and other means of communication. To identify the effect of information on price dispersion, we exploit a natural experiment where bulk text messages were banned unexpectedly across India for 12 days in 2010. We find that besides reducing geographic price dispersion, RML also increases the rate at which prices converge across India over time. We discuss the implications of this for development organizations and information providers. This paper was accepted by Lorin Hitt, information systems .
Fast formant estimation by complex analysis of LPC coefficients

This paper describes a selective root finding method based in residue theory. It can find the poles of the LPC model of the speech signal close to the unit circle, without spend computations with the lesser significant internal poles. This feature makes it faster than generic root-finding methods, if the founded poles complain certain specifications. With a high order LPC model, the selected poles are in better correspondence with the formants than the local maxima of the spectral envelope. Experimental results are showed.