Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prolactin-stimulated growth of cell cultures established from malignant Nb rat lymphomas.

A malignant Nb rat lymphoma which in vivo is stimulated by estrogens has been established in suspension culture. The cultured cells grew readily in Fischer's medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (10%) and 2-mercaptoethanol (10(-4) M). If horse serum was substituted for fetal calf serum, population growth ceased; i.e., cultures became "stationary. " Such stationary cultures could be induced to resume active growth by the addition of a pituitary hormone, prolactin (ovine, rat); concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml had a detectable effect. In contrast, other pituitary hormones or estrogens had little or no effect. The evidence in this and an accompanying paper suggests that prolactin (or related substances) has a role in the growth of some cancers of lymphoid origin in rats.
Fission yeast cyclin: subcellular localisation and cell cycle regulation

Summary Entry into mitosis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe involves the interaction of a number of genes with the major cell cycle control gene, cdc2+. One of these, cdc13+, encodes a protein with homology to cyclin. By indirect immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to the appropriate bacterially-expressed protein, we have shown that both cdc13 and cdc2 are nuclear proteins in S. pombe. Both are localised to a nuclear domain distinct from that occupied by the DAPI-staining chromatin. The immunofluorescence signals of both proteins show a progressive increase during interphase but are undetectable at mitosis. Loss of cdc13 fluorescence at mitosis reflects the destruction of the protein. Thus, it behaves as a classic cyclin. This is not the case for cdc2, the level of which remains constant through the cell cycle. Cells carrying a disrupted copy of the cdc13+ gene fail to accumulate either cdc13 or cdc2 in the nucleus. Cells carrying a disrupted cdc2+ gene fail to accumulate cdc2 but reveal apparently normal Levels of cdc13. cdc13 therefore appears to be required to localise cdc2 to the nucleus but not vice versa. The destruction of cdc13 at mitosis may allow cdc2 to redistribute to the cytoplasm.
Normal Chaos: A New Research Paradigm for Understanding Practice

Our key point is this: if practitioners always have to work in imperfect ways with imperfect tools, with imperfect understanding using imperfect information and within imperfect systems where the degree of control available is limited, how do they cope, managerially (i.e., “deal effectively” with the issues before them)? As researchers, we believe the answer to that question is not known and, accordingly, we recommend a new research paradigm for understanding practice more generally. We call that paradigm normal chaos.
Developmental and regional expression of thyroid hormone receptor genes during Xenopus metamorphosis.

A characteristic feature of the obligatory control of amphibian metamorphosis by thyroid hormones is the early acquisition of response of tadpole tissues to these hormones well before the latter are secreted, with 'exponentially' increasing hormonal sensitivity upon the onset of metamorphosis. We have therefore analyzed the expression of the two thyroid hormone receptor genes (TR alpha and beta) before, during and after metamorphosis in Xenopus tadpoles and froglets. Using non-cross-hybridizing cRNA probes for 5' and 3' sequences of Xenopus TR alpha and beta transcripts for RNAase protection assays, the two mRNAs can be detected in tadpoles as early as stage 39. Their concentration increases abruptly at stage 44 and continues to increase differentially at the onset of metamorphosis (stage 55) and through metamorphic climax at stages 58-62, after which they decline upon completion of metamorphosis at stage 66. Quantitative densitometric scanning of autoradiograms showed that, although the concentration of TR beta transcripts is about 1/30th of that of TR alpha mRNA at stages 44-48, depending on the region, it accumulates 3-10 times more rapidly than does the alpha isoform during further development. A substantial proportion of the increase in TR beta mRNA is localized to the head region of tadpoles. Using the hormone-binding domain (HBD) and 3' end of Xenopus TR alpha cRNA as probe for in situ hybridization, the highest concentration of TR transcripts in stage 44 tadpoles is seen in the brain and spinal cord. High concentrations of mRNA are also present in the intestinal epithelium and tail tip, tissues programmed for regression. At later stages (55 onwards), strong hybridization signals are also exhibited by hindlimb buds. This pattern persists through metamorphic climax, after which TR mRNAs decline in all tissues to low levels in froglets at stage 66. In developing froglets, TR transcripts were detected in large amounts in the cytoplasm of stage 1 and 2 oocytes but the rate of their accumulation did not increase with further oocyte growth. This observation raises the possibility that the response to thyroid hormones at early stages of tadpoles (42-44) may be due to TR synthesized on maternally derived mRNA. Exposure of tadpoles at premetamorphic stages (48-52) to exogenous thyroid hormone (T3) substantially enhanced the accumulation of TR mRNA, especially that of TR beta message, which could explain the accelerated increase in sensitivity of tadpoles to thyroid hormones at the onset of natural metamorphosis. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Antenna saturation effects on MIMO capacity

A theoretically derived antenna saturation point is shown to exist for MIMO systems, at which the system suffers a capacity growth decrease from linear to logarithmic with increasing antenna numbers. We show this saturation point increases linearly with the radius of the region containing the receiver antennas and is independent of the number of antennas. Using an alternative formulation of capacity for MIMO systems we derive a closed form capacity expression, which uses the physics of signal propagation combined with statistics of the scattering environment. This expression gives the capacity of a MIMO system in terms of antenna placement and scattering environment and show that the saturation effect is due to spatial correlation between receiver antennas.
ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL ONLINE COLLABORATIVE FACILITATION

Online facilitation in a cross-cultural collaborative context is increasingly prevalent, but limited research has been conducted on the related issues, two of which are examined in this paper with reference to the empirical data of an exploratory user trial involving multinational facilitators, students and researchers. Results of our meticulous content analysis of online forum messages and videoconference protocols indicate that interpersonal relationships seem not necessary for realizing the task of online collaborative facilitation by a group of facilitators with salient group identity and fixed-term collaboration. The duration of the collaboration and the availability of social cues cannot consistently explain the group’s heavy task-orientation. Sociograms illustrate the patterns of facilitator-student interactions. No consistent findings indicate that active facilitation could yield significantly higher students’ performances.
RELATION BETWEEN SUMMARY BRAIN ACTIVITY AND MEMBRANE POTENTIAL CHANGES IN NEOCORTICAL NEURONS DURING SLOW-WAVE SLEEP

Der Slow-Wave-Schlaf wird durch den spontanen Wechsel zwischen Aktivitat und Schweigen im thalamokortikalen Netzwerk gekennzeichnet, der im EEG als langsame Oszillationen unter 4Hz geausert wird. Fur die Untersuchung der Oszillationen haben wir die gleichzeitige Aufnahme des EEG und der innerneuronalen Aktivitat von 2-4 neokortikalen Neuronen gemacht. Wir haben den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Ansetzen der Aktiv- und Schweigeperioden in Neuronen und EEG analysiert. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse haben wir (i) eine neue Methode zur Auffindung von Aktiv- und Schweigeperioden im EEG-Signal vorgeschlagen, (ii) die Hypothesen uber den Ursprung aktiver Perioden getestet, (iii) den Beitrag von Zellengruppen zur Amplitude der EEG-Wellen aufgezeigt. Unsere Ergebnisse ermoglichen ein besseres Verstandnis der Mechanismen von langsamen Oszillationen und liefern ein neues Mittel zur Untersuchung von Gehirnfunktionen wahrend der diversen Aktivitatsperioden des thalamokortikalen Netzwerkes.
How Do College Students Form Expectations?

This study focuses on how college students form expectations about various major-specific outcomes. For this purpose, I collect a panel data set of Northwestern University undergraduates that contains their subjective expectations about major-specific outcomes. Although students tend to be overconfident about their future academic performance, they revise their expectations in expected ways. The updating process is found to be consistent with a Bayesian learning model. I show that learning plays a role in the decision to switch majors and that major switchers respond to information from their own major. I also present evidence that learning is general and not entirely major specific.
Cavity and projectile dynamics in intermediate

The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. LIBRARIES Signature of Jakub K. Kominiarczuk: Cavity and projectile dynamics in intermediate Froude number water entry. Quidquid agis, prudenter agas et respicefinem ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to sincerely thank Professor Dick K. P. Yue for his guidance and mentoring during the progress of this project. I am also grateful to Dr Kelli Hendrickson for her help, mentoring, and friendliness that she always showed when needed most. Additionally, the author is indebted to the wider Vortical Flow Research Lab group, especially to Grgur Tokic for his precious time spent at explaining how fish swim, Tadd Truscott for the entire summer spent at building the illumination system, and Areti Kiara for the valuable time at the beginning of my project. The author owes gratitude to Anna Labno, who constantly supported him and went through many storms without a shade of hesitation. Finally, the author is most indebted to his parents and family who provided unwavering support throughout my studies at MIT, providing a wider perspective and encouragement .
Coordination using implicit communication

We explore a basic noise-free signaling scenario where coordination and communication are naturally merged. A random signal X<inf>1</inf>, …, X<inf>n</inf> is processed to produce a control signal or action sequence A<inf>1</inf>, …, A<inf>n</inf>, which is observed and further processed (without access to X<inf>1</inf>, …, X<inf>n</inf>) to produce a third sequence B<inf>1</inf>, …, B<inf>n</inf>. The object of interest is the set of empirical joint distributions p(x, a, b) that can be achieved in this setting. We show that H(A) ≥ I(X;A,B) is the necessary and sufficient condition for achieving p(x, a, b) when no causality constraints are enforced on the encoders. We also give results for various causality constraints. This setting sheds light on the embedding of digital information in analog signals, a concept that is exploited in digital watermarking, steganography, cooperative communication, and strategic play in team games such as bridge.
First Grant research note : Audio time-frequency analysis as probabilistic inference

This research note proposes a new view of audio time-frequency analysis as a probilistic inference problem. That is, given an incoming signal, the goal is to infer the underlying the time-frequency coefficients using Bayes’ rule. The note begins by building a bridge between this inferential view of audio time-frequency analysis and traditional approaches, providing examples of inference problems that have optimal solutions corresponding to the short time-Fourier transform, spectrogram, filter bank, and wavelet representations. The same framework unifies a number of existing probabilistic models for audio time-series, which simplifies the literature substantially. The new theoretical perspective addresses three practical limitations of classical time-frequency analysis since well developed tools of probabilistic inference can be applied. First parameter learning methods can be used to adapt the properties of the time-frequency representation to the possibly changing statistics of the signal. Second, probabilistic methods naturally handle uncertainty, meaning the new time-frequency representations can be extended to noisy and missing data settings. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the modularity of probabilistic methods enables them to be extended and improved.
Toxic Effects of Copper, Cadmium, and Methoxychlor Shown by Neutral Red Retention Assay in Two Species of Freshwater Molluscs

We used neutral red retention assay in lysosomes of digestive gland cells as an indicator for stress effects by the environmental contaminants Cu, Cd, and the pesticide methoxychlor in two freshwater molluscs, the unionid mussel, Elliptio complanata (Lightfoot) and the ramshorn snail Helisoma trivolvis (Say). Mussels and snails were exposed for 7 and 14 days to Cu and Cd each at nominal concentrations of 2.5 µg/L, 5.0 µg/L, and 10.0 µg/L, and to methoxychlor concentrations of 1.0 µg/L, 10.0µg/L, and 100.0 µg/L. Both mussels and snails exposed to Cu showed a significant increase in the percent of destabilized lysosomes compared with lab control and freshly-collected (field control) mussels at both 7 and 14 days exposure for all concentrations. Cd-exposed mussels did not show a significant difference with either of the controls at 7 days, but at 14 days exposure, Cd significantly increased the percent of destabilized lysosomes at all concentrations compared to field control mussels. Compared to laboratory controls, Cd increased lysosomal destabilization at 5.0 µg/L and 10.0 µg/L. Snails exposed to Cd for 7 days had a significantly higher percentage of lysosomal destabilization than both lab and field controls but at 14 days, significant differences were only seen at the two highest Cd concentrations. Methoxychlor-exposed mussels showed no significant lysosomal destabilization at 7 days compared to controls. But at 14 days exposure, the pesticide increased the percentage of lysosomal destabilization at 10.0µg/L compared to lab controls, and increased at both 10.0µg/L and 100.0µg/L compared to field control mussels. Methoxychlor-exposed snails had a higher percentage of lysosomal destabilization at 7 and 14 days at all concentrations compared to both controls with the exception of the 1.0 µg/L -7 day exposure group. Snails were more sensitive to Cd and to methoxychlor than were mussels possibly because they lack an operculum and are thus completely exposed to the environment. The lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for Cd was 2.5 µg/L (14 days) for Elliptio and 2.5 µg/L (7 and 14 days) for Helisoma. For methoxychlor, the LOEC was 10.0 µg/L (14 days) for Elliptio and 10.0 and 1.0 µg/L (7 and 14 days, respectively) for Helisoma. The LOEC for Cu was 2.5 µg/L (7 and 14 day exposure) for both Elliptio and Helisoma. These results show that lysosomal destabilization as indicated by neutral red retention is a reliable indicator of stress from heavy metals and a pesticide in freshwater molluscs, including a taxon that is endangered or threatened in North America.
A Comparative Analysis of Decision Trees Based Classifiers for Road Detection in Urban Environments

In this paper a comparative analysis of decision trees based classifiers is presented. Two different approaches are presented, the first one is a speficic classifier depending on the type of scene. The second one is a general classifier for every type of scene. Both approaches are trained with a set of features that enclose texture, color, shadows, vegetation and other 2D features. As well as 2D features, 3D features are taken into account, such as normals, curvatures and heights with respect to the ground plane. Several tests are made on five different classifiers to get the best parameters configuration and obtain the importance of each features in the final classification. In order to compare the results of this paper with the state of the art, the system has been tested on the KITTI Benchmark public dataset.
Uniform oscillations of the local timeof iterated Brownian motionNathalie EISENBAUM 1 and

(1996) and Xiao (1997) have given some interesting information about the modulus of continuity of the local time of iterated Brownian motion. The aim of this paper is to provide the exact rate functions, respectively for the modulus of continuity and for the modulus of non{diierentiability. Our approach strongly relies on Ray{Knight theorems for Brownian local times and on ne properties of Bessel processes. of continuity; modulus of non{diierentiability.
Does Use of ICT Relate with the way it is Perceived? Evidence from Makerere University

The survey sought to establish how perceived relative advantage, computability, user friendliness and observability related to use of ICT. Quantitative data was collected from 145 teachers, 124 administrators and 175 students using a questionnaire, whose validity and reliability were assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Cronbach’s alpha respectively. Descriptive analysis was done using percentages and means, while hypotheses were tested using Multiple Regression. Results suggested that perceived relative advantage, user friendliness and observability were significant positive correlates of use of ICT, while perceived compatibility was not. These findings imply that to enhance ICT adoption in the University, ICT change agents have to raise and maintain perceived relative advantage of ICT among teachers, senior administrators and graduate students via training. They should acquire user friendly ICT whose user interfaces (e.g. screens) give clues to users on what to enter and how to enter, in addition to being accompanied by user manuals. The change agents should enhance perceived observability of ICT, during training, by bringing out vivid examples of teachers, senior administrators and graduate students in other universities that have benefited from integrating ICT in their respective endeavours as employees and clients of universities. General terms: Higher education, ICT, innovation adoption, Makerere University, perceived innovation characteristics, regression
International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease Dovepress Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of End-stage Renal Disease Patients with Self-reported Pruritus Symptoms

One of the most common conditions affecting end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is pruritus. Studies report that itchy and dry skin, symptoms of pruritus, affect 40%–90% of ESRD patients. Yet, in clinical practice the condition is often underdiagnosed resulting in inadequate management and an underappreciated impact on patient outcomes. Two retrospective analyses were conducted: a preliminary analysis of ESRD patients with pruritus symptoms (n=73,124) undergoing HD or peritoneal dialysis at a large dialysis provider and a subsequent detailed analysis of a homogenous subset of patients undergoing in-center HD (n=38,315). The goal was to better understand the clinical burden of pruritus as it relates to patient characteristics, quality of life, medication use, and HD compliance. This population is commonly burdened by multiple comorbidities and related polypharmaceutical management; identifying the relationship of pruritus to these ailments can help guide future research and resource allocation. The detailed analysis confirmed trends observed in the preliminary analysis: 30% reported being " moderately " to " extremely bothered " by itchiness. The HD patient population with the highest severity of self-reported pruritus also had a consistent trend in overall increased resource utilization – higher monthly doses of erythropoietin-stimulating agents (53,397.1 to 63,405.4 units) and intravenous (IV) iron (237.2 to 247.6 units) and higher use of IV antibiotics (14.1% to 20.7%), as well as poorer quality-of-life measures (25-point reductions in Burden of Disease Score and Effects on Daily Life subscales of the Kidney Disease Quality of Life-36 survey). These results highlight the need to better identify and manage ESRD patients impacted by pruritus, as this symptom is associated with negative clinical outcomes and increased resource utilization. Further studies are needed to evaluate the current economic burden of pruritus in ESRD patients and create possible options for an improved pharmacoeconomic profile in this patient population.
Systematically variable planktonic carbon metabolism along a land-to-lake gradient in a Great Lakes coastal zone

During the summers of 2002–2013, we measured rates of carbon metabolism in surface waters of six sites across a land-to-lake gradient from the upstream end of drowned river-mouth Muskegon Lake (ML) (freshwater estuary) to 19 km offshore in Lake Michigan (LM) (a Great Lake). Despite considerable inter-year variability, the average rates of gross production (GP), respiration (R) and net production (NP) across ML (604 ± 58, 222 ± 22 and 381 ± 52 µg C L−1 day−1, respectively) decreased steeply in the furthest offshore LM site (22 ± 3, 55 ± 17 and −33 ± 15 µg C L−1day−1, respectively). Along this land-to-lake gradient, GP decreased by 96 ± 1%, whereas R only decreased by 75 ± 9%, variably influencing the carbon balance along this coastal zone. All ML sites were consistently net autotrophic (mean GP:R = 2.7), while the furthest offshore LM site was net heterotrophic (mean GP:R = 0.4). Our study suggests that pelagic waters of this Great Lakes coastal estuary are net carbon sinks that transition into net carbon sources offshore. Reactive and dynamic estuarine coastal zones everywhere may contribute similarly to regional and global carbon cycles.
Increasing inhibitory input increases neuronal firing rate: why and when? Diffusion process cases

Increasing inhibitory input to single neuronal models, such as the FitzHugh– Nagumo model and the Hodgkin–Huxley model, can sometimes increase their firing rates, a phenomenon which we term inhibition-boosted firing (IBF). Here we consider neuronal models with diffusion approximation inputs, i.e. they share the identical first- and second-order statistics of the corresponding Poisson process inputs. Using the integrate-and-fire model and the IF-FHN model, we explore theoretically how and when IBF can happen. For both models, it is shown that there is a critical input frequency at which the efferent firing rate is identical when the neuron receives purely excitatory inputs or exactly balanced inhibitory and excitatory inputs. When the input frequency is lower than the critical frequency, IBF occurs.
Productivity change and its inherent trend in China's Airlines in 2003–2008: An analysis employing Malmquist productivity index and GM(1,1) model

By using DEA-based Malmquist productivity, this paper analyzes productivity change of China's Airlines from 2003 to 2008. As external factors may cause a deviation from inherent trends, we bring in GM(1,1) model to eliminate randomness and figure out the regular pattern for better reference. The results indicate that the productivity losses of China's Airlines were primarily attributed to technical regress rather than the technical efficiency, and the trend remains to be decreasing.