Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chapter 8 Youth, Technology, and Media Cultures

n Miranda July's film You, Me and Everyone We Know (2005), a young child, Robby, is initiated into and then takes over from his big brother a "chat" with an anonymous respondent who (we later find out) turns out to be an older woman. In unsupervised experiences online, and through cutting and pasting text, the young child effectively teaches himself to "write" and manages to "seduce" the chat respondent. This satire of contemporary anxiety about children's online vulnerability plays into current press saturation and television's focus on online pornography and pedophilia. In July's film, the boy's play with the projected identity afforded him in the "chat room," the image of him learning to write and communicate, offers a very different image of the modern child. His agency, symbolized in his control of the computer and its communicative possibilities and in his sexual desire (however "appropriate"), can be contrasted with the child transfixed by the TV in the 1982 film Poltergeist. There the image of the blank flickering white screen beckons a toddler away from the warmth of her family into its evil heart. This is an image of the media intruding into the family and taking over a child's mind. The screen has changed from 1982 to 2005. In 2005 it is now more "interactive," more dominant of the visual field (Manovich, 2002), and it is a principal means of communication beyond the living room walls. Although these two film excerpts are clearly fictional representations of child and screen, I want to take them as the organizing themes for this review in an attempt to explore research about young people and the media over the past approximately 20 years. This is not a story of enlightenment as if we have moved from the notion of an evil magic to one of sophisticated play. The scholarship and research in this field does not follow such a simple trajectory. Indeed, we encounter anxiety about the negative effects of the media current in contemporary debate-for example, around the role of the media in childhood obesity. However, the current levels of attention to learning to write, to "master" the technology, to appropriate a play with identity, and to act in the sexualized adult world are all important in current debates around how young people use the media. They also frame how we now theorize and study children's interactions with the media as pedagogic relationships with significant educational potential.
Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type.

To examine the progression of neuropsychologic and metabolic changes in the early stages of dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT), we studied 11 midly demented patients longitudinally. Three aspects of neuropsychological function were measured: memory, attention to complex sets and abstract reasoning, and lateralized functions, i.e., language and visuoconstruction. Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose were measured in frontal, parietal, and temporal association cortices. Our results show that, in general, memory deficits are the first neuropsychological impairments to occur in DAT, followed by problems with attention to complex cognitive sets and abstract reasoning, which are followed in turn by deficits in language and visuospatial abilities. In addition, neocortical metabolic abnormalities usually precede impairment of neocortically mediated attention and abstract reasoning by 8 to 16 months, and precede impairment of neocortically mediated language and visuospatial function by 12 to 37 months. These findings suggest that the first nonmnestic neuropsychological consequence of neocortical physiological dysfunction in DAT is a loss of attentional capacity. Since neocortical metabolic changes generally precede the appearance of neocortically mediated neuropsychological dysfunction, physiologic dysfunction may exist for some time before cognition is affected.
DeepType: Multilingual Entity Linking by Neural Type System Evolution

The wealth of structured (e.g. Wikidata) and unstructured data about the world available today presents an incredible opportunity for tomorrow's Artificial Intelligence. So far, integration of these two different modalities is a difficult process, involving many decisions concerning how best to represent the information so that it will be captured or useful, and hand-labeling large amounts of data.DeepType overcomes this challenge by explicitly integrating symbolic information into the reasoning process of a neural network with a type system.First we construct a type system, and second, we use it to constrain the outputs of a neural network to respect the symbolic structure. We achieve this by reformulating the design problem into a mixed integer problem: create a type system and subsequently train a neural network with it. In this reformulation discrete variables select which parent-child relations from an ontology are types within the type system, while continuous variables control a classifier fit to the type system. The original problem cannot be solved exactly, so we propose a 2-step algorithm: 1) heuristic search or stochastic optimization over discrete variables that define a type system informed by an Oracle and a Learnability heuristic, 2) gradient descent to fit classifier parameters.We apply DeepType to the problem of Entity Linking on three standard datasets (i.e. WikiDisamb30, CoNLL (YAGO), TAC KBP 2010) and find that it outperforms all existing solutions by a wide margin, including approaches that rely on a human-designed type system or recent deep learning-based entity embeddings, while explicitly using symbolic information lets it integrate new entities without retraining.
Influence of in ovo injection of disaccharides, glutamine and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate on the development of small intestine in duck embryos and neonates

1. The objective of the present study was to examine the effect of in ovo injection of disaccharides (DS), disaccharides and glutamine (DS + Gln) or disaccharides and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (DS + HMB) at d 23 of incubation on the development of the small intestine. 2. In DS + Gln-injected ducks, the greatest relative small intestine mass and muscularis layer thickness among 4 treatments was observed from d 25 of incubation to 7 d of age. 3. Jejunal sucrase activity in DS-injected ducks was significantly greater than in controls at hatch and on d 7. 4. In DS + HMB-treated ducks, a tendency toward slightly higher jejunal DNA concentration was observed throughout the experiment. 5. Greater body weight was found in DS + Gln and DS + HMB treated ducks in the first two weeks. However, there was no significant difference in the market weight (35 d) of ducks among the 4 treatments. 6. The results of present study suggest that administering disaccharides and Gln, or disaccharides and HMB, to the duck embryos exerted a beneficial effect on the early development of small intestine and on growth performance.
NEED FOR EXPLANATIONS IN GRAPHIC ORGANIZER RESEARCH

ABSTRACT Research relating to graphic organizers was reviewed. The findings suggest that currently there is no systematic approach to analyzing graphic organizer research resulting in a lack of explanations for why graphic organizers work or do not work. The primary difficulty to provide explanations was found to be due to the lack of consistent operational criteria in studies using graphic organizers. Further, instructional implications are tenuous at best due to the lack of explanations of how graphic organizers work or do not work. One method of analysis would be to examine previous graphic organizer studies using a relational grammar. This would allow for identifying the structure and content of text used in graphic organizer studies, the graphic organizer itself, and the measurement or evaluation instrument. This analysis would allow for a comparison of the structure and content of the different organizer studies and allow for an explanation of the cognitive processes that readers evoke in developing.
Health Data File: Overview and methodology

This international compendium from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Secretariat contains available data for the 24 Member countries for 1960 through 1987. The Federal Republic of Germany is listed as Germany. Tables are presented for expenditure on health, health care pricing trends, social protection and public participation, utilization of medical services and available personnel resources, selected variations in common medical care practice, selected health status indicators, and demographic and general economic background data. There may be some inconsistencies between the data presented in the articles in this issue and those in this data compendium. The articles were based on earlier versions of the Health Data File. As a result, revisions to the data in a number of countries, including Canada, France, Germany, and Italy, are not reflected in the articles. However, the changes are relatively minor and do not affect the results presented in the articles in any substantive way.
ROBUST 3-D INTERPRETATION FROM TWO FRAMES WITH MULTIPLE MOTIONS

A main difficulty for estimating camera and scene geometry from a set of point correspondences is caused by the presence of false matches and independently moving objects. Given two images, after obtaining the matching points they are usually filtered by an outlier rejection step before being used to solve for epipolar geometry and 3-D structure estimation. In the presence of moving objects, image registration becomes a more challenging problem, as the matching and registration phases become interdependent. We propose a novel approach that decouples the above operations, allowing for explicit and separate handling of matching, outlier rejection, grouping, and recovery of camera and scene structure. The key aspect is that we first determine an accurate representation in terms of dense image velocities (equivalent to point correspondences), segmented motion regions and boundaries, by using only the smoothness of image motion. Only then we proceed with the extraction of camera and scene 3-D geometry, separately for each rigidly moving object.
Adult Reading Achievement Comparing Computer-Assisted and Traditional Approaches: A Comprehensive Review of the Experimental Literature

Abstract Since the arrival of personal computers in 1977, several adult basic and secondary education (ABSE) researchers and practitioners have sought to examine the efficacy of computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) to teach reading in the ABSE setting. A much smaller number have utilized quasi‐experimental methods to compare an experimental (CAI) group to a group using more traditional instructional methods. Twenty‐one studies from 1979 to the present examined adult reading achievement or a closely related variable such as language arts by comparing CAI and non‐CAI groups of adults functioning at levels ranging from non‐readers to GED test‐takers. This study attempts to review this literature both to examine the current status of CAI research with this population and to provide program planners with information concerning the use of CAI. Despite considerable variability in design sophistication and clarity of reporting, ten of the 21 studies found no statistically significant differences between the two me.
The effect of demographic and health variables on a modified form of mini‐mental state examination scores in nigerian elderly community residents

A culturally relevant form the Mini‐Mental State Examination was administered to 502 persons aged 60 years and over living in three locations representing rural and urban settings in southwestern Nigeria. Multivariate statistical methods show that variables like sex, age, education and self‐assessed health affect the scores on MMSE. The coefficient alpha for the instrument was low for those with less than complete primary education, but for those with full primary education or more, it gave a value similar to those obtained in some studies in western countries.
USFD: Twitter NER with Drift Compensation and Linked Data

This paper describes a pilot NER system for Twitter, comprising the USFD system entry to the W-NUT 2015 NER shared task. The goal is to correctly label entities in a tweet dataset, using an inventory of ten types. We employ structured learning, drawing on gazetteers taken from Linked Data, and on unsupervised clustering features, and attempting to compensate for stylistic and topic drift - a key challenge in social media text. Our result is competitive; we provide an analysis of the components of our methodology, and an examination of the target dataset in the context of this task.
Does Disclosure of HIV/AIDS Status to Children with HIV/AIDS Affect theirMental Health?

Objectives: The paper assessed the prevalence of disclosure, factors responsible for awareness and effect of disclosure on the mental health of HIV-infected children at the HIV clinic of the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria (UITH). Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 196 HIV-positive children between 6-17years at the HIV clinic of UITH. A two-staged study was carried out: a first stage in which a questionnaire designed by the researchers was administered followed by a screening instrument- the Child Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ) to parents/caregivers and children; and a second stage interview using the K- SADS-PL. In the second stage, a score of seven or more and approximately 30% of those scoring less than seven were selected on the CBQ as this represents the best trade-off between a high sensitivity and low false positive rate. Result: About Eighteen percent (18%) of the children were aware of their HIV/AIDS status. Among the 19.4% of the study population with mental health problems, 11% were aware of their status. However, the children’s awareness of HIV status was not associated with mental health problems, Pearson X2 (1.93, N=196), p= 0.16. Children who were aware of their HIV status were more likely to be adolescents, were in secondary schools, were more likely to be from the Hausa tribe, had younger fathers and had mothers who were HIV positive, Pearson X2 (16.514, 31.836, 7.877, 15.393 and 10.149 respectively, N=196), p ≤ 0.01, <0.01, 0.01, <0.01 and 0.006 respectively. Conclusion: Despite the fact that disclosure of a child’s HIV status did not necessarily result in development of psychiatric disorders in the present study, awareness of HIV status is still relatively low among the age group. However, it delineates the role of socioeconomic and demographic factors in determining the level of awareness of children about their HIV status
Bioinformatics Discovery Note Systems Biology Comparison of the Mammalian Insulin Signalling Pathway to Invertebrates in the Context of Foxo-mediated Ageing

Motivation: A large number of experimental studies on ageing focus on the effects of genetic perturbations of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signalling pathway (IIS) on lifespan. Short-lived invertebrate laboratory model organisms are extensively used to quickly identify ageing-related genes and pathways. It is important to extrapolate this knowledge to longer lived mammalian organisms, such as mouse and eventually human, where such analyses are difficult or impossible to perform. Computational tools are needed to integrate and manipulate pathway knowledge in different species. Results: We performed a literature review and curation of the IIS and target of rapamycin signalling pathways in Mus Musculus. We compare this pathway model to the equivalent models in Drosophila mel-anogaster and Caenorhabtitis elegans. Although generally well-conserved, they exhibit important differences. In general, the worm and mouse pathways include a larger number of feedback loops and interactions than the fly. We identify 'functional orthologues' that share similar molecular interactions, but have moderate sequence similarity. Finally, we incorporate the mouse model into the web-service NetEffects and perform in silico gene perturbations of IIS components and analyses of experimental results. We identify sub-paths that, given a mutation in an IIS component, could potentially antagonize the primary effects on ageing via FOXO in mouse and via SKN-1 in worm. Finally, we explore the effects of FOXO knockouts in three different mouse tissues.
EVALUATION AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED NORMAL PRESSURE HYDROCEPHALUS ON LONG‐TERM WARFARIN ANTICOAGULATION THERAPY

OBJECTIVELong-term anticoagulation is often considered a contraindication to shunt surgery for elderly patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). However, no studies have investigated this question. METHODSWe evaluated 25 patients who were taking warfarin for NPH between 2001 and 2004 with a protocol of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure monitoring and controlled CSF drainage via spinal catheter. Warfarin was stopped 5 to 7 days before lumbar puncture or shunt surgery and restarted 3 to 5 days after operation or at the time of discharge from the hospital. Programmable shunts with antisiphon devices set at the high-pressure range were preferentially used and adjusted in small increments. RESULTSAfter CSF drainage, 16 patients showed improvement and 15 underwent shunt surgery. Thirteen (87%) out of these 15 patients showed significant improvement in at least one symptom during a mean follow-up period of 8.2 months (range, 1–70 mo) after shunt surgery. There were two bleeding complications. One patient (6.7%) with cirrhosis who developed a subdural hematoma 13 days after operation had the shunt removed; another patient who developed an abdominal subcutaneous hematoma 5 days after operation required surgical evacuation and shunt revision surgery. Otherwise, 14 (93.3%) out of the 15 patients had no subdural hematoma during the follow-up period and there were no thromboembolic complications while the patients were not taking warfarin. CONCLUSIONElderly patients on long-term warfarin anticoagulation can be safely evaluated and treated for NPH using a protocol of continuous CSF drainage via spinal catheter for diagnosis, cautious periprocedural management of anticoagulation, and use of programmable shunts with antisiphon devices. The risk of subdural hematoma is not higher than reported series. Long-term anticoagulation with warfarin is not a contraindication per se for shunt surgery in NPH.
Figurative Language Development Research and Popular Children's Literature: Why We Should Know, "Where the Wild Things Are"

Concerns have arisen recently over the ecological validity of materials used to study children's figurative language comprehension abilities. Materials commonly used in studies that evaluate children's comprehension of metaphorical language, for instance, are not as frequently found in popular children's literature (Broderick, 1992). In the following study, we first present arguments against the basis for this concern over ecological validity, but then we maintain for other important reasons that language development researchers should nevertheless have knowledge of the figurative language content of the popular children's literature. We then present a quantitative metaphorical-content analysis of the popular children's literature across historical, genre, and audience-age variables. We discuss the findings as important for understanding (a) whether the figurative language comprehension abilities of young children are still being underestimated, (b) the contextual backdrop that the popular children's literature provides for language development, and (c) potential opportunity costs of a literature that might be out of sync with children's comprehension.
Wernicke encephalopathy after obesity surgery

Objective: To characterize the clinical features, risk factors, radiographic findings, and prognosis of Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Methods: We performed a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid, ISI (Science Citation Index), and Google Scholar for case reports, case series, or cohort studies of Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Results: We found 32 cases (27 of whom were women) reported, from 2 weeks to 18 months after the procedure. Most patients had vomiting as a risk factor (n = 25) and presented with the triad of Wernicke encephalopathy (confusion, ataxia, and nystagmus; n = 21). Optic neuropathy, papilledema, deafness, seizures, asterixis, weakness, and sensory and motor neuropathy were also reported. Characteristic radiographic findings were hyperintense signals in the periaqueductal gray area and dorsal medial nucleus of the thalamus; radiographs were normal in 15 patients. One series from Brazil reported 4 patients (among 50 patients) with Wernicke encephalopathy; all presented with vomiting and concomitant peripheral neuropathy at a median of 2.5 months (1.5 to 3 months) after bariatric surgery. Another series identified 2 of 23 patients (both women) with Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Wernicke encephalopathy after bariatric surgery usually occurs between 4 and 12 weeks postoperatively, especially in young women with vomiting. Atypical neurologic features are common. The diagnosis is mainly clinical, because radiographic findings are normal in some patients. Prospective studies to determine the prevalence of this problem and protocols for preventive thiamine supplementation need evaluation.
“Down and Dirty:” The Use and Abuse of Public Trust in Risk Communication

Many recent contributions to risk communication research stress the importance of the element of “trust” in the process of successful communication. This paper uses that theme in considering risk communication within the context of seeking consensus on matters of health and environmental risk controversies through stakeholder negotiation. It suggests that there are very good reasons, based on historical experience, for the parties to mistrust each other deeply in such settings. For example there is abundant evidence involving episodes in which risk promoters have concealed or ignored relevant risk data or simply have sought to advance their own interests by selective use of such data. These well-established practices compound the difficulties other stakeholders face, in all such negotiation, by virtue of the inescapable uncertainties (as well as absence of needed data) inherent in risk assessments. These factors encourage the participants to treat such negotiations as poker games in which bluffing, raising the ante, and calling the perceived bluffs of others are matters of survival. In the end we should recognize the genuine dilemmas that citizens face in trying to figure out who and what to believe in making sensible decisions among the range of risks, benefits, and tradeoffs that confront us.
Correcting Charge-Constrained Errors in the Rank-Modulation Scheme

We investigate error-correcting codes for a the rank-modulation scheme with an application to flash memory devices. In this scheme, a set of n cells stores information in the permutation induced by the different charge levels of the individual cells. The resulting scheme eliminates the need for discrete cell levels, overcomes overshoot errors when programming cells (a serious problem that reduces the writing speed), and mitigates the problem of asymmetric errors. In this paper, we study the properties of error-correcting codes for charge-constrained errors in the rank-modulation scheme. In this error model the number of errors corresponds to the minimal number of adjacent transpositions required to change a given stored permutation to another erroneous one-a distance measure known as Kendall's ¿ -distance. We show bounds on the size of such codes, and use metric-embedding techniques to give constructions which translate a wealth of knowledge of codes in the Lee metric to codes over permutations in Kendall's ¿-metric. Specifically, the one-error-correcting codes we construct are at least half the ball-packing upper bound.