Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty, risk preference, and new‐venture strategies

Purpose – Conventional wisdom holds that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is large, while uncertainty and risk are virtually interchangeable. Uncertainty and risk are treated as separate constructs and then real‐options thinking and prospect theory are drawn upon to determine how they affect the actions of entrepreneurs and managers. The purpose of this paper is to determine specifically, how the above constructs interact to affect the strategies entrepreneurs and managers are likely to adopt when undertaking new ventures.Design/methodology/approach – The research uses deductive theorizing to build a theoretical model.Findings – Contrary to conventional wisdom, it is concluded that the difference between entrepreneurs and managers is less than believed, while the effect of the difference between uncertainty and risk is larger. It is determined that entrepreneurs and managers use similar strategies when faced with similar conditions of uncertainty and when they have similar risk preference.
Challenge and hindrance stressors in New Zealand: exploring social exchange theory outcomes

Recent developments to the stressors literature have suggested that stressors can have both negative and positive influences. This study of 203 New Zealand government workers tested challenge (positive) and hindrance (negative) stressors as predictors of job outcomes focusing upon social exchange theory. The results found challenge stressors held positive relationships with supervisor support, perceived organizational support and employee loyalty; while, conversely, hindrance stressors were negatively related to these outcomes. Employer implications are that jobs structured to allow greater amounts of responsibility, with greater scope, are more likely to lead to positive job outcomes relating to feelings of reciprocity. Organizations that can better manage and control hindrance stressors while promoting challenge stressors will likely enjoy more loyal employees, with greater support perceptions, which might alleviate some of the tension of working into today's turbulent environments.
The Variation in Wage Rigidity by Occupation and Union Status in the Us

This study estimates wage equations with data disaggregated by occupation and union status and it derives two measures of wage rigidity for each group of workers: the sensitivity of wages to unemployment and the speed with which wages respond to price inflation. The sensitivity of wages to an aggregate measure of unemployment was found to depend negatively on an occupation's skill level. In addition, union wages were more sensitive to unemployment than nonunion wages and responded less rapidly to price inflation. Copyright 1997 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Evaluation of the prenatal diagnosis of limb reduction deficiencies

Ultrasound scans in the mid‐trimester of pregnancy are now a routine part of antenatal care in most European countries. Using data from registries of congenital anomalies a study was undertaken in Europe. The objective of the study was to evaluate prenatal detection of limb reduction deficiencies (LRD) by routine ultrasonographic examination of the fetus. All LRDs suspected prenatally and all LRDs (including chromosome anomalies) confirmed at birth were identified from 20 Congenital Malformation Registers from the following 12 European countries: Austria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Spain, Switzerland, The Netherlands, UK and Ukrainia. These registries are following the same methodology. During the study period (1996–98) there were 709 030 births, and 7758 cases with congenital malformations including LRDs. If more than one LRD was present the case was coded as complex LRD; 250 cases of LRDs with 63 (25.2%) termination of pregnancies were identified including 138 cases with isolated LRD, 112 with associated malformations, 16 with chromosomal anomalies and 38 non chromosomal recognized syndromes. The prenatal detection rate of isolated LRD was 24.6% (34 out of 138 cases) compared with 49.1% for associated malformations (55 out of 112; p<0.01). The prenatal detection of isolated terminal transverse LRD was 22.7% (22 out of 97), 50% (3 out of 6) for proximal intercalary LRD, 8.3% (1 out of 12) for longitudinal LRD and 0 for split hand/foot; for multipli‐malformed children with LRD those percentages were 46.1% (30 out of 65), 66.6% (6 out of 9), 57.1% (8 out of 14) and 0 (0 out of 2), respectively. The prenatal detection rate of LRDs varied in relation with the ultrasound screening policies from 20.0% to 64.0% in countries with at least one routine fetal scan. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving up, moving down: Political careers across territorial levels

In the sparse literature on political careers in federal systems, regional positions are often seen as mere stepping stones on the way to federal office. But are they really? The recent professionalization of state politics in federal systems and the regionalization of former unitary states point to the strengthening of the regional level as a career arena in its own right. Could this lead to the emergence of a regional political class with a set of career interests distinct from those of national politicians? This article takes a first, comparative look at current patterns of career movements between regional and national parliaments in a wide range of federal and newly regionalized systems. The study shows that, contrary to general belief, the number of deputies actually moving from the regional to federal level is generally relatively low. While some cases show fairly integrated career structures, others exhibit a pattern of career development in which state or regional office functions as the main focus of political careers. The territorial structure of the political class is dependent upon a whole range of social, cultural and institutional factors. At the same time, it is also an important factor in the mechanics and institutional development of each federal system in question.
Relationship of Abuse History to Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and Symptoms

The primary goals of this article are to review the evidence that links sexual and physical abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV) with functional gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and disorders and to explore physiological mechanisms that might mediate these health effects. The literature cited in this review has shown strong and consistent relationships of sexual and physical abuse history and IPV with functional GI symptoms and disorders. Among patients with these disorders, abuse history is associated with worse health-related quality of life, more health care utilization, and more pain. Although research has not determined what mechanisms might account for these associations, alterations in psychophysiological and cortico-limbic pain modulatory systems have been suggested. Given the high prevalence of abuse and long-lasting health consequences, referral for psychiatric and psychological treatment makes sense for many patients with abuse history seen within medical settings.
Audit risk model as a corporate social responsibility implementation of certified public accounting firms (evidence from Indonesia)

Purpose - The conduct of this research represents part of an effort to modify audit risk model (ARM) as an implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) by certified public accounting (CPA) firms. It is intended to make clear the phenomena about the relationship between audit risk (AR), implementation of business ethics principles (IBEP) and corporate governance risk (CGR). Design/methodology/approach - The method used was hypothesis testing. Unit of analysis was individual (i.e. Indonesian CPA), and the gathering of data was cross-sectional. The sample was determined by purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires, and data analysis was conducted by structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings - According to Indonesian CPAs' perception, the AR is affected by the client's CGR, whereas the client's IBEP does not affect AR, but clients' CGR and IBEP both significantly affect AR. It is suggested: first, that the next researcher should study audit risk related to business ethics. Second, that the management should strengthen the implementation of business ethics in running a business; and finally that the Bapepam (Capital Market Oversight Board) should oversee both public company and public accountant in the implementation of governance. Research limitations/implications - This research noted some implications, including: nature and intensity of gathering data, restricted respondent (CPA-CMAF), and restricted variables of corporate governance (BoD, and Audit Committee). Originality/value - This research suggests the necessity to modify ARM by dividing inherent risk into errors risk and fraud risk as bases for accumulating audit evidence.
Effects of Motor Voter Legislation

The 1992 presidential election featured nine states and the District of Columbia with effective motor voter laws on the books. In 1996 all states will be required to have similar motor voter procedures. We conduct a multivariate analysis to compare turnout differences, partisan behav ior, and registration levels in motor voter and non-motor voter states. We find that rates of voter registration and turnout are significantly higher in motor voter states than in other states. In addition, it appears that these newly registered voters are just as likely to vote as other registered voters. We find no significant partisan advantage for either party in motor voter states.
Attentional Bias and Approach/Avoidance Tendencies Do Not Predict Relapse or Time to Relapse in Alcohol Dependency.

BACKGROUND Implicit processes such as attentional bias (AB) and automatic approach/avoidance tendencies (AA) play a role in substance use disorders. Whether these processes can predict a relapse in alcohol-dependent patients is still unclear and must be examined in more detail than has been done previously. We aimed to establish whether AB and AA measured during treatment would predict relapse in alcohol-dependent patients. We also investigated whether these implicit processes predicted time to relapse better than a more common binary relapse variable. METHODS A total of 50 alcohol-dependent outpatients undergoing treatment completed the study. Patients completed the Addiction Stroop Task, which assesses AB, and the relevant Stimulus-Response Compatibility Task, which measures AA. Time to relapse was assessed 1, 2, and 3 months after the bias assessment. RESULTS Twenty patients (40%) relapsed during the follow-up period. The average time to relapse was 40 days after the first session. Overall, participants had an AB for alcohol-related stimuli and a tendency to avoid these stimuli. Neither relapse nor time to relapse was predicted by either bias type. CONCLUSIONS Although both AB and avoidance tendencies were present in our sample, these measures did not predict relapse or time to relapse in an outpatient alcohol-dependent sample in the following 3 months. Future research should focus on studying the predictive value of these biases in the short term, for example, using ecological momentary assessment techniques to assess implicit processes shortly before a relapse.
The reciprocity between occupational identity of online marketers and technologies : a qualitative study at an e-commerce firm

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to understand how the reciprocity between Online Marketers’ occupational identity and technologies works. Previous research found that technologies ensure the continuous development of occupational identity, but the reciprocity between these variables has remained under theorized. The reciprocity involves the influence of occupational identity of Online Marketers on (the use of) technologies, and vice versa. Originality - Although many studies have found that technologies may influence work practices, little is known about the reciprocity between occupational identity and technologies. This study contributes to what is already investigated by academic research by providing insight in the influence of occupational identity on technologies and vice versa. Additionally, this study is unique in its context consisting of Online Marketers, working at an e-commerce firm, and technologies, because a study with such a context does not exist yet. Methodology - This study was conducted by interviewing fifteen Online Marketers, who were working at an e-commerce firm located in Zwolle. Topics that were discussed during the interviews were: Who are Online Marketers, what do Online Marketers do and what is the role of technology in practicing this occupation. Finally, the subject of opinion leaders was discussed. Findings - The results of this study show that Online Marketers’ occupational identity influences the use of technologies; based on the work to be performed by Online Marketers, the decision to use a certain technology is made. The technology to be used has to contribute to the efficient execution of Online Marketers’ work. In turn, technologies determine - to some extent - what Online Marketers can(not) do, because technologies do not always dispose all useful features to perform Online Marketers’ work. Actually, technologies afford Online Marketers to perform their occupation. Here, a very important threat is that technologies prevail and that these could take over Online Marketers’ work. That is why the acquisition of technologies is feared by (some) Online Marketers.
Modeling strategic performance factors for effective strategy execution

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to develop a model of strategic performance factors for effective strategy execution. Design/methodology/approach - This study uses multiple methods combining both the qualitative and quantitative research routes to unearth a more complete picture of the phenomenon facilitating accurate, generalizable, and practically useful theory. Findings - There is a lack of literature on strategic performance factors and their role in effective strategy execution, which turns out be a barrier to the success of strategy execution. This study not only reviews the SPFs in the context of effective performance management leading to effective strategy execution but also identifies linkages among the SPFs to demonstrate the relative criticality of SPFs and how one SPF leads to another SPF. Interestingly, the situation and actor factors, which were explained in a very limited way in traditional models, have emerged as the most influential strategic performance factors. Research limitations/implications - Although this study attempts to synergize multiple research methods to increase the significance of the findings, a comparatively large sample size would be more useful to test the reliability of the results. Additionally, the SPFs are contextual in nature and, therefore, this study requires extended efforts to test the research propositions in different research settings and reveals the generalized as well as differentiated results. The possible bias in ISM exercise can be improved by having multiple discussions with the respondents. This study extends the theoretical debate on balancing the strategic and operational performance measures for successful strategy execution. The study also fills the gap in the literature by proposing the model of strategic performance factors. Adding methodological value extending triangulation along with the interpretative tool, this study also suggests methodological implication of the research design. Practical implications - The proposed model of SPF could be useful in measuring the right thing in the right way to ensure effective strategy execution. Management of SPFs such as situation and actor is a further value addition to the debate on balancing lead and lag measures or financial and non-financial measures. The study demonstrates that organizations should go beyond operation measures (both financial and non-financial) and also focus on strategic factors such as situation and actors, which actually lead to the other SPFs. Originality/value - This study took unique steps to integrate the multiple perspectives of performance measures and develop a model which can facilitate effective strategy execution. It not only fills the gaps in the literature but also provides a strategic perspective of the performance measurement and management systems. The methodological experimentation to not only bring rigor in model building but also use interpretive tools is an innovative attempt to clarify the “what”, “how” as well as “why” aspects of model building.
General practitioners and alcohol use disorders: quantity without quality.

BACKGROUND General medical practitioners are essential for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of alcohol use disorders. Studies to examine medical practice in this field, however, are very rare. METHOD A cross-sectional study involving 2010 patients seen by a sample of 145 general practitioners in the Auvergne region of central France was conducted on a given day in May 1998. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (using the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence and the CAGE questionnaire) and so to estimate the proportion of nonsomatic alcohol-related care dispensed. RESULTS Sixteen percent of patients consulting their general practitioner had an alcohol problem, 27% of men and 5% of women. On average, a quarter of these patients had not been previously identified by the physician. Diagnosis seemed particularly difficult in women: 11% of women aged between 36 and 45 had an alcohol-related problem that went unidentified in 60% of cases. Care for alcohol-related health problems was therefore seriously inadequate. In one third of cases, patients with a diagnosed alcohol-related problem were not followed up by the physician for that problem. Two thirds received no medication, and in more than 80% of cases the physician did not refer to a specialist or prescribe admission to a specialized hospital ward. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties experienced by general practitioners. This study has led to the establishment of a pilot health care network for patients suffering from alcohol use disorders. This network involves voluntary doctors who have been trained and are better paid for their services. Care protocols have been established to which these practitioners have to adhere.
Changes in wet nitrogen deposition in the United States between 1985 and 2012

The United States (US) is among the global hotspots of nitrogen (N) deposition and assessing the temporal trends of wet N deposition is relevant to quantify the effectiveness of existing N regulation policies and its consequent environmental effects. This study analyzed changes in observed wet deposition of dissolved inorganic N (DIN = ammonium + nitrate) in the US between 1985 and 2012 by applying a Mann–Kendall test and Regional Kendall test. Current wet DIN deposition (2011–2012) data were used to gain insight in the current pattern of N deposition. Wet DIN deposition generally decreased going from Midwest > Northeast > South > West region with a national mean rate of 3.5 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Ammonium dominated wet DIN deposition in the Midwest, South and West regions, whereas nitrate and ammonium both contributed a half in the Northeast region. Wet DIN deposition showed no significant change at the national scale between 1985 and 2012, but profound changes occurred in its components. Wet ammonium deposition showed a significant increasing trend at national scale (0.013 kg N ha−1 yr−2), with the highest increase in the Midwest and eastern part of the South region. Inversely, wet nitrate deposition decreased significantly at national scale (−0.014 kg N ha−1 yr−2), with the largest reduction in the Northeast region. Overall, ratios of ammonium versus nitrate in wet deposition showed a significant increase in all the four regions, resulting in a transition of the dominant N species from nitrate to ammonium. Distinct magnitudes, trends and patterns of wet ammonium and nitrate deposition suggest the needs to control N emissions by species and regions to avoid negative effects of N deposition on ecosystem health and function in the US.
Compensation Management in Outsourced Service Organizations and its Implications for Quit Rates, Absenteeism and Workforce Performance: Evidence from Canadian Call Centres

We investigate compensation management in in‐house and outsourced call centres with original establishment‐level data collected in Canada. Our analysis reveals that both customer service representatives (CSRs) and managers employed in outsourced call centres earn 91 per cent of the cash pay earned by their in‐house counterparts. Lower cash pay levels in outsourced call centres are related to higher CSR quit rates and absenteeism. Although CSR cash pay is associated with improved workforce performance, the disparity in cash pay between in‐house and outsourced call centres does not result in a significant difference in workforce performance.
Predictors of Poor Outcome at Hospital Discharge Following a Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (S-ICH) often leads to significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical scoring systems can predict the mortality and functional outcome after ICH (FUNC score). FOUR score is a recently developed coma scale that incorporates brainstem reflexes. We propose that the combination of FUNC and FOUR scores will be a better prognostic indicator than either FUNC or FOUR score alone for S-ICH patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all S-ICH patients (>18 years of age) from January 2008 to May 2010. ICH volume was calculated using the ABC/2 formula. FUNC (≤5 or >5) and FOUR (≤10 and >10) scores were calculated from admission data. Statistical analyses included chi-square test, positive predictive value, and relative risk assessment. Results: Total number of patients was 92. The mean age of presentation was 64.6 ± 15.6 years (range: 27–95 years). Male to female ratio was 1.6:1. Combined FUNC score ≤ 5 and FOUR score ≤ 10 (F2 score; 95%) had higher positive predictive value for mortality than either FUNC score ≤ 5 (82%) or FOUR score ≤ 10 (81%). Conclusions: The combination of the FUNC and the FOUR scoring system is a better prognostication indicator for S-ICH patients than either FUNC or FOUR score.
The µPIVOT: an integrated particle image velocimeter and optical tweezers instrument for microenvironment investigations

A novel instrument to manipulate and characterize the mechanical environment in and around microscale objects in a fluidic environment has been developed by integrating two laser-based techniques: micron-resolution particle image velocimetry (µPIV) and optical tweezers (OT). This instrument, the µPIVOT, enables a new realm of microscale studies, yet still maintains the individual capabilities of each optical technique. This was demonstrated with individual measurements of optical trap stiffness (∼70 pN µm−1 for a 20 µm polystyrene sphere and a linear relationship between trap stiffness and laser power) and fluid velocities within 436 nm of a microchannel wall. The integrated device was validated by comparing computational flow predictions to the measured velocity profile around a trapped particle in either a uniform flow or an imposed, gravity-driven microchannel flow (R2 = 0.988, RMS error = 13.04 µm s−1). Interaction between both techniques is shown to be negligible for 15 µm to 35 µm diameter trapped particles subjected to fluid velocities from 50 µm s−1 to 500 µm s−1 even at the highest laser power (1.45 W). The integrated techniques will provide a unique perspective toward understanding microscale phenomena including single-cell biomechanics, non-Newtonian fluid mechanics and single particle or particle–particle hydrodynamics.