Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Exploring the experiences of female graduate students in the physical sciences: A comparative study

In this paper, the experiences of female graduate students in physics and chemistry are compared to their male counterparts. The data used in this analysis includes survey responses from 692 currently-enrolled graduate students (34% female). Areas of dierence include: timing of rst interest in science, sources of initial science interests (including the inuence of a parent or mentor and school science lessons), and motivation for entering graduate school. In addition, female students are signicantly more likely to report that their dissertation advisors are female and that their advisor’s gender was a consideration when deciding to work with them, suggesting that some female students deliberately seek a mentoring experience from another female scientist. The results on the impact of school science lessons and encouragement by a parent/mentor are promising: they suggest that parents and K-12 educators have a genuine opportunity to improve the chances of female students choosing physical sciences as a career.
Prelabour Caesarean Section following IVF/ICSI in Older-Term Nulliparous Women: Too Precious to Push?

Objective. To compare prelabour caesarean section (CS) rates in older nulliparous women with a term singleton baby in cephalic presentation conceiving spontaneously and through IVF/ICSI. When the latter women would ask for CS, how willing are gynaecologists to comply with that request? Methods. A population-based retrospective (1995–2009) cohort study, conducted in Northern Belgium. A comparison of 1,866 nulliparous women pregnant after IVF/ICSI and 15,228 controls is made. An anonymous postal questionnaire is sent to all Belgian gynaecologists. Result. Both groups are comparable with respect to maternal age, gestational age, and birth weight. Prelabour CS is more often performed in women who conceived through IVF/ICSI compared to those who conceived spontaneously (9.2% versus 6.3%, P < 0.001). One in five gynaecologists agrees with the maternal request. Conclusion. IVF/ICSI pregnancies in older nulliparous women more often end in a prelabour CS and a substantial number of gynaecologists go along with a nonmedical reason for CS.
Surface location has priority over distal and local cues for place learning in translational problems in the rat: a behavioural and neurobiological assessment

A cognitive map is considered to be a representation of relationships between distal cues in the environment. Support for the cognitive map theory has come from behavioural, lesion, and electrophysiological studies. Recently place field data have suggested that place cells are more closely tied to local, apparatus cues, than to distal cues. This was shown in a series of studies in which an apparatus was translated 33-120 cm. Earlier translational place studies, of which there are very few, are consistent with these place cell recording studies. The present thesis extends the examination of place learning on a moveable apparatus in a larger environment to better understand the interaction between location on an apparatus and location in a room, highlighting which conditions are necessary for an animal to shift from a surface dominated strategy to a strategy based on distal cues. In the present thesis, success and failure on the translational place problem was observed. The only difference between success and failure was the presence of multiple discriminable start points when rats were successful. It is suggested that multiple start points provide positional information that allows the rats to notice different directions to the goal, and therefore shift from a surface dominated strategy to a distal cue dominated strategy. Qualitative changes in surface texture did not facilitate this shift from a surface to a distal cue strategy. Hippocampal and sham lesioned rats were trained on the same translational place problem in the presence of multiple start positions. Lesions of the hippocampus disrupted place learning on this problem suggesting that simpler orientation mechanisms were not involved. Theoretical models and future directions are discussed.
Improving Security Awareness in the Government Sector

The increasing use of internet and smart mobile devices for accessing, storing and generating sensitive e-government data makes them an attractive attack vector for cyber-criminals. New technology adoption typically requires specialized training and awareness campaigns where people acquire new skills, learn about best practices and potential pitfalls of adoption. In this paper, we present results from a survey in Pakistan to help understand the level of cyber security awareness and understanding in the Government sector. The goal of the survey is to help identify at-risk demographics, problems, risks and key areas of concern that need to be addressed through customized education material and trainings. We then discuss design strategies to reduce the security and privacy risk faced by mobile device users of Government departments.
Use of Class Time and Student Attentiveness in Secondary Instrumental Music Rehearsals

This study investigated secondary instrumental music rehearsals with respect to use of class time by teachers and attentiveness of students. Data were gathered from observations of 48 orchestra and band classes. Student attentiveness was observed and recorded, using intervallic observation procedures. Class time use was determined by ex post facto analysis of rehearsal tapes with a stop watch; activities were classified either as student performance, teaching, or getting ready. Both class time use and student attentiveness were related to class genre (orchestra/band). In orchestra classes, teaching episodes were fewer (p < .001) and of longer duration (p < .01) than in band classes. The amount of time spent getting ready was greater in orchestra classes than in band classes (p < .05). Orchestra students were less attentive both in performance (p < .05) and in nonperformance conditions (p < .001). Results are discussed in context of previous research on time use and attentiveness.
Analysis concerning nutritional behaviors in the context of the risk of orthorexia

Orthorexia is recognized as an eating disorder, an obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorder, or a somatoform disorder. The aim of our research was to analyze nutritional behaviors for the assessment of the risk of orthorexia. The authors developed a questionnaire in which 981 respondents participated and used it as a research method. Both men and women ate mostly 4–5 meals per day (46.30% women versus 34.74% men); however, more men than women ate 1–2 meals daily (18.95% men versus 7.9% women). Both place of birth and field of study did not differ in terms of the number of meals. Moreover, it was observed that the number of meals per day was correlated with the declared time spent on planning a diet. People who ate over 3 meals per day more often indicates that they spent >3 h per day on planning their diet in comparison with people who ate only 1–2 meals. Only 17.6% of the respondents declared that they most often ate meals in a company of someone, whereas 45.3% indicated that there was no rule. The remaining 37.1% of the respondents most often consumed their meals alone. Almost twice as many men as women never paid attention to the qualitative composition of nutrition. Women followed a slimming diet more often than men (20.3% versus 5.8%) and this indicated >4 attempts of losing weight. Around one-third of all the respondents suffered or suffer from eating disorders. Owing to insufficient information on orthorexia, it is essential to conduct further research to determine the characteristics of high-risk groups. Taking the growing interest in a healthy lifestyle into account, there is a need to address the problem of orthorexia in the public space.
Importance Ratings and Specific Components of Physical Self-concept: Relevance to Predicting Global Components of Self-Concept and Exercise

Fox (1990) proposed a personalized hierarchical model of physical self-concept that integrated self-concept and perceived importance ratings, and he developed instruments to measure these constructs. Alternative approaches based on his instruments are evaluated with data from Sonstroem, Harlow, and Josephs’ (1994) study of 216 adult female aerobic dancers and their exercise activity. Consistent with previous research, there was little support for importance weighted-average or importance discrepancy models in the prediciton of self-esteem, general physical self-concept, or exercise behavior. However, condition self-concept was more positively related to exercise than other components of physical self-concept, and importance ratings of specific components of physical self-concept were positively related to exercise. These results support the construct validity of multidimensional physical self-concept responses, the value of specific domains of self-concept most relevant to a particular application rather .
Participation of α2‐adrenoceptors in sodium appetite inhibition during sickness behaviour following administration of lipopolysaccharide

Sickness behaviour, a syndrome characterized by a general reduction in animal activity, is part of the active‐phase response to fight infection. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an effective endotoxin to model sickness behaviour, reduces thirst and sodium excretion, and increases neurohypophysial secretion. Here we review the effects of LPS on thirst and sodium appetite. Altered renal function and hydromineral fluid intake in response to LPS occur in the context of behavioural reorganization, which manifests itself as part of the syndrome. Recent data show that, in addition to its classical effect on thirst, non‐septic doses of LPS injected intraperitoneally produce a preferential inhibition of intracellular thirst versus extracellular thirst. Moreover, LPS also reduced hypertonic NaCl intake in sodium‐depleted rats that entered a sodium appetite test. Antagonism of α2‐adrenoceptors abolished the effect of LPS on sodium appetite. LPS and cytokine transduction potentially recruit brain noradrenaline and α2‐adrenoceptors to control sodium appetite and sickness behaviour.
Preclinical evidence for the efficacy of angiotensin receptor antagonism in a rodent model of vulnerability to comorbid depression and cardiovascular disease

Major depressive disorder and cardiovascular disease are highly comorbid, and the presence of one disorder greatly increases the likelihood of the other. Remarkably, depressed but otherwise healthy patients with no history of cardiovascular disease are as likely to have a heart attack as patients with established cardiovascular disease. Experimental studies have used chronic mild stress (CMS), a rodent model of depression that uses a series of unpredictable, intermittent, and variable mild stressors to induce anhedonia, one of the core diagnostic criteria for major depression. CMS also induces a constellation of behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine responses that closely resemble those observed in depressed patients, including alterations in autonomic control of the heart marked by decreased heart rate variability (HRV). Commonly prescribed antidepressants might not improve cardiovascular alterations associated with depression, even when depressive signs are ameliorated. There is evidence, however, that candesartan, an angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonist (ARB) often prescribed for cardiovascular disorders, has anxiolytic and possibly antidepressant effects in animal models. To study the possible antidepressant effects of candesartan, we first established a robust rodent model of vulnerability to depression, since severity of depression is correlated with severity of cardiovascular changes in humans. We found that rats selectively-bred for low locomotor responses to a novel environment (bLR) were especially vulnerable to CMS-induced anhedonia and cardiovascular changes. Conversely, selectively-bred high-responder rats (bHR) were resilient to the behavioral and cardiovascular changes induced by CMS. Finally, we compared the effects of candesartan and the SSRI fluoxetine on CMS-induced anhedonia and cardiovascular changes. We found that candesartan has profound antidepressant effects, including rapid reversal of anhedonia, and attenuated anxiety-like behavior. Furthermore, candesartan reversed cardiovascular changes, including clinically relevant markers of risk for cardiac mortality. Thus the major findings of these studies are twofold: (1) bHR/bLR rats exposed to CMS offer a robust model of the interactions of predisposition and environmental stress that may contribute to depression and comorbid cardiovascular disease and (2) candesartan and other ARBs may be novel therapies for the treatment of comorbid depression and cardiovascular disease, and may be more effective than traditionally-prescribed antidepressants such as SSRIs.
Calprotectin Reference Range in Full-term and Preterm Neonates

Objectives: The aim of this review was to examine the characteristics of the faecal calprotectin assay in neonates and the evidence for its use as a noninvasive marker of intestinal illnesses during the neonatal period. Methods: Bibliographic searches were performed in the MEDLINE electronic database up to February 2010 looking for the following words (all fields): ‘‘infants’’ or ‘‘neonates’’ and ‘‘calprotectin. ’’ Twenty studies, in which 1180 neonates were enrolled, were selected. Results:During the neonatal period, calprotectin levels are characterized by significantly higher values in both healthy full-term and preterm infants during their first year of life compared with reference values established for children and adults. No difference was observed according to gestational age or birth weight, whereas a higher faecal calprotectin level was detected during intestinal distress in neonates with either inflammatory or patent digestive alterations. Despite high interindividual variations, cutoff levels are proposed to identify infants with a high risk of intestinal illnesses. Conclusions: Compared with adults and children, healthy full-term and preterm neonates have high calprotectin levels. The measurement of calprotectin levels in faeces can be a promising noninvasive clinical screening test for intestinal distress in neonates.
Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation without Grafting: A 10-Year Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND Little is known about the long-term outcome of implants placed in the atrophic maxilla using osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) without grafting. PURPOSE The study aims to evaluate the long-term efficiency of the procedure and stability of the peri-implant bone formed following implant placement without grafting into resorbed posterior maxilla. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-five implants (≤10 mm in length) were placed in 17 patients using OSFE without grafting. The mean residual bone height was 5.4 ± 2.3 mm. Bone levels were evaluated at 1, 3, 5, and 10 years using periapical radiographs. RESULTS Fifteen patients (23 implants) participated in the 10-year examination. All implants fulfilled the survival criteria. Following surgery, the implant sites gained endo-sinus bone (mean: 3.0 ± 1.4 mm). The mean crestal bone loss (CBL) was limited to 1.0 ± 0.9 mm. The difference in mean endo-sinus bone gain and CBL was statistically significant between 1 and 10 years, but not between 3 and 5, 3 and 10, and 5 and 10 years. CONCLUSIONS At 10 years, the implant survival rate was 100%. Endo-sinus bone was mainly gained during the first year. This study demonstrates the long-term predictability of OSFE without grafting and simultaneous implant placement.
LEGISLATING FOR SHARED PARENTING: EXPLORING SOME UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS

In 2006, the Australian parliament introduced new family law legislation about substantively shared overnight parenting arrangements between divorced couples. Other countries and state legislatures are currently debating the merits of similar legislation. A largely unquestionable premise underpins this reform, namely that the majority of children from separated families demonstrably benefit from the ongoing, warm and available involvement of both parents, in a climate of well-managed interparental conflict. The Australian legislation moves beyond encouragement of shared parenting in divorce cases with adequately functioning parents; it extends into grey areas which, to date, remain poorly serviced by credible research, including its application to children of all ages and to parents experiencing significant levels of ongoing conflict. Drawing on data from a longitudinal high-conflict divorce sample, this article challenges three assumptions that underpin a legislative preference for shared parenting, that shared parenting is viable and sustainable for divorced parents in conflict, that shared care enables improved cooperation between parents, and that as a result children will be less affected by their parents' conflict. The article further explores the influence of the mediation process on the choice and durability of shared parenting arrangements.
Public awareness and concern with air pollution in the St. Louis metropolitan area.

The public attitudes survey involving St. Louis City, St. Louis County, and Madison and St. Clair Counties, Illinois, was completed and published in the fall of 1964. A total of 1002 respondents gave needed information for the development of an acceptable abatement program. Substantial proportions from the study area expressed the view that they have had some negative reaction to the quality of the air. These respondents indicated that air pollution meant, primarily, odor and smoke with residents of some localities indicating other significant elements. The interviewed persons felt that factories and businesses were the prime causal agents in the existence of air pollution. Over 90 percent of all respondents felt that some governmental agency should do something about air pollution in the St. Louis area, with some bi-state metropolitan agency being the principal choice. The residents also expressed a willingness to pay minimal tax support for such a program. Indications as to the significance of air pollu.
Performance of high resolution frequencies estimation methods compared to the Cramer-Rao bounds

An explicit expression for the Cramer-Rao bounds (CRBs) and a calculation of the statistical perturbation of the covariance matrix due to additive noise are presented. The results are applied to a statistical efficiency analysis of the main frequency estimation methods based on eigenvalue decomposition. For the covariance matrix, in order to characterize the perturbation of the signal subspace, only the component of the perturbation of the eigenvectors orthogonal to the subspace is considered. This gives a simpler and more significant form of the error covariance. The treatment includes the cases of forward-backward and moving averages. The CRB and estimation variances are calculated in the presence of additive random noise, but for a given set of amplitudes characterized by their sample covariance matrix. This approach is more realistic for the evaluation of efficiency in the small-sample case. >
Temperature monitored on the cuff surface of an endotracheal tube reflects body temperature

Objective:When treating patients with cardiac arrest with mild therapeutic hypothermia, a reliable and easy-to-use temperature probe is desirable. This study was conducted to investigate the accuracy and safety of tracheal temperature as a measurement of body temperature. Design:Observational cohort study. Setting:Emergency department of a tertiary care university hospital. Patients:Patients successfully resuscitated from cardiac arrest intended for mild hypothermia therapy. Interventions:Intubation was performed with a newly developed endotracheal tube that contains a temperature sensor inside the cuff surface. During the cooling, mild hypothermia maintenance, and rewarming phases, the temperature was recorded minute by minute. These data were compared with the temperature assessed by esophageal and blood temperature probes. Thereafter, tracheoscopy was performed to evaluate the condition of the tracheal mucosa. Measurements and Main Results:Approximately 2000 measurements per temperature sensor per patient were recorded in 21 patients. The mean bias between the blood temperature and the tracheal temperature was −0.16°C (limits of agreement: −0.36°C to 0.04°C). The mean bias between the esophageal and tracheal temperatures was −0.22°C (limits of agreement: −0.49°C to 0.07°C). Agreement between temperature probes investigated by the Bland-Altman method showed a mean bias of less than −¼°C, and time lags assessed graphically by hysteresis plots were negligible. No clinically relevant injury to the tracheal mucosa was detected. Conclusion:Temperature monitoring at the cuff surface of an endotracheal tube is safe and provides accurate and reliable data in all phases of therapeutically induced mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest.
Cognitive Entrainment in Engineering Design Teams

In this article, the authors test the hypothesis that cycles of speaking and turn taking during group design discussions are entrained to rhythmic shifts in group-level modes of reasoning. Video recordings of six teams of engineering students performing realistic design tasks were coded for instances of figural and conceptual reasoning, rates of turn taking, and group participation. Exploratory spectral analysis pointed to rhythmic oscillations every 5 to 10 minutes between periods of predominantly figural or conceptual discussion, whereas structural equations modeling indicated a lead-lag relationship between peaks in figural reasoning and lowered levels of conceptual reasoning, group participation, and turn taking. The authors interpret these results as evidence for cognitive entrainment in group discussion and illustrate the potential of frequency and pooled time series techniques for studying the temporal structure of group interaction.
Air-space pattern in lung metastasis from adenocarcinoma of the GI tract.

PURPOSE We retrospectively reviewed a series of proven lung metastasis to evaluate the frequency and CT features of metastases showing an air-space (lepidic) pattern of growth. METHOD CT examinations of 65 patients with proven lung metastasis from GI carcinomas were reviewed by three observers. Four CT features were used to classify lesions as air-space metastases: (a) air-space nodules; (b) parenchymal consolidation containing air bronchogram and/or showing angiogram sign; (c) focal or extensive ground-glass opacities; and (d) nodules(s) with a "halo" sign. RESULTS Six of 65 patients showed air-space metastases: three from pancreatic carcinoma, two from colonic carcinoma, and one from jejunal carcinoma. In one case, metastasis appeared as extensive parenchymal consolidation associated with ground-glass opacities; in one as an area of ground-glass opacity; in one as an extensive parenchymal consolidation with air bronchogram; in one as parenchymal consolidations with angiogram sign and multiple nodules, some of these with halo sign; in one as air-space nodules and patchy air-space consolidations; and in one as a solitary nodule with halo sign. CONCLUSION Our study shows that air-space lung metastasis from GI carcinomas is uncommon but not rare. On CT as well as microscopically, differential diagnosis between air-space metastasis and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma may be impossible.
Improving voice over IP subjective call quality

Adaptive playout algorithms rely on estimates of network delays to calculate playout times of voice packets. Typically, network estimators are either able to react quickly to delay variations or to ignore transient noise conditions, but cannot do both. In our solution, the weighting factor that controls the estimation process is dynamically adjusted according to the observed delay variations. This results in higher quality estimates of network delays. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve higher subjective call quality than the basic adaptive algorithm, as measured by the ITU-T E-Model methodology.