Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Power and Limits of Tournament Incentives

Tournaments provide incentives through the prize spread. Agents are predicted to work harder for higher prize spreads, and thus principals are predicted to maximize the spread. This paper shows experimentally how changing institutional environments affect the way that principals structure tournament incentives, and the degree of wage compression. While in some settings tournaments provide powerful incentives, and principals maximize the prize spread, two specific factors – sabotage opportunities, and loss aversion among agents – are shown to undermine the power of tournaments and cause principals to choose wage compression.
Using icon arrays to communicate medical risks: overcoming low numeracy.

OBJECTIVE Icon arrays have been suggested as a potentially promising format for communicating risks to patients-especially those with low numeracy skills-but experimental studies are lacking. This study investigates whether icon arrays increase accuracy of understanding medical risks, and whether they affect perceived seriousness of risks and helpfulness of treatments. DESIGN Two experiments were conducted on samples of older adults (n = 59, 62 to 77 years of age) and university students (n = 112, 26 to 35 years of age). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Accuracy of understanding risk reduction; perceived seriousness of risks; perceived helpfulness of treatments. RESULTS Icon arrays increased accuracy of both low- and high-numeracy people, even when transparent numerical representations were used. Risks presented via icon arrays were perceived as less serious than those presented numerically. With larger icon arrays (1,000 instead of 100 icons) risks were perceived more serious, and risk reduction larger. CONCLUSIONS Icon arrays are a promising way of communicating medical risks to a wide range of patient groups, including older adults with lower numeracy skills.
Test Information: An Application of the Economics of Search.

The author reports on an experiment that permits cheating behavior to be observed rather than self-reported as in a questionnaire survey. In two sections of a course examined on the same day, 50 percent of the questions were repeated on the second exam. It was found that an average of 36 percent of the students on the second test had used information acquired from the first test. Several predictions about cheating behavior were tested by a multivariate technique. The main result was to be expected: majors, better students, and those voluntarily in the course cheated relatively less. But working students also cheated less.The author does not think this behavior, although not considered “serious” cheating, is entirely victimless, and calls into question the equity of grades.
Toxicity of Dutch (E22Q) and Flemish (A21G) mutant amyloid beta proteins to human cerebral microvessel and aortic smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta protein (Abeta) in cortical and leptomeningeal vessels of patients with Alzheimer's disease and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis, Dutch type. Smooth muscle cells (SMC) from cerebral microvessels (MV) are of particular interest as a site of Abeta-related injury because CAA is much more pronounced in the tunica media of cortical arterioles than meningeal arteries. Patients carrying point mutations at residues 22 (E22Q) and 21 (A21G) of Abeta show severe CAA with various degrees of brain parenchymal Abeta deposition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2 mutant E22Q- and A21G-Abeta peptides on MV and aortic SMC. MERHODS: SMC were isolated from human cerebral MV and aorta. Cell morphology, viability, and proliferation as parameters of Abeta toxicity were investigated after 3 days of peptide treatment by trypan blue exclusion and [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. RESULTS E22Q-Abeta induced significant decreased cellular proliferation and viability, as well as obvious degeneration of both MV and aortic SMC. A21G-Abeta and wild-type Abeta did not cause significant toxicity, as judged by cell morphology, viability, or cell proliferation, on either type of SMC. CONCLUSIONS E22Q-Abeta induced greater toxicity in all parameters than A21G-Abeta and wild-type Abeta with respect to both MV and aortic SMC. A21G-Abeta did not show a significant toxic effect on MV and aortic SMC. This differential effect may be linked to cell type-specific processing and metabolism of mutant forms of Abeta. Mutations in amyloid precursor protein may lead to CAA by different pathogenetic mechanisms or share an unknown property that distinguishes them from wild-type Abeta.
DOULION: counting triangles in massive graphs with a coin

Counting the number of triangles in a graph is a beautiful algorithmic problem which has gained importance over the last years due to its significant role in complex network analysis. Metrics frequently computed such as the clustering coefficient and the transitivity ratio involve the execution of a triangle counting algorithm. Furthermore, several interesting graph mining applications rely on computing the number of triangles in the graph of interest. In this paper, we focus on the problem of counting triangles in a graph. We propose a practical method, out of which all triangle counting algorithms can potentially benefit. Using a straightforward triangle counting algorithm as a black box, we performed 166 experiments on real-world networks and on synthetic datasets as well, where we show that our method works with high accuracy, typically more than 99% and gives significant speedups, resulting in even ≈ 130 times faster performance.
Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals the Unique Stem Cell Identity of Human Amniocytes

Human amniotic fluid contains cells that potentially have important stem cell characteristics, yet the programs controlling their developmental potency are unclear. Here, we provide evidence that amniocytes derived from multiple patients are marked by heterogeneity and variability in expression levels of pluripotency markers. Clonal analysis from multiple patients indicates that amniocytes have large pools of self-renewing cells that have an inherent property to give rise to a distinct amniocyte phenotype with a heterogeneity of pluripotent markers. Significant to their therapeutic potential, genome-wide profiles are distinct at different gestational ages and times in culture, but do not differ between genders. Based on hierarchical clustering and differential expression analyses of the entire transcriptome, amniocytes express canonical regulators associated with pluripotency and stem cell repression. Their profiles are distinct from human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and newborn foreskin fibroblasts. Amniocytes have a complex molecular signature, coexpressing trophoblastic, ectodermal, mesodermal, and endodermal cell-type-specific regulators. In contrast to the current view of the ground state of stem cells, ESCs and iPSCs also express high levels of a wide range of cell-type-specific regulators. The coexpression of multilineage differentiation markers combined with the strong expression of a subset of ES cell repressors in amniocytes suggests that these cells have a distinct phenotype that is unlike any other known cell-type or lineage.
The Interdependence of Bodily Demonstrations and Clausal Syntax

Units in interaction are emergent real-time phenomena that can be accomplished by the coordinated deployment of language and the body. Focusing mostly on data from dance classes, this study looks at how incomplete syntax projects a continuation realized by the body and systematically accounts for clausal syntax that can incorporate an embodied demonstration. It is argued that the classic list of types of turn constructional units by Sacks et al. (1974) needs to be expanded with a syntactic-bodily one and that the syntax of embodied demonstrations has to be included in the grammatical description of language.
Chemotactic Migration of T Cells towards Dendritic Cells Promotes the Detection of Rare Antigens

In many immunological processes chemoattraction is thought to play a role in guiding cells to their sites of action. However, based on in vivo two-photon microscopy experiments in the absence of cognate antigen, T cell migration in lymph nodes (LNs) has been roughly described as a random walk. Although it has been shown that dendritic cells (DCs) carrying cognate antigen in some circumstances attract T cells chemotactically, it is currently still unclear whether chemoattraction of T cells towards DCs helps or hampers scanning. Chemoattraction towards DCs could on the one hand help T cells to rapidly find DCs. On the other hand, it could be deleterious if DCs become shielded by a multitude of attracted yet non-specific T cells. Results from a recent simulation study suggested that the deleterious effect dominates. We re-addressed the question whether T cell chemoattraction towards DCs is expected to promote or hamper the detection of rare antigens using the Cellular Potts Model, a formalism that allows for dynamic, flexible cellular shapes and cell migration. Our simulations show that chemoattraction of T cells enhances the DC scanning efficiency, leading to an increased probability that rare antigen-specific T cells find DCs carrying cognate antigen. Desensitization of T cells after contact with a DC further improves the scanning efficiency, yielding an almost threefold enhancement compared to random migration. Moreover, the chemotaxis-driven migration still roughly appears as a random walk, hence fine-tuned analysis of cell tracks will be required to detect chemotaxis within microscopy data.
The Effects of Participation

The debate on effectiveness is today at the centre of the participation agenda. What are the results of participatory institutions, and how and when do they produce change? These are questions asked by activists, academics and governments hungry for assessments for evaluating the outcome of the rich democratic experimentation that has recently taken place in Brazil, and for projecting their future ventures. In academia, this effort means huge theoretical and methodological challenges. After all, when we speak of the results of participation we can include a variety of effects – such as changes to people’s quality of life, to the dynamics of the civil society-State relationship, to resource allocation, to the quality of democracy, to the decision and implementation of public policies etc.
Allocating Information Costs in a Negotiated Information Order: Interorganizational Constraints on Decision Making in Norwegian Oil Insurance

Carol A. Heimer Using as examples the insurance of large permanent installations and mobile oil rigs in the Norwegian North Sea, this paper describes how information is used in interorganizational decision making. What information is satisfactory for decision making is negotiated among insurers and is therefore partly determined by the bargaining power of participating organizations. The result is a negotiated information order that determines what information will be used in decision making and which organizations pay for collecting and using new information, allowing others to satisfice and therefore economize on information costs. The inflexibility of more powerful organizations forces dependent organizations to do the innovating. The case studies show that policyholders have been forced to act as external information buffers for oil insurers, so insurers could function satisfactorily without using all the relevant information. The negotiated information order is thus an interorganizational structure that helps determine when an organization will optimize and when it will satisfice, and what its satisficing rules will be.
Resisting immigrant myths: everyday consumer practices of Asian immigrants in America

Projective, depth interviews with U.S. Asian immigrants revealed their ambivalence toward the U.S. commercial sector's colonial-era representations of Asian people. These commercial representations provide polarized depictions of Asian immigrants as either threatening aliens or as model citizens. These portrayals reflect “racialized otherness,” or racial stereotyping that represent Asian immigrants as inferior. Our findings indicate that Chinese immigrants strategically use everyday consumption related to foodways to resist the reverberation of American immigrant myths. In some instances, immigrants’ consumption practices instantiate a regional Asian identity. In other instances, however, immigrants’ consumption practices reflect a separation from the past and an acceptance of a new although not exclusively American way of life. Notwithstanding immigrant consumers' resistance practices, the findings call for future research into immigrant consumers' reactions to visual representations of race, ethnicity, and gender.
Girls as the ‘New’ Agents of Social Change? Exploring the ‘Girl Effect’ through Sport, Gender and Development Programs in Uganda

The purpose of this study was to explore how girls in Eastern Uganda experienced a corporate-funded sport, gender and development (SGD) martial arts program. This study used 19 semi-structured in-depth interviews, participant observation and document analysis. Results revealed that while the martial arts program increased the young women's confidence, challenged gender norms, augmented their social networks, improved their physical fitness and was useful for providing them with employment opportunities, the program also attempted to ‘govern’ their sexuality and sexual relations with boys and men by promoting individual avoidance and encouraging the use of self-defense strategies against potential abusers. To conclude, I argue that girl-focused SGD programs such as the one studied here impel young women to be the agents of social change and to cope with the potential resistance (e.g., from some of their family and community members) to their participation in SGD programs by building their self-esteem, confidence and self-responsibility. Despite this – and as the ‘new agents of social change’ – these young women still must navigate the structural inequalities that tend to marginalize their lives in the first place.
The 2dF QSO Redshift Survey – X. Lensing of background QSOs by galaxy groups

We cross-correlate quasi-stellar objects (QSOs) from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey with groups of galaxies. In the southern region of the 2dF we utilize galaxies from the APM Survey. In the northern strip, galaxies are taken from the recent Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release. Both galaxy samples are limited to a depth B < 20.5. We use an objective clustering algorithm to detect groups in these galaxy catalogues. A 3a anticorrelation is observed between 2dF QSOs and galaxy groups, confirming the effect found by Boyle, Fong & Shanks in an independent data set. This paucity of faint QSOs around groups cannot be readily attributed to a selection effect and is not due to restrictions on the placement of 2dF fibres. By observing the colours of QSOs on the scales of the anticorrelation, we limit the influence intervening dust in galaxy groups can have on background QSO flux, finding a maximum reddening on the scale of the anticorrelation of E(b j - r) ≤ 0.012 at the 95 per cent level. The small amount of dust inferred from the QSO colours would be insufficient to account for the anticorrelation, supporting the suggestion by Croom & Shanks that the signal is likely to be caused by weak gravitational lensing. The possibility remains that tailored dust models involving grey dust, heavy patches of dust or a combination of dust and lensing, could explain the anticorrelation. Under the assumption that the signal is caused by lensing rather than dust, we measure the average velocity dispersion of a singular isothermal sphere that would cause the anticorrelation, finding a ∼ 1150 km s - 1 . Simple simulations reject σ ∼ 600 km s - 1 at the 5 per cent significance level. We also suppose that the foreground mass distribution consists of dark matter haloes with an Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile and measure the typical mass within 1.5 h - 1 Mpc of the halo centre as M 1 . 5 = 1.2 ′ 0.9 × 10 1 5 h - 1 M O . Regardless of whether we utilize a singular isothermal sphere or NFW dark matter profile, our simple lensing model favours more mass in groups of galaxies than is accounted for in a universe with density parameter Ω m = 0.3. Detailed simulations and galaxy group redshift information will significantly reduce the current systematic uncertainties in these Ω m estimates. Reducing the remaining statistical uncertainty in this result will require larger QSO and galaxy group surveys.
Attention to Intention

Intention is central to the concept of voluntary action. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared conditions in which participants made self-paced actions and attended either to their intention to move or to the actual movement. When they attended to their intention rather than their movement, there was an enhancement of activity in the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA). We also found activations in the right dorsal prefrontal cortexand left intraparietal cortex. Prefrontal activity, but not parietal activity, was more strongly coupled with activity in the pre-SMA. We conclude that activity in the pre-SMA reflects the representation of intention.
Factors Affecting Elementary School Students' Participation in Sports

This article reviews empirical research showing that the motivation to participate in youth sport involves a relationship between the athlete, coach, and athletic environment. An athlete with high self-perceived ability to perform a skill is motivated to participate. Performance-contingent feedback from a coach who encourages an athlete's autonomous growth can create such perceptions, which can also be supported through enjoyable challenges that match equipment with skill. Athletic participation may also positively influence morals if the experience is interpersonal, participants are interdependent, and there exists an opportunity for dialogue and negotiation. Studies also show that athletic participation, when combined with school service and leadership activities, can increase academic achievement.
Clozapine and risperidone in chronic schizophrenia: effects on symptoms, parkinsonian side effects, and neuroendocrine response.

OBJECTIVE Clozapine and risperidone were the first two "second-generation" antipsychotic drugs approved for schizophrenia. There is currently little information about their comparative efficacy from head-to-head clinical trials. The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative efficacy of clozapine and risperidone for positive and negative symptoms, depression, parkinsonian side effects, and indexes of neuroendocrine function in schizophrenic patients who met a priori criteria for partial response to traditional neuroleptic agents. METHOD After a baseline fluphenazine treatment period, 29 patients participated in a 6-week, double-blind, parallel-group comparison of the effects of these agents. RESULTS Clozapine was superior to risperidone for positive symptoms and parkinsonian side effects, but there were no significant differences between the drugs on two measures of negative symptoms, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores, and depression scores. The clozapine patients, but not the risperidone patients, demonstrated significant reductions from the fluphenazine baseline in positive symptoms, total symptoms, and depression. In addition, clozapine produced fewer effects on plasma prolactin than risperidone or fluphenazine. The mean daily doses during week 6 of the trial were 403.6 mg of clozapine and 5.9 mg of risperidone. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that these drugs have both important differences and similarities in their comparative efficacy in chronically ill, partially responsive patients with schizophrenia. Further research on second-generation antipsychotic drugs in this patient population that addresses key methodological issues, such as optimal dose and treatment duration, are needed.
Distribution of the Escherichia coli Common Pilus among Diverse Strains of Human Enterotoxigenic E. coli

ABSTRACT The Escherichia coli common pilus (ECP) is produced by commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains. This pilus is unrelated to any of the known colonization factors (CFs) of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). In this study, we investigated the distribution and production of ECP among a collection of 136 human CF-positive and CF-negative ETEC strains of different geographic origins. The major pilus subunit gene, ecpA, was found in 109 (80%) of these strains, suggesting that it is widely distributed among ETEC strains. Phenotypic analysis of a subset of 43 strains chosen randomly showed that 58% of them produced ECP independently of the presence or absence of CFs, a percentage even higher than that of the most prevalent CFs. These data suggest an important role for ECP in the biology of ETEC, particularly in CF-negative strains, and in human infection.
Personality and organizations: A test of the homogeneity of personality hypothesis.

During the early part of this century, a group of American anthropologists, who were admittedly influenced by the psychodynamic psychology of Freud, began to concern themselves with the study of intercultural variation in personality (cf. DuBois, 1944; Kardiner, 1945). These anthropologists were not so much interested in the development of individual personality, as was true of their counterparts in psychology; rather, they were intrigued by the societal distribution of various personality characteristics. Fromm (1942) summarized their interest when he wrote, "We are interested. , not in the peculiarities by which • . persons differ from each other, but in that part of their character structure [personality] that is common to most members of the group" (p. 277). These anthropologists believed that an understanding of shared personality
Interest in Babies during Young Adulthood.

FELDMAN, S. SHIRLEY, and NASH, SHARON CHURNIN. Interest in Babies during Young Adulthood. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1978, 49, 617-622. Interest in babies was studied in 120 young adult males and females belonging to 4 stages of life: cohabiting singles, childless-married, those expecting their first child, and parents of an infant. Measures included responsivity to an unfamiliar baby in a waiting-room situation, interest in pictures of babies, and a sex-role self-concept inventory. Stages in the family life-cycle were of no relevance to males' interest in babies but were found to trigger females' interest. Specifically, mothers of infants were more responsive to babies than were childless subjects. Sex differences in responsiveness to babies were absent for the 3 childless groups but emerged at parenthood, reflecting the increased sensitivity of new mothers to babies. Femininity scores from a sex-role self-concept correlated modestly with interest in babies, as did experience with infants. The findings are discussed in terms of differential role demands and contact with babies.