Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Absence of HDL cholesteryl ester uptake in mice via SR-BI impairs an adequate adrenal glucocorticoid-mediated stress response to fasting Published, JLR Papers in Press, January 19, 2008.

Receptor-mediated cholesterol uptake has been suggested to play a role in maintaining the adrenal intracellular free cholesterol pool and the ability to produce hormones. Therefore, in the current study, we evaluated the importance of scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)-mediated cholesteryl ester uptake from HDL for adrenal glucocorticoid hormone synthesis in vivo. No difference was observed in the plasma level of corticosterone between SR-BI-deficient and wild-type mice under ad libitum feeding conditions. Overnight fasting (∼16 h) stimulated the plasma level of corticosterone by 2-fold in wild-type mice. In contrast, no effect of fasting on plasma corticosterone levels was observed in SR-BI-deficient mice, leading to a 44% lower plasma corticosterone level compared with their wild-type littermate controls. In parallel, an almost complete depletion of lipid stores in the adrenal cortex of fasted SR-BI-deficient mice was observed. Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were increased by 5-fold in fasted SR-BI-deficient mice. SR-BI deficiency induced marked changes in the hepatic expression of the glucocorticoid-responsive genes cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, HMG-CoA synthase, apolipoprotein A-IV, corticosteroid binding globulin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α, which coincided with a 42% decreased plasma glucose level under fasting conditions. In conclusion, we show that the absence of adrenal HDL cholesteryl ester uptake in SR-BI-deficient mice impairs the adrenal glucocorticoid-mediated stress response to fasting as a result of adrenal glucocorticoid insufficiency and attenuated liver glucocorticoid receptor signaling, leading to hypoglycemia under fasting conditions.
Do schools normalise sexual harassment? An analysis of a legal case regarding sexual harassment in a Swedish high school

ABSTRACT Sexual harassment has become so frequent and ubiquitous in schools that these behaviours have become normalised and expected. In order to prevent the re-enactment and perpetuation of this problem, it is important to explore processes that contribute to its existence. A high school sexual harassment lawsuit in Sweden is used as a case study to illustrate ways that might explain how sexual harassment is normalised at the organisational level. A thematic analysis has been used to identify themes and subthemes. The results show a multi-layered web of factors and practices related to sexual harassment at the organisational level in the school. In order to change a school’s culture from one where sexual harassment is normalised, multiple needs must be addressed: organisational weaknesses must be strengthened; adults enact their responsibility to change the situation; and awareness of the relationship between sexual harassment, gender, and power needs to be increased.
Addition of Casein or Whey Protein to Colostrum or a Colostrum Supplement Product on Absorption of IgG in Neonatal Calves

Abstract The effects of the addition of nonimmunoglobulin protein on absorption of immunoglobulin G (IgG) from colostrum or colostrum supplement products were determined in two experiments. In experiment 1, 48 Holstein calves were fed 4L of pooled maternal colostrum or 4L of reconstituted colostrum supplement with 0, 200, or 400g of added whey protein concentrate or casein. In experiment 2, 38 Jersey calves were fed 2L of pooled maternal colostrum with 100 or 200g of whey protein concentrate or casein added immediately before feeding. Blood was collected at 24h of age and plasma IgG concentration, total protein, hematocrit (experiment 1 only), and plasma urea N were determined. In experiment 1, blood samples were also collected at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20h to evaluate absorption of IgG and protein and urea N concentrations. The addition of 400g of casein to colostrum supplement in experiment 1 reduced plasma IgG from 5.66g/L (0g of casein addition) to 3.88g/L, increased plasma urea N at 24h, and reduced the change in plasma total protein from 0 to 24h. Hourly plasma IgG concentrations increased with the consumption of colostrum or supplements but increased more rapidly in calves fed whey protein concentrate and more slowly in calves fed casein. The addition of 200g of casein or whey protein concentrate to colostrum supplements had no effect on plasma IgG concentration at 24h of age. The addition of 100 or 200g of casein or whey protein concentrate to maternal colostrum had no effect on plasma urea N, total protein, or plasma IgG in experiment 2. The addition of nonimmunoglobulin protein to colostrum supplements or maternal colostrum did not affect IgG absorption from the intestine of newborn calves unless the amount of total protein exceeded 500g of protein.
Boldness in anti-predator behaviour and immune defence in field crickets

Questions: Are prey animals’ behavioural responses against predation associated with their ability to resist parasites and pathogens, and if so, how is this adjusted in different populations? Methods: We studied the association between anti-predator behaviour and immune defence (encapsulation response and lytic activities of the haemolymph) using laboratory-reared male field crickets originating from two wild populations that differ in predation and parasitism risk. The anti-predator behaviours that we measured were as follows: (1) the animal’s latency to become active inside a safe refuge, (2) its latency to emerge from a safe refuge after disturbance, and (3) the animal’s freezing time following a separate alarm cue. Results: Crickets originating from a high-parasitoid, high-predation risk population (Arizona) had higher encapsulation responses than crickets from a low-parasitoid, lowpredation risk population (California). Lytic activity correlated negatively with freezing time. Encapsulation response was positively correlated with the latency to become active and latency to emerge from a safe refuge in the high-predation risk population, but not in the low-predation risk population. Conclusion: Predation and parasitoids may increase the cricket’s investment in parasite resistance, despite the potential costs of anti-predator behaviour.
The environment of HII galaxies

Recent morphological studies (Telles \& Terlevich 1994) of HII galaxies, i.e. dwarf galaxies dominated by a very luminous starburst, have indicated that luminous HII galaxies tend to show distorted morphology suggestive of tidal interactions triggering the present starburst while low luminosity HII galaxies tend to be instead symmetric and regular. To check the tidal origin of the starburst in HII galaxies, we have searched for companions in the neighbourhood of a sample of 51 HII galaxies. We found that only 12 HII galaxies have a neighbour within a projected distance of 1 Mpc and 250 \kmsec~ in velocity difference, and of these 12, only 4 have a luminous (M$_B <$ --19) neighbour. Surprisingly, isolated HII galaxies tend to be of high luminosity and disturbed morphology while HII galaxies with neighbours tend to be low luminosity regular HII galaxies. Furthermore, the metal abundance and the equivalent width of the emission lines in HII galaxies do not depend on the presence of a companion. These results are opposed to simple expectations if interaction with a bright companion is the main mechanism triggering the starbursts. We have also found a loose group of HII galaxies with no luminous companion. For this, there is the additional difficulty of understanding how these starbursts are synchronized on time scales of less than $10^7$ yrs in systems separated by $\sim$ 1-2 Mpc.
Estimating Capacity and Efficiency in Fisheries with Undesirable Outputs

ii Executive Summary Fishery managers throughout the world are concerned about finding ways to reduce undesirable and nonmarketable bycatch (i.e., bycatch discards) and excess harvesting capacity. Both of these issues are associated with economic waste in the form of unnecessarily high production costs, potential reductions in future harvest levels, or unnecessary utilization of factors of production to discard undesired catch. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA Fisheries), and various member nations of the FAO adopted a voluntary code entitled The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries in 1995, which promotes the reduction in bycatch discards and excess capacity in commercial fisheries. Extensive progress has been made towards reducing bycatch of undesired species through new regulations and modifications to traditional fishing gear. Substantial progress has also been made towards assessing and reducing harvesting capacity in fisheries. Unfortunately, these efforts have been made in isolation. That is, efforts to reduce bycatch have not concurrently considered the ramifications of bycatch reduction on harvesting capacity, and efforts to assess capacity have not incorporated how capacity would vary with reductions in undesirable outputs. Without proper attention to the relationship between reducing undesirable outputs and the maximizing desirable outputs, it is quite likely that the estimates of capacity used to help develop capacity reduction programs may be subject to error. We examine four approaches for estimating and assessing both capacity and technical efficiency of production activities that involve the production of both desirable and undesirable outputs. Although we primarily focus on estimating capacity while explicitly recognizing the need to allow desirable outputs to expand and undesirable outputs to contract, we also consider several other options for changing the direction (expansion and contraction) of desirable and undesirable outputs. All four methods considered in the report are based on data envelopment analysis (DEA), which is a mathematical programming approach for estimating technical efficiency (TE) and capacity output. We first examine the more traditional DEA approach for estimating capacity; this is an output-oriented approach, which only takes desirable outputs into account and ignores undesirable outputs. We then introduce and summarize (2) a directional distance function approach, which permits desirable outputs to increase and undesirable outputs to decrease by the same proportion. Next, (3) a hyperbolic approach is then presented and discussed; this approach allows desirable outputs to expand by a scalar and undesirable outputs to contract by the inverse …
The Dynamics of Consensus Building in Intracultural and Intercultural Negotiations

This research examines the dynamics of consensus building in intracultural and intercultural negotiations achieved through the convergence of mental models between negotiators. Working from a dynamic constructivist view, according to which the effects of culture are socially and contextually contingent, we theorize and show in two studies of U.S. and Chinese negotiators that while consensus might be generally easier to achieve in intracultural negotiation settings than intercultural settings, the effects of culture depend on the epistemic and social motives of the parties. As hypothesized, we find that movement toward consensus (in the form of mental model convergence) is more likely among intracultural than intercultural negotiating dyads and that negotiators’ epistemic and social motives moderated these effects: need for closure inhibited consensus more for intercultural than intracultural dyads, while concern for face fostered consensus more for intercultural than intracultural dyads. Our theory and findings suggest that consensus building is not necessarily more challenging in cross-cultural negotiations but depends on the epistemic and social motivations of the individuals negotiating.
Monkey Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal and Putative Interneurons Exhibit Differential Patterns of Activity Between Prosaccade and Antisaccade Tasks

Previous studies have shown that prefrontal cortex (PFC) neurons carry task-related activity; however, it is largely unknown how this selectivity is implemented in PFC microcircuitry. Here, we exploited known differences in extracellular action potential waveforms, and antidromic identification, to classify PFC neurons as putative pyramidal or interneurons, and investigate their relative contributions to task-selectivity. We recorded the activity of prefrontal neurons while monkeys performed a blocked pro/antisaccade task in which they were required to look either toward or away from a peripheral visual stimulus. We found systematic differences in activity between neuron classes. Putative pyramidal neurons had higher stimulus-related activity on antisaccade trials, whereas putative interneurons exhibited greater activity for prosaccades. These findings suggest that task-selectivity in the PFC may be shaped by interactions between these neuronal classes. They are also consistent with the robust deficits in antisaccade performance frequently observed in disease states associated with PFC dysfunction.
Low ML-Decoding Complexity, Large Coding Gain, Full-Rate, Full-Diversity STBCs for 2 $\times$  2 and 4 $\times$  2 MIMO Systems

This paper deals with low maximum-likelihood (ML)-decoding complexity, full-rate and full-diversity space-time block codes (STBCs), which also offer large coding gain, for the 2 transmit antenna, 2 receive antenna (2 × 2) and the 4 transmit antenna, 2 receive antenna (4 × 2) MIMO systems. Presently, the best known STBC for the 2 × 2 system is the Golden code and that for the 4 × 2 system is the DjABBA code. Following the approach by Biglieri, Hong, and Viterbo, a new STBC is presented in this paper for the 2 × 2 system. This code matches the Golden code in performance and ML-decoding complexity for square QAM constellations while it has lower ML-decoding complexity with the same performance for non-rectangular QAM constellations. This code is also shown to be information-lossless and diversity-multiplexing gain (DMG) tradeoff optimal. This design procedure is then extended to the 4 × 2 system and a code, which outperforms the DjABBA code for QAM constellations with lower ML-decoding complexity, is presented. So far, the Golden code has been reported to have an ML-decoding complexity of the order of M 4 for square QAM of size M. In this paper, a scheme that reduces its ML-decoding complexity to M 2¿(M) is presented.
Collective Reputation and the Dynamics of Statistical Discrimination

Economists have developed theoretical models identifying self-fulfilling expectations as an important source of statistical discrimination in labor markets (Arrow, 1973). The static models dominating the literature of statistical discrimination, however, may leave the false impression that a bad equilibrium is as fragile as a "bubble" and can burst at any moment when expectations flip. Such models thus understate the adversity that disadvantaged groups face in seeking to escape bad equilibria. By developing a dynamic version of a statistical discrimination model based on Coate and Loury's (1993) original setup, we clarify the limits of expectations-related fragility. We show that when a group is strongly affected by negative reputational externalities, the group cannot escape a low skill investment trap, regardless of how expectations are formed. By examining the evolution of stereotypes in this way, we also provide new insights into egalitarian policies.
Performance Analysis of the 802 . 11 Distributed Coordination Function under Sporadic Traffic

We analyze the performance of the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) for 802.11 WLANs. We consider a fixed number of contending stations within radio proximity, and we investigate the important case in which stations operate under non-saturated conditions. We assume that the MAC queues of wireless stations receive from the upper layers a stationary arrival process of packets. We identify the fundamental problems that arise in building an analytical model of the system, and we propose different approaches to overcome these difficulties. Finally, we apply our modelling technique to study several important issues in 802.11 networks, such as the impact of bursty traffic and the system performance in a multirate environment. The accuracy of the analytical results is verified by simulation with ns-2.
A Four Russians algorithm for regular expression pattern matching

Given a regular expression <italic>R</italic> of length <italic>P</italic> and a word <italic>A</italic> of length <italic>N</italic>, the membership problem is to determine if <italic>A</italic> is in the language denoted by <italic>R</italic>. An <italic>O</italic>(<italic>PN</italic>/lg<italic>N</italic>) time algorithm is presented that is based on a lg<italic>N</italic> speedup of the standard <italic>O</italic>(<italic>PN</italic>) time simulation of <italic>R</italic>'s nonderministic finite automaton on <italic>A</italic> using a combination of the node-listing and “Four-Russians” paradigms. This result places a new worst-case upper bound on regular expression pattern matching. Moreover, in practice the method provides an implementation that is faster than existing software for small regular expressions.
Thruster Modeling and Controller Design for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs)

Thruster modeling and control is the core of underwater vehicle control and simulation, because it is the lowest control loop of the system; hence, the system would benefit from accurate and practical modeling of the thrusters. In unmanned underwater vehicles, thrusters are generally propellers driven by electrical motors. Therefore, thrust force is simultaneously affected by motor model, propeller map, and hydrodynamic effects, and besides, there are many other facts to consider (Manen & Ossanen, 1988), which make the modeling procedure difficult. To resolve the difficulties, many thruster models have been proposed. In the classical analysis of thrust force under steady-state bollard pull conditions, a propeller's steady-state axial thrust (T) is modeled proportionally to the signed square of propeller shaft velocity (Ω),T=c1Ω|Ω| (Newman, 1977). Yoerger et al. (Yoerger et al., 1990) presented a one-state model which also contains motor dynamics. To represent the fourquadrant dynamic response of thrusters, Healey et al. (Healey et al., 1995) developed a twostate model with thin-foil propeller hydrodynamics using sinusoidal lift and drag functions. This model also contains the ambient flow velocity effect, but it was not dealt with thoroughly. In Whitcomb and Yoerger's works (Whitcomb & Yoerger, 1999a; Whitcomb & Yoerger, 1999b), the authors executed an experimental verification and comparison study with previous models, and proposed a model based thrust controller. In the two-state model, lift and drag were considered as sinusoidal functions, however, to increase model match with experimental results, Bachmayer et al. (Bachmayer et al., 2000) changed it to look-up table based non-sinusoidal functions, and presented a lift and drag parameter adaptation algorithm (Bachmayer & Whitcomb, 2003). Blanke et al. (Blanke et al., 2000) proposed a three-state model which also contains vehicle dynamics. Vehicle velocity effect was analyzed using non-dimensional propeller parameters, thrust coefficient and advance ratio. However, in the whole range of the advance ratio, the model does not match experimental results well. In the former studies, there are three major restrictions. First, thruster dynamics are mostly modeled under the bollard pull condition, which means the effects of vehicle velocity or ambient flow velocity are not considered. However, while the thruster is operating, naturally, the underwater vehicle system is continuously moving or hovering against the current. In addition, the thrust force would be degraded by up to 30% of bollard output due to ambient flow velocity. Therefore, the bollard pull test results are only valid at the O pe n A cc es s D at ab as e w w w . in te ch w eb . o rg
Convective Stabilization of a Laplacian Moving Boundary Problem with Kinetic Undercooling

We study the shape stability of disks moving in an external Laplacian field in two dimensions. The problem is motivated by the motion of ionization fronts in streamer-type electric breakdown. It is mathematically equivalent to the motion of a small bubble in a Hele–Shaw cell with a regularization of kinetic undercooling type, namely, a mixed Dirichlet–Neumann boundary condition for the Laplacian field on the moving boundary. Using conformal mapping techniques, linear stability analysis of the uniformly translating disk is recast into a single PDE which is exactly solvable for certain values of the regularization parameter. We concentrate on the physically most interesting exactly solvable and nontrivial case. We show that the circular solutions are linearly stable against smooth initial perturbations. In the transformation of the PDE to its normal hyperbolic form, a semigroup of automorphisms of the unit disk plays a central role. It mediates the convection of perturbations to the back of the circle where.
Where's my dinner? Adult neurogenesis in free‐living food‐storing rodents

Postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis in wild mammals may play an essential role in spatial memory. We compared two species that differ in their reliance on memory to locate stored food. Yellow‐pine chipmunks use a single cache to store winter food; eastern gray squirrels use multiple storage sites. Gray squirrels had three times the density of proliferating cells in the dentate gyrus (determined by Ki‐67 immunostaining) than that found in chipmunks, but similar density of young neurons (determined by doublecortin immunostaining). Three explanations may account for these results. First, the larger population of young cells in squirrels may increase the flexibility of the spatial memory system by providing a larger pool of cells from which new neurons can be recruited. Second, squirrels may have a more rapid cell turnover rate. Third, many young cells in the squirrels may mature into glia rather than neurons. The densities of young neurons were higher in juveniles than in adults of both species. The relationship between adult age and cell density was more complex than that has been found in captive populations. In adult squirrels, the density of proliferating cells decreased exponentially with age, whereas in adult chipmunks the density of young neurons decreased exponentially with age.
Identification and functional screening of microRNAs highly deregulated in colorectal cancer

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a robust regulatory network with post‐transcriptional regulatory efficiency for almost one half of human coding genes, including oncogenes and tumour suppressors. We determined the expression profile of 667 miRNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and paired non‐tumoural tissues and identified 42 differentially expressed miRNAs. We chose miR‐215, miR‐375, miR‐378, miR‐422a and miR‐135b for further validation on an independent cohort of 125 clinically characterized CRC patients and for in vitro analyses. MiR‐215, miR‐375, miR‐378 and miR‐422a were significantly decreased, whereas miR‐135b was increased in CRC tumour tissues. Levels of miR‐215 and miR‐422a correlated with clinical stage. MiR‐135b was associated with higher pre‐operative serum levels of CEA and CA19‐9. In vitro analyses showed that ectopic expression of miR‐215 decreases viability and migration, increases apoptosis and promotes cell cycle arrest in DLD‐1 and HCT‐116 colon cancer cell lines. Similarly, overexpression of miR‐375 and inhibition of miR‐135b led to decreased viability. Finally, restoration of miR‐378, miR‐422a and miR‐375 inhibited G1/S transition. These findings indicate that miR‐378, miR‐375, miR‐422a and miR‐215 play an important role in CRC as tumour suppressors, whereas miR‐135b functions as an oncogene; both groups of miRNA contribute to CRC pathogenesis.