Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Light Linear Logic

We are seeking a ``logic of polytime'', not yet one more axiomatization, but an intrinsically polytime system. Our methodological bias will be to consider that the expressive power of a system is the complexity of its cut-elimination procedure, and we therefore seek a system with a polytime complexity for cut-elimination (to be precise: besides the size of the proof, there will be an auxiliary parameter, the depth, controlling the degree of the polynomial). This cannot be achieved within classical or intuitionistic logics because of structural rules, especially contraction: this is why the complexity of cut-elimination in all extant logical systems (including the standard version of linear logic which controls structural rules without forbidding them) is catastrophic, elementary (towers of exponentials) or worse. Light Linear Logic (LLL) is a purely logical system with a more careful handling of structural rules: this system is strong enough to represent all polytime functions, but cut-elimination is (locally) polytime. With LLL, our control over the complexity of cut-elimination improves greatly. But this is not the only potentiality of LLL: why not transform it into a system of mathematics and try to formalize ``polytime mathematics'' in the same way as Heyting arithmetic formalizes constructive mathematics? The possibility is clearly open, since LLL admits extensions into a naive set-theory, with full comprehension, still with polytime cut-elimination. This system admits full induction on data types, which shows that, within LLL, induction is compatible with low complexity.
Numerical simulation of a heterodyne Doppler LIDAR for wind measurement in a turbulent atmospheric boundary layer

This study concerns the modeling and the design of a monostatic heterodyne pulsed LIDAR. The heart of the system is constituted of a 1.55 mum able to produce high pulse repetition frequency. The aim of this work is to assess its efficiency to perform accurate wind speed measurements in the low atmospheric boundary layer, from a 2-D scanning pattern, in the presence of refractive turbulence. A complete LIDAR numerical simulation technique has been developed. Its main originality is the integration of both optical and fluid dynamics numerical methods to take into account the signal coherence loss due to refractive turbulence and speckle effect as well as the fine structures of the wind field. The wind speed profiles along each line-of-sight are retrieved from the return signal using a low-order autoregressive model. An adequate averaging model is then used estimate horizontal components of the wind speed for altitudes up to 150 m.
Parallel phrase extraction from English-Vietnamese parallel corpora

Parallel phrases are important for some Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks such as machine translation or cross language information retrieval. This paper proposes a novel method to extract parallel phrases from English-Vietnamese parallel corpora. In this method, we use predefined syntactic patterns and phrase translation probabilities for determining parallel phrases. The experiments are conducted on English-Vietnamese parallel corpora and have shown that our method increases 79:72% of Fscore for obtaining parallel phrases in comparison with a baseline.
Electrophysiological and molecular characterization of the inward rectifier in juxtaglomerular cells from rat kidney

Renin, the key element of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, is mainly produced by and stored in the juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney. These cells are situated in the media of the afferent arteriole close to the vessel pole and can transform into smooth muscle cells and vice versa. In this study, the electrophysiological properties and the molecular identity of the K+ channels responsible for the resting membrane potential (∼−60 mV) of the juxtaglomerular cells were examined. In order to increase the number of juxtaglomerular cells, afferent arterioles from NaCl‐depleted rats were used, and > 90% of the afferent arterioles were renin positive at the distal end of the arteriole. Whole‐cell and cell‐attached single‐channel patch‐clamp experiments showed that juxtaglomerular cells are endowed with a strongly inwardly rectifying K+ channel (Kir). The channel was highly sensitive to inhibition by Ba2+ (inhibition constant 37 μm at 0 mV), but relatively insensitive to Cs+ and, with 142 mm K+ in the pipette, had a single‐channel conductance of 31.5 pS. Immunocytochemical studies showed the presence of Kir2.1 but no signal for Kir2.2 in the media of the afferent arteriole. In PCR analyses using isolated juxtaglomerular cells, the mRNA for Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 was detected. Collectively, the results show that Kir2.1 is the dominant component of the channel. The current carried by these channels plays a decisive role in setting the membrane potential of juxtaglomerular cells.
Efficient linear successive allocation for the MIMO broadcast channel

To avoid the complexity of nearly optimum implementations for dirty paper coding (DPC) linear zero-forcing approaches are often preferred. Finding the optimum user allocation, transmit and receive filters for maximizing sum rate in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel constitutes a non-convex combinatorial optimization problem. Here we present an efficient linear zero-forcing algorithm for this problem, which is derived from maximizing a lower bound for the sum rate. It successively allocates data streams to users and in contrast to state of the art approaches thereby also determines the corresponding receive filters. Compared to existing approaches drastic complexity reductions can be achieved even with slight performance gains.
Inhibition of Human Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase (TPMT) by Various NSAIDs in vitro: a Mechanism for Possible Drug Interactions

Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) is a biotransformation phase II enzyme responsible for the metabolic inactivation of thiopurine drugs. The present study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory potential of 15 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on human TPMT activity in vitro. TPMT activity was measured in pooled human erythrocytes in the absence and presence of various NSAIDs using the previously published HPLC-UV method. To determine the inhibition type and Ki value for each compound we performed kinetic analysis at five different inhibitor concentrations close to the IC50 value obtained in preliminary experiments. Naproxen (Ki=52 µ M), mefenamic (Ki=39 µ M) and tolfenamic acid (Ki=50 µ M) inhibited TPMT activity in a noncompetitive manner. The estimated Ki values for the inhibition of TPMT by ketoprofen (Ki=172 µ M) and ibuprofen (Ki=1043 µ M) indicated that the propionic acid derivatives were relatively weak inhibitors of TPMT. Our results suggest that co-administration of thiopurines and various NSAIDs may lead to drug interactions.
Social inequities in environmental risks associated with housing and residential location--a review of evidence.

BACKGROUND Housing conditions and environmental quality of residential areas are differentially distributed in the population. Less affluent population groups are more often affected by inadequate housing conditions and higher environmental burden in their residential neighbourhoods. A synthesis of the dispersed evidence on health-related housing characteristics and social status is needed to provide support for housing policies addressing social inequities. METHODS The literature on social inequities and environmental risks related to housing and residential location was searched in health, environmental and geographical databases and reviewed to summarize the evidence. Household-level socio-economic status and income were considered as indicators of social status. The review was limited to European evidence. RESULTS Adequate studies were only available for few countries. Most studies identified the less affluent population groups as most exposed to environmental risks in the place of residence. Inequities were reported for risks experienced within the dwelling (such as exposure to dampness, chemical contamination, noise, temperature problems and poor sanitation) and related to residential location (neighbourhood quality, traffic-related pollution, proximity to pollution sites). Increased exposure to environmental risks within more affluent population groups was rarely identified. CONCLUSIONS The review indicates that social status and especially low income are strongly associated with increased exposure to environmental risks in the private home or related to residential location. However, due to the methodological variety of the available studies and the lack of data for many countries, it is not possible to provide a general assessment of the magnitude of inequity in Europe at the present time.
Testing the Hill model of transpolar potential with Super Dual Auroral Radar Network observations

We use a data set consisting of periods for which the transpolar ionospheric potential (Φ) is well‐determined by Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) data to test the Hill model. The Hill model, as formulated by Siscoe et al. [2002] , specifies Φ as a function of solar wind speed and ram pressure, the interplanetary magnetic field, the reconnection electric field (E), and the ionospheric conductance (Σ). The periods used in our study were identified as times when the interplanetary electric field was quasi‐stable for and SuperDARN coverage was sufficient to determine Φ. SuperDARN‐determined Φ (Φ) is compared to Φ determined using the Hill model (Φ) for 1317 10‐min periods. A minimum in the root‐mean‐square difference between (Φ)(E) and (Φ)(E) is achieved when Σ = 23 S and a constant potential, Φ0 = 17 kV, are used. Some aspects of the data agree very well for these values of Σ and Φ0, including the mean value of Φ(E) and that both data sets clearly indicate saturation at higher values of E. The ram pressure dependence of (Φ), however, is inconsistent with that of (Φ) and suggests that Σ should be lower than 23 S. There is also significantly more variability in (Φ) for all values of E than the Hill model predicts.
Anterior Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Epilepsy: Insights Into Patterns of Seizure Control and Efficacious Target.

BACKGROUND Anterior nucleus (AN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a palliative treatment for medically refractory epilepsy. The long-term efficacy and the optimal target localization for AN DBS are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To analyze the long-term efficacy of AN DBS and its predictors. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 16 patients who underwent AN DBS. We selected only patients with reliable seizure frequency data and at least a 1-year follow-up. We studied the duration of the seizure reduction after DBS insertion and before stimulation (the insertional effect) and its association with long-term outcome. We modeled the volume of activation using the active contacts, stimulation parameters, and postoperative imaging. The overlap of this volume was plotted in Montreal Neurological Institute 152 space in 7 patients with significant clinical efficacy. RESULTS Nine patients reported a decrease in seizure frequency immediately after electrode insertion (insertional or microthalamotomy effect). The duration of insertional effect varied from 2 to 4 months. However, 1 patient had a long-term insertional effect of 36 months. Altogether, 11 patients reported >50% decrease in seizure frequency with long-term stimulation. The most common pattern of seizure control was immediate and sustained stimulation benefit (n = 8). In patients with long-term stimulation benefit, the efficacious target was localized in the anteroventral AN in close proximity to the mammillothalamic tract. CONCLUSION AN DBS is efficacious in the control of seizure frequency in selected patients. An insertional effect is commonly observed (56%). The most efficacious site of stimulation appears to be the anteroventral AN. ABBREVIATIONS AN, anterior nucleusDBS, deep brain stimulationMNI, Montreal Neurological InstituteMRE, medical refractory epilepsyMT, mammillothalamic tractSANTE, Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus for EpilepsyVNS, vagal nerve stimulation.
Large and primarily updip afterslip following the 2012 Mw 7.6 Nicoya, Costa Rica, earthquake

We present detailed surface measurements of the first 3.5 years of postseismic deformation following the 5 September 2012 moment magnitude (Mw) 7.6 Nicoya, Costa Rica, earthquake. The dominant signal in the first 2.5 years is uniform horizontal trenchward motion totaling 7–26 cm across 40 stations. Trenchward velocity is strongly diminished by mid‐2014 and appears by 2016 to have begun reversing. We invert the first 2.5 years to determine the corresponding afterslip on a detailed 3‐D interface. Results show significant afterslip both updip and downdip of the main coseismic rupture zone, with as much as 1.7 m of offset in two patches at 15–20 km depth and immediately updip of the maximum coseismic slip. This updip slip represents an important mechanism to address unrelieved interseismic locking, although sufficient strain energy remains to generate up to a Mw 7.1 event near the coastline. The afterslip patches are anticorrelated with strongly clustered aftershocks at the same depth, which is indicative of varying frictional behavior along strike. An additional patch of slip is colocated with reoccurring slow‐slip events beneath the Gulf of Nicoya. The magnitude of the observed slip, however, cannot be sufficiently explained by the known slow‐slip events. Ongoing measurements will be crucial to understanding the relocking process in Nicoya.
GMAP-210, A Cis-Golgi Network-associated Protein, Is a Minus End Microtubule-binding Protein

We report that a peripheral Golgi protein with a molecular mass of 210 kD localized at the cis-Golgi network (Rios, R.M., A.M. Tassin, C. Celati, C. Antony, M.C. Boissier, J.C. Homberg, and M. Bornens. 1994. J. Cell Biol. 125:997–1013) is a microtubule-binding protein that associates in situ with a subpopulation of stable microtubules. Interaction of this protein, now called GMAP-210, for Golgi microtubule-associated protein 210, with microtubules in vitro is direct, tight and nucleotide-independent. Biochemical analysis further suggests that GMAP-210 specifically binds to microtubule ends. The full-length cDNA encoding GMAP-210 predicts a protein of 1,979 amino acids with a very long central coiled-coil domain. Deletion analyses in vitro show that the COOH terminus of GMAP-210 binds to microtubules whereas the NH2 terminus binds to Golgi membranes. Overexpression of GMAP-210–encoding cDNA induced a dramatic enlargement of the Golgi apparatus and perturbations in the microtubule network. These effects did not occur when a mutant lacking the COOH-terminal domain was expressed. When transfected in fusion with the green fluorescent protein, the NH2-terminal domain associated with the cis-Golgi network whereas the COOH-terminal microtubule-binding domain localized at the centrosome. Altogether these data support the view that GMAP-210 serves to link the cis-Golgi network to the minus ends of centrosome-nucleated microtubules. In addition, this interaction appears essential for ensuring the proper morphology and size of the Golgi apparatus.
Cost-effectiveness of point-of-care C-reactive protein testing to inform antibiotic prescribing decisions.

BACKGROUND Point-of-care C-reactive protein (POCCRP) is a biomarker of inflammation that offers clinicians a rapid POC test to guide antibiotic prescribing decisions for acute cough and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). However, evidence that POCCRP is cost-effective is limited, particularly outside experimental settings. AIM To assess the cost-effectiveness of POCCRP as a diagnostic tool for acute cough and LRTI from the perspective of the health service. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study of the presentation, management, and outcomes of patients with acute cough and LRTI in primary care settings in Norway and Sweden. METHOD Using hierarchical regression, data were analysed in terms of the effect on antibiotic use, cost, and patient outcomes (symptom severity after 7 and 14 days, time to recovery, and EQ-5D), while controlling for patient characteristics (self-reported symptom severity, comorbidities, and health-related quality of life) at first attendance. RESULTS POCCRP testing is associated with non-significant positive reductions in antibiotic prescribing (P = 0.078) and increased cost (P = 0.092). Despite the uncertainty, POCCRP testing is also associated with a cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gain of €9391. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of €30,000 per QALY gained, there is a 70% probability of CRP being cost-effective. CONCLUSION POCCRP testing is likely to provide a cost-effective diagnostic intervention both in terms of reducing antibiotic prescribing and in terms of QALYs gained.
Degrees of Efficiency and Degrees of Minimality

In this work we characterize different types of solutions of a vector optimization problem by means of a scalarization procedure. Usually different scalarizing functions are used in order to obtain the various solutions of the vector problem. Here we consider different kinds of solutions of the same scalarized problem. Our results allow us to establish a parallelism between the solutions of the scalarized problem and the various efficient frontiers: stronger solution concepts of the scalar problem correspond to more restrictive notions of efficiency. Besides the usual notions of weakly efficient and efficient points, which are characterized as global and strict global solutions of the scalarized problem, we also consider some restricted notions of efficiency, such as strict and proper efficiency, which are characterized as Tikhonov well-posed minima and sharp minima for the scalarized problem.
The calcium current of Helix neuron

Calcium current, Ica, was studied in isolated nerve cell bodies of Helix aspersa after suppression of Na+ and K+ currents. The suction pipette method described in the preceding paper was used. Ica rises to a peak value and then subsides exponentially and has a null potential of 150 mV or more and a relationship with [Ca2+]o that is hyperbolic over a small range of [Ca2+]o's. When [Ca2+]i is increased, Ica is reduced disproportionately, but the effect is not hyperbolic. Ica is blocked by extracellular Ni2+, La3+, Cd2+, and Co2+ and is greater when Ba2+ and Sr2+ carry the current. Saturation and blockage are described by a Langmuir adsorption relationship similar to that found in Balanus. Thus, the calcium conductance probably contains a site which binds the ions referred to. The site also appears to be voltage-dependent. Activation and inactivation of Ica are described by first order kinetics, and there is evidence that the processes are coupled. For example, inactivation is delayed slightly in its onset and tau inactivation depends upon the method of study. However, the currents are described equally well by either a noncoupled Hodgkin-Huxley mh scheme or a coupled reaction. Facilitation of Ica by prepulses was not observed. For times up to 50 ms, currents even at small depolarizations were accounted for by suitable adjustment of the activation and inactivation rate constants.
Manitest: Are classifiers really invariant?

Invariance to geometric transformations is a highly desirable property of automatic classifiers in many image recognition tasks. Nevertheless, it is unclear to which extent state-of-the-art classifiers are invariant to basic transformations such as rotations and translations. This is mainly due to the lack of general methods that properly measure such an invariance. In this paper, we propose a rigorous and systematic approach for quantifying the invariance to geometric transformations of any classifier. Our key idea is to cast the problem of assessing a classifier's invariance as the computation of geodesics along the manifold of transformed images. We propose the Manitest method, built on the efficient Fast Marching algorithm to compute the invariance of classifiers. Our new method quantifies in particular the importance of data augmentation for learning invariance from data, and the increased invariance of convolutional neural networks with depth. We foresee that the proposed generic tool for measuring invariance to a large class of geometric transformations and arbitrary classifiers will have many applications for evaluating and comparing classifiers based on their invariance, and help improving the invariance of existing classifiers.
Synchronicity in international stock markets: evidence from USA-South Africa

The South African equity market witnessed very strong lift since 1994 and is included in BRICS countries in 2010. The emergence of the sub-prime crisis in the USA had an adverse impact on the global markets especially emerging market like South Africa. The primary objective of the present study is to analyse the distinctiveness of price movements and volatility spill over effects between the USA (NYSE) and the emerging economy of South Africa employing daily time series data spanning Jun 2006 to May 2012. The stock price synchronicity is examined using VECM-based causal relationship during the 2006-2012 (entire sample period) and 2007-2009 (financial crisis period). Further, the speed of transmission of shocks from the USA to SA in the long run, short run deviations and swiftness of recovery during the US subprime mortgage crisis is also analysed. The results reveal that both long-run and short-run dynamic nexus exist between these stock markets. In addition, the nexus is amplified in the short-run during the US financial crisis. This suggests that changes in the US stock markets swiftly affect the South African stock market and the US index acts as a conducing indicator for information transmission across the two markets.
Imaging of Fetal Cytomegalovirus Infection

Fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus infection may remain asymptomatic or present with a wide range of brain pathologies. These findings are not always obvious but may on some occasions be demonstrated by ultrasound and MRI, they include ventriculomegaly, microcephaly, increased periventricular echogenicity, calcifications, periventricular pseudocysts, intraventricular synechia, malformations of cortical development, cerebellar lesions and T2 abnormal temporal signals. The purpose of this mini-review is to describe US and MRI findings characteristic of congenital cytomegalovirus infection, with particular emphasis on their time of appearance, frequency and specificity.
EFFECT OF PIMPINELLA ANISUM L. ON HISTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL DAMAGE IN CEREBRUM AND CEREBELLUM OF YOUNG RATS INTOXICATED BY LEAD ACETATE

Lead is non-essential element for human body; hence, earlier exposure to this metal induced deleterious effects especially on brain of newborn and child. Pimpinella anisum L. , is an annual herb that has been investigated for its neuroprotective effect. The aim of this study is to determine either oral administration of Pimpinella anisum L. , extract can correct the damages caused by lead exposure. Rats were exposed to 0.2% of lead in drinking water during gestation, lactation and weaning. Treatment with Pimpinella anisum L. , aqueous extract was at 03 different doses: 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg for 15 days. The results showed that lead induced a significant increase in the level of phosphatase acide (p<0.05) and a nonsignificant increase of hydroperoxides concentration in both cerebrum and cerebellum. Histological damaged were observed in the brain of intoxicated rats, which were more remarkable in cerebrum then cerebellum. Oral administration of Pimpinella anisum L. , aqueous extract had decreased non-significantly the level of biochemical parameters with no changes in the tissular architecture of cerebrum and cerebellum when compared to the control group. It can be conclude that Pimpinella anisum L. , can possess a beneficial effect on neurotoxicity induced by lead exposure.