Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention Restores Discrete Items to Visual Short-Term Memory

When a memory is forgotten, is it lost forever? Our study shows that selective attention can restore forgotten items to visual short-term memory (VSTM). In our two experiments, all stimuli presented in a memory array were designed to be equally task relevant during encoding. During the retention interval, however, participants were sometimes given a cue predicting which of the memory items would be probed at the end of the delay. This shift in task relevance improved recall for that item. We found that this type of cuing improved recall for items that otherwise would have been irretrievable, providing critical evidence that attention can restore forgotten information to VSTM. Psychophysical modeling of memory performance has confirmed that restoration of information in VSTM increases the probability that the cued item is available for recall but does not improve the representational quality of the memory. We further suggest that attention can restore discrete items to VSTM.
Repair of Motor Nerve Gaps With Sensory Nerve Inhibits Regeneration in Rats

Objective: Sensory nerve grafts are often used to reconstruct injured motor nerves, but the consequences of such motor/sensory mismatches are not well studied. Sensory nerves have more diverse fiber distributions than motor nerves and may possess phenotypically distinct Schwann cells. Putative differences in Schwann cell characteristics and pathway architecture may negatively affect the regeneration of motor neurons down sensory pathways. We hypothesized that sensory grafts impair motor target reinnervation, thereby contributing to suboptimal outcomes. This study investigated the effect of motor versus sensory grafts on nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
Cognitive performance is improved while walking: Differences in cognitive–sensorimotor couplings between children and young adults

We investigated how 9-year-olds and young adults performed a working memory task under different difficulty conditions while walking on a treadmill. Stride-length and stride-time variability tended to decrease with cognitive load in young adults, whereas children showed an increase in walking variability when cognitive load was very high. Participants in both age groups improved their cognitive performance when walking at their preferred speed as opposed to sitting or walking at a fixed, non-preferred speed. We conclude that the interaction of walking and cognitive performance is influenced by sharing resources between two tasks, and that performance improvements in cognition may be caused by an exercise-induced activation of resources.
Managerial Pay and Corporate Performance

ing, for the moment, from potential statistical and measurement problems, and in the absence of theoretical reasons to specify an alternative form of functional relationship, we may begin by postulating that a top executive's compensation is related in linear fashion to both the profits and sales of the firm he manages. The structural form of the relationship can be written: (1) Cit = ao + a,-rxi + a2Sij + ui, Where, C, r, and S represent executive compensation, corporate profits, and corporate sales, respectively, and u is a random disturbance term. Subscript i denotes the firm and subscript t the period to which the measure applies. By supplying a basis for observing the magnitude of the coefficients a, and a2 and the levels of statistical significance attaching thereto, the above specification provides a natural vehicle for inferring the relative influence of the two independent variables upon compensation, and thereby testing the alternative hypotheses. The emergence of a positive value for the constant term ao would imply, in effect, that executive rewards rise less than in proportion to company sales and/or profits. Thus, it seems probable that a $50 thousand difference in annual profits between two firms in the $100 million profit range would result in a smaller difference in the pay of their respective chief executives than would the same dollar profit difference in the case of two firms whose yearly earnings were in the $100 thousand range. Represented graphically, the compensation vs. profits or compensation vs. sales relationship would therefore be expected to be concave downward for a sample of enterprises differing widely in size, and the linear approximation to any segment of such an underlying relationship would necessarily include a positive intercept value. It follows, then, that a, and a2 must be interpreted in marginal-although constant for the sample range-terms throughout. Statistical Problems Unfortunately, direct application of equation (1) to any generalized sample of crosssectional data can be expected to encounter several possible sources of statistical bias. For one thing, the efficiency of least square estimates depends upon the variances of the disturbance terms being constant. Examination of scatter diagrams of pilot regression runs using equation (1) revealed, as anticipated, that the error terms were not constant but were approximately in proportion to the dependent variable. Moreover, and as one might also suspect, those firms relatively large by virtually any scale criterion were also characterized by relatively high sales and profits levels. This scale-associated linkage between the independent variables poses the threat of serious collinearity,4 with re4The high degrees of correlation between the independent variables in their natural form were indicated by the presence of simple correlation coefficients which in most cases, exceeded . 9. This high degree of observed This content downloaded from 157.55. 39.104 on Mon, 20 Jun 2016 05:40:33 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor. org/terms
TRANSPARENT URNS AND COLORED TINKER-CUBES FOR NATURAL STOCHASTICS IN PRIMARY SCHOOL

We join the camp of mathematics educators who claim that children should receive early training in stochastic thinking, although their training – at such stage – may only be based on a heuristic understanding of stochastic phenomena. The term “heuristic” is to be taken in the sense propagated by scientists like Einstein and Polya, which is not as “a rule of thumb” but as a correct yet partial approximation of the normative approach. We present a review of empirical results supporting our claim and propose to guide children to construct stochastic situations enactively.
The SecretBlaze: A Configurable and Cost-Effective Open-Source Soft-Core Processor

Owing to the flexibility they offer, soft-core processors are becoming an attractive alternative for embedded system designs. Through the use of reconfigurable computing devices, such flexibility provides designers the opportunity to quickly uncover best design trade-offs and to achieve specific application goals. The present work introduces the Secret Blaze, a highly configurable and open-source RISC soft-core processor. Details about its modular approach that aims to strike the balance between the design quality and the efficiency of the data path are particularly discussed. Synthesis and performance results also demonstrates that the Secret Blaze is a very promising processor.
Non ‐ Marketability and the Value of Equity Based Compensation

This paper uses the Benninga‐Helmantel‐Sarig (2005) framework to value employee stock options (ESOs) and restricted stocks units (RSU) in a framework which takes explicit account of employee non‐diversification in addition to the standard features of vesting and forfeit of the stock options. This framework provides an endogenous explanation of early exercise of employee stock options. Incorporating non‐diversification, we find that the pricing model is aliened with empirical findings of ESOs and results in lower values compare to alternative employee option pricing models such the widely‐used Hull‐White (2004) model. This pricing has implication for the FAS 123(R) for estimating the fair value of equity based compensation. JEL classification: G12, G13, G32.
Organisational Justice and its Role in Promoting Citizenship Behaviour among Hotel Employees in Malaysia

This study examines the role of organisational justice in promoting organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and assesses leader-member exchange (LMX) as well as trust in supervisor as mediators. Data is collected from a total of 227 subordinate supervisors dyads from 16 hotels, located within the central region of Malaysia. Hypothesis is postulated on the relationship between employee’s perceived organisational justice and OCBs; it is also posited that LMX as well as trust in supervisor will mediate the effects of organisational justice on citizenship behaviour. The findings reveal that procedural justice reports stronger relationship with all dimensions of OCB compared with distributive justice. Both LMX and trust in supervisor are found to be significantly related to organisational justice and citizenship behaviour. However, only LMX fully mediates the impact of organisational justice on citizenship behaviour. Conceptual and managerial implications of research findings are also discussed.
Phase II Study of Consolidation Chemotherapy after Adjuvant or Primary Concurrent Chemoradiation Using Paclitaxel and Carboplatin to Treat High-Risk Early-Stage or Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer

Purpose This study investigated the efficacy and toxicity associated with consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin after concurrent chemoradiation (CCR) in cervical cancer patients. Materials and Methods From a total of 37 patients, 19 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB1-IIA cervical cancer (group 1) underwent surgery followed by consolidation chemotherapy after CCR, and 18 with stage IIB-IVA disease (group 2) received consolidation chemotherapy after primary CCR. Three cycles of chemotherapy using paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5.0) were administered every 3 weeks for CCR therapy, and three cycles of consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5.0) were used every 3 weeks after CCR. Results The complete and partial response rates were 77.8% and 22.2% in group 2. Moreover, the 3-year progression-free and overall survival rates were 62.7% and 90.9% in group 1, and 51.9% and 60% in group 2, respectively. The most common grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities observed were leukopenia (group 1, 10.5%; group 2, 13.0%) and neutropenia (group 1, 7.0%; group 2, 14.8%), and grade 3 or 4 diarrhea (group 1, 1.8%) and febrile illness (group 2, 1.9%) were the most frequently observed non-hematologic toxicities. When we compared these results with previous reports, consolidation chemotherapy after CCR using paclitaxel and carboplatin revealed a relatively lower complete response rate (77.8% vs. 87-100%, respectively) and shorter progression-free survival (51.9-62.7% vs. 81-86%, respectively) and overall survival (60-90.9% vs. 81-95%, respectively) in spite of similar toxicity findings. Conclusion Due to low efficacy results, consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin after CCR is not a feasible treatment regimen for high-risk early-stage or locally advanced cervical cancer.
Adaptive finite element method for a coefficient inverse problem for Maxwell's system

We consider a coefficient inverse problem for Maxwell's system in 3-D. The coefficient of interest is the dielectric permittivity function. Only backscattering single measurement data are used. The problem is formulated as an optimization problem. The key idea is to use the adaptive finite element method for the solution. Both analytical and numerical results are presented. Similar ideas for inverse problems for the complete time dependent Maxwell's system were not considered in the past.
An estimate of \Omega_m without priors

Using mean relative peculiar velocity measurements for pairs of galaxies, we estimate the cosmological density parameter $\Omega_m$ and the amplitude of density fluctuations $\sigma_8$. Our results suggest that our statistic is a robust and reproducible measure of the mean pairwise velocity and thereby the $\Omega_m$ parameter. We get $\Omega_m = 0.30^{+0.17}_{-0.07}$ and $\sigma_8 = 1.13^{+0.22}_{-0.23}$. These estimates do not depend on prior assumptions on the adiabaticity of the initial density fluctuations, the ionization history, or the values of other cosmological parameters.
The Effects of Bank Capital on Lending: What Do We Know, and What Does It Mean?

Capital requirements are the principal tool of macroprudential regulation of banks. Bank capital serves both as a buffer and as a disincentive to excessive risk taking. When general equilibrium effects are taken into account, however, it is not clear that higher capital requirements will reduce the level of risk in the banking system. In addition, an increase in the required capital ratio can force banks to take on more risk in order to achieve target rates of return.
High surface temperatures select for individual foraging in ants

Natural selection favors signals, receptors, and signaling behavior that maximize the received signal relative to background noise and that minimize signal degradation. The physical properties of the environment affect rates of attenuation and degradation of the signal, and thus temperature may influence the evolution and maintenance of volatile chemical signals. We tested this hypothesis in ants, where nest mate recruitment to a food source by laying trail pheromones on a surface is a common phenomenon. We collected data on maximal soil surface temperatures during the ants’ activity and mode of foraging (recruitment or solitary). By using two different comparative methodologies, we demonstrated a relationship between maximal soil temperature at which species are active and recruitment behavior (which is hypothesized to be related to the presence or absence of chemical signals). The species that were active at lower temperatures proved to be those that used chemical signals to recruit nest mates during foraging. This is also the case when comparing sympatric species and thereby controlling for other environmental factors. Moreover, all seven nonrecruiter species developed from recruiter ancestries, which is consistent with our hypothesis because ample evidence suggests a forest and tropical origin for ants. Thus, contrary to previous hypotheses, species that forage individually cannot be categorically considered primitive, but rather appear to be derived from recruiter species. Therefore, we conclude that temperature influences the evolution and/or stability of chemical signals in ants by determining the recruitment of nest mates. Key words: ants, chemical-signal evolution, foraging systems, Formicidae, surface temperature, trail pheromones. [Behav Ecol 11:396–404 (2000)]
Monopedal Hopping with a Leg and a Tail

We explore1 how a tail can be used in a planar hopping robot to inject energy in the leg spring. We present our control strategy as anchoring [1] to appropriately selected “compartments”2 of the full dynamics a suite of 1-DOF templates which we couple together in the style of [3]. We present initial empirical evidence and conjecture (without proof) that the limit behavior of the coupled system is conjugate to a cross product of the constituent templates’ limit behaviors.
Dynamic and static deuterium inventory in ASDEX Upgrade with tungsten first wall

Hydrogen retention in the divertor tokamak ASDEX Upgrade is studied by surface analysis and gas balances methods. Comparing carbon and tungsten plasma facing components (PFCs), the deuterium content of deposits at the divertor plates has dropped by a factor of 13. With tungsten PFCs only 0.7% of the puffed hydrogen is retained, including a significant amount deeply implanted in the tungsten coatings at the outer divertor. Gas balances for ITER relevant high density H-mode discharges lead to a hydrogen retention averaged over a discharge of 8.2 ± 3.3% for tungsten PFCs and 23 ± 7% for carbon PFCs. For tungsten PFCs wall saturation is observed, i.e. only 1.5 ± 3.5% of the puffed gas is retained after reaching steady state conditions. Within the error bars all hydrogen outgasses within 15 min.
Morphology classification and photometric redshift measurement of galaxies

Based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 5 Galaxy Sample, we explore photometric morphology classification and redshift estimation of galaxies using photometric data and known spectroscopic redshifts. An unsupervised method, k-means algorithm, is used to separate the whole galaxy sample into early- and late-type galaxies. Then, we investigate the photometric redshift measurement with different input patterns by means of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for the total sample and two subsamples. The experimental result indicates that ANNs show better performance when more parameters are applied in the training set, and the mixed accuracy σmix = σearly 2 + σlate 2 of photometric redshift estimation for the two subsets is superior to σz for the overall sample alone. For the optimal result, the rms deviation of photometric redshifts for the mixed sample amounts to 0.0192, that for the overall sample is 0.0196, meanwhile, that for early- and late-type galaxies adds up to 0.0164 and 0.0217,
Non-Cell-Autonomous Regulation of GABAergic Neuron Development by Neurotrophins and the p75 Receptor

Basal forebrain GABAergic and cholinergic circuits regulate the activity of cholinergic projections to the cortex and hippocampus. Because these projections influence cortical development and function, the development of basal forebrain excitatory and inhibitory neurons is critical for overall brain development. We show that the neurotransmitter phenotype of these neurons is developmentally regulated by neurotrophins and the p75 receptor. Neurotrophins (nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) increased the number of both cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in neonatal basal forebrain neuron cultures from the region of the medial septum. However, the p75 receptor is required only for neurotrophin-dependent expansion of the GABAergic, not the cholinergic, population. Neurotrophin-induced GABAergic development can be rescued in p75−/− cultures by expression of a p75 rescue construct in neighboring cells or by treatment with medium collected from neurotrophin-treated wild-type cultures. Because p75 is not expressed in basal forebrain GABAergic neurons, this defines a new, non-cell-autonomous mechanism of p75 action in which ligand binding results in release of a soluble factor that modifies neurotrophin responses of nearby neurons. p75 is also required for the maintenance of basal forebrain GABAergic neurons in vivo, demonstrating that p75-mediated interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurons regulate the balance of excitatory and inhibitory components of basal forebrain circuits.
The contribution of breakfast to the diets of a sample of 136 primary-schoolchildren in Edinburgh

Abstract The contribution of breakfast to mean daily energy and nutrient intakes was investigated in a sample of 7-8-year-old children recruited by letter from five Scottish schools. After eighteen families dropped out of the study and three dietary records were discarded, thefinal sample numbered 136 (51%). Dietary data were collected using the 7 d weighed inventory, while a questionnaire was used to classify children into manual or non-manual social class groups. Mean daily energy intakes were close to estimated average requirements (Department of Health, 1991), while intakes of most micronutrients were in excess of reference nutrient intakes (RNI; Department of Health, 1991). The most popular breakfast consumed by the children was oneincluding a ready-to-eat breakfast cereal (RTEBC). Differences in macronutrient content were seen between breakfasts of boys and girls, while manual-social-class children ate breakfasts which were lower in energy, NSP and certain micronutrients than those of non-manual-class children. Breakfast contributed 14% of energy and 9-36% of micronutrient intakes to the overall diets.Breakfasts including RTEBC contributed significantly more energy and nutrients than other types of breakfast. Children who ate RTEBC nearly every day had overall diets which had a highernutrient density and were lower in fat than those of children who ate RTEBC less frequently ornot at all. Intakes of most micronutrients were above tbe RNI in both these groups, with the exception of folate, Fe and vitamin A, which were below the RNI for those consuming RTEBC infrequently. However, the type of breakfast eaten did not appear to influence energy and nutrient intakes at other meals during the day.Nevertheless, it was concluded that breakfast, particularly one containing RTEBC, had a strong influence on the daily energy and nutrient intakes of 7-8-year-old children, particularly by reducing the proportion of energy from fat.
Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities and Gene Expression Associated with Heat Tolerance in the Stems and Roots of Two Cucurbit Species (“Cucurbita maxima” and “Cucurbita moschata”) and Their Interspecific Inbred Line “Maxchata”

The elucidation of heat tolerance mechanisms is required to combat the challenges of global warming. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant enzyme responses to heat stress, at the enzymatic activity and gene expression levels, and to investigate the antioxidative alterations associated with heat tolerance in the stems and roots of squashes using three genotypes differing in heat tolerance. Plants of heat-tolerant “C. moschata”, thermolabile “C. maxima” and moderately heat-tolerant interspecific inbred line “Maxchata” genotypes were exposed to moderate (37 °C) and severe (42 °C) heat shocks. “C. moschata” exhibited comparatively little oxidative damage, with the lowest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2−) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the roots compared to stems, followed by “Maxchata”. The enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) were found to be increased with heat stress in tolerant genotypes. The significant inductions of FeSOD, MnSOD, APX2, CAT1 and CAT3 isoforms in tolerant genotypes suggested their participation in heat tolerance. The differential isoform patterns of SOD, APX and CAT between stems and roots also indicated their tissue specificity. Furthermore, despite the sequence similarity of the studied antioxidant genes among “C. maxima” and “Maxchata”, most of these genes were highly induced under heat stress in “Maxchata”, which contributed to its heat tolerance. This phenomenon also indicated the involvement of other unknown genetic and/or epigenetic factors in controlling the expression of these antioxidant genes in squashes, which demands further exploration.
Efficient Estimation of Quadratic Finite Population Functions in the Presence of Auxiliary Information

By viewing quadratic and other second-order finite population functions as totals or means over a derived synthetic finite population, we show that the recently proposed model calibration and pseudoempirical likelihood methods for effective use of auxiliary information from survey data can be readily extended to obtain efficient estimators of quadratic and other second-order finite population functions. In particular, estimation of a finite population variance, covariance, or variance of a linear estimator can be greatly improved when auxiliary information is available. The proposed methods are model assisted in that the resulting estimators are asymptotically design unbiased irrespective of the correctness of a working model but very efficient if the working model is nearly correct. They have a number of attractive features, which include applicability to a general sampling design, incorporation of information on possibly multivariate auxiliary variables, and the ability to entertain linear or nonlinear working models, and they result in nonnegative estimates for certain strictly positive quantities such as variances. Several existing estimators are shown to be special cases of the proposed general methodology under a linear working model.