Criminology: A Global Perspective

All chapters conclude with "Summary," "Suggested Readings," and "Exercises. " I.THE NATURE OF CRIMINAL/ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE DISCIPLINE THAT STUDIES IT. 1.Introduction: The Nature of Criminal/Antisocial Behavior. Criminality as a Continuous Variable. The Nature of Crime and Criminality. The Moving Target versus the Stationary Core Concepts of Crime. The Three Dimensions of Criminality. Why the Crime Concept Is Broader Than the Core Offenses. The Concept of Delinquency and the Felony-Misdemeanor Distinction. The Pro/Antisocial Continuum and the Concept of Antisocial Behavior. 2.The Origins of Criminal Law and Options for Measuring Criminal Behavior. The Origins of Criminal Law. The "Ultimate Source" of Criminal Statutes. Categorizing and Measuring Criminal Behavior. 3.Crime over Time and Space. Problems Comparing Crime. Crime Rate Calculations. Centuries of Official Crime. Official Crime in North America. Victimization Data. Self-Reported Offending. "Crime" in Preliterate Societies. Closing Thoughts on Geographic Variations and Trends in Crime Rates. 4.Criminological Theorizing: Popular and Historic Underpinnings. Surveying People's Opinions on the Causes of Crime. A Brief History of Criminological Theory. II.CORRELATES OF CRIME. What Is a Correlate of Crime? Criteria Used in Assessing Correlates of Crime. Organization and Layout of the Evidence. What Chapters 5 through 9 Will Not Do. Variables to Be Covered in Each of the Correlates of Crime Chapters. 5.Demographic Correlates of Crime and Crime Victimization. Demographic Correlates of Crime. Demographics of Crime Victimization and Fear-of-Crime. 6.Ecological and Macroeconomic Correlates of Crime. The Nature of Ecological Variables. How Ecological Studies Are Conducted. Social Ecological Variables. Regional Economic Variables. Physical/Temporal Ecological Factors. Closing Comments on Ecological and Macroeconomic Correlates. 7.Family, School, Peer, Religion, and Work-Related Correlates of Crime. Family-Based Correlates. Family Traits. School-Related Variables. Peer Associations. Religiosity. Work-Related Factors. A Closing Note. 8.Behavioral and Cognitive Correlates of Crime. General Behavioral Correlates. Specific Behavioral Correlates. Academic Performance and Intelligence Correlates. Mental Disorder Correlates. Mental Illness Correlates. Attitudinal Correlates. Morality and Related Attitudinal Correlates. Underlying Behavioral Dimensions of Offending Behaviors. Some Closing Thoughts. 9.Biological Correlates of Crime. Perinatal Correlates. Health Factors. Morphological Factors. Physiological Correlates. Biochemical Correlates. Neurotransmitters. Miscellaneous Biological Factors. Closing Thoughts on Biological Correlates. III.THEORIES OF CRIMINAL/ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR. Theories, "Facts," and How They Are Related. Criteria for Judging the Value of a Scientific Theory. Organization of the Chapters Comprising Part III. 10.Cognitive and Early Child Development Environmental Theories. Moral Maturation Theory: Developing a Strong Moral Sense Can Inhibit Criminal Behavior. Control Theory: Inhibiting Crime through Social Bonding and Self-Control. Rational Choice Theory: A Reinvigorated Classical Criminology. Neutralization Theory: Allowing People to Make Excuses Causes Crime. General Remarks about Theories Covered in This Chapter. 11.Social Environmental and Subcultural Theories. Differential Association Theory: Learning Definitions Favorable to Law Violations Causes Crime. Social Learning Theory: Bringing Modeling and Skinnerian Learning Principles into Criminology. Strain Theory: Blocking Economic Opportunities Causes Crime. General Strain Theory: Stress and Strain of Many Sorts Causes Crime. Social Disorganization Theory: Disorganization in a Neighborhood Causes Crime. Labeling Theory: Stigmatizing People Causes Crime. Subculture of Violence Theory: Groups and Regions Differ in Their Use of Violence to Solve Interpersonal Conflicts. General Remarks about the Theories in This Chapter. 12.Macroenvironmental Theories. The Socialist Tradition in Criminology: Capitalism Causes Crime. Radical Criminology: Focusing on Economic Inequality. Critical Theory: Focusing on Political Power. Feminist Theory: Focusing on Gender Inequality. Power-Control Theory: Bringing Marxian Theory into the Family. General Remarks about Macrotheories. 13.Neurologically Specific Biosocial Theories. The Nature of Neurologically Specific Theories. The Evolution of the Human Brain and How It Controls Behavior. Suboptimal Arousal Theory: Crime Reflects a Search for Environmental Stimulation. Reward Dominance Theory: People Whose Brains Focus on Rewards Instead of Punishments Are More Crime-Prone. Seizuring Theory: Limbic Seizures Sometimes Cause Impulsive Offending. Frontal Lobe Theory: Dysfunctioning of the Frontal Lobes Causes Crime. Hemispheric Functioning Theory: Right Hemispheric Dominance or Hemispheric Dysfunctioning Causes Crime. Final Comments on Neurologically Specific Biosocial Theories. 14.Evolutionary Biosocial Theories. Evolution and Genes: The Modern Synthesis. Modern Evolutionary Theories in Criminology. Cheater (or Cad versus Dad) Theory: Criminals/Psychopaths Represent an Alternative Reproductive Strategy. r/K Theory: Criminals Are r-Strategists. Conditional Adaptation Theory: Sensing That Life Will Be Short and Difficult Leads to Antisocial Behavior. Alternative Adaptation Theory: Genes Make Criminals Emphasize Mating Effort over Parenting Effort. The Evolutionary Expropriative Theory: Victimful Crime Is an Evolved Tactic for Resource Procurement. General Remarks about Evolutionary Theories. 15.Synthesized Theories. Integrated Theory: Linking Strain, Control, and Social Learning Theories. The Social Development Model: Linking Control Theory and Social Learning Theory. The Two-Path Developmental Theory: Failure in Neurological Development of Language Skills Leads to Criminality. Evolutionary Neuroandrogenic Theory: Exposing the Brain to Male Hormones Causes Crime Due to Sexual Selection for Overtly Competitive Males. Final Comments on Synthesized Theories in Criminology. IV.SPECIFIC CRIMES. 16.Multiple Murder and Terrorism. What Is Multiple Murder? Law Enforcement's Response. Terrorism. The Causes of Terrorism. Law Enforcement Response and Government Policy. 17.White-Collar and Organized Crime. The Concept of White-Collar Crime. Corporate Crime. Organized Crime. 18.Sex Offenses and Offenders. Sex and U.S. Society. Rape and Rapists. Child Molesters. Other Paraphilias. Paraphilias as Courtship Disorders? Causes of Paraphiliac Behavior. Assessment and Treatment of Sex Offenders. Appendix: Crime, the Law, and the Criminal Justice System. The Legal Making of a Criminal. Basic Principles of U.S. and Canadian Criminal Law. An Excursion through the U.S. Criminal Justice System. An Excursion through the Canadian Criminal Justice System. The Four Traditions of Law. References. Index.