Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Age and Musical Expertise Influence Emotion Recognition in Music

We investigated how age and musical expertise influence emotion recognition in music. Musically trained and untrained participants from two age cohorts, young and middle-aged adults ( N = 80), were presented with music excerpts expressing happiness, peacefulness, sadness, and fear/threat. Participants rated how much each excerpt expressed the four emotions on 10-point scales. The intended emotions were consistently perceived, but responses varied across groups. Advancing age was associated with selective decrements in the recognition of sadness and fear/threat, a finding consistent with previous research (Lima & Castro, 2011a); the recognition of happiness and peacefulness remained stable. Years of music training were associated with enhanced recognition accuracy. These effects were independent of domain-general cognitive abilities and personality traits, but they were echoed in differences in how efficiently music structural cues (e.g., tempo, mode) were relied upon. Thus, age and musical expertise are experiential factors explaining individual variability in emotion recognition in music.
Controls of nitrogen cycling evaluated along a well-characterized climate gradient.

The supply of nitrogen (N) constrains primary productivity in many ecosystems, raising the question "what controls the availability and cycling of N"? As a step toward answering this question, we evaluated N cycling processes and aspects of their regulation on a climate gradient on Kohala Volcano, Hawaii, USA. The gradient extends from sites receiving <300 mm/yr of rain to those receiving >3,000 mm/yr, and the pedology and dynamics of rock-derived nutrients in soils on the gradient are well understood. In particular, there is a soil process domain at intermediate rainfall within which ongoing weathering and biological uplift have enriched total and available pools of rock-derived nutrients substantially; sites at higher rainfall than this domain are acid and infertile as a consequence of depletion of rock-derived nutrients, while sites at lower rainfall are unproductive and subject to wind erosion. We found elevated rates of potential net N mineralization in the domain where rock-derived nutrients are enriched. Higher-rainfall sites have low rates of potential net N mineralization and high rates of microbial N immobilization, despite relatively high rates of gross N mineralization. Lower-rainfall sites have moderately low potential net N mineralization, relatively low rates of gross N mineralization, and rates of microbial N immobilization sufficient to sequester almost all the mineral N produced. Bulk soil δ15 N also varied along the gradient, from +4‰ at high rainfall sites to +14‰ at low rainfall sites, indicating differences in the sources and dynamics of soil N. Our analysis shows that there is a strong association between N cycling and soil process domains that are defined using soil characteristics independent of N along this gradient, and that short-term controls of N cycling can be understood in terms of the supply of and demand for N.
The Validity of the Short UK Health and Safety Executive Stress Indicator Tool For the Assessment of the Psychosocial Work Environment in Italy

The Health and Safety Executive Stress Indicator Tool (SIT) is a 35-item questionnaire to assess exposure to seven common psychosocial factors involved in the genesis of work-related stress. Recent work conducted in the UK has provided evidence that the SIT may be reduced to a 25-item questionnaire (the SIT-25) showing the same seven-factor model and criterion-related validity of the SIT. The SIT is the most widely used tool to assess work-related stress factors in Italy, with benchmark (normative) data managed by the Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority. Thus, we conducted two studies to further test whether in Italy the SIT may be reduced to the SIT-25. In Study 1 a heterogeneous sample of workers (N = 588, 39.5% females) was used to further test the seven-factor model of the SIT-25 and its criterion-related validity with mental well-being. In Study 2 two new samples of workers (N = 625, 69.8% females; and N = 344, 3.2% females) from health and metal-mechanical sectors were used to assess the degree of measurement invariance of the SIT-25 and further test its criterion-related validity. Overall the results showed that the SIT-25 data fit the postulated seven-factor solution and that the reduced subscales (i.e., Demands, Control, Relationships, and Role) have the same criterion-related validity as their longer version. Additionally, the SIT-25 showed strong measurement invariance in the two different samples of workers of Study 2. These results provide further encouraging evidence that the SIT-25 may be effectively used in place of its longer version.
Pleistocene glaciation is implicated in the phylogeographical structure of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand snail

Pleistocene glaciation has been identified as an important factor shaping present‐day patterns of phylogeographical structure in a diverse array of taxa. The purpose of this study was to use mitochondrial sequence data to address whether Pleistocene glaciation is also a major determinant of phylogeographical patterns in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a freshwater snail native to New Zealand. We found that haplotypes were separated by no more than 3.7% sequence divergence, and major genetic divisions tended to occur on a north–south axis. These data fit the predictions of the hypothesis that isolation of P. antipodarum in glacial refugia at the northern and southern tip of the South Island of New Zealand during the Pleistocene glaciation underlies the present‐day phylogeographical structure. Because sexual P. antipodarum occasionally produce asexual offspring, we also used these data to show that the appearance of asexuality is not phylogeographically constrained. This means that the maintenance of sex in P. antipodarum cannot be wholly due to limited contact between sexual and asexual lineages and must instead be linked to a selective advantage of sexual reproduction.
Information Assembly for Automatic Content Adaptation

In a world where information is increasingly delivered to users via different devices with dramatically different constraints and capabilities, it is becoming crucial to consider how the presentation of information must be adapted to suit specific devices and user contexts. To avoid confusing and disorienting the users as they switch between devices, the content and structure of information should be kept constant while its presentation must be optimised for each device to ensure usability. In this paper, we distinguish between two types of decisions that must be made during the presentation planning stage of an information delivery system: local decisions, which are based only on the content or features of the node itself, and global decisions, which are based on the entire structure of the discourse tree. We present a generic algorithm for making global decisions, driven by the discourse tree structure and contextual characteristics.
The Mismatch between Employment and Child Care in Italy : the Impact of Rationing 1 , 2

In Italy the participation of women has not increased very much in the last few decades relative to other developed countries and it is still among the lowest in Europe. The female employment rate stands almost 13 percentage points below the EU average and 22 below the Lisbon target. One of the most important reasons is related to the characteristics of child care system. In this paper we analyze the characteristics of the child care system in Italy and its relationship to the labor market participation decision of mothers. We present a simple discrete choice framework in which the two decisions can be jointly considered, which also allows for simple forms of rationing. We go on to estimate a bivariate probit model of the child care and employment decisions and interpret the results within the framework of our model. We find evidence that rationing is an important factor in interpreting price effects on utilization rates and employment decisions. J.E. L Subject Codes: J2, C3, D1.
Ductile bulk metallic glass.

We report on experimental evidence of pronounced global plasticity measured in monolithic Pt57.5Cu14. 7Ni5.3P22. 5 bulk metallic glass under both bending and unconfined compression loading conditions. A plastic strain of 20% is measured, never before seen in metallic glasses. Also, permanent deformation and a strain exceeding 3% before failure is observed during bending of 4 mm thick samples. To date, no monolithic metallic material has exhibited such a combination of high strength, extensive ductility, and high elastic limit. The large plasticity is reflected in a high Poisson ratio of 0.42, which causes the tip of a shear band to extend rather than initiate a crack. This results in the formation of multiple shear bands and is the origin of the observed large global ductility and very high fracture toughness, approximately 80 MPa m(-1/2).
The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending: a systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies.

BACKGROUND Although bullying and delinquency share similar risk factors, no previous systematic review has ever been conducted to examine possible links between school bullying and criminal offending later in life. AIMS To investigate the extent to which bullying perpetration at school predicts offending later in life, and whether this relation holds after controlling for other major childhood risk factors. METHOD Results are based on a thorough systematic review and meta-analysis of studies measuring school bullying and later offending. Effect sizes are based on both published and unpublished studies; longitudinal investigators of 28 studies have conducted specific analyses for our review. RESULTS The probability of offending up to 11 years later was much higher for school bullies than for non-involved students [odds ratio (OR) = 2.50; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.03-3.08]. Bullying perpetration was a significant risk factor for later offending, even after controlling for major childhood risk factors (OR = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.55-2.14). Effect sizes were smaller when the follow-up period was longer and larger when bullying was assessed in older children. The age of participants when outcome measures were taken was negatively related with effect sizes. Finally, the summary effect size did not decrease much as the number of controlled risk factors increased. CONCLUSIONS School bullying is a strong and specific risk factor for later offending. Effective anti-bullying programmes should be promoted, and could be viewed as a form of early crime prevention. Such programmes would have a high benefit : cost ratio.
Compaction of quartz sands by pressure solution using a Cole-Cole distribution of relaxation times

Stressed water-infiltrated silica rocks may deform by pervasive pressure solution transfer (PPST), which involves dissolution of the grain-to-grain contacts, transport by diffusion of the solute, and precipitation on the free surfaces of the grains. A fundamental question regarding this process is how to model rheological behavior at stresses and temperatures typical of the crust of the Earth. A Voigt-type poroviscoplastic model is modified by using a Cole-Cole distribution of relaxation times rather than a Dirac distribution used previously. The motivation of this choice is to account for the distribution of the grain size in the compaction of the porous aggregate assuming that this distribution obeys approximately a log normal distribution. This grain size distribution depends upon the initial grain size distribution and cataclasis in the early stage of compaction. We compared this modified viscoplastic model with the full set of experimental data obtained in various conditions of mean grain size, effective stress, and temperature by Niemeijer et al. (2002). These data provide tests of all aspects of the model, which can be considered to have no free parameters. We show the experiments of Niemeijer et al. (2002) on PPST are primarily diffusion-limited. The grain size distributions observed for three samples imply that the distribution of the relaxation time covers 5 orders of magnitude in grain size.
Disrupting gatekeeping practices: Journalists’ source selection in times of crisis

As gatekeepers, journalists have the power to select the sources that get a voice in crisis coverage. The aim of this study is to find out how journalists select sources during a crisis. In a survey, journalists were asked how they assess the following sources during an organizational crisis: news agencies, an organization undergoing a crisis, and the general public. The sample consisted of 214 Dutch experienced journalists who at least once covered a crisis. Using structural equation modeling, sources’ likelihood of being included in the news was predicted using five source characteristics: credibility, knowledge, willingness, timeliness, and the relationship with the journalist. Findings indicated that during a crisis, news agencies are most likely to be included in the news, followed by the public, and finally the organization. The significance of the five source characteristics is dependent on source type. For example, to be used in the news, news agencies and organizations should be mainly evaluated as knowledgeable, whereas information from the public should be both credible and timely. In addition, organizations should not be seen as too willing or too eager to communicate. The findings imply that, during a crisis, journalists remain critical gatekeepers; however, they rely mainly on familiar sources.
Prostaglandin E2 Inhibits Elastogenesis in the Ductus Arteriosus via EP4 Signaling

Background— Elastic fiber formation begins in mid-gestation and increases dramatically during the last trimester in the great arteries, providing elasticity and thus preventing vascular wall structure collapse. However, the ductus arteriosus (DA), a fetal bypass artery between the aorta and pulmonary artery, exhibits lower levels of elastic fiber formation, which promotes vascular collapse and subsequent closure of the DA after birth. The molecular mechanisms for this inhibited elastogenesis in the DA, which is necessary for the establishment of adult circulation, remain largely unknown. Methods and Results— Stimulation of the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor EP4 significantly inhibited elastogenesis and decreased lysyl oxidase (LOX) protein, which catalyzes elastin cross-links in DA smooth muscle cells (SMCs), but not in aortic SMCs. Aortic SMCs expressed much less EP4 than DASMCs. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of LOX restored the EP4-mediated inhibition of elastogenesis in DASMCs. In EP4-knockout mice, electron microscopic examination showed that the DA acquired an elastic phenotype that was similar to the neighboring aorta. More importantly, human DA and aorta tissues from 7 patients showed a negative correlation between elastic fiber formation and EP4 expression, as well as between EP4 and LOX expression. The PGE2-EP4-c-Src-phospholipase C (PLC)&ggr;–signaling pathway most likely promoted the lysosomal degradation of LOX. Conclusions— Our data suggest that PGE2 signaling inhibits elastogenesis in the DA, but not in the aorta, through degrading LOX protein. Elastogenesis is spatially regulated by PGE2-EP4 signaling in the DA.
Confidence in the Criminal Justice System: Does Experience Count?

Public confidence in the justice system is relatively low compared to that in many other institutions. Part of this lack of confidence has been attributed to a low public understanding of how the justice system really works. Experience with the justice system is often identified as a way to remedy outdated opinions. In this article we explore the potential effects of experience on attitudes towards the Criminal Justice System in England and Wales. Distinguishing between four types of experience, we map the effect of experience on evaluations of the fairness, efficiency and effectiveness of the justice system. Experience was found to only have a marginal effect on these evaluations in a multivariate model controlling for socio-demographic characteristics.
The value of children to parents and childrearing patterns.

A theory is proposed to explain cross-cultural differences in childrearing orientations which holds that the value of children to parents conceptualized in terms of needs that children satisfy affects parenting attitudes and behavior. Data from nationally representative samples of married men and women in eight countries were used to explore this hypothesis and to test hypotheses from previous theories. Responses indicating the satisfactions of parenthood were coded according to the needs children satisfy. These were related to parental goals for children at school-age and when adult. The data suggest that valuing children for their economic-utility goes with seeking obedience and among the more educated wanting sons to have good jobs. When children are wanted for their love and companionship parents seek congenial children; when they are wanted to strengthen the marriage independence is a parental goal. Most of the respondents who viewed parenthood as satisfying achievement needs sought moral virtue in their children but the more educated wanted excellence in school performance. Wanting children to carry on the family line was associated with stress on their future family roles. The analysis indicated that the proposed theory was viable. It was seen as an addition to the existing theories not a substitute since the various explanations focus on different but interacting processes. (authors)
Interference Effect of Body Shadow in Action Control

Observing actions performed by other persons can subsequently influence our own motor behaviours. However, it is unknown whether the shadows cast by such actions can also have an impact on the observers' actions. Here we show that the mere observation of a cast shadow can influence imitative behaviours. Specifically, participants were shown a hand picture and its associated cast shadow in a neutral position. In a ‘compatible trial’ the hand and the shadow that followed were turned in the same open or closed direction, whereas in an ‘incompatible trial’ the hand and the shadow were turned in different directions. We contrasted two experimental conditions: (i) ‘hand-shadow’ in which participants observed a hand and its cast shadow (the hand covered the shadow); (ii) ‘hand-hand’ in which participants observed a hand and another black hand (the shadow covered the hand). The participants' task was to imitate (ie by closing or opening their own hands) the hand or the cast shadow of an action. For both conditions results revealed interference (ie longer response latencies) for incompatible trials. This suggests for the first time that the mere observation of a cast shadow of a hand can influence imitative behaviours. However, time courses of the response latencies revealed that imitative effect in the hand-shadow condition was different than the imitative effect in the hand-hand condition. Therefore, we suggest considering the cast shadow of an action as an important feature during motor control for humans.
The kallikrein-kinin system in experimental Chagas disease: a paradigm to investigate the impact of inflammatory edema on GPCR-mediated pathways of host cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi

Chronic chagasic myocarditis (CCM) depends on Trypanosoma cruzi persistence in the myocardium. Studies of the proteolytic mechanisms governing host/parasite balance in peripheral sites of T. cruzi infection revealed that tissue culture trypomastigotes (TCTs) elicit inflammatory edema and stimulate protective type-1 effector T cells through the activation of the kallikrein-kinin system. Molecular studies linked the proinflammatory phenotype of Dm28c TCTs to the synergistic activities of tGPI, a lipid anchor that functions as a Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand, and cruzipain, a kinin-releasing cysteine protease. Analysis of the dynamics of inflammation revealed that TCTs activate innate sentinel cells via TLR2, releasing CXC chemokines, which in turn evoke neutrophil/CXCR2-dependent extravasation of plasma proteins, including high molecular weight kininogen (HK), in parasite-laden tissues. Further downstream, TCTs process surface bound HK, liberating lysyl-BK (LBK), which then propagates inflammatory edema via signaling of endothelial G-protein-coupled bradykinin B2 receptors (BK2R). Dm28 TCTs take advantage of the transient availability of infection-promoting peptides (e.g., bradykinin and endothelins) in inflamed tissues to invade cardiovascular cells via interdependent signaling of BKRs and endothelin receptors (ETRs). Herein we present a space-filling model whereby ceramide-enriched endocytic vesicles generated by the sphingomyelinase pathway might incorporate BK2R and ETRs, which then trigger Ca2+-driven responses that optimize the housekeeping mechanism of plasma membrane repair from cell wounding. The hypothesis predicts that the NF-κB-inducible BKR (BK1R) may integrate the multimolecular signaling platforms forged by ceramide rafts, as the chronic myocarditis progresses. Exploited as gateways for parasite invasion, BK2R, BK1R, ETAR, ETBR, and other G protein-coupled receptor partners may enable persistent myocardial parasitism in the edematous tissues at expense of adverse cardiac remodeling.
An Exploration and Investigation of Edible Insect Consumption: The Impacts of Image and Description on Risk Perceptions and Purchase Intent

As a result of the dramatic increase in global population, food waste, and unsustainable practices, the United Nations urges the promotion of edible insects as an alternative food source. However, edible insects are perceived as an unappealing, disgusting food source despite the nutritional and sustainable advantages, especially among Westerners. Therefore, research is needed to bridge the gap between the call for examining alternative food sources and the marketing initiatives to improve purchasing behavior. This research draws upon information processing and risk perception theories to investigate reducing consumers’ negative perceptions toward edible insect food products. The first study examines the effect of image and description in a retail setting while the second study examines a restaurant setting. Results find that in retail settings image was the most significant in reducing perceptions of risk while in the restaurant setting menu description was most important. In addition, vague descriptions were more preferable to explicit descriptions in minimizing risk and increasing purchase intention. Finally, the research provides meaningful implications for the marketers who endeavor to promote alternative food products as well as any products that involve negative and unfamiliar perceptions.
“Invitations” To Character

If we are to help children develop character, we have to go beyond offering a character education class once or twice each month. We actually have to validate character when we see it or hear about it happening. Through the use of a new strategy called “focused invitations,” counselors and teachers can focus on the 36 core components of character. The results from using this technique are profound and children respond as if we were shining a positive spotlight on the inner-most core of their being. In this article, focused invitations will be described and suggestions will be offered for use in one-on-one situations.