Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population‐based and family‐based association study of 5′UTR polymorphism of the reelin gene and schizophrenia

Reelin is a glycoprotein involved in the migration and positioning of proliferating neurons and synaptic connectivity during neurodevelopment. It may also modulate neuronal plasticity throughout life. Therefore, the reelin gene is a candidate gene for schizophrenia. We examined the association of the CGG repeat polymorphism in the 5′‐untranslated region of the reelin gene with schizophrenia in 266 unrelated French Caucasian patients, 156 of their parents, and 103 controls. We found no difference in the allele distribution between patients and controls although there was a significant higher prevalence of the genotype 8‐8 in controls (CLUMP T3: χ2 = 6.3, P = 0.035). There was no significant transmission disequilibrium in intrafamilial analysis. To refine our phenotypic characterization and in accordance with converging evidence suggesting that treatment resistance is associated with indices of abnormal neurodevelopment, we studied the association between reelin gene polymorphism and response to antipsychotics. Patients who responded to antipsychotics had a higher frequency of both the (CGG)10 allele and (CGG)10‐containing genotypes (P = 0.02; P = 0.006, respectively), with an odd ratio for genotypes of 4.2 (CI = [1.4;12.4]). Our results weakly support an association of reelin gene variants with schizophrenia as a whole, yet suggest that reelin could be associated with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of clearance predictions using primary cultures and suspensions of human hepatocytes

Various incubation conditions of human hepatocytes were compared for their accuracy in predicting the in vivo hepatic clearance (CLH) of model compounds. The test compounds were the highly cleared, low protein bound naloxone (in vivo CLH = 25 ml min−1 kg−1; free fraction = 0.6), the medium clearance, highly protein bound midazolam (CLH = 12 ml min−1 kg−1; free fraction = 0.04) and the low clearance, highly protein bound bosentan (CLH = 3.9 ml min−1 kg−1; free fraction = 0.02). Each compound was tested in three ‘hepatocyte systems’, using resections from three donors, in the presence and absence of human serum. Those hepatocyte systems were: conventional primary cultures, freshly isolated suspensions and cryopreserved suspended hepatocytes. Except for a twofold overestimated CLH for bosentan from conventional primary cultures, and despite variable cryopreservation recoveries, similar predictions of CLH were recorded with all hepatocyte systems. Moreover, the CLH values obtained with cryopreserved suspended hepatocytes were similar to those obtained with freshly isolated suspensions. For midazolam and bosentan, the predicted in vivo CLH was markedly higher in the presence of serum, whereas serum had little influence on the scaled-up CLH of naloxone. In vivo, CLH was properly approached for naloxone and bosentan (particularly from experiments in the presence of serum), but it was strongly underestimated for midazolam (particularly in the absence of serum). Additional compounds need to be investigated to confirm the above findings as well as to assess why the clearances of some highly protein-bound compounds are still considerably underestimated.
Two new procedures for studying validity generalization.

The recent significant work of Schmidt and Hunter and their colleagues, and of Callender and Osbura, has resulted in several procedures for testing whether validity is generahzable Monte Carlo studies based on these procedures have thus far yielded good support, however, the degree of accuracy of these procedures in estimating the appropriate population parameters still has room for improvement In this article, two new procedures, which are based on less restrictive assumptions than those used by the previous investigators, are proposed for studying validity generalization Several Monte Carlo studies were earned out to test the accuracy of the new procedures in estimating population true validity mean and vanance and to compare these estimates with those of the other currently available procedures In general, the results indicated that one of the new procedures provided slightly more accurate estimates of the mean and vanance of population true validity than the procedures of Schmidt, Hunter, and their colleagues or of Callender and Osburn From a practical point of view, however, the estimates from the vanous procedures are quite comparable
A Meta-Analysis of Gender Group Differences for Measures of Job Performance in Field Studies

There are multiple views in human resource management and organizational behavior concerning gender differences in measures of job performance. Some researchers suggest that males generally are evaluated higher than females across a variety of situations that include job performance measurement. At the same time, the presence of specific status cues in expectation states theory (EST; similar to the concept of individuating information) suggests that measures of job performance will be more similar than different for males and females. Previous analyses are unclear in their results for the measurement of the construct of job performance because they have included, and/or focused on, additional constructs (e.g., hiring suitability, leadership performance aggregated with leadership satisfaction) or have used student samples in lab experiments. The authors of this article conducted a meta-analysis of job performance measures from field studies. They found that females generally scored slightly higher than males (mean d = −.11, 80% credibility interval of −.33 to .12). Other analyses suggested that, although job performance ratings favored females, ratings of promotion potential were higher for males. Thus, ratings of promotability may deserve further attention as a potential source of differential promotion rates. These findings and processes are discussed within the context of EST.
The end of stress as we know it

Modern life throws a variety of stressful situations at us. This book aims to show stress in a different light - as a natural bodily reaction to help us through certain situations. Although our bodies produce the "fight or flight" reaction when subjected to stress, it often seems inappropriate - our increased heart and lung rate and the chemicals injected into system by the brain can cause illnesses such as asthma and diabetes. This text invites us to improve our brain-body connections in an approach to healthy living based on science. It aims to encourage us to use our natural abilities to cope with stress, rather than falling victim to it.
The antidepressant hypericin inhibits progression of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

PURPOSE Hypericin, a polycyclic dione used as an antidepressant, has been shown to inhibit the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. Many of the pathologic responses found in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) are dependent upon PKC. Therefore, we studied the effect of hypericin on the treatment of experimental PVR. METHODS PVR was induced in pigmented rabbits by intravitreal injection of 50,000 rabbit conjunctival fibroblasts after vitrectomy. Subsequently, the eyes received an intravitreal injection of either balanced salt solution (BSS, 0.1 mL) (group A, control) or hypericin (0.1 mL) in doses of 1 muM (group B), 10 muM (group C), and 100 muM (group D). The eyes were examined ophthalmoscopically on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after surgery and the stage of PVR was evaluated (0 to V). The effect of hypericin on retinal morphology and function was also determined for the eyes injected with 100 muM hypericin with no fibroblasts by light microscopy and electroretinogram (ERG). RESULTS In the control eyes, the retina was detached after 5 days, membranes had formed on and beneath it, and the PVR had progressed to higher stages over time. In the eyes injected with hypericin, the PVR also progressed; however, the severity of PVR on each day was lower than that in control eyes on that day. PVR was significantly inhibited in groups C and D as compared with the control eyes after day 5 (P < 0.05). Histological examination of the hypericin-treated control eyes disclosed no morphological change, and ERG analysis revealed no significant functional change. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal injection of hypericin is a safe and effective means of reducing experimental PVR.
Complement activation in emergency department patients with severe sepsis.

OBJECTIVES This study assessed the extent and mechanism of complement activation in community-acquired sepsis at presentation to the emergency department (ED) and following 24 hours of quantitative resuscitation. METHODS A prospective pilot study of patients with severe sepsis and healthy controls was conducted among individuals presenting to a tertiary care ED. Resuscitation, including antibiotics and therapies to normalize central venous and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and central venous oxygenation, was performed on all patients. Serum levels of Factor Bb (alternative pathway), C4d (classical and mannose-binding lectin [MBL] pathway), C3, C3a, and C5a were determined at presentation and 24 hours later among patients. RESULTS Twenty patients and 10 healthy volunteer controls were enrolled. Compared to volunteers, all proteins measured were abnormally higher among septic patients (C4d 3.5-fold; Factor Bb 6.1-fold; C3 0.8-fold; C3a 11.6-fold; C5a 1.8-fold). Elevations in C5a were most strongly correlated with alternative pathway activation. Surprisingly, a slight but significant inverse relationship between illness severity (by sequential organ failure assessment [SOFA] score) and C5a levels at presentation was noted. Twenty-four hours of structured resuscitation did not, on average, affect any of the mediators studied. CONCLUSIONS Patients with community-acquired sepsis have extensive complement activation, particularly of the alternative pathway, at the time of presentation that was not significantly reversed by 24 hours of aggressive resuscitation.
Learning From Examples Versus Verbal Directions in Mathematical Problem Solving

This event-related fMRI study investigated the differences between learning from examples and learning from verbal directions in mathematical problem solving and how these instruction types affect the activity of relevant brain regions during instruction and solution periods within problem-solving trials. We identified distinct neural signatures during the instruction period of trials. While studying examples, greater activation was found in the prefrontal and parietal regions that were known to be involved in mathematical problem solving. In contrast, while studying verbal directions, increased activation was found in motor and visual regions. These differences, however, disappeared during the solution period. During the solution period, participants showed brain activation patterns like those they displayed while studying an example, regardless of which instruction they learned from. The results suggest instruction type becomes irrelevant after students get to an understanding. Educational implications were discussed with regard to example-based instruction.
Rethinking decentralization and state/civil society distinctions: the state as a problematic of governing 1

In a variety of national contexts, there have been discussions about the changing relations of the state to the educational arena. Often, these discussions talk about centralization and decentralization of the state or of the devolution of power, the latter referring to shifts in the loci of power to geographically local contexts, for example through community governance of education. These discussions, it is argued in this essay, tend to position state power as dualistic, pitting one set of actors against another without inquiring into the patterns that locate different actors. The structuring of oppositions between state and civil society, public and private, government and economy does not adequately characterize the diverse ways that rule is exercised. The purpose in this essay is to relocate the problem of the state in the problematic of governing; to consider the state as networks of relations among various actors and discursive strategies that regulate and discipline the citizen. Pedagogy is explor.
Como son las redes de los individuos en situación de pobreza en el Brasil urbano

This article presents the results of a recent investigation on social networks of poor individuals who live in Sao Paulo, Brazil. The research analyzed the networks of 209 individuals in poverty who live in seven different locations of the city and are submitted to several degrees of urban segregation, as well as 30 middle-class individuals. This article presents the main characteristics of the networks, as well as explores their intense variability according to size, structure, urban integration and the sociability in which they are embedded, leading to the construction of typologies of networks and of sociabilities. The association between social segregation in space and networks is not direct, although suggests that the networks can really connect a part of the individuals who are spatially isolated by segregation, even if this effect impacts only a part of the individuals in poverty.
Effect of verbal instructions on muscle activity and risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament during landing

Background: Minimising the likelihood of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) during abrupt deceleration requires proper synchrony of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles. However, it is not known whether simple verbal instructions can alter landing muscle activity to protect the knee. Objective: To assess the efficacy of verbal instructions to alter landing muscle activity. Methods: Twenty four athletes landed abruptly in single limb stance. Sagittal plane motion was recorded with an optoelectric device, and ground reaction force and surface electromyographic data were recorded for the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semimembranosus muscles. Subjects performed 10 landings per condition: normal landing (N); repeat normal landing (R); landing after instruction to increase knee flexion (K); and landing after instruction to recruit hamstring muscles earlier (M). Muscle bursts immediately before landing were analysed relative to initial foot-ground contact (IC). Results: The K condition resulted in significantly (p⩽0.05) greater knee flexion at IC compared with the other conditions. The M condition did not result in earlier hamstring muscle activity, but instead caused significantly (p⩽0.05) earlier rectus femoris onset relative to IC, with a similar trend for the vastus lateralis. As these muscles are ACL antagonists, earlier onset times would be detrimental to the ACL. Conclusions: Subjects successfully increased knee flexion during landing following the K condition instruction. However, further research is warranted to establish the efficacy of more extensive lower limb muscle retraining programmes to ensure landings that decrease susceptibility to ACL injury.
From Personal Relationship to Psychological Ownership: The Importance of Manager–Owner Relationship Closeness in Family Businesses

Abstract Integrating theories of psychological ownership and stewardship, and taking a relational perspective, we examine key antecedents and outcomes of professional managers' psychological ownership in Chinese owner-managed family businesses. We tested the model using a survey of 166 Chinese professional managers (one from each of 166 family businesses). We find that owner–manager relationship closeness at work mediates the effect of both the owner's benevolent leadership and owner–manager friendship ties on the manager's psychological ownership. Psychological ownership, in turn, is positively related to the manager's intention to stay and to stewardship behaviour. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil.

Transgenic glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ] has enabled highly effective and economical weed control. The concomitant increased application of glyphosate could lead to shifts in the soil microbial community. The objective of these experiments was to evaluate the effects of glyphosate on soil microbial community structure, function and activity. Field assessments on soil microbial communities were conducted on a silt loam soil near Stoneville, MS, USA. Surface soil was collected at time of planting, before initial glyphosate application and 14 days after two post-emergence glyphosate applications. Microbial community fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were analyzed from these soil samples and soybean rhizospheres. Principal component analysis of the total FAME profile revealed no differentiation between field treatments, although the relative abundance of several individual fatty acids differed significantly. There was no significant herbicide effect in bulk soil or rhizosphere soils. Collectively, these findings indicate that glyphosate caused no meaningful whole microbial community shifts in this time period, even when applied at greater than label rates. Laboratory experiments, including up to threefold label rates of glyphosate, resulted in up to a 19% reduction in soil hydrolytic activity and small, brief (<7 days) changes in the soil microbial community. After incubation for 42 days, 32-37% of the applied glyphosate was mineralized when applied at threefold field rates, with about 9% forming bound residues. These results indicate that glyphosate has only small and transient effects on the soil microbial community, even when applied at greater than field rates.
Explaining Behavior in Public Goods Games: How Preferences and Beliefs Affect Contribution Levels

There is a large body of evidence showing that a substantial proportion of people contribute positive amounts in public goods games, even if the situation is one-shot and completely anonymous. Clearly, this is in conflict with the prediction of neoclassic economic theory. One of the most promising explanations of why people contribute anything in this context draws upon an interaction between positive social preferences and beliefs about the preferences and anticipated behavior of others. We follow this line of thinking and investigate the predictive power of social preferences and beliefs on contribution levels in both a one-shot and a repeated linear public goods game. We report on the degree to which individual contributions can be explained when individual preferences and beliefs are taken into account, and additionally how preferences and beliefs change in response to the behavior of others.
The association between preeclampsia and placental disruption induced by chorionic villous sampling

The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate if the elevation of maternal serum α‐feto protein (MSAFP) and pregnancy‐associated placental protein‐A (PAPP‐A) in the maternal blood after chorionic villous sampling (CVS) is associated with a higher preeclampsia (PE) rate and (2) to verify the clinical utility of the analytes elevation for predicting PE.
Potential Use of Interleukin-10 Blockade as a Therapeutic Strategy in Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

Interleukin-10 overproduction has been associated with worse prognosis in human cutaneous leishmaniasis, while IFN-γ-dependent responses are associated with parasite killing and host protection. Innovative strategies are needed to overcome therapeutic failure observed in endemic areas. The use of monoclonal antibody-based immunotherapy targeting IL-10 cytokine was evaluated here. Partial IL-10 blockade in Leishmania braziliensis whole soluble antigen-stimulated cells from endemic area CL patients with active or healed lesions and asymptomatic controls was evaluated. Overall decrease in IL-10, IL-4, and TNF-α production was observed in all groups of subjects. Only patients with active lesions still produced some levels of TNF-α after anti-IL-10 stimulation in association with Leishmania antigens. Moreover, this strategy showed limited modulatory effects on IFN-γ-dependent chemokine CXCL10 production. Results suggest the potential immunotherapeutic use of partial IL-10 blockade in localized cutaneous leishmaniasis.
Jayarāśi’s Delightful Destruction of Epistemology

It is argued here that Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (ca. 770–830 c.e .) is both a Cārvāka and a skeptic, although he is a skeptic about epistemology rather than a skeptic about the external world or a global skeptic about knowledge. After remarks on the Cārvākas and Indian skepticism, Jayarāśi’s arguments against Dignāga and Dharmakīrti are considered. Jayarāśi tries to demonstrate that in the context of epistemology, epistemology self-destructs, while in the context of everyday life there is no need for epistemology. Lastly, how Jayarāśi’s skepticism serves his Cārvāka sympathies is considered.
Area-Specific Regulation of Quiescent Neural Stem Cells by Notch3 in the Adult Mouse Subependymal Zone

In the adult mammalian brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) generate new neurons throughout the mammal's lifetime. The balance between quiescence and active cell division among NSCs is crucial in producing appropriate numbers of neurons while maintaining the stem cell pool for a long period. The Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in both maintaining quiescent NSCs (qNSCs) and promoting cell division of active NSCs (aNSCs), although no one knows how this pathway regulates these apparently opposite functions. Notch1 has been shown to promote proliferation of aNSCs without affecting qNSCs in the adult mouse subependymal zone (SEZ). In this study, we found that Notch3 is expressed to a higher extent in qNSCs than in aNSCs while Notch1 is preferentially expressed in aNSCs and transit-amplifying progenitors in the adult mouse SEZ. Furthermore, Notch3 is selectively expressed in the lateral and ventral walls of the SEZ. Knockdown of Notch3 in the lateral wall of the adult SEZ increased the division of NSCs. Moreover, deletion of the Notch3 gene resulted in significant reduction of qNSCs specifically in the lateral and ventral walls, compared with the medial and dorsal walls, of the lateral ventricles. Notch3 deletion also reduced the number of qNSCs activated after antimitotic cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside (Ara-C) treatment. Importantly, Notch3 deletion preferentially reduced specific subtypes of newborn neurons in the olfactory bulb derived from the lateral walls of the SEZ. These results indicate that Notch isoforms differentially control the quiescent and proliferative steps of adult SEZ NSCs in a domain-specific manner. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the adult mammalian brain, the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles is the largest neurogenic niche, where neural stem cells (NSCs) generate neurons. In this study, we found that Notch3 plays an important role in the maintenance of quiescent NSCs (qNSCs), while Notch1 has been reported to act as a regulator of actively cycling NSCs. Furthermore, we found that Notch3 is specifically expressed in qNSCs located in the lateral and ventral walls of the lateral ventricles and regulates neuronal production of NSCs in a region-specific manner. Our results indicate that Notch3, by maintaining the quiescence of a subpopulation of NSCs, confers a region-specific heterogeneity among NSCs in the adult SEZ.