Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Intermittent Radio Galaxies and Source Statistics

We suggest that extragalactic radio sources are intermittent on timescales of ~104-105 yr. With the use of a simple spherical model of a cocoon/shock system, it is found that inactive sources fade rapidly in radio luminosity but that the shock in the ambient medium continues to expand supersonically, thereby keeping the whole source structure intact during the inactive phases. The fading of inactive sources, and the effect of the intermittency on the expansion velocity, can readily explain the observed overabundance of small radio sources. In particular, the plateau in the observed distribution of sizes found by O'Dea & Baum can be interpreted as being due to intermittency. The model predicts that very young sources will be particularly radio luminous, once the effects of absorption have been accounted for. Furthermore, it predicts the existence of a significant number of faint “coasting” sources. These might be detectable in deep, low-frequency radio maps or via the X-ray and optical emission-line properties of the shock front.
Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination

lobalization is certainly a source of anxiety in the U.S. academic world. And the sources of this anxiety are many: Social scientists (especially economists) worry about whether markets and deregulation produce greater wealth at the price of increased inequality. Political scientists worry that their field might vanish along with their favorite object, the nation-state, if globalization truly creates a “world without borders. ” Cultural theorists, especially cultural Marxists, worry that in spite of its conformity with everything they already knew about capital, there may be some embarrassing new possibilities for equity hidden in its workings. Historians, ever worried about the problem of the new, realize that globalization may not be a member of the familiar archive of large-scale historical shifts. And everyone in the academy is anxious to avoid seeming to be a mere publicist of the gigantic corporate machineries that celebrate globalization. Product differentiation is as important for (and within) the academy as it is for the corporations academics love to hate. Outside the academy there are quite different worries about globalization that include such questions as: What does globalization mean for labor markets and
Resting-State Oscillatory Activity in Children Born Small for Gestational Age: An MEG Study

Growth restriction in utero during a period that is critical for normal growth of the brain, has previously been associated with deviations in cognitive abilities and brain anatomical and functional changes. We measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) in 4- to 7-year-old children to test if children born small for gestational age (SGA) show deviations in resting-state brain oscillatory activity. Children born SGA with postnatally spontaneous catch-up growth [SGA+; six boys, seven girls; mean age 6.3 year (SD = 0.9)] and children born appropriate for gestational age [AGA; seven boys, three girls; mean age 6.0 year (SD = 1.2)] participated in a resting-state MEG study. We calculated absolute and relative power spectra and used non-parametric statistics to test for group differences. SGA+ and AGA born children showed no significant differences in absolute and relative power except for reduced absolute gamma band power in SGA children. At the time of MEG investigation, SGA+ children showed significantly lower head circumference (HC) and a trend toward lower IQ, however there was no association of HC or IQ with absolute or relative power. Except for reduced absolute gamma band power, our findings suggest normal brain activity patterns at school age in a group of children born SGA in which spontaneous catch-up growth of bodily length after birth occurred. Although previous findings suggest that being born SGA alters brain oscillatory activity early in neonatal life, we show that these neonatal alterations do not persist at early school age when spontaneous postnatal catch-up growth occurs after birth.
The pursuit of happiness: The shifting narrative of suburbia and the American Dream

Suburbia and the American Dream have long, complex history in the United States. As the visual manifestation of the American Dream since the mid-twenty first century, suburbia has been criticized for being placeless, unhealthy, discriminatory, and wasteful. Alternative development methods have been created to combat the growth of suburban sprawl to create “places worth caring about” (Kunstler, 2007). This research study, through the methodology of oral history, uses in-depth interviews and morphological study to continue the narrative of suburbia and the American Dream as it exists in two alternative developments in Central Iowa: Prairie Trail in Ankeny and Glynn Village in Waukee. Through the research process, the role of these development types within the narrative became clearer: Morphology can create a sense of community and belonging; perceptions are shifting away from false conventional wisdom of the past; nostalgia plays a role in decision-making for the future; and there has been a generational shift from an American Dream that prioritized financial security to an American Dream of the pursuit of happiness.
Comparison of Phylogeny, Venom Composition and Neutralization by Antivenom in Diverse Species of Bothrops Complex

In Latin America, Bothrops snakes account for most snake bites in humans, and the recommended treatment is administration of multispecific Bothrops antivenom (SAB – soro antibotrópico). However, Bothrops snakes are very diverse with regard to their venom composition, which raises the issue of which venoms should be used as immunizing antigens for the production of pan-specific Bothrops antivenoms. In this study, we simultaneously compared the composition and reactivity with SAB of venoms collected from six species of snakes, distributed in pairs from three distinct phylogenetic clades: Bothrops, Bothropoides and Rhinocerophis. We also evaluated the neutralization of Bothrops atrox venom, which is the species responsible for most snake bites in the Amazon region, but not included in the immunization antigen mixture used to produce SAB. Using mass spectrometric and chromatographic approaches, we observed a lack of similarity in protein composition between the venoms from closely related snakes and a high similarity between the venoms of phylogenetically more distant snakes, suggesting little connection between taxonomic position and venom composition. P-III snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) are the most antigenic toxins in the venoms of snakes from the Bothrops complex, whereas class P-I SVMPs, snake venom serine proteinases and phospholipases A2 reacted with antibodies in lower levels. Low molecular size toxins, such as disintegrins and bradykinin-potentiating peptides, were poorly antigenic. Toxins from the same protein family showed antigenic cross-reactivity among venoms from different species; SAB was efficient in neutralizing the B. atrox venom major toxins. Thus, we suggest that it is possible to obtain pan-specific effective antivenoms for Bothrops envenomations through immunization with venoms from only a few species of snakes, if these venoms contain protein classes that are representative of all species to which the antivenom is targeted.
Fraud Detection in Telecommunications: History and Lessons Learned

Fraud detection is an increasingly important and difficult task in today’s technological environment. As consumers are putting more of their personal information online and transacting much more business over computers, the potential for losses from fraud is in the billions of dollars, not to mention the damage done by identity theft. This paper reviews the history of fraud detection at AT&T, one of the first companies to address fraud in a systematic way to protect its revenue stream. We discuss some of the major fraud schemes and the techniques used to address them, leading to generic conclusions about fraud detection. Specifically, we advocate the use of simple, understandable models, heavy use of visualization, and a flexible environment and emphasize the importance of data management and the need to keep humans in the loop.
Three Continents Claiming an Archipelago: The Evolution of Aegean's Herpetofaunal Diversity

The area of the Aegean can be described as one of nature’s most active laboratories. The contemporary geomorphology of the Aegean is a result of diverse and still ongoing geological events, which coupled with climate changes, have created mountains and thousands of islands. The Aegean bridges three continents, where human activity has been recorded for at least 10,000 years. Herpetofauna diversity offered early researchers the possibility of describing patterns in the Aegean, especially as the distributional limit for several species and faunal elements. The patterns initially described at a rather coarse scale formed the frame on which the application of new techniques opened new views and permitted finer analyses. Here, we assess recent works on the Aegean’s herpetofauna, outlining the role of sea barriers, especially the Mid Aegean Trench (MAT). We propose four basic patterns (pre-MAT, post-MAT, newcomers, and that of an outlier) and discuss exceptions to these patterns, to interpret the diversity recorded. The interdisciplinary study of taxonomy helps explaining the observed diversity and provides powerful arguments for how exploring diversity can be used to explain more than biological processes.
Markov Types Again Revisited September 2 , 2009

The method of types is one of the most popular techniques in information theory and combinatorics. Two sequences of equal length have the same type if they have identical empirical distributions. In this paper, we focus on Markov types, that is, sequences generated by a Markov source (of order one). We note that sequences having the same Markov type share the same so called balanced frequency matrix that counts the number of distinct pairs of symbols. We enumerate the number of Markov types for sequences of length n over an alphabet of size m. This turns out to coincide with the number of the balanced frequency matrices as well as with the number of special linear diophantine equations, and also balanced directed multigraphs. For fixed m we prove that the number of Markov types is asymptotically equal to d(m) n −m (m2 − m)! , where d(m) is a constant for which we give an integral representation. For m → ∞ we conclude that asymptotically the number of types is equivalent to √ 2me 2 m2m2mπm/2 n 2−m provided that m = o(n) (however, our techniques work for m = o( √ n)). We also extend these results to r order Markov sources. These findings are derived by analytical techniques ranging from multidimensional generating functions to the saddle point method. Index Terms – Markov types, integer matrices, linear diophantine equations, multidimensional generating functions, saddle point method. ∗This work was partly supported by the Esprit Basic Research Action No. 7141 (Alcom II). †This author was supported by NSF Grant DMS-0800568 and NSA Grant H98230-08-1-0092 ‡The work of this author was supported by the NSF Grants DMS-05-03745, CCF-0513636, DMS-0800568, and CCF-0830140, and NSA Grant H98230-08-1-0092, and the AFOSR Grant FA8655-08-1-3018.
Turning the Analysis of Obesity-Mortality Associations Upside Down: Modeling Years of Life Lost Through Conditional Distributions

We demonstrate the utility of parametric survival analysis. The analysis of longevity as a function of risk factors such as body mass index (BMI; kg/m2), activity levels, and dietary factors is a mainstay of obesity research. Modeling survival through hazard functions, relative risks, or odds of dying with methods such as Cox proportional hazards or logistic regression are the most common approaches and have many advantages. However, they also have disadvantages in terms of the ease of interpretability, especially for non‐statisticians; the need for additional data to convert parameter estimates to estimates of years of life lost (YLL); debates about the appropriate time scale in the model; and an inability to estimate median survival time when the censoring rate is too high.
An Efficient Extension to Elevation Maps for Outdoor Terrain Mapping and Loop Closing

Elevation maps are a popular data structure for representing the environment of a mobile robot operating outdoors or on not-flat surfaces. Elevation maps store in each cell of a discrete grid the height of the surface at the corresponding place in the environment. However, the use of this 2½-dimensional representation, is disadvantageous when utilized for mapping with mobile robots operating on the ground, since vertical or overhanging objects cannot be represented appropriately. Furthermore, such objects can lead to registration errors when two elevation maps have to be matched. In this paper, an approach is proposed that allows a mobile robot to deal with vertical and overhanging objects in elevation maps. The approach classifies the points in the environment according to whether they correspond to such objects or not. Also presented is a variant of the ICP algorithm that utilizes the classification of cells during the data association. Additionally, it is shown how the constraints computed by the ICP algorithm can be applied to determine globally consistent alignments. Experiments carried out with a real robot in an outdoor environment demonstrate that the proposed approach yields highly accurate elevation maps even in the case of loops. Experimental results are presented demonstrating that that the proposed classification increases the robustness of the scan matching process.
Individual Differences in Spontaneous Expressive Suppression Predict Amygdala Responses to Fearful Stimuli: The Role of Suppression Priming

Though the spontaneous emotion regulation has received long discussions, few studies have explored the regulatory effects of spontaneous expressive suppression in neural activations, especially in collectivistic cultural context. The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study aimed to examine whether individual differences in the tendency to use suppression are correlated with amygdala responses to negative situations when individuals are unconsciously primed with expressive suppression. Twenty-three healthy Chinese undergraduates completed an fMRI paradigm involving fear processing, and a synonym matching task was added to prime participants with the unconscious (automatic) expressive suppression goal. Participants completed measures of typical emotion regulation use (reappraisal and suppression), trait anxiety, and neuroticism. Results indicated that only in emotion suppression prime condition, greater use of suppression in everyday life was related to decreased amygdala activity. These associations were not attributable to variation in trait anxiety, neuroticism, or the habitual use of reappraisal. These findings suggest that in collectivistic cultural settings, individual differences in expressive suppression do not alter fear-related neural activation during suppression-irrelevant context. However, unconscious suppression priming facilitates the manifestation of individual differences in the neural consequence of expressive suppression, as reflected by the priming-specific decrease of emotional subcortical activations with more use of expressive suppression.
Arabidopsis AtMORC4 and AtMORC7 Form Nuclear Bodies and Repress a Large Number of Protein-Coding Genes

The MORC family of GHKL ATPases are an enigmatic class of proteins with diverse chromatin related functions. In Arabidopsis, AtMORC1, AtMORC2, and AtMORC6 act together in heterodimeric complexes to mediate transcriptional silencing of methylated DNA elements. Here, we studied Arabidopsis AtMORC4 and AtMORC7. We found that, in contrast to AtMORC1,2,6, they act to suppress a wide set of non-methylated protein-coding genes that are enriched for those involved in pathogen response. Furthermore, atmorc4 atmorc7 double mutants show a pathogen response phenotype. We found that AtMORC4 and AtMORC7 form homomeric complexes in vivo and are concentrated in discrete nuclear bodies adjacent to chromocenters. Analysis of an atmorc1,2,4,5,6,7 hextuple mutant demonstrates that transcriptional de-repression is largely uncoupled from changes in DNA methylation in plants devoid of MORC function. However, we also uncover a requirement for MORC in both DNA methylation and silencing at a small but distinct subset of RNA-directed DNA methylation target loci. These regions are characterized by poised transcriptional potential and a low density of sites for symmetric cytosine methylation. These results provide insight into the biological function of MORC proteins in higher eukaryotes.
Association between environmental factors and risk of type 1 diabetes - a case-control study.

INTRODUCTION While many studies support the theory that environmental factors play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), controversy exists as to the contribution of any individual factor. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the associations of T1DM with several environmental factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A case-control study was conducted on children £ 16 years old who were diagnosed with T1DM and healthy age and sex-matched controls. Data regarding the socio-demographic status, gestational and neonatal risk factors were evaluated. RESULTS One hundred and one children with T1DM (41 males and 60 females), and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls, were included in the present study (mean age 10.3 ± 4.5 years). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, maternal age > 35 years at delivery, duration of > 6 months of cow milk feeding, lack of vitamin D supplementation and caesarean delivery were significantly associated with diabetes. CONCLUSION In the present case-control study, certain environmental risk factors were associated with the development of T1DM.
The Environmental Dependence of Galaxy Properties in the Local Universe: Dependences on Luminosity, Local Density, and System Richness

We investigate the environmental dependence of star formation and the morphology of galaxies in the local universe based on a volume-limited sample constructed from the data of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. The sample galaxies (19,714 in total) are restricted to the redshift range of 0.030 < z < 0.065 and the magnitude range of Mr < M + 2. We investigate correlations between star formation, morphology, luminosity, local density, and richness of galaxy systems. First, we focus on how galaxy properties change with local density. Galaxies in a dense environment are found to have suppressed star formation rates and early morphological types compared with those in the field. Star formation and morphology show a "break" at the critical local density of log Σcrit ∼ 0.4 galaxies h Mpc-2, which is in agreement with previous studies. However, the break can be seen only for faint galaxies (M + 1 < Mr < M + 2), and bright galaxies (Mr < M + 1) show no break. Thus, galaxies of different luminosities are found to show different environmental dependences. Next we examine dependences on richness of galaxy systems. Median properties of galaxies residing in systems with σ > 200 km s-1 show no dependence on system richness, and most of the galaxies in those systems are non–star-forming early-type galaxies. Star formation activities of galaxies are different from those of field galaxies even in systems as poor as σ ∼ 100 km s-1. This result suggests that environmental mechanisms that are effective only in rich systems, such as ram pressure stripping of cold gas and harassment, have not played a major role in transforming galaxies into red early-type galaxies. Strangulation and interactions between galaxies, however, remain candidates of the driver of the environmental dependence. In the dense environment in the local universe, the slow transformation of faint galaxies occurs to some extent, but the transformation of bright galaxies is not clearly visible. We suggest that the evolution of bright galaxies is not strongly related to galaxy system, such as groups and clusters, while the evolution of faint galaxies is likely to be closely connected to galaxy system.
Online Domain Adaptation for Multi-Object Tracking

Automatically detecting, labeling, and tracking objects in videos depends first and foremost on accurate category-level object detectors. These might, however, not always be available in practice, as acquiring high-quality large scale labeled training datasets is either too costly or impractical for all possible real-world application scenarios. A scalable solution consists in re-using object detectors pre-trained on generic datasets. This work is the first to investigate the problem of on-line domain adaptation of object detectors for causal multi-object tracking (MOT). We propose to alleviate the dataset bias by adapting detectors from category to instances, and back: (i) we jointly learn all target models by adapting them from the pre-trained one, and (ii) we also adapt the pre-trained model on-line. We introduce an on-line multi-task learning algorithm to efficiently share parameters and reduce drift, while gradually improving recall. Our approach is applicable to any linear object detector, and we evaluate both cheap "mini-Fisher Vectors" and expensive "off-the-shelf" ConvNet features. We quantitatively measure the benefit of our domain adaptation strategy on the KITTI tracking benchmark and on a new dataset (PASCAL-to-KITTI) we introduce to study the domain mismatch problem in MOT.
APPROPRIATING THE RETURNS FROM INNOVATION

This chapter explores the extent to which an innovator is able to capture innovation rents. After examining the two main drivers of such rents, the strength of the appropriability regime and the ownership of specialized complementary assets, the chapter examines how their interaction is so critical in affecting imitation, commercialization options, and firm performance. After reviewing the underlying conceptual framework and empirical evidence, and using a perspective that cuts across both time and industries, the authors then discuss the implications of innovation profits for the resources to be devoted to the discovery of new or improved product and processes.
The Sex-Specific Impact of Meiotic Recombination on Nucleotide Composition

Meiotic recombination is an important evolutionary force shaping the nucleotide landscape of genomes. For most vertebrates, the frequency of recombination varies slightly or considerably between the sexes (heterochiasmy). In humans, male, rather than female, recombination rate has been found to be more highly correlated with the guanine and cytosine (GC) content across the genome. In the present study, we review the results in human and extend the examination of the evolutionary impact of heterochiasmy beyond primates to include four additional eutherian mammals (mouse, dog, pig, and sheep), a metatherian mammal (opossum), and a bird (chicken). Specifically, we compared sex-specific recombination rates (RRs) with nucleotide substitution patterns evaluated in transposable elements. Our results, based on a comparative approach, reveal a great diversity in the relationship between heterochiasmy and nucleotide composition. We find that the stronger male impact on this relationship is a conserved feature of human, mouse, dog, and sheep. In contrast, variation in genomic GC content in pig and opossum is more strongly correlated with female, rather than male, RR. Moreover, we show that the sex-differential impact of recombination is mainly driven by the chromosomal localization of recombination events. Independent of sex, the higher the RR in a genomic region and the longer this recombination activity is conserved in time, the stronger the bias in nucleotide substitution pattern, through such mechanisms as biased gene conversion. Over time, this bias will increase the local GC content of the region.