Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attitudes toward and motivation for PE. Who collects the benefits of the subject?

Background and purpose: Due to attitudinal and motivational aims in the national curriculum, and to lack of research on adolescents' experiences with physical education (PE) in Norway, the purposes of this study were to (1) attain data on attitudes toward PE and self-determined motivation for PE among a representative sample of adolescents (N = 2010) in middle school (grade 8–10/age 13–15) and high school (grade 11–13/age 16–19) in Norway, and (2) to explore the relationship between involvement in movement activities outside school and self-determined motivation in PE. Findings: The results showed that 43% of the adolescents were not happy with how PE is taught in Norwegian schools, and that the variance in motivational regulations among students was substantial. Females reported a less positive attitude toward PE compared to males, and positive attitude tends to decrease with age for both sexes, both of which go against the intentions stated in the Norwegian core curriculum and in the PE-curriculum. However, the results showed that adolescents who reported involvement in organized competitive youth sports outside school reported significantly higher scores on attitude to PE and on self-determined motivation for PE compared to those who were not, even when eagerness to be involved in movement activity was controlled for. The results indicate that it is not gender per se that differentiates females from males with regard to self-determined motivation in PE, but rather their experience with competitive youth sports. Conclusions: The study concludes that PE in Norway seems to favor students, and female students in particular, who are involved in competitive youth sports. Based on the results, it is hypothesized that PE coincides with the logic of competitive youth sports, that youth sport participants reap most of the benefits of PE, and thus, that PE may produce social inequity in health. In accordance with proposals from Van den Berghe et al., the results on motivation in particular are integrated in a broader pedagogical discussion. It is claimed that PE is experienced in context, and that research on adolescents' experiences of PE, and thus development through PE, should be approached from a relational developmental systems perspective.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoproteins That Lack Cytoplasmic Domain Cysteines: Impact on Association with Membrane Lipid Rafts and Incorporation onto Budding Virus Particles

ABSTRACT The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope comprises a surface gp120 and a transmembrane gp41. The cytoplasmic domain of gp41 contains cysteine residues (C764 and C837) which are targets for palmitoylation and were reported to be required for envelope association with lipid rafts and assembly on budding virions (I. Rousso, M. B. Mixon, B. K. Chen, and P. S. Kim, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:13523-13525, 2000). Several infectious HIV-1 clones contain envelopes that have no gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines. Since no other gp41 amino acid is a target for palmitoylation, these clones imply that palmitoylation is not essential for envelope trafficking and assembly. Here, we show that HIV-1 envelope mutants that lack gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines are excluded from light lipid rafts. Envelopes that contained residues with bulky hydrophobic side chains instead of cysteines retained their association with heavy rafts and were nearly fully functional for incorporation into virions and infectivity. Substitution of cysteines with alanines or serines eliminated raft association and more severely reduced envelope incorporation onto virions and their infectivity. Nevertheless, the A764/A837 mutant envelope retained nearly 40% infectivity compared to the wild type, even though this envelope was excluded from lipid rafts. Our results demonstrate that gp41 cytoplasmic cysteines that are targets for palmitoylation and are required for envelope trafficking to classical lipid rafts are not essential for HIV-1 replication.
Room Temperature CW Operation of Short Wavelength Quantum Cascade Lasers Made of Strain Balanced Ga $_{\bm x}$In$_{\bm {1-x}}$ As/Al$_{\bm y}$ In$_{\bm {1-y}}$As Material on InP Substrates

We present our recent development of short wavelength quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) made of strain balanced Ga<sub>x</sub>In<sub>1-x</sub>As/Al<sub>y</sub>In<sub>1-y</sub>As material on InP substrates. We demonstrate room temperature continuous-wave (CW) lasing of the fundamental lateral mode at four wavelengths of 4.6, 4.0, 3.8, and 3.5 μm. We obtained 60-mW CW output power at 10 °C and 3.55-μm wavelength, which is the shortest CW lasing wavelength demonstrated at room temperature by a QCL, to the best of our knowledge. We also performed a life test on λ = 4.6 μm QCL chips. To date, we have accumulated the life test data for more than 11 000 and 4100 h under two aging conditions, 20°C and 0.85-A constant current, and 60°C and 1-A constant current, respectively.
Endogenous Information Flows and the Clustering of Announcements

We consider the release of information by a firm when the manager has discretion regarding the timing of its release. While it is well known that firms appear to delay the release of bad news, we examine how external information about the state of the economy (or the industry) affects this decision. We develop a dynamic model of strategic disclosure in which a firm may privately receive information at a time that is random (and independent of the state of the economy). Because investors are uncertain regarding whether and when the firm has received information, the firm will not necessarily disclose the information immediately. We show that bad news about the economy can trigger the immediate release of information by firms. Conversely, good news about the economy can slow the release of information by firms. As a result, the release of negative information tends to be clustered. Surprisingly, this result holds only when firms can preempt the arrival of external information by disclosing their own information first. These results have implications for conditional variance and skewness of stock and market returns.
Retention in Care of Adult HIV Patients Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy in Tigray, Ethiopia: A Prospective Observational Cohort Study

Introduction Although Ethiopia has been scaling up the antiretroviral therapy (ART) services, low retention in care of patients remains one of the main obstacles to treatment success. We report data on retention in care and its associated determinants in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods We used data from the CASA project, a prospective observational and multi-site study of a cohort of HIV-infected patients who initiated ART for the first time in Tigray. Four participating health facilities (HFs) located in the South of Tigray were considered for this study. Patients were followed for one year after ART initiation. The main outcome measure was represented by the current retention in care, defined as the proportion of patients who were alive and receiving ART at the same HF one year after ART initiation. Patients who started ART between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2013 were included in this analysis. Patients were followed for one year after ART initiation. The determinants of retention were analysed using univariate and multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards model with robust sandwich estimates to account for within HF correlation. Results The four participating HFs in Tigray were able to retain overall 85.1% of their patients after one year from starting ART. Loss to follow-up (5.5%) and transfers to other HF (6.6) were the main determinant of attrition. A multivariate analysis shows that the factors significantly associated with retention were the type of HF, gender and active TB. Alamata health center was the HF with the highest attrition rate (HR 2.99, 95% CI: 2.77–3.23). Active TB (HR 1.72, 95% CI: 1.23–2.41) and gender (HR 1.64, 95% CI: 1.10–2.56) were also significantly associated with attrition. Conclusions Although Ethiopia has significantly improved access to the ART program, achieving and maintaining a satisfactory long-term retention rate is a future goal. This is difficult because of different retention rates among HFs. Moreover specific interventions should be directed to people of different sex to improve retention in care in male population.
The apolipoprotein E ϵ4 allele and incident Alzheimer’s disease in persons with mild cognitive impairment

Possession of one or more copies of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ϵ4 allele is a known risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but it is uncertain whether the ϵ4 allele is associated with disease incidence among persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We addressed this issue with data from the Religious Orders Study. Participants were 181 older Catholic clergy members who met criteria for MCI based on a uniform structured clinical evaluation; 56 (30.9%) had at least one ϵ4 allele. Clinical evaluations, which included clinical classification of dementia and AD, were repeated annually. During a mean of 5.7 years of observation, 79 persons (43.6%) developed AD. In a proportional hazards model that controlled for age, sex, and education, possession of an ϵ4 allele was associated with a 93% increase in the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (95% CI: 1.02, 2.63). There was a marginally significant reduction in the effect of ϵ4 in older compared to younger participants (p = .053). The results suggest that possession of an ϵ4 allele does increase risk of AD in persons with MCI. The authors thank the hundreds of nuns, priests, and brothers from the following groups participating in the Religious Orders Study: archdiocesan priests, Chicago, IL, Dubuque, IA, and Milwaukee, WI, Benedictine monks, Lisle, IL, and Collegeville, MN, Benedictine Sisters, Erie, PA: Benedictine Sisters of the Sacred Heart, Lisle, IL, Capuchins, Appleton, WI, Christian Brothers, Chicago, IL, and Memphis TN, diocesan priests, Gary, IN, Dominicans, River Forest, IL, Felician Sisters, Chicago, IL, Franciscan Handmaids of Mary, New York NY; Franciscans Chicago, IL, Holy Spirit Missionary Sisters, Techny IL, Maryknolls, Los Altos, CA, and Maryknolls, NY, Norbertines, De Pere, WI, Oblate Sisters of Providence, Baltimore, MD, Passionists, Chicago, IL, Presentation Sisters, BVM, Dubuque, IA, Servites, Chicago, IL, Sinisinawa Dominican Sisters, Chicago, IL, and Sinsinawa WI, Sisters of Charity, BVM, Chicago, IL, and Dubuque IA, Sisters of the Holy Family, New Orleans, LA, Sisters of the Holy Family of Nazareth, Des Plaines, IL, Sisters of Mercy of the Americans, Chicago, IL, Aurora, IL, and Erie, PA, Sisters of St. Benedict, St. Cloud, MN and St. Joseph, MN, Sisters of St. Casimir Chicago, IL, Sisters of St. Francis of Mary Immaculate, Joliet, IL, Sisters of St. Joseph of La Grange, La Grange Park, IL, Society of Divine Word, Techny, IL, Trappists, Gethsemane, KY and Peosta, IA, and Wheaten Franciscan Sisters, Wheaten, IL. They also thank Julie Bach MSW, coordinator of the Religious Orders Study, Beth Howard, Coordinator of the Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center Laboratory, and George Dombrowski MS and Greg Klein for data management. This research was supported by National Institute on Aging grants R01 AG1589, P30 AG10161, P01AG09466, P01AG14449
Using Formulations and Gaze to Encourage Parents to Talk About Their and Their Children's Health and Well-Being

In preventive health-care settings, professionals need to encourage clients to talk about their problems before they become critical. We use multimodal conversation analysis to demonstrate how public health nurses encourage parents to elaborate on their problems in a sample of preventive maternity and child health (MCH) clinics in Finland. The nurses topicalize the problem-relevant aspects of the parents’ problem-indicative talk by issuing a formulation of what the parent has just said (that is, by redescribing it in problem-related terms). This verbal practice is synchronized with a visual one—the nurse issues the formulation, receives the parent's response, and then gazes directly at them. This has the effect of prompting the parent to take up the problem and talk about it. We discuss the findings in relation to the institutional tasks in MCH care and to the role of gaze in constituting actions, such as formulations. Data are in Finnish with English translation.
Commercializing Work Life Balance Outlining a Model for Analyzing and Promoting Social Science Innovation

Innovations have hitherto mostly been acknowledged in terms of new technical products in both theories and policies on innovation. The public support to the transformation of research results and new ideas into new goods and services, provided by the state as well as by several universities, has thus primarily been adapted to the conditions prevalent in technological and manufacturing industries. Since the Nordic countries have a long tradition in policy and research focusing social aspects of societal development, there ought to be a potential in supporting innovations emanating from the social sciences as well. Social science innovations could then better serve to solve the great economic and social challenges identified on the global level by OECD, on the European level by EU and on the national level by the EU member states, not least the Nordic countries. But as the public support system for innovations is adapted to technological standards and conditions, what possibilities are there to promote and enhance ideas coming out social science driven innovations? Based on an empirical example of a specific social science innovation, this article explores how existing support systems could be adapted to enhance innovation in other disciplines and spheres outside or beyond technological ones. The empirical example emanates from a university in the middle parts of Sweden, where the Grants and Innovation Office engaged themselves in a process of intense adaptation of their services to meet the need of a social science researcher who presented on the idea of an innovation based on research on the area of gender equality. The article describes this particular innovation process step by step from research result to commercialized service using a participatory research design, autobiographical method and experimental method. Based on this empirical example of realizing a specific social science innovation, this article outlines a model for analyzing and promoting and recognizing these type of innovations. The model enables an analysis of the innovation process by its power dimensions, affecting the prospects of realizing the original idea and pinpointing key aspects for promoting social science innovations.
A Reliability Generalization Study of Select Measures of Adult Attachment Style

The concept of attachment has been discussed and debated in the psychological literature for quite some time. More recently, the concept of attachment has been extended to adults, and several measures that purport to measure attachment style have been developed. The purpose of the present study was to provide a reliability generalization study of five of the most prominent adult attachment style measures. Reliability generalization, a relatively new meta-analytic reliability procedure, was used to (a) identify the typical reliability of scores across instruments and studies and (b) examine sources of measurement error across instruments and studies. Results from this investigation of 154 previously published research studies indicated that the average score reliability across studies varied considerably across instruments and subscales. Implications for the use of self-report measures of adult attachment style are offered.
Posttraumatic Growth Among Traumatized Somali Refugees in Hungary

The present study focuses on the posttrauma adjustment of traumatized war refugees, with a special focus on the possibility of positive transformation. Specific predictors and correlates of posttraumatic growth were examined among 53 Somali refugees, based on research literature and clinical work experience with Somali refugees in Hungary. Posttraumatic growth was assessed with the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. The results of the study demonstrated significant accounts of posttraumatic growth among Somali refugees, as well as additional areas of positive changes. Hope, religiosity, negative religious coping, and satisfaction with perceived social support were positively related to reported growth.
Environmental factors, life events, and trauma in the course of bipolar disorder

The etiology and clinical course of bipolar disorder are considered to be determined by genetic and environmental factors. Although the kindling hypothesis emphasizes the impact of environmental factors on initial onset, their connection to the outcome and clinical course have been poorly established. Hence, there have been numerous research efforts to investigate the impact of environmental factors on the clinical course of illness. Our aim is to outline recent research on the impact of environmental determinants on the clinical course of bipolar disorder. We carried out a computer‐aided search to find publications on an association between environmental factors, life events, and the clinical course of bipolar disorder. Publications in the reference lists of suitable papers have also been taken into consideration. We performed a narrative overview on all eligible publications. The available body of data supports an association between environmental factors and the clinical course of bipolar disorder. These factors comprise prenatal, early‐life, and entire lifespan aspects. Given varying sample sizes and several methodological limitations, the reported quality and extent of the association between environmental factors and the clinical course of bipolar disorder should be interpreted with utmost caution. Systematic longitudinal long‐term follow‐up trials are needed to obtain a clearer and more robust picture.
Improving Media Measurement: Evidence From the Field

In light of a recent exchange between Prior (2013a) and Dilliplane, Goldman, and Mutz (2013), we evaluate the new American National Election Study program-count measures of news exposure using a unique dataset that tracks self-reports as well as actual exposure to news collected via passive tracking devices. We bring these data to bear on concerns raised by Prior (2013a) about the construct and convergent validity of the new ANES measures. Our results add nuance to previous findings showing respondents’ propensity to overreport exposure to news, and also demonstrate that on average, self-reported measures reflect relative levels of exposure quite well. Additionally, we show that the more unique news programs a person watches, the more total time he or she is exposed to political news. Very few people watch only one program but watch it repeatedly. The data also reveal an increase in the number of programs watched leading up to election day, and a concomitant increase in the amount of time per capita spent with political news as elections approach. We conclude, however, that the program-count measure is not without its weaknesses. Shortening the list of programs affects construct validity by introducing noise into the low end of the scale. Expanding the list of programs in the survey to include local news and special reports will improve fidelity at the low end of this new measure.
Profiling

Research on Facebook has suggested that individuals’ profiles are an accurate portrayal of the self and that it may be possible to identify traits such as narcissism and extraversion by viewing a Facebook profile. It has been suggested, however, that largely internal experiences, such as anxiety, should be less detectable in such contexts. In the current study, the authors tested if objective criteria (e.g., number of interests) on users’ profiles (N = 62) could discriminate between individuals who were higher and lower in social anxiety. The authors asked six coders to view each participant’s Facebook profile and rate the participant’s level of social anxiety and then tested whether these ratings correlated with the participant’s own self-reported social anxiety level. Our results suggest that social anxiety is recognizable both in objective criteria on the Facebook profile page and from raters’ impressions of the Facebook profile. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Cognitive Complexity and Control

Developing theories of mind (pp. 244-267). Cam bridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Frye, D. (in press). Theory of mind, domain speci ficity, and reasoning. In P. Mitchell & K.J. Riggs (Eds.), Children's reasoning and the mind. Hove, England: Psychology Press Frye, D. , Zelazo, P.D. , Brooks, P.J., & Samuels, MC. (1996). Inference and action in early cau sal reasoning. Developmental Psychology, 32, 120-131.
Development and Stem Cells Research Article

INTRODUCTION Stem cell homeostasis is the set of processes by which growth and differentiation are dynamically regulated so as to allow long-term persistence of the stem cell population at its normal size (Reddy 2008; Spradling et al., 2008). Shoot apical meristems (SAMs) of higher plants that are located at the growing tip harbor sets of stem cells/initials within the central zone (CZ) (Fig. 1A) (Steeves and Sussex, 1989). Progeny of stem cells differentiate as leaves or flowers within the flanking peripheral zone (PZ) (Fig. 1A). The CZ also provides cells to the rib meristem (RM) located beneath the CZ, where cells of the stem form (Fig. 1A). The relative ratios of cells in each functional domain of SAMs remain largely constant, despite cells being continually diverted to differentiation pathways (Steeves and Sussex, 1989). The SAM stem cell niche, thus, represents a dynamic cellular network that requires coordination between gene expression dynamics and cell proliferation patterns to maintain homeostatic balance between distinct functional domains (Meyerowitz, 1997). However, cell proliferation patterns and cell identity transitions are spatiotemporally coupled, which makes it difficult to analyze the mutual influence they exert on each
Maintaining Standards: Differences between the Standard Deviation and Standard Error, and When to Use Each

Many people confuse the standard deviation (SD) and the standard error of the mean (SE) and are unsure which, if either, to use in presenting data in graphical or tabular form. The SD is an index of the variability of the original data points and should be reported in all studies. The SE reflects the variability of the mean values, as if the study were repeated a large number of times. By itself, the SE is not particularly useful; however, it is used in constructing 95% and 99% confidence intervals (CIs), which indicate a range of values within which the “true” value lies. The CI shows the reader how accurate the estimates of the population values actually are. If graphs are used, error bars equal to plus and minus 2 SEs (which show the 95% CI) should be drawn around mean values. Both statistical significance testing and CIs are useful because they assist the reader in determining the meaning of the findings.