Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Low prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in black-Caribbeans compared with whites in inner city Manchester.

OBJECTIVE--To compare the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Black-Caribbeans and Whites living in the same urban area. METHODS--Cases of inflammatory joint disease were ascertained initially from a postal screening survey of 1851 Black and 1829 age and sex-matched non-Blacks identified from general practice age-sex registers of seven general practices in the Moss Side and Hulme districts of Manchester. The ethnicity of respondents was confirmed using data from a postal screening questionnaire. Those reporting joint swelling or a history of arthritis were reviewed by a rheumatologist at surgeries held in each practice. The clinical records of the questionnaire non-responders and questionnaire-positive non-attenders at surgery were reviewed. RESULTS--In an adjusted denominator population of 1046 Black-Caribbeans and 997 Whites, the cumulative prevalence of RA was 2.9/1000 in Black-Caribbeans and 8/1000 in Whites, representing a prevalence in Black-Caribbeans of 0.36 times that found in Whites (95% confidence interval 0.1-1.3). CONCLUSIONS--Rheumatoid arthritis occurs less commonly in Black-Caribbeans than in Whites. The findings are consistent with published studies showing a low RA prevalence in rural African Black populations.
The Relation of Knowledge Development to Children's Basketball Performance.

This study examined the relationship of sport-specific knowledge to the development of children's skills in basketball. Two experiments were conducted. The first compared child expert and novice basketball players in two age leagues, 8-10 years and 11-12 years, on the individual components of basketball performance (control of the basketball, cognitive decisions, and motor execution) and on measures of basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill. Child expert players of both age groups possessed more shooting skill and more basketball knowledge. A canonical correlation analysis indicated that basketball knowledge was related to decision-making skill, whereas dribbling and shooting skill were related to the motor components of control and execution. Experiment 2 examined the changes in the individual components of performance, basketball knowledge, dribbling skill, and shooting skill from the beginning to the end of the season. Subjects improved in the cognitive decision-making and control co.
Analysis of the Relationship between Moral Judgment Competences and Empathic Skills of University Students

Th e aim of this study is to analyse whether there is a significant relationship between moral judgment competence and empathic skills of the students studying at Uludag University. In this article, the results of two researches carried out on two diff erent samples are presented. In the first research, data were collected using David’s Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and Lind’s Moral Judgment Test (MJT) and the participants were 68 female and 61 male students between the ages of 20 and 29 (average: 22.85) who are studying in diff erent departments in the Faculty of Education at Uludag University. Th e second research was conducted on 294 female and 141 male students between the ages of 18 and 30 (average: 22.30) who are studying in diff erent faculties of Uludag University. Data were gathered by using Dokmen’s Empathic Skill Scale (ESS) and Lind’s Moral Judgment Test (MJT). In the two separate studies there was no significant relationship between students’ moral test points and their general empathy points. Th e analysis of the relationship between the moral judgment test points of students whose Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) points are between the top and bottom 27 percent segments revealed a significant negative relationship (r=.45.6; p> 0.01) between the points students got from the ‘personal distress’ subscale and the ones they got from the ‘workers’ dilemma’ subscale of the moral judgment test. Data were discussed in accordance with the relevant literature that focuses on the relationship between moral judgment and empathy.
Laquinimod, a Quinoline-3-Carboxamide, Induces Type II Myeloid Cells That Modulate Central Nervous System Autoimmunity

Laquinimod is a novel oral drug that is currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsing-remitting (RR) multiple sclerosis (MS). Using the animal model for multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we examined how laquinimod promotes immune modulation. Oral laquinimod treatment reversed established RR-EAE and was associated with reduced central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, decreased Th1 and Th17 responses, and an increase in regulatory T cells (Treg). In vivo laquinimod treatment inhibited donor myelin-specific T cells from transferring EAE to naive recipient mice. In vivo laquinimod treatment altered subpopulations of myeloid antigen presenting cells (APC) that included a decrease in CD11c+CD11b+CD4+ dendritic cells (DC) and an elevation of CD11bhiGr1hi monocytes. CD11b+ cells from these mice exhibited an anti-inflammatory type II phenotype characterized by reduced STAT1 phosphorylation, decreased production of IL-6, IL-12/23 and TNF, and increased IL-10. In adoptive transfer, donor type II monocytes from laquinimod-treated mice suppressed clinical and histologic disease in recipients with established EAE. As effects were observed in both APC and T cell compartments, we examined whether T cell immune modulation occurred as a direct effect of laquinimod on T cells, or as a consequence of altered APC function. Inhibition of Th1 and Th17 differentiation was observed only when type II monocytes or DC from laquinimod-treated mice were used as APC, regardless of whether myelin-specific T cells were obtained from laquinimod-treated or untreated mice. Thus, laquinimod modulates adaptive T cell immune responses via its effects on cells of the innate immune system, and may not influence T cells directly.
Learning to collaborate: a study of nursing students’ experience of inter‐professional education at one UK university

Collaborative working has been part of official government policy for some time and whilst a great deal has been claimed about its benefits, in terms of better quality services and improved outcomes, it would seem that translating policy intentions into practice has hitherto proved a challenge. Moreover, evidence concerning the effectiveness of collaborative working in education, health and social care remains limited and thinly spread. One response to this dilemma has been to introduce shared learning opportunities through the incorporation of inter‐professional education (IPE) modules into the curriculum of professional training programmes. This paper presents the findings from a study to evaluate the experience of a cohort of students from a range of different nursing specialities, undertaking a collaborative working module as part of their professional training at one UK university. The module aimed to critically analyse the philosophy of collaborative working and to encourage role appreciation and the values of different nursing, health and social care cultures. The module used shared learning during lectures, small group work and presentations in order to promote collaborative working within the educational setting. Using a mixed method design, incorporating a pre‐ and post‐survey and semi‐structured interviews, it was found that students revealed a strong commitment to collaborative working despite awareness of the problems that frequently have to be overcome. The major barriers identified from the survey were professional tribalism along with status and power differentials. These themes were explored in greater depth during the interviews where the module was seen to have enabled students to develop greater confidence in applying their professional knowledge, alongside developing improved communication and teamwork skills. The study offers some fresh insights into the most effective way of training nurses for collaborative working and the importance of promoting critical models of collaborative practice.
The Committee Has/Have Decided...

Standard English is not a monolithic entity but shows systematic variation in terms of regional or stylistic preferences and ongoing change. The corpus-based approach has been used to study these patterns of variation in a number of so-called inner-circle varieties. Linguists have only recently started to collect data on variation in outer-circle varieties. The cumulative evidence from a number of such studies will eventually allow us to determine whether these varieties are still oriented toward exonormative models or whether they are developing internal (endonormative) models of usage. This article aims to contribute to this field of research by investigating one syntactic variable— concord with collective nouns—in two outer-circle varieties: Singaporean English, which is British-based, and Philippine English, which is American-based. For both varieties, components of the International Corpus of English are examined. The results show that neither Singaporean nor Philippine English patterns exactly like its “parent” variety.
Hostile Media Perceptions, Presumed Media Influence, and Minority Alienation: The Case of Arabs in Israel

This article examines the notion that minority perceptions of the strong influence of biased media coverage may indirectly lead to increased minority alienation. This idea was tested in the context of the perceived media stigmatization of Arab citizens in Israel. Using structural equation modeling (N= 251), it is demonstrated that, over and above the effects of ideological, social, and demographic variables, hostile media perceptions and the perceived influence of media coverage affected Arabs’ perceived image and consequently their social alienation. Interestingly, the amount of exposure to mainstream Israeli media did not play a significant part in this process. However, exposure to Arab media significantly affected perceptions of hostile coverage.
Exploring effects of the keyword method on limited English proficient students' vocabulary recall and comprehension

Abstract This study examined effects of the keyword (English and Spanish) method in comparison with the rehearsal method on the vocabulary learning of fifth‐grade students with Limited English Proficiency (LEP). Following an intervention program, sixty 5th‐graders with LEP took a vocabulary recall test and a sentence completion test over two time intervals: immediate and one‐week delayed. Multivariate repeated measures were implemented employing test (vocabulary recall and sentence completion) and time (immediate and delayed) as within‐subject factors, and group (keyword Spanish, keyword English, and rehearsal) as a between‐subject factor. Significant main effects were observed for time and test as well as for the interaction of test and group. No statistically significant effects occurred for the interaction of time and group, the interaction of time and test, or the interaction of time, test, and group. Scheffé post hoc tests revealed that students in both keyword groups outperformed their counterparts in the rehearsal group in vocabulary recall tests and sentence completion tests over time. There were no significant differences between the two keyword groups for these tests. In a post‐intervention survey, the majority of students in the two keyword groups reported that they enjoyed using the keyword method and planned to use it in the future. Findings are discussed in light of limitations, directions for future research, and instructional implications.
MR imaging of acute myocardial infarction: value of Gd-DTPA.

The potential of gadolinium (Gd)-DTPA to improve the detection of acute myocardial infarction by MR has been shown in experimental canine studies. To determine its value in humans, we studied five patients 2-17 days after myocardial infarction by using ECG-gated MR before and after administration of 0.1 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA. One patient had a rupture of the interventricular septum, complicating an acute inferior-wall infarction. Spin-echo images were obtained before and immediately after injection of Gd-DTPA and were repeated every 10 min for up to 40 min. In four patients, intensity-vs-time curves revealed increasing signal intensity in the infarcted area in the first 20 min after injection of gadolinium. Contrast between normal and infarcted myocardium was greatest 20-30 min after Gd-DTPA injection. In one patient, increasing signal intensity of the infarcted myocardium was observed up to 40 min after Gd-DTPA injection. The precontrast intensity ratio between infarcted and normal myocardium was 1.1 at echo time (TE) = 30 msec and was 1.4 at TE = 60 msec (p less than .05). The postcontrast intensity ratio was 1.6, which was not statistically different from the ratio at TE = 60 msec but which was significantly higher than the ratio at TE = 30 msec (p less than .01). Infarct definition was substantially improved on postcontrast images. The septal rupture was clearly seen, and the infarcted myocardium surrounding the septal rupture showed enhancement on postcontrast images. These results suggest that Gd-DTPA can improve MR visualization and detection of acute myocardial infarction.
Experimental Validity Brunswik, Campbell, Cronbach, and Enduring Issues

Donald Campbell and Lee Cronbach had a long history of mutual respect for and fundamental disagreement with each other's ideas about experimental validity. Issues that Campbell labeled as external validity, Cronbach labeled internal validity. Issues that Campbell labeled internal validity, Cronbach suggested are trivial. Nevertheless, these methodological pioneers share much common ground, in part because of their alliance with Egon Brunswik. As science moved from a deterministic to a probabilistic paradigm, all 3 endeavored to protect behavioral science from validity-threatening practices that could result from naive use of the Fisherian approach to scientific investigation. This review shows that issues concerning the prioritization of types of validity still need to be resolved and that most social scientists do not understand internal validity. Several empirical practices for enhancing validity are suggested. Behavioral scientists believe that establishing a causal relationship requires designing studies that can withstand the argument that the observed effect was caused by something other than the causal factor under consideration. This strategy is commonly called maximizing internal validity (an erroneous label from Donald Campbell's perspective, as discussed subsequently). Internal validity is achieved through random assignment of units to experimental conditions and controlled variation of treatment. In the ideal case, these procedures create a methodological inoculation against the list of potential threats to the legitimacy of conclusions that can be drawn from the observations of the study. In other words, investigators who use the experimental method can make public claims regarding the causal effect of the stimulus.
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: The New Option for Diabetes Mellitus Management

Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to be a challenging disease to manage successfully. Beyond the first-line option metformin, there are a number of classes of medications from which to select. This article reviews the new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, including their benefits, adverse effects, and potential place in therapy. Upon review, the use of these medications has led to an A1c reduction between −0.37% and −1.16%. These medications also have been shown to reduce A1c when used with insulin. Some adverse effects were noted when using canagliflozin and dapagliflozin, with the most frequent being urinary tract infections and genital mycotic infections. We review the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and their potential roles in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Effects of Expectancies and Personalized Feedback on Fat Consumption, Taste, and Preference

Previous studies have shown that people develop expectations about the taste and effects of consumed substances and that those expectations can guide future behavior, cognitions, and affect. Identifying expectancies for the taste of both low- and high-fat foods is important in determining people's reactions to changes in their diets. Study 1 was designed to determine the existence of expectancies for the taste of low-and high-fat foods and the effects of these expectations on food consumption and preference. Ninety-seven subjects tasted a bowl of ice cream and rated the taste on taste judgment forms. The fat content of the ice cream (high- versus low-fat) and the expectancy of high- versus low-fat content were independently manipulated using a balanced placebo design. Expectancy affected the consumption of ice cream under most circumstances: For women who received high-fat ice cream and for men, regardless of the ice cream received, consumption was higher when high-fat ice cream was expected than when low-fat ice cream was expected. Study 2 was designed to investigate the effects of educating individuals about the diet-cancer link on consumption and preference. Receiving information about diet and cancer, especially when the information was personalized, decreased overall consumption and reported preference. Current levels of daily fat consumption also affected laboratory consumption and preference. This study has several implications for interventions to lower dietary fat.
Epistemic Conditions for Rationalizability

In this paper I present conditions, not involving common knowledge of rationality, that lead to (correlated) rationalizability. The basic observation is that, if the actual world belongs to a set of states where the set Z of action profiles is played, everyone is rational and it is mutual knowledge that the action profiles played are in Z, then the actions played at the actual world are rationalizable actions. Alternatively, if at the actual world the support of the conjecture of player i is Di, there is mutual knowledge of: (i) the game being played, (ii) that the players are rational, and (iii) that for every i the support of the conjecture of player i is contained in Di, then every strategy in the support of the conjectures is rationalizable. The results do not require common knowledge of anything and are valid for games with any number of players.
The Impact of Brand Extensions on Parent Brand Memory Structures and Retrieval Processes

In this research, the author examines the impact of brand extensions on consumer memory for parent brand information. The author proposes that such exposure will strengthen parent brand memory structures and facilitate retrieval processes. The author hypothesizes that the impact of extensions will be moderated by parent brand dominance, extension fit, extension number, and product category crowdedness. Two experiments are conducted. The first demonstrates that (1) exposure to brand extensions facilitates the speed with which subjects can categorize parent brands correctly, (2) this result is moderated by parent brand dominance such that nondominant brands benefit more from such exposure, and (3) extension fit moderates this effect for nondominant but not for dominant parent brands. The second study demonstrates that (1) longitudinal exposure to brand extension advertising facilitates parent brand recall but that (2) both recall and recognition are facilitated to a lesser degree than that resulting from exposure to parent brand advertising.
Relationships among Nontask Behaviors, Rated Performance, and Objective Performance Measures

Correlations among nontask behaviors, subjective evaluations of performance, and objective performance measures were investigated for a sample of 73 machine operators. Correlation and regression analyses indicated that nontask behaviors were significantly related to both supervisory ratings of performance and to objective measures of performance. There was also a significant relationship between the subjective and objective performance measures, but the results indicated that supervisors based their evaluations more on nontask behaviors than on actual performance.
An Examination of Environmental and Trait Influences on Adolescent Delinquency

A single common factor underlies variation in delinquent acts; thus, by statistical criteria, they appear “unitary. ” We extended the analysis of single-factoredness from delinquency itself to explanatory variables associated with delinquency (e.g., parental affection, personality traits, school involvement). Three factors were extracted from 15 explanatory variables. All three factors were statistically associated with delinquency, but the first factor extracted dominated in terms of variance explained (21.6% vs. 1.6% and 3.4%, respectively). This first factor had loadings from variables in conceptually diverse domains (e.g., family and peer relations, school success, and personality). A question for delinquency theory is why diverse explanatory variables load primarily on one factor, if theories postulate multiple and complex social and individual influences.
Marked Initial Pitch in Questions Signals Marked Communicative Function

In conversation, the initial pitch of an utterance can provide an early phonetic cue of the communicative function, the speech act, or the social action being implemented. We conducted quantitative acoustic measurements and statistical analyses of pitch in over 10,000 utterances, including 2512 questions, their responses, and about 5000 other utterances by 180 total speakers from a corpus of 70 natural conversations in 10 languages. We measured pitch at first prominence in a speaker’s utterance and discriminated utterances by language, speaker, gender, question form, and what social action is achieved by the speaker’s turn. Through applying multivariate logistic regression we found that initial pitch that significantly deviated from the speaker’s median pitch level was predictive of the social action of the question. In questions designed to solicit agreement with an evaluation rather than information, pitch was divergent from a speaker’s median predictably in the top 10% of a speakers range. This latter finding reveals a kind of iconicity in the relationship between prosody and social action in which a marked pitch correlates with a marked social action. Thus, we argue that speakers rely on pitch to provide an early signal for recipients that the question is not to be interpreted through its literal semantics but rather through an inference.
Categorical Speech Perception in Cerebellar Disorders

Keele and Ivry (1991) considered the cerebellum an "internal clock" responsible for temporal computations both in the motor and in the perceptual domain. These authors, therefore, expected that the processing of durational parameters of the perceived acoustic speech signal such as voice onset time (VOT) depends upon the cerebellum as well. However, a preliminary investigation of Ivry and Gopal (1992) revealed unimpaired phoneme-boundary effects in cerebellar patients along a continuum of monosyllabic stimuli with systematically varied VOT (/ba/-/pa/). Since the energy of the aspiration noise provides additional cues for the discrimination of voiced and voiceless stops, the present study used a series of disyllabic stimuli differing in a purely durational parameter. Both controls and patients with unilateral cerebellar lesion identified the endpoints of this continuum in nearly all instances as the counterparts of a minimal pair (Boten, /bo:tn/, "messengers" versus Boden, /bo:dn/, "floor"). Subjects with bilateral pathology of the cerebellum, in contrast, did not show a comparable phoneme-boundary effect. Our data corroborate the hypothesis of the cerebellum as an internal clock and implicate a role of this structure in speech perception.