Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Hematoimmunological Profile at Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center, Southwest Ethiopia

Background Health and disease can only be distinguished by accurate and reliable reference values of a particular laboratory test. In interpreting laboratory test results, usually the reported values are compared with established reference values from developed countries. Now it is a fact that there is considerable variation in hematology reference intervals by several variables. However, such data at a population level are scanty in the Ethiopian situation. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the hematological and immunological values in a community setting. Methods A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gilgel Gibe Field Research Center (GGFRC) from late September 2008 to end of January 2009. A tsample of 1,965 individuals was included in the study. Blood sample was collected by vacutainer tube and transported to Jimma University Specialized Hospital laboratory. Data were entered in to EpiData and analyzed using SPSS for Windows version 16.0 and STATA 11. Results A total of 1965 (955 men and 1010 women) individuals were studied. The mean red blood cell count for men and women was 4.55 × 1012/L and 4.34 × 1012/L (95 percentile range between 2.9 and 5.7 × 1012/L) and 4.34 ×1012/L (95 percentile range between 2.8 and 5.2 × 1012/L), respectively. On the other hand, the red blood cell count of 95% of the men and women lied between 2.9–5.7 × 1012 cells/L and 2.8–5.2 × 1012 cells /L, respectively. The mean hemoglobin value for men was 13.6 gm/dl and for women 12.7 gm/dl. The mean corpuscular volume for men and women was 90.2 fl and 90.8 fl, respectively. The mean platelet value for men was 229.1 ×109 cells/L and for women 241.3 ×109 cells/L. The mean white blood cells count for men and women was 6.08 ×109 cells/L and 6.12 ×109 cells/L, respectively. The mean CD4 value was 809 cell/µl for men and 868 cell /µl for women. Forty two percent of the study participants had O blood group. Conclusion The hematologic and immunologic profile of the studied population in Southwest Ethiopia is different from the reports from other countries and the standards described in western literature. We recommend conducting similar nationwide study to determine the immunological and hematological reference values of the Ethiopian population as a whole.
Compact subsets of the first Baire class

Perhaps the earliest results about pointwise compact sets of Baire class-1 functions are the two selection theorems of E. Helly found in most of the standard texts on real variable (see, e.g., [Lo], [N]). These two theorems are really theorems about a particular example of a compact set of Baire class-1 functions known today as Helly space, the space of all nondecreasing functions from the unit interval I = [0,1] into itself. More recently, the notion of Baire class-1 function turned out to also be important in some areas of functional analysis (see [R3]). For example, Odell and Rosenthal [OR] showed that the double dual of a separable Banach space E with the weak* topology consists only of Baire class-1 functions defined on the unit ball of E* if and only if the space E contains no subspace isomorphic to ? 1. This resulted in a renewed interest in this class of spaces. For example, building on the work of Rosenthal [R2], Bourgain, FYemlin and Talagrand [BFT] proved analogues of the two theorems of Helly for the whole first Baire class. Using their results Godefroy [Go] showed that this class of spaces enjoys some interesting permanence properties. For example, if a compact space K is representable as a compact set of Baire class-1 functions, then so is P(K), the space of all Radon probability measures on K with the weak* topology. Some further permanence properties of this class of spaces were obtained by Marciszewski ([Ml], [M2]) and an excellent survey of the early results is given by R. Pol [Po2]. Our paper is an attempt towards a fine structure theory of compact subsets of first Baire class. The first result that we give is a positive answer to a natural question one usually asks in such a context.
Learning Approaches for Teaching Interaction Design

The paper focuses on investigating some of the challenges of teaching interaction design. This analysis is based on two pillars: a series of learning theories that can be used to inform the paper topic and a set of interviews with design practitioners who were previously enrolled in a third level education program aimed to prepare them for this profession. The findings suggest that both teaching and practicing design require good coaching, practical experience together with a thorough understanding that can occur through reflecting on experience, and not at least access to community of practice that can enable successful communication, both with the coacher and the peers.
Step-tracking movements of the wrist in humans. I. Kinematic analysis

We have examined the kinematics of the initial trajectory of step- tracking movements performed by human subjects. Each subject tracked a target that required 5–30 degrees of radial or ulnar deviation of the wrist. All movements were to be performed as accurately as possible. Speed instructions were given before each trial. When subjects performed different amplitude movements following the same speed instruction, the peaks of velocity, acceleration, and jerk were linearly related to peak displacement. The peaks of velocity, acceleration, and jerk also changed when the speed instruction was altered. Thus, for any given movement, the peak values of the derivatives of displacement were dependent on both movement amplitude and intended speed. As a result, the peak values of the derivatives cannot be used by themselves to control or monitor peak displacement. When subjects performed different amplitude movements following the same speed instruction, movement duration tended to remain constant. In contrast, movement duration changed when the speed instruction was altered. Movements performed when subjects intended to move slowly had longer durations than when subjects intended to move quickly. These results suggest that subjects volitionally alter intended speed by selecting different movement durations. When both movement amplitude and intended speed were varied, the peak displacement of a step- tracking movement was linearly related to the product of 2 kinematic variables: the initial peak of a derivative of displacement (either velocity, acceleration, or jerk) and movement duration. On the basis of our observations, we propose that central commands generate step- tracking movements of different amplitudes and intended speeds by adjusting both the magnitude and duration of a derivative of displacement.
Price Stickiness in Customer Markets with Reference Prices

Price rigidity is often modeled by assuming that firms face a fixed cost of price change. However, in surveys, firms report that the main reason they wish to keep prices stable is for fear of antagonizing customers. Moreover, marketing studies show that most consumers engage in very little product comparison on a typical shopping trip. In this paper, we explore the implications of these observations for price rigidity. In our model, comparing prices and characteristics of alternative brands is time-consuming. While some consumers behave as bargain hunters with zero opportunity cost form shopping, most are loyal to firms as long as posted prices are not raised. A price increase is interpreted as a signal that a better alternative may be available and triggers consumer search. Firms do not face menu costs and are free to change nominal prices, but understand that their pricing decisions will affect their customer base and hence future profits. We show that this micro-founded mechanism is akin to a nominal rigidity and naturally generates price stickiness. It is also compatible with the observation of frequent sales at the retail level and can rationalize the decreasing or flat hazard functions observed empirically.
The Role of Micro‐Strategies in the Engineering of Firm Evolution

This paper proposes a model of strategic evolution as a sequence of intentional recombinations of a company's Core Micro-strategy with new resources and organizational routines. A Core Micro-strategy is defined here as the established system of interconnected routines, micro-activities and resources that can be traced through most of a company's strategic initiatives. The paper is based on two comparative case studies and on theories of evolution in social and cultural systems, intraorganizational ecology and the resource-based view of the firm. The resulting model advances the existing literature on strategy evolution by (1) incorporating a more direct and salient role of managerial leadership within processes of strategic evolution, (2) incorporating a central role for micro-level processes through which management can directly and intentionally shape strategic evolution, and (3) proposing recent developments in the resource-based view of the firm as a suitable theoretical framework with which to explain the processes in which strategic evolution is rooted. The model also contributes to the dynamic capabilities perspective by offering a microprocessual interpretation of their workings. The resulting view of dynamic capabilities suggests that they operate more through repeated recombination patterns of stable organizational factors, than through disruption of existing practices. The paper describes the empirical evidence which emerges from analysis of the two case studies; the two descriptive models of strategy evolution inductively built on the cases; the theoretical model resulting from cross-case analysis and iteration between the two grounded models and theoretical frameworks.
Reducing Prescribing Errors in Paediatric Patients by Assessment and Feedback Targeted at Prescribers

Prescribing errors are the most common type of medical errors and can result in harm particularly in young children. Doctors were enrolled in a programme of written assessment in prescribing skills and individualized feedback. Pharmacists audited the impact. The setting was the paediatric wards and neonatal unit of a District General Hospital. 16 doctors were tested and received feedback. A total of 110 errors were identified in this test, out of a 51 were classified as major including wrong dose and frequency, and prescribing medication the patient had an allergy to. Audit of impact of this intervention revealed a reduction of errors from 47 to 21, and patients affected from 19 to 11 per 100 (P = 0.001) emergency admissions compared to an audit before the intervention. An intervention combining a comprehensive multifaceted assessment and detailed feedback can lead to reduction of prescribing errors in paediatric trainees.
Comparison of Efficiency of some Natural Coagulants- Bioremediation

Many medicinal, industrial and allelopathic ses of common weeds have been reported. The natives of Chhattisgarh use many common weeds to treat their health problems.Nearly three herbs namely Moringa oleifera, Cicer arietinum, and Dolichos lablab were chosen for this study. The efficiency of the extracts of Moringa oleifera, Cicer arietinum, and Dolichos lablab made them used as natural coagulants for the clarification of water Turbidity (NTU).
Blood-Borne Hepatitis in Opiate Users in Iran: A Poor Outlook and Urgent Need to Change Nationwide Screening Policy

Objective Iran has the highest rate of opiate use worldwide. However, most opiate users are not screened for hepatitis virus infections. This study aimed to provide accurate, detailed data on the size of the opiate user population at risk of developing these infections. Method This seroprevalence study was conducted in the city of Shiraz, southern Iran. All participants were screened for HBV, HCV and HIV infection. The data were analyzed with SPSS. Result Among 569 participants, 233 (40.9%) were injection drug users (IDU), 369 (64.8%) were heterosexual, 84 (14.7%) were bisexual and 15 (2.6%) were homosexual. One hundred nine (19.1%) were HCV antibody-positive, 18 (3.1%) were HBS antigen-positive, 72 (12.6%) were HBc antibody-positive and 23 (4%) were HIV-positive. Among IDU compared to non-IDU, positivity rates for HBS antigen (5.5 vs 1.4%), HBc antibody (22.7 vs 5.6%), HCV antibody (40.3 vs 4.4%) and HIV (7.7 vs 1.4%) were higher (P < 0.05). Most patients with HBV (80.7%) and HCV infection (83.4%) were HIV-negative. In the cumulative analysis, only history of imprisonment was a statistically significant determinant of infection by HCV or HBV in opiate users. Conclusion The current policy of screening only HIV-positive drug users for HBV and HCV in Iran misses most cases of HBV and HCV infection. We therefore recommend urgent revision of the nationwide protocol by the Ministry of Health in Iran to implement routine screening of all opiate users and especially IDU for these viruses, regardless of their HIV status.
What Drives Deregulation? Economics and Politics of the Relaxation of Bank Branching Restrictions

This paper examines the key forces behind deregulation in order to assess the relative importance of alternative theories of regulatory entry and exit. We focus on bank branching deregulation across the states which began a quarter century ago and cumulated in federal deregulation in 1994. The cross-sectional and time-series variation of branching deregulation allows us to develop a hazard model to explain the timing of deregulation across the states using proxies motivated by private-interest, public-interest, and political-institutional theories, the public interest approach cannot easily explain our findings that deregulation occurs later in states with relatively more small banks and with a relatively large insurance sector in states where banks can sell insurance. We also find that the ex post consequences of deregulation for the different interest groups are consistent with the ex ante lobbying patterns we infer from the hazard model. Some political-institutional factors also play a role in the process of regulatory change. The same forces that explain the timing of deregulation across the states also explain the pattern of voting in Congress on interstate branching deregulation. We conclude by considering the implications of our results for tyhe future path of deregulation and applications of our research design to other episodes of regulatory entry and exit.
Olfactory Sex Discrimination Persists, Whereas the Preference for Urinary Odorants from Estrous Females Disappears in Male Mice after Vomeronasal Organ Removal

Based on observed changes in the social context for the display of ultrasonic vocalizations, scent marking, aggression, and mounting behavior by male mice with a null mutation of the transient receptor potential 2 ion channel, it was proposed recently that a primary function of the mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO)/accessory olfactory system is sex discrimination. We tested this hypothesis directly by studying the ability of male mice to discriminate between urinary odors of conspecifics of the two sexes and in different endocrine states using habituation-dishabituation tests. Male mice from which the VNO had been surgically removed (VNOx) resembled sham-operated controls (VNOi) in their ability to discriminate between volatile urinary odors from estrous females versus gonadally intact males, as well as between urinary odors from estrous versus ovariectomized females and from gonadally intact versus castrated males. When physical access to stimuli was permitted, VNOi control males strongly preferred to investigate volatile and nonvolatile urinary odorants from estrous females as opposed to intact males, whereas VNOx males showed no such preference. Mating performance in tests with estrous females was equivalent in VNOi and VNOx subjects. Both groups of males preferred to mount an estrous female instead of a castrated male. Our results suggest that the VNO is not required for sex discrimination but instead detects the nonvolatile components of opposite-sex urine that may be used to help prolong contact with individuals that produce these chemosignals.
A parametric study on the passive dynamics of straight-ahead level-ground quadrupedal running

This paper examines the passive dynamics of straight-ahead level ground quadrupedal running and explores its use in formulating design guidelines that would: a) reduce steady-state roll and b) self-stabilize the rolling motion, thus making the control of the robot more straightforward. To study the effect of mechanical design in the rolling motion, a simple bounding-in-place (BIP) template is introduced as a candidate frontal plane model that captures the targeted steady-state behavior of a straight-ahead level ground running quadruped robot. This model is parametrically analyzed and local stability analysis shows that the dynamics of the open loop passive system alone can confer stability of the motion! These results might explain the success of simple, open loop running controllers on existing experimental robots and can be further used in developing control methodologies for legged robots that take advantage of the mechanical system.
Multi-level Representations for Fine-Grained Typing of Knowledge Base Entities

Entities are essential elements of natural language. In this paper, we present methods for learning multi-level representations of entities on three complementary levels: character (character patterns in entity names extracted, e.g., by neural networks), word (embeddings of words in entity names) and entity (entity embeddings). We investigate state-of-the-art learning methods on each level and find large differences, e.g., for deep learning models, traditional ngram features and the subword model of fasttext (Bojanowski et al., 2016) on the character level; for word2vec (Mikolov et al., 2013) on the word level; and for the order-aware model wang2vec (Ling et al., 2015a) on the entity level. We confirm experimentally that each level of representation contributes complementary information and a joint representation of all three levels improves the existing embedding based baseline for fine-grained entity typing by a large margin. Additionally, we show that adding information from entity descriptions further improves multi-level representations of entities.
The rational expectations hypothesis in models of primary commodity prices

The purpose of this paper is to examine the implications of the rational expectations hypothesis for the econometric modeling of primary commodity markets. Muth's Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH) revolutionized economic theory and modeling on price formation in a simple agricultural market. The author studied the results of the few econometric models of primary commodity markets that have incorporated the REH. In a commodity price model, it is useful to distinguish between application of the REH to the physical production and consumption relationships and its application to how intertemporal stockholding affects short term price determination. In practice, most econometric work has concentrated on the implications of the REH for stock and price relationships.
Department of Economics Discussion Paper Series the Demand for Season of Birth the Demand for Season of Birth *

We study the determinants of season of birth of the first child, for White non-Hispanic married women aged 25-45 in the US, using birth certificate and Census data. The prevalence of good season (quarters 2 and 3) is significantly related to mother's age, education, and smoking status during pregnancy, as well as to receiving WIC food during pregnancy and to pre-pregnancy body mass index. Moreover, those who did not use assisted reproductive technology (ART) present a higher prevalence of good season births. The frequency of good season is also higher and more strongly related to mother's age in states where cold weather is more severe, and varies with mother's occupation, exhibiting a particularly strong positive association with working in " education, training, and library ". Remarkably, this relationship between good season and weather disappears for mothers in " education, training, and library " occupations , revealing that season of birth is a matter of choice and preferences, not simply a biological mechanism. We estimate the compensating wage differential for mothers who work in jobs other than " education, training, and library " , which allows us to provide an upper-bound to the lifetime value of good season of birth of about USD 1,000,000. Finally, we present evidence that good season of birth is positively related to health at birth conditional on several maternal characteristics. Any errors contained in the paper are our own.
Lithosphere-asthenosphere interaction beneath the western United States from the joint inversion of body-wave traveltimes and surface-wave phase velocities

SUMMARY The relation between the complex geological history of the western margin of the North American plate and the processes in the mantle is still not fully documented and understood. Several pre-USArray local seismic studies showed how the characteristics of key geological features such as the Colorado Plateau and the Yellowstone Snake River Plains are linked to their deep mantle structure. Recent body-wave models based on the deployment of the high density, large aperture USArray have provided far more details on the mantle structure while surface-wave tomography (ballistic waves and noise correlations) informs us on the shallow structure. Here we combine constraints from these two data sets to image and study the link between the geology of the western United States, the shallow structure of the Earth and the convective processes in mantle. Our multiphase DNA10-S model provides new constraints on the extent of the Archean lithosphere imaged as a large, deeply rooted fast body that encompasses the stable Great Plains and a large portion of the Northern and Central Rocky Mountains. Widespread slow anomalies are found in the lower crust and upper mantle, suggesting that low-density rocks isostatically sustain part of the high topography of the western United States. The Yellowstone anomaly is imaged as a large slow body rising from the lower mantle, intruding the overlying lithosphere and controlling locally the seismicity and the topography. The large E–W extent of the USArray used in this study allows imaging the ‘slab graveyard’, a sequence of Farallon fragments aligned with the currently subducting Juan de Fuca Slab, north of the Mendocino Triple Junction. The lithospheric root of the Colorado Plateau has apparently been weakened and partly removed through dripping. The distribution of the slower regions around the Colorado Plateau and other rigid blocks follows closely the trend of Cenozoic volcanic fields and ancient lithospheric sutures, suggesting that the later exert a control on the locus of magmato-tectonic activity today. The DNA velocity models are available for download and slicing at http://dna.berkeley. edu.
MY FRIENDS OR THE CROWD ? INFORMATION CASCADES IN ONLINE MOVIE RATING

Online product ratings are widely available on the Internet and are known to influence prospective buyers. An emerging literature has started to look at how ratings are generated and in particular how they are influenced by prior ratings. We study the social influence of prior ratings and, in particular, investigate any differential impact of prior ratings by strangers (“crowd”) versus friends. We find evidence of both herding and differentiation behavior wherein users’ ratings are influenced positively or negatively by prior ratings depending on movie popularity. This finding raises questions about the reliability of ratings as unbiased indicators of quality. Interestingly, friends’ ratings always induce herding but its effect is weaker than that of the crowd for popular movies, and the presence of social networking reduces the likelihood of herding or differentiation on prior ratings by the crowd. Finally, we also find that an increase in the number of friends who can potentially observe a user’s rating (“audience size”) has a positive impact on ratings.