Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Rotation Number Effects on Heat Transfer in a Rectangular (AR=2:1) Two Pass Channel

This paper experimentally investigated the rotational effects on heat transfer in a smooth two-pass rectangular channel (AR=2:1), which is applicable to the cooling passages in the mid portion of the gas turbine blade. The test channel has radially outward flow in the first passage and radially inward flow in the second passage after a 180° sharp turn. In the first passage, the flow is developing and heat transfer is increased compared to the fully developed case. Rotation slightly reduces the heat transfer on the leading surface and increases heat transfer on the trailing surface in the first pass. Heat transfer is highly increased by rotation in the turn portion of the first pass on both leading and trailing surfaces. Rotation increased heat transfer enhancement in the tip region up to a maximum Nu ratio (Nu/Nus ) of 1.83. In the second passage, under rotating conditions, the leading surface experienced heat transfer enhancements above the stationary case while the trailing surface decreased. The current study has more than 4 times the range of the rotation number previously achieved for the 2:1 aspect ratio channel. The increased range of the rotation number and buoyancy parameter reached in this study are 0–0.45 and 0–0.8, respectively. The higher rotation number and buoyancy parameter have been correlated very well to predict the rotational heat transfer in the two-pass, 2:1 aspect ratio flow channel. © 2009 ASME
Testicular Cancer and Cryptorchidism

The failure of testicular descent or cryptorchidism is the most common defect in newborn boys. The descent of the testes during development is controlled by insulin-like 3 peptide and steroid hormones produced in testicular Leydig cells, as well as by various genetic and developmental factors. While in some cases the association with genetic abnormalities and environmental causes has been shown, the etiology of cryptorchidism remains uncertain. Cryptorchidism is an established risk factor for infertility and testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT). Experimental animal models suggest a causative role for an abnormal testicular position on the disruption of spermatogenesis however the link between cryptorchidism and TGCT is less clear. The most common type of TGCT in cryptorchid testes is seminoma, believed to be derived from pluripotent prenatal germ cells. Recent studies have shown that seminoma cells and their precursor carcinoma in situ cells express a number of spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) markers suggesting that TGCTs might originate from adult stem cells. We review here the data on changes in the SSC somatic cell niche observed in cryptorchid testes of mouse models and in human patients. We propose that the misregulation of growth factors’ expression may alter the balance between SSC self-renewal and differentiation and shift stem cells toward neoplastic transformation.
A Brain-Computer Interface Based on Bilateral Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound

In this study, we investigate the feasibility of a BCI based on transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), a medical imaging technique used to monitor cerebral blood flow velocity. We classified the cerebral blood flow velocity changes associated with two mental tasks - a word generation task, and a mental rotation task. Cerebral blood flow velocity was measured simultaneously within the left and right middle cerebral arteries while nine able-bodied adults alternated between mental activity (i.e. word generation or mental rotation) and relaxation. Using linear discriminant analysis and a set of time-domain features, word generation and mental rotation were classified with respective average accuracies of 82.9%10.5 and 85.7%10.0 across all participants. Accuracies for all participants significantly exceeded chance. These results indicate that TCD is a promising measurement modality for BCI research.
Molecular insights into protein synthesis with proline residues

Proline is an amino acid with a unique cyclic structure that facilitates the folding of many proteins, but also impedes the rate of peptide bond formation by the ribosome. As a ribosome substrate, proline reacts markedly slower when compared with other amino acids both as a donor and as an acceptor of the nascent peptide. Furthermore, synthesis of peptides with consecutive proline residues triggers ribosome stalling. Here, we report crystal structures of the eukaryotic ribosome bound to analogs of mono‐ and diprolyl‐tRNAs. These structures provide a high‐resolution insight into unique properties of proline as a ribosome substrate. They show that the cyclic structure of proline residue prevents proline positioning in the amino acid binding pocket and affects the nascent peptide chain position in the ribosomal peptide exit tunnel. These observations extend current knowledge of the protein synthesis mechanism. They also revise an old dogma that amino acids bind the ribosomal active site in a uniform way by showing that proline has a binding mode distinct from other amino acids.
The hbhA Gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Specifically Upregulated in the Lungs but Not in the Spleens of Aerogenically Infected Mice

ABSTRACT We report that hbhA is differentially regulated during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Upregulation was observed in epithelial cell infection but not in macrophage infection and in the lungs but not in the spleens of infected mice, and it was greater during the early steps of infection, when bacilli disseminate from the site of primary infection.
Mitigating BeiDou Satellite-Induced Code Bias: Taking into Account the Stochastic Model of Corrections

The BeiDou satellite-induced code biases have been confirmed to be orbit type-, frequency-, and elevation-dependent. Such code-phase divergences (code bias variations) severely affect absolute precise applications which use code measurements. To reduce their adverse effects, an improved correction model is proposed in this paper. Different from the model proposed by Wanninger and Beer (2015), more datasets (a time span of almost two years) were used to produce the correction values. More importantly, the stochastic information, i.e., the precision indexes, were given together with correction values in the improved model. However, only correction values were given while the precision indexes were completely missing in the traditional model. With the improved correction model, users may have a better understanding of their corrections, especially the uncertainty of corrections. Thus, it is helpful for refining the stochastic model of code observations. Validation tests in precise point positioning (PPP) reveal that a proper stochastic model is critical. The actual precision of the corrected code observations can be reflected in a more objective manner if the stochastic model of the corrections is taken into account. As a consequence, PPP solutions with the improved model outperforms the traditional one in terms of positioning accuracy, as well as convergence speed. In addition, the Melbourne-Wübbena (MW) combination which serves for ambiguity fixing were verified as well. The uncorrected MW values show strong systematic variations with an amplitude of half a wide-lane cycle, which prevents precise ambiguity determination and successful ambiguity resolution. After application of the code bias correction models, the systematic variations can be greatly removed, and the resulting wide lane ambiguities are more likely to be fixed. Moreover, the code residuals show more reasonable distributions after code bias corrections with either the traditional or the improved model.
Rules discovery: Transfer and generalization

This paper presents a study about human transfer of learning between isomorphs and on the conditions of rule discovery that could be of help for machine learning. When faced with a new problem, the human learner uses the knowledge s/he already possesses in order to mentally represent and manipulate the objects s/he has to deal within the process of problem solving. We propose that familiar domain knowledge provide concepts as useful biases for discovering general rules when solving isomorphic problems as well as problems which entail a larger problem space. Results of two experiments using isomorphic versions of the ldquorule discoveryrdquo Nim game, and versions that entail a larger problem space, suggest that participants use the even concept in the familiar domain according to external representations that can either predictably favor or impair learning and transfer in a foreseeable way.
Meta-analysis of Human Papillomavirus Infection Concordance

Background: Estimates of human papillomavirus (HPV) concordance among sexual partners are important for various public health activities, from counseling individual patients to predicting the effect of HPV vaccination. Methods: We systematically searched the PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies of HPV concordance among heterosexual couples published through 2008 in English. Two coders independently abstracted data using standardized forms. We integrated concordance data using random-effects meta-analysis. Results: Thirty studies (33 study populations) that met inclusion criteria reported concordance data for 2,972 couples. Most studies were cross-sectional cohort studies conducted in Europe or Asia that used DNA hybridization to test for HPV, sometimes in conjunction with PCR. Overall, 25.5% (95% confidence interval, 17.2-36.1%) of couples were infected with 1 or more of the same HPV types. Among couples with both members HPV-positive, 63.2% (95% confidence interval, 49.1-75.3%) were infected with 1 or more of the same viral types. Positive concordance was higher for female partners of men with HPV infections than for male partners of women with HPV infections. Positive concordance was also higher for studies using PCR and for the few studies that recruited men with HPV-related disease. Conclusions: Sexual partners of HPV-infected individuals had high rates of HPV infection, suggesting a need for increased attention to this group. Impact: Our refined estimates of HPV concordance can inform clinical encounters and public health planning. Future HPV concordance studies should use more rigorous research designs, characterize their participants in greater detail, and study more meaningful populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(11); 2916–31. ©2010 AACR.
The binary gravitational lens and its extreme cases

The transition of the binary gravitational lens from the equal mass case to small (planetary) mass ratios q is studied. It is shown how the Limit of a (pure shear) Chang-Refsdal lens is approached, under what conditions the Chang-Refsdal approximation is valid, and how the 3 different topologies of the critical curves and caustics for a binary lens are mapped onto the 2 different topologies for a Chang-Refsdal lens with pure shear. It is shown that for wide binaries, the lensing in the vicinity of both lens objects can be described by a Taylor-expansion of the deflection term due to the other object, where the Chang-Refsdal approximation corresponds to a truncation of this series. For close binaries, only the vicinity of the secondary, less massive, object can be described in this way. However, for image distances much larger than the separation of the lens objects, any binary lens can be approximated by means of multipole expansion, where the first non-trivial term is the quadrupole term. It is shown that an ambiguity exists between wide and close binary lenses, where the shear at one of the objects due to the other object for the wide binary is equal to the absolute value of the eigenvalues of the quadrupole moment for the close binary. This analysis provides the basis for a classification of binary lens microlensing events, especially of planetary events, and an understanding of present ambiguities.
Feature Frame Stacking in RNN-Based Tandem ASR Systems - Learned vs. Predefined Context

As phoneme recognition is known to proﬁt from techniques that consider contextual information, neural networks applied in Tandem automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems usually employ some form of context modeling. While approaches based on multi-layer perceptrons or recurrent neural networks (RNN) are able to model a predeﬁned amount of context by simultaneously processing a stacked sequence of successive feature vectors, bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BLSTM) networks were shown to be well-suited for incorporating a self-learned amount of context for phoneme prediction. In this paper, we evaluate combinations of BLSTM modeling and frame stacking to determine the most efﬁcient method for exploiting context in RNN-based Tandem systems. Applying the CO-SINE corpus and our recently introduced multi-stream BLSTM-HMM decoder, we provide empirical evidence for the intuition that BLSTM networks redundantize frame stacking while RNNs proﬁt from predeﬁned feature-level context.
Robust stabilization of nonholonomic moving robots with uncalibrated visual parameters

This paper discusses visual servoing stabilization of nonholonomic mobile robots with uncertain camera parameters. To cope with the nonholonomic property of the system, we propose a time varying feedback controller for robustly stabilizing the position and orientation of the mobile robot to desired ones using visual feedback when the depth of the image features and the camera parameters are not known. This controller is developed based on a new formulation of the problem in the image space. The stability of the time varying controller is proved rigorously. We have carried out simulations whose results confirmed good performance of the proposed method.
Tree‐ring‐based precipitation reconstruction in the source region of Weihe River, northwest China since AD 1810

A tree‐ring width chronology of Picea purpurea Mast from Mt. Shouyang in the source region of Weihe River (SWR), northwest China, was developed in this study. Correlation analysis showed that the precipitation from previous August to current July was the limiting climate factor of tree growth. Using a reliable and stable linear regression model, which explained 42.6% of the variance of the actual precipitation during the calibration period from 1958 to 2014, a 205‐year long precipitation series was reconstructed for the SWR. The dry years in the reconstruction were well supported by historical documents, and famous historical droughts were also recorded in the dry periods of a low‐frequency scale of the reconstructed precipitation. As demonstrated by the spatial correlation patterns, the reconstructed series compared well with other hydroclimate records for northwest China, indicating that it could represent large‐scale hydroclimate changes. The 2–8‐year interannual cycles and the interdecadal quasiperiods of 15.9 years and 18.6 years revealed that the precipitation in this region was probably affected by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation. The dry/wet years corresponded well with the El Niño/La Niña events and the SWR commonly experienced droughts during the low periods of North Atlantic Oscillation.
Performance bounds for optimum and suboptimum reception under Class-A impulsive noise

The transmission over the memoryless additive white Class-A noise (AWCN) channel is considered. For uncoded transmission, an exact expression for the symbol error rate is derived. For coded transmission, the Chernoff bound on the pairwise error probability is calculated and the performance achieved on the real and the complex AWCN channels is compared. Moreover, a low-complexity, suboptimum decoding metric is derived and analyzed employing the cutoff rate as a performance criterion.
Environmental Psychology

At a time when environmentalists and economists are proclaiming that "small is beautiful" (383, 398), the research literature on human behavior in relation to its environmental settings continues to expand at a staggering rate. The rapid expansion of environmental psychology can be gauged by the diversity and sheer quantity of publications that have appeared since Kenneth Craik’s 1973 review of this area in the present series (92). During the past 5 years (from early 1972 through early 1977), no fewer than ten text books (13, 72, 151,194, 214, 271,306, 307a, 344, 372) and six edited readers (160, 210, 320, 352, 360, 400) were published, all of which pertain to the interface between human behavior and the sociophysical environment. In addition, two multiple volume series designed to communicate significant theoretical and methodological dvances in the field (15, 16, 41) were established, while more than 30 "state of the art" monographs and edited volumes on specific topics within the environment-and-behavior area appeared (5, 18, 33, 39, 42, 82, 89, 96, 102, 115, 116, 135, 157, 172, 176, 179, 212, 259, 264, 276, 304, 305, 307, 315, 318, 324, 388, 389, 408, 415, 426, 433, 443, 453, 490, 494). Also during the same period, numerous reviews and programmatic analyses of environmental psychology were published in existing psychological, sociological, and geographical journals (11, 12, 38, 69, 95, 180, 234, 277, 349, 375, 407, 432, 437), as well as in several textbooks on social psychology (36, 158, 330, 390, 423). Environmental psychologists have maintained a vigorous level of professional and interdisciplinary contact as evidenced by the published proceedings of recent Environmental Design Research Association (EDRA) meetings (74, 204, 346, 347, 420, 445) and International Architectural Psychology Conferences (71,258). As a fur-
The Role of Crustal Strength in Controlling Magmatism and Melt Chemistry During Rifting and Breakup

The strength of the crust has a strong impact on the evolution of continental extension and breakup. Strong crust may promote focused narrow rifting, while wide rifting might be due to a weaker crustal architecture. The strength of the crust also influences deeper processes within the asthenosphere. To quantitatively test the implications of crustal strength on the evolution of continental rift zones, we developed a 2‐D numerical model of lithosphere extension that can predict the rare Earth element (REE) chemistry of erupted lava. We find that a difference in crustal strength leads to a different rate of depletion in light elements relative to heavy elements. By comparing the model predictions to rock samples from the Basin and Range, USA, we can demonstrate that slow extension of a weak continental crust can explain the observed depletion in melt chemistry. The same comparison for the Main Ethiopian Rift suggests that magmatism within this narrow rift zone can be explained by the localization of strain caused by a strong lower crust. We demonstrate that the slow extension of a strong lower crust above a mantle of potential temperature of 1,350 °C can fit the observed REE trends and the upper mantle seismic velocity for the Main Ethiopian Rift. The thermo‐mechanical model implies that melt composition could provide quantitative information on the style of breakup and the initial strength of the continental crust.
Model Reference Adaptive Control of Distributed Parameter Systems

A model reference adaptive control law is defined for nonlinear distributed parameter systems. The reference model is assumed to be governed by a strongly coercive linear operator defined with respect to a Gelfand triple of reflexive Banach and Hilbert spaces. The resulting nonlinear closed-loop system is shown to be well posed. The tracking error is shown to converge to zero, and regularity results for the control input and the output are established. With an additional richness, or persistence of excitation assumption, the parameter error is shown to converge to zero as well. A finite-dimensional approximation theory is developed. Examples involving both first- and second-order, parabolic and hyperbolic, and linear and nonlinear systems are discussed, and numerical simulation results are presented.
Influence of Changes in Blood Pressure on Cerebral Perfusion and Oxygenation

Cerebral autoregulation (CA) is a critical process for the maintenance of cerebral blood flow and oxygenation. Assessment of CA is frequently used for experimental research and in the diagnosis, monitoring, or prognosis of cerebrovascular disease; however, despite the extensive use and reference to static CA, a valid quantification of “normal” CA has not been clearly identified. While controlling for the influence of arterial Pco2, we provide the first clear examination of static CA in healthy humans over a wide range of blood pressure. In 11 healthy humans, beat-to-beat blood pressure (radial arterial), middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound), end-tidal Pco2, and cerebral oxygenation (near infrared spectroscopy) were recorded continuously during pharmacological-induced changes in mean blood pressure. In a randomized order, steady-state decreases and increases in mean blood pressure (8 to 14 levels; range: ≈40 to ≈125 mm Hg) were achieved using intravenous infusions of sodium nitroprusside or phenylephrine, respectively. MCAvmean was altered by 0.82±0.35% per millimeter of mercury change in mean blood pressure (R2=0.82). Changes in cortical oxygenation index were inversely related to changes in mean blood pressure (slope=−0.18%/mm Hg; R2=0.60) and MCAvmean (slope=−0.26%/cm · s−1; R2=0.54). There was a progressive increase in MCAv pulsatility with hypotension. These findings indicate that cerebral blood flow closely follows pharmacological-induced changes in blood pressure in otherwise healthy humans. Thus, a finite slope of the plateau region does not necessarily imply a defective CA. Moreover, with progressive hypotension and hypertension there are differential changes in cerebral oxygenation and MCAvmean.
Overstorey evapotranspiration in a seasonally dry Mediterranean eucalypt forest: Response to groundwater and mining

Groundwater levels in the northern jarrah forest have declined at rates up to 0.5 m year−1 owing to increased aridity in south‐western Australia in the last 40 years. The forest has also been mined and rehabilitated resulting in significant areas of postmining forest. We tested the impact of declining groundwater levels and mining on evapotranspiration by jarrah forest overstorey. We hypothesized that trees in jarrah forest are facultative phreatophytes (will use groundwater where available but are not reliant on it) and water use per unit overstorey leaf area index (Los) of postmining forest is the same as that of postharvest forest. We measured sapflow at 7 sites in the northern jarrah forest and measured rainfall interception by the canopy at 9 sites. Stemflow was measured at 3 sites. Shallow depth to groundwater was associated with a larger ratio of transpiration per unit leaf area (Eos/Los), but there was little difference in Eos/Los between postmining and postharvest jarrah forest. Eos/Los ranged from 250 ‐ 340 mm year−1 (m2 m−2)−1 at sites where depth to groundwater was >15 m but was up to 400–500 mm year−1 (m2 m−2)−1 at some sites with shallow groundwater. Based on relationships between transpiration, rainfall interception, and Los, it is possible to estimate overstorey evapotranspiration in jarrah forest from Los, especially if spatial layers are available for depth to groundwater. We conclude that jarrah forest is conservative in its water use and likely to be resilient to a drying climate. Management implications for the northern jarrah forest are briefly discussed.