Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Putative sex-specific human pheromones do not affect gender perception, attractiveness ratings or unfaithfulness judgements of opposite sex faces

Debate continues over the existence of human sex pheromones. Two substances, androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST), were recently reported to signal male and female gender, respectively, potentially qualifying them as human sex pheromones. If AND and EST truly signal gender, then they should affect reproductively relevant behaviours such as mate perception. To test this hypothesis, heterosexual, Caucasian human participants completed two computer-based tasks twice, on two consecutive days, exposed to a control scent on one day and a putative pheromone (AND or EST) on the other. In the first task, 46 participants (24 male, 22 female) indicated the gender (male or female) of five gender-neutral facial morphs. Exposure to AND or EST had no effect on gender perception. In the second task, 94 participants (43 male, 51 female) rated photographs of opposite-sex faces for attractiveness and probable sexual unfaithfulness. Exposure to the putative pheromones had no effect on either attractiveness or unfaithfulness ratings. These results are consistent with those of other experimental studies and reviews that suggest AND and EST are unlikely to be human pheromones. The double-blind nature of the current study lends increased support to this conclusion. If human sex pheromones affect our judgements of gender, attractiveness or unfaithfulness from faces, they are unlikely to be AND or EST.
THE QUALITY OF CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION IN HARARE PRIMARY SCHOOLS: AN EVALUATION OF CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION

The marked decline in positive civic behaviour among young Zimbabweans that was reported by the Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Education of 1999 prompted me to investigate the quality of citizenship education that was implemented in schools through social studies - a subject that I lectured in at the University of Zimbabwe. The investigation took the form of a case study of three primary schools that comprised a former Group A school, a former Group B school and a Trust school in the city of Harare. I examined the official syllabus document that was intended for use in schools and how it was actually implemented at classroom level with particular reference to content, pedagogy, school ethos and climate. I used an interpretive ethnographic research design that involved a full school year of participant observation, triangulated with detailed document analysis and in-depth interviews with school heads, teachers and pupils. The thesis is based on what I heard from participants, studied in the documents that they used, observed in classrooms and schools and what I, as a participant-observer, synthesised and reflected on. I found that the intended curriculum as represented by the official social studies syllabus of 1982 had considerable potential for citizenship education. While it required updating to incorporate post-1980 developments, it did not require a complete overhaul for it to promote citizenship education. The evaluation of the primary school social studies curriculum led to the conclusion that the problem was largely at implementation level. Distortion first occurred during textbook writing, official approval and publishing. This was then amplified at school and classroom level because of the dominance of the textbook as a teaching aid and the failure to make significant links to the actual environments and contexts in which pupils lived. An examination-driven curriculum helped perpetuate a low quality implemented citizenship curriculum largely characterised by rote learning and limited practical citizenship-oriented activities. The pupils themselves, when given the opportunity, were very keen on citizenship education. The ethos and climate of the school also had an important input into how young children experienced citizenship education.
Therapeutic Equivalence and the Generic Competition Paradox

Abstract Following the passage of the Waxman-Hatch Act (1984), FDA approval for a generic drug requires the establishment of bio-equivalence between the generic drug and an FDA approved branded drug. However, a large body of evidence in the medical community suggests that bio-equivalence does not guarantee therapeutic equivalence; in some instances the lack of therapeutic equivalence can lead to fatal consequences for patients switching to generic products. In this paper, we construct a simple model to analyze the implications of therapeutic non-equivalence between branded and generic drugs. We show, theoretically and empirically, that this distinction can provide a plausible explanation of the generic competition paradox.
A hybrid frequency assignment for femtocells and coverage area analysis for co-channel operation

Successful deployment of femtocells requires intelligent cell planning and introduces some unique challenges. In this letter, an efficient frequency assignment technique is proposed for femtocells considering practical issues such as hand-off, coverage, and interference. Moreover, interference-limited coverage area (ILCA) of a co-channel femtocell base station is calculated based on parameters such as the distance to the macrocell BS, path loss exponents, and transmission power levels.
How Capitalism Was Built

Anders Aslund is known to make bold predictions that initially arouse controversy but soon become common wisdom. In Gorbachev's Struggle for Economic Reform (1989), he foresaw the collapse of the Soviet political and economic system. After Russia's financial crisis of 1998, observers declared the market economic experiment a failure, Aslund foresaw market economic success (Building Capitalism, 2002). In How Capitalism Was Built, 2nd Edition, he asks - and answers for the twenty-one countries he investigates: â€¢ Why did communism collapse? â€¢ Why did Russia not choose gradual reforms like China did? â€¢ Wherein lies the relative success of postcommunist transformation? â€¢ How did the oligarchs arise and decline vis-A -vis authoritarian leaders? Anyone who wants to understand the often confusing postcommunist dramas and obtain an early insight into the future will find this intellectually stimulating book useful. This edition includes updates to each chapter and new chapters on the impact of the global financial crisis and the European Union.
Geographical distribution and relative abundance of stock-associated Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Africa in relation to their potential as viral vectors.

To determine the geographical distribution and relative abundance of Culicoides species associated with livestock, 220-V down-draught light-traps equipped with 8-W blacklight tubes were operated at 34 sites in different climatic regions in South Africa and Lesotho. From January 1984 to September 1986, 3 041 631 Culicoides, belonging to at least 50 species, were collected in a total of 959 collections. Of these, 572 412 individuals were identified and sexed. Culicoides species were found to be widespread in South Africa and were collected in varying numbers at all the sites sampled. The average catch size, however, was larger in frost-free areas than in areas with extreme winters. The more abundant and widespread species, which have the potential to be vectors of stock-associated viruses such as bluetongue and African horsesickness, were C. imicola, C. leucostictus, C. schultzei s.l. , C. pycnostictus, C. nivosus, C. similis, C. zuluensis, C. magnus, C. bedfordi, C. neavei, C. brucei, C. tropicalis, C. exspectator, C. gulbenkiani, C. bolitinos, C. ravus, C. coarctatus and C. onderstepoortensis. Of these, C. imicola was the most abundant species, being dominant at 17 of the 34 sites sampled and accounting for 71.4% of the specimens collected. As C. imicola is relatively uncommon in hot and dry as well as cool and wet areas, this species cannot be regarded as the only vector of stock-associated viruses in southern Africa. Further laboratory vector-competence studies, i.e. determination of viral-infection and -transmission rates, should first concentrate on the above-mentioned Culicoides species, especially those known to feed on livestock.
Progress in Metabolic Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

SUMMARY The traditional use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation has, over time, resulted in substantial accumulated knowledge concerning genetics, physiology, and biochemistry as well as genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. S. cerevisiae has become a platform organism for developing metabolic engineering strategies, methods, and tools. The current review discusses the relevance of several engineering strategies, such as rational and inverse metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, and global transcription machinery engineering, in yeast strain improvement. It also summarizes existing tools for fine-tuning and regulating enzyme activities and thus metabolic pathways. Recent examples of yeast metabolic engineering for food, beverage, and industrial biotechnology (bioethanol and bulk and fine chemicals) follow. S. cerevisiae currently enjoys increasing popularity as a production organism in industrial (“white”) biotechnology due to its inherent tolerance of low pH values and high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and its ability to grow anaerobically. Attention is paid to utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substrate.
CD200-expressing human basal cell carcinoma cells initiate tumor growth

Smoothened antagonists directly target the genetic basis of human basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common of all cancers. These drugs inhibit BCC growth, but they are not curative. Although BCC cells are monomorphic, immunofluorescence microscopy reveals a complex hierarchical pattern of growth with inward differentiation along hair follicle lineages. Most BCC cells express the transcription factor KLF4 and are committed to terminal differentiation. A small CD200+ CD45− BCC subpopulation that represents 1.63 ± 1.11% of all BCC cells resides in small clusters at the tumor periphery. By using reproducible in vivo xenograft growth assays, we determined that tumor initiating cell frequencies approximate one per 1.5 million unsorted BCC cells. The CD200+ CD45− BCC subpopulation recreated BCC tumor growth in vivo with typical histological architecture and expression of sonic hedgehog-regulated genes. Reproducible in vivo BCC growth was achieved with as few as 10,000 CD200+ CD45− cells, representing ∼1,500-fold enrichment. CD200− CD45− BCC cells were unable to form tumors. These findings establish a platform to study the effects of Smoothened antagonists on BCC tumor initiating cell and also suggest that currently available anti-CD200 therapy be considered, either as monotherapy or an adjunct to Smoothened antagonists, in the treatment of inoperable BCC.
Wide range work function modulation of binary alloys for MOSFET application

This paper explores the characteristics of the binary alloys Ta-Pt and Ta-Ti for gate electrode application. With a proper composition of high and low work function metals, the work function of the metal alloys can be modulated from 4.16 eV to 5.05 eV continuously. The alloys show good thermal stability and inner chemical activity on both silicon dioxide and hafnium dioxide. Thermal stress generated from the alloy film increases interface state density and hence effective oxide charges. This problem can be greatly reduced with a W/Ta-Pt stack structure, where W acts as the main conducting metal and Ta-Pt acts as work function control metal. All of these properties make them suitable for use in all device applications.
The Influence of Age and Type of Force on Muscle Strength Capabilities in Women

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess handgrip and 5 other types of force in 52 women and to determine if handgrip force reflected general upper limb force capabilities correlated with age. The women were divided into subgroups according to age: 20–25, 45–50 and 55–65 years. Maximum forces of the right upper limb were measured in 6 types of force activities. In most tests the values of force showed statistically significant differences between the 20–25 group and the groups aged 45–50 and 55–64 years. The results did not show any differences related to age or to force activities that involved the small muscles of the forearms and hands. Thus handgrip force cannot always be considered an indicator of total force capabilities.
Non-mandatory Approaches to Environmental Protection

The approach to environmental protection has been evolving from a regulation-driven, adversarial "government-push" approach to a more proactive approach involving voluntary and often "business-led" initiatives to self-regulate their environmental performance. This has been accompanied by increasing provision of environmental information about firms and products to enlist market forces and communities in creating a demand for corporate environmental self-regulation by signaling their preferences for environmentally friendly firms. This paper provides an overview of the non-mandatory approaches being used for environmental protection and surveys the existing theoretical literature analyzing the economic efficiency of such approaches relative to mandatory approaches. It also discusses empirical findings on the factors motivating self-regulation by firms and its implications for their economic and environmental performance. It examines the existing evidence on the extent to which information disclosure is effective in generating pressures from investors and communities on firms to improve their environmental performance. Copyright 2001 by Blackwell Publishers Ltd
A Magnetic Field Probe With MHz Bandwidth and 7-Decade Dynamic Range

The design process of a general-purpose high-performance instrument for magnetic field measurements is presented. Demanding requirements have been extracted from standards, regulations, and the literature in some fields of application [e.g., human exposure and industrial and military electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)], consisting of a frequency range of 1 Hz to 400 kHz, an approximately seven-decade dynamic range with impact on designed voltage levels and internal noise, an output signal format, and postprocessing algorithms. The experimental characterization of the prototype is also reported, showing that the frequency response of the instrument is extended up to the megahertz range. The comparison of the instrument's performances with those of commercial products and published equipment confirms the extremely good performances.
Intentional traumatic brain injury in Ontario, Canada.

BACKGROUND Violence and traumatic brain injury (TBI) are two major public health concerns. This violence-related TBI, however, has not been studied in Canada and there is little literature on a profile of risk factors and injury severity regarding TBI because of self-inflicted/suicidal and assault/homicidal injury compared with unintentional TBI. METHODS Cross-sectional study using the comprehensive data set (CDS) of Ontario trauma registry (OTR) from 1993 to 2001. SETTING Data from a large trauma registry were used to assess demographic and injury-related characteristics, injury severity and incident time associated with TBI that were either caused unintentionally, were self-inflicted or resulted from an assault. RESULTS This study identified 1,409 (8.0%) intentional TBIs and 16,211 (92.0%) unintentional TBIs. Of the intentional TBIs, 389 (27.6%) was self-inflicted TBI (Si-TBI) and 1,020 (72.4%) was other-inflicted TBI (Oi-TBI). The most common cause of Si-TBI was "jumping from high places" (32.1%), followed by "firearms" (30.6%). About half of Oi-TBI was because of "fight and brawl" (48.3%), followed by "struck by objects" (26.1%). Si-TBI was associated with younger age, female gender, and having more alcohol/drug abuse history. For Oi-TBI, younger age, male gender, having more alcohol/drug abuse history were independently associated. CONCLUSION This research provides the first comprehensive overview of intentional TBI based on Canadian data. The CDS of the OTR provided the ability to identify who is at risk for intentional TBI. Prevention programs and more targeted rehabilitation services should be designed for this vulnerable population.
Familial aggregation of schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders and obsessive‐compulsive associated disorders in schizophrenia probands with and without OCD

A substantial proportion of schizophrenia patients also has obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). To further validate the clinical validity of a schizo‐obsessive diagnostic entity, we assessed morbid risks for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders and OC‐associated disorders in first‐degree relatives of schizophrenia probands with and without OCD. Two groups of schizophrenia probands [with OCD (n = 57) and without OCD (n = 60)] and community‐based controls (n = 50) were recruited. One hundred eighty two first‐degree relatives of probands with OCD‐schizophrenia, 210 relatives of non‐OCD schizophrenia probands, and 165 relatives of community subjects were interviewed directly [59.3% (108/182), 51.9% (109/210), and 54.5% (90/165), respectively], using the Structured Clinical Interview for Axis‐I DSM‐IV Disorders and Axis II DSM‐III‐R Personality Disorders and the remaining relatives were interviewed indirectly, using the Family History Research Diagnostic Criteria. Relatives of OCD‐schiozphrenia probands had significantly higher morbid risks for OCD‐schizophrenia (2.2% vs. 0%; P = 0.033) and OCPD (7.14% vs. 1.90%; P = 0.014), and a trend towards higher morbid risk for OCD (4.41% vs. 1.43%; P = 0.08) compared to relatives of non‐OCD schizophrenia probands. When morbid risks for OCD, OCPD, and OCD‐schizophrenia were pooled together, the significant between‐group difference became robust (13.74% vs. 3.33%; P = 0.0002). In contrast, relatives of the two schizophrenia groups did not differ significantly in morbid risks for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, mood disorders, or substance abuse disorders. A differential aggregation of OC‐associated disorders in relatives of OCD‐schizophrenia versus non‐OCD schizophrenia probands, provides further support for the validity of a putative OCD‐schizophrenia (“schizo‐obsessive”) diagnostic entity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The structure of customer satisfaction with cruise-line services: an empirical investigation based on online word of mouth

Given the importance of the cruise segment in the tourism industry and the limited number of prior studies in the area, this study empirically explores the structure of customer satisfaction with cruise-line services by evaluating the attributes of cruises that are significant to passengers. Using 44,993 voluntarily provided customer reviews published on a cruise guide website, a stepwise regression analysis is conducted to examine the effects of the attribute performance of cruises on customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The findings empirically confirm the validity of the two-factor theory of customer satisfaction in the cruise tourism context. The asymmetric relationship of some attributes makes it possible to identify dissatisfiers, satisfiers, and hybrid factors for the cruise industry overall and cruises on ships of different tonnage. The results can help managers in the cruise industry understand what aspects of cruises should be given more attention to improve their competitive edge. This study is one of the first to look separately at the determinants of customer satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the emerging cruise industry and proves that the two-factor theory is applicable in a new environment.
Who is a self-initiated expatriate? Towards conceptual clarity of a common notion

The purpose of this article is to enhance the conceptual coherence of the notion of a self-initiated expatriate (SIE). We propose a definition based on a set of conceptual criteria which differentiates SIEs from other types of international movers. This article defines who an SIE is according to four criteria which must all be fulfilled at the same time: (a) self-initiated international relocation, (b) regular employment (intentions), (c) intentions of a temporary stay, and (d) skilled/professional qualifications. The article discusses each of these criteria in turn and their implications on what it means to be an SIE. A research agenda related to the four criteria proposes various avenues which scholars could take to expand this area of research. The literature on SIEs is rapidly emerging, but the lack of conceptual clarity in defining this type of expatriate is as acute as incomprehensible, given the importance of this group of international movers.
Pricing Multi-Dimensional FX Derivatives Via Stochastic Local Correlations

We present a hybrid Heston local correlation model for pricing multi-dimensional FX derivatives. The model is symmetric under inversion and triangulation and yields prices that are consistent with the one-dimensional vanilla markets of both main and cross FX rates. Irrespective of the choice of numeraire, the model retains its functional form. Important for practitioners, the model is easy to calibrate and can be scaled to any desired dimensionality (i.e., it can include an arbitrary amount of FX rates). The strength of the model – pricing both typical terminal and path-dependent options such as worst-ofs, quanto double no-touches, and third currency barrier options – is shown in test results comparing the Heston local correlation model to other multi-dimensional FX models.
Mutual Expectations: A Study of the Three-Way Relationship between Employment Agencies, Their Client Organisations and White-Collar Agency 'Temps'

This paper examines the mutual expectations of employment agencies, the temporary workers who are placed by them and the client or host companies with whom they are placed. It considers the ambiguities and complexities inherent in the psychological contracts of agency temps, pointing to positive dimensions of the agency relationship with temps coupled with a tough transactional regime. In periods of uncertainty agency temping provided individuals with an illusion of freedom and control.