Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A zoologist looks at humankind

From the combination of knowledge and actions, someone can improve their skill and ability. It will lead them to live and work much better. This is why, the students, workers, or even employers should have reading habit for books. Any book will give certain knowledge to take all benefits. This is what this a zoologist looks at humankind tells you. It will add more knowledge of you to life and work better. Try it and prove it.
How much melanoma is caused by sun exposure?

Estimates have been made of the proportion of cutaneous malignant melanomas caused by sun exposure by comparing the observed incidence of melanoma with estimates of the incidence in the absence of sun exposure. The estimated proportions varied from 0.97 in males and 0.96 in females in Queensland, Australia, when the Incidence on the whole body was compared with that on unexposed sites, to 0.68 when Incidence In people born in Australia was compared with that in migrants to Australia from areas of lower sun exposure. A comparison of US Whites and US Blacks, in which the Incidence In Blacks was taken as the Incidence In unexposed Whites, gave estimates of 0.96 in males and 0.92 In females. It was estimated that some 59 000 (65%) of about 92000 melanomas that occurred worldwide in 1985 were caused by sun exposure. This is probably a minimum estimate. That 20% of the world's melanomas are estimated to occur in Black African and Asian populations and are of unknown cause would justify studies of the causes of melanoma In these populations.
ON FRIENDLY INDEX SETS OF TREES

For a graph G = (V,E) and a coloring I: V(G) -t Z2 letv,(i) II-l(i)l. lissaidtobefriendlyiflv,(l)-v,(O)I:; l.The coloring J : V(G) -t Z2 induces an edge labeling r : E(G) -t Z2 defined by r(xy) f(x) + fey) Vxy E E(G), where the summation is done in Z2. Let e,(i) Ir- 1 (i)l. The friendly index set of the graph G, denoted by FI(G), is defined by FICG) = {Ie,(l) e,(O)I: f is a friendly vertx labeling of G }. In this paper we will determine the friendly index set of certain classes of trees, which in turn will verify the validity of the conjecture that the elements of friendly index set of any tree form an arithmetic progression.
Communicative Competence

This paper discusses the development of the term ‘communicative competence’. It shows that there is a lack of consensus for what does the term mean? Linguistically, it refers to the speaker’s ability to use the appropriate language in the right context for the right purpose. Many language courses and programmes are now designed for achieving students’ development of their communicative competence. However, this goal seems to be very-far reaching in foreign contexts if this concept is to be interpreted in terms of native speaker’s level. Therefore, it is wise to reconceptualize this term in local standards for foreign contexts in order to set achievable goals for their language teaching and learning. Nevertheless, all language teachers and learners need to seek the development of their communicative competence if their goal of learning a language is to be able to communicate with it effectively. But, they should be aware that the realization of this far reaching goal requires much effort and may be long time. communicative competence form and function in integral relation to each other". ( Leung 2005.)The approach by Hymes the ethnography
Future TV Content Delivery Over Cellular Networks From Urban to Rural Environments

With the increasing number of TV channels and the growing need for on-demand services, the traditional digital terrestrial television is becoming a less attractive way of distributing TV content. As an alternative, we discuss a converged platform in the UHF band for TV and mobile broadband provisioning based on LTE cellular technology and infrastructure, which is here referred to as CellTV. The requirement for CellTV is to provide seamless TV coverage from urban to rural environments and to minimize the spectrum requirement so that the leftover can be used for mobile services. We formulate an optimal spectrum allocation problem for CellTV to distribute different TV channels with different transmission modes. Each TV channel is delivered via either unicast links or the broadcast over single-frequency networks of different modulation orders according to the location-dependent viewing demand and the cellular infrastructure availability. Based on a case study of the Greater Stockholm region, we identify that CellTV only requires a small portion of the UHF band to deliver the TV content in urban areas, thus releasing a significant amount of spectra for mobile broadband services. Meanwhile, the spectrum requirement for CellTV is considerably higher in suburban and rural areas due to the transitions of transmission modes. We further generalize these findings to provide a guiding principle for CellTV deployment in mixed environments and to demonstrate the flexibility advantage of CellTV in adapting to the growing diversity of TV content.
Breastfeeding Education and Support Trial for Overweight and Obese Women: A Randomized Trial

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a specialized breastfeeding peer counseling (SBFPC) intervention promoting exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) among overweight/obese, low-income women. METHODS: We recruited 206 pregnant, overweight/obese, low-income women and randomly assigned them to receive SBFPC or standard care (controls) at a Baby-Friendly hospital. SBFPC included 3 prenatal visits, daily in-hospital support, and up to 11 postpartum home visits promoting EBF and addressing potential obesity-related breastfeeding barriers. Standard care involved routine access to breastfeeding support from hospital personnel, including staff peer counselors. Data collection included an in-hospital interview, medical record review, and monthly telephone calls through 6 months postpartum to assess infant feeding practices, demographics, and health outcomes. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The intervention had no impact on EBF or breastfeeding continuation at 1, 3, or 6 months postpartum. In adjusted posthoc analyses, at 2 weeks postpartum the intervention group had significantly greater odds of continuing any breastfeeding (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 3.76 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07–13.22]), and giving at least 50% of feedings as breast milk (aOR: 4.47 [95% CI: 1.38–14.5]), compared with controls. Infants in the intervention group had significantly lower odds of hospitalization during the first 6 months after birth (aOR: 0.24 [95% CI: 0.07–0.86]). CONCLUSIONS: In a Baby-Friendly hospital setting, SBFPC targeting overweight/obese women did not impact EBF practices but was associated with increased rates of any breastfeeding and breastfeeding intensity at 2 weeks postpartum and decreased rates of infant hospitalization in the first 6 months after birth.
The Relationship between Fearfulness, GABA+, and Fear-Related BOLD Responses in the Insula

The inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA plays a crucial role in anxiety and fear, but its relationship to brain activation during fear reactions is not clear. Previous studies suggest that GABA agonists lead to an attenuation of emotion-processing related BOLD signals in the insula. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between GABA concentration and fear-related BOLD responses in this region. In 44 female participants with different levels of fearfulness, GABA concentration in the left insula was measured using a GABA+ MRS acquisition during rest; additionally, BOLD signals were obtained during performance of a fear provocation paradigm. Fearfulness was not associated with GABA+ in the left insula, but could predict fear-related BOLD responses in a cluster in the left anterior insula. The BOLD signal change in this cluster did not correlate with GABA+ concentration. However, we found a significant positive correlation between GABA+ concentration and fear-related BOLD responses in a different cluster that included parts of the left insula, amygdala and putamen. Our findings indicate that low insular GABA concentration is not a predisposition for fearfulness, and that several factors influence whether a correlation between GABA and BOLD can be found.
The medicolegal implications of detecting hemosiderin in the eyes of children who are suspected of being abused.

To the Editor. —In discussing the pathologic changes in eyes of children who died after suspected child abuse, Elner et al 1 asserted "that such trauma may be repeated is indicated by positive stains for hemosiderin"; this statement provides an opportunity for medicolegal confusion and miscarriage of justice. According to one source, 2 hemosiderin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin from red blood cells, may be identified as early as 1 day after injury, although other authors 3 are fairly circumspect and suggest that an interval of "several days" must pass before hemosiderin is deposited; macrophages that assemble ferritin into hemosiderin are identified at injury sites within 48 to 72 hours. Certainly, the detection of hemosiderin may indicate repeated trauma, but hemosiderin may also be a marker of survival after one episode of trauma. A child may be traumatized once and survive long enough for hemoglobin to be metabolized into hemosiderin.
Low Doses of Ethanol Reduce Evidence for Nonlinear Structure in Brain Activity

Recent theories of the effects of ethanol on the brain have focused on its direct actions on neuronal membrane proteins. However, neuromolecular mechanisms whereby ethanol produces its CNS effects in low doses typically used by social drinkers (e.g., 2–3 drinks, 10–25 mm, 0.05–0.125 gm/dl) remain less well understood. We propose the hypothesis that ethanol may act by introducing a level of randomness or “noise” in brain electrical activity. We investigated the hypothesis by applying a battery of tests originally developed for nonlinear time series analysis and chaos theory to EEG data collected from 32 men who had participated in an ethanol/placebo challenge protocol. Because nonlinearity is a prerequisite for chaos and because we can detect nonlinearity more reliably than chaos, we concentrated on a series of measures that quantitated different aspects of nonlinearity. For each of these measures the method of surrogate data was used to assess the significance of evidence for nonlinear structure. Significant nonlinear structure was found in the EEG as evidenced by the measures of time asymmetry, determinism, and redundancy. In addition, the evidence for nonlinear structure in the placebo condition was found to be significantly greater than that for ethanol. Nonlinear measures, but not spectral measures, were found to correlate with a subject’s overall feeling of intoxication. These findings are consistent with the notion that ethanol may act by introducing a level of randomness in neuronal processing as assessed by EEG nonlinear structure.
SEPPA 2.0—more refined server to predict spatial epitope considering species of immune host and subcellular localization of protein antigen

Spatial Epitope Prediction server for Protein Antigens (SEPPA) has received lots of feedback since being published in 2009. In this improved version, relative ASA preference of unit patch and consolidated amino acid index were added as further classification parameters in addition to unit-triangle propensity and clustering coefficient which were previously reported. Then logistic regression model was adopted instead of the previous simple additive one. Most importantly, subcellular localization of protein antigen and species of immune host were fully taken account to improve prediction. The result shows that AUC of 0.745 (5-fold cross-validation) is almost the baseline performance with no differentiation like all the other tools. Specifying subcellular localization of protein antigen and species of immune host will generally push the AUC up. Secretory protein immunized to mouse can push AUC to 0.823. In this version, the false positive rate has been largely decreased as well. As the first method which has considered the subcellular localization of protein antigen and species of immune host, SEPPA 2.0 shows obvious advantages over the other popular servers like SEPPA, PEPITO, DiscoTope-2, B-pred, Bpredictor and Epitopia in supporting more specific biological needs. SEPPA 2.0 can be accessed at http://badd.tongji. edu.cn/seppa/. Batch query is also supported.
Financial Frictions, the Housing Market, and Unemployment

We develop a two-sector search-matching model of the labor market with imperfect mobility of workers, augmented to incorporate a housing market and a frictional goods market. Homeowners use home equity as collateral to finance idiosyncratic consumption opportunities. A financial innovation that raises the acceptability of homes as collateral raises house prices and reduces unemployment. It also triggers a reallocation of workers, with the direction of the change depending on firms' market power in the goods market. A calibrated version of the model under adaptive learning can account for house prices, sectoral labor flows, and unemployment rate changes over 1996–2010.
Mass mortality in harbour seals and harbour porpoises caused by an unknown pathogen

EPIDEMICS caused by phocine distemper virus (pdv) resulted in mass mortalities of European harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina ) in 1988 and 2002 ([Harkonen and others 2006][1]). A third epidemic started in June 2007; the gross pathological changes observed in seals that died in the 2007 outbreak were
Antioxidant Properties and Antioxidant Compounds of Various Extracts from the Edible Basidiomycete Grifola Frondosa (Maitake)

Grifola frondosa is an edible mushroom currently available in Taiwan. Ethanolic, cold-water and hot-water extracts were prepared and their antioxidant properties were investigated. At 1 mg/mL, G. frondosa T1 and T2 cold-water extracts showed high reducing powers of 1.02 and 0.50, respectively. Chelating abilities on ferrous ions of G. frondosa T1 and T2 were higher for cold-water extracts than for ethanolic and hot-water extracts. For the scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, G. frondosa T1 and T2 extracts were effective in the following order: ethanolic > hot-water > cold-water. The G. frondosa hot-water extract showed high scavenging ability on superoxide anions. Total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol are the major antioxidant components found in the various G. frondosa extracts. Based on EC50 values (<20 mg/mL) obtained, the various extracts from G. frondosa investigated in this study display potent antioxidative properties.
Manifold Learning: The Price of Normalization

We analyze the performance of a class of manifold-learning algorithms that find their output by minimizing a quadratic form under some normalization constraints. This class consists of Locally Linear Embedding (LLE), Laplacian Eigenmap, Local Tangent Space Alignment (LTSA), Hessian Eigenmaps (HLLE), and Diffusion maps. We present and prove conditions on the manifold that are necessary for the success of the algorithms. Both the finite sample case and the limit case are analyzed. We show that there are simple manifolds in which the necessary conditions are violated, and hence the algorithms cannot recover the underlying manifolds. Finally, we present numerical results that demonstrate our claims.
Metabolic control of contractile performance in isolated perfused rat heart. Analysis of experimental data by reaction:diffusion mathematical model.

The intracellular mechanisms of regulation of energy fluxes and respiration in contracting heart cells were studied. For this, we investigated the workload dependencies of the rate of oxygen consumption and metabolic parameters in Langendorff-perfused isolated rat hearts. (31)P NMR spectroscopy was used to study the metabolic changes during transition from perfusion with glucose to that with pyruvate with and without active creatine kinase system. The experimental results showed that transition from perfusion with glucose to that with pyruvate increased the phosphocreatine content and stability of its level at increased workloads. Inhibition of creatine kinase reaction by 15-min infusion of iodoacetamide decreased the maximal developed tension and respiration rates by a factor of two. (31)P NMR data were analyzed by a mathematical model of compartmentalized energy transfer, which is independent from the restrictions of the classical concept of creatine kinase equilibrium. The analysis of experimental data by this model shows that metabolic stability-constant levels of phosphocreatine, ATP and inorganic phosphate-at increased energy fluxes is an inherent property of the compartmentalized system. This explains the observed substrate specificity by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. The decreased maximal respiration rate and maximal work output of the heart with inhibited creatine kinase is well explained by the rise in myoplasmic ADP concentration. This activates the adenylate kinase reaction in the myofibrillar space and in the mitochondria to fulfil the energy transfer and signal transmission functions, usually performed by creatine kinase. The activity of this system, however, is not sufficient to maintain high enough energy fluxes. Therefore, there is a kinetic explanation for the decreased maximal respiration rate of the heart with inhibited creatine kinase: i.e. a kinetically induced switch from an efficient energy transfer pathway (PCr-CK system) to a non-efficient one (myokinase pathway) within the energy transfer network of the cell under conditions of low apparent affinity of mitochondria to ADP in vivo. This may result in a significant decrease in the thermodynamic affinity of compartmentalized ATPase systems and finally in heart failure.
Managerial Incentives, Monitoring, and Risk Bearing: A Study of Executive Compensation, Ownership, and Board Structure in Initial Public Offerings

Both authors contributed equally to the paper. The comments of Sanjai Bhagat, Jeanne Brett, Jerry Davis, Ron Dye, Peter Easton, Eugene Fama, John Hand, Steven Kaplan, Joe Moag, Jay Ritter, Abbie Smith, Robert Vishny, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers are greatly appreciated. Todd Glass and Jeffery Nguyen provided valuable research assistance. An earlier version of this paper received the Best Paper Award of the Business Policy and Strategy Division of the Academy of Management. We argue in this study that a resolution of the ambiguity and conflict surrounding executive compensation and corporate control practices requires a more unified perspective on top management compensation, ownership, and corporate governance. Drawing from agency and organizational research, the study develops and tests a contingency perspective on how organizations seek to ensure appropriate managerial behavior through a balancing of trade-offs between incentive, monitoring, and risk-bearing arrangements. We suggest that (1) the ability of firms to use executive compensation contracts to address managerial incentive problems is hampered by risk-bearing concerns that stem from the risk aversion of top managers, (2) this problem is particularly severe for riskier firms, and (3) firms seek to address this problem by structuring their boards of directors to ensure sufficient monitoring of managerial behavior, given the magnitude of the agency problem. This contingency perspective is then tested using a large sample of initial public offering firms. The findings and their implications for the debates about ownership and control and executive pay for performance are discussed. '
Evolution and ecology meet molecular genetics: adaptive phenotypic plasticity in two isolated Negev desert populations of Acacia raddiana at either end of a rainfall gradient.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ecological, evolutionary and genetic bases of population differentiation in a variable environment are often related to the selection pressures that plants experience. We compared differences in several growth- and defence-related traits in two isolated populations of Acacia raddiana trees from sites at either end of an extreme environmental gradient in the Negev desert. METHODS We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to determine the molecular differences between populations. We grew plants under two levels of water, three levels of nutrients and three levels of herbivory to test for phenotypic plasticity and adaptive phenotypic plasticity. KEY RESULTS The RAPD analyses showed that these populations are highly genetically differentiated. Phenotypic plasticity in various morphological traits in A. raddiana was related to patterns of population genetic differentiation between the two study sites. Although we did not test for maternal effects in these long-lived trees, significant genotype × environment (G × E) interactions in some of these traits indicated that such plasticity may be adaptive. CONCLUSIONS The main selection pressure in this desert environment, perhaps unsurprisingly, is water. Increased water availability resulted in greater growth in the southern population, which normally receives far less rain than the northern population. Even under the conditions that we defined as low water and/or nutrients, the performance of the seedlings from the southern population was significantly better, perhaps reflecting selection for these traits. Consistent with previous studies of this genus, there was no evidence of trade-offs between physical and chemical defences and plant growth parameters in this study. Rather, there appeared to be positive correlations between plant size and defence parameters. The great variation in several traits in both populations may result in a diverse potential for responding to selection pressures in different environments.
Wednesday Is Indigo Blue: Discovering the Brain of Synesthesia

How the extraordinary multisensory phenomenon of synesthesia has changed our traditional view of the brain. A person with synesthesia might feel the flavor of food on her fingertips, sense the letter "J" as shimmering magenta or the number "5" as emerald green, hear and taste her husband's voice as buttery golden brown. Synesthetes rarely talk about their peculiar sensory gift-believing either that everyone else senses the world exactly as they do, or that no one else does. Yet synesthesia occurs in one in twenty people, and is even more common among artists. One famous synesthete was novelist Vladimir Nabokov, who insisted as a toddler that the colors on his wooden alphabet blocks were "all wrong. " His mother understood exactly what he meant because she, too, had synesthesia. Nabokov's son Dmitri, who recounts this tale in the afterword to this book, is also a synesthete-further illustrating how synesthesia runs in families. In Wednesday Is Indigo Blue, pioneering researcher Richard Cytowic and distinguished neuroscientist David Eagleman explain the neuroscience and genetics behind synesthesia's multisensory experiences. Because synesthesia contradicted existing theory, Cytowic spent twenty years persuading colleagues that it was a real-and important-brain phenomenon rather than a mere curiosity. Today scientists in fifteen countries are exploring synesthesia and how it is changing the traditional view of how the brain works. Cytowic and Eagleman argue that perception is already multisensory, though for most of us its multiple dimensions exist beyond the reach of consciousness. Reality, they point out, is more subjective than most people realize. No mere curiosity, synesthesia is a window on the mind and brain, highlighting the amazing differences in the way people see the world.