Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Associative learning and conditioning theory : human and non-human applications

Section I: Overview Things you always wanted to know about conditioning, but were afraid to ask Todd R. Schachtman and Steve Reilly Section II: Applications to Clinical Pathology Fear extinction and emotional processing theory: A critical review Seth J. Gillihan and Edna Foa Fear Conditioning and Attention to Threat: An Integrative Approach to Understanding the Etiology of Anxiety Disorders Katherine Oehlberg and Susan Mineka Behavioral techniques to reduce relapse after exposure therapy: Applications of studies of experimental extinction Mario A. Laborda, Bridget L. McConnell, and Ralph R. Miller Learning and anxiety Peter F. Lovibond Trauma, learned helplessness, its neuroscience and implication for PTSD Vincent M. LoLordo and J. Bruce Overmier Abberant attentional processes in schizophrenia as reflected in latent inhibition data Robert E. Lubow Discrimination learning process in autism: spectrum disorders: A comparator theory Phil Reed Section III: Applications to Health and Addiction Conditioned Immunomodulation Jennifer L. Szczytkowski and Donald T. Lysle Learning, Expectancy and Behavioural Control: Implications for drug use M. Vogel-Sprott and Mark T. Fillmore Applications of Contemporary Learning Theory in the Treatment of Drug Abuse Danielle E. McCarthy, Timothy B. Baker, Haruka Minami, and Vivian Yeh Internal stimuli generated by abused substances: Role of Pavlovian conditioning and its implications for drug addiction Rick A. Bevins and Jennifer E. Murray Learning to eat: The influence of food cues on what, when and how much we eat Janet Polivy, C. Peter Herman, and Laura Girz Conditional analgesia, negative feedback & error correction Moriel Zelikowsky and Michael S. Fanselow Incentives in the modification and cessation of cigarette smoking Edwin B. Fisher, Leonard Green, Amanda L. Calvert, & Russell E. Glasgow Section IV: Applications to Cognition, Social Interaction and Motivation Social learning and connectionism Frank Van Overwalle Application of associative learning paradigms to clinically relevant individual differences in cognitive processing Teresa A. Treat, John L. Kruschke, Richard J. Viken, and Richard M. McFall A review of procedural knowledge about the mental process models of evaluative conditioning Jan De Houwer Instrumental and Pavlovian Conditioning Analogues of Familiar Social Processes Robert Ervin Cramer and Robert Frank Weiss The impact of social cognition on emotional learning from and about others: A neurobiological perspective Andreas Olsson Effects of Conditioning in Advertising Todd R. Schachtman, Jennifer Walker and Stephanie Fowler Applications of Pavlovian conditioning to sexual behavior and reproduction Michael Domjan and Chana K. Akins Hot and bothered: Classical conditioning of sexual incentives in humans Heather Hoffman
Paw Inflammation Model in Dogs for Preclinical Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Investigations of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs

The goal of the present study was to develop and validate a new canine model of inflammation. The motivation was to make available a scientifically appropriate and ethically acceptable model to conduct pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic investigations for testing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs. A kaolin-induce paw inflammation model previously developed in cats was adapted to the dog. The paw inflammation developed within a few hours, reached maximum values 24 h and up to 3 days after kaolin administration, and then progressively resolved over 2 months. Five end points of clinical interest (body temperature, creeping time under a tunnel, paw withdrawal latency to a standardized thermal stimulus, lameness score, and vertical force developed during walking on a force plate) were measured regularly over the next 24 h and beyond to characterize the time development of the inflammation either in control conditions (placebo period) or after the administration of meloxicam (test period) according to a crossover design. Pharmacodynamic data were modeled using an indirect response pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. This model described three effects of meloxicam, namely, classic anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects. The mean plasma meloxicam IC50 values were 210 ng/ml for the antipyretic effect, 390 ng/ml for the analgesic effect, and 546 ng/ml for the vertical force exerted by the paw on the ground as measured by force plates. These in vivo IC50 values require approximately 80 (antipyretic effect) to 90% (all other effects) cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition as calculated ex vivo whole-blood assay data.
Emergence of collective changes in travel direction of starling flocks from individual birds' fluctuations

One of the most impressive features of moving animal groups is their ability to perform sudden coherent changes in travel direction. While this collective decision can be a response to an external alarm cue, directional switching can also emerge from the intrinsic fluctuations in individual behaviour. However, the cause and the mechanism by which such collective changes of direction occur are not fully understood yet. Here, we present an experimental study of spontaneous collective turns in natural flocks of starlings. We employ a recently developed tracking algorithm to reconstruct three-dimensional trajectories of each individual bird in the flock for the whole duration of a turning event. Our approach enables us to analyse changes in the individual behaviour of every group member and reveal the emergent dynamics of turning. We show that spontaneous turns start from individuals located at the elongated tips of the flocks, and then propagate through the group. We find that birds on the tips deviate from the mean direction of motion much more frequently than other individuals, indicating that persistent localized fluctuations are the crucial ingredient for triggering a collective directional change. Finally, we quantitatively verify that birds follow equal-radius paths during turning, the effects of which are a change of the flock's orientation and a redistribution of individual locations in the group.
Influence of angular velocity on Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris oxygenation dynamics during knee extension exercises

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether changes in angular velocity would alter vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) oxygenation status during maximal isokinetic knee extension exercises. Eleven recreationally active male participants randomly performed ten maximal knee extensions at 30, 60, 120 and 240° s−1. Tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and total haemoglobin concentration ([tHb]) were acquired from the VL and RF muscles by means of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Breath‐by‐breath pulmonary oxygen consumption () was recorded throughout the tests. Peak torque and significantly decreased as a function of velocity (P<0·05). Interestingly, RF and VL TOI significantly increased as a function of velocity (P<0·05), whereas [tHb] significantly decreased as a function of velocity (P<0·05). A greater number of muscle fibre recruited at slow velocity, where the torque and were the highest, might explain the lower VL and RF TOI observed herein. Furthermore, the increase in local blood flow (suggested by [tHb] changes) during isokinetic knee extension exercises performed at slow angular velocity might have been induced by a higher intramuscular pressure during the contraction phases as well as a greater microcirculatory vasodilatation during relaxation phases. Implementing slow‐velocity isokinetic exercises in rehabilitation or other training programmes could delay the short‐term anoxia generated by such exercises and result in muscle metabolism enhancement.
The grateful dead: damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules and reduction/oxidation regulate immunity

Summary: The response to pathogens and damage in plants and animals involves a series of carefully orchestrated, highly evolved, molecular mechanisms resulting in pathogen resistance and wound healing. In metazoans, damage‐ or pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs, PAMPs) execute precise intracellular tasks and are also able to exert disparate functions when released into the extracellular space. The emergent consequence for both inflammation and wound healing of the abnormal extracellular persistence of these factors may underlie many clinical disorders. DAMPs/PAMPs are recognized by hereditable receptors including the Toll‐like receptors, the NOD1‐like receptors and retinoic‐acid‐inducible gene I‐like receptors, as well as the receptor for advanced glycation end products. These host molecules ‘sense’ not only pathogens but also misfolded/glycated proteins or exposed hydrophobic portions of molecules, activating intracellular cascades that lead to an inflammatory response. Equally important are means to not only respond to these molecules but also to eradicate them. We have speculated that their destruction through oxidative mechanisms normally exerted by myeloid cells, such as neutrophils and eosinophils, or their persistence in the setting of pathologic extracellular reducing environments, maintained by exuberant necrotic cell death and/or oxidoreductases, represent important molecular means enabling chronic inflammatory states.
Monte Carlo Strength Evaluation: Fast and Reliable Password Checking

Modern password guessing attacks adopt sophisticated probabilistic techniques that allow for orders of magnitude less guesses to succeed compared to brute force. Unfortunately, best practices and password strength evaluators failed to keep up: they are generally based on heuristic rules designed to defend against obsolete brute force attacks. Many passwords can only be guessed with significant effort, and motivated attackers may be willing to invest resources to obtain valuable passwords. However, it is eminently impractical for the defender to simulate expensive attacks against each user to accurately characterize their password strength. This paper proposes a novel method to estimate the number of guesses needed to find a password using modern attacks. The proposed method requires little resources, applies to a wide set of probabilistic models, and is characterised by highly desirable convergence properties. The experiments demonstrate the scalability and generality of the proposal. In particular, the experimental analysis reports evaluations on a wide range of password strengths, and of state-of-the-art attacks on very large datasets, including attacks that would have been prohibitively expensive to handle with existing simulation-based approaches.
Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Syndrome: CDH1 Mutations and Beyond.

IMPORTANCE E-cadherin (CDH1) is a cancer predisposition gene mutated in families meeting clinically defined hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC). Reliable estimates of cancer risk and spectrum in germline mutation carriers are essential for management. For families without CDH1 mutations, genetic-based risk stratification has not been possible, resulting in limited clinical options. OBJECTIVES To derive accurate estimates of gastric and breast cancer risks in CDH1 mutation carriers and determine if germline mutations in other genes are associated with HDGC. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Testing for CDH1 germline mutations was performed on 183 index cases meeting clinical criteria for HDGC. Penetrance was derived from 75 mutation-positive families from within this and other cohorts, comprising 3858 probands (353 with gastric cancer and 89 with breast cancer). Germline DNA from 144 HDGC probands lacking CDH1 mutations was screened using multiplexed targeted sequencing for 55 cancer-associated genes. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Accurate estimates of gastric and breast cancer risks in CDH1 mutation carriers and the relative contribution of other cancer predisposition genes in familial gastric cancers. RESULTS Thirty-one distinct pathogenic CDH1 mutations (14 novel) were identified in 34 of 183 index cases (19%). By the age of 80 years, the cumulative incidence of gastric cancer was 70% (95% CI, 59%-80%) for males and 56% (95% CI, 44%-69%) for females, and the risk of breast cancer for females was 42% (95% CI, 23%-68%). In CDH1 mutation-negative index cases, candidate mutations were identified in 16 of 144 probands (11%), including mutations within genes of high and moderate penetrance: CTNNA1, BRCA2, STK11, SDHB, PRSS1, ATM, MSR1, and PALB2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is the largest reported series of CDH1 mutation carriers, providing more precise estimates of age-associated risks of gastric and breast cancer that will improve counseling of unaffected carriers. In HDGC families lacking CDH1 mutations, testing of CTNNA1 and other tumor suppressor genes should be considered. Clinically defined HDGC families can harbor mutations in genes (ie, BRCA2) with different clinical ramifications from CDH1. Therefore, we propose that HDGC syndrome may be best defined by mutations in CDH1 and closely related genes, rather than through clinical criteria that capture families with heterogeneous susceptibility profiles.
Arsenic Exposure Is Associated with Decreased DNA Repair in Vitro and in Individuals Exposed to Drinking Water Arsenic

The mechanism(s) by which arsenic exposure contributes to human cancer risk is unknown; however, several indirect cocarcinogenesis mechanisms have been proposed. Many studies support the role of As in altering one or more DNA repair processes. In the present study we used individual-level exposure data and biologic samples to investigate the effects of As exposure on nucleotide excision repair in two study populations, focusing on the excision repair cross-complement 1 (ERCC1) component. We measured drinking water, urinary, or toenail As levels and obtained cryopreserved lymphocytes of a subset of individuals enrolled in epidemiologic studies in New Hampshire (USA) and Sonora (Mexico). Additionally, in corroborative laboratory studies, we examined the effects of As on DNA repair in a cultured human cell model. Arsenic exposure was associated with decreased expression of ERCC1 in isolated lymphocytes at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, lymphocytes from As-exposed individuals showed higher levels of DNA damage, as measured by a comet assay, both at baseline and after a 2-acetoxyacetylaminofluorene (2-AAAF) challenge. In support of the in vivo data, As exposure decreased ERCC1 mRNA expression and enhanced levels of DNA damage after a 2-AAAF challenge in cell culture. These data provide further evidence to support the ability of As to inhibit the DNA repair machinery, which is likely to enhance the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of other directly genotoxic compounds, as part of a cocarcinogenic mechanism of action.
Real-time 3D mapping of rough terrain: A field report from Disaster City

Mobile systems for mapping and terrain classification are often tested on datasets of intact environments only. The behavior of the algorithms in unstructured environments is mostly unknown. In safety, security and rescue environments, the robots have to handle much rougher terrain. Therefore, there is a need for 3D test data that also contains disaster scenarios. During the Response Robot Evaluation Exercise in March 2010 in Disaster City, College Station, Texas (USA), a comprehensive dataset was recorded containing the data of a 3D laser range finder, a GPS receiver, an IMU and a color camera. We tested our algorithms (for terrain classification and 3D mapping) with the dataset, and will make the data available to give other researchers the chance to do the same. We believe that this captured data of this well known location provides a valuable dataset for the USAR robotics community, increasing chances of getting more comparable results.
A Novel Method of Assessing Clinical Reasoning in Surgical Residents

At present, surgical educators can readily assess knowledge with multiple-choice examinations, and inanimate models can be used to assess technical skills. Clinical judgment and reasoning are indispensable skills used by expert surgeons to solve ill-defined problems encountered in the emergency department, clinic, and operating room. The Script Concordance Test, a new tool of clinical reasoning assessment, can test the elaborated networks of knowledge that experienced surgeons develop over the years. It allows for multiple different approaches to the same problem and could be developed as both a formative and summative assessment tool in general surgery residency programs. This article explores the theoretical and practical aspects of the Script Concordance Test.
Analysis of ground reaction force in gait during different phases of pregnancy

During pregnancy there are increased biomechanical demands on women affecting gait parameters. The purpose of this study was to analyze changes in vertical ground reaction force (GRF), normalized by body mass, during advancing phases of pregnancy. Nine pregnant subjects participated in this study at three pregnancy stages. To determine in-shoe pressure distribution Pedar Insole System was used (100 Hz). Analysis was done on 200 steps cycles of treadmill walking at the velocity of 0.83 m·s-1. To compare the differences of GRFs in maximal weight acceptance, middle stance and push-off phase and time to reach these forces among three pregnancy stages, repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to obtain partial eta-squared values to measure the effect size (eta=.10). To interpret the overall mean differences between the three pregnancy stages Cohen’s d was applied (d= .20). Altered gait pattern during advancing phases of pregnancy demonstrated in the current study by a significant decrease in force of maximal weight acceptance and an increase in main time variables of the step is suggested to be a protective mechanism against overloading the contact area of the foot despite the increase in body mass.
Endorectal and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of endorectal MRI combined with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI to detect local recurrence after radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 51 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy for prostatic adenocarcinoma 10 months to 6 years before underwent a combined endorectal coil MRI and dynamic gadolinium-enhanced MRI before endorectal sonographically guided biopsy of the prostatic fossa. The MRI combined with MR dynamic imaging results were correlated with the presence of recurrence defined as a positive biopsy result or reduction in prostate-specific antigen level after radiation therapy. RESULTS Overall data of 46 (25 recurred, 21 nonrecurred) out of 51 evaluated patients were analyzed. All recurrences showed signal enhancement after gadolinium administration and, in particular, 22 of 24 patients (91%) showed rapid and early signal enhancement. The overall sensitivity and specificity of MR dynamic imaging was higher compared with MRI alone (88%, [95% CI] 69-98% and 100%, 84-100% compared with 48%, 28-69% and 52%, 30-74%). MRI combined with dynamic imaging allowed better identification of recurrences compared with MRI alone (McNemar test: chi-square(1) = 16.67; p = < 0.0001). CONCLUSION MRI combined with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI showed a higher sensitivity and specificity compared with MRI alone in detecting local recurrences after radical prostatectomy.
Lymphocyte populations and immune responses in CD5‐deficient mice

The CD5 antigen is expressed at a high level on T cells from early on in thymocyte ontogeny and continues to be expressed on the surface of all mature T cells. In addition, it marks a population of B lymphocytes (B‐1a) with distinct physiological properties. To study the in vivo function of CD5, the murine gene was inactivated using the technique of homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. In homozygous mutant mice the CD5 antigen is not expressed on the surface of either T or B lineage cells, indicating that in both cell populations this antigen is encoded by the same gene. CD5‐deficient (CD5T) mice are healthy and populations of T and B lymphocytes in these mice look unchanged when compared to control mice. The mutant mice are able to mount effective immune responses to T cell‐dependent and ‐independent antigens.
Could chronic pain and spread of pain sensation be induced and maintained by glial activation?

An injury often starts with acute physiological pain, which becomes inflammatory or neuropathic, and may sometimes become chronic. It has been proposed recently that activated glial cells, astrocytes and microglia within the central nervous system could maintain the pain sensation even after the original injury or inflammation has healed, and convert it into chronic by altering neuronal excitability. Glial cell activation has also been proposed to be involved in the phenomenon of spread of pain sensation ipsilaterally or to the contralateral side (i.e. mirror image pain). Substance P and calcitonin gene‐related peptide, released due to an inflammatory process, interact with the endothelial cells of the blood–spinal cord and blood–brain barriers. The barriers open partially and substances may influence adjacent glial cells. Such substances are also released from neurones carrying the ‘pain message’ all the way from the injury to the cerebral cortex. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines may be released from the microglial cells, and astroglial Ca2+‐transients or oscillations may spread within the astroglial networks. One theory is that Ca2+‐oscillations could facilitate the formation of new synapses. These new synapses could establish neuronal contacts for maintaining and spreading the pain sensation. If this theory holds true, it is possible that Ca2+ waves, production of cytokines and growth factors could be modified by selective anti‐inflammatory drugs to achieve a balance in the activities of the different intercellular and intracellular processes. This paper reviews current knowledge about glial mechanisms underlying the phenomena of chronic pain and spread of the pain sensation.
The complete mitochondrial genome of the Spotted Linsang, Prionodon pardicolor, the first representative from the family Prionodontidae (Mammalia, Carnivora)

Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of the Spotted Linsang, Prionodon pardicolor, was sequenced using overlapping PCR products. The genome is 16,718 base pairs in length and contains the 37 genes found in a typical mammalian genome: 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The overall base composition on the L-strand is A: 32.4%, C: 25.0%, G: 13.9%, T: 28.7%. The control region of P. pardicolor includes both RS2 and RS3 tandem repeats. Phylogenetic analyses support a sister relationship with the Felidae.
Establishment and evaluation of a trauma clinic based in a primary care setting

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish and evaluate a referral centre for the treatment of children with traumatized teeth in an area remote from a dental hospital. SETTING The study was conducted in a Community Dental Service clinic in Cheshire, UK. METHODS A dentist from the Cheshire Community Dental Service was trained in the treatment and management of traumatized teeth. Invite referrals to the trauma clinic in a health centre. The number and types of patients referred and treated at the trauma clinic were monitored. In addition, the parents of referred children and referring dentists were asked to comment on the acceptability of the service. RESULTS During the first 12 months, 49 patients with 74 traumatized teeth were referred to the trauma clinic. The majority of the patients were referred by their dentist because problems arose following their initial management. Both parents and referring dentists were very satisfied with the service. CONCLUSIONS The trauma clinic fulfilled a clinical need, and was well received by the parents of children referred to the clinic and by the local dentists.