Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The location of the dense and ionized gas in the NGC 2023 PDR

The VLA and the BIMA array were used to obtain high resolution (10-20") observations of C+, traced by the C91a recombination line at 8.6 GHz, and the dense molecular gas, traced by HCN and HCO+(1-0), of the photon dominated region (PDR) associated with the reflection nebula NGC 2023. Using the VLA, continuum emission is detected at 8.6 GHz from a faint HII region associated with HD 37903. The C91a emission originates from a 0.4 pc long filament, extending from the east to the south of the exciting star HD 37903. Within the filament three C91a clumps can be distinguished, each associated with filamentary vibrationally excited H2 emission in the direction toward HD 37903. The HCO+ emission has a clumpy appearance superimposed on a more extended component. C91a is, in general, closer to the exciting star than HCO+ emission as expected from PDR models. The morphologies of HCO+ and HCN are quite similar. Based on the C91a linewidth towards one of the clumps a limit of 170 K on the kinetic temperature in the ionized carbon layer can be derived. This value is consistent with PDR models with H2 densities of about 10^5/cm^3. However, this result suggests surprisingly low limits on the turbulence in the PDR. We detected a compact 3 mm continuum source in the PDR, which appears to be a cold "core" of density 10^7/cm^3, 0.03 parsec diameter, and 6 solar masses. We conclude that it may have formed within the PDR. In an appendix, observations of the C91a recombination line toward five additional PDRs using the Effelsberg 100m telescope are described.
The Impact of Secondary Particles on the Association between Ambient Ozone and Mortality

Background Although several previous studies have found a positive association between ambient ozone and mortality, the observed effect may be confounded by other secondary pollutants that are produced concurrently with ozone. Objectives We addressed the question of whether the ozone–mortality relationship is entirely a reflection of the adverse effect of ozone, or whether it is, at least in part, an effect of other secondary pollutants. Methods Separate time-series models were fit to 3–6 years of data between 2000 and 2005 from 18 U.S. communities. The association between nonaccidental mortality was examined with ozone alone and with ozone after adjustment for fine particle mass, sulfate, organic carbon, or nitrate concentrations. The effect estimates from each of these models were pooled using a random-effects meta-analysis to obtain an across-community average. Results We found a 0.89% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45–1.33%] increase in nonaccidental mortality with a 10-ppb increase in same-day 24-hr summertime ozone across the 18 communities. After adjustment for PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm) mass or nitrate, this estimate decreased slightly; but when adjusted for particle sulfate, the estimate was substantially reduced to 0.58% (95% CI, –0.33 to 1.49%). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the association between ozone and mortality is confounded by particle sulfate, suggesting that some secondary particle pollutants could be responsible for part of the observed ozone effect.
Moving from impact to influence: measurement and the changing role of medical journals.

Good measurement is essential to good science. Indeed, developing techniques that standardize assessments of experimental results is at the heart of the scientific method and essential for scientists to perform and report their empirical work objectively. Because it forms the basis for our understanding of the world and complex phenomena, advancements and innovations in measurement tools have always been a significant marker of scientific progress. The naked eye gave way to optical and electron microscopy, which is now leading to newer techniques of dynamic molecular imaging.1 Accordingly, there are few places where such advances in measurement have been more celebrated than in scientific journals, where editors continually spur investigators toward clearer descriptions of their methodological techniques and work. Yet while accurate and reliable measurement is a core principle of good science and the foundation for evaluating research, editors and scientific journals have often been less successful at applying similar standards to their own work—particularly in medicine. It is estimated that between 15 000 and 20 000 scientific journals dedicated to biomedical research are regularly published today.2 Remarkably, the purpose and influence of most of these journals is largely unknown, and it is challenging to gauge their quality—how many are good, average, bad, worthless, or, in the words of one editorialist from 1879 in the New England Journal of Medicine , ‘worse than worthless’. 3 Not surprisingly, a lack of available measures is not the problem. We have several that are currently on hand for our own journal, the European Heart Journal , and it is not uncommon for us to review them periodically.4 Some are focused on the journal's ‘business’ side: ‘What is our circulation and how many new readers are we attracting? ’; and ‘What is our margin after we consider revenue and costs of production? ’ Naturally, …
Facial expression recognition and expression intensity estimation

OF THE DISSERTATION Facial Expression Recognition and Expression Intensity Estimation by Peng Yang Dissertation Director: Professor Dimitris N. Metaxas Seventy years ago, psychologist categorized the facial expression into seven categories: angry, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise and neutral. Through analyzing the expression, psychologists want to predict the emotions behind the expression. Due to all kinds of potential applications on human emotion analysis, automatical analysis of human affective expressions has attracted increasing attention from researchers in psychology, computer science, linguistics, neuroscience, and related disciplines. Researchers have done lots of works on this topic in the past thirty years, and proposed lots of promising approaches. Although many works have been done on this topic, these existing methods typically handle deliberately displayed and exaggerated expression of prototypical emotions. There are still some hard problems not solved well for the real system to handle naturally occurring emotions such as exploring discriminative features, time wrapping, and expression intensity estimation. Our work focuses on these real problems, analyzes the challenges in the real system and proposes the sounded solutions for advancing human affect sensing technology.
THE AzTEC/SMA INTERFEROMETRIC IMAGING SURVEY OF SUBMILLIMETER-SELECTED HIGH-REDSHIFT GALAXIES

We present results from a continuing interferometric survey of high-redshift submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) with the Submillimeter Array, including high-resolution (beam size ∼2 arcsec) imaging of eight additional AzTEC 1.1 mm selected sources in the COSMOS field, for which we obtain six reliable (peak signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) >5 or peak S/N >4 with multiwavelength counterparts within the beam) and two moderate significance (peak S/N >4) detections. When combined with previous detections, this yields an unbiased sample of millimeter-selected SMGs with complete interferometric follow up. With this sample in hand, we (1) empirically confirm the radio–submillimeter association, (2) examine the submillimeter morphology—including the nature of SMGs with multiple radio counterparts and constraints on the physical scale of the far infrared—of the sample, and (3) find additional evidence for a population of extremely luminous, radio-dim SMGs that peaks at higher redshift than previous, radio-selected samples. In particular, the presence of such a population of high-redshift sources has important consequences for models of galaxy formation—which struggle to account for such objects even under liberal assumptions—and dust production models given the limited time since the big bang.
Switched capacitor triple slope capacitance to digital converter

A high accuracy switched capacitor, triple slope digital converter suitable for differential capacitive sensors is presented. The proposed technique accepts differential capacitive sensors possessing either linear or inverse characteristics and provides a linear capacitance to digital conversion. The output is dependent only on a pair of d.c. reference voltages and the clock frequency. Detailed analysis of the proposed scheme establishes that the sensitivity of the scheme to parameter variations is minimal. A prototype implemented and tested for a typical differential capacitive transducer of full-scale ±250 pF gave a worst-case error less than 0.05%.
IL17 Mediates Pelvic Pain in Experimental Autoimmune Prostatitis (EAP)

Chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) is the most common form of prostatitis, accounting for 90–95% of all diagnoses. It is a complex multi-symptom syndrome with unknown etiology and limited effective treatments. Previous investigations highlight roles for inflammatory mediators in disease progression by correlating levels of cytokines and chemokines with patient reported symptom scores. It is hypothesized that alteration of adaptive immune mechanisms results in autoimmunity and subsequent development of pain. Mouse models of CPPS have been developed to delineate these immune mechanisms driving pain in humans. Using the experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) in C57BL/6 mice model of CPPS we examined the role of CD4+T-cell subsets in the development and maintenance of prostate pain, by tactile allodynia behavioral testing and flow cytometry. In tandem with increased CD4+IL17A+ T-cells upon EAP induction, prophylactic treatment with an anti-IL17 antibody one-day prior to EAP induction prevented the onset of pelvic pain. Therapeutic blockade of IL17 did not reverse pain symptoms indicating that IL17 is essential for development but not maintenance of chronic pain in EAP. Furthermore we identified a cytokine, IL7, to be associated with increased symptom severity in CPPS patients and is increased in patient prostatic secretions and the prostates of EAP mice. IL7 is fundamental to development of IL17 producing cells and plays a role in maturation of auto-reactive T-cells, it is also associated with autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes. More recently a growing body of research has pointed to IL17’s role in development of neuropathic and chronic pain. This report presents novel data on the role of CD4+IL17+ T-cells in development and maintenance of pain in EAP and CPPS.
Expression and Regulation of MMP-20 in Human Tongue Carcinoma Cells

Human matrix metalloproteinase-20 (MMP-20, enamelysin) fragments the enamel-specific protein amelogenin and has been shown to be synthesized exclusively by odontoblasts and ameloblasts and in certain odontogenic tumors. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the expression of MMP-20 mRNA and protein in two carcinoma cell lines originating from the tongue. Treatment of the SCC-25 and HSC-3 cells with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 nmol/L) up-regulated MMP-20 mRNA and protein expression by up to 1.6-fold, but transforming growth factor beta (10 ng/mL) had no effect. The latent proform of recombinant (r) human MMP-20 was converted by tumor-related trypsin-2. Activated rMMP-20 did not degrade type I or type II collagen, but efficiently hydrolyzed fibronectin, type IV collagen, laminin-1 and -5, tenascin-C, and (3-casein. This implies that MMP-20 not only participates in dental matrix remodeling but is also present in tongue carcinoma cells.
Co-constructed caring research and intellectual disability: An exploration of friendship and intimacy in being human

For this paper, emotional and socio-political questions lie at the heart of relationships in understanding intellectual disability and what it is to be a human. While the sexual and intimate is more often than not based on a private and personal relationship with the self and (an)other, the sexual and intimate life of intellectually disabled people is more often a ‘public’ affair governed by parents and/or carers, destabilizing what we might consider ethical and caring practices. In the socio-political sphere, as an all-encompassing ‘care space’, social intolerance and aversion to difficult differences are played out, impacting upon the intimate lives of intellectually disabled people. As co-researchers (one intellectually disabled and one ‘non-disabled’), we discuss narratives from a small scale research project and our personal reflections. In sociological research and more specifically within disability research it is clear that we need to keep sex and intimacy on the agenda, yet also find ways of doing research in a meaningful, caring and co-constructed way.
From Kernel Machines to Ensemble Learning

Ensemble methods such as boosting combine multiple learners to obtain better prediction than could be obtained from any individual learner. Here we propose a principled framework for directly constructing ensemble learning methods from kernel methods. Unlike previous studies showing the equivalence between boosting and support vector machines (SVMs), which needs a translation procedure, we show that it is possible to design boosting-like procedure to solve the SVM optimization problems. In other words, it is possible to design ensemble methods directly from SVM without any middle procedure. This finding not only enables us to design new ensemble learning methods directly from kernel methods, but also makes it possible to take advantage of those highly-optimized fast linear SVM solvers for ensemble learning. We exemplify this framework for designing binary ensemble learning as well as a new multi-class ensemble learning methods. Experimental results demonstrate the flexibility and usefulness of the proposed framework.
Approximate shortest paths in anisotropic regions

Our goal is to find an approximate shortest path for a point robot moving in a planar subdivision with <i>n</i> vertices. Let ρ ≥ 1 be a real number. Distances in each face of this subdivision are measured by a convex distance function whose unit disk is contained in a concentric unit Euclidean disk, and contains a concentric Euclidean disk with radius 1/ρ. Different convex distance functions may be used for different faces, and obstacles are allowed. These convex distance functions may be asymmetric. For all ε ∈ (0, 1), and for any two points <i>v<inf>s</inf></i> and <i>v<inf>d</inf></i>, we give an algorithm that finds a path from <i>v<inf>s</inf></i> to <i>v<inf>d</inf></i> whose cost is at most (1 + ε) times the minimum cost. Our algorithm runs in <i>O</i> (ρ<sub>2</sub>logρ/ε<sup>2</sup>n<sup>3</sup> log (ρn/ε)) time. This bound does not depend on any other parameters; in particular, it does not depend on the minimum angle in the subdivision. We give applications to two special cases that have been considered before: the weighted region problem and motion planning in the presence of uniform flows. For the weighted region problem with weights in [1, ρ] ∪ {∞}, the time bound of our algorithm improves to <i>O</i> (ρ<sub>2</sub>logρ/εn<sup>3</sup> log (ρn/ε)).
A Comparative Study of Flux-Limiters in Unsteady and Steady Flows

A comparative study of a number of flux-limiters is presented in this paper to find the most suitable fluxlimiter to be used in unsteady and steady convective flow calculations. The accuracy and convergence behaviour of these flux-limiters are assessed in five pure convection problems: (1) rotation of a coneshaped scalar field, (2) advection of a square-shaped scalar field, (3) mixing of a hot with a cold front, (4) deformation of cone-shaped scalar field and (5) IAHR. The superbee flux-limiter is the most accurate in unsteady flow problems although the Koren fluxlimiter is more appropriate in steady flow problems because of its good convergence behaviour.
How Multiple Developers Affect the Evolution of Code Clones

The use of copy and paste in programming causes redundant passages of source code. The effect such clones have on software quality and maintainability in particular has been subject to various studies in the recent past. Although negative effects could not be confirmed in general, a non-negligible number of situations where clones did cause problems has been found. Hence, there may be yet unknown influencing factors that cause these problems. One such factor may be the number of developers involved in the creation and maintenance of a clone. The interaction of multiple developers, unevenly distributed knowledge and communication deficiencies may lead to unwanted inconsistencies and bugs, when the clones are changed. This paper presents an empirical study on long-lived software systems, in which we analyze how many developers are involved in the maintenance exact clones and whether the number of developers affects the likelihood of inconsistent changes. Our results indicate that differences between single-author and multi-author clones exist. Nevertheless, we did not find multiple developers to be the cause of problematic changes to clones.
Direct Loss Minimization Inverse Optimal Control

Inverse Optimal Control (IOC) has strongly impacted the systems engineering process, enabling automated planner tuning through straightforward and intuitive demonstration. The most successful and established applications, though, have been in lower dimensional problems such as navigation planning where exact optimal planning or control is feasible. In higher dimensional systems, such as humanoid robots, research has made substantial progress toward generalizing the ideas to model free or locally optimal settings, but these systems are complicated to the point where demonstration itself can be difficult. Typically, real-world applications are restricted to at best noisy or even partial or incomplete demonstrations that prove cumbersome in existing frameworks. This work derives a very flexible method of IOC based on a form of Structured Prediction known as Direct Loss Minimization. The resulting algorithm is essentially Policy Search on a reward function that rewards similarity to demonstrated behavior (using Covariance Matrix Adaptation (CMA) in our experiments). Our framework blurs the distinction between IOC, other forms of Imitation Learning, and Reinforcement Learning, enabling us to derive simple, versatile, and practical algorithms that blend imitation and reinforcement signals into a unified framework. Our experiments analyze various aspects of its performance and demonstrate its efficacy on conveying preferences for motion shaping and combined reach and grasp quality optimization.
‘Cycle Thieves, We Are Watching You’: Impact of a Simple Signage Intervention against Bicycle Theft

Background Bicycle theft is a serious problem in many countries, and there is a lack of evidence concerning effective prevention strategies. Displaying images of ‘watching eyes’ has been shown to make people behave in more socially desirable ways in a number of settings, but it is not yet clear if this effect can be exploited for purposes of crime prevention. We report the results of a simple intervention on a university campus where signs featuring watching eyes and a related verbal message were displayed above bicycle racks. Methodology and Principal Findings We installed durable signs at three locations which had experienced high levels of bicycle theft, and used the rest of the university campus as a control location. Reported thefts were monitored for 12 months before and after the intervention. Bicycle thefts decreased by 62% at the experimental locations, but increased by 65% in the control locations, suggesting that the signs were effective, but displaced offending to locations with no signs. The Odds Ratio for the effect of the intervention was 4.28 (95% confidence interval 2.04–8.98), a large effect compared to other place-based crime prevention interventions. Conclusions and Significance The effectiveness of this extremely cheap and simple intervention suggests that there can be considerable crime-reduction benefits to engaging the psychology of surveillance, even in the absence of surveillance itself. Simple interventions for high-crime locations based on this principle should be considered as an adjunct to other measures, although a possible negative consequence is displacement of offending.
Performing Multivariate Group Comparisons Following a Statistically Significant MANOVA

This article illustrates 2 follow-up procedures that can be used to examine multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) group differences: the univariate analysis of a linear composite variable and multivariate contrasts. A heuristic data set is used to demonstrate the procedures, and it is shown that the follow-up methods will not always yield identical substantive interpretations.
Classroom Management Beliefs of Primary School Mathematics and Science Teachers

The purpose of this study was to determine primary school science and mathematics teachers’ beliefs regarding classroom management. Additionally, differences in science and mathematics teachers’ classroom management beliefs by gender, field of study, experience and the last graduated school were examined. For these purposes, Attitudes and Beliefs on Classroom Control Inventory (ABCC) which was developed by Martin, Yin and Baldwin (1998) and adapted to Turkish by Savran (2002) was used to gather data. ABCC was administered to 288 teachers (125 science teachers, 163 mathematics teachers). Data were analyzed by utilizing descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient and Kruskal Wallis H-Test. Results revealed that science and mathematics teachers had interventionist beliefs on the Instructional management subscale, whereas they had non-interventionist beliefs on the People management subscale. There were no significant difference between primary science and mathematics teachers’ beliefs regarding classroom management in both instructional and people management dimensions according to gender and field of study. However results demonstrated that teachers’ beliefs related to classroom management were tended to change in the instructional management dimension according to years in profession and last graduated school.
Effects of Second Language Learning on First Language English Skills: Southern Tasmanian Teacher Perceptions

This research examined the following question: “What effects do Southern Tasmanian English teachers perceive second language learning to have on high-school students’ first language English skills? ” This focus was chosen to reflect the researcher’s interest in second language (L2) learning, which was inspired by observing improvements in first language (L1) English skills as a result of L2 learning from personal experience. In order to establish whether other L2 students in Southern Tasmania experienced a similar effect, high-school English teachers were interviewed and asked to comment on the effects they had noticed (if any) in their students. From the data collected, it appears that the researcher is not alone in experiencing benefits to L1 English as a result of L2 learning. In particular, teacher participants observed that their students experienced positive linguistic effects to their L1 grammar, vocabulary and awareness of language, and positive non-linguistic effects in the areas of cultural awareness and improved work ethic. These findings outline some of the benefits of L2 learning on L1, and provide an argument for continuing (and even possibly increasing) L2 learning opportunities in schools.
An Economic Analysis of Black-White Disparities in Nypd's Stop and Frisk Program

We analyze data on NYPD's "stop and frisk program" in an effort to identify racial bias on the part of the police officers making the stops. We find that the officers are not biased against African Americans relative to whites, because the latter are being stopped despite being a "less productive stop" for a police officer.