Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Support for Community-Police Partnerships in Policing among Nigerian and US College Students

While there is a growing body of research on people’s views of community policing, there have been a very few cross-national studies, especially concerning nonwestern countries. In order to compare and contrast students’ views on community policing partnerships, 274 Nigerian and 484 U.S. college students were surveyed. Ordinary least squares regression analysis of the data revealed that the majority of respondents supported a partnership between the community and the police, with the Nigerian students reporting slightly higher levels of support than their U.S. counterparts. Both attachment to conventional society and general confidence in the police were positively related to students’ support for community policing partnerships in both nations. A belief that the police should be civil, a perception that the police were effective, and support for community oversight of the police were significant predictors of support for community policing partnerships among the U.S. students but not the Nigerian students. A perception that crime was a problem, a view that the public should support the police, and academic level had nonsignificant associations with community policing partnership support for both groups of students. Gender had a significant relationship with support for community policing partnerships among the Nigerian students (men were higher in their support), while age had a positive association among the U.S. students. Punitive orientation had a significant negative association with attitudes toward community policing among the U.S. students but was not a significant predictor among the Nigerian students.
Face Contour is Crucial to the Fat Face Illusion

In 2010 Thompson reported a “fat face thin” illusion that, when next to an inverted face, an upright face looks “fatter”. Sun et al (2012 Perception 41 117–120) observed that one of the faces need not be inverted for the illusion to emerge: When two identical faces are presented one above the other, the face at the bottom appears “fatter” than the top one. Neither inverted faces nor clocks induced the illusion. Here we conducted three experiments probing the role that face contour plays in producing the fat face illusion. In experiment 1 line drawing faces were found to induce the illusion, suggesting that face contour is important for producing the illusion. In experiment 2 line drawing faces with scrambled internal features and empty line drawing faces devoid of internal features were found to induce the illusion. In experiment 3 internal face features arranged in their canonical face layout, but not in a scrambled layout, were found to induce the illusion. However, the magnitude of the effect was significantly weaker than the effect obtained for empty face contour in experiment 2. Collectively, these results suggest that a fat face illusion is obtained when there is sufficient information in the stimulus to activate an internal face schema.
Measurement of Interleukin‐17

Upon antigenic stimulation, naive CD4+ T cells undergo proliferation and differentiate into cytokine‐producing T helper (TH) effector cells. TH1 cells secrete effector cytokine IFN‐γ and regulate cell‐mediated immunity, whereas TH2 cells produce IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 cytokines, and mediate immunity against extracellular pathogens and allergic reactions. Recent studies have identified a novel TH subset, called TH17, THIL‐17, or inflammatory TH (THi) cells, characterized by the production of a proinflammatory cytokine, IL‐17, and regulating inflammatory responses. In this unit, we describe the protocols for the differentiation of mouse IL‐17‐expressing T cells in vitro, detection of IL‐17‐expressing T cells by intracellular cytokine staining, and measurement of IL‐17 secretion in culture supernatants by ELISA. Generation of IL‐17‐expressing T cells in vitro under defined culture conditions allows investigation of their differentiation regulation. Detection of IL‐17 in cell culture and tissue samples helps in monitoring inflammatory diseases and determining efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 79:6.25. 1‐6.25. 8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An examination of the work of the Accounting Education Change Commission 1989–1992

This paper reviews the literature concerning the Accounting Education Change commission(AECC) and the most recent attempts to create a climate of change within accounting education in the United States.The background leading up to the creation of the AECC is briefly stated, followed by a commentary on the activities and pronouncements issued by the AECC so far. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the performance of the AECC project to date, and consideration of the implications for accounting education in other english-speaking countries.
Gender and Science in Development: Women Scientists in Ghana, Kenya, and India

Why do women have more difficulty pursuing research careers than men? Although this topic has been extensively investigated in industrialized countries, prior studies provide little comparative evidence from less-developed areas. Based on a survey of 293 scientists in Ghana, Kenya, and the Indian state of Kerala, this article examines gender differences on a variety of individual, social, and organizational dimensions. The results show small or nonexistent differences between women and men in individual characteristics, professional resources, and the organizational conditions under which research is conducted. The article argues that a combination of educational and research localism increases the likelihood of restricted professional networks for women. Gender inequality in the research systems of the developing world may be based on systemic deficits in the acquisition of social rather than material resources. The most important implication is that educational policy for development should focus on international opportunities for women in the near future.
Political awareness, elite opinion leadership, and the mass survey response

Political awareness affects virtually every aspect of citizens' political attitudes and voting behavior. Among its effects are greater attitude stability, greater ideological consistency, and greater support for a nation's “mainstream” values. Yet there exists no comprehensive explanation of why political awareness has the pervasive effects that it has. Nor is there agreement on how the concept of political awareness should be conceptualized and measured. This article addresses both concerns. First, it draws on ideas from voting, belief-system, and other studies to develop a general theory of the effects of awareness. This account centers on how citizens use cues and other information from political elites to translate their general value orientations into support for particular polices. Second, the article argues that, on both theoretical and empirical grounds, political awareness is best measured by simple tests of factual information about politics.
Cutting Edge: Salmonella AvrA Effector Inhibits the Key Proinflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic NF-κB Pathway1

Secreted prokaryotic effector proteins have evolved to modulate the cellular functions of specific eukaryotic hosts. Generally, these proteins are considered virulence factors that facilitate parasitism. However, in certain plant and insect eukaryotic/prokaryotic relationships, effector proteins are involved in the establishment of commensal or symbiotic interactions. In this study, we report that the AvrA protein from Salmonella typhimurium, a common enteropathogen of humans, is an effector molecule that inhibits activation of the key proinflammatory NF-κB transcription factor and augments apoptosis in human epithelial cells. This activity is similar but mechanistically distinct from that described for YopJ, an AvrA homolog expressed by the bacterial pathogen Yersinia. We suggest that AvrA may limit virulence in vertebrates in a manner analogous to avirulence factors in plants, and as such, is the first bacterial effector from a mammalian pathogen that has been ascribed such a function.
Deciding Associativity for Partial Multiplication Tables of Order 3

The associativity problem for the class of finite multiplication tables is known to be undecidable, even for quite narrow infinite subclasses of tables. We present cri- teria which can be used to decide associativity in many cases, although any effective method based on such criteria must eventually fail on a table of some size (as other- wise decidability for the general class would follow). By means of an extensive com- puter search we have been able to use the criteria successfully to solve the associativity problem for all tables of order up to 3. We find 24,733 associative tables and 237,411 nonassociative tables, and present some further statistics about how "deep" we had to search to establish the nonassociativity of a table. We also prove that there are tables of order 3 for which no "one-mountain" theorem holds (which was known previously only for order 6 examples). Our methods make use of efficient data-representations and techniques of heuristic and adaptive programming.
Treatment of conduct disorder: Progress and directions in psychotherapy research

Abstract The present paper charts the course for future research on the treatment of conduct disorder. The course builds on current advances both in understanding conduct disorder and its treatment and in the clinical care provided to youth and their families. The paper highlights substantive and methodological advances in contemporary research on both treatment and developmental psychopathology more generally. In light of the current status of treatment research, several priorities are identified, which include expanding the criteria used to evaluate outcome, expanding the range of research questions asked about treatment, testing a broader range of treatments and treatment combinations, evaluating long-term treatment effects, and expanding the models to develop and to evaluate treatment. A plan is presented to guide the progression of research to identify and to develop effective interventions. The special opportunities that a developmental perspective provides for designing treatments for youth of different ages and stages of development are also discussed.
Beyond Engagement:Toward a Framework and Operational Definition for Employee Work Passion

The purpose of this article is to respond to the lack of consistency in the academic and practitioner literature regarding the construct of employee engagement and to offer a platform for the research and use of a refined construct called employee work passion. This article analyzes the differences between the concepts of engagement of the two groups of writers and proposes a new definition and framework based on social cognitive theory. Three recommendations are made for human resource development researchers and practitioners who seek to improve both the data and the strategies used in constructing engagement or work passion surveys. Engagement or passion surveys should (a) specifically and convincingly assess the affective components of the appraisal process, (b) differentiate descriptive cognitions and intentions, and (c) separate and corroborate intentions from behaviors.
What to be? - Electronic Career Guidance Based on Semantic Relatedness

We present a study aimed at investigating the use of semantic information in a novel NLP application, Electronic Career Guidance (ECG), in German. ECG is formulated as an information retrieval (IR) task, whereby textual descriptions of professions (documents) are ranked for their relevance to natural language descriptions of a person’s professional interests (the topic). We compare the performance of two semantic IR models: (IR-1) utilizing semantic relatedness (SR) measures based on either wordnet or Wikipedia and a set of heuristics, and (IR-2) measuring the similarity between the topic and documents based on Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) (Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007). We evaluate the performance of SR measures intrinsically on the tasks of (T-1) computing SR, and (T-2) solving Reader’s Digest Word Power (RDWP) questions.
Mergers and acquisitions: does organizational socialization matter?

This study investigates the relationship between the helpfulness of organizational socialization practices and organizational commitment (OC) during the post-merger integration period. Drawing on questionnaire data collected from two acquired firms in Turkey, the results show that training programs have a positive impact while observation and social activities have a negative impact on the OC of employees during the post-merger integration period. The implications for human resource development field are specifically discussed.
Sensory and Hedonic Evaluation in Response to Food-Cue Exposure: The Case of Juicing Demonstration of Fresh Oranges

This study evaluated whether observing the orange squeezing (juicing) process can influence consumers’ sensory evaluations and hedonics of different forms of orange juice. The juicing process delivers cognitive (freshness) and physical (olfactory/visual) food cues. Three forms of orange juice were used in the experiment: fresh squeezed, not-from-concentrate, and from-concentrate. Participants were divided into two groups, with only one group observing the juicing process using a specially designed table-top juicer. Sensory evaluations of participants who did not observe the juicing process were not significantly different with the exception of color. The demonstration of the juicing process primed consumers to identify and evaluate fresh squeezed orange juice in terms of color, aroma, flavor, sweetness, and acidity. The results of an ordered logistic model indicated that consumer acceptance of orange juice was significantly linked to internal attributes such as flavor, sweetness, acidity, and pulp, and the acceptances were not significantly different by juice forms. This implied that food cues from the juicing process can affect human sensory evaluation of the cued food, but the food cues may not overwhelm, in particular when attributes of alternatives are almost homogeneous.
The impending transition from primary to secondary school: Challenge or threat?

For many children the transition from primary to secondary school is an important event in life. Little is known about children’s concerns and expectations about the new school prior to this transition. Therefore, the present study, which is part of the Vienna School Transition Study (VSTS), investigated this subject. Children (N = 856) were asked to appraise the transition to secondary school, which was perceived as a challenge and a threat (in terms of transactional stress theory, e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1984, 1987). For this purpose a new questionnaire was developed. It was assumed that children would differentiate between the perceived challenge concerning academic achievement and the new social environment, and the perceived threat in the same terms. Results support this assumption. In addition, aspects of self-concept, anxiety, predictability, and academic achievement in primary school were found to be predictors of the perceived threat (with regard to the transition to secondary school) as predicted by theory.
Assessing the Performance of the “Counterfactual as Self-Estimated by Program Participants”

In this article, we test an alternative approach to creating a counterfactual basis for estimating individual and average treatment effects. Instead of using control/comparison groups or before-measures, the so-called Counterfactual as Self-Estimated by Program Participants (CSEPP) relies on program participants’ self-estimations of their own counterfactual at the end of an intervention. In an empirical study, a randomized experiment was employed as a benchmark to examine the performance of the CSEPP. The results suggest that the approach is capable of delivering comparatively reliable estimates of short- and midterm effects on behavioral intentions and attitudes. With regard to the estimation of treatment effects on self-reported behavior, however, the findings are more ambiguous.
Verbal Learning and Memory Functions in Adolescents With Reading Disabilities

The authors of this current study compared the memory performance of adolescent students with specific reading disabilities (RD) with that of typical adolescent readers on a newly developed verbal learning test, the Bergen-Tucson Verbal Learning Test (BTVLT). This multiple trial test was designed to measure memory acquisition, retention, retrieval, and forgetting rates, as well as the ability to organize and retrieve the information from memory according to the phonological (surface) and semantic (lexical) features of words. A total of 20 participants with RD and 20 control participants (mean age = 15.2 years) were matched for age, gender, and ethnicity. Results indicated that the RD group learned significantly fewer list items and did so at a slower rate than the control group. Although the participants with RD were equally able to retain information once learned, they did demonstrate inefficient elaborative rehearsal strategies. They also recalled fewer words in both the semantic and phonetic cued-recall conditions, but the effect size was significantly greater in the latter. Taken together, the data suggest that students with RD have less efficient rehearsal and encoding mechanisms but typical retention. Retrieval also appears typical except under conditions that require information to be recalled based on phonetic codes.
Corporate risk management of chemicals: a stakeholder approach to the brominated flame retardants

The prerequisites for chemicals risk management within the corporate sphere have changed over the last decade. This change has been driven by a number of factors such as an increased use of the precautionary principle, the reversed burden of proof and an increased focus on environmental and sustainable development initiatives, in the EU, EU Member States and elsewhere. In Sweden, this development has been highly pronounced. The objectives of the present study are to (1) explore the opinions within Swedish industry concerning items related to chemicals risk assessment and regulation and (2) to identify and rank various stakeholders and factors perceived to have affected the companies' risk management strategies of the brominated flame retardants (BFRs). The results were somewhat contradictory and indicated that the sampled companies favored precautionary measures, while they at the same time favored scientific EU risk assessments over national regulation. Furthermore, contrary to industry opinions elsewhere, they were favorably inclined to the increased burden of proof, to the novel REACH Directive, and to the Swedish government's objective of a non‐toxic environment. Regarding the BFRs, the companies' risk management strategies were believed to have been mostly influenced by (1) internal policies and guidelines regarding sustainable development and corporate social responsibilities, (2) the application of the precautionary principle, (3) EU directives/risk assessments, (4) the Swedish Chemicals Agency and Swedish research, and (5) PR/marketing considerations. Overall, the study indicated that the sampled companies displayed some inconsistencies regarding preferred approaches to regulating and managing risk. In a somewhat tentative manner, the paper ends with a discussion of possible explanations for these inconsistencies.
Perceived Racism and Career Self-Efficacy in African American Adolescents

African American adolescents’ perceptions of racism and career self-efficacy relationships are examined. Participants in a southwestern urban high school completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Racism and Life Experiences Scale-Personal and -Group, and career decision and career task self-efficacy scales. Results indicate that participants who perceived a higher degree of racism against their group reported significantly higher self-efficacy for career decision making but not for career task self-efficacy. An achieved ethnic identity, higher parental socioeconomic status, and being female were related to higher levels of career self-efficacy. The study’s research design supports the need for research with ethnic identity, gender, and the use of multidimensional measurements to achieve a better understanding of racism and career self-efficacy with African American adolescents. Theoretical, research, and programmatic implications are discussed.
Studies on Camels Feeding and Utilization of Camels Milk in Buttana Area, Gaderif State, Sudan

The study was conducted in different locations in Butana area (Gadarif, Showak (Sharif Hassab Allah, Umgargoor, Alsobagh). a set of detailed structured questionnaires were used to collect information from a total of sixty camel owners in different locations in Butana area. The interviews were conducted over single visits to each owner. The objective of this study is to assess the uses of camel milk and their feeding in Buttana area, Gaderif State, Sudan. The results showed that most of she-camels produced from 2 to 3 litre milk/day during the lactation period of 10 months. The majority of camel owners used calves to stimulate milk let-down and they milked she-camels twice a day. The milk let-down in the presence of the calf is the main method adopted by camel owners (96.7%). The majority of owners consumed the produced milk, while few of them sold the produced milk and took the milk for calves. The study showed that the main source of camels feed was the pastures and the camels preferred to consume trees, bushes and grasses. The main source of water is river, wells and natural water net. The results showed that most of camel owners (85%) reared their camels in the pastures and animals preferred trees and shrubs (81.7%). The milking frequency in the present study ranged between 2 to 3 times in a day. The results revealed that the first serious constrain was the presence of camel diseases, followed by lack of feed, lack of water, financial problems and lack of security. The study concluded that the mean values of camel milk yield and component were affected by feeding.