Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
"What, Me Worry?": Arousal, Misattribution, and the Effect of Temporal Distance on Confidence

Confidence has been found to vary with temporal proximity to an upcoming task: People's confidence that they will do well tends to diminish as the "moment of truth" draws near. We propose that this phenomenon stems in part from individuals using their pretask arousal as a cue to their level of confidence. Arousal that is part and parcel of "gearing up" to perform a task may be misattributed to diminished confidence. Consistent with this reasoning, participants in two experiments who were encouraged to misattribute their arousal to a neutral source ("subliminal noise") expressed greater confidence in their ability than did participants not able to do so-a result that would not be obtained if arousal was simply a reflection, and not a cause, of diminished confidence.
Neutrophil Functional Heterogeneity: Identification of Competitive Phagocytosis

Introduction Phagocytosis by neutrophils is a key process in the innate immune response against invading microorganisms. Despite reported heterogeneity in other neutrophils functions, little is known regarding differences in phagocytosis by individual cells. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that heterogeneity is present in the neutrophil compartment in its potency to phagocytize bacteria. Methods Phagocytosis assays were performed in suspension with isolated neutrophils and Staphylococcus aureus expressing different fluorescent proteins at MOIs between 1 and 10. Repetitive addition of bacteria with different fluorescent proteins and MOIs was used to compare the phagocytic capacity of S. aureus-green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive and negative neutrophils and exclude randomness. Results The percentage and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of S. aureus-GFP-positive neutrophils increased with higher MOIs. The increase in MFI was due to phagocytosis of multiple bacteria per neutrophil as was confirmed by confocal imaging. Sequential phagocytosis of GFP- and mCherry-expressing S. aureus showed a non-random process, as S. aureus-GFP-positive neutrophils preferentially phagocytized S. aureus-mCherry. Conclusion All neutrophils were able to phagocytize S. aureus, but some were much more potent than others. Therefore, at physiologically relevant MOIs these potent phagocytizing neutrophils will outcompete the uptake of bacteria by less competent cells in a process we propose to name “competitive phagocytosis. ”
Smokers and beer drinkers: values and consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence

Examines the personal values of college‐age smokers and beer drinkers, as well as their susceptibility to interpersonal influence. Findings suggest that, compared to non‐smokers, smokers are less likely to place importance on the values of security, being well respected, and having a sense of belonging. When compared to non‐beer drinkers, college students who are beer drinkers are more likely to place importance on the value of excitement, and are less likely to place importance on the value of security. Smokers are less susceptible to interpersonal influence than non‐smokers, but there are no differences in susceptibility to interpersonal influence between beer drinkers and non‐beer drinkers. Values and susceptibility to interpersonal influence can play a useful role as descriptors, and possibly as predictors, of drinking and smoking behavior.
Preference for Predictable Small Rewards over Unpredictable Larger Rewards

Numerous prior studies have reported that rats, pigeons, and humans prefer predictable over unpredictable rewards of equal frequency and magnitude. A frustration-theory analysis of this preference suggests that it obtains because the unpredictable partial reinforcement procedure is aversive whereas the predictable discrimination procedure loses its aversiveness. The preference, on such an analysis, arises due to the tendency to avoid the unpredictable of two alternatives. Since frustration varies as a function of magnitude of reward, the avoidance tendency should increase with increases in reward magnitude in the unpredictable alternative. One group of rats in the present study showed a clear preference for seven versus five 45-mg Noyes Pellets. A second group showed the oft reported preference for five pellets predictable versus five pellets unpredictable. A third group of rats showed a preference for a five-pellet predictable reward over a seven-pellet unpredictable reward. The results of this experiment provide evidence for a frustration-theory analysis of the preference for predictable reward.
Integration over Multiple Timescales in Primary Auditory Cortex

Speech and other natural vocalizations are characterized by large modulations in their sound envelope. The timing of these modulations contains critical information for discrimination of important features, such as phonemes. We studied how depression of synaptic inputs, a mechanism frequently reported in cortex, can contribute to the encoding of envelope dynamics. Using a nonlinear stimulus-response model that accounted for synaptic depression, we predicted responses of neurons in ferret primary auditory cortex (A1) to stimuli with natural temporal modulations. The depression model consistently performed better than linear and second-order models previously used to characterize A1 neurons, and it produced more biologically plausible fits. To test how synaptic depression can contribute to temporal stimulus integration, we used nonparametric maximum a posteriori decoding to compare the ability of neurons showing and not showing depression to reconstruct the stimulus envelope. Neurons showing evidence for depression reconstructed stimuli over a longer range of latencies. These findings suggest that variation in depression across the cortical population supports a rich code for representing the temporal dynamics of natural sounds.
The paradox of boundaries in Coast Salish territories

This article grapples with the seeming paradox in the notion of representing cartographic boundaries for an indigenous community whose core social relationships are embedded in a moral ethos of borderless kin networks. While ethnographic maps of the Coast Salish people (southwest British Columbia and northwest Washington) have traditionally represented territories as discretely bounded, continuous regions, contemporary land claims maps submitted by Coast Salish political leaders reveal a nest of overlapping and interlocking lines. The paper argues that delineating territories based strictly on land use and occupancy does not take into account broader relationships between people and place. Property, language, residence and identity are categories also appropriate to Coast Salish territorial boundaries, while ideas and practices of kin, travel, descent and sharing make boundaries permeable. The paper considers the boundary lines created by Coast Salish leaders within the context of land claims, which potentially, have the power to transform Coast Salish social and political relations.
Survival Model for Partly Interval-Censored Data with Application to Anti D in Rhesus D Negative Studies

This paper discusses regression analysis of partly interval-censored failure time data, which is occur in many fields including demographical, epidemiological, financial, medical and sociological studies. For the problem, we focus on the situation where the survival time of interest can be described by the additive hazards model in the present of partly interval-censored. A major advantage of the approach is its simplicity and it can be easily implemented by using R software. Simulation studies are conducted which indicate that the approach performs well for practical situations and comparable to the existing methods. The methodology is applied to a set of partly interval-censored failure time data arising from anti D in Rhesus D negative studies.
A simulation study of non-cooperative pricing strategies for circuit-switched optical networks

We consider a non-cooperative community of users that share a number of circuit-switched optical channels. After specifying an example user utility function that corresponds to inelastic bandwidth requirements, we study numerically the existence and nature of Nash equilibrium point(s) reached by the users, for a fixed charge per circuit per unit time imposed by the network for each successfully transmitted packet. Our numerical simulations include several cases of user demand and utility, both symmetric and asymmetric. Finally, we describe how the network could modify its chosen price to steer the users to desired aggregate throughput levels.
Constructing an English Valency Lexicon

This paper presents the English valency lexicon EngValLex, built within the Functional Generative Description framework. The form of the lexicon, as well as the process of its semi-automatic creation is described. The lexicon describes valency for verbs and also includes links to other lexical sources, namely PropBank. Basic statistics about the lexicon are given. The lexicon will be later used for annotation of the Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank in Praguian formalisms.
Migration and development: reconciling opposite views

Abstract In this essay, I review opposite positions on the relationship between migration and the socio-economic development of sending countries and regions, and the theoretical schools that underlie each of them. In order to adjudicate between these competing perspectives, it is necessary to distinguish between the human capital composition of different migrant flows, their duration, and their structural significance and change potential. This theoretical discussion culminates in a typology that seeks to clarify under which conditions migration can have developmental effects and under which it will be contrary to the advancement of home communities and countries. Policy implications of this analysis, in particular the role of governments in sending and receiving nations, are examined.
Transferred L1 Strategies and L2 Syntactic Structure in L2 Sentence Comprehension

IN ITS RELATIVELY BRIEF HISTORY, second language acquisition (SLA) research has based its theoretical ground on principles derived from child language acquisition studies-which themselves are interdisciplinary, and heavily influenced by paradigms derived from linguistics and psychology. ' Two predictable outcomes have thus occurred. First, the SLA research focus shifted whenever a promising new construct emerged in L1 theory. Assumptions regarding the role of the learner's L1 in L2 acquisition, for example, have changed dramatically in the last thirty years. Second, L2 acquisition processes were treated unidimensionally, as if they involved a single linguistic system. As a consequence, learners' L1 and L2 were conceptualized and analyzed separately without regard for the critical interactions which transpire between the two. Many researchers, in fact, have investigated the influence of L1 on L2 acquisition (e.g., 9; 10; 14; 15; 16; 18; 21; 37), while others have examined the effects of L2 structure on acquisition mechanisms (e.g., 11; 12; 13; 34). Relatively little attention, however, has been given to the ways in which learners' L1 knowledge and L1-based processing strategies are coalesced with the specific linguistic features and requirements of the target language. In an effort to minimize this gap, the present study explored the interplay between learners' L1 and L2 linguistic knowledge during L2 sentence processing. Cross-Linguistic Variance in Language Processing. During the last decade, interest has grown among linguists, psychologists, anthropologists, and educators in cross-linguistic variations in language processing. Child language studies, for example, demonstrate that children cannot make accurate responses to sentence forms which violate the perceived prototypical sentence patterns of their particular language (e.g., 3; 6; 20; 30; 38; 39). This finding would
Development of Chinese orthographic processing: A cross-cultural perspective

This study investigated young Chinese children’s development of orthographic processing and the factors that contribute to development. The investigation was carried out in both China and Canada to examine the effect of language learning contexts on the development of orthographic processing. Participants were ninety-four kindergarten and Grade 1 children in the Mainland of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and ninety-one kindergarten and Grade 1 Canadian–Chinese children in Canada. Children received a battery of measures twice roughly 1 year apart, including Chinese and English orthographic discrimination, radical position awareness, phonological awareness (syllable and phonemic awareness), character reading, and rapid digit naming. Children's home print exposure was measured by a questionnaire at the onset of the study. In both countries, children were able to differentiate between Chinese and English orthographic units at the beginning of kindergarten. Children in China, however, developed more advanced radical position awareness than their counterparts in Canada. Moreover, different factors contributed to individual differences in Chinese orthographic processing in different learning environments. In China, the phonological awareness and character reading measures significantly predicted radical position awareness, whereas in Canada, home print exposure was the most consistent predictor across different testing times. The differences observed between the two groups of children underscore the impact of language learning environment on the development of orthographic processing.
Testing the ‘Hybrid Susceptibility’ and ‘Phenological Sink’ Hypotheses Using the P. balsamifera – P. deltoides Hybrid Zone and Septoria Leaf Spot [Septoria musiva]

Hybrid genotypes that arise between plant species frequently have increased susceptibility to arthropod pests and fungal pathogens. This pattern has been attributed to the breakdown of plant defenses (‘Hybrid susceptibility’ hypothesis) and (or) to extended periods of susceptibility attributed to plant phenologies in zones of species overlap and (or) hybridization (‘phenological sink’ hypothesis). We examined these hypotheses by assessing the susceptibility of parental and hybrid Populus host genotypes to a leaf spot disease caused by the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva. For this purpose, 214 genotypes were obtained from morphologically pure zones of P. balsamifera and P. deltoides, and from an intervening zone of overlap and hybridization on the drainage of the Red Deer River, Alberta, Canada. Genotypes were identified as P. balsamifera, P. deltoides, or hybrid using a suite of 27 species-specific SNP markers. Initially the genetic structure of the hybrid zone was characterized with 27.7% of trees classified as admixed individuals. To test the hybrid susceptibility hypothesis, a subset of 52 genotypes was inoculated with four isolates of S. musiva. Levels of susceptibility were P. balsamifera > F1 hybrid > P. deltoides. A further 53 genotypes were grown in a common garden to assess the effect of genotype on variation in leaf phenology. Leaf phenology was more variable within the category of hybrid genotypes than within categories of either parental species. Leaf phenology was also more variable for the category of trees originating in the hybrid (P. balsamifera – P. deltoides [hybrid and parental genotypes combined]) zone than in adjacent pure zones of the parental species. The results from the inoculation experiment support the hybrid intermediacy hypothesis. The results from the common garden experiment support the ‘phenological sink’ hypothesis. These findings have greatly increased our understanding of the epidemiology and ecology of fungal pathogens in plant hybrid zones.
Empirical graph Laplacian approximation of Laplace–Beltrami operators: Large sample results

Let ${M}$ be a compact Riemannian submanifold of ${{\bf R}^m}$ of dimension $\scriptstyle{d}$ and let ${X_1,. ,X_n}$ be a sample of i.i. d. points in ${M}$ with uniform distribution. We study the random operators $$ \Delta_{h_n,n}f(p):=\frac{1}{nh_n^{d+2}}\sum_{i=1}^n K(\frac{p-X_i}{h_n})(f(X_i)-f(p)), p\in M $$ where ${K(u):={\frac{1}{(4\pi)^{d/2}}}e^{-\|u\|^2/4}}$ is the Gaussian kernel and ${h_n\to 0}$ as ${n\to\infty. }$ Such operators can be viewed as graph laplacians (for a weighted graph with vertices at data points) and they have been used in the machine learning literature to approximate the Laplace-Beltrami operator of ${M,}$ ${\Delta_Mf}$ (divided by the Riemannian volume of the manifold). We prove several results on a.s. and distributional convergence of the deviations ${\Delta_{h_n,n}f(p)-{\frac{1}{|\mu|}}\Delta_Mf(p)}$ for smooth functions ${f}$ both pointwise and uniformly in ${f}$ and ${p}$ (here ${|\mu|=\mu(M)}$ and ${\mu}$ is the Riemannian volume measure). In particular, we show that for any class ${{\cal F}}$ of three times differentiable functions on ${M}$ with uniformly bounded derivatives $$ \sup_{p\in M}\sup_{f\in F}\Big|\Delta_{h_n,p}f(p)-\frac{1}{|\mu|}\Delta_Mf(p)\Big|= O\Big(\sqrt{\frac{\log(1/h_n)}{nh_n^{d+2}}}\Big) a.s. $$ as soon as $$ nh_n^{d+2}/\log h_n^{-1}\to \infty and nh^{d+4}_n/\log h_n^{-1}\to 0, $$ and also prove asymptotic normality of ${\Delta_{h_n,p}f(p)-{\frac{1}{|\mu|}}\Delta_Mf(p)}$ (functional CLT) for a fixed ${p\in M}$ and uniformly in ${f}. $
Early Adolescent Delinquency

Research has demonstrated a relationship between various types of emotional and behavioral problems and delinquency. Still, some aspects of this relationship are not as clear, particularly as pertains to emotional and behavioral problems and delinquent behavior across a broader range of time in the context of other key risk and protective factors. A three-pronged analytic approach examined the effects and function of key covariates on delinquent behavior in early adolescence. Childhood emotional and behavioral problems had a consistent, albeit modest, effect on delinquent behavior in early adolescence. Peer influence was found to be the strongest predictor of delinquent behavior, but family environment demonstrated a protective effect nonetheless. Implications for future research, theoretical elaboration, and policy initiatives are discussed.
Clofibrate increases long-chain fatty acid oxidation by neonatal pigs.

BACKGROUND Utilization of energy-dense lipid fuels is critical to the rapid development and growth of neonates. OBJECTIVE To increase efficiency of milk fat utilization by newborn pigs, the effect of clofibrate on in vivo and in vitro long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) oxidation was evaluated. METHODS Newborn male pigs were administered 5 mL of vehicle (2% Tween 80) with or without clofibrate (75 mg/kg body weight) once daily via i.g. gavage for 4 d. Total LCFA oxidative capacity was measured in respiration chambers after gastric infusion (n = 5 per treatment) with isoenergetic amounts of [1-(14)C]triglycerides (TGs), either oleic acid (18:1n-9) TG [3.02 mmol/kg body weight (BW)(0.75)] or erucic acid (22:1n-9) TG (2.46 mmol/kg BW(0.75)). Total expired (14)CO2 was collected and quantified at 20-min intervals over 24 h. Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation was determined simultaneously using [1-(14)C]oleic acid and erucic acid substrates. RESULTS The in vivo 24-h accumulative [1-(14)C]TG oxidation (percentage of energy intake/kg BW(0.75)) tended to increase with clofibrate supplementation (P = 0.10), although there was no difference in the peak or mean utilization rate. The maximal extent of oleic acid TG oxidation was 1.6-fold that of erucic acid TG (P < 0.006). Hepatic in vitro LCFA oxidation increased 61% with clofibrate (P < 0.0008). The increase in mitochondria was 4-fold greater than in peroxisomes. The relative abundance of mRNA increased 2- to 3-fold for hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α and its target genes (fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase) in the pigs that were administered clofibrate (P < 0.04). CONCLUSION Clofibrate may improve in vivo LCFA oxidative utilization in neonatal pigs.
Learning about noun plurals in early Palestinian Arabic

This study examines the acquisition of noun plurals in a dialect of Palestinian Arabic (PA) spoken in the north of Israel. PA has both regular 'sound' plurals which are formed by the attachment of a feminine or masculine suffix to the singular stem, and so-called 'broken' irregular plurals which are formed by internal changes in the singular stem. Forty-eight children aged 2-6 years were presented with a set of singular nouns and were asked to provide the corresponding plural forms. The results indicate different learning patterns for the three plural types: while Sound Masculines and Broken Plurals are learnt gradually, Sound Feminines soar to ceiling level by age 3. Error analysis shows a U- shaped curve of overregularization of broken forms towards the regular sound plurals and, within the category of sound plurals, errors of suffix exchange from Masculine to Feminine plurals, again taking a U-shaped form. In contrast, irregularization errors of exchanging broken for sound and for other broken forms increase with age. The results are discussed in the framework of two models of the acquisition of inflectional morphology: a dual- route model in which two distinct processing systems (symbolic rule application and rote learning) handle regular and irregular forms; and a single-route (connectionist) model which explains the acquisition of both regular and irregular forms by associative memory.
Reenactment for Read-Committed Snapshot Isolation

Provenance for transactional updates is critical for many applications such as auditing and debugging of transactions. Recently, we have introduced MV-semirings, an extension of the semiring provenance model that supports updates and transactions. Furthermore, we have proposed reenactment, a declarative form of replay with provenance capture, as an efficient and non-invasive method for computing this type of provenance. However, this approach is limited to the snapshot isolation (SI) concurrency control protocol while many real world applications apply the read committed version of snapshot isolation (RC-SI) to improve performance at the cost of consistency. We present non trivial extensions of the model and reenactment approach to be able to compute provenance of RC-SI transactions efficiently. In addition, we develop techniques for applying reenactment across multiple RC-SI transactions. Our experiments demonstrate that our implementation in the GProM system supports efficient re-construction and querying of provenance.
SUBJECTIVE TIME AS AFFECTED BY GRAVITATIONAL STRESS

Subjective time as affected by positive radial acceleration in a human centrifuge was studied by a modification of the method of ratio production. Auditory signals (1–20 sec.) were used as stimuli. The results showed a marked change in subjective time during gravitational stress. Subjective time, as measured by the methods employed, was a positively accelerated function of objective time and the positive acceleration was enhanced during centrifugation. The demonstrated change in time experience was caused by a difference in retention of preceding time intervals, retention being impaired during centrifugation.