Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Alteration of spinal reflexes by interaction with suprasegmental and dorsal root activity

With the exception of certain monosynaptic connexions of the large (IA) afferent fibres from the mammalian muscle spindle, it is generally conceded that changes in spinal motoneurone excitability produced by dorsal root fibres are mediated through one or more internuncial neurones. From this it follows that the magnitude of the reflex change produced by given afferent activity is likely to be dependent upon variations of excitability in interneurones which are part of the reflex pathway. The fact that a variety of afferent sources have connexions converging upon some spinal interneurones (Kolmodin & Skoglund, 1958; Hunt & Kuno, 1959) indicates that it is possible for a number of afferent sources to produce alterations in the excitability of an intemeurone. That this convergence may play a significant part in the nature of spinal cord output can be deduced if one of several possible functional arrangements proves true. In the case where more than one input produces an excitatory change in an internuncial neurone, it is possible that this cell is part of a pathway common and necessary for a number of segmental and/or suprasegmental motor mechanisms. Thus, as Sherrington (1906) recognized, an interneurone can be an example of the principle of a common pathway to effector organs, though a less general one than the motoneurone. However, the role of interneurones in spinal function may be even more important if impulses arising from peripheral receptors or higher centres were capable of inhibiting interneurones involved in a reflex pathway to such a degree that the pathway would be partially or completely blocked. In the latter situation segmental or centrally initiated movement patterns might be blocked before an effect is produced on the motoneurones, limiting the synaptic play upon the final common path. Our attention was directed to the role of internuncial neurones in the organization of spinal reflex patterns by a recent report of Eccles & Lundberg (1958). These authors suggested that of the reflex changes in moto-
KEMATANGAN KARIR SISWA KELAS XI DITINJAU DARI TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN ORANG TUA DAN KEADAAN EKONOMI KELUARGA DI SMA NEGERI 1 PAKEM TAHUN AJARAN 2014/2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kematangan karir siswa kelas XI yang ditinjau dari tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan keadaan ekonomi keluarga di SMA Negeri 1 Pakem Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian ex post facto (kausal komparatif). Subjek penelitian ini berjumlah 90 siswa yang ditentukan dengan teknik sampling proportionale stratified random sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuisioner. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah skala kematangan karir dan angket tingkat pendidikan orang tua serta angket keadaan ekonomi keluarga. Validasi instrumen dilakukan menggunakan validitas item dengan melakukan uji coba terhadap 32 siswa. Menghasilkan 37 item valid dari 50, karena dianggap penting maka penulis menambahkan 3 item dengan mengubah redaksi pernyataan sehingga terdapat 40 item pada instrumen ini. Sedangkan reliabilitas instrumen menggunakan rumus Alpha Cronbach sebesar 0,832. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan uji analysis of variance (Anova) berupa Two Way Anova (Anova dua arah) dan untuk melihat gambaran kematangan karir, tingkat pendidikan serta keadaan ekonomi keluarga menggunakan statistik deskriptif yang menunjukkan presentase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada kematangan karir siswa kelas XI ditinjau dari tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan kedaan ekonomi keluarga di SMA Negeri 1 Pakem Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015 . Hal ini didasarkan pada hasil perhitungan Two Way Anova yaitu, hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan nilai signifikan 0,137 yang berarti nilai pvalue 0,05 maka gagal terima hipotesis. Pada hasil presentase kematangan karir siswa yang ditinjau dari tingkat pendidikan orang tua, frekuensi dominan terletak pada siswa dengan kematangan karir sedang berasal dari tingkat pendidikan orang tua yang tinggi dan pada presentase kematangan karir yang ditinjau dari keadaan ekonomi keluarga, frekuensi dominan terletak pada siswa dengan kematangan karir sedang berasal dari keluarga dengan keadaan ekonomi menengah. Kata kunci: kematangan karir, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan ekonomi keluarga.
Studies on the Linkage of Energy Metabolism and Neuronal Activity in the Isolated Perfused Rat Brain

An isolated rat brain preparation was perfused using glucose‐free (=aglycemic) media. The high‐energy phosphates, substrates of the glycolytic pathway, free atnino acids, acetylcholine as well as the intracellular distribution of hexokinase activity were determined in brain tissues. The EEG was evaluated visually. The levels of glycolytic substrates, glutamate, and glutamine in cortical tissue decreased after aglycemic perfusion, whereas the aspartate level increased and the GABA level remained unchanged. The high‐energy phosphate content seemed to be unaffected for about 15 min of aglycemic perfusion and fell significantly after 20 min. The EEG of the isolated brain changed rapidly after starting aglycemic perfusion and became isoelectric after 12–15 min. Hyperglycemic perfusion (35 mmol glucose per liter perfusion medium) did not alter the energy metabolism of the isolated brain. The breakdown of cerebral energy metabolism and of EEG activity was postponed when thiopental was added to the perfusion medium. The soluble hexokinase activity measured in cortical tissue was reduced after aglycemic perfusion and was enhanced after thiopental. Hyperglycemic perfusion did not influence the intracellular hexokinase distribution. The acetylcholine level in the striatum of the isolated rat brain was significantly decreased by aglycemia and was increased in hypothalamus by thiopental. It was suggested that hexokinase bound to the mitochondrial membrane may play an important role in the relationship of energy metabolism and neuronal activity.
Individual Risk Factors for PTSD in Adolescents from the 2010 Earthquake inYushu: The Predictor Effect of Rumination

Background: Prevention of psychology about adolescent after earthquake in developing country has become more and more important. This study was undertaken three years after the Yushu earthquake in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The survey was conveyed in Yushu Tibetan autonomous regions Ethnic School and the number of the participants was about one thousand. The focus of our study is individual risk factors for PTSD. Method: T-test and chi-square test are mainly used to examine the correlation. In particularly, comprehend multiple regressions. Results: Although correlation analysis indicated that there is not any significant different on gender and PTSD in these adolescents, ethnicity dose not also play a significant role in PTSD. We find a positive correlation between grade and PTSD. Family type is important factors for PTSD too. The similar result is also supported by Chi square test. Deliberation---a subtype of rumination could predict the PTSD effectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the prevalence of PTSD was low among Tibetan adolescent. Deliberate-a subtype of rumination might have severe impact to the course of PTSD and should therefore be carefully diagnosed and treated early in the course of illness
Keterampilan Sosial Anak Berkesulitan Belajar di Sekolah Dasar Inklusif

Abstrak Fungsi-fungsi sosial pada anak berkesulitan belajar menunjukkan bahwa mereka bermasalah dalam memiliki kelompok teman sebaya, diisolasi oleh teman sebaya, bermasalah dengan keterampilan sosial, dan sebagian besar mereka memiliki status sosial yang lebih rendah di antara teman sebayanya di sekolah dasar inklusif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas peer mediated intervention (PMI) untuk meningkatkan keterampilan sosial pada anak berkesulitan belajar di sekolah dasar inklusif. Penelitian ini menggunakan single subject design dengan model multiple baseline across subject. Lima (5) anak berkesulitan belajar sebagai anak target. Lima (5) peer mediator dipilih dan dilatih untuk menerapkan PMI dalam pelajaran bahasa Indonesia (membaca ulang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan PMI efektif meningkatkan keterampilan sosial yaitu pada anak target TS rerata baseline 4,73 meningkat menjadi 9,33; anak target KY rerata baseline 4,07 meningkat menjadi 9,05; anak target HL rerata baseline 3,88 meningkat menjadi 8,12; anak target RA rerata baseline 3,36 meningkat menjadi 7,81; dan anak target KA rerata baseline 3,14 meningkat menjadi 7,5. PMI juga efektif mengurangi frekuensi kesalahan membaca anak target pada fase baseline sebesar 7,49 menurun menjadi 4,11 selama intervensi. Kata kunci : peer mediated intervention , kecakapan sosial, anak berkesulitan belajar Abstract The social functioning of children with learning disabilities has indicated that they have problems belong to peer groups, deficits in social skills, isolated and most have lower social status among peers in inclusive elementary schools. This study aims to test the effectiveness of peer mediated intervention (PMI) to improve social skills at children with learning disabilities in inclusive elementary schools. The study used a single-subject design with multiple baseline across subject. Five (5) children with mild learning disabilities and five (5) trained peer mediator to apply PMI in the lessons Indonesian (repeated reading). The results showed that PMI was effective for improving the social skills for the children with learning disabilities respectively ar e: the TS’s average baseline was 4,73 increased to 9,33; the KY’s average baseline was 4,07 increased to 9,05; the HL’s average baseline was 3,88 increased to 8,12; the RA’s average baseline was 3,36 increased to 7,81; and the KA’s average baseline was 3,1 4 KA increased to 7,5. PMI also decreased the frequency of reading mistakes at the children with learning disabilities from baseline phase to intervention phase from the average 7,49 to 4,11. Keyword : peer mediated intervention , kecakapan sosial, anak berkesulitan
The down side of help: An attributional-developmental analysis of helping behavior as a low-ability cue.

Two studies examined the possibility that unsolicited help can function as a low-ability cue. In Experiment 1, children 5-12 years old viewed videotaped teaching sessions depicting two boys working on a set of math problems. One boy received assistance from a help giver (teacher or peer); the other received no such help. Participants then judged both students' ability and effort. In Experiment 2, children 4-12 years old viewed one videotape and then made inferences about the attributions, affects, and expectancies of the students. They also indicated which of the two they would prefer as a workmate. All children except 4-5-year-olds in Experiment 2 inferred that the helped student was lower in ability than his nonhelped counterpart. Age-related differences in young children's judgments about affects, expectancies, and preferred work mate showed the same developmental pattern. The implications of these findings for the development of attributional understanding and for communicating low ability in the classroom are discussed.
Low frequency of myeloid progenitor cells in chronic idiopathic neutropenia of adults may be related to increased production of TGF‐β1 by bone marrow stromal cells

Abstract: Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that patients with chronic idiopathic neutropenia of adults (CINA) have increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL‐1β. Since IL‐1β may affect bone marrow stromal cell function, a study was designed to investigate the capacity of patients' stromal cells to produce adequate amounts of haemopoietic growth factors or excessive amounts of inhibitors of myelopoiesis in long‐term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs). The study was carried out on 52 CINA patients and 19 normal controls. We found that CINA patients had significantly low numbers of marrow lineage‐specific CD34+ cells, including CFU‐GM and CD34+/CD33+ cells. Stromal cells from patients' LTBMCs failed to stimulate CFU‐GM colony formation by normal marrow cells in a manner comparable to that of stromal cells of controls. Patients' LTBMC supernatants had normal or increased amounts of G‐CSF. Detectable amounts of supernatant GM‐CSF were found in 35% of patients and 19% of controls. IL‐3 and MIP‐1α were not detected in any supernatant fluid. Moreover, supernatants from patients' LTBMCs had increased concentrations of IL‐6 and TGF‐β1, which strongly correlated with serum IL‐1β. About 82% of our patients had TGF‐β1 values higher than the upper limit of values found in the controls. Individual TGF‐β1 values inversely correlated with the number of circulating neutrophils and the frequency of marrow CD34+/CD33+ cells. We suggest that increased levels of serum IL‐1β, resulting from an underlying low‐grade chronic inflammatory process, may stimulate marrow stromal cells to produce both haemopoietic growth factors and inhibitors of myelopoiesis. Since steady‐state myelopoiesis results from a balance between negative‐ and positive‐acting cytokines, it seems very probable that the increased production of TGF‐β1 by bone marrow microenvironment in CINA patients may suppress myelopoiesis and contribute, to some extent, to the pathogenesis of neutropenia in affected subjects.
Colonization with Heligmosomoides polygyrus Suppresses Mucosal IL-17 Production1

Helminth exposure appears to protect hosts from inappropriate inflammatory responses, such as those causing inflammatory bowel disease. A recently identified, strongly proinflammatory limb of the immune response is characterized by T cell IL-17 production. Many autoimmune type inflammatory diseases are associated with IL-17 release. Because helminths protect from these diseases, we examined IL-17 production in helminth-colonized mice. We colonized mice with Heligmosomoides polygyrus, an intestinal helminth, and analyzed IL-17 production by lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cells. Colonization with H. polygyrus reduces IL-17A mRNA by MLN cells and inhibits IL-17 production by cultured LPMC and MLN cells. Helminth exposure augments IL-4 and IL-10 production. Blocking both IL-4 and IL-10, but not IL-10 alone, restores IL-17 production in vitro. Colonization of colitic IL-10-deficient mice with H. polygyrus suppresses LPMC IL-17 production and improves colitis. Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 improves colitis in IL-10-deficient mice. Thus, helminth-associated inhibition of IL-17 production is most likely an important mechanism mediating protection from inappropriate intestinal inflammation.
Using the principles of Exploratory Practice to guide group work in an extensive reading class in China

Exploratory Practice emphasizes integrating research into pedagogy, and attaches great importance to the quality of life in the classroom. It suggests that we work primarily to understand language classroom life, to bring people together, and to develop students’ language competency in a harmonious atmosphere.By putting EP principles into my teaching practice, I explore ways of solving a problem I experienced in teaching English extensive reading to English majors in a Chinese University.
Design and Implementation of a Sustainable Wireless BAN Platform for Remote Monitoring of Workers Health Care in Harsh Environments

This paper presents experimental results on a body area network platform that accurately and precisely captures, processes, and wirelessly transmits six- degrees-of-freedom inertial and electrocardiogram data in a wearable, non-invasive form factor. The platform is designed to be low-energy enabling health care applications and remote monitoring of workers in harsh environments. The challenges tackled in this article include the following: (1) reducing the radio channel contention, (2) reducing the energy consumption, and (3) managing diverse Quality of Service (QoS). The system is evaluated regarding to the accuracy and the energy consumption efficiency.
Revisiting the Politics of Belonging in Cameroon

The article introduces a themed section in the journal on hometown associations in Cameroon. It outlines the impact of ten years’ work in this field and argues that notions of autochthony remain central in understanding Cameroonian politics. However the three articles go on to argue that some of the claims about home, belonging and politics are difficult to reconcile with the hazier reality observed on the ground. The articles aim to disturb any universal, inevitable or overly tidy segue between questions of belonging and claims of political segmentation. Too often the existing literature moves too quickly to an analysis that foregrounds only the worrisome dimensions of a politics of belonging, thus leaving little space for other interpretations. To explore this dilemma the article continues by exploring a land dispute in Bali Nyonga, north-west Cameroon. It shows (1) how ideas of belonging remain central to the practice of politics; (2) how the politics of belonging has changed over time; and (3) how it is possible to foreground an alternative ‘politics of conviviality’, which would otherwise be shaded out by the dominance of the politics of belonging within the literature. Cet article présente une rubrique thématique de revue consacrée aux associations de ressortissants au Cameroun. Il décrit brièvement l'impact de dix années de travaux dans ce domaine et soutient que les notions d'autochtonie demeurent centrales pour comprendre la politique camerounaise. Or, les trois articles affirment qu'il est difficile de concilier certaines assertions concernant le lieu d'origine, l'appartenance et la politique avec la réalité plus floue observée sur le terrain. Ces articles cherchent à troubler toute articulation universelle, inévitable ou trop ordonnée entre les questions d'appartenance et les assertions de segmentation politique. La littérature existante s'empresse trop souvent de proposer une analyse qui ne met en avant que les dimensions préoccupantes d'une politique d'appartenance, ne laissant ainsi que peu de place à d'autres interprétations. L'article étudie ensuite ce dilemme à travers un contentieux foncier à Bali Nyonga, dans le Nord-Ouest du Cameroun. Il montre (1) comment les idées d'appartenance demeurent centrales dans la pratique de la politique, (2) comment la politique d'appartenance a évolué au fil du temps et (3) comment il est possible de mettre en avant une autre politique, une « politique de convivialité », que risquerait d’éclipser la prépondérance de la politique d'appartenance dans la littérature.
Comparison between intravenous paracetamol and fentanyl for intraoperative and postoperative pain relief in dilatation and evacuation: Prospective, randomized interventional trial

Background and Aims: Dilatation and Evacuation procedure involves pain, for which pain control measures need to be undertaken. The purpose of this study was to compare paracetamol with fentanyl for pain relief in dilatation and curettage procedures. Materials and Methods: Sixty female patients were randomly included during the period from March 1, 2012 to February 28, 2013. All patients had received oral midazolam 7.5 mg as a premedication 30 min before procedure in the ward. Group P had received intravenous (IV) paracetamol 15 mg/kg in the waiting area of the operating room 15 min before starting the procedure. Group F had received IV fentanyl 2 ug/kg/min at induction of anesthesia. Pain scores on a numerical rating scale at 5, 15, and 30 min intervals after surgery were recorded. Results: Mild pain was commonly observed in both groups, an insignificant difference between groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the usefulness of IV paracetamol which may be as effective as fentanyl in dilation and curettage procedures.
The Factor Structure of the Korean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(K-HDRS): A Confirmatory Factor Analysis

ObjectivesZZThe present study was conducted to examine the factor structure of a Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS), and we did so by performing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). MethodsZZThe data from the 17-item K-HDRS data was obtained from 319 South Koreans who met the DSM-IV Criteria of Major Depressive Disorder. We examined the fit of ten competing models. The CFAs were evaluated in their original first-order structures and in their hierarchically related counterparts. ResultsZZThe alternative models obtained unsatisfactory fit indices, although the five-factor intercorrelated model (model 5a) demonstrated a relatively good fit to the data. The model 5a also performed better than its hierarchically related counterpart (model 5b). The Modification Indices (MIs) were used to provide a more satisfactory account of the data. The MIs suggested correlations between the unique variances of items (item 1 & 3, item 10 & 15), and these parameters were added to the model 5a. After introducing minor modifications, the‘final’ model (5m) yielded an improved model fit. ConclusionZZThis study suggests that the symptoms of depression, as assessed by the K-HDRS, cluster into five factors：anhedonia/retardation, guilt/agitation, bodily symptoms, insomnia and appetite. This study provides evidence for the cross-cultural generalizability of the HDRS, although some refinement of the scale is still required.
Subjective well-being of Filipino farm children

How do farm children evaluate their lives as a whole? Using the framework of Ed Diener, this paper explores farm children’s positive emotions, negative emotions, global life judgment and work satisfaction that will ultimately reflect their subjective well-being (SWB). It also discusses the nature of farm work engagement of these children and their positive and negative experiences on it. Using qualitative data, the paper found out that children are involved in different farming activities. In particular, the theme found on children’s positive experiences on farm includes the social reward of farming while prominent on their negative experiences are linked with innate conditions on farm, task-related injuries, negative bodily response and interactions with others on farm. Using quantitative data the paper found out that they have high level of SWB. The high level of SWB among children engaged in farming is characterized by high levels of positive emotion, global life judgment and work satisfaction, and low level of negative emotion. More so, differences on the level of SWB between in-school and out-of-school farm children were explored. The paper concludes that in spite of difficulties on farm these children are happy and evaluate their lives positively; hence, the virtue of resiliency.
Localization of competence-induced proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae

Intracellular locations of 11 proteins associated with the development of competence in Streptococcus pneumoniae were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of subcellular fractions prepared from protoplasts. Controls showed that the competence-induced proteins were stable during the formation of protoplasts at 25 degrees C even though some had a half-life of only 8 min at 37 degrees C. Five competence-induced proteins p38, p27, p19.5, p16, and p14.5, were found in the cytoplasm. Two, p52 and p41, were associated with the membrane, and one, p10, was extracellular. Three others, p50, p36, and p29, were recovered in both cytoplasmic and membrane fractions. No competence-induced protein was detected in the periplasmic fraction except under conditions where leakage of all components was occurring, a phenomenon that was seen in many preparations. Similar fractionation of competent cells soon after uptake of [3H]DNA showed the "eclipse complex" of single-stranded DNA and p19.5 was associated approximately one-third with membranes and two-thirds with cytoplasmic fractions, with almost none in the periplasm. This result suggests strongly that at the time the donor DNA entered the cytosol it was in single-stranded form and it had not yet paired with the recipient DNA.