Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Can We Detect Cooperators by Looking at Their Face?

Humans are willing to cooperate with each other for mutual benefit—and to accept the risk of exploitation. To avoid collaborating with the wrong person, people sometimes attempt to detect cooperativeness in others’ body language, facial features, and facial expressions. But how reliable are these impressions? We review the literature on the detection of cooperativeness in economic games, from those with protocols that provide a lot of information about players (e.g., through long personal interactions) to those with protocols that provide minimal information (e.g., through the presentation of passport-like pictures). This literature suggests that people can detect cooperativeness with a small but significant degree of accuracy when they have interacted with or watched video clips of other players, but that they have a harder time extracting information from pictures. The conditions under which people can detect cooperation from pictures with better than chance accuracy suggest that successful cooperation detection is supported by purely intuitive processes.
Ocular complications in children within 1 year after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

IMPORTANCE It is essential to have insights into the risk of ocular involvement after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in the pediatric population because young and severely ill children are unaware of their ocular problems. OBJECTIVE To study the development of ocular complications in children within 1 year after HSCT. DESIGN AND SETTING This prospective study includes all consecutive patients who had undergone an HSCT at the Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands, in 2009 and 2010. PARTICIPANTS Forty-nine consecutive patients underwent systematic ophthalmologic evaluations before HSCT, before leaving the HSCT unit after HSCT, and 3, 6, and 12 months after HSCT. Additional examinations were performed during systemic viral reactivations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Development of ocular complications, including uveitis, hemorrhagic complications, optic disc edema, and dry eye syndrome. RESULTS Thirteen patients (27%) developed an ocular complication after HSCT. These complications included DES (n = 7 [14%]), (sub)retinal hemorrhage (n = 6 [12%]), optic disc edema (n = 3 [6%]), chorioretinal lesions (n = 2 [4%]), vitritis (n = 1 [2%]), and increased intraocular pressure (n = 1 [2%]). Median time to the development of dry eye syndrome was 5 months after HSCT, whereas all other ocular complications were detected within the first 3 months after HSCT. In most cases, the symptoms were mild and self-limiting. Children with malignant disease had a higher risk of the development of ocular complications compared with children with nonmalignant disease. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Ocular complications in pediatric HSCT patients are common, although mostly mild. The risk of viral uveitis development during systemic viral reactivations is low; however, the potential risk of vision-threatening complications in this population cannot be ruled out.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease: An Enigmatic Relationship

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial multigenic endocrinopathy with a complex pathophysiology. It is primarily considered a disorder associating androgen excess and insulin resistance to unfavorable reproductive and metabolic ramifications. PCOS is a heterogeneous condition characterized by oligo/amenorrhea, anovulatory infertility, hyperandrogenism of ovarian and adrenal origin, and bulky polycystic ovaries typified by multiple cystic follicles arrested at the pre-antral stage [1-3]. Other hallmark features include hyperinsulinemia, aberrant LH: FSH ratios, increased circulating androgen levels, obesity, and abdominal adiposity [1]. The pathophysiology of PCOS is not yet fully understood, but it may reflect an interaction between multiple predisposing genes and environmental factors in the manifestation of this disorder [4]. The undisputed wealth of information that has been gleaned from linkage based, candidate gene as well as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has provided researchers with several markers which validate previously proposed theories of PCOS pathogenesis. Furthermore, revelation of hitherto unknown genetic loci has uncovered many new biological pathways to explore for their contribution to PCOS pathophysiology [5]. However, no etiologic factor alone can adequately elucidate the spectrum of abnormalities observed in PCOS. It has been hypothesized that the vicious cycle of insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia is intrinsic to this syndrome, and may be a major player linking PCOS with potent risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and anatomical derangements which ultimately could signal onset of more serious metabolic disorders including type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1,6]. The frequency of metabolic syndrome, a known precursor to CVD, was found to be significantly increased in Australian women with PCOS, particularly in the obese group [7]. Nearly 42% of women diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) presented with polycystic ovaries (PCOs) sonographically. Additionally, extent of CAD as well as positive family history was significant predictors of PCOs [8]. Conversely, another study reported that
Intergenerational Economic Mobility in the U.S., 1940 to 2000

We use two sample instrumental variables to estimate intergenerational economic mobility from 1940 to 2000. We find intergenerational mobility increased from 1940 to 1980 but declined sharply thereafter, a pattern similar to cross-sectional inequality trends. However, the returns to education account for only some of these patterns. The time- series may help to reconcile previous findings in the intergenerational mobility literature. Our estimates imply a somewhat different pattern for the intergenerational income correlation, a measure insensitive to changes in cross-sectional inequality that has implications for rank mobility. We find the post-1980 decline in intergenerational rank mobility marks a return to historical levels. Consequently, by 2000, the rate of intergenerational movement across the income distribution appears historically normal, but, as cross-sectional inequality has increased, earnings are regressing to the mean at a slower rate, causing economic differences between families to persist longer than earlier in the century.
Penta-graphene: A new carbon allotrope

Significance Carbon has many faces––from diamond and graphite to graphene, nanotube, and fullerenes. Whereas hexagons are the primary building blocks of many of these materials, except for C20 fullerene, carbon structures made exclusively of pentagons are not known. Because many of the exotic properties of carbon are associated with their unique structures, some fundamental questions arise: Is it possible to have materials made exclusively of carbon pentagons and if so will they be stable and have unusual properties? Based on extensive analyses and simulations we show that penta-graphene, composed of only carbon pentagons and resembling Cairo pentagonal tiling, is dynamically, thermally, and mechanically stable. It exhibits negative Poisson's ratio, a large band gap, and an ultrahigh mechanical strength. A 2D metastable carbon allotrope, penta-graphene, composed entirely of carbon pentagons and resembling the Cairo pentagonal tiling, is proposed. State-of-the-art theoretical calculations confirm that the new carbon polymorph is not only dynamically and mechanically stable, but also can withstand temperatures as high as 1000 K. Due to its unique atomic configuration, penta-graphene has an unusual negative Poisson’s ratio and ultrahigh ideal strength that can even outperform graphene. Furthermore, unlike graphene that needs to be functionalized for opening a band gap, penta-graphene possesses an intrinsic quasi-direct band gap as large as 3.25 eV, close to that of ZnO and GaN. Equally important, penta-graphene can be exfoliated from T12-carbon. When rolled up, it can form pentagon-based nanotubes which are semiconducting, regardless of their chirality. When stacked in different patterns, stable 3D twin structures of T12-carbon are generated with band gaps even larger than that of T12-carbon. The versatility of penta-graphene and its derivatives are expected to have broad applications in nanoelectronics and nanomechanics.
The Importance of Communities for Learning to Influence

We consider the canonical problem of influence maximization in social networks. Since the seminal work of Kempe, Kleinberg, and Tardos, there have been two largely disjoint efforts on this problem. The first studies the problem associated with learning the parameters of the generative influence model. The second focuses on the algorithmic challenge of identifying a set of influencers, assuming the parameters of the generative model are known. Recent results on learning and optimization imply that in general, if the generative model is not known but rather learned from training data, no algorithm can yield a constant factor approximation guarantee using polynomially-many samples, drawn from any distribution. In this paper, we design a simple heuristic that overcomes this negative result in practice by leveraging the strong community structure of social networks. Although in general the approximation guarantee of our algorithm is necessarily unbounded, we show that this algorithm performs well experimentally. To justify its performance, we prove our algorithm obtains a constant factor approximation guarantee on graphs generated through the stochastic block model, traditionally used to model networks with community structure.
Choice as an Engine of Analytic Thought

Choice is a behavioral act that has a variety of well-documented motivational consequences—it fosters independence by allowing people to simultaneously express themselves and influence the environment. Given the link between independence and analytic thinking, the current research tested whether choice also leads people to think in a more analytic rather than holistic manner. Four experiments demonstrate that making choices, recalling choices, and viewing others make choices leads people to think more analytically, as indicated by their attitudes, perceptual judgments, categorization, and patterns of attention allocation. People who made choices scored higher on a subjective self-report measure of analytic cognition compared to whose did not make a choice (pilot study). Using an objective task-based measure, people who recalled choices rather than actions were less influenced by changes in the background when making judgments about focal objects (Experiment 1). People who thought of others’ behaviors as choices rather than actions were more likely to group objects based on categories rather than relationships (Experiment 2). People who recalled choices rather than actions subsequently allocated more visual attention to focal objects in a scene (Experiment 3). Together, these experiments demonstrate that choice has important yet previously unexamined consequences for basic psychological processes such as attention and cognition.
Working women in transition to motherhood in Italy

This article deals with the changing relationship between work and motherhood during the first pregnancy among a group of twenty-one highly educated women living in Turin (Northern Italy), who were interviewed during the months before childbirth with their male partners, in 2010–2012. It aims to illustrate the tensions between the dominant ideas and ideals of motherhood (the ‘intensive mothering’ model) and the pressing demands of the changing labour market. The data shows that ideas, plans and decisions concerning childcare arrangements are highly gendered, being influenced by the expectations of partners, employers and colleagues and by a work culture which is not family friendly. Within this Italian social and political context, a mother-to-be faces a dilemma which is perceived as a private issue that concerns only herself. The new transition to parenthood forces women to redefine their identity and career in a highly gendered manner.
Puppets, robots, critics, and actors within a taxonomy of attention for developmental disorders

This review proposes a new taxonomy of automatic and controlled attention. The taxonomy distinguishes among the role of the attendee (puppet and robot, critic and actor), the attention process (stimulus orienting vs. response control), and the attention operation (activation vs. inhibition vs. adjustment), and identifies cognitive phenotypes by which attention is overtly expressed. We apply the taxonomy to four childhood attention disorders: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, spina bifida meningomyelocele, traumatic brain injury, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Variations in attention are related to specific brain regions that support normal attention processes when intact, and produce disordered attention when impaired. The taxonomy explains group differences in behavioral inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, as well as medication response. We also discuss issues relevant to theories of the cognitive and neural architecture of attention: functional dissociations within and between automatic and controlled attention; the relative importance of type of brain damage and developmental timing to attention profile; cognitive-energetic models of attention and white matter damage; temporal processing deficits, attention deficits and cerebellar damage; and the issue of cognitive phenotypes as candidate endophenotypes. (JINS, 2008, 14, 673–690.)
Future management of septic arthritis

Septic arthritis is a disease with a high morbidity and mortality. Antimicrobial therapy is not always sufficient to prevent joint damage and overwhelming sepsis. This review examines the progress that has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying joint sepsis. The results of this work suggest the basis for potential targets for adjunctive immunotherapy. Changing patterns in microbial etiology and sensitivities are also reviewed, and predictions made surrounding emerging causative organisms.
DIETARY FIBRE A N D MINERAL BIOAVAILABILITY

It would be comforting to know that by increasing the intake of dietary fibre in order to accrue health benefits only nutritional enhancement would occur. However, such is not the case. There are too many dietary and physiological variables to permit such an unqualified belief. The purpose of the present review is to clarify dietary fibre-mineral interrelationships and to try to assess the kinds and levels of dietary fibre which may be incorporated into diets without impairing mineral status. Dietary fibre is that portion of a food carbohydrate which cannot be digested by enzymes secreted by the host and normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Mineral bioavailability is often well below 100 % and this shows that the total amount of a mineral in a food or a biological system is not a reliable index of its nutritional value. This mineral must withstand the rigours of digestion and absorption and be available where and when it is needed. A stumbling block along the route may be dietary fibre. Unrefined cereal grains have been shown to be the best single food source of both dietary fibre and minerals. The refining of grains, essential for edibility, and desirable for palatability, reduces both the mineral and dietary fibre content of the grains. Minerals are found in highest concentrations in the germ and outer layers of the grains. Thus, with a higher extraction rate, more minerals and dietary fibre would remain
Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes toward phobic stimuli

The present study explored the presence of complaint-specific implicit associations in the domain of spider fear. Participants' implicit negative associations with spider cues were measured in highly fearful (n = 18) and explicitly nonfearful individuals (n = 19). To increase the reliability of the present study, two indices of implicit associations were used: a modified implicit association test (IAT), and an affective Simon paradigm (ASP). To test the stability of the IAT and the ASP, participants were tested twice. At the explicit level the attitude to spider cues was far more negative for high fear participants than for no fear participants. In contrast, high and low fear participants displayed very similar negative associations with spiders at the implicit level. Indicating their resistance to practice effects the ASP and IAT revealed similar results on both occasions. The dual attitude in low fear individuals suggests that the nonfearful individual is the one who can suppress the automatic negative spider stereotype, whereas the phobic individual is the one who does not attempt or is not able to control the negative associations with spider cues.
Can Eye Movement Data Be Used As Ground Truth For Word Embeddings Evaluation?

In recent years a certain success in the task of modeling lexical semantics was obtained with distributional semantic models. Nevertheless, the scientific community is still unaware what is the most reliable evaluation method for these models. Some researchers argue that the only possible gold standard could be obtained from neuro-cognitive resources that store information about human cognition. One of such resources is eye movement data on silent reading. The goal of this work is to test the hypothesis of whether such data could be used to evaluate distributional semantic models on different languages. We propose experiments with English and Russian eye movement datasets (Provo Corpus, GECO and Russian Sentence Corpus), word vectors (Skip-Gram models trained on national corpora and Web corpora) and word similarity datasets of Russian and English assessed by humans in order to find the existence of correlation between embeddings and eye movement data and test the hypothesis that this correlation is language independent. As a result, we found that the validity of the hypothesis being tested could be questioned.
Dissociation of the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to whole and skimmed milk

In most carbohydrate-containing foods, the blood insulin response is predictable and is closely linked to the food's glycaemic index (GI). A single study, examining whole milk and fermented milk products made from whole milk, recently reported a large dissociation between the GI and insulinaemic index (II) in healthy normal adults. Because the fat component of a food may influence the GI and II, it is unclear if a similar dissociation may exist for skimmed milk in normal adults. We determined the GI and II of both skimmed and whole milk in nine healthy, male (n 6) and female (n 3) subjects (23·6 (sd 1·4) years). No significant (P>0·05) differences existed between GI and II for skimmed and whole milks. Significant (P<0·05) differences were observed between the actual and predicted areas under the insulin curves for both skimmed milk (predicted 1405 (sd 289) pmol×min/l; actual 6152 (sd 1177) pmol×min/l) and whole milk (predicted 1564 (sd 339) pmol×min/l; actual 5939 (sd 1095) pmol×min/l). Consequently, a large and similar dissociation of the GI and II existed for both whole milk (42 (sd 5) and 148 (sd 14)) and skimmed milk (37 (sd 9) and 140 (sd 13)). It is concluded that the dissociation of the GI and II in milk is not related to its fat content.
Influence of fish oil supplementation and strength training on some functional aspects of immune cells in healthy elderly women

Immune function changes with ageing and is influenced by physical activity (strength training, ST) and diet (fish oil, FO). The present study investigated the effect of FO and ST on the immune system of elderly women. Forty-five women (64 (sd 1·4) years) were assigned to ST for 90 d (ST; n 15), ST plus 2 g/d FO for 90 d (ST90; n 15) or 2 g/d FO for 60 d followed by ST plus FO for 90 d (ST150; n 15). Training was performed three times per week, for 12 weeks. A number of innate (zymosan phagocytosis, lysosomal volume, superoxide anion, peroxide of hydrogen) and adaptive (cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), CD8, TNF-α, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 produced by lymphocytes) immune parameters were assessed before supplementation (base), before (pre-) and after (post-) training. ST induced no immune changes. FO supplementation caused increased phagocytosis (48 %), lysosomal volume (100 %) and the production of superoxide anion (32 %) and H2O2 (70 %) in the ST90. Additional FO supplementation (ST150) caused no additive influence on the immune system, as ST150 and ST90 did not differ, but caused greater changes when compared to the ST (P< 0·05). FO increased CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in the ST150, which remained unchanged when training was introduced. The combination of ST and FO reduced TNF-α in the ST150 from base to post-test. FO supplementation (ST150, base–pre) when combined with exercise (ST150, pre–post) increased IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 production. The immune parameters improved in response to FO supplementation; however, ST alone did not enhance the immune system.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Chamomile Capitula Extract against 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid- Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Abstract Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of aqueous extract of Chamomile capitula extract for 4 weeks on hepatotoxicity induced to rats by herbicide 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4 D). These effects could be explored by measuring body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio and relative weight of the liver. Serum levels of liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP); albumin, total protein, total bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme and antioxidant enzymes; glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. Histopathological examination of liver was also performed. Methods: Thirty six male Wistar rats were allocated into six groups as follows: - Group1: negative (normal rats) control; Group 2: positive (hepatotoxic) control given accumulative dose of 75 mg/kg b.wt. , of 2, 4- D; Group 3: Positive (hepatotoxic) control given accumulative dose of 150 mg/kg b.wt. , of 2, 4-D; Groups 4: given orally Chamomile capitula extract in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.wt. , alone. Groups 5 and 6: given combination of Chamomile capitula extract with either the accumulative doses of the 75 mg/kg b.wt. , or the 150 mg/kg b.wt. , of 2, 4-D. Results: The results showed that oral administration of Chamomile capitula extract to hepatotoxic rats for 28 days significantly decreased the elevated serum levels of liver enzymes (AST, ALT and ALP), total bilirubin and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and increased serum total protein, albumin, when compared to the corresponding control positive groups. Levels of antioxidant enzymes glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased as compared to the control positive groups. Histopathological examination of liver sections of rats administered Chamomile capitula extract showed alleviation of histological degenerative changes caused by 2, 4-D herbicide. Conclusion: The results suggest that Chamomile capitula aqueous extract induces potent hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects in 2, 4 D - hepatotoxic rats. This study recommends that intake of Chamomile capitula extract as a herbal tea may be beneficial for patients who suffer from liver diseases and oxidative stress.