Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Danger zone analysis using cone beam computed tomography after apical enlargement with K3 and K3XF in a manikin model

Background The objective of the study was to evaluate and compare how apical enlargement with K3 and K3XF nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments reduces the root thickness in the danger zone and affects canal transportation and centering ability in mandibular molar mesial canals in a manikin extracted tooth model. Material and Methods Seventy-two mesial root canals of first mandibular molars were instrumented. Initial and post-instrumentation Cone Beam Computed Tomography scans were performed after root canal preparation up to size 25, 30, 35 and 40 files. Canal transportation, canal centering and remaining root dentin thickness toward the danger zone were calculated in sections 1, 2 and 3 mm under the furcation level. Data were analyzed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results K3 instruments removed more dentin toward the danger zone compared with K3XF instruments (P< .05) and significant differences in dentin thickness were found when canal enlargement was performed to a #35-40 with both systems (P< 0.05). No significant differences in canal transportation and centering ability were found between systems, except when canal enlargement was performed to a #40 (P = 0,0136). No differences were observed when comparing the number of uses in both systems (P> 0.05). Conclusions Under the conditions of this study K3 removed a significant amount of dentin at the furcation level compared with the R-Phase K3XF rotary system in curved root canals. Enlargement to a 35-40/04 file removed significantly more dentin with both systems. Key words:K3, K3XF, R-phase, center ability, canal transportation, dentin thickness, increased apical enlargement, danger zone, dentin thickness.
MEASURING KNOWLEDGE SOURCE TACITNESS AND EXPLICITNESS: A COMPARISON OF PAIRED ITEMS

Research looking at tacit knowledge has been hindered by a lack of clarity regarding the relationship between explicitness and tacitness. Specifically, knowledge is commonly conceived of as possessing an explicit/tacit dichotomy, where it is either tacit or explicit, or continuous, where high (low) tacitness reflects low (high) explicitness. This paper extends work in the measurement of both explicit and tacit knowledge by employing overlooked aspects of Polanyi's epistemology. 225 knowledge source assessments are tested across 36 paired items. Results show strong support for separation between explicit and tacit knowledge constructs along with differential relatedness based upon the knowledge source under examination. Additionally, little support is found for a dichotomy, suggesting important implications for future research and practice. This paper uses Polanyi's tacit and personal knowing theories (Polanyi, 1958a/1962, 1966) along with Searle's work on intention and speech acts (Searle, 1969, 1983; Searle & Vanderveken, 1985) to empirically examine the argument that tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge are related but separate constructs. This paper addresses criticisms of the tacit knowledge dichotomy in knowledge-and builds a more comprehensive instrument for explicit and tacit knowledge's examination in an effort to improve upon tacit knowledge's utility and falsifiability (Bacharach, 1989). Because the items in this examination combine current conceptions of tacit knowledge in a unique manner, this study examines their content validity along with their content adequacy Specifically, this study examines assumptions surrounding explicit and tacit knowledge's status as either dichotomous descriptors or anchors on a continuum, while also exploring the alternative Polanyian view that they are related, but separate, constructs. This is expected to especially inform areas of knowledge-based study that have traditionally relied exclusively upon the tacitness descriptor, absent measures of explicitness. Such studies include just to name a few. Implications for future measures, and for managerial theory and practice are discussed.
Psychological Need Satisfaction and the Importance of Variety-Novelty

The present study investigates the plausibility of novelty-variety as a potential basic psychological need in a series of three studies. We followed set criteria proposed by Baumeister and Leary (1995) on the requirements of basic needs and explored novelty-variety within its framework. More specifically, we examined whether novelty-variety is distinct from other established needs, whether it predicts well-being outcomes, and if its absence results in adverse effects. In study 1, participants (N=202) rated novelty-variety and 10 other candidate needs (competence, autonomy, relatedness, self-esteem, self-actualization, physical thriving, security, pleasure-stimulation, popularity-influence, and money-luxury) to measure the degree to which novelty-variety uniquely predicts domain well-being. In study 2 (N=399), the fulfillment of novelty-variety and two other Self-Determination Theory (SDT) needs was experimentally manipulated in work-related vignettes and it was hypothesized that unsatisfied novelty-variety would reduce well-being. Finally, the third study (N=414) aimed to replicate the findings in study 2. All three studies provide support towards novelty-variety as a potential basic psychological need.
Efficacy of a Topical Gelatin-Thrombin Matrix Sealant in Reducing Postoperative Drainage Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Study Design Retrospective fusion level(s)-, age-, and gender-matched analysis. Purpose To determine whether the application of a topical gelatin-thrombin matrix sealant (Floseal) at the end of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) can reduce the amount of postoperative hemorrhage. Overview of Literature The effect of the matrix sealant in decreasing postoperative hemorrhage following ACDF has not been reported. Methods Matrix sealant was (n=116, study group) or was not applied (n=58, control group) at the end of ACDF. Patients were selected by 1:2 matching criteria of fusion level(s), age, and gender. Seven parameters described below were compared between the two groups. Results The total drain amount for the first 24 hours (8±9 versus 27±22 mL), total drain amount until the 8-hour drainage decreased to ≤10 mL (8±10 versus 33±26 mL), and the total drain amount until 6 AM on the first postoperative day (7±8 versus 24±20 mL) were significantly lower in the study group than the control group (all p<0.001). The time for the 8-hour drainage to decrease to ≤10 mL was significantly lower in the study group (10±5 versus 26±14 hours, p<0.001). The 8-hour drainage decreased to ≤10 mL on the operation day in most patients (88%) in the study group versus mostly on the first (48%) or second (33%) postoperative day in the control group (p<0.001). The total drain amount until 6 AM on the first postoperative day was 0 mL in 43% of patients in the study group and in 7% in the control group (p<0.001). No patient in either group required hematoma evacuation. Conclusions Application of the topical matrix sealant at the end of ACDF can significantly reduce the amount of postoperative hemorrhage.
Progress in Physics ( 33 ) Outreach : Can Physics Cross Boundaries ?

Recently, physical thinking has been making progress in domains at which it did not aim originally. In this contribution, I want to sketch some examples of what can be done. The method consists of finding systems which originate in complex or complicated structure or dynamics, and which can profit from questions physicists ask. The examples I want to present comprise biology, language and the Worldwide-web (WWW). I find it fascinating that relatively simple methods, questions, and techniques from the exact sciences seem to be able to shed new light, and also new insight, into structures which are mostly self-generated. I want to suggest and illustrate that questions outside physics proper can be developed fruitfully by physicists. My story is neither totally new (see, e.g., [14]) nor as revolutionary as it may seem. I just want to convey my interest and pleasure in addressing "esoteric" questions with the tools of mathematics and physics. The discussion will be in the subject of "network theory," and I first summarize some of its literature [1, 12] : With the advent of powerful computers on every scientist’s desk, it has become easy to analyze large data sets. These data sets come often, and quite naturally, in the form of large networks (graphs, directed or undirected), where the nodes of the graph are certain objects, and the edges are certain binary relations between them. For example, the nodes could be individual researchers, and the links could signify that they either co-author a paper, or cite each other. Other examples are pages and links in the WWW, which connect two pages; airports and connections provided by commercial airlines; words and links between these words and their definition in a dictionary. I will call such graphs real-life graphs 1. Experimental automation, and the availability of large databases through the internet provide many interesting networks for analysis. The most useful ones are obtained in collaboration with experimental scientists. Continuing a long tradition in statistical physics, the studies of large networks often concentrate on their statistical properties. Erdős and Rényi described a set of random graphs which are built as follows [3]: Take N nodes (N very large) and assume that the mean degree (number of links coming out of a node) is k > 0, independently of N. Then, paraphrasing Erdős and Rényi, one can make two statements:
Creative Practices Embodied, Embedded, and Enacted in Architectural Settings: Toward an Ecological Model of Creativity

Memoires by eminently creative people often describe architectural spaces and qualities they believe instrumental for their creativity. However, places designed to encourage creativity have had mixed results, with some found to decrease creative productivity for users. This may be due, in part, to lack of suitable empirical theory or model to guide design strategies. Relationships between creative cognition and features of the physical environment remain largely uninvestigated in the scientific literature, despite general agreement among researchers that human cognition is physically and socially situated. This paper investigates what role architectural settings may play in creative processes by examining documented first person and biographical accounts of creativity with respect to three central theories of situated cognition. First, the embodied thesis argues that cognition encompasses both the mind and the body. Second, the embedded thesis maintains that people exploit features of the physical and social environment to increase their cognitive capabilities. Third, the enaction thesis describes cognition as dependent upon a person’s interactions with the world. Common themes inform three propositions, illustrated in a new theoretical framework describing relationships between people and their architectural settings with respect to different cognitive processes of creativity. The framework is intended as a starting point toward an ecological model of creativity, which may be used to guide future creative process research and architectural design strategies to support user creative productivity.
The effects of public service motivation (PSM) and job motivation on job satisfaction of employees working for state-owned enterprises and quasi-governmental organizations in Korea: Moderating effects of agency type and mediating effects of perceptions of effort-reward fairness

이 연구는 기관유형이 반영하는 기관의 성격(예: 공공성)에 따라 동기요인이 조직유효성에 미치는 영향이 차별적으로 나타나는 지를 실증적으로 분석한 연구이다. 이를 공공봉사동기의 하위차원(공공정책호감도(APM), 공익몰입(CPI), 동정(COM), 자기희생(SS))을 중심으로 하여, 내재적 동기요인(성취감(ISM), 업무자체의 즐거움(IPM))과 외재적 동기요인(보수의 가치인식(EM), 인정에 대한 기대(ESM))이 직무만족에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 공공정책호감도(APM), 보수의 가치인식(EM), 인정에 대한 기대(ESM)가 공정성인식(PF)을 매개로 하여 직무만족에 영향을 미치는 완전매개모형을 설정하여 분석하였다. 공공기관 종사자 900명(공기업 종사자 349명, 준정부기관 종사자 551명)을 설문으로 조사한 데이터를 구조방정식 모형을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 공정성인식(PF)의 매개효과와 기관유형에 따른 조절효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 공기업과 준 정부기관 모두에서 공통적으로 직무만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인(CPI, ISM, IPM, APM via PF)이 있는 반면, 각 집단 내에서만 직무만족에 유의한 영향을 미치는 요인(공기업: ESM, EM via PF, 준정부기관: COM, SS)이 있었다. 연구결과는 기관의 성격에 따른 인사관리가 필요함을 제시한다.
STEM CELLS IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a devastating clini cal condition that often causes permanent incapacit y, especially in the younger population. The clinical relevant of TBI justifies the scientific interest i n the pathophysiology of TBI, as well as in protective ef fects and development of treatment options. Stem ce lls have the ability to induce neuroprotection and neur al repair inflammatory suppression, causing tissue reconstruction completely or partially damaged cell s to preventing cell death to evolve. However the neurological improvement observed in preclinical st udies and clinical tests based on neurological and behavioral disorders and the mechanism of action of stem cells remains unknown. In this study the authors discuss the current status of using stem ce lls to treat TBI, including the basic cell types an d potential mechanisms of action, preclinical data an d points out lack of studies and hurdles for clinic al application. The authors also focusing on the recen t demonstration that neurogenesis occurs in all mammals throughout adult life, although at a low ra te, is possible to induce neurogenesis de novo in t he adult mammalian brain, particularly in the neocorte x where it does not normally occur and that it may become possible to manipulate endogenous multipotent precursors in situ to replace lost or damaged neurons. Elucidation of the relevant molecular cont rols may both allow control over transplanted precursor cells and potentially allow the developme nt of neuronal replacement therapies for neurodegenerative disease and other central nervous system injuries that do not require transplantatio n of exogenous cells. Discuss strategies of enhance the neurogenesis (for example by exogenous tropics fact or administration) and the transplantation of differen t types of neural progenitor cells after TBI. Each strategy is discussed with an emphasis on highlight ing the progress and limiting factors relevant to t he development of clinical trials of cellular replacem ent therapy for severe TBI in humans.
W Crv: the shortest-period Algol with non-degenerate components?

Radial velocity data for both components of W Crv are presented. In spite of providing full radial-velocity information, the new data are not sufficient to establish the configuration of this important system because of large seasonal light curve perturbations, which prevent a combined light curve/radial-velocity solution. It is noted that the primary minimum is free of photometric perturbations, and this property may help to explain the elusive source of these perturbations. Photometrically, the system appears to be a contact binary with poor or absent energy exchange, but such an explanation – in view of the presence of light curve perturbations – is no more plausible than any one of the semi-detached configurations, with either the more-massive or less-massive components filling the associated Roche lobes. Lengthening of the orbital period and the size of the less-massive component above its main-sequence value, both suggest that the system is the shortest-period (0.388 d) known Algol with non-degenerate components.
Depreciation and recessions in East Asia

One of the striking characteristics of the recent currency crises in East Asia is the sharp reductions in output that followed depreciations. This paper draws on an earlier literature on contractionary depreciations to motivate an empirical model of the relationship between exchange rate and output fluctuations in a panel of six East Asian economies. There is evidence of a negative relationship between economic activity and the real exchange rate in East Asia. Informal examination of output fluctuations around episodes of sharp depreciation over the 1975-1996 period conveys the impression that such episodes are associated with modest expansion and contraction cycles, with output above trend before a sharp depreciation episode and below trend after it. The cyclical pattern is accentuated when the sharp depreciation episode occurs during a banking crisis. The very steep output declines that followed the 1997 sharp depreciation episodes appear to reflect a high concentration of banking crises of unprecedented severity. However, explicitly accounting for sharp depreciation episodes or banking crises does not add to the explanatory power of the benchmark model over the period 1975-1996.
Changes in Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, White Blood Cell Count, Liver Enzymes, and Magnesium after Gastric Bypass Surgery

Background. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP) is an established method for treatment of obesity, a condition of chronic inflammation with liver steatosis, characterised by increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC), liver enzymes, and decreased magnesium (Mg). We investigated alterations, if any, in ESR, WBC, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and Mg after RYGBP. Methods. 21 morbidly obese nondiabetic patients who underwent RYGBP surgery were evaluated preoperatively (baseline), then 1 year (1st followup) and 3.5 years (2nd followup) after RYGBP and compared to an untreated control group. Results. Body mass index, ESR, WBC, ALT, and GGT were all significantly reduced at 1 year in the RYGBP group (30%, 35%, 20%, 45%, and 57%, resp.) while Mg increased by 6%, compared to control group (P = 0.001−0.009). Conclusions. Obese patients treated by RYGBP show sustained reductions in ESR, WBC, ALT, and GGT possibly due to reduced liver steatosis and increased Mg.
Differential Responses in Human Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex to Changes in Object and Rule Relevance

Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure blood oxygenation level-dependent responses in 16 young healthy human volunteers during performance of an attentional switching task. The task allowed the separate investigation of lower-order switching between concrete objects and higher-order switching between abstract task rules. Significant signal change in the ventral striatum was demonstrated on trials when subjects switched between objects but not when subjects switched between abstract task rules. In contrast, signal change in the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) was observed during all switch trials. The switch-related responses were not contaminated by task difficulty, because the greatest signal change was observed during the relatively easy switch trials, which required both lower-order and higher-order switching at the same time. The present data suggest that mechanisms of inhibitory response control in frontostriatal systems are organized according to distinct levels of abstraction. Specifically, the response selection computation carried by the ventral striatum, which projects to the orbitofrontal cortex and the medial PFC, is restricted to the transformation of concrete stimulus exemplar information into motor responses, whereas the adaptive function of the lateral PFC extends to the transformation of abstract task-rule representations into action.
A Singular Perturbation Approach to Control of Lightweight Flexible Manipulators

The control of lightweight flexible manipulators is the focus of this work. Theflexible manipulator dynamics is derived on the basis of a Lagrangian-assumed modes method. The full-order flexible dynamic system does not allow the deter mination of a nonlinear feedback control as for rigid manipu lators, since there are not as many control inputs as output variables. This drawback is overcome by a model order reduction, based on a singular perturbation strategy, where the fast state variables are the elastic forces and their time derivatives. A composite control is adopted. First, a slow control is designed for the slow subsystem, which is shown to be the model of the equivalent rigid-link manipulator. Then a fast control is designed to stabilize the fast subsystem around the equilibrium trajectory set up by the slow subsystem under the effect of the slow control. The one-link flexible-arm prototype in the Flexible Auto mation Laboratory at Georgia Institute of Technology is chosen for developing a case study. Simulation results are illustrated, and a comparison is made between the perform ance achieved with a two-time-scale controller and with a state feedback regulator.
Asymptotic Estimates in Information Theory with Non-Vanishing Error Probabilities

This monograph presents a unified treatment of single- and multi-user problems in Shannon's information theory where we depart from the requirement that the error probability decays asymptotically in the blocklength. Instead, the error probabilities for various problems are bounded above by a non-vanishing constant and the spotlight is shone on achievable coding rates as functions of the growing blocklengths. This represents the study of asymptotic estimates with non-vanishing error probabilities.In Part I, after reviewing the fundamentals of information theory, we discuss Strassen's seminal result for binary hypothesis testing where the type-I error probability is non-vanishing and the rate of decay of the type-II error probability with growing number of independent observations is characterized. In Part II, we use this basic hypothesis testing result to develop second- and sometimes, even third-order asymptotic expansions for point-to-point communication. Finally in Part III, we consider network information theory problems for which the second order asymptotics are known. These problems include some classes of channels with random state, the multiple-encoder distributed lossless source coding (Slepian-Wolf) problem and special cases of the Gaussian interference and multiple-access channels. Finally, we discuss avenues for further research.
Fast Coding of Orientation in Primary Visual Cortex

Understanding how populations of neurons encode sensory information is a major goal of systems neuroscience. Attempts to answer this question have focused on responses measured over several hundred milliseconds, a duration much longer than that frequently used by animals to make decisions about the environment. How reliably sensory information is encoded on briefer time scales, and how best to extract this information, is unknown. Although it has been proposed that neuronal response latency provides a major cue for fast decisions in the visual system, this hypothesis has not been tested systematically and in a quantitative manner. Here we use a simple ‘race to threshold’ readout mechanism to quantify the information content of spike time latency of primary visual (V1) cortical cells to stimulus orientation. We find that many V1 cells show pronounced tuning of their spike latency to stimulus orientation and that almost as much information can be extracted from spike latencies as from firing rates measured over much longer durations. To extract this information, stimulus onset must be estimated accurately. We show that the responses of cells with weak tuning of spike latency can provide a reliable onset detector. We find that spike latency information can be pooled from a large neuronal population, provided that the decision threshold is scaled linearly with the population size, yielding a processing time of the order of a few tens of milliseconds. Our results provide a novel mechanism for extracting information from neuronal populations over the very brief time scales in which behavioral judgments must sometimes be made.