Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Bandwidth Control to Handle Long-Duration Large Flows

We describe a method of adaptively controlling bandwidth allocation to flows for reducing the file transfer time of short flows without decreasing throughput of long-duration large flows. According to the rapid increase in Internet traffic volume, effective traffic engineering is increasingly required. Specifically, the traffic of long-duration large flows due to the use of peer-to-peer applications, for example, is a problem. Most conventional QoS controls allocate a fair-share bandwidth to each flow regardless of its duration. Thus, a long-duration large flow (such as a P2P flow) is allocated the same bandwidth as a short-duration flow (such as data from a Web page) in which the user is more sensitive to response time, i.e., file transfer time. As a result, long-duration large flows consume bandwidth over a long period and increase response times of short-duration flows, and conventional QoS methods do nothing to prevent this. In this paper, we therefore investigate a different approach, that is, a new form of bandwidth control that enables us to achieve better performance when handling short-duration flows while maintaining performance when handling long-duration flows. The basic idea is to tag packets of long-duration large flows according to traffic conditions and to give temporarily higher priority to nontagged packets during network congestion. We also show the effectiveness of our method through simulation.
Monoclinic polymorph of 2,5-bis[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]-3,6-dimethylpyrazine

The title compound, C26H30N4, was prepared by condensation of tetramethylpyrazine and dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and crystallizes from chloroform/methanol in two different forms. Block-shaped crystals belong to the monoclinic crystal system and plates to the triclinic system. The two crystal forms differ in the arrangement of the centrosymmetric molecules, which have nearly identical geometries. In the monoclinic crystals reported here, planar molecules [maximum deviation = 0.062 (2) Å], with a transoid arrangement of the (E)-styryl units and completely planarized dimethylamino groups [sum of the C—N bond angles = 359.9 (2)°], form layers connected via H–π-stacking. The dihedral angle between the central and pendant rings is 1.30 (8)°. The triclinic polymorph contains two half molecules, both completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry.
Korean adolescent girls’ addictive use of mobile phones to maintain interpersonal solidarity

In this study it was predicted that there would be a close relationship between the use of mobile phones and the maintenance of interpersonal solidarity. The relationship between the addictive use of mobile phones and the maintenance of interpersonal solidarity was empirically analyzed among 188 female adolescents. The results showed that those who have a greater tendency to be addicted sent numerous text messages from places such as schools, where the excessive use of mobile phones can be a problem; furthermore, this group used such behavior to maintain interpersonal solidarity. These findings suggest that it is important to try to understand the causes of adolescent girls’ use of mobile phones and to suggest alternatives to problematic behavior.
Globalization, Downsizing and Insecurity: Do We Need to Upgrade Marx's Theory of Alienation?

Earlier, this author investigated and found wanting popular claims that technical and social organizational changes associated with globalization have now greatly lessened alienation for factory workers in fully industrialized countries. Here he follows up his suggestion that any credible account of globalization must consider increased competition and employment insecurity and their effects upon alienation. Theoretically, decreased security could have made workers more concerned with having any employment at all and less with intrinsically interesting work over which they have control. Nevertheless, research on the 1930s and the current period of downsizing provides much more support for decreased security having further disempowered workers. Demands at work may well have increased more for managers and professionals, but they have also had greater resources for coping with such increased demands. While these new developments suggest that Marx's theory of alienation needs to be updated, they are consistent with its original thrusts.
Marginalisation of the Waata Oromo Hunter–Gatherers of Kenya: Insider and Outsider Perspectives

Abstract This paper examines how the way of life of a little known group of hunter–gatherers, the Waata Oromo, was brought to an end through British colonial wildlife conservation laws and the creation of national parks in Kenya. Through this policy and that of the containment of ethnic groups to ‘tribal reserves’, the Waata lost their place in the regional economic system and suffered loss of cultural identity. It also meant that when Kenya gained independence, the Waata were not recognised as a distinct entity with rights to their own political representation. Instead, they became appendages of the dominant pastoral groups with which they had been associated. They were thus doubly marginalised, in both economic and political terms. The paper describes how this situation has led some Waata in northern Kenya to claim separate ethnic status. It discusses the problem from the point of view of a Waata social activist and of an anthropologist. These two perspectives raise further issues for the etic/emic debate in anthropology. Résumé Cet article examine l'extinction du mode de vie des Waata Oromo, groupe peu connu de chasseurs-cueilleurs, sous l'effet des lois coloniales britanniques sur la protection de la faune et de la flore et la création de parcs nationaux au Kenya. Sous l'action de cette politique et du confinement de groupes ethniques à des «réserves tribales», les Waata ont perdu leur place dans le système économique régional et subi une perte d'identité culturelle. C'est pourquoi, au moment de l'indépendance du Kenya, les Waata n'ont pas été reconnus comme une entité distincte pouvant prétendre à une représentation politique propre. Au lieu de cela, on les a rattachés aux groupes pastoraux dominants avec lesquels on les avait associés. Ils étaient ainsi doublement marginalisés, économiquement et politiquement. L'article décrit comment cette situation a conduit certains Waata du nord du Kenya à réclamer un statut ethnique distinct. Il aborde ce problème du point de vue d'un militant social waata et de celui d'un anthropologue. Ces deux perspectives soulèvent d'autres questions faisant matière à débat étique et émique en anthropologie.
Toward a Multicultural Positive Psychology:

The growing field of positive psychology is encouraging advances in the scientific research of developmental strengths and virtues like forgiveness. However, multicultural and indigenous psychology perspectives can raise valuable questions about positive psychology and the relationship between cultural particularity and virtues like forgiveness. In this article, the authors consider the meaning of virtue in psychology and then focus on the culturally embedded nature of forgiveness as a virtue. They illustrate the value of an indigenous psychology approach by describing some of the dynamics related to conflict resolution and forgiveness in traditional Hmong culture. They then consider ways forgiveness research and intervention might need to be contextualized with Hmong Americans.
Variation of mechanical properties in a multi-pass weld measured using digital image correlation

As part of a programme investigating the structural integrity of welds, the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique was used to obtain the full-field strain distribution during tensile testing of cross-weld specimens cut from a multi-pass girth welded pipe. The displacement maps were analyzed using Matlab scripts to compute local stress-strain variations from which the local proof stress values were extracted. It has been found that the DIC parameters, such as the size of interrogation windows (subsets) and speckle sizes, have significant effects on the displacement values due to the local variations in the mechanical properties within the weld between the passes. The DIC parameters were therefore optimized using monolithic aluminium alloy specimens with stress concentrations giving similar displacement gradients. The use of a high resolution camera at high magnification allowed the variations between the welding passes to be observed. The variation of the mechanical properties in the weld region is correlated with the full field hardness maps of the same region.
Interracial Relationships and the Transition to Adulthood

This study tracks and explains changing patterns of involvement in interracial sexual relationships during the transition to adulthood. Using a life course perspective that highlights the role of historical changes as well as age-graded changes in contexts and relationships, the authors hypothesize that involvement in interracial sexual relationships declines with increasing age among young adults. The analyses are based on some of the first nationally representative surveys to collect detailed information on sexual relationships: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the National Health and Social Life Survey. Findings from these surveys show that individuals are decreasingly likely to be in an interracial relationship between the ages of 18 and 35 years. They also suggest that the age decline in interracial involvement is a by-product of the transition to marriage in young adulthood and the increasing formation of interracial relationships in recent years. These findings have implications for future research on interracial relationships and family formation.
123I-5-IA-85380 SPECT Imaging of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Availability in Nonsmokers: Effects of Sex and Menstrual Phase

The study of the effects of sex and hormones on brain chemistry and neurotransmission is of increasing importance as evidence emerges of sex differences in behavioral symptoms and treatment response in neuropsychiatric disorders. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) system has been implicated in a variety of psychiatric disorders, including tobacco smoking, for which there is strong evidence supporting sex differences in behaviors and response to smoking cessation treatments. We examined the availability of nAChR containing the β2 subunit in healthy men and women and the influence of menstrual phase among women. Methods: Ten men and 19 women nonsmokers underwent one 123I-5-IA-85380 (123I-5-IA) SPECT scan and one MRI scan. A subset of 9 women, aged 18–39 y, underwent a second 123I-5-IA scan. These 9 women were scanned during the early follicular (days 4–7 in 8 subjects and day 11 in 1 subject) and mid-luteal (days 19–25) phases of their menstrual cycle. Hormone levels were measured in all women to confirm the phase of the cycle. Results: Regional brain activity (kBq/cm3) was higher (39%–54%) in women than in men nonsmokers. When regional brain activity was normalized to total plasma parent to correct for individual differences in radiotracer metabolism (VT′), differences of 10%–16% were observed, with women greater than men. In contrast, when regional brain activity was normalized to free plasma parent (VT), there was less than a 4% difference by sex in regional brain β2-nAChR availability. These sex differences in kBq/cm3 and VT′ resulted from significantly higher levels of total plasma parent, free fraction (f1), and free plasma parent in women than in men nonsmokers. No differences in plasma measures or brain β2-nAChR availability were observed across the menstrual cycle for any outcome measure. Conclusion: Overall, these findings demonstrate no significant difference in brain β2-nAChR availability between men and women nonsmokers or across the menstrual cycle. Importantly, these findings demonstrate sex differences in radiotracer metabolism and plasma protein binding and highlight the critical need to measure plasma radiotracer levels and f1 in studies that include both sexes.
Symbols and Political Quiescence

Few forms of explanation of political phenomena are more common than the assertion that the success of some group was facilitated by the “apathy” of other groups with opposing interests. If apathy is not an observable phenomenon in a political context because it connotes an individual's mental state, quiescence is observable. It is the purpose of this paper to specify some conditions associated with political quiescence in the formation of business regulation policies. Although the same general conditions are apparently applicable to the formation of public policies in any area, the argument and the examples used here focus upon the field of government regulation of business in order to make the paper manageable and to permit more intensive treatment. Political quiescence toward a policy area can be assumed to be a function either of lack of interest—whether it is simple indifference or stems rather from a sense of futility about the practical prospects of securing obviously desirable changes—or of the satisfaction of whatever interest the quiescent group may have in the policy in question. Our concern here is with the forms of satisfaction. In analyzing the various means by which it can come to pass, the following discussion distinguishes between interests in resources (whether goods or freedoms to act) and interests in symbols connoting the suppression of threats to the group in question. Few political scientists would doubt, on the basis of common sense evidence, that public policies have value to interested groups both as symbols and as instruments for the allocation of more tangible values. The political process has been much less thoroughly studied as a purveyor of symbols, however; and there is a good deal of evidence, to be presented below, that symbols are a more central component of the process than is commonly recognized in political scientists' explicit or implicit models.
Minimally Invasive Treatment of Mirizzi Syndrome, a Rare Cause of Cholestasis in Childhood

Mirizzi syndrome is the compressive blockage of the cystic or choledochal duct caused by a biliary stone occupying the cystic canal or Hartmann's pouch. This occurrence is rare and, in English literature, three cases defined in children have been observed. In order to draw attention to this rare occurrence, we preferred a 14-year-old male patient with Mirizzi syndrome. In this case, ERCP was performed preoperatively and the diagnosis was carried out with the help of clear visualisation and identification of the tissue structures as well as the stent placed in bile duct; so we protected the patient from the possible iatrogenic injury occurring during surgery.
Effect of rhythmic gymnastics on the dynamic balance of children with deafness

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a rhythmic gymnastics programme on the dynamic balance ability of a group of children with deafness. The sample consisted of 29 children with deafness. The subjects met the same criteria in terms of age, aetiology, hearing level, intelligence, school placement and socioeconomic status, and in this way, they were assigned to two groups of 12 and 17 children, for the control and experimental groups respectively. The experimental group received a 16-week rhythmic gymnastic programme at a frequency of three lessons per week, for 40 minutes, whereas the control group adhered to its regular school routine. The methods of data collection included pre-/post-test measurements of the dynamic balance for all participants of both groups. The dynamic balance ability was measured by means of a balance deck (Lafayette) in duration of 30, 45 and 60 s intervals. The findings of this study provide evidence that the specific rhythmic gymnastic programme facilitates significant improvement in the dynamic balance ability of this sample of children with deafness.
Resin-Based Dentin Restorative Materials under Accelerated Ageing: Bio-Functional Behavior

Object The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the effect of different polishing and finishing procedures on Filtek Z250 FZ ESPE restorative material. Particularly, the consequence of artificial aging (UV-irradiation) on this resin-based dental material was investigated determining also its outcome on cell behavior. Methods 96 specimens of restorative material were prepared using a light emitting diode curing unit and randomly divided into four finishing and polishing groups: (I) No treatment (FZ); (II) Identoflex rubbers (ID); (III) Enhance System (EN) and (IV) Sof-Lex Pop-on XT discs (SF). The surface morphology of native and artificially aged materials was assessed with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). FTIR and biological (biocompatibility and bacterial adhesion) analyses were also performed. Results Among all, the ID procedure represented an acceptable compromise for efficiency of polymerization and biocompatibility both before and after artificial ageing. SF and EN techniques showed better interactions with the biological environment. Conclusion UV artificial ageing of the tested specimens has shown an acceleration of the surface degrading processes, favoring a possible decrease in the mechanical properties and the release of toxic free radicals. Finishing and polishing procedure seemed to affect the photodegrading pathways, even though no differences among the techniques were observed. As the cytotoxicity of materials undergoing accelerated aging is relevant, further improvement of dental restorative materials are required to limit the long-term biological damage.
Dimensions of Consumer Expertise

The purpose of this article is to review basic empirical results from the psychological literature in a way that provides a useful foundation for research on consumer knowledge. A conceptual organization for this diverse literature is provided by two fundamental distinctions. First, consumer expertise is distinguished from product-related experience. Second, five distinct aspects, or dimensions, of expertise are identified: cognitive effort, cognitive structure, analysis, elaboration, and memory. Improvements in the first two dimensions are shown to have general beneficial effects on the latter three. Analysis, elaboration, and memory are shown to have more specific interrelationships. The empirical findings related to each dimension are reviewed and, on the basis of those findings, specific research hypotheses about the effects of expertise on consumer behavior are suggested.
The Effect of Mental-Imagery Training on Performance Enhancement with 7-10-Year-Old Children

Field studies investigating the potential benefit of mental-imagery training with young children have been lacking in the literature. The purpose of this investigation was to shed light on the appropriateness of mental training for children. Three groups of 7–10-year-old table tennis players participated in this study to assess the value of mental-imagery training, specifically with respect to children’s performance enhancement. The results indicated that children who used mental imagery experienced significantly greater improvement in the accuracy and technical quality of their shots than children in comparison groups. This study suggests that mental-imagery training, combined with videotaped images and relaxation, may be particularly promising for children.
Divorced Fathers

Previous studies show that divorced men exhibit high rates of psychological distress, alcohol abuse, and mortality. Using data from a recent national survey, we consider the possibility that these problems reflect strains associated with being a divorced father. The results show that divorced fathers report substantially higher levels of parental role strain than do married fathers. The data further indicate that the estimated effects of divorce on men's psychological distress levels and alcohol consumption are explained, in part, by higher levels of parental role strain among divorced men. Qualitative data from an in-depth interview study of 45 divorced fathers are examined to consider possible reasons why parenting in the divorced status may be conducive to parental role strain, psychological distress, and alcohol abuse.
Similarity in Observable Behaviors: A Synthesis of Studies with Implications for Socially-Aware Educational Technology Design

Conversation is like an intricate partner dance and behavioral convergence, or the similarity in observable behaviors of partners over time, can lead to shared understanding, changed beliefs and increased rapport. This article describes a synthesis of three strands of our work on fine-grained analysis of conversational interaction in peer tutoring at the paralinguistic and verbal levels, in an attempt to better understand the phenomenon of behavioral convergence and its relationship to social and cognitive constructs. Implications for development of socially-aware agents that can improve task performance through convergence to and from the human learner's behavior are discussed.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma: Cytologic, histologic, and ultrastructural correlations

A series of 15 cases of rhabdomyosarcoma diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and confirmed by histopathology is reviewed. Cytologically, the tumors were composed of a variable mixture of cells, which according to the degree of differentiation were categorized as early, intermediate, or late rhabdomyoblasts. Histologically, the tumors were divided into embryonal 9, monomorphic round cell 4, and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma 2. Comparison of histological and cytological features revealed that embryonal types were composed mainly of early rhabdomyoblasts. Recognition of these patterns may be helpful in FNAB diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Word recognition in individuals with left and right hemisphere damage: The role of lexical stress

Lexical stress patterns appear to be important in word recognition processes in normal individuals. The present investigation employed a lexical decision task to assess whether left (LHD) and right hemisphere damaged (RHD) patients are similarly sensitive to stress patterns in lexical access. The results confirmed that individuals without brain damage are influenced by stress patterns, as indicated by increased lexical decision latencies to incorrectly stressed word and nonword stimuli. The data for the LHD patients revealed an effect of stress for real word targets only, whereas the reaction time data for the RHD patients as a group showed no significant influence of stress pattern. However, there was a great deal of individual variability in performance. The latency and error rate findings suggest that LHD patients and non-brain-damaged individuals are both sensitive to lexical stress in word recognition, but the LHD patients are more likely to treat incorrectly stressed items as nonwords. The results are discussed in relation to theories of the hemispheric lateralization of prosodic processing and the role of lexical stress in word recognition.