Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study

Objective To evaluate the association between migraine and incident cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality in women. Design Prospective cohort study among Nurses’ Health Study II participants, with follow-up from 1989 and through June 2011. Setting Cohort of female nurses in United States. Participants 115 541 women aged 25-42 years at baseline and free of angina and cardiovascular disease. Cumulative follow-up rates were more than 90%. Main outcome measures The primary outcome of the study was major cardiovascular disease, a combined endpoint of myocardial infarction, stroke, or fatal cardiovascular disease. Secondary outcome measures included individual endpoints of myocardial infarction, stroke, angina/coronary revascularization procedures, and cardiovascular mortality. Results 17 531 (15.2%) women reported a physician’s diagnosis of migraine. Over 20 years of follow-up, 1329 major cardiovascular disease events occurred and 223 women died from cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, migraine was associated with an increased risk for major cardiovascular disease (hazard ratio 1.50, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 1.69), myocardial infarction (1.39, 1.18 to 1.64), stroke (1.62, 1.37 to 1.92), and angina/coronary revascularization procedures (1.73, 1.29 to 2.32), compared with women without migraine. Furthermore, migraine was associated with a significantly increased risk for cardiovascular disease mortality (hazard ratio 1.37, 1.02 to 1.83). Associations were similar across subgroups of women, including by age (<50/≥50), smoking status (current/past/never), hypertension (yes/no), postmenopausal hormone therapy (current/not current), and oral contraceptive use (current/not current). Conclusions Results of this large, prospective cohort study in women with more than 20 years of follow-up indicate a consistent link between migraine and cardiovascular disease events, including cardiovascular mortality. Women with migraine should be evaluated for their vascular risk. Future targeted research is warranted to identify preventive strategies to reduce the risk of future cardiovascular disease among patients with migraine.
Effects of pitch surface and playing position on external load activity profiles and technical demands of young soccer players in match play

Abstract This study aims to analyse the effect of different pitch surface, i.e. artificial turf (AT), natural turf (NT) and dirt field (DF) on running activity and technical demands of young soccer players (age:13.4 ± 0.5yrs; height: 161.82 ± 7.52cm; body mass; 50.79 ± 7.22kg; and playing experience: 3.5 ± 1.4 yrs). Running activity data were collected using GPS units which allowed the calculation time–motion variables. Technical performance data were registered filming soccer matches. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was employed to assess differences among variables. Total distance covered; distance for low-intensity running and very high-intensity running were higher on AT than NT (TD: η2 = .09, p = .007); (LIR: η2 = .062, p ≤ .05); and (VHIR: η2 = .05, p ≤ .05), respectively. Significant differences were identified between pitch surfaces on successful passing (η2 = .052, p = .051); unsuccessful passing (η2 = .155, p < .001); and interceptions (η2 = .1087, p < .001). Results suggest that pitch surface influences running activity and technical actions of young players. This information contributes to understand the different demands imposed in each pitch surface and, provides to the coaches the opportunity to implement strategies that could optimise players’ performance.
Orbital Multispectral Mapping of Mercury by MESSENGER: Evidence for the Origins of Plains Units and Low-Reflectance Material

ORIGINS OF PLAINS UNITS AND LOW-REFLECTANCE MATERIAL. Scott L. Murchie, Rachel L. Klima, Brett W. Denevi, Carolyn M. Ernst, Mary R. Keller, Deborah L. Domingue, David T. Blewett, Nancy L. Chabot, Christopher D. Hash, Erick Malaret, Noam R. Izenberg, Faith Vilas, Larry R. Nittler, Jeffrey J. GillisDavis, and James W. Head. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD 20723, USA (scott.murchie@jhuapl.edu); Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Applied Coherent Technology Corp., Herndon, VA 20170, USA; Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC 20015, USA; University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
Holomorphic Structures on the Quantum Projective Line

We show that much of the structure of the 2-sphere as a complex curve survives the q-deformation and has natural generalizations to the quantum 2-sphere—which, with additional structures, we identify with the quantum projective line. Notably among these is the identification of a quantum homogeneous coordinate ring with the coordinate ring of the quantum plane. In parallel with the fact that positive Hochschild cocycles on the algebra of smooth functions on a compact oriented 2-dimensional manifold encode the information for complex structures on the surface, we formulate a notion of twisted positivity for twisted Hochschild and cyclic cocycles and exhibit an explicit twisted positive Hochschild cocycle for the complex structure on the sphere.
A Measure of Students' Motivation to Learn Science through Agricultural STEM Emphasis.

There is an increased demand for motivated high school students to enter postsecondary STEM fields. Agriscience education is an innovative curriculum that can motivate students and spark interest in STEM. To recruit students to such programs, we must understand what motivates them. The purpose of this study was to determine how the secondary agriculture students conceptualized their motivation to learn agriscience. A descriptive-correlational research design was utilized with a modified version of the Science Motivation Questionnaire II (SMQ II) used as the survey instrument. Overall, students were found to have moderate levels of motivation in agriscience courses. Grade motivation and self-efficacy were found to be the motivational constructs that meant the most to students. Students were least motivated by self-determination. Getting an A and the chance to receive higher grades in their agriculture science courses were found to be the highest motivators. Researchers found that there were no significant correlations between gender or grade level and motivation to learn science. Females generally had higher motivation within selfdetermination and grade motivation than males. Additional research is needed in this area to determine what factors may exist that are preventing highly efficacious females from choosing STEM careers.
On interaction between MAC and transport layers for media streaming in 802.11 ad hoc networks

We examine the validity of TCP-friendliness and the utility of equation-based congestion control as a mean for the media streaming service in 802.11 multi-hop networks. Our investigation is motivated by the recent findings of the bandwidth-delay product of 802.11 multi-hop networks via intensive computer simulations. We show that TCP behavior in 802.11 multi-hop networks is generally inefficient and unstable because the standard TCP is too aggressive considering the low bandwidth-delay product of 802.11 networks. We introduce the concept of the `fractional window' mechanism (which resembles the stop-and-go protocol) for TCP, and show that the modified TCP is more stable and efficient while outperforming the legacy TCP in 802.11-based ad hoc networks. Finally, we show that many of the typical problems of TCP protocol (performance, network fairness, and TCP-friendliness) in 802.11 networks can be solved simply by increasing the bandwidth-delay product of 802.11 networks without any TCP modification. Based on this observation, we conclude that the assumption of the ideal steady-state TCP behavior is generally invalid in 802.11 multi-hop networking environment, and that congestion control based on TCP-friendly equation can hardly provide TCP-fair throughput and smoothness in 802.11 multi-hop networking environment.
Sociale media in en rondom de vluchtelingen-noodopvang bij Nijmegen

Social media in and around the emergency shelter for refugees near Nijmegen, the Netherlands To cope with the limited capacity of the established reception centres during the refugee crisis of 2015, the Central Agency for the Reception of Asylum Seekers (COA) set up emergency reception centers for refugees such as Heumensoord nearby the Dutch city of Nijmegen. At the peak of the crisis, the Heumensoord centre hosted about 3,000 asylum seekers. COA’s organizational approach to manage reception centers was characterized by a top-down policy. At the same time, host communities of local residents around the emergency reception center developed horizontal relations within and beyond the walls of the center, actively using available social media platforms such as Facebook. These horizontal relations enabled the development of social relations, and facilitated the exchange of goods and services. This article demonstrates the different communication strategies used by the stakehol- ders at Heumensoord, and how the different worlds of asylum seekers and the receiving, host communities came together. It also presents bottom-up alternatives to the top-down crisis approaches by unravelling cooperation options and the use of social media platforms that can lead to a more resili- ent interaction between asylum seekers and local communities.
Clone evolution: a systematic review

Detection of code clones — similar or identical source code fragments — is of concern both to researchers and to practitioners. An analysis of the clone detection results for a single source code version provides a developer with information about a discrete state in the evolution of the software system. However, tracing clones across multiple source code versions permits a clone analysis to consider a temporal dimension. Such an analysis of clone evolution can be used to uncover the patterns and characteristics exhibited by clones as they evolve within a system. Developers can use the results of this analysis to understand the clones more completely, which may help them to manage the clones more effectively. Thus, studies of clone evolution serve a key role in understanding and addressing issues of cloning in software. In this paper, we present a systematic review of the literature on clone evolution. In particular, we present a detailed analysis of 30 relevant papers that we identified in accordance with our review protocol. The review results were organized to address three research questions. Through our answers to these questions, we present the methods that researchers have used to study clone evolution, the patterns that researchers have found evolving clones to exhibit, and the evidence that researchers have established regarding the extent of inconsistent change undergone by clones during software evolution. Overall, the review results indicate that whereas researchers have conducted several empirical studies of clone evolution, there are contradictions among the reported findings, particularly regarding the lifetimes of clone lineages and the consistency with which clones are changed during software evolution. We identify human‐based empirical studies and classification of clone evolution patterns as two areas that are in particular need of further work. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turbo decision aided reconstruction of clipping noise in coded OFDM

High peak average to power ratio (PAPR) is one of the main drawback of the OFDM systems currently used in high rate communication standards. One way to reduce PAPR consists in clipping the amplitude of the OFDM signals introducing an additional noise that degrades the system performances. This work presents two iterative reconstruction algorithms of the clipped samples in coded OFDM systems in presence of channel noise. These two algorithms combine, a classical DAR procedure with an iterative decoding of the channel code in a turbo-like way.
Attitudes towards violence, impulsivity, parental styles, and externalizing behavior in adolescents: A comparison of a general population sample and a clinical sample.

Externalizing Behavior Disorders are one of the most common mental health problems among adolescents, and they have a severe impact on family, school, and social settings. The purpose of this study was to compare adolescents from the general population without an externalizing behavior diagnosis with adolescents from a clinical sample in a series of variables identified as predictors of externalizing behavior. The study included adolescents aged between 12-15 years from the Region of Murcia. A cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical design was used with a sample of 327 adolescents, who were distributed as follows: (a) Clinical Group, made up of 59 participants, and (b) General Group, made up of 268 adolescents. The results of this study indicate that externalizing behavior is mainly related to Impulsivity, although modulated by factors related to the adolescent's family and cultural socialization. The adolescents of the clinical sample described the parental styles they received as more authoritarian and less inductive than those of the adolescents from the general population.
Price Discrimination in Input Markets: Quantity Discounts and Private Information

We consider a monopolistic supplier’s optimal choice of wholesale tariffs when downstream firms are privately informed about their retail costs. Under discriminatory pricing, downstream firms that differ in their ex ante distribution of retail costs are offered different tariffs. Under uniform pricing, the same wholesale tariff is offered to all downstream firms. In contrast to the extant literature on price discrimination with nonlinear wholesale tariffs, we find that banning discriminatory wholesale contracts often improves welfare. This also holds if the manufacturer is not an unconstrained monopolist. Moreover, uniform pricing increases downstream investments in cost reduction in the long run.
Evaluating the benefits of context-sensitive points-to analysis using a BDD-based implementation

We present Paddle, a framework of BDD-based context-sensitive points-to and call graph analyses for Java, as well as client analyses that use their results. Paddle supports several variations of context-sensitive analyses, including call site strings and object sensitivity, and context-sensitively specializes both pointer variables and the heap abstraction. We empirically evaluate the precision of these context-sensitive analyses on significant Java programs. We find that that object-sensitive analyses are more precise than comparable variations of the other approaches, and that specializing the heap abstraction improves precision more than extending the length of context strings.
Recovery in microtropia: implications for aetiology and neurophysiology

AIMS/BACKGROUND The basis of binocular single vision in microtropia remains a matter of contention. This paper discusses the implications of recovery, in a group of primary microtropes following treatment, in relation to current concepts on the aetiology of the condition and proposed retinocortical correspondence. METHODS Nine previously untreated primary microtropes whose condition resolved, were reviewed in detail to assess the patterns of change in retinal correspondence, uniocular fixation, stereoacuity, and visual acuity in response to treatment. RESULTS Anomalous retinal correspondence (ARC), a central scotoma, reduced or absent stereoacuity, amblyopia, and uniocular eccentric fixation were present in all patients before treatment. Following treatment, all cases attained normal retinal correspondence (NRC), elimination of the central scotoma, stereo acuity levels of between 20 and 40 seconds of arc, 6/5 Snellen visual acuity in both eyes, and foveal fixation in both eyes. CONCLUSION A hypothesis is put forward that for the patients described, a period of normal development is likely to have preceded the onset of microtropia, during which the retinocortical “foundations” for NRC were established. Precise pairing of foveo-foveal receptive fields was not abolished by the presence of amblyopia and a central scotoma, but this relation was temporarily suspended and binocular single vision was sustained via the neural substrate of paired receptive fields over a wide retinocortical area.
Sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with dual disorders in a psychiatric hospital

Introduction. Among patients with mental illness, dual disorders patients are characterized by a heterogeneous and more severe clinical presentation that is difficult to treat. Therefore, knowledge about the distribution of this disorder and the characteristics of these patients can be helpful to optimize and organize health resources. Objective. To explore the prevalence and socio-demographic and clinical factors associated with dual disorders patients who were hospitalized due to mental illness at a psychiatric unit in Colombia between January and June 2013; this data was collected and analyzed on the basis of the medical records of each patient. Method. Observational, quantitative, cross-sectional study of a secondary source. It included the analysis of 201 patients aged 18 to 65. Results. There were 201 patients analyzed; 45.3% had dual disorders, with a ratio of 2.24 men:women; there was a high frequency of single marital status (69.2%) and more than 90% had a low socioeconomic level. The factors significantly associated with dual disorders in order of importance were: age from 18 to 35 years (OR = 11.03; CI 95% [4.43, 27.46]), male (OR = 5.10, CI 95% [2.26, 11.50]), history of aggression (OR = 3.35; CI 95% [1.63, 6.91]), and readmission in the year after hospital discharge (OR = 2.23; CI 95% [1.08, 4.61]). Discussion and conclusion. Dual disorders prevalence in this study is similar to that found by other authors. The high prevalence of dual disorders requires specialized therapeutic programs for treatment. The more hospitals know about the associated variables in this study, the more they will be able to improve their approach to patients.
Questionnaire assessment of airway disease symptoms in equine barn personnel.

BACKGROUND People working in cattle, swine and poultry barns have a higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function. There is scant evidence regarding the respiratory health of humans working in horse barns, although it is well documented that stabled horses have a high prevalence of airway disease. AIMS To determine whether people spending time in horse barns have a higher prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms than non-exposed controls. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted from May 2005 to January 2006 to investigate the prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms in 82 barn-exposed subjects and 74 control subjects. Logistic regression and the chi-square test were used to analyse the data. RESULTS There was a significantly higher prevalence of self-reported respiratory symptoms in the barn-exposed group (50%) versus the control group (15%). Exposure to horse barns, smoking and family history of asthma or allergies was independent risk factors for respiratory symptoms. High exposure to the horse barn yielded a higher odds ratio for self-reported respiratory symptoms (8.9). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to the equine barn is a risk factor for respiratory symptoms. Investigation of organic dust exposures, lung function and horse dander allergies in the barn-exposed group will be necessary to determine how best to protect the health of this group.
A Leader’s Perspective: Using Qualitative Methodology for Program Evaluation in a Rural Middle School

The purpose of this study was to analyze the male student population at West Texas Middle School in order to determine why the majority of male students at West Texas Middle School do not participate in the athletic program. This particular study was classified as both a case study and a program evaluation due to the nature of the study containing elements of both paradigms. The instruments that the researcher used to collect data were student questionnaires, structured interviews, formal observations, and attendance/academic data documents. A questionnaire was selected for data collection because of the possibility for collecting rich data straight from the student population. Structured group interviews were conducted in order to capture current and valid data from the coaching staff and the athletic director. Informal observations were conducted in order to gather rich data of interactions between coaches and students. Attendance and academic document data was collected to compare the effectiveness of athletic programs. Finally, semi structured interviews were utilized to gather opinions and perspectives of the coaches in regards to the athletic program. The findings from data analysis revealed that the male athletic department experienced low participation numbers due to a lack of student’s interest and a harmful climate created by the athletics director and coaching staff. The study revealed that the students were heavily involved in extracurricular activities. However, a small percentage of these students were involved in boy’s athletics. The athletic program lacked a clear vision with aligned goals. This, along with the toxic working environment, contributed to the toxic culture of the male athletic program.
Identification of ON–OFF direction‐selective ganglion cells in the mouse retina

We identified the ON–OFF direction‐selective ganglion cells (DSGCs) in the mouse retina and characterized their physiological, morphological and pharmacological properties. These cells showed transient responses to the onset and termination of a stationary flashing spot, and strong directional selectivity to a moving rectangle. Application of various pharmacological reagents demonstrated that the ON–OFF DSGCs in the mouse retina utilize a similar array of transmitters and receptors to compute motion direction to their counterparts in the rabbit retina. Voltage clamp recording showed that ON–OFF DSGCs in the mouse retina receive a larger inhibitory input when the stimulus is moving in the null direction and a larger excitatory input when the stimulus is moving in the preferred direction. Finally, intracellular infusion of neurobiotin revealed a bistratified dendritic field with recursive dendrites forming loop‐like structures, previously classified as RGD2 by morphology. Overall, the ON–OFF DSGCs in the mouse retina exhibit almost identical properties to their counterparts in the rabbit retina, indicating that the mechanisms for computing motion direction are conserved from mouse to rabbit, and probably also to higher mammals. This first detailed characterization of ON–OFF DSGCs in the mouse retina provides fundamental information for further study of maturation and regulation of the neuronal circuitry underlying computation of direction.