Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Bracing for the Worst: Severity, Testing, and Feedback Timing as Moderators of the Optimistic Bias

People are remarkably optimistic in their personal predictions. Hozwver, people occasionally will be pessimistic, bracing themselves for negative feedback, if they anticipate that their optimistic out-look might be challenged. The authors examined the effects of event severity, testing, and feedback timing on personal predictions. Participants believed they would or would not be tested for a medical condition with or without severe consequences. At the beginning of the experiment, participants who anticipated being tested believed they would receive their test results in 3 to 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, these participants learned that they would receive their test results in anew moments. As predicted, participants who were tested were most pessimistic when anticipating immediate feedback for a deficiency with severe consequences. Further analyses revealed that participants' personal predictions were related to their affect.
Landowner Incentives and Normative Tolerances for Managing Beaver Impacts

Limited research has examined landowner acceptance of using incentives for managing wildlife (e.g., compensation schemes). We examined acceptance of strategies for managing beaver impacts, use of incentives to protect habitat and retain beavers on private property, and how responses differed by impact severity, residential location, and experiences with beavers. Data were obtained from surveys of landowners in four regions of Oregon (n = 1,204). Education about how to coexist with beavers was the most acceptable management response across six impact scenarios (e.g., beaver chews trees, floods buildings). Lethal control was unacceptable across all scenarios. As impacts increased, leaving beavers alone became unacceptable and removing dams became acceptable. Irrespective of impact, landowners would be more likely to use incentives (e.g., financial compensation) than remove beavers. Landowners in Eastern Oregon and those who experienced impacts would be less likely to use incentives and considered aggressive strategies (e.g., removing dams, lethal control) more acceptable.
6S RNA Function Enhances Long-Term Cell Survival

ABSTRACT 6S RNA was identified in Escherichia coli >30 years ago, but the physiological role of this RNA has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that 6S RNA-deficient cells are at a disadvantage for survival in stationary phase, a time when 6S RNA regulates transcription. Growth defects were most apparent as a decrease in the competitive fitness of cells lacking 6S RNA. To decipher the molecular mechanisms underlying the growth defects, we have expanded studies of 6S RNA effects on transcription. 6S RNA inhibition of σ70-dependent transcription was not ubiquitous, in spite of the fact that the vast majority of σ70-RNA polymerase is bound by 6S RNA during stationary phase. The σ70-dependent promoters inhibited by 6S RNA contain an extended −10 promoter element, suggesting that this feature may define a class of 6S RNA-regulated genes. We also discovered a secondary effect of 6S RNA in the activation of σS-dependent transcription at several promoters. We conclude that 6S RNA regulation of both σ70 and σS activities contributes to increased cell persistence during nutrient deprivation.
Self-organization in trees and motifs of two-dimensional chaotic maps with time delay

We study two-dimensional chaotic standard maps coupled along the edges of scale-free trees and tree-like subgraphs (4-star) with a non-symplectic coupling and time delay between the nodes. Apart from the chaotic and regular 2-periodic motion, the coupled map system exhibits a variety of dynamical effects in a wide range of coupling strengths. This includes dynamical localization, emergent periodicity and the appearance of strange non-chaotic attractors. Near the strange attractors we find long-range correlations in the intervals of return times to specified parts of the phase space. We substantiate the analysis with the finite-time Lyapunov stability. We also give some quantitative evidence of how the small-scale dynamics at 4-star motifs participates in the genesis of the collective behavior at the whole network.
A newly recognized fossil coelacanth highlights the early morphological diversification of the clade

Previously considered an actinopterygian or an osteichthyan incertae sedis, the Devonian (Givetian–Frasnian) Holopterygius nudus is reinterpreted as a coelacanth. This genus is among the oldest coelacanths known from articulated remains, but its eel-like morphology marks a considerable departure from the conventional coelacanth body plan. A cladistic analysis places Holopterygius as the sister taxon of the Carboniferous (Serpukhovian) genus Allenypterus. Despite the specialized morphology of these genera, they occupy a surprisingly basal position in coelacanth phylogeny; only Diplocercides and Miguashaia are further removed from the crown. A morphometric analysis reveals that coelacanths were anatomically disparate early in their history. Conflicts between this result and those of previous studies challenge the adequacy of systematic character sets for describing historical patterns of morphological variety. Coelacanths have long had an iconic place in the study of vertebrate evolution for their apparent anatomical conservatism over geological time, but Holopterygius provides clear evidence for rapid morphological evolution early in the history of this clade.
Psychological distress of fathers attending an Australian early parenting service for early parenting difficulties

Background: Early parenting centres are in a unique position to identify and provide support to fathers experiencing mental health difficulties. However, the extent to which fathers attending these services experience mental health difficulties is not known. This study aimed to assess fathers' mental health, identify specific clinical profiles based on the severity and pattern of self-reported symptoms of depression, stress, anxiety, and fatigue and identify factors associated with poorer mental health. Methods: Participants were 144 fathers admitted to a residential programme. Socio-demographic information and symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and fatigue were collected using standardised instruments. Results: The proportion of fathers reporting distress in the clinical ranges for stress, anxiety, and depression were 17%, 6%, and 9%, respectively. Latent class analysis identified two distinct groups or clinical profiles of fathers, representing mild (84%) and high distress (16%). Poor physical health, severity of child's sleep disruption, low socio-economic position, and poor self-care were associated with high distress. Conclusions: Fathers attending early parenting services are at risk of experiencing significant levels of distress, anxiety, stress, and fatigue. Early Parenting Services can play a critical role in screening and identifying fathers experiencing poor mental health and link them into appropriate mental health support.
Children of the American Prison Generation: Student and School Spillover Effects of Incarcerating Mothers

Formal equality and judicial neutrality can lead to substantive inequality for women and children, with social costs that extend beyond individuals and families and spill over into the larger social settings in which they are located. We consider the uniquely damaging effects of an “equality with a vengeance” (Chesney-Lind & Pollack 1995) that resulted from “tough on crime” policies and the 1980s federal and state sentencing guidelines that led to the incarceration of more women and mothers. We argue that legal equality norms of the kind embedded in the enforcement of sentencing guidelines can mask and punish differences in gendered role expectations. Paradoxically, although fathers are incarcerated in much greater numbers than are mothers, the effect threshold is lower and the scale of effect on educational outcomes tends to be greater for maternal incarceration. We demonstrate both student- and school-level effects of maternal incarceration: the damaging effects not only affect the children of imprisoned mothers but also spill over to children of nonincarcerated mothers in schools with elevated levels of maternal incarceration. We find a 15 percent reduction in college graduation rates in schools where as few as 10 percent of other students' mothers are incarcerated. The effects for imprisoned fathers are also notable, especially at the school level. Schools with higher father incarceration rates (25 percent) have college graduation rates as much as 50 percent lower than those of other schools. The effects of imprisoned mothers are particularly notable at the student level (i.e., with few children of imprisoned mothers graduating from college), while maternal imprisonment effects are found at both student and school levels across the three measured outcomes. We demonstrate these effects in a large, nationally representative longitudinal study of American children from the 1990s prison generation who were tracked into early adulthood.
The Southern Hemisphere at glacial terminations: insights from the Dome C ice core

The many different proxy records from the Euro- pean Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice core allow for the first time a comparison of nine glacial terminations in great detail. Despite the fact that all termi- nations cover the transition from a glacial maximum into an interglacial, there are large differences between single ter- minations. For some terminations, Antarctic temperature in- creased only moderately, while for others, the amplitude of change at the termination was much larger. For the different terminations, the rate of change in temperature is more simi- lar than the magnitude or duration of change. These temper- ature changes were accompanied by vast changes in dust and sea salt deposition all over Antarctica. Here we investigate the phasing between a South Ameri- can dust proxy (non-sea-salt calcium flux, nssCa 2+ ), a sea ice proxy (sea salt sodium flux, ssNa + ) and a proxy for Antarc- tic temperature (deuterium, D). In particular, we look into whether a similar sequence of events applies to all termina- tions, despite their different characteristics. All proxies are derived from the EPICA Dome C ice core, resulting in a relative dating uncertainty between the proxies of less than 20 years. At the start of the terminations, the temperature ( D) in- crease and dust (nssCa 2+ flux) decrease start synchronously. The sea ice proxy (ssNa + flux), however, only changes once
Interpreting Student Workload and the Factors Which Shape Students' Perceptions of Their Workload.

This article examines the nature of student workload and how perceptions of it are formed. Inferences are drawn from five detailed case studies, taken from a wider sample of university students who completed an hourly diary for one week. A subsample was also interviewed. Perceptions of workload are not synonymous with time spent studying, but can be weakly influenced by them. There are both class effects from contextual variables and individual differences within a class. Perceptions of workload are influenced by content, difficulty, type of assessment, teacher–student and student–student relationships. Workload and surface approaches to learning are interrelated, in what appears to be a complex reciprocal relationship. It is possible to inspire students to work long hours towards high quality learning outcomes if attention is paid to teaching approaches, assessment and curriculum design in the broadest sense. It is, therefore, important to have open evaluation systems which gather feedback on a wide arra.
Adaptive and non-adaptive beampattern control using quadratic beampattern constraints

A general framework for adaptive and non-adaptive beampattern synthesis based on minimum mean-square error (MMSE) beamforming with quadratic beampattern constraints is presented. Main beam and sidelobe pattern control is achieved by imposing a set of inequality constraints on the weighted mean-square error between the adaptive pattern and a desired beampattern over a given angular region. By proper choice of angular regions and desired beampatterns in each region, we can trade off the level of pattern control with algorithmic complexity. The technique is used to synthesize a nearly uniform sidelobe level quiescent pattern for a non-linear array, and to control sidelobe levels for the same array in an adaptive manner.
Potential impact of spatially targeted adult tuberculosis vaccine in Gujarat, India

Some of the most promising vaccines in the pipeline for tuberculosis (TB) target adolescents and adults. Unlike for childhood vaccines, high-coverage population-wide vaccination is significantly more challenging for adult vaccines. Here, we aimed to estimate the impact of vaccine delivery strategies that were targeted to high-incidence geographical ‘hotspots’ compared with randomly allocated vaccination. We developed a spatially explicit mathematical model of TB transmission that distinguished these hotspots from the general population. We evaluated the impact of targeted and untargeted vaccine delivery strategies in India—a country that bears more than 25% of global TB burden, and may be a potential early adopter of the vaccine. We collected TB notification data and conducted a demonstration study in the state of Gujarat to validate our estimates of heterogeneity in TB incidence. We then projected the impact of randomly vaccinating 8% of adults in a single mass campaign to a spatially targeted vaccination preferentially delivered to 80% of adults in the hotspots, with both strategies augmented by continuous adolescent vaccination. In consultation with vaccine developers, we considered a vaccine efficacy of 60%, and evaluated the population-level impact after 10 years of vaccination. Spatial heterogeneity in TB notification (per 100 000/year) was modest in Gujarat: 190 in the hotspots versus 125 in the remaining population. At this level of heterogeneity, the spatially targeted vaccination was projected to reduce TB incidence by 28% after 10 years, compared with a 24% reduction projected to achieve via untargeted vaccination—a 1.17-fold augmentation in the impact of vaccination by spatially targeting. The degree of the augmentation was robust to reasonable variation in natural history assumptions, but depended strongly on the extent of spatial heterogeneity and mixing between the hotspot and general population. Identifying high-incidence hotspots and quantifying spatial mixing patterns are critical to accurate estimation of the value of targeted intervention strategies.
Central Poststroke Pain: Its Profile among Stroke Survivors in Kano, Nigeria

Background Central poststroke pain (CPSP) caused by sensory dysfunction of central origin is a disabling condition that significantly affects the quality of life of stroke patients. Aim The aim of this study is to determine the clinical profiles and pattern of CPSP among stroke patients in Kano, Nigeria. Methods The study was a cross-sectional design involving stroke survivors who were ≥18 years old and with no significant cognitive impairment approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Participants were assessed using diagnostic criteria form, the douleur neuropathique 4 questions (DN4 questionnaire), and Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs (LANNS). Results A total of 120 stroke patients participated in the study, in which 6 (5%) were diagnosed with CPSP occurring within the first 3 months in 50% of the participants. The pain characteristics were mainly moderate (83.3%), burning (62.5%), and continuously experienced (66.7%). The frequently affected parts were extremities or occurring as hemisyndrome. Conclusion Prevalence of CPSP following stroke is low. The clinical features are variable and can occur at a varied time and different intensities and locations. However, it majorly occurs within the first few months post stroke.
Lack of correction of secondary hyperparathyroidism long term after kidney transplantation despite good graft function

Sir, Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and its associated bone and vascular complications are highly prevalent in patients undergoing renal replacement therapy. Whether successful kidney transplantation corrects SHPT in the majority of patients with a functioning graft is unclear. In the context of an ongoing, randomized study on the effects of vitamin D therapy in post-transplant patients, we reviewed the clinical data of 150 consecutive kidney or kidney–pancreas transplant recipients with a functioning graft a minimum of 1 year after transplantation at our institution. Table ​Table11 presents patients’ characteristics displayed according to a pre-transplantation iPTH level < or ≥65 pg/ mL (upper limit of normal). As shown, despite a similar and acceptable post-transplant eGFR and optimal serum levels of calcium and phosphate, only 17% of the patients in the higher iPTH category regressed to normal, while 24% of the patients with low iPTH before transplantation moved to the higher category over time. In a multivariable model that included nine variables [age, gender, diabetes mellitus, iPTH< or ≥65 pg/mL at time of transplantation, most recent serum calcium (albumin corrected), most recent serum phosphorus, most recent creatinine, most recent eGFR and haemodialysis], we identified male gender [beta coefficient 2.67 (1.12–6.38); P < 0.03], pre-transplant haemodialysis [beta coefficient 2.25 (0.95–5.30); P = 0.06] and iPTH ≥65 pg/mL prior to transplantation [beta coefficient 11.48 (4.79–27.53); P < 0.001] as independent variables predicting iPTH ≥65 pg/mL at follow-up (model X2 = 46.56; P < 0.001). The limited available literature suggests that the risk of persistent SHPT post-transplantation is associated with high serum levels of calcium and phosphorus prior to transplantation and sub-optimal graft function post-transplantation [1]. However, when we repeated our multivariable analyses including pre-transplantation serum calcium and phosphorus, the results did not change. Some investigators suggested that 25% [2] to 50% [3] of transplant recipients demonstrate elevated iPTH long term, although our data would suggest a much higher incidence. Potential explanations include adenomatous transformation of parathyroid nodules that may be only partially reversible, reduced intestinal absorption of calcium induced by steroid therapy and persistent relative vitamin D deficiency. Despite the known dissociation between iPTH levels and bone histology, early intervention to reduce the incidence of SHPT in post-transplantation with vitamin D receptor activators or calcimimetics may be very important to reduce the incidence of osteoporotic fractures and vasculopathy in these patients [4]. Table 1 Patients’ characteristics according to pre-transplantation iPTH levels Conflict of interest statement. Dr. E. Rojas is supported by a training grant from Genzyme Therapeutics; Dr. Paolo Raggi has received research grants from and he is part of a Medical Advisory Board for Genzyme Therapeutics.
A Relationship Between the Ethics of Care and Māori Worldview—The Place of Relationality and Care in Maori Mental Health Service Provision

This short practice article draws on a small empirical study of Māori mental health nurses who work in mainstream and specialist cultural services. Emphasis on relationality in the Māori worldview places people at the heart of caring and resonates with the care principles of Tronto's integrity of care. Personal motivations for caring as well as tribal expectations of providing care and protecting integrity and respect for the person, even when taking guardianship roles formed an explicit basis for care in the social welfare of ewpopel with mental health problems and their families.
Using Identity‐Related Visit Motivations as a Tool for Understanding Adult Zoo and Aquarium Visitors' Meaning‐Making

Abstract Considerable time and effort have been invested in understanding the motivations of museum visitors. Many investigators have sought to describe why people visit museums, resulting in a range of descriptive categorizations. Recently, investigators have begun to document the connections between visitors' entering motivations and their exiting learning. Doering and Pekarik have proposed starting with the idea that visitors are likely to enter a museum with an “entry narrative” (1996; see also Pekarik, Doering and Karns 1999). Doering and Pekarik argue that these entry narratives are likely to be self-reinforcing, directing both learning and behavior, since visitors' perceptions of satisfaction will be directly related to experiences that resonate with their entering narrative. Falk took these ideas one step further and proposed that—although people have diverse reasons for choosing to visit museums—these diverse reasons tended to cluster around a relatively small number of motivational categories (2006). These categories appeared to be related to visitors' desires to use the museum for fulfilling identity-related needs. Each of us assumes many identities over the course of our life. Some of our identities are enduring and long-lasting; others are more ephemeral and situation-specific; all help us navigate through the complexities of life.
Replication Algorithms in a Remote Caching Architecture

Studies the cache performance in a remote caching architecture. The authors develop a set of distributed object replication policies that are designed to implement different optimization goals. Each site is responsible for local cache decisions, and modifies cache contents in response to decisions made by other sites. The authors use the optimal and greedy policies as upper and lower bounds, respectively, for performance in this environment. Critical system parameters are identified, and their effect on system performance studied. Performance of the distributed algorithms is found to be close to optimal, while that of the greedy algorithms is far from optimal. >
Effects of Channel Prediction for Transmit Antenna Selection With Maximal-Ratio Combining in Rayleigh Fading

Antenna selection is a low-complexity method for pragmatically exploiting spatial diversity in wireless systems. It has potentially reduced hardware cost compared with space-time or multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) coding due to the reduction in the amount of radio-frequency hardware required. Although receive antenna selection is, perhaps, more common, transmit antenna selection (TAS) offers several advantages, particularly for hardware-costly transmit schemes, such as, methods that require linearization. In use, TAS requires at least partial channel knowledge at the transmitter to perform selection. This knowledge usually comes in the form of an index to the best set of antenna/antennas that are fed back from the receiver, which implies a delay between the channel that is sampled (at the receiver) and this knowledge being acted upon (at the transmitter). In this paper, performance degradation due to outdated channel knowledge is analytically determined and related to channel characteristics. A predictive scheme is then developed to mitigate delay-induced degradation. Several factors that are related to TAS system performance under different channel scenarios, both with and without mitigation, are explored. Closed-form expressions for performance metrics such as bit error rate, outage probability, average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain, and higher order moments of the output SNR, are derived and verified by simulations. The impact of prediction is analyzed for different TAS setups and channel prediction scenarios, as well as various system design parameters.