Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trilobite biostratigraphy of the Cambrian 5 and Drumian stages, Series 3 (Laurentian Delamaran, Topazan, and Marjuman stages, Lincolnian Series) of the lower Emigrant Formation at Clayton Ridge, Esmeralda County, Nevada

Abstract The Emigrant Formation at Clayton Ridge, Nevada, consists of 420 m of variably interbedded shale, siltstone, and limestone representing an outer shelf environment. It ranges in age from the youngest portion of the Dyeran Stage (Laurentian Waucoban Series; Cambrian Stage 4, Series 2) to Skullrockian Stage (Ibexian Series; Tremadocian Stage, Lower Ordovician). Consequently, it is condensed compared to other localities. For example, the age-equivalent succession in the House Range and the Wendover Range of Utah and Nevada, respectively, is seven times thicker. The 100 m thick lower limestone and siltstone member of the Emigrant Formation at Clayton Ridge ranges in age from the Bolbolenellus euryparia/Nephrolenellus multinodus Zone (Laurentian Dyeran Stage) to the Cedaria brevifrons Zone (Laurentian Marjuman Stage; Drumian Stage; this study). The 40 trilobites described herein from two closely spaced sections of the lower member belong to the Glossopleura walcotti/Ptychagnostus praecurrens Zone (Laurentian Delamaran Stage; Stage 5), Ehmaniella Zone (Laurentian Topazan Stage; Stage 5), and Cedaria selwyni to C. brevifrons zones (Laurentian Marjuman Stage; Drumian Stage) zones. The lower Emigrant Formation is <10% as thick as age-equivalent age strata elsewhere in Nevada, California, and Utah. This condensed nature of the lower Emigrant Formation began with the flooding event at the beginning of the Oryctocephalus indicus biochron and the subsequent build-ups of the thick carbonate platforms to the south and northeast. New species are Pagetia aspinosa, P. claytonensis, and Syspacephalus mccollumorum.
Classifying older patients in hospital.

In summary, this study strengthens the evidence that measurable clinical parameters including cognition and ADL status are strongly associated with acute hospital episode outcomes and costs among older patients. Fair comparisons of performance and equity of reimbursement to health care providers will be an achievable objective if feasible, accurate and reliable methods of assessment and documentation can be developed and their applicability to specific patient groups is demonstrated. A strong international research and development effort is required to realise this vision.
The Ecology and Management of the Grey-Headed Flying-Fox Pteropus poliocephalus

Effective conservation and management of many highly mobile animal species, including flying-foxes of the genus Pteropus, are constrained by lack of knowledge of their ecology, especially of movement patterns over large spatial scales. This study deals with the conservation ecology of the grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus), a highly mobile colonial-roosting mammal endemic to eastern Australia. Like many flying-foxes in the Asia-Pacific, this species frequently comes into conflict with humans for raiding commercial fruit crops, establishing roost sites in urban areas, and because it is a vector for some diseases of humans and their commensal animals. For these reasons, P. poliocephalus has been the subject of numerous control attempts, mostly conducted at the local scale (killing of individuals at feeding sites and roosts; attempts to destroy or relocate roosts). These attempts have rarely been successful in reducing conflict between humans and flying-foxes over the long term. Partly as a result of these actions and partly because of a loss of habitat, P. poliocephalus is considered a threatened species in some jurisdictions. The conservation and management of P. poliocephalus is therefore a difficult problem. The broad objectives of this thesis are to provide new information on the ecology of P. poliocephalus, particularly in relation to distribution, movement patterns and roosting behaviour, in the hope that this information will better inform the management and conservation of the species.
Social Reproduction and the Agrarian Question of Women’s Labour in India

Using a social reproduction framework, this article explores how reproduction of rural working class households is rearticulated to capitalist production in India. Our analysis of the conditions in India reveals that the interaction of three institutions—market, state and household—has imposed the burden of reproduction on women. In turn, women’s work is dependent on private and common lands. This link, between the role of women’s unpaid labour in reproducing rural households and the fact that this work remains largely dependent on land, constitutes a failure of the Indian economy to provide decent livelihoods. It also reasserts gender equity as a contemporary and unresolved question in the midst of India’s agrarian transition and underscores the importance of instituting agrarian reforms and state intervention at levels sufficient for social reproduction.
Racial and ethnic patterns of allostatic load among adult women in the United States: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004.

OBJECTIVE This study provides a descriptive sociodemographic profile of allostatic load (AL) among adult women of all age groups, focusing on how age patterns of AL vary across racial/ethnic groups. Allostatic load, an index of cumulative physiological dysregulation, captures how the cumulative impact of physiological stress responses from person-environment interactions causes wear and tear on the body's regulatory systems, which in turn can lead to disease outcomes and health disparities. METHODS Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004, this study examines AL in a nationally representative sample of women ≥18 years of age (n=5765). Measures of AL using 10 biomarkers representing cardiovascular, inflammatory, and metabolic system functioning were created. Multivariate negative binomial regression models were used, and predicted AL scores were computed. RESULTS Black women had the highest predicted AL scores relative to other racial/ethnic groups, and a marked black/white gap in AL persisted across all age groups. Age by race/ethnicity interaction terms revealed significant racial/ethnic differences in AL patterns across age groups. Black women 40-49 years old had AL scores 1.14 times higher than white women 50-59 years old, suggesting earlier health deterioration. Mexican women not born in the United States had lower predicted AL scores than those born in the United States. CONCLUSIONS This study provides one of the first descriptive profiles of AL among a nationally representative sample of adult women in the United States and presents racial/ethnic trends in AL across age groups that are useful for identifying demographically and clinically important subgroups at risk of having high cumulative physiological dysregulation.
Rehearsal initiates systems memory consolidation, sleep makes it last

Rehearsal shifts mnemonic processing from the hippocampus to the posterior parietal cortex, sleep stabilizes the transition. After encoding, memories undergo a transitional process termed systems memory consolidation. It allows fast acquisition of new information by the hippocampus, as well as stable storage in neocortical long-term networks, where memory is protected from interference. Whereas this process is generally thought to occur slowly over time and sleep, we recently found a rapid memory systems transition from hippocampus to posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that occurs over repeated rehearsal within one study session. Here, we use fMRI to demonstrate that this transition is stabilized over sleep, whereas wakefulness leads to a reset to naïve responses, such as observed during early encoding. The role of sleep therefore seems to go beyond providing additional rehearsal through memory trace reactivation, as previously thought. We conclude that repeated study induces systems consolidation, while sleep ensures that these transformations become stable and long lasting. Thus, sleep and repeated rehearsal jointly contribute to long-term memory consolidation.
Analyzing Runtime and Size Complexity of Integer Programs

We present a modular approach to automatic complexity analysis of integer programs. Based on a novel alternation between finding symbolic time bounds for program parts and using these to infer bounds on the absolute values of program variables, we can restrict each analysis step to a small part of the program while maintaining a high level of precision. The bounds computed by our method are polynomial or exponential expressions that depend on the absolute values of input parameters. We show how to extend our approach to arbitrary cost measures, allowing the use of our technique to find upper bounds for other expended resources, such as network requests or memory consumption. Our contributions are implemented in the open-source tool KoAT, and extensive experiments show the performance and power of our implementation in comparison with other tools.
Road accidents in urban and rural areas - a case study of motorcycle accidents in Dar es salaam, Tanzania

Motorcycles transport commonly known as (Boda boda) in Tanzania has been growing up in the recent years in both urban and rural areas. Since motorcycles have been authorized to carry passengers in Tanzania they have been associated with many accidents resulting in large number of deaths and injuries in the country. Most of the road traffic injury victims are passengers, motorcyclists and pedestrians. Males are over represented in all cases. Most of the deceased were 18-29 years old. The increase of motorcycles has been accompanied with the increase of motorcycle crashes causing deaths and injuries to passengers as well as riders. According to the data collected, the statistics shows that from January to December 2015, the total number of 4079 motorcycles was involved in accidents in the country, causing 1747 deaths and 4826 injuries. Compares to the report of January to December 2014 whereby the total number of motorcycles involved in accidents were 3710, causing 1423 deaths and 3622 injuries. This is according to the report provided by the Road Safety Chief Commander in Tanzania, Commissioner (DCP) Mohamed Mpinga.
ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina--summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina).

The Clinical Efficacy Assessment Subcommittee of the American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine acknowledges the scientific validity of this product as a background paper and as a review that captures the levels of evidence in the management of patients with chronic stable angina as of November 17, 2002. The American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) Task Force on Practice Guidelines regularly reviews existing guidelines to determine when an update or a full revision is needed. This process gives priority to areas in which major changes in text, and particularly recommendations, are merited on the basis of new understanding or evidence. Minor changes in verbiage and references are discouraged. The ACC/AHA/American College of Physicians–American Society of Internal Medicine (ACP-ASIM) Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina, which were published in June 1999, have now been updated. The full-text guideline incorporating the updated material is available on the Internet (www.acc.org or www.americanheart.org) in both a track-changes version showing the changes in the 1999 guideline in strike-out (deleted text) and highlighting …
Neural Machine Translation of Rare Words with Subword Units

Neural machine translation (NMT) models typically operate with a fixed vocabulary, but translation is an open-vocabulary problem. Previous work addresses the translation of out-of-vocabulary words by backing off to a dictionary. In this paper, we introduce a simpler and more effective approach, making the NMT model capable of open-vocabulary translation by encoding rare and unknown words as sequences of subword units. This is based on the intuition that various word classes are translatable via smaller units than words, for instance names (via character copying or transliteration), compounds (via compositional translation), and cognates and loanwords (via phonological and morphological transformations). We discuss the suitability of different word segmentation techniques, including simple character n-gram models and a segmentation based on the byte pair encoding compression algorithm, and empirically show that subword models improve over a back-off dictionary baseline for the WMT 15 translation tasks English-German and English-Russian by 1.1 and 1.3 BLEU, respectively.
Musical Training Enhances Automatic Encoding of Melodic Contour and Interval Structure

In music, melodic information is thought to be encoded in two forms, a contour code (up/down pattern of pitch changes) and an interval code (pitch distances between successive notes). A recent study recording the mismatch negativity (MMN) evoked by pitch contour and interval deviations in simple melodies demonstrated that people with no formal music education process both contour and interval information in the auditory cortex automatically. However, it is still unclear whether musical experience enhances both strategies of melodic encoding. We designed stimuli to examine contour and interval information separately. In the contour condition there were eight different standard melodies (presented on 80 of trials), each consisting of five notes all ascending in pitch, and the corresponding deviant melodies (20) were altered to descending on their final note. The interval condition used one five-note standard melody transposed to eight keys from trial to trial, and on deviant trials the last note was raised by one whole tone without changing the pitch contour. There was also a control condition, in which a standard tone (990.7 Hz) and a deviant tone (1111.0 Hz) were presented. The magnetic counterpart of the MMN (MMNm) from musicians and nonmusicians was obtained as the difference between the dipole moment in response to the standard and deviant trials recorded by magnetoencephalography. Significantly larger MMNm was present in musicians in both contour and interval conditions than in nonmusicians, whereas MMNm in the control condition was similar for both groups. The interval MMNm was larger than the contour MMNm in musicians. No hemispheric difference was found in either group. The results suggest that musical training enhances the ability to automatically register abstract changes in the relative pitch structure of melodies.
Gut microbiota modulate T cell trafficking into human colorectal cancer

Objective Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) favour survival in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Chemotactic factors underlying their recruitment remain undefined. We investigated chemokines attracting T cells into human CRCs, their cellular sources and microenvironmental triggers. Design Expression of genes encoding immune cell markers, chemokines and bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR in fresh CRC samples and corresponding tumour-free tissues. Chemokine receptor expression on TILs was evaluated by flow cytometry on cell suspensions from digested tissues. Chemokine production by CRC cells was evaluated in vitro and in vivo, on generation of intraperitoneal or intracecal tumour xenografts in immune-deficient mice. T cell trafficking was assessed on adoptive transfer of human TILs into tumour-bearing mice. Gut flora composition was analysed by 16SrRNA sequencing. Results CRC infiltration by distinct T cell subsets was associated with defined chemokine gene signatures, including CCL5, CXCL9 and CXCL10 for cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T-helper (Th)1 cells; CCL17, CCL22 and CXCL12 for Th1 and regulatory T cells; CXCL13 for follicular Th cells; and CCL20 and CCL17 for interleukin (IL)-17-producing Th cells. These chemokines were expressed by tumour cells on exposure to gut bacteria in vitro and in vivo. Their expression was significantly higher in intracecal than in intraperitoneal xenografts and was dramatically reduced by antibiotic treatment of tumour-bearing mice. In clinical samples, abundance of defined bacteria correlated with high chemokine expression, enhanced T cell infiltration and improved survival. Conclusions Gut microbiota stimulate chemokine production by CRC cells, thus favouring recruitment of beneficial T cells into tumour tissues.
Endovascular Coil Embolization of Very Small Intracranial Aneurysms

Objective We aimed to evaluate the results of endovascular coil embolization for very small aneurysms (≤ 3 mm). Materials and Methods Between March 2005 and December 2008, a total of 31 very small aneurysms in 30 patients were treated by coil embolization. Of the 31 aneurysms, five (16%) were ruptured, as opposed to 26 (84%) that were not. We assessed the procedural complications, immediate angiographic outcome after coiling, clinical outcome, and follow-up MR angiography (MRA). Results Two thromboembolic complications occurred during the procedure, but did not lead to any persistent neurologic deficit. No procedural aneurysmal rupture was observed and procedure-related morbidity and mortality were both 0%. Occlusion was adequate in 25 aneurysms (81%) and incomplete in six aneurysms (19%). The clinical outcomes of five patients with ruptured aneurysms were good (Glasgow outcome scale ≥ 4), with no bleeding of the treated aneurysms during a mean follow-up period of 13.3 months. On 27 follow-up MRA, there was no recurrence, and the five incompletely occluded aneurysms showed a spontaneous amelioration resulting in an adequate occlusion. Conclusion Coil embolization of very small aneurysms is technically feasible with good results. The long-term efficacy and the potential as a standard treatment strategy remain to be determined by randomized large trials.
The role of serum adiponectin levels in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION The aim of this study was to measure serum adiponectin concentrations in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and to assess possible correlations between adiponectin and the hormonal or metabolic parameters of this syndrome. MATERIALS AND METHODS Serum adiponectin levels were evaluated in 20 women with PCOS and 22 women without PCOS whose age and body mass index (BMI) matched the patients. The levels of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, gonadotropin, and sex steroid hormones were evaluated in both groups. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) score was also calculated. The serum adiponectin levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Serum adiponectin levels were significantly lower in obese women than in normal-weight women, and they were also significantly lower in PCOS patients with HOMA scores greater than 1.7 compared with those with HOMA scores lower than 1.7. When the subjects were divided in two groups based on serum adiponectin levels (> 40 microg/ml, < 40 microg/ml), 65% of patients with PCOS were included in the lower adiponectin group (p < 0.05). In addition, gonadotropin levels were increased, dependent on the adiponectin levels in women with PCOS. CONCLUSION Adiponectin is regarded as a possible link between adiposity and insulin resistance (IR). From this data, the secretions of gonadotropin are implicated in the levels of adiponectin in women with PCOS. It is suggested that adiponectin may play an important role in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Corticosteroid injections effective for trigger finger in adults in general practice: a double-blinded randomised placebo controlled trial

Objective: To study efficacy and safety of corticosteroid injections for trigger finger (flexor tenosynovitis) in adults in general practice. Methods: Adult patients presenting with trigger finger were recruited by 21 participating general practitioners. In this randomised placebo controlled double-blinded trial, patients were injected locally with one or two injections of 1 ml triamcinolonacetonide (TCA) or 0.9% NaCl. Outcomes regarding immediate treatment response, severity of symptoms, functional disability, patient satisfaction and side effects were measured 1 week after intervention and during the 12 months thereafter. Results: A total of 50 patients were included. Short-term outcomes for the TCA and NaCl group, respectively, were: proportion of patients with satisfactory immediate treatment response 16/25 and 5/25 (p<0.001), patients with reduction in the frequency of triggering 13/24 and 6/22 (p = 0.053), mean difference in severity of pain 4.2 and 0.9 (p<0.001), patients perceiving improvement 22/25 and 9/25 (p<0.001) and difference in Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2 (AIMS-2) score 4.02 and 0.06 (p = 0.001). Long-term effects could only be assessed by analysing the cohort of participants who received TCA (as allocated treatment or escape treatment), due to a high proportion of non-responders in the NaCl group. The short-term beneficial effects were maintained during the follow-up phase of 12 months. Patients were satisfied with corticosteroid injection therapy and there were only a few minor side effects. Conclusions: Local injection with TCA is effective and safe for treating trigger finger as compared to placebo injection. The effects of steroid injections last up to 12 months. Trial registration number: ISRCTN53171398.
Bioactivity of essential oils: a review on their interaction with food components

Essential oils (EOs) are liquid preparations, produced from plant materials. Although EOs showed a promising bioactivity in vitro, they could interact in foods with some components (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) and pH, thus many authors have reported that a significant effect of EOs toward spoiling and pathogenic microorganisms could be achieved in vivo by using higher amounts of oils. Different methods can be used to assess the bioactivity of EOs (disk diffusion and agar or broth dilution methods); however, there is not a standardized test and researchers propose and use different protocols (evaluating the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration, studying the survival curves, analysis through the scanning electron microscopy, etc.). Thereafter, the scope of this review is a focus on interactions of EOs with proteins, carbohydrates, oils, NaCl, and pH, as well as a brief description on the different protocols to assess their bioactivity both under in vivo and in vitro conditions.