Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Community Service in Identity Development

Responses from a nationally representative sample of 13,000 high school seniors were analyzed to identify predictors of normative, unconventional, and deviant orientations among youth. Normative orientation was indexed using indicators of conventional political involvement (e. g., voting), religious attendance, and importance of religion. Unconventional orientation was indexed with unconventional political involvement (e. g., boycotting). Deviance was measured through marijuana use. Frequency of community service substantially increased predictability of these variables over and above background characteristics and part-time work involvement. Involvement in most types of school-based extracurricular activities was positively associated with doing service, as was moderate part-time work. Background characteristics of attending Catholic school, being female, having high socioeconomic status, and coming from an intact family also predicted service involvement. Results are discussed in terms of a theory of social-historical identity development, suggesting that community service affords youth a developmental opportunity to partake of traditions that transcend the material moment and existential present.
Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Regulatory T Cells Not Only Inhibit the Induction but Can Suppress the Effector Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity1

Epicutaneous application of haptens to UV-exposed skin induces hapten-specific tolerance. This is mediated via regulatory T cells (Tr), as i.v. injection of T cells from UV-tolerized mice into naive animals renders the recipients unresponsive to the respective hapten. However, when UV-induced Tr are injected i.v. into sensitized mice, contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is not suppressed, suggesting that Tr inhibit the induction, but not the elicitation, of CHS and are inferior to T effector cells. As sensitization takes place in the lymph nodes, but elicitation occurs in the area of challenge, we postulated that Tr injected i.v. locate to the lymph nodes and not to the periphery and therefore only suppress the induction, not the elicitation, of CHS. Indeed, i.v. injection of Tr into sensitized mice did not inhibit CHS, although injection of Tr into the ears of sensitized mice suppressed the challenge. Inhibition was hapten specific, as injection of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB)-specific Tr into the ears of oxazolone (OXA)-sensitized mice did not affect challenge with OXA. However, when ears of OXA-sensitized mice were injected with DNFB-specific Tr and painted with DNFB before OXA challenge, CHS was suppressed. Inhibition correlated with the local expression of IL-10. Depletion studies and FACS analysis revealed that Tr express the lymph node-homing receptor L-selectin, but not the ligands for the skin-homing receptors E- and P-selectin, suggesting that UV-induced Tr, although able to inhibit T effector cells, do not suppress the elicitation of CHS upon i.v. injection, because they obviously do not migrate into the skin.
Dendritic Cells by Specifically Inducing p 35 Gene Transcription

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) is a 70-kD proinflammatory cytokine produced by antigen presenting cells that is essential for the induction of T helper type 1 development. It comprises 35-kD (p35) and 40-kD (p40) polypeptides encoded by separate genes that are induced by a range of stimuli that include lipopolysaccharide (LPS), DNA, and CD40 ligand. To date, the regulation of IL-12 expression at the transcriptional level has mainly been examined in macrophages and restricted almost exclusively to the p40 gene. Here we show that in CD8 dendritic cells, major producers of IL-12 p70, the Rel/nuclear factor (NF)B signaling pathway is necessary for the induction of IL-12 in response to microbial stimuli. In contrast to macrophages which require c-Rel for p40 transcription, in CD8 dendritic cells, the induced expression of p35 rather than p40 by inactivated Staphylococcus aureus , DNA, or LPS is c-Rel dependent and regulated directly by c-Rel complexes binding to the p35 promoter. This data establishes the IL-12 p35 gene as a new target of c-Rel and shows that the regulation of IL-12 p70 expression at the transcriptional level by Rel/NFB is controlled through both the p35 and p40 genes in a cell type–specific fashion.
Women managers' career progression: an Asia Pacific perspective

Purpose – The increase in general managerial roles held by women has failed to translate into senior management positions in many countries. The paper aims to focus on the experiences of two groups of female and male managers in two diverse countries and how these groups of employees view career advancement and how this perspective may relate to the lack of women in senior managerial roles.Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts deductive reasoning to understand social practice as a means by which and how senior management identities are perceived and whether these roles are attainable. A survey was administered to female and male managers in Malaysia and in Australia.Findings – The findings indicate that women in two countries studied still have significant responsibilities for performing family duties, and bringing up children. In particular, the Malaysian respondents viewed family and personal responsibilities as their greatest impediment to attaining senior management positions. Hence, they ar.
Emotions and Change During Professional Development for Teachers

Teaching is emotional, especially when teachers must change their practices. Past research on emotions and change in the general population has been predominately quantitative. Research about teachers' emotions, however, has been predominately qualitative. To draw on both these approaches, this mixed methods study examined 50 elementary teachers' emotions during eight workshops on the writing process, by using repeated questionnaires with scale and open-ended questions, follow-up questionnaires 4 months later, and participant interviews. Quantitative data revealed that teachers' emotions became more positive, but returned to initial levels 4 months later. Quantitative data analysis found no relationships between emotions and change in practice. Interviews, however, revealed mixed emotions related to changes found in the quantitative data.
A longitudinal assessment of gifted students’ learning using the integrated curriculum model (ICM): Impacts and perceptions of the William and Mary language arts and science curriculum

This study examines the effects over time of implementing the William and Mary language arts and science curriculum for gifted learners designed around the Integrated Curriculum Model (ICM) in one suburban school district. It also analyzes stakeholders’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the curriculum. Findings suggest that gifted student learning at grades 3 to 5 has been enhanced at significant and important levels in language arts critical reading and persuasive writing and scientific research design skills, through the use of the curriculum across individual academic years and over a period of 6 years. Repeated exposure over 2‐to 3‐year periods across cohort groups demonstrated strong increasing achievement patterns. The majority of all stakeholder groups found the curriculum to be effective and beneficial in very specific ways.
Self-disorders and Schizophrenia: A Phenomenological Reappraisal of Poor Insight and Noncompliance

Poor insight into illness is considered the primary cause of treatment noncompliance in schizophrenia. In this article, we critically discuss the predominant conceptual accounts of poor insight, which consider it as an ineffective self-reflection, caused either by psychological defenses or impaired metacognition. We argue that these accounts are at odds with the phenomenology of schizophrenia, and we propose a novel account of poor insight. We suggest that the reason why schizophrenia patients have no or only partial insight and consequently do not comply with treatment is rooted in the nature of their anomalous self-experiences (ie, self- disorders) and the related articulation of their psychotic symptoms. We argue that self-disorders destabilize the patients’ experiential framework, thereby weakening their basic sense of reality (natural attitude) and enabling another sense of reality (solipsistic attitude) to emerge and coexist. This coexistence of attitudes, which Bleuler termed “double bookkeeping,” is, in our view, central to understanding what poor insight in schizophrenia really is. We suggest that our phenomenologically informed account of poor insight may have important implications for early intervention, psychoeducation, and psychotherapy for schizophrenia.
Community Detection in Temporal Multilayer Networks, with an Application to Correlation Networks

Networks are a convenient way to represent complex systems of interacting entities. Many networks contain "communities" of nodes that are more densely connected to each other than to nodes in the rest of the network. In this paper, we investigate the detection of communities in temporal networks represented as multilayer networks. As a focal example, we study time-dependent financial-asset correlation networks. We first argue that the use of the "modularity" quality function---which is defined by comparing edge weights in an observed network to expected edge weights in a "null network"---is application-dependent. We differentiate between "null networks" and "null models" in our discussion of modularity maximization, and we highlight that the same null network can correspond to different null models. We then investigate a multilayer modularity-maximization problem to identify communities in temporal networks. Our multilayer analysis only depends on the form of the maximization problem and not on the specific quality function that one chooses. We introduce a diagnostic to measure \emph{persistence} of community structure in a multilayer network partition. We prove several results that describe how the multilayer maximization problem measures a trade-off between static community structure within layers and larger values of persistence across layers. We also discuss some computational issues that the popular "Louvain" heuristic faces with temporal multilayer networks and suggest ways to mitigate them.
Aspergillus fumigatus RasA Regulates Asexual Development and Cell Wall Integrity

ABSTRACT The Ras family of proteins is a large group of monomeric GTPases. Members of the fungal Ras family act as molecular switches that transduce signals from the outside of the cell to signaling cascades inside the cell. A. fumigatus RasA is 94% identical to the essential RasA gene of Aspergillus nidulans and is the Ras family member sharing the highest identity to Ras homologs studied in many other fungi. In this study, we report that rasA is not essential in A. fumigatus, but its absence is associated with slowed germination and a severe defect in radial growth. The ΔrasA hyphae were more than two times the diameter of wild-type hyphae, and they displayed repeated changes in the axis of polarity during hyphal growth. The deformed hyphae accumulated numerous nuclei within each hyphal compartment. The ΔrasA mutant conidiated poorly, but this phenotype could be ameliorated by growth on osmotically stabilized media. The ΔrasA mutant also showed increased susceptibility to cell wall stressors, stained more intensely with calcofluor white, and was refractory to lysing enzymes used to make protoplasts, suggesting an alteration of the cell wall. All phenotypes associated with deletion of rasA could be corrected by reinsertion of the wild-type gene. These data demonstrate a crucial role for RasA in both hyphal growth and asexual development in A. fumigatus and provide evidence that RasA function is linked to cell wall integrity.
Emerging BRAF inhibitors for melanoma

Introduction: The clinical activity of BRAF inhibitor (BRAF-I) therapy is a major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma carrying BRAF mutations. However, the therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-I therapy is limited due to the onset of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance. Areas covered: The role of wild-type BRAF in melanocytes and of the mutated BRAF in the pathogenesis of melanoma is described in this article. The results obtained with BRAF-I in patients with mutated BRAF are reviewed. The mechanisms driving the intrinsic and acquired BRAF-I resistance, the development of combinatorial strategies designed to overcome them and their potential limitations are discussed. Lastly, the many questions that have to be addressed to optimize therapy with BRAF-I are listed. Expert opinion: Melanoma is an aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by poor prognosis and high mortality. The discovery of BRAF mutations which drive melanoma tumorigenesis and the development of agents which selectively inhibit mutant-activated BRAF represent a major breakthrough in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. However, the development of drug resistance underlies the need of more effective and individualized combinatorial treatments to counteract the multiple escape mechanisms utilized by BRAF-mutant melanoma. Although combinatorial strategies using agents which target different protumorigenic signaling pathway components have been shown to increase the clinical efficacy of BRAF-I, novel strategies which utilize different antitumor mechanisms are needed.
The analysis of religious assortative marriage: an application of design techniques for categorical models

In this paper, we test for a trend toward secularization in Dutch society between 1938 and 1983, using religious assortative marriage as an indicator. We use loglinear modelling techniques similar to those used in mobility analysis, in order to control for the sizes of the denominations. In addition, the factor spacial dispersion is controlled by repeating the analysis for provinces in the years 1938,1963 and 1983. In the theoretical section, we use Blau's macro-sociological theory ofintergroup relations to provide a theoretical foundation for the research techniques we used. This is supplemented by a specification of the mechanisms through which macro-sociological factors such as industrialization can influence individual decisions, resulting in religious assortative marriage. Inmarriage for members of the orthodox Protestant Re-Reformed church and for Catholics followed a similar trend: more or less constant until the end of the 1950s, a sharp drop during the 1960s, and a more gradual decline after 1973. However, inmarriage among members of the liberal Protestant Dutch Reformed Church fluctuated slightly with no apparent trend This provides qualified support for the proposition that religion has become less salient in Dutch society during the 1960s and 1970s. The analysis per province shows that in 1938 and 1963, despite a substantial loss of information, the patterns found at the aggregated level were replicated at provincial level. Inmarriage rates tended to be lower in provinces with a relatively high degree of urbanization/industrialization. Background and research questions The study of long-term trends is an important subject for sociologists, and various theories oi technological and ideological change (Nisbet 1966, Lenski, Lenski and Nolan 1991) provide numerous testable predictions. Among these are the disappearance of fixed class (Kerr I960, Kerr 1983) and the downfall of the sacred (Weber 1921, Wilson 1967). In this paper, we test for a trend toward secularity for the Netherlands during the 20th century, using religiously mixed marriages as an indicator. Of the trends predicted by these theories, that from social stability to social mobility reThis chapter appeared in 1991 in the Review of Religious Research (vol. 33, pp. 123-145). Co-authors were Jan Lammers and Wout Ultee. Reprinted by permission of the Review of Religious Research.
Bayesian Model Averaging with BMS

This manual is a brief introduction to applied Bayesian Model Averaging with the R package BMS . The manual is structured as a hands-on tutorial for readers with few experience with BMA. Readers from a more technical background are advised to consult the table of contents for formal representations of the concepts used in BMS. For other tutorials and more information, please refer to http://bms.zeugner. eu .
Exploring the basis for parents’ negative reactions to being informed that their child is overweight

Abstract Objective Increasing parental awareness of childhood obesity is an important part of tackling the issue. However, parents’ negative reactions to being informed that their children are overweight or obese can hinder their engagement with relevant services. The present study aimed to develop a deeper understanding of why parents react negatively, to help commissioners and service providers design services that are more acceptable to them. Design Open, qualitative responses to a survey were collected using a postal questionnaire. Responses were analysed using content analysis. Setting One local authority in south-west England. Subjects The sample frame included all parents receiving letters informing them that their child was overweight (91st–98th centile) or very overweight (98th–100th centile) through the UK National Child Measurement Programme in 2012. Results Forty-five of 313 eligible parents (14 %) responded to the survey, of whom forty-three rejected either to the judgement that their child was overweight and/or being provided with this feedback. Primary reasons for objection included: lack of trust in the measures used, lack of belief that being overweight is important for children's health (relative to a healthy lifestyle), and fear that discussing weight with children will trigger eating disorders. In addition, parents’ responses suggested that they considered receiving this feedback to be a criticism of their parenting skills. Conclusions Overall, three areas for improving communication with parents were suggested: tailoring letters; providing information about the importance of weight independently of lifestyle; and addressing parents’ concerns about the risks of talking to children about their weight.
Displacement and stigma: The social-psychological crisis of the deportee

The phenomenon of forced repatriation for non-citizens has grown exponentially since the passing of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 and the Patriot Act of 2001. This development is the `natural' result of the three wars on the globalized `other': the war on drugs, the war on terrorism, and the war on the immigrant (see Brotherton and Kretsedemas, 2008). Based on five years of ethnographic study (2002—7) with Dominican deportees in both the Dominican Republic and the United States we set out to answer two questions: how do Dominican deportees fare when they return to their `homeland' after living most of their lives in the United States? And how are deportees reacted to by different levels of Dominican society after being labeled by the public media as criminals and as anti-social elements? In our analysis of the data we found that the crisis of subjectivity of the deportee hinged around two prominent themes: the twin notions of place and displacement and the experience of stigmatization. We concluded that almost regardless of how long the deportee had lived in the United States the stain of a criminal past on his or her identity was permanent. Furthermore, the majority felt that despite their `freedom' they were still `doing time' in a world to which flock thousands helped by these same deportees to get the most out of their (tourist) time (Kempadoo, 1999).
Why preschoolers are reluctant to count spontaneously

Two experiments are reported which examine children's counting and its role in reasoning about the relative numerosity of two arrays. In the first experiment, children's number judgements were compared under different conditions designed to evaluate the importance of three different cues to number—length and density of rows, small number perception and counting. Children were found to count very rarely unless specifically asked to do so. Experiment 2 investigated some possible reasons why children who count readily in some situations are reluctant to count spontaneously in this number judgement task. Spontaneous counting in 4-year-olds increased in one condition only: when they were given feedback as to the correctness of their previous judgements. This feedback showed that basing judgements on number as counted was always correct whereas length and density judgements were only sometimes correct. Preschoolers' preference for length as a cue to number may therefore be due to their belief that length is a more reliable cue than counting, rather than to their ignorance about the link between counting and numerical reasoning.
Phylogeography of subterranean and surface populations of water lice Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda)

The water louse Asellus aquaticus is a widespread, euryoecious species, mostly uniform throughout its range. However, six subspecies are known from the Dinaric karst in the northwestern Balkans. They include some specialized subterranean populations. The pattern of genetic variation among subterranean and surface populations in this hydrographically highly fragmented karst region was investigated using a 653 bp fragment of the mitochondrial gene (COI). Sequencing of 168 individuals from 25 localities revealed 72 haplotypes. amova and methods of phylogenetic reconstruction all uncovered hydrographic structuring of genetic variation of the populations. Nested clade analysis pointed out several fragmentation events, along with some range expansions within hydrographical systems. By superimposing the subterranean mode of life on the phylogeographical pattern, three independent cave colonizations could be inferred within a distance of < 100 km. Caves were invaded after the ancestral surface populations became isolated through vicariant fragmentation. A possible scenario of hydrographic history of the region was constructed combining the molecular data with palaeogeographical information.
Dynamic oligomeric conversions of the cytoplasmic RCK domains mediate MthK potassium channel activity

The crystal structure of the RCK-containing MthK provides a molecular framework for understanding the ligand gating mechanisms of K+ channels. Here we examined the macroscopic currents of MthK in enlarged Escherichia coli membrane by patch clamp and rapid perfusion techniques and showed that the channel undergoes desensitization in seconds after activation by Ca2+ or Cd2+. Additionally, MthK is inactivated by slightly acidic pH only from the cytoplasmic side. Examinations of isolated RCK domain by size-exclusion chromatography, static light scattering, analytical sedimentation, and stopped-flow spectroscopy show that Ca2+ rapidly converts isolated RCK monomers to multimers at alkaline pH. In contrast, the RCK domain at acidic pH remains firmly dimeric regardless of Ca2+ but restores predominantly to multimer or monomer at basic pH with or without Ca2+, respectively. These functional and biochemical analyses correlate the four functional states of the MthK channel with distinct oligomeric states of its RCK domains and indicate that the RCK domains undergo oligomeric conversions in modulating MthK activities.
Minor Parties: A Schema for Analysis

Abstract This paper is an introduction to the study of minor parties in Ireland. It tackles a number of themes that are explored in more detail by other contributors in this volume, including the influence of minor parties, their electoral performance and the factors explaining the level of variation in these two areas. As the title suggests, this paper is a schema for how this topic can be approached. In particular it answers some of the key preliminary questions that are necessary before any analysis into this area can be conducted. Such questions include determining the number of, and support for, minor parties in Ireland vis‐à‐vis their European counterparts. It is found that although competing in a smaller arena than other comparative parliaments, the impact of minor parties in Ireland has been considerable.