Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultralow Current Densities

Spin Control Controlling and manipulating the spin of an electron is a central requirement for applications in spintronics. Some of the challenges researchers are facing include efficient creation of spin currents, minimization of Joule heating, and extending the lifetime of electronic spins, which is especially important for quantum information applications. Costache and Valenzuela (p. 1645) address the first challenge by designing and fabricating an efficient and simple superconducting-based single-electron transistor that can produce spin current with controlled flow. Key to the design is asymmetric tunneling, which leads to a ratchet effect (or diode-like behavior), allowing the separation of up and down spins. Jonietz et al. (p. 1648) use electric currents five orders of magnitude smaller than those used previously in nanostructures to manipulate magnetization in a bulk material, MnSi, pointing the way toward decreased Joule heating in spintronic devices. This so-called spin-torque effect causes the rotation of the skyrmion lattice of spins, characteristic of MnSi, which is detected by neutron scattering. Finally, McCamey et al. (p. 1652) extend the short lifetime of an electronic spin of a phosphorous dopant by mapping it onto the much longer lived nuclear spin of the atom. Mapping the nuclear spin back onto the electronic spin allows production of a spin memory with a storage time exceeding 100s, which should prove useful for future practical applications. A complicated spin texture lattice in a bulk material rotates under the influence of a tiny electrical current. Spin manipulation using electric currents is one of the most promising directions in the field of spintronics. We used neutron scattering to observe the influence of an electric current on the magnetic structure in a bulk material. In the skyrmion lattice of manganese silicon, where the spins form a lattice of magnetic vortices similar to the vortex lattice in type II superconductors, we observe the rotation of the diffraction pattern in response to currents that are over five orders of magnitude smaller than those typically applied in experimental studies on current-driven magnetization dynamics in nanostructures. We attribute our observations to an extremely efficient coupling of inhomogeneous spin currents to topologically stable knots in spin structures.
Enhanced OH in C-Type Shock Waves in Molecular Clouds

Cosmic-ray and X-ray ionizations in molecular gas produce a weak far-ultraviolet flux through the radiative decay of H2 molecules that have been excited by collisions with energetic electrons (the Prasad-Tarafdar mechanism). I consider the effect of this dissociating flux on the oxygen chemistry in C-type shocks. Typically, a few percent of the water molecules produced within the shock front are dissociated before the gas has cooled to 50 K. The resulting column density of warm OH rises from 1015 to 1016 cm-2 as the ionization rate is increased from 10-17 s-1 (typical of dark clouds) to 10-15 s-1 (adjacent to supernova remnants). These column densities produce substantial emission in the far-infrared rotational transitions of OH and are consistent with the OH/H2O ratios inferred from Infrared Space Observatory observations of emission from molecular shocks. For high ionization rates, the column of warm OH is sufficient to explain the OH(1720 MHz) masers that occur where molecular clouds are being shocked by supernova remnants. The predicted abundance of OH throughout the shock front will enable C-type shocks to be examined with high spectral resolution through radio observations of the four hyperfine ground-state transitions of OH at 18 cm and heterodyne measurements of emission in the far-infrared (e.g., from the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy).
Separation of serum proteins by high performance liquid chromatography.

This article describes the separation of serum proteins by isocratic HPLC using a polyvinyl alcohol gel as the stationary phase. The system separates immunoglobulins and other proteins by size exclusion and weak affinity bonding and gives a chromatogram that can be evaluated qualitatively, in a manner similar to serum protein electrophoresis scans. Peak heights measured for IgG, IgA, and IgM correlate closely with concentrations measured by radial immunodiffusion (RID). The separation, carried out without sample pretreatment, may prove to be a valuable technique for quantifying several serum proteins. The method may be used to screen hybridoma cultures for antibody production and to purify proteins without risk of denaturation.
Antigen production by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis

Abstract The production of excretory-secretory antigens by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis has been investigated immuno-histochemically using an antiserum raised by infection in rabbits and purified both before and after conjugation by ion-exchange chromatography. The specificity of the antibody for excretory-secretory products was demonstrated by the pattern of staining of live worms in vitro and the failure of the labelled antibody to stain dead, non-metabolizing worms. Using this labelled antibody, and unlabelled antibody in the immunoperoxidase system, the presence of parasite antigen-bearing cells in close proximity to encysted muscle larvae has been demonstrated. This is believed to be the first demonstration of antigen production by encysted muscle larvae in vivo. The implications of this observation to current concepts of immunity to Trichinella spiralis are discussed.
Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: The role of infection

Although genetic susceptibility explains the clustering of multiple sclerosis (MS) cases within families and the sharp decline in risk with increasing genetic distance, it cannot fully explain the geographic variations in MS frequency and the changes in risk that occur with migration. Epidemiological data provide some support for the “hygiene hypothesis,” but with the additional proviso for a key role of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in determining MS risk. We show that whereas EBV stands out as the only infectious agent that can explain many of the key features of MS epidemiology, by itself the link between EBV and MS cannot explain the decline in risk among migrants from high to low MS prevalence areas. This decline implies that either EBV strains in low‐risk areas have less propensity to cause MS, or that other infectious or noninfectious factors modify the host response to EBV or otherwise contribute to determine MS risk. The role of infectious factors is discussed here; in a companion article, we will examine the possible role of noninfectious factors and provide evidence that high levels of vitamin D may have a protective role, particularly during adolescence. The primary purpose of these reviews is to identify clues to the causes of MS and to evaluate the possibility of primary prevention. Ann Neurol 2007;61:288–299
Change in Access to Prescribed Medication following an Episode of Deliberate Self-Poisoning: A Multilevel Approach

Objective Patients with a history of deliberate self-poisoning (DSP) are prescribed a greater amount of medication than the general public. DSP is the most robust risk factor for repeat episodes of DSP and subsequent death by suicide, and one might therefore expect that access to prescribed medication would be reduced following an episode of DSP. However, it is unclear whether access to prescribed medication changes after an episode of DSP. The objectives of this study were to investigate changes in 1) overall, psychotropic, non-psychotropic and the psychotropic subgroup antidepressant prescribed medication availability in DSP patients following an episode of DSP, 2) prescribing of the medication ingested in the episode, and 3) potential effects of gender, age and repeater status on such change. Methods The design was longitudinal. We included 171 patients admitted for DSP between January 2006 and March 2007. Data on patients' prescriptions prior to admission were retrieved from The Norwegian Prescription Database. The outcome measure was the difference between medication load in the year following compared to the year prior to the DSP episode. Results There was a significant increase in total medication load following DSP, including both psychotropic and non-psychotropic medication. Antidepressant medication load remained stable. There was a tendency for access to drugs ingested in the episode to increase following the episode, albeit not significantly. Medication load increased with age across all medication groups irrespective of time period and gender. Conclusions The findings show that physicians do not curb prescribing to patients who have recently deliberately self-poisoned. Moreover, they highlight the need for cautious and judicious prescribing for these patients, in combination with psychological and social interventions.
Self-Organization as a Supporting Paradigm for Military UAV Relay Networks

The modern battlefield scenario presents a number of challenges that highlights the importance of data gathering and information flow as crucial to the success of a military operation. In this context, network-centric warfare systems play an important role to bridge the gap between data and information sources and consumers. These systems are generally composed of different types of networks both deployed on the field and on back-end facilities. A paramount problem faced when conceiving the interconnection between the networked devices is how to provide robust and dependable connections to the devices on the field. This work tackles this issue proposing the use of the self-organizing paradigm to design efficient UAV relay networks to support military operations. As a proof of concept, realistic simulation experiments are performed providing clear indications of the claimed benefits of the self-organizing paradigm applied to these military systems.
The optimization of fermentation conditions for producing cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and its application to goose feed

The proper culture conditions for producing cellulase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens S1, isolated from the cecum of goose was optimized by single-factor experiment combined with orthogonal test. The properties of the cellulase were investigated by DNS method. The appropriate doses of B. amyloliquefaciens S1 were obtained by adding them to goose feed. It indicated that the suitable culture conditions of producing cellulase were the culture temperature of 37°C, the initial pH of 7.0, the incubation time of 72 h and the loaded liquid volume of 75 ml per 250 ml. The effects of each factor on producing cellulase by B. amyloliquefaciens S1 were as follows: initial pH > incubation time = culture temperature > loaded liquid volume. The optimum reaction temperature and pH were 50°C and 7.0, respectively. This enzyme is a kind of neutral cellulase that possesses resistance to heat and acidity. It showed high activity to absorbent cotton, soya bean meal and filter paper. By adding different doses of B. amyloliquefaciens S1 to the goose feed, it was found that the egg production, average egg weight, fertilization rate and the hatching rate were promoted both in experiment 1 (1.5 g kg−1) and experiment 2 (3 g kg−1). Also the difference of egg production, fertilization rate and hatching rate between experiment 1 and control group was obvious (p < 0.05), and the average egg weight was significantly increased in experiment 2 (p < 0.05).
Global Implications of Self-Orientated National Monetary Rules

It is well known that if international linkages are relatively small, the potential gains to international monetary policy coordination are typically quite limited. What if, however, goods and financial markets are tightly linked? Is it then problematic if countries unilaterally design their institutions for monetary stabilization? Are the stabilization gains from having separate currencies largely squandered in the absence of effective international monetary coordination? We argue that under plausible assumptions the answer is no. Unless risk aversion is very high, lack of coordination in rule setting is a second-order problem compared to the overall gains from monetary policy stabilization.
Does Input-Trade Liberalization Affect Firms'Foreign Technology Choice?

This paper studies the impact of input-trade liberalization on firms' decision to upgrade foreign technology embodied in imported capital goods. The empirical analysis is motivated by a simple theoretical framework of endogenous technology adoption, heterogeneous firms and imported inputs. The model predicts a positive effect of input tariff reductions on firms' technology choice to source capital goods from abroad. This effect is heterogeneous across firms depending on their initial productivity level. Relying on India's trade liberalization episode in the early 1990s, this paper demonstrates that the probability of importing capital goods is higher for firms producing in industries that have experienced greater cuts on tariffs on intermediate goods. Only those firms in the middle range of the initial productivity distribution have benefited from input-trade liberalization to upgrade their technology.
Youth Studies: Fundamental Issues and Debates

PART I: THRESHOLD META-CONCEPTS AND THE CONTOURS OF YOUTH STUDIES Chapter 1: The Youth Question Chapter 2: Theoretical Approaches to the Youth Question Chapter 3: Seminal Debates in Youth Studies PART II: THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC INFLUENCES STRUCTURING THE YOUTH PERIOD Chapter 4: Education and the Youth Period Chapter 5: Work and Changing Employment Opportunities Chapter 6: Family and Parental Influence Chapter 7: The Mediated World and Technological Influences PART III: THE CHANGING EXPERIENCES OF THE YOUTH PERIOD Chapter 8: Youth Culture: in whose interests? Chapter 9: Youth Identity Formation: Agentic Potentials or Inevitable Confusion? Chapter 10: Youth Social Identities: Structurally Determined or Agentically Chapter 11: Youth Politics: Engaged/Alternative or Disengaged/Resistant PART IV: CONCLUSIONS: THE FUTURE OF YOUTH STUDIES Chapter 12: Youth Studies Coming Of Age
Recommendation with the Right Slice: Speeding Up Collaborative Filtering with Factorization Machines

We propose an alternative way to efficiently exploit rating data for collaborative filtering with Factorization Machines (FMs). Our approach partitions user-item matrix into ‘slices’ which are mutually exclusive with respect to items. The training phase makes direct use of the slice of interest (target slice), while incorporating information from other slices indirectly. FMs represent user-item interactions as feature vectors, and they offer the advantage of easy incorporation of complementary information. We exploit this advantage to integrate information from other auxiliary slices. We demonstrate, using experiments on two benchmark datasets, that improved performance can be achieved, while the time complexity of training can be reduced significantly.
Notch signalling is needed to maintain, but not to initiate, the formation of prosensory patches in the chick inner ear

Notch signalling is well-known to mediate lateral inhibition in inner ear sensory patches, so as to generate a balanced mixture of sensory hair cells and supporting cells. Recently, however, we have found that ectopic Notch activity at an early stage can induce the formation of ectopic sensory patches. This suggests that Notch activity may have two different functions in normal ear development, acting first to promote the formation of the prosensory patches, and then later to regulate hair-cell production within the patches. The Notch ligand Serrate1 (Jag1 in mouse and humans) is expressed in the patches from an early stage and may provide Notch activation during the prosensory phase. Here, we test whether Notch signalling is actually required for prosensory patch development. When we block Notch activation in the chick embryo using the gamma-secretase inhibitor DAPT, we see a complete loss of prosensory epithelial cells in the anterior otocyst, where they are diverted into a neuroblast fate via failure of Delta1-dependent lateral inhibition. The cells of the posterior prosensory patch remain epithelial, but expression of Sox2 and Bmp4 is drastically reduced. Expression of Serrate1 here is initially almost normal, but subsequently regresses. The patches of sensory hair cells that eventually develop are few and small. We suggest that, in normal development, factors other than Notch activity initiate Serrate1 expression. Serrate1, by activating Notch, then drives the expression of Sox2 and Bmp4, as well as expression of the Serrate1 gene itself. The positive feedback maintains Notch activation and thereby preserves and perhaps extends the prosensory state, leading eventually to the development of normal sensory patches.
Excretion of lactose in urine as a measure of increased permeability of the lactating breast during inflammation

Hypothesis. The increased excretion of lactose in urine will be an accurate predictor of increased breast permeability during inflammation of the breast and therefore could predict whether there is a relationship between the severity and type of symptoms suffered during mastitis and changes in breast permeability. Methods. Twenty‐six mothers were followed prospectively from Day 5 postpartum to the end of their lactation. Milk from each breast, blood, 24‐hour urine samples, and data on breast and systemic pathologies were collected at reference intervals during the first three months postpartum, daily during the occurrence of any breast inflammation and 7 days after resolution of symptoms. Results. The 24‐h excretion of lactose in urine was higher during mastitis (p<0.001), peaking at the commencement of the mastitis and decreasing over time until there was no significant difference at the time of follow‐up when compared to mothers without mastitis (p<0.25). The changes in lactose in urine were consistent with the changes in sodium, chloride, and lactose in milk, confirming milk expressed for sample analysis was representative of milk from the site of inflammation. Increased severity of breast symptoms experienced during mastitis was a significant predictor for an increased excretion of lactose in urine (p<0.022). Conclusions. The use of 24‐h excretion of lactose in urine provided a reliable marker of changes occurring in breast permeability and subsequently has shown that an increasing area of inflammation of the breast was predictive of an increase in breast permeability and associated changes in milk composition.
Perceptions of trust in football contexts : a multi-methodological approach

The concept of trust features prominently in research into interpersonal relations and effective leadership. Yet while references to trust are extensive, gaps regarding the conceptualisation and measurement of trust exist in a number of contexts in the psychological literature. This is particularly true in the context of sport, where the relevance and worth of trust in leaders is routinely acknowledged but rarely seen from the truster’s perspective; thus, little is known about how followers define, appraise and award trust. The present series of studies sought to examine perceptions of trust in the context of football, devising five distinctive investigations to explore trust in football leaders from the perspectives of both close followers (players) and distant followers (fans). Studies 1 & 2 explored academy football players’ views on trust, first through interviews, and then by employing a computer-based repertory grid technique. Findings demonstrated the relevance of trust to players in professional academy settings where both cognitive and affective sources of trust are employed in appraisals. Furthermore, results showed that within high-level football teams, both male and female players construct trust in a similar manner, differentiating trusted figures from others by appraising reliability, personal characteristics and interactions. Utilising online survey techniques, Studies 3 and 4 examined the perspective of football fans. Study 3 tracked the decline in trust of national leaders over the course of a World Cup competition, and explored fans’ reasons for awarding trust. Results demonstrate that appraisals of trust were based primarily on outcomes and observable role-related competencies such as selections and tactics. Study 4 examined fans’ trust in both club and national managers, testing the relevance of items from existing trust measures. Findings indicated that trust in more proximal distant leaders (club managers) was significantly higher than trust in national leaders. Furthermore the results showed that perceptions of likeability and reliability were the most consistent predictors of trust in both types of manager. Study 5 proposed a conceptual model of trust in football leaders which illustrates the trust appraisals made by both close and distant followers in Studies 1-4. Using the critical incident technique, the final study tested the adequacy of the proposed model for explaining ‘real-world’ incidents where trust had been gained or lost. Results demonstrated the efficacy of the model, as well as demonstrating similarities and differences among both player and fan appraisals, and incidents where trust was gained or lost. Importantly, this research presents a contribution to the understanding of trust in football contexts. Moreover, the work demonstrates the types of appraisals made by two distinct kinds of followers in this setting, and the value of employing mixed methods in research of this type.
A Lightweight Algorithm for Message Type Extraction in System Application Logs

Message type or message cluster extraction is an important task in the analysis of system logs in computer networks. Defining these message types automatically facilitates the automatic analysis of system logs. When the message types that exist in a log file are represented explicitly, they can form the basis for carrying out other automatic application log analysis tasks. In this paper, we introduce a novel algorithm for carrying out message type extraction from event log files. IPLoM, which stands for Iterative Partitioning Log Mining, works through a 4-step process. The first three steps hierarchically partition the event log into groups of event log messages or event clusters. In its fourth and final stage, IPLoM produces a message type description or line format for each of the message clusters. IPLoM is able to find clusters in data irrespective of the frequency of its instances in the data, it scales gracefully in the case of long message type patterns and produces message type descriptions at a level of abstraction, which is preferred by a human observer. Evaluations show that IPLoM outperforms similar algorithms statistically significantly.