Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Measurements and modeling of photolysis rates during the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) II campaign

[1] In this paper we compare radiative transfer model calculations of the actinic flux in the UV spectral region with airborne measurements of the actinic flux, obtained during the Photochemical Activity and Ultraviolet Radiation (PAUR) campaign, which took place in the Aegean Sea, Greece, in June 1996, in order to assess the accuracy of the model in calculating photolysis rates, when the model input parameters are well defined from measurements. The model can simulate the total actinic flux (4π sr) in the UV-A region with an accuracy of 5% for all altitudes (0.1–12 km) in the cloud free troposphere, while in the UV-B the impact of the vertical distribution of ozone and aerosol can lead to differences, of about 5–10% at low altitudes up to 20% at higher altitudes. Next, the photolysis rates of J(O1D) and J(NO2) measured during the PAUR 2, in Crete, Greece (35.5°N, 23.8°E), in May 1999, at two altitudes (Gerani 30 m and Prases 1000 m), are compared with the respective model calculations in order to examine the effect of the alternating Sahara dust/maritime aerosol environments imposed to these photolysis rates, as well as to examine their differences due to the altitude difference. It is shown that high levels of tropospheric ozone and absorbing aerosols can cause a decrease in the photolysis rates of ozone near the surface, even under conditions of reduced total ozone content. This fact indicates that tropospheric ozone can be disproportionately important as a filter against UV-B radiation when most scattering of the radiation by air molecules and dust occurs in the troposphere. This behavior is not simulated accurately using a radiative transfer model constrained by observations of ozone and aerosol optical depths. The differences of the of the photolysis rates between the two altitudes as determined by the model and by the measurements, differ significantly for the Sahara dust event, indicating that during this event in the boundary layer, there is a mixture of desert and nonabsorbing aerosols.
From landscape description to quantification: A new generation of reconstructions provides new perspectives on Holocene regional landscapes of SE Sweden

The development since the beginning of the 20th century of the pollen-analytical theory and method as a palaeoecological tool for describing landscape development is outlined with reference to southern Scandinavia. Numerical methods applied since the 1980s are discussed. The aim of this paper is to provide a new perspective on the landscape development and human impact during the Holocene by applying the Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model to the pollen records from the reference site Lake Färskesjön in SE Sweden. The model was applied both to a previously published record (core 1956, entire Holocene until ad 1600) and a newly collected dataset (core 2013, the last 3000 years). The comparison between the REVEALS estimates of vegetation cover and historical landscape maps indicate that traditional, uncorrected pollen percentages significantly underestimate the degree of landscape openness created by long-term farming and pasturing, but that the degree of underestimation varies over time, depending on the species composition of both the forest and the open-land communities. The REVEALS reconstructions are also a useful tool for the quantification of past land-use changes that may have affected the nutrient loading to the Baltic Sea.
Analysis of the relationship between p53 immunohistochemical expression and risk factors for lung cancer, with special emphasis on residential radon exposure.

BACKGROUND Indoor radon exposure has been postulated as the second risk factor of lung cancer after tobacco. The objective of this work is to analyze if there exists any effect on p53 immunohistochemical expression mainly due to radon exposure and other risk factors for lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The tumor samples of a case series of 163 lung cancer cases were analyzed to know the p53 staining. The staining was classified into four categories from no staining to intense staining (>60%). This staining was correlated with radon exposure, tobacco consumption, having worked in risk occupations for lung cancer and alcohol consumption. RESULTS Only 72 samples could be analyzed for immunohistochemistry and some of these samples were sequenced from exons 4-8. No association was observed for staining intensity and radon exposure and also for tobacco and occupation. A slight association with a more intense staining was observed for high alcohol intake. In the four samples with a staining >60% that could be sequenced from exons 4 to 8, no mutation was observed in the p53 gene. CONCLUSION There is no association between radon exposure and p53 expression, indicating that maybe the effect of radon is not mediated through p53 alterations.
The Importance of Prior Probabilities for Entry Page Search

An important class of searches on the world-wide-web has the goal to find an entry page (homepage) of an organisation. Entry page search is quite different from Ad Hoc search. Indeed a plain Ad Hoc system performs disappointingly. We explored three non-content features of web pages: page length, number of incoming links and URL form. Especially the URL form proved to be a good predictor. Using URL form priors we found over 70% of all entry pages at rank 1, and up to 89% in the top 10. Non-content features can easily be embedded in a language model framework as a prior probability.
Identification and implications of off‐axis lava flows around the East Pacific Rise

Off‐axis eruptions at ocean ridges provide critical information with respect to underlying crustal plumbing and mantle melting systems. A detailed study of basaltic glass samples around the East Pacific Rise from 12°00′ to 12°30′N provides geological evidence for the existence of off‐axis eruptions with a distinctive chemical composition. This composition has not been found along the axis of the EPR from 8° to 14°N except at a ridge‐transform intersection but has been recovered in numerous locations that were farther than 1 km off axis. These off‐axis normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts, or OA‐NMORB, are distinguished by low Na2O, Sr, and Al2O3 and are unusually depleted in incompatible elements. Moderately enriched off‐axis transitional mid‐ocean ridge basalts (OA‐TMORB) with the same compositional tendencies can also be identified. Comparison of EPR axis lavas and the OA type suggests that they come from the same range of (unmelted) mantle source compositions but that the source of the OA magmas was depleted in incompatible trace elements by removal of a small‐ degree partial melt. This would be consistent with the OA type as an EPR pooled melt that is missing the low‐degree melt fraction from deep in the melting regime, which provides a reasonable physical model for their formation. In this case, off‐axis magmas do not represent the same range of chemical variation as magmas delivered to the axial magma system. The OA‐NMORB are similar to depleted lavas from near‐EPR seamounts. Other seamount lavas with depleted trace elements have TMORB‐like major elements, and may be classified as OA‐TMORB. The similarity between seamount lavas and the lavas erupted off axis close to the EPR suggests that the two are manifestations of the same phenomenon. We suggest that seamount‐type volcanism effectively starts within 1–2 km of the axis. This is within the range where lavas derived from the axial plumbing system may also erupt. Therefore there is a narrow zone where young lava flows from the axial plumbing system and from the off‐axis systems may overlap. Lavas erupted off axis may ultimately cover 20% of the seafloor around the EPR, which is substantially more than previous estimates that were based primarily on morphological studies.
Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting in China: Symbol or Substance?

This study focuses on how and why firms strategically respond to government signals on appropriate corporate activity. We integrate institutional theory with research on corporate political strategy to develop a political dependence model that explains (a) how different types of dependency on the government lead firms to issue corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports and (b) how the risk of governmental monitoring affects the extent to which CSR reports are symbolic or substantive. First, we examine how firm characteristics reflecting dependence on the government—including private versus state ownership, executives serving on political councils, political legacy, and financial resources—affect the likelihood of firms issuing CSR reports. Second, we focus on the symbolic nature of CSR reporting and how variance in the risk of government monitoring through channels such as bureaucratic embeddedness and regional government institutional development influences the extent to which CSR communications are symbolically decoupled from substantive CSR activities. Our database includes all CSR reports issued by the approximately 1,600 publicly listed Chinese firms between 2006 and 2009. Our hypotheses are generally supported. The political perspective we develop contributes to organizational theory by showing that (a) government signaling is an important mechanism of political influence, (b) different types of dependency on the government expose firms to different types of legitimacy pressure, and (c) firms face a decoupling risk that makes them more likely to enact substantive CSR actions in situations in which they are likely to be monitored.
Epitope-Dependent Avidity Thresholds for Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Clearance of Virus-Infected Cells

ABSTRACT Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for immune control of viral infections. “Functional avidity,” defined by the sensitizing dose of exogenously added epitope yielding half-maximal CTL triggering against uninfected target cells (SD50), has been utilized extensively as a measure of antiviral efficiency. However, CTLs recognize infected cells via endogenously produced epitopes, and the relationship of SD50 to antiviral activity has never been directly revealed. We elucidate this relationship by comparing CTL killing of cells infected with panels of epitope-variant viruses to the corresponding SD50 for the variant epitopes. This reveals a steeply sigmoid relationship between avidity and infected cell killing, with avidity thresholds (defined as the SD50 required for CTL to achieve 50% efficiency of infected cell killing [KE50]), below which infected cell killing rapidly drops to none and above which killing efficiency rapidly plateaus. Three CTL clones recognizing the same viral epitope show the same KE50 despite differential recognition of individual epitope variants, while CTLs recognizing another epitope show a 10-fold-higher KE50, demonstrating epitope dependence of KE50. Finally, the ability of CTLs to suppress viral replication depends on the same threshold KE50. Thus, defining KE50 values is required to interpret the significance of functional avidity measurements and predict CTL efficacy against virus-infected cells in pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
Evaluation of water vapor distribution in general circulation models using satellite observations

This paper presents a comparison of the water vapor distribution obtained from two general circulation models, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model and the National Center for Atmospheric Reseach (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM), with satellite observations of total precipitable water (TPW) from SSM/I and upper tropospheric relative humidity (UTH) from GOES. Overall, both models are successful in capturing the primary features of the observed water vapor distribution and its seasonal variation. For the ECMWF model, however, a systematic moist bias in TPW is noted over well-known stratocumulus regions in the eastern subtropical oceans. Comparison with radiosonde profiles suggests that this problem is attributable to difficulties in modeling the shallowness of the boundary layer and large vertical water vapor gradients which characterize these regions. In comparison, the CCM is more successful in capturing the low values of TPW in the stratocumulus regions, although it tends to exhibit a dry bias over the eastern half of the subtropical oceans and a corresponding moist bias in the western half. The CCM also significantly overestimates the daily variability of the moisture fields in convective regions, suggesting a problem in simulating the temporal nature of moisture transport by deep convection. Comparison of the monthly mean UTH distribution indicates generally larger discrepancies than were noted for TPW owing to the greater influence of large-scale dynamical processes in determining the distribution of UTH. In particular, the ECMWF model exhibits a distinct dry bias along the ITCZ and a moist bias over the subtropical descending branches of the Hadley cell, suggesting an underprediction in the strength of the Hadley circulation. The CCM, on the other hand, demonstrates greater discrepancies in UTH than are observed for the ECMWF model, but none that are as clearly correlated with well-known features of the large-scale circulation.
Integrating placement and audience characteristics to assess the recall of product placements in film: findings from a field study

This research incorporates into a single model characteristics of product placements in films and characteristics of the consumers and their viewing environment to assess the memorability of the placements. Eleven movies containing a total of 98 placements of varied characteristics were coded. 3,532 individuals who viewed a DVD rental of one of these movies at home completed a questionnaire on the following day. The questionnaire included audience viewing characteristics as well as a free recall measure of placements. The results reveal important insights into the variables that affect, positively or negatively, the day after recall of products placed in movies
Adaptive Failure Detection via Heartbeat under Hadoop

Hadoop has become one popular framework to process massive data sets in a large scale cluster. However, it is observed that the detection of the failed worker is delayed, which may result in a significant increase in the completion time of jobs with different workload. To cope with it, we present two mechanisms: Adaptive interval and Reputation-based Detector that support Hadoop to detect the failed worker in the shortest time. The Adaptive interval is trying to dynamically configure the expiration time which is adaptive to the job size. The Reputation-based Detector is trying to evaluate the reputation of each worker. Once the reputation of a worker is lower than a threshold, then the worker will be considered as a failed worker. In our experiments, we demonstrate that both of these strategies have achieved great improvement in the detection of the failed worker. Specifically, the Adaptive interval has a relatively better performance with small jobs, while the Reputation-based Detector is more suitable for large jobs.
Comparison between symptomatic treatment and lomustine supplementation in 71 dogs with intracranial, space-occupying lesions.

Brain neoplasia is diagnosed in an increasing number of dogs. Consequently, there is a higher need for an effective treatment. Chemotherapy is considered in cases where surgery or radiation is not optional. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the difference in median survival time (MST) of dogs with intracranial masses, treated symptomatically with corticosteroids and anti-epileptic drugs, compared with the same symptomatic treatment supplemented with lomustine. The records of 71 dogs with intracranial masses were retrospectively evaluated. Fifteen dogs were treated symptomatically with corticosteroids and anti-epileptics, and 56 dogs received additional therapy with lomustine. There was no statistically significant difference in MST between both groups, being 60 and 93 days, respectively. Age, duration of symptoms, intracranial localization of the mass and intra- or extra-axial localization had no influence on survival time. However, female dogs survived significantly longer than male dogs.
On the determination of scale ranges for precipitation fields

To test some recent theories on the nature of precipitation structure, data were collected using radar and a newly developed “sonic” gauge to investigate precipitation variability at small scales. Results show that the structure of precipitation below a few tens of meters has very different statistics than at larger scales. Interpretation of vertically pointing radar data suggests that, at small scales, a mixing-like process occurs because of the differential fall speed of hydrometeors, which results in the destruction of small-scale structure. It is also shown that convection in the melting layer seems to recreate some of the structure that had been lost as snow fell. Finally, over scales of meteorological interest, at least four distinct regimes in precipitation variability can be identified.
Vectorial tomography—II. Application to the Indian Ocean

Summary ‘Vectorial tomography’ which enables lateral heterogeneities and anisotropy to be retrieved simultaneously is applied to a dataset of dispersion velocities of Rayleigh and Love waves in the Indian Ocean. Crustal corrections are applied to take account of lateral variations in shallow parameters. It is shown that the dataset is explained by fewer parameters when azimuthal anisotropy is introduced than when only lateral variations of dispersion velocity are considered. Through the hypothesis of orthotropy (existence of a local symmetry axis), we display three-dimensional models of S-wave velocity and anisotropy characterized by its amplitude and two angles. The regions of slow velocities are generally associated with low anisotropy and to a vertical symmetry axis suggesting ascending flow. On both sides of these regions, the symmetry axis is generally horizontal or sub-horizontal. Shields display high velocities at least down to a depth of 200 km. Moreover, Australia is characterized by high anisotropy down to the same depth. Horizontal directions of anisotropy can change within a depth range of 50km, suggesting a complex convection pattern. At a depth of 300km, the correlation with surface tectonics is very tenuous and directions of anisotropy seem to diverge from (or converge towards) a slow velocity anomaly located in the Central Indian Basin.
Hydraulic Evaluation of W-Weir for River Restoration

Various structural measures have been advocated for river restoration and habitat improvement schemes. The W-weir is one such structure that can be used in mobile bed alluvial rivers to diversify habitat and provide grade control. Laboratory studies have been carried out in a large-scale meandering channel with a mobile bed to investigate their effects on flow and sediment transport processes. A W-weir placed immediately downstream of a riffle section created a strongly three-dimensional flow pattern and high-turbulence zones. Two adjacent scour holes of different depths and substrate are formed under clearwater and live bed conditions. The continuity of sediment transport along the channel was not interrupted by the structure and the upstream afflux is minimal. Overbank flow significantly influenced the action of the weir and the scour hole was shifted closer to the structure. In a relatively tight bend followed by a short crossover reach, the weir may affect bed load transport pathways in the downstream bend. Finally, the study provides insights to guide their design for restoration projects.
Physical function among older adults with knee pain: the role of pain coping skills.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between pain coping skills and disability among older adults with knee pain. METHODS Baseline measures from 394 older adults with knee pain and disability who participated in a 30-month observational study were analyzed. Pain coping skills were correlated with self-reported disability and walking distance after controlling for covariates of disability. RESULTS Pain coping skills were significantly associated with disability (P < 0.05) and distance walked (P < 0.05). Less catastrophic thinking and prayer, greater ignoring and reinterpretation of pain sensations, and stronger perceptions of pain control were associated with less disability and better physical function. CONCLUSION Pain coping skills used by older adults with osteoarthritis and knee pain may play a significant role in determining disability.
Exercise testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic heart failure

Exercise capacity is reduced in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic left heart failure, but it is not known whether the cardiopulmonary exercise testing profile is different in the two conditions at the same severity of functional limitation. Nineteen patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and 19 with chronic heart failure underwent a 6‐min walk test and symptom-limited maximal incremental cycle ergometry. The patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic heart failure did not differ in New York Heart Association Functional Class (mean±sem 2.8±0.1 versus 2.8±0.2), 6‐min walking distance (395±30 versus 419±20 m), peak work-rate, oxygen consumption, ventilation and cardiac frequency. However, patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension exhibited higher dyspnoea scores (5.8±0.6 versus 3.8±0.5) higher ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide (58±3 versus 44±3 at the anaerobic threshold) and lower peak oxygen pulse (5.9±0.4 versus 8.7±0.5 mL·beat−1, or 53±4 versus 64±4% of the predicted value). It is concluded that the cardiopulmonary exercise testing profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension differs from that in chronic heart failure by showing more dyspnoea at comparable work-rates, related to greater reductions in ventilatory efficiency and stroke volume.
Comparison of Chip Interleaved MC-CDMA and DS-CDMA with Frequency-domain Equalization

DS-CDMA with minimum mean square error frequency-domain equalization (MMSE-FDE) can provide much better performance than that with rake combining in a frequency-selective fading channel and is comparable to that of MC-CDMA with MMSEFDE. Chip interleaving is a form of channel interleaving that improves the DS-CDMA performance by converting the channel into a highly time-selective channel; the time-selectivity can be benefited with chip interleaving. When FDE is used, the frequencyselectivity of the channel is thoroughly exploited. In this paper, we apply chip interleaving to DS-CDMA with MMSE-FDE and compare its performance with chip interleaved MC-CDMA. It is found that chip interleaving improves the performance for both DSCDMA and MC-CDMA; however the performance of DS-CDMA is better than that of MC-CDMA even with chip interleaving.