Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Infratentorial superficial siderosis: Classification, diagnostic criteria, and rational investigation pathway

Central nervous system infratentorial superficial siderosis (iSS) is increasingly detected by blood‐sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Despite this, there are no standardized diagnostic criteria, and the clinical–radiological spectrum, causes, and optimum investigation strategy are not established. We reviewed clinical and radiological details of patients with iSS assessed at a specialist neurological center during 2004–2016 using predefined standardized radiological criteria. All imaging findings were rated blinded to clinical details. We identified 65 patients with iSS, whom we classified into 2 groups: type 1 (classical) and type 2 (secondary) iSS. Type 1 (classical) iSS included 48 patients without any potentially causal radiologically confirmed single spontaneous or traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, of whom 39 (83%) had hearing loss, ataxia, or myelopathy; type 2 (secondary) iSS included 17 patients with a potentially causal radiologically confirmed spontaneous or traumatic intracranial hemorrhage, of whom none had hearing loss, ataxia, or myelopathy. Of the patients with type 1 (classical) iSS, 40 (83%) had a potentially causal cranial or spinal dural abnormality, 5 (11%) had an alternative cause, and 3 (6%) had no cause identified. Intra‐arterial digital subtraction angiography did not identify any underlying causal lesions for type 1 iSS. Type 1 (classical) iSS, defined using simple radiological criteria, is associated with a characteristic neurological syndrome. Rational investigation, including spinal MRI, nearly always reveals a potential cause, most often a dural abnormality. Catheter angiography appears to be unhelpful, suggesting that classical iSS is not associated with macrovascular arterial pathology. Recognition of type 1 (classical) iSS should allow timely diagnosis and early consideration of treatment. Ann Neurol 2017;81:333–343
Effects of Iron on the Wheat Crop (Triticum aestivum L.) by Uptake of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium

Field experiments were carried out at Adaptive Research Farms, with the aim to study the influence of trace element on take up of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen on wheat yield. RCBD design was used having three replications. Samples of soil were collected prior the sowing of wheat crop at a depth of 0-15 cm and were examined for chemical and physical properties (pH, soluble anion and cations, ECe, soil organic matter and texture, NPK and Fe). (Wheat variety) was planted during Rabi season 2005-2006 and 2006-2007. The recommended doses of N, P and K were applied @ 150:100:60 kg/ha, respectively, through broadcast at the time of sowing while N was applied in two equal doses after 25 and 40 days of sowing at the time of irrigation. Micronutrient, i.e., Fe was applied @ 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 kg/ha unaided in the form of Iron sulphate at sowing time. All crop management and protection measures were followed. Results of the different studies conducted showed that application of Fe increased NPK uptake and their concentration in soil significantly over control. Application of recommended NPK improved micronutrient (Fe) uptake appreciably and this resulted in a slight decreased micronutrient (Fe) contents in soil as compared to control. Micronutrients application enhanced the yield and growth parameters of wheat, their total take up also effect in the build-up of micronutrients in the upper 15 cm soil layer, to be available for next crop. Application of Fe also showed a noteworthy response to wheat at lower rates, when applied alone. Severe decrement of Fe didn't effect the growth and yield contributing parameters of crop. The results of our study reveal that the application of Fe has no significant effect on the NPK uptake by wheat crop.
Antibiotic Therapy

newer ones. OLDER ANTIBioTIcs Penicillin. -It is interesting that the first antibiotic to be produced should have been in many respects the safest and most effective. The value of penicillin for the treatment of infections due to haemolytic streptococci deserves especial mention. Unlike staphylococci, Group A hmmolytic streptococci cannot become resistant to penicillin, and clinical infections respond to treatment as well as sensitivity tests suggest they should.
P1.5 TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF ELEVATED CONVECTION

The term “elevated convection” has come into general use in the past two decades to denote convective clouds and/or storms that are based above the planetary boundary layer (PBL). More precisely, elevated convection may be defined as convection that occurs above a near-surface stable layer. Deep elevated convection, manifesting itself in the form of thunderstorms, is of considerable interest as such activity can produce hail, damaging surface winds and excessive rainfall in areas well-removed from regions of strong surface-based instability (e.g., Colman 1990; Grant 1995; Branick et al. 1988; Moore at al. 1998; Schmidt and Cotton 1989; Moore at al. 2003; and Horgan et al. 2006). Shallower forms of elevated convection, commonly referred to as castellanus, tend to be more benign, being patchy or streaky clouds with comparatively weak updrafts.
Angiogenesis: how a tumor adapts to hypoxia.

The growth of new blood vessels from the preexisting vascular tree, also known as angiogenesis, occurs in situations such as wound and fracture healing, arthritis, cardiovascular and cerebral ischemia, and nearly every type of cancer known. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to play a crucial role in these events. Hypoxia-dependent VEGF induction is mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). HIF-1 is a heterodimeric transcription factor tightly regulated by oxygen concentration. In this short review, we summarize recent data concerning the control of HIF-1 activity and notably the regulation of HIF-1alpha subunit by phosphorylation and the ubiquitin proteasomal degradation system. A complete knowledge of this mechanism could, by the design of new antiangiogenic strategies, have a strong impact in clinical oncology.
Maturity and medical students’ ease of transition into the clinical environment

Background: Medical education has been characterized in terms of points of transition, which are accentuated by lack of relevant prior experience and can lead to extreme positive and negative emotions. Aims: Quantify the effect of maturity on medical students’ transitions into the clinical environment and identify how experiences of transition might be improved. Method: Eleven weeks after entering the clinical environment, 29 mature students (age over 21 at entry, median age 22) in a horizontally-integrated, predominantly undergraduate entry, problem-based curriculum offering little early clinical exposure and 58 matched non-mature students (median age 18 years) rated their experiences of transition and wrote free text comments about them. Results: 62% of mature students compared with 24% of controls described ‘good transitions’ (odds ratio [OR] for a good transition 6.1; p = 0.002) and mature students were more likely than controls to describe how they drew on their previous years in medical school (OR 2.7, p = 0.04) and their wider life experiences in making the transition (OR 3.9, p = 0.01). They were less likely to feel confused or daunted. Whether mature or not, prior workplace experience, having learned the theory of medicine by PBL, and being confident in their knowledge and skills helped students’ transitions. Both mature and non-mature students valued the support of teachers and peers and would have valued clinical experience earlier. Conclusions: The fact that just a few extra years of life experience made such a large difference to students’ experiences of transition illustrates how important social factors are in the personal development of medical students. In respondents’ views, early clinical experience and early skills training could ease students’ passage into the clerkship phase of their education.
Star network with collision-avoidance circuits

This paper describes the implementation of a multiple-access star network that uses a new collision-avoidance circuit to avoid collision of packets and to take full advantage of wideband transmission systems. The analysis shows that the resulting network has a channel capacity equal to 1, has good stability under heavy traffic conditions, allows transmission of packets shorter than the network round trip time, and provides distributed switching. Collision-avoidance circuits have been built and operated up to 50 Mb/s.
Modeling Response Incentive Effects in Dichotomous Choice Contingent Valuation Data

This paper introduces model specifications that can be used to explain response incentive effects that might occur with discrete response contingent valuation data when follow-up responses are collected. The models allow for possible random response shocks, structural shifts in willingness to pay between payment questions and heteroskedasticity between and within responses. Three well-known contingent valuation survey datasets that include follow-up payment questions are used to empirically test the models.
Clonal organization of the central nervous system of the frog. III. Clones stemming from individual blastomeres of the 128-, 256-, and 512- cell stages

Horseradish peroxidase injected into individual blastomeres of 128-, 256-, and 512-cell embyros of Xenopus laevis was identified in cells of the central nervous system (CNS) at early to middle larval stages. Labeled cells were dispersed, mingled with unlabeled cells. Four boundaries in the CNS could be defined by the behavior of clones of labeled cells: in the transverse plane at the level of the isthmus; in the horizontal plane between dorsal and ventral regions extending the entire length of the CNS; in the dorsal midline extending the entire length; and in the ventral midline of rhombencephalon and spinal cord but absent more rostrally. Cells injected with HRP at the 512-cell stage produced clones that, with rare exceptions, did not cross any boundary, whereas labeled clones initiated at earlier stages frequently crossed boundaries. Axons and dendrites were not restricted by these boundaries. These boundaries subdivided the CNS into seven compartments, each of which was occupied exclusively by the descendants of a group of 14 to 26 blastomeres in the 512-cell embryo. These groups of blastomeres formed a bilaterally symmetrical pattern composed of a single anterior median group straddling the dorsal midline near the animal pole and three groups on each side. Because cells mingled in each compartment but not across compartmental boundaries, there was a one-to-one relationship between individual blastomeres and CNS compartments but one-many and many-one relationships between individual blastomeres and neuroanatomical subdivisions smaller than a compartment. There was no constant relationship between phenotypes of nerve cells and their ancestry from individual blastomeres of the 512- cell or earlier stages.
Chiral Perturbation Theory for All-Staggered Heavy-Light Mesons

In highly improved staggered quark (HISQ) simulations by the HPQCD, MILC, and Fermilab Lattice collaborations, both the light quarks and the charm quark are staggered. We extend chiral perturbation theory for staggered quarks to include such all-staggered heavy-light mesons. We assume that the heavy quark action is sufficiently improved that we may take $a m_Q >\Lambda_{QCD}$ so that a continuum heavy quark expansion is appropriate. We develop this effective chiral theory through next-to-leading order, and use it to study the pattern of taste splittings in the heavy-light meson and to compute the leptonic decay constant of the heavy-light meson to one-loop in the chiral expansion.
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay of collagen –emerging complexity in RNA surveillance mechanisms

Summary Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved mRNA surveillance system that degrades mRNA transcripts that harbour a premature translation-termination codon (PTC), thus reducing the synthesis of truncated proteins that would otherwise have deleterious effects. Although extensive research has identified a conserved repertoire of NMD factors, these studies have been performed with a restricted set of genes and gene constructs with relatively few exons. As a consequence, NMD mechanisms are poorly understood for genes with large 3′ terminal exons, and the applicability of the current models to large multi-exon genes is not clear. In this Commentary, we present an overview of the current understanding of NMD and discuss how analysis of nonsense mutations in the collagen gene family has provided new mechanistic insights into this process. Although NMD of the collagen genes with numerous small exons is consistent with the widely accepted exon-junction complex (EJC)-dependent model, the degradation of Col10a1 transcripts with nonsense mutations cannot be explained by any of the current NMD models. Col10a1 NMD might represent a fail-safe mechanism for genes that have large 3′ terminal exons. Defining the mechanistic complexity of NMD is important to allow us to understand the pathophysiology of the numerous genetic disorders caused by PTC mutations.
Survey on eating disorders related thoughts, behaviors and dietary intake in female junior high school students in Taiwan.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate body weight satisfaction, eating attitudes and dietary intake related to eating disorders of female junior high school students in Taiwan. METHODS In a cross-sectional survey, 835 female junior high school students participated in this study. The questionnaire items included respondents' demographic information as well as weight and body image concerns. Developmental and attitudinal scales such as the body shape-related teasing scale, Pubertal Development Scale, Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) and 24-hour dietary recall were also used to collect data. Data were analyzed using a Student's t test, chi-square test and logistic regression. RESULTS Disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors were found in 10.4 % of participants (measured by EAT-26? 20). The multivariate logistic regressions showed that disturbed eating attitudes and behaviors were associated with weight/shape-related teasing experiences and dissatisfaction with body weight. The reported intakes of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, zinc and vitamins B-6, B-12, were significantly lower in participants with disturbed eating patterns than in participants without disturbed eating. Conversely, participants with disturbed eating patterns had higher dietary and crude fiber intake than participates without disturbed eating. CONCLUSION Disturbed eating behaviors exist among female adolescents in Taiwan, and these behaviors jeopardize their necessary dietary intake requirements. More research using the EAT-26 as a measure to predict the quality and quantity of food intake among female adolescents warrants further study.
Familial characteristics of autoimmune and hematologic disorders in 8,406 multiple myeloma patients: A population‐based case‐control study

A population‐based case‐control study was conducted to evaluate risk of developing multiple myeloma (MM) associated with personal history of autoimmune diseases and occurrence of autoimmune and selected hematologic disorders in first‐degree relatives. Data were obtained for all (n = 8,406) MM cases diagnosed in Sweden (1958–1998), with linkable relatives, 16,543 matched controls and first‐degree relatives of cases (n = 22,490) and controls (n = 44,436). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated to quantify the risk of MM in relation to personal/family history of 32 autoimmune disorders. Familial aggregation of malignancies was evaluated in a marginal survival model using relatives as the cohort. The risk for MM was significantly elevated among subjects with a personal history of pernicious anemia (OR = 3.27; 2.22–4.83) and individuals with a family history of systemic lupus erythematosus (OR = 2.66; 1.12–6.32). Compared with controls, relative risk (RR) of MM was significantly increased (RR = 1.67; 1.02–2.73) in relatives of cases, particularly relatives of probands aged ≥65 at diagnosis (RR = 2.50; 1.19–5.27). Risks were nearly 4‐fold elevated among female relatives (RR = 3.97; 1.54–10.2) and among relatives of female probands (RR = 3.74; 1.58–8.83). MM cases had more cases of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) among their relatives than controls, but the numbers were too small to be conclusive. There was generally no increase in risk of MM in probands whose relatives had hematologic malignancies other than MM. These findings do not support a strong association between personal/familial autoimmune diseases and MM. However, MM itself shows significant familial aggregation, implicating the etiologic importance of this type of hematological neoplasm and perhaps MGUS in germ line genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In Vitro Analysis of the Escherichia coli AmtB-GlnK Complex Reveals a Stoichiometric Interaction and Sensitivity to ATP and 2-Oxoglutarate*

In Escherichia coli, the ammonia channel AmtB and the PII signal transduction protein GlnK constitute an ammonium sensory system that effectively couples the intracellular nitrogen regulation system to external changes in ammonium availability. Binding of GlnK to AmtB apparently inactivates the channel, thereby controlling ammonium influx in response to the intracellular nitrogen status. We designed an N-terminally histidine-tagged version of AmtB with a native C-terminal region in order to purify the AmtB-GlnK complex. Purification revealed a stable and direct interaction between AmtB and GlnK, thereby showing for the first time that stability of the complex does not require other proteins. The stoichiometry of the complex was determined by two independent approaches, both of which indicated a 1:1 ratio of AmtB to GlnK. We also showed by mass spectrometry that only the fully deuridylylated form of GlnK co-purifies with AmtB. The purified complex allowed in vitro studies of dissociation and association of AmtB and GlnK. The interaction of GlnK with AmtB is dependent on ATP and is also sensitive to 2-oxoglutarate. Our in vitro data suggest that in vivo association and dissociation of the complex might not only be dependent on the uridylylation status of GlnK but may also be influenced by intracellular pools of ATP and 2-oxoglutarate.
Association between Obesity and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Korean Adolescents Based on the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey

Background An increase in the obese adolescent population is being recognized as a serious medical and social problem. The present study aimed to examine the association between neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity in Korean adolescents based on total available resources and local social inequality models. Methods The present study used data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey in analyzing 72,438 Korean adolescents aged 12–18. The analysis investigated obesity odds ratio (OR) according to neighborhood SES adjusted for age and individual SES indices, which included family affluence scale (FAS), education level of parents, cohabitation with parents, and weekly allowance. Obesity OR was investigated according to neighborhood SES by FAS, and according to FAS by neighborhood SES. Results After adjusting for age and individual SES variables, there was no significant association between neighborhood SES and adolescent obesity for either boys or girls. However, girls in the high FAS group showed a pattern of lower neighborhood SES being associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity; in the high neighborhood SES group, boys showed a pattern of higher FAS being associated with a significant increase in risk of obesity, whereas girls show a pattern of decrease. Conclusion Although limited, the present study demonstrated that some girl groups exhibited a pattern of lower neighborhood SES being associated with an increase in risk of obesity, as well as a gender-based difference in risk of obesity by individual SES. Therefore, measures to prevent adolescent obesity should be established with consideration for differences in risk according to individual and neighborhood SES.
Clevidipine Rapidly and Safely Reduces Blood Pressure in Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The ACCELERATE Trial

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) causes 10-15% of primary strokes, with mortality related to hematoma volume. Blood pressure (BP) reduction may attenuate hematoma expansion. ACCELERATE (the Evaluation of Patients with Acute Hypertension and Intracerebral Hemorrhage with Intravenous Clevidipine Treatment) is a pilot study representing the first evaluation of safety and efficacy of intravenous clevidipine for the rapid treatment of hypertension in ICH patients. Methods: ICH patients with a systolic BP (SBP) >160 mm Hg who present within 6 h (n = 27) or 12 h (n = 10) of symptoms were prospectively enrolled, treated with open-label clevidipine until SBP ≤160 mm Hg was achieved and then titrated to keep target SBP between 140-160 mm Hg. Results: A total of 35 patients with baseline median Glasgow Coma Scale score of 12, median NIH Stroke Scale score of 14, mean SBP of 186 mm Hg and a mean time from onset of symptoms of 5.5 h received clevidipine. Median time to achieve SBP target range was 5.5 min. All patients achieved target SBP within 30 min; 96.9% achieved target SBP with clevidipine monotherapy. CT scans showed minimal hematoma volume change for the overall population (median change 0.01 ml, -2.9%). Mild/moderate hypotension was reported in 3 patients and resolved with dose reduction or drug discontinuation. Conclusion: Clevidipine monotherapy was effective and safe for rapid BP reduction in this cohort of critically ill ICH patients. Overall, patients showed minimal hematoma expansion with BP reduction, suggesting that rapid BP control with clevidipine may have a beneficial impact on hematoma expansion and warrants further investigation.
Optimal Throughput-Diversity-Delay Tradeoff in MIMO ARQ Block-Fading Channels

In this paper, we consider an automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) retransmission protocol signaling over a block-fading multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel. Unlike previous work, we allow for multiple fading blocks within each transmission (ARQ round), and we constrain the transmitter to fixed rate codes constructed over complex signal constellations. In particular, we examine the general case of average input-power-constrained con stellations with a fixed signaling alphabet of finite cardinality. This scenario is a suitable model for practical wireless communications systems employing orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) techniques over a MIMO ARQ channel. Two cases of fading dynamics are considered, namely, short-term static fading where channel fading gains change randomly for each ARQ round, and long-term static fading where channel fading gains remain constant over all ARQ rounds pertaining to a given message. As our main result, we prove that for the block-fading MIMO ARQ channel with a fixed signaling alphabet satisfying a short-term power constraint, the optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) exponent is given by a modified Singleton bound, relating all the system parameters. To demonstrate the practical significance of the theoretical analysis, we present numerical results showing that practical Singleton-bound-achieving maximum distance separable codes achieve the optimal SNR exponent.