Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teacher-Pupil Interaction as it Relates to Attempted Changes in Teacher Expectancy of Academic Ability and Achievement

Much research has been done in the area of expectancy resulting in a confusion of conflicting information. A study reported by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) serves to illustrate this state of affairs. In this study false information to the effect that certain students could be expected to 'bloom academically' was given to teachers. Results were interpreted as showing that these students (first through sixth grades) gained significantly in IQ from preto post-testing. The expectancy advantage "was especially great among children of the first and second grades. The advantage of having been expected to bloom was evident for these younger children in total IQ, verbal IQ, and reasoning IQ. " (p. 176) Other studies have also indicated that the behavior of a leader or teacher influences the behavior of the children (Anderson, 1937, 1939; Lewin, Lippitt, and White, 1939; Flanders, 1951) and that expectancy may be a contributing factor in the changes that are effected (Overall and Aronson, 1963; Rosenthal, 1966; Rosenthal and Fode, 1963; Rosenthal and Lawson, 1964). On the other hand, results of several other studies have indicated that there was little or no change in students' behavior after the
Working with clients who engage in self-harming behaviour: experiences of a group of counsellors

ABSTRACT This study aimed to explore the experiences of a group of counsellors regarding working with clients who engage in self-harming behaviour, in order to gain an understanding of what it is like to work with this client group. A series of six individual, semi-structured qualitative interviews were carried out, which were then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Counsellors’ experiences were characterised by a number of themes, including the nature of self-harm, in terms of severity and vividness of description, stopping self-harm, incorporating social norms and therapeutic outcome, and organisational issues around balancing expectations from the agency, managing risk, and the counsellors’ own working. Findings suggest that working with clients who self-harm raises significant challenges for counsellors in relation to organisational policy and/or context, the impact that working with this client group may have on the therapist themselves, while the issue of stopping self-harm, and how this might be communicated to the client, raises implications for the therapeutic relationship. Here, the supervisory relationship may offer an invaluable resource.
Difficulties in using interpreters in clinical encounters as experienced by immigrants living in Sweden.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To study a group of immigrants' experiences regarding interactions with primary health care through an interpreter. BACKGROUND Approximately, 230 million people are resettled outside of their own home country. Thus, more than 3% of the world's population are migrants. It is a major challenge for health care providers to satisfy immigrants' needs for individualised health care services. DESIGN Qualitative study. METHODS Focus group interviews were conducted with four groups of immigrants (n = 24) from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo and Somalia. The group interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed, and the text was categorised using the content analysis method. RESULTS Participants' expectations of the interpreter-mediated consultations were high, but not always fulfilled. Interpreters being late, lacking professionalism or lacking knowledge in medical terminology and the use of health care professionals or relatives as interpreters were some of the problems raised. CONCLUSION A well-organised, disciplined interpreter service with professional and competent interpreters is needed to overcome problems regarding clinical consultations involving interpreters. A satisfactory language bridge has a significant impact on the quality of communications. CLINICAL IMPLICATION Interpreter services should be well organised, and interpreters should be linguistically, culturally and socially competent, as these factors may have a significant impact on consultation outcomes. Using relatives or staff as interpreters can sometimes be a solution but often results in an unsatisfactory clinical consultation.
School Personnel's Perceptions of Effective Programs for Working with Mobile Students and Families

Interviews with 18 participants (principals, counselors, social workers) from 18 schools in 7 urban districts were used to examine elementary school interventions perceived to address the challenges related to high student mobility. Intervention/program descriptions were also obtained from observations and written documents. In examining these interventions, we used a framework focused on the antecedents of mobility, its effects on school processes, and its consequences for students and families. The results indicated that schools experiencing high mobility had a diverse network of programs that provided the following curricular and extracurricular services: academic support, personal development of students, family support, and activities that established strong affiliations between families and schools. Many school personnel believed that these interventions addressed either the causes or effects of mobility. Directions for future research are discussed.
The past, present and future of widening participation research

The provisions of the Higher Education Act (2004) have renewed interest in widening participation research. Therefore, this paper explores the development of this scholarly field, primarily in the United Kingdom, by examining major trends in the study of higher education. Political debates related to higher education, the prevailing structure of the sector and predominant sociological perspectives have largely shaped the empirical and theoretical concerns of widening participation research. These delimiting factors have resulted in incomplete accounts of the barriers to higher education, which do not fully explore the relationship between students’ social characteristics, learning experiences and university careers. Furthermore, contemporary research runs the risk of reinventing the wheel and replicating the mistakes of the past, since there has been a collective act of forgetfulness with respect to earlier contributions. In contrast, this paper provides guidelines to facilitate a holistic agenda for future widening participation research.
Evaluation of ERG responsive proteome in prostate cancer

Gene fusion between TMPRSS2 promoter and the ERG proto‐oncogene is a major genomic alteration found in over half of prostate cancers (CaP), which leads to aberrant androgen dependent ERG expression. Despite extensive analysis for the biological functions of ERG in CaP, there is no systematic evaluation of the ERG responsive proteome (ERP). ERP has the potential to define new biomarkers and therapeutic targets for prostate tumors stratified by ERG expression.
Management of corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis with INTACS.

PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS, INTACS, Keravision) for the correction of corneal ectasia after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). METHODS In this prospective, noncomparative case series, INTACS were implanted in three eyes (two patients) that were ectatic after LASIK. Mean follow-up was 8.7 months (range, 8 to 10 mo). RESULTS No intraoperative complications occurred. After INTACS implantation, uncorrected visual acuity ranged from 20/20 to 20/25 at 6 months and remained stable until 9 months. Mean postoperative spherical equivalent refraction was 0.50 D at 1 month and no significant changes appeared up to 9 months after INTACS implantation. After INTACS implantation, no eye lost any lines of Snellen spectacle-corrected visual acuity and two eyes gained from one to two lines. There was an increase in topographical regularity in all three eyes. CONCLUSION Implantation of INTACS in eyes with corneal ectasia after LASIK resulted in good refractive outcome, absence of complications, and improvement in visual acuity.
Similar Gene Estimates from Circular and Linear Standards in Quantitative PCR Analyses Using the Prokaryotic 16S rRNA Gene as a Model

Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is one of the most widely used tools for quantifying absolute numbers of microbial gene copies in test samples. A recent publication showed that circular plasmid DNA standards grossly overestimated numbers of a target gene by as much as 8-fold in a eukaryotic system using quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. Overestimation of microbial numbers is a serious concern in industrial settings where qPCR estimates form the basis for quality control or mitigation decisions. Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea most commonly have circular genomes and plasmids and therefore may not be subject to the same levels of overestimation. Therefore, the feasibility of using circular DNA plasmids as standards for 16S rRNA gene estimates was assayed using these two prokaryotic systems, with the practical advantage being rapid standard preparation for ongoing qPCR analyses. Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences from Thermovirga lienii and Archaeoglobus fulgidus were cloned and used to generate standards for bacterial and archaeal qPCR reactions, respectively. Estimates of 16S rRNA gene copies were made based on circular and linearized DNA conformations using two genomes from each domain: Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Archaeoglobus fulgidus, and Methanocaldocococcus jannaschii. The ratio of estimated to predicted 16S rRNA gene copies ranged from 0.5 to 2.2-fold in bacterial systems and 0.5 to 1.0-fold in archaeal systems, demonstrating that circular plasmid standards did not lead to the gross over-estimates previously reported for eukaryotic systems.
An Early Critical Period for Long-Term Plasticity and Structural Modification of Sensory Synapses in Olfactory Cortex

Critical periods for plasticity of thalamic sensory inputs play an important role in developing neocortical circuits. During an early postnatal time window, pyramidal cells of visual, auditory, and somatosensory cortex undergo structural refinement and possess an enhanced ability for activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. In olfactory cortex, however, pyramidal cells receive direct sensory input from the olfactory bulb, and it is unclear whether the development of olfactory sensory circuits is governed by a critical period. Here, we show that NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation and dendritic spine maturation occur only during a brief postnatal time window at sensory synapses of olfactory cortex pyramidal cells. In contrast, associational synapses onto the same cells retain the capacity for plasticity into adulthood.
Comparison of Streptococcus zooepidemicus and influenza virus pathogenicity in mice by three pulmonary exposure routes

Pulmonary infections may be induced in experimental animals by using several exposure routes. Inhalation of microbial aerosols is often viewed as the most relevant exposure route, although the comparability of either intranasal (i.n.) or intratracheal (i.t.) inoculation to aerosol inhalation is unclear. In these studies, the infection of mice with either Streptococcus zooepidemicus or influenza virus was compared following i.n. , i.t. , or aerosol challenge. The 50% lethal dose was determined by each exposure route for both microbes, and the organ clearance of a 50% lethal dose was determined. Mice were as or more sensitive to bacterial or viral infection following i.n. or i.t. instillation as compared with aerosol challenge. Organ clearance patterns of virus or bacteria varied slightly with exposure route.
Volterra Series-Based Time-Domain Macromodeling of Nonlinear Circuits

Volterra series (VS) representation is a powerful mathematical model for nonlinear circuits. However, the difficulties in determining higher order Volterra kernels limited its broader applications. In this paper, a systematic approach that enables a convenient extraction of Volterra kernels from X-parameters is presented. A concise and general representation of the output response due to arbitrary number of input tones is given. The relationship between Volterra kernels and X-parameters is explicitly formulated. An efficient frequency sweep scheme and an output frequency indexing scheme are provided. The least square linear regression method is employed to separate different orders of Volterra kernels at the same frequency, which leads to the obtained Volterra kernels complete. The proposed VS representation based on X-parameters is further validated for time-domain verification. The proposed method is systematic and general-purpose. It paves the way for time-domain simulation with X-parameters and constitutes a powerful supplement to the existing blackbox macromodeling methods for nonlinear circuits.
The puzzling reliability of the Force Concept Inventory

The Force Concept Inventory (FCI) has influenced the development of many research-based pedagogies. However, no data exists on the FCI’s internal consistency or test-retest reliability. The FCI was administered twice to one hundred students during the first week of classes in an electricity and magnetism course with no review of mechanics between test administrations. High Kuder–Richardson reliability coefficient values, which estimate the average correlation of scores obtained on all possible halves of the test, suggest strong internal consistency. However, 31% of the responses changed from test to retest, suggesting weak reliability for individual questions. A chi-square analysis shows that change in responses was neither consistent nor completely random. The puzzling conclusion is that although individual FCI responses are not reliable, the FCI total score is highly reliable.
Theorising Inner-city Masculinities: 'Race', class, gender and education

Inner-city boys continue to be stereotypically associated with a range of social and educational 'problems', despite feminist calls for more nuanced and complex analyses to be undertaken of the racialised and classed aspects of masculinities. This article engages with the question of how to theorise diverse, working-class male pupils' masculinities within an inner-city, multicultural context. Data drawn from discussions with boys at one inner-city London school are used to illustrate the boys' complex constructions of 'culturally entangled' masculinities. Particular attention is given to the boys' constructions of 'bad boy' masculinities that are positioned in opposition to education and which we discuss in relation to themes of hegemony, patriarchy and racial/class inequalities.
Weil-petersson Metric on the Universal Teichm¨uller Space I: Curvature Properties and Chern Forms

We prove that the universal Teichmüller space T (1) carries a new structure of a complex Hilbert manifold. We show that the connected component of the identity of T (1), the Hilbert submanifold T0(1), is a topological group. We define a Weil-Petersson metric on T (1) by Hilbert space inner products on tangent spaces, compute its Riemann curvature tensor, and show that T (1) is a Kähler-Einstein manifold with negative Ricci and sectional curvatures. We introduce and compute Mumford-Miller-Morita characteristic forms for the vertical tangent bundle of the universal Teichmüller curve fibration over the universal Teichmüller space. As an application, we derive Wolpert curvature formulas for the finite-dimensional Teichmüller spaces from the formulas for the universal Teichmüller space.
Pulsed optically pumped rubidium clock with high frequency-stability performance

In this paper, we present the performance of a vapor-cell rubidium frequency standard working in the pulsed regime, in which the clock signal is represented by a Ramsey pattern observed on an optically detected laser absorption signal. The main experimental results agree with previously reported theoretical predictions. In particular, we measured a relative frequency stability of σ<sub>y</sub>(τ) ≈ 1.6 × 10<sup>-13</sup>τ<sup>-1/2</sup> for integration times, τ, up to 200 s, which represents a record in short-term stability for a vapor-cell clock. We also discuss the most important physical phenomena that contribute to this result.
Equity and marketisation: emerging policies and practices in Australian education

The conjunction of equity and market logics in contemporary education has created new and different conditions of possibility for equity, both as conceived in policy discourses and as a related set of educational practices. In this editorial introduction, we examine how equity is being drawn into new policy assemblages and how, in the context of marketisation, equity is evolving and being enacted in new ways across education sectors. Different conceptions of equity are considered, including the increasingly influential human capital perspective promoted by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). We argue that, separate from critiques of neoliberalism and its deleterious effects on equity in education, it is necessary to analyse carefully the increasing rationalisation of equity agendas in economic terms, the associated effects on education governance and policy-making, as well as on the work of educational institutions and educators. Providing an overview of the contributions to this Special Issue, we direct particular attention to the multiple, complex and often contradictory effects of the current education reform agenda in Australia, which has prioritised equity objectives and intensified performance measurement, comparison and accountability as means to drive educational improvement and reduce disadvantage.
Preparing teachers to teach literacy in responsive ways that capitalize on students' cultural and linguistic backgrounds through weblog technology

Purpose – Although teacher educators have worked on improving pre‐service teachers' diversity awareness, researchers still face the challenge of pursuing a better approach to achieve the goal. In an era when educators are calling for evidence‐based practice, the purpose of this paper is to explore various ways in which both teacher‐education programs and general schools can integrate diversity issues into literacy teaching and learning. The paper undertakes this exploration on the basis of Gollnick and Chinn's cultural‐identity model and of weblog‐technology use.Design/methodology/approach – The participants of this paper are 27 pre‐service teachers. The researchers set up a private group blog and invited all participants to be blog authors. The blog enabled the instructor to archive and categorize all posts and to continue to invite cohorts of pre‐service teachers to join the blog. Pre‐service teachers are placed in culturally and linguistically diverse classroom settings and are required to post their w.
Do not Bet on the Unknown Versus Try to Find Out More: Estimation Uncertainty and “Unexpected Uncertainty” Both Modulate Exploration

Little is known about how humans solve the exploitation/exploration trade-off. In particular, the evidence for uncertainty-driven exploration is mixed. The current study proposes a novel hypothesis of exploration that helps reconcile prior findings that may seem contradictory at first. According to this hypothesis, uncertainty-driven exploration involves a dilemma between two motives: (i) to speed up learning about the unknown, which may beget novel reward opportunities; (ii) to avoid the unknown because it is potentially dangerous. We provide evidence for our hypothesis using both behavioral and simulated data, and briefly point to recent evidence that the brain differentiates between these two motives.
Star Formation in Space and Time: The Orion Nebula Cluster

We examine the pattern of star birth in the Orion Nebula cluster (ONC), with the goal of discerning the cluster's formation mechanism. Outside the Trapezium, the distribution of stellar masses is remarkably uniform and is not accurately described by the field-star initial mass function. The deconvolved, three-dimensional density of cluster members peaks at the Trapezium stars, which are truly anomalous in mass. Using theoretical pre-main-sequence tracks, we confirm the earlier finding that star formation has accelerated over the past 107 yr. We further show that the rate of acceleration has been the same for all masses. Thus, there is no correlation between stellar age and mass, contrary to previous claims. Finally, the acceleration has been spatially uniform throughout the cluster. Our reconstruction of the parent molecular cloud spawning the cluster shows that it had a mass of 6700 M☉ prior to its destruction by the Trapezium. If the cloud was supported against self-gravity by mildly dissipative turbulence, then it contracted in a quasi-static but accelerating manner. We demonstrate this contraction theoretically through a simple energy argument. The mean turbulent speed increased to its recent value, which is reflected in the present-day stellar velocity dispersion. The current ONC will be gravitationally unbound once cloud destruction is complete, and is destined to become a dispersing OB association. We hypothesize that similarly crowded groups seen at the centers of distant OB associations are also unbound and do not give rise to the Galactic population of open clusters. Finally, accelerating star formation implies that most clumps within giant molecular complexes should have relatively low formation activity. Sensitive infrared surveys could confirm this hypothesis.
Fruit and Vegetable Intake During Infancy and Early Childhood

OBJECTIVES: To examine the association of timing of introduction and frequency of fruit and vegetable intake during infancy with frequency of fruit and vegetable intake at age 6 years in a cohort of US children. METHODS: We analyzed data on fruit and vegetable intake during late infancy, age of fruit and vegetable introduction, and frequency of fruit and vegetable intake at 6 years from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II and the Year 6 Follow-Up (Y6FU) Study. We determined the percent of 6-year-old children consuming fruits and vegetables less than once per day and examined associations with infant fruit and vegetable intake using logistic regression modeling, controlling for multiple covariates (n = 1078). RESULTS: Based on maternal report, 31.9% of 6-year-old children consumed fruit less than once daily and 19.0% consumed vegetables less than once daily. In adjusted analyses, children who consumed fruits and vegetables less than once daily during late infancy had increased odds of eating fruits and vegetables less than once daily at age 6 years (fruit, adjusted odds ratio: 2.48; vegetables, adjusted odds ratio: 2.40). Age of introduction of fruits and vegetables was not associated with intake at age 6 years. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that infrequent intake of fruits and vegetables during late infancy is associated with infrequent intake of these foods at 6 years of age. These findings highlight the importance of infant feeding guidance that encourages intake of fruits and vegetables and the need to examine barriers to fruit and vegetable intake during infancy.