Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Phospholipase Cγ2 is necessary for separation of blood and lymphatic vasculature in mice

The lymphatic vasculature originates from the blood vasculature through a mechanism relying on Prox1 expression and VEGFC signalling, and is separated and kept separate from the blood vasculature in a Syk- and SLP76-dependent manner. However, the mechanism by which lymphatic vessels are separated from blood vessels is not known. To gain an understanding of the vascular partitioning, we searched for the affected gene in a spontaneous mouse mutant exhibiting blood-filled lymphatic vessels, and identified a null mutation of the Plcg2 gene, which encodes phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2), by positional candidate cloning. The blood-lymph shunt observed in PLCγ2-null mice was due to aberrant separation of blood and lymphatic vessels. A similar phenotype was observed in lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with PLCγ2-null bone marrow cells. These findings indicate that PLCγ2 plays an essential role in initiating and maintaining the separation of the blood and lymphatic vasculature.
The histological effects of nitrogen mustards on human tumors and tissues

D URING World War 111 it was learned that the sulfur and nitrogen mustards, agents considered suitable for use in chemical warfare by virtue of their vesicant action on the skin and mucous membranes, also had toxic effects on other tissues, particularly the hematopoietic system. After a lapse of years, exhaustive experimental investigations conducted during World War 1 1 4 3 5 9 on normal laboratory animals have indicated primarily a rapid destruction of lymphocytes in lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus; reduction in granulocytes; and in addition, cytotoxic effects on epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa. I t was natural that attempts be made to capitalize on these and other's experimental data, and, accordingly, the nitrogen mustards have been used for several years in the treatment of patients with a variety of malignant tumors, especially lymphomas and leukemias. On the basis of the information now acle it has become evident that the various nitrogen mustards investigated thus far have a valuable, although clearly only palliative, effect on human tumors. However, the clinical use of the nitrogen mustards currently available has been sufficiently encouraging to warrant further search for a more effective chemotherapeutic agent with a chemical composition basically similar to those already used. An intensive histological study both of animal and of human tumors following treatment would seem mandatory to determine the precise sequence of the selective effects, if any, of these agents on neoplastic cells; moreover, it is evident that in any such project, every organ is worthy of close scrutiny for indications of Nitrogen and Tissues
Effect of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis.

To the Editor: In their study, Lonn et al1 report on the results of the SECURE study, which evaluated the effect of ramipril and vitamin E on atherosclerosis. The authors conclude that long-term treatment with ramipril has a beneficial effect on atherosclerosis progression whereas vitamin E has no effect. The authors use the term atherosclerosis progression in the title and throughout the text. However, the study outcomes were the progression slope of carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT). IMT evaluated by B-mode ultrasound has been proposed as an additional independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease because it has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.2 Nevertheless, an increased IMT does not fit with the current pathological figure of atherosclerosis, from the fatty streak to the complicated plaque.3 The biochemical mechanisms that alter the IMT are still unknown. In contrast, the biochemical pathways of the atherosclerosis process are well known and supported by a huge number of experimental evidences based on cellular and animal models. In this context, the most studied mechanism is the oxidative modification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and its metabolism in the arterial wall by the monocyte/macrophage-derived foam cells.4 Support for this concept has been given by studies with …
Probiotic dietary supplementation in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease: a 6-month pilot scale trial in Canada

ABSTRACT Aim: This was a pilot clinical trial to assess biochemical and clinical effects of an oral probiotic dietary supplement in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients (stages 3 and 4). Methods: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled, 6-month trial of probiotic bacteria was conducted in 16 outpatients in Ontario, Canada. Primary endpoints included effect on hematologic, biochemical, and fecal variables, and on general well-being as assessed by quality of life (QOL). These outcomes were evaluated from biochemical parameters, mainly blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as a general inflammatory marker. QOL was assessed on a subjective scale of 1 to 10 as the secondary parameter. Trial registration: This pilot study forms part of registered trial NCT00760162. Results: A total of 13 patients completed the study. Three patients dropped out: one was the receiver of a transplant. The second dropped out for unknown reasons and the third died of myocardial infarction (unrelated to probiotic bacteria or the protocol). Among the 13 patients who completed the trial, the mean change in BUN concentration during the probiotic treatment period (−2.93 mmol/L) differed significantly (p = 0.002) from the mean change in BUN concentration during the placebo period (4.52 mmol/L). In addition, the mean changes in uric acid concentration were moderate during the KB period (24.70 μmol/L) versus during the placebo period (50.62 μmol/L, p = 0.050), and the changes in serum creatinine concentration were insignificant. Neither gastrointestinal nor infectious complications were noted in any subject with improved QOL. Conclusion: Orally administered probiotic bacteria selected to metabolize nitrogenous wastes may be tolerated for as long as 6 months. A major limitation of this trial is its small size that may have precluded detection of changes in other biochemical or hematologic parameters that would be evident in larger cohorts. Extension of the evaluation of this probiotic bacterial mixture will include a dose escalation trial in a similar prospective, placebo-controlled, and double-blind study site.
Trigonometric Interpolation and Quadrature in Perturbed Points

The trigonometric interpolants to a periodic function $f$ in equispaced points converge if $f$ is Dini-continuous, and the associated quadrature formula, the trapezoidal rule, converges if $f$ is continuous. What if the points are perturbed? With equispaced grid spacing $h$, let each point be perturbed by an arbitrary amount $\le \alpha h$, where $\alpha\in [\kern . 5pt 0,1/2)$ is a fixed constant. The Kadec 1/4 theorem of sampling theory suggests there may be trouble for $\alpha\ge 1/4$. We show that convergence of both the interpolants and the quadrature estimates is guaranteed for all $\alpha<1/2$ if $f$ is twice continuously differentiable, with the convergence rate depending on the smoothness of $f$. More precisely, it is enough for $f$ to have $4\alpha$ derivatives in a certain sense, and we conjecture that $2\alpha$ derivatives are enough. Connections with the Fejer--Kalmar theorem are discussed.
'Faster counting while walking' as a predictor of falls in older adults.

OBJECTIVE To establish whether changes in a spoken verbal task performance while walking compared with being at rest could predict falls among older adults. DESIGN Prospective cohort study of 12 months' duration. SETTING Twenty-seven senior housing facilities. PARTICIPANTS Sample of 187 subjects aged 75-100 (mean age 84.8 +/- 5.2). During enrollment, participants were asked to count aloud backward from 50, both at rest and while walking and were divided into two groups according to their counting performance. Information on incident falls during the follow-up year was monthly collected. MEASUREMENTS The number of enumerated figures while sitting on a chair and while walking, and the first fall that occurred during the follow up year. RESULTS The number of enumerated figures under dual-task as compared to single task increased among 31.5% of the tested subjects (n = 59) and was associated with lower scores in MMSE (P = 0.034), and higher scores in Geriatric Depression Scale (P = 0.007) and Timed Up & Go (P = 0.005). During the 12 months follow-up, 54 subjects (28.9%) fell. After adjusting for these variables, the increase in counting performance was significantly associated with falls (adjusted OR = 53.3, P < 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier distributions of falls differed significantly between subjects who either increased or decreased their counting performance (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Faster counting while walking was strongly associated with falls, suggesting that better performance in an additional verbal counting task while walking might represent a new way to predict falls among older adults.
Apoptosis and proliferation in hepatocarcinogenesis related to cirrhosis

Dysplastic nodules (DNs) recently have been identified as preneoplastic lesions of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To test an alternative hypothesis regarding DN development, in which we have suggested that DNs develop as an infiltrating clonal expansion in advance of, or parallel to cirrhosis, the authors investigated the rates of apoptosis and proliferation in human hepatocarcinogenesis.
Comparative evaluation of microleakage of a carbomer/fluoroapatite-enhanced glass-ionomer cement on primary teeth restorations.

AIM Carbomer cement represents a novel glass-ionomer which gradually mineralises into fluoroapatite. Purpose of this study was to evaluate microleakage around restorations in deciduous teeth made with composite resin, conventional glass-ionomer cement, resin-modified glass-ionomer cement and carbomer/fluoroapatite-enhanced glass-ionomer cement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A group of 40 primary upper canines, primary upper and lower molars was divided into 4 groups (n=10). Class I cavities were prepared by diamond cylindrical bur at high speed and were restored with a composite resin (Group 1), with a glass- ionomer cement (Group 2), with a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (Group 3) and with a carbomer/fluoroapatite-enhanced glass- ionomer cement (Group 4). Hard tissue's bonding involved, in the case of composite resin a total etch bonding procedure, and in glass ionomers the use of their respective primers. Restorations were finished and polished. A 24-hour water storage was followed by thermocycling (1500 cycles, 5°C - 36°C - 55°C - 36°C with a dwell time of 15 seconds) and dye penetration test with immersion in 5% methylene blue for 24 hours. In order to assess the degree of microleakage longitudinal cuts were produced by means of a microtome at 0.5 mm and at 1 mm from the restoration margin, and photographs were taken with a stereomicroscope at 100X. Microleakage was classified according to the number of surfaces and the depth at which dye penetration was observed. Data were analysed with ANOVA and post-hoc analysis was performed with Bonferonni test (p<0.05). RESULTS Statistical analysis exhibited no significant statistical difference between Group 2 and Group 3 (p>0.05). Statistical difference was exhibited between Group 3 and Group 4 (p<0.01), with Group 4 exhibiting lower microleakage values. Group 1 exhibited the lowest mean microleakage values and statistical difference in comparison with all groups (p<0.001). Group 4 exhibited the lowest microleakage values among the cements. CONCLUSION Superior marginal integrity is achieved in restored primary teeth when composite resin is used. If the clinical case suggests the use of a glass-ionomer cement, carbomer/fluoroapatite-enhanced glass-ionomer cement is prefered in terms of microleakage.
Microfracture in the Ankle

Background: Microfracture (MFX) is frequently used to treat deep cartilage defects in the ankle; however, the data on repair tissue (RT) quality after MFX are very limited at this time. T2-mapping at 3 T has been optimized for the ankle and can be used to noninvasively evaluate cartilage collagen and water content. The aim of this study was to determine if the RT after MFX in the ankle had T2 properties similar to the adjacent reference cartilage (RC). Methods: Fourteen cases after MFX in the ankle were assessed with morphological MRI and T2-mapping at 3 T. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and a modified Cinicinnati Knee Rating System rating were used to evaluate the clinical outcome. The MRI protocol included a 3-dimensional sequence and a proton-density sequence for morphological evaluation and a multiecho spin echo sequence for T2-mapping. Region of interest analyses were carried out in accordance with the morphological images to ensure complete coverage of the defect site. Results: Both clinical scores demonstrated significant improvement at the time of the MR examination (P < 0.001). RT T2 was 49.3 ± 10.1 (range, 35.7-69.3) milliseconds, and RC T2 was 49.9 ± 8.2 (range, 38.4-63.7) milliseconds (P = 0.838). Relative T2 (rT2) was 1.00 ± 0.20 (range, 0.72-1.36). Conclusion: MFX in the ankle can provide RT with T2 properties similar to adjacent cartilage.
Growth and characterization of α-, β-, and ϵ-phases of Ga2O3 using MOCVD and HVPE techniques

ABSTRACT Heteroepitaxial films of GaO were grown on c-plane sapphire (0001). The stable phase β-GaO was grown using the metalorganic chemical vapor deposition technique, regardless of precursor flow rates, at temperatures between 500C and 850C. Metastable α- and ϵ-phases were grown when using the halide vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) technique, at growth temperatures between 650C and 850C, both separately and in combination. XTEM revealed the better lattice-matched α-phase growing semi-coherently on the substrate, followed by ϵ-GaO. The epitaxial relationship was determined to be [] ϵ-GaO [] α-GaO [] α-AlO. SIMS revealed that epilayers forming the ϵ-phase contain higher concentrations of Cl introduced during HVPE growth. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT IMPACT STATEMENT This study demonstrates one of the first epitaxial growths of multiple polymorphs of GaO on sapphire (0001) substrates, including its β-, α-, and ϵ-phases. Epitaxial relationship is confirmed through HRTEM.
Algorithms for the Solution of Systems of Linear Diophantine Equations

Two algorithms for the solution of linear Diophantine systems, which well restrain intermediate expression swell, are presented. One is an extension and improvement of Kannan and Bachem’s algorithm for the Smith and the Hermite normal forms of a nonsingular square integral matrix. The complexity of this algorithm is investigated and a polynomial time bound is derived. Also a much better coefficient bound is obtained compared to Kannan and Bachem’s analysis. The other is based on ideas of Rosser, which were originally used in finding a general solution with smaller coefficients to a linear Diophantine equation and in computing the exact inverse of a nonsingular square integral matrix. These algorithms are implemented by using the infinite precision integer arithmetic capabilities of the SAC-2 system. Their performances are compared. Finally future studies are mentioned.
Types of deception revealed by individual differences in cognitive abilities

Abstract The two studies reported in this article are an extension of the neuroimaging study by Ganis et al. (2003), which provided evidence that different types of lies arise from different cognitive processes. We examined the initial response times (IRTs) to questions answered both deceptively and truthfully. We considered four types of deceptive responses: a coherent set of rehearsed, memorized lies about a life experience; a coherent set of lies spontaneously created about a life experience; a set of isolated lies involving self-knowledge; and a set of isolated lies involving knowledge of another person. We assessed the difference between truthful and deceptive IRTs. Scores from cognitive tasks included in the MiniCog Rapid Assessment Battery (MRAB) were significant predictors of IRT differences. Each type of lie was predicted by a distinct set of MRAB scores. These results provide further evidence that deception is a multifaceted process and that different kinds of lies arise from the operation of different cognitive processes.
Polymorphisms in BMP4 and FGFR1 genes are associated with fracture non‐union

Fracture healing is a complex process influenced by a multitude of factors and expression of several thousand genes. Polymorphisms in these genes can lead to an extended healing process and explain why certain patients are more susceptible to develop non‐union. A total of 16 SNPs within five genes involved in bone repair pathogenesis (FAM5C, BMP4, FGF3, FGF10, and FGFR1) were investigated in 167 patients with long bone fractures, 101 with uneventful healing, and 66 presenting aseptic non‐unions. Exclusion criteria were patients presenting pathological fractures, osteoporosis, hypertrophic and infected non‐unions, pregnancy, and children. All genetic markers were genotyped using TaqMan real‐time PCR. Chi‐square test was used to compare genotypes, allele frequencies, and haplotype differences between groups. Binary logistic regression analyzed the significance of many covariates and the incidence of non‐union. Statistical analysis revealed open fracture to be a risk factor for non‐union development (p < 0.001, OR 3.6 [1.70–7.67]). A significant association of haplotype GTAA in BMP4 (p = 0.01) and FGFR1 rs13317 (p = 0.005) with NU could be observed. Also, uneventful healing showed association with FAM5C rs1342913 (p = 0.04). Our work supported the role of BMP4 and FGFR1 in NU fracture independently of the presence of previously described risk factors. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1971–1979, 2013
Mortality in relation to histologic type in Hodgkin's disease.

1. A study of the trends of mortality in Hodgkin’s disease of diverse histologic type was undertaken with 437 cases at the AFIP Lymphatic Tumor Registry. These represent the records and pathologic material in the Registry of all white males in whom the disease was diagnosed during service in the Army in the World War II period (1941-1946). 2. Follow-up through June 30, 1953 by means of service, Veterans Administration and other records was carried out by established methods which have been demonstrated to result in virtually complete tracing. 3. On histologic analysis of the cases, 388 were confirmed as Hodgkin’s disease and these were differentiated by histologic type as Hodgkin’s granuloma (308 cases, 79 pet cent), Hodgkin’s paragranuloma (35 cases, 9 per cent) and an unspecified group (40 cases, 10 per cent) in which a decision as to type could not be made and as sarcoma (5 cases, 1 per cent). A further analysis of the 308 cases of Hodgkin’s granuloma showed secondary histologic characteristics of sclerosis in 57 instances (18.5 per cent), and of sarcoid in 13 cases (4.2 per cent). 4. The mortality at seven years after diagnosis was 77.1 per cent for the entire group of cases of confirmed Hodgkin’s disease; 28.6 per cent for Hodgkin’s paragranuloma; and 82.8 per cent for Hodgkin’s granuloma. The difference in mortality between these types is significant. 5. The seven year mortality rate for granuloma without qualifying histologic characteristics was 85.7 per cent; for cases with a sarcoid component, 81.8 per cent. The difference in mortality between nonsclerosing and sclerosing Hodgkin’s granuloma (87.5 per cent as against 74.5 per cent) was significant although the significance is borderline. 6. On re-evaluation of the 15 instances diagnosed as Hodgkin’s paragranuloma and terminating fatally, it appeared from the original biopsy material that the diagnosis probably should have been Hodgkin’s granuloma in five instances, and "malignant lymphoma, type uncertain (Hodgkin’s disease not ruled out)" in one case. In the remaining nine instances the histologic diagnosis of the original biopsy material of paragranuloma was confirmed. Autopsy material was available in three of the fifteen cases; two of these showed widespread Hodgkin’s granuloma and one presented a generalized malignant neoplasm, possibly of the Hodgkin’s sarcoma type. 7. For 95 per cent of the deaths among the histologically confirmed cases of Hodgkin’s disease the reported cause of death as found in hospital records or on death certificates was Hodgkin’s disease. It is not known for many of these whether the stated cause of death was verified by autopsy. 8. From the available evidence the question of transformation from paragranuloma to granuloma, or to sarcoma, or to any other form of lymphoma cannot be answered. 9. The correct diagnosis of the types of Hodgkin’s disease and the differentiation of secondary histologic characteristics are of importance in the evaluation of the prognosis, and for the choice of treatment.
Glucuronidation of oxidized fatty acids and prostaglandins B1 and E2 by human hepatic and recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases Published, JLR Papers in Press, July 1, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M400103-JLR200

Arachidonic acid (AA) can be metabolized to various metabolites, which can act as mediators of cellular processes. The objective of this work was to identify whether AA, prostaglandin (PG) B1 and E2, and 15- and 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15- and 20-HETE) are metabolized via glucuronidation. Assays with human recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A (UGT1A) isoforms revealed that AA and 15-HETE were glucuronidated by UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A9, and 1A10, whereas 20-HETE was glucuronidated by UGT1A1 and 1A4 and PGB1 was glucuronidated by UGT1A1, 1A9, and 1A10. All substrates were glucuronidated by recombinant UGT2B7, with AA and 20-HETE being the best substrates. Kinetic analysis of UGT1A1 and 1A9 with AA resulted in Km values of 37.9 and 45.8 μM, respectively. PGB1 was glucuronidated by UGT1A1 with a Km of 26.3 μM. The Km values for all substrates with UGT2B7 were significantly higher than with the UGT1A isoforms. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of glucuronides biosynthesized from PGB1 and 15-HETE showed that hydroxyl groups were the major target of glucuronidation. This work demonstrates a novel metabolic pathway for HETEs and PGs and the role of UGT1A isoforms in this process. These results indicate that glucuronidation may play a significant role in modulation of the availability of these fatty acid derivatives for cellular processes.