Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Are Earnings Inequality and Mobility Overstated? The Impact of Nonclassical Measurement Error

Measures of inequality and mobility based on self-reported earnings reflect attributes of both the joint distribution of earnings across time and the joint distribution of measurement error and earnings. While classical measurement error would increase measures of inequality and mobility, there is substantial evidence that measurement error in earnings is not classical. In this paper, we present the analytical links between nonclassical measurement error and some summary measures of inequality and mobility. The empirical importance of nonclassical measurement error is explored using the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) matched to tax records. We find that the effects of nonclassical measurement error are large. However, these nonclassical effects are largely offsetting when estimating mobility, as measured by the intertemporal correlation in earnings. As a result, SIPP estimates of the correlation are similar to estimates based on tax records, though SIPP estimates of inequality are smaller than estimates based on tax records.
Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Most hematological malignancies occur in older patients. Until recently these patients and those with comorbidities were not candidates for treatment with allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation because they were unable to tolerate the heretofore used high-dose conditioning regimens. The finding that many of the cures achieved with allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation were due to graft-versus-tumor effects led to the development of less toxic and well-tolerated reduced intensity and nonmyeloablative regimens. These regimens enabled allogeneic engraftment, thereby setting the stage for graft-versus-tumor effects. This review summarizes the encouraging early results seen with the new regimens and discusses the two hurdles that need to be overcome for achieving even greater success, disease relapse and graft-versus-host disease.
Thermodynamic analysis of snowball Earth hysteresis experiment: Efficiency, entropy production and irreversibility

We present an extensive thermodynamic analysis of a hysteresis experiment performed on a simplified yet Earth‐like climate model. We slowly vary the solar constant by 20% around the present value and detect that for a large range of values of the solar constant the realization of snowball or of regular climate conditions depends on the history of the system. Using recent results on the global climate thermodynamics, we show that the two regimes feature radically different properties. The efficiency of the climate machine monotonically increases with decreasing solar constant in present climate conditions, whereas the opposite takes place in snowball conditions. Instead, entropy production is monotonically increasing with the solar constant in both branches of climate conditions, and its value is about four times larger in the warm branch than in the corresponding cold state. Finally, the degree of irreversibility of the system, measured as the fraction of excess entropy production due to irreversible heat transport processes, is much higher in the warm climate conditions, with an explosive growth in the upper range of the considered values of solar constants. Whereas in the cold climate regime a dominating role is played by changes in the meridional albedo contrast, in the warm climate regime changes in the intensity of latent heat fluxes are crucial for determining the observed properties. This substantiates the importance of addressing correctly the variations of the hydrological cycle in a changing climate. An interpretation of the climate transitions at the tipping points based upon macro‐scale thermodynamic properties is also proposed. Our results support the adoption of a new generation of diagnostic tools based on the second law of thermodynamics for auditing climate models and outline a set of parametrizations to be used in conceptual and intermediate‐complexity models or for the reconstruction of the past climate conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Rationale, design, and implementation of aggressive risk factor management in the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Prevention of Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis (SAMMPRIS) trial.

The value of comprehensive intensive atherosclerotic risk factor control in patients with coronary artery disease is well established. In 2007, the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial demonstrated that among patients with stable coronary disease, intensive management of vascular risk factors was as good as endovascular intervention plus intensive medical management for preventing cardiac ischemic events.1 Yet, despite the fact that atherosclerotic risk factor control in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack is recommended by guidelines,2 a multimodal approach to prevention has not previously been tested in patients with atherosclerotic stroke. Older atherosclerotic stroke prevention trials comparing carotid revascularization with medical therapy, such as North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET)3 and Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS),4 were performed in an era before statins and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors became standard of care, and therefore risk factor control was not adequate by today’s standards. Even recent trials comparing carotid revascularization procedures5,6 had little emphasis on risk factor control in their design and therefore had little impact on blood pressure and cholesterol measures at 1 year.7,8 Among stroke prevention trials in patients with heterogeneous causes of stroke, several trials have studied the effects of specific risk factor medications9–11 or of intensive control of a particular risk factor, such as blood pressure,12 but no stroke prevention trials have used a mutimodal aggressive risk factor approach. Among patients with intracranial atherosclerosis, which may be the most common cause of stroke worldwide,13 risk factor control is also believed to be important for stroke prevention. The Warfarin Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease (WASID) trial, in which patients with symptomatic intracranial stenosis were managed with either warfarin or aspirin and usual risk factor management,14 showed that …
Manypedia: comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities

The 4 million articles of the English Wikipedia have been written in a collaborative fashion by more than 16 million volunteer editors. On each article, the community of editors strive to reach a neutral point of view, representing all significant views fairly, proportionately, and without biases. However, beside the English one, there are more than 280 editions of Wikipedia in different languages and their relatively isolated communities of editors are not forced by the platform to discuss and negotiate their points of view. So the empirical question is: do communities on different language Wikipedias develop their own diverse Linguistic Points of View (LPOV)? To answer this question we created and released as open source Manypedia, a web tool whose aim is to facilitate cross-cultural analysis of Wikipedia language communities by providing an easy way to compare automatically translated versions of their different representations of the same topic.
Macrophage Plasticity and the Role of Inflammation in Skeletal Muscle Repair

Effective repair of damaged tissues and organs requires the coordinated action of several cell types, including infiltrating inflammatory cells and resident cells. Recent findings have uncovered a central role for macrophages in the repair of skeletal muscle after acute damage. If damage persists, as in skeletal muscle pathologies such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), macrophage infiltration perpetuates and leads to progressive fibrosis, thus exacerbating disease severity. Here we discuss how dynamic changes in macrophage populations and activation states in the damaged muscle tissue contribute to its efficient regeneration. We describe how ordered changes in macrophage polarization, from M1 to M2 subtypes, can differently affect muscle stem cell (satellite cell) functions. Finally, we also highlight some of the new mechanisms underlying macrophage plasticity and briefly discuss the emerging implications of lymphocytes and other inflammatory cell types in normal versus pathological muscle repair.
Evaluating Prognosis of Gastrointestinal Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Constructing a Novel Prognostic Nomogram Based on NETPET Score and Metabolic Parameters from PET/CT Imaging

Introduction: The goal of this study is to compare the prognostic performance of NETPET scores, based on gallium-68 DOTANOC (68Ga-DOTANOC) and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography (PET-CT), and PET-CT metabolic parameters in metastatic gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (GI-NET), while constructing and validating a nomogram derived from dual-scan PET-CT. Methods: In this retrospective study, G1–G3 GI-NET patients who underwent 68Ga-DOTANOC and 18F-FDG PET scans were enrolled and divided into training and internal validation cohorts. Three grading systems were constructed based on NETPET scores and standardized uptake value maximum (SUVmax). LASSO regression selected variables for a multivariable Cox model, and nomograms predicting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were created. The prognostic performance of these systems was assessed using time-dependent receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves, concordance index (C-index), and other methods. Nomogram evaluation involved calibration curves, decision curve analysis (DCA), and the aforementioned methods in both cohorts. Results: In this study, 223 patients (130 males; mean age ± SD: 52.6 ± 12 years) were divided into training (148) and internal validation (75) cohorts. Dual scans were classified based on NETPET scores (D1–D3). Single 68Ga-DOTANOC and 18F-FDG PET-CT scans were stratified into S1-S3 and F1-F3 based on SUVmax. The NETPET score-based grading system demonstrated the best OS and PFS prediction (C-index, 0.763 vs. 0.727 vs. 0.566). Nomograms for OS and PFS exhibited superior prognostic performance in both cohorts (all AUCs > 0.8). Conclusions: New classification based on NETPET score predicts patient OS/PFS best. PET-CT-based nomograms show accurate OS/PFS forecasts.
A Nanosheet Oxide Semiconductor FET Using ALD InGaOx Channel for 3-D Integrated Devices

We have developed atomic layer deposition (ALD) process of InGaOx (IGO) and InSnOx for transistor channel and electrode and investigated the tradeoff among mobility, electrostatics, and reliability in single-gate (SG) IGO FETs. Threshold voltage (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) shift after positive gate bias was observed especially in high Ga concentration and thin IGO channel devices, which can be attributed to excess oxygen. We also extracted interface and bulk state density (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${D}_{\text {it}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}_{\text {bulk}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) using the subthreshold swing (SS) measurement results from the channel thickness dependence. <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${D}_{\text {it}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> is as low as 1–<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2\times 10^{{11}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> cm−2 eV−1, which means the formation of the defect-less interface between IGO channel and HfO2 gate dielectric. Ga concentration dependence of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${N}_{\text {bulk}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> indicates the impact of O2 dimer generation in high Ga concentration devices. To break the characteristics tradeoff, we fabricated multigate nanosheet (NS) IGO FETs and demonstrated normally OFF operation, high mobility (>30 cm2/Vs), and high reliability. The drive current of the double-gate (DG) IGO FET is 2.2 times higher and the mobility is 1.2 times higher than that of the SG IGO FET, thanks to the multichannel structure and excess oxygen reduction by passivation process. The difference in positive bias instability (PBI) and negative bias instability (NBI) degradation between SG and DG structure was discussed by comparing the electric field distribution of TCAD simulation results of SG and DG IGO FET. This work shows the most well-balanced performance among preceding ALD IGO FETs with respect to mobility, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${V}_{\text {th}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and SS, and shows the possibility of future 3-D back end of line (BEOL) monolithic and 3-D memory integration using ALD IGO channel.
Evaluating spoken dialogue agents with PARADISE: Two case studies

Abstract This paper presents PARADISE (PARAdigm for DIalogue System Evaluation), a general framework for evaluating and comparing the performance of spoken dialogue agents. The framework decouples task requirements from an agent's dialogue behaviours, supports comparisons among dialogue strategies, enables the calculation of performance over subdialogues and whole dialogues, specifies the relative contribution of various factors to performance, and makes it possible to compare agents performing different taks by normalizing for task complexity. After presenting PARADISE, we illustrate its application to two different spoken dialogue agents. We show how to derive a performance function for each agent and how to generalize results across agents. We then show that once such a performance function has been derived, it can be used both for making predictions about future versions of an agent, and as feedback to the agent so that the agent can learn to optimize its behaviour based on its experiences with users over time.
Genetic Diversity and Relationships among the Tribes of Meghalaya Compared to Other Indian and Continental Populations

The autosomal AmpFLSTR markers validated and widely used for forensic applications are used in this study to examine the extent of diversity and genetic relationships among nine Meghalaya populations. Altogether, 932 chromosomes from 9 populations were analyzed using 9 tetrameric AmpFLSTR loci. The included populations were all seven subtribes of the Austro-Asiatic Mon-Khmer-speaking Khasi and the neighboring Tibeto-Burman Garo. The Lyngngam, which are linguistically closer to the Khasi but are culturally intermediate between the Khasi and the Garo, are also included in the study. Although most of the microsatellite loci are highly polymorphic in each of these populations, the allele distributions are fairly uniform across the Meghalaya populations, suggesting relative homogeneity among them. Concurrent with this, the coefficient of gene differentiation (GST) is observed to be low (0.026_0.002). This is naturally reflected in the lack of clear differentiation and clustering pattern of the Meghalaya tribes based on either geographic proximity or the historical or current affiliations of these tribes. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) suggests no significant population structure. The structure analysis further suggests that, barring War-Khasi and Pnar, no other population shows any semblance of genetic identity. Even the position of the linguistically distinct Garo is not portrayed as separate from the Khasi. However, when comparable data from other Indian, Southeast Asian, and other continental populations were analyzed, the Meghalaya populations formed a compact cluster clearly separated from other populations, suggesting genetic identity of the Meghalaya populations as a whole. These results are concurrent with the hypothesis of a common and recent origin of these Meghalaya populations, whose genetic differentiation is overwhelmed by the homogenizing effect of continuous gene flow.
How does noncoding transcription regulate Hox genes?

Noncoding RNA has arrived at centre stage in recent years with the discovery of “hidden transcriptomes” in many higher organisms. Over two decades ago, noncoding transcripts were discovered in Drosophila Hox complexes, but their function has remained elusive. Recent studies 1–3 have examined the role of these noncoding RNAs in Hox gene regulation, and have generated a fierce debate as to whether the noncoding transcripts are important for silencing or activation. Here we review the evidence, and show that, by taking developmental timing into account, some of these apparently conflicting results can be resolved. We examine current models that explain these data and explore alternative interpretations. BioEssays 30:110–121, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time’s arrow in stochastic characterization and simulation of atmospheric and hydrological processes

ABSTRACT Time’s arrow has important philosophical, scientific and technical connotations and is closely related to randomness as well as to causality. Stochastics offers a frame to explore, characterize and simulate irreversibility in natural processes. Indicators of irreversibility are different if we study a single process alone, or more processes simultaneously. In the former case, description of irreversibility requires at least third-order properties, while in the latter lagged second-order properties may suffice to reveal causal relations. Several examined data sets indicate that in atmospheric processes irreversibility is negligible at hydrologically relevant time scales, but may appear at the finest scales. However, the irreversibility of streamflow is marked for scales of several days and this highlights the need to reproduce it in flood simulations. For this reason, two methods of generating time series with irreversibility are developed, from which one, based on an asymmetric moving average scheme, proves to be satisfactory.
Managing Terror

This paper analyzes al Qaeda in Iraq’s (AQI’s) 2007 decision to begin turning away foreign fighters. Foreign fighters can provide benefit to an insurgent group by introducing a novel set of preferences. This paper shows formally that if foreign fighters are effectively integrated into insurgent groups like AQI, then they can constrain domestic agents and prevent agency type problems. However, this ability to integrate foreign fighters effectively is endogenous to the counterinsurgency effort that the insurgent group faces. Through a cross-case analysis, this paper suggests AQI’s 2007 decision to turn away foreign fighters was a consequence of its security environment. The model also has general implications for counterinsurgency, implying that operations that target or isolate leadership can be used to create intra-group dysfunction. This paper empirically demonstrates this result, showing the killing of Abu Zarqawi disrupted AQI’s leadership and caused agency problems within the group. As a theoretical contribution, this paper introduces a novel contracting mechanism, an “organizational contract,” that formalizes strategic institutional design; its use here shows that organizational structure is not only useful for defining operational units, but it also can be a tool for resolving agency problems. ∗Stanford Graduate School of Business, pschram@stanford.edu This paper has benefited from suggestions and feedback by: James Fearon, Jacob Shapiro, Jonathan Bendor, Saumitra Jha, Nick Eubank, Ken Shotts, Nathan Atkinson, Martha Crenshaw, Brian Fishman, Andrew Coe, Scott Gates, Jeffrey Bonheim, Dorothy Kronick, Kerry Pearson, Alexandra Blackman, Brenna Powell, Rebecca Perlman, and Steven Callander, as well as seminar participants at the Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford Political Science’s International Relations Workshop, the Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference, and the European Political Science Association Annual Conference. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, recommendations, or errors in this document are those of the author.
The role of AtMUS81 in DNA repair and its genetic interaction with the helicase AtRecQ4A

The endonuclease MUS81 has been shown in a variety of organisms to be involved in DNA repair in mitotic and meiotic cells. Homologues of the MUS81 gene exist in the genomes of all eukaryotes, pointing to a conserved role of the protein. However, the biological role of MUS81 varies between different eukaryotes. For example, while loss of the gene results in strongly impaired fertility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and nearly complete sterility in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, it is not essential for meiosis in mammals. We identified a functional homologue (AtMUS81/At4g30870) in the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana and isolated a full-length cDNA of this gene. Analysing two independent T-DNA insertion lines of AtMUS81, we found that they are sensitive to the mutagens MMS and MMC. Both mutants have a deficiency in homologous recombination in somatic cells but only after induction by genotoxic stress. In contrast to yeast, no meiotic defect of AtMUS81 mutants was detectable and the mutants are viable. Crosses with a hyperrecombinogenic mutant of the AtRecQ4A helicase resulted in synthetic lethality in the double mutant. Thus, the nuclease AtMUS81 and the helicase AtRecQ4A seem to be involved in two alternative pathways of resolution of replicative DNA structures in somatic cells.
Energy-efficient resource allocation for D2D communications in cellular networks

This paper studies resource allocation for the device-to-device (D2D) underlying cellular system where we aim to maximize two different energy-efficiency metrics of D2D links while guaranteeing the minimum data rates for cellular links. Specifically, we formulate two resource allocation problems that optimize two different objective functions corresponding to System Energy-Efficiency (SEE) and Total Individual Energy-Efficiency (TIEE). To solve these problems, we propose elegant algorithms, which decompose the considered problems into power control and cellular-D2D matching sub-problems. We prove that our proposed iterative algorithms for the SEE and TIEE problems converge to their optimal solutions. Numerical results show that the energy-efficiency achieved by the proposed SEE and TIEE algorithms is much higher than that of the optimal spectrum-efficiency (SE) algorithm with slight degradation in the system sum rate.