Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Recent and Future Signatures of Climate Change in Europe

Abstract A set of six regional climate model experiments is investigated for future changes in daily temperature and precipitation in Europe. Changes in the probability distributions for these variables are studied. It is found that the asymmetry of these distributions change differently depending on location and season. Large summertime changes in extremely high temperatures in central, eastern and southern Europe are followed by higher than average temperature increases on warm days in general. Likewise, temperatures on cold days increase much more than the average temperature increase during winter in eastern and northern Europe. A comparison with historical data on wintertime temperature shows that the model simulated and observed daily variability are similar. In particular, the much stronger increase in temperatures on cold days, compared to the average temperature increase as observed in warm compared to cold historical periods, is simulated also by the model. The contribution from heavy precipitation events is simulated to increase over most parts of Europe in all seasons.
The Role of Interleukin (IL)-10 in the Persistence of Leishmania major in the Skin after Healing and the Therapeutic Potential of Anti–IL-10 Receptor Antibody for Sterile Cure

Some pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp) have been shown to persist in their host after clinical cure, establishing the risk of disease reactivation. We analyzed the conditions necessary for the long term maintenance of Leishmania major in genetically resistant C57BL/6 mice after spontaneous healing of their dermal lesions. Interleukin (IL)-10 was found to play an essential role in parasite persistence as sterile cure was achieved in IL-10–deficient and IL-4/IL-10 double-deficient mice. The requirement for IL-10 in establishing latency associated with natural infection was confirmed in IL-10–deficient mice challenged by bite of infected sand flies. The host-parasite equilibrium was maintained by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells which were each able to release IL-10 or interferon (IFN)-γ, and were found to accumulate in chronic sites of infection, including the skin and draining lymph node. A high frequency of the dermal CD4+ T cells released both IL-10 and IFN-γ. Wild-type mice treated transiently during the chronic phase with anti–IL-10 receptor antibodies achieved sterile cure, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to eliminate latency, infection reservoirs, and the risk of reactivation disease.
The Price of Evolution in Temporal Databases

Temporal Functional Dependencies (TFDs for short) are functional dependencies that predicate on temporal databases characterized by a special temporal dimension called valid time (VT). In [1] Combi et al. proposed a uniform framework that subsumes many of the TFDs proposed in literature and, by the combination of them, allow us to express finer constraints. Some interesting constraints are the Temporally Mixed Functional Dependencies (TMFD for short) that allow one to write constraints on the evolution of the data in the database. The problem of checking a TMFD against an instance of a temporal schema is polynomial. We will show that when approximation comes into play (i.e., we look for TMFD holding for almost all database tuples) the problem turns out to be NP-Complete. Moreover we introduce a type of association rules build over TMFD called Temporally Mixed Association Rule (TMAR). We prove that verifying TMAR under approximation is still NP-Complete, by reducing it to a novel problem on directed acyclic graphs.
Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: Meta‐analyses of switching and Stroop studies

There is growing evidence that a specific region in the posterior frontolateral cortex is involved intimately in cognitive control processes. This region, located in the vicinity of the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus, was termed the inferior frontal junction (IFJ). The IFJ was shown to be involved in the updating of task representations and to be activated commonly in a within‐subject investigation of a task‐switching paradigm, the Stroop task, and a verbal n‐back task. Here, we investigate the involvement of the IFJ in cognitive control by employing a meta‐analytic approach. Two quantitative meta‐analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies were conducted. One meta‐analysis included frontal activations from task‐switching, set‐shifting, and stimulus–response (S–R) reversal studies, the other included frontal activations from color–word Stroop studies. Results showed highly significant clustering of activations in the IFJ in both analyses. These results provide strong evidence for the consistent involvement of the IFJ in both switching and Stroop paradigms. Furthermore, they support our concept of areal specialization in the frontolateral cortex, which posits that it is not only the middorsolateral part that plays an important role in cognitive control, but also the IFJ. Finally, our results demonstrate how quantitative meta‐analyses can be used to test hypotheses about the involvement of specific brain regions in cognitive control. Hum Brain Mapp 25:22–34, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Still Image Compression using Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoding

This paper proposes a Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoding (EZW) for image compression. Shapiros Embedded Zerotree Wavelet encoder or EZW encoder for short (Sha93). An EZW encoder is an encoder specially designed to use with wavelet transforms, which explains why it has the word wavelet in its name. The EZW encoder was originally designed to operate on images (2D-signals) but it can also be used on other dimensional signals. The EZW encoder is based on progressive encoding to compress an image into a bit stream with increasing accuracy. This means that when more bits are added to the stream, the decoded image will contain more detail, a property similar to JPEG encoded images. It is also similar to the representation of a number like P. Every digit we add increases the accuracy of the number, but we can stop at any accuracy we like. Progressive encoding is also known as embedded encoding. Coding an image using the EZW scheme, together with some optimizations results in a remarkably effective image compressor with the property that the compressed data stream can have any bit rate desired. Any bit rate is only possible if there is information loss somewhere so that the compressor is lossy. However, lossless compression is also possible with an EZW encoder, but of course with less spectacular results.
Characterization of Raloxifene Glucuronidation: Potential Role of UGT1A8 Genotype on Raloxifene Metabolism In Vivo

Raloxifene is a second-generation selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene is extensively metabolized by glucuronidation to form raloxifene-6-glucuronide (ral-6-Gluc) and raloxifene-4′-glucuronide (ral-4′-Gluc). The goal of the present study was to determine whether functional polymorphisms in active UGTs could play a role in altered raloxifene glucuronidation in vivo. Using homogenates from HEK293 UGT-overexpressing cell lines, raloxifene was shown to be glucuronidated primarily by the hepatic UGTs 1A1 and 1A9 and the extra-hepatic UGTs 1A8 and 1A10; no detectable raloxifene glucuronidation activity was found for UGT2B enzymes. Functional UGT1A1 transcriptional promoter genotypes were significantly (Ptrend = 0.005) associated with ral-6-Gluc formation in human liver microsomes, and, consistent with the decreased raloxifene glucuronidation activities observed in vitro with cell lines overexpressing UGT1A8 variants, the UGT1A8*2 variant was significantly (P = 0.023) correlated with total raloxifene glucuronide formation in human jejunum homogenates. While ral-4′-Gluc exhibited 1:100th the anti-estrogenic activity of raloxifene itself as measured by binding to the estrogen receptor, raloxifene glucuronides comprised about 99% of the circulating raloxifene dose in raloxifene-treated subjects, with ral-4′-Gluc comprising ∼70% of raloxifene glucuronides. Plasma ral-6-Gluc (Ptrend = 0.0025), ral-4′-Gluc (Ptrend = 0.001), and total raloxifene glucuronides (Ptrend = 0.001) were increased in raloxifene-treated subjects who were predicted slow metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*1/*3)] versus intermediate metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*1/*1) or UGT1A8 (*1/*2)] versus fast metabolizers [UGT1A8 (*2/*2). These data suggest that raloxifene metabolism may be dependent on UGT1A8 genotype and that UGT1A8 genotype may play an important role in overall response to raloxifene. Cancer Prev Res; 6(7); 719–30. ©2013 AACR.
Minimized Thompson NFA

The problem of converting a regular expression to nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) is a fundamental problem that has been well studied. However, the two basic construction algorithms: (1) Thompson, (2) McNaughton–Yamada and Glushkov, both have disadvantages. In this article: first, a ‘smart’ parsing algorithm is developed which constructs a parse tree with at most (3l − 1) nodes form a regular expression with l literals; second, we propose an algorithm that works on the resulting NFA from Thompson's construction, eliminating as many auxiliary states as possible while maintaining Thompson's properties. It is shown that the resulting NFA is minimized. This means that no auxiliary states can be eliminated without violating the defining properties of Thompson NFA. The time and space requirements for the above algorithms are linear with respect to the length of the regular expression.
On two geometric theta lifts

The theta correspondence has been an important tool in studying cycles in locally symmetric spaces of orthogonal type. In this paper we establish for the orthogonal group O(p,2) an adjointness result between Borcherds's singular theta lift and the Kudla-Millson lift. We extend this result to arbitrary signature by introducing a new singular theta lift for O(p,q). On the geometric side, this lift can be interpreted as a differential character, in the sense of Cheeger and Simons, for the cycles under consideration.
User choices regarding vehicle-driving automation

The introduction of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in motor vehicles is expected to improve traffic efficiency and safety significantly. These systems support the driver in controlling his vehicle applying advanced sensing, computing and controlling devices. Successful implementation of these systems in the near future will largely depend on the willingness of people to buy and use these systems. As to this willingness, not much is known yet. Therefore, in this paper the willingness of potential ADAS users is explored. Choices for several ADAS have been measured by using the stated choice approach. Both drivers and fleet-owners of cars, trucks and buses have been interrogated about their choices regarding several hypothetical ADAS alternatives. Alternative systems were presented based on their functional features, price levels, and impacts on travel time and fuel consumption. Logit modelling has been applied to estimate how ADAS characteristics affect overall choices. The results show that, drivers and fleet-operators are not that willing to have ADAS in their vehicle(s): on average, in 29% of the cases the respondents are willing to purchase an ADAS alternative. However, this finding needs to be qualified, as user choices fluctuate strongly with specific ADAS characteristics. In particular, ADAS which support the driver in proper distance keeping, lane keeping and lane changing by warnings, at relatively low prices and improve travel time and fuel consumption seems most promising. The probabilities of users for purchasing the ADAS currently available on the market are relatively low.
Memory and Language A temporal – contextual retrieval account of complex span : An analysis of errors q

Complex working memory span tasks have been shown to predict performance on a number of measures of higherorder cognition including fluid abilities. However, exactly why performance on these tasks is related to higher-order cognition is still not known. The present study examined the patterns of errors made on two common complex span tasks. The results suggest that the patterns of errors made on these tasks are an important indicator of the processes that underlie performance and point to the importance of temporal–contextual cues. Furthermore, the individual differences data suggest that low scoring participants do not make more of each type of error at all serial positions, but rather the variability is localized to a few theoretically meaningful positions for each error type. The results suggest that low scoring participants have less precise temporal–contextual cues which leads to an inefficient search of memory. 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Trafficking and synaptic anchoring of ionotropic inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors

Neurotransmitter receptors are subject to microtubule‐based transport between intracellular organelles and the neuronal plasma membrane. Receptors that arrive at plasma membrane compartments diffuse laterally within the plane of the cellular surface. To achieve immobilization at their sites of action, cytoplasmic receptor residues bind to submembrane proteins, which are coupled to the underlying cytoskeleton by multiprotein scaffolds. GABAARs (γ‐aminobutyric type A receptors) and GlyRs (glycine receptors) are the major inhibitory receptors in the central nervous system. At inhibitory postsynaptic sites, all GlyRs and the majority of GABAARs directly or indirectly couple to gephyrin, a multimeric PSD (postsynaptic density) component. In addition to cluster formations at axo‐dendritic contacts, individual GABAAR subtypes also anchor and concentrate at extrasynaptic positions, either through association with gephyrin or direct interaction with the ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) family protein radixin. In addition to their role in diffusion trapping of surface receptors, scaffold components also undergo rapid exchange to/from and between postsynaptic specializations, leading to a dynamic equilibrium of receptor—scaffold complexes. Moreover, scaffold components serve as adaptor proteins that mediate specificity in intracellular transport complexes. In the present review, we discuss the dynamic delivery, stabilization and removal of inhibitory receptors at synaptic sites.
An interaction engine for rich hypertexts

In semantically rich hypertexts it is attractive to enable presentation of a network of nodes and link at different levels of abstraction. It is also important that the user can interact with the hypertext using a command repertoire that reflects the chosen abstraction level. Based on a characterization of rich hypertext we introduce the concept of an interaction engine that governs the separation between internal hypertext representation and external screen presentation. This separation is the key principle of the HyperPro system. The HyperPro interaction engine is based on simple rules for presentation, interpretation of events, and menu set up. Much of the power of the interaction engine framework comes from the organization of these rules relative to the type of hierarchy of nodes and links, and relative to a hierarchy of so-called interaction schemes. The primary application domain discussed in the paper is program development and program documentation.
From Characters to Words to in Between: Do We Capture Morphology?

Words can be represented by composing the representations of subword units such as word segments, characters, and/or character n-grams. While such representations are effective and may capture the morphological regularities of words, they have not been systematically compared, and it is not understood how they interact with different morphological typologies. On a language modeling task, we present experiments that systematically vary (1) the basic unit of representation, (2) the composition of these representations, and (3) the morphological typology of the language modeled. Our results extend previous findings that character representations are effective across typologies, and we find that a previously unstudied combination of character trigram representations composed with bi-LSTMs outperforms most others. But we also find room for improvement: none of the character-level models match the predictive accuracy of a model with access to true morphological analyses, even when learned from an order of magnitude more data.
LED Junction Temperature Measurement Using Generated Photocurrent

LED-based lamps that are currently on the market are expensive due to the complex packaging required to dissipate the heat generated. This also limits their performance and lifetime due to the degradation of the phosphor or individual LED chips, in the case of RGB sources. There is a strong commercial imperative to develop in situ technology to measure and ultimately compensate for the thermal environment of a luminaire.
High Resolution Population Distribution Maps for Southeast Asia in 2010 and 2015

Spatially accurate, contemporary data on human population distributions are vitally important to many applied and theoretical researchers. The Southeast Asia region has undergone rapid urbanization and population growth over the past decade, yet existing spatial population distribution datasets covering the region are based principally on population count data from censuses circa 2000, with often insufficient spatial resolution or input data to map settlements precisely. Here we outline approaches to construct a database of GIS-linked circa 2010 census data and methods used to construct fine-scale (∼100 meters spatial resolution) population distribution datasets for each country in the Southeast Asia region. Landsat-derived settlement maps and land cover information were combined with ancillary datasets on infrastructure to model population distributions for 2010 and 2015. These products were compared with those from two other methods used to construct commonly used global population datasets. Results indicate mapping accuracies are consistently higher when incorporating land cover and settlement information into the AsiaPop modelling process. Using existing data, it is possible to produce detailed, contemporary and easily updatable population distribution datasets for Southeast Asia. The 2010 and 2015 datasets produced are freely available as a product of the AsiaPop Project and can be downloaded from: www.asiapop. org.
Image toggling saves time in mammography

Abstract. When two images are perfectly aligned, even subtle differences are readily detected when the images are “toggled” back and forth in the same location. However, substantial changes between two photographs can be missed if the images are misaligned (“change blindness”). Nevertheless, recent work from our lab, testing nonradiologists, suggests that toggling misaligned photographs leads to superior performance compared to side-by-side viewing (SBS). In order to determine if a benefit of toggling misaligned images may be observed in clinical mammography, we developed an image toggling technique where pairs of new and prior breast imaging exam images could be efficiently toggled back and forth. Twenty-three radiologists read 10 mammograms evenly divided in toggle and SBS modes. The toggle mode led to a 6-s benefit in reaching a decision [t(22)=5.11, p<. 05]. The toggle viewing mode also led to a 5% improvement in diagnostic accuracy, though in our small sample this effect was not statistically reliable. Time savings were found even though successive mammograms were not perfectly aligned. Given the ever-increasing caseload for radiologists, this simple manipulation of how the images are viewed could save valuable time in clinical practice, allowing radiologists to read more cases or spend more time on difficult cases.
Inertial frame rotation induced by rotating gravitational waves

We calculate the rotation of the inertial frame within an almost flat cylindrical region surrounded by a pulse of non-axially-symmetric gravitational waves that rotate about the axis of our cylindrical polar coordinates. Our spacetime has only one Killing vector. It is along the z-axis and hypersurface orthogonal. We solve the Einstein equations to first order in the wave amplitude and superpose such linearized solutions to form a wave pulse. We then solve the relevant Einstein equation to second order in the amplitude to find the rotation of inertial frames produced by the pulse. The rotation is without time delay. The influence of gravitational wave angular momentum on the inertial frame demonstrates that Mach's principle cannot be expressed in terms of the influence of the stress–energy–momentum tensor alone but must also involve influences of gravitational wave energy and angular momentum.
Using task context to improve programmer productivity

When working on a large software system, a programmer typically spends an inordinate amount of time sifting through thousands of artifacts to find just the subset of information needed to complete an assigned task. All too often, before completing the task the programmer must switch to working on a different task. These task switches waste time as the programmer must repeatedly find and identify the information relevant to the task-at-hand. In this paper, we present a mechanism that captures, models, and persists the elements and relations relevant to a task. We show how our task context model reduces information overload and focuses a programmer's work by filtering and ranking the information presented by the development environment. A task context is created by monitoring a programmer's activity and extracting the structural relationships of program artifacts. Operations on task contexts integrate with development environment features, such as structure display, search, and change management. We have validated our approach with a longitudinal field study of Mylar, our implementation of task context for the Eclipse development environment. We report a statistically significant improvement in the productivity of 16 industry programmers who voluntarily used Mylar for their daily work.
The Sar1 Gtpase Coordinates Biosynthetic Cargo Selection with Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Site Assembly

Cargo selection and export from the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by the COPII coat machinery that includes the small GTPase Sar1 and the Sec23/24 and Sec13/31 complexes. We have analyzed the sequential events regulated by purified Sar1 and COPII coat complexes during synchronized export of cargo from the ER in vitro. We find that activation of Sar1 alone, in the absence of other cytosolic components, leads to the formation of ER-derived tubular domains that resemble ER transitional elements that initiate cargo selection. These Sar1-generated tubular domains were shown to be transient, functional intermediates in ER to Golgi transport in vitro. By following cargo export in live cells, we show that ER export in vivo is also characterized by the formation of dynamic tubular structures. Our results demonstrate an unanticipated and novel role for Sar1 in linking cargo selection with ER morphogenesis through the generation of transitional tubular ER export sites.