Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Monetary Policy and the Economy

Good afternoon. It is a pleasure to be here to talk with you about the economic outlook and to offer my thoughts on current monetary policy. We come together at an opportune time. The economic recovery has gradually been gaining traction over the past year, noticeably so more recently. The Fed has been sensitive to these developments and their implications for future policy action, as evidenced by the FOMC's postmeeting communiqués, including the one released last Tuesday. The employment report released on Friday provided a welcome indication that the one crucial, and heretofore elusive, aspect of the recovery healthy employment growth may now be in place.
Metabolic loss of deuterium from isotopically labeled glucose

The isotopically substituted molecule (6‐13C, 1, 6, 6‐2H3)glucose was evaluated to determine whether metabolic 2H loss would prevent its use in quantitating pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) activity. PPP activity causes the C1 of glucose to be lost as CO2, while C6 can appear in lactate. 2H NMR analysis of the lactate produced from this glucose can distinguish (3‐2H)‐lactate (from C1 of glucose) from (3‐13C, 3, 3‐2HZ)lactate (from C6 of glucose). 2H NMR spectroscopic analysis of medium containing (4‐13C, 1,6,6−2H3) glucose after incubation with cultured rat 9L glioma cells suggested a 30.8 ± 2.1% PPP activity as compared with 6.0 ± 0.8% from separate, parallel incubations with (1‐13C)glucose and (6‐13C)glucose. Subsequent experiments with other isotopically labeled glucose molecules suggest that this discrepancy is due to selective loss of 2H from the C1 position of glucose, catalyzed by phosphoman‐nose isomerase. Failure to consider 2H exchange from the C1 and C6 positions of glucose can lead to incorrect conclusions in metabolic studies utilizing this and other deuterated or tritiated glucose molecules.
Alexander polynomials and hyperbolic volume of arborescent links

We realize a given (monic) Alexander polynomial by a (fibered) hyperbolic arborescent knot and link of any number of components, and by infinitely many such links of at least 4 components. As a consequence, a Mahler measure minimizing polynomial, if it exists, is realized as the Alexander polynomial of a fibered hyperbolic link of at least 2 components. For given polynomial, we give also an upper bound on the minimal hyperbolic volume of knots/links, and contrarily, construct knots of arbitrarily large volume, which are arborescent, or have given free genus at least 2.
Detection of Intoxicated Drivers Using Online System Identification of Steering Behavior

Impaired driving is known to be among the leading causes of death and injury on roads; however, the existing measures to address this menace appear to be insufficient. This paper presents a novel method to detect intoxicated driving and lays a foundation that can be implemented in future cars to derive personalized models of drivers and to detect not only intoxicated driving but also other reckless driving styles. We employ system identification techniques to develop models for sober and impaired drivers. A total of 200 sets of data from various subject drivers were collected in a high-fidelity driving simulator. The lateral preview error and the steering wheel angle were considered the input and output of a driver, respectively. We will demonstrate that the autoregressive noise integration moving average with exogenous input (ARIMAX) model best fits the data to describe the steering behavior of drivers. The positions of model poles are shown to be a good indicator of intoxicated driving behavior. An aggressive driving style due to impaired driving leads to the migration of dominant poles toward the instability region. The Kalman filter and online identification techniques are used to update the driver model during driving. The poles of this updated model are used for the detection of impaired driving.
Linearly Dependent Sets of Algebraic Curvature Tensors with a Nondegenerate Inner Product

This paper examines the effects of linear dependence on a set of three algebraic curvature tensors constructed from symmetric bilinear forms with respect to a nondegenerate inner product, and proceeds to show the possibility for simultaneous orthogonal diagonalization of these forms. Additionally the capability for simultaneous diagonaliza-tion lends itself to some useful results regarding the eigenvalues of two of the forms.
The Effect of an EDTA-based Chelation Regimen on Patients With Diabetes Mellitus and Prior Myocardial Infarction in the Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT)

Background—The Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy (TACT) showed clinical benefit of an EDTA-based infusion regimen in patients aged ≥50 years with prior myocardial infarction. Diabetes mellitus before enrollment was a prespecified subgroup. Methods and Results—Patients received 40 infusions of EDTA chelation or placebo. A total of 633 (37%) patients had diabetes mellitus (322 EDTA and 311 placebo). EDTA reduced the primary end point (death, reinfarction, stroke, coronary revascularization, or hospitalization for angina; 25% versus 38%; hazard ratio, 0.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44–0.79; P<0.001) over 5 years. The result remained significant after Bonferroni adjustment for multiple subgroups (99.4% CI, 0.39–0.88; adjusted P=0.002). All-cause mortality was reduced by EDTA chelation (10% versus 16%; hazard ratio, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.36–0.88; P=0.011), as was the secondary end point (cardiovascular death, reinfarction, or stroke; 11% versus 17%; hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.39–0.91; P=0.017). However, after adjusting for multiple subgroups, those results were no longer significant. The number needed to treat to reduce 1 primary end point over 5 years was 6.5 (95% CI, 4.4–12.7). There was no reduction in events in non–diabetes mellitus (n=1075; P=0.877), resulting in a treatment by diabetes mellitus interaction (P=0.004). Conclusions—Post–myocardial infarction patients with diabetes mellitus aged ≥50 demonstrated a marked reduction in cardiovascular events with EDTA chelation. These findings support efforts to replicate these findings and define the mechanisms of benefit. However, they do not constitute sufficient evidence to indicate the routine use of chelation therapy for all post–myocardial infarction patients with diabetes mellitus. Clinical Trial Registration—URL: http://www.clinicaltrials. gov. Unique identifier: NCT00044213.
Learning Concepts and Categories

Inductive learning—that is, learning a new concept or category by observing exemplars—happens constantly, for example, when a baby learns a new word or a doctor classifies x-rays. What influence does the spacing of exemplars have on induction? Compared with massing, spacing enhances long-term recall, but we expected spacing to hamper induction by making the commonalities that define a concept or category less apparent. We asked participants to study multiple paintings by different artists, with a given artist's paintings presented consecutively (massed) or interleaved with other artists' paintings (spaced). We then tested induction by asking participants to indicate which studied artist (Experiments 1a and 1b) or whether any studied artist (Experiment 2) painted each of a series of new paintings. Surprisingly, induction profited from spacing, even though massing apparently created a sense of fluent learning: Participants rated massing as more effective than spacing, even after their own test performance had demonstrated the opposite.
Higher Dimensional Realizations of Activated Dynamic Scaling at Random Quantum Transitions.

There is considerable current interest in the propertiesof phase transitions in random quantum systems. Ex-perimentally accessible quantum transitions such as thetransition from an insulator to a metal [1] or a supercon-ductor [2], and various magnetic-nonmagnetic transitionsin heavy fermion compounds [3], high-
Valuing Expressways Under Time Pressures

Based on the stated-preference (SP) survey data collected from a sample of Osaka metropolitan area commuters, the paper examines the nature of willingness-to-pay (WTP) values respondents indicate for traveling on a tolled expressway under different levels of time pressure. This paper shows that WTP varies with time pressure, and that there is systematic downward biases in reporting WTP. The framework of prospect theory is adopted in the analysis. Econometric analyses quantify the effect of time pressure on reported WTP values. Stochastic frontier regression is used to examine the tendency to report lower values. The model performs better than conventional linear and log-linear regression models and provides evidence for downward bias.
The third mission in eight cases: How Triple Helix dynamics vary across scientific fields

This paper investigates the consequences of institutional changes on academic research practices in eight fields of natural science. We analyze the similarities and differences among the dynamics of these different fields and reflect on possible explanations for the changes observed. This study shows that the increasing pressure for productivity, as measured in bibliometric terms, can counteract the pressure for practical utility. Moreover our work indicates that the dynamics of science vary much more across scientific fields than most literature suggests.
Firm behaviour and public infrastructure - The Case of Hungary

In the paper, we test the effect of local development, regional and local policies on the location decisions and productivity of firms. Development indicators include local research and development activity or education while policy decisions used in this study encompass for example tax rates, investment incentives or road construction. The study builds upon a large national panel of firms. Importantly, such a rich dataset has rarely been employed for productivity and location choice exercises. The paper is composed of two sections dealing with location choice and productivity, respectively and we compare the effect of variables used in both sections. Among others, we find that density of road network positively influenced location choice and productivity as well, while a somewhat larger size of administration helps new firms to settle but later on, it has no effect on productivity.
An examination of the management of Russian civil society

This thesis begins by examining the concepts of civil society and social capital. Specifically, it outlines the role of health and education third sector organisations (TSOs) in building civil society and generating social capital which is conducive to democratisation. Following this, the thesis presents literature on civil society development in the context of the Russian Federation, highlighting a void in our understanding of health and education TSOs in this context. The literature review examines cultural-historic antecedents and their impact on civil society development. These antecedents result in three constraints which limit TSOs ability to establish civil society as an autonomous space. In light of these constraints, the thesis explores the present day realities faced by Russian TSOs and proposes that the all-dominant nature of the Russian state leads to managed civil society arrangements. Consequently the thesis addresses the question of how a managed civil society manifests itself in the context of the Russian Federation. Using a qualitative research design, the thesis investigates the control mechanisms created by legislative framework, the ability of third sector organisations to substitute for the state, and the organisational characteristics of TSOs within a managed civil society space. Based on interview data from 82 TSOs across three geographical regions, the empirical chapters explore these three aspects in-depth. Firstly, the thesis demonstrates how a specific legislative framework is used as a legally mandated method to manage civil society. Secondly, the thesis explores more subtle attempts by the state to manage civil society. And thirdly, the thesis highlights ways in which the state controls TSOs and coerces them to mimic marionette organisations. Overall, the evidence presented throughout the thesis highlights the idiosyncratic nature of managed civil society arrangements in Russia in which the state is able to control and direct civil society
The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World

The transition from communism in Europe and the former Soviet Union has only sometimes produced a transition to democracy. Since the crumbling of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, most of the twenty-eight new states have abandoned communism, but only nine of these have entered the ranks of liberal democracies. The remaining majority of new postcommunist states are various shades of dictatorships or unconsolidated "transitional regimes. " This article seeks to explain why some states abandoned communism for democracy while others turned to authoritarian rule. In endorsing actorcentric approaches that have dominated analyses of the third wave of democratization, this argument nonetheless offers an alternative set of causal paths from ancien régime to new regime that can account for both democracy and dictatorship as outcomes. Situations of unequal distributions of power produced the quickest and most stable transitions from communist rule. In countries with asymmetrical balances of power, the regime to emerge depends almost entirely on the ideological orientation of the most powerful. In countries where democrats enjoyed a decisive power advantage, democracy emerged. Conversely, in countries in which dictators maintained a decisive power advantage, dictatorship emerged. In between these two extremes were countries in which the distribution of power between the old regime and its challengers was relatively equal. Rather than producing stalemate, compromise, and pacted transitions to democracy, however, such situations in the postcommunist world resulted in protracted confrontation between relatively balanced powers. The regimes that emerged from these modes of transitions are not the most successful democracies but rather are unconsolidated, unstable, partial democracies.
Efficient Evaluation of NOT-Twig Queries with Parent-Child Edges in A Tree-Unaware RDBMS

Despite a large body of work on XML query processing in relational environment, systematic study of NOT-twig queries has received little attention in the literature. Such queries contain notpredicates and are useful for many real-world applications. In this paper, we present an efficient strategy to evaluate NOT-twig queries with parent-child edges in a schema-oblivious and tree-unaware relational environment. Devising efficient XML query processing strategy on “purely relational" environment is a challenging problem as recent results demonstrate that query performance often degrades due to the generation of inefficient query plans. Our proposed technique is built on top of the SUCXENT++ system, a tree-unaware approach designed primarily for read-mostly workloads. It extends the encoding scheme of SUCXENT++ by adding two new labels, namely AncestorValue and AncestorDeweyGroup, that enable us to efficiently filter out elements satisfying a not-predicate by comparing their ancestor group identifiers. In this approach, a set of elements under the same common ancestor at a specific level in the XML tree is assigned same ancestor group identifier. Based on this encoding scheme, we propose two variants of a novel SQL translation algorithm for NOT-twig query evaluation, namely HYBRID and PURE. Experiments carried out confirm that our proposed approach built on top of an off-theshelf commercial RDBMS significantly outperforms representative tree-unaware and native approaches. Interestingly, our scheme reduces significantly the performance gap between a representative tree-aware (MonetDB/XQuery) and tree-unaware approaches and, surprisingly, even outperform it for certain NOT-twig queries.
Association between Polymorphisms in Lysyl Oxidase-Like 1 and Susceptibility to Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome and Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma

The present knowledge on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of lysyl oxidase-like 1 (LOXL1) with pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEXS) and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) is controversial and inconclusive. This meta-analysis sought to derive a more precise estimation of the effects of LOXL1 SNP loci (rs1048661, rs3825942, and rs2165241) on PEXS/PEXG. Literature searches were conducted on the PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases through October 2013. Twelve studies describing 1810 cases and 1790 controls met the inclusion criteria. The strengths of the associations found through the meta-analysis were assessed with pooled odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). A meta-regression analysis was also used to examine the influence of the study and population characteristics. The results indicated that rs1048661 TT carriers had 92.1% and 40.4% less risk of developing PEXS/PEXG than did the controls in the Caucasian and Asian populations, respectively. Carriers of rs3825942 AA or rs2165241 CC also had significantly less PEXS/PEXG susceptibility than did the non-carriers. Meta-regression showed that in Caucasians, the male proportion (slope: 0.272; 95% CI: 0.167–0.376; P = 0.0001) and mean age (slope: 0.796; 95% CI: 0.375–1.217; P = 0.0002) of the PEXS/PEXG subjects correlated positively with the effect of rs3825942 on PEXS/PEXG susceptibility. The meta-analysis suggested that LOXL1 rs1048661 TT, rs3825942 AA, and rs2165241 CC were associated with a reduced risk of developing PEXS/PEXG.
Rotation Map with a Controlling Segment: Basic Analysis and Application to A/D Converters

This paper studies the rotation map with a controlling segment. As a parameter varies, the map exhibits superstable periodic orbits, chaos and rich bifurcation phenomena. The map is applicable to an A/D converter having efficient resolution characteristics. The converter can be realized as a circuit model based on a spiking neuron and the rate-coding. Presenting a test circuit, basic operation is confirmed experimentally.
Computing the generic index of the circuit equations of linear active networks

In many problems, such as the analysis of electrical circuits, one has to deal with Differential-Algebraic Equations (DAEs). Knowing their generic index is of interest for practical and numerical as well as for theoretical reasons. In this paper we give an algorithm that determines the generic index of the Circuit Equations of linear active electrical networks in polynomial time from the network topology alone. It uses integer arithmetic and does neither require symbolic calculations nor real arithmetic.
The side population of ovarian cancer cells defines a heterogeneous compartment exhibiting stem cell characteristics

Cancer stem cells (CSC) are believed to be involved in tumor evasion of classical antitumor therapies and have thus become an attractive target for further improvement of anticancer strategies. However, the existence and identity of CSC are still a matter of controversy. In a systematic screen of 13 ovarian cancer cell lines we show that cells with stem cell properties are reliably detectable as a minor population, characterized by ABC transporter expression resulting in the side population (SP) phenotype. In different cell lines, either ABCG2 or ABCB1 was found to be responsible for this effect. Purified SP cells featured virtually all characteristics of bona fide CSC, including clonogenicity, asymmetric division and high tumorigenicity in vivo. Using in-depth phenotyping by multicolor flow cytometry, we found that among the investigated ovarian cancer cell lines the SP compartment exhibits tremendous heterogeneity and is composed of multiple phenotypically distinct subpopulations. Thus, our study confirms previous results showing that CSC are contained within the SP. However, the exact identity of the CSC is still disguised by the high complexity of the CSC-containing compartment. Further functional studies are needed to determine whether a single cellular subset can unambiguously be defined as CSC or whether multiple stem cell-like cells with different properties coexist. Moreover, the observed heterogeneity may reflect a high level of plasticity and likely influences tumor progression, escape from immune-surveillance and development of resistance to anticancer therapies and should therefore be considered in the development of new treatment strategies.
Housing affordability in Roma: can progress be made within the regulatory and policy framework?

Housing affordability is a complex issue that relates the supply and consumption costs of housing to the ability of the household to pay for housing costs. The regulation and policy framework sets the direction for mitigating the negative impacts of housing affordability. This dissertation investigates whether the future direction created by current regulation and policy is appropriate, and whether it will ultimately lead to progress in housing affordability in Roma, as well as in the wider context. Roma is a regional town within Queensland's Surat Basin resource province. Significant growth of the Coal Seam Gas industry in the region is predicted, which will have ramifications on future availability and affordability of appropriate housing. A detailed analysis of the relevant literature, regulation and policy governing housing provision in Roma has yielded gaps and areas of conflict within the regulation and policy framework. Using Roma as a case study, the disparities in regulation and policy have been examined in depth to gauge what impact the conflicting elements will have on housing affordability. The significance of the areas of conflict within the framework has wider regional and state wide implications that will need to be addressed by regulators. This dissertation has shown that the volume, complexity and lack of coordination between the various elements of regulation and policy detract from the execution of the regulation and policy framework. As a consequence, regulation and policy roadmaps have been produced to enable the relationships between components within the regulation and policy framework to be visualised. The roadmaps assist with the interpretation of the future direction of regulation and policy, and show where changes can be incorporated into the framework to achieve the desired outcome. The major recommendation resulting from this dissertation is to ensure the principles of supply and demand in the housing market are balanced. This will involve the provision of additional residential land to be developed at higher density than currently exist in Roma. In conjunction, the methods of measuring housing affordability must be amended, along with accurate and realistic predictions of housing demand to constantly ensure that the regulation and policy framework is relevant, and the supply of land is sufficient.
cis-acting sequences required for expression of the divergently transcribed Drosophila melanogaster Sgs-7 and Sgs-8 glue protein genes

The Sgs-7 and Sgs-8 glue genes at 68C are divergently transcribed and are separated by 475 bp. Fusion genes with Adh or lacZ coding sequences were constructed, and the expression of these genes, with different amounts of upstream sequences present, was tested by a transient expression procedure and by germ line transformation. A cis-acting element for both genes is located asymmetrically in the intergenic region between -211 and -43 bp relative to Sgs-7. It is required for correct expression of both genes. This element can confer the stage- and tissue-specific expression pattern of glue genes on a heterologous promoter. An 86-bp portion of the element, from -133 to -48 bp relative to Sgs-7, is shown to be capable of enhancing the expression of a truncated and therefore weakly expressed Sgs-3 fusion gene. Recently described common sequence motifs of glue gene regulatory elements (T. Todo, M. Roark, K. Vijay Raghavan, C. A. Mayeda, and E.M. Meyerowitz, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:5991-6002, 1990) are located within this 86-bp region.