Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Black Children's Speech and Teachers' Evaluations

Recently there has been an increase in awareness of the significant role played by language and speech in determining an individual’s social and economic success. Authorities in the fields of oral language, sociolinguistics, and compensatory education all find evidence that important judgments are made about a person on the basis of his speech style (Petty and Starkey, 1967; Strang, 1968). Of particular interest, since a large segment of the black population employs a distinct and identifiable language pattern (Labov, 1967), is a body of research which indicates that some dialects are perceived negatively and mark the user as inferior to members of other groups (Putnam and O’Hem, 1955: pt. 2: 1-32; Harms, 1961: 164-168). ’
College Students' PTSD Symptoms, Coping, and Perceived Benefits Following Media Exposure to 9/11

Abstract Given the magnitude of the September 11th terrorist attacks, attention to those exposed to media coverage of the attack appear warranted. In the current study, responses of students attending three Southern colleges were assessed one week to ten days following September 11th. A significant decrease in PTSD symptoms from the first 24 hours to the second day on was noted. PTSD symptoms also correlated significantly with previous traumas, the “information-seeking” coping dimension, the “ruminative/avoidance” coping dimension, and per ceived benefits. Perceived benefits were also correlated with total number of previous traumas and both dimensions of coping. The findings of the study provide important preliminary data on the relationship between responses to terrorism for a young adult population distant from the attack.
Khmer American: Identity and Moral Education in a Diasporic Community

In the early 1980s, tens of thousands of Cambodian refugees fled their war-torn country to take up residence in the United States, where they quickly became one of the most troubled and least studied immigrant groups. This book is the story of that passage, and of the efforts of Khmer Americans to recreate the fabric of culture and identity in the aftermath of the Khmer holocaust. Based on long-term research among Cambodians residing in metropolitan Boston, this rich ethnography provides a vivid portrait of the challenges facing Khmer American culture as seen from the perspective of elders attempting to preserve Khmer Buddhism in a deeply unfamiliar world. The study highlights the tensions and ambivalences of Khmer socialization, with particular emphasis on Khmer conceptions of personhood, morality, and sexuality. Nancy J. Smith-Hefner considers how this cultural heritage influences the performance of Khmer children in American schools and, ultimately, determines Khmer engagement with American culture.
Immigrant Mothers Redefine Access to ESL classes: Contradiction and Ambivalence

Studies examining the accessibility of ESL classes for adults have tended to look at factors such as time, resource, economic, or geographic constraints, thereby conflating access with availability. This article argues that access is a much more complex notion, one perhaps more personal, and less amenable to solution, than previously assumed. Access needs to be understood within and against the socially constructed identities and roles of the learners. Through five individual stories, examples drawn from life-history interviews with nineteen non-English-speaking immigrant mothers of schoolchildren, I explore how a variety of themes related to ambivalence and contradiction have complicated their access to English-language classes, following which I suggest some tentative implications for education and research.
The effect of aprotinin on the response of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to heparin

&NA; Aprotinin, a broad spectrum serine proteinase inhibitor, is becoming increasingly used to control bleeding during surgery. Heparinized patients treated with aprotinin for cardiac surgery have a much longer activated clotting time (ACT) than expected for the dose of heparin used and a similar effect has been observed with the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT). Since APTT reagents vary in their sensitivity to heparin we compared the effect of aprotinin on 25 commercially available products with respect to the APTT response to heparin. Aprotinin (Bayer) was added to normal, pooled, citrated plasma at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kallikrein inhibition units (KIU)/ml and mucosal heparin was then added to give concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 IU/ml. Duplicate APTTs were performed on each of these 25 plasma samples according to the manufacturers' instructions. As expected, different commercial reagents exhibited different sensitivities to heparin. There was also variation in the sensitivity to aprotinin but this did not correlate with the heparin sensitivity. The prolongation of the APTT by heparin was markedly increased by aprotinin. For example, APTT ratios at 0.5 IU/ml heparin increased up to eight‐fold in the presence of ‘therapeutic’ levels of aprotinin (200 KIU/ml) and this effect was even more pronounced at higher heparin levels. The activator used did not significantly influence the effect of aprotinin on the APTT although there was a trend for kaolin‐activated reagents to be less affected by the addition of aprotinin to heparinised plasma. These results suggest that therapeutic ranges for APTT ratios in heparin therapy should be re‐evaluated for each APTT reagent used if high dose aprotinin is being given concomitantly.
Theory of isotopic fractionation on facetted ice crystals

Abstract. The currently used "kinetic-fractionation" (KF) model of the differential incorporation of water-molecule isotopologues into vapor-grown ice omits surface processes on crystal facets that may be important in temperature reconstructions. This article introduces the "surface-kinetic" fractionation model, a model that includes such surface processes, and shows that differences in deposition coefficients for water isotopologues can produce isotopic fractionation coefficients that significantly differ from those of KF theory. For example, if the deposition coefficient of H 2 18 O differs by just 5% from that of ordinary water (H 2 16 O), the resulting fractionation coefficient at 20% supersaturation may deviate from the KF value by up to about ±17‰, and even more at greater supersaturation. As a result, the surface-kinetic theory may significantly change how fractionation depends on supersaturation. Moreover, the model introduces possible new temperature dependencies from the deposition coefficients. These parameters need to be constrained by new laboratory measurements.
Delivery of Intraocular Triamcinolone Acetonide in the Treatment of Macular Edema

Macular edema (ME) is one of the eventual outcomes of various intraocular and systemic pathologies. The pathogenesis for ME is not yet entirely understood; however, some of the common risk factors for its development have been identified. While this investigation will not discuss the numerous etiologies of ME in detail, it appraises the two most widely studied delivery modalities of intraocular corticosteroids in the treatment of ME—intravitreal injection (IVI) and sub-Tenon’s infusion (STI). A thorough review of the medical literature was conducted to identify the efficacy and safety of IVI and STI, specifically for the administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), in the setting of ME in an attempt to elucidate a preferred steroid delivery modality for treatment of ME.
Anti‐inﬂammatory and smooth muscle relaxant activities of the hydroalcoholic extract and chemical constituents from Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith

Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith, Fagaceae, is a medicinal plant commonly known as ‘cumaru’ and used in Northeast Brazil for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases. In the present work, we investigated the anti‐inﬂammatory and smooth muscle relaxant activities of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE), coumarin (Coum) and ﬂavonoid fraction (FF) isolated from the trunk barks of Amburana cearensis A. C. Smith. It was shown that HAE (200 and 400 mg/kg), Coum (20 and 40 mg/kg) and FF (40 mg/kg), administered orally, signiﬁcantly inhibited both leukocyte and neutrophil migrations, in the carrageenan or N‐formyl‐methyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP)‐induced migration in rat peritoneal cavity. The increase in cutaneous vascular permeability induced by serotonin in rats was signiﬁcantly blocked by HAE (150 mg/kg, i.p.), Coum (5 mg/kg, i.p.) and FF (20 mg/kg, i.p.). However, only HAE blocked the histamine effect on Evans blue extravasation. In the guinea‐pig trachea precontracted with carbachol (0.3 µM), histamine (0.1 µM) or KCl (0.1 M), the HAE, Coum and FF evoked a concentration‐dependent relaxation in the presence of the three agonists. HAE (100–800 µg/ml) and Coum (4–32 µg/ml) also caused signiﬁcant relaxation of the rat vas deferens previously contracted with adrenaline, acetylcholine or barium chloride. In addition, HAE, Coum and FF inhibited the histamine and serotonin‐induced increase of cutaneous vascular permeability in rats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological classification of rat cortical neurons in cell culture

Neurons in “mature” (4- to 6-week-old) dissociated cell cultures of 15- day gestational age rat fetal cortex were injected with Lucifer Yellow in order to compare their detailed morphological features with those of cortical neurons in situ, and in order to determine which features of cellular morphology were dependent on local environmental conditions. Neurons were characterized by their cell form (pyramidal, multipolar, fusiform, etc.), dendritic branching pattern, spine density, and axonal projections. The neurons in culture appeared to display all the morphological features seen in cortical neurons in situ. These characteristics appeared to be independent of whether an individual neuron grew in a dense or sparse region of the culture. In addition, examination of neurons during early differentiation indicated that many of their morphological features developed as soon as the neurons could be recognized and before extensive synapse formation occurred.
Mothers’ Self‐Reported Control of Their Preschool Children's Emotional Expressiveness: A Longitudinal Study of Associations with Infant–Mother Attachment and Children's Emotion Regulation

In the present longitudinal study we examined the associations between mothers’ self-reported control of their preschoolers’ emotional expressiveness and two other key facets of early socioemotional development: the quality of the infant–mother attachment and children's emotion regulation. Seventy-six white preschool-aged children (46 boys and 30 girls) and their mothers participated. Principal assessments included the Parent Attitude Toward Child Expressiveness Scale (PACES; Saarni, 1985), the infant Strange Situation, and ‘Beat the Bell,’ a measure designed for this study to elicit children's emotional expression, sharing, and suppression in the presence of their mothers. Mothers’ control of their children's expressiveness was associated with both attachment and children's emotion regulation in theoretically predicted ways. First, mothers of children who had been classified insecure-avoidant in the Strange Situation reported greater control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers, and mothers of children who had been classified insecure-ambivalent reported less control of their children's negative expressiveness than other mothers. Second, mothers who reported greater control of their children's expressiveness had children who were less likely to express and share their feelings and more likely to suppress their anger in the ‘Beat the Bell’ emotion regulation assessment. Findings are discussed in terms of the role of maternal emotion socialization in children's early socioemotional development.
Chapter VII Jefferson County, Colorado, Completes Three-Year Study of Staffing, Changing Class Size, Programming, and Scheduling

THERE is an ever present need for improvement in the quality of education. This requires continuous examination of the methods and techniques of instruction used in the schools of America. Major obstacles in attaining the most effective use of the skills and talents of teachers in secondary schools have been the stumbling blocks caused by the rigidity of ideas about school staffing, class size, and programming and scheduling. Over the years a pattern of planning has developed which has required that teachers meet with a limited number of students at a specific time, day after day. Two overriding aims have been to restrict teacher load to a reasonable level and to routinize, and consequently lighten, the task of organization. The intent and results have produced certain advantages.
Base parameters of manipulator dynamic models

The base parameters (nonredundant parameters that can generate the dynamic equations of motion) are investigated for general parallel and perpendicular manipulators with only rotational joints. A set of parameters that are simple combinations of the link is proved to be the base parameters by analyzing the dynamic equations and making clear the redundancies of the link parameters of the manipulators. The results can be applied to parameter identification of the manipulator dynamic models and in algorithms for solving the inverse dynamic problem. <<ETX>>
Learning approaches: examination type, discipline of study, and gender

A sample of 248 Australian university students participated in a study that investigated the influence of assessment type and discipline of study on students' learning approaches. Participants (93 psychology and 155 business students) responded to the Study Process Questionnaire in a context of preparation for a hypothetical examination. The hypothetical examination is in either a multiple‐choice or an essay format. Results indicated that assessment type had no significant influence on how students approach their learning, while discipline did have significant influence on student learning.
Relations of Gender and Socioeconomic Status to Physics Through Metacognition and Self-Efficacy

ABSTRACT The authors explored how gender and socioeconomic status (SES) predicted physics achievement as mediated by metacognition and physics self-efficacy. Data were collected from 338 high school students. The model designed for exploring how gender and SES-related differences in physics achievement were explained through metacognition and physics self-efficacy was tested. The result showed that metacognition and physics self-efficacy could explain gender- and SES-related differences in physics achievement. In addition, it was observed that physics self-efficacy mediated the relation of metacognition to physics achievement whereas metacognition did not. This finding means that metacognition contributed to physics achievement through physics self-efficacy.
The reciprocal and influential connection between sport marketing and management and the sport sciences.

Sport marketing and management have become significant professions within the global landscape of the sport and business industry. Sport marketing and management have had a historical association with the sport sciences; however, there has been a trend to change the focus towards a business orientation at both the educational and professional levels. Does that mean sport marketing and management are no longer important to the sport sciences? The author seeks to answer that question by researching the biophysical, psychosocial and sociocultural domains of sport science to determine whether each domain plays an integral role in sport marketing and management while also enhancing the ability of sport scientists to advance their fields of study. The research shows that, because of the hybrid nature of sport management, there is a need for cross-disciplinary education in sport sciences and sport marketing and management. This requires educators to recognise that interdisciplinary dialogue between sport studies and management needs to take place to assure the future growth of the profession across disciplines. In addition, there is a need for various elements within the professions of sport marketing, sport management and sport sciences to build effective and efficient relationships, collaborations and cooperative efforts.
Critical Thinking Disposition and Problem Solving Ability in Nursing Students

Purpose: This study was done to identify the relationship between critical thinking disposition and problem solving ability in nursing students, thereby providing basic data for nursing education. Method: A convenience sample was drawn from 161 nursing students. Data were collected from June 2008 to October 2008. Instruments used in the study were the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CCTDI) developed by Facione & Facione (1992) and the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) developed by Heppner & Petersen (1982). The collected data were analyzed using t-test, ANOVA, Scheffe' test, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with SPSS 12.0. Results: The total mean score for CCTDI was 278.41 and PSI was 119.23. For general characteristics, there were statistically significant differences in CCTDI according to satisfaction with nursing majors (F=6.29, p=.00) and PSI according to academic achievement (F=3.45, p=.02) and marital status (t=2.43, p=.02). A statistically significant negative correlation was found between CCTDI and PSI. Critical thinking self-confidence, Analyticity and Inquisitiveness were significant predictors of PSI. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that critical thinking disposition influences problem solving ability. Therefore, the findings provide significant basic data for nursing education and nursing practice.
The Prosumer and the Project Studio: The Battle for Distinction in the Field of Music Recording

Using participant observation and content analysis of musicians’ internet newsgroups and bulletin boards, my research examines the creation of a new socio-historic subject (‘the prosumer’) and space of production (‘the project studio’). Prosumers’ practices illustrate a nondeterministic form of structural causation that both supports and refutes Bourdieu’s theory of cultural/social (re)production. In support of Bourdieu, my empirical research illustrates the relative autonomy of the habitus and shows that cultural production can foster social change. Although Bourdieu repeatedly made such theoretical claims, his struggle to empirically support them led critics to characterize his work as a synchronously reproductive form of economic reductionism. While I reject these critiques, my work does problematize Bourdieu’s understanding of ‘capital conversion’ and complicates his somewhat ‘straightforward’ relation of cultural practice to economic class. Such ‘relations and conversions’ presuppose clearly separated economic/cultural and productive/ consumptive social spheres. Since ‘prosumption’ blurs these demarcations, we must subsequently reassess aspects of Bourdieu’s work.
The ‘Causes’ of Teenage Pregnancy: Review of South African Research — Part 2

This article forms the second of a two-part series in which South African research on teenage pregnancy is reviewed. Part 1 of the series dealt with the consequences of teenage pregnancy; this paper reviews the ‘causes’ thereof. International literature is incorporated in the discussion by way of comparison. Contributory factors which have been investigated by South African researchers include: reproductive ignorance; the earlier occurrence of menarche; risk- taking behaviour; psychological problems; peer influence; coercive sexual relations; dysfunctional family patterns; poor health services; socio-economic status; the breakdown of cultural traditions; and the cultural value placed on children. Preston-Whyte and colleagues present a revisionist argument, stating that early pregnancy may represent a rational life choice for certain adolescent women. The article is concluded with comments on methodological problems encountered in the South African research, and a discussion on the implications in terms of policy formulation.
Integration of Error Agency and Representation of Others' Pain in the Anterior Insula

A crucial feature of socially adaptive behavior is the ability to recognize when our actions harm other individuals. Previous research demonstrates that dorsal mediofrontal cortex (dMFC) and anterior insula (AI) are involved in both action monitoring and empathy for pain. Here, we tested whether these regions could integrate monitoring of error agency with the representation of others' pain. While undergoing event-related fMRI, participants played a visual task in turns with a friend placed outside the scanner, who would receive painful stimulation in half of the error trials. Brain activity was enhanced in dMFC and AI for painful compared with nonpainful errors. Left AI and dorsolateral pFC also exhibited a significant interaction with agency and increased responses when painful errors were caused by oneself. We conclude that AI is crucial for integrating inferences about others' feeling states with information about action agency and outcome, thus generating an affective signal that may guide subsequent adjustment.
Intermediates in Hin‐mediated DNA inversion: a role for Fis and the recombinational enhancer in the strand exchange reaction.

The site‐specific inversion reaction controlling flagellin synthesis in Salmonella involves the function of three proteins: Hin, Fis and HU. The DNA substrate must be supercoiled and contain a recombinational enhancer sequence in addition to the two recombination sites. Using mutant substrates or modified reaction conditions, large amounts of complexes can be generated which are recognized by double‐stranded breaks within both recombination sites upon quenching. The cleaved molecules contain 2‐bp staggered cuts within the central dinucleotide of the recombination site. Hin is covalently associated with the 5′ end while the protruding 3′ end contains a free hydoxyl. We demonstrate that complexes generated in the presence of an active enhancer are intermediates that have advanced past the major rate limiting step(s) of the reaction. In the absence of a functional enhancer, Hin is also able to assemble and catalyze site‐specific cleavages within the two recombination sites. However, these complexes are kinetically distinct from the complexes assembled with a functional enhancer and cannot generate inversion without an active enhancer. The results suggest that strand exchange leading to inversion is mediated by double‐stranded cleavage of DNA at both recombination sites followed by the rotation of strands to position the DNA into the recombinant configuration. The role of the enhancer and DNA supercoiling in these reactions is discussed.
Coleman Revisited

The late James Coleman's concept of social capital has been misused in the current debate about the alleged decline of civic and ethical concern in America. Social capital, as Coleman defined it, is a potentiality that inheres in social structures and is not a dependent variable. It is a resource, available in social structures, that facilitates actors who wish to seek certain goals and as such is neither good nor bad. Coleman's concept is a useful and even brilliant analytic tool that has been perverted in the present discussion, thus blinding us to the importance of examining social structural resources for and influences on human behavior. This article, then, uses Coleman's meaning of the term to explore the influence of religious structures on one kind of civic participation in America and finds that such structures affect not only religious projects but secular ones also.