Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A paradoxical property of the monkey book

A ‘monkey book’ is a book consisting of a random sequence of letters and blanks, where a group of letters surrounded by two blanks is defined as a word. We compare the statistics of the word distribution for a monkey book to real books. It is shown that the word distribution statistics for the monkey book is different and quite distinct from a typical real book. In particular, the monkey book obeys Heaps’ power law to an extraordinarily good approximation, in contrast to the word distributions for real books, which deviate from Heaps’ law in a characteristic way. This discrepancy is traced to the different properties of a ‘spiked’ distribution and its smooth envelope. The somewhat counter-intuitive conclusion is that a ‘monkey book’ obeys Heaps’ power law precisely because its word-frequency distribution is not a smooth power law, contrary to the expectation based on simple mathematical arguments that if one is a power law, so is the other.
Cost-Effectiveness of Mammography for Older Women

TO THE EDITOR: Mandelblatt and colleagues (1) reviewed the cost-effectiveness of screening mammography in patients older than 65 years of age. Their Table included a column titled Mammography Effectiveness, which listed mortality reductions of about 30%. Are the authors saying that all-cause mortality is reduced by this much? Curing all breast cancer wouldn't reduce all-cause mortality that much. What is more, there is some question as to whether mammography at any age reduces all-cause mortality at all (2).
An Evolutionary Algorithm with Advanced Goal and Priority Specification for Multi-objective Optimization

This paper presents an evolutionary algorithm with a new goal-sequence domination scheme for better decision support in multi-objective optimization. The approach allows the inclusion of advanced hard/soft priority and constraint information on each objective component, and is capable of incorporating multiple specifications with overlapping or non-overlapping objective functions via logical "OR" and "AND" connectives to drive the search towards multiple regions of trade-off. In addition, we propose a dynamic sharing scheme that is simple and adaptively estimated according to the on-line population distribution without needing any a priori parameter setting. Each feature in the proposed algorithm is examined to show its respective contribution, and the performance of the algorithm is compared with other evolutionary optimization methods. It is shown that the proposed algorithm has performed well in the diversity of evolutionary search and uniform distribution of non-dominated individuals along the final trade-offs, without significant computational effort. The algorithm is also applied to the design optimization of a practical servo control system for hard disk drives with a single voice-coil-motor actuator. Results of the evolutionary designed servo control system show a superior closed-loop performance compared to classical PID or RPT approaches.
Reliability tests for a three dimensional chip stacking structure with through silicon via connections and low cost

In order to achieve the shorter circuit design of multiple chips, three-dimensional (3D) packaging technologies with through silicon vias were developed to achieve high performance, low power consumption and small packaging size. In this paper, a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) processing compatible structure of three-dimensional chip stacking with low cost and easy fabrication will be shown. 3D and through Si via connections were formed by UV laser drilling technology. Laser drilling is a non-contact manufacture method and laser beam with high energy can be focused to a small spot (15 mum beam diameter) for material ablating and removing without mask used. Several processes are the keys to accomplish 3D stacking, such as wafer thinning process, through silicon via forming process, dielectric layer forming process, metallization process, and inter chips bonding process. By integration of the mentioned key processes, a 3D chip stacking structure with 10 layers was carried out. The thickness of chip was 100 mum. Daisy chain pattern was designed for the electrical measurement of 3D stacking structure. The testing results show that the resistance of multi- chip stacking structure is about 0.056 Omega/cm. Some reliability test, such as temperature cycling test and pressure cooker test were also done. These testing results verified this PCB processing compatible 3D chip stacking technology with low cost is a reliable structure for 3D SiP (System in Packaging) module application.
Do all prepubertal years of diabetes duration contribute equally to diabetes complications?

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to explore the timeline of protection against complications in prepubertal children with diabetes, in particular the effects of diabetes duration before age 5 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this study, 193 adolescents with prepubertal diabetes onset were followed longitudinally for retinopathy (early background and clinical) and microalbuminuria (albumin excretion rate >7.5 micro g/min and >20 micro g/min). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to compare the effect of pre- and postpubertal diabetes duration on the risk of each complication in 90 subjects reassessed as young adults. For the entire cohort, Kaplan-Meier estimates were used to determine time free of each complication, and survival was compared in those diagnosed before and after age 5 years. Accelerated failure time modeling was used to estimate the effect of covariates, including diabetes duration before puberty, on the risk of complications. RESULTS Prepubertal duration improved the prediction for retinopathy over postpubertal duration alone in the young adults. The survival-free period of retinopathy and microalbuminuria was significantly longer (2-4 years) for those diagnosed before age 5 years compared with those diagnosed after age 5 years. Time to onset of all complications increased progressively with longer diabetes duration before gonadarche. Higher HbA(1c) during adolescence had an independent effect on the risk of retinopathy and microalbuminuria. CONCLUSIONS Prepubertal diabetes duration remains a significant predictor of retinopathy in young adults. The effect of time on the risk of retinopathy and microalbuminuria is nonuniform, with an increasing delay in the onset of complications in those with longer prepubertal duration. These findings are of major clinical importance when setting targets of glycemic control in young children who are at greatest risk of hypoglycemia.
Characterizing faulted dipoles in deformed gamma TiAl

Abstract The faulted dipoles that are associated with the low temperature deformation of gamma TiAl have been characterized with conventional, high resolution and in situ heating transmission electron microscopy. The results of this analysis indicate that the formation of these faulted dipoles involves the localized pinning of a superdislocation, the bypassing of that pinning point and the drawing out of a dipole whose energy is subsequently reduced by the passage of partial dislocations and the formation of an extrinsic stacking fault. The extrinsic nature of the stacking fault was determined through comparisons with computer generated image simulations and verified by atomic resolution lattice images. These faults are bounded by either single or double Shockley partial dislocations, but the latter is a rare occurrence and the former was identified to be most relevant to the mechanical behaviour of this alloy. The low temperature stability of this defect has been attributed to the ordered structure of Ti.
AGGRESSION AND ADAPTATION

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Risk of childhood cancer and adult lung cancer after childhood exposure to passive smoke: A meta-analysis.

We identified more than 30 studies on the association between exposure to maternal tobacco smoke during pregnancy and cancer in childhood. We combined their results in meta-analyses based on a random effects model. The results of the meta-analyses suggest a small increase in risk of all neoplasms [relative risk (RR) 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03-1.19; based on 12 studies], but not of specific neoplasms such as leukemia (RR 1.05; CI, 0.82-1.34; 8 studies) and central nervous system tumors (RR 1.04; CI, 0.92-1. 18; 12 studies). Results for other specific neoplasms were sparse, but the available data did not suggest a strong association for any type of tumor. No clear evidence of dose response was present in the studies that addressed this issue. The results on exposure to maternal tobacco smoke before or after pregnancy are too sparse to allow a conclusion. The results on exposure to paternal tobacco smoke suggest an association with brain tumors (RR 1.22; CI, 1.05-1. 40; based on 10 studies) and lymphomas (RR 2.08; CI, 1.08-3.98; 4 studies). The data are too sparse for the other neoplasms, although the results of a few recent large studies are compatible with a weak carcinogenic effect of paternal smoke. For exposure from either maternal or paternal smoke, bias and confounding cannot yet be ruled out. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis that parental tobacco smoke, from the father in particular, is a risk factor of childhood cancer. Results on the risk of lung cancer in adulthood and childhood passive smoking exposure are available from 11 studies: they do not provide evidence of an increased risk (summary RR 0.91; CI, 0.80-1.05). ImagesFigure 1
Peer-to-Peer Information Search: Semantic, Social, or Spiritual?

We consider the network structure and query processing capabilities of social communities like bookmarks and photo sharing communities such as del.icio. us or flickr. A common feature of all these networks is that the content is generated by the users and that users create social links with other users. The evolving network naturally resembles a peer-to-peer system, where the peers correspond to users. We consider the problem of query routing in such a peer-to-peer setting where peers are collaborating to form a distributed search engine. We have identified three query routing paradigms: semantic routing based on query-to-content similarities, social routing based on friendship links within the community, and spiritual routing based on user-to-user similarities such as shared interests or similar behavior. We discuss how these techniques can be integrated into an existing peer-to-peer search engine and present a performance study on search-result quality using real-world data obtained from the social bookmark community del.icio. us.
VX-950, a Novel Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) NS3-4A Protease Inhibitor, Exhibits Potent Antiviral Activities in HCV Replicon Cells

ABSTRACT The NS3-4A serine protease of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is essential for viral replication and therefore has been one of the most attractive targets for developing specific antiviral agents against HCV. VX-950, a highly selective, reversible, and potent peptidomimetic inhibitor of the HCV NS3-4A protease, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of hepatitis C. In this report, we describe the in vitro characterization of anti-HCV activities of VX-950 in subgenomic HCV replicon cells. Incubation with VX-950 resulted in a time- and dose-dependent reduction of HCV RNA and proteins in replicon cells. Moreover, following a 2-week incubation with VX-950, a reduction in HCV RNA levels of 4.7 log10 was observed, and this reduction resulted in elimination of HCV RNA from replicon cells, since there was no rebound in replicon RNA after withdrawal of the inhibitor. The combination of VX-950 and alpha interferon was additive to moderately synergistic in reducing HCV RNA in replicon cells with no significant increase in cytotoxicity. The benefit of the combination was sustained over time: a 4-log10 reduction in HCV RNA level was achieved following a 9-day incubation with VX-950 and alpha interferon at lower concentrations than when either VX-950 or alpha interferon was used alone. The combination of VX-950 and alpha interferon also suppressed the emergence of in vitro resistance mutations against VX-950 in replicon cells.
Suppressing rolling-shutter distortion of CMOS image sensors by motion vector detection

This paper focuses on the rolling shutter distortion of CMOS image sensor coming from its unique readout mechanism as the main cause for image degradation when there are fast-moving objects. This paper proposes a post image processing scheme based on motion vector detection to suppress the rolling shutter distortion. Motion vector detection is performed based on an optical flow method at a reasonable computational complexity. A practical implementation scheme is also described.
A dynamic resource allocation decision model for IT security

Today, with the continued growth in using information and communication technologies (ICT) for business purposes, business organizations become increasingly dependent on their information systems. Thus, they need to protect them from the different attacks exploiting their vulnerabilities. To do so, the organization has to use security technologies, which may be proactive or reactive ones. Each security technology has a relative cost and addresses specific vulnerabilities. Therefore, the organization has to put in place the appropriate security technologies set that minimizes the information system's vulnerabilities with a minimal cost. This bi-objective problem will be considered as a resources allocation problem (RAP) where security technologies represent the resources to be allocated. However, the set of vulnerabilities may change, periodically, with the continual appearance of new ones. Therefore, the security technologies set should be flexible to face these changes, in real time, and the problem becomes a dynamic one. In this paper, we propose a harmony search based algorithm to solve the bi-objective dynamic resource allocation decision model. This approach was compared to a genetic algorithm and provided good results.
Fitness Cost Implications of PhiC31-Mediated Site-Specific Integrations in Target-Site Strains of the Mexican Fruit Fly, Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Site-specific recombination technologies are powerful new tools for the manipulation of genomic DNA in insects that can improve transgenesis strategies such as targeting transgene insertions, allowing transgene cassette exchange and DNA mobilization for transgene stabilization. However, understanding the fitness cost implications of these manipulations for transgenic strain applications is critical. In this study independent piggyBac-mediated attP target-sites marked with DsRed were created in several genomic positions in the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. Two of these strains, one having an autosomal (attP_F7) and the other a Y-linked (attP_2-M6y) integration, exhibited fitness parameters (dynamic demography and sexual competitiveness) similar to wild type flies. These strains were thus selected for targeted insertion using, for the first time in mexfly, the phiC31-integrase recombination system to insert an additional EGFP-marked transgene to determine its effect on host strain fitness. Fitness tests showed that the integration event in the int_2-M6y recombinant strain had no significant effect, while the int_F7 recombinant strain exhibited significantly lower fitness relative to the original attP_F7 target-site host strain. These results indicate that while targeted transgene integrations can be achieved without an additional fitness cost, at some genomic positions insertion of additional DNA into a previously integrated transgene can have a significant negative effect. Thus, for targeted transgene insertions fitness costs must be evaluated both previous to and subsequent to new site-specific insertions in the target-site strain.
Refining and Delegating Strategic Ability in ATL

We propose extending Alternating-time Temporal Logic (ATL) by an operator F to express that agent i can distribute its powers to a set of sub-agents G in a way which satisfies ATL condition f on the strategic ability of the coalitions they may form, possibly together with others agents. We prove the decidability of model-checking of formulas whose subformulas with this operator as the main connective have the form . f, with no further occurrences of this operator in f.
Ameliorative Effect of Chrysin on Adenine-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease in Rats

Chrysin (5, 7- dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid with several pharmacological properties that include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic activities. in this work, we investigated some effects of three graded oral doses of chrysin (10, 50 and 250 mg/kg) on kidney structure and function in rats with experimental chronic renal disease (CKD) induced by adenine (0.25% w/w in feed for 35 days), which is known to involve inflammation and oxidative stress. Using several indices in plasma, urine and kidney homogenates, adenine was found to impair kidney function as it lowered creatinine clearance and increased plasma concentrations of creatinine, urea, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and N-Acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase activity. Furthermore, it raised plasma concentrations of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate, some inflammatory cytokines and urinary albumin concentration. Renal morphology was severely damaged and histopathological markers of inflammation and fibrosis were especially increased. In renal homogenates, antioxidant indices, including superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, total antioxidant capacity and reduced glutathione were all adversely affected. Most of these adenine – induced actions were moderately and dose -dependently mitigated by chrysin, especially at the highest dose. Chrysin did not cause any overt adverse effect on the treated rats. The results suggest that different doses of chrysin produce variable salutary effects against adenine-induced CKD in rats, and that, pending further pharmacological and toxicological studies, its usability as a possible ameliorative agent in human CKD should be considered.
What type of information is trusted by whom? A multilevel analysis of the stability of the information source‐trust association for blood transfusion

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that transfusion information from scientific sources (vs. popular sources) is seen as more trustworthy and that interventions should consider using scientific styles. Before such suggestions can be implemented, it is necessary to know if this science source‐trust link is observed across different sociodemographic groups and psychological characteristics. A large‐scale field‐based study examining the importance of sociodemographics and psychological characteristics on the source‐trust link was conducted.
Immune-Related Transcriptional Responses to Parasitic Infection in a Naturally Inbred Fish: Roles of Genotype and Individual Variation

Abstract Parasites are strong drivers of evolutionary change and the genetic variation of both host and parasite populations can co-evolve as a function of parasite virulence and host resistance. The role of transcriptome variation in specific interactions between host and parasite genotypes has been less studied and can be confounded by differences in genetic variation. We employed two naturally inbred lines of a self-fertilizing fish to estimate the role of host genotype in the transcriptome response to parasite infection using RNA-seq. In addition, we targeted several differentially expressed immune-related genes to further investigate the relative role of individual variation in the immune response using RT-qPCR, taking advantage of the genomic uniformity of the self-fertilizing lines. We found significant differences in gene expression between lines in response to infection both in the transcriptome and in individual gene RT-qPCR analyses. Individual RT-qPCR analyses of gene expression identified significant variance differences between lines for six genes but only for three genes between infected and control fish. Our results indicate that although the genetic background plays an important role in the transcriptome response to parasites, it cannot fully explain individual differences within genetically homogeneous lines, which can be important for determining the response to parasites.
Design an Intelligent Ballistocardiographic Chair using Novel QuickLearn and SF-ART Algorithms and Biorthogonal Wavelets

To design a heart diseases diagnosing system, we applied compactly supported biorthogonal wavelet transform to extract essential features of the ballistocardiogram (BCG) signal and to classify them using two novel supervised learning algorithms called SF-ART and quicklearn. Initial tests with BCG from six subjects (both healthy and unhealthy people) indicate that both SF-ART and quicklearn algorithms can classify the subjects into three classes with high accuracies, high learning speeds, and very low computational loads compared to the well-known neural networks such as multilayer perceptrons. The proposed heart diseases diagnosing systems are almost insensitive to latency and nonlinear disturbance. Moreover, the wavelet transform requires no prior knowledge of the statistical distribution of data samples and the computational complexity and training time are reduced.
Functional specialization of calreticulin domains

Calreticulin is a Ca2+-binding chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and calreticulin gene knockout is embryonic lethal. Here, we used calreticulin-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts to examine the function of calreticulin as a regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. In cells without calreticulin, the ER has a lower capacity for Ca2+ storage, although the free ER luminal Ca2+ concentration is unchanged. Calreticulin-deficient cells show inhibited Ca2+ release in response to bradykinin, yet they release Ca2+ upon direct activation with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). These cells fail to produce a measurable level of InsP3 upon stimulation with bradykinin, likely because the binding of bradykinin to its cell surface receptor is impaired. Bradykinin binding and bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release are both restored by expression of full-length calreticulin and the N + P domain of the protein. Expression of the P + C domain of calreticulin does not affect bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release but restores the ER Ca2+ storage capacity. Our results indicate that calreticulin may play a role in folding of the bradykinin receptor, which affects its ability to initiate InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release in calreticulin-deficient cells. We concluded that the C domain of calreticulin plays a role in Ca2+ storage and that the N domain may participate in its chaperone functions.