Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Effects Of Adjudicating And Sentencing Juveniles As Adults

Across the nation, serious and chronic juvenile offenders are increasingly being tried as adults in criminal court and incarcerated in adult correctional facilities. This trend raises important questions for policy makers. To what extent do trials in criminal courts and incarceration in adult prisons promote or inhibit community protection and the accountability and rehabilitation of juvenile offenders? This article discusses the legal consequences of adjudication in criminal court and offers a comprehensive review of research findings on the deterrent effects of transfer laws, conviction and sentencing patterns and recidivism rates in juvenile versus criminal courts, and conditions and programming in juvenile versus adult correctional facilities. The implications of these research findings for juvenile justice policies on adjudicating and sentencing juveniles as adults and directions for future research are discussed.
Depression and Religiosity in African American and White Community-Dwelling Older Adults

SUMMARY This research examined the extent to which religiosity was predictive of level of depression, even after controlling for race, gender, social support, income sufficiency, and physical health. Data were collected using in-home interviews conducted from 1999 to 2001 with 1,000 adults age 65 to 106. Subjects were recruited from a stratified, random sample of Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and older in five central Alabama counties (three rural and two urban). The sample was stratified by county, race, and sex and included balanced numbers of African American males and females and White males and females. Highly religious persons had lower levels of depression, even when controlling for other known covariates, β = -. 16, t(972) p < . 001. Females reported higher levels of depression, β = . 07, t(972) p < . 05. Although race was unrelated to depression in the model including gender and religiosity only, African Americans reported fewer symptoms of depression than did Whites when social support, income sufficiency, and physical health were added to the model, β= -. 08, t(972) p < . 01. Results suggest the importance of health and social service professionals' drawing upon older adults' positive spirituality in professional interventions to prevent and treat depression.
Ten Myths and Misconceptions Regarding Pain Management in the ICU

Objectives: The aim of this article is to expose common myths and misconceptions regarding pain assessment and management in critically ill patients that interfere with effective care. We comprehensively review the literature refuting these myths and misconceptions and describe evidence-based strategies for improving pain management in the ICU. Data Sources: Current peer-reviewed academic journals, as well as standards and guidelines from professional societies. Study Selection: The most current evidence was selected for review based on the highest degree of supportive evidence. Data Extraction: Data were obtained via medical search databases, including OvidSP, and the National Library of Medicine’s MEDLINE database via PubMed. Data Synthesis: After a comprehensive literature review, conclusions were drawn based on the strength of evidence and the most current understanding of pain management practices in ICU. Conclusions: Myths and misconceptions regarding management of pain in the ICU are prevalent. Review of current evidence refutes these myths and misconceptions and provides insights and recommendations to ensure best practices.
Perceived Personal Control and Academic Achievement

Perceived control of events is one motivational variable that appears to affect children’s academic achievement. In this review the conceptualization and measurement of the control dimension is discussed from three theoretical perspectives: social learning theory, attribution theory, and intrinsic motivation theories. For each of these three perspectives evidence on the relationship between achievement and perceptions of control is summarized, and possible explanations for the relationship are discussed. Throughout this review similarities and differences among these orientations are pointed out. Specific recommendations are made for research which will advance our understanding of this relationship and which will provide the most useful information to educators.
An application of K-Nearest Neighbor interpolation on calibrating corrosion measurements collected by two non-destructive techniques

Every measuring equipment or inspection tool is known to have its own accuracy, which may affect the reliability of its measurements. This affects Oil and Gas pipeline corrosion measurements, which may affect data reliability if not well interpreted. The inspection tolerance occurred in the measurements should be treated carefully for each equipment to prevented misinterpretation of the data which could lead to incorrect assessment. This paper presents a new application of K-Nearest Neighbor interpolation to calibrate corrosion measurements collected by Magnetic Flux Leakage intelligent pig (MFL-IP) with the readings of Ultrasonic Testing (UT) scan device. The final enhanced metrics will be used in the integrity assessment report of the pipeline to decide whether the pipeline is fit for service or needs certain maintenance.
Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood

Despite the growing research on emotion regulation, the empirical evidence for normative age-related emotion regulation patterns is rather divergent. From a life-span perspective, normative age changes in emotion regulation may be more salient applying the same methodological approach on a broad age range examining both growth and decline during development. In addition, emotion-specific developmental patterns might show differential developmental trends. The present study examined age differences in seven emotion regulation strategies from early adolescence (age 11) to middle adulthood (age 50) for the three emotions of sadness, fear, and anger. The results showed specific developmental changes in the use of emotion regulation strategies for each of the three emotions. In addition, results suggest age-specific increases and decreases in many emotion regulation strategies, with a general trend to increasing adaptive emotion regulation. Specifically, middle adolescence shows the smallest emotion regulation strategy repertoire. Gender differences appeared for most emotion regulation strategies. The findings suggest that the development of emotion regulation should be studied in an emotion-specific manner, as a perspective solely on general emotion regulation either under- or overestimates existing emotion-specific developmental changes.
Predictors of Recidivism for Adolescent Offenders in a Singapore Sample

The purpose of the present study was to identify significant predictors of recidivism in a sample of 772 adolescent offenders in Singapore, using data collected from probation officers' reports. The findings indicated that reported father criminality, history of running away from home, history of aggression, and an earlier age of first criminal offense were significant risk factors for adolescent recidivism. These findings highlight the need to prevent an early foray into crime by seriously considering interventions that address issues of child and adolescent aggression. In addition, it would be necessary to target both adolescent-related and family-related variables in intervention. Implications for public policy and sentencing options for adolescents are discussed.
The Work Values of First‐Year College Students: Exploring Group Differences

A sample of 3,570 first-year college students were surveyed regarding the factors they deemed most important to their long-term career choice. Students as a whole identified intrinsic interest, high salary, contributions to society, and prestige as their 4 most important work values. Additional analyses found men more likely to espouse extrinsic values, women more likely to espouse social values, and students from median parental-income groups more likely to espouse intrinsic values. In light of these results, counselors are encouraged to place a greater emphasis on the role of work values in the decision-making process.
An Investigation into Coupling Measures for C++

This paper proposes a comprehensive suite of measures to quantify the level of class coupling during the design of object-oriented systems. This suite takes into account the different 00 design mechanisms provided by the C++ language (e.g., friendship between classes, specialization, and aggregation) but it can be tailored to other 00 languages. The different measures in our suite thus reflect different hypotheses about the different mechanisms of coupling in 00 systems. Based on actual project defect data, the hypotheses underlying our coupling measures are empirically validated by analyzing their relationship with the probability of fault detection across classes. The results demonstrate that some of these coupling measures may be useful early quality indicators of the design 'of 00 systems. These measures are conceptually different from the 00 design measures defined by Chidamber and Kemerer; in addition, our data suggests that they are complementary quality indicators .
ESE-1/EGR-1 pathway plays a role in tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to prevent colorectal tumorigenesis. Although antitumor effects of NSAIDs are mainly due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase activity, there is increasing evidence that cyclooxygenase-independent mechanisms may also play an important role. The early growth response-1 (EGR-1) gene is a member of the immediate-early gene family and has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tolfenamic acid is a NSAID that exhibits anticancer activity in a pancreatic cancer model. In the present study, we investigated the anticancer activity of tolfenamic acid in human colorectal cancer cells. Tolfenamic acid treatment inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis as measured by caspase activity and bioelectric impedance. Tolfenamic acid induced EGR-1 expression at the transcription level, and analysis of the EGR-1 promoter showed that a putative ETS-binding site, located at −400 and −394 bp, was required for activation by tolfenamic acid. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay confirmed that this sequence specifically bound to the ETS family protein epithelial-specific ETS-1 (ESE-1) transcription factor. Tolfenamic acid also facilitated translocation of endogenous and exogenous ESE-1 to the nucleus in colorectal cancer cells, and gene silencing using ESE-1 small interfering RNA attenuated tolfenamic acid-induced EGR-1 expression and apoptosis. Overexpression of EGR-1 increased apoptosis and decreased bioelectrical impedance, and silencing of endogenous EGR-1 prevented tolfenamic acid-induced apoptosis. These results show that activation of ESE-1 via enhanced nuclear translocation mediates tolfenamic acid-induced EGR-1 expression, which plays a critical role in the activation of apoptosis. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(12):3739–50]
Role of polyamine structure in inhibition of K+‐Cl− cotransport in human red cell ghosts

1 K+‐Cl− cotransport in human red cell ghosts is inhibited by divalent inorganic cations, soluble polycations and amphipathic organic cations. These findings suggest a common mechanism of inhibition, namely, binding of the cations to negative charges at the surface of a hydrophobic structure. 2 We have characterized the inhibitory capacity of a number of polyamines in order to obtain information about the nature of the charges with which they interact. Neomycin inhibited swelling‐stimulated cotransport. The diquaternary amines dimethonium and decamethonium were relatively ineffective inhibitors. These compounds are thought to shield negative charges, but not bind to them. 3 Comparison of a homologous series of polyamines indicated that primary amines were better inhibitors than secondary amines, that inhibition increased with the charge of the polyamine, and that inhibition increased as the distance separating the amines increased. 4 The results indicate that the negative charges to which polycations bind are multiple and mobile. Since they must be associated with a hydrophobic environment, it is likely that they are negatively charged phospholipids located in the inner leaflet of the bilayer membrane. 5 Heating red cells or ghosts to 49 °C denatures spectrin. Heating markedly increased K+ uptake in swollen ghosts but not in shrunken ghosts. The increase in uptake was reversed when swollen ghosts were shrunk even though denaturation of spectrin was not reversed. Polyamines, which inhibited swelling‐activated K+ uptake in control ghosts, similarly inhibited the increased uptake in heated ghosts. 6 We speculate that spectrin, which is closely associated with the inner bilayer leaflet, shields negative charges in a volume‐dependent manner and so regulates volume‐sensitive K+ transport.
Trust and Protection in the Illinois Browser Operating System

Current web browsers are complex, have enormous trusted computing bases, and provide attackers with easy access to modern computer systems. In this paper we introduce the Illinois Browser Operating System (IBOS), a new operating system and a new browser that reduces the trusted computing base for web browsers. In our architecture we expose browser-level abstractions at the lowest software layer, enabling us to remove almost all traditional OS components and services from our trusted computing base by mapping browser abstractions to hardware abstractions directly. We show that this architecture is flexible enough to enable new browser security policies, can still support traditional applications, and adds little overhead to the overall browsing experience.
Granal stacking of thylakoid membranes in higher plant chloroplasts: the physicochemical forces at work and the functional consequences that ensue

The formation of grana in chloroplasts of higher plants is examined in terms of the subtle interplay of physicochemical forces of attraction and repulsion. The attractive forces between two adjacent membranes comprise (1) van der Waals attraction that depends on the abundance and type of atoms in each membrane, on the distance between the membranes and on the dielectric constant, (2) depletion attraction that generates local order by granal stacking at the expense of greater disorder ( i.e. entropy) in the stroma, and (3) an electrostatic attraction of opposite charges located on adjacent membranes. The repulsive forces comprise (1) electrostatic repulsion due to the net negative charge on the outer surface of thylakoid membranes, (2) hydration repulsion that operates at small separations between thylakoid membranes due to layers of bound water molecules, and (3) steric hindrance due to bulky protrusions of Photosystem I (PSI) and ATP synthase into the stroma. In addition, specific interactions may occur, but they await experimental demonstration. Although grana are not essential for photosynthesis, they are ubiquitous in higher plants. Grana may have been selected during evolution for the functional advantages that they confer on higher plants. The functional consequences of grana stacking include (1) enhancement of light capture through a vastly increased area-to-volume ratio and connectivity of several PSIIs with large functional antenna size, (2) the ability to control the lateral separation of PSI from PSII and, therefore, the balanced distribution of excitation energy between two photosystems working in series, (3) the reversible fine-tuning of energy distribution between the photosystems by State 1-State 2 transitions, (4) the ability to regulate light-harvesting via controlled thermal dissipation of excess excitation energy, detected as non-photochemical quenching, (5) dynamic flexibility in the light reactions mediated by a granal structure in response to regulation by a trans -thylakoid pH gradient, (6) delaying the premature degradation of D1 and D2 reaction-centre protein(s) in PSII by harbouring photoinactived PSIIs in appressed granal domains, (7) enhancement of the rate of non-cyclic synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as well as the regulation of non-cyclic vs. cyclic ATP synthesis, and (8) the potential increase of photosynthetic capacity for a given composition of chloroplast constituents in full sunlight, concomitantly with enhancement of photochemical efficiency in canopy shade. Hence chloroplast ultrastructure and function are intimately intertwined.
A systematic review of the evidence-based psychosocial risk factors for understanding of borderline personality disorder

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious personality disorder characterized by affective instability, impulsivity and interpersonal disturbance. Currently, intensive research is being conducted concerning the aetiology of BPD, including research on neurobiological, temperamental, psychosocial and cultural risk factors. This study focuses on psychosocial risk factors while other risk factors are taken into account in the discussion of the development of BPD. To our knowledge, no systematic review of the evidence-based medicine literature concerning this theme has been made thus far. However, understanding psychosocial risk factors of BPD is important in order to develop psychotherapeutic treatment models and methods. We provide a systematic review of the literature focusing on psychosocial risk factors for BPD. Utilizing this knowledge, we discuss how these data may be used when studying the development of borderline personality disorder and the treatment of borderline personality disorder.
Economics of the Family

The economics of the family is a field which has recently been attracting economists in growing numbers. This study provides a systematic exposition of the way that economists address such topical issues as why the birth rate tends to fall as the standard of living rises; why people are marrying less and divorcing more; and why Western populations are getting older. Ideal for advanced students, with its mix of theory and explanation, this book also presents the latest theoretical results of the literature.
Evolutionary impacts of hybridization and interspecific gene flow on an obligately estuarine fish

For free‐spawning estuarine taxa, gene flow among estuaries may occur via hybridization with mobile congeners. This phenomenon has rarely been investigated, but is probably susceptible to anthropogenic disturbance. In eastern Australia, the estuarine Black Bream Acanthopagrus butcheri and marine Yellowfin Bream Acanthopagrus australis have overlapping distributions and the potential to hybridize. We used surveys of microsatellite and mtDNA variation in 565 adults from 25 estuaries spanning their distributional range to characterize the species and their putative hybrids. Hybrids were widespread (68% of estuaries) and hybrid frequencies varied greatly among estuaries (0–58%). Most (88%) were classed as advanced generation backcrosses with A. butcheri and displayed A. butcheri mtDNA haplotypes. We found most hybrids in the three estuaries within the zone of sympatry (57%). Our study highlights the underemphasized importance of estuaries as sites of hybridization and suggests that hybridization is driven both by opportunity for contact and human activity.
Critical Commentary: Happy Shopper? The Problem with Service User and Carer Participation

This critical commentary assesses the consequences and impact of forms of seemingly widespread, constructive and altruistic service user and carer participation (SUCP) within social work. In particular, and whilst drawing from Gramsci's understanding of hegemony and Levitas's critical interpretation of social exclusion, it is proposed that SUCP serves the interests of government, affiliated organizations, including those within social work and social care, and, perhaps more generally, the disparate needs generated by the neo-liberal-inspired social care market. Arguably, there are also related substantive aspects of SUCP that are problematic on ethical grounds-including the possibility that participation inadvertently increases social inequalities by justifying and promoting hegemonic agendas. Some suggestions are briefly made regarding how to move SUCP forward, including difficult questions that must be asked about whether or not SUCP can confront forms of structural disadvantage and oppression.
Behavior of Machine Learning Algorithms in Adversarial Environments

Machine learning has become a prevalent tool in many computing applications and modern enterprise systems stand to greatly benefit from learning algorithms. However, one concern with learning algorithms is that they may introduce a security fault into the system. The key strengths of learning approaches are their adaptability and ability to infer patterns that can be used for predictions or decision making. However, these assets of learning can potentially be subverted by adversarial manipulation of the learner’s environment, which exposes applications that use machine learning techniques to a new class of security vulnerabilities. I analyze the behavior of learning systems in adversarial environments. My thesis is that learning algorithms are vulnerable to attacks that can transform the learner into a liability for the system they are intended to aid, but by critically analyzing potential security threats, the extent of these threat can be assessed, proper learning techniques can be selected to minimize the adversary’s impact, and failures of system can be averted. I present a systematic approach for identifying and analyzing threats against a machine learning system. I examine real-world learning systems, assess their vulnerabilities, demonstrate real-world attacks against their learning mechanism, and propose defenses that can successful mitigate the effectiveness of such attacks. In doing so, I provide machine learning practitioners with a systematic methodology for assessing a learner’s vulnerability and developing defenses to strengthen their system against such threats. Additionally, I also examine and answer theoretical questions about the limits of adversarial contamination and classifier evasion.
Statistical properties of Jakes' fading channel simulator

Jakes' (1993) method is often used for the design of effective (Rayleigh) fading channel simulators, but less is known about the achievable degree of accuracy. Our paper fills this gap by studying the statistical properties of Jakes' simulator. Therefore, analytical expressions are presented for the autocorrelation and cross-correlation function of in-phase and quadrature components, as well as for the probability density function of envelope and phase. Moreover, an analytical investigation of the second order statistics (level-crossing rate and average duration of fades) is also a topic of this paper. All these expressions are fundamental for the investigation of inevitable degradation effects due to a limited number of low-frequency oscillators or due to the inherent insufficiencies of Jakes' method.