Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Diversity at Work: Promoting racial diversity at work: Challenges and solutions

From social stratification to workplace discrimination: Six decades of sociological inquiry Studies of social class, social stratification, and social mobility – inquiries into how aspects of one's social origins facilitate or limit one's career success as an adult – have a long and distinguished history in American sociology, dating back to the 1940s (Davis and Moore, 1945; Warner, Meeker, and Bells, 1949; Gordon, 1949; 1958; Lipset and Bendix, 1959; Blau and Duncan, 1967). However, sociological scholarship on how workplace policies and practices limit or promote equal employment opportunity (“EEO”) is a relatively recent phenomenon, and the discipline all but ignored workplace racial bias prior to the 1970s. It should be no surprise that American sociologists began to take notice of racial bias in employment around the same time as the rest of the country. The counts in Figure 3.1 are based on 80% or higher relevancy scores in a JSTOR search in the discipline's premier journals, American Sociological Review and American Journal of Sociology for the terms “race or racial” and “discrimination or bias” and “employment or jobs or careers” and “organization or firm or workplace. ” Similar patterns to those in Figure 3.1 are evident when I include other journals or somewhat broader search terms. The civil rights and student movements, urban unrest, and landmark legislation of the 1960s motivated sociological inquiry in much the same way it shaped political discourse.
Affective responses to work process and outcomes in virtual teams: Effects of communication media and time pressure

Purpose – To analyze the direct and combined effects of the communication media and time pressure in group work on the affective responses of team members while performing intellective tasksDesign/methodology/approach – A laboratory experiment was carried out with 124 subjects working in 31 groups. The task performed by the groups was an intellective one. A 2 × 3 factorial design with three media (face‐to‐face, video‐conference, and e‐mail) and time pressure (with and without time pressure) was used to determine the direct and combined effects of these two variables on group members' satisfaction with the process and with the results, and on members' commitment with the decision.Findings – Results show a direct effect of communication media on satisfaction with the process, which confirms the prediction of the media‐task fit model, and a negative effect of time pressure on satisfaction with group results and commitment to those results. Most interestingly, the interaction effects for the three dependent v.
Patterns of Disclosure in Child Sexual Abuse

This study examined patterns of disclosure in a sample of 1 737 cases of child sexual abuse (1 614 girls and 123 boys) reported in the North Durban policing area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, during the period January 2001 to December 2003. A content analysis of disclosure patterns identified two broad dimensions of disclosure (Agency: child-initiated disclosure versus detection by a third party, and Temporal duration: an event versus a process); with these disclosure dimensions defining four discrete categories of disclosure: purposeful disclosure (30% of cases), indirect disclosure (9% of cases), eyewitness detection (18% of cases), and accidental detection (43% of cases). A multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that disclosure patterns were independently predicted by the victim's age, the nature of the victim-perpetrator relationship, the offender's age, the frequency of abuse, and reporting latency. The implications of the findings for primary prevention, forensic interviewing practice, and future research are discussed in detail.
Kinetic properties of the blue-light response of stomata.

The stomatal response to blue light was analyzed with gas-exchange techniques in Commelina communis L. leaves by using high-fluence-rate short pulses. Pulses of blue light were given under a background of high-fluence-rate red light, which maintained photosynthesis at near saturation and stomatal conductance at a steady state. A single blue light pulse of 1-100 sec induced an increase in stomatal conductance, which peaked after 15 min and then returned to the initial steady-state level within 50-60 min after the pulse. The response could be repeatedly induced in the same leaf. Red light pulses on a red background did not induce any comparable response. The stomatal response quantified by integrating the conductance increases after pulse application approached saturation with increasing pulse duration (t((1/2)) approximately 9 sec with 250 mumol.m(-2). sec(-1) of blue light). After a saturating pulse, sensitivity to a second pulse was restored slowly. This recovery response, quantified from the conductance increases caused by the two pulses, approached saturation with a t((1/2)) of approximately 9 min. These results were used to test a model in which a molecular component in the sensory transduction process is considered to exist in two interconvertible forms, A and B. If B is the physiologically active form inducing stomatal opening, then A is the inactive form. The A to B conversion is a light-induced reaction and the B to A conversion is a thermal reaction. Rate constants for these reactions were estimated from single- and double-pulse experiments (at a fluence rate of 250 mumol.m(-2). sec(-1), k(1) = 0.075 sec(-1); thermal rate constant k(d) = 0.0014 sec(-1)), allowing the calculation of steady-state concentration of B under continuous irradiation. The calculated values accurately predicted the steady-state stomatal conductances under continuous blue light.
Regulatory Self-efficacy as a Moderator of Peer Socialization Relating to Italian Adolescents' Alcohol Intoxication

The present study investigated regulatory self-efficacy (RSE) as a predictor of friendship and adolescent alcohol intoxication and as a moderator of peer socialization processes related to alcohol intoxication. The longitudinal sample included 457 Italian adolescents (262 females and 195 males) ranging in age of 14 to 20 years (M = 16.1 years of age). Sociometric and behavioral data were collected at the beginning and end of the academic school year. Actor-based models were applied to simultaneously estimate selection and socialization processes accounting for interdependencies among friends' drinking behaviors. The results indicated that adolescents did not select friends with similar levels of alcohol intoxication or RSE, but adolescents did adopt their friends' drinking behaviors. RSE was negatively associated with adolescent drinking behaviors and moderated socialization processes related to alcohol use, with adolescents reporting higher levels of RSE being less likely to adopt their friends' drinking behaviors than adolescents with lower levels of RSE.
Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus in Southwest China Determined by the Mitochondrial NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 2 Gene

We evaluated genetic diversity and structure of Echinococcus granulosus by analyzing the complete mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene in 51 isolates of E. granulosus sensu stricto metacestodes collected at three locations in this region. We detected 19 haplotypes, which formed a distinct clade with the standard sheep strain (G1). Hence, all 51 isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3). Genetic relationships among haplotypes were not associated with geographical divisions, and fixation indices (Fst) among sampling localities were low. Hence, regional populations of E. granulosus in the southwest China are not differentiated, as gene flow among them remains high. This information is important for formulating unified region-wide prevention and control measures. We found large negative Fu's Fs and Tajima's D values and a unimodal mismatch distribution, indicating that the population has undergone a demographic expansion. We observed high genetic diversity among the E. granulosus s. s. isolates, indicating that the parasite population in this important bioregion is genetically robust and likely to survive and spread. The data from this study will prove valuable for future studies focusing on improving diagnosis and prevention methods and developing robust control strategies.
Outcomes of Liver Resection in the Elderly: Is it safe?

BACKGROUND/AIMS There has been an increase in the incidence of neoplasms of the liver in recent years, although there is still a fear of performing aggressive surgical procedures in elderly patients, especially regarding hepatic surgery. The objective of this study was to analyse the influence of age on the morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing hepatic resection. METHODOLOGY This was a study of 414 patients who underwent 447 hepatic resections between November 1993 and December 2010. The patients were divided into two groups according to whether they were ≤ 65 or > 65 years of age. RESULTS The elderly group included 113 resections, while the young group was composed of 334 procedures. The elderly group had more malignant lesions and more comorbidities. With regard to the transoperative and post-operative data, the two groups displayed similar results. According to the multivariate analysis, cirrhosis and the use of transoperative pedicular clamping were independent predictors of morbidity. Cirrhosis was also an independent predictor of mortality. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that age is not a predisposing factor for the worsening of results of hepatic resection in selected patients, especially with regard to cirrhosis. Moreover, surgeons must avoid the use of transoperative pedicular clamping.
Colistin Therapy in a 23-Week Gestational-Age Neonate with Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Pneumonia

Abstract Multidrug-resistant pathogens are becoming more difficult to treat with significantly increasing infection rates. The lack of new antibiotics to combat these strains has led to the resurgence of older antibiotics. This case highlights the first reported use of colistimethate sodium treatment in a 23-week gestational-age neonate with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia who developed acute renal failure and seizures shortly after initiation of treatment.
Study of Sleep Disorders and Polysomnographic Evaluation among Primary Chronic Daily Headache Patients

Objective: Studies related to sleep disorders and polysomnography (PSG) among chronic daily headache patients are rare. We studied this and compared chronic migraine (CM) with chronic tension-type headache. Methods: Eighty-three patients were recruited. They were evaluated by semi-structured interview, headache, and sleep diaries along with Epworth Sleepiness Scale score and insomnia symptom score. Overnight PSG was performed and data compared. Results: Chronic tension-type headache was more common than CM, both having female preponderance. Insomnia followed by excessive daytime sleepiness was prevalent sleep disorder. Sleep efficiency and Stage 3 sleep were lower in CM compared to chronic tension-type. ESSS was significantly increased among chronic tension-type patients. No significant correlation was found among PSG parameters in patients with or without sleep disorders. Conclusion: Insomnia being most common sleep disorder among chronic headache population. Chronic tension-type headache had slightly better slow-wave sleep than CM and significantly increased daytime sleepiness.
Neuronal Activity Induces Synaptic Delivery of hnRNP A2/B1 by a BDNF-Dependent Mechanism in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

Dendritic protein synthesis plays a critical role in several forms of synaptic plasticity, including BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)-mediated long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP). Dendritic transcripts are typically transported in a repressed state as components of large ribonucleoprotein complexes, and then translated upon stimulation at, or in the vicinity, of activated synapses. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNP A2/B1) is a trans-acting factor involved in dendritic mRNA trafficking, but how the distribution of the protein in dendrites is regulated has not been characterized. Here we found that a fraction of hnRNP A2/B1 is present at the synapse under resting conditions in cultured hippocampal neurons. Accordingly, this ribonucleoprotein was detected in free mRNP, monosomal, and polyribosomal fractions obtained from synaptoneurosomes. Neuronal activity and BDNF treatment increased hnRNP A2/B1 protein levels in the cell body and dendritic compartments, and induced the delivery of this protein to synaptic sites. The activity-dependent accumulation of hnRNP A2/B1 at the synapse required, at least in part, the activation of TrkB receptors, presumably by BDNF. This neurotrophin also upregulated the hnRNP A2/B1 mRNA in the soma but was without effect on the abundance of neuritic hnRNP A2/B1 transcripts. These results show that the distribution of hnRNP A2/B1 is regulated by BDNF and by neuronal activity, an effect that may have a role in BDNF-induced synaptic plasticity events.
BREAKING SYMMETRIES AND EMERGING SCALING URBAN STRUCTURES A Morphological Tale of 3 Cities: Paris, New York and Barcelona

The challenge of a science of cities is to understand the links between urban morphogenesis, efficiency and resilience. Mathematical regularities emerge in resilient cities, coming from the scale-free properties of complex systems that present the same level of complexity across their different scales. They take the form of inverse power laws that are the « signature » of complexity. In living cities, these mathematical regularities derive from historical layering over millennia (Paris) or from intense market forces (New York). In complex, living and resilient cities, the distribution of elements and connections does not obey Gaussian laws but scale-free inverse power laws. Understanding the universality of this structure which also characterizes natural phenomena and living systems, and which has been violated by modernist city planning, would allow planning more efficient and resilient cities. The paper shows how initial breaks of symmetry fostered the emergence of scale-free structures in Paris and New York, with long-range time correlations, and how a break of symmetry in the spatial layout created a highly differentiated socio-economic structure in Barcelona.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha induces proteins that bind specifically to kappa B-like enhancer elements and regulate interleukin 2 receptor alpha-chain gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes.

We have investigated the biochemical basis for the activation of interleukin 2 receptor alpha-subunit (IL-2R alpha) gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes by a cytokine (tumor necrosis factor alpha), a T-cell mitogen (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate), and the transactivator protein (Tax) from the type I human T-cell leukemia virus. Using in vivo transfection techniques specificially designed for these primary T cells in conjunction with in vitro gel retardation and DNA footprinting assays, we found that activation of the IL-2R alpha promoter by each of these agents involves the induction of nuclear proteins that specifically interact with a kappa B-like enhancer element (i.e., an element resembling the immunoglobulin kappa-chain enhancer sequence recognized by transcription factor NF-kappa B). DNA-protein crosslinking studies revealed that primary T cells express at least three different inducible DNA-binding proteins (50-55, 70-75, and 80-90 kDa) that specifically interact with this IL-2R alpha kappa B element.
ATC-348 Encounter Models for Unconventional Aircraft Version 1 . 0

Airspace encounter models, covering close encounter situations that may occur after standard separation assurance has been lost, are a critical component in the safety assessment of aviation procedures and collision avoidance systems. Of particular relevance to Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) is the potential for encountering general aviation aircraft that are flying under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) and are not in contact with air traffic control. In response to the need to develop a model of these types of encounters, Lincoln Laboratory undertook an extensive data collection and modeling effort involving more than 96,000 unconventional aircraft tracks. The outcome of this effort was nine individual models encompassing ultralights, gliders, balloons, and airships. The models use Bayesian networks to represent relationships between dynamic variables and to construct random trajectories that are statistically similar to those observed in the data. The intruder trajectories can be used in fast-time Monte Carlo simulations to estimate collision risk. The model described in this report is one of three developed by Lincoln Laboratory. A correlated encounter model has been developed to represent situations in which it is likely that there would be air traffic control intervention prior to a close encounter. The correlated model applies to encounters involving aircraft receiving Air Traffic Control (ATC) services and with transponders. An encounter with an intruder that does not have a transponder is uncorrelated in the sense that it is unlikely that there would be prior intervention by air traffic control. The uncorrelated model described in this report is based on global databases of pilot-submitted track data. This work is a follow-on to an uncorrelated conventional model developed from recorded radar tracks from aircraft using a 1200 transponder code. A byproduct of this encounter modeling effort was the extraction of feature distributions for unconventional aircraft. This provides an extensive collection of unconventional aircraft behavior in the airspace.
Atomic Radiations in the Decay of Medical Radioisotopes: A Physics Perspective

Auger electrons emitted in nuclear decay offer a unique tool to treat cancer cells at the scale of a DNA molecule. Over the last forty years many aspects of this promising research goal have been explored, however it is still not in the phase of serious clinical trials. In this paper, we review the physical processes of Auger emission in nuclear decay and present a new model being developed to evaluate the energy spectrum of Auger electrons, and hence overcome the limitations of existing computations.
Role of Oxidative Stress in Refractory Epilepsy: Evidence in Patients and Experimental Models

Oxidative stress, a state of imbalance in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen, is induced by a wide variety of factors. This biochemical state is associated with systemic diseases, and diseases affecting the central nervous system. Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder with refractoriness to drug therapy at about 30%. Currently, experimental evidence supports the involvement of oxidative stress in seizures, in the process of their generation, and in the mechanisms associated with refractoriness to drug therapy. Hence, the aim of this review is to present information in order to facilitate the handling of this evidence and determine the therapeutic impact of the biochemical status for this pathology.
Family and Lone Founder Ownership and Strategic Behaviour: Social Context, Identity, and Institutional Logics

There is controversy in the literature about the effects of ownership on strategy and performance. Some scholars have taken agency explanations as definitive, arguing that closely held firms outperform. Empirical studies, however, show conflicting findings for firms with concentrated ownership: lone founder firms outperform, family firms do not. Such conflicts may be due to the failure of agency theory to distinguish between the social contexts of these different types of owners. We argue that explanations of performance must take into account not simply ownership, but who are the owners or executives and how their social contexts may influence their strategic priorities. Family owners and CEOs, influenced by family stakeholders in the business, are argued to assume the role identities and logics of family nurturers and thus strategies of conservation. By contrast, lone founders, influenced by a wider set of market-oriented stakeholders, are argued to embrace the identities and logics of entrepreneurs and strategies of growth. Family founders and founder-executives are held to blend both orientations. These notions are supported in a study of Fortune 1000 companies.
Aggression, Antisocial Behavior and Violence among Girls

fication laws and treatment programs. He also discusses the variability of results of treatment programs, with the conclusion that no consensus yet exists regarding successful treatment. The chapter concludes with brief descriptions of civil commitment as a means of preventing recidivism and of risk assessment for sex offenders. In Chapter 10, Karen Terry and B. J. Cling discuss Megan’s Law and other new measures for protecting against sexual abuse. They provide an in-depth description of the law’s genesis and development, and its risks and benefits are weighed. The authors also make several suggestions for protecting children from sexual abuse. Chapter 11 concludes the book with a look at maternal violence, authored by Julie Blackman. A review of the literature regarding risk factors and demographic features of such mothers is provided, and the author presents four circumstances she views as resulting in women killing their children. This section relies most heavily on anecdotes to illustrate these sets of circumstances, but also provides some research data as a context for understanding them. In the final section of the chapter the author provides suggestions for appropriate societal responses to women who kill, with a strong emphasis on the advantages of treatment programs over punishment. This book represents the first effort to combine psychological and legal perspectives on the effects of sexual trauma on psychological functioning. As a whole, it provides an overview of research relevant to legal proceedings related to sexualized violence against women and children. However, there is some unevenness in the contents, in that some chapters are much more extensively referenced and take a more balanced, scholarly tone than others. In addition, some chapters represent such a cursory introduction to their topic as to do the subject scant justice, as in the case of the chapter on child sexual abuse. Other contributions, such as Nancy Kaser-Boyd’s discussion of Battered-Woman Syndrome, do an admirable job of providing genuine assistance to the expert witness, even within the space of a single chapter. Overall, this book should be regarded as a source of brief summaries of very complex topics. For the expert witness seeking thorough preparation, the book provides insufficient aid. The same is true of the legal practitioner seeking increased knowledge of the psychological effects of sexual violence, as some chapters are insufficiently balanced in their presentation. However, the book would serve well as a textbook for undergraduate or graduate courses when supplemented with additional resources from the literature.