Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
REVIEW ■ : Mechanisms of Cortical Control of Hand Function

The direct cortico-motoneuronal (CM) projection from motor cortex to spinal motoneurons is a distinctive primate feature, and appears to be of particular importance for the control of fine hand and finger move ments. This review considers recent neurophysiological evidence showing that the degree of dexterity in different nonhuman primates is reflected in the strength of the CM connections to hand motoneurons. It also shows that phylogenetically older, indirect pathways may have been superseded by the direct CM system. The unique contribution of the CM system to hand function may reside in the focused and powerful facilitation it exerts on selective groups of muscles, as shown by recordings from identified CM neurons during performance of precision grip by conscious, trained monkeys. In man, damage by stroke to the corticospinal system often results in weakness and poverty of hand movement. New evidence from the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in stroke patients demonstrates that any recovery in the voluntary activation of hand muscles is always accompanied by recovery of short-latency responses to TMS, which are probably mediated by the fast corticospinal system, suggesting that the integrity of this system is es sential for recovery of hand function. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:389-398, 1997
A three‐dimensional atlas of pituitary gland development in the zebrafish

The pituitary gland is unique to Chordates, with significant variation within this group, offering an excellent opportunity to increase insight into phylogenetic relationships within this phylum. The structure of the pituitary in adult Teleosts (class: Osteichthyes) is quite different from that in other chordates and is also variable among members of the class. Therefore, a complete description of the structure and development of the pituitary in members of this class is a critical component to our overall understanding of this gland. An obvious teleost model organism is the zebrafish, Danio rerio, as a significant amount of work has been done on the molecular control of pituitary development in this fish. However, very little work has been published on the morphological development of the pituitary in the zebrafish; the present study aims to fill this void. The pituitary develops from cells on the rostrodorsal portion of the head and reaches its final position, ventral to the hypothalamus, as the cephalic flexure occurs and the jaws and mouth form. The pituitary placode is juxtaposed to cells that will form the olfactory vesicles, the stomodeum, and the hatching gland. The volume of the pituitary is greatest at 24 hours post fertilization (hpf). From 24 to 120 hpf, the pituitary decreases in height and width as it undergoes convergent extension, increasing in length with the axis. The adenohypophysis is a morphologically distinct structure by 24 hpf, whereas the neurohypophysis remains indistinct until 72 hpf. The findings of this study correlate well with the available molecular data. J. Comp. Neurol. 487:428–440, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Fallacy of Reducing Rape and Violent Recidivism by Treating Anger

This study was designed to investigate the usefulness of targeting anger for the treatment of violent offenders and rapists. Four anger inventories were administered to 271 Canadian incarcerated male offenders comprised of four groups of offenders (violent vs. non- violent and rapists vs. nonrapists). These groups were compared according to their scores on the measures of anger. All comparisons were not significant. This study casts doubt on the usefulness of targeting anger for the treatment of rapists and violent offenders and on the effect of these programs on reduction of recidivism.
Shifting Attention among Working Memory Representations: Testing Cue Type, Awareness, and Strategic Control

It is well known that visual working memory (VWM) performance is modulated by attentional cues presented during encoding. Interestingly, retrospective cues presented after encoding, but prior to the test phase also improve performance. This improvement in performance is termed the retro-cue benefit. We investigated whether the retro-cue benefit is sensitive to cue type, whether participants were aware of their improvement in performance due to the retro-cue, and whether the effect was under strategic control. Experiment 1 compared the potential cueing benefits of abrupt onset retro-cues relying on bottom-up attention, number retro-cues relying on top-down attention, and arrow retro-cues, relying on a mixture of both. We found a significant retro-cue effect only for arrow retro-cues. In Experiment 2, we tested participants' awareness of their use of the informative retro-cue and found that they were aware of their improved performance. In Experiment 3, we asked whether participants have strategic control over the retro-cue. The retro-cue was difficult to ignore, suggesting that strategic control is low. The retro-cue effect appears to be within conscious awareness but not under full strategic control.
Differences in Coronary Mortalit Can Be Explained by Differences in Cholesterol and Saturated Fat Intakes in 40 Countries but Not in France and Finland A Paradox

BackgroundFor decades, the coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rate has been four or more times higher in Finland than in France despite comparable intakes of dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. A potential answer to this paradox is provided by this study of 40 countries and the analyses of other nutrients in the diets besides cholesterol and saturated fat.Medhds and Resuls. CHD death rates for men aged 55 to 64 years were derived from the World Health Organization annual vital statistics. Dietary intakes were gathered from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations database. Forty countries at various levels of economic development and 40 dietary variables were investigated, including a lipid score that combined the intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat (Cholesterol-Saturated Fat Index (CSIJ). The CSI was significantly and positively related to CHD mortality in the 40 countries. The countries with low CSIs had low CHD death rates. Countries with high CSIs had a wide range of CHD death rates. France, Finland, and other Western industrialized countries had similar CSIs. After adjusting for cholesterol and saturated fat, milk and many components of milk (butterfat, milk protein, calcium from milk, and riboflavin) and total calcium remained positively related to CHD mortality for all 40 countries. There were differences in the consumption of these foods and nutrients in France and Finland. Milk and butterfat (fat from milk, cream, cheese, and butter) consumption was higher in Finland than in France. The consumption of plant foods, recently shown to be protective against CHD (vegetables and vegetable oils containing monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids), was greater in France than in Finland.Conchusions. Over the years, France and Finland, with similar intakes of cholesterol and saturated fat, consistently have had very different CHI) mortality rates. This paradox may be explained as follows. Given a high intake of cholesterol and saturated fat, the country in which people also consume more plant foods, including small amounts of liquid vegetable oils, and more vegetables (more antioxidants) had lower rates of CHD mortality. On the other hand, milk and butterfat were associated with increased CHD mortality, possibly through their effects on thrombosis as well as on atherosclerosis.
Mindfulness, self-stigma and social functioning in first episode psychosis: A brief report

This study aimed to test the hypothesis that people with first-episode psychosis who are more mindful will have lower self-stigma, and hence better social functioning. Thirty-four participants experiencing first-episode psychosis completed self-report questionnaires, in a cross-sectional design. Consistent with the hypothesis, higher levels of mindfulness predicted lower self-stigma and better social functioning, and self-stigma statistically mediated the mindfulness → social functioning relationship. However, contrary to expectations, when symptom severity was included as a covariate, evidence of mediation was lost. Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Talking about children’s resistance to the institutional order and teachers in preschool

This article highlights the parent—teacher conferences in the Swedish preschool and the talk about children’s inappropriate and undesirable behaviour in a preschool setting.The focus of the article concerns how teachers talk about children’s resistance to the social order in preschool and especially how children show resistance to teachers. The empirical material consists of 22 audio-taped conferences included in a larger study of parent—teacher conferences in a Swedish preschool setting. The analysis reveals five different strategies concerning the talk about children’s resistance to the practitioners and the institution: physical resistance, emotional resistance, social resistance, verbal resistance and resistance through rejection. In addition, the article discusses what is expected of a ‘normal’ preschool child.
The suitability of school playgrounds for physically disabled children

To participate in most educational and social experiences of childhood, many disabled children require both technological and human supports, in accessible and suitable environments. In Canada, inclusive education policies and practices increase the likelihood that interior classroom spaces are appropriately accommodating, yet pay little attention to exterior school spaces such as playgrounds. As a result many playground attributes contribute significantly to the socio-spatial exclusion and marginalization of physically disabled children. In this study accessibility audits of five publicly funded school playgrounds in Toronto, Canada were conducted. The organization of space, equipment design and landscape characteristics revealed that the rights to full participation are constrained in this important space of childhood.
The Type VI secretion system of Burkholderia cenocepacia affects multiple Rho family GTPases disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and the assembly of NADPH oxidase complex in macrophages

Burkholderia cenocepacia is a Gram‐negative opportunistic pathogen of patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease. The bacterium survives intracellularly in macrophages within a membrane‐bound vacuole (BcCV) that precludes the fusion with lysosomes. The underlying cellular mechanisms and bacterial molecules mediating these phenotypes are unknown. Here, we show that intracellular B. cenocepacia expressing a type VI secretion system (T6SS) affects the activation of the Rac1 and Cdc42 RhoGTPase by reducing the cellular pool of GTP‐bound Rac1 and Cdc42. The T6SS also increases the cellular pool of GTP‐bound RhoA and decreases cofilin activity. These effects lead to abnormal actin polymerization causing collapse of lamellipodia and failure to retract the uropod. The T6SS also prevents the recruitment of soluble subunits of the NADPH oxidase complex including Rac1 to the BcCV membrane, but is not involved in the BcCV maturation arrest. Therefore, T6SS‐mediated deregulation of Rho family GTPases is a common mechanism linking disruption of the actin cytoskeleton and delayed NADPH oxidase activation in macrophages infected with B. cenocepacia.
Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cyclooxygenase-2-dependent Invasion Is Mediated by CD44*

Elevated tumor cyclooxygenase (COX-2) expression is associated with increased angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and suppression of host immunity. We have previously shown that genetic inhibition of tumor COX-2 expression reverses the immunosuppression induced by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). To assess the impact of COX-2 expression in lung cancer invasiveness, NSCLC cell lines were transduced with a retroviral vector expressing the human COX-2 cDNA in the sense (COX-2-S) and antisense (COX-2-AS) orientations. COX-2-S clones expressed significantly more COX-2 protein, produced 10-fold more prostaglandin E2, and demonstrated an enhanced invasive capacity compared with control vector-transduced or parental cells. CD44, the cell surface receptor for hyaluronate, was overexpressed in COX-2-S cells, and specific blockade of CD44 significantly decreased tumor cell invasion. In contrast, COX-2-AS clones had a very limited capacity for invasion and showed diminished expression of CD44. These findings suggest that a COX-2-mediated, CD44-dependent pathway is operative in NSCLC invasion. Because tumor COX-2 expression appears to have a multifaceted role in conferring the malignant phenotype, COX-2 may be an important target for gene or pharmacologic therapy in NSCLC.
Mouse in Vivo Neutralization of Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin 2 with Monoclonal Antibodies

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) food contaminations pose serious health concerns, and have been the subject of massive food recalls. STEC has been identified as the major cause of the life-threatening complication of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Besides supportive care, there currently are no therapeutics available. The use of antibiotics for combating pathogenic E. coli is not recommended because they have been shown to stimulate toxin production. Clearing Stx2 from the circulation could potentially lessen disease severity. In this study, we tested the in vivo neutralization of Stx2 in mice using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). We measured the biologic half-life of Stx2 in mice and determined the distribution phase or t1/2 α to be 3 min and the clearance phase or t1/2 β to be 40 min. Neutralizing mAbs were capable of clearing Stx2 completely from intoxicated mouse blood within minutes. We also examined the persistence of these mAbs over time and showed that complete protection could be passively conferred to mice 4 weeks before exposure to Stx2. The advent of better diagnositic methods and the availability of a greater arsenal of therapeutic mAbs against Stx2 would greatly enhance treatment outcomes of life threatening E. coli infections.
Policy attitudes, ideological values and social representations

This article reviews research on policy attitudes and ideological values from the perspective of social representations theory. In the first part of the paper, key features of lay political thinking are presented, its pragmatic imperative, its focus on communication and the social functions of shared knowledge. Objectification transforms abstract and group-neutral ideological values into concrete and socially useful knowledge, in particular stereotypes of value-conforming and value-violating groups. Such shared understandings of intergroup relations provide citizens with common reference knowledge which provides the cognitive and cultural basis of policy attitudes. Social representations theory further suggests that lay knowledge reflects the social context in which it has been elaborated (anchoring), an aspect which allows conceptualising aggregate-level differences in policy attitudes. In the second part of the paper, a model of lay conceptions of social order is outlined which organises four shared conceptions of social order, along with the stereotype-based thinking associated with each conception: Moral order, Free Market, Social diversity and Structural inequality. We conclude by arguing that policy attitudes are symbolic devices expressed to justify or to challenge existing social arrangements.
Investigating the Construct Validity of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery

A Wherry and Wherry hierarchical factor solution was obtained on intercorrelations among the 10 subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery of Jackson to test its construct validity. Subtest scores were obtained for 300 adult male felons referred to a receiving and diagnostic center for evaluations. The findings provide considerable support for construct validity. A general (g)-factor was defined by strong positive loadings from all 10 subtests and accounted for about 46% of the total subtest variance. A verbal educational factor was defined by positive loadings from the five verbal subtests and accounted for 16% of the total variance in the verbal subtests. A spatial-perceptual factor was defined by positive loadings from all five performance subtests and accounted for 13% of the total variance in the performance subtests.
Participation, discourse and power: a case study in service user involvement

Drawing on the findings from a case study of a forum in which users of mental health services are brought into dialogue with officials, the author demonstrates the value of an approach to user involvement in which discourse itself is used as a primary data source. Using her observations of the forum’s meetings, as well as interviews with forum members, the author shows how power is exercised discursively in various apparently trivial ways, ensuring that the forum’s discourse remains within established normative boundaries and serving, ultimately, to reinforce existing institutionally defined power relations.
Second-Order Kernel Online Convex Optimization with Adaptive Sketching

Kernel online convex optimization (KOCO) is a framework combining the expressiveness of non-parametric kernel models with the regret guarantees of online learning. First-order KOCO methods such as functional gradient descent require only $O(t)$ time and space per iteration, and, when the only information on the losses is their convexity, achieve a minimax optimal $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret. Nonetheless, many common losses in kernel problems, such as squared loss, logistic loss, and squared hinge loss posses stronger curvature that can be exploited. In this case, second-order KOCO methods achieve $O(\log(\Det(K)))$ regret, which we show scales as $O(deff \log T)$, where $deff$ is the effective dimension of the problem and is usually much smaller than $O(\sqrt{T})$. The main drawback of second-order methods is their much higher $O(t^2)$ space and time complexity. In this paper, we introduce kernel online Newton step (KONS), a new second-order KOCO method that also achieves $O(deff\log T)$ regret. To address the computational complexity of second-order methods, we introduce a new matrix sketching algorithm for the kernel matrix~$K$, and show that for a chosen parameter $\gamma \leq 1$ our Sketched-KONS reduces the space and time complexity by a factor of $\gamma^2$ to $O(t^2\gamma^2)$ space and time per iteration, while incurring only $1/\gamma$ times more regret.
The Impact of Age of Onset of Substance Use on Delinquency

A testable model is developed to examine the link between age of onset of substance use and delinquency. The model predicts that the effect of early substance use on delinquency is indirect through mediating variables—continuing alcohol and drug use, association with delinquent peers, and engaging in deviant activities. The model is tested with use of data from the Buffalo Longitudinal Survey of Young Men. The data support the model in general. Early substance use is significantly associated with continuing substance use, association with delinquent peers, and engaging in deviant activities, and through these intervening variables, affects delinquency. However, the mediating role of these intervening variables is different. Association with peers and engaging in deviant activities significantly mediate the effect of early substance use on all kinds of delinquency, whereas continuing substance use has modest mediating roles for the effect only on general and index delinquency.
The Roles of School Principal in the Implementation of Character Education at Boarding School

The success or failures of educational institutions in the implementation of character education in boarding schools or madrasah is determined by its leaders. The school principal as a leader and educator should be a good model to all teachers and learners in the school. In other words, he or she will create a healthy school life, conducive and supportive school performance. There are seven principal’s roles in implementing character building the school. He or she should has a clear vision, rely on more collaborative approach, responsive and proactive in responding to what is happening outside of school, be consistent in enforcing the rules, be active, give many social rewards, and create a variety of rides or activities that can develop pro-social skills and devotion of students.
Undergraduates’ Perceptions of Parental Relationship-Oriented Guilt Induction Versus Harsh Psychological Control

In this study, we examined whether culture moderates the correlates of psychological control as a function of the type of measure used. We administered two measures of parental psychological control to university undergraduates from India (n = 166) and the United States (n = 177), as well as a measure of participants’ self-esteem. One measure assessed harsh psychologically controlling tactics; the other relationship-oriented guilt induction. We argued that while relationship-oriented guilt induction might be deemed inappropriate in the United States, Indian parents might more frequently use this technique to promote familial interdependence, a culturally specific value. Harsh psychological control, on the other hand, is unlikely to be used for benign purposes in either group. We had the following hypotheses: (a) across groups, harsh psychological control would be more strongly associated than relationship-oriented guilt induction with lower levels of reported self-esteem; (b) reports of relationship-oriented guilt induction and harsh psychological control would be more strongly associated in the United States than in India; (c) reports of relationship-oriented parental guilt induction would be more strongly associated with lower levels of self-esteem in the United States than in India; and (d) the negative associations between relationship-oriented guilt induction and self-esteem for students from the United States would become non-significant when controlling for harsh parental psychological control. Support was found for all hypotheses. Unexpectedly, in the Indian group, relationship-oriented guilt induction was positively associated with self-esteem. The implications for the measurement of psychological control are discussed.
Client Evaluation of Three Welfare Programs

Three welfare programs—Social Security, Public Welfare, and Unemployment Compensation—are compared with respect to client evaluations of services received. To structure this comparison, an independent variable of administrative program is derived from three components, namely, climate, technology, and clientele. Data on client evaluation are obtained from exit interviews of clients as they leave welfare offices. A hypothesized order of client satisfaction among the three programs is supported empirically in large measure. It is proposed that the field of comparative administration concern itself more with such comparisons instead of concentrating on cross-national comparisons.
AVATAR: A Framework to Support Dynamic Security Analysis of Embedded Systems' Firmwares

In this paper we present Avatar, a framework that enables complex dynamic analysis of embedded devices by orchestrating the execution of an emulator together with the real hardware. We first introduce the basic mechanism to forward I/O accesses from the emulator to the embedded device, and then describe several techniques to improve the system’s performance by dynamically optimizing the distribution of code and data between the two environments. Finally, we evaluate our tool by applying it to three different security scenarios, including reverse engineering, vulnerability discovery and hardcoded backdoor detection. To show the flexibility of Avatar, we perform this analysis on three completely different devices: a GSM feature phone, a hard disk bootloader, and a wireless sensor node. I. INTRODUCTION