Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluations of biological control agents for the management of soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines ) in soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.)

Evaluations of biological control agents for the management of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)Evaluations of biological control agents for the management of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) in soybean (Glycine max L. The soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is the most yield limiting pathogen of soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). Current management strategies of crop rotation and using resistant varieties are not completely effective and alternative management strategies are needed. Commercial seed treatments with biological agents are available to protect against yield loss from SCN, but have not been evaluated in Nebraska. Field studies were conducted in eight Nebraska locations (six infested with SCN and two non-infested) during 2014 and 2015 to evaluate seed treatment effects on soybean establishment, SCN population density, and yield. The seed treatments were CruiserMaxx® Advanced, Clariva®Complete Beans containing Clariva®pn (Pasteuria nishizawae), and Poncho®/ VOTiVO® containing Bacillus firmus I-1582; all treatments contained the same fungicides and an insecticide with the same mode of action. Average yields in the SCN infested fields ranged from 45 to 72 bu/A and initial SCN population densities ranged from 200 to 4,300 eggs/100 cc's of soil. No statistical differences were found among the three treatments in either yield or SCN reproduction at any individual location or when the SCN infested locations were combined in either growing season. The use of cover crops (cereal rye, Secale cereale), and other bacteria have inconsistently reduced SCN populations in previous studies. The use a cover crop as a means to establish a biocontrol agent has not been investigated. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of the bacterium Lysobacter enzymogenes C3 to colonize the rhizospheres of cereal rye and soybean from populations applied to seed. The bacterium was found to colonize cereal rye roots to higher population levels than soybean over 4 week periods. C3 root populations on cereal rye increased by a thousand fold from seed populations. Based on these studies the potential for biocontrol for SCN exists, but more research is needed to determine optimum conditions for biocontrol agents to be effective tools in sustainable soybean production.
Stock Return Predictability and Model Uncertainty

We use Bayesian model averaging to analyze the sample evidence on return predictability in the presence of model uncertainty. The analysis reveals in-sample and out-of-sample predictability, and shows that the out-of-sample performance of the Bayesian approach is superior to that of model selection criteria. We find that term and market premia are robust predictors. Moreover, small-cap value stocks appear more predictable than large-cap growth stocks. We also investigate the implications of model uncertainty from investment management perspectives. We show that model uncertainty is more important than estimation risk, and investors who discard model uncertainty face large utility losses.
Id4 regulates neural progenitor proliferation and differentiation in vivo

The mechanisms that determine whether a precursor cell re-enters the cell cycle or exits and differentiates are crucial in determining the types and numbers of cells that constitute a particular organ. Here, we report that Id4 is required for normal brain size, and regulates lateral expansion of the proliferative zone in the developing cortex and hippocampus. In its absence, proliferation of stem cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) is compromised. In early cortical progenitors, Id4 is required for the normal G1-S transition. By contrast, at later ages, ectopically positioned proliferating cells are found in the mantle zone of the Id4-/- cortex. These observations, together with evidence for the premature differentiation of early cortical stem cells, indicate that Id4 has a unique and complex function in regulating neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
Multichannel somato sensory evoked potential study demonstrated abnormalities in cervical cord function in brachial monomelic amyotrophy.

BACKGROUND Brachial monomelic amyotrophy (BMMA) is known to affect the central cervical cord gray matter resulting in single upper limb atrophy and weakness. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Case series of BMMA patients who underwent somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) studies at a tertiary referral center. AIMS We proposed to record Multichannel Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (MCSSEP) from median and ulnar nerves with neck in neutral and neck fully flexed position in 17 patients with classical BMMA seen over three years. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recordings were done from both median (MN) and ulnar nerves (UN). N9, P9, N13, N20 potentials were recorded and amplitudes measured. SSEPs were performed in 22 age-matched healthy men. Amplitudes of cervical response were calculated by N13/P9 ratio and compared in both positions. RESULTS Among the controls N13 amplitude was always normal {MN: mean N13/P9 - 0.96 in neutral; 0.95 in flexed}{UN: mean N13/P9 - 0.82 in neutral; 0.83 in flexed}, and mean amplitudes did not reveal any difference in both conditions ( P> 0.05). Among 17 patients N9, P9 and N20 responses were normal in neutral position. Flexion showed no change in latency or amplitude of N9 and N20 responses ( P -0.63) whereas the N13 response was abnormal in at least one tested nerve in the affected limb (MN: P < 0.01; UN: P < 0.01). During flexion, N13 response was abnormal in 14 (82%) patients after MN stimulation and in all 17(100%) after UN stimulation {MN: mean N13/P9 - 0.62 in neutral; 0.38 in flexed}{UN: mean N13/P9 - 0.55 in neutral; 0.31 in flexed}. CONCLUSION MCSSEP in BMMA with neck flexion caused a significant reduction of the cervical N13 response indicating segmental cervical cord dysfunction.
[Role of US in the management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis: review of 22 cases].

PURPOSE To assess the role of US in the management of de Quervain's tenosynovitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a high-frequency transducer (12 MHz), sagittal and axial images were obtained of the first extensor compartment. The US features of 22 symptomatic patients were reviewed (positive Finkelstein's maneuver). RESULTS US findings included tendon thickening and synovial sheath thickening with peritendinous edematous changes resulting in a peritendinous hypoecoic halo in all patients. An intertendinous septum was identified in two patients. CONCLUSION US can confirm the suspected diagnosis and provide follow-up of lesions. It can confirm the presence of an intertendinous septum and provide guidance at the time of steroid injection. It can increase the rate of conservative management by demonstrating the absence of septum.
Periodic Non Uniform Sampling of Non Bandlimited Signals

We consider the periodic non uniform sampling of a class of continuous time non bandlimited signals. Unlike previous work, the periodic non uniform sequence is obtained by retaining a select group of samples from a larger set generated by oversampling the continuous time signal. The oversampled sequence is modeled as the output of a discrete time multirate interpolation filter. Using this model, we propose a number of ways to retrieve the signal and derive necessary and sufficient conditions for signal reconstruction with FIR digital filters. The use of FIR filtering insures the stability of the reconstruction process
Measurement of Internal Electric Field in GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes

The internal electric field due to the piezoelectric effect in an InGaN/GaN multiple quantum-well structure is measured via photoluminescence (PL), electroreflectance (ER), and photocurrent (PC) spectroscopies, and the measurement results are compared with each other and with theoretically calculated values. The flat-band voltage is estimated by measuring the applied bias voltage that induces the maximum in PL peak energy by the quantum-confined Stark effect, 180° phase shift in the ER spectrum, and the smallest band tail state in the PC spectrum. The internal electric fields estimated by the PL, PC, and ER spectra are -1.81, -2.12±0.14, and -2.04 MV/cm, respectively. The measured piezoelectric fields are in good agreement with theoretically calculated values. Possible factors affecting piezoelectric field measurements are discussed from various perspectives.
Model Predictive Current Control of Grid-Connected Neutral-Point-Clamped Converters to Meet Low-Voltage Ride-Through Requirements

The low-voltage ride through (LVRT) requirement demands the wind power plants to remain connected to the grid in the presence of grid voltage dips, actively helping the network overall control to keep network voltage and frequency stable. Wind power technology points to increase power ratings. Hence, multilevel converters, as for example, neutral-point- clamped (NPC) converters, are well suited for this application. Predictive current control presents similar dynamic response and reference tracking than other well-established control methods, but working at lower switching frequencies. In this paper, the predictive current control is applied to the grid-side NPC converter as part of a wind energy conversion system, in order to fulfill the LVRT requirements. DC-link neutral-point balance is also achieved by means of the predictive control algorithm, which considers the redundant switching states of the NPC converter. Simulation and experimental results confirm the validity of the proposed control approach.
Perceived Likelihood of Developing Diabetes Among High-Risk Oregonians

Introduction Prevention of diabetes in people at highest risk for developing the disease is an important public health opportunity, considering the disease's increasing prevalence, its devastating impact on health and its high economic cost, the availability of efficacious and cost-effective treatments to reduce complications, and recent evidence that it can be delayed or prevented with lifestyle interventions. Methods The Oregon Diabetes Prevention and Control Program collected and analyzed responses from a statewide telephone survey conducted in 2003 to determine whether Oregon adults at highest risk for diabetes 1) believed that they were at risk for developing diabetes in the future, 2) had talked with a health care professional about diabetes, and 3) had been tested for the disease. Pearson chi-square tests and logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify independent associations of select characteristics with the study factors of interest. Results Even among respondents at highest risk for developing diabetes, at most one third reported being concerned about developing diabetes, one fifth reported having discussed their risk with a health professional in the previous year, and less than half reported having been tested for diabetes by a health provider in the previous year. After adjusting for multiple factors, we found that having a family history of diabetes was consistently associated with perceived risk of developing diabetes, discussion about diabetes with a health professional, and diabetes testing. Conclusion Many Oregon adults at high risk for developing diabetes are unconcerned about their risk for developing the disease, and few have discussed their risk of diabetes with a health professional. Findings from this study suggest the need for increased recognition of future diabetes risk by high-risk individuals and health professionals to help translate diabetes prevention into practice.
Cys-tRNAPro Editing by Haemophilus influenzae YbaK via a Novel Synthetase·YbaK·tRNA Ternary Complex*

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are multidomain enzymes that often possess two activities to ensure translational accuracy. A synthetic active site catalyzes tRNA aminoacylation, while an editing active site hydrolyzes mischarged tRNAs. Prolyl-tRNA synthetases (ProRS) have been shown to misacylate Cys onto tRNAPro, but lack a Cys-specific editing function. The synthetase-like Haemophilus influenzae YbaK protein was recently shown to hydrolyze misacylated Cys-tRNAPro in trans. However, the mechanism of specific substrate selection by this single domain hydrolase is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that YbaK alone appears to lack specific tRNA recognition capabilities. Moreover, YbaK cannot compete for aminoacyl-tRNAs in the presence of elongation factor Tu, suggesting that YbaK acts before release of the aminoacyl-tRNA from the synthetase. In support of this idea, cross-linking studies reveal the formation of binary (ProRS·YbaK) and ternary (ProRS·YbaK·tRNA) complexes. The binding constants for the interaction between ProRS and YbaK are 550 nm and 45 nm in the absence and presence of tRNAPro, respectively. These results suggest that the specificity of trans-editing by YbaK is ensured through formation of a novel ProRS·YbaK·tRNA complex.
In Absence of the Cellular Prion Protein, Alterations in Copper Metabolism and Copper-Dependent Oxidase Activity Affect Iron Distribution

Essential elements as copper and iron modulate a wide range of physiological functions. Their metabolism is strictly regulated by cellular pathways, since dysregulation of metal homeostasis is responsible for many detrimental effects. Neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and prion diseases are characterized by alterations of metal ions. These neurodegenerative maladies involve proteins that bind metals and mediate their metabolism through not well-defined mechanisms. Prion protein, for instance, interacts with divalent cations via multiple metal-binding sites and it modulates several metal-dependent physiological functions, such as S-nitrosylation of NMDA receptors. In this work we focused on the effect of prion protein absence on copper and iron metabolism during development and adulthood. In particular, we investigated copper and iron functional values in serum and several organs such as liver, spleen, total brain and isolated hippocampus. Our results show that iron content is diminished in prion protein-null mouse serum, while it accumulates in liver and spleen. Our data suggest that these alterations can be due to impairments in copper-dependent cerulopalsmin activity which is known to affect iron mobilization. In prion protein-null mouse total brain and hippocampus, metal ion content shows a fluctuating trend, suggesting the presence of homeostatic compensatory mechanisms. However, copper and iron functional values are likely altered also in these two organs, as indicated by the modulation of metal-binding protein expression levels. Altogether, these results reveal that the absence of the cellular prion protein impairs copper metabolism and copper-dependent oxidase activity, with ensuing alteration of iron mobilization from cellular storage compartments.
The public perception of doping in sport in Switzerland, 1995 – 2004

Abstract The article reports findings on the perception of doping and anti-doping policies from four representative population surveys carried out in 1995, 1998, 2001, and 2004, as well as from a 2005 – 2006 survey of top-level athletes in Switzerland. The results show a growing public awareness for doping issues and increasing support for a comprehensive anti-doping strategy in Switzerland. The vast majority of the Swiss population and top-level athletes are strongly against doping and support a strategy that combines strict prohibition and sanctioning with informational and educational efforts. The perception of the doping issue and the strategic preferences in fighting doping stated by the public are largely in line with the current anti-doping strategy followed by the Swiss authorities. The results thus suggest a successful use of information resources by the authorities to create public awareness and to communicate its strategy.
Distinct mechanisms lead to HPRT gene mutations in leukemic cells

Leukemias are considered malignant clonal disorders arising from the accumulation of mutations in hematopoietic cells; the majority of these mutations are thought to be acquired somatically. Measurement of mutation frequency (Mf) at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus has been developed as a method for estimating genomic instability. We investigated the Mf in 16 leukemic cell lines to determine whether these cell lines showed evidence of genomic instability. Although some leukemic cell lines had markedly elevated Mfs, the Mfs at the HPRT locus in leukemic cell lines were not always higher than those of B‐lymphoblastoid cell lines and T lymphocytes from normal individuals. We were able to identify the HPRT mutation for 159 of 160 individual HPRT mutants. The HPRT mutations were characterized at a molecular level and classified as either gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) or point mutations, such as single‐nucleotide substitutions, insertions, or deletions. With rare exceptions, individual leukemic cell lines showed either point mutations or GCR, but not both. Of note, all the cell lines that primarily showed point mutations are known to be defective in mismatch repair machinery. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of Open Access Journals in Six Subject Areas

We examine the characteristics of 663 Open Access (OA) journals in biology, computer science, economics, history, medicine, and psychology, then compare the OA journals with impact factors to comparable subscription journals. There is great variation in the size of OA journals; the largest publishes more than 2,700 articles per year, but half publish 25 or fewer. While just 29 percent of OA journals charge publication fees, those journals represent 50 percent of the articles in our study. OA journals in the fields of biology and medicine are larger than the others, more likely to charge fees, and more likely to have a high citation impact. Overall, the OA journal landscape is greatly influenced by a few key publishers and journals.
Comparison of photo‐matching algorithms commonly used for photographic capture–recapture studies

Abstract Photographic capture–recapture is a valuable tool for obtaining demographic information on wildlife populations due to its noninvasive nature and cost‐effectiveness. Recently, several computer‐aided photo‐matching algorithms have been developed to more efficiently match images of unique individuals in databases with thousands of images. However, the identification accuracy of these algorithms can severely bias estimates of vital rates and population size. Therefore, it is important to understand the performance and limitations of state‐of‐the‐art photo‐matching algorithms prior to implementation in capture–recapture studies involving possibly thousands of images. Here, we compared the performance of four photo‐matching algorithms; Wild‐ID, I3S Pattern+, APHIS, and AmphIdent using multiple amphibian databases of varying image quality. We measured the performance of each algorithm and evaluated the performance in relation to database size and the number of matching images in the database. We found that algorithm performance differed greatly by algorithm and image database, with recognition rates ranging from 100% to 22.6% when limiting the review to the 10 highest ranking images. We found that recognition rate degraded marginally with increased database size and could be improved considerably with a higher number of matching images in the database. In our study, the pixel‐based algorithm of AmphIdent exhibited superior recognition rates compared to the other approaches. We recommend carefully evaluating algorithm performance prior to using it to match a complete database. By choosing a suitable matching algorithm, databases of sizes that are unfeasible to match “by eye” can be easily translated to accurate individual capture histories necessary for robust demographic estimates.
Anisotropic Distribution of SDSS Satellite Galaxies: Planar (Not Polar) Alignment

The distribution of satellite galaxies relative to isolated host galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is investigated. Host-satellite systems are selected using three different methods, yielding samples of ~3300, ~1600, and ~950 satellites. In the plane of the sky, the distributions of all three samples show highly significant deviations from circular symmetry (>99.99%, >99.99%, and 99.79% confidence levels, respectively), and the degree of anisotropy is a strong function of the projected radius, rp, at which the satellites are found. For rp ≲ 100 kpc, the SDSS satellites are aligned preferentially with the major axes of the hosts. This is in stark contrast to the Holmberg effect, in which satellites are aligned with the minor axes of host galaxies. The degree of anisotropy in the distribution of the SDSS satellites decreases with rp and is consistent with an isotropic distribution at of order the 1 σ level for 250 kpc ≲ rp ≲ 500 kpc.
Music Faculty Perceptions of Multicultural Music Education.

Many educators believe that the arts as emblematic expressions of home, community, and affiliation provide an invaluable window through which to understand the many cultures that exist in the United States and the world. Proponents of "multicultural" education argue persuasively for the need to combat racism, the injustice of imposing alien cultural norms on "minority" individuals, and the benefit to all that results from being exposed to perspectives born of diverse cultural views. They maintain that these needs can be addressed in our schools through: (a) an increased recruitment of minority faculty (and, at the post-secondary level, minority students); (b) a greater emphasis on "minority" or "multicultural" study; and (c) opposition to a curriculum dominated by the perspectives of Western civilization (Short, 1993, p. 91). However, not everyone in the general education community agrees with this agenda, and the implementation of multicultural curricula has sparked a heated debate. Within the humanities, for example, there has been a vigorous defense of curricula based on the power and brilliance of the great thinkers of the Western tradition (Howe, 1993). There is a virtual lack of similar debate within music education; however, there appears to be a disparity between actual classroom practice and the prevailing multicultural advocacy (Hanley, 1993; Roberts, 1993). How do we account for this disparity? There can be little doubt that the undergraduate musical experience is critical to future music teachers' conceptions of what "counts" as music (Roberts, 1991), and correspondingly, to their future decisions about curriculum content and pedagogy. Researchers such as Navarro (1989), Rose (1990), and Netti (1995) have found that despite recommendations favoring the adoption of a broader cultural perspective by music education's professional organizations (Music Educators National Conference, 1994; College Music
A Solution to Coupled Dyson-Schwinger Equations for Gluons and Ghosts in Landau Gauge

A truncation scheme for the Dyson{endash}Schwinger equations of QCD in Landau gauge is presented which implements the Slavnov{endash}Taylor identities for the 3-point vertex functions. Neglecting contributions from 4-point correlations such as the 4-gluon vertex function and irreducible scattering kernels, a closed system of equations for the propagators is obtained. For the pure gauge theory without quarks this system of equations for the propagators of gluons and ghosts is solved in an approximation which allows for an analytic discussion of its solutions in the infrared: The gluon propagator is shown to vanish for small spacelike momenta whereas the ghost propagator is found to be infrared enhanced. The running coupling of the non-perturbative subtraction scheme approaches an infrared stable fixed point at a critical value of the coupling, {alpha}{sub c}{approx_equal}9.5. The gluon propagator is shown to have no Lehmann representation. The results for the propagators obtained here compare favorably with recent lattice calculations. {copyright} 1998 Academic Press, Inc.