Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Extracting Defect Density and Size Distributions from Product ICs

Defect density and size distributions (DDSDs) are important parameters for characterizing spot defects in a process. This article addresses random spot defects, which affect all processes and currently require a heavy silicon investment to characterize and a new approach is proposed for characterizing such defects. This approach presents a system that overcomes the obstacle of silicon area overhead by using available wafer sort test results to measure critical-area yield model parameters with no additional silicon area. The results of the experiment on chips fabricated in silicon confirm the results of the simulation experiment that DDSDs measurement characterizes a process in ordinary digital circuits using only slow, structural test results from the product
HLA‐A3‐B14 and the origin of the haemochromatosis C282Y mutation: founder effects and recombination events during 12 generations in a Scandinavian family with major iron overload

Background: The haemochromatosis mutation C282Y occurred once in a person who lived in Ireland or Scandinavia and carried either human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐A3‐B7 or A3‐B14. With time, recombinations are believed to have taken place introducing new HLA haplotypes. This evolution is mainly unknown. In this study, we tried to find a founder, possible recombination events and effect on the phenotype in descendants.
Generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells from dermal fibroblasts

The generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells has the potential to accelerate the implementation of stem cells for clinical treatment of degenerative diseases. Technologies including somatic cell nuclear transfer and cell fusion might generate such cells but are hindered by issues that might prevent them from being used clinically. Here, we describe methods to use dermal fibroblasts easily obtained from an individual human to generate human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells by ectopic expression of the defined transcription factors KLF4, OCT4, SOX2, and C-MYC. The resultant cell lines are morphologically indistinguishable from human embryonic stem cells (HESC) generated from the inner cell mass of a human preimplantation embryo. Consistent with these observations, human iPS cells share a nearly identical gene-expression profile with two established HESC lines. Importantly, DNA fingerprinting indicates that the human iPS cells were derived from the donor material and are not a result of contamination. Karyotypic analyses demonstrate that reprogramming of human cells by defined factors does not induce, or require, chromosomal abnormalities. Finally, we provide evidence that human iPS cells can be induced to differentiate along lineages representative of the three embryonic germ layers indicating the pluripotency of these cells. Our findings are an important step toward manipulating somatic human cells to generate an unlimited supply of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. In the future, the use of defined factors to change cell fate may be the key to routine nuclear reprogramming of human somatic cells.
δ13C analysis of amino acids in human hair using trimethylsilyl derivatives and gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

RATIONALE To provide a simple one-step derivatization procedure for the analysis of a wide variety of amino acids in human hair by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) derivatization is already widely used outside the IRMS community, is applicable to a variety of functional groups, and provides products that are common entries in mass spectral databases, thus simplifying compound identification. METHODS Method optimization and validation were performed on a mixture of ten standard amino acids found abundantly in human hair. The method was then applied to the analysis of scalp hair from six human subjects. The hair was washed, hydrolyzed with 6 M HCl, derivatized using BSTFA in acetonitrile and analyzed using gas chromatography (GC) with concurrent quadrupole and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) detectors. RESULTS The reproducibility for the δ(13)C measurements, including the derivatization procedure and GC/C/IRMS analysis, on a day-to-day comparison was between 0.19‰ and 0.35‰ (SD, N = 12), with an average standard deviation of 0.26‰. Because trimethylsilylation adds 3N carbon atoms (where N = # reactive protons) to each amino acid, the δ(13)C values for amino acid derivatives were corrected using a mass balance correction and the measured kinetic isotope effect (KIE). The KIE values ranged from 0.984 to 1.020. CONCLUSIONS The procedure gave consistent δ(13)C values with precision similar to other derivatization methods for the range of sample sizes studied: 50-1000 µg of each amino acid. The method gave δ(13)C values consistent with the known literature values when applied to the analysis of amino acids in human hair.
Feminism and Women's Friendships

The ideology of “sisterhood” within the feminist movement suggests that feminists' and nonfeminists' same-sex friendships would differ profoundly. This assumption was tested by examining the friendships of 45 heterosexual nonfeminists, 43 heterosexual feminists, and 38 lesbian feminists from a large midwestern city. Participants ranged in age from 19 to 46. Using objective measures, differences were found between feminists and nonfeminists for some structural dimensions of friendship, including number of cross-generational friendships, degree of equality, and amount of privacy preferred with a best friend. Lesbian feminists preferred more privacy with their friends than nonfeminists, but rated their friends as lower on relationship quality and degree of equality than heterosexual feminists and nonfeminists. The three groups did not differ on the affective content of friendship, including liking, loving, satisfaction and commitment. However, feminists subjectively perceived their feminism as having contributed to both structural and affective changes in their friendships.
Model Driven Engineering for Regular MPSoC Co-design

The evolution of technologies is enabling the integration of complex platforms in a single chip, called a System-on- Chip (SoC). Modern SoCsmay include several CPU subsystems to execute software and sophisticated interconnect in addition to specific hardware subsystems. To manage and exploit this high degrees of provided parallelism in hw / sw, we need regular constructors both for hardware and software. SoC co-design requires to master a lot of different abstraction levels, different simulation techniques, different synthesis tools. Due to the technology evolution, the best one is the one to come. Evolution of the embedded systems is not simple, both hardware and software, the business logic has to be kept and the technical aspect has to be thrown. To improve the permanence of System on Chip we have to abstract from the technical concerns. Model Driven Engineering proposes a separation of concerns: application and technical concerns. Use of modeling standard can capitalize system descriptions and improve system evolution and integration.We propose the use of UML2 as a modeling language for MPSoC system design. To model regular hardware and software, we propose to introduce multi-dimensional multiplicities and mechanisms for the description of regular connection patterns between model elements. This proposition is domain independent. We illustrate the use of these mechanisms in an intensive computation embedded system co-design methodology. We focus on what these factorization mechanisms can bring for each of the aspects of the co-design: application, hardware architecture, and allocation.
Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update

In this paper, we replicate our 1975 and 1980 analyses of American state interest group system density and diversity with new data from 1990. The results generally support our previous findings with two important exceptions. First, contrary to all theoretical expectations and prior empirical work, including our own, we find economic wealth to be negatively associated with interest group diversity. And second, the curvi linear responsiveness of interest group density to economic size, which was already declining from 1975 to 1980, disappears in the 1990 results. This suggests that states need not drift into hyper-interest group politics as their economies expand.
Ion Regulatory Patterns of Mosquito Larvae Collected from Breeding Sites in the Amazon Rain Forest

We examined the ion composition of mosquito breeding sites located in the Amazon rain forest and the ion regulatory patterns of larvae from these habitats. We found larvae of Toxorhynchites haemorroidalis, Limatus durhamii, Culex (Carrollia) bonnei, and Culex (Culex) sp. residing in fallen palm bracts, leaves, and tree holes that were filled with water. These breeding sites had micromolar levels of Na+ (1.6–99 μmol L−1), but K+ and Cl− concentrations were higher and varied over a large range (231–17,615 μmol L−1 K+; 355–2,700 μmol L−1 Cl−). Despite the variability in environmental ion levels and ratios, all four species maintain high hemolymph NaCl levels (80–120 mmol L−1 Na+; 60–80 mmol L−1 Cl−). However, the species differed in the means by which they maintain hemolymph ion balance, as indicated by the range of unidirectional Na+ and Cl− uptake rates. Toxorhynchites haemorroidalis had extremely low rates of Na+ uptake and undetectable Cl− uptake, whereas L. durhamii had high rates of uptake for both ions. This variability in rates of uptake may reflect species differences in rates of diffusive ion loss (i.e., permeability). We observed the same curious pattern of Na+ inhibition and Cl− stimulation by low‐pH exposure in all four species of mosquitoes, as has been documented in other mosquitoes and aquatic insects. Kinetic analyses of Na+ and Cl− uptake in C. bonnei larvae revealed an unusual pattern of Na+ uptake that increases linearly (nonsaturable) to extremely high rates, while Cl− uptake is a low‐affinity, low‐capacity system. This pattern contrasts with L. durhamii and Culex (Culex) sp. larvae, which had large increases in both Na+ and Cl− uptake when external NaCl levels were increased. Our results suggest that although these rain forest mosquito larvae are residing in habitats with similar low Na+, high Cl− composition and maintain similar hemolymph NaCl levels, the underlying mechanisms of ion regulation differ among the species.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors for enhancing activity of antifungal agent: a patent evaluation of WO2014041424(A1)

Novel histone deacetylase inhibitors have been developed for the antifungal therapy. Molecule 8 exhibited potent antifungal activities with MIC values of 0.25/0.25, 0.12/0.25, 0.12/0.12 µg/ml against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. glabrata after 24/48 h incubation, respectively. Most of the synthesized compound showed significantly synergistic effects with fluconazole in the biological assay. The discovery of these molecules makes positive contributions to the development of potent and safe antifungal drugs.
-Ness and -ity

Representatives of a relatively new theoretical direction—Distributed Morphology—claim that morphological building blocks traditionally referred to as derivational suffixes constitute phonological exponents (or allomorphs) of some abstract syntactic nodes n, a, or v. Following the principles of inflection, the distribution of these allomorphs is determined by competition. This view is in sharp contrast to the long-standing assumption that derivational suffixes convey not only morpho-syntactic, but also semantic information. In this article, a detailed analysis of two functionally similar English suffixes, -ness and -ity, will show that the distributionalist view is too vague as it stands because it misses subtle but significant semantic differences between these suffixes, which result from their historical development. On the basis of doublets such as ethnicness versus ethnicity, or sincereness versus sincerity it will be argued that -ness and -ity are not in complementary distribution, but select different domains of their adjectival bases. Evidence for this hypothesis is drawn from various morphological phenomena and a variety of data.
Tailing RFID Tags for Clone Detection

RFID (Radio-Frequency IDentification) is a key emerging technology for supply-chain monitoring and detection of counterfeit and grey-market goods. The most prevalent RFID tags are, however, simply “wireless barcodes,” themselves vulnerable to cloning and counterfeiting. While continuous monitoring can, in principle, detect cloning attacks, real-world supply chains often contain significant blind zones where tag readings are unavailable, allowing attackers to inject counterfeit goods with cloned tags into supply chains undetectably. This paper introduces tailing, a novel approach, both simple and practical, for detecting cloned RFID tags in supply chains. With tailing, RFID readers write random values to tags as they pass through a supply chain, creating in each tag a tail composed of random values. The tails of legitimate tags and cloned ones diverge over time, making cloning detectable by a centralized detector even across blind zones. We show that tailing works with existing barcode-type tags (e.g., EPC tags). The centralized detector is noninteractive, and requires no modification of existing supplychain data flows. We characterize the cloning-detection efficacy of tailing analytically and through supply-chain simulations, showing that tailing presents high detection rates and low false positive rates, as well as rate tradeoffs outperforming those of previous schemes.
A novel signaling for communication on MIMO Y channel: Signal space alignment for network coding

In this paper, we study a new network information flow for a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless network system with three users and a single intermediate relay which of each is equipped with multiple antennas. In this system, each user wants to convey independent messages for different two users via the intermediate relay while receiving two independent messages from the other two users by using only two time slots. This network information flow is a generalized version of the two-way relay channel for more than two users case. We will call this network information flow as a ‘MIMO Y channel. ’ To achieve much higher multiplexing gain in the MIMO Y channel, we propose two novel signaling techniques, which are signal space alignment for network coding during the first time slot and network coding based interference nulling beamforming during the second time slot. By evaluating the multiplexing gain it is shown that the proposed signaling scheme significantly outperforms the conventional time division multiple access and multi-user MIMO schemes.
Efficient time series matching by wavelets

Time series stored as feature vectors can be indexed by multidimensional index trees like R-Trees for fast retrieval. Due to the dimensionality curse problem, transformations are applied to time series to reduce the number of dimensions of the feature vectors. Different transformations like Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform or Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) can be applied. While the use of DFT and K-L transform or SVD have been studied on the literature, to our knowledge, there is no in-depth study on the application of DWT. In this paper we propose to use Haar Wavelet Transform for time series indexing. The major contributions are: (1) we show that Euclidean distance is preserved in the Haar transformed domain and no false dismissal will occur, (2) we show that Haar transform can outperform DFT through experiments, (3) a new similarity model is suggested to accommodate vertical shift of time series, and (4) a two-phase method is proposed for efficient n-nearest neighbor query in time series databases.
Migration and patrilineal descent: the role of women in Kyrgyzstan

Migration processes in Kyrgyzstan have given rise to fundamental social and demographic changes, meaning that many villages and town quarters are inhabited nowadays solely by women, children and the elderly, whereas younger and middle-aged men live as migrants elsewhere. This article explores the role of women in the maintenance of a strong patrilineal descent system, in the absence of their husbands or sons. This is achieved by grandmothers who play a significant role in transmitting oral genealogies and passing stories on to their children. Another role of women lies in changing the names of male relatives of their husbands; while appointing whom one should marry is also of great importance. The role of mothers-in-law in the formation of their sons' marriage ties in the latter's absence points to the powerful positions of these women. The final point is that young brides continue to live with their parents-in-law – even if their husband does not – and they must be respectful brides.
Banks and Development: Jewish Communities in the Italian Renaissance and Current Economic Performance

Abstract Are differences in local banking development long lasting? Do they affect economic performance? I answer these questions by relying on a historical development that occurred in Italian cities during the Renaissance. A change in Catholic doctrine led to the development of modern banks in cities hosting Jewish communities. Using Jewish demography in 1500 as an instrument, I provide evidence of extraordinary persistence in the level of banking development across Italian cities and substantial effects of local banks on per capita income. Additional firm-level analyses suggest that banks exert large effects on aggregate productivity by reallocating resources toward more efficient firms.
Disability and participation in post‐conflict situations: the case of Sierra Leone

This article describes four unexpected and spontaneous themes emerging from qualitative research based on the International Classification of Disability Functioning and Health, which took place in Sierra Leone, West Africa: the desire to live in a community of people with disabilities; the desire to be recognized as equal citizens and be given equal opportunities; the desire to become economically independent; and a high expectation of assistance. This article discuses the impact of these themes on two debates: the integration versus segregation of individuals and disability services, and the disability poverty cycle. The results of this study challenge non‐governmental organizations to be aware of the Western norms and values of disability issues that are applied to the implementation of their programmes in low‐income nations.
Open source simulation of smart antenna systems in network simulator-2 using Octave

This paper presents a simulation platform that exploits the scalability properties of network simulator-2 (ns-2) for the discrete-event simulation of a telecommunication network, and adopts the open source tool Octave for the discrete-time implementation of adaptive antenna arrays. The physical antenna system, the beamforming algorithm, and the multipath statistic are modeled in detail to accurately estimate the Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) at each receiving node. This study describes the methods that can be used to interface Octave with ns-2 and compares the developed solution to an existing one, based on the proprietary tool MATLAB, discussing the advantages and disadvantages that characterize the two platforms.
An investigation into the maintenance of the Maale language in Ethiopia

For centuries Maale, a minority language spoken in the Omo region of Ethiopia, has been in contact with Amharic, the dominant language and the language of wider communication in Ethiopia. In spite of this prolonged contact situation, there is very little evidence of a language shift taking place in the Maale speech community. This paper aims to give an account of the underlying social factors that have contributed to the maintenance of the Maale language. Ethnographic research, using participant‐observation, field‐notes, as well as intense interviews with key informants, was conducted in the Maale speech community. Paulston's theory of social mobilisation was applied to the findings of this research into the Maale language. An analysis of the data suggests that regional nationalism, which is isomorphic with ethnic groups in Ethiopia, such as the Maale, corresponds to ethnic nationalism of Paulston's model and is the reason why the Maale language has been maintained as a viable language in spite of centuries of political repression.
Perceptions of Serious Mental Illness in the Local Church

ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken to assess the perceptions encountered in the local church by individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder. Participants (n = 85) were self-identified, mentally ill Christians who responded to an anonymous online survey. Analysis of the data found that the church had dismissed the diagnoses of a significantly large number of the study participants (41.2%). Participants who were told that they did not have a mental illness were more likely to: 1) attend church more than once a week and to 2) describe their church as conservative, and/or 3) charismatic (“Spirit-filled”). Future efforts to bring the mental health and faith communities together must focus more on the specific conservative and charismatic doctrinal issues that presently limit such collaborations.
Structural Analysis of the Laetiporus sulphureus Hemolytic Pore-forming Lectin in Complex with Sugars*

LSL is a lectin produced by the parasitic mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, which exhibits hemolytic and hemagglutinating activities. Here, we report the crystal structure of LSL refined to 2.6-Å resolution determined by the single isomorphous replacement method with the anomalous scatter (SIRAS) signal of a platinum derivative. The structure reveals that LSL is hexameric, which was also shown by analytical ultracentrifugation. The monomeric protein (35 kDa) consists of two distinct modules: an N-terminal lectin module and a pore-forming module. The lectin module has a β-trefoil scaffold that bears structural similarities to those present in toxins known to interact with galactose-related carbohydrates such as the hemagglutinin component (HA1) of the progenitor toxin from Clostridium botulinum, abrin, and ricin. On the other hand, the C-terminal pore-forming module (composed of domains 2 and 3) exhibits three-dimensional structural resemblances with domains 3 and 4 of the β-pore-forming toxin aerolysin from the Gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, and domains 2 and 3 from the ϵ-toxin from Clostridium perfringens. This finding reveals the existence of common structural elements within the aerolysin-like family of toxins that could be directly involved in membrane-pore formation. The crystal structures of the complexes of LSL with lactose and N-acetyllactosamine reveal two dissacharide-binding sites per subunit and permits the identification of critical residues involved in sugar binding.