Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CS 229 Final Project : Single Image Depth Estimation From Predicted Semantic Labels

Recovering the 3D structure of a scene from a single image is a fundamental problem in computer vision that has applications in robotics, surveillance, and general scene understanding. However, estimating structure from raw image features is notoriously difficult since local appearance is insufficient to resolve depth ambiguities (e.g., sky and water regions in an image can have similar appearance but dramatically different geometric placement within a scene). Intuitively, semantic understanding of a scene plays an important role in our own perception of scale and 3D structure. Our goal is to estimate the depth of each pixel in an image. We employ a two phase approach: In the first phase, we use a learned multi-class image labeling MRF to estimate the semantic class for each pixel in the image. We currently label pixels as one of: sky, tree, road, grass, water, building, mountain, and foreground object. In the second phase, we use the predicted semantic class labels to inform our depth reconstruction model. Here, we first learn a separate depth estimator for each semantic class. We incorporate these predictions in a Markov random field (MRF) that includes semantic-aware reconstruction priors such as smoothness and orientation. Motivated by the work of Saxena et. al., [6], we explore both pixelbased and superpixel-based variants of our model.
Circulating levels of ghrelin and GLP-1 are inversely related during glucose ingestion.

Appetite regulation, and in particular the hypothalamic appetiteregulating network, has gained increasing interest during the past years due to the gross impact of obesity on human disease. The recent discovery of the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) ghrelin [1,2], which plays a role in reducing fat utilization and increasing body weight has been of special interest [3,4]. When injected specifically into appetite-regulating hypothalamic nuclei in rats, hyperphagia is induced [5,6]. Finally, ghrelin has been demonstrated to enhance gastric motility in rodents [7]. In contrast to the orexigenic actions of ghrelin, another peptide released from the gastrointestinal tract, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), induces satiety [8–10]. Whereas a possible direct impact of ghrelin on the metabolism remains to be defined, several studies such as Orskov et al. [11] have failed to demonstrate a direct effect of GLP-1 on insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism. Whether GLP-1 per se influences lipid metabolism remains subject to controversy [12,13].
Real singular Del Pezzo surfaces and threefolds fibred by rational curves, I

Let W -> X be a real smooth projective threefold fibred by rational curves. Koll\'ar proved that if W(R) is orientable a connected component N of W(R) is essentially either a Seifert fibred manifold or a connected sum of lens spaces. Let k : = k(N) be the integer defined as follows: If g : N -> F is a Seifert fibration, one defines k : = k(N) as the number of multiple fibres of g, while, if N is a connected sum of lens spaces, k is defined as the number of lens spaces different from P^3(R). Our Main Theorem says: If X is a geometrically rational surface, then k <= 4. Moreover we show that if F is diffeomorphic to S^1xS^1, then W(R) is connected and k = 0. These results answer in the affirmative two questions of Koll\'ar who proved in 1999 that k <= 6 and suggested that 4 would be the sharp bound. We derive the Theorem from a careful study of real singular Del Pezzo surfaces with only Du Val singularities.
PAS‐1, an Ascaris suum Protein, Modulates Allergic Airway Inflammation via CD8+ γδTCR+ and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T Cells

We have previously demonstrated that PAS‐1, a 200 kDa protein from Ascaris suum, has a potent immunomodulatory effect on humoral and cell‐mediated responses induced by APAS‐3 (an allergenic protein from A. suum) or unrelated antigens. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which PAS‐1 is able to induce this effect on an allergic airway inflammation induced by OVA in mice. C57BL/6 mice were adoptively transferred on day 0 with seven different PAS‐1‐primed cell populations: PAS‐1‐primed CD19+ or B220+ or CD3+ or CD4+ or CD8+ or CD4+ CD25− or CD4+ CD25+ lymphocytes. These mice were immunized twice with OVA and alum by intraperitoneal route (days 0 and 7) and challenged twice by intranasal route (days 14 and 21). Two days after the last challenge, the airway inflammation was evaluated by antibody levels, cellular migration, eosinophil peroxidase levels, cytokine and eotaxin production, and pulmonary mechanical parameters. Among the adoptively transferred primed lymphocytes, only CD4+ CD25+, CD8+ or the combination of both T cells impaired the production of total IgE and OVA‐specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies, eosinophilic airway inflammation, Th2‐type cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5 and IL‐13), eotaxin release and airway hyperreactivity. Moreover, airway recruited cells from CD4+ CD25+ and CD8+ T‐cell recipient secreted more IL‐10/TGF‐β and IFN‐γ, respectively. Moreover, we found that PAS‐1 expands significantly the number of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ and CD8+ γδTCR+ cells. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that the immunomodulatory effect of PAS‐1 is mediated by these T‐cell subsets.
Reduction of Congenital Nystagmus in a Patient after Smoking Cannabis

Introduction: Smoking cannabis has been described to reduce acquired pendular nystagmus in MS, but its effect on congenital nystagmus is not known. Purpose: To report the effect of smoking cannabis in a case of congenital nystagmus. Methods: A 19-year-old male with congenital horizontal nystagmus presented to the clinic after smoking 10 mg of cannabis. He claimed that the main reason for smoking cannabis was to improve his vision. At the next clinic appointment, he had not smoked cannabis for 3weeks. Full ophthalmologic examination and eye movement recordings were performed at each visit. Results: Visual acuity improved by 3 logMar lines in the left eye and by 2 logMar lines in the right eye after smoking cannabis. The nystagmus intensities were reduced by 30% in primary position and 44%, 11%, 10% and 40% at 20-degree eccentricity to the right, left, elevation and depression, respectively, after smoking cannabis. Conclusion: Cannabis may be beneficial in the treatment of congenital idiopathic nystagmus (CIN). Further research to clarify the safety and efficacy of cannabis in patients with CIN, administered for example by capsules or spray, would be important.
A perspective on neural and cognitive mechanisms of error commission

Behavioral adaptation and cognitive control are crucial for goal-reaching behaviors. Every creature is ubiquitously faced with choices between behavioral alternatives. Common sense suggests that errors are an important source of information in the regulation of such processes. Several theories exist regarding cognitive control and the processing of undesired outcomes. However, most of these models focus on the consequences of an error, and less attention has been paid to the mechanisms that underlie the commissioning of an error. In this article, we present an integrative review of neuro-cognitive models that detail the determinants of the occurrence of response errors. The factors that may determine the likelihood of committing errors are likely related to the stability of task-representations in prefrontal networks, attentional selection mechanisms and mechanisms of action selection in basal ganglia circuits. An important conclusion is that the likelihood of committing an error is not stable over time but rather changes depending on the interplay of different functional neuro-anatomical and neuro-biological systems. We describe factors that might determine the time-course of cognitive control and the need to adapt behavior following response errors. Finally, we outline the mechanisms that may proof useful for predicting the outcomes of cognitive control and the emergence of response errors in future research.
A Room with a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in Hotels

Two field experiments examined the effectiveness of signs requesting hotel guests' participation in an environmental conservation program. Appeals employing descriptive norms (e.g., "the majority of guests reuse their towels") proved superior to a traditional appeal widely used by hotels that focused solely on environmental protection. Moreover, normative appeals were most effective when describing group behavior that occurred in the setting that most closely matched individuals' immediate situational circumstances (e.g., "the majority of guests in this room reuse their towels"), which we refer to as provincial norms. Theoretical and practical implications for managing proenvironmental efforts are discussed. (c) 2008 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc.
Longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and eye growth in childhood.

PURPOSE To examine longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and axial length in a population of children with a range of refractive errors. METHODS One hundred and one children (41 myopes and 60 nonmyopes) aged 10 to 15 years participated in this prospective, observational longitudinal study. For each child, 6-month measures of choroidal thickness (using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography) and axial ocular biometry were collected four times over an 18-month period. Linear mixed-models were used to examine the longitudinal changes in choroidal thickness and the relationship between changes in choroidal thickness and axial eye growth over the study period. RESULTS A significant group mean increase in subfoveal choroidal thickness was observed over 18 months (mean increase 13 ± 22 μm, P < 0.001). Myopic children exhibited significantly thinner choroids compared with nonmyopic children (P < 0.001), although there was no significant time by refractive group interaction (P = 0.46), indicating similar changes in choroidal thickness over time in myopes and nonmyopes. However, a significant association between the change in choroidal thickness and the change in axial length over time was found (P < 0.001, β = -0.14). Children showing faster axial eye growth exhibited significantly less choroidal thickening over time compared with children showing slower axial eye growth. CONCLUSIONS A significant increase in choroidal thickness occurs over an 18-month period in normal 10- to 15-year-old children. Children undergoing faster axial eye growth exhibited less thickening and, in some cases, a thinning of the choroid. These findings support a potential role for the choroid in the mechanisms regulating eye growth in childhood.
IMMEDIATE IMPLANT PLACEMENT WITHOUT FLAP ELEVATION - A REVIEW

Background : Not elevating a flap has its own advantages in preserving soft tissue contour around the implant. Thus, aesthetic outcome will be best achievable in anterior region with immediate implant placement without flap elevation. Summary of content : In present era, the outcome of placing implants into teeth sockets immediately following extraction is as predictable as placing into healed sockets. This procedure can be completed in two ways, one is with mucoperiosteal flap elevation and the other is without flap elevation. This review article explains the indications, contraindications & factors affecting immediate implant placement without flap elevation. Furthermore it explains advantages - disadvantages of this procedure, case selection criteria & present approach towards this procedure. Conclusion : Immediate dental implant placement in extraction sockets has been practiced universally from time to time. The advantage of this procedure over the conventional implant placement is obvious and especially so in the aesthetic zone. However careful selection of the patients and meticulous surgical procedure are critical in achieving success in Immediate Implant Placement without flap elevation.
Ultrasound of the Achilles tendon after surgical repair: morphology and function.

I read with interest the paper by Rupp et al [1]. I have, however, some concerns about their findings and conclusions. End-to-end suturing was performed in only four of the operations, while the rest of the patients were treated by a variety of methods. The use of plantaris tendon grafts and of gastrocnemius flaps, alone or in combination, suggests to me that these patients were treated significantly later than the immediate post-injury phase. I have personally repaired 106 Achilles tendon ruptures, and was always able to suture the tendon stumps in an end-to-end fashion in all patients who were operated on within 72 h of the injury.
The Anthropic principle and the mass scale of the standard model

In theories in which different regions of the universe can have different values of the the physical parameters, we would naturally find ourselves in a region which has parameters favorable for life. We explore the range of anthropically allowed values of the mass parameter in the Higgs potential, µ 2 . For µ 2 0, baryon stability requires that |µ| << MP, the Planck Mass. Smaller values of � µ 2 � may or may not be allowed depending on issues of element synthesis and stellar evolution. We conclude that the observed value of µ 2 is reasonably typical of the anthropically allowed range, and that anthropic arguments provide a plausible explanation for the closeness of the QCD scale and the weak scale.
Transgenic Cotton Plants Expressing the HaHR3 Gene Conferred Enhanced Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera and Improved Cotton Yield

RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an efficient technology. RNAi insect-resistant transgenic plants expressing double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is ingested into insects to silence target genes can affect the viability of these pests or even lead to their death. HaHR3, a molt-regulating transcription factor gene, was previously selected as a target expressed in bacteria and tobacco plants to control Helicoverpa armigera by RNAi technology. In this work, we selected the dsRNA-HaHR3 fragment to silence HaHR3 in cotton bollworm for plant mediated-RNAi research. A total of 19 transgenic cotton lines expressing HaHR3 were successfully cultivated, and seven generated lines were used to perform feeding bioassays. Transgenic cotton plants expressing dsHaHR3 were shown to induce high larval mortality and deformities of pupation and adult eclosion when used to feed the newly hatched larvae, and 3rd and 5th instar larvae of H. armigera. Moreover, HaHR3 transgenic cotton also demonstrated an improved cotton yield when compared with controls.
Agglomeration of Aluminized Solid Rocket Propellants

Metal agglomeration is a massive problem for the combustion of aluminized solid rocket propellants. The tendency of metal particles to create metal/metal oxide agglomerates impairs energy conversion inside the nozzle and, because of two-phase-flow, specific impulse losses can easily reach 4-6 % and more. From this viewpoint it is important the capability to predict agglomerate size, which can give a pre-fire estimation of the delivered specific impulse. This work proposes a method for the evaluation of agglomerate sizes based on a statistical analysis of computer generated propellant surfaces. Investigations, carried out through a two-point probability function, highlight the existence of a characteristic length featuring the spatial displacement of large oxidizer grains (extending the Cohen’s pocket concept). These data are then used to draw a correlation between characteristic size, burning rate and mean agglomerates size for different propellants and operating pressures. A fair prediction capability was proven for this method, though its simplicity does not allow a complete matching with the experimental results.
Measurement and modelling of the temporal dependence in packet loss

Understanding and modelling packet loss in the Internet is especially relevant for the design and analysis of delay-sensitive multimedia applications. We present analysis of 128 hours of end-to-end unicast and multicast packet loss measurement. From these we selected 76 hours of stationary traces for further analysis. We consider the dependence as seen in the autocorrelation function of the original loss data as well as the dependence between good run lengths and loss run lengths. The correlation timescale is found to be 1000 ms or less. We evaluate the accuracy of three models of increasing complexity: the Bernoulli model, the 2-state Markov chain model and the k-th order Markov chain model. Out of the 38 trace segments considered, the Bernoulli model was found to be accurate for 7 segments, and the 2-state model was found to be accurate for 10 segments. A Markov chain model of order 2 or greater was found to be necessary to accurately model the rest of the segments. For the case of adaptive applications which track loss, we address two issues of on-line loss estimation: the required memory size and whether to use exponential smoothing or a sliding window average to estimate average loss rate. We find that a large memory size is necessary and that the sliding window average provides a more accurate estimate for the same effective memory size.
A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Computer-Delivered Brief Intervention for Substance Use and Risky Sex During Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are an increasingly critical and costly health problem for American childbearing women. Pregnant women who misuse substances are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior that leads to STIs. Substance use and risky sex during pregnancy are both associated with numerous negative consequences for the woman and the developing fetus. STUDY DESIGN A two-group, randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS Recruitment of 50 pregnant women (30% Latina; 24.4 years old [SD = 5.31]) with an average of 13 weeks gestation (SD = 4.5 weeks) was conducted at a prenatal clinic in a large inner-city hospital. Recruitment took place between 2015 and 2016, and data analysis took place in 2016. INTERVENTION A computer-delivered, single-session brief motivational intervention plus booster session addressing both substance use and STI risk. OBJECTIVE To assess participants' perceptions of the intervention and to examine the preliminary efficacy in reduction of substance use and risky sex at 4-month follow-up assessment. RESULTS There were consistently very high ratings of acceptability of the intervention, ranging between 6.3 and 6.8 on a 1-7 scale. At the 4-month follow-up, participants in the intervention arm reported a significantly larger reduction (54%) in any marijuana or alcohol use compared with participants in the control group (16%) (p = 0.015) based on two-group clustered logistic regression using a generalized estimating equations approach. There was a higher reduction in condomless vaginal sex at follow-up in the health checkup for expectant moms (HCEM) arm than control (27% vs. 5%), although this was not significant (p = 0.127). CONCLUSIONS The results of this pilot study are encouraging with respect to the acceptability and preliminary efficacy of an intervention in reducing alcohol/marijuana use and condomless sex during pregnancy, supporting the next step of testing the intervention in a larger sample.
Equilibrium Technology Diffusion, Trade, and Growth

We study how opening to trade affects economic growth in a model where heterogeneous firms can adopt new technologies already in use by other firms in their home country. We characterize the growth rate using a summary statistic of the profit distribution: the mean-min ratio. Opening to trade increases the profit spread through increased export opportunities and foreign competition, induces more rapid technology adoption, and generates faster growth. Quantitatively, these forces produce large welfare gains from trade by increasing an inefficiently low rate of technology adoption and economic growth. (JEL D21, D24, F14, F43, O33)
Surgical Treatment of Neuroendocrine Liver Metastases

Management of Neuroendocrine liver metastases (NELM) is challenging. The presence of NELM worsens survival outcome and almost 10% of all liver metastases are neuroendocrine in origin. There is no firm consensus on the optimal treatment strategy for NELM. A systematic search of the PubMed database was performed from 1995–2010, to collate the current evidence and formulate a sound management algorithm. There are 22 case series with a total of 793 patients who had undergone surgery for NELM. The overall survival ranges from 46–86% at 5 years, 35–79% at 10 years, and the median survival ranges from 52–123 months. After successful cytoreductive surgery, the mean duration of symptom reduction is between 16–26 months, and the 5-year recurrence/progression rate ranges from 59–76%. Five studies evaluated the efficacy of a combination cytoreductive strategy reporting survival rate of ranging from 83% at 3 years to 50% at 10 years. To date, there is no level 1 evidence comparing surgery versus other liver-directed treatment options for NELM. An aggressive surgical approach, including combination with additional liver-directed procedures is recommended as it leads to long-term survival, significant long-term palliation, and a good quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach should be established as the platform for decision making.
Evidence for Sequential and Increasing Activation of Replication Origins along Replication Timing Gradients in the Human Genome

Genome-wide replication timing studies have suggested that mammalian chromosomes consist of megabase-scale domains of coordinated origin firing separated by large originless transition regions. Here, we report a quantitative genome-wide analysis of DNA replication kinetics in several human cell types that contradicts this view. DNA combing in HeLa cells sorted into four temporal compartments of S phase shows that replication origins are spaced at 40 kb intervals and fire as small clusters whose synchrony increases during S phase and that replication fork velocity (mean 0.7 kb/min, maximum 2.0 kb/min) remains constant and narrowly distributed through S phase. However, multi-scale analysis of a genome-wide replication timing profile shows a broad distribution of replication timing gradients with practically no regions larger than 100 kb replicating at less than 2 kb/min. Therefore, HeLa cells lack large regions of unidirectional fork progression. Temporal transition regions are replicated by sequential activation of origins at a rate that increases during S phase and replication timing gradients are set by the delay and the spacing between successive origin firings rather than by the velocity of single forks. Activation of internal origins in a specific temporal transition region is directly demonstrated by DNA combing of the IGH locus in HeLa cells. Analysis of published origin maps in HeLa cells and published replication timing and DNA combing data in several other cell types corroborate these findings, with the interesting exception of embryonic stem cells where regions of unidirectional fork progression seem more abundant. These results can be explained if origins fire independently of each other but under the control of long-range chromatin structure, or if replication forks progressing from early origins stimulate initiation in nearby unreplicated DNA. These findings shed a new light on the replication timing program of mammalian genomes and provide a general model for their replication kinetics.
Medicines at the bedside.

ISITING physicians and nurses often express skepticism about our program of bedside selfmedication for postpartum patients, Some new patients who have not attended antepartum classes are skeptical too, at first. But patients and physicians and nurses who are in the midst of the program are happy with it. Bedside self-medication was designed to keep pace with the modern philosophy of obstetric care. The majority of obstetric patients are healthy young women undergoing a normal physilogic process. Permissive care in our maternity department aims to make the patient's stay a natural experience, simulating as much as possible her home environment.