Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The high‐potential fast‐flying achiever: themes from the English language literature 1976‐1995

Examines the discourse on high‐flyers in business (management) in academic and practitioner literature (journals and books), published in English in Anglo‐Saxon countries in the past 20 years, with a stress on the last decade (1986‐1995). Ideas, examples and experiences reported are (in descending order of emphasis) from the USA, the UK and Canada; with a token representation for other Anglo‐Saxon countries. Following an outline of the key imagery employed, analyses the literature in terms of the meaning of the said phenomenon: high‐flying (fast track, achieving, high potential) for the individuals and organizations concerned, as well as its wider societal ramifications. Discusses issues pertaining to human resource management, in particular women’s careers.
Bedside Assessment of the Microvascular Venous Compartment in Cardiac Surgery Patients With Valvular Diseases Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

OBJECTIVE Blood volume reserve for venous return and the effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on microvascular bed partitioning and blood flow were examined in patients with valvular diseases. DESIGN Prospective, consecutive, case-control study. SETTING Single university hospital. PARTICIPANTS The study comprised 20 adult cardiac surgery patients and 20 healthy volunteers. INTERVENTIONS Cardiovascular and microvascular variables were collected soon after the induction of anesthesia, after commencement of CPB, 20 minutes after separation from CPB, and in the intensive care unit. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The unstressed and stressed volumes (Vu, Vs) and pressures therein (Pit, Ps) were measured in the brachioradial muscle with near-infrared spectroscopy, applying incremental venous occlusions. At the first time point, Vs and Pit showed lower and higher values, respectively, than those of control patients, but Vs increased with Vu during the study, whereas Pit remained unchanged. Fluid balance correlated with Pit (r = 0.83, p<0.001) and hemoglobin (r = 0.78, p = 0.004). A nonlinear regression was found between fluid balance and ΔVu (r = 0.90, p<0.001) [y = 1.85+37.43(-0.01×x)]. The Vu/Pit and Vs/Ps ratios were lower than those of the control patients. Blood flow correlated to Vs/Ps (r = 0.75, p<0.001). The time constant was lower than reference (p = 0.005) and increased 10 times after CPB. CONCLUSIONS Cardiac surgery patients have a limited blood volume reserve for venous return due to a reduced microvascular bed capacitance. This study demonstrated that during CPB a positive fluid balance induced an extravascular pressure increase and further reduced blood volume reserve.
Telocytes play a key role in prostate tissue organisation during the gland morphogenesis

Telocytes are CD34‐positive interstitial cells, known to exert several functions, one of which is a role in tissue organisation, previously demonstrated by telocytes in the myocardium. The existence of telocytes in the prostate has recently been reported, however, there is a lack of information regarding the function of these cells in prostate tissue, and information regarding the possible role of these cells in prostatic development. This study used immunofluorescence techniques in prostate tissue and prostatic telocytes in culture to determine the relationship between telocytes and prostate morphogenesis. Furthermore, immunofluorescent labelling of telocytes was performed on prostate tissue at different stages of early postnatal development. Initially, CD34‐positive cells are found at the periphery of the developing alveoli, later in the same region, c‐kit‐positive cells and cells positive for both factors are verified and CD34‐positive cells were predominantly observed in the interalveolar stroma and the region surrounding the periductal smooth muscle. Fluorescence assays also demonstrated that telocytes secrete TGF‐β1 and are ER‐Beta (ERβ) positive. The results suggest that telocytes play a changing role during development, initially supporting the differentiation of periductal and perialveolar smooth muscle, and later, producing dense networks that separate alveoli groups and form a barrier between the interalveolar region and periurethral smooth muscle. We conclude that telocytes play a relevant role in prostate tissue organisation during postnatal development.
Respiratory Symptoms and Airway Obstruction in HIV-Infected Subjects in the HAART Era

Background Prevalence and risk factors for respiratory symptoms and airway obstruction in HIV-infected subjects in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are unknown. We evaluated respiratory symptoms and measured airway obstruction to identify the impact of HAART and other risk factors on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function. Methodology/Principal Findings Two hundred thirty-four HIV-infected adults without acute respiratory symptoms were recruited from an HIV clinic. All subjects were interviewed and performed spirometry. Multivariate linear and logistic regressions were performed to determine predictors of respiratory symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) percent predicted, and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC). Thirty-one percent of subjects reported at least one respiratory symptom. Smoking status (current or former versus never) (odds ratio [OR] = 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41–5.22, p = 0.003), higher log plasma HIV viral levels (OR = 1.12, 95%CI = 1.02–1.24, p = 0.02), and lower FEV1/FVC (OR = 1.06 for every 0.01 decrease in FEV1/FVC, 95%CI = 1.02–1.14, p = 0.001) were independent predictors of respiratory symptoms. Age (p = 0.04), pack-year smoking history (p<0.001), previous bacterial pneumonia (p = 0.007), and HAART use (p = 0.04) were independent predictors of decreased FEV1/FVC. Conclusions/Significance Respiratory symptoms remain common in HIV-infected subjects, especially in those with a smoking history. Subjects who were older, had a greater pack-year history of smoking, or previous bacterial pneumonia had lower FEV1/FVC ratios. Interestingly, use of HAART was independently associated with a decreased FEV1/FVC, possibly secondary to an immune response to subclinical infections, increased autoimmunity, or other factors associated with HAART use.
What Determines Habitat Quality for a Declining Woodland Bird in a Fragmented Environment: The Grey-Crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis in South-Eastern Australia?

Understanding what constitutes high quality habitat is crucial for the conservation of species, especially those threatened with extinction. Habitat quality frequently is inferred by comparing the attributes of sites where a species is present with those where it is absent. However, species presence may not always indicate high quality habitat. Demographic parameters are likely to provide a more biologically relevant measure of quality, including a species’ ability to successfully reproduce. We examined factors believed to influence territory quality for the grey-crowned babbler (Pomatostomus temporalis), a cooperatively breeding woodland bird that has experienced major range contraction and population decline in south-eastern Australia. Across three broad regions, we identified active territories and determined the presence of fledglings and the size of family groups, as surrogates of territory quality. These measures were modelled in relation to habitat attributes within territories, the extent of surrounding wooded vegetation, isolation from neighbouring groups, and the size of the neighbourhood population. Fledgling presence was strongly positively associated with group size, indicating that helpers enhance breeding success. Surprisingly, no other territory or landscape-scale variables predicted territory quality, as inferred from either breeding success or group size. Relationships between group size and environmental variables may be obscured by longer-term dynamics in group size. Variation in biotic interactions, notably competition from the noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala), also may contribute. Conservation actions that enhance the number and size of family groups will contribute towards reversing declines of this species. Despite associated challenges, demographic studies have potential to identify mechanistic processes that underpin population performance; critical knowledge for effective conservation management.
You're Just Saying That Because I'm a Woman: Stigma Consciousness and Attributions to Discrimination

This study adds to tests of the construct validity of stigma consciousness by asking if people high in stigma consciousness demonstrate a greater tendency than people low in stigma consciousness to make attributions to discrimination. In a study that approached this question from both an individual difference and a situational perspective, women high or low in stigma consciousness made attributions for a negative evaluation, ostensibly written by a male peer. Under control conditions, women low in trait stigma consciousness demonstrated less of a tendency to make attributions to discrimination than women high in trait stigma consciousness. When they experienced a situationally induced increase in stigma consciousness, however, participants low in trait stigma consciousness demonstrated just as great a tendency to make attributions to discrimination as their high stigma conscious counterparts. The results provide further validation for the stigma consciousness construct, and raise questions about who benefits from attributions to discrimination.
New evidence for enhanced ocean primary production triggered by tropical cyclone

New evidence based on recent satellite data is presented to provide a rare opportunity in quantifying the long‐speculated contribution of tropical cyclones to enhance ocean primary production. In July 2000, moderate cyclone Kai‐Tak passed over the South China Sea (SCS). During its short 3‐day stay, Kai‐Tak triggered an average 30‐fold increase in surface chlorophyll‐a concentration. The estimated carbon fixation resulting from this event alone is 0.8 Mt, or 2–4% of SCS's annual new production. Given an average of 14 cyclones passing over the SCS annually, we suggest the long‐neglected contribution of tropical cyclones to SCS's annual new production may be as much as 20–30%.
Why people share knowledge in virtual communities

In this paper we explored why people want to share knowledge in the virtual community setting. Taiwan provides an important model for the study of knowledge sharing in online social networks because of the large number of users of these in this country. Using a model modified from the theory of reasoned action and data collected in Taiwan, we found that self-esteem, absorptive ability, and trust are the driving forces of sharing. We did not find that the expected return had an impact on knowledge sharing. Although these results may be counterintuitive, they confirm today’s open business environment, where unexpected returns usually go to those who have deep involvement.
Confocal Microscopic Localization of Constitutive and Heat Shock–Induced Proteins HSP70 and HSP27 in the Rat Heart

BackgroundHeat-shock treatment of rats elevates expression of heat-shock proteins, which play a role in improving the contractile recovery and reducing infarct size in hearts after ischemic injury. However, the location of these proteins in the heart is unknown. Methods and ResultsAnesthetized rats were heat-shocked by elevation of body temperature to 42°C to 42.5°C for 15 minutes, followed by 24 hours of recovery. Control and heat-shocked hearts were extirpated and perfused briefly with saline followed by 2% paraformaldehyde in PBS. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy of control hearts revealed that HSP27 was localized in cardiomyocytes in a pattern reminiscent of Z bands and was colocalized with neuronal markers in somata and axons. No obvious change in HSP27 content or distribution occurred after heat shock. Confocal microscopy revealed little or no HSP70 in control hearts. After heat shock, HSP70 was detected neither in cardiomyocytes nor in neuronal elements within the heart, but HSP70 was abundant in small blood vessels found between the ventricular cardiomyocytes. ConclusionsHeat shock induces a cell type–specific expression of HSP70 in blood vessels but not myocytes or intrinsic cardiac neurons, suggesting that blood vessels play a primary role in myocardial protection.
Best Practices in Children ' s Mental Health : A Series of Reports Summarizing the Empirical Research on Selected Topics Report # 3 " Group Care for Children and Adolescents " February 2002

Report #1 – October 2001, “Inpatient Treatment for Children and Adolescents” Report #2 – November 2001, “Inpatient Treatment for Adolecent Substance Abusers” Report #3 – Febuary 2002, “Group Care for Children and Adolescents” Report #4 – December 2002, “Outcome Studies of Children and Adolescents with Autism” Report #5 – February 2003, “Family Centered Home Based Models for Treatment Prevention” Report #6 – April 2003, “Children and Adolescents with Asperger Syndrome” Report #7 – May 2003, “Adventure Based Therapy and Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare” Report #8 – October 2003, “Best Practices in Therapeutic Foster Care: Review of the Literature and Local Practices in the State of Kansas” Report #9 – December 2003, “Juveniles with Sexual Offending Behaviors” Report #10-February 2004, “Attendant Care For Children and Youth with EBD/SED”
Subject knowledge in the health sciences library: an online survey of Canadian academic health sciences librarians.

OBJECTIVES This study investigated whether Canadian academic health sciences librarians found knowledge of the health sciences to be important and, if so, how they acquired and maintained this knowledge. METHODS Data were gathered using a Web-based questionnaire made available to Canadian academic health sciences librarians. RESULTS Respondents recognized the need for subject knowledge: 93.3% of respondents indicated that subject knowledge was "very important" or "somewhat important" to doing their job. However, few respondents felt that holding a degree in the health sciences was necessary. Respondents reported devoting on average more than 6 hours per week to continuing education through various means. Reading or browsing health sciences journals, visiting Websites, studying independently, and participating in professional associations were identified by the largest number of participants as the best ways to become and stay informed. CONCLUSIONS Although more research needs to be done with a larger sample, subject knowledge continues to be important to Canadian academic health sciences librarians. Continuing education, rather than formal degree studies, is the method of choice for obtaining and maintaining this knowledge.
Gamma oscillations in the auditory cortex of awake rats

Numerous reports of human electrophysiology have demonstrated gamma (30–150 Hz) frequency oscillations in the auditory cortex during listening. However, only a small number of studies in non‐human animals have provided evidence for gamma oscillations during listening. In this report, multi‐site recordings from primary auditory cortex (A1) were carried out using a 16‐channel microelectrode array in awake rats as they passively listened to tones. We addressed two fundamental questions: (i) Is passive listening associated with an increase in gamma oscillation in A1? And, if so: (ii) Are A1 gamma oscillations during passive listening coherent within local networks and/or over long distances? All sites within A1 showed a short‐latency burst of activity in the low‐gamma (30–70 Hz) and high‐gamma (90–150 Hz) bands in the local field potential (LFP). Additionally, 53% of sites within A1 also showed longer‐latency bursts of gamma oscillation that occurred episodically for up to 350 ms after tone onset, but these varied both in latency and in occurrence across trials. There was significant coherence in the low‐gamma band between spike activity and the LFP recorded with the same electrode. However, neither LFPs nor the spike activity between sites spaced at least 300 μm apart showed coherent activity in the gamma band. The experiments demonstrated that gamma oscillations are present, but not uniformly expressed, throughout A1 during passive listening and that there is strong local coherence in the spatiotemporal organization of gamma activity.
Female bonobos use copulation calls as social signals

During mating events, females of many primate species produce loud and distinct vocalizations known as ‘copulation calls’. The adaptive significance of these signals is considered to be in promoting the caller's direct reproductive success. Here, we investigated copulation calling in bonobos (Pan paniscus), a species in which females produce these vocalizations during sexual interactions with partners of both sexes. Females were more likely to call when mating with males than with females. We also observed a positive relationship between the likelihood of calling and partner rank, regardless of partner sex. Sexual activity generally increased with swelling size (an indicator of reproductive state) and, during their peak swelling, females called more with male than with female partners. Female bonobos are unusual among the non-human primates in terms of their heightened socio-sexuality. Our results suggest that in this species, copulation calls have undergone an evolutionary transition from a purely reproductive to a more general social function, reflecting the intrinsic evolutionary links between vocal behaviour and social cognition.
Does the Content of Anti-Bullying Policies Inform us About the Prevalence of Direct and Relational Bullying Behaviour in Primary Schools?

The current study investigated whether the quality of school anti-bullying policies allows the drawing of any conclusions about the extent of bullying problems in schools. That is, do schools with a more detailed anti-bullying policy have lower rates of bullying? A total of 2377 children in primary schools (six year olds/year two: 1072; eight year olds/year four: 1305) were individually interviewed using a standard interview about bullying experiences. A detailed content analysis scheme that closely followed the core whole-school intervention approach was carried out on a total of 34 schools: 24.5% of the children reported being directly victimised very frequently and 45.9% reported being relationally victimised frequently or very frequently. No correlation between the content and quality of anti-bullying policies and the prevalence of direct bullying behaviour was found. Conversely, an inverse relationship was found for relational bullying behaviour: schools with the most detailed and comprehensive anti-bullying policies had a higher incidence of relational bullying and victimisation behaviour. Inspection of school anti-bullying policies per se provides little guide to the actual amount of direct bullying behaviour in schools.
Reflective Practice in Physical Education and Physical Education Teacher Education: A Review of the Literature Since 1995

Reflection and reflective practice are key concepts in the educational literature as well as in research on physical education (PE) and physical education teacher education (PETE). The purpose of this article is to review the current empirical knowledge base for reflection and reflective practice in PE and PETE from 1995 to 2011. The review includes empirical research published in peer reviewed journals on the topics on reflection and reflective practice in the contexts of PE and PETE. There were 33 articles included in the review. Most of the research is conducted in the PETE context, where it was found that pre-service teachers do develop their reflective capabilities. However, the results also indicate students make little progress on critical reflections. In the PE context, it was found that teachers express a need for reflective communities. Theoretical and methodological challenges with the reviewed literature are discussed and suggestions for further research proposed.
Effective and practical critical thinking-enhanced EFL instruction

With globalization and the spread of English, EFL instruction is ever more important. In addition to a new language, learners are also exposed to different cultures and ways of thinking. Thus, EFL classrooms provide ideal contexts for exploring important critical thinking (CT) skills. Based on a literature review, theory-based learning activities were designed for targeting language learning, CT development, and academic achievement. An experimental design was used with participants from two freshman EFL classes. While Experimental group learners engaged in CT-enhanced activities such as debates and peer critiques, Control group learners engaged in non-CT-enhanced EFL activities such as group presentations and process writing, effective but without an emphasis on CT. Experimental group learners demonstrated a significant improvement in English proficiency in comparison to the Control group. Furthermore, superior CT and academic achievement were observed for the Experimental group in a content-based exam. Implications for designing CT-enhanced EFL activities that boost English proficiency and CT are discussed.
Resisting conformity: Anglican mission women and the schooling of girls in early nineteenth-century West Africa

The origins of modern schooling in early nineteenth-century Africa have been poorly researched. Moreover, histories of education in Africa have focused largely on the education of boys. Little attention has been paid to girls’ schooling or to the missionary women who sought to construct a new feminine Christian identity for African girls. In the absence of personal accounts of African girls’ schooling from that period, this paper draws on a slim body of 71 letters written by women and girls associated with one British mission society in Sierra Leone between 1804 and 1826 to suggest a fluid and at times contradictory construction of gender and racial identity, which sits at odds with the ideology of domestic femininity that the missionaries sought to impart through girls’ schooling. The handful of letters written by African women and girls also casts doubt on the assumed subservience of black subjects to white officialdom.
Improvisation and the Logic of Exchange in Socially Embedded Transactions

We use a sensemaking lens to illuminate the micro-processes underlying socially embedded transactions, investigating how social ties affect the logic of exchange governing the transaction. In transcripts of 87 two-party negotiations, we find that most pairs quickly coordinate a shared logic of exchange and improvise in accord with its implied rules throughout their interaction. The improvisations take the form of opening up, working together, or haggling. Negotiators turn to three dynamic processes—trust testing, process clarification, and emotional punctuation—when they have difficulty moving the interaction toward a coherent, mutually agreed upon improvisation. We examine in detail the few asymmetric negotiations, which do not involve a shared logic of exchange. Social ties ease coordination within the negotiation and nearly eliminate asymmetry. We explore how an understanding of the micro-processes underlying negotiations reveals the underpinnings of market exchange.