Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
HacDivSel: Two new methods (haplotype-based and outlier-based) for the detection of divergent selection in pairs of populations

The detection of genomic regions involved in local adaptation is an important topic in current population genetics. There are several detection strategies available depending on the kind of genetic and demographic information at hand. A common drawback is the high risk of false positives. In this study we introduce two complementary methods for the detection of divergent selection from populations connected by migration. Both methods have been developed with the aim of being robust to false positives. The first method combines haplotype information with inter-population differentiation (FST). Evidence of divergent selection is concluded only when both the haplotype pattern and the FST value support it. The second method is developed for independently segregating markers i.e. there is no haplotype information. In this case, the power to detect selection is attained by developing a new outlier test based on detecting a bimodal distribution. The test computes the FST outliers and then assumes that those of interest would have a different mode. We demonstrate the utility of the two methods through simulations and the analysis of real data. The simulation results showed power ranging from 60-95% in several of the scenarios whilst the false positive rate was controlled below the nominal level. The analysis of real samples consisted of phased data from the HapMap project and unphased data from intertidal marine snail ecotypes. The results illustrate that the proposed methods could be useful for detecting locally adapted polymorphisms. The software HacDivSel implements the methods explained in this manuscript.
Aquatic insects dealing with dehydration: do desiccation resistance traits differ in species with contrasting habitat preferences?

Background Desiccation resistance shapes the distribution of terrestrial insects at multiple spatial scales. However, responses to drying stress have been poorly studied in aquatic groups, despite their potential role in constraining their distribution and diversification, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Methods We examined desiccation resistance in adults of four congeneric water beetle species (Enochrus, family Hydrophilidae) with contrasting habitat specificity (lentic vs. lotic systems and different salinity optima from fresh- to hypersaline waters). We measured survival, recovery capacity and key traits related to desiccation resistance (fresh mass, % water content, % cuticle content and water loss rate) under controlled exposure to desiccation, and explored their variability within and between species. Results Meso- and hypersaline species were more resistant to desiccation than freshwater and hyposaline ones, showing significantly lower water loss rates and higher water content. No clear patterns in desiccation resistance traits were observed between lotic and lentic species. Intraspecifically, water loss rate was positively related to specimens’ initial % water content, but not to fresh mass or % cuticle content, suggesting that the dynamic mechanism controlling water loss is mainly regulated by the amount of body water available. Discussion Our results support previous hypotheses suggesting that the evolution of desiccation resistance is associated with the colonization of saline habitats by aquatic beetles. The interespecific patterns observed in Enochrus also suggest that freshwater species may be more vulnerable than saline ones to drought intensification expected under climate change in semi-arid regions such as the Mediterranean Basin.
Applied Distributed Information Retrieval in Enterprise Search

Distributed enterprise search as a special case of Distributed Information Retrieval (DIR) is characterized by the need to query multiple repositories in enterprise environments. However, in DIR research there is a lack of publicly available real-world datasets for evaluation purposes. As a result, there is a gap between insights gained from simulated environments and real-world investigations on distributed enterprise search. In this paper, we outline three fundamental issues based on our investigations of a large real-world distributed enterprise search system. We found that (1) the utilization of security features in enterprise repositories, (2) the adaptation of resource description and resource selection for enterprise model, and (3) repository grouping are fundamental real-world issues. We hypothesize that a better understanding of these issues will contribute to improve the distributed enterprise search and better support complex search tasks in enterprise environments. Based on our experience gained from a real-world system, we also outline needed steps to cope with these issues.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation for Predictive Factors of Cochlear Nerve Deficiency in Pediatric Cochlear Implant Candidates

The presence of a functioning cochlear nerve fiber is a crucial issue in the preoperative evaluation of pediatric cochlear implant candidates. Correlations between cochlear nerve deficiency and bony abnormalities of the labyrinth or internal acoustic canal (IAC) have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether an inner ear or IAC anomaly could serve as a reliable predictive factor for the presence of cochlear nerve deficiency. We retrospectively reviewed magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images of 88 patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) for the presence of cochlear nerve deficiency, cochlear, vestibular or semicircular canal (SCC) anomalies, endolymphatic duct enlargement, and IAC stenosis. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) logistic regression models were used to determine the predictive factors of cochlear nerve deficiency. MRI demonstrated inner ear or IAC anomalies in 60 of 149 ears (40%) with SNHL, among which 37 presented with cochlear nerve deficiency, 16 had cochlear anomaly, 10 had vestibular/SCC anomaly, 28 demonstrated IAC stenosis, and 18 presented with endolymphatic duct enlargement. Multivariate GEE model demonstrated IAC stenosis and cochlear dysplasia to be positive predictive factors for cochlear nerve deficiency with odds ratios of 23.0 and 16.0, respectively. We concluded that most ears with cochlear nerve deficiency have concurrent anomaly of the bony labyrinth or IAC. In those children with IAC stenosis or cochlear dysplasia which may be detected by CT in advance, MRI should be performed for evaluation of cochlear nerve deficiency.
Temporal aspects and frequency distributions of solar soft X-ray flares

A statistical analysis of almost 50 000 soft X-ray (SXR) flares observed by GOES during the period 1976–2000 is presented. On the basis of this extensive data set, statistics on temporal properties of soft X-ray flares, such as duration, rise and decay times with regard to the SXR flare classes is presented. Correlations among distinct flare parameters, i.e. SXR peak flux, fluence and characteristic times, and frequency distributions of flare occurrence as function of the peak flux, the fluence and the duration are derived. We discuss the results of the analysis with respect to statistical flare models, the idea of coronal heating by nanoflares, and elaborate on implications of the obtained results on the Neupert effect in solar flares.
The evolution of multiple mating

Polyandry is a paradox: why do females mate multiple times when a single ejaculate often provides enough sperm for lifetime egg production? Gowaty et al. addressed explanations for polyandry in Drosophila pseudoobscura from the perspective of hypotheses based on sex differences in costs of reproduction (CoR). Contrary to CoR, Gowaty et al. showed that (1) a single ejaculate was inadequate for lifetime egg production; (2) polyandry provided fitness benefits to females beyond provision of adequate sperm and (3) fitness benefits of polyandry were not offset by costs. Here, I discuss predictions of the ad hoc hypotheses of CoR and three alternative hypotheses to CoR to facilitate a discussion and further development of a strong inference approach to experiments on the adaptive significance of polyandry for females. Each of the hypotheses makes testable predictions; simultaneous tests of the predictions will provide a strong inference approach to understanding the adaptive significance of multiple mating. I describe a sex-symmetric experiment meant to evaluate variation in fitness among lifelong virgins (V); monogamous females and males with one copulation (MOC); monogamous females and males with multiple copulations (MMC); PAND, polyandrous females; and PGYN, polygynous males. Last, I recommend the study of many different species, while taking care in choice of study species and attention to the assumptions of specific hypotheses. I particularly urge the study of many more Drosophila species both in laboratory and the wild to understand the “nature of flies in nature,” where opportunities and constraints mold evolutionary responses.
Unselfish leaders? Understanding the role of altruistic leadership and organizational learning on happiness at work (HAW)

The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent altruistic leadership (AL) contribute to happiness at work (HAW). In addition, the authors analyze the mediating role of those conditions that facilitate learning in the relationship between AL and HAW. ,Confirmatory factor analysis by means of structural equation models was performed to check the proposed theoretical model, using a sample of 122 frontline bank employees. ,Results show that, although specific leadership styles might contribute to employee well-being, it seems the shared characteristic of altruism what significantly impact employees HAW, by means of organizational learning capability. ,Scarce research examines altruism as a leadership behavior. The authors provide to the leadership literature a theoretical model, and empirical evidence that altruism is an essential leadership behavior to promote learning and HAW.
Learning Intermediate-Level Representations of Form and Motion from Natural Movies

Abstract We present a model of intermediate-level visual representation that is based on learning invariances from movies of the natural environment. The model is composed of two stages of processing: an early feature representation layer and a second layer in which invariances are explicitly represented. Invariances are learned as the result of factoring apart the temporally stable and dynamic components embedded in the early feature representation. The structure contained in these components is made explicit in the activities of second-layer units that capture invariances in both form and motion. When trained on natural movies, the first layer produces a factorization, or separation, of image content into a temporally persistent part representing local edge structure and a dynamic part representing local motion structure, consistent with known response properties in early visual cortex (area V1). This factorization linearizes statistical dependencies among the first-layer units, making them learnable by the second layer. The second-layer units are split into two populations according to the factorization in the first layer. The form-selective units receive their input from the temporally persistent part (local edge structure) and after training result in a diverse set of higher-order shape features consisting of extended contours, multiscale edges, textures, and texture boundaries. The motion-selective units receive their input from the dynamic part (local motion structure) and after training result in a representation of image translation over different spatial scales and directions, in addition to more complex deformations. These representations provide a rich description of dynamic natural images and testable hypotheses regarding intermediate-level representation in visual cortex.
An Efficient Language Model Using Double-Array Structures

Ngram language models tend to increase in size with inflating the corpus size, and consume considerable resources. In this paper, we propose an efficient method for implementing ngram models based on doublearray structures. First, we propose a method for representing backwards suffix trees using double-array structures and demonstrate its efficiency. Next, we propose two optimization methods for improving the efficiency of data representation in the double-array structures. Embedding probabilities into unused spaces in double-array structures reduces the model size. Moreover, tuning the word IDs in the language model makes the model smaller and faster. We also show that our method can be used for building large language models using the division method. Lastly, we show that our method outperforms methods based on recent related works from the viewpoints of model size and query speed when both optimization methods are used.
Effect of Peeling and Cooking on Nutrients in Vegetables

Four vegetables brinjal, bitter gourd, colocasia and tomato were subjected for total protein, crude fiber, ash calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, ascorbic acid and folic acid contents in raw peeled raw cooked and peeled cooked forms. Losses of nutrients due to peeling and cooking were determined. The loss of protein was non-significant during peeling and was significant during cooking except in colocasia. Vegetables lost crude fiber significantly during peeling, cooking caused significant effect only in peeled form, ash reduced significantly during peeling and cooking except in tomato. Four minerals reduced significantly in both peeling and cooking especially in peeled cooking. Vitamins losses were highly significant in bot h peeling and cooking.
Which Came First, it or Productivity? Virtuous Cycle of Investment and Use in Enterprise Systems

While it is now well established that IT intensive firms are more productive, a critical question remains: Does IT cause productivity or are productive firms simply willing to spend more on IT? We address this question by examining the productivity and performance effects of enterprise systems investments in a uniquely detailed and comprehensive data set of 623 large, public U.S. firms. The data represent all U.S. customers of a large vendor during 1998–2005 and include the vendor’s three main enterprise system suites: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM). A particular benefit of our data is that they distinguish the purchase of enterprise systems from their installation and use. Since enterprise systems often take years to implement, firm performance at the time of purchase often differs markedly from performance after the systems “go live. ” Specifically, in our ERP data, we find that purchase events are uncorrelated with performance while go-live events are positively correlated. This indicates that the use of ERP systems actually causes performance gains rather than strong performance driving the purchase of ERP. In contrast, for SCM and CRM, we find that performance is correlated with both purchase and golive events. Because SCM and CRM are installed after ERP, these results imply that firms that experience performance gains from ERP go on to purchase SCM and CRM. Our results are robust against several alternative explanations and specifications and suggest that a causal relationship between ERP and performance triggers additional IT adoption in firms that derive value from their initial investment. These results provide an explanation of simultaneity in IT value research that fits with rational economic decision-making: Firms that successfully implement IT, react by investing in more IT. Our work suggests replacing “either-or” views of causality with a positive feedback loop conceptualization in which successful IT investments initiate a “virtuous cycle” of investment and gain. Our work also reveals other important estimation issues that can help researchers identify relationships between IT and business value.
Using the Adolescent Time Inventory—Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) to assess time attitudes in Italian adolescents and young adults: Psychometric properties and validity

Time attitudes (TA) are evaluative feelings toward the past, present and future. Given the role of TA in psychological and behavioral outcomes, the aim of this study was to analyze the adequacy of the Adolescent Time Inventory—Time Attitudes (ATI-TA) scale among adolescents and young adults in Italy. The scale was administered to 638 students in order to test its psychometric properties and validity. The analyses confirmed the adequacy of the six-factor model and the reliability of the subscales. Additionally, the measurement invariance of the scale across genders and age groups (between adolescents up to the age of 18, and young adults above 18) was demonstrated. Specifically, gender invariance reached the level of equivalence of error variances/covariances, and the same level was partially reached for invariance across age groups. Evidence of the validity of the scale was also provided by obtaining significant correlations between the subscales, and self-esteem and strategic learning. Taken together, these results support the suitability of the ATI-TA to be used for research and clinical purposes.
Intuitive eating: a recovery book for the chronic dieter : rediscover the pleasures of eating and rebuild your body image. 1st ed.

Attempts to bridge the gap between the anti-dieting movement and the medical weight-loss community. Focuses on nurturing the body rather than on the biology of starvation. Encourages natural weight loss, helping you find the weight you were meant to be. Shows how to throw out the guilt and not the food; eat what you really want to avoid ending up on the prowl; avoid pushing away feelings with food; equate feeling good with exercise instead of weight loss; stop body-bashing; discover your fullness threshold; say goodbye to dieting forever; adjust your food attitude. Access the full text: NOT AVAILABLE
Consistency Judgments, Embeddedness, and Relationship Outcomes in Interorganizational Networks

Past research has shown how outcomes in interorganizational relationships are influenced by the characteristics of the individual relationship in question. Focusing on relationships between suppliers and their organizational buyers, we augment this perspective by positing that relationship outcomes are also influenced by social comparison processes involving perceptions of a supplier's practices across comparable buyer relationships. Based on past research on embedded ties and institutional theory, we propose that the effect of these comparison processes depends on the nature of a buyer's existing interorganizational ties and on the norms that are brought to bear on the relationship in question. We test our propositions based on 788 observations of organizational buyers who have relationships with the same supplier. Our findings paint a complex, multilevel picture of the process by which relationship outcomes come about in interorganizational networks. This paper was accepted by Jesper Sorensen, organizations.
From sets to graphs: towards a realistic enrichment analysis of transcriptomic systems

Motivation: Current gene set enrichment approaches do not take interactions and associations between set members into account. Mutual activation and inhibition causing positive and negative correlation among set members are thus neglected. As a consequence, inconsistent regulations and contextless expression changes are reported and, thus, the biological interpretation of the result is impeded. Results: We analyzed established gene set enrichment methods and their result sets in a large-scale investigation of 1000 expression datasets. The reported statistically significant gene sets exhibit only average consistency between the observed patterns of differential expression and known regulatory interactions. We present Gene Graph Enrichment Analysis (GGEA) to detect consistently and coherently enriched gene sets, based on prior knowledge derived from directed gene regulatory networks. Firstly, GGEA improves the concordance of pairwise regulation with individual expression changes in respective pairs of regulating and regulated genes, compared with set enrichment methods. Secondly, GGEA yields result sets where a large fraction of relevant expression changes can be explained by nearby regulators, such as transcription factors, again improving on set-based methods. Thirdly, we demonstrate in additional case studies that GGEA can be applied to human regulatory pathways, where it sensitively detects very specific regulation processes, which are altered in tumors of the central nervous system. GGEA significantly increases the detection of gene sets where measured positively or negatively correlated expression patterns coincide with directed inducing or repressing relationships, thus facilitating further interpretation of gene expression data. Availability: The method and accompanying visualization capabilities have been bundled into an R package and tied to a grahical user interface, the Galaxy workflow environment, that is running as a web server. Contact: Ludwig.Geistlinger@bio.ifi. lmu.de; Ralf.Zimmer@bio.ifi. lmu.de
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fifth Edition (WISC-V)

Yields scaled scores for subtests, standard scores and percentiles for five index scales, base rates 60 min. for core subtests Processing Indices: Verbal Comprehension Index (Similarities, Vocabulary, Information, and Comprehension) Visual Spatial (Block Design and Visual Puzzles) Fluid Reasoning (Matrix Reasoning, Figure Weights Picture Concepts, and Arithmetic) Working Memory (Digit Span, Picture Span, and Letter-Number Sequencing) Processing Speed (Coding, Symbol Search, and Cancellation)
Provided for Non-commercial Research and Educational Use Only. Not for Reproduction, Distribution or Commercial Use. Representation of Subjective Value in the Striatum

the benefit of the author's institution, for non-commercial research and educational use including without limitation use in instruction at your institution, sending it to specific colleagues who you know, and providing a copy to your institution's administrator. All other uses, reproduction and distribution, including without limitation commercial reprints, selling or licensing copies or access, or posting on open internet sites, your personal or institution's website or repository, are prohibited. For exceptions, permission may be sought for such use through Elsevier's permissions site at: Introduction 389 Overview 389 Background 389 History 390 Structure 391 Function 393 Microdialysis 394 Voltammetry 395 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) 397 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) 398 Prediction 401 Implications 402 Acknowledgments 402 References 403 INTRODUCTION Overview A primary goal of neuroeconomics is to explain how brains choose. In contrast to a correlational approach, recent technological innovations facilitate a process approach that examines how distinct neural components promote subsequent choice. We review animal and human studies that focus on the representation of subjective value in the striatum. Converging evidence suggests that ventral striatal regions represent anticipated value while dorsal striatal regions represent the value of outcomes in the service of choosing future actions, suggesting a temporal flow of information through the striatum during incentive processing in the service of estimating and acquiring gains. These emerging findings highlight the dynamic, compo-nential, and ultimately subjective nature of valuation, and hold implications for informing public policy and diagnosing mental illness.