Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Star Formation Quenching Timescale of Central Galaxies in a Hierarchical Universe

Central galaxies make up the majority of the galaxy population, including the majority of the quiescent population at . Thus, the mechanism(s) responsible for quenching central galaxies play a crucial role in galaxy evolution as whole. We combine a high-resolution cosmological N-body simulation with observed evolutionary trends of the “star formation main sequence,” quiescent fraction, and stellar mass function at to construct a model that statistically tracks the star formation histories and quenching of central galaxies. Comparing this model to the distribution of central galaxy star formation rates in a group catalog of the SDSS Data Release 7, we constrain the timescales over which physical processes cease star formation in central galaxies. Over the stellar mass range we infer quenching e-folding times that span 1.5–0.5 Gyr with more massive central galaxies quenching faster. For , this implies a total migration time of from the star formation main sequence to quiescence. Compared to satellites, central galaxies take longer to quench their star formation, suggesting that different mechanisms are responsible for quenching centrals versus satellites. Finally, the central galaxy quenching timescale we infer provides key constraints for proposed star formation quenching mechanisms. Our timescale is generally consistent with gas depletion timescales predicted by quenching through strangulation. However, the exact physical mechanism(s) responsible for this remain unclear.
Rule-based Forwarding (RBF): Improving Internet's flexibility and security

From active networks [33] to the more recent efforts on GENI [5], a long-held goal of Internet research has been to arrive at a network architecture that is flexible. The allure of greater flexibility is that it would allow us to more easily incorporate new ideas into the Internet’s infrastructure, whether these ideas aim to improve the existing network (e.g., improving performance [36, 23, 30], reliability [12, 13], security [38, 14, 25], manageability [11], etc.) or to extend it with altogether new services and business models (e.g., multicast, differentiated services, IPv6, virtualized networks). An unfortunate stumbling block in these efforts has been that flexibility is fundamentally at odds with another long-held goal: that of devising a secure network architecture. As one example of this tussle: several schemes seek the flexibility of forwarding packets along multiple paths (e.g., [36, 12, 13]), to improve performance and reliability while schemes such as network capabilities [38, 37, 29] seek to constrain packets to a single “approved” network path. In a different example: active filtering [14, 22] seeks to block unwanted traffic based on source addresses; but yet other proposals [32, 35] enable attackers to legitimately conceal their addresses when routing through middleboxes. In this paper, we propose a new architectural concept – that of packet rules – and develop a rule-based forwarding architecture (RBF) that we argue is both flexible and secure. A rule is a simple if-then-else construct that describes the manner in which the network should – or should not – forward packets. In RBF, instead of sending packets to a destination (IP) address, end-hosts send packets using the destination’s rule. At a high-level, the reason RBF achieves both security and flexibility is that, with rules, a user must specify both what packets it is willing to receive as well as how it wants these packets forwarded and processed by the network. More specifically, RBF is designed to ensure the following properties hold at all times:
Gene expression and mutation-guided synthetic lethality eradicates proliferating and quiescent leukemia cells

Quiescent and proliferating leukemia cells accumulate highly lethal DNA double-strand breaks that are repaired by 2 major mechanisms: BRCA-dependent homologous recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase–mediated (DNA-PK–mediated) nonhomologous end-joining, whereas DNA repair pathways mediated by poly(ADP)ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) serve as backups. Here we have designed a personalized medicine approach called gene expression and mutation analysis (GEMA) to identify BRCA- and DNA-PK–deficient leukemias either directly, using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, microarrays, and flow cytometry, or indirectly, by the presence of oncogenes such as BCR-ABL1. DNA-PK–deficient quiescent leukemia cells and BRCA/DNA-PK–deficient proliferating leukemia cells were sensitive to PARP1 inhibitors that were administered alone or in combination with current antileukemic drugs. In conclusion, GEMA-guided targeting of PARP1 resulted in dual cellular synthetic lethality in quiescent and proliferating immature leukemia cells, and is thus a potential approach to eradicate leukemia stem and progenitor cells that are responsible for initiation and manifestation of the disease. Further, an analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas database indicated that this personalized medicine approach could also be applied to treat numerous solid tumors from individual patients.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Trends of Incidence and Survival in Europe and the United States at the End of the 20th Century

OBJECTIVES:There is large geographic variation in incidence levels and time trends of hepatocellular carcinoma. We compared population-based liver cancer incidence and survival in European and U.S. populations in order to elucidate geographic differences and time trends for these variables.METHODS:Since comparisons based on cancer registry data are problematic because of variations in liver cancer definition and coding, we considered a subset of cases likely to be mainly hepatocellular carcinoma, suitable for international comparison. Incidence and 5-yr relative survival were calculated from cases diagnosed in five European regions (30,423 cases) and the United States (6,976 cases) in 1982–1994.RESULTS:Age-standardized incidence was highest in southern Europe (12/100,000 in men and 3/100,000 in women in 1992–94) and lowest in northern Europe, where incidence was similar to that of the United States (3/100,000 in men, <1/100,000 in women). Over the study period, incidence remained stable in the United States and most of Europe, except for a notable increase in southern Europe. Five-year relative survival was <10% in Europe, ranging from 8% (southern Europe) to 5% (eastern Europe), and 6% in the United States. Survival increased slightly with time, mainly in southern Europe and was unaffected by sex, but was better in younger patients.CONCLUSIONS:Increasing incidence in southern Europe is probably related to hepatitis B and C infection and increasing alcohol intake, while improving survival may be due to greater surveillance for cirrhosis. The survival gap between clinical and population-based series suggests management is better in centers of excellence.
Role of the pineal and its hormone melatonin in the termination of photorefractoriness in golden hamsters.

Continuous exposure of male hamsters to short day lengths induces testicular regression. This is followed many weeks later by spontaneous recrudescence of the testes with reinitiation of spermatogenesis and function of the accessory sexual glands. Hamsters at this stage of the annual reproductive cycle are refractory to short photoperiods--even continuous darkness will not induce another bout of testicular regression. Animals refractory to short days are also refractory to the pineal hormone melatonin and a number of investigators attribute spontaneous recrudescence and photo and melatonin refractoriness to a developed target cell insensitivity to endogenous melatonin from the pineal. Refractoriness is terminated by exposure to long days for at least 11 weeks. The pineal gland is reported to be essential for this process. We report here the effects of pinealectomy, daily melatonin injections, and constant-release melatonin implants on the ability of male hamsters to recover from the refractory state. In the absence of the pineal gland, refractory male hamsters did not discriminate (count? ) 15 weeks of long days to terminate refractoriness. Daily melatonin injections at 1900 h, but not at 1200 h (lights 0600-2000 h) during the 15 weeks of long-day exposure blocked the recovery from refractoriness. Constant-release melatonin implants abolished the animals ability to measure 12 and 15 weeks of long days to terminate refractoriness. These results demonstrate that general target tissue insensitivity to melatonin cannot account for the refractory state in hamsters, that a multiplicity of target tissues may exist for melatonin to account for its varied roles throughout the annual reproductive cycle in hamsters, and that the pineal gland is intimately involved in the animals' ability to measure a prescribed duration of long days to terminate refractoriness.
Field zero‐age main‐sequence stars in the solar neighbourhood: where have they come from?

In the course of an all-sky survey for young stars in the solar neighbourhood, we have found a tight kinematic group of 10 F-G type zero-age main-sequence stars in the field. Here we discuss the origin of these stars. Backtracking the space motions of these stars, we argue that likely candidates for the parent association are the Perseus OB3 (Per OB3), Upper Centaurus-Lupus (IJCL) and Lower Centaurus-Crux (LCC) associations, and that we are witnessing the ongoing diffusion of (at least one of) these associations into the field.
CHANGES IN CONCRETE PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION DUE TO ELECTROCHEMICAL CHLORIDE MIGRATION TRIALS

Concrete structures suffering reinforcement corrosion are starting to be rehabilitated by means of electrochemical techniques, such as cathodic protection, chloride extraction, and realkalization that, in some cases, involve the application of relatively large electrical potentials or currents. The generalized movement of the ions dissolved in the aqueous phase of pores leads researchers to think that microstructure of concrete can be altered. In this study, results are presented on the changes in the pore size distribution after penetration of chlorides driven by an electrical field (migration) in comparison with natural diffusion penetration. Results indicate that the application of an electrochemical treatment to a structure induces an increase in total porosity, because of the solution of precipitated phases initially located in the smallest capillary pores that, after some time, evolve to be found in the range of 5 micro m to 0.05 micro m.
How Does Tacit Knowledge Proliferate? An Episode-Based Perspective

Evidence has accrued that tacit knowledge is personal and ineffable as proposed by Polanyi (1958). Proponents of this view do not explain the mechanism responsible for the proliferation of tacit knowledge. This paper introduces a cognitive perspective to the process of tacit knowledge proliferation while maintaining that tacit knowledge is personal, ineffable and context-specific. Three propositions are discussed: tacit knowledge is episodic, thus personal, context-specific and acquired through experience; experience results from the construction or relating of episodes, but does not necessarily result in specifically ‘intended’ tacit knowledge; and the proliferation of tacit knowledge within an organization is the result of a constructive and collaborative process. The crux of this perspective has three assumptions: constructing and relating of tacit knowledge is episodic, constructing new episodes is obligatory upon attention, and relating to past episodes is obligatory upon attention.
Expression Levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Primary Granulosa Cells: Influence of ω-3 Fatty Acid

Background The omega-3 fatty acid (ω-3 fatty acid) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is currently used in the clinic as a nutritional supplement in the treatment of poly- cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). The present study was designed to investigate the ef- fect of EPA on the expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and cytochrome P450 aromatase (encoded by the CYP-19) in primary cultured granulosa cells (GC) from patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF), and also to compare these effects with those in GC of PCOS patients. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, human GC were isolated, pri- mary cultured in vitro, exposed to a range of concentrations of the EPA and in- vestigated with respect to gene expression levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 using real time-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The participants (n=30) were the patients admitted to the IVF Center in February-March 2013 at Alzahra Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, who were divided into two groups as PCOS (n=15) and non-PCOS (n=15) women (controls). Results All doses of the EPA significantly induced PPARγ mRNA gene expression level as compared to the control recombinant follicle stimulating hormone (rFSH) alone condi- tion. High doses of EPA in the presence of rFSH produced a stimulatory effect on expres- sion level of PPARγ (2.15-fold, P=0.001) and a suppressive effect (0.56-fold, P=0.01) on the expression level of CYP-19, only in the PCOS GC. Conclusion EPA and FSH signaling pathway affect differentially on the gene ex- pression levels of PPARγ and CYP-19 in PCOS GC. Altered FSH-induced PPARγ activity in PCOS GC may modulate the CYP-19 gene expression in response to EPA, and possibly modulates the subsequent steroidogenesis of these cells.
Identifying Linux bug fixing patches

In the evolution of an operating system there is a continuing tension between the need to develop and test new features, and the need to provide a stable and secure execution environment to users. A compromise, adopted by the developers of the Linux kernel, is to release new versions, including bug fixes and new features, frequently, while maintaining some older “longterm” versions. This strategy raises the problem of how to identify bug fixing patches that are submitted to the current version but should be applied to the longterm versions as well. The current approach is to rely on the individual subsystem maintainers to forward patches that seem relevant to the maintainers of the longterm kernels. The reactivity and diligence of the maintainers, however, varies, and thus many important patches could be missed by this approach. In this paper, we propose an approach that automatically identifies bug fixing patches based on the changes and commit messages recorded in code repositories. We compare our approach with the keyword-based approach for identifying bug-fixing patches used in the literature, in the context of the Linux kernel. The results show that our approach can achieve a 53.19% improvement in recall as compared to keyword-based approaches, with similar precision.
Regular, high, and moderate intake of vegetables rich in antioxidants may reduce cataract risk in Central African type 2 diabetics

Background Antioxidant nutrients found in popularly consumed vegetables, including red beans, are thought to prevent diabetic complications. In this study, we assessed the frequency and contributing factors of intake of fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants, and we determined their impact on the prevention of diabetes-related cataract extraction. Methods This was a cross-sectional study, run in Congo among 244 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An intake of ≥three servings of vegetables rich in antioxidants/day, intake of red beans, consumption of fruit, and cataract extraction were considered as dependent variables. Results No patient reported a fruit intake. Intake of red beans was reported by 64 patients (26.2%), while 77 patients (31.6%) reported ≥three servings of vegetables rich in antioxidants. High socioeconomic status (OR = 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1–12.5; P = 0.030) and moderate alcohol intake (OR = 4; 95% CI: 1.1–17.4; P = 0.049) were the independent determinants of eating ≥three servings of vegetables rich in antioxidants. Red beans intake (OR = 0.282; 95% CI: 0.115–0.687; P < 0.01) and eating ≥three servings of vegetables rich in antioxidants (OR = 0.256; 95% CI: 0.097–0.671; P = 0.006) were identified as independent and protective factors against the presence of cataracts (9.8% n = 24), whereas type 2 diabetes mellitus duration ≥3 years was the independent risk factor for cataract extraction (OR = 6.3; 95% CI: 2.1–19.2; P < 0.001 in the model with red beans intake and OR = 7.1; 95% CI: 2.3–22.2; P < 0.001 in the model with ≥three servings of vegetables rich in antioxidants). Conclusion Red beans intake and adequate quantity of intake of vegetables rich in antioxidants were found to be associated with reduced risk of cataract in these Congolese with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Education on nutrition and health promotion programs are needed to encourage people to eat vegetables and fruit.
Treatment of Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia with Laser Ablation and Upper Vaginectomy

To assess the effectiveness of laser ablation and upper vaginectomy in the treatment of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN), we have reviewed the charts of 52 patients managed with laser ablation (28 patients) and upper colpectomy (24 patients). On the basis of our results, patient selection and operator skill have a significant influence on the outcome. In posthysterectomy patients with VAIN3 at the vaginal apex, in the region of vaginal cuff scar, upper vaginectomy is the treatment of choice, while multifocal VAIN2–3 or colposcopically well defined lesions, involving large areas of vaginal mucosa, could be successfully managed by CO2 laser ablation.
Toward the Complete Membrane Proteome

To attain a comprehensive membrane proteome of two strains of Corynebacterium glutamicum (l-lysine-producing and the characterized model strains), both sample pretreatment and analysis methods were optimized. Isolated bacterial membranes were digested with trypsin/cyanogen bromide or trypsin/chymotrypsin, and a complementary protein set was identified using the multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT). Besides a distinct number of cytosolic or membrane-associated proteins, the combined data analysis from both digests yielded 326 integral membrane proteins (∼50% of all predicted) covering membrane proteins both with small and large numbers of transmembrane helices. Also membrane proteins with a high GRAVY score (Kyte, J., and Doolittle, R. F. (1982) A simple method for displaying the hydropathic character of a protein. J. Mol. Biol. 157, 105–132) were identified, and basic and acidic membrane proteins were evenly represented. A significant increase in hydrophobic peptides with distinctly higher sequence coverage of transmembrane regions was achieved by trypsin/chymotrypsin digestion in an organic solvent. The percentage of identified membrane proteins increased with protein size, yielding 80% of all membrane proteins above 60 kDa. Most prominently, almost all constituents of the respiratory chain and a high number of ATP-binding cassette transport systems were identified. This newly developed protocol is suitable for the quantitative comparison of membrane proteomes and will be especially useful for applications such as monitoring protein expression under different growth and fermentation conditions in bacteria such as C. glutamicum. Moreover with more than 50% coverage of all predicted membrane proteins (including the non-expressed species) this improved method has the potential for a close-to-complete coverage of membrane proteomes in general.
Supraventricular Premature Beats and Short Atrial Runs Predict Atrial Fibrillation in Continuously Monitored Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Supraventricular premature beats (SPBs) may help to assess the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with cryptogenic stroke and therefore guide therapy. Methods— An internal loop recorder was implanted in consecutive patients with acute cryptogenic stroke. The occurrence and quantity of SPBs and short supraventricular runs (SVRs) in 24-hour ECG in patients with and without future AF were analyzed. We evaluated the relative risk of the upper quartile of SPB and SVR patients against the remainder and used binary logistic regression to evaluate a possible independent influence of SPBs and SVRs on AF occurrence. Results— Twelve of 70 included patients (mean age, 59±13 years) experienced development of AF during a mean monitoring duration of 536±212 days. Patients with AF had a median of 22.8 SPBs/h versus 1.2 SPBs/h (P<0.0001) in patients without AF and a median of 0.7 SVRs/h (AF) versus 0 SVR/h (non-AF). Patients in the upper quartile of SPBs (>14.1/h) and SVRs (>0.2/h) demonstrated a relative risk of 4.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.1–14.6; P=0.04) and 6.9 (95% confidence interval, 1.8–26.7; P=0.005) for future AF, respectively. In binary logistic regression, SPBs (P=0.02) and SVRs (P=0.05) remained significant independent predictors for occurrence of AF. Conclusions— Numerous SPBs and SVRs demonstrated a high risk for future AF in patients with cryptogenic stroke.
Resveratrol in prevention and treatment of common clinical conditions of aging

Resveratrol is a potent member of the class of natural, plant-derived chemicals known as polyphenols. These help explain in part why a diet high in fruit and vegetables confers health benefits and are associated with reduced risk of common complex conditions such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. We present the latest molecular findings that account for the beneficial actions of resveratrol. The intracellular pathways activated are crucial for anti-oxidant defence, regulation of the cell cycle, mitochondrial energy production, vascular tone, oncogene suppression, and many other phenomena which if unchecked lead to morbidity and mortality from onset and progression of these various diseases. While a healthy diet and lifestyle is strongly recommended in prevention of such conditions, the future bodes well for the use of resveratrol and analogues of higher potency than the natural form for treatment of diseases that afflict humans, particularly as they age.
Analyzing the Riding Behavior of Recreational Skiers and Snowboarders

Video recordings of a ski slope were used in combination with a video-based tracking software to analyze the riding behavior of skiers and snowboarders. It was shown that the methodology is a powerful tool to measure biomechanical parameters such as the speed and curve radii of individual skiers and snowboarders. A total of 6821 observations was recorded and evaluated. Average riding speeds ranged from 16 to 32 km/h (on the different parts of the slope that were analyzed) with maximum speeds of up to 113 km/h. Average curve radii between 6.2 and 9.3 m were measured.
NP-Completeness Results for Minimum Planar Spanners

For any fixed parameter t greater or equal to 1, a \emph t-spanner of a graph G is a spanning subgraph in which the distance between every pair of vertices is at most t times their distance in G. A \emph minimum t-spanner is a t-spanner with minimum total edge weight or, in unweighted graphs, minimum number of edges. In this paper, we prove the NP-hardness of finding minimum t-spanners for planar weighted graphs and digraphs if t greater or equal to 3, and for planar unweighted graphs and digraphs if t greater or equal to 5. We thus extend results on that problem to the interesting case where the instances are known to be planar. We also introduce the related problem of finding minimum \emphplanar t-spanners and establish its NP-hardness for similar fixed values of t.