Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the typical weekly in-season training load in elite junior soccer players

Abstract We examined the typical weekly training load experienced by elite junior soccer players during the in-season competitive period. Altogether, eight under-14 (U14), eight under-16 (U16) and eight under-18 (U18) players were monitored over a 2-week period during the first month of the 2010–11 competitive season. This time period included one competitive match per week. Physiological loading was monitored using heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Training and match loads were calculated by multiplying the global session RPE and duration (session-RPE). Total weekly training load (training and match) increased with age (U14, 2524 ± 128 arbitrary units [AU]; U16, 2919 ± 136 AU; U18, 3948 ± 222 AU; P < 0.05). Differences in the daily training load across the training week were also evident in the older age group relative to both U14 and U16. The amount of time engaged in low (<50% HRmax) and high (>90% HRmax) intensity activity during training and match-play was significantly lower and higher respectively in the U18 compared to the U14 group (P < 0.05). When comparing activity, the intensity (% HRmax) of field training (U18, 69 ± 2%; U16, 74 ± 1%; U14, 74 ± 2%) was significantly lower compared to match-play (U18, 81 ± 3%; U16, 84, ± 2%; U14, 83 ± 2) across all age groups (P < 0.05). Findings demonstrate that age related differences in the volume and intensity of weekly in-season training load are evident amongst elite professional junior soccer players. These differences may reflect a systematic approach to the long-term physical development of elite junior players.
Dynamic mapping of cortical development before and after the onset of pediatric bipolar illness.

BACKGROUND There are, to date, no pre-post onset longitudinal imaging studies of bipolar disorder at any age. We report the first prospective study of cortical brain development in pediatric bipolar illness for 9 male children, visualized before and after illness onset. METHOD We contrast this pattern with that observed in a matched group of healthy children as well as in a matched group of 8 children with 'atypical psychosis' who had similar initial presentation marked by mood dysregulation and transient psychosis (labeled as 'multi-dimensionally impaired' (MDI)) as in the bipolar group, but have not, to date, developed bipolar illness. RESULTS Dynamic maps, reconstructed by applying novel cortical pattern matching algorithms, for the children who became bipolar I showed subtle, regionally specific, bilaterally asymmetrical cortical changes. Cortical GM increased over the left temporal cortex and decreased bilaterally in the anterior (and sub genual) cingulate cortex. This was seen most strikingly after the illness onset, and showed a pattern distinct from that seen in childhood onset schizophrenia. The bipolar neurodevelopmental trajectory was generally shared by the children who remained with MDI diagnosis without converting to bipolar I, suggesting that this pattern of cortical development may reflect affective dysregulation (lability) in general. CONCLUSIONS These dynamic trajectories of cortical development may explain age-related disparate findings from cross-sectional studies of bipolar illness, and suggest the importance of mood disordered non-bipolar control group in future studies.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED SPECTROSCOPY OF EUROPA: THE DISTINCT SPECTRUM OF LARGE-SCALE CHAOS

We present a comprehensive analysis of spatially resolved moderate spectral resolution near-infrared spectra obtained with the adaptive optics system at the Keck Observatory. We identify three compositionally distinct end member regions: the trailing hemisphere bullseye, the leading hemisphere upper latitudes, and a third component associated with leading hemisphere chaos units. We interpret the composition of the three end member regions to be dominated by irradiation products, water ice, and evaporite deposits or salt brines, respectively. The third component is associated with geological features and distinct from the geography of irradiation, suggesting an endogenous identity. Identifying the endogenous composition is of particular interest for revealing the subsurface composition. However, its spectrum is not consistent with linear mixtures of the salt minerals previously considered relevant to Europa. The spectrum of this component is distinguished by distorted hydration features rather than distinct spectral features, indicating hydrated minerals but making unique identification difficult. In particular, it lacks features common to hydrated sulfate minerals, challenging the traditional view of an endogenous salty component dominated by Mg-sulfates. Chloride evaporite deposits are one possible alternative.
No detectable role for predators mediating effects of aquatic habitat size and permanence on populations and communities of container‐dwelling mosquitoes

1. General theory from aquatic ecology predicts that smaller aquatic habitats have shorter hydroperiods favouring species that are better resource competitors and complete development quickly. Larger habitats are predicted to have longer hydroperiods enabling longer‐lived predators to persist. Habitats with long hydroperiods and predators are predicted to favour slower‐developing, predator‐resistant species, rather than competitive species.
Reconfigurable filters using mems resonators and integrated optical microcavities

An in-plane silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MEMS-tunable Fabry-Perot microcavity filter is presented, in which one distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror is attached to a doubly-clamped suspended beam resonator. We improve upon previous designs by utilizing a silicon waveguide cavity instead of an air cavity. The design eliminates a significant source of optical loss (beam divergence) leading to improved mirror bandwidth (>150nm) and Q-factor QOptical ap4,200). By keeping one DBR mirror fixed and displacing the second mirror, we change the effective cavity length and modify the Fabry-Perot resonances. Tuning over Deltalambdaap10 nm is measured using in-plane electrostatic actuation to displace the DBR. The application of the device as a sensor is also discussed.
Disc heating: comparing the Milky Way with cosmological simulations

We present an analysis of a suite of simulations run with different particle- and grid-based cosmological hydrodynamical codes and compare them with observational data of the Milky Way. This is the first study to make comparisons of properties of galaxies simulated with particle- and grid-based codes. Our analysis indicates that there is broad agreement between these different modelling techniques. We study the velocity dispersion–age relation for disc stars at z= 0 and find that four of the simulations are more consistent with observations by Holmberg, Nordstroem & Andersen in which the stellar disc appears to undergo continual/secular heating. Two other simulations are in better agreement with the Quillen & Garnett observations that suggest ‘saturation’ in the heating profile for young stars in the disc. None of the simulations has thin discs as old as that of the Milky Way. We also analyse the kinematics of disc stars at the time of their birth for different epochs in the galaxies’ evolution and find that in some simulations old stars are born cold within the disc and are subsequently heated, while other simulations possess old stellar populations which are born relatively hot. The models which are in better agreement with observations of the Milky Way’s stellar disc undergo significantly lower minor-merger/assembly activity after the last major merger, that is, once the disc has formed. All of the simulations are significantly ‘hotter’ than the Milky Way disc; on top of the effects of mergers, we find a ‘floor’ in the dispersion that is related to the underlying treatment of the heating and cooling of the interstellar medium, and the low density threshold which such codes use for star formation. This finding has important implications for all studies of disc heating that use hydrodynamical codes.
Facilitation of Word and Picture Recognition in Focal Lesion Patients

Throughout the field of neuropsychology, evidence for complex implicit competence has been documented in patients with neurological damage and limited linguistic, attentional, or mnemonic performance. Such results suggest that systems are activated and carrying out their functions even though this information is no longer available for conscious planning and problem solving. One example of this sort of competence in the face of impaired behavior is lexical and semantic priming in neurological populations. Results of this sort have been widely reported but their neurological implications and relation to psycholinguistic models of processing have not been made clear. The goal of this symposium is to examine the locus of both preserved and disturbed facilitation from the level of form represented by repetition priming to the level of conceptual knowledge represented by pictures. At the periphery , Dr. Swick's studies of patients with left and right temporal parietal le-sions demonstrate intact repetition priming for words, but an impairment in repetition priming of nonwords in left lesioned patients. Prior work has shown that both word and nonword repetition priming were intact in patients with frontal lobe damage. She hypothesizes that this may be related to a defective phonological store in the left temporal parietal patients which is crucial to establishing a stable representation of the nonword stimuli. Drs. Baynes and Dronkers have examined the hemispheric organization and integration of lexical-semantic and conceptual knowledge by studying facilitation of words and pictures in normal controls, focal lesion patients and split-brain subjects. Facilitation effects indicate that both hemispheres support a
SPHINGOSINE KINASE INHIBITION ALLEVIATES ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY INDUCED BY THROMBIN AND ACTIVATED NEUTROPHILS

Inflammation and microvascular thrombosis are interrelated causes of acute lung injury in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophil [PMN]) and endothelial cells (EC) activated by systemic inflammatory response syndrome interact to increase pulmonary vascular permeability, but the interactions between PMN and EC are difficult to study. Recently, we reported that sphingosine 1-phosphate is a second messenger eliciting store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in response to inflammatory agonists in both PMN and EC. Store-operated calcium entry is therefore a target mechanism for the therapeutic modulation of inflammatory PMN-EC interactions. Here, we isolated, modeled, and studied the effects of pharmacologic SOCE inhibition using real-time systems to monitor EC permeability after exposure to activated PMN. We created systems to continuously assess permeability of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells from lung. Endothelial cells show increased permeability after challenge by activated PMN. Such permeability increases can be attenuated by exposure of the cocultures to sphingosine kinase (SK) inhibitors (SKI-2, N,N-dimethylsphingosine [DMS]) or Ca2+ entry inhibitors (Gd3+, MRS-1845). Human microvascular endothelial cells from lung pretreated with SKI-2 or DMS showed decreased permeability when later exposed to activated PMN. Likewise, when PMNs were activated with thapsigargin (TG) in the presence of SKI-2, DMS, Gd, or MRS-1845, their ability to cause EC permeability subsequently was reduced. SKI-2 also inhibited the activation of human pulmonary artery ECs by thrombin. These studies will provide a firm mechanistic foundation for understanding how systemic SOCE inhibition may be used to prevent acute lung injury in vivo.
Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by coagglutination

A coagglutination system has been devised for typing heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The use of protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells carrying Campylobacter sp. serotype antibody and the treatment of Campylobacter sp. cells with DNase in the antigen suspension permitted rapid and specific coagglutination of rough (autoagglutinable) as well as smooth cultures. Cells of S. aureus were sensitized with Campylobacter sp. serotype antisera. Four to five types of sensitized S. aureus cells were pooled. A strain of Campylobacter sp. was first tested with the pools and then typed with the individual reagents of the reactive pool. After the described procedures, 68 serotype strains tested blindly as unknowns were correctly typed according to their heat-stable or heat-labile antigens. The two most commonly used typing schemes which are based separately on the heat-stable or the heat-labile antigens as assayed by passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination, respectively, can be utilized simultaneously in the coagglutination system for strain characterization. The coagglutination system is simple, yields results rapidly, conserves typing reagents, and offers the flexibility of formulating the pools of reagents according to the experimental design or the prevalence of serotypes in a geographic location. It should be a practical system for the typing of Campylobacter spp. in public health or clinical laboratories.
Estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for meat quality traits in broilers

Broiler meat quality is one of the primary factors considered by the poultry industry. This study was conducted to estimate heritability and genetic correlation coefficients for meat quality traits in a single male broiler line. The meat ultimate pH (24 h after slaughter) and lightness presented the highest heritability estimates. Given the estimated genetic correlations, the pH measured at 15 min and 24 h after slaughtering, as well as lightness, were characterized by a close and negative genetic relationship with water holding capacity traits. In contrast, meat quality traits exhibited only non-significant genetic correlations with performance and carcass traits. Noticed exceptions were breast weight, which was genetically and favorably associated with the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses, and ultrasound record of pectoral muscle depth, which was genetically and unfavourably associated with the shear force of meat. Meat pH values at 24 h after slaughtering or lightness may be a favorable selection criterion for the poultry industry for improving meat quality, since these traits are associated with the water holding capacity of the meat. Out of the traits studied, lightness is most easily assessed on the industrial slaughtering line. The direct selection for breast weight could improve the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses of meat, even as selection for ultrasound records of Pectoralis major may affect the meat tenderness in this line
Effects of NMDA antagonism on striatal dopamine release in healthy subjects: Application of a novel PET approach

Agents that antagonize the glutamatergic N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor, such as phenylcyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, produce a behavioral state in healthy volunteers that resembles some aspects of schizophrenia. A dysfunction in NMDA–dopaminergic interactions has been proposed as a mechanism for these behavioral effects. In this study, we examined the effects of ketamine on striatal dopamine release in healthy human subjects with a novel 11C‐raclopride/PET displacement paradigm and compared these effects to administration of saline and the direct‐acting dopamine agonist amphetamine. We found that the percent decreases (mean ± SD) in specific 11C‐raclopride binding from baseline for ketamine (11.2 ± 8.9) was greater than for saline (1.9 ± 3.7) (t = 2.4, df = 13, P = 0.003) indicating that ketamine caused increases in striatal synaptic dopamine concentrations. Ketamine‐related binding changes were not significantly different than the decreases in percent change (mean ± SD) in specific 11C‐raclopride binding caused by amphetamine (15.5 ± 6.2) (t = 1.3, df = 19, P = 0.21). Ketamine‐induced changes in 11C‐raclopride‐specific binding were significantly correlated with induction of schizophrenia‐like symptoms. The implications of this brain imaging method for studies of schizophrenia and the mechanism of action of antipsychotic drugs are discussed. Synapse 29:142–147, 1998. Published 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Suppression of erythroid-colony formation by lymphocytes from patients with aplastic anemia.

To explore the possible role of cell-mediated suppression of erythropoiesis in acquired aplastic anemia, we studied the effect of peripheral blood lymphocytes from seven patients with aplastic anemia on erythroid-colony formation by normal human bone marrow in an in vitro plasma clot-culture system. Varying numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes (0.5 to 6 X 10(5) cells) were cocultured with 6 X 10(5) normal bone-marrow cells in the presence of 2 IU of erythropoietin for seven days. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from five of the seven patients with aplastic anemia caused a 79 to 94 per cent reduction of erythroid-colony formation. Thus, at a peripheral blood lymphocyte concentration of 2 X 10(5) cells, the numbers of erythroid colonies formed (control vs. experimental) were 374 +/- 16 (S.E.M.) vs. 22 +/- 6, 48 +/- 4, 50 +/- 16, 80 +/- 4 and 27 +/- 3. These results suggest that some patients with aplastic anemia possess a population of lymphocytes capable of suppressing in vitro erythropoiesis.
Direction Modulation of Muscle Synergies in a Hand-Reaching Task

Functional tasks of the upper extremity can be executed by a variety of muscular patterns, independent of the direction, speed and load of the task. This large number of degrees of freedom imposes a significant control burden on the CNS. Previous studies suggested that the human cortex synchronizes a discrete number of neural functional units within the brainstem and spinal cord, i.e. muscle synergies, by linearly combining them to execute a great repertoire of movements. Further exploring this control mechanism, we aim to study whether a single set of muscle synergies might be generalized to express movements in different directions. This was implemented by using a modified version of the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm on EMG data sets of the upper extremity of healthy people. Our twelve participants executed hand-reaching movements in multiple directions. Muscle synergies that were extracted from movements to the center of the reaching space could be generalized to synergies for other movement directions. This finding was also supported by the application of a weighted correlation matrix, the similarity index and the results of the K-means cluster analysis. This might reinforce the notion that the CNS flexibly combines a single set of small number of synergies in different amplitudes to modulate movement for different directions.
Image coding using wavelet transforms and entropy-constrained trellis coded quantization

The use of entropy-constrained trellis-coded quantization (TCQ) for encoding the wavelet coefficients of both monochrome and color images is investigated. For decomposing images, a separable 2-D discrete wavelet transform in which emphasis is given to the horizontal and vertical directions is used. Nine-tap filters derived from biorthogonal wavelet bases are employed. The lowest-resolution subimage was encoded using a 2-D discrete cosine transform while the other subimages were encoded using TCQ for memoryless data. Excellent peak signal-to-noise ratios are obtained for encoding monochrome and color versions of the 512*512 'Lenna' image. Comparisons with other results from the literature reveal that the proposed wavelet coder is quite competitive. <<ETX>>
Effect of Fluoridated Toothpaste on White Spot Lesions in Postorthodontic Patients

ABSTRACT Introduction: This article illustrates a new treatment approach and evaluates the effect of use of fluoridated toothpaste on the remineralization of white spot lesions (WSLs) diagnosed at debonding. Materials and methods: Thirty-one orthodontic patients (mean age: 19.6 years), with a minimum of four WSLs on the buccal surfaces of the maxillary and mandibular incisors, canines, premolars and first molars after orthodontic therapy, were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, longitudinal trial lasting 8 weeks. The subjects were divided into two groups using fluoridated toothpaste (test group, n = 31) and nonfluoridated toothpaste (control group, n = 31). A custom-made mouth tray, covering the maxillary dentition, was used while brushing with the fluoridated toothpaste three times per day. Maxillary dentition acted as control and mandibular as the test. The WSLs were scored by using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II) index, at baseline and 8 weeks after debonding. Results: The ICDAS II index of the WSLs decreased in the test group in the mandibular dentition but not on the maxillary dentition during the 8-week trial (p < 0.0001). There was also a slight improvement in the control group (not significant). Conclusion: The frequent use of fluoridated toothpaste had a remineralizing effect on WSLs. How to cite this article: Agarwal A, Pandey H, Pandey L, Choudhary G. Effect of Fluoridated Toothpaste on White Spot Lesions in Postorthodontic Patients. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2013;6(2):85-88.
Beneficial effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on renal function in patients with diabetic nephropathy.

the injection of adenosine into the aortic arch also provokes pain. It would be interesting to know the length of time between the injections and the onset of pain. Their observation may indicate that pains caused by adenosine originate in the arteries of several vascular beds. Coronary vasodilatation caused by adenosine appears to be mediated by interstitial diffusion of adenosine through the arterial walls; it is possible that this process may also provoke pain. The second hypothesis is therefore not falsified. Pains caused by adenosine are not provoked in veins but in association with arteries. In our paper we discussed coronary pains provoked by adenosine. Of course, that does not exclude other kinds of pain provoked by adenosine. Of great interest are not only colicky pains but also ischaemic pains in vascular beds other than the mvocardium, such as the intestine or the leg. A third hypothesis may be: Is the pain provoked by adenosine equivalent to the pain experienced by patients with angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction? So far we have tested this hypothesis on three patients and have confirmed it. Dr Watt and colleagues report that patients with duodenal ulcer state that the pain provoked by adenosine is equivalent to the ulcer pain. Several interpretations are possible. Adenosine may be involved at both sites. Patients with a specific pain producing disease in or near the chest may have adapted to interpret pain in this area in a specific way-for example, it is well known that patients with a history of duodenal ulcer or gall bladder disease may experience not angina pectoris but the same kind of gastrointestinal pain when they have myocardial infarction. The third hypothesis therefore does not appear to have been falsified. Dr Maxwell and colleagues interpret their observation that inhalation of 60% oxygen and therapeutic serum theophylline concentrations decrease the pain provoked by adenosine as indicating that adenosine probably does not precipitate angina pectoris. We are uncertain which hypothesis these authors tried to falsify with their inhalation experiment, especially as in their model with infusion of adenosine no atrioventricular block was produced. Concerning theophylline they state that "it is not noted for its relief or prevention of angina. " To our knowledge no controlled study has addressed this problem. Ritchie relates what is known on the subject. ' Furthermore, an antianginal effect on pain receptors by theophylline would be counteracted by coronary vasoconstriction induced by the drug.