Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Chronic Antidepressant Treatment Causes a Selective Reduction of μ-Opioid Receptor Binding and Functional Coupling to G Proteins in the Amygdala of Fawn-Hooded Rats

We have previously documented that chronic alcohol consumption or alcohol withdrawal affects μ-opioid receptor density and receptor-mediated G protein coupling in Fawn-Hooded (FH) rat brain, especially in mesolimbic regions. FH rats demonstrate comorbid depression and high voluntary alcohol consumption; treatment with standard antidepressants improves both facets of this phenotype. Accordingly, we sought to examine whether μ-opioid receptor binding and the receptor-mediated functional coupling to G protein is affected by this drug treatment. Using quantitative autoradiography, binding of μ-opioid receptors labeled by [125I]FK33,824 (d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Met(O)5-ol enkephalin) and the coupling between receptors and G proteins determined by agonist-stimulated guanosine 5′-O -(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate ([35S]GTPγS) binding was mapped throughout brain sections of FH rats after 10-day treatment with vehicle, desipramine, or sertraline. Both desipramine and sertraline produced significant decreases of [125I]FK33,824 binding in many brain regions; 13 of 20 measured regions for desipramine and 16 of 20 measured regions for sertraline. The coupling efficiency of μ-opioid receptors to G proteins was determined by an increase of [35S]GTPγS binding induced by stimulation with the μ-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin (10 μM). In contrast to the receptor binding profile, functional coupling of receptors to G proteins was only significantly reduced in the amygdala, whereas it remained unchanged in other regions compared with control. The present findings suggest that antidepressants regulate opioid systems; however, this occurs differentially, and region-specific alteration of functional coupling of μ-opioid receptors to G proteins in the amygdala suggests that opioid function within the amygdala may be modulated by antidepressants.
Institutional Work: Current Research, New Directions and Overlooked Issues

The study of institutional work has emerged as a dynamic research domain within organization studies. In this essay, we situate the papers published in the Special Issue. We first review the evolution of institutional work as a scholarly conversation within organization studies. We then introduce the papers in the Special Issue, focusing in particular on where they fit into the current scholarly conversation and how they move us in important new directions. Finally, we discuss a set of neglected issues that deserve further attention.
Intonation and its parts : melody in spoken English

Part I. Introduction: 1. Pitch 2. Accent 3. Intonation Part II. Accentual Prosody: 4. Vowels and syllables 5. The shape of utterances: two kinds of rhythm 6. Accents of power 7. Accents of interest Part III. Melodic Prosody: 8. Profiles 9. Intonations and gesture 10. Parts and their meanings 11. Contours in general 12. Contours in particular Conclusion Appendixes Reference matter.
The Effects of Student Demographics and School Resources on California School Performance Gain: A Fixed Effects Panel Model

Background/Context Recently emerged with the implementation of the California's Public Schools Accountability Act of 1999 and the NCLB Act of 2001 is an increase in the number of education production function studies estimating the relationship between educational inputs and APIs. While the majority of past research on California school performance focuses on the impacts of different demographic measures and school resources on API scores at interschool level, few are done to study the effects of changes in similar factors on performance gain at intraschool level. Given that school performance is to be measured against oneself over time under California's current accountability system, the need is great to understand how school performance gain is affected by changes in student demographics and school characteristics within the school. Objective Of Study The primary objective of this study is to investigate how APIs change with student demographics and school resources within individual schools. It is hypothesized that changes in factors contributing to interschool variations in API may also affect school API gains. In addition, the impacts of these variables on API gains of individual schools are then compared with results from prior cross-sectional studies to see if their effects on school performance differ between and within the schools. Research Design Using the fixed effects regression a hypothetical causal relationship proposed between API gains and changes in nine student demographic variables, including seven racial/ethnic, free and reduced price meal and English language learning subgroups, plus seven school resource variables was estimated. Findings School API gains appeared very sensitive to changes in all 16 variables. A 1% change in student demographics at school level was significant enough to change API by an average of -5.0077 to 1.2372 points, while changes in school resources by 1 unit was found to affect school API in the range of -0.0212 to 2.5013. Conclusions While California places great responsibility on individual schools for student growth, little policy consideration is given to the likely effects of demographic and resource changes on school performance within the school. Moreover, this study's confirmation of the positive impact of teachers’ advanced degree and full teaching credential on performance gains suggests that teacher qualifications may hold the key to improving student achievement.
Anti-Minotaur: The Myth of a Value-Free Sociology

This is an account of a myth created by and about a magnificent minotaur named Max-Max Weber, to be exact; his myth was that social science should and could be value-free. The lair of this minotaur, although reached only by a labrynthian logic and visited only by a few who never return, is still regarded by many sociologists as a holy place. In particular, as sociologists grow older they seem impelled to make a pilgrimage to it and to pay their respects to the problem of the relations between values and social science.
Early diagnosis of primary nonfunction and indication for reoperation after liver transplantation

Initial graft function is a major factor influencing the clinical outcome after liver transplantation (LTX), but a reliable method for assessing and predicting graft dysfunction directly after LTX is not available. Ninety‐nine patients undergoing deceased‐donor LTX were studied in a prospective pilot study to evaluate the LiMAx test, the indocyanine green test, and conventional biochemical parameters with respect to their sensitivity and prognostic power for the diagnosis of initial graft dysfunction. Patients suffering from initial graft dysfunction (defined as technical complications or primary nonfunction (n = 8)) had significantly decreased LiMAx readouts (43 ± 18 versus 184 ± 98 μg/kg/hour, P < 0.001) immediately after LTX. Univariate analysis also showed significant differences for serum bilirubin, ammonia, glutamate dehydrogenase, and the international normalized ratio (P < 0.05), but multivariate analysis revealed LiMAx as the single independent predictor of initial dysfunction (P = 0.008) with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.960 (95% confidence interval = 0.921‐0.998, P < 0.001). In addition, the diagnosis of primary nonfunction (n = 3) was evaluated with LiMAx and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity on the first postoperative day. The calculated AUROC values were 0.992 (0.975‐1.0, P = 0.004) for LiMAx and 0.967 (0.929‐1.0, P = 0.006) for AST. By a combination of test results obtained directly after LTX and on the first day, LiMAx indicated primary nonfunction with a sensitivity of 1.0 (0.31‐1.0) and a positive predictive value of 1.0 (0.31‐1.0), whereas AST classification showed a sensitivity of 0.67 (0.13‐0.98) and a positive predictive value of 0.29 (0.05‐0.70). In conclusion, the assessment of initial graft function using the LiMAx test might be effective for identifying critical complications that could threaten graft survival within 24 hours after LTX. Liver Transpl 16:172–180, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
What is special about L3 processing?*

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.
Relation of self-efficacy expectations to academic achievement and persistence.

This study examined the relation of self-efficacy beliefs to subjects' persistence and success in pursuing science and engineering college majors. Subjects were 42 students who participated in a 10-week career-planning course on science and engineering fields. They completed several measures of self-efficacy , involving their perceived ability to fulfill the educational requirements and job duties of a variety of technical/sci entific occupations. Findings indicated that subjects reporting high self-efficacy for educational requirements generally achieved higher grades and persisted longer in technical/scientific majors over the following year than those with low self-efficacy. Self-efficacy was also moderately correlated with objective predictors of academic aptitude and achievement. Implications for the further extension of self-efficacy theory to educational and vocational behavior are discussed. Bandura (1977, 1982) has recently proposed a theoretical framework to explain and predict behavior change. Essentially, he has suggested that behavior changes achieved by diverse methods are mediated by a common cognitive mechanism. Self-efficacy expectations, meaning beliefs about one's ability to successfully perform a given task or behavior, are hypothesized to determine whether coping behavior will be initiated, how much effort will be expended, and how long effort will be sustained in the face of obstacles and aversive experiences. Thus far, perceived self-efficacy has been studied in relation to a variety of clinical problems such as snake phobias (Bandura & Adams, 1977), social skills (Moe & Zeiss, 1982), and smoking cessation maintenance (DiClemente, 1981). Results have generally suggested that persons' efficacy expectations are useful in predicting behavior change independently of the different treatment approaches used. Recently, Hackett and Betz (1981) have extended self-efficacy theory to vocational behavior, hypothesizing that ex
Relativistic large-scale jets and minimum power requirements

The recent discovery, by the Chandra satellite, that jets of blazars are strong X-ray emitters at large scales , lends support to the hypothesis that emitting plasma is still moving at highly relativistic speeds on these scales. In this case in fact the emission via inverse Compton scattering off cosmic background photons is enhanced and the resulting predicted X-ray spectrum accounts well for the otherwise puzzling observations. Here we point out another reason to favour relativistic large-scale jets, based on a minimum power argument: by estimating the Poynting flux and bulk kinetic powers corresponding to, at least, the relativistic particles and magnetic field responsible for the emission, one can derive the value of the bulk Lorentz factor for which the total power is minimized. It is found that both the inner and extended parts of the jet of PKS satisfy such a condition.
Career Self-Efficacy and Personality: Linking Career Confidence and the Healthy Personality

This article extends recent work on the relationship between personality and career self-efficacy by examining relationships across two new inventories with scales for identifying human strengths. The Healthy Personality Inventory (HPI) has 17 content scales tapping an array of positive personality measures. The CAPA Confidence Inventory (CCI) has 6 broad, 27 basic, and 6 engagement styles measures of career self-efficacy. In a sample of college students, hypothesized correlations between personality and self-efficacy were generally confirmed. A number of unexpected relationships also were found, such as the HPI Creative scale predicting social and enterprising confidence. These inventories show promise for continued research, theory development, and assessment practice.
Working memory and stimulus-independent thought: Effects of memory load and presentation rate

Abstract When not engaged in demanding tasks, we commonly experience streams of thoughts and images quite unrelated to immediate sensory input. Such stimulus-independent (SI) thoughts may be troublesome, as in worry, insomnia and depression. Previous research within a working memory paradigm suggested that SI thought production depended on central executive control resources. To explore this hypothesis further, we examined the interference with SI thought production resulting from shadowing auditorily presented digits compared to remembering them. Effects of stimulus presentation rate and size of memory load were also examined. At slow presentation rates, remembering produced more interference than shadowing. For shadowing, faster presentation produced greater interference than slow presentation. In remembering, interference was not substantially affected by size of memory load, was greater when subjects reported greater awareness of task stimuli, and was restricted to thoughts forming parts of connected .
The Influence of Early Strain on Later Strain, Stress Responses, and Aggression by Police Officers

Research has established policing as one of the most stressful occupations and that work-induced strain can lead to various criminal and negative outcomes. This study extends existing literature in criminology and criminal justice by applying general strain theory to police stress. This study examines the influence of prior strain—namely, child abuse and interparental violence—on officer critical incident strain, psychological–physiological stress responses, and officer-on-officer aggression. Data analyzed the stress responses of 1,104 police officers from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, and results show that prior strain events influence respondents in three key ways. First, those reporting exposure to childhood strain had higher work-related strain scores. Second, youthful strain events and work-related critical incident strain are associated with increased stress. Finally, child abuse exposure and critical incident strain increases the odds of officer-on-officer violence among participants. The sample offers several important implications for strain theory because it includes only adult respondents and offers some degree of control for serious adolescent delinquency.
Measuring team situation awareness in decentralized command and control environments

Decentralized command and control settings like those found in the military are rife with complexity and change. These settings typically involve dozens, if not hundreds to thousands, of heterogeneous players coordinating in a distributed fashion in a dynamically networked battlefield laden with sensor data, intelligence reports, communications, and plans emanating from many different perspectives. Consider the concept of team situation awareness in this setting. What does it mean for a team to be aware of a situation or, more importantly, of a critical change in a situation? Is it sufficient or necessary for all individuals on the team to be independently aware? Or is there some more holistic awareness that emerges as team members interact? We re-examine the concept of team situation awareness in decentralized systems beyond an individual-oriented knowledge-based construct by considering it as a team interaction-based phenomenon. A theoretical framework for a process-based measure called ‘coordinated awareness of situations by teams’ is outlined.
Media Frenzies in Markets for Financial Information

Emerging equity markets witness occasional surges in prices (frenzies) and crossmarket price dispersion (herds), accompanied by abundant media coverage. An information market complementarity can explain these anomalies. Because information has high fixed costs, high volume makes it inexpensive. Low prices induce investors to buy information that others buy. Given two identical assets, investors learn about one; abundant information reduces its payoff risk and raises its price. Transitions between low-information/low-asset-price and high-information/highasset- price equilibria resemble frenzies. Equity data and new panel data on news coverage support the model's predictions: Asset market movements generate news and news raises prices and price dispersion. (JEL D82, G12, G14)
Chapter 11 Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research

ing the main findings The generation of categories usually ends with a taxonomy that describes and interprets the whole phenomenon as it was contained in the gathered data. As qualitative analysis is a very complex endeavour and deals with many details, the taxonomies that result from it are often overwhelming and do not convey directly the essence of the phenomenon. The essence of the phenomenon is, however, the aim of the analysis, so it is very important for the researcher avoid the temptation to stop with a set of categories and not take the next step of abstracting the main findings from the category structure. This abstracting follows the rule of essential sufficiency, which means that we are looking for the simplest way to fully depict the phenomenon. We are looking for what constitutes the main findings contained in the categorisation or taxonomy, so that we can communicate them clearly to the reader. Thus, we may also ask of our results, What categories are required to communicate the essence of the phenomenon? This part of the analysis usually employs graphs, diagrams, figures, tables, and narratives (e.g., the typical story of recovering from an eating disorder). It is a step aiming at grasping the essence of the phenomenon. This step, too, is carefully documented so that it can be tracked back to the data. DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 155 HRMC-11.qxd 01.07. 2005 03:36 PM Page 155
Neural correlates of recognition memory for complex visual stimuli in the medial temporal lobe

While a general role for the medial temporal lobe (MTL) in long-term memory is undisputed, the specific contributions made by MTL subregions remain contentious. For some accounts, separate but stimulus-independent regions support two different memory processes/types of mnemonic information (recollection and familiarity/items and contexts). According to another account, memory processes are not the primary organising principle of MTL function. Instead, sub-regions process different kinds of stimuli - for example, objects and scenes. The three experiments in this thesis were designed to compare competing models of MTL function by measuring, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, the neural correlates of successful recollection- and familiarity-based memory judgements for different types of complex visual stimuli. Experiment 1 was designed to explore differences between encoding- and retrieval-related neural activity for faces and scenes. There was some evidence for stimulus- specific memory processing within the perirhinal cortex, anterior hippocampus and parahippocampal gyms for faces, and the posterior hippocampus for scenes. The data from Experiment 1, however, offered limited insights into the processes that supported memory for these different stimulus types. In Experiment 2 encoding-related activity was assessed in a paradigm where participants had to indicate in which of two contexts/sources objects and scenes had been encountered in a study phase. In the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus there was activity predicting successful source encoding only for scenes. Activity in the perirhinal cortex, meanwhile, predicted item memory but not source memory for objects only. These findings are consistent with claims that stimulus-type is important for MTL function and aligns the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex with the processes of recollection and familiarity, respectively. Experiment 3 was designed to investigate MTL contributions to source memory for objects, incorporating changes to the experiment design that were implemented in light of consideration of reasons for the absence of encoding-related activity predicting source memory for objects in Experiment 2. The critical finding was neural activity in the perirhinal cortex that predicted accurate source memory for objects. Collectively these results are consistent with views that the perirhinal cortex and hippocampus are differentially involved in processing objects and scenes, rather than in supporting distinct kinds of memory process.
Queer Intellectual Curiosity as International Relations Method: Developing Queer International Relations Theoretical and Methodological Frameworks

This article outlines two theoretical and methodological approaches that take a queer intellectual curiosity about figurations of “homosexuality” and “the homosexual” as their core. These offer ways to conduct international relations research on “the homosexual” and on international-relations figurations more broadly, e.g. from “the woman” to “the human rights holder. ” The first approach provides a method for analyzing figurations of “the homosexual” and sexualized orders of international relations that are inscribed in IR as either normal or perverse. The second approach offers instructions on how to read plural figures and plural logics that signify as normal and/or perverse (and which might be described as queer). Together, they propose techniques, devices and research questions to investigate singular and plural IR figurations – including but not exclusively those of “the homosexual” – that map international phenomena as diverse as colonialism, human rights, and the formation of states and international communities in ways that exceed IR survey research techniques that, for example, incorporate “the homosexual” into IR research through a “sexuality variable. ”