Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Change resistance moderates existence and longevity biases

Abstract Evidence has been found for existence and longevity biases—inferences of goodness from prevalence or longevity. We argue these biases actually emerge among change-resisting individuals. Our evidence suggests change-accepting individuals can even demonstrate a reversal of these biases. In two studies, change-resisting individuals’ attitudes were suggestive of existence and longevity biases while change-accepting individuals significantly reversed this pattern by evaluating long-standing or prevalent objects less favorably. Finally, we reanalyzed data from the existence and longevity biases literature previously reported in Social Influence. We found Americans identifying as more Republican—thus theorized as more change-resisting—were those who favored a long-standing practice. Altogether, we argue that existence and longevity biases emerge depending on individuals’ change resistance, indicating an important theoretical expansion.
Safety issues with glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and cholelithiasis): Data from randomized controlled trials

Glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1‐RA) have been associated with an increased risk of pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. Prior meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials failed to show any significant increase of risk; however, those meta‐analyses did not include the recently published cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOT) with GLP1‐RA, which provide a substantial additional body of data. The aim of the present meta‐analysis is to assess the effect of GLP1‐RA on pancreatitis, pancreatic cancers and cholelithiasis.
Tropical Cyclone Intensification from Asymmetric Convection: Energetics and Efficiency

Abstract Prior studies of the linear response to asymmetric heating of a balanced vortex showed that the resulting intensity change could be very closely approximated by computing the purely symmetric response to the azimuthally averaged heating. The symmetric response to the purely asymmetric part of the heating was found to have a very small and most often negative impact on the intensity of the vortex. This result stands in contrast to many previous studies that used asymmetric vorticity perturbations, which suggested that purely asymmetric forcing could lead to vortex intensification. The issue is revisited with an improved model and some new methods of analysis. The model equations have been changed to be more consistent with the anelastic approximation, but valid for a radially varying reference state. Expressions for kinetic and available potential energies are presented for both asymmetric and symmetric motions, and these are used to quantify the flow of energy from localized, asymmetric heat sour.
Religious Fundamentalism and Attitudes toward the Insanity Defense: The Mediating Roles of Criminal Attributions and Attitudes toward the Mentally Ill

Religious fundamentalism typically has been associated with negative perceptions of the insanity defense and defendants who use it. This association also has translated into verdict and sentencing decisions in insanity cases, such that higher endorsement of fundamentalist beliefs was associated with more punitive decisions. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between fundamentalism and insanity defense attitudes is unclear. Two possible explanations for this relationship include that (a) fundamentalism is associated with more dispositional attributions, and (b) fundamentalism is associated with more authoritarian attitudes toward mental illness and the mentally ill. Using structural equation modeling, attributions and attitudes were tested as mediators of the relationship between fundamentalism and insanity defense attitudes (i.e., strict liability attitudes and injustice–danger attitudes). These relationships were examined for theists and nontheists separately. Results suggest that personal attributions mediate the relationship between fundamentalism and injustice–danger attitudes, but authoritarian attitudes mediated the relationship between fundamentalism and strict liability attitudes. These relationships were only significant for theists. Implications for research and practice are discussed at the end.
Native umbilical cord matrix stem cells express hepatic markers and differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells.

BACKGROUND & AIMS Umbilical cord matrix stem cells (UCMSCs) are able to differentiate into mesodermal and ectodermal lineages. The present study investigates the differentiation potential of human UCMSCs into hepatic lineage. METHODS We isolated human UCMSCs and characterized them in vitro by measuring their expansion potential, by assessing expression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers, and by evaluating their ability to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes. UCMSCs were thereafter subjected to a hepatogenic differentiation protocol. Expression of hepatic and MSC markers in differentiated cells was analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemical assays and compared with undifferentiated UCMSCs and freshly isolated liver cells. UCMSCs were transplanted into livers of hepatectomized-SCID mice, and engraftment capacity was investigated by detection of human nucleus and mitochondria and human hepatic-specific proteins. RESULTS In vitro expanded UCMSCs constitutively expressed markers of hepatic lineage, including albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, cytokeratin-19, connexin-32, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. In vitro-differentiated UCMSCs exhibited hepatocyte-like morphology, up-regulated several hepatic markers, stored glycogen, produced urea, and exhibited an inducible CYP 3A4 activity. However, absence of some hepatic markers in differentiated UCMSCs, as HepPar1 or hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF-4), implied that their differentiation did not reach the level of mature hepatocytes. We also noticed that differentiated UCMSCs partially preserved MSC markers. Engraftment capacity of UCMSCs was observed, and expression of human albumin and alpha-fetoprotein was detected 2, 4, and 6 weeks after transplantation in mice livers, while cytokeratin 19 was completely down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that UCMSCs, with a newly demonstrated endodermic differentiation potential, might be an alternative source for liver-directed cell therapies.
Fecal osteoprotegerin may guide the introduction of second‐line therapy in hospitalized children with ulcerative colitis

Background: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is increased in inflamed colonic mucosa and has a role in immune regulation and apoptosis resistance. Fecal OPG may be useful in predicting corticosteroid resistance in hospitalized children with severe ulcerative colitis (UC). We aimed to determine whether fecal OPG predicts the need for second‐line therapies in children hospitalized for UC. Methods: We included 83 children with UC admitted for intravenous corticosteroid treatment. Children were classified as responders/nonresponders based on the need for therapy escalation. Fecal OPG results were compared with those of four other fecal markers. Results: Of the enrolled children, seven had day 1 samples only, 53 children had day 3 samples only, and 23 had both. Twenty‐two children failed corticosteroid therapy and required infliximab (n = 20) or colectomy (n = 2). On the third treatment day the median fecal OPG levels were significantly higher in the nonresponders group compared with the responders: 77 pmol/L (interquartile range [IQR] 27–137) versus 13 pmol/L (3–109); P = 0.007. The best day 3 fecal OPG cutoff to predict second‐line therapy was >50 pmol/L with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 69% (area under the receiver operator curve [ROC] of 0.70%–95% confidence interval [CI] 0.57–0.82). Fecal OPG was superior to day 3 fecal calprotectin, lactoferrin, and S100A12 as a predictor of corticosteroid nonresponse, but equivalent to the less commonly used M2‐pyruvate kinase. Conclusions: Day 3 fecal OPG may guide the decision to institute second‐line therapy in children with severe UC. The role of OPG in the inflammatory response in pediatric UC deserves further study. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;)
Religious Education and religious literacy – a professional aspiration?

This paper draws on an AHRC/ESRC funded, three-year multi-dimensional study of the political, cultural and pedagogical practices of religious education (Project AH/F009135/1). More specifically, it draws on that material to help understand the challenges to a sense of professional identity amongst UK religious education teachers. The empirical findings are here located in and shed light on prior discussions of the extent to which teachers in general are to be considered professional. These prior discussions have seen the idea of teacher professionalism come under sustained attack with the conflation of the conceits of professional, vocation and occupation, and the opening section of the paper tries to understand how this has come to pass. This concern with professional identity is subsequently pursued into the domain of religious education and the ways in which, amongst other concerns, the rise of a deracinated examination process and the neglect of religious literacy have contributed significantly to the diminution of the religious education teacher as a professional.
Machine Learning Techniques for Anomaly Detection: An Overview

Intrusion detection has gain a broad attention and become a fertile field for several researches, and still being the subject of widespread interest by researchers. The intrusion detection community still confronts difficult problems even after many years of research. Reducing the large number of false alerts during the process of detecting unknown attack patterns remains unresolved problem. However, several research results recently have shown that there are potential solutions to this problem. Anomaly detection is a key issue of intrusion detection in which perturbations of normal behavior indicates a presence of intended or unintended induced attacks, faults, defects and others. This paper presents an overview of research directions for applying supervised and unsupervised methods for managing the problem of anomaly detection. The references cited will cover the major theoretical issues, guiding the researcher in interesting research directions.
Location of water tree degraded point along XLPE cable line using DC voltage

Until now many diagnosing techniques for water-tree degraded MV class XLPE cables have been proposed. However, although they can detect the average degree of degradation throughout the cable, the degraded part can hardly be located. The maintenance cost will be significantly reduced if the degraded part is located by repairing only the degraded part of the cable. This presentation will introduce a new method to locate the water-tree degraded part along a cable line by applying DC voltage. While DC leakage current measurement is carried out for diagnosing cables degraded by water-tree, it is often observed that the leakage current varies unstably. This phenomenon, called as ldquokickingrdquo, is considered to have a relation with partial discharges accompanied by water-tree. We tried to locate this highly degraded part along the cable length. Using a short size cable, it was proved that partial discharges, accompanied by an electrical tree generated from a water-tree, were taking place. The point was precisely located by using timedomain waveform measurement. Based on the above achievement, an equipment to locate highly degraded part along a cable line was developed. It was proved using a full-scale cable line that the equipment could locate the degraded part with a sufficient precision.
Proximal aortic stiffness is related to left ventricular function and exercise capacity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

AIMS Patients with heart failure (HF) show abnormal arterial stiffening. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined 60 patients (52.1 +/- 12, 8 years) with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDC), New York Heart Association II-III, in sinus rhythm, left ventricular ejection fraction 30.1 +/- 8.6%, and 44 normals. All subjects underwent an echocardiographic study and a cardiopulmonary exercise test. We evaluated the segmental proximal aorta (AO) pulse wave velocity (PWV) in the region of aortic arch with a new echo-method: from the suprasternal view, the distance between ascending and descending AO was measured with two-dimensional ultrasound, and the aortic flow wave transit time (TT) was measured with pulsed-wave Doppler. Pulse wave velocity was calculated as aortic distance/TT. Patients showed increased PWV (7.4 +/- 2.9 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.1 m/s, P < 0.001), compared with controls. Patients with advanced left ventricular (LV) (restrictive or pseudo-normal filling pattern) diastolic dysfunction showed increased PWV (8.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 6.6 +/- 2.9 m/s, P = 0.01) and reduced peak and predicted (for age, sex, and body mass) VO(2) (both P < 0.001), compared with those with mild diastolic dysfunction (delayed relaxation filling pattern). Pulse wave velocity was significantly correlated with the LV mass (r = 0.32, P = 0.01), the peak spectral tissue Doppler imaging systolic wave (r = -0.34, P = 0.006), the LV diastolic filling pattern (r = 0.42, P = 0.001), and the peak (r = -0.47, P < 0.001) and predicted VO(2) (r = -0.579, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Patients with NIDC showed increased proximal aortic stiffness, which relates to LV systolic and diastolic function and exercise capacity. The echocardiographic assessment of the regional aorta PWV seems to be clinically important.
Characteristics of adults with serious psychological distress as measured by the K6 scale: United States, 2001-04.

OBJECTIVE This report estimates the prevalence of serious psychological distress (SPD) in the noninstitutionalized adult population of the United States, as measured by the K6 scale of nonspecific psychological distress, and describes the characteristics of adults with and without SPD. These findings are compared with results from previous studies of the characteristics of adults with serious mental illnesses that cause significant disability, such as severe major depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia. METHODS The estimates in this report were derived from the Family Core and Sample Adult components of the 2001-04 National Health Interview Survey, conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). Estimates were calculated using the SUDAAN statistical package to account for the complex survey design. RESULTS The prevalence of SPD was higher among adults 45-64 years old than younger adults 18-44 years or older adults 65 years and over. Adults with SPD were more likely to be female, have less than a high school diploma, and live in poverty, and less likely to be married than adults without SPD. Moreover, those with SPD were more likely to be obese and to be current smokers. They have a higher prevalence of ever being diagnosed with heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and stroke than persons without SPD. Adults with SPD were more likely to report needing help with activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). They also used more medical care services such as doctor visits and visits to mental health professionals than adults without SPD. CONCLUSIONS The associations between SPD and sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and health care utilization are similar to the relationships found between serious mental illnesses (for example, major depression or schizophrenia) and these same variables. Persons with SPD demonstrate disadvantage in both socioeconomic status and health outcomes.
Can't sing? Won't sing? Aotearoa/New Zealand ‘tone-deaf’ early childhood teachers’ musical beliefs

Singing is an important part of teaching for early childhood teachers. However, some teachers find this difficult and may even identify themselves as ‘tone-deaf’. We invited a group of early childhood teachers who self-identified as ‘tone-deaf’ to participate in a study to investigate their beliefs and behaviours about singing and musicality. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected from 40 participants via a questionnaire. Results indicate that these teachers considered themselves to be unmusical and revealed negative feelings towards singing. They showed a general self-consciousness about their singing. These beliefs had been formed through various interactions with friends, family and in schools. While the teachers still participated in singing activities in the centres in which they worked, their participation was marred by feeling self-conscious when singing and they often altered their singing behaviour.
Enterococcal Bacteremia Clinical Implications and Determinants of Death

The pathogenicity of the enterococcus remains controversial despite recognition of this organism in inflammatory exudates. A review of 114 patients with 123 bacteremic events with enterococcus from all hospital services was undertaken. A total of 46% were in the perioperative period. The clinical indications for blood culture varied, but only 19 patients had septic shock at the time. Employing three or more associated diseases as a definition, 71 patients were considered chronically ill. The primary sources of bacteremia were commonly urinary tract (22), soft tissue (17), and intra-abdominal (12). An impressive total of 48 patients had no discernible primary focus of infection. Except for the urinary tract, infections tended to be polymicrobial; 51 patients had associated synchronous or metachronous polymicrobial bacteremias. Antibiotic therapy appropriate for enterococcus did not favorably influence outcome. By chi-square analysis, patients with urinary tract and soft tissue infections had significantly better survival rates than the group as a whole, while patients with intra-abdominal sepsis, polymicrobial bacteremia, or an unknown focus of infection did statistically worse. Enterococcal bacteremia results in a high mortality (54%); its frequent identification with other facultative and anaerobic organisms may indicate that it has a synergistic role; the frequency of unexplained bacteremias stimulates speculation that primary bacteremia from the gastrointestinal tract may be a plausible explanation.
Constraints on the Distribution of NP Clauses

Five earlier accounts of a certain class of restrictions barring noun clauses from environments that are in some sense 'internal' are argued to be empirically deficient in a number of ways. An alternative proposal is put forward with a view to (i) remedying the empirical inadequacies of the earlier analyses and (ii) predicting what types of languages exhibit the restrictions at issue. It is further argued that the proposed alternative restrictions exhibit non-trivial correlations with independently established facts of language processing, and that the latter can explicate to an important degree the existence of the former in the languages of the world. *
G287.84—0.82: an infrared star cluster in the Carina nebula

We have studied the properties of an infrared cluster embedded in the gas and dust of the southern part of the Carina Nebula (NGC3372), where the probable existence of current star formation has already been predicted. We used mid-infrared (A & C bands) and near-infrared (JHKs) images from the MSX and the 2MASS surveys respectively, combined with an optical Hnarrow-band filter image obtained at the CTIO. The infrared star cluster has at least 17 members, and its parameters, radius and stellar density are in very good agreement with high- to intermediate-mass star formation scenarios. The detected IR sources have roughly the same intrinsic infrared excess determined from their position in colour-colour and colour-magnitude diagrams, suggesting that these objects could be related to pre-main sequence stars of high to intermediate mass. Furthermore, we present a low-dispersion spectrum of LS1883 (O9.5V) star located near the centre of the IR cluster. The position of this object in the colour-colour and colour-magnitude IR diagrams lies close to the reddening vector of an ZAMS O9V spectral type star, and it seems to be the first star of this cluster to emerge. All these facts are consistent with the current star-forming scenarios associated with highly embedded star clusters.
Phonological Priming in Visual Word Recognition for English Words: An Event-Related Functional MRI Study

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to explore the nature of the mappings between orthography, phonology, and semantics in reading English words. Stimulus pairs were arranged in a priming paradigm with lexical decision to understand the neural correlates of phonological processes. Homophonic targets varied in the regularity of the mapping from spelling to sound (e.g., feet-feat, bare-bear). There were three main findings. First, the results revealed that the left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) showed increased neural activity for phonologically primed irregular pairs consistent with increased semantic involvement in making lexical decisions when the mapping between orthography and phonology is made difficult. Second, the left supramarginal gyrus (BA 40) was associated with reduced neural activity for phonologically-identical pairs with regular spelling to sound correspondences, when the mapping between orthography and phonology is made easy. Third, the visual association cortex including the left fusiform gyrus (BA 37) showed more activation in the homophone pairs compared to the unrelated pairs and more activation for pseudoword targets compared to word targets, suggesting that this region may have been involved in a spelling check on lexical decisions. These three findings show how phonological priming effects on behaviour can result from a complex interaction of several processing phases involving both increases and decreases of activity.
“Seeing” Hate Crime in the Community: Do Resident Perceptions of Hate Crime Align With Self-Reported Victimization?

Hate crimes undermine tolerance and social inclusion by conveying an “outsider” status of the victim and other group members to the broader community. Yet, limited research considers whether non-victims recognize hate crime incidents when they occur. Using census and survey data for 4,000 residents living in 145 communities, we ask whether local residents “see” hate crime when it happens in their neighborhood and whether the neighborhood context influences the association between residents’ perceptions of hate crime and self-reported hate victimization. We find that residents’ perceptions are positively related to victim self-reports; however, this relationship weakens in ethnically diverse and disadvantaged areas. This suggests that residents’ perceptions of hate crime may be more dependent upon the community context than non-hate crimes.