Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Participation of μ‐opioid, GABAB, and NK1 receptors of major pain control medullary areas in pathways targeting the rat spinal cord: Implications for descending modulation of nociceptive transmission

Several brain areas modulate pain transmission through direct projections to the spinal cord. The descending modulation is exerted by neurotransmitters acting both at spinally projecting neurons and at interneurons that target the projection neurons. We analyzed the expression of μ‐opioid (MOR), γ‐aminobutyric acid GABAB, and NK1 receptors in spinally projecting neurons of major medullary pain control areas of the rat: rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), nucleus of the solitary tract, ventral reticular nucleus, and lateralmost part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) was injected into the spinal dorsal horn, and medullary sections were processed by double immunocytochemistry for CTb and each receptor. The RVM contained the majority of double‐labeled neurons followed by the DRt. In general, high percentages of MOR‐ and NK1‐expressing neurons were retrogradely labeled, whereas GABAB receptors were mainly expressed in neurons that were not labeled from the cord. The results suggest that MOR and NK1 receptors play an important role in direct and indirect control of descending modulation. The co‐localization of MOR and GABAB in DRt neurons also demonstrated by the present study suggests that the pronociceptive effects of this nucleus may be controlled by local opoidergic and GABAergic inhibition of the pronociception increased during chronic pain. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:175–187, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of communication mode on negotiation of meaning and its noticing

Abstract This study examined the effects of communication mode (i.e., face to face versus computer mediated communication) on the instances of negotiation of meaning (NofM) and its level of noticing by learners. Sixty-four participants (32 dyads) completed two jigsaw tasks in two different mediums (one in each) and four days after the tasks they were asked to identify the instances where they had communication breakdowns in a stimulated recall protocol. The findings of the study revealed that the average number of the NofM exchanges and durations of the tasks were higher in face to face mode (F2F) but the participants of the synchronous computer mediated communication (SCMC) group noticed a higher average of NofM instances (M=10.72) compared to the F2F group (M=9.13) and the difference was significant. Based on these results, we can argue that F2F promotes a better context for the production of NofM, but the SCMC environment leads to more instances of noticing.
Neurobiological mechanisms of social anxiety disorder.

OBJECTIVE The authors critically surveyed several preclinical and clinical neurobiological models of social anxiety disorder. METHOD The authors reviewed the recent literature regarding three animal models of particular relevance to social anxiety. They then examined the recent literature concerning clinical neurobiological aspects of social anxiety disorder, including the developmental neurobiology of anxiety, the genetics of fear and social anxiety, and challenge and imaging studies. RESULTS The available animal models are useful paradigms for understanding the features of social subordination stress, attachment behavior, and environmental rearing, but they incompletely account for the known neurobiology of human social anxiety disorder. The clinical neurobiology literature surveyed implicates specific neurotransmitter system abnormalities, most notably of the dopamine system, but largely ignores neurodevelopmental processes and the functional interactions between neurotransmitters. Both heritable factors and environmental stress factors appear to be responsible for the onset of social anxiety disorder. CONCLUSIONS Social anxiety disorder should be conceptualized as a chronic neurodevelopmental illness that might represent a fully compensated state in adulthood. Future investigations from this perspective are discussed.
Modality Preference as a Model for Differentiating Beginning Reading Instruction: A Review of the Issues

This paper reviews accumulated research pertinent to the issue of modality preference as a method for differentiating beginning reading instruction. Research is considered here in the following categories: Studies providing differential instruction based on modality preference; related studies comparing auditory and visual modes as mediational channels; and studies dealing with the extent to which auditory and visual capacities are related to success in beginning reading. The following conclusions are presented: 1) Regardless of the measure used to classify learners, only a relatively small percentage of children showed a marked preference for either modality; 2) most current measurement instruments did not demonstrate the necessary reliability to be used in decisions concerning differential assignment of children to instructional programs; and 3) differentiating instruction according to modality preference apparently did not facilitate learning to read.
Transformation from LEL to UML

Product Lines have emerged as a well-known approach for software reuse. Requirements of product line are organized into features in Feature Oriented Domain Analysis approach. Feature models are widely used to model the information gathered during domain analysis and it is not simply comprehensible to stakeholders. During the early stages of software development the interaction with stakeholders is mainly inconvenient. For this explanation, natural language (Language Extended Lexicon) is still widely used to model requirements information. It is in general understandable by stakeholders thus encouraging their participation but LEL does not provide design level of a system. To obtain design level of a system there is need to transform LEL symbols to UML class diagram as its elements are in abstract form representing blue print of a system. To achieve this transformation we describe in this paper a transformation process to derive a UML class diagram from natural language oriented requirement model, known as Language Extended. General Terms Language Extended Lexicon, UML class diagram, Feature Models
Urban Growth and Transportation

We estimate the effects of major roads and public transit on the growth of major cities in the US between 1980 and 2000. We find that a 10% increase in a city’s stock of roads causes about a 2% increase in its population and employment and a small decrease in its share of poor households over this 20 year period. We also find that a 10% increase in a city’s stock of large buses causes about a 0.8% population increase and a small increase in the share of poor households over this period. To estimate these effects we rely on an instrumental variables estimation which uses a 1947 plan of the interstate highway system and an 1898 map of railroads as instruments for 1980 roads.
Comparative analysis of adult versus adolescent sexual assault: epidemiology and patterns of anogenital injury.

OBJECTIVES To compare the characteristics of sexual assault in pubertal girls (<18 years old) and adults in a community-based population of women presenting to an urban sexual assault clinic. METHODS This case-series analysis evaluated consecutive female patients presenting to a sexual assault clinic during a three-year study period. The clinic is associated with a university-affiliated emergency medicine residency program and is staffed by forensic nurses trained to perform medicolegal examinations using colposcopy with nuclear staining. Patient demographics, assault characteristics, and injury patterns were recorded using a standardized classification system. Data from the two patient groups (adolescents vs. women > or =18 years of age) were analyzed using chi-square test and t-test. RESULTS A total of 766 cases were identified: 43% of the victims were 13 to 17 years old (mean 15.0 years old), and 57% were older than 17 years old (mean 30.8 years old). Adolescents were more likely to be assaulted by an acquaintance or relative (84% vs. 50%, p < 0.001) and to delay medical evaluation (17 hours vs. 12 hours, p < 0.001) than were older women. Adolescent sexual assault was less likely to involve weapons or physical coercion (29% versus 57%, p < 0.001) and was associated with fewer nongenital injuries (33% vs. 55%, p < 0.001). Adolescents had a greater frequency of anogenital injuries (83% vs. 64%, p < 0.001), however, compared with older women. Common sites of injury in adolescents were posterior, including the fossa navicularis, hymen, fourchette, and labia minora. The injuries showed consistent topologic features, varying with the site and nature of tissue. Adult victims of sexual assault had a less consistent pattern of anogenital injuries with fewer hymenal injuries, greater injury to the perianal area, and widespread erythema. CONCLUSIONS Of women presenting to an urban sexual assault clinic, 43% were adolescents. The epidemiology of sexual trauma and the pattern of anogenital trauma in this age group are unique and may pose special challenges to emergency health care providers.
Subjective wellbeing, work‐school conflict and proactive coping among Nigerian non‐traditional students

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of participating in two domains, work and school, on the subjective wellbeing (SWB) and work‐school conflict (WSC), as well as the moderating role of proactive coping between WSC and SWB among Nigerian nontraditional students.Design/methodology/approach – Using a cross‐sectional survey, data are collected from a total of 141 non‐traditional Master's in Managerial Psychology students at a university located in the South West of Nigeria.Findings – Results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis reveal that work status is inversely related to SWB and positively related to WSC. Results also confirm the moderating role of coping; such that, as perceived WSC increased, non‐traditional students with moderate to high levels of coping reported greater SWB than those with low coping skills.Research limitations/implications – Statements on causality, with respect to the present findings, must be made with caution because of the self‐report nature of .
Is Viewing a Nature Video After Work Restorative? Effects on Blood Pressure, Task Performance, and Long-Term Memory

Can a brief exposure to nature at the end of a workday enhance sustained attention and long-term memory? Student advisors viewed a video of either a natural environment or a busy city street after work. Then they performed a tone-detection task that was intended to mimic a key feature of their job (being on the telephone). After the nature video, systolic blood pressure increased and response latencies remained stable across time. After the city video, systolic blood pressure remained unchanged from baseline, whereas response latencies increased over time. Self-reports of arousal and emotional state did not differ significantly between videos, whereas memory of the experimental setting was better after viewing the nature video. In sum, a brief contact with nature at the end of a workday may give an individual vigor to complete additional tasks but not improve his or her affect.
Ischemic Stroke Subtype Classification: An Asian Viewpoint

Proper classification of the causative mechanism of stroke is important for optimizing stroke treatment and assessing prognosis. The primary etiology of stroke differs according to race and ethnicity: emboli originating from the heart or extracranial large arteries are common in Western populations, whereas small-vessel occlusion or intracranial atherosclerosis is more prevalent in Asians. Intracranial atherosclerosis frequently leads to stroke by branch-artery occlusion, and the degree of stenosis in these cases is often <50%. Mild intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis may cause distal embolization, if the atherosclerotic plaque is sufficiently vulnerable. Moreover, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging studies have identified small plaques causing infarction, even in patients with normal-appearing vascular findings. Such cases, which are prevalent in Asia, could not be classified as large-artery atherosclerosis by previous classification systems. Additionally, single subcortical infarctions, which are usually attributed to lipohyalinotic small-vessel disease, can have other causes, including microatheroma of perforators and atherothrombotic lesions at the parental artery. Single subcortical infarctions associated with parental artery disease or those bordering on the main vessel more often have atherosclerotic characteristics than do those associated with lipohyalinosis of the penetrating artery. In countries where intracranial atherosclerosis is common, such atherosclerotic single subcortical infarctions are predicted to be prevalent. These cases, however, could not be appropriately classified in previous systems. Further effort should be devoted to formulate ischemic stroke classification systems that adequately incorporate results of recent studies and reflect the underling pathologic mechanisms, especially in patients with single subcortical infarction and intracranial atherosclerosis.
Cetuximab: an IgG1 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor-expressing tumours

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays an essential role in normal cell growth and differentiation and in the survival of healthy and cancerous cells. EGFR expression is a common feature of non-haematological malignancies and is associated with poor clinical prognosis. Cetuximab is an IgG1 monoclonal antibody that blocks EGFR activation. It has efficacy alone, and in combination with irinotecan, in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer that has progressed on irinotecan-containing therapy. It has been approved for use in combination with irinotecan in both Switzerland and the US and as monotherapy in the US. Cetuximab also has efficacy in cancers of the head and neck and non-small cell lung cancer. Cetuximab is well-tolerated and does not exacerbate the side effects of co-administered cytotoxic chemotherapy.
Matrix Recovery Using Split Bregman

In this paper we address the problem of recovering a matrix, with inherent low rank structure, from its lower dimensional projections. This problem is frequently encountered in wide range of areas including pattern recognition, wireless sensor networks, control systems, recommender systems, image/video reconstruction etc. Both in theory and practice, the most optimal way to solve the low rank matrix recovery problem is via nuclear norm minimization. In this paper, we propose a Split Bregman algorithm for nuclear norm minimization. The use of Bregman technique improves the convergence speed of our algorithm and gives a higher success rate. Also, the accuracy of reconstruction is much better even for cases where small number of linear measurements are available. Our claim is supported by empirical results obtained using our algorithm and its comparison to other existing methods for matrix recovery. The algorithms are compared on the basis of NMSE, execution time and success rate for varying ranks and sampling ratios.
Neuropsychological, Psychophysiological, and Personality Assessment of DSM-IV Clusters of Personality Disorders

Testing the construct validity of the three DSM-IV cluster groupings of personality disorders, in terms of neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and personality traits measures, was the purpose of this study. The results hardly confirm significant differences between B and C cluster groups in their neuropsychological functioning, but, instead, suggest that Cluster A could have some empirical validity based on executive prefrontal deficits (concept formation and sustained attention tasks) and clinical features. Similarly, no consistent differences among groups emerge when psychophysiological measures are compared. With regard to the Big-Five personality dimensions, the results also indicate that clusters may be more heterogeneous than the DSM-IV suggests. It appears, therefore, that the categorical division of DSM personality disorders into three discrete clusters may not be empirically justified.
Older adults' perspectives on successful aging: qualitative interviews.

OBJECTIVES Lay perceptions of "successful aging" are important for understanding this multifaceted construct and developing ways to assist older adults to age well. The purpose of this qualitative study was to obtain older adults' individual perspectives on what constitutes successful aging along with their views regarding activities and interventions to enhance its likelihood. METHODS Qualitative interviews were conducted with 22 community-dwelling adults older than 60 years. Participants were recruited from retirement communities, a low-income senior housing complex, and a continued learning center in San Diego County, CA. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a "Coding Consensus, Co-occurrence, and Comparison" grounded theory framework. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 80 years (range: 64-96 years), with 59% being women.Two primary themes were identified as key to successful aging, i.e., self-acceptance/self contentment(with subthemes of realistic self-appraisal, a review of one's life, and focusing on the present) and engagement with life/self-growth (with sub themes of novel pursuits, giving to others, social interactions, and positive attitude). A balance between these two constructs seemed critical. A need for interventions that address support systems and personally tailored information to make informed decisions and enhance coping strategies were also emphasized. CONCLUSIONS Older adults viewed successful aging as a balance between self-acceptance and self-contentedness on one hand and engagement with life and self-growth in later life on the other. This perspective supports the concept of wisdom as a major contributor to successful aging. Interventions to enhance successful aging may include those that promote productive and social engagement along with effective coping strategies.
SELECTIVE EXPOSURE TO INFORMATION: A CRITICAL REVIEW

This study reviews the literature on selective exposure to information and re-analyzes prevalent theories by pointing up existing knowledge regarding the extent to which communication bias and attitude bias actually correlate, and by considering other factors than attitude bias that might account for selectivity. If attitude bias is not a prime cause of selectivity, what about the desire for supportive information, for useful information, for relief from cognitive dissonance, and many other factors? David 0. Sears is Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Jonathan L. Freedman is Associate Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.
An Exploration of Relationships Among the Responses to Natural Scenes

This study argues that although scenic beauty, preference, and restoration are correlated due to their functional significance over evolution, they still can be distinguished from one another within natural landscapes. A total of 274 undergraduate students reported their responses with scenic beauty, preference, and restoration as the target variables while viewing 48 landscape slides of six biomes. In addition, a group of three judges evaluated three physical features presented in the landscape slides as controlling and descriptor variables, described as “complexity,” “openness,” and “water features. ” Statistical analyses showed that (a) the three target variables were all significantly and highly (rs > 0.94, p < 0.05) correlated; (b) the only mediated relationship among the target variables was preference mediating scenic beauty and restoration; and (c) scenic beauty and preference versus restoration could be distinguished from each other with respect to the types of natural landscapes and the three physical features.
Cyberbullying in a Rural Intermediate School: An Exploratory Study

Students (N = 221) in an intermediate school (grades 5-8) in a rural area of the Southwestern United States completed a survey regarding their familiarity with technology and their experiences with cyberbullying during the school year. Initial evidence of survey reliability is presented. In the sample, 1.5% of participants were classified as cyberbullies only, 3% as cybervictims only, and 8.6% as cyberbully/victims. Grade and gender differences were investigated. The best predictor of cyberbullying in a regression equation was cybervictimization, and vice versa. Self-blaming attributions predicted emotional distress in response to a cyberbullying scenario; moral disengagement predicted acting out behaviors in response to the same scenario. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Validity in image-based research : a Delphi study

The area of study is the notion of validity in image-based research, i.e. research approaches where visual images such as photographs or video recordings form an integral part of one or more of the methods used. In the literature investigation chapters of the study, (1) the notion of validity is reviewed with special reference to contributions by Cook and Campbell, Guba and Lincoln, Kvale, Lather and Morse; (2) the inherent properties of visual images are discussed from a semiotic perspective, and (3) following a discussion of reflexivity in image-based research, the various domains of image-based research practice are demarcated according to the unit of analysis, the data format, the researcher role (outsider, insider, participant) and the production of the visual material (ex ante or ex post with weak or strong researcher control). The literature investigation chapters were taken as the point of departure for the development of a conceptual framework for assessing validity in image-based research, the mechanics of which are illustrated with reference to selected aspects of image-based research projects by Lomax and Casey, Clark and Zimmer, Rich and Chalfen, DuFon and Chaplin. The conceptual framework was refined on the strength of a Delphi study. The Delphi procedure involved canvassing and pooling the opinions of experts in the field of image-based research about issues of validity with a view to ensure that the assumptions made during the development of the conceptual framework fit sufficiently with image-based research practice. Flowing from the literature investigation chapters as well as the Delphi procedure, the central thesis of the study is that the notion of validity is in the first instance contextdependent and that this is compounded in the case of image-based research by the relative instability of iconic codes and the strong drift towards 'unlimited' semiosis inherent in the visual communication process.
Strengthening practicum conversations: Enhancing professional learning and development through returning lecturer supervisions

Relationships between teachers, children and university lecturers must be positive, productive and professional to optimise the learning and development of student teachers in school-based experiences. The limited research into these ‘high stakes’ relationships mostly explores alternative approaches. This paper explores the perceptions of student teachers and associate teachers as they consider the value of an alternative practicum supervision approach. The lecturers supervised and mentored the student teachers in all of their practicum experiences. Findings indicate a clear preference for this approach, mostly because of reduced stress, especially in the final practicum. The lecturer was a stable influence with a greater depth of knowledge of the student’s learning journey. The later visits were future-focused, identifying next steps in developing both strengths and weaknesses. There are some current examples of this approach, but these participants suggest that it should be common practice because of the value of the professional conversations that occurred.