Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Correct Use of a New Reusable Insulin Injection Pen by Patients with Diabetes: A Design Validation Study

Background: Insulin pen devices are currently being used by approximately half of insulin users worldwide. ClikSTAR® (sanofi-aventis) is a novel reusable insulin pen for injecting either long-acting insulin glargine or short-acting insulin glulisine. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that individuals with diabetes could use the ClikSTAR pen correctly. Methods: In this open-label, single-center study, people with diabetes delivered three 40 U insulin doses after receiving training from a diabetes specialist (group A, n = 256) or after self-training (group B, n = 47). Administration of a dose of 75–115% of the intended dose was considered successful. Adverse events (AEs) and product technical complaints (PTCs) were recorded. Results: In group A (68% females, 93% Hispanic ethnicity, 97% type 2 diabetes mellitus, mean ± standard deviation age 52 ± 11 years, diabetes duration 11 ± 7 years), half of the participants had prior experience in using insulin pen devices. All except one participant (99.6%) in group A successfully delivered three insulin doses. The lower one-tailed 95% confidence limit for the success rate (98.2%) was higher than the predefined target of 90%. Demographic/baseline characteristics were similar in group B, but 70% had not previously used an injection pen. Group B also showed success; 93.6% of participants successfully completed three dose deliveries. No AEs were reported, although one participant (0.4%) in group A reported one PTC during the training period that was due to a blocked needle. Conclusions: This study successfully validated the ClikSTAR pen for use by individuals with diabetes.
Physiological TLR5 expression in the intestine is regulated by differential DNA binding of Sp1/Sp3 through simultaneous Sp1 dephosphorylation and Sp3 phosphorylation by two different PKC isoforms

Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) expression in the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is critical to maintain health, as underscored by multiple intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases in mice genetically engineered for IEC-specific TLR5 knockout. A gradient of expression exists in the colonic epithelial cells from the cecum to the distal colon. Intriguingly, an identical gradient for the dietary metabolite, butyrate also exists in the luminal contents. However, both being critical for intestinal homeostasis and immune response, no studies examined the role of butyrate in the regulation of TLR5 expression. We showed that butyrate transcriptionally upregulates TLR5 in the IECs and augments flagellin-induced immune responses. Both basal and butyrate-induced transcription is regulated by differential binding of Sp-family transcription factors to the GC-box sequences over the TLR5 promoter. Butyrate activates two different protein kinase C isoforms to dephosphorylate/acetylate Sp1 by serine/threonine phosphatases and phosphorylate Sp3 by ERK-MAPK, respectively. This resulted in Sp1 displacement from the promoter and binding of Sp3 to it, leading to p300 recruitment and histone acetylation, activating transcription. This is the first study addressing the mechanisms of physiological TLR5 expression in the intestine. Additionally, a novel insight is gained into Sp1/Sp3-mediated gene regulation that may apply to other genes.
2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines

Writing committee me tions to which their s ply; see Appendix ACCF/AHATask Fo Surgeons Representa tative. Heart Rhythm ography and Int Echocardiography Re ciety of America Rep resentative. kkACCF/ Task Force member d This document was app Board of Trustees and ordinating Committee gery, American Soc Cardiology, Heart Fa for Cardiovascular A geons approved the d The American Associat as follows: Gersh BJ Naidu SS, Nishimura Bernard J. Gersh, MB, ChB, DPhil, FACC, FAHA, Co-Chair* Barry J. Maron, MD, FACC, CoChair* Robert O. Bonow, MD, MACC, FAHA, Joseph A. Dearani, MD, FACC,§,k Michael A. Fifer, MD, FACC, FAHA,* Mark S. Link, MD, FACC, FHRS,* Srihari S. Naidu, MD, FACC, FSCAI,* Rick A. Nishimura, MD, FACC, FAHA, Steve R. Ommen, MD, FACC, FAHA, Harry Rakowski, MD, FACC, FASE,** Christine E. Seidman, MD, FAHA, Jeffrey A. Towbin, MD, FACC, FAHA, James E. Udelson, MD, FACC, FASNC, and Clyde W. Yancy, MD, FACC, FAHAkk
Novel exposure methods based on reflection and refraction effects in the field of SU-8 lithography

Thick-film photolithography based on SU-8 has gained great interest in the field of microreplication technologies. For replication applications the SU-8 structures themselves or electroplated copies of the resist structures are used as casting or embossing tools. In this paper, a simple estimation model is proposed to predict the sidewall profiles of SU-8. This model is based on the effects of Fresnel diffraction and absorption resulting in useful approximations for the pattern profile of SU-8. Its usefulness is successfully verified by experimental results; the estimated and experimental results show similar trends. In addition, by utilizing this model two exposure methods based on reflection and refraction could be developed which avoid negatively sloped sidewall profiles of SU-8. Using these exposure methods, SU-8 preforms without undercut for the replication of optical waveguides have been achieved.
PDFFigures 2.0: Mining figures from research papers

Figures and tables are key sources of information in many scholarly documents. However, current academic search engines do not make use of figures and tables when semantically parsing documents or presenting document summaries to users. To facilitate these applications we develop an algorithm that extracts figures, tables, and captions from documents called “PDFFigures 2.0. ” Our proposed approach analyzes the structure of individual pages by detecting captions, graphical elements, and chunks of body text, and then locates figures and tables by reasoning about the empty regions within that text. To evaluate our work, we introduce a new dataset of computer science papers, along with ground truth labels for the locations of the figures, tables, and captions within them. Our algorithm achieves impressive results (94% precision at 90% recall) on this dataset surpassing previous state of the art. Further, we show how our framework was used to extract figures from a corpus of over one million papers, and how the resulting extractions were integrated into the user interface of a smart academic search engine, Semantic Scholar (www.semanticscholar.org). Finally, we present results of exploratory data analysis completed on the extracted figures as well as an extension of our method for the task of section title extraction. We release our dataset and code on our project webpage for enabling future research (http://pdffigures2.allenai.org).
Interneurite affinity is regulated by heterophilic nectin interactions in concert with the cadherin machinery

Neurites recognize their specific partners during the formation of interneuronal connections. In hippocampal pyramidal neurons, axons attach to dendrites for their synaptogenesis, but the dendrites do not form stable contacts with each other, suggesting the presence of a mechanism to allow their selective associations. Nectin-1 (N1), an immunoglobulin domain adhesive protein, is preferentially localized in axons, and its heterophilic partner, N3, is present in both axons and dendrites; we tested their potential roles in interneurite recognition. The overexpression of N1, causing its mislocalization to dendrites, induced atypical dendrodendritic as well as excessive axodendritic associations. On the contrary, the genetic deletion of N1 loosened the contacts between axons and dendritic spines. Those actions of nectins required cadherin–catenin activities, but the overexpression of cadherin itself could not accelerate neurite attachment. These results suggest that the axon-biased localization of N1 and its trans-interaction with N3 in cooperation with the cadherin machinery is critical for the ordered association of axons and dendrites.
A rhombic micromixer with asymmetrical flow for enhancing mixing

A planar three-rhombus micromixer with two constriction elements for good mixing more than 84% at Re ⩾ 20 has been demonstrated by simulations and experiments. Higher constriction elements with low blockage ratios may enhance significant fluid mixing by combining principles of focusing/diverging, recirculation and Dean vortices. The local high flow velocity induced by the high constriction element provides both high inertial forces and centrifugal forces for enhancing mixing efficiency under asymmetrical flow. Recirculations and Dean vortices are strongly influenced by blockage ratios and Reynolds numbers. The smaller blockage ratio and higher Reynolds number resulted in higher mixing efficiency. In simulation, the 84% mixing efficiency was achieved at the blockage ratios of 1/8 and Re = 20 together with a low pressure drop about 3630 Pa. The trend of the verified experimental result is in good agreement with the simulation result. A good mixing efficiency can be achieved using this simple micromixer with less mixing units at lower Reynolds number and pressure drop compared to the conventional chaotic micromixers.
Field Emission from Self-Catalyzed GaAs Nanowires

We report observations of field emission from self-catalyzed GaAs nanowires grown on Si (111). The measurements were taken inside a scanning electron microscope chamber with a nano-controlled tungsten tip functioning as anode. Experimental data were analyzed in the framework of the Fowler-Nordheim theory. We demonstrate stable current up to 10−7 A emitted from the tip of single nanowire, with a field enhancement factor β of up to 112 at anode-cathode distance d = 350 nm. A linear dependence of β on the anode-cathode distance was found. We also show that the presence of a Ga catalyst droplet suppresses the emission of current from the nanowire tip. This allowed for the detection of field emission from the nanowire sidewalls, which occurred with a reduced field enhancement factor and stability. This study further extends GaAs technology to vacuum electronics applications.
If Dr. Bazett Had Had a Computer…

The original data of 109 pairs of RR and QT intervals published by Dr. Bazett in 1920 were subjected to a computerized optimization of the QT/RR relationship. Four generic formulae expressing QT interval as α+βRRμ, α+βeμRR, α+βe(1/μRR), and α+βelnμ(10 × RR) were used, and for each formula, optimum combinations parameters α, β, and μ were established that lead to minimum differences between the actual QT interval intervals and values predicted by the model. The results show that independent of the generic formula used, parameters of the model can be selected that provide a close fit of the measured values. Compared to the optimum models obtained in this way, the optimum fit of the Bazett model, QT =βRRl/2, overestimates the QT intervals for slow heart rates. In addition to demonstrating the procedure of obtaining an optimum QT/RR model for a given data set, the study suggests that critical understanding of the principal limitations of every QT/RR model is more important than its mathematical form.
The Evolution of the High-Energy Tail in the Quiescent Spectrum of the Soft X-Ray Transient Aquila X-1

A moderate level of variability has been detected in the quiescent luminosity of several neutron star soft X-ray transients. Spectral variability was first revealed by Chandra observations of Aql X-1 in the 4 months that followed the 2000 X-ray outburst. By adopting the canonical model for the quiescent spectrum of soft X-ray transients, i.e., an absorbed neutron star atmosphere model plus a power-law tail, in 2002 Rutledge et al. concluded that the observed spectral variations could be ascribed to temperature variations of the neutron star atmosphere. These results can hardly be reconciled with the neutron star cooling that is expected to take place in between outbursts (after deep crustal heating in the accretion phase). Here we reanalyze the Chandra spectra of Aql X-1, together with a long BeppoSAX observation in the same period, and propose a different interpretation of the spectral variability: that it is due to correlated variations of the power-law component and the column density (>5, a part of which might be intrinsic to the source), while the temperature and flux of the neutron star atmospheric component remain unchanged. This lends support to the idea that the power-law component arises from emission at the shock between the radio pulsar wind and inflowing matter from the companion star.
A DNA-Based Semantic Fusion Model for Remote Sensing Data

Semantic technology plays a key role in various domains, from conversation understanding to algorithm analysis. As the most efficient semantic tool, ontology can represent, process and manage the widespread knowledge. Nowadays, many researchers use ontology to collect and organize data's semantic information in order to maximize research productivity. In this paper, we firstly describe our work on the development of a remote sensing data ontology, with a primary focus on semantic fusion-driven research for big data. Our ontology is made up of 1,264 concepts and 2,030 semantic relationships. However, the growth of big data is straining the capacities of current semantic fusion and reasoning practices. Considering the massive parallelism of DNA strands, we propose a novel DNA-based semantic fusion model. In this model, a parallel strategy is developed to encode the semantic information in DNA for a large volume of remote sensing data. The semantic information is read in a parallel and bit-wise manner and an individual bit is converted to a base. By doing so, a considerable amount of conversion time can be saved, i.e., the cluster-based multi-processes program can reduce the conversion time from 81,536 seconds to 4,937 seconds for 4.34 GB source data files. Moreover, the size of result file recording DNA sequences is 54.51 GB for parallel C program compared with 57.89 GB for sequential Perl. This shows that our parallel method can also reduce the DNA synthesis cost. In addition, data types are encoded in our model, which is a basis for building type system in our future DNA computer. Finally, we describe theoretically an algorithm for DNA-based semantic fusion. This algorithm enables the process of integration of the knowledge from disparate remote sensing data sources into a consistent, accurate, and complete representation. This process depends solely on ligation reaction and screening operations instead of the ontology.
Cardiac troponin T following repeated administration of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone in rabbits.

Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is a new tridentate Fe-chelating agent that should be very promising in many pathological states resulting from both an iron-overload and formation of free radicals. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of PIH on the cardiovascular system focusing to the regulatory protein -- cardiac troponin T (cTnT). The study was carried out in two groups of Chinchilla male rabbits: 1) PIH (50 mg/kg dissolved in 10 % Cremophor i.p., once a week, 10 administrations, n=8) and 2) Cremophor (2 ml/kg i.p. in the same schedule, n=7). Plasma concentrations of cTnT (as a marker of myocardial damage) were measured using a commercial kit (Roche). cTnT was within the physiological range (i.e. < 0.1 microg/l) during the whole experiment in the Cremophor group. In the PIH group, the cTnT levels were not significantly increased when compared with the control group or with the initial values (except with those before the 5th administration). Furthermore, we analyzed the cytosolic and myofibrillar fraction of cTnT in the left ventricular myocardium. Using SDS-PAGE and Western blot we resolved three isoforms. The profiling of TnT did not differ significantly between the PIH-treated group and the Cremophor-treated group. Our data concerning cTnT support the opinion that the possible cardiotoxicity of PIH is very low.
Comment on “ApoE-Directed Therapeutics Rapidly Clear β-Amyloid and Reverse Deficits in AD Mouse Models”

Cramer et al. (Reports, 23 March 2012, p. 1503; published online 9 February 2012) reported that bexarotene rapidly reduces β-amyloid (Aβ) levels and plaque burden in two mouse models of Aβ deposition in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We now report that, although bexarotene reduces soluble Aβ40 levels in one of the mouse models, the drug has no impact on plaque burden in three strains that exhibit Aβ amyloidosis.
Anatomical variations of the internal jugular veins and their relationship to the carotid arteries: a CT evaluation.

The right internal jugular vein (IJV) is a common vessel to obtain venous access. It is important to have a clear understanding of the anatomy of the IJV and its relationship to the common carotid arteries (CCA) to avoid inadvertent arterial puncture. This study aims to objectively evaluate the variations in the anatomy of IJV and its relation to the CCA. A total of 176 right and left IJV were retrospectively evaluated using CT imaging with the CentraRad Diagnostic Viewer Version 4.09. 0190 (CDN Telemedicine Solutions, Wollongong, Australia). The data were recorded and analysed. The right IJV (80.5%) was more often larger than the left IJV. With reference to the CCA, 85.2% of the IJV were found in the lateral position, 12.5% anteriorly, 1.1% medially and 1.1% posteriorly. Seven IJV were found to be hypoplastic, and in one case this was seen bilaterally in both the right and left IJV. The maximum depth of IJV from the skin was 27.9 mm. More than half (69.5%) of the IJV were less than 1 mm from the carotids. Computed tomography is an excellent method to delineate the anatomy of IJV. Variations in the anatomy of the IJV and their correlation to the CCA are common.
The innate immune response and type 2 diabetes: evidence that leptin is associated with a stress‐related (acute‐phase) reaction

Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and controls food intake and body weight. Although blood levels of leptin reflect energy stores, cytokines also stimulate leptin production from fat. Because we have proposed that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a cytokine‐mediated acute‐phase or stress response, part of the innate immune system, we sought evidence that leptin is increased in type 2 diabetes partly as a stress response, independently of obesity and sex.
Chemo-mechanical dentine caries removal with Carisolv using a rotating brush.

AIM The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of removing dentine caries using carbide burs, Carisolv with hand instruments and Carisolv in combination with a new mechanical excavation method using a rotating brush. METHODS 36 extracted permanent teeth, with dentine caries, were assigned into 3 groups according to caries removal technique. Caries removal was monitored by checking the properties of the dentine with a dental explorer. After embedding and sectioning (400 microm), remaining caries was assessed by using a caries detector. In microscope images (7x) of the samples, the mean stain depth of the remaining carious tissue per tooth was calculated by AnalySIS computer software. RESULTS Four to 8 applications (mean time = 10.9 min) of Carisolv were necessary for caries removal with the new method using rotating brushes. The mean thickness of residual dentine caries by this procedure (226 microm, +/- 136) was higher than the one using Carisolv with hand instruments (57 microm, +/- 39) or carbide burs (32 microm, +/- 20). Even in areas with good access to the lesion, an unacceptable amount of residual caries was observed. CONCLUSION Thus, it seems that Carisolv using rotating brushes does not reach the degree of caries removal reached by additional mechanical abrasion of Carisolv using hand instruments or conventional rotating carbide burs.
Abstracting gradual typing

Language researchers and designers have extended a wide variety of type systems to support gradual typing, which enables languages to seamlessly combine dynamic and static checking. These efforts consistently demonstrate that designing a satisfactory gradual counterpart to a static type system is challenging, and this challenge only increases with the sophistication of the type system. Gradual type system designers need more formal tools to help them conceptualize, structure, and evaluate their designs. In this paper, we propose a new formal foundation for gradual typing, drawing on principles from abstract interpretation to give gradual types a semantics in terms of pre-existing static types. Abstracting Gradual Typing (AGT for short) yields a formal account of consistency---one of the cornerstones of the gradual typing approach---that subsumes existing notions of consistency, which were developed through intuition and ad hoc reasoning. Given a syntax-directed static typing judgment, the AGT approach induces a corresponding gradual typing judgment. Then the type safety proof for the underlying static discipline induces a dynamic semantics for gradual programs defined over source-language typing derivations. The AGT approach does not resort to an externally justified cast calculus: instead, run-time checks naturally arise by deducing evidence for consistent judgments during proof reduction. To illustrate the approach, we develop a novel gradually-typed counterpart for a language with record subtyping. Gradual languages designed with the AGT approach satisfy by construction the refined criteria for gradual typing set forth by Siek and colleagues.
Feature combination strategies for saliency-based visual attention systems

Bottom-up or saliency-based visual attention allows primates to detect nonspecific conspicuous targets in cluttered scenes. A classical metaphor, derived from electrophysiological and psychophysical studies, describes attention as a rapidly shiftable “spotlight. ” We use a model that reproduces the attentional scan paths of this spotlight. Simple multi-scale “feature maps” detect local spatial discontinuities in intensity, color, and orientation, and are combined into a unique “master” or “saliency” map. The saliency map is sequentially scanned, in order of decreasing saliency, by the focus of attention. We here study the problem of combining feature maps, from different visual modalities (such as color and orientation), into a unique saliency map. Four combination strategies are compared using three databases of natural color images: (1) Simple normalized summation, (2) linear combination with learned weights, (3) global nonlinear normalization followed by summation, and (4) local nonlinear competition between salient locations followed by summation. Performance was measured as the number of false detections before the most salient target was found. Strategy (1) always yielded poorest performance and (2) best performance, with a threefold to eightfold improvement in time to find a salient target. However, (2) yielded specialized systems with poor generalization. Interestingly, strategy (4) and its simplified, computationally efficient approximation (3) yielded significantly better performance than (1), with up to fourfold improvement, while preserving generality.
Spans of lenses

Corresponding to the variety of notions of asymmetric lens, various notions of symmetric lens have been proposed. A common theory of the various asymmetric and symmetric lenses should result from a study of spans of asymmetric lenses. In order to dene a category whose arrows are spans of asymmetric lenses, the fact that a cospan of asymmetric lenses may not have a pullback must be dealt with. In this article, after resolving that problem we develop the functors which exhibit a category whose arrows are spans of wellbehaved lenses as a retract of a category whose arrows are the corresponding symmetric lenses. We relate them to the symmetric lenses of Hofmann, Pierce and Wagner.