Antecedents of work-family conflict among Hindu working women in South Africa: stressors, social support, and cultural values

2 PROLOGUE . 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION . 4 South African Hindu Context . 6 Emigration of Indians to South Africa. 6 Apartheid legacy. 8 Economic context. 8 Cultural context. 9 Research Objectives . 11 Research Questions . 11 Research sub-questions. 11 Significance of Research . 12 Delimitations . 13 Structure of Thesis . 13 CHAPTER 2: WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT . 15 Role Conflict Theory, Resource Drain Theory, and the Scarcity Hypothesis . 15 Role conflict theory. 15 Scarcity hypothesis and resource drain theory. 16 Developments in WFC: Directionality, Dimensionality, and Measurement . 17 Bi-directionality of WFC. 17 Dimensionality of WFC. 19 Measurement of WFC. 20 Summary Review of the Outcomes, Antecedents, and Moderators of WFC . 24 Outcomes of WFC. 25 Antecedents of WFC. 29 Moderators of WFC. 33 WFC and Cultural Dimensions . 35 Defining culture for work-family research. 37 WFC and national-level cultural dimensions. 40 Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn iii WFC and individual-level cultural dimensions. 42 CHAPTER 3: EXPLANATORY MODEL OF WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT AMONGST HINDU WORKING WOMEN IN SOUTH AFRICA . 49 Section A . 51 Rationale for the qualitative exploration. 51 Qualitative research approach. 52 Qualitative data collection strategy. 52 Sampling methods and participants for the qualitative exploration. 53 Qualitative data collection procedure. 55 Reflecting on the qualitative exploration. 62 Section B . 62 Role involvement as an antecedent of WFC. 63 Role overload as an antecedent of WFC. 68 Domain-specific Social Support and WFC . 78 Work social support and W2FC. 80 Family social support and F2WC. 83 Cultural Dimensions and WFC: The Moderating Role of Gender Role Ideology and Hierarchy Orientation on the Role StressorSame-domain WFC Relationship . 91 The moderating effect of gender role ideology on the relationship between role stressors and same-domain WFC. 92 The moderating effect of hierarchy orientation on the relationship between role stressors and same-domain WFC. 97 CHAPTER 4: METHOD . 101 Research design . 101 Survey research procedure . 101 Survey participant characteristics . 103 Survey measures . 107 Method of statistical analysis . 112 CHAPTER 5: RESULTS . 124 Psychometric Properties of Variables . 124 Dimensionality of the role stressor antecedent variables of WFC. 125 Dimensionality of the social support variables. 129 Dimensionality of the moderating variables. 131 Dimensionality of the dependent variables. 133 Descriptive Statistics . 134 Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn iv Correlation Analysis . 136 Inter-correlations with W2FC. 136 Inter-correlations with F2WC. 137 Inter-correlations of Scale-level Measured Demographic Control Variables (Age and Tenure) with W2FC and F2WC. 137 Antecedents of WFC amongst Hindu Working Women in South Africa . 139 ANOVAs. 139 Standard and hierarchical multiple regression analyses. 141 Antecedent and Buffering Effects of Social Support on Same-domain WFC relationships . 148 Moderated hierarchical multiple regression analyses. 148 Moderating effects of cultural dimensions on the role stressor – same-domain WFC relationships. 155 Work stres