Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF OKARA IN BREAD MAKING

Soyamilk and milk-based products are nutritionally rich, promising food products in local and international markets. Okara, the residue remaining after soyamilk extraction is the main byproduct of the soyamilk industry. Currently okara is being utilized as a miscellaneous food ingredient, feed ingredient, or as a source of fertilizer. Although okara is a rich source of nutrients, it has not been fully exploited as an important food source. This study was conducted to evaluate the proximate composition of okara and to investigate the possibility of utilizing okara in bread making to improve the nutritional quality of bread. Fresh okara was analyzed for proximate composition. Fresh okara was dried in a cross flow cabinet dryer (Pheonix TK – Mini 10) at 60 0 C, 20 m/s air flow velocity for 3 hours. The dried okara was ground into flour and sieved [standard test sieve (ASTM), size 20]. Bread was prepared by substituting okara for wheat flour (w/w) at 10, 20 and 30 % levels. Sensory evaluation was conducted by 30 untrained panelists using five-point Hedonic scale on crust colour, crumb colour, taste, odour, appearance, mouth feel and overall acceptability. Results were analyzed by Freedman nonparametric test (MINITAB). Based on preliminary results, level of substitution was narrowed down to 10, 15, and 20 % and prepared bread was subjected to sensory evaluation. The results revealed that the optimum level of substitution was at 10 % okara flour. Moisture content of fresh okara was 79.7 %. The proximate composition of dried okara was crude fat (11.8 %), crude fiber (6.7 %), crude protein (34.3 %) and total ash (3.6 %). Trypsin inhibitor activity of okara was 6.6 %, 81 % lower than that in whole soyabean. Volume/ mass ratio of the control and okara (10 %) substituted bread were 2.51 and 2.5 respectively. There was a significant difference in crust colour between the control (white) and okara (10 %) substituted bread (red) (P<0.05). The calorific value of okara (10 %) substituted bread (15.9 kJ/g) was higher than that of the control (14.4 kJ/g). Okara consists of high protein and fat, therefore calorific value of okara-substituted bread was higher than the control. There was no significant difference on aerobic spore count of pure wheat flour (10 spores/g) and okara (10 %) substituted wheat flour (7 spores/g) (P< 0.05). The sensory qualities and physicochemical characteristics of okara (10 %) substituted bread were not significantly different (P<0.05). It could be concluded that bread substituted up to 10 % with okara was acceptable in terms of sensory properties as compared to control.
Challenges and design space of gaze-enabled public displays

Gaze is an attractive modality for public displays, hence the recent years saw an increase in deployments of gaze-enabled public displays. Although gaze has been thoroughly investigated for desktop scenarios, gaze-enabled public displays present new challenges that are unique to this setup. In contrast to desktop settings, public displays (1) cannot afford requiring eye tracker calibration, (2) expect users to interact from different positions, and (3) expect multiple users to interact simultaneously. In this work we discuss these challenges, and explore the design space of gaze-enabled public displays. We conclude by discussing how the current state of research stands wrt. the identified challenges, and highlight directions for future work.
Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Assessing the Historical Role of Credit: Business Cycles, Financial Crises and the Legacy of Charles S. Peirce

The views in this paper are solely the responsibility of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Abstract This paper provides a historical overview on financial crises and their origins. The objective is to discuss a few of the modern statistical methods that can be used to evaluate predictors of these rare events. The problem involves prediction of binary events and therefore fits modern statistical learning, signal processing theory, and classification methods. The discussion also emphasizes the need to supplement statistics and computational techniques with economics. A forecast's success in this environment hinges on the economic consequences of the actions taken as a result of the forecast, rather than on typical statistical metrics of prediction accuracy. was added to the program as a last minute replacement for a keynote speaker, who for personal reasons, was unable to attend. I am thankful to my co-organizers, Gloria González Rivera and José L ´ opez, for trusting that I could fill in. I am also thankful to the Institute for New Economic Thinking for financial support on parts of this project. Some of the research presented here borrows from research prepared under this grant in collaboration with Moritz Schularick and Alan Taylor. Both have taught me much about the virtues of Economic History. I wish to thank the referees and the editor for helpful and constructive suggestions. I am specially grateful to Early Elias for outstanding research assistance. The views expressed herein are solely the responsibility of the author and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco or the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
Combining speaker and speech recognition systems

This paper presents a general framework for the integration of speaker and speech recognizers. The framework poses the problem of combining speech and speaker recognizers as the joint maximization of the a posteriori probability of the word sequence and speaker given the observed utterance. It is shown that the posteriori probability can be expressed as the product of four terms: a likelihood score from a speaker-independent speech recognizer, the (normalized) likelihood score of a text-dependent speaker recognizer, the likelihood of a speaker-dependent statistical language model, and the prior probability of the speaker. Efﬁcient search strategies are discussed, with a particular focus on the problem of recognizing and verifying name-based identity claims over very large populations (e.g., ”My name is John Doe”). The efﬁcient search approach uses a speaker-independent recognizer to ﬁrst generate a list of top hypotheses, followed by a resorting of this list based on the combined score of the four terms discussed above. Experimental results on an over-the-telephone speech recognition task show a 34% reduction in the error rate where the test-set consists of users speaking their ﬁrst and last name from a grammar covering 1 million unique persons.
Blind separation of underdetermined mixtures with additive white and pink noises

This paper presents an approach for underdetermined blind source separation in the case of additive Gaussian white noise and pink noise. Likewise, the proposed approach is applicable in the case of separating I + 3 sources from I mixtures with additive two kinds of noises. This situation is more challenging and suitable to practical real world problems. Moreover, unlike to some conventional approaches, the sparsity conditions are not imposed. Firstly, the mixing matrix is estimated based on an algorithm that combines short time Fourier transform and rough-fuzzy clustering. Then, the mixed signals are normalized and the source signals are recovered using modified Gradient descent Local Hierarchical Alternating Least Squares Algorithm exploiting the mixing matrix obtained from the previous step as an input and initialized by multiplicative algorithm for matrix factorization based on alpha divergence. The experiments and simulation results show that the proposed approach can separate I + 3 source signals from I mixed signals, and it has superior evaluation performance compared to some conventional approaches.
Associations between Errors and Contributing Factors in Aircraft Maintenance

In recent years cognitive error models have provided insights into the unsafe acts that lead to many accidents in safety-critical environments. Most models of accident causation are based on the notion that human errors occur in the context of contributing factors. However, there is a lack of published information on possible links between specific errors and contributing factors. A total of 619 safety occurrences involving aircraft maintenance were reported using a self-completed questionnaire. Of these occurrences, 96% were related to the actions of maintenance personnel. The types of errors that were involved, and the contributing factors associated with those actions, were determined. Each type of error was associated with a particular set of contributing factors and with specific occurrence outcomes. Among the associations were links between memory lapses and fatigue and between rule violations and time pressure. Potential applications of this research include assisting with the design of accident prevention strategies, the estimation of human error probabilities, and the monitoring of organizational safety performance.
Poverty, food intake, and malnutrition: implications for food security in developing countries.

The relation between household income, food intake, and nutritional status in less developed countries is examined, and a framework that explicitly relates household behavior patterns with public policy options designed to improve the nutritional status of the rural and urban poor is presented. For rural areas, nutritional and health status depends largely upon the levels of private inputs provided by households. In turn, level depends upon income. Consequently, increasing income may also lead to improvements in nutrition and health status. Regrettably, post-World War II development strategy in most developing countries has undervalued the potential contribution of agricultural development to economic development. Domestic economic policies practiced thus far have most probably had serious negative effects upon the nutrition and heal status of the poorest segments of developing nations. Economic development policy reform is therefore called for as a measure to alleviate rural poverty in developing countries.
Error reduction and convergence for an adaptive mixed finite element method

An adaptive mixed finite element method (AMFEM) is designed to guarantee an error reduction, also known as saturation property: after each refinement step, the error for the fine mesh is strictly smaller than the error for the coarse mesh up to oscillation terms. This error reduction property is established here for the Raviart-Thomas finite element method with a reduction factor p < 1 uniformly for the L 2 norm of the flux errors. Our result allows for linear convergence of a proper adaptive mixed finite element algorithm with respect to the number of refinement levels. The adaptive algorithm surprisingly does not require any particular mesh design, unlike the conforming finite element method. The new arguments are a discrete local efficiency and a quasi-orthogonality estimate. The proof does not rely on duality or on regularity.
PSRR enhancement technique using low voltage current source for single supply operational amplifiers

The paper analyzes the principle of the technique using low voltage current source to improve the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) of operational amplifiers (OPAs). The technique has advantage of decreasing the parasitic gain from power supply with no detrimental effect on the output swing. A single supply two-stage Miller compensated OPA is presented as a prototyped circuit. The simulation results of the proposed OPA show that 38 dB and 17 dB improvement of PSRR at DC and 10MHz respectively compared with the OPA without the suggested circuit. Near rail-to-rail output swing and 489 MHz gain bandwidth (GBW) have been acquired to satisfy the large output swing and wideband application requirement.
Economic Impact Analysis

The value of ANC influences both the lives of students and also the county economy. The college serves a range of industries in Blaine County, supports local businesses, and benefits society nationwide from an expanded economy and improved quality of life. The benefits created by ANC even extend back to government through increased tax revenues and public sector savings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the economic impacts created by ANC on the business community and the benefits that the college generates in return for the investments made by its key stakeholder groups—students, taxpayers, and society. The county the college serves is Blaine County. The following two analyses are presented:
Surface- and deep-level diversity in workgroups: Examining the moderating effects of team orientation and team process on relationship conflict

Summary The increased use of teams in organizations, coupled with an increasingly diverse workforce, strongly suggests that we should learn more about how team diversity affects functioning and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the differential impact of surface-level diversity (gender, ethnicity), deep-level diversity (time urgency, extraversion), and two moderating variables (team orientation, team process) on relationship conflict over time. Hypotheses were tested by tracking 45 student project teams in a longitudinal design. Results revealed that team orientation and team process moderated the diversity–conflict link. Specifically, team orientation helped to neutralize the negative effects of surface-level (gender) diversity on relationship conflict. In a similar manner, team processes worked to weaken the deleterious effects of deep-level diversity (time urgency) on relationship conflict. In addition, relationship conflict resulted in lower perceived performance by team members. Copyright # 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Task Interruption on Human Performance: A Study of the Systematic Classification of Human Behavior and Interruption Frequency

Interruptions are prevalent phenomena in modern working environments; yet, few interruption studies have been conducted on different types of human tasks. A study using computer‐based human behavior tasks was carried out to investigate the effects of interruptions with 4 different primary‐interrupting task sets. The tasks used in this study were determined by cognitive and motor skill processes based on human behavior classification theory. The results showed that interruption effects were most negative in cognitive/cognitive task sets, and skill/cognitive task sets showed the least amount of effects in task completion time, F(3, 332) = 77.88, p < . 001. In error rate performance, skill/skill task sets showed the highest rate, and error rates for cognitive primary task sets (cognitive/cognitive and cognitive/skill task sets) were not significantly different, F(1, 42) = 41.18, p < . 001; F(1, 42) = 3.56, p = 0.0661. Interruption frequency also negatively affected task performance, F(1, 412) = 89.88, p < . 001, but skill tasks’ quantitative performance did not show significant effects at different interruption frequencies, F(1, 187) = 3.78, p = . 0534. The results showed that interruptions increase more time to complete in cognitive tasks and produce more errors in skill tasks. Also, similar types of primary‐interrupting tasks were more susceptible from interruptions. Thus, based on task composition of work process, we can estimate different effects from the interruptions and memory load, and task similarity in primary‐interrupting task relationship were considered a main factor.
Perceived Benefits and Drawbacks of Disclosure Practices: An Analysis of PLWHAs’ Strategies for Disclosing HIV Status

People living with HIV/AIDS must make decisions about how, where, when, what, and to whom to disclose their HIV status. This study explores their perceptions of benefits and drawbacks of various HIV disclosure strategies. The authors interviewed 53 people living with HIV/AIDS from a large AIDS service organization in a northeastern U.S. state and used a combination of deductive and inductive coding to analyze disclosure strategies and advantages and disadvantages of disclosure strategies. Deductive codes consisted of eight strategies subsumed under three broad categories: mode (face-to-face, non–face-to-face, and third-party disclosure), context (setting, bringing a companion, and planning a time), and content (practicing and incremental disclosure). Inductive coding identified benefits and drawbacks for enacting each specific disclosure strategy. The discussion focuses on theoretical explanations for the reasons for and against disclosure strategy enactment and the utility of these findings for practical interventions concerning HIV disclosure practices and decision making.
Long-Run Growth Effect of the Physical Capital-Human Capital Complementarity: An Approach by Time Series Techniques

Abstract This paper aims to explore physical capital ( K ) and human capital ( H ) complementarity impact on long-run economic growth. It is hypothesized that in times of frequent innovations factor complementarity plays a more significant role in explaining GDP growth than factor substitutability adopted among neoclassical and endogenous growth models. VAR results confirm that physical capital and human capital accord showing complementarity is a good proxy in explaining GDP growth for selected developed countries. The estimates yield results showing very short term and stabilizing impacts on innovation for all tested countries. 1. Introduction Economic growth theory had faced significant changes during the last fifty years. This in no way decreases the importance of different long term economic growth rates both for developed and developing countries. In fact, major economic literature concentrates on whether future growth rates will lead to a convergence or divergence of Per capita income which is an extension of “catch-up thesis” (Baumol, 1986; Barro, 1994; Jones, 1997). Besides these debates, consistency of low long-run growth rates of developed countries relative to developing countries needs to be explored to create rationale for the divergence or convergence of Per capita income among countries. Introduction of human capital factor to economic growth theory is not new. But as in the case of
Social Security Pensions: Development and Reform

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The effect of sectioning cranial nerves V, VII, IXand X on the cardiac response of the dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula to environmental hypoxia.

1. Exposure of the dogfish to rapidly induced hypoxia caused an initial, large reduction in heart rate to 32 % of its initial normoxic value. When P o of inspired water (PIt Ot) reached its lowest level, heart rate increased to 65 % of its normoxic value and this rate was maintained until Px 0> was returned to normal. 2. Bilateral section of the branchial and pharyngeal branches of either cranial nerve IX or cranial nerve X had no significant effect on the cardiac response to rapidly induced hypoxia. Bilateral section of the pharyngeal and branchial branches of both of these cranial nerves abolished the initial large reduction in heart rate in response to rapidly induced hypoxia; heart rate fell steadily to 40 % of its initial normoxic value after 3 min. 3. Bilateral section of cranial nerves V and VII had a similar effect, with heart rate reaching 62 % of its normoxic value, 3 min after exposure to rapidly induced hypoxia. When the four cranial nerves were bilaterally sectioned together, there was no significant change in heart rate after 3 min exposure to rapidly induced hypoxia. 4. It is concluded that the oxygen receptors responsible for the bradycardia elicited in dogfish by environmental hypoxia are innervated by cranial nerves, V, VII, IX and X and that if receptors in the C.N. s. are involved in the response, their role is minimal.
Quality Science Education at Secondary School Level in Delta State: Are the Libraries and Science Books Available for Use?

The purpose of this study was to find out the state of science books in libraries in Public Schools in Delta State of Nigeria and to particularly determine the positioning of the libraries for the effective implementation of the senior secondary science curriculum – in the areas of kinds of books available, their quantity, quality and relevance. The design employed for the study was survey. To guide this study, five research questions were raised and answered. 90 Public secondary schools randomly selected from the three senatorial districts of Delta State were used for the study. Data were collected with questionnaire, interview and personal evaluation of the libraries in the selected schools. The major findings of the study are as follows: (1) The various groups which provide books to public schools in the state include; State government, Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs), School heads, Old Boys’/Girls’ Associations, Individuals, other local Associations and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). (2) Most of the schools with libraries are those already established before the government takeover of schools in Nigeria. (3) The existing libraries grossly lack basic facilities like tables, chairs, shelves, books and Librarians. (4) In schools where libraries exist, only 14.3% of the students claimed that they used the libraries often, while as high as 54% of the students do not go to the libraries. (5) None of the schools created adequate opportunities for students to use the libraries. (6) For the schools that have libraries, they received their last stock of new science books about 26 years ago. (7) Most of the science books found in the libraries are outdated and no longer relevant for the teaching and learning of the current science curriculum. It is concluded that successive governments in the state have not been serious with the development of libraries which will nourish quality science education in the state.
Graph Echo State Networks

In this paper we introduce the Graph Echo State Network (GraphESN) model, a generalization of the Echo State Network (ESN) approach to graph domains. GraphESNs allow for an efficient approach to Recursive Neural Networks (RecNNs) modeling extended to deal with cyclic/acyclic, directed/undirected, labeled graphs.