Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Innervation densities of the cochlea.

In normal cats the nerve fibres have been counted at different levels from the spiral ganglion to the outer hair cells by means of light and electron microscopy. The relative numbers were calculated per millimeter cochlear length. Thus more exact information has been obtained about the ratio of the nerve supply to the inner and outer hair cells, the innervation density and the fibre branching in different cochlear turns. The great predominance of the innervation of the inner hair cells is confirmed. Only a small proportion of all nerve fibres leads to the outer hair cells. There is an overall innervation density maximum in the upper basal turn. About 95% of the afferent cochlear neurons are associated with the inner hair cells and only about 5% with the outer hair cells. The neurons associated with the outer hair cells have entirely different structural characteristics and do not undergo retrograde degeneration.
CD44-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Interaction Mediates Hyaluronic Acid-promoted Cell Motility by Activating Protein Kinase C Signaling Involving Akt, Rac1, Phox, Reactive Oxygen Species, Focal Adhesion Kinase, and MMP-2*

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is known to play an important role in motility of tumor cells. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with HA-promoted melanoma cell motility are not fully understood. Treatment of cells with HA was shown to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a CD44-dependent manner. Antioxidants, such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine and seleno-l-methionine, prevented HA from enhancing cell motility. Protein kinase C (PKC)-α and PKCδ were responsible for increased Rac1 activity, production of ROS, and mediated HA-promoted cell motility. HA increased Rac1 activity via CD44, PKCα, and PKCδ. Transfection with dominant negative and constitutive active Rac1 mutants demonstrated that Rac1 was responsible for the increased production of ROS and cell motility by HA. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase by diphenylene iodonium and down-regulation of p47Phox and p67Phox decreased the ROS level, suggesting that NADPH oxidase is the main source of ROS production. Rac1 increased phosphorylation of FAK. FAK functions downstream of and is necessary for HA-promoted cell motility. Secretion and expression of MMP-2 were increased by treatment with HA via the action of PKCα, PKCδ, and Rac1 and the production of ROS and FAK. Ilomastat, an inhibitor of MMP-2, exerted a negative effect on HA-promoted cell motility. HA increased interaction between CD44 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). AG1478, an inhibitor of EGFR, decreased phosphorylation of PKCα, PKCδ, and Rac1 activity and suppressed induction of p47Phox and p67Phox. These results suggest that CD44-EGFR interaction is necessary for HA-promoted cell motility by regulating PKC signaling. EGFR-Akt interaction promoted by HA was responsible for the increased production of ROS and HA-promoted cell motility. In summary, HA promotes CD44-EGFR interaction, which in turn activates PKC signaling, involving Akt, Rac1, Phox, and the production of ROS, FAK, and MMP-2, to enhance melanoma cell motility.
Persistence of ryegrass, tall fescue and cocksfoot following sequential annual sowings: pasture yield, composition and density in 3 establishment years under sheep grazing in Canterbury

A long-term pasture persistence trial, consisting of repeated annual sowings, commenced in Canterbury in 2015 and is planned to continue until 2024. Preliminary results of the first 3 years sowings are reported. Each annual sowing used the same randomised block design of eight perennial ryegrass cultivars, one tall fescue and one cocksfoot cultivar, replicated four times. Grasses were drilled into a cultivated seedbed in autumn, with white clover broadcast-sown, then rolled with a Cambridge roller. Except for one 3-week spell in spring and in autumn to accumulate herbage to measure DM yield, botanical composition, morphology and sward density, plots were continuously stocked with sheep to maintain a 3-8 cm sward height from late-August to late-May. Results from the first 12 months following each of the three annual sowings (2015, 2016 and 2017) indicate establishment year had a greater influence on DM yield, botanical composition, grass leaf and stem proportions, and basal cover than did grass species or cultivar. Accumulating data from successive annual sowings and continued monitoring of each will help identify the long-term effect and difference between establishment years, as well as grass persistence traits for inclusion in the Forage Value Index ranking of perennial ryegrass cultivars.
Metabolic Consequences of Hepatic Steatosis in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that hepatic steatosis is associated with risk factors for type 2 diabetes in overweight and obese youth, mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This was a cross-sectional study comparing insulin sensitivity between 30 overweight and obese adolescents with hepatic steatosis, 68 overweight and obese adolescents without hepatic steatosis, and 11 healthy weight adolescents without hepatic steatosis. Cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by a graded maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Secondary outcomes included presence of metabolic syndrome and glucose response to a 75-g oral glucose challenge. RESULTS The presence of hepatic steatosis was associated with 55% lower insulin sensitivity (P = 0.02) and a twofold greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome (P = 0.001). Differences in insulin sensitivity (3.5 vs. 4.5 mU ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1, P = 0.03), prevalence of metabolic syndrome (48 vs. 20%, P = 0.03), and glucose area under the curve (816 vs. 710, P = 0.04) remained between groups after matching for age, sex, and visceral fat. The association between hepatic steatosis and insulin sensitivity (β = −0.24, t = −2.29, P < 0.025), metabolic syndrome (β = −0.54, t = −5.8, P < 0.001), and glucose area under the curve (β = 0.33, t = 3.3, P < 0.001) was independent of visceral and whole-body adiposity. Cardiorespiratory fitness was not associated with hepatic steatosis, insulin sensitivity, or presence of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS Hepatic steatosis is associated with type 2 diabetes risk factors independent of cardiorespiratory fitness, whole-body adiposity, and visceral fat mass.
Cerebral Blood Flow In Man at High Altitude: Role of Cerebrospinal Fluid pH in Normalization of Flow in Chronic Hypocapnia

Cerebral blood flow was determined by an N2O method in 7 normal men at sea level and after 6 to 12 hr and 3 to 5 days at 3810 m altitude. An infrared N2O analyzer was used both to measure end-tidal PN2O so that it could be kept constant for 15 min and to determine blood N2O, for which a simple gas extraction method was devised. In addition, acute changes in cerebral blood flow were estimated from cerebral A-V O2 differences. Control cerebral blood flow was 43 ml per 100 g per min; it increased 24% at 6 to 12 hours and 13% at 3 to 5 days at altitude. After 3 to 5 days, pH of cerebrospinal fluid was normal (7.31) in four subjects while arterial blood pH was alkaline (7.47); arterial blood Pco2 had fallen from 41 to 30 mm Hg. Acute correction of hypoxia restored cerebral blood flow to control while mean Pco2 was still 31 mm Hg. Addition of O2 and CO2 to inspired air raised cerebral blood flow 34% above control at Pao2 = 170, Paco2 = 35 mm Hg. Values obtained by extrapolation suggest that if arterial Pco2 was raised to control (41 mm Hg), cerebral blood flow would have been 60% above control. Cerebral blood flow thus appears to return to normal at the prevailing Paco2, probably because the pH of cerebrospinal fluid and of the extracellular fluid of cerebral vascular smooth muscle is kept normal by active transport across the ‘blood-brain’ barrier. It is postulated that an ion-impermeable barrier separates the blood stream from extracellular fluid of the smooth muscle of cerebral arterioles.
The significance of OX40 and OX40L to T‐cell biology and immune disease

Summary: OX40 (CD134) and its binding partner, OX40L (CD252), are members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor/tumor necrosis factor superfamily and are expressed on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as on a number of other lymphoid and non‐lymphoid cells. Costimulatory signals from OX40 to a conventional T cell promote division and survival, augmenting the clonal expansion of effector and memory populations as they are being generated to antigen. OX40 additionally suppresses the differentiation and activity of T‐regulatory cells, further amplifying this process. OX40 and OX40L also regulate cytokine production from T cells, antigen‐presenting cells, natural killer cells, and natural killer T cells, and modulate cytokine receptor signaling. In line with these important modulatory functions, OX40–OX40L interactions have been found to play a central role in the development of multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, making them attractive candidates for intervention in the clinic. Conversely, stimulating OX40 has shown it to be a candidate for therapeutic immunization strategies for cancer and infectious disease. This review provides a broad overview of the biology of OX40 including the intracellular signals from OX40 that impact many aspects of immune function and have promoted OX40 as one of the most prominent costimulatory molecules known to control T cells.
A review of the southern bluefin tuna fishery : implications for ecologically sustainable management

The state of the Southern Bluefin Tuna (SBT) parental stock has declined to record low levels following considerable fishing pressure since the inception of the fishery in the 1950s. This situation has come about due to a variety of factors. The slow growth and long life span of the species makes it extremely vulnerable to overfishing and slow to recover from stock reductions. The species does not reach maturity until at least 8 years of age and has a life span which recent research indicates to be approximately 40 years. Overcapitalisation of the global fleet and the great economic value of the species has been driving continuation of the fishery in the face of scientific uncertainty. The status of the SBT stock has recently generated interest from conservation groups and prompted nominations of the species under Australian and international conservation legislation, including a listing on the critically endangered category of The World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Animals.
Cladodes of Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) as a source of bioactive compounds in dairy products

Recently, the interest in improving livestock product nutraceutical profiles through sustainable feeding systems has increased. In this context, the overall quality and nutraceutical profiles were examined in dairy products obtained from 16 lactating Cinisara cows given an integrated feed in dry season with Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. Two homogeneous groups of cows (milk yield: 6.3 ± 1.5 kg; body weight: 213 ± 55 kg) were fed with 2 different diets (CON: pasture and wheat bran; OFI: pasture, wheat bran, and cladodes), according to a 2 × 2 Latin square design. The bulk milk produced during the study was used to make Caciotta cheese and was analyzed at 0, 15, and 30 storage days. Milk and cheese samples were analyzed for chemical, physical, and microbiological traits. The nutraceutical and sensorial profiles, as well as the antioxidant capacity, were also determined in the final products. For milk, the urea content in individual samples was reduced in OFI but not in CON. In the cheese, integration of cladodes did not influence the starter cultures development with 2 strains of Streptococcus thermophilus , but it caused a higher content of polyphenols and a consequent greater antioxidant capacity and a change in the fatty acids profile. In particular, the caprylic, capric, lauric, myristic, and palmitic fatty acids were higher, as were the petroselinic, vaccenic, rumenic, and α-linolenic fatty acids. In contrast, the oleic and the γ-linolenic fatty acids were lower for OFI. The cheese from the OFI group showed better overall acceptability, and a higher yellow color, odor intensity, and butter flavor. The multivariate analysis well distinguished the cheeses belonging to the 2 groups. Further investigations should be conducted to formulate well-balanced diets that include cladodes for Cinisara lactating cows, but also to determine the content of other important bioactive compounds in fresh and treated cladodes, as well as their effects
Fermentation by Trichosporon cutaneum IFFI01367 for Bio-oil Production from Corn Straw Hydrolysate

Medium compositions and fermentation conditions for bio-oil production by fermentation of corn straw hydrolysate with IFFI01367 strain were explored, and the lipid composition was identified. The optimal conditions were determined as follows: 5% sugar, 1% yeast extract as nitrogen source, initial pH 5.8, 30°C, 150 r/min, 50 mL corn straw hydrolysate in 300 mL erlenmeyer flask, fermentation time 4 d. Under these conditions, the biomass reached 23.23g /L, oil content was 42.32% and the oil production capacity was 9.83g /L. The main fatty acids of the oil induced palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid; linoleic acid was more rich, which is convenient to post-processing.
Virtual velocity of sand transport in water

Using the 160‐m‐long flume at Tsukuba University we undertook an experiment to provide a first estimate of the virtual velocity of sand in the size range 0.5–2.0 mm. For the flow velocity used in our experiment this sediment‐size range would conventionally be regarded as suspended sediment. The virtual velocity was found to be 37–41% of the flow velocity. Paradoxically, virtual velocity decreases as particle size decreases. Such a lower virtual velocity of finer sediment is not inconceivable. First, trapping of the sediment appears to be a function of bed roughness, and there is a probable relationship between bed roughness and trapping efficiency for particles of different sizes. Second, finer particles are more likely to find sheltered positions on a rough bed and thus experience lower mobility, relative to the more exposed coarser grains, as observed for bedload transport. Third, the virtual velocity of particles undergoing bedload transport has been found, in some instances, to be lower for finer clasts. We combine our data with previous studies of virtual velocity of bedload to develop, for the first time, a hypothesis for a holistic analysis of sediment movement in rivers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enrichment of HP1a on Drosophila Chromosome 4 Genes Creates an Alternate Chromatin Structure Critical for Regulation in this Heterochromatic Domain

Chromatin environments differ greatly within a eukaryotic genome, depending on expression state, chromosomal location, and nuclear position. In genomic regions characterized by high repeat content and high gene density, chromatin structure must silence transposable elements but permit expression of embedded genes. We have investigated one such region, chromosome 4 of Drosophila melanogaster. Using chromatin-immunoprecipitation followed by microarray (ChIP–chip) analysis, we examined enrichment patterns of 20 histone modifications and 25 chromosomal proteins in S2 and BG3 cells, as well as the changes in several marks resulting from mutations in key proteins. Active genes on chromosome 4 are distinct from those in euchromatin or pericentric heterochromatin: while there is a depletion of silencing marks at the transcription start sites (TSSs), HP1a and H3K9me3, but not H3K9me2, are enriched strongly over gene bodies. Intriguingly, genes on chromosome 4 are less frequently associated with paused polymerase. However, when the chromatin is altered by depleting HP1a or POF, the RNA pol II enrichment patterns of many chromosome 4 genes shift, showing a significant decrease over gene bodies but not at TSSs, accompanied by lower expression of those genes. Chromosome 4 genes have a low incidence of TRL/GAGA factor binding sites and a low Tm downstream of the TSS, characteristics that could contribute to a low incidence of RNA polymerase pausing. Our data also indicate that EGG and POF jointly regulate H3K9 methylation and promote HP1a binding over gene bodies, while HP1a targeting and H3K9 methylation are maintained at the repeats by an independent mechanism. The HP1a-enriched, POF-associated chromatin structure over the gene bodies may represent one type of adaptation for genes embedded in repetitive DNA.
Improving WSD using ISR-WN with Relevant Semantic Trees and SemCor Senses Frequency

In this paper we concentrate on the resolution of the semantic ambiguity that arises when a given word has several meanings. This specific task is commonly referred to as Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD). We propose a method that obtains the appropriate senses from a multidimensional analysis (using Relevant Semantic Trees). Our method uses different resources WordNet, WordNet Domains, WordNet-Affects and SUMO, combined with senses frequency obtained from SemCor. Our hypothesis is that in WSD it is important to obtain the most frequent senses depending on the type of analyzed context to achieve better results. Finally, in order to evaluate and compare our results, it is presented a comprehensive study and experimental work using the Senseval-2 and Semeval-2 data set, demonstrating that our system obtains better results than other unsupervised systems.
Understanding the Impact of Service Failure and Recovery Justice on Consumers' Satisfaction and Repurchase Intention

This research attempts to explore the impacts of different types of justice and their interactions on the satisfaction toward service failure recovery. We attempt to classify justices into hygiene, motivator, or asymmetric variable, based on the concept of asymmetric effect and two factors theory proposed by Herzberg. Specifically, we predict that procedural and distributive justices are hygiene or performance factor and interpersonal justice is motivator. In addition, based on expectancy-disconfirmation theory (EDT), we also attempt to understand the interaction between paired justices by arguing that motivator can generate more effect when hygiene factor or performance factors meet initial expectation. An experiment, with 3x2x2 between-subjects factorial design consisting of three factors to represent different levels of justice provided by online retailer, will be conducted to test the proposed hypotheses. A two-step approach will be used to (1) confirmation the types (hygiene, performance, or motivator) that each justice dimension belongs to, (2) understand the impact of each justice on satisfaction, and (3) test whether motivator will generate more effect when hygiene and performance factor are satisfied. Keyword: Expectation disconfirmation theory, Justice theory, Service failure and recovery, Two factor theory, Satisfaction
Lung Cancer in a Child with a Substantial Family History of Cancer

The occurrence of primary lung cancer is rare in childhood. The case of an 11-year-old boy with primary lung cancer is presented in this report. He had a substantial family history of cancer. His chief complaint was coughing with right chest pain. A chest radiograph showed a coin lesion in the right lower lung. A right lower lobectomy revealed a squamous cell carcinoma (stage IIIA at Japanese TNM classification). Systemic chemotherapy using cisplatin, vindesine, THP-adriamycin and cyclophosphamide was performed. Six months after surgery, a recurrent tumor occurred. An analysis of the familial cancer related genes (p53 gene and mismatch repair gene) showed no abnormality.
A Simple Model for the Paciﬁc Cold Tongue and ENSO *

A conceptual model is constructed based upon the Bjerknes hypothesis of tropical atmosphere–ocean interaction. It is shown that strong feedbacks among the trade winds, equatorial zonal sea surface temperature contrast, and upper-ocean heat content occur in the tropical Paciﬁc basin. Coupled atmosphere–ocean dynamics produce both the strong Paciﬁc cold-tongue climate state and the El Nin˜o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The cold-tongue climate state is unstable and gives rise to the self-sustained ENSO, which can be understood as an equatorial ocean recharge oscillator. The small basin size and the inﬂuence of a wind system resulting from heating sources of its adjacent landmasses are responsible for a weak and stable Atlantic cold-tongue state that cannot support ENSO-like interannual variability. The presence of westerly wind associated with the Walker circulation ascending at the western Paciﬁc warm pool disables the dynamical coupling processes in the equatorial Indian Ocean. As a result, the equatorial Indian Ocean maintains a stable warm climate state. The conceptual coupled model reproduces the basic features of the climate states of the tropical Paciﬁc, Atlantic, and Indian Ocean basins and the dominant interannual climate variability of the tropical climate system.
Seismicity Enhances Macrodispersion in Finite Porous and Fractured Domains: A Pore‐Scale Perspective

Understanding the effects of oscillating flow field induced by seismicity on the transport process is vital for predicting the fate and transport of solute in many dynamic environments. However, there is prominent discrepancy in arguing with the response of dispersion to the oscillating flow field (i.e., the longitudinal dispersion coefficient would decrease, increase, or maintain unchanged). To unravel the underpinning physics about this controversial response, we simulated two‐hundred twenty pore‐scale numerical experiments for the seismicity‐induced oscillating flow field and associated solute transport in the idealized finite porous (i.e., fluidic plate) and fractured (i.e., parallel plates) domains. The numerically obtained breakthrough curves were fitted to the macroscopic advection‐dispersion equation to retrieve the mean velocity and apparent macrodispersion coefficient (DL). We found that DL increases to its maxima when the oscillating flow field resonates with the finite systems, that is, the period (T) of the oscillating flow field or the seismic wave approaches the pore volume (τ) of a finite domain. The resonant effects diminish and DL barely changes when T is much larger or smaller than τ. Moreover, the degree of enhancement in DL increases exponentially with the amplitude of the seismic force. Fundamental understanding of the response of macrodispersion to the oscillating flow field adds value in predicting the fate of solute in transient flow systems via the advection‐dispersion equation.
Dehumanized in Death: Representations of Murdered Women in American True Crime Podcasts

How do American true crime podcasts represent women victims of murder? Emerging research shows that the podcast storytelling format can produce more personal and compassionate discourse, potentially countering the overall harmful representations of the true crime genre. However, research focusing on the representation of women victims of violence in the podcast genre has so far been limited. Based on a discourse analysis of 14 popular true crime podcast episodes released between 2014 and 2021, we identified that the murdered women in the podcasts are represented as part of a dehumanized group who are complicit in their deaths and who serve as a cautionary tale for other women. Based on these findings, we argue that although podcasts’ discursive dynamics can potentially introduce alternative representations of the victims based on social group identification and self-reflexivity, overall, American true crime podcasts align with dominant representations and discourses about stigmatized victims.