Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structure, folding and activity of the VS ribozyme: importance of the 2‐3‐6 helical junction

The VS nucleolytic ribozyme has a core comprising five helices organized by two three‐way junctions. The ribozyme can act in trans on a hairpin‐loop substrate, with which it interacts via tertiary contacts. We have determined that one of the junctions (2‐3‐6) undergoes two‐stage ion‐dependent folding into a stable conformation, and have determined the global structure of the folded junction using long‐range distance restraints derived from fluorescence resonance energy transfer. A number of sequence variants in the junction are severely impaired in ribozyme cleavage, and there is good correlation between changes in activity and alteration in the folding of junction 2‐3‐6. These studies point to a special importance of G and A nucleotides immediately adjacent to helix II, and comparison with a similar junction of known structure indicates that this could adopt a guanine‐wedge structure. We propose that the 2‐3‐6 junction organizes important aspects of the structure of the ribozyme to facilitate productive association with the substrate, and suggest that this results in an interaction between the substrate and the A730 loop to create the active complex.
Localisation dominance for long lead-lag stimuli in background noise

To our knowledge there are only few free-field studies [2,3, 7] examining the precedence effect in background noise. All these studies have in common that they either used short lead-lag stimuli or that background noises were presented from front or back directions, leading to strongly correlated signals at the listener’s ears. Neither of both mimic realistic sensations: Common acoustic signals are longer than clicks, and listening in reverberant rooms leads to decorrelated sounds at the ears, especially for sources off the median plain. Therefore, this study investigates localisation of longer duration lead-lag stimuli in background noise that is decorrelated between the ears.
Action Recognition by Time Series of Retinotopic Appearance and Motion Features

We present a method for recognizing and localizing actions in video by the sequence of changing appearance and motion of the participants. Appearance is modeled by histogram of oriented gradients object detectors, while motion is modeled by optical-flow motion-pattern detectors. Sequencing is modeled by a hidden Markov model (HMM) whose output models are these appearance and motion detectors. The HMM and associated detectors are simultaneously trained, learning the sequence of detectors that match the most distinctive temporal subsequences of the action represented in the training data. Training uses both positive and negative samples of a given action class and is accomplished without the need for annotation of the correspondence between training video frames and the state-conditioned detectors, by minimizing a discriminative cost function through gradient descent. Trained models are used to perform recognition and localization by simultaneous detection, tracking, and action recognition. In contrast to many prior methods, our approach learns intuitively meaningful models that represent action as a sequence of retinotopic models. We demonstrate such by rendering these models on unseen test video. This method was found to perform competitively on three standard datasets, Weizmann, KTH, and UCF Sports, as well as on the video from the Defence Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) Mind's Eye program and a newly filmed dataset.
TWEAK Affects Keratinocyte G2/M Growth Arrest and Induces Apoptosis through the Translocation of the AIF Protein to the Nucleus

The soluble TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK, TNFSF12) binds to the fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 receptor (FN14, TNFRSF12A) on the cell membrane and induces multiple biological responses, such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Previous reports show that TWEAK, which does not contain a death domain in its cytoplasmic tail, induces the apoptosis of tumor cell lines through the induction of TNFα secretion. TWEAK induces apoptosis in human keratinocytes. Our experiments clearly demonstrate that TWEAK does not induce the secretion of TNFα or TRAIL proteins. The use of specific inhibitors and the absence of procaspase-3 cleavage suggest that the apoptosis of keratinocytes follows a caspase- and cathepsin B-independent pathway. Further investigation showed that TWEAK induces a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential of keratinocytes. Confocal microscopy showed that TWEAK induces the cleavage and the translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) from the mitochondria to the nucleus, thus initiating caspase-independent apoptosis. Moreover, TWEAK induces FOXO3 and GADD45 expression, cdc2 phosphorylation and cdc2 and cyclinB1 degradation, resulting in the arrest of cell growth at the G2/M phase. Finally, we report that TWEAK and FN14 are normally expressed in the basal layer of the physiological epidermis and are greatly enhanced in benign (psoriasis) and malignant (squamous cell carcinoma) skin pathologies that are characterized by an inflammatory component. TWEAK might play an essential role in skin homeostasis and pathology.
Affinities of the Swartkrans 847 hominid cranium.

Further evidence of the presence of a second hominid species at the Swartkrans locality was obtained in 1969 when the SK.847 specimen was discovered by us to represent the same individual as the SK.80 maxilla. The SK.847 specimen had previously been regarded as robust australopithecine, whereas the latter was first attributed to Telanthropus capensis and subsequently to a species of the genus Homo. Recent criticism of our interpretation of these remains has not evaluated and analyzed critically the primary fossil evidence. Instead it relies on a strict adherence to an as yet unsubstantiated hypothesis that posits only a single hominid species at any point in space and time in the Cenozoic history of Hominidae.
General Word Sense Disambiguation Method Based on a Full Sentential Context

This paper presents a new general supervised word sense disambiguation method based on a relatively small syntactically parsed and semantically tagged training corpus.The method exploits a full sentential context and all the explicit semantic relations in a sentence to identify the senses of all of that sentence's content words. It solves the sparse data problem of a small training corpus by substituting the words by their semantic classes.In spite of a very small training corpus, we report an overall accuracy of 80.3% (85.7, 63.9, 83.6 and 86.5%, for nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, respectively), which exceeds the accuracy of a statistical sense-frequency based semantic tagging, the only really applicable general disambiguating technique. Because the method uses the sentential syntactic structure it is particularly suitable for integration with a probabilistic syntactic analyser.
The effect of individual difference on learning performance using web-based instruction

Web-Based Instruction (WBI) brings a number of benefits to individuals requiring a combination of specific learning patterns and program structure. In this paper, we propose a WBI program which suits individual differences through an existing framework and which facilitates learning by accommodating learner preferences. In particular, we make advances in three key aspects. Firstly, we study three important individual differences (gender, cognitive style and prior knowledge) as well as their interactions in the resulting learning performances. Secondly, we combined three attributes to measure performance (gain score, number of visited pages and time spent on these pages) of the three interacting individual differences. Thirdly, we investigate system features (navigation tools, additional support and content structure) to see how they can help users acquire information to meet their individual needs, resulting in an improvement in the learning performance. Two studies are presented; in one, we compare results from our program with previous studies thus evaluating its design. In the other, a data mining approach is used to investigate the effect of individual differences and how that could influence learner performance. Results indicate that performance can be affected by individual differences’ behaviour. Additionally, we found that the relationship between individual differences had an even higher impact on learners’ performance. The combined performance measurement attributes give a better understanding of how learners performed.
The Effects of a Non-Traditional Strength Training Program on the Health-Related Fitness Outcomes of Youth Strength Training Participants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which a non-traditional strength training program will impact the healthrelated fitness of youth. Researchers hypothesized that the strengthening program would positively affect the fitness outcomes. Participant physical education classes incorporated strengthening exercises three days weekly, and cardiovascular and agility activities each once weekly. Over time decreases in mean scores for one-mile and shuttle run and increases in push-ups, curl-ups, and overall percentile scores were detected. Results suggest that fitness gains are achievable through the utilization of readily available equipment in the elementary physical education setting.
Predicting marital instability: an empirical test of competing models

There has been substantialempirical. research and theoretical modelling on the determinants of marital instability. However, the predominant theoretical models, largely based on field theory and social exchange, are ambiguous. Due to this ambiguity, there remains an ongoing debate in the literature as to the utility of these models. In addition, there are few empirical tests of these models, while existing tests are limited by poor measures and sample restrictiveness. Furthermore, the models are largely developed from research with samples restricted to short marital durations, consequently, limiting the utility of these models on marriages of longer duration. Five models based on Levinger's (1965, 1976) conceptualisation of marital attractions, alternatives, and barriers and Lewis and Spanier's (1979) theory of marital quality and marital stability are developed. Four sets of tests are conducted using the National Survey of Families and Households data set (waves 1 and 2), a national, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample consisting of over 13,000 cases in thes United States'. First, a series of logistic regression analyses are run to determine if marital quality has a significant effect on marital stability, a notion based on little empirical evidence. Second, five models are compared to determine which of five competing explanations best fits the data. Third, the best fitting model is retested with the addition of control variables. Fourth, the resulting model is retested on younger and older marriage cohorts. Marital quality is found to have a significant effect on marital stability. Results of the model comparisons provide support for an additive curvilinear model where marital quality, alternatives, and barriers all have independent effects on marital stability. This provides support for Lewis and Spanier's (1979) marital typology With the addition of controls, the model remains significant. However, the additional significance of duration and commitment suggest that cohort and duration effects may be occurring. The model is effective in predicting marital stability for the younger marriage cohort but did not apply to the older marriage cohort. These results suggest a theoretical implication. Time oriented theories need to be examined as possible explanations for marital stability, especially for older marriage cohorts.
Fetal cardiac disease and fetal lung volume: an in utero MRI investigation

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful, noninvasive tool to study fetal lung volumes after 18 weeks of gestation in vivo. In neonates with congenital heart disease (CHD), proper lung function is essential for postnatal survival. Antenatal detection of abnormal pulmonary development may help to optimize prenatal and perinatal management of at‐risk fetuses. We aimed to investigate lung volumes in fetuses with prenatally diagnosed heart disease.
Authorship Verification based on Compression-Models

Compression models represent an interesting approach for different classification tasks and have been used widely across many research fields. We adapt compression models to the field of authorship verification (AV), a branch of digital text forensics. The task in AV is to verify if a questioned document and a reference document of a known author are written by the same person. We propose an intrinsic AV method, which yields competitive results compared to a number of current state-of-the-art approaches, based on support vector machines or neural networks. However, in contrast to these approaches our method does not make use of machine learning algorithms, natural language processing techniques, feature engineering, hyperparameter optimization or external documents (a common strategy to transform AV from a one-class to a multi-class classification problem). Instead, the only three key components of our method are a compressing algorithm, a dissimilarity measure and a threshold, needed to accept or reject the authorship of the questioned document. Due to its compactness, our method performs very fast and can be reimplemented with minimal effort. In addition, the method can handle complicated AV cases where both, the questioned and the reference document, are not related to each other in terms of topic or genre. We evaluated our approach against publicly available datasets, which were used in three international AV competitions. Furthermore, we constructed our own corpora, where we evaluated our method against state-of-the-art approaches and achieved, in both cases, promising results.
Perceived self-efficacy, cultural values, and coping styles among Chinese families of children with autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a pervasive developmental disorder that has grown in prevalence over the past few decades and has a tremendous impact on families that struggle with adjustment to this disorder. Initial exposure to such a disorder may be a significant source of stress and tribulation for Chinese families who are not accustomed to mental health discourse and related services in the health arena and surrounding community. Little is known of how Chinese parents cope when raising children with ASD. The purpose of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of ways that Chinese families cope with stress when they have a child diagnosed with ASD. Seven Chinese families with children between the ages of 2 and 5 who were diagnosed with ASD participated in this qualitative study. Results may guide assessment and intervention for professionals who work with Chinese families within clinical, school, health, and community settings. Thematic analyses explored factors contributing to parental stress, perceived parenting self-efficacy, and parents' adherence to traditional Asian values, patterns of coping, and overall satisfaction with the early intervention (EI) services that their children are receiving. Implications for practices in school psychology and future directions are also discussed.
Disturbing Concerns for Dark Personalities: Anxiety Sensitivity and the Dark Triad

Former empirical findings on psychopathy, narcissism and anxiety symptoms suggested that even socially aversive or antisocial personality traits could be positively related to the different dimensions of anxiety. However, the relationship between the Dark Triad and anxiety sensitivity – the tendency to interpret the different effects (physiological, psychological, and social) of anxiety experiences as aversive or threatening – hasn’t been investigated, yet. Based on previous research and the unique strategies associated with dark personality traits, we predicted that narcissists, psychopaths, and Machiavellians would react to anxiety symptoms in a unique way. Predictions were tested with self-report measures. In line with our assumptions, psychopathy was positively associated with Cognitive Concerns and marginally with Physical Concerns. Machiavellianism was related to Social Concerns, whereas narcissism showed negative association with the same dimension of anxiety sensitivity. Results are discussed from a perspective where Dark Triad traits are considered as pseudopatologies.
Cognition and Global Assessment of Functioning in Male and Female Outpatients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

The relationship between the symptom and function subscales of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) and neurocognitive test performance was studied in 195 outpatients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or delusional disorder who were assigned to functional groups based on their sex. A composite cognition score was created based on z-scores. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to assess the predictive value of GAF Symptom and GAF Function on composite cognition and to check for the effect of the individual cognitive tests against the GAF subscales. Better composite cognition scores were predicted by higher function levels in male patients and by lower symptom levels in female patients. There was also a sex-specific difference in neurocognitive components, indicating that executive functioning may have a greater impact on the symptom and function profiles of male schizophrenia spectrum patients than on that of female patients. The results suggest that endophenotypes in schizophrenia may be sex-specific.
Fathers and Breastfeeding: A Review of the Literature

Research on breastfeeding support has consistently identified fathers as an important source of support in the decision to breastfeed and in its implementation. The literature indicates that father influence four aspects in particular:the breastfeeding decision, assistance at first feeding, during of breastfeeding, and risk factors for bottle feeding. Research which focuses on fathers had added to our understanding of their attitudes, knowledge, and coping techniques regarding breastfeeding. This paper reviews the research findings in each of these areas, and offers suggestions for further research.
The measurement of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in children with cerebral palsy

The measurement of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in children with cerebral palsy is part of an emerging discipline. Theoretical models of disability and chronic illness developed by the World Health Organization, the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research and others are being adapted for children. Development of HRQL measures in paediatrics lags behind the work completed with adults due to challenges unique to children, such as what domains to measure, whose perspective to address and the developmental changes inherent to children. The descriptive HRQL studies of children with moderate to severe cerebral palsy and comparisons of children with quadriplegia vs. diplegia and hemiplegia are presented. Consistent with the functional measures, no significant difference in HRQL by treatment was documented in children with spastic diplegia participating in a randomized clinical trial of selective dorsal rhizotomy. HRQL measures that are specifically tailored to cerebral palsy need to be developed. Generic and individualized measures of HRQL are currently available and while limited, may be useful for evaluating the effect of different treatments for spasticity on the quality of life in children with cerebral palsy.
National Profile of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students in Special Education from Weighted Survey Results

Data from the 1999-2000 Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth (GRI Annual Survey; Gallaudet Research Institute, 2000) are systematically compared with those summarized by the U.S. Department of Education (2001, 2002) in the Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) to estimate the degree to which findings based on the GRI Annual Survey sample are likely to be representative of the population of deaf and hard of hearing children and youth served under IDEA. An appropriate weighting system is then applied to provide more nationally representative estimates of the characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing students served under IDEA and, more important, to provide a better national description of these students and the services they receive than would otherwise be available.
Routing strategy for minimizing the packet loss in disruptive tolerant networks

In this paper, it is discussed how to do routing in disruptive tolerant networks (DTN) in order to minimize the packet loss. In DTN there is no guarantee of path existence between the source and the destination. For such networks, the usual networking protocols do not work properly and cannot deliver the packets between nodes in the network. However there are cases where the connectivity between 2 nodes doesn't exist at any given time but communication is still possible. In this paper, we propose a routing heurestic, for minimizing the packet loss in DTN, where the nodes have finite buffers.
Skeletal Muscle Laminopathies: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Features

LMNA-related disorders are caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes for the nuclear envelope proteins, lamin A and C, via alternative splicing. Laminopathies are associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes, including neuromuscular, cardiac, metabolic disorders and premature aging syndromes. The most frequent diseases associated with mutations in the LMNA gene are characterized by skeletal and cardiac muscle involvement. This review will focus on genetics and clinical features of laminopathies affecting primarily skeletal muscle. Although only symptomatic treatment is available for these patients, many achievements have been made in clarifying the pathogenesis and improving the management of these diseases.
An Investigation of Avoidance of English Phrasal Verbs by Chinese Learners of English

This study investigates the avoidance of English phrasal verbs(PVs) by Chinese learners of English in relation to their proficiency levels(advanced,intermediate) and PV types(figurative,literal),using a multiple-choice test and a follow-up interview.The result indicates that intermediate learners do avoid using English PVs,and both advanced and intermediate learners tend to avoid figurative PVs.The analysis and the interview show that semantic features of PVs,English proficiency level,learning environment and learners' play-it-safe strategy all contribute to the avoidance phenomenon of English PVs by Chinese learners.