Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
High Temperature, Heat Index, and Mortality in 6 Major Cities in South Korea

The authors conducted a time-series analysis to estimate the acute effects of high temperature in 6 cities in Korea and to compare thresholds of temperature on daily mortality among the cities. They examined the association between total mortality and the daily mean temperature and heat index during the summers in Korea from 1994 to 2003. The threshold temperature was estimated to be between 27.0°C and 29.7°C for 4 cities. For a daily mean temperature increase of 1°C above the thresholds in Seoul, Daegu, Incheon, and Gwangju, estimated percentage increases in daily mortality were 16.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 14.2-18.4), 9.10 (CI = 5.12-13.2), 7.01 (CI = 4.42-9.66), and 6.73 (CI = 2.47-11.2), respectively. These city-specific threshold temperatures and the magnitude of the effects of hot temperature indicate that any analysis of the impact of climate change should take into account regional differences.
Migration: Chicken or Egg?

This paper is concerned principally with the relationship between migration and the growth of employment in U.S. cities during the 1950's. The more popular explanation for the strong association between the two, probably, is that differential rates of migration are induced by differential growth in job opportunities or employment. Among the more recent proponents of this first view are Blanco [1], Mazek [4], and Lowry [3]. It is fundamental to the so-called export-base theory of regional growth. An alternative, suggested in particular by Borts and Stein [2], is that differential changes in employment are induced by differential rates of in-migration. In the following section I shall describe these two quite different viewpoints in somewhat greater detail. In a recent paper [5] I made a preliminary examination of these two theories. My empirical findings tended rather strongly to support the Borts-Stein hypothesis. I found no tendency for manufacturing wages to grow at below-average rates in cities with an above-average total employment growth. The former tended to vary directly with changes in the average national price of a city's manufacturing output, however, as the Borts-Stein hypothesis predicts. More important for the purposes of this paper, when employment growth and migration were treated as simultaneously determined it appeared that in-migrants tended to find
Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN It was recently suggested that erythema multiforme (EM) majus and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) could be separated as two distinct clinical disorders with similar mucosal erosions but different patterns of cutaneous lesions. To test that hypothesis, we made a single-center retrospective study of severe EM with skin and mucosal involvement. Based on a review of clinical photographs, the skin lesions were reclassified as EM when these lesions were made of typical or raised atypical targets that were located on the extremities and/or the face, or as SJS when these lesions were made of flat atypical targets or purpuric maculae that were widespread or distributed on the trunk. Another investigator who was blinded for that clinical classification related each case to its more probable cause (eg, herpes infection or drug-induced reaction), by using scores derived from the medical charts. RESULTS The majority (80%) of 76 cases could be classified as one of the two disorders: 28 as EM (37%), 33 as SJS (43%), and 15 as "undetermined" (20%). By using causal scores, the 76 cases were classified as herpes-induced (n = 18 [24%]), drug-induced (n = 40 [52%]), and "other" (n = 18 [24%]). There was a strong correlation between the clinical classification and the probable cause (K = 0.87, P < .001). Specifically, EM was mostly related to herpes (17 of 28 cases) or to other causes (eight of 28 cases); however, EM was rarely related to drugs (three of 28 cases), while SJS was nearly always related to drugs (28 of 33 cases) and never to herpes. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the suggestion that EM with mucosal lesions and SJS could be distinguished on the basis of two different clinical patterns. In addition, a strong relationship was observed between each pattern and specific causes. This is one more piece of evidence that suggests that EM with mucosal lesions and SJS are actually two different diseases.
Estimation of Country-Pair Data Models Controlling for Clustered Errors: with International Trade Applications

We consider cross-section regression models for country-pair data, such as gravity models for trade volume between countries or models of exchange rate volatility, allowing for the presence of country-specific errors. This induces clustered errors in a nonstandard setting. OLS standard errors that ignore this clustering are greatly underestimated. Under the assumption of random country-specific effects we provide analytical results that permit more efficient GLS estimation even in settings where the number of unique country-pairs is very large. We include applications to international data on real exchange rates and on bilateral trade that provided the motivation for this paper. The results are more generally applicable to regression with paired data.
Evaluating the implementation of business-to-business m-commerce by SMEs based on a new hybrid MADM model

Purpose – The invention and use of mobile commerce (m-commerce) technology have progressed in recent years. In small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the decision to implement business-to-business m-commerce is a multiple-criteria decision analysis problem that involves both qualitative and quantitative factors, and its evaluation may be based on imprecise information or uncertain data. Furthermore, there may be significant dependences or important feedback among different levels of criteria or alternatives. However, most conventional decision models cannot capture these complex interrelationships. The purpose of this paper is to adopt a new hybrid multiple attribute decision model (MADM) model to evaluate the implementation of business-to-business m-commerce by SMEs in Taiwan to enhance the thinking of management and improve decision gaps. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the authors present the use of a new hybrid MADM combined with a decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMAT.
Physicians' and Women's Views on Hormone Therapy and Breast Cancer Risk After the WHI: A Qualitative Study

Background: The use of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) has significantly declined since the release of the Women's Health Initiative findings, but to what extent physicians' and women's concerns about breast cancer contributed to this change is unknown. Our study explored physicians' and women's beliefs about hormone therapy and breast cancer risk. Methods: We conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with 22 primary care physicians and 45 female patients at two large integrated health care delivery systems in Washington State and Massachusetts. Results: Concerns about breast cancer risk weighed into the decision-making process for physicians and women in initiating and continuing hormone therapy. For women, control of menopausal symptoms was important and possibly outweighed their concerns about the potential risks of breast cancer. Though concerned about its association with increasing breast cancer risk, physicians were willing to consider hormone therapy to manage women's menopausal symptoms but were frustrated about the lack of available non-hormone therapy alternatives. Most physicians and some women were aware of the Women's Health Initiative, and its findings appeared to influence their beliefs about hormone therapy and breast cancer risk, though doubts remained among both groups about the study findings and implications. Conclusions: Our qualitative study suggests that after the Women's Health Initiative, concerns about breast cancer risk weighed into decisions to initiate and continue hormone therapy for both physicians and women, but menopausal symptoms often directed use.
“Modernising” away gender pay inequality? Some evidence from the local government sector on using job evaluation

Purpose – This paper aims to focus on the use of job evaluation used as a mechanism to increase gender pay equality, drawing on data from the UK local government sector.Design/methodology/approach – Several research methods are used to collect data, including requesting information from local councils using the Freedom of Information Act, 2000, together with document analyses and interview data.Findings – While the paper questions the effectiveness of job evaluation in achieving pay equality objectives, within a pay and labour market that tends to favour male‐dominated jobs, it nevertheless finds some pay improvements for women resulting from job‐evaluated pay system changes and suggests the use of pay progression systems could lead to further pay advancements for women.Research limitations/implications – This research has a number of limitations and further inquiries are needed to assess the impact of the slow progress of pay and grading reviews within local government. Methodologically isolating the eff.
3D Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Imaging: Reduced CSF Artifacts and Enhanced Sensitivity and Specificity for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: FLAIR images are highly sensitive for SAH. However, CSF flow artifacts caused by conventional FLAIR can produce false-positive results. Here, we compare 3D and 3D FLAIR sequences, focusing on their potential for containing these artifacts and their sensitivity and specificity for detection of SAHs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the following 4 FLAIR sequences: 1) 2D FLAIR at 1.5T, 2) 2D FLAIR, 3) 2D PROPELLER-FLAIR, and 4) 3D Cube-FLAIR at 3T. All sequences were performed in 5 healthy volunteers; sequences 2 and 4 were also performed under routine conditions in 10 patients with focal epilepsy and in 10 patients with SAH. Two neuroradiologists independently conducted the analysis. The presence of flow artifacts in the ventricles and cisterns of healthy volunteers and patients with epilepsy was evaluated and scored on a 4-point scale. Mean values were calculated and compared by using paired t tests. Sensitivity and specificity for SAH detection in sequences 2 and 4 were determined. RESULTS: Cube-FLAIR showed almost no CSF artifacts in the volunteers and the patients with epilepsy; therefore, it was superior to any other FLAIR (P < .001). Sensitivity and specificity of SAH detection by 3T FLAIR were 58.3% and 89.4%, respectively, whereas Cube-FLAIR had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Cube-FLAIR allows FLAIR imaging with almost no CSF artifacts and is, thus, particularly useful for SAH detection.
Real Exchange Rate Behavior and Economic Performance in LDCs

In recent years, policy discussions have included increasing references to real exchange rate (RER) stability and correct exchange rate alignment as crucial conditions to improve economic performance in less developed countries (LDCs). 1 Evidence from Latin American, Asian, and African countries is often quoted to support the view that the link between RER behavior and economic performance is strong. It is argued that while unstable RERs inhibited export growth in some of Latin America, their stability was fundamental in promoting East Asian expansion. In many African countries, on the other hand, persistently misaligned local currencies harmed the development of agriculture, reducing domestic food supply.2 But, in spite of its importance, no empirical work has been attempted either to test the relationship between RER behavior and performance indicators at a broad multicountry level or to investigate the sources of RER variability and misalignment in LDCs. The theoretical literature on RER determinants has been recently surveyed by Sebastian Edwards.3 He distinguishes between equilibrium and disequilibrium RERs and between external and domestic RER determinants. Although domestic policies are often said to account for significant RER variations, empirical work has only concentrated on the effect of nominal devaluations4 or speculative crises arising from expansionary monetary policies in a system of fixed ex-
Educational human capital and levels of income: Evidence from states in India, 1965 – 92

Abstract This paper examines the long-run (steady-state) relationship between levels of educational human capital and levels of income for the 15 major states of India between 1965 and 1992. The relationship is estimated using the Pooled Mean Groups (PMG) technique; which produces common long-run coefficients but allows heterogeneity of the short-run adjustment parameters. The results suggest that levels of educational human capital, proxied by high school enrollment rates, have a robust positive impact on steady-state levels of income. This is true for male and female education, and the regressions also suggest that states which have larger gender-gaps in education have lower steady-state incomes. The estimated relationship is robust to the inclusion of alternative measures, added controls, and variation in the degree of state coverage.
Exploitation of Renewable Energy in the Hospitality Sector: Case Studies of Gaborone Sun and the Cumberland Hotel in Botswana

This study examines the factors influencing the adoption of renewable energy technologies at two hotels in Botswana. Interviews with key informants from Gaborone Sun and the Cumberland Hotel were used to collect the data for this study. The study was designed along the general conceptual model of the drivers and barriers of corporate “greening. ” Narrative analysis was used to present the findings. Results point to the fact that the availability of the biogas and solar technology in Botswana, political leadership, financial benefits, the availability of a comprehensive environmental sustainability program, and strong environmental management values were the driving forces behind renewable energy adoption by the two hotels. The major barriers against biogas adoption by the Cumberland Hotel included lack of financial resources and limited waste. For solar energy adoption at Gaborone Sun, the main problem was lack of space for further expansion, which has also constrained the hotel’s efforts for wastewater recycling. These results have implications at both local and national levels. Environmental management strategies and values should drive the exploitation of renewable energy by local hotels. At the national level, results imply that the government should take a more responsive approach in facilitating the adoption of renewable energy plans by the corporate world.
Analytical Valuation of American Options on Jump‐Diffusion Processes

We derive analytic formulas for the value of American options when the underlying asset follows a jump‐diffusion process and pays continuous dividends. They early exercise premium has a form very different form from that for diffusion processes, and this can be attributed to the discontinuous nature of the price paths. Analytical formulas are derived for several distributions of the jump amplitude.
Comparing the Ex Vivo Fitness of CCR5-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates of Subtypes B and C

ABSTRACT Continual human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) evolution and expansion within the human population have led to unequal distribution of HIV-1 group M subtypes. In particular, recent outgrowth of subtype C in southern Africa, India, and China has fueled speculation that subtype C isolates may be more fit in vivo. In this study, nine subtype B and six subtype C HIV-1 isolates were added to peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures for a complete pairwise competition experiment. All subtype C HIV-1 isolates were less fit than subtype B isolates (P < 0.0001), but intrasubtype variations in HIV-1 fitness were not significant. Increased fitness of subtype B over subtype C was also observed in primary CD4+ T cells and macrophages from different human donors but not in skin-derived human Langerhans cells. Detailed analysis of the retroviral life cycle during several B and C virus competitions indicated that the efficiency of host cell entry may have a significant impact on relative fitness. Furthermore, phyletic analyses of fitness differences suggested that, for a recombined subtype B/C HIV-1 isolate, higher fitness mapped to the subtype B env gene rather than the subtype C gag and pol genes. These results suggest that subtype B and C HIV-1 may be transmitted with equal efficiency (Langerhans cell data) but that subtype C isolates may be less fit following initial infection (T-cell and macrophage data) and may lead to slower disease progression.
Environmental Economics: In Theory and Practice

Introduction - The Economy and the Environment: Two Parts of a Whole Technical Note: Game Theory - Market Failure - Economic Incentives for Environmental Protection: An Overview - Technical Note: Mathematical Programming - Pollution Taxes for the Efficient Control of Pollution -Tradeable Pollution Permits - Transboundary Pollution Problems - An Introduction to Comparative Dynamics and the Economics of Natural Resource Exploitation - Natural Resources: Types, Classification and Scarcity - An Economic Analysis of Nonrenewable Natural Resources - Renewable Resource Economics - The Economics of Forestry Exploitation - The Theory of Nonmarket Valuation - Methods for Valuing Environmental Costs and Benefits - The Economics of Sustainable Development
The Banking Panics of the Great Depression

This is the first full-length study of five US banking panics of the Great Depression. Previous studies of the Depression have approached the banking panics from a macroeconomic viewpoint; Professor Wicker fills a lacuna in current knowledge by reconstructing a close historical narrative of each of the panics, investigating their origins, magnitude, and effects. He makes a detailed analysis of the geographical incidence of the disturbances using the Federal Reserve District as the basic unit, and reappraises the role of Federal Reserve officials in the panics. His findings challenge many of the commonly held assumptions about the events of 1930 and 1931, for example the belief that the increase in the discount rate in October 1931 initiated a wave of bank suspensions and hoarding. This meticulous account will be of wide interest to students of the Great Depression, monetary and financial historians, financial economists and macroeconomists.
Review of the Research on Instruction of Limited English Proficient Students: A Report to the

The following report was written at the request of the Latino Caucus of the California Legislature and was completed in April of 1997 as the debate surrounding Proposition 227 was getting underway. The impetus for the report was the concern of the caucus that much of the rhetoric in the press and on the street was that "bilingual education had failed. " The Caucus asked the question, "Is there research evidence that bilingual education works? " Hence, the task that was put to us was "not" to provide an accounting of studies and essays on all sides of the issue, but to essentially "present the case" for bilingual education. We called upon many of the most distinguished researchers in the field and asked them to provide guidance in answering the question that had been posed to us. (Their names are listed at the end of the report). This report represents a synthesis of their recommendations along with some analysis of basic education data. Our essential conclusion is that while no single program is best for all children under all circumstances, a well-implemented bilingual program can provide outcomes "at least" as positive as a well- implemented English only program, and has the added advantage of potentially providing students with a second language --a considerable asset. It is only fair to note that had we been challenged to provide all sides of the debate, our conclusions would not have differed greatly, given that they are based on a considered analysis of the best empirical data we have been able to locate in the literature.
Histopathology and histochemistry of psoriasis. I. The active lesion and clinically normal skin.

Sections from 100 psoriatic lesions commonly showed parakeratosis, Munro microabscesses, a diminished or absent granular layer, acanthosis, papillomatosis, tortuosity and dilatation of capillaries, edema, and chronic inflammation in the upper corium. Vacuolization, disruption and hydropic degeneration of the basal cells above the tips of the dermal papillae associated with exocytosis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and spongiosis were found to be important features which have not been generally emphasized. Clinically normal skin of psoriatic patients showed histologic and enzymatic evidence of altered metabolism. Metabolism in the pentose-monophosphate shunt, as evidenced by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, was markedly increased in the keratinizing zone in the psoriatic lesion. This change was also found in certain other dermatoses and is not specific for psoriasis.
The Diffusion of Management Innovations: The Possibilities and Limitations of Memetics

This paper applies a theory of memetics to help explain the diffusion of management innovations as a dynamic evolutionary process. Existing analyses of diffusion frequently note the variation, selection or replication of management innovations, yet few have linked these together with the common observation that some innovations seem to 'evolve'. This paper draws on qualitative evidence from two case-studies of BPR implementation to illustrate that the replication, selection and variation of management innovations can form evolutionary algorithms ('memes') which support diffusion processes, and, in doing so, clarifies the ways in which innovations contribute to their own replication and explains how the high 'failure' rates associated with BPR can sometimes improve its chances of reproduction.
The build-up of nuclear stellar cusps in extreme starburst galaxies and major mergers

Nuclear stellar cusps are defined as central excess light component in the stellar light profiles of galaxies and are suggested to be stellar relics of intense compact starbursts in the central ∼100–500 pc region of gas-rich major mergers. Here, we probe the build-up of nuclear cusps during the actual starburst phase for a complete sample of luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) systems (85 LIRGs, with 11.4 < log [LIR/L_⊙] < 12.5) in the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey sample. Cusp properties are derived via 2D fitting of the nuclear stellar light imaged in the near-infrared (NIR) by the Hubble Space Telescope and have been combined with mid-infrared (IR) diagnostics for active galactic nucleus (AGN)/starburst characterization. We find that nuclear stellar cusps are resolved in 76 per cent of LIRGs (merger and non-interacting galaxies). The cusp strength and luminosity increase with far-IR luminosity (excluding AGN) and merger stage, confirming theoretical models that starburst activity is associated with the build-up of nuclear stellar cusps. Evidence for ultracompact nuclear starbursts is found in ∼13 per cent of LIRGs, which have a strong unresolved central NIR light component but no significant contribution of an AGN. The nuclear NIR surface density (measured within 1 kpc radius) increases by a factor of ∼5 towards late merger stages. A careful comparison to local early-type galaxies with comparable masses reveals (a) that local (U)LIRGs have a significantly larger cusp fraction and (b) that the majority of the cusp LIRGs have host galaxy luminosities (H band) similar to core ellipticals which are roughly one order in magnitude larger than those for cusp ellipticals.