Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Methods and Models for Metabolic Assessment in Mice

The development of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes requires robust, reproducible and well validated in vivo experimental systems. Mice provide the most ideal animal model for studies of potential therapies. Unlike larger animals, mice have a short gestational period, are genetically similar, often give birth to many offspring at once and can be housed as multiple groups in a single cage. The mouse model has been extensively metabolically characterized using different tests. This report summarizes how these tests can be executed and how arising data are analyzed to confidently determine changes in insulin resistance and insulin secretion with high reproducibility. The main tests for metabolic assessment in the mouse reviewed here are the glucose clamp, the intravenous and the oral glucose tolerance tests. For all these experiments, including some commonly adopted variants, we describe: (i) their performance; (ii) their advantages and limitations; (iii) the empirical formulas and mathematical models implemented for the analysis of the data arising from the experimental procedures to obtain reliable measurements of peripheral insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. Finally, a list of previous applications of these methods and analytical techniques is provided to better comprehend their use and the evidences that these studies yielded.
How to partition a billion-node graph

Billion-node graphs pose significant challenges at all levels from storage infrastructures to programming models. It is critical to develop a general purpose platform for graph processing. A distributed memory system is considered a feasible platform supporting online query processing as well as offline graph analytics. In this paper, we study the problem of partitioning a billion-node graph on such a platform, an important consideration because it has direct impact on load balancing and communication overhead. It is challenging not just because the graph is large, but because we can no longer assume that the data can be organized in arbitrary ways to maximize the performance of the partitioning algorithm. Instead, the algorithm must adopt the same data and programming model adopted by the system and other applications. In this paper, we propose a multi-level label propagation (MLP) method for graph partitioning. Experimental results show that our solution can partition billion-node graphs within several hours on a distributed memory system consisting of merely several machines, and the quality of the partitions produced by our approach is comparable to state-of-the-art approaches applied on toy-size graphs.
Pragmatic Errors and Transfer of Foreign Learners of Indonesian: The Case of Refusals

Pragmatic transfer, an emerging part of interlanguage pragmatics (ILP), has been receiving serious attention from applied linguists currently. This study was aimed at investigating pragmatic errors and pragmatic transfer learners made and effect of second language (L2) proficiency to their pragmatic transfer. Eighteen students of Darmasiswa who have been learning Indonesian language and culture form Bali State Polytechnic (PNB) and from Teacher Training Institute of Saraswati Tabanan, Bali, Indonesia were involved as research participants. Discourse completion test (DCT) consisting of nine situations designed with sociocultural aspect of power, distance, and rank of imposition (PDR) was used to elicit data of refusal strategies. The data were analysed to see pragmatic errors, pragmatic transfer, and effect of L2 proficiency on participants’ pragmatic transfer. Result of analysis revealed that learners’ pragmatic competence was still low. They were pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic errors made dealing with Indonesian noun phrase (NP) structure, the use of verb, noun, prepositions which are very different from English patterns. Moreover, pragmatic transfer was frequently made due to learners’ shortage of L2 pragmatic proficiency and learners’ L1 cultural knowledge. In addition, learners’ pragmatic transfer was found to be strongly influenced by learners’ L2 proficiency.
U.S. Labor Market Dynamics in the 21st Century

I investigate the trend reversal in the labor supply of single childless women that occurred at the turn of the 21st century and its continued decline over the last decade. I find that while traditional static labor supply theory and demographic transitions fall short in explaining this recent phenomenon, there is strong evidence that increased participation in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) has contributed to the decline. I identify the impact of SNAP on both the extensive and intensive margins of labor supply with an instrumental variables approach that exploits the state-level variation of post-2000 policy reforms affecting SNAP eligibility and enrollment criteria. Adding more structure to the model by framing program participation as a latent variable discrete choice, I test whether or not this choice interacts with individual unobserved heterogeneity – in other words, if individuals decide to participate in SNAP based on expected idiosyncratic gains – and estimate the effect of SNAP on labor supply for the marginal participant. Estimation results from a normal selection model and the method of Local Instrumental Variables show that SNAP participation is largely detrimental to the labor market productivity of single childless women, for whom observable gains of participation are small but unobserved gains from participation are large, suggesting they perceive the transaction costs of participation to be low.
Metalevel Learning -is More than Model Selection Necessary?

This workshop paper proposes an alternative to the techniques commonly regarded as met-alevel learning. Recapitulating results from statistical learning theory regarding selection of learning algorithms, we cannot guarantee with probability one to select the best of n methods on a nite sized validation set. Hence selecting a learner is diicult. What makes meta level learning even more diicult is that we want to go further and select some prootable learning algorithms without assessing them. The reason for meta learning is to save time and we might ask whether there are alternative ways. One approach, and that is the method proposed in this contribution, is to use a predictive setting that has some kind of model construction built in. Methods that can be used for this purpose arose recently in Bayesian statistics. We know how to extend Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods to allow for semi stochastic proposal moves. This can (and is already) used to perform all kinds of model selection. The result of such learning algorithms is a distribution over model coeecients and model structures and in most problems the generalization capabilities are at the upper level. The advantage of such approach is that the algorithm have only few "knobs" and their tuning is rather robust.
Physiological effects of heat stress on Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila: genome-wide expression patterns and stress-related traits

Two Hawaiian picture-wing Drosophila differ in their temperature tolerances with the ecologically rare species, D. silvestris, showing reduced survival, reduced sperm mobility and greater gene expression changes at high temperatures compared to the common D. sproati. Thus the rare species may have reduced capacity to adapt to future climate changes.
Classifier Technology and the Illusion of Progress

A great many tools have been developed for supervised clas- sification, ranging from early methods such as linear discriminant anal- ysis through to modern developments such as neural networks and sup- port vector machines. A large number of comparative studies have been conducted in attempts to establish the relative superiority of these methods. This paper argues that these comparisons often fail to take into account important aspects of real problems, so that the apparent superiority of more sophisticated methods may be something of an illu- sion. In particular, simple methods typically yield performance almost as good as more sophisticated methods, to the extent that the di! erence in performance may be swamped by other sources of uncertainty that generally are not considered in the classical supervised classification paradigm.
Histoenzymatic and Morphometric Analysis of Muscle Fiber Type Transformation during the Postnatal Development of the Chronically Food-Deprived Rat

We analyze the effect of chronic undernourishment on extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle maturation in the rat. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) and alkaline ATPase histoenzymatic techniques were used to determine the relative proportion of different fiber types (oxidative/glycolytic and type I, IIa/IId, or IIb, respectively) and their cross-sectional area in control and undernourished EDL muscles at several postnatal (PN) ages. From PN days 15 to 45, undernourished EDL muscles showed predominance of oxidative and type IIa/IId fibers, but from PN days 60 to 90, there were a larger proportion of oxidative fibers and an equal proportion of type IIa/IId and IIb fibers. Meanwhile, in adult stages (from PN days 130–365), the relative proportion of fiber types in control and undernourished EDL muscles showed no significant differences. In addition, from PN days 15 to 90, there was a significant reduction in the cross-sectional area of all fibers (slow: 13–53%; intermediate: 24–74%; fast: 9–80%) but no differences from PN days 130 to 365. It is suggested that chronic undernourishment affects the maturation of fast-type muscle fibers only at juvenile stages (from PN days 15–45) and the probable occurrence of adaptive mechanisms in muscle fibers, allowing adult rats to counterbalance the alterations provoked by chronic food deprivation.
The Internet upheaval : raising questions, seeking answers in communications policy

At the beginning of 2000, the U.S. economy was enjoying the longest period of sustained growth and economic prosperity in its history. According to The Internet Upheaval, part of the explanation for this phenomenon is a consequence of how information technologies, in particular the Internet, are upending fundamental economic and social structures. These research studies explore some of the telecommunications policy ramifications of this upheaval. The first section addresses the complexities of adapting the First Amendment to the Internet, the debate over the taxation of e-commerce, and Internet users' attitudes toward online privacy. The second section looks at how the Internet has changed, or will change, traditional models used by economists, sociologists, and others to explain how the world works. The third section discusses the need for new economic models to deal with the rapidly changing competitive landscape. Finally, the fourth section examines economic and policy aspects of universal service.
Is There Any Asymmetric Volatility on Individual Stock?

This study investigates the behavior of the asymmetric volatility of all the individual stocks in the Taiwan stock market. The daily data from 1993 to 2001 are used, covering the period of the Asian financial crisis. The empirical results show that only 15% and 25% of the listed companies selected as samples exhibited asymmetric return volatility before and after the Asian financial crisis, respectively. This result differs from those of current studies on index and individual stocks. Furthermore, it was found that before and after the financial crisis, the volatility asymmetry on the return of individual stock has not been the same. This implies that the structural change of the market did affect asymmetric volatility behavior. The leverage effect hypothesis can explain the phenomenon of asymmetric volatility.
Viewpoint: Further Results on Measuring the Well-Being of the Poor Using Income and Consumption (Rsultats Additionnels Sur La Mesure Du Bien-Tre Des Pauvres En Utilisant Revenu Et Consommation)

We evaluate the relative merits of income- and consumption-based measures of well-being. Our results provide evidence that consumption better captures well-being for those with few resources. The bottom deciles of expenditures exceed those of income, suggesting under-reporting of income. The under-reporting rate for government transfers is high and rising. Overall non-response is more severe in U.S. income data than in expenditure data. Furthermore, a consumption data set requires fewer observations than an income data set to obtain the same level of precision for typical estimates. Finally, very low consumption is more strongly related to other bad outcomes than very low income.
Maximizing the Number of Good Dies for Streaming Applications in NoC-Based MPSoCs Under Process Variation

Scaling CMOS technology into nanometer feature-size nodes has made it practically impossible to precisely control the manufacturing process. This results in variation in the speed and power consumption of a circuit. As a solution to process-induced variations, circuits are conventionally implemented with conservative design margins to guarantee the target frequency of each hardware component in manufactured multiprocessor chips. This approach, referred to as worst-case design, results in a considerable circuit upsizing, in turn reducing the number of dies on a wafer. This work deals with the design of real-time systems for streaming applications (e.g., video decoders) constrained by a throughput requirement (e.g., frames per second) with reduced design margins, referred to as better-than-worst-case design. To this end, the first contribution of this work is a complete modeling framework that captures a streaming application mapped to an NoC-based multiprocessor system with voltage-frequency islands under process-induced die-to-die and within-die frequency variations. The framework is used to analyze the impact of variations in the frequency of hardware components on application throughput at the system level. The second contribution of this work is a methodology to use the proposed framework and estimate the impact of reducing circuit design margins on the number of good dies that satisfy the throughput requirement of a real-time streaming application. We show on both synthetic and real applications that the proposed better-than-worst-case design approach can increase the number of good dies by up to 9.6% and 18.8% for designs with and without fixed SRAM and IO blocks, respectively.
Conservation Genetics Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data Conservation Genetics / Edited Deutsche Bibliothek Cataloging-in-publication Data Conservation Genetics

Includes bibliographical references and index. The publisher and editor can give no guarantee for the information on drug dosage and administration contained in this publication. The respective user must check its accuracy by Consulting other sources of reference in each individual case. The use of registered names, trademarks etc. in this publication, even if not identified as such, does not imply that they are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations or free for general use. or in other ways, and storage in data banks. For any kind of use permission of the Copyright owner must be obtained.
The influence of temperature on muscle function in the fast swimming scup. II. The mechanics of red muscle.

To understand better how scup can swim twice as fast as carp with its red muscle, we measured the mechanical properties of red muscle bundles in scup. The values of the mean maximum velocity of shortening (Vmax) at 10 degrees C (3.32 muscle lengths s-1) and at 20 degrees C (5.55 muscle lengths s-1; Q10 = 1.69) were nearly the same as those in carp. Isometric force, however, was approximately 50% greater (183 kN m-2; Q10 = 1.08). The maximal power generation was correspondingly about 50% greater in scup than in carp (71 W kg-1 at 10 degrees C and 134 W kg-1 at 20 degrees C; Q10 = 1.88). The larger power output of its muscle may be important in the faster swimming of the scup. In addition, the fact that scup use a less undulatory style of swimming means that, when they are swimming twice as fast, their red muscle shortens at the same velocity (V) and with the same V/Vmax (0.37, i.e. where maximum power is generated) as that of carp. The importance of V/Vmax is further shown by the comparison of scup swimming at different temperatures. The 1.69-fold higher Vmax at 20 degrees C than at 10 degrees C enables scup to swim with a 1.67-fold faster V at 20 degrees C. Thus, at both 10 degrees C and 20 degrees C, red muscle is used only over the same narrow range of V/Vmax (0.17-0.37), where experiments on isolated muscle suggest that power and efficiency are maximal. Therefore, V/Vmax appears to be an important design constraint that limits the range of velocities over which muscle is used in vivo, both at different temperatures and in fast- and slow-locomoting species.
A quantitative comparison of dispersed spore/pollen and plant megafossil assemblages from a Middle Jurassic plant bed from Yorkshire, UK

Abstract Detailed quantitative data has previously been collected from plant megafossil assemblages from a Middle Jurassic (Aalenian) plant bed from Hasty Bank, North Yorkshire, UK. We conducted a similar analysis of palynological dispersed sporomorph (spore and pollen) assemblages collected from the same section using the same sampling regime: 67 sporomorph taxa were recorded from 50 samples taken at 10 cm intervals through the plant bed. Basic palynofacies analysis was also undertaken on each sample. Both dispersed sporomorph and plant megafossil assemblages display consistent changes in composition, diversity (richness), and abundance through time. However, the dispersed sporomorph and plant megafossil records provide conflicting evidence for the nature of parent vegetation. Specifically, conifers and ferns are underrepresented in plant megafossil assemblages, bryophytes and lycopsids are represented only in sporomorph assemblages, and sphenophytes, pteridosperms, Caytoniales, Cycadales, Ginkgoales and Bennettitales are comparatively underrepresented in sporomorph assemblages. Combined multivariate analysis (correspondence analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling) of sporomorph occurrence/abundance data demonstrates that temporal variation in sporomorph assemblages is the result of depositional change through the plant bed. The reproductive strategies of parent plants are considered to be a principal factor in shaping many of the major abundance and diversity irregularities between dispersed sporomorph and plant megafossil data sets that seemingly reflects different parent vegetation. Preferential occurrence/preservation of sporomorphs and equivalent parent plants is a consequence of a complex array of biological, ecological, geographical, taphonomic, and depositional factors that act inconsistently between and within fossil assemblages, which results in notable discrepancies between data sets.
Power, visibility, and conformity in formal organizations.

What kind of social control is generated by a particular form of power? How do the structural conditions under which this power is exercised determine high or low effectiveness? The first question is dealt with by distinguishing attitudinal conformity from behavioral conformity using the Merton dichotomy. The second inquiry utilizes the organizational characteristics of visibility of role performance vis k vis superiors, and the professionalism of staff personnel. The five power bases suggested by French and Raven—Coercive, Reward, Expert, Legitimate, and Referent—are specified and further developed. A hypothetical ranking of power bases predicts high correlations between behavioral conformity, high visibility, and Coercive power; relationships diminish down the ranking to high correlations between attitudinal conformity, low visibility, and Referent power. Data collected from 528 staff members in 18 city elementary schools are used for secondary analysis as a preliminary test of hypotheses. S OCIAL control in formal organizations has been a major object of sociological inquiry. From a structural standpoint the originative work was done by Max More recent reformulations of Weber's work are by Udy (1959) and Lit-wak (1961). A recent summary of concepts dealing with rules in organizations was done by Hickson (1966). Etzioni (1961a, 1964) has emphasized a broad comparative approach within the Weberian tradition by * This research was conducted under U.S. Office of Education project number 1755.1 am particularly indebted to Professors Henry Meyer and Eugene Litwak for their support as Project Directors. employing a threefold typology of control bases. The social-psychological literature of "group dynamics," also inspired by Weber, is represented in selected articles in Cart-wright and Zander's Group Dynamics (1960). The analysis of leadership "climate" is most fully developed by White and Lippitt (1960) and is applied to work organizations in a study by Coch and French (1960). Among the many social science issues raised in these works is a common focus on two problems: Why do persons in given organizational positions have power? What do such persons do to insure compliance with power demands? The Nature of Organizational Control Among the perplexities confronting the researcher who seeks to examine the issues
Harmonic Grammar with linear programming: from linear systems to linguistic typology*

Abstract Harmonic Grammar is a model of linguistic constraint interaction in which well-formedness is calculated in terms of the sum of weighted constraint violations. We show how linear programming algorithms can be used to determine whether there is a weighting for a set of constraints that fits a set of linguistic data. The associated software package OT-Help provides a practical tool for studying large and complex linguistic systems in the Harmonic Grammar framework and comparing the results with those of OT. We first describe the translation from harmonic grammars to systems solvable by linear programming algorithms. We then develop a Harmonic Grammar analysis of ATR harmony in Lango that is, we argue, superior to the existing OT and rule-based treatments. We further highlight the usefulness of OT-Help, and the analytic power of Harmonic Grammar, with a set of studies of the predictions Harmonic Grammar makes for phonological typology.