Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
African American Family Homicide

The high incidence of violence between family members has become increasingly well documented in the last decade so that it is now generally recognized that a large number of individuals in the United States will experience some sort of violence at the hands of family members at some time in their lives (see, for example, Straus & Gelles, 1986; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). At the most extreme end of the continuum of this violence, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported that 14% of the 20,045 homicide victims in the United States in 1990 were murdered by members of their own families (FBI, 1990). As is the case with all types of homicide, African Americans are victimized by lethal violence at the hands of family members at rates that are many times higher than those for other racial groups in the United States (Mercy & Salzman, 1989; Plass & Straus, 1987). This article will present a descriptive analysis of this special subset of family murders, namely, those that occurred among African Americans. There are a number of reasons for an examination of family homicides occurring specifically among African Americans. First, although the inordinately high rate of homicide among African Americans has been observed and documented for many decades (Hackney, 1969; Hawkins, 1986a; Lottier, 1938; Shannon, 1954; Silberman, 1978), there has been what criminologist Darnell Hawkins (1986b) calls "a lack of systematic detailed analysis of the phenomena, including attention to intra-group distribution and patterning
Estimating the Economic Value of Specific Characteristics Associated with Angus Bulls Sold at Auction

The genetic traits of a purebred bull convey the reproductive and economic value to buyers. This study examines and compares the value of actual production weights (birth, weaning, and yearling weight), production expected progeny differences (EPDs) (birth, weaning, milk, and yearling), and ultrasound EPDs (carcass quality predictors) for purebred Angus bulls sold at auction. One EPD, birth weight, was valued by buyers more than its corresponding actual weight, though both actual weights and EPDs significantly impact price. Predictors of carcass quality were important in determining price. Finally, several individual animal factors and sale characteristics were significant in determining price.
The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales: Normative Data and Implications

Based on evidence for brain affective systems, parceled into six distinct groups (Panksepp, 1998a), it was hypothesized that a great deal of personality variability would be related to strengths and weaknesses found in these six systems. If supported, this hypothesis would provide further evidence for the physiological bases of personality. Personality scales, modeled after the Spielberger State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI), were constructed to estimate self-reported feedback concerning the putative influences of these six neurally based networks, which are labeled PLAY, SEEK, CARE, FEAR, ANGER, and SADNESS systems, along with a Spirituality scale and various filler questions. Subjects completed these Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) as well as a Five-Factor Model (FFM) scale. Data revealed various strong relationship between the APNS and the FFM scales. Implications for psychometric theory, the relationships between affect and personality, as well as the physiological bases of personality are discussed.
Neuroprotective effects of tetrandrine against vascular dementia

Tetrandrine is one of the major active ingredients in Menispermaceae Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, and has specific therapeutic effects in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Its use in vascular dementia has not been studied fully. Here, we investigated whether tetrandrine would improve behavioral and cellular impairments in a two-vessel occlusion rat model of chronic vascular dementia. Eight weeks after model establishment, rats were injected intraperitoneally with 10 or 30 mg/kg tetrandrine every other day for 4 weeks. Behavioral assessment in the Morris water maze showed that model rats had longer escape latencies in training trials, and spent less time swimming in the target quadrant in probe trials, than sham-operated rats. However, rats that had received tetrandrine showed shorter escape latencies and longer target quadrant swimming time than untreated model rats. Hematoxylin-eosin and Nissl staining revealed less neuronal necrosis and pathological damage, and more living cells, in the hippocampus of rats treated with tetrandrine than in untreated model rats. Western blot assay showed that interleukin-1β expression, and phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate 2B receptor at tyrosine 1472, were lower in model rats that received tetrandrine than in those that did not. The present findings suggest that tetrandrine may be neuroprotective in chronic vascular dementia by reducing interleukin-1β expression, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 2B phosphorylation at tyrosine 1472, and neuronal necrosis.
Family Background, Individual and Environmental Influences on Adolescents' Aspirations

A moderation-mediation model was constructed to examine relationships among family background, individual characteristics, proximal learning settings and adolescents' aspirations. Data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of Australian youth (3779 boys and 4001 girls). The findings from moderation-mediation investigations and from regression surface analyses suggest that: (a) the predictors combine to have large associations with adolescents' educational aspirations and small relationships with occupational aspirations; and (b) there are family country-of-origin differences in the linear and curvilinear nature of the relationships among individual characteristics, proximal learning settings and adolescents' aspirations. The investigation indicates the need to examine between-group family differences for a more complete understanding of family background variations in students' school outcomes.
Being ‘the strange one’ or ‘like everybody else’: school education and the negotiation of multilingual identity

Abstract Based on first-person accounts, the negotiation of identity and belonging in 12 adults with multilingual and multicultural backgrounds is examined. The narratives show contradictory feelings towards the issue of multilinguality, which generally is experienced as a greater obstacle by multilingual adults who have predominantly gone to state schools than by adults who went to international schools. Education and different school systems play a role in constructing the cultural frameworks of inclusion and exclusion. This paper concludes that a significant factor for the differing perceptions may lie in the opportunity or lack thereof to share the experience of multiple allegiances and identifications with peers. In that respect, some school environments contribute to the cultivation of their students' linguistic and cultural awareness, and multilinguality is consequently no longer perceived as a personal or communal threat.
Job Conditions, Coping and Wellness/Health Outcomes in Spanish Secondary School Teachers

This cross-sectional study is part of EUROTEACH; a project aimed at examining the possible relationships between job conditions and wellness/ health outcomes in teachers from 11 European countries. The Spanish sample consists of 198 (53% female) teachers working in mixed public secondary schools in Alicante. The Job Demand-Control-Social Support (JDCS) model (Johnson and Hall, 1988; Karasek and Theorell, 1990) provides the theoretical framework for the study and specific instruments measuring additional job conditions and coping are applied to investigate these variables in the teaching profession. Moreover, the relationships between the variables are studied to clarify their possible interaction. Results confirm the expected relationship between job conditions and wellness/health effects, and also show the presence of an interaction between coping and the variables in the JDCS model. The need to perform further research on the role of coping, as well as considering other individual variables that might influence teacher occupational stress, is pointed out.
Work Attitudes and Emotional Responses of Permanent, Voluntary, and Involuntary Temporary‐help Employees: An Exploratory Study

On souhaite, avec cette recherche, completer les travaux empiriques encore rares concernant l'impact du travail interimaire sur les salarids concerned. On a compare un echantillon de 90 interimaires a un autre echantillon compose de 134 titulaires pour ce qui est de l'implication dans le travail, de la satisfaction professionnelle et du stress. Conformement au schema theorique et aux hypotheses operatoires issus de leurs propres declarations, les interimaires ont ete separes en deux sous-groupes sur la base du (non) volontariat pour cette forme de travail. Une analyse de variance multivariee (MANOVA) et une analyse de covariance multivariee (MANCOVA) ont mis en evidence des differences significatives au niveau de la satisfaction, mais pas de la motivation, ni du stress lie au role. The current research is an attempt to extend the scant empirical literature addressing the impact of the temporary-help work arrangement on the temporary-help employees (THEs) employed under that arrangement. A sample of 90 THEs was compared to a sample of 134 permanent employees with respect to work involvement, work satisfaction, and stress measures. In accordance with the conceptual framework and the operational hypotheses that were derived and based on their own statements, THEs were divided into those who work on that arrangement voluntarily as opposed to those who worked as THEs involuntarily. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) revealed significant differences only with regard to satisfaction measures and not for work involvement or role stress measures.
Neural Correlates of Nouns and Verbs in Early Bilinguals

Previous neuroimaging research indicates that English verbs and nouns are represented in frontal and posterior brain regions, respectively. For Chinese monolinguals, however, nouns and verbs are found to be associated with a wide range of overlapping areas without significant differences in neural signatures. This different pattern of findings led us to ask the question of where nouns and verbs of two different languages are represented in various areas in the brain in Chinese–English bilinguals. In this study, we utilized functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a lexical decision paradigm involving Chinese and English verbs and nouns to address this question. We found that while Chinese nouns and verbs involved activation of common brain areas, the processing of English verbs engaged many more regions than did the processing of English nouns. Specifically, compared to English nouns, English verb presentation was associated with stronger activation of the left putamen and cerebellum, which are responsible for motor function, suggesting the involvement of the motor system in the processing of English verbs. Our findings are consistent with the theory that neural circuits for linguistic dimensions are weighted and modulated by the characteristics of a language.
Parenting Practices as Mediators of the Effect of Mothers' Community Violence Exposure on Young Children's Aggressive Behavior

The authors analyzed data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study to investigate the direct and indirect effects of mothers' community violence exposure on young children's aggressive behavior. The findings indicate that mothers' community violence exposure was positively associated with psychologically and physically aggressive parenting and child aggression. Aggressive parenting practices were positively related to child aggression, and partially mediated the effect of mothers' violence exposure on child aggressive behaviors.
Energy-Efficient Optimal Real-Time Scheduling on Multiprocessors

Optimal real-time scheduling is effective to not only schedulability improvement but also energy efficiency for real-time systems. In this paper, we propose real-time static voltage and frequency scaling (RT-SVFS) techniques based on an optimal real-time scheduling algorithm for multiprocessors. The techniques are theoretically optimal when the voltage and frequency can be controlled both uniformly and independently among processors. Simulation results show that the independent RT-SVFS technique closely approaches the lower bound on energy consumption if the voltage and frequency can be controlled minutely.
How Different Types of Animal Robots Differently Influence Elder and Younger People's Mental States?

The research conducted a psychological experiment where both elder and younger people played with two types of animal robots (Paro and Genibo SD), to compare between their mental states before and after the play. The result based on the measurement of salivary amylase suggested that Paro influenced the decrease of stress only in the elder participants, and Genibo SD did not influence the participants' stress changes.
Bayesian network learning with cutting planes

The problem of learning the structure of Bayesian networks from complete discrete data with a limit on parent set size is considered. Learning is cast explicitly as an optimisation problem where the goal is to find a BN structure which maximises log marginal likelihood (BDe score). Integer programming, specifically the SCIP framework, is used to solve this optimisation problem. Acyclicity constraints are added to the integer program (IP) during solving in the form of cutting planes. Finding good cutting planes is the key to the success of the approach—the search for such cutting planes is effected using a sub-IP. Results show that this is a particularly fast method for exact BN learning.
Global convergence of the Heavy-ball method for convex optimization

This paper establishes global convergence and provides global bounds of the rate of convergence for the Heavy-ball method for convex optimization. When the objective function has Lipschitz-continuous gradient, we show that the Cesáro average of the iterates converges to the optimum at a rate of O(1/k) where k is the number of iterations. When the objective function is also strongly convex, we prove that the Heavy-ball iterates converge linearly to the unique optimum. Numerical examples validate our theoretical findings.
SPECIALIZATION IN JUVENILE COURT CAREERS

The study of specialization in offending careers is relevant to the key theoretical issue of whether different types of offending reject only one underlying theoretical construct (such as delinquent tendency) or several different constructs. This research improves on previous studies of specialization in offending careers in three ways: (1) It is based on the complete juvenile court careers of a very large sample of offenders (nearly 70,000). (2) It uses a fine-grained classification of 21 offense types. (3) It uses a new measure of the strength of specialization, the Forward Specialization Coefficient (FSC). Both transition matrices and offending careers are studied. The major findings from the transition matrices are (1) there was a small but significant degree of specialization in offending superimposed on a great deal of versatility: (2) the degree of specialization tended to increase with successive referrals, and this was not due to more versatile offenders dropping out: and (3) the relative extent to which offenders specialized in different offenses held for two jurisdictions (Maricopa County, Arizona, and Utah), both sexes, and all ages. The analyses of offending careers showed that the most specialized offenses were runaway, burglary, motor vehicle theft, liquor violations, incorrigibility, curfew, truancy, and drugs. Nearly 20 percent of the offenders were identified as specialists. The conclusion is that, while offending was versatile to a first approximation, delinquency theories should attempt to explain specialization and specialists in order to yield more accurate quantitative predictions about offending careers.
The British Police Service: Professionalisation or ‘McDonaldization’?

This article argues that there are two contrasting models for understanding developments in contemporary British policing. The first, which is an intended outcome of the reform and ‘workforce modernisation’ agenda, envisages increased professionalisation. The second, which is a perverse outcome of that same agenda, is the ‘McDonaldization’ of the British police. This article prefers the latter and argues that policing is increasingly becoming McDonaldized. According to the sociologist George Ritzer, McDonaldized institutions operate in accordance with four main principles: calculability, efficiency, predictability and control. Taken together, these four factors can be understood as the basic components of a rational system. However, the main problem with McDonaldized systems and a fifth characteristic of the process is the production of irrationalities (or what Ritzer terms the ‘irrationality of rationality’). A primary purpose of this article is to highlight some of the irrationalities of McPolicing.
"Metaphorical" Mapping in Human Infants

WAGNER, SHELDON; WINNER, ELLEN; CICCHETTI, DANTE; and GARDNER, HOWARD. "Metaphorical" Mapping in Human Infants. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 728-731. 8 sets of paired visual and auditory stimuli, each representing contrasting values along a single dimension (e.g., ascending/descending), were constructed such that each member of the auditory pair was deemed (by adults) to "metaphorically" match one member of the visual pair (e.g., ascending tone/up arrow; descending tone/down arrow). 61 infants (mean age 11.4 months) were presented initially with 1 member of each auditory pair. After 3 sec, infants were exposed to the corresponding visual pair for 7 sec, during which auditory stimulation continued. Each visual pair was presented twice, once with each member of the auditory pair. Total fixation time to each visual stimulus was measured. Preference for the target (matching) stimulus on both visual presentations was coded as a metaphorical match (MM). Preference for the nontarget stimuli on both presentations was coded as a reciprocal match (RM). There were significantly more MMs than RMs on 3 of the stimulus sets, higher absolute fixation time for the 2 target stimuli than for all other possible pairs of stimuli across presentations, and a greater individual proclivity to effect MMs than RMs. Results are discussed in terms of an early ability to perceive abstract similarities between events that are neither physically similar nor associated through co-occurrence.
Functional Load and Sound Change

The idea that functional load offers a tool of potentially great explanatory power in diachronic linguistics is shared by a number of contemporary linguists, particularly those influenced at first or second hand by Prague. It is the purpose of the present paper to investigate the hypothesis that functional load plays a significant role in sound change. I will attempt to demonstrate that functional load, if it is a factor in sound change at all, is one of the least important of those we know anything about, and that it is best disregarded in discussions centering on the cause and direction of phonological change.
Being Barbie: The Size of One’s Own Body Determines the Perceived Size of the World

A classical question in philosophy and psychology is if the sense of one's body influences how one visually perceives the world. Several theoreticians have suggested that our own body serves as a fundamental reference in visual perception of sizes and distances, although compelling experimental evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. In contrast, modern textbooks typically explain the perception of object size and distance by the combination of information from different visual cues. Here, we describe full body illusions in which subjects experience the ownership of a doll's body (80 cm or 30 cm) and a giant's body (400 cm) and use these as tools to demonstrate that the size of one's sensed own body directly influences the perception of object size and distance. These effects were quantified in ten separate experiments with complementary verbal, questionnaire, manual, walking, and physiological measures. When participants experienced the tiny body as their own, they perceived objects to be larger and farther away, and when they experienced the large-body illusion, they perceived objects to be smaller and nearer. Importantly, despite identical retinal input, this "body size effect" was greater when the participants experienced a sense of ownership of the artificial bodies compared to a control condition in which ownership was disrupted. These findings are fundamentally important as they suggest a causal relationship between the representations of body space and external space. Thus, our own body size affects how we perceive the world.
Morality in Sport: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective

This study used a sample of 314 British athletes (170 male, 144 female) to examine whether social-contextual and personal motivation variables proposed by self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2002) can predict reported levels of sportspersonship and antisocial moral attitudes in sport. Structural equation modeling analysis showed that perceptions of coach autonomy support were positive predictors of athletes’ satisfaction of their psychological needs for competence, relatedness, and autonomy. In turn, the three needs were positive predictors of autonomous motivation. Autonomous motivation positively predicted sportspersonship and negatively predicted antisocial moral attitudes in sport. The opposite pattern of results was observed between controlled motivation and the sportspersonship and antisocial moral attitudes variables. The findings emphasize the importance of autonomy supportive environments, psychological need satisfaction, and autonomous motivation for fostering sportspersonship in sport.
Temporal Spectrum Sharing Based on Primary User Activity Prediction

In this paper we investigate the opportunistic spectrum access in temporal domain where a secondary user shares a radio channel with a primary user during the OFF period of the primary user. We consider practical ON/OFF traffic models whose bursty natures are not properly described by a Markovian assumption. An optimal strategy to determine the transmission power of the secondary user is proposed, which can be adapted to any source traffic model of the primary user. This strategy will maximize the spectrum utilization of the secondary user while keeping interference violations to the primary user below a threshold. Numerical results show that the transmission power of the secondary user depends on the probability distribution of the primary traffic as well as the elapsed time of the OFF period.