Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Giving up on School: Student Dropouts and Teacher Burnouts

Introduction The Contemporary Context of Cultural Expectations Turned Off, Tuned Out, Dropped Out Creating Failure: Why Students Drop Out The Who and Why of Teacher Burnout To Quit or Not to Quit Alienation and Schools Giving up on Schools: A Process Model Why School Reforms Fail Conclusion: Some Modest and Not So Modest Proposals
Demographic Analysis of AIDS Mortality in Spain

The emergence of the AIDS epidemic in the early 1980s had a significant impact in Europe because it reawakened concerns about infectious diseases thought to be long-conquered by that time. So it not only affected mortality at certain relatively young ages, but also shifted the perception of health care needs. Even today, AIDS mortality in Spain is among the highest in Europe. It peaked there in 1994 before the wider use of combination therapy reduced the probability of dying from the disease. Analysis of data for that year reveals excess AIDS mortality among young adults. This phenomenon created a temporary but significant deformation of the risks of dying for people in their thirties: in the mid-1990s, AIDS mortality represented almost a third of total mortality in this age group in Spain.
Maid In China: Media, Morality, and the Cultural Politics of Boundaries

1. Intimate stranger: An Introduction Part 1: Media production 2. Theater of Suzhi: Dramas of New Sociality on Post-Mao Television 3. Spectacles of Love: The Moral Economy of Compassionate Journalism Part 2: Consumption Practices 4. Morality or Money: The Gendered Ethics of Good Living 5. Latent Geography of the City: The Poetics of Inconspicuous Consumption Part 3: Everyday Politics 6. Continuum of Transgression: The Practicalities of Everyday Politics 7. The Art of "Making Do": The Cultural Practices of the Subaltern Spectator
How Constant Anatomically is the Tendon of Todaro as a Marker for the Triangle of Koch?

Tendon of Todaro. Introduction: Although well recognized by anatomists as a border of the triangle of Koch demarcating the location of the A V node, the tendon of Todaro is not visible in the operating room or in the catheterization laboratory. Instead, clinicians use as surrogate a projected line between the eustachian valve and the central fibrous body. The constancy of the tendon of Todaro within this border remains to be determined.
Changes in Bacterioplankton Composition under Different Phytoplankton Regimens

ABSTRACT The results of empirical studies have revealed links between phytoplankton and bacterioplankton, such as the frequent correlation between chlorophyll a and bulk bacterial abundance and production. Nevertheless, little is known about possible links at the level of specific taxonomic groups. To investigate this issue, seawater microcosm experiments were performed in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Turbulence was used as a noninvasive means to induce phytoplankton blooms dominated by different algae. Microcosms exposed to turbulence became dominated by diatoms, while small phytoflagellates gained importance under still conditions. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA gene fragments showed that changes in phytoplankton community composition were followed by shifts in bacterioplankton community composition, both as changes in the presence or absence of distinct bacterial phylotypes and as differences in the relative abundance of ubiquitous phylotypes. Sequencing of DGGE bands showed that four Roseobacter phylotypes were present in all microcosms. The microcosms with a higher proportion of phytoflagellates were characterized by four phylotypes of the Bacteroidetes phylum: two affiliated with the family Cryomorphaceae and two with the family Flavobacteriaceae. Two other Flavobacteriaceae phylotypes were characteristic of the diatom-dominated microcosms, together with one Alphaproteobacteria phylotype (Roseobacter) and one Gammaproteobacteria phylotype (Methylophaga). Phylogenetic analyses of published Bacteroidetes 16S rRNA gene sequences confirmed that members of the Flavobacteriaceae are remarkably responsive to phytoplankton blooms, indicating these bacteria could be particularly important in the processing of organic matter during such events. Our data suggest that quantitative and qualitative differences in phytoplankton species composition may lead to pronounced differences in bacterioplankton species composition.
Different Mechanisms for Impaired Fasting Glucose and Impaired Postprandial Glucose Tolerance in Humans A table elsewhere in this issue shows conventional and Système International (SI) units and conversion factors for many substances.

OBJECTIVE—To compare the pathophysiology of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) in a more comprehensive and standardized fashion than has hitherto been done. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 21 individuals with isolated IFG (IFG/normal glucose tolerance [NGT]), 61 individuals with isolated IGT (normal fasting glucose [NFG]/IGT), and 240 healthy control subjects (NFG/NGT) by hyperglycemic clamps to determine first- and second-phase insulin release and insulin sensitivity. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indexes of β-cell function (HOMA-%B) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated from fasting plasma insulin and glucose concentrations. RESULTS—Compared with NFG/NGT, IFG/NGT had similar fasting insulin concentrations despite hyperglycemia; therefore, HOMA-IR was increased ∼30% (P < 0.05), but clamp-determined insulin sensitivity was normal (P > 0.8). HOMA-%B and first-phase insulin responses were reduced ∼35% (P < 0.002) and ∼30% (P < 0.02), respectively, but second-phase insulin responses were normal (P > 0.5). NFG/IGT had normal HOMA-IR but ∼15% decreased clamp-determined insulin sensitivity (P < 0.03). Furthermore, HOMA-%B was normal but both first-phase (P < 0.0003) and second-phase (P < 0.0001) insulin responses were reduced ∼30%. IFG/NGT differed from NFG/IGT by having ∼40% lower HOMA-%B (P < 0.012) and ∼50% greater second-phase insulin responses (P < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS—Since first-phase insulin responses were similarly reduced in IFG/NGT and NFG/IGT, we conclude that IFG is due to impaired basal insulin secretion and preferential resistance of glucose production to suppression by insulin, as reflected by fasting hyperglycemia despite normal plasma insulin concentrations and increased HOMA-IR, whereas IGT mainly results from reduced second-phase insulin release and peripheral insulin resistance, as reflected by reduced clamp-determined insulin sensitivity.
Variability of the time course of stimulus-specific adaptation in the inferior colliculus

Stimulus-specific adaptation (SSA) is the ability of some neurons to respond better to rare than to frequent, repetitive stimuli. In the auditory system, SSA has been found at the level of the midbrain, thalamus, and cortex. While previous studies have used the whole overall neuronal response to characterize SSA, here we present a detailed analysis on the variations within the time course of the evoked responses. The extracellular activity of well isolated single neurons from the inferior colliculus (IC) was recorded during stimulation using an oddball paradigm, which is able to elicit SSA. At the same time, these responses were evaluated before, during, and after the microiontophoretic application of gabazine, a specific antagonist of GABAA receptors, to study the contribution of inhibition to the responses of these neurons. We then analyzed the difference signal (DS), which is the difference in the PSTH in response to rare and frequent stimuli. We found that, even in a sample of neurons showing strong SSA (i.e., showing larger preference for rare stimuli), the DS was variable and one third of the neurons contained portions that responded significantly better to the frequent stimuli than to the rare. This variability is not observed when averaging the responses of multiple cells. Furthermore, the blockade of GABAA receptors increased the number of neurons showing portions that responded better to the frequent stimuli, indicating that inhibition in the IC refines and sharpens SSA in the neural responses.
When Do German Firms Change Their Dividends?

Anecdotal evidence suggests that the dividend policy of German firms is more flexible than the one of their Anglo-American counterparts.This paper analyses the decision to change the dividend for a panel of 221 German firms from 1984 to 1994.The choice of the period of study is motivated by the fact that at the start of this period there was an economic boom which was followed by a recession.Consistent with the traditional dividend literature, e.g.Lintner (1956), net earnings are key determinants of the decision to change the dividend.However, the study comes up with two findings which are contrary to Lintner (1956) and Miller and Modigliani (1961). First, the level of net earnings is not the only key determinant of the dividend decision, as the occurrence of a loss - whatever its magnitude - has an explanatory power exceeding the one of the level of the loss.Second, dividend cuts or omissions tend to be temporary and the majority of German firms quickly (within two years) revert to their initial dividend level.This stands in marked contrast with DeAngelo et al.(1992) who find that US firms are more likely to reduce their dividend when earnings deteriorate on a permanent basis.Furthermore, the fact that German firms frequently omit and cut their dividend and quickly return to their initial dividend suggests that dividends in Germany have less of a signalling role than dividends in the US and the UK.Our findings also contradict Bhattacharya's (1979) argument that the costs of dividend changes are asymmetric with dividend reductions being more costly to the firm than dividend increases.Finally, we find evidence that firms with banks as their major shareholder are more willing to omit their dividend than firms controlled by other types of shareholder.
Axonal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis. A Historical Note

Recently, the detection of axonal degeneration in the lesions of multiple sclerosis has attracted new and unexpected attention (24, 57). Magnetic resonance techniques such as MR-spectroscopy (3, 17, 20, 29, 42) and magnetization transfer imaging (25, 31, 37, 59) have provided insight into the pathophysiologic changes in multiple sclerosis, suggesting more pronounced damage to axons than had been previously assumed (6, 60-61). Moreover, the correlation found between axonal damage and clinical disability (6, 16, 36, 39) has stimulated a revival of axonal pathology research, which has found its preliminary climax in the description of “Axonal transections in the lesions of multiple sclerosis” by Trapp et al. (57). Review of early literature suggests that axonal damage, including axonal pathologic changes such as axonal swellings (2, 7-10, 15, 21-23, 28, 30, 35, 41, 50) and transections (2, 22, 28, 35, 46), had already been recognized and described in detail at the turn of the century (Figure 1). At the time of their publication, the first descriptions of axonal pathology in MS were an intensely discussed and controversial subject (9, 10, 13, 52, 55).
Axial Length Measurements after Cataract Surgery in Adults

The purpose of the study was to check the difference in eye axial length before and after cataract surgery and to find out the possible correlation with refraction changes. The axial length was measured by ultrasound before and after cataract extraction with intraocular lens implantation. Keratometry measurements were also performed. The study comprised 32 eyes. The mean difference in axial length was 0.53 mm. The mean difference in keratometry was 0.37 D. There was no correlation between these values. Conclusion: The changes in axial length are not due to corneal curve changes. Perhaps in pseudophakic eyes different ultrasound velocity should be used.
Teacher–Student Curriculum Learning

We propose Teacher–Student Curriculum Learning (TSCL), a framework for automatic curriculum learning, where the Student tries to learn a complex task, and the Teacher automatically chooses subtasks from a given set for the Student to train on. We describe a family of Teacher algorithms that rely on the intuition that the Student should practice more those tasks on which it makes the fastest progress, i.e., where the slope of the learning curve is highest. In addition, the Teacher algorithms address the problem of forgetting by also choosing tasks where the Student’s performance is getting worse. We demonstrate that TSCL matches or surpasses the results of carefully hand-crafted curricula in two tasks: addition of decimal numbers with long short-term memory (LSTM) and navigation in Minecraft. Our automatically ordered curriculum of submazes enabled to solve a Minecraft maze that could not be solved at all when training directly on that maze, and the learning was an order of magnitude faster than a uniform sampling of those submazes.
ERAD 2006 Proceedings of A new approach for target classification of Ka-band radar data

Millimeter-radars have been established as valuable systems for remote sensing of cloud structure and processes during the last two decades (Kropfli and Kelly, 1996). They measure profiles of intensity of particle backscattered signals and their Doppler shift, which can be used to derive information about the particle size and concentration as well as about their motion. Some radars have the capability for polarimetric measurements which provides additional information about the particle shape and/or their orientation. The derivation of macroand microphysical cloud parameters is restricted by the fact, that millimeter-radars are not only sensitive for cloud or rain droplets but for all particles in the atmosphere as for insects, dust or pollen (named also as ”atmospheric plankton”). Furthermore, the reflectivity is proportional to the 6th power of particle diameter. That means that few relatively large particles in the radar volume can dominate the radar signal. Therefore, the detection of cloud base heights on the base of radar reflectivities is impossible:
Person-Group Value Congruence and Subjective Well-Being in Students from Argentina, Bulgaria and Finland: The Role of Interpersonal Relationships

The present study examined the relations between personal values, value congruence, interpersonal relationships and subjective well-being in psychology/education and business students from Argentina (N = 275), Bulgaria (N = 182) and Finland (N = 148). Regression analyses showed, first, that there were no direct relations between higher order value priorities and life satisfaction (LS), positive affect (PA) or negative affect (NA). Second, objective value-congruence (VC)—the similarity between individual and group values—was positively related to LS and PA, and negatively related to NA. Most importantly, the effects of VC on LS, NA and PA were partially mediated by good interpersonal relationships. Our results show that interpersonal relationships are facilitated by sharing values similar to those of one's fellow students. More generally, personal values per se appear not to be associated with subjective well-being, more important is how these values fit into the social context. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Burnout: An overview of 25 years of research and theorizing.

Burnout is a metaphor that is commonly used to describe a state or process of mental exhaustion, similar to the smothering of a fire or the extinguishing of a candle. The dictionary defines “to burn out” as “to fail, wear out, or become exhausted by making excessive demands on energy, strength, or resources”. As such, the experience of burnout is likely to be universal and of all times. Probably the earliest written example in which “to burn out” is related to exhaustion comes from Shakespeare, who wrote in 1599 in The Passionate Pilgrim: “She burnt with loue, as straw with fire flameth. She burnt out loue, as soon as straw out burneth” (cited in Enzmann & Kleiber, 1989, p. 18). More recently, but long before the “discovery” of burnout in professional settings, individuals who suffer from it have been portrayed in great detail. For instance, Graham Greene’s 1960 novel A Burnt-Out Case tells the sad story of the world famous architect Querry, a gloomy, spiritually tormented, cynical and disillusioned character. The most illustrious example of burnout avant-la-lettre is the case-study of a psychiatric nurse, Miss Jones, published by Schwartz & Will (1953).
COMPARATIVE DIAGNOSTIC APPLICATIONS OF ANTIGEN CAPTURE ELISA AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR DETECTION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA PERSISTENT INFECTION

The diagnostic ability of antigen -capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (AC-ELISA) and immunohistochemistry using two enzymes labels, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and peroxidase (P), to detect bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) persistent infection (PI) was assessed using serum and ear notch biopsy pairs (n= 469) collected from 12 Holstein dairy herds located in Charlottetown, Canada. The sampled animals were divided into two age groups, A (≤ 6 months, n = 146) and B (≥ 6 months, n = 323). All the animals of group B were pre -screened by serum neutralization test (SNT), and those animals (n=52) which had SN titer ≤ 1:64, as well as all ear notch biopsies (EN) of group A (n=146) were processed to confirm the BVDV persistent infection. Two EN biopsies of each groups A (1.37%) and B (3.48%) were found positive on first and follow up testing by AC-ELISA and immunohistochemical technique using AP enzyme label. Peroxidase label could not be distinguished from skin melanin, and thus was found unsuitable to differentiate between positive and negative tissue sections. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between AC-ELISA and IHC-AP. Real time RTPCR validated the results as well. Genotype 1 was confirmed in the study area. The study concluded that AC-ELISA and IHC-AP were equally suitable for detection of BVDV persistent infection.
Strategic performance measurement systems and organisational learning

This paper reports the results of a study on strategic performance measurement systems (SPMS) and organisational learning.The main research question in this study is whether SPMS are able to facilitate organisational learning. The data was collected from a mail survey to top management of Malaysian listed companies.The results show that SPMS design makes a unique and significant contribution with organisational learning.
Spectral envelope coding in cat primary auditory cortex: linear and non‐linear effects of stimulus characteristics

Electrophysiological studies in mammal primary auditory cortex have demonstrated neuronal tuning and cortical spatial organization based upon spectral and temporal qualities of the stimulus including: its frequency, intensity, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. Although communication and other behaviourally relevant sounds are usually complex, most response characterizations have used tonal stimuli. To better understand the mechanisms necessary to process complex sounds, we investigated neuronal responses to a specific class of broadband stimuli, auditory gratings or ripple stimuli, and compared the responses with single tone responses. Ripple stimuli consisted of 150–200 frequency components with the intensity of each component adjusted such that the envelope of the frequency spectrum is sinusoidal. It has been demonstrated that neurons are tuned to specific characteristics of those ripple stimulus including the intensity, the spacing of the peaks, and the location of the peaks and valleys (C. E. Schreiner and B. M. Calhoun, Auditory Neurosci. 1994; 1: 39–61). Although previous results showed that neuronal response strength varied with the intensity and the fundamental frequency of the stimulus, it is shown here that the relative response to different ripple spacings remains essentially constant with changes in the intensity and the fundamental frequency. These findings support a close relationship between pure‐tone receptive fields and ripple transfer functions. However, variations of other stimulus characteristics, such as spectral modulation depth, result in non‐linear alterations in the ripple transformation. The processing between the basilar membrane and the primary auditory cortex of broadband stimuli appears generally to be non‐linear, although specific stimulus qualities, including the phase of the spectral envelope, are processed in a nearly linear manner.
Acoustic-Resonance Characterization of Low-Wattage Metal–Halide Lamps

In this paper, a detailed study and experimentation on acoustic-resonances (AR) in low-wattage metal-halide lamps is presented. In order to excite the AR without extinguishing the electric arc, the lamps were supplied by means of a dc current with a superposed variable-frequency ac signal. By using this methodology, theoretical and experimental resonances were compared in terms of frequency, amplitude, and threshold-power level for their excitation. The experiments were carried out on four 35-W samples from each manufacturer (Osram and Philips), each of them with burning times of 100, 2500, and 5000 h, in order to cope with the full life of this type of lamps. AR maps for each lamp were obtained. These maps show not only the frequencies at which AR appear but also the amplitude of the resonances. The obtained AR maps are intended to be used by designers in order to know if a particular instantaneous lamp power waveform would be suitable to supply the lamp without generating AR. An application example on how to use these maps is also presented
Clinical involvement of the tonsillar immune system in IgA nephropathy

The temporal association of tonsillitis and hematuria or proteinuria in IgA nephropathy suggests that there might be a link between the physiological properties of the secondary lymphoid organ that tonsils represent and the mesangial deposition of IgA characteristic of this nephropathy. A number of clinical and ex-vivo data support this hypothesis. One of the earliest was the demonstration of the dimeric nature of mesangial IgA, composed of IgA monomers linked by a J chain, yet lacking the polyIg receptor acquired by secretory IgA during transcytosis through epithelial cells. This molecular structure is that of IgA synthesized in human tonsils, the epithelium of which lacks polyIg receptor. Moreover, tonsils from patients with IgA nephropathy display an abnormal partition of IgG and IgA producing plasma cells associated with a significantly developed web of high endothelial venules. IgA nephropathy could thus be in part related to an alteration of IgA precursors homing in tonsils. Tonsillectomy thus would present the advantage of removing an abnormally functioning source of dimeric IgA. Performed early enough in the course of the renal disease, tonsillectomy could suffice to halt the development of the nephropathy and restore the kidneys to health.
Adult, Flexible Students’ Approaches to Studying in Higher Education

A Norwegian translation of the Approaches to Studying Inventory (ASI‐32) was administered to 1477 adult students attending flexible study programs in higher education in Norway (2004‐05). The intention was to investigate their approaches to studying, taking into account their educational backgrounds and their present, challenging study conditions. The latter being characterized by off‐campus studies and shortage of time due to working‐life and family obligations. This article is concerned with two questions: (1) Is prior education correlated with approaches to learning among these students? and (2) To what extent are contextual constraints, personal effort, and self‐efficacy associated with study approaches among these students? This study shows that adult, flexible students are primarily meaning oriented. The first‐time students among them, however, are more reproducing oriented than students with prior higher education. Self‐efficacy turned out to be more strongly associated with approaches than personal efforts. Obligations of everyday life, contrary to hypothesis, did not have the expected impact.