Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Robustness in Digital Organisms

We study the evolution of robustness in digital organisms adapting to a high mutation rate. As genomes adjust to the harsh mutational environment, the mean effect of single mutations decreases, up until the point where a sizable fraction (up to 30 in many cases) of the mutations are neutral. We correlate the changes in robustness along the line of descent to changes in directional epistasis, and find that increased robustness is achieved by moving from antagonistic epistasis between mutations towards codes where mutations are, on average, independent. We interpret this recoding as a breakup of linkage between vital sections of the genome, up to the point where instructions are maximally independent of each other. While such a recoding often requires sacrificing some replication speed, it is the best strategy for withstanding high rates of mutation.
A real-coded multi-objective estimation of distribution algorithm

A new real-coded multi-objective estimation of distribution algorithm (RCMEDA) for optimization problems with continuous variables is developed. Decision tree is used for discretization to encode conditional dependencies among variables in RCMEDA, i.e. decision-tree-based probabilistic model is used. By building and sampling the probabilistic models, the algorithm reproduces the genetic information of the next generation. Incorporating this reproduction mechanism together with the ranking method and the truncated selection, RCMEDA can approximate the Pareto front. And polynomial mutation operator is used in order to enhance exploration and maintain diversities in the populations. Furthermore, RCMEDA adopts a procedure to eliminate a solution with smallest crowding distance at a time in the truncated selection, so that it can obtain a well spread solution set. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated on four test problems and metrics from literature. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is competitive with NSGA-II and RCMEDA is a general and effective method for multi-objective optimization.
The kinetics of the synthesis of photopigments in Rhodopseudomonas spheroides.

SUMMARY: The magnitude of self-shading in light-grown cultures of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides has been estimated. When a culture of R. spheroides is transferred from bright light to dim light there is preferential synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments relative to net protein synthesis. Protein turnover does not account for this. The kinetics of the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll relative to the incorporation of amino acids into protein have been estimated under a variety of conditions. On the basis of these findings a mechanism for the cellular control of pigment synthesis is presented.
The Relationship Between Racial Identity Attitudes and Social Class

A long-standing debate in the personality literature concerns the question of whether socioeconomic characteristics or adaptations to Black culture best explain the personality development of Black Americans. On one side of the debate, according to Steele and Davis,' are the proponents of the social class or culture of poverty theory. They believe that social class status is the most crucial variable for explaining Black personality characteristics. Wilson,2 for instance, argues that reactions to racial discrimination and oppression were important and salient factors affecting Black culture and personality styles during the preindustrial and industrial periods. However, he believes that during the modern or postindustrial period, socioeconomic status rather than racial adaptions became a more salient variable in determining Black development. In his culture of poverty theory, Lewis3 has argued that the personality traits attributed to Blacks (e.g., low self-esteem, poor motivation, and impulsiveness) are actually characteristics of poor people regardless of race.
Organization of Stroke Care: Education, Stroke Units and Rehabilitation

Acute stroke is increasingly recognised as one of the leading factors of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Its economical burden is among the highest of all diseases. Ischaemic stroke is by far the most frequent subtype of acute stroke. More than 80% of all stroke patients suffer from focal ischaemia [Bonita, 1992]. Over the past decades, acute stroke has increasingly been recognised as a medical emergency. Acute, post-acute and rehabilitation care of stroke patients in specialised wards as well as revascularising therapies have been proven to be effective in acute ischaemic stroke. There have been several publications of guidelines or consensus papers over the past years [Asplund et al., 1993; Brainin et al., 1997; Aboderin et al., 1996; Adams et al., 1994; The European Ad Hoc Consensus Group, 1996; 1997; Billier et al., 1998; Einhäupl et al., 1999; Feinberg et al., 1994; Gorelick et al., 1999; Report on Pan European Consensus Meeting on Stroke Management, 1995; WHO Task Force on Stroke and other Cerebrovascular Disorders, 1989]. This series of recommendations is proposed by the European Stroke Initiative, the common body of three major European neurological or stroke-related societies, the European Neurological Society ENS, the European Federation of Neurological Society EFNS and the European Stroke Council, which also represents the European Stroke Conference. In these recommendations, the authors provide both an overview of established or widely used therapeutic strategies as well as an evaluation of involving, but not yet proven strategies. Table 1 gives the definitions for levels of evidence used in these recommendations.
PET-based human dosimetry of 18F-galacto-RGD, a new radiotracer for imaging alpha v beta3 expression.

UNLABELLED (18)F-Galacto-RGD is a new tracer for PET imaging of alpha v beta3, a receptor involved in a variety of pathologic processes including angiogenesis and metastasis. Our aim was to study the dosimetry of (18)F-galacto-RGD in humans. METHODS Eighteen patients with various tumors (musculoskeletal tumors [n = 10], melanoma [n = 5], breast cancer [n = 2], or head and neck cancer [n = 1]) were examined. After injection of 133-200 MBq of (18)F-galacto-RGD, 3 consecutive emission scans from the thorax to the pelvis were acquired at 6.7 +/- 2.9, 35.6 +/- 7.6, and 70.4 +/- 12.2 min after injection. Blood samples (n = 4) for metabolite analysis were taken 10, 30, and 120 min after injection. The OLINDA 1.0 program was used to estimate the absorbed radiation dose. RESULTS Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of serum revealed that more than 95% of tracer was intact up to 120 min after injection. (18)F-Galacto-RGD showed rapid clearance from the blood pool and primarily renal excretion. Background activity in lung and muscle tissue was low (percentage injected dose per liter at 71 min after injection, 0.56 +/- 0.15 and 0.69 +/- 0.25, respectively). The calculated effective dose was 18.7 +/- 2.4 microSv/MBq, and the highest absorbed radiation dose was in the bladder wall (0.22 +/- 0.03 mGy/MBq). CONCLUSION (18)F-Galacto-RGD demonstrates high metabolic stability, a favorable biodistribution, and a low radiation dose. Consequently, this tracer can safely be used for noninvasive imaging of molecular processes involving the alpha v beta3 integrin and for the planning and monitoring of therapeutic approaches targeting alpha v beta3.
PENGARUH PENGINTEGRASIAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER BERORIENTASI KEARIFAN LOKAL KE DALAM MATERI AJAR MATA KULIAH ILMU LINGKUNGAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN SOFT SKILL MAHASISWA JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI FMIPA UNDIKSHA

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengintegrasian pendidikan karakter berorientasi kearifan lokal ke dalam materi ajar mata kuliah Ilmu Lingkungan untuk meningkatkan soft skill mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Undiksha. Jenis penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian quasi eksperimen. Rancangan penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan randomized pre-test and post-test control group design . Populasi target pada penelitian ini adalah seluruh mahasiswa yang ada di Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Undiksha, sedangkan populasi terjangkaunya adalah mahasiswa semester I yang mengikuti mata kuliah Ilmu Lingkungan. Sampel penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa semester I yang terdiri atas tiga kelas. Dengan menggunakan teknik random sampling, diambil dua kelas yang digunakan sebagai sampel penelitian. Dari dua kelas tersebut selanjutnya dirandom lagi untuk menentukan kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Data dianalisis secara statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh pengintegrasian pendidikan karakter berorientasi kearifan lokal ke dalam materi ajar mata kuliah Ilmu Lingkungan dapat meningkatkan soft skill mahasiswa di mana hasil penilaian setelah proses pembelajaran pada kelompok kontrol sebesar (13.03) dan pada kelompok eksperimen sebesar (23,62). Setelah diuji menggunakan independent t-test, nilai soft skill setelah pembelajaran menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna dengan nilai p<0,05. Simpulan yang dapat disampaikan adalah bahwa pengintegrasian pendidikan karakter berorientasi kearifan lokal ke dalam materi ajar mata kuliah Ilmu Lingkungan dapat berpengaruh peningkatan soft skill mahasiswa Jurusan Pendidikan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Undiksha.
Eye-tracking investigation during visual analysis of projected multidimensional data with 2D scatterplots

A common strategy for visual encoding of multidimensional data for visual analyses is to use dimensionality reduction. Each multidimensional data point is projected to a 2D point using a certain strategy for the 2D layout. Many layout strategies have been proposed addressing different objectives and targeted at distinct domains and applications. The resulting projected information is typically displayed in form of 2D scatterplots. The user's perspective such as the role of visual attention and guidance of attention for a respective layout and task has not been addressed much. It is the goal of this work to investigate, how characteristics in the layout affect the cognitive process during task completion. Eye trackers are an effective means to capture visual attention over time. We use eye tracking in a user study, where we ask users to perform typical analysis tasks for projected multidimensional data such as relation seeking, behavior comparison, and pattern identification. Those tasks often involve detecting and correlating clusters. To understand the role of point density within clusters, cluster sizes, and cluster shapes, we first conducted a study with synthetic 2D scatterplots, where we can set the respective properties manually. We evaluate how changing various parameters affect the visual attention pattern and correlate it to the correctness of the answer. In a second step, we conducted a study where the users were asked to complete tasks on real-world data with different characteristics (image collection and document collection) that are visualized using a selection of different dimensionality reduction algorithms. We transfer the insight obtained from synthetic data to investigate the decision making with real-world data. Gestalt laws can be applied to the layout structure. We examine how certain layout techniques produce certain characteristics that change the visual attention pattern. We draw some conclusions on how different projection methods support or hinder decision making leading to respective guidelines.
The Sulfamate Small Molecule CAIX Inhibitor S4 Modulates Doxorubicin Efficacy

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a tumor-specific protein that is upregulated during hypoxic conditions where it is involved in maintaining the pH balance. CAIX causes extracellular acidification, thereby limiting the uptake of weak basic chemotherapeutic agents, such as doxorubicin, and decreasing its efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine if doxorubicin efficacy can be increased when combined with the selective sulfamate CAIX inhibitor S4. The effect of S4 on doxorubicin efficacy was tested in vitro using cell viability assays with MDA-MB-231, FaDu, HT29 –CAIX high and HT29 –CAIX low cell lines. In addition, the efficacy of this combination therapy was investigated in tumor xenografts of the same cell lines. The addition of S4 in vitro increased the efficacy of doxorubicin in the MDA-MB-231 during hypoxic exposure (IC50 is 0.25 versus 0.14 µM, p = 0.0003). Similar results were observed for HT29—CAIX high with S4 during normoxia (IC50 is 0.20 versus 0.08 µM, p<0.0001) and in the HT29 –CAIX low cells (IC50 is 0.09 µM, p<0.0001). In vivo doxorubicin treatment was only effective in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts, but the efficacy of doxorubicin was decreased when combined with S4. In conclusion, the efficacy of doxorubicin treatment can be increased when combined with the selective sulfamate CAIX inhibitor S4 in vitro in certain cell lines. Nevertheless, in xenografts S4 did not enhance doxorubicin efficacy in the FaDu and HT29 tumor models and decreased doxorubicin efficacy in the MDA-MB-231 tumor model. These results stress the importance of better understanding the role of CAIX inhibitors in intratumoral pH regulation before combining them with standard treatment modalities, such as doxorubicin.
Large-scale DNA fingerprinting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains as a tool for epidemiological studies of tuberculosis

We conducted a large-scale DNA fingerprinting analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in a country in which tuberculosis is endemic (Tunisia) in order to evaluate the importance of microepidemics in the maintenance of the disease within the population. The genetic polymorphisms of 201 strains of M. tuberculosis isolated from 196 unrelated patients living in four districts of northern Tunisia during a 3-year period were studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis by using the insertion sequence IS6110 as a probe. Seventy-three strains isolated from 68 patients living in the districts of Tunis, Nabeul, and Jendouba generated 67 different RFLPs, indicating a high degree of polymorphism of the M. tuberculosis strains within these areas. In contrast, the 128 strains isolated from individuals in the district of Menzel Bourguiba appeared much less heterogeneous since they often generated identical or very similar fingerprints. Seventeen of 29 cases (58%) of active tuberculosis in the city of Menzel Bourguiba could be traced to as few as four M. tuberculosis strains. These results indicate the persistence of underestimated microepidemics in this region. The RFLP typing of a large number of randomly collected strains provides a general picture of the strains involved in tuberculosis. The systematic study of limited areas where tuberculosis is endemic can provide evidence for the existence of persisting epidemics. This stresses the different problems which remain to be solved in order to improve the control of tuberculosis.
Lunar red spots: Stratigraphic sequence and ages of domes and plains in the Hansteen and Helmet regions on the lunar nearside

[1] Basaltic mare materials extruded between ∼ 4 Ga and ∼ 1.2 Ga ago and formed large expanses on the lunar nearside. In contrast to the maria, volcanic shields, domes, and cones also occur but cover only a small area of the total lunar surface. One specific type of dome is characterized (1) by steep slopes, (2) by a high albedo similar to lunar highlands, and (3) by a strong absorption in the ultraviolet. Because of this latter feature they appear spectrally red and therefore were termed red spots. Their morphology suggests that these domes were created by much more viscous, silica-rich lava. Also, red spots which are believed to be possibly volcanic in origin are associated with light plains materials. In order to constrain the formation of these presumed volcanic features in context with the formation of the surrounding mare and highland materials, we carried out (1) geologic and morphologic mapping of high-resolution Lunar Orbiter IV and Apollo 16 frames and (2) measurements of superimposed crater frequencies on geologic units in order to assess stratigraphy and geological history in the following two volcanic provinces in which red spots occur: (1) the Hansteen region, dominated by the dome Hansteen α (also known as the Arrowhead), and (2) the Helmet region, dominated by light plains, possibly of volcanic origin, such as the feature called the Helmet and Darney χ, and the southern Montes Riphaeus. In the Hansteen region, the dome Hansteen α postdates craters Billy (3.88 Ga) and Hansteen (3.87 Ga) but predates most of the mare materials (3.51 Ga). Cratering model ages of the dome range from 3.74 to 3.65 Ga, placing its major activity as extending into the late Imbrian. In the Helmet region, presumed highland volcanism associated with red spots started in the Nectarian with Darney χ (3.94 Ga). Cratering model ages measured on the Helmet light plains range from 3.8 to 2.08 Ga. The origin of these light plains and local resurfacing processes in this unit, however (highland volcanism or impact), remains an open question. Locally, younger processes of Eratosthenian or even Copernican age, such as emplacement of mare materials or mass wasting deposits, could be dated in the higher-resolution Apollo 16 frame.
Distinct proteome features of plasma microparticles

Plasma microparticles (MPs) are spherical cell membrane fragments derived from either apoptotic or activated cells. Characterized by a rich phospholipid moiety and many protein constituents, MPs normally circulate in the blood and contribute to numerous physiological processes. In disease states, MPs derived from the injured organ likely contain valuable markers for determining the site, type, and extent of disease pathology. However, the basic protein characteristics of plasma MPs have yet to be described. In this study, MPs from a pooled plasma sample derived from 16 healthy donors, all of group A blood type, were prepared by ultracentrifugation. Flow cytometry confirmed that a majority of these MPs are smaller than 1 µm. Factor Xa generation assay revealed the presence of tissue factor activity in these MPs, confirming MPs' role in initiating blood coagulation. The MP proteome was analyzed by two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis performed in triplicate, and compared with a 2‐D gel of pooled whole plasma and blood platelets. Overall, plasma MPs displayed distinct protein features and a greater number of protein spots (1021–1055) than that detected in whole plasma (331–370). Protein spots expressed in high abundance in the MP proteome were then excised and submitted for protein identity determination. This process provided protein identification for 169 protein spots and reported their relative protein quantities within the MP proteome. These 169 protein spots represented 83 different proteins and their respective isoforms. Thirty of these proteins have never before been reported in previous proteome analyses of human plasma. These results provide unprecedented information on the MP proteome and create a basis for future studies to understand MP biology and pathophysiology.
Hepatitis B virus C gene heterogeneity in a familial cluster of anti‐HBc negative chronic carriers

We studied a familial cluster of adult HBV chronic carriers characterized by serological markers of active viral replication, normal or slightly elevated ALT levels and, in four out of five cases, absence of anti‐HBc reactivity. The nucleotide sequence of the pre‐C/C region of HBV was analyzed in three patients, showing the presence of wild‐type HBV sequences accompanied by different deleted molecules. Some of the variant genomes were able to encode proteins retaining HBcAg and/or HBeAg reactivity, whereas others contained deletions leading to the synthesis of truncated proteins that could not be immunoprecipitated by anti‐HBc or anti‐HBe mono‐ and polyclonal antibodies. Defective molecules encoded by the variant C gene sequences might play a role in the determination of the clinical profile observed in the analyzed patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of vergence and accommodative responses on viewer's comfort in viewing 3D stimuli

Vergence and accommodative responses in viewing near objects in the real world are behaviorally coupled to maintain clarity and singularity for the object of regard. However virtual stereoscopic stimuli, such as in 3D displays, create non-normal coupling that may cause improper vergence and accommodative responses, possibly resulting in visual discomfort. The present study examined whether the dynamic aspect of current 3D displays is the underlying cause of visual and physical discomfort. To this end, subjects' vergence and accommodative responses were measured while they tracked an approaching 2D or 3D target, and while watching a 2D or 3D movie. The tracking target either moved in steps or continuously, and it was either clear or intentionally blurred. Results show that convergence insufficiency and improper accommodation were greater when a 3D target was moving continuously toward the near position compared to a 2D target and a 3D stimulus moving in steps. Clear targets also resulted in greater vergence and accommodative responses than blurred targets. Viewing 3D movie resulted in greater vergence and accommodation, as well as more severe vision- and motion-related discomfort than 2D movie. These findings suggest that with 3D displays, disparity-induced vision difficulty and internal conflicts cause perceived visual and motion-related discomfort. Characteristics of 3D stimuli, such as the frequency and amplitude of target motion, likely critically affect the severity of reported discomfort symptoms.
An analysis of 8086 instruction set usage in MS DOS programs

1. Introduction An architectural evaluation must be based upon real programs in an actual operating environment. The ubiquitous IBM** personal computer running MS DOS@ represents an excellent test bed for architectural evaluation of Intel@ 8086 systems. There are many programs and tools available to evaluate the performance of IBM Personal Computers and compatibles; these evaluation tools are intended to relate the performance of one machine to another. Very little data is available on dynamic instruction traces in systems using an 8086. This paper reports on dynamic traces of 8086/88 programs obtained using software tracing tools (described below). The objective of this work is to analyze instruction usage and addressing modes used in actual software. The system used to obtain the dynamic instruction frequencies was a compatible running MS DOS* 3.1 with a Softpatch@ BIOS. To illustrate the RISC argument that only a few instruction types are sufficient, the 8086 results are compared with similar studies on the Motorola* 68ooO and the Digital Equipment VAX-1 l@'.