Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Learned Helplessness and Students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders: Deprivation in the Classroom

Students with emotional or behavioral disorders (E/BD) are characterized by academic deficits and classroom behavioral problems. The relationship between problem behavior and academic difficulties is complex, and some researchers have hypothesized that the classroom behavior problems of students with E/BD are responses to aversive stimuli, namely ineffective academic instruction and/or difficult tasks. The authors suggest that learned helplessness might further explain some of the academic and behavioral deficits that characterize students with E/BD. In this article, the authors review the negative reinforcement cycle posited by Gunter and colleagues, discuss learned helplessness as it relates to the academic and social deficits of students with E/BD, review relevant research, and discuss implications for practice and research.
On the Feasibility of Internet-Scale Author Identification

We study techniques for identifying an anonymous author via linguistic stylometry, i.e., comparing the writing style against a corpus of texts of known authorship. We experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques with as many as 100,000 candidate authors. Given the increasing availability of writing samples online, our result has serious implications for anonymity and free speech - an anonymous blogger or whistleblower may be unmasked unless they take steps to obfuscate their writing style. While there is a huge body of literature on authorship recognition based on writing style, almost none of it has studied corpora of more than a few hundred authors. The problem becomes qualitatively different at a large scale, as we show, and techniques from prior work fail to scale, both in terms of accuracy and performance. We study a variety of classifiers, both "lazy" and "eager," and show how to handle the huge number of classes. We also develop novel techniques for confidence estimation of classifier outputs. Finally, we demonstrate stylometric authorship recognition on texts written in different contexts. In over 20% of cases, our classifiers can correctly identify an anonymous author given a corpus of texts from 100,000 authors; in about 35% of cases the correct author is one of the top 20 guesses. If we allow the classifier the option of not making a guess, via confidence estimation we are able to increase the precision of the top guess from 20% to over 80% with only a halving of recall.
More Efficient Internal-Regret-Minimizing Algorithms

Standard no-internal-regret (NIR) algorithms compute a fixed point of a matrix, and hence typically require O(n) run time per round of learning, where n is the dimensionality of the matrix. The main contribution of this paper is a novel NIR algorithm, which is a simple and straightforward variant of a standard NIR algorithm. However, rather than compute a fixed point every round, our algorithm relies on power iteration to estimate a fixed point, and hence runs in O(n) time per round.
Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates from south western Nigeria.

BACKGROUND Plasmodium falciparum the main causative agent of malaria is an important public health vector. With the use of PCR, its genetic diversity has been extensively studied with dearth information from Nigeria. METHODS In this study, 100 P. falciparum strains merozoite surface protein 1(msp-1), merozoite surface protein 2 (msp-2) and Glutamate rich protein (Glurp) from Ogun State General Hospitals were characterized. The genetic diversity of P. falciparum isolates was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism following gel electrophoresis of DNA products from nested polymerase chain reactions (PCR) of their respective allelic families KI, MAD 20, RO33 (MSP-1);FC27, 3D7 (MSP-2) and Glutamate rich protein respectively. RESULTS Majority of the patients showed monoclonal infections while multiplicity of the infection for msp-1 and msp-2 were 1.1 and 1.2 respectively. The estimated number of genotypes was 8 msp-1 (4 KI; 3 MAD; 1 RO33) and 6 msp-2 (3 FC27; 3 3D7). 80% of the isolates coded for Glurp with allelic size ranged between 700 and 900 bp. CONCLUSION The allelic distributions however were similar to those previously reported in other endemic malaria countries. Future studies will be designed to include other malaria endemic regions of Nigeria such as the oil exploration regions.
An Improved Method for Web Text Affective Cognition Computing Based on Knowledge Graph

: The goal of research on the topics such as sentiment analysis and cognition is to analyze the opinions, emotions, evaluations and attitudes that people hold about the entities and their attributes from the text. The word level affective cognition becomes an important topic in sentiment analysis. Extracting the (attribute, opinion word) binary relationship by word segmentation and dependency parsing, and labeling those by existing emotional dictionary combined with webpage information and manual annotation, this paper constitutes a binary relationship knowledge base. By using knowledge embedding method, embedding each element in (attribute, opinion, opinion word) as a word vector into the Knowledge Graph by TransG, and defining an algorithm to distinguish the opinion between the attribute word vector and the opinion word vector. Compared with traditional method, this engine has the advantages of high processing speed and low occupancy, which makes up the time-costing and high calculating complexity in the former methods.
Behavioral Improvement and Regulation of Molecules Related to Neuroplasticity in Ischemic Rat Spinal Cord Treated with PEDF

Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) exerts trophic actions to motoneurons and modulates nonneuronal restorative events, but its effects on neuroplasticity responses after spinal cord (SC) injury are unknown. Rats received a low thoracic SC photothrombotic ischemia and local injection of PEDF and were evaluated behaviorally six weeks later. PEDF actions were detailed in SC ventral horn (motor) in the levels of the lumbar central pattern generator (CPG), far from the injury site. Molecules related to neuroplasticity (MAP-2), those that are able to modulate such event, for instance, neurotrophic factors (NT-3, GDNF, BDNF, and FGF-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG), and those associated with angiogenesis and antiapoptosis (laminin and Bcl-2) and Eph (receptor)/ephrin system were evaluated at cellular or molecular levels. PEDF injection improved motor behavioral performance and increased MAP-2 levels and dendritic processes in the region of lumbar CPG. Treatment also elevated GDNF and decreased NT-3, laminin, and CSPG. Injury elevated EphA4 and ephrin-B1 levels, and PEDF treatment increased ephrin A2 and ephrins B1, B2, and B3. Eph receptors and ephrins were found in specific populations of neurons and astrocytes. PEDF treatment to SC injury triggered neuroplasticity in lumbar CPG and regulation of neurotrophic factors, extracellular matrix molecules, and ephrins.
Stuttering, emotional expression, and masculinity: fighting out words, fighting back tears

Stuttering is a developmental disorder which may adversely affect the individual on many functional and emotional levels. Common sequelae of speech disfluency include powerful emotions such as anxiety, shame, and anger, as well as speech-avoidant behaviors. For males, the influence of gender role socialization may present an additional burden. From a traditional perspective of masculinity, emotional expression and exposing one’s flaws are strongly discouraged in most forms and contexts and may be seen as signs of weakness. While expression of emotions is a common developmental milestone for many who stutter, it is unclear what impact awareness, repression, and avoidance of emotions have on the well-being of people who
Latitude, temperature, and habitat complexity predict predation pressure in eelgrass beds across the Northern Hemisphere.

Latitudinal gradients in species interactions are widely cited as potential causes or consequences of global patterns of biodiversity. However, mechanistic studies documenting changes in interactions across broad geographic ranges are limited. We surveyed predation intensity on common prey (live amphipods and gastropods) in communities of eelgrass (Zostera marina) at 48 sites across its Northern Hemisphere range, encompassing over 37° of latitude and four continental coastlines. Predation on amphipods declined with latitude on all coasts but declined more strongly along western ocean margins where temperature gradients are steeper. Whereas in situ water temperature at the time of the experiments was uncorrelated with predation, mean annual temperature strongly positively predicted predation, suggesting a more complex mechanism than simply increased metabolic activity at the time of predation. This large-scale biogeographic pattern was modified by local habitat characteristics; predation declined with higher shoot density both among and within sites. Predation rates on gastropods, by contrast, were uniformly low and varied little among sites. The high replication and geographic extent of our study not only provides additional evidence to support biogeographic variation in predation intensity, but also insight into the mechanisms that relate temperature and biogeographic gradients in species interactions.
Impact of the graphic Canadian warning labels on adult smoking behaviour

Objective: To assess the impact of graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels on current adult smokers. Design: A random-digit-dial telephone survey was conducted with 616 adult smokers in south western Ontario, Canada in October/November 2001, with three month follow up. Main outcome measures: Smoking behaviour (quitting, quit attempts, and reduced smoking), intentions to quit, and salience of the warning labels. Results: Virtually all smokers (91%) reported having read the warning labels and smokers demonstrated a thorough knowledge of their content. A strong positive relation was observed between a measure of cognitive processing—the extent to which smokers reported reading, thinking about, and discussing the new labels—and smokers’ intentions to quit (odds ratio (OR) 1.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07 to 1.16; p < 0.001). Most important, cognitive processing predicted cessation behaviour at follow up. Smokers who had read, thought about, and discussed the new labels at baseline were more likely to have quit, made a quit attempt, or reduced their smoking three months later, after adjusting for intentions to quit and smoking status at baseline (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.12; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Graphic cigarette warning labels serve as an effective population based smoking cessation intervention. The findings add to the growing literature on health warnings and provide strong support for the effectiveness of Canada’s tobacco labelling policy.
Eight-Mile and Woodward: Intersections of Difference and the Rhetoric of Detroit

This is a series of snapshots, snapshots that imagine various artists and agents in a particular urban setting negotiating a complex cityspace and at the same time negotiating their own complex selves. The cityspace, Detroit, resists a stable identity; the city's "walkers," likewise, rage against the notion that their identities are fixed or static. That is not to say that the inhabitants of these Detroit snapshots are not mindful of identity. On the contrary, they foreground their own identity markers in blunt and aggressive fashion. Indeed, they work to mobilize identity in their rhetoric to remind themselves and others that no matter how chaotic the meanings of identity markers may be, those identity markers still matter. Many folks in Detroit find themselves at intersections. Rac.e and class intersect when we think aboutthe population drop in the city, for example. We are constantly at locations like Eight-Mile and Woodward, the site where the key north-south and east-west roads come together, separating east side from west side, city from suburb. In the face ofliberal impera­ tives to obscure, homogenize, or romanticize difference, these Detroiters at intersections show us all how attention to the materiality of identity can be disruptive, agonistic, and productive. These snapshots of poets, garage rockers, and memoirists portray a material urban space but, more impor­ tantly, portray persons who exist within that urban space and whose existence, words, and actions suggest strategies for resisting liberalism. Examples of agonistic rhetoric in Detroit and other city spaces abound. Indeed, urban spaces boast numerous agents who practice material and rhetorical resistance and dissent in the face of dominant
Expression and Localization of Aquaporin 4 and Aquaporin 5 along the Large Intestine of Colostrum‐Suckling Buffalo Calves

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins that play a role in regulating water permeability in many tissues. To date, seven isoforms of AQPs have been reported in the gastrointestinal tract in different mammalian species. In contrast, both tissue distribution and expression of AQPs are unknown in the buffalo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of both AQP4 and AQP5 mRNAs and their relative proteins in the large intestinal tracts of buffalo calves after colostrum suckling using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Our results revealed a diversified tissue AQP4 and AQP5 immunolocalization accompanied by their highest expression in the tissues of colostrum‐suckling buffalo calves confirmed by Western blotting. In particular, AQP4 was distributed along the endothelium and enterocytes while AQP5 in the endocrine cells. These findings provide direct evidence for AQP4 and AQP5 expression in the large intestine, suggesting that different AQPs collaborate functionally and distinctively in water handling during intestinal development, especially during the first period after delivery.
Fine-scale movement behaviors of calopterygid damselflies are influenced by landscape structure: an experimental manipulation

We explore the effect of differences in landscape structure, arising from habitat loss, on the fine-scale movement behaviors of two congeneric damselflies –Calopteryx aequabilis and C. maculata. Both species require streams for breeding and naiad development and both often use forest for foraging. We compare movement behaviors across three types of landscape: forested landscapes, where stream and forest habitat are adjacent; partially forested landscapes, where streams and forest habitat are disjunct, and non-forested landscapes, where little to no forest habitat is available. We employ a reciprocal transplant experiment to determine the extent to which movement along and away from streams is influenced by landscape structure and historical behavior or morphological adaptations. For both species, we show that both the propensity to move away from streams and rates of net displacement differ among landscape types. Both species move away from streams on landscapes with high or moderate levels of forest cover but neither moves away from streams on landscapes with little or no forest. Furthermore, C. maculata native to predominantly forested landscapes are more likely to move away from streams, regardless of the landscape structure they encounter, than are individuals native to moderately forested or non-forested landscapes. There was no effect of natal landscape on C. aequabilis. Comparisons with microlandscape studies suggest that there may be some general similarities among the different systems but these are clouded by uncertainty regarding the similarity of the underlying processes responsible for observed behavioral responses to landscape structure. Despite this uncertainty, animal movement behaviors are contingent upon the structure of the broader landscape, regardless of the absolute scale of the landscape.
Lack of Correlation between Turnover of Low-Molecular-Weight Dissolved Organic Carbon and Differences in Microbial Community Composition or Growth across a Soil pH Gradient

ABSTRACT We studied how soil pH (pHs 4 to 8) influenced the mineralization of low-molecular-weight (LMW)-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) compounds, and how this compared with differences in microbial community structure. The mineralization of LMW-DOC compounds was not systematically connected to differences in soil pH, consistent with soil respiration. In contrast, the microbial community compositions differed dramatically. This suggests that microbial community composition data will be of limited use in improving the predictive power of soil C models.
Finance , Investment and Growth

This paper examines the relation between the institutional structures of advanced OECD countries and the comparative growth and investment of 27 industries in those countries over the period 1970 to 1995. The paper reports a strong relation between the structure of countries’ financial systems, the characteristics of industries and the growth and investment of industries in different countries. There is a particularly strong relation between the structures of countries’ financial systems and the growth of industries that are dependent on external equity and skilled labour. As predicted by theory, relations with industries that are dependent on bank finance are more in evidence in countries at earlier stages of development. The relations with investment are much more pronounced for R&D than for fixed capital, suggesting that financial systems in developed economies are primarily associated with patterns of R&D rather than fixed investment.
Potential Contaminant Pathways from Hydraulically Fractured Shale Aquifers

In a recent article, T. Myers used MODFLOW to examine the impacts of hydraulic fracturing of the Marcellus Shale (“the Marcellus”) on groundwater flow patterns. Myers’ model includes a layer representing the Marcellus, a 1500-m overburden of sandstone and one highpermeability “fracture” connecting the Marcellus directly to the surface. Myers conducts steady-state and transient groundwater flow simulations for scenarios without and with injection into a horizontal well (to approximate conditions during hydraulic stimulation of the shale layer), and he examines the sensitivity of the model calculations to changes in hydraulic conductivity of the shale and overlying sandstone. His results suggest the flow system would reach a new equilibrium in 3 to 6 years following hydraulic fracturing, and he concludes that the hydrologic stress of hydraulic fracturing could allow for advective transport of frac fluids and formation water to drinkingwater aquifers in less than 10 years (Myers 2012). We recognize models represent only approximations of reality, but Myers’ modeling framework neglects critical hydrologic processes, misrepresents physical conditions that drive groundwater flow, and is underpinned by simplifications that are too severe and unnecessary. Owing to these shortcomings, Myers’ findings should not be interpreted as reasonable predictions of the response of groundwater flow and contaminant migration to hydraulic fracturing. In the paragraphs below, we elaborate on the deficiencies of Myers’ model and suggest alternative approaches that could improve descriptions of groundwater flow and solute transport during and following hydraulic stimulation of the Marcellus. Myers assumes that groundwater flow occurs exclusively through water-filled void spaces, when, in fact, the void spaces of the Marcellus and some overlying
Practice of noninvasive ventilation for cystic fibrosis: a nationwide survey in France.

BACKGROUND No guidelines are available for noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for cystic fibrosis (CF). OBJECTIVE To survey and evaluate the use of NIV for CF in France. METHODS We surveyed the coordinator physicians of every accredited CF center in France. RESULTS The respondents represented 36 centers (15 pediatric centers, 13 adult centers, and 8 centers that see both pediatric and adult patients), which had a total of 4,416 patients with CF at the time of the study, 168 (3.8%) of whom were using NIV. NIV was being used more often in the adults centers (7.6% of these patients) than in the pediatric centers (1.2% of these patients) or adult-and-pediatric centers (4.1% of these patients) (P= .01). All the respondent centers use NIV as first-line treatment for severe hypercapnic respiratory exacerbation and for stable diurnal hypercapnia, especially when associated with sleep disturbance. Bi-level pressure-targeted ventilation is the preferred ventilation mode. Settings are adjusted based on arterial blood gas values, noninvasive evaluation of patient-ventilator synchrony, patient comfort, and sometimes a sleep study. The surveyed centers reported a number of expected benefits from NIV, but few of those benefits have been proven. Problems with NIV are common and limit its use. CONCLUSIONS We found a relative homogeneity in these French centers' stated indications for and use of NIV, which highlights their numerous expectations about the benefits of NIV, which contrasts with the few validated benefits. Studies of the benefits of NIV are needed.
Distributed Throughput Maximization in Wireless Mesh Networks via Pre-Partitioning

This paper considers the interaction between channel assignment and distributed scheduling in multi-channel multi-radio Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs). Recently, a number of distributed scheduling algorithms for wireless networks have emerged. Due to their distributed operation, these algorithms can achieve only a fraction of the maximum possible throughput. As an alternative to increasing the throughput fraction by designing new algorithms, we present a novel approach that takes advantage of the inherent multi-radio capability of WMNs. We show that this capability can enable partitioning of the network into subnetworks in which simple distributed scheduling algorithms can achieve 100% throughput. The partitioning is based on the notion of Local Pooling. Using this notion, we characterize topologies in which 100% throughput can be achieved distributedly. These topologies are used in order to develop a number of centralized channel assignment algorithms that are based on a matroid intersection algorithm. These algorithms pre-partition a network in a manner that not only expands the capacity regions of the subnetworks but also allows distributed algorithms to achieve these capacity regions. We evaluate the performance of the algorithms via simulation and show that they significantly increase the distributedly achievable capacity region. We note that while the identified topologies are of general interference graphs, the partitioning algorithms are designed for networks with primary interference constraints.
Raised plasma oxidised LDL in acute cerebral infarction

Background: The association between oxidised low density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and cerebral infarction is suspected but not established. Objectives: To determine whether plasma OxLDL is a useful marker for monitoring oxidative stress in stroke patients. Methods: Plasma OxLDL concentrations were determined in 56 stroke patients with cerebral infarction (n = 45) or cerebral haemorrhage (n = 11), and in 19 age matched controls, using a novel sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Compared with the controls (0.130 (0.007) ng/μg LDL, mean (SEM)), OxLDL was significantly raised in patients with cerebral infarction (0.245 (0.022); p < 0.0001) but not in those with haemorrhage (0.179 (0.023)). Patients with cortical ischaemic infarcts (n = 22) had higher OxLDL levels than either the controls (p < 0.0001) or the patients with non-cortical ischaemic infarcts (n = 23) (p < 0.001). Increased OxLDL concentrations in patients with cortical infarcts persisted until the third day after stroke onset. The National Institutes of Health stroke scales in patients with cortical infarction were higher than in those with non-cortical infarction (p < 0.01). Conclusions: There is a significant association between raised plasma OxLDL and acute cerebral infarction, especially cortical infarction. Plasma OxLDL may reflect oxidative stress in stroke patients.