Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Octopamine improves learning in newly emerged bees but not in old foragers

SUMMARY Honey bees (Apis mellifera) are well known for their excellent learning abilities. Although most age groups learn quickly to associate an odor with a sucrose reward, newly emerged bees and old foragers often perform poorly. For a long time, the reason for the poor learning performance of these age groups was unclear. We show that reduced sensitivity for sucrose is the cause for poor associative learning in newly emerged bees but not in old foragers. By increasing the sensitivity for sucrose through octopamine, we selectively improved the learning performance of insensitive newly emerged bees. Interestingly, the learning performance of foragers experiencing the same treatment remained low, despite the observed increase in sensitivity for the reward. We thus demonstrate that increasing sensitivity for the reward can improve the associative learning performance of bees when they are young but not when they had foraged for a long time. Importantly, octopamine can have very different effects on bees, depending on their initial sensory sensitivity. These differential effects of octopamine have important consequences for interpreting the action of biogenic amines on insect behavior.
Reported Effects vs. Revealed-Preference Estimates: Evidence From the Propensity to Spend Tax Rebates

We evaluate the consistency of two methods for estimating the effect of an economic policy: (i) asking people how the policy caused them to change their behavior (reported effects) and (ii) inferring this change using data on behavior and differences in treatment across people (revealed-preference estimates). Both methods are widely used to measure spending caused by increases in liquidity. Using federal stimulus payments disbursed quasi-randomly in 2008, we find larger revealed-preference estimates of spending propensities for households who report greater spending responses, and the methods produce similar average propensities. But evidence is mixed on the relationship between spending propensities and liquidity. (JEL C83, D14, D91, E62, H24, H31)
Assessment of Prevalence of Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction by Various Cardiovascular Autonomic Function Tests Using Ewing ’ s And Bellavarae ’ s Criteria

DOI: 10.21276/sjams.2018. 6.7. 22 Abstract: Cardiac autonomic dysfunction is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases that accelerate the mortality rate in individuals. However, complicated diagnostic tests with various criteria and a lack of relevant studies make Cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN) become one of the diabetic complications that is most likely to be neglected. So we undertook this study for assessment of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in 125 healthy subjects (age-20-70 years) by 3 parasympathetic tests including heart rate response to deep breathing, standing and valsalva maneuver; and 2 sympathetic tests consisting of blood pressure response to standing and sustained hand grip (SHG). Cardiac autonomic dysfunction in subject was evaluated by categorizing subjects using various scoring systems such as Ewing’s criteria and Bellavere’s criteria. In this study according to Ewing’s and Bellavarae criteria severity of CAN increases with age & severity of CAN is more in male subjects as compare to female subjects. The present study thus can be an effective tool for screening of the cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction & its complication in subjects, thereby decreasing the morbidity and improving the quality of treatment.
The Costs of Economic Nationalism: Evidence from the Brexit Experiment

Economic nationalism is on the rise, but at what cost? We study this question using the unexpected outcome of the Brexit referendum vote as a natural macroeconomic experiment. Employing synthetic control methods, we first show that the Brexit vote has caused a UK output loss of 1.7% to 2.5% by year-end 2018. An expectations-augmented VAR suggests that these costs are, to a large extent, driven by a downward revision of growth expectations in response to the vote. Linking quasi-experimental identification to structural time-series estimation allows us not only to quantify the aggregate costs but also to understand the channels through which expected economic disintegration impacts the macroeconomy.
The impact of corruption on economic growth, a bootstrapping analysis

In this paper we evaluate the impact of corruption in economic growth and if in less developed countries the hypothesis "greasing the wheels” is valid. Using an unbalanced panel data with 2907 observations from 174 countries and 23 years between 1995 and 2017 (data from Transparency International and World Bank), we estimate using bootstrapping that the impact of corruption on growth is negative (an estimate of 0.025pp per CPI point) and that the hypothesis "greasing the wheels” is not supported in the data. Our results are in accordance with the literature but are more robust because our database has much more observations.
Asymmetry of Free Circulations in Closed Ocean Gyres

Steady flows in regions of closed geostrophic contours, such as in ocean basins or over seamounts, are examined by calculating solutions to the nonlinear quasigeostrophic and shallow-water equations with topography. For oceanically realistic choices of parameters, the solutions are asymmetric in that those with cyclonic circulation resemble the topography while those with anticyclonic circulation exhibit small-scale structure and cross-isobath flow. These small-scale structures reflect topographic wave modes, which are stationary with the anticyclonic circulation. The implication of the asymmetry is that random wind forcing is much more likely to excite persistent cyclonic than anticyclonic flow. This may explain why the circulation in the Norwegian and Greenland Gyres is most often cyclonic.
Morphometric identification of cowpea weevil populations , Bruchidius atrolineatus ( Coleoptera-Bruchinae ) from three varieties of cowpea , using a discriminant analysis ( FDA )

Bruchidius atrolineatus Pic. (Coleoptera-Bruchinae) is a major pest of cowpea in the Sahel. The attacks began in the fields and continue in the stocks. In this work, a morphometric study to characterize populations of this species from different cowpea varieties is performed. Individual’s male from seeds and pods of three varieties of cowpea (TN5/78 HTR and a local variety) were compared using a discriminant analysis (FDA) on 17 morphological variables. The average size of each variety was measured. The data analysis shows that these groups differ from one another primarily by size. Their decreasing rank order size is: local variety, TN5 / 78 and HTR. The individuals from HTR are clearly distinguishable from all others by the length of the first abdominal sternum (Los) longer. The maximum length of the antenna (Lan), the largest dimension of the femur 3 (Lf3), the largest dimension of the tibia 3 (Lt3), the largest radial dimension of the cell of posterior flange (Loc), and length of the pygidium (LPY) lead to distinguish individuals of the local variety. Other variables allow differentiating individuals from TN5 / 78. This is the maximum length of the head (Lmt), the length and width of pronotum (Lop and Lap), the maximum width of the elytron (Lae), the maximum radial width of the cell (Lac ), the largest dimension of the coxa 3 (CML), the maximum width of the first abdominal sternum (Las) and the width of pygidium (Lpy). The analysis of raw data by a reference variable (maximum width of pygidium, LPY) data, AFD reveals differences in form between individuals of different populations. Four variables explain the differentiation observed after data analysis. These are Lmt, Lap, Lf3 and LPY. Thus, this study shows that morphometric characters of B. atrolineatus vary depending on the variety which individuals belong. However, a genetic study seems necessary to clarify the characteristics of these different populations.
C L ] 2 5 Ju l 2 01 7 DReLUs : Dual Rectified Linear Units

Rectified Linear Units (ReLUs) are widely used in feed-forward neural networks, and in convolutional neural networks in particular. However, they can be rarely found in recurrent neural networks due to the unboundedness and the positive image of the rectified linear activation function. In this paper, we introduce Dual Rectified Linear Units (DReLUs), a novel type of rectified unit that comes with a positive and negative image that is unbounded. We show that we can successfully replace the tanh activation function in the recurrent step of quasi recurrent neural networks. In addition, DReLUs are less prone to the vanishing gradient problem, they are noise robust, and they induce sparse activations. Therefore, we are able to stack up to eight quasi recurrent layers, making it possible to improve the current state-ofthe-art in character-level language modeling over architectures based on shallow Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM).
2 Similarity , Relatedness and Dissimilarity : Current Issues in the Evaluation of DSMs

Word Embeddings (WE) have recently imposed themselves as a standard for representing word meaning in NLP. Semantic similarity between word pairs has become the most common evaluation benchmark for these representations, with vector cosine being typically used as the only similarity metric. In this paper, we report experiments with a rank-based metric for WE, which performs comparably to vector cosine in similarity estimation and outperforms it in the recently-introduced and challenging task of outlier detection, thus suggesting that rank-based measures can improve clustering quality.1
How individual species structure diversity in tropical forests

A persistent challenge in ecology is to explain the high diversity of tree species in tropical forests. Although the role of species characteristics in maintaining tree diversity in tropical forests has been the subject of theory and debate for decades, spatial patterns in local diversity have not been analyzed from the viewpoint of individual species. To measure scale-dependent local diversity structures around individual species, we propose individual species–area relationships (ISAR), a spatial statistic that marries common species–area relationships with Ripley's K to measure the expected α diversity in circular neighborhoods with variable radius around an arbitrary individual of a target species. We use ISAR to investigate if and at which spatial scales individual species increase in tropical forests' local diversity (accumulators), decrease local diversity (repellers), or behave neutrally. Our analyses of data from Barro Colorado Island (Panama) and Sinharaja (Sri Lanka) reveal that individual species leave identifiable signatures on spatial diversity, but only on small spatial scales. Most species showed neutral behavior outside neighborhoods of 20 m. At short scales (<20 m), we observed, depending on the forest type, two strongly different roles of species: diversity repellers dominated at Barro Colorado Island and accumulators at Sinharaja. Nevertheless, we find that the two tropical forests lacked any key species structuring species diversity at larger scales, suggesting that “balanced” species–species interactions may be a characteristic of these species-rich forests. We anticipate our analysis method will be a starting point for more powerful investigations of spatial structures in diversity to promote a better understanding of biodiversity in tropical forests.
Pramipexole for the treatment of restless legs syndrome

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a common disorder that is estimated to affect 10% of Americans. However, it remains largely undiagnosed and untreated by clinicians. The primary symptoms of this condition are leg discomfort or an urge to move that is temporarily relieved by movement and is worse at rest and at bedtime. RLS impacts the quality of life of the sufferer by disrupting sleep and disturbing or curtailing work and social activities. Approximately 80% of RLS sufferers also have periodic limb movements during sleep, in which repetitive leg movements fragment sleep and may result in daytime drowsiness. RLS may be treated by dopaminergic agents, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants and opiates; dopamine agonists are currently considered first-line therapy for this condition. Pramipexole has been studied in the treatment of RLS since 1998. This article reviews the role of this medication in the management of this serious neurological disorder.
Teaching Thinking and Problem Solving.

ABSTRACT This discussion of some of the research literature that is relevant to the issue of teaching thinking provides descriptions of hypothetical, ideal thinkers, and problem solvers; considers the problem of teaching thinking and problem solving; and explores the issue of evaluating programs so that they can be revised and improved. Following Bransford and Stein's "The IDEAL Problem Solver" (1984), this discussion elaborates upon five components of thinking that are applicable to a wide variety of situations. These include the ability to: (1)identify problems, (2) define and represent them with precision, (3) explore possible strategies, (4) act on these strategies, and (5) look at their effects. Creativity is introduced as a means of re-defining a problem in such a way as to suggest simpler and more workable strategies, and examples of cognitive solutions to problems are explained. Also included are descriptions of ways to enhance the teaching of thinking and problem solving through the use of educational strategies and the development of conceptual tools. The concluding section contains suggestions for implementing evaluation techniques for thinking skills programs, and the summary emphasizes the importance of student use of various tools for thinking and problem solving so that these can be evaluated and defined. (JB)
Indian Adolescent Living with HIV-AIDS: Current Clinical Scenario.

INTRODUCTION Statistics suggest that, HIV has now largely become the disease of young patients. Hence, the adolescent HIV/AIDS needs to be handled and managed separately from adult HIV. Relatively fewer Indian data exist to characterize the associations in adolescents and young adults infected with HIV disease. The present study explores the current challenges in the management of HIV infected adolescents. OBJECTIVE The study was aimed at evaluating, relationship between CD4 count and duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART), effects of ART on body mass index and the adverse effects of antiretroviral drugs in adolescent HIV positive patients. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 60 HIV positive adolescent patients attending tertiary care Institute KEM Hospital, Parel over duration of one year conducted at Mumbai. Patients on ART between age group 12 to 19 years. ART naïve patients were excluded from the study. RESULTS 60 adolescent HIV positive patients attended our OPD including 37 males (61.67%) and 23 females (38.33%). The most common mode of transmission was vertical (80%). Education level was: school dropouts - 15%, primary education - 30%, Completed SSC - 31.7%, higher secondary - 23%. Among ADRs were 12 (63.15%) cases of anaemia due to Zidovudine, 4 (21.05%) hepatitis due to Nevirapine, 2 (10.52%) Tenofovir induced AKI and 1 (5.26%) Nevirapine rash. Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed a highly significant increase in the BMI (p <0.0001) post therapy. The mean CD4 of the patients at baseline and current presentation was 295.57 ± 109.81 and 630.93 ± 188.70 cells/mm3 respectively. The CD4 count was seen to be increasing with the increase in the duration of HAART treatment. CONCLUSIONS High efficacy of HAART and availability of free ART under government programme has increased the duration of survival of the adolescent population with HIV. Treatment with HAART showed a favourable response with a statistical significant increase in CD4 count. Longer the duration of HAART, higher was the gain in CD4 count. Indian adolescent receiving long term ART, Lipodystrophy is not a troubling issue. Indian adolescent seems to be more tolerance of ART than the other parts of world.
Generalized ELBO with Constrained Optimization , GECO

Deep variational auto-encoders (VAEs) are latent-variable generative models that define a joint density p(x, z) between some observed data x ∈ Rx and unobserved or latent variables z ∈ Rz . The most popular method for training these models is through stochastic amortized variational approximations [1, 2], which use a variational posterior (also referred to as encoder), q(z|x), to construct the evidence lower-bound (ELBO) objective function.
Differences between antibodies against the dense sediment and microsome fractions of the N-2-fluorenylacetamide-induced rat hepatoma.

Summary Rabbit antibodies against the microsome and dense sediment fractions of N -2-fluorenylacetamide-induced rat hepatoma were compared in vivo and in vitro . Although both antibodies localized in the hepatomas and normal livers when injected into tumor-bearing or normal rats, clear differences in their localizing properties could be shown by various technics. The combined use of 125 I-labeled anti-microsome and 131 I-labeled anti-sediment antibodies in the same mixture (paired label technic) made it possible to compare the 2 antibodies quantitatively under strictly identical conditions. The localization in vivo of the anti-microsome antibodies was greatly reduced by treatment with the hepatoma microsomes, but no effect was observed on the localization of anti-sediment antibodies. When the hepatomas from the injected rats were fractionated into subcellular fractions, it was found that the microsome fraction contained a larger proportion of the anti-microsome antibodies than of the anti-sediment antibodies, whereas the dense sediment fraction contained a larger proportion of the anti-sediment antibodies than of the anti-microsome antibodies. The 2 antibodies also behaved differently when their localization was examined as a function of time. The anti-microsome antibodies seemed to localize and be eliminated more rapidly than the anti-sediment antibodies. These differences were clearly reflected in their sites of localization as determined by radioautography of tissue sections from rats which had been injected with 125 I-labeled antiserum globulins. The anti-microsome antibodies localized preferentially on the sinusoidal walls and on the hepatoma cells and normal hepatic cells. In contrast, the anti-sediment antibodies localized heavily in the connective tissues and lightly on the sinusoidal walls, but not on the hepatoma or normal hepatic cells. Staining tissue sections in vitro by the fluorescent antibody technic showed that the anti-microsome antibodies were directed against the components of the hepatic cells and the anti-sediment antibodies against the components of the connective tissues.
Task and relationship conflict in short-term and long-term groups The critical role of emotion regulation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the triple interaction of task conflict, emotion regulation and group temporariness on the emergence of relationship conflict.Design/methodology/approach – A field study was conducted to test the interaction of emotion regulation and task conflict on the emergence of relationship conflict in 43 short‐term (temporary) groups and 44 long‐term groups.Findings – The results show that the highest chance for task conflict to evolve into relationship conflict is when groups (both short‐term and long‐term) have less effective emotion regulation processes, while task and relationship conflict are rather decoupled in long‐term groups scoring high on emotion regulation.Research limitations/implications – The paper concludes with a discussion of the obtained results in terms of their implications for conflict management in groups. Further research should explore the moderation effects in longitudinal studies in order to fully test the variables in the model.Originalit.
Effect of Barbiturates on Hydroxyl Radicals, Lipid Peroxidation, and Hypoxic Cell Death in Human NT2-N Neurons

Background: Barbiturates have been shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of barbiturates on free radical scavenging and attempted to correlate this with their neuroprotective effects in a model of hypoxic cell death in human NT2-N neurons. Methods: Hydroxyl radicals were generated by ascorbic acid and iron and were measured by conversion of salicylate to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The effect of barbiturates on lipid peroxidation measured as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynon-2-enal was also investigated. Hypoxia studies were then performed on human NT2-N neurons. The cells were exposed to 10 h of hypoxia or combined oxygen and glucose deprivation for 3 or 5 h in the presence of thiopental (50–600 &mgr;M), methohexital (50–400 &mgr;M), phenobarbital (10–400 &mgr;M), or pentobarbital (10–400 &mgr;M), and cell death was evaluated after 24 h by lactate dehydrogenase release. Results: Pentobarbital, phenobarbital, methohexital, and thiopental dose-dependently inhibited formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and iron-stimulated lipid peroxidation. There were significant but moderate differences in antioxidant action between the barbiturates. While phenobarbital (10–400 &mgr;M) and pentobarbital (10–50 &mgr;M) increased lactate dehydrogenase release after combined oxygen and glucose deprivation, thiopental and methohexital protected the neurons at all tested concentrations. At a higher concentration (400 &mgr;M), pentobarbital also significantly protected the neurons. At both 50 and 400 &mgr;M, thiopental and methohexital protected the NT2-N neurons significantly better than phenobarbital and pentobarbital. Conclusions: Barbiturates differ markedly in their neuroprotective effects against combined oxygen and glucose deprivation in human NT2-N neurons. The variation in neuroprotective effects could only partly be explained by differences in antioxidant action.
A Survey on Ambient Intelligence in Healthcare

Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is a new paradigm in information technology aimed at empowering people's capabilities by means of digital environments that are sensitive, adaptive, and responsive to human needs, habits, gestures, and emotions. This futuristic vision of daily environment will enable innovative human-machine interactions characterized by pervasive, unobtrusive, and anticipatory communications. Such innovative interaction paradigms make AmI technology a suitable candidate for developing various real life solutions, including in the healthcare domain. This survey will discuss the emergence of AmI techniques in the healthcare domain, in order to provide the research community with the necessary background. We will examine the infrastructure and technology required for achieving the vision of AmI, such as smart environments and wearable medical devices. We will summarize the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) methodologies used for developing AmI system in the healthcare domain, including various learning techniques (for learning from user interaction), reasoning techniques (for reasoning about users' goals and intensions), and planning techniques (for planning activities and interactions). We will also discuss how AmI technology might support people affected by various physical or mental disabilities or chronic disease. Finally, we will point to some of the successful case studies in the area and we will look at the current and future challenges to draw upon the possible future research paths.