Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder transition into adolescence and adulthood : a prospective longitudinal study

Background: While Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood, little is known about the needs and service use among adolescents and young adults with ADHD. The present study followed-up a cohort diagnosed with ADHD as children and assessed their: 1) needs, 2) correlates of contact with clinical services, and 3) experiences of transition from child to adult health services. Methods: Ninety one young people aged 14–24 were recruited from the UK subset of the International MultiCentre ADHD Genetics (IMAGE) Project. Affected young people and parents conducted face-to-face interviews and self-completion questionnaires including a modified version of the Client Services Receipt Inventory, The Barkley’s ADHD rating scale, The Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised, and the Zarit Burden Interview. Changes in key need characteristics (e.g. ADHD symptoms and impairments) over a 3-year period were examined using fixed effect models. Generalised Estimating Equations (GEE) were used to explore how key characteristics (such as ADHD symptoms) were associated with contact with clinical services across the three years. Results: At baseline 62 % met diagnostic criteria for ADHD and presented with a range of ADHD related impairments, psychiatric comorbidities, and significant caregiver burden. While ADHD symptoms and related impairments lessened significantly over the three years, psychiatric comorbidities and caregiver burden remained stable. The strongest correlate of contact with clinical services was age (OR 0.65 95 % CI 0.49–0.84) with the odds of reported contact with clinical services decreasing by 35 % for each year increase in age at baseline and by 25 % for each year increase in age over time. Only 9 % of the sample had experienced a transfer to adult services, with the majority reporting unmet needs in healthcare transition. Conclusions: Despite continuing needs, few were in contact with adult health services or had received sufficient help with transition between child and adult health services. The main determinant of health service use for adolescents and young adults with ADHD is age – not needs. Service models should address the needs of ADHD individuals who are no longer children.
Total quality management and performance of public universities in Kenya

v LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.1.1 Quality Management 2 1.1.2 Quality Management Practices 3 1.1.3 Performance in Public Universities 4 1.1.4 Public Universities in Kenya 5 1.1. 5 Quality Management and Performance of Universities 6 1.2 Research Problem 8 1.3 Research objectives 9 1.4 Value of the Study 10 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 11 2.
FORMULATING ET CONTRACTS

Veterinarians can serve some of their more progressive commercial cow-calf clients by introducing them to the option of becoming an embryo transfer (ET) contract recipient herd. Contract recipient herds receive embryos from owners of purebred herds, have those embryos transferred to their synchronous recipient cows, calve and raise those ET calves to weaning when they are sold back to the embryo owners. A veterinarian can assist in this process by providing advice and services related to reproductive management, herd health, ET and contractual relations between the contract recipient herd owner and the embryo owner. The objective of this presentation will be to present pertinent information on the operation of contract recipient herds from the viewpoints of the embryo owner, the contract recipient herd owner and the veterinarian.
Beyond Pairwise Matching: Person Reidentification via High-Order Relevance Learning

Person reidentification has attracted extensive research efforts in recent years. It is challenging due to the varied visual appearance from illumination, view angle, background, and possible occlusions, leading to the difficulties when measuring the relevance, i.e., similarities, between probe and gallery images. Existing methods mainly focus on pairwise distance metric learning for person reidentification. In practice, pairwise image matching may limit the data for comparison (just the probe and one gallery subject) and yet lead to suboptimal results. The correlation among gallery data can be also helpful for the person reidentification task. In this paper, we propose to investigate the high-order correlation among the probe and gallery data, not the pairwise matching, to jointly learn the relevance of gallery data to the probe. Recalling recent progresses on feature representation in person reidentification, it is difficult to select the best feature and each type of feature can benefit person description from different aspects. Under such circumstances, we propose a multihypergraph joint learning algorithm to learn the relevance in corporation with multiple features of the imaging data. More specifically, one hypergraph is constructed using one type of feature and multiple hypergraphs can be generated accordingly. Then, the learning process is conducted on the multihypergraph structure, and the identity of a probe is determined by its relevance to each gallery data. The merit of the proposed scheme is twofold. First, different from pairwise image matching, the proposed method jointly explores the relationships among different images. Second, multimodal data, i.e., different features, can be formulated in the multihypergraph structure, which can convey more information in the learning process and can be easily extended. We note that the proposed method is a general framework to incorporate with any combination of features, and thus is flexible in practice. Experimental results and comparisons with the state-of-the-art methods on three public benchmarking data sets demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method.
Multijoint reflexes of the stroke arm: Neural coupling of the elbow and shoulder

The reflex torque responses of the elbow and shoulder to constant velocity angular extensions of the full comfortable range of the spastic elbow were measured in 16 people with unilateral stroke and 6 neurologically intact controls in order to identify the interjoint reflex coupling that occurs after stroke. The resulting responses showed a substantial reflex torque at the elbow and shoulder in subjects with stroke, with 12 of the 16 subjects producing adduction of the shoulder in response to passive extension of the elbow. The presence of simultaneous shoulder flexion torque with elbow flexion torque and with an identical waveform indicated an active role of biarticular elbow/shoulder flexors, such as the biceps. As the biceps muscle produces a shoulder abduction moment, shoulder adduction produced during elbow extension was thought to be associated with neural rather than biomechanical coupling. These results suggest that spasticity in people with stroke is more complex than its traditional perception as a hyperexcitable stretch reflex, and includes potent heteronymous reflex pathways. The reflex coupling observed between the shoulder and elbow should be considered in the diagnosis and clinical management of spasticity. The potential impact of this reflex on the coordination of volitional arm movements will be examined in future studies. Muscle Nerve, 2007
THE EFFECT OF NONCONSCIOUS GOALS ON CONSCIOUS GOAL-BASED PREFERENCES

This dissertation examines whether a nonconscious goal can change preferences between binary options, one favoring a conscious goal (e.g., undiluted but non-healthy iced tea) and the other a nonconscious goal (e.g., diluted but healthy iced tea). Across four laboratory experiments, we demonstrate that when participants are only given a conscious goal (e.g., to choose the tastier drink), the majority of them seek the alternative that is more instrumental to this goal. However, when a nonconscious goal is also primed (e.g., to be healthy), their preferences can shift to the alternative that is perceived to be instrumental to this goal but is inferior from the conscious goal standpoint. We propose a two-stage model to explain these findings. In the first stage, when a nonconscious goal is primed, individuals attend to goal-relevant cues (e.g., health-signaling label) and automatically form a positive evaluation toward the option that facilitates the nonconscious goal relative to the option that does not satisfy the goal. In the second stage, the positive automatic evaluation is then used to distort perceptions of the option’s conscious goal instrumentality such that the option is perceived as having a more favorable taste compared to
Title Quarantine for pandemic influenza control at the borders ofsmall island nations

Background: Although border quarantine is included in many influenza pandemic plans, detailed guidelines have yet to be formulated, including considerations for the optimal quarantine length. Motivated by the situation of small island nations, which will probably experience the introduction of pandemic influenza via just one airport, we examined the potential effectiveness of quarantine as a border control measure. Methods: Analysing the detailed epidemiologic characteristics of influenza, the effectiveness of quarantine at the borders of islands was modelled as the relative reduction of the risk of releasing infectious individuals into the community, explicitly accounting for the presence of asymptomatic infected individuals. The potential benefit of adding the use of rapid diagnostic testing to the quarantine process was also considered. Results: We predict that 95% and 99% effectiveness in preventing the release of infectious individuals into the community could be achieved with quarantine periods of longer than 4.7 and 8.6 days, respectively. If rapid diagnostic testing is combined with quarantine, the lengths of quarantine to achieve 95% and 99% effectiveness could be shortened to 2.6 and 5.7 days, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that quarantine alone for 8.7 days or quarantine for 5.7 days combined with using rapid diagnostic testing could prevent secondary transmissions caused by the released infectious individuals for a plausible range of prevalence at the source country (up to 10%) and for a modest number of incoming travellers (up to 8000 individuals). Conclusion: Quarantine at the borders of island nations could contribute substantially to preventing the arrival of pandemic influenza (or at least delaying the arrival date). For small island nations we recommend consideration of quarantine alone for 9 days or quarantine for 6 days combined with using rapid diagnostic testing (if available). Background Strict maritime quarantine (with facility quarantine on land in some cases), appeared to effectively prevent the entry of the 1918–19 influenza pandemic into American Samoa and delayed its entry into mainland Australia, Tasmania and New Caledonia [1]. Quarantine measures during this pandemic also worked successfully in Yerba Buena, an island off San Francisco [2], and within parts of Iceland [3]. More generally, a systematic review has reported evidence that interventions that included quarPublished: 11 March 2009 BMC Infectious Diseases 2009, 9:27 doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-27 Received: 9 August 2008 Accepted: 11 March 2009 This article is available from: http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2334/9/27 © 2009 Nishiura et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Professor Schneider's Shadow Economy: What Do We Really Know? A Rejoinder

Abstract: Professor Schneider’s “Comment” on my “Reflections” paper does not adequately address the key issues concerning the veracity of his findings, namely issues of documentation, normalization, calibration and replication. Further findings of inadequate documentation, suspicious normalization procedures, unexplained calibration errors and the inability to replicate the results; reinforces the conclusions of my original “Reflections” paper. Schneider’s Shadow Economy results suffer from conceptual flaws, arbitrary data manipulations and insufficient documentation for replication, questioning their place in the academic, policy and popular literature.
Do Happy People Make Optimistic Investors?

Do happy people predict future risk and return differently from unhappy people, or do individuals rely only on economic facts? We survey investors on their subjective sentiment-creating factors, return and risk expectations, and investment plans. We find that noneconomic factors systematically affect return and risk expectations, where the return effect is more profound. Investment plans are also affected by noneconomic factors. Sports results and general feelings significantly affect predictions. Sufferers from seasonal affective disorder have lower return expectations in the autumn than in other seasons, supporting the winter blues hypothesis.
PARTICIPACION DE LAS MUJERES EN PRÁCTICAS DE TRABAJO DE ALTO RENDIMIENTO: UN ANÁLISIS COMPARATIVO DE PORTUGAL

High-performance work systems (HPWS) can be seen as a set of new forms of work organization combined with flexible human resources (HR) practices that enhance organizational performance through employee involvement and empowerment. Although in the past two decades much research has been conducted on the effects that high-performance work practices can have on organizations, there is still much to know about the ideal conditions for the adoption of such practices. According to some research, there are organizational and employees’ determinants that can influence the adoption of high-performance work practices. On the other hand, gender, as an employee characteristic has not been much considered. However, according to the literature, female employees may be less likely to participate in HPWS (Heywood & Jirjahn, 2002). Women tend to have a greater need for flexible working conditions, such as part-time jobs or flexibility between work and home. This can lead to shorter tenure and less complex tasks, but also to more individualized job functions, which mean that workers with these kind of profile have less probability of making part of teams, a fundamental feature of HPWS. The main goal of this paper is to understand how employees’ characteristics can influence the adoption of high-performance work practices. Specifically, it will be given special attention to gender as a potential determinant of participation in HPWS. To accomplish this goal, we frame the debate in recent research on HPWS that include employees’ characteristics and then follow to an analysis of Portugal and Spain, using data from the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS).
Conditional Punishment in England

A large body of literature has shown that peer-to-peer punishment is effective in enforcing cooperation norms in dilemmas. Kamei [2014, Economics Letters 124, pp.199-202] provides experimental evidence on the prevalence of heterogeneous conditional punishment types by conducting an experiment with a strategy method in the United States. This note reports a replication experiment using subjects in England. As consistent with Kamei (2014), the experiment indicates that people’s punishment decisions are on average positively proportional to the others’ punishment toward the target. However, it also indicates interesting cross-country differences in the distribution of human conditional punishment types.
Identification and Molecular Characterization of the Mg2+ Stimulon of Escherichia coli

ABSTRACT Transcription profile microarray analysis in Escherichia coli was performed to identify the member genes of the Mg2+ stimulon that respond to the availability of external Mg2+ in a PhoP/PhoQ two-component system-dependent manner. The mRNA levels of W3110 in the presence of 30 mM MgCl2, WP3022 (phoP defective), and WQ3007 (phoQ defective) were compared with those of W3110 in the absence of MgCl2. The expression ratios of a total of 232 genes were <0.75 in all three strains (the supplemental data are shown at http://www.nara.kindai.ac.jp/nogei/seiken/array.html ), suggesting that the PhoP/PhoQ system is involved directly or indirectly in the transcription of these genes. Of those, 26 contained the PhoP box-like sequences with the direct repeats of (T/G)GTTTA within 500 bp upstream of the initiation codon. Furthermore, S1 nuclease assays of 26 promoters were performed to verify six new Mg2+ stimulon genes, hemL, nagA, rstAB, slyB, vboR, and yrbL, in addition to the phoPQ, mgrB, and mgtA genes reported previously. In gel shift and DNase I footprinting assays, all of these genes were found to be regulated directly by PhoP. Thus, we concluded that the phoPQ, mgrB, mgtA, hemL, nagA, rstAB, slyB, vboR, and yrbL genes make up the Mg2+ stimulon in E. coli.
Credit Ratings and Liquidity Risk for the Optimization of Debt Maturity Structure

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between credit rating scales and debt maturity choices. A liquidity hypothesis is used to formulate the testable proposition and conceptual framework. Generalized linear model (GLM) and pooled ordinary least square (OLS) are utilized by SAS programming to test the proposed hypothesis. Other different estimation techniques are also used for robust evidence. Results suggest that companies with high and low ratings have a shorter debt maturity. Companies with medium ratings have longer debt maturity structure. Liquidity shows a negative association with longer debt maturity structure. It is evident that at high rating scale with high liquidity, and at lower rating scales with lower liquidity firms have a shorter debt maturity. Mid rated firms with a low probability of refinancing risk show longer debt maturity structure. Considering refinancing risk by Asian companies make the nonlinear relationship between credit ratings and debt maturity choices. Results suggest the importance of credit ratings for the optimization of debt maturity structure of Asian firms, which was totally overlooked by the past studies. The findings of this study are consistent with the liquidity hypothesis. The findings also motivating financial managers and investors to consider credit ratings as a measure of financial constraints.
CYP 17 Gene Polymorphisms : Prevalence and Associations with Hormone Levels and Related Factors

The cytochrome P-450c17α (CYP17 ) gene, located on chromosome 10q24.3, encodes the enzyme cytochrome P-450c17α, which functions at key branch points in steroid hormone biosynthesis. Three polymorphisms have been described, but only the single base-pair change in the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) has been investigated to any great extent. In single studies, the variant was associated with reduced messenger RNA level in ovarian cells but not with messenger RNA level in breast tissue. Homozygosity for the 5′-UTR variant is most common in East Asian (32%) and Japanese (22%) populations and is less common among White (mainly European and North American (14%)) and Black (mainly African-American (13%)) populations, but selection biases are likely to have affected these frequency estimates. Genotype appears to influence circulating estrogen levels in premenopausal women, while studies of relations with hormone levels in men have produced inconclusive results. However, relatively few studies have been conducted. Seven of 11 retrospective studies suggested a modest association between genotype and age at menarche. Random error in recall of age at menarche is likely to have attenuated this relation. Associations between genotype and postmenopausal estrogen use and bone mass have been observed in single studies. Further investigation of relations between genotype and hormone levels, exogenous hormone use, and markers of hormonal status may advance understanding of hormonally mediated diseases.
Subluminal Cosmology

The standard model of cosmology is considered critically. A model with pressure is proposed which is linearly expanding and which is an exact solution of Einstein’s field equations. The recession velocity of the galaxies of this model never exceeds the speed of light. The model is closely related to the h R ct = model of Melia, which is flat and infinite. However, our subluminal model is spatially positively curved and closed. Nevertheless all data from observations gathered and surveyed by Melia support our model.
Liquidity and Flows of U . S . Mutual Funds

We examine the U.S. mutual fund industry with particular attention paid to fund flows, the liquidity of fund portfolios, and the interaction of those characteristics. We document the following general statistics on U.S. mutual funds:  The amount of assets held by U.S. mutual funds (excluding money market mutual funds and exchange traded funds) is increasing rapidly. Assets grew from $4.4 trillion in 2000 to $12.7 trillion in 2014. Funds that invest primarily in U.S. equities are the largest category, but their share of the total industry assets declined from 65.2% in 2000 to 44.5% in 2014.  Potentially less liquid mutual fund categories have grown substantially over the same period. For example, foreign bond and foreign equity funds have grown from around 11.0% of the total industry assets in 2000 to 17.4% in 2014.  Alternative strategy funds are growing faster than any other category. Such funds held total assets of $365 million in 2005. In 2014, alternative strategy funds held total assets of $334 billion. The mean alternative strategy fund had an inflow of 2.4% of assets per month from 2005 through 2014.  Alternative strategy funds have a broad range of holdings, which makes them difficult to define. In 2014, the average alternative strategy fund invested 30.5% of its assets in common stock. However, at that same time, at least 25% of alternative strategy funds held no common stock and at least 25% of alternative strategy funds held more than 58.7% of their assets in common stock.  The cash and cash equivalent holdings of mutual funds vary significantly. In 2014, the median fund held 1.8% of its portfolio in cash, but about 25% of funds held 0.2% or less of their portfolio in cash and about 25% of funds held 4.4% or more of their portfolio in cash.  The variation in cash holdings within each investment category is larger than the variation between investment categories. In 2014, the average mixed strategy fund held 5.9% of its portfolio in cash, compared to 2.8% for the average U.S. government bond fund. But at that