Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high‐resolution paleoclimatology

The high‐resolution reconstruction of hemispheric‐scale temperature variation over the past‐millennium benchmarks recent warming against more naturally driven climate episodes, such as the Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period, thereby allowing assessment of the relative efficacies of natural and anthropogenic forcing factors. Icons of past temperature variability, as featured in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports over nearly two decades, have changed from a schematic sketch in 1990, to a seemingly well‐solved story in 2001, to more explicit recognition of significant uncertainties in 2007. In this article, we detail the beginning of the movement to reconstruct large‐scale temperatures, highlight major steps forward, and present our views on what remains to be accomplished. Despite significant efforts and progress, the spatial representation of reconstructions is limited, and the interannual and centennial variation are poorly quantified. Research priorities to reduce reconstruction uncertainties and improve future projections, include (1) increasing the role of expert assessment in selecting and incorporating the highest quality proxy data in reconstructions (2) employing reconstruction ensemble methodology, and (3) further improvements of forcing series. We suggest that much of the sensitivity in the reconstructions, a topic that has dominated scientific debates, can be traced back to the input data. It is perhaps advisable to use fewer, but expert‐assessed proxy records to reduce errors in future reconstruction efforts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methamphetamine Reduces LTP and Increases Baseline Synaptic Transmission in the CA1 Region of Mouse Hippocampus

Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant whose societal impact is on the rise. Emerging evidence suggests that psychostimulants alter synaptic plasticity in the brain—which may partly account for their adverse effects. While it is known that METH increases the extracellular concentration of monoamines dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, it is not clear how METH alters glutamatergic transmission. Within this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of acute and systemic METH on basal synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation (LTP; an activity-induced increase in synaptic efficacy) in CA1 sub-field in the hippocampus. Both the acute ex vivo application of METH to hippocampal slices and systemic administration of METH decreased LTP. Interestingly, the acute ex vivo application of METH at a concentration of 30 or 60 µM increased baseline synaptic transmission as well as decreased LTP. Pretreatment with eticlopride (D2-like receptor antagonist) did not alter the effects of METH on synaptic transmission or LTP. In contrast, pretreatment with D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 or 5-HT1A receptor antagonist NAN-190 abrogated the effect of METH on synaptic transmission. Furthermore, METH did not increase baseline synaptic transmission in D1 dopamine receptor haploinsufficient mice. Our findings suggest that METH affects excitatory synaptic transmission via activation of dopamine and serotonin receptor systems in the hippocampus. This modulation may contribute to synaptic maladaption induced by METH addiction and/or METH-mediated cognitive dysfunction.
Professional Identity Development in Online Christian Theological Education: A Case Study of Preparing Pastoral Practice through Discursive Activity.

OF DISSERTATION PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY DEVELOPMENT IN ONLINE CHRISTIAN THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION: A CASE STUDY OF PREPARING PASTORAL PRACTICE THROUGH DISCURSIVE ACTIVITY The purpose of this dissertation study was to explore the professional preparation of students in online classes at a Christian theological seminary. Concerns of theological education involve the capacity or incapacity of community development and somatic or embodied learning in online education. Using a theoretical framework drawn from communities of practice (Wenger, 1998), professional clergical preparation (Foster, Dahill, Golemon, & Tolentino, 2005), and Gee’s (2000-2001) dimensions of identity development, the researcher focused the analyses on students’ written texts located in the discussion board fora of the online courses. These records were examined for indications of formation of the professional identity of the developing clergy, interpretation skills necessary for the clergy, performance development for activities entailed in the profession, and contextualization proficiencies for the situated enactment of the local church ministry essential in the practice of the professional clergy. The study concludes that students’ discussions evince dimensions of the development of professional identity and pastoral imagination as described in Foster, Dahill, Golemon, & Tolentino (2005). In addition, stories shared on the discussion fora, told both by the instructors and the classmates who had a range of experience in first careers or in pastoral ministry, built a shared repertoire of professional practice as inherent in a Community of Practice (Wenger,1998). The dissertation study confirms if and then identifies how graduate students in online ministerial preparation use discursive and interactive participation to identify with the professional Community of Practice of the clergy The structures of the discussion board fora, the roles of the instructor, and implications for instructional designs that may support the development of pastoral professional identity are also included. Findings demonstrated that less structured discussion prompts as well as more frequent postings stimulated more student-student interaction that built relationships. Courses that focused more on student-content interactions had less relationship building. A non-evaluative facilitation tone of the discussion fora generated a more collaborative environment. In classes that utilized a learn-by-doing approach, collaborative student discursive activity in the discussion fora supported and enhanced learning. Creative discursive activities such as case studies and role plays provided simulated experiences and spurred narrative development of shared repertoire.
Postnatal development of the vallate papilla and taste buds in rats

The postnatal maturation of the vallate papilla and its taste buds was quantitatively investigated in rats by light microscopy. Specifically, we measured postnatal increases in the size of mature vallate taste buds and the vallate papilla, increases in the thickness of the gustatory epidermis, and increases in the number of mature taste buds and taste cells per bud. Mature taste buds, defined as those having a taste pore, are rare at birth but proliferate rapidly during the first postnatal month until an average of 610 mature taste buds has accumulated by 90 days. Throughout this postnatal period, mature taste buds adjust to the developmental thickening of the epidermis by continuously increasing in length. Mature taste buds also increase in width, in part due to a threefold increase from 10 and 45 days in the number of taste cells per bud. From 10 to 21 days there is an average daily net increase of three cells per mature taste bud. The maturational increase in taste buds and cells may contribute to the functional changes in taste nerve responses known to occur over the course of several generations of taste receptor cells. The dimensions of the vallate papilla and the surface area of the gustatory epithelium increase logarithmically with age. Although mature taste buds continue to increase in number until 90 days, both taste bud density (178/mm2) and the number of cells per mature taste bud (70–75 cells) reach ceilings by 45 days. Thus, density‐dependent factors appear to control vallate taste bud maturation. The immaturity of lingual taste buds in newborn rats supports the view that odor, rather than taste, is the chemosensory signal that guides suckling in altricial rodents.
Lessons Learned from More Than a Decade of Middle Grades Research

comes among middle schools that have imple mented the tenants of middle grades education? From our perspective as researchers, we can per sonally reflect on our work over the past decade. During that time, we have focused our research and evaluation efforts on examining the schools that serve young adolescents. Our research agen da has been to analyze how middle schools improve, what impact the improvements have on teachers and students, and how successful outcomes can be replicated in other schools. We believe that the foundation of research
THE EXTREME SPIN OF THE BLACK HOLE IN CYGNUS X-1

The compact primary in the X-ray binary Cygnus X-1 was the first black hole to be established via dynamical observations. We have recently determined accurate values for its mass and distance, and for the orbital inclination angle of the binary. Building on these results, which are based on our favored (asynchronous) dynamical model, we have measured the radius of the inner edge of the black hole's accretion disk by fitting its thermal continuum spectrum to a fully relativistic model of a thin accretion disk. Assuming that the spin axis of the black hole is aligned with the orbital angular momentum vector, we have determined that Cygnus X-1 contains a near-extreme Kerr black hole with a spin parameter a* > 0.95 (3σ). For a less probable (synchronous) dynamical model, we find a* > 0.92 (3σ). In our analysis, we include the uncertainties in black hole mass, orbital inclination angle, and distance, and we also include the uncertainty in the calibration of the absolute flux via the Crab. These four sources of uncertainty totally dominate the error budget. The uncertainties introduced by the thin-disk model we employ are particularly small in this case given the extreme spin of the black hole and the disk's low luminosity.
Depressive symptoms are associated with higher rates of readmission or mortality after medical hospitalization: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Depressive symptoms during a medical hospitalization may be an overlooked prognostic factor for adverse events postdischarge. Our aim was to evaluate whether depressive symptoms predict 30‐day readmission or death after medical hospitalization. We conducted a systematic review of studies that compared postdischarge outcomes by in‐hospital depressive status. We assessed study quality and pooled published and unpublished data using random effects models. Overall, one‐third of 6104 patients discharged from medical wards were depressed (interquartile range, 27%‐40%). Compared to inpatients without depression, those discharged with depressive symptoms were more likely to be readmitted (20.4% vs 13.7%, risk ratio [RR]: 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16‐2.58) or die (2.8% vs 1.5%, RR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.31‐3.44) within 30 days. Depressive symptoms were common in medical inpatients and are associated with an increased risk of adverse events postdischarge. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:373–380. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Hospital Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Society of Hospital Medicine
The selection of S. cerevisiae mutants defective in the start event of cell division.

Thirty-three temperature-sensitive mutations defective in the start event of the cell division cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated and subjected to preliminary characterization. Complementation studies assigned thes mutations to four complementation groups, one of which, cdc28, has been described previously. Genetic analysis revealed that these complementation groups define single nuclear genes, unlinked to one another. One of the three newly identified genes, cdc37, has been located in the yeast linkage map on chromosome IV, two meiotic map units distal to hom2. --Each mutation produces stage-specific arrest of cell division at start, the same point where mating pheromone interrupts division. After synchronization at start by incubation at the restrictive temperature, the mutants retain the capacity to enlarge and to conjugate.
Paradigmatic Chaos in Nuer

The case-number suffixes of the Western Nilotic language Nuer (Frank 1999) display a remarkable combination of formal simplicity and distributional complexity, which is manifested in: (i) a seemingly erratic form-function mapping that precludes attributing a consistent meaning to the suffixes, and (ii) a wealth of inflection classes only barely differentiated from each other. The suffixes looks as if they were rule-generated, but behave as if they were memorized. I advance a model of inflection combining principal parts, implicational rules, and default inheritance, in which the bulk of the complexity is attributed to the lexical stem, revealing the underlying systematicity behind suffix assignment.
Evolution of All-or-None Strategies in Repeated Public Goods Dilemmas

Many problems of cooperation involve repeated interactions among the same groups of individuals. When collective action is at stake, groups often engage in Public Goods Games (PGG), where individuals contribute (or not) to a common pool, subsequently sharing the resources. Such scenarios of repeated group interactions materialize situations in which direct reciprocation to groups may be at work. Here we study direct group reciprocity considering the complete set of reactive strategies, where individuals behave conditionally on what they observed in the previous round. We study both analytically and by computer simulations the evolutionary dynamics encompassing this extensive strategy space, witnessing the emergence of a surprisingly simple strategy that we call All-Or-None (AoN). AoN consists in cooperating only after a round of unanimous group behavior (cooperation or defection), and proves robust in the presence of errors, thus fostering cooperation in a wide range of group sizes. The principles encapsulated in this strategy share a level of complexity reminiscent of that found already in 2-person games under direct and indirect reciprocity, reducing, in fact, to the well-known Win-Stay-Lose-Shift strategy in the limit of the repeated 2-person Prisoner's Dilemma.
Survival of retinal pigment epithelium after exposure to prolonged oxidative injury: a detailed gene expression and cellular analysis.

PURPOSE To detail, by DNA microarrays and cellular structure labeling, the in vitro responses of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to a nonlethal dose of the oxidant agent hydroquinone (HQ). METHODS The viability of growth-quiescent ARPE-19 cells after treatment with HQ was measured by XTT conversion, (3)H-leucine incorporation, trypan blue exclusion, and the presence of DNA laddering. The effect of a nonlethal dose of HQ on the localization of apoptosis-induced factor (AIF) and phosphorylation of stress-activated kinase-2/p38 (SAPK2/p38) was detected by immunocytochemistry. Actin structures were visualized by phalloidin staining. Cell membrane blebbing was detected using GFP-membrane-labeled RPE cells (ARPE-GFP-c'-rRas). Changes in gene expression patterns of RPE cells within 48 hours of prolonged treatment with a nonlethal dose of HQ were evaluated by microarray analysis and confirmed by Northern blotting. RESULTS The viability of RPE after a prolonged sublethal injury dose of HQ was determined by multiple assays and confirmed by the absence of AIF translocation or DNA laddering. Prolonged exposure (16 hours) of RPE cells to a nonlethal dose of HQ resulted in actin rearrangement into globular aggregates and cell membrane blebbing. Kinetic microarray analysis at several time points over a 48-hour recovery period revealed significant upregulation of genes involved in ameliorating the oxidative stress, chaperone proteins, anti-apoptotic factors, and DNA repair factors, and downregulation of pro-apoptotic genes. Genes involved in extracellular matrix functions were also dysregulated. Recovery of RPE cells after the injury was confirmed by the normalization of gene expression dysregulation back to baseline levels within 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS RPE cells avoided cell death and recovered from prolonged oxidative injury by activating a host of defense mechanisms while simultaneously triggering genes and cellular responses that may be involved in RPE disease development.
Unemployment and the Asset Market for Jobs

s Search models of unemployment motivate analysis through a matching problem between two distinct groups in the economy: firms and workers. A question which arises is why can't workers circumvent search frictions by creating jobs themselves? Meanwhile, firms are able to supply vacant jobs perfectly elastically: how are vacancies sourced? I address these concerns in an environment where ex ante identical agents can create, buy or sell jobs, and assess the model quantitatively.
Competitive dynamics and economic learning: an extended resource-based view

In this paper a conceptual framework for the analysis of economic learning is developed. Economic learning, by analogy with organizational learning, results in the development of economic competences, or capabilities, shared between firms, which rest on a foundation of economic resources, from which value is generated, and economic routines, through which resources are utilized. It is the mobility of resources, and their exchange and production dynamics, along evolutionary pathways, which underpins the plausibility of a notion of economic learning. The paper elaborates this framework as a 'resource-based view' (RBV) of the economy as a whole, as an extension of the RBV of the firm. Such a framework captures the dynamics of exchange and circulation of technologies, know-how and intangible assets, as well as of tangible assets and capital goods; it is concerned with investment behavior by entrepreneurs rather than with the behavior of producers and consumers in goods and services markets. Within this resource economy framework, it is possible to generate an account of the resource dynamics that underpin production of goods and services--including resource propagation, diffusion, imitation, replication and recombination. These processes encompass evolutionary pressures, experienced through resource variation, selection and retention. Entrepreneurial initiatives take the form of resource recombinations, while resource innovation captures the creation of new economic resources, such as technological standards. Such a perspective brings into focus the resource specialization and configurations that drive real economies, within firms and between firms, that translates into enhanced or diminished performance of the economy as a whole. Copyright 2003, Oxford University Press.
Measuring Text Reuse and Document Derivation

This thesis builds upon our current understanding of text reuse by proposing a hypothetical framework of text reuse and applying this abstract definition to a specific domain, that of journalistic reuse. The framework aims to explore a suitable measure of reuse and determine suitable discriminators for document derivation. Although text can be reused verbatim (word-for-word), in most cases, text is reused under certain constraints that cause the text to be rewritten (e.g. time, space, change of tense etc.). Accurately measuring text reuse therefore involves identifying not only verbatim text, but also text that has undergone a number of, potentially complex, rewriting transformations. The proposed reuse framework is hypothetical and applied only to a limited domain. Further application of the framework to wider domains is outside the scope of this thesis. Also involved in measuring reuse are methods to distinguish between text actually reused and that which co-occurs due to co-incidence or chance. For example, in the case of different newspaper versions of the same story, there is a high likelihood that even independent texts will share the same words and phrases. Use of various weighting schemes will help determine whether the effects of chance word co-occurrence can be reduced. At the document-level, other factors are taken into consideration to determine the most likely sources of the reused text, i.e. derivation. The question of what features characterise a derived document versus a non-derived document is addressed and using this information, we hypothetically describe the most likely derivation hierarchy for a set of documents. Classification of documents in the METER corpus is used to test these derivation characteristics. Text reuse is studied in the context of journalistic rewriting and natural language plagiarism but applications include plagiarism detection on the WWW, newswire usage monitoring and control, evaluation of breaches in copyright infringements, finding duplicate or derived documents on the Internet and tracking dissemination of text from academic papers. Using current paraphrasing research and manual analysis of pre-classified texts by a domain expert, we identify and classify a number of common transformations used by journalists in rewriting newswire texts. These are complemented with examples. Measuring Text Reuse Postgraduate Transfer Report Page 1 of 64
Mutations of Different Molecular Origins Exhibit Contrasting Patterns of Regional Substitution Rate Variation

Transitions at CpG dinucleotides, referred to as "CpG substitutions", are a major mutational input into vertebrate genomes and a leading cause of human genetic disease. The prevalence of CpG substitutions is due to their mutational origin, which is dependent on DNA methylation. In comparison, other single nucleotide substitutions (for example those occurring at GpC dinucleotides) mainly arise from errors during DNA replication. Here we analyzed high quality BAC-based data from human, chimpanzee, and baboon to investigate regional variation of CpG substitution rates. We show that CpG substitutions occur approximately 15 times more frequently than other single nucleotide substitutions in primate genomes, and that they exhibit substantial regional variation. Patterns of CpG rate variation are consistent with differences in methylation level and susceptibility to subsequent deamination. In particular, we propose a "distance-decaying" hypothesis, positing that due to the molecular mechanism of a CpG substitution, rates are correlated with the stability of double-stranded DNA surrounding each CpG dinucleotide, and the effect of local DNA stability may decrease with distance from the CpG dinucleotide.Consistent with our "distance-decaying" hypothesis, rates of CpG substitution are strongly (negatively) correlated with regional G+C content. The influence of G+C content decays as the distance from the target CpG site increases. We estimate that the influence of local G+C content extends up to 1,500 approximately 2,000 bps centered on each CpG site. We also show that the distance-decaying relationship persisted when we controlled for the effect of long-range homogeneity of nucleotide composition. GpC sites, in contrast, do not exhibit such "distance-decaying" relationship. Our results highlight an example of the distinctive properties of methylation-dependent substitutions versus substitutions mostly arising from errors during DNA replication. Furthermore, the negative relationship between G+C content and CpG rates may provide an explanation for the observation that GC-rich SINEs show lower CpG rates than other repetitive elements.