Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural information in neuronal tissue as revealed by q‐space diffusion NMR spectroscopy of metabolites in bovine optic nerve

1H NMR diffusion experiments performed on the signal of the metabolites in bovine optic nerve showed that the signal decay due to diffusion is bi‐exponential with a slow and a fast diffusing component. Diffusion was measured as a function of the diffusion time, and the data were analyzed as a function of b and q values. Bi‐exponential fit was used to analyze the data, and the results were compared with the displacement distribution profiles obtained from the q‐space analysis of the data. This q‐space analysis showed that the fast diffusing component has a broad displacement distribution and appears not to be restricted. On the other hand, the slow diffusing component appears to be highly restricted to milieu in the order of 1–2 µm. The orientation of the sample with respect to the axis for which diffusion was measured affected mainly the relative sizes of the populations of each component, but had only a small effect on the extracted apparent diffusion coefficients. These results from both the b and the q value analyses suggest that the slow diffusing component is related to restricted diffusion of these metabolites in the axonal fibers, while the fast diffusing component represents diffusion of metabolites in cells and along the long axis of the nerve fibers. It is concluded that q‐space analysis of metabolite diffusion enables extraction of structural information about the sample, and that the diffusion of the metabolites in optic nerve is dictated mainly by the cellular medium and microstructure of the tissue. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Receptor ligand-triggered resistance to alectinib and its circumvention by Hsp90 inhibition in EML4-ALK lung cancer cells

Alectinib is a new generation ALK inhibitor with activity against the gatekeeper L1196M mutation that showed remarkable activity in a phase I/II study with echinoderm microtubule associated protein-like 4 (EML4) - anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, alectinib resistance may eventually develop. Here, we found that EGFR ligands and HGF, a ligand of the MET receptor, activate EGFR and MET, respectively, as alternative pathways, and thereby induce resistance to alectinib. Additionally, the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor suppressed protein expression of ALK, MET, EGFR, and AKT, and thereby induced apoptosis in EML4-ALK NSCLC cells, even in the presence of EGFR ligands or HGF. These results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors may overcome ligand-triggered resistance to new generation ALK inhibitors and may result in more successful treatment of NSCLC patients with EML4-ALK.
Volume entropy of Hilbert Geometries

It is shown that the volume entropy of a Hilbert geometry associated to an $n$-dimensional convex body of class $C^{1,1}$ equals $n-1$. To achieve this result, a new projective invariant of convex bodies, similar to the centro-affine area, is constructed. In the case $n=2$, and without any assumption on the boundary, it is shown that the entropy is bounded above by $\frac{2}{3-d} \leq 1$, where $d$ is the Minkowski dimension of the extremal set of $K$. An example of a plane Hilbert geometry with entropy strictly between 0 and 1 is constructed.
Research topic recommendation service: an approach based on semantic relation in context

Research Topic Recommendation Service, which is an application of Knowledge Discovery, recommends users worthy research topics that have not conducted from public literatures such as papers or patents. Past studies had a few disadvantages such as low precisions or requirements of domain-specific knowledge because the studies used statistical method or descriptions written by human experts. This paper approaches the research topic recommendation problem with the method that parses sentences of full text and uses semantic relations of context. We will also describe the architecture of Scientific Tech Mining System designed for the research topic recommendation service.
University of Huddersfield Repository The influence of a collaborative procurement approach using integrated design in construction on project team performance

Purpose - This paper aims to study the influence of procurement on the performance of integrated design teams. Design/methodology/approach - The research paradigm is based on Russian socio-constructivist approach to activity theory. Activity theory, as opposed to natural or social science, is a design science approach that focuses on the context aspect of project. A triangulation of qualitative research methods was used to investigate the dynamic of integrated teams in two different procurement contexts. Findings – The paper is conclusive regarding the influence of procurement on team efficiency. It demonstrates that traditional procurement processes reinforce socio-cognitive barriers that hinder team efficiency. It also illustrates how new procurement modes can transform the dynamic of relationships between the client and the members of the supply chain, and have a positive impact on team performance. Practical implications - The paper demonstrates first that problems with integrated design team efficiency are related to context and not process – they are not technical but socio-cognitive; second that fragmented transactional contracting increases socio-cognitive barriers that hinder integrated design team performance; third that new forms of relational contracting may help to mitigate socio-cognitive barriers and improve integrated design team performance, fourth that changing the context through procurement does not address the problem of obsolete design practices. Originality/Value – The paper brings together theories of production in lean construction and social learning as a rival approach to traditional project management theory for demonstrating the importance of context on team performance.
TINE: A Metric to Assess MT Adequacy

We describe TINE, a new automatic evaluation metric for Machine Translation that aims at assessing segment-level adequacy. Lexical similarity and shallow-semantics are used as indicators of adequacy between machine and reference translations. The metric is based on the combination of a lexical matching component and an adequacy component. Lexical matching is performed comparing bags-of-words without any linguistic annotation. The adequacy component consists in: i) using ontologies to align predicates (verbs), ii) using semantic roles to align predicate arguments (core arguments and modifiers), and iii) matching predicate arguments using distributional semantics. TINE's performance is comparable to that of previous metrics at segment level for several language pairs, with average Kendall's tau correlation from 0.26 to 0.29. We show that the addition of the shallow-semantic component improves the performance of simple lexical matching strategies and metrics such as BLEU.
Towards a Unified Understanding of Event-Related Changes in the EEG: The Firefly Model of Synchronization through Cross-Frequency Phase Modulation

Although event-related potentials (ERPs) are widely used to study sensory, perceptual and cognitive processes, it remains unknown whether they are phase-locked signals superimposed upon the ongoing electroencephalogram (EEG) or result from phase-alignment of the EEG. Previous attempts to discriminate between these hypotheses have been unsuccessful but here a new test is presented based on the prediction that ERPs generated by phase-alignment will be associated with event-related changes in frequency whereas evoked-ERPs will not. Using empirical mode decomposition (EMD), which allows measurement of narrow-band changes in the EEG without predefining frequency bands, evidence was found for transient frequency slowing in recognition memory ERPs but not in simulated data derived from the evoked model. Furthermore, the timing of phase-alignment was frequency dependent with the earliest alignment occurring at high frequencies. Based on these findings, the Firefly model was developed, which proposes that both evoked and induced power changes derive from frequency-dependent phase-alignment of the ongoing EEG. Simulated data derived from the Firefly model provided a close match with empirical data and the model was able to account for i) the shape and timing of ERPs at different scalp sites, ii) the event-related desynchronization in alpha and synchronization in theta, and iii) changes in the power density spectrum from the pre-stimulus baseline to the post-stimulus period. The Firefly Model, therefore, provides not only a unifying account of event-related changes in the EEG but also a possible mechanism for cross-frequency information processing.
Vaccination with a Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Cervical Cancer Vaccine in Korean Girls Aged 10-14 Years

The human papillomavirus (HPV)-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted cervical cancer vaccine has been demonstrated to be highly efficacious and immunogenic with a favorable safety profile. This study assessed the immunogenicity and safety of the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in healthy Korean girls aged 10-14 yr. This multi-center, observer-blind trial randomly assigned 321 healthy girls to receive three doses (0, 1, 6-month schedule) of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine or hepatitis A vaccine. Immunogenicity against vaccine antigens was assessed one month post-Dose 3. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs (SAEs) were recorded. In the according-to-protocol analysis, all initially seronegative subjects vaccinated with the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine had seroconverted at Month 7, with a peak geometric mean titer (GMT) that was 600-fold higher than the natural infection titer of 29.8 EU/mL for HPV-16 and a peak GMT that was 400-fold higher than the natural infection titer of 22.6 EU/mL for HPV-18. The vaccine was well tolerated with no increase in reactogenicity with subsequent doses and no reports of vaccine-related SAEs. In conclusion, the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine is shown to be highly immunogenic and generally well-tolerated in Korean girls aged 10-14 yr.
In-Depth Analysis of the Felder-Silverman Learning Style Dimensions

Abstract Learning styles are increasingly being incorporated into technology-enhanced learning. Appropriately, a great deal of recent research work is occurring in this area. As more information and details about learning styles becomes available, learning styles can be better accommodated and integrated into all aspects of educational technology. The aim of this paper is to analyse data about learning styles with respect to the Felder-Silverman learning style model (FSLSM) in order to provide a more detailed description of learning style dimensions. The analyses show the most representative characteristics of each learning style dimension as well as how representative these characteristics are. As a result, we provide additional information about the learning style dimensions of FSLSM. This information is especially important when learning styles are incorporated in technology-enhanced learning.
Parallel elastic actuation for efficient large payload locomotion

For legged devices, their ability of carrying payload is a necessity for a wide range of tasks. In this paper, we present a new approach of carrying payload by using a parallel elastic mechanism, which is able to carry payloads of at least 3 times of its bodyweight. Although the robot has no sensory feedback and consists of only two rigid bodies and one spring loaded joint, it is able to achieve efficient and stable forward hopping for a wide range of attached payload. The presented payload carrier ETH Cargo is based on the further development of our platform CHIARO for the payload range between 0 and 100kg. After parameter optimization using simulations, a series of real world experiments prove stable and high efficiency hopping of the prototype over a wide range of payloads.
On the Detection of Kernel-Level Rootkits Using Hardware Performance Counters

Recent work has investigated the use of hardware performance counters (HPCs) for the detection of malware running on a system. These works gather traces of HPCs for a variety of applications (both malicious and non-malicious) and then apply machine learning to train a detector to distinguish between benign applications and malware. In this work, we provide a more comprehensive analysis of the applicability of using machine learning and HPCs for a specific subset of malware: kernel rootkits. We design five synthetic rootkits, each providing a single piece of rootkit functionality, and execute each while collecting HPC traces of its impact on a specific benchmark application. We then apply machine learning feature selection techniques in order to determine the most relevant HPCs for the detection of these rootkits. We identify 16 HPCs that are useful for the detection of hooking based roots, and also find that rootkits employing direct kernel object manipulation (DKOM) do not significantly impact HPCs. We then use these synthetic rootkit traces to train a detection system capable of detecting new rootkits it has not seen previously with an accuracy of over 99%. Our results indicate that HPCs have the potential to be an effective tool for rootkit detection, even against new rootkits not previously seen by the detector.
The Insider Trading Debate

34 Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta E C O N O M I C R E V I E W Fourth Quarter 1997 Unlike other illegal activities, insider trading remains, at least among economists and legal scholars, one of the most controversial economic transactions. A substantial body of academic and legal scholarship questions whether insider trading is even harmful, much less worthy of legal action. The views on insider trading range from moral revulsion to positive evaluations of its economic benefits. In turn, many scholars support the current restrictions placed on insider trading while others advocate a laissez-faire government policy. Why are there such sharply contrasting views? What different rationales are advanced for permitting and prohibiting insider trading? This article explores the sources of the insider trading controversy and suggests a road map for blending the divergent scholarly opinions into a policy framework for regulating insider trading.
Investigating the Additive Effects of Demographics, Lifestyles, and Personality on Physical Activity Levels in Adult Consumers

The present study attempts to answer the call for transformative consumer behavior research, by investigating social and psychological determinants of healthful physical activity. The relationship between demographics (e.g., age, gender, and race), lifestyle (e.g., TV viewing, smoking, and drinking), personality (e.g., sensation seeking) and the level of exercise was investigated by using a telephone survey of randomly selected adults (n = 790). Results suggest that demographics (gender and race) and lifestyle (smoking and TV viewing), along with personality (sensation seeking), were significant determinants of self-reported physical activity level. The implications of the findings discussed, along with future directions for research.
On the role of glucose-dependent insulintropic polypeptide in postprandial metabolism in humans.

We investigated the role of glucose-dependent insulintropic polypeptide (GIP) in the regulation of gastric emptying (GE), appetite, energy intake (EI), energy expenditure (EE), plasma levels of triglycerides (TAG), and free fatty acids (FFA) in humans. First, 20 healthy males received intravenous infusion of GIP (0.8 pmol.kg(-1). min(-1)) or saline for 300 min during and after a fixed meal (protocol 1). GE was measured using paracetamol, appetite sensations using visual analog scales, EE using indirect calorimetry, and EI during a subsequent ad libitum meal (at 300 min). Next, 10 healthy males received intravenous infusions of Intralipid, glucose, or Intralipid plus glucose, with and without GIP (1.5 pmol.kg(-1). min(-1)) for 300 min (protocol 2). In protocol 1, GIP did not have any effect on GE, EI, EE, removal of TAG, or FFA and did not influence the subjective feeling of hunger, satiety, fullness or prospective food consumption compared with saline. In protocol 2, no difference was seen in the plasma TAG on Intralipid + GIP/saline and Intralipid + glucose + GIP/saline days. FFA concentrations were lower on Intralipid + glucose + GIP/saline days (P < 0.05) compared with Intralipid + GIP/saline days and on Intralipid + GIP day (P < 0.004) compared with Intralipid + saline day. Insulin increased on all GIP days compared with saline days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, while confirming its insulinotropic effects, these data suggest that GIP does not affect GE, appetite, energy intake, EE, or the clearance rate of the applied TAG formulation in humans. However, both insulin and GIP lower post-Intralipid FFA concentration, GIP probably via stimulation of insulin secretion, increasing FFA reesterification.
Dimensioning Large Call Centers Dimensioning Large Call Centers

We develop a framework for asymptotic optimization of a queueing system. The motivation is the staang problem of call centers with 100's of agents (or more). Such a call center is modeled as an M/M/N queue, where the number of agents N is large. Within our framework, we determine the asymptotically optimal staang level N that trades oo agents' costs with service quality: the higher the latter, the more expensive is the former. As an alternative to this optimization, we also develop a constraint satisfaction approach where one chooses the least N that adheres to a given constraint on waiting cost. Either way, the analysis gives rise to three regimes of operation: quality-driven, where the focus is on service quality; eeciency-driven, which emphasizes agents' costs; and a rationalized regime that balances, and in fact uniies, the other two. Numerical experiments reveal remarkable accuracy of our asymptotic approximations: over a wide range of parameters, from the very small to the extremely large, N is exactly optimal, or it is accurate to within a single agent. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by revisiting the square-root safety staang principle, which is a long-existing rule-of-thumb for staang the M/M/N queue. In its simplest form, our rule is as follows: if c is the hourly cost of an agent, and a is the hourly cost of customers' delay, then N = R + y (a c) p R, where R is the ooered load, and y () is a function that is easily computable. Note: Work of the rst author carried out in part under the project PNA2.1 \Communication and Computer Networks".
Maastricht's Fiscal Rules at Ten: An Assessment

The Maastricht Treaty is ten years old. Its fiscal rules played a key role in kickstarting and sustaining the budgetary retrenchment efforts in European Union countries in the run–up to economic and monetary union (EMU). The experience of the Maastricht–induced fiscal consolidation shows that the political economy dimension of the rules is key to their success. It remains to be seen whether the stability and growth pact — which aims to lock EMU members into a permanent fiscal discipline commitment while allowing for flexibility to cushion cyclical fluctuations — will work. In order to succeed in this undertaking, EU governments and institutions have to tackle a number of open issues in the implementation of the pact while recreating the political drive which made Maastricht a success.
Executive functioning in preschool-age children prenatally exposed to alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana.

BACKGROUND Reports from clinical and experimental (animal) research converge on the suggestion that prenatal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, or marijuana undermines executive functioning (EF) and its neurological underpinnings. However, large, adequately controlled, prospective studies of alcohol and marijuana effects on EF have reported conflicting findings, and there have been no such studies of cocaine exposure. METHODS EF was investigated in a cohort (n = 316) of 4-year-old children the majority of whose mothers had used varying combinations of cocaine, alcohol, and marijuana during pregnancy. With use of postpartum maternal report and biological assay, children were assigned to overlapping prenatal cocaine-exposed, alcohol-exposed, and marijuana-exposed groups and to complementary control groups. The postnatal environmental assessment included measures of maternal intellectual and psychosocial functioning, current drug or alcohol use, and home environment. RESULTS The children in the alcohol-exposed group had worse tapping-inhibition performance than children in the non-alcohol-exposed group, and this effect persisted when potential confounding environmental variables, other drug variables, and concurrent verbal intelligence were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS Prenatal alcohol is predictive of decreased EF in early childhood that could not be attributed to environmental factors. The results are discussed in terms of the age and overall high-risk status of the children.
Dosimetric impact of point A definition on high-dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer: evaluations on conventional point A and MRI-guided, conformal plans

Purpose To investigate the dosimetric impact of point A definitions on both conventional point A plans and MRI-guided conformal high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy plans. Material and methods Fifty-five HDR plans of 36 patients with FIGO stage I to IV cervical cancer were retrospectively studied; these included 30 conventional treatments and 25 conformal plans. Two different point A definitions were explored: the revised Manchester point A and the new point A as recommended by the American Brachytherapy Society. Conventional plans were produced by varying only the point A definition and the normalized isodose lines. Conformal plans were retrospectively generated per GEC-ESTRO recommendations based upon 3.0 Tesla MRI data. Results Small yet significant variations were found in point A locations (mean: 0.5 cm, maximum: 2.1 cm, p < 0.001). The use of a new point A caused minimal dose variation for both conventional and conformal plans. Conventional plans normalized to the new point A generated up to 12% (avg. 1-3%) higher overall dose in terms of higher total reference air kerma than plans normalized to other points. Dosimetric changes due to point A definitions were up to 11-12% (avg. less than 2%) on target volumes or organs-at-risk. Conclusions For both conventional and conformal plans, the new point A definition leads to smaller variations caused during implant and/or differences in patient anatomy. Using the new point A is expected to produce more consistent brachytherapy plans and improve outcome analysis.
A Systematic Review of Psychological Trauma Interventions for Juvenile Offenders

Purpose: This review discusses the efficacy of trauma-specific interventions among juvenile offenders. Method: The reviewers conducted a comprehensive search of trauma intervention studies completed in the United States in peer-reviewed journals, highlighting their methodological rigor by using the risk of bias tool for quantitative studies and Wu, Wyant, and Fraser's guidelines for qualitative studies. Results: Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria; fourteen studies used quantitative and two used qualitative research designs. Nine studies reported medium to large effects on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and five assessed externalizing behavioral problems. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy demonstrated the most rigor and had the largest reductions on PTSD symptoms followed by trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy. Art therapy was the most rigorous qualitative study, but the intervention did not focus on reducing trauma symptoms. Discussion: Overall, most interventions were effective in reducing participants’ PTSD symptoms, but little is known about their effects on externalizing behavioral problems.