Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Lay disease representations and responses to victims of disease

This research extends current understanding of lay disease representations by examining the cognitive organization of disease information and the categories used in thinking about disease. In addition, the implications of these categories for people's responses to disease victims are explored. In the first study, subjects were asked to rate 22 diseases on a series of 18 bipolar scales and then to indicate how willing they would be to interact with a person who had one of 12 diseases. The results indicated that the primary dimensions used to categorize diseases were the extent to which the diseases were perceived to be contagious and serious/life threatening. Further, subjects' responses to disease victims were a direct function of the extent to which the disease was perceived to be contagious. Little apparent distinction was made between different types of contagious diseases. A second study then examined people's understanding of the concept of contagious disease. The results indicated that subjects tend.
Correlations between Sociability and Cognitive Performance among Eight-Month-Olds.

LAMB, MICHAEL E. ; GARN, STANLEY M. ; and KEATING, MARY T. Correlations between Sociability and Cognitive Performance among Eight-Month-Olds. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1981, 52, 711713. Ratings of social behavior and scores on the Bayley Mental Development Index (MDI) were obtained for 33,685 8-month-olds. A composite measure of sociability correlated . 23 with total MDI scores, . 26 on the socially loaded items, and . 17 with the nonsocial items. This suggests that performance variables account for some small portion of the relationship between sociability and cognitive test performance. The residual effect must be accounted for by an effect of sociability on cognitive competence. Social responsiveness to the examiner was the strongest predictor of MDI scores, but social responsiveness to mother also accounted for an independent portion of the variance. The relationship between sociability and cognitive test performance was unaffected by social class, race, or sex.
Regression in learning outcomes: Some examples from the earth sciences

Behavioural growth curves have been discussed by Strauss (1982) in terms of behaviours which are evident initially, later disappear, and then re‐emerge at some later point in time. This investigation considers behavioural growth curves as they relate to regression in learning, following the teaching of New Zealand students (14 years old) about rocks and minerals. A target population was monitored, using word‐association surveys, clinical interviews and repertory grid analyses. Monitoring of students determined their pre‐instructional understanding about rocks and minerals; their post‐instructional understanding (instruction consisted of nine one‐hour sessions); and their understanding, following a wait period of three months. One case study, which typified regression in learning behaviour over this time period, is considered here in detail. The assessment of students, following a three month wait period, demonstrated how their intuitive (pre‐instructional) knowledge about rocks and minerals tended to disp.
THE SOCIALIZATION OF ARCHITECTURAL PREFERENCE

Abstract The apparent difference in the appreciation of architecture between architects and ‘lay’ people has been the focus of much research. If architects truly have different standards of appreciation from nonarchitects, it is then most likely that these standards of judgement are acquired within the schools of architecture during the period of architectural education. The paper describes a cross-sectional study of the architectural preferences of students at two schools of architecture at five different stages of their education. Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) of the students' evaluations of 26 examples of contemporary architecture suggests a process of socialization within the schools of architecture whereby students develop standards of judgement that are both characteristic of the profession as a whole and shaped by the specific school of training. Analysis of the underlying structure of the students' evaluations of the buildings allows a model of architectural preference to be proposed. Although the students give a variety of explanations of why they appreciate the buildings they do, analysis of the associations between the buildings shows that the underlying structure of the evaluations is clearly based on architectural style. The implications are discussed.
Knowledge, morality and 'kastom' : SikAIDS among young yupno people, Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the extent of knowledge about HIV/AIDS among young Yupno women and men. Local understanding of sikAIDS is shaped by cultural, moral and religious concepts and processes that are based on social values and practices. Difficulties these young people face in accessing information about HIV/AIDS and using it to implement preventative measures — for example by obtaining condoms — have to be seen in the framework of ‘kastom’ and a moral discourse coined and influenced by the Lutheran Church. As the research shows, there is an urgent need for a broad and contextually sensitive approach to sexual health, including information about conception, family planning methods, and sexually transmitted diseases when planning awareness campaigns for teenagers in rural regions.
Inverse Design of Crystals and Quasicrystals in a Non-Additive Binary Mixture of Hard Disks

The development of new materials typically involves a process of trial and error, guided by insights from past experimental and theoretical findings. The inverse design approach for soft-matter systems has the potential to optimize specific physical parameters such as particle interactions, particle shape, or composition and packing fraction. This optimization aims to facilitate the spontaneous formation of specific target structures through self-assembly. In this study, we expand upon a recently introduced inverse design protocol for monodisperse systems to identify the required conditions and interactions for assembling crystal and quasicrystal phases within a binary mixture of two distinct species. This method utilizes an evolutionary algorithm to identify the optimal state point and interaction parameters, enabling the self-assembly of the desired structure. Additionally, we employ a convolutional neural network (CNN) that classifies different phases based on their diffraction patterns, serving as a fitness function for the desired structure. Using our protocol, we successfully inverse design two-dimensional crystalline structures, including a hexagonal lattice, and a dodecagonal quasicrystal, within a non-additive binary mixture of hard disks. Finally, we introduce a symmetry-based order parameter that leverages the encoded symmetry within the diffraction pattern. This order parameter circumvents the need for training a CNN, and is used as a fitness function to inverse design an octagonal quasicrystal.
Is it cultural racism? Discursive exclusion and oppression of migrants in the Netherlands

Like elsewhere in Europe, a discourse that is hostile to migrants in general and Muslims in particular has emerged in Dutch politics and media. Can we understand this Dutch migrant-hostile discourse as a kind of racism, i.e. cultural racism? The authors studied this discourse (Dutch political and media texts) and its impact on the lived experiences of Dutch Moroccan Muslims in work settings (21 interviews). They found little evidence of the concept of cultural racism as long as it maintains notions of biological or genetic hierarchy, while it becomes redundant once it abandons such notions. Alternative concepts like cultural essentialism and cultural fundamentalism are sufficient to understand this discourse as well as its impact on Moroccan Muslims’ lived experiences. Cultural fundamentalism has become successful because it belongs to a different category than racism.
Self-Differentiation and Narcissism in Divorced Parents' Co-Parental Relationships and Functioning

Abstract A theoretical model explaining co-parental relationship and parental functioning after divorce by means of two personality traits: narcissism and self-differentiation was proposed and empirically tested on 100 divorced Israeli parents (50 former couples). A LISREL analysis of the data (separate for men and women) led to some modification in the model, suggesting direct and indirect effects. The findings are interpreted in the discussion and their clinical and research implications are considered.
Sequential Choice in Group Settings: Taking the Road Less Traveled and Less Enjoyed

Many individual decisions take place in a group context wherein group members voice their choices sequentially. In this article we examine the impact of this dynamic decision process on individuals' choices and satisfaction with their outcomes. We propose that choices reflect a balancing of two classes of goals: goals that are strictly individual and goals that are triggered by the existence of the group. The latter sometimes results in choices that undermine personal satisfaction and increase regret. We find support for goal balancing in three studies in which we tracked consumers' orders of dishes and drinks. In the Lunch study we found that real groups (tables) choose more varied dishes than would be expected by random sampling of the population of all individual choices across all tables. The Beer study demonstrates that this group-level variety seeking is attributable to the interaction implicit or explicit among group members, and can be dissipated when the group is forced to "disband" and its members make strictly individual choices. Finally, the Wine study demonstrated that individual choices in a group context are also aimed at satisfying goals of information gathering and self-presentation in the form of uniqueness. Copyright 2000 by the University of Chicago.
MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models

Generalized linear mixed models provide a flexible framework for modeling a range of data, although with non-Gaussian response variables the likelihood cannot be obtained in closed form. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods solve this problem by sampling from a series of simpler conditional distributions that can be evaluated. The R package MCMCglmm implements such an algorithm for a range of model fitting problems. More than one response variable can be analyzed simultaneously, and these variables are allowed to follow Gaussian, Poisson, multi(bi)nominal, exponential, zero-inflated and censored distributions. A range of variance structures are permitted for the random effects, including interactions with categorical or continuous variables (i.e., random regression), and more complicated variance structures that arise through shared ancestry, either through a pedigree or through a phylogeny. Missing values are permitted in the response variable(s) and data can be known up to some level of measurement error as in meta-analysis. All simu- lation is done in C/ C++ using the CSparse library for sparse linear systems.
Second consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy

Background: A consensus conference on multiple system atrophy (MSA) in 1998 established criteria for diagnosis that have been accepted widely. Since then, clinical, laboratory, neuropathologic, and imaging studies have advanced the field, requiring a fresh evaluation of diagnostic criteria. We held a second consensus conference in 2007 and present the results here. Methods: Experts in the clinical, neuropathologic, and imaging aspects of MSA were invited to participate in a 2-day consensus conference. Participants were divided into five groups, consisting of specialists in the parkinsonian, cerebellar, autonomic, neuropathologic, and imaging aspects of the disorder. Each group independently wrote diagnostic criteria for its area of expertise in advance of the meeting. These criteria were discussed and reconciled during the meeting using consensus methodology. Results: The new criteria retain the diagnostic categories of MSA with predominant parkinsonism and MSA with predominant cerebellar ataxia to designate the predominant motor features and also retain the designations of definite, probable, and possible MSA. Definite MSA requires neuropathologic demonstration of CNS α-synuclein–positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions with neurodegenerative changes in striatonigral or olivopontocerebellar structures. Probable MSA requires a sporadic, progressive adult-onset disorder including rigorously defined autonomic failure and poorly levodopa-responsive parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia. Possible MSA requires a sporadic, progressive adult-onset disease including parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia and at least one feature suggesting autonomic dysfunction plus one other feature that may be a clinical or a neuroimaging abnormality. Conclusions: These new criteria have simplified the previous criteria, have incorporated current knowledge, and are expected to enhance future assessments of the disease.
Misperceptions are the price for facilitation in object recognition

Summerfield, Egner, Mangels, and Hirsch (2006) suggested that visual misperception may be triggered by strong yet wrong expectation when sensory data are insufficient. Bar (2003) posits that immediately after stimulus presentation, low frequency spatial information (LFSI) convey the global form of the image which is matched to stored representations in the orbitofrontal cortex to generate predictions of the input. We used signal detection to test whether a strong prediction induced by informative global form, hence reducing the number of possible input matches, would facilitate recognition, but at the price of increasing the rate of misperceptions. Twenty-five participants were presented with target and foil images that shared global form, but differed in details. Pictures with informative global form resulted in higher confidence in recognition and shorter reaction times, but increased false alarms. Predictions of sensory input based on low frequency spatial information allow quick, facilitated recognition. However, the price for speed is the increased rate of misperceptions.
Multiple Access Games with a Cognitive Eavesdropper

We consider two-user multiple access games in which one player (primary user) is interested in maximizing its confidential data rate at the minimum possible transmission power and the other player (secondary, cognitive user) employs eavesdropping as a leverage to maximize its data rate to a common destination at minimum transmission energy. For the non-cooperative static game, Nash equilibria in pure and mixed strategies are derived and shown to be Pareto inefficient for certain ranges of channel gains and energy cost parameters, when channel gains are common knowledge. A Stackelberg game formulation is then considered where the primary user is the leader. Interestingly, it is shown that the secondary user is forced to play as the follower where the Stackelberg equilibrium dominates the Nash equilibrium, even if the eavesdropper channel is better than the primary channel. Here, the Stackelberg utility achieved Pareto dominates the achieved Nash utility. Finally we study the unknown eavesdropper channel case numerically where the primary user has only statistical knowledge about the channel gain. We compare the results to the first scenario and show that it is not always beneficial for the cognitive user to hide the actual eavesdropper channel gain.
The effect of distal learning, outcome, and proximal goals on a moderately complex task

The effects of learning versus outcome distal goals in conjunction with proximal goals were investigated in a laboratory setting using a class-scheduling task. The participants (n = 96) needed to acquire knowledge in order to perform the task correctly. A ‘do your best’ outcome goal led to higher performance than the assignment of a specific, difficult outcome goal. However, the assignment of a specific, difficult learning goal led to higher performance than urging people to ‘do their best. ’ Goal commitment was higher in the learning goal than in the outcome goal condition. The correlation between task-relevant strategies discovered and performance was positive and significant. The number of task-relevant strategies implemented by participants assigned a distal learning goal in conjunction with proximal goals was higher than in any other goal condition. Setting a distal outcome or learning goal that included proximal outcome goals, however, did not lead to higher performance than the setting of a distal outcome or learning goal alone. Self-efficacy correlated significantly with performance, and this effect was mediated through strategy development. Furthermore, the discovery of task-relevant strategies affected self-efficacy through an increase in performance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airport waiting areas as behavior settings : the role of legibility cues in communicating the setting program

Three studies examined the impact of legibility on compliance with smoking regulations. Waiting areas at a large airport were viewed as behavior settings (R. G. Barker, 1968) in which smoking rules could be communicated more clearly by applying K. Lynch's (1960) notions of legibility. Study I identified 3 types of areas: clearly no smoking, clearly smoking permitted, and ambiguous. As predicted, ambiguous areas had significantly more smokers than clearly defined no-smoking areas. In Study 2, legibility was varied systematically: Both legibility and user location in the areas contributed to users' knowledge of the rules, and there were more smoking violations in illegible areas. Study 3 indicated that when smoking occurred in a no-smoking area, people were more likely to act as maintenance mechanisms when in a legible area and when in the center of the area.
Graduate identity and employability

This paper develops the concept of graduate identity as a way of deepening the understanding of graduate employability. It does this through presenting research in which over 100 employers in East Anglia were asked to record their perceptions of graduates in respect of their employability. The findings suggest a composite and complex graduate identity, depending on employer size and sector. There is no one fixed identity for graduates. Nevertheless, certain themes emerged that seriously put into question the traditional model of graduate employability comprising skills, competencies and attributes. What emerges is a four-stranded concept of identity that comprises value, intellect, social engagement and performance. Thus, when assessing the potential of graduates, performance is not the only criteria that employers take into account. Moreover, the four elements of identity are by no means independent of each other but are expected to interpenetrate producing a composite identity, with different employers .
Dust-obscured star formation and AGN fuelling in hierarchical models of galaxy evolution

A large fraction of the luminous distant submillimetre-wave galaxies recently detected using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) camera on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope appear to be associated with interacting optical counterparts. We investigate the nature of these systems using a simple hierarchical clustering model of galaxy evolution, in which the large luminosity of the SCUBA galaxies is assumed to be generated at the epoch of galaxy mergers in a burst of either star formation activity or the fuelling of an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The models are well constrained by the observed spectrum of the far-infrared/submillimetre-wave background radiation and the 60-µm counts of low-redshift IRAS galaxies. The ratio between the total amount of energy released during mergers and the mass of dark matter involved must increase sharply with redshift z at z < 1, and then decrease at greater redshifts. This result is independent of the fraction of the luminosity of mergers that is produced by starbursts and AGN. One additional parameter – the reciprocal of the product of the duration of the enhanced luminosity produced by the merger and the fraction of mergers that induce an enhanced luminosity, which we call the activity parameter – is introduced, to allow the relationship between merging dark matter haloes and the observed counts of distant dusty galaxies to be investigated. The observed counts can only be reproduced if the activity parameter is greater by a factor of about 5 and 100 at redshifts of 1 and 3 respectively, as compared with the present epoch. Hence, if merging galaxies account for the population of SCUBA galaxies, then the merger process must have been much more violent at high redshifts. We discuss the counts of galaxies and the intensity of background radiation in the optical/nearinfrared wavebands in the context of these hierarchical models, and thus investigate the relationship between the populations of submillimetre-selected and Lyman-break galaxies.
Decitabine improves patient outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes

Aberrant DNA methylation, which results in leukemogenesis, is frequent in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and is a potential target for pharmacologic therapy. Decitabine indirectly depletes methylcytosine and causes hypomethylation of target gene promoters.
The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the chytridiomycete fungus which has been implicated in global amphibian declines and numerous species extinctions. Here, we show that introduced North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) consistently carry this emerging pathogenic fungus. We detected infections by this fungus on introduced bullfrogs from seven of eight countries using both PCR and microscopic techniques. Only native bullfrogs from eastern Canada and introduced bullfrogs from Japan showed no sign of infection. The bullfrog is the most commonly farmed amphibian, and escapes and subsequent establishment of feral populations regularly occur. These factors taken together with our study suggest that the global threat of B. dendrobatidis disease transmission posed by bullfrogs is significant.
Overview of reteplase, a novel thrombolytic agent in Indian Context

Cardiovascular disorders are the major cause of concern in India with estimated mortality reaching approximately 64 million by 2015. Though two major treatment options i.e. primary angioplasty (PAMI) and intravenous thrombolysis are available for the management of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), primary angioplasty is not feasible for majority of STEMI patients in India, hence early reperfusion therapy is critical for rapidly restoring coronary blood flow and limit further myocardial necrosis in these patients. Early/prehospital administration of thrombolytic agent results in better outcome in STEMI. Reteplase, a third generation thrombolytic, because of the possibility of bolus administration provides this opportunity. In this review article, important clinical aspects regarding use of reteplase in the treatment of STEMI are summarized.