Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Language, Internet and Platform Competition: The Case of Search Engine

The World Wide Web was originally a totally English-based medium due to its US origin. Although the presence of other languages has steadily risen, content in English is still dominant, which raises a natural question of how bilingualism of consumers of a home country affects production of web content in the home language and domestic welfare? In this paper, we address this question by studying how bilingualism affects competition between a foreign search engine and a domestic one within a small country and thereby production of home language content. We find that bilingualism unambiguously softens platform competition, which in turn can induce a reduction in home language content and in home country's welfare. In particular, it is possible that content in the foreign language crowds out so much content in the home language that consumers enjoy less content when they are bilingual than when they are monolingual.
Maturing out of alcohol involvement: Transitions in latent drinking statuses from late adolescence to adulthood

Abstract Research has shown a developmental process of “maturing out” of alcohol involvement beginning in young adulthood, but the precise nature of changes characterizing maturing out is unclear. We used latent transition analysis to investigate these changes in a high-risk sample from a longitudinal study of familial alcoholism (N = 844; 51% children of alcoholics; 53% male, 71% non-Hispanic Caucasian, 27% Hispanic). Analyses classified participants into latent drinking statuses during late adolescence (ages 17–22), young adulthood (ages 23–28), and adulthood (ages 29–40), and characterized transitions among these statuses over time. The resulting four statuses were abstainers, low-risk drinkers who typically drank less than weekly and rarely binged or showed drinking problems, moderate-risk drinkers who typically binged less than weekly and showed moderate risk for drinking problems, and high-risk drinkers who typically binged at least weekly and showed high risk for drinking problems. Maturing out between late adolescence and young adulthood was most common among initial high-risk drinkers, but they typically declined to moderate-risk drinking rather than to nonrisky drinking statuses. This suggests that the developmental phenomenon of maturing out pertains primarily to relatively high-risk initial drinkers and that many high-risk drinkers who mature out merely reduce rather than eliminate their risky drinking.
The Initiation and Control of Rapid Flight Maneuvers in Fruit Flies1

Abstract Fruit flies alter flight direction by generating rapid, stereotyped turns, called saccades. The successful implementation of these quick turns requires a well-tuned orchestration of neural circuits, musculo-skeletal mechanics, and aerodynamic forces. The changes in wing motion required to accomplish a saccade are quite subtle, as dictated by the inertial dynamics of the fly's body. A fly first generates torque to begin accelerating in the intended direction, but then must quickly create counter-torque to decelerate. Several lines of evidence suggest that the initial turn is initiated by visual expansion, whereas the subsequent counter-turn is triggered by the gyroscopic halteres. This integrated analysis indicates how the functional organization of neural circuits controlling behavior is rigidly constrained by the physical interaction between an animal and the external world.
Clonal anergy induced in a CD8+ hapten‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell clone by an altered hapten‐peptide ligand

Clonal T‐cell anergy has been proposed as a mechanism to ensure peripheral tolerance in vivo. Anergy has been reported to result from T cell activation with inappropriate antigen‐presenting cells (APC) or, in the case of CD4+ T cells, also by altered peptide ligands. This study reveals that altered hapten ligands can also induce anergy in CD8+ T cells. The Kb‐restricted, trinitrophenyl (TNP) specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone E6 was found to lyse target cells presenting the TNP‐modified peptides M4L‐TNP (derived from mouse serum albumin) or O4TNP (derived from chicken ovalbumin), but not the corresponding dinitrophenol (DNP)‐modified peptides. However, whereas M4L‐DNP was found totally unreactive, O4DNP antagonistically inhibited M4L‐TNP‐mediated kill if expressed on the same target cell. Moreover, when presented alone on APC, O4DNP, but not M4L‐DNP, induced anergy in clone E6 by preventing its subsequent proliferative response to M4L‐TNP. The anergic state did not affect agonist‐specific cytolysis or T‐cell receptor (TCR) down‐modulation by the anergized CTL, and proliferative responses were regained upon addition of interleukin (IL)‐2 or IL‐12 plus IL‐18. These findings substantiate the similarity between hapten‐and peptide‐recognition by T cells. The induction as well as the reversal of anergy in CD8+ CTL may thus be of relevance not only in autoimmunity or tumour rejection, but also in contact hypersensitivity reactions to haptens.
The Effects of Outward Bound Participation Upon Anxiety and Self Concept.

Determined were the effects of the Outward Bound experience on the anxiety levels and self-concepts of 33 male and 11 female participants in a Colorado Outward Bound School course held in May 1973. Participants ranged from 16 to 38 years old, with the majority in the college age bracket. The course consisted of 23 days of intensive wilderness experience in the San Juan Mountains of southwest Colorado. Preand post-course tests were administered. Real and ideal self-concepts were measured through Gough Adjective Check Lists. State and trait anxieties were indexed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The comparison of preand post-course tests revealed that at the conclusion of the experience real self-concepts became more positive and more closely approached ideal self-concepts. Both state and trait anxieties decreased following participation. Low state and trait anxiety scores were found to be related to positive real self-concept measures. Females exhibited higher ideal self-concepts while males displayed a smaller discrepancy between real and ideal selves. Because the direction of all changes was the same for both sexes, it was concluded that Outward Bound participation had similar effects on sale and female state anxiety, trait anxiety, real self-concept, and ideal self-concept. (Author/NQ) (N. BEST COPY AVAILABLE .44) v-4 THE EFFECTS OF OUTWARD BOUND PARTICIPATION UPON ANXIETY AND SELF CONCEPT. Sharon M. Koepke, The University of Texas at AustinJ Cr% This study involved 33 male and 11 female participants in a Colorado C.7. 3 Outward Bound School course held in May 1973. Tests were administered at the beginning and at the conclusion of the course. Real and ideal self concepts were measured through Gough Adjective Check Lists; state and trait anxieties were indexed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The comparison of pre-course and post-course tests revealed that at the conclusion of the experience real self concepts became more positive and real self concepts more closely approached ideal self concepts. Both state and trait anxieties decreased following participation. Low state and trait anxiety scores were found to be related to positive real self concept measures. In the comparison between male and female participants, females exhibited higher ideal self concepts while males displayed a smaller discrepancy between real and ideal selves. Because the direction of all changes was the same for both sexes, it was concluded that Outward Bound participation has similar effects upon male and female state anxiety, trait anxiety, real self concept, and ideal self concept.
Pergamum: Replacing Tape with Energy Efficient, Reliable, Disk-Based Archival Storage

As the world moves to digital storage for archival purposes, there is an increasing demand for reliable, low-power, cost-effective, easy-to-maintain storage that can still provide adequate performance for information retrieval and auditing purposes. Unfortunately, no current archival system adequately fulfills all of these requirements. Tape-based archival systems suffer from poor random access performance, which prevents the use of inter-media redundancy techniques and auditing, and requires the preservation of legacy hardware. Many disk-based systems are ill-suited for long-term storage because their high energy demands and management requirements make them cost-ineffective for archival purposes. Our solution, Pergamum, is a distributed network of intelligent, disk-based, storage appliances that stores data reliably and energy-efficiently. While existing MAID systems keep disks idle to save energy, Pergamum adds NVRAM at each node to store data signatures, metadata, and other small items, allowing deferred writes, metadata requests and inter-disk data verification to be performed while the disk is powered off. Pergamum uses both intra-disk and inter-disk redundancy to guard against data loss, relying on hash tree-like structures of algebraic signatures to efficiently verify the correctness of stored data. If failures occur, Pergamum uses staggered rebuild to reduce peak energy usage while rebuilding large redundancy stripes. We show that our approach is comparable in both startup and ongoing costs to other archival technologies and provides very high reliability. An evaluation of our implementation of Pergamum shows that it provides adequate performance.
Evidence for an Auditory Fovea in the New Zealand Kiwi (Apteryx mantelli)

Kiwi are rare and strictly protected birds of iconic status in New Zealand. Yet, perhaps due to their unusual, nocturnal lifestyle, surprisingly little is known about their behaviour or physiology. In the present study, we exploited known correlations between morphology and physiology in the avian inner ear and brainstem to predict the frequency range of best hearing in the North Island brown kiwi. The mechanosensitive hair bundles of the sensory hair cells in the basilar papilla showed the typical change from tall bundles with few stereovilli to short bundles with many stereovilli along the apical-to-basal tonotopic axis. In contrast to most birds, however, the change was considerably less in the basal half of the epithelium. Dendritic lengths in the brainstem nucleus laminaris also showed the typical change along the tonotopic axis. However, as in the basilar papilla, the change was much less pronounced in the presumed high-frequency regions. Together, these morphological data suggest a fovea-like overrepresentation of a narrow high-frequency band in kiwi. Based on known correlations of hair-cell microanatomy and physiological responses in other birds, a specific prediction for the frequency representation along the basilar papilla of the kiwi was derived. The predicted overrepresentation of approximately 4-6 kHz matches potentially salient frequency bands of kiwi vocalisations and may thus be an adaptation to a nocturnal lifestyle in which auditory communication plays a dominant role.
Characterization of V. cholerae T3SS‐dependent cytotoxicity in cultured intestinal epithelial cells

AM‐19226 is a pathogenic, non‐O1/non‐O139 serogroup strain of Vibrio cholerae that uses a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) mediated mechanism to colonize host tissues and disrupt homeostasis, causing cholera. Co‐culturing the Caco2‐BBE human intestinal epithelial cell line with AM‐19226 in the presence of bile results in rapid mammalian cell death that requires a functional T3SS. We examined the role of bile, sought to identify the mechanism, and evaluated the contributions of T3SS translocated effectors in in vitro cell death. Our results suggest that Caco2‐BBE cytotoxicity does not proceed by apoptotic or necrotic mechanisms, but rather displays characteristics consistent with osmotic lysis. Cell death was preceded by disassembly of epithelial junctions and reorganization of the cortical membrane skeleton, although neither cell death nor cell‐cell disruption required VopM or VopF, two effectors known to alter actin dynamics. Using deletion strains, we identified a subset of AM‐19226 Vops that are required for host cell death, which were previously assigned roles in protein translocation and colonization, suggesting that they function other than to promote cytotoxicity. The collective results therefore suggest that cooperative Vop activities are required to achieve cytotoxicity in vitro, or alternatively, that translocon pores destabilize the membrane in a bile dependent manner.
Differentiating normal and abnormal ageing using a combined functional connectivity and neuropsychological biomarker

2 Introduction 3 Rationale and Aims of Review 6 Method 6 Search Strategy 6 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria 7 Quality Control 9 Results 15 Episodic Memory 15 Episodic Retrieval 15 Episodic Retrieval Beyond the Default Mode 19 Episodic encoding 21 Executive Function 22 Other Cognitive Domains 22 No Correlations 22 Methodological Issues 23 Discussion 25 Conclusion 29 References 31
The Relationship of the Ethical Leadership Among the Organizational Trust, Affective Commitment and Job Satisfaction

The aim of this study is to examine the relations of ethical leadership among the organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction. For this aim, firstly, the ethical leadership, secondly organizational trust, thirdly affective commitment and, finally, the job satisfaction are explained. In the application part, a questionnaire including the measures of the ethical leadership, organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction is distributed to employees of one of the leading private universities in Turkey and the data were assessed by statistical analysis methods. Finally, it is found that there is a positive relationship among ethical leadership, organizational trust, affective commitment and the job satisfaction
Outcomes of Wheelchair Systems Intervention With Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities

This pilot study was designed to measure the effects of individually prescribed wheelchair systems on posture and reach, mobility, quality of life, and satisfaction with technology for residents of long-term care facilities. Thirty persons 60 years of age or older who resided permanently in a long-term care facility and who used seating and mobility systems for 6 hours or more each day were recruited for this project. Outcomes included timed independent mobility, forward and lateral reach, quality of life, and satisfaction with assistive technology. The study used semicrossover design with participants measured three times. Measurements were first made in the existing seating and mobility system and a second time immediately after participants were provided with individually prescribed seating and mobility systems. The final measurement was 3 months after the delivery of the individually prescribed system. Results indicated that individually fitted wheelchair systems for elderly residents of long-term care facilities are beneficial. Participants had less difficulty independently propelling their systems and increased forward reach, quality of life, and satisfaction with assistive technology. The study used semicrossover design with participants measured three times. Measurements were first made in the existing seating and mobility system and a second time immediately after participants were provided with individually prescribed seating and mobility systems. The final measurement was 3 months after the delivery of the individually prescribed system. Results indicated that individually fitted wheelchair systems for elderly residents of long-term care facilities are beneficial. Participants had less difficulty independently propelling their systems and increased forward reach, quality of life for social function and physical role, and satisfaction with the new wheelchair technology. Persons residing in extended care facilities benefit from receiving individually prescribed wheelchair systems. The individual systems enhance elderly persons' independent mobility, functional reach, feeling of well-being, and satisfaction with their assistive technology.
Complications of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Our Experience from a Retrospective Analysis

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the intraoperative and postoperative complications of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as the frequency of conversions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medical records of 740 patients who had laparoscopic cholecystectomy were analysed retrospectively. We evaluated patients for the presence of potential risk factors that could predict the development of complications such as age, gender, body mass index, white blood cell count and C-reactive protein (CRP), gallbladder ultrasonographic findings, and pathohistological analysis of removed gallbladders. The correlation between these risk factors was also analysed. RESULTS: There were 97 (13.1%) intraoperative complications (IOC). Iatrogenic perforations of a gallbladder were the most common complication - 39 patients (5.27%). Among the postoperative complications (POC), the most common ones were bleeding from abdominal cavity 27 (3.64%), biliary duct leaks 14 (1.89%), and infection of the surgical wound 7 patients (0.94%). There were 29 conversions (3.91%). The presence of more than one complication was more common in males (OR = 2.95, CI 95%, 1.42-4.23, p < 0.001). An especially high incidence of complications was noted in patients with elevated white blood cell count (OR = 3.98, CI 95% 1.68-16.92, p < 0.01), and CRP (OR = 2.42, CI 95% 1.23-12.54, p < 0.01). The increased incidence of complications was noted in patients with ultrasonographic finding of gallbladder empyema and increased thickness of the gallbladder wall > 3 mm (OR = 4.63, CI 95% 1.56-17.33, p < 0.001), as well as in patients with acute cholecystitis that was confirmed by pathohistological analysis (OR = 1.75, CI 95% 2.39-16.46, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Adopting laparoscopic cholecystectomy as a new technique for treatment of cholelithiasis, introduced a new spectrum of complications. Major biliary and vascular complications are life threatening, while minor complications cause patient discomfort and prolongation of the hospital stay. It is important recognising IOC complications during the surgery so they are taken care of in a timely manner during the surgical intervention. Conversion should not be considered a complication.
Optimal Bidding Strategy of a Plug-In Electric Vehicle Aggregator in Day-Ahead Electricity Markets Under Uncertainty

With a large-scale introduction of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), a new entity, the PEV fleet aggregator, is expected to be responsible for managing the charging of, and for purchasing electricity for, the vehicles. We approach the problem of an aggregator bidding into the day-ahead electricity market with the objective of minimizing charging costs while satisfying the PEVs' flexible demand. The aggregator places demand bids only (no vehicle-to-grid is considered). The aggregator is assumed to potentially influence market prices, in contrast to what is commonly found in the literature. Specifically, the bidding strategy of the aggregator is formulated as a bilevel problem, which is implemented as a mixed-integer linear program. The upper level problem represents the charging cost minimization of the aggregator, whereas the lower level problem represents the market clearing. Since the bids of other market participants are not known to the aggregator ex ante, a simple strategy is used to estimate them, based on historical data. An aggregated representation of the PEV end-use requirements as a virtual battery, with time varying power and energy constraints, is proposed, derived from individual driving patterns. Since driving patterns cannot be perfectly forecasted, we introduce a probabilistic virtual battery model. We compare the results of the proposed bidding strategy with those of a bidding strategy assuming exogenous prices, uncontrolled charging, and a central dispatch of the fleet. We also explore the impacts of different sources of uncertainty. Results show that with the proposed bidding strategy, costs are significantly lower than under inflexible charging and are lower than assuming exogenous prices. Moreover, the approach also performs well under uncertainty. Results also suggest that the aggregator only has limited market power potential at moderate PEV penetrations.
Validated Stability indicating Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of Acetazolamide in Dosage Forms through Complex Formation with Palladium (II)

A simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of acetazolamide (ACM) in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations. The proposed method is based on the complex formation of acetazolamide with Palladium (II) chloride in acetate buffer pH5.4 and measuring the absorbance at 308 nm. The absorbance- concentration plot was rectilinear over the concentration range of 5-70 μg/ml with a minimum detection limit (LOD) of 0.98 μg/ml, limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.96 μg/ml, and a molar absorptivity ζ=2.7 × 103 L/mol.cm. The factors affecting the absorbance of the formed complex were carefully studied and optimized. The composition of the complex as well as its stability constant was also investigated. The proposed method was applied for the determination of acetazolamide in its tablets and the results obtained were favorably compared with those obtained using the official method. A proposal of the reaction pathway was postulated.
A Spectral Method for Activity Shaping in Continuous-Time Information Cascades

Information Cascades Model captures dynamical properties of user activity in a social network. In this work, we develop a novel framework for activity shaping under the Continuous-Time Information Cascades Model which allows the administrator for local control actions by allocating targeted resources that can alter the spread of the process. Our framework employs the optimization of the spectral radius of the Hazard matrix, a quantity that has been shown to drive the maximum influence in a network, while enjoying a simple convex relaxation when used to minimize the influence of the cascade. In addition, use-cases such as quarantine and node immunization are discussed to highlight the generality of the proposed activity shaping framework. Finally, we present the NetShape influence minimization method which is compared favorably to baseline and state-of-the-art approaches through simulations on real social networks.
It is Not Just Confusion! Strategic Uncertainty in an Experimental Asset Market

To what extent is the observed mis-pricing in experimental asset markets caused by strategic uncertainty (SU) and by individual bounded rationality (IBR)? We address this question by comparing subjects initial price forecasts in two market environments - one with six human traders, and the other with one human and five computer traders. We find that both SU and IBR account equally for the median initial forecasts deviation from the fundamental values. The effect of SU is greater for subjects with a perfect score in the Cognitive Reflection Test, and it is not significant for those with low scores.