Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
GLOBULAR CLUSTER FORMATION WITHIN A COSMOLOGICAL CONTEXT

We place constraints on the formation redshifts for blue globular clusters (BGCs), independent of the details of hydrodynamics and population III star formation. The observed radial distribution of BGCs in the Milky Way Galaxy suggests that they formed in biased dark matter halos at high redshift. As a result, simulations of a ∼1 Mpc box up to z ∼ 10 must resolve BGC formation in ΛCDM. We find that most halo stars could be produced from destroyed BGCs and other low-mass clusters that formed at high redshift. We present a proof-of-concept simulation that captures the formation of globular-like star clusters.
Idealized operation of the class E tuned power amplifier

The class E tuned power amplifier consists of a load network and a single transistor that is operated as a switch at the carrier frequency of the output signal. The most simple type of load network consists of a capacitor shunting the transistor and a series-tuned output circuit, which may have a residual reactance. Circuit operation is determined by the transistor when it is on, and by the transient response of the load network when the transistor is off. The basic equations governing amplifier operation are derived using Fourier series techniques and a high- Q assumption. These equations are then used to determine component values for optimum operation at an efficiency of 100 percent. Other combinations of component values and duty cycles which result in 100-percent efficiency are also determined. The harmonic structure of the collector voltage waveform is analyzed and related amplifier configurations are discussed. While this analysis is directed toward the design of high-efficiency power amplifiers, it also provides insight into the operation of modern solid-state VHF-UHF tuned power amplifiers.
Soft Similarity and Soft Cosine Measure: Similarity of Features in Vector Space Model

We show how to consider similarity between features for calculation of similarity of objects in the Vector Space Model (VSM) for machine learning algorithms and other classes of methods that involve similarity between objects. Unlike LSA, we assume that similarity between features is known (say, from a synonym dictionary) and does not need to be learned from the data.We call the proposed similarity measure soft similarity. Similarity between features is common, for example, in natural language processing: words, n-grams, or syntactic n-grams can be somewhat different (which makes them different features) but still have much in common: for example, words “play” and “game” are different but related. When there is no similarity between features then our soft similarity measure is equal to the standard similarity. For this, we generalize the well-known cosine similarity measure in VSM by introducing what we call “soft cosine measure”. We propose various formulas for exact or approximate calculation of the soft cosine measure. For example, in one of them we consider for VSM a new feature space consisting of pairs of the original features weighted by their similarity. Again, for features that bear no similarity to each other, our formulas reduce to the standard cosine measure. Our experiments show that our soft cosine measure provides better performance in our case study: entrance exams question answering task at CLEF. In these experiments, we use syntactic n-grams as features and Levenshtein distance as the similarity between n-grams, measured either in characters or in elements of n-grams.
A New Model and Analysis of Orthogonal Machining With an Edge-Radiused Tool

A new machining process model that explicitly includes the effects of the edge hone is presented. A force balance is conducted on the lower boundary of the deformation zone leading to a machining force model. The machining force components are an explicit function of the edge radius and shear angle. An increase in edge radius leads to not only increased ploughing forces but also an increase in the chip formation forces due to an average rake angle effect. Previous attempts at assessing the ploughing components as the force intercept at zero uncut chip thickness, which attribute to the ploughing mechanism all the changes in forces that occur with changes in edge radius, are seen to be erroneous in view of this model. Calculation of shear stress on the lower boundary of the deformation zone using the new machining force model indicates that the apparent size effect when cutting with edge radiused tools is due to deformation below the tool (ploughing) and a larger chip formation component due to a lower shear angle. Increases in specific energy and shear stress are also due to shear strain and strain rate increases. A consistent material behavior model that does not vary with process input conditions like uncut chip thickness, rake angle and edge radius can be developed based on the new model. @S1087-1357~00! 01302-2#
Arbitrage and the tax code

We provide a detailed characterization of arbitrage-free asset prices in the presence of capital gains and income taxes. The distinguishing feature of our analysis is that we impose on the model two important features of the tax code: the limited use of capital losses and the inability to wash sell. We show that under remarkably mild conditions, the lack of pre-tax arbitrage implies the lack of post-tax arbitrage with the limited use of capital losses. The conditions are that the risk free interest rate be positive and that tax rates on interest income exceed capital gains tax rates. The result also holds when only a wash sale constraint is imposed and no investor holds a portfolio with a large capital loss. We allow investors to face different tax rates and have different bases for the calculation of capital gains taxes. The characterizations we provide have important implications for both asset pricing and portfolio choice. Our results imply that models that use arbitrage-free pre-tax models continue for derivative pricing and hedging are also arbitrage free in a world with taxes. Similarly, portfolio choice models with taxes typically specify pre-tax arbitrage free price processes and then analyze portfolio choice in the presence of taxes. In these models, it is unclear if portfolio recommendations are based on risk-return tradeoffs or on the arbitrage opportunities present in the model. Our results imply that if the above features of the tax code are modeled explicitly, then we can isolate the post-tax risk-return tradeoffs.
From information to exact communication

We develop a new local characterization of the zero-error information complexity function for two-party communication problems, and use it to compute the exact internal and external information complexity of the 2-bit AND function: IC(AND,0) = C<sub>∧</sub>≅ 1.4923 bits, and IC<sup>ext</sup>(AND,0) = log<sub>2</sub> 3 ≅ 1.5839 bits. This leads to a tight (upper and lower bound) characterization of the communication complexity of the set intersection problem on subsets of {1,. ,n} (the player are required to compute the intersection of their sets), whose randomized communication complexity tends to C<sub>∧</sub>⋅ n pm o(n) as the error tends to zero. The information-optimal protocol we present has an infinite number of rounds. We show this is necessary by proving that the rate of convergence of the r-round information cost of AND to IC(AND,0)=C<sub>∧</sub> behaves like Θ(1/r<sup>2</sup>), i.e. that the r-round information complexity of AND is C<sub>∧</sub>+Θ(1/r<sup>2</sup>). We leverage the tight analysis obtained for the information complexity of AND to calculate and prove the exact communication complexity of the <i>set disjointness</i> function Disj<sub>n</sub>(X,Y) = - v<sub>i=1</sub><sup>n</sup> AND(x<sub>i</sub>,y<sub>i</sub>) with error tending to 0, which turns out to be = C<sub>DISJ</sub>⋅ n pm o(n), where C<sub>DISJ</sub>≅ 0.4827. Our rate of convergence results imply that an asymptotically optimal protocol for set disjointness will have to use ω(1) rounds of communication, since every r-round protocol will be sub-optimal by at least Ω(n/r<sup>2</sup>) bits of communication. We also obtain the tight bound of 2/ln2 k pm o(k) on the communication complexity of disjointness of sets of size ≤ k. An asymptotic bound of Θ(k) was previously shown by Hastad and Wigderson.
The cubic matrix model and a duality between strings and loops

We find evidence for a duality between the standard matrix formulations of M theory and a background independent theory which extends loop quantum gravity by replacing SU(2) with a supersymmetric and quantum group extension of SU(16). This is deduced from the recently proposed cubic matrix model for M theory which has been argued to have compactifications which reduce to the IKKT and dWHN-BFSS matrix models. Here we find new compactifications of this theory whose Hilbert spaces consist of SU(16) conformal blocks on compact two-surfaces. These compactifications break the SU(N) symmetry of the standard M theory compactifications, while preserving SU(16), while the BFSS model preserve the SU(N) but break SU(16) to the SO(9) symmetry of the 11 dimensional light cone coordinates. These results suggest that the supersymmetric and quantum deformed SU(16) extension of loop quantum gravity provides a dual, background independent description of the degrees of freedom and dynamics of the M theory matrix models.
Magnetic Bottles in Connection with Superconductivity

Abstract Motivated by the theory of superconductivity and more precisely by the problem of the onset of superconductivity in dimension two, a lot of papers devoted to the analysis in a semi-classical regime of the lowest eigenvalue of the Schrodinger operator with magnetic field have appeared recently. Here we mention the works by Bernoff–Sternberg, Lu–Pan and Del Pino–Felmer–Sternberg. This partially recovers questions analyzed in a different context by the authors around the question of the so called magnetic bottles. Our aim is to analyze the former results, to treat them in a more systematic way and to improve them by giving sharper estimates of the remainder. In particular, we improve significantly the lower bounds and as a by-product we solve a conjecture proposed by Bernoff–Sternberg concerning the localization of the ground state inside the boundary in the case with constant magnetic fields.
An analytical comparison of the fault-detecting ability of data flow testing techniques

Compares several data flow based software testing criteria to one another and to branch testing. The fact that criterion C/sub 1/ subsumes criterion C/sub 2/, does not guarantee that C/sub 1/ is better at detecting faults than C/sub 2/. However, if a certain stronger relation between the criteria holds, then for any program and any specification, C/sub 1/ is guaranteed to be better at detecting faults than C/sub 2/ in the following sense: a test suite selected by independent random selection of one test case from each C/sub 1/ subdomain is at least as likely to detect a fault as a suite similarly selected using C/sub 2/. It is shown that under those conditions, the expected number of failure-causing inputs in the C/sub 1/ test suite. These results are used to compare a number of data flow testing criteria to one another and to branch testing. <<ETX>>
Characterization of Cryptocaryon irritans, a parasite isolated from marine fishes in Taiwan.

The ciliated protozoan parasite Cryptocaryon irritans infecting marine fishes in Taiwan is described. Developmental characteristics and sequences of the ribosomal DNA regions such as part of 18 S, the entire first internal transcribed spacer, and part of 5.8 S of various Taiwan isolates of C. irritans were investigated. A total of 5 isolates was obtained from different fish-host species and localities, the majority from cultured fish species. C. irritans from Taiwan is able to shift its developmental characteristics, i.e. from non-adherent to adherent tomonts, from individualistic to aggregate-forming tomonts, from infection of the gills only to infection of the gills and body. Thus, it is not possible to classify strains of C. irritans on the basis of these parameters. Premature tomonts that developed from dead fishes were able to produce theronts that could infect fish host. Isolates from Pingtung and the USA had identical nucleotide sequences while an isolate from Malaysia was identical to an Israel isolate. Percentage variation among pairs of Taiwan isolates showed a higher degree of variation than isolate sequences listed in GenBank. Sequence analysis revealed highly aberrant isolates in Taiwan, and a phylogenetic tree distinguished a marine and a low-salinity variant. C. irritans from marine fishes in Taiwan, therefore, display some characteristics not previously reported. Since manipulation of salinity in brackishwater ponds and marine cage sites is not feasible, there is a need to develop new strategies for the control and prevention of cryptocaryoniasis.
MicroRNA-21 Exhibits Antiangiogenic Function by Targeting RhoB Expression in Endothelial Cells

Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. The recent discovery of the involvement of these RNAs in the control of angiogenesis renders them very attractive in the development of new approaches for restoring the angiogenic balance. Whereas miRNA-21 has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in endothelial cells, the potential function of this miRNA in angiogenesis has never been investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings We first observed in endothelial cells a negative regulation of miR-21 expression by serum and bFGF, two pro-angiogenic factors. Then using in vitro angiogenic assays, we observed that miR-21 acts as a negative modulator of angiogenesis. miR-21 overexpression reduced endothelial cell proliferation, migration and the ability of these cells to form tubes whereas miR-21 inhibition using a LNA-anti-miR led to opposite effects. Expression of miR-21 in endothelial cells also led to a reduction in the organization of actin into stress fibers, which may explain the decrease in cell migration. Further mechanistic studies showed that miR-21 targets RhoB, as revealed by a decrease in RhoB expression and activity in miR-21 overexpressing cells. RhoB silencing impairs endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis, thus providing a possible mechanism for miR-21 to inhibit angiogenesis. Finally, the therapeutic potential of miR-21 as an angiogenesis inhibitor was demonstrated in vivo in a mouse model of choroidal neovascularization. Conclusions/Significance Our results identify miR-21 as a new angiogenesis inhibitor and suggest that inhibition of cell migration and tubulogenesis is mediated through repression of RhoB.
Bipolar region formation in stratified two-layer turbulence

This work presents an extensive study of the previously discovered formation of bipolar flux concentrations in a two-layer model. We interpret the formation process in terms of negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI), which is a possible mechanism to explain the origin of sunspots. In our simulations, we use a Cartesian domain of isothermal stratified gas that is divided into two layers. In the lower layer, turbulence is forced with transverse nonhelical random waves, whereas in the upper layer no flow is induced. A weak uniform magnetic field is imposed in the entire domain at all times. In this study we vary the stratification by changing the gravitational acceleration, magnetic Reynolds number, strength of the imposed magnetic field, and size of the domain to investigate their influence on the formation process. Bipolar magnetic structure formation takes place over a large range of parameters. The magnetic structures become more intense for higher stratification until the density contrast becomes around $100$ across the turbulent layer. For the Reynolds numbers considered, magnetic flux concentrations are generated at magnetic Prandtl number between 0.1 and 1. The magnetic field in bipolar regions increases with higher imposed field strength until the field becomes comparable to the equipartition field strength of the turbulence. A larger horizontal extent enables the flux concentrations to become stronger and more coherent. The size of the bipolar structures turns out to be independent of the domain size. In the case of bipolar region formation, we find an exponential growth of the large-scale magnetic field, which is indicative of a hydromagnetic instability. Additionally, the flux concentrations are correlated with strong large-scale downward and converging flows. These findings imply that NEMPI is responsible for magnetic flux concentrations.
Cerebral Palsy and Neonatal Death in Term Singletons Born Small for Gestational Age

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate the probable timing of events leading to cerebral palsy (CP) in singletons born small for gestational age (SGA) at term, taking neonatal death into consideration. METHODS: In this registry-based cohort study, data on 400 488 singletons born during 1996–2003 were abstracted from the Medical Birth and the CP registries of Norway. Among 36 604 SGA children (birth weight <10th percentile), 104 died in the neonatal period and 69 developed CP. Apgar scores at 5 minutes, risk factors, MRI findings, and CP subtypes were used to assess the timing of events leading to CP or neonatal death. RESULTS: Intrapartum origin of CP was considered in 5 SGA children (7%; 95% confidence interval: 3–16) in comparison with 31 of 263 (12%; 95% confidence interval: 8–16) non-SGA children (P = .28). The proportions of children who died in the neonatal period after a probable intrapartum event did not differ between the groups when children with congenital malformations were excluded. Probable antenatal events leading to CP and neonatal death were more common among SGA than non-SGA children (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: In ∼90% of children born SGA the event leading to CP is of probable antenatal origin. The low proportion of SGA children with CP after a probable intrapartum event was not outweighed by a higher neonatal mortality rate when congenital malformations were excluded. The higher risk of CP among SGA than among non-SGA children is probably due to a higher prevalence of antenatal risk factors.
Specific Modifications of Histone Tails, but Not DNA Methylation, Mirror the Temporal Variation of Mammalian Recombination Hotspots

Recombination clusters nonuniformly across mammalian genomes at discrete genomic loci referred to as recombination hotspots. Despite their ubiquitous presence, individual hotspots rapidly lose their activities, and the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying such frequent hotspot turnovers (the so-called “recombination hotspot paradox”) remain unresolved. Even though some sequence motifs are significantly associated with hotspots, multiple lines of evidence indicate that factors other than underlying sequences, such as epigenetic modifications, may affect the evolution of recombination hotspots. Thus, identifying epigenetic factors that covary with recombination at fine-scale is a promising step for this important research area. It was previously reported that recombination rates correlate with indirect measures of DNA methylation in the human genome. Here, we analyze experimentally determined DNA methylation and histone modification of human sperms, and show that the correlation between DNA methylation and recombination in long-range windows does not hold with respect to the spatial and temporal variation of recombination at hotspots. On the other hand, two histone modifications (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) overlap extensively with recombination hotspots. Similar trends were observed in mice. These results indicate that specific histone modifications rather than DNA methylation are associated with the rapid evolution of recombination hotspots. Furthermore, many human recombination hotspots occupy “bivalent” chromatin regions that harbor both active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) marks. This may explain why human recombination hotspots tend to occur in nongenic regions, in contrast to yeast and Arabidopsis hotspots that are characterized by generally active chromatins. Our results highlight the dynamic epigenetic underpinnings of recombination hotspot evolution.
The Training and Transfer of Real-World Perceptual Expertise

A hallmark of perceptual expertise is that experts classify objects at a more specific, subordinate level of abstraction than novices. To what extent does subordinate-level learning contribute to the transfer of perceptual expertise to novel exemplars and novel categories? In this study, participants learned to classify 10 varieties of wading birds and 10 varieties of owls at either the subordinate, species (e.g., “great blue crown heron,” “eastern screech owl”) or the family (“wading bird,” “owl”) level of abstraction. During training, the amount of visual exposure was equated such that participants received an equal number of learning trials for wading birds and owls. Pre- and posttraining performance was measured in a same/different discrimination task in which participants judged whether pairs of bird stimuli belonged to the same or different species. Participants trained in species-level discrimination demonstrated greater transfer to novel exemplars and novel species categories than participants trained in family-level discrimination. These findings suggest that perceptual categorization, not perceptual exposure per se, is important for the development and generalization of visual expertise.
Postural balance strategies for humanoid robots in response to disturbances in the frontal plane

We examine human body reaction patterns to disturbances in the frontal plane while standing with the aim of developing balance control strategies for humanoid robots. Four reaction patterns are identified and related to the magnitude of the disturbance. Models for two of them are then developed and implemented with a humanoid robot HOAP-2. Special attention is paid to the transitions between the reaction patterns. The experimental data show that the models and controllers are appropriate and ensure smooth reaction control under both impact-force and continuous-force disturbances.