Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Cell surface immunoglobulin. XX. Antibody responsiveness of subpopulations of B lymphocytes bearing different isotypes

Murine spleen cells were depleted of specific B-cell subpopulations bearing different immunoglobulin isotypes by means of complement- mediated cytolysis after treatment with antisera specific for micron- and gamma-chains. The functional effect of this depletion was measured by assaying both the primary and secondary plaque-forming cell responses of the residual cells after transfer to carrier-primed lethally irradiated hosts. The results suggest that cells bearing IgM are the progenitors of plaque-forming cells in the primary response and cells bearing IgG are the major progenitors of IgG plaque-forming cells in the secondary response. The quantity of IgM on progenitors of secondary IgM plaque-forming cells decreases markedly as the interval between primary immunization and antigenic challenge increases. Long- term memory cells for the secondary IgM response bear small amounts of both IgM and IgG.
Human-Robot Interaction Literature Review

Abstract : In the field of unmanned vehicle (UV) systems, researchers have been striving to inverse the human-robot ratio such that one operator can control multiple robots. This goal has not yet been accomplished for military applications, despite ongoing research. Research suggests that the human-robot interaction (HRI) that takes place while an operator is in control of one or more UVs needs to be improved before the ratio can be inversed. This literature review covers 53 references to provide an overview of current HRI research dealing with the operation of UVs and to identify the key human factors (HF) issues when conducting research within this area. The literature identifies three key factors in HRI research related to operating UVs for military applications: operator capacity (i.e., the number and type of UVs that a human operator controls or supervises), automation implementation, and interface design. In the literature, HRI is most often measured through the three common metrics of situational awareness (SA), workload, and task performance. In general, research shows that increasing operator capacity increases workload and decreases SA, while the corresponding impact on performance has been shown to be inconsistent. Automation and multimodal interfaces have been shown to alleviate some of the increased workload and decreased SA as operator capacity is increased. However, there is a complex interaction among the three variables. The literature suggests that adaptive automation and adaptive interfaces are promising solutions to accommodate this complex interaction, but further research and empirical studies are necessary before they can be implemented in military operations. Three additional characteristics of military applications also need to be investigated further: one operator in control of mixed UV platforms (i.e., UAVs and UGVs); operators controlling UVs in a mobile environment; and team coordination among multiple operators, each in control of multiple UVs.
Diagnostics of Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical, Endoscopic, and Histologic Pitfalls

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is currently defined as an immune-mediated chronic esophageal disorder that is diagnosed using both clinical and pathologic information. A series of consensus diagnostic guidelines for EoE have brought a measure of consistency to the field, but in practice the diagnosis of EoE can be challenging. Typical clinical symptoms of EoE, including dysphagia, heartburn, and chest pain, can overlap with gastroesophageal reflux disease, which itself is a common indication for performing endoscopic evaluation. The endoscopic findings of EoE, such as esophageal rings, strictures, linear furrows, and white exudates, are not specific. Esophageal eosinophilia, the histologic hallmark of EoE, is also not pathognomonic and can be seen in a range of conditions. Further complicating the diagnosis of EoE is the newly recognized entity of proton pump inhibitor-responsive esophageal eosinophilia, a condition that must be excluded prior to confirming a diagnosis of EoE. This paper will review the current diagnostic criteria for EoE and discuss multiple clinical, endoscopic, and histologic pitfalls in making the diagnosis of EoE.
Automated refactoring of ATL model transformations: a search-based approach

Model transformation programs evolve through a process of continuous change. However, this process may weaken the design of the transformation programs and make it unnecessarily complex, leading to increased fault-proneness. Refactoring improves the software design while preserving overall functionality and behavior. However, very few studies addressed the problem of refactoring model transformation programs. These existing studies provided an entirely manual or semi-automated refactoring support to transformation languages such as ATL. In this paper, we propose a fully-automated search-based approach to refactor model transformations based on a multi-objective algorithm that recommends the best refactoring sequence (e.g. extract rule, merge rules, etc.) optimizing a set of ATL-based quality metrics (e.g. number of rules, coupling, etc.). To validate our approach, we apply it to a comprehensive dataset of model transformations. The statistical analysis of our experiments over 30 runs shows that our automated approach recommended useful refactorings based on benchmark of ATL programs and compared to random search, mono-objective search formulation and a semi-automated refactoring approach not based heuristic search.
Enhancement of urinary bladder tumorigenesis in hamsters by coadministration of 2-acetylaminofluorene and indole.

Hamsters treated with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) were studied to test the effects of dietary indole and excess dl-tryptophan and the initial age of the animals on the development of bladder tumors. Neonatal males and females were given i.p. injections of AAF, 5 mg/100 g body weight, 3 times weekly until weaning. They were then fed a synthetic diet containing AAF with or without 1.6% indole or 2.0% dl-tryptophan. Enhancement of tumorigenesis in the urinary bladder was evident only when indole was added to the diet containing a low dose of AAF (0.03%). Twenty-four of 27 hamsters fed the combination diet for 10 months developed tumors (89%); 20 of them were invasive. On the other hand, 13 of 26 on the diet containing AAF alone developed bladder tumors (50%); 8 of them were invasive. The difference in incidence was significant ( p < 0.01). Development of bladder tumors appeared slightly delayed when older hamsters (initially 4 weeks old) were used, but after 11 months all animals developed bladder tumors. As was observed in rats, added indole or tryptophan protected the liver from AAF injury and greatly reduced the development of cholangiocarcinomas.
Analysis of grasping strategies and function in hemiparetic patients using an instrumented object

This paper validates a novel instrumented object, the iBox, dedicated to the analysis of grasping and manipulation. This instrumented box can be grasped and manipulated, is fitted with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and can sense the force applied on each side and transmits measured force, acceleration and orientation data wirelessly in real time. The iBox also provides simple access to data for analysing human motor control features such as the coordination between grasping and lifting forces and complex manipulation patterns. A set of grasping and manipulation experiments was conducted with 6 hemiparetic patients and 5 healthy control subjects. Measures made of the forces, kinematics and dynamics are developed, which can be used to analyse grasping and contribute to assessment in patients. Quantitative measurements provided by the iBox reveal numerous characteristics of the grasping strategies and function in patients: variations in the completion time, changes in the force distribution on the object and grasping force levels, difficulties to adjust the level of applied forces to the task and to maintain it, along with movement smoothness decrease and pathological tremor.
A Negative Feedback Modulator of Antigen Processing Evolved from a Frameshift in the Cowpox Virus Genome

Coevolution of viruses and their hosts represents a dynamic molecular battle between the immune system and viral factors that mediate immune evasion. After the abandonment of smallpox vaccination, cowpox virus infections are an emerging zoonotic health threat, especially for immunocompromised patients. Here we delineate the mechanistic basis of how cowpox viral CPXV012 interferes with MHC class I antigen processing. This type II membrane protein inhibits the coreTAP complex at the step after peptide binding and peptide-induced conformational change, in blocking ATP binding and hydrolysis. Distinct from other immune evasion mechanisms, TAP inhibition is mediated by a short ER-lumenal fragment of CPXV012, which results from a frameshift in the cowpox virus genome. Tethered to the ER membrane, this fragment mimics a high ER-lumenal peptide concentration, thus provoking a trans-inhibition of antigen translocation as supply for MHC I loading. These findings illuminate the evolution of viral immune modulators and the basis of a fine-balanced regulation of antigen processing.
Quasi-Optimal Convergence Rate of an Adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin Method

We analyze an adaptive discontinuous finite element method (ADFEM) for symmetric second order linear elliptic operators. The method is formulated on nonconforming meshes made of simplices or quadrilaterals, with any polynomial degree and in any dimension $\geq2$. We prove that the ADFEM is a contraction for the sum of the energy error and the scaled error estimator between two consecutive adaptive loops. We design a refinement procedure that maintains the level of nonconformity uniformly bounded and prove that the approximation classes using continuous and discontinuous finite elements are equivalent. The geometric decay and the equivalence of classes are instrumental in deriving the optimal cardinality of the ADFEM. We show that the ADFEM (and the AFEM on nonconforming meshes) yields a decay rate of energy error plus oscillation in terms of the number of degrees of freedom as dictated by the best approximation for this combined nonlinear quantity.
Irreversibility of Heat Conduction in Complex Multiphase Systems and Its Application to the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Porous Media

The irreversibility of heat conduction in porous media, its relation to effective thermal conductivities (ETCs), and the optimization of thermal conduction process are investigated in this work based on the concept of entransy dissipation. Two more new concepts of reference entransy dissipation and nondimensional entransy dissipation are first introduced. Then it is showed that the nondimensional entransy dissipation rate (NER) can be employed as an objective function to evaluate the efficiency of a thermal transfer process in a porous material. By using this criterion and a newly developed structure growth algorithms, different porous structures were generated and the corresponding values of both ETC and NER were derived to illustrate the usefulness and power of using NER to assess the thermal performance of the materials. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity not only influences the heat transfer ability of porous media, but also reflects the irreversibility of heat conduction in porous media, which is a dissipation coefficient for heat transfer. Meanwhile, decreasing the structural particle size will increase the contact points, i.e. more heat bridges, decrease the temperature gradient nearby the contact points, and hence significantly increase the effective thermal coefficient of porous media. Essentially, decreasing the particle size will result in a more uniform distribution of both temperature gradient and local entransy dissipation rate along the heat flow direction, and consequently lead to a larger effective thermal conductivity.
An inquiry into the motivations of knowledge workers in the Japanese financial industry

The knowledge base of companies is increasingly seen as underlying a firm’s performance, and the role of knowledge workers within this framework is seen as strongly associated with a firm’s competitive performance. This perspective views the effective management of knowledge workers as crucial in sustaining an organisation’s competitive advantage. The paper views the financial industry as a knowledge intensive sector which nurtures the idea that financial firms rely on specialists’ knowledge or expertise relating to a specific technical and functional domain. It is an exploratory study that aims to investigate the motivational needs of, and organisational environments best suited to, company analysts within the Japanese financial system. It identifies three key motivators as having an impact on the company analysts: monetary incentives; human resource development; and job autonomy. The paper concludes that the traditional Japanese management system is incompatible with the expectations of company analysts in the Japanese financial industry.
Expressive CP-ABE with partially hidden access structures

At Eurocrypt 2005, Sahai and Waters [7] introduced the concept of attribute-based encryption (ABE). ABE enables public key based one-to-many encryption and is envisioned as a promising cryptographic primitive for realizing scalable and fine-grained access control systems. There are two kinds of ABE schemes [1], key-policy ABE (KP-ABE) and ciphertext-policy ABE (CP-ABE) schemes. This paper, our concern is on the latter.
Evidence That an Unconventional Actin Can Provide Essential F-Actin Function and That a Surveillance System Monitors F-Actin Integrity in Chlamydomonas

Actin is one of the most conserved eukaryotic proteins. It is thought to have multiple essential cellular roles and to function primarily or exclusively as filaments (“F-actin”). Chlamydomonas has been an enigma, because a null mutation (ida5-1) in its single gene for conventional actin does not affect growth. A highly divergent actin gene, NAP1, is upregulated in ida5-1 cells, but it has been unclear whether NAP1 can form filaments or provide actin function. Here, we used the actin-depolymerizing drug latrunculin B (LatB), the F-actin-specific probe Lifeact-Venus, and genetic and molecular methods to resolve these issues. LatB-treated wild-type cells continue to proliferate; they initially lose Lifeact-stained structures but recover them concomitant with upregulation of NAP1. Thirty-nine LatB-sensitive mutants fell into four genes (NAP1 and LAT1–LAT3) in which we identified the causative mutations using a novel combinatorial pool-sequencing strategy. LAT1–LAT3 are required for NAP1 upregulation upon LatB treatment, and ectopic expression of NAP1 largely rescues the LatB sensitivity of the lat1–lat3 mutants, suggesting that the LAT gene products comprise a regulatory hierarchy with NAP1 expression as the major functional output. Selection of LatB-resistant revertants of a nap1 mutant yielded dominant IDA5 mutations that presumably render F-IDA5 resistant to LatB, and nap1 and lat mutations are synthetically lethal with ida5-1 in the absence of LatB. We conclude that both IDA5 and the divergent NAP1 can form filaments and redundantly provide essential F-actin functions and that a novel surveillance system, probably responding to a loss of F-actin, triggers NAP1 expression and perhaps other compensatory responses.
Reduced-dose carboxypeptidase-G2 successfully lowers elevated methotrexate levels in an adult with acute methotrexate-induced renal failure.

Methotrexate (MTX), an antifolate agent widely used for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies, is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Renal dysfunction, which can occur during administration of high-dose MTX (HDMTX) (generally defined as >1 gm/m2 of body surface area), results in delayed elimination and excessive accumulation of MTX within tissues.1 It is currently unclear whether leucovorin rescue (LVR) alone, which is routinely administered after HDMTX infusion, is sufficient to prevent toxicity from sustained high-level MTX exposure. High-flux hemodialysis (HHD) has been shown to successfully reduce MTX levels, but generally requires multiple dialysis sessions, with attendant morbidity and cost.2,3 Carboxypeptidase-G2 (CPG2), also known as glucarpidase (Voraxaze, BTG International Ltd), cleaves MTX to inactive metabolite, rapidly reducing MTX levels to nearly undetectable within minutes.4,5 This agent was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HDMTX-induced renal toxicity. CPG2 is generally well tolerated, but is extremely expensive when administered at the approved dose.6 Current Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services guidelines limit reimbursement to costs associated with approximately half of the FDA-approved dose. Herein we report a case of HDMTX-induced renal toxicity in a patient who was successfully treated with CPG2 at approximately onesixth of the FDA-approved dose. Case Report
Block of C/EBPα function by phosphorylation in acute myeloid leukemia with FLT3 activating mutations

Mutations constitutively activating FLT3 kinase are detected in ∼30% of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patients and affect downstream pathways such as extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)1/2. We found that activation of FLT3 in human AML inhibits CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) function by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation, which may explain the differentiation block of leukemic blasts. In MV4;11 cells, pharmacological inhibition of either FLT3 or MEK1 leads to granulocytic differentiation. Differentiation of MV4;11 cells was also observed when C/EBPα mutated at serine 21 to alanine (S21A) was stably expressed. In contrast, there was no effect when serine 21 was mutated to aspartate (S21D), which mimics phosphorylation of C/EBPα. Thus, our results suggest that therapies targeting the MEK/ERK cascade or development of protein therapies based on transduction of constitutively active C/EBPα may prove effective in treatment of FLT3 mutant leukemias resistant to the FLT3 inhibitor therapies.
Planning and analysis of three‐arm non‐inferiority trials with binary endpoints

Three‐arm trials including an experimental treatment, an active control and a placebo group are frequently preferred for the assessment of non‐inferiority. In contrast to two‐arm non‐inferiority studies, these designs allow a direct proof of efficacy of a new treatment by comparison with placebo. As a further advantage, the test problem for establishing non‐inferiority can be formulated in such a way that rejection of the null hypothesis assures that a pre‐defined portion of the (unknown) effect the reference shows versus placebo is preserved by the treatment under investigation. We present statistical methods for this study design and the situation of a binary outcome variable. Asymptotic test procedures are given and their actual type I error rates are calculated. Approximate sample size formulae are derived and their accuracy is discussed. Furthermore, the question of optimal allocation of the total sample size is considered. Power properties of the testing strategy including a pre‐test for assay sensitivity are presented. The derived methods are illustrated by application to a clinical trial in depression. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stochastic Growth in the United States and Euro Area

This paper estimates, using data from the United States and Euro Area, a two-country stochastic growth model in which both neutral and investment-specific technology shocks are nonstationary but cointegrated across economies. The results point to large and persistent swings in productivity, both favorable and adverse, originating in the US but not transmitted to the EA. More specifically, the results suggest that while the EA missed out on the period of rapid investment-specific technological change enjoyed in the US during the 1990s, it also escaped the stagnation in neutral technological progress that plagued the US in the 1970s.
The genetic and transcriptional organization of the vir region of the A6 Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The genetic transformation of plant cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens is mediated by the genes of the Ti plasmid vir region. To determine the genetic and transcriptional organization of the vir region of pTiA6, vir plasmid clones were saturated with insertion mutations of a Tn3‐lacZ transposon. This element is both an insertion mutagen and a reporter for the expression of the sequences into which it has inserted. One hundred and twenty‐four vir::Tn3‐lac insertions were analyzed for their mutagenic effect on Agrobacterium virulence, and for their expression of beta‐galactosidase activity, the lacZ gene product, in vegetative bacteria and in bacteria cocultivated with plant cells. These data in conjunction with genetic complementation results show that the pTiA6 vir region contains six distinct vir complementation groups: virA, virB, virC, virD, virE and virG. Mutations in these loci eliminate (virA, virB, virD and virG) or significantly restrict (virC and virE) the ability of Agrobacterium to transform plant cells. Each of the vir loci corresponds to a single vir transcription unit: virA is constitutively expressed and non‐inducible; virB, virC, virD and virE are expressed only upon activation by plant cells; and virG is both constitutively expressed and plant‐inducible. The two largest vir operons, virB and virD, are probably polycistronic. The pTiA6 vir region also contains plant‐inducible loci (pin) which are non‐essential for virulence.
Some constructions of supermagic graphs using antimagic graphs

Ag raphG is called supermagic if it admits a labelling of the edges by pairwise different consecutive integers such that the sum of the labels of the edges incident with a vertex, the weight of vertex, is independent of the particular vertex. A graph G is called (a, 1)-antimagic if it admits a labelling of the edges by the integers {1,. ,|E(G)|} such that the set of weights of the vertices consists of different consecutive integers. In this paper we will deal with the (a, 1)-antimagic graphs and their connection to the supermagic graphs. We will introduce three constructions of supermagic graphs using some (a, 1)-antimagic graphs. AMS 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. 05C78.
Regulation of angiopoietin‐like protein 4 production during and after exercise

Angiopoietin‐like protein 4 (ANGPTL4) may regulate lipoprotein lipase‐dependent plasma clearance of triacylglycerol from skeletal muscle during exercise. The aim of this study was to examine the importance of muscle in regulating ANGPTL4 in response to exercise. We sampled muscle biopsies and serum before, immediately after, and 2 h after 45 min of ergometer cycling. Sampling was done before and after a 12‐week training intervention in controls and dysglycemic subjects. Moreover, fat biopsies were taken before and after the training intervention. The regulation of ANGPTL4 was also investigated in several tissues of exercising mice, and in cultured myotubes. ANGPTL4 levels in serum and expression in muscle were highest 2 h after exercise in both groups. Whereas ANGPTL4 was higher in muscle of exercising controls as compared to dysglycemic subjects, the opposite was observed in serum. In exercising mice, Angptl4 mRNA showed both higher basal expression and induction in liver compared to muscle. Angptl4 mRNA was much higher in adipose tissue than muscle and was also induced by exercise. We observed two mRNA isoforms of ANGPTL4 in muscle and fat in humans. Both were induced by exercise in muscle; one isoform was expressed 5‐ to 10‐fold higher than the other. Studies in mice and cultured myotubes showed that both fatty acids and cortisol have the potential to increase ANGPTL4 expression in muscle during exercise. In conclusion, ANGPTL4 is markedly induced in muscle in response to exercise. However, liver and adipose tissue may contribute more than muscle to the exercise‐induced increase in circulating ANGPTL4.