Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
NICMOS Count Rate Dependent Non-Linearity in G096 and G141

Since the discovery of the NICMOS count rate dependent non-linearity documented in NICMOS ISR 2005-002, additional tests have been conducted to further understand and quantify the effect. Long integrations of up to 25 minutes exhibited the same level of non-linearity as the original 1-3 minute integrations. Observations of the star P041C on high background from an internal flat field lamp provides another measure of the wavelength dependence of the nonlinearity to compliment the measures based on pure hydrogen WD models.
Reversible Information Flow across the Medial Temporal Lobe: The Hippocampus Links Cortical Modules during Memory Retrieval

A simple cue can be sufficient to elicit vivid recollection of a past episode. Theoretical models suggest that upon perceiving such a cue, disparate episodic elements held in neocortex are retrieved through hippocampal pattern completion. We tested this fundamental assumption by applying functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while objects or scenes were used to cue participants' recall of previously paired scenes or objects, respectively. We first demonstrate functional segregation within the medial temporal lobe (MTL), showing domain specificity in perirhinal and parahippocampal cortices (for object-processing vs scene-processing, respectively), but domain generality in the hippocampus (retrieval of both stimulus types). Critically, using fMRI latency analysis and dynamic causal modeling, we go on to demonstrate functional integration between these MTL regions during successful memory retrieval, with reversible signal flow from the cue region to the target region via the hippocampus. This supports the claim that the human hippocampus provides the vital associative link that integrates information held in different parts of cortex.
Bis(2-aminothiazolium) succinate succinic acid

In the title compound, 2C3H5N2S+·C4H4O4 2−·C4H6O4, the thiazolium ring is almost planar, with the maximum deviation from planarity being 0.0056 (8) Å for the C atom carrying the amine substituent. The N atom of the 2-aminothiazole molecule is protonated. Both the anion and the acid lie across inversion centres. The crystal packing is consolidated by intermolecular O—H⋯O, N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Molecules are stacked down the b axis.
Multiple Birthdating Analyses in Adult Neurogenesis: A Line-Up of the Usual Suspects

Analyzing the variation in different subpopulations of newborn neurons is central to the study of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. The acclaimed working hypothesis that different subpopulations of newborn, differentiating neurons could be playing different roles arouses great interest. Therefore, the physiological and quantitative analysis of neuronal subpopulations at different ages is critical to studies of neurogenesis. Such approaches allow cells of different ages to be identified by labeling them according to their probable date of birth. Until very recently, only neurons born at one specific time point could be identified in each experimental animal. However the introduction of different immunohistochemically compatible markers now enables multiple subpopulations of newborn neurons to be analyzed in the same animal as in a line-up, revealing the relationships between these subpopulations in response to specific influences or conditions. This review summarizes the current research carried out using these techniques and outlines some of the key applications.
Screening for MODY mutations, GAD antibodies, and type 1 diabetes--associated HLA genotypes in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes or maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) increases susceptibility to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied mutations in MODY1-4 genes, the presence of GAD antibodies, and HLA DQB1 risk genotypes in 66 Swedish women with GDM and a family history of diabetes. An oral glucose tolerance test was repeated in 46 women at 1 year postpartum. RESULTS There was no increase in type 1 diabetes-associated HLA-DQB1 alleles or GAD antibodies when compared with a group of type 2 diabetic patients (n = 82) or healthy control subjects (n = 86). Mutations in known MODY genes were identified in 3 of the 66 subjects (1 MODY2, 1 MODY3, and 1 MODY4). Of the 46 GDM subjects, 2 had diabetes (4%) and 17 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (37%) at 1 year postpartum. Of the two subjects who developed manifest diabetes, one carried a MODY3 mutation (A203H in the hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha gene). There was no increase in high-risk HLA alleles or GAD antibodies in the women who had manifest diabetes or IGT at 1 year postpartum. CONCLUSIONS MODY mutations but not autoimmunity contribute to GDM in Swedish women with a family history of diabetes and increase the risk of subsequent diabetes.
NK cell‐mediated lysis of autologous antigen‐presenting cells is triggered by the engagement of the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase upon ligation of the natural cytotoxicity receptors NKp30 and NKp46

Interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐activated polyclonal or clonal NK cells lysed autologous antigen presenting cells (APC) through the engagement of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) NKp30 and NKp46. NK cell‐mediated cytolysis of APC correlated with the surface density of these NCR. Indeed, NK cell clones bearing low amounts of NKp30 and NKp46 did not lyse autologous APC, whereas NK cell clones with bright expression of these NCR efficiently killed autologous APC. Upon masking of NKp30 or NKp46 by specific monoclonal antibodies a strong reduction (by 50%) of APC lysis could be detected and the complete inhibition was achieved by the simultaneous masking of these NCR. Interestingly, NK cell‐mediated APC lysis was impaired by the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI‐3 K) inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin. Similarly, these drugs strongly reduced NK cell activation triggered by NKp30 or NKp46 in a re‐directed killing assay as well as the activation of Akt/PKB, substrate of PI‐3 K, induced by the engagement of these receptors. Altogether, these findings strongly suggest that NCR are responsible for the killing of autologous APC through the activation of PI‐3 K.
Cosmology of the Planck era from a renormalization group for quantum gravity

Homogeneous and isotropic cosmologies of the Planck era before the classical Einstein equations become valid are studied taking quantum gravitational effects into account. The cosmological evolution equations are renormalization group improved by including the scale dependence of Newton's constant and of the cosmological constant as it is given by the flow equation of the effective average action for gravity. It is argued that the Planck regime can be treated reliably in this framework because gravity is found to become asymptotically free at short distances. The epoch immediately after the initial singularity of the Universe is described by an attractor solution of the improved equations which is a direct manifestation of an ultraviolet attractive renormalization group fixed point. It is shown that quantum gravity effects in the very early Universe might provide a resolution to the horizon and flatness problems of standard cosmology, and could generate a scale-free spectrum of primordial density fluctuations.
Cache and I/O efficent functional algorithms

The widely studied I/O and ideal-cache models were developed to account for the large difference in costs to access memory at different levels of the memory hierarchy. Both models are based on a two level memory hierarchy with a fixed size primary memory(cache) of size M, an unbounded secondary memory organized in blocks of size B. The cost measure is based purely on the number of block transfers between the primary and secondary memory. All other operations are free. Many algorithms have been analyzed in these models and indeed these models predict the relative performance of algorithms much more accurately than the standard RAM model. The models, however, require specifying algorithms at a very low level requiring the user to carefully lay out their data in arrays in memory and manage their own memory allocation. In this paper we present a cost model for analyzing the memory efficiency of algorithms expressed in a simple functional language. We show how some algorithms written in standard forms using just lists and trees (no arrays) and requiring no explicit memory layout or memory management are efficient in the model. We then describe an implementation of the language and show provable bounds for mapping the cost in our model to the cost in the ideal-cache model. These bound imply that purely functional programs based on lists and trees with no special attention to any details of memory layout can be as asymptotically as efficient as the carefully designed imperative I/O efficient algorithms. For example we describe an O(n_B logM/Bn_B)cost sorting algorithm, which is optimal in the ideal cache and I/O models.
Trafficking and Replication Patterns Reveal Splenic Macrophages as Major Targets of Dengue Virus in Mice

ABSTRACT Human postmortem studies of natural dengue virus (DENV) infection have reported systemically distributed viral antigen. Although it is widely accepted that DENV infects mononuclear phagocytes, the sequence in which specific tissues and cell types are targeted remains uncharacterized. We previously reported that mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors permit high levels of DENV replication and show signs of systemic disease (T. R. Prestwood et al., J. Virol. 82:8411–8421, 2008). Here we demonstrate that within 6 h, DENV traffics to and replicates in both CD169+ and SIGN-R1+ macrophages of the splenic marginal zone or draining lymph node, respectively, following intravenous or intrafootpad inoculation. Subsequently, high levels of replication are detected in F4/80+ splenic red pulp macrophages and in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. Intravenously inoculated mice begin to succumb to dengue disease 72 h after infection, at which time viral replication occurs systemically, except in lymphoid tissues. In particular, high levels of replication occur in CD68+ macrophages of the kidneys, heart, thymus, and gastrointestinal tract. Over the course of infection, proportionately large quantities of DENV traffic to the liver and spleen. However, late during infection, viral trafficking to the spleen decreases, while trafficking to the liver, thymus, and kidneys increases. The present study demonstrates that macrophage populations, initially in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues and later in nonlymphoid tissues, are major targets of DENV infection in vivo.
A New Algorithm for Graph Monomorphism Based on the Projections of the Product Graph

A new algorithm is presented for detecting graph monomorphisms for a pair of graphs. This algorithm entails a tree search based on the projections of the product graph called the net of the two graphs. It uses the minimum number of neighbors of the projected graphs to detect infeasible subtrees. The algorithm, in comparison with that of Deo and coworkers, is more efficient in its storage space utilization and average execution time. It does not suffer from the ambiguity which arises in Deo et al.'s work when cyclic graphs are matched. Applications to attributed graph monomorphisms are included.
An essential role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the tuberculin delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction

30 years ago, investigations into the molecular basis of the delayed- type hypersensitivity reaction (DTH) provided evidence for the first lymphokine activity: a lymphocyte-derived mediator called macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), which inhibited the random migration of peritoneal macrophages. Despite the long-standing association of MIF with the DTH reaction and the cloning of a human protein with macrophage migration inhibitory activity, the precise role of MIF in this classic cell-mediated immune response has remained undefined. This situation has been further complicated by the fact that two other cytokines, interferon gamma and IL-4, similarly inhibit macrophage migration and by the identification of mitogenic contaminants in some preparations of cloned human MIF. Using recently developed molecular probes for mouse MIF, we have examined the role of this protein in a classical model of DTH, the tuberculin reaction in mice. Both MIF messenger RNA and protein were expressed prominently in DTH lesions, as assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunostaining with anti-MIF antibody. The predominant cellular origin of MIF appeared to be the monocyte/macrophage, a cell type identified recently to be a major source of MIF release in vivo. The administration of neutralizing anti- MIF antibodies to mice inhibited significantly the development of DTH, thus affirming the central role of MIF in this classic immunological response.
Local Clusters, Innovation Systems and Sustained Competitiveness

The growing interest in clusters, understood mainly in terms of spatial agglomerations of enterprises and related supplier and service industries, can be traced back to two changes in the competitive environment of the firm that became increasingly evident over the 1970s and 1980s. These were the growing knowledge intensity of production which gradually extended to cover a broad spectrum of traditional industries and the emergence of innovation-based competition and its globalization as barriers to trade and investment were dismantled. These changes placed a greater burden on small and medium-sized enterprises, especially those in traditional industries, to engage in a continuous process of innovation. Clustering, which provides externalities and advantages derived from of interactivity, was seen as a potential aid in this process. Yet not all clusters are innovation systems. This paper analyzes the different ways in which firms in two clusters based on traditional industries --the wooden furniture cluster in Jutland, Denmark and the spectacle frame cluster in Belluno, Italy- have transformed have been transformed into innovation systems. Of critical importance in this regard is the way in which both industries have become tacit-knowledge intensive and embedded these advantages within the cluster.
Mutual Fund Investment in Emerging Markets: An Overview

International mutual funds are one of the main channels for capital flows to emerging economies. Although mutual funds have become important contributors to financial market integration, little is known about their investment allocation, and strategies. The authors provide an overview of mutual fund activity in emerging markets. First, they describe international mutual funds' relative size, asset allocation, and country allocation. Second, they focus on fund behavior during crises, by analyzing data at the level of both investors, and fund managers. Among their findings: Equity investment in emerging markets has grown rapidly in the 1990s, much of it flowing through mutual funds. Collectively, these funds hold a sizable share of market capitalization in emerging economies. Asian, and Latin American funds achieved the fastest growth, but are smaller than domestic U.S. funds and world funds. When investigating abroad, U.S. mutual funds invest more in equity than in bonds. World funds invest mainly in developed nations (Canada, Europe, Japan, and the United States). Ten percent of their investment is in Asia, and Latin America. Mutual funds usually invest in a few countries within each region. Mutual fund investment was very responsive to the crises of the 1990s. Withdrawals from emerging markets during recent crises were large, which squares with existing evidence of financial contagion. Investments in Asian, and Latin American mutual funds are volatile. Because redemptions, and injections are large, relative to total funds under management, fund's flows are not stable. The cash held by managers during injections, and redemptions does not fluctuate significantly, so investors' actions are typically reflected in emerging market inflows, and outflows.
Quantum phase magnification

Quantum enhanced metrology Exploiting the quantum-mechanical properties of quantum systems offer the possibility of developing devices for enhanced precision measurement and sensing applications. These devices have, however, required low-noise detection capabilities that have hampered their development. Hosten et al. describe a method that manipulates a coherent cloud of cold rubidium atoms in a way that relaxes the ultrasensitive detection requirements. The general method may be applied to other coherent quantum systems. Science, this issue p. 1552 Manipulation of cold atoms is used for quantum-enhanced precision measurements. Quantum metrology exploits entangled states of particles to improve sensing precision beyond the limit achievable with uncorrelated particles. All previous methods required detection noise levels below this standard quantum limit to realize the benefits of the intrinsic sensitivity provided by these states. We experimentally demonstrate a widely applicable method for entanglement-enhanced measurements without low-noise detection. The method involves an intermediate quantum phase magnification step that eases implementation complexity. We used it to perform squeezed-state metrology 8 decibels below the standard quantum limit with a detection system that has a noise floor 10 decibels above the standard quantum limit.
Bayesian auxiliary variable models for binary and multinomial regression

In this paper we discuss auxiliary variable approaches to Bayesian binary and multinomial regression. These approaches are ideally suited to automated Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. In the (cid:12)rst part we describe a simple technique using joint updating that improves the performance of the conventional probit regression algorithm. In the second part we discuss auxiliary variable methods for inference in Bayesian logistic regression, including covariate set uncertainty. Finally, we show how the logistic method is easily extended to multinomial regression models. All of the algorithms are fully automatic with no user set parameters and no necessary Metropolis-Hastings accept/reject steps.
Muscle Fiber Type, Achilles Tendon Length, Potentiation, and Running Economy

Abstract Hunter, GR, McCarthy, JP, Carter, SJ, Bamman, MM, Gaddy, ES, Fisher, G, Katsoulis, K, Plaisance, EP, and Newcomer, BR. Muscle fiber type, Achilles tendon length, potentiation, and running economy. J Strength Cond Res 29(5): 1302–1309, 2015—The purpose of this investigation was to develop a potential model for how muscle fiber type, Achilles tendon length, stretch-shortening cycle potentiation (SSCP), and leg strength interact with running economy. Twenty trained male distance runners 24–40 years of age served as subjects. Running economy (net oxygen uptake) was measured while running on a treadmill. Leg press SSCPforce and SSCPvelocity were determined by measuring the difference in velocity between a static leg press throw and a countermovement leg press throw. Vertical jump SSCP was determined by measuring the difference in jump height between a static jump and a drop jump from a 20.3-cm bench. Tendon length was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, and muscle fiber type was made from a vastus lateralis muscle biopsy. Type IIx muscle fiber percent (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and leg strength (r = 0.95, p < 0.001) were positively and independently related to late eccentric force development. Achilles tendon length (r = 0.42, p ⩽ 0.05) and late eccentric force during stretch-shortening cycle (r = 0.76, p < 0.001) were independently related to SSCPforce. SSCPforce was related to SSCPvelocity, which in turn was related to running economy (r = 0.61, p < 0.01). These results suggest that longer Achilles tendon length, type II fiber, and muscular leg strength may enhance the potential for SSCP, running economy, and physiological effort while running.
The Role of the Somatotropic System in Cognition and Other Cerebral Functions

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptors can be found in several areas of the brain. GH receptors are mainly found in the choroid plexus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, putamen, and hippocampus, whereas IGF-1 receptors are mainly concentrated in the hippocampus and parahippocampal areas. In early life, GH and IGF-1 have an important role in the development and differentiation of the central nervous system. In the more developed central nervous system, GH and IGF-1 are thought to have a variety of functions such as a neuroprotective function, an appetite increasing function, various cognitive functions, and perhaps a blood flow-regulating function. In GH-deficient children and adults, improvement of cognitive functions was observed after the administration of GH. Furthermore, specific cognitive functions in healthy older subjects may improve after increasing GH or IGF-1 levels.
A comparative study on the clinical decision‐making processes of nurse practitioners vs. medical doctors using scenarios in a secondary care environment

AIM To investigate the decision-making skills of secondary care nurse practitioners compared with those of medical doctors. BACKGROUND A literature review was conducted, searching for articles published from 1990 - 2012. The review found that nurse practitioners are key to the modernization of the National Health Service. Studies have shown that compared with doctors, nurse practitioners can be efficient and cost-effective in consultations. DESIGN Qualitative research design. METHODS The information processing theory and think aloud approach were used to understand the cognitive processes of 10 participants (5 doctors and 5 nurse practitioners). One nurse practitioner was paired with one doctor from the same speciality and they were compared using a structured scenario-based interview. To ensure that all critical and relevant cues were covered by the individual participating in the scenario, a reference model was used to measure the degree of successful diagnosis, management and treatment. This study was conducted from May 2012 - January 2013. RESULTS The data were processed for 5 months, from July to November 2012. The two groups of practitioners differed in the number of cue acquisitions obtained in the scenarios. In our study, nurse practitioners took 3 minutes longer to complete the scenarios. CONCLUSION This study suggests that nurse practitioner consultations are comparable to those of medical doctors in a secondary care environment in terms of correct diagnoses and therapeutic treatments. The information processing theory highlighted that both groups of professionals had similar models for decision-making processes.
Contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in a rape (Brassica campestris L.) field in Southwest China

This study aimed to separate the respective contributions of root and microbial respiration to soil respiration in a rape field in Southwest China. The soil respiration was measured with a closed chamber technique and a regression method was used to apportion root and microbial respiration. Microbial and root respiration ranged from 70.67 to 183.77 mg CO 2 /m 2 /h and 21.99 to 193.09 mg CO 2 /m 2 /h, averaged 127.16 and 116.66 mg CO 2 /m 2 /h during the rape growing season, respectively. Root respiration coefficient ranged from 0.41 to 5.39 mg C-CO 2 /g C/h and was negatively correlated with root/shoot ratio, aboveground and belowground biomass, but positively correlated with root N content. The contribution of root respiration to soil respiration averaged 44.2%, ranging from 14.5% to 62.62%.