Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pharmacists versus nonpharmacists in adverse drug event detection: a meta-analysis and systematic review.

PURPOSE A systematic review and metaanalysis were conducted to determine if studies that included pharmacists as chart reviewers detected higher rates of adverse drug events (ADEs) than studies that included other health care professionals or hospital personnel as chart reviewers. METHODS A systematic review and metaanalysis of studies using chart review as the method of detection of ADEs were conducted. Pooled estimates of the ADE rates were calculated using the inverse variance weight method. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, weighted rates of studies in which pharmacists versus other clinicians were the chart reviewers were compared. RESULTS Thirteen studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Using random effects metaanalysis, the mean of the weighted incidence rate detected by pharmacists was 0.33 ADE per admission (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.17-0.50); the mean was 0.16 ADE per admission (95% CI, 0.11-0.22) with detection by nonpharmacists. Significant heterogeneity was present between studies in both groups. A significant difference (p=0.003) existed between the ADE rate reported by pharmacists (median=0.23; interquartile range [IQR], 0.18-0.44) and that of nonpharmacists (median=0.12; IQR, 0.02-0.49). Although there is overwhelming evidence of statistical heterogeneity, the numbers pertaining to the ADE rates detected by the two groups were large enough to indicate significant differences. Despite the heterogeneity, there is strong evidence that pharmacist-led interventions based on chart review report a higher ADE rate among inpatients. CONCLUSION A review of the literature revealed that pharmacists make a salient contribution as manual chart reviewers in inpatient ADE interventions.
Excitable properties and voltage-sensitive ion conductances of horizontal cells isolated from catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) retina.

External horizontal cells were enzymatically dissociated from intact catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) retina and pipetted onto a small chamber attached to the stage of an inverted phase-contrast microscope. Individual horizontal cells were recognized by their large size and restricted dendritic arborization. Low-resistance (3-12 M omega) patch-type electrodes were used to record intracellular potentials and to pass current across the cell membrane under either current or voltage-clamp conditions. The average resting potential of isolated horizontal cells was -67 V + 6.9 mV (mean +/- SD, n = 40). At the resting potential, the cell membrane appears to be mainly permeable to K. A depolarizing current step evoked an action potential in the cell. The maximum rate of rise of the action potential (dV/dt) in normal physiological solution was 6.5 +/- 1.8 V/s (means +/- SD, n = 24) and was reduced to 1.2 +/- 0.39 V/s (means +/- SD, n = 9) in 1-10 micron tetrodotoxin (TTX) and 3.2 +/- 1.4 V/s (means +/- SD, n = 6) in Ca-free solution. The maximum dV/dt was reduced in 10 mM extracellular K concentration [K]o to about half of that seen in standard saline, and values in 30 or 80 mM [K]o were similar to that measured in TTX. Following an action potential, the membrane potential reached a plateau potential of + 17.4 +/- 8.1 mV (means +/- SD, n = 17) and remained depolarized for variable periods of time lasting from less than a second to a few minutes. When the plateau potential was long lasting, the cell repolarized slowly and upon reaching zero rapidly repolarized to the original resting potential. The duration of the plateau potential decreased or was absent in saline containing one of the following calcium channel antagonists: La, Cd, Co, or Ni. The voltage-clamp technique was used to identify the membrane currents responsible for the membrane potential changes seen under current clamp. Experiments were carried out using either a single or two individual electrodes. Fast and steady-state inward currents were recorded from isolated horizontal cells in the voltage range between -20 and +20 mV. These currents were a result of increased membrane conductance to both Na and Ca ions. The Na channels are inactivated at depolarized potentials and are TTX sensitive. Ca channels are partially inactivated at depolarized potentials. The Ca conductance is decreased by Cd, Co, Ni, and La. Ba can substitute for Ca in the channel. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Normative Data for the Hand Dynamometer

206 normal adults, aged 22 to 77 yr. , were administered the hand dynamometer to obtain normative data with respect to age, sex, and dominant-nondominant hand differences. Application of commonly accepted criteria for detection of motor dysfunction using this instrument were made to the data and resulted in a significant number of false positive classifications. The findings have implications for the clinical use of this instrument.
Forms And Functions Of Questions In The Speech Of A 28- Month -0ld Monolingual Shona Speaker.

This paper analyses the forms and functions of Yes/No and Wh-questions produced by a 28-month-old child acquiring Shona as a first language (L1). Elicitation of data which spanned over a period of four weeks called for fine the fine tuning of the researcherâ€™s ear, creating a reason to talk on the part of the child, transcribing and interpreting data. Regarding form, with the exception of one form which had asi in preposed position, Yes/No questions were marked either suprasegmentally or by postposed here. Wh-question formatives, -i,-ei,-pi and ani were observed as the childâ€™s typical postposed question forms. In addition, â€“ko, a postposed form which emphasizes that a question has been asked was observed. Evidence from the data gathered suggests that on verbal elements, preposed positions are relatively weaker than postposed ones. In terms of functions, Yes/No questions asked for agreement or disagreement with the addressee and requests for permission to perform an action. Wh-questions were generally asked for information on identity, location or ownership of an object, event, situation or action, although a few Wh-questions demanded reasons.
A Moderated Mediation Model of Sharing Travel Experience on Social Media: Motivations and Face Orientations in Chinese Culture

ABSTRACT Based on self-determination theory, the theory of reasoned action, and person-context interaction theory, this study proposes and assesses a moderated mediation model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, sharing intention and behavior, and face orientations. The researchers conducted an online survey and collected responses from 287 social media users. The hypothesized direct effects, mediation, and moderation were tested via the hierarchical regression method using SPSS. The results showed that (1) intrinsic and extrinsic motivations have significantly positive impacts on sharing behavior; (2) sharing intention completely mediates the relationship between intrinsic motivation and sharing behavior, while partially mediating the relationship between extrinsic motivation and sharing behavior; (3) protective face orientation (PFO) negatively moderates the relationships between intrinsic or extrinsic motivation and sharing intention, while acquisitive face orientation (AFO) positively moderates the relationship between sharing intention and sharing behavior; (4) when PFO is higher, the conditional indirect effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations on sharing behavior are weaker; (5) when AFO is higher, the conditional indirect effect of intrinsic motivation on sharing behavior is stronger, whereas this effect of extrinsic motivation on sharing behavior is not statistically significant.
Bone regeneration using a synthetic matrix containing enamel matrix derivate.

PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to test whether the delivery of enamel matrix derivate (EMD) via synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogels with and without RGD sequences enhances bone formation in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS In each of 10 rabbits, four titanium cylinders were placed on the external cortical bones of their calvaria. The following four treatment modalities were randomly allocated: One of the four cylinders was left empty (control), the other three were filled with a combination of PEG matrix with hydroxyapatite/tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP) granules and EMD in a concentration of 100 μg/ml (test 1) or 500 μg/ml (test 2) or 500 μg/ml and RGD peptide (test 3). After 8 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and ground sections were obtained for histological analysis. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal-Wallis test was applied (P<0.05). RESULTS The histomorphometric analysis revealed a statistically larger area fraction of newly formed bone in the EMD 500/RGD group (54.8±14.5%) compared with the control group (28.7±10.3%) and the EMD 500 group (31.2±14.1%) and non-significantly higher area fraction compared with the EMD 100 group (38.2±10.4%). The percentage of mineralized bone showed no statistically significant differences among the four groups. The mean percentage of mineralized bone was 13.6±3.3% in the control group, 14.2±5.8% in the EMD 100 group, 11.69±5.9% in the EMD 500 group and 15.66±5.2% in the EMD 500/RGD group. No statistically significant difference regarding the bone-to-graft contact between the EMD 100 group (23±15.7%), the EMD 500 group (22.2±14.6%) and the EMD 500/RGD group (21.6±8.8%) was observed. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a PEG matrix containing EMD with HA/TCP granules had no effect on the formation of mineralized bone tissue in rabbit calvaria. The addition of RGD peptide to the PEG/EMD 500 combination increased the area fraction of newly formed bone compared with the other treatment groups. Further studies are indicated to study a possible synergistic effect of EMD and RGD.
Functional Dissection of Toxoplasma gondii Perforin-like Protein 1 Reveals a Dual Domain Mode of Membrane Binding for Cytolysis and Parasite Egress*

Background: Toxoplasma gondii requires a perforin-like protein (PLP1) for rapid host cell egress. Results: Loss of the PLP1 N-terminal domain reduced parasite egress and lytic activity, but not virulence. Conclusion: PLP1 has a unique accessory N-terminal domain, which binds membranes and promotes rapid egress. Significance: Understanding the role of accessory domains is critical for defining the activity of pore-forming proteins. The recently discovered role of a perforin-like protein (PLP1) for rapid host cell egress by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii expanded the functional diversity of pore-forming proteins. Whereas PLP1 was found to be necessary for rapid egress and pathogenesis, the sufficiency for and mechanism of membrane attack were yet unknown. Here we further dissected the PLP1 knock-out phenotype, the mechanism of PLP1 pore formation, and the role of each domain by genetic complementation. We found that PLP1 is sufficient for membrane disruption and has a conserved mechanism of pore formation through target membrane binding and oligomerization to form large, multimeric membrane-embedded complexes. The highly conserved, central MACPF domain and the β-sheet-rich C-terminal domain were required for activity. Loss of the unique N-terminal extension reduced lytic activity and led to a delay in rapid egress, but did not significantly decrease virulence, suggesting that small amounts of lytic activity are sufficient for pathogenesis. We found that both N- and C-terminal domains have membrane binding activity, with the C-terminal domain being critical for function. This dual mode of membrane association may promote PLP1 activity and parasite egress in the diverse cell types in which this parasite replicates.
Does banking sector development promote economic growth? An empirical analysis for selected countries in Central and South Eastern Europe

Economic growth is one of the ultimate goals of any economic system. This article examines the question whether in 16 transition economies from Central and South Eastern Europe the banking sector influences economic growth. The empirical investigation was carried out using a generalised method of moments (GMM) dynamic panel method. We measure the development in the banking sector using the bank credit to the private sector, interest rates, and ratio of quasi money (RQM). The research results show that credit to the private sector and interest margin (IM) are negatively related to the economic growth, while RQM is positively related to economic growth.
Versatile signal peptide of Flavobacterium‐originated organophosphorus hydrolase for efficient periplasmic translocation of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli

Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) from Flavobacterium species is a membrane‐associated homodimeric metalloenzyme and has its own signal peptide in its N‐terminus. We found that OPH was translocated into the periplasmic space when the original signal peptide‐containing OPH was expressed in recombinant Escherichia coli even though its translocation efficiency was relatively low. To investigate the usability of this OPH signal peptide for periplasmic expression of heterologous proteins in an E. coli system, we employed green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a cytoplasmic folding reporter and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a periplasmic folding reporter. We found that the OPH signal peptide was able to use both twin‐arginine translocation (Tat) and general secretory (Sec) machineries by switching translocation pathways according to the nature of target proteins in E. coli. These results might be due to the lack of Sec‐avoidance sequence in the c‐region and a moderate hydrophobicity of the OPH signal peptide. Interestingly, the OPH signal peptide considerably enhanced the translocation efficiencies for both GFP and ALP compared with commonly used TorA and PelB signal peptides that have Tat and Sec pathway dependences, respectively. Therefore, this OPH signal peptide could be successfully used in recombinant E. coli system for efficient periplasmic production of target protein regardless of the subcellular localization where functional folding of the protein occurs. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 32:848–854, 2016
Adaptive Memory: Investigating the Survival Processing of Faces

It has been consistently found that words exhibit a mnemonic benefit when processed according to their relevance to a survival scenario (Nairne, Thompson, & Pandeirada, 2007). However, when Savine, Scullin, and Roediger (2011) tested this survival processing effect for faces, they were unable to obtain the effect. If memory evolved to aid survival, then memory for threatening individuals should be enhanced. This study examined whether the survival processing effect would be obtained for faces if they were processed according to a threatfocused scenario, modified from that of Savine et al. (2011), rather than a standard survival scenario. This hypothesis was tested in a between-subjects design, utilizing male and female faces, and two different threat scenarios along with a control scenario. A marginally significant survival processing effect for faces was obtained.
Perceived Aggressiveness Predicts Fighting Performance in Mixed-Martial-Arts Fighters

Accurate assessment of competitive ability is a critical component of contest behavior in animals, and it could be just as important in human competition, particularly in human ancestral populations. Here, we tested the role that facial perception plays in this assessment by investigating the association between both perceived aggressiveness and perceived fighting ability in fighters’ faces and their actual fighting success. Perceived aggressiveness was positively associated with the proportion of fights won, after we controlled for the effect of weight, which also independently predicted perceived aggression. In contrast, perception of fighting ability was confounded by weight, and an association between perceived fighting ability and actual fighting success was restricted to heavyweight fighters. Shape regressions revealed that aggressive-looking faces are generally wider and have a broader chin, more prominent eyebrows, and a larger nose than less aggressive-looking faces. Our results indicate that perception of aggressiveness and fighting ability might cue different aspects of success in male-male physical confrontation.
Rivastigmine in Parkinson's disease dementia

Parkinson's disease has now evolved beyond what was considered to be a traditional motor disorder. It is being increasingly recognized that non-motor symptoms such as cognitive impairment, frank dementia, psychosis, depression, autonomic dysfunction and sleep disturbances are just as integral to the disease spectrum. The cholinergic system has been proposed to play a pivotal role in cognitive dysfunction. Based on interpretation of clinical studies in patients with Alzheimer's, cholinesterase inhibitors have also been studied for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Most of these include large and small placebo-controlled studies and several pilot studies have indicated that cholinesterase inhibitors have a favorable effect on cognition, psychiatric symptoms and global function in Parkinson's disease dementia. A large randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that rivastigmine had moderate improvement in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. The magnitude of effects in terms of scores for the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale and Alzheimer's disease cooperative study-clinicians global impression of change were similar to those observed among patients with Alzheimer's disease who were treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. A transdermal patch which gradually releases rivastigmine over the application period is now available for use in mild to moderate dementia associated with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
The Effects of Causal Connections on Memory of Discourse

Suh & Trabasso(l 993) has shown that readers integrate sentences through causal inferences at the points predicted by the Causal Network Model(Trabasso, van den Broek, & Suh, 1989). The purpose of the present study is to find out whether the causal connections confirmed by Suh & Trabasso remain in a stable representation of a discourse and affect its recall. For this, subjects read and recalled nνo versions of stories which were similar in their surface content but very different in their causal network structures. It was found that the subjects’ recall was better for the sentences that had more causal connections according to the Causal Network Model. In conclusion, causal integrations that occur during on-line reading remain in a stable representation of a discourse and affect the recall of the discourse later.
Capacities of cognitive and emotional empathy in relationship to interpersonal difficulties in alcohol dependant patients (AD)

•To explore the association between capacities of both aspects of empathy and interpersonal difficulties in AD patients. We hypothesized that capacities of empathy would be correlated to the quality of interpersonal relationships. •To investigate the capacity of AD patients to infer interpersonal intentions in social situation (cognitive empathy). We hypothesized that AD patients compared to healthy individuals will attributed more intentions of reject and of aggressiveness, and less intentions of affiliation to other people on the basis of their EFE. •To explore the emotional feeling state of AD patients in function of the EFE display by other people (emotional empathy). We hypothesized that the modulation in AD patients will be different from the one of healthy people in function of the Cloninger subtype of alcoholism. This emotional reactivity will be more important in Type 1 alcoholism and less important in Type 2 alcoholism.
Roxanne’s Dress: Governing Gender and Marginality through Addiction Treatment

Addiction treatment is central to state governance, particularly to systems that manage crime and poverty. While a growing body of research on penal treatment suggests that it reflects punitive, neoliberal trends in punishment, we know much less about how these programs compare to treatment outside the criminal justice system. This article ethnographically compares two “gender-sensitive” addiction treatment programs for women: one is an alternative-to-incarceration facility, while the other is funded by health insurance and has no ties to the penal state. It analyzes how and why women’s appearance and gender presentation became an important target of reform at the penal program but not at the health-care program. Their practices reflect different understandings of addiction and reveal the intersection of class, race, and gender in systems that govern crime and substance use. For the penal program, addiction stems from women’s deficient self-esteem, and this degraded self manifests in their failure to meet gendered appearance norms. Through this, women’s class- and race-based material constraints are turned into psychological problems. The health-care program did not give its clients makeovers, because the clients were constructed as respectable people whose main problem was substance abuse. I chart how race, class, and gender distinctions are built into the discursive and institutional organization of the addiction treatment field—and how, through treatment, the carceral state imparts distinctively racialized, classed, and gendered stigmas. Ideas about addiction thus operate as a framework for understanding and governing social marginality and must be understood intersectionally.
The Over-Investment Hypothesis

There is much confusion in the economics literature on wage determination and the employment–inflation trade-off. Few model builders pay as much careful attention to the definition and meaning of long-run concepts as did Albert Ando. Expanding on years of painstaking work by Ando, the contributors elaborate on the main issues of economic analysis and policies that concerned him.
Reciprocity and Prejudice: An Experiment of Hindu-Muslim Cooperation in the Slums of Mumbai

This paper develops and tests a new explanation of ethnic discrimination. It posits that people cooperate more with and discriminate less against the groups expected to reciprocate cooperative behavior. Conditional cooperators rationally update their group stereotypes after experiencing reciprocity in interactions with the groups’ individual members. This change in turn reduces prejudice and discrimination. The theory is tested using laboratory experiments, an original survey, and interviews. 402 Hindu subjects sampled from slums in India participated in a randomized controlled trial. After the treatment manipulated expectations of cooperative behavior, ethnically heterogeneous groups produced as much public goods in a public goods game as homogenous ones. This positive experience radically increased trust and reduced ethnic discrimination of a generally mistrusted ethnic minority (Muslims) as a whole. * This project was supported by a Columbia University GSAS International Traveling Fellowship. It benefited greatly from critical comments and suggestions made by Donald Green, Jack Snyder, Macartan Humphreys, Neelanjan Sircar, Thomas Blom Hansen, as well as attendants of the South Asia Workshop (New Delhi), Columbia University International Politics Seminar (New York), and Columbia University Comparative Politics Seminar (New York). I would like also to thank R.N. Sharma for his guidance during my field research in India and to my two tireless research assistants, Aditya Padwal and Priyesh Gohil, for being willing to work with me 12 hours a day.