Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Creating Strategic Advantage Through Entrepreneurial Governance in New Ventures

An important literature has made a fundamental link between corporate governance and corporate strategy. According to agency theory, assigning managers stock options aligns their interests with the interests of the owners of the firm. This paper suggests that this may not apply in the context of new ventures. Instead, an alternative perspective offered in this paper suggests that if contracts are incomplete, then managerial stock ownership not only provides a mechanism to align managerial incentives with the owners' goals, as agency theory predicts, it also grants top managers residual control rights to be used in subsequent negotiations with the owners. The ability to exercise residual control rights improves the ex post bargaining position of the CEO as an asset owner, thereby increasing her incentive to make relationship-specific investments that are specific to the new venture. Thus, in the context of new venture strategy assigning asset ownership to those who have the most important relationship-specific resources or who have indispensable human capital is a crucial source of subsequent competitive advantage. This theory of entrepreneurial governance is tested using patent ownership as a proxy for both relationship-specific investments and indispensable human capital of the CEO of the new venture. The empirical results support the main hypothesis posited by the entrepreneurial governance model.
In Academe, What Is Learned, and How Is It Learned?

Academic learning is different from much of the learning engaged in by humans functioning in the natural world. It differs in terms of the cognitive systems that have evolved to assimilate new information. Academic learning requires specific teaching and learning procedures that occur only occasionally outside of academic contexts. The manner in which humans process the categories of information used in academic learning mirrors the processes by which biological evolution processes genetic information. Based on knowledge of human cognition, cognitive load theory was devised to facilitate academic learning by developing appropriate instructional procedures.
Pulmonary function tests: normal values in non-smoking students and staff at the Aga Khan University, Karachi.

OBJECTIVE To estimate normal values of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and ratio between FEV1/FVC among non-smoking staff and students at The Aga Khan University (AKU) Hospital, Karachi, and to study the effect of age, gender and body mass index (BMI) on these variables. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY This study was conducted at the Multidisciplinary Laboratory (MDL) of AKUH, Karachi from May to November 2005. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two hundred forty-one healthy never smokers were approached through non-probability convenient sampling among the staff and students of AKU and were screened through a questionnaire. Data from 200 subjects was used for analysis. Subjects were excluded if pregnant, body mass index (BMI) not ranging from 17-25, FEV1/FVC% less than 70 or with non-reproducible results. The mean values of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC% and PEFR among males and females in different ages were compared by 't' test. Linear regression was applied to study the effect of age and BMI on the outcome variables. RESULTS Mean FVC, FEV1 and PEFR were found to be higher in males than the females in all the age groups, the difference in FVC was significantly higher in the age groups of less than 20 years and 20-29 years (2.09L, CI: 1.27-2.92) and (1.51L, CI: 1.29-1.73) respectively. The above spirometric values declined with age and increased with height. Increase in age by one year resulted in 0.051 L decline in FVC (CI: -0.056, -0.034) whereas increase in height by a centimeter improved the FVC by 0.044L (CI: 0.03, 0.056). CONCLUSION The mean FVC, FEV1 and PEFR were higher in males in each age group. Females had higher FEV1/FVC%. Height had positive linear relationship and age was inversely related whereas BMI was not significantly associated with these variables. In order to generalize these reference values, a larger study following the ATS criteria is needed.
Cross-Cultural Validity of Holland's Model in Hong Kong

While Holland's model has been widely tested and found broad support in the West, it has not been tested in Hong Kong. Using a sample of 1813 entering freshmen, we investigated the cross-cultural validity of Holland's models of six interest or personality types in Hong Kong. Results indicated: (a) Holland's model as operationalized by UNIACT has considerable external validity; (b) the internal structure of the UNIACT was generally consistent with the formulations by Holland; (c) the cultural value of traditionality affected the fit between Holland's model and the student data in that Hong Kong students who hold stronger traditional values tended to behave less consistently with Holland's model than those who hold weaker traditional Chinese values. These findings were discussed in terms of their implication for future cross-cultural vocational psychology research and practices.
A Comparison of Different Cognitive Paradigms Using Simple Animats in a Virtual Laboratory, with Implications to the Notion of Cognition

In this thesis I present a virtual laboratory which implements five different models for controlling animats: a rule-based system, a behaviour-based system, a concept-based system, a neural network, and a Braitenberg architecture. Through different experiments, I compare the performance of the models and conclude that there is no best model, since different models are better for different things in different contexts. The models I chose, although quite simple, represent different approaches for studying cognition. Using the results as an empirical philosophical aid, I note that there is no best approach for studying cognition, since different approaches have all advantages and disadvantages, because they study different aspects of cognition from different contexts. This has implications for current debates on proper approaches for cognition: all approaches are a bit proper, but none will be proper enough. I draw remarks on the notion of cognition abstracting from all the approaches used to study it, and propose a simple classification for different types of cognition.
MultiProcessor Scheduling is PLS-Complete

We consider two natural models of local improvement. We show that the MULTIPROCESSOR SCHEDULING problem, i.e., the problem of scheduling weighted jobs on identical machines with the objective to minimize the makespan, is PLS-complete for a sufficiently large neighborhood. In the first model, in an improvement step, either the makespan decreases or the makespan remains unchanged and the number of makespan machines decreases. In the second model, we consider the selfish version of the problem, where the jobs are viewed as selfish agents. The cost of an agent is the load of the machine to which it is assigned. Agents may form arbitrary, non-fixed coalitions. The cost of a coalition is defined to be the maximum cost of its members. In an improvement step, the cost of the coalition of reallocating agents decreases. Both these problems are PLS-complete for local improvement algorithms with steps which include reallocating up to 33 jobs/agents. We show these results by reduction from the MAXCONSTRAINTASSIGNMENT problem (p,q,r)-MCA, which is an extension of weighted, generalized MAXSAT to higher valued variables. Here, p is the maximum number of variables occurring in a constraint, q is the maximum number of appearances of a variable, and r is the valuedness of the variables. In detail, we use a reduction from (2, 3, r)-MCAbipartite, which is the restriction of (2,3,r)-MCA to instances I, where the graph defined by I is bipartite, and we use some local version of the well-known weighted 3DIMENSIONALMATCHING problem as an intermediate problem in our reduction. In contrast to our results, for k = 1 and k /spl epsilon'/ IN, the solution computed by Graham's LPT-algorithm is locally optimal for both models. To the best of our knowledge, MULTIPROCESSOR SCHEDULING is the first problem, which is known to be solvable in polynomial time for a small neighborhood and PLS-complete for a larger, but still constant, neighborhood.
Education and Job Satisfaction

The match between workers' expected and actual job conditions has long been recognized as one determinate of job satisfaction. Research has suggested that education is an important variable in conditioning the kinds of expectations workers bring to the workplace. Interestingly, recent studies have found evidence that when job conditions do not correspond with educational attainment, the net effect of education on levels of worker satisfaction is negative. Moreover, there is additional evidence that the form of this relationship may be different for men and women. In this research, we examine both of these possibilities using data from the 1972-73 Quality of Employment Survey. While we do find that the effect of schooling on worker satisfaction net of job conditions and rewards is nonsignificant, we do not find evidence of any negative effects of education. More importantly, although our data do indicate certain differences in the form of the education-job satisfaction relationship for men and women, our findings suggest that it is wage-earning responsibility, not the worker's gender per se, that best accounts for these variations.
Progress on Coronal, Interplanetary, Foreshock, and Outer Heliospheric Radio Emissions

Abstract Type II and III solar radio bursts are associated with shock waves and streams of energetic electrons, respectively, which drive plasma waves and radio emission at multiples of the electron plasma frequency as they move out from the corona into the interplanetary medium. Analogous plasma waves and radiation are observed from the foreshock region upstream of Earth's bow shock. In situ spacecraft observations in the solar wind have enabled major progress to be made in developing quantitative theories for these phenomena that are consistent with available data. Similar processes are believed responsible for radio emissions at 2–3 kHz that originate in the distant heliosphere, from where the solar wind interacts with the local interstellar medium. The primary goal of this paper is to review the observations and theories for these four classes of emissions, focusing on recent progress in developing detailed theories for the plasma waves and radiation in the source regions. The secondary goal is to introduce and review stochastic growth theory, a recent theory which appears quantitatively able to explain the wave observations in type III bursts and Earth's foreshock and is a natural theory to apply to type II bursts, the outer heliospheric emissions, and perhaps astrophysicalemissions.
Towards inclusion of cross-boundary students from Mainland China in educational policies and practices in Hong Kong

Every society has an obligation to provide quality education to children regardless of their socio-economic and cultural backgrounds. The number of cross-boundary students (CBS) from Mainland China in Hong Kong schools is increasing. This article reviews educational policy and provision for educating CBS, presenting data from an empirical study. Data from three school-based case studies (pre-primary, primary and secondary) reveal an absence of systematic school-based policy or provision for newcomers. This article draws on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child to review educational practices with regard to CBS populations. Despite the rapid growth in numbers of CBS, the case studies suggest that Hong Kong regional government’s policies fail to meet students’ transitional needs or guarantee their rights. There remains a serious policy gap that is left to schools and teachers to address as best they can. The article concludes by discussing implications for policy making and teacher professional development.
Beyond Species Richness: Community Similarity as a Measure of Cross‐Taxon Congruence for Coarse‐Filter Conservation

Abstract: The use of a surrogate taxon in conservation planning has become questionable because recent evidence suggests that the correlation of species richness between pairs of taxa is highly variable both taxonomically and geographically. Species richness is only one measure of species diversity, however, and recent studies suggest that investigations of cross‐taxon congruence should consider a broader range of assessment techniques. The cross‐taxon congruence of community similarity between sites among taxa has rarely been examined and may be the most relevant measure of species diversity in the context of coarse‐filter conservation strategies. We examined cross‐taxon congruence patterns of species richness and community similarity (Bray‐Curtis similarity) among birds, butterflies, and vascular plants in montane meadow habitats in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Although patterns of species richness (Spearman rank correlation) varied between taxa, we consistently found a positive correlation in community similarity (Mantel test) between all pair‐wise comparisons of the three taxa (e.g., sites with similar bird communities also had similar butterfly communities). We suggest that the success of a surrogate taxon depends on the technique used to assess surrogacy and the specific approach to conservation planning. In the context of coarse‐filter conservation, measures of community similarity may be more appropriate than measures of species richness. Furthermore, the cross‐taxon congruency of community similarity in our study suggests that coarse‐filter conservation may be tenable in montane meadow communities.
Emotion Based Attentional Priority for Storage in Visual Short-Term Memory

A plethora of research demonstrates that the processing of emotional faces is prioritised over non-emotive stimuli when cognitive resources are limited (this is known as ‘emotional superiority’). However, there is debate as to whether competition for processing resources results in emotional superiority per se, or more specifically, threat superiority. Therefore, to investigate prioritisation of emotional stimuli for storage in visual short-term memory (VSTM), we devised an original VSTM report procedure using schematic (angry, happy, neutral) faces in which processing competition was manipulated. In Experiment 1, display exposure time was manipulated to create competition between stimuli. Participants (n = 20) had to recall a probed stimulus from a set size of four under high (150 ms array exposure duration) and low (400 ms array exposure duration) perceptual processing competition. For the high competition condition (i.e. 150 ms exposure), results revealed an emotional superiority effect per se. In Experiment 2 (n = 20), we increased competition by manipulating set size (three versus five stimuli), whilst maintaining a constrained array exposure duration of 150 ms. Here, for the five-stimulus set size (i.e. maximal competition) only threat superiority emerged. These findings demonstrate attentional prioritisation for storage in VSTM for emotional faces. We argue that task demands modulated the availability of processing resources and consequently the relative magnitude of the emotional/threat superiority effect, with only threatening stimuli prioritised for storage in VSTM under more demanding processing conditions. Our results are discussed in light of models and theories of visual selection, and not only combine the two strands of research (i.e. visual selection and emotion), but highlight a critical factor in the processing of emotional stimuli is availability of processing resources, which is further constrained by task demands.
Measurement of Motor Recovery After Stroke: Outcome Assessment and Sample Size Requirements

Background and Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze recovery of motor function in a cohort of patients presenting with an acute occlusion in the carotid distribution. Analysis of recovery patterns is important for estimating patient care needs, establishing therapeutic plans, and estimating sample sizes for clinical intervention trials. Methods We prospectively measured the motor deficits of 104 stroke patients over a 6-month period to identify earliest measures that would predict subsequent motor recovery. Motor function was measured with the Fugl-Meyer Assessment. Fifty-four patients were randomly assigned to a training set for model development; 50 patients were assigned to a test set for model validation. In a second analysis, patients were stratified on basis of time and stroke severity. The sample size required to detect a 50% improvement in residual motor function was calculated for each level of impairment and at three points in time. Results At baseline the initial Fugl-Meyer motor scores accounted for only half the variance in 6-month motor function (r2=0.53, p<0.001). After 5 days, both the 5-day motor and sensory scores explained 74% of the variance (p<0.001). After 30 days, the 30-day motor score explained 86% of the variance (p<0.001). Application of these best models to the test set confirmed the results obtained with the training set. Sample-size calculations revealed that as severity and time since stroke increased, sample sizes required to detect a 50% improvement in residual motor deficits decreased. Conclusions Most of the variability in motor recovery can be explained by 30 days after stroke. These findings have important implications for clinical practice and research.
Evolution of Inbreeding Coefficients and Effective Size in the Population of Saguenay Lac-St.-Jean (Québec)

ABSTRACT We computed mean inbreeding coefficients (FIT, FIS, and FST) based on approximately 2,700 ascending pedigrees of contemporary people from Saguenay Lac-St-Jean (Québec, Canada). This allowed us to appreciate the accumulated inbreeding and to follow the evolution of these coefficients since the founding of Québec. One of the results was the expected increase in FST. Relying on this parameter, we computed the effective size (Ne) of the contemporary population, obtaining a value around 1,000, in agreement with previous estimations. We noticed a decrease of Ne through history despite the population's growing size.
Probabilistic Appearance Models for Segmentation and Classification

Statistical shape and appearance models are often based on the accurate identification of one-to-one correspondences in a training data set. At the same time, the determination of these corresponding landmarks is the most challenging part of such methods. Hufnagel etal developed an alternative method using correspondence probabilities for a statistical shape model. We propose the use of probabilistic correspondences for statistical appearance models by incorporating appearance information into the framework. A point-based representation is employed representing the image by a set of vectors assembling position and appearances. Using probabilistic correspondences between these multi-dimensional feature vectors eliminates the need for extensive preprocessing to find corresponding landmarks and reduces the dependence of the generated model on the landmark positions. Then, a maximum a-posteriori approach is used to derive a single global optimization criterion with respect to model parameters and observation dependent parameters, that directly affects shape and appearance information of the considered structures. Model generation and fitting can be expressed by optimizing the same criterion. The developed framework describes the modeling process in a concise and flexible mathematical way and allows for additional constraints as topological regularity in the modeling process. Furthermore, it eliminates the demand for costly correspondence determination. We apply the model for segmentation and landmark identification in hand X-ray images, where segmentation information is modeled as further features in the vectorial image representation. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the model to reconstruct contours and landmarks for unseen test images. Furthermore, we apply the model for tissue classification, where a model is generated for healthy brain tissue using 2D MRI slices. Applying the model to images of stroke patients the probabilistic correspondences are used to classify between healthy and pathological structures. The results demonstrate the ability of the probabilistic model to recognize healthy and pathological tissue automatically.
The ‘Deserving’ Rich? Inequality, Morality and Social Policy

Abstract There is a long tradition in social policy of discussing and critiquing the notion of ‘deservingness’ in relation to ‘the poor’. This paper will apply such debates to ‘the rich’ to consider the grounds on which this group might be considered ‘deserving’. The paper identifies three sets of arguments. The first set of arguments concerns the appropriateness of rewarding merit/hard work/effort/risk-taking etc. The second concerns more consequentialist/economic arguments about providing incentives for wealth creation. And the third considers the character and behaviour of the rich. As well as discussing the potential criteria for deservingness, the paper will also debate whether the degree of income and wealth gained by the rich is deserved. Finally, the paper will discuss the social policy implications, including taxation policies, which emerge from this debate.
SUBGROUP CONSISTENT POVERTY INDICES

It seems desirable that the overall level of poverty should fall whenever poverty decreases within some subgroup of the population and is unchanged outside that group. Yet this simple and attractive property, which we call "subgroup consistency," is violated by many of the poverty indices suggested in recent years. This paper characterizes the class of subgroup consistent poverty indices, and identifies the special features associated with this property. Copyright 1991 by The Econometric Society.
Teachers’ Trust in Role Partners, Intention to Continue in Teaching, and Schools Social Composition in Israel

The study examines teachers’ trust in their role partners and its relation to their intention to continue teaching at schools with high and low socioeconomic composition. Based on a questionnaire completed by 149 Israeli teachers in in-service training programs, and interviews with 10 teachers, it was found that teachers attribute different social roles to trust depending on the school’s social composition. In schools with low socioeconomic composition, teachers highly trusted colleagues. In schools with high socioeconomic composition, teachers trusted clients. Trust was linked to teachers’ plans to continue teaching. The implications of these findings regarding teachers’ work are discussed.
Investigating neural architectures for short answer scoring

Neural approaches to automated essay scoring have recently shown state-of-the-art performance. The automated essay scoring task typically involves a broad notion of writing quality that encompasses content, grammar, organization, and conventions. This differs from the short answer content scoring task, which focuses on content accuracy. The inputs to neural essay scoring models – ngrams and embeddings – are arguably well-suited to evaluate content in short answer scoring tasks. We investigate how several basic neural approaches similar to those used for automated essay scoring perform on short answer scoring. We show that neural architectures can outperform a strong non-neural baseline, but performance and optimal parameter settings vary across the more diverse types of prompts typical of short answer scoring.