Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Rethinking natural altruism: Simple reciprocal interactions trigger children’s benevolence

Significance This research showed that a very simple reciprocal activity elicited high degrees of altruism in 1- and 2-y-old children (as well as older children), whereas friendly but nonreciprocal activity did not. By doing so, it calls into question the current, dominant claim that young humans are naturally and spontaneously altruistic and that socialization cannot account for their altruistic actions. Beyond their scientific innovation, the findings can have important implications for adult–child interactions. Caregivers may engage in simple reciprocal activities that foster both the enactment of altruism in children and their expectation of altruism from others. A very simple reciprocal activity elicited high degrees of altruism in 1- and 2-y-old children, whereas friendly but nonreciprocal activity yielded little subsequent altruism. In a second study, reciprocity with one adult led 1- and 2-y-olds to provide help to a new person. These results question the current dominant claim that social experiences cannot account for early occurring altruistic behavior. A third study, with preschool-age children, showed that subtle reciprocal cues remain potent elicitors of altruism, whereas a fourth study with preschoolers showed that even a brief reciprocal experience fostered children’s expectation of altruism from others. Collectively, the studies suggest that simple reciprocal interactions are a potent trigger of altruism for young children, and that these interactions lead children to believe that their relationships are characterized by mutual care and commitment.
Atopic Allergy and Serum IgE Concentrations in Randomly Selected Children Followed Up from 8 to 12 Years of Age

A total of 159 children selected at random were followed up from the age of 8 to 12 years regarding the development and cumulated incidence of atopic disease as well as serum IgE concentrations. The cumulated incidence, including healed cases, rose to 25.8%. The highest prevalence was found for allergic rhinitis (12.2%). Serum IgE concentrations decreased significantly in both healthy and atopic subjects, and indicated a peak in total IgE concentration in early school age. The allergy predictive value of elevated IgE concentrations was confirmed. Low concentrations of allergen‐specific IgE were found in 14.1 % of children healthy before and during the observation period, indicating that transient production of IgE antibodies is a normal phenomenon. Finally, the stability of IgE was excellent during the first 2 years at −20°C but later on concentrations tended to decrease, especially in the lower range.
6 Is there a legitimation crisis of the nation-state?

It is widely accepted that internationalization and the increasing loss of parliamentary control over political power challenge the legitimacy of national democratic systems and their core institutions. We first present results from a study of public communication, which, when examined in the context of theories of legitimation, indicate that these processes do not necessarily lead to the erosion or breakdown of popular support for the nation state. The idea that there is a linear cause-and-effect relationship is overly simple, and a more detailed analysis is called for. Legitimation of a political system through public communication is a back-and-forth process which is determined by the system's specific institutional arrangements and by the fortuitous twists and turns of public debate. Nation states have more extensive, diverse and deeply rooted sources of legitimation than is often assumed.
From chaos and insecurity to understanding and coping: experienced benefits of a group-based education programme for people with chronic fatigue syndrome

The aim of this study was to elicit participants' experiences with a multidisciplinary patient education programme and their views regarding the usefulness of the programme. Focus group interviews were conducted with 10 participants immediately and nine months following participation in the programme and analysed using thematic analysis. Initially, the participants experienced confusion and insecurity regarding coping with the illness. Participation in the programme appeared to promote understanding, acceptance and coping through gaining greater knowledge, learning coping strategies and exchanging experiences, as well as receiving understanding and acceptance. Thus, the programme was experienced to be a beneficial intervention. However, the participants expressed a need for more guidance or follow-up to maintain the practice of coping strategies for better coping with their illness.
Thromboembolic disease detection at indirect CT venography versus CT pulmonary angiography.

PURPOSE To assess the incremental increase in thromboembolic disease detection at indirect computed tomographic (CT) venography versus CT pulmonary angiography and to determine the importance of scan interval for indirect CT venography on the basis of thrombus length. MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained, and informed consent was not required. The study included 1590 consecutive patients undergoing CT pulmonary angiography for the suspicion of pulmonary embolism. Two minutes after completion of pulmonary angiography, a contiguous indirect CT venography was performed from the iliac crest to the popliteal fossa. The presence of pulmonary embolism or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was recorded for all patients. The lengths of all deep venous thrombi found in the first 378 consecutive patients were recorded. RESULTS Pulmonary embolism was detected in 243 (15%) of 1590 patients at CT pulmonary angiography, and DVT was detected in 148 (9%) patients at indirect CT venography. Among 148 patients with DVT, pulmonary embolism was detected in 100 patients at CT pulmonary angiography. Thus, the addition of indirect CT venography to CT pulmonary angiography resulted in a 20% incremental increase in thromboembolic disease detection compared with that at CT pulmonary angiography alone (99% confidence interval: 17%, 23%). Among the 378 patients, DVT was present in 33 patients at indirect CT venography. Two (6%) of 33 patients had clots measuring 2 cm or less, six (18%) had clots measuring 3-4 cm, and 25 (76%) had clots measuring more than 4 cm in length. CONCLUSION The addition of indirect CT venography to CT pulmonary angiography incrementally increases the detection rate of thromboembolic disease by 20%. Performance of indirect CT venography by using contiguous section intervals, with a section width of 1 cm, is recommended to accurately detect DVT.
Comparative Analysis of WaveOne and LightSpeed LSX for the Residual Dentin Thickness of the Bifurcated Maxillary First Premolar Buccal Root Utilizing Limited Field Cone Beam Computed Tomography

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WAVEONE AND LIGHTSPEED LSX FOR THE RESIDUAL DENTIN THICKNESS OF THE BIFURCATED MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR BUCCAL ROOT UTILIZING LIMITED FIELD CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY By Manpreet Singh Sarao, BDS, DDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2013. Director: Karan J. Replogle, DDS, MS Department Chair, Department of Endodontics The purpose of this study was to compare the thickness of dentin removed from the buccal root of bifurcated maxillary first premolars (BMFP) in the area of furcation groove after instrumentation with WaveOne and LightSpeed LSX files utilizing limited field cone beam computerized tomography. All data was analyzed using repeated-measured mixed-model ANOVA and differences were described using Tukey’s multiple comparison procedure. The thickness of dentin removed with LightSpeed LSX files (0.1 mm) was significantly less than the thickness of dentin removed with WaveOne files (0.2 mm). To conclude, LSX files remove a more predictable and consistent thickness of dentin from the buccal root of BMFP, irrespective of the pre-instrumentation thickness of dentin and the file size when compared to WO files that remove a more variable thickness of dentin.
The association between unwanted early sexual experiences and sexual adjustment among Belgian and South African students

This study examined the association between unwanted early sexual experiences (UESE) and sexual adjustment among 2,608 Belgian students (men = 1,017; women = 1,587) and 1,081 South African students (men = 335; women = 739) and the severity of the experience in its bothersomeness. Of Belgian women, 14.2% (226) reported UESE compared to 31.3% (231) of South African women; and of Belgian men 12.3% (125) indicated that they had an UESE compared to 56.4% (189) of South African men. Against expectations, those without UESE showed significant poorer sexual adjustment. The severity of UESE was also associated with greater bothersomeness by all respondents except for Belgian men at the time of completing the checklist. However, no association was found between severity and bothersomeness at the time of UESE.
The causal impact of rape myth acceptance on men's rape proclivity: comparing sexually coercive and noncoercive men

Heightened temporary accessibility of men's rape myth acceptance (RMA) increases the correlation between RMA and rape proclivity (RP), suggesting a causal impact of RMA on RP (G. Bohner et al., 1998). We additionally examined previous sexual coercion as an indicator of chronic accessibility of RMA. In Study 1 (N = 107), the correlation between RMA and RP was higher: (a) if RMA was assessed before (versus after) RP; and (b) for men who had previously engaged in sexual coercion compared with men who had not. In Study 2 (N = 148), sexually coercive men were faster answering RMA items than were noncoercive men. Taken together, these findings indicate that the temporary and chronic accessibility of RMA independently affect the RMA-RP link. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parental Perceptions of Quality of Life in Children on Long-Term Ventilation at Home as Compared to Enterostomy Tubes

Objective Health related quality of life (HRQL) of children using medical technology at home is largely unknown. Our aim was to examine the HRQL in children on long-term ventilation at home (LTHV) in comparison to a cohort using an enterostomy tube. Study Design Participants were divided into three groups: 1) LTHV without an enterostomy tube (LTHV cohort); 2) Enterostomy tube (GT cohort); 3) LTHV with an enterostomy tube (LTHV+GT cohort). Caregivers of children ≥ 5 years and followed at SickKids, Toronto, Canada, completed three questionnaires: Health Utilities Index 2/3 (HUI2/3), Caregiver Priorities Caregiver Health Index (CPCHILD), and the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). The primary outcome was the difference in utility (HUI2/3) scores between the cohorts. Results One hundred and nineteen children were enrolled; 47 in the LTHV cohort, 44 in the GT cohort, and 28 in the LTHV+GT cohort. In univariate analysis, HUI2 mean (SE) scores were lowest for the GT cohort, 0.4 (0.04) followed by the LTHV+GT, 0.42 (0.05) and then the LTHV cohort, 0.7 (0.04), p = 0.001. A similar trend was seen for the HUI3 mean (SE) scores: GT cohort, 0.1 (0.06), followed by the LTHV +GT cohort, 0.2 (0.08) and then the LTHV cohort, 0.5 (0.06), p = 0.0001. Technology cohort, nursing hours and the severity of health care needs predicted HRQL as measured by the HUI2/3. Conclusion The HRQL of these children is low. Children on LTHV had higher HRQL than children using enterostomy tubes. Further work is needed to identify modifiable factors that can improve HRQL.
PID vs LQ control techniques applied to an indoor micro quadrotor

The development of miniature flying robots has become a reachable dream, thanks to the new sensing and actuating technologies. Micro VTOL systems represent a useful class of flying robots because of their strong abilities for small-area monitoring and building exploration. In this paper, we present the results of two model-based control techniques applied to an autonomous four-rotor micro helicopter called quadrotor. A classical approach (PID) assumed a simplified dynamics and a modern technique (LQ) based on a more complete model. Various simulations were performed and several tests on the bench validate the control laws. Finally, we present the results of the first test in flight with the helicopter released. These developments are part of the OS4 project in our lab.
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES LIQUIDITY RISK OF CORPORATE BOND RETURNS: A CONDITIONAL APPROACH

We study the exposure of the US corporate bond returns to liquidity shocks of stocks and Treasury bonds over the period 1973 2007 in a regime switching model. In one regime, liquidity shocks have mostly insignificant effects on bond prices, whereas in another regime, a rise in illiquidity produces significant but conflicting effects: Prices of investment-grade bonds rise while prices of speculative-grade (junk) bonds fall substantially (relative to the market). Relating the probability of these regimes to macroeconomic conditions we find that the second regime can be predicted by economic conditions that are characterized as “stress. ” These effects, which are robust to controlling for other systematic risks (term and default), suggest the existence of time-varying liquidity risk of corporate bond returns conditional on episodes of flight to liquidity. Our model can predict the out-of-sample bond returns for the stress years 2008 2009. We find a similar pattern for stocks classified by high or low book-tomarket ratio, where again, liquidity shocks play a special role in periods characterized by adverse economic conditions. Viral V. Acharya Stern School of Business New York University 44 West 4th Street, Suite 9-84 New York, NY 10012 and CEPR and also NBER vacharya@stern.nyu. edu Yakov Amihud New York University Stern School of Business 44 West Fourth Street, Suite 9-190 New York, NY 10012 yamihud@stern.nyu. edu Sreedhar T. Bharath Department of Finance University of Michigan Room D7606 ER 701 Tappan Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234 sbharath@asu.edu
Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoproteins gH/gL and gB Bind Toll-Like Receptor 2, and Soluble gH/gL Is Sufficient To Activate NF-κB

ABSTRACT A number of sentinels sense incoming herpes simplex virus (HSV) virions and initiate an immediate innate response. The first line of defense at the cell surface is TLR2 (Toll-like receptor 2), whose signature signaling activity leads to activation of the key transcription factor NF-κB. We report that the HSV pathogen-associated molecular patterns for TLR2 are the virion glycoproteins gH/gL and gB, which constitute the conserved fusion core apparatus across the members of the Herpesviridae family. Specifically, virions devoid singly of one of essential fusion glycoproteins (gD, gB, or gH null), able to attach to cells but defective in fusion/entry, were sufficient to elicit the first wave of NF-κB response to HSV. The most effective were the gD-null virions, positive for gH/gL and gB. A soluble form of gB, truncated upstream of the transmembrane sequence (gB730t-st), was produced in human cells and purified by means of a Strep tag. gH/gL and gB were each able to physically interact with TLR2 in coimmunoprecipitation assays, one independently of the other, yet gHt-st/gL, but not gB730t-st, elicited an NF-κB response. Thus, whereas both HSV gH/gL and gB are ligands to TLR2, only gH/gL is sufficient to initiate a signaling cascade which leads to NF-κB activation.
Predictors of Attendance at the Performing Arts

The present study differs from earlier efforts by its consideration of (1) future attendance intentions of potential artsgoers, (2) life-style, attitudinal, and experiential predictor variables, and (3) multiple market segments, and by its use of multivariate methods. With such differences, socioeconomic variables that were best predictors of arts attendance in prior work become nonsignificant. Implications for arts management are discussed.
Epigenetic Modulation of Seizure-Induced Neurogenesis and Cognitive Decline

The conceptual understanding of hippocampal function has been challenged recently by the finding that new granule cells are born throughout life in the mammalian dentate gyrus (DG). The number of newborn neurons is dynamically regulated by a variety of factors. Kainic acid-induced seizures, a rodent model of human temporal lobe epilepsy, strongly induce the proliferation of DG neurogenic progenitor cells and are also associated with long-term cognitive impairment. We show here that the antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) potently blocked seizure-induced neurogenesis, an effect that appeared to be mainly mediated by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDAC) and normalizing HDAC-dependent gene expression within the epileptic dentate area. Strikingly, the inhibition of aberrant neurogenesis protected the animals from seizure-induced cognitive impairment in a hippocampus-dependent learning task. We propose that seizure-generated granule cells have the potential to interfere with hippocampal function and contribute to cognitive impairment caused by epileptic activity within the hippocampal circuitry. Furthermore, our data indicate that the effectiveness of VPA as an antiepileptic drug may be partially explained by the HDAC-dependent inhibition of aberrant neurogenesis induced by seizure activity within the adult hippocampus.
Renal failure in multiple myeloma: presenting features and predictors of outcome in 94 patients from a single institution.

BACKGROUND Twenty percent of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) have renal failure. OBJECTIVE To analyze the presenting features, the response to therapy, and the factors associated with renal function recovery and survival in 94 patients with MM and renal failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS Medical records of patients from our institution with MM and renal failure diagnosed between January 1969 and December 1994 were reviewed. The statistical methods consisted of Kaplan-Meier survival curves, the log-rank test, logistic regression analysis, and the Cox proportional hazards model for survival analysis. RESULTS Renal failure was observed in 94 (22.2%) of 423 patients. Patients with renal failure had more advanced disease than the others. Patients with renal failure had a lower response rate to chemotherapy than those with normal renal function (39% vs 56%; P<.001). However, when patients dying within the first 2 months of treatment were excluded, no significant differences in the response rate were found between patients with renal failure and those with normal renal function. Renal function recovery was observed in 26% of patients. Serum creatinine level (<354 micromol/L [<4 mg/dL]), serum calcium level (> or =2.88 mmol/L [> or = 11.5 mg/dL]), and amount of proteinuria (< 1 g/24 h) were associated with renal function recovery. Patients who recovered renal function had a median survival of 28 months vs 4 months for those with nonreversible renal failure (P<.001). In the multivariate analysis, only serum creatinine level (P=.003) and response to chemotherapy (P<.001) were correlated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Renal failure was present in almost one fourth of patients with MM. Patients with reversible renal failure had longer survival than those not recovering renal function. When patients dying within the first 2 months of treatment were excluded, the response rate was not affected by renal function. Factors associated with renal function recovery were degree of renal failure, presence of hypercalcemia, and amount of proteinuria. Response to chemotherapy and severity of renal failure were the only independent factors associated with survival.
The necessity of historical inquiry in educational research: the case of religious education

This article explores the mixed fortunes of historical inquiry as a method in educational studies and exposes evidence for the neglect of this method in religious education research in particular. It argues that historical inquiry, as a counterpart to other research methods, can add depth and range to our understanding of education, including religious education, and can illuminate important longer‐term, broader and philosophical issues. The article also argues that many historical voices have remained silent in the existing historiography of religious education because such historiography is too generalised and too biased towards the development of national policy and curriculum and pedagogical theory. To address this limitation in educational research, this article promotes rigorous historical studies that are more substantially grounded in the appropriate historiographical literature and utilise a wide range of original primary sources. Finally, the article explores a specific example of the way in which a historical approach may be fruitfully applied to a particular contemporary debate concerning the nature and purpose of religious education.
Interrelationships between Reading Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Evidence from a number of investigations suggests a considerable overlap between reading disability (RD) and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigate the relationship between RD and ADHD in a cohort of 186 children 7.5–9.5 years of age, recruited explicitly to address classification and definitional issues in these disorders. Using multivariate methods, we examine the hypothesis that RD and ADHD represent separate diagnostic entities that frequently co-occur in the same individual. The results suggest that RD is characterized by deficits within the language system, in particular a subcomponent within that system, phonological processing; in contrast, such linguistic deficits are not characteristic of ADHD unless ADHD is associated with RD. When children with both RD and ADHD are examined, both the linguistic deficits associated with RD and the behavioral characteristics associated with ADHD are apparent, but these deficits are not synergistic. We conclude that RD and ADHD r.
Promoting Teacher Efficacy for Working With Culturally Diverse Students

Teachers exert a potent influence over the achievement of all students, low-income culturally diverse students in particular. Although recent research has confirmed that teacher involvement is critical for promoting academic engagement of low-income and ethnically diverse students, other literature suggests that teachers have lower expectations for and fewer interactions with these children. These findings have prompted calls for promoting teacher self-efficacy for working with children from diverse backgrounds. The purposes of this article are (a) to summarize briefly the literature that examines the effect of teacher efficacy on academic and behavioral outcomes of students, especially culturally diverse students; (b) to disseminate the findings of a teacher-training program designed to promote teacher efficacy in relation to culturally diverse students; and (c) to provide teachers, administrators, and teacher trainers with methods to increase teacher efficacy when working with culturally diverse learners.
Cypriot and Greek Primary Teachers’ Conceptions about Mathematical Assessment∗

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study, which is part of a larger research program, was to investigate teachers’ conceptions about assessment. A mailed questionnaire sent to 5th and 6th grade teachers in Cyprus and Greece produced a rather optimistic picture about the investigated issues. However, some semi‐structured interviews, which followed, showed that teachers in both countries seemed to have a rather vague understanding of relevant key concepts. ∗We thank the reviewers for their constructive comments, which resulted to improve the initial version of this paper.