Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Validity and Reliability Study Investigating the Turkish Version of the Infant Colic Scale

The Infant Colic Scale is used to diagnose colic and to determine factors that cause colic. This study aimed to establish the validity and reliability of the Infant Colic Scale for the Turkish population. The research sample included mothers (N = 110) of 132 infants with colic registered at three public health clinics in the Denizli province. Language validity, content validity, and construct validity were examined. On the basis of the Infant Colic Scale's internal consistency reliability analysis, three items were removed. Factor analysis resulted in five subscales. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were . 55 to . 89 for the subscales, and . 73 for the total scale. The scale's test–retest reliability was . 65. The Infant Colic Scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for the Turkish population.
Improving the Performance of the Zero-Forcing Multiuser MISO Downlink Precoder Through User Grouping

We consider the multiple input single output (MISO) Gaussian broadcast channel with Nt antennas at the base station (BS) and Nu single-antenna users in the downlink. We propose a novel user grouping precoder which improves the sum rate performance of the zero-forcing (ZF) precoder specially when the channel is ill-conditioned. The proposed precoder partitions all the users into small groups of equal size. Downlink beamforming is then done in such a way that, at each user's receiver, the interference from the signal intended for users not in its group is nulled out. Intragroup interference still remains, and is cancelled through successive interference presubtraction at the BS using dirty paper coding (DPC). The proposed user grouping method is different from user selection, since it is a method for precoding of information to the selected (scheduled) users, and not for selecting which users are to be scheduled. The proposed precoder is a generalization of two special cases, one where each group has only one user (ZF precoder) and another where all users are in a single group (ZF-DP precoder). A larger group size helps improve the sum rate performance but at the cost of greater complexity. The proposed generalization, therefore, allows for tradeoff between performance and complexity.
Multiple paternity increases effective size of southern Atlantic salmon populations

Genetic analyses were performed on the progeny of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) sampled in natural redds of three rivers flowing into the Bay of Biscay, the Nivelle, the Mandeo and the Sella. These rivers are at the southern limit of the European distribution of the species and their populations are small and endangered by human activities. Nine variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci (five minisatellites and four microsatellites) were used for parentage analysis. Multiple male participation was recognized in the fertilization of eggs. A large proportion was fertilized by precociously mature parr. We demonstrate that multiple paternity derived from mature parr is crucial for the conservation of genetic variability in small populations of Atlantic salmon.
EMU: Evolutionary Map of the Universe

Abstract EMU is a wide-field radio continuum survey planned for the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. The primary goal of EMU is to make a deep (rms ∼ 10 μJy/beam) radio continuum survey of the entire Southern sky at 1.3 GHz, extending as far North as +30° declination, with a resolution of 10 arcsec. EMU is expected to detect and catalogue about 70 million galaxies, including typical star-forming galaxies up to z ∼ 1, powerful starbursts to even greater redshifts, and active galactic nuclei to the edge of the visible Universe. It will undoubtedly discover new classes of object. This paper defines the science goals and parameters of the survey, and describes the development of techniques necessary to maximise the science return from EMU.
Cesarean Section and Interferon-Induced Helicase Gene Polymorphisms Combine to Increase Childhood Type 1 Diabetes Risk

OBJECTIVE The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing. Delivery by cesarean section is also more prevalent, and it is suggested that cesarean section is associated with type 1 diabetes risk. We examine associations between cesarean delivery, islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes, and genes involved in type 1 diabetes susceptibility. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cesarean section was examined as a risk factor in 1,650 children born to a parent with type 1 diabetes and followed from birth for the development of islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes. RESULTS Children delivered by cesarean section (n = 495) had more than twofold higher risk for type 1 diabetes than children born by vaginal delivery (hazard ratio [HR] 2.5; 95% CI 1.4–4.3; P = 0.001). Cesarean section did not increase the risk for islet autoantibodies (P = 0.6) but was associated with a faster progression to diabetes after the appearance of autoimmunity (P = 0.015). Cesarean section–associated risk was independent of potential confounder variables (adjusted HR 2.7;1.5–5.0; P = 0.001) and observed in children with and without high-risk HLA genotypes. Interestingly, cesarean section appeared to interact with immune response genes, including CD25 and in particular the interferon-induced helicase 1 gene, where increased risk for type 1 diabetes was only seen in children who were delivered by cesarean section and had type 1 diabetes–susceptible IFIH1 genotypes (12-year risk, 9.1 vs. <3% for all other combinations; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that type 1 diabetes risk modification by cesarean section may be linked to viral responses in the preclinical autoantibody-positive disease phase.
Animal model distinguishing in vitro from in vivo carbenicillin-aminoglycoside interactions

Aminoglycosides and carbenicillin are frequently co-administered to patients with serious gram-negative infections. Aminoglycosides are inactivated by carbenicillin in vitro, and a loss of antibacterial activity of both antibiotics results. Although these interactions are presumed to occur in vivo, previous studies have not used assay methodology that can distinguish inactivation occurring prior to and during microbiological assay from inactivation in vivo. To address this problem, we gave seven bilaterally nephrectomized mongrel dogs doses designed to achieve simultaneous therapeutic serum concentrations of aminoglycosides and carbenicillin. Serum samples were tested by radioimmunoassay on three occasions: immediately, to determine in vivo interactions, and at 24 h and 1 week to assess the time course of in vitro inactivation. In comparison with immediate radioimmunoassay, gentamicin and tobramycin concentrations decreased by 39 and 53%, respectively, when assayed at 24 h (P < 0.05) and by 75 and 82% when assayed at 7 days (P < 0.001). In contrast, amikacin concentrations were reduced by only 9 and 30% at 24 h and 7 days. Tobramycin concentrations were also determined by immediate microbiological assay and were found to be similar to those in samples stored for 24 h before radioimmunoassay. Immediate radioimmunoassay demonstrated that carbenicillin reduced in vivo serum half-lives of gentamicin and tobramycin by 40% (P < 0.05). The half-life of amikacin in vivo was not significantly altered. In the presence of carbenicillin, amikacin was the most stable aminoglycoside both in vivo and in vitro, and it is the aminoglycoside of choice in patients with renal failure who require this combination.
Dephosphorylation of ZAP‐70 and inhibition of T cell activation by activated SHP1

Studies with motheaten mice, which lack the SHP1 protein tyrosine phosphatase, indicate that this enzyme plays an important negative role in T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. The physiological substrates for SHP1 in T lymphocytes, however, have remained unclear or controversial. To define these targets for SHP1 we have compared the effects of constitutively active and inactive mutants of SHP1 on TCR signaling. Expression of wild‐type SHP1 had a very small effect on the TCR‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ZAP‐70 and Syk, even when SHP1 was overexpressed 20 – 100‐fold over endogenous SHP1. Inactive SHP1‐D421A and wild‐type SHP2 were without effects. Constitutively active SHP1‐ΔSH2 had a more pronounced effect on ZAP‐70 and Syk, even when expressed at near physiological levels. SHP1‐ΔSH2 also inhibited events downstream of ZAP‐70 and Syk, such as activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase Erk2 and the transcriptional activation of the interleukin‐2 gene. In contrast, a constitutively active SHP2‐ΔSH2 had no statistically significant effect (although it caused a slight augmentation in some individual experiments). None of the constructs influenced the anti‐CD3‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR ζ‐chain or phospholipase Cγ1, indicating that Src family kinase function was intact. Taken together, our findings support the notion that ZAP‐70 and Syk can be direct substrates for SHP1 in intact cells. However, the two SH2 domains of SHP1 did not facilitate its recognition of ZAP‐70 and Syk as substrates in intact cells. Therefore, we suggest that SHP1 is not actively recruited to inhibit TCR signaling induced by ligation of this receptor alone. Instead, we propose that ligation of a distinct inhibitory receptor leads to the recruitment of SHP1 via its SH2 domains, activation of SHP1 and subsequently inhibition of TCR signals if the inhibitory receptor is juxtaposed to the TCR.
A twist in the tail: SHAPE mapping of long-range interactions and structural rearrangements of RNA elements involved in HCV replication

The RNA structure and long-range interactions of the SL9266 cis-acting replication element located within the NS5B coding region of hepatitis C virus (HCV) were determined using selective 2′-hydroxyl acylation analysed by primer extension. Marked differences were found in the long-range interactions of SL9266 when the two widely used genotype 2a JFH-1 (HCVcc) and genotype 1b Con1b sub-genomic replicon systems were compared. In both genomes, there was evidence for interaction of the sub-terminal bulge loop of SL9266 and sequences around nucleotide 9110, though the replication phenotype of genomes bearing mutations that disrupted this interaction was fundamentally different. In contrast, a ‘kissing loop’ interaction between the terminal loop of SL9266 and sequences in the 3′-untranslated X-tail was only detectable in JFH-1-based genomes. In the latter, where both long-range interactions are present, they were independent, implying that SL9266 forms the core of an extended pseudoknot. The presence of the ‘kissing loop’ interaction inhibited the formation of SL9571 in the 3′-X-tail, an RNA structure implicated in genome replication. We propose that, SL9266 may contribute a switch function that modulates the mutually incompatible translation and replication events that must occur for replication of the positive-strand RNA genome of HCV.
Coach development programmes to improve interpersonal coach behaviours: a systematic review using the re-aim framework

Objective Although evidence supports the effectiveness of interpersonal Coach Development Programmes (CDPs), which are designed to foster coach–athlete relationships, an intervention's impact is shaped by numerous factors over and above effectiveness. The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the extent that published articles describing interpersonal CDP trials reported on indicators of internal and external validity, as conceptualised in the RE-AIM framework (ie, Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation and Maintenance). Methods The search strategy was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, involving a database search and supplemental manual search of key articles and journals. After initial screening, the full-text search strategy involved identifying articles describing CDP trials and then selecting a specific subgroup of articles involving interpersonal CDP trials and excluding ineligible articles. Resulting trials were coded using a 47-item sport coaching adaptation of the RE-AIM coding sheet. Results 17 published articles met eligibility criteria, representing 10 distinct CDP trials. After attaining coder agreement, global ratings of RE-AIM indicators within interpersonal CDP trials ranged from the low to moderate quality. Whereas indicators of effectiveness and implementation were reported to some extent across all studies, maintenance within sport organisations and a number of specific indicators from across dimensions were rarely reported. Conclusions These findings inform the future design and evaluation of CDPs that have the potential to be adopted in numerous settings and reach athletes and coaches who can most benefit.
Cytogenetics Findings in a Histiocytic Sarcoma Case

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is a neoplasm derived from histiocytes. Its diagnosis was not clear until its immunohistochemistry profile was correctly established. Not much is known about its genetic properties. We report a case of a 48-year-old male patient whose bone marrow was almost completely occupied by monomorphic medium size neoplastic cellularity. Its immunohistochemical profile was CD68+, CD4+, CD45+ with negativity of other dendritic cells, and other lineage markers. Cytogenetic study showed 4 related clones: one with trisomy 8 and extra material on the short arms of chromosome 4; a second line with tetrasomy of chromosome 8, add(4)(p16); the third clone had the same alterations as the previous and deletion of chromosome 3 at q11; the fourth line had tetrasomy 8 and translocation t(3;5)(q25;q35). To our knowledge this is the first HS case showing chromosome 8 trisomy and tetrasomy and the other described alterations.
Digital Government Security Infrastructure Design Challenges

Information security pervades all such needs. In a DG environment, secure interoperation ensures confidentiality when individuals, private organizations, and government agencies access information. Electronic transactions and delivery systems must be secure to ensure protection against fraud and other vulnerabilities. The government’s archived information should be protected from tampering yet remain accessible under proper authorizations. Among all government functions, maintaining collective security remains the most crucial element, requiring that security concerns be addressed at each level of the government’s information infrastructure. In general, the concepts and ideas we describe here—although applied to DG uses—are applicable Digital Government Security Infrastructure Design Challenges
Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest

Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungi (truffles). During this study, truffles were collected in a 55- to 65-year-old Douglas-fir forest from March 1993 through December 1995 at approximately 6-week intervals. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand comprised a mosaic of patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further evaluate the effect of harvesting impacts, this mosaic was divided into two thinning categories, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Truffle standing crop varied greatly but generally was highest in spring with a smaller peak in the fall. At least some sporocarps were found year round, with winter having the lowest biomass and species richness. Overall standing crop biomass (over all seasons) wa.
Effect of Habitat Size, Quality, and Isolation on Functional Groups of Beetles in Hollow Oaks

One of the largest threats to biodiversity is land use change and habitat loss. Hollow oaks (Quercus spp. L.) are well-defined patches that are hotspots for biodiversity and red-listed species, but they are often rare and fragmented in the landscape. We investigated the effect of patch size, habitat quality, and isolation on functional groups and red-listed saproxylic beetles in hollow oaks (n = 40) in Norway. The groups were defined by host tree association, trophic grouping, and red-listed status. Habitat quality, represented by tree form was most important in explaining species richness for most groups. Patch size, represented by circumference and amount of dead branches, was most important in explaining abundance. Isolation, that is single oaks compared with oaks in groups, had a negative effect on the abundance of beetles feeding both on wood and fungi (xylomycethopagous), as well as on species associated with broadleaved trees (oak semi-specialists), but did not affect species richness. This indicates that at this scale and in this landscape, isolated oaks are as species rich and valuable for conservation as other oaks, although some functional groups may be more vulnerable to isolation than others. The red-listed species only responded to patch size, indicating that oaks with large circumference and many dead branches are especially important for red-listed species and for conservation.
Learning Web Query Patterns for Imitating Wikipedia Articles

This paper presents a novel method for acquiring a set of query patterns to retrieve documents containing important information about an entity. Given an existing Wikipedia category that contains the target entity, we extract and select a small set of query patterns by presuming that formulating search queries with these patterns optimizes the overall precision and coverage of the returned Web information. We model this optimization problem as a weighted maximum satisfiability (weighted Max-SAT) problem. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms other methods based on statistical measures such as frequency and point-wise mutual information (PMI), which are widely used in relation extraction.
Reduction in intracanal bacteria during root canal preparation with and without apical enlargement.

AIM To compare in vitro intracanal bacterial reduction using nickel-titanium rotary instruments with and without apical enlargement. METHODOLOGY Thirty-eight palatal roots of maxillary molar teeth, with mature apices were subdivided according to lengths and then randomly assigned to two experimental and one control groups. The roots were sterilized and then reinfected with Enterococcus faecalis, which served as a bacteriological marker. All roots in the experimental groups were prepared in a step-down sequence with engine-driven GT rotary files at 350 rpm. In experimental group A (n = 16) additional apical enlargement to ISO size 35 was performed. In group B (n = 16) a serial step-back technique was followed with no apical enlargement. This was combined in groups A and B with irrigation with NaOCl and EDTA. In the control group (group C, n = 6) irrigation only was carried out, with no mechanical preparation. Samples were then taken from the root canals to determine the numbers of remaining bacteria. RESULTS In groups A and B, 15 (94%) and 13 (81%) specimens were rendered bacteria-free, respectively. In the control group C none of the specimens were bacteria-free. There was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in the antibacterial effects of experimental and control regimens. There was, however, no significant difference (P = 0.276) between the preparation methods used in the experimental groups. CONCLUSIONS There was no significant difference in intracanal bacterial reduction when Ni-Ti GT rotary preparation with NaOCl and EDTA irrigation was used with or without apical enlargement preparation technique. It may therefore not be necessary to remove dentine in the apical part of the root canal when a suitable coronal taper is achieved to allow satisfactory irrigation of the root canal system with antimicrobial agents.
Enrollees choose priorities for Medicare.

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility and results of ascertaining Medicare enrollees' priorities for insured medical benefits. DESIGN AND METHODS Structured group exercises were conducted with Medicare enrollees from clinical and community settings in central North Carolina. By participating in a decision exercise, CHAT: Choosing Healthplans All Together, individuals and groups chose medical benefits within the constraints of a monthly Medicare + Choice premium. The acceptability of the exercise and the resulting benefit package were assessed. RESULTS Ten groups (121 individuals) made trade-offs that involved the selection of more tightly managed care in order to add pharmacy, dental, and long-term care benefits. All were willing to forgo experimental therapy; 7 groups gave priority to insuring the uninsured. Participants found the exercise overwhelmingly acceptable and were willing to abide by their groups' choices. IMPLICATIONS Medicare enrollees are able to come to consensus about financially constrained benefit packages that may be useful in reform of the Medicare program.
Identification of Loss of p16 Expression and Upregulation of MDR-1 as Genetic Events Resulting from Two Novel Chromosomal Translocations Found in a Plasmablastic Lymphoma of the Uterus

Purpose: To establish cell lines from the patient with plasmablastic lymphoma, who was immunologically competent including negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology, and analyze the unique chromosomal translocations seen in the cell lines in order to unveil the pathogenesis of this tumor, which had no evidence of Epstein-Barr virus involvement. Experimental Design: Establishment of the cell lines was attempted by inoculating the patient's lymph node biopsy specimen subcutaneously to immunodeficient mice. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array and FISH analysis were performed to identify breakpoints of the two chromosomal translocations. Of the 4 candidate genes identified by FISH analysis to be involved in the translocations, reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, and proliferation assay were performed to identify the exact genes involved. Results: Analysis of the cell lines identified loss of p16 at the protein level by chromosomal translocation of t(9;13) and upregulation of MDR-1 by t(4;7). The cell lines expressing MDR-1 acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin and doxorubicin, but not bortezomib. Expression of B lymphoid lineage marker genes of these cell lines was negative for paired box 5 (Pax5) or PR domain containing 1, with ZNF domain (PRDM1), but was positive for X-box binding protein 1 (Xbp1). Conclusions: We established three novel cell lines of plasmablastic lymphoma. Characterization of the unique chromosomal translocation identified loss of p16 and upregulation of MDR-1 at protein level. Expression of Xbp1(s), which is involved in the maturation of plasma cells, corresponded to the plasmablastic appearance of the tumor. These cell lines may be a useful tool to understand the pathophysiology of the disease and to develop novel treatment strategies. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2101–9. ©2011 AACR.
Reflective cognition as a secondary task

Our hypothesis is that reflective cognition is necessary to achieve expert level performance in certain skills, and that reflective cognition can be seen as a secondary task in skill acquisition. To investigate to what extent people use and acquire complex skills and strategies in the domains of reasoning about others and natural language use, an experiment was conducted in which it was beneficial for participants to have a mental model of their opponent, and to be aware of pragmatic inferences. Individual differences in the use of complex skills and strategies, that support our hypothesis, were found.