Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mixing and transport near the shallow-crested Rumble III seamount and the implications for plankton distribution

Vessel-based observations of water column structure and flow near a shallow-crested seamount are used to quantify the physical disturbance induced by that seamount. The implications of this disturbance on the ‘feeding hole’ hypothesis are then examined based on data from moored thermistors and acoustic current profilers, as well as vessel-based acoustic sounding-derived biomass estimates, currents, and conductivity-temperature-depth profiles from a 55 km square grid of stations around the crest. Mean currents in the region of 0.2 m s−1 are comparable to observations from surface drifters whereas the semidiurnal tidal flow amplitude was one third of this. Thorpe Scale-based estimates of energy dissipation rate were in the range 10−9 to 2.10−8 W kg−1 and vertical diffusivities Kz were in the range 10−4 to 10−3 m2 s−1. Turbulence levels were higher upstream of the seamount–likely due to the influence of nearby seamounts Rumble IV and V. There was no evidence of a Taylor Cap in the Rumble III velocity field. The sounder data provide some evidence of a feeding hole and analysis based on diffusivities suggests that this might persist downstream of the seamount for as much as 7 days.
Association of Urinary Urgency and Delay Time of Micturition in Women With Overactive Bladder

Purpose Accurately measuring urinary urgency is important for diagnosing overactive bladder (OAB) and quantifying improvements in treatment outcome. Various methods have been recommended for evaluating urinary urgency, but these methods assess individual perceptions and preferences. To overcome the subjectivity in measuring urinary urgency, we evaluated the relationship between uroflowmetric parameters and urinary urgency in women with OAB. Methods Consecutive female patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (n=110) were prospectively enrolled in this study between April 2011 and September 2012. Individuals with a history of using medications that are known to affect bladder function were excluded. All enrolled patients completed uroflowmetry with a delayed time to voiding (T2V). After urination was completed, patients were asked whether they experienced any urinary hesitancy or urgency at that time. Results The mean patient age was 56.1 years; 70 out of 110 patients reported some degree of urinary urgency. T2V decreased with increased urgency. Several uroflowmetric parameters were observed to have a significant correlation with urinary urgency. T2V had a meaningful correlation coefficient for individuals with urgency, regardless of the voided volume. There was no significant correlation between the presence of urinary hesitancy and T2V. Conclusions We believe that T2V would be a complementary tool for diagnosing and determining the degree of urinary urgency in women with OAB.
Existence of Nash networks in the one-way flow model of network formation

We study a one-way flow connections model of unilateral network formation. We prove the existence of Nash networks for games where the corresponding payoff functions allow for heterogeneity among the profits that agents gain by the network. Furthermore, we show by a counterexample that, when link costs are heterogeneous, Nash networks do not always exist.
On the temperature structure of the tropical substratosphere

[1] The region of the tropical atmosphere between the main convective outflow level around 200–150 hPa and the cold point, the substratosphere, shares properties of the troposphere and the stratosphere. An analogous region exists in single-column radiative-convective models between the top of the convectively adjusted region and the cold point, so a radiative-convective model has been used to investigate the radiative and dynamical factors that allow a substratosphere to exist and to which it is sensitive. A key result is that localized heating in the 15 μm CO2 band, owing to the sharp curvature in the temperature profile near the convection top, forces apart the cold point and convection top creating the substratosphere. A possible radiation-convective-transport feedback involving O3 is identified that could amplify the response of the substratosphere and cold point to changes in forcing such as sea surface temperature or stratospheric meridional circulation. A comparison of timescales suggests that the substratosphere is characterized by (1) a radiative timescale shorter than the convective timescale, so that radiation dominates in setting the temperature structure, but (2) a convective transport timescale shorter than the timescales for other processes affecting O3, so that the import of air from the boundary layer keeps O3 mixing ratios low there.
Potential Effects of the Great Recession on the U.S. Labor Market

Abstract The effect of the Great Recession on the U.S. labor market will likely persist even after economic output has recovered. Although the Great Recession did not greatly change the relative probabilities of job loss for different types of workers, the long-run impact will vary by worker characteristics. Workers who lost long-term jobs during the recession are at increased risk of future job loss due to the loss of protection afforded by long job tenure, and older displaced workers are at relatively high risk of prolonged spells of unemployment and premature retirement. The recent increase in the job vacancy rate with relatively little change in the unemployment rate suggests a decrease in the efficiency of job matching and an increase in the NAIRU. However, this phenomenon may pass once aggregate demand has increased enough to bring vacancy rates back within their normal range and extended unemployment insurance programs have expired.
Multiproxy record for the last 4500 years from Lake Shkodra (Albania/Montenegro)

A multi‐proxy record is presented for approximately the last 4500 cal a BP from Lake Shkodra, Albania/Montenegro. Lithological analyses, C/N ratio and δ13C of the organic and inorganic carbon component suggest that organic matter and bulk carbonate are predominantly authigenic. The δ18O record of bulk carbonate indicates the presence of two prominent wet periods: one at ca. 4300 cal a BP and one at ca. 2500–2000 cal a BP. The latter phase is also found in southern Spain and Central Italy, and represents a prominent event in the western and central Mediterranean. In the last 2000 years, four relatively wet intervals occurred between ca. 1800 and 1500 cal a BP (150–450 AD), 1350–1250 (600–700 AD), 1100–800 (850–1150 AD), and at ca. 90 cal a BP (1860 AD). Between ca. 4100 and 2500 cal a BP δ18O values are relatively high, with three prominent peaks indicating drier conditions at ca. 4100–4000 cal a BP, ca. 3500 and at ca. 3300 cal a BP. Four additional drier events are identified at 1850 (ca. 100 AD), 1400 (ca. 550 AD), 1150 (800 AD) and ca.750 cal a BP (1200 AD). The pollen record does not show changes in accordance with these episodes owing to the poor sensitivity of vegetation in this area, which is dominated by an orographic rainfall effect and where changes in altitudinal vegetation belts do not affect the pollen rain in the lake catchment. However, since ca. 900 cal a BP a significant decrease in the percentage arboreal pollen and in pollen concentrations suggest major deforestation produced by human activities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy for Optimizing DNA Amplification in a Peripheral Blood PCR Assay Used for Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis

ABSTRACT We studied two of the possible factors which can interfere with specific DNA amplification in a peripheral-blood PCR assay used for the diagnosis of human brucellosis. We found that high concentrations of leukocyte DNA and heme compounds inhibit PCR. These inhibitors can be efficiently suppressed by increasing the number of washings to four or five and decreasing the amount of total DNA to 2 to 4 μg, thereby avoiding false-negative results.
Flavor Dependent Retention of Remote Food Preference Memory

Social Transmission of Food Preference (STFP) is a single trial non-aversive learning task that is used for testing non-spatial memory. This task relies on an accurate estimate of a change in food preference of the animals following social demonstration of a novel flavor. Conventionally this is done by providing two flavors of powdered food and later estimating the amount of food consumed for each of these flavors in a defined period of time. This is achieved through a careful measurement of leftover food for each of these flavors. However, in mice, only a small (~1 g) amount of food is consumed making the weight estimates error prone and thereby limiting the sensitivity of the paradigm. Using multiplexed video tracking, we show that the pattern of consumption can be used as a reliable reporter of memory retention in this task. In our current study, we use this as a measure and show that the preference for the demonstrated flavor significantly increases following demonstration and the retention of this change in preference during remote testing is flavor specific. Further, we report a modified experimental design for performing STFP that allows testing of change in preference among two flavors simultaneously. Using this paradigm, we show that during remote testing for thyme and basil demonstrated flavors, only basil demonstrated mice retain the change in preference while thyme demonstrated mice do not.
The Efficacy and Safety of Tadalafil 5 mg Once Daily in Korean Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: An Integrated Analysis

Purpose This post hoc integrated analysis assessed the efficacy and safety of tadalafil 5 mg once daily in a large Korean population with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH-LUTS). Materials and Methods Individual Korean participant data were integrated from three 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies in Asian men with BPH-LUTS, wherein 177 Korean men received placebo and 177 received tadalafil 5 mg once daily. The primary objective was to compare the change from baseline to week 12 in total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) after treatment with tadalafil versus placebo. Results A significantly greater improvement (p<0.001) in total IPSS from baseline to week 12 was observed for tadalafil compared to placebo (least squares mean: tadalafil=-5.97; placebo=-3.94 ). Total IPSS at weeks 4 and 12, IPSS voiding and storage subscores at weeks 4, 8, and 12, and IPSS quality of life index at weeks 8 and 12 were also significantly improved (p<0.05) for tadalafil compared to placebo. There was significant improvement (p<0.001) in the patient global Impression of improvement responses and numerical improvement in the clinician global impression of improvement responses with tadalafil compared to placebo. There were no significant treatment differences for peak urine flow rate or postvoid residual volume. Few participants had treatment-emergent adverse events and there were no unexpected safety findings. Conclusions This integrated analysis of three randomized, placebo-controlled Asian studies confirmed tadalafil 5 mg once daily as an efficacious and well-tolerated treatment for Korean men with BPH-LUTS.
Antioxidant and α-Amylase Inhibitory Property of Phyllanthus virgatus L.: An In Vitro and Molecular Interaction Study

The present study on Phyllanthus virgatus, known traditionally for its remedial potential, for the first time provides descriptions of the antioxidant and inhibition of α-amylase enzyme activity first by in vitro analyses, followed by a confirmatory in silico study to create a stronger biochemical rationale. Our results illustrated that P. virgatus methanol extract exhibited strong antioxidant and oxidative DNA damage protective activity than other extracts, which was well correlated with its total phenolic content. In addition, P. virgatus methanol extract strongly inhibited the α-amylase activity (IC50 33.20 ± 0.556 μg/mL), in a noncompetitive manner, than acarbose (IC50 76.88 ± 0.277 μg/mL), which showed competitive inhibition. Moreover, this extract stimulated the glucose uptake activity in 3T3-L1 cells and also showed a good correlation between antioxidant and α-amylase activities. The molecular docking studies of the major bioactive compounds (9,12-octadecadienoic acid, asarone, 11-octadecenoic acid, and acrylic acid) revealed via GC-MS analysis from this extract mechanistically suggested that the inhibitory property may be due to the synergistic effect of these bioactive compounds. These results provide substantial basis for the future use of P. virgatus methanol extract and its bioactive compound in in vivo system for the treatment and management of diabetes as well as in the related condition of oxidative stress.
Inversion of the assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) equations; characterization of contaminants from isotope and trace element relationships in volcanic suites

The assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) equations of DePaolo (1981) are inverted, with the aim of characterizing the chemistry of contaminants involved in magma evolution from observed isotope and trace element relationships. Equations are derived for contours of the ratio of the rate of assimilation to the rate of fractional crystallization in the isotope or trace element region where the contaminant might be located. Even for volcanic suites in which AFC is thought to have been the dominant process, the characterization of the contaminant is poorly constrained. Although AFC is likely to be a normal process, it leaves a recognizable isotopic signature in volcanics only when magmas assimilate material derived from continental crust. In subduction-related volcanics, this can be the case where the volcanic arc lies on or near continental crust.
Sustained attention and frailty in the older adult population.

OBJECTIVES We investigated whether sustained attention performance and variability were associated with prefrailty and frailty in the older adult population. METHOD A total of 4,317 participants aged 50 years and over from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) completed a comprehensive health assessment. Frailty was defined by low gait speed, low grip strength, unintentional weight loss, self-reported exhaustion, and low physical activity. Scores of greater than or equal to 3, 1-2, and 0 indicated that participants were frail, prefrail, and nonfrail, respectively. Multinomial logistic regression computed associations between frailty state and measures of performance and variability on the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Cognitive processing speed and executive function were also measured. RESULTS Mean reaction time (RT; odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, p < .05) and RT variability reflective of the top-down aspect of sustained attention (OR = 1.11, p < .05) were associated with prefrailty in the 50-64 age group. Mean RT (OR = 1.72, p < .05) was associated with frailty and RT variability (OR = 1.22, p < .01) with prefrailty in the 65+ age group. Results remained significant following adjustments for cognitive processing speed, executive function, chronic conditions, medications, age, and gender. DISCUSSION Sustained attention performance and variability were associated with prefrailty and frailty in the older adult population and may represent a novel, objective, and modifiable cognitive marker of frailty progression.
Independent Effects of Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections and Sexual Behavior on HIV‐1 Prevalence Among Adult Women, Men, and Teenagers in Rural Uganda

Objective: To assess whether sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and sexual behavior are independently associated with HIV‐1 among adult women, men, and teenagers in rural Uganda. Design: Cross‐sectional survey. Methods: All adults (13 years and older) residing in 18 communities were invited to participate. HIV status was determined from serum samples and data collected during confidential interview. Independent effects of risk factors for HIV were estimated using adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from logistic regression. Results: Women reporting genital ulcers in the last 12 months were over twice as likely to be HIV positive after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and number of lifetime sexual partners (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.9‐3.4). Equivalent associations were stronger for men (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 2.2‐4.7) but weaker for teenagers (OR, 2.0, 95% CI, 0.5‐8.7). Number of lifetime sexual partners was associated (p < .05) with HIV status for women, men, and teenagers independently of reported genital ulcers. Teenagers reporting casual partners were over four times (p < .001), and men reporting condom use almost twice (p < .001), as likely to be HIV positive. Neither history of genital discharge nor other measures of sexual behavior were independently related to HIV status. Conclusion: Reported STIs and sexual behavior are independently associated with HIV in rural Uganda. Community‐based interventions to reduce HIV should target both and should include teenagers.
Formation of the Haida‐1998 oceanic eddy

[1] Two large, mesoscale, anticyclonic eddies formed along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands of western Canada in early 1998. Altimetry measurements from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-2 satellites suggest that these eddies first appeared near Cape St. James at the southern tip of the islands. The eddies merged in June to form “Haida-1998,” the highest eddy ever observed in the region. Currents near Cape St. James in winter follow complicated patterns attributed to tidal rectification and pressure-driven outflow from Hecate Strait. The adjustment of these flows to the bathymetric features likely contributes to the formation of Haida Eddies. Eddies that first appear farther north along the west coast of the Queen Charlotte Islands are set up by other processes, such as baroclinic instability.
Estimation of Q for Long-Period (>2 sec) Waves in the Los Angeles Basin

We simulate 0- to 0.5-Hz 3D wave propagation through the Southern California Earthquake Center seismic velocity reference model, version 2, for the 1994 Northridge earthquake in order to examine the effects of anelastic attenuation and amplification within the near-surface sediments. We use a fourth-order finite-difference staggered-grid method with the coarse-grained frequency-independent anelastic scheme of Day and Bradley (2001) and a variable slip distribution from kinematic inversion for the Northridge earthquake. We find that the near-surface material with S -wave velocity ( V s) as low as 500 m/sec significantly affects the long-period peak ground velocities, compared with simulations in which the S -wave velocity is constrained to 1 km/sec and greater. Anelastic attenuation also has a strong effect on ground-motion amplitudes, reducing the predicted peak velocity by a factor of up to 2.5, relative to lossless simulations. Our preferred Q model is Q s/ V s = 0.02 ( V s in meters per second) for V s less than 1–2 km/sec, and much larger Q s/ V s (0.1, V s in meters per second) for layers with higher velocities. The simple model reduces the standard deviation of the residuals between synthetic and observed natural log of peak velocity from 1.13 to 0.26, relative to simulations for the lossless case. The anelastic losses have their largest effect on short-period surface waves propagating in the Los Angeles basin, which are principally sensitive to Q s in the low-velocity, near-surface sediments of the basin. The low-frequency ground motion simulated here is relatively insensitive to Q p, as well as to the values of Q s at depths greater than roughly that of the 2-km/sec S -wave velocity isosurface.
Synchrotron-based dynamic computed tomography of tissue motion for regional lung function measurement

During breathing, lung inflation is a dynamic process involving a balance of mechanical factors, including trans-pulmonary pressure gradients, tissue compliance and airway resistance. Current techniques lack the capacity for dynamic measurement of ventilation in vivo at sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to allow the spatio-temporal patterns of ventilation to be precisely defined. As a result, little is known of the regional dynamics of lung inflation, in either health or disease. Using fast synchrotron-based imaging (up to 60 frames s−1), we have combined dynamic computed tomography (CT) with cross-correlation velocimetry to measure regional time constants and expansion within the mammalian lung in vivo. Additionally, our new technique provides estimation of the airflow distribution throughout the bronchial tree during the ventilation cycle. Measurements of lung expansion and airflow in mice and rabbit pups are shown to agree with independent measures. The ability to measure lung function at a regional level will provide invaluable information for studies into normal and pathological lung dynamics, and may provide new pathways for diagnosis of regional lung diseases. Although proof-of-concept data were acquired on a synchrotron, the methodology developed potentially lends itself to clinical CT scanning and therefore offers translational research opportunities.
Trends in the Maximum, Mean, and Low Flows of Turkish Rivers

Abstract In this study the existence of trend in maximum, mean, and low flows of Turkish rivers has been investigated. The data consisted of the daily mean flows of nearly 100 flow stations in 24 hydrological regions of Turkey. Trend analysis has been carried out using the parametric t test and nonparametric τ (Mann–Kendall) test. Both tests have been applied to annual maximum, mean, 1-day, and 7-day low flows. Trend existence was detected in the majority of rivers in western and southern Turkey and in some parts of central and eastern Turkey. Trends in mean and low flows were more common compared with maximum flows. Except at a few stations, flows showed a decreasing trend. In the time period of the last 30–60 yr, statistically significant decrease was found especially in the mean and low flows (and in some of the maximum flows) in western, central, and southern parts of Turkey. Such trends were not observed in other regions. These results are in agreement with those of the precipitation trend studies in.