Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Modeling Sediment Deposition Patterns Arising From Suddenly Released Fixed‐Volume Turbulent Suspensions

Models presented in several recent papers [1–3] dealing with particle transport by, and deposition from, bottom gravity currents produced by the sudden release of dilute, well‐mixed fixed‐volume suspensions have been relatively successful in duplicating the experimentally observed long‐time, distal, areal density of the deposit on a rigid horizontal bottom. These models, however, fail in their ability to capture the experimentally observed proximal pattern of the areal density with its pronounced dip in the region initially occupied by the well‐mixed suspension and its equally pronounced local maximum at roughly the one‐third point of the total reach of the deposit. The central feature of the models employed in [1–3] is that the particles are always assumed to be vertically well‐mixed by fluid turbulence and to settle out through the bottom viscous sublayer with the Stokes settling velocity for a fluid at rest with no re‐entrainment of particles from the floor of the tank. Because this process is assumed from the outset in the models of [1–3], the numerical simulations for a fixed‐volume release will not take into account the actual experimental conditions that prevail at the time of release of a well‐mixed fixed‐volume suspension. That is, owing to the vigorous stirring that produces the well‐mixed suspension, the release volume will initially possess greater turbulent energy than does an unstirred release volume, which may only acquire turbulent energy as a result of its motion after release through various instability mechanisms. The eddy motion in the imposed fluid turbulence reduces the particle settling rates from the values that would be observed in an unstirred release volume possessing zero initial turbulent energy.
The influence of tamoxifen in vivo on the main natural anticoagulants and fibrinolysis

&NA; The long‐term effects of tamoxifen on alterations in haemostasis which could lead towards thrombosis were investigated in 149 women who were disease‐free for at least 5 years following mastectomy for breast cancer. All participants were randomized to receive tamoxifen as a post‐surgical adjuvant treatment (89 patients, treated group) or not (60 patients, controls) for at least 2 years. 5.62% of the cases treated with tamoxifen suffered a venous thrombosis, while no thromboembolism was reported in the control group. No significant differences were observed between groups in the global clotting times, fibrinogen, fibrinolytic factors, or in the concentration of the main natural anticoagulants, antithrombin III (AT‐III), protein C (PC) and protein S (PS). However, when the treated group was sub‐divided, current users (n = 18) of the drug (median treatment duration 72 months) had significantly lower AT‐III (P < 0.05) and PC (P < 0.05) activities, together with higher levels of plasminogen activity (P < 0.01) and tissue plasminogen activator antigen (P < 0.01), compared with 71 ex‐users (who mostly received treatment for 2 years) and controls. We conclude that long‐term treatment with tamoxifen for 2 or more years tends to reduce both AT‐III and PC, a situation possibly predisposing towards thrombosis. Monitoring haemostasis in tamoxifen‐treated breast cancer patients is therefore advisable.
Effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on fetal and placental development in an experimental model of placental insufficiency

Abstract Objective: To elucidate the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in pregnancies with placental insufficiency. Methods: Pregnant rats were subjected to uterine artery ligation and to TENS according to the following groups: ligated stimulated (LS); ligated non-stimulated (LN), control stimulated (CS); and control non-stimulated (CN). Fetal external measurements, such as crown–rump length (CRL), fronto-occipital distance (FOD), thoracic ventral-dorsal (TVDD) and abdominal ventral-dorsal (AVDD) distances were analyzed together with the area occupied by fetal internal organs. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in fetal organs. Thickness of junctional, labyrinth and intermediate placental zones was analyzed by morphometric evaluation in HE-stained slides, and placental hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alfa expression was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: In LN and CS groups compared to the CN group, CRL was reduced (27.51/28.95 versus 30.16 mm), as well as FOD (6.63/6.63 versus 7.36 mm), AVDD (7.38/8.00 versus 8.61 mm) and TVDD (6.46/6.87 versus 7.23 mm). Brain GLUT-1 expression was higher in LS (1.3%) and CS (1.8%). The area occupied by placental vessels in the labyrinth zone (29.67 ± 3.51 versus 20.83 ± 7.63) and intermediate zone (26.46 ± 10.21 versus 10.86 ± 8.94) was larger in the LS group than in the LN group. Conclusions: Our results suggest a negative effect of TENS on placental development, thus compromising the maintenance of adequate blood flow to the fetus.
Impulsivities and Parkinson's Disease: Delay Aversion Is Not Worsened by Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN) improves motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), but can exert detrimental effects on impulsivity. These effects are especially related to the inability to slow down when high-conflict choices have to be made. However, the influence that DBS has on delay aversion is still under-investigated. Here, we tested a group of 21 PD patients on and off stimulation (off medication) by using the Cambridge Gamble Task (CGT), a computerized task that allows the investigation of risk-related behaviours and delay aversion, and psychological questionnaires such as the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Sensitivity to Punishment and to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ), and the Quick Delay Questionnaire (QDQ). We found that delay aversion scores on the CGT were no higher when patients were on stimulation as compared to when they were off stimulation. In contrast, PD patients reported feeling more impulsive in the off stimulation state, as revealed by significantly higher scores on the BIS. Higher scores on the sensitivity to punishment subscale of the SPSRQ highlighted that possible punishments influence patients' behaviours more than possible rewards. Significant correlations between delay aversion scores on the CGT and QDQ delay aversion subscale suggest that these two instruments can be used in synergy to reach a convergent validity. In conclusion, our results show that not all impulsivities are detrimentally affected by DBS of the STN and that the joint use of experimental paradigms and psychological questionnaires can provide useful insights in the study of impulsivity.
The Assessment of Counterproductive Tendencies by Means of the California Psychological Inventory

The authors developed an 80-item scale to measure counterproductive tendencies, using items on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Form 434, and choosing items on the basis of their correlations, in a sample of 1,019 university undergraduates, with a self-report instrument measuring counterproductive behaviors. A factor analysis of this criterion instrument revealed nine underlying dimensions. Analyses of scores on the new scale revealed significant gender differences (males higher) and yielded separate-gender norms for four populations of interest. Internal-consistency and test-retest reliability estimates ranged between . 80 and . 90 across five samples. Correlations with standard CPI scales and domain and facet scales from the NEO PI-R provided evidence of construct validity. Estimated true criterion-related validity for the scale (a) averaged . 60 in a student sample against the self-report counterproductive-behavior criterion, (b) was . 35 against rated counterproductive job behavior in an employee sample, and (c) ranged as high as . 36 against several other job-performance ratings in two additional workplace samples.
Are Traditional Societies Schizophrenogenic

: Schizophrenia is apparently less common in traditional than in nontraditional societies, and the course of illness in these cultural settings may also be more benign. Viral, political, economic, social labeling, and other explanations have been offered over the years for these differences. In contrast to those ideas that suggest the presence of a schizophrenogenic stress in urbanized, Westernized populations, I propose that traditional societies are actually schizophrenogenic compared with nontraditional societies. Assuming a multifactorial threshold model for the development of schizophrenia, traditional societies may be characterized by a lower threshold for developing schizophrenia in at-risk individuals. In the short term, this leads to a greater proportion of all clinical cases being of a less severe variety; in the long term, genes predisposing individuals to develop schizophrenia are exposed to the effects of negative selection, ultimately resulting in a relatively lower level of overt schizophrenia in these populations. The greater social demands placed on individual actors in traditional societies and the lack of variability in social network size may contribute to the (relatively) schizophrenogenic environment.
Approximating interval coloring and max-coloring in chordal graphs

We consider two coloring problems: interval coloring and max-coloring for chordal graphs. Given a graph <i>G</i> = (<i>V</i>, <i>E</i>) and positive-integral vertex weights <i>w</i>:<i>V</i> → <b>N</b>, the <i>interval-coloring</i> problem seeks to find an assignment of a real interval <i>I</i>(<i>u</i>) to each vertex <i>u</i>∈ <i>V</i>, such that two constraints are satisfied: (i) for every vertex <i>u</i> ∈ <i>V</i>, |<i>I</i>(<i>u</i>)| = <i>w</i>(<i>u</i>) and (ii) for every pair of adjacent vertices <i>u</i> and <i>v</i>, <i>I</i>(<i>u</i>)∩<i>I</i>(<i>v</i>) = ∅. The goal is to minimize the <i>span</i> |∪<sub><i>v</i>∈<i>V</i></sub><i>I</i>(<i>v</i>)|. The <i>max-coloring problem</i> seeks to find a proper vertex coloring of <i>G</i> whose color classes <i>C</i><sub>1</sub> <i>C</i><sub>2</sub>, …, <i>C</i><sub><i>k</i></sub>, minimize the sum of the weights of the heaviest vertices in the color classes, that is, ∑<sup><i>k</i></sup><sub><i>i</i> = 1</sub> <i>max</i><sub><i>v</i>ε<i>C</i><sub><i>i</i></sub></sub><i>w</i>(<i>v</i>). Both problems arise in efficient memory allocation for programs. The interval-coloring problem models the compile-time memory allocation problem and has a rich history dating back at least to the 1970s. The max-coloring problem arises in minimizing the total buffer size needed by a dedicated memory manager for programs. In another application, this problem models scheduling of conflicting jobs in batches to minimize the <i>makespan</i>. Both problems are NP-complete even for interval graphs, although there are constant-factor approximation algorithms for both problems on interval graphs. In this paper, we consider these problems for <i>chordal graphs</i>, a subclass of perfect graphs. These graphs naturally generalize interval graphs and can be defined as the class of graphs that have no induced cycle of length >3. Recently, a 4-approximation algorithm (which we call GeomFit) has been presented for the max-coloring problem on perfect graphs (Pemmaraju and Raman 2005). This algorithm can be used to obtain an interval coloring as well, but without the constant-factor approximation guarantee. In fact, there is no known constant-factor approximation algorithm for the interval-coloring problem on perfect graphs. We study the performance of GeomFit and several simple <i>O</i>(log(<i>n</i>))-factor approximation algorithms for both problems. We experimentally evaluate and compare four simple heuristics: first-fit, best-fit, GeomFit, and a heuristic based on partitioning the graph into vertex sets of similar weight. Both for max-coloring and for interval coloring, GeomFit deviates from OPT by about 1.5%, on average. The performance of first-fit comes close second, deviating from OPT by less than 6%, on average, for both problems. Best-fit comes third and graph-partitioning heuristic comes a distant last. Our basic data comes from about 10,000 runs of each of the heuristics for each of the two problems on randomly generated chordal graphs of various sizes, sparsity, and structure.
Training Functions of Ethnic Economies: Mexican Entrepreneurs in Chicago

This article evaluates the frequent claim that ethnic economies operate as a training sector for future entrepreneurs. Results from a representative community survey of Mexican business owners in Chicago show that previous employment in a coethnic firm increases the likelihood of acquiring skills relevant for running a business. Mexican business owners who previously worked in a coethnic firm were exposed to training opportunities that differ from the experiences of their ethnic counterparts who did not. However, Mexican immigrants' chances of entering the world of business through employment in a coethnic firm are low, as less than half ever worked for a coethnic boss before opening their current business. Thus the proliferation of Mexican-owned and Mexican-operated businesses may remain relatively low until the small base of Mexican businesses expands.
Genericity in method construction

The new emerging field of the method engineering discipline acknowledges the need for a rapid construction of methods. We propose an approach aiming to fulfil this objective. The approach is based on the assumption that there exists generic method construction knowledge which can be formalised into method construction patterns for further reuse. Under our approach, the construction of a method consists of applying the generic method construction patterns to its product model in order to generate the process model. The paper proposes a set of patterns to cover the various aspects of system engineering, details and exemplifies some of them, and finally validates the patterns against existing methods.
Personal and organizational knowledge transfer: Implications for worklife engagement

Although knowledge transfer (KT) in healthcare organizations is increasingly important, models have typically focused on the transfer of clinical knowledge. Despite numerous reports and studies on worklife issues for healthcare professionals, few recommendations have been implemented, and many of these professionals are unfamiliar with the reports. Using measures of knowledge transfer of quality of worklife information developed from a model of transfer of clinical knowledge, we tested the relationship between individual and organizational knowledge transfer among 769 nurses in hospitals across four provinces in Canada. We also examined a model that integrated these two knowledge transfer measures with burnout/engagement in the workplace. Our data supported a two factor structure for the measure of knowledge transfer involving a) individual perceptions of personal knowledge transfer activities and b) organizations' support for knowledge transfer. Data from structural equation modeling demonstrated the importance of knowledge transfer pertaining to quality of worklife to nurses' experience of energy, involvement, and efficacy that underlies the burnout/engagement construct.
AN ASSESSMENT OF ANTIBIOTICS PRESCRIBED AT THE SECONDARY HEALTH-CARE LEVEL IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

ABSTRACT This study was undertaken to evaluate the pattern of antibiotic prescriptions in a secondary health care setting in Kyrgyzstan. A retrospective analysis was performed of antibiotic prescriptions in 251 inpatient records of patients admitted to the Sokuluk Territorial Hospital. A total of 19 different antibiotics were prescribed. Penicillin G (24.9%), gentamicin (16.1%), metronidazole (15.6%) and cefazolin (14.5%) were those most frequently prescribed. The major indications for antibiotics were diseases of the respiratory system (28.0%), injury, poisoning and certain other consequences from external causes (25.5%), and diseases of the digestive system (14.3%). Almost three-quarters of the antibiotics were used parenterally, 252 of which (58.9%) were administered intramuscularly and 70 (16.4%) intravenously. Forty-five percent of the patients received two antibiotics, and 12.0% received three antibiotics during their stay at the hospital. Antibiotic therapy proved inappropriate for 184 patients (73.3%). The most common reason given for inappropriateness was the unjustified (not indicated) use of antibiotics in 143 (48.6%) cases. There was a significantly higher inappropriate choice of antibiotics in gynecology (OR=2.70, 95% CI=1.02–7.69) when compared with that in other wards. Although antibiotics were prescribed in all cases post-operatively, none of those patients were given pre-operative prophylactic antibiotics when indicated. We concluded that antibiotic prescriptions were seriously inappropriate in the Kyrgyz Republic with prescribing patterns failing to strictly adhere to the national guidelines. Adoption of an international standard and locally conformable guidelines of antibiotic use can help correct such problems.
Culture, government and spatiality

This article critically discusses the reconceptualization of culture and governmentality in recent Australian ‘cultural-policy studies’. It argues that the further development of this conceptualization requires a more careful consideration of the complex relations between culture, power and the different spatialities of social practices. The assumptions of this literature regarding social-democratic public institutions and the nation-state are critically addressed in the light of contemporary processes of globalization. It is argued that the use made of Foucault in this paradigm privileges a model of disciplinary power which is dependent on a particular spatialization of social subjects and technologies of the self. As a result, an uncritical application of this model to all cultural practices supports a far too coherent image of practices of ‘government’ in producing sought-after subject-effects. It is suggested that the different articulations of spatio-temporal presence and absence in cultural technologies require a less totalizing understanding of the forms of power exercised through governmental practices.
Drinking motives and college alcohol problems: a prospective study

Abstract Alcohol misuse among college students is well-documented, and cross-sectional research has identified attempts to cope with unpleasant emotions, enhance pleasant emotions, facilitate social interactions and conform to peers as distinct motivational pathways impacting alcohol-related consequences. Despite these findings, results from the prospective literature have been mixed. In the current study, a multi-institutional sample of first-year college students was surveyed at two points in time to measure alcohol-related problems and students’ drinking motives. Cross-lagged structural models indicate that pleasant emotion enhancement and depression coping motives were positively related to changes in alcohol-related problems over time. These results suggest interventions and prevention programs which focus on students’ use of alcohol to alter their emotions should be given greater attention.
The relationship between primary headache and constipation in children and adolescents

Purpose Many patients presenting with headache also complain of constipation; the relationship between these two symptoms has not been explored in detail. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between primary headache and constipation. Methods This retrospective study included all children who attended the Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital complaining of headache, and who had been followed up for at least 100 days. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A, in whom the headache improved after treatment for constipation, and group B, in whom headache was not associated with constipation. Results Of the 96 patients with primary headache, 24 (25.0%) also had constipation (group A). All 24 received treatment for constipation. Follow-up revealed an improvement in both headache and constipation in all patients. Group B contained the remaining 72 children. Comparison of groups A and B indicated a significant difference in sex ratio (P=0.009, chi-square test). Patients with probable tension-type headache were more likely to be in Group A (P=0.006, chi-square test). Conclusion Resolution of constipation improves headache in many patients diagnosed with primary headache, especially those with probable tension-type headache. We suggest that either constipation plays a key role in triggering headache, or that both constipation and headache share a common pathophysiology.
Classifying microblogs for disasters

Monitoring social media in critical disaster situations can potentially assist emergency and media personnel to deal with events as they unfold, and focus their resources where they are most needed. We address the issue of filtering massive amounts of Twitter data to identify high-value messages related to disasters, and to further classify disaster-related messages into those pertaining to particular disaster types, such as earthquake, flooding, fire, or storm. Unlike post-hoc analysis that most previous studies have done, we focus on building a classification model on past incidents to detect tweets about current incidents. Our experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of using classification methods to identify disaster-related tweets. We analyse the effect of different features in classifying tweets and show that using generic features rather than incident-specific ones leads to better generalisation on the effectiveness of classifying unseen incidents.