Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Secrets and Disclosures: How Young Children Handle Secrets

ABSTRACT The authors examined the influence of content and verbal cues on young children's understanding of secret information and of its disclosure. Participants were 209 5- and 6-year-old children in an experiment where a puppet, named Zinc, was the protagonist. Children were asked to whom Zinc would disclose a list of pieces of information, some of which are considered secrets. Children could choose between Zinc's friend, a nonfriend, both friend and nonfriend, or nobody. Participants were divided in 2 experiment groups: In the first group a prior verbal cue was given to the participants that some information might be secret, whereas in the second group no prior cue was presented. Results showed that young children, similar to older individuals, differentiated between secrets and nonsecrets partly on the basis of content, and chose to withhold secrets more than nonsecrets or to share secrets more with friends than with nonfriends, following the restrictive self-disclosure pattern. In contrast, young children did not withhold nonsecret information, but they shared it with friends and nonfriends. However, when given verbal cues regarding potential secrecy of the information, young children chose more restrictive disclosure patterns for all types of content.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in thalassemia major and sickle cell disease: indications and management recommendations from an international expert panel

Thalassemia major and sickle cell disease are the two most widely disseminated hereditary hemoglobinopathies in the world. The outlook for affected individuals has improved in recent years due to advances in medical management in the prevention and treatment of complications. However, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is still the only available curative option. The use of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been increasing, and outcomes today have substantially improved compared with the past three decades. Current experience world-wide is that more than 90% of patients now survive hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and disease-free survival is around 80%. However, only a few controlled trials have been reported, and decisions on patient selection for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and transplant management remain principally dependent on data from retrospective analyses and on the clinical experience of the transplant centers. This consensus document from the European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Inborn Error Working Party and the Paediatric Diseases Working Party aims to report new data and provide consensus-based recommendations on indications for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and transplant management.
When Did Carcharocles megalodon Become Extinct? A New Analysis of the Fossil Record

Carcharocles megalodon (“Megalodon”) is the largest shark that ever lived. Based on its distribution, dental morphology, and associated fauna, it has been suggested that this species was a cosmopolitan apex predator that fed on marine mammals from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene (15.9–2.6 Ma). Prevailing theory suggests that the extinction of apex predators affects ecosystem dynamics. Accordingly, knowing the time of extinction of C. megalodon is a fundamental step towards understanding the effects of such an event in ancient communities. However, the time of extinction of this important species has never been quantitatively assessed. Here, we synthesize the most recent records of C. megalodon from the literature and scientific collections and infer the date of its extinction by making a novel use of the Optimal Linear Estimation (OLE) model. Our results suggest that C. megalodon went extinct around 2.6 Ma. Furthermore, when contrasting our results with known ecological and macroevolutionary trends in marine mammals, it became evident that the modern composition and function of modern gigantic filter-feeding whales was established after the extinction of C. megalodon. Consequently, the study of the time of extinction of C. megalodon provides the basis to improve our understanding of the responses of marine species to the removal of apex predators, presenting a deep-time perspective for the conservation of modern ecosystems.
Giardia duodenalis Assemblage-Specific Induction of Apoptosis and Tight Junction Disruption in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Effects of Mixed Infections

Abstract: In view of the interest in genotype-specific pathogenesis in Giardia duodenalis, the aim of the present study was to examine the effects of infection with different, or mixed, G. duodenalis assemblages on the integrity of human intestinal epithelia. To that end, human epithelial cells (HCT-8) were cultured and exposed to different G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B, and E) or a combination of these assemblages. Epithelial disruption and apoptosis were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy and apoptotic oligonucleosome quantification. The results indicate that infection with trophozoites disrupts epithelial tight junctions and induces varying degrees of enterocyte apoptosis, depending on the infecting assemblage. All disruptions were caspase-3 dependent and were more pronounced when caused by a non-host specific assemblage. Furthermore, infections by isolates in combination with isolates from another assemblage enhanced the epithelial disruption and apoptosis. Further studies in vitro and in vivo are required to confirm the mechanisms of enhanced pathogenicity of mixed or non-host specific (or both) G. duodenalis infections. Findings in the present study point to the potential pathogenic importance of intra-species polyparasitism in giardiasis.
Maximizing Students' Retention Via Spaced Review: Practical Guidance From Computational Models Of Memory

During each school semester, students face an onslaught of material to be learned. Students work hard to achieve initial mastery of the material, but when they move on, the newly learned facts, concepts, and skills degrade in memory. Although both students and educators appreciate that review can help stabilize learning, time constraints result in a trade-off between acquiring new knowledge and preserving old knowledge. To use time efficiently, when should review take place? Experimental studies have shown benefits to long-term retention with spaced study, but little practical advice is available to students and educators about the optimal spacing of study. The dearth of advice is due to the challenge of conducting experimental studies of learning in educational settings, especially where material is introduced in blocks over the time frame of a semester. In this study, we turn to two established models of memory-ACT-R and MCM-to conduct simulation studies exploring the impact of study schedule on long-term retention. Based on the premise of a fixed time each week to review, converging evidence from the two models suggests that an optimal review schedule obtains significant benefits over haphazard (suboptimal) review schedules. Furthermore, we identify two scheduling heuristics that obtain near optimal review performance: (a) review the material from μ-weeks back, and (b) review material whose predicted memory strength is closest to a particular threshold. The former has implications for classroom instruction and the latter for the design of digital tutors.
The boundaries of mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): design of the searching clinical COPD onset (SOON) study

Introduction Clinical onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the point at which the disease is first identifiable by physicians. It is a poorly defined stage which seems to include both mild spirometric and non-spirometric disease, and could be described as early grade COPD, for practical purposes. While dyspnoea; chronic bronchitis and CT imaging evidence of emphysema and airway disease may be present very early, the lone significance of dyspnoea, the most relevant symptom in COPD in identifying these individuals, has been scarcely assessed. The Searching Clinical COPD Onset (SOON) Study was designed primarily to detect clinical, physiological and structural differences between dyspnoeic and non-dyspnoeic individuals with early grade COPD. It is hypothesised that presence of dyspnoea in early disease may identify a subtype of individuals with reduced exercise capacity, notwithstanding of their spirometry results. In addition, dyspnoeic individuals will share worse quality of life, lower physical activity, greater lung hyperinflation greater emphysema and airway thickness and reduced peripheral muscle mass than their non-dyspnoeic counterpart. Methods and analysis SOON is a monocentric study, with a cross sectional design aimed at obtaining representative samples of current or ex-smoker-adults aged ≥45 and ≤80 years. Two hundred and forty participants will be enrolled into four strata, according to normal spirometry or mild spirometric obstruction and presence or not of dyspnoea modified Medical Research Council score ≥1. The primary outcome will be the difference between dyspnoeic and non-dyspnoeic individuals on the 6-min walk test performance, regardless of their spirometry results. To account for the confounding effect of heart failure on dyspnoea, stress echocardiography will be also performed. Secondary outcomes will include clinical (quality of life, physical activity), physiological (exercise testing) and structural characteristics (emphysema, airway disease and peripheral muscle mass by CT imaging). Ethics and dissemination The Institutional Ethics Committee from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile has approved the study protocol and signed informed consent will be obtained from all participants. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through relevant peer-reviewed journals and international conference presentations. Trial registration number NCT03026439.
Machine learning techniques for web intrusion detection — A comparison

The rapid development of web applications has created many security problems related to intrusions not just on computer, network systems, but also on web applications themselves. In Web Intrusion Systems (WIS), most techniques used nowadays are not able to deal with the dynamic and complex nature of cyber-attacks on web applications and related issues. However, web intrusion techniques based on machine learning approaches with statistical analysis of data enable autonomous detect intrusive and non-intrusive traffic with low false-positive errors. In this paper, we present the survey of various machine learning techniques used to build WIS. In addition, we develop the experimental framework for comparative analysis of some machine learning techniques applying on the well-known benchmark data set - CSIC 2010 HTTP [13].
Palliation of dyspnoea in advanced COPD: revisiting a role for opioids

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will be the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. The burdens of this increasingly prevalent illness borne by patients, their family caregivers and the healthcare system are substantial. Dyspnoea as the predominant symptom becomes increasingly difficult to palliate as COPD progresses through advanced stages and, for 50% of patients, can become refractory to conventional treatment. This narrative review focuses on the potential role for carefully initiated and titrated opioids in the management of dyspnoea for patients with advanced COPD who are not yet in a terminal stage, yet struggle with symptoms that reflect underlying mechanisms of dyspnoea that lend themselves to this approach. The many barriers that currently exist to the provision of opioids in this setting are addressed, and recommendations are provided for an approach that should engender confidence among patients, their caregivers and the physicians who treat them.
Repetitive Motor Practice Impacts Neuromuscular System Plasticity inHealthy and Stroke Populations

Neuroplasticity is an important factor for upper-extremity stroke rehabilitation, yet the amount of neuromodulation achieved with an acute session of motor practice is not fully characterized. The objective of this study was to determine how engaging in isometric motor practice acutely influences motor control, dexterity, and neuromodulation. Thirteen healthy controls and 5 stroke survivors participated in 2 separate experiments. Assessments [Box and Block Test (BBT), force steadiness, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)] were completed immediately before and following motor practice. Two force steadiness trials were completed at 10 and 20% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). The TMS outcome included an average of 12 suprathreshold stimulations with motor evoked potentials (MEP) amplitudes recorded. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests for each experiment. Both participant groups were able to move significantly more blocks with the hand that practiced, but not with the non-practicing side. Force steadiness and muscle activity significantly improved for both groups, yet the MEP amplitudes did not. These results suggest that a short intervention of isometric wrist extension can influence motor control and dexterity, but may have a slight impact on neuromodulation. This demonstrates the importance of better understanding how possible rehabilitation interventions influence neuroplasticity through neuromodulation.
Socioeconomic status, stature, and obesity in women: 20‐year trends in urban Colombia

Ongoing social and economic changes in developing countries are associated with increases in body size, and most notably increases in the prevalence of obesity. The social patterning of these changes in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) is not well documented. The aim of this study was to assess the changes in stature, body mass index (BMI) and fatness in adult women in urban Cali, Colombia between 1988–1989 and 2007–2008.
Feature Extraction and Opinion Mining in Online Product Reviews

In this era of web applications, web shopping portals have become increasingly popular as they allow customers to buy products from home. These websites often request the customers to rate their products and write reviews, which helps the manufacturers to improve the quality of their products and other customers in choosing the right product or service. The rapid increase in the popularity of e-commerce has increased the number of customers in these type of web-shopping portals, leading to an enormous number of reviews for each product or service. Each of these reviews may describe the different features of the products. Hence, the customer has to go through a large number of reviews before s/he can arrive to a fully informed decision on whether to buy the product or not. In this paper, we describe a system, which automatically extracts the product features from the reviews and determines if they have been expressed in a positive or a negative way by the reviewers. The proposed algorithm works in two steps, viz feature extraction and polarity classification. We use association rule mining to identify the most characteristic features of a product. In the second step we develop a supervised machine learning algorithm based polarity classifier that determines the sentiment of the review sentences with respect to the prominent features. Our experiments on the benchmark reviews of five popular products show that our classifier is highly efficient and achieves an accuracy of 79.67%. We did not make use of any domain specific resources and tools, and thus our classifier is domain-independent, and can be used for the similar tasks in other domains.
Insights into the importance of project organising in preventing species extinction in Australia

Effective and efficient management of recovery programs is important, especially in Australia due to an extraordinary high rate of fauna extinction. There is a lack of integration of project management tools and processes for the organisation and the delivery of recovery interventions in Australia. This paper discusses where the Australian recovery programs show deficits in the important aspects of project organising and management. The paper also presents how Australian recovery interventions can realise more effective and efficient conservation outcomes by improved project organisation through the application and integration of project management approache.
The natural progression of atherosclerosis in an untreated patient with hyperlipidemia: Assessment via cardiac PET

Recent studies have demonstrated successful reversibility of atherosclerosis in 1/3 of the cases, stabilization in 1/3, and continued progression in the remaining 1/3 of individuals treated for hypercholesterolemia and stress reduction. However, no reported data exist about the natural progression of untreated coronary artery disease in the clinical setting with which these results can be compared. In this case report, we will review the natural progression of atherosclerosis as documented by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging during a 104-day period.
The Aggregate Importance of Intermediate Input Substitutability

We estimate long-run elasticities of substitution between intermediate inputs using data on Indian manufacturing plants. Exploiting India’s trade liberalization for identification, we find a plant-level elasticity of 4.7 between 8 broad categories of material inputs. In contrast, we find evidence of complementarities between energy, materials and services. We embed our elasticities in a general equilibrium model to quantify their importance. We find that the aggregate gains from closing the IndiaU.S. TFP gap in any one sector are on average 76% larger with our estimated elasticities, relative to a Cobb-Douglas benchmark. Losses from misallocation of intermediate inputs are 6 times larger. ∗Department of Economics, Princeton University; ap14@princeton.edu †International Monetary Fund; cruane@imf.org We would like to thank Pete Klenow for his continued support and invaluable guidance on this project, as well as Nick Bloom, Chad Jones and Monika Piazzesi for many helpful conversations. We are also very grateful to Petia Topalova and Amit Khandelwal for sharing their data with us. Thanks also for the insightful comments provided by the participants of the Stanford Macroeconomics Lunch, the Stanford Macroeconomics Workshop and the Stanford Development Tea. We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Stanford Institute for Innovation in Developing Economies (SEED). Cian additionally acknowledges financial support from the Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR). Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the IMF, its Executive Board, or its management.
On the reversible extraction of classical information from a quantum source

Consider a source ε of pure quantum states with von Neumann entropy S. By the quantum source coding theorem, arbitrarily long strings of signals may be encoded asymptotically into S qubits per signal (the Schumacher limit) in such a way that entire strings may be recovered with arbitrarily high fidelity. Suppose that classical storage is free while quantum storage is expensive and suppose that the states of ε do not fall into two or more orthogonal subspaces. We show that if ε can be compressed with arbitrarily high fidelity into A qubits per signal plus any amount of auxiliary classical storage, then A must still be at least as large as the Schumacher limit S of ε. Thus no part of the quantum information content of ε can be faithfully replaced by classical information. If the states do fall into orthogonal subspaces, then A may be less than S, but only by an amount not exceeding the amount of classical information specifying the subspace for a signal from the source.
THE FILTRATION RATE, EFFECTIVE RENAL BLOOD FLOW, TUBULAR EXCRETORY MASS AND PHENOL RED CLEARANCE IN SPECIFIC TOXEMIA OF PREGANANCY.

The vascular and renal disorders of the last trimester of pregnancy are classified by the University Obstetrical Service in the following groups: specific toxemia, pre-existing essential hypertension, pre-existing glomerulonephritis and specific toxemia superimposed on pre-existing hypertension or nephritis (1). Specific toxemia is clinically characterized by the rather abrupt appearance of hypertension, usually in the last trimester of a previously normal pregnancy. This rise in blood pressure is typically accompanied by edema and proteinuria. Hematuria and azotemia are not seen, but the convulsions of eclampsia may occur. The postpartum course of the disease likewise helps to identify it. Edema subsides soon after delivery. Proteinuria usually disappears in the puerperium, although traces of protein in the urine may be present for weeks. Blood pressure falls to a normal level in the majority soon after delivery, but it is a striking feature of such an attack that in many instances it is followed by permanent hypertension. The present communication is an investigation of renal function in specific toxemia of pregnancy, based upon a study of inulin, phenol red and diodrast clearances and diodrast Tm. The inulin clearance is considered to be a measure of the rate of glomerular filtration, diodrast clearance a measure of effective renal blood flbw and diodrast Tm a measure of tubular excretory mass (2, 3), within the definitions and limitations accorded to these terms by Smith (4). Using these methods, Goldring et al. (5, 6, 7, 8) have demonstrated that renal ischemia of varying degree, associated with an increase in filtration fraction which is indicative of efferent arteriolar
Cross Modal Ranschburg Effects: Examining Within-Sequence Repetitions for Visual-Verbal, Non-Verbal-Visual, and Tactile Stimuli.

The Ranschburg effect is a serial order memory phenomena, which is illustrated by recall failure for spaced repeated elements in a sequence (e.g. 1R34R6). In contrast, facilitation (improved recall) is shown for repeated items that are adjacent in the sequence (massed repetitions, e.g. 1RR3456). This effect is well researched within the verbal modality of working memory; however, no research has been conducted investigating presence of the phenomena cross-modally. The current research aimed to establish this effect in the visual and tactile (touch) modalities. Three experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 (n=40) used unfamiliar faces, with further manipulation of set size, awareness, and repetition type (spaced and massed repetitions), using serial order reconstruction (SOR) as the recall method. Experiment 1 found repetition facilitation for massed repetitions but spaced repetition did not produce inhibition (i.e. no Ranschburg effect). Experiment 2 replicated the Experiment 1 method using visual verbal stimuli (letters). Experiment 2 revealed both repetition inhibition and facilitation, showing that it was not the SOR procedure that prevented inhibition in Experiment 1. Experiment 3 (n=40) used tactile stimuli, and applied it to an immediate serial recall (ISR) procedure. Both facilitation and inhibition was reported. Across the three experiments repetition awareness and set size had limited impact on the effects of repetition. The results are discussed in reference to theories on domain general/amodal accounts of working memory.