Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Conocimiento matemático para la enseñanza en bachillerato : un estudio de dos casos

espanolEl proyecto de tesis doctoral surge a partir de dos problematicas: la notoria ausencia de una institucion que tenga la encomienda de reglar la consistencia de la formacion (inicial y continua) de los profesores de bachillerato (incluye la inconsistencia y escasez de propuestas formativas) y la ausencia de un modelo teorico que describa especificamente el conocimiento matematico para la ensenanza (MKT1) en bachillerato. En la tesis doctoral se proporciona una matizacion del modelo del MKT en bachillerato y con el una serie de descriptores o indicadores para identificar y comprender los distintos subdominios del MKT, mismos que pueden servir para analizar a otros profesores o para la formacion profesional del profesorado. EnglishThe doctoral dissertation project comes from both social and theoretical issues. The former one refers to the notorious absence of an institution that has the purpose of directing the initial and continuous consistency of the upper secondary (high school) teachers formation. Due to the inconsistency and lack of training proposals, we must add the theoretical issue. This refers to the absence of a theoretical model which describes specifically the Mathematical knowledge for teaching (MKT) in upper secondary. The doctoral thesis provides a specific refinement of the MKT model in upper secondary together with a series of descriptors or indicators in order to identify and understand the different subdomains of the MKT which act as a base of dimensions to help analyze other high school teachers as well as take into account the initial and continuous training of them.
Evidence indicating that the cholera toxin structural genes of Vibrio cholerae RJ1 and 3083-2 are between met and trp

An enterotoxin A subunit-specific radioactive probe was used to correlate expression of vct-1 or vct-2 with the presence of specific restriction fragments in the DNAs of several wild-type and recombinant Vibrio cholerae strains. The data are consistent with the conclusion that vct is a cholera toxin structural gene.
Energy-Saving Night Temperature Regime for Satsuma Mandarins ( Citrus unshiu Marc.) Grown in a Plastic House with Heating. I. Effect of Temperature and Water Condition on Fruit Growth and Quality

In we how temperature and other environmental factors affect the fruit growth and quality of Satsuma mandarin grown in a plastic house with heating. At 14 (cid:1) 23°C, the average nighttime air temperature was positively correlated with the standardized fruit growth rate ( GRF St ) in the young stage. In contrast, GRF St was clearly depressed with a daytime air temperature at around 30°C, and the optimum air temperature for active fruit growth was 25°C. Moreover, in the middle and mature stages, the air temperature did not correlate with the GRF St . These results indicate that, in the young stage, the air temperature should be controlled at around 25°C during the daytime and 20 (cid:1) 23°C during the nighttime for active fruit growth. In the middle and mature stages, fruit growth might not require nighttime air temperatures that are as high as 20 (cid:1) 23°C. The air temperatures did not correlate with the fruit soluble sugar content (SSC); in contrast, a close relationship was found between the predawn xylem water potential ( (cid:1) Xy ) and SSC. The day temperature, radiation and (cid:1) Xy were linearly correlated with the fruit titratable acidity (TA) in the young stage.
Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) molecules are key mediators in insulin signaling and play a central role in maintaining basic cellular functions such as growth, survival, and metabolism. They act as docking proteins between the insulin receptor and a complex network of intracellular signaling molecules containing Src homology 2 (SH2) domains. Four members (IRS‐1, IRS‐2, IRS‐3, IRS‐4) of this family have been identified that differ as to tissue distribution, subcellu‐lar localization, developmental expression, binding to the insulin receptor, and interaction with SH2 domain‐containing proteins. Results from targeted disruption of the IRS genes in mice have provided important clues to the functional differences among these related molecules, suggesting they play different and specific roles in vivo. The available data are consistent with the notion that IRS‐1 and IRS‐2 are not functionally interchangeable in tissues that are responsible for glucose production (liver), glucose uptake (skeletal muscle and adipose tissue), and insulin production (pancreatic β cells). In fact, IRS‐1 appears to have its major role in skeletal muscle whereas IRS‐2 appears to regulate he‐patic insulin action as well as pancreatic β cell development and survival. By contrast, IRS‐3 and IRS‐4 genes appear to play a redundant role in the IRS signaling system. Defects in muscle IRS‐1 expression and function have been reported in insulin‐resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Several polymorphisms in the IRS genes have been identified, but only the Gly→Arg972 substitution of IRS‐1, interacting with environmental factors, seems to have a patho‐genic role in the development of type 2 diabetes. In contrast, polymorphisms of the other IRS genes do not appear to contribute to type 2 diabetes. —Sesti, G. , Federici, M. , Hribal, M. L. , Lauro, D. , Sbraccia, P., Lauro, R. Defects of the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) system in human metabolic disorders. FASEB J. 15, 2099–2111 (2001)
Oxygen isotope studies on Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites from New Zealand and their biogeographic significance

Abstract δ (O18) and S(C13) results and isotopic temperatures are presented for transverse sections of New Zealand belemnites (Belemnopsis, Hibolithes, Dimitobelus) obtained from Jurassic strata correlated with Bajocian-Bathovian, Callovian, Kimmeridgian and Lower Tithonian, and Cretaceous strata correlated with Albian-Maastrichtian. Growth layer analyses also were carried out on 15 Jurassic and Cretaceous belemnites. Many of the belemnite specimens were found to be chemically altered to varying degrees, but growth analyses showed that the high isotopic temperatures which alteration is expected to produce were confined to two areas : surrounding the apical line and adjacent to the periphery of the specimen. Between these two areas there are generally plausible isotopic temperatures, and there is no reason to suspect that the temperature record has not been preserved there in its original form. Three or four major growth stages may be recognised in New Zealand belemnite guards and growth layer analyses sug.
Internal wave band eddy fluxes above a continental slope

Three weeks of velocity and temperature measurements from the bottom 45 m above the continental slope in the Bay of Biscay are used to evaluate the role of the internal wave band in boundary mixing near a sloping bottom. Utilizing acoustic Doppler current profilers and thermistor strings, internal wave band eddy fluxes of momentum and heat are estimated. The instrumentation is specifically designed to resolve internal wave band processes. Due to unresolved Doppler shifting, this wave band may include turbulence as well as internal waves. A very energetic and highly variable near-bottom environment is found. Periods of mixing and restratification alternate at the M 2 tidal frequency. Interpreting the observations in an Ekman sense, the three-week mean current is downwelling-favorable, which is consistent with existing boundary layer theories. However, a bi-directional flow associated with sloping boundary mixing is not found in the near-bottom layer, possibly due to observed strong stratification all the way to the bottom. We evaluated boundary layer dynamics and the effect of internal wave-band fluxes from two frequency ranges (σ ≥ 15 cpd and σ ≥ 1.9 cpd, including tides) on the three-week mean flow. The high-frequency range (σ ≥ 15 cpd) of the internal wave band supports significant momentum and buoyancy fluxes while the low-frequency range (σ ≥ 1.9 cpd) only supports significant momentum fluxes. Mean bottom-normal eddy diffusivities associated with anisotropic, nonlinear internal waves, are negative and O(-10 -2 m 2 s -1 ). Interpreting these negative eddy diffusivities as indication of a restratification process, high mixing efficiencies are expected throughout the mixing layer, which extends typically 20 m above the bottom. Mean eddy viscosities are positive in cross-slope direction and negative in alongslope direction, implying a strong anisotropy in the interaction between internal wave band eddies and the mean flow. Alongslope momentum is transferred from the internal tide to the mean flow. Buoyancy and pressure gradient forces, which we could not determine directly, may generate a buoyancy-driven secondary flow. The buoyancy equation is dominated by advection, possibly balanced by divergence of cross-slope and alongslope internal wave band fluxes.
Statistical topography of fitness landscapes

Fitness landscapes are generalized energy landscapes that play an important conceptual role in evolutionary biology. These landscapes provide a relation between the genetic configuration of an organism and that organism’s adaptive properties. In this work, global topographical features of these fitness landscapes are investigated using theoretical models. The resulting predictions are compared to empirical landscapes. It is shown that these landscapes allow, at least with respect to the properties considered, for a rough classification into two types. In the biologically relevant limit, these two types of landscapes show very different behavior. While empirical landscapes cannot be classified on purely theoretical grounds, some of the known landscapes are classified here on a case-by-case basis. The study of theoretical models leads to consider sequences of record events of independent but non-identically distributed random variables and correlations between these record events. While these considerations appear at first to be outside the main direction of this thesis, they lead to a record-base tool of data analysis that is applied to one of the data sets considered here.
Sampling patchy distributions:comparison of sampling designs in rocky intertidal habitats

Any attempt to assess species abundances must employ a sampling design that balances collection of accurate information for many species with a reasonable sampling effort. To assess the accuracy of commonly used within-site sampling designs for sessile species, we gathered cover data at 2 rocky intertidal locations in Southern California using a high-density point-contact method that maintained the spatial relationships among all points. Different sampling approaches were compared using simulated sampling. Different sampling units (single points, line transects, and quadrats) were modeled at high and low sampling efforts. Sampling units were either distributed randomly or with stratified random methods. Sampling accuracy was assessed by comparing cover and species richness estimated by the sampling simulations to the actual field data. Randomly placed single point-contacts provided the best estimates of cover but are usually not logistically feasible in the rocky intertidal, so ecologists typically use quadrats or line transects. With quadrats, some form of stratified random sampling usually gave estimates that were closer to known values than simple random placement. In nearly all stratified cases, optimum allocation of sample units, where quadrats are allocated among strata according to the amount of variability within each stratum, yielded the most accurate estimates. With 1 exception, line transects placed perpendicular to the elevational contours ('vertical transects') approached or exceeded the accuracy of the best stratified quadrat efforts. The estimates for rare species were consistently poor since sampling units often missed such species altogether, suggesting a systematic bias. Species richness was substantially underestimated by all sampling approaches tested, whereas these same approaches accurately estimated diversity (H'). These results illustrate the difficulty of obtaining accurate cover estimates in rocky intertidal communities.
Short‐term high‐ vs low‐velocity isokinetic lengthening training results in greater hypertrophy of the elbow flexors in young men

Study I – The effect of fast (3.66 rad/s, FAST) or slow (0.35 rad/s, SLOW) isokinetic high‐resistance muscle lengthening contractions on muscle fiber and whole muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the elbow flexors was investigated in young men. Twelve subjects (23.8±2.4 years, mean±SD) performed maximal resistive lengthening isokinetic exercise with both arms for 8 weeks (3 days/week), during which they trained one arm at a FAST velocity while the contralateral arm performed an equivalent number of contractions at a SLOW velocity. Before (PRE) and after (POST) the training, percutaneous muscle biopsies were taken from the mid‐belly of the biceps brachii and analyzed for fiber type and CSA. Type I muscle fiber size increased PRE to POST (P<0.05) in both FAST and SLOW arms. Type IIa and IIx muscle fiber CSA increased in both arms, but the increases were greater in the FAST vs the SLOW trained arm (P<0.05). Elbow flexor CSA increased in FAST and SLOW arms, with the increase in the FAST arm showing a trend toward being greater (P=0.06). Maximum torque generating capacity also increased to a greater degree (P<0.05) in the FAST arm, regardless of testing velocity. Study II – In a separate study, we attempted to provide some explanation of the greater hypertrophy observed in study I by examining an indicator of protein remodeling (Z‐line streaming), which we hypothesized would be greater in the FAST condition. Nine men (21.7±2.4 years) performed an acute bout (N=30, 3 sets × 10 repetitions/set) of maximal lengthening contractions at FAST and SLOW velocities used in the training study. Biopsies revealed that FAST lengthening contractions resulted in more (185±17%; P<0.01) Z‐band streaming/mm(2) muscle, vs the SLOW arm. In conclusion, training using FAST (3.66 rad/s) lengthening contractions leads to greater hypertrophy and strength gains than SLOW (0.35 rad/s) lengthening contractions. The greater hypertrophy seen in the FAST trained arm (study I) may be related to a greater amount of protein remodeling (Z‐band streaming; study II).
Predictors of Survival in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients: A Five-Year Prospective Study

Our objective was to examine the influence of various demographic, clinical, and enrollment biochemical variables on the long-term survival of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. This was a prospective cohort study investigating the relationship between demographics and enrollment biochemical markers and mortality in CAPD patients in a CAPD unit in a large tertiary care teaching hospital. One hundred and sixtynine patients in the CAPD program were enrolled between 1989 and 1994, and were followed up to 60 months. Independent predictors of mortality determined by Cox proportional hazards model included age, diabetes, serum albumin and creatinine. Enrollment level of serum albumin, and creatinine can predict mortality in CAPD patients up to 60 months. Markers of visceral and somatic nutrition at enrollment are important predictors of mortality in CAPD patients up to five years.
Seismic monitoring of pressure depletion evaluated for a United Kingdom continental‐shelf gas reservoir

The possibility of using 4D seismic data for monitoring pressure depletion in the low‐porosity, tight gas‐bearing Rotliegende sandstones of the UK Southern Gas Basin is investigated. The focus here is on whether fractures in the upper part of the reservoir, known to enhance productivity, can also enhance the time‐lapse seismic response. The study uses laboratory data to evaluate core‐plug stress sensitivity, published data for the stress behaviour of the fractures, followed by petro‐elastic and 4D seismic modelling of both the fractured and unfractured formation. The magnitude of the resultant 4D signatures suggests that production‐induced changes in the unfractured sands are unlikely to be observed except perhaps with highly repeatable time‐lapse surveys. On the other hand, the presence of fractures could render production effects visible in dedicated 4D acquisition or prestack parallel processed data. If present however, the signature will be sporadic, as fractures in the area are known to exist in clusters. The 4D signature may be enhanced further by certain classes of vertical geological variability and also areas of high reservoir pressure. The strongest evidence of depletion is expected to be time‐shifts seen at the base of the Rotliegende reservoir.
Aspect-oriented analysis and design - the theme approach

Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. The Object-Oriented Way. 3. The Theme Approach. 4. Analysis. 5. Theme Design. 6. Theme Composition. 7. Map to Implementation. 8. Case Study: Phone Features. 9. Case Study: Usage Licensing. Appendix. The Crystal Game. Index. Other Loose Elements.
Timing and Efficacy of Ca2+ Channel Activation in Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Boutons

The presynaptic Ca2+ signal is a key determinant of transmitter release at chemical synapses. In cortical synaptic terminals, however, little is known about the kinetic properties of the presynaptic Ca2+ channels. To investigate the timing and magnitude of the presynaptic Ca2+ inflow, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from mossy fiber boutons (MFBs) in rat hippocampus. MFBs showed large high-voltage-activated Ca2+ currents, with a maximal amplitude of ∼100 pA at a membrane potential of 0 mV. Both activation and deactivation were fast, with time constants in the submillisecond range at a temperature of ∼23°C. An MFB action potential (AP) applied as a voltage-clamp command evoked a transient Ca2+ current with an average amplitude of ∼170 pA and a half-duration of 580 μsec. A prepulse to +40 mV had only minimal effects on the AP-evoked Ca2+ current, indicating that presynaptic APs open the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels very effectively. On the basis of the experimental data, we developed a kinetic model with four closed states and one open state, linked by voltage-dependent rate constants. Simulations of the Ca2+ current could reproduce the experimental data, including the large amplitude and rapid time course of the current evoked by MFB APs. Furthermore, the simulations indicate that the shape of the presynaptic AP and the gating kinetics of the Ca2+ channels are tuned to produce a maximal Ca2+ influx during a minimal period of time. The precise timing and high efficacy of Ca2+ channel activation at this cortical glutamatergic synapse may be important for synchronous transmitter release and temporal information processing.
TerpreT: A Probabilistic Programming Language for Program Induction

We study machine learning formulations of inductive program synthesis; given input-output examples, we try to synthesize source code that maps inputs to corresponding outputs. Our aims are to develop new machine learning approaches based on neural networks and graphical models, and to understand the capabilities of machine learning techniques relative to traditional alternatives, such as those based on constraint solving from the programming languages community. Our key contribution is the proposal of TerpreT, a domain-specific language for expressing program synthesis problems. TerpreT is similar to a probabilistic programming language: a model is composed of a specification of a program representation (declarations of random variables) and an interpreter describing how programs map inputs to outputs (a model connecting unknowns to observations). The inference task is to observe a set of input-output examples and infer the underlying program. TerpreT has two main benefits. First, it enables rapid exploration of a range of domains, program representations, and interpreter models. Second, it separates the model specification from the inference algorithm, allowing like-to-like comparisons between different approaches to inference. From a single TerpreT specification we automatically perform inference using four different back-ends. These are based on gradient descent, linear program (LP) relaxations for graphical models, discrete satisfiability solving, and the Sketch program synthesis system. We illustrate the value of TerpreT by developing several interpreter models and performing an empirical comparison between alternative inference algorithms. Our key empirical finding is that constraint solvers dominate the gradient descent and LP-based formulations. We conclude with suggestions for the machine learning community to make progress on program synthesis.
An assessment of vegetation fire in Africa (1981–1991): Burned areas, burned biomass, and atmospheric emissions

This paper presents the first published time series of burned area maps of Africa, covering an 8 year period, 1981–1983 and 1985–1991. These maps were derived from the analysis of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) global area coverage (GAC) images at 5 km resolution. The burned area maps for the period 1985–1991 were used with biomass density and burning efficiency figures, to estimate the quantity of burned biomass during this 6 year period. Emission factors were further used to estimate the trace gas and aerosol emissions produced by vegetation fires. Biomass density was estimated based on values found in the literature and on the accumulated normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) as derived from the remote sensing images. Burning efficiency was assessed with a dryness index that was based on the relative greenness index (RGI), also derived from the NDVI. Average emission factors were retrieved from the literature. The uncertainties in the burned area, biomass density, combustion efficiency, and emission factors were considered, with a total error of 51% for the burned biomass and 58% for the emission estimates. The results obtained for the burned biomass in Africa were compared with other values found in the literature and showed values lower by a factor of 1.1–3.3. The annual burned biomass from vegetation fires in Africa on average was estimated between 704 and 2168 Tg . In the same way, the atmospheric emissions on average ranges are as follows: CO2 (990–3726 Tg), CO (40–151 Tg), CH4 (1.2–4.4 Tg), NOx (2.8–10.6 Tg), and PM (< 2.5 μm) (3.3–12.4Tg).