Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The role of categorization and in-group norms in judgments of groups and their members

Four minimal group experiments tested the prediction that judgments of groups and their members reflect evaluations made simultaneously but independently at the within-group and intergroup levels. On the basis of self-categorization theory and social identity theory, it was predicted that group members seek both intergroup distinctiveness and legitimization of in-group norms. In Experiments 1-3, membership (in-group, out-group), status of group members (modal, deviant), and either accountability to in-group or to out-group or salience of group norms were varied. Accountability and norm salience increased derogation of out-group normative (in-group deviant, out-group modal) and upgrading of in-group normative (in-group modal, out-group deviant) members. In Experiment 4, within-group differentiation reinforced in-group identification. These findings suggest that subjective group dynamics operate to bolster social identity when people judge modal and deviant in-group and out-group members.
Predictors of marital stability 2 years following traumatic brain injury

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to determine the predictors of continuous marital stability over 2 years post-injury and examine the moderating effects of ethnicity. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: Longitudinal dataset of the TBI Model Systems National Database. Participants: Nine hundred and seventy-seven individuals with primarily moderate-to-severe TBI (751 Caucasians and 226 minorities) hospitalized between 1989–2005. Main outcomes: Marital stability was defined as ‘stably married’ (married at admission and married at follow-up years 1 and 2) and ‘unstably married’ (being single, divorced or separated at any of the two follow-up years). Results: Across the 2 years post-injury, 85% of study participants who reported being married upon admission for TBI had stable marital status, while 15% indicated being separated or divorced. Younger age, being a male with a TBI, suffering a TBI as a result of a violent injury and having moderate injury severity predicted marital instability. Furthermore, within minorities, increases in disability resulted in a higher likelihood of being stably married. Conclusions: These research findings are clinically relevant and assist marital/couples/family intervention therapists and/or rehabilitation professionals to design programmes early after injury to target these at risk couples. Further research on the modifiable factors contributing to marital instability after TBI and potential moderators is needed.
Aces and Bombers: The Post-Exam Impression Management Strategies of Students

In this study we attempted to develop a classification of the strategies students employ to manage self-impressions after grades have been awarded and examination papers returned. These encounters between students are of three types: first, when students who have scored a top grade in this exam (Aces) encounter other students who received a low or even failing grade (Bombers); second, when Aces encounter other Aces; and, third, when Bombers encounter other Bombers. The impression management strategies employed in these encounters are constrained by well-known rules of modesty in regard to one's own achievements and considerateness for lesser achieving peers, dictated by the particular encounter type described above. These rules are spelled out and an attempt made to generalize the findings to a wider universe of interactions.
Professionals and Workplace Control: Organizational and Demographic Models of Teacher Militancy

Using a sample of 524 elementary and 816 secondary school teachers, the authors evaluate the plausibility of seven alternative models of the determinants of teacher militancy concerning issues of workplace control. The findings suggest that the more plausible models are those that explain militancy as a function of (a) the extent of the teacher's integration into the organization and (b) the teacher's affective response to organizational conditions. For example, a strong inverse relationship was found within both groups of teachers between militancy and satisfaction with supervision. Demographic variables were found to have less impact on teacher militancy than the organizational-integrative variables.
Laminin acts via β1 integrin signalling to alter cholinergic regulation of L‐type Ca2+ current in cat atrial myocytes

1 A perforated patch recording method was used to determine how plating cells on laminin (20 μg ml−1; >2 h) alters cholinergic regulation of L‐type Ca2+ current (ICa,L) in atrial myocytes. 2 Acetylcholine (ACh; 1 μm)‐induced inhibition of basal ICa,L was not different between cells on glass and laminin. However, stimulation of ICa,L elicited by ACh withdrawal was significantly smaller in cells on laminin (10 ± 2 %) than on glass (48 ± 5 %) (P= 0.001). 3 Stimulation of ICa,L induced by either spermine‐NO (200 μm), milrinone (10 μm), IBMX (100 μm) or forskolin (1 μm) was significantly smaller in cells plated on laminin than on glass. However, stimulation of ICa,L by 100 μm 8‐CPT‐cAMP or intracellular dialysis with 50 μM cAMP was not different between cells plated on laminin or glass. 4 Basal, forskolin‐ and IBMX‐stimulated cAMP content was significantly smaller in cells plated on laminin than on glass. 5 Stimulation of ICa,L by ACh withdrawal was significantly smaller in cells plated on an αβ1‐integrin antibody (10 ± 4 %) than on glass (38 ± 6 %; P= 0.001). In cells on laminin, prior exposure to 100 μg ml−1 YIGSR, a laminin receptor‐binding peptide, restored ACh‐induced stimulation of ICa,L (58 ± 14 %)laminin alone (7 ± 2 %; P= 0.05). 6 Addition of 20 μm cytochalasin D or 1 μM latrunculin A, agents that prevent actin polymerization, to cells on laminin restored ACh‐induced stimulation of ICa,L. 7 We conclude that laminin binding to β1 integrins acts in association with the actin‐based cytoskeleton to attenuate adenylate cyclase activity. As a result, laminin inhibits NO‐mediated stimulation of ICa,L elicited by ACh withdrawal. Laminin‐integrin signalling may be relevant to changes in autonomic regulation that occur during cardiac development and/or disease.
Show‐ups: the critical issue of clothing bias

A field study (N = 379) investigated the effects of clothing bias on show-up identifications using variations in type of clothing (distinct and common), the similarity of clothing between the event and the identification procedure, target-present and two target-absent show-ups (high similarity and low similarity innocent suspects), and time delay. Results showed a significant clothing bias by clothing type interaction on identification accuracy; however, no overall effects of delay or common clothing on identification accuracy were found. With distinct clothing, significant effects of clothing bias and suspect similarity emerged. Implications for police use of show-ups are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

ABSTRACT Traps containing a combination floral and synthetic pheromone lure are used to monitor and manage Japanese beetles, Popillia japonica Newman (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). One key factor limiting trap effectiveness for beetle control is the “trap spillover” phenomenon, in which the trap attracts beetles without capturing them, resulting in increased damage to surrounding host plants. We investigated the mechanisms underlying trap spillover by conducting two studies in a soybean field in east central Illinois. In the first study, we set up trap stations for 1 d and compared the sex, size, and egg load (for females) of beetles caught in the traps with those on the plants immediately surrounding the trap, downwind of the trap, at lure-only (no trap) stations, and at control areas. Females caught in traps tended to be smaller than those on plants surrounding the traps, and females attracted to the traps had fewer eggs than those downwind or at control sites. We did not find any difference in male characteristics. In the second study, we observed the behavior of beetles initially approaching traps. Upon initial approach, the majority of individuals landed on plants before making contact with the trap, and those beetles that spent an extended time on the leaves tended to be females. Arriving males would occasionally pair with these females on the plants. Overall, traps did not capture a random subset of the beetles present in the field. We hypothesize that trap spillover is a result of arriving females not being as attracted to the precise location of the trap as they are to the general location itself, and of arriving males seeking mates and finding them among these spillover females.
Whipping It Up! An Analysis of Audience Responses to Political Rhetoric in Speeches From the 2012 American Presidential Elections

In the context of Hofstede’s distinction between collectivist and individualist societies, an analysis was conducted of rhetorical devices utilized to invite affiliative audience responses in 11 speeches delivered by the two principal candidates in the 2012 American presidential election (Barrack Obama and Mitt Romney). Results were compared with preexisting data on Japanese and British political speeches. Whereas Anglo American politicians principally utilized implicit rhetorical devices, the Japanese principally utilized explicit devices. Whereas individualized audience responses (isolated applause and individual remarks) occurred throughout the American speeches, Japanese audiences invariably responded together. Collective audience responses also occurred in the American speeches, but showed a greater diversity than those for the British or Japanese, with chanting and booing, as well as cheering, applause, and laughter. In the American speeches, a significant positive correlation was found between affiliative response rate and electoral success; this is the first study to demonstrate such a significant relationship.
Stigma as Perceived and Experienced by People with Mental Illness who receive Compulsory Community Treatment

Objective : The purpose of this study was to explore how stigma is perceived and experienced by people with mental illness who are legally required to use mental health services while living in the community. Method : Interviews were conducted with 91 people with mental illness who were receiving compulsory community mental health treatment in British Columbia, Canada. An inductive thematic analytic framework was used to identify predominant themes and recurring patterns in the qualitative data. Results : Participants’ narratives centered around six primary themes: (a) compulsory treatment; (b) feeling/being knocked down; (c) public (mis)understanding; (d) social identity/location; (e) social disadvantage; and (f) passing-managing-overcoming. Compulsory community treatment was entangled with a myriad of other stigma-producing factors associated with the direct effects of mental illness and social disadvantage. Conclusion : Compulsory community mental health treatment is not the predominant issue that produces stigma among people with mental illness, but it may contribute to such experiences by creating situations where people are likely to feel powerless, devalued, and oppressed.
Therapeutic Efficacy of Poly(dl-Lactide-Co-Glycolide)-Encapsulated Antitubercular Drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Induced in Mice

ABSTRACT Poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles were developed as carriers for isoniazid and rifampin in order to improve compliance of tuberculous chemotherapy. Antitubercular drugs encapsulated in PLG polymers and injected in a single dose subcutaneously resulted in a sustained release (up to 6 weeks) of drugs in various organs of mice. Further, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv-infected animals given a single shot of chemotherapy in PLG microparticles exhibited a better or equivalent clearance of CFU in various organs compared to those given a daily administration of free drugs.
Sleep-Induced Changes in Associative Memory

The notion that dreaming might alter the strength of associative links in memory was first proposed almost 200 years ago. But no strong evidence of such altered associative links has been obtained. Semantic priming can be used to quantify the strength of associative links between pairs of words; it is thought to measure the automatic spread of activation from a node representing one word to nodes representing semantically related words. Semantic priming could thus be used to test for global alterations in the strengths of associative links across the wake-sleep cycle. Awakenings from REM and nonREM (NREM) sleep produce a period of state carry-over during which performance is altered as a result of the brain's slow transition to full wakefulness, and cognitive testing in this period can provide information about the functioning of the brain during the prior sleep period. When subjects were tested across the nightbefore and after a night's sleep as well as immediately following forced awakenings from REM and NREM sleepweak priming (e.g., thief-wrong) was found to be state dependent (p = 0.016), whereas strong priming (e.g., hot-cold) was not (p = 0.89). Weak primes were most effective in the presleep and REM sleep conditions and least effective in NREM and postsleep conditions. Most striking are analyses comparing weak and strong priming within each wake-sleep state. Contrary to the normal pattern of priming, subjects awakened from REM sleep showed greater priming by weak primes than by strong primes (p = 0.01). This result was seen in each of three protocols. In contrast, strong priming exceeded weak priming in NREM sleep. The shift in weak priming seen after REM sleep awakenings suggests that cognition during REM sleep is qualitatively different from that of waking and NREM sleep and may reflect a shift in associative memory systems, a shift that we hypothesize underlies the bizarre and hyperassociative character of REM-sleep dreaming. Known changes in brainstem activity that control the transition into and maintenance of REM sleep provide a possible explanation of this shift.
Mathematical description of AC resistance spot welding control problem and limits of its controller design

Resistance spot welding (RSW) is widely used in sheet metal fabrication industries even though the medium frequency type has appeared. Since there are lots of demands to significantly improve its performances depending on better control schemes, it is valuable to answer the question: how much of the performance it might improve if more advanced control strategies could be used. In addition, various modeling work has been done in the past twenty years. However, there are few new papers showing controller design based on these models and improving its performances effectively. This paper presented the complete mathematical description of the control problem firstly and revealed the critical points in the model of the whole process which significantly affect the control strategy design. Then it explained why most feedback strategies ordinarily used lose their theoretical foundations and few existing control algorithms can be directly used for this control problem with RMS valued current as the output and input constraints. Moreover, a practical control strategy with solid theoretical support was proposed, which seems to be simple but actually with lots of complicated theoretical issues concerned and is one of the few reasonable control algorithms considering the unique properties of RSW's “single phase AC model, input constraints and nonlinearity of the output”. In the end, this paper verified the proposed scheme against the experimental results, and introduced a new interesting general control problem for later researches.
Perceived difficulties in managing ethical problems in family practice in Slovenia: cross-sectional study.

AIM To determine the prevalence of difficulties in managing ethical dilemmas in family practice. METHODS The study included a random sample of 259 family medicine physicians, representing 30% of the population of family physicians in Slovenia. Participants were given a self-administered questionnaire on perceived ethical dilemmas in their practice, with responses on a 5-point scale and a maximum score of 100. The main outcome measure was the percentage of family physicians reporting difficulties in solving perceived ethical dilemmas. RESULTS The response rate was 55%. Physicians reported having difficulties in solving ethical dilemmas often or very often (mean score+/-standard deviation, 56.1+/-12.1). The most difficult ethical issue included abandoned and unattended patients and patients with insufficient means of support (48.6%), followed by suspicion of physical abuse, sexual abuse, or other criminal behavior (40.9%), and use of limited health care resources (21.1%). Female physicians reported greater difficulties in solving ethical dilemmas than male physicians (57.7+/-10.6 vs 53.0+/-14.1, P=0.036, t test). Older physicians solved ethical issues more easily than younger ones (53.9+/-12.6 vs 58.2+/-11.2, P=0.043, t test). Specialists and residents in family medicine considered solving ethical dilemmas to be more difficult than general practitioners without specialization (57.3+/-11.6 vs 47.1+/-11.8, P=0.001, t test). Multivariate regression analysis of physician and practice characteristics did not yield any significant model to explain the differences in the perceived level of difficulties in solving ethical dilemmas. CONCLUSION Although managing ethical dilemmas is an important part of daily work of family physicians in Slovenia, it is perceived as a considerable burden in their work. Family physicians need more training in addressing and managing ethical issues.
Political Unconscious of Croatia and the EU: Tracing the Yugoslav Syndrome through Fredric Jameson's Lenses

This paper deals with several aspects of the ‘return of Yugoslavia’ in Croatia and the European Union (EU). First, we apply the concept of Political Unconscious to the analysis of Croatian political discourse, from the beginning of the dissolution of Yugoslavia to the conclusion of the Croatian EU accession, and then to recent developments in the EU. In the political antagonism between Croatian independence and integration, the most prominent cognitive mapping through conspiracy theories constitutes the haunting ideologeme of the ‘return of Yugoslavia’. Nevertheless, due to the Euro-crisis and structural homologies of Yugoslavia and the EU, it is possible that the old ideologeme will continue to haunt the Croatian political reality. Moreover, this dangerous analogy between Yugoslavia and the EU could not be overlooked even on the European level. Conditions of emergence and possible lines of development of the Euro-crisis are explored by comparing it with similar political, structural and historical dimensions of Yugoslav dissolution.
Repression, suppression, and oppression (in depression)

Erdelyi's two key tenets – that repression may be conscious (“suppression”) and that it is context-sensitive – resonate well with findings on unipolar depression. Drawing from this field, I argue that (1) “oppression,” namely, pressure from significant others to refrain from attending to certain mental contents, influences individuals' repression/suppression; and that, (2) individuals actively create the very contexts that facilitate their repression/suppression.
Toward Developing an Unbiased Scoring Algorithm for "NASA" and Similar Ranking Tasks

Both logical evidence and empirical evidence are presented to illustrate that the conventional scoring algorithm for NASA and similar ranking tasks significantly underestimates the initial level of ability presumed to be in a group and that Slevin's alternative scoring algorithm significantly overestimates the initial level of ability. The authors present a third algorithm, which they believe is unbiased. Recommendations for group facilitators and researchers are presented. As Slevin has indicated, the conventional scoring algorithm should no longer be used.
Linking exercise and causality orientations to change in well‐being among older adults: does change in motivational variables play a role?

A self-determination theory process model of change in well-being was tested among older adults in a 16-week randomized exercise-trial (n = 118, M = 74.3 years, SD = 4.6, 68% females). The exercise intervention increased participants' autonomous motivation and perceived competence over the first 7 weeks. Moreover, autonomous orientation gave rise to perceived competence, while impersonal orientation was related to increased controlled motivation. Changes in motivational variables were positively related to changes in vitality over the trial, while change in controlled motivation was negatively related to changes in vitality and subjective well-being. Bootstrapping analyses supported an indirect exercise–vitality path through autonomous motivation and perceived competence, and an indirect autonomous orientation–vitality path through perceived competence.
Offensive tactical thinking level of wheelchair basketball players in Arab countries

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the appropriateness of offensive tactical decision-making of Arab basketball players, and to determine if there are differences in the appropriateness of offensive tactical decision-making within the various disability classifications of Arab basketball players. A twenty-question survey was formulated to assess decision-making in offensive tactical situations in wheelchair basketball players. Participants in the present study were 108 athletes from 10 Arab national teams participating in wheelchair basketball. The mean offensive tactical thinking level of wheelchair basketball players in the 20 different situations in the Arab countries ranged between 1.38–2.84, and the standard deviations for these 20 means ranged from 0.41 to 0.90. The total mean of all tactical situations was 2.33, which is moderate thinking level. The influence of the disability classification on the offensive tactical thinking of wheelchair basketball players was addressed by examining the data via a one-way ANOVA. The ANOVA revealed no significant differences among disability classifications/categories in tactical thinking (F(3, 104)=1.12, p=0.34). This study represents the first attempt to identify why Arab nations have not consistently qualified for the Paralympics or World Championships. These findings indicate that the moderate offensive tactical thinking level of wheelchair basketball players on Arab national teams may be part of the reason that performances of these teams have not been as strong as they would like.
Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants

It is amazing to me how in all the hoopla and debate these days about the decline of education in the US we ignore the most fundamental of its causes. Our students have changed radically. Today’s students are no longer the people our educational system was designed to teach. Today’s students have not just changed incrementally from those of the past, nor simply changed their slang, clothes, body adornments, or styles, as has happened between generations previously. A really big discontinuity has taken place. One might even call it a “singularity” – an event which changes things so fundamentally that there is absolutely no going back. This so-called “singularity” is the arrival and rapid dissemination of digital technology in the last decades of the 20 th century.