Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Binding too Much Rather than too Little: Age Differences in Attentional Control and the Implications for Associative Memory

This thesis investigated whether older adults’ reduced attentional control leads to hyperbinding or the obligatory formation of overly broad associations between events occurring in close temporal and spatial contiguity. Study 1 explored whether older, but not younger, adults form associations between co-occurring targets and distractors. Studies 2 and 3 explored whether this hyper-binding effect extends to sequential co-occurrences. Study 1 examined whether older adults’ lessened inhibitory control leads them to inadvertently form associations between co-occurring targets and distractors. Participants first performed a 1-back task on pictures overlapped with irrelevant words and were later given a paired-associates memory task that surreptitiously included preserved and disrupted pairs from the 1-back task. Older adults showed a memory advantage for preserved pairs and a disadvantage for disrupted pairs, while younger adults performed similarly across pair type, suggesting that older adults alone encode irrelevant co-occurrences in the environment. Study 2 examined whether older adults also encode sequential co-occurrences that are entirely contained within distracting information, regularities that younger adults manage to
Risk-Need-Responsivity applications of the MMPI-2 in sexual offender assessment

ABSTRACT The present investigation examined the risk, need, and responsivity (RNR) correlates of MMPI-2 scores in a Canadian sample of 349 federally incarcerated sex offenders, followed up prospectively 19 years post-release. In terms of responsivity indicators, more serious profile patterns were associated with younger age, single marital status, lower education, and lower cognitive ability; the scales generally had weak associations with sex offender treatment completion or change. With respect to criminogenic risk and need, Scales F, 4, 6, 8, and 9 and combinations therein had significant associations with structured measures of sex offender risk, and in turn, consistently predicted sexual or violent recidivism over 5 and 10-year follow-ups. Several of these predictive associations were maintained even after controlling for static and dynamic risk factors. Finally, model based clustering of the MMPI-2 scales generated three clusters termed disordered, emotionally distressed, and predominantly antisocial (non-disordered) subtypes. Although comparatively higher rates of violent recidivism were found with the disordered subtype, this group did not have higher levels of risk and need, broadly speaking, than the other subtypes. The RNR implications of the results are discussed in terms of forensic applications of MMPI-2 with sex offender populations.
Effects of Swim Speed and Activity Pattern on Success of Adult , Sockeye Salmon Migration through an Area of Difficult Passage

Ahslrucl. -We used electromyogram telemetry to exnnlinc swim speeds nnd passage success 'for 12 adult sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka migrnting through Hcll's Gate, a rench in the Fraser Kivcr canyon thilt is notorious for creating conditions that impcdc snlmon migratione. Fishwnys cxist in one segmcnt; however, the approach immediately downstrenm of the fishways is nlso very challenging to migration. Average swim speeds (in body lengths per eecond; BLls) were slower (P = 0.017) end residency timcs shorter (P = 0.058) in the approach for fish that succcss~ully entered the fishways (mean = 1.85 BUS. SE = 0.71; mean = 34.57 min, SE = 17.39; n = 7) compnred with those of fish that were unsuccessful (menn = 4.23 BLls, SE = 0.85; incan = 1,742 min. SE = 1.367; n = 5). Migrant-specific swim-speed patterns revenlcd that fish alternated at different time scales between relaiively fast and elow speeds. Continuous swimming nt greater than maximum sustained speeds (U,,) never exceeded 3 min in the case of any of Ihe successful migrants, but unsuccessful migrants exhibited one or more periods (each of >I0 min duration) of continuous swimming at speeds greater than UCd,. Unsuccessful fish disappcarcd downstream and died without passing Hell's Gate. Hyperactivity seems to have played a significant role in lnck of passage succcss. It is unclcar why some fish swnm nt relatively fnst speeds for extended periods of time while others did not. It is possible that unsuccessful migrnnts swam fast bccause they used relatively turbulent nnd fast-flowing migration paths. Some individuals may also be prone lo swim at relntively fnst speeds regardless of migration path.
Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?*

High-quality institutions -- reflected in such factors as rule of law, bureaucratic quality, freedom from government expropriation, and freedom from government repudiation of contracts -- mitigate the adverse economic effects of ethnic fractionalization identified by Easterly and Levine (1997) and others. Ethnic diversity has a more adverse effect on economic policy and growth when a government's institutions are poor. But poor institutions have an even more adverse effect on growth and policy when ethnic diversity is high. In countries where the institutions are good enough, however, ethnic diversity does not lessen growth or worsen economic policies. Good institutions also reduce the risk of wars and genocides that might otherwise result from ethnic fractionalization. However, these forms of violence are not the channel through which ethnic fragmentation and its interaction with institutions affect economic growth. Ethnically diverse nations that want to endure in peace and prosperity must build good institutions.
Gender, Madness, Religion, and Iranian-American Identity: Observations on a 2006 Murder Trial in Williamsport, Pennsylvania

Using participant observation, oral history interviews, and a study of court transcripts, Internet chats, and press coverage of a 2006 murder trial of an Iranian-American man in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, we can better appreciate the dynamic intersection of ethnicity, religion, and gender in constructing the social identity of Iranian-Americans. Brian Hosayn Yasipour, who immigrated to the United States in 1969, was convicted of murder in the third degree for killing his four-year-old daughter in 2001 during a custody dispute with his estranged, Iranian-born wife. He managed to avoid the death penalty. Debates about his guilt in America hinged on assessments of his mental state at the time of the crime and this, in turn, hinged on debates about how normative his actions would have been in Iran. Until his arrest, Brian had led a highly mobile life—moving back and forth between America, where he lived as a Christian, and Iran, where he visited as a Muslim. Was he a calculating Iranian-Islamic patriarch, outraged at the defiance of his wife and the attitudes of American courts toward his paternal rights? Or was he, per the court transcripts, a “white Christian” and survivor of childhood rape back in Iran, who lapsed into madness under the strain of his second divorce? Brian actively blurred these issues in court appearances before and after the murder—often expressing his agency in terms of preserving his imaginary and physical mobility.
Sleep patterns in children with autistic spectrum disorders: a prospective cohort study

Objective To investigate longitudinal sleep patterns in children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). Study design Prospective longitudinal study using Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, an English cohort born in 1991–1992. Parental reports of sleep duration were collected by questionnaires at 8 time points from 6 months to 11 years. Children with an ASD diagnosis at age 11 years (n=73) were identified from health and education records. Results From aged 30 months to 11 years old, children with ASD slept for 17–43 min less each day than contemporary controls. No significant difference in total sleep duration was found in infancy, but from 30 months of age children with ASD slept less than their peers, a difference that remained significant after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, high parity and epilepsy. The reduction in total sleep was wholly due to changes in night rather than daytime sleep duration. Night-time sleep duration was shortened by later bedtimes and earlier waking times. Frequent waking (3 or more times a night) was also evident among the children with ASD from 30 months of age. Age-specific decreases of >1SD within individuals in sleep duration across adjacent time points was a predictor of ASD between 18 months and 30 months of age (p=0.04) and from 30 months to 42 months (p=0.02). Conclusions Sleep duration in children with ASD is reduced from 30 months of age and persists until adolescence.
Is the number of fast-food outlets in the neighbourhood related to screen-detected type 2 diabetes mellitus and associated risk factors?

Abstract Objective We investigated whether a higher number of fast-food outlets in an individual’s home neighbourhood is associated with increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related risk factors, including obesity. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Three UK-based diabetes screening studies (one general population, two high-risk populations) conducted between 2004 and 2011. The primary outcome was screen-detected type 2 diabetes. Secondary outcomes were risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Subjects In total 10 461 participants (mean age 59 years; 53 % male; 21 % non-White ethnicity). Results There was a higher number of neighbourhood (500 m radius from home postcode) fast-food outlets among non-White ethnic groups (P<0·001) and in socially deprived areas (P<0·001). After adjustment (social deprivation, urban/rural, ethnicity, age, sex), more fast-food outlets was associated with significantly increased odds for diabetes (OR=1·02; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·04) and obesity (OR=1·02; 95 % CI 1·00, 1·03). This suggests that for every additional two outlets per neighbourhood, we would expect one additional diabetes case, assuming a causal relationship between the fast-food outlets and diabetes. Conclusions These results suggest that increased exposure to fast-food outlets is associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes and obesity, which has implications for diabetes prevention at a public health level and for those granting planning permission to new fast-food outlets.
Political Psychology in International Relations: Beyond the Paradigms

Political psychology in international relations (IR) has undergone a dramatic transformation in the past two decades, mirroring the broader changes occurring in IR itself. This review examines the current state of the field.Webegin by offering a data-driven snapshot analyzing four years of manuscript classifications at a major IR journal to characterize the questions that IR scholars engaged in psychological research are and are not investigating. We then emphasize six developments in particular, both present-day growth areas (an increased interest in emotions and hot cognition, the rise of more psychologically informed work on public opinion, a nascent research tradition we call the first image reversed, and the rise of neurobiological and evolutionary approaches) and calls for additional scholarship (better integration of the study of mass and elite political behavior and more psychological work in international political economy). Together, these developments constitute some of the directions in which .
Time Dilation and the Concept of an Objective Rest System

The case of two rockets approaching each other with constant velocity is used to underscore a common misconception in relativity theory. Since each rocket is an inertial system (IS), it has been argued that a clock located on either one of them must be running faster in each case than an identical clock on the other (symmetry principle). This conclusion is based on the Lorentz transformation (LT) of Einstein’s special theory of relativity (STR). There has never been an experimental verification of this prediction, however. On the contrary, experiments with atomic clocks carried onboard airplanes and rockets have demonstrated that their rates can be computed in a simple manner just by knowing their speed relative to the Earth’s non-rotating polar axis. After accounting for gravitational effects, it has always been found that the rates of these clocks are slower than those of identical counterparts located on the polar axis. These results can be predicted quantitatively by defining an objective rest system (ORS), the Earth’s polar axis in the present case, from which to uniquely
Effect of fatty acid chain length and saturation on the gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of dietary fatty acids in women

The gastrointestinal handling and metabolic disposal of [1-13C]palmitic acid, [1-13C]stearic acid and [1-13C]oleic acid administered within a lipid–casein–glucose–sucrose emulsion were examined in normal healthy women by determining both the amount and nature of the 13C label in stool and label excreted on breath as 13CO2. The greatest excretion of 13C label in stool was in the stearic acid trial (9.2 % of administered dose) whilst comparatively little label was observed in stool in either the palmitic acid (1.2 % of administered dose) or oleic acid (1.9 % of administered dose) trials. In both the palmitic acid and oleic acid trials, all of the label in stool was identified as being present in the form in which it was administered (i.e. [13C]palmitic acid in the palmitic acid trial and [13C]oleic acid in the oleic acid trial). In contrast, only 87 % of the label in the stool in the stearic acid trial was identified as [13C]stearic acid, the remainder was identified as [13C]palmitic acid which may reflect chain shortening of [1-13C]stearic acid within the gastrointestinal tract. Small, but statistically significant, differences were observed in the time course of recovery of 13C label on breath over the initial 9 h of the study period (oleic acid = palmitic acid > stearic acid). However, when calculated over the 24 h study period, the recovery of the label as 13CO2 was similar in all three trials (approximately 25 % of absorbed dose). These results support the view that chain length and degree of unsaturation may influence the gastrointestinal handling and immediate metabolic disposal of these fatty acids even when presented within an emulsion.
Hyperconnectivity of the Right Posterior Temporo‐parietal Junction Predicts Social Difficulties in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The posterior right temporo‐parietal junction (pRTPJ) is a key brain region representing other's mental status. Despite reports of atypical activation at pRTPJ during mentalizing in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of the pRTPJ remains under‐investigated. We examined whether boys with ASD show altered resting‐state iFC of the pRTPJ, and whether atypical iFC of the pRTPJ is associated with social deficits in ASD in a sample of 40 boys with high‐functioning ASD (aged 9–17 years, mean age, 12.38 ± 2.17; mean IQ, 105.60 ± 16.06) and 42 typically developing (TD) boys (aged 9–17 years, mean age, 11.64 ± 2.71; mean IQ, 111.29 ± 13.45). Both groups received resting‐state fMRI assessment after imaging data quality control for in‐scanner head motion and spatial coverage. Seed‐based approach was used to investigate iFC of the pRTPJ. TD and ASD boys demonstrated a resting‐state pRTPJ iFC pattern comparable to the known spatial involvement of the default‐mode network. Boys with ASD showed pRTPJ hyperconnectivity relative to TD boys in the right ventral occipito‐temporal cortex. This atypically increased iFC in the ASD group was positively correlated with social deficits assessed by the Chinese version of the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised and the Social Responsive Scale. Our findings provide empirical support for functional “dysconnectivity,” that is, atypical functional integration among brain regions, as an integral component of the atypical neurobiology of ASD. Autism Res 2015, 8: 427–441. © 2015 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of the membrane potential in bacterial resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics

The electrical potential difference (delta psi) across the membrane of Escherichia coli was measured by the distribution of lipid-soluble cations and correlated with resistance to dihydrostreptomycin, where resistance is presumed due to reduced uptake of the drug. A good correlation between the two measured parameters was found under all conditions tested, which included effects of several mutations, inhibitors, changes in pH, and osmolarity. The most dramatic changes were seen when pH was varied; in wild-type strains resistance increased more than 100-fold, and delta psi fell by 70 mV when pH was reduced from 8.5 to 5.5. These results were interpreted as support for a model in which the uptake of the polycationic aminoglycosides is electrogenic and therefore driven by delta psi. The factor common to mutations and conditions which increase resistance was a reduction in delta psi. A simple model was developed which relates the minimal inhibitory concentration to the rate of aminoglycoside uptake and the rate of growth.
Inter-Sensor Comparison between THEOS and Landsat 5 TM Data in a Study of Two Crops Related to Biofuel in Thailand

Abstract: Knowledge of the spatial distribution of biofuel crops is an important criterion to determine the sustainability of biofuel energy production. Remotely sensed image analysis is a proven and effective tool for describing the spatial distribution of crops using vegetation characteristics. Increases in the number of options and availability of satellite sensors have expanded the horizon of choices of imagery sources for appropriate image acquisitions. The Thailand Earth Observation System (THEOS) satellite is one of the newest satellite sensors. The growing number of satellite sensors warrants their comparative evaluation and the standardization of data obtained from various sensors. This study conducted an inter-sensor comparison of the visible/near-infrared surface reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data collected from the Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and THEOS. The surface reflectance and the derived NDVI of the sensors were randomly obtained for two biofuel crops, namely, cassava and sugarcane. These crops had low values of visible surface reflectance, which were not significantly (
An improved small-signal model of the dynamic behavior of PEM fuel cells

The dynamic behavior of a fuel cell is integral to the overall stability and performance of the power system formed by the fuel supply, fuel cell stack, power conditioner, and electrical load. Present-day fuel cells have transient (dynamic) responses that are much slower than the responses of the typical power conditioner and load to which they are attached. This disparity has significant implications on the overall power system design. In particular, some form of energy storage with adequate quick charge/discharge capability is usually needed to provide firm power backup during electrical load increases. This paper describes an effort to improve the small-signal modeling of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell's dynamic behavior as an initial step toward prescribing internal design modifications and/or external controller designs to improve its transient behavior. Such improvements will allow for reduced energy storage while increasing the number of suitable storage technology options. Simulation results obtained from the proposed model are presented along with corresponding test results, which show generally good agreement with each other and indicate that this model is to be preferred to another one.
The Intrinsic Learning Goals of Elementary School Students, in Their Own Words

Applying intrinsic life goals and learning goals increases children’s autonomous motivation to learn and enjoyment of learning. A paucity of field-based intervention studies have focused on helping students set intrinsic life goals and learning goals. In particular, there is a need for qualitative studies that examine intrinsic learning goal content over the course of an intervention. This qualitative study examined the homework goals that 15 upper elementary school students wrote over the course of 5 weeks within the context of a 7-week parent autonomy support and student life goals intervention. Three themes were identified: (1) overtly healthy attitudes toward the learning process (e.g., focusing on enjoyment, interest, persistence, creativity, and taking on challenges); (2) expressing motivation for helping others, which is a key intrinsic life goal; and (3) deeper purposes for academic subjects (i.e., spelling, reading, math, and science), which students usually experience as more meaningful and satisfying than extrinsic goals. Whereas most previous studies assess goal orientation by having students fill out forced-choice questionnaires, future intrinsic life goals intervention studies may benefit from considering these themes and the way children describe their own intrinsic goals, because they could help with training students to set goals that support autonomous motivation.
Quasi-Darwinian Selection in Marketing Relationships.

Abstract This article introduces quasi-Darwinian selection as a new explanatory paradigm for marketing relationships. In this paradigm, established relationships are viewed as survivors of a selection process whose parameters are the conduct of the partners, dependencies between the partners, and external adversities in the markets. Selection has the effect of culling certain combinations of these parameters, such as attempts at unilateral control when the partner is not dependent. The effect of selection is to carve out patterns that appear as associations between parameters, for example, between unilateral control and dependence. Traditionally, such associations have been interpreted as causal effects of one parameter on the other. This study shows that quasi-Darwinian selection may sometimes be the more correct explanation of an observed association. The guiding principle can be summarized by the motto “selection creates association. ” As an explanatory paradigm, selection may rival causation. The quasi.
ON THE SELECTION OF A LOCKING‐FREE hp ELEMENT FOR ELASTICITY PROBLEMS

We consider the design of robust elements that can be used in hp codes for elasticity problems. Our goal is to identify an element that is free of locking for the case of a nearly incompressible material, both in terms of the h version and the p version. By this we mean that the displacements as well as the stresses should converge optimally. For the standard nite element method, locking is observed in the stresses for the p version and in both the stresses and displacements for the h version. Hence, we recommend a mixed formulation. Several mixed methods are tested, and a method that is optimal both in terms of h and p is identiied.