Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
EISCAT observations of plasma patches at sub-auroral cusp latitudes

A sequence of 3 patches of high-density (10 12 m 3 ) cold plasma on a horizontal scale-size of 300- 700 km was observed near magnetic noon by the EISCAT VHF radar above Svalbard on 17 December 2001. The patches followed a trajectory towards the cusp inflow region. The combination of radar and all-sky observations demon- strates that the patches must have been segmented equator- ward of the cusp/cleft auroral display, and hence their prop- erties had not yet been influenced by cusp particle showers and electrodynamics on open flux tubes. The last patch in the sequence was intersected by radio tomography observations, and was found to be located adjacent to a broader region of the same high electron density further south. The patches occurred under moderately active conditions (Kp=3) and the total electron content (TEC) of the high-density plasma was 45 TEC units. The train of patches appeared as a segmen- tation of the tongue of ionization. The sequence of patches occurred in association with a sequence of flow bursts in the dusk cell return flow. It is proposed that reconnection driven pulsed convection is able to create sub-auroral patches in the region where high density mid-latitude plasma is diverted poleward toward the cusp. It is the downward Birkeland cur- rent sheet located at the equatorward boundary of the flow disturbance that represents the actual cutting mechanism.
Cryo‐electron microscopy structure of an SH3 amyloid fibril and model of the molecular packing

Amyloid fibrils are assemblies of misfolded proteins and are associated with pathological conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and the spongiform encephalopathies. In the amyloid diseases, a diverse group of normally soluble proteins self‐assemble to form insoluble fibrils. X‐ray fibre diffraction studies have shown that the protofilament cores of fibrils formed from the various proteins all contain a cross‐β‐scaffold, with β‐strands perpendicular and β‐sheets parallel to the fibre axis. We have determined the threedimensional structure of an amyloid fibril, formed by the SH3 domain of phosphatidylinositol‐3′‐kinase, using cryo‐electron microscopy and image processing at 25 Å resolution. The structure is a double helix of two protofilament pairs wound around a hollow core, with a helical crossover repeat of ∼600 Å and an axial subunit repeat of ∼27 Å. The native SH3 domain is too compact to fit into the fibril density, and must unfold to adopt a longer, thinner shape in the amyloid form. The 20×40‐Å protofilaments can only accommodate one pair of flat β‐sheets stacked against each other, with very little inter‐strand twist. We propose a model for the polypeptide packing as a basis for understanding the structure of amyloid fibrils in general.
Virtual manufacturing of composite aerostructures

ABSTRACT The past century has witnessed the rise and maturity of the flying machine, starting with the Wright brothers flyer to today’s modern passenger aircrafts and warfighters. At the start of this century, yet another achievement in flying vehicle technology was seen with the launch of the Boeing 787 aircraft, which has a significant portion by weight of polymer matrix fibre composites. This paper, therefore, addresses the effects of the manufacturing process of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites on mechanical performance. Computations are carried out using the Finite Element (FE) method at the microscale where Representative Volume Elements (RVEs) are analysed with Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBCs). Straight fibre pre-preg-based composites and textile composites are considered. The commercial code ABAQUS is used as the solver for the FE equations, supplemented by user-written subroutines. The transition from a continuum to damage/failure is effected by using the Bažant-Oh crack band model, which preserves mesh objectivity. Results are presented for RVEs that are first subjected to curing and subsequently to mechanical loading. The effect of the fibre packing randomness on the microstructure is examined by considering multifibre RVEs where fibre volume fraction is held constant but with random packing of fibres. Plain weave textile composites are also cured first and then subjected to mechanical loads. The possibility of failure is accommodated throughout the analysis – failure can take place during the curing process even prior to the application of in-service mechanical loads. The analysis shows the differences in both the cured RVE strength and stiffness, when cure-induced damage has and has not been taken into account.
Priesthood satisfaction and the challenges priests face : a case study of a rural diocese in the Philippines

This article draws from the experience of Catholic priests based in a rural diocese in the Philippines. It will be argued that their satisfaction as diocesan priests is best understood as a religious emotion in spite of the challenges they face on a daily basis. Their challenges revolve around economic limitation, problems with their bishop and leaders, and relational isolation brought about by social and geographic distance. In spite of these challenges, priest-respondents have asserted that they are satisfied because they are still able to fulfill their vocation as priests and have an impact on the lives of their parishioners. Priesthood satisfaction in this sense is not an individual state of the mind dependent on the environment and circumstances. Instead, priesthood satisfaction can be understood as a religious emotion that allows them to remain faithful to their vocation as Catholic priests. The nuances explored in this article inform and complement the various studies on priesthood in the West.
Adaptation and Validation of Sport-Confidence Measure to Gymnasts and Football Players

Este estudio tuvo como objetivos adaptar el instrumento de medida de autoconfianza Sport-Confidence Inventory para deportistas brasilenos e investigar evidencias de validez y precision del instrumento adaptado. Participaron deportistas de alto rendimiento, con edades entre 12 y 22 anos, de las siguientes modalidades deportivas: gimnasia artistica, gimnasia ritmica y futbol. Los procedimientos consisten en: a) realizar la adaptacion transcultural del SCI; b) investigar evidencias de validez de contenido por medio de estudio piloto; c) validez del constructo, por medio de analisis de componentes principales; y d) evidencias de precision, por la verificacion de los valores Alfa de Cronbach del instrumento adaptado. Los resultados demostraron evidencias de precision para las aplicaciones en deportistas de gimnasia y futbol. La validez del constructo indico composiciones diferentes para las sub-escalas en cada grupo. Estudios futuros podrian mejorar la calidad semantica del Cuestionario de Autoconfianza en el Deporte, considerando las particularidades de cada modalidad deportiva.
Cellular density-dependent down-regulation of EP4 prostanoid receptors via the up-regulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in HCA-7 human colon cancer cells

Increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) levels are features of colon cancer. Among the different E‐type prostanoid receptor subtypes, EP4 receptors are considered to play a crucial role in carcinogenesis by, for example, inducing COX‐2 when stimulated with PGE2. However, EP4 receptor levels and PGE2‐induced cellular responses are inconsistent among the cellular conditions. Therefore, the connections responsible for the expression of EP4 receptors were investigated in the present study by focusing on cell density‐induced hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α). The expression of EP4 receptors was examined using immunoblot analysis, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and reporter gene assays in HCA‐7 human colon cancer cells with different cellular densities. The involvement of HIF‐1α and its signaling pathways were also examined by immunoblot analysis, reporter gene assays, and with siRNA. We here demonstrated that EP4 receptors as well as EP4 receptor‐mediated COX‐2 expression levels decreased with an increase in cellular density. In contrast, HIF‐1α levels increased in a cellular density‐dependent manner. The knockdown of HIF‐1α by siRNA restored the expression of EP4 receptors and EP4 receptor‐mediated COX‐2 in cells at a high density. Thus, the cellular density‐dependent increase observed in HIF‐1α expression levels reduced the expression of COX‐2 by decreasing EP4 receptor levels. This novel regulation mechanism for the expression of EP4 receptors by HIF‐1α may provide an explanation for the inconsistent actions of PGE2. The expression levels of EP4 receptors may vary depending on cellular density, which may lead to the differential activation of their signaling pathways by PGE2. Thus, cellular density‐dependent PGE2‐mediated signaling may determine the fate/stage of cancer cells, i.e., the surrounding environments could define the fate/stage of malignancies associated with colon cancer.
Separating Ambiguity and Volatility in Cash Flow Simulation Based Volatility Estimation

Volatility is a significant parameter both in financial and real options valuation. However, in the case of several real option projects there is no historical data available. In such cases, one alternative is to use Monte Carlo simulation on projects' cash flows for estimating volatility. An important issue that has not been taken into account with most of these volatility simulation procedures is that not only the volatility but also the value of the underlying asset is often uncertain in the beginning. Because most of the existing methods do not take this into account, they overestimate the actual volatility of the project. This paper presents a procedure that separates the underlying asset uncertainty in the beginning from the volatility and hence improves the volatility estimation.
The Genetic Basis of Natural Variation in Kernel Size and Related Traits Using a Four-Way Cross Population in Maize

Kernel size is an important component of grain yield in maize breeding programs. To extend the understanding on the genetic basis of kernel size traits (i.e., kernel length, kernel width and kernel thickness), we developed a set of four-way cross mapping population derived from four maize inbred lines with varied kernel sizes. In the present study, we investigated the genetic basis of natural variation in seed size and other components of maize yield (e.g., hundred kernel weight, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row). In total, ten QTL affecting kernel size were identified, three of which (two for kernel length and one for kernel width) had stable expression in other components of maize yield. The possible genetic mechanism behind the trade-off of kernel size and yield components was discussed.
Functional Connectivity of Primary Motor Cortex Is Dependent on Genetic Burden in Prodromal Huntington Disease

Subtle changes in motor function have been observed in individuals with prodromal Huntington disease (prHD), but the underlying neural mechanisms are not well understood nor is the cumulative effect of the disease (disease burden) on functional connectivity. The present study examined the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) connectivity of the primary motor cortex (M1) in 16 gene-negative (NEG) controls and 48 gene-positive prHD participants with various levels of disease burden. The results showed that the strength of the left M1 connectivity with the ipsilateral M1 and somatosensory areas decreased as disease burden increased and correlated with motor symptoms. Weakened M1 connectivity within the motor areas was also associated with abnormalities in long-range connections that evolved with disease burden. In this study, M1 connectivity was decreased with visual centers (bilateral cuneus), but increased with a hub of the default mode network (DMN; posterior cingulate cortex). Changes in connectivity measures were associated with worse performance on measures of cognitive-motor functioning. Short- and long-range functional connectivity disturbances were also associated with volume loss in the basal ganglia, suggesting that weakened M1 connectivity is partly a manifestation of striatal atrophy. Altogether, the results indicate that the prodromal phase of HD is associated with abnormal interhemispheric interactions among motor areas and disturbances in the connectivity of M1 with visual centers and the DMN. These changes may, respectively, contribute to increased motor symptoms, visuomotor integration problems, and deficits in the executive control of movement as individuals approach a manifest diagnosis.
Effect of humor on state anxiety and math performance

An experiment tested the hypothesis that exposure to humorous material prior to taking a difficult math test can inhibit the amount of anxiety associated with the test, and thus enhance performance. In keeping with our hypothesis, participants performed better on a math test after first being exposed to funny cartoons versus non-humorous poems or nothing at all. Mediation analyses suggest that state anxiety mediated the relationship between exposure to humorous cartoons and math performance. Participants who were first exposed to cartoons performed better on the math test because they felt less anxiety while taking the test.
Deep LSTM based Feature Mapping for Query Classification

Traditional convolutional neural network ( CNN ) based query classiﬁcation uses linear feature mapping in its convolution operation. The recurrent neural network ( RNN ), differs from a CNN in representing word sequence with their ordering information kept explicitly. We propose using a deep long-short-term-memory ( DLSTM ) based feature mapping to learn feature representation for CNN . The DLSTM , which is a stack of LSTM units, has different order of feature representations at different depth of LSTM unit. The bottom LSTM unit equipped with input and output gates, extracts the ﬁrst order feature representation from current word. To extract higher order nonlinear feature representation, the LSTM unit at higher position gets input from two parts. First part is the lower LSTM unit’s memory cell from previous word. Second part is the lower LSTM unit’s hidden output from current word. In this way, the DLSTM captures the nonlinear nonconsecutive interaction within n -grams. Using an architecture that combines a stack of the DLSTM layers with a tradition CNN layer, we have observed new state-of-the-art query classiﬁcation accuracy on benchmark data sets for query classiﬁcation.
Speaking Errors of Persian and Azeri Turkish Learners in EFL Classrooms: A Comparative Investigation

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the frequency and types of the phonological and syntactic errors made by Persian and Azeri Turkish learners while speaking in EFL classes. To this end, two conversation classes, consisting of EFL students having different native languages (Persian and Azeri Turkish), were selected. During the term, students’ authentic conversations and presentations in English language were recorded. The corpus collected from the two classes was then transcribed and analyzed to determine the frequency of phonological and syntactic errors made by the two groups. The results indicated that Azeri Turkish EFL learners made less phonological errors compared with the Persian learners. However, not a noticeable difference in the frequency of errors in the grammatical structures was observed between the two groups. The results were discussed and the implications were made.
Etiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) in Outpatients in Beijing, June 2010 to May 2011

Background Since May 2009, exposure of the population of Beijing, China to pH1N1 has resulted in an increase in respiratory illnesses. Limited information is available on the etiology and clinical characteristics of the influenza-like illness (ILI) that ensued in adults following the pH1N1 pandemic. Methods Clinical and epidemiological data of ILI in adults was collected. A total of 279 throat swabs were tested for twelve respiratory viruses using multiplex RT-PCR. Clinical characteristics of influenza A in outpatients versus test-negative patients were compared using Pearson's χ2 and the Mann-Whitney U test. 190 swabs were tested for pH1N1 by virus isolation. Consultation rates for ILI were compared between 2009 and 2010. Results One or two virus were detected in 29% of the samples. Influenza A virus (FLU-A) accounted for 22.9% (64/279). Other viruses were present at a frequency less than 3.0%. Cough was significantly associated with Influenza A virus infection (χ2, p<0.001). The positive rate of FLU-A was consistent with changes in the ILI rate during the same period and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of ILI in 2010 when compared to 2009. During the 2010–2011 influenza season, the incidence peaked in January 2011 in Beijing and north China. Conclusions Exposure to pH1N1 had no impact on typical influenza seasonal peaks, although FLU-A remained the predominant virus for 2010 in Beijing. Symptomatically, cough was associated with FLU-A infection. The positive rate of influenza virus was consistent with changes in the ILI rate during the same period and there was a significant reduction in the incidence of ILI in 2010 when compared to that of 2009.
Dynamic fragmentation scheme for rate-adaptive wireless LANs

Many rate-adaptive MAC protocols have been proposed in the past for wireless LANs over time-varying media to provide efficient channel usage and throughput enhancement. Most of these protocols are receiver-based and employ RTS/CTS collision avoidance handshakes specified in the distributed coordination function (DCF) of the IEEE802.11 MAC. However, these protocols do not consider the possible bursty transmission of fragments in a rate-adaptive fashion. In this paper, a rate-adaptive protocol with a dynamic fragmentation scheme is proposed in order to enhance the throughput by employing bursty fragment transmissions based on the channel condition. Instead of using one fragmentation threshold, multiple thresholds for different data rates are proposed so that more data can be transmitted at higher data rates when the channel is good. In the fragmentation scheme of IEEE802.11, all fragments are generated with equal size at the same time, and all fragments will not change until they are transmitted. In our proposed scheme, whenever the rate for the next transmission is chosen based on the channel condition estimated from the previous fragment transmission, a new fragment is generated using the fragment threshold for the new rate. In this way, the channel can be more effectively utilized to squeeze in more bits. This scheme is evaluated under a time-correlated fading channel model in terms of the achieved throughput. Simulation results show that this scheme achieves a much higher throughput than other rate-adaptive protocols do.
Low- and high-text books facilitate the same amount and quality of extratextual talk

Recent research suggests that caregiver–child extratextual talk during shared book reading facilitates the development of preschool children’s oral language skills. This study investigated the effects of the amount of picturebook text on mother–child extratextual talk during shared book reading. Twenty-four mother–child dyads (children aged 3;01–3;11) were video-recorded as they read two books: low text and high text. Book reading interaction was transcribed, and mothers’ extratextual talk coded for level of abstraction, mean length of utterance and lexical diversity. The mean number of extratextual utterances was calculated for mothers and children, separately. Low-text books facilitated a similar amount of extratextual talk, but higher rates per minute because of their shorter reading durations. The amount of text did not affect the level of abstraction, mean length of utterance, or lexical diversity of maternal extratextual talk. The amount of picturebook text should be considered by those developing and implementing interactive reading interventions. Low-text books facilitate the same amount and quality of extratextual talk in shorter time periods.
Top-of-Atmosphere Albedo Estimation from Angular Distribution Models Using Scene Identification from Satellite Cloud Property Retrievals

Abstract The next generation of earth radiation budget satellite instruments will routinely merge estimates of global top-of-atmosphere radiative fluxes with cloud properties. This information will offer many new opportunities for validating radiative transfer models and cloud parameterizations in climate models. In this study, five months of Polarization and Directionality of the Earth’s Reflectances 670-nm radiance measurements are considered in order to examine how satellite cloud property retrievals can be used to define empirical angular distribution models (ADMs) for estimating top-of-atmosphere albedo. ADMs are defined for 19 scene types defined by satellite retrievals of cloud fraction and cloud optical depth. Two approaches are used to define the ADM scene types. The first assumes there are no biases in the retrieved cloud properties and defines ADMs for fixed discrete intervals of cloud fraction and cloud optical depth (fixed-τ approach). The second approach involves the same cloud fraction inte.
Neuronal cell fate diversification controlled by sub-temporal action of Kruppel

During Drosophila embryonic nervous system development, neuroblasts express a programmed cascade of five temporal transcription factors that govern the identity of cells generated at different time-points. However, these five temporal genes fall short of accounting for the many distinct cell types generated in large lineages. Here, we find that the late temporal gene castor sub-divides its large window in neuroblast 5–6 by simultaneously activating two cell fate determination cascades and a sub-temporal regulatory program. The sub-temporal program acts both upon itself and upon the determination cascades to diversify the castor window. Surprisingly, the early temporal gene Kruppel acts as one of the sub-temporal genes within the late castor window. Intriguingly, while the temporal gene castor activates the two determination cascades and the sub-temporal program, spatial cues controlling cell fate in the latter part of the 5–6 lineage exclusively act upon the determination cascades. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.19311. 001
Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy for In Vivo Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile Associated Colitis — A Pilot Study

Background Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most dreaded causes of hospital-acquired diarrhea. Main objective was to investigate whether confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has the capability for in vivo diagnosis of C. difficile associated histological changes. Second objective was to prove the presence of intramucosal bacteria using CLE. Methods 80 patients were prospectively included, 10 patients were diagnosed with CDI based on toxigenic culture. To validate the presence of intramucosal bacteria ex vivo, CLE was performed in pure C. difficile culture; additionally fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed. Finally, CLE with fluorescence labelled oligonucleotide probe specific for C. difficile was performed ex vivo in order to prove the presence of bacteria. Results CLE identified CDI-associated histological changes in vivo (sensitivity and accuracy of 88.9% and 96.3%). In addition, intramucosal bacteria were visualized. The presence of these bacteria could be proven by CLE with labeled, specific molecular C. difficile probe and FISH-technique. Based on comparison between CLE and FISH analyses, sensitivity and specificity for the presence of intramucosal bacteria were 100%. Conclusion CLE has the potential for in vivo diagnosis of CDI associated colitis. In addition, CLE allowed the detection of intramucosal bacteria in vivo.