Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Four tumour markers for urinary bladder cancer--tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA), HER-2/neu (ERB B2), urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and TP53 mutation.

PURPOSE Tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) is present in the proteolytic fragments of cytokeratins 8, 18 and 19 as a component of the cytoskeleton of nonsquamous epithelia. HER-2/neu protein is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase cell surface growth factor receptor that is expressed on normal epithelial and some cancer cells. The urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) is a GPI-linked single-chain glycoprotein. Mutations of the tumour suppressor gene P53 (TP53) are frequently correlated with tumour development and progression. We compared TPA, HER-2/neu and uPAR, and TP53 mutation in tumour-free and bladder cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical samples were used from 60 patients with tumours of the urinary bladder and from 9 patients with benign urological diseases. TPA was analyzed by the immunoluminometric assay LIA-mat TPA-MProlifigen. HER-2/neu was measured using the Bayer Oncoprotein test. uPAR was measured with the IMUBIND Total uPAR ELISA Kit. Mutation status in TP53 exons 5, 6, 7 and 8 was analyzed by temperature gradient gel electrophoresis of exon-specific PCR products and by sequence analysis. Statistical analysis included ROC, Mann-Whitney U-test and Pearson's correlation. RESULTS Pathological concentrations of TPA, HER-2/neu and uPAR are detectable in the serum and in urine of bladder cancer patients. The calculated diagnostic sensitivity for TPA in serum was 68.37%, for TPA in urine 33.3%, for HER-2/neu 86.7% and for uPAR 79.5%. Pathological levels of TPA in serum (p=0.001) and HER-2/neu (p =0.001) were significantly higher in patients with bladder cancer in comparison to the control group. For superficial bladder cancer, the mutation frequency in TP53 was 50%, while for invasive bladder cancer the mutation frequency in TP53 was 100%. Elevated TPA, HER-2/neu and uPAR levels were associated with all grades and stages of bladder cancer. CONCLUSION TPA, HER-2/neu or uPAR can differ between bladder cancer patients and the control group, but not between superficial and invasive bladder cancer. TP53 mutation frequently occurs in higher stages of bladder tumours.
The impact of parental religiosity on parenting goals and parenting style: a Dutch perspective

Several studies, conducted mainly in the United States, have revealed that parental religiosity influences the way parents raise their children. Against this background, the current study explores if such an effect is also discernible in the Netherlands. Data were gathered as part of a longitudinal study, in which 356 Dutch parents answered questions about their religious beliefs and practices, their parenting goals and parenting style. Analyses revealed that there is only a weak, ambiguous relation between parental religiosity and a preference for autonomy as a desirable value to be instilled in children. Parental church attendance is negatively associated with a preference for autonomy, but parents who are actively involved in a religious community tend to value children’s autonomy more positively. Effects of other indices of parental religiosity were not found, nor was there an effect of parental religiosity on parenting style. As far as this sample is concerned, the conclusion is that religion is not an important factor when it comes to the way parents raise their children.
Folk Music Classification Using Hidden Markov Models

Automatic music classification is essential for implementing efficient music information retrieval systems; meanwhile, it may shed light on the process of human’s music perception. This paper describes our work on the classification of folk music from different countries based on their monophonic melodies using hidden Markov models. Music corpora of Irish, German and Austrian folk music in various symbolic formats were used as the data set. Different representations and HMM structures were tested and compared. The classification performances achieved 75%, 77% and 66% for 2-way classifications and 63% for 3-way classification using 6-state left-right HMM with the interval representation in the experiment. This shows that the melodies of folk music do carry some statistical features to distinguish them. We expect that the result will improve if we use a more discriminable data set and the approach should be applicable to other music classification tasks and acoustic musical signals. Furthermore, the results suggest to us a new way to think about musical style similarity.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place

Ethnic insurgents sometimes defect to join forces with the state during civil wars. Ethnic defection can have important effects on conflict outcomes, but its causes have been understudied. Using Sunni defection in Iraq as a theory-developing case, this article offers a theory of “fratricidal flipping” that identifies lethal competition between insurgent factions as an important cause of defection. It examines the power of the fratricidal-flipping mechanism against competing theories in the cases of Kashmir and Sri Lanka. These wars involve within-conflict variation in defection across groups and over time. A detailed study of the empirical record, including significant fieldwork, suggests that fratricide was the dominant trigger for defection, while government policy played a secondary role in facilitating pro-state paramilitarism. Deep ideological disagreements were surprisingly unimportant in driving defection. The argument is probed in other wars in Asia. The complex internal politics of insurgent movements deserve careful attention.
Living-apart-together in Britain: context and meaning

The article draws on two Office of National Statistics’ Omnibus sample surveys to provide the demographic context for living-apart-together.The Omnibus sample surveys for this project were funded by the ONS and by the ESRC (grant no. L326253054). The ESRC grant also supported the qualitative research, and we are grateful to Sophie Sarre and Jennifer Burton, who organised and undertook the interviews. The second part of the paper begins to explore the meanings of this form of partnership through interviews conducted with a sub-sample of respondents to the second survey, conducted in April 2004. The exploratory study complicates our understanding of the range of partnership statuses, which in turn has implications for policymakers grappling with whether and how to regulate different statuses in different ways. We conclude that living-apart-together is a significant form of partnership in Britain, and that it may take place at different points in the lifecourse. We explore the idea that this form of partnership further signals the spread of ‘selfish individualism’ and a ‘flight from commitment’. We find instead that living-apart-together represents a different kind of shared life to those involved from that they perceive to characterise co-residential relationships.
Further studies on the deletion of the cholesterol feedback system in hepatomas.

Summary The studies reported here were carried out in an effort to extend our previous observation that the cholesterol negative feedback system is deleted in 3 varieties of hepatoma. In the present study the status of this feedback system has been examined in 10 additional transplantable hepatomas and in 1 human hepatoma. Although active cholesterol synthesis could be demonstrated in each of these tumors, in every case the cholesterol feedback system was found to be absent. Furthermore, the deletion of this feedback system from the highly differentiated Morris hepatoma 7787 suggests that this derangement of cholesterol feedback control may be a property of malignancy per se rather than a nonspecific effect of dedifferentiation. In conclusion, the deletion of the cholesterol feedback system in a total of 14 hepatomas so far examined, together with the demonstration of this lesion in a very highly differentiated liver tumor, suggests that the loss of this feedback system may be characteristic of malignancy in the liver.
Identifying Underlying Dimensions in Spouses' Evaluations of Fairness in the Division of Household Labor

Abstract Using the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH-I), we analyze the joint distribution of wives' and husbands' answers regarding whether the division of household chores is “fair. ” Responses comprise a 5-point scale, from “very unfair to me” to “very unfair to her/him” with “fair to both” as a middle category. It is well known that wives are more likely than husbands to report that the division of household labor is “unfair to me,” but this does not begin to exploit the information contained in these paired (wife/husband) data. Correlational measures suggest that agreement between wives and husbands is low, but the absolute levels of agreement are high, since, in the majority of couples, both spouses say the situation is “fair to both. ” The association is well captured by a restricted version of the log-linear model for quasi-symmetry. This model suggests a two-dimensional latent trait model for the pattern of couple-specific responses. Additional analyses indicate that the NSFH-I “fairness” item is a convolution of responses along two dimensions—one reflecting “relative fairness” (e.g., fair to one spouse compared to the other's contribution), the other a tendency on the part of many couples to report “fair to both” regardless of the “true” level of fairness between the wife and husband. This multidimensionality shows that there are difficulties in analyzing this item that have been hitherto unremarked upon in the literature. We argue that the latent trait perspective suggests that evaluations of equity need to be interpreted in terms of characteristics of couples, or marriages, not just in terms of the characteristics of wives and/or husbands.
Puerto Rican familism: considerations for family therapy

The Puerto Rican cultural value of familism has been described as a traditional modality that emphasizes the obligation and duties of family members to one another (Rogler & Cooney, 1984). As a core value of Puerto Rican families on the United States mainland, familism has endured the changes in cultural values brought about by repeated migrations between the United States mainland and Puerto Rico, the influences of social and economic trends in the United States, and the pressures to acculturate to American society. Familiarity with this cultural value helps the family therapist accurately define the family's problems and needs, and promotes an interventive approach congruent with the Puerto Rican family's expectations. O ver the past several decades, the employment of Puerto Ricans on the mainland United States has depended largely on the strength of the Northeast manufacturing and service sectors (United States Commission for Employment Policy, 1982). The mercurial economic conditions of these sectors have resulted in low wages and unstable employment for mainland Puerto Ricans. The oscillations in employment have brought about what has been termed "circular migration" (Ford Foundation, 1984) between Puerto Rico and, generally, the major cities of the Northeast. Return migration to Puerto Rico occurs when employment opportunities decrease on the mainland. Conversely, when the island economy experiences diminished activity or mainland employment prospects look more promising, a relocation follows (United States Commission for Employment Policy, 1982). Historically, this migration pattern has been facilitated because Puerto Ricans hold United States citizenship from birth, and air fares to the mainland are low. Circular migration among Puerto Ricans has engendered changes in the family's lifestyle from traditional, island values toward contemporary American cultural values. Intergenerational changes in ethnic identity, for example, have taken place. Rogler, Cooney, and Ortiz (1980) noted that first-generation Puerto Rican immigrant parents hold older island values and norms more strongly than do their children. Adult children who have been exposed to extended periods of residency on the mainland are less likely to speak Spanish, to reDort SDanish fluency, and to listen to Spanish-language radio and television. In a similar study, Col leran (1984) found that while Spanish is losing its relevance in their daily lives, parents and children value its importance for achievement in American society. Rogler et al. (1980) also found that the adult children clearly prefer to identify themselves as Puerto Ricans rather than Americans. Indeed, movement toward biculturalism is stronger than toward assimilation to a monocultural American identification. The identification with Puerto Rico has a special importance for the children's identities. The children, Colleran (1984) writes, "have chosen to remain bicultural in their outlook, retaining their connection with Puerto Rico despite increasing cultural distance from its heritage" (p. 6).
Racism and the Conspiracy of Silence

Because of the many important issues that confront our profession and society, deciding on the topic of my presidential address has been very difficult. Should I concentrate on presidential initiatives related to implementing the multicultural guidelines, or should I speak of my personal and professional journey in the field? Should I speak to the outcome of the midyear retreat on “The State of Counseling Psychology” (Sue, 2004) or deal with broad trends and challenges that confront our field? All of these topics are certainly relevant and worthy of discussion. Yet, as I have sat down to write about multicultural competencies or the outcome of the midyear retreat, I have felt pulled in another direction: to share my work on the pressing social injustice of racism. I realize that the subject matter might be more appropriate for the president of Division 45 (Society for the Psychological Study of Ethnic Minority Issues) or Division 9 (Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues). Fortunately, my dilemma was resolved when I read the interesting study by Fouad, Helledy, and Metz (2003) on Division 17 presidential addresses. From 1984 to 2002 they qualitatively analyzed those given throughout the years and found a wide range of topics and even extreme variation in the lengths of presidential addresses. They noted that President John Darley’s address before colleagues, for example, consisted of only eight words: “I have nothing to say at this meeting. ” Please don’t hope to be so lucky today. I plan to take slightly longer than eight words, so don’t prematurely start celebrating and heading for our social hour. In reality, there are several important reasons why such a topic is relevant to counseling psychology:
Clinical relevance of nalmefene versus placebo in alcohol treatment: Reduction in mortality risk

Reduction of long-term mortality risk, an important clinical outcome for people in alcohol dependence treatment, can rarely be established in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We calculated the reduction in all-cause mortality risk using data from short-term (6 and 12 months) double-blind RCTs comparing as-needed nalmefene treatment to placebo, and mortality risks from meta-analyses on all-cause-mortality risk by reduction of drinking in people with alcohol dependence. A reduction in drinking in the RCTs was defined by shifts in drinking risk levels established by the European Medicines Agency. Results showed that the reduction of drinking in the nalmefene group was associated with a reduction in mortality risk by 8% (95% CI: 2%, 13%) when compared to the placebo group. Sensitivity analyses confirmed a significant effect. Thus comparing the difference between nalmefene and placebo in reduction in drinking levels with results on all-cause mortality risk from meta-analyses indicated a clinically relevant reduction in mortality risk. Given the high mortality risk of people with alcohol dependence, abstinence or a reduction in drinking have been shown to reduce mortality risk and should be considered treatment goals.
Recovery of gait after stroke

Revised edition of the digital PhD thesis, 14-03-2006 In the Netherlands annually about 30,000 people suffer a stroke for the first time. One third of these stroke patients die within the first year, while 41% experience long term disabilities. This makes stroke a major disease in medical and in socio-economic terms. Not just on society but also, and far most, on the afflicted individual and his or her environment the impact is felt of a sustained stroke. Following a stroke a person's independence in moving about may be significantly compromised. The expected level of walking to a great extent determines the expected level of activities of daily living and possible discharge to home. This thesis describes the long term recovery of hemiplegic gait in severely affected stroke patients. Based on the application of a repeated measurement research design, data were obtained within the first post-stroke year period. This information subsequently enabled the identification of time-related changes and was used to address the following main questions: Are intensive stroke rehabilitation programmes, implemented within the early and subacute post-stroke phases, worthwhile in terms of long term functional gains and can this long term recovery be estimated early after stroke onset for better individualized reliable therapeutic goal setting and discharge planning? For this purpose, early and late recovery patterns were studied as functional recovery after stroke tends to be non-linear and time-dependent. Subsequently, this information was used in the interpretation of some of the mechanisms involved in the long term recovery of hemiplegic gait and the impact of intensity of therapeutic interventions on this recovery. The main findings of the studies presented in the first part of this thesis indicate predictive relationships between early determinants and late outcome and the relevance of measuring frequently and longitudinally in order to take into consideration the non-linear time-dependent relationship of covariates with recovery of gait after stroke. In the second part it is demonstrated that the long term effects of intensity of stroke rehabilitation, implemented during the initial 20 post-stroke weeks, are maintained for up to one year. However, a significant number of patients with incomplete recovery showed improvements or deterioration of walking ability and ADL beyond the error threshold between 6 and 12 months post-stroke. Several mechanisms involved in stroke recovery are discussed, such as recovery of penumbral tissues, neural plasticity, resolution of diaschisis and behavioural compensation strategies. Rehabilitation is believed to modulate this logistic pattern of recovery, most likely by interacting with these underlying processes. Our prediction models suggest that outcome is largely defined within the first weeks post-stroke.
Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an indicator of health and disease

This document presents the official position of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) on the application of serum alanine aminotransferase (AL T) activity, based upon an analysis of the currently available scientific data. Its authorship was selected by the Public Policy Committee. The document is fully endorsed by the AASLD Governing Board.
SELF-PERCEPTION IN WRITING: THE EFFECTS OF WRITING WORKSHOP AND TRADITIONAL INSTRUCTION ON INTERMEDIATE GRADE STUDENTS

This study compared the self-perception - specifically in terms of writing - of fourth- and fifth-grade students whose teachers used a writingworkshop approach with those whose teachers used a traditional approach. The measure used was the Writer Self-Perception Scale (Bottomley, Henk, & Melnick, 1997/1998). No significant differences were found between the scores of students who had been taught by the two teaching approaches. The findings of this study suggest that individual teachers are more important than strategies or approaches in affecting the writer self-perception of intermediate-grade children.
Network Evolution: Rewiring and Signatures of Conservation in Signaling

The analysis of network evolution has been hampered by limited availability of protein interaction data for different organisms. In this study, we investigate evolutionary mechanisms in Src Homology 3 (SH3) domain and kinase interaction networks using high-resolution specificity profiles. We constructed and examined networks for 23 fungal species ranging from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We quantify rates of different rewiring mechanisms and show that interaction change through binding site evolution is faster than through gene gain or loss. We found that SH3 interactions evolve swiftly, at rates similar to those found in phosphoregulation evolution. Importantly, we show that interaction changes are sufficiently rapid to exhibit saturation phenomena at the observed timescales. Finally, focusing on the SH3 interaction network, we observe extensive clustering of binding sites on target proteins by SH3 domains and a strong correlation between the number of domains that bind a target protein (target in-degree) and interaction conservation. The relationship between in-degree and interaction conservation is driven by two different effects, namely the number of clusters that correspond to interaction interfaces and the number of domains that bind to each cluster leads to sequence specific conservation, which in turn results in interaction conservation. In summary, we uncover several network evolution mechanisms likely to generalize across peptide recognition modules.
Song Acquisition among Rural Shona-Speaking Zimbabwean Children from Birth to 7 Years

This study is an analysis of samples of one years vocal productions of 92 children between birth and age 7 in the Nharira Communal Lands of Zimbabwe to determine at what stage and to what degree children's melodic efforts resembled adult song prototypes. Results indicate a common sequence of song acquisition that parallels the age-related phases observed in children of other cultures. Milestones were the use of characteristic tune segments and musical conventions at 3 years; ability to sing independently with larger ranges and forward motion at age 4; marked improvement of pitch precision at age 5; and tonal consistency throughout a song at 5.5 years. Few differences emerged in cognitive capacities between Nharira children and those in Western studies. Perhaps because of the importance of personal music-making in the environment, a dramatic difference appeared in singing accuracy. Nharira children produced more correct contours, intervals, and stable phrase endings than comparable children in the United States.
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of inhomogeneous electronic structure in monolayer and bilayer graphene on SiC

The authors present a scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) study of the local electronic structure of single and bilayer graphene grown epitaxially on a SiC(0001) surface. Low voltage topographic images reveal fine, atomic-scale carbon networks, whereas higher bias images are dominated by emergent spatially inhomogeneous large-scale structure similar to a carbon-rich reconstruction of SiC(0001). STS spectroscopy shows an ∼100meV gaplike feature around zero bias for both monolayer and bilayer graphene/SiC, as well as significant spatial inhomogeneity in electronic structure above the gap edge. Nanoscale structure at the SiC/graphene interface is seen to correlate with observed electronic spatial inhomogeneity. These results are relevant for potential devices involving electronic transport or tunneling in graphene/SiC.