Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Recordings of Multiple, Single-Neurons for Clinical Applications: The Emerging Role of the Bioactive Microelectrode

In 1999 we reported an important demonstration of a working brain-machine interface (BMI), in which recordings from multiple, single neurons in sensorimotor cortical areas of rats were used to directly control a robotic arm to retrieve a water reward. Subsequent studies in monkeys, using a similar approach, demonstrated that primates can use a BMI device to control a cursor on a computer screen and a robotic arm. Recent studies in humans with spinal cord injuries have shown that recordings from multiple, single neurons can be used by the patient to control the cursor on a computer screen. The promise is that one day it will be possible to use these control signals from neurons to re-activate the patient’s own limbs. However, the ability to record from large populations of single neurons for long periods of time has been hampered because either the electrode itself fails or the immunological response in the tissue surrounding the microelectrode produces a glial scar, preventing single-neuron recording. While we have largely solved the problem of mechanical or electrical failure of the electrode itself, much less is known about the long term immunological response to implantation of a microelectrode, its effect on neuronal recordings and, of greatest importance, how it can be reduced to allow long term single neuron recording. This article reviews materials approaches to resolving the glial scar to improve the longevity of recordings. The work to date suggests that approaches utilizing bioactive interventions that attempt to alter the glial response and attract neurons to the recording site are likely to be the most successful. Importantly, measures of the glial scar alone are not sufficient to assess the effect of interventions. It is imperative that recordings of single neurons accompany any study of glial activation because, at this time, we do not know the precise relationship between glial activation and loss of neuronal recordings. Moreover, new approaches to immobilize bioactive molecules on microelectrode surfaces while maintaining their functionality may open new avenues for very long term single neuron recording. Finally, it is important to have quantitative measures of glial upregulation and neuronal activity in order to assess the relationship between the two. These types of studies will help rationalize the study of interventions to improve the longevity of recordings from microelectrodes.
The Pattern of Dermatological Disorders among Patients Attending the Skin O.P.D of A Tertiary Care Hospital in Kolkata, India.

Pattern of skin diseases vary from region to region. Types of skin diseases are influenced by various factors and the consequent morbidities have a profound effect on individual and the community. An observational cross-sectional hospital based study was carried out in the dermatology outpatient department of Calcutta National Medical College, India to find out the pattern of skin diseases and its socio-demographic and environmental correlates. Maximum number of study population was aged 15-24 years (35.6%) and female gender (51.5%). Scabies was most common infectious type (20.4%) and acne (12.4%) was most common noninfectious dermatoses among the study population. Tinea and Acne most commonly recurred among the study population. Maintenance of personal hygiene (71.3%) and sufficient availability of water at household level (91.8%) were more among non-infectious group of patients in comparison to infectious group. Socio-economic status, tobacco use, over-crowding and positive history of contact were significantly associated with infectious type of dermatoses. Health education especially interpersonal communication can alleviate some of the miseries of dermatoses in individual and community.
Redox Regulation of Arabidopsis 3-Deoxy-d-arabino-Heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthase1

The cDNA for 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase of Arabidopsis encodes a polypeptide with an amino-terminal signal sequence for plastid import. A cDNA fragment encoding the processed form of the enzyme was expressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme requires Mn2+ and reduced thioredoxin (TRX) for activity. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) TRX f has an apparent dissociation constant for the enzyme of about 0.2 μm. The corresponding constant for TRX m is orders of magnitude higher. In the absence of TRX, dithiothreitol partially activates the enzyme. Upon alkylation of the enzyme with iodoacetamide, the dependence on a reducing agent is lost. These results indicate that the first enzyme in the shikimate pathway of Arabidopsis appears to be regulated by the ferredoxin/TRX redox control of the chloroplast.
Pollination Efficiency and the Evolution of Specialized Deceptive Pollination Systems

The ultimate causes of evolution of highly specialized pollination systems are little understood. We investigated the relationship between specialization and pollination efficiency, defined as the proportion of pollinated flowers relative to those that experienced pollen removal, using orchids with different pollination strategies as a model system. Rewarding orchids showed the highest pollination efficiency. Sexually deceptive orchids had comparably high pollination efficiency, but food‐deceptive orchids had significantly lower efficiency. Values for pollinator sharing (a measure of the degree of generalization in pollination systems) showed the reverse pattern, in that groups with high pollination efficiency had low values of pollinator sharing. Low pollinator sharing may thus be the basis for efficient pollination. Population genetic data indicated that both food‐ and sexually deceptive species have higher degrees of among‐population gene flow than do rewarding orchids. Thus, the shift from food to sexual deception may be driven by selection for more efficient pollination, without compromising the high levels of gene flow that are characteristic of deceptive species.
Nutritional Risk Factors for Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose. To evaluate the role of nutritional factors, serum lipids, and lipoproteins in late age-related macular degeneration (late AMD). Methods. Intake of red meat, fruit, fish, vegetables, and alcohol, smoking status, and body mass index (BMI) were ascertained questionnaire-based in 1147 late AMD cases and 1773 controls from the European Genetic Database. Serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins were determined. The relationship between nutritional factors and late AMD was assessed using logistic regression. Based on multivariate analysis, area-under-the-curve (AUC) was calculated by receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC). Results. In a multivariate analysis, besides age and smoking, obesity (odds ratio (OR): 1.44, P = 0.014) and red meat intake (daily: OR: 2.34, P = 8.22 × 10−6; 2–6x/week: OR: 1.67, P = 7.98 × 10−5) were identified as risk factors for developing late AMD. Fruit intake showed a protective effect (daily: OR: 0.52, P = 0.005; 2–6x/week: OR: 0.58, P = 0.035). Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels showed no significant association with late AMD. ROC for nutritional factors, smoking, age, and BMI revealed an AUC of 0.781. Conclusion. Red meat intake and obesity were independently associated with increased risk for late AMD, whereas fruit intake was protective. A better understanding of nutritional risk factors is necessary for the prevention of AMD.
Simian virus 40 may be associated with developing malignant pleural mesothelioma

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is associated with a history of heavy, long-term exposure to asbestos. However, MPM may also be associated with simian virus 40 (SV40), a polyomavirus. The association between SV40 and MPM remains unclear. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the proportion of SV40 presence in the histological specimens of Vietnamese patients with MPM. Histological specimens were obtained from 45 patients (19 men and 26 women) with MPM at the Pham Ngoc Thach Hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The specimens were processed and examined in order to detect the presence of the SV40 large T antigen (SV40 Tag) expression using immunohistochemistry. Of the 45 patients, 23 (51%) were epithelioid, 7 (16%) were biphasic, 6 (13%) were sarcomatoid, 4 (9%) were desmoplastic, 4 (9%) were well-differentiated papillary and 1 (2%) was the anaplastic subtype. In total, 9/45 patients (20%) demonstrated SV40 Tag expression. The proportion of patients that demonstrated SV40 Tag expression was not significantly different between the epithelioid subtype and the other subtypes (22 vs. 18%; P=1.000) or between the patients with stage IV disease and other stages (20 vs. 20%; P=1.000). The median survival time was not significantly different between the patients with or without SV40 Tag expression (196 vs. 236 days, P=0.8949). In summary, a 5th of the Vietnamese patients with MPM were associated with infection with SV40. SV40 may be a potential cause of MPM in Vietnam and this potential association requires additional studies.
Investing in big ideas: utilisation and cost of Medicare Allied Health services in Australia under the Chronic Disease Management initiative in primary care.

OBJECTIVE To critically examine utilisation of the 13 allied health services provided through Medicare Chronic Disease Management program and related general practitioner (GP) care planning initiatives. METHODS Statistics generated from national billing data from July 2005 to June 2009 were extracted from Medicare data and compared by profession, State or Territory and population. RESULTS Most services grew over 4 years although nationally consistent service levels were not found for any allied health provider profession. On referral from GPs, podiatry, physiotherapy and dietetics provided most services (82%) in 2008-09. Professions had unique patterns of referral instanced by age range and sex of clientele. Wide variation was apparent in per capita utilisation of allied health services by State or Territory; some with far less than average national use and others with high use. Annual number of GP Management Plans or Team Care Arrangements was low (mean: ≤22 per GP in 2008-09), indicating low use of care planning. CONCLUSION Inequality of accessibility for patients was apparent. Five years into the program, a review of Medicare Allied Health CDM policy is warranted. Implications. Research and evaluation is needed to identify whether the program is meeting the needs of GPs, allied health providers and chronic disease patients.
Robust Least Square Method and Its Application to Parameter Estimation

The system identification problem is researched when the input and output signal are both corrupted by noise. The robust least square (RLS) method and its application to parameter estimation problem, in which the perturbations are unknown but bounded (UBB), are introduced. The method can be interpreted as Tikhonov regularization procedure, with the advantage that it provides an exact bound on the robustness of solution and a rigorous way to compute the regularization parameter. Simulation results verify that the estimation precision and the robustness anti-noise of RLS are remarkably higher than other method when the input and output signal are both corrupted by noise.
Partisan Cleavages in the Importance of Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities

Objective. Research indicates partisan polarization on a number of social and moral attitudes. However, it is unclear whether a similar polarization can be found regarding citizenship norms, a question we investigate. Methods. Using 2004 GSS data, we examine regression results analyzing citizens' beliefs about a wide range of citizenship duties and rights based on their partisan identity. Results. Democrats and Republicans differ little in regard to many key rights and duties, such as the importance of voting and the right to equal treatment by the government. However, compared to Republicans, Democrats attach more importance to social duties and rights for political participation and for minority groups. Independents are most distinctive, placing much less importance on political duties and social rights of equality and an adequate standard of living, particularly in comparison to Democrats. Conclusion. The majority of Americans share a common set of citizenship norms. Yet, some differences occur along partisan lines, and Independents hold weaker citizenship norms compared to Republicans and Democrats.
Learning in groups: a handbook for face-to-face and online environments

Increasingly over the last two decades, learning in small groups has become a regular part of student experience whether in the seminar room, the laboratory, in independent groups, in online form or even in the lecture theatre. Though not always given a central role, group discussion, whether faceto-face, purely electronic or a blend of the two, has a critical role to play in the all-round education of students. This is not merely on the grounds of economy with larger numbers but through a rapidly expanding recognition of the nature and levels of learning that take place through active participation in group processes. Group interaction allows students to negotiate meanings, to express themselves in the language of the subject and to establish a more intimate and dialectical contact with academic and teaching staff than more formal methods permit. It also develops the more instrumental skills of listening, careful reading, presenting ideas (both in speech or in writing), persuading, and teamwork, all qualities attractive to employers with their greater expectations of the graduates’ ability to communicate; and this is further underlined by the high standards set by radio and television which make for more critical audiences. But perhaps most importantly, group discussion can or should give students the chance to monitor their own learning and thus gain a degree of self-direction and independence of the tutors in their studies. All these purposes are of excellent pedigree. Yet often they are not realised to a satisfactory level and both tutors and students may end up with a sense of frustration. Leading a successful group discussion, on or offline, does not always come naturally to many otherwise gifted tutors who may too readily fall back on a reserve position of authority, expert and prime talker. Brown and Atkins (1999) report research evidence that the mean proportion of time tutors spent talking in discussion groups was 64 per cent and could reach 86 per cent. Ramsden (2003) describes the ‘thoroughly predictable outcomes’ of traditional group discussion as a theory of teaching which assumes the mode of telling and transmission as its basis. The development of skills in group leadership, for both face-to-face and online situations are a constant theme throughout the book.
Cost of lipid lowering in patients with coronary artery disease by Case Method Learning

Objectives: This investigation was undertaken to study the costs of a Case Method Learning (CML) -supported lipid-lowering strategy in secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) in primary care. Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial in primary care with an additional external specialist control group in Södertälje, Stockholm County, Sweden, included 255 consecutive patients with CAD. Guidelines were mailed to all general practitioners (GPs; n=54) and presented at a common lecture. GPs who were randomized to the intervention group participated in recurrent CML dialogues at their primary health-care centers during a 2-year period. A locally well-known cardiologist served as a facilitator. Assessment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was performed at baseline and after 2 years. Analysis according to intention-to-treat—intervention and control groups (n=88)—was based on group affiliation at baseline. The marginal cost of lipid lowering comprised increased cost of lipid-lowering drugs in the intervention group compared with the primary care control group, cost of attendance of the GP's in the intervention group, and cost of time for preparation, travel, and seminars of the facilitator. Costs are as of 2002 with an exchange rate 1 US$=9.5 SEK (Swedish Crowns). Results: Patients in the primary care intervention group had their LDL cholesterol reduced by 0.5 (confidence interval [CI], 0.1–0.9) mmol/L compared with the primary care control group (p<.05). No change occurred in controls. LDL cholesterol in the external specialist control group decreased by 0.6 (CI, 0.4–0.8) mmol/L. The cost of the educational intervention represented only 2 percent of the drug cost. The cost of lipid lowering in the intervention group, including the cost of the educational intervention, was actually lower than that of patients treated at the specialist clinic—106 US$ per mmol decrease in LDL cholesterol in the intervention group and 153 US$ per mmol decrease in LDL cholesterol in the specialist group. EuroQol 5D Index, which gives an estimate of global health-related quality of life, was 0.80 (CI, 0.75–0.85) in the present cohort. Conclusions: The additional cost of CML was only 2 percent of the drug cost. Assuming the same gain in life expectancy per millimole decrease in LDL cholesterol as in the 4S-study gives a cost per gained quality-adjusted life year of US$ 24,000. This finding indicates that the CML-supported lipid-lowering strategy is cost-effective. The low cost of CML in primary care should probably warrant its use in the improvement of the quality of care in other major chronic diseases.
Perinatal mortality during fifteen-year period in Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

THE AIM To determine the incidence of perinatal mortality, as well as the frequency of premature deliveries. METHODS We analyzed the data of birth protocol at the Clinics for Gynecology and Obstetrition at the University Clinical Centre in Tuzla in period 1992-2006. RESULTS Perinatal mortality gradually declines in the period of 1992-2000. The decline owns mostly to early neonatal mortality more than to fetal which also shows the trend of decrease. During the first analyzed years (1992 and 1993) the incidence of premature deliveries was below 10% but that number increased during 1994 and 1995 (15.8%). The most interesting finding is that the highest level of incidence of premature deliveries was registered in the first postwar year--1996 (16.4%) when we also noted the largest number of deliveries for the analyzed period and most of which were finished between 32 and 36 weeks. The frequency of delivery of underweight babies (500-2499 g) was between 3.8 to 12.2%. The highest frequency was registered during the 1994 and 1995 when it reached 12.2%. The frequency of delivery of extremely underweight babies (500-999 g) for the analyzed period was about 0.1% with significant increase during the wartime (1995 even 0.6%). CONCLUSION We found that during the period of 15 years a significant decline of perinatal mortality is registered, due to early neonatal death. Limited accessibility and quality of perinatal health care during the war period had detrimental effects on the healt and survival of newborns.
Optical coherence tomography angiography of optic nerve head and parafovea in multiple sclerosis

Aims To investigate swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography in the optic nerve head (ONH) and parafoveal regions in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods Fifty-two MS eyes and 21 healthy control (HC) eyes were included. There were two MS subgroups: 38 MS eyes without an optic neuritis (ON) history (MS −ON), and 14 MS eyes with an ON history (MS +ON). The OCT images were captured by high-speed 1050 nm swept-source OCT. The ONH flow index (FI) and parafoveal FI were quantified from OCT angiograms. Results The mean ONH FI was 0.160±0.010 for the HC group, 0.156±0.017 for the MS−ON group, and 0.140±0.020 for the MS+ON group. The ONH FI of the MS+ON group was reduced by 12.5% compared to HC eyes (p=0.004). A higher percentage of MS+ON eyes had abnormal ONH FI compared to HC patients (43% vs 5%, p=0.01). Mean parafoveal FIs were 0.126±0.007, 0.127±0.010, and 0.129±0.005 for the HC, MS−ON, and MS +ON groups, respectively, and did not differ significantly among them. The coefficient of variation (CV) of intravisit repeatability and intervisit reproducibility were 1.03% and 4.53% for ONH FI, and 1.65% and 3.55% for parafoveal FI. Conclusions Based on OCT angiography, the FI measurement is feasible, highly repeatable and reproducible, and it is suitable for clinical measurement of ONH and parafoveal perfusion. The ONH FI may be useful in detecting damage from ON and quantifying its severity.
Reversal of postischemic acute renal failure with a selective endothelinA receptor antagonist in the rat.

Studies were designed to examine the effect of a selective endothelinA (ETA) receptor antagonist, BQ123, on severe postischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Severe ARF was induced in uninephectomized, chronically instrumented rats by 45-min renal artery occlusion. BQ123 (0.1 mg/kg.min) or vehicle was infused intravenously for 3 h on the day after ischemia. Measurements before infusion (24 h control) showed a 98% decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), increase in fractional excretion of sodium from 0.6 to 39%, and in plasma K+ from 4.3 to 6.5 mEq/liter. All vehicle-treated rats died in 4 d because of continuous deterioration of renal function, resulting in an increase of plasma K+ to fatal levels (> 8 mEq/liter). Infusion of BQ123 significantly improved survival rate (75%) by markedly improving tubular reabsorption of Na+ and moderately increasing GFR and K+ excretion. Plasma K+ returned to basal levels by the 5th d after ischemia. Improved tubular function was followed by gradual recovery in GFR and urinary concentrating mechanism. Additional data from renal clearance studies in rats with moderate ARF (30-min ischemia) and in normal rats with intact kidneys showed that ETA receptor blockade increases Na+ reabsorption and has no effect on renal hemodynamics. These results indicate that in the rat, the ETA receptor subtype mediates tubular epithelial function, and it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of ischemia-induced ARF. Treatment with the selective ETA receptor antagonist reverses deteriorating tubular function in established ARF, an effect of possible therapeutic significance.
Robotic Surgery for Cancer

AbstractCurrently, robot-assisted surgery is the most common type of robotic surgery used. In robot-assisted surgery, the operator is a surgeon, not a robotic system. Robotic systems assist the surgeons, but do not operate automatically. In this section, we focus on the master-slave type, which is the predominant type of robotic surgery used in cancer treatment, and discuss the role, present status, and the future of surgical robotic system in cancer treatment. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of a robotic system are discussed, but further development of technologies and equipment is necessary to allow the safe, widespread introduction of a robotic system in more advanced surgery for malignant tumors. Such advances in the surgical robotic system will hopefully overcome the remaining problems and provide the ultimate minimally invasive surgery for cancer treatment.