Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Circadian rhythm of activity in Japanese quail in constant darkness: variability of clarity and possibility of selection.

In conditions of constant darkness, interindividual variability in the clarity of circadian rhythmicity was observed in sexually immature young quail, with birds classified as more or less rhythmic or arrhythmic. The relative clarity of this circadian rhythm was observed on the actograms by measurement of the autocorrelation coefficient ratio over 12 cycles. Autocorrelation coefficients were calculated from sequential series of total activity over 12-minute periods. Crosses of selected phenotypes with different clarities of rhythmicity were conducted in order to study the possibility of selection of this characteristic. From a random population (N = 42, twice), pairs of the most rhythmic birds (3 families), and pairs of arrhythmic birds (4 families) were reared. Autocorrelation coefficient ratios of F1 birds from rhythmic families (N = 54) were greater than those of F1 birds (N = 48) from arrhythmic families (t-test, p < .0001). These ratios in offspring were significantly correlated with that of the mean parent of each clutch of siblings (N = 102, r = .35, p = .0003). This result was maintained in a second generation (F2) of birds, for which significant differences in expressed rhythmicity were observed. That is, autocorrelation coefficient ratios of F2 birds from two rhythmic families (N = 30) were greater than those of F2 birds from arrhythmic families (N = 20) (t-test, p = .039). Comparison of F2 outbred and inbred birds from rhythmic pairs showed greater values of autocorrelation coefficient ratios in the case of inbred birds (N = 16) than for outbred birds (N = 30; t-test, p = .036). There was no difference between outbred (N = 20) and inbred birds (N = 15) from arrhythmic pairs. Therefore, selection of a rhythmic strain seems possible, whereas crosses between two arrhythmic birds may also give rise to rhythmic birds. Comparisons between rhythmic birds of different families did not show differences in the free-running period of the circadian rhythm, which is true also for rhythmic birds bred from two arrhythmic parents. Therefore, our selection procedure did not seem to be based on the characteristics of the pacemaker itself, but rather on a downstream event. Although the parents were not selected on the basis of quantity of activity per cycle or on the duration of the active phase, significant differences among the offspring of different families were shown.
Social identity, social influence and reactions to potentially stressful tasks: support for the self-categorization model of stress

An experiment was conducted to investigate the role that social influence plays in the appraisal of a potentially stressful situation. Participants (N = 40) preparing for a mental arithmetic task were exposed to a message in which the task was described as stressful or challenging. The message was delivered by the same person in each condition but this person was said to be either an ingroup member (a University student) or an outgroup member (a stress disorder sufferer). Consistent with predictions derived from self-categorization theory, message source and message content interacted to determine the stress experienced while performing the task. Findings imply that the impact of informational support is not constant but varies systematically as a function of the group membership of the support provider. Implications for theory and practice are discussed with emphasis on the importance of social context as a determinant not only of what information people are exposed to about stress but also of how that information is construed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic 3‐D model‐based neuroanatomical segmentation

Explicit segmentation is required for many forms of quantitative neuroanatomic analysis. However, manual methods are time‐consuming and subject to errors in both accuracy and reproducibility (precision). A 3‐D model‐based segmentation method is presented in this paper for the completely automatic identification and delineation of gross anatomical structures of the human brain based on their appearance in magnetic resonance images (MRI).
The geographic selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and Aleppo pine

The interactions between many species are structured in a geographic mosaic of populations among which selection is divergent. Here we tested the hypothesis that such a geographic selection mosaic arises for common crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) feeding on seeds in the cones of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) because of geographic variation in the occurrence of European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). On the Iberian Peninsula, Sciurus exerted directional selection favouring larger cones with larger scales, which has caused cones there to be larger than in the Balearic Islands where Sciurus are absent. Moreover, cones on the Iberian Peninsula are so large that they are apparently little used by the relatively small‐billed crossbills on the Peninsula; selection by Sciurus seems to have made the cones so difficult to feed on that crossbills rely mostly on the seeds of other conifers. Where crossbills are present but Sciurus are absent (Mallorca Island), cones were smaller as a result of relaxation of selection by Sciurus. However, cones on Mallorca had proportionally thicker scales in comparison to where both Sciurus and crossbills are absent (Ibiza Island), presumably as an adaptation against crossbill predation. Here crossbills specialize on Aleppo pine, have relatively large bills and have apparently coevolved in an arms race with Aleppo pine. These results suggest that Sciurus has influenced both the geographic selection mosaics for crossbills and conifers and the adaptive radiation of crossbills in Eurasia much like Tamiasciurus has done in the North America.
Histamine‐immunoreactive local neurons in the antennal lobes of the hymenoptera

Neural networks receive input that is transformed before being sent as output to higher centers of processing. These transformations are often mediated by local interneurons (LNs) that influence output based on activity across the network. In primary olfactory centers, the LNs that mediate these lateral interactions are extremely diverse. For instance, the antennal lobes (ALs) of bumblebees possess both γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ and histamine‐immunoreactive (HA‐ir) LNs, and both are neurotransmitters associated with fast forms of inhibition. Although the GABAergic network of the AL has been extensively studied, we sought to examine the anatomical features of the HA‐ir LNs in relation to the other cellular elements of the bumblebee AL. As a population, HA‐ir LNs densely innervate the glomerular core and sparsely arborize in the outer glomerular rind, overlapping with the terminals of olfactory receptor neurons. Individual fills of HA‐ir LNs revealed heavy arborization of the outer ring of a single “principal” glomerulus and sparse arborization in the core of other glomeruli. In contrast, projection neurons and GABA‐immunoreactive LNs project throughout the glomerular volume. To provide insight into the selective pressures that resulted in the evolution of HA‐ir LNs, we determined the phylogenetic distribution of HA‐ir LNs in the AL. HA‐ir LNs were present in all but the most basal hymenopteran examined, although there were significant morphological differences between major groups within the Hymenoptera. The ALs of other insect taxa examined lacked HA‐ir LNs, suggesting that this population of LNs arose within the Hymenoptera and underwent extensive morphological modification. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:2917–2933, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage Between Marital Quality and Parent-Child Relationship

The linkage between marital quality (marital adjustment and marital satisfaction) and parent-child relationship (parent-child relational quality and demand) in 378 Chinese married couples over 2 years was examined. For interdomain spillover, results showed that higher levels of marital quality were concurrently and longitudinally associated with higher levels of parent-child relational quality and lower levels of parent-child relational demand, and prospective analyses suggest that marital quality is a precursor of change in parent-child relational quality. Results also showed that the strengths of association between marital quality and parent-child relationship were similar in fathers and mothers. For interparent spillover, although fathers' and mothers' scores in the marital and parenting domains were significantly related, the link between spouses' marital quality was found to be stronger than the link between spouses' reported parent-child relationship.
Frequency and characteristics of selected enteropathogens in fecal and rectal specimens from childhood diarrhea in Trinidad, 1998-2000.

OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence and characteristics of selected enteric pathogens in diarrheic children in six counties of the island of Trinidad. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1998 through March 2000. Fecal or rectal swab specimens from children (<12 years) were collected and then processed, using standard methods, to detect Salmonella spp. , Shigella spp. , enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Campylobacter spp. , Yersinia spp. , Cryptosporidium parvum, and parasite ova. The antibiograms of the enteropathogens were determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS A total of 236 samples were processed; 86 samples originated directly from 17 heath centers in two counties (St. George East and St. George West), while 150 samples were obtained from the Trinidad Public Health Laboratory, having been submitted by private practitioners and personnel from six counties in Trinidad. Of the 236 samples, 33 (14.0%) were positive for Shigella, 4 (1.7%) for Salmonella, and 1 (0.4%) for EPEC. Two of the samples (0.8%) were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, while 1 sample (0.4%) was positive for hookworm ova. All the samples were negative for Cryptosporidium parvum and Yersinia spp. With the 86 samples collected directly from the health centers, in St. George East County the frequency of Shigella was 20.0% (12 of 60), compared with 26.9% (7 of 26) for samples from St. George West County, but the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05 with the chi-square test). For the 150 samples from the six counties that had been submitted directly to the Trinidad Public Health Laboratory, 14 of them (9.3%) were positive for Shigella, a figure statistically significantly lower than that found with the samples sampled directly from the health centers (P<0.05 with the chi-square test). Sh. sonnei was the predominant serotype detected, accounting for 28 of the 33 Shigella isolates (84.8%) recovered from the 236 samples. Overall, the frequency of detection of enteropathogens had no seasonal pattern nor relationship to the county of origin. Of the 37 isolates of Salmonella and Shigella tested for antimicrobial sensitivity, all of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. In terms of resistance, 3 of the 37 isolates (8.1%) exhibited resistance to ampicillin, 1 (2.7%) to chloramphenicol, and 1 (2.7%) to sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim. CONCLUSION Of the enteropathogens for which assays were done, Shigella sonnei was the most prevalent, and it has the highest probability of being an important etiological agent of childhood diarrhea in Trinidad.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN METACOGNITIVE KNOWLEDGE AND STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL TYPE THINK PAIR SHARE ON BUFFER SOLUTION MATTER

Abstract : The study entitled “Relationship between Metacognitive Knowledge and Student Learning Outcomes Through Cooperative Learning Model Type Think Pair Share on Buffer Solution Matter” aims to determine relationship between Metacognitive Knowledge and Student Learning Outcomes after applied metacognitive knowledge through cooperative learning model Type Think Pair Share at buffer solution. The method used in this research is once group pretest-postest design, this design used in one group of subjects will be treated with the implemention of cooperative learning model Type Think Pair Share. The results of metacognitive knowledge is symbolized by the variable X and student learning outcomes is symbolized by the variable Y. And then the variable X and Y wanted to do using correlation coefficient formula. Result of research showed that there is very strong relationship between metacognitive knowledge and student learning outcomes the results of the correlation coefficient of 0.809. Result of r count rates (0.809) is greater than r-Theoretic with N = 39 at 1% significant level of 0.408, so that it can be stated that the correlation between metacognitive knowledge and student learning outcomes significantly. Keywords : Metacognitive Knowledge, Learning Outcomes, Cooperative Learning Model Type Think Pair Share Abstrak : Penelitian yang berjudul “ Hubungan antara Pengetahuan Metakognitif dengan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share pada Materi Larutan Penyangga ” bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengetahuan metakognitif dengan hasil belajar siswa setelah diterapkan pengetahuan metakognitif melalui model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Pair Share pada Materi Larutan Penyangga. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini ialah once group pretest-postest design, dalam desain ini digunakan satu kelompok subjek yang akan diberikan perlakuan dengan penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe Think Pair Share . Data hasil pengetahuan metakognitif disimbolkan dengan variabel X dan hasil belajar siswa disimbolkan dengan variabel Y. Kemudian variabel X dan Y dicari hubungannya menggunakan rumus koefisien korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang sangat kuat antara pengetahuan metakognitif dan hasil belajar siswa yaitu dengan hasil koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,809. Harga r hitung (0,809) lebih besar dari r-teoritik dengan N=39 pada taraf signifikan 1% sebesar 0,408, sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa korelasi antara pengetahuan metakognitif dan hasil belajar siswa signifikan. Kata Kunci: Pengetahuan metakognitif, Hasil belajar, Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share
Transfer of Writing Skills

R. M. Gagné's distinction between lateral and vertical transfer can be elaborated for written composition: (a) the lateral transfer of mechanical and formal skills and (b) the vertical transfer of higher-order knowledge in the domain of rhetoric and writing. Vertical transfer of writing skills is situational: a function of the context and content of a specific rhetorical situation. Success in a situational writing task depends on two types of domain-specific knowledge being operational: (a) knowledge of the specific content of the subject matter and (b) knowledge of the domain of rhetoric and writing. The theory of lateral and vertical transfer as applied to writing is compatible with current conceptions of declarative and procedural cognitive processes and with a balanced pedagogy of both student-centered and direct, content-oriented instruction. Two appendixes present practical procedures based on transfer theory for improving general program goals and classroom instruction of writing.
Phosphorylation of the CENP-A amino-terminus in mitotic centromeric chromatin is required for kinetochore function

The role of the mitotic phosphorylation of the amino (NH2) terminus of Centromere Protein A (CENP-A), the histone variant epigenetic centromeric marker, remains elusive. Here, we show that the NH2 terminus of human CENP-A is essential for mitotic progression and that localization of CENP-C, another key centromeric protein, requires only phosphorylation of the CENP-A NH2 terminus, and is independent of the CENP-A NH2 terminus length and amino acid sequence. Mitotic CENP-A nucleosomal complexes contain CENP-C and phosphobinding 14-3-3 proteins. In contrast, mitotic nucleosomal complexes carrying nonphosphorylatable CENP-A–S7A contained only low levels of CENP-C and no detectable 14-3-3 proteins. Direct interactions between the phosphorylated form of CENP-A and 14-3-3 proteins as well as between 14-3-3 proteins and CENP-C were demonstrated. Taken together, our results reveal that 14-3-3 proteins could act as specific mitotic “bridges,” linking phosphorylated CENP-A and CENP-C, which are necessary for the platform function of CENP-A centromeric chromatin in the assembly and maintenance of active kinetochores.
Making Believe: A Descriptive Study of Fantasies in Middle Childhood

Sixty-four children between the ages of seven and twelve were asked a series of open-ended questions about their favorite fantasies or make-believe games. Their responses were coded by judges on a number of dimensions, such as positivity of the fantasy and type of role being enacted. The fantasy variables were then correlated with several demographic and personality individual difference measures, including age, sex, intelligence, self-monitoring, and self-consciousness. Our results thus provide valuable descriptive and correlational data on the nature of fantasy in middle childhood, a population that has been neglected in past research on fantasy.
Robotic Resection of 3 Cm and Larger Thymomas is Associated with Low Perioperative Morbidity and Mortality

Objective The approach to thymoma resection has usually been determined by tumor size, although established guidelines do not exist. Minimally invasive approaches have been limited to tumors smaller than 5 cm, although 3 cm has been the suggested cutoff for performing an adequate oncologic procedure. No study has compared the perioperative outcomes of patients with 3 cm or larger tumors resected robotically versus sternotomy. Methods We reviewed patients who underwent resection of 3 cm or larger thymomas from 2004 to 2014. Patients were divided based on approach: robotic and open thymectomy/thymomectomy. Results Forty patients with tumors ranging from 3 to 13 cm were evaluated, 23 robotic and 17 open. Patient and tumor characteristics were similar. An R0 resection was primarily achieved: robotic, 91% (21/23); and open, 88% (15/17); P = 0.832. Adjuvant radiation rates were statistically equivalent: robotic, 17% (4/23) versus open, 41% (7/17); P = 0.191. Major postoperative complications were comparable: robotic, 4% (1/23) versus open, 29% (4/17); P = 0.184. Median chest tube duration was shorter for robotic (1 day) versus open (3 days); P = 0.001. The robotic approach had a shorter median intensive care unit stay compared to open (0 days vs 1day); P = 0.024. The median hospital stay was shorter for robotic (2 days) versus open (5 days); P < 0.001. Conclusions In 3 cm or larger thymomas, robotic thymectomy is feasible based on the ability to achieve a complete resection with similar adjuvant radiation therapy rates. Perioperatively, robotic thymectomy is associated with lower morbidity; and shorter chest tube duration, intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay compared to open. However, on-cologic outcomes are immature and require prolonged surveillance.
Quality of Life and of Working Life: Conceptions and Research

The aim of this paper is to define the conception of quality of life and its components, to prepare a model of quality of life, and to present the quality of working life evaluation in an organisation after corrective actions in the work environment. The results of the research into the work-family conflict and the balance of work and personal life study are also presented in the article. This paper follows the analysis of scientific and methodological literature, the methodology of social research and a case study. A model of quality of life was designed, which includes eight domains of quality of life and their factors. This model was used to study the quality of working life in one particular company. The quality of working life could be defined as the synthesis of workplace strategies, processes, and environment, which together stimulate the employee’s job satisfaction. This also depends on working conditions and the organisation’s efficiency. The concept of the quality of working life encompasses the following factors: job satisfaction, involvement in performance at work, motivation, efficiency, productivity, health, safety and welfare at work, stress, work load, burnout, etc. The research findings show that the quality of working life can be measured, improved, and managed. An organisation has possibilities to increase its employee’s quality of life and loyalty by improving the working conditions and environment. The high value of the quality of working life directly influences the higher quality of life. Quality of life, happiness, life satisfaction and subjective well-being are interrelated. The new integrated indicator “Total quality of life” (TQL) is proposed by the author, and the world’s top 10 cities measured by TQL are also presented in the article.
Height and risk of death among men and women: aetiological implications of associations with cardiorespiratory disease and cancer mortality

OBJECTIVES Height is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease mortality risk and has shown variable associations with cancer incidence and mortality. The interpretation of findings from previous studies has been constrained by data limitations. Associations between height and specific causes of death were investigated in a large general population cohort of men and women from the West of Scotland. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Renfrew and Paisley, in the West of Scotland. SUBJECTS 7052 men and 8354 women aged 45–64 were recruited into a study in Renfrew and Paisley, in the West of Scotland, between 1972 and 1976. Detailed assessments of cardiovascular disease risk factors, morbidity and socioeconomic circumstances were made at baseline. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Deaths during 20 years of follow up classified into specific causes. RESULTS Over the follow up period 3347 men and 2638 women died. Height is inversely associated with all cause, coronary heart disease, stroke, and respiratory disease mortality among men and women. Adjustment for socioeconomic position and cardiovascular risk factors had little influence on these associations. Height is strongly associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and adjustment for FEV1 considerably attenuated the association between height and cardiorespiratory mortality. Smoking related cancer mortality is not associated with height. The risk of deaths from cancer unrelated to smoking tended to increase with height, particularly for haematopoietic, colorectal and prostate cancers. Stomach cancer mortality was inversely associated with height. Adjustment for socioeconomic position had little influence on these associations. CONCLUSION Height serves partly as an indicator of socioeconomic circumstances and nutritional status in childhood and this may underlie the inverse associations between height and adulthood cardiorespiratory mortality. Much of the association between height and cardiorespiratory mortality was accounted for by lung function, which is also partly determined by exposures acting in childhood. The inverse association between height and stomach cancer mortality probably reflectsHelicobacter pylori infection in childhood resulting in—or being associated with—shorter height. The positive associations between height and several cancers unrelated to smoking could reflect the influence of calorie intake during childhood on the risk of these cancers.