Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Beyond Time on Task: Students' Reports of Their Thought Processes during Classroom Instruction

The Elementary School Journal Volume 82, Number 5 o 1982 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. 0013-5984/82/8205-0006$01.00 For the past two weeks, Mr. Davis has been teaching his fifth-grade class how to add, subtract, and multiply fractions with like and unlike denominators. Each day he teaches the lesson by explaining the key concepts and skills to the class, working example problems on the board, and providingfeedback and positive reinforcement to the students. He then has students work practice problems at their seats. Mr. Davis has just completed teaching the lesson and is presently passing out the seatwork problems. Before instructing the students to begin work, he reviews the general problem-solving procedures with the students. For instance, he tells the students: "When adding fractions with unlike denominators, first you must find a common denominator. Then for each fraction, form an equivalent fraction using the common denominator. After you have done this you can add the fractions. " When Mr. Davis has finished explaining, Jani begins working immediately and spends the rest of the class completing the problems. While she is working, Mr. Davis stops by her desk and notices that she is working the problems correctly. He then tells her she is doing the problems right and adds "Great job, Jani. Keep up the good work! " Depending on their particular theoretical orientations, educational psychologists would differ in their descriptions and explanations of Jani's successful performance of seatwork problems. Some psychologists would focus on the amount of time that Jani spent working on them. These psychologists would assert that Jani obtained a higher score than other students because she was on task more than the other students (see, e.g., Rosenshine 1979; Fisher et al. 1980).
Can conscious consumption be learned? The role of Hungarian consumer protection education in becoming conscious consumers

The purpose of this research is to examine how consumer consciousness can be defined, along what dimensions it might be measured and, according to these dimensions, how conscious Hungarian university students are. In addition, it is also discussed how their consumer protection education might contribute to their consumer consciousness. Two hypotheses have been proposed concerning factors potentially affecting conscious consumer behaviour (gender; participation in consumer protection education). To test these hypotheses, a questionnaire survey has been conducted with a total of 280 respondents, whom are undergraduate students of a Hungarian university. It is found that different aspects of consciousness dominate the consumer decisions of females and males. Female respondents appear to be characterized more by hedonistic consumption but they are more price sensitive than males. Veblen effect is stronger for males, and they have greater trust in well-known brands. Although the survey revealed that both research variables might affect consumer behaviour (not only gender but the participation in consumer protection education as well), the role of education cannot be unambiguously identified in the process of establishing consumer consciousness. On the one hand, the results show that the behaviour of ‘trained’ consumers is mainly characterized by price sensitiveness, while the other (‘non-educated’) group is more reliant on marketing and brands. However, on the other hand, it might also be concluded that young adults participating in the survey already have their own consumer habits and preferences; therefore, their consumer behaviour is more difficult to be formed by means of education during their university years. These findings are nevertheless limited to Hungarian university students and cannot be generalized to the entire society or other countries.
A study of science teaching self‐efficacy and outcome expectancy beliefs of teachers in India

Elementary and middle school teachers in urban schools in India provided responses to the science efficacy instrument (STEBI-A). These responses were evaluated using Rasch analysis and parametric tests. Rasch fit statistics and person-item maps were evaluated. It was found that the instrument worked well for the two groups of teachers, but the differential item functioning analysis found that the teachers utilized several items in the scale differently. Parametric tests suggested that self-efficacy and outcome expectancy measures correlated highly for middle school teachers, for those that did not have a science degree and a written science curriculum. Significant predictors of self-efficacy are—minutes per week science is taught, educational level, number of days in the school year, holding of a science degree, and the presence of a science curriculum. From all of the analyses we conclude that teaching experience is important, but not necessarily enough to increase teachers' outcome expectancy beliefs. The results of this study should benefit educators and policy makers with respect to teacher education in India and around the world. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88:837–854, 2004
Measurements of Bleustein-Gulyaev waves in Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/ crystal

Properties of Bleustein-Gulyaev waves (BGW) in Li/sub 2/B/sub 4/O/sub 7/ crystal were determined from the measured parameters of a delay line with double electrode interdigital transducers (IDT). Since the frequency response at the third harmonic was in good agreement with the SAW equivalent circuit model, it was possible to determine the BGW parameters. It was found that the coupling coefficient of BGW is very sensitive to aluminum layer thickness variations. Good agreement was found between calculated and measured parameters of BGW from an extrapolation to the zero layer thickness. <<ETX>>
Paraoxonase-1 Enzyme Activity Assay for Clinical Samples: Validation and Correlation Studies

Background Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) enzyme is reported in various types of tissues and linked to numerous pathophysiological disorders. It is a potential biomarker in many pathological conditions such as cardiovascular diseases. Material/Methods We conducted several small-scale studies to evaluate PON1 performance as affected by sample types, storage, and interferences. We also carried out short-term studies to compare the performance of the widely used PON1 assay to the similar commercially available PON1 kit assay method; sample size for the method comparison was N=40, and the number varied for other validation experiments. Results Our studies using various types of anticoagulants show that samples collected in tubes with NaF, citrate, EDTA, clot activator, and sodium heparin have increased PON1 levels that are 49%, 24.5%, 19.8%, 11.4%, and 8%, respectively, higher compared to serum samples collected in plain tubes. However, samples collected in lithium heparin tubes demonstrated 10.4% lower PON1 levels compared to serum collected in plain tubes. Biological interference such as hemolysis has little effect on PON1 levels; however, samples spiked with lipids have shown 13% lower PON 1 levels. Our studies comparing the PON1 method commonly available for PON1 assay and a similar non-ELISA commercially available PON1 kit method showed a weak Spearman correlation coefficient of R2=0.40 for the range of 104.9–245.6 U/L. Conclusions The current study provides new validation data on enzyme PON1 performance. While no appreciable change was seen with storage, samples type affects the enzyme performance. Our results should encourage additional clinical studies to investigate other aspects of factors known to affect PON1 enzyme function and performance.
Exercise limb blood flow response to acute and chronic hypoxia in Danish lowlanders and Aymara natives

Aim: The femoral artery blood flow response to submaximal, one‐legged, dynamic, knee‐extensor exercise was determined in acute and chronic hypoxia to investigate the hypotheses that with adaptation to chronic hypoxia blood haemoglobin increases, allowing preservation of blood flow as in normoxia.
A multi-intervention approach on drug therapy can lead to a more appropriate drug use in the elderly. LIMM-Landskrona Integrated Medicines Management.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To evaluate if an integrated medicines management can lead to a more appropriate drug use in elderly inpatients. METHOD The study was an intervention study at a department of internal medicine in southern Sweden. During the intervention period pharmacists took part in the daily work at the wards. Systematic interventions aiming to identify, solve and prevent drug-related problems (DRPs) were performed during the patient's hospital stay by multidisciplinary teams consisting of physicians, nurses and pharmacists. DRPs identified by the pharmacist were put forward to the care team and discussed. Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) was used to evaluate the appropriateness in the patients' drug treatment at admission, discharge and 2 weeks after discharge. In total 43 patients were included, 28 patients in the intervention group and 25 patients in the group which was used as control. RESULTS For the intervention group there was a significant decrease in the number of inappropriate drugs compared with the control group (P = 0.049). Indication, duration and expenses were the MAI-dimensions with most inappropriate ratings, and the drugs with most inappropriate ratings were anxiolytics, hypnotics and sedatives. CONCLUSION This kind of systematic approach on drug therapy can result in a more appropriate drug use in the elderly.
Bilingualised or monolingual dictionaries? Preferences and practices of advanced ESL learners in Hong Kong

This article reports on the results of a questionnaire and interview survey on Cantonese ESL learners' preference for bilingualised dictionaries or monolingual dictionaries. The questionnaire survey was implemented with about 160 university English majors in Hong Kong and three focus group interviews were conducted with 14 of these participants. The results of the study showed that learners' own perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of dictionaries were largely in line with previous research findings, but some learners had mistaken beliefs about bilingualised dictionaries, especially about the alleged lack of definitions and usage information. Misconceptions such as these could be dispelled by ESL teachers who, by designing programmes which incorporate the use of bilingualised dictionaries, alert their learners to the bank of information such dictionaries can provide. Editors of bilingualised dictionaries could also adopt more eye-catching special features or highlighting techniques to attract users' attention to the usage information included. When encountering difficulties, learners should be encouraged to use both types of dictionaries.
Genetic Risk Factors for Longitudinal Changes in Structural MRI in Former Organolead Workers

This study examined associations between polymorphisms in three genes, apolipoprotein E (APOE), angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and vitamin D receptor (VDR), and longitudinal change in brain volumes and white matter lesions (WML) as well as effect modification by cardiovascular factors and tibia lead concentrations. Two MRIs, an average of 5 years apart, were obtained for 317 former organolead workers and 45 population-based controls. Both regions-of-interest and voxel-wise analyses were conducted. APOE ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 genotypes were associated with less decline in white matter volumes. There was some evidence of interaction between genetic polymorphisms and cardiovascular risk factors (ACE and high-density lipoprotein; VDR and diabetes) on brain volume decline. The VDR FokI ff genotype was associated with an increase in WML (no association for APOE or ACE). This study expands our understanding of how genetic precursors of dementia and cardiovascular diseases are related to changes in brain structure.
Children’s Judgments of Inequitable Distributions That Conform to Gender Norms

To evaluate whether distributions by sex are judged to be unfair, children at ages 6, 8, and 10, and adults (N = 96), judged an authority distributing items to children by using different methods (i.e., randomly or by sex), types of items (i.e., related or unrelated to gender norms), and differences in the equivalency of the items (i.e., equivalent or unequal). Children often approved of equivalent distributions by sex and unequal distributions by sex when items were related to gender norms. The 6- and 8-year-olds, but not 10-year-olds and adults, perceived that everyone would agree to the method of distribution. Only adults were more critical of distributions by sex than random distributions.
Learning Object-Class Segmentation with Convolutional Neural Networks

After successes at image classication, segmentation is the next step towards image understanding for neural networks. We propose a convolutional network architecture that includes innovative elements, such as multiple output maps, suitable loss functions, supervised pretraining, multiscale inputs, reused outputs, and pairwise class location lters. Ex- periments on three data sets show that our method performs on par with current in computer vision methods with regards to accuracy and exceeds them in speed.
A Microcircuit Model of the Frontal Eye Fields

The cortical control of eye movements is highly sophisticated. Not only can eye movements be made to the most salient target in a visual scene, but they can also be controlled by top-down rules as is required for visual search or reading. The cortical area called frontal eye fields (FEF) has been shown to play a key role in the visual to oculomotor transformations in tasks requiring an eye movement pattern that is not completely reactive, but follows a previously learned rule. The layered, local cortical circuit, which provides the anatomical substrate for all cortical computation, has been studied extensively in primary sensory cortex. These studies led to the concept of a “canonical circuit” for neocortex (Douglas et al., 1989; Douglas and Martin, 1991), which proposes that all areas of neocortex share a common basic circuit. However, it has not ever been explored whether in principle the detailed canonical circuit derived from cat area 17 (Binzegger et al., 2004) could implement the quite different functions of prefrontal cortex. Here, we show that the canonical circuit can, with a few modifications, model the primate FEF. The spike-based network of integrate-and-fire neurons was tested in tasks that were used in electrophysiological experiments in behaving macaque monkeys. The dynamics of the model matched those of neurons observed in the FEF, and the behavioral results matched those observed in psychophysical experiments. The close relationship between the model and the cortical architecture allows a detailed comparison of the simulation results with physiological data and predicts details of the anatomical circuit of the FEF.
Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners

Interpersonal touch is of paramount importance in human social bonding and close relationships, allowing a unique channel for affect communication. So far the effect of touch on human physiology has been studied at an individual level. The present study aims at extending the study of affective touch from isolated individuals to truly interacting dyads. We have designed an ecological paradigm where romantic partners interact only via touch and we manipulate their empathic states. Simultaneously, we collected their autonomic activity (skin conductance, pulse, respiration). Fourteen couples participated to the experiment. We found that interpersonal touch increased coupling of electrodermal activity between the interacting partners, regardless the intensity and valence of the emotion felt. In addition, physical touch induced strong and reliable changes in physiological states within individuals. These results support an instrumental role of interpersonal touch for affective support in close relationships. Furthermore, they suggest that touch alone allows the emergence of a somatovisceral resonance between interacting individuals, which in turn is likely to form the prerequisites for emotional contagion and empathy.
Anonymity and Motivation in Asynchronous Discussions and L2 Vocabulary Learning.

Nihat Polat, Duquesne University Rae Mancilla, Duquesne University Laura Mahalingappa, Duquesne University This study investigates L2 attainment in asynchronous online environments, specifically possible relationships among anonymity, L2 motivation, participation in discussions, quality of L2 production, and success in L2 vocabulary learning. It examines, in asynchronous discussions, (a) if participation and (b) motivation contribute to L2 vocabulary learning, (c) if motivation is related to level of participation in anonymous versus nonanonymous discussions, and (d) if a student’s quality of L2 use varies in anonymous vs. nonanonymous discussions. Data from 87 high school students enrolled in a cyber-charter school Spanish II course in the Eastern United States included a preand post-cloze, a vocabulary recognition test, e-documents retrieved from the asynchronous discussions, and demographic information and motivation surveys. Results revealed that students who participated in the asynchronous discussions received significantly higher scores on the post-test than those who did not. In terms of level of participation, nonanonymous forums may have a comparative advantage over anonymous ones for learners with high levels of introjected regulation, whereas for learners with high levels of identified regulation, both forums are advantageous. Introjected regulation was the only significant predictor of success in learning L2 vocabulary. Finally, nonanonymous forums seem to generate higher quality L2 production than anonymous ones.
Fertility desire of working women in Kathmandu.

BACKGROUND This study is done to describe the fertility pattern and factors associated with unmet desire for additional children among women working in formal and informal sector in Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Married 177 women in reproductive age group, with at least one child are selected using purposive sampling. Housewives without paid job are excluded. Interview using semi structured questionnaire is conducted. RESULTS Around 14 percent of women want additional children, however due to various reasons they do not intend to have another. Women in age group of 25-29 followed by 30-34 years of age have higher desire for more children as compared to women in more than 40 years of age. Women who earn 25000-33000 Rupees per month have significantly more desire for another child. CONCLUSIONS Childcare time and economic conditions play vital role in fertility desire among working women. Family help is available to most of the women to care their children. These women wish more facilities at workplace during child bearing and rearing period.
Interferon-gamma receptor signaling is not required in the effector phase of the alloimmune response.

BACKGROUND Gene transcripts for the Thl cytokines interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are frequently detected during allograft rejection. The relative importance of these cytokines in facilitating allograft rejection is unclear. Recently, we have shown that IL-2-deficient mice reject islet allografts. In the IL-2-deficient system, IFN-gamma gene transcripts are abundantly expressed. METHODS To determine the relative importance of IFN-gamma-dependent effector mechanisms in mediating allograft rejection, the present study utilized IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice as islet allograft recipients. Grafts were analyzed by immunohistology, and cytokine expression was measured by competitive template reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS IFN-gamma receptor-deficient mice reject islet allografts by a process that is T cell-dependent. Although IFN-gamma receptor signaling is absent, these mice do not show a clear Th2 type response. CONCLUSION Although the signals evoked through the IFN-gamma receptor may play a role, they are not essential to allograft rejection.
Transforming Passive Receptivity of Knowledge into Deep Learning Experiences at the Undergraduate Level: An Example from Music Theory.

This article discusses transformation of passive knowledge receptivity into experiences of deep learning in a lecture-based music theory course at the second-year undergraduate level through implementation of collaborative projects that evoke natural critical learning environments. It presents an example of such a project, addresses key features of its design to keep in mind for adaptation to other disciplines, and analyzes its effectiveness through a qualitative study of student reflections. The study yields compelling evidence of enhanced engagement with subject learning, meta-learning and transfer of learning.
Human fetal cardiac function during the first trimester of pregnancy

Objective: To investigate first trimester human fetal cardiac function in relation to cardiac volume blood flow, and peripheral arterial and venous blood flow patterns. Methods: Transvaginal Doppler ultrasonography was performed in 16 uncomplicated pregnancies at 6+, 7+, 8+, 9+, and 10+ gestational weeks. The shape of the inflow waveform and the presence of atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR) were noted. The outflow mean velocity (Vmean) was calculated. The proportions of the isovolumetric relaxation (IRT%) and contraction times (ICT%) of the cardiac cycle were defined. Ductus venosus and umbilical artery pulsatility indices (PI) were obtained. Results: Every inflow waveform was monophasic before 9+ weeks. At 9+ weeks 11 of 16 and at 10+ weeks all waveforms were biphasic. At 7+ and 8+ weeks AVVR was documented in one case. At 9+ and 10+ weeks AVVR was present in four and seven fetuses, respectively. Mean (SD) outflow Vmean increased between 6+ and 8+ weeks from 3.6 (1.5) to 8.4 (3.0) cm/s (p < 0.05). IRT% decreased significantly from 6+ to 7+ weeks (39.8 (2.6) to 19.2 (6.2), p < 0.001). ICT% decreased between 8+ and 9+ weeks from 13.2 (4.0) to 8.5 (2.5) (p < 0.05). Ductus venosus PIs were unchanged. Umbilical artery Vmean increased between 7+ and 10+ weeks from 1.59 (0.51) to 5.06 (1.06) cm/s (p < 0.001) and PIs remained unchanged. Conclusions: The first trimester of pregnancy is characterised by significant improvements in cardiac diastolic and systolic function with a concomitant increase in cardiac volume blood flow. At 10+ weeks AVVR is a common finding. Placental volume blood flow increases significantly with no change in the placental vascular impedance.
The Fundamental Attribution Error and Harman's Case against Character Traits

Abstract Gilbert Harman argues that the warrant for the lay attribution of character traits is completely undermined by the “fundamental attribution error” (FAE). He takes it to have been established by social psychologists, that the FAE pervades ordinary instances of lay person perception. However, examination of recent work in psychology reveals that there are good reasons to doubt that the effects observed in experimental settings, which ground the case for the FAE, pervade ordinary instances of person perception. Furthermore, it is possible to make sense of these experimental results without invoking the FAE. Harman's argument against lay character trait attribution is unsubstantiated.