Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Deepest Supernova Search is Realized in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey

The Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey has provided the deepest optical and near-infrared views of the universe yet, and has enabled a search for the most distant supernovae, to z ∼ 2.2. We have found four supernovae by searching spans of integrations of the Ultra Deep Field and the Ultra Deep Field Parallels taken with the Hubble Space Telescope paired with the Advanced Camera for Surveys and with NICMOS. Interestingly, none of these events were Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) above a redshift of 1.4, despite the substantially increased sensitivity per unit area to such objects over other surveys, including the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey. However, we find that the low frequency of SNe Ia observed at 1.4 < z < 2.4 is statistically consistent with current estimates of the Type Ia supernova rate per unit volume, including the global star formation history combined with the nontrivial assembly time of SN Ia progenitors.
UNPREDICTABILITY OF CORRELATED RESPONSE TO SELECTION: LINKAGE AND INITIAL FREQUENCY ALSO MATTER

In a recent paper, Gromko (1995) showed using computer simulations that pleiotropy and sampling interact to generate variation in correlated response to selection. His simulations demonstrated that different combinations of pleiotropic effects could lead to the same genetic correlation value, yet, as long as the population size and correlation value were large enough, result in significantly different variance of correlated responses after 10 generations of selection. We extended those results using Alan Roberston's “reparameterization” of selection processes in finite populations. As for direct selection response, a satisfactory description of the correlated response and its variability can be expressed in terms of Nih, t/N, and NL, where N is the effective population size, i is the selection intensity in standard units, h2 is the heritability of the selected and correlated traits, t is the number of generations, and L is the length of the chromosome in map units. For a given number of loci, there exits an Nih threshold under which differences between pleiotropic systems will not be detected. For values of Nih above this threshold, the higher Nih is the smaller t/N needs to be for significant differences in correlated responses between pleiotropic systems to be observed. A large number of loci or tight linkage increases the unpredictability of the correlated response, but if Nih is large enough, it does not absolutely prevent significant differences between pleiotropic systems to occur. On the other hand, a small initial allele frequency of the favorable allele would tend to cancel the differences between pleiotropic systems, even for large values of Nih and t/N. Finally, epistasis decreases the overall variability of the correlated response, but generally preserves the difference between pleiotropic systems. Thus, Gromko's conclusions on the unpredictability of correlated response due to variable pleiotropy seem fairly robust, at least in the long term.
Enriching SerbianWordNet and Electronic Dictionaries with Terms from the Culinary Domain

In this paper we present three lexical resources for Serbian that are crucial for the development of applications in the culinary domain based on natural language processing. The first two of them — Serbian WordNet and morphological edictionaries — have already been in development for some time, while the third one – a corpus of culinary recipes -– has been developed specifically for this purpose. In this paper, we present how we use each of these resources to correct and enlarge the other two. We use various automatic procedures, but manually check all the results.
A mosaic analysis in Drosophila fat body cells of the control of antimicrobial peptide genes by the Rel proteins Dorsal and DIF

Expression of the gene encoding the antifungal peptide Drosomycin in Drosophila adults is controlled by the Toll signaling pathway. The Rel proteins Dorsal and DIF (Dorsal‐related immunity factor) are possible candidates for the transactivating protein in the Toll pathway that directly regulates the drosomycin gene. We have examined the requirement of Dorsal and DIF for drosomycin expression in larval fat body cells, the predominant immune‐responsive tissue, using the yeast site‐specific flp/FRT recombination system to generate cell clones homozygous for a deficiency uncovering both the dorsal and the dif genes. Here we show that in the absence of both genes, the immune‐inducibility of drosomycin is lost but can be rescued by overexpression of either dorsal or dif under the control of a heat‐shock promoter. This result suggests a functional redundancy between both Rel proteins in the control of drosomycin gene expression in the larvae of Drosophila. Interestingly, the gene encoding the antibacterial peptide Diptericin remains fully inducible in the absence of the dorsal and dif genes. Finally, we have used fat body cell clones homozygous for various mutations to show that a linear activation cascade Spaetzle→ Toll→Cactus→Dorsal/DIF leads to the induction of the drosomycin gene in larval fat body cells.
Visual Perception and Early Brain Development

Subject Different brain areas, as well as different processes of perception, are responsible for particular visual functions, such as perception of movement, colour and depth. There are even specific brain regions that deal only with facial recognition or biological (i.e., nonobject) movements, and others that process only object recognition. Localized brain damage affecting these regions can lead to specific disorders, such as prosopagnosia, in which the ability to recognize faces is lost, while object recognition is unaffected. Vision would therefore seem to be a good starting place for studying the functional manifestations of brain development.
A study of the unification of quiet-Sun transient-event phenomena

A number of small-scale, globally distributed solar transient event-types have been reported in the literature. Their potential role in fundamental processes in the solar atmosphere, such as coronal heating and wind acceleration, is under active investigation. However, the event-types, such as those known as blinkers, explosive events, EUV (extreme-UV) network and cell brightenings, network flares, heating events, nanoflares and EUV brightenings are basically classifications which are driven to a large extent by different observational techniques and different instruments rather than the identification of a clear differing physical phenomenon. We investigate the different instrumental and technique limitations and attempt to identify any unification of the reported quiet-Sun transient, small-scale phenomena. We find that once observational techniques have been considered, a number of the different classifications appear to be the same. This suggests that events known as blinkers, network and cell brightenings and EUV brightenings are the same event-type. We suggest that the term blinker be used as a generic term to describe these events. However, there appears to be little evidence that blinkers and explosive events are directly related. Furthermore, although a small percentage of blinkers and nanoflares/heating events appear to be related to one another, these events pose a number of important questions suggesting that either (i) blinkers and nanoflare/heating events are all created by the same mechanism, i.e. for some blinker events, the conditions are such that higher temperatures are found, or (ii) there are two types of event, including the "traditional" blinker which is effectively a transition region brightening driven by a density or filling factor enhancement, and a mini-flare-like event which reaches higher temperatures, presumably driven by reconnection.
Reduced amygdala response to fearful expressions in children and adolescents with callous-unemotional traits and disruptive behavior disorders.

OBJECTIVE Extensive work implicates abnormal amygdala activation in emotional facial expression processing in adults with callous-unemotional traits. However, no research has examined amygdala response to emotional facial expressions in adolescents with disruptive behavior and callous-unemotional traits. Moreover, despite high comorbidity of callous-unemotional traits and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), no research has attempted to distinguish neural correlates of pediatric callous-unemotional traits and ADHD. METHOD Participants were 36 children and adolescents (ages 10-17 years); 12 had callous-unemotional traits and either conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder, 12 had ADHD, and 12 were healthy comparison subjects. Functional MRI was used to assess amygdala activation patterns during processing of fearful facial expressions. Patterns in the callous-unemotional traits group were compared with those in the ADHD and comparison groups. RESULTS In youths with callous-unemotional traits, amygdala activation was reduced relative to healthy comparison subjects and youths with ADHD while processing fearful expressions, but not neutral or angry expressions. Functional connectivity analyses demonstrated greater correlations between the amygdala and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in comparison subjects and youths with ADHD relative to those with callous-unemotional traits. Symptom severity in the callous-unemotional traits groups was negatively correlated with connectivity between amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate reduced amygdala responsiveness in youths with callous-unemotional traits. These findings support the contention that callous and unemotional personality traits are associated with reduced amygdala response to distress-based social cues.
Public involvement in health care

The NHS needs to be clear about the aims and how to achieve them The government is promoting public involvement in health care as part of new NHS policy.1 2 Proposals include allowing the public to elect members of the governing boards of foundation trusts3 and primary care trusts' obligations to engage with the public.4 However, clarity and consensus are lacking about what public involvement means in health care, why it is desirable, and whether current policies will meet the desired objectives. We examine the latest polices and their potential effects. Public involvement and other allied terms are used to mean a variety of activities or objectives. In this article we use public involvement to refer to the involvement of members of the public in strategic decisions about health services and policy at local or national level—for instance, about the configuration of services or setting priorities. Public involvement is different from patient involvement, which refers to the involvement of individual patients, together with health professionals, in making decisions about their own health care. Clearly, a spectrum of possible involvement of patients and the public exists between these two extremes. For example, user involvement may refer to a group of patients helping to shape a particular service. Arnstein defined another spectrum of public involvement, ranging from professionals giving information to the public to a genuine hand over of power and decision making to the public.5 Advocates of increased public involvement argue that public services are paid for by the people and therefore should be shaped more extensively by them, preferably by a fully representative sample.6 One assumption made is that greater public involvement will lead to more democratic decision making and, in turn, better accountability, but, as we discuss below, neither is necessarily the case. A …
Evaluation of the performance of the HCR-20 across genders

Over the past three decades, much has been learned about risk factors associated with violence. Subsequently, significant advances have occurred in terms of the conceptualization as well as communication of violence risk and numerous risk assessment measures have been developed in order to inform violence prevention efforts. However, most such instruments have been validated in male populations and research examining their application across genders is scarce. This study investigated the performance of one of the most established violence risk assessment schemes the Historical/Clinical/Risk Management-20 (HCR-20) – in a sample of 49 male and 46 female short-term psychiatric inpatients. Results indicate that the HCR-20 as well as its components predict the likelihood and imminence of violent outcomes. Moreover, gender did not moderate that relationship. Exploratory analyses revealed gender differences in the baseline item and scale ratings as well as in the nature of both the predicted and observed violence. Additionally, the HCR-20 demonstrated an association with other negative outcomes, particularly violent victimization.
The recurrent pain and sexual sequelae of provoked vestibulodynia: a perpetuating cycle.

INTRODUCTION Optimal management of provoked vestibulodynia (PVD), thought to be the most common form of chronic dyspareunia, is unclear. AIM To integrate recent brain data on chronic pain circuitry with stress-induced neuroendocrine mechanisms in the skin and the stress burden (allostatic load) of women with PVD; to also clarify the typical chronicity and negative sexual sequelae associated with PVD; and then review modulation of pain circuitry by cognitive therapy and mindfulness practice and apply to PVD management. Methods. Review of scientific publications in the areas of sexual medicine, pain, brain imaging, gynecology, stress response, mindfulness, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (i) A model of PVD to reflect its etiology, typical chronicity, and the detrimental effects on sexual function; (ii) Interventions of sexual rehabilitation based on principles underlying changes associated with CBT and mindfulness practice. RESULTS A model emerges which reflects how stress-induced changes of pain amplification (central sensitization), characteristic of chronic pain conditions, may impair sexual response in addition to sexual dysfunction that arises from conscious pain avoidance and/or fear-related inattention to sexual cues. Stress from low self-acceptance may be a major component of the allostatic load present in women with PVD, only to be exacerbated by the sexual dysfunction precipitated by the pain of intercourse. Mindfulness-based CBT appears promising to target both the pain and sexual suffering from PVD. CONCLUSION New findings on brain activity associated with recurrent clinical pain, functional brain changes associated with CBT and mindfulness, plus new data on stress systems within the skin along with data on increased stress load in women with PVD, support the use of mindfulness-based CBT for the recurrent pain and sexual suffering from PVD.
High-Efficient Circuits for Ternary Addition

New ternary adders, which are fundamental components of ternary addition, are presented in this paper. They are on the basis of a logic style which mostly generates binary signals. Therefore, static power dissipation reaches its minimum extent. Extensive different analyses are carried out to examine how efficient the new designs are. For instance, the ternary ripple adder constructed by the proposed ternary half and full adders consumes 2.33 µW less power than the one implemented by the previous adder cells. It is almost twice faster as well. Due to their unique superior characteristics for ternary circuitry, carbon nanotube field-effect transistors are used to form the novel circuits, which are entirely suitable for practical applications.
Antibiotic prophylaxis strategies in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is defined as a nosocomial pneumonia occurring > 48 h after endotracheal intubation. VAP may occur very early after intubation and it is usually defined as early-onset pneumonia, which occurs during the first 4 days. The occurrence of VAP is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of VAP often results from aspiration of colonised secretions in injured patients and this colonisation of the upper airway acts as a main risk factor in the development of pneumonia. It has been hypothesised that the bacterial inoculum may be decreased through the administration of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis. Antibiotic prophylaxis strategies to prevent VAP can be administered over an extended period to cover all microorganisms using selective digestive decontamination regimens, or in a short-term course of no more than 24 h. Probably, the second strategy is the most useful in the prevention of VAP because it has a lower impact on the emergence of bacterial resistance. This manuscript aims to review current opinions regarding antibiotic prophylaxis strategies in the prevention of VAP.
Jointly opportunistic beamforming and scheduling (JOBS) for downlink packet access

Opportunistic scheduling (OS) has been proposed as a technique to improve the downlink throughput of high speed packet systems. OS attempts to use the time varying propagation channels between the base station (BS) and the mobile stations (MSs) when they reach their peak rate capability and defer using channels when in bad state. It exploits the fact that the propagation channels between the BS and the MSs fade independently and the tolerance of many data services to delay and delay jitter. However, when the fading is slow in comparison with an acceptable packet delay, or weak, OS is not very useful. In such cases, opportunistic beamforming (OBF), a recently proposed scheme, may offer additional gains. OBF is a "natural" enhancement to OS. The enhancement amounts to replacing the BS antenna with multiple antennas and implementing an algorithm that generates a different radiation pattern every timeslot. In this paper we propose to tie the sequence of radiation patterns to the waiting times of the served MSs. We show through simulations that the scheme we propose leads to both, reduced probability of excessive packet delay and improved throughput. This can be achieved by additional processing of the feedback received from the MSs, with no additional signaling on the air interface.
Cardiovascular, Bleeding, and Mortality Risks of Dabigatran in Asians With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Background and Purpose— Whether dabigatran is associated with different risks of cardiovascular, bleeding events, and mortality from warfarin in Asian patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation remains unclear. Methods— We used the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database to obtain 9940 and 9913 nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients taking dabigatran and warfarin, respectively, from June 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013, as the dynamic cohort. Inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity scores was used to balance covariates across 2 study groups. Patients were followed up until the first occurrence of any study outcome or end date of study. Results— During a median follow-up period of 0.67 years, there were 526 outcomes for dabigatran group. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) comparing dabigatran with warfarin (reference) were as follows: ischemic stroke, 0.62 (0.52–0.73; P<0.0001); myocardial infarction, 0.67 (0.43–1.05; P=0.0803); intracranial hemorrhage, 0.44 (0.32–0.60; P<0.0001); major gastrointestinal bleeding, 0.99 (0.66–1.49; P=0.9658); all hospitalized major bleeding, 0.58 (0.46–0.74; P<0.0001); and all-cause mortality, 0.45 (0.38–0.53; P<0.0001). Dabigatran did not increase the risk of myocardial infarction or major gastrointestinal bleeding in all age groups when compared with warfarin. Total 8772 patients (88%) took a 110-mg dose in dabigatran group. The magnitude of effect for each outcome of 110-mg was comparable with that of 150-mg dose in the subgroup analysis. Conclusions— In real-world practice, dabigatran was associated with a reduced risk of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, all hospitalized major bleeding, and all-cause mortality compared with warfarin in Asian patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Dabigatran did not increase the risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding or myocardial infarction compared with warfarin.
Interval analysis for computer graphics

This paper discusses how interval analysis can be used to solve a wide variety of problems in computer graphics. These problems include ray tracing, interference detection, polygonal decomposition of parametric surfaces, and CSG on solids bounded by parametric surfaces. Only two basic algorithms are required: SOLVE, which computes solutions to a system of constraints, and MINIMIZE, which computes the global minimum of a function, subject to a system of constraints. We present algorithms for SOLVE and MINIMIZE using interval analysis as the conceptual framework. Crucial to the technique is the creation of “inclusion functions” for each constraint and function to be minimized. Inclusion functions compute a bound on the range of a function, given a similar bound on its domain, allowing a branch and bound approach to constraint solution and constrained minimization. Inclusion functions also allow the MINIMIZE algorithm to compute global rather than local minima, unlike many other numerical algorithms. Some very recent theoretical results are presented regarding existence and uniqueness of roots of nonlinear equations, and global parameterizability of implicitly described manifolds. To illustrate the power of the approach, the basic algorithms are further developed into a new algorithm for the approximation of implicit curves. CR Categories: I.3. 5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling; G.4 [Mathematical Software]: Reliability and Robustness Additional