Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Mandibular corpus strain in primates: further evidence for a functional link between symphyseal fusion and jaw-adductor muscle force.

Previous work indicates that compared to adult thick-tailed galagos, adult long-tailed macaques have much more bone strain on the balancing-side mandibular corpus during unilateral isometric molar biting (Hylander [1979a] J. Morphol. 159:253-296). Recently we have confirmed in these same two species the presence of similar differences in bone-strain patterns during forceful mastication. Moreover, we have also recorded mandibular bone strain patterns in adult owl monkeys, which are slightly smaller than the galago subjects. The owl monkey data indicate the presence of a strain pattern very similar to that recorded for macaques, and quite unlike that recorded for galagos. We interpret these bone-strain pattern differences to be importantly related to differences in balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force recruitment patterns. That is, compared to galagos, macaques and owl monkeys recruit relatively more balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force during forceful mastication. Unlike an earlier study (Hylander [1979b] J. Morphol. 160:223-240), we are unable to estimate the actual amount of working-side muscle force relative to balancing-side muscle force (i.e., the W/B muscle force ratio) in these species because we have no reliable estimate of magnitude, direction, and precise location of the bite force during mastication. A comparison of the mastication data with the earlier data recorded during isometric molar biting, however, supports the hypothesis that the two anthropoids have a small W/B jaw-adductor muscle force ratio in comparison to thick-tailed galagos. These data also support the hypothesis that increased recruitment of balancing-side jaw-adductor muscle force in anthropoids is functionally linked to the evolution of symphyseal fusion or strengthening. Moreover, these data refute the hypothesis that the recruitment pattern differences between macaques and thick-tailed galagos are due to allometric factors. Finally, although the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates may be linked to increased stress associated with increased balancing-side muscle force, it is currently unclear as to whether the increased force is predominately vertically directed, transversely directed, or is a near equal combination of these two force components (cf. Ravosa and Hylander [1994] In Fleagle and Kay [eds.]: Anthropoid Origins. New York: Plenum, pp. 447-468).
Hierarchical Bayesian learning for electrical transient classification

This paper addresses the problem of the supervised signal classification, by using a hierarchical Bayesian method. Each signal is characterized by a set of parameters, the features, which are estimated from a set of learning signals. Moreover, these parameters are distributed according to a class-specific posterior distribution which allows one to capture the variability of the features within the same class. Within the hierarchical Bayesian framework, the feature extraction step and the learning step can be performed jointly. Unfortunately, the estimation of the class-specific distribution parameters requires the computation of intractable multi-dimensional integrals. Then a Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is used to sample the posterior distributions of the features over all the training signals of each class. An application to electrical transient classification for non-intrusive load monitoring is introduced. Simulations over real-world electrical transients signals are driven and show the capacity of the proposed methodology to discriminate two classes of transients.
A Mathematical Bibliography of Signed and Gain Graphs and Allied Areas

A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labeled by signs. This is a bibliography of signed graphs and related mathematics.Several kinds of labelled graph have been called "signed" yet are mathematically very different. I distinguish four types:Group-signed graphs: the edge labels are elements of a 2-element group and are multiplied around a polygon (or along any walk). Among the natural generalizations are larger groups and vertex signs.Sign-colored graphs, in which the edges are labelled from a two-element set that is acted upon by the sign group: - interchanges labels, + leaves them unchanged. This is the kind of "signed graph" found in knot theory. The natural generalization is to more colors and more general groups — or no group.Weighted graphs, in which the edge labels are the elements +1 and -1 of the integers or another additive domain. Weights behave like numbers, not signs; thus I regard work on weighted graphs as outside the scope of the bibliography — except (to some extent) when the author calls the weights "signs". Labelled graphs where the labels have no structure or properties but are called "signs" for any or no reason.
The Visible Hand? Demand Effects of Recommendation Networks in Electronic Markets

Online commercial interactions have increased dramatically over the last decade, leading to the emergence of networks that link the electronic commerce landing pages of related products to one another. Our paper conjectures that the explicit visibility of such “product networks”can alter demand spillovers across their constituent items. We test this conjecture empirically using data about the copurchase networks and demand levels associated with more than 250,000 interconnected books offered on Amazon.com over the period of one year while controlling for alternative explanations of demand correlation using a variety of approaches. Our findings suggest that on average the explicit visibility of a copurchase relationship can lead to up to an average threefold amplification of the influence that complementary products have on each others' demand levels. We also find that newer and more popular products “use” the attention they garner from their network position more efficiently and that diversity in the sources of spillover further amplifies the demand effects of the recommendation network. Our paper presents new evidence quantifying the role of network position in electronic markets and highlights the power of basing (virtual) shelf position on consumer preferences that are explicitly revealed through shared purchasing patterns. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Generation of 3-D physical fading channel with non-isotropic scattering

This paper presents the application of autoregressive (AR) methods in 3-D fading channel modeling and generation. It employs the AR method to yield the filter coefficient in the 3D and non-isotropic scattering environment, and derives the channel statistics from the geometry-based stochastic channel model (GSCM). Simulations show that the statistical variable of simulated channel agrees with the referenced model. Moreover, by exploiting the Agilent advanced design systems (ADS) software and the Agilent E4432B vector signal generator, the above AR model can be realized in ADS, and then the physical fading channel can be generated through the E4432B instrument. The tests of frequency analyzer demonstrate that the proposed scheme can generate the physical fading channel precisely by the design requirement.
Design methodology and optimization of a medium frequency transformer for high power DC-DC applications

The high power medium frequency transformer (HPMFT) is one of the key elements of an isolated, bi-directional DC-DC converters in applications such as future all-DC offshore wind farms, traction and solid state transformers. This paper describes a design methodology taking into account the loss calculation, isolation requirements and thermal management. Incorporating this design methodology, an optimization process with a wide range of parameter variations is applied on a design example to find the highest power density while the efficiency, isolation, thermal and leakage inductance requirements are all met.
Flexible Zerotree Coding of Wavelet Coefficients

SUMMARY We introduce an extended EZW coder that uses flexible zerotree coding of wavelet coefficients. A flexible parentchild relationship is defined so as to exploit spatial dependencies within a subband as well as hierarchical dependencies among multi-scale subbands. The new relationship is based on a particular statistics that a large coefficient is more likely to have large coefficients in its neighborhood in terms of space and scale. In the flexible relationship, a parent coefficient in a subband relates to four child coefficients in the next finer subband in the same orientation. If each of the children is larger than a given threshold, the parent extends its parentship to the neighbors close to its conventional children. A probing bit is introduced to indicate whether a significant parent has significant children to be scanned. This enables us to avoid excessive scan of insignificant coefficients. Also, produced symbols are re-symbolized into simple variable-length binary codes to remove some redundancy according to a pre-defined rule. As a result, the wavelet coefficients can be described with a small number of binary symbols. This binary symbol stream gives a competitive performance without an additional entropy coding and thus a fast encoding/decoding is possible. Moreover, the binary symbols can be more compressed by an adaptive arithmetic coding. Our experimental results are given in both binary-coded mode and arithmetic-coded mode. Also, these results are compared with those of the EZW coder.
The Evaluation of Red Reflex Sensitivity and Specificity Test among Neonates in Different Conditions

Objective: Red reflex test is an effective screening tool in the early diagnosis of neonatal eye abnormalities. The aim of this study was to detect the sensitivity and specificity of red reflex assessment in neonates, performed by pediatricians (or other care providers) in comparison with ophthalmologists. Also association between red reflex findings and neonatal variables is evaluated. Methods: By a prospective study all neonates born from July 2011 until March 2012 in Mustafa Hospital, a general teaching hospital in Ilam city, Iran, were evaluated. Neonates were firstly investigated by pediatrician in substandard conditions at the first day of birth and several days later by ophthalmologist in standard conditions. Findings: Totally 255 neonates including 141 boys and 114 girls were investigated, 144 of whom were born by cesarean section. There was a significant relationship between method of childbirth (72.9% disorders in CS vs 56.8% in vaginal delivery (P<0.007)), duration of delivery (disorders in prolonged: 100% and 11.8% vs no prolonged: 56.8% and 6.3% in standard and non standard conditions respectively (P<0.0001)), difficult delivery (98.6% disorders vs 6.5% in standard and non standard conditions respectively (P<0.01)) and increase or decrease of red reflex sensitivity test. A significant difference (identification of ophthalmic problems) was seen among neonates’ inspections in primary hours and substandard conditions compared to further inspections in standard conditions particularly from 3rd day of birth. Conclusion: Due to a considerable difference between the results of ophthalmic examination of neonates in different conditions, red reflex examination by pediatricians is suggested for all neonates to early identification of ophthalmic problems at the first step. It is also suggested a red reflex screening for all neonates before being discharged from hospital as well as 6 weeks later and in case of any problem to be referred to ophthalmologist.
Use of an artificial neural network to determine prognostic factors in colorectal cancer patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic factors of Iranian colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and their importance using an artificial neural network (ANN) model. METHODS This study was a historical cohort study and the data gathered from 1,219 registered CRC patients between January 2002 and October 2007 at the Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Disease of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. For determining the risk factors and survival prediction of patients, neural network (NN) and Cox regression models were used, utilizing R 2.12. 0 software. RESULTS One, three and five-year estimated survival probability in colon patients were 0.92, 0.71, and 0.48 and for rectum patients were 0.86, 0.71, and 0.42, respectively. By the ANN model, pathologic distant metastasis, pathologic regional lymph nodes, tumor grade, high risk behavior, pathologic primary tumor, familial history and tumor size variables were determined as ordered important factors for colon cancer. Tumor grade, pathologic stage, age at diagnosis, tumor size, high risk behavior, pathologic distant metastasis and first treatment variables were ordered important factors for rectum cancer. The ANN model lead to more accurate predictions compared to the Cox model (true prediction of 89.0% vs. 78.6% for colon and 82.7% vs. 70.7% for rectum cancer patients). CONCLUSION This study showed that ANN model is a more powerful tool in survival prediction and influential factors of the CRC patients compared to the Cox regression model. Therefore, this model is recommended for predicting and determining of risk factors of these patients.
An Analogy reasoning model for Semantic Link Network

Analogy reasoning is one of the most important reasoning means of human thinking. How to implement analogy reasoning automatically with computers has been a hot topic in artificial intelligence and psychology. This paper proposes a mathematic model for analogy reasoning over semantic link network (SLN). We propose a reliable analogy theorem over SLN based on the category theory and some algorithms have been developed to implement analogical reasoning by constructing a semantic functor between SLNs. Meanwhile, we also discuss some analogy conjecture models and algorithms which may be unreliable but useful to giving some suggestions for solving a given problem. A study cases is proposed to show the validity and efficiency of the proposed theorem and the algorithms.
Toll-like receptor variants are associated with infant HIV-1 acquisition and peak plasma HIV-1 RNA level

Objective:We evaluated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TLRs with infant HIV-1 acquisition and viral control. Design:Infant HIV-1 outcomes were assessed in a Kenyan perinatal HIV-1 cohort. Methods:Infants were genotyped for six candidate and 118 haplotype-tagging polymorphisms in TLRs 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, and 9, MYD88 and TIRAP. Cox proportional hazards and linear regression were performed to assess associations with time to HIV-1 acquisition, time to infant mortality, and peak viral load. Results:Among 368 infants, 56 (15%) acquired HIV-1 by month 1 and 17 (4.6%) between 1 and 12 months. Infants with the TLR9 1635A (rs352140) variant were more likely to acquire HIV-1 by 1 month [hazard ratio = 1.81, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.05–3.14, P = 0.033] and by 12 months (hazard ratio = 1.62, CI = 1.01–2.60, P = 0.044) in dominant models adjusted for maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA level and genetic ancestry. Among 56 infants infected at 1 month of age or less, at least one copy of the TLR9 1635A allele was associated with a 0.58 log10 copies/ml lower peak viral load (P = 0.002). Female infants with at least one copy of the TLR8 1G (rs3764880) variant had a 0.78 log10 copies/ml higher peak viral load (P = 0.0009) and having at least one copy of the C allele for a haplotype tagging TLR7 variant (rs1634319) was associated with a 0.80 log10 copies/ml higher peak viral load in female infants (P = 0.0003). Conclusion:In this African perinatal cohort, we found several TLR polymorphisms associated with HIV-1 acquisition and progression. Defining mechanisms for these TLR associations may inform HIV-1 prevention strategies that leverage innate responses.
Development Of Ontology-Based Intelligent System For Software Testing

Software testing is a prime factor in software industry. Besides knowing the importance of testing, only limited time is allocated for teaching it. It will be more efficient if testing is taught simultaneously with programming foundations. This integrated learning of testing techniques and programming allows the programmers to perform in a better way and this leads to the improvement of the performance of the industry progress. In this paper, a technique named ontology is introduced, it first defines the various testing process in hierarchy and define relationships among them, to share and reuse the knowledge that is captured, secondly metadata is created by natural language processing and finally, the application use ontologies to support test management, it act as knowledge base for multiple environment with the integrated teaching of programming foundation and testing concepts. Keywords: Meta Data, Ontology, Software Testing, Integration, Programming Foundations.
Evidence for an inner molecular disk around massive Young Stellar Objects

We present observations of CO overtone bandhead emission toward four massive Young Stellar Objects (spectral type O6–B5). The high signal-to-noise ratio K -band spectra were obtained with VLT-ISAAC at a resolution $\Delta v = 30$ km s -1 , sufficient to resolve the bandheads, but not the individual J -lines. We are able to explain the shape of the lines by assuming a simple isothermal Keplerian disk model seen at different inclinations. The gas temperature ranges from 1500 to 4500 K and the CO column density is between 0.1 and $4 \times 10^{21}$ cm -2 . The emission probably arises within the first few astronomical units of the disk, consistent with the high gas temperature. Our results indicate that molecules can survive close to a hot star and suggest that dense ($n_{\rm H}>10^{10}$ cm -3 ) inner disks may be relatively common at an advanced stage of high-mass star formation.
Goal-oriented RE for Handling Change Requirements: An Explanation of What Stakeholders Try to Avoid and What They Try to Achieve

One of the reasons why requirements engineering (RE) is so difficult is that requirements change ‘on the fly. ’ To investigate the sources of requirements change, 18 managerial supervisors of a logistic warehouse management system filled out a structured requirements-engineering questionnaire, the REquest, which assessed the level of agreement to the current system, the future system, and the stakeholders’ needs. The results confirmed the assumption in goal-oriented RE that requirements are tightly connected to goals. More importantly, however, we discovered a mechanism that rules the level of agreement to requirements, which we coin the goal-torequirements chiasm or the χ-effect: Variance in what the system won’t have is for 70% explained by goals stakeholders want to achieve with the system. Variance in what the system must have is for 90% explained by goal states that stakeholders want to avoid. Moreover, we found evidence for an emotional component (i.e. valence) in the requirements evaluation that has a moderating effect on agreement to requirements. The χ-effect emphasizes that won’t requirements and goals to avoid are as important to requirements change as must requirements and goals to achieve with the system. In this light, structured questionnaire design is a systematic and controllable addition to common requirements-validation methods. Categories & Subject Descriptors H.1. 2 [Models and Principles]: User/Machine Systems–Human information processing; K.6. 3 [Management of Computing and Information Systems]: Software Management–Software development.
GLRT-Based Detection-Estimation for Undersampled Training Conditions

For sensors where the number of available independent identically distributed training samples T is less than the number of antenna array elements M, we propose nondegenerate properly normalized likelihood ratio (LR) tests (both standard and scale-invariant) to support detection-estimation of m point sources (m < T) in white noise, based on a generalized likelihood-ratio test (GLRT) approach. We demonstrate that these tests can detect MUSIC-specific ldquooutliersrdquo in the direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of closely spaced independent sources caused by insufficient training volume and/or signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We then compare the performance of the introduced LRs to other test statistics available in this undersampled regime. We show that a search for solutions that increase the introduced LR allows us to replace the detected outliers by proper DOA estimates. This ldquopredict and curerdquo process leverages the SNR ldquogaprdquo between MUSIC breakdown and breakdown of maximum-likelihood estimation itself. The resultant LR maximization makes the associated covariance model statistically ldquoas likelyrdquo as the true covariance matrix and removes the vast percentage of outliers in certain scenarios.
A brief review of traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.

INTRODUCTION This article aims to provide an overview of the epidemiology, medical and rehabilitation issues, current evidence for traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation, recent advances and emerging practices. Special TBI population groups will also be addressed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included publications indexed in Medline and the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews from 1974 to 2006, relevant chapters in major rehabilitation texts and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America and accessed Internet publications. RESULTS TBI has been implicated by the World Health Organisation to be a 21st century epidemic similar to malaria and HIV/AIDS, not restricted to the developed world. One third of patients may suffer severe TBI with long-term cognitive and behavioural disabilities. Injuries to the brain do not only damage the cerebrum but may give rise to a multisystem disorder due to associated injuries in 20% of cases, which can include complex neurological impairments, neuroendocrine and neuromedical complications. There is promising evidence of improved outcome and functional benefits with early induction into a transdisciplinary brain injury rehabilitation programme. However, TBI research is fraught with difficulties because of an intrinsically heterogeneous population due to age, injury severity and type, functional outcome measures and small samples. Recent advances in TBI rehabilitation include task-specific training of cognitive deficits, computer-aided cognitive remediation and visual-spatial and visual scanning techniques and body weight-supported treadmill training for motor deficits. In addition, special rehabilitation issues for mild TBI, TBI-related vegetative states, elderly and young TBI, ethical issues and local data will also be discussed.