Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Zooplankton diel vertical migration and downward C into the Oxygen
Minimum Zone in the highly productive upwelling region off
Northern Chile

Abstract. The daily vertical movement of zooplankton, known as diel vertical migration (DVM), can enhance the vertical flux of carbon (C) and so contributing to the functioning of the biological pump. The magnitude and efficiency of this active transport of C may depend on the size and taxonomic structure of the migrant zooplankton. However, the impact that a variable community structure can have on zooplankton-mediated downward C has not been properly addressed. This taxonomic effect may become critically important in highly productive eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS), where zooplankton biomass becomes aggregated in the coastal zone, but comprised by a highly variable community structure (size-composition). In these systems, presence of a subsurface oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) can impose an additional constraint to vertical migration and so influencing the downward C export. Here, we address these issues based on a high-resolution zooplankton sampling at three stations off northern Chile (20°S−30°S) during November 2015. Automated analysis of zooplankton composition and taxa-structured biomass allowed us to estimate daily migrant biomass by taxa, amplitude of migration and daily rate of migration, defined as the daily exchange of biomass between the upper mixed layer and below the thermocline. We found that high biomass aggregates above the oxycline, associated with more oxygenated surface waters and this condition was more evident upon a more intense OMZ. Some taxa however, were found closely associated with the OMZ. We found that most taxa were able to perform DVM in the upwelling zone withstanding severe hypoxia. Even, several strong migrants, such as copepods Eucalanidae and Euphausiids, can exhibit a large migration amplitude (~500 m), remaining either temporarily or permanently during the day or night condition within the core of the OMZ and so contributing to the release of C below the thermocline. Our estimates of DVM-mediated C ﬂux showed that migrant biomass (5099 ± 2701 mg C m−2d−1) may contribute with about 678 ± 465 mg C m−2d−1 to the OMZ system through respiration, mortality, and production of fecal pellets, implying the existence of a very efficient mechanism to incorporate freshly produced C into the OMZ. This downward C by zooplankton is however strongly depending on taxonomic structure due to variable migration amplitude and behavior affecting the daily rate of diel vertical migration.
Stochastic hydrodynamical limits of particle systems

Even small noise can have substantial influence on the dynamics of differential equations, e.g. for nucleation/coarsening and interface dynamics in phase transformations. The aim of this work is to establish accurate models for the noise in macroscopic differential equations, related to phase transformations/reactions, derived from more fundamental microscopic master equations. For this purpose the mathematical paradigm of the dynamic Ising model is considered in the relatively tractable case of stochastic spin flip dynamics and long range spin/spin interactions. More specifically, this paper shows that localized spatial averages, with width epsilon, of solutions to such Ising systems with long range interaction of range O(1), are approximated with error O(epsilon + (gamma/epsilon)(2d)) in distribution by a solution of an Ito stochastic differential equation, with drift as in the corresponding mean field model and a small diffusion coefficient of order (gamma/epsilon)(d/2), generating noise with spatial correlation length epsilon, where gamma is the distance between neighboring spin sites on a uniform periodic lattice in R-d. To determine the correct noise is subtle in the sense that there are expected values, i.e. observables, that require different noise: the expected values that can be accurately approximated by the Einstein-diffusion and the expected values that need an alternative diffusion related to large deviation theory are identified; for instance dendrite dynamics up to a bounded time needs Einstein diffusion while transition rates need a different diffusion model related to invariant measures. The elementary proofs use O((gamma/epsilon)(2d)) consistency of the Kolmogorov-backward equations for the averaged spin and the stochastic differential equation and show that the long range interaction yields smoothing, which contributes with the O(epsilon) error. A new aspect of the derivation is that the error, based on residuals and weights, is computable and suitable for adaptive refinements and modeling.
Relationship Between Circulating Netrin-1 Concentration, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes

Background: The protein netrin-1 has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, tissue regeneration, and immune modulation properties. Although inflammation is a major contributing factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, little is known about a possible relationship between serum netrin-1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, we investigated the association between circulating levels of netrin-1 and glycometabolic parameters predictive of type 2 diabetes. Methods: Serum samples were collected from 41 normal controls, 85 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), and 92 subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Clinical and laboratory parameters were assessed and netrin-1 levels were measured by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Spearman correlation analyses and multivariable-adjusted regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between serum netrin-1 levels and glycometabolic parameters. Results: Serum netrin-1 levels in subjects with type 2 diabetes or IFG were significantly higher compared to normal controls (441.0, 436.6, and 275.9 pg/mL, respectively; P for trend < 0.001). Serum netrin-1 levels were significantly positively correlated with fasting glucose, HbA1c, and insulin resistance index (all Ps < 0.01). Serum netrin-1 levels were independently associated with IFG or type 2 diabetes (standardized β = 0.405, P < 0.001) after adjusting for covariates and potential confounders. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that serum netrin-1 levels could identify the presence of IFG and type 2 diabetes with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.784 (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that elevated serum netrin-1 levels are significantly associated with the presence of IFG and type 2 diabetes.
Cerebral blood flow during hemodilution and hypoxia in rats : role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia and hemodilution both reduce arterial oxygen content (CaO(2)) and increase cerebral blood flow (CBF), but the mechanisms by which hemodilution increases CBF are largely unknown. ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels are activated by intravascular hypoxia, and contribute to hypoxia-mediated cerebrovasodilatation. Although CaO(2) can be reduced to equal levels by hypoxia or hemodilution, intravascular PO(2) is reduced only during hypoxia. We therefore tested the hypothesis that K(ATP) channels would be unlikely to contribute to cerebrovasodilatation during hemodilution. METHODS Glibenclamide (19.8 microg) or vehicle was injected into the cisterna magna of barbiturate-anesthetized rats. The dose of glibenclamide was chosen to yield an estimated CSF concentration of 10(-4) M. Thirty minutes later, some animals underwent either progressive isovolumic hemodilution or hypoxia (over 30 minutes) to achieve a CaO(2) of approximately 7.5 mL O(2)/dL. Other animals did not undergo hypoxia or hemodilution and served as controls. Six groups of animals were studied: control/vehicle (n=4), control/glibenclamide (n=4), hemodilution/vehicle (n=10), hemodilution/glibenclamide (n=10), hypoxia/vehicle (n=10), and hypoxia/glibenclamide (n=10). CBF was then measured with (3)H-nicotine in the forebrain, cerebellum, and brain stem. RESULTS In control/vehicle rats, CBF ranged from 72 mL. 100 g(-1). min(-1) in forebrain to 88 mL. 100 g(-1) x min(-1) in the brain stem. Glibenclamide treatment of control animals did not influence CBF in any brain area. Hemodilution increased CBF in all brain areas, with flows ranging from 128 mL. 100 g(-1) x min(-1) in forebrain to 169 mL. 100 g(-1) x min(-1) in the brain stem. Glibenclamide treatment of hemodiluted animals did not affect CBF in any brain area. Hypoxia resulted in a greater CBF than did hemodilution, ranging from 172 mL. 100 g(-1) x min(-1) in forebrain to 259 mL. 100 g(-1) x min(-1) in the brain stem. Glibenclamide treatment of hypoxic animals significantly reduced CBF in all brain areas (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both hypoxia and hemodilution increased CBF. Glibenclamide treatment significantly attenuated the CBF increase during hypoxia but not after hemodilution. This finding supports our hypothesis that K(ATP) channels do not contribute to increasing CBF during hemodilution. Because intravascular PO(2) is normal during hemodilution, this finding supports the hypothesis that intravascular PO(2) is an important regulator of cerebral vascular tone and exerts its effect in part by activation of K(ATP) channels in the cerebral circulation.
Surviving the Global Financial Crisis: Foreign Ownership and Establishment Performance

This paper examines how different establishments performed during the recent global financial crisis, focusing on the role of foreign ownership. The paper investigates how foreign ownership affected establishments' responses to negative economic shocks, using a cross-country panel dataset with detailed information on operation, location and industry for more than 12 million establishments from 2005-2008. The evidence shows that multinational subsidiaries on average fared better than local counterfactuals with similar economic characteristics. Among multinational subsidiaries, establishments with stronger production and financial linkages with parent companies showed greater resilience. Finally, in contrast to the crisis period, the impact of foreign ownership and linkages on an establishment's performance was insignificant in non-crisis years.
Memory for Serial Order : A Network Model of the Phonological Loop and its Timing

A connectionist model of human short-term memory is presented that extends the `phonological loop' (A. D. Baddeley, 1986) to encompass serial order and learning. Psychological and neuropsychological data motivate separate layers of lexical, timing and input and output phonemic information. Connection weights between layers show Hebbian learning and decay over short and long time scales. At recall, the timing signal is rerun, phonemic information feeds back from output to input and lexical nodes compete to be selected. The selected node then receives decaying inhibition. The model provides an explanatory mechanism for the phonological loop, and for the e ects of serial position, presentation modality, lexicality, grouping and Hebb repetition. It makes new psychological and neuropsychological predictions and is a starting point for understanding the role of the phonological loop in vocabulary acquisition and for interpreting data from functional neuroimaging. Author note. Neil Burgess, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Anatomy, University College London, U.K.; Graham J. Hitch, Department of Psychology, University of Lancaster, Lancaster LA1 4YF, U.K. We thank Rik Henson, Tim Shallice, George Houghton, Giuseppe Vallar, John O'Keefe and Chris Yeo for useful discussions, Ian Neath and Stephan Lewandowsky for helpful suggestions during review and Rik Henson and George Houghton for reading an earlier version of this manuscript. NB is a Royal Society University Research Fellow, this research was supported by a BBSRC project grant. Correspondence should be addressed to Neil Burgess, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Department of Anatomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. Electronic mail may be sent to n.burgess@ucl.ac. uk. Short title: A network model of STM for serial order.
Traumatic stress disorders: sociotropy, autonomy and social support as contributing variables.

The present study examined relationships between social support, sociotropic and autonomous personality styles, and acute stress disorder (ASD) symptoms as predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Participants were 55 patients who were assessed by two psychologists as having a diagnosis of ASD during clinical interviews following a traumatic event. When reassessed after a period of four weeks, 31of these patients were diagnosed with PTSD. Both the ASD and the PTSD groups were found to be highly sociotropic and autonomous, with the PTSD group scoring significantly higher on both groups of personality symptoms (Pillai’s trace = .518, F(6,44)= 7.88, p<. 001, η=. 52). Significant differences were found between the two groups for perceived social support, with the PTSD group having fewer persons to support them (Pillai’s trace = .521, F(6,48) = 8.72, p , . 001, η = . 52) and the group was less satisfied with that support system (Pillai’s trace = .255, F(6,48) = 2.74, p < . 05, η = . 26). The implications of the results were discussed in terms of consideration of treatment of traumatized patients and the results indicated the importance of early assessment and also of social support (both quantity and quality) in assisting recovery. Acute stress disorder symptoms were shown to be strong predictors of PTSD (Pillai’s trace = .586, F(4,50) = 12.78, p<. 001, η = . 51) and patients with high scores for ASD disassociation and re-experiencing symptoms were more likely to go on to have PTSD. The extent that autonomy and especially sociotropy are major factors in the in the development of PTSD should also be considered in treatment as persons who vary in their sociotropic and autonomous needs may respond better to different therapeutic styles and emphases.
Anaphoric resolution of zero pronouns in Chinese in translation and reading comprehension

OF THE THESIS The primary aim of the thesis is to investigate some of the processes of reading Chinese text by means of comparing and analysing approximately 100 parallel translations of four texts from Chinese to English. The translations are answers to A Level examination questions. The focus of the investigation is interpretation of the zero pronoun, a common phenomenon in Chinese, which often requires explicitation when translated into English. The secondary aim is to show how translation gives evidence of comprehension, as shown by the variation in interpretation of zero pronouns. The thesis reviews relevant psycholinguistic research into reading, particularly reading of Chinese text. This is followed by reviews of relevant research into translation as a reading activity, and a discussion of its role in language teaching and testing. The core of the thesis is the discussion of the zero pronoun in Chinese, including discussion of anaphoric choice the writer's decision on when to use zero in preference to an explicit anaphoric form and of anaphoric resolution how a reader decides what a zero pronoun refers to. Anaphoric resolution may be problematic for less experienced readers of Chinese owing to its lack of rich morphological inflection which, in other languages, provides the reader with information. Some of the key ideas on anaphoric choice and resolution are then applied to the analysis of the data in the parallel translations. It would appear that factors in Chinese texts which have an effect on comprehending zero pronouns are antecedent distance, topic persistence, abstraction, multiplicity of arguments and the meaning of the verb. Characteristics of the reader which may affect comprehension of the zero pronoun include personal schemata which may lead to elaborative inferences. On the basis of the data I suggest that mark schemes could be devised on a scalar system encompassing optimal solution, proximal solution and nonsolution, which might help to solve the problem of variability in marking translation. A by-product of the thesis, and an avenue for further research, is the apparent close relationship between idea units, clause length, punctuation breaks and antecedent distance in Chinese texts and saccade length and working memory capacity in the reader of Chinese.
Relationship between Prison Inmates level of Education and Crime Committed in Bauchi State

The study determined in percentages the relationship between prison inmate’s level of education and crime committed in terms of burglary, drug-related offences, rape, robbery and weapon-related offence cases in Bauchi State, Nigeria. A survey designed was used for the study. The population of the study consists of 761( male =753 and female = 8) prison inmates from the four (Azare, Bauchi, Ningi, and Jama’are) prison zones in the State. Proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select 247 prison inmates. Property/Violent Crime (PVC) structured interview was used as the instrument for data collection. To ensure the reliability of the information coded from the interviewed, the information collected was subjected to further verification from the prison record officer in each of the 4 zone. Hypotheses were tested at α = 0.05 level significance. 98% of the prison inmate that commit burglary case had no post-secondary school certificate; 90% of the prison inmates that commits robbery case were either illiterate or had qualification below undergraduate certificate and there is a significant ( Chi-square = 32.231, p < 0.05) relationship between prison inmate level of education on robbery and weapons-related offences cases, were among the findings from the study. Recommendation made includes the provision of free and compulsory post-secondary school education by the State government and similar study to be carried out in other states of Nigeria to verify some of the findings from the study.
THREE Chapter Towards a Global Social Contract : Labour Rights for Legal Empowerment of The Poor

130 T he first is that governments and international organisations must address the decent work deficits of those who work informally, since the informal economy, characterized by low productivity , low earnings and high risks, has been growing worldwide, emerging in many new guises and in unexpected places. The second message is one of hope. It is about the new departure in international development strategies, in which we find broad coalitions being formed among governments , international organisations, trade unions, employers and non-governmental organisations that are willing to take on the challenge of creating and implementing policies for decent work and empowerment of the poor. We describe this new departure in international development strategies as an emerging 'Global Social Contract' and propose that the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor (sometimes referred to by its acronym, CLEP) further develop the concept into a framework integrating access to justice, property rights, labour rights and business rights. In Section 2, we define concepts used in this report. Labour rights include internationally agreed fundamental principles and rights at work, as well as rights to social protection, income protection, workplace safety, decent working conditions and participation through representative organisations of workers, in national policy fora. This concept also takes into account and supports commitments and policies for the creation of full, productive and freely-chosen employment and training. Informal economy refers to economic activities by workers and economic units that are – in law or in practice – not covered or insufficiently covered by formal arrangements governing both enterprise and employment relationships. Legal empowerment is that process through which people are provided rights in an appropriate legal framework, which they can claim and understand, and which they can find useful in improving income and employment opportunities. It is a process recognized both formally (legally) and informally (legitimately). We define decent work as that available to all men and women, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Purpose of this chapter Chapter 3 is about labour rights for the fight against poverty. Based on our review of employment and working conditions in the informal economy, we present two essential messages. 131 and grounded in conditions of freedom, security and dignity. It has four pillars (a) fundamental principles and rights at work under international labour standards; (b) employment and income opportunities; (c) social protection and social security, and (d) social dialogue and tripartism. The vast majority of the poor earn their …
Spatial variability in classification accuracy of agricultural crops in the Dutch national land-cover database

Variability in per cell classification accuracy is predominantly modelled with land-cover class as the explanatory variable, i.e. with users' accuracies from the error matrix. Logistic regression models were developed to include other explanatory variables: heterogeneity in the 3×3 window around a cell, the size of the patch and the complexity of the landscape in which a cell is located. It was found that per cell, the probability of correct classification was significantly (α=0.05) higher for cells with a less heterogeneous neighbourhood, for cells part of larger patches and for cells in regions with a less heterogeneous landscape. To validate the models, a leave-one-out procedure was applied in which the absolute difference between the actual and the model-estimated number of cells correctly classified was summarized over 55 regions in the Netherlands. The sum of differences reduced from 60.9 to 48.1 after adding the variables ‘patch size’ and ‘landscape dominance’ to the land-cover class model. Spatial variability thus modelled therefore led to a substantial improvement in the estimation of the per cell classification accuracy.
ANTHROPOMETRIC AND MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS OF YOUNG HANDBALL PLAYERS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EARLY SELECTION

This paper deals with recognizing the indicators significant for early selection in handball. The sample consisted of 311 selected young players (175 males and 136 females), of the ages of between 12 and 16, who had trained handball for a minimum of 3 years. They have been tested by assemblies of young representative selections of the Handball Federation of Vojvodina. Three anthropometric variables were applied (Mass, Height, BMI), 8 tests of the Eurofit battery for the evaluation of motor abilities, and 3 tests with a ball that contained basic technical elements of handball. A factorial analysis for both genders was conducted individually, in order to establish model characteristics of young handball male and female athletes. For the subsample of girls, where three qualitatively different groups existed (the national, regional and club level), a canonical analysis was also conducted. Both subsamples resulted in a bi-component structure. With boys, the first component was formed from general motor skills, and the second from physical dimensionality. With girls, both components were similarly saturated, but they had reversed hierarchy (the first factor was formed from anthropometric, and the second from motor skills variables). A boy and a girl that are distinguished from their peers by a higher physical strength and larger physical constitution were used as the typical model of beginner handball players. In the sub-sample of girls, two canonical factors were gained, but neither was significantly discriminable. The Eurofit battery of tests did not prove to be discriminatory enough in the selection of young handball players.