Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
To Teach a Word Well: A Framework for Vocabulary Instruction.

Abstract A framework developed to describe effective vocabulary instruction suggests that vocabulary teaching methods can be described by the types of information they provide and the types of processing they require. It is suggested that people who know a word's meaning have both definitional and contextual knowledge about that word and that the most effective vocabulary teaching methods provide both types of knowledge. Further, it is suggested that having students engage in deeper processing will lead to better vocabulary learning. This framework can be supported by the results of methods comparison studies and can be used to improve existing vocabulary instruction.
Measuring Segregation a Geographical Tale

Introduction In an exchange of views printed in this journal, Johnston and Jones (2010; 2011) and Gorard (2011) debate the merits and demerits of various indices of segregation, focusing on the one particular index preferred by Gorard (in, for example, Gorard et al, 2003). To be clear: I have no particular disagreement with any of those authors or what they are saying. My intention is not to reopen their argument, though I do provide a review by way of context. Rather, my purpose is to consider another aspect of measuring segregation, which, though tangential to Johnston and Jones's original commentary, is as important. Specifically, I emphasise that segregation is caused by geographical processes that create geographical outcomesöpatterns that are measured to aid understanding of the processes, where they operate, and how much so. Whilst I am unconvinced that any measure of segregation can take primacy over others, I want to make the case for using explicitly spatial indices of segregation.
Exploring Coordinated Multipoint Beamforming Strategies for 5G Cellular

Cellular networks are a central part of today's communication infrastructure. The global roll-out of 4G long-term evolution is underway, ideally enabling ubiquitous broadband Internet access. Mobile network operators, however, are currently facing an exponentially increasing demand for network capacity, necessitating densification of cellular base stations (keywords: small cells and heterogeneous networks) and causing a strongly deteriorated interference environment. Coordination among transmitters and receivers to mitigate and/or exploit interference is hence seen as a main path toward 5G mobile networks. We provide an overview of existing coordinated beamforming strategies for interference mitigation in broadcast and interference channels. To gain insight into their ergodic behavior in terms of signal to interference and noise ratio as well as achievable transmission rate, we focus on a simplified but representative scenario with two transmitters that serve two users. This analysis provides guidelines for selecting the best performing method depending on the particular transmission situation.
Issues and Priorities in Non-governmental Organisation Research

This article aims to do three things. First, it briefly sketches out the history of the recent rise to prominence of NGOs as an issue in development studies, linking this with the both the growth of and resistance to neo-liberal policy agendas. Second, it reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of NGO research to date, which although wide-ranging and diverse, has often lacked theoretical rigour, contextual understanding and empirical detail. Third, some ideas are presented for moving forward the NGO research agenda, both at the level of theory building and inter-disciplinarity, and in relation to ways that can improve the relevance of NGO research to practice. Themes included in the paper include the need for trans-disciplinary research, the importance of linking both Northern and Southern contexts of research and practice, and the need to build opportunities for providing more effective relationships between researchers and research ‘users’ in the South Asian context.
The Relationship Between Personnel Support Programs and Readiness: A Model to Guide Future Research

In this article we provide a conceptual model for investigating the relationship between personnel support programs and readiness. The model categorizes personnel support programs and defines readiness in a manner that allowed for a systematic review of their relationship in the military and civilian literature. The model also defines a set of mediating variables to help explain the relationship between personnel support programs and readiness. After reviewing the structure of the model, we summarize existing research on the mediated relationships between the two. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research on the role of personnel support programs in readiness.
Intrusive thoughts and intrusive memories in a nonclinical sample

We investigated the relative frequency and aversiveness of intrusive thoughts and memories by eliciting the five most common of each in a mixed-sex nonclinical sample. Intrusive memories were a common phenomenon, although not as common as intrusive thoughts. When memories were elicited first, memories and thoughts were rated as equally pleasant, but thoughts were related as more unpleasant when they were elicited first. The most intrusive memory was associated more often with sadness and happiness, whereas the most intrusive thought was associated more often with fear.
Single-Ascending-Dose Pharmacokinetic Study of Tribendimidine in Opisthorchis viverrini-Infected Patients

ABSTRACT Praziquantel is the only drug available for the treatment of Opisthorchis viverrini infections. Tribendimidine has emerged as a potential treatment alternative; however, its pharmacokinetic (PK) properties have not been sufficiently studied to date. Via two phase IIa dose-finding studies, 68 O. viverrini patients were treated with 25- to 600-mg doses of tribendimidine using 50- and 200-mg tablet formulations. Plasma, blood, and dried blood spots (DBS) were sampled at selected time points. The two main metabolites of tribendimidine, active deacetylated amidantel (dADT) and acetylated dADT (adADT), were analyzed in plasma, blood, and DBS. PK parameters were estimated by noncompartmental analysis. An acceptable agreement among plasma and DBS concentrations was observed, with a mean bias of ≤10%, and 60% dADT and 74% adADT concentrations being within ±20% margins. We found that 200-mg tribendimidine tablets possess immediate floating characteristics, which led to variable time to maximal concentration of drug (Tmax) values (2 to 24 h) between individuals. Dose proportionality was observed for dADT from 25 to 200 mg using 50-mg tablets, but at higher dosages (200 to 600 mg), saturation occurred. The median ratio of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0–24) of dADT to the AUC0–24 of adADT ranged from 0.8 to 26.4, suggesting substantial differences in acetylation rates. Cure rates ranged from 11% (25-mg dose) to 100% (400-mg dose). Cured patients showed significantly higher dADT maximal serum concentrations (Cmax) and AUC0–24 values than uncured patients. Tribendimidine is a promising drug for the treatment of opisthorchiasis. However, the tablet formulation should be optimized to achieve consistent absorption among patients. Further studies are warranted to assess the large differences between individuals in the rate of metabolic turnover of dADT to adADT. (This study has been registered with the ISRCTN Registry under no. ISRCTN96948551.)
Differentiated classes of service and flow management using an hybrid broker

— Recently, mobile networks have been overloaded with a considerable amount of data traffic. The current paper proposes a management service for mobile environments, using policies and quality metrics, which ensure a better usage of network resources with a more fine-grained management based on flows with different classes of service and transmission rates. This management of flows is supported through a closed innovative control loop among a flexible brokerage service in the network, and agents at the mobile terminals. It also allows the terminals to make well-informed decisions about their connections to enhance the number of connected flows per technology and the individual service level offered to each flow. Our results indicate that the proposed solution optimizes the usage of available 4G network resources among a high number of differentiated flows in several scenarios where access technologies are extremely overloaded whilst protecting, through a low complexity scheme, the flows associated to users that have celebrated more expensive contracts with their network operators.
Adaptações na mastigação, deglutição e fonoarticulação em idosos de instituição de longa permanência

PURPOSE: to identify extant adaptations into stomatognathic functions of chew, deglutition and speech in aged people at a long permanence Institution. METHODS: 34 aged people, of both genders, being 15 feminine and 19 masculine, with ages ranging from 65 to 88 years, took part in the study. Interviews were carried through containing questions for the aged people on general health and feeding and speech therapy evaluations were performed in order to characterize functions of chew, deglutition and speech. RESULTS: as for chew, it was observed that the majority of aged people showed an adapted chew, with exaggerated participation of perioral muscles, heaves of jaw and predominant chew standard was bilateral simultaneous. As for deglutition, it was observed that this function as well as chew were an adapted form into the majority of volunteers majority, we also observed the occurrence of exaggerated participation of perioral muscles and noise during deglutition. In speech evaluation we noted that in more than 50% of the aged people, there was great air escape occurring during speaks, as well as a rise of reduced larynx and the presence of substitution, omission, distortion and imprecision. CONCLUSION: it was observed that aged people get adaptations during chew process in order to keep their possible diet next to when they were young. It was also noted that the studied aged people carry through some compensations during deglutition. The found speech characteristics do not limit severely aged people communication currently. It was still possible to observe that attendance to aged people needed to be carried through by an interdisciplinary team and that speech therapist can and must be part of this team assisting in preventing and/or rehabilitating issues related to stomatognathic functions.
PARENT‐CHILD OBSERVATIONS IN CUSTODY EVALUATIONS

Child custody evalutors need to increase the scientific foundations of their work, both for the benefit of clients and to address criticisms of the field. Observations of parents with children potentially yield huge amounts of data, and it is important for evaluators to consistently apply scientific and professional principles to make sense of all that information. Recommendations for observation sessions are made that integrate theory, research, and practice. These recommendations include the most important interactional dimensions to focus on, which family members to have present, the optimal level of stress, the number of sessions needed, and considerations about home visits.
Early childhood sexual development and sex education: A survey of attitudes of nursery school teachers

SUMMARY This paper describes a research study which aimed to investigate preschool teachers' attitudes and beliefs on certain matters of sexual development and sex education in early years. A questionnaire with closed and open questions was answered by 284 experienced nursery school teachers in Greece, working with children 3+ to 5+ years of age. Answers to closed questions were elaborated by descriptive statistics while those to open questions were treated by content analysis. Results and discussion focus mainly on the importance of sexual development and sex education in early years, the factors that influence sexual development, the extent to which families and preschool establishments can provide appropriate sex education, the age at which support for sexual development should be started, the aims of sex education and the characteristics of persons who can provide adequate sex education.
Second language phonology at the interface between acoustic and orthographic input

Recently researchers have become increasingly interested in the influence of orthographic forms on second language (L2) phonology. Orthographic forms (or spellings) represent the sounds and words of a language in writing. L2 learners, in particular those in instructed settings, are simultaneously exposed to the orthographic forms and the phonological forms of the target language. Recent investigations have indicated that orthographic input can affect learners’ phonological development and word learning in their second language in various ways. The availability of L2 orthographic forms in the input to L2 learners can facilitate speech production, perception, and/or word form learning (Escudero, Hayes-Harb, & Mitterer, 2008; Showalter & Hayes-Harb, 2013). It can hinder targetlike acquisition (Bassetti, 2007; Hayes-Harb, Nicol, & Barker, 2010), or it can have mixed effects or no effect at all (Escudero & Wanrooij, 2010; Simon, Chamblessb, & Alvesc, 2010).
Dynamics of podosome stiffness revealed by atomic force microscopy

Podosomes are unique cellular entities specifically found in macrophages and involved in cell–matrix interactions, matrix degradation, and 3D migration. They correspond to a core of F-actin surrounded at its base by matrix receptors. To investigate the structure/function relationships of podosomes, soft lithography, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and correlative fluorescence microscopy were used to characterize podosome physical properties in macrophages differentiated from human blood monocytes. Podosome formation was restricted to delineated areas with micropatterned fibrinogen to facilitate AFM analyses. Podosome height and stiffness were measured with great accuracy in living macrophages (578 ± 209 nm and 43.8 ± 9.3 kPa) and these physical properties were independent of the nature of the underlying matrix. In addition, time-lapse AFM revealed that podosomes harbor two types of overlapping periodic stiffness variations throughout their lifespan, which depend on F-actin and myosin II activity. This report shows that podosome biophysical properties are amenable to AFM, allowing the study of podosomes in living macrophages at nanoscale resolution and the analysis of their intimate dynamics. Such an approach opens up perspectives to better understand the mechanical functionality of podosomes under physiological and pathological contexts.
Interrater Agreement on a Socially Valid Measure of Students' Creativity

The reliability and true variance of a socially valid measure of creativity was assessed by asking three judges to rate the creativity of 29 adolescents. Interitem reliability was . 93; interrater reliability was . 48; and true score variance, estimated from the interitem and interrater reliability coefficients, was . 65.
Cholera Toxin Directly Enhances IL-17A Production from Human CD4+ T Cells

The significance of Th17 cells and IL-17A signaling in host defense and disease development has been demonstrated in various infection and autoimmune models. Additionally, the generation of Th17 cells is highly influenced by microbes. However, the specific bacterial components capable of shaping Th17 responses have not been well defined. The goals of this study were to understand how a bacterial toxin, cholera toxin (CT), modulates Th17-dominated response in isolated human CD4+ T cells, and what are the mechanisms associated with this modulation. CD4+ cells isolated from human peripheral blood were treated with CT. The levels of cytokine production and specific Th cell responses were determined by ELISA, Luminex assay, and flow cytometry. Along with the decreased production of other proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2), we found that CT could directly enhance the IL-17A production through a cAMP-dependent pathway. This enhancement is specific for IL-17A but not for IL-17F, IL-22, and CCL20. Interestingly, CT could increase IL-17A production only from Th17-committed cells, such as CCR6+CD4+ T cells and in vitro–differentiated Th17 cells. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that this direct effect occurs at a transcriptional level because CT stimulates the reporter activity in Jurkat and primary CD4+ T cells transfected with the IL-17A promoter-reporter construct. This study shows that CT has the capacity to directly shape Th17 responses in the absence of APCs. Our findings highlight the potentials of bacterial toxins in the regulation of human Th17 responses.
Reliability of a Schedule for Rating Personality Disorders

Summary The inter-situational, inter-rater and temporal reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders is described. In an initial study with a simplified form of the schedule in patients from different wards of a psychiatric hospital inter-situational reliability between raters was higher for patients with personality disorders than with no personality disorder. Using the full schedule, inter-rater reliability, using audiotaped and separate interviews, and temporal reliability at interviews conducted a mean of 12.5 months apart all reached a satisfactory level, suggesting that the schedule may be a useful instrument for measuring deviant personality traits. The interview may be used with a subject or an informant but agreement between ratings made with informants and psychiatric patients during illness was low, and the schedule is not recommended for use with patients alone during acute episodes of illness.
Do Adolescents Who Regularly Attend Religious Services Stay Out of Trouble? Results From a National Sample

The relationship between religious service attendance and adolescent externalizing behavior is well established in the aggregate, but little is known about what behavioral and psychosocial differences may or may not exist among adolescents who regularly attend religious services. Using a nationally representative sample of frequent religious service attending adolescents (N = 26,765), latent class analysis and multinomial regression were used to examine the relationships between latent externalizing classes and protective factors related to self-control. Results revealed a four-class solution comprised of a normative class (66.52%) as well as three externalizing classes: substance users (17.17%), fighters (12.65%), and severe offenders (3.66%). Compared with the normative class, members of the externalizing classes were significantly less likely to benefit from individual, parental, and academic protective factors related to self-control. Findings suggest that regular religious service attendance is relevant to externalizing behavior, but that it does not function as a panacea.
Semantic category moderates phonological priming of proper name retrieval during tip-of-the-tongue states

Despite evidence that the majority of tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states occur for proper names, little research has investigated factors that influence their resolution. Although phonological primes typically increase TOT resolution, the present experiment investigated whether priming effects are mitigated by semantic competition. Participants read questions whose answers were proper name targets (e.g., Helen Hunt, Elton John) from various semantic categories (e.g., actor, musician). Following a TOT, another question was presented that either included a prime name that varied in phonological overlap with the target (full first name or first syllable) and semantic category (same profession, different profession) or was phonologically and semantically unrelated to the target. After presenting the target question a second time, participants were more likely to resolve TOTs following first-name primes than unrelated names, independent of semantic category. In contrast, first-syllable primes marginally facilitated TOT resolution when the prime was in a different semantic category but not when the prime was in the same semantic category. These results demonstrate that semantic overlap increases competition from phonologically related names when there is incomplete phonological input, allowing an alternative name to prevent TOT resolution.
Diabetes and elevated glycosylated haemoglobin: Episodic memory and utilisation of cognitive support

Associations between diabetes and episodic memory performance were examined under varying levels of cognitive support at encoding and retrieval in a population-based sample of persons 35–85 years old. Participants were divided into diagnostic groups: (1) persons with diabetes (n=125), (2) persons without diabetes diagnosis but with elevated levels of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c; n=151), and (3) persons without diabetes or elevated HbA1c (n=2489). Among participants 65 years of age and younger, Group 1 performed at significantly lower levels than Groups 2 and 3. Among participants 70 years of age or older, Group 2 performed at the lowest level. The results are discussed in relation to varying underdiagnosis of diabetes across age.
Factors Associated With Civilian Employment, Work Satisfaction, and Performance Among National Guard Members.

OBJECTIVE Employment is a vital part of the postdeployment return to civilian life. This study investigated factors associated with employment-related outcomes (employment status, self-reported work performance, and self-reported work satisfaction) among National Guard members returning from Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, or Operation New Dawn deployments. METHODS The sample consisted of 1,151 National Guard service members who had returned from overseas deployments approximately six months earlier. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to examine associations between predictors and employment-related outcome variables. RESULTS Higher-risk alcohol use was associated with reduced odds of being employed as well as with lower ratings of work satisfaction, whereas psychiatric symptom load was associated with lower self-reported work performance and work satisfaction ratings. Perceived social resources were associated with higher self-reported work performance and work satisfaction, whereas better physical functioning was associated with better self-reported work performance. CONCLUSIONS Policy makers and clinicians may need to consider and assess alcohol use among unemployed National Guard members. They may also need to consider psychiatric symptom load and physical functioning among employed service members who perceive poor work performance and have low work satisfaction. Further research is needed on causal links between these predictors and employment outcomes.