Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Yersinia enterocolitica Yst toxin in experimental infection of young rabbits

We constructed a Yst-negative mutant of Yersinia enterocolitica W1024 by reverse genetics, and we compared the virulence of the yst+ and yst isogenic strains in an experimental oral infection of the young rabbit. The rabbits infected with the yst+ strain suffered from the diarrhea and lost weight, and most of them died. By contrast, the occurrence of diarrhea, weight loss, and death in the group of rabbits infected with the yst mutant was as low as that in the group of uninfected rabbits. Bacteria from both strains were excreted in the feces and induced a serum antibody response against Yop proteins. The yst mutant disappeared more rapidly from the feces. We conclude that the enterotoxin Yst is a major factor involved in the Y. enterocolitica-associated diarrhea in the young rabbit. Given the similarity with the symptoms observed for children, this result suggests that Yst could also be an important factor in diarrhea in young children infected with Y. enterocolitica.
Teachers' beliefs and gender differences in mathematics: a review

Summary In this paper the literature related to gender issues and teachers' beliefs regarding mathematics education is reviewed. The first part concerns teacher gender, including those aspects not directly dealing with teacher beliefs. Some studies related to teachers' beliefs considering gender as a variable are also reported. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research. To assist readers in visualizing how the several parts of the research literature in this field relate to one another, a model of research regarding gender issues in relation to teachers' beliefs has been developed. Collectively the body of literature available to date suggests that, first, despite lack of conclusive evidence, teachers have different beliefs about male and female students. They tend to stereotype mathematics as a male domain; this has been reflected in teachers' tendency to overrate male students' mathematics capability, have higher expectations for male students and more positive attitudes about male st.
Source attribution of Bornean air masses by back trajectory analysis during the OP3 project

Atmospheric composition affects the radiative balance of the Earth through the creation of greenhouse gases and the formation of aerosols. The latter interact with incoming solar radiation, both directly and indirectly through their effects on cloud formation and lifetime. The tropics have a major influence on incoming sunlight however the tropical atmosphere is poorly characterised, especially outside Amazonia. The origins of air masses influencing a measurement site in a protected rainforest in Borneo, South East Asia, were assessed and the likely sources of a range of trace gases and particles were determined. This was conducted by interpreting in situ measurements made at the site in the context of ECMWF backwards air mass trajectories. Two different but complementary methods were employed to interpret the data: comparison of periods classified by cluster analysis of trajectories, and inspection of the dependence of mean measured values on geographical history of trajectories. Sources of aerosol particles, carbon monoxide and halocarbons were assessed. The likely source influences include: terrestrial organic biogenic emissions; long range transport of anthropogenic emissions; biomass burning; sulphurous emissions from marine phytoplankton, with a possible contribution from volcanoes; marine production of inorganic mineral aerosol; and marine production of halocarbons. Aerosol sub- and super-saturated water affinity was found to be dependent on source (and therefore composition), with more hygroscopic aerosol and higher numbers of cloud condensation nuclei measured in air masses of marine origin. The prevailing sector during the majority of measurements was south-easterly, which is from the direction of the coast closest to the site, with a significant influence inland from the south-west. This analysis shows that marine and terrestrial air masses have different dominant chemical sources. Comparison with the AMAZE-08 project in the Amazon basin shows Bornean composition to arise from a different, more complex mixture of sources. In particular sulphate loadings are much greater than in Amazonia which is likely to mainly be the result of the marine influence on the site. This suggests that the significant region of the tropics made up of island networks is not well represented by extrapolation from measurements made in the Amazon. In addition, it is likely that there were no periods where the site was influenced only by the rainforest, with even the most pristine inland periods showing some evidence of non-rainforest aerosol. This is in contrast to Amazonia which experienced periods dominated by rainforest emissions.
Individual characteristics and career exploration in adolescence

Abstract The effects of gender, age and school grade on several career exploration dimensions measured by the Career Exploration Survey were investigated. Subjects were high school students facing an imminent career decision. Regression analyses indicated that sex and grade-level were the most significant and prevailing individual characteristics related to the adolescents' career exploration behaviours, reactions and beliefs. Implications for career exploration interventions are discussed.
Potato Annexin STANN1 Promotes Drought Tolerance and Mitigates Light Stress in Transgenic Solanum tuberosum L. Plants

Annexins are a family of calcium- and membrane-binding proteins that are important for plant tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. Annexins function to counteract oxidative stress, maintain cell redox homeostasis, and enhance drought tolerance. In the present study, an endogenous annexin, STANN1, was overexpressed to determine whether crop yields could be improved in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) during drought. Nine potential potato annexins were identified and their expression characterized in response to drought treatment. STANN1 mRNA was constitutively expressed at a high level and drought treatment strongly increased transcription levels. Therefore, STANN1 was selected for overexpression analysis. Under drought conditions, transgenic potato plants ectopically expressing STANN1 were more tolerant to water deficit in the root zone, preserved more water in green tissues, maintained chloroplast functions, and had higher accumulation of chlorophyll b and xanthophylls (especially zeaxanthin) than wild type (WT). Drought-induced reductions in the maximum efficiency and the electron transport rate of photosystem II (PSII), as well as the quantum yield of photosynthesis, were less pronounced in transgenic plants overexpressing STANN1 than in the WT. This conferred more efficient non-photochemical energy dissipation in the outer antennae of PSII and probably more efficient protection of reaction centers against photooxidative damage in transgenic plants under drought conditions. Consequently, these plants were able to maintain effective photosynthesis during drought, which resulted in greater productivity than WT plants despite water scarcity. Although the mechanisms underlying this stress protection are not yet clear, annexin-mediated photoprotection is probably linked to protection against light-induced oxidative stress.
The Contribution to Adolescent Well-Being Made by Nonfamily Adults: An Examination of Developmental Assets as Contexts and Processes.

The contribution of nonfamily adults to young people's well-being was explored using both a cross-sectional national sample of 614 12- to 17-yearolds and a longitudinal sample of 370 students followed from 6th–8th grades through 10th–12th grades. Both variable- and person-centered analyses were employed. Young people's involvement in volunteering, youth programs, and religious organizations was hypothesized to increase the frequency as well as the quality of their relationships with nonfamily adults. Greater community involvement was related to (a) greater and qualitatively different kinds of engagement with nonfamily adults; (b) higher levels of positive developmental processes of support, empowerment, and boundary setting; (c) lower levels of risk behaviors; and (d) higher levels of thriving. The results suggest the utility of positive youth development theory, research, and applications for predicting and enhancing young people's concurrent and longer-term well-being. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Boundary control: The social ordering of work and family time in a high-tech corporation.

Work on this paper has been supported by grant #910-1036 from the Ford Foundation. Lotte Bailyn, Andrea Campbell, Gideon Kunda, John Van Maanen, Stephen Barley, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers offered invaluable advice and suggestions. Through a qualitative study of a software development group, I examine how managers control the hours employees work, and therefore the temporal boundary between employees' work and life outside of work. Analysis of field data shows that managers use three types of techniques to exert boundary control over "knowledge workers": (1) imposing demands, by setting meetings, reviews, and internal deadlines, controlling vacations, and requesting extra work; (2) monitoring employees, by standing over them, checking up on them, and observing them; and (3) modeling the behavior they want employees to exhibit. Employees either accept or resist managers' boundary control; those who resist are penalized by the reward system, even when they devise creative ways to schedule and complete their work. Many employees are married, and the demands of their work have consequences for their spouses. Spouses' reactions to the demands that ultimately affect them further influence how employees respond to boundary control. These findings contribute to a theory of boundary control and carry practical implications for resolving work-family conflicts in our society. '
Economic disparities among South Asian immigrants in Canada

This paper outlines the economic experiences of four South Asian ethno-cultural subgroups – Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Sri Lankans – which, together, form the largest visible minority group in Canada. The economic performance of the South Asian subgroups is compared using customized tables from Statistics Canada's Longitudinal Administrative Database. The paper argues that all four subgroups, Bangladeshis and Pakistanis, in particular– fared worse than the Canadian-born and another contemporaneous, but non-South Asian group – Filipinos – demonstrating a failure of the human capital model. The findings contribute to a better and more nuanced understanding of economic outcomes of South Asians with implications for Canadian immigration policies and settlement programmes.
Who is Having Sex Inside Prison?

Using data from one Midwestern state, the present study focuses on the demographics and incarceration experience of 620 adult males confined inside prisons in order to identify the types of inmates who participate in consensual sex during their incarceration. Overall, findings reveal that there were few differences between inmates who were sexually active behind bars and inmates who were not sexually active behind bars. Limitations, directions for future research, and implications for policy and practice are discussed.
Cetuximab Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Mutation Status Is Predictive of Response to KRAS Updated

The anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) cetuximab has been proven to be efficient in metastatic colorectal cancer. The molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical response to this drug remain unknown. Genetic alterations of the intracellular effectors involved in EGFRrelated signaling pathways may have an effect on response to this targeted therapy. In this study, tumors from 30 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated by cetuximab were screened for KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutation by direct sequencing and for EGFR copy number by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Eleven of the 30 patients (37%) responded to cetuximab. A KRAS mutation was found in 13 tumors (43%) and was significantly associated with the absence of response to cetuximab (KRAS mutation in 0% of the 11 responder patients versus 68.4% of the 19 nonresponder patients; P = 0.0003). The overall survival of patients without KRAS mutation in their tumor was significantly higher compared with those patients with a mutated tumor (P = 0.016; median, 16.3 versus 6.9 months). An increased EGFR copy number was found in 3 patients (10%) and was significantly associated with an objective tumor response to cetuximab (P = 0.04). In conclusion, in this study, KRAS mutations are a predictor of resistance to cetuximab therapy and are associated with a worse prognosis. The EGFR amplification, which is not as frequent as initially reported, is also associated with response to this treatment. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 3992-5)
New Directions in Categorical Logic, for Classical, Probabilistic and Quantum Logic

Intuitionistic logic, in which the double negation law ¬¬P = P fails, is domi- nant in categorical logic, notably in topos theory. This paper follows a different direction in which double negation does hold, especially in quantitative logics for probabilistic and quantum systems. The algebraic notions of effect algebra and effect module that emerged in theoretical physics form the cornerstone. It is shown that under mild conditions on a category, its maps of the form X ! 1 + 1 carry such effect module structure, and can be used as predicates. Maps of this form X ! 1 + 1 are identified in many different situa- tions, and capture for instance ordinary subsets, fuzzy predicates in a probabilistic setting, idempotents in a ring, and effects (positive elements below the unit) in a C ∗ -algebra or Hilbert space. In quantum foundations the duality between states and effects (predicates) plays an important role. This duality appears in the form of an adjunction in our categorical setting, where we use maps 1 ! X as states. For such a state ! and a predicate p, the validity probability ! |= p is defined, as an abstract Born rule. It captures many forms of (Boolean or probabilistic) validity known from the literature. Measurement from quantum mechanics is formalised categorically in terms of 'instru- ments', using Luders rule in the quantum case. These instruments are special maps asso- ciated with predicates (more generally, with tests), which perform the act of measurement and may have a side-effect that disturbs the system under observation. This abstract description of side-effects is one of the main achievements of the current approach. It is shown that in the special case of C ∗ -algebras, side-effects appear exclusively in the non- commutative (properly quantum) case. Also, these instruments are used for test operators in a dynamic logic that can be used for reasoning about quantum programs/protocols. The paper describes four successive assumptions, towards a categorical axiomatisation of quantitative logic for probabilistic and quantum systems, in which the above mentioned elements occur.
Neurophysiological distinction of action words in the fronto‐central cortex

It has been suggested that the processing of action words referring to leg, arm, and face movements (e.g., to kick, to pick, to lick) leads to distinct patterns of neurophysiological activity. We addressed this issue using multi‐channel EEG and beam‐former estimates of distributed current sources within the head. The categories of leg‐, arm‐, and face‐related words were carefully matched for important psycholinguistic factors, including word frequency, imageability, valence, and arousal, and evaluated in a behavioral study for their semantic associations. EEG was recorded from 64 scalp electrodes while stimuli were presented visually in a reading task. We applied a linear beam‐former technique to obtain optimal estimates of the sources underlying the word‐evoked potentials. These suggested differential activation in frontal areas of the cortex, including primary motor, pre‐motor, and pre‐frontal sites. Leg words activated dorsal fronto‐parietal areas more strongly than face‐ or arm‐related words, whereas face‐words produced more activity at left inferior‐frontal sites. In the right hemisphere, arm‐words activated lateral‐frontal areas. We interpret the findings in the framework of a neurobiological model of language and discuss the possible role of mirror neurons in the premotor cortex in language processing. Hum. Brain Mapp. 21:191–201, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of facial image analysis for delineation of the facial phenotype associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

The facial anomalies associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), some of which are also present in individuals with less severe forms of the broader category of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), are typically identified with the aid of linear distance measurements taken between facial landmarks. Digital facial imaging methods are increasingly being used in syndrome delineation. Distance measurements derived from stereo‐photogrammetry and facial surface imaging have been used to study the FAS facial anomalies. Geometric morphometric methods capture the spatial arrangement between landmarks, providing a statistical platform for comparison of facial shapes, and have been shown to hold promise for characterizing the FAS facial shape. We review the progression in the use of imaging and image analysis methods in studies on the facial phenotype associated with FAS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co-supervision of social work students: A model for meeting the future needs of the profession

This article presents co-supervision as an effective and efficient model for field education of social work students. In our current climate of scarce resources and with a changing workforce that is increasingly feminised and part-time, this model provides a framework for efficient resource allocation by sharing the responsibility of field education among more than one social work supervisor. We will describe a model of co-supervision that we have developed over a period of 6 years. We will be using the findings from our own exploratory study for this model along with practice-based reflection to support our proposal that co-supervision is an innovative and beneficial model for field work education of social work students.
Development and Initial Validation of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to delineate the development of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education, a data collection program for multiple interaction behavior measures in elementary inclusive physical education settings. The theoretical and empirical base for the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education is described in a three-phase study presenting (1) development of 25 multi-component interaction behavior items from presented literature, (2) content related evidence of validity evaluated by international adapted physical education experts, and (3) strong evidence of convergent validity of the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education. Overall, the outcomes of multiple studies indicated that the Computerized Evaluation Protocol of Interactions in Physical Education demonstrates promise for the adapted physical education research and assessment by documenting interaction behaviors in elementary physical education environments.
Influence of CYP2C19 and ABCB1 polymorphisms on plasma concentrations of lansoprazole enantiomers after enteral administration

An intraoral annihilation enteric-coated preparation of lansoprazole is often administered via intestinal fistula. The purpose of this study was to determine the plasma concentrations of lansoprazole enantiomers after enteral administration in subjects with cytochrome P4502C19 (CYP2C19) and ABCB1 C3435T genotypes. Fifty-one patients who underwent a curative oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer were enrolled in this study. After a single enteral dose of racemic lansoprazole (30 mg), plasma concentrations of lansoprazole enantiomers were measured 4 h post-dose (C4h). There were significant differences in the C4h of (R)- and (S)-lansoprazole and the R/S-enantiomer ratio for three CYP2C19 genotype groups (*1/*1, *1/*2 ± *1/*3, and *2/*2 ± *2/*3 ± *3/*3 (poor metabolizers (PMs)), but not the ABCB1 C3435T genotypes. In a stepwise forward selection multiple regression analysis, the C4h of (R)- and (S)-lansoprazole were associated with CYP2C19 PMs (p = 0.0005 and < 0.0001 respectively) and age (p = 0.0040 and 0.0121 respectively), while the R/S-enantiomer ratio was associated with CYP2C19*1/*1 (p = 0.0191) and CYP2C19 PMs (p = 0.0426). Direct administration to the jejunum is unaffected by residence time in the stomach and the gastric emptying rate. With enteral administration, CYP2C19 phenotyping of patients using the lansoprazole R/S enantiomer index at C4h could be possible.
The 'Temporal-Processing-Fit Effect': The Interplay between Regulatory State, Temporal Distance, and Construal Levels

The current research proposes a moderator of the established effect of temporal construal on the weighting of abstract features versus more concrete features - that of the individual’s regulatory focus. The moderating effect relies on the presence or absence of a fit between regulatory focus and the time horizon for upcoming decisions (i.e., prevention focus/ near future or promotion focus/ distant future). Under a promotion (prevention) focus, construal levels are higher in the near (distant) than in the distant (near) future. Four experiments find support for this 'temporal -processing - fit effect' and provide a perspective on its possible causes, showing that when 'fit' is the present state, the event is perceived as more important, being locally processed and construed in a concrete manner, than in non-fit states. In the latter states, the event is processed in a global manner and construed abstractly because it is perceived as less important.
A Mathematical Model for Cathodic Delamination of Coated Metal Including a Kinetic pH–Porosity Relationship

A mathematical model for the delamination of coating from active metal was developed in the presence of multiple electrochemical reactions, homogeneous reactions, and precipitation of corrosion product. The computational results illustrate that the propagation of potential front is controlled by the production of OH - ions along the metal-coating interface, while that of porosity front is limited by the rate constant of bond-breakage reactions. The movement of the two fronts are close when the time constant associated with breaking bonds is small as compared to that of diffusion and migration processes. When the time constants of bond-breakage and coating degradation are large, the velocity difference between the potential and porosity fronts becomes large. The delamination rate and delamination mechanism predicted from the model are in good agreement with experimental interpretations. A systematic sensitivity analysis for the fitting parameters used in the program was conducted and the results show that the computations are most sensitive to the parameters in the porosity-pH relation.