Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Novelty Journey in Evaluation Processes: The Role of Personal Traits, Social Factors and Idea Framing in Shaping Audience Preferences

This Ph.D. thesis includes a collection of four research papers focused on the journey of novelty in evaluative processes: various experiments are employed to look at how individual traits, social factors and framing of ideas shape novelty’s recognition. This project aims to increase the understanding of the underlying mechanisms in audience’s evaluation processes of novelty – an area of scholarly inquiry that has received less attention with respect to the generation of novelty (Hennessey & Amabile, 2010; Anderson, Potocnik & Zhou, 2014; Berg 2016; Boudreau, Guinan, Lakhani, & Riedl, 2016; Cattani, Ferriani & Lanza, 2017; Mueller, Melwani, Loewenstein & Deal, 2017; Zhou, Wang, Song, & Wu, 2017) – by providing theoretical and empirical contributions to the literature on creativity, innovation, entrepreneurship and, more generally, on social evaluation. To explore the mechanisms that shape audience’s evaluative outcome of novelty, different theoretical perspectives are adopted: specifically, the first two papers are experimental studies developed building on social-psychological literature; the third experimental paper takes a sociological lens; whereas, the fourth paper which consists of a literature review draws upon a broader range of scholarship on novelty evaluation - i.e. organizational theory, entrepreneurship, innovation, sociology and psychology.
Bridging a Cultural Divide Between Play and Learning: Parental Ethnotheories of Young Children’s Play and Their Instantiation in Contemporary China

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The current study explored the ethnotheories of 6 Chinese families regarding their young children’s play in Shanghai, the most Westernized metropolis in China. A triangulation of multiple data sources was established through in-depth interviews, home visit observations, and 1-week recordings of child’s daily play activities. The empirical evidence revealed that the 6 families practiced eduplay (Rao & Li, 2009) with their young children, a Chinese version of play-based learning or a compromise between contemporary Western notions of child-centered play and the Chinese tradition of adult-directed academic training. Albeit with individual differences and varieties, parents’ ethnotheories were instantiated in the child’s daily settings for the provision of toys, the use of time in play and learning, and parents’ roles in the child’s play. However, some contextual constraints and barriers prevented the parents from fully putting the imported progressive educational beliefs into action. Practice or Policy: The changing and varying parental ethnotheories of play may reflect a paradigm shift in the early childhood education system, which has been jointly shaped by traditional Chinese beliefs and contemporary Western notions of appropriate practice. More implications of these findings are discussed against the backdrop of sociocultural changes in contemporary Chinese society.
Seeing One Thing and Doing Another : Contrast Effects in Automatic Behavior

Research on automatic behavior demonstrates the ability of stereotypes to elicit stereotype-consistent behavior. Social judgment research proposes that whereas traits and stereotypes elicit assimilation, priming of exemplars can elicit judgmental contrast by evoking social comparisons. This research extends these findings by showing that priming exemplars can elicit behavioral contrast by evoking a social comparison. In Study 1, priming professor or supermodel stereotypes led, respectively, to more and fewer correct answers on a knowledge test (behavioral assimilation), but priming exemplars of these categories led to the reverse pattern (behavioral contrast). In Study 2, participants walked away faster after being primed with an elderly exemplar. In Study 3, the proposition that contrast effects reflect comparisons of the self with the exemplar was supported.
What are hospital nurses' strengths and weaknesses in patient safety competence? Findings from three Korean hospitals.

OBJECTIVE To examine hospital nurses' patient safety competencies and the association between these competencies and safety climate. DESIGN Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. SETTING Three teaching hospitals in Seoul, Korea. PARTICIPANTS In total, 459 nurses from general adult nursing care units, intensive care units or operating rooms (response rate = 87.4%). METHOD Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to measure patient safety competency. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine relationships between patient safety competency and safety climate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE S Patient safety competency scores ('teamwork', 'communication', 'managing safety risks', 'human and environmental factors', 'adverse event recognition' and 'safety culture' dimensions) and perceived safety climate. RESULTS The mean patient safety competency score was 3.3 (SD = 0.4) out of 5.0; 396 nurses (86.3%) rated their competency as above average. Among subscales, 'managing safety risks' scores were the highest, and 'teamwork' scores were the lowest. Patient safety competency differed significantly by participants' age, educational level, clinical experience and position. Patient safety competency was higher in older nurses with master's or higher degrees and clinical experience of longer duration. Nurse managers' scores were higher than those of staff nurses. Safety climate was perceived as moderate. After adjusting for other individual and organizational characteristics, patient safety competency was positively associated with safety climate perception. CONCLUSIONS Nurses' safety competency was rated as moderate. In particular, nurses lacked confidence in teamwork. Nurses with higher safety competency perceived safety climate more positively. Efforts emphasizing teamwork to enhance nurses' safety competency should be prioritized, thereby contributing to improvement of safety climates.
Foraging Decisions in Risk-Uniform Landscapes

Behaviour is shaped by evolution as to maximise fitness by balancing gains and risks. Models on decision making in biology, psychology or economy have investigated choices among options which differ in gain and/or risk. Meanwhile, there are decision contexts with uniform risk distributions where options are not differing in risk while the overall risk level may be high. Adequate predictions for the emerging investment patterns in risk uniformity are missing. Here we use foraging behaviour as a model for decision making. While foraging, animals often titrate food and safety from predation and prefer safer foraging options over riskier ones. Risk uniformity can occur when habitat structures are uniform, when predators are omnipresent or when predators are ideal-free distributed in relation to prey availability. However, models and empirical investigations on optimal foraging have mainly investigated choices among options with different predation risks. Based on the existing models on local decision making in risk-heterogeneity we test predictions extrapolated to a landscape level with uniform risk distribution. We compare among landscapes with different risk levels. If the uniform risk is low, local decisions on the marginal value of an option should lead to an equal distribution of foraging effort. If the uniform risk is high, foraging should be concentrated on few options, due to a landscape-wide reduction of the value of missed opportunity costs of activities other than foraging. We provide experimental support for these predictions using foraging small mammals in artificial, risk uniform landscapes. In high risk uniform landscapes animals invested their foraging time in fewer options and accepted lower total returns, compared to their behaviour in low risk-uniform landscapes. The observed trade off between gain and risk, demonstrated here for food reduction and safety increase, may possibly apply also to other contexts of economic decision making.
Kinetic equilibrium of iron in the atmospheres of cool dwarf stars - II. Weak Fe I lines in the solar spectrum

NLTE line formation calculations of Fe i in the solar atmosphere are extended to include weak lines in the visual spectrum of the Sun. Previously established atomic models are used to discriminate between dierent ways of treating collisional interaction processes. As indicated by the analysis of strong Fe i lines, the influence of deviations from LTE in the solar atmosphere on the Fe abundance is small for all lines. To derive a common solar Fe i abundance from both strong and weak lines ne-tuning of the microturbulence velocity parameter and the van der Waals damping constants is required. The solar Fe i abundances based on all available f-values are dominated by the large scatter already found for the stronger lines. In particular the bulk of the data from the work of May et al. and O'Brian et al. is not adequate for accurate abundance work. Based on f-values measured by the Hannover and Oxford groups alone, the Fe i LTE abundances are log"Fe i; =7 :57 for the empirical and log"Fe i; =7 :48:::7:51 for the line-blanketed solar model. The solar Fe ionization equilibrium obtained for dierent atomic and atmospheric models rules out NLTE atomic models with a low eciency of hydrogen collisions. At variance with Paper I, it is now in better agreement with laboratory Fe ii f-values for all types of line-blanketed models. Our nal model assumptions consistent with a single unique solar Fe abundance log"Fe; 7:48:::7:51 calculated from NLTE line formation are (a) a line-blanketed solar model atmosphere, (b) an iron model atom with hydrogen collision rates 0:5 <S H < 5 times the standard value to compensate for the large photoionization cross-sections, (c) a microturbulence velocity t =1 : 0k m s 1 , (d) van der Waals damping parameters decreased by logC6 = 0:10::: 0:15 as compared to Anstee & O'Mara's calculations, depending on SH ,( e) Feii f-values as published by Schnabel et al., and (f) Fe i f-values published by the Hannover and Oxford groups.
Genome-wide identification and characterization of the MADS-box gene family in Salix suchowensis

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that participate in various plant growth and development processes, particularly floral organogenesis. To date, MADS-box genes have been reported in many species, the completion of the sequence of the willow genome provides us with the opportunity to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the willow MADS-box gene family. Here, we identified 60 willow MADS-box genes using bioinformatics-based methods and classified them into 22 M-type (11 Mα, seven Mβ and four Mγ) and 38 MIKC-type (32 MIKCc and six MIKC*) genes based on a phylogenetic analysis. Fifty-six of the 60 SsMADS genes were randomly distributed on 19 putative willow chromosomes. By combining gene structure analysis with evolutionary analysis, we found that the MIKC-type genes were more conserved and played a more important role in willow growth. Further study showed that the MIKC* type was a transition between the M-type and MIKC-type. Additionally, the number of MADS-box genes in gymnosperms was notably lower than that in angiosperms. Finally, the expression profiles of these willow MADS-box genes were analysed in five different tissues (root, stem, leave, bud and bark) and validated by RT-qPCR experiments. This study is the first genome-wide analysis of the willow MADS-box gene family, and the results establish a basis for further functional studies of willow MADS-box genes and serve as a reference for related studies of other woody plants.
Search-based security testing of web applications

SQL injections are still the most exploited web application vulnerabilities. We present a technique to automatically detect such vulnerabilities through targeted test generation. Our approach uses search-based testing to systematically evolve inputs to maximize their potential to expose vulnerabilities. Starting from an entry URL, our BIOFUZZ prototype systematically crawls a web application and generates inputs whose effects on the SQL interaction are assessed at the interface between Web server and database. By evolving those inputs whose resulting SQL interactions show best potential, BIOFUZZ exposes vulnerabilities on real-world Web applications within minutes. As a black-box approach, BIOFUZZ requires neither analysis nor instrumentation of server code; however, it even outperforms state-of-the-art white-box vulnerability scanners.
Patterns of innovation in service industries

The diversity of service activities means that service innovations and innovation processes take various forms. In this paper, we use input/output and other data to depict how service industries vary in such areas as products, markets, work organization, and technological characteristics-most being very distinctive from primary industries (i.e., extractive industries such as agriculture, fisheries, forestry, mining, petroleum, quarrying, and the like) and secondary industries (i.e., manufacturing, construction, and utilities). Innovation survey data indicates that some service organizations behave very much like high-technology manufacturing. This is especially true of technology-based, knowledge-intensive business services (T-KIBS). Distinctive innovation patterns are displayed by KIBS based more on professional knowledge and by large network-based service firms, while many smaller service firms conform to a supplier-driven pattern. Only a small segment of service innovation conforms to the typical manufacturing-based model, in which innovation is largely organized and led by formal research and development (R&D) departments and production engineering. Project management and on-the-job innovation are common ways of organizing service innovation. Innovation policy and management have to be much more than R&D policy and R&D management: This is recognized by some national governments and in some business schools, but the full implications of a service-dominant logic are still rarely found.
Controlling Solution‐Phase Polymer Aggregation with Molecular Weight and Solvent Additives to Optimize Polymer‐Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells

The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell performance of many polymers depends on the polymer molecular weight (M n) and the solvent additive(s) used for solution processing. However, the mechanism that causes these dependencies is not well understood. This work determines how M n and solvent additives affect the performance of BHJ solar cells made with the polymer poly(di(2‐ethylhexyloxy)benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐co‐octylthieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione) (PBDTTPD). Low M n PBDTTPD devices have exceedingly large fullerene‐rich domains, which cause extensive charge‐carrier recombination. Increasing the M n of PBDTTPD decreases the size of these domains and significantly improves device performance. PBDTTPD aggregation in solution affects the size of the fullerene‐rich domains and this effect is linked to the dependency of PBDTTPD solubility on M n. Due to its poor solubility high M n PBDTTPD quickly forms a fibrillar polymer network during spin‐casting and this network acts as a template that prevents large‐scale phase separation. Furthermore, processing low M n PBDTTPD devices with a solvent additive improves device performance by inducing polymer aggregation in solution and preventing large fullerene‐rich domains from forming. These findings highlight that polymer aggregation in solution plays a significant role in determining the morphology and performance of BHJ solar cells.
Insurance motives to remit: Evidence from a matched sample of Ethiopian internal migrants

Migration and remittances can be used by rural households as a means of insurance, investment, and income augmentation. Ample attention has been given to studying international remittance flows, since for many countries such transfers comprise a significant fraction of income. Remittance flows from internal migrants are relatively understudied, particularly in Africa, where remittance rates are poor. We use a unique matched migrant sample to study what drives the low remittance rates in Ethiopia. Descriptive statistics suggest remitters are positively selected in terms of wealth characteristics compared with the average tracked migrant. Limited skill transferability and liquidity largely explain low remittance rates in Ethiopia. Weaker evidence suggests migrants are additionally motivated to remit as a form of self-insurance against own shocks to income and investments towards future inheritable assets.
Assimilation of sulfur from alkyl- and arylsulfonates by Clostridium spp.

Organisms able to utilize one of several alkyl- and arylsulfonates as sole source of sulfur under anoxic conditions were enriched. Three fermenting bacteria, all putative Clostridium spp. , were isolated in pure culture. All three organisms had wide substrate ranges for alkylsulfonates, taurine and arylsulfonates, presumably due to three different enzyme systems. One organism, strain KNNDS (DSM 10612) was selected for further characterization. The organism was possibly a new Clostridium sp. , with Clostidium intestinalis as its nearest neighbor (97.6% similarity of rDNA). Strain KNNDS catalyzed complete sulfonate utilization concomitant with growth. Growth yields of approximtely 3 kg protein/mol sulfur were observed, independent of the sulfur source [e.g. sulfate, sulfide, 4-(phenyl)butyl-1-sulfonate, 2,6-naphthyldisulfonate or 4-nitrocatechol sulfate]. We failed to detect significant amounts of either an arylsulfonatase or an arylsulfatase, and we hypothesize different arylsulfatases [EC 3.1. 6.1] in aerobes and in Clostridium spp.
Fine Root Productivity and Turnover of Ectomycorrhizal and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Tree Species in a Temperate Broad-Leaved Mixed Forest

Advancing our understanding of tree fine root dynamics is of high importance for tree physiology and forest biogeochemistry. In temperate broad-leaved forests, ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) tree species often are coexisting. It is not known whether EM and AM trees differ systematically in fine root dynamics and belowground resource foraging strategies. We measured fine root productivity (FRP) and fine root turnover (and its inverse, root longevity) of three EM and three AM broad-leaved tree species in a natural cool-temperate mixed forest using ingrowth cores and combined the productivity data with data on root biomass per root orders. FRP and root turnover were related to root morphological traits and aboveground productivity. FRP differed up to twofold among the six coexisting species with larger species differences in lower horizons than in the topsoil. Root turnover varied up to fivefold among the species with lowest values in Acer pseudoplatanus and highest in its congener Acer platanoides. Variation in root turnover was larger within the two groups than between EM and AM species. We conclude that the main determinant of FRP and turnover in this mixed forest is species identity, while the influence of mycorrhiza type seems to be less important.
Direct Parallel Perceptrons (DPPs): Fast Analytical Calculation of the Parallel Perceptrons Weights With Margin Control for Classification Tasks

Parallel perceptrons (PPs) are very simple and efficient committee machines (a single layer of perceptrons with threshold activation functions and binary outputs, and a majority voting decision scheme), which nevertheless behave as universal approximators. The parallel delta (P-Delta) rule is an effective training algorithm, which, following the ideas of statistical learning theory used by the support vector machine (SVM), raises its generalization ability by maximizing the difference between the perceptron activations for the training patterns and the activation threshold (which corresponds to the separating hyperplane). In this paper, we propose an analytical closed-form expression to calculate the PPs' weights for classification tasks. Our method, called Direct Parallel Perceptrons (DPPs), directly calculates (without iterations) the weights using the training patterns and their desired outputs, without any search or numeric function optimization. The calculated weights globally minimize an error function which simultaneously takes into account the training error and the classification margin. Given its analytical and noniterative nature, DPPs are computationally much more efficient than other related approaches (P-Delta and SVM), and its computational complexity is linear in the input dimensionality. Therefore, DPPs are very appealing, in terms of time complexity and memory consumption, and are very easy to use for high-dimensional classification tasks. On real benchmark datasets with two and multiple classes, DPPs are competitive with SVM and other approaches but they also allow online learning and, as opposed to most of them, have no tunable parameters.
Age-and sex-dependent mRNA expression of KCNQ1 and HERG in patients with long QT syndrome type 1 and 2

Introduction The main goal of this study was to examine the patient age and sex dependent expression of KCNQ1 and HERG genes that encode potassium channels responsible for the occurrence of long QT syndrome (LQTS). Material and methods The study enrolled 43 families whose members suffered from LQTS type 1 (LQTS1) or 2 (LQTS2) or were healthy. The study attempted to prove that β-actin is a good endogenous control when determining the expression of the studied genes. Examination of gene expression was achieved with quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR). Expression of the investigated genes was inferred from the analysis of the number of mRNA copies per 1 μg total RNA isolated from whole blood. Results Significantly lower KCNQ1 and KCNH2 mRNA levels in healthy females than healthy males were observed (p = 0.032; p = 0.02). In male patients both transcripts were expressed at a lower level (p = 0.0084; p = 0.035). The comparison of transcriptional activity of KCNQ1 and KCNH2 in healthy adults and children revealed higher KCNQ1 and lower KCNH2 mRNA levels in healthy adults (p = 0.033; p = 0.04), higher KCNQ1 and lower KCNH2 mRNA levels in adult patients below 55 years old than in adults over 55 years old (p=0.036; p = 0.044), and significantly higher KCNQ1 and lower KCNH2 mRNA levels in adult patients (over 55 years) than in paediatric patients (below 15 years) (p=0.047; p = 0.08). Conclusions The results support the hypothesis that KCNQ1 and HERG gene expression is influenced by age and gender in human patients with long QT syndrome and in healthy subjects.
Developing an Authentic Project-Based Assessment Model on Sociology Learning of Senior High School Students

This article aims to describe an authentic project-based assessment model in improving students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) on Sociology learning. This study used a mix-method design that applied ADDIE procedural to gain valid and reliable outcomes. Data collection used multiple techniques involving guided-interviews, survey, validity test, item instrument sheet, HOTS multiple questions with students' elicitation and observation sheet. The study results revealed that: (1) A characteristic of the authentic project-based assessment modelrefers toextensive assessments such as performance, attitude, presentation, product, project, and comprehension. Both performance and attitude assessments used during the project assessment. (2) An implementation of the authentic project-based assessment model is valid and reliable after givingan experimental treatmentin the class of X IIS SMAN 1 Padang that related to cognitive, affective and skills area. (3) An authentic project-based assessment model increased students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) regarding critical thinking and problem-solving aspects, communication skill aspects, creativity and innovation aspects, and collaboration aspects.