Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
APPENDIX A BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE ASSESSMENT OF ADDITIVITY AND INTERACTIONS

The approaches to assessing the joint action of components of a mixture are based in large measure on the conceptual groundwork laid by Bliss (1939) and Finney (1971), and are mathematical rather than biological in nature. The approaches commonly known as dose addition and response addition, discussed in the following sections, are non-interactive forms of joint action that assume the chemicals in the mixture do not affect the toxicity of one another, i.e., that they act independently. These assumptions are the bases for methods of risk and health assessment discussed in the Guidance Manual. In addition, the assessment of interactions depends on being able to define what constitutes non-interaction.
Visualizing multivariate network on the surface of a sphere

A multivariate network is a graph whose nodes contain multi-dimensional attributes. We propose a method to visualize such a network using spherical Self-Organizing Map (SOM) and circular layout. The spherical SOM produced an initial graph layout by grouping nodes with similar attributes to adjacent areas on the sphere. The circular layout algorithm fine tunes the position of each node to avoid node-node/node-edge overlap and minimize the number of edge crossings. We also implement an interface to project the spherical image onto a 2D plane such that the user can have a global view of the data set. The user is allowed to select any point of interest to be the center of the 2D projection.
Making Strategy: The Journey of Strategic Management

This book approaches strategy-making in a way that is designed to assist most organizations develop strategy appropriate to their size, purpose and resources. It provides a much-needed guide to the strategy-making process by: elaborating the key concepts and theories of strategic management; by illustrating through case vignettes the issues inherent in the process of strategy-making; and by providing extensive and detailed practical guidelines on the methods, techniques and tools employed in the case vignettes. Key themes explored are: the crucial significance of political feasibility; the role of participation; emphasis on stakeholder management; thinking about alternative futures within the overall process of strategy-making; and using computer support for strategy-making, organizational learning and strategy-delivery.
Learning strategies of successful high school science students.

The purpose of this study was to explore the learning strategies that are used by successful science students. In addressing this purpose, a mixed methods approach was adopted in which both quantitative and qualitative methods of data production were used. The participants were both successful and less successful high school science students from grades ten to twelve inclusive. Quantitative data was collected through questionnaires and analysed. The qualitative data was collected through individual semistructured interviews and focus group interviews. This was analysed using a qualitative thematic approach. The research questions were first about the learning strategies that successful science students seemed to use in order to do well academically, and secondly the question of the factors which influenced these successful students. The findings are that there are differences in the use of strategies between the successful students and their less successful counterparts. The successful students in general reported using more learning strategies more often than the less successful students. Successful students also reported that they engaged in strategies for regulating the effort they applied to work on difficult or boring tasks. They engaged more in cognitive strategies that involved deep processing of information, while the less successful students relied more on rehearsal and more superficial strategies like text underlining. Successful students also engaged more in self-regulatory activities that allowed them to monitor and regulate the way they learn. The findings also revealed that the successful students reported that they are influenced in their studies more by such factors as family support, the love of the subject and their goals or ambitions.
Valuation of intellectual capital in knowledge‐based firms: The need for new methods in a changing economic paradigm

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to link two key disciplines in finance and science in a way which is representative of the many challenges in the development of the knowledge economy. However, the valuation of intangibles remains a contentious issue in finance.Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, the financial and economic issues pertaining to the valuation of intellectual capital are evaluated and addressed.Findings – An important aspect of raising capital is the ability to impute a fair value on the asset.Research limitations/implications – The investigative process involves evaluating and assessing the appropriateness and efficiency of current models and finds them to be inadequate in yielding the true value of intellectual capital employed in knowledge‐intensive firms.Practical implications – A new methodology for valuation is indeed required, and this value driver valuation processes may produce significantly better understandings of the worth of intellectual capital in the knowledge e.
Buried Object Characterization Using Ultra-Wideband Ground Penetrating Radar

In this paper, a method to characterize buried nonmagnetic objects in ground using ultra-wideband (UWB) ground penetrating radar (GPR) is proposed. In this method, UWB pulses are radiated by the radar, while scattered signals from the ground with the buried object are received. The received signals are then post-processed to estimate the depth, thickness, and electrical properties of the buried object. A constant depth and thickness is enforced at all frequencies while the signals are processed to extract the buried object characteristics, resulting in more accurate estimations and reduced processing time. In addition, path loss due to the close proximity of the radar to the ground is compensated analytically. The applicability of the proposed method is validated with several planar objects and a boulder that we typically encounter in the construction industry. The proposed method can achieve sufficient reliability in estimating the permittivity of buried objects for the purpose of material identification. Incorporating the proposed method into the GPRs enhances their existing imaging ability by adding material identification capability.
Post-Keynesian Economics: New Foundations

The book is a considerably extended and fully revamped edition of the highly successful and frequently cited Foundations of Post-Keynesian Economic Analysis, published in 1992. It provides an exhaustive account of post-Keynesian economics and of the developments that have occurred in post-Keynesian theory and in the world economy over the last twenty years. Topics covered include open-economy issues, the methodological foundations of heterodox economics, consumer theory, firms and pricing, money and credit, effective demand and employment, inflation theory, and growth theories.
An Examination of the Enculturation of Five Reform-Prepared New Specialist Teachers of Mathematics and Science.

This study’s purpose was to present a detailed description and interpretation of what happens to new teachers in schools who are prepared to enact reform-based practices in mathematics and science. The focus was on a select sample of graduates from the Maryland Collaborative for Teacher Preparation [MCTP], a statewide reform-based undergraduate teacher preparation program supported by National Science Foundation funding. A case study methodology was used (first year, N=5; second year, N=3). Differential experiences and perceptions of and by our new specialist teachers of mathematics were documented. Analysis was based on a teacher socialization framework as suggested by Veenman (1984). Discussion centered on the enculturation of the teachers into an extant teaching culture (school district and school). Insights were framed in two components: the individual’s intentions, needs, and capabilities, and the institutional demands, supports and constraints. A major finding was that the new teachers’ school cultures was a major factor in whether reform-aligned mathematics and science teaching was regularly implemented by the new teachers. In addition, the new teachers’ perception of their school cultures’ lack of support of their intent to implement reform-based practices prompted differing social strategies by the new teachers (resistance, moving on, and exit). Therefore, if our
The provision of non‐audit services and earnings conservatism: Do New Zealand auditors compromise their independence?

Purpose - This study seeks to examine the relation between non-audit services provided by incumbent auditors and an important aspect of earnings quality – conservatism, using New Zealand data. Conservatism is defined as the adoption of accounting policies that accelerate expenses towards the current period and/or defer revenues to later periods. If the provision of non-audit services undermines auditor independence and encourages the condoning of clients' aggressive accounting practices, this will be revealed by a reduction in accounting conservatism. Design/methodology/approach - The method aims to determine whether Basu's conservatism is affected by the level and proportion of non-audit services, where the dataset is partitioned into multiple levels of these services. Findings - Using 528 firm-year observations, evidence is presented for the existence of earnings conservatism in New Zealand. However, no evidence of a negative association between non-audit services and earnings conservatism is found. Research limitations/implications - Although widely accepted in the conservatism literature, the Basu model still suffers from some drawbacks. Issues of endogeneity may also contribute to the insignificant results. Practical implications - The results are consistent with factors such as reputational penalties and litigation risk constraining auditor behaviour. Auditors in New Zealand may therefore still maintain their independence “in fact”, irrespective of the level of non-audit fees (NAFs) purchased by clients. Originality/value - This paper contains the first tests of conservatism using New Zealand data. It adds to the body of knowledge about the relationship, or the lack thereof, between NAF and desirable attributes of accounting.
Using Eurobarometer data on voter participation in the 2004 European elections to test the RECON models

Why do Europeans turn out to cast a vote or fail to do so on Election Day? In this paper a critical review of the 2004 European Parliament (EP) elections under the lens of the democratic deficit debate is attempted, with the use of three distinct models of democracy proposed by the RECON project: a delegated, a federal and a cosmopolitan one. The findings put forward a flexible understanding of electoral participation where delegated/statist indicators boost voting intentions along with a set of proxies of a nascent EU civil society, that allude to a cosmopolitan model of democracy. Respondents’ EU knowledge, active information seeking on EP elections, as well as participation in the euroelectoral campaign play a central role in triggering turnout, along with the usual suspects of the national electoral context (i.e. compulsory voting, strict party lists etc.). Europe matters not only as a functional regime set up to address output problems but as a novel political entity to be discovered by a nascent public sphere. Surprisingly enough, the central element in a federal understanding of EP elections – an exclusive EU identity – weakens voting intentions in the euroelectorate of 2004. The interaction terms included in the analysis, finally, substantiate some inhibitions over the prevalence of delegated indicators in the face of weak socialization mechanisms at the EU level. Put simply, among the ‘old’ fifteen member states and in particular those with an exclusive EU identity, satisfaction with national democratic institutions lowers intended participation in the European electoral arena. The three models of European electoral participation are tested with the use of a pre-election Eurobarometer survey and official electoral statistics.
Usage Position and Virtual Keyboard Design Affect Upper-Body Kinematics, Discomfort, and Usability during Prolonged Tablet Typing

Purpose The increase in tablet usage allows people to perform computer work in non-traditional office environments. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of changes in tablet keyboard design on postures of the upper extremities and neck, discomfort, and usability under different usage positions during prolonged touch-typing. Methods Eighteen healthy participants familiar with touch-screen devices were randomized into three usage positions (desk, lap, and bed) and completed six, 60-minute typing sessions using three virtual keyboard designs (standard, wide, split). Electrogoniometers continuously measured the postures of the wrists, elbow, and neck. Body discomfort and system usability were evaluated by questionnaires before and immediately after each typing session. Results Separate linear mixed effects models on various postural measures and subjective ratings are conducted with usage position as the between-subject factors, keyboard design and typing duration as the with-in subject factors were conducted. Using the tablet in bed led to more extended wrists but a more natural elbow flexion than the desk position. The angled split virtual keyboard significantly reduced the extent of wrist ulnar deviation than the keyboard with either standard or wide design. However, little difference was observed across the usage position and keyboard design. When the postural data were compared between the middle and end of typing sessions, the wrists, elbow, and neck all exhibited a substantially increased range of joint movements (13% to 38%). The discomfort rating also increased significantly over time in every upper body region investigated. Additionally, the split keyboard design received a higher usability rating in the bed position, whereas participants had more satisfactory experience while using the wide keyboard in the traditional desk setting. Conclusions Prolonged use of tablets in non-traditional office environments may result in awkward postures in the upper body that may expose users to greater risks of developing musculoskeletal symptoms. Adequate virtual keyboard designs show the potential to alleviate some postural effects and improve the user experience without changing the tablet form factors.
Knowledge, Policy and the Work of Governing

One of the fundamental questions for policy analysis – whether analysis for policy or of policy – is identifying the underlying thinking behind the policy: how is knowledge (and what sorts of knowledge) brought to bear in the policy process? How do we explain differences and similarities – across jurisdictions, or policy fields, or time and place – in the sorts of knowledge used? This question drives researchers to examine and compare cases in search of significant relationships. The first question, of course, is “what sorts of cases? ” The earliest comparative work in this field was done on data from US states, such as Dye (1966; see also Uslaner 1978). With the development of “policy analysis” as an academic field, it came to be assumed that the work of governing should be determined by appropriate expert knowledge, with policy professionals advising the “policy makers”, whose decisions would then be put into practice by functional subordinates. “Policy analysis” emerged as a specialized concern, a technique for the systematic comparison of alternative courses of action, grounded in microeconomics and taught in graduate programmes which could equip people with this knowledge and prepare them for work as “policy analysts” (Howlett 2009). Particularly in North America, “policy analysts” were appointed in government, and the work of policy was further institutionalized by the creation of a professional association with conferences and a journal. The assumption tended to be that comparison was between national policies, and that just as “comparative politics” usually seemed to mean comparing countries with one another, comparative policy analysis would involve cross-national comparisons (e.g. Rimmerman and Araten-Bergman 2010, comparing one policy issue across two countries).
School for Social Care Research

This methods review sets out knowledge about current uses and applications of large datasets for research in adult social care practice. Built on a wide-ranging search of the literature, this review discusses examples of the use of different large datasets such as the General Social Care Council, the Census, the Labour Force Survey, governmental and hospital records, as well as others in health and social care research. It focuses on the methods adopted to extract and use data from different large datasets to enable quantitative and statistical examination of the research questions considered. It discusses the challenges associated with using large data records, which in some cases are not originally designed for specific quantitative data analysis or to answer a pre-defined research question, and illustrates various approaches adopted by researchers to extract, validate, refine and interpret results based on such data. The review discusses the strengths and limitations of a number of large datasets currently used in research on social care in England, with examples from adult safeguarding and other areas relevant to adult social care practice. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH ON ADULT SOCIAL CARE PRACTICE This review recommends that social care researchers: ! Accredit the potential value of existing datasets that are relevant to social care practices. Invest in identifying available datasets that are relevant to their research questions to produce more robust research findings. This may include combining or benefiting from different datasets. Recognise the value of adopting appropriate statistical methodologies when analysing existing large datasets within a multi-methods research design. Address the challenges associated with utilising existing datasets when examining new research questions.
Dynamics of organizational change and employee identity retention in R&D organizations

The purpose of this study is to understand the dynamics of employee identity retention and its impact on organizational change in a Research and Development organization. The role played by social embeddedness in enhancing employees’ retention of self-identities and shaping their attitudes in resisting an orientation shift of organizational values and norms from that of civil services to distorting new public management orientation was assessed. The findings showed that the employees’ resistance was influenced by their personal core values which were distrustful towards the organizations change process. Senior staff members were reluctant to forego their independence of working as individuals by adopting a teamwork culture. It is concluded that as a result of the employees holding tight to their self-identities and failing to relate to new organizational norms, the production that emerged from the commercialisation process was not in consonance to the organization’s transformation needs.
Achieving integrated convoys: cargo unmanned ground vehicle development and experimentation

The Cargo UGV project was initiated in 2010 with the aim of developing and experimenting with advanced autonomous vehicles capable of being integrated unobtrusively into manned logistics convoys. The intent was to validate two hypotheses in complex, operationally representative environments: first, that unmanned tactical wheeled vehicles provide a force protection advantage by creating standoff distance to warfighters during ambushes or improvised explosive device attacks; and second, that these UGVs serve as force multipliers by enabling a single operator to control multiple unmanned assets. To assess whether current state-of-the-art autonomous vehicle technology was sufficiently capable to permit resupply missions to be executed with decreased risk and reduced manpower, and to assess the effect of UGVs on customary convoy tactics, the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory and the Joint Ground Robotics Enterprise sponsored Oshkosh Defense and the National Robotics Engineering Center to equip two standard Marine Corps cargo trucks for autonomous operation. This paper details the system architecture, hardware implementation, and software modules developed to meet the vehicle control, perception, and planner requirements compelled by this application. Additionally, the design of a custom human machine interface and an accompanying training program are described, as is the creation of a realistic convoy simulation environment for rapid system development. Finally, results are conveyed from a warfighter experiment in which the effectiveness of the training program for novice operators was assessed, and the impact of the UGVs on convoy operations was observed in a variety of scenarios via direct comparison to a fully manned convoy.
Child and working-age poverty in Northern Ireland from 2010 to 2020

This report presents projections of relative and absolute income poverty among children and working-age adults in every year to 2016-17, and in 2020-21. The aim is to estimate the implications for household incomes- and hence, income poverty- of what we know about tax and benefit policy and current forecasts for the macroeconomy. As well as updating previous IFS projections of household incomes and poverty at the UK level, it extends this analysis by showing projections for Northern Ireland (and, in an appendix, for England and Wales and for Scotland).
Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems ( PACIS ) 2014 UNDERSTANDING PERCEIVED PLATFORM TRUST AND INSTITUTIONAL RISK IN PEER-TO-PEER LENDING PLATFORMS FROM COGNITION-BASED AND AFFECT-BASED PERSPECTIVES

In this study, we drew from the existing online trust model to develop a specific model of online lending platform trust from the perspectives of cognition-based trust and affect-based trust. Trust between lenders and borrowers have been discussed a lot but there are no empirical studies focusing on trust toward lending platforms. The dearth of the relevant studies on this aspect indicates the great need for the present study. This study aims to incorporate the Technology Acceptance Model with additionally context-specific factors to propose a research model. Perceived platform trust is divided into three dimensions: technology expectancy, cognition-based trust and affected-based trust. To test the model, we collected data from 300 users with different educational levels on p2p lending platforms in China. The structure of demographic features of our samples is analogous to that of the overall p2p market in China at the end of 2012. The finding suggested that positive reputation and social influence had few impacts on trust toward lending platforms and perceived institutional risks. The finding of this research provided a theoretical foundation for future academic studies as well as practical guidance for both borrowers and lenders lending on p2p platforms.