Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remobilization of Andesite Magma by Intrusion of Mafic Magma at the Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat, West Indies

The 1995–1999 eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano, MontINTRODUCTION serrat, has produced a crystal-rich andesite containing quenchThe Soufriere Hills volcano, Montserrat, located in the textured mafic inclusions, which show evidence of having been molten Lesser Antilles island arc in the West Indies, began to when incorporated into the host magma. Individual crystals in the erupt on 18 July 1995, after about 350 years of dormancy andesite record diverse histories. Amphibole phenocrysts vary from (Young et al., 1998b). The eruption was preceded by a pristine and unaltered to strongly oxidized and pseudomorphed by period of seismic swarms, which began in January 1992. anhydrous reaction products. Plagioclase phenocrysts are commonly Previous earthquake crises have occurred on Montserrat reverse zoned, often with dusty sieve textures. Reverse zoned rims are in 1896–1897, 1932–1935 and 1966–1967 (Powell, 1938; also common on orthopyroxene phenocrysts. Pyroxene geothermometry Shepherd et al., 1971). Initial phreatic and phregives an average temperature of 858 ± 20 °C for orthopyroxene atomagmatic activity was followed by extrusion of an phenocryst cores, whereas reverse zoned rims record temperatures andesitic lava dome in November 1995. Pyroclastic flows, from about 880 to 1050 °C. The heterogeneity in mineral rim generated by gravitational collapse of the unstable dome, compositions, zoning patterns and textures is interpreted as reflecting have been the dominant form of activity throughout the non-uniform reheating and remobilization of the resident magma eruption, but periods of explosive activity, producing body by intrusion of hotter mafic magma. Convective remobilization pumice flows and falls, have also occurred (Robertson et results in mixing together of phenocrysts that have experienced al., 1998; Young et al., 1998b). Dome growth ceased different thermal histories, depending on proximity to the intruding suddenly in March 1998 and further activity up to May mafic magma. The low temperature and high crystallinity are 1999 has mainly involved gravitational collapses of the interpreted as reflecting the presence of a cool, highly crystalline dome and periods of ash venting, with some small-scale magma body beneath the Soufriere Hills volcano. The petrological vulcanian explosive events. observations, in combination with data on seismicity, extrusion rate The Soufriere Hills volcano is the only active centre and SO2 fluxes, indicate that the current eruption was triggered by on Montserrat. The volcano is a composite of at least recent influx of hot mafic magma. five andesitic lava domes, flanked by pyroclastic deposits. Rea (1974) identified four other volcanic centres, all
Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the Mid‐Holocene

Climate variability during the present interglacial, the Holocene, has been rather smooth in comparison with the last glacial. Nevertheless, there were some rather abrupt climate changes. One of these changes, the desertification of the Saharan and Arabian region some 4–6 thousand years ago, was presumably quite important for human society. It could have been the stimulus leading to the foundation of civilizations along the Nile, Euphrat and Tigris rivers. Here we argue that Saharan and Arabian desertification was triggered by subtle variations in the Earth's orbit which were strongly amplified by atmosphere‐ vegetation feedbacks in the subtropics. The timing of this transition, however, was mainly governed by a global interplay between atmosphere, ocean, sea ice, and vegetation.
Design and Analysis of a Coupling-Fed Printed Dipole Array Antenna With High Gain and Omnidirectivity

A printed omnidirectional dipole array antenna with a radiated load is proposed and analyzed, which is fed by a coplanar waveguide. Flying lines and via-holes are used to connect dipoles to achieve a balanced feed. Simulated results by CST microwave studio<sup>®</sup> indicate that the operating band is 4.6 to 4.9 GHz with its reflection coefficient less than −10 dB. The omnidirectional gain in this band is higher than 4.23 dB and the antenna size is only <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$103.4 \text {mm}\times 12.6 \text {mm}\times 1.5 \text {mm}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. As a result, its gain per wavelength can reach a high value of 3.1 dB/<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 4.7 GHz, which is conducive to antenna miniaturization and batch production. In order to effectively decrease the outer surface current on the coaxial feeder outer conductor, a printed choke is introduced, so that the antenna performance would not be affected by an even longer coaxial line. The bandwidth and gain are improved achieving 4.63–5.45GHz and 5.8dB, respectively. There is a broad application of the designed antenna for it not only can be used independently, but also can be integrated on the printed circuit board.
MicroRNAs and Multiple Sclerosis

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as a new class of modulators of gene expression. miRNAs control protein synthesis by targeting mRNAs for translational repression or degradation at the posttranscriptional level. These noncoding RNAs are endogenous, single-stranded molecules approximately 22 nucleotides in length and have roles in multiple facets of immunity, from regulation of development of key cellular players to activation and function in immune responses. Recent studies have shown that dysregulation of miRNAs involved in immune responses leads to autoimmunity. Multiple sclerosis (MS) serves as an example of a chronic and organ-specific autoimmune disease in which miRNAs modulate immune responses in the peripheral immune compartment and the neuroinflammatory process in the brain. For MS, miRNAs have the potential to serve as modifying drugs. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of miRNA biogenesis and mode of action and the diverse roles of miRNAs in modulating the immune and inflammatory responses. We also review the role of miRNAs in autoimmunity, focusing on emerging data regarding miRNA expression patterns in MS. Finally, we discuss the potential of miRNAs as a disease marker and a novel therapeutic target in MS. Better understanding of the role of miRNAs in MS will improve our knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease.
A Model for the Origin and Properties of Flicker-Induced Geometric Phosphenes

We present a model for flicker phosphenes, the spontaneous appearance of geometric patterns in the visual field when a subject is exposed to diffuse flickering light. We suggest that the phenomenon results from interaction of cortical lateral inhibition with resonant periodic stimuli. We find that the best temporal frequency for eliciting phosphenes is a multiple of intrinsic (damped) oscillatory rhythms in the cortex. We show how both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the patterns change with frequency of stimulation and provide an explanation for these differences. We use Floquet theory combined with the theory of pattern formation to derive the parameter regimes where the phosphenes occur. We use symmetric bifurcation theory to show why low frequency flicker should produce hexagonal patterns while high frequency produces pinwheels, targets, and spirals.
Study of Staphylococcus aureus in raw and pasteurized milk consumed in the Reconcavo area of the State of Bahia, Brazil.

This study is to verify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in milk consumed in Reconcavo Baiano, Brazil for which 50 samples of raw milk and 20 samples of pasteurized milk were analyzed from 10 municipalities of this region (Cabaceiras do Paraguacu, Cachoeira, Conceicao do Almeida, Cruz das Almas, Dom Macedo Costa, Maragogipe, Sao Sebastiao do Passe, Saubara, Santo Amaro and Santo Antonio de Jesus). The Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in Baird Parker agar where typical and atypical colonies were selected and submitted to coagulase and complementary tests. Out of 50 samples of raw milk studied, 34 showed contamination by Staphylococcus aureus , corresponding to 68% of the samples being contaminated. In the pasteurized milk, 6 samples were contaminated with this microorganism, corresponding to 30% of the 20 samples. The presence of this pathogenic microorganism indicates a potential health hazard to those who consume milk from this region.
Commentary: BRAIN NETWORKS. Correlated Gene Expression Supports Synchronous Activity in Brain Networks. Science 348, 1241–4

A recent report claims that functional brain networks defined with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be recapitulated with correlated gene expression (i.e. high within-network tissue-tissue “strength fraction”, SF) (Richiardi et al., 2015). However, the authors do not adequately control for spatial proximity. We replicated their main analysis, performed a more effective adjustment for spatial proximity, and tested whether “null networks” (i.e. clusters with center coordinates randomly placed throughout cortex) also exhibit high SF. Removing proximal tissue-tissue correlations by Euclidean distance, as opposed to removing correlations within arbitrary tissue labels as in (Richiardi et al., 2015), reduces within-network SF to no greater than null. Moreover, randomly placed clusters also have significantly high SF, indicating that high within-network SF is entirely attributable to proximity and is unrelated to functional brain networks defined by resting-state fMRI. We discuss why additional validations in the original article are invalid and/or misleading and suggest future directions.
Polymer cored BGA ball reliability optimisation

This paper presents the results from simulation studies of the mechanical performance of BGA interconnects based on the use of polymer cored solder balls (PCSBs) as an alternative to the solid solder balls that are typically used. PCSBs have previously been shown to offer improved reliability and this study was performed to improve understanding of the effects of two key PCSB design variables, i.e. metallisation thickness and polymer modulus on their fatigue performance. The results show that minimising the polymer modulus is beneficial in reducing plastic strains in both the solder and copper metallisation on the polymer ball, but that the metallisation thickness has a much less significant effect unless the polymer core modulus is extremely low.
Anomalous uplift of the Apennines and subsidence of the Adriatic: The result of active mantle flow?

We consider the potential for interpreted mantle flow to generate anomalous topography across the north‐central Mediterranean. A seismic tomography section was translated into the temperature domain and used as input into a series of 2D thermo‐mechanical numerical models of crust‐mantle deformation. The generated dynamic topography signal was then compared with a derived residual topography that showed a distinct residual low across the Adriatic Sea and easternmost Apennines and a residual high to the west of the Apennine range and into the Tyrrhenian Sea. A good spatial correlation was found between the modeled dynamic effects of inferred underlying mantle structure and the observed residual topography. The results of this study suggest that underlying mantle structure may play a role in supporting the (dynamic) anomalous surface topography along the investigated profile and within the north‐central Mediterranean.
Biogeography and Photosynthetic Biomass of Arctic Marine Pico-Eukaroytes during Summer of the Record Sea Ice Minimum 2012

Information on recent photosynthetic biomass distribution and biogeography of Arctic marine pico-eukaryotes (0.2–3 μm) is needed to better understand consequences of environmental change for Arctic marine ecosystems. We analysed pico-eukaryote biomass and community composition in Fram Strait and large parts of the Central Arctic Ocean (Nansen Basin, Amundsen Basin) using chlorophyll a (Chl a) measurements, automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and 454-pyrosequencing. Samples were collected during summer 2012, the year with the most recent record sea ice minimum. Chl a concentrations were highest in eastern Fram Strait and pico-plankton accounted for 60–90% of Chl a biomass during the observation period. ARISA-patterns and 454-pyrosequencing revealed that pico-eukaryote distribution is closely related to water mass distribution in the euphotic zone of the Arctic Ocean. Phaeocystaceae, Micromonas sp. , Dinophyceae and Syndiniales constitute a high proportion of sequence reads, while sequence abundance of autotrophic Phaeocystaceae and mixotrophic Micromonas sp. was inversely correlated. Highest sequence abundances of Phaeocystaceae were observed in the warm Atlantic Waters in Fram Strait, while Micromonas sp. dominated the abundant biosphere in the arctic halocline. Our results are of particular interest considering existing hypotheses that environmental conditions in Nansen Basin might become more similar to the current conditions in Fram Strait. We propose that in response, biodiversity and biomass of pico-eukaryotes in Nansen Basin could resemble those currently observed in Fram Strait in the future. This would significantly alter biogeochemical cycles in a large part of the Central Arctic Ocean.
A wall-shear stress predictive model

Following the approach of Marusic et al. (2010b), here we develop a predictive model for the fluctuating wall-shear stress, where the only required input is large-scale information of the streamwise velocity at a location in the outer, logarithmic region of the flow. The model consists of two components, incorporating a superposition and modulation effect of outer region motions that interact with the flow field in the viscous sublayer. The model is seen to capture Reynolds number trends reliably.
Snapshots for semantic maps

A significant area of research in mobile robotics is in the local representation of a remote environment. In order to include a human in a mobile robot task it becomes important to present the remote information efficiently to a human. A relatively new approach to information presentation is semantic maps. Semantic maps provide more detail about an environment than typical maps because they are augmented by icons or symbols that provide meaning for places or objects of interest. In this paper we present snapshot technology as a means to take pictures from the real world and store them in a semantic map. To make the snapshots and semantic map available to an operator, we identify and discuss general attributes for useful displays and present a mixed reality 3D interface that meets the requirements. The interface and snapshot technology are validated through experiments in real and simulated environments.
Of Bots and Humans (on Twitter)

Recent research has shown a substantial active presence of bots in online social networks (OSNs). In this paper we utilise our previous work (Stweeler) to comparatively analyse the usage and impact of bots and humans on Twitter, one of the largest OSNs in the world. We collect a large-scale Twitter dataset and define various metrics based on tweet metadata. Using a human annotation task we assign 'bot' and 'human' ground-truth labels to the dataset, and compare the annotations against an online bot detection tool for evaluation. We then ask a series of questions to discern important behavioural characteristics of bots and humans using metrics within and among four popularity groups. From the comparative analysis we draw differences and interesting similarities between the two entities, thus paving the way for reliable classification of bots, and studying automated political infiltration and advertisement campaigns.
Rearrangements in a hydrophobic core region mediate cAMP action in the regulatory subunit of PKA

Abstract cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) forms an inactive heterotetramer of two regulatory (R; with two cAMP-binding domains A and B each) and two catalytic (C) subunits. Upon the binding of four cAMP molecules to the R dimer, the monomeric C subunits dissociate. Based on sequence analysis of cyclic nucleotide-binding domains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and on crystal structures of cAMP-bound R subunit and cyclic nucleotide-free Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP), four amino acids were identified (Leu203, Tyr229, Arg239 and Arg241) and probed for cAMP binding to the R subunits and for R/C interaction. Arg239 and Arg241 (mutated to Ala and Glu) displayed no differences in the parameters investigated. In contrast, Leu203 (mutated to Ala and Trp) and Tyr229 (mutated to Ala and Thr) exhibited up to 30-fold reduced binding affinity for the C subunit and up to 120-fold reduced binding affinity for cAMP. Tyr229Asp showed the most severe effects, with 350-fold reduced affinity for cAMP and no detectable binding to the C subunit. Based on these results and structural data in the cAMP-binding domain, a switch mechanism via a hydrophobic core region is postulated that is comparable to an activation model proposed for Epac.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors in the prevention of early renal disease in diabetes

Diabetic nephropathy (diabetic kidney disease) is defined as a rise in urinary albumin excretion rate, often associated with an increase in blood pressure, and typically with concomitant retinopathy but without evidence of other causes of renal disease. It is characterized first by albuminuria and then by a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate, eventually resulting in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Diabetic nephropathy occurs in approximately 30-35% of type 1 and type 2 patients and tends to cluster in families. Diabetic kidney disease is associated with a very marked increase in cardiovascular disease and, even from the earliest stages, with microalbuminuria. A diabetic milieu is required for the diabetic glomerular lesion to develop, and the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. Most patients with diabetes and renal impairment die from a cardiovascular disease event before they progress to ESRD. From the studies described in this review, we think that clear evidence of RAAS inhibition in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy is lacking and more studies are warranted. Nevertheless, tight blood pressure control with inhibitor of RAAS and multifactorial intervention (glycaemic, lipid control and so on) are warranted for secondary prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease in diabetes.
Laparoscopic Resection of an Epidermoid Cyst Arising fromIntrapancreatic Accessary Spleen

Context An epidermoid cyst arising from intrapancreatic accessory spleen is rare. Herein, we report the patient who had an epidermoid cyst arising from intrapancreatic accessory spleen with typical imaging features, which was diagnosed by preoperative imaging studies and successfully treated with minimally invasive surgery. Case report A seventy-five-year-old male was referred to our hospital presenting with left upper abdominal pain. Multidetector computed tomography highlighted a large cystic lesion with a diameter of 7 cm in the tail of the pancreas. Although the cystic components were low density and remained unenhanced during multiphase scans, a contrast enhancement pattern of the cystic walls was similar to that of the spleen on each phase. This patient was diagnosed with epidermoid cyst arising from intrapancreatic accessory spleen and underwent laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy to achieve painrelief. The final pathological diagnosis was an epidermoid cyst arising from intrapancreatic accessory spleen. Postoperative course was uneventful, and his chief complaint completely resolved after surgery. Conclusion With recent advances of dynamic contrast imaging, the diagnosis of epidermoid cyst arising from intrapancreatic accessory spleen may be possible. In order to avoid unnecessary surgery, precise work-up and reliable preoperative diagnosis is necessary. When surgical resection is necessary to improve patient’s symptoms, less invasive surgery with laparoscopic resection would be preferable.
A Nonmonotone Line Search Technique and Its Application to Unconstrained Optimization

A new nonmonotone line search algorithm is proposed and analyzed. In our scheme, we require that an average of the successive function values decreases, while the traditional nonmonotone approach of Grippo, Lampariello, and Lucidi [SIAM J. Numer. Anal. , 23 (1986), pp. 707--716] requires that a maximum of recent function values decreases. We prove global convergence for nonconvex, smooth functions, and R-linear convergence for strongly convex functions. For the L-BFGS method and the unconstrained optimization problems in the CUTE library, the new nonmonotone line search algorithm used fewer function and gradient evaluations, on average, than either the monotone or the traditional nonmonotone scheme.
Robust Yaw Stability Controller Design and Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing for a Road Vehicle

Unsymmetrical loading on a car like mu-split braking, side wind forces, or unilateral loss of tire pressure results in unexpected yaw disturbances that require yaw stabilization either by the driver or by an automatic driver-assist system. The use of two-degrees-of-freedom control architecture known as the model regulator is investigated here as a robust steering controller for such yaw stabilization tasks in a driver-assist system. The yaw stability-enhancing steering controller is designed in the parameter space to satisfy a frequency-domain mixed sensitivity constraint. To evaluate the resulting controller design, a real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulator is developed. Steering tests with and without the controller in this hardware-in-the-loop setup allow the driver to see the effect of the proposed controller to improve vehicle-handling quality. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation setup can also be used for real-time driver-in-the-loop simulation of other vehicle control systems.
A cryogenic beam of refractory, chemically reactive molecules with expansion cooling.

Cryogenically cooled buffer gas beam sources of the molecule thorium monoxide (ThO) are optimized and characterized. Both helium and neon buffer gas sources are shown to produce ThO beams with high flux, low divergence, low forward velocity, and cold internal temperature for a variety of stagnation densities and nozzle diameters. The beam operates with a buffer gas stagnation density of ∼10(15)-10(16) cm(-3) (Reynolds number ∼1-100), resulting in expansion cooling of the internal temperature of the ThO to as low as 2 K. For the neon (helium) based source, this represents cooling by a factor of about 10 (2) from the initial nozzle temperature of about 20 K (4 K). These sources deliver ∼10(11) ThO molecules in a single quantum state within a 1-3 ms long pulse at 10 Hz repetition rate. Under conditions optimized for a future precision spectroscopy application [A. C. Vutha et al., J. Phys. B: At. , Mol. Opt. Phys., 2010, 43, 074007], the neon-based beam has the following characteristics: forward velocity of 170 m s(-1), internal temperature of 3.4 K, and brightness of 3 × 10(11) ground state molecules per steradian per pulse. Compared to typical supersonic sources, the relatively low stagnation density of this source and the fact that the cooling mechanism relies only on collisions with an inert buffer gas make it widely applicable to many atomic and molecular species, including those which are chemically reactive, such as ThO.