Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Good Our Field Can Hope to Do, the Harm It Should Avoid

This paper tries to achieve a balanced view of the ethical issues raised by emotion-oriented technology as it is, rather than as it might be imagined. A high proportion of applications seem ethically neutral. Uses in entertainment and allied areas do no great harm or good. Empowering professions may do either, but regulatory systems already exist. Ethically positive aspirations involve mitigating problems that already exist by supporting humans in emotion-related judgments, by replacing technology that treats people in dehumanized and/or demeaning ways, and by improving access for groups who struggle with existing interfaces. Emotion-oriented computing may also contribute to revaluing human faculties other than pure intellect. Many potential negatives apply to technology as a whole. Concerns specifically related to emotion involve creating a lie, by simulate emotions that the systems do not have, or promoting mechanistic conceptions of emotion. Intermediate issues arise where more general problems could be exacerbated-helping systems to sway human choices or encouraging humans to choose virtual worlds rather than reality. “SIIF” systems (semi-intelligent information filters) are particularly problematic. These use simplified rules to make judgments about people that are complex, and have potentially serious consequences. The picture is one of balances to recognize and negotiate, not uniform good or evil.
Toward a Better Understanding of Evolving Social Networks

Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor der Naturwissenschaften Preface Je pense, donc je suis (René Descartes, Discours de la Méthode pour bien conduire sa raison et chercher la verité dans les sciences) R etrospectively, it was a wooden toy train system that arouse a great deal of interest in networks within a young scholar at the age of 3. In the same way it had been exciting to create interwoven train tracks in these days, long ago, I am still fascinated by the automatisms at play in networks today. I thank my family for being the stable core of my ever-changing personal network through all this years, and, in particular, Julia and Caja for becoming my dearest clique therein — your love, encouragement and support made possible everything. All my friends and relatives, you are such a unique social network. Thank you! Scientific acknowledgements. First and foremost I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Ulrik Brandes, for fostering my passion for social networks and offering a position in his group at the University of Konstanz. In addition, there are at least seven good reasons to thank the second supervisor of my thesis, Sven Kosub, but I will black them out here. Moreover, I would like to thank my office roommate, Jürgen Lerner, and all additional co-authors (in alphabetical order), for discussing many interesting ideas. Dear algos in Konstanz, and dear Clique guys in Dublin, it was great fun working with all of you! I am very grateful to Marc Scholl for joining my thesis committee. Additional thanks go to Francesca Pallotti and Britta Renner for allowing the reprint of gestalt-matrix representations of their data, Derek Greene for providing his Twitter datasets, Christoph Stadtfeld for sharing parts of his L A T E X templates, as well as Tobias Döbele and Volker Mühlberg who have been instrumental in conducting the user study on gestaltlines in the appendix. Contents Preface i Deutsche Zusammenfassung iii 1. Introduction 1 1.1.
Bulbospinal fibres and their nuclei of origin in Lacerta viridis demonstrated by axonal degeneration and chromatolysis respectively.

The bulbospinal fibres of reptiles have scarcely ever been studied using experimental methods (Nieuwenhuys, 1964), and therefore little is known about their origins or positions in the spinal cord. Lacerta viridis is particularly useful for experimental studies because its small size enables one to observe all the cell bodies or affected fibres in comparatively few fields and, when lesions are unilateral, the effects on the two sides are easily compared. Furthermore, this lizard tolerates brain stem and spinal cord lesions quite well. This paper deals with the spinal projections of the red nucleus, certain reticular nuclei, Deiters's nucleus and a nucleus provisionally named 'intercalatus'. The distribution in the spinal cord of bulbospinal fibres and the approximate extents to which they pass caudally are also described. The reptilian red nucleus appears to have been identified by other authors (Beccari, 1923; Frederikse, 1931; Stefanelli, 1941) through its position in the ventral portion of the midbrain and by the larger size of its cells compared with those in the surrounding less specialized tegmentum (Stefanelli, 1941; Crosby & Woodburne-in Huber et al. 1943). Connexions between the red nucleus and the spinal cord have been postulated in a number of reptiles (Papez, 1929; Beccari, 1943; Stefanelli, 1944a; Leghissa, 1954; Kappers, Huber & Crosby, 1960), but the grounds for some of these statements are by no means certain. The present studies, in which lesions were made in the spinal cord and brain stem, demonstrate that chromatolysis occurs in what appears to be the red nucleus as defined above and that rubrospinal fibres in Lacerta occupy a position similar to those in mammals where their presence is well substantiated (Papez & Stotler, 1940; Pompeiano & Brodal, 1957; Carpenter & Pines, 1957). The reticular nuclei in reptiles have been described by a number of authors (van Hoevell, 1911; Beccari, 1923, 1943; Tuge, 1932; Stefanelli, 1941, 1944a, b), but no one has clearly indicated which of these nuclei project to the spinal cord nor where reticulospinal fibres lie in the cord (except for the medial longitudinal fasciculus). The precise origins of a number of reticulospinal fibres and the distribution in the spinal cord of some of these fibres are demonstrated in this study.
An elitist approach to articulatory-acoustic feature classification

A novel framework for automatic articulatory-acoustic feature extraction has been developed for enhancing the accuracy of place- and manner-of-articulation classification in spoken language. The “elitist” approach focuses on frames for which neural network (MLP) classifiers are highly confident, and discards the rest. Using this method, it is possible to achieve a frame-level accuracy of 93% for manner information on a corpus of American English sentences passed through a telephone network (NTIMIT). Place information is extracted for each manner class independently, resulting in an appreciable gain in place-feature classification relative to performance for a manner-independent system. The elitist framework provides a potential means of automatically annotating a corpus at the phonetic level without recourse to a word-level transcript and could thus be of utility for developing training materials for automatic speech recognition and speech synthesis applications, as well as aid the empirical study of spoken language.
A Loss Analysis for a 28% Efficient 520X Concentrator Module

A module efficiency loss analysis has been conducted by comparing the efficiency of the module on-sun (28.2% peak) to the efficiency of the bare cell measured in the laboratory (35.5% peak). This analysis suggests that there are two main loss mechanisms in the module: elevated operating temperature and an optical efficiency less than unity. This analysis also suggests that the effects of spectral and intensity non-uniformity have been well controlled
Deep Sequencing of the Transcriptome Reveals Inflammatory Features of Porcine Visceral Adipose Tissue

Functional differences in the different types of adipose tissue and the impact of their dysfunction on metabolism are associated with the regional distribution of adipose depots. Here we show a genome-wide comparison between the transcriptomes of one source of subcutaneous and two sources of visceral adipose tissue in the pig using an RNA-seq approach. We obtained ~32.3 million unique mapped reads which covered ~80.2% of the current annotated transcripts across these three sources of adipose tissue. We identified various genes differentially expressed between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, which are potentially associated with the inflammatory features of visceral adipose tissue. These results are of benefit for understanding the phenotypic, metabolic and functional differences between different types of adipose tissue that are deposited in different body sites.
Disease modeling for Ebola and Marburg viruses

The filoviruses Ebola and Marburg are zoonotic agents that are classified as both biosafety level 4 and category A list pathogens. These viruses are pathogenic in humans and cause isolated infections or epidemics of viral hemorrhagic fever, mainly in Central Africa. Their natural reservoir has not been definitely identified, but certain species of African bat have been associated with Ebola and Marburg infections. Currently, there are no licensed options available for either treatment or prophylaxis. Different animal models have been developed for filoviruses including mouse, guinea pig and nonhuman primates. The ‘gold standard’ animal models for pathogenesis, treatment and vaccine studies are rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. This article provides a brief overview of the clinical picture and the pathology/pathogenesis of human filovirus infections. The current animal model options are discussed and compared with regard to their value in different applications. In general, the small animal models, in particular the mouse, are the most feasible for high biocontainment facilities and they offer the most options for research owing to the greater availability of immunologic and genetic tools. However, their mimicry of the human diseases as well as their predictive value for therapeutic efficacy in primates is limited, thereby making them, at best, valuable initial screening tools for pathophysiology, treatment and vaccine studies.
A New Look at the Summer Arctic Frontal Zone

AbstractA notable characteristic of the summertime Arctic is the existence of a narrow band of strong horizontal temperature gradients spanning the coastlines of Siberia, Alaska, and western Canada that extends through a considerable depth of the troposphere. Past research has associated this summer Arctic Frontal Zone (AFZ) with contrasts in atmospheric heating between the Arctic Ocean and snow-free land, with its regional strength strongly influenced by topography; however, little is known about its variability. In this study, output from the latest generation of global atmospheric reanalyses is used to better constrain and define the summer AFZ, including its spatial and seasonal characteristics. The relative importance of different factors linked to its variability is then evaluated. The AFZ is best expressed in July and is manifested aloft as a separate Arctic jet feature at about 250 hPa. It is clearly associated with differential atmospheric heating, as evidenced by the sharp difference in surface .
Artificial Salmonella vaccines: O-antigenic oligosaccharide-protein conjugates induce protection against infection with Salmonella typhimurium

Outbred mice were vaccinated with various artificial Salmonella vaccines and subsequently challenged intraperitoneally with graded doses of virulent Salmonella typhimurium. The Salmonella vaccines used were: (i) octasaccharide, obtained by hydrolysis of the O-antigenic polysaccharide chain of S. typhimurium strain SH 4809 with phage P22-associated endo-rhamnosidase and covalently linked to either diphtheria toxin or edestine; (ii) purified outer membrane proteins (porins) from S. typhimurium; and (iii) octasaccharide covalently linked to porins. All vaccines induced significant protection against experimental infection of mice with S. typhimurium. However, vaccination with the octasaccharide-porin conjugate resulted in better protection than that obtained by vaccination with octasaccharide or porin vaccines separately. Rabbit antibodies raised against the different vaccines were also passively administered intravenously to mice. Such mice were protected against challenge with virulent S. typhimurium by antibodies specific for the S. typhimurium O-antigen or for the porins. Thus, active immunization with more than one surface component of Salmonella bacteria improved the efficacy of the vaccine. The data from the passive immunization experiments also emphasized the role of humoral immunity for protection against S. typhimurium infection.
The Origin of Enigmatic, Tubular, Lake-Shore Karren: A Mechanism for Rapid Dissolution of Limestone in Carbonate-Saturated Waters

Vertical, upward tapering, closed tubes (here termed "röhrenkarren") have been observed in abundance in limestone exposed in the epiphreatic zone around several lakes in Ireland. Röhrenkarren form by condensation corrosion within air pockets trapped by seasonal floodwaters. This promotes rapid limestone dissolution where lake, or cave, waters are at or near saturation with respect to calcium carbonate. Their abundance testifies to the large-scale dissolution of limestone and simultaneous enhancement of carbonate precipitation in carbonate-saturated environments where dissolution directly by lake water is very limited. Lake-specific differences in röhrenkarren morphometry provide a unique record of the long-term water chemistry at each site. The underlying mechanism has implications for other solid-liquid interfaces.
An Evaluation of the HM Prison Service “Thinking Skills Programme” Using Psychometric Assessments

The most widely implemented offending behaviour programme in the United Kingdom was Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS), a cognitive-behavioural group intervention that aimed to develop participant’s general cognitive skills. A new offending behaviour programme has been developed to replace ETS: the Thinking Skills Programme (TSP). This study reports an evaluation of the effectiveness of TSP using psychometric assessments. Phasing of the two programmes created an opportunity to compare the two programmes consecutively. Forty participants, 20 from each programme, completed a range of psychometric measures to examine cognition, attitudes, and thinking styles. Analysis of pre- and post-programme psychometric results indicated that participants of TSP demonstrated improvements on 14 of the 15 scales, 9 of which were statistically significant. Effect sizes between pre–post results were generally greater for TSP than ETS, demonstrating that TSP had a more positive impact on the thinking styles and attitudes of participants than the ETS programme.
Basins and bedrock: Spatial variation in 10Be erosion rates and increasing relief in the southern Rocky Mountains, USA

We used measurements of cosmogenic 10 Be in alluvium to estimate erosion rates on a 10 3 –10 4 yr time scale for small (0.01–47 km 2 ), unglaciated basins in northern Colorado, southern Wyoming, and adjacent western Nebraska (western United States). Basins formed in Proterozoic cores of Laramide ranges are eroding more slowly (23 ± 7 mm k.y. –1 , n = 19) than adjacent basins draining weakly lithified Cenozoic sedimentary rocks (75 ± 36 mm k.y. –1 , n = 20). Erosion rates show a relationship to rock resistance and, for granitic rocks, to basin slope, but not to mean annual precipitation. We estimated longer-term (>10 5 yr time scale) erosion rates for the granitic core of the Front Range by measuring the concentration of 10 Be and 26 Al produced mainly by muon interactions at depths 1.7–10 m below the surface. Concentrations imply erosion rates of 9–31 mm k.y. –1 , similar to shorter-term erosion rates inferred from alluvial sediment. The spatial distribution of erosion rates and stratigraphic evidence imply that relief in the southern Rocky Mountains increased in the late Cenozoic; modern relief probably dates from post-middle Miocene time.
A Comprehensive Review of Topical Hemostatic Agents: Efficacy and Recommendations for Use

Since ancient times we have attempted to facilitate hemostasis by application of topical agents. In the last decade, the number of different effective hemostatic agents has increased drastically. In order for the modern surgeon to successfully choose the right agent at the right time, it is essential to understand the mechanism of action, efficacy and possible adverse events as they relate to each agent. In this article we provide a comprehensive review of the most commonly used hemostatic agents, subcategorized as physical agents, absorbable agents, biologic agents, and synthetic agents. We also evaluate novel hemostatic dressings and their application in the current era. Furthermore, wholesale acquisition prices for hospitals in the United States are provided to aid in cost analysis. We conclude with an expert opinion on which agent to use under different scenarios.
Step‐up testing procedure for multiple comparisons with a control for a latent variable model with ordered categorical responses

In clinical studies, multiple comparisons of several treatments to a control with ordered categorical responses are often encountered. A popular statistical approach to analyzing the data is to use the logistic regression model with the proportional odds assumption. As discussed in several recent research papers, if the proportional odds assumption fails to hold, the undesirable consequence of an inflated familywise type I error rate may affect the validity of the clinical findings. To remedy the problem, a more flexible approach that uses the latent normal model with single‐step and stepwise testing procedures has been recently proposed. In this paper, we introduce a step‐up procedure that uses the correlation structure of test statistics under the latent normal model. A simulation study demonstrates the superiority of the proposed procedure to all existing testing procedures. Based on the proposed step‐up procedure, we derive an algorithm that enables the determination of the total sample size and the sample size allocation scheme with a pre‐determined level of test power before the onset of a clinical trial. A clinical example is presented to illustrate our proposed method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic trading in a dynamic noisy market

This paper studies a dynamic model of a financial market with a strategic trader. In each period the strategic trader receives a privately observed endowment in the stock. He trades with competitive market makers to share risk. Noise traders are present in the market. After receiving a stock endowment, the strategic trader is shown to reduce his risk exposure either by selling at a decreasing rate over time or by selling and then buying back some of the shares sold. When the time between trades is small, the strategic trader reveals the information regarding his endowment very quickly.
Model Predictive Control of an Inverter With Output  $LC$ Filter for UPS Applications

The use of an inverter with an output LC filter allows for generation of output sinusoidal voltages with low harmonic distortion, suitable for uninterruptible power supply systems. However, the controller design becomes more difficult. This paper presents a new and simple control scheme using predictive control for a two-level converter. The controller uses the model of the system to predict, on each sampling interval, the behavior of the output voltage for each possible switching state. Then, a cost function is used as a criterion for selecting the switching state that will be applied during the next sampling interval. In addition, an observer is used for load-current estimation, enhancing the behavior of the proposed controller without increasing the number of current sensors. Experimental results under linear and nonlinear load conditions, with a 5.5-kW prototype, are presented, verifying the feasibility and good performance of the proposed control scheme.
Evaluation of Wound Irrigation by Pulsatile Jet and Conventional Methods

Irrigation of wounds to remove bacteria and foreign material is an essential of wound management along with debridement. The effectiveness of saline lavage by high pressure (50 psi) pulsatile jet irrigation has been compared with conventional gravity flow and bulb syringe procedures. Experimental paravertebral incisional surface wounds in 234 randomized rats were either clean or traumatized and soiled. Wounds in 200 of the rats were seeded with E. coli (log 8.80). Swab specimens of each wound were taken at incision, after seeding, after irrigation, and at three, seven, and ten days after closure. Eluates of more than 1600 specimens were cultured. No anaerobes were found. Irrigation diminished bacterial counts in all wounds, but only pulsatile jet irrigation brought about significant (P < 0.05) reduction of bacteria in each type of wound. After three days E. coli was significantly diminished in all wounds, regardless of irrigation or none, owing to host defense mechanisms. Nevertheless, clean contaminated wounds were infected at three days but not at seven days after lavage, while traumatized wounds remained infected at ten days except for those initially irrigated by pulsatile jet. Thus, pulsatile jet irrigation removed bacteria from experimental wounds more efficiently than conventional procedures.
SpiderGL: a JavaScript 3D graphics library for next-generation WWW

Thanks to the WebGL graphics API specification for the JavaScript programming language, the possibility of using the GPU capabilities in a web browser without the need for an ad-hoc plug-in is now coming true. This paper introduces SpiderGL, a JavaScript library for developing 3D graphics web applications. SpiderGL provides data structures and algorithms to ease the use of WebGL, to define and manipulate shapes, to import 3D models in various formats, to handle asynchronous data loading. We show the potential of this novel library with a number of demo applications. Furthermore, we introduce MeShade, a SpiderGL-based web application for shader material editing from within the web browser, which produces all the code needed for embedding interactive 3D model visualization capabilities inside web pages and online repositories.
Lossless and near-lossless compression of EEG signals

In this paper we study compression techniques for electroencephalograph (EEG) signals. A variety of lossless compression techniques, ranging from simple dictionary based approaches to more sophisticated context modeling techniques based on work in lossless image coding are investigated and compared. It is seen that compression ratios obtained by lossless compression are limited. Though lossy compression can yield significantly higher compression ratios while potentially preserving diagnostic accuracy, is is not usually employed due to legal concerns. Hence, we investigate near-lossless compression techniques that give quantitative bounds on the errors introduced during compression. It is observed that such techniques give significantly higher compression ratios. Simulation results with a large variety of data sets are reported.
Effect of Butyrolactone I on the Producing Fungus,Aspergillus terreus

ABSTRACT Butyrolactone I [α-oxo-β-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-γ-(p-hydroxy-m-3,3-dimethylallyl-benzyl)-γ-methoxycarbonyl-γ-butyrolactone] is produced as a secondary metabolite by Aspergillus terreus. Because small butyrolactone-containing molecules act as self-regulating factors in some bacteria, the effects of butyrolactone I on the producing organism were studied; specifically, changes in morphology, sporulation, and secondary metabolism were studied. Threefold or greater increases in hyphal branching (with concomitant decreases in the average hyphal growth unit), submerged sporulation, and secondary metabolism were observed when butyrolactone I was added to cultures of A. terreus. Among the secondary metabolites whose production was increased by this treatment was the therapeutically important compound lovastatin. These findings indicate that butyrolactone I induces morphological and sporulation changes inA. terreus and enhances secondary metabolite production in a manner similar to that previously reported for filamentous bacteria.