Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Relationships of individual and organizational support with engagement: Examining various types of causality in a three-wave study

The challenges associated with facilitating an organizational environment that promotes work engagement and is supportive of employee psychological well-being are well documented. This study focused on the longitudinal relationships between work engagement and three supportive job resources: supervisor support, colleague support and individual perceptions of the wider resource of work culture support. The sample comprised 1196 employees of an Australian state police service, both police officers and civilian staff, who completed self-report surveys across three waves of data collection. Work culture support predicted higher supervisor support, colleague support and work engagement over time lags of 12 and 18 months. Furthermore, work engagement was a significant predictor of work culture support over the two time lags. Significant indirect relationships were also observed. With the large volume of work-related factors potentially influencing work engagement, the results of this research assist in clarifying the specific supportive job resources that impact upon work engagement over time. The paper discusses practical implications for the promotion of support and work engagement within high-stress occupations.
Using Hints to Improve Inline Block-layer Deduplication

Block-layer data deduplication allows file systems and applications to reap the benefits of deduplication without requiring per-system or per-application modifications. However, important information about data context (e.g., data vs. metadata writes) is lost at the block layer. Passing such context to the block layer can help improve deduplication performance and reliability. We implemented a hinting interface in an open-source block-layer deduplication system, dmdedup, that passes relevant context to the block layer, and evaluated two hints, NODEDUP and PREFETCH. To allow upper storage layers to pass hints based on the available context, we modified the VFS and file system layers to expose a hinting interface to user applications. We show that passing the NODEDUP hint speeds up applications by up to 5.3× on modern machines because the overhead of deduplication is avoided when it is unlikely to be beneficial. We also show that the PREFETCH hint accelerates applications up to 1.8× by caching hashes for data that is likely to be accessed soon.
Parenting during early childhood in low-income families: Variation by child gender

This study used saturated path models to examine whether mothers' and fathers' depressive symptoms, the conflict they experience as a couple, and the home environmental chaos forecast the quality of parenting. We also examined how child gender moderated parenting. Using data from the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation project (EHSRE) (n = 588), we found that mothers with high levels of depression reported spanking girls more often than boys whereas fathers who reported high couple conflict were observed to be less supportive of girls than of boys. But when the home environment was rated as highly chaotic, boys were spanked more often by fathers, and mothers were observed to be less supportive. Fathers were less intrusive and mothers were more supportive with boys but not with girls when fathers reported a high number of depressive symptoms. The findings have implications for programs aimed at improving parenting behaviors.
Part-of-Speech Tagging with Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network

Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (BLSTM-RNN) has been shown to be very effective for tagging sequential data, e.g. speech utterances or handwritten documents. While word embedding has been demoed as a powerful representation for characterizing the statistical properties of natural language. In this study, we propose to use BLSTM-RNN with word embedding for part-of-speech (POS) tagging task. When tested on Penn Treebank WSJ test set, a state-of-the-art performance of 97.40 tagging accuracy is achieved. Without using morphological features, this approach can also achieve a good performance comparable with the Stanford POS tagger.
A Social Facilitation View of the Generation of Humor and Mirth Reactions: Effects of a Laugh Track.

Reactions of small groups of students exposed to a video presentation with or without a laugh track were videotaped. Those in the laugh track group exhibited significantly more mirth behavior but did not evaluate the stimulus as significantly funnier. Group membership was a significant contributor to both behavior and affect, but neither group size nor laughter of others in the group proved to be significant predictors. Comparisons are made between affective and behavioral influences in light of several theoretic perspectives.
Unique temporal change does not account for attentional capture by sudden onsets

There is a considerable debate about which stimulus characteristics are able to capture attention in a purely exogenous way. Von Mühlenen, Rempel, and Enns (2005) proposed that unique temporal change accounts for much attentional capture phenomena. Here we reexamine this account by differentiating between the reaction time costs and benefits caused by salient singletons appearing at different times relative to the target display. Specifically we postulate that benefits are indicative of attentional capture, whereas costs only indicate interference by heterogenous distractors, suggesting that the deployment of attention has been merely slowed rather than captured. We find that unique temporal change only increases search costs, and does not affect reaction time benefits. In addition, manipulations of top-down search set provide converging evidence that unique temporal change is not sufficient to cause features to capture attention in the same bottom-up manner as sudden onsets.
Everyday Racial Discrimination, Everyday Non-Racial Discrimination, and Physical Health Among African-Americans

ABSTRACT Past research has identified a link between discrimination and health outcomes among people of color. Perceptions of the cause of discrimination (racial versus other) seem to be important for mental health; however, this relationship has not been fully examined for physical health. Using data from the National Survey of American Life, we find that, among African-Americans, racial discrimination and overall discrimination regardless of attribution are associated with negative health outcomes while non-racial discrimination is not. The results suggest that racial discrimination has a unique adverse effect on physical health for African-Americans that practitioners need to better understand.
A Convolutional Subunit Model for Neuronal Responses in Macaque V1

The response properties of neurons in the early stages of the visual system can be described using the rectified responses of a set of self-similar, spatially shifted linear filters. In macaque primary visual cortex (V1), simple cell responses can be captured with a single filter, whereas complex cells combine a set of filters, creating position invariance. These filters cannot be estimated using standard methods, such as spike-triggered averaging. Subspace methods like spike-triggered covariance can recover multiple filters but require substantial amounts of data, and recover an orthogonal basis for the subspace in which the filters reside, rather than the filters themselves. Here, we assume a linear-nonlinear-linear-nonlinear (LN-LN) cascade model in which the first LN stage consists of shifted (“convolutional”) copies of a single filter, followed by a common instantaneous nonlinearity. We refer to these initial LN elements as the “subunits” of the receptive field, and we allow two independent sets of subunits, each with its own filter and nonlinearity. The second linear stage computes a weighted sum of the subunit responses and passes the result through a final instantaneous nonlinearity. We develop a procedure to directly fit this model to electrophysiological data. When fit to data from macaque V1, the subunit model significantly outperforms three alternatives in terms of cross-validated accuracy and efficiency, and provides a robust, biologically plausible account of receptive field structure for all cell types encountered in V1. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We present a new subunit model for neurons in primary visual cortex that significantly outperforms three alternative models in terms of cross-validated accuracy and efficiency, and provides a robust and biologically plausible account of the receptive field structure in these neurons across the full spectrum of response properties.
Uncertainty leads to persistent effects on reach representations in dorsal premotor cortex

Every movement we make represents one of many possible actions. In reaching tasks with multiple targets, dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) appears to represent all possible actions simultaneously. However, in many situations we are not presented with explicit choices. Instead, we must estimate the best action based on noisy information and execute it while still uncertain of our choice. Here we asked how both primary motor cortex (M1) and PMd represented reach direction during a task in which a monkey made reaches based on noisy, uncertain target information. We found that with increased uncertainty, neurons in PMd actually enhanced their representation of unlikely movements throughout both planning and execution. The magnitude of this effect was highly variable across sessions, and was correlated with a measure of the monkeys’ behavioral uncertainty. These effects were not present in M1. Our findings suggest that PMd represents and maintains a full distribution of potentially correct actions. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.14316. 001
“I don’t have enough time” ‐ Teachers’ interpretations of time as a key to learning and school change

Time is one of the greatest constraints to any change process. However, finding more time for teachers by reallocating time within a fixed schedule has not brought about desired reforms. This article, based on a qualitative study that explored teachers’ interpretations of time, indicates that the concept of time is more complex and dynamic than the literature implies. It elaborates and illustrates nine aspects of time that teachers in a middle school instructional technology project identified as barriers to the dissemination of learning among colleagues. The article argues that understanding what teachers mean when they say “I don’t have enough time” is a critical first step in avoiding misdirected administrative effort. It also offers suggestions for rethinking time in ways that encourage meaningful teacher participation in individual and organizational learning.
Lung hyperinflation by mechanical ventilation versus isolated tracheal aspiration in the bronchial hygiene of patients undergoing mechanical ventilation

Objective To determine the efficacy of lung hyperinflation maneuvers via a mechanical ventilator compared to isolated tracheal aspiration for removing secretions, normalizing hemodynamics and improving lung mechanics in patients on mechanical ventilation. Methods This was a randomized crossover clinical trial including patients admitted to the intensive care unit and on mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. Patients were randomized to receive either isolated tracheal aspiration (Control Group) or lung hyperinflation by mechanical ventilator (MVH Group). Hemodynamic and mechanical respiratory parameters were measured along with the amount of aspirated secretions. Results A total of 50 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 44.7 ± 21.6 years, and 31 were male. Compared to the Control Group, the MVH Group showed greater aspirated secretion amount (3.9g versus 6.4g, p = 0.0001), variation in mean dynamic compliance (-1.3 ± 2.3 versus -2.9 ± 2.3; p = 0.008), and expired tidal volume (-0.7 ± 0.0 versus -54.1 ± 38.8, p = 0.0001) as well as a significant decrease in peak inspiratory pressure (0.2 ± 0.1 versus 2.5 ± 0.1; p = 0.001). Conclusion In the studied sample, the MVH technique led to a greater amount of aspirated secretions, significant increases in dynamic compliance and expired tidal volume and a significant reduction in peak inspiratory pressure.
Fusion of Two Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens Enhances Product Yield, Immunogenicity, and Antibody-Mediated Inhibition of Parasite Growth In Vitro 1

A Plasmodium falciparum chimeric protein 2.9 (PfCP-2.9) was constructed consisting of the C-terminal regions of two leading malaria vaccine candidates, domain III of apical membrane ag-1 (AMA-1) and 19-kDa C-terminal fragment of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1). The PfCP-2.9 was produced by Pichia pastoris in secreted form with a yield of 2600 mg/L and ∼1 g/L of final product was obtained from a three-step purification process. Analysis of conformational properties of the chimeric protein showed that all six conformational mAbs interacted with the recombinant protein were reduction-sensitive, indicating that fusion of the two cysteine-rich proteins retains critical conformational epitopes. PfCP-2.9 was found to be highly immunogenic in rabbits as well as in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The chimeric protein induced both anti-MSP1–19 and anti-AMA-1(III) Abs at levels 11- and 18-fold higher, respectively, than individual components did. Anti-PfCP-2.9 sera from both rabbits and rhesus monkeys almost completely inhibited in vitro growth of the P. falciparum FCC1/HN and 3D7 lines when tested at a 6.7-fold dilution. It was shown that the inhibition is dependent on the presence of Abs to the chimeric protein and their disulfide bond-dependent conformations. Moreover, the activity was mediated by a combination of growth-inhibitory Abs generated by the individual MSP1–19 and AMA-1(III) of PfCP-2.9. The combination of the extremely high yield of the protein and enhancement of its immune response provides a basis to develop an effective and affordable malaria vaccine.
Predictors of tuboovarian abscess in acute pelvic inflammatory disease.

OBJECTIVE To define the predictors discriminating between patients developing tuboovarian abscess (TOA) and those with non-TOA acute pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) on the day of admission to the hospital. STUDY DESIGN One hundred sixty-three patients were evaluated and divided into 2 groups: 42 patients diagnosed with clinical and sonographic evidence of TOA and 121 diagnosed with PID. Relying upon the significant differences between the 2 groups, cutoff levels yielding the best degree of discrimination were determined. RESULTS A palpable adnexal mass in a woman older than 42 years and erythrocyte sedimentation rate > 50 mm/h were the best predictors of TOA. There was no difference in the mean temperature or number of sick days prior to hospitalization. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that there are parameters that can be used as predictors of TOA and prolonged hospital stay. These parameters can advance the beginning of more aggressive antibiotic treatment.
The Enlightenment and Its Enemies

The first part of this article addresses some of the semantic and conceptual problems that plague the terms the Enlightenment and the Counter-Enlightenment to tidy up their use and clarify their meaning. The second part assesses some of the most common and important criticisms that have been made of the Enlightenment by its enemies since the 18th century. It concludes that although the portraits of the Enlightenment that have been sketched by its enemies during the course of the centuries are often crude caricatures or grotesque distortions, they have scored some palpable hits against it, making it very hard for us to swallow the Enlightenment whole now.
Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing

Abstract In association football, two similar but arguably different refereeing roles are required, those of the referee and assistant referee. Role specificity was investigated with a foul play assessment task and an offside decision-making task. Deliberate practice was investigated to account for role-specific differences. First, role specificity was clearly observed. Second, years of officiating, hours of practice per week, and number of matches officiated were each positively correlated with skill. The results support role specificity in association football refereeing. Further research should help to create role-specific perception and decision-making training programmes both for referees and assistant referees.
Oxygen-sensitive mitochondrial accumulation of cystathionine β-synthase mediated by Lon protease

Oxygen-sensitive accumulation and degradation, two opposite but intrinsically linked events, of heme proteins in mitochondria affect mitochondrial functions, including bioenergetics and oxygen-sensing processes. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) contains a prosthetic heme group and catalyzes the production of hydrogen sulfide in mammalian cells. Here we show that CBS proteins were present in liver mitochondria at a low level under normoxia conditions. Ischemia/hypoxia increased the accumulation of CBS proteins in mitochondria. The normalization of oxygen partial pressure accelerated the degradation of CBS proteins. Lon protease, a major degradation enzyme in mitochondrial matrix, recognized and degraded mitochondrial CBS by specifically targeting at the oxygenated heme group of CBS proteins. The accumulation of CBS in mitochondria increased hydrogen sulfide production, which prevented Ca2+-mediated cytochrome c release from mitochondria and decreased reactive oxygen species generation. Mitochondrial accumulation of heme oxygenase-1, another heme protein, was also regulated by oxygen level and Lon protease in the same mechanism as for CBS. Our findings provide a fundamental and general mechanism for oxygen-sensitive regulation of mitochondrial functions by linking oxygenation level to the accumulation/degradation of mitochondrial heme proteins.
Post-parturient Disorders and Backfat Loss in Tropical Sows in Relation to Backfat Thickness before Farrowing and Postpartum Intravenous Supportive Treatment

The aim of the present study was to determine the evidence of post-parturient disorders and backfat loss during lactation in sows raised in tropical areas in relation to their backfat thickness before farrowing and postpartum intravenous supportive treatment. Backfat thickness was measured using A-mode ultrasonography at farrowing and weaning (25.5±1.4 d) in 70 sows. The sows were divided into three groups according to backfat thickness before farrowing, i.e., 15.0 to 20.0 mm (n = 21), 20.5 to 25.0 mm (n = 35), >25.0 mm (n = 14) and were categorized into two groups according to the postpartum supportive treatment, i.e., control (n = 31) and treatment (n = 39). After farrowing, the sows in treatment group received the same medications as in control sows. Furthermore an intravenous supportive treatment with amino acids and vitamins was administered in treatment groups. Rectal temperature and clinical signs of the sows including vaginal discharge, udder problems and appetite were determined at d 0, 1, 2 and 3 of parturition. It was found that, on average, the backfat thickness was 22.4±3.9 mm at farrowing and 19.9±2.9 mm at weaning. The backfat loss and the relative backfat loss during the lactation period were 2.6 mm and 10.6%, respectively. The sows with a backfat of 15.0 to 20.0 mm before farrowing lost less backfat than those with a backfat of 20.5 to 25.0 mm and >25.0 mm (p<0.05). Sows with a backfat of 15.0 to 20.0 mm had a better appetite on d 1 postpartum than sows with a backfat of 20.5 to 25.0 mm (p = 0.020). The percentage of sows losing backfat >10% during lactation were higher in sows with a backfat of >25.0 mm before farrowing (85.7%) than sows with a backfat of 15.0 to 20.0 mm before farrowing (35.0%) (p = 0.008). The percentage of sows with a reduced appetite on d 1 (90.3% vs 71.8%, p = 0.018) and d 2 (61.3% versus 33.3%, p = 0.005) postpartum in the treatment group was lower than the control group. In conclusion, the backfat thickness of sows at farrowing influenced backfat loss during lactation under hot and humid climates. The intravenous supportive treatment of sows with amino acid and vitamins significantly improved the appetite of postpartum sows.
Leadership self‐efficacy: research findings and practical applications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to review the research examining self‐efficacy's role in leadership, and second, to propose research‐based practical applications for improving leadership in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The literature on leadership self‐efficacy (LSE) is reviewed, and research‐based organizational applications are derived therefrom.Findings – Bandura's self‐efficacy construct has been the subject of extensive research over the past 30 years, with meta‐analysis supporting its positive relationship with performance. Its specific connection to leadership has recently attracted substantial attention with the introduction and exploration of the LSE concept. Credible evidence links LSE with leaders' individual performance and their units' collective efficacy and performance. Research on LSE antecedents and Bandura's theoretical work on self‐efficacy cues support propositions for selecting and developing leaders and creating a high LSE climate.Originality/val.
GloMoSim: A Scalable Network Simulation Environment

Large-scale hybrid networks that include wireless, wired, and satellite based communications are becoming common in both military and commercial situations. This paper describes a scalable simulation environment called GloMoSim (for Global Mobile Information System Simulator) that effectively utilizes parallel execution to reduce the simulation time of detailed high-fidelity models of large communication networks. The paper also presents a set of case studies that evaluate the performance of large wireless networks with thousands of nodes and compares the impact of different lower layer protocols on the performance of typical applications.
The effect of multilingualism on phonetic perceptual flexibility

ABSTRACT This research was designed to explore whether maintenance of the ability to discriminate phonetic distinctions requires specific linguistic/perceptual experience, or whether broadened but nonrelevant linguistic experience can result in generalized perceptual flexibility. To explore this question, bilingual and trilingual adult subjects were compared to monolingual English adults on their ability to discriminate phonetic distinctions that are not used in (any of) their native language(s). Results suggest that broadened, nonspecific linguistic experience does not contribute to increased perceptual flexibility.