Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of N′′-benzyl-N′′-[3-(benzyldimethylazaniumyl)propyl]-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidinium bis(tetraphenylborate)

In the crystal structure of the title salt, C24H38N4 2+·2C24H20B−, the C—N bond lengths in the central CN3 unit of the guanidinium ion are 1.3364 (13), 1.3407 (13) and 1.3539 (13) Å, indicating partial double-bond character. The central C atom is bonded to the three N atoms in a nearly ideal trigonal–planar geometry and the positive charge is delocalized in the CN3 plane. The bonds between the N atoms and the terminal methyl groups of the guanidinium moiety and the four C—N bonds to the central N atom of the (benzyldimethylazaniumyl)propyl group have single-bond character. In the crystal, C—H⋯π interactions between the guanidinium H atoms and the phenyl C atoms of the tetraphenylborate ions are present, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional supramolecular pattern parallel to the ac plane.
Tyrosinase inhibitory properties of phenylpropanoid glycosides and flavonoids from Teucrium polium L. var. gnaphalodes

Objective(s): In food industry, the inhibition of tyrosinase is very important, because this enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of phenolic compounds found in fruits and vegetables into quinones, which contribute in undesirable color and taste of fruits and vegetables. Teucrium polium L. var. gnaphalodes (Lamiaceae), a wild-growing flowering plant that has many applications in food preparations and traditional medicine. In Persian language, this medicinal herb is called Kalpoureh. Materials and Methods: 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments were used to determine the chemical structures of the isolated compounds. Antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using DPPH, FRAP and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assays. Results: In this research, we isolated two phenylpropanoid glycosides including verbascoside and poliumoside and two flavonoids including jaranol and isorhoifolin using chromatographic techniques. We found promising antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase compounds from Teucrium polium L. var. gnaphalodes. Conclusion: To date, different compounds have been isolated and characterized from T. polium including terpenoids and flavonoids. But no phytochemical study has been reported from T. polium var. gnaphalodes. Poliumoside and jaranol showed promising antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, respectively.
Supply chain model in vendor managed inventory

This paper develops an analytical model that explores how important supply chain parameters affect the cost savings to be realized from collaborative initiatives such as vendor-managed inventory (VMI). Results from the model show that the optimal replenishment frequency with VMI is greater than that without VMI, but the optimal shortage quantity and the optimal order quantity for buyer with VMI is smaller than those for buyer without VMI. Results also show that under a certain condition, the total inventory cost with VMI is lower than that without VMI and these benefits are disproportionally distributed between buyers and suppliers.
A Graph-based Approach for Contextual Text Normalization

The informal nature of social media text renders it very difficult to be automatically processed by natural language processing tools. Text normalization, which corresponds to restoring the non-standard words to their canonical forms, provides a solution to this challenge. We introduce an unsupervised text normalization approach that utilizes not only lexical, but also contextual and grammatical features of social text. The contextual and grammatical features are extracted from a word association graph built by using a large unlabeled social media text corpus. The graph encodes the relative positions of the words with respect to each other, as well as their part-ofspeech tags. The lexical features are obtained by using the longest common subsequence ratio and edit distance measures to encode the surface similarity among words, and the double metaphone algorithm to represent the phonetic similarity. Unlike most of the recent approaches that are based on generating normalization dictionaries, the proposed approach performs normalization by considering the context of the non-standard words in the input text. Our results show that it achieves state-ofthe-art F-score performance on standard datasets. In addition, the system can be tuned to achieve very high precision without sacrificing much from recall.
Low Estradiol Concentrations in Men With Subnormal Testosterone Concentrations and Type 2 Diabetes

OBJECTIVE It has been suggested that the high prevalence of subnormal free testosterone concentrations, along with low or inappropriately normal gonadotropins in men with type 2 diabetes, may be the result of an increase in plasma estradiol concentrations secondary to an increase in aromatase activity in the adipose tissue that leads to the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, plasma estradiol, testosterone, leutinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured in fasting blood samples of 240 men with type 2 diabetes. Free estradiol concentrations were either calculated (n = 198) using total estradiol and SHBG measured by immunoassay or directly measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and equilibrium dialysis (n = 102). RESULTS The calculated free estradiol concentration in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations was lower than that in men with normal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.047 vs. 0.063 ng/dL, P < 0.001). Directly measured (LC-MS/MS) free estradiol concentrations were also lower in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.025 vs. 0.045 ng/dL, P = 0.008). Free estradiol concentrations were directly related to free testosterone but not to BMI or age. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with subnormal free testosterone concentrations and type 2 diabetes is not associated with increased estradiol concentrations. The pathogenesis of subnormal free testosterone concentrations in type 2 diabetes needs to be investigated further.
The Neuroeconomics of Mind Reading and Empathy

The most fundamental solution concepts in Game Theory – Nash equilibrium, backward induction, and iterated elimination of dominated strategies – are based on the assumption that people are capable of predicting others' actions. These concepts require people to be able to view the game from the other players' perspectives, i.e. to understand others' motives and beliefs. Economists still know little about what enables people to put themselves into others' shoes and how this ability interacts with their own preferences and beliefs. Social neuroscience provides insights into the neural mechanism underlying our capacity to represent others' intentions, beliefs, and desires, referred to as "Theory of Mind" or "mentalizing", and the capacity to share the feelings of others, referred to as "empathy". We summarize the major findings about the neural basis of mentalizing and empathizing and discuss some implications for economics.
Success factors for e-learning in a developing country: A case study of Serbia

In this paper, DeLone and McLean’s updated information system model was used to evaluate the success of an e-Learning system and its courses in a transitional country like Serbia. In order to adapt this model to an e-Learning system, suitable success metrics were chosen for each of the evaluation stages. Furthermore, the success metrics for e-Learning evaluation are expanded by providing several systems for quantifying the given success metrics. The results presented in this paper are based on courses that were taught both online and traditionally in three different subject areas: graphic design, information technology, and management. Of particular interest were success metrics which can be determined using quantifiable data from the e-Learning system itself, in order to evaluate and find the relationship between students’ academic achievement, usage of learning materials, and students’ satisfaction. The results from different courses were used to illustrate the implementation and evaluation of these success metrics for both online and traditional students.
Lamivudine and Hepatitis B Reactivation

TO THE EDITOR: We read with great interest the systematic review by Loomba and colleagues (1) for chemotherapy-induced hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in patients with cancer who tested positive for HBV surface antigen. However, some of the information quoted in the article needs clarification. In Table 1 of the article, regarding the use of corticosteroids as an important risk factor for chemotherapy-induced HBV reactivation (2), our study (3) and the study by Lau and colleagues (4) were mistakenly categorized as either not reported or not using corticosteroids. In fact, both studies enrolled patients with lymphoma, and corticosteroids were an integral component of most standard chemotherapy for lymphoma. Therefore, in both studies, corticosteroids were used to treat participants. In Table 1 of the article, our study was categorized as a prospective cohort study with historical control groups. In fact, our study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00201318). We enrolled patients with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin lymphoma and randomly assigned them to either prophylactic lamivudine during chemotherapy or therapeutic lamivudine on hepatitis flare. The incidence of both HBV reactivation and HBV-related hepatitis flare were significantly reduced by prophylactic lamivudine. Our article also indicated that therapeutic lamivudine did not reduce the severity of HBV-related hepatitis or change the pattern of HBV reactivation. In the Discussion section of their article, Loomba and colleagues mentioned that we proposed a duration of prophylactic lamivudine of at least 8 months after completion of chemotherapy. Although our study indicated that HBV reactivation may occur more than 6 months after completion of chemotherapy, we did not recommend a specific duration of prophylactic lamivudine. The optimal duration of prophylactic lamivudine is still unknown. Most previous studies continued lamivudine prophylaxis for 1 to 3 months after completion of chemotherapy, and the current guidelines by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommended prophylactic lamivudine for at least 6 months after completion of chemotherapy on the basis of expert consensus (5). The potential benefit of longer-term antiviral therapy must be judged against the risk for inducing viral mutants and drug resistance. Further clinical trials to determine the optimal duration and agents of antiviral therapy are definitely warranted.
Long-Term Outcome after Resection Rectopexy for Internal Rectal Intussusception

Background and Aims. The optimal treatment of patients with internal rectal intussusception (IRI) is unresolved. The aim was to study the short- and long-term outcome of resection rectopexy in these patients. Methods. An observational and mainly prospective study of 48 patients (44 women) with IRI who had ligament-preserving suture rectopexy by laparoscopic (n = 25) or open (n = 23) technique. Outcome measures were morbidity, scores for constipation and anal incontinence, patients' report, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Results. From preoperatively to a median of 6 months and 76 months postoperatively, constipation scores were reduced from a mean of (95% CI) 13.20 (11.41 to 15.00) to 6.91 (5.29 to 8.54) and 6.35 (4.94 to 7.76) (P < 0.0001). The number of constipated patients was reduced from 35 to eleven and eight, respectively, and none became constipated. Nine of ten symptoms of constipation improved. Corresponding scores for anal incontinence were 4.7 (2.4–7.0), 4.0 (2.4–5.7), and 4.1 (2.3–5.8), respectively. HRQoL at long-term followup compared to the general Norwegian population was reduced in four out of eight dimensions concerning physical factors. The patient-reported outcome at short- and long-term followup was improved by 85.4% and 75.0%, respectively. Conclusions. Resection rectopexy for IRI improved the outcome. HRQoL was reduced compared with the general population.
Inhibition of UVB‐mediated Oxidative Stress and Markers of Photoaging in Immortalized HaCaT Keratinocytes by Pomegranate Polyphenol Extract POMx

In recent years there has been an increase in use of botanicals with antioxidant properties as skin photoprotective agents. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit possesses strong antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties. Recently, we have shown that pomegranate‐derived products rich in anthocyanidins and ellagitannins inhibit UVB‐mediated activation of nuclear factor kappa B and modulate UVA‐mediated cell proliferation pathways in normal human epidermal keratinocytes. In this study, we evaluated the effect of polyphenol‐rich pomegranate fruit extract (POMx) on UVB‐induced oxidative stress and photoaging in human immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes. Our data show that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with POMx (10–40 μg mL−1) inhibited UVB (15–30 mJ cm−2)‐mediated (1) decrease in cell viability, (2) decrease in intracellular glutathione content and (3) increase in lipid peroxidation. Employing immunoblot analysis we found that pretreatment of HaCaT cells with POMx inhibited UVB‐induced (1) upregulation of MMP‐1, ‐2, ‐7 and ‐9, (2) decrease in TIMP‐1, (3) phosphorylation of MAPKs and (iv) phosphorylation of c‐jun, whereas no effect was observed on UVB‐induced c‐fos protein levels. These results suggest that POMx protects HaCaT cells against UVB‐induced oxidative stress and markers of photoaging and could be a useful supplement in skin care products.
On playing “Twenty Questions” with a liar

Motivated by the problem of searching in the presence of adversarial errors, we consider a version of the game “Twenty Questions” played on the set {0,…,N-1} where the player giving answers may lie in her answers. The questioner is allowed <italic>Q</italic> questions and the responder may lie in upto [<italic>rQ</italic>] of the answers, for some fixed and previously known fraction <italic>r</italic>. Under three different models of this game and for two different question classes, we give precise conditions (i.e. tight bounds on <italic>r</italic> and, in most cases, optimal bounds on <italic>Q</italic> under which the questioner has a winning strategy in the game.
Integrated bio-behavioural HIV surveillance surveys among female sex workers in Sudan, 2011–2012

Objectives To assess HIV and syphilis prevalence, HIV-related behaviours and testing for HIV in female sex workers (FSW) in Sudan. Design Bio-behavioural surveys using respondent-driven sampling were carried out among FSW in the capital cities of 14 states in Sudan in 2011–2012. HIV and syphilis testing was done by rapid tests. Results 4220 FSW aged 15–49 years were recruited. The median age of recruited women varied from 21 to 28 years per site. The highest HIV prevalence was measured at two sites in the eastern zone (5.0% and 7.7%), while in the other zones it ranged from 0% to 1.5%. Syphilis prevalence ranged from 1.5% in the northern zone to 8.9% in the eastern zone. Ever having been tested for HIV was reported by 4.4%–23.9% of FSW across all sites. Condom use at last sex with a client varied from 4.7% to 55.1%, while consistent condom use with clients in the month preceding the surveys was reported by 0.7%–24.5% of FSW. The highest reporting of ever injecting drugs was measured at a site in the western zone (5.0%). Conclusions The surveys’ findings indicate that the highest burden of HIV in FSW is in the eastern states of the country. Condom use and HIV testing data demonstrate the need for HIV interventions that should focus on HIV testing and risk reduction strategies that include stronger condom promotion programmes in FSW and their clients.
BnaA.bZIP1 Negatively Regulates a Novel Small Peptide Gene, BnaC.SP6, Involved in Pollen Activity

Small peptides secreted to the extracellular matrix control many aspects of the plant’s physiological activities which were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, called ATSPs. Here, we isolated and characterized the small peptide gene Bna.SP6 from Brassica napus. The BnaC.SP6 promoter was cloned and identified. Promoter deletion analysis suggested that the -447 to -375 and -210 to -135 regions are crucial for the silique septum and pollen expression of BnaC.SP6, respectively. Furthermore, the minimal promoter region of p158 (-210 to -52) was sufficient for driving gene expression specifically in pollen and highly conserved in Brassica species. In addition, BnaA.bZIP1 was predominantly expressed in anthers where BnaC.SP6 was also expressed, and was localized to the nuclei. BnaA.bZIP1 possessed transcriptional activation activity in yeast and protoplast system. It could specifically bind to the C-box in p158 in vitro, and negatively regulate p158 activity in vivo. BnaA.bZIP1 functions as a transcriptional repressor of BnaC.SP6 in pollen activity. These results provide novel insight into the transcriptional regulation of BnaC.SP6 in pollen activity and the pollen/anther-specific promoter regions of BnaC.SP6 may have their potential agricultural application for new male sterility line generation.
Heterogeneity of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in Multifocal Lung Cancer

Purpose: The expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) provides limited predictive value in identifying patients most likely to respond to immunotherapy. As the heterogeneity of PD-L1 expression may lead to sampling error and the misclassification of PD-L1 status, we assessed the distribution of PD-L1 expression in paired, resected multifocal lung cancers. Experimental Design: PD-L1 was assessed by IHC. Paired lesions were defined as independent primaries or related lesions using mate pair next-generation sequencing. Agreement statistics were used for analysis. Results: Sixty-seven multifocal lung cancers from 32 patients were sequenced and stained for PD-L1. There was agreement of PD-L1 expression by the tumor cells in paired lesions of 20 patients and disagreement of PD-L1 expression by the tumor cells in paired lesions of 12 patients (κ = 0.01). Sequencing identified that 23 patients had independent primary lung cancers and that 9 patients had related cancers. In paired lesions of patients with independent cancers, there was agreement of PD-L1 expression by the tumor cells in 12 patients and disagreement in 11 patients (κ = 0.31). In paired lesions of patients with related lung cancers, there was agreement of PD-L1 expression by the tumor cells in 8 patients and disagreement in 1 patient (κ = 0.73). Conclusions: The expression of PD-L1 is heterogeneous among paired independent lung cancers, but there are high levels of agreement in intrapulmonary metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2177–82. ©2015 AACR.
Assessment of Burden of Malaria in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe, Using the Disability Adjusted Life Years

Malaria is one of the highest contributors to morbidity and mortality in Zimbabwe. However, there is paucity of knowledge regarding disability adjusted life years (DALYs) as a measure of burden of malaria in affected communities. The DALYs metric was used to assess the burden of malaria in Gwanda District with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of the impact of disease on affected communities. Data was collected from health facility malaria registers and the District Health Information System (DHIS) to estimate DALYs at household and district levels respectively. The household DALYs included 130 malaria cases from 2013 to 2015 while the DALYs for the district included 719 confirmed malaria cases from 2011 to 2015. Households lost a total of 153.89 DALYs with the majority of the disease burden (65.55%) occurring in the most economically productive age group (15–45 years) with a mean loss of 1.18 DALYs per malaria case. At district level, 251.09 DALYs were lost due to malaria and the calculated average district DALY rate for 2011–2015 was 36.29 DALYs/100,000 persons per year. It is important to estimate malaria burden to assist policy makers in making informed decisions when channelling resources for control and prevention of the disease.
Commercial fishery and fish species composition in the coastal waters of Libya

This study was carried out along the Libyan coast from February 2005 to March 2006. A total of 1,511 fishing boats of four types were observed: 64.26% were “flouka”, 24.09% “mator”, 6.88% “lampara” and 4.77% “batah”. Most of them were concentrated in the western region (58.64%). The most common fishing gear used in the coastal area is the trammel net, which is used by flouka, mator and batah. Depending on the fishing season, the fish size and the target fish species, other fishing gear is also used occasionally. In this study forty two fish species of commercial value were found in the eastern region, twenty one in the Gulf of Sirt region and twenty eight in the western region. The percentage of native fish species was 61.90% of the total number of fish species in the eastern region, while in the Gulf of Sirt region and the western region the percentages were 54.55% and 71.43% respectively. The exotic herbivorous fish species Siganus rivulatus and Siganus luridus were found in greater abundance than the native herbivores Sparisoma cretense and Sarpa salpa. Their abundance varied in the different regions. S. rivulatus was abundant in the eastern part of Libya while S. luridus was more abundant in the Gulf of Sirt and the western region of Libya. The reason for this is probably that S. rivulatus is euyecous and adapts well to most habitats, since it was found in different herbivorous habitats (rock with algae, sand with algae and grass with algae), whilst the stenecous S. luridus was found in one specific habitat (rock with algae). Furthermore there might be competition between the Indo-Pacific herbivorous fish S. rivulatus and the native fish S. salpa; S. rivulatus and S. luridus may have benefited from low competition pressure, due to the low level of diversity and abundance of native herbivorous fish species. Kurzfassung. Eine Untersuchung über die Fischerei an der Küste Libyens wurde von Februar 2005 bis März 2006 durchgeführt. Insgesamt wurden 1.511 Fischerboote in vier Typen angetroffen: 64.26% „flouka“, 24.09% „mator“, 6.88% „lampara“ und 4.77% „batah“. Sie werden kurz beschrieben. Die meisten, 58,64% waren im Westen des Landes konzentriert. Das wichtigste Fanggeschirr der Küstenfischerei ist das Spiegel netz eingesetzt mit flouka, mator und batah. Abhängig von Jahreszeit, Größe und Art der erwarteten Fische wird nur gelegentlich auch anderes Gerät eingesetzt. In dieser Untersuchung wurden 42 Arten von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung in der Ost-Region gefunden, 21 in der Region der Syrte und 28 in der West-Region. Der Anteil einheimischer Fische betrug 61.90% der Gesamtartenzahl in der Ost-Region, in der Syrte 54.55%, in der West-Region 71.43%. Die eingewanderten Pflanzen fressenden Arten Siganus rivulatus und Siganus luridus wurden häufiger gefischt als die einheimischen Herbivoren Sparisoma cretense und Sarpa salpa. Ihre Abundanz schwankte regional. S. rivulatus überwog in der Ost-Region, während S. luridus häufiger in der Syrte und im Westen war. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich die Euryökie von S. rivulatus: Er wurde in verschiedenen