Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
to direct- than deviated-gaze faces

While it is commonly assumed that direct gaze produces physiological arousal in observers (Bem 1972, page 46), these findings are controversial (see Kleinke 1986, for a review). Positive evidence for increased arousal has come from measures of skin conductance (eg Nichols and Champness 1971), heart rate (eg Coutts et al 1980), and EEG amplitude (Gale et al 1979), while others have failed to find physiological changes associated with gaze (Martin and Gardner 1978; Patterson et al 1981). One suggested reason for the mixed findings is the extent to which the nature of the social interaction is critical in inducing changes in arousal (Kleinke 1986). One physiological measure which has not yet been applied to the study of gaze, although widely known as an index of sympathetic arousal, is pupil dilation. For centuries , enlarged pupils have been taken to indicate an individual's attraction to the object of their attention; rug merchants or jade dealers of old, for example, are reputed to have monitored customers' pupils to assess their true level of interest. Seminal work by Hess (eg Hess and Polt 1963; Hess 1965) raised scientific interest in pupil measurement as a means of gauging mental activity of various kinds. Subsequently, it was established that a highly reliable relationship exists between pupil dilation and processing load: the harder we think, the larger our pupils become (see Beatty 1982, for a review). According to Kahneman (1973), thèarousal' and`processing load' interpretations of the pupil response are very closely interlinked: load or effort, he claims, is arousal resulting from the individual actively directing resources, as opposed to passive arousal changes due to, for example, stimulus intensity or stress. Whereas the pupil response that accompanies increased effort is very consistent, mixed results have been obtained in using other physiological measures to gauge processing load (Kahneman 1973). Possibly, then, any physiological response to direct gaze may be associated specifically with increased processing effort, and inconsistencies in previous results may arise from inconsistencies of the measurement tools used. If so, pupil dilation may perhaps offer clearer insights into our response to gaze.
International Law and Indigenous Knowledge: Intellectual Property, Plant Biodiversity, and Traditional Medicine

In the past, efforts to reconcile the western concept of intellectual property with indigenous knowledge have not taken into account the schism between this knowledge and western scientific forms. As knowledge assumes increasing importance in the quest for self-determination, cultural survival, and economic empowerment, the gulf between indigenous and western scientific knowledge assumes a new meaning. In 'International Law and Indigenous Knowledge', Chidi Oguamanam argues that the crisis of legitimacy indigenous knowledge poses for the intellectual property system compels a re-thinking of the concept of intellectual property itself.Drawing on interdisciplinary research, 'International Law and Indigenous Knowledge' takes as its framework the legal doctrinal methodology, focusing on international legal and policy developments regarding the protection of indigenous knowledge. Using traditional medicine and biodiversity to illustrate his thesis, Oguamanam argues that recent international legal and policy developments in the direction of a cross-cultural approach to intellectual property rights are desirable trends. Such developments come closer to addressing the rift between western and non-western knowledge systems as well as the crisis of legitimacy in the conventional intellectual property system.
Cord blood cytokines and chemokines and development of allergic disease

Exposure to ubiquitous allergens early in life, even before birth, may influence the incidence of allergic diseases later in life. During pregnancy, the fetomaternal interface is surrounded by high levels of T‐helper (Th)2‐like cytokines, possibly favouring the development of Th2‐like immune responses in the offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relation between cord blood (CB) IgE antibodies, Th1‐ and Th2‐like cytokines and chemokines, maternal allergy and development of allergic disease during the first 2 yr of life in the offspring. The CB cytokine and chemokine levels from children of 20 allergic and 36 non‐allergic women were determined by a multiplexed Luminex assay and ELISA. Total CB and maternal IgE antibody concentrations were quantified using ImmunoCAP technology. The maternal IgE levels during and after pregnancy correlated with CB IgE and Th2‐associated macrophage‐derived chemokine [MDC (CCL22)] levels. Development of allergic disease and sensitization was associated with increased CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) levels, as well as high ratios of MDC (CCL22) to Th1‐associated interferon‐γ inducible protein 10 [IP‐10 (CXCL10)] and interferon‐γ inducible T‐cell α‐chemoattractant [I‐TAC (CXCL11) (n = 7 allergic vs. n = 25 non‐allergic)]. The correlations between maternal IgE and CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) levels possibly indicate that the maternal immunity can affect the Th1/Th2 profile in the neonate. Development of allergic disease is associated with a more marked Th2‐like deviation already at birth, shown as increased levels of CB IgE and MDC (CCL22) and higher ratios of MDC (CCL22) to IP‐10 (CXCL10) and I‐TAC (CXCL11).
Diversity and Innovativeness in New Product Development Teams – Addressing Dynamic Aspects With Simulation

Various empirical studies investigate the correlation between diversity and innovativeness in New Product Development teams (NPD teams). However, those studies show various and contradicting results. Diversity can be a resource that helps to strengthen the innovativeness of a NPD team. On the other hand, diversity can act as a risk that leads to diminished team cohesiveness and thus obstructs innovativeness. Numerous other factors influence the innovativeness of a heterogeneous NPD team. In this paper, we will discuss if and how simulation as a complementary method to empirical studies can help to shed light on the complex and contradicting effects of diversity on innovativeness of NPD teams. Simulation models can help to analyze the diversity problem and its dynamic behavior as well as to allow insight into the basic underlying structures. Thus, simulation can show, where further empirical data is needed, can help in developing and testing new theory, and can support organizations in gaining a better understanding of heterogeneous NPD teams and implement practical solutions. We will show a highly aggregated and simplified System Dynamics model to illustrate the potential simulation has as a complementary method in the area of diversity research. Anja Kreidler, Meike Tilebein
Greedy reclamation of unused bandwidth in constant-bandwidth servers

A framework for scheduling a number of different applications on a single shared pre-emptable processor is proposed, such that each application seems to be executing on a slower dedicated processor. A tradeoff is identified and evaluated between how precise a notion of real time (as measured by the granularity of its clock) an application needs to have supported on the one hand, and the added context-switch costs imposed by our scheduling framework on the other.
The HI content of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.24

We use observations from the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) to measure the atomic hydrogen gas content of star-forming galaxies at z = 0.24 (i.e. a look-back time of ∼3 Gyr). The sample of galaxies studied were selected from Hα-emitting field galaxies detected in a narrow-band imaging survey with the Subaru Telescope. The Anglo-Australian Telescope was used to obtain precise optical redshifts for these galaxies. We then co-added the H I 21-cm emission signal for all the galaxies within the GMRT spectral line data cube. From the co-added signal of 121 galaxies, we measure an average atomic hydrogen gas mass of (2.26 ± 0.90) × 10 9 M� . We translate this H I signal into a cosmic density of neutral gas at z = 0.24 ‐ ‐
Demographic Versus Media Advertising Effects on Milk Demand: The Case of the New York City Market

An advertising-sales response model is extended to include the effects of demographic factors (age and race) as additional determinants of milk demand. Previous research indicates that the age structure of a population and its racial composition are primary factors influencing fluid milk sales. Failure to incorporate these factors in the milk demand model results in a 30 percent downward biased estimate of the advertising effect. Consequently, the economic effectiveness of milk advertising is understated when the effects of demographic variables are ignored. Changes in demographic factors (growing nonwhite population and shrinking teenage market) appear to explain the relatively flat trend in per capita milk sales in the New York City market over the period 1971-80-a period in which dairy producers spent $12 million on generic advertising of milk. Net returns to Federal Order 2 dairy farmers from generic advertising of fluid milk is estimated to average $6.07 per media dollar invested over the 1972-79 period.
Early adolescent through young adult alcohol and marijuana use trajectories: Early predictors, young adult outcomes, and predictive utility

The present study takes a developmental approach to subgrouping and examines the trajectories of substance use from early adolescence through young adulthood among a community sample of 481 individuals. The patterns of use were examined, subgroups were identified separately for men and women and for alcohol and marijuana, and psychosocial predictors and psychopathology outcomes that differentiated the groups were identified. The results revealed three substantially overlapping subgroups for both alcohol and marijuana: early onset, late onset, and nonuser. Although the general patterns of which dependent variables were related to group were similar for alcohol and marijuana, a closer examination revealed important subgroup differences. For alcohol use, the early-onset group was more dysfunctional in terms of predictors and outcomes whereas the late-onset and nonuser groups were better adjusted. In contrast, for marijuana, the early- and late-onset groups were both more dysfunctional than the nonuser group. In a final analysis, we examined the predictive utility of our developmental approach to subgrouping compared to a traditional, static approach.This research was supported by NIH National Research Service Award DA07304 from NIDA, Grant DA05312-10 from NIDA, NIH General Clinical Research Center Grant M01 RR026202, and a University of Kentucky Research Challenge Trust Fund Fellowship awarded to Kate Flory.
Real Money Balances as a Variable in the Production Function: A Comment

a, B, y, and X are stable over the tight and the loose money subsamples is rejected at the 5 %, 10% and 20% significance levels for equations (6), (5), and (4), respectively. (2) The coefficients of m for loose money years is always negative and smaller by about 0.16 to 0.23 than the corresponding coefficient for tight money years. The latter is positive when current I is not included in the equation and becomes negative, even if it is not significantly different from zero, only in equation (5) where current I is added. It is therefore clear that m has a positive influence on output only when tight money prevails. Even in this case, however, its influence is mainly due to its correlation with investment.
Fuelwood Consumption and Deforestation in African Countries

A review is given of recent reports (mostly unpublished) on the rate of fuelwood consumption in Africa and its growth, and on the ecological, economic and possible micro-climatic effects of consequent deforestation. A discussion is given of the economic and operational aspects of policies open to governments: (a) to encourage fuelwood conservation; (b) to facilitate the substitution of commercial energy for fuelwood, where desirable on grounds of relative costs; (c) in developing the traditional functions of the forestry services in maintaining the forest reserves and undertaking plantings in watersheds and shelterbelts; and (d) in promoting the practice of agro-forestry, i.e. the planting and maintenance of trees in copses and around farms by the farm families themselves. Policy (d) is considered particularly promising, and the research, education, training and other requirements of this policy are discussed. 55 references.
The CoRoT space mission : early results Special feature Pulsation modes in rapidly rotating stellar models based on the self-consistent field method

Context. New observational means such as the space missions CoRoT and Kepler and ground-based networks are and will be collecting stellar pulsation data with unprecedented accuracy. A significant fraction of the stars in which pulsations are observed are rotating rapidly. Aims. Our aim is to characterise pulsation modes in rapidly rotating stellar models so as to be able to interpret asteroseismic data from such stars. Methods. A new pulsation code is applied to stellar models based on the self-consistent field (SCF) method. Results. Pulsation modes in SCF models follow a similar behaviour to those in uniformly rotating polytropic models, provided that the rotation profile is not too differential. Pulsation modes fall into different categories, the three main ones being island, chaotic, and whispering gallery modes, which are rotating counterparts to modes with low, medium, and high − |m| values, respectively. The frequencies of the island modes follow an asymptotic pattern quite similar to what was found for polytropic models. Extending this asymptotic formula to higher azimuthal orders reveals more subtle behaviour as a function of m and provides a first estimate of the average advection of pulsation modes by rotation. Further calculations based on a variational principle confirm this estimate and provide rotation kernels that could be used in inversion methods. When the rotation profile becomes highly differential, it becomes more and more difficult to find island and whispering gallery modes at low azimuthal orders. At high azimuthal orders, whispering gallery modes, and in some cases island modes, reappear. Conclusions. The asymptotic formula found for frequencies of island modes can potentially serve as the basis of a mode identification scheme in rapidly rotating stars when the rotation profile is not too differential.
Root ABA Accumulation Enhances Rice Seedling Drought Tolerance under Ammonium Supply: Interaction with Aquaporins

In previous studies, we demonstrated that ammonium nutrition enhances the drought tolerance of rice seedlings compared to nitrate nutrition and contributes to a higher root water uptake ability. It remains unclear why rice seedlings maintain a higher water uptake ability when supplied with ammonium under drought stress. Here, we focused on the effects of nitrogen form and drought stress on root abscisic acid (ABA) concentration and aquaporin expression using hydroponics experiments and stimulating drought stress with 10% PEG6000. Drought stress decreased the leaf photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductivity and increased the leaf temperature of plants supplied with either ammonium or nitrate, but especially under nitrate supply. After 4 h of PEG treatment, the root protoplast water permeability and the expression of root PIP and TIP genes decreased in plants supplied with ammonium or nitrate. After 24 h of PEG treatment, the root hydraulic conductivity, the protoplast water permeability, and the expression of some aquaporin genes increased in plants supplied with ammonium compared to those under non-PEG treatment. Root ABA accumulation was induced by 24 h of PEG treatment, especially in plants supplied with ammonium. The addition of exogenous ABA decreased the expression of PIP and TIP genes under non-PEG treatment but increased the expression of some of them under PEG treatment. We concluded that drought stress induced a down-regulation of aquaporin expression, which appeared earlier than did root ABA accumulation. With continued drought stress, aquaporin expression and activity increased due to root ABA accumulation in plants supplied with ammonium.
Bargaining Processes and Coalition Outcomes

This paper discusses a theory of bargaining processes in three-person coalition games and investigates the relation between these processes and the outcome of bargaining. The bargaining theory uses an information-processing approach to model each of the three player's cognitive processes and interrelates three such models to predict who says what to whom next in the bargaining for coalition partners and payoff allocations. The theory succeeds in predicting the act-by-act communications observed in three laboratory studies of sequential games of status in which each player seeks to maximize the rank of his total score in relation to the other players' total scores. In addition, the process theory succeeds in predicting outcomes. It was used in computer studies to simulate bargaining processes to their resulting outcomes, thus producing artificial data on which coalitions form and what payoff allocations are made to coalition members. These artificial data on outcomes agree with the pattern of outcomes observed in the laboratory studies and also conform to Laing and Morrison's (1973) heuristic model predicting coalitions and payoffs in three-person sequential games of status. These investigations lead to an interesting discovery about the effects of variations in the process on the pattern of resulting outcomes. The duration of the bargaining process has systematic effects on which coalitions form and how payoffs are allocated to coalition members. The results suggest that more theoretical attention to social processes can pay important dividends, even when the primary objective is to predict outcomes.
Macroeconomic development and the life cycle of the German automobile industry, 1886-1939

Empirical work studying the industry life cycle highlights the role of knowledge in various forms on the durations firms survive in the industry. This research leaves open the influence of historical events, which are reflected in macroeconomic factors like income, inflation, exports and interest rates on the industry life cycle. In this paper we investigate the relationship between the macroeconomic conditions and firm survival in the German automobile industry during the period 1886-1939. The results reveal that the macroeconomic conditions influence firm survival in addition to the knowledge variables traditionally considered and substantially contribute to explanatory power.
Inclusive Charged Hadron Elliptic Flow in Au + Au Collisions at [ over S[subscript Nn]]=7.7–39 Gev Terms of Use Detailed Terms Inclusive Charged Hadron Elliptic Flow in Au + Au Collisions at √ S N N = 7.7–39 Gev

Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. A systematic study is presented for centrality, transverse momentum (p T), and pseudorapidity (η) dependence of the inclusive charged hadron elliptic flow (v 2) at midrapidity (|η| < 1.0) in Au + Au collisions at The results obtained with different methods, including correlations with the event plane reconstructed in a region separated by a large pseudorapidity gap and four-particle cumulants (v 2 {4}), are presented to investigate nonflow correlations and v 2 fluctuations. We observe that the difference between v 2 {2} and v 2 {4} is smaller at the lower collision energies. Values of v 2 , scaled by the initial coordinate space eccentricity, v 2 /ε, as a function of p T are larger in more central collisions, suggesting stronger collective flow develops in more central collisions, similar to the results at higher collision energies. These results are compared to measurements at higher energies at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (√ s NN = 62.4 and 200 GeV) and at the Large Hadron 054908-2 INCLUSIVE CHARGED HADRON ELLIPTIC FLOW IN Au. Collider (Pb + Pb collisions at √ s NN = 2.76 TeV). The v 2 (p T) values for fixed p T rise with increasing collision energy within the p T range studied (<2 GeV/c). A comparison to viscous hydrodynamic simulations is made to potentially help understand the energy dependence of v 2 (p T). We also compare the v 2 results to UrQMD and AMPT transport model calculations, and physics implications on the dominance of partonic versus hadronic phases in the system created at beam energy scan energies are discussed.
Biological and biophysics aspects of metformin-induced effects: cortex mitochondrial dysfunction and promotion of toxic amyloid pre-fibrillar aggregates

The onset of Alzheimer disease (AD) is influenced by several risk factors comprising diabetes. Within this context, antidiabetic drugs, including metformin, are investigated for their effect on AD. We report that in the C57B6/J mice, metformin is delivered to the brain where activates AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), its molecular target. This drug affects the levels of β-secretase (BACE1) and β-amyloid precursor protein (APP), promoting processing and aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ), mainly in the cortex region. Moreover, metformin induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death by affecting the level and conformation of Translocase of the Outer Membrane 40 (TOM40), voltage-dependent anion-selective channels 1 (VDAC1) and hexokinase I (HKI), proteins involved in mitochondrial transport of molecules, including Aβ. By using biophysical techniques we found that metformin is able to directly interact with Aβ influencing its aggregation kinetics and features. These findings indicate that metformin induces different adverse effects, leading to an overall increase of the risk of AD onset.
Zero-Beta Characteristic of CAT Bonds

In order to spread catastrophic risk further in the capital market, the relation between these two parts is analyzed. Beta values of index returns between CAT bonds and the stock and bonds markets in US and Europe are calculated in the period covering the global financial crisis, which can be approximated to zero. By taking this kind of assets into a market portfolio, the efficient frontier is improved, that is, the risk is reduced and the expected return is increased. It is illustrated CAT bonds can be adopted, as a supplement of catastrophe insurance, to transfer catastrophic risk into a larger pool, even during the 2008 global financial crisis, since they are zero-beta assets.
Binding updates for mobile networks by using multicast mechanism in IPv6 environment

Mobility support in future Internet is quite important because mobile computing and mobile browsing are getting more widespread. In order to reduce the routing overhead, IPv6 allows the mobile node to send the binding updates to any correspondent node so that the correspondent node can send packets to the mobile node directly (also named as the route optimization). And it is obvious that the procedure of binding update will become complex for the movement of a network. Because several active connections may exist within a moving network and each of them may have different correspondent nodes. In this paper, the two-tier concept is proposed so that the binding update procedures of the mobile node can be the same no matter when it travels alone or travels with a mobile network. And the multicast based binding update scheme is proposed for mobile networks (MONET). The simulation results illustrate that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the number of binding update messages especially when the number of nodes in the mobile network is large and the percentage of directly transmitted packets can also be improved.