Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Validation Study of the Korean Version of SPAN

Purpose The SPAN, which is acronym standing for its four components: Startle, Physiological arousal, Anger, and Numbness, is a short post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screening scale. This study sought to develop and validate a Korean version of the SPAN (SPAN-K). Materials and Methods Ninety-three PTSD patients (PTSD group), 73 patients with non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (psychiatric control group), and 88 healthy participants (normal control group) were recruited for this study. Participants completed a variety of psychiatric assessments including the SPAN-K, the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS), the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results Cronbach's α and test-retest reliability values for the SPAN-K were both 0.80. Mean SPAN-K scores were 10.06 for the PTSD group, 4.94 for the psychiatric control group, and 1.42 for the normal control group. With respect to concurrent validity, correlation coefficients were 0.87 for SPAN-K vs. CAPS total scores (p<0.001) and 0.86 for SPAN-K vs. DTS scores (p<0.001). Additionally, correlation coefficients were 0.31 and 0.42 for SPAN-K vs. STAI-S and STAI-T, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of SPAN-K showed good diagnostic accuracy with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87. The SPAN-K showed the highest efficiency at a cutoff score of 7, with a sensitivity of 0.83, a specificity of 0.81, positive predictive value (PPV) of 0.88, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 0.73. Conclusion These results suggest that the SPAN-K had good psychometric properties and may be a useful instrument for rapid screening of PTSD patients.
A Low-Complexity Algorithm for Static Background Estimation from Cluttered Image Sequences in Surveillance Contexts

For the purposes of foreground estimation, the true background model is unavailable in many practical circumstances and needs to be estimated from cluttered image sequences. We propose a sequential technique for static background estimation in such conditions, with low computational and memory requirements. Image sequences are analysed on a block-by-block basis. For each block location a representative set is maintained which contains distinct blocks obtained along its temporal line. The background estimation is carried out in a Markov Random Field framework, where the optimal labelling solution is computed using iterated conditional modes. The clique potentials are computed based on the combined frequency response of the candidate block and its neighbourhood. It is assumed that the most appropriate block results in the smoothest response, indirectly enforcing the spatial continuity of structures within a scene. Experiments on real-life surveillance videos demonstrate that the proposed method obtains considerably better background estimates (both qualitatively and quantitatively) than median filtering and the recently proposed "intervals of stable intensity" method. Further experiments on the Wallflower dataset suggest that the combination of the proposed method with a foreground segmentation algorithm results in improved foreground segmentation.
Removing the latency overhead of the ITB mechanism in COWs with source routing

Clusters of workstations (COWs) are becoming increasingly popular as a cost-effective alternative to parallel computers. The in-transit buffer (ITB) mechanism can improve network performance when applied to COWs with irregular topology and source routing. This mechanism considerably improves the performance of this kind of network when compared to current source routing algorithms; however, it introduces a latency penalty. An implementation of this mechanism was performed, showing that the latency overhead of the mechanism may be noticeable, especially for short messages and at low network loads. In this paper, we analyze in detail the latency overhead of ITBs, proposing several mechanisms to reduce, hide and remove it. Firstly, we show, by simulation, the effect of an ITB implementation that is much slower than the one implemented. Then we propose three mechanisms that try to overcome the latency penalty. All the mechanisms are simple and can be easily implemented; also, they are out of the critical path of the ITB packet-processing procedure. The results show very good behaviour of the proposed mechanisms, considerably reducing or even completely removing the latency overhead.
Low-fat dietary pattern and risk of invasive breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial.

CONTEXT The hypothesis that a low-fat dietary pattern can reduce breast cancer risk has existed for decades but has never been tested in a controlled intervention trial. OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of undertaking a low-fat dietary pattern on breast cancer incidence. DESIGN AND SETTING A randomized, controlled, primary prevention trial conducted at 40 US clinical centers from 1993 to 2005. PARTICIPANTS A total of 48,835 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79 years, without prior breast cancer, including 18.6% of minority race/ethnicity, were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS Women were randomly assigned to the dietary modification intervention group (40% [n = 19,541]) or the comparison group (60% [n = 29,294]). The intervention was designed to promote dietary change with the goals of reducing intake of total fat to 20% of energy and increasing consumption of vegetables and fruit to at least 5 servings daily and grains to at least 6 servings daily. Comparison group participants were not asked to make dietary changes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Invasive breast cancer incidence. RESULTS Dietary fat intake was significantly lower in the dietary modification intervention group compared with the comparison group. The difference between groups in change from baseline for percentage of energy from fat varied from 10.7% at year 1 to 8.1% at year 6. Vegetable and fruit consumption was higher in the intervention group by at least 1 serving per day and a smaller, more transient difference was found for grain consumption. The number of women who developed invasive breast cancer (annualized incidence rate) over the 8.1-year average follow-up period was 655 (0.42%) in the intervention group and 1072 (0.45%) in the comparison group (hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.83-1.01 for the comparison between the 2 groups). Secondary analyses suggest a lower hazard ratio among adherent women, provide greater evidence of risk reduction among women having a high-fat diet at baseline, and suggest a dietary effect that varies by hormone receptor characteristics of the tumor. CONCLUSIONS Among postmenopausal women, a low-fat dietary pattern did not result in a statistically significant reduction in invasive breast cancer risk over an 8.1-year average follow-up period. However, the nonsignificant trends observed suggesting reduced risk associated with a low-fat dietary pattern indicate that longer, planned, nonintervention follow-up may yield a more definitive comparison. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00000611.
Factors affecting dairy farmers ’ attitudes towards antimicrobial medicine usage in 1 cattle in England and Wales 2

11 There has been growing concern about bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in the farmed 12 livestock sector. Attention has turned to sub-optimal use of antimicrobials as a driver of 13 resistance. Recent reviews have identified a lack of data on the pattern of antimicrobial use 14 as an impediment to the design of measures to tackle this growing problem. This paper 15 reports on a study that explored use of antibiotics by dairy farmers and factors influencing 16 their decision-making around this usage. 17 We found that respondents had either recently reduced their use of antibiotics, or planned to 18 do so. Advice from their veterinarian was instrumental in this. Over 70% thought reducing 19 antibiotic usage would be a good thing to do. The most influential source of information used 20 was their own veterinarian. Some 50% were unaware of the available guidelines on use in 21 cattle production. However, 97% thought it important to keep treatment records. 22
Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Therapeutic Dyslexia Intervention

Although the prevalence of developmental dyslexia, according to DSM-V, varies from 10 to 15%, a major issue tormenting scientists to date is the lack of consensus on how dyslexia should be diagnosed or treated. Apart from the classical methods used in remedial teaching, popular methods for dyslexia treatment are the alternative and complementary approaches that include perceptual-motor training, visual interventions, auditory interventions, biofeedback and fatty acid interventions, many of which having already emerged in the 1980s. Each of the aforementioned forms of therapy has its supporters, in spite of the fact that there is still little evidence for their effectiveness. In the wider context of a multifactorial approach to the complex construction of dyslexia, this review aims to outline the main objectives, the implementation procedures and the extent to which alternative approaches contribute to dyslexia treatment. In brief, a review of the current literature leads to the conclusion that even though most of these methods have yet to be proven for their effectiveness, they should not be considered as having no therapeutic value. Nonetheless, until their efficacy has been proved, it is suggested that the most effective interventions in reading are those involving the combination of cognitive and behavioral intervention.
Involvement of recently cultured group U2 bacterium in ruminal fiber digestion revealed by coculture with Fibrobacter succinogenes S85.

In a previous study, we reported the ecological significance of uncultured bacterial group U2 in the rumen. In this study, the involvement of a recently cultured group U2 bacterium, strain R-25, in fiber digestion was tested in coculture with the fibrolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Dry matter (DM) digestion, growth and metabolites were examined in culture using rice straw as the carbon source. Although strain R-25 did not digest rice straw in monoculture, coculture of strain R-25 and F. succinogenes S85 showed enhanced DM digestion compared with that for F. succinogenes S85 monoculture (36.9 ± 0.6% vs. 32.8 ± 1.3%, P < 0.05). Growth of strain R-25 and production of the main metabolites, d-lactate (strain R-25) and succinate (F. succinogenes S85), were enhanced in the coculture. Enzyme assay showed increased activities of carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase in coculture of strain R-25 and F. succinogenes S85. Triculture including strain R-25, F. succinogenes S85 and Selenomonas ruminantium S137 showed a further increase in DM digestion (41.8 ± 0.8%, P < 0.05) with a concomitant increase in propionate, produced from the conversion of d-lactate and succinate. These results suggest that the positive interaction between strains R-25 and F. succinogenes S85 causes increased rice straw digestion.
The brain of two mammal-like reptiles (Cynodontia - Therapsida).

The endocasts of the cynodonts Massetognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon are studied from descriptive and quantitative viewpoints. The morphology of the casts is described briefly, doing special attention to those features that import to the quantitative analysis, as for instance the general appearance of the casts and some vascular impressions. The general conclusions of this study are: 1. --Massetognathus sp. has had a brain with rather long olfactory peduncles and perhaps not greatly developed olfactory bulbs which could imply a non-macroosmatic condition, up to date not known for cynodonts. Cf. Probelesodon, on the other hand, shows a brain type similar to those of other cynodonts. 2. --Certain cynodonts at least, have had brains that filled fairly well the endocranial cavity. 3. --The cynodonts Massentognathus sp. and cf. Probelesodon, as surely other species, have acquired in Middle Triassic times a relative brain size rather closed to that of certain fossil and living mammals.
MRTP: a multiflow real-time transport protocol for ad hoc networks

Real-time multimedia transport has stringent quality of service requirements, which are generally not supported by current network architectures. In emerging mobile ad hoc networks, frequent topology changes and link failures cause severe packet losses, which degrade the quality of received media. However, in such mesh networks, there usually exist multiple paths between any source and destination nodes. Such path diversity has been demonstrated to be effective in combating congestion and link failures for improved media quality. In this paper, we present a new protocol to facilitate multipath transport of real-time multimedia data. The proposed protocol, the multiflow real-time transport protocol (MRTP), provides a convenient vehicle for real-time applications to partition and transmit data using multiple flows. We demonstrate through analysis that data partitioning, which is an essential function of MRTP, can effectively reduce the short-range dependence of multimedia data, thus improving its queueing performance in underlying networks. Furthermore, we show that a few flows are sufficient for MRTP to exploit most of the benefits of multipath transport. Finally, we present a comprehensive simulation study on the performance of MRTP under a mobile ad hoc network. We show that with one additional path, MRTP outperformed single-flow RTP by a significant margin.
Combining image regions and human activity for indirect object recognition in indoor wide-angle views

Traditional methods of object recognition are reliant on shape and so are very difficult to apply in cluttered, wide angle and low detail views such as surveillance scenes. To address this, a method of indirect object recognition is proposed, where human activity is used to infer both the location and identity of objects. No shape analysis is necessary. The concept is dubbed 'interaction signatures', since the premise is that a human interacts with objects in ways characteristic of the function of that object - for example, a person sits in a chair and drinks from a cup. The human-centred approach means that recognition is possible in low detail views and is largely invariant to the shape of objects within the same functional class. This paper implements a Bayesian network for classifying region patches with object labels, building upon our previous work in automatically segmenting and recognising a human's interactions with the objects. Experiments show that interaction signatures can successfully find and label objects in low detail views and are equally effective at recognising test objects that differ markedly in appearance from the training objects.
Localization of angiotensin converting enzyme in rabbit cornea and its role in controlling corneal angiogenesis in vivo

Purpose The renin angiotensin system (RAS) has been shown to modulate vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. In this study we investigated (i) the existence of the RAS components angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2) in the rabbit cornea using in vitro and ex vivo models and (ii) the effect of enalapril, an ACE inhibitor, to inhibit angiogenesis in rabbit cornea in vivo. Methods New Zealand White rabbits were used. Cultured corneal fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells were used for RNA isolation and cDNA preparation using standard molecular biology techniques. PCR was performed to detect the presence of ACE, AT1, and AT2 gene expression. A corneal micropocket assay to implant a vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pellet in the rabbit cornea was used to induce corneal angiogenesis. Rabbits of the control group received sterile water, and the treated group received 3 mg/kg enalapril intramuscularly once daily for 14 days starting from day 1 of pellet implantation. The clinical eye examination was performed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. We monitored the level of corneal angiogenesis in live animals by stereomicroscopy at days 4, 9, and 14 after VEGF pellet implantation. Collagen type IV and lectin immunohistochemistry and fluorescent microscopy were used to measure corneal angiogenesis in tissue sections of control and enalapril-treated corneas of the rabbits. Image J software was used to quantify corneal angiogenesis in the rabbit eye in situ. Results Our data demonstrated the presence of ACE, AT1, and AT2 expression in corneal fibroblasts. Cells of corneal epithelium expressed AT1 and AT2 but did not show ACE expression. Slit-lamp examination did not show any significant difference between the degree of edema or cellular infiltration between the corneas of control and enalapril-treated rabbits. VEGF pellet implantation caused corneal angiogenesis in the eyes of vehicle-treated control rabbits, and the mean area of corneal neovascularization was 1.8, 2.8, and 3.2 mm2 on days 4, 9, and 14, respectively. Enalapril treatment caused a notable decrease in corneal neovascularization of 44% (1 mm2), 28% (2.1 mm2), and 31% (2.2 mm2) on the three tested time points, respectively. The immunostaining of corneal tissue sections with collagen type IV and lectin confirmed the presence of blood vessels, with enalapril-treated rabbit corneas showing a lesser degree of blood vessel staining. Conclusions Corneal cells show expression of tissue RAS components, such as ACE, AT1, and AT2. Treatment with ACE inhibitor enalapril markedly decreased corneal angiogenesis in a rabbit model of VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization, suggesting that ACE inhibitors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to treat corneal angiogenesis.
Inhibition of individual fingers during grip strength exertion.

(1) Individual finger strengths of maximum isometric voluntary flexion were measured separately during simultaneous flexion of several fingers. (2) Every finger exerted its maximum strength when it worked alone (unidigital condition) but exerted decreasing strength in proportion to the number of other fingers working together (multidigital condition). (3) The ratio of this decrease relative to the strength exerted under the unidigital condition (unidigital strength) was higher in the index and little fingers (30%) than in the middle and ring fingers (15–25%). (4) The cross-sectional area of flexors in the forearm measured by ultrasonic photography showed higher correlation with the sum of unidigital strengths than to the sum of individual share strengths (strengths exerted by single fingers under multidigital conditions). (5) Electrical activity decreased in accordance with the strength decrease due to the increase of co-working fingers showing that each component of finger flexor suffers inhibition. (6) .
Electrical Stimuli Release ATP to Increase GLUT4 Translocation and Glucose Uptake via PI3Kγ-Akt-AS160 in Skeletal Muscle Cells

Skeletal muscle glucose uptake in response to exercise is preserved in insulin-resistant conditions, but the signals involved are debated. ATP is released from skeletal muscle by contractile activity and can autocrinely signal through purinergic receptors, and we hypothesized it may influence glucose uptake. Electrical stimulation, ATP, and insulin each increased fluorescent 2-NBD-Glucose (2-NBDG) uptake in primary myotubes, but only electrical stimulation and ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake were inhibited by adenosine-phosphate phosphatase and by purinergic receptor blockade (suramin). Electrical stimulation transiently elevated extracellular ATP and caused Akt phosphorylation that was additive to insulin and inhibited by suramin. Exogenous ATP transiently activated Akt and, inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or Akt as well as dominant-negative Akt mutant, reduced ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake and Akt phosphorylation. ATP-dependent 2-NBDG uptake was also inhibited by the G protein βγ subunit-interacting peptide βark-ct and by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) inhibitor AS605240. ATP caused translocation of GLUT4myc-eGFP to the cell surface, mechanistically mediated by increased exocytosis involving AS160/Rab8A reduced by dominant-negative Akt or PI3Kγ kinase-dead mutants, and potentiated by myristoylated PI3Kγ. ATP stimulated 2-NBDG uptake in normal and insulin-resistant adult muscle fibers, resembling the reported effect of exercise. Hence, the ATP-induced pathway may be tapped to bypass insulin resistance.
Roles of Keap1–Nrf2 System in Upper Aerodigestive Tract Carcinogenesis

Cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract, including cancers of the tongue and the esophagus, are the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world, and oxidative stress is well recognized as one of the major risk factors for carcinogenesis. The Keap1–Nrf2 system plays a critical role in cellular defense against oxidative stress, but little is known about its association with upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis. In this study, we examined whether loss of Nrf2-function exacerbates carcinogenesis by using an experimental carcinogenesis model that is induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO). We found that Nrf2-knockout (Nrf2-KO) mice were more susceptible to 4NQO-induced tongue and esophageal carcinogenesis than wild-type mice, which suggests that Nrf2 is important for cancer prevention. We also examined how the suppression of Keap1 function or the induction of Nrf2 activity affected 4NQO carcinogenesis. Keap1-knockdown (Keap1-KD) mice were resistant to 4NQO-induced tongue and esophageal carcinogenesis. Importantly, no growth advantage was observed in tongue tumors in the Keap1-KD mice. These results show that the Keap1–Nrf2 system regulates an important defense mechanism against upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis. In addition to several important functions of Nrf2 that lead to cancer chemoprevention, we hypothesize that a mechanical defense of thickened keratin layers may also be a chemopreventive factor because thickened, stratified, squamous epithelium was found on the tongue of Keap1-KD mice. Cancer Prev Res; 6(2); 149–59. ©2012 AACR.
Longitudinal examination of age-predicted symptom-limited exercise maximum HR.

PURPOSE To estimate the association of age with maximal HR (MHR). METHODS Data were obtained from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Participants were black and white men and women aged 18-30 yr in 1985-1986 (year 0). A symptom-limited maximal graded exercise test was completed at years 0, 7, and 20 by 4969, 2583, and 2870 participants, respectively. After exclusion, 9622 eligible tests remained. RESULTS In all 9622 tests, estimated MHR (eMHR, bpm) had a quadratic relation to age in the age range of 18-50 yr, eMHR = 179 + 0.29 x age - 0.011 x age(2). The age-MHR association was approximately linear in the restricted age ranges of consecutive tests. In 2215 people who completed tests of both years 0 and 7 (age range = 18-37 yr), eMHR = 189 - 0.35 x age; and in 1574 people who completed tests of both years 7 and 20 (age range = 25-50 yr), eMHR = 199 - 0.63 x age. In the lowest baseline body mass index (BMI) quartile, the rate of decline was 0.24 bpm*yr(-1) between years 0 and 7 and 0.51 bpm*yr(-1) between years 7 and 20, whereas in the highest baseline BMI quartile, there was a linear rate of decline of approximately 0.7 bpm.yr for the full age range of 18-50 yr. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians making exercise prescriptions should be aware that the loss of symptom-limited MHR is much slower in young adulthood and more pronounced in later adulthood. In particular, MHR loss is very slow in those with the lowest BMI younger than 40 yr.