Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Taking Up an Active Role: Emerging Participation in Early Mother–Infant Interaction during Peekaboo Routines

Dynamical systems approaches to social coordination underscore how participants' local actions give rise to and maintain global interactive patterns and how, in turn, they are also shaped by them. Developmental research can deliver important insights into both processes: (1) the stabilization of ways of interacting, and (2) the gradual shaping of the agentivity of the individuals. In this article we propose that infants' agentivity develops out of participation, i.e., acting a part in an interaction system. To investigate this development this article focuses on the ways in which participation in routinized episodes may shape infant's agentivity in social events. In contrast to existing research addressing more advanced forms of participating in social routines, our goal was to assess infants' early participation as evidence of infants' agentivity. In our study, 19 Polish mother–infant dyads were filmed playing peekaboo when the infants were 4 and 6 months of age. We operationalized infants' participation in the peekaboo in terms of their use of various behaviors across modalities during specific phases of the game: We included smiles, vocalizations, and attempts to cover and uncover themselves or their mothers. We hypothesized that infants and mothers would participate actively in the routine by regulating their behavior so as to adhere to the routine format. Furthermore, we hypothesized that infants who experienced more scaffolding would be able to adopt a more active role in the routine. We operationalized scaffolding as mothers' use of specific peekaboo structures that allowed infants to anticipate when it was their turn to act. Results suggested that infants as young as 4 months of age engaged in peekaboo and took up turns in the game, and that their participation increased at 6 months of age. Crucially, our results suggest that infants' behavior was organized by the global structure of the peekaboo game, because smiles, vocalizations, and attempts to uncover occurred significantly more often during specific phases rather than being evenly distributed across the whole interaction. Furthermore, the way mothers structured the game at 4 months predicted infant participation at both 4 and 6 months of age.
Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Female Reproductive System

The INHAND (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) Project (www.toxpath.org/inhand.asp) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicological Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP) and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative lesions in laboratory animals. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying microscopic lesions observed in the female reproductive tract of laboratory rats and mice, with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of some lesions. The standardized nomenclature presented in this document is also available electronically on the internet (http://www.goreni.org/). Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous and aging lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. There is also a section on normal cyclical changes observed in the ovary, uterus, cervix and vagina to compare normal physiological changes with pathological lesions. A widely accepted and utilized international harmonization of nomenclature for female reproductive tract lesions in laboratory animals will decrease confusion among regulatory and scientific research organizations in different countries and provide a common language to increase and enrich international exchanges of information among toxicologists and pathologists.
von Willebrand factor, clotting factors, and clotting inhibitors in apheresis platelet concentrates

Apheresis platelet concentrates (APCs) are usually stored in citrated plasma at 22°C. The stability of coagulation proteins—von Willebrand factor (vWF), clotting factors (CFs), and their inhibitors—has often been described in association with the storage of thawed plasma. However, fewer data are available regarding changes in APCs.
Comparison of SRTM and ASTER Derived Digital Elevation Models over Two Regions in Ghana - Implications for Hydrological and Environmental Modeling

A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) refers to a quantitative model of a part of the earth’s surface in digital form (Burrough and McDonnell, 1998). A DEM consists of either (1) a twodimensional array of numbers that represents the spatial distribution of elevations on a regular grid; (2) a set of x, y, and z coordinates for an irregular network of points; or (3) contour strings stored in the form of x, y coordinate pairs along each contour line of specified elevation (Walker and Willgoose, 1999). Though there are some disadvantages (Gao, 1997), regular grid DEMs are nowadays the most popular due to their computational efficiency. The use of DEM in this paper, therefore, refers to a regular gridded DEM.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Interpersonal Violence in Suicide Attempters

The current study compared characteristics of suicidal behavior and interpersonal violence in suicide attempters with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). A total of 100 suicide attempters were assessed with Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale (KIVS) and Karolinska Suicide History Interview concerning interpersonal violence and NSSI. There was a high degree of comorbid NSSI in suicide attempters (44%). Suicide attempters with NSSI-history reported more interpersonal violence as adults and more severe suicidal behavior compared to suicide attempters without NSSI. Comorbid NSSI was related to severity of suicidal behavior in a gender specific manner. Comorbid NSSI in suicide attempters may increase suicide and violence risk.
Hepatic secretion of small lipoprotein particles in apobec-1−/− mice is regulated by the LDL receptor Published, JLR Papers in Press, May 16, 2004. DOI 10.1194/jlr.M300505-JLR200

Recent studies have examined the role of the LDL receptor (LDLR) in regulating murine hepatic lipoprotein production and apolipoprotein B (apoB) secretion, with divergent conclusions from in vivo versus in vitro approaches. We have re-examined this question, both in vivo and in vitro, using apobec-1−/− mice to model the pattern of human hepatic apoB-100 secretion. Hepatic triglyceride production in vivo (using Triton WR-1339) was unchanged in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6, apobec-1−/−, ldlr−/−, and [apobec-1−/−, ldlr−/−] mice, while apoB-100 production (using [35S]methionine incorporation) was increased >2-fold in [apobec-1−/−, ldlr−/−] mice. Although >90% of newly synthesized apoB floated within the d < 1.006 fraction of serum from all genotypes, fast-performance liquid chromatography separation revealed that nascent triglyceride-rich particles from [apobec-1−/−, ldlr−/−] mice, but not WT, apobec-1−/−, or ldlr−/− mice, distributed into smaller (intermediate and LDL-sized) particles. Studies in isolated hepatocytes from these different genotypes confirmed secretion of smaller particles exclusively from [apobec-1−/−, ldlr−/−] mice, and pulse-chase analysis demonstrated increased secretion of apoB-100 with virtual elimination of posttranslational degradation. These results directly support the suggestion that the LDLR regulates hepatic apoB-100 production and modulates secretion of small, triglyceride-rich particles, both in vivo and in vitro.
New In Vitro Phenotypic Assay for Epilepsy: Fluorescent Measurement of Synchronized Neuronal Calcium Oscillations

Research in the epilepsy field is moving from a primary focus on controlling seizures to addressing disease pathophysiology. This requires the adoption of resource- and time-consuming animal models of chronic epilepsy which are no longer able to sustain the testing of even moderate numbers of compounds. Therefore, new in vitro functional assays of epilepsy are needed that are able to provide a medium throughput while still preserving sufficient biological context to allow for the identification of compounds with new modes of action. Here we describe a robust and simple fluorescence-based calcium assay to measure epileptiform network activity using rat primary cortical cultures in a 96-well format. The assay measures synchronized intracellular calcium oscillations occurring in the population of primary neurons and is amenable to medium throughput screening. We have adapted this assay format to the low magnesium and the 4-aminopyridine epilepsy models and confirmed the contribution of voltage-gated ion channels and AMPA, NMDA and GABA receptors to epileptiform activity in both models. We have also evaluated its translatability using a panel of antiepileptic drugs with a variety of modes of action. Given its throughput and translatability, the calcium oscillations assay bridges the gap between simplified target-based screenings and compound testing in animal models of epilepsy. This phenotypic assay also has the potential to be used directly as a functional screen to help identify novel antiepileptic compounds with new modes of action, as well as pathways with previously unknown contribution to disease pathophysiology.
Stochastic Properties of Coincidence-Detector Neural Cells

Abstract Neural information is characterized by sets of spiking events that travel within the brain through neuron junctions that receive, transmit, and process streams of spikes. Coincidence detection is one of the ways to describe the functionality of a single neural cell. This letter presents an analytical derivation of the output stochastic behavior of a coincidence detector (CD) cell whose stochastic inputs behave as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) with both excitatory and inhibitory inputs. The derivation, which is based on an efficient breakdown of the cell into basic functional elements, results in an output process whose behavior can be approximated as an NHPP as long as the coincidence interval is much smaller than the refractory period of the cell's inputs. Intuitively, the approximation is valid as long as the processing rate is much faster than the incoming information rate. This type of modeling is a simplified but very useful description of neurons since it enables analytical derivations. The statistical properties of single CD cell's output make it possible to integrate and analyze complex neural cells in a feedforward network using the methodology presented here. Accordingly, basic biological characteristics of neural activity are demonstrated, such as a decrease in the spontaneous rate at higher brain levels and improved signal-to-noise ratio for harmonic input signals.
The clinical effect of fentanyl in comparison with ketamine in analgesic effect for oncology procedures in children: a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial.

BACKGROUND Children often require relief of pain and anxiety when undergoing painful procedures. OBJECTIVE To determine the differences by comparing fentanyl and ketamine used in cancer-diagnosed children undergoing painful procedures. MATERIAL AND METHOD A randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial was conducted with 55 children undergoing painful procedures (intrathecal chemotherapy and/or bone marrow aspiration/biopsy). Patients were randomly assigned in a double-blinded fashion to receive either intravenous fentanyl or ketamine at 1 mcg/kg/dose and 1 mg/kg/dose, respectively. The result in effectiveness of the drug was measured using three parameters, 1) satisfaction score ranging from 0 to 10, 2) perception of procedural pain using FLACC scale, Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale and Visual Analog Scale, and 3) the frequency of vomiting nausea score. RESULTS The satisfaction amongpatients receiving fentanyl was significantly greater than ketamine (p = 0.007). In addition, both painful and nausea/vomiting were significantly decreased in the patients receiving fentanyl (p = 0.002 and p < 0.001, respectively). No serious complications were observed CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that intravenous fentanyl generated a superior clinical effect in satisfaction, decreased pain and nausea/vomiting, and showed no significant side-effects over ketamine. Fentanyl may also be recommended as a reasonable option before undergoing oncology procedures in children with cancer.
On the complexity of circuit satisfiability

In this paper, we are concerned with the exponential complexity of the Circuit Satisfiability (CktSat) problem and more generally with the exponential complexity of NP-complete problems. Over the past 15 years or so, researchers have obtained a number of exponential-time algorithms with improved running times for exactly solving a variety of NP-complete problems. The improvements are typically in the form of better exponents compared to exhaustive search. Our goal is to develop techniques to prove specific lower bounds on the exponents under plausible complexity assumptions. We consider natural, though restricted, algorithmic paradigms and prove upper bounds on the success probability. Our approach has the advantage of clarifying the relative power of various algorithmic paradigms. Our main technique is a success probability amplification technique, called the Exponential Amplification Lemma, which shows that for any f(n,m)-size bounded probabilistic circuit family A that decides CktSat with success probability at least 2-α n for α<1 on inputs which are circuits of size m with n variables, there is another probabilistic circuit family B that decides CktSat with size roughly f(α n, f(n,m)) and success probability about 2-α2 n > 2-α n. In contrast, the standard method for boosting success probability by repeated trials will improve it to (1-(1-2-α n)t) (approx t2-α n for t=O(2α n)) using circuits of size about tf(n,m). Using this lemma, we derive tight bounds on the exponent of the success probability for deciding the CktSat problem in a variety of probabilistic computational models under complexity assumptions. For example, we show that the success probability cannot be better than 2-n+o(n) for deciding CktSat by probabilistic polynomial size circuits unless CktSat (thereby all of NP) for polynomial size instances can be decided by 2nμ size deterministic circuits for some μ <1, which is considered an unlikely event. As another example, we show that probabilistic quasilinear size circuits cannot achieve success probability better than 2-n+o(n) unless CktSat (as well as NP) has O(mO(lg lg m)) size deterministic circuits, which is very close to the statement NP ⊆ P/poly, an unlikely scenario.
Micrococcin, an antibacterial substance formed by a strain of Micrococcus.

BAIL, C. -(1929) Z. ImmunForsch. , 60, 1. BUTTERFIELD, C. T. -(1935) Publ. Hlth. Rep., Wash. , 50, 671. COULTHARD, C. E. , MIcHAELIS, R. , SHORT, W. F. , SYKES, G. , SKRIMSHIRE, G. E. H. , STANDFAST, A. F. B. , BIRKINSHAW, J. H. , AND RAISTRIcK, H. -(1942) Nature, Lond. , 150, 634. FULTON, M. -(1937) J. Bact. , 34, 301. GARR], C. -(1887) Zbl. Bakt. , 2, 312. HEATLEY, N. G. , AND FLOREY, H. W. -(1946) Brit. J. exp. Path. , 27, 378. IvANOVIcS, G. -(1931) Zbl. Bakt. 1. Abt. Orig. , 120, 47. MUCH, H. , AND SARTORIUS, F. -(1924) Miunch. Med. Wschr. , 20, 345. ROSENTHAL, L. , AND LIEBERMAN, H. -(1931) J. infect. Dis. , 48, 226. STOKES, J. L. , AND WOODWARD, C. R. , Jr.-(1942) J. Bact. , 43, 253. SU, T. L. -(1948) Brit. J. exp. Path. , 29, 473 WAKSMAN, S. A. -(1945) 'Microbial Antagonism and Antibiotic Substances. ' New York (The Commonwealth Fund). WOLMAN, A. -(1924) Engng. News Bec. , 92, 198. WYNNE, E. S. -(1947) J. Bact. , 53, 469. Idem AND WILLiAMS, 0. B. -(1945) Ibid., 49, 629.
The search for causal traits of speciation: Divergent female mate preferences target male courtship song, not pheromones, in Drosophila athabasca species complex

Understanding speciation requires the identification of traits that cause reproductive isolation. This remains a major challenge since it is difficult to determine which of the many divergent traits actually caused speciation. To overcome this difficulty, we studied the sexual cue traits and behaviors associated with rapid speciation between EA and WN sympatric behavioral races of Drosophila athabasca that diverged only 16,000–20,000 years ago. First, we found that sexual isolation was essentially complete and driven primarily by divergent female mating preferences. To determine the target of female mate choice, we found that, unlike cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), male courtship song is highly divergent between EA and WN in both allopatry and sympatry and is not affected by latitudinal variation. We then used pheromone rub‐off experiments to show no effect of CHCs on divergent female mate choice. In contrast, both male song differences and male mating success in hybrids exhibited a large X‐effect and playback song experiments confirmed that male courtship song is indeed the target of sexual isolation. These results show that a single secondary sexual trait is a major driver of speciation and suggest that we may be overestimating the number of traits involved in speciation when we study older taxa.
Giga-bit wireless communication at 300 GHz using resonant tunneling diode detector

We propose the use of a resonant tunneling diode (RTD) as a detector in terahertz wireless communications systems. Comparing to the conventional Schottky-barrier diode detector, the RTD is expected to provide about 30-dB increase in the sensitivity due to its strong nonlinearity. We have experimentally demonstrated an error-free wireless transmission at a bit rate of 2 Gbit/s using the RTD at 300 GHz.
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 Protects the Heart From Ischemic Damage

Background— The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) comprises 2 structurally distinct multiprotein complexes, mTOR complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2). Deregulation of mTOR signaling occurs during and contributes to the severity of myocardial damage from ischemic heart disease. However, the relative roles of mTORC1 versus mTORC2 in the pathogenesis of ischemic damage are unknown. Methods and Results— Combined pharmacological and molecular approaches were used to alter the balance of mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling in cultured cardiac myocytes and in mouse hearts subjected to conditions that mimic ischemic heart disease. The importance of mTOR signaling in cardiac protection was demonstrated by pharmacological inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 with Torin1, which led to increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue damage after myocardial infarction. Predominant mTORC1 signaling mediated by suppression of mTORC2 with Rictor similarly increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue damage after myocardial infarction. In comparison, preferentially shifting toward mTORC2 signaling by inhibition of mTORC1 with PRAS40 led to decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis and tissue damage after myocardial infarction. Conclusions— These results suggest that selectively increasing mTORC2 while concurrently inhibiting mTORC1 signaling is a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
Role of nitric oxide and endothelium in rat pial vessel dilation response to isoflurane.

Isoflurane induces cerebral hyperemia. We sought to assess whether isoflurane induces cerebral microvessel dilation in vivo, and if so, to determine whether nitric oxide (NO) and endothelium are involved. By using a rat closed cranial window model, pial arterioles and venules of 30-70 microns in diameter were measured using intravital microscopy. The cerebral microvascular dilatory response was recorded as percent change of diameter from baseline. The pial vessels were suffused with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) to verify intact vascular smooth muscle relaxation function, and with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and/or acetylcholine (ACh) to verify endothelial NO-generating capability. To isolate NO's role in the cerebral microvascular effects of isoflurane (Protocol I), microvessels were studied with and without nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition by topically applied nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). In controls, L-NAME was replaced by its inactive enantiomer, nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME). Mercury light plus fluorescein dye (LD) endothelial injury (Protocol II) was used to delineate an endothelium-mediated mechanism. Subsequently, vasodilator applications were repeated to verify the desired effects of the interventions and followed by suffusion of isoflurane 1%, 2%, and 3% (Protocol I) or isoflurane 3% (Protocol II). Suffusions of SNP, ADP, and ACh induced diameter increases of 15%-30%. NOS inhibition with L-NAME greatly attenuated ADP and ACh responses, but did not alter the SNP response, confirming that NO generation was blocked, but not NO action. These responses were unaffected in D-NAME-suffused rats. Isoflurane dilated arterioles 17% and venules 6% in the presence of D-NAME suffusion. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diagnostic significance of free salivary testosterone measurement using a direct luminescence immunoassay in healthy men and in patients with disorders of androgenic status

The accurate measurement of testosterone remains a challenge. The determination of the blood testosterone concentrations in serum by conventional immunoassays is inaccurate in men and even more so in females and children. A new luminescence enzyme immunoassay (LIA) has been developed and validated. The high analytical (8.7 pmol/L) and functional (17.3 pmol/L) sensitivity allows the quantification of the very low concentration in saliva, as well as in serum, after 1/40 dilution. This study measured salivary testosterone levels and compared the results with the free levels calculated from total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin in eugonadal and hypogonadal men. Salivary testosterone concentrations in healthy men in morning hours were 369 pmol/L (mean), range 263–544 pmol/L, which was statistically significantly higher than that in men with androgen deficiency, 215 pmol/L (mean), range 51–249 pmol/L. Repetitive determination of free testosterone concentrations in saliva (once a week for 5 weeks) showed high stability of results over time, with coefficient of variation 9% (range 5–23%). In this study we showed that free salivary testosterone levels in morning samples correlated well with calculated free testosterone in blood, both in healthy men (R = 0.754, P = 0.001), and in patients with androgen deficiency (R = 0.889, P = 0.0001), though in cases with very low testosterone, salivary concentrations were systematically higher than calculated free testosterone levels in blood.