Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Treatment of osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bisphosphonates and other antiresorptive agents

Background The clinical management of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) in patients treated with bisphosphonates and other antiresorptive agents is subject to controversy. The American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) has developed guidelines for the correct management of the disorder which are revised and updated by a panel of experts. Material and Methods The present systematic review analyzes the different treatments currently used to treat this clinical condition, based on the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) statement published in 2009. An electronic Medline search was made of the PubMed database, covering the period 2006-2014. The last search date was 31 December 2014. Results A total of 29 articles were selected from the initial search according to the different drugs implicated in the appearance of osteonecrosis; the treatment modality used according to the stage of the disease; and the recorded success rate. Conclusions It is currently still recommended that the management of MRONJ should be decided according to the stage of the disease – conservative treatment being preferred in early stages without symptoms, while surgical management is preferred in the case of bone exposure with symptoms. Key words:Osteonecrosis, medication, bisphosphonates, treatments, review
Named Entity Recognition: A Maximum Entropy Approach Using Global Information

This paper presents a maximum entropy-based named entity recognizer (NER). It differs from previous machine learning-based NERs in that it uses information from the whole document to classify each word, with just one classifier. Previous work that involves the gathering of information from the whole document often uses a secondary classifier, which corrects the mistakes of a primary sentence-based classifier. In this paper, we show that the maximum entropy framework is able to make use of global information directly, and achieves performance that is comparable to the best previous machine learning-based NERs on MUC-6 and MUC-7 test data.
Advances in Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology P Wave Indices Current Status and Future Directions in Epidemiology, Clinical, and Research Applications

Our review describes the current field of P wave indices. We report the methodology for determining P wave indices. We also describe the strengths and limitations of the current literature on the clinical correlates and prognosis of P wave indices. We suggest future clinical and research directions for P wave indices. The P wave indices of maximum duration and dispersion have received increasing attention and have been examined in a broad range of clinical settings. The ECG, as a vectorcardiogram,1 quantifies the magnitude and direction of electric propagation and depolarization. Insults such as chronically elevated atrial pressure, ischemia, and metabolic stress lead to atrial remodeling marked by inflammation, fibrosis and poor cellular coupling. The electrophysiological result is slowed conduction with inhomogeneous recovery, defining a substrate for atrial fibrillation (AF). 2 Investigators hypothesize that P wave prolongation is an intermediate step in the accumulation of insults ultimately leading to AF. Thus, initial studies sought to demonstrate significant differences between samples with a history of AF and healthy referents, arguing that prolonged P wave duration and dispersion predict recurrent AF. Further studies have used P wave indices to compare multiple samples with and without cardiac diseases. The most recent iteration of studies has extended use of P wave indices beyond cardiac pathology to distinguish a variety of disease entities and comparison groups; the wide array of disease samples studied is listed in Table 1. Given such broad clinical applications, automated reporting of the P wave duration in electrocardiographic measurement for screening purposes has been advocated.41 The variety of studies has resulted in varying methodologies and yielded conflicting results. Many areas in P wave indices research remain uncertain, including their clinical correlates and distribution in the community, and the extent to which P wave indices are associated with AF, predict its occurrence, are heritable phenotypes, or serve as biomarkers of other cardiovascular insults. The present review was undertaken to assess the current evidence for use of P wave indices with attention toward study design, strengths, and remaining questions surrounding their clinical application.
A developmental Bayesian model of trust in artificial cognitive systems

In human-robot interaction trust is one of the main factors to take into account for enabling effective interaction. Limited models exist that delineate the development of trust in real world scenarios. Reshaping one of these models we show how a probabilistic framework based on Bayesian Networks (BNs) can incorporate the reliability of information sources into the decisional process of artificial systems. Furthermore, using a developmental approach we gain some insight on how children estimate people's reliability and how some aspects of the Theory of Mind (ToM) can affect that estimation. To test the model we reproduced a developmental experiment in a computational simulation and we embedded the BNs inside an artificial agent. The simulation results are in line with the real data, and confirm that BNs have the potential for being included as trust evaluator modules in robotic systems.
Model Selection for Support Vector Machines

New functionals for parameter (model) selection of Support Vector Machines are introduced based on the concepts of the span of support vectors and rescaling of the feature space. It is shown that using these functionals, one can both predict the best choice of parameters of the model and the relative quality of performance for any value of parameter.
Managerial Attitudes and Corporate Actions

We administer psychometric tests to senior executives to obtain evidence on their underlying psychological traits and attitudes. We find US CEOs differ significantly from non-US CEOs in terms of their underlying attitudes. In addition, we find that CEOs are significantly more optimistic and risk-tolerant than the lay population. We provide evidence that CEOs' behavioral traits such as optimism and managerial risk-aversion are related to corporate financial policies. Further, we provide new empirical evidence that CEO traits such as risk-aversion and time preference are related to their compensation.
Estrogen Receptor Alpha as a Key Target of Red Wine Polyphenols Action on the Endothelium

Background A greater reduction in cardiovascular risk and vascular protection associated with diet rich in polyphenols are generally accepted; however, the molecular targets for polyphenols effects remain unknown. Meanwhile evidences in the literature have enlightened, not only structural similarities between estrogens and polyphenols known as phytoestrogens, but also in their vascular effects. We hypothesized that alpha isoform of estrogen receptor (ERα) could be involved in the transduction of the vascular benefits of polyphenols. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we used ERα deficient mice to show that endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation induced either by red wine polyphenol extract, Provinols™, or delphinidin, an anthocyanin that possesses similar pharmacological profile, is mediated by ERα. Indeed, Provinols™, delphinidin and ERα agonists, 17-beta-estradiol and PPT, are able to induce endothelial vasodilatation in aorta from ERα Wild-Type but not from Knock-Out mice, by activation of nitric oxide (NO) pathway in endothelial cells. Besides, silencing the effects of ERα completely prevented the effects of Provinols™ and delphinidin to activate NO pathway (Src, ERK 1/2, eNOS, caveolin-1) leading to NO production. Furthermore, direct interaction between delphinidin and ERα activator site is demonstrated using both binding assay and docking. Most interestingly, the ability of short term oral administration of Provinols™ to decrease response to serotonin and to enhance sensitivity of the endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, associated with concomitant increased NO production and decreased superoxide anions, was completely blunted in ERα deficient mice. Conclusions/Significance This study provides evidence that red wine polyphenols, especially delphinidin, exert their endothelial benefits via ERα activation. It is a major breakthrough bringing new insights of the potential therapeutic of polyphenols against cardiovascular pathologies.
An empirical study of experience-based software defect content estimation methods

Capture-recapture models and curve-fitting models have been proposed to estimate the remaining number of defects after a review. This estimation gives valuable information to monitor and control software reliability. However, the different models provide different estimates making it difficult to know which estimate is the most accurate. One possible solution is to, as in this paper, focus on different opportunities to estimate intervals. The study is based on thirty capture-recapture data sets from software reviews. Twenty of the data sets are used to create different models to perform estimation. The models are then evaluated on the remaining ten data sets. The study shows that the use of historical data in model building is one way to overcome some of the problems experienced with both capture-recapture and curve-fitting models, to estimate the defect content after a review.
Influence of Cone Collection Date on Cone, Seed and Germination Characteristics in Allepo Pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) in Kashmir Valley, India

Allepo pine is an exotic conifer introduced in Kashmir valley, which can play the vital role in restoration of degraded areas and has the ability to fulfill the minor need of local inhabitants due to its fast growth, long and high fiber content per hectare which is important for pulp and paper industry keeping in view the importance and constraints of regeneration and germination of this species the study was undertaken to investigate the effect of cone collection date on cone, seed and germination as its cone are hard to open which affects the natural regeneration of this valuable exotic pine in its natural habitat at faculty of forestry, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar. The experiment consisted of 16 treatments/collection dates from 15 th August to 1 st April and was laid out in completely randomized design. The study conducted on maturity indices revealed that seeds were mature when the cone color changed from green to glossy red-brown at maturity on 1 st March onwards. The minimum fresh cone weight of 53.86 g and cone-specific gravity of 0.91-0.87 was recorded on 1 st April. The maximum seed weight of 3.09 g/100 seeds (g) was recorded on 15 th March and remained constant afterward. Whereas maximum germination percent of 43.25 % was recorded 15 th February and remained constant afterward. Therefore, the cone color should be considered as an important index of ripeness. The cone should be collected in the month of March when color of cone turns glossy red-brown.
Preclinical Assessment of Ketamine

Ketamine is used as a general anesthetic, and recent data suggest that anesthetics can cause neurodegeneration and/or neuroprotection. The precise mechanisms are not completely understood. This review is to examine the work on ketamine and to address how developmental biology may be utilized when combined with biochemical, pathological, and pharmacokinetic assessments to produce a bridging model that may decrease the uncertainty in extrapolating preclinical data to human conditions. Advantages of using preclinical models to study critical issues related to ketamine anesthesia have been described. These include the relationships between ketamine‐induced neurotoxicity/protection and the preclinical models/approaches in elucidating mechanisms associated with ketamine exposure. The discussions focus on the following: (1) the doses and time‐course over which ketamine is associated with damage to, or protection of, neural cells, (2) how ketamine directs or signals neural cells to undergo apoptosis or necrosis, (3) how such exposures can trigger mitochondrial dysfunction, (4) how antioxidants and knockdowns of specific transcription modulators or receptors affect neurotoxicity induced by ketamine, and (5) whether the potential neural damage can be monitored after ketamine exposure in living animals using positron emission tomography.
Protocadherin 11X/Y a Human-Specific Gene Pair: an Immunohistochemical Survey of Fetal and Adult Brains

Protocadherins 11X and 11Y are cell adhesion molecules of the δ1-protocadherin family. Pcdh11X is present throughout the mammalian radiation; however, 6 million years ago (MYA), a reduplicative translocation of the Xq21.3 block onto what is now human Yp11 created the Homo sapiens-specific PCDH11Y. Therefore, modern human females express PCDH11X whereas males express both PCDH11X and PCDH11Y. PCDH11X/Y has been subject to accelerated evolution resulting in human-specific changes to both proteins, most notably 2 cysteine substitutions in the PCDH11X ectodomain that may alter binding characteristics. The PCDH11X/Y gene pair is postulated to be critical to aspects of human brain evolution related to the neural correlates of language. Therefore, we raised antibodies to investigate the temporal and spatial expression of PCDH11X/Y in cortical and sub-cortical areas of the human fetal brain between 12 and 34 postconceptional weeks. We then used the antibodies to determine if this expression was consistent in a series of adult brains. PCDH11X/Y immunoreactivity was detectable at all developmental stages. Strong expression was detected in the fetal neocortex, ganglionic eminences, cerebellum, and inferior olive. In the adult brain, the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, and cerebellum were strongly immunoreactive, with expression also detectable in the brainstem.
Regulators of homologous recombination repair as novel targets for cancer treatment

To cope with DNA damage, cells possess a complex signaling network called the ‘DNA damage response’, which coordinates cell cycle control with DNA repair. The importance of this network is underscored by the cancer predisposition that frequently goes along with hereditary mutations in DNA repair genes. One especially important DNA repair pathway in this respect is homologous recombination (HR) repair. Defects in HR repair are observed in various cancers, including hereditary breast, and ovarian cancer. Intriguingly, tumor cells with defective HR repair show increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic reagents, including platinum-containing agents. These observations suggest that HR-proficient tumor cells might be sensitized to chemotherapeutics if HR repair could be therapeutically inactivated. HR repair is an extensively regulated process, which depends strongly on the activity of various other pathways, including cell cycle pathways, protein-control pathways, and growth factor-activated receptor signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanistic wiring of HR is controlled by cell-intrinsic or extracellular pathways. Furthermore, we have performed a meta-analysis on available genome-wide RNA interference studies to identify additional pathways that control HR repair. Finally, we discuss how these HR-regulatory pathways may provide therapeutic targets in the context of radio/chemosensitization.
Yielding and large deviations in micellar gels: a model

We present a simple model that can be used to account for the rheological behaviour observed in recent experiments on micellar gels. The model combines attachment–detachment kinetics with stretching due to shear, and shows well-defined jammed and flowing states. The large-deviation function (LDF) for the coarse-grained velocity becomes increasingly non-quadratic as the applied force F is increased, in a range near the yield threshold. The power fluctuations are found to obey a steady-state fluctuation relation (FR) at small F. However, the FR is violated when F is near the transition from the flowing to the jammed state although the LDF still exists; the antisymmetric part of the LDF is found to be nonlinear in its argument. Our approach suggests that large fluctuations and motion in a direction opposite to an imposed force are likely to occur in a wider class of systems near yielding.
Quantifying sediment resuspension and internal phosphorus loading in shallow near-shore areas in the Gulf of Finland

Sediment resuspension was quantified in shallow, sheltered and semi-exposed coastal areas in the Gulf of Finland. Cylindrical sedimentation traps were placed at six locations including emergent aquatic vegetation stands (Phragmites australis), submerged vegetations stands (Myriophyllum spicatum, Potamogeton pectinatus and Potamogeton perfoliatus) and unvegetated shallow (1–1.5 m) areas. During the study period (19 May–29 September 2009, sampling interval of two weeks), there was a seasonal development of macrophyte stands, as well as variation in suspended matter and sediment resuspension. The resuspension-inhibiting effect of macrophytes was found as decreasing resuspension values in concordance with the increasing macrophyte density during the growing season. However, measured phosphorus resuspension was highest among emergent macrophytes due to high concentration of phosphorus in sediments. A linear regression model for resuspension in shallow coastal areas was developed with which sediment resuspension rate may be predicted.
Utility of bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis in pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Background Bone marrow biopsy is considered essential for the staging and risk-adapted treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma with unfavorable risk features. We reviewed the cases of pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma in our institution to determine the impact of bone marrow involvement on treatment, relapse, and survival. Design and Methods We reviewed the clinical characteristics and outcome of 383 patients treated for Hodgkin’s lymphoma at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital between August 1990 and August 2008. The 5-year survival estimates for patients with and without bone marrow involvement were compared. Results Of 228 patients who had a bone marrow biopsy at diagnosis, 21 had bone marrow involvement. Bone marrow findings changed the disease stage in only seven patients (3.1%): from IB to IVB (n=1), from IIA (with bulky disease) to IVA (n=1), from IIB to IVB (n=1), and from IIIB to IVB (n=4). One patient’s risk assignment changed from intermediate to unfavorable risk without his chemotherapy being altered. No statistically significant difference was observed between patients with stage IV Hodgkin’s lymphoma who did (n=21) and did not (n=61) have bone marrow involvement in 5-year relapse-free survival (89.6± 7% versus 73.9±6.1%; P=0.25) or 5-year overall survival (95.2±8.2% versus 87.3±4.9%; P=0.82). Conclusions Although bone marrow involvement changed the stage in 3.1% of pediatric Hodgkin’s lymphoma patients, it did not change risk-adapted treatment or prognosis. We conclude that bone marrow biopsy need not be performed at diagnosis in patients who have unfavorable risk features, although this finding should be confirmed by larger prospective studies.
Methionine sulfoxide reductase: A novel schizophrenia candidate gene

Methionine sulfoxide reductase (MSRA) is an antioxidant enzyme implicated in protection against oxidative stress and protein maintenance. We have previously reported the association of marker D8S542, located within the MSRA gene, with schizophrenia in the Central Valley of Costa Rica (CVCR). By performing fine mapping analysis, we have now identified a potential three‐marker at risk haplotype within MSRA in the same CVCR sample, with a global P‐value slightly above nominal significance (P = 0.0526). By sequencing the MSRA gene in individuals carrying this haplotype, we identified a novel 4‐base pair deletion 1,792 bases upstream of the MSRA transcription start site. This deletion was significantly under‐transmitted to schizophrenia patients in the CVCR sample (P = 0.0292) using FBAT, and this was replicated in a large independent sample of 321 schizophrenia families from the Hispanic population (P = 0.0367). These findings suggest a protective effect of the deletion against schizophrenia. Further, MSRA mRNA levels were significantly lower in lymphoblastoid cell lines of individuals homozygous for the deletion compared to carriers of the normal allele (P = 0.0135), although significance was only evident when genotypes were collapsed. This suggests that the deleted sequence may play a role in regulating MSRA expression. In conclusion, this work points towards MSRA as a novel schizophrenia candidate gene. Further studies into the mechanisms by which MSRA is involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology may shed light into the biological underpinnings of this disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conventional and Piecewise Growth Modeling Techniques

This article reviews the mechanics of conventional and piecewise growth models to demonstrate the unique affordances of each technique for examining the nature and predictors of children’s early literacy learning during the transition from preschool through first grade. Using the nationally representative Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) data set, 1997 cohort, the authors show how piecewise models revealed discrete contributions of child, family, and classroom experiences to children’s literacy skills within particular years, whereas conventional models, which considered the whole 3-year trajectory of change as a single outcome, revealed fewer of these nuanced contributions.
Quantitative sensory testing of persistent pain after video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy.

BACKGROUND Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomy may potentially reduce the risk of post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS). However, it may still carry a risk of intraoperative nerve damage and thereby development of PTPS. Thus, our aim was to present a detailed long-term neurophysiological characterization of PTPS after VATS. METHODS Quantitative sensory testing, using thermal and mechanical stimuli, was performed in 13 PTPS patients and 35 pain-free patients recruited 33 months after VATS lobectomy. RESULTS When comparing the operated side with the control side in PTPS patients, increased thresholds of tactile and warmth detection were observed, while in pain-free patients, increased thresholds of warmth detection, cool detection, and heat pain were demonstrated. At the anterior porthole, pain-free patients displayed increased threshold to thermal detection when compared with the control side. Only side-to-side difference for tactile detection threshold was increased in PTPS patients compared with pain-free patients. Assessment of central sensitization showed no significant differences within or between PTPS and pain-free patients nor did group comparison of area of hypo- and hyperaesthesia to cool. Anxiety and depression scores (HADS) were higher in PTPS patients, but the area of hyper- and hypoaesthesia did not differ significantly between HADS groups. CONCLUSIONS Increased sensory thresholds suggest nerve injury to be present on the operated side in both PTPS and pain-free patients. However, no significant quantitative differences between PTPS and pain-free patients could be found, implicating the presence of factors other than intercostal nerve injury as important for development of PTPS after VATS lobectomy.