Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Examination of Hydroxychloroquine Use and Hemolytic Anemia in G6PDH‐Deficient Patients

Some sources urge caution when prescribing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) to patients with G6PDH deficiency, presumably due to a risk of hemolytic anemia. There are limited published data, however, to support this risk. Additionally, not all patients with G6PDH deficiency are at similar risk for hemolysis, and people with the African variant are at particularly low risk. Through a retrospective chart review, we aimed to quantify the frequency of G6PDH‐deficient patients with hemolysis attributed to HCQ.
Wealth Inequality and the Price of Anarchy

Price of anarchy quantifies the degradation of social welfare in games due to the lack of a centralized authority that can enforce the optimal outcome. At its antipodes, mechanism design studies how to ameliorate these effects by incentivizing socially desirable behavior and implementing the optimal state as equilibrium. In practice, the responsiveness to such measures depends on the wealth of each individual. This leads to a natural, but largely unexplored, question. Does optimal mechanism design entrench, or maybe even exacerbate, social inequality? We study this question in nonatomic congestion games, arguably one of the most thoroughly studied settings from the perspectives of price of anarchy as well as mechanism design. We introduce a new model that incorporates the wealth distribution of the population and captures the income elasticity of travel time. This allows us to argue about the equality of wealth distribution both before and after employing a mechanism. We start our analysis by establishing a broad qualitative result, showing that tolls always increase inequality in symmetric congestion games under any reasonable metric of inequality, e.g., the Gini index. Next, we introduce the iniquity index, a novel measure for quantifying the magnitude of these forces towards a more unbalanced wealth distribution and show it has good normative properties (robustness to scaling of income, no-regret learning). We analyze iniquity both in theoretical settings (Pigou's network under various wealth distributions) as well as experimental ones (based on a large scale field experiment in Singapore). Finally, we provide an algorithm for computing optimal tolls for any point of the trade-off of relative importance of efficiency and equality. We conclude with a discussion of our findings in the context of theories of justice as developed in contemporary social sciences.
Unsupervised Grammar Induction with Depth-bounded PCFG

There has been recent interest in applying cognitively- or empirically-motivated bounds on recursion depth to limit the search space of grammar induction models (Ponvert et al., 2011; Noji and Johnson, 2016; Shain et al., 2016). This work extends this depth-bounding approach to probabilistic context-free grammar induction (DB-PCFG), which has a smaller parameter space than hierarchical sequence models, and therefore more fully exploits the space reductions of depth-bounding. Results for this model on grammar acquisition from transcribed child-directed speech and newswire text exceed or are competitive with those of other models when evaluated on parse accuracy. Moreover, grammars acquired from this model demonstrate a consistent use of category labels, something which has not been demonstrated by other acquisition models.
Expression and activities of sulfotransferase in rat brain

Abstract Sulfotransferase (SULT) has been found in the brain; however, the details of its function remain unclear. The present study aimed to elucidate the regional differences in the expression of SULT1 and SULT2 mRNA and SULT activities in the eight functional regions of the rat brain (cerebellum, cortex, hippocampus, medulla oblongata, midbrain, olfactory bulb, striatum, and thalamus). All SULT1 isoforms were detected in the medulla oblongata and thalamus. SULT2A1 mRNA was not observed in any of the eight regions, whereas SULT2B1a and SULT2B1b were found in all regions. The SULT2B1b mRNA expression level in the medulla oblongata was 1.7-fold higher than that in the liver. The sulfonation of p-nitrophenol and pregnenolone was detected in all regions. The kinetics of p-nitrophenol sulfonation in the cerebellum fitted to the substrate inhibition model (Km = 37.6 nM, Vmax = 2.72 pmol/min/mg, Vinh = 1.60 pmol/min/mg, and Ki = 0.87 μM). The pregnenolone sulfonation also exhibited substrate inhibition kinetics (Km = 0.99 μM, Vmax = 1.53 pmol/min/mg, and Ki = 54.67 μM). We clarified that SULT1 and SULT2 were expressed and had metabolizing capacities in the rat brain, suggesting that brain SULTs may be involved in metabolism of endogenous compounds and drugs.
Remote data integrity checking with server-side repair

Distributed storage systems store data redundantly at multiple servers that are geographically spread throughout the world. This basic approach would be sufficient in handling server failure due to natural faults, because when one server fails, data from healthy servers can be used to restore the desired redundancy level. However, in a setting where servers are untrusted and can behave maliciously, data redundancy must be used in tandem with Remote Data Checking (RDC) to ensure that the redundancy level of the storage systems is maintained over time. All previous RDC schemes for distributed systems impose a heavy burden on the data owner (client) during data maintenance: To repair data at a faulty server, the data owner needs to first download a large amount of data, re-generate the data to be stored at a new server, and then upload this data at a new healthy server. We work on a new concept, namely, server-side repair, in which the servers are responsible to repair the corruption, whereas the client acts as a lightweight repair coordinator during repair. We propose two novel RDC schemes for replication-based distributed storage systems, RDC-SR and ERDC-SR, which enable server-side repair (thus taking advantage of the premium connections available between a CSP’s data centers) and minimize the load on the client side. Although both schemes achieve a similar objective, RDC-SR assumes that the computational power of the CSP will not grow over time, whereas ERDC-SR relaxes this assumption and considers a CSP whose computational power can increase over time. Our guidelines on choosing the parameters of these schemes provide insights on their practical usage and also reveal that, whereas ERDC-SR can handle more powerful adversaries, it also imposes a minimal file size. Finally, we evaluate the performance of the two schemes. For the RDC-SR scheme, we build a prototype on the Amazon cloud and provide experimental results to support its effectiveness. Our prototype for RDC-SR built on Amazon AWS validates the practicality of this new approach. For the ERDC-SR scheme, our analytical performance analysis shows that the scheme is an order of magnitude more efficient than a simple extension of RDC-SR to defend against the stronger adversarial model.
Health complaints in late adolescence; Frequency, factor structure and the association with socio-economic status

Aims: Little is known about social disparities in health in late adolescence. Among boys and girls aged 17–19, we aimed to (1) describe frequency of health complaints, (2) investigate the factor structure of health complaints and (3) examine the association between health complaints and socio-economic status (SES). Methods: Data from the large population-based youth@hordaland survey (n=10,253) were used. Health complaints were assessed by five items from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Symptoms Checklist, SES by parental education and perceived family economy. Associations between health complaints and SES were investigated using analysis of variance, and the factor structure of health complaints using confirmatory factor analyses. Results: At least one weekly complaint was reported by 47% of girls and 21% of boys. The items showed a good fit to a simple one-factor model when back pain and neck/shoulder pain were allowed to correlate. Health complaints were more frequent among adolescents reporting poor perceived family economy and lower parental education. Conclusions: Our results suggest that health complaints are common in adolescence and might, as in adults, be part of everyday life. Health complaints are more frequent among adolescents from families with lower SES.
Multicentric study on prevalence and risk factors for hypertension and diabetes in tribal communities in Western and Northern Maharashtra

Background and Objectives: Although a number of studies have been conducted on the prevalence of hypertension (HTN) and diabetes on tribal populations in different parts of India, comparative tribe-specific information is very meager. The main objective of this study is to generate tribe-specific information on the noncommunicable disorders (NCDs) and associated risk factors in scheduled tribes (STs) in Coastal and Western Maharashtra. Methods: The study was conducted on 1864 (females 960) adults (≥18 years) of both sexes in four dominant tribes in the region, namely, Bhils (748), Katkaris (560), Kokana (352), and Thakars (204), using the protocols approved by the Institutional Review Board. The study areas were geographically separated by large distances (250–500 km apart). Prevalence of overweight, diabetes, HTN, and hypercholesterolemia was measured using standard field-based techniques described in our earlier publication. Results: All STs in this study are grossly underweight; the Katkaris are worst affected. The prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), HTN (blood pressure ≥140 mmHg), diabetes (capillary blood glucose >126 mg/dl), and hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol ≥200 mg/dl) was 0.9%, 11.7%, 6.7%, and 0.6% respectively. There are no statistically significant inter-tribal differences in the prevalence of these parameters. Age and obesity appeared to be the most dominant risk factors for HTN. However, there is no clear-cut picture about the influence of risk factors on diabetes or hypercholesterolemia. Interpretation and Conclusion: The prevalence of NCDs is still very low in STs, probably due to near absence of the risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperlipidemia. STs are highly endogamous, and the study areas are separated by large distances ruling out intermingling of tribes. Yet, there is no consistent inter-tribal prevalence pattern for NCDs. Although the sample size is small, the results support the view that environmental factors are likely to be more important than host genetics in the causation of NCDs.
Fully Convolutional Networks for Semantic Segmentation of Very High Resolution Remotely Sensed Images Combined With DSM

Recently, approaches based on fully convolutional networks (FCN) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in the semantic segmentation of very high resolution (VHR) remotely sensed images. One central issue in this method is the loss of detailed information due to downsampling operations in FCN. To solve this problem, we introduce the maximum fusion strategy that effectively combines semantic information from deep layers and detailed information from shallow layers. Furthermore, this letter develops a powerful backend to enhance the result of FCN by leveraging the digital surface model, which provides height information for VHR images. The proposed semantic segmentation scheme has achieved an overall accuracy of 90.6% on the ISPRS Vaihingen benchmark.
Long-term Effects of Severe Acute Malnutrition on Lung Function in Malawian children; a cohort study

Lelijveld, Natasha; Kerac, Marko; Seal, Andrew; Chimwezi, Emmanuel; Wells, Jonathan C; Heyderman, Robert S; Nyirenda, Moffat J; Stocks, Janet; Kirkby, Jane; (2017) Long-term effects of severe acute malnutrition on lung function in Malawian children: a cohort study. The European respiratory journal, 49 (4). ISSN 0903-1936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01301-2016 Downloaded from: http://researchonline.lshtm. ac.uk/id/eprint/3853634/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01301-2016
Spatial social polarization and birth outcomes: preterm birth and infant mortality – New York City, 2010–14

Aims: This study assessed the relationship between spatial social polarization measured by the index of the concentration of the extremes (ICE) and preterm birth (PTB) and infant mortality (IM) in New York City. A secondary aim was to examine the ICE measure in comparison to neighborhood poverty. Methods: The sample included singleton births to adult women in New York City, 2010–2014 (n=532,806). Three ICE measures were employed at the census tract level: ICE − Income (persons in households in the bottom vs top 20th percentile of US annual household income), ICE −Race/Ethnicity (black non-Hispanic vs white non-Hispanic populations), and ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity combined. Preterm birth was defined as birth before 37 weeks’ gestation. Infant mortality was defined as a death before one year of age. A two-level generalized linear model with random intercept was utilized adjusting for individual-level covariates. Results: Preterm birth prevalence was 7.1% and infant mortality rate was 3.4 per 1000 live births. Women who lived in areas with the least privilege were more likely to have a preterm birth or infant mortality as compared to women living in areas with the most privilege. After adjusting for covariates, this association remained for preterm birth (ICE – Income: Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 1.16 (1.10–1.21); ICE – Race/Ethnicity: AOR 1.41 (1.34–1.49); ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity: AOR 1.36 (1.29–1.43)) and IM (ICE – Race/Ethnicity (AOR 1.80 (1.43–2.28) and ICE – Income + Race/Ethnicity (AOR 1.54 (1.23–1.94)). High neighborhood poverty was associated with PTB only (AOR 1.09 (1.04–1.14). Conclusions: These results provide preliminary evidence for the use of the ICE measure in examining structural barriers to healthy birth outcomes.
Probability of Tornado Occurrence across Canada

The number of tornado observations in Canada is believed to be significantly lower than the actual occurrences. To account for this bias, the authors propose a Bayesian modeling approach founded upon the explicit consideration of the population sampling bias in tornado observations and the predictive relationship between cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flash climatology and tornado occurrence. The latter variable was used as an indicator for quantifying convective storm activity, which is generally a precursor to tornado occurrence. The CG lightning data were generated from an 11-yr lightning climatology survey (1999‐2009) from the Canadian Lightning Detection Network. The results suggest that the predictions of tornado occurrence in populated areas are fairly reliable with no profound underestimation bias. In sparsely populated areas, the analysis shows that the probability of tornado occurrence is significantly higher than what is represented in the 30-yr data record. Areas with low population density but high lightning flash density demonstrate the greatest discrepancy between predicted and observed tornado occurrence. A sensitivity analysis with variousgridsizes was alsoconducted. It wasfound that thepredictivestatementssupportedby themodel are fairlyrobusttothegrid configuration,but thepopulationdensity pergrid cellis more representativetothe actual population density at smaller resolution and therefore more accurately depicts the probability of tornado occurrence. Finally, a tornado probability map is calculated for Canada based on the frequency of tornado occurrence derived from the model and the estimated damage area of individual tornado events.
Chemical and physical transformations of organic aerosol from the photo-oxidation of open biomass burning emissions in an environmental chamber

Smog chamber experiments were conducted to investigate the chemical and physical transformations of or- ganic aerosol (OA) during photo-oxidation of open biomass burning emissions. The experiments were carried out at the US Forest Service Fire Science Laboratory as part of the third Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME III). We investi- gated emissions from 12 different fuels commonly burned in North American wildfires. The experiments feature atmo- spheric and plume aerosol and oxidant concentrations; aging times ranged from 3 to 4.5 h. OA production, expressed as a mass enhancement ratio (ratio of OA to primary OA (POA) mass), was highly variable. OA mass enhancement ratios ranged from 2.9 in experiments where secondary OA (SOA) production nearly tripled the POA concentration to 0.7 in ex- periments where photo-oxidation resulted in a 30 % loss of the OA mass. The campaign-average OA mass enhancement ratio was 1.7± 0.7 (mean± 1 ); therefore, on average, there was substantial SOA production. In every experiment, the OA was chemically transformed. Even in experiments with net loss of OA mass, the OA became increasingly oxygenated and less volatile with aging, indicating that photo-oxidation transformed the POA emissions. Levoglucosan concentra-
Validation of heart failure diagnosis registered in primary care records in two primary care centres in Barcelona (Spain) and factors related. A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: Heart failure (HF) diagnosis as reported in primary care medical records is not always properly confirmed and could result in over-registration. Objectives: To determine the proportion of registered HF that can be confirmed with information from primary care medical records and to analyse related factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study. The medical records of 595 HF patients attended in two primary healthcare centres in Barcelona (Spain) were revised and validated by a team of experts who classified diagnosis into confirmed, unconfirmed, and misdiagnosis. Variables potentially related to the confirmation of the diagnosis were analysed. The revision of medical records and data collection took place from 15 January to 31 March 2014. Results: Mean (standard deviation) age was 78 (10) years and 58% were women. The diagnosis could be confirmed in 53.6% of patients. Factors associated with a greater probability of having a confirmed diagnosis were age (yearly OR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.95–0.99), cardiologist follow-up (OR: 3.66, 95%CI: 2.46–5.48), history of ischaemic heart disease (OR: 2.18, 95%CI: 1.36–2.48), atrial fibrillation (OR: 2.01, 95%CI: 1.34–3.03), and prescription of loop diuretics (OR: 3.24, 95%CI: 2.14–4.89). Conclusion: Only in half of the patients labelled as HF in primary care medical records could this diagnosis be further confirmed. Variables regularly registered in clinical practice could help general practitioners identify those patients requiring a revision of their HF diagnosis.
Correlation of human papillomavirus status with apparent diffusion coefficient of diffusion‐weighted MRI in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas

Identification of prognostic patient characteristics in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is of great importance. Human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive HNSCCs have favorable response to (chemo)radiotherapy. Apparent diffusion coefficient, derived from diffusion‐weighted MRI, has also shown to predict treatment response. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation between HPV status and apparent diffusion coefficient.
Processors for ALOS Optical Data: Deconvolution, DEM Generation, Orthorectification, and Atmospheric Correction

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is responsible for the development of prototype processors for PRISM and AVNIR-2 data under a contract of the European Space Agency. The PRISM processor comprises the radiometric correction, an optional deconvolution to improve image quality, the generation of a digital elevation model, and orthorectification. The AVNIR-2 processor comprises radiometric correction, orthorectification, and atmospheric correction over land. Here, we present the methodologies applied during these processing steps as well as the results achieved using the processors.
Methodological Issues in Clinical Trials of Antidepressant Medications: Perspectives from Psychotherapy Outcome Research

Despite their widespread use, the specific efficacy of antidepressant medications has been a source of debate in recent years. Examination of the literature reveals that a significant proportion of the benefit produced in antidepressant trials is duplicated in pill placebo conditions. Furthermore, early trials utilizing active placebos, or medications that mimic the common side effects of antidepressants, showed even smaller differences as compared with active medications. We examine issues surrounding the use of placebo control conditions in antidepressant trials, including the pros and cons of active placebos. We conclude that similar challenges are faced by psychotherapy outcome researchers who have focused more on the separation of specific from nonspecific treatment factors and on the effects of researcher allegiance and patient expectancy on outcome. Within this context, recommendations for improving future antidepressant research are discussed.
Phase transition of the contact process on random regular graphs

We consider the contact process with infection rate lambda on a random (d + 1)-regular graph with n vertices, G(n). We study the extinction time tau(Gn) (that is, the random amount of time until the infection disappears) as n is taken to infinity. We establish a phase transition depending on whether lambda is smaller or larger than lambda(1) (T-d), the lower critical value for the contact process on the infinite, (d + 1) -regular tree: if lambda lambda(1) (T-d), it grows exponentially with n. This result differs from the situation where, instead of G(n), the contact process is considered on the d-ary tree of finite height, since in this case, the transition is known to happen instead at the upper critical value for the contact process on T-d.
The Tubular Penetration Depth and Adaption of Four Sealers: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study

Background. The tubular penetration and adaptation of the sealer are important factors for successful root canal filling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tubular penetration depth of four different sealers in the coronal, middle, and apical third of root canals as well as the adaptation of these sealers to root canal walls. Materials and Methods. 50 single-rooted teeth were prepared in this study. Forty-eight of them were filled with different sealers (Cortisomol, iRoot SP, AH-Plus, and RealSeal SE) and respective core filling materials. Then the specimens were sectioned and scanning electron microscopy was employed to assess the tubular penetration and adaptation of the sealers. Results. Our results demonstrated that the maximum penetration was exhibited by RealSeal SE, followed by AH-Plus, iRoot SP, and Cortisomol. As regards the adaptation property to root canal walls, AH-Plus has best adaptation capacity followed by iRoot SP, RealSeal SE, and Cortisomol. Conclusion. The tubular penetration and adaptation vary with the different sealers investigated. RealSeal SE showed the most optimal tubular penetration, whereas AH-Plus presented the best adaptation to the root canal walls.