Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the two definitions of AI

Two different definitions of the Artificial Intelligence concept have been proposed in papers [1] and [2]. The first definition is informal. It says that any program that is cleverer than a human being, is acknowledged as Artificial Intelligence. The second definition is formal because it avoids reference to the concept of human being. The readers of papers [1] and [2] might be left with the impression that both definitions are equivalent and the definition in [2] is simply a formal version of that in [1]. This paper will compare both definitions of Artificial Intelligence and, hopefully, will bring a better understanding of the concept.
Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence

Abstract African American college students tend to obtain lower grades than their White counterparts, even when they enter college with equivalent test scores. Past research suggests that negative stereotypes impugning Black students' intellectual abilities play a role in this underperformance. Awareness of these stereotypes can psychologically threaten African Americans, a phenomenon known as “stereotype threat” (Steele & Aronson, 1995), which can in turn provoke responses that impair both academic performance and psychological engagement with academics. An experiment was performed to test a method of helping students resist these responses to stereotype threat. Specifically, students in the experimental condition of the experiment were encouraged to see intelligence—the object of the stereotype—as a malleable rather than fixed capacity. This mind-set was predicted to make students' performances less vulnerable to stereotype threat and help them maintain their psychological engagement with academics, both of which could help boost their college grades. Results were consistent with predictions. The African American students (and, to some degree, the White students) encouraged to view intelligence as malleable reported greater enjoyment of the academic process, greater academic engagement, and obtained higher grade point averages than their counterparts in two control groups.
Using clustering methods to improve ontology‐based query term disambiguation

In this article we describe results of our research on the disambiguation of user queries using ontologies for categorization. We present an approach to cluster search results by using classes or “Sense Folders” (prototype categories) derived from the concepts of an assigned ontology, in our case WordNet. Using the semantic relations provided from such a resource, we can assign categories to prior, not annotated documents. The disambiguation of query terms in documents with respect to a user‐specific ontology is an important issue in order to improve the retrieval performance for the user. Furthermore, we show that a clustering process can enhance the semantic classification of documents, and we discuss how this clustering process can be further enhanced using only the most descriptive classes of the ontology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Int Syst 21: 693–709, 2006.
Stellar Winds and Embedded Star Formation in the Galactic Center Quintuplet and Arches Clusters: Multifrequency Radio Observations

A multifrequency, multiconfiguration study has been made of the compact radio sources in the Galactic center Quintuplet and Arches stellar clusters using the Very Large Array. Ten radio sources have been detected in the Quintuplet cluster. The majority of these radio sources have rising spectral indices and are positionally coincident with young massive stars that are known to have powerful stellar winds. We conclude that the three most compact of these sources are produced by stellar wind emission; thus, mass-loss rates can be derived and have an average value of 3 × 10-5 M⊙ yr-1. The remainder of the sources are likely to be a combination of stellar wind emission and free-free emission from surrounding ionized gas. In three cases, the radio sources have no stellar counterpart, and the radio emission is thought to arise from compact or ultracompact H II regions. If so, these sources would be the first detections of embedded massive stars to be discovered in the Galactic center clusters. The radio nebula associated with the Pistol star resembles the nebula surrounding the luminous blue variable star η Car and may be related to the stellar wind of the Pistol star. Ten compact radio sources are also detected in the Arches cluster and are interpreted to be stellar wind sources, consistent with previous findings. Several of the sources show moderate variability (10%–30%) in their flux density, possibly related to a nonthermal component in the wind emission. A number of radio sources in both clusters have X-ray counterparts, which have been interpreted to be the shocked, colliding winds of massive binary systems.
A GALAXY MERGER SCENARIO FOR THE NGC 1550 GALAXY FROM METAL DISTRIBUTIONS IN THE X-RAY EMITTING PLASMA

The elliptical galaxy NGC 1550 at a redshift of z = 0.01239, identified with an extended X-ray source RX J0419+0225, was observed with XMM-Newton for 31 ks. From the X-ray data and archival near-IR data of Two Micron All Sky survey, we derive the profiles of components constituting the NGC 1550 system: the gas mass, total mass, metal mass, and galaxy luminosity. The metals (oxygen, silicon, and iron) are extended to ∼200 kpc from the center, wherein ∼ 70% of the K-band luminosity is carried by NGC 1550 itself. As first revealed with ASCA, the data reconfirms the presence of a dark halo, of which the mass (1.6 × 1013 M☉) is typical of a galaxy group rather than of a single galaxy. Within 210 kpc, the K-band mass-to-light ratio reaches 75 M☉/L☉, which is comparable to those of clusters of galaxies. The iron mass-to-light ratio profile (silicon and oxygen mass-to-light ratio profiles as well) exhibits about 2 orders of magnitude decrease toward the center. Further studies comparing mass densities of metals with those of the other cluster components reveal that the iron (as well as silicon) in the ICM traces very well the total gravitating mass, whereas the stellar component is significantly more concentrated to within several tens of kpc of the NGC 1550 nucleus. Thus, in the central region, the amount of metals is significantly depleted for the luminous galaxy light. Among a few possible explanations of this effect, the most likely scenario is that galaxies in this system were initially much more extended than today, and gradually fell to the center and merged into NGC 1550.
Automating Web-Navigation Support Using a Cognitive Model

Reducing cognitive overhead is one way to ensure fast and easy web-navigation for users. We present here an automated navigation-support tool for websites. Whenever a user visits a website for searching some information, the tool will suggest relevant links to click, where they can find desired information on that website. The tool is based on a new cognitive model CoLiDeS++Pic, which combines two related models, CoLiDeS+ and CoLiDeS+Pic. The model computes semantic similarity between the user goal and the website information using latent semantic analysis technique. It also takes into account the path adequacy, performs appropriate backtracking if required, and uses semantic information from pictures. In the current implementation, the tool is not fully automated because the semantic features of pictures have to be obtained manually. To evaluate the effectiveness of the tool, we conducted an experiment with tool support and multi-tasking as independent variables. Statistical analysis showed a significant positive impact of the tool support for time needed to perform search tasks, disorientation in navigation and task-accuracy. The navigation performance in time and disorientation of the users and answering questions are improved when provided with the tool support. Multi-tasking had no effect on time needed or answering questions, but we observed an unexpected positive effect on disorientation, suggesting that perhaps the participants were more motivated to perform primary task due to the assigned secondary task (monitoring a video at the same time), which resulted in less disorientation.
Evaluation of Genetic Algorithms for tuning SVM parameters in multi-class problems

Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a useful technique for data classification with successful applications in different fields of bioinformatics, image segmentation, data mining, etc. A key problem of these methods is how to choose an optimal kernel and how to optimize its parameters in the learning process of SVM. The objective of this study is to propose a Genetic Algorithm approach for parameter optimization to solve this kind of problem. The proposed method is compared with grid algorithm, a traditional method for parameter setting, by conducting some experiments using different benchmark data sets. The results observed show better performance of hybrid GA-SVM method by improving classification accuracy.
X-ray emission from dense plasma in classical T Tauri stars: hydrodynamic modeling of the accretion shock

Context. High spectral resolution X-ray observations of classical T Tauri stars (CTTSs) demonstrate the presence of plasma at temperature T ∼ 2−3 × 10 6 K and density ne ∼ 10 11 −10 13 cm −3 , which are unobserved in non-accreting stars. Stationary models suggest that this emission is due to shock-heated accreting material, but do not allow us to analyze the stability of the material and its position in the stellar atmosphere. Aims. We investigate the dynamics and stability of shock-heated accreting material in classical T Tauri stars and the role of the stellar chromosphere in determining the position and thickness of the shocked region. Methods. We perform one-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of the impact of an accretion flow on the chromosphere of a CTTS, including the effects of gravity, radiative losses from optically thin plasma, thermal conduction and a well tested detailed model of the stellar chromosphere. We present the results of a simulation based on the parameters of the CTTS MP Mus. Results. We find that the accretion shock generates an hot slab of material above the chromosphere with a maximum thickness of 1.8 × 10 9 cm, density ne ∼ 10 11 −10 12 cm −3 , temperature T ∼ 3 × 10 6 K, and uniform pressure equal to the ram pressure of the accretion flow (∼450 dyn cm −2 ). The base of the shocked region penetrates the chromosphere and remains at a position at which the ram pressure is equal to the thermal pressure. The system evolves with quasi-periodic instabilities of the material in the slab
Automatic detection of psychological distress indicators in online forum posts

The stigma associated with mental health issues makes face-to-face discussions with family members, friends, or medical professionals difficult for many people. In contrast, the Internet, due to its ubiquity and global outreach, is increasingly becoming a popular medium for distressed individuals to anonymously relate experiences. In this paper, we present a system for automatically detecting psychological distress indicators in informal text interactions on Internet discussion forums. We compare a suite of innovative features and classifiers on data downloaded from an online forum discussing psychological health issues. Psychologists annotated individual messages with a comprehensive set of distress labels derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV. The noisy nature of the forum posts and the large set of distress labels for multi-label text classification (many of which cannot be detected by a mere surface form analysis of the text), make the task extremely challenging. A late fusion technique combines outputs from different classifiers resulting in promising accuracy on this challenging multi-label classification problem.
Lengthening over nails using the double plate system ONAS-DPS

Stable insertion of large Schanz screws behind an intramedullary (IM) nail when lengthening over nails (LON) may be difficult due to the limited bone stock. Additionally, the highly probable contact between the screws and IM nail (which is difficult to avoid) increases the likelihood of infection spreading from the skin via Schanz screws directly to the IM nail. A new device for LON has been developed. Instead of inserting Schanz screws from the external fixator beside the IM nail (as in standard LON), a system of two overlaying plates was constructed. Schanz screws can be fixed to the plates without entering the bone. The plates are fixed to the bone using four angle stability screws. The holes in the plates offer stabile fixation for a chosen angle under which the screw is positioned through the cortical bone. Using the new system there is no need to place Schanz screws behind the IM nail. Instead, Schanz screws pass to the plate and not through the bone. The new system for elongation over IM nail is called “Over Nail Angle Stability-Double Plate System” (ONAS-DPS) [Antolič V (2013) Modular side device with an intramedullary nail for guiding a bone during its lengthening. World Intellectual Property Organization. International Publication number: WO 2013/176632 A1].
Significance Of Life Skills Education

Adolescence is a period when the intellectual, physical, social, emotional and all the capabilities are very high, but, unfortunately, most of the adolescents are unable to utilize their potential to maximum due to various reasons. They face many emerging issues such as global warming, famines, poverty, suicide, population explosion as well as other issues like alcoholism, drug abuse, sexual abuse, smoking, juvenile delinquency, anti-social acts, etc. that have an adverse effect on them and others too, to a large extent. The cut-throat competition, unemployment, lack of job security, etc. are some of the major concerns for the educated and as a result, they are caught in the mad race. This new challenge requires immediate and effective responses from a socially responsible system of education. ‘Education’ is important, but education to support and live life better is more important. It has been felt that life skills education bridges the gap between basic functioning and capabilities. It strengthens the ability of an individual to meet the needs and demands of the present society and helps in dealing with the above issues in a manner to get desired behavior practical. Imparting life skill training through inculcating life skill education will help youth to overcome such difficulties in life. The present paper focuses on the importance of life skills education and the benefits of imparting life skill education in our curriculum i.e. developing social, emotional & thinking skills in students, as they are the important building blocks for a dynamic citizen, who can cope up with future challenges, and survive well.
Multi year sea ice concentration mapping using passive and active microwave satellite data

Though changes of the full ice cover in the Arctic are well described due to availability for processing SMMR/SSMI passive microwave data, changes of the composition of the Arctic ice cover, in terms of ice types still need to be quantified, at least for winter season. Algorithms for mapping multiyear ice concentrations based on passive microwave data suffer from a number of problems. In this paper, those problems are described and it has been shown that QuikSCAT scatterometer data can add complimentary information to that available from passive microwave, which can assist in fixing the boundary between first-year and multiyear ice and in removing erroneously classified by passive microwave algorithm multiyear ice in the ice edge area.
Joint cHANNEL-AND-dATA estimation for large-MIMO systems with low-precision ADCs

The use of low precision (e.g., 1 - 3 bits) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) in very large multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems is a technique to reduce cost and power consumption. In this context, nevertheless, it has been shown that the training duration is required to be very large just to obtain an acceptable channel state information (CSI) at the receiver. A possible solution to the MIMO system with low precision ADCs is joint channel-and-data (JCD) estimation. This paper first develops an analytical framework for studying the MIMO system using JCD estimation. In particular, we use the Bayes-optimal inference for the JCD estimation and realize this estimator utilizing a recent technique based on approximate message passing. Large-system analysis based on the replica method is then adopted to derive the asymptotic performances of the JCD estimator. Results from simulations confirm our theoretical findings and reveal that the JCD estimator can provide a significant gain over conventional pilot-only schemes in the MIMO system.
Open clusters: their kinematics and metallicities

Abstract We review our work on Galactic open clusters in recent years, and introduce our proposed large program for the LOCS (LAMOST Open Cluster Survey). First, based on the most complete open clusters sample with metallicity, age and distance data as well as kinematic information, some preliminary statistical analysis regarding the spatial and metallicity distributions is presented. In particular, a radial abundance gradient of −0.058±0.006 dex kpc−1 is derived. By dividing clusters into the age groups we show that the disk abundance gradient was steeper in the past. Secondly, proper motions, membership probabilities, and velocity dispersions of stars in the regions of two very young open clusters are derived. Both clusters show clear evidence of mass segregation, which provides support for the “primordial” mass segregation scenario. Based on the advantages of the forthcoming LAMOST facility, we have proposed a detailed open cluster survey with LAMOST (the LOCS). The aim, feasibility, and the present development of the LOCS are briefly summarized.
Investigation of Real-Time Wave Height Measurement Using X-Band Navigation Radar

In order to meet the warship's needs of real-time wave height measurement, a method using X-band navigation radar to measure wave height is presented. In this paper, the principle of wave height measurement based on X-band navigation radar is also introduced, the mathematical model of wave height measurement using X-band navigation radar is given. According to the X-band radar-image sequences collected from East Sea in China, the wave heights are retrieved based on mathematical model. The retrieved wave heights are validated by comparison of the radar-derived significant wave heights with the significant wave heights acquired from in-situ buoy sensors. It is shown that the accuracy of the radar-retrieved significant wave height is consistent with the accuracy of the in-situ buoy sensors. Therefore, to some extent, the reliability of the mathematical model is verified, to measure the wave height using X-band navigation radar is available in warship.
Contextual Factors and the Extreme Right Vote in Western Europe, 1980–2002

Research on the voters of the extreme right in Western Europe has become a minor industry, but relatively little attention has been paid to the twin question of why support for these parties is often unstable, and why the extreme right is so weak in many countries. Moreover, the findings from different studies often contradict each other. This article aims at providing a more comprehensive and satisfactory answer to this research problem by employing a broader database and a more adequate modeling strategy. The main finding is that while immigration and unemployment rates are important, their interaction with other political factors is much more complex than suggested by previous research. Moreover, persistent country effects prevail even if a whole host of individual and contextual variables is controlled for.
Customized Random Walk for Generating Wikipedia Article Recommendations

Suggesting content for online users based on their previous activity is an ongoing problem for websites. Personalized content recommendations are influential in deciding customer satisfaction and make it easier for users to focus on only the information that is relevant to their interests. Indeed, one way to look at personalized recommendations is as a clustering problem: good recommendations will be the items that are most similar to the items in the user’s history. In this way, generating recommendations takes on the second motivation of gauging what it means for an entity to be similar to a set of entities. In this paper, we look at a network of Wikipedia articles and evaluate different methods for generating recommended articles based on a set of starting articles. As Wikipedia is not generally a site that needs to provide personalized recommendations, our primary motivation here is to determine how well content similarity in articles is captured by these methods. There are two types of algorithms traditionally used in recommender systems, both of which have weaknesses when it comes to large networks. The first, collaborative filtering, compares a user’s preferences with a large number of other users’ preferences to return things they are likely to enjoy. This method, however, requires storing preferences for each user and keeping them up to date as they react to new things. This is clearly not ideal for first-time users and can be very memory-intensive as the number of users increases and many updates must be made. The other, content-based method looks instead at the items that the user has in their history and compares them to other items in the database and returns the most similar ones. Although this method doesn’t require much more storage than is already required by having the options available, it does require complex and imperfect calculations of similarity between multifaceted items. We instead look at a network-based approach to finding related content. Each node in the network represents a Wikipedia article, with directed links going from one article to another if there is a hyperlink within the first article to the second. Given a set of starting nodes, can we traverse the graph from each of these nodes and find the articles that are most related to the starting
The Long-Term Spectral Measurement of Voice Quality as a Social and Personality Marker: A Review

As a long-term vocal feature, voice quality can function as a marker of individuality, be a carrier of personality characteristics and affect, as well as being characteristic of social and ethnic groups. In measuring voice quality acoustically, therefore, the most appropriate measure is one that reflects this long-term nature, particularly when perceptual judgments are to be related to the acoustic values. One potentially useful long-term acoustic measure of voice quality is the long-term average spectrum. This paper reviews the success of the long-term average spectrum in discriminating voice qualities, and the consequent usefulness to researchers working in such areas as phonetics, communications, cross-cultural studies, personality and the social psychology of language.