Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Surpassing the TLB performance of superpages with less operating system support

Many commercial microprocessor architectures have added translation lookaside buffer (TLB) support for superpages. Superpages differ from segments because their size must be a power of two multiple of the base page size and they must be aligned in both virtual and physical address spaces. Very large superpages (e.g., 1MB) are clearly useful for mapping special structures, such as kernel data or frame buffers. This paper considers the architectural and operating system support required to exploit medium-sized superpages (e.g., 64KB, i.e., sixteen times a 4KB base page size). First, we show that superpages improve TLB performance only after invasive operating system modifications that introduce considerable overhead. We then propose two subblock TLB designs as alternate ways to improve TLB performance. Analogous to a subblock cache, a complete-subblock TLB associates a tag with a superpage-sized region but has valid bits, physical page number, attributes, etc., for each possible base page mapping. A partial-subblock TLB entry is much smaller than a complete-subblock TLB entry, because it shares physical page number and attribute fields across base page mappings. A drawback of a partial-subblock TLB is that base page mappings can share a TLB entry only if they map to consecutive physical pages and have the same attributes. We propose a physical memory allocation algorithm, page reservation, that makes this sharing more likely. When page reservation is used, experimental results show partial-subblock TLBs perform better than superpage TLBs, while requiring simpler operating system changes. If operating system changes are inappropriate, however, complete-subblock TLBs perform best.
Association between older adults’ functional performance and their scores on the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)

Purpose The paper aims to investigate if the performance of older adults on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were associated or predictive of their functional performance in a geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) inpatient hospital setting. This will inform the occupational therapy assessment and management of older adults admitted to sub-acute GEM settings. Design/methodology/approach In all, 20 participants (11 men, 9 women, mean age 82 years, SD = 6.93) were recruited from a GEM ward in an Australian hospital. Participants’ cognitive abilities were assessed using the MMSE and MoCA, and their functional performance were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure (FIM). Spearman’s rho correlations and linear regression analyses were completed. Bootstrapping was applied to the regression analyses to accommodate the small study sample size. Findings No statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total and subscale scores of the MMSE and FIM or between the total and subscale scores of the MoCA and FIM. In other words, the cognitive and functional abilities of older adults admitted to a GEM setting were not significantly associated in this study. Originality/value The findings suggest that the MoCA and the MMSE were not predictive of participants’ functional performance as measure by the FIM in a sub-acute GEM setting. Occupational therapists should be cautious when interpreting participants’ MMSE, MoCA and FIM results and not depend solely on these results in the goal setting and intervention planning processes for clients on GEM wards. Further studies are recommended to confirm these findings.
The Yiqi and Yangyin Formula ameliorates injury to the hematopoietic system induced by total body irradiation

In this study, we examined whether the Yiqi and Yangyin Formula (YYF), used in traditional Chinese medicine, could ameliorate damage to the hematopoietic system induced by total body irradiation (TBI). Treatment with 15 g/kg of YYF increased the survival rate of Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice exposed to 7.5 Gy TBI. Furthermore, YYF treatment increased the white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit (HCT) counts in ICR mice exposed to 2 Gy or 4 Gy TBI. Treatment with YYF also increased the number of bone marrow cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and the colony-forming ability of granulocyte–macrophage cells. YYF alleviated TBI-induced suppression of the differentiation ability of HPCs and HSCs and decreased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs), HPCs and HSCs from mice exposed to 2 Gy or 4 Gy TBI. Overall, our data suggest that YYF can ameliorate myelosuppression by reducing the intracellular ROS levels in hematopoietic cells after TBI at doses of 2 Gy and 4 Gy.
Robust Visual Tracking via Convolutional Networks

Deep networks have been successfully applied to visual tracking by learning a generic representation offline from numerous training images. However the offline training is time-consuming and the learned generic representation may be less discriminative for tracking specific objects. In this paper we present that, even without offline training with a large amount of auxiliary data, simple two-layer convolutional networks can be powerful enough to develop a robust representation for visual tracking. In the first frame, we employ the k-means algorithm to extract a set of normalized patches from the target region as fixed filters, which integrate a series of adaptive contextual filters surrounding the target to define a set of feature maps in the subsequent frames. These maps measure similarities between each filter and the useful local intensity patterns across the target, thereby encoding its local structural information. Furthermore, all the maps form together a global representation, which is built on mid-level features, thereby remaining close to image-level information, and hence the inner geometric layout of the target is also well preserved. A simple soft shrinkage method with an adaptive threshold is employed to de-noise the global representation, resulting in a robust sparse representation. The representation is updated via a simple and effective online strategy, allowing it to robustly adapt to target appearance variations. Our convolution networks have surprisingly lightweight structure, yet perform favorably against several state-of-the-art methods on the CVPR2013 tracking benchmark dataset with 50 challenging videos.
Occupational stereotypes, gender segregation and job satisfaction

The literature in sociology and psychology shows that people have gender-speciﬁc stereotypes with regard to jobs and occupations. We argue that such stereotypes can affect individuals preferences and job utility. We investigate the relationship between occupational stereotypes and job satisfaction, using a unique representative data source with around 30000 observations to construct a measure of occupational stereotypes that indicates whether jobs are socially viewed as being stereotypically female or male. We demonstrate the existence of structural gender differences in the relationship between occupational stereotypes and job satisfaction. Women tend to report signiﬁcantly lower satisfaction values in stereotypically female jobs but greater satisfaction with their income in those same jobs. Men tend to be more satisﬁed with stereotypically male jobs. We consider the endogeneity of an individual’s job choice by instrumenting the individuals job choices with re-gional variance of gender speciﬁc jobs. We argue that our results are highly in line with recent theoretical work that incorporates the concept of identity into economic theory such as Akerlof and Kranton (2000) . First, our results extend the literature on gender-speciﬁc job satisfaction. Second, the results help to understand more about the mechanisms behind occupational segregation.
Numerical simulations of the accretion-ejection instability in magnetised accretion disks

The Accretion-Ejection Instability (AEI) described by Tagger & Pellat ([CITE], hereafter TP99) is explored numerically using a global 2d model of the inner region of a magnetised accretion disk. The disk is initially currentless but threaded by a vertical magnetic field created by external currents, and frozen in the flow. In agreement with the theory a spiral instability, similar in many ways to those observed in self-gravitating disks, develops when the magnetic field is, within a factor of a few, at equipartition with the disk thermal pressure. Perturbations in the flow build up currents and create a perturbed magnetic field within the disk. The present non-linear simulations give good evidence that such an instability can occur in the inner region of accretion disks, and generate accretion of gas and vertical magnetic flux toward the central object, if the equilibrium radial profiles of density and magnetic flux exceed a critical threshold.
Série Scientifique Scientific Series the Value of Capital Market Regulation: Ipos versus Reverse Mergers the Value of Capital Market Regulation: Ipos versus Reverse Mergers

Reproduction partielle permise avec citation du document source, incluant la notice ©. Short sections may be quoted without explicit permission, if full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. CIRANO Le CIRANO est un organisme sans but lucratif constitué en vertu de la Loi des compagnies du Québec. Le financement de son infrastructure et de ses activités de recherche provient des cotisations de ses organisations-membres, d'une subvention d'infrastructure du Ministère du Développement économique et régional et de la Recherche, de même que des subventions et mandats obtenus par ses équipes de recherche. CIRANO is a private non-profit organization incorporated under the Québec Companies Act. Its infrastructure and research activities are funded through fees paid by member organizations, an infrastructure grant from the Ministère du Développement économique et régional et de la Recherche, and grants and research mandates obtained by its research teams. Le CIRANO collabore avec de nombreux centres et chaires de recherche universitaires dont on peut consulter la liste sur son site web. Les cahiers de la série scientifique (CS) visent à rendre accessibles des résultats de recherche effectuée au CIRANO afin de susciter échanges et commentaires. Ces cahiers sont écrits dans le style des publications scientifiques. Les idées et les opinions émises sont sous l'unique responsabilité des auteurs et ne représentent pas nécessairement les positions du CIRANO ou de ses partenaires. This paper presents research carried out at CIRANO and aims at encouraging discussion and comment. The observations and viewpoints expressed are the sole responsibility of the authors. They do not necessarily represent positions of CIRANO or its partners. Résumé / Abstract Nous étudions les conséquences économiques des exigences en matière de réglementation des valeurs mobilières dans une situation où l'asymétrie informationnelle est importante et les contraintes réglementaires limitées. Au Canada, les entreprises peuvent s'inscrire en Bourse alors qu'elles ne rapportent pas de revenu. Elles peuvent utiliser le processus classique du premier appel public à l'épargne ou utiliser une méthode d'inscription déguisée par prise de contrôle inversée. La supervision des autorités en matière de valeurs mobilières est plus légère dans ce cas, et le processus d'inscription se fait beaucoup plus rapidement. En tenant compte des multiples caractéristiques incluant l'endogénéité du choix du mode d'entrée, nous montrons que le choix du mode d'entrée et donc de la rigueur de la supervision influence de façon significative la valeur et la performance boursière à long terme des émetteurs. Nos …
Causal and causally-inspired learning

A main goal of statistics and machine learning is to discover statistical dependencies between random variables, and these dependencies will be used to perform predictions on future observations. However, many scientific investigations involve causal predictions, the aim of which is to infer how the data generating system should behave under changing conditions, for example, changes induced by external interventions. To perform causal predictions, we need both statistical dependencies as well as causal structures to determine the behaviour of the system. The standard way to identify causal structures is to use randomized controlled experiments. However, conducting these experiments is usually expensive or even impossible in many scenarios. As a consequence, inferring cause and effect relationships from purely observational data, known as causal discovery or causal learning, has drawn much attention. Various causal discovery methods have been proposed in the past decades, including constraint-based methods, structural equation modelsbased methods, and time series-based methods. Among these methods, time series-based methods, e.g., Granger causality, are relatively well-established as the temporal information excludes the case that effects happen before causes. Many of the existing time series-based methods assume that the data are measured at the right frequency; however, in practice the sampling frequency of the data is often lower than the true causal frequency. In this thesis, we consider learning high-resolution causal relationships at the causal frequency from subsampled time series. Existing methods suffer from the identifiability problems: under the Gaussianity assumption of the data, the solutions are generally not unique. We prove that, however, if the noise terms are non-Gaussian, the underlying model is identifiable from subsampled time series under mild conditions. We then propose an Expectation-Maximization approach and a variational inference approach to recover causal relations from subsampled data. More recently, researchers began to touch upon implications of causal models for machine learning tasks such as semi-supervised learning and domain adaptation. In this thesis, we develop causally-inspired learning methods for domain adaptation in both multi-source and single-source settings. In particular, we use causal models to represent the relationship between the features and labels, and consider possible situations where different modules of the causal model change with the domain. In each situation, we investigate what knowledge is appropriate to transfer and find the optimal target-domain hypothesis. Furthermore, we propose methods to correct distribution shift in the general situation where the marginal distribution of features and conditional distribution of labels given features both change, under the assumption that labels are causes for features. We provide theoretical analysis and empirical evaluation on both synthetic and real-world data to show the effectiveness of our methods.
An efficient implementation of trusted channels based on openssl

Security breaches on the Internet rarely involve compromising secure channels - typically based on protocols like Transport Layer Security (TLS) or Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) - because communication endpoints are much easier to compromise. Recent approaches aiming to solve this problem rely on the TLS protocol to additionally provide integrity information of the involved endpoints. However, these solutions have shortcomings with regard to either security, functionality or compliance to the TLS specification. This prevents that those approaches are deployed in practice. In this paper, we present an implementation of a security architecture for establishing Trusted Channels based on OpenSSL that resolves the deficiencies of the previous solutions. It provides the possibility to convey reliable integrity information of the involved endpoints and offers the high security standards of former approaches while being flexible, scalable and efficient to enable widespread deployment.
The Star Formation Properties of Disk Galaxies: Hα Imaging of Galaxies in the Coma Supercluster

We present integrated Hα measurements obtained from imaging observations of 98 late-type galaxies, primarily selected in the Coma supercluster. These data, combined with Hα photometry from the literature, include a magnitude-selected sample of spiral (Sa to Irr) galaxies belonging to the "Great Wall" complete up to mp = 15.4, and thus composed of galaxies brighter than Mp = -18.8 (H0 = 100 km s-1 Mpc-1). The frequency distribution of the Hα equivalent width, determined for the first time from an optically complete sample, is approximately Gaussian, peaking at EW ∼ 25 Å. We find that, at the present limiting luminosity, the star formation properties of spiral + Irr galaxy members of the Coma and A1367 Clusters do not differ significantly from those of the isolated ones belonging to the Great Wall. The present analysis confirms the well-known increase of the current massive star formation rate (SFR) with Hubble type. Moreover, perhaps a more fundamental anticorrelation exists between the SFR and the mass of disk galaxies: low-mass spirals and dwarf systems have present SFRs ∼50 times higher than giant spirals. This result is consistent with the idea that disk galaxies are coeval, evolving as "closed systems" with exponentially declining SFR, and that the mass of their progenitor protogalaxies is the principal parameter governing their evolution. Massive systems having high initial efficiency of collapse, or a short collapse timescale, have retained little gas to feed the present epoch of star formation. These findings support the conclusions of Gavazzi & Scodeggio, who studied the color-mass relation of a local galaxy sample, and agree with the analysis by Cowie et al., who traced the star formation history of galaxies up to z > 1.
Antimicrobial Resistance, Biofilm Formation and mecA Characterization of Methicillin-Susceptible S. aureus and Non-S. aureus of Beef Meat Origin in Egypt

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found in various farm animal species throughout the world. Yet, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MS-NSA), and methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus (MR-NSA) were not investigated. Therefore, we persued to determine the diversity in their phenotypic virulence assay, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization in one of the food chains in Egypt. Samples were collected during 2013 from beef meat at retail. Twenty seven isolates comprising five species (S. hyicus, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus) were characterized for their antibiotic resistance phenotypic profile and antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA, gyrB, and grlA). Out of the 27 Staphylococcus isolates only one isolate was resistant to the 12 antibiotics representing nine classes. Raw beef meat sold across the Great Cairo zone, contains 66.7% of MRS, with highest prevalence was reported in S. aureus (66.7%), while the MRS non-S. aureus strains constituted 66.7% from which S. hyicus (60%), S. intermedius (33.3%), S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (100%), and S. lentus (100%) were MRS. Seven S. aureus, six S. hyicus, four S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, three S. intermedius, and one S. lentus isolates although being resistant to oxacillin yet, 11/27 (40.7%) carried the mecA gene. At the same time, the cfr gene was present in 2 of the nine S. aureus isolates, and totally undetectable in S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus. Although, global researches largely focused into MRSA and MR-NSA in animals on pigs, the analysis of our results stipulates, that buffaloes and cattle could be MRSA dispersers and that this theme is not specific to pigs. Detection of MSSA virulence determinants is a must, as although oxacillin resistance may be absent yet, the MSSA may carry the virulence determinants which could be a source of perilous S. aureus for the human community.
Addiction profiles of patients with substance dependency living in Adiyaman province

Substance dependence is a pervasive international problem that severely affect the physical and mental health of the individuals who have them, their families, especially the vulnerable teenagers who are at risk of developing physical and mental health problems and substance abuse because of their parentÂ’s addictions. In contrast to the magnitude of the problem, little research and practice literature addresses these issues. The aim of the present study was to investigate the addiction profiles of patients with substance dependency living in Adiyaman. This study was conducted on addicted males in Adiyaman, Turkey. A total of 80 consecutively presenting males who agreed to participate in the study were evaluated. Data were collected with the Personal Information Form, Addiction Profile Index Clinical Form (API-C)-Practitioner Form. 4 patients (5%) had low addiction severity (1.6 points below), 41 patients (51.2%) had moderate addiction severity (1.6 to 4.6 points), and 35 patients (%43.8) had high addiction severity. There was a significant difference in terms of substance use characteristics subscale (p=0,019), anger management problems subscale (p=0,005), and novelty seeking behaviour subscale (p=0,002) in comparison of API subscales, API total scores, and API-C additional subscales according to age (≤25 years and >25 years). The vast majority of patients were found to have a moderate or high addiction severity, especially in young patients. It was seen that the anger problems and novelty seeking behaviours were more related to age. These characteristics, which are mostly related to young patients, should be considered during substance abuse treatment.
Eastward-Propagating Intraseasonal Oscillation Represented by Chikira–Sugiyama Cumulus Parameterization. Part II: Understanding Moisture Variation under Weak Temperature Gradient Balance

AbstractThe eastward-propagating intraseasonal oscillation represented by the Chikira–Sugiyama cumulus scheme in a general circulation model was investigated focusing on the variation of the free-tropospheric humidity. The net effect of the vertical advection and cloud process amplifies the positive moisture anomaly in the mature phase, supporting the moisture-mode theory. The horizontal advection causes the eastward propagation of the field. The variation of the moisture profile is accurately understood by using environmental vertical velocity outside cumuli. The velocity is regulated by a thermodynamic balance under a weak temperature gradient. A nondimensional parameter α plays an important role in the moisture variation, which characterizes the efficiency of moistening (drying) induced by external heating (cooling). In the middle and lower troposphere, the major moistening factor is the radiative warming anomaly, which induces the upward environmental vertical velocity anomaly. The reevaporation of th.