Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Community-level gender equity and extramarital sexual risk-taking among married men in eight African countries.

CONTEXT In many parts of Africa, women are most likely to become infected with HIV by having unprotected sex with their husbands, who may have acquired the virus through extramarital sex. However, the ways in which aspects of community environments-particularly those related to gender equity-shape men's extramarital sexual risk-taking are not well understood. METHODS Demographic and Health Survey data from eight African countries (Chad, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe) were used to examine associations between married men's engaging in risky extramarital sex (i.e., having had both unprotected sex and extramarital sex) and indicators of gender equity and other community characteristics. Separate multilevel logistic regression models that incorporated individual, household and community measures were created for each country. RESULTS In five countries, men who lived in communities with more equal ratios of women to men with at least a primary education were less likely to report risky extramarital sexual activity (odds ratios, 0.4-0.6). A similar relationship was found in four countries for the ratio of women to men who were employed (0.4-0.5). In three countries, men who lived in communities with more conservative attitudes toward wife-beating or male decision making had elevated odds of extramarital sexual risk-taking (1.1-1.5). CONCLUSIONS While HIV prevention programs should focus on reducing gender inequities, they also need to recognize the conservative cultural factors that influence the formation of men's masculine identities and, in turn, affect their sexual behavior.
In Vitro Studies on Phytochemical Content, Antioxidant, Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and Antigenotoxic Activities of Lemon, Grapefruit, and Mandarin Citrus Peels.

BACKGROUND In recent years, there has been considerable research on recycling of agroindustrial waste for production of bioactive compounds. The food processing industry produces large amounts of citrus peels that may be an inexpensive source of useful agents. OBJECTIVE The present work aimed to explore the phytochemical content, antioxidant, anticancer, antiproliferation, and antigenotxic activities of lemon, grapefruit, and mandarin peels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peels were extracted using 98% ethanol and the three crude extracts were assessed for their total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using DPPH (1, 1diphenyl2picrylhydrazyl). Their cytotoxic and mitogenic proliferation activities were also studied in human leukemia HL60 cells and mouse splenocytes by CCK8 assay. In addition, genotoxic/ antigenotoxic activity was explored in mouse splenocytes using chromosomal aberrations (CAs) assay. RESULTS Lemon peels had the highest of TPC followed by grapefruit and mandarin. In contrast, mandarin peels contained the highest of TFC followed by lemon and grapefruit peels. Among the extracts, lemon peel possessed the strongest antioxidant activity as indicated by the highest DPPH radical scavenging, the lowest effective concentration 50% (EC50= 42.97 ? g extract/ mL), and the highest Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC=0.157). Mandarin peel exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 77.8 ? g/mL) against HL60 cells, whereas grapefruit and lemon peels were ineffective antileukemia. Further, citrus peels possessed immunostimulation activity via augmentation of proliferation of mouse splenocytes (Tlymphocytes). Citrus extracts exerted noncytotoxic, and antigenotoxic activities through remarkable reduction of CAs induced by cisplatin in mouse splenocytes for 24 h. CONCLUSIONS The phytochemical constituents of the citrus peels may exert biological activities including anticancer, immunostimulation and antigenotoxic potential.
Variables that affect teachers’ attitudes towards disability and inclusive education in Mumbai, India

Teacher attitude is one of the most important variables in the education of children with disabilities. Attitudes of general educators in the city of Mumbai, India, toward disabilities and inclusion of students with disabilities into regular schools were studied through the usage of two attitude scales. The study investigated whether variable background characteristics such as age, gender, income level, education levels, years of teaching experience, acquaintance with a person with a disability, having a family member with a disability, frequency of contact and closeness to a person with disability affect the attitudes of teachers towards people with disabilities and towards inclusion of students with disabilities into regular schools. The analyses revealed that while some of the variables of interest did affect teachers’ attitudes towards disabilities, the only variable that affected teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion was prior acquaintance with a person with a disability.
Fusion and the cognitive basis for bilingual discourse markers

This paper argues for a cognitive motivation behind the nonseparation of the systems of discourse marking available to bilinguals. It produces evidence that bilingual speakers, in an unconscious effort to reduce the mental effort which is necessary to monitor and direct the hearer's responses and reactions to the speaker's utterances, can simplify monitoring -and- directing operations by eliminating the language-specific options available to them, thereby automaticizing the choice of expressions. This cognitive motivation, I argue, is so strong that it will at times override the social and communicative constraints on the discourse, leading to counterstrategic, unintentional choices or slips. It is suggested that Fusion, as the phenomenon is defined, is responsible for a type of bilingual discourse marking which, if extralinguistic factors permit, may lead to language change. Fusion figures in a function-based model of language contact phenomena alongside Integration, Differentiation, and Convergence, and the position of other approaches to bilingual discourse markers is examined in the light of this model.
GROSS MOVEMENT PATTERNS IN ELITE FEMALE BEACH VOLLEYBALL

Recent research has shown the developments made in the analysis of gross movement patterns in tennis, but such research has yet to be extended to the field of beach volleyball. This study was designed to develop a method for analysing gross movement patterns so as to quantify movement types and their relationship to real competition and performed during the European Beach Volleyball Championships held in Valencia (Spain) in 2006, using the SportsCode analysis software. The aim of the study was to compare gross movement types and patterns in female professional beach volleyball. A quantitative analysis of beach volleyball play was carried out on 10 players taking part in the aforementioned volleyball championship, using video recordings of the 1,646 movements that were registered in four matches played. The recordings were analysed using SPSS ver. 13.0. Chi-square tests showed significant differences between the types of gross moves. The first result of the analysis showed that female players used the offensive movement patterns (OMPs) 59% of the time (p≤.001), and the defensive movement patterns (DMPs) 41% of the time. The second result showed that 24% of the DMPs were receptions, 29% (p≤.05) were blocks, and 47% (p≤.001) were defence moves. The final analysis showed that 34% (p≤.001) of the OMPs were placements, 50% (p≤.001) were attacking moves, and 16% were attack preparation moves. Identifying and understanding DMPs and OMPs in female toplevel players is vital for defining specific and effective beach volleyball training strategies.
90 nm node damascene copper stress voiding model and lifetime extrapolation methodology

Stress induced by thermal expansion mismatch between metal, silicon substrate and dielectrics may affect the integrity of copper interconnects. As a matter of fact, the voids formed by vacancy coalescence beneath vias, are likely to induce opens in the interconnects. With a view to predict the lifetime of copper interconnects, we developed a predictive model of the resistance evolution due to stress induced voiding. This model is validated by experimental investigation of the resistance evolution in time of different types of via chains during isothermal annealing lasting up to 1000 h. This model is able to simulate resistance increase depending on the temperature and geometry. Thus, it is possible to optimize test structures and to evaluate effective acceleration factors.
The Role of Loss in the Experience of Grief: The Case of Job Loss

Grief has mainly been studied in the context of bereavement. This research has long suggested that loss-related disruption may be contingent upon the extent that loss has impacted individuals' sense of self. This article examines the association of loss of another important identity marker, one's employment, and the experience of grief symptoms. Results support the discriminant validity of grief from depression and anxiety symptoms, the role of the self in moderating the effect of job loss on the experience of grief, and the role of avoidance as a potential link between the self and grief symptoms.
Experience, Reality, and Computer-Controlled Technology

In 1984 we saw the first signs of a serious backlash against educational computing. We had finally reached a point where people began to rebel against the euphoric hype surrounding microcom­ puters that had been going on unabated for three or four years. The major serious criticism seemed to revolve around the notion that the computerbased technology might replace real experience — or even real people — in the classroom. In some cases this had happened; instead of using more expensive science equipment, some schools were saving money by limiting students to manipulating objects and chemicals on the screen. Still, in spite of some misuse of technology, the criticism that electronic experiences were replacing "real" ex-
How does ideology influence welfare retrenchment proposals? Application of a new methodology

Most studies that aim to measure the influence of ideology on policymaking use the share of cabinet seats held by left versus right parties, manifesto data, expert judgments, or ideology scores as ways to operationalize ideology. These measures, however, cannot systematically capture the content of policy debates, ideological arguments used, or how these arguments change over time. Based on the concept of framing, this article presents an alternative methodology to study the role of ideology in welfare retrenchment proposals across countries and over time. By identifying recurring arguments, welfare ‘frames’ within which reform debates play out can be identified and compared over time. Applying this methodology to 578 New Zealand parliamentary budget debate speeches from 1970 to 2012, this article finds that there is more overlap in the welfare arguments used by both Labour and National in 1984 and 2000 – years when the Labour Party was in government. Thus instead of welfare frames being defined strictly along ideological party lines as Labour versus National, they might also be defined in terms of a multi-party ‘in power’ frame versus a multi-party ‘in opposition’ frame. In other words, whichever party is in power may matter more to welfare retrenchment debates than traditional party positions.
Single-Cell (Meta-)Genomics of a Dimorphic Candidatus Thiomargarita nelsonii Reveals Genomic Plasticity

The genus Thiomargarita includes the world's largest bacteria. But as uncultured organisms, their physiology, metabolism, and basis for their gigantism are not well understood. Thus, a genomics approach, applied to a single Candidatus Thiomargarita nelsonii cell was employed to explore the genetic potential of one of these enigmatic giant bacteria. The Thiomargarita cell was obtained from an assemblage of budding Ca. T. nelsonii attached to a provannid gastropod shell from Hydrate Ridge, a methane seep offshore of Oregon, USA. Here we present a manually curated genome of Bud S10 resulting from a hybrid assembly of long Pacific Biosciences and short Illumina sequencing reads. With respect to inorganic carbon fixation and sulfur oxidation pathways, the Ca. T. nelsonii Hydrate Ridge Bud S10 genome was similar to marine sister taxa within the family Beggiatoaceae. However, the Bud S10 genome contains genes suggestive of the genetic potential for lithotrophic growth on arsenite and perhaps hydrogen. The genome also revealed that Bud S10 likely respires nitrate via two pathways: a complete denitrification pathway and a dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia pathway. Both pathways have been predicted, but not previously fully elucidated, in the genomes of other large, vacuolated, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Surprisingly, the genome also had a high number of unusual features for a bacterium to include the largest number of metacaspases and introns ever reported in a bacterium. Also present, are a large number of other mobile genetic elements, such as insertion sequence (IS) transposable elements and miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs). In some cases, mobile genetic elements disrupted key genes in metabolic pathways. For example, a MITE interrupts hupL, which encodes the large subunit of the hydrogenase in hydrogen oxidation. Moreover, we detected a group I intron in one of the most critical genes in the sulfur oxidation pathway, dsrA. The dsrA group I intron also carried a MITE sequence that, like the hupL MITE family, occurs broadly across the genome. The presence of a high degree of mobile elements in genes central to Thiomargarita's core metabolism has not been previously reported in free-living bacteria and suggests a highly mutable genome.
Tetraspan TM4SF5-dependent direct activation of FAK and metastatic potential of hepatocarcinoma cells

Summary Transmembrane 4 L six family member 5 (TM4SF5) plays an important role in cell migration, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity is essential for homeostatic and pathological migration of adherent cells. However, it is unclear how TM4SF5 signaling mediates the activation of cellular migration machinery, and how FAK is activated during cell adhesion. Here, we showed that direct and adhesion-dependent binding of TM4SF5 to FAK causes a structural alteration that may release the inhibitory intramolecular interaction in FAK. In turn, this may activate FAK at the cell's leading edge, to promote migration/invasion and in vivo metastasis. TM4SF5-mediated FAK activation occurred during integrin-mediated cell adhesion. TM4SF5 was localized at the leading edge of the cells, together with FAK and actin-organizing molecules, indicating a signaling link between TM4SF5/FAK and actin reorganization machinery. Impaired interactions between TM4SF5 and FAK resulted in an attenuated FAK phosphorylation (the signaling link to actin organization machinery) and the metastatic potential. Our findings demonstrate that TM4SF5 directly binds to and activates FAK in an adhesion-dependent manner, to regulate cell migration and invasion, suggesting that TM4SF5 is a promising target in the treatment of metastatic cancer.
Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and diverticulectomy: initial experience of four cases.

PURPOSE We report our initial experience with four cases of robot-assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and diverticulectomy performed between June 2005 and August 2007. PATIENTS AND METHODS The series consisted of three male patients and one female with a mean age of 64 years (range 36-77 years). In each case, a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach was used to mobilize the bladder. Next the bladder lesion was scored circumferentially cystoscopically with a Collings knife. The remainder of the excision and bladder reconstruction was performed with the da Vinci robot. RESULTS Mean operative time was 194 minutes with a mean blood loss of 35 mL. The urethral catheter was removed between 5 and 14 days following a normal cystogram. There were no significant complications. Postoperative hospital stay was 2 to 3 days. CONCLUSION Robot-assisted laparoscopic partial cystectomy and diverticulectomy are technically feasible and represent an alternative to open and conventional laparoscopic approaches.
Reduced Complexity Rule Induction

We present an architecture for rule induction that emphasizes compact, reduced-complexity rules. A new heuristic technique for finding a covering rule set of sample data is described. This technique refines a set of production rules by iteratively replacing a component of a rule with its single best replacement. A method for rule induction has been developed that combines this covering and refinement scheme with other techniques known to help reduce the complexity of rule sets, such as weakest-link pruning, resampling, and the judicious use of linear discriminants. Published results on several real-world datasets are reviewed where decision trees have performed relatively poorly. It is shown that far simpler decision rules can be found with predictive performance that exceeds those previously reported for various learning models, including neural nets and decision trees.
Length and Locus of Friendship Influence Church Members' Sense of Social Support and Comfort with Sharing Emotions

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether older people involved with religious congregations differentiate their friends within the congregation from their friends outside the congregation in terms of perceptions of social support and their comfort with sharing various positive and negative emotions. The study also examined older adults' perceptions of differences in social support and comfort with sharing emotions with friends they have known a long time and friends they have known for three years or less. The results showed significant differences between long time friends and new friends in terms of a stronger sense of social support and greater comfort with sharing positive and negative emotions. No differences were noted for social support or comfort with sharing emotions in comparisons of friends within and outside of congregations. Study participants were significantly more comfortable sharing positive emotions than negative emotions with all categories of friends and there was a significant positive relation between social support and comfort with sharing emotions. Results are discussed in terms of the types of congregations to which the participants belonged and the role of congregational leaders in providing opportunities for older people to develop and sustain friendships within the faith community.
Face recognition using discrete cosine transform for global and local features

Face Recognition using Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) for Local and Global Features involves recognizing the corresponding face image from the database. The face image obtained from the user is cropped such that only the frontal face image is extracted, eliminating the background. The image is restricted to a size of 128 × 128 pixels. All images in the database are gray level images. DCT is applied to the entire image. This gives DCT coefficients, which are global features. Local features such as eyes, nose and mouth are also extracted and DCT is applied to these features. Depending upon the recognition rate obtained for each feature, they are given weightage and then combined. Both local and global features are used for comparison. By comparing the ranks for global and local features, the false acceptance rate for DCT can be minimized.
Nigella sativa concoction induced sustained seroreversion in HIV patient.

Nigella sativa had been documented to possess many therapeutic functions in medicine but the least expected is sero-reversion in HIV infection which is very rare despite extensive therapy with highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). This case presentation is to highlight the complete recovery and sero-reversion of adult HIV patient after treatment with Nigella sativa concoction for the period of six months. The patient presented to the herbal therapist with history of chronic fever, diarrhoea, weight loss and multiple papular pruritic lesions of 3 months duration. Examination revealed moderate weight loss, and the laboratory tests of ELISA (Genscreen) and western blot (new blot 1 & 2) confirmed sero-positivity to HIV infection with pre-treatment viral (HIV-RNA) load and CD4 count of 27,000 copies/ml and CD4 count of 250 cells/ mm(3) respectively. The patient was commenced on Nigella sativa concoction 10 mls twice daily for 6 months. He was contacted daily to monitor side-effects and drug efficacy. Fever, diarrhoea and multiple pruritic lesions disappeared on 5th, 7th and 20th day respectively on Nigella sativa therapy. The CD4 count decreased to 160 cells/ mm3 despite significant reduction in viral load (≤1000 copies/ml) on 30th day on N. sativa. Repeated EIA and Western blot tests on 187th day on Nigella sativa therapy was sero-negative. The post therapy CD4 count was 650 cells/ mm(3) with undetectable viral (HIV-RNA) load. Several repeats of the HIV tests remained sero-negative, aviraemia and normal CD4 count since 24 months without herbal therapy. This case report reflects the fact that there are possible therapeutic agents in Nigella sativa that may effectively control HIV infection.
Individual latent error detection: is there a time and a place for the recall of past errors?

A task carried out in error creates a latent condition that can result in a future undesirable outcome if the error is not detected later. The paper presents a study of the relatively under-researched phenomenon of post-task latent error detection. Focusing on UK naval aircraft maintenance, it was hypothesised that time, location and systems cues influence individual latent error detection amongst naval air engineers who experience the phenomenon. The systems view of human error is combined with a multi-process approach to post-task latent error research, for which findings suggest that distributed cognition across the entire socio-technical system may be influential in post-task latent error detection. Directions for future research will be of benefit to those interested in furthering safety resilience using a systems approach to minimise the consequences arising from latent error. Relevance to human factors/ergonomics theoryThe nature and extent of post-task latent error detection is explored using a systems approach, for which distributed cognition across the entire socio-technical system appears influential. The aim of current research is to develop interventions to further mitigate for latent errors and thus advance the systems application of ergonomics theory.