Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Remarks on only

Several theories of the meaning of only have been suggested in the literature: these theories, while agreeing on the analysis of the exclusive proposition, disagree on the status of the prejacent. The objective of this paper is to assess the merits and problems of these theories and to sketch an alternative proposal that I will argue solves some of the problems raised by the previous theories. A more extensive discussion of the issues presented in this paper can be found in Ippolito (2007).
Do Parents Risk Aversion and Wealth Explalin Secondary School Choice

Using data in which individual risk aversion is measured from answers to a lottery question, I investigate if (and to what extent) parents’ risk aversion and wealth can explain secondary schooling choices of young Italians. The question is relevant because the type of secondary school is likely to affect accession to college and the future performance in the labor market. I find that risk aversion has no effect on the choice of secondary school while family wealth is significantly positively associated to the choice of “Liceo”. OLS and IV estimates show that parents’ wealth has a significantly larger effect in liquidity constrained families (4% of the sample). This finding points to the necessity of introducing schooling grants at lower levels of schooling.
Platelets in pulmonary vascular physiology and pathology

Almost a trillion platelets pass through the pulmonary circulation every minute, yet little is known about how they support pulmonary physiology or contribute to the pathogenesis of lung diseases. When considering this conundrum, three questions jump out: Does platelet production in the lungs occur? Why does severe thrombocytopenia—which undercuts the principal physiological role of platelets to effect hemostasis—not lead to pulmonary hemorrhage? Why does atherothrombosis—which platelets initiate, maintain, and trigger is other critically important arterial beds—not develop in the pulmonary artery? The purpose of this review is to explore these and derivative questions by providing data within a conceptual framework that begins to organize a subject that is largely unassembled.
Myeloid Leukemia? Repair: A Model for Genomic Instability with Progression in Reactive Oxygen Species, DNA Damage, and Error-Prone

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) comprise a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, with an increased propensity to develop acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The molecular basis for MDS progression is unknown, but a key element in MDS disease progression is loss of chromosomal material (genomic instability). Using our twostep mouse model for myeloid leukemic disease progression involving overexpression of human mutant NRAS and BCL2 genes, we show that there is a stepwise increase in the frequency of DNA damage leading to an increased frequency of errorprone repair of double-strand breaks (DSB) by nonhomologous end-joining. There is a concomitant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these transgenic mice with disease progression. Importantly, RAC1, an essential component of the ROSproducing NADPH oxidase, is downstream of RAS, and we show that ROS production in NRAS/BCL2 mice is in part dependent on RAC1 activity. DNA damage and error-prone repair can be decreased or reversed in vivo by N-acetyl cysteine antioxidant treatment. Our data link gene abnormalities to constitutive DNA damage and increased DSB repair errors in vivo and provide a mechanism for an increase in the error rate of DNA repair with MDS disease progression. These data suggest treatment strategies that target RAS/RAC pathways and ROS production in human MDS/AML. [Cancer Res 2007;67(18):8762–71]
Towards specification, modelling and analysis of fault tolerance in self managed systems

In this paper we describe initial ideas about modeling and analyzing fault tolerance mechanisms in self managed/self healing systems. Specifications are component based, with coordination mechanisms for building systems from components. A modal action logic is augmented with deontic operators to describe normal vs abnormal behaviours. Fault tolerance mechanisms can be specified in terms of the kind of abnormality encountered and the desired recovery route. Abstract programming models can be systematically constructed from the specifications in LTSA, a finite state, process algebra based modeling tool. LTSA then enables us to check that various properties do or do not hold for the specified fault tolerance mechanisms.
A prospective study of the early postsurgical psychiatric associations of epilepsy surgery

OBJECTIVES To examine prospectively the frequency and nature of psychiatric symptoms seen in patients during the first three months after temporal lobe surgery for chronic intractable epilepsy and in addition to study the relation between presurgical mental state, laterality of surgery, and postsurgical seizure and psychiatric course. METHOD A consecutive series of 60 patients being assessed for temporal lobe surgery for intractable epilepsy were studied. They were interviewed before surgery and at six weeks and again at three months after operation. RESULTS At six weeks after surgery half of those with no psychopathology preoperatively had developed symptoms of anxiety or depression and 45% of all patients were noted to have increased emotional lability. By three months after surgery emotional lability and anxiety symptoms had diminished whereas depressive states tended to persist. Patients with a left hemispheric focus were more likely to experience persisting anxiety. CONCLUSION The early months after surgery for epilepsy are characterised by the relatively common presence of psychiatric symptoms. It is proposed that presurgical and early postsurgical neuropsychiatric involvement in programmes of surgery for epilepsy will help to improve the quality of the treatment package offered to patients.
Fundamental stellar photometry for standards of spectral type on the revised system of the Yerkes spectral atlas

Photometry and spectroscopy are among the most important and fundamental types of astronomical observations. By the middle of the twentieth century most spectral classification was defined in terms of MKK type standards (Morgan, Keenan & Kellerman 1943). However, for a variety of reasons (Weaver 1947), the establishment of photometric standards remained problematic. Commission 25 (Photometry) of the International Astronomical Union devoted seemingly endless years to discussions on the establishment of an international photometric standard system. Weaver (1952) advocated that a new sub-commission should be created which would have as its task " The establishment of an 'ideal' photo-electric color and magnitude system. " A subsequent IAU resolution (Oosterhoff 1954) suggested that " La Commission recommende que soit constituJe une nouvelle sous-commission des Jtalons de magnitudes
Effects of Stratospheric Conditions on the Viability, Metabolism and Proteome of Prokaryotic Cells

The application of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to inhibit bacterial growth is based on the principle that the exposure of DNA to UV radiation results in the formation of cytotoxic lesions, leading to inactivation of microorganisms. Herein, we present the impacts of UV radiation on bacterial cultures’ properties from the biological, biochemical and molecular biological perspective. For experiments, commercial bacterial cultures (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and isolates from patients with bacterial infections (Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were employed. The above-mentioned strains were exposed to UV using a laboratory source and to stratospheric UV using a 3D printed probe carried by a stratospheric balloon. The length of flight was approximately two hours, and the probe was enriched by sensors for the external environment (temperature, pressure and relative humidity). After the landing, bacterial cultures were cultivated immediately. Experimental results showed a significant effect of UV radiation (both laboratory UV and UV from the stratosphere) on the growth, reproduction, behavior and structure of bacterial cultures. In all parts of the experiment, UV from the stratosphere showed stronger effects when compared to the effects of laboratory UV. The growth of bacteria was inhibited by more than 50% in all cases; moreover, in the case of P. aeruginosa, the growth was even totally inhibited. Due to the effect of UV radiation, an increased susceptibility of bacterial strains to environmental influences was also observed. By using commercial tests for biochemical markers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, significant disparities in exposed and non-exposed strains were found. Protein patterns obtained using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that UV exposure is able to affect the proteins’ expression, leading to their downregulation, observed as the disappearance of their peaks from the mass spectrum.
Elevated Levels of DNA Strand Breaks Induced by a Base Analog in the Human Cell Line with the P32T ITPA Variant

Base analogs are powerful antimetabolites and dangerous mutagens generated endogenously by oxidative stress, inflammation, and aberrant nucleotide biosynthesis. Human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA) hydrolyzes triphosphates of noncanonical purine bases (i.e., ITP, dITP, XTP, dXTP, or their mimic: 6-hydroxyaminopurine (HAP) deoxynucleoside triphosphate) and thus regulates nucleotide pools and protects cells from DNA damage. We demonstrate that the model purine base analog HAP induces DNA breaks in human cells and leads to elevation of levels of ITPA. A human polymorphic allele of the ITPA, 94C->A encodes for the enzyme with a P32T amino-acid change and leads to accumulation of nonhydrolyzed ITP. The polymorphism has been associated with adverse reaction to purine base-analog drugs. The level of both spontaneous and HAP-induced DNA breaks is elevated in the cell line with the ITPA P32T variant. The results suggested that human ITPA plays a pivotal role in the protection of DNA from noncanonical purine base analogs.
The global financial crisis

Until Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy in September 2008, the conventional wisdom was that the crisis was the result of problems in the financial sector. However, after the dramatic falls in industrial production in countries such as Japan and Germany starting in the last quarter of 2008, it became clear that the origins of the crisis were deeper. This paper argues that there was an economic crisis that was due to the bursting of a property and stock bubble in the US and a number of other countries. Just as in Japan in the 1990's, this greatly affected the real economy. The problems in the financial system were a symptom rather than a cause, but there was a strong feedback effect into the real economy. The structure of the global financial system and the nature of banking regulation have been severely inadequate. The paper suggests reforms in the structure of the IMF, the governance of central banks and the form of banking regulation.
Bank management between shareholders and regulators

This essay discusses the corporate governance of banks. Bank managers must balance competing demands from shareholders and regulators, which distinguishes banks from most other firms. The essay is structured into three parts. The theoretical section first broadly defines management and its governance as a process with certain built-in ambiguities that defy a strict notion of accountability. Then, a focus on financial stakeholders clarifies the different governance objectives of owners and creditors, and integrates bank regulation into the concept of debt governance. The empirical section surveys the extant literature to derive insights as to which theoretical predictions have so far received more wide-spread support, and in which areas the insights generated by researchers may still be too vague to lend themselves as a basis for policy advice. The third section then spells out a recommendation for a logically consistent regime in which shareholders (equity governance) and regulators (debt governance) can meaningfully coexist in their quest to guide and constrain bank managers.
Oxide-Oxide Thermocompression Direct Bonding Technologies with Capillary Self-Assembly for Multichip-to-Wafer Heterogeneous 3D System Integration

Plasma- and water-assisted oxide-oxide thermocompression direct bonding for a self-assembly based multichip-to-wafer (MCtW) 3D integration approach was demonstrated. The bonding yields and bonding strengths of the self-assembled chips obtained by the MCtW direct bonding technology were evaluated. In this study, chemical mechanical polish (CMP)-treated oxide formed by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PE-CVD) as a MCtW bonding interface was mainly employed, and in addition, wafer-to-wafer thermocompression direct bonding was also used for comparison. N2 or Ar plasmas were utilized for the surface activation. After plasma activation and the subsequent supplying of water as a self-assembly mediate, the chips with the PE-CVD oxide layer were driven by the liquid surface tension and precisely aligned on the host wafers, and subsequently, they were tightly bonded to the wafers through the MCtW oxide-oxide direct bonding technology. Finally, a mechanism of oxide-oxide direct bonding to support the previous models was discussed using an atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometer (APIMS).
A Contextualized, Differential Sequence Mining Method to Derive Students' Learning Behavior Patterns

Computer-based learning environments can produce a wealth of data on student learning interactions. This paper presents an exploratory data mining methodology for assessing and comparing students' learning behaviors from these interaction traces. The core algorithm employs a novel combination of sequence mining techniques to identify dierentially frequent patterns between groups of students (e.g., experimental versus control conditions or high versus low performers). We extend this technique by contextualizing the sequence mining with information about the student's performance over the course of the learning interactions. Specically, we employ a piecewise linear segmentation algorithm in concert with the dierential sequence mining technique to identify and compare segments of students' productive and unproductive learning behaviors. We present the results from the application of this exploratory data mining methodology to learning interaction trace data gathered during a recent middle school class study with the Betty's Brain learning environment. These results illustrate the potential of this methodology in identifying learning behavior patterns relevant to the investigation of metacognition and strategy use.
A Fundamental Trade-Off between the Download Cost and Repair Bandwidth in Distributed Storage Systems

Distributed storage systems are mainly justified due to the limited amount of storage capacity and improving the reliability through distributing data over multiple storage nodes. However, it may happen the data is stored in unreliable nodes, while it is desirable the end user to have a reliable access to the stored data. So,~in an event that a node is damaged,~to prevent the system reliability to regress,~it is necessary to regenerate a new node with the same amount of stored data as the damaged node to retain the number of storage nodes, thereby having the previous reliability. This requires the new node to connect to some of existing nodes, and downloads the required information, thereby occupying some bandwidth, called the repair bandwidth. On the other hand, it is more likely the cost of downloading varies across different nodes. This paper aims at investigating the fundamental trade-off between the download cost and repair bandwidth, and more importantly, it is shown any point on this curve can be achieved through the use of the so called generalized regenerating codes which is an enhancement to the regenerating codes introduced by Dimakis et al. in~\cite{dim1}.
The Women and Men of Harvard Law School: The Preliminary Results from the HLS Career Study

There is widespread consensus that the legal profession stands at an important inflection point. Traditional models of professional organization, practice, and education are under increasing pressure to adapt to important changes in the environments in which lawyers work. At the same time, these same forces make the profession’s commitment to its traditional ideals of equality and the rule of law more relevant and important than ever.The current status of women in the legal profession mirrors this complex duality. On the one hand, the number of women entering the profession has increased dramatically in recent decades, and women lawyers can now be found in leadership positions in virtually every major legal institution in the country, including three female justices on the United States Supreme Court. And yet, the percentage of women in these top positions remains far below their representation in the profession, even when adjusted for the fact that women did not begin to enter legal practice in significant numbers until the 1970s. To make matters worse, even women who have achieved important career success appear to be leaving their prestigious positions - and the profession as a whole - in alarming numbers.It is against this background that we offer this Preliminary Report on The Women and Men of Harvard Law School. The Preliminary Report presents the results of the Harvard Law School Career Study (HLSCS), conducted by the school’s Center on the Legal Profession (CLP). Begun with a generous grant from a visionary group of women alumnae in connection with the 55th celebration of the graduation of the school’s first female students in 1953, the study seeks to deepen the understanding of the career choices made by HLS graduates by providing for the first time systematic empirical information about the careers trajectories of graduates from different points in the school’s history. In this Preliminary Report, we offer a first look at the Study’s findings about the salient similarities and differences between the careers of the school’s female and male graduates.
Isolation, cultivation and identification of human lung adenocarcinoma stem cells

Recently, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that lung cancer is a stem cell disease. However, ideal cell surface markers for isolating stem cells in lung cancer are yet to be identified. In the present study, a cell population with a cluster of differentiation (CD)133+ phenotype was successfully isolated from a single cell suspension of lung adenocarcinoma tissue using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and enriched in a serum-free culture. In comparison to CD133− cells, the CD133+ cells exhibited an enhanced capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, and a greater potential for in vivo tumor formation, in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. Tumors could be induced in NOD/SCID mice by the transplantation of 102 stem-like cells per mouse. The results of the present study demonstrated that CD133 may serve as a specific cell surface marker for lung adenocarcinoma stem cells, and that MACS combined with serum-free culture is an effective method for isolating and enriching lung cancer stem cells.
International Journal of Physical Sciences Vectorial Reduced Differential Transform (vrdt) Method for the Solution of Inhomogeneous Cauchy-riemann System

It is well known that initial-value problem for the Cauchy-Riemann system is ill-posed and the problem with such Hadamard instability cannot be solved unless the initial data are analytic. In this paper, we present the vectorial reduced differential transform (VRDT) method to solve initial-value problem for the inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann system with analytic data. The VRDTM solution vector achieved is in the form of infinite series whose compact form is in agreement with the exact solution vector.
Party elites’ support for democratic innovations: the role of ideology.

Political parties have for a long time been considered as essential for the functioning of democratic government. But nowadays, representative democracy seems to be in crisis in Western political systems. Voter turnout is decreasing, levels of political trust are fading, and citizens’ dissatisfaction with the current system is growing. In order to remedy these issues, political actors have implemented reforms aimed at democratic innovation –e.g. electoral reforms, more frequent use of referenda, experiments with deliberative democracy etc. If a growing attention has been given to the consequences of these changes, our paper is dedicated to take a step back. This paper concentrates on the determinants of democratic innovations, and particularly, on the role of party ideology. The paper argues that the willingness to implement democratic innovations differs across parties depending on their ideological placement in the left-right spectrum. The central hypothesis states that parties at the extremes are more willing to implement democratic innovations than centrist parties. At the empirical level, the paper relies on the analysis of 50 parties across 15 European democracies, using data collected through the PARTIREP Comparative MP Survey.
Surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy studies of primer extension reactions

Surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) utilizes the evanescent electromagnetic field of a surface plasmon to excite chromophors in close proximity to the surface. While conventional surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy allows the observation of surface reactions by means of refractive index changes, SPFS additionally provides a channel for the read-out of fluorescence changes. Thus, the detection limit for low mass compounds, whose adsorption is only accompanied by small refractive index changes, can be substantially improved by fluorescent labeling. In this study, we present the first example that utilizes SPFS to follow the dynamics of an enzymatic reaction. The elongation of surface-tethered DNA has been observed by the incorporation of Cy5-labeled nucleotides into the nascent strand by the action of DNA polymerase I (Klenow fragment). The technique offers a rapid way to determine the binding constant and the catalytic activity of a DNA processing enzyme, here exemplified by the Klenow fragment. Furthermore, the effect of mispaired bases in the primer/template duplex and the influence of different label densities have been studied. The resulting sensitivity for nucleotide incorporation, being in the femtomolar regime, combined with the specificity of the enzyme for fully complementary DNA duplexes suggest the application of this assay as a powerful tool for DNA detection.