Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Developmental and stylistic variation in the composition of early vocabulary

ABSTRACT Results are reported for stylistic and developmental aspects of vocabulary composition for 1, 803 children and families who participated in the tri-city norming of a new parental report instrument, the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories. We replicate previous studies with small samples showing extensive variation in use of common nouns between age o;8 and 1;4 (i.e. ‘referential style’), and in the proportion of vocabulary made up of closed-class words between 1;4 and 2;6 (i.e. ‘analytic’ vs. ‘holistic’ style). However, both style dimensions are confounded with developmental changes in the composition of the lexicon, including three ‘waves’ of reorganization: (1) an initial increase in percentage of common nouns from 0 to 100 words, followed by a proportional decrease; (2) a slow linear increase in verbs and other predicates, with the greatest gains taking place between 100 and 400 words; (3) no proportional development at all in the use of closed-class vocabulary between 0 and 400 words, followed by a sharp increase from 400 to 680 words. When developmental changes in noun use are controlled, referential-style measures do not show the association with developmental precocity reported in previous studies, although these scores are related to maternal education. By contrast, when developmental changes in grammatical function word use are controlled, high closed-class scores are associated with a slower rate of development. We suggest that younger children may have less perceptual acuity and/or shorter memory spans than older children with the same vocabulary size. As a result, the younger children may ignore unstressed function words until a later point in development while the older children tend to reproduce perceptual details that they do not yet understand. Longitudinal data show that early use of function words (under 400 words) is not related to grammatical levels after the 4OO-word point, confirming our ‘stylistic’ interpretation of early closed-class usage. We close with recommendations for the unconfounding of stylistic and developmental variance in research on individual differences in language development, and provide look-up tables that will permit other investigators to pull these aspects apart.
Fluoxetine in the Treatment of Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients

In a 12‐month randomly allocated double‐blind trial in 19 obese Type 2 diabetic patients, fluoxetine 60 mg daily compared to placebo produced a significant fall in median body weight after 3 months (3.8 kg), 6 months (6.5 kg), 9 months (7.1 kg), and at 1 year (5.8 kg). Median fasting blood glucose and HbA1c levels fell significantly after 3 months (1.9 mmol l−1 and 1.7 %, respectively) and 6 months (1.8 mmol l−1 and 1.7%) but neither showed a significant difference to placebo after 9 or 12 months therapy with fluoxetine. There were no significant changes in serum cholesterol levels in the year but patients on fluoxetine showed a significant fall in serum triglyceride level (0.5 mmol l−1 after 3 months therapy but not thereafter. Compared to placebo there was a significant fall in median energy intake on fluoxetine after 3 months (257 kcal day−1) and 6 months (199 kcal day−1) but this difference was not significant at 9 or 12 months. There was also a significant fall in carbohydrate intake after 3 months (30 g day−1) and 6 months (23 g day−1) on fluoxetine as well as a significant fall in carbohydrate intake expressed as a percentage of the total daily energy intake; 5.9% at 3 months, 6.1% at 6 months, and 4.0% at 9 months. There were no significant effects on protein or fat intake except a significant increase in the intake of fat expressed as a percentage of daily energy intake, 5.9% after 6 months. Two of the nine patients on fluoxetine dropped out of the study due to gastrointestinal side‐effects. Fluoxetine might prove to be a useful adjunct therapy in obese Type 2 diabetic patients where short‐term weight loss and fall in carbohydrate intake and an improvement in glycaemia are indicated.
Electrocardiographic prediction of the success of cardiac resuscitation.

OBJECTIVES To identify a method for predicting the success or failure of a defibrillatory shock such as to avoid potentially detrimental interruptions of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Such a method would also guide more optimal programming of automated external defibrillators. DESIGN Prospective, observational animal study. SETTING Medical research laboratory in a university-affiliated research and educational foundation. SUBJECTS Domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was electrically induced in 66 domestic pigs. After an interval of between 3 and 5 mins of untreated VF, precordial compression was begun. Electrocardiographic lead 2 was monitored and artifacts produced during precordial compression were removed by digital filtering. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In the derivation study, electrical defibrillation restored spontaneous circulation in 30 of the 66 animals. Successfully resuscitated animals had significantly greater coronary perfusion pressure, maximum VF amplitude, mean VF amplitude, and dominant VF frequency. No animals were resuscitated if the coronary perfusion pressure was <8 mm Hg, maximum amplitude was <0.48 mV, mean amplitude was <0.25 mV, or dominant frequency <9.9 Hz independently of the duration of untreated VF. When mean amplitude and dominant frequency were combined, the predictability was further improved. In an additional validation study of 14 animals, consecutive defibrillations were uniformly unsuccessful if the combination of mean amplitude and dominant frequency did not exceed the threshold values obtained in derivation study. CONCLUSION Mean VF amplitude alone or in combination with dominant frequency of VF was expressed as a numerical score. It served as an objective noninvasive measurement on a par with that of coronary perfusion pressure for predicting the success of defibrillation. As such, it minimizes the detriment of repetitively interrupting mechanical interventions during CPR for electrical defibrillation when an electrical shock predictably fails to restore an effective rhythm.
The Impact of Buyers on Salespersons’ Ethical Judgment and Behavioral Intention to Practice Gray Marketing

ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to explore how the behavior of buyers in business-to-business markets influences the behavior of salespeople toward gray marketing practices. With the salespersons as participants, the authors examine the impact of two buyers’ factors—buyers’ asking for gray benefits and order size—on salespersons’ ethical evaluation of, and behavioral intention to practice, gray marketing. We found that buyers’ asking for gray benefits and offering bigger orders have negative impacts on salespersons’ perceived unethicalness of gray marketing, which in turn increases their behavioral intention to practice gray marketing. We also found that these two factors have a direct and indirect impact on salespersons’ behavioral intention to practice gray marketing.
The Endogeneity of Union Status: An Empirical Test

An unsettled issue in the literature relating to the relative wage effect of unions is the appropriate treatment of union status in a wage determination model. In the context of a three-equation model determining union membership and union- and nonunion-sector wage rates, this paper presents an instrumental variables (IV) procedure for estimating the parameters of the wage equations and a test of the exogeneity of union status using the Hausman specification test. An advantage of our IV procedure in comparison to the widely used inverse Mill's ratio procedure is that our procedure is a distribution-free estimator, whereas the inverse Mill's ratio estimator hinges in the assumption that the error term of the choice equation is normally distributed. Using data for a sample of middle-aged white workers, we estimate the parameters of the union and nonunion wage equations with both procedures. On the key question of the endogeneity of union status, the Hausman test decisively rejects the null hypothesis of exogeneity. The inverse Mill's ratio procedure, in contrast, provides coefficient estimates on the selectivity terms that fail to indicate evidence of sample selectivity in either sector.
Genotypic resistance and the treatment of HIV-1 infection in Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Before December 1997, in Espírito Santo, Brazil, combination antiretroviral therapy was used without routine virologic or immunologic monitoring. To examine consequences of therapy in this setting, clinical information, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels, CD4 cell counts, and protease and reverse transcriptase sequences were determined for consecutive HIV-1-infected outpatients. Of 48 treatment-naive individuals, 11 were started on therapy for HIV-related symptoms; however, 44 (92%) had an RNA level >20,000 copies/mL, a CD4 cell count <500/mm3, or symptoms. Eighteen (51%) of 35 patients on therapy had an RNA level >20,000 copies/mL. Nucleoside-resistance mutations were observed in 21 (68%) of 31 nucleoside-experienced subjects. Protease mutations necessary for high-level protease inhibitor (PI) resistance were present together with permissive mutations in 3 of 10 PI-experienced patients. Inability to identify high-risk individuals and to detect virologic failure may limit the effectiveness of antiretroviral drug programs and may promote the spread of drug resistance where virologic and immunologic monitoring are not available.
Natural resource curse: a non linear approach in a panel of oil exporting countries

This paper explores the idea of regime switching as a new methodological approach to bring new insights into the natural resource curse hypothesis in the case of oil exporting countries. The basic idea is that when a threshold of oil dependence is passed, the relationship between economic growth and its determinants could move smoothly from a regime to another. Relying upon the estimation of a PSTR model, our findings offer strong evidence that oil revenues non-linearly impacts economic growth and that resource curse only exists under the condition of high oil dependence. More precisely, below the level of 51% of oil dependence, oil revenues have a positive impact on economic growth, whereas above this level, it have serious drawbacks on economic growth through inefficiencies into the quality and the quantity of government expenditures.
The Taliban, Public Space, and Terror in Pakistan

Two UK-based specialists on terrorism in Pakistan use empirical evidence to document and analyze the Pakistani Taliban's (Tehrik-e-Taliban) practice of targeting spaces of public interaction for terrorism intended to suppress expressions of public unity and restrict venues for open discussion. In tracing the rise of the Taliban in Pakistan, the authors review the country's history of state and civil society formation, its relations with Afghanistan, and U.S. and Western policy in the region. The authors present timely information and insights that enhance understanding of the recent surge in terrorist attacks on civilians in Pakistan and its ties to the eastward spread of conflict from neighboring Afghanistan.
INSIGHTS ON SERVICE SYSTEM DESIGN FROM A NORMAL APPROXIMATION TO ERLANG'S DELAY FORMULA

We show how a simple normal approximation to Erlang's delay formula can be used to analyze capacity and staffing problems in service systems that can be modeled as M/M/s queues. The numbers of servers, s, needed in an M/M/s queueing system to assure a probability of delay of, at most, p can be well approximated by s ≅ p + z ***I‐p +, where z 1‐p , is the (1 ‐ p)th percentile of the standard normal distribution and ρ, the presented load on the system, is the ratio of Λ, the customer arrival rate, to μ, the service rate. We examine the accuracy of this approximation over a set of parameters typical of service operations ranging from police patrol, through telemarketing to automatic teller machines, and we demonstrate that it tends to slightly underestimate the number of servers actually needed to hit the delay probability target—adding one server to the number suggested by the above formula typically gives the exact result. More importantly, the structure of the approximation promotes operational insight by explicitly linking the number of servers with server utilization and the customer service level. Using a scenario based on an actual teleservicing operation, we show how operations managers and designers can quickly obtain insights about the trade‐offs between system size, system utilization and customer service. We argue that this little used approach deserves a prominent role in the operations analyst's and operations manager's toolbags.
Effect of Fixation Point Distances on Allocation of Attention in Real Three-Dimensional Space

Although variation in spatial relations between observer and objects is important when attention functions in three-dimensional space, the effects of changes in spatial relations on attention in real three-dimensional space are still unclear. In Exp. 1, the effects of varying distances of the fixation point on attention in a spatial cuing paradigm were investigated. In Exp. 2, the effects of increase in task demand were examined by making observers detect a blinking fixation point, while performing the same task as in Exp. 1. In both experiments, attention could be manipulated by a precue when the fixation-point distance changed from trial to trial, and in Exp. 2 distribution of attention was manipulated by perceptual load. These findings together indicate that allocation of attentional resources in three-dimensional space varies by task demand.
Henry Beecher and Consent to Research: a critical re-examination

Henry Beecher is an iconic figure in research ethics, best known for blowing the whistle on unethical clinical research in 1966. This article traces the evolution of Beecher’s view on consent to research and juxtaposes these views with his own practices relating to informed consent in the conduct of clinical research. Additionally, critical examination of Beecher’s conception of informed consent as an ideal has important implications for contemporary research ethics.
Work and Retirement: A Longitudinal Study of Men

This volume on actual retirement practices utilizes a unique body of data--the National Longitudinal Surveys--about a representative sample of 3500 male workers, who were between 45 and 59 years of age when the survey began in 1966 and between 55 and 69 (if they survived) when the latest data became available in 1976. Blacks and whites are distinguished in the cohort, with blacks being oversampled in order to permit statistically reliable racial comparisons.The fact that the data were collected through repeated interviews with the same individuals over a ten-year period allows certain kinds of analysis that would not otherwise be possible. For example, attitudes and intentions reported by the men "prior" to retiring afford insight into the reasons for their subsequent retirement that after-the-fact interviews alone would not necessarily provide.The book offers a host of significant findings based on a statistical analysis of the longitudinal data. Among them: that there is a growing trend toward early retirement (before 65), in spite of the perceived social and economic pressures to work "beyond" that traditional retirement age; that nevertheless two-thirds of the men remained employed in 1976 and that three out of five of these reported that they were "very satisfied" with their jobs in both 1966 and 1976; that the disparity in labor force participation rates between blacks and whites would disappear if wage rates for equally qualified blacks and whites were to be equalized.The opening chapter introduces the sample and the database. Subsequent chapters take up changes over the studied decade in black-white labor market opportunities, the incidence and impact of job loss, the increasing rate of health impairment in the cohort, black-white differences in the labor force participation of older males, the retirement experience, and family adjustments to poor health and mortality.The methodological and statistical formulations on which the study is based are developed in appendixes. A glossary is also provided.
Complete correction of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia by allogeneic bone‐marrow transplantation

Summary Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) successfully corrected type I thrombasthenia in a 4‐year‐old boy. The donor was his HLA‐A, B and D identical 14‐year‐old brother who was heterozygous for thrombasthenia. A first transplant after conditioning with cyclophosphamide and thoracoabdominal irradiation was rejected, but a second transplant using CCNU, cyclophosphamide, procarbazine and horse antihuman thymocyte globulin in the preparative regimen was successful. Engraftment was proven by studies of platelet membrane antigens, PLA1 and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex and by platelet function studies. Haemor‐rhagic manifestations completely disappeared; platelet membrane markers and clot retraction returned promptly to normal values, and platelet aggregation tests more slowly. Twenty‐four months after bone‐marrow transplant, the patient was well with mild chronic hepatic graft versus host disease. BMT therefore appears to be a possible treatment for severe inherited platelet disorders.
Species Diversity, Seasonal, and Spatial Distribution of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Captured in Aotus Monkey-Baited Traps in a Forested Site Near Iquitos, Peru

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the relative abundance, diversity, seasonal, and vertical distributions of potential mosquito vectors in the Amazon Basin, Peru. A total of 66,097 mosquitoes (50 mosquito species from 12 genera) were collected from May 2001 through March 2002 at a forested site near Iquitos, Peru. Mosquitoes were collected using Aotus nancymae Hershkovitz monkey-baited CDC light traps set for 12-h day and night periods at varying heights (e.g., ground and canopy) in the forest. Of the 12 genera, three accounted for 75% of all mosquitoes collected: Culex (33%), Aedes (23%), and Psorophora (18%). The most prevalent species collected were Aedes serratus (Theobald), Culex pedroi Sirivanakarn & Belkin, Psorophora albigenu (Peryassu), and a combination of Mansonia indubitans Dyar & Shannon and Mansonia titillans (Walker), which accounted for 56% of all mosquitoes captured. In general, mosquitoes were collected more often at night and on the ground. Exceptions include Coquillettidia venezuelensis (Theobald), which were collected in relatively even numbers at both day and night and most Mansonia and some species of Anopheles, which were collected more often in the canopy. Total mosquito populations had two peaks, June–July (Ma. indubitans/titillans and Cq. venezuelensis) and December–January (Ps. albigenu, Cx. pedroi, and Ae. serratus). Observations of the eight most collected mosquitoes indicated that behavioral shifts were not observed between collection months. These data provide a better understanding of the species diversity, population density, and seasonal distribution of potential mosquito vectors within the Amazon Basin region and allow for the development of appropriate vector and disease prevention strategies.
Wpływ wyższych wymogów kapitałowych w sektorze bankowym na wzrost gospodarczy

Financial stability can be seen as the maintenance of proper conditions for financial intermediation in the economy while maintaining an acceptable risk. One of long-term objectives of supervisors are the recommendations for capital requirements in the banking sector related to the solvency ratio, within the micro- and macro-prudential policy oriented on systemic risks. It could affect lending and economic processes in the real economy. This paper presents a multi-equational model to analyze an effective demand for credit. On the basis of a simulation analysis for the banking sector in Poland it can be inferred that the increase in average capital adequacy ratio could lead to a moderate increase in lending rates and a slight decline in GDP growth. Consequently, additional capital requirements should not have a significant impact on the price of credit.
A virtuous circle: the positive evaluation phenomenon in arts audience research

Arts impact evaluation is the subject of widespread criticism, ranging from a detailed critique of methodology to a wholesale rejection of the very purpose of the endeavour. In particular, it is often identified that audience evaluations are almost always positive. Yet whatever the critique, arts impact evaluation is becoming more and not less prevalent as a condition of public and philanthropic funding. This article explores both the methodological and conceptual problems that contribute to the perceived positive character of social impact research, in two parts: (1) an investigation of the critical literature on audience evaluation, particularly in relation to the argument that evaluation is inevitably positive and as such leads to a confusion between the goals of evaluation and arts advocacy; (2) a reflection on our practices as audience researchers in the performing arts and the practical factors that contribute to the dominance of the positive in audience evaluation.
Web sites as tools of communication of a “green” company

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is first, to review current literature on corporate identity, image and reputation; second, to analyse the “green reputation” on a sample of Slovene companies based on their web sites and third, to present implications for companies and further research.Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis and discourse analysis were used to examine sections of web sites related to sustainable development of 20 Slovene companies representing the pharmaceutical, chemical, energy, food production, retailing, automotive, construction, logistics, sales of oil products and domestic appliance industries.Findings – The web sites of 20 Slovene companies studied show that all companies present their values about environment protection and social responsibility, which they relate to sustainable development. However, “green” identity is not fully exploited in terms of being used as a distinctive feature of a company and as such it does not sufficiently contribute to gaining competitive a.
Risk Factors for Homelessness Among Recently Released Offenders

The current study examined characteristics related to homelessness among released offenders to improve housing services for this group. Forty-one incarcerated Canadian prisoners were interviewed approximately 3 months prior to release about their former and anticipated accommodations. Homelessness prior to incarceration was positively related to violent institutional behavior, violence risk level, and criminogenic needs but not recidivism. Stable housing prior to incarceration was positively related to greater community support. Recommendations include creating more community and institutional housing programs for offenders more likely to experience housing difficulties in the community.
Credit watch and capital structure

We study the capital structure reactions of firms that have been added to Standard & Poor's (S&P's) CreditWatch list in order to test the role of credit ratings in firm financial decisions. Survey evidence by Graham and Harvey (2001) indicates that Chief Financial Officers (CFOs) consider credit ratings as the second most important determinant of financing policy. If credit ratings are indeed important, we should observe that firms facing a potential downgrade should react by reducing debt financing in an attempt to avert the potential rating downgrade. In the case of a potential upgrade, we should also observe a scaling back of debt financing to reinforce the rating upgrade. We find evidence for the latter but for potential downgrade firms, contrary to expectations; we find that these firms issue more debt relative to equity. Overall, we conclude that while credit ratings may be a consideration in determining corporate financing policy, it is probably a secondary determinant.