Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Functional Morphology of Mimetic Musculature in Primates: How Social Variables and Body Size Stack up to Phylogeny

Mammalian skeletal muscle is influenced by the functional demands placed upon it. Functional morphology of facial expression musculature, or mimetic musculature, is largely unknown. Recently, primate mimetic musculature has been shown to respond to demands associated with social factors. Body size has also been demonstrated to affect many aspects of primate functional morphology and evolutionary morphology. The present study was designed to further examine the role of social variables and body size in influencing the morphology of primate mimetic musculature using a broad phylogenetic range of primates, primates with varying body sizes, and those that exploit differing time of day activity cycles and social group sizes. Gross data on mimetic musculature morphology were gathered from tarsiers (Tarsius bancanus), slender lorises (Loris tardigradus), ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), crowned lemurs (Eulemur coronatus), black lemurs (E. macaco), owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus), and howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and compared to previous results from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), gibbons and siamangs (hylobatids), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), Sulawesi macaques (M. nigra), common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), and greater bushbabies (Otolemur spp.). Mimetic muscle presence/absence was observed and recorded. Results revealed that phylogenetic position determines the overall mimetic muscle groundplan, with anthropoids having a high number of muscles in the superciliary and midface regions, strepsirrhines having a high number of muscles in the external ear region, and tarsiers displaying an intermediate condition. Within these broad taxonomic categories body size had an effect on mimetic musculature, while time of day activity and social group size had smaller effects. Anat Rec, 301:202–215, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Learner Satisfaction With Web-Based Learning as an Adjunct to Clinical Experience in Burn Surgery

Web-based learning provides an effective adjunct to clinical experience in medical education. However, few efforts have assessed learner satisfaction with web-based medical education experiences. American Burn Association and Advanced Burn Life Support (ABLS)-Now™ is a self-directed web-based curriculum designed to teach clinicians how to assess and stabilize patients with serious burns during the critical hours after injury. The purpose of this study is to evaluate time spent by learners taking the course, to demonstrate successful completion of an exam by these clinicians after the course, and to describe learner satisfaction with ABLS-Now. This preliminary descriptive study analyzed exam scores and voluntary course evaluations of medical students and interns to assess effectiveness of and satisfaction with the web-based ABLS-Now curriculum. Eighteen students and interns completed the web-based ABLS-Now curriculum and follow-up survey. The mean exam score was 88%. Learner scores strongly correlated with time spent completing the course (r2 = .66, P = .01). Learner satisfaction was very high. Learners expressed an interest in using similar web-based tools to learn about other topics in surgery. For novice clinicians, ABLS-Now seems to be an effective way to provide basic burn care education at a time when other educational opportunities have been reduced by work hour restrictions. Learners found the modules easy to use, relevant, and interesting. They indicated an interest in future use of web-based learning to supplement clinical experiences. Web-based learning represents an effective and well-received addition to clinical education in surgery for residents and medical students.
Genome-Wide Association and Replication Study of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Antiretrovirals Alone or with Concomitant Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs.

Drug-induced hepatotoxicity (DIH) is a common adverse event that is associated with both antiretroviral (ARV) and anti-tuberculosis drugs (ATD). Moreover, the genetic variations predisposing ARV- and ARV-ATD-induced liver toxicity in African populations are not well investigated, despite the two diseases being the major global health problems in sub-Saharan Africa. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) and replication study to identify the genetic variants linked to the risk of developing DIH due to ARV drugs alone, and ARV-ATD co-treatment in Ethiopian HIV-positive patients. Treatment-naïve newly diagnosed HIV patients (n = 719) with or without tuberculosis (TB) co-infection were enrolled prospectively and received efavirenz-based ARV therapy with or without rifampicin-based short course ATD, respectively. Whole-genome genotyping was performed by using the Illumina Omni Express Exome Bead Chip genotyping array with 951,117 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on a total of 41 cases of DIH, and 452 people without DIH (treatment tolerants). The replication study was carried out for 100 SNPs with the lowest p-values (top SNPs) by using an independent cohort consisting of 18 DIH cases and 208 treatment tolerants. We identified a missense SNP rs199650082 (2756G→A, R919Q, p = 1.4 × 10-6, odds ratio [OR] = 18.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 7.1-46.9) in an endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus signaling-1 (ERN1) gene on chromosome 17 to be associated with DIH in the ARV-only cohort. In the ARV-ATD co-treatment groups, rs4842407, a long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) transcript variant on chromosome 12, was associated with DIH (p = 5.3 × 10-7, OR = 5.4, 95% CI = 2.8-10.3). These genetic variants that are putatively associated with DIH due to ARV drugs alone and ARV-ATD co-treatment establish a foundation for future personalized medicine in people with HIV and TB and call for larger studies in independent populations.
Social comparison in the brain: A coordinate‐based meta‐analysis of functional brain imaging studies on the downward and upward comparisons

Social comparison is ubiquitous across human societies with dramatic influence on people's well‐being and decision making. Downward comparison (comparing to worse‐off others) and upward comparison (comparing to better‐off others) constitute two types of social comparisons that produce different neuropsychological consequences. Based on studies exploring neural signatures associated with downward and upward comparisons, the current study utilized a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis to provide a refinement of understanding about the underlying neural architecture of social comparison. We identified consistent involvement of the ventral striatum and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in downward comparison and consistent involvement of the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in upward comparison. These findings fit well with the “common‐currency” hypothesis that neural representations of social gain or loss resemble those for non‐social reward or loss processing. Accordingly, we discussed our findings in the framework of general reinforcement learning (RL) hypothesis, arguing how social gain/loss induced by social comparisons could be encoded by the brain as a domain‐general signal (i.e., prediction errors) serving to adjust people's decisions in social settings. Although the RL account may serve as a heuristic framework for the future research, other plausible accounts on the neuropsychological mechanism of social comparison were also acknowledged. Hum Brain Mapp 39:440–458, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated Map Reading: Image Based Localisation in 2-D Maps Using Binary Semantic Descriptors

We describe a novel approach to image based localisation in urban environments which uses semantic matching between images and a 2-D cartographic map. This contrasts with the majority of existing approaches which use image to image database matching. We use highly compact binary descriptors to represent locations, indicating the presence or not of semantic features, which significantly increases scalability and has the potential for greater invariance to variable imaging conditions. The approach is also more akin to human map reading, making it better suited to human-system interaction. In this initial study we use semantic features relating to buildings and road junctions in discrete viewing directions. CNN classifiers are used to detect the features in images and we match descriptor estimates with location tagged descriptors derived from the 2-D map to give localisation. The descriptors are not sufficiently discriminative on their own, but when concatenated sequentially along a route, their combination becomes highly distinctive and allows localisation even when using non-perfect classifiers. Performance is further improved by taking into account left or right turns over a route. Experimental results obtained using Google StreetView and OpenStreetMap data show that the approach has considerable potential, achieving localisation accuracy of around 85% using routes corresponding to approximately 200 meters.
Effect of Bag-Mask Ventilation vs Endotracheal Intubation During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation on Neurological Outcome After Out-of-Hospital Cardiorespiratory Arrest: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Importance Bag-mask ventilation (BMV) is a less complex technique than endotracheal intubation (ETI) for airway management during the advanced cardiac life support phase of cardiopulmonary resuscitation of patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. It has been reported as superior in terms of survival. Objectives To assess noninferiority of BMV vs ETI for advanced airway management with regard to survival with favorable neurological function at day 28. Design, Settings, and Participants Multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing BMV with ETI in 2043 patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest in France and Belgium. Enrollment occurred from March 9, 2015, to January 2, 2017, and follow-up ended January 26, 2017. Intervention Participants were randomized to initial airway management with BMV (n = 1020) or ETI (n = 1023). Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was favorable neurological outcome at 28 days defined as cerebral performance category 1 or 2. A noninferiority margin of 1% was chosen. Secondary end points included rate of survival to hospital admission, rate of survival at day 28, rate of return of spontaneous circulation, and ETI and BMV difficulty or failure. Results Among 2043 patients who were randomized (mean age, 64.7 years; 665 women [32%]), 2040 (99.8%) completed the trial. In the intention-to-treat population, favorable functional survival at day 28 was 44 of 1018 patients (4.3%) in the BMV group and 43 of 1022 patients (4.2%) in the ETI group (difference, 0.11% [1-sided 97.5% CI, −1.64% to infinity]; P for noninferiority = .11). Survival to hospital admission (294/1018 [28.9%] in the BMV group vs 333/1022 [32.6%] in the ETI group; difference, −3.7% [95% CI, −7.7% to 0.3%]) and global survival at day 28 (55/1018 [5.4%] in the BMV group vs 54/1022 [5.3%] in the ETI group; difference, 0.1% [95% CI, −1.8% to 2.1%]) were not significantly different. Complications included difficult airway management (186/1027 [18.1%] in the BMV group vs 134/996 [13.4%] in the ETI group; difference, 4.7% [95% CI, 1.5% to 7.9%]; P = .004), failure (69/1028 [6.7%] in the BMV group vs 21/996 [2.1%] in the ETI group; difference, 4.6% [95% CI, 2.8% to 6.4%]; P < .001), and regurgitation of gastric content (156/1027 [15.2%] in the BMV group vs 75/999 [7.5%] in the ETI group; difference, 7.7% [95% CI, 4.9% to 10.4%]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest, the use of BMV compared with ETI failed to demonstrate noninferiority or inferiority for survival with favorable 28-day neurological function, an inconclusive result. A determination of equivalence or superiority between these techniques requires further research. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT02327026
Calcium contacts to n‐type crystalline silicon solar cells

Direct metallization of lightly doped n‐type crystalline silicon (c‐Si) is known to routinely produce non‐Ohmic (rectifying) contact behaviour. This has inhibited the development of n‐type c‐Si solar cells with partial rear contacts, an increasingly popular cell design for high performance p‐type c‐Si solar cells. In this contribution we demonstrate that low resistance Ohmic contact to n‐type c‐Si wafers can be achieved by incorporating a thin layer of the low work function metal calcium (ϕ ~2.9 eV) between the silicon surface and an overlying aluminium capping layer. Using this approach, contact resistivities of ρc ~ 2 mΩcm2 can be realised on undiffused n‐type silicon, thus enabling partial rear contacts cell designs on n‐type silicon without the need for a phosphorus diffusion. Integrating the Ca/Al stack into a partial rear contact solar cell architecture fabricated on a lightly doped (ND = 4.5 × 1014 cm−3) n‐type wafer resulted in a device efficiency of η = 17.6% where the Ca/Al contact comprised only ~1.26% of the rear surface. We demonstrate an improvement in this cell structure to an efficiency of η = 20.3% by simply increasing the wafer doping by an order of magnitude to ND = 5.4 × 1015 cm−3. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep Cocktail Network: Multi-source Unsupervised Domain Adaptation with Category Shift

Unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) conventionally assumes labeled source samples coming from a single underlying source distribution. Whereas in practical scenario, labeled data are typically collected from diverse sources. The multiple sources are different not only from the target but also from each other, thus, domain adaptater should not be modeled in the same way. Moreover, those sources may not completely share their categories, which further brings a new transfer challenge called category shift. In this paper, we propose a deep cocktail network (DCTN) to battle the domain and category shifts among multiple sources. Motivated by the theoretical results in [33], the target distribution can be represented as the weighted combination of source distributions, and, the multi-source UDA via DCTN is then performed as two alternating steps: i) It deploys multi-way adversarial learning to minimize the discrepancy between the target and each of the multiple source domains, which also obtains the source-specific perplexity scores to denote the possibilities that a target sample belongs to different source domains. ii) The multi-source category classifiers are integrated with the perplexity scores to classify target sample, and the pseudo-labeled target samples together with source samples are utilized to update the multi-source category classifier and the feature extractor. We evaluate DCTN in three domain adaptation benchmarks, which clearly demonstrate the superiority of our framework.
Regional Comparison of Multiphase Computed Tomographic Angiography and Computed Tomographic Perfusion for Prediction of Tissue Fate in Ischemic Stroke

Background and Purpose— Within different brain regions, we determine the comparative value of multiphase computed tomographic angiography (mCTA) and computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) in predicting follow-up infarction. Methods— Patients with M1-middle cerebral artery occlusions were prospectively included in this multicenter study. Regional analysis was performed for each patient within Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score regions M2 to M6. Regional pial vessel filling was assessed on mCTA in 3 ways: (1) Washout of contrast within pial vessels; (2) Extent of maximal pial vessel enhancement compared with contralateral hemisphere; (3) Delay in maximal pial vessel enhancement compared with contralateral hemisphere. Cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, and Tmax data were extracted within these Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score regions. Twenty-four- to 36-hour magnetic resonance imaging/CT was assessed for infarct in each Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score region (defined as >20% infarction within that region). Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to compare mCTA and CTP parameters when predicting brain infarction. Area under the receiver operating characteristics was used to assess discriminative value of statistical models. Results— Seventy-seven patients were included. mCTA parameter washout and CTP parameter Tmax were significantly associated with follow-up infarction in all models (P<0.05). The area under the receiver operating characteristic for mCTA models ranged from 92% to 94% and was not different compared with all CTP models (P>0.05). Mean Tmax and cerebral blood volume values were significantly different between each washout score (P<0.01) and each delay score category (P<0.01). Mean Tmax, cerebral blood flow, and cerebral blood volume values were significantly different between each extent score category (P<0.05). Conclusions— Similar to CTP, multiphase CTA can be used to predict tissue fate regionally in acute ischemic stroke patients.
Masking topic‐related information to enhance authorship attribution

Authorship attribution attempts to reveal the authors of documents. In recent years, research in this field has grown rapidly. However, the performance of state‐of‐the‐art methods is heavily affected when text of known authorship and texts under investigation differ in topic and/or genre. So far, it is not clear how to quantify the personal style of authors in a way that is not affected by topic shifts or genre variations. In this paper, a set of text distortion methods are used attempting to mask topic‐related information. These methods transform the input texts into a more topic‐neutral form while maintaining the structure of documents associated with the personal style of the author. Using a controlled corpus that includes a fine‐grained range of topics and genres it is demonstrated how the proposed approach can be combined with existing authorship attribution methods to enhance their performance in very challenging tasks, especially in cross‐topic attribution. We also examine cross‐genre attribution and the most challenging, yet realistic, cross‐topic‐and‐genre attribution scenarios and show how the proposed techniques should be tuned to enhance performance in these tasks. Finally, we demonstrate that there are important differences in attribution effectiveness when either conversational genres, nonconversational genres, or a mix of them are considered.
Bromodomain and extraterminal inhibitors block the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle at two distinct steps

Lytic infection by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) poses numerous health risks, such as infectious mononucleosis and lymphoproliferative disorder. Proteins in the bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) family regulate multiple stages of viral life cycles and provide promising intervention targets. Synthetic small molecules can bind to the bromodomains and disrupt function by preventing recognition of acetylated lysine substrates. We demonstrate that JQ1 and other BET inhibitors block two different steps in the sequential cascade of the EBV lytic cycle. BET inhibitors prevent expression of the viral immediate-early protein BZLF1. JQ1 alters transcription of genes controlled by the host protein BACH1, and BACH1 knockdown reduces BZLF1 expression. BET proteins also localize to the lytic origin of replication (OriLyt) genetic elements, and BET inhibitors prevent viral late gene expression. There JQ1 reduces BRD4 recruitment during reactivation to preclude replication initiation. This represents a rarely observed dual mode of action for drugs.
DBpedia-Entity v2: A Test Collection for Entity Search

The DBpedia-entity collection has been used as a standard test collection for entity search in recent years. We develop and release a new version of this test collection, DBpedia-Entity v2, which uses a more recent DBpedia dump and a unified candidate result pool from the same set of retrieval models. Relevance judgments are also collected in a uniform way, using the same group of crowdsourcing workers, following the same assessment guidelines. The result is an up-to-date and consistent test collection.To facilitate further research, we also provide details about the pre-processing and indexing steps, and include baseline results from both classical and recently developed entity search methods.
Limitations of Using IL-17A and IFN-γ-Induced Protein 10 to Detect Bovine Tuberculosis

Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is primarily caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, which belongs to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The airborne route is considered the most common for transmission of M. bovis, and more than 15% of cattle with bTB shed the Mycobacterium, which can be detect by nested PCR to amplify mycobacterial mpb70 from a nasal swab from a cow. To screen for cytokines fostering early and accurate detection of bTB, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from naturally M. bovis-infected, experimentally M. bovis 68002-infected, and uninfected cattle, then these cells were stimulated by PPD-B, CFP-10-ESAT-6 (CE), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 6 h. The levels of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IFN-γ-induced protein 10 (IP-10), IL-6, IL-12, IL-17A, and tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA were measured using real-time PCR. To explore the cytokines associated with different periods of M. bovis infection, cattle were divided into three groups: PCR-positive, PCR-negative, and uninfected using the tuberculin skin test, CFP-10/ESAT-6/TB10.4 protein cocktail-based skin test, IFN-γ release assay (IGRA), CFP-10/ESAT-6 (CE)-based IGRA, and nested PCR. The expression of IP-10, IL-17A, and IFN-γ proteins induced by PPD-B, CE, or PBS was detected by ELISA. The results showed that levels of PPD-B-stimulated IL-17A and IP-10 (mRNA and protein), and CE-induced IP-10 (mRNA and protein) were significantly higher in cattle naturally or experimentally infected with M. bovis than in those that were uninfected. The levels of PPD-B- or CE-induced IL-17A and IP-10 (protein) could be used to differentiate M. bovis-infected calves from uninfected ones for 6 to 30 weeks post-infection, whereas PPD-B- and CE-induced IP-10 and IL-17A mRNA expression could be used to differentiate M. bovis-infected calves from uninfected ones between 6 and 58 weeks post-infection. However, CE-induced IL-17A (protein) was not a reliable indicator of M. bovis infection in cattle that were confirmed positive for infection by nested PCR. Furthermore, the levels of PPD-B- or CE-induced IP-10 and IL-17A protein were lower than IFN-γ in M. bovis-infected cattle. Therefore, IL-17A and IP-10 protein are not suitable biomarkers for bTB. Antigen-induced IP-10 mRNA should be analyzed further for their potential to be used in the diagnosis of bTB.