Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Atrial Fibrillation Is a Major Risk Factor for Stroke, Especially in Women: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study

Background Only a few population-based cohort studies have investigated the impact of atrial fibrillation (AF) on stroke in Japan. Methods A total of 10 929 participants (4147 men and 6782 women) were included in this population-based prospective cohort study. Baseline data, including electrocardiograms (ECGs) to ascertain AF status, were obtained from April 1992 through July 1995 in 12 areas in Japan. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the association of AF with stroke. Results A total of 54 participants had AF (0.49%). The mean follow-up period was 10.7 years, during which 405 strokes were identified; 12 of these occurred in participants with AF. The crude incidence of stroke in participants with and without AF was 14.9 and 4.5 per 1000 person-years in men, respectively, and 39.3 and 2.7 per 1000 person-years in women. After adjusting for geographical area, sex, age, smoking status, drinking status, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus, the hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of AF in all participants and in male and female participants were 4.11 (2.28–7.41), 2.12 (0.77–5.84), and 10.6 (5.01–22.4), respectively. The population attributable fraction (PAF) of stroke caused by AF was 2.2%; the PAFs were 1.0% and 3.6% in men and women, respectively. Conclusions The present Japanese population-based prospective cohort study showed that AF is a major risk factor for stroke, especially in women.
Evaluation of a short food frequency questionnaire used among Norwegian children

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate a short food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) against a four-day precoded food diary (PFD) with regard to frequency of food intake among Norwegian 9- and 13-year-olds. Subjects and design A total of 733 9-year-olds and 904 13-year-olds completed first a short FFQ and one to two weeks later a four-day PFD. The short FFQ included questions about 23 food items, including different drinks, fruits, vegetables, bread, fish, pizza, sweets, chocolate and savoury snacks. The PFD covered the whole diet. Results When comparing mean intake from the PFD with comparable food items in the FFQ, all food items showed that increasing intake measured with the PFD corresponded with increasing intake with the short FFQ. However, participants reported a significantly higher frequency of intake for most foods with the short FFQ compared with PFD, except for soft drinks with sugar and sweets. The median Spearman correlation coefficient between the two methods was 0.36 among the 9-year-olds and 0.32 among the 13-year-olds. Often eaten foods such as fruits and vegetables had higher correlations than seldom eaten foods such as pizza and potato chips. The median correlation coefficients for drinks alone were higher (r=0.47) for both age groups. Conclusions Results indicate that the short FFQ was able to identify high and low consumers of food intake and had a moderate capability to rank individuals according to food intake. Drinks, fruits and vegetables had better correlations with the PFD than infrequently eaten food items.
“Citizenship for the College Girl”: Challenges and Opportunities in Higher Education for Women in the United States in the 1930s

Background/Context Little research has been done on higher education for women during the 1930s, even though scholars have pointed to this period as a turning point because the proportion of female students declined during this decade. The decline was only relative, however, as men's enrollments skyrocketed while women's increased more slowly. This article seeks to understand women's continually increasing numbers, rather than the relative decline in enrollment. Purpose/Objective/Research Question During a time of economic hardship, what justifications were used to encourage women to attend college? What purposes or rationales were part of the national discourse that made it possible for ever-increasing numbers of young women to attend and graduate from college? Research Design Our research consists of historical analysis of printed archival material from 1929-1940. Primary material was drawn from original print editions of the Readers’ Guide to Periodic Literature and the electronic version of Reader's Guide Retro. We divided journals into popular magazines and academic journals, and coded all articles indexed under the terms “College, students, women,” “Education of women,” and “College women. ” We analyzed 128 articles from popular magazines and 85 articles from academic journals. This provided a rich source of magazine and journal articles considered significant during the period studied. After coding and choosing the themes for our focus, we looked for related articles from newspapers; we used electronically archived materials from the Los Angeles Times and the New York Times. To avoid an east/west coast urban bias, and in an effort to include an African-American perspective, we supplemented this with material from smaller Midwestern and African-American presses including the Daily Illini, The Chicago Defender, Columbia Missourian, Hannibal Courier, and the Urbana Daily Courier. Conclusions Two primary discourses were evident in newspapers, periodicals, and academic journals that encouraged women to attend college in the 1930s. The first was that of eugenics. Previous scholarship on eugenics tends to emphasize how eugenics was used to discourage women from advanced schooling, as postponing childbearing meant a reduction in the birthrate. We argue that while this argument was indeed present in national literature, eugenic arguments were used as well to encourage women's college attendance. In this view, educated women produced healthier future generations and therefore served eugenic interests. The second primary discourse was that of the need for education for citizenship. The periodical literature reveals an emphasis on colleges teaching women about the responsibilities of voting, volunteerism, and promoting peace and social unity.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets Bonded with Resin-modified Glass-ionomer Cement to Bleached Teeth

Background and aims Bleaching can considerably reduce shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with composite adhesives. Application of antioxidants is a method to reverse the negative effect of bleaching on composite-to-enamel bond. However, the efficacy of antioxidants in increasing the SBS of brackets bonded using resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC) has not been studied, which was the aim of this study. Materials and methods Fifty freshly extracted human maxillary first premolars were bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Pola Office Bleaching, SDI). Sodium ascorbate 10% was applied to the experimental specimens (n=25). All the specimens were etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Ivoclar/Vivadent) and bonded using RMGIC (Fuji Ortho LC, GC). The specimens were subjected to incubation (37°C, 24h) and thermocycling (1000 cycles, 5-55°C, dwell time = 1 min). The SBS was measured at 0.5 mm/min debonding crosshead speed. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was scored under ×10 magni-fication. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test, one- and independent-samples t-test, and Fisher’sexact test (α=0.05). Results The mean SBS of experimental and control groups were 11.97 ± 4.49 and 7.7 ± 3.19 MPa, respectively. The dif-ference was statistically significant (P=0.000 by t-test). SBS of both control (P=0.014) and experimental (P=0.000) groups were significantly higher than the minimum acceptable SBS of 6 MPa, according to one-sample t-test. Conclusion Application of ascorbic acid can guarantee a strong bond when RMGIC is to be used. However, RMGIC might tolerate the negative effect of bleaching with minimum SA treatments (or perhaps without treatments), which de-serves further studies.
SIGNATURES OF RELATIVISTIC HELICAL MOTION IN THE ROTATION MEASURES OF ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS

Polarization has proven to be an invaluable tool for probing magnetic fields in relativistic jets. Maps of the intrinsic polarization vectors have provided the best evidence to date for uniform, toroidally dominated magnetic fields within jets. More recently, maps of the rotation measure (RM) in jets have for the first time probed the field geometry of the cool, moderately relativistic surrounding material. In most cases, clear signatures of the toroidal magnetic field are detected, corresponding to gradients in RM profiles transverse to the jet. However, in many objects, these profiles also display marked asymmetries that are difficult to explain in simple helical jet models. Furthermore, in some cases, the RM profiles are strongly frequency and/or time dependent. Here we show that these features may be naturally accounted for by including relativistic helical motion in the jet model. In particular, we are able to reproduce bent RM profiles observed in a variety of jets, frequency-dependent RM profile morphologies, and even the time dependence of the RM profiles of knots in 3C 273. Finally, we predict that some sources may show reversals in their RM profiles at sufficiently high frequencies, depending upon the ratio of the components of jet sheath velocity transverse and parallel to the jet. Thus, multi-frequency RM maps promise a novel way in which to probe the velocity structure of relativistic outflows.
A Meta-Analysis of Local Adaptation in Plants

Local adaptation is of fundamental importance in evolutionary, population, conservation, and global-change biology. The generality of local adaptation in plants and whether and how it is influenced by specific species, population and habitat characteristics have, however, not been quantitatively reviewed. Therefore, we examined published data on the outcomes of reciprocal transplant experiments using two approaches. We conducted a meta-analysis to compare the performance of local and foreign plants at all transplant sites. In addition, we analysed frequencies of pairs of plant origin to examine whether local plants perform better than foreign plants at both compared transplant sites. In both approaches, we also examined the effects of population size, and of the habitat and species characteristics that are predicted to affect local adaptation. We show that, overall, local plants performed significantly better than foreign plants at their site of origin: this was found to be the case in 71.0% of the studied sites. However, local plants performed better than foreign plants at both sites of a pair-wise comparison (strict definition of local adaption) only in 45.3% of the 1032 compared population pairs. Furthermore, we found local adaptation much more common for large plant populations (>1000 flowering individuals) than for small populations (<1000 flowering individuals) for which local adaptation was very rare. The degree of local adaptation was independent of plant life history, spatial or temporal habitat heterogeneity, and geographic scale. Our results suggest that local adaptation is less common in plant populations than generally assumed. Moreover, our findings reinforce the fundamental importance of population size for evolutionary theory. The clear role of population size for the ability to evolve local adaptation raises considerable doubt on the ability of small plant populations to cope with changing environments.
Some Pretesting Issues on Testing for

We compare testing strategies for Granger noncausality in vector autoregressions (VARs) that may or may not have unit roots and cointegration. Sequential testing methods are examined; these test for cointegration and use either a differenced VAR or a vector error correction model (VECM), in which to undertake the main noncausality test. Basically, the pretesting strategies attempt to verify the validity of appropriate standard limit theory. These methods are contrasted with an augmented lag approach that ensures the limiting P null distribution irrespective of the data’s nonstationarity characteristics. Our simulations involve bivariate and trivariate VARs in which we allow for the lag order to be selected by general to specific testing as well as by model selection criteria. We find that the current practice of pretesting for cointegration can result in severe over-rejections of the noncausal null while overfitting suffers less size distortion with often little loss in power. JEL CLASSIFICATIONS: C32, C51, C52
Modulation of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway Induces Endodermal Differentiation in Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate in vitro into a variety of cell types. Efforts to produce endodermal cell derivatives, including lung, liver and pancreas, have been met with modest success. Understanding how the endoderm originates from ES cells is the first step to generate specific cell types for therapeutic purposes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that inhibition of Myc or mTOR induces endodermal differentiation. Both Myc and mTOR are known to be activators of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP). We found that, differentely from wild type (wt), ES cells unable to produce pentose sugars through PPP differentiate into endodermal precursors in cell culture conditions generally non-permissive to generate them. The same effect was observed when wt ES cells were differentiated in presence of chemical inhibitors of the PPP. These data highlight a new role for metabolism. Indeed, to our knowledge, it is the first time that modulation of a metabolic pathway is described to be crucial in determining ES cell fate.
The winds of hot massive first stars

We study dynamical aspects of circumstellar environment around massive zero-metallicity first stars. For this pur- pose we apply our NLTE wind models. We show that the hydrogen-helium stellar wind from stationary massive first generatio n (Population III) stars (driven either by the line (bound-bo und) or continuum (bound-free and free-free) transitions) is unlikely. The possibility of expulsion of chemically homogeneous wind and the role of minor isotopes are also discussed. Finally, we estimate the importance of hydrogen and helium lines for shutting off the initial accretion onto first stars and its influe nce on initial mass function of first stars.
BAL findings in idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which has the histological pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP), is a progressive interstitial lung disease with a poor prognosis. Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias with a histological pattern of nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) have a better prognosis than UIP, and may present with a clinical picture identical to IPF. The authors hypothesised that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings may distinguish between UIP and NSIP, and have prognostic value within disease subgroups. BAL findings were studied retrospectively in 54 patients with histologically proven (surgical biopsy) idiopathic UIP (n=35) or fibrotic NSIP (n=19), all presenting clinically as IPF. These findings were also compared with the BAL profile of patients with other categories of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. BAL total and differential cell counts did not differ between the two groups. Survival was better in NSIP. In neither group were BAL findings predictive of survival or changes in lung function at 1 yr, even after adjustment for disease severity, smoking andtreatment. BAL differential counts in fibrotic NSIP differed from respiratory bronchiolitis-associated interstitial lung disease, but not from desquamative interstitial pneumonia or cellular NSIP. The authors conclude that bronchoalveolar lavage findings do not discriminate between usual interstitial pneumonia and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia in patients presenting with clinical features of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and have no prognostic value, once the distinction between the two has been made histologically.
Beyond the Beat: Musicians Building Community in Nashville

devoted to Mountainview School and Landover Job Corps Center the researcher’s presence in the scene is rarely observed. In exchange, we see a rich description of some of the Mountainview students, whereas discussion of the Plufort College students is infrequent and often sparse. In the introduction the authors note that they conducted this research over the course of two decades, but in the chapters it is often difficult to know when the events are taking place, which makes it harder for the reader to place the findings in a larger social context and to evaluate the ways in which changes in the broader culture might shape interpretation of these findings. Readers may also be puzzled to find little mention of cultural capital, particularly since the discussion of hierarchies at Mountainview School echoes the discussion of St. Paul’s School in Shamus Khan’s Privilege, which is cited in the bibliography. On the other hand, the authors do attempt to connect their discussion of educational bureaucracies and class-based socialization to domestic and foreign policy. Unfortunately, on this score, I do not think the authors provide any empirical evidence to support their discussion. Ultimately, this book will be of most value to those seeking qualitative accounts of classbased socialization in different types of educational settings. The authors have done a fine job of shedding light on sites like small liberal arts colleges, elite boarding schools, and unaccredited job training programs that are often not part of mainstream discussions in sociology of education areas focused on the modal educational experience. Beyond the Beat: Musicians Building Community in Nashville, by Daniel B. Cornfield. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. 218 pp. $35.00 cloth. ISBN: 9780691160733.
BICEP 2 , Planck , spinorial space-time , pre-Big Bang On the possible origin of primordial CMB B-modes and gravitational waves . Potentialities of alternative cosmologies and open questions

The field of Cosmology is currently undergoing a positive and constructive crisis. Controversies concerning inflation are not really new. But after the 2013-2014 Planck and BICEP2 announcements, and the more recent joint analysis by Planck, BICEP2 and the Keck Array (PBKA), the basic issues can involve more direct links between the Mathematical Physics aspects of cosmological patterns and the interpretation of experimental results. Open questions and new ideas on the foundations of Cosmology can emerge, while future experimental and observational programs look very promising. The BICEP2 result reporting an excess of B-mode polarization signal of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation was initially presented as a signature of primordial gravitational waves from cosmic inflation. But polarized dust emission can be at the origin of such a signal, and the evidence claimed by BICEP2 is no longer secure after the PBKA analysis. Furthermore, even assuming that significant CMB B-mode polarization has indeed been generated by the early Universe, its theoretical and cosmological interpretation would be far from obvious. Inflationary gravitational waves are not the only possible source of primordial CMB B-modes. Alternative cosmologies such as pre-Big Bang patterns and the spinorial space-time (SST) we introduced in 1996-97 can naturally produce this polarization. Furthermore, the SST automatically generates for each comoving observer a local privileged space direction (PSD) whose existence may have been confirmed by Planck data. If such a PSD exists, vector perturbations have most likely been strong in the early Universe and may have produced CMB B-modes. Pre-Big Bang cosmologies can also generate gravitational waves in the early Universe without inflation. After briefly describing detectors devoted to the study of the CMB polarization, we discuss the situation emerging from BICEP2 results, Planck results and the PBKA analysis. In particular, we further analyze possible alternatives to the inflationary interpretation of a primordial B-mode polarization of cosmic microwave background radiation.
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION STRESS ON DISTRIBUTION OF NADPH-D REACTIVE NEURONS IN RAT ’ S PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS

Regulatory control of the hypothalamic– pituitary–adrenocortical axis (HPA) originates principally from the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). PVN contains a substantial population of nitric oxide synthesizing (NOS) neurons. In the present study, the effect of immobilization stress over these neurons was investigated by means of the NADPH–diaphorase histochemical technique. A considerable increase in the number of NADPH-diaphorase reactive neurons was observed following acute immobilization of rats. Our data showed that NO activity in rat’s PVN was significantly affected by acute immobilization stress. This suggests an important role of this part of the brain and NO-ergic system in anti-stressor system which main role is to process strategies for coping with different types of stress and to restore the disrupted homeostasis.
Do thinking styles play a role in whether people pathologise their pornography use?

ABSTRACT The concept of pornography addiction remains controversial and as such there are no diagnostic criteria. Despite this, individuals present to services with self-perceived problematic pornography use. Current treatment generally focuses on the pornography use, yet people's relationship with pornography is complex, and other factors may be relevant for therapy. Drawing on cognitive theory literature, this study explored whether thinking styles, influenced how people evaluate their pornography use. Self-reported (n = 265) “pornography addicts”, “somewhat pornography addicts”, and “non-addicts” were compared on their perceived effects of their pornography use, cognitive distortions, impact of religious beliefs, social desirability, and shame, within the values theory framework. Findings showed that groups differed significantly in their propensity for cognitive distortions, reported effects of their pornography use, the impact of their religious beliefs, and time spent viewing pornography. Significant differences were not found for the shame scales or social desirability. Regression analysis demonstrated that thinking styles mediated the relationship between time spent viewing pornography and the overall perceived negative impact of pornography. In light of this study's findings, thinking styles should be a focus in future research and treatment as it may help to reduce cognitive dissonance and engender agency.