Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
MASSLESS PARTICLES, ELECTROMAGNETISM, AND RIEFFEL INDUCTION

The connection between space-time covariant representations (obtained by inducing from the Lorentz group) and irreducible unitary representations (induced from Wigner’s little group) of the Poincare group is re-examined in the massless case. In the situation relevant to physics, it is found that these are related by Marsden-Weinstein reduction with respect to a gauge group. An analogous phenomenon is observed for classical massless relativistic particles. This symplectic reduction procedure can be (‘second’) quantized using a generalization of the Rieffel induction technique in operator algebra theory, which is carried through in detail for electromagnetism. Starting from the so-called Fermi representation of the field algebra generated by the free abelian gauge field, we construct a new (‘rigged’) sesquilinear form on the representation space, which is positive semi-definite, and given in terms of a Gaussian weak distribution (promeasure) on the gauge group (taken to be a Hilbert Lie group). This eventually constructs the algebra of observables of quantum electromagnetism (directly in its vacuum representation) as a representation of the so-called algebra of weak observables induced by the trivial representation of the gauge group.
Effect of Fortifiers and Additional Protein on the Osmolarity of Human Milk: Is It Still Safe for the Premature Infant?

Objectives: The present guidelines of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommend that osmolarity not exceed 450 mOsm/kg (or approximately an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L) for breast milk or infant formulae, to minimize the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis. A commercial protein supplement has been developed to meet special protein requirements (4.0–4.5 g · kg−1 · day−1) of infants with a birth weight <1000 g. Because its effect on osmolarity has not been systematically studied, we characterized the effects of fortification on the osmolarity of human milk (HM). Methods: Osmolarity of fresh and processed HM was measured at baseline, after fortification with a commercial HM fortifier and after further supplementation with additional protein increasing in 0.5-g steps up to 4.0 g. Measurements were performed immediately after adding fortifier and/or protein and after 24 hours. In addition, changes in osmolarity were determined after adding therapeutic additives such as iron, multivitamin supplement, and calcium-phosphorus capsules. Results: Native HM samples (n = 84) had 297 mOsm/L, (median; 95% confidence interval 295–299 mOsm/L). Adding HM fortifier increased osmolarity up to 436 mOsm/L (95% confidence interval 431–441 mOsm/L). Additional protein supplementation increased osmolarity by 23.5 mOsm/L per 0.5-g step, up to a maximum of 605 mOsm/L. Pasteurization decreased osmolarity by 20–30 mOsm/L (P < 0.001), and storage for 24 hours slightly increased osmolarity (by 11.5 mOsm/L P = 0.0002). Therapeutic additives increased osmolarity up to 868 mOsm/L. Conclusions: Adding HM fortifier and additional protein to HM increased osmolarity to >400 mOsm/L and therefore above the recommended threshold. Because of the excessive increase in osmolarity combinations of HM + fortifier and additional protein should not be applied together with multivitamins or other additives.
Prospects for Developing Absorptive Capacity Through Internal Information Provision

Theories of absorptive capacity propose that knowledge gained from prior experience facilitates the identification, selection, and implementation of related profitable practices. Researchers have investigated how managers may develop absorptive capacity by building internal knowledge stocks, but few have focused on the distribution of this knowledge within the firm and the role managers play in administering information to organizational subunits. In this paper, we explore the degree to which managers can develop absorptive capacity by directly providing information to agents in the organization that might potentially adopt a new practice. We find that the effectiveness of managerial information provision depends on the degree to which potential adopters have information from other sources. We find that information from previous adopters and past events reduces the effect of information provision, while experience with related practices amplifies it. Our research helps clarify when absorptive capacity may provide a sustained competitive advantage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus species among health care and nonhealth care workers undergoing cataract surgery

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to characterize the bacterial flora of the ocular and periocular surface in cataract surgery patients and to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistance among staphylococcal isolates obtained from health care workers (HCWs) and non-HCWs. Methods: In this prospective, multicenter, case series study, eyelid and conjunctival cultures were obtained from the nonoperative eye of 399 consecutive cataract patients on the day of surgery prior to application of topical anesthetics, antibiotics, or antiseptics. Speciation and susceptibility testing were performed at the Dean A. McGee Eye Institute. Logistic regression was utilized to evaluate whether any factors were significant in predicting the presence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates. Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis (62.9%), followed by S. aureus (14.0%), was the most frequently isolated organism. Methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis accounted for 47.1% (178/378) of S. epidermidis isolates, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus accounted for 29.5% (26/88) of S. aureus isolates. Methicillin-resistant staphylococcal isolates were found in 157 of 399 (39.3%) patients, the majority (89.2%) of whom were non-HCWs. The likelihood of being colonized with methicillin-resistant organisms increased with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.27; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–1.58; P = 0.04) but decreased with diabetes (OR, 0.51; 95% CI: 0.29–0.89; P = 0.02). Being a HCW (OR, 1.25; 95% CI: 0.61–2.58; P = 0.54) was not a risk factor for colonization with methicillin-resistant organisms. Conclusion: Patients without exposure to health care environments are as likely as HCWs to be colonized with methicillin-resistant organisms. Increasing methicillin resistance with age may partially explain the increased risk of endophthalmitis reported with older age.
To Trade or Not to Trade: The Strategic Trading of Insiders around News Announcements

We argue that insiders' decisions to trade in short windows before news announcements are likely to result from a trade-off between the incentives to capitalize on the foreknowledge of the disclosure and the risk of regulatory scrutiny and reputation loss. We provide evidence that the decision of insiders to buy is driven by this trade-off. We show that insiders strategically choose the amount of shares bought ahead of good news announcements, as they increase their purchases when the price impact of the news goes up, but the amount of shares purchased levels off as the news becomes extreme. In contrast, their sell trades are primarily influenced by the deterring effect of the regulatory and reputation risks, as the probability of their sell trades decreases significantly with the price impact of the forthcoming bad news. To further support our arguments on the importance of incentives and disincentives to trade, we show that the strategic trading is mainly observed in the most price-sensitive groups of news announcements, and is clearly pronounced for best informed executives (CEOs), and that the trading patterns change with changes in regulations, and insiders with higher reputational risk limit their trading ahead of bad news. Copyright (c) 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Culturing enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of glucose as a simple means of evaluating the acid tolerance of stationary-phase cells

Prior growth of seven enterohemorrhagic and one nonenterohemorrhagic strains of Escherichia coli in tryptic soy broth with (TSB+G) and without (TSB-G) 1% glucose was evaluated for its effect on acid tolerance. The final pHs of 18-h TSB+G and TSB-G cultures were 4.6 to 5.2 and 6.9 to 7.0, respectively. Cells were then transferred to brain heart infusion broth adjusted to pH 2.5 or 3.0 with HCl, incubated at 37 degrees C for up to 7 h, and assayed periodically for viable populations with brain heart infusion and MacConkey agars. All enterohemorrhagic strains were acid resistant (< 0.5 log decline after 7 h) when initially cultured in TSB+G, but substantial differences in acid tolerance were observed among strains cultured in TSB-G (log declines ranged from < 0.3 to > 3.8). The results indicated that prior growth in a medium with and without a fermentable carbohydrate is a convenient way to studying the induction of acid tolerance, that acid inactivation is preceded by a period of acid injury, and that pH-independent and pH-dependent stationary-phase acid tolerance phenotypes may exist among strains of enterohemorrhagic E. coli.
Loading Applied On The Abutment Of Transfemoral Amputees Fitted With An Osseointegrated Implant

L. Frossard, D. Lee Gow, B. Contoyannis, D. Ewins, J. Sullivan, R. Tranberg, E. Haggstrom, R. Brånemark Centre for Rehabilitation Science and Engineering , Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Caulfield General Medical Centre, Melbourne RehabTech, Monash Rehabilitation Technology Research Unit, Melbourne Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Queen’s Mary Hospital, Roehompton, UK Lundberg Laboratory for Orthopaedic Research, Gothenburg, Sweden Centre for Orthopaedic Osseointegration, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Advanced algorithms for fast and scalable deep packet inspection

Modern deep packet inspection systems use regular expressions to define various patterns of interest in network data streams. Deterministic finite automata (DFA) are commonly used to parse regular expressions. DFAs are fast, but can require prohibitively large amounts of memory for patterns arising in network applications. Traditional DFA table compression only slightly reduces the memory required and requires an additional memory access per input character. Alternative representations of regular expressions, such as NFAs and delayed input DFAs (D2FA) require less memory but sacrifice throughput. In this paper we introduce the content addressed delayed input DFA (CD2FA), which provides a compact representation of regular expressions that match the throughput of traditional uncompressed DFAs. A CD2FA addresses successive states of a D2FA using their content, rather than a "content-less" identifier. This makes selected information available earlier in the state traversal process, which makes it possible to avoid unnecessary memory accesses. We demonstrate that such content-addressing can be effectively used to obtain automata that are very compact and can achieve high throughput. Specifically, we show that for an application using thousands of patterns defined by regular expressions, CD2FAs use as little as 10% of the space required by a conventional compressed DFA, and match the throughput of an uncompressed DFA.
Nasal cartilages, hyobranchial apparatus, larynx, and glottal tubes in four species of Hydropsini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae)

Tribe Hydropsini (Serpentes: Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) consists of three genera of aquatic snakes, Helicops, Hydrops, and Pseudoeryx, in which cartilaginous cranial features have been poorly studied. We here describe the nasal cartilages, hyobranchial apparatus, larynx, and glottal tubes in four representative Hydropsini species, compare them with species from other Dipsadidae tribes, and discuss our results in the context of the adaptation to the aquatic and fossorial habit. The studied species possess two nasal features that deviate from the pattern of nasal cartilages known in other aletinophidian and caenophidian snakes: (1) a cartilaginous connection between the lamina transversalis anterior and the concha of the Jacobson´s organ, and (2) a small rostral projection of the planum anteorbitale, which probably represents a reduced anterior maxillary process. Two putative synapomorphic features may be supporting the monophyly of Hydropsini: (1) a short inferior median eminence of the cricoid cartilage, and (2) a large processus entoglossus of the hyobranchial apparatus. The second feature also occurs in other snakes, such as the aquatic Farancia abacura (Dipsadidae: incertae sedis), the semi-fossorial Oxyrhopus rhombifer (Xenodontinae: Pseudoboini), and the fossorial Phalotris bilineatus (Xenodontinae: Elapomorphini). This feature may represent a convergent cranial adaptation between aquatic and fossorial snakes. Similarly, the short inferior median eminence of the cricoid cartilage, which also occurs in Farancia abacura, may represent a convergent adaptation to the fully aquatic habit in these species.
First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Reaction Forces during High-Heel Gait

First metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint reaction forces were calculated for 11 normal females during the toe-off phase of gait while walking in bare feet and in high heeled shoes. A biomechanical model was used to calculate the forces utilizing kinematic, kinetic, footprint, and radiographic data. The results showed that the MTP joint reaction forces (FJ), the metatarsal-sesamoid forces (FS), and the resultant of these forces (FRES), were twice as large in high heels compared to barefoot walking. The average peak forces for barefoot and high-heeled gait were FJ: 0.8 and 1.58 times body weight, FS: 0.44 and 1.03 times body weight, and FRES: 0.93 and 1.88 times body weight. Also, the kinematics changed when wearing high heels, making angles of application of forces and sesamoidal articulations less favorable.
The Functions of Internet Use and Their Social and Psychological Consequences

Although the Internet has spawned significant changes in communication and interpersonal behavior, the data concerning the social and psychological effects of its use are equivocal. Drawing on the uses and gratifications model of communications media, it was hypothesized that the social and psychological effects of Internet use depend primarily on the user's reasons and goals for using the technology. That is, the Internet's social and psychological effects depend upon the functions it serves for users. A theoretical model involving the functions of Internet use, dimensions of social integration, and dimensions of psychological well-being was examined. In study 1, participants indicated the primary reasons for which they use the Internet. Principle components analyses indicated that these reasons fell under two empirically robust dimensions accounting for about half of the total variance in Internet use. These dimensions, or functions, were labeled Socio-Affective Regulation (SAR) and Goods-and-Information Acquisition (GIA); SAR may be conceptualized as a social or an affiliative orientation toward Internet use, whereas GIA may be conceptualized as a utilitarian or practical orientation toward Internet use. In study 2, structural equation modeling revealed that Internet use driven by SAR negatively influences psychological well-being by first reducing social integration. However, Internet use motivated principally by GIA appears to have a favorable effect on psychological well-being by first increasing social integration. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed.
Maximising the information gained from an experimental analysis of code inspection and static analysis for concurrent java components

The results of empirical studies are limited to particular contexts, difficult to generalise and the studies themselves are expensive to perform. Despite these problems, empirical studies in software engineering can be made effective and they are important to both researchers and practitioners. The key to their effectiveness lies in the maximisation of the information that can be gained by examining existing studies, conducting power analyses for an accurate minimum sample size and benefiting from previous studies through replication. This approach was applied in a controlled experiment examining the combination of automated static analysis tools and code inspection in the context of verification and validation (V&V) of concurrent Java components. The combination of these V&V technologies was shown to be cost-effective despite the size of the study, which thus contributes to research in V&V technology evaluation.
The gross rates of growth of human mammary carcinoma

In a retrospective review of 912 patients with mammary cancer at the Ellis Fischel State Cancer Hospital (EFSCH), 199 patient records contained two or more gross measurements of a neoplastic focus in the breast, a lymph node, the lung, the chest wall, or other sites. The gross rates of growth were calculated from these measurements and correlated with the characteristics of the tumor and the hosts. The rates were independent of the anatomical site of the measured carcinoma, marital status, race, tumor size, frequency of lymph node metastasis at the time of mastectomy, and frequency and site of the postoperative metastasis. Doubling times did correlate directly with the age of the patients, duration of preoperative symptoms, and duration of survival after radical mastectomy. Tumor growth rate can account for some of the clinical characteristics of mammary carcinoma.
Anatomic Evaluation of the Sacroiliac Joint: A Radiographic Study with Implications for Procedures.

BACKGROUND Sacroiliac joint (SI) pain is increasingly being recognized as a source of low back pain. Injections and percutaneous type procedures are performed to treat symptomatic joints. However, there are limited studies available assessing the anatomy of the SI joint in vivo among patients with pain. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to provide more precise information on the dimensions and orientation of the SI joint using a new technique for the radiographic evaluation of this joint. STUDY DESIGN Observational study. SETTING Emergency department METHODS Three dimensional computed tomographic (CT) reconstructions of the pelvis were formatted from 100 SI joints in 50 patients who had clinically indicated abdominal/pelvic scans. These images were manipulated to evaluate the SI joint in multiple planes and measure its dimensions, area, and relationship to anatomic landmarks such as the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). RESULTS Of the 50 patients, 23 were men and 27 women. Their mean age was 47.6 years (± 18.1). The SI joint consists of a superior limb which measures 39.7 mm (± 4.8) in length, and an inferior limb which measures 54.3 mm (± 5.1), oriented at an angle of 100.1° (± 8.1) to one another. The mean area of the joint was 1276.8 mm2 (± 189.8). The horizontal distance from the ASIS to the front of the superior SI joint is 75.4 mm (± 8.4). The horizontal distance from the PSIS to the back of the superior SI joint is 43.9 mm (± 5.6). The joint stretches 7.5 mm (± 5.9) cephalad and 38.1 mm (± 6.4) caudal to the PSIS, and 35.4 mm (± 8.8) cephalad and 10.2 mm (± 11.4) caudal to the ASIS. LIMITATIONS CT scans were performed with patients lying supine, while most SI joint procedures are performed with a patient prone. However it is doubtful that the bony anatomic landmarks would change appreciable in this largely immobile joint. These patients were seen in the emergency department for a variety of conditions related to abdominal and pelvic pain, and not exclusively for SI joint pain. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of the SI joint by surgeons and interventionalists is hampered by the limited number of anatomic studies in the literature. Our study presents the SI joint as a 2-limbed structure, sitting from slightly above the level of the PSIS rostrally to slightly below the level of the ASIS caudally. Palpation of these landmarks may assist in directing physicians to the joint. To begin an interventional pain procedure, with a patient lying prone, this data supports tilting the x-ray image intensifier 10 degrees caudal past the vertical anteroposterior (AP) view for optimal approach of the SI joint's inferior limb. The needle entry should be about 44.1 mm (1.75 inches) caudal to the PSIS. The image intensifier should have a 12 degree left lateral oblique view for injection of the right SI joint, and a 12 degree right lateral oblique view for the left SI joint.
Multi-axial yield of aluminium alloy foams

Multi-axial yield of aluminium alloy foams V. S. Deshpande and N. A. Fleck Engineering Department, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 lPZ, UK. 247 A practical constitutive law is developed for multi-axial yielding of metallic foams. The constitutive law is motivated by triaxial experiments on Alporas and Duocel aluminium alloy foams, and has been implemented within the finite element code ABAQUS. We find that the yield surface is of quadratic shape in effective stress versus mean stress space, and that plastic flow is normal to the yield surface. The strain hardening behaviour is somewhat sensitive to the direction of stress path, with enhanced hardening observed under hydrostatic loading. The isotropic model presented here is adequate for loading paths which are not too far from proportional.
Measurements from an 802.11b mobile ad hoc network

This paper analyzes the characteristics of a multi-hop 802.11b mobile ad hoc network. We present data gathered from a mobile network of 20 devices carried by test users over 5 days in an indoor environment. The data is analyzed with regard to (i) the number of reachable devices, (ii) the node degree, (iii) the average path length, (iv) the link lifetime, (v) and the route lifetime. Despite the relatively high node density and low node mobility in our setup, we observe frequent network partitioning and considerably high path lengths (as large as 7 hops). However, the usability of these long paths is questionable as their lifetime is short. We believe that our measurements are representative for typical indoor environments and that the results can and should be used for evaluating networking protocols as well as to validate existing or to derive new mobility models
Terpene Down-Regulation in Orange Reveals the Role of Fruit Aromas in Mediating Interactions with Insect Herbivores and Pathogens1[C][W]

Plants use volatile terpene compounds as odor cues for communicating with the environment. Fleshy fruits are particularly rich in volatiles that deter herbivores and attract seed dispersal agents. We have investigated how terpenes in citrus fruit peels affect the interaction between the plant, insects, and microorganisms. Because limonene represents up to 97% of the total volatiles in orange (Citrus sinensis) fruit peel, we chose to down-regulate the expression of a limonene synthase gene in orange plants by introducing an antisense construct of this gene. Transgenic fruits showed reduced accumulation of limonene in the peel. When these fruits were challenged with either the fungus Penicillium digitatum or with the bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, they showed marked resistance against these pathogens that were unable to infect the peel tissues. Moreover, males of the citrus pest medfly (Ceratitis capitata) were less attracted to low limonene-expressing fruits than to control fruits. These results indicate that limonene accumulation in the peel of citrus fruit appears to be involved in the successful trophic interaction between fruits, insects, and microorganisms. Terpene down-regulation might be a strategy to generate broad-spectrum resistance against pests and pathogens in fleshy fruits from economically important crops. In addition, terpene engineering may be important for studying the basic ecological interactions between fruits, herbivores, and pathogens.