Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Universal classes of hash functions (Extended Abstract)

This paper gives an input independent average linear time algorithm for storage and retrieval on keys. The algorithm makes a random choice of hash function from a suitable class of hash functions. Given any sequence of inputs the expected time (averaging over all functions in the class) to store and retrieve elements is linear in the length of the sequence. The number of references to the data base required by the algorithm for any input is extremely close to the theoretical minimum for any possible hash function with randomly distributed inputs. We present three suitable classes of hash functions which also may be evaluated rapidly. The ability to analyze the cost of storage and retrieval without worrying about the distribution of the input allows as corollaries improvements on the bounds of several algorithms.
The effect of the length of the short chain branch on the impact properties of linear low density polyethylene

The ability to evaluate various mechanical test parameters of polymers using an instrumented impact tester is reviewed. The nature of the short chain branching (SCB) in a series of linear low density polyethylenes (LLDPE) was characterized and related to several impact test parameters for these materials. The impact strength, ductility, and impact fatigue life were observed to increase with increasing branch length. This was attributed, in fact, to an increase in the number of interlamellar tie molecules as the SCB length increased. With an increase in the SCB length the SCB distribution became broader; the number of chains rich in short chain branches increased. This component acts somewhat like the rubber particles in a rubber-toughened blend which gives rise to the concept of a “one copolymer blend”.
Substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antenna with reduced beam squint

We present a substrate integrated waveguide implementation of a leaky-wave antenna that can be easily designed to reduce the beam squint. For this purpose, an arrangement of transversely coupled Fabry-Pérot cavities is proposed. A simple and accurate Transverse Equivalent Network is developed to analyze this structure, and simple design expressions are obtained from Transverse Resonance Equations. A two-resonator antenna scanning at an angle of 30° around 15GHz is illustrated, showing that the convenient location of the posts allows flexible control over the frequency-beam-scanning response. The theory is validated with full-wave simulations, demonstrating the reduction of the beam squint and the upgrade to double instantaneous bandwidth (6.6%) for a 2nd-order design.
Blood lactate but not serum phosphate levels can predict patient outcome in fulminant hepatic failure

Early identification of those patients with fulminant hepatic liver failure (FHF) who need a transplant greatly helps in their management. A number of prognostic criteria have recently been proposed, including arterial blood lactate and serum phosphate concentrations. To validate their use, we retrospectively studied 83 consecutive patients with FHF admitted to our intensive treatment unit between August 2000 and March 2003. A total of 48 patients (58%) survived with medical management only (group I) and 35 patients (42%) failed to survive spontaneously (group II). This group included 19 patients (23%) who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (LT), and 16 patients (19%) who died without undergoing LT (group IIa). A total of 5 patients (6%) who underwent liver transplantation died. Within paracetamol overdose (POD) and non‐POD subgroups, phosphate concentrations were not significantly higher in group II patients (P = 0.08 and P = 0.27, respectively), when compared to group I patients. In multivariate analysis, post admission 12‐hour lactate level was the only predictor of survival for the POD subgroup, whereas in non‐POD patients, 12‐hour lactate and admission bilirubin levels were significant in predicting patients' outcome. In conclusion, we found that while serum phosphate concentrations have limited clinical utility as prognostic markers, persistently elevated arterial blood lactate levels despite adequate fluid resuscitation are indicators of a poor prognosis in FHF. (Liver Transpl 2005;11:1073–1079.)
Autophagy supports Candida glabrata survival during phagocytosis

The opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata is confronted with phagocytic cells of the host defence system. Survival of internalized cells is thought to contribute to successful dissemination. We investigated the reaction of engulfed C. glabrata cells using fluorescent protein fusions of the transcription factors CgYap1 and CgMig1 and catalase CgCta1. The expression level and peroxisomal localization of catalase was used to monitor the metabolic and stress status of internalized C. glabrata cells. These reporters revealed that the phagocytosed C. glabrata cells were exposed to transient oxidative stress and starved for carbon source. Cells trapped within macrophages increased their peroxisome numbers indicating a metabolic switch. Prolonged phagocytosis caused a pexophagy‐mediated decline in peroxisome numbers. Autophagy, and in particular pexophagy, contributed to survival of C. glabrata during engulfment. Mutants lacking CgATG11 or CgATG17, genes required for pexophagy and non‐selective autophagy, respectively, displayed reduced survival rates. Furthermore, both CgAtg11 and CgAtg17 contribute to survival, since the double mutant was highly sensitive to engulfment. Inhibition of peroxisome formation by deletion of CgPEX3 partially restored viability of CgATG11 deletion mutants during engulfment. This suggests that peroxisome formation and maintenance might sequester resources required for optimal survival. Mobilization of intracellular resources via autophagy is an important virulence factor that supports the viability of C. glabrata in the phagosomal compartment of infected innate immune cells.
How is the adequacy of micronutrient intake assessed across Europe? A systematic literature review

EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned is a network of excellence funded by the European commission, and established to address the problem of differences between countries in micronutrient recommendations as well as to understand how nutritional information including requirements and adequacy of intake is processed among different population groups. The aims of the present paper were to review the methods used for the adequacy assessment of the intake of six micronutrients of public health concern (vitamin A, folate, vitamin B12, Fe, Zn and iodine) in non-European and European nutrition surveys carried out on the apparently healthy population and to compare in particular the adequacy across surveys for folate intake. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify nutrition surveys that assessed micronutrient intake adequacy. The search yielded 9049 records, out of which 337 were eligible for the selected micronutrients. The majority (83·9 %) of the European surveys compared the adequacy of the nutrient intake against the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA); only a few surveys (8·0 %) used the estimated average requirement cut-point method, while none of them used the probability approach. The comparison of folate inadequacy across eight countries revealed that about 25 % of the adult female population had inadequate intakes when judged against the different recommendations used by the respective investigators, but nearly 75 % had inadequate intakes when compared against the estimated average requirement cut-point value of 320 μg/d. The present review showed that different methods were applied across Europe to estimate the adequacy of micronutrient intake, which led to different prevalence estimates of micronutrient inadequacy.
SHAPE ANALYSIS OF SYMMETRIC STRUCTURES: QUANTIFYING VARIATION AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND ASYMMETRY

Abstract Morphometric studies often consider parts with internal left-right symmetry, for instance, the vertebrate skull. This type of symmetry is called object symmetry and is distinguished from matching symmetry, in which two separate structures exist as mirror images of each other, one on each body side. We explain a method for partitioning the total shape variation of landmark configurations with object symmetry into components of symmetric variation among individuals and asymmetry. This method is based on the Procrustes superimposition of the original and a reflected copy of each landmark configuration and is compatible with the two-factor ANOVA model customary in studies of fluctuating asymmetry. We show a fully multivariate framework for testing the effects in the two-factor model with MANOVA statistics, which also applies to shapes with matching symmetry. We apply the new methods in a small case study of pharyngeal jaws of the Neotropical cichlid fish Amphilophus citrinellus. The analysis revealed that the symmetric component of variation in the pharyngeal jaws is dominated by the contrast between two alternative trophic morphs in this species and that there is subtle but statistically significant directional asymmetry. Finally, we provide some general recommendations for morphometric studies of symmetric shapes.
Phase Field Models as Computer Experiments: Growth Kinetics of Anisotropic Precipitates

Phase field models are widely used for the study of microstructures and their evolution. They can also be used as computer experiments. As computer experiments, they serve two important roles: (a) theoretical results which are hard to verify/validate experimentally can be verified/validated on the computer using phase field models; and, (b) when severe assumptions are made in a theory, they can be relaxed in the phase field model, and hence, results with wider reach can be obtained. In this paper, we discuss some such computer experiments in general, and the growth kinetics of precipitates in systems with tetragonal and cubic interfacial anisotropies in particular.
Edge preserved denoising and singularity extraction from angles gathers

A matching pursuit technique composed with an imaging method is used to obtain quantitative information on geological records from seismic data. The technique is based on a greedy non-linear search algorithm decomposing data into atoms. These atoms are drawn from a redundant dictionary of seismic waveforms. Fractional splines are used to define this dictionary, whose elements are not only designed to match the observed waveforms but also to span the appropriate family of geological patterns. Consequently, the atom’s parameterization provides localized scale, order and direction information that reveals the stratigraphy and the type of geological transitions. Besides a localized scaling characterization, the atomic decomposition allows for an accurate denoised reconstruction of data with only a small number of atoms. Application of this approach to angles gathers allows us to track geological singularities from seismic data. Our characterization bridges the gap between the analysis of the main features within geologic processes, i.e. the geologic patterns, and the interpretation of their associated seismic response. A case study of Valhall data is presented.
Simple Mechanisms Can Explain Social Learning in Domestic Dogs (Canis familiaris)

Recent studies have suggested that domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) engage in highly complex forms of social learning. Here, we critically assess the potential mechanisms underlying social learning in dogs using two problem-solving tasks. In a classical detour task, the test dogs benefited from observing a demonstrator walking around a fence to obtain a reward. However, even inexperienced dogs did not show a preference for passing the fence at the same end as the demonstrator. Furthermore, dogs did not need to observe a complete demonstration by a human demonstrator to pass the task. Instead, they were just as successful in solving the problem after seeing a partial demonstration by an object passing by at the end of the fence. In contrast to earlier findings, our results suggest that stimulus enhancement (or affordance learning) might be a powerful social learning mechanism used by dogs to solve such detour problems. In the second task, we examined whether naive dogs copy actions to solve an instrumental problem. After controlling for stimulus enhancement and other forms of social influence (e.g. social facilitation and observational conditioning), we found that dogs’ problem solving was not influenced by witnessing a skilful demonstrator (either an unknown human, a conspecific or the dog’s owner). Together, these results add to evidence suggesting that social learning may often be explained by relatively simple (but powerful) mechanisms.
DEVELOPMENTAL INSTABILITY IS GENETICALLY CORRELATED WITH PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, CONSTRAINING HERITABILITY, AND FITNESS

Although adaptive plasticity would seem always to be favored by selection, it occurs less often than expected. This lack of ubiquity suggests that there must be trade‐offs, costs, or limitations associated with plasticity. Yet, few costs have been found. We explore one type of limitation, a correlation between plasticity and developmental instability, and use quantitative genetic theory to show why one should expect a genetic correlation. We test that hypothesis using the Landsberg erecta × Cape Verde Islands recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana. RILs were grown at four different nitrogen (N) supply levels that span the range of N availabilities previously documented in North American field populations. We found a significant multivariate relationship between the cross‐environment trait plasticity and the within‐environment, within‐RIL developmental instability across 13 traits. This genetic covariation between plasticity and developmental instability has two costs. First, theory predicts diminished fitness for highly plastic lines under stabilizing selection, because their developmental instability and variance around the optimum phenotype will be greater compared to nonplastic genotypes. Second, empirically the most plastic traits exhibited heritabilities reduced by 57% on average compared to nonplastic traits. This demonstration of potential costs in inclusive fitness and heritability provoke a rethinking of the evolutionary role of plasticity.
Implant Primary Stability Determined by Resonance Frequency Analysis in Surgically Created Defects: A Pilot Cadaver Study

Aim:Implant primary stability is a prerequisite for implant success. A dehiscence or a circumferential defect (CD) at the time of implant placement presents a challenge for achieving primary stability. The aim of this study was to examine the correlations between implant primary stability determined by resonance frequency analysis (RFA) and periimplant bone levels. Materials:Ten implants were placed in 2 cadaver heads. A series of different sizes of narrow (NDD) and wide (WDD) dehiscence defects and CDs were surgically created around 6 and 4 implants, respectively. Implant primary stability in each size of the 3 different defect types was measured with RFA. For each defect type, the association between the RFA readings and the defect size was plotted and statistically analyzed. Results:In NDD study, the RFA readings were not correlated with the defect size. In WDD study, the association was significant for most implants, with the coefficient correlation (r) ranging from −0.88 to −0.97. In CD study, there was also a significant association between the implant stability quotient readings and the bone levels, and the r ranged from −0.94 to −0.99. Conclusion:The association between implant primary stability measured by RFA and the size of surrounding bone defects was defect type dependent. The correlation was highly significant for WDD and CD but not for NDD.
Effects of family structure on children's use of ambulatory visits and prescription medications.

OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of family structure, including number of parents, number of other children, and number and type of other adults, on office visits, emergency room visits, and use of prescription medications by children. DATA SOURCE The Household Component of the 1996-2001 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). STUDY DESIGN The study consisted of a nationally representative sample of children 0-17 years of age living in single-mother or two-parent families. We used negative binomial regression to model office visits and emergency room visits and logistic regression to model the likelihood of prescription medication use. Our analyses adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics as well as measures of children's health and parental education and child-rearing experience. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHOD We combined 1996-2001 MEPS Full Year Consolidated Files and Medical Conditions Files. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Descriptive data showed that children in single-mother families had fewer office visits than children in two-parent families; however, the effect of number of parents in the family on children's office visits or use of prescription medications was completely explained by other explanatory variables. By contrast, children living in families with many other children had fewer total and physician office visits and a lower likelihood of using a prescription medication than children living in families with no other children even after adjusting for other explanatory variables. Children who lived with other adults in addition to their parents also had fewer office visits and a lower likelihood of using a prescription medication than children who lived only with their parents. CONCLUSIONS Children living in families with many other children or with other adults use less ambulatory care and prescription medications than their peers. Additional research is needed to determine whether these differences in utilization affect children's health.
Mapping glutamate in subcortical brain structures using high‐resolution GluCEST MRI

In vivo measurement of glutamate (Glu) in brain subcortex can elucidate the role these structures play in cognition and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, accurate quantification of Glu in subcortical regions is challenging. Recently, a novel MRI method based on the Glu chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) effect has been developed for detecting brain Glu in millimolar concentrations. Here, we use GluCEST to map Glu distributions in subcortical structures of the human brain (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus). Overall, GluCEST was ~40% higher in gray matter than in white matter. Within the subcortical gray matters, amygdala showed the highest GluCEST contrast. Utilizing MR spectroscopic data, in vivo GluCEST detection sensitivity (~0.8% mM−1) in subcortical gray matter was evaluated and was consistent with the previously reported values. In general, the GluCEST map approximates the Glu receptor distribution reported in previous positron emission tomography (PET) studies. These findings suggest that high‐resolution GluCEST MRI of subcortical brain structures may prove to be a useful tool in diagnosis of brain disorders or treatment responses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Cure Pressure Induced Voids on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon／Epoxy Laminates

This work aims at designing a set of curing pressure routes to produce laminates with various void contents. The effects of various consolidation pressures resulting in different void contents on mechanical strength of carbon/epoxy laminates have been examined. Characterization of the voids, in terms of void volume fraction, void distribution,size, and shape, was performed by standard test, ultrasonic inspection and metallographic analysis. The interlaminar shear strength was measured by the short-beam method. An empirical model was used to predict the strength vs porosity. The predicted strengths conform well with the experimental data and voids were found to be uniformly distributed throughout the laminate.
Role of Multidrug Resistance Protein 3 in Antifungal-Induced Cholestasis

Drug-induced liver injury is an important clinical entity resulting in a considerable number of hospitalizations. While drug-induced cholestasis due to the inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP) is well investigated, only limited information on the interaction of drugs with multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3) exists and its role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced cholestasis is poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to study the interaction of drugs with MDR3 and the effect of drugs on canalicular lipid secretion in a newly established polarized cell line system that serves as a model of canalicular lipid secretion. LLC-PK1 cells were stably transfected with human Na+-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, BSEP, MDR3, and ABCG5/G8 and grown in the Transwell system. Apical phospholipid secretion and taurocholate transport were assayed to investigate the effect of selected drugs on MDR3-mediated phospholipid secretion as well as inhibition of BSEP. The established cell line displayed vectorial bile salt transport and specific phosphatidylcholine secretion into the apical compartment. The antifungal azoles, posaconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole, significantly inhibited MDR3-mediated phosphatidylcholine secretion. In contrast, amoxicillin clavulanate and troglitazone did not interfere with MDR3 activity. Drugs interfering with MDR3 activity did not display a parallel inhibition of BSEP. Our in vitro model for MDR3-mediated phospholipid secretion facilitates parallel screening for MDR3 and BSEP inhibitors. Our data demonstrate that the cholestatic potential of certain drugs may be aggravated by simultaneous inhibition of BSEP and MDR3.