Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Word-based morphology

This paper examines two contrasting perspectives on morphological analysis, and considers inflectional patterns that bear on the choice between these alternatives. On what is termed an ABSTRACTIVE perspective, surface word forms are regarded as basic morphotactic units of a grammatical system, with roots, stems and exponents treated as abstractions over a lexicon of word forms. This traditional standpoint is contrasted with the more CONSTRUCTIVE perspective of post-Bloomfieldian models, in which surface word forms are ‘built’ from sub-word units. Part of the interest of this contrast is that it cuts across conventional divisions of morphological models. Thus, realization-based models are morphosyntactically ‘word-based’ in the sense that they regard words as the minimal meaningful units of a grammatical system. Yet morphotactically, these models tend to adopt a constructive ‘root-based’ or ‘stem-based’ perspective. An examination of some form-class patterns in Saami, Estonian and Georgian highlights advantages of an abstractive model, and suggests that these advantages derive from the fact that sets of words often predict other word forms and determine a morphotactic analysis of their parts, whereas sets of sub-word units are of limited predictive value and typically do not provide enough information to recover word forms.
The isolated voltage sensing domain of the Shaker potassium channel forms a voltage-gated cation channel

Domains in macromolecular complexes are often considered structurally and functionally conserved while energetically coupled to each other. In the modular voltage-gated ion channels the central ion-conducting pore is surrounded by four voltage sensing domains (VSDs). Here, the energetic coupling is mediated by interactions between the S4-S5 linker, covalently linking the domains, and the proximal C-terminus. In order to characterize the intrinsic gating of the voltage sensing domain in the absence of the pore domain, the Shaker Kv channel was truncated after the fourth transmembrane helix S4 (Shaker-iVSD). Shaker-iVSD showed significantly altered gating kinetics and formed a cation-selective ion channel with a strong preference for protons. Ion conduction in Shaker-iVSD developed despite identical primary sequence, indicating an allosteric influence of the pore domain. Shaker-iVSD also displays pronounced 'relaxation'. Closing of the pore correlates with entry into relaxation suggesting that the two processes are energetically related. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.18130. 001
Minimax Duality for MIMO Interference Networks

A minimax duality for a Gaussian mutual information expression was introduced by Yu. An interesting observation is the relationship between cost constraints on the transmit covariances and noise covariances in the dual problem via Lagrangian multipliers. We introduce a minimax duality for general MIMO interference networks, where noise and transmit covariances are optimized subject to linear conic constraints. We observe a fully symmetric relationship between the solutions of both networks, where the roles of the optimization variables and Lagrangian multipliers are inverted. The least favorable noise covariance itself provides a Lagrangian multiplier for the linear conic constraint on the transmit covariance in the dual network, while the transmit covariance provides a Lagrangian multiplier for the constraint on the interference plus noise covariance in the dual network. The degrees of freedom available for optimization are constituted by linear subspaces, where the orthogonal subspaces induce the constraints in the dual network. For the proof of our duality we make use of the existing polite water-filling network duality and as a by-product we are able to show that maximization problems in MIMO interference networks have a zero-duality gap for a special formulation of the dual function. Our minimax duality unifies and extends several results, including the original minimax duality and other known network dualities. New results and applications are MIMO transmission strategies that manage and handle uncertainty due to unknown inter-cell interference and information theoretic proofs concerning cooperation in networks and optimality of proper signaling.
Institutional Investors, Corporate Governance and Pension Funds

This paper presents an analysis on how the expected development of pension funds in Italy will contribute toenhance corporate governance. The existing evidence on this issue comes mainly from the Anglo Saxon countries but it does notshow unequivocal effectiveness of activism on firm performance. In Italy the current design of pension funds governance substantially mirrors that of UK, where pension funds as well as life insurance companies show a preference for passivity instead of activism. Evidence from countries such as Japan and Israel, that are similar to Italy from a corporate governance point of view, is also included in order to better understand the perspectives for Italy. All in all, the private funds industry seems to be characterized by several group-affiliated institutional investors whose investment policy is likely to be plagued by conflicts of interest similar to those existing in Japan and Israel. Supervision by market authorities and performance-related managerial compensation would help mitigating this problem.
The Unreliability of Credit-to-GDP Ratio Gaps in Real-Time: Implications for Countercyclical Capital Buffers

Macroeconomists have long recognized that activity-gap measures are unreliable in real time and that this can present serious difficulties for stabilization policy. This paper investigates whether the credit-to-GDP ratio gap, which has been proposed as a reference point for accumulating countercyclical capital buffers, is subject to similar problems. We find that ex-post revisions to the U.S. credit-to-GDP ratio gap are sizable and as large as the gap itself, and that the main source of these revisions stems from the unreliability of end-of-sample estimates of the series' trend rather than from revised estimates of the underlying data. The paper considers the potential costs of gap mismeasurement. We find that the volume of lending that may incorrectly be curtailed is potentially large, although loan interest-rates appear to increase only modestly.
Analytical Performance of the Roche LightCycler® Mycobacterium Detection Kit for the Diagnosis of Clinically Important Mycobacterial Species

Background The LightCycler® Mycobacterium Detection Kit based on real-time PCR technology for the detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium kansasii was recently developed. This study evaluated its analytical sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility. Methodology/Principal Findings Plasmid standards were prepared and used to determine the limit of detection. The assay was also performed against organisms other than mycobacteria, other mycobacterial strains and interfering substances to exclude cross-reactivity and interference. Reference standards were prepared and tested to assess the assay's reproducibility. All PCR assays were performed using the LightCycler® 2.0 Instrument. The detection limit for M. tuberculosis was 28 copies per microlitre. Neither cross-reactivity nor interference occurred with non-mycobacterial organisms and substances tested. Overall reproducibility for consecutive measurements, run-to-run, lot-to-lot, day-to-day and laboratory-to-laboratory achieved a coefficient of variance of less than two percent. Significance The LightCycler® Mycobacterium Detection kit has shown to be a robust and accurate assay with the potential to be used as a rapid TB diagnostic test.
Development and validation of the assessment of Racial Microaggressions in academic settings (ARMAS) scale

Racial Microaggressions (RM) in academic settings can have pervasive effects on students of color, specifically in graduate programs. A national sample (N = 289) was collected from programs approved by APA in order to validate a newly developed Scale called Assessment of Racial Microaggressions in Academic Settings (ARMAS). An exploratory factor analyses was conducted which yielded eight factors: (1) Ascription of Intelligence, (2) Assumptions of being a foreigner, (3) Multicultural issues seen as not a priority and being treated differently (4) Invisibility/Felt ignored, (5) Assumptions about me and my work with clients/representing entire race, (6) Colorblindness, (7) Assumptions of professional advantage because of race/ethnicity, and (8) Stereotypical assumptions about my race/ethnicity. Reliability along with discriminant and convergent validity was analyzed. Results of the study suggest that the ARMAS is a valid and reliable measure of RMs in academic settings. Additional results indicate that half of the sample considered dropping-out more frequently during the first three years of their programs. Higher scores in the ARMAS were in factors that are unique of this study of RMs in academic settings (Assumptions about me and my work with clients, and Assumptions of professional advantage because of race/ethnicity). Participants’ main reasons for dropping out included: lack of support from faculty, lack of confidence, overwhelmed about academic demands and RMs. Microinvalidations was one of the top three reasons for dropping out for Black, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Multiracial graduate students. Practical implications to support graduate students of color and future directions for research are discussed.
Organ and tissue donor parents’ positive psychological adjustment to grief and bereavement: practical and ethical implications

Abstract Organ transplantation from the deceased typically involves requesting close family members’ consent to procure the deceased’s organs. This raises ethical and clinical concerns whether this difﬁcult decision, taken while they are grieving, might have a long-term impact on their adjustment to bereavement. The study employed ﬁve measures of bereavement, adjustment and meaning of life (three developed for this study), administered to 216 bereaved Israeli donor and non-donor parents, mainly of deceased adults. The analysis distinguished between organ/tissue donors and donor/non-donors and determination of death (brain/cardiac). No differences were found according to grief measures or method of diagnosing death but donor parents scored higher on ‘life development’, ‘meaning of life after loss’ and ‘personal growth’. Findings suggest the donation process is not associated with a more negative adjustment to bereavement and might have beneﬁted some donor parents in terms of adjustment to loss or meaning of life and growth, in particular those with higher levels of grief. Methodological and practical implications are discussed.
Immunotherapy against metastatic bladder cancer by combined administration of granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor and interleukin‐2 surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells vaccine

In previous studies, it has been shown that the granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) or interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells (MCSCs) vaccine could induce a specific antitumor immunity and against bladder cancer in mice model respectively. However, whether combined administration of GM‐CSF and IL‐2 could produce specific immune responses to cancer stem cells (CSCs) was uncertain. MCSCs were established and characterized. GM‐CSF and IL‐2 MCSCs vaccines were prepared and bioactivity was evaluated. The therapeutic, protective, specific, and memorial immune response animal experiments were designed. Tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry assay were performed to indentify whether vaccine caused an antitumor immunity. Streptavidin (SA)‐GM‐CSF and SA‐IL‐2 MCSCs vaccines were prepared successfully. Such vaccines inhibited the volume of tumor and prolonged the survival of the mice in animal experiments. The express of IgG or IFN‐c, the portion of dendritic cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were highest in the combined vaccines group than the SA‐GM‐CSF vaccine group, the SA‐IL‐2 vaccine group, the MCSCs group and the PBS group. The combined of GM‐CSF and IL‐2 vaccines could induce better antitumor immunity than a vaccine alone.
Mermin Differential Inverse Inelastic Mean Free Path of Electrons in Polymethylmethacrylate

INTRODUCTION Electrons continually interact with the matter around us. We use electron beams for our purposes, either on the side of production of materials or on that of their characterization. Let us think to the many applications such as the processing of materials with plasma and to the local melting of materials for joining large components. We use electron beams also in the electron lithography, an important technique utilized for the production of the microelectronics devices. Let us consider the importance of the beams of electrons in the characterization of the materials, performed using techniques such as the electron microscopy and all the electron spectroscopies. Electrons interact with the surfaces of the space-crafts. The plasma– wall interaction in the fusion reactors also involves electron–matter interaction. Electrons play a role also in the cancer proton therapy, where cascades of secondary electrons are produced. These electrons of very low energy are toxic for the human body cells, since they produce damage to the biomolecules due to ionizations/excitations and the resulting break of chemical bonds. Also the secondary electrons which have ultra-low energies – and which, for a long time, were thought to be relatively harmless – are dangerous for the biomolecules due to the so-called “dissociative electron attachment. ” And, of course, we wish to minimize the effects of the irradiation on the healthy tissues near to the diseased cells. In all the mentioned cases, the modeling of the interaction of the electrons with the matter is very important, as it can be used to provide a solid theoretical interpretation of the experimental evidences. The interpretation of the experimental results is often based on the Monte Carlo method (MC). The doping contrast in secondary-electron emission of pnjunctions was investigated by the use of the MC method (Dapor et al., 2008; Rodenburg et al., 2010). The modeling of electron interaction with polymers, and in particular with the polymethylmethacrylate, has been demonstrated to be very important in nano-metrology. Line-scan of resist materials with given geometrical cross-sections deposited on silicon or silicon dioxide, and the corresponding linewidth measurements, obtained with the secondary electrons in the CriticalDimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD SEM), require an interpretation that can be performed using MC calculations (Dapor et al., 2010). The MC method, in turn, requires an accurate description of the differential inverse inelastic mean free path (DIIMFP), in order to calculate the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) and the distribution function for inelastic collisions of electrons causing energy losses less than or equal to given values.
Bayesian Multivariate Isotonic Regression Splines

In many applications, interest focuses on assessing the relationship between a predictor and a multivariate outcome variable, and there may be prior knowledge about the shape of the regression curves. For example, regression functions that relate dose of a possible risk factor to different adverse outcomes can often be assumed to be nondecreasing. In such cases, interest focuses on (1) assessing evidence of an overall adverse effect, (2) determining which outcomes are most affected, and (3) estimating outcome-specific regression curves. This article proposes a Bayesian approach for addressing this problem, motivated by multisite tumor data from carcinogenicity experiments. A multivariate smoothing spline model is specified, that accommodates dependency in the multiple curves through a hierarchical Markov random field prior for the basis coefficients, while also allowing for residual correlation. A Gibbs sampler is proposed for posterior computation, and the approach is applied to data on body weight and tumor occurrence.
Additive fiber-cerclages in proximal humeral fractures stabilized by locking plates

Background and purpose The effect of additive fiber-cerclages in proximal humeral fractures stabilized by locking plates on fracture stabilization and rotator cuff function is unclear. Here it was assessed in a human cadaver study. Methods 24 paired human shoulder specimens were harvested from median 77-year-old (range 66–85) female donors. An unstable 3-part fracture model with an intact rotator cuff was developed. 1 specimen of each pair received an additive fiber-cerclage of the rotator cuff after plate fixation, and the other one received a plate fixation without an additive fiber-cerclage. Force-controlled hydraulic cylinders were used to simulate physiological rotator cuff tension, while a robot-assisted shoulder simulator performed 4 relevant cases of load: (1) axial loading at 0°, (2) glenohumeral abduction at 60°, (3) internal rotation at 0° abduction, and (4) external rotation at 0° abduction, and imitated hanging arm weight during loading without affecting joint kinematics. A 3-dimensional real-time interfragmentary motion analysis was done in fracture gaps between the greater tuberosity and the head, as well as subcapital. The capacity of the rotator cuff to strain was analyzed with an optical system. Results Interfragmentary motion was similar between the groups with and without fiber-cerclages, in both fracture gaps and in any of the cases of load. Cerclages did not impair the capacity of the rotator cuff to strain. Interpretation Provided that unstable 3-part fractures are reduced and stabilized anatomically by a locking plate, additive fiber-cerclages do not reduce interfragmentary motion. Additive fiber-cerclages may be necessary in locking plate osteosyntheses of multiple-fractured greater tuberosities or lesser tuberosity fractures that cannot be fixed sufficiently by the plate.
Sex, smoking, and cancer: a reappraisal.

Several studies(1–4) have reported that the relative risk of cancer in smokers, compared with nonsmokers, is greater in women than in men. These results have led to speculations about the biologic mechanisms underlying this difference, such as a molecular interaction between sex hormones and tobacco carcinogens. The news media have echoed widely such results, perhaps because anything suggesting that women and men are inherently different strikes a chord among the public. In this commentary, I suggest that the evidence from these studies is interpreted incorrectly, because of misunderstandings about the meanings of relative risk versus absolute risk and the meanings of statistical interaction versus biologic interaction.
A class of generalized stochastic Petri nets for the performance evaluation of multiprocessor systems

Generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs) are presented and are applied to the performance evaluation of multiprocessor systems. GSPNs are derived from standard Petri nets by partitioning the set of transitions into two subsets comprising timed and immediate transitions. An exponentially distributed random firing time is associated with each timed transition, whereas immediate transitions fire in zero time. It is shown that GSPN are equivalent to continuous-time stochastic processes, and solution methods for the derivation of the steady state probability distribution are presented. Examples of application of gspn models to the performance evaluation of multiprocessor systems show the usefulness and the effectiveness of this modeling tool. 15 references.
The ciliary flow sensor and polycystic kidney disease

Since the discovery that proteins mutated in different forms of polycystic kidney disease (PKD) are tightly associated with primary cilia, strong efforts have been made to define the role of this organelle in the pathogenesis of cyst formation. Cilia are filiform microtubular structures, anchored in the basal body and extending from the apical membrane into the tubular lumen. Early work established that cilia act as flow sensors, eliciting calcium transients in response to bending, which involve the two proteins mutated in autosomal dominant PKD (ADPKD), polycystin-1 and -2. Loss of cilia alone is insufficient to cause cyst formation. Nevertheless, a large body of evidence links flow sensing by cilia to aspects relevant for cyst formation such as cell polarity, Stat6- and mammalian target of rapamycin signalling. This review summarizes the current literature on cilia and flow sensing with respect to PKD and discusses how these findings intercalate with different aspects of cyst formation.
The Prevalence of Dry Eye Syndrome’s and the Likelihood to Develop Sjögren’s Syndrome in Taiwan: A Population-Based Study

Background: Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the key clinical features and possibly an early clinical presentation of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS). We explore DES prevalence and assess the likelihood of DES patients to develop SS in Taiwan through the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Methods: Through a cohort comparison study, longitudinal data from the NHIRD (2000 to 2008) in Taiwan was used to probe the prevalence of DES and the odds that DES patients would later develop SS. Results: The prevalence of DES in the present study is 4.87%. The incidence rates of developing SS were 4.8% for the DES group and 1.5% for comparison group. The median age and interquartile range of DES and comparison patients was 49.8 (10) and 48.7 (15) years old, respectively. The crude hazard ratio (with 95% confidence interval) for DES patients to develop SS was 3.13 (3.10–3.50) for the DES group, and the adjusted hazard ratio (with 95% confidence interval) was 3.64 (3.43–3.87). The observation period and interquartile range for DES and comparison patients to develop SS later were 1418 (781–2316) versus 1641 (971–2512) days respectively. Conclusions: DES patients carried a higher risk for developing SS (hazard ratio 3.13) and presented for SS 3.88 years earlier than comparison group patients in this study.
Socioemotional Screening for Toddlers in Early Intervention: Agreement Among Measures

ii List of Tables . viii List of Figures . ix Chapter 1: Introduction . 1 Screening for Socioemotional Problems . 3 Measurement Agreement . 11 Present Study . 13 Chapter 2: Methods . 15 Participants . 15 Procedure . 15 Measures . 17 Analyses . 19 Chapter 3: Results . 21 Descriptive Statistics . 21
Tilted mirror for lateral mode discrimination and higher kink-free power in fiber pump lasers

Beam steering arising from interference between the fundamental lateral mode and higher order lateral modes limits the performance of 980-nm power lasers. In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of using a tilted mirror to discriminate against higher order modes. We calculate the reflectivity seen by different modes as a function of the thickness and tilt angle of the coating. Our results suggest that careful engineering of tilted coated mirrors represents a viable technique for improving the performance of power lasers.
Using Firm Data to Assess the Performance of Equilibrium Search Models of the Labor Market

Equilibrium search models are useful tools for the evaluation of labor market policies. Recently developed equilibrium search models of the labor market are able to fit the wage distribution perfectly with longitudinal labor supply data, by estimating an appropriate distribution of labor productivity across firms. This paper formally compares such structural estimates to their directly observed counterparts in firm data. More generally, we investigate the extent to which these models are able to explain the observed distributions of wages, productivities and firm sizes across firms, as well as the extent to which they are able to explain the observed relationships between these variables across firms. The parameters that capture search frictions are estimated with worker data that are matched to the firm data.