Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sources of uncertainty in estimating stream solute export from headwater catchments at three sites

Uncertainty in the estimation of hydrologic export of solutes has never been fully evaluated at the scale of a small‐watershed ecosystem. We used data from the Gomadansan Experimental Forest, Japan, Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, USA, and Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, USA, to evaluate many sources of uncertainty, including the precision and accuracy of measurements, selection of models, and spatial and temporal variation. Uncertainty in the analysis of stream chemistry samples was generally small but could be large in relative terms for solutes near detection limits, as is common for ammonium and phosphate in forested catchments. Instantaneous flow deviated from the theoretical curve relating height to discharge by up to 10% at Hubbard Brook, but the resulting corrections to the theoretical curve generally amounted to <0.5% of annual flows. Calibrations were limited to low flows; uncertainties at high flows were not evaluated because of the difficulties in performing calibrations during events. However, high flows likely contribute more uncertainty to annual flows because of the greater volume of water that is exported during these events. Uncertainty in catchment area was as much as 5%, based on a comparison of digital elevation maps with ground surveys. Three different interpolation methods are used at the three sites to combine periodic chemistry samples with streamflow to calculate fluxes. The three methods differed by <5% in annual export calculations for calcium, but up to 12% for nitrate exports, when applied to a stream at Hubbard Brook for 1997–2008; nitrate has higher weekly variation at this site. Natural variation was larger than most other sources of uncertainty. Specifically, coefficients of variation across streams or across years, within site, for runoff and weighted annual concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulphate, chloride, and silicate ranged from 5 to 50% and were even higher for nitrate. Uncertainty analysis can be used to guide efforts to improve confidence in estimated stream fluxes and also to optimize design of monitoring programmes. © 2014 The Authors. Hydrological Processes published John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of workplace bullying on organizational outcome

This research examines the impact of workplace bullying on organization related outcomes among Doctors. By using purposive sampling technique, data was obtained from 200 male and female doctors having age range from 23 to 45 years. The sample was obtained from 7 different public and private hospitals of Lahore city. NAQ-R scale by Einarsen et al. (2009), job related affective well being scale by Van Katwyk et al. (2000), overall Job satisfaction scale by Cook et al. (1981) and organizational-based self esteem scale by Pierce et al. (1989) were separately used to measure workplace bullying and organization related outcomes. The findings indicate that workplace bullying is strong predictor of lower job affective well being and job satisfaction. The findings of this research have implications for increasing our awareness of the actions and behaviors of workplace bullies and to introduce preventive measures for secure and good workplace settings for all workers.
Various Methods of Reducing AC Losses and Improving Stability of Internal‐Tin Nb3Sn Superconductors

In the past much of the emphasis in the development of Nb3Sn superconductors for High Energy Physics has been on improving the non‐Cu critical current density, (Jc), at 12 T. More recently the focus has shifted to improving the matrix residual resistivity ratio, (RRR), and decreasing the ac losses. In addition, the field of interest has risen to the 15–18 T range. Piece length and cost are also factors that are assumed not to deteriorate as the other properties are improved. In this paper we have emphasized reduction of losses by changing the conductor design. This has been explored both by the introduction of fins of various types and also by simply increasing the number of subelements using a tubular process, which has the potential of a low cost approach. The effect of these changes on the ease with which the multi‐subelementary material can be made is explored and discussed.
A roughness-based wettability switching membrane device for hydrophobic surfaces

This work presents the development of a wettability switching membrane device using the surface roughness effect. We designed and fabricated a roughness switchable membrane device, consisting of a thin poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane bonded on the top of a rough PDMS substrate. A thin (less than 2 µm) PDMS membrane fabrication technique was developed. The membrane device was tested and it was found that the surface wettability can be switched from medium hydrophobic to superhydrophobic states by deflecting the membrane with a pneumatic method. The reported mechanism is the first demonstration of a wettability switching mechanism using surface roughness modification. Theoretical analysis was used to explain experimental results.
The role of internal models and prediction in catching balls

There is considerable evidence for the role of internal models of the body’s dynamics in the control of movement. However, the existence of internal models of the environment is less well established. The present work provides further evidence of the existence of sophisticated internal models of the structure of the environment. We suggest that such models are used to predict upcoming events and plan movements in anticipation of those events. We recorded eye, head, and hand movements while subjects caught balls thrown with a bounce. Subjects initially fixate the hands of the thrower, then saccade to the anticipated bounce point, and then pursue the ball until it is close to the hands. However, ability to pursue the ball depends on experience with the ball’s dynamic properties. When the ball was unexpectedly replaced with a more elastic ball, subjects were unable to track the ball, and instead made a series of saccades. Within 2 or 3 trials, subjects were once again able to accurately pursue the ball. Subjects displayed a different pattern of movements when throwing or watching other players. The observer's head movements from thrower towards the catcher often begin as much as half a sec before the ball leaves the thrower’s hands. All these observations suggest that observers position their bodies in anticipation of expected events, in order to gather critical information. In addition, they suggest that observers maintain an internal model of the dynamic properties of the world, and rapidly update this model when errors occur.
Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing in two-layer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannels

In this work, we designed and fabricated a three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing microfluidic device. The device comprises a two-layer PDMS microchannel structure. There are four inlet ports and one outlet port. The fluids are all injected by syringe pumps. A sample flow stream was first vertically constrained into a narrow stream, and then horizontally focused on one small core region from a cross-section perspective, which is useful for cell/particle counting. We showed the numerical and experimental images of the focused stream shape from a cross-section perspective; experimental images were captured using a confocal fluorescence microscope. We also investigated the effect of channel aspect ratio on the vertical focusing effect using CFD simulations. The results showed that the sample flow can be focused successfully in the lower aspect ratio of the main channel (slightly greater than 0.5) in our design. Furthermore, the effect of the Reynolds number on the vertical focusing effect was also investigated. The numerical results showed that the rectangular-like shape of the focused stream from the cross-section perspective was deformed as the Reynolds number was high due to stronger secondary flows produced in the vertical focusing unit. This phenomenon was also demonstrated experimentally. The device only works well at low Reynolds numbers (approximately less than 5). The device can be integrated into an on-chip flow cytometer.
Peierls–Nabarro model for dislocations in MgSiO3 post-perovskite calculated at 120 GPa from first principles

We present here the first numerical modelling of dislocations in MgSiO3 post-perovskite at 120 GPa. The dislocation core structures and properties are calculated through the Peierls–Nabarro model using the generalized stacking fault (GSF) results as a starting model. The GSFs are determined from first-principle calculations using the VASP code. Dislocation properties such as planar core spreading and Peierls stresses are determined for the following slip systems: [100](010), [100](001), [100](011), [001](010), [001](110), [001](100), [010](100), [010](001), ½[110](001) and ½[110](110). Our results confirm that the MgSiO3 post-perovskite is a very anisotropic phase with a plasticity dominated by dislocation glide in the (010) plane.
Craniometric data support a mosaic model of demic and cultural Neolithic diffusion to outlying regions of Europe

The extent to which the transition to agriculture in Europe was the result of biological (demic) diffusion from the Near East or the adoption of farming practices by indigenous hunter–gatherers is subject to continuing debate. Thus far, archaeological study and the analysis of modern and ancient European DNA have yielded inconclusive results regarding these hypotheses. Here we test these ideas using an extensive craniometric dataset representing 30 hunter–gatherer and farming populations. Pairwise population craniometric distance was compared with temporally controlled geographical models representing evolutionary hypotheses of biological and cultural transmission. The results show that, following the physical dispersal of Near Eastern/Anatolian farmers into central Europe, two biological lineages were established with limited gene flow between them. Farming communities spread across Europe, while hunter–gatherer communities located in outlying geographical regions adopted some cultural elements from the farmers. Therefore, the transition to farming in Europe did not involve the complete replacement of indigenous hunter–gatherer populations despite significant gene flow from the Southwest Asia. This study suggests that a mosaic process of dispersal of farmers and their ideas was operating in outlying regions of Europe, thereby reconciling previously conflicting results obtained from genetic and archaeological studies.
Distinct Cellular Mechanisms Underlie Smooth Muscle Turnover in Vascular Development and Repair

Rationale: Vascular smooth muscle turnover has important implications for blood vessel repair and for the development of cardiovascular diseases, yet lack of specific transgenic animal models has prevented it’s in vivo analysis. Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize the dynamics and mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle turnover from the earliest stages of embryonic development to arterial repair in the adult. Methods and Results: We show that CD146 is transiently expressed in vascular smooth muscle development. By using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing and in vitro smooth muscle differentiation assay, we demonstrate that CD146 regulates the balance between proliferation and differentiation. We developed a triple-transgenic mouse model to map the fate of NG2+CD146+ immature smooth muscle cells. A series of pulse-chase experiments revealed that the origin of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells can be traced back to progenitor cells that reside in the wall of the dorsal aorta of the embryo at E10.5. A distinct population of CD146+ smooth muscle progenitor cells emerges during embryonic development and is maintained postnatally at arterial branch sites. To characterize the contribution of different cell types to arterial repair, we used 2 injury models. In limited wire-induced injury response, existing smooth muscle cells are the primary contributors to neointima formation. In contrast, microanastomosis leads to early smooth muscle death and subsequent colonization of the vascular wall by proliferative adventitial cells that contribute to the repair. Conclusions: Extensive proliferation of immature smooth muscle cells in the primitive embryonic dorsal aorta establishes the long-lived lineages of smooth muscle cells that make up the wall of the adult aorta. A discrete population of smooth muscle cells forms in the embryo and is postnatally sustained at arterial branch sites. In response to arterial injuries, existing smooth muscle cells give rise to neointima, but on extensive damage, they are replaced by adventitial cells.
The chemokine CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 in human malignancy with focus on colorectal cancer

Chemokines are a superfamily of small chemotactic cytokines, which interact with their G‐protein‐coupled receptors. These interactions regulate multiple physiological functions, particularly tissue architecture and compartment‐specific migration of white blood cells. It has been found that the chemokine/chemokine receptor system has been utilized by cancer cells for migration and metastasis. The chemokine receptor CCR6 is expressed in colorectal cancer and several other cancer types, and stimulation by its physiological chemokine ligand CCL20 has been reported to promote cancer cell proliferation and migration in vitro. Moreover, CCR6/CCL20 interactions apparently play a role in organ selectiveliver metastasis of colorectal cancer. Here, we review the literature on expression patterns of CCL20 and CCR6 and their physiological interactions as well as the currently presumed role of CCR6 and CCL20 in the formation of colorectal cancer liver metastasis, providing a potential basis for novel treatment strategies. © 2009 UICC
The Optimisation of Pseudotyped Viruses for the Characterisation of Immune Responses to Equine Influenza Virus

Pseudotyped viruses (PVs) produced by co-transfecting cells with plasmids expressing lentiviral core proteins and viral envelope proteins are potentially powerful tools for studying various aspects of equine influenza virus (EIV) biology. The aim of this study was to optimise production of equine influenza PVs. Co-transfection of the HAT protease to activate the haemagglutinin (HA) yielded a higher titre PV than TMPRSS2 with the HA from A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8), whereas for A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8), both proteases resulted in equivalent titres. TMPRSS4 was ineffective with the HA of either strain. There was also an inverse relationship between the amount of protease-expression plasmids and the PV titre obtained. Interestingly, the PV titre obtained by co-transfection of a plasmid encoding the cognate N8 NA was not as high as that generated by the addition of exogenous neuraminidase (NA) from Clostridium perfringens to allow the release of nascent PV particles. Finally, initial characterisation of the reliability of PV neutralisation tests (PVNTs) demonstrated good intra-laboratory repeatability. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that equine influenza PV production can be readily optimised to provide a flexible tool for studying EIV.
Clinical Interventions in Aging Dovepress Hyponatremia after Initiation and Rechallenge with Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole in an Older Adult

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe a case report of a patient experiencing hyponatremia from trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) upon initial use and subsequent rechallenge. Summary: An 82-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with altered mental status thought to be due to complicated cystitis and was treated with TMP–SMX 160 mg/800 mg orally twice daily for 7 days. Her basic metabolic panel prior to initiation of TMP–SMX was within normal limits, with the exception of her serum sodium of 132 mmol/L (range 133–145 mmol/L). The day after completing her 7-day course of TMP–SMX therapy the patient was evaluated by her primary care provider and another basic metabolic panel revealed a reduction in the serum sodium to 121 mmol/L. The patient's serum sodium concentrations increased to baseline 7 days after completion of the TMP–SMX therapy, and remained normal until she was treated in the emergency department several months later for another presumed urinary tract infection. She was again started on TMP–SMX therapy empirically, and within several days her serum sodium concentrations decreased from 138 mmol/L to a low of 129 mmol/L. The TMP–SMX therapy was discontinued upon negative urine culture results and her serum sodium increased to 134 mmol/L upon discharge. Based upon the Naranjo probability scale score of 9, TMP–SMX was the probable cause of the patient's hyponatremia. Conclusion: Our patient developed hyponatremia from TMP–SMX therapy upon initial use and rechallenge. Although hyponatremia appears to be rare with TMP–SMX therapy, providers should be aware of this potentially life-threatening adverse event.
Occurrence and intake of deoxynivalenol in cereal-based products marketed in Korea during 2007–2008

The occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) was investigated in 514 cereal-based products (corn-based, n = 125; barley-based, n = 96; wheat-based, n = 94; rice-based, n = 199) marketed in Korea during 2007−2008, and estimates of DON intake were determined. Samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet light (UV) detection after immunoaffinity clean-up. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.2 and 5.6 µg kg–1, respectively. Recoveries and repeatability expressed as coefficients of variation (CV) were 82.3–100% and 2.4–15.3% in beer, bread and dried corn. The incidences and mean levels of DON were 56% and 68.9 µg kg−1 for corn-based products, 49% and 24.1 µg kg−1 for wheat-based products, 43% and 7.5 µg kg−1 for barley-based products, and 16% and 3.4 µg kg−1 for rice-based products, respectively. The estimated daily intake of DON from the consumption of rice-based, wheat-based, barley-based and corn-based products were 0.0038 µg kg−1 bw day−1, 0.0032 µg kg−1 bw day−1, 0.0015 µg kg−1 bw day−1 and 0.0002 µg kg−1 bw day−1, respectively. These values represent 0.38%, 0.32%, 0.25% and 0.01% of the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 1 µg kg−1 bw day−1. These results indicate that rice-based products are major contributors to DON exposure in Korea, even though the current exposure level is unlikely to cause adverse health effects.
Quantifying coronary artery calcification from a contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography angiography study.

AIMS We sought to quantify coronary artery calcium (CAC) using a single contrast-enhanced cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) study. CCTA has been successfully used for the assessment of coronary artery stenoses, whereas non-contrast ECG-gated computed tomography (Standard-CAC) is commonly performed to quantify CAC. Thus each scan individually contributes to the total radiation dose. METHODS RESULTS Patients who underwent both Standard-CAC and CCTA scans were identified. Standard-CAC images were scored using the Agatston method. CCTA scans were scored for CAC (CCTA-CAC), whereby CAC was defined as plaque with attenuation 2 SD above the mean attenuation value of the ascending aorta (HU(aorta)). The correlation between Standard-CAC and CCTA-CAC was determined with the slope used to derive a correction factor for the conversion of CCTA-CAC results to a Standard-CAC Agatston score (AS). To test applicability, the correction factor was assessed in a separate validation cohort of similar demographics. From April 2011 to June 2012, a derivation cohort of 92 patients was identified and analysed. An additional 47 patients were identified for the validation cohort. Correlation between Standard-CAC and CCTA-CAC was excellent (r = 0.96). The slope (y = 2.74 × CCTA-CAC score) derived correction factor from the derivation cohort was used to adjust CCTA-CAC derived scores to an AS (CCTA-CAC(corrected) = 2.74 × CCTA-CAC). The correction factor was applied to the validation cohort CCTA-CAC results with excellent agreement between CCTA-CAC(corrected) and Standard-CAC (kappa = 0.93). CONCLUSIONS Quantification of CAC from a single contrast-enhanced CCTA scan is feasible and correlates well with Standard-CAC. Larger, multicentre studies are needed to validate the universal applicability of CAC quantified using CCTA.
THE FADING OF TWO TRANSIENT ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES TO BELOW THE STELLAR MASS EDDINGTON LIMIT

We report new detections of the two transient ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) in NGC 5128 from an ongoing series of Chandra observations. Both sources have previously been observed Lx(2–3) × ∼1039 erg s−1, at the lower end of the ULX luminosity range. The new observations allow us to study these sources in the luminosity regime frequented by the Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BH XBs). We present the recent lightcurves of both ULXs. 1RXH J132519.8-430312 (ULX1) was observed at Lx ≈ 1 × 1038 erg s−1, while CXOU J132518.2-430304 (ULX2) declined to Lx ≈ 2 × 1037 erg s−1 and then lingered at this luminosity for hundreds of days. We show that a reasonable upper limit for both duty cycles is 0.2, with a lower limit of 0.12 for ULX2. This duty cycle is larger than anticipated for transient ULXs in old stellar populations. By fitting simple spectral models in an observation with ∼50 counts we recover properties consistent with Galactic BH XBs, but inconclusive as to the spectral state. We utilize quantile analyses to demonstrate that the spectra are generally soft, and that in one observation the spectrum of ULX2 is inconsistent with a canonical hard state at >95% confidence. This is contrary to what would be expected of an accreting intermediate mass black hole primary, which we would expect to be in the hard state at these luminosities. We discuss the paucity of transient ULXs discovered in early-type galaxies and excogitate explanations. We suggest that the number of transient ULXs scales with the giant and sub-giant populations, rather than the total number of XBs.
Nested Quantum Walks with Quantum Data Structures

We develop a new framework that extends the quantum walk framework of Magniez, Nayak, Roland, and Santha, by utilizing the idea of quantum data structures to construct an efficient method of nesting quantum walks. Surprisingly, only classical data structures were considered before for searching via quantum walks. The recently proposed learning graph framework of Belovs has yielded improved upper bounds for several problems, including triangle finding and more general subgraph detection. We exhibit the power of our framework by giving a simple explicit constructions that reproduce both the O(n35/27) and O(n9/7) learning graph upper bounds (up to logarithmic factors) for triangle finding, and discuss how other known upper bounds in the original learning graph framework can be converted to algorithms in our framework. We hope that the ease of use of this framework will lead to the discovery of new upper bounds.