Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Initial Investigation of Factors Affecting Multi-Task Performance

Abstract : This report presents the results of the first in a series of investigations designed to increase fundamental knowledge and understanding of the factors affecting multi-task performance in a military environment. The primary objective of this laboratory experiment was to measure and quantify the effects of individual differences on human performance in a multi-task environment. The secondary objective was to observe the effects of previous computer experience and practice and to determine which relationships, if any, exist between personality and self-efficacy traits and multi-task performance. In this study, each of 76 civilian and military participants completed a battery of questionnaires designed to gather information about individual differences. Included were a demographics questionnaire that solicited information regarding age, gender, vision and hearing, military service, and computer use and experience; the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire Form III which identifies five components of personality in five subscales including activity, aggression-hostility, sociability, neuroticism-anxiety, and impulsive risktaking; the polychronicity scale which measures the extent to which individuals prefer working on several tasks at once as opposed to working on only one task at a time; and the Situational Self-Efficacy (SSE) scale which measures the participants level of confidence in their ability to do a task well. After completion of the questionnaires, multi-task performance was measured using SYNWORK (Synthetic Work Environment), a computer-based synthetic work environment that runs on a personal computer or a laptop (Elsmore, 1994). Participants were required to work simultaneously on four distinct tasks that were presented on a computer screen: Sternberg memory, three-column addition, visual tracking, and signal discrimination. These tasks required continuous attention and involved memory, arithmetic processing, and visual and auditory monitoring.
The Social Psychology of Group Cohesiveness: From Attraction to Social Identity

Introduction social groups studying the social group group cohesiveness the book. Part 1 The concept of group cohesiveness: pre-experimental perspectives early experimental social psychology festinger, schachter and back transformation of the concept the social cohesion model conclusions. Part 2 Research and measurement: empirical antecedents of cohesiveness the measurements of cohesiveness conclusion. Part 3 Limitations and critiques: the demise of group cohesiveness historical trends in social pssychology limitations and criticisms of gorup cohesiveness conclusion. Part 4 Reconceptualizations and alternative perspectives: reconceptualizations of group cohesiveness group socilization other aspects of group solidarity conclusion. Part 5 Social identity, self-categorization and group cohesiveness: social identity theory self-categorization theory social influence in groups - conformity and normative behaviour measuring social identity social attraction adn cohesiveness conclusion. Part 6 Social attraction research: related ideas in social psychology direct empirical issues metatheoretical issues conclusion. Part 7 Prospects and conclusions: groupthink group productivity and performance social loafing large-scale social categories.
Multi-path OSPF performance of a software router in a link failure scenario

In this paper we analyze intra-domain routing protocols improvements to support new features required by real time services. In particular we introduce OSPF Fast Convergence and highlights the advantage of using an incremental algorithm instead of Djikstra one to compute the shortest paths. Then we propose a new multi-path incremental algorithm that we have implemented in OSPF code of Quagga open-source routing software. Analyzing an index characterizing OSPF performance we compare our algorithm with an incremental algorithm not supporting multi-path and demonstrate that, even if multi-path support, the reconfiguration times are really similar; moreover,in some cases, our algorithm performs better, especially in a link failure scenario.
Design and Application of PIs in Indonesian He: Key Policy Implications

This literary studies focuses in discussing key political implications in the design and application of Performance Indicaators (PIs) in Indonesia include competition and government’s agenda on research in HE. It is found that the competition is mainly addressed by the current practice of Journal Accreditation as giving benchmark for quality in research. This government’s agenda on research has caused some dilemmas in managing education as complex process. Some suggestions are given in answering to these dilemmas. First, PIs should be regarded as products of current situations and demands. Second, application of the design will have to be assisted by the nature of the institution. PIs should also not be considered as absolute indicators for quality but rather as catalyst toward development.
Adverse events regional feasibility study: methodological results.

AIMS To assess the feasibility of research into the occurrence, causation and prevention of adverse events (AEs) in New Zealand public hospitals. METHODS A two-stage retrospective review was carried out on 1,575 medical records selected by systematic list sample from admissions for 1995 in three public hospitals in the Auckland region. Following initial screening, medical records were subject to structured implicit review using a standardised protocol. Feasibility measures, using international benchmarks where possible, were: adequacy of sample selection; completeness of medical records; reliability and validity of screener and reviewer judgements; internal consistency and face validity of AE determination and preventability assessment. RESULTS The sample selection procedure was effective, although nearly 10% of records could not be secured. Information in medical records was sufficient for the identification and analysis of AEs. Adequate levels of agreement were achieved for screener and reviewer judgements, with kappa scores ranging between 0.302 and 0.622 and positive predictive values between 50.0% and 89.7%. The criteria for AE determination showed internal consistency and face validity, as did those for preventability. CONCLUSIONS Research into the occurrence, causation and prevention of AEs in New Zealand health care settings is methodologically feasible and meets international benchmark standards.
How sedge meadow soils, microtopography, and vegetation respond to Sedimentation

The expansion of urban and agricultural activities in watersheds of the Midwestern USA facilitates the conversion of species-rich sedge meadows to stands of Phalaris arundinacea and Typha spp. We document the role of sediment accumulation in this process based on field surveys of three sedge meadows dominated by Carex stricta, their adjacent Phalaris or Typha stands, and transitions from Carex to these invasive species. The complex microtopography of Carex tussocks facilitates the occurrence of other native species. Tussock surface area and species richness were positively correlated in two marshes (r2=0.57 and 0.41); on average, a 33-cm-tall tussock supported 7.6 species. Phalaris also grew in tussock form in wetter areas but did not support native species. We found an average of 10.5 Carex tussocks per 10-m transect, but only 3.5 Phalaris tussocks. Microtopographic relief, determined with a high-precision GPS, measured 11% greater in Carex meadows than Phalaris stands. Inflowing sediments reduced microtopographic variation and surface area for native species. We calculated a loss of one species per 1000 cm2 of lost tussock surface area, and loss of 1.2 species for every 10-cm addition of sediment over the sedge meadow surface. Alluvium overlying the sedge meadow soil had a smaller proportion of organic matter content and higher dry bulk density than the buried histic materials. We conclude that sedimentation contributes to the loss of native species in remnant wetlands.
Simulation in clinical learning

Simulation in clinical learning is becoming increasingly commonplace. The use of simulation spans both the undergraduate and postgraduate domains and has come about as a result of a number of driving forces. Medical education reform has been widespread throughout the world. These reforms recognise the need to prepare undergraduate learners for their roles in the ever changing world of medical practice. Moreover, widespread adoption of the concept of clinical governance has implications for learning in both undergraduate and postgraduate arenas. The purpose of clinical governance is to ensure that the highest quality of care is provided to patients. Areas within the remit of clinical governance upon which simulation may have an impact include risk management, lifelong learning, education, training and continuing personal and professional development, staffing and staff management, continuous quality improvement and the management of poor performance. Technological advances in recent years have seen the development of a variety of models and manikins ranging from simple replications of body parts for task-based learning of some examination skills, to high fidelity patient simulators driven by complex pathophysiological computer models developed to provide a highly valid replication of clinical environments. Anaesthesia has been one speciality where the use of high fidelity simulation has been seen to be of great value in promoting patient safety and in developing competence and on-going training, drawing from the world of aviation and its experience in flight crew training and teamwork. Simulation has extended into other fields, including emergency medicine, and surgical training and assessment, and has crossed into the undergraduate educational arena. In this latter field, opportunities can be created to practise the management of clinical conditions which would otherwise not be possible, safe in knowledge of them taking place in a protected environment. At the same time, there has been criticism of medical education from within the profession of the relative paucity of sound educational research that underpins much of medical education innovation. Medical simulation offers tremendous opportunities for the advancement of our understanding of learning because it is consistent with very different ways of conceptualising learning, and because research in very different paradigms can be accommodated. A more explicit discussion of theories of learning, and of paradigms of research, might therefore helpfully inform future practice and future research on simulation. We begin here to explore something of what this might mean.
Bacterial microbiome of lungs in COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is currently the third leading cause of death in the world. Although smoking is the main risk factor for this disease, only a minority of smokers develop COPD. Why this happens is largely unknown. Recent discoveries by the human microbiome project have shed new light on the importance and richness of the bacterial microbiota at different body sites in human beings. The microbiota plays a particularly important role in the development and functional integrity of the immune system. Shifts or perturbations in the microbiota can lead to disease. COPD is in part mediated by dysregulated immune responses to cigarette smoke and other environmental insults. Although traditionally the lung has been viewed as a sterile organ, by using highly sensitive genomic techniques, recent reports have identified diverse bacterial communities in the human lung that may change in COPD. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the lung microbiota in COPD and its potential implications for pathogenesis of the disease.
Intrusion and Misuse Detection in Large-Scale Systems

Attacks and misuses of computer systems are major concerns in today's network-based world. With the growing concern with regard to cyberterrorism there is a need for new tools and techniques to monitor networks and systems for intrusions and misuse. The goal must be to identify an attack before an organization incurs damage, loses information (theft or otherwise), or has its integrity impugned. With today's network-based economic resources, a successful attack will negatively impact consumer confidence and decrease consumers' willingness to make electronic purchases. The authors present information visualization techniques based on a glyph metaphor for visually representing textual log information.
The Efficacy and Safety of Insulin Degludec Given in Variable Once-Daily Dosing Intervals Compared With Insulin Glargine and Insulin Degludec Dosed at the Same Time Daily

OBJECTIVE The requirement to inject current basal insulin analogs at a fixed time each day may complicate adherence and compromise glycemic control. This trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of varying the daily injection time of insulin degludec (IDeg), an ultra-long-acting basal insulin. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This 26-week, open-label, treat-to-target trial enrolled adults (≥18 years) with type 2 diabetes who were either insulin naïve and receiving oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) (HbA1c = 7–11%) or previously on basal insulin ± OAD(s) (HbA1c = 7–10%). Participants were randomized to 1) once-daily (OD) IDeg in a prespecified dosing schedule, creating 8–40-h intervals between injections (IDeg OD Flex; n = 229); 2) once-daily IDeg at the main evening meal (IDeg OD; n = 228); or 3) once-daily insulin glargine at the same time each day (IGlar OD; n = 230). The primary outcome was noninferiority of IDeg OD Flex to IGlar OD in HbA1c reduction after 26 weeks. RESULTS After 26 weeks, IDeg OD Flex, IDeg OD, and IGlar OD improved HbA1c by 1.28, 1.07, and 1.26% points, respectively (estimated treatment difference [IDeg OD Flex − IGlar OD]: 0.04% points [–0.12 to 0.20], confirming noninferiority). No statistically significant differences in overall or nocturnal hypoglycemia were found between IDeg OD Flex and IGlar OD. Comparable glycemic control and rates of hypoglycemia were seen with IDeg OD Flex and IDeg OD. Adverse event profiles were similar across groups. CONCLUSIONS The use of extreme dosing intervals of 8–40 h demonstrates that the daily injection time of IDeg can be varied without compromising glycemic control or safety.
Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoretic Studies of Bee Venom Allergens

Crossed immutioelectrophoresis (CIE) glass slides of boney bee venom showing 18 immunoprecipitates were used in crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) experiments with sera from 25 patients allergic to honey bee venoms. Phospholipase A, acid phosphatase, hyaluronidase and melittin were demonstrated in the immunoprecipitates during zymograpbic techniques and direct hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes. The CRIE experiments verified the allergenicity of these proteins. In addition, another antigen (Ag‐1) with allergenic activity was identified. This allergen is probably identical to the previously described allergen C in honey bee venom. The presence and complexity of multiple forms of the known allergenic proteins in honey bee venom, was well illustrated in the CIE/CRIF system employed.
The effects of social security on population and output growth.

"In this paper we have considered two unfunded social security programs. Under the conventional system, benefits are related to aggregate fertility; under the hypothetical fertility-related system, benefits are directly linked to individual fertility. The effects on fertility and per capita growth rates of the two social security systems are examined in the context of endogenous growth. " The relative merits of the two systems for developing and developed countries are considered. The authors conclude that "the conventional social security system existing in many developed nations may be desirable to.developing countries in reducing population and promoting economic growth. On the other hand, the hypothetical fertility-related system may be useful to developed countries as far as increasing fertility is concerned. "
Molecules the Origin of the B-1 Cell Subset and B 7 Immunity : An Evolutionary Perspective on Initiating APCs in Priming Adaptive B Cells in Teleost Fish Act as Pivotal

The long-held paradigm that B cells cannot uptake nonspeciﬁc particulate Ags for the initiation of primary adaptive immunity has been challenged by the recent discovery that teleost B cells have potent phagocytic and microbicidal abilities. This discovery provides preliminary clues that primitive B cells might act as initiating APCs in priming adaptive immunity. In this study, zebraﬁsh B cells clearly showed a potent Ag-presenting ability to both soluble Ags and bacterial particles to prime naive CD4 + T cell activation. This ﬁnding demonstrates the innate-like nature of teleost B cells in the interface of innate and adaptive immunity, indicating that they might consist of a major population of initiating APCs whose performance is similar to that of dendritic cells. Given the functional similarities between teleost B cells and the mammalian B-1 subset, we hypothesize that B-1 lineage and teleost B cells might originate from a common ancestor with potent phagocytic and initiating APC capacities. In addition, CD80/86 and CD83 costimulatory signals were identiﬁed as being essential for B cell–initiated adaptive immunity. This result suggests that the costimulatory mechanism originated as early as the origin of adaptive immunity and is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. In ﬁsh, only a single CD80/86 copy exists, which is similar to mammalian CD86 rather than to CD80. Thus, CD86 might be a more primordial B7 family member that originated from ﬁsh. This study provides valuable insights into the evolutionary history of professional APCs, B cell lineages, and the costimulatory mechanism underlying adaptive immunity as a whole. The Journal of Immunology , 2014, 192: 2699–2714. 24 h posttransfection, 10 m l concentrated LV added level of CD80/86 or CD83 was determined by real-time PCR. in vivo assay, LV (2 3 10 5 TU/ml) repeatedly delivered ﬁsh i.p injection once a day for d. In parallel, the was injected with scrambled siRNA-harboring LV. Total RNA from PBLs and HKLs was isolated and reversed transcribed into cDNA. Real-time PCR was conducted to evaluate the efﬁciency of in vivo knockdown of CD80/86 or CD83.
Probability distributions of whisker–surface contact: quantifying elements of the rat vibrissotactile natural scene

ABSTRACT Analysis of natural scene statistics has been a powerful approach for understanding neural coding in the auditory and visual systems. In the field of somatosensation, it has been more challenging to quantify the natural tactile scene, in part because somatosensory signals are so tightly linked to the animal's movements. The present work takes a step towards quantifying the natural tactile scene for the rat vibrissal system by simulating rat whisking motions to systematically investigate the probabilities of whisker–object contact in naturalistic environments. The simulations permit an exhaustive search through the complete space of possible contact patterns, thereby allowing for the characterization of the patterns that would most likely occur during long sequences of natural exploratory behavior. We specifically quantified the probabilities of ‘concomitant contact’, that is, given that a particular whisker makes contact with a surface during a whisk, what is the probability that each of the other whiskers will also make contact with the surface during that whisk? Probabilities of concomitant contact were quantified in simulations that assumed increasingly naturalistic conditions: first, the space of all possible head poses; second, the space of behaviorally preferred head poses as measured experimentally; and third, common head poses in environments such as cages and burrows. As environments became more naturalistic, the probability distributions shifted from exhibiting a ‘row-wise’ structure to a more diagonal structure. Results also reveal that the rat appears to use motor strategies (e.g. head pitches) that generate contact patterns that are particularly well suited to extract information in the presence of uncertainty. Highlighted Article: Simulations of rat whisking motions are used to quantify the probabilities of whisker–object contact in complex environments and to define the tactile natural scene.
Arthropod visual predators in the early pelagic ecosystem: evidence from the Burgess Shale and Chengjiang biotas

Exceptional fossil specimens with preserved soft parts from the Maotianshan Shale (ca 520 Myr ago) and the Burgess Shale (505 Myr ago) biotas indicate that the worldwide distributed bivalved arthropod Isoxys was probably a non-benthic visual predator. New lines of evidence come from the functional morphology of its powerful prehensile frontal appendages that, combined with large spherical eyes, are thought to have played a key role in the recognition and capture of swimming or epibenthic prey. The swimming and steering of this arthropod was achieved by the beating of multiple setose exopods and a flap-like telson. The appendage morphology of Isoxys indicates possible phylogenetical relationships with the megacheirans, a widespread group of assumed predator arthropods characterized by a pre-oral ‘great appendage’. Evidence from functional morphology and taphonomy suggests that Isoxys was able to migrate through the water column and was possibly exploiting hyperbenthic niches for food. Although certainly not unique, the case of Isoxys supports the idea that off-bottom animal interactions such as predation, associated with complex feeding strategies and behaviours (e.g. vertical migration and hunting) were established by the Early Cambrian. It also suggests that a prototype of a pelagic food chain had already started to build-up at least in the lower levels of the water column.
Coexistence among Epiphytic Bacterial Populations Mediated through Nutritional Resource Partitioning

The levels of coexistence between Pseudomonas syringae and various nonpathogenic epiphytic species in the phyllosphere of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were assessed by using replacement series. The epiphytic species Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pantoea agglomerans, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Methylobacterium organophilum were all capable of exhibiting higher levels of coexistence with P. syringae than was observed with a near-isogenic P. syringae strain pair. The ecological similarity of the epiphytes was estimated with niche overlap indices derived from in vitro carbon source utilization profiles. The level of coexistence of the epiphytes was inversely correlated with the ecological similarity of the strains. Hence, the level of coexistence between the epiphytes was proportional to the degree of niche differentiation, defined as the ability to utilize carbon sources not utilized by a competing strain. Comparisons of utilization profiles for groups of carbon sources (amino acids, organic acids, and carbohydrates) indicated the types of carbon sources for which the strains likely competed in the bean phyllosphere. P. fluorescens and P. syringae strains probably competed for most carbon sources. S. maltophilia and M. organophilum strains probably competed with P. syringae for most organic acids but few amino acids or carbohydrates. P. agglomerans strains probably competed with P. syringae for most amino acids and organic acids but few carbohydrates. A variable level of coexistence observed between P. agglomerans and P. syringae probably reflected the variability in abundance in the bean phyllosphere of the carbohydrates that P. agglomerans utilized exclusively.