Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Polychromatic Lights A ' ' Melanopic ' ' Spectral Efficiency Function Predicts the Sensitivity of Melanopsin Photoreceptors to

Photoreception in the mammalian retina is not restricted to rods and cones but extends to a small number of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells expressing the photopigment melanopsin. These mRGCs are especially important contributors to circadian entrainment, the pupil light reflex, and other so-called nonimage-forming (NIF) responses. The spectral sensitivity of melanopsin phototransduction has been addressed in several species by comparing responses to a range of monochromatic stimuli. The resultant action spectra match the predicted profile of an opsin:vitamin A–based photopigment (nomogram) with a peak sensitivity (λmax) around 480 nm. It would be most useful to be able to use this spectral sensitivity function to predict melanopsin’s sensitivity to broad-spectrum, including “white,” lights. However, evidence that melanopsin is a bistable pigment with an intrinsic light-dependent bleach recovery mechanism raises the possibility of a more complex relationship between spectral quality and photoreceptor response. Here, we set out to empirically determine whether simply weighting optical power at each wavelength according to the 480-nm nomogram and integrating across the spectrum could predict melanopsin sensitivity to a variety of polychromatic stimuli. We show that pupillomotor and circadian responses of mice relying solely on melanopsin for their photosensitivity (rd/rd cl) can indeed be accurately predicted using this methodology. Our data therefore suggest that the 480-nm nomogram may be employed as the basis for a new photometric measure of light intensity (which we term “melanopic”) relevant for melanopsin photoreception. They further show that measuring light in these terms predicts the melanopsin response to light of divergent spectral composition much more reliably than other methods for quantifying irradiance or illuminance currently in widespread use.
A note on functional a posteriori estimates for elliptic optimal control problems

In this work, new results on functional type a posteriori estimates for elliptic optimal control problems with control constraints are presented. More precisely, we derive new, sharp, guaranteed, and fully computable lower bounds for the cost functional in addition to the already existing upper bounds. Using both, the lower and the upper bounds, we arrive at two‐sided estimates for the cost functional. We prove that these bounds finally lead to sharp, guaranteed and fully computable upper estimates for the discretization error in the state and the control of the optimal control problem. First numerical tests are presented confirming the efficiency of the a posteriori estimates derived. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 403–424, 2017
Widely Linear Digital Self-Interference Cancellation in Direct-Conversion Full-Duplex Transceiver

This paper addresses the modeling and cancellation of self-interference in full-duplex direct-conversion radio transceivers, operating under practical imperfect radio frequency (RF) components. First, detailed self-interference signal modeling is carried out, taking into account the most important RF imperfections, namely, transmitter power amplifier nonlinear distortion as well as transmitter and receiver IQ mixer amplitude and phase imbalances. The analysis shows that after realistic antenna isolation and RF cancellation, the dominant self-interference waveform at the receiver digital baseband can be modeled through a widely linear transformation of the original transmit data, opposed to classical purely linear models. Such widely linear self-interference waveform is physically stemming from the transmitter and receiver IQ imaging and cannot be efficiently suppressed by classical linear digital cancellation. Motivated by this, novel widely linear digital self-interference cancellation processing is then proposed and formulated, combined with efficient parameter estimation methods. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed widely linear cancellation processing clearly outperforms the existing linear solutions, hence enabling the use of practical low-cost RF front ends utilizing IQ mixing in full-duplex transceivers.
Logit and Tobit analyses of the determinants of likelihood of adoption and extent of adoption of improved soybean seed in Borno State, Nigeria

This study examined the determinants of adoption of improved soybean seeds among farmers in southern Borno State, Nigeria. Data for the study were obtained from 360 respondents selected through multi-stage sampling procedure. Inferential statistical techniques namely the Logit model and the Tobit model were used to estimate the likelihood of technology adoption among respondents and the extent of adoption of improved soybean seeds by the respondents, respectively. Yield of soybean and distance to source of improved seeds were statistically significant factors (ρ ≤ 0.01) that influenced the likelihood of adoption of improved soybean seeds among the respondents. Farm size and distance of respondents to source of improved soybean seeds were statistically significant factors (ρ ≤ 0.01) that influenced the extent of adoption of improved soybean seeds among the respondents. Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that improved technologies in the form of high yielding seeds varieties should be made available to farmers. Farm service centers should be established within reasonable distance from farming communities. This is the bring technologies closer to farmers, thereby reducing the risks that farmers have to encounter to get farm inputs.
Asymmetrical frontal ERPs, emotion, and behavioral approach/inhibition sensitivity

Abstract The present study sought to extend past research on frontal brain asymmetry and individual differences by examining relationships of individual differences in behavioral inhibition/approach system (BIS/BAS) sensitivity with asymmetrical frontal event-related brain responses to startle probes presented during viewing of affective pictures. One hundred and ten participants were shown unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant affective pictures, and presented startle probes during picture presentations. Individual differences in BIS sensitivity related to relatively greater right frontal N100 amplitude to startle probes presented during pleasant and unpleasant pictures, whereas individual differences in BAS sensitivity related to reduced left frontal P300 amplitude to startle probes presented during pleasant pictures. The results of this study suggest that BIS sensitivity is related to greater relative right frontal cortical activity during affective states, while BAS sensitivity is related to greater relative left frontal cortical activity during appetitive states.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE MOTIVATION ON INTEREST STUDENTS TO PARTICIPATE AN ACCOUNTING PROFESSION EDUCATION (Empirical Study on Accounting Students in Four State University Est Java)

This research aimed to determine the factors that affect the interests of accounting students at four State University in East Java to follow PPAk. The variables used are quality motivation, career motivation, economic motivation, achievement motivation, and awards / recognition motivation. The population in this research is a student majoring in Accounting S1 2011 wich is still active in four State University in East Java. Samples used in this research is 363 respondents. In the research data used primary data obtained from questionnaire. The method used in this study is a survey method. Data were tested by using SmartPLS ver. 2.0 M3. The results of this research shows that the career motivation, achievement motivation, and awards/recognition motivation have a significant influence toward the interest of accounting students to follow an PPAk. While quality motivation and economic motivation has no significant influence toward interest of accounting students to follow an PPAk. Keywords : Quality Motivation, Career Motivation, Economic Motivation, Achievement Motivation, Awards/Recognition Motivation, Interest, Accounting Profession Education
Common mechanisms regulating cell cortex properties during cell division and cell migration

Single cell morphogenesis results from a balance of forces involving internal pressure (also called turgor pressure in plants and fungi) and the plastic and dynamic outer shell of the cell. Dominated by the cell wall in plants and fungi, mechanical properties of the outer shell of animal cells arise from the cell cortex, which is mostly composed of the plasma membrane (and membrane proteins) and the underlying meshwork of actin filaments and myosin motors (and associated proteins). In this review, following Bray and White [1988; Science 239:883–889], we draw a parallel between the regulation of the cell cortex during cell division and cell migration in animal cells. Starting from the similarities in shape changes and underlying mechanical properties, we further propose that the analogy between cell division and cell migration might run deeper, down to the basic molecular mechanisms driving cell cortex remodeling. We focus our attention on how an heterogeneous and dynamic cortex can be generated to allow cell shape changes while preserving cell integrity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
he dynamic allocation of attention to emotion : Simultaneous and independent vidence from the late positive potential and steady state visual evoked

Emotional stimuli capture and hold attention without explicit instruction. The late positive potential (LPP) component of the event related potential can be used to track motivated attention toward emotional stimuli, and is larger for emotional compared to neutral pictures. In the frequency domain, the steady state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) has also been used to track attention to stimuli flickering at a particular frequency. Like the LPP, the ssVEP is also larger for emotional compared to neutral pictures. Prior work suggests that both the LPP and ssVEP are sensitive to “top-down” manipulations of attention, however the LPP and ssVEP have not previously been examined using the same attentional manipulation in the same participants. In the present study, LPP and ssVEP amplitudes were simultaneously elicited by unpleasant and neutral pictures. Partway through picture presentation, participants’ attention was sVEP directed toward an arousing or non-arousing region of unpleasant pictures. In line with prior work, the LPP was reduced when attention was directed toward non-arousing compared to arousing regions of unpleasant pictures; similar results were observed for the ssVEP. Thus, both electrocortical measures index affective salience and are sensitive to directed (here: spatial) attention. Variation in the LPP and ssVEP was unrelated, suggesting that these measures are not redundant with each other and may capture different neurophysiological aspects of affective stimulus processing and attention.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Response of Private Consumption to Government Spending

This paper considers a simple model in which government spending is productive and has a complementary relationship with private consumption to study the response of the latter to government spending. We discuss how these two characteristics can yield empirical observations that indicate a positive response of private consumption to government spending. By assuming some plausible parameter settings, we use empirical evidence to demonstrate that these dual aspects of government spending, which are normally treated separately in the literature, are inseparably linked. Moreover, our findings reveal that in addition to the presence of complementarity, productivity---even if minimal---increases the likelihood of generating a positive consumption response. These results suggest that policymakers need to recognize the importance of quality of government spending rather than quantity when stimulating an economy without a decline in consumption.
Autonomous Encoding of Irrelevant Goals and Outcomes by Prefrontal Cortex Neurons

Two rhesus monkeys performed a distance discrimination task in which they reported whether a red square or a blue circle had appeared farther from a fixed reference point. Because a new pair of distances was chosen randomly on each trial, and because the monkeys had no opportunity to correct errors, no information from the previous trial was relevant to a current one. Nevertheless, many prefrontal cortex neurons encoded the outcome of the previous trial on current trials. A smaller, intermingled population of cells encoded the spatial goal on the previous trial or the features of the chosen stimuli, such as color or shape. The coding of previous outcomes and goals began at various times during a current trial, and it was selective in that prefrontal cells did not encode other information from the previous trial. The monitoring of previous goals and outcomes often contributes to problem solving, and it can support exploratory behavior. The present results show that such monitoring occurs autonomously and selectively, even when irrelevant to the task at hand.
The effect of first language (L1) dialects on the identification of Vietnamese word-final stops

This study examined the extent to which speakers' first language (L1) dialect affects the identification of word-final stops in Vietnamese. Stops in the word-final position are unreleased in Vietnamese. Further, there is a /t/-/k/ merger in the Southern, but not the Northern dialect. We tested the hypothesis that the stop tokens produced in the Southern dialect are identified less accurately than those in the Northern dialect. The results showed that the speakers' dialect influenced the intelligibility of the final stops and the Northern dialect was more intelligible than the Southern dialect.
Altered oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism in canine mammary tumors

Aim: Mammary tumors are the most prevalent type of neoplasms in canines. Even though cancer induced metabolic alterations are well established, the clinical data describing the metabolic profiles of animal tumors is not available. Hence, our present investigation was carried out with the aim of studying changes in carbohydrate metabolism along with the level of oxidative stress in canine mammary tumors. Materials and Methods: Fresh mammary tumor tissues along with the adjacent healthy tissues were collected from the college surgical ward. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), glutathione, protein, hexose, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) were analyzed in all the tissues. The results were analyzed statistically. Results: More than two-fold increase in TBARS and three-fold increase in glutathione levels were observed in neoplastic tissues. Hexokinase activity and hexose concentration (175%) was found to be increased, whereas glucose-6-phosphatase (33%), fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase (42%), and G6PD (5 fold) activities were reduced in tumor mass compared to control. Conclusion: Finally, it was revealed that lipid peroxidation was increased with differentially altered carbohydrate metabolism in canine mammary tumors.
Household Firewood Consumption in Sweden during the Nineteenth Century

Household firewood consumption underwent significant changes during the industrial breakthrough. Recent literature on Sweden makes the case that greater energy efficiency drastically reduced rural household fuel consumption, while coal substituted for firewood in cities. This article shows that although coal substituted for wood in some urban areas, rural firewood consumption was not reduced. Higher standards of living indicate contrary to previous results that fuel consumption increased during the industrialisation process. The study shows that households with higher standard of living consumed more fuel and that rural households, due to lower fuel prices, consumed relatively more fuel than urban households. The result shows contrary to previous research that the total energy intensity decreased more rapidly after and not before the industrial breakthrough.
Socio-demographic factors influencing adoption of Internet banking in Zimbabwe

This paper reports on the findings of a research that was conducted in Harare to determine the socio-demographic factors that influence internet banking adoption. The study was triggered by the fact that most banks had introduced internet banking for the benefit of both the customers and the bank but adoption of the technology had remained low. It is worth noting that the adoption of internet banking and other technologies is paramount for sustainable economic growth and development of an economy. Whilst earlier researches established factors that influence internet adoption such as ease of use, security concerns, resistance to change and accessibility among others, there was need to factor in the effects of demographics in the study. The research hypothesised that there was a relationship between internet banking adoption and educational level, occupation, age and income. Data was collected from 335 commercial bank customers using questionnaires. Data was analysed using Chi square tests generated from SPSS version 12 and Microsoft excel. Findings of the research supported the hypotheses, supporting the view that indeed age, occupation, income, gender and educational level had positive relationships with internet banking adoption. The study recommended bankers to tailor make their marketing efforts towards the middle aged, high income earners, the educated and the employed.
Histopathological Effects of Glyphosate on Juvenile African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

Most aquatic herbicides have undergone some toxicity testing for effects on non-target aquatic organisms, little of this testing has been conducted on early life stages of Clarias gariepinus. African catfish C. gariepinus were exposed to acute concentrations of glyphosate for 96hrs. The lethal concentration (LC ) 5O value of glyphosate was 0.295 mg l for 96h of exposure. The mean mortality percentages were 0, 0, 43, 73, 93 1 5O glyphosate exposures in inducing histopathological changes of gills, liver, kidney and brain. In the gills, cellular infiltrations were observed. In the liver there was fatty degeneration, severe fat vacuolation, diffuse hepatic necrosis and darkly stained specks of necrotic nuclei and infiltration of leukocytes. In kidney there was haematopoietic necrosis and severe pyknotic nuclei. The brain showed mononuclear infiltration, neuronal degeneration and spongiosis. These changes occurred predominantly in the 96h exposure. Respiratory stress, erratic swimming and death of fish were observed in exposed fish which varies with the concentration of the toxicant and its showed that mortality increased with increasing in concentration. Glyphosate is toxic to juvenile fish. C. gariepinus are more susceptible to herbicide, therefore their use on/near fish farm or in area close to aquatic environment should be discouraged.
Fundamentals of power system economics

Preface. 1. Introduction. 1. Why Competition? 2. Dramatis Personae. 3. Models of Competition. 4. Open Questions. 5. Further Reading. 6. Problems. 2. Basic Concepts from Economics. 1. Introduction. 2. Fundamentals of Markets. 3. Concepts from the Theory of the Firm. 4. Types of Markets. 5. Markets with Imperfect Competition. 6. Further Reading. 7. Problems. 3. Markets for Electrical Energy. 1. Introduction. 2. What is the Difference between a Megawatt--hour and a Barrel of Oil? 3. The Need for a Managed Spot Market. 4. Open Electrical Energy Markets. 5. The Managed Spot Market. 6. The Settlement Process. 7. Further Reading. 8. Problems. 4. Participating in Markets for Electrical Energy. 1. Introduction. 2. The Consumer's Perspective. 3. The Producer's Perspective. 4. Perspective of Plants with Very Low Marginal Costs. 5. The Hybrid Participant's Perspective. 6. Further Reading. 7. Problems. 5. System Security and Ancillary Services. 1. Introduction. 2. Describing the needs. 3. Obtaining Ancillary Services. 4. Buying Ancillary Services. 5. Selling Ancillary Services. 6. Further Reading. 7. Problems. 6. Transmission Networks and Electricity Markets. 1. Introduction. 2. Decentralized Trading over a Transmission Network. 3. Centralized Trading over a Transmission Network. 4. Further Reading. 5. Problems. 7. Investing in Generation. 1. Introduction. 2. Generation Capacity from an Investor's Perspective. 3. Generation Capacity from a Customer's Perspective. 4. Further Reading. 5. Problems. 8. Investing in Transmission. 1. Introduction. 2. The Nature of the Transmission Business. 3. Cost--based Transmission Expansion. 4. Value--based Transmission Expansion. 5. Further Reading. 6. Problems. Appendix: Answers to Selected Problems. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Index.
The legislative process in the United States

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Status of the Metop ASCAT soil moisture product

Since December 2008 the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) has been disseminating global 25 km ASCAT surface soil moisture data in near real-time (within 135 minutes after sensing) over its broadcast system EUMETCast. The ASCAT surface soil moisture product is thus the first truly operational satellite soil moisture product that may be used for Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), flood forecasting and other time-critical applications. In this paper we provide information about the status of the ASCAT Level 2 soil moisture processor, review first published validation and application studies and discuss plans for further improvements.
Identification of major cell classes in the developing mammalian nervous system

A major difficulty in studying early developmental processes and testing hypotheses of possible cellular mechanisms of development has been the inability to reproducibly identify specific cell types. We have generated monoclonal antibodies that distinguish among major cell types present during mammalian neurogenesis. These antibodies have been used to analyze the development of cellular organization in the early nervous system. Monoclonal antibody Rat-401 identifies a transient radial glial cell in the embryonic rat central nervous system (CNS) that is temporally and spatially suited to guide neuronal migration. Rat-401 also identifies a peripheral non-neuronal cell that may establish axon routes from the CNS to the periphery. Monoclonal antibody Rat-202 recognizes an antigen present in early axons, their growth cones, and filopodia, and has allowed us to follow early axons and observe the structures they contact. Two other antibodies that recognize axons demonstrate antigenically distinct phases in axon development. In addition, we report a marker for another cell class present in the developing nervous system, the endothelial cells that give rise to the CNS vasculature.