Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Familial Self as a Potent Source of Affirmation

Does affirmation of familial self have a distinct buffering function compared to affirmation of close other (friend, partner) self or individual self? We addressed this question in an East-Asian culture (China) that places particularly high value on familial self. Familial self-affirmation (compared to other forms of self-affirmation as well as low affirmation) curtailed the mortality salience–induced intolerance to birth-control policy (Experiment 1), reduced female participants’ performance detriments—due to stereotype threat—on mental rotation (Experiment 2), and diminished the disadvantageous influence of negative feedback on further interest in information about one’s weaknesses (Experiment 3). Close other self-affirmation, devoid of family context, was no more potent than individual self-affirmation or low affirmation. The findings underscore the utility of distinguishing among different sources of self-affirmation, highlight the relevance of familial self-affirmation to self-affirmation theory, and call for research testing the germaneness of familial self (and, more generally, the construct of family) in other Eastern, as well as Western, cultures.
The impact of discrepancies from ingroup norms on group members' well-being and motivation

The social identity approach assumes that group members are internally motivated to adhere to group norms. Even though there is plenty of evidence for this assumption, research on how group norms translate into behavior is scarce. If ingroup norms are internalized, they should elicit the same effect as individual standards. Derived from research on internally motivated individual standards, it was predicted that discrepancies from group norms result in more negative affect, lower levels of well-being, and— based on self-completion theory—in compensatory effort in case of an opportunity to reduce the discrepancy. One correlational study and four experiments support these predictions. The results are discussed in relation to self-regulation approaches and the social identity approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Individuals adhere to the norms of the groups they consider themselves part of (i.e., ingroups). This is a core assumption of the social identity approach, including social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner, 1979), the referent information influence approach (Turner, 1982), self-categorization theory (Turner, Hogg, Oakes, Reicher, & Wetherell, 1987), the social identity model of deindividuation effects (Reicher, Spears, & Postmes, 1995), and other related models and theories. Their common assumption is that group members adhere to ingroup norms, because the ingroup and therefore also its norms are part of their self-concepts. Even though there is strong evidence that group members adhere to group norms, the intra-individual motivational processes underlying this adherence have not yet received much attention. Self-regulation research has established effects and mechanisms that underlie the adherence to personal standards (e.g., basic self-regulatory assumptions summarized by Carver & Scheier, 1981, 1998; or self-completion theory Wicklund & Gollwitzer, 1982). The current research aimed to contribute to the understanding of the processes of ingroup norm adherence by demonstrating that those self-regulation effects established in research on personal standards also apply to group norms.
Why cardiovascular screening in young athletes can save lives: a critical review

Cardiovascular (CV) screening in young athletes remains challenging and a topic of considerable debate. Recent criticisms of ECG screening have perpetuated arguments that ECG screening is neither indicated nor effective by applying outdated incidence data and flawed methodology. In response, this article provides a critical review of the arguments in favour of ECG screening in athletes and the early detection of CV disorders at elevated risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). Importantly, no study to date has demonstrated that screening by history and physical examination alone is effective in detecting athletes at risk or in preventing SCD. ECG screening using current athlete-specific interpretation standards provides a low false-positive rate and improves detection of potentially lethal CV conditions. Further, risk reduction in athletes identified with CV disorders can be effectively achieved through modern strategies for risk stratification and disease-specific management. By every definition of the purpose of CV screening, ECG-inclusive programmes will better meet the stated objective of early detection when proper ECG interpretation and adequate cardiology resources are available. Less debate on screening protocols and more emphasis on advancing physician skills and infrastructure in sports cardiology is needed to more effectively screen targeted athlete populations.
Examining Risks for Minors Participating in Tobacco Purchase Attempts

SUMMARY This study aimed to provide empirical evidence to support previous research that participation in tobacco purchase attempt (TPA) procedures does not negatively impact minors' desire to initiate smoking habits or their willingness to discuss the dangers of smoking with peers and adults. Twenty-eight minors, who participated in TPAs, were compared to a group of eleven minors regarding whether or not they were smokers, whether or not they tried to get peers or adults to quit smoking, whether or not they tried to discuss with peers and adults about the dangers of smoking, and their perceptions of how easily it is to obtain tobacco products. Results demonstrated none of the minors in the TPA group initiated smoking, and there were not significant differences on most indicators regarding the frequency in which minors discussed the dangers of smoking with peers and adults. Minors in both groups perceived that they could easily obtain tobacco products. The findings suggest that participation in TPAs does not adversely affect minors' intentions to smoke or their desire to initiate discussions about the dangers of smoking with peers and adults.
Political discontent and detachment: An attempt to disentangle support for 'political cynicism' in the Netherlands

Political disaffection, alienation and cynicism, the widening gap between politics and population, these are widely discussed topics in the Netherlands in recent years. The year 2002, with the dazzling rise and assassination of Pim Fortuyn and a subsequent ‘electoral revolt’ in the May parliamentary elections, is sometimes seen as the outburst of increasing negative feeling attitudes, sometimes as the start of the spread of them.
Human Alveolar Echinococcosis in Poland: 1990–2011

Background Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis infections is a dangerous old disease in the Northern Hemisphere. The aim of the paper was to collect and analyze data on human AE in Poland in the last two decades. Methodology/Principal Findings The sources of data were both the cases officially registered and detected by an active field and laboratory surveillance. The cases were verified by clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory criteria. Altogether 121 human cases of AE were detected. Among these 83 (68,6%) cases were classified as confirmed, 16 as probable and 22 as possible. During the two decades a continuous increase in detection rate was noticed. The cases were 6–82 years old at the time of diagnosis (mean - 47.7 years). Sex ratio M/F was 0.86/1.0. The AE was fatal in 23 (19%) patients (mean age at death - 54.1 years). Family agglomeration of AE was found in 4 foci, involving 9 patients. Seventy six of the cases were diagnosed in an advanced stage of disease. In all cases the liver was the primary location of AE. In 30 (24.8%) patients a spread to other organs was observed. Ninety four of the patients were treated with albendazole. In 73 (60%) patients a surgical operation was performed, including 15 liver transplantations. Conclusions/Significance The studies confirmed that AE is an emerging disease in Poland, which is the fourth country in Europe with over 120 cases detected. The results also indicate the need of a wider national programme for implementation of screening in the highest AE risk areas (north-eastern Poland) with an effort to increase the public awareness of the possibility of contracting E. multilocularis, and above all, training of the primary care physicians in the recognition of the risk of AE to allow for an early detection of this dangerous disease.
Empirically Supported Treatments for Insomnia

Insomnia is a distressing and prevalent health problem in the general adult population. Given both the side-effects and questionable efficacy of pharmacological treatments, there is an urgent need for effective psychological interventions. Cognitive-behavioural intervention strategies are often used in clinical management, but what is the empirical support for these interventions? This review describes and evaluates the main cognitivebehavioural interventions used in the treatment of insomnia: sleep hygiene information, relaxation-based techniques, stimulus control instructions, sleep restriction therapy and cognitive therapy. For many insomnia sufferers, it appears that the cognitive-behavioural treatment approach represents a credible and effective alternative to drugs.
An evolving perspective on the Pseudomonas aeruginosa orphan quorum sensing regulator QscR

Many Proteobacteria govern responses to changes in cell density by using acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) quorum-sensing (QS) signaling. Similar to the LuxI-LuxR system described in Vibrio fischeri, a minimal AHL QS circuit comprises a pair of genes, a luxI-type synthase gene encoding an enzyme that synthesizes an AHL and a luxR-type AHL-responsive transcription regulator gene. In most bacteria that utilize AHL QS, cognate luxI and luxR homologs are found in proximity to each other on the chromosome. However, a number of recent reports have identified luxR homologs that are not linked to luxI homologs; in some cases luxR homologs have been identified in bacteria that have no luxI homologs. A luxR homolog without a linked luxI homologs is termed an orphan or solo. One of the first reports of an orphan was on QscR in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The qscR gene was revealed by whole genome sequencing and has been studied in some detail. P. aeruginosa encodes two AHL synthases and three AHL responsive receptors, LasI-LasR form a cognate synthase-receptor pair as do RhlI-RhlR. QscR lacks a linked synthase and responds to the LasI-generated AHL. QS regulation of gene expression in P. aeruginosa employs multiple signals and occurs in the context of other interconnected regulatory circuits that control diverse physiological functions. QscR affects virulence of P. aeruginosa, and although it shows sensitivity to the LasI-generated AHL, 3-oxo-dodecanoylhomoserine lactone, it's specificity is relaxed compared to LasR and can respond equally well to several AHLs. QscR controls a set of genes that overlaps the set regulated by LasR. QscR is comparatively easy to purify and study in vitro, and has become a model for understanding the biochemistry of LuxR homologs. In fact there is a crystal structure of QscR bound to the LasI-generated AHL. Here, we review the current state of research concerning QscR and highlight recent advances in our understanding of its structure and biochemistry.
Metabolic modulation of Ewing sarcoma cells inhibits tumor growth and stem cell properties

Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is a highly aggressive and metabolically active malignant tumor. Metabolic activity can broadly be characterized by features of glycolytic activity and oxidative phosphorylation. We have further characterized metabolic features of EWS cells to identify potential therapeutic targets. EWS cells had significantly more glycolytic activity compared to their non-malignant counterparts. Thus, metabolic inhibitors of glycolysis such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and of the mitochondrial respiratory pathway, such as metformin, were evaluated as potential therapeutic agents against a panel of EWS cell lines in vitro. Results indicate that 2DG alone or in combination with metformin was effective at inducing cell death in EWS cell lines. The predominant mechanism of cell death appears to be through stimulating apoptosis leading into necrosis with concomitant activation of AMPK-α. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the use of metabolic modulators can target putative EWS stem cells, both in vitro and in vivo, and potentially overcome chemotherapeutic resistance in EWS. Based on these data, clinical strategies using drugs targeting tumor cell metabolism present a viable therapeutic modality against EWS.
Socially desirable responding does moderate personality scale validity both in experimental and in nonexperimental contexts.

L'influence de la reponse socialement desirable sur la validite de la personnalite autodeclaree est examinee dans trois etudes portant sur 1 056 participants, des dimensions de la personnalite a cinq modeles factoriels et une mesure solide sur le plan psychometrique de la conduite strategique des relations. Les resultats indiquent que le trucage induit de facon experimentale genere des effets moderateurs de la validite extremement forts pour la conduite strategique des relations, mais que de tels effets sont modifies, tout en restant substantiels et importants, pour les variations qui se produisent naturellement dans les reponses socialement desirables. Des niveaux attenues d'importance pour la reponse socialement desirable se produisant naturellement en tant que moderateur peuvent etre lies a un manque de validite du concept pour la mesure de la conduite strategique des relations et a la reduction de l'efficacite statistique en raison de la petite taille de l'echantillon. L'auteur conclut que le rejet de la reponse socialement desirable en tant qu'enjeu pour la validite de la dimension de la personnalite autodeclaree est premature.
Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system and nanoemulsion for enhancing aqueous miscibility of Alpinia galanga oil

Alpinia galanga oil (AGO) possesses various activities but low aqueous solubility limits its application particularly in aquatic animals. AGO has powerful activity on fish anesthesia. Ethanol used for enhancing water miscible of AGO always shows severe side effects on fish. The present study explores the development of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) and nanoemulsions (NE) to deliver AGO for fish anesthesia with less or no alcohol. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the best SMEDDS-AGO formulation, whereas NE-AGO were developed by means of high-energy emulsification. The mean droplet size of the best SMEDDS-AGO was 82 ± 0.5 nm whereas that of NE-AGO was 48 ± 1.6 nm. The anesthetic effect of the developed SMEDDS-AGO and NE-AGO in koi (Cyprinus carpio) was evaluated and compared with AGO ethanolic solution (EtOH-AGO). It was found that the time of induction the fish to reach the surgical stage of anesthesia was dose dependent. NE-AGO showed significantly higher activity than SMEDDS-AGO and EtOH-AGO, respectively. EtOH-AGO caused unwanted hyperactivity in the fish. This side effect did not occur in the fish anesthetized with SMEDDS-AGO and NE-AGO. In conclusion, SMEDDS and NE are promising delivery systems for AGO.
Drug Use and Delinquent Behavior

The continuity of self-reported heavy alcohol and marijuana use and self-reported delinquency among adolescents is examined using latent growth model analyses in a sample of 278 justice-involved juveniles completing at least one of three follow-up interviews as part of a National Institute on Drug Abuse—funded study. Latent growth models are analyzed examining (a) changes in heavy alcohol and marijuana use over time, (b) changes in delinquency over time, and (c) the contemporaneous, parallel processes of changes in substance use and delinquency over time. Results indicate that substance use increased over time, whereas delinquency decreased over time. However, the growth model examining the simultaneous influence of delinquency on substance use suggests that delinquency exacerbated substance use over time. Implications for policy and intervention service needs are discussed.
How a presenter’s perceived attractiveness affects persuasion for attractiveness-unrelated products

Contrary to the beauty match-up hypothesis, several studies report positive effects of a presenter’s attractiveness for attractiveness-unrelated products. This research demonstrates how, via which paths, the presenter’s attractiveness affects persuasion for attractiveness-unrelated products. For a non-celebrity presenter the positive effect of attractiveness on persuasion is mediated by perceived presenter expertise, presenter trustworthiness, and liking of the advertisement. Previous studies could neither support the relevance of these paths unambiguously nor did they test whether or not perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and liking of the ad fully mediate the attractiveness effect. This study also considers receiver and presenter sex and receivers’ product involvement. The results indicate that attractiveness affects persuasion positively regardless of whether the presenter and receiver are of the same or the opposite sex and regardless of whether receivers are characterised by low or high product involvement.
A Note on Political Science and the Metaphorical Imagination 1

This article discusses the role of metaphor in political science, highlighting the centrality of the metaphor historically for understanding human societies. It notes how the contemporary emphasis on global interconnectedness has generated an influx of new metaphors influenced by technological developments, such as networks and the Internet. The article highlights questions that are of enduring interest for political scientists: how to make sense of metaphor itself, and the place of metaphor in political analysis.
Resonant length of longitudinal slots and validity of circuit representation: theory and experiment

The design of waveguide-fed longitudinal slot arrays requires input data on self-admittance versus slot offset and length. Experimental determination of this data is costly and ultimately not sufficiently accurate. Method-of-moments solutions now can provide this data cheaply and with greater inherent accuracy. This is demonstrated by comparing theory to carefully performed experiments. The theory is also used to examine the validity of the equivalent shunt element representation of the slot.
Current Therapeutic Options for Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the developed world. The increasing life expectancy in the last years has led to an increase in the prevalence of this age-related condition and has posed an important medical and social challenge for developed societies. The mainstays of current therapy for AD rely on the cholinergic hypothesis developed more than 20 years ago. These compounds, known as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), inhibit the cholinesterases and aim at improving the brain synaptic availability of acetylcholine. These drugs have been approved for the treatment of AD based on pivotal clinical trials showing modest symptomatic benefit on cognitive, behavioral, and global measures. Memantine, an NMDA antagonist, has been recently included as a therapeutic option for AD. Memantine can be combined safely with AChEIs for an additional symptomatic benefit. During the last years our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD has markedly expanded. Several putative neuroprotective drugs are thoroughly investigated and many of them have reached the clinical arena. It can be anticipated that some of these drugs will be able to slow/prevent the progression of this condition in the near future.
The context of oral and written language: A framework for mode and medium switching

ABSTRACT This article demonstrates that our descriptions of orality and literacy – from the traditional dichotomy to the more recent continuum – are inadequate, largely because they are grounded in the Western positivist tradition and use as their typical texts casual conversation and academic writing. The introduction of a new medium of communication, the computer, into the workplace clearly demonstrates that medium of communication is itself a linguistic choice, depending on the context of situation. The article presents a case study identifying those aspects of the context of situation that affect both choice of mode/medium and mode/medium-switching. The article then proposes a framework that expands on previous work that has sought to describe the dimensions involved in the choice of language (e.g., Halliday 1973; Hymes 1972; Jakobson 1960). This framework suggests an integrated approach for examining oral and written language, an approach grounded in the view that literacy and orality are social practices whose forms and functions vary for different social groups. (Literacy, dimensions of sociolinguistics, discourse)
Lesions of perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex that spare the amygdala and hippocampal formation produce severe memory impairment

In monkeys, bilateral damage to the medial temporal region produces severe memory impairment. This lesion, which includes the hippocampal formation, amygdala, and adjacent cortex, including the parahippocampal gyrus (the H+A+ lesion), appears to constitute an animal model of human medial temporal lobe amnesia. Reexamination of histological material from previously studied monkeys with H+A+ lesions indicated that the perirhinal cortex had also sustained significant damage. Furthermore, recent neuroanatomical studies show that the perirhinal cortex and the closely associated parahippocampal cortex provide the major source of cortical input to the hippocampal formation. Based on these 2 findings, we evaluated the severity of memory impairment in a group of monkeys that received bilateral lesions limited to the perirhinal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (the PRPH lesion). The performance of the PRPH group was compared with that of monkeys with H+A+ lesions, who had been studied previously, and with a group of normal monkeys. Monkeys with PRPH lesions were severely impaired on 3 amnesia-sensitive tasks: delayed nonmatching to sample, object retention, and 8-pair concurrent discrimination. On pattern discrimination, a task analogous to ones that amnesic patients perform well, monkeys in the PRPH group performed normally. Overall, monkeys with PRPH lesions were as impaired or more impaired than the comparison group of monkeys with H+A+ lesions. These and other recent findings (Zola-Morgan et al., 1989b) suggest that the severe memory impairment in monkeys and humans associated with bilateral medial temporal lesions results from damage to the hippocampal formation and adjacent, anatomically related cortex, not from conjoint hippocampus-amygdala damage.
Information and Communication Technologies in Personal Relationships

Despite the ubiquitous infiltration of information communication technologies (ICTs) into our lives, research on their roles in personal relationships is at a nascent stage. In this essay, we briefly review the emergence of research on ICTs and summarize current trends in the study of ICTs and personal relationships, including topics such as multicommunication, media multiplexity, and perpetual connectivity. Additionally, we pose several conundrums and complexities encountered when considering ICTs, such as the simultaneous management of connection and distance as well as the potential to both gain and lose control in interpersonal relationships. This essay demonstrates the need for continued research on ICTs in personal relationships.