Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Sub-polyhedral scheduling using (unit-)two-variable-per-inequality polyhedra

Polyhedral compilation has been successful in the design and implementation of complex loop nest optimizers and parallelizing compilers. The algorithmic complexity and scalability limitations remain one important weakness. We address it using sub-polyhedral under-aproximations of the systems of constraints resulting from affine scheduling problems. We propose a sub-polyhedral scheduling technique using (Unit-)Two-Variable-Per-Inequality or (U)TVPI Polyhedra. This technique relies on simple polynomial time algorithms to under-approximate a general polyhedron into (U)TVPI polyhedra. We modify the state-of-the-art PLuTo compiler using our scheduling technique, and show that for a majority of the Polybench (2.0) kernels, the above under-approximations yield polyhedra that are non-empty. Solving the under-approximated system leads to asymptotic gains in complexity, and shows practically significant improvements when compared to a traditional LP solver. We also verify that code generated by our sub-polyhedral parallelization prototype matches the performance of PLuTo-optimized code when the under-approximation preserves feasibility.
Temporal Shifts in Microbial Communities in Nonpregnant African-American Women with and without Bacterial Vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been described as an increase in the number of anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria relative to lactobacilli in the vaginal tract. Several undesirable consequences of this community shift can include irritation, white discharge, an elevated pH, and increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections. While the etiology of the condition remains ill defined, BV has been associated with adverse reproductive and pregnancy outcomes. In order to describe the structure of vaginal communities over time we determined the phylogenetic composition of vaginal communities from seven women sampled at multiple points using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that women with no evidence of BV had communities dominated by lactobacilli that appeared stable over our sampling periods while those with BV had greater diversity and decreased stability overtime. In addition, only Lactobacillus iners was found in BV positive communities.
Motherhood, Employment, and Life Satisfaction: Trends in Germany Between 1984 and 2015

Objective: This article analyzes trends in the relationships among motherhood, employment, and life satisfaction in Germany and regresses them on changing motherhood norms. Background: Motherhood norms have changed in recent decades in Germany, and differences in labor force participation between mothers and women without children have decreased. We research whether differences in life satisfaction have decreased at the same time. Method: Analyses are based on the German Socio‐Economic Panel (1984–2015) and restricted to women aged 16 to 45 (N = 18,238). A series of hybrid panel regressions was used to determine intrapersonal and interpersonal motherhood and employment effects on life satisfaction over decades. Polynomial regressions were used to relate these effects to changing motherhood norms. Results: The negative effects of motherhood on life satisfaction are less prevalent today than they were in the past. The interpersonal maternal happiness gap has disappeared, and the intrapersonal motherhood effect on life satisfaction has increased during the past decades. Conclusion: As restrictive social norms for maternal employment have lost ground, the transition to motherhood has become increasingly conducive to life satisfaction for both working and nonworking mothers. Implication: Normative and public support of women's freedom to choose among different motherhood roles is key to reducing financial and time pressures of mothers and thereby increasing maternal life satisfaction. Further support is needed for mothers without partners or jobs.
Automated Classification of Static Code Analysis Alerts: A Case Study

Static code analysis tools automatically generate alerts for potential software faults that can lead to failures. However, developers are usually exposed to a large number of alerts. Moreover, some of these alerts are subject to false positives and there is a lack of resources to inspect all the alerts manually. To address this problem, numerous approaches have been proposed for automatically ranking or classifying the alerts based on their likelihood of reporting a critical fault. One of the promising approaches is the application of machine learning techniques to classify alerts based on a set of artifact characteristics. In this work, we evaluate this approach in the context of an industrial case study to classify the alerts generated for a digital TV software. First, we created a benchmark based on this code base by manually analyzing thousands of alerts. Then, we evaluated 34 machine learning algorithms using 10 different artifact characteristics and identified characteristics that have a significant impact. We obtained promising results with respect to the precision of classification.
Semi-Supervised Never-Ending Learning in Rhetorical Relation Identification

Some languages do not have enough la- beled data to obtain good discourse pars- ing, specially in the relation identification step, and the additional use of unlabeled data is a plausible solution. A workflow is presented that uses a semi-supervised learning approach. Instead of only a pre- defined additional set of unlabeled data, texts obtained from the web are continu- ously added. This obtains near human per- fomance (0.79) in intra sentential rhetori- cal relation identification. An experiment for English also shows improvement using a similar workflow.
A Vicious Cycle Involving Release of Heat Shock Protein 60 from Injured Cells and Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates Neurodegeneration in the CNS

Infection, ischemia, trauma, and neoplasia elicit a similar inflammatory response in the CNS characterized by activation of microglia, the resident CNS monocyte. The molecular events leading from CNS injury to the activation of innate immunity is not well understood. We show here that the intracellular chaperone heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) serves as a signal of CNS injury by activating microglia through a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway. HSP60 is released from CNS cells undergoing necrotic or apoptotic cell death and specifically binds to microglia. HSP60-induced synthesis of neurotoxic nitric oxide by microglia is dependent on TLR4. HSP60 induces extensive axonal loss and neuronal death in CNS cultures from wild-type but not TLR4 or MyD88 loss-of-function mutant mice. This is the first evidence of an endogenous molecular pathway common to many forms of neuronal injury that bidirectionally links CNS inflammation with neurodegeneration.
Do Diacritical Marks Play a Role at the Early Stages of Word Recognition in Arabic?

A crucial question in the domain of visual word recognition is whether letter similarity plays a role in the early stages of visual word processing. Here we focused on Arabic because in this language there are various groups of letters that share the same basic shape and only differ in the number/location of diacritical points. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment in which a target word was preceded by: (i) an identity prime; (ii) a prime in which the critical letter was replaced by a letter with the same shape that differed in the number of diacritics (e.g., ); or (iii) a prime in which the critical letter was replaced by a letter with different shape (e.g., ). Results showed a sizable advantage of the identity condition over the two substituted-letter priming conditions (i.e., diacritical information is rapidly processed). Thus, diacritical marks play an essential role in the “feature letter” level of models of visual word recognition in Arabic.
Motion control of marine craft using virtual positional and velocity constraints

Recently, [1] put forward a multi-body representation for modeling and control of formations of marine craft. In this paper, the same line of reasoning is taken one step further and the method is generalized for the cases that include speed assignment tasks. The proposed algorithm is then applied to design a novel path-following controller, in which the control objectives are formulated using virtual positional and velocity constraints, and the control problem is regarded as a constrained multi-body system. Global exponential stability of the error system is proved using the Lyapunov method. Also, global boundedness of the unactuated dynamics is demonstrated in the case of underactuation.
The Intracellular Signaling Molecule Darpp-32 Is a Marker for Principal Neurons in the Cerebellum and Cerebellum-Like Circuits of Zebrafish

The dopamine and cAMP regulated phosphoprotein of apparent molecular weight 32 kDa (Darpp-32) is an inhibitory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). Darpp-32 activity is regulated by multiple ligand-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). This protein is coded for by the protein phosphatase-1 regulatory subunit 1b (ppp1r1b) gene. Here, we provide experimental evidence for the presence of multiple isoforms of ppp1r1b in zebrafish. We show that these isoforms are differentially expressed during development with the full-length isoform being maternally deposited. Next, with a custom polyclonal antibody generated against the full-length protein, we show that in the adult, Darpp-32 is strongly expressed in principal neurons of the cerebellum and cerebellum-like circuits. These include Purkinje neurons in the cerebellum, Type-I neurons in the optic tectum, and crest cells in the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON). We confirmed the identity of these neurons through their colocalization with Parvalbumin 7 immunoreactivity. Darpp-32 is seen in the somata and dendrites of these neurons with faint staining in the axons. In all of these regions, Darpp-32-immunoreactive cells were in close proximity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive puncta indicating the presence of direct catecholaminergic input to these neurons. Darpp-32 immunoreactivity was seen in Purkinje neurons as early as 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) when Purkinje neurons are first specified. In sum, we show that Darpp-32, a signaling integrator, is a specific marker of principal neurons in the cerebellum and cerebellum-like circuits in zebrafish.
Mentalizing, Personal Prayer, the Presence of God, and Evil

People who believe in a relational, personal deity, conceptualize god(s) as intentional agents with mental states. Hence it follows that mentalizing or theory of mind may be one of the cognitive foundations of religious belief and behavior. This study examined this relationship as it corresponds to reported prayer experiences, intimacy with god, and experience of agentic evil. About the Author Dr. Laird Edman specializes in the cognitive science of religion, critical thinking, emotional intelligence, and teaching and assessing critical thinking. He holds a doctorate in educational psychology that focused on cognition and learning from the University of Minnesota, as well as master’s degrees in counseling psychology and English literature from the University of Notre Dame. Dr. Edman’s research has been published in The Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, The Journal of Psychology and Christianity, Psychological Reports, The Journal of the National Collegiate Honors Council, Resources in Education, Teaching and Learning in Honors, and The National Honors Report. He has also presented papers, workshops and seminars at the annual conferences of the American Psychological Association, Association for Psychological Science, International Association for the Cognitive Science of Religion, National Collegiate Honors Council, the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, and American Educational Research Association. Chris Sietstra, Molly Townsend, Riley Harder, Corey Kundert, Hope DeRuyter, Rebekah Muilenberg, and Virginia Kjer are current and former students at Northwestern College. Authors Laird Edman, Chris Sietstra, Molly Townsend, Corey Kundert, Hope DeRuyter, Rebekah Muilenberg, Virginia Kjer, and Riley Harder This collaborative scholarship is available in Northwestern Review: https://nwcommons.nwciowa. edu/ northwesternreview/vol3/iss1/7 Mentalizing, Personal Prayer, the Presence of God, and Evil Laird Edman, Chris Sietstra, Molly Townsend, Riley Harder, Corey Kundert, Hope De Ruyter, Rebekah Muilenburg, Virginia Kjer Northwestern College
Oxide in Response to Self- and Alloantigens Nitric Oxide Synthase and Generate Nitric Thymic Dendritic Cells Express Inducible

Thymocytes maturing in the thymus undergo clonal deletion/apoptosis when they encounter self- or allo-Ags presented by dendritic cells (DCs). How this occurs is a matter of debate, but NO may play a role given its ability of inducing apoptosis of these cells. APC (a mixed population of macrophages (M f ) and DCs) from rat thymus expressed high levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and produced large amounts of NO in basal conditions whereas iNOS expression and NO production were very low in thymocytes. Analysis by FACS and by double labeling of cytocentrifuged preparations showed that DCs and M F both express iNOS within APC. Analysis of a puriﬁed preparation of DCs conﬁrmed that these cells express high levels of iNOS and produce large amounts of NO in basal conditions. The capacity of DCs to generate NO was enhanced by exposure to rat albumin, a self-protein, and required a fully expressed process of Ag internalization, processing, and presentation. Peptides derived from portions of class II MHC molecules up-regulate iNOS expression and NO production by DCs as well, both in self and allogeneic combinations, suggesting a role of NO in both self and acquired tolerance. We also found that NO induced apoptosis of rat double-positive thymocytes, the effect being more evident in anti-CD3-stimulated cells. Altogether, the present ﬁndings might suggest that DC-derived NO is at least one of the soluble factors regulating events, in the thymus, that follow recognition of self-and allo-Ags. The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 164: 4649–4658. deleting
Fostering life-altering change amongst South African youth through non-formal education

Abstract Fostering positive and meaningful change amongst South African youth whose schooling and life experiences have rendered them largely ill-prepared, demotivated and often traumatised, is a complex endeavour, but one which needs urgent attention. Government programmes tend to ignore the psycho-social demands of the transition from unemployed hopelessness to career-oriented hopefulness. This article reports on a case study of a non-formal learning programme, offered by World Changers Academy (WCA), which has been found to be successful in building such psychological career resources amongst marginalised youth. It discusses four aspects of the learning process and the nature of learning which has led to some life-altering changes in youth participating in the programme. These are emotions, healing and hopefulness; identity, purpose and self-confidence; reflection and changing mindsets; community engagement, relationships and authenticity. Lessons from this programme could help in the development of more widespread provision for youth in South Africa and elsewhere.
DEVELOPMENT IN DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR ALZHEIMER ’ S DISEASE

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which, at present, there is no cure. Accurate diagnosis of AD is difficult because the symptoms overlap with those manifested in other forms of dementia. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, drugs that currently are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for AD, treat symptoms but not the underlying cause of the disease. The neuropathology of AD begins with compromised synaptic transmission and impaired plasticity, predominantly in the entorhinal cortex and the hippocampus. These neuropathological processes may begin years or even decades before manifestation of the first symptoms. Thus, by the time the first signs of disease become apparent, the underlying neuropathology may be already fairly advanced. Therefore, development of disease-modifying therapeutic strategies and accurate diagnostic measures for AD must focus on the events that initiate the disease at the earliest stages. Substantial evidence indicates that the primary cause of AD is an age-related imbalance between production and clearance of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Prevention of Aβ production, enhancement of Aβ clearance, and inhibition of Aβ assembly into neurotoxic aggregates, thus are † Current address: Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Abt. Ernährungstoxikologie, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany. ∗ Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Gal Bitan, University of California at Los Angeles, Neuroscience Research Building I, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7334, USA. Tel. : +1 310 206 2082; Fax: +1 310 206 1700; gbitan@mednet.ucla. edu. No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. Akila Shanmugam, Bernhard Monien, and Gal Bitan 194 principal focuses of current therapeutic approaches. Present diagnosis of AD is based on clinical, neurophysiologic and neuroimaging assessments. These approaches are relatively sensitive and specific at the middle or late stages of AD but early diagnosis is challenging. With the advent of new drugs now in clinical trials, there is an urgent need for early diagnosis, not only for prescribing the correct treatment and validating the efficiency of the drugs, but also for understanding the underlying disease process.
A free-boundary model for diffusion-induced grain boundary motion

On the basis of a phase field model previously proposed in Cahn et al. (Acta Mater. 45, 4397– 4413 (1997)) to describe the phenomenon of diffusion-induced grain boundary motion (DIGM), we present a formal asymptotic reduction to a moving free-boundary problem. This problem is one of enhanced motion by curvature. The enhancement depends on the local concentration jump, across the grain boundary, of a solute species that is diffusing along the boundary. The reduction depends on the material diffusivity vanishing outside the grain boundary; this also introduces important mathematical and conceptual difficulties which are addressed in detail. A rigorous theory is given for two-dimensional solutions of the free-boundary problem when there is steady motion of the grain boundary spanning a plate from face to face, solute being supplied at the faces of the plate. The motion is in the direction parallel to the face. This situation represents well known experiments designed to illustrate DIGM. The corresponding theory is also given for grain boundaries which do not span the plate, but rather trail behind the moving intersection with one of the faces, never reaching the other one.
rown and green LAI mapping through spectral indices

When crops senescence, leaves remain until they fall off or are harvested. Hence, leaf area index (LAI) stays high even when chlorophyll content degrades to zero. Current LAI approaches from remote sensing techniques are not optimized for estimating LAI of senescent vegetation. In this paper a two-step approach has been proposed to realize simultaneous LAI mapping over green and senescent croplands. The first step separates green from brown LAI by means of a newly proposed index, ‘Green Brown Vegetation Index (GBVI)’. This index exploits two shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral bands centred at 2100 and 2000 nm, which fall right in the dry matter absorption regions, thereby providing positive values for senescent vegetation and negative for green vegetation. The second step involves applying linear regression functions based on optimized vegetation indices to estimate green and brown LAI estimation respectively. While entinel-2 the green LAI index uses a band in the red and a band in the red-edge, the brown LAI index uses bands located in the same spectral region as GBVI, i.e. an absorption band located in the region of maximum absorption of cellulose and lignin at 2154 nm, and a reference band at 1635 nm where the absorption of both water and dry matter is low. The two-step approach was applied to a HyMap image acquired over an agroecosystem at the agricultural site Barrax, Spain.
Treatment of Distillery Spentwash Using AFBBR and Color Removal of Treated Spentwash Using Adsorbtion

Spentwash was pretreated with anaerobic floating bed baffled wall reactor (AFBBR) with a capacity of 4.5 litters. Reactor used to obtain a treated spentwash on which adsorption experiment was carried out. Adsorbent used was activated Bagasse. Its adsorptive properties were determined by using standard Melanoidin solution which was synthesized in laboratory. Adsorbents showed a best fit for Langmuir isotherm undergoing monolayer. A 10 g dosage and 90 min contact time was chosen as optimum value. Rector performed well and shown 69 % efficiency in removing COD at 2000 mg/L COD loading rate at 24 hr of HRT. Adsorption experiment had shown 40% efficiency in reducing melanoidin concentration and 68.9 % efficiency in reduction of color from treated spent wash. Combined treatment of spentwash in anaerobic floating bed baffled wall reactor and adsorption resulted in 81 % efficiency in treating COD load at 2000 mg/L COD loading rate at 24 hr of HRT.
2. Measurements of fine particulate chemical composition in two U.K. cities

[1] In part 1 of this series, techniques for generating quantitative information on fine airborne particulate-size and chemically resolved mass concentration from an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer were introduced. Presented here are the results generated using these techniques from sampling U. K. urban air with such an instrument in Edinburgh during October 2000 and in Manchester during July 2001 and January 2002. Data on the total mass concentrations and size-resolved mass distributions of nitrate, sulfate, and organic compounds were obtained for all three campaigns and compared with data from other sources, including a micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor, total particle numbers, CO and NOx concentrations, local wind speed and temperature, and back trajectory analysis. All three locations showed evidence for emissions from local transport, with a mass modal aerodynamic diameter of around 100-200nm. This mode was dominated by hydrocarbons showing little evidence of oxidization. The three sites also exhibited a larger mode consisting of inorganic chemicals and oxidized organics, which appeared to be governed by sources external to the cities and showed evidence of internal mixing. The mass modal aerodynamic diameter varied between approximately 200-500 nm during the winter and 500-800 nm during the summer. The summer also showed an increased mass loading without an increase in total particle number. Evidence of material building up and ageing in the atmospheric surface layer during periods of low wind speeds was also observed.