Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Structural convergence and language change: Evidence from Serbian/English code-switching

ABSTRACT This study investigates how the process of structural convergence common in many bilingual communities (cf. Clyne 1987, 1994) interacts with the process of code-switching. Data on Serbian/English code-switching indicate that there the process of structural convergence is reshaping the Serbian variety spoken by bilingual speakers. This process is reflected in code-switching situations in the form of what Myers-Scotton 1993b calls “matrix language” (ML) turnover: the matrix language in code-switched utterances can only be assigned if one considers the process of structural convergence occurring in Serbian. These data indicate that code-switched utterances in which the diachronic ML turnover is under-way present a very useful source of information not only for the analysis of code-switching, but also for the analysis of language change under conditions of contact. The findings of this study strongly suggest that any theoretical model of code-switching which aims at achieving universality needs also to take into consideration the results of the structural convergence that affects linguistic varieties in many code-switching bilingual communities. (Structural convergence and language change, Serbian, code-switching, Matrix Language Frame model)
Expression and Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 2 and Its Receptor in Mammals

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) and its receptor (GnRHR1) drive mammalian reproduction via regulation of the gonadotropins. Yet, a second form of GnRH (GnRH2) and its receptor (GnRHR2) also exist in mammals. GnRH2 has been completely conserved throughout 500 million years of evolution, signifying high selection pressure and a critical biological role. However, the GnRH2 gene is absent (e.g., rat) or inactivated (e.g., cow and sheep) in some species but retained in others (e.g., human, horse, and pig). Likewise, many species (e.g., human, chimpanzee, cow, and sheep) retain the GnRHR2 gene but lack the appropriate coding sequence to produce a full-length protein due to gene coding errors; although production of GnRHR2 in humans remains controversial. Certain mammals lack the GnRHR2 gene (e.g., mouse) or most exons entirely (e.g., rat). In contrast, old world monkeys, musk shrews, and pigs maintain the coding sequence required to produce a functional GnRHR2. Like GnRHR1, GnRHR2 is a 7-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with Gαq/11 to mediate cell signaling. However, GnRHR2 retains a cytoplasmic tail and is only 40% homologous to GnRHR1. A role for GnRH2 and its receptor in mammals has been elusive, likely because common laboratory models lack both the ligand and receptor. Uniquely, both GnRH2 and GnRHR2 are ubiquitously expressed; transcript levels are abundant in peripheral tissues and scarcely found in regions of the brain associated with gonadotropin secretion, suggesting a divergent role from GnRH1/GnRHR1. Indeed, GnRH2 and its receptor are not physiological modulators of gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Instead, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 coordinate the interaction between nutritional status and sexual behavior in the female brain. Within peripheral tissues, GnRH2 and its receptor are novel regulators of reproductive organs. GnRH2 and GnRHR2 directly stimulate steroidogenesis within the porcine testis. In the female, GnRH2 and its receptor may help mediate placental function, implantation, and ovarian steroidogenesis. Furthermore, both the GnRH2 and GnRHR2 genes are expressed in human reproductive tumors and represent emerging targets for cancer treatment. Thus, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 have diverse functions in mammals which remain largely unexplored.
The Microfoundations Movement in Strategy and Organization Theory

Microfoundations have received increased attention in strategy and organization theory over the past decade. In this paper, we take stock of the microfoundations movement, its origins and history, and disparate forms. We briefly touch on similar micro movements in disciplines such as economics and sociology. However, our particular focus is on the unique features of the microfoundations movement in macro management. While the microfoundations movement in macro management does seek to link with more micro disciplines such as psychology and organizational behavior, it also features a unique set of questions, assumptions, theoretical mechanisms, and independent/dependent variables that complement the focus in the micro disciplines. We also discuss the disparate criticisms of the microfoundations literature and the challenges the movement faces, such as defining distinct theoretical and empirical programs for microfoundational research. The overall purpose of this manuscript is to clearly delineate the promise and uniqueness of microfoundations research in macro management, to discuss how the movement originated and where it is going, and to offer rich opportunities for future work.
Attention and Mental Workload

Mental workload is still a useful concept in human factors because of its links to theories and models of attention. A good theory is the best practical tool. Mental workload is defined as an intervening variable similar to attention. It must be inferred from changes in performance. Performance declines when mental workload is too high or too low. Results from simple laboratory situations cannot necessarily be generalized directly to practical situations which tend to be more complex. Instead, laboratory experiments are used to refine models and theories that can be applied to solve practical problems. Computational models of attention and workload offer the greatest promise for practitioners. Examples of research on driver workload illustrate the dangers of applying secondary-task methodology without adequate consideration of theoretical issues.
Connectedness and Worthiness for the Embedded Self: A Material Culture Perspective

This article is based on a study of intergenerational transfers of contaminated objects, colloquially referred to as “heirlooms. ” Motivations and processes are described within the central dialectic of an individual actor seeking positive affect through the pursuit of connectedness and worthiness and in the context of the larger social order. Object symbolism is examined from the perspectives of the individual actor, society, and culture. The family is conceptualized as a special case of the “other. ” A theoretical framework is developed that draws extensively on Walter Goldschmidt’s notion of “The Culturally Embedded Self” in The Human Career: The Self in a Symbolic World (1990) and on Sidney Levy’s work as presented in Brands, Consumers, Symbols, and Research (1999). This framework is referred to with the acronym MOSES for Motivations, Object Symbolism, and the Embedded Self.
Transient response characteristics of new HVDC transmission system based on new converter transformer

The new HVDC transmission system adopts the new converter transformer and the corresponding inductive filtering method, and its electrical topology structure is completely different from that of the existential HVDC transmission system. For the change of the controlled system, the transient response characteristics of the new HVDC transmission system will be accordingly changed when it adopts the standard control model that the traditional HVDC transmission system adopts. Referring to the parameters of the main circuit of the OGRE HVDC first benchmark model, this paper designs a similar benchmark model of the new HVDC transmission system based on the technical characteristics of the new converter transformer and the corresponding inductive filtering method, which mainly contains the rated parameters of the new converter transformer and the inductive filtering device. Then, the typical transient response characteristics of the new HVDC transmission system have been analyzed and simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC. The results express that the new HVDC transmission system, which adopts the standard control model that the HVDC transmission engineering adopts, has a good transient response characteristic, and can operate stably when subjecting to various typical disturbance.
B.M. Springbett and the Notion of the "Snap Decision" in the Interview

It is a firmly entrenched part of management lore that interviewers make decisions in the selection interview after only a few minutes. A reanalysis of the original research (Springbett, 1954; 1958) and cur-rent research findings suggest the need for a more cautious interpre-tation of the phenomenon of a "snap decision" in the interview.
Law Library Careers: Improving the Transition to Legal Information Work

This article describes research which suggests that much more could be done to prepare Library and Information Science (LIS) graduates for a career in legal information, both in terms of greater career information availability and in greater preparation before working with legal information, such as knowledge of legal materials and ways of working. Greater promotion of this interesting and challenging information sector would ensure that LIS graduates are fully aware of law library work as a viable career path and are clear about what the work entails. Implications for CILIP, BIALL, Library Schools and university careers services are discussed.
Childless Women’s Time With Children

This study examines time with children among women who remain childless in young to middle adulthood. The authors identify biologically childless women aged 25 to 44 years in the June 2004-2008 Current Population Survey, and use their subsequent time use diaries in the 2004-2009 American Time Use Survey to measure their time with children. The authors pay particular attention to time with children who are not one’s “own” (by adoption or marriage) and to differences across educational groups of childless women. It is found that childless women frequently spend time with children, and childless women with no 4-year college degree are almost twice as likely to spend time with children as childless women with a 4-year degree. The authors also show how educational differences in childless women’s time with children are mediated by work patterns, residential arrangements, and especially union status. The findings suggest large class differences in how women experience the boundary between childlessness and parenthood.
An instrumental analysis of English vowels produced by Omanis

This article examines the pronunciation of English monophthongs by ten male Omani speakers. Vowel quality was measured according to the frequencies of the first (F1) and second formants (F2), and vowel duration was measured to investigate length contrasts between typical vowel pairs. The findings suggest that the vowels produced by the Omani speakers occupied a similar vowel space as British English vowels although individual vowels have different qualities. The vowels also showed a length contrast between vowel pairs with quality contrast being less distinctive. In addition, the vowels produced by the Omani speakers were similar to those produced by Arabic speakers from different regions, giving rise to the perception of an Arabic-accented English. Although the findings presented in this article are preliminary in nature, they contribute to the growing body of research on the production of vowels in different varieties of English.
Prayer as a Conflict Resolution Ritual: Clinical Implications of Religious Couples' Report of Relationship Softening, Healing Perspective, and Change Responsibility

Spirituality and spiritual practices loom large as predictors of individual and relationship outcomes (Richards & Bergin, 1997). For religious couples, Deity's influence in their marriage is often invoked and experienced through prayer, and Deity may more regularly and significantly influence religious couples' interaction than anyone else, including family members (Butler & Harper, 1994). As a preliminary test of this hypothesis, a geographically diverse sample of religious spouses ( n = 217) completed a 102-item Likertscaled questionnaire assessing their phenomenological experience of prayer during marital conflict. Participant spouses noted relationship softening, healing (neutral/self-change) perspective, and perception or experience of change responsibility as significant effects associated with their prayer experience. Issues surrounding clinical use of prayer as a conflict resolution tactic for religious couples are considered.
On Unconscious and Conscious Thought and the Accuracy of Implicit and Explicit Judgments

Research suggesting merits of deliberation under distraction mainly have assessed explicit judgments. However, unconscious thought theory argues that also under conditions of conscious thinking (some) unconscious thinking takes place albeit at implicit cognitive levels. Therefore, we performed two studies in which we assessed the effects of unconscious and conscious thinking on explicit and implicit judgments. In both experiments, participants read a complex situation description. Next, they made judgments immediately, could consciously think about their judgments for a couple of minutes, or were distracted for a couple of minutes and then made their judgments. Finally, we assessed implicit judgment accuracy using an implicit association test, and explicit judgment accuracy using rating scales. Replicating earlier research, results suggest that unconscious thinking leads to the best explicit assessments. However, as expected, both unconscious thinking and conscious thinking lead to better implicit assessm.
Adalimumab for the treatment of pediatric Crohn’s disease

Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by a chronic relapsing course, high morbidity and impaired quality of life. Their incidence is rising, and about 25% of cases are diagnosed in pediatric age. Anti-TNF-α antibodies, such as infliximab and adalimumab (ADA), are usually administered in patients refractory to conventional therapies. However, increasing evidence suggests that they can be introduced earlier in the course of the disease, especially in patients with aggressive and extensive disease since diagnosis. ADA is a fully human anti-TNF-α antibody recently approved for pediatric Crohn’s disease not only in patients unresponsive to infliximab, but also as a first-line anti-TNF-α therapy. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on the use of ADA in pediatric Crohn’s disease and to discuss open issues regarding safety as well as future perspectives.
Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography.

BACKGROUND The analysis of wall motion abnormalities with dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) is an established method for the detection of myocardial ischemia. With ultrafast magnetic resonance tomography, identical stress protocols as used for echocardiography can be applied. METHODS AND RESULTS In 208 consecutive patients (147 men, 61 women) with suspected coronary artery disease, DSE with harmonic imaging and dobutamine stress magnetic resonance (DSMR) (1.5 T) were performed before cardiac catheterization. DSMR images were acquired during short breath-holds in 3 short-axis views and a 4- and a 2-chamber view (gradient echo technique). Patients were examined at rest and during a standard dobutamine-atropine scheme until submaximal heart rate was reached. Regional wall motion was assessed in a 16-segment model. Significant coronary heart disease was defined as >/=50% diameter stenosis. Eighteen patients could not be examined by DSMR (claustrophobia 11 and adipositas 6) and 18 patients by DSE (poor image quality). Four patients did not reach target heart rate. In 107 patients, coronary artery disease was found. With DSMR, sensitivity was increased from 74.3% to 86.2% and specificity from 69.8% to 85.7% (both P<0.05) compared with DSE. Analysis for women yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS High-dose dobutamine magnetic resonance tomography can be performed with a standard dobutamine/atropine stress protocol. Detection of wall motion abnormalities by DSMR yields a significantly higher diagnostic accuracy in comparison to DSE.
Method in Social Science: A Realist Approach

Preface to the second edition. Introduction. 1. Knowledge in context 2. Theory, observation and practical adequacy 3. Theory and method I: abstraction, structure and cause 4. Theory and method II: types of system and their implications 5. Some influential misadventures in the philosophy of science 6. Quantitative methods in social science 7. Verification and falsification 8. Popper's 'falsificationism' 9. Problems of explanation and the aims of social science. Notes and references. Bibliography. Index
Streptomycin- and rifampin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli perturb F exclusion of bacteriophage T7 by affecting synthesis of the F plasmid protein PifA

Certain alleles of rpsL that confer resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin almost completely relieve F exclusion of bacteriophage T7. Introduction of a specific rpoB allele conferring resistance to rifampin into the rpsL strain restores the ability of the F-containing strain to exclude T7. This variation in the severity of F exclusion is reflected in the levels of the F-encoded inhibitor protein PifA: F'-containing cells that harbor specific rpsL alleles are phenotypically Pif-, but become Pif+ by the further acquisition of a specific rpoB allele. F-containing cells harboring the gyrA43(Ts) mutation also appear phenotypically Pif-, possibly because repression of the pif operon is enhanced by an altered DNA conformation in the gyrase mutant strain.
Globalization, political institutions and ethnic assertiveness: An empirical study of 32 developing countries

Abstract Although there has been an ever increasing body of work that has examined the relationship between electoral rules and ethnic conflict, relatively few works have examined the effects of political institutions as a means to contain (or at least alter) the course of ethnic conflict under the conditions of globalization and economic integration. In this paper I build upon an earlier work that examined the relationship between globalization, democratization and ethnic conflict. In that piece it was found that globalization did not appear to have a direct relationship with ethnic conflict, but did appear to be related to ethnic political ‘awakening’. This article builds upon that previous work by empirically examining the effects of both globalization and institutional arrangements for 32 developing countries and 90 minority groups. Further, the paper employs a multivariate technique that evaluates the effect of globalization, components of the electoral system, parliamentarism, federalism, cultural differences and the state of the economy.
Conflict, Civil War and Underdevelopment: An Introduction

Conflict has been a feature of human society since time immemorial. Disputes that arise may be organized around social class, ethnicity, religion, region, or some combination of these factors. The struggle can be over economic opportunities, as well as political and civil rights, among other contestable factors. In peaceful societies, conflict is channelled into nonviolent means and institutions for both its expression and resolution. Civil war is not necessarily irrational, but a product of certain objectives, therefore amenable to rational-choice analysis. In low-income countries, civil war makes poverty reduction and growth difficult to achieve. Many contemporary civil wars have an ethnic dimension, as ethnicity is a strong uniting force. Grievances, therefore, play a major part in contemporary conflict, but greed - the desire to control resources and capture rents - also enters into the calculus of conflict. Ultimately, open warfare cannot emerge inside a society with a functioning social contract, as greed and grievances are managed and conflict is contained in countries with properly operating institutions. Consequently, conflict resolution requires the reconstitution of the social contract.
Prevailing homozygous deletion of interferon and defensin genes in human cancers

Interferons and defensins are antimicrobial peptides that can also induce anti-tumor immunity. By analyzing the copy number profiles of 10,759 patients across 31 cancer types, we found the homozygous deletions of interferon and defensin genes are prevailing in most human cancers, and that patients with these homozygous deletions exhibited significant reduced overall survival or disease-free survival. We further demonstrated that the homozygous deletion of interferon and defensin genes significantly impacted the expression of genes regulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IFNγ. Our findings suggested a novel immune escape mechanism that disrupts the tumor cells’ ability to be recognized, and have implications for personalized immunotherapy.
A Theory of Demand Shocks

This paper presents a model of business cycles driven by shocks to consumer expectations regarding aggregate productivity. Agents are hit by heterogeneous productivity shocks, they observe their own productivity and a noisy public signal regarding aggregate productivity. The shock to this public signal, or "news shock," has the features of an aggregate demand shock: it increases output, employment and inflation in the short run and has no effects in the long run. The dynamics of the economy following an aggregate productivity shock are also affected by the presence of imperfect information: after a productivity shock output adjusts gradually to its higher long-run level, and there is a temporary negative effect on inflation and employment. A calibrated version of the model is able to generate realistic amounts of short-run volatility due to demand shocks, in line with existing time-series evidence. The paper also develops a simple method to solve forward-looking models with dispersed information.