Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A randomized method for the shapley value for the voting game

The Shapley value is one of the key solution concepts for coalition games. Its main advantage is that it provides a unique and fair solution, but its main problem is that, for many coalition games, the Shapley value cannot be determined in polynomial time. In particular, the problem of finding this value for the voting game is known to be #P-complete in the general case. However, in this paper, we show that there are some specific voting games for which the problem is computationally tractable. For other general voting games, we overcome the problem of computational complexity by presenting a new randomized method for determining the approximate Shapley value. The time complexity of this method is linear in the number of players. We also show, through empirical studies, that the percentage error for the proposed method is always less than 20% and, in most cases, less than 5%.
Virulence Comparisons of Aspergillus nidulans Mutants Are Confounded by the Inflammatory Response of p47phox−/− Mice

ABSTRACT While investigating the requirement for phagosomal alkalinization in the host defense against pulmonary aspergillosis, we observed high morbidity of p47phox−/− mice infected with pH-insensitive Aspergillus nidulans mutants despite a paucity of fungal growth. Fatal infection also resulted from a normally avirulent p-aminobenzoate auxotroph. This demonstrates that p47phox−/− murine immunity contributes significantly to A. nidulans lethality. These data have wider implications for microbial virulence studies with p47phox−/− mice.
Tuning transcription of nutrient utilization genes to catabolic rate promotes growth in a gut bacterium

Cells respond to nutrient availability by expressing nutrient catabolic genes. We report that the regulator controlling utilization of chondroitin sulphate (CS) in the mammalian gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is activated by an intermediate in CS breakdown rather than CS itself. We determine that the rate‐determining enzyme in CS breakdown is responsible for degrading this intermediate and establish that the levels of the enzyme increase 100‐fold, whereas those of the regulator remain constant upon exposure to CS. Because enzyme and regulator compete for the intermediate, B. thetaiotaomicron tunes transcription of CS utilization genes to CS catabolic rate. This tuning results in a transient increase in CS utilization transcripts upon exposure to excess CS. Constitutive expression of the rate‐determining enzyme hindered activation of CS utilization genes and growth on CS. An analogous mechanism regulates heparin utilization genes, suggesting that the identified strategy aids B. thetaiotaomicron in the competitive gut environment.
Attachment Styles and Marital Adjustment among Newlywed Couples

Recent research has shown a relation between adults' attachment styles and their interpersonal functioning. The present study examined attachment styles and marital adjustment among 322 young, newlywed couples participating in a longitudinal study of alcohol use and marital functioning. Couples completed a three-item measure of adult attachment styles and measures of marital intimacy, partners' marital functioning and partners' conflict resolution behaviors. The data were analyzed within a repeated measure design. Couple attachment type (both partners' attachment styles) was the between subject factor, and husband-wife was the within subject factor. Results showed that husbands and wives tended to pair on the basis of similarity of attachment security. However, it was the nature of the pairings, rather than their similarity, per se, which was associated with the marital adjustment variables. Couples in which both partners were securely attached evidenced better overall marital adjustment than couples in which one or both partners were insecurely attached. Additional findings are discussed.
The effect of treadmill speed and gradient on equine hindlimb muscle activity.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Locomotion requires successful negotiation of different terrains, but we currently know little of how the musculoskeletal system adapts to cope with positive and negative slopes. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of treadmill speed and gradient on equine hindlimb muscle mean electromyographic (EMG) intensity. METHODS Surface EMG recorded the activity of gluteus medius (GM), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) in 6 horses at walk (1.4-1.6 m/s) and trot (2.6-3 m/s) on 3 different treadmill gradients (0, 10% and -10%). Significant differences in mean EMG intensity and kinematic data were determined using Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS Increasing velocity increased the mean EMG intensity of GM, BF and GL regardless of gradient. Treadmill incline increased the mean EMG intensity for all muscles at the walk and that of GM at trot. Treadmill decline reduced the mean EMG intensity of GM at both the walk and the trot and that of BF at the walk, but not the trot. The mean EMG intensity of EDL, VL and GL remained similar at both gaits when compared to the horizontal. CONCLUSIONS The hip retractors are the primary muscles responsible for powering equine locomotion in response to increasing workload. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE A better understanding of the effects of speed and gradient on the functional activity of the horses' locomotor muscles will enable the development of more effective training programmes pre- and post injury.
They own this: Mother tongue instruction for indigenous Kuku Children in Southern Sudan

This article details a pilot program of mother tongue instruction in five primary schools for classes one through three, in Kajokeji County, Central Equatoria State, South Sudan. The program was launched by teachers and volunteers with the support of the Jesuit Refugee Service, an international non-governmental organization. The research examines how mother tongue education impacted teaching and learning during one academic term. The article discusses the reasons for mother tongue education in Kajokeji, the implementation methods, the results of the pilot effort, and implications for educational personnel working with indigenous populations in Kajokeji, in South Sudan, and across the World.
Constructing increment-decrement life tables

A life table model which can recognize increments (or entrants) as well as decrements has proven to be of considerable value in the analysis of marital status patterns, labor force participation patterns, and other areas of substantive interest. Nonetheless, relatively little work has been done on the methodology of increment-decrement (or combined) life tables. The present paper reviews the general, recursive solution of Schoen and Nelson (1974), develops explicit solutions for three cases of particular interest, and compares alternative approaches to the construction of increment-decrement tables.
Another infinite tri-Sasaki family and marginal deformations

Several Einstein-Sasaki 7-metrics appearing in the physical literature are fibered over four dimensional Kahler-Einstein metrics. Instead we consider here the natural Kahler-Einstein metrics defined over the twistor space Z of any quaternion Kahler 4-space, together with the corresponding Einstein-Sasaki metrics. We work out an explicit expression for these metrics and we prove that they are indeed tri-Sasaki. Moreover, we present an squashed version of them which is of weak $G_2$ holonomy. We focus in examples with three commuting Killing vectors and we extend them to supergravity backgrounds with $T^3$ isometry, some of them with $AdS_4\times X_7$ near horizon limit and some others without this property. We would like to emphasize that there is an underlying linear structure describing these spaces. We also consider the effect of the $SL(2,R)$ solution generating technique presented by Maldacena and Lunin to these backgrounds and we find some rotating membrane configurations reproducing the E-S logarithmic behaviour.
A Great Place to Start?

This article examines the effect of prior military service on hiring for entry-level jobs in a major metropolitan labor market. The research employs an audit method in which resumes differing only in the presentation of military experience versus civilian work experience are faxed in response to an advertised position. Results suggest that employers exhibit preferential treatment of black military veterans with transferable skills over black nonveterans. Veterans with traditional military experience in the combat arms do not experience preferential treatment by employers, regardless of racial/ethnic background. These findings suggest a possible mechanism generating the postmilitary employment benefit among blacks found in prior observational studies. A veteran premium in hiring may stem from the concentration of blacks in military occupational specialties with a high degree of civilian transferability, combined with employer preferences for military veterans with such work experience over their nonveteran peers.
Informational regulation of consumer health risks: an empirical evaluation of hazard warnings

On the basis of data from a survey of almost 400 consumers, this article assesses whether consumer behavior is responsive to information about product hazards that is provided in response to regulation. We find that the extent to which consumers take precautions is consistent with the level of risk indicated, the amount of risk information, the specific risk and precaution indicated, and the economic benefits of safety precautions. We also use the patterns of precautionary behavior to analyze the implicit value of the morbidity effects and to assess the consistency of consumer choices. Our findings support the use of product-hazard information as an alternative to more direct regulation of safety risks.
For and against European Union expansion: Examining mixed opinion on enlargement and specific countries’ entries

European Union (EU) residents hold complex attitudes toward expanding the union not completely captured in extant models of enlargement opinion. We develop two-by-two matrices of support and opposition toward (1) enlargement and (2) a potential member’s entry. Descriptive analyses of 2006 Eurobarometer data reveal that, across two-by-two matrices for enlargement and 13 potential members’ entries, EU-25 residents often support enlargement and a potential member’s entry or oppose both. Yet, what we call ‘qualified support of enlargement’ – support for enlargement but opposition to a potential member’s entry – varies by potential and current members. Synthesizing literature on similar attitudinal combinations with research on enlargement opinion, we develop hypotheses to account for the individual- and country-level variation in qualified support of enlargement, relative to supporting enlargement and a potential member’s entry or opposing both. According to our multilevel multinomial logit results, individual-level factors such as education, political awareness, and political ideology are generally related to qualified support of enlargement; economic distance between current and potential EU members is related to the levels of qualified support of enlargement in member countries. However, attitudes toward enlargement and the entries of countries, such as Turkey, Albania, and Iceland are exceptions to some patterns. Our findings highlight the multidimensionality of EU enlargement attitudes and suggest that literature on similar attitudinal combinations should incorporate group dynamics into their models.
Beat Histogram Features from NMF-Based Novelty Functions for Music Classification

In this paper we present novel rhythm features derived from drum tracks extracted from polyphonic music and evaluate them in a genre classification task. Musical excerpts are analyzed using an optimized, partially fixed Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method and beat histogram features are calculated on basis of the resulting activation functions for each one out of three drum tracks extracted (Hi-Hat, Snare Drum and Bass Drum). The features are evaluated on two widely used genre datasets (GTZAN and Ballroom) using standard classification methods, concerning the achieved overall classification accuracy. Furthermore, their suitability in distinguishing between rhythmically similar genres and the performance of the features resulting from individual activation functions is discussed. Results show that the presented NMF-based beat histogram features can provide comparable performance to other classification systems, while considering strictly drum patterns.
3DMatch: Learning Local Geometric Descriptors from RGB-D Reconstructions

Matching local geometric features on real-world depth images is a challenging task due to the noisy, low-resolution, and incomplete nature of 3D scan data. These difficulties limit the performance of current state-of-art methods, which are typically based on histograms over geometric properties. In this paper, we present 3DMatch, a data-driven model that learns a local volumetric patch descriptor for establishing correspondences between partial 3D data. To amass training data for our model, we propose a self-supervised feature learning method that leverages the millions of correspondence labels found in existing RGB-D reconstructions. Experiments show that our descriptor is not only able to match local geometry in new scenes for reconstruction, but also generalize to different tasks and spatial scales (e.g. instance-level object model alignment for the Amazon Picking Challenge, and mesh surface correspondence). Results show that 3DMatch consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art approaches by a significant margin. Code, data, benchmarks, and pre-trained models are available online at http://3dmatch.cs. princeton.edu.
Expanding the Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Regulatory Network: The GntR-Like Regulator PlmA Interacts with the PII-PipX Complex

Cyanobacteria, phototrophic organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, perceive nitrogen status by sensing 2-oxoglutarate levels. PII, a widespread signaling protein, senses and transduces nitrogen and energy status to target proteins, regulating metabolism and gene expression. In cyanobacteria, under conditions of low 2-oxoglutarate, PII forms complexes with the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate kinase, increasing arginine biosynthesis, and with PII-interacting protein X (PipX), making PipX unavailable for binding and co-activation of the nitrogen regulator NtcA. Both the PII-PipX complex structure and in vivo functional data suggested that this complex, as such, could have regulatory functions in addition to PipX sequestration. To investigate this possibility we performed yeast three-hybrid screening of genomic libraries from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, searching for proteins interacting simultaneously with PII and PipX. The only prey clone found in the search expressed PlmA, a member of the GntR family of transcriptional regulators proven here by gel filtration to be homodimeric. Interactions analyses further confirmed the simultaneous requirement of PII and PipX, and showed that the PlmA contacts involve PipX elements exposed in the PII-PipX complex, specifically the C-terminal helices and one residue of the tudor-like body. In contrast, PII appears not to interact directly with PlmA, possibly being needed indirectly, to induce an extended conformation of the C-terminal helices of PipX and for modulating the surface polarity at the PII-PipX boundary, two elements that appear crucial for PlmA binding. Attempts to inactive plmA confirmed that this gene is essential in S. elongatus. Western blot assays revealed that S. elongatus PlmA, irrespective of the nitrogen regime, is a relatively abundant transcriptional regulator, suggesting the existence of a large PlmA regulon. In silico studies showed that PlmA is universally and exclusively found in cyanobacteria. Based on interaction data, on the relative amounts of the proteins involved in PII-PipX-PlmA complexes, determined in western assays, and on the restrictions imposed by the symmetries of trimeric PII and dimeric PlmA molecules, a structural and regulatory model for PlmA function is discussed in the context of the cyanobacterial nitrogen interaction network.
On the One-Dimensional Ginzburg-Landau BVPs

We study the one-dimensional system of Ginzburg-Landau equations that models a thin lm of superconductor subjected to a tangential magnetic eld. We prove that the bifurcation curve for the symmetric problem is the graph of a continuous function of the supremum of the order parameter. We also prove the existence of a critical magnetic eld. In general, there is more than one positive solution to the symmetric boundary value problem. Our numerical experiments have shown cases with three solutions. It is still an open question whether only one of these corresponds to the physical solution that minimizes the Gibbs free energy. We establish uniqueness for a related boundary value problem.
Enhancing Expression of Nrf2-Driven Genes Protects the Blood–Brain Barrier after Brain Injury

The integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is critical for normal brain function, and its compromise contributes to the pathophysiology of a number of CNS diseases and injuries. Using a rodent model of brain injury, the present study examines the pathophysiology of BBB disruption. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses indicate that brain injury causes a loss of capillary endothelial cells and tight junction proteins, two critical components of the BBB. Activation of the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) by sulforaphane, a naturally occurring compound present in high levels in cruciferous vegetables, significantly increased the expression of endogenous cytoprotective genes in brain tissue and microvessels as indicated by real-time PCR analysis. Postinjury administration of sulforaphane reduced the loss of endothelial cell markers and tight junction proteins and preserved BBB function. These protective effects were dependent on the activity of Nrf2. Injured rats pretreated with decoy oligonucleotides containing the binding site of Nrf2, and mice lacking the nrf2 gene, did not benefit from sulforaphane administration. These findings indicate a potential therapeutic usefulness for Nrf2-activating molecules to improve the function of the neurovascular unit after injury.
Predisposition to ascariasis: patterns, mechanisms and implications

SUMMARY Ascaris lumbricoides, the human roundworm, is a remarkably infectious and persistent parasite. It is a member of the soil-transmitted helminths or geohelminths and infects in the order of 1472 million people worldwide. Despite, its high prevalence and wide distribution it remains along with its geohelminth counterparts, a neglected disease. Ascariasis is associated with both chronic and acute morbidity, particularly in growing children, and the level of morbidity assessed as disability-adjusted life years is about 10·5 million. Like other macroparasite infections, the frequency distribution of A. lumbricoides is aggregated or overdispersed with most hosts harbouring few or no worms and a small proportion harbouring very heavy infections. Furthermore, after chemotherapeutic treatment, individuals demonstrate consistency in the pattern of re-infection with ascariasis, described as predisposition. These epidemiological phenomena have been identified, in a consistent manner, from a range of geographical locations in both children and adults. However, what has proved to be much more refractory to investigation has been the mechanisms that contribute to the observed epidemiological patterns. Parallel observations utilizing human subjects and appropriate animal model systems are essential to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying susceptibility/resistance to ascariasis. Furthermore, these patterns of Ascaris intensity and re-infection have broader implications with respect to helminth control and interactions with other important bystander infections.
Comment on Scott: Recreation Specialization and the CL-SL Continuum

The casual leisure-serious leisure (CL-SL) continuum as it is called these days has a reasonably long history, dating to Stebbins’s (1979) initial statement about the two concepts. Neither “continuum” nor “casual leisure” was part of the language of that book, but terms such as “unserious,” “nonserious,” and “dabbler” (the casual leisure participant in an activity which could become serious leisure) were used throughout. I also introduced “participant” and “devotee” as points on this dimension of seriousness among amateurs. “When amateurs are highly dedicated to their pursuits we may refer to them as devotees. When they are only moderately interested but significantly more so than dabblers, we may call them participants” (Stebbins, 1979, p. 35). The criteria for identifying these two, applied in each amateur group that I studied subsequently, were the amount of time my respondents committed to practicing, training, rehearsing, performing, studying, and the like according to the professional norms for their pursuits. The idea of “neophyte” (the first stage of being an amateur, hobbyist, or career volunteer), discussed below, joined this set of terms only in 2001. All of this was meant to conceptualize in greater detail the dimension of seriousness possible in a career devoted to pursuing a leisure activity. Later I observed (Stebbins, 2007, p. 21) that this dimension as developed to that year nevertheless formed only a crude scale of intensity of involvement in a serious leisure activity, a weakness not missed by Siegenthaler and O’Dell (2003, p. 51). Their findings from a study of older golfers and successful aging revealed that data on leisure career are more effectively considered according to three types, labeled by them as “social,” “moderate,” and “core devotee. ” The moderate is equivalent to the participant, whereas the social player falls into a class of players who are more skilled and involved than dabblers but less skilled and involved than the moderates (participants). To keep terminology consistent with past theory and research and the generality of the earlier two terms, I suggested we calibrate this new, more detailed, seriousness scale with appropriate, new terms: participant, moderate devotee, and core devotee. Notwithstanding such conceptual refinement, the seriousness dimension has failed to attract a lot of scholarly attention. That is until recently, most notably in Scott’s (2012) article in this issue and Shen and Yarnal’s (2010) paper, both of which have set out in the greatest detail the idea of a CL-SL continuum. This continuum has a number of merits. One, it brings dabbling to the fore by focusing attention on the process of either deciding to become or