Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Discrimination in lexical decision

In this study we present a novel set of discrimination-based indicators of language processing derived from Naive Discriminative Learning (ndl) theory. We compare the effectiveness of these new measures with classical lexical-distributional measures—in particular, frequency counts and form similarity measures—to predict lexical decision latencies when a complete morphological segmentation of masked primes is or is not possible. Data derive from a re-analysis of a large subset of decision latencies from the English Lexicon Project, as well as from the results of two new masked priming studies. Results demonstrate the superiority of discrimination-based predictors over lexical-distributional predictors alone, across both the simple and primed lexical decision tasks. Comparable priming after masked corner and cornea type primes, across two experiments, fails to support early obligatory segmentation into morphemes as predicted by the morpho-orthographic account of reading. Results fit well with ndl theory, which, in conformity with Word and Paradigm theory, rejects the morpheme as a relevant unit of analysis. Furthermore, results indicate that readers with greater spelling proficiency and larger vocabularies make better use of orthographic priors and handle lexical competition more efficiently.
The IFH1 gene product interacts with a fork head protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

FHL1 encodes a polypeptide closely related to the fork head protein family of transcriptional activators. Deleting this gene leads to a slow‐growth phenotype with impaired rRNA maturation. IFH1 (located on chromosome IV) was isolated as a dosage‐dependent suppressor partially correcting the growth defect of the fhl1 deletion. It codes for a highly hydrophilic protein with a predicted molecular weight of 122 kDa and a pI of 4·8, that is very rich in charged residues (mostly acidic) but otherwise unrelated to any known protein. Carboxy‐terminal deletions removing the last third of the protein lead to a leaky growth phenotype with impaired rRNA maturation, as in the case of the fhl1 deletion. A full deletion of IFH1 is lethal, but growth was restored in a strain deleted for both IFH1 and FHL1. Thus, Ifh1p is essential for growth, but only in the presence of a functional Fhp1p protein. Conversely, its overexpression by increased gene dosage partially compensates for the genetic inactivation of FHl1p. These data suggest a direct interaction between the Fhl1p and Ifh1p proteins, and are consistent with a model where Fhl1p is converted from a transcriptional repressor to an activator on binding of Ifh1p. The sequence has been deposited in the EMBL data library under Accession Number Z29488.
Update on pediatric voice and airway disorders: assessment and care

Purpose of reviewTo investigate the status of the recent literature focused on studying the assessment and treatment of pediatric voice and airway disorders using both established and novel techniques. Recent findingsRecent research regarding voice assessment and treatment reveals the use of systematic and innovative approaches when collecting instrumental and perceptual voice data. There are recent advancements in certain surgical interventions designed to minimize complications. Wider use of functional endoscopic imaging of the pediatric larynx is improving our understanding of childhood voice production and airway management. There is also an important emerging focus on quantifying the impact of having a childhood voice disorder through the use of new tools. Although there is an increase in pediatric voice and airway research, many studies tend to be entirely descriptive rather than quantitative. There continues to be little specific research that uses prospective, longer-term and formal voice outcomes before and after behavioral and surgical interventions. SummaryPediatric voice and airway disorders are an important childhood health problem. Voice assessment in children should include formal perceptual and instrumental evaluations, including sophisticated acoustic, aerodynamic and imaging modalities. The care of these children requires a collaborative approach that includes systematic and innovative treatment methods.
Meta‐regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias

Publication selection bias is a serious challenge to the integrity of all empirical sciences. We derive meta‐regression approximations to reduce this bias. Our approach employs Taylor polynomial approximations to the conditional mean of a truncated distribution. A quadratic approximation without a linear term, precision‐effect estimate with standard error (PEESE), is shown to have the smallest bias and mean squared error in most cases and to outperform conventional meta‐analysis estimators, often by a great deal. Monte Carlo simulations also demonstrate how a new hybrid estimator that conditionally combines PEESE and the Egger regression intercept can provide a practical solution to publication selection bias. PEESE is easily expanded to accommodate systematic heterogeneity along with complex and differential publication selection bias that is related to moderator variables. By providing an intuitive reason for these approximations, we can also explain why the Egger regression works so well and when it does not. These meta‐regression methods are applied to several policy‐relevant areas of research including antidepressant effectiveness, the value of a statistical life, the minimum wage, and nicotine replacement therapy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a robust test on North America warming trend and precipitable water content increase

An increase in the atmospheric moist content has been generally assumed when the lower‐tropospheric temperature (Tcol) increases, with relative humidity holding steady. Rather than using simple linear regression, we propose a more rigorous trend detection method that considers time series memory. The autoregressive moving‐average (ARMA) parameters for the time series of Tcol, precipitable water vapor (PWAV), and total precipitable water content (PWAT) from the North American Regional Reanalysis data were first computed. We then applied the Monte Carlo method to replicate the ARMA time series samples to estimate the variances of their Ordinary Least Square trends. Student's t tests showed that Tcol from 1979 to 2006 increased significantly; however, PWAV and PWAT did not. This suggests that atmospheric temperature and water vapor trends do not follow the conjecture of constant relative humidity over North America. We thus urge further evaluations of Tcol, PWAV, and PWAT trends for the globe.
pHost: distributed near-optimal datacenter transport over commodity network fabric

The importance of minimizing flow completion times (FCT) in datacenters has led to a growing literature on new network transport designs. Of particular note is pFabric, a protocol that achieves near-optimal FCTs. However, pFabric's performance comes at the cost of generality, since pFabric requires specialized hardware that embeds a specific scheduling policy within the network fabric, making it hard to meet diverse policy goals. Aiming for generality, the recent Fastpass proposal returns to a design based on commodity network hardware and instead relies on a centralized scheduler. Fastpass achieves generality, but (as we show) loses many of pFabric's performance benefits. We present pHost, a new transport design aimed at achieving both: the near-optimal performance of pFabric and the commodity network design of Fastpass. Similar to Fastpass, pHost keeps the network simple by decoupling the network fabric from scheduling decisions. However, pHost introduces a new distributed protocol that allows end-hosts to directly make scheduling decisions, thus avoiding the overheads of Fastpass's centralized scheduler architecture. We show that pHost achieves performance on par with pFabric (within 4% for typical conditions) and significantly outperforms Fastpass (by a factor of 3.8×) while relying only on commodity network hardware.
Fault localization in structures from remote FRF measurements. Influence of the measurement points

The paper considers the problem for damage detection and localization in cases when the vibration measurements are taken in points remote from the existing fault. The frequency response functions (FRF's) are used to detect and localize the damage. A localization procedure consistent of two stages restriction of the fault in a substructure followed by a more precise elemental location is used. The performance of the procedure and the precision it gives are analyzed and compared on a case study with simulated measurements for three sets of measurement points on the sides of the plate. * On leave from Institute of Mechanics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, bl.4 Acad. G. Bontchev str. ,1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
Transient tension changes initiated by laser temperature jumps in rabbit psoas muscle fibres.

1. A technique was developed to generate 2‐8 degrees C step temperature perturbations (T‐jumps) in single muscle fibres to study the thermodynamics of muscle contraction. A solid‐state pulsed holmium laser emitting at 2.065 microns heated the fibre and surrounding solution in approximately 150 mus. The signal from a 100 microns thermocouple fed back to a heating wire maintained the elevated temperature after the laser pulse. 2. Tension of glycerol‐extracted muscle fibres from rabbit psoas muscle did not change significantly following T‐jumps when the fibre was relaxed. 3. In rigor, tension decreased abruptly on heating indicating normal (not rubber‐like) thermoelasticity. The thermoelastic coefficient (negative ratio of relative length change to relative temperature change) of the fibre was estimated to be ‐0.021 at sarcomere lengths of 2.5‐2.8 microns. Rigor tension was constant after the temperature step and returned to the original value on recooling. 4. In maximal Ca2+ activation, tension transients initiated by T‐jumps had several phases. An immediate tension decrease suggests that thermoelasticity during contraction is similar to that in rigor. Active tension then recovered to the value before the T‐jump with an apparent rate constant of approximately 400 s‐1 (at 10‐20 degrees C). This rate constant did not have an appreciable dependence on the final temperature. Finally, tension increased exponentially to a new higher level with a rate constant of approximately 20 s‐1 at 20 degrees C. This rate constant increased with temperature with a Q10 of 1.4. 5. At submaximal Ca2+ activation the tension rise was followed by a decay to below the value before the T‐jump. This decline was expected from the temperature dependence of steady pCa‐tension curves. The final tension decline occurred on the 1‐5 s time scale. 6. The value and amplitude dependence of the rate constant for the quick recovery following T‐jumps were similar to those of the quick recovery following length steps during active contractions. The enthalpy change associated with the quick tension recovery following temperature‐step perturbations was estimated to be positive suggesting that the recovery process is an endothermic reaction. Slower reaction steps on the 10‐30 ms timescale, as well as reactions corresponding to the quick recovery, may contribute to the cross‐bridge power stroke.
Genome-Wide Detection of Single-Nucleotide and Copy-Number Variations of a Single Human Cell

Single-Cell Sequencing With the rapid progress in sequencing technologies, single-cell sequencing is now possible, promising insight into how cell-to-cell heterogeneity affects biological behavior. Achieving adequate genome coverage remains a challenge because single-cell sequencing relies on genome amplification that is prone to sequence bias. Zong et al. (p. 1622) report a new amplification method: multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles that allowed 93% genome coverage for a human cell. This coverage facilitated accurate detection of point mutations and copy number variations. Lu et al. (p. 1627) used the method to sequence 99 sperm cells from a single individual. Mapping the meiotic crossovers revealed a nonrandom distribution with a reduced recombination rate near transcription start sites. A whole-genome amplification method with reduced bias compares a single cell with its descendants. Kindred cells can have different genomes because of dynamic changes in DNA. Single-cell sequencing is needed to characterize these genomic differences but has been hindered by whole-genome amplification bias, resulting in low genome coverage. Here, we report on a new amplification method—multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles (MALBAC)—that offers high uniformity across the genome. Sequencing MALBAC-amplified DNA achieves 93% genome coverage ≥1x for a single human cell at 25x mean sequencing depth. We detected digitized copy-number variations (CNVs) of a single cancer cell. By sequencing three kindred cells, we were able to identify individual single-nucleotide variations (SNVs), with no false positives detected. We directly measured the genome-wide mutation rate of a cancer cell line and found that purine-pyrimidine exchanges occurred unusually frequently among the newly acquired SNVs.
Effects of double and triple bonds on the spatial representations of odorants in the rat olfactory bulb

Many naturally occurring volatile chemicals that are detected through the sense of smell contain unsaturated (double or triple) carbon‐carbon bonds. These bonds can affect odors perceived by humans, yet in a prior study of unsaturated hydrocarbons we found only very minor effects of unsaturated bonds. In the present study, we tested the possibility that unsaturated bonds affect the recognition of oxygen‐containing functional groups, because humans perceive odor differences between such molecules. We therefore compared spatial activity patterns across the entire glomerular layer of the rat olfactory bulb evoked by oxygen‐containing odorants differing systematically in the presence, position, number, and stereochemistry of unsaturated bonds. We quantified activity patterns by mapping [14C]2‐deoxyglucose uptake into anatomically standardized data matrices, which we compared statistically. We found that the presence and number of unsaturated bonds consistently affected activity patterns, with the largest effect related to the presence of a triple bond. Effects of bond saturation included a loss of activity in glomeruli strongly activated by the corresponding saturated odorants and/or the presence of activity in areas not stimulated by the corresponding saturated compounds. The position of double bonds also affected patterns of activity, but cis vs. trans configuration had no measurable impact in all five sets of stereoisomers that we studied. These results simultaneously indicate the importance of interactions between carbon‐carbon bond types and functional groups in the neural coding of odorant chemical information and highlight the emerging concept that the rat olfactory system is more sensitive to certain types of chemical differences than others. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:720–733, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fat-Tailed Models for Risk Estimation

In the post-crisis era, financial institutions seem to be more aware of the risks posed by extreme events. Even though there are attempts to adapt methodologies drawing from the vast academic literature on the topic, there is also skepticism that fat-tailed models are needed. In this article, the authors address the common criticism and discuss three popular methods for extreme risk modeling based on full distribution modeling and extreme value theory.
Planck-LFI 44 GHz back end module

This work describes the principle of operation, assembly and performance of one branch of the 44 GHz back end module (BEM) for the Planck low frequency instrument (LFI). This subsystem constitutes a fully representative branch of the qualification-model version (QM). It includes waveguide to microstrip transition, GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) low noise amplifiers (LNA), bandpass filter, square-law detector and dc amplifier. The fundamentals of the design of the RF part are described and all of the components have been tested individually before integration. Using single tone and wideband noise stimuli, the output voltage has been measured for several input powers, in order to obtain the sensitivity factor of the complete BEM. The effective bandwidth and the equivalent noise temperature have been calculated from the measurements, taking into account the frequency dependence on the noise source and the BEM. Finally, the low frequency output power spectrum has been obtained and a maximum 1/f knee frequency around 200 Hz has been measured with a 3 dB output signal video bandwidth above 50 KHz.
Functional characterization of a heterozygous GLI2 missense mutation in patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency.

CONTEXT The GLI2 transcription factor is a major effector protein of the sonic hedgehog pathway and suggested to play a key role in pituitary development. Genomic GLI2 aberrations that mainly result in truncated proteins have been reported to cause holoprosencephaly or holoprosencephaly-like features, sometimes associated with hypopituitarism. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the frequency of GLI2 mutations in patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD). DESIGN Patients were selected from participants in the Genetics and Neuroendocrinology of Short Stature International Study (GeNeSIS) program. Patients with mutations within established candidate genes were excluded. PATIENTS A total of 165 patients with MPHD defined as GH deficiency and at least 1 additional pituitary hormone deficiency were studied regardless of the presence of extrapituitary clinical manifestations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of GLI2 variations in MPHD patients was assessed and detailed phenotypic characterization is given. Transcriptional activity of identified GLI2 variants was evaluated by functional reporter assays. RESULTS In 5 subjects, 4 heterozygous missense variants were identified, of which 2 are unpublished so far. One variant, p.R516P, results in vitro in a complete loss of protein function. In addition to GH deficiency, the carrier of the mutation demonstrates deficiency of thyrotrope and gonadotrope function, a maldescended posterior pituitary lobe, and polydactyly, but no midline defects. CONCLUSIONS For the first time, we show that heterozygous amino acid substitutions within GLI2 may lead to MPHD with mild extrapituitary findings. The phenotype of GLI2 mutations is variable, and penetrance is incomplete. GLI2 mutations are associated with anterior pituitary hypoplasia, and frequently, ectopy of the posterior lobe occurs.
A Low SIR Impulse-UWB Transceiver Utilizing Chirp FSK in 0.18 $\mu{\rm m}$  CMOS

An ultrawideband transceiver employing chirp pulse modulation is proposed for LDR communication. In contrast to the Gaussian pulse, a transmitted pulse modulated with different chirps can maximize the transmitted energy under low supply voltage and is thus amenable to the voltage scalability of the advanced CMOS technologies. The binary data is encoded with different chirp frequencies and two identical pulses are sent per data bit to enable non-coherent demodulation which simplifies the receiver architecture. A demodulation calibration loop is also incorporated to optimize the SIR performance. In-band/out-of-band SIR as low as -21dB/-59 dB can be tolerated in order to achieve BER better than 10-3. Implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS, the transceiver can sustain data rates up to 20 Mbps, and achieve energy efficiency of 0.77 nJ/bit for transmitting and 2.7 nJ/bit for receiving under 1.8 V supply.
Computed tomography in the investigation of dementia

To assess the value of computed tomography in investigating patients with dementia, 500 consecutive patients presenting with a provisional clinical diagnosis of dementia of recent onset were reviewed and the results analysed in a computer. Most patients had either cerebral atrophy or infarction, but 82 patients had a normal scan and 42 others had tumours. More than 10% of all patients, including 5% with no other symptoms or signs, had a treatable lesion. Various associated symptoms and signs were useful pointers to such a treatable lesion and clearly indicated computed tomography. Accurate diagnosis is the cornerstone of proper management, and if a few patients with treatable lesions can be identified then the benefits to all concerned may be incalculable.
Children of South Sea Island Immigrants to Australia: Factors Associated with Adjustment Problems

Social-delinquent problem youth of South Sea Island immigrant to Australia parents, were compared to non-problem youth from the same circumstances, on family, sociocultural, personality, and substance abuse variables. Interviews and testing were done by members of their own community. A consistent pattern of differences most pronounced for males was found between the two groups although not all reached statistical significance. The problem youth compared to the non-problem youth tended to come from families somewhat lower in socio- economic level, somewhat less traditional in culture, and notably more prone to discipline by physical punishment than by verbal reasoning. The problem youth had significantly lower self-esteem, significantly higher maladjustment test scores, and significantly greater use and problems with alcohol and drugs. They were more alienated and had less clearly established direction for their future. Recommendations for remediation are considered.
Accurate Analysis of Plasmonic Devices With a New Drude Two Critical Points MRTD Method

A new Drude two critical points (D-2CP) multiresolution time domain numerical method for the simulation of surface plasmon polariton in metallic inclusions is presented. A D-2CP model is used to accurately describe the dielectric function of the metallic inclusions, and it is compared with other Drude models reported in the literature. The superior accuracy given by the D-2CP model avoids the formation of spurious reflections at the boundary interface between metal and dielectric, which can greatly affect the accuracy of the numerical results.
Analyzing Multi-Channel Networks for Gesture Recognition

Multi-channel architectures are becoming increasingly common, setting the state-of-the-art for performance in gesture recognition challenges. Unfortunately, we lack a clear explanation of why multi-channel architectures outperform single channel ones. This paper considers two hypotheses. The Bagging hypothesis says that multi-channel architectures succeed because they average the result of multiple unbiased weak estimators in the form of different channels. The Society of Experts (SoE) hypothesis suggests that multi-channel architectures succeed because the channels differentiate themselves, developing expertise with regard to different aspects of the data. (/p)(/p)To distinguish between these hypotheses, this paper reports on two experiments. The first measures the drop in individual channel performance when the input is degraded by removing high frequency, color, or motion information. The second looks at fusion weights relative to gesture properties. Both experiments support the SoE hypothesis, suggesting multi-channel architectures succeed because of channel specialization.