Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Social justice and school linkages in teacher education programmes

This paper investigates current research into the role of education in combating social injustice, assembles this research to indicate key features of a teacher education programme that would assist education for social justice, and links these features to one innovative university teacher education programme to ascertain some of the practical difficulties in establishing such a programme. The research indicated key approaches that would enhance the probability that graduates from teacher education programmes will be able to pursue social justice initiatives.
Stability of Causal Inference

We consider the sensitivity of causal identification to small perturbations in the input. A long line of work culminating in papers by Shpitser and Pearl (2006) and Huang and Valtorta (2008) led to a complete procedure for the causal identification problem. In our main result in this paper, we show that the identification function computed by these procedures is in some cases extremely unstable numerically. Specifically, the "condition number" of causal identification can be of the order of Ω(exp(n0.49)) on an identifiable semi-Markovian model with n visible nodes. That is, in order to give an output accurate to d bits, the empirical probabilities of the observable events need to be obtained to accuracy d + Ω(n0.49) bits.
An interpretative phenomenological study of young people who bully and their counsellors

Despite abundant literature about bullying, previous research has predominantly focussed upon the characteristics of those who bully, peer influences in bullying and anti-bullying interventions, with little acknowledgement of how young people who bully and their counsellors experience counselling. This research seeks to address the gap by asking; how well young people who bully feel able to express themselves to their counsellor, and what facilitates or inhibits the therapeutic relationship for both counsellors and young people who bully? These research questions derive both from existing literature and my profession as a counsellor of young people who bully. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), data were gathered using focus groups and semi-structured interviews with a sample consisting of six participants representing four young people and two counsellors. In IPA, the researcher’s use of self is equally implicated in the collection and analysis of data (Smith & Osborn, 2003); consequently, my dual identity as counsellor and researcher has asserted differing perspectives. The three superordinate themes identified in the current study focus upon attachment states (Bowlby, 1977, 1988), the therapeutic relationship, and the influence of emotional management upon counsellors. Trust and risk emerged as pervading concerns for the young people and have been integrated into discussion of the superordinate themes. The research received favourable ethical opinion from the Faculty of Health and Medical Science (FHMS) ethics committee. Findings suggest that young people who bully experience insecurities which manifest as mistrust, inhibiting the relationship with their counsellor. It also appears that a counsellor’s life experiences and occupational identity variously affect the therapeutic relationship. Individual counselling may not be a panacea but I recommend that if undertaken expertly, it has potential. Future research could focus upon confidentiality where equivocal standards are confusing for young people who bully.
Reduced directed forgetting for negative words suggests schizophrenia-related disinhibition of emotional cues

Background Several psychological and neurobiological models imply that patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) are more inclined to utilize emotional cues as response determinants to the detriment of more task-appropriate cognitive or contextual cues. However, there is a lack of behavioural data from human clinical studies to support this assertion. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of persons with SCZ using tasks designed to index the resolution between competing emotional and cognitive determinants of goal-directed behaviour. Method The current study employed a list-method, emotional directed-forgetting (DF) paradigm designed to invoke inhibitory mechanisms necessary to override emotional memory enhancement for successful task completion. Four psycholinguistically matched lists were constructed that were comprised of five negative, five positive, and five neutral words. Results Compared with healthy controls, individuals with SCZ showed a reduced DF effect overall. When broken down according to valence, this effect was only observed for negative words, which, in turn, resulted from reduced forgetting of list 1 words following the forget cue. Conclusions These results indicate that individuals with SCZ were less able to engage strategic inhibitory mechanisms for the purpose of overriding recall of negative stimuli when tasks demand call for such action. Thus, our data support the theoretical assertion that SCZ patients have difficulty utilizing cognitive or contextual cues as determinants of goal-directed behaviour in the face of countermanding emotional cues.
Association Study of Apolipoprotein Eε4with Clinical Phenotype and Clozapine Response in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenic patients with the apolipoprotein E (APOE = gene; apoE = protein) ε4 allele exhibited lower psychosis scores than patients without the ε4 allele in previous reports. The present study tested the hypothesis that the APOE ε4 allele confers association with the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia or clozapine response. A total of 95 schizophrenic patients who were treatment resistant were included in the study. The results demonstrated that the presence of the APOE ε4 allele did not influence the response to clozapine in schizophrenic patients, neither was the baseline psychopathology related to the APOE ε4 allele. Given the multiple functions of the apoE protein in the brain, further study of the influence of APOE on CNS medication response is needed.
Two Simple Analog Multiplier Based Linear VCOs Using a Single Current Feedback Op-Amp

Two simple voltage-controlled-oscillators (VCO) with linear tuning laws employing only a single current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) in conjunction with two analog multipliers (AM) have been highlighted. The workability of the presented VCOs has been demonstrated by experimental results based upon AD844 type CFOAs and AD534 type AMs.
Role of gga-miR-221 and gga-miR-222 during Tumour Formation in Chickens Infected by Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus

Subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) causes a neoplastic disease in infected chickens. Differential expression patterns of microRNAs (miRNAs) are closely related to the formation and growth of tumors. (1) Background: This study was undertaken to understand how miRNAs might be related to tumor growth during ALV-J infection. We chose to characterize the effects of miR-221 and miR-222 on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis based on previous microarray data. (2) Methods: In vivo, the expression levels of miR-221 and miR-222 were significantly increased in the liver of ALV-J infected chickens (p < 0.01). Over-expression of gga-miR-221 and gga-miR-222 promoted the proliferation, migration, and growth of DF-1 cells, and decreased the expression of BCL-2 modifying factor (BMF) making cells more resistant to apoptosis. (3) Results: Our results suggest that gga-miR-221 and gga-miR-222 may be tumour formation relevant gene in chicken that promote proliferation, migration, and growth of cancer cells, and inhibit apoptosis. BMF expression was significantly reduced in vivo 70 days after ALV-J infection. They may also play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis during ALV-J infection.
Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis to obtain therapeutic peptides

Summary The great versatility and the inherent high affinities of peptides for their respective targets have led to tremendous progress for therapeutic applications in the last years. In order to increase the drugability of these frequently unstable and rapidly cleared molecules, chemical modifications are of great interest. Automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) offers a suitable technology to produce chemically engineered peptides. This review concentrates on the application of SPPS by Fmoc/t-Bu protecting-group strategy, which is most commonly used. Critical issues and suggestions for the synthesis are covered. The development of automated methods from conventional to essentially improved microwave-assisted instruments is discussed. In order to improve pharmacokinetic properties of peptides, lipidation and PEGylation are described as covalent conjugation methods, which can be applied by a combination of automated and manual synthesis approaches. The synthesis and application of SPPS is described for neuropeptide Y receptor analogs as an example for bioactive hormones. The applied strategies represent innovative and potent methods for the development of novel peptide drug candidates that can be manufactured with optimized automated synthesis technologies.
Theorising Special education

The field of special needs education is well established, and although it continues to develop in exciting and controversial ways, involving some of education's leading thinkers, many people feel it is lacking a coherent theoretical analysis of its own. Students and practitioners, looking for some solid theory to reinforce their own study or practice, commonly have to 'borrow' from other disciplines, such as psychology and sociology, since there has been no attempt to provide a theoretical foundation for the special needs community. This book does exactly that, bringing together contributions from key names in the field from UK and beyond. The book will establish itself as an essential text for students and teachers, as well as all those involved in special needs across the social sciences.
Magnesium infusion for vasospasm prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

OBJECT Despite the application of current standard therapies, vasospasm continues to result in death or major disability in patients treated for ruptured aneurysms. The authors investigated the effectiveness of continous MgSO4 infusion for vasospasm prophylaxis. METHODS Seventy-six adults (mean age 54.6 years; 71% women; 92% Caucasian) were included in this comparative matched-cohort study of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage on the basis of computed tomography (CT) findings. Thirty-eight patients who received continuous MgSO4 infusion were matched for age, race, sex, treatment option, Fisher grade, and Hunt and Hess grade to 38 historical control individuals who did not receive MgSO4infusion. Twelve grams of MgSO4 in 500 ml normal saline was given intravenously daily for 12 days if the patient presented within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture. Vasospasm was diagnosed on the basis of digital substraction angiography, CT angiography, and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, and evidence of neurological deterioration. Symptomatic vasospasm was present at a significantly lower frequency in patients who received MgSO4 infusion (18%) compared with patients who did not receive MgSO4 (42%) (p = 0.025). There was no significant difference in mortality rate at discharge (p = 0.328). A trend toward improved outcome as measured by the modifed Rankin Scale (p = 0.084), but not the Glasgow Outcome Scale (p = 1.0), was seen in the MgSO4 treated group. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the results suggests that MgSO4 infusion may have a role in cerebral vasospasm prophylaxis if therapy is initiated within 48 hours of aneurysm rupture.
The Personal Epistemologies of Civil Engineering Faculty

The personal epistemologies of engineering faculty are an important and as yet underinvestigated aspect of engineering education. In this study, personal epistemology is defined as the stances an individual takes on issues related to knowledge and knowing, such as what it means to know, what counts as knowledge, and what makes some knowledge true.
State of Research on Internalizing Disorders in Children and Adolescents : Is It Still in Its Infancy ?

Zusammenfassung Internalisierende Störungen sind die häufigsten psychischen Störungen im Kindesund Jugendalter. Es kann heute als erwiesen angesehen werden, dass Angstund depressive Störungen nicht auswachsen, sondern im Gegenteil stabil sind und einen beträchtlichen Risikofaktor für die Entwicklung weiterer psychischer Störungen im Erwachsenenalter darstellen. Daher sollte diesen Störungen in der Früherkennung, Prävention und Versorgung vermehrt Beachtung geschenkt werden, da diese Kinder häufig zu lange im Stillen leiden bevor sie adäquate Hilfe erhalten. Für eine Verbesserung der Versorgungslage sollte eine Reihe von Fachpersonen mit einbezogen werden, die mit Kindern und Jugendlichen in regelmäßigem Kontakt stehen. Zudem sollten auch Kinder und Jugendliche selbst über psychische Probleme aufgeklärt werden. Sind Angstund depressive Störungen erkannt, liegen gut überprüfte Therapien vor, die auch nachhaltig wirksam sind. Nebst der Verbesserung der Früherkennung und Steigerung der Wirksamkeit von Interventionsprogrammen sollten Präventionsprogramme zur Verbesserung der allgemeinen psychischen Gesundheit gefördert und durchgeführt werden.
Phase I clinical trial of oxaliplatin in children and adolescents with refractory solid tumors.

PURPOSE To evaluate the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), pharmacokinetics (PK), and adverse effect profile of oxaliplatin in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors and to determine whether carbamazepine reduces oxaliplatin-induced neurotoxicity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Three regimens of oxaliplatin (given intravenously over 2 hours) were tested: regimen A (100 mg/m2, 130 mg/m2, or 160 mg/m2 every 3 weeks to determine the MTD of oxaliplatin); regimen B (to determine whether carbamazepine starting 24 hours before and ending 48 hours after oxaliplatin reduced the dose-limiting neurotoxicity and increased the MTD of regimen A); and regimen C (to evaluate the safety of a fixed dose two-thirds the MTD of regimen A given every 2 weeks [more frequent administration but comparable dose intensity]). RESULTS Twenty-six patients were enrolled on regimens A (n = 11), B (n = 6), and C (n = 9). The DLT was grade 3 pharyngolaryngeal dysesthesia, sensory neuropathy, and ataxia at 160 mg/m2. The MTD was 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. At the MTD, the median clearance rate of ultrafiltrable platinum was 9.7 L/h/m2 (range, 6.5 to 15.5 L/h/m2). Addition of carbamazepine permitted dose escalation to 160 mg/m2 without DLT. DLT was not observed with a fixed dose of 85 mg/m2 given every 2 weeks. On all regimens, hematologic toxicity was mild. No significant nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, or cumulative neurologic toxicity was observed. CONCLUSION The DLT, MTD, PK, and adverse effect profile of oxaliplatin in pediatric patients with refractory solid tumors are similar to those observed in adults. Carbamazepine may reduce the dose-limiting neurotoxicity of oxaliplatin.
Entrapment via Synaptic-Like Connections between NG2 Proteoglycan+ Cells and Dystrophic Axons in the Lesion Plays a Role in Regeneration Failure after Spinal Cord Injury

NG2 is purportedly one of the most growth-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) produced after spinal cord injury. Nonetheless, once the severed axon tips dieback from the lesion core into the penumbra they closely associate with NG2+ cells. We asked if proteoglycans play a role in this tight cell—cell interaction and whether overadhesion upon these cells might participate in regeneration failure in rodents. Studies using varying ratios of CSPGs and adhesion molecules along with chondroitinase ABC, as well as purified adult cord-derived NG2 glia, demonstrate that CSPGs are involved in entrapping neurons. Once dystrophic axons become stabilized upon NG2+ cells, they form synaptic-like connections both in vitro and in vivo. In NG2 knock-out mice, sensory axons in the dorsal columns dieback further than their control counterparts. When axons are double conditioned to enhance their growth potential, some traverse the lesion core and express reduced amounts of synaptic proteins. Our studies suggest that proteoglycan-mediated entrapment upon NG2+ cells is an additional obstacle to CNS axon regeneration.
Integrating Features from Different Sources for Music Information Retrieval

Efficient and intelligent music information retrieval is a very important topic of the 21st century. With the ultimate goal of building personal music information retrieval systems, this paper studies the problem of identifying "similar" artists using both lyrics and acoustic data. In this paper, we present a clustering algorithm that integrates features from both sources to perform bimodal learning. The algorithm is tested on a data set consisting of 570 songs from 53 albums of 41 artists using artist similarity provided by All Music Guide. Experimental results show that the accuracy of artist similarity classifiers can be significantly improved and that artist similarity can be efficiently identified.
Selecting Web Services for Optimal Composition

Web services are modular applications that can be described, located and invoked on the Internet. A user request may not only correspond to one specific service, but also to a set of web services. Thus, it is necessary that a composition of services be done in order to obtain the expected result. Nonetheless, many services with the same goal but different characteristics can be discovered. Indeed, it is necessary to find non-functional criteria to distinguish them, in order for a user to be able to choose an optimal solution. In this paper, we propose service quality variables as non-functional criteria in order to make an optimal service composition for a goal. We propose then using multiobjective optimisation techniques to find a set of optimal Pareto solutions from which a user can choose the most interesting tradeoff. Finally, we introduce the environment which allows that this composition process be automatic.
Hippocampal–anterior thalamic pathways for memory: uncovering a network of direct and indirect actions

This review charts recent advances from a variety of disciplines that create a new perspective on why the multiple hippocampal–anterior thalamic interconnections are together vital for human episodic memory and rodent event memory. Evidence has emerged for the existence of a series of parallel temporal–diencephalic pathways that function in a reciprocal manner, both directly and indirectly, between the hippocampal formation and the anterior thalamic nuclei. These extended pathways also involve the mammillary bodies, the retrosplenial cortex and parts of the prefrontal cortex. Recent neuropsychological findings reveal the disproportionate importance of these hippocampal–anterior thalamic systems for recollective rather than familiarity‐based recognition, while anatomical studies highlight the precise manner in which information streams are kept separate but can also converge at key points within these pathways. These latter findings are developed further by electrophysiological stimulation studies showing how the properties of the direct hippocampal–anterior thalamic projections are often opposed by the indirect hippocampal projections via the mammillary bodies to the thalamus. Just as these hippocampal–anterior thalamic interactions reflect an interdependent system, so it is also the case that pathology in one of the component sites within this system can induce dysfunctional changes to distal sites both directly and indirectly across the system. Such distal effects challenge more traditional views of neuropathology as they reveal how extensive covert pathology might accompany localised overt pathology, and so impair memory.
Recent Advances and Conflicts in Concepts of Anomuran Phylogeny ( Crustacea : Malacostraca )

> Abstract In the debate over phylogenetic relationships within the Decapoda that has raged for more than a century, the Anomura has been the source of many "conflicts", including disagreements over which taxa belong in this morphologically diverse infraorder, and even what name is appropriate (Anomura or Anomala). The Anomura currently includes 17 families, 222 genera, and about 2,469 species, although 54% of the genera and 43% of the species are paguroids. A number of studies have summarized the traditional as well as recent concepts of the infraorder that were based on morphology. This review addresses modern studies on systematics of this group over the last two decades that have been based on molecular as well as morphological data, and which have continued to add controversy to concepts of anomuran phylogeny. The landmark study by C.W. Cunningham and co-workers (published in 'Nature' in 1992), proclaiming that molecular data confirmed the traditional hypothesis on the evolution of king crabs from hermit crabs, was the catalyst for several studies on anomuran evolution that followed, and is the starting point of this review. Modern studies are divided as follows, and discussed: 1) morphological, larval and molecular phylogenies exclusively of the Paguroidea and/or Anomura; 2) spermatologically derived phylogenies; 3) information from the fossil record; 4) phylogenetic assessments of anomuran taxa included in general decapod analyses; and 5) auxiliary information pertaining to the Paguroidea in general, and Pylochelidae in particular. These studies have made useful contributions to understanding the "big picture" of anomuran relationships but they also have limitations. It is concluded that the Anomura remains today as much a source of discord as it was a century ago, and "conflicts" in analyses will continue to cloud the landscape until more basic, complete information is gathered for all members of this intriguing and varied infraorder.
Understanding inverse document frequency: on theoretical arguments for IDF

The term‐weighting function known as IDF was proposed in 1972, and has since been extremely widely used, usually as part of a TF*IDF function. It is often described as a heuristic, and many papers have been written (some based on Shannon's Information Theory) seeking to establish some theoretical basis for it. Some of these attempts are reviewed, and it is shown that the Information Theory approaches are problematic, but that there are good theoretical justifications of both IDF and TF*IDF in the traditional probabilistic model of information retrieval.
Between caring and curing

Summary Care and cure have been described as different kinds of ethical approaches to clinical situations. Female concerns in nursing care have been contrasted with masculine, cure orientated physician's attitudes. Ethics in such different voices may have sociologic determinants, but they do not represent intrinsic distinctions. Medicine has shown a divergent development, on the one hand stressing cure in a deterministic and instrumental way, on the other hand being aware that disease is as much a pathographic as a biographic, care-requiring existential situation. Disease is a breakdown of the living organism, to be cured by therapeutic efforts, but it is also the distressing failure of the lived body, requiring concern and care. Based on Levinas’ ethics of encounter, it is suggested that any interpersonal relatedness is based on concern for the other, being grounded on an essentially ethical interaction. The clinical encounter is a paradigm of such ethics-based relationships, which necessarily builds on awareness of the other qua other, and is concerned with fulfilling the therapeutic mandate. Caring for the other means doing one's best to help her/him, so that care and cure are inextricably interwoven, although care is the more fundamental form of human relatedness. Thus, neither gender nor professional tasks can allow for a caring attitude to develop without curing concerns, just as trying to cure without caring is unthinkable.