Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Nopol: Automatic Repair of Conditional Statement Bugs in Java Programs

We propose Nopol, an approach to automatic repair of buggy conditional statements (i.e., if-then-else statements). This approach takes a buggy program as well as a test suite as input and generates a patch with a conditional expression as output. The test suite is required to contain passing test cases to model the expected behavior of the program and at least one failing test case that reveals the bug to be repaired. The process of Nopol consists of three major phases. First, Nopol employs angelic fix localization to identify expected values of a condition during the test execution. Second, runtime trace collection is used to collect variables and their actual values, including primitive data types and objected-oriented features (e.g., nullness checks), to serve as building blocks for patch generation. Third, Nopol encodes these collected data into an instance of a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) problem; then a feasible solution to the SMT instance is translated back into a code patch. We evaluate Nopol on 22 real-world bugs (16 bugs with buggy if conditions and six bugs with missing preconditions) on two large open-source projects, namely Apache Commons Math and Apache Commons Lang. Empirical analysis on these bugs shows that our approach can effectively fix bugs with buggy if conditions and missing preconditions. We illustrate the capabilities and limitations of Nopol using case studies of real bug fixes.
Comparative SAR assessment in adults and children exposed to electromagnetic fields of radio frequency devices

Exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields has raised scientific and public concern regarding possible adverse effects to people exposed to such radiation. At cellular mobile communication frequencies, the most important parameter used to assess human exposure to electromagnetic fields is SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). This paper will firstly address two exposure scenarios related to adult exposure to GSM electromagnetic fields : Human exposure to 900 MHz GSM base station electromagnetic fields, whereby with EMR-300 is measured field strength on different points located meters away from base station antenna. Using SAR prediction formula we have calculated induced SAR values for people located near base station antenna. The obtained results are compared with maximum permissible levels and basic restrictions of international safety standards. Human exposure to mobile phone GSM electromagnetic fields, whereby with a software (FDTD code) have simulated human head exposure to mobile phone radiation and have calculated Spatial Peak SAR over 1 g and 10 g of human body biological tissues. Secondly, in order to investigate comparison of radio frequency energy absorption by head of children and adults, the Spatial Peak SAR over 1g and 10g is calculated for: uniformly down-scaled adult head with increased dielectrical parameters compared to adult ones and uniformly down-scaled adult head with adult dielectrial parameters. SAR results are presented graphically and tabulary while comparative assessment is given in order to emphasize influence of head size and change of dielectrical parameters on radio frequency energy absorption by human tissues, and give possible answer whether children should be treated as special group regarding radio frequency exposure. Even not an all inclusive approach is considered, obtained results indicate that SAM may be considered conservative for assessment of children exposure compliance to radio frequency electromagnetic fields.
Effectiveness of nurses as providers of birth labor support in North American hospitals: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT North American cesarean delivery rates have risen dramatically since the 1960s, without concomitant improvements in perinatal or maternal health. A Cochrane Review concluded that continuous caregiver support during labor has many benefits, including reduced likelihood of cesarean delivery. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of nurses as providers of labor support in North American hospitals. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial with prognostic stratification by center and parity. Women were enrolled during a 2-year period (May 1999 to May 2001) and followed up until 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. SETTING Thirteen US and Canadian hospitals with annual cesarean delivery rates of at least 15%. PARTICIPANTS A total of 6915 women who had a live singleton fetus or twins, were 34 weeks' gestation or more, and were in established labor at randomization. INTERVENTION Patients were randomly assigned to receive usual care (n = 3461) or continuous labor support by a specially trained nurse (n = 3454) during labor. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome measure was cesarean delivery rate. Other outcomes included intrapartum events and indicators of maternal and neonatal morbidity, both immediately after birth and in the first 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. RESULTS Data were received for all 6915 women and their infants (n = 6949). The rates of cesarean delivery were almost identical in the 2 groups (12.5% in the continuous labor support group and 12.6% in the usual care group; P =.44). There were no significant differences in other maternal or neonatal events during labor, delivery, or the hospital stay. There were no significant differences in women's perceived control during childbirth or in depression, measured at 6 to 8 postpartum weeks. All comparisons of women's likes and dislikes, and their future preference for amount of nursing support, favored the continuous labor support group. CONCLUSIONS In hospitals characterized by high rates of routine intrapartum interventions, continuous labor support by nurses does not affect the likelihood of cesarean delivery or other medical or psychosocial outcomes of labor and birth.
Olmesartan vs ramipril in the treatment of hypertension and associated clinical conditions in the elderly: a reanalysis of two large double-blind, randomized studies at the light of the most recent blood pressure targets recommended by guidelines

In this paper, we present the results of a reanalysis of the data of two large randomized, double-blind, parallel group studies with a similar design, comparing the efficacy of an angiotensin-receptor blocker (olmesartan medoxomil) with that of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ramipril), by applying two different blood pressure targets recently recommended by hypertension guidelines for all patients, irrespective of the presence of diabetes (<140/90 mmHg), and for elderly hypertensive patients (<150/90 mmHg). The efficacy of olmesartan was not negatively affected by age, sex, hypertension type, diabetes status or other concomitant clinical conditions, or cardiovascular risk factors. In most cases, olmesartan provided better blood pressure control than ramipril. Olmesartan was significantly more effective than ramipril in male patients, in younger patients (aged 65–69 years), in those with metabolic syndrome, obesity, dyslipidemia, preserved renal function, diastolic ± systolic hypertension, and, in general, in patients with a high or very high cardiovascular risk. Interestingly, patients previously untreated or treated with two or more antihypertensive drugs showed a significantly larger response with olmesartan than with ramipril. Thus, our results confirm the good efficacy of olmesartan in elderly hypertensives even when new blood pressure targets for antihypertensive treatment are considered. Such results may be relevant for the clinical practice, providing some hint on the possible different response of elderly hypertensive patients to two different drugs acting on the renin–angiotensin system, when patients are targeted according to the blood pressure levels recommended by recent hypertension guidelines.
Parent–infant interactions looking for instances of volitional social gaze versus reflexive gaze – an observational study

ABSTRACT Very early precursors of disrupted social behaviours are significant to understanding the possibility of mitigating or changing behaviours through interventions. Spontaneous play situations between infant and parent in two groups of infants aged 8.5–9 months were observed. First, a large number of videos were analysed to develop an observational schedule of play behaviour. Second, 135 videos were used in the comparison of atypical (AT; n = 23) and typically developed (TD; n = 22) infants. Frequency and duration of infants’ orientation towards the parent’s eye zone was significantly higher among TD infants than AT, indicating a stronger social gaze behaviour. Both groups were as competent at screening the surroundings, grabbing, and looking at toys. Finding may indicate an equal competence at reacting to reflexive stimuli. The quality of gaze behaviour provides important information for child healthcare professionals and parents when deciding whether to start supportive intervention or diagnostic investigation.
Effect of Phospholipidosis on the Cellular Pharmacokinetics of Chloroquine

In vivo, the weakly basic, lipophilic drug chloroquine (CQ) accumulates in the kidney to concentrations more than a thousand-fold greater than those in plasma. To study the cellular pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in cells derived from the distal tubule, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells were incubated with CQ under various conditions. CQ progressively accumulated without exhibiting steady-state behavior. Experiments failed to yield evidence that known active transport mechanisms mediated CQ uptake at the plasma membrane. CQ induced a phospholipidosis-like phenotype, characterized by the appearance of numerous multivesicular and multilamellar bodies (MLBs/MVBs) within the lumen of expanded cytoplasmic vesicles. Other induced phenotypic changes including changes in the volume and pH of acidic organelles were measured, and the integrated effects of all these changes were computationally modeled to establish their impact on intracellular CQ mass accumulation. Based on the passive transport behavior of CQ, the measured phenotypic changes fully accounted for the continuous, nonsteady-state CQ accumulation kinetics. Consistent with the simulation results, Raman confocal microscopy of live cells confirmed that CQ became highly concentrated within induced, expanded cytoplasmic vesicles that contained multiple MLBs/MVBs. Progressive CQ accumulation was increased by sucrose, a compound that stimulated the phospholipidosis-like phenotype, and was decreased by bafilomycin A1, a compound that inhibited this phenotype. Thus, phospholipidosis-associated changes in organelle structure and intracellular membrane content can exert a major influence on the local bioaccumulation and biodistribution of drugs.
Mixed corrective feedback and the acquisition of third person ‘-s’

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of mixed oral corrective feedback (CF) on L2 learners’ oral production accuracy. Twenty-four EFL learners from two intact classes in a Turkish university participated in the study. The two classes were randomly assigned to be an experimental and a control group and completed five communicative tasks. The learners in the experimental group received mixed oral CF in response to their erroneous use of English third person ‘-s’ ending. The CF took the form of prompts and recasts; the latter were applied when the former failed to elicit the correct form, or when prompts were deemed to create awkward interruptions in the flow of conversation. Learners’ oral production accuracy was measured through an elicited imitation (EI) test and an oral narrative task. The results of the immediate and delayed posttests showed that the learners in the experimental group significantly outperformed those in the control group on the oral narrative task, but not on the EI test. The findings suggest that a combined application of prompts and recasts can improve learners’ oral accuracy of partially learned structures.
DRAFT FINAL WHITE PAPER MARINE RESERVES: OBJECTIVES, RATIONALES, FISHERY MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS September 2004 Marine Reserves Subcommittee Scientific and Statistical Committee Pacific Fishery Management Council

For instance, the National Research Council describes a marine reserve as " a zone in 1 which some or all of the biological resources are protected from removal or disturbance " (NRC 2001, p. 12). California's Marine Life Protection Act refers to a " marine life reserve " as " a marine protected area in which all extractive activities, including the taking of marine species and, at the discretion of the commission and within the authority of the commission, other activities that upset the natural ecological functions of the area, are prohibited " (California Fish and Game Code, Section 2852(d)). The Oregon Ocean Policy Advisory Council defines a reserve as " a highly regulated ocean or estuarine area designated to meet specific goals and to protect resources or uses from activities that may conflict with these goals " (OPAC 2002). A related but broader concept of area closures is a marine protected area (MPA). For instance, Executive Order 13158 defines an MPA as " any area of the marine environment that has been reserved by Federal, State, territorial, tribal or local laws or regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein " (Presidential Documents 2000, p. 34909).
Competition and Humiliation: How Masculine Norms Shape Men’s Sexual and Violent Behaviors

We use data collected from in-depth interviews with men (n = 30) in the Dominican Republic to explore how men’s concern about being perceived as masculine influences their interactions with their social networks and how those interactions drive men’s sexual behaviors and use of violence. Men’s sexual and violent behaviors were shaped by the need to compete with other men for social status. This sense of competition also generated fear of humiliation for failing to provide for their families, satisfy sexual partners, or being openly disrespected. In an effort to avoid humiliation within a specific social group, men adapted their behaviors to emphasize their masculinity. Additionally, men who were humiliated recouped their masculinity by perpetrating physical or emotional violence or finding new sexual partners. These findings emphasize the need for understanding these social dynamics to better understand men’s violent and sexual behaviors.
Factional conflict in groups: How majorities and minorities relate to one another

Disagreement between numerically larger (majority) and smaller (minority) factions in groups is both common and consequential. For these reasons, there is a long tradition of social psychological interest in the causes and consequences of such disagreement. Early work focused on minority members’ movement toward the majority (majority influence) and majority members’ (negative) perceptions and evaluations of those who refused to move. Later work focused on similarities and differences between majority influence and its mirror opposite, minority influence, and on majority members’ (sometimes relatively positive) perceptions and evaluations of minority members. This paper summarizes current knowledge on these topics and suggests promising avenues for future research.
The development and initial validation of the child perceived discrimination questionnaire

ABSTRACT Perceived discrimination can affect psychological and physical health, starting in childhood. Yet, the measures that exist for measuring perceived discrimination among children have methodological limitations and structural/theoretical inconsistencies. The Child Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire (CPDQ) fills the gaps in the current measures by assessing two dimensions of everyday discrimination from both child and adult sources. To assess the reliability and validity of the CPDQ, we examined data from 163 participants, aged 9–11 years, 52.15% female, 57.67% Black. Results indicated that the CPDQ has good to excellent internal consistency and provided preliminary support for an a priori hypothesized factor structure. The CPDQ also discriminated between different race groups and demonstrated construct validity. Future research should seek additional evidence of reliability and validity for the CPDQ, though this preliminary evidence suggests that the CPDQ is appropriate for assessing perceived discrimination in children.
Keeping All the PIECES: Phylogenetically Informed Ex Situ Conservation of Endangered Species

Ex situ conservation in germplasm and living collections is a major focus of global plant conservation strategies. Prioritizing species for ex situ collection is a necessary component of this effort for which sound strategies are needed. Phylogenetic considerations can play an important role in prioritization. Collections that are more phylogenetically diverse are likely to encompass more ecological and trait variation, and thus provide stronger conservation insurance and richer resources for future restoration efforts. However, phylogenetic criteria need to be weighed against other, potentially competing objectives. We used ex situ collection and threat rank data for North American angiosperms to investigate gaps in ex situ coverage and phylogenetic diversity of collections and to develop a flexible framework for prioritizing species across multiple objectives. We found that ex situ coverage of 18,766 North American angiosperm taxa was low with respect to the most vulnerable taxa: just 43% of vulnerable to critically imperiled taxa were in ex situ collections, far short of a year-2020 goal of 75%. In addition, species held in ex situ collections were phylogenetically clustered (P < 0.001), i.e., collections comprised less phylogenetic diversity than would be expected had species been drawn at random. These patterns support incorporating phylogenetic considerations into ex situ prioritization in a manner balanced with other criteria, such as vulnerability. To meet this need, we present the ‘PIECES’ index (Phylogenetically Informed Ex situ Conservation of Endangered Species). PIECES integrates phylogenetic considerations into a flexible framework for prioritizing species across competing objectives using multi-criteria decision analysis. Applying PIECES to prioritizing ex situ conservation of North American angiosperms, we show strong return on investment across multiple objectives, some of which are negatively correlated with each other. A spreadsheet-based decision support tool for North American angiosperms is provided; this tool can be customized to align with different conservation objectives.
English As an International Language: What It Is and What It Means For Pedagogy

A great deal has been written about what English as an International Language (EIL) actually is (e.g. Alsagoff et al., 2012; Matsuda, 2012; McKay and Brown, 2016; Sharifian, 2009), ranging from a view of EIL as the many varieties of English that are spoken today to the use of English by second language speakers of English. Thus, EIL is viewed both as a type of English and as a way of using English. The purpose of this article is to (1) grapple with defining the construct of EIL and (2) elaborate on what this construct means for pedagogy. The article begins by discussing various terms and definitions associated with EIL and positing an alternative definition. Following this, the majority of the article will be devoted to elaborating on what such a definition suggests for a sensitive and effective EIL pedagogy.
UNRAVELING THE EFFECT OF PERSONAL INNOVATIVENESS ON BRING-YOUR-OWN-DEVICE ( BYOD ) INTENTION – THE ROLE OF PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS ENTERPRISE-PROVIDED AND PRIVATELY-OWNED

Consumerization of information technology (IT) refers to consumer technologies finding their way into enterprises. In this context, bring-your-own-device (BYOD) describes the phenomenon of privatelyowned mobile devices being brought into organizations. While research on the general topic is scarce, initial studies have identified personal innovativeness in IT as one important driver for this behavior. However, the reasons why innovative people are more likely to use their privately-owned devices for work remain largely undiscovered. This study argues that technology acceptance factors with respect to both the enterprise-provided as well as the privately-owned mobile devices are important mediators. Moreover, a model using perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use as mediators is derived. The model’s underlying hypotheses are then tested using data from a quantitative survey in Germany. The results show that beliefs towards the ease of use of both the enterprise-provided as well as the privately owned mobile IT mediate the relationship between personal innovativeness in IT and BYOD intention. The findings are discussed with respect to implications for theory and practice and an outlook is given on potential future research.
Discrete scale axis representations for 3D geometry

This paper addresses the fundamental problem of computing stable medial representations of 3D shapes. We propose a spatially adaptive classification of geometric features that yields a robust algorithm for generating medial representations at different levels of abstraction. The recently introduced continuous scale axis transform serves as the mathematical foundation of our algorithm. We show how geometric and topological properties of the continuous setting carry over to discrete shape representations. Our method combines scaling operations of medial balls for geometric simplification with filtrations of the medial axis and provably good conversion steps to and from union of balls, to enable efficient processing of a wide variety shape representations including polygon meshes, 3D images, implicit surfaces, and point clouds. We demonstrate the robustness and versatility of our algorithm with an extensive validation on hundreds of shapes including complex geometries consisting of millions of triangles.
Electronegative Low-density Lipoprotein Increases Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Uremia Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis

AbstractElectronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a recognized factor in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in the general population, but its role in the development of CAD in uremia patients is unknown. L5 is the most electronegative subfraction of LDL isolated from human plasma. In this study, we examined the distribution of L5 (L5%) and its association with CAD risk in uremia patients.The LDL of 39 uremia patients on maintenance hemodialysis and 21 healthy controls was separated into 5 subfractions, L1–L5, with increasing electronegativity. We compared the distribution and composition of plasma L5 between uremia patients and controls, examined the association between plasma L5% and CAD risk in uremia patients, and studied the effects of L5 from uremia patients on endothelial function.Compared to controls, uremia patients had significantly increased L5% (P < 0.001) and L5 that was rich in apolipoprotein C3 and triglycerides. L5% was significantly higher in uremia patients with CAD (n = 10) than in those without CAD (n = 29) (P < 0.05). Independent of other major CAD risk factors, the adjusted odds ratio for CAD was 1.88 per percent increase in plasma L5% (95% CI, 1.01–3.53), with a near-linear dose–response relationship. Compared with controls, uremia patients had decreased flow-mediated vascular dilatation. In ex vivo studies with preconstricted rat thoracic aortic rings, L5 from uremia patients inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation. In cultured human endothelial cells, L5 inhibited endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and induced endothelial dysfunction.Our findings suggest that elevated plasma L5% may induce endothelial dysfunction and play an important role in the increased risk of CAD in uremia patients.