Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Role of Twin Cys-Xaa9-Cys Motif Cysteines in Mitochondrial Import of the Cytochrome c Oxidase Biogenesis Factor Cmc1*

Background: The Mia40-Erv1 import machinery facilitates oxidative folding of mitochondrial intermembrane space twin CX9C proteins such as Cmc1. Results: Mutations in Cmc1 cysteines impair its oxidative folding and import. Conclusion: Although in vitro excess Mia40 oxidizes Cmc1, in vivo Cmc1-Mia40-Erv1 form a ternary complex where Cmc1 oxidation may occur. Significance: This mechanism may facilitate efficient formation of multiple disulfides. The Mia40 import pathway facilitates the import and oxidative folding of cysteine-rich protein substrates into the mitochondrial intermembrane space. Here we describe the in vitro and in organello oxidative folding of Cmc1, a twin CX9C-containing substrate, which contains an unpaired cysteine. In vitro, Cmc1 can be oxidized by the import receptor Mia40 alone when in excess or at a lower rate by only the sulfhydryl oxidase Erv1. However, physiological and efficient Cmc1 oxidation requires Erv1 and Mia40. Cmc1 forms a stable intermediate with Mia40 and is released from this interaction in the presence of Erv1. The three proteins are shown to form a ternary complex in mitochondria. Our results suggest that this mechanism facilitates efficient formation of multiple disulfides and prevents the formation of non-native disulfide bonds.
Effects of Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition on High-Density Lipoprotein Subspecies, Apolipoprotein A-I Metabolism, and Fecal Sterol Excretion

Objective—Pharmacological inhibition of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in humans increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (HDL-C) levels; however, its effects on apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) containing HDL subspecies, apoA-I turnover, and markers of reverse cholesterol transport are unknown. The present study was designed to address these issues. Methods and Results—Nineteen subjects, 9 of whom were taking 20 mg of atorvastatin for hypercholesterolemia, received placebo for 4 weeks, followed by the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib (120 mg QD) for 4 weeks. In 6 subjects from the nonatorvastatin cohort, the everyday regimen was followed by a 4-week period of torcetrapib (120 mg BID). At the end of each phase, subjects underwent a primed-constant infusion of (5,5,5-2H3)-l-leucine to determine the kinetics of HDL apoA-I. The lipid data in this study have been reported previously. Relative to placebo, 120 mg daily torcetrapib increased the amount of apoA-I in &agr;1-migrating HDL in the atorvastatin (136%; P<0.001) and nonatorvastatin (153%; P<0.01) cohorts, whereas an increase of 382% (P<0.01) was observed in the 120 mg twice daily group. HDL apoA-I pool size increased by 8±15% in the atorvastatin cohort (P=0.16) and by 16±7% (P<0.0001) and 34±8% (P<0.0001) in the nonatorvastatin 120 mg QD and BID cohorts, respectively. These changes were attributable to reductions in HDL apoA-I fractional catabolic rate (FCR), with torcetrapib reducing HDL apoA-I FCR by 7% (P=0.10) in the atorvastatin cohort, by 8% (P<0.001) in the nonatorvastatin 120 mg QD cohort, and by 21% (P<0.01) in the nonatorvastatin 120 mg BID cohort. Torcetrapib did not affect HDL apoA-I production rate. In addition, torcetrapib did not significantly change serum markers of cholesterol or bile acid synthesis or fecal sterol excretion. Conclusions—These data indicate that partial inhibition of CETP via torcetrapib in patients with low HDL-C: (1) normalizes apoA-I levels within &agr;1-migrating HDL, (2) increases plasma concentrations of HDL apoA-I by delaying apoA-I catabolism, and (3) does not significantly influence fecal sterol excretion.
Evidence for an Integrative Role of P3b in Linking Reaction to Perception

Hypotheses about the P3 component of the event-related EEG potential have usually assumed that P3b reflects some processing independent from organizing the response. In contrast, the notion that P3b is related to a decision process implies some mediating function between stimulus and response. If P3b does indeed reflect the link between perceptual processing and response preparation (1) amplitudes should be as large in response-locked averages as in stimulus-locked averages, (2) this should be true independent of response speed, for separate subaverages of slow and fast responses, and (3) latencies should vary across response speed both in stimulus-locked and in response-locked averages. These hypotheses were tested in data evoked by visual and auditory stimuli in choice-response tasks. All three predictions were confirmed. In contrast to this balanced relation to perception and responding, fronto-central P3 with auditory stimuli was stimulus-related and, for comparison, the peak amplitudes of both the response-force and of the lateralized readiness potential were response-related. We conclude that P3b reflects a process that mediates between perceptual analysis and response initiation, possibly monitoring whether the decision to classify some stimulus is appropriately transformed into action.
POLYCENTRICITY OR DISPERSION?: CHANGES IN CENTER EMPLOYMENT IN METROPOLITAN SYDNEY, 1981 TO 1996

Much recent literature in urban studies, geography, and planning portrays an inexorable evolution toward polycentricity as a new “postmodern” metropolitan form. However, detailed and comparable empirical investigations, at once both comprehensive and disaggregated, are more elusive. A study by Gordon and Richardson (1996) of employment trends in Los Angeles—the archetypal polycentric metropolis—produced the surprising conclusion that a process of generalized dispersion rather than a clustering in major suburban subcenters seemed well established for the period 1970 to 1990. This paper adapts the Gordon-Richardson methodology to an investigation of centered versus noncentered employment trends in Sydney, Australia, between 1981 and 1996. Based on a detailed statistical analysis, the study suggests some parallels to the Los Angeles experience in the 1980s but uncovers a recentralization trend in the 1990s. The findings underline the importance of locality-specific factors and the need for further systematic and comparative research.
Feline Cutaneous Fibropapillomas: Clinicopathologic Findings and Association with Papillomavirus Infection

Twenty-three feline cutaneous fibropapillomas with histologic features similar to equine sarcoids were diagnosed. They were characterized by dermal fibroblastic proliferation with overlying, often ulcerated hyperplastic epidermis. Electron microscopic findings supported the fibroblastic nature of the neoplastic cells. The 23 tumors came from 20 cats and were submitted from veterinary clinics in Wisconsin and Minnesota. These tumors occurred most commonly in young cats and were found primarily on the head, neck, and digits. Fifteen of the 17 cats for which breed was reported were domestic shorthair cats. In 11/20 cases, there was confirmed exposure to cattle. Local recurrence of the tumor following surgical excision was reported in 7 of the 18 cats for which follow-up information was available. Metastasis was not documented in any of the cases. Two of the 19 tumors tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) had no amplifiable DNA. The remaining 17 were positive for papillomavirus by PCR. No papillomavirus DNA was detected in three other feline skin tumors (cutaneous mast cell tumor, malignant lymphoma, and fibrosarcoma) that served as controls. This is the first report of detection of papillomavirus in feline tumors that have clinicopathologic features similar to equine sarcoids.
The Impact of Training on the Accuracy of Teacher-Completed Direct Behavior Ratings (DBRs)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three levels of training (direct, indirect, and none) on teachers’ ability to accurately rate video of student behavior. Direct and indirect training groups received instructional sessions on direct behavior ratings (DBRs), with the direct training group receiving opportunities for practice and feedback. Each training group viewed a video of a typical classroom environment and then rated the proportion of time the student displayed disruptive behavior and academic engagement. Accuracy was examined through comparison of the teachers’ ratings with direct observation data. Teacher acceptability of using DBRs was also assessed. Overall, the results suggested that the most intensive level of training (i.e., direct) did not improve the accuracy with which teachers rated behaviors using DBRs. Limitations and future implications are discussed.
Living both well and sustainably: a review of the literature, with some reflections on future research, interventions and policy

The idea that human well-being (WB) can be supported and even enhanced by using, producing, buying, selling and consuming less ‘stuff’ is anathema to many living under consumer capitalism. Yet a growing research literature actually finds that frequent engagement in pro-ecological behaviours (PEBs) is positively correlated with personal WB. This paper reviews data relevant to three possible explanations for the apparent compatibility of PEBs and WB: (i) engaging in PEBs leads to psychological need satisfaction, which in turn causes WB; (ii) being in a good mood causes people to engage in more prosocial behaviours, including PEBs; and (iii) personal characteristics and lifestyles such as intrinsic values, mindfulness and voluntary simplicity cause both PEBs and WB. Because each explanation has some empirical support, I close by reflecting on some relevant interventions and policies that could strengthen each of these three pathways and thereby promote living both well and sustainably. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
Improvements in lung function, exercise, and quality of life in hypercapnic COPD patients after lung volume reduction surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE To determine the impact of preoperative resting hypercapnia on patient outcome after bilateral lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). METHODS We prospectively examined morbidity, mortality, quality of life (QOL), and physiologic outcome, including spirometry, gas exchange, and exercise performance in 15 patients with severe emphysema and a resting PaCO2 of > 45 mm Hg (group 1), and compared the results with those from 31 patients with a PaCO2 of < 45 mm Hg (group 2). RESULTS All preoperative physiologic and QOL indices were more impaired in the hypercapnic patients than in the eucapnic patients. The hypercapnic patients exhibited a lower preoperative FEV1, a lower diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, a lower ratio of PaO2 to the fraction of inspired oxygen, a lower 6-min walk distance, and higher oxygen requirements. However, after surgery both groups exhibited improvements in FVC (group 1, p < 0.01; group 2, p < 0.001), FEV1 (group 1, p=0.04; group 2, p < 0.001), total lung capacity (TLC; group 1, p=0.02; group 2, p < 0.001), residual volume (RV; group 1, p=0.002; group 2, p < 0.001), RV/TLC ratio (group 1, p=0.03; group 2, p < 0.001), PaCO2 (group 1, p=0.002; group 2, p=0.02), 6-min walk distance (group 1, p=0.005; group 2, p < 0.001), oxygen consumption at peak exercise (group 1, p=0.02; group 2, p=0.02), total exercise time (group 1, p=0.02; group 2, p=0.02), and the perceived overall QOL scores (group 1, p=0.001; group 2, p < 0.001). However, because the magnitude of improvement was similar in both groups, and the hypercapnic group was more impaired, the spirometry, lung volumes, and 6-min walk distance remained significantly lower post-LVRS in the hypercapnic patients. There was no difference in mortality between the groups (p=0.9). CONCLUSIONS Patients with moderate to severe resting hypercapnia exhibit significant improvements in spirometry, gas exchange, perceived QOL, and exercise performance after bilateral LVRS. The maximal achievable improvements in postoperative lung function are related to preoperative level of function; however, the magnitude of improvement can be expected to be similar to patients with lower resting PaCO2 levels. Patients should not be excluded from LVRS based solely on the presence of resting hypercapnia. The long-term benefit of LVRS in hypercapnic patient remains to be determined.
Fear of dogs in a community sample: Effects of age, gender and prior experience of canine aggression

Abstract An investigation was conducted into human fear of dogs and experiences of canine aggression in an adult community sample (n = 292). Consistent with expectations, it was found that, while fear of dogs was relatively common (present in almost half the respondents), fear of dog attacks was less so, and extreme fear of dog attacks was very rare. Women, middle-aged and older adults were more likely to fear dogs than men and younger adults, while older people were more likely than younger ones to fear dog attacks. Reported encounters with canine aggression, particularly threatening behavior, were relatively common, but having been attacked by a dog was less strongly related to fear of dogs than having been threatened by a dog. Logistic regression analyses revealed that being female, having been threatened by a dog, and being older were strong predictors of dog-related fear, while being older and obtaining higher scores on a measure of trait anxiety predicted fear of dog attacks.
The lactating breast: contrast-enhanced MR imaging of normal tissue and cancer.

PURPOSE To retrospectively describe the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics of normal breast tissue and breast cancer in the setting of lactation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The HIPAA-compliant study was exempt from institutional approval, and informed consent was not required. Unilateral MR imaging of 10 breasts was performed in seven lactating patients aged 27-42 years. For the three patients in whom both breasts were imaged, each breast was imaged on a separate day. Nonenhanced T1-weighted and fat-saturated T2-weighted images and contrast material-enhanced dynamic three-dimensional (3D) T1-weighted spiral gradient-echo images interleaved with T1-weighted high-spatial-resolution 3D gradient-echo images (2.0 x 1.0 x 0.4-mm voxels) were obtained. Three readers in consensus assessed the glandular density, T2-weighted signal intensity, milk duct appearance, and contrast enhancement in normal and tumor-containing breast regions. The pharmacokinetic contrast enhancement parameters of tumors were compared with those of normal tissue by using Student t and Mann-Whitney tests. RESULTS MR findings of normal breast tissue in the seven women included increased glandular density in six women, high T2-weighted signal intensity in six, dilated central ducts in seven, and rapid initial glandular contrast enhancement in seven. MR findings of invasive ductal carcinoma in five women, compared with findings of the normal glandular tissue, included lower T2-weighted signal intensity in five women, more avid and rapid contrast enhancement in five, and early contrast enhancement washout in four. One minute after contrast agent injection, tumor signal intensity increased significantly more than normal lactating tissue signal intensity (153% vs 60% from baseline, P = .016). The median two-compartment model K(21) exchange rate in the tumors, 0.078 sec(-1), was significantly faster than the K(21) exchange rate in normal tissue, 0.011 sec(-1) (P = .03). CONCLUSION Normal lactating glands have increased density, high T2-weighted signal intensity, and rapid moderate contrast enhancement. Breast cancers are visible during lactation owing to their lower signal intensity and more intense initial contrast enhancement with early washout compared with normal breast tissue.
Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy and Postpartum: Pathophysiology and Effect of Oral versus Intravenous Iron Therapy

Nutritional iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is the most common disorder in the world, affecting more than two billion people. The World Health Organization's global database on anaemia has estimated a prevalence of 14% based on a regression-based analysis. Recent data show that the prevalence of IDA in pregnant women in industrialized countries is 17.4% while the incidence of IDA in developing countries increases significantly up to 56%. Although oral iron supplementation is widely used for the treatment of IDA, not all patients respond adequately to oral iron therapy. This is due to several factors including the side effects of oral iron which lead to poor compliance and lack of efficacy. The side effects, predominantly gastrointestinal discomfort, occur in a large cohort of patients taking oral iron preparations. Previously, the use of intravenous iron had been associated with undesirable and sometimes serious side effects and therefore was underutilised. However, in recent years, new type II and III iron complexes have been developed, which offer better compliance and toleration as well as high efficacy with a good safety profile. In summary, intravenous iron can be used safely for a rapid repletion of iron stores and correction of anaemia during and after pregnancy.
Everyday attention and lecture retention: the effects of time, fidgeting, and mind wandering

We have all had our thoughts wander from the immediate task at hand. The emerging embodied cognition literature emphasizes the role that the body plays in human thought, and raises the possibility that changes in attentional focus may be associated with changes in body behavior. Recent research has found that when individuals view a lecture, mind wandering increases as a function of time. In the present study we asked whether this decline in attention during lecture viewing was associated with fidgeting. Participants were filmed while they watched a 40-min lecture video, and at regular 5-min intervals provided ratings of their attentiveness. Following the lecture, participant's memory for the material was assessed. Fidgeting behavior was coded from video recordings of each session. Results indicated that attention to, and retention of, lecture material declined as a function of time on task. Critically, and as predicted, fidgeting also increased with time on task. We also found that the relation between fidgeting and retention was significant even when the role of attention was factored into the equation, suggesting that fidgeting makes a unique contribution to retention of lecture material over and above that contributed by an individual's attention. We propose a novel non-attentional stress-based account of fidgeting and how this impacts retention for lecture material over and above changes in levels in mind wandering vis-a-vis changes in attention.
Evaluation of Clinical Competence in Psychiatry by the Royal College Examination *

One hundred and seven psychiatric residents, postgraduate program directors and Royal College Examiners returned questionnaires which inquired into the areas of training programs, interim performance checks and the Certification Examination. There was relatively little dissatisfaction expressed with the written examination. However, most residents, program directors and examiners felt there were better ways to evaluate clinical competence than by means of the oral examination which was considered to lack validity and reliability. Respondents were very constructive in the suggestions they offered which focused on two main areas: the need to provide examiners with a larger work sample of a candidate's performance (for example, through a sample of the candidate's treatment audio-visual tapes), and the desirability of explicit performance criteria from the Royal College as to their expectations in the areas of knowledge, skill, judgment and ethics, so that the examination could be the final step in a shaping process rather than a high risk, single trial, pass/fail situation.
Der Einfluß wahrgenommener Bedrohung auf die Nutzung automatischer Assoziationen bei der Personenbeurteilung

Zusammenfassung: Bisher fanden sich bei der Untersuchung von Vorurteilen gegenuber ethnischen Minoritaten haufig nur geringe Korrelationen zwischen impliziten Einstellungsmasen und expliziten sozialen Urteilen. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird argumentiert, das das Ausbleiben von Zusammenhangen unter anderem dadurch begrundet ist, das automatisch aktivierte Assoziationen nur unter bestimmten Bedingungen bei der Konstruktion eines Urteils herangezogen werden. In einer Untersuchung zu Vorurteilen gegenuber Turken in Deutschland wurde die Annahme gepruft, ob Personen bei der Beurteilung eines turkischen Jugendlichen in starkerem Mase auf automatische Assoziationen zuruckgreifen, wenn bedrohliche Aspekte einer Fremdgruppe salient sind, nicht aber, wenn bereichernde Aspekte salient sind. Zur Erfassung automatischer Assoziationen wurde der “Implicit Association Test” (IAT) von Greenwald, McGhee & Schwartz (1998) eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse stutzen die Annahme uber eine moderierende Funktion der wahrgenommenen Bedrohung.
Stepping Aside From Myself

Preservice music teachers enter the profession with firmly held beliefs of what music education entails. With an increasingly diverse population of students in PreK–12 education in the United States and Sweden, a collaborative, intercultural immersion course was designed to challenge preservice music teachers’ beliefs. Twelve music education majors participated in the intercultural course. Data consisted of focus group discussions. With Bildung as a theoretical framework, the following five themes emerged: Beyond Tourism, Democracy and Classroom Management, Shared Experiences, Something to Bring Back, and Old Meets New. The intercultural immersion course provided a scaffold for the participants to consider what and why they teach the content that they do and the ramifications of making such decisions on their potential teaching practices of PreK–12 music students.
Fates of Retroviral Core Components during Unrestricted and TRIM5-Restricted Infection

TRIM5 proteins can restrict retroviral infection soon after delivery of the viral core into the cytoplasm. However, the molecular mechanisms by which TRIM5α inhibits infection have been elusive, in part due to the difficulty of developing and executing biochemical assays that examine this stage of the retroviral life cycle. Prevailing models suggest that TRIM5α causes premature disassembly of retroviral capsids and/or degradation of capsids by proteasomes, but whether one of these events leads to the other is unclear. Furthermore, how TRIM5α affects the essential components of the viral core, other than capsid, is unknown. To address these questions, we devised a biochemical assay in which the fate of multiple components of retroviral cores during infection can be determined. We utilized cells that can be efficiently infected by VSV-G-pseudotyped retroviruses, and fractionated the cytosolic proteins on linear gradients following synchronized infection. The fates of capsid and integrase proteins, as well as viral genomic RNA and reverse transcription products were then monitored. We found that components of MLV and HIV-1 cores formed a large complex under non-restrictive conditions. In contrast, when MLV infection was restricted by human TRIM5α, the integrase protein and reverse transcription products were lost from infected cells, while capsid and viral RNA were both solubilized. Similarly, when HIV-1 infection was restricted by rhesus TRIM5α or owl monkey TRIMCyp, the integrase protein and reverse transcription products were lost. However, viral RNA was also lost, and high levels of preexisting soluble CA prevented the determination of whether CA was solubilized. Notably, proteasome inhibition blocked all of the aforementioned biochemical consequences of TRIM5α-mediated restriction but had no effect on its antiviral potency. Together, our results show how TRIM5α affects various retroviral core components and indicate that proteasomes are required for TRIM5α-induced core disruption but not for TRIM5α-induced restriction.