Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Rewards on Teachers’ Performance at Secondary Level

The aim of this study is to find out the Impact of Rewards on Teachers’ performance of Secondary Schools in Islamabad. Objectives of this study were to identify different types of rewards used in schools and to find out the effect of rewards on the performance of teachers of secondary schools in Islamabad. This study will provide base for later research to explore those factors that would affect teacher’s performance. This study will also help to employers towards a proper performance reward system to enhance the performance of the teachers. This study was delimited to the Higher Secondary Schools of Islamabad. The data were collected through questionnaire and survey. Frequencies, percentage, mean, Pearson co-relation were used for the analysis of the data. On the basis of findings it is concluded that most of the respondents were in the favor of extrinsic rewards and they were mostly disagree with intrinsic rewards. It was also concluded that there was a correlation between extrinsic rewards and performance and there is no correlation between intrinsic rewards and performance. Key w ords: Rewards, performance, teaching
Female Employment in Lithuania: Testing Three Popular Explanations

This article compares three popular explanations for changes in female employment in post-socialist countries: retraditionalization, reserve army of labor, and revalued resources. Although these explanations are complementary in many ways, the retraditionalization thesis seems the most accurate explanation. In the early 1990s, gender-role attitudes were highly traditional, a tendency that might have contributed to the huge decrease in female labor force participation. Despite the changes, the comeback of the male-breadwinner family model is unlikely, since the acceptance of women's working roles is rapidly increasing.
Not all cells are equal: effects of temperature and sex on the size of different cell types in the Madagascar ground gecko Paroedura picta

ABSTRACT Cell size plays a role in evolutionary and phenotypically plastic changes in body size. To examine this role, we measured the sizes of seven cell types of geckos (Paroedura picta) reared at three constant temperatures (24, 27, and 30°C). Our results show that the cell size varies according to the body size, sex and developmental temperature, but the pattern of this variance depends on the cell type. We identified three groups of cell types, and the cell sizes changed in a coordinated manner within each group. Larger geckos had larger erythrocytes, striated muscle cells and hepatocytes (our first cell group), but their renal proximal tubule cells and duodenal enterocytes (our second cell group), as well as tracheal chondrocytes and epithelial skin cells (our third cell group), were largely unrelated to the body size. For six cell types, we also measured the nuclei and found that larger cells had larger nuclei. The relative sizes of the nuclei were not invariant but varied in a complex manner with temperature and sex. In conclusion, we provide evidence suggesting that changes in cell size might be commonly involved in the origin of thermal and sexual differences in adult size. A recent theory predicts that smaller cells speed up metabolism but demand more energy for their maintenance; consequently, the cell size matches the metabolic demand and supply, which in ectotherms, largely depends on the thermal conditions. The complex thermal dependency of cell size in geckos suggests that further advancements in understanding the adaptive value of cell size requires the consideration of tissue-specific demand/supply conditions. Summary: The cell sizes of Madagascar ground geckos (Paroedura picta) vary according to body size, sex and developmental temperature, and the pattern of these differences depends on the cell type.
Correlation of anemia and clinical outcomes in heart failure at Rajavithi Hospital.

BACKGROUND Anemia is one of the precipitating factors leading to congestive heart failure. Although much data indicate that anemia is associated with worsening clinical outcomes in heart failure patients, only few studies have been conducted on the subjects in Thailand. Hence, the researchers decided to study about this issue. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate whether anemia could have adverse effects on mortality and morbidity rates in patients with a diagnosis of heart failure. MATERIAL AND METHOD A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed by collecting data from medical records of patients who were admitted in Rajavithi Hospital due to congestive heart failure from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2012. Those data showed a total 486 patients with congestive heart failure treated during the period. Of the 486 patients, 18 were excluded on the basis of selection criteria, a total of 468. These selected patients were divided in two groups, one group of congestive heart failure patients with anemia (n = 221) and another group of congestive heart failure patients without anemia (n = 247). RESULTS The study showed that the mortality rate in patients with the anemia group was 8.6%, whereas among nonanemic patients no deaths were reported (0%) [p-value <0.0001]. Patients with anemia had a higher incidence of no restoration of spontaneous circulation after Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (3.62%) than nonanemic patients (0%) [p-value = 0.002]. No difference was observed in the use of inotropic drugs between the two groups [p-value = 0.078]. The patients with anemia (14.75±20.31 days) had a longer duration of hospital admission than nonanemic patients (7.12±8.57 days) [p-value <0.0001]. CONCLUSION Anemia was associated with increased morbidity and mortality rate among heart failure patients. The mortality rate tended to increases in correlation with the severity of the anemia. Moreover blood transfusion after congestive heart failure occurrence may not reduce the mortality rate.
Influence of lip repair on craniofacial morphology of patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare two groups of adult male patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) on the basis of lateral cephalometric radiographs. PATIENTS The first group of adult male patients with complete BCLP was comprised of 13 unoperated patients with an average age of 21 years. The second group was comprised of 14 patients with an average age of 21 years 7 months, who had been operated only on the lip prior to 2 years of age. DESIGN The following measurements were evaluated: angle and length of cranial base; maxillary spatial positioning and length; mandibular spatial positioning; morphology and length; maxillomandibular relationship; vertical facial length; dental positioning; interdental arch relationship; and soft profile. RESULTS The results suggest that lip repair has a significant influence on certain areas of the craniofacial complex, mainly the premaxilla and the upper incisors. CONCLUSIONS The most significant findings consequent to lip repair consisted of reduction of the premaxillary anterior projection and lingual tipping of the upper incisors. Retropositioning of the premaxilla, especially in the alveolar part, is a desired effect of lip repair in complete BCLP. Such effect on the projected premaxilla is usually beneficial, except when the exceedingly severe lip pressure, unfavorable growth pattern, or both retropositions the midface profile beyond acceptable sagittal limits.
Overconsumption of Energy and Excessive Discretionary Food Intake Inflates Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Australia

Population dietary guidelines have started to include information about the environmental impacts of food choices, but more quantifiable evidence is needed, particularly about the impacts associated with discretionary foods. This paper utilised the 2011–2012 Australian Health Survey food intake data along with a highly disaggregated input–output model to estimate the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) of Australians’ dietary intake, and compare current patterns of eating which vary in diet quality and GHGe to the recommended diet. The average dietary GHGe were 18.72 ± 12.06 and 13.73 ± 8.72 kg CO2e/day for male and female adults, respectively. The correlation between total energy and GHGe was r = 0.54 (p < 0.001). Core foods contributed 68.4% and discretionary foods 29.4%. Within core foods, fresh meat and alternatives (33.9%) was the greatest contributor. The modelling of current dietary patterns showed the contribution of discretionary foods to GHGe was 121% greater in the average diet and 307% greater in the “lower quality, higher GHGe” diet compared to the recommended diet. Reducing discretionary food intake would allow for small increases in emissions from core foods (in particular vegetables, dairy and grains), thereby providing a nutritional benefit at little environmental expense. Public health messages that promote healthy eating, eating to one’s energy needs and improved diet quality will also contribute to lowering GHGe.
Group mobility classification and structure recognition using mobile devices

Monitoring group mobility and structure is crucial for public safety management and emergency evacuation. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained mobility classification and structure recognition approach for social groups based on hybrid sensing using mobile devices. First, we present a method which classifies group mobility into four levels, including stationary, strolling, walking and running. Second, by combining mobile sensing and Wi-Fi signals, a novel relative position relationship estimation algorithm is developed to understand moving group structures of different shapes. We have conducted real-life experiments in which eight volunteers form two to three small groups moving in a teaching building with different speed and structures. Experimental results show that our approach achieves an accuracy of 99.5% in mobility classification and about 80% in group structure recognition.
Who Chooses Annuities? An Experimental Investigation of the Role of Gender, Framing, and Defaults

Research suggests that women are more risk averse and less financially literate than men, as evidenced by their choice of less risky asset investments. We contribute to the literature by focusing on the role of gender in an increasingly important financial decision facing individuals at retirement, the choice between purchasing an annuity (in this case, a fixed immediate lifetime annuity) or investing their savings on their own. By using a controlled experiment, we eliminate the role of adverse selection and unfair annu? ity pricing and are able to focus specifically on gender. We also explore the role of defaults and framing, and whether women react differently to these features. We find that women are more likely to choose the annuity, and this is only partly explained by differences in risk aversion and financial literacy. Furthermore, biases in a five-minute presentation of information signifi? cantly affect choices in ways that differ across men and women.
NEURAL FOUNDATIONS FOR UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL AND MECHANICAL CONCEPTS

Motivated by neuropsychological investigations of category-specific impairments, many functional brain imaging studies have found distinct patterns of neural activity associated with different object categories. However, the extent to which these category-related activation patterns reflect differences in conceptual representation remains controversial. To investigate this issue, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to record changes in neural activity while subjects interpreted animated vignettes composed of simple geometric shapes in motion. Vignettes interpreted as conveying social interactions elicited a distinct and distributed pattern of neural activity, relative to vignettes interpreted as mechanical actions. This neural system included regions in posterior temporal cortex associated with identifying human faces and other biological objects. In contrast, vignettes interpreted as conveying mechanical actions resulted in activity in posterior temporal lobe sites associated with identifying manipulable objects such as tools. Moreover, social, but not mechanical, interpretations elicited activity in regions implicated in the perception and modulation of emotion (right amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex). Perceiving and understanding social and mechanical concepts depends, in part, on activity in distinct neural networks. Within the social domain, the network includes regions involved in processing and storing information about the form and motion of biological objects, and in perceiving, expressing, and regulating affective responses.
Assessment and significance of arterial stiffness in patients with chronic kidney disease

Purpose of reviewTo review the most recent publications concerning the pathophysiology and clinical impact of arterial stiffening in patients with chronic kidney disease and those with end-stage renal disease. Recent findingsThe results of recent studies confirmed that arterial stiffening is independently associated with decreased glomerular filtration rate and increased decline in parallel kidney function, and is predictive of kidney disease progression and the patient's cardiovascular outcome. Arterial stiffening is of multifactorial origin, including arterial calcifications, systemic inflammation, malnutrition, vitamin deficiencies, endothelial dysfunction, and bone activity. SummaryArterial stiffness and intensity of wave reflections are considered the principal determinants of systolic blood and pulse pressures, and their measurements are increasingly used to assess cardiovascular risk. Aortic stiffness has independent predictive value for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general populations and in patients with end-stage renal disease. Arterial stiffening in patients with chronic kidney disease and those with end-stage renal disease is of multifactorial origin with extensive arterial calcifications representing a major covariate. Carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity is a direct measure of aortic stiffness and is the ‘gold standard’ for its evaluation in clinical and epidemiological studies.
Enzyme replacement therapy with taliglucerase alfa: 36‐month safety and efficacy results in adult patients with Gaucher disease previously treated with imiglucerase

Taliglucerase alfa is the first available plant cell‐expressed human recombinant therapeutic protein. It is indicated for treatment of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease (GD) in adult and pediatric patients in several countries. Study PB‐06‐002 examined the safety and efficacy of taliglucerase alfa for 9 months in patients who previously received imiglucerase. The results of adult patients from Study PB‐06‐002 who continued receiving taliglucerase alfa in extension Study PB‐06‐003 for up to 36 months are reported here. Eighteen patients received at least one dose of taliglucerase alfa in Study PB‐06‐003; 10 patients completed 36 total months of therapy, and four patients who transitioned to commercial drug completed 30–33 months of treatment. In patients who completed 36 total months of treatment, mean percent (±standard error) changes from baseline/time of switch to taliglucerase alfa to 36 months were as follows: hemoglobin concentration, −1.0% (±1.9%; n = 10); platelet count, +9.3% (±9.8%; n = 10); spleen volume measured in multiples of normal (MN), −19.8% (±9.9%; n = 7); liver volume measured in MN, +0.9% (±5.4%; n = 8); chitotriosidase activity, −51.5% (±8.1%; n = 10); and CCL18 concentration, −36.5 (±8.0%; n = 10). Four patients developed antidrug antibodies, including one with evidence of neutralizing activity in vitro. All treatment‐related adverse events were mild or moderate and transient. The 36‐month results of switching from imiglucerase to taliglucerase alfa treatment in adults with GD provide further data on the clinical safety and efficacy of taliglucerase alfa beyond the initial 9 months of the original study. www.clinicaltrials. gov identifier NCT00705939. Am. J. Hematol. 91:661–665, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An aspect-based process container for BPEL

In recent years, several WS-* specifications have been proposed to address the middleware requirements of web services such as security, reliable messaging, and transactions. On the other hand side, BPEL is the upcoming standard for composing existing web services into more complex ones. In this paper, we look at the middleware requirements of web service compositions and specifically those specified in BPEL. We argue that the WS-* specifications such as WS-Security and WS-Reliability do not address these requirements appropriately. We introduce a framework for providing middleware support in BPEL engines based on a process container, which intercepts the execution of BPEL processes and calls dedicated middleware services to plug in support for security, persistence, reliable messaging, etc. The container is implemented as a lightweight container using AO4BPEL aspects and the middleware requirements of the process are specified in a deployment descriptor.
The Tragicomedy of the Surfers' Commons

Surfing provides an excellent case study for power of extra-legal social norms to efficiently regulate public resources. A complicated, cross-cultural set of cooperative norms governs surfers' behavior in the water. These norms promote safety and the efficient sharing of a natural resource: waves. As an ever increasing number of surfers compete for this fixed resource, conflict has become more common and the cooperative norms of surfing are sometimes replaced by the exclusionary practice of "localism. " Nevertheless, attempts at formal regulation of surfing have failed and surfing is still governed almost entirely by social norms.
Clinical outcome of Crohn's disease according to the Vienna classification: disease location is a useful predictor of disease course

Objectives Crohn's disease (CD) is a complex genetic disease with multiple clinical patterns. Clinical classifications may help to identify subgroups of patients that have a distinct pattern of disease, and they are also a prerequisite for the conduction of genetic and therapeutic studies. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of the Vienna classification in patient care and clinical studies. Methods The clinical data of patients were carefully reviewed retrospectively. The behaviour and location of the disease were determined according to the Vienna classification and additional clinical characteristics including surgical data, vitamin B12 status and medication were also assessed. Results Data according to the Vienna classification of 292 CD cases were available. The mean age at diagnosis was 31.4 years. The operation rate was higher in patients with ileocolonic localization (P<0.05) and stricturing and penetrating disease behaviour (P<0.001). The incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency was 41.9% in cases with ileal involvement and 20.7% in cases with disease confined to the colon. In 187 cases (64.0%) an operation was performed because of CD-related complications, in a majority (126, 67.4%) this took place within 5 years after diagnosis. Intolerance of azathioprine occurred in 36 cases (22.0%). Conclusions Ileocolonic disease localization is associated with a complicated course of disease. Vitamin B12 deficiency occurs frequently, also in patients with disease apparently confined to the colon. We propose that location parameters can be used for the prediction of disease course in clinical settings and in interventional studies.
On the Production and Survival of Carbon Fuel for Superbursts on Accreting Neutron Stars: Implications for Mass Donor Evolution

We have investigated the physical conditions under which accreting neutron stars in low-mass X-ray binaries can both produce and preserve sufficient quantities of carbon fuel to trigger superbursts. Our theoretical models span the plausible ranges of neutron star thermal conductivities, core neutrino emission mechanisms, and areal radii, as well as the CNO abundances in the accreted material. We find that neutron stars that accrete hydrogen-rich material with CNO mass fractions ZCNO ≲ ZCNO,☉ will not exhibit superbursts under any circumstances. Neutron stars that accrete material with CNO mass fractions ≳4ZCNO,☉ will exhibit superbursts at accretion rates in the observed range. On this basis, we suggest that the mass donors of superburst systems must have enhanced CNO abundances. The accreted CNO acts only as a catalyst for hydrogen burning via the hot CNO cycle, and therefore it is the sum of the three elements' mass fractions, not the individual mass fractions themselves, that is important. Systems that exhibit superbursts are observed to differ from those that do not exhibit superbursts in the nature of their helium-triggered type I X-ray bursts: the bursts have shorter durations and much greater α-values. Increasing the CNO abundance of the accreted material in our models reproduces both of these observations, thus once again suggesting enhanced CNO abundances in the mass donors. Many compact binary systems have been observed in which the abundances of the accreting material are distinctly nonsolar. Although abundance analyses of the systems that exhibit superbursts currently do not exist, Bowen fluorescence blend profiles of 4U 1636-536 and Ser X-1 suggest that the mass donor stars may indeed have nonsolar CNO metallicities. More detailed abundance analyses of the accreting matter in systems that exhibit superbursts are needed to verify our assertion that the matter is rich in CNO elements.
Who is Paying for Health Care in Eastern Europe and Central Asia?

Informal payments in the health sector in Eastern Europe and Central Asia are emerging as a fundamental aspect of health care financing and a serious impediment to health care reform. Informal payments are payments to individuals or institutions in cash or in kind made outside official payment channels for services that are meant to be covered by the public health care system. Such private payments to public personnel have created an informal market for health care within the confines of the public health care service network, and are a form of corruption. Unlike gratuity payments to providers, informal payments are required, not discretionary. Part of the problem can be traced to declining revenues without commensurate downsizing of buildings, hospital beds and health personnel, which has meant reductions in salaries and in some countries chronic arrears. Informal payments compensate for lost earnings. Reforms to modernize the Region’s health systems must compete with the personal revenues from informal payments, making change difficult. The frequency of informal payments exceeds 60 percent in the CIS countries for which there are data, reaching 91 percent in Armenia, and are reported in all but a handful of Eastern European countries. Inpatient care carries the highest costs, but pharmaceuticals are the most frequently purchased health service that public providers do not finance. Informal payments have become a major impediment to health care access leading to both reduced consumption due to unaffordable cost and the selling of personal assets to finance care. Systematic reports of delayed care in Poland, 37 percent reduction in prenatal care in Tajikistan and the fact that 45 percent of rural patients sold assets to finance health care in the Kyrgyz Republic suggest rising inaccessibility and declines in equity. Options for addressing the problem include comprehensive anti-corruption policies, downsizing of the public system, paring back the set of services subsidized by government, encouraging cost sharing for those who can afford it, improving accountability, and promoting private alternatives.
The validity of a depression screening tool modified for use with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people

Objectives: To assess the reliability and validity of a depression screening tool — the PHQ‐9©Pfizer Inc. modified for use with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. We also sought to determine the prevalence of depression in a sample of Indigenous people with ischaemic heart disease (IHD).