Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Foundation of interdependency management in project portfolio management: A strategic view

Interdependencies are used to make project selection process more effective and successful in project portfolio management. Despite of having roots in sixties and relatedness to famous theories, interdependencies are still less researched field. Prior research is mostly seen on emphasizing theoretical-practical techniques and not much interdependency phenomenon per se. Therefore foundation of subject is worth to be investigated deeply. On the basis of dominant themes within the interdependency field, the foundation of one important theme - strategy, is explained thoroughly. Project selection turned to be link between interdependency and strategic management - project selection is very important in strategic management, and interdependencies are very important in project selection. More direct link was expected, since interdependencies are portfolio level strategic issue.
Current status of live attenuated influenza vaccine in the United States for seasonal and pandemic influenza

Abstract A live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is currently approved in the United States for the prevention of influenza in individuals 2–49 years of age. This article summarizes the available data describing the safety and efficacy of LAIV for the prevention of influenza in both children and adults. LAIV is administered as an intranasal spray and has been shown to provide high levels of efficacy against influenza illness caused by both matched and mismatched strains in children and adults. In studies comparing LAIV and inactivated influenza vaccine in children, LAIV recipients experienced 35–53% fewer cases of culture‐confirmed influenza illness caused by antigenically matched strains. Protection through a second influenza season against antigenically matched strains has also been seen in children. In adults, definitive comparative studies of LAIV and inactivated vaccine have not been conducted and no statistically significant differences in efficacy have been demonstrated. The most common adverse reactions with LAIV include runny nose/nasal congestion in all age groups, fever >100°F in children, and sore throat in adults. Formulations of LAIV against pandemic influenza strains, including H5N1, H9N2, and H7N3, are currently being tested in preclinical and phase I clinical studies.
The CoNLL 2008 Shared Task on Joint Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependencies

The Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning is accompanied every year by a shared task whose purpose is to promote natural language processing applications and evaluate them in a standard setting. In 2008 the shared task was dedicated to the joint parsing of syntactic and semantic dependencies. This shared task not only unifies the shared tasks of the previous four years under a unique dependency-based formalism, but also extends them significantly: this year's syntactic dependencies include more information such as named-entity boundaries; the semantic dependencies model roles of both verbal and nominal predicates. In this paper, we define the shared task and describe how the data sets were created. Furthermore, we report and analyze the results and describe the approaches of the participating systems.
Primary and Immortalized Human Respiratory Cells Display Different Patterns of Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Release upon Exposure to Deoxynivalenol, Nivalenol and Fusarenon-X

The type B trichothecene mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenon-X (FX) are structurally related secondary metabolites frequently produced by Fusarium on wheat. Consequently, DON, NIV and FX contaminate wheat dusts, exposing grain workers to toxins by inhalation. Those trichothecenes at low, relevant, exposition concentrations have differential effects on intestinal cells, but whether such differences exist with respiratory cells is mostly unknown, while it is required to assess the combined risk of exposure to mycotoxins. The goal of the present study was to compare the effects of DON, NIV and FX alone or in combination on the viability and IL-6 and IL-8-inducing capacity of human epithelial cells representative of the respiratory tract: primary human airway epithelial cells of nasal (hAECN) and bronchial (hAECB) origin, and immortalized human bronchial (16HBE14o-) and alveolar (A549) epithelial cell lines. We report that A549 cells are particularly resistant to the cytotoxic effects of mycotoxins. FX is more toxic than DON and NIV for all epithelial cell types. Nasal and bronchial primary cells are more sensitive than bronchial and alveolar cell lines to combined mycotoxin mixtures at low concentrations, although they are less sensitive to mycotoxins alone. Interactions between mycotoxins at low concentrations are rarely additive and are observed only for DON/NIV and NIV/FX on hAECB cells and DON/NIV/FX on A549 cells. Most interactions at low mycotoxin concentrations are synergistic, antagonistic interactions being observed only for DON/FX on hAECB, DON/NIV on 16HBE14o- and NIV/FX on A549 cells. DON, NIV and FX induce, albeit at different levels, IL-6 and IL-8 release by all cell types. However, NIV and FX at concentrations of low cytotoxicity induce IL-6 release by hAECB and A549 cells, and IL-8 release by hAECN cells. Overall, these data suggest that combined exposure to mycotoxins at low concentrations have a stronger effect on primary nasal epithelial cells than on bronchial epithelial cells and activate different inflammatory pathways. This information is particularly relevant for future studies about the hazard of occupational exposure to mycotoxins by inhalation and its impact on the respiratory tract.
Student Mobility and Doctoral Education in South Africa.

This article analyses doctoral education programmes in South Africa with a particular focus on student mobility. It investigates pull and push factors as a conceptual framework, arguing that the patterns of student mobility in doctoral education programmes in South Africa follow the patterns of international student mobility elsewhere, which are driven mainly by the quest for better opportunities. Contrary to previous studies, which do not focus on the role of the state, this article sees the state as playing a key role in facilitating such mobility. This article uses comparative education methods to compare the patterns of enrolment of doctoral education students in South Africa during 2005 and 2009. Statistical data from the Department of Higher Education and Training were used to analyse the enrolment patterns of doctoral students in South African universities. Secondary sources in the form of government documents, a literature review and internet sources were employed in contextualising the study.
A Critical Review of Naphthalene Sources and Exposures Relevant to Indoor and Outdoor Air

Both the recent classification of naphthalene as a possible human carcinogen and its ubiquitous presence motivate this critical review of naphthalene’s sources and exposures. We evaluate the environmental literature on naphthalene published since 1990, drawing on nearly 150 studies that report emissions and concentrations in indoor, outdoor and personal air. While naphthalene is both a volatile organic compound and a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, concentrations and exposures are poorly characterized relative to many other pollutants. Most airborne emissions result from combustion, and key sources include industry, open burning, tailpipe emissions, and cigarettes. The second largest source is off-gassing, specifically from naphthalene’s use as a deodorizer, repellent and fumigant. In the U.S., naphthalene’s use as a moth repellant has been reduced in favor of para-dichlorobenzene, but extensive use continues in mothballs, which appears responsible for some of the highest indoor exposures, along with off-label uses. Among the studies judged to be representative, average concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 1.7 μg m−3 in non-smoker’s homes, and from 0.02 to 0.31 μg m−3 outdoors in urban areas. Personal exposures have been reported in only three European studies. Indoor sources are the major contributor to (non-occupational) exposure. While its central tendencies fall well below guideline levels relevant to acute health impacts, several studies have reported maximum concentrations exceeding 100 μg m−3, far above guideline levels. Using current but draft estimates of cancer risks, naphthalene is a major environmental risk driver, with typical individual risk levels in the 10−4 range, which is high and notable given that millions of individuals are exposed. Several factors influence indoor and outdoor concentrations, but the literature is inconsistent on their effects. Further investigation is needed to better characterize naphthalene’s sources and exposures, especially for indoor and personal measurements.
Kinetics of AOX Formation in Chlorine Dioxide Bleaching of Bagasse Pulp

In this paper, a kinetic model of the first chlorine dioxide bleaching stage (D0) in an elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching sequence is presented for bagasse pulps. The model is based on the rate of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX) formation. The effects of the chlorine dioxide dosage, the sulfuric acid dosage, and the reaction temperature on the AOX content of wastewater are examined. The reaction of AOX formation could be divided into two periods. A large amount of AOX was formed rapidly within the first 10 min. Ten minutes later, the AOX formation rate significantly decreased. The kinetics could be expressed as: dW⁄dt=660.8•e^(-997.98/T) 〖•[ClO〗_2 ]^0.877•[H2SO4 ]^0.355•W^(-1.065), where W is the AOX content, t is the bleaching time (min), T is the temperature (K), [ClO2] is the dosage of chlorine dioxide (kg/odt), and [H2SO4] is the dosage of sulfuric acid (kg/odt). The fit of the experiment results obtained for different temperatures, initial chlorine dioxide dosages, initial sulfuric acid dosages, and AOX content were very good, revealing the ability of the model to predict typical mill operating conditions.
Development and analysis of a 12-year daily 1km forest fire dataset across North America from NOAA / AVHRR data

Fires in boreal and temperate forests play a significant role in the global carbon cycle. While forest fires in North America (NA) have been surveyed extensively by U.S. and Canadian forest services, most fire records are limited to seasonal statistics without information on temporal evolution and spatial expansion. Such dynamic information is crucial for modeling fire emissions. Using the daily Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data archived from 1989 to 2000, an extensive and consistent fire product was developed across the entire NA forest regions on a daily basis at 1-km resolution. The product was generated following data calibration, geo-referencing, and the application of an active fire detection algorithm and a burned area mapping algorithm. The spatial–temporal variation of forest fire in NA is analyzed in terms of (1) annual and monthly patterns of fire occurrences in different eco-domains, (2) the influence of topographic factors (elevation zones, aspect classes, and slope classes), and (3) major forest types and eco-regions in NA. It was found that 1) among the 12 years analyzed, 1989 and 1995 were the most severe fire years in NA; 2) the majority of burning occurred during June–July and in low elevation zones (b500 m) with gentle slopes (b10°), except in the dry eco-domain where more fires occurred in higher elevation zones (N2000 m); 3) most fires occurred in the polar ecodomain, sub-arctic eco-division, and in the taiga ( boreal forests), forest-tundras and open woodlands eco-provinces in the boreal forests of Canada. The tendency for multiple burns to occur increases with elevation and slope until about 2500 m elevation and 24° slope, and decreases therefore. In comparison with ground observations, the omission and commission errors are on the order of 20%. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Computational analyses of CO‐rebreathing methods for estimating haemoglobin mass in humans

Measurement of haemoglobin mass (MHb) is used to quantify alterations in oxygen delivery during exercise training or acclimatization to altitude. Uptake of carbon monoxide by haemoglobin is the basis of the common non‐radioactive methods to determine MHb in humans. This study used a validated mathematical model to simulate CO uptake during rebreathing protocols and to determine sources of errors in estimation of MHb. Our previously published model was validated using experimentally measured carboxyhaemoglobin levels (%HbCO) from arterial, capillary and venous blood sites of human subjects during CO‐rebreathing protocols. This model was then used to simulate various CO‐rebreathing protocols in 24 human subjects with known MHb. Using variables generated by the model, MHb was estimated on the basis of assumptions typically made for calculating the volume of CO bound to myoglobin, the volume of CO exhaled and the volume of CO in the rebreathing system. It was found that inaccurate estimation of the volume of CO bound to myoglobin was the major source of error in determination of MHb. Additionally, the size of the error was found to depend on the site of blood sampling because of differences in %HbCO. Regression equations were developed to improve the estimation of volume of CO bound to myoglobin, and a new protocol that is less dependent on the site of blood sampling is proposed.
Victims of domestic injuries and suicide among women of reproductive age in Iran

Background As a part of a national home safety programme in Iran, a surveillance system was designed and implemented in the whole country (especially in rural areas) to register those injuries which resulted in an emergency room visit. Aims/Objectives/Purpose The aim of this study was to map out some epidemiological aspects of self inflicted and unintentional injuries among Iranian women at reproductive age using the national registry. Methods Injury data were taken from a national-based injury surveillance system over the period 2000–2002. The study population comprised 31.5% of Iran's population. Results/Outcomes Of all the 307 064 home injuries reported during the years 2000–2002, about 152 600 cases (49.7%) involved women. About half of these women (76,474) belonged to reproductive age. The majority (42.7%) of injuries among reproductive age women were burn wounds followed by lacerations in 32.6%. Eighty-five percent of suicide cases were poisonings followed by 11% of cases being due to burns. However, 45.2% of burn suicides were fatal compared to only 0.89% fatality ratio for poisoning. Of all women victim cases, 1029 died, 174 victims became disabled and the remaining improved or were undergoing therapy when reported. Significance/Contribution to the Field Injuries especially burns are a major health problem for women at reproductive age in Iran and should be considered as a priority for prevention measures. In addition, the surveillance system employed in this study can be discussed as a practical model for Low and Middle income countries.
The prothrombin 20209 C→T mutation in Jewish‐Moroccan Caucasians: molecular analysis of gain‐of‐function of 3′ end processing

Summary. Background: Mutations of the 3′ end mRNA‐processing signal of the prothrombin (F2) gene have been reported to cause elevated F2 plasma concentrations, thrombosis, and complications of pregnancy. Whereas the common F2 20210*A mutation is almost exclusively found in Caucasians, the F2 20209*T mutation has been reported in Afro‐Americans and Afro‐Caribbeans only. Patients and methods: Using LightCyclerTM technology, three unrelated Jewish‐Moroccan patients tested for obstetric complications were found to be carriers of the F2 20209*T allele. A detailed molecular analysis was performed to identify the functional impact of this mutation. Results: We report three unrelated women of Jewish‐Moroccan origin with a F2 20209*T mutation and fetal loss or infertility. The functional analysis revealed that the F2 20209*T mutation stimulates 3′ end processing and up‐regulates prothrombin protein expression as assessed by a highly sensitive luminescence‐based reporter system. Conclusions: This is the first report of 20209*T in Caucasians, and functional analysis demonstrates that F2 20209*T falls into a general category of mutations of the F2 gene, which may possibly contribute to thrombophilia and complications of pregnancy by interfering with a tightly balanced architecture of non‐canonical F2 3′ end formation signals.
Keck HIRES Spectroscopy of Four Candidate Solar Twins

We use high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution Keck HIRES spectroscopy of four solar twin candidates (HIP 71813, 76114, 77718, and 78399) pulled from our Hipparcos-based Ca II H and K survey to carry out parameter and abundance analyses of these objects. Our spectroscopic Teff estimates are ∼100 K hotter than the photometric scale of the recent Geneva-Copenhagen survey; several lines of evidence suggest the photometric temperatures are too cool at solar Teff. At the same time, our abundances for the three solar twin candidates included in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey are in outstanding agreement with the photometric metallicities; there is no sign of the anomalously low photometric metallicities derived for some late-G UMa group and Hyades dwarfs. A first radial velocity determination is made for HIP 78399 and UVW kinematics derived for all stars. HIP 71813 appears to be a kinematic member of the Wolf 630 moving group (a structure apparently reidentified in a recent analysis of late-type Hipparcos stars), but its metallicity is 0.1 dex higher than the most recent estimate of this group's metallicity. While certainly solar-type stars, HIP 76114 and 77718 are a few percent less massive, significantly older, and metal-poor compared to the Sun; they are neither good solar twin candidates nor solar analogs providing a look at the Sun at some other point in its evolution. HIP 71813 appears to be an excellent solar analog of ∼8 Gyr age. Our results for HIP 78399 suggest the promise of this star as a solar twin may be equivalent to the "closest ever solar twin," HR 6060; follow-up study of this star is encouraged.
Laparoscopic versus Open Splenectomy

BACKGROUND: Laparoscopy is a relatively new surgical approach to excise the spleen as compared with the conventional open surgery. Many procedural and outcome factors are under continuous evaluation and others are still controversial. AIM: This review aims at highlighting the current view of laparoscopic Splenectomy as compared with the open Splenectomy. METHODS: A literature search performed using engine Google, High wire press, Springer link, and Yahoo. Selected papers screened for other related reports. RESULTS: Shorter hospital stay and reduced morbidity found to be clearly weighting on the side of laparoscopy, especially in normal and moderate size spleens. Introperative bleeding, operative time, though still more in the laparoscopic surgery but great advance reported due to the use of high technique instruments and adoption of new operative or preoperative procedures. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic Splenectomy is a well-established and reliable procedure for spleens less than 20cm in length and has a less reported morbidity. The introduction of harmonic scalpel, preoperative embolization, morcellation and adoption of lateral approach are gradually eliminating the difficulties and more procedures that are laparoscopic are being done for larger spleens.
But does it work?: The impact of social media use on interpretive outcomes and place attachment at San Francisco Bay Area parks

Many parks are now using social media sites to connect with visitors but little is known about how effective these efforts have been. This study examined the influence of social media use on interpretive outcomes and place attachment. Visitors to four parks in the San Francisco Bay Area were surveyed twice, once as they exited the park (n =529) and a second time via email (n =216) six to ten weeks after visiting. In both surveys, respondents were asked how they use social media to experience parks and to what extent they experienced interpretive outcomes (intellectual and emotional connections and program evaluation) and place attachment (place identity and place dependence). Social media use was measured by asking respondents how frequently they interacted with the park on social media sites, how frequently they shared their experience at the park on social media sites and how important using social media was to them. The activity involvement scale developed by Kyle, G. , Absher, J., Norman, W, Hammitt, W. & Jodice, L. (2007) was used to measure how important social media was to respondents as a leisure activity. A modified version of Paine's (2011) phases of engagement scale was adapted to segment respondents into five social media engagement categories based on the extent to which they engaged with parks on social media sites. The engagement categories were then compared to interpretive outcome and place attachment scores, The results showed that engagement categories were positively related to interpretive outcome and place attachment scores for both onsite survey and email survey respondents, Using social media as a source of park information, interacting on park-sponsored social media sites and using social media during the park visit had statistically significant, positive relationships to interpretive outcomes and place attachment The more respondents used social media to experience parks, the more connections to resource meanings they made, One would expect those connections to diminish over time but results suggested that using social media to share park experiences in the weeks following a park visit allowed visitors to maintain higher levels of interpretive connections and place attachment than those who didn't use social media to experience the park, In addition, passive interaction with park-sponsored social media also continued to influence outcomes in the weeks following the park visit Other factors that emerged as significant predictors of interpretive outcomes and place attachment were: time spent so far in the Bay Area, number of annual visits, the locality of visitors, following a park on a social media site and repeat visitation, These results provide an initial indication that social media ''works'', insofar as using it to experience a park influences interpretive outcomes and place attachment However, only a few visitors were actively engaging with parks on
Chemical Composition, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Cassia bakeriana Craib. against Aerobic and Anaerobic Oral Pathogens

The chemical composition of the essential oils from leaves, bark and wood of Cassia bakeriana Craib. was determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alcohols, aldehydes and fatty acids were the major components in leaf and bark oil, while wood essential oil was rich in fatty acids. Terpenes such as linalool, (E)-nerolidol and phytol were present in low concentrations. The antimicrobial activity against aerobic and anaerobic oral bacteria was evaluated using the microdilution method, as was the cell viability test carried out with Vero cells. The oils from leaves and bark showed high antimicrobial activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 62.5 and 125 µg·mL−1 for most of the tested bacteria, including Streptococcusmutans, the main etiological agent of dental caries. Leaves oil displayed the lowest cytotoxic effect (EC50 of 153 µg·mL−1), while wood oil exhibited the highest toxicity to Vero cells. C. bakeriana oils are thus a source of biologically active compounds against aerobic and anaerobic oral microorganisms. This study is the first report on the chemical composition, antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of C.bakeriana.