Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Conditioning to Elevated pCO2 and Warming Influences the Fatty and Amino Acid Composition of the Diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis

The unabated rise in anthropogenic CO₂ emissions is predicted to strongly influence the ocean’s environment, increasing the mean sea-surface temperature by 4°C and causing a pH decline of 0.3 units by the year 2100. These changes are likely to affect the nutritional value of marine food sources since temperature and CO₂ can influence the fatty (FA) and amino acid (AA) composition of marine primary producers. Here, essential amino (EA) and polyunsaturated fatty (PUFA) acids are of particular importance due to their nutritional value to higher trophic levels. In order to determine the interactive effects of CO₂ and temperature on the nutritional quality of a primary producer, we analyzed the relative PUFA and EA composition of the diatom Cylindrotheca fusiformis cultured under a factorial matrix of 2 temperatures (14 and 19°C) and 3 partial pressures of CO₂ (180, 380, 750 μatm) for >250 generations. Our results show a decay of ~3% and ~6% in PUFA and EA content in algae kept at a pCO₂ of 750 μatm (high) compared to the 380 μatm (intermediate) CO₂ treatments at 14°C. Cultures kept at 19°C displayed a ~3% lower PUFA content under high compared to intermediate pCO₂, while EA did not show differences between treatments. Algae grown at a pCO₂ of 180 μatm (low) had a lower PUFA and AA content in relation to those at intermediate and high CO₂ levels at 14°C, but there were no differences in EA at 19°C for any CO₂ treatment. This study is the first to report adverse effects of warming and acidification on the EA of a primary producer, and corroborates previous observations of negative effects of these stressors on PUFA. Considering that only ~20% of essential biomolecules such as PUFA (and possibly EA) are incorporated into new biomass at the next trophic level, the potential impacts of adverse effects of ocean warming and acidification at the base of the food web may be amplified towards higher trophic levels, which rely on them as source of essential biomolecules.
Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers.

INTRODUCTION We examined whether an attentional bias modification (ABM) procedure would produce a persistent and generalizable change in attentional bias, and influence subjective craving and tobacco-seeking behavior, among tobacco smokers. METHODS Seventy-two cigarette smokers were randomly allocated to groups before completing a modified visual probe task in which their attentional bias for smoking-related cues was increased ("attend smoking" group), reduced ("avoid smoking" group), or not manipulated (control group). RESULTS The ABM produced the predicted changes in attentional bias, although these effects were short lasting, and there was no evidence of generalization either to novel smoking-related stimuli or to performance on a different measure of attentional bias (the pictorial Stroop task). ABM had no effects on subjective craving or behavioral measures of tobacco seeking. DISCUSSION These results add to a growing body of literature that suggests that a single session of ABM does not produce generalizable effects, and effects on craving and drug seeking are inconsistent across studies. Theoretical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Cell cycle regulation of mouse H3 histone mRNA metabolism

The mechanisms responsible for the periodic accumulation and decay of histone mRNA in the mammalian cell cycle were investigated in mouse erythroleukemia cells, using a cloned mouse H3 histone gene probe that hybridizes with most or all H3 transcripts. Exponentially growing cells were fractionated into cell cycle-specific stages by centrifugal elutriation, a method for purifying cells at each stage of the cycle without the use of treatments that arrest growth. Measurements of H3 histone mRNA content throughout the cell cycle show that the mRNA accumulates gradually during S phase, achieving its highest value in mid-S phase when DNA synthesis is maximal. The mRNA content then decreases as cells approach G2. These results demonstrate that the periodic synthesis of histones during S phase is due to changes in the steady-state level of histone mRNA. They are consistent with the conventional view in which histone synthesis is regulated coordinately with DNA synthesis in the cell cycle. The periodic accumulation and decay of H3 histone mRNA appear to be controlled primarily by changes in the rate of appearance of newly synthesized mRNA in the cytoplasm, determined by pulse-labeling whole cells with [3H]uridine. Measurements of H3 mRNA turnover by pulse-chase experiments with cells in S and G2 did not provide evidence for changes in the cytoplasmic stability of the mRNA during the period of its decay in late S and G2. Furthermore, transcription measurements carried out by brief pulse-labeling in vivo and by in vitro transcription in isolated nuclei indicate that the rate of H3 gene transcription changes to a much smaller extent than the steady-state levels of the mRNA or the appearance of newly synthesized mRNA in the cytoplasm. The results suggest that post-transcriptional processes make an important contribution to the periodic accumulation and decay of histone mRNA and that these processes may operate within the nucleus.
Site Versus Centralized Raters in a Clinical Depression Trial: Impact on Patient Selection and Placebo Response

The use of centralized raters who are remotely linked to sites and interview patients via videoconferencing or teleconferencing has been suggested as a way to improve interrater reliability and interview quality. This study compared the effect of site-based and centralized ratings on patient selection and placebo response in subjects with major depressive disorder. Subjects in a 2-center placebo and active comparator controlled depression trial were interviewed twice at each of 3 time points: baseline, 1-week postbaseline, and end point-once by the site rater and once remotely via videoconference by a centralized rater. Raters were blind to each others' scores. A site-based score of greater than 17 on the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS-17) was required for study entry. When examining all subjects entering the study, site-based raters' HDRS-17 scores were significantly higher than centralized raters' at baseline and postbaseline but not at end point. At baseline, 35% of subjects given an HDRS-17 total score of greater than 17 by a site rater were given an HDRS total score of lower than 17 by a centralized rater and would have been ineligible to enter the study if the centralized rater's score was used to determine study entry. The mean placebo change for site raters (7.52) was significantly greater than the mean placebo change for centralized raters (3.18, P < 0.001). Twenty-eight percent were placebo responders (>50% reduction in HDRS) based on site ratings versus 14% for central ratings (P < 0.001). When examining data only from those subjects whom site and centralized raters agreed were eligible for the study, there was no significant difference in the HDRS-17 scores. Findings suggest that the use of centralized raters could significantly change the study sample in a major depressive disorder trial and lead to significantly less change in mood ratings among those randomized to placebo.
Students' Perceptions of the Factors Leading to Unsuccessful Group Collaboration

A nationwide sample of university students completed a survey that asked questions about their perceptions of the factors that can cause problems which exist with online or general group work. Data were obtained from 173 students at more than 18 different universities in the United Kingdom. Three main problems that exist in group collaboration are identified through an extensive review of literature and addressed as problem scenarios in the survey. These include: poor motivation, lack of individual accountability and negative interdependence. Findings from the survey include that on average more than five factors are acknowledged by the students for each subcategory of problem, and for each scenario the factors that affect the group work are ranked by importance level. Furthermore, we find no statistically significant association between the students’ backgrounds and their perceptions of the factors identified.
Beyond the economic: Farmer practices and identities in Central Illinois, USA

This study examines the reasons farmers in East-Central Illinois continue to use controversial agricultural practices in the context of extreme criticism. Such practices – conventional plow tillage, application of potent agricultural chemicals, farming up to river banks – are attacked from diverse sources as inattentive to environmental conservation. Our results suggest these practices are important undertakings in the realm of constituting farmer identities that too few have realized. These practices, as meaning-laced endeavors, are revealed as performative acts that reinforce sense of farmer sense of self. We conclude that this reality is important to understand if policy is to effectively engage these farmers and their agricultural practices.
Information and timing in repeated partnerships

In a repeated partnership game with imperfect monitoring, the authors distinguish among the effects of (1) reducing the interest rate, (2) shortening the period over which actions are held fixed, and (3) shortening the lag with which accumulated information is reported. All three changes are equivalent in games with perfect monitoring. With imperfect monitoring, reducing the interest rate always increases the possibilities for cooperation, but the other two changes always have the reverse effect when the interest rate is small. Copyright 1991 by The Econometric Society.
Dual-Wavelength Imaging of Tumor Progression by Activatable and Targeting Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes in a Bioluminescent Breast Cancer Model

Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) has shown its appeal as a sensitive technique for in vivo whole body optical imaging. However, the development of injectable tumor-specific near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probes makes fluorescence imaging (FLI) a promising alternative to BLI in situations where BLI cannot be used or is unwanted (e.g., spontaneous transgenic tumor models, or syngeneic mice to study immune effects). In this study, we addressed the questions whether it is possible to detect tumor progression using FLI with appropriate sensitivity and how FLI correlates with BLI measurements. In addition, we explored the possibility to simultaneously detect multiple tumor characteristics by dual-wavelength FLI (∼700 and ∼800 nm) in combination with spectral unmixing. Using a luciferase-expressing 4T1-luc2 mouse breast cancer model and combinations of activatable and targeting NIRF probes, we showed that the activatable NIRF probes (ProSense680 and MMPSense680) and the targeting NIRF probes (IRDye 800CW 2-DG and IRDye 800CW EGF) were either activated by or bound to 4T1-luc2 cells. In vivo, we implanted 4T1-luc2 cells orthotopically in nude mice and were able to follow tumor progression longitudinally both by BLI and dual-wavelength FLI. We were able to reveal different probe signals within the tumor, which co-localized with immuno-staining. Moreover, we observed a linear correlation between the internal BLI signals and the FLI signals obtained from the NIRF probes. Finally, we could detect pulmonary metastases both by BLI and FLI and confirmed their presence histologically. Taken together, these data suggest that dual-wavelength FLI is a feasible approach to simultaneously detect different features of one tumor and to follow tumor progression with appropriate specificity and sensitivity. This study may open up new perspectives for the detection of tumors and metastases in various experimental models and could also have clinical applications, such as image-guided surgery.
Association of Physical Functioning with Same-Hospital Readmission After Stroke

Bohannon RW, Lee N: Association of physical functioning with same-hospital readmission after stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83:434–438. Objective:Readmission after hospitalization for stroke is an important outcome. We sought to document the frequency of same-hospital readmission and to determine the relative value of physical functioning as a predictor of the outcome. Design:Consenting patients (n = 228) who were admitted for ischemic stroke were characterized according to demographics, stroke severity, and self-reported prestroke and postadmission physical functioning. The hospital's administrative database was used to track readmissions during the year after index hospitalization. Results:Same-hospital readmissions were experienced by 37.3% of the patients. The readmissions usually occurred within 100 days of discharge. The most common readmission diagnosis was stroke (14.1%). Lower prestroke and postadmission physical functioning (as reflected by dichotomous Barthel index scores) were weak but significant predictors of readmission (r = −0.165 and −0.268, respectively). Regression analysis showed that once postadmission physical functioning was accounted for, neither prestroke functioning nor any other measured variable added to the explanation of same-hospital readmission. Conclusion:The importance of physical functioning goes beyond rehabilitation. It is a potentially modifiable variable with implications for readmission.
What help do users need?: taxonomies for on-line information needs & access methods

The feasibility of using a general on-line help taxonomy scheme as the starting point for our interactive graphical applications' on-line help specifications was investigated. We assumed that using such a taxonomy would make it easier for users of the help system, regardless of the application used. The literature, software conferences, trade shows, and the like point to enormous differences of opinion about what help even IS, much less how it should be designed, accessed, displayed, stored, or maintained. While much research described sound design principles and access methods, very little was available on WHAT to organize or access. Our effort on defining a taxonomy for online help was based upon three tests: • Testl, a Wizard-of-Oz usability study of an application that identified what types of on-line help our interactive software users actually ask for; . Test2, a test that validated a general taxonomy for online help content for help providers, based on the results of Testl, and a general taxonomy of access methods derived from these content types; and • Test3, a repeat of Test! , substituting a prototype help system for Wizard-of-Oz help that successfully validated the usability of both on-line help content and access taxonomies for help users. This paper summarizes the results of all three tests, highlighting the proposed taxonomies and key findings about them from Test2. Together, the results from all tests indicate that a general taxonomy of information needs and the taxonomy of access methods to particular information types make it easy both for help providers to understand what information they need to supply and for help users to find the help they need quickly.
Sharing Moral Values: Anticipated Ingroup Respect as a Determinant of Adherence to Morality-Based (but Not Competence-Based) Group Norms

This research examines how moral values regulate the behavior of individual group members. It argues that group members behave in line with moral group norms because they anticipate receiving ingroup respect when enacting moral values that are shared by ingroup members. Data from two experimental studies offer evidence in support. In Study 1 (N = 82), morality-based (but not competence-based) ingroup norms determined whether members of a low-status group opted for individual versus collective strategies for status improvement. This effect was mediated by anticipated ingroup respect and emerged regardless of whether group norms prescribed collectivistic or individualistic behavior. These effects were replicated in Study 2 (N = 69), where no comparable effect was found as a result of moral norms communicated by a higher status outgroup. This indicates that social identity implications rather than interdependence or more generic concerns about social approval or importance of cooperation drive these effects.
Changes in arterial, mixed venous and intraerythrocytic concentrations of ions in supramaximally exercising horses.

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Horses experience major perturbations in acid-base balance during supramaximal exercise. Ion movement in and out of erythrocytes (RBCs) is believed to be important in maintaining acid-base balance but it is unclear as to the extent to which this happens, nor how it affects single measurements of ion concentrations in arterial and venous blood. OBJECTIVES To clarify the role RBCs play in mitigating perturbations in acid-base balance during high speed exercise in horses, and to describe associated differences in arterial (a) and mixed venous (v) concentrations of key ions. METHODS Six exercise-trained Thoroughbreds galloped to fatigue at speeds calculated to have an oxygen demand that was 115% of the VO2max. Blood samples (a and v) were collected pre-exercise, during warm-up, at fatigue, and immediately post exercise. Packed cell volume (PCV), pH, PCO2, and plasma concentrations of bicarbonate (HCOP3-), chloride (Cl-), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and lactate (Lac-) and strong ion difference (SID) were determined, and RBC concentrations of Lac- and electrolytes calculated for each sample. Data were analysed using a 2-way ANOVA for repeated measures testing for effects of sampling time and site (P<0.05). RESULTS Plasma and RBC [Cl-] were increased with hypercapnoea and acidaemia. [HCO3-]v was greater than pre-exercise values at fatigue, although [HCO3l]a was lower. Hyperkalaemia and decreased RBC [K+] were evident at fatigue, as was an increased RBC [Na+]. Plasma [K+] started to decrease as soon as exercise ceased and Na+ began to move back onto RBCs in exchange for K+. Concentrations of all measures of Lac- rose from fatigue to post exercise. The SID decreased with exercise and was higher in v at fatigue and post exercise, reflecting the decrease in pH. CONCLUSIONS RBCs act as a repository for lactate, and therefore the increase in PCV facilitates the maintenance of the muscle to plasma Lac- diffusion gradient during exercise. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE This serves to keep intramuscular [Lac-] lower than it would otherwise be and, because of the link between Lac- accumulation, pH decrease and the onset of fatigue, may help delay the onset of fatigue.
Killing of Aspergillus fumigatus by Alveolar Macrophages Is Mediated by Reactive Oxidant Intermediates

ABSTRACT Phagocytosis and mechanisms of killing of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by murine alveolar macrophages (AM), which are the main phagocytic cells of the innate immunity of the lung, were investigated. Engulfment of conidia by murine AM lasts 2 h. Killing of A. fumigatus conidia by AM begins after 6 h of phagocytosis. Swelling of the conidia inside the AM is a prerequisite for killing of conidia. The contributions of NADPH oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase to the conidicidal activity of AM were studied using AM from OF1, wild-type and congenic p47phox−/− 129Sv, and wild-type and congenic iNOS−/− C57BL/6 mice. AM from p47phox−/− mice were unable to kill A. fumigatus conidia. Inhibitors of NADPH oxidase that decreased the production of reactive oxidant intermediates inhibited the killing of A. fumigatus without altering the phagocytosis rate. In contrast to NADPH oxidase, nitric oxide synthase does not play a role in killing of conidia. Corticosteroids did not alter the internalization of conidia by AM but did inhibit the production of reactive oxidant intermediates and the killing of A. fumigatus conidia by AM. Impairment of production of reactive oxidant intermediates by corticosteroids is responsible for the development of invasive aspergillosis in immunosuppressed mice.
Are Output Fluctuations Transitory?

According to the conventional view of the business cycle, fluctuations in output represent temporary deviations from trend. The purpose of this paper is to question this conventional view. If fluctuations in output are dominated by temporary deviations from the natural rate of output, then an unexpected change in output today should not substantially change one's forecast of output in, say, five or ten years. Our examination of quarterly postwar United States data leads us to be skeptical about this implication. The data suggest that an unexpected change in real GNP of 1 percent should change one's forecast by over 1 percent over a long horizon.
Higuchi Fractal Properties of Onset Epilepsy Electroencephalogram

Epilepsy is a medical term which indicates a common neurological disorder characterized by seizures, because of abnormal neuronal activity. This leads to unconsciousness or even a convulsion. The possible etiologies should be evaluated and treated. Therefore, it is necessary to concentrate not only on finding out efficient treatment methods, but also on developing algorithm to support diagnosis. Currently, there are a number of algorithms, especially nonlinear algorithms. However, those algorithms have some difficulties one of which is the impact of noise on the results. In this paper, in addition to the use of fractal dimension as a principal tool to diagnose epilepsy, the combination between ICA algorithm and averaging filter at the preprocessing step leads to some positive results. The combination which improved the fractal algorithm become robust with noise on EEG signals. As a result, we can see clearly fractal properties in preictal and ictal period so as to epileptic diagnosis.
Cranial Anatomy and Palaeoneurology of the Archosaur Riojasuchus tenuisceps from the Los Colorados Formation, La Rioja, Argentina

Riojasuchus tenuisceps Bonaparte 1967 is currently known from four specimens, including two complete skulls, collected in the late 1960s from the upper levels of the Los Colorados Formation (Late Triassic), La Rioja, Argentina. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the skulls of the holotype and a referred specimen of Riojasuchus tenuisceps and the repreparation of the latter allows recognition of new features for a detailed analysis of its cranial anatomy and its comparison with a wide variety of other archosauriform taxa. The diagnosis of Riojasuchus tenuisceps is emended and two autapomorphies are identified on the skull: (1) a deep antorbital fossa with its anterior and ventral edges almost coinciding with the same edges of the maxilla itself and (2) a suborbital fenestra equal in size to the palatine-pterygoid fenestra. Also, the first digital 3D reconstruction of the encephalon of Riojasuchus tenuisceps was carried out to study its neuroanatomy, showing a shape and cranial nerve disposition consistent to that of other pseudosuchians.
Mutual Cross Talk between the Regulators Hac1 of the Unfolded Protein Response and Gcn4 of the General Amino Acid Control of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ABSTRACT Hac1 is the activator of the cellular response to the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Hac1 function requires the activity of Gcn4, which mainly acts as a regulator of the general amino acid control network providing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells with amino acids. Here, we demonstrate novel functions of Hac1 and describe a mutual connection between Hac1 and Gcn4. Hac1 is required for induction of Gcn4-responsive promoter elements in haploid as well as diploid cells and therefore participates in the cellular amino acid supply. Furthermore, Hac1 and Gcn4 mutually influence their mRNA expression levels. Hac1 is also involved in FLO11 expression and adhesion upon amino acid starvation. Hac1 and Gcn4 act through the same promoter regions of the FLO11 flocculin. The results indicate an indirect effect of both transcription factors on FLO11 expression. Our data suggest a complex mutual cross talk between the Hac1- and Gcn4-controlled networks.