Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prosodic characteristics of American English in school-age children

This study investigated prosodic characteristics of American English in school-age children. Previous studies reported that children’s speech productions differed from those of adults in temporal and pitch aspects of speech prosody. The current study analyzed speech samples from 16 adults and 16 school-age children using both absolute measures (duration and fundamental frequency) and proportional measures (rhythm metrics and pitch range). The results showed differences between adults and children in absolute measures of temporal and pitch aspects of speech production, but these differences diminished in proportional measures. For temporal aspects of speech, absolute durations of children’s utterances were longer than adults’ utterances, whereas no statistically significant differences were found between adults’ and children’s rhythm metrics. Similarly, absolute fundamental frequency values were higher in children’s speech than in adults’ speech, but the pitch range did not differ between adults and children. These results suggest that children’s speech may be slower in rate and higher in pitch, but their prosodic characteristics may be similar to those of adults in the temporal and pitch aspects of speech prosody by school age.
Tuition Fees as a Commitment Device

This paper reports on a field experiment testing for sunk-cost effects in an education setting. Students signing up for extra-curricular tutorial sessions randomly received a discount on the tuition fee. The sunk-cost effect predicts that students who receive larger discounts will attend fewer tutorial sessions. For the full sample, we find little support for this hypothesis, but we find a significant effect of sunk costs on attendance for the 45% of students in our sample who are categorized as sunk-cost prone based on hypothetical survey questions. For them higher tuition fees can serve as a commitment device to attend classes.
Integrating Research and Teaching Strategies: Implications for Institutional Management and Leadership in the United Kingdom

The relationship between research and teaching has become a highly contested issue perhaps because evidence of synergy between them is modest and inconclusive. It could be argued that the separation of research and teaching is itself the result of policy and operational decisions made over some time to distinguish the way these activities are funded, managed, assessed and rewarded. Even if this were proven to be the case, however, this would not necessarily excuse higher education institutions (HEIs) from an obligation to maximise the beneficial relations between the two. This article explores whether institutions should attempt to do this and, for those that do, how this might be possible for institutional leaders and managers. It considers why the research-teaching link is problematic, the factors affecting whether positive links can be fostered and the implications for management and leadership in institutions and in academic departments. It argues that research, teaching and the relations between them are matters for strategic choices about the nature and future of an HEI and, ultimately, that views and actions on these matters reflect differing beliefs about the nature and purposes of Higher Education.
Barnard on conflicts of responsibility: Implications for today's perspectives on transformational and authentic leadership

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to reacquaint researchers and practitioners with Barnard's contributions to understanding of the moral conditions that underlie the authenticity of organizational leadership.Design/methodology/approach – The paper identifies Barnard's insights on leadership and uses them as inputs to theorizing about authentic leadership.Findings – As an outcome of theorizing, the paper identifies the conditions that are likely to lead to inauthentic, pseudo‐authentic or authentic leader behavior.Research limitations/implications – Examining authentic leadership from a historical perspective can open promising avenues for future research.Practical implications – Leadership development programs should incorporate concepts of responsibility and conflicts of responsibility in order to provide executives with the knowledge base required for ethical decision making.Originality/value – By placing contemporary discussion of authentic leadership in its proper historical context, scholars can.
Use of the KlADH4 Promoter for Ethanol-Dependent Production of Recombinant Human Serum Albumin inKluyveromyces lactis

ABSTRACT KlADH4 is a gene of Kluyveromyces lactisencoding a mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase activity which is specifically induced by ethanol. The promoter of this gene was used for the expression of heterologous proteins in K. lactis, a very promising organism which can be used as an alternative host toSaccharomyces cerevisiae due to its good secretory properties. In this paper we report the ethanol-driven expression inK. lactis of the bacterial β-glucuronidase and of the human serum albumin (HSA) genes under the control of theKlADH4 promoter. In particular, we studied the extracellular production of recombinant HSA (rHSA) with integrative and replicative vectors and obtained a significant increase in the amount of the protein with multicopy vectors, showing that no limitation ofKlADH4 trans-acting factors occurred in the cells. By deletion analysis of the promoter, we identified an element (UASE) which is sufficient for the induction ofKlADH4 by ethanol and, when inserted in the respective promoters, allows ethanol-dependent activation of other yeast genes, such as PGK and LAC4. We also analyzed the effect of medium composition on cell growth and protein secretion. A clear improvement in the production of the recombinant protein was achieved by shifting from batch cultures (0.3 g/liter) to fed-batch cultures (1 g/liter) with ethanol as the preferred carbon source.
Asset Prices and Business Cycles Under Market Incompleteness

In this paper, we study the quantitative implications of a real business cycle model where the firm is the capital owner, households are heterogeneous, and markets are incomplete due to restricted asset trade. Since, under these assumptions, the usual firm objective is no longer well defined, several non-standard objectives are incorporated into the model. These include variants of market value maximization and a utility function for the firm. We find that the presence of market incompleteness alters little the behavior of asset returns. On the other hand, the behavior of the macroeconomic aggregates is quite sensitive to the firm objective, which affects the capital accumulation path. In contrast to conventional findings, capital is not necessarily higher when markets are incomplete. In addition, the different capital accumulation effects imply that shareholders with different asset wealth might prefer different firm objectives. (Copyright: Elsevier)
The 'doctor' or the 'girl from the University'? Considering the influence of professional roles on qualitative interviewing.

BACKGROUND Qualitative research methods are now recognized as valuable tools for primary care. With the increasing emphasis on evidence-based medicine and critical appraisal of published work, it is important that qualitative researchers are transparent about their methods and discuss the impact of the research process on their data. OBJECTIVES To consider the impact of the professional background of researchers on in-depth interviewing in primary care. METHODS We compare interactions between the interviewer and respondents in two qualitative interview studies of heart disease. Both samples consisted of 60 middle-aged men and women from a range of social backgrounds living in the West of Scotland. One study was conducted by a GP and the other by a sociologist. RESULTS Some interview interactions were common to both researchers; for example, interviews were often regarded by respondents as therapeutic. However, some interactions seemed to be related to the researcher's professional background. The GP's perceived higher status led to obscuring of her personal characteristics. The sociologist was often perceived as a 'young woman' rather than defined by her professional role. Thus respondents' perceptions of the interviewer influenced the interview interactions. CONCLUSIONS Appraising qualitative research depends on the transparency with which the research process is described. Awareness of professional background is particularly important for university departments of primary care (which often include doctors, nurses and social scientists) and should be considered carefully in designing, carrying out and disseminating the results of qualitative studies.
The Psychiatric Cultural Formulation: Translating Medical Anthropology into Clinical Practice

This article reviews proposed revisions to the DSM-IV Outline for Cultural Formulation for clinical practice. The author begins by exploring the theoretical development of and assumptions involved in the Cultural Formulation. A case presentation is then used to demonstrate shortcomings in the current implementation of the Cultural Formulation based on older definitions of culture. Finally, the author recommends practical questions based on the growing anthropological literature concerning the interpersonal elements of culture and the social course of illness. A simple clear format that clinically translates social science concepts has the potential to increase use of the Cultural Formulation by all psychiatrists, not just those specializing in cultural psychiatry. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2012;18:73–85)
A Low Power, Fully Event-Based Gesture Recognition System

We present the first gesture recognition system implemented end-to-end on event-based hardware, using a TrueNorth neurosynaptic processor to recognize hand gestures in real-time at low power from events streamed live by a Dynamic Vision Sensor (DVS). The biologically inspired DVS transmits data only when a pixel detects a change, unlike traditional frame-based cameras which sample every pixel at a fixed frame rate. This sparse, asynchronous data representation lets event-based cameras operate at much lower power than frame-based cameras. However, much of the energy efficiency is lost if, as in previous work, the event stream is interpreted by conventional synchronous processors. Here, for the first time, we process a live DVS event stream using TrueNorth, a natively event-based processor with 1 million spiking neurons. Configured here as a convolutional neural network (CNN), the TrueNorth chip identifies the onset of a gesture with a latency of 105 ms while consuming less than 200 mW. The CNN achieves 96.5% out-of-sample accuracy on a newly collected DVS dataset (DvsGesture) comprising 11 hand gesture categories from 29 subjects under 3 illumination conditions.
Working capital management: a literature review and research agenda

Purpose - – The purpose of this paper is to review research on working capital management (WCM) and to identify gaps in the current body of knowledge, which justify future research directions. WCM has attracted serious research attention in the recent past, especially after the financial crisis of 2008. Design/methodology/approach - – Using systematic literature review (SLR) method, the present study reviews 126 articles from referred journal and international conferences published on WCM. Findings - – Detailed content analysis reveals that most of the research work is empirical and focuses mainly on two aspects, impact of working capital on profitability of firm and working capital practices. Major research work has concluded that WCM is essential for corporate profitability. The major issues with prior literature are lack of survey-based approach and lack of systematic theory development study, which opens all new areas for future research. The future research directions proposed in this paper may help develop a greater understanding of determinants and practices of WCM. Practical implications - – Till date, literature on classification of WCM has been almost non-existent. This paper reviews a large number of articles on WCM and provides a classification scheme in to various categories. Subsequently, various emerging trends in the field of WCM are identified to help researchers specifying gaps in the literature and direct research efforts. Originality/value - – This paper contains a comprehensive listing of publications on the WCM and their classification according to various attributes. The paper will be useful to researchers, finance professionals and others concerned with WCM to understand the importance of WCM. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no detailed SLR on this topic has previously been published in academic journals.
Quantitative comparison of service quality and recoverability measures

This study aims to empirically examine and compare the effects of perceived service quality (SQ) and service recoverability on customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions using data collected in the fast-food industry. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyse the collected data. This study contributes to an understanding of customer satisfaction and behavioural intentions in the context of service failures in the fast-food industry. An important result of this study was the validation of the use of the recovery scale as an alternative to the SERVPERF instrument for researchers and managers interested in SQ assessment.
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines for preventing vaccine-type invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia with consolidation on x-ray in children under two years of age.

BACKGROUND Pneumonia, most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pnc), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among young children especially in developing countries. Recently, the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Pnc has increased worldwide such that the effectiveness of preventive strategies, like the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) on rates of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia, needs to be evaluated. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy of PCV in reducing the incidence of IPD due to vaccine serotypes (VT) and x-ray confirmed pneumonia with consolidation of unspecified etiology in children who received PCV before 12 months of age. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the following databases: the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1 2004), MEDLINE (1990 to March 2004) and EMBASE (1990 to December 2003). Reference list of articles, and books of abstracts of relevant symposia, were hand searched. Researchers in the field were also contacted. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing PCV with placebo, or another vaccine, among children below two years with IPD and clinical/radiographic pneumonia as outcomes. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently identified eligible studies, assessed trial quality, and extracted data. Differences were resolved by discussion. The inverse variance method was used to pool effect sizes. MAIN RESULTS We identified four trials assessing the efficacy of PCV in reducing the incidence of IPD, two on x-ray confirmed pneumonia as outcome, and one on clinical pneumonia, with or without x-ray confirmation. Results from pooling HIV-1 negative children from the South African study with the other studies were as follows: the pooled vaccine efficacy (VE) for vaccine-type IPD was 88% (95% confidence interval (CI) 73% to 94%; fixed effect and random effects models), the effect measure was statistically significant (p <0.00001) and there was no heterogeneity (p = 0.77I2 0%); the pooled VE for all-serotype IPD was 66% (95% CI 46% to 79%; fixed effect model), the effect measure was statistically significant (p <0.00001) and there was no statistical heterogeneity (p = 0.09, I2 51%); the pooled VE for x-ray confirmed pneumonia was 22% (95% CI 11% to 31%; both fixed effect and random effects models) and there was no statistical heterogeneity (p = 0.80, I2 0%). Analyses that included all the children in the South African study (HIV-1 negative and HIV-1 positive children) and pooled with data from the other studies gave very similar results. REVIEWERS' CONCLUSIONS PCV is effective in reducing the incidence of IPD from all serotypes but exerts a greater effect in reducing VT IPD. Although PCV is also effective in reducing the incidence of x-ray confirmed pneumonia, there are still uncertainties about the definition of this outcome. Additional randomised controlled trials are currently in progress.
The groupoid model refutes uniqueness of identity proofs

We give a model of intensional Martin-Lof type theory based on groupoids and fibrations of groupoids in which identity types may contain two distinct elements which are not even prepositionally equal. This shows that the principle of uniqueness of identity proofs is not derivable in the syntax. <<ETX>>
The impact of risk and monitoring on CEO equity incentives

This paper uses a novel empirical setting to explore the association between a firm’s operational risk, managerial monitoring costs, and the level of CEO equity incentives. We investigate a sample of supplier firms that rely on a few large customers for the bulk of their revenues. We predict that supplier firms with higher customer concentration face both higher exogenous idiosyncratic risk and lower monitoring costs and, as a result, will rely less on equity-based managerial incentive compensation contracts. Our empirical results support this prediction. JEL classification: G30; D81; M40
Monoaminergic systems in the brainstem and spinal cord of the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans as revealed by antibodies against serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase

With the aim of gaining more insight into the monoaminergic regulation of spinal motor systems in the turtle, we have studied the distribution of 5‐HT (5‐HTir) and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity (THir) in the brainstem and spinal cord of Pseudemys scripta elegans. 5‐HTir cell bodies were located in the midline in nucleus raphe inferior, nucleus raphe superior, and laterally in nuclei reticularis superior and inferior and nucleus reticularis isthmi. THir cell bodies were located in the commissural nucleus, nucleus tractus solitarii, the locus coeruleus‐subcoeruleus complex, nuclei reticularis superior and inferior, the pretectal area, and substantia nigra, 5‐HTir and THir tracts were found in lateral and ventral bundles superficially in the brainstem.
Tomato allergy in children and young adults: cross‐reactivity with latex and potato

Background: Several studies have shown that allergy to natural rubber latex is associated with cross‐reactivity to certain foods such as tomato and potato. The objective was to investigate the clinical and immunologic differences between a group of patients with clinical allergy to tomato and latex and another which had only clinical allergy to tomato. We also aimed to assess, in vitro, the relationship of tomato and latex allergens, which could explain the cross‐reactivity.
Health advice and immunizations for travelers.

Each year, 1 billion passengers travel by air, and over 50 million people from industrialized countries visit the developing world.1,2 Travelers may be exposed to a variety of pathogens and risks, and 20 to 70 percent of people report some health problems while traveling.3,4 Overall, during international travel, 1 to 5 percent of travelers seek medical attention, 0.01 to 0.1 percent require emergency medical evacuation, and 1 in 100,000 dies.3 Although infectious diseases cause considerable morbidity among travelers, they account for only 1 to 4 percent of deaths that occur during international travel.5 Cardiovascular disease is the most .
Évolution de la pauvreté des personnes âgées et minimum vieillesse

La mise en place du systeme de retraite depuis 1945 a permis d’augmenter le niveau de vie des retraites. En effet, les pensions de retraite representent une part essentielle des ressources des personnes âgees. L’augmentation de la population couverte et du niveau des pensions a ainsi largement contribue a la baisse du taux de pauvrete des personnes âgees. En complement, le minimum vieillesse a ete instaure comme filet de securite pour les personnes âgees n’ayant pu se constituer une pension suffisante pour subvenir a leurs besoins elementaires. Les revalorisations successives n’ont pour autant pas toujours permis aux baremes du minimum vieillesse de se situer au-dessus du seuil de pauvrete monetaire.
Impact of War on Country per Capita GDP: A Descriptive Analysis

This paper provides evidence of the impact of intra- and interstate wars on country income. War data for 1970-2000 are obtained from the Correlates of War project and merged with national income data from the Penn World Table 6.1 and World Bank demographic data for 90 countries. The results show that no straightforward relationship exists between war and economic well-being, since war need not decrease GDP, and might in fact raise it. Civil war is found to generally reduce income (as in examples of Angola, Chad, or Congo), but in India war actually raised income. The effect of international war on the economy is more ambiguous: in Egypt, Iran, and Uganda, GDP per capita decreased during war time, but in Israel, Syria, and China, GDP per capita actually grew during war. The study also finds that negative effects of wars are stronger in the short run, and that low-growth countries engage in civil war, while high-growth countries fight international wars.
SNP Discovery and Haplotype Analysis in the Segmentally Duplicated DRD5 Coding Region

The dopamine receptor 5 gene (DRD5) holds much promise as a candidate locus for contributing to neuropsychiatric disorders and other diseases influenced by the dopaminergic system, as well as having potential to affect normal behavioral variation. However, detailed analyses of this gene have been complicated by its location within a segmentally duplicated chromosomal region. Microsatellites and SNPs upstream from the coding region have been used for association studies, but we find, using bioinformatics resources, that these markers all lie within a previously unrecognized second segmental duplication (SD). In order to accurately analyze the DRD5 locus for polymorphisms in the absence of contaminating pseudogene sequences, we developed a fast and reliable method for sequence analysis and genotyping within the DRD5 coding region. We employed restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA to eliminate the pseudogenes prior to PCR amplification of the functional gene. This approach allowed us to determine the DRD5 haplotype structure using 31 trios and to reveal additional rare variants in 171 unrelated individuals. We clarify the inconsistencies and errors of the recorded SNPs in dbSNP and HapMap and illustrate the importance of using caution when choosing SNPs in regions of suspected duplications. The simple and relatively inexpensive method presented herein allows for convenient analysis of sequence variation in DRD5 and can be easily adapted to other duplicated genomic regions in order to obtain good quality sequence data.