Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the relative effectiveness of high-intensity and low-intensity models of behaviour change communication interventions for abortion care-seeking in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: a cross-sectional study

Background This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a high-intensity model (HIM) and a low-intensity model (LIM) of behaviour change communication interventions in Bihar and Jharkhand states of India designed to improve women's knowledge and usage of safe abortion services, as well as the dose effect of intervention exposure. Methods We conducted two cross-sectional household surveys among married women aged 15–49 years in intervention and comparison districts. Difference-in-difference models were used to assess the efficacy of the intervention, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. Results Although both intervention types improved abortion knowledge, the HIM intervention was more effective in improving comprehensive knowledge about abortion. In particular, there were improvements in knowledge on legality of abortion (AOR=2.2; 95% CI 1.6 to 2.9) and nearby sources of safe abortion care (AOR=1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.3). Conclusions Higher level of exposure to abortion-related messages was related to more accurate knowledge about abortion within both intervention groups. Evidence was mixed on changes in abortion care-seeking behaviour. More work is needed to ensure that women seek safe abortion services in lieu of informal services that may be more likely to lead to postabortion complications.
A novel colorimetric assay of β‐D‐glucans in basidiomycete strains by alcian blue dye in a 96‐well microtiter plate

Basidiomycete strains synthesize several types of β‐d‐glucans, which play a major role in the medicinal properties of mushrooms. Therefore, the specific quantification of these β‐d‐glucans in mushroom strains is of great biochemical importance. Because published assay methods for these β‐d‐glucans present some disadvantages, a novel colorimetric assay method for β‐d‐glucan with alcian blue dye was developed. The complex formation was detected by following the decrease in absorbance in the range of 620 nm and by hypsochromic shift from 620 to 606 nm (∼14 nm) in UV‐Vis spectrophotometer. Analysis of variance was used for optimization of the slope of the calibration curve by using the assay mixture containing 0.017% (w/v) alcian blue in 2% (v/v) acetic acid at pH 3.0. The high‐throughput colorimetric assay method on microtiter plates was used for quantification of β‐d‐glucans in the range of 0–0.8 μg, with a slope of 44.15 × 10−2 and a limit of detection of 0.017 μg/well. Recovery experiments were carried out by using a sample of Hericium erinaceus, which exhibited a recovery of 95.8% for β‐1,3‐d‐glucan. The present assay method exhibited a 10‐fold higher sensitivity and a 59‐fold lower limit of detection compared with the published method with congo red. β‐d‐glucans of several mushrooms strains were isolated from fruiting bodies and mycelia, and they were quantified by this assay method. This assay method is fast, specific, simple, and it can be used to quantify β‐d‐glucans from other biological sources. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog. , 31:1526–1535, 2015
Gender Relations, Peasant Livelihood Strategies and Migration: A Case Study from Cuzco, Peru

Female peasants' participation in migration can best be understood, it is suggested, through an analysis of the role played by gender ideologies and practice in peasant household livelihood strategies.1 As gender acts as a major organisational principle in peasant household maintenance, it assigns labour and responsibilities over the agricultural cycle and the household developmental cycle. Individuals defined largely in terms of their gender roles, take on tasks and duties over their lifetimes, which are governed by a general cultural pattern. When this pattern is adhered to, it structures migration for men and women. In a minority of cases however, migration is a function of strategies, whether individual or household, which stretch these patterns and challenge traditional female roles. Female migration in the Andes, as in Latin America generally, is a neglected field for research. Women in Latin America make up the majority of rural-urban migrants yet the full implications for this for the peasant economy has not been explored. Previous research on female migration has tended to focus on the migrant women's urban experience. For example, work on female migrants in a number of Latin American cities has described the incorporation of women into the urban economy (both in the informal and formal sectors) (Bunster and Chaney, 1984; Smith, 1971,1976; Young, 1978; Arizpe, 1980; Lowder, 1973); their demographic characteristics (Bunster and Chaney, 1984; Harkness, 1973; Smith, 1970; Macisco, 1972); and their social mobility (Harkness, 1973; Smith, 1973; Whiteford, 1978). Such an urban focus is misleading for a number of reasons. Firstly, the movement of women is seen as the amorphous group of individuals, a group defined solely in terms of gender, whereas women's social roles are differentiated according to class, cultural identity, age and marital status. All of these factors influence migration and labour market participation. Secondly, past work has completely neglected the position of women in the rural areas, from which the women migrate. Beyond the studies of male migrant's selectivity (Browning and Feindt, 1969; Balan et al., 1973) and a few studies which mention in passing the women left in the rural areas as their husbands migrate (e.g. Bourque and Warren, 1981; Laite, 1985), no systematic work has been carried out on the rural context for female migration. Furthermore, the implicit assumption in these studies is of an individual
The Influences of Service Personalization, Customer Satisfaction and Switching Costs on E-Loyalty

This research investigates the interrelationship amongst the variables of service personalization, customer satisfaction and e-loyalty and the moderating effect of switching costs on the said relationships in the Internet banking segment in Hong Kong. Findings from 306 respondents confirm the significant positive effect of service personalization on customer satisfaction and e-loyalty, and customer satisfaction is found to have a positive effect on e-loyalty. However, evidence of switching costs as a moderator does not exist, suggesting that the effects of switching costs on the relationship between customer satisfaction and e-loyalty, and between service personalization and e-loyalty may be more complex than originally hypothesized. This research contributes to consumer marketing research in banking by adding empirical evidence of the positive role that service personalization plays on e-loyalty in the Internet banking sector.
On the social appropriateness of discrimination

We experimentally investigate the relationship between discriminatory behaviour and the perceived social appropriateness of discrimination. We test the framework of Akerlof and Kranton (2000,2005), which suggests discrimination will be stronger when social norms favour it. Our results support this prediction. Using a Krupka-Weber social norm elicitation task, we find participants perceive it to be more socially appropriate to discriminate on the basis of social identities artificially induced, using a trivial minimal group technique, than on the basis of nationality. Correspondingly, we find that participants discriminate more in the artificial identity setting. Our results suggest norms and the preference to comply with them affect discriminatory decisions and that the social inappropriateness of discrimination can be a moderator of discriminatory behaviour.
Self-Selected Intensity and Adherence in a Campus Recreation Center with Novice, Female Weight Lifters: A Preliminary Investigation

In response to reports of lower resistance exercise participation in college-aged women, the present, preliminary investigation sought to examine the popular recommendation that self-selected intensity can have a positive impact on resistance exercise adherence. Fifty-three novice female weight lifters were asked to complete three sessions per week for six weeks in a campus recreation center. Results support previous research that novice or untrained individuals do not appear to self-select an intensity that meets common resistance training guidelines for strength and/or hypertrophic gains, although only slightly missing this mark. No differences were found in self-selection between weight or instruction types. Unlike previous anecdotal suggestions, self-selected intensity was not related to adherence; the average attendance was approximately seven sessions. Attrition was linear, and by week six, 95% of all participants had dropped out. In conclusion, despite popular thought, the present results do not support the concept that allowing students to choose their own intensity, alone, will enhance adherence to resistance exercise. Collegiate recreational staff and administrators can use these findings for novel ideas and directed efforts to enhance resistance exercise efforts in women.
Uncoupling TORC2 from AGC kinases inhibits tumour growth

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of growth and metabolism. mTOR resides in two distinct multi-protein complexes – mTORC1 and mTORC2 – with distinct upstream regulators and downstream targets. While it is possible to specifically inhibit mTORC1 with rapamycin, or inhibit both mTOR complexes together with ATP pocket directed mTOR kinase inhibitors, it is not possible to assess the specific roles for mTORC2 pharmacologically. To overcome this, we have developed a novel, inducible, dominant negative system for disrupting substrate recruitment to mTORC2. Previously we identified the mTORC2 specific subunit Sin1 as a direct binding partner for AGC kinases Akt and PKC. Sin1 mutants, which retain the ability to bind Rictor and mTOR, but fail to recruit their AGC client kinases, inhibit AKT and PKC priming and block cell growth. In this study, we demonstrate that uncoupling mTORC2 from AGC kinases in DLD1 colon cancer cells inhibits Akt activation and blocks tumour growth in vivo. Further we demonstrate, using time resolved two-site amplified FRET (A-FRET) analysis of xenograft tumours, that inhibition of tumour growth correlates with the degree of mTORC2 uncoupling from its downstream targets, as demonstrated for Akt. These data add weight to the body of evidence that mTORC2 represents a pharmacological target in cancer independently of mTORC1.
Efficiently Computed Lexical Chains as an Intermediate Representation for Automatic Text Summarization

While automatic text summarization is an area that has received a great deal of attention in recent research, the problem of efficiency in this task has not been frequently addressed. When the size and quantity of documents available on the Internet and from other sources are considered, the need for a highly efficient tool that produces usable summaries is clear. We present a linear-time algorithm for lexical chain computation. The algorithm makes lexical chains a computationally feasible candidate as an intermediate representation for automatic text summarization. A method for evaluating lexical chains as an intermediate step in summarization is also presented and carried out. Such an evaluation was heretofore not possible because of the computational complexity of previous lexical chains algorithms.
Neurons in Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex Signal Postdecisional Variables in a Foraging Task

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) is a key hub of the brain's executive control system. Although a great deal is known about its role in outcome monitoring and behavioral adjustment, whether and how it contributes to the decision process remain unclear. Some theories suggest that dACC neurons track decision variables (e.g., option values) that feed into choice processes and is thus “predecisional. ” Other theories suggest that dACC activity patterns differ qualitatively depending on the choice that is made and is thus “postdecisional. ” To compare these hypotheses, we examined responses of 124 dACC neurons in a simple foraging task in which monkeys accepted or rejected offers of delayed rewards. In this task, options that vary in benefit (reward size) and cost (delay) appear for 1 s; accepting the option provides the cued reward after the cued delay. To get at dACC neurons' contributions to decisions, we focused on responses around the time of choice, several seconds before the reward and the end of the trial. We found that dACC neurons signal the foregone value of the rejected option, a postdecisional variable. Neurons also signal the profitability (that is, the relative value) of the offer, but even these signals are qualitatively different on accept and reject decisions, meaning that they are also postdecisional. These results suggest that dACC can be placed late in the decision process and also support models that give it a regulatory role in decision, rather than serving as a site of comparison.
Esa/p/wp.174* April 2002 Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs United Nations Secretariat Hiv/aids and Fertility in Sub-saharan Africa: a Review of the Research Literature

ii NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the present report do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries. The designations Adeveloped country@ and Adeveloping country@ are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. The term Acountry@ as used in the text of this publication also refers, as appropriate, to territories or areas. The present report has been reproduced without official editing. iii PREFACE The Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is responsible for providing the international community with up-to-date and scientifically objective information on population and development. The Population Division provides guidance to the United Nations General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Population and Development on population and development issues and undertakes regular studies on population levels and trends, population estimates and projections, population policies and population and development interrelationships. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has been a concern of the United Nations for many years, and in June 2001, the United Nations General Assembly held a special session to review and address the problem of HIV/AIDS in all its aspects. 1 The session highlighted the need to intensify international action and to mobilize the resources needed to fight the epidemic. As part of its regular work programme, the Division assesses the demographic impacts of the AIDS epidemic. Since 1992, the mortality effects of the AIDS epidemic in the most affected countries have been explicitly taken into account in each biennial set of population estimates and projections. As a backdrop to the United Nations General Assembly special session on HIV/AIDS, the United Nations Population Division published in English and French the most recent data on population and policies relating to HIV/AIDS in the form of a wall chart, entitled " HIV/AIDS: Population Impact and Policies 2001 ". The recently released publication " HIV/AIDS: Awareness and Behaviour " 2 highlights findings from a series of national demographic and health surveys that are directly relevant to the AIDS epidemic. This report reviews the theoretical frameworks for the analysis of the impact …
Inferences about mental states

Human social cognition relies on an ability to predict what others will think, feel or do in novel situations. Research in social neuroscience has consistently observed several brain regions that contribute ubiquitously to these abilities, including medial prefrontal cortex and aspects of lateral and medial parietal cortex. Interestingly, parallel work has suggested that this same network of regions subserves several seemingly distinct phenomena—notably, the abilities to remember the past, imagine the future and visualize spatial layouts—suggesting the existence of a common set of cognitive processes devoted to projecting oneself into worlds that differ mentally, temporally or physically from one's current experience. This use of self-projection to understand others' minds requires perceivers to solve three distinct cognitive challenges: (i) generating a simulated facsimile of one's own hypothetical mental states in a given situation, (ii) suppressing one's own current mental states, and (iii) deciding on the appropriateness of simulated states for understanding a particular other person. The present paper reviews recent psychology and neuroscience research aimed at understanding the underlying mechanisms that allow humans to solve each of these cognitive challenges to use self-projection to predict and understand the mental states of others.
Cancer therapeutic potential of combinatorial immuno- and vasomodulatory interventions

Currently, most of the basic mechanisms governing tumour–immune system interactions, in combination with modulations of tumour-associated vasculature, are far from being completely understood. Here, we propose a mathematical model of vascularized tumour growth, where the main novelty is the modelling of the interplay between functional tumour vasculature and effector cell recruitment dynamics. Parameters are calibrated on the basis of different in vivo immunocompromised Rag1−/− and wild-type (WT) BALB/c murine tumour growth experiments. The model analysis supports that tumour vasculature normalization can be a plausible and effective strategy to treat cancer when combined with appropriate immunostimulations. We find that improved levels of functional tumour vasculature, potentially mediated by normalization or stress alleviation strategies, can provide beneficial outcomes in terms of tumour burden reduction and growth control. Normalization of tumour blood vessels opens a therapeutic window of opportunity to augment the antitumour immune responses, as well as to reduce intratumoral immunosuppression and induced hypoxia due to vascular abnormalities. The potential success of normalizing tumour-associated vasculature closely depends on the effector cell recruitment dynamics and tumour sizes. Furthermore, an arbitrary increase in the initial effector cell concentration does not necessarily imply better tumour control. We evidence the existence of an optimal concentration range of effector cells for tumour shrinkage. Based on these findings, we suggest a theory-driven therapeutic proposal that optimally combines immuno- and vasomodulatory interventions.
Estimates for the green function and existence of positive solutions for higher-order elliptic equations

We establish a 3 G -theorem for the iterated Green function of ( − ∆ ) p m , ( p ≥ 1 , m ≥ 1 ), on the unit ball B of ℝ n ( n ≥ 1 ) with boundary conditions ( ∂ / ∂ ν ) j ( − ∆ ) k m u = 0 on ∂ B , for 0 ≤ k ≤ p − 1 and 0 ≤ j ≤ m − 1 . We exploit this result to study a class of potentials 𝒥 m , n ( p ) . Next, we aim at proving the existence of positive continuous solutions for the following polyharmonic nonlinear problems ( − ∆ ) p m u = h ( ‧ , u ) , in D (in the sense of distributions), lim | x | → 1 ( ( − ∆ ) k m u ( x ) / ( 1 − | x | ) m − 1 ) = 0 , for 0 ≤ k ≤ p − 1 , where D = B or B \ { 0 } and h is a Borel measurable function on D × ( 0 , ∞ ) satisfying some appropriate conditions related to 𝒥 m , n ( p ) .
Sticking with it: Psychotherapy outcomes for adults with autism spectrum disorder in a university counseling center setting

Young adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) experience high rates of comorbid mental health concerns in addition to distress arising from the core symptoms of autism. Many adults with ASD seek psychological treatment in outpatient facilities in their communities that are not specifically geared toward individuals with ASD. However, few studies have looked at the effectiveness of standard psychotherapeutic care in adults with ASD. This study aimed to discover how individuals with ASD fare in psychotherapy within a college counseling setting, compared to their neurotypical peers. Clients with ASD (n = 76) or possible ASD (n = 91) were retrospectively identified from counseling center case notes. Data from the Outcome Questionnaire‐45 (OQ) were retrieved for each therapy session as a measure of client distress. Clients with ASD showed no difference in level of distress at intake compared to their neurotypical peers (n = 21,546), and improved about the same amount from pre‐ to post‐treatment. However, students with ASD stayed in treatment for significantly more sessions than neurotypical clients, and took significantly longer to achieve maximum improvement on OQ reports. Results are discussed with implications for university and other community based treatment settings. Autism Res 2017, 10: 2048–2055. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing the immediate free recall of verbal and visuo-spatial stimuli : list length, capacity and output order effects in single- and dual-modality tasks

When participants are presented with a list of words, and are asked to recall the items in any order (Immediate Free Recall; IFR), they tend to initiate their recall with the first list item when presented with short lists and with one of the last four items in longer lists. Chapter 2 examined whether this tendency necessitates a language-based retrieval mechanism by replicating and extending this finding in verbal and visuo-spatial IFR. The observed similarities between the two modalities are argued to be reflective of either a domain-general retrieval mechanism that operates on all stimuli at all timescales, or two domain-specific mechanisms that operate in quasi-identical ways. To distinguish between these two possibilities, Chapter 3 compared capacity and output order effects in both stimulus domains in single- and dual-modality IFR tasks. The number of items recalled in dual-modality IFR suggest partially independent capacities, but the output orders across the two modalities were greatly constrained; findings that cannot be fully explained through either a domain-general or domain-specific framework. Additionally, participants' tendency to alternate across modalities may be due to one-to-one associations of auditory words with the contemporaneous visuo-spatial locations. Consequently, Chapter 4 examined whether this alternating output strategy is still present when list structure is completely randomised and the items temporally off-set. I argue that this tendency is not entirely due to some form of binding but may, at least in part, reflect the most efficient way of outputting a mixed-modality list. Moreover, the asymmetry in the recall accuracy of the two modalities is due to increased number of to-be-recalled stimuli rather than increased output interference. I suggest that overall, a domain-general approach, such as the Embedded Processes model (Cowan, 2005), coupled with a forward-ordered retrieval mechanism based on temporal grouping (Farrell, 2012) is better placed to account for these novel findings.