Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Two Sides of the Same Rupee? Comparing Demand for Microcredit and Microsaving in a Framed Field Experiment in Rural Pakistan

Standard models often predict that people should either demand to save or demand to borrow, but not both. We hypothesise instead that saving and borrowing among microfinance clients are substitutes, satisfying the same underlying demand: for a regular schedule of deposits and a lump-sum withdrawal. We test this using a framed field experiment among women participating in group lending arrangements in rural Pakistan. The experiment — inspired by the rotating structure of a ROSCA — involves randomly offering credit products and savings products to the same subject pool. We find high demand both for credit products and for savings products, with the same individuals often accepting both a credit product and a savings product over the three experiment waves. This behavior can be rationalised by a model in which individuals prefer lump-sum payments (for example, to finance a lumpy investment), and in which individuals struggle to hold savings over time. We complement our experimental estimates with a structural analysis, in which different ‘types’ of participants face different kinds of constraints. Our structural framework rationalises the behaviour of 75% of participants; of these ‘rationalised’ participants, we estimate that two-thirds have high demand for lump-sum payments coupled with savings difficulties. These results imply that the distinction between microlending and microsaving may be largely illusory; participants value a mechanism for regular deposits and lump-sum payments, whether that is structured in the credit or the debt domain.
Changes in Unemployment and Wage Inequality: an Alternative Theory and Some Evidence

This paper offers a model where firms decide what types of jobs to create and then search for suitable workers. When there are few skilled workers and the productivity gap between the skilled and the unskilled is small, firms create a single type of job and recruit all workers. An increase in the proportion of skilled workers or skill-biased technical change can create a qualitative change in the composition of jobs, increasing the demand for skills, wage inequality, and the unemployment rates for both groups. The paper provides some evidence that there has been a change in the composition of jobs in the U.S. during the past two decades.
Body Mass Index and Depressive Symptoms: Testing for Adverse and Protective Associations in Two Twin Cohort Studies

Studies have suggested both adverse and protective associations of obesity with depressive symptoms. We examined the contribution of environmental and heritable factors in this association. Participants were same-sex twin pairs from two population-based twin cohort studies, the Older Finnish Twin Cohort (n = 8,215; mean age = 44.1) and the US Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS; n = 1,105; mean age = 45.1). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Depressive symptoms were assessed using Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI; Finnish Twin Cohort), and by negative and positive affect scales (MIDUS). In the Finnish Twin Cohort, higher BMI was associated with higher depressive symptoms in monozygotic (MZ) twins (B = 2.01, 95% CI = 1.0, 3.0) and dizygotic (DZ) twins (B = 1.17, 0.5, 1.9) with BMI >22. This association was observed in within-pair analysis in DZ twins (B = 1.47, CI = 0.4, 2.6) but not in within-pair analysis of MZ twins (B = 0.03, CI = -1.9, 2.0). Consistent with the latter result, a bivariate genetic model indicated that the association between higher BMI and higher depressive symptoms was largely mediated by genetic factors. The results of twin-pair analysis and bivariate genetic model were replicated in the MIDUS sample. These findings suggest an association between obesity and higher depressive symptoms, which is largely explained by shared heritable biological mechanisms.
The software crisis in the Netherlands: a survey report

In IS literature, the Software Crisis is often mentioned. Since the Software Crisis was openly recognized in 1968, many solutions have been proposed to solve the problems of the Software Crisis. As can be concluded from the attention devoted to the Software Crisis nowadays in both theory and practice, the problems still exist and no comprehensive solution have been found. Notwithstanding the concern for the phenomenon, it is remarkable that an in-depth analysis of the Software Crisis is not at hand. Generally, the Software Crisis is described by some introductory explication and subsequently used as an incentive for research or "solution. " Therefore, insight in the problems, causes, extent, existence, and persistence of the Software Crisis is lacking. This paper provides an indepth analysis of the Software Crisis by means of an extensive content analysis reflecting the advent of the problems and by a description and the results of a sample survey research carried out in The Netherlands. In doing so, the paper contributes to knowledge pertaining to the Software Crisis and enables to assess the contribution and the restrictions of solutions proposed. Furthermore, based on the results of the study it is argued that the concept of flexibility seems fruitful to apply to the Software Crisis.
Assessing Impact of Urban Form Measures on Nonwork Trip Mode Choice After Controlling for Demographic and Level-of-Service Effects

The relationship between travel behavior and the local built environment remains far from entirely resolved, despite several research efforts in the area. The significance and explanatory power of a variety of urban form measures on nonwork activity travel mode choice have been investigated. The travel data used for analysis are from the 1995 Portland Metropolitan Activity Survey conducted by Portland Metro. The database on the local built environment was developed by Song in 2002 and includes a more extensive set of variables than previous studies that have examined the relationship between travel behavior and the local built environment by using the Portland data. The results of the multinomial logit mode choice model indicate that mixed uses promote walking behavior for nonwork activities.
Genetic diversity and floral width variation in introduced and native populations of a long-lived woody perennial

We demonstrate that invasive populations of Rhododendron ponticum in Ireland are genetically distinct from ancestral populations in Spain and produce flowers which have wider floral tubes. Although Irish populations are spreading and Spanish ones are declining, we found low genetic diversity among individual plants within populations in both regions, and limited between-population gene flow. Wider floral tubes may have evolved in response to novel pollinators in Ireland. Few studies examine invasive species in both their introduced and native habitats, but this approach is needed to understand invasive species evolution and ecology.
Can Machines Think? Interaction and Perspective Taking with Robots Investigated via fMRI

Background When our PC goes on strike again we tend to curse it as if it were a human being. Why and under which circumstances do we attribute human-like properties to machines? Although humans increasingly interact directly with machines it remains unclear whether humans implicitly attribute intentions to them and, if so, whether such interactions resemble human-human interactions on a neural level. In social cognitive neuroscience the ability to attribute intentions and desires to others is being referred to as having a Theory of Mind (ToM). With the present study we investigated whether an increase of human-likeness of interaction partners modulates the participants' ToM associated cortical activity. Methodology/Principal Findings By means of functional magnetic resonance imaging (subjects n = 20) we investigated cortical activity modulation during highly interactive human-robot game. Increasing degrees of human-likeness for the game partner were introduced by means of a computer partner, a functional robot, an anthropomorphic robot and a human partner. The classical iterated prisoner's dilemma game was applied as experimental task which allowed for an implicit detection of ToM associated cortical activity. During the experiment participants always played against a random sequence unknowingly to them. Irrespective of the surmised interaction partners' responses participants indicated having experienced more fun and competition in the interaction with increasing human-like features of their partners. Parametric modulation of the functional imaging data revealed a highly significant linear increase of cortical activity in the medial frontal cortex as well as in the right temporo-parietal junction in correspondence with the increase of human-likeness of the interaction partner (computer<functional robot<anthropomorphic robot<human). Conclusions/Significance Both regions correlating with the degree of human-likeness, the medial frontal cortex and the right temporo-parietal junction, have been associated with Theory-of-Mind. The results demonstrate that the tendency to build a model of another's mind linearly increases with its perceived human-likeness. Moreover, the present data provides first evidence of a contribution of higher human cognitive functions such as ToM in direct interactions with artificial robots. Our results shed light on the long-lasting psychological and philosophical debate regarding human-machine interaction and the question of what makes humans being perceived as human.
Parenting Practices and Gender Roles in the Modern Chinese Family: Interculturalism in Where Are We Going, Dad?

This article employs textual analysis to identify intercultural tensions in terms of parenting practices and gender roles in the reality TV series Where Are We Going, Dad? (2013–present, season 3). This article particularly explores authoritarian and authoritative parenting practices, parenting practices in interracial marriages, and new fatherhood and gender roles in modern Chinese families. I argue that the series is an ideal cultural site to witness the discourse of the changing parenting practices and gender roles in contemporary China and the broadcasting of it helps Chinese audiences understand both the merits and the weaknesses of traditional parenting practices as well as the importance of the father’s role in child-rearing and family construction.
CAM Size Reduction Method for Auto-memorization Processor by Considering Characteristics of Loops

We have proposed a processor called Auto-Memoization Processor which is based on computation reuse, and merged it with speculative multi-threading based on value prediction into a mechanism called Parallel Speculative Execution. The processor has table called Reuse Table for registering inputs and outputs of computation blocks. The table is implemented by a ternary CAM, and input sequences are stored onto the table. The past model cannot efficiently use Reuse Table entries because the purging algorithm for Reuse Table is too simple. This paper proposes a new algorithm for purging useless entries based on characteristics of loops. We also propose a new storing and searching filter against useless entries for loops. The evaluation result with SPEC CPU95 benchmark suite shows that these mechanisms allow Reuse Table to be implemented with a smaller CAM without any performance degradation.
The politics of opting out: explaining educational financing and popular support for public spending

In this paper, we address two empirical puzzles: Why are cross-country differences inthedivisionoflabourbetweenpublicandprivateeducationfundingsolargeand whyaretheypoliticallysustainableinthelongterm? Wearguethatelectoralinstitutions play a crucial role in shaping politico-economic distributive coalitions that affected the original division of labour in education financing. In proportional representationsystems,thelowerandmiddleclassesformedacoalitionsupportingthe establishment of a system with a large share of public funding. In majoritarian systems, in contrast, the middle class voters aligned with the upper income class and supported private education spending instead. Once established, institutional arrangements create feedback effects on the micro-level of attitudes, reinforcing politicalsupportevenamonguppermiddleclassesinpublicsystems.Thesehypotheses are tested empirically both on the micro level of preferences as well as on the macrolevelwith aggregatedataandsurveydatafromtheISSPfor20Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries.
The spread of emotion via facebook

In this paper we study large-scale emotional contagion through an examination of Facebook status updates. After a user makes a status update with emotional content, their friends are significantly more likely to make a valence-consistent post. This effect is significant even three days later, and even after controlling for prior emotion expressions by both users and their friends. This indicates not only that emotional contagion is possible via text-only communication and that emotions flow through social networks, but also that emotion spreads via indirect communications media.
Linking Stellar Mass and Star Formation in Spitzer MIPS 24 μm Galaxies

We present deep Ks < 21.5 (Vega) identifications, redshifts, and stellar masses for most of the sources composing the bulk of the 24 μm background in the GOODS/CDFS. Our identified sample consists of 747 Spitzer MIPS 24 μm objects and includes ~94% of all the 24 μm sources in the GOODS-South field that have fluxes Sν(24 μm) > 83 μJy (the ~80% completeness limit of the Spitzer/GTO 24 μm catalog); 36% of our galaxies have spectroscopic redshifts (mostly at z < 1.5), and the remaining ones have photometric redshifts of very good quality, with a median of |dz| = |zspec - zphot|/(1 + zspec) = 0.02. We find that MIPS 24 μm galaxies span the redshift range z ~ 0-4 and that a substantial fraction (28%) lie at high redshifts z ≳ 1.5. We determine the existence of a bump in the redshift distribution at z ~ 1.9, indicating the presence of a significant population of galaxies with PAH emission at these redshifts. The 24 μm galaxy population ranges from sources with intermediate luminosities (1010 L☉ < LIR < 1011 L☉) and low-to-intermediate assembled stellar masses (109 M☉ ≲ M ≲ 1011 M☉) at z ≲ 0.8, to massive (M ≳ 1011 M☉) hyperluminous galaxies (LIR > 1012 L☉) at redshifts z ~ 2-3. Massive star-forming galaxies at redshifts 2 ≲ z ≲ 3 are characterized by very high star formation rates (SFR > 500 M☉ yr-1), and some of them are able to construct a mass of ≈1010-1011 M☉ in a single burst lifetime (~0.01-0.1 Gyr). At lower redshifts z ≲ 2, massive star-forming galaxies are also present but appear to be building their stars on long timescales, either quiescently or in multiple modest burstlike episodes. At redshifts z ~ 1-2, the ability of the burstlike mode to produce entire galaxies in a single event is limited to some lower (M ≲ 7 × 1010 M☉) mass systems, and it is basically negligible at z ≲ 1. Our results support a scenario in which star formation activity is differential with assembled stellar mass and redshift, and where the relative importance of the burstlike mode proceeds in a downsizing way from high to low redshifts.
The Effects of an Academic Incentive Program on Sixth Grade Students' Attitudes toward Reading

The purpose of this study was to determine if the academic incentive program, ''Book-It," which advocates the use of pizza as an extrinsic reward for reading, would improve the reading attitudes of sixth grade students. In addition, due to the fact that the ''Book-It" program is voluntary, it was beneficial to note if a significant number ofreaders with poor attitudes participated, or were the majority of participants those students already possessing positive attitudes toward reading. The subjects were one hundred thirty-seven urban, heterogeneously grouped sixth grade students from separate middle schools. The students' ages ranged from 11-13. There were a total of eight classes involved in this study. Four of the classes participated in the ''Book-It" program (the experimental group), and the other four classes were not given any extrinsic incentives for voluntary reading (the control group). As a prepostattitude assessment, the Elementary Reading Attitude Survey was given to each of the subjects. Each teacher administered the Survey; however, the researcher collected and tabulated the results. Two separate t tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the first t test demonstrated no statistically significant differences on the posttest scores between the control group and the experimental group. The results of the second t test demonstrated no statistically significant differences on the pretest scores between those students who voluntarily participated and those who did not. The findings, consistent with previous research, support the claim that the use of extrinsic rewards do not improve students' motivation to read.
Tracking the internal waves in the South China Sea with environmental satellite sun glint images

The propagation of internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the South China Sea (SCS) was tracked using National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sun glint image pairs. The acquisition times of the two images comprising the same pair is usually separated by about 2 hours. Four pairs of images in May and August 2013 were analysed. The ISW phase speeds were derived using the horizontal displacement of the ISW patterns and the time difference between the 2 satellite images. The phase speeds were in good agreement with the theoretical calculations using the Sturm–Louisville (S − L) equation with a non-linear term. Monthly ocean stratification data and bathymetry were used in the theoretical calculations. The ISW phase speeds are mainly affected by bottom depth, with seasonal variations. The ISWs propagated faster in August than in May. Our results also show that the ISW propagation in northern SCS can be mapped using environmental satellite sun glint images in short period of time with the advantage of large scale.
Routing restorable bandwidth guaranteed connections using maximum 2-route flows

Routing with service restorability is very important in multiprotocol label switched (MPLS) networks, and is a necessity in optical networks. For restoration, each connection has an active path and a disjoint backup path. The backup path enables service restoration upon active path failure. For bandwidth efficiency, backups may be shared. This requires that at least the aggregate backup bandwidth used on each link be distributed to nodes performing route computations. If this information is not available, sharing is not possible. Also, one scheme in use for restorability in optical networks is for the sender to transmit simultaneously on the two disjoint paths and for the receiver to choose data from the path with stronger signal. This has the advantage of fast receiver-initiated recovery upon failure but it does not allow backup sharing. We consider the problem of efficient dynamic routing of restorable connections when backup sharing is not allowed. Our objective is to be able to route as many connections as possible for one-at-a-time arrivals and no knowledge of future arrivals. Since sharing cannot be used for achieving efficiency, the goal is to achieve efficiency by improved path selection. We show that by using the minimum-interference ideas used for non-restorable routing, we can develop efficient algorithms that outperform previously proposed algorithms for restorable routing such as routing with the min-hop like objective of finding two disjoint paths with minimum total hop-count. We present two new and efficient algorithms for restorable routing without sharing, and one of them requires only shortest path computations. We demonstrate that both algorithms perform very well in comparison to previously proposed algorithms.
Online signature verification using combination of two classifiers

The objective of signature verification is to distinguish forgery signature from genuine one. Online signature is the one which is registered through electronic devices such as digitizers and stored on computers in time sequence form. In this kind of signatures in addition to location information, time information such as speed and acceleration is stored. In this paper after accomplishment of some pre-processing procedures like normalization of signature size, smoothing and elimination of rotation on signatures using algorithms based on extremum matching of signals and ant colony, their time duration will be equalized. Afterwards, similarities between signatures will be determined using extended regression and finally will try to distinguish between forgery signatures from genuine one using support vector machine (SVM). The suggested online verification system is tested on SVC2004 signature set which is related to the first international signature verification competition and results are compared to respective results of participants. The results state that suggested method exhibits equal error rate (EER) of %4.3 in skilled forger group.
Putty‐Clay and Investment: A Business Cycle Analysis

This paper develops a general equilibrium model with putty‐clay technology, investment irreversibility, and variable capacity utilization. Low short‐run capital‐labor substitutability induces the putty‐clay effect of a tight link between changes in capacity and movements in employment and output. Permanent shocks to technology or factor prices generate a hump‐shaped response of hours, persistence in output growth, and positive comovement in the forecastable components of output and hours. Capacity constraints result in asymmetric responses to large shocks with recessions deeper than expansions. Estimation of a two‐sector model supports a significant role for putty‐clay capital in explaining business cycle and medium‐run dynamics.
Galaxy Formation by Galactic Magnetic Fields

Galaxies exhibit a sequence of various morphological types, i.e., the Hubble sequence, and they are basically composed of spheroidal components (elliptical galaxies and bulges in spiral galaxies) and disks. It is known that spheroidal components are found only in relatively massive galaxies with M=1010-1012 M☉, and all stellar populations in them are very old, but there is no clear explanation for these facts. Here we present a speculative scenario for the origin of the Hubble sequence, in which the magnetic fields ubiquitously seen in galaxies have played a crucial role. We first start from a strange observational fact, that magnetic field strengths observed in spiral galaxies sharply concentrate at a few microgauss for a wide range of galaxy luminosities and types. We then argue that this fact and the observed correlation between star formation activity and magnetic field strength in spiral galaxies suggest that spheroidal galaxies have formed by starbursts induced by strong magnetic fields. Then we show that this idea naturally leads to the formation of spheroidal systems only in massive and high-redshift objects in a hierarchically clustering universe, giving a simple explanation for various observations.