Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Occlusal traits of 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Parents' perception of orthodontic treatment need and satisfaction with dental appearance

This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of occlusal traits and to assess parents'/caregivers' satisfaction with child's dental appearance and perception of orthodontic treatment need in 4–5‐year‐old Estonians. Clinical records and plaster casts of 390 children (190 girls and 200 boys, mean age 4.7 years, range 4 ̶ 5 years) were analyzed. Assessed occlusal traits included deciduous canine and second molar sagittal relationship, overjet, overbite, crowding, midline diastema, crossbite, and scissor bite. Parents'/caregivers' opinions regarding their child's teeth were determined with a questionnaire. The most prevalent occlusal traits were symmetrical sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (78.2%) and molars (75.1%), Class I sagittal relationship in deciduous canines (69.7%) and midline diastema (67.7%). Asymmetrical sagittal canine relationship was registered in 21.8% deciduous canines and in 24.9% second deciduous molars. Parents'/caregivers' perceived orthodontic treatment need was related to Class III sagittal relationship in canines, increased overjet and overbite, negative overbite, and crossbite. Prevalence of most occlusal traits in Estonian children were in line with those reported in neighboring countries. Parents/caregivers were well able to observe occlusal traits that deviated from acceptable occlusion.
Education Review // Reseñas Educativas a Multi-lingual Journal of Book Reviews

and Linda Taylor take on an issue of great import, and succeed in tackling it thoroughly. Regardless of whether or not the reader agrees with the premise of this book – that mental health care should be integrated into school systems in order to give children (and thus society) a better (psychological, social, and academic) future – one cannot deny that the authors make a strong case for their contentions, and provide solid support for their premise. Adelman and Taylor argue that schools are primary resources for the overall well-being of our children and not simply edifices to which we send children to learn the 3 R " s. However, the authors also recognize that the responsibility of providing mental health care to children cannot and should not lay solely on the school systems, and even that such care cannot be optimized without the support of the community. As such, the authors offer this book as a solid resource that provides relatively specific suggestions and strategies on how community members and education administrators can successfully integrate a mental health agenda into the schools. Even as early on as in the title of this book, the authors make clear that the most successful, and certainly the most comprehensive, approach to students " mental health may in fact be a tripartite approach. Throughout the book, Adelman and Taylor describe each of these three prongs in detail, including suggestions about how we as a society – and individually as parents, teachers, administrators, etc – can go about solving these problems for our children and for their children. In particular, the authors open readers " eyes to the fact that improved academic performance is oftentimes a natural outgrowth of tending to students " mental health needs. Thus, they indicate that the two are intertwined; thereby preempting any criticism that such psychological care is outside the realm of the schools.
BugBench: Benchmarks for Evaluating Bug Detection Tools

Benchmarking provides an effective way to evaluate different tools. Unfortunately, so far there is no good benchmark suite to systematically evaluate software bug detection tools. As a result, it is dif(cid:2)cult to quantitatively compare the strengths and limitations of existing or newly proposed bug detection tools. In this paper, we share our experience of building a bug benchmark suite called BugBench . Speci(cid:2)cally, we (cid:2)rst summarize the general guidelines on the criteria for selecting representative bug benchmarks, and the metrics for evaluating a bug detection tool. Second, we present a set of buggy applications collected by us, with various types of software bugs. Third, we conduct a pre-liminary study on the application and bug characteristics in the context of software bug detection. Finally, we evaluate several existing bug detection tools including Purify, Valgrind, and CCured to validate the selection of our benchmarks.
In vivo Imaging of Oral Mucositis in an Animal Model Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optical Doppler Tomography

Purpose: To assess noninvasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical Doppler tomography (ODT) for early detection and evaluation of chemotherapy-induced oral mucositis. Experimental Design: Cheek pouches of 10 Syrian golden hamsters were imaged using OCT/ODT during development of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. I.p. injections of 5-fluorouracil and mechanical irritation induced oral lesions. At 2, 4, 7, and 11 days, one hamster was sacrificed and processed for histopathology. OCT images were visually examined; ODT results were semiquantified. Imaging data were compared with histologic findings. Results: During the development of mucositis, OCT/ODT identified the following events: (a) change in epithelial thickness (beginning on day 2), (b) loss of surface keratinized layer continuity (beginning on day 4), (c) loss of epithelial (day 4 onwards) and submucosal integrity (day 7 onwards), (d) changes in axial blood flow velocity (increased on days 2 and 4; decreased on day 7), and (e) changes in blood vessel size (diameter doubled on day 2; quadrupled on day 4; unchanged on day 7). The semiquantitative imaging-based scoring system identified the severity of mucositis as defined by histopathology. The combination of imaging criteria used allowed for the detection of early, intermediate, and late mucositic changes. Imaging data gave higher scores compared with clinical scores early on, suggesting that the imaging-based diagnostic scoring was more sensitive to early mucositic change than the clinical scoring system. Once mucositis was established, imaging and clinical scores converged. Conclusion: OCT/ODT identified chemotherapy-induced oral changes before their clinical manifestation, and the proposed scoring system for oral mucositis was validated for the semiquantification of mucositic change.
Essays in Changes in the Composition of Skills, Migration and Credit Access, and Entrepreneurial Productivity

This dissertation is composed of three chapters.In Chapter 1 I first document a slowdown in the growth of the level of employment in high-skill occupations in the United States beginning around the year 2000 that resulted in a slight decrease in the share of the working population employed in high skill occupations. I then show that this decrease is mainly driven by demographic changes associated with the exit from the high skill employment of the first baby boom generation, which had a high rate of employment in high skill occupations. Finally, I provide evidence that suggests that this exit from high-skill employment is not caused by a negative demand shock. The finding suggests that the US economy has experienced a negative skill supply shock and that the slowdown in the share of individuals employed in high-skill occupations will continue further. In Chapter 2 I estimate the effect of increased access to credit on migration from Mexico to the United States. A newly created bank that serves low and middle income clients, Banco Azteca, opened more than 800 bank branches in October 2002. I first provide evidence of increased access to credit and migration in counties in which the Bank opened. I then show that migrants are more negatively selected after 2002. However, this is not exclusive to counties affected by the opening of the bank.In Chapter 3, Pedro Aratanha and I match newly collected individual-level administrative data from Brazil's largest microlending institution to their clients' year, month, and municipality of birth data on rainfall to estimate the effect of in utero drought exposure on bank clients' business performance during adulthood. We find that being exposed to a drought is associated with about 2 percent lower revenue.
Beryllium abundances in metal‐poor stars★

We have determined beryllium (Be) abundances for 25 metal-poor stars based on the high-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectra from the Very Large Telescope/Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph data base. Our results confirm that Be abundances increase with Fe, supporting the global enrichment of Be in the Galaxy. Oxygen abundances based on the [O i] forbidden line imply a linear relation with a slope close to one for the Be versus O trend, which indicates that Be is probably produced in a primary process. Some strong evidence is found for the intrinsic dispersion of Be abundances at a given metallicity. The deviation of HD 132475 and HD 126681 from the general Be versus Fe and Be versus O trends favours the predictions of the superbubble model. However, the possibility that such dispersion originates from the inhomogeneous enrichment in Fe and O of the protogalactic gas cannot be excluded.
On Optimality Criteria for Age Replacement

Age replacement is a well-known topic in the literature of operational research and reliability. Traditionally, the probability distribution of a unit's failure time is assumed to be known, and the cost criterion is derived via the renewal reward theorem, which implicitly assumes that the same preventive replacement strategy will be used over a very long period of time. As an alternative, a one-cycle criterion can be used, aiming at minimization of costs per unit of time only over the period that one unit is in place. These two criteria are discussed and possible alternatives are also considered. Recently, the authors have presented a non-parametric predictive approach to age replacement, which is based on rather minimal assumptions for the failure time distributions, and provides full flexibility to the information from the process. The main conclusions from this research, where both the renewal criterion and the one-cycle criterion were also considered, are summarized. Further aspects related to age replacement are discussed, highlighting several interesting topics for further research.
Bayesian multimodal integration in a robot replicating human head and eye movements

Autonomous robots need to make sense of their surroundings, recognize objects, detect and, possibly, identify the people around them. Visual perception would be ideally suited for these tasks. Yet, visual perception remains one of the limiting factors of modern robotics: artificial vision systems tend to perform poorly in normal environments, where the scene and the illumination conditions are unpredictable. Evolution has faced similar problems, leading to surprisingly accurate visual capabilities, even in species with very small brains. We argue that the success of biological perception systems relies on three fundamental computational principles: (a) the continual coupling of perception and behavior; (b) the resulting emergence of multimodal cues; (c) and their efficient integration. Building on these computational principles, we describe a humanoid robot that emulates the dynamic strategy by which humans examine a visual scene. The proprioceptive and visual depth cues resulting from this strategy are integrated in statistically optimal manner into a unified representation. We show that this approach yields accurate and robust 3D representations of the observed scene.
Compassion Satisfaction, Compassion Fatigue, and Burnout: A Replication Study with Victim Advocates

Abstract Past research has investigated the rates of compassion satisfaction (CS), compassion fatigue (CF), and burnout within health-care providers. Findings indicate higher levels of CS and lower levels of CF predict lower rates of burnout. The current study extended prior research by replicating past research findings, but with victim advocates. This study enrolled a national sample of 142 victim advocates. A hierarchal linear regression was run to test the research questions. In level 1, years of experience was not significant and only accounted for 1.1% of the variance in burnout. When adding CS, the model became significant (p < .001) and CS accounted for an additional 51.8% of the variance. When CF was added to the final model, it was significant (p < .001), and accounted for an additional 19.3% of the variance. When comparing the findings to past studies, our findings were similar; however, our study did find that CS and CF accounted for significantly more variance than past studies with health-care providers. Therefore, CS and CF might be greater predictors of burnout in victim advocates than in health-care providers. Future studies should aim to create interventions to increase CS and decrease CF, to reduce burnout.
Sensory Axon-Derived Neuregulin-1 Is Required for Axoglial Signaling and Normal Sensory Function But Not for Long-Term Axon Maintenance

Neuregulin-1 has a key role in mediating signaling between axons and Schwann cells during development. A limitation to studying its role in adulthood is the embryonic lethality of global Nrg1 gene deletion. We used the Cre-loxP system to generate transgenic mice in which neuregulin-1 is conditionally ablated in the majority of small-diameter and a proportion of large-diameter sensory neurons that have axons conducting in the C- and Aδ-fiber range, respectively. Sensory neuron-specific neuregulin-1 ablation resulted in abnormally large Remak bundles with axons clustered in “polyaxonal” pockets. The total number of axons in the sural nerve was unchanged, but a greater proportion was unmyelinated. In addition, we observed large-diameter axons that were in a 1:1 relationship with Schwann cells, surrounded by a basal lamina but not myelinated. There was no evidence of DRG or Schwann cell death; the markers of different DRG cell populations and cutaneous innervation were unchanged. These anatomical changes were reflected in a slowing of conduction velocity at the lower end of the A-fiber conduction velocity range and a new population of more rapidly conducting C-fibers that are likely to represent large-diameter axons that have failed to myelinate. Conditional neuregulin-1 ablation resulted in a reduced sensitivity to noxious mechanical stimuli. These findings emphasize the importance of neuregulin-1 in mediating the signaling between axons and both myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells required for normal sensory function. Sensory neuronal survival and axonal maintenance, however, are not dependent on axon-derived neuregulin-1 signaling in adulthood.
PERCEIVING ETHNIC DIFFERENCES: CONSENSUS ANALYSIS AND PERSONHOOD IN WELSH-AMERICAN POPULATIONS

Author(s): Caulkins, D. Douglas; Offer-Westort, Molly; Trosset, Carol | Abstract: In a multi-site study of Welsh-American identity, informants were asked to rate the "Welshness" and "Americanness" of the behavior in a set of 21 scenarios, or brief narratives designed to exemplify Welsh and American personhood concepts. In addition, consultants were asked to rate how desirable or ideal the behaviors were, in their opinion. The Welsh-American population in the two sites, one in Iowa and the other on the Vermont/New York border, varied from low to high social visibility. Using consensus analysis of the scenario data, we test of a series of hypotheses concerning the perceived differences between "Welsh" and "American" personhood in high and low visibility sites and between the diaspora populations and the homeland of Wales.
Using programmer-written compiler extensions to catch security holes

This paper shows how system-specific static analysis can find security errors that violate rules such as "integers from untrusted sources must be sanitized before use" and "do not dereference user-supplied pointers. " In our approach, programmers write system-specific extensions that are linked into the compiler and check their code for errors. We demonstrate the approach's effectiveness by using it to find over 100 security errors in Linux and OpenBSD, over 50 of which have led to kernel patches. An unusual feature of our approach is the use of methods to automatically detect when we miss code actions that should be checked.
Nitric oxide stimulates 18F-FDG uptake in human endothelial cells through increased hexokinase activity and GLUT1 expression.

UNLABELLED The endothelium constitutes a functionally active organ critically involved in angiogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important regulator of vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis and stimulates glucose metabolism in certain cells. We thus investigated the effect of exogenous NO on (18)F-FDG transport in human endothelial cells. METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with the NO donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or diethylenetriamine (DETA), in concentrations of 1 micromol/L-1 mmol/L for up to 24 h. (18)F-FDG uptake levels corrected for protein content were determined by cellular radioactivity measured after 30-min incubation. Cells were evaluated for total hexokinase activity and plasma membrane glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) levels, and involvement of potential signaling pathways was investigated by cotreatment with respective protein kinase inhibitors. RESULTS Both SNP and DETA stimulated HUVEC (18)F-FDG uptake, which began at 16 h and peaked at 24 h. The increase in (18)F-FDG uptake was dose dependent, reaching 464.0% +/- 49.8% and 254.5% +/- 10.8% of control levels at 24 h with 1 mmol/L SNP and DETA, respectively. Exposure of HUVECs to 1 mmol/L SNP resulted in a 3.5 +/- 0.3-fold elevation in hexokinase activity (P < 0.01) and a significant increase in GLUT1 levels. SNP-stimulated (18)F-FDG uptake was abolished by cotreatment with cycloheximide, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin, or the protein kinase C inhibitor staurosporine. CONCLUSION NO stimulates (18)F-FDG uptake in HUVECs through an increase in GLUT1 expression and hexokinase activity, which appears to involve both protein kinase C and PI3K pathways.
Human Brain Language Areas Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) was used to identify candidate language processing areas in the intact human brain. Language was defined broadly to include both phonological and lexical–semantic functions and to exclude sensory, motor, and general executive functions. The language activation task required phonetic and semantic analysis of aurally presented words and was compared with a control task involving perceptual analysis of nonlinguistic sounds. Functional maps of the entire brain were obtained from 30 right-handed subjects. These maps were averaged in standard stereotaxic space to produce a robust “average activation map” that proved reliable in a split-half analysis. As predicted from classical models of language organization based on lesion data, cortical activation associated with language processing was strongly lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere and involved a network of regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Less consistent with classical models were (1) the existence of left hemisphere temporoparietal language areas outside the traditional “Wernicke area,” namely, in the middle temporal, inferior temporal, fusiform, and angular gyri; (2) extensive left prefrontal language areas outside the classical “Broca area”; and (3) clear participation of these left frontal areas in a task emphasizing “receptive” language functions. Although partly in conflict with the classical model of language localization, these findings are generally compatible with reported lesion data and provide additional support for ongoing efforts to refine and extend the classical model.
Pro-fibrotic pathway activation in trabecular meshwork and lamina cribrosa is the main driving force of glaucoma

ABSTRACT While primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, it still does not have a clear mechanism that can explain all clinical cases of the disease. Elevated IOP is associated with increased accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in the trabecular meshwork (TM) that prevents normal outflow of aqueous humor (AH) and has damaging effects on the fine mesh-like lamina cribrosa (LC) through which the optic nerve fibers pass. Applying a pathway analysis algorithm, we discovered that an elevated level of TGFβ observed in glaucoma-affected tissues could lead to pro-fibrotic pathway activation in TM and in LC. In turn, activated pro-fibrotic pathways lead to ECM remodeling in TM and LC, making TM less efficient in AH drainage and making LC more susceptible to damage from elevated IOP via ECM transformation in LC. We propose pathway targets for potential therapeutic interventions to delay or avoid fibrosis initiation in TM and LC tissues.
Exogenous lactobacilli mitigate microbial changes associated with grain fermentation (corn, oats, and wheat) by equine fecal microflora ex vivo

Cereal grains are often included in equine diets. When starch intake exceeds foregut digestion starch will reach the hindgut, impacting microbial ecology. Probiotics (e.g., lactobacilli) are reported to mitigate GI dysbioses in other species. This study was conducted to determine the effect of exogenous lactobacilli on pH and the growth of amylolytic and lactate-utilizing bacteria. Feces were collected from 3 mature geldings fed grass hay with access to pasture. Fecal microbes were harvested by differential centrifugation, washed, and re-suspended in anaerobic media containing ground corn, wheat, or oats at 1.6% (w/v) starch and one of five treatments: Control (substrate only), L. acidophilus, L. buchneri, L. reuteri, or an equal mixture of all three (107 cells/mL, final concentration). After 24 h of incubation (37°C, 160 rpm), samples were collected for pH and enumerations of total amylolytics, Group D Gram-positive cocci (GPC; Enterococci, Streptococci), lactobacilli, and lactate-utilizing bacteria. Enumeration data were log transformed prior to ANOVA (SAS, v. 9.3). Lactobacilli inhibited pH decline in corn and wheat fermentations (P < 0.0001). Specifically, addition of either L. reuteri or L. acidophilus was most effective at mitigating pH decline with both corn and wheat fermentation, in which the greatest acidification occurred (P < 0.05). Exogenous lactobacilli decreased amylolytics, while increasing lactate-utilizers in corn and wheat fermentations (P < 0.0001). In oat fermentations, L. acidophilus and L. reuteri inhibited pH decline and increased lactate-utilizers while decreasing amylolytics (P < 0.0001). For all substrates, L. reuteri additions (regardless of viability) had the lowest number of GPC and the highest number of lactobacilli and lactate-utilizers (P < 0.05). There were no additive effects when lactobacilli were mixed. Exogenous lactobacilli decreased the initial (first 8 h) rate of starch catalysis when wheat was the substrate, but did not decrease total (24 h) starch utilization in any case. These results indicate that exogenous lactobacilli can impact the microbial community and pH of cereal grain fermentations by equine fecal microflora ex vivo. Additionally, dead (autoclaved) exogenous lactobacilli had similar effects as live lactobacilli on fermentation. This latter result indicates that the mechanism by which lactobacilli impact other amylolytic bacteria is not simple resource competition.