Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Population growth and development: an unexplained boom.

The usual paradign of classical theory are unable to expalin an historical change as striking as the economic expansion of the poor countries. This failure is the result of 2 flaws in the initial approach. 1st, the "population question" is normally described as a race between 2 rates. Not only do population growth and economic development have common structural origins, but they are also both subject to dynamic and cumulative interaction. Consequently, a policy of improving cultural techniques, of building canals, or providing irrigation remove obstacles not only income growth but also to improved health conditions (resulting in further population growth). In turn, an improvement in health conditions is a powerful enough force to eliminate some traditional restraints on technological change and innovation. 2nd, the excessive attention paid to high fertility has led to neglect of the key role of declining mortality in today's population dynamics. A change in perspective has, from the economic standpoint, a decisive influence, for contrary to what was long accepted, the decline in mortality is far from an exogenous factor in economic development. On the contrary, a reduction in mortality is a precondition for long-term savings and private investment (because it extends the time frame of economic units). In this sense, income growth and population growth are linked a priori; they are 2 facets of the same phenomenon: development. Demographic growth and economic development are capable of reinforcing each other.
Worst-case robust multiuser transmit beamforming using semidefinite relaxation: duality and implications

This paper studies a downlink multiuser transmit beamforming design under spherical channel uncertainties, using a worst-case robust formulation. This robust design problem is nonconvex. Recently, a convex approximation formulation based on semidefinite relaxation (SDR) has been proposed to handle the problem. Curiously, simulation results have consistently indicated that SDR can attain the global optimum of the robust design problem. This paper intends to provide some theoretical insights into this important empirical finding. Our main result is a dual representation of the SDR formulation, which reveals an interesting linkage to a different robust design problem, and the possibility of SDR optimality.
Social Representations of Gender in Peer Interaction and Cognitive Development

The paper discusses how social representations of gender and their development in childhood relate to the structuring of communication on collaborative problem solving in the educational context and the consequences of such communication dynamics for learning and cognitive development. In the theoretical framework and the empirical work outlined an emphasis is given on the articulation of different levels of analysis (intra-personal, inter-personal, inter-group/positional and ideological/social representations) (Doise, W. 1986. Levels of Explanation in Social Psychology: European Monographs in Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) in a way that explanatory power is increased for understanding the often contradictory findings in the literature around gender talk in mixed-sex dyads in the educational context.
Luteolin Inhibits Behavioral Sensitization by Blocking Methamphetamine-Induced MAPK Pathway Activation in the Caudate Putamen in Mice

Goal To investigate the effect of luteolin on methamphetamine (MA)-induced behavioral sensitization and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway activation in mice. Methods Mice received a single dose of MA to induce hyperactivity or repeated intermittent intraperitoneal injections of MA to establish an MA-induced behavioral sensitization mouse model. The effect of luteolin on the development and expression of MA-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization was examined. The expression and activity of ΔFosB and the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (pJNK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (pp38) in the caudate putamen (CPu) were measured by western blot. Results Luteolin significantly decreased hyperactivity as well as the development and expression of MA-induced behavioral sensitization in mice. ΔFosB, pERK1/2, and pJNK levels in the CPu were higher in MA-treated mice than in control mice, whereas the pp38 level did not change. Injection of luteolin inhibited the MA-induced increase in ΔFosB, pERK1/2, and pJNK levels, but did not affect the pp38 level. Conclusions Luteolin inhibits MA-induced hyperactivity and behavioral sensitization in mice through the ERK1/2/ΔFosB pathway. Furthermore, the JNK signaling pathway might be involved in MA-induced neurodegeneration in the CPu, and luteolin inhibits this process.
Automatic Generation of Emotionally-Targeted Soundtracks

Music can be used both to direct and enhance the impact a story can have on its listeners. This work makes use of two creative systems to provide emotionally-targeted musical accompaniment for stories. One system assigns emotional labels to text, and the other generates original musical compositions with targeted emotional content. We use these two programs to generate music to accompany audio readings of fairy tales. Results show that music with targeted emotional content makes the stories significantly more enjoyable to listen to and increases listener perception of emotion in the text.
Allomorphy in the German genitive. A paradigmatic account

Abstract This paper investigates the distribution of the genitive singular allomorphs -es and -s in modern standard German, in the light of current theories of the mental lexicon. It will be shown, using current electronic corpora, that the preference that native speakers demonstrate for one genitive allomorph over the other is determined by a number of interacting factors: phonological, morphological, semantic and frequency-based, and that this preference should not be seen in terms of a simple two-way opposition but is a more subtle matter of degree. Primarily, the paper will argue that: i) the choice of genitive allomorph in non-derived nouns is determined by the token frequency of that noun; ii) the choice of genitive allomorph on the head of compound words is determined by semantic transparency, so that compound heads showing a clear semantic association with the corresponding free-standing noun mirror the behaviour of that noun with respect to their genitive form (e.g. Hundes ‘dog’ – Blindenhundes ‘guide dog’). By contrast, compounds with more opaque meanings tend to act as independent items with respect to genitive allomorph allocation. It will be argued that such data provide evidence for the wholesale lexical listing of genitive forms in the lexicon, which are related to other members of their (inflectional and derivational) paradigm by lexical connections of varying strength.
Subtypes of Students with Learning Disabilities as Derived from Cognitive, Academic, Behavioral, and Self-Concept Measures

Fifty-seven children with learning disabilities were subjected to cluster analysis in an attempt to identify subgroups within the larger heterogeneous LD population. Variables used for the analysis included language- and visually based cognitive ability, reading achievement, behavior, and self-concept. Based on this analysis, the following five clusters emerged (a) a group of language deficit children, (b) a group of visual deficit children, (c) a group with no notable deficits, (d) a group with very poor reading achievement paired with very high self-concept, and (e) a group of behaviorally disordered children. Two internal validation procedures demonstrated some degree of cluster stability. Also, two external validation procedures suggested that identified clusters were distinct on external criteria. Implications of this subgroup-formation procedure for instructional grouping are presented.
Elementary and Middle School Students’ Conceptions of Knowledge, Information, and Truth

Although the study of epistemic beliefs has received growing interest in the past decades, this research tends to focus on high school and undergraduate students, and does not address beliefs about information and truth, concepts that have been regarded as critical for learners in 21st-century educational contexts. In this study, the authors examined 87 elementary and middle school students’ beliefs about the definitions of and relations among knowledge, information, and truth through the use of a graphical and justification task, and addressed the consistency of beliefs across contexts and domains. Results indicated that students tended to regard knowledge, information, and truth as interrelated, and the majority of students described their beliefs as consistent across contexts and domains.
Too Close or Too Far Hurts

Groups encounter difficulties in becoming better than their individual members. This study assesses the nature of the relationship between cognitive distance (operationalized as the extent to which the best performing individual is detached from the rest of the group) and two types of group synergy: weak cognitive synergy (collective performance is better than average individual performance) and strong cognitive synergy (collective performance exceeds the performance of the best individual in the group). We hypothesized that the relationship between cognitive distance and group cognitive synergy has an inverted U shape and we test this curvilinear relationship in two studies using judgmental and decision-making tasks. The first study shows that cognitive distance is beneficial for both weak and strong group cognitive synergy up to a point and then it becomes detrimental. A second study replicates the findings only for weak and not for strong synergy in a task that evaluates individual and collective rationality in decision making.
Security Professionals for Hire: Exploring the Many Faces of Private Security Expertise

Private security companies (PSCs) do not merely provide protective services; they also sell specific understandings of the world and of security problems. Promoting their services, PSCs project images of professional security expertise. This article contributes to our knowledge of commercial security experts by analysing the ways in which images of expertise are constructed, focusing on the contracting of a PSC in 2008 by the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Drawing on material from interviews, the company website and the contracting process, the article explores ‘public’ and ‘professional’ self-images, and shows how these images differ in important respects, underlining the need to see private security expertise as multifaceted and contradictory. The article also reveals problems of using categories such as ‘public’ and ‘private’ when analysing private security, thus feeding into the debate on definition, and provides important insights into the potential role of PSCs in shaping understandings of, and decisions on, security issues.
Mapping Music Education Research in the UK

Over the past 25 years there has been an increasing and worldwide research interest in music education, embracing a range of disciplines and perspectives. As well as particular research foci on the nature of curricula, musical behaviour and development, new research literatures have been developed that link music education with ethnomusicology, psychology (including neuropsychobiology, cognitive and developmental psychology), history, sociology and philosophy, as well as with mainstream studies in pedagogy. This review creates a ‘map’ of these various and related literatures in order to (i) provide a summative overview of the current breadth and depth of available research knowledge for actual and potential users, and (ii) create a research development agenda that embraces indicators of possible research priorities for the immediate future. The review is also a celebration of the major UK impact on these research literatures. An introduction (Swanwick) leads into a series of linked overviews, focusing first on research concerned with individual musical development (Hallam and Lamont), then on the potential impact to musical learning of social group membership (O’Neill and Green) and schooling (Cox and Hennessy) and concluding with an ethnomusicological perspective (Farrell) and coda (Welch).
Tempo na ou da justiça criminal brasileira: uma discussão metodológica

This article aims to discuss the relation between time and Law. It arises from problems in the methodologies usually applied to measure the length of criminal prosecution in Brazil and it is important because the findings of researches about that subject depend on the methodological procedures chosen for the data construction and handling, showing different results and different phenomena according to the methodologies applied. The article does not offer a final conclusion about what is the best way to analyze time in judicial cases, but aims to contribute with the growing interest in the subject of measurement of Law's time, highlighting questions and alternatives for those who must deal with the problem of measure time in prosecutions, especially in Brazilian courts.
Building social and cultural capital among young people in disadvantaged communities: lessons from a Brazilian sport-based intervention program

This article explores the concepts of social and cultural capital as analytical tools for investigating the capacity of sport-based intervention programs to contribute to the personal, social and professional development of disadvantaged young people. It draws on survey data (n=129) and qualitative interviews (n=53) with participants of the Vencer program in Rio de Janeiro to examine how the program impacts on participants’ personal and skill development and social connectedness. Surveys (n=28) and interviews (n=36) with stakeholders provide additional perspectives on the program's impact on participants. It is argued that the program's contribution to the development of social and cultural capital is closely associated with its ability to develop linkages with multiple institutional agents and the provision of a facilitating institutional context which enables young people to get to know one another and broaden their social horizons.
University Faculty Attitudes on Affirmative Action Principles Toward Faculty and Students

Despite its relatively short history, policies connected with Affirmative Action have endured a controversial social, political, and legal past. Higher education has witnessed much of this controversy firsthand. Because the venue of many Affirmative Action battles has been waged within educational settings, faculty in higher education are uniquely positioned because they are integrally involved in decisions regarding faculty hiring as well as student admissions, particularly at the graduate level. Therefore, this study examined the attitudes of faculty toward Affirmative Action principles and reverse discrimination as they might apply to students and faculty colleagues, with particular attention to which concepts were more supported. Results from 428 faculty indicated general support for diversity, although specific concerns were raised regarding reverse discrimination and the appropriateness of targeting persons of color or women. The most favorable attitudes supported students with demonstrated financial need. Potential future approaches to Affirmative Action in higher education are discussed.
The World Café in Singapore

The World Café is a simple yet powerful conversational process that helps people engage in constructive dialogue, build personal relationships, foster collaborative learning, and discover newpossibilities for action. Café dialogues enable large groups, often hundreds of people, to think together creatively as part of a single, connected conversation. It has been used by tens of thousands of people on six continents in business, government, health, education, nongovernmental organization (NGO), and community settings. This article describes the range and spread of the World Café in Singapore as part of that nation’s effort to create a national learning culture and to transition from a top-down to a more open and inclusive society. In a multiracial and multireligious setting involving diverse national objectives and multiple levels of the hierarchy, the World Café is making a unique contribution to this young nation’s future.
Atmospherics on tour operators’ websites: Website features that stimulate emotional response

The purpose of this article is to identify atmospherics, i.e. website features that stimulate emotional response, on tour operators’ websites. The discussion about website quality has been biased towards the functional, utility dimensions, although the importance of the emotional aspects has been recognized in previous studies. This article advances the discussion about website quality by proposing a model which links atmospherics to emotional response. An interview guide based on the PAD-structure of Mehrabian and Russell is used in this exploratory study. The taxonomy of atmospherics identified is complex and very much individual. The two most important atmospherics are pictures, and information content and structure. The results also indicate that the mere act of visiting a tour operator’s website, and getting involved in the decision making process, stimulates emotional responses. A new Atmospheric-Response model is presented.
LMX and Subordinate Political Skill: Direct and Interactive Effects on Turnover Intentions and Job Satisfaction

Previous research has demonstrated a positive relationship between leader–member exchange (LMX) quality and positive outcomes. However, little is known about how the dispositional variable of subordinate political skill impacts LMX–consequence relationships. Thus, this study investigated this interaction in predicting turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Additionally, we employed a relatively unexamined multidimensional measure of LMX, which could then help to establish the generalizability of outcomes related to LMX. We investigated these hypotheses in a sample of 239 working employees, and found support for the moderating role of subordinate political skill. jasp_530 2373.2395 The relationship between supervisors and their subordinates has received extensive research attention, as exchanges with supervisors are often the most important workplace relationship for employees (e.g., Manzoni & Barsoux, 2002). Leader–member exchange (LMX) theory, which focuses on the unique relationship between subordinates and their supervisors, has provided a useful framework for examining these relationships and has been the focus of numerous empirical studies (for a meta-analytic review, see Gerstner & Day, 1997). Studies have established that LMX relationship quality is positively related to a number of desired outcomes (Gerstner & Day, 1997). However, numerous organizational scholars have suggested that the effect of LMX on these outcomes is more complicated than direct effects. Researchers have asked for future investigations to examine important moderators (e.g., Schriesheim, Castro, & Cogliser, 1999). In this study, we examine subordinate political skill, which is the ability to understand workplace interactions and to use that knowledge to help in influencing the surrounding work environment (Ahearn, Ferris, Hochwarter, Douglas, & Ammeter, 2004) as a moderator of the relationships between LMX and the outcomes of turnover intentions and job satisfaction.
Cultivo intensivo de camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) en agua de pozo de baja salinidad como alternativa acuícola para zonas de alta marginación

In pour areas, forward the coast zone, an alternative of relevant importance is shrimp farming of Litopenaeus vannamei. This study is focused on determining the potential of four different sources of groundwater of low salinity located in different regions (T1), 25.43° N, 108.44° W; ((T2), 25.48° N, 108.37° W; (T3), 25.60° N, 108.40° W y (T4) 25.64° N, 108.51° W) of Guasave, Sinaloa, to culture the white shrimp. A pilot crop cycle was completed, with each of the four sources of water for 12 weeks, and a testing crop with seawater. Three replicates for each treatment with 200 shimp/m2 each. The results showed that the ionic composition of the different sources of water were high in bicarbonate (268 to 314.0 mg/L) and low potassium (0.58 to 4.74 mg/L). An average weight did not present statistically significant differences between treatments managed with the four sources of groundwater, but between these treatments and the seawater assay, this last treatment has a higher final mean weight (8.75 g). Source T3 has the lowest growth (6.78 g). Differences in the concentration of some ions of the different sources of water do not alter shrimp survival and final. Although shrimp culture in seawater had better values. This results show that it is possible to culture shrimp into groundwater of low salinity, as alternatives to increase employment level and income for the people of these areas.
Drinking Drivers: The Limits to Deterrence

: Both the 1982 and 1984 British Crime Surveys included questions about drinking and driving. These findings have been used to show that -for a significant minority of drivers -manipulating drink-driving laws and their enforcement probably represents an ineffective crime control strategy. The deterrent impact of legal sanctions is likely to be blunted by drivers'failure to recognise that they are committing an offence, by their failure to regard the offence in a serious light or by their limited understanding of the severity of legal penalties. Moreover, the difficulties of sustaining reductions in drink-driving in response to perceived increases in enforcement suggest that a broader-based approach to the problem posed by drinking drivers needs to be identified. The final section of the paper puts forward a number of initiatives which could have some long-term effect on the incidence of offending.
Lithium neuroprotection: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

Lithium has emerged as a neuroprotective agent efficacious in preventing apoptosis-dependent cellular death. Lithium neuroprotection is provided through multiple, intersecting mechanisms, although how lithium interacts with these mechanisms is still under investigation. Lithium increases cell survival by inducing brain-derived neurotrophic factor and thereby stimulating activity in anti-apoptotic pathways, including the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In addition, lithium reduces pro-apoptotic function by directly and indirectly inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3β activity and indirectly inhibiting N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor-mediated calcium influx. Lithium-induced regulation of anti- and pro-apoptotic pathways alters a wide variety of downstream effectors, including β-catenin, heat shock factor 1, activator protein 1, cAMP-response-element-binding protein, and the Bcl-2 protein family. Lithium neuroprotection has a wide variety of clinical implications. Beyond its present use in bipolar mood disorder, lithium's neuroprotective abilities imply that it could be used to treat or prevent brain damage following traumatic injury, such as stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases.