Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
On the third order helicity of magnetic fields on invariant domains in $S^3$

We introduce an alternative approach to the third order helicity of a volume preserving vector field X. The proposed approach exploits correspondence between the Milnor ¯ µ 123-invariant for 3-component links and the homotopy invariants of maps to configuration spaces, and we provide a simple geometric proof of this fact in the case of borromean links. Based on these connections we develop a formulation for the third order helicity of X on invariant unlinked domains of X, and provide Arnold's style er-godic interpretation of this invariant as an average asymptotic ¯ µ 123-invariant of orbits of X. We also obtain a lower bound for the L 2-energy of X.
The Design of Haptic Gas Pedal Feedback to Support Eco-Driving

Previous literature suggests that haptic gas pedals can assist the driver in search of maximum fuel economy. This study investigated three haptic pedal designs, each with high and low intensities of feedback, in a rapid prototyping, paired comparison design. Twenty drivers took part, experiencing the systems in a high-fidelity driving simulator. Results suggested that drivers were best guided towards an “idealized” (most fuel efficient) gas pedal position by force feedback (where a driver feels a step change in gas pedal force) as opposed to stiffness feedback (where a driver feels a changing gas pedal firmness). In either case, high levels of force/stiffness feedback were preferred. Objective performance measures mirrored the subjective results. Whilst the short-term nature (brief system exposure) of this study led to difficulties in drawing longer-term conclusions, it would appear that force feedback haptics are better suited than stiffness feedback to augment an effective driver interface supporting “green” driving.
Mortality after Fluid Bolus in Children with Shock Due to Sepsis or Severe Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Introduction Sepsis is one of the leading causes of childhood mortality, yet controversy surrounds the current treatment approach. We conducted a systematic review to assess the evidence base for fluid resuscitation in the treatment of children with shock due to sepsis or severe infection. Methods We searched 3 databases for randomized trials, quasi-randomized trials, and controlled before-after studies assessing children with septic shock in which at least one group was treated with bolus fluids. The primary outcome was mortality at 48 hours. Assessment of methodological quality followed the GRADE criteria. Relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated and data pooled using fixed-effects method. Results 13 studies met our inclusion criteria. No bolus has significantly better mortality outcomes at 48 hours for children with general septic shock (RR 0.69; 95%CI 0.54–0.89), and children with malaria (RR 0.64; 95%CI 0.45–0.91) when compared to giving any bolus. This result is largely driven by a single, high quality trial (the FEAST trial). There is no evidence investigating bolus vs no bolus in children with Dengue fever or severe malnutrition. Colloid and crystalloid boluses were found to have similar effects on mortality across all sub-groups (general septic shock, malaria, Dengue fever, and severe malnutrition). Conclusions The majority of all randomized evidence to date comes from the FEAST trial, which found that fluid boluses were harmful compared to no bolus. Simple algorithms are needed to support health-care providers in the triage of patients to determine who could potentially be harmed by the provision of bolus fluids, and who will benefit.
Symbolic Metal Bit and Saddlebag Fastenings in a Middle Bronze Age Donkey Burial

Here we report the unprecedented discovery of the skeleton of a ritually interred donkey with a metal horse bit in association with its teeth and saddlebag fastenings on its back. This discovery in the Middle Bronze Age III sacred precinct (1700/1650-1550 BCE) at Tel Haror, Israel, presents a unique combination of evidence for the early employment of equid harnessing equipment, both for chariot bridling (horse bit) and pack animals (saddlebags). The ritually deposited donkey with its unique accoutrements advances our understanding of the broad social and religious significance of equids in the Levantine Bronze Age, previously known mainly from textual and iconographical sources.
Scene Representations in Parahippocampal Cortex Depend on Temporal Context

Human perception is supported by regions of ventral visual cortex that become active when specific types of information appear in the environment. This coupling has led to a common assumption in cognitive neuroscience that stimulus-evoked activity in these regions only reflects information about the current stimulus. Here we challenge this assumption for how scenes are represented in a scene-selective region of parahippocampal cortex. This region treated two identical scenes as more similar when they were preceded in time by the same stimuli compared to when they were preceded by different stimuli. These findings suggest that parahippocampal cortex embeds scenes in their temporal context to determine what they represent. By integrating the past and present, such representations may support the encoding and navigation of complex environments.
Facial Image Compression using Patch-Ordering-Based Adaptive Wavelet Transform

Compression of frontal facial images is an appealing and important application. Recent work has shown that specially tailored algorithms for this task can lead to performance far exceeding JPEG2000. This letter proposes a novel such compression algorithm, exploiting our recently developed redundant tree-based wavelet transform. Originally meant for functions defined on graphs and cloud of points, this new transform has been shown to be highly effective as an image adaptive redundant and multi-scale decomposition. The key concept behind this method is reordering of the image pixels so as to form a highly smooth 1D signal that can be sparsified by a regular wavelet. In this work we bring this image adaptive transform to the realm of compression of aligned frontal facial images. Given a training set of such images, the transform is designed to best sparsify the whole set using a common feature-ordering. Our compression scheme consists of sparse coding using the transform, followed by entropy coding of the obtained coefficients. The inverse transform and a post-processing stage are used to decode the compressed image. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme and compare it to other competing algorithms.
Switching from tenofovir to abacavir in HIV-1-infected patients with low bone mineral density: changes in bone turnover markers and circulating sclerostin levels.

BACKGROUND Tenofovir is involved in accelerated bone mineral density (BMD) loss. METHODS We recently published a hip BMD improvement at week 48 [+2.1% (95% CI: -0.6, 4.7) (P = 0.043)] in HIV-infected patients with osteopenia/osteoporosis randomized to switch from tenofovir to abacavir (n = 26), although without reaching statistical significance compared with those who maintained tenofovir (n = 28). Here, we present changes at week 48 in bone markers [C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type 1 (CTX), osteocalcin and procollagen type 1 N propeptide (P1NP)] as well as in circulating levels of three proteins involved in bone regulation [osteoprotegerin, receptor activator for NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and sclerostin, a selective regulator of bone formation through the Wnt pathway] in 44 of these patients. χ(2) or Fisher and Student t-tests were performed according to the distribution of the variables. RESULTS Bone markers decreased only in the abacavir group [mean (SD) CTX changed from 0.543 (0.495) to 0.301 (0.306) ng/mL; mean (SD) osteocalcin changed from 23.72 (22.20) to 13.95 (12.40) ng/mL; and mean (SD) P1NP changed from 54.68 (54.52) to 28.65 (27.48) ng/mL (P < 0.001 in all cases)], reaching statistical significance between the groups at week 48. Osteoprotegerin did not vary, but sclerostin significantly increased in the abacavir group [from 29.53 (27.91) to 35.56 (34.59) pmol/L, P = 0.002]. No significant differences in osteoprotegerin and sclerostin were detected between the groups at week 48. RANKL values were below the limit of detection in all samples. CONCLUSIONS The switch from tenofovir to abacavir seems to induce a positive effect on bone tissue, since bone turnover markers decreased. In addition, circulating sclerostin levels increased, a change associated with improved bone properties.
Features for speaker localization in multichannel bilateral hearing aids

Modern hearing aids often contain multiple microphones to enable the use of spatial filtering techniques for signal enhancement. To steer the spatial filtering algorithm it is necessary to localize sources of interest, which can be intelligently achieved using computational auditory scene analysis (CASA). In this article, we describe a CASA system using a binaural auditory processing model that has been extended to six channels to allow reliable localization in both azimuth and elevation, thus also distinguishing between front and back. The features used to estimate the direction are one level difference and five inter-microphone time differences of arrival (TDOA). Initial experiments are presented that show the localization errors that can be expected with this set of features on a typical multichannel hearing aid in anechoic conditions with diffuse noise.
Structural Elucidation and Functional Characterization of the Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Effector Protein ATR13

The oomycete Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is the causal agent of downy mildew on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and has been adapted as a model system to investigate pathogen virulence strategies and plant disease resistance mechanisms. Recognition of Hpa infection occurs when plant resistance proteins (R-genes) detect the presence or activity of pathogen-derived protein effectors delivered to the plant host. This study examines the Hpa effector ATR13 Emco5 and its recognition by RPP13-Nd, the cognate R-gene that triggers programmed cell death (HR) in the presence of recognized ATR13 variants. Herein, we use NMR to solve the backbone structure of ATR13 Emco5, revealing both a helical domain and a disordered internal loop. Additionally, we use site-directed and random mutagenesis to identify several amino acid residues involved in the recognition response conferred by RPP13-Nd. Using our structure as a scaffold, we map these residues to one of two surface-exposed patches of residues under diversifying selection. Exploring possible roles of the disordered region within the ATR13 structure, we perform domain swapping experiments and identify a peptide sequence involved in nucleolar localization. We conclude that ATR13 is a highly dynamic protein with no clear structural homologues that contains two surface-exposed patches of polymorphism, only one of which is involved in RPP13-Nd recognition specificity.
Entry-Deterring Capacity in the Texas Lodging Industry

This paper empirically tests whether capacity is used to deter entry and whether the amount invested in entry-deterring capacity is related to market concentration and market presence. We use a unique dataset containing 3,830 lodging properties in Texas from 1991 through 1997. We find that there is higher investment in capacity relative to demand (i.e., idle capacity) in markets with a larger Herfindahl index and by firms with a larger share of market capacity. These results are consistent with the entry deterrence literature that suggests firms in more concentrated markets and firms with a larger market share have greater incentive to invest in entry-deterring capacity.
Association of MRS-Based Vertebral Bone Marrow Fat Fraction with Bone Strength in a Human In Vitro Model

Bone marrow adiposity has recently gained attention due to its association with bone loss pathophysiology. In this study, ten vertebrae were harvested from fresh human cadavers. Trabecular BMD and microstructure parameters were extracted from MDCT. Bone marrow fat fractions were determined using single-voxel MRS. Failure load (FL) values were assessed by destructive biomechanical testing. Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between MRS-based fat fraction and MDCT-based parameters (up to r = −0.72) and MRS-based fat fraction and FL (r = −0.77). These findings underline the importance of the bone marrow in the pathophysiology and imaging diagnostics of osteoporosis.
Haloferax volcanii, a Prokaryotic Species that Does Not Use the Shine Dalgarno Mechanism for Translation Initiation at 5′-UTRs

It was long assumed that translation initiation in prokaryotes generally occurs via the so-called Shine Dalgarno (SD) mechanism. Recently, it became clear that translation initiation in prokaryotes is more heterogeneous. In the haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii, the majority of transcripts is leaderless and most transcripts with a 5′-UTR lack a SD motif. Nevertheless, a bioinformatic analysis predicted that 20–30% of all genes are preceded by a SD motif in haloarchaea. To analyze the importance of the SD mechanism for translation initiation in haloarchaea experimentally the monocistronic sod gene was chosen, which contains a 5′-UTR with an extensive SD motif of seven nucleotides and a length of 19 nt, the average length of 5′UTRs in this organism. A translational fusion of part of the sod gene with the dhfr reporter gene was constructed. A mutant series was generated that matched the SD motif from zero to eight positions, respectively. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between the base pairing ability between transcripts and 16S rRNA and translational efficiency in vivo under several different growth conditions. Furthermore, complete replacement of the SD motif by three unrelated sequences did not reduce translational efficiency. The results indicate that H. volcanii does not make use of the SD mechanism for translation initiation in 5′-UTRs. A genome analysis revealed that while the number of SD motifs in 5′-UTRs is rare, their fraction within open reading frames is high. Possible biological functions for intragenic SD motifs are discussed, including re-initiation of translation at distal genes in operons.
A Motivational Life-Span Perspective on Procrastination: The Development of Delaying Goal Pursuit Across Adulthood

Procrastination is a common self-regulation failure that has been studied mainly in the educational context, but has been largely neglected in life-span psychology. Adopting a life-span motivational perspective, we focus on adult development and maintain that, historically seen, adults nowadays have to take on a more active role in pursuing their goals due to the deregulation of the life course and increased life expectancy. This requires higher self-regulatory skills, particularly with increasing age. When self-regulation fails, people may postpone developmental goals and experience negative consequences. We propose research questions that might foster the understanding of procrastination from a life-span perspective.
Spectral Perturbation Bounds for Positive Definite Matrices

Let H and H + $\Delta$ H be positive definite matrices. It was shown by Barlow and Demmel and Demmel and Veselic that if one takes a componentwise approach one can prove much stronger bounds on $\lambda_i(H)/\lambda_i(H + \Delta H)$ and the components of the eigenvectors of H and H + $\Delta$ H than by using the standard normwise perturbation theory. Here a unified approach is presented that improves on the results of Barlow, Demmel, and Veselic. It is also shown that the growth factor associated with the error bound on the components of the eigenvectors computed by Jacobi's method grows linearly (rather than exponentially) with the number of Jacobi iterations required for convergence.
Using an Educational Session to Improve the Knowledge, Confidence, and Beliefs about Psychopharmacology for Behavioral Health Clinicians

4 Problem Description . 6 Available Knowledge . 9 Suggestions from the Literature . 10 Rationale . 12 Specific Aims . 13 Interventions . 15 Timeline . 19 Measures . 19 Analysis . 20 Ethical Considerations . 22 Results . 23 Summary . 26 Interpretation . 27 Beliefs . 27 Knowledge . 28 Attitudes . 28 Referrals . 29 Resources . 29 Summary of Interpretation . 30 Policy Implications . 31 Limitations . 32 Conclusion . 33 References . 35 Appendix A . 44 Appendix B . 53 Appendix C . 54 Appendix D . 55 Appendix E . 62 EDUCATIONAL SESSION 3 Appendix F. 65 Appendix G . 65 Appendix H . 66 Appendix I . 94 Appendix J . 96 Appendix K . 97 Appendix L . 98 Appendix M . 100 Appendix N . 102 EDUCATIONAL SESSION 4
Opportunistic content sharing applications

Opportunistic communication between mobile nodes allows for asynchronous content sharing within groups. Limiting the spread of information to a geographic area creates an infrastructure-less variant of digital graffiti, a social network with coupling in space and limited decoupling in time. Due to its nature, this kind of a communication network lends itself readily to name-oriented abstractions. In this paper, we extend our previous work on floating content, extract its fundamental characteristics, and define a system model and a simple API with a set of basic programming elements to support applications in leveraging opportunistic content sharing as a generic communication facility. We validate our API through application examples and show how their communication needs are mapped to our model. In addition, we also implement our API in our simulator and demonstrate the feasibility of these kinds of applications.
Comparing call graphs

Comparing program analysis results from different static and dynamic analysis tools is difficult and therefore too rare, especially when it comes to qualitative comparison. Analysis results can be strongly affected by specific details of programs being analyzed, so quantitative evaluation should be supplemented by qualitative identification of those details. Our general aim is to develop tools to reduce the difficulty of qualitative comparison. In this paper, we focus on comparison of call graphs in particular. We present two complementary tools for comparing call graphs. Our main contribution is a call graph difference search tool that ranks call graph edges by their likelihood of causing large differences in the call graphs. This is complemented by a simple interactive call graph viewer that highlights specific differences between call graphs, and allows a user to browse through them. In a search for the causes of call graph differences, a user first uses the search tool to identify which of the thousands of spurious edges to look at more closely, and then uses the interactive viewer to determine in detail the root cause of a difference. We present the ranking algorithm used in the difference search tool. We also report on a case study using the comparison tools to determine the most important sources of imprecision in a typical static call graph by comparing it to a dynamic call graph of the same benchmark.
Continuous GPS measurements of postglacial adjustment in Fennoscandia: 2. Modeling results: FENNOSCANDIAN GPS MODELING RESULTS

Modeling results [ 1 ] Data collected under the auspices of the BIFROST GPS project yield a geographically dense suite of estimates of present-day, three-dimensional (3-D) crustal deformation rates in Fennoscandia [ Johansson et al. , 2002]. A preliminary forward analysis of these estimates [ Milne et al. , 2001] has indicated that models of ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in response to the final deglaciation event of the current ice age are able to provide an excellent fit to the observed 3-D velocity field. In this study we revisit our previous GIA analysis by considering a more extensive suite of forward calculations and by performing the first formal joint inversion of the BIFROST rate estimates. To establish insight into the physics of the GIA response in the region, we begin by decomposing a forward prediction into the three contributions associated with the ice, ocean, and rotational forcings. From this analysis we demonstrate that recent advances in postglacial sea level theory, in particular the inclusion of rotational effects and improvements in the treatment of the ocean load in the vicinity of an evolving continental margin, involve peak signals that are larger than the observational uncertainties in the BIFROST network. The forward analysis is completed by presenting predictions for a pair of Fennoscandian ice histories and an extensive suite of viscoelastic Earth models. The former indicates that the BIFROST data set provides a powerful discriminant of such histories. The latter yields bounds on the (assumed constant) upper and lower mantle viscosity ( n UM , n LM ); specifically, we derive a 95% confidence interval of 5 ! 10 20 " n UM " 10 21 Pa s and 5 ! 10 21 " n LM " 5 ! 10 22 Pa s, with some preference for (elastic) lithospheric thickness in excess of 100 km. The main goal of the (Bayesian) inverse analysis is to estimate the radial resolving power of the BIFROST GPS data as a function of depth in the mantle. Assuming a reasonably accurate ice history, we demonstrate that this resolving power varies from # 200 km near the base of the upper mantle to # 700 km in the top portion of the lower mantle. We conclude that the BIFROST data are able to resolve structure on radial length scale significantly smaller than a single upper mantle layer. However, these data provide little constraint on viscosity in the bottom half of the mantle. Finally, elements of both the forward and inverse analyses indicate that radial and horizontal velocity estimates provide distinct constraints on mantle viscosity.
Unmixing fMRI with independent component analysis.

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method used to discover hidden factors (sources or features) from a set of measurements or observed data such that the sources are maximally independent. Typically, it assumes a generative model where observations are assumed to be linear mixtures of independent sources and works with higher-order statistics to achieve independence. ICA has recently demonstrated considerable promise in characterizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, primarily due to its intuitive nature and ability for flexible characterization of the brain function. In this article, ICA is introduced and its application to fMRI data analysis is reviewed.
Examination of Factors Related to Pilot Acceptance Behaviors Toward the Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System in Fighter Aircraft Operations

ABSTRACT Objective: This research aimed to explore an application of the technology acceptance model (TAM) to integration of the automatic ground collision avoidance system (AGCAS) in fighter aircraft operations to gain a better understanding of the pilots’ acceptance behavior with respect to a high-level automated system. Background: AGCAS has been deployed to prevent loss of F-16 fighters from ground collision using a high-level automation design capable of altering the aircraft’s flight control system independent of pilot action. Understanding pilots’ acceptance behavior with respect to the system could allow future stakeholders to make reasonable inferences about some factors that are important to achieving positive pilot acceptance of highly automated aircraft systems. Method: Using data from a survey of active-duty U.S. Air Force F-16 operational fighter pilots (N = 142), an AGCAS-specific TAM was analyzed using the structural equation modeling method. Results: This study indicated that perceived ease of use had a significant, but only medium-sized relationship with perceived usefulness. The other result was that perceived usefulness has a strong relationship with usage behavior. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the potential utility of a model for technology acceptance tailored to explain user acceptance behavior with respect to a high-level fighter aircraft automated collision avoidance system.