Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The forgotten role of lymphangitis in Crohn’s disease

Research into Crohn’s disease has recently been focused on the genetics of the patient, the gastrointestinal flora, the gut epithelium and mucosal immune responses. For over 60 years pathologists have reported that the fundamental alteration in Crohn’s disease occurs in regional lymphatics of the intestine—the disease is a lymphocytic and granulomatous lymphangitis. At an earlier time, experimental sclerosis of regional intestinal lymphatics of the pig produced a chronic segmental enteritis with many features of Crohn’s disease, including lymphocytic and granulomatous lymphangitis of the bowel wall and enteroenteric and enterocutaneous fistulas. In Crohn’s disease, differences in the anatomic distribution of vasa recta appear to explain long-segment disease of the ileum and short-segment disease of the more proximal intestine. A variety of bacteria and viruses cause lymphangitis, suggesting that microorganisms may be at the centre of the basic changes in Crohn’s disease. Dietary antigens and lipids are worthy of consideration as well. Now that antibodies to label lymphatics are available, attention should be directed at defining the initial damage to lymphatic endothelium and agents that might be responsible.
Impact of Delivery Models on Understanding Genomic Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Background: Genetic information, typically communicated in-person by genetic counselors, can be challenging to comprehend; delivery of this information online - as is becoming more common - has the potential of increasing these challenges. Methods: To address the impact of the mode of delivery of genomic risk information, 300 individuals were recruited from the general public and randomized to receive genomic risk information for type 2 diabetes mellitus in-person from a board-certified genetic counselor or online through the testing company's website. Results: Participants were asked to indicate their genomic risk and overall lifetime risk as reported on their test report as well as to interpret their genomic risk (increased, decreased, or same as population). For each question, 59% of participants correctly indicated their risk. Participants who received their results in-person were more likely than those who reviewed their results on-line to correctly interpret their genomic risk (72 vs. 47%, p = 0.0002) and report their actual genomic risk (69 vs. 49%, p = 0.002). Conclusions: The delivery of personal genomic risk through a trained health professional resulted in significantly higher comprehension. Therefore, if the online delivery of genomic test results is to become more widespread, further evaluation of this method of communication may be needed to ensure the effective presentation of results to promote comprehension.
The social power of a uniform.

The degree and basis of social power of uniformed figures was investigated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, subjects were stopped in the street by an experimenter dressed in one of three ways: a civilian, a milkman, or a guard. They were asked to pick up a paper bag, or to give a dime to a stranger, or to move away from a bus stop. The results indicated that the subjects complied more with the guard than with the civilian or milkman. In the second field experiment, designed to examine the basis of the guard's power, subjects were asked to give a dime to a stranger under conditions of either surveillance or nonsurveillance. The guard's power was not affected by the surveillance manipulation. A logical analysis of social power indicated that the guard's power was most likely based on legitimacy. Two questionnaire studies indicated, however, that college students did not perceive the guard as having either more. power or more legitimacy than the milkman or civilian. The nature and importance of understanding legitimacy was discussed.
Media Discourse and Public Opinion on Nuclear Power: A Constructionist Approach

Media discourse and public opinion are treated as two parallel systems of constructing meaning. This paper explores their relationship by analyzing the discourse on nuclear power in four general audience media: television news coverage, newsmagazine accounts, editorial cartoons, and syndicated opinion columns. The analysis traces the careers of different interpretive packages on nuclear power from 1945 to the present. This media discourse, it is argued, is an essential context for understanding the formation of public opinion on nuclear power. More specifically, it helps to account for such survey results as the decline in support for nuclear power before Three Mile Island, a rebound after a burst of media publicity has died out, the gap between general support for nuclear power and support for a plant in one's own community, and the changed relationship of age to support for nuclear power from 1950 to the present.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and β-Cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common human endocrine disease and is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and pancreatic islet β-cell failure. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central contributor to β-cell failure in the evolution of T2DM. As reviewed elsewhere, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by β-cell mitochondria as a result of metabolic stress activate several stress-response pathways. This paper focuses on mechanisms whereby ROS affect mitochondrial structure and function and lead to β-cell failure. ROS activate UCP2, which results in proton leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane, and this leads to reduced β-cell ATP synthesis and content, which is a critical parameter in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, ROS oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial cardiolipin and other phospholipids, and this impairs membrane integrity and leads to cytochrome c release into cytosol and apoptosis. Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2 β) appears to be a component of a mechanism for repairing mitochondrial phospholipids that contain oxidized fatty acid substituents, and genetic or acquired iPLA2 β-deficiency increases β-cell mitochondrial susceptibility to injury from ROS and predisposes to developing T2DM. Interventions that attenuate ROS effects on β-cell mitochondrial phospholipids might prevent or retard development of T2DM.
The Connection Between the Physiological and Psychological Reactions to Sexually Explicit Materials: A Literature Summary Using Meta-Analysis

The results of the investigations providing data on the connection between measures of sexual arousal and positive psychological affect indicate a positive relationship whether measured directly (r=.212) or by a comparison of manipulation check data (r=.223). Female research participants demonstrate more negative emotional responses than men exposed to the same content (r=−.248), but the level of physiological arousal favors men by a much smaller magnitude (r=.134). The response to pornography on the basis of gender reflects not only a physiological difference in reaction but a psychological interpretation of that reaction as well.
Thought suppression of multiple personally relevant target thoughts

Thought suppression has been previously associated with increased frequency of suppression target thoughts during and after efforts to suppress. All previous research has investigated the effect of attempts to suppress a single target thought. Given that the majority of people with conditions such as obsessive–compulsive disorder report multiple distressing intrusive thoughts, the generalizability of previous research to real clinical situations is questionable. We sought to extend previous thought suppression research by investigating the comparative effect of attempting to suppress one, vs attempting to suppress three, personally relevant target thoughts. We observed an immediate enhancement effect, but no evidence for the rebound effect. Attempts to suppress three targets resulted in the same total number of intrusions as attempts to suppress a single target. These results are consistent with the Ironic Process of Mental Control model. This research was conducted as part of an Honours dissertation by the first author, under supervision of the second author.
Measuring Stress Among Luo Elders: Development of the Luo Perceived Stress Scale

This article describes the development of the Luo Perceived Stress Scale (LPSS) tested on two hundred Luo elders. The LPSS consists of twenty-three emotions and uses alternating “local idioms of distress” and well-being. Due to the low level of education of the population, a yes/no format is used instead of a Likert-type scale. The scale was tested among two hundred Luo elders and was found to be internally reliable (α = .75). Criterion validity was examined through the associations between LPSS score and caregiving, social networks, depression, and cortisol. Known group validity was examined through comparisons of caregiving groups, genders, marital status, and participation in social groups. While these variables were generally associated with LPSS in the predicted direction, subsequent factor analysis suggested that the LPSS did not represent a single domain. Thus, the LPSS requires additional development.
A Statistical Model for Domain-Independent Text Segmentation

We propose a statistical method that finds the maximum-probability segmentation of a given text. This method does not require training data because it estimates probabilities from the given text. Therefore, it can be applied to any text in any domain. An experiment showed that the method is more accurate than or at least as accurate as a state-of-the-art text segmentation system.
Evolution of Proteasome Regulators in Eukaryotes

All living organisms require protein degradation to terminate biological processes and remove damaged proteins. One such machine is the 20S proteasome, a specialized barrel-shaped and compartmentalized multicatalytic protease. The activity of the 20S proteasome generally requires the binding of regulators/proteasome activators (PAs), which control the entrance of substrates. These include the PA700 (19S complex), which assembles with the 20S and forms the 26S proteasome and allows the efficient degradation of proteins usually labeled by ubiquitin tags, PA200 and PA28, which are involved in proteolysis through ubiquitin-independent mechanisms and PI31, which was initially identified as a 20S inhibitor in vitro. Unlike 20S proteasome, shown to be present in all Eukaryotes and Archaea, the evolutionary history of PAs remained fragmentary. Here, we made a comprehensive survey and phylogenetic analyses of the four types of regulators in 17 clades covering most of the eukaryotic supergroups. We found remarkable conservation of each PA700 subunit in all eukaryotes, indicating that the current complex PA700 structure was already set up in the last eukaryotic common ancestor (LECA). Also present in LECA, PA200, PA28, and PI31 showed a more contrasted evolutionary picture, because many lineages have subsequently lost one or two of them. The paramount conservation of PA700 composition in all eukaryotes and the dynamic evolution of PA200, PA28, and PI31 are discussed in the light of current knowledge on their physiological roles.
Assessing value-added in the first year of schooling: Some results and methodological considerations

This article reports data from children aged about 5 years in their 1st year of schooling. Scores on tests of both literacy and numeracy at the start and end of the year were used to derive value-added measures of progress using both residual gain analysis and multilevel (ML) modelling. Results indicated that the school was more effective in explaining pupil progress than the class; that the schools and/or classes which add the greatest value in literacy tended also to be those which added the greatest value in numeracy; and that the numbers of classes and schools which were significantly different from the sample mean depended greatly on which method was used. It is concluded that while ML modelling is preferable to residual gain analysis for research, it may not be as suitable for feedback purposes.
A new asymmetric measure of association for ordinal variables.

table of means (Table 3) suggests that the influence exerted on public affairs topics by the less educated opinion leaders may be colored by ideological orientations different from those among the better educated respondents. It would be of further interest to learn whether opinion leaders' sense of "conservatism" leads to differential selection of public affairs topics about which to exert influence. For instance, one might hypothesize that (controlling for education) the highly "resistant" opinion leaders confine themselves more to local issues, and the more "liberal" leaders exert influence on a more cosmopolitan range of topics. Similarly, "conservative" and "liberal" opinion leaders might be found to differ on level of information about public affairs topics (again, controlling for education). It is somewhat disquieting to learn that for this sample high opinion leaders are as likely as the non-leaders to agree with statements expressing an anomic reaction to life, such as that "there's little use in writing public officials, because often they aren't really interested in the problems of the average man," that "nowadays, a person has to live pretty much for today and let tomorrow take care of itself" and that "in spite of what some people say, the lot of the average man is getting worse. " This finding leads one to speculate (hopefully) that perhaps the twoitem opinion leadership typology is too permissive or that the term "public affairs" is not a meaningful cue to respondents. The interaction noted between age and sex on opinion leadership implies that leadership in the public affairs area is linked to respondents' life cycle. It may be that younger men actively pursuing careers and upwardly striving find that knowledge and influence concerning politics are instrumental and rewarding, while at the same time their wives are devoting energies to the domestic duties of raising families. Later in life, when, freed from home responsibilities, the women may find increasing opportunities and social rewards attendant upon opinion leadership. Finally, it is not surprising that opinion leadership in public affairs is substantially correlated with education (.47) and with self-ascribed social class (.41).
Market Valuation and Merger Waves

Does valuation affect mergers? Data suggest that periods of stock merger activity are correlated with high market valuations. The naive explanation that overvalued bidders wish to use stock is incomplete because targets should not be eager to accept stock. However, we show that potential market value deviations from fundamental values on both sides of the transaction can rationally lead to a correlation between stock merger activity and market valuation. Merger waves and waves of cash and stock purchases can be rationally driven by periods of over- and undervaluation of the stock market. Thus, valuation fundamentally impacts mergers. Copyright 2004 by The American Finance Association.
Professional Development for Teachers of Diverse Students: A Summary of the Research

This article summarizes findings from a research review of professional development for teachers of students from traditionally underrepresented populations, including those from diverse cultural, linguistic, and socioeconomic backgrounds. Questions addressed in this review include: (a) What constitutes professional development for teachers of diverse students? (b) How does professional development for teachers of diverse students impact teacher outcomes? and (c) How does professional development for teachers of diverse students impact student outcomes? Manual and database searches of studies conducted in the United States from 1986 to 2003 and published in peer-reviewed journals yielded 56 qualitative and quantitative studies after synthesis criteria were applied. Of these, 18 met the criteria for rigorous research. In general, findings suggest that little evidence exists for determining the effectiveness of various professional development approaches.
What does validation of cases in electronic record databases mean? The potential contribution of free text†

Electronic health records are increasingly used for research. The definition of cases or endpoints often relies on the use of coded diagnostic data, using a pre‐selected group of codes. Validation of these cases, as ‘true’ cases of the disease, is crucial. There are, however, ambiguities in what is meant by validation in the context of electronic records. Validation usually implies comparison of a definition against a gold standard of diagnosis and the ability to identify false negatives (‘true’ cases which were not detected) as well as false positives (detected cases which did not have the condition). We argue that two separate concepts of validation are often conflated in existing studies. Firstly, whether the GP thought the patient was suffering from a particular condition (which we term confirmation or internal validation) and secondly, whether the patient really had the condition (external validation). Few studies have the ability to detect false negatives who have not received a diagnostic code. Natural language processing is likely to open up the use of free text within the electronic record which will facilitate both the validation of the coded diagnosis and searching for false negatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theory of reasoned action perspective of voting behavior: Model and empirical test

A model based on the theory of reasoned action was developed to analyze voting behavior. Based on an empirical test in Singapore, the proposed model was found to be generally effective in predicting the intentions of voters. Attitudes toward the candidate and political party contributed more to explaining variation in voting intention than interpersonal and mass media subjective-norm components. Direct measures of affect served to better account for voting intention variation than componentially derived measures, although they did not completely mediate the latter's effect. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research furnished © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mental health and psychosocial characteristics in adolescent obesity: a population‐based case‐control study

In this population‐based study we compared self‐esteem, social background, social and academic competence, behavioural problems and lifestyle in 58 obese adolescents (BMI ≥ 99.6th percentile or ≥ 30 kg/m2), aged 14—18 y, with 58 sex‐ and age‐matched controls of normal weight. The instruments used were: I Think I Am, Youth Self Report and a lifestyle questionnaire. The obese group was on average, 40 kg heavier than the controls. The obese individuals rated themselves significantly lower in physical characteristics, but in all other aspects of self‐esteem, mental health and social and academic competence there were no differences between the two groups. There were significant socioeconomic differences, with more obese adolescents living with only one parent and with the mothers in the obese group having, in general, lower education than those in the control group. This study confirms previous observations that obesity is associated with special socioeconomic conditions in youth, but that obese adolescents do not differ from their normal‐weight peers in other aspects of mental health. □Adolescents, obesity, self‐esteem, social behaviour
Relationship between Glioblastoma Heterogeneity and Survival Time: An MR Imaging Texture Analysis

A group of 133 patients with primary glioblastoma who underwent postcontrast T1-weighted imaging (acquired before treatment) and whose data were filed with the survival times were selected from the Cancer Genome Atlas. On the basis of overall survival, the patients were divided into 2 groups: long-term (≥12 months, n = 67) and short-term (<12 months, n = 66) survival. To measure heterogeneity, the authors extracted 3 types of textures, co-occurrence matrix, run-length matrix, and histogram, reflecting local, regional, and global spatial variations, respectively. Then the support vector machine classification was used to determine how different texture types perform in differentiating the 2 groups. The results suggest that local and regional heterogeneity may play an important role in the survival stratification of patients with glioblastoma. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The heterogeneity of glioblastoma contributes to the poor and variant prognosis. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the glioblastoma heterogeneity with MR imaging textures and to evaluate its impact on survival time. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 133 patients with primary glioblastoma who underwent postcontrast T1-weighted imaging (acquired before treatment) and whose data were filed with the survival times were selected from the Cancer Genome Atlas. On the basis of overall survival, the patients were divided into 2 groups: long-term (≥12 months, n = 67) and short-term (<12 months, n = 66) survival. To measure heterogeneity, we extracted 3 types of textures, co-occurrence matrix, run-length matrix, and histogram, reflecting local, regional, and global spatial variations, respectively. Then the support vector machine classification was used to determine how different texture types perform in differentiating the 2 groups, both alone and in combination. Finally, a recursive feature-elimination method was used to find an optimal feature subset with the best differentiation performance. RESULTS: When used alone, the co-occurrence matrix performed best, while all the features combined obtained the best survival stratification. According to feature selection and ranking, 43 top-ranked features were selected as the optimal subset. Among them, the top 10 features included 7 run-length matrix and 3 co-occurrence matrix features, in which all 6 regional run-length matrix features emphasizing high gray-levels ranked in the top 7. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that local and regional heterogeneity may play an important role in the survival stratification of patients with glioblastoma.
Implementing problem-based learning in a higher education institution

The aim of the study presented is to investigate the development of the Learning Organisation (LO) while implementing Problem-Based Learning (PBL) into a higher education institution. PBL is an important innovation in education for professions. The research was carried out as a case study. A typical example of a higher education institution in Slovenia, which has been implementing PBL in teaching foreign languages, was presented. The research proved that implementing PBL encouraged the development of the LO and suggested that teacher education and training should be planned in line with their needs and according to the principles of the LO.
Execution Templates: Caching Control Plane Decisions for Strong Scaling of Data Analytics

Control planes of cloud frameworks trade off between scheduling granularity and performance. Centralized systems schedule at task granularity, but only schedule a few thousand tasks per second. Distributed systems schedule hundreds of thousands of tasks per second but changing the schedule is costly. We present execution templates, a control plane abstraction that can schedule hundreds of thousands of tasks per second while supporting fine-grained, per-task scheduling decisions. Execution templates leverage a program's repetitive control flow to cache blocks of frequently-executed tasks. Executing a task in a template requires sending a single message. Large-scale scheduling changes install new templates, while small changes apply edits to existing templates. Evaluations of execution templates in Nimbus, a data analytics framework, find that they provide the fine-grained scheduling flexibility of centralized control planes while matching the strong scaling of distributed ones. Execution templates support complex, real-world applications, such as a fluid simulation with a triply nested loop and data dependent branches.