Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Equatorial Electron Differential Flux From Observations at Low Earth Orbit

Variations in the high‐energy relativistic electron flux of the radiation belts depend on transport, acceleration, and loss processes, and importantly on the lower‐energy seed population. However, data on the seed population is limited to a few satellite missions. Here we present a new method that utilizes data from the Medium Energy Proton/Electron Detector on board the low‐altitude Polar Operational Environmental Satellites to retrieve the seed population at a pitch angle of 90°. The integral flux values measured by Medium Energy Proton/Electron Detector relate to a low equatorial pitch angle and were converted to omnidirectional flux using parameters obtained from fitting one or two sinNα functions to pitch angle distributions given by three and a half years of Van Allen Probes data. Two methods to convert from integral to differential flux are explored. One utilizes integral and differential flux energy distributions from the AE9 model, the second employs an iterative fitting approach based on a Reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method. The omnidirectional differential flux was converted to an equatorial pitch angle of 90°, again using statistical pitch angle distributions from Van Allen Probe data. We validate the resulting 90° flux for 100‐ to 600‐keV electrons against measurements from the Van Allen Probes and show an average agreement within a factor of 4 for L* > 3.7. The resulting data set offers a high time resolution, across multiple magnetic local time planes, and may be used to formulate event‐specific low‐energy boundary conditions for radiation belt models.
The utility of the incongruence length difference test.

Conditional combination of phylogeneticdatarequiresde” nitionofexplicitcriteriaforcombinability (Bull et al., 1993). In this con-text,combinabilityreferstothemethodolog-ical validity of combining multiple sourcesof phylogenetic data, given the underly-ing assumptions (explicit or otherwise) ofthe analysis. Combinability has been eval-uated by the effect of data set combina-tion on phylogenetic accuracy: Combinabledata sets increase accuracy (Bull et al.,1993; Cunningham, 1997b). When inferen-tial methods are statistically consistent, thisconvergent property is guaranteed by sta-tistical homogeneity of the data sets to becombined: Increasing sample size increasesprecision. In a phylogenetic context, datahomogeneity can be de” ned as the shar-ing of a single history (topological pat-
NoC-based CSP support for a Java chip multiprocessor

In this paper we examine the idea of implementing communicating sequential processes (CSP) constructs on a Java embedded chip multiprocessor (CMP). The approach is intended to reduce the memory bandwidth pressure on the shared memory, by employing a dedicated network-on-chip (NoC). The presented solution is scalable and also specific for our limited resources and real-time predictability requirements. A CMP architecture of three processors is implemented and tested on an FPGA, showing a 15% increase in device area without performance penalties. Compared to shared memory-based communication, our NoC-based solution is between 2.3 and 11.5 times faster, depending on the communication and memory configuration.
DEPRESSED CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY INTRACRANIAL TUMORS

Tumor immunity in patients with primary intracranial tumors was assessed in relation to the general status of host immunocompetence. Lymphocyte sensitization to tumor-specific membrane antigens was demonstrated by the proliferative response of lymphocytes in the presence of autochthonous tumor cells. Paradoxically, one-half of the patients could not be sensitized to a primary antigen, dinitrochlorobenzene; existing delayed hypersensitivity was also depressed, as measured by skin tests and lymphocyte transformation in response to common antigens. A heat-stable factor in patients' sera blocked cell-mediated tumor immunity. In addition, these "enhancing" sera consistently suppressed the blastogenic response of autologous and homologous lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and to membrane antigens on allogeneic cells in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. When patients' leukocytes were washed and autologous plasma replaced with normal plasma, reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture increased to normal values. In vitro immunosuppressive activity in patients' plasma or sera correlated with depressed delayed hypersensitivity. After removal of the tumor, suppressor activity disappeared. IgG fractions of patient sera contained strong immunosuppressive activity. These data suggest that the suppressor factor may be an isoantibody elicited by the tumor that also binds to receptors on the lymphocyte membrane. In addition to specifically blocking cell-mediated tumor immunity, enhancing sera may broadly depress host immunocompetence.
Regional and Seasonal Characteristics of the Recent Expansion of the Tropics

In recent decades, the subtropical edges of Earth’s Hadley circulation have shifted poleward. Some studies have concluded that this observed tropical expansion is occurring more rapidly than predicted by global climate models. However, recent modeling studies have shown that internal variability can account for a large fraction of the observed circulation trends, at least in an annual-mean, zonal-mean framework. This study extends these previous results by examining the seasonal and regional characteristics of the recent poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation using seven reanalysis datasets, sea level pressure observations, and surface wind observations. The circulation has expanded the most poleward during summer and fall in both hemispheres, with more zonally asymmetric circulation trends occurring in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The seasonal and regional characteristics of these observed trends generally fall within the range of trends predicted by climate models for the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, and in most cases, the magnitude of the observed trends does not exceed the range of interdecadal trends in the models’ control runs, which arise exclusively from internal variability. One exception occurs during NH fall when large observed poleward shifts in the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic sector exceed nearly all trends projected by models. While most recent NH circulation trends are consistent with a change in phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the observed circulation trends over the North Atlantic instead reflect 1) large natural variability unrelated to the PDO and/or 2) a climate forcing (or the circulation response to that forcing) that is not properly captured by models.
Reverse projection retrieval in edge illumination x-ray phase contrast computed tomography

Edge illumination (EI) x-ray phase contrast computed tomography (CT) can provide three-dimensional distributions of the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index ( δ β = − + n 1 i ) of the sample. Phase retrieval, i.e. the separation of attenuation and refraction data from projections that contain a combination of both, is a key step in the image reconstruction process. In EI-based x-ray phase contrast CT, this is conventionally performed on the basis of two projections acquired in opposite illumination configurations (i.e. with different positions of the pre-sample mask) at each CT angle. Displacing the pre-sample mask at each projection makes the scan susceptible to motor-induced misalignment and prevents a continuous sample rotation. We present an alternative method for the retrieval of attenuation and refraction data that does not require repositioning the pre-sample mask. The method is based on the reverse projection relation published by Zhu et al (2010 Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107 13576 – 81) for grating interferometry-based x-ray phase contrast CT. We use this relation to derive a simplified acquisition strategy that allows acquiring data with a continuous sample rotation, which can reduce scan time when combined with a fast read-out detector. Besides discussing the theory and the necessary alignment of the experimental setup, we present tomograms obtained with reverse projection retrieval and demonstrate their agreement with those obtained with the conventional EI retrieval.
Novel targeted therapies for mantle cell lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell malignancy characterized by short median survival despite intensive therapies. The clinical behavior of MCL most likely relates to the complex pathophysiology of the disease which includes its genetic hallmark, the chromosomal translocation t(11;14) resulting in aberrant expression of cyclin D1, alteration in the DNA damage response, and constitutive activation of key antiapoptotic pathways such as phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB). Together, these changes result in cell cycle dysregulation and give rise to profound genetic instability. Given this complex pathophysiology, the limited number of options for patients with relapsed/refractory MCL, and the difficulty in achieving long-lasting remissions with conventional approaches, it is essential to explore new treatment options targeting the pathophysiology of MCL. We have recently reported that milatuzumab, a fully humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody (mAb), in combination with anti-CD20 mAbs has significant preclinical and clinical activity in MCL. Here we discuss these results, provide additional insights into milatuzumab-mediated MCL cell death, and report preliminary data on the activity of other targeted biologic agents including PCI-32765, CAL-101 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors currently undergoing evaluation at our institution and others.
Behavior of modified MVDR beamformer algorithm with realistic scenario

Smart antenna is a system based on the antenna elements which are distributed uniformly as array and on the beamformig (BF) algorithm. Each element in the array receives the wave plane signals individually, and then, the beamformer tries to produce the optimum weight for each element with respect to the reference element in the array. This technique is called beamforming. MVDR is one of the most important algorithms that provide optimum weight. The array elements are weighted to direct the main beam of the transmitted energy to the direction of the desired signal as well as direct null towards undesired signal. Mismatch may be occurs due to the location of reference element within the array. Mismatch in MVDR leads to suppress the desired signal and treats as interference. This paper presents a new technique to re-localize the selected reference element within the array. The reference element is chosen to be in the middle of the array instead of one end side of the array. The new location becomes more realistic with respect to received signals directions. Simulation results clarify that the modified MVDR overcomes the mismatch and self null phenomena in classical MVDR.
The Utilization of Plant Facilities on the International Space Station—The Composition, Growth, and Development of Plant Cell Walls under Microgravity Conditions

In the preparation for missions to Mars, basic knowledge of the mechanisms of growth and development of living plants under microgravity (micro-g) conditions is essential. Focus has centered on the g-effects on rigidity, including mechanisms of signal perception, transduction, and response in gravity resistance. These components of gravity resistance are linked to the evolution and acquisition of responses to various mechanical stresses. An overview is given both on the basic effect of hypergravity as well as of micro-g conditions in the cell wall changes. The review includes plant experiments in the US Space Shuttle and the effect of short space stays (8–14 days) on single cells (plant protoplasts). Regeneration of protoplasts is dependent on cortical microtubules to orient the nascent cellulose microfibrils in the cell wall. The space protoplast experiments demonstrated that the regeneration capacity of protoplasts was retarded. Two critical factors are the basis for longer space experiments: a. the effects of gravity on the molecular mechanisms for cell wall development, b. the availability of facilities and hardware for performing cell wall experiments in space and return of RNA/DNA back to the Earth. Linked to these aspects is a description of existing hardware functioning on the International Space Station.
Neural Entrainment to the Beat: The “Missing-Pulse” Phenomenon

Most humans have a near-automatic inclination to tap, clap, or move to the beat of music. The capacity to extract a periodic beat from a complex musical segment is remarkable, as it requires abstraction from the temporal structure of the stimulus. It has been suggested that nonlinear interactions in neural networks result in cortical oscillations at the beat frequency, and that such entrained oscillations give rise to the percept of a beat or a pulse. Here we tested this neural resonance theory using MEG recordings as female and male individuals listened to 30 s sequences of complex syncopated drumbeats designed so that they contain no net energy at the pulse frequency when measured using linear analysis. We analyzed the spectrum of the neural activity while listening and compared it to the modulation spectrum of the stimuli. We found enhanced neural response in the auditory cortex at the pulse frequency. We also showed phase locking at the times of the missing pulse, even though the pulse was absent from the stimulus itself. Moreover, the strength of this pulse response correlated with individuals' speed in finding the pulse of these stimuli, as tested in a follow-up session. These findings demonstrate that neural activity at the pulse frequency in the auditory cortex is internally generated rather than stimulus-driven. The current results are both consistent with neural resonance theory and with models based on nonlinear response of the brain to rhythmic stimuli. The results thus help narrow the search for valid models of beat perception. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans perceive music as having a regular pulse marking equally spaced points in time, within which musical notes are temporally organized. Neural resonance theory (NRT) provides a theoretical model explaining how an internal periodic representation of a pulse may emerge through nonlinear coupling between oscillating neural systems. After testing key falsifiable predictions of NRT using MEG recordings, we demonstrate the emergence of neural oscillations at the pulse frequency, which can be related to pulse perception. These findings rule out alternative explanations for neural entrainment and provide evidence linking neural synchronization to the perception of pulse, a widely debated topic in recent years.
A population-based study comparing patterns of care delivery on the quality of care for persons living with HIV in Ontario

Objectives Physician specialty is often positively associated with disease-specific outcomes and negatively associated with primary care outcomes for people with chronic conditions. People with HIV have increasing comorbidity arising from antiretroviral therapy (ART) related longevity, making HIV a useful condition to examine shared care models. We used a previously described, theoretically developed shared care framework to assess the impact of care delivery on the quality of care provided. Design Retrospective population-based observational study from 1 April 2009 to 31 March 2012. Participants 13 480 patients with HIV and receiving publicly funded healthcare in Ontario were assigned to one of five patterns of care. Outcome measures Cancer screening, ART prescribing and healthcare utilisation across models using adjusted multivariable hierarchical logistic regression analyses. Results Models in which patients had an assigned family physician had higher odds of cancer screening than those in exclusively specialist care (colorectal cancer screening, exclusively primary care adjusted OR (AOR)=3.12, 95% CI (1.90 to 5.13), family physician-dominant co-management AOR=3.39, 95% CI (1.94 to 5.93), specialist-dominant co-management AOR=2.01, 95% CI (1.23 to 3.26)). The odds of having one emergency department visit did not differ among models, although the odds of hospitalisation and HIV-specific hospitalisation were lower among patients who saw exclusively family physicians (AOR=0.23, 95% CI (0.14 to 0.35) and AOR=0.15, 95% CI (0.12 to 0.21)). The odds of antiretroviral prescriptions were lower among models in which patients’ HIV care was provided predominantly by family physicians (exclusively primary care AOR=0.15, 95% CI (0.12 to 0.21), family physician-dominant co-management AOR=0.45, 95% CI (0.32 to 0.64)). Conclusions How care is provided had a potentially important influence on the quality of care delivered. Our key limitation is potential confounding due to the absence of HIV stage measures.
Diagnosis and treatment of urolithiasis in client-owned chelonians: 40 cases (1987-2012).

OBJECTIVE To calculate the prevalence of urolithiasis in client-owned chelonians examined at a veterinary teaching hospital and to describe the clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment of urolithiasis in chelonians. DESIGN Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 40 client-owned turtles and tortoises with urolithiasis. PROCEDURES The medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched from 1987 through 2012 for records of client-owned chelonians with urolithiasis. The prevalence of urolithiasis was calculated for client-owned chelonians examined at the hospital. Signalment and physical examination, hematologic, biochemical, urinalysis, diagnostic imaging, treatment, and necropsy results were described. RESULTS The mean prevalence of urolithiasis in client-owned chelonians for the study period was 5.1 cases/100 client-owned chelonians examined. Thirty-one of the 40 chelonians were desert tortoises. Only 5 of 40 chelonians had physical examination abnormalities associated with the urogenital tract. Surgery was performed on 17 chelonians; 5 developed postoperative complications, and 4 of those died. Necropsy was performed on 18 chelonians, and urolithiasis contributed to the decision to euthanize or was the cause of death for 9. Uroliths from 13 chelonians were analyzed, and all were composed of 100% urate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated chelonians with urolithiasis have various clinical signs and physical examination findings that may or may not be associated with the urinary tract. Hematologic, biochemical, and urinalysis findings were nonspecific for diagnosis of urolithiasis. Many chelonians died or were euthanized as a consequence of urolithiasis, which suggested the disease should be identified early and appropriately treated.
Retrieval of Forest Aboveground Biomass and Stem Volume with Airborne Scanning LiDAR

Airborne scanning LiDAR is a promising technique for efficient and accuratebiomass mapping due to its capacity for direct measurement of the three-dimensionalstructure of vegetation. A combination of individual tree detection (ITD) and an area-basedapproach (ABA) introduced in Vastaranta et al. [1] to map forest aboveground biomass(AGB) and stem volume (VOL) was investigated. The main objective of this study was totest the usability and accuracy of LiDAR in biomass mapping. The nearest neighbourmethod was used in the ABA imputations and the accuracy of the biomass estimation wasevaluated in the Finland, where single tree-level biomass models are available. The relativeroot-mean-squared errors (RMSEs) in plot-level AGB and VOL imputation were 24.9%and 26.4% when field measurements were used in training the ABA. When ITDmeasurements were used in training, the respective accuracies ranged between 28.5%–34.9%and 29.2%–34.0%. Overall, the results show that accurate plot-level AGB estimates can beachieved with the ABA. The reduction of bias in ABA estimates in AGB and VOL wasencouraging when visually corrected ITD (ITDvisual) was used in training. We conclude that itis not feasible to use ITDvisual in wall-to-wall forest biomass inventory, but it could provide acost-efficient application for acquiring training data for ABA in forest biomass mapping.
Attempted Depletion of Passenger Leukocytes by Irradiation in Pigs

Allograft/xenograft rejection is associated with “passenger leukocyte” migration from the organ into recipient lymph nodes. In Study 1, we attempted to deplete leukocytes from potential kidney “donor” pigs, using two regimens of total body irradiation. A dose of 700 cGy was administered, followed by either 800 cGy (“low-dose”) or 1,300 cGy (“high dose”) with the kidneys shielded. Neither regimen was entirely successful in depleting all leukocytes, although remaining T and 8 cell numbers were negligible. Study 2 was aimed at providing an indication of whether near-complete depletion of leukocytes had any major impact on kidney allograft survival. In non-immunosuppressed recipient pigs, survival of a kidney from a donor that received high-dose irradiation was compared with that of a kidney taken from a non-irradiated donor. Kidney graft survival was 9 and 7 days, respectively, suggesting that depletion had little impact on graft survival. The lack of effect may have been related to (i) inadequate depletion of passenger leukocytes, thus not preventing a direct T cell response, (ii) the presence of dead or dying leukocytes (antigens), thus not preventing an indirect T cell response, or (iii) constitutive expression of MHC class II and B7 molecules on the porcine vascular endothelium, activating recipient T cells.
Sensitivity of Fit Indices to Fake Perturbation of Ordinal Data: A Sample by Replacement Approach

In many psychological questionnaires the need to analyze empirical data raises the fundamental problem of possible fake or fraudulent observations in the data. This aspect is particularly relevant for researchers working on sensitive topics such as, for example, risky sexual behaviors and drug addictions. Our contribution presents a new probabilistic approach, called Sample Generation by Replacement (SGR), to address the problem of evaluating the sensitivity of 8 commonly used SEM-based fit indices (Goodness of Fit Index, GFI; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, AGFI; Expected Cross Validation Index, ECVI; Standardized Root-Mean-Square Residual Index, SRMR; Root-Mean-Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA; Comparative Fit Index, CFI; Nonnormed Fit Index, NNFI; and Normed Fit Index, NFI) to fake-good ordinal data. We used SGR to perform a simulation study involving 3 different SEM models, 2 sample size conditions, and 2 estimation methods: maximum likelihood (ML) and weighted least squares (WLS). Our results show that the incremental fit indices (CFI, NNFI, and NFI) are clearly more sensitive to fake perturbation than the absolute fit indices (GFI, AGFI, and ECVI). Overall, NFI turned out to be the best and most reliable fit index. We also applied SGR to real behavioral data on (non)compliance in liver transplant patients.
Automatic Frequency Band Selection for Illumination Robust Face Recognition

Varying illumination conditions cause a dramatic change in facial appearance that leads to a significant drop in face recognition algorithms' performance. In this paper, to overcome this problem, we utilize an automatic frequency band selection scheme. The proposed approach is incorporated to a local appearance-based face recognition algorithm, which employs discrete cosine transform (DCT) for processing local facial regions. From the extracted DCT coefficients, the approach determines to the ones that should be used for classification. Extensive experiments conducted on the extended Yale face database B have shown that benefiting from frequency information provides robust face recognition under changing illumination conditions.