Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Prospect Theory: For Risk and Ambiguity

Preface Introduction Part I. Expected Utility: 1. The general model of decision under uncertainty no-arbitrage (expected utility with known utilities and unknown probabilities) 2. Expected utility with known probabilities - 'risk' - and unknown utilities 3. Applications of expected utility for risk 4. Expected utility with unknown probabilities and unknown utilities Part II. Nonexpected Utility for Risk: 5. Heuristic arguments for probabilistic sensitivity and rank dependence 6. Probabilistic sensitivity and rank dependence analyzed 7. Applications and extensions of rank dependence 8. Where prospect theory deviates from rank-dependent utility and expected utility: reference dependence versus asset integration 9. Prospect theory for decision under risk Part III. Nonexpected Utility for Uncertainty: 10. Extending rank-dependent utility from risk to uncertainty 11. Ambiguity: where uncertainty extends beyond risk 12. Prospect theory for uncertainty 13. Conclusion Appendices References Index.
Optimal dynamic treatment regimes :regret-regression method with myopic strategies

Optimal dynamic treatment strategies provide a set of decision rules that are based on a patient’s history. We assume there are a sequence of decision times j = 1, 2, . , K. At each time a measurement of the state of the patient Sj is obtained and then some action Aj is decided. The aim is to provide rules for action choice so as to maximise some final value Y . In this thesis we will focus on the regret-regression method described by Henderson et al. (2009), and the regret approach to optimal dynamic treatment regimes proposed by Murphy (2003). The regret-regression method combines the regret function with regression modelling and it is suitable for both long term and myopic (short-term) strategies. We begin by describing and demonstrating the current theory using the Murphy and Robins G-estimation techniques. Comparison between the regret-regression method and these two methods is possible and it is found that the regret-regression method provides a better estimation method than Murphy’s and Robins G-estimation. The next approach is to investigate misspecification of the Murphy and regret-regression models. We consider the effect of misspecifying the model that is assumed for the actions, which is required for the Murphy method, and of the model for states, which is required for the regret-regression approach. We also consider robustness of the fitting algorithms to starting values of the parameters. Diagnostic tests are available for model adequacy. An application to anticoagulant data is presented in detail. Myopic one and twostep ahead strategies are studied. Further investigation involves the use of Generalised Estimating Equations (GEEs) and Quadratic Inference Functions (QIF) for estimation. We also assess the robustness of both methods. Finally we consider the influence of individual observations on the parameter estimates.
Phase II trial of thalidomide in renal-cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Thalidomide has been reported to yield anti-tumor activity in cancer. We performed a phase II trial of this drug in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma to determine its efficacy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with proven metastatic renal cell cancer, measurable progressive disease and a performance status of 0-2 were enrolled in this study. Thalidomide was given daily at a starting dose of 400 mg, followed by a 400 mg increment to 800 mg and then to 1200 mg with 6-12 weeks at each dose level. The response rate at 6 months was the primary end point. Toxicity, overall survival, tumor vascularization depicted on color Doppler ultrasonography and serum vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were secondary end points. RESULTS Forty patients were enrolled. Two partial responses were observed (5%) and disease remained stable in nine patients after 6 months. Median survival was 10 months. Toxicity was high, with frequent manifestations of fatigue, constipation and lethargy. The incidence of neuropathy detected on electromyography (EMG) attained 70% at 6 months, and 100% in patients on thalidomide for 12 months. Nine patients developed venous thromboembolism during the first 12 weeks of treatment, and three of them experienced pulmonary embolism. One unexpected (and unexplained) death occurred. CONCLUSIONS Despite undisputed, albeit marginal, activity in renal cell cancer, high-dose thalidomide cannot be recommended using this schedule since the level of toxicity is high.
Suboptimal Affective Primes in Video Messages Effects on Positive Activation and Negative Activation

The authors examined the effects of suboptimally presented primes (facial expressions) embedded into video messages on self-reported positive activation (PA) and negative activation (NA). The results showed that joyful facial primes elicited increased PA only for positively valenced messages, whereas angry facial primes prompted increased NA (fear) only for negatively valenced messages. In addition, high-arousal facial primes prompted increased PA only for high-arousal messages. Both joyful and angry facial primes may influence affective responses when the prime and message content are affectively congruent and when affective responses are measured in terms of PA and NA. When ethical issues are appropriately taken into account, suboptimal affective priming might provide a method to increase the effectiveness of different types of media messages.
Evaluation of silent period on masticatory cycles of different muscles in dentate oral contraceptives users and nonusers

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of oral contraceptive use on the silent period (SP) of anterior temporal and masseter muscles during the menstrual cycle. Materials and Methods: Totally, 28 women on reproductive age were selected including 15 nonusers of any hormone and 13 contraceptive users. All patients were dentate without muscular temporomandibular disorders. Electromyography (SP test) of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles was conducted every week during three consecutive menstrual cycles at 1 st day of menstruation (P 1 ), 7 th day (P 2 ), 14 th day (P 3 ) and 21 st day (P 4 ). Results: The SP values in the anterior temporal and masseter muscles were measured at both sides. The SP values of the right side (13.49 ms) at P 2 were significantly different compared to the left side (12.28 ms). However, there was no significant difference on the interactions among the three factors. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the SP values in healthy women in reproductive age may not be influenced by the menstrual cycle with similar results for both muscles.
Pattern Based Sequence Classification

Sequence classification is an important task in data mining. We address the problem of sequence classification using rules composed of interesting patterns found in a dataset of labelled sequences and accompanying class labels. We measure the interestingness of a pattern in a given class of sequences by combining the cohesion and the support of the pattern. We use the discovered patterns to generate confident classification rules, and present two different ways of building a classifier. The first classifier is based on an improved version of the existing method of classification based on association rules, while the second ranks the rules by first measuring their value specific to the new data object. Experimental results show that our rule based classifiers outperform existing comparable classifiers in terms of accuracy and stability. Additionally, we test a number of pattern feature based models that use different kinds of patterns as features to represent each sequence as a feature vector. We then apply a variety of machine learning algorithms for sequence classification, experimentally demonstrating that the patterns we discover represent the sequences well, and prove effective for the classification task.
The one-inclusion graph algorithm is near-optimal for the prediction model of learning

Haussler, Littlestone and Warmuth (1994) described a general-purpose algorithm for learning according to the prediction model, and proved an upper bound on the probability that their algorithm makes a mistake in terms of the number of examples seen and the Vapnik-Chervonenkis (VC) dimension of the concept class being learned. We show that their bound is within a factor of 1+o(1) of the best possible such bound for any algorithm.
Employee Stock Purchase Plans: Gift or Incentive? Evidence from a Multinational Corporation

Many large listed firms offer workers the opportunity to buy shares in the firm at discounted rates through employee stock purchase plans (ESPP). The discounted rate creates a gift exchange, where the firm hopes that workers who accept the gift reciprocate with greater loyalty and effort. But ESPPs diverge from standard gift exchange or efficiency wage models. Employees have to invest some of their own money by purchasing shares at the discounted rate to accept the gift. A sizeable number choose to reject the gift. In addition, the value of the ESPP gift varies with the share price and thus with the performance of the firm and the effort of workers in total. For workers who buy subsidized shares, an ESPP sets up a group incentive pay system analogous to profit sharing, all-employee stock options, or an employment ownership scheme that makes part of workers' compensation depend on company performance. Using data from the UK establishments of a multinational firm that places its ESPP at the heart of its employee compensation system, we compare the workplace behaviour of employees who join the ESPP with that of observationally equivalent workers who do not join the plan. We find that workers who purchase shares at subsidized prices work harder for longer hours and have lower quit and absence rates than workers who do not join the plan, but are no more involved in co-monitoring the performance of fellow employees than non-Plan members. We also find perceptions of peers' Plan participation influences workers' behaviour. ESPP joiners socialise more with colleagues outside work: this greater sense of social identity with colleagues, predicted under some gift exchange models, lowers their costs of work effort and may explain why they are more productive than those who do not join the ESPP. These findings highlight the distinct place of subsidized share purchase schemes in the spectrum of gift exchange and group incentive pay systems.
Workplace flexibility and innovation

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse the moderator effect of inter‐organizational cooperation in the relationship between workplace flexibility and innovation performance.Design/methodology/approach – Postal survey to a sample of manufacturing and service firms. Hierarchical regression.Findings – It was found that innovation performance is positively associated to internal functional flexibility, and negatively to external numerical flexibility and outsourcing. Inter‐organizational cooperation moderates the relationships between functional flexibility, external numerical flexibility and outsourcing with innovation performance.Research limitations/implications – The study's single country setting could limit the generalizability of the findings. Longitudinal as opposed to cross‐sectional data are needed for studying the causal assumptions reported here.Practical implications – The results of this study suggest that high‐cooperation firms may compensate the negative impact of external flexibili.
AN ALGEBRAIC PRESERVATION THEOREM FOR ℵ0-CATEGORICAL QUANTIFIED CONSTRAINT SATISFACTION

We prove an algebraic preservation theorem for positive Horn definability in @0-categorical structures. In particular, we define and study a construction which we call the periodic power of a structure, and define a periomorphism of a structure to be a homomorphism from the periodic power of the structure to the structure itself. Our preservation theorem states that, over an @0-categorical structure, a relation is positive Horn definable if and only if it is preserved by all periomorphisms of the structure. We give applications of this theorem, including a new proof of the known complexity classification of quantified constraint satisfaction on equality templates.
The Origin and Composition of Cucurbit “Phloem” Exudate1[OA]

Cucurbits exude profusely when stems or petioles are cut. We conducted studies on pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) to determine the origin and composition of the exudate. Morphometric analysis indicated that the exudate is too voluminous to derive exclusively from the phloem. Cold, which inhibits phloem transport, did not interfere with exudation. However, ice water applied to the roots, which reduces root pressure, rapidly diminished exudation rate. Sap was seen by microscopic examination to flow primarily from the fascicular phloem in cucumber, and several other cucurbit species, but primarily from the extrafascicular phloem in pumpkin. Following exposure of leaves to 14CO2, radiolabeled stachyose and other sugars were detected in the exudate in proportions expected of authentic phloem sap. Most of this radiolabel was released during the first 20 s. Sugars in exudate were dilute. The sugar composition of exudate from extrafascicular phloem near the edge of the stem differed from that of other sources in that it was high in hexose and low in stachyose. We conclude that sap is released from cucurbit phloem upon wounding but contributes negligibly to total exudate volume. The sap is diluted by water from cut cells, the apoplast, and the xylem. Small amounts of dilute, mobile sap from sieve elements can be obtained, although there is evidence that it is contaminated by the contents of other cell types. The function of P-proteins may be to prevent water loss from the xylem as well as nutrient loss from the phloem.
Desynchronization: Design for verification

Desynchronization is used to synthesize asynchronous circuits from synchronous specifications. Controller networks used for desynchronization are highly nondeterministic and are not easily amenable for verification. We adapt the desynchronization controllers for verifiability by imposing additional sequential dependencies among controller events that reduces nondeterminism. We deduce properties of the adapted controllers, which we use to develop methods for reachability analysis and verification of desynchronized circuits. The methods are demonstrated using seven desynchronized processor models.
Molecular dynamics simulations of retinal in rhodopsin: from the dark-adapted state towards lumirhodopsin.

The formation of photointermediates and conformational changes observed in the retinal chromophore of bilayer-embedded rhodopsin during the early steps of the protein activation have been studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In particular, the lysine-bound retinal has been examined, focusing on its conformation in the dark-adapted state (10 ns) and on the early steps after the isomerization of the 11-cis bond to trans (up to 10 ns). The parametrization for the chromophore is based on a recent quantum study [Sugihara, M. , Buss, V. , Entel, P., Elstner, M. , and Frauenheim, T. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 15259-15266] and shows good conformational agreement with recent experimental results. The isomerization, induced by switching the function governing the dihedral angle for the C11=C12 bond, was repeated with several different starting conformations. From the repeated simulations, it is shown that the retinal model exhibits a conserved activation pattern. The conformational changes are sequential and propagate outward from the C11=C12 bond, starting with isomerization of the C11=C12 bond, then a rotation of methyl group C20, and followed by increased fluctuations at the beta-ionone ring. The dynamics of these changes suggest that they are linked with photointermediates observed by spectroscopy. The exact moment when these events occur after the isomerization is modulated by the starting conformation, suggesting that retinal isomerizes through multiple pathways that are slightly different. The amplitudes of the structural fluctuations observed for the protein in the dark-adapted state and after isomerization of the retinal are similar, suggesting a subtle mechanism for the transmission of information from the chromophore to the protein.
Recombinant heat shock protein 70 in combination with radiotherapy as a source of tumor antigens to improve dendritic cell immunotherapy

Local radiotherapy (RT) plus intratumoral dendritic cell (DC) injection can mediate immunological response. We hypothesized that co-injection of exogenous recombinant heat shock protein 70 (rHsp70) in combination with RT-DC could be as effective as co-injection of HSP-peptide for evoking specific immune response. rHsp70-prostate-specific antigen (rHSP70C′-PSA) and α-fetoprotein (rHSP70C′-AFP) were used to compare specific response. Growth inhibition of the tumor and the systemic anti-tumor immune response were measured on CT26/PSA and CT26/AFP mice model. Intratumoral co-injection of rHsp70 and DC into the irradiated tumor site induced a more potent anti-tumor immune response than injection of DC alone. rHsp70 was as effective as rHsp70C′-PSA or rHsp70C′-AFP in inducing a tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response or tumor growth delay. These results demonstrate that co-administration with rHsp70 and RT could be a simple and effective source of tumor antigens to achieve RT-DC immunotherapy protocol and easy to apply in clinical use.
Probing Intrinsic Resting-State Networks in the Infant Rat Brain

Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) measures spontaneous fluctuations in blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the absence of external stimuli. It has become a powerful tool for mapping large-scale brain networks in humans and animal models. Several rs-fMRI studies have been conducted in anesthetized and awake adult rats, reporting consistent patterns of brain activity at the systems level. However, the evolution to adult patterns of resting-state activity has not yet been evaluated and quantified in the developing rat brain. In this study, we hypothesized that large-scale intrinsic networks would be easily detectable but not fully established as specific patterns of activity in lightly anesthetized 2-week-old rats (N = 11). Independent component analysis (ICA) identified 8 networks in 2-week-old-rats. These included Default mode, Sensory (Exteroceptive), Salience (Interoceptive), Basal Ganglia-Thalamic-Hippocampal, Basal Ganglia, Autonomic, Cerebellar, as well as Thalamic-Brainstem networks. Many of these networks consisted of more than one component, possibly indicative of immature, underdeveloped networks at this early time point. Except for the Autonomic network, infant rat networks showed reduced connectivity with subcortical structures in comparison to previously published adult networks. Reported slow fluctuations in the BOLD signal that correspond to functionally relevant resting-state networks in 2-week-old rats can serve as an important tool for future studies of brain development in the settings of different pharmacological applications or disease.
I.I Stability Conditions

The conditions derived in section I.G are similar to the well known requirements for mechanical stability. A particle moving in an external potential U settles to a stable equilibrium at a minimum value of U . In addition to the vanishing of the force −U , this is a consequence of the loss of energy to frictional processes. Stable equilibrium occurs at a minimum of the potential energy. For a thermodynamic system, equilibrium occurs at the extremum of the appropriate potential, for example at the maximum value of entropy for an isolated system. The requirement that spontaneous changes should always lead to an increased entropy, places important constraints on equilibrium response functions, discussed in this section. Consider a homogeneous system at equilibrium, characterized by intensive state func­ tions (T, J, μ), and extensive variables (E, x, N). Now imagine that the system is arbitrar­ ily divided into two equal parts, and that one part spontaneously transfers some energy to the other part in the form of work or heat. The two subsystems, A and B, initially have the same values for the intensive variables, while their extensive coordinates satisfy EA + EB = E, xA + xB = x, and NA + NB = N. After the exchange of energy between the two subsystems, the coordinates of A change to
Conditional Jumps in Volatility and Their Economic Determinants

The volatility of financial returns is affected by rapid and large increments. Such movements can be hardly generated by a pure diffusive process for stochastic volatility. On the contrary jumps in volatility are important because they allow for rapid increases, like those observed during stock market crashes. We propose an extension of HAR model for estimating the presence of jumps in volatility, using the realized-range measure as a volatility proxy. By focusing on a set of 36 NYSE stocks, we show that, once that squared jumps in prices are disentangled from integrated variance, then there is a positive probability of jumps in volatility, conditional on the past information set. We then focus on the contribution of jumps during periods of financial turmoil. We analyze the dependence between the first principal component of the volatility jumps with a set of financial covariates including VIX, S&P500 volume, CDS, and Federal Fund rates. We observe that CDS captures large part of the expected jumps moves, verifying the common interpretation that large and sudden increases in volatility in stock markets over some days in the recent financial crisis have been caused by credit deterioration of US bank sector. Finally, we extend the model incorporating the credit-default swap in the dynamics of the jump size and intensity. The estimates confirm the significant contribution of the credit-default swap to the dynamics of the volatility jump size.
Increased rate of gluconeogenesis in type II diabetes mellitus. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance study.

UNLABELLED To quantitate hepatic glycogenolysis, liver glycogen concentration was measured with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in seven type II diabetic and five control subjects during 23 h of fasting. Net hepatic glycogenolysis was calculated by multiplying the rate of glycogen breakdown by the liver volume, determined from magnetic resonance images. Gluconeogenesis was calculated by subtracting the rate of hepatic glycogenolysis from the whole body glucose production rate, measured using [6-3H]glucose. Liver glycogen concentration 4 h after a meal was lower in the diabetics than in the controls; 131 +/- 20 versus 282 +/- 60 mmol/liter liver (P < 0.05). Net hepatic glycogenolysis was decreased in the diabetics, 1.3 +/- 0.2 as compared to 2.8 +/- 0.7 mumol/(kg body wt x min) in the controls (P < 0.05). Whole body glucose production was increased in the diabetics as compared to the controls, 11.1 +/- 0.6 versus 8.9 +/- 0.5 mumol/(kg body wt x min) (P < 0.05). Gluconeogenesis was consequently increased in the diabetics, 9.8 +/- 0.7 as compared to 6.1 +/- 0.5 mumol/(kg body wt x min) in the controls (P < 0.01), and accounted for 88 +/- 2% of total glucose production as compared with 70 +/- 6% in the controls (P < 0.05). IN CONCLUSION increased gluconeogenesis is responsible for the increased whole body glucose production in type II diabetes mellitus after an overnight fast.