Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Teachers’ Assessment of Physical Aggression With the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire: A Multitrait-Multimethod Evaluation of Convergent and Discriminant Validity

The distinctiveness of physical aggression from other antisocial behavior is widely accepted but little research has explicitly focused on young children to empirically test this assumption. A Multitrait-Multimethod Matrix (MTMM) approach was employed to confirm the distinctiveness of physical aggression from nonaggressive antisocial behavior in early childhood. In addition, the convergent validity of teacher reports of physical aggression was investigated on a measure that contained age-appropriate behavior items selected from the Preschool Behavior Questionnaire (PBQ). Assessments of physical aggression versus nonaggressive antisocial behavior of 117 kindergartners with different behavior profiles were obtained using three measures varying in source and/or method: (a) teacher reports on the PBQ, (b) short interviews with teachers, and (c) classroom observations. The MTMM matrix was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The results provided reasonable support for the discrimination between physical aggression and nonaggressive antisocial behavior. In addition, strong support was found for the convergent validity of teacher-reported physical aggression using PBQ items.
Molecular Characterization of Cytokinin-Responsive Histidine Kinases in Maize. Differential Ligand Preferences and Response to cis-Zeatin1

Genes for cytokinin-responsive His-protein kinases (ZmHK1, ZmHK2, and ZmHK3a) were isolated from maize (Zea mays). Heterologous expression of each of the ZmHKs in Escherichia coli having the ΔrcsC and cps∷lacZ genetic background conferred cytokinin-inducibility of lacZ expression on the bacteria. In the recombinant E. coli system, ZmHK1 and ZmHK3a were more sensitive to free-base cytokinins than to the corresponding nucleosides; isopentenyladenine was most effective for ZmHK1, while ZmHK2 tended to be most sensitive to trans-zeatin and the riboside. In contrast to a known cytokinin receptor of Arabidopsis (AHK4/CRE1/WOL), all ZmHKs responded to cis-zeatin (cZ), which generally is believed to be inactive or only weakly active. In cultured maize cells, expression of ZmRR1, a cytokinin-inducible response regulator, was induced by cZ as well as by trans-zeatin. These results strongly suggest that maize cytokinin receptors differ in ligand preference, and that cZ is an active cytokinin at least in maize.
Multidisciplinarity, Interdisciplinarity, Transdisciplinarity, and the Sciences

The ideas of interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity have been widely applied to the relationship between sciences. This article is an attempt to discuss the reasons why scientific interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity pose specific problems. First of all, certain questions about terminology are taken into account in order to clarify the meaning of the word ‘discipline’ and its cognates. Secondly, we argue that the specificity of sciences does not lie in becoming disciplines. Then, we focus on the relationship between sciences, and between sciences and technologies: we argue that multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity are a common practice among strict sciences and technologies. Finally, we discuss the different meanings of transdisciplinarity when it is applied to sciences.
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention in Critically Ill Patients

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death and is a substantial source of disability in the United States. Moderate‐to‐severe acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) can progress to respiratory failure, necessitating ventilator assistance in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients in the ICU with AECOPD requiring ventilator support have higher morbidity and mortality rates as well as costs compared with hospitalized patients not in the ICU. The mainstay of management for patients with AECOPD in the ICU includes ventilator support (noninvasive or invasive), rapid‐acting inhaled bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and antibiotics. However, evidence supporting these interventions for the treatment of AECOPD in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU is scant. Corticosteroids have gained widespread acceptance in the management of patients with AECOPD necessitating ventilator assistance, despite their lack of evaluation in clinical trials as well as controversies surrounding optimal dosage regimens and duration of treatment. Recent studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of corticosteroids have found that higher doses are associated with increased adverse effects, which therefore support lower dosing strategies, particularly for patients admitted to the ICU for COPD exacerbations. This review highlights recent findings from the current body of evidence on nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment and prevention of AECOPD in critically ill patients. In addition, the administration of bronchodilators using novel delivery devices in the ventilated patient and the conflicting evidence surrounding antibiotic use in AECOPD in the critically ill is explored. Further clinical trials, however, are warranted to clarify the optimal pharmacotherapy management for AECOPD, particularly in critically ill patients admitted to the ICU.
How datapath allocation affects controller delay

We present an allocation approach which considers the controller's effect on system delay to minimize the system cycle time. Most allocation algorithms and conditional resource sharing methods emphasize minimum number of resources or area. Previous works have not modeled the resulting controller's structure and its contribution to the system delay in a controller/datapath system. The allocation method generates a controller with minimum delay on the system's critical path. Therefore the resulting system cycle time will be shorter than other allocation approaches. <<ETX>>
Federal Reserve Bank of New York Staff Reports Financial Stability Policies for Shadow Banking Financial Stability Policies for Shadow Banking

paper presents preliminary findings and is being distributed to economists and other interested readers solely to stimulate discussion and elicit comments. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and are not necessarily reflective of views at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System. Any errors or omissions are the responsibility of the author. Abstract This paper explores financial stability policies for the shadow banking system. I tie policy options to economic mechanisms for shadow banking that have been documented in the literature. I then illustrate the role of shadow bank policies using three examples: agency mortgage real estate investment trusts, leveraged lending, and captive reinsurance affiliates. For each example, the economic mechanisms are explained, the potential risks emanating from the activities are described, and policy options to mitigate such risks are listed. The overarching theme of the analysis is that any policy prescription for the shadow banking system is highly specific to the particular activity. Patallano for feedback. The views expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York or the Federal Reserve System.
Compressive sensing based estimation of OFDM nonlinear distortion

Compressive sensing (CS) has recently been proposed to recover nonlinearly distorted orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. This approach is only effective when the nonlinear distortion is very sparse, and as a result the power amplifier (PA) needs to have a large linear range. However, practical PAs typically have a small linear range to improve power efficiency and reduce cost. In this case, the nonlinear distortion has poor sparsity, which results in large estimation errors with CS-based methods. Further, the out-of-band radiation caused by nonlinear PA distortion cannot be mitigated since CS-based techniques are performed at the receiver. To address these problems, phase rotated pilot signals are introduced to modify the OFDM signal at the transmitter to ensure that the clipping noise is sufficiently sparse. This improves the performance of CS-based methods for PAs with a small linear range. In addition, the proposed technique reduces the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and thus also the out-of-band radiation.
The morphology of cosmological reionization by means of Minkowski functionals

The morphology of the total gas and the neutral hydrogen (H I) distributions during the cosmological epoch of reionization can be quantified with Minkowski functionals (MFs) of isodensity surfaces. We compute the MFs from the output of a high-resolution numerical simulation which includes explicit treatment of transfer of ultraviolet (UV) ionizing radiation. ‘Galaxies’ identified in the simulation using semi-analytic models of galaxy formation are assumed to be the sole sources of UV photons. The MFs of the total gas distribution are well described by the analytic expressions derived for lognormal random fields. The statistical properties of the diffuse H I depend on the gas distribution and on the way ionized regions propagate in the intergalactic medium (IGM). The deviations of the MFs of the H I distribution from those of a lognormal random field are, therefore, caused by reionization. We use the MFs to discriminate between the various stages of reionization in the simulation. We suggest a simple model of reionization which reproduces the MFs derived from this simulation. Using random realizations of lognormal density fields, we also assess the ability of MFs to distinguish between different reionization scenarios. Our results are relevant to the analysis of future cosmological 21-cm maps.
DEVELOPMENT OF SUBURBS IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-SOCIALIST CONSUMPTION MODELS: THE CASE OF PIERĪGA

Transition from socialism to capitalism in Eastern and Central Europe has been characterized as the most courageous experiment with neo-liberal ideas in the contemporary world. Neo-liberalism as the process, it has been argued, had to be domesticated not only by political elites, but also by individuals, families and communities (Creed, 1998). Having a closer look at post-socialistic home life the term “normal” stands for a life standard which is extraordinary in the local context and is likened to an “average level of West” and is being realized in the sphere of housing development and body care (Fehervary , 2002). A private house in the suburb surrounded by a lawn was the forbidden dream of the socialism era; there were a small number of private houses for one family, but in block house region people’s belonging to a place and their privacy was neglected. The research looks at challenges of post-socialism posed prestige by dwellings in a suburb, obtained with mortgages (credit) that have resulted in heavy financial obligations making a person heavily indebted. In Latvia it is, first of all, Pierīga , the suburban zone surrounding the capital city of Rīga that corresponds to the concept of suburb as developed in the classical theories of the urban space. An active property development in Pierīga began at the turn of the new millennium when the real estate market was booming. Most local government authorities in their turn envisaged an unprecedented rise in number of real property and hurried to plan the development of their territories accordingly. The outcome was dozens of widely scattered real property clusters, built with no overarching communal development plan and with none or underdeveloped infrastructure. A folk term for such type of settlement was soon coined - pļavu ciemi (“the meadow villages”). New research issues require application of Emergent Methods . Therefore this research integrates the quantitative and qualitative method in one study. It is a survey of the population ( SKDS , 2009), which reveals a suburb as a desirable living place, however, without awareness of place affiliation and shows that the index of the satisfaction with different fields of life in the districts is within 16%>47%; the association to the place of residence was admitted by 5% of the inhabitants; the job was found by 8% of the respondents. But semi-structured interviews with families in the new private houses reveal both the advantageous and disadvantageous consequences that interviewees’ attribute to their decision, made several years ago, to acquire a real property in a suburb. A private house in a post-socialistic suburb is often reminds as a heterotopia – a space contrasting to the surrounding area. And this process is not an illusion but a compensation (Foucault, 1986), which is based on socialism comprehension. It makes us think about the contradictions in creating suburban environment in post-socialistic conditions. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.5755/j01.eis. 0.6. 1480
S-AMP for non-linear observation models

Recently we presented the S-AMP approach, an extension of approximate message passing (AMP), to be able to handle general invariant matrix ensembles. In this contribution we extend S-AMP to non-linear observation models. We obtain generalized AMP (GAMP) as the special case when the measurement matrix has zero-mean iid Gaussian entries. Our derivation is based upon 1) deriving expectation-propagation-(EP)-like equations from the stationary-points equations of the Gibbs free energy under first- and second-moment constraints and 2) applying additive free convolution in free probability theory to get low-complexity updates for the second moment quantities.
Max-Min Fair Multipath Routing with Physical Interference Constraints for Multihop Wireless Networks

Fairness and system throughput, influenced by wireless interference, are major objectives of resource allocation in wireless networks. Whereas traditionally max-min fairness protocols have been developed for wired networks (where interference is not a factor for network performance), in this paper we investigate the problem of flow routing and fair bandwidth allocation under the constraints of the physical interference model for multihop wireless networks. A max-min fair (MMF) routing algorithm under physical interference constraints is proposed where multiple candidate paths coexist for each user to the base station. The algorithm is formulated as a multicommodity flow problem where the lexicographically largest bandwidth allocation vector is found among all optimal allocation vectors. We compare our approach with two MMF interference routing algorithms in the literature that use the protocol interference model to garner fair bandwidth allocation. We show that our algorithm performs better in terms of blocking probability, bandwidth usage and link load.
Oxygen-Dependent Ubiquitination and Degradation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Requires Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Trafficking of the von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein

ABSTRACT It is becoming increasingly evident that the degradation of nuclear proteins requires nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of both the substrate proteins, as well as the E3 ubiquitin-ligases. Here, we show that nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (VHL) is required for oxygen-dependent ubiquitination and degradation of the alpha subunits of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-α). VHL engages in a constitutive transcription-sensitive nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttle unaffected by oxygen tension or levels of nuclear substrate HIF-α. Ubiquitinated forms of HIF-α, as well as VHL/ubiquitinated HIF-α complexes, are found solely in the nuclear compartment of normoxic or reoxygenated VHL-competent cells. HIF-α localizes exclusively in the nucleus of hypoxic cells but is exported to the cytoplasm upon reoxygenation. Oxygen-dependent nuclear ubiquitination and nuclear export of HIF-α can be prevented by treatment with an HIF-specific prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor. Treatment with inhibitors of RNA polymerase II activity, which interfere with the ability of VHL to engage in nuclear export, also prevents cytoplasmic accumulation of HIF-α in reoxygenated cells. This caused a marked increase in the HIF-α half-life without affecting its nuclear ubiquitination. We present a model by which VHL-mediated ubiquitination of HIF-α and its subsequent degradation are dependent upon dynamic nuclear-cytoplasmic trafficking of both the E3 ubiquitin-ligase and the nuclear substrate protein.
Effect of Resistance Training on Excess Post‐exercise Oxygen Consumption

Post-exercise energy expenditure has not been studied after resistance exercise. In this study, metabolic rate was measured by indirect calorimetry for nine volunteers after 40 minutes of cycling (80 percent of maximal heart rate), 40 minutes of circuit training (50 percent of individuals' maximum lift [1 RM] × 15 repetitions × 4 sets), 40 minutes of heavy resistance lifting (80 to 90 percent of 1 RM × 3–8 repetitions × 3 sets) and a control interval. Weight training included use of eight stations of Universal multi- and unistation equipment. All forms of exercise increased the metabolic rate immediately after exertion (p < 0.01). For circuit and heavy resistance lifting, the increase also was significant 30 minutes after exertion (p < 0.05). The absolute total increment in caloric use (mean ± standard deviation) after exertion was comparable among circuit training (49 ± 20 kilocalories), heavy lifting (51 ± 31 kilocalories), and cycling (32 ± 16 kilocalories). However, cycling was less (p < 0.05) than both forms of weight training. Our findings suggest that dynamic exertion is not required to augment post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), and that the amount of exercising skeletal mass is an additional variable to consider when relating exercise to EPOC.
Authentic Data Publication Over the Internet

Integrity critical databases, such as financial information used in high-value decisions, are frequently published over the Internet. Publishers of such data must satisfy the integrity, authenticity, and nonrepudiation requirements of clients. Providing this protection over public data networks is an expensive proposition. This is, in part, due to the difficulty of building and running secure systems. In practice, large systems can not be verified to be secure and are frequently penetrated. The negative consequences of a system intrusion at the publisher can be severe. The problem is further complicated by data and server replication to satisfy availability and scalability requirements.To our knowledge this work is the first of its kind to give general approaches for reducing the trust required of publishers of large databases. To do this, we separate the roles of data owner and data publisher. With a few digital signatures on the part of the owner and no trust required of a publisher, we give techniques based on Merkle hash trees that publishers can use to provide authenticity and nonrepudiation of the answer to database queries posed by a client. This is done without requiring a key to be held in an on-line system, thus reducing the impact of system penetrations. By reducing the trust required of the publisher, our solution is a step towards the publication of large databases in a scalable manner.
The Listening Log: motivating autonomous learning

When learners spend a period of time in the L2 community, as students on exchange programmes, as immigrants, or even on holiday, they are surrounded by listening opportunities that are far more varied and numerous than those of the classroom. Drawing on learner data from Erasmus and Study Abroad students on placement at a UK university, this paper shows how keeping a Listening Log motivates and encourages them to engage with, and reflect on, these experiences as potential learning situations. Through writing the Log, they develop independent learning skills, including the ability to monitor their performance, and make decisions and act upon them.
Functional neuroanatomy on the working memory under emotional distraction in patients with generalized anxiety disorder

Patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) suffer the symptoms of psychological distress, including excessive and uncontrollable anxiety. Until now, the functional neuroanatomy for working memory (WM) in conjunction with the major anxiety symptoms in GAD patients has not yet been clearly identified. This study investigated the neural activation patterns associated with the effect of neutral and anxiety‐inducing distractors during the delayed‐response WM task in GAD patients.
Sex differences in the activity level of infants.

A gender difference in motor activity level (AL) is well established for children, but questions about the existence and nature of an infant sex difference remain. To assess these questions, we applied meta-analytic procedures to summarize 46 infancy studies comprising 78 male–female motor activity comparisons. Our results showed that, as with children, male infants were more active than females. Objective measures of infant AL estimated the size of this difference to be 0.2 standard deviations, though subjective parent-report measures estimated the difference to be smaller. We argue that this early sex difference in activity level is biologically based. However, socialization processes, such as gender-differentiated expectations and experiences, in conjunction with further sex-differentiated biological developments, amplify this early difference to produce the larger gender differences in activity found during childhood. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Conceptual Model for Smoking Cessation: Physical Activity, Neurocognition, and Executive Functioning

Purpose: Considerable research has shown adverse neurobiological effects of chronic alcohol use, including long-term and potentially permanent changes in the structure and function of the brain; however, much less is known about the neurobiological consequences of chronic smoking, as it has largely been ignored until recently. In this article, we present a conceptual model proposing the effects of smoking on neurocognition and the role that physical activity may play in this relationship as well as its role in smoking cessation. Methods: Pertinent published peer-reviewed articles deposited in PubMed delineating the pathways in the proposed model were reviewed. Results: The proposed model, which is supported by emerging research, demonstrates a bidirectional relationship between smoking and executive functioning. In support of our conceptual model, physical activity may moderate this relationship and indirectly influence smoking behavior through physical activity-induced changes in executive functioning. Conclusions: Our model may have implications for aiding smoking cessation efforts through the promotion of physical activity as a mechanism for preventing smoking-induced deficits in neurocognition and executive function.