Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Counterflows and counterpublics

Abstract: This study examines the re-presentation of Al-Jazeera news material on western television and websites, arguing that its worldwide resonance contributes to a ‘global public sphere’. The analysis reveals that while mainstream and global news networks systematically self-censor Al-Jazeera images that challenge the traditional framing of war in the United States, western-based websites (N = 102) invent a discourse missing from the mainstream by importing Al-Jazeera's reports. This engenders the emergence of online ‘counterpublics’ that challenge the local agenda proactively through presentation and discussion of the Other's take on news events.
Comparison of the effects of sodium salicylate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and polyoxyethylene−23−lauryl ether as adjuvants for the rectal absorption of sodium cefoxitin

Sodium salicylate, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and polyoxyethylene−23‐lauryl ether (POE) significantly enhanced the absorption of cefoxitin from the rectum but with the following differences. (1) The effectiveness of salicylate or EDTA was enhanced by sodium chloride, whereas the activity of POE was not. (2) Although the ratios of plasma cefoxitin peak values to cefoxitin dose were constant with POE or EDTA, the peak to dose ratios with salicylate decreased with increasing cefoxitin concentration. (3) Phlorizin and 4, 4′‐diisothiocyanostilbene−2, 2′‐disulfonic acid (DIDS) inhibited the effectiveness of salicylate, but did not influence the adjuvant action of either POE or EDTA. (4) Although treatment with salicylate resulted in slightly less protein release than treatment with NaCl, both POE and EDTA increased the release of protein from the rectal mucosa. It appears that the effects of salicylate occur at the protein fraction of the rectal mucosa through a saturable process whereas the adjuvant action of POE and EDTA appears to involve some irreversible disruption of the membrane.
Incremental change without policy learning: Explaining information rejection in English mental health services

Abstract This paper reviews recent policy changes in English mental health services and the nature of the evidence base that has guided these changes. In particular, the paper focuses on different groups within mental health policy and practice, citing examples of information rejection by each of the key stakeholders. Drawing on a neo-Durkheimian institutionalist framework, the paper argues that each group classifies the world, remembers and forgets, and rejects the information that they do, in order to solve or at least to cope with the organizational challenges and pressures they face, which in turn are the product of informal institutions. As a result of this, the ideas and assumptions underpinning English mental health policy have remained remarkably consistent over time, due in part to the fact that different stakeholders have been institutionally disposed to hear only a limited range of messages from the growing evidence base and correspondingly find it very difficult to engage in constructive debate with each other or reach consensus.
Credit Bureau Policy and Sustainable Reputation Effects in Credit Markets

Welfare-increasing reputation effects arise in credit markets when adverse selection gives rise to borrower reputation formation incentives that mitigate moral hazard problems. This paper shows that welfare stemming from reputation effects will diminish over time as the private information of borrowers is revealed to lenders in the form of lengthening credit histories. Aggregate borrower welfare may, therefore, decrease over time unless reputation effects can be sustained. Restricting a lender's access to a borrower's credit history via credit bureau policy is shown to be one method of sustaining reputation effects and preventing a decline in welfare. Copyright 1995 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.
Efficient electrode spacing for examining spatial organization during ventricular fibrillation

Spatial organization has been observed during episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) by recording epicardial unipolar electrograms on a grid of electrodes. In such studies, the choice of spacing between electrodes is an important decision, affecting the resolution and the size of the domain to be studied. A basic tenet of sampling theory, the Nyquist criterion, states that an electrode spacing smaller than half the smallest significant wavelength is required to capture the important details of a spatially sampled process. The authors suggest a method to choose a practical interelectrode spacing by examining wavenumber power spectra of high-resolution VF data recorded from a square 11*11 array of electrodes spaced 0.28 mm apart. The plaque was sutured on the epicardium near the left ventricular apex in 7 anesthetized pigs. VF was induced with AC simulation. Unipolar extracellular electrograms were simultaneously recorded from each channel for 2 s after the induction of VF. Each signal was sampled in time at 1000 Hz. Wavenumber power spectra were calculated for 100 ms segments using the zero-delay wavenumber spectrum method, for a total of 140 power spectra. All spectra had dominant peaks at the origin and fell off rapidly with increasing wavenumber (decreasing wavelength). In all the spectra, every wavelength shorter than 1.4 mm contributed insignificant power. Furthermore, in 134 of 140 spectra (96%), insignificant power levels were associated with every wavelength shorter than 2.8 mm. These results suggest that, for unipolar extracellular electrodes, an intersensor spacing on the order of 1 mm is appropriate to study organization during early VF. <<ETX>>
GAME THEORY IN NEUROSCIENCE

Decisions made during social interaction are complex due to the inherent uncertainty about their outcomes, which are jointly determined by the actions of the decision maker and others. Game theory, a mathematical analysis of such interdependent decision making, provides a computational framework to extract core components of complex social situations and to analyze decision making in terms of those quantifiable components. In particular, normative prescription of optimal strategies can be compared to the strategies actually used by humans and animals, thereby providing insights into the nature of observed deviations from prescribed strategies. Here, we review the recent advances in decision neuroscience based on game theoretic approaches, focusing on two major topics. First, a number of studies have uncovered behavioral and neural mechanisms of learning that mediate adaptive decision making during dynamic interactions among decision agents. We highlight multiple learning systems distributed in the cortical and subcortical networks supporting different types of learning during interactive games, such as model-free reinforcement learning and model-based belief learning. Second, numerous studies have investigated the role of social norms, such as fairness, reciprocity and cooperation, in decision making and their representations in the brain. We predict that in combination with sophisticated manipulation of socio-cognitive factors, game theoretic approaches will continue to provide useful tools to understand multifaceted aspects of complex social decision making, including their neural substrates.
Beyond Corporate Environmental Management to a Consideration of Nature in Visionary Small Enterprise

This article examines the potential for visionary small-enterprise to operate with a fundamentally different conception of nature from the environmental management mode offered within the business case for sustainable development. Corporate environmental management is critiqued for not offering any fundamental reassessment of the business—nature relationship, which would be required to achieve ecological sustainability. Three contrasting cases of visionary small-enterprise in New Zealand are described in terms of the entrepreneurs’ expressed understandings of nature and constructions of the business—nature relationship. The entrepreneurs in this study readily made connections between nature and their businesses and were aware of value judgments they made either in favor of nature, or with some regret against it where supporting infrastructure was absent, or economic rationalities prevailed. A nature-centered and not overly growth-focused outlook appears an essential element of business aligned with the new ecological paradigm.
The Impacts of Social Networks and Household Forest Conservation Efforts in Rural Nepal

This paper investigates links between the strength and type of social networks and private forest conservation activity in rural Nepal. Using Nepal household survey data, this paper tests the effects of alternative social network indices on the number of trees planted on private land. Our findings show that social networks can have positive spillovers effects. However, this generalization requires careful qualification about the type of social network involved. While there has been considerable discussion about building and enhancing social networks, the policy implication is that not all networks are created equal when it comes to enhancing critical conservation activities. (JEL Q23, O17)
The Information Content of Alternate Implied Volatility Models: Case of Indian Markets

The information content to forecast the future realised volatility by model-based implied volatility and model free implied volatility has been an increasingly important area of research. There is a lot of literature suggesting that Black Scholes implied volatility is an efficient estimator (Fleming 1998); on the contrary there are studies suggesting that model free measures like VIX could be more informative (Jiang and Tian 2005). There is also a view, as evidenced in the earlier research, that there is a complete lack of relationship between them. The current study seeks to understand these dynamics in the Indian context and add to the debate by specifying market direction variables which could explain the relationship. The study tries to bring out the short-term relationship between the two volatilities. The present study finds evidence supporting Fleming (1998) and contrary to the evidence suggested by Jiang and Tian (2005), that is, Black Scholes implied volatility dominates the forecasting efficiency over the VIX even though both estimates are biased. JEL Classification: G12, G13, G14, C22
Rapid Institutional Shifts and the Co–evolution of Entrepreneurial Firms in Transition Economies

Economies in transition such as Russia's are among the world's fastest growing. Entrepreneurial firms in an environment like Russia's face rapid and dramatic shifts in the institutional environment. These shifts represent significant challenges to entrepreneurial firms as they seek not only to survive but also to prosper in that environment by rapidly co–evolving with institutional changes. Prior research has focused on institutional change and its impact in developed economies. But the rate of evolution of institutions in transition economies tends to be faster and less predictable. This article reports a longitudinal study of high technology entrepreneurial firms in Russia employing a grounded theory methodology to understand how entrepreneurial ventures co–evolve with rapid institutional changes and still manage to prosper.
Spatial Filtering: Concentration or Dispersion of NCREIF Institutional Investment

Investors seeking to construct a portfolio of real estate properties wrestle with the trade-off between the benefits of wide-area spatial diversification versus the benefits of efficient management of properties within a small area. This study traces the acquisition and holding patterns of five types of unleveraged properties at the county level of NCREIF investors for the years 1985 and 1993. The results suggest that these investors believe they capture the systematic risk of the national real estate portfolio and sufficiently diversify away the unsystematic risk by concentrating their holdings within a small core of counties. In 1993 NCREIF investors had 45% of their holdings in fifteen counties that had 15% of the nation's population and employment.
The Sphingosine Kinase 1 Inhibitor 2-(p-Hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole Induces Proteasomal Degradation of Sphingosine Kinase 1 in Mammalian Cells*

Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of sphingosine to produce the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). We demonstrate here that the SK1 inhibitor, SKi (2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole) induces the proteasomal degradation of SK1 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, androgen-sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells, MCF-7 and MCF-7 HER2 breast cancer cells and that this is likely mediated by ceramide as a consequence of catalytic inhibition of SK1 by SKi. Moreover, SK1 is polyubiquitinated under basal conditions, and SKi appears to increase the degradation of SK1 by activating the proteasome. In addition, the proteasomal degradation of SK1a and SK1b in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells is associated with the induction of apoptosis. However, SK1b in LNCaP-AI cells (androgen-independent) is less sensitive to SKi-induced proteasomal degradation and these cells are resistant to SKi-induced apoptosis, thereby implicating the ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation of SK1 as an important mechanism controlling cell survival.
Family Enterprise and Context

There has been increasing attention to the heterogeneity of family businesses but recognition of the heterogeneity of the contexts in which family firms operate is only now emerging. The articles and commentaries in this special issue contribute to the understanding of some of the institutional and organizational contexts in which family businesses operate and the impact of this variety on their behavior, strategies, and performance. We discuss the importance of context and questions for future research that deal with the interrelationships between different contexts and the behaviors of different types of family firms.
A review of orthodontic bond failure using a chemical cure adhesive.

INTRODUCTION Orthodontic treatment involves the direct bonding of brackets to the tooth surface. These bonds should survive until the end of active treatment. The objective of this study was to clinically determine the frequency and bond failure pattern at the orthodontic clinic in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, (LUTH) within a two-year period. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 1926 stainless steel Roth . 022 brackets (Ultraminitrim Dentaurum, Germany) in 113 patients were bonded using Rely-a-bond No-mix Adhesive (Reliance Orthodontic Products Inc., U.S.A.) over a two-year period. The effects of age, gender, arch location and position of the tooth in the arch on failure rate were evaluated. The mean time to first bond failure was also determined. RESULTS A failure rate of 24.1% was recorded. The mean age at onset of treatment was 18.08 years. There was female preponderance with a male to female ratio of 1:3. The failure rate in males was 26.2% and in females 23.4%. The failure rates among the different age groups are as follows; 6-11 years 30.7%, 12-17 years 36.2%, 18-25 years 10.2%, 26 and above years 9.1%. The failure rate was significantly higher in the mandibular teeth and teeth in the posterior location of the arch. CONCLUSION Out of 1926 bonded brackets there was a failure rate of 24.1% with a higher rate of failure in the younger age group, mandibular teeth and teeth in the posterior location of the arch.
Cell Penetration and Trafficking of Polyomavirus

ABSTRACT The murine polyomavirus (Py) enters mouse fibroblasts and kidney epithelial cells via an endocytic pathway that is caveola-independent (as well as clathrin-independent). In contrast, uptake of simian virus 40 into the same cells is dependent on caveola. Following the initial uptake of Py, both microtubules and microfilaments play roles in trafficking of the virus to the nucleus. Colcemid, which disrupts microtubules, inhibits the ability of Py to reach the nucleus and replicate. Paclitaxel, which stabilizes microtubules and prevents microtubule turnover, has no effect, indicating that intact but not dynamic microtubules are required for Py infectivity. Compounds that disrupt actin filaments enhance Py uptake while stabilization of actin filaments impedes Py infection. Virus particles are seen in association with actin in cells treated with microfilament-disrupting or filament-stabilizing agents at levels comparable to those in untreated cells, suggesting that a dynamic state of the microfilament system is important for Py infectivity.
An Adverse-Selection Model of Equity Financing with Private Benefits of Control

We develop an adverse-selection model of equity financing that incorporates private benefits of control into managers/controlling shareholders' self-interested objective function. In the model, it is incentive compatible for managers/controlling shareholders to take even bad projects if their private benefits from the new investments overwhelm the adverse effect on their equity holdings. Unlike Myers and Majluf's (1984) and Stulz's (1990) models, our model unveils a wide range of important factors that influence both under- and over-investment. In particular, private benefits, like inside holdings, have opposing effects on under- and over-investment. Surprisingly, a certain level of private benefits can enhance firm value by alleviating underinvestment. The model nests existing important SEO models in predicting announcement effects, which can be both negative and positive. The possibility of positive announcement effects of SEOs has been largely ignored in the literature. Our model predicts that the relationship between announcement effects and investment opportunities may not be monotonically increasing, especially when investment opportunities are so high that the market well anticipates that the firm will not skip the issue/investment - hence little information content of the new issue. Like Ambarish, John and Williams (1987), our model emphasizes that it is not the level of growth per se but the uncertainties about growth that can give rise to positive announcement returns. But differently, our model does not relate positive announcement returns to overinvestment and negative ones to underinvestment. Our model can explain the puzzle found by Fama and French (1999) that small growth firms with less leverage, not following the Myers' (1984) pecking order in financing, issue a lot of new equity without the fear of the severer asymmetric information they face. We argue that such small firms are likely to have more asymmetric information from investment opportunities than from assets-in-place. According to our analysis, the announcement returns in this situation are likely to become positive. However, it does not mean that the new equity issues by small firms would become rampant. The reason is that such a new issue advantage diminishes endogenously when the small issuer gets bigger by the very equity issue.
Predictors of live hospice discharge: Data from the National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS)

In the context of the current regulatory environment, patients may be discharged from hospice if their condition stabilizes or improves over time and the certifying physician is unable to provide a conscientious recertification of the six-month prognosis. Little is known about the characteristics or outcomes of patients who are determined by physicians to no longer be eligible for hospice care. This retrospective study was designed to characterize the rates and predictors of live hospice discharge using data from the 1996 and 1998 National Home and Hospice Care Survey (NHHCS). We compare records of live hospice discharge with hospice discharges due to death from the discharge patient files of the 1996 and the 1998 NHHCS. Of the 807,733 patients in the combined 1996 and 1998 NHHCS discharge patient file who met study inclusion criteria, 761,858 (94 percent) were deceased and 45,875 (6 percent) were discharged alive. Those who were discharged alive were more likely to be female, have received hospice care for more than 60 days, and to have had a noncancer diagnosis, particularly advanced cardiopulmonary or neurologic disease. Mean age and total number of assistive medical devices used did not differ significantly between patients who were discharged alive and those who died in hospice care. Factors most associated with live hospice discharge, using bivariate analyses, were length of service greater than 60 days (OR, 6.60; 95 percent CI, 6.47-6.73), cardiopulmonary diagnosis (OR, 3.24; 95 percent CI, 3.19-3.30), and neurologic diagnosis (OR, 2.73; 95 percent CI, 2.67-2.79). Multivariate logistic regression identified length of service greater than 60 days, cardiopulmonary diagnosis, neurologic diagnosis, female gender, worse functional status, and living in an institutional setting as being independently associated with live hospice discharge. We found that patients who were discharged alive from hospice care were more likely to have longer lengths of service, noncancer diagnoses, and better functional status than those who died while receiving hospice care. Age was not associated with discharge disposition. Given the demonstrated differences between these patients and those who died while receiving hospice care, these data provide further impetus for careful study of the appropriateness of current hospice eligibility criteria, the determinants of hospice discharge and, most important, the outcomes of patients who are discharged alive from hospice and the impact of hospice discharge on patients and their families.
Local female talent retention in the Gulf: Emirati women bending with the wind

While the Arab Middle East reflects a diversity of business contexts, many countries in the region still fall short in women's workforce participation. The Gulf countries in particular rank well in educational achievements, but these achievements are not yet transferring to the workplace. With the increasing need to cultivate talent worldwide, it is imperative to understand the challenges related to retaining women in the workforce in emerging market countries such as the UAE. Based on qualitative data gathered from focus groups, the present study examines how local Emirati women navigate workforce participation. We identify four main challenges to remain in the workforce, and uncover four key strategies used to address these challenges. Findings are emblematic of what women have experienced universally, albeit cloaked in a gendered subtext which reveals the uniquely Emirati experience. Our findings contribute to the elaboration of an emerging AME HR model by examining external realities relevant for working women in the resource-rich countries of the Gulf and by proposing HR practices that could promote the retention of women in the workplace.