Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
An Updated Taxonomy of Evolutionary Computation Problems using Graph-based Evolutionary Algorithms

Graph based evolutionary algorithms use combinatorial graphs to impose a topology or "geographic structure" on an evolving population. It has been demonstrated that, for a fixed problem, time to solution varies substantially with the choice of graph. This variation is not simple with very different graphs yielding faster solution times for different problems. Normalized time to solution for many graphs thus forms an objective character that can be used for classifying the type of a problem, separate from its hardness measured with average time to solution. This study uses fifteen combinatorial graphs to classify 40 evolutionary computation problems. The resulting classification is done using neighbor joining, and the results are also displayed using non-linear projection. The different methods of grouping evolutionary computation problems into similar types exhibit substantial agreement. Numerical optimization problems form a close grouping while some other groups of problems scatter across the taxonomy. This paper updates an earlier taxonomy of 23 problems and introduces new classification techniques.
RCOR2 Is a Subunit of the LSD1 Complex That Regulates ESC Property and Substitutes for SOX2 in Reprogramming Somatic Cells to Pluripotency

Histone demethylase LSD1 can form complex with different Rcor family corepressors in different cell types. It remains unknown if cell‐specific Rcor proteins function specifically in distinct cell types. Here, we report that Rcor2 is predominantly expressed in ESCs and forms a complex with LSD1 and facilitates its nucleosomal demethylation activity. Knockdown of Rcor2 in ESCs inhibited ESC proliferation and severely impaired the pluripotency. Moreover, knockdown of Rcor2 greatly impaired the formation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. In contrast, ectopic expression of Rcor2 in somatic cells together with Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 promoted the formation of iPS cells. Most interestingly, ectopic expression of Rcor2 in both mouse and human somatic cells effectively substituted the requirement for exogenous Sox2 expression in somatic cell reprogramming. STEM CELLS 2011;
Morphology of Blood Cells, Liver and Spleen of the Desert Tortoise (Testudo graeca)

The morphological characteristics of peripheral blood cells, the anatomical structure of the liver and spleen were examined in desert tortoise. Forty healthy adult Testudo graeca tortoises, 20 females and 20 males were selected for this study. The tortoises were given thorough examination, and a blood sample was collected from the heart by cardiocentesis. The Wright staining method was used for classification of the blood cells. Seven different types of blood cells were determined: erythrocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and thrombocytes. Mature erythrocytes of captive Testudo graeca were nucleated ellipsoidal cells. Erythrocytes measurements for males were (length 18.76 ± 2.81 � mwidth 9.52 ± 2.23 � m) and for females were (length 19.19 ± 2.90 � mwidth 9.84 ± 2.50 � m). The heterophil contain large, eosinophilic, ovoid, cytoplasmic granules with eccentric nucleus. The eosinophil is distinguished by its round, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules and the nucleus is round to oval, single or bi-lobed, and eccentrically placed within the cytoplasm. The basophil was easily identified by its deeply stained purple, large, round granules that remained tightly adhered to the centrally located nucleus. The lymphocyte contained a small amount of blue staining cytoplasm and a round nucleus with a fine reticular pattern. The monocyte contains a large amount of light blue- gray, finely granular or vacuolated cytoplasm, and an oval or indented nucleus. Thrombocytes were oval-shaped cells contained round, densely stained nucleus. The liver composed of two lobes, right and left which were connected with a narrow band of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the tortoise liver is seen to be composed of intersinusoidal cords of hepatocytes. The spleen grossly appeared as round or oval structure. The parenchyma (splenic pulp) formed of lymphoid tissue and is of two distinct types; white and red pulps. Overall, this study provides identification of the morphological characteristics of different peripheral blood cells of the tortoise Testudo graeca species as well as the anatomy of the liver and spleen, as a reference for future hematological studies of this species and may be used as a basis for comparison in clinical cases.
A Global Convergence Theory for General Trust-Region-Based Algorithms for Equality Constrained Optimization

This work presents a global convergence theory for a broad class of trust-region algorithms for the smooth nonlinear programming problem with equality constraints. The main result generalizes Powell's 1975 result for unconstrained trust-region algorithms. The trial step is characterized by very mild conditions on its normal and tangential components. The normal component need not be computed accurately. The theory requires a quasi-normal component to satisfy a fraction of Cauchy decrease condition on the quadratic model of the linearized constraints. The tangential component then must satisfy a fraction of Cauchy decrease condition on a quadratic model of the Lagrangian function in the translated tangent space of the constraints determined by the quasi-normal component. Estimates of the Lagrange multipliers and the Hessians are assumed only to be bounded. The other main characteristic of this class of algorithms is that the step is evaluated by using the augmented Lagrangian as a merit function with the penalty parameter updated using the El-Alem scheme. The properties of the step and the way that the penalty parameter is chosen are sufficient to establish global convergence. As an example, an algorithm is presented that can be viewed as a generalization of the Steihaug--Toint dogleg algorithm for the unconstrained case. It is based on a quadratic programming algorithm that uses a step in a quasi-normal direction to the tangent space of the constraints and then takes feasible conjugate reduced-gradient steps to solve the reduced quadratic program. This algorithm should cope quite well with large problems for which effective preconditioners are known.
A low velocity belt beneath northern and eastern Tibetan Plateau from Pn tomography

New Pn tomography on Tibetan Plateau (TP) and neighboring region is conducted with data assembled from various sources. The improved Pn tomographic image delineates several distinct geophysical regimes that are approximately separated by geological boundaries at surface. Dense distribution of the stations in the eastern half of the plateau allows us to infer a 3D view of crustal thickness variation of the region. The most striking feature is the bended low velocity belt (LVB), which extends from west to east beneath Qiangtang block and Songpan Ganzi fold belt (SGFB) in northern TP and then turns consistently southward with SGFB beneath eastern TP and further south to Indo‐China. The consistency between geological boundaries on surface and sharp velocity contrast boundaries in uppermost mantle may suggest strong deformation coupling between crust and, at least uppermost mantle, if not whole lithosphere. A north‐south striking LVB is also observed cutting through the southern TP, coinciding with the Yadong‐Gulu rift at surface. Our tomographic results are generally consistent with dynamic models that involve with underthrusting in the southern TP, shortening in the northern TP, and extrusion to the east and the southeast. Furthermore, our results suggest significant east‐west variations in the structure and dynamics.
Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Consensus statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society.

OBJECTIVE A consensus conference on the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) and related disorders was organized by the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, the Alzheimer's Association, and the American Geriatrics Society on January 4 and 5, 1997. The target audience was primary care physicians, and the following questions were addressed: (1) How prevalent is AD and what are its risk factors? What is its impact on society? (2) What are the different forms of dementia and how can they be recognized? (3) What constitutes safe and effective treatment for AD? What are the indications and contraindications for specific treatments? (4) What management strategies are available to the primary care practitioner? (5) What are the available medical specialty and community resources? (6) What are the important policy issues and how can policymakers improve access to care for dementia patients? (7) What are the most promising questions for future research? PARTICIPANTS Consensus panel members and expert presenters were drawn from psychiatry, neurology, geriatrics, primary care, psychology, nursing, social work, occupational therapy, epidemiology, and public health and policy. EVIDENCE The expert presenters summarized data from the world scientific literature on the questions posed to the panel. CONSENSUS PROCESS The panelists listened to the experts' presentations, reviewed their background papers, and then provided responses to the questions based on these materials. The panel chairs prepared the initial drafts of the consensus statement, and these drafts were read by all panelists and edited until consensus was reached. CONCLUSIONS Alzheimer disease is the most common disorder causing cognitive decline in old age and exacts a substantial cost on society. Although the diagnosis of AD is often missed or delayed, it is primarily one of inclusion, not exclusion, and usually can be made using standardized clinical criteria. Most cases can be diagnosed and managed in primary care settings, yet some patients with atypical presentations, severe impairment, or complex comorbidity benefit from specialist referral. Alzheimer disease is progressive and irreversible, but pharmacologic therapies for cognitive impairment and nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral problems associated with dementia can enhance quality of life. Psychotherapeutic intervention with family members is often indicated, as nearly half of all caregivers become depressed. Health care delivery to these patients is fragmented and inadequate, and changes in disease management models are adding stresses to the system. New approaches are needed to ensure patients' access to essential resources, and future research should aim to improve diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness.
Infinitesimal or cocommutative dipterous bialgebras and good triples of operads

The works of Poincare, Birkhoff, Witt and Cartier, Milnor, Moore on the connected cocommutative Hopf algebras translated in the language of operads means that the triple of operads (Com, As, Lie) endowed with the Hopf compatiblity relation is good. In this paper, we focus on left dipterous (resp. right dipterous) algebras which are associative algebras with an extra left (resp. right) module on themselves and look for good triples were $As$ is replaced by the dipterous operad Dipt. Since the work of Loday and Ronco, the triple of operads (As, Dipt, B_\infty) endowed with the semi-Hopf compatibility relations is known to be good. In this paper, we prove that the triple of operads (As, Dipt, Grove) endowed with the so-called (nonunital) semi-infinitesimal compatibility relations is good. For that, explicit constructions of the free dipterous algebra and the free grove-algebra over a K-vector space V are given. These constructions turn out to be related to rooted planar trees and the little an large Schroeder numbers. Many examples of dipterous algebras are given, notably the free L-dipterous algebras. As a corollary of our results, we also recover that the triple of operads (2As, Dipt, Vect) endowed both with the unital semi-Hopf and with the unital semi-infinitesimal compatibility relations is good, where 2As denotes the operad of 2-associative algebras. We also open this paper on a good triple, related to the Connes-Kreimer Hopf algebra in quantum field theory, (Com, Dipt, Prim_{Com} Dipt) endowed with the Hopf compatibility relations and also present a general theorem giving good triples from entangled dipterous like operads named associative molecules.
Assessing User Bias in Affect Detection within Context-Based Spoken Dialog Systems

This paper presents an empirical evidence of user bias within a laboratory-oriented evaluation of a Spoken Dialog System. Specifically, we addressed user bias in their satisfaction judgements. We question the reliability of this data for modeling user emotion, focusing on contentment and frustration in a spoken dialog system. This bias is detected through machine learning experiments that were conducted on two datasets, users and annotators, which were then compared in order to assess the reliability of these datasets. The target used was the satisfaction rating and the predictors were conversational/dialog features. Our results indicated that standard classifiers were significantly more successful in discriminating frustration and contentment and the intensities of these emotions (reflected by user satisfaction ratings) from annotator data than from user data. Indirectly, the results showed that conversational features are reliable predictors of the two abovementioned emotions.
Access to Alcohol Outlets, Alcohol Consumption and Mental Health

The objective of this study was to investigate residential exposure to alcohol outlets in relation to alcohol consumption and mental health morbidity (anxiety, stress, and depression). This was a cross-sectional study of 6,837 adults obtained from a population representative sample for the period 2006–2009 in Perth, Western Australia. The number of alcohol outlets was ascertained for a 1600 m service area surrounding the residential address. Zero-inflated negative binomial and logistic regression were used to assess associations with total alcohol consumption, harmful alcohol consumption (7–10 drinks containing 10 g of alcohol for men, 5–6 drinks for women) and medically diagnosed and hospital contacts (for anxiety, stress, and depression), respectively. The rate ratio for the number of days of harmful consumption of alcohol per month and the number of standard drinks of alcohol consumed per drinking day was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.11) and 1.01 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.03) for each additional liquor store within a 1600 m service area, respectively. The odds ratio of hospital contact for anxiety, stress, or depression was 1.56 (95% CI: 0.98, 2.49) for those with a liquor store within the service area compared to those without. We observed strong evidence for a small association between residential exposure to liquor stores and harmful consumption of alcohol, and some support for a moderate-sized effect on hospital contacts for anxiety, stress, and depression.
Cultural and psychological factors in cyber-security

Increasing cyber-security presents an ongoing challenge to security professionals. Research continuously suggests that online users are a weak link in information security. This research explores the relationship between cyber-security and cultural, personality and demographic variables. This study was conducted in four different countries and presents a multi-cultural view of cyber-security. In particular, it looks at how behavior, self-efficacy and privacy attitude are affected by culture compared to other psychological and demographics variables (such as gender and computer expertise). It also examines what kind of data people tend to share online and how culture affects these choices. This work supports the idea of developing personality based UI design to increase users' cyber-security. Its results show that certain personality traits affect the user cyber-security related behavior across different cultures, which further reinforces their contribution compared to cultural effects.
AUTOMATIC ROAD EXTRACTION IN URBAN SCENES — AND BEYOND

In this paper, we present work on automatic road extraction from high resolution aerial imagery taken over urban areas. In order to deal with the high complexity of this type of scenes, we integrate detailed knowledge about roads and their context using explicitly formulated scale-dependent models. The knowledge about how and when certain parts of the road and context model are optimally exploited is condensed in the extraction strategy. To exploit information from multiple views, a fusion strategy for road objects (e.g. lanes) has been developed. It is based on internally computed quality measures and embedded in the system’s concept of self-diagnostic extraction algorithms. The analysis of the ﬁnal results shows beneﬁts but also remaining deﬁciencies of this approach. We give an outlook on the utilization of the approach in applications related with trafﬁc monitoring in urban areas.
Game-Based Learning for Green Building Education

To improve education regarding sustainability and green buildings, we designed a multiplayer (2–4 people) green building strategy game called GBGame to deliver knowledge of and introduce applied technologies for green buildings. To verify the game’s learning effect, we conducted separate measurements using the ARCS motivation model and a paper-based exam among 72 students majoring in architecture. These students were divided into an experimental group (who played the game) and a control group (who underwent lecture-based instruction). Results indicate that (1) game players had stronger learning motivation than those who attended the lectures; (2) players who learned through the game generally exhibited better learning effectiveness than non-players; (3) following cross-validation, we discovered a highly significant correlation between the learning effect and players’ attention, perception of relevance, confidence, and satisfaction during the game; and (4) the game system was found to be attractive to the students, implying that it can be an effective instructional and recreational material to use during green building education.
Hope despite hopelessness: Race, gender, and the pedagogies of drama/applied theatre as a relational ethic in neoliberal times

ABSTRACT In this article, we demonstrate how theatre pedagogy was mobilized, and to what effects, in one Toronto drama classroom which was strongly divided along racial lines. Using the work of Diane Reay (2012) and Tara Yosso (2005) in particular, among other theorists and social commentators, as well as data from a multi-year, multi-sited global ethnographic research project of drama classrooms, we offer two micro-encounters from our data to illustrate how drama pedagogy both reproduced and interrupted the established classroom social relations of race and gender for seven different youth, provoking them to negotiate who they are, what they know, and the world in which they live. Through these micro-encounters, we demonstrate how youth can shift the landscape of traditional learning and explore avenues where different, relational, socially embedded, and more complex intersectional (Crenshaw 1989; Collins 2015) possibilities for “having” a voice may exist.
Fertilizer market reform and the determinants of fertilizer use in Benin and Malawi

Most countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reduced or eliminated fertilizer subsidies and liberalized input marketing as part of the reform process that began in the early 1980s. The effect on fertilizer prices and use is one of the most frequently mentioned criticisms of liberalization. The effect of these reforms, however, has varied widely across countries. The study finds that fertilizer use is closely related to crop mix and access to inputs on credit, but not to household income. In Benin, 88 percent of the fertilizer purchased by farmers is bought on credit through the integrated cotton marketing system managed by the parastatal SONAPRA. However, almost one third of this fertilizer is diverted to maize and other crops. In Malawi, tobacco is the most important cash crop among smallholders, but less than half the tobacco growers are able to purchase fertilizers on credit. Maize accounts for about 60 percent of the fertilizer use, compared to less than a third for tobacco. This difference in the tradability of the main crop being fertilized helps explain some of the difference in performance. The results demonstrate some of the paths by which cash crop and food crop production may be complementary. This can occur through the residual effect of fertilizer on food crop production, through the alleviation of cash constraints for the purchase of fertilizer, and through the availability of inputs on credit.Thus, the benefits of export liberalization must be weighed against the risk that it will weaken the enforceability of seasonal agricultural credit, with indirect consequences for food crop productivity.
Role of T cell—glial cell interactions in creating and amplifying central nervous system inflammation and multiple sclerosis disease symptoms

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the Central Nervous System (CNS) that causes the demyelination of nerve cells and destroys oligodendrocytes, neurons and axons. Historically, MS has been thought of as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of CNS white matter. However, recent studies have identified gray matter lesions in MS patients, suggesting that CNS antigens other than myelin proteins may be involved during the MS disease process. We have recently found that T cells targeting astrocyte-specific antigens can drive unique aspects of inflammatory CNS autoimmunity, including the targeting of gray matter and white matter of the brain and inducing heterogeneous clinical disease courses. In addition to being a target of T cells, astrocytes play a critical role in propagating the inflammatory response within the CNS induced NF-κB signaling. Here, we will discuss the pathophysiology of CNS inflammation mediated by T cell—glial cell interactions and its contributions to CNS autoimmunity.
A Factorial Experiment on Scalability of Search Based Software Testing

Software testing is an expensive process, which is vital in the industry. Construction of the test-data in software testing requires the major cost and knowing which method to use in order to generate the test data is very important. This paper discusses the performance of search-based algorithms (preferably genetic algorithm) versus random testing, in software test-data generation. A factorial experiment is designed so that, we have more than one factor for each experiment we make. Although many researches have been done in the area of automated software testing, this research differs from all of them due to sample programs (SUTs) which are used. Since the program generation is automatic as well, Grammatical Evolution is used to guide the program generations. They are not goal based, but generated according to the grammar we provide, with different levels of complexity. Genetic algorithm is first applied to programs, then we apply random testing. Based on the results which come up, this paper recommends one method to use for software testing, if the SUT has the same conditions as we had in this study. SUTs are not like the sample programs, provided by other studies since they are generated using a grammar.