Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Concurrent sexual partnerships among married Zimbabweans – implications for HIV prevention

Background Concurrent sexual partnerships play a key role in sustaining the HIV epidemic in Zimbabwe. Married couples are at an increased risk of contracting HIV from sexual networks produced by concurrent sexual partnerships. Addressing these partnerships is an international HIV prevention priority. Methods Our qualitative study presents the socioeconomic factors that contribute to the occurrence of concurrent sexual partnerships among married people in Zimbabwe. We conducted 36 in-depth interviews and four focus group discussions with married men and women in Zimbabwe in 2008 to understand the organizations of concurrent sexual partnerships. Data were analyzed using framework analysis. Results Our study indicates that relationship dissatisfaction played a key role in the engagement of concurrent sexual partnerships. Depending on the source of the dissatisfaction, there were four possible types of concurrent sexual relationships that were formed: sex worker, casual partner, regular girlfriend or informal polygyny which was referred to as “small house”. These relationships had different levels of intimacy, which had a bearing on practicing safer sex. Participants described three characteristics of hegemonic masculinity that contributed to the sources of dissatisfaction leading to concurrent sexual activity. Similarly, various aspects of emphasized femininity were described as creating opportunities for the occurrence of concurrent sexual relationships. Economic status was also listed as a factor that contributed to the occurrence of concurrent sexual partnerships. Conclusion Marital dissatisfaction was indicated as a contributing factor to the occurrence of concurrent sexual relationships. There were several reports of satisfying marital relationships in which affairs did not occur. Lessons from these marriages can be made part of future HIV prevention interventions targeted at preventing concurrent sexual partnerships by married couples.
Factor VIII Interacts with the Endocytic Receptor Low-density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 1 via an Extended Surface Comprising “Hot-Spot” Lysine Residues♦

Background: It is unclear how the LDL receptor family binds large protein ligands. Results: HDX and lysine scanning identified factor (F)VIII regions and specific lysine residues binding low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Conclusion: FVIII-LRP1 interaction involves multiple “hot-spot” lysine residues in the A3C1 domains. Significance: Our study sheds light on interactions of complex ligands with the LDL receptor family. Lysine residues are implicated in driving the ligand binding to the LDL receptor family. However, it has remained unclear how specificity is regulated. Using coagulation factor VIII as a model ligand, we now study the contribution of individual lysine residues in the interaction with the largest member of the LDL receptor family, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP1). Using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and SPR interaction analysis on a library of lysine replacement variants as two independent approaches, we demonstrate that the interaction between factor VIII (FVIII) and LRP1 occurs over an extended surface containing multiple lysine residues. None of the individual lysine residues account completely for LRP1 binding, suggesting an additive binding model. Together with structural docking studies, our data suggest that FVIII interacts with LRP1 via an extended surface of multiple lysine residues that starts at the bottom of the C1 domain and winds around the FVIII molecule.
A global off-line model of size-resolved aerosol microphysics: I. Model development and prediction of aerosol properties

Abstract. A GLObal Model of Aerosol Processes (GLOMAP) has been developed as an extension to the TOMCAT 3-D Eulerian off-line chemical transport model. GLOMAP simulates the evolution of the global aerosol size distribution using a sectional two-moment scheme and includes the processes of aerosol nucleation, condensation, growth, coagulation, wet and dry deposition and cloud processing. We describe the results of a global simulation of sulfuric acid and sea spray aerosol. The model captures features of the aerosol size distribution that are well established from observations in the marine boundary layer and free troposphere. Modelled condensation nuclei (CN>3nm) vary between about 250–500 cm-3 in remote marine boundary layer regions and are generally in good agreement with observations. Modelled continental CN concentrations are lower than observed, which may be due to lack of some primary aerosol sources or the neglect of nucleation mechanisms other than binary homogeneous nucleation of sulfuric acid-water particles. Remote marine CN concentrations increase to around 2000–10 000 cm
Making Strides to Simplify Diagnosis of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a cyclic mood disorder that affects up to 8% of women worldwide (1, 2). To meet DSM-5 criteria for PMDD, a woman must experience at least ﬁ ve of 11 cognitive-affective, behavioral, and physical symptoms, at least one of which must be a key mood symptom (irritability,affectivelability,depressedmood,anxiety/tension). must of
USE OF SIMULATION MODELING FOR ENHANCING POTATO PRODUCTION USING SUBSURFACE DRIP

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is the most advanced method of irrigation, which enables the application of small amounts of water and nutrients to the soil through the drippers placed below the soil surface. Variations of soil structure, texture, and crop’s root development pattern preclude the possibility of framing general recommendations for installation depths of SDI system. The specific objective of this study was to assess the effect of depth of placement of drip tape on crop yield and application of Hydrus-2D model for the simulation of soil water. An experiment was conducted on potato (var. Kufri Anand) during October to February for 3 years (2002-03, 2003-04 and 2004-05) to study the effect of depth of placement of drip tape at five depths namely, surface (0), 5, 10, 15 and 20 cm. Distribution of soil water under field experiment and in model simulation at different growth stages agreed closely and the differences were statistically insignificant. Hydrus-2D model helped in designing the subsurface drip system for efficient use of water with minimum drainage in potato crop. Maximum yield was obtained by applying 23.6 cm of irrigation water and by placing the drip tape at 10 cm depth in the sandy loam soil of the experimental site.
Thermal conductivity prediction from petrophysical data: a case study

Abstract Thermal conductivity measurements were carried out on over 400 samples from Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments and Jurassic basalts during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 123 in the Argo Abyssal Plain, North West Australia. Ship-board physical property measurements were obtained from cores over the same intervals, and petrophysical wireline logs were run. New algorithms are demonstrated relating thermal conductivity to matrix grain type and porosity, derived only from wireline log data. Comparison with heat flows calculated using high-resolution temperature measurements at Site 765 suggest that thermal conductivities predicted from wireline logs can be used to estimate heat flow. This implies that existing exploration and production wells in which high resolution temperature measurements and thermal conductivities have not been measured could still be used to prepare regional maps of heat flow variation.
A Systematic Review of Pediatric Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Background: Sustaining antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence requires accurate, consistent monitoring, a particular challenge for low-income countries. The optimal strategy to measure pediatric adherence remains unclear. Objective: To conduct a systematic review of pediatric ART adherence measurement techniques, adherence estimates, and clinical correlates in low- and middle-income countries to inform ART adherence monitoring. Methods: We searched online bibliographic databases, including MEDLINE and EMBASE, using systematic criteria. Two reviewers selected all descriptive or interventional studies involving nonpregnant, HIV-positive individuals ≤18 years old that measured ART adherence in low- or middle-income countries as defined by World Bank criteria. Data were extracted regarding sample characteristics, study setting, measurement strategy, adherence estimate, and adherence correlates. Results: The search yielded 1566 titles, of which 17 met selection criteria. Adherence measurement strategies included self- or proxy-report measures (14 studies), pill counts (4 studies), pharmacy records, drug levels, clinic adherence, and directly observed therapy (1 study each). The self- or proxy-report measures were heterogeneous, and few employed validation strategies. Caregiver-reported adherence was generally higher than self-report estimates. Pill counts revealed lower adherence estimates. Estimates of ART adherence ranged from 49% to 100%, with 76% of articles reporting >75% adherence. Factors related to family structure, socioeconomic status, disclosure, and medication regimen were all significantly associated with ART adherence. Conclusions: Pediatric HIV care programs in low- and middle-income countries use heterogeneous methods to measure ART adherence. Adherence estimates vary substantially, but most studies from low- and middle-income countries report >75% adherence, whereas most studies from high-income countries report <75% adherence.
The “road to the MoHole” four decades on: deep drilling at Site 1256

Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Hole 1256D, drilled 500 m into oceanic basement in the Guatemala Basin, is the first hole prepared with the infrastructure desirable for drilling a moderately deep hole into the oceanic basement (1.5–2 km). A second ocean drilling leg to this site should finish the recovery of the first complete section of upper oceanic crust from lavas down through the dikes into the upper-most gabbros. Although Site 1256 has many advantageous features for a program to drill to the mantle, planning such an operation now would be premature, due in part to lack of engineering experience. In addition, there is significant scientific knowledge to be gained from drilling to depths of 1–3 km. Only through the characterization of the heterogeneity of the ocean crust by moderate-depth drilling at this and other sites will the essential information necessary to even choose a location for a full crustal penetration be acquired. The information learned on the “road to” selecting a MoHole site is at least as important as succeeding with that inspirational goal itself [see also Murray et al, 2002].
Superimposed Pristine Limestone Aquifers with Marked Hydrochemical Differences Exhibit Distinct Fungal Communities

Fungi are one important group of eukaryotic microorganisms in a diverse range of ecosystems, but their diversity in groundwater ecosystems is largely unknown. We used DNA-based pyro-tag sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA gene to investigate the presence and community structure of fungi at different sampling sites of two superimposed limestone aquifers ranging from 8.5 to 84 m depth in the newly established Hainich Critical Zone Exploratory (Hainich CZE). We detected a diversity of fungal OTUs in groundwater samples of all sampling sites. The relative percentage abundance of Basidiomycota was higher in the upper aquifer assemblage, whilst Ascomycota dominated the lower one. In parallel to differences in the hydrochemistry we found distinct fungal communities at all sampling sites. Classification into functional groups revealed an overwhelming majority of saprotrophs. Finding taxa common to all analyzed groundwater sites, point to a groundwater specific fungal microbiome. The presence of different functional groups and, in particular plant and cattle pathogens that are not typical of subsurface habitats, suggests links between the surface and subsurface biogeosphere due to rapid transportation across the fracture networks typical of karstic regions during recharge episodes. However, further studies including sampling series extended in both time and space are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
A field study of supplementary rest breaks for data-entry operators

This study examined the effects of supplementary rest breaks on musculoskeletal discomfort, eyestrain, mood, and performance in data-entry workers. Two rest break schedules were compared in a within-subjects design. Workers alternated between a ‘conventional’ and a ‘supplementary’ schedule in 4-week intervals. The conventional schedule contained a 15-min break during the first half of the work shift and a 15-min break during the second half of the shift. The supplementary schedule contained the same two 15-min breaks, and a 5-min break during each hour which otherwise did not contain a break, for a total of 20 extra minutes of break time. Results are based on data from 42 workers. They indicated that discomfort in several areas of the body, and eyestrain, were significantly lower under the supplementary than under the conventional schedule. While symptoms increased from pre- to post-work periods under both schedules, the magnitude of the increases was significantly less under the supplementary schedule. In addition, increases in discomfort of the right forearm, wrist and hand over the course of the work week under the conventional schedule were eliminated under the supplementary schedule. These beneficial effects were obtained without reductions in data-entry performance.
Shared Investment Projects and Forecasting Errors: Setting Framework Conditions for Coordination and Sequencing Data Quality Activities

In this paper, we investigate the impact of inaccurate forecasting on the coordination of distributed investment decisions. In particular, by setting up a computational multi-agent model of a stylized firm, we investigate the case of investment opportunities that are mutually carried out by organizational departments. The forecasts of concern pertain to the initial amount of money necessary to launch and operate an investment opportunity, to the expected intertemporal distribution of cash flows, and the departments’ efficiency in operating the investment opportunity at hand. We propose a budget allocation mechanism for coordinating such distributed decisions The paper provides guidance on how to set framework conditions, in terms of the number of investment opportunities considered in one round of funding and the number of departments operating one investment opportunity, so that the coordination mechanism is highly robust to forecasting errors. Furthermore, we show that—in some setups—a certain extent of misforecasting is desirable from the firm’s point of view as it supports the achievement of the corporate objective of value maximization. We then address the question of how to improve forecasting quality in the best possible way, and provide policy advice on how to sequence activities for improving forecasting quality so that the robustness of the coordination mechanism to errors increases in the best possible way. At the same time, we show that wrong decisions regarding the sequencing can lead to a decrease in robustness. Finally, we conduct a comprehensive sensitivity analysis and prove that—in particular for relatively good forecasters—most of our results are robust to changes in setting the parameters of our multi-agent simulation model.
Application monitoring and checkpointing in HPC: looking towards exascale systems

As computational cluster computers rapidly grow in both size and complexity, system reliability and, in particular, application resilience have become increasingly important factors to consider in maintaining efficiency and providing improved compute performance over predecessor systems. One commonly used mechanism for providing application fault tolerance in parallel systems is the use of checkpointing. We demonstrate the impact of sub-optimal checkpoint intervals on application efficiency via simulation with real workload data. We find that application efficiency is relatively insensitive to error in estimation of an application's mean time to interrupt (AMTTI), a parameter central to calculating the optimal checkpoint interval. This result corroborates the trends predicted by previous analytical models. We also find that erring on the side of overestimation may be preferable to underestimation. We further discuss how application monitoring and resilience frameworks can benefit from this insensitivity to error in AMTTI estimates. Finally, we discuss the importance of application monitoring at exascale and conclude with a discussion of challenges faced in the use of checkpointing at such extreme scales.
The effects of estradiol on gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the developing mouse brain.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis plays a critical role in the control of reproduction. Two key hormonal components of the HPG axis are gonadal steroids and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Gonadal steroids are known to organize the development of neural substrates which control adult reproductive behavior; GnRH is required for normal reproductive structure and function. The possibility that gonadal steroids may produce organizational changes in the pattern of GnRH staining observed in the brain is investigated through the use of injections of estradiol to neonatal mice and subsequent GnRH immunocytochemistry at 2 months of age. Our results indicate that the number of GnRH-immunoreactive (GnRH-ir) cells is normally lower in females than males. Estradiol did not affect the number of GnRH-ir cells in females, but significantly increased the number of GnRH-ir cells in males, suggesting that early exposure to estradiol results in masculinization of the GnRH axis of males.
Fluorescence Imaging in the Red and Far-Red Region during Growth of Sunflower Plantlets. Diagnosis of the Early Infection by the Parasite Orobanche cumana

Broomrape, caused by the root holoparasite Orobanche cumana, is the main biotic constraint to sunflower oil production worldwide. By the time broomrape emerges, most of the metabolic imbalance has been produced by O. cumana to sunflower plants. UV-induced multicolor fluorescence imaging (MCFI) provides information on the fluorescence emitted by chlorophyll (Chl) a of plants in the spectral bands with peaks near 680 nm (red, F680) and 740 nm (far-red, F740). In this work MCFI was extensively applied to sunflowers, either healthy or parasitized plants, for the first time. The distribution of red and far-red fluorescence was analyzed in healthy sunflower grown in pots under greenhouse conditions. Fluorescence patterns were analyzed across the leaf surface and throughout the plant by comparing the first four leaf pairs (LPs) between the second and fifth week of growth. Similar fluorescence patterns, with a delay of 3 or 4 days between them, were obtained for LPs of healthy sunflower, showing that red and far-red fluorescence varied with the developmental stage of the leaf. The use of F680 and F740 as indicators of sunflower infection by O. cumana during underground development stages of the parasite was also evaluated under similar experimental conditions. Early increases in F680 and F740 as well as decreases in F680/F740 were detected upon infection by O. cumana. Significant differences between inoculated and control plants depended on the LP that was considered at any time. Measurements of Chl contents and final total Chl content supported the results of MCFI, but they were less sensitive in differentiating healthy from inoculated plants. Sunflower infection was confirmed by the presence of broomrape nodules in the roots at the end of the experiment. The potential of MCFI in the red and far-red region for an early detection of O. cumana infection in sunflower was revealed. This technique might have a particular interest for early phenotyping in sunflower breeding programs. To our knowledge, this is the first work where the effect of a parasitic plant in its host is analyzed by means of fluorescence imaging in the red and far-red spectral regions.
Cooperative Inversion of Time Domain Electromagnetic and Magnetometer Data for The Discrimination of Unexploded Ordnance

Magnetic and electromagnetic induction (EMI) surveys are the primary techniques used for unexploded ordnance (UXO) remediation projects. Magnetometry is a valuable geophysical tool for UXO detection because of the ease of data acquisition and its ability to detect relatively deep targets. However, magnetic data can have large false alarm rates caused by geological noise, and there is an inherent non-uniqueness when trying to determine the orientation, size and shape of a target. EMI surveys, on the other hand, are relatively immune to geologic noise and are more diagnostic for target shape and size but have a reduced depth of investigation. We aim to improve discrimination ability by developing an interpretation method that takes advantage of the strengths of both techniques. We consider cooperative inversion, where information from the inversion of one type of data is used as a constraint for inverting another. We compare the confidence with which we can discriminate UXO from non-UXO targets when inverting the data sets cooperatively, to results from individual inversions. Examples are given of the application of the methodology to time domain electromagnetic induction (TEM) and magnetic data sets collected at the Yuma Proving Ground UXO Standardized Test Site calibration grid and the Former Camp Sibert.
Where to Forage in the Absence of Sea Ice? Bathymetry As a Key Factor for an Arctic Seabird

The earth is warming at an alarming rate, especially in the Arctic, where a marked decline in sea ice cover may have far-ranging consequences for endemic species. Little auks, endemic Arctic seabirds, are key bioindicators as they forage in the marginal ice zone and feed preferentially on lipid-rich Arctic copepods and ice-associated amphipods sensitive to the consequences of global warming. We tested how little auks cope with an ice-free foraging environment during the breeding season. To this end, we took advantage of natural variation in sea ice concentration along the east coast of Greenland. We compared foraging and diving behaviour, chick diet and growth and adult body condition between two years, in the presence versus nearby absence of sea ice in the vicinity of their breeding site. Moreover, we sampled zooplankton at sea when sea ice was absent to evaluate prey location and little auk dietary preferences. Little auks foraged in the same areas both years, irrespective of sea ice presence/concentration, and targeted the shelf break and the continental shelf. We confirmed that breeding little auks showed a clear preference for larger copepod species to feed their chick, but caught smaller copepods and nearly no ice-associated amphipod when sea ice was absent. Nevertheless, these dietary changes had no impact on chick growth and adult body condition. Our findings demonstrate the importance of bathymetry for profitable little auk foraging, whatever the sea-ice conditions. Our investigations, along with recent studies, also confirm more flexibility than previously predicted for this key species in a warming Arctic.