Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Neural Correlates of Sublexical Processing in Phonological Working Memory

This study investigated links between working memory and speech processing systems. We used delayed pseudoword repetition in fMRI to investigate the neural correlates of sublexical structure in phonological working memory (pWM). We orthogonally varied the number of syllables and consonant clusters in auditory pseudowords and measured the neural responses to these manipulations under conditions of covert rehearsal (Experiment 1). A left-dominant network of temporal and motor cortex showed increased activity for longer items, with motor cortex only showing greater activity concomitant with adding consonant clusters. An individual-differences analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between activity in the angular gyrus and the hippocampus, and accuracy on pseudoword repetition. As models of pWM stipulate that its neural correlates should be activated during both perception and production/rehearsal [Buchsbaum, B. R. , & D'Esposito, M. The search for the phonological store: From loop to convolution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20, 762–778, 2008; Jacquemot, C. , & Scott, S. K. What is the relationship between phonological short-term memory and speech processing? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10, 480–486, 2006; Baddeley, A. D. , & Hitch, G. Working memory. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). New York: Academic Press, 1974], we further assessed the effects of the two factors in a separate passive listening experiment (Experiment 2). In this experiment, the effect of the number of syllables was concentrated in posterior–medial regions of the supratemporal plane bilaterally, although there was no evidence of a significant response to added clusters. Taken together, the results identify the planum temporale as a key region in pWM; within this region, representations are likely to take the form of auditory or audiomotor “templates” or “chunks” at the level of the syllable [Papoutsi, M. , de Zwart, J. A. , Jansma, J. M. , Pickering, M. J., Bednar, J. A. , & Horwitz, B. From phonemes to articulatory codes: an fMRI study of the role of Broca's area in speech production. Cerebral Cortex, 19, 2156–2165, 2009; Warren, J. E. , Wise, R. J. S. , & Warren, J. D. Sounds do-able: auditory–motor transformations and the posterior temporal plane. Trends in Neurosciences, 28, 636–643, 2005; Griffiths, T. D. , & Warren, J. D. The planum temporale as a computational hub. Trends in Neurosciences, 25, 348–353, 2002], whereas more lateral structures on the STG may deal with phonetic analysis of the auditory input [Hickok, G. The functional neuroanatomy of language. Physics of Life Reviews, 6, 121–143, 2009].
Modeling visitors' profiles: A study to investigate adaptation aspects for museum learning technologies

The time restrictions that apply in museum learning increase the need for adaptive and/or adaptable technologies. However, deriving a visitor's profile is not an easy task, since most common ways (asking direct questions, recording user actions) are either intrusive or time consuming. Observing the visitors' movement (visiting style) within the museum could provide valuable information regarding adaptivity. In the present study, issues of visiting style were explored and statistical significance was found once different factors were analyzed. Most importantly, there seems to be a connection between the way people move in a museum and the way they prefer to approach and process information cognitively. Environmental factors that can affect the expression of visiting style were also identified.
The effect of the absence of rumen ciliate protozoa on growing lambs fed on a roughage–concentrate diet

1. Lambs were removed form their dams at 2 d of age, and at 5 weeks of age eitht of one group were incoulated with a mixed rumen ciliate and seven in a second group were maintained ciliate-free throughout the 61 weeks of the experiment. Performance of the groups was compared when given a 2:1 roughage:concentrate diet as a set ration and with ad lib. roughage. 2. Mixed ciliate populations developed in all faunated lambs and average-sized populations were maintained. Large numbers of flagellate protozoa developed in the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate-free animals after flagellates had been introduced into the building with the ciliate inoculum. 3. Higher numbers of rumen bacteria were found in the ciliate-free group. 4. Only between the 14th and 21st weeks was there a significant different between groups in weight gain and this was infavour of the faunated group. The only significant different in body measurements was greater girth in the ciliate-free lambs. 5. Only minor differences were found between the groups in calorimetric trials, digestibility and nitrogen balanes. There were no differences between groups in concentration of total protein N and soluble sugar in the rumen. The ammonis concentration was significantly higher in the faunated group. 6. The concentrations of total rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were higher in the faunated group. Differences, between groups, in proportions of VFA were attributed to the activity of the rumen bacteria rather than the ciliates per se. 7. No differences between groups were found in the concentrations of blood sugar and haemoglobin. 8. It was concluded that the changes due to the presence of rumen ciliates were not great enough to be reflected in animal performance under the conditions of this experiment.
Acute Effects of Passive Smoking on Peripheral Vascular Function

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) acutely affects peripheral and coronary vascular tone. Whether ETS exerts specific deleterious effects on aortic wave reflection through nicotine exposure, whether they persist after ETS cessation, and whether the smoke environment impairs microvascular function and increases asymmetrical dimethyl-arginine levels are not known. We tested these hypotheses in a randomized, crossover study design in 11 healthy male nonsmokers. The effects of 1 hour of exposure to ETS, as compared with a nontobacco smoke and normal air, on augmentation index corrected for heart rate and skin microvascular hyperemia to local heating were examined. Augmentation index increased both during (P=0.01) and after (P<0.01) the ETS session but remained unchanged in the nontobacco smoke session when compared with normal air. Nicotine levels after the exposure were related to the peak rise in augmentation index (r=0.84; P<0.01), denoting a predominant role of nicotine in ETS vascular effects. This was confirmed in a second set of experiments (n=14), where the sublingual administration of nicotine was associated with an acute impairment in wave reflection as compared with placebo (P=0.001). Both ETS and nontobacco smokes increased plasma asymmetrical dimethyl-arginine levels (P<0.001), but only ETS reduced the late rise in skin blood flow in response to heating (P=0.03). In conclusion, passive smoking specifically increases aortic wave reflection through a nicotine-dependent pathway and impairs microvascular function, even after the end of the exposure. However, both tobacco and nontobacco passive smoking inhalation increase plasma asymmetrical dimethyl-arginine levels.
Second-Order Behavior of Pattern Search

Previous analyses of pattern search algorithms for unconstrained and linearly constrained minimization have focused on proving convergence of a subsequence of iterates to a limit point satisfying either directional or first-order necessary conditions for optimality, depending on the smoothness of the objective function in a neighborhood of the limit point. Even though pattern search methods require no derivative information, we are able to prove some limited directional second-order results. Although not as strong as classical second-order necessary conditions, these results are stronger than the first-order conditions that many gradient-based methods satisfy. Under fairly mild conditions, we can eliminate from consideration all strict local maximizers and an entire class of saddle points.
Factors associated with mouth breathing in children with -developmental -disabilities.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and factors associated with mouth breathing among patients with developmental disabilities of a dental service. METHODS We analyzed 408 dental records. Mouth breathing was reported by the patients' parents and from direct observation. Other variables were as -follows: history of asthma, bronchitis, palate shape, pacifier use, thumb -sucking, nail biting, use of medications, gastroesophageal reflux, bruxism, gender, age, and diagnosis of the patient. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis with ratio calculation and multiple logistic regression. Variables with p < 0.25 were included in the model to estimate the adjusted OR (95% CI), calculated by the forward stepwise method. Variables with p ​​< 0.05 were kept in the model. RESULTS Being male (p = 0.016) and use of centrally acting drugs (p = 0.001) were the variables that remained in the model. CONCLUSION Among patients with -developmental disabilities, boys and psychotropic drug users had a greater chance of being mouth breathers.
The Deep Web : Surfacing Hidden Value

Traditional search engines create their indices by spidering or crawling surface Web pages. To be discovered, the page must be static and linked to other pages. Traditional search engines can not "see" or retrieve content in the deep Web -those pages do not exist until they are created dynamically as the result of a specific search. Because traditional search engine crawlers can not probe beneath the surface, the deep Web has heretofore been hidden.
Foamy Virus Capsid Assembly Occurs at a Pericentriolar Region Through a Cytoplasmic Targeting/Retention Signal in Gag

Foamy viruses (FV) are unusual retroviruses that differ in many aspects of their life cycle from the orthoretroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus. Similar to Mason–Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), FV assemble into capsids intracellularly. The capsids are then transported to a cellular membrane for acquisition of envelope (Env) glycoproteins and budding. However, unlike MPMV, budding of FV is dependent upon the presence of Env. Previous work suggested that FV Env proteins are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where budding takes place. However, very little was known about the details of FV assembly. We have used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to visualize the intracellular location of FV assembly and budding. We have found that, as in the case of MPMV, FV capsids assemble at a pericentriolar site in the cytoplasm. Surprisingly, FV Env is mostly absent from this site and, contrary to expectations, FV capsid structural protein (Gag) is absent from the ER. Gag and Env only co‐localize at the trans‐Golgi network, suggesting that Env–Gag interactions that are required for viral egress from the cell, occurs at this site. Finally, inhibitor studies suggest an important role of microtubule networks for foamy viral assembly and budding.
Monitoring Expression Profiles of Rice Genes under Cold, Drought, and High-Salinity Stresses and Abscisic Acid Application Using cDNA Microarray and RNA Gel-Blot Analyses1[w]

To identify cold-, drought-, high-salinity-, and/or abscisic acid (ABA)-inducible genes in rice (Oryza sativa), we prepared a rice cDNA microarray including about 1,700 independent cDNAs derived from cDNA libraries prepared from drought-, cold-, and high-salinity-treated rice plants. We confirmed stress-inducible expression of the candidate genes selected by microarray analysis using RNA gel-blot analysis and finally identified a total of 73 genes as stress inducible including 58 novel unreported genes in rice. Among them, 36, 62, 57, and 43 genes were induced by cold, drought, high salinity, and ABA, respectively. We observed a strong association in the expression of stress-responsive genes and found 15 genes that responded to all four treatments. Venn diagram analysis revealed greater cross talk between signaling pathways for drought, ABA, and high-salinity stresses than between signaling pathways for cold and ABA stresses or cold and high-salinity stresses in rice. The rice genome database search enabled us not only to identify possible known cis-acting elements in the promoter regions of several stress-inducible genes but also to expect the existence of novel cis-acting elements involved in stress-responsive gene expression in rice stress-inducible promoters. Comparative analysis of Arabidopsis and rice showed that among the 73 stress-inducible rice genes, 51 already have been reported in Arabidopsis with similar function or gene name. Transcriptome analysis revealed novel stress-inducible genes, suggesting some differences between Arabidopsis and rice in their response to stress.
In-Tunnel Vehicular Radio Channel Characterization

Inside a tunnel, electromagnetic wave propagation differs strongly from the well understood "open-air" situation. The characterization of the tunnel environment is crucial for deploying vehicular communication systems. In this paper we evaluate vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) radio channel measurements inside a tunnel. We estimate the time-varying root mean square (rms) delay and Doppler spreads, as well as the excess delay and the maximum Doppler dispersion. The fading process in V2V communications is inherently non-stationary. Hence, we characterize the stationarity time, for which we can consider the fading process to be wide sense stationary. We show that the spreads, excess delay, and maximum Doppler dispersion are larger on average when both vehicles are inside the tunnel compared to the "open-air" situation. The temporal evolution of the stationarity time is highly influenced by the strength of time-varying multipath components and the distance between vehicles. Furthermore, we show the good fit of the rms delay and Doppler spreads to a lognormal distribution, as well as for the stationarity time. From our analysis we can conclude that the IEEE 802.11p standard will be robust towards inter-symbol and inter-carrier interference inside a tunnel.
Impact of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia on gout development with or without hyperuricemia: A prospective study

Hyperuricemia is the most important risk factor for the development of gout; however, not all patients with hyperuricemia develop gout, and patients experiencing a gout attack are not necessarily found to have hyperuricemia. We hypothesized that the interactions between serum uric acid (sUA) and other potential metabolic comorbidities increase the risk of gout development.
Seasonal and spatial variations of water use among riparian vegetation in tropical monsoon region of SW China

Riparian vegetation is an important inhabitant of numerous forest ecosystems, although it is vulnerable and affected by the changes in climate or microclimate. Due to the fluctuation in rainfall and surface water availability, riparian plants usually exposed to two different seasons throughout the year: a dry season and a rainy season. However, water use patterns among riparian plants are still poorly understood in the tropical monsoon region. In this study, we used stable isotope techniques (δD and δ18O) coupled with MixSIAR model to identify the water sources for riparian plants in a tropical forest of SW China. The results showed an apparent seasonal variation in water use patterns for most trees, and the spatial variations were less pronounced between the terrace and floodplain sites. Among most riparian trees, deep soil (below 50 cm) was the main water source in the dry season, and shallow soil (above 15 cm) was the primary water source during the rainy season. However, there was no change in water source for herbs and other shallow‐rooted species with the fluctuation in water availability. This result indicates that shallow‐rooted plants (i.e., herbs and seedlings) struggle for their survivability in a riparian ecosystem because of the water scarcity in shallow soil during the dry season. Thus, lower rainfall and/or extended dry period may affect the productivity and sustainability of riparian vegetation under a future climate change scenario.
Going to CUNY — ah no — AMLaP in New York : The role of the reparandum in the comprehension of disfluencies

Reference comprehension is influenced by disfluency; listeners are biased toward given (already mentioned) objects when the speaker is fluent ("the candle), and new objects when the speaker is disfluent ("thee uh candle"; Arnold et al., 2004). One interpretation is that listeners attribute disfluency to a particular difficulty, e.g., naming difficult-to-name objects, like new objects. We establish that disfluency does indeed cause a bias toward difficult-to-name objects, by showing that it leads to a bias toward novel, abstract objects (e.g., a funny squiggle), compared with familiar objects (e.g., a house). We then ask whether this effect is modulated by alternative plausible causes for disfluency.
Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project

Taylor A, Wang D, Patel K, Whittall R, Wood G, Farrer M, Neely RDG, Fairgrieve S, Nair D, Barbir M, Jones JL, Egan S, Everdale R, Lolin Y, Hughes E, Cooper JA, Hadfield SG, Norbury G, Humphries SE. Mutation detection rate and spectrum in familial hypercholesterolaemia patients in the UK pilot cascade project.
Predicting Risk-Sensitivity in Humans and Lower Animals: Risk as Variance or Coefficient of Variation

This article examines the statistical determinants of risk preference. In a meta-analysis of animal risk preference (foraging birds and insects), the coefficient of variation (CV), a measure of risk per unit of return, predicts choices far better than outcome variance, the risk measure of normative models. In a meta-analysis of human risk preference, the superiority of the CV over variance in predicting risk taking is not as strong. Two experiments show that people's risk sensitivity becomes strongly proportional to the CV when they learn about choice alternatives like other animals, by experiential sampling over time. Experience-based choices differ from choices when outcomes and probabilities are numerically described. Zipf's law as an ecological regularity and Weber's law as a psychological regularity may give rise to the CV as a measure of risk.
The TileDB Array Data Storage Manager

We present a novel storage manager for multi-dimensional arrays that arise in scientific applications, which is part of a larger scientific data management system called TileDB. In contrast to existing solutions, TileDB is optimized for both dense and sparse arrays. Its key idea is to organize array elements into ordered collections called fragments. Each fragment is dense or sparse, and groups contiguous array elements into data tiles of fixed capacity. The organization into fragments turns random writes into sequential writes, and, coupled with a novel read algorithm, leads to very efficient reads. TileDB enables parallelization via multi-threading and multi-processing, offering thread-/process-safety and atomicity via lightweight locking. We show that TileDB delivers comparable performance to the HDF5 dense array storage manager, while providing much faster random writes. We also show that TileDB offers substantially faster reads and writes than the SciDB array database system with both dense and sparse arrays. Finally, we demonstrate that TileDB is considerably faster than adaptations of the Vertica relational column-store for dense array storage management, and at least as fast for the case of sparse arrays.
Repeated sprint training in normobaric hypoxia

Repeated sprint ability (RSA) is a critical success factor for intermittent sport performance. Repeated sprint training has been shown to improve RSA, we hypothesised that hypoxia would augment these training adaptations. Thirty male well-trained academy rugby union and rugby league players (18.4±1.5 years, 1.83±0.07 m, 88.1±8.9 kg) participated in this single-blind repeated sprint training study. Participants completed 12 sessions of repeated sprint training (10×6 s, 30 s recovery) over 4 weeks in either hypoxia (13% FiO2) or normoxia (21% FiO2). Pretraining and post-training, participants completed sports specific endurance and sprint field tests and a 10×6 s RSA test on a non-motorised treadmill while measuring speed, heart rate, capillary blood lactate, muscle and cerebral deoxygenation and respiratory measures. Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 test performance improved after RS training in both groups, but gains were significantly greater in the hypoxic (33±12%) than the normoxic group (14±10%, p<0.05). During the 10×6 s RS test there was a tendency for greater increases in oxygen consumption in the hypoxic group (hypoxic 6.9±9%, normoxic (−0.3±8.8%, p=0.06) and reductions in cerebral deoxygenation (% changes for both groups, p=0.09) after hypoxic than normoxic training. Twelve RS training sessions in hypoxia resulted in twofold greater improvements in capacity to perform repeated aerobic high intensity workout than an equivalent normoxic training. Performance gains are evident in the short term (4 weeks), a period similar to a preseason training block.
AirSWOT measurements of river water surface elevation and slope: Tanana River, AK

Fluctuations in water surface elevation (WSE) along rivers have important implications for water resources, flood hazards, and biogeochemical cycling. However, current in situ and remote sensing methods exhibit key limitations in characterizing spatiotemporal hydraulics of many of the world's river systems. Here we analyze new measurements of river WSE and slope from AirSWOT, an airborne analogue to the Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission aimed at addressing limitations in current remotely sensed observations of surface water. To evaluate its capabilities, we compare AirSWOT WSEs and slopes to in situ measurements along the Tanana River, Alaska. Root‐mean‐square error is 9.0 cm for WSEs averaged over 1 km2 areas and 1.0 cm/km for slopes along 10 km reaches. Results indicate that AirSWOT can accurately reproduce the spatial variations in slope critical for characterizing reach‐scale hydraulics. AirSWOT's high‐precision measurements are valuable for hydrologic analysis, flood modeling studies, and for validating future SWOT measurements.
An Investigation of an Academic Vocabulary Intervention for Upper Elementary Students Who Struggle with Reading

The current study is a mixed-methods, action research study in which Word Generation (WG) resources were used with students in a learning support classroom. Word Generation is a cross-curricular vocabulary intervention centered on academic language. The goal of the study was to investigate the vocabulary learning of students and to evaluate the WG resources. Students demonstrated statistically significant positive differences on the pretest/posttest and maintained that learning on a delayed posttest. Important findings related to students’ developing word consciousness indicated that the WG resources positively impacted students’ word awareness and that the WG target vocabulary is representative of high-utility academic language. The findings show promise for incorporating multifaceted vocabulary instruction such as Word Generation into middle school classrooms with students who struggle with reading.