Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Resonance model study of kaon production in baryon-baryon reactions for heavy-ion collisions

The energy dependence of the total kaon production cross sections in baryon-baryon (N and {Delta}) collisions are studied in the resonance model, which is a relativistic tree-level treatment. This study is the first attempt to complete a systematic consistent investigation of the elementary kaon production reactions for both the pion-baryon and baryon-baryon reactions. Our model suggests that the magnitudes of the isospin-averaged total cross sections for the NN{r_arrow}NYK and {Delta}N{r_arrow}NYK (Y={Lambda} or {Sigma}) reactions are almost equal at energies up to about 200 MeV above threshold. However, the magnitudes for the {Delta}N reactions become about 6 times larger than those for the NN reactions at energies about 1 GeV above threshold. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the isospin-averaged total cross sections for the NN{r_arrow}{Delta}YK reactions turn out to be comparable to those for the NN{r_arrow}NYK reactions at NN invariant collision energies about 3.1 GeV, and about 5 to 10 times larger at NN invariant collision energies about 3.5 GeV. The microscopic cross sections are parametrized in all isospin channels necessary for the transport model studies of kaon production in heavy-ion collisions. These cross sections are then applied in the relativistic transport model to study the sensitivity to the underlying elementary kaonmore » production cross sections. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Running head : SELF-REPORTED SAT SCORES Overestimation Bias in Self-Reported SAT Scores

The authors analyzed self-reported SAT scores and actual SAT scores for five different samples of college students (N = 650). Students overestimated their actual SAT scores by an average of 25 points (SD = 81, d = .31), with 10% under-reporting, 51% reporting accurately, and 39% over-reporting, indicating a systematic bias towards over-reporting. The amount of overreporting was greater for lower-scoring than higher-scoring students, was greater for upper division than lower division students, and was equivalent for men and women. There was a strong correlation between self-reported and actual SAT scores (r = .82), indicating high validity of students' memories of their scores. Results replicate previous findings (Kuncel, Credé, & Thomas, 2005) and are consistent with a motivated distortion hypothesis. Caution is suggested in using self-reported SAT scores in psychological research.
Concolic Testing for Deep Neural Networks

Concolic testing combines program execution and symbolic analysis to explore the execution paths of a software program. This paper presents the first concolic testing approach for Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). More specifically, we formalise coverage criteria for DNNs that have been studied in the literature, and then develop a coherent method for performing concolic testing to increase test coverage. Our experimental results show the effectiveness of the concolic testing approach in both achieving high coverage and finding adversarial examples.
Model Selection in Summary Evaluation

Abstract : A difficulty in the design of automated text summarization algorithms is in the objective evaluation. Viewing summarization as a tradeoff between length and information content, we introduce a technique based on a hierarchy of classifers to rank, through model selection, different summarization methods. This summary evaluation technique allows for broader comparison of summarization methods than the traditional techniques of summary evaluation. We present an empirical study of two simple, albeit widely used, summarization methods that shows the different usages of this automated task-based evaluation system and confirms the results obtained with human-based evaluation methods over smaller corpora.
Put-Call Duality and Symmetry

The aim of this work is to examine an existing relation between prices of put and call options, of both the European and the American type. This relation, based on a change of numeraire corresponding to a change of the probability measure through Girsanov’s Theorem, is called put–call duality. It includes as a particular case, the relation known as put–call symmetry. Necessary and sufficient conditions for put–call symmetry to hold are obtained, in terms of the triplet of predictable characteristic of the Levy process, answering in this way a question raised by Carr and Chesney (1996).
Acceptance of Pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in a Minority Population: Determinants and Potential Points of Intervention

OBJECTIVE: We sought to understand pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine acceptance in a minority community including correlates of vaccine hesitancy and refusal. We identified intervention points to increase H1N1 vaccine coverage. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Minority parents and caregivers of children ≤18 years participated in a cross-sectional survey. Statistical analyses included bivariate correlations, exploratory factor analyses, internal-consistency assessment, and logistic regressions. RESULTS: The sample (N = 223) included mostly lower-income (71% [n = 159]) and black (66% [n = 147]) participants. Potential and actual receipt of pediatric H1N1 vaccination was low (36% [n = 80]). Pediatric H1N1 vaccine acceptance was associated with lack of insurance (odds ratio [OR]: 3.04 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–7.37]), perceived H1NI pediatric susceptibility (OR: 1.66 [95% Cl: 1.41–1.95]), child vaccination prioritization in family (OR: 3.34 [95% CI: 1.33–8.38]), believing that H1N1 is a greater community concern than other diseases (OR: 1.77 [95% CI: 1.01–3.09]), believing that other methods of containment (eg, hand-washing, masks) are not as effective as the H1N1 vaccine (OR: 1.73 [95% CI: 1.06–2.83]), and a desire to promote influenza vaccination in the community (OR: 2.35 [95% CI: 1.53–3.61]). CONCLUSIONS: We found low acceptance of the H1N1 vaccine in our study population. Perceived influenza susceptibility, concern about H1N1 disease, and confidence in vaccinations as preventive methods were associated with vaccine acceptance. Physician support for HIN1 vaccination will aid in increasing immunization coverage for this population, and health departments are perceived as ideal community locations for vaccine administration.
Object Orientation Agnosia: A Failure to Find the Axis?

A dissociation between the ability to recognize misoriented objects and to determine their orientation has been reported in a small number of patients with vascular lesions. In this article, we describe a 57-year-old man with probable Alzheimer's disease who shows the same dissociation. Neuro-imaging findings indicated marked hypometabolism in the posterior cortical regions, particularly the postero-superior parietal lobes. Clinically, the patient had good object recognition accompanied by severely impaired spatial abilities. The experimental investigations comprised a variety of tasks in which he identified misoriented objects, evaluated the orientation of single objects, or discriminated the orientation of simultaneously presented items. Results revealed that his object recognition was independent of orientation and was largely mediated by salient features. With respect to orientation judgements, the patient displayed a profound inability to judge the orientation of nonupright objects, but remarkably intact (though largely implicit) knowledge of the upright orientation. Strikingly, his orientation judgements were also more accurate for upside-down objects than for other orientations (i.e., 90). We interpret these results as evidence that judgements about object orientation are facilitated when the orientation of the principal axis of the object matches that of an internal representation. We propose that the inability to determine other orientations may be due to the failure of an axis-finding mechanism implemented in the posterior parietal lobes, that translates between object-centered and eye-centered coordinates appropriate for guiding visual scanning.
BAYESIAN MODEL COMPARISON AND MODEL AVERAGING FOR SMALL-AREA ESTIMATION

This paper considers small-area estimation with lung cancer mortality data, and discusses the choice of upper-level model for the variation over areas. Inference about the random effects for the areas may depend strongly on the choice of this model, but this choice is not a straightforward matter. We give a general methodology for both evaluating the data evidence for different models and averaging over plausible models to give robust area effect distributions. We reanalyze the data of Tsutakawa [Biometrics 41 (1985) 69―79] on lung cancer mortality rates in Missouri cities, and show the differences in conclusions about the city rates from this methodology.
AChE levels in mussels and fish collected off Lithuania and Poland (Southern Baltic)

Blue mussels (Mytilus trossulus) Flounder (Platichthys flesus) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Gulf of Gdansk Klajpeda Abstract AChE activities were measured in blue mussels gills and flounder muscles samples collected off Poland - the Gulf of Gdansk (4 sampling stations) and off Lithuania -t he Klajp˙ eda area (3 sampling stations), in 2001 (June and October) and 2002 (April and October). The AChE activities (nmol min �1 mg protein �1 )w ere in the range: 15-38 (in blue mussels) and 94-315 (in flounder), and agreed well with those reported for flounder in other coastal Baltic areas, and other European seas. Sources of contaminants in the study area are rather localized in the Gulf of Gdansk, (mouth of the Vistula due to runoff, ports, sewage discharges), while an accidental oil spill occurred off Lithuania, in the course of the study (November * This work was financially supported by the EU FP5 Program, Biological Effects of Environmental Pollution - BEEP. Contract No EVK3-CT-2000-00025. The complete text of the paper is available at http://www.iopan. gda.pl/oceanologia/
Spatial variation of salt intake in Britain and association with socioeconomic status

Objectives To evaluate spatial effects of variation and social determinants of salt intake in Britain. Design Cross-sectional survey. Setting Great Britain. Participants 2105 white male and female participants, aged 19–64 years, from the British National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2000–2001. Primary outcomes Participants’ sodium intake measured both with a 7-day dietary record and a 24-h urine collection. By accounting for important linear and non-linear risk factors and spatial effects, the geographical difference and spatial patterns of both dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium were investigated using Bayesian geo-additive models via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations. Results A significant north–south pattern of sodium intake was found from posterior probability maps after controlling for important sociodemographic factors. Participants living in Scotland had a significantly higher dietary sodium intake and 24-h urinary sodium levels. Significantly higher sodium intake was also found in people with the lowest educational attainment (dietary sodium: coeff. 0.157 (90% credible intervals 0.003, 0.319), urinary sodium: 0.149 (0.024, 0.281)) and in manual occupations (urinary sodium: 0.083 (0.004, 0.160)). These coefficients indicate approximately a 5%, 9% and 4% difference in average sodium intake between socioeconomic groups. Conclusions People living in Scotland had higher salt intake than those in England and Wales. Measures of low socioeconomic position were associated with higher levels of sodium intake, after allowing for geographic location.
Effects of lactation length on weaning-to-first-service interval , first-service farrowing rate , and subsequent litter size

JWM, MSC: University of Georgia, Livestock Poultry Building, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602-2771; DR: H330 Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 306022771 search has shown that in mature sows, maternal recognition of pregnancy is achieved approximately 10–13 days after the onset of estrus and subsequent mating.5 Furthermore, embryonic implantation into the uterine wall appears to be accomplished approximately 13–17 days post-estrus.5 Since the uterine environment appears to be ready to maintain pregnancy at 21–28 days postpartum,6,7 theoretically, a combined period of lactation length plus weaning-to-service interval as short as 4–8 days may be sufficient to allow a normal reproductive cycle to continue in mature sows. However, previous research does not address any potential differences between mature and first-parity sows. In this study, data from commercial swine producers using the PigCHAMP® recordkeeping system were used to examine the effects of lactation length on weaning-to-first-service interval, first-service farrowing rate, and first-service litter size in commercial sows of differing parities.
Financial Intermediation and Government Debt Default

Recent empirical evidence suggests that the major cost of sovereign default lies in its effects on the domestic financial system, rather than any external sanctions. To explore this link, we extend the banking model of Gertler and Karadi (2011) to allow banks to hold risky long-term government debt, and then incorporate bank runs following Gertler and Kiyotaki (2013). Banks face an agency problem that limits their ability to issue loans. The government may default on its debt, and the default probability depends on a fiscal limit that measures the government’s ability to payoff its debt. In this way we can analyse the interactions between banking and sovereign debt crises. By allowing for distortionary taxes, sticky prices and a debt maturity structure, we also have a rich model of monetary and fiscal policy interactions and can explore how these policies influence developments in the financial and fiscal spheres. We find that without bank runs, sovereign default can reduce investment by a substantial margin and keep capital at a low level for a prolonged period of time; sovereign default risk by itself, however, has a small impact on the economy. On the other hand, if bank runs are possible, sovereign default risk, even if a default does not materialise, is stagflationary and has dramatic and negative impact on the economy.
Perturbative formulation of general continuous-time Markov model of sequence evolution via insertions/deletions, Part III: Algorithm for first approximation

Background Insertions and deletions (indels) account for more nucleotide differences between two related DNA sequences than substitutions do, and thus it is imperative to develop a stochastic evolutionary model that enables us to reliably calculate the probability of the sequence evolution through indel processes. In a separate paper (Ezawa, Graur and Landan 2015a), we established an ab initio perturbative formulation of a continuous-time Markov model of the evolution of an entire sequence via insertions and deletions. And we showed that, under a certain set of conditions, the ab initio probability of an alignment can be factorized into the product of an overall factor and contributions from regions (or local alignments) separated by gapless columns. Moreover, in another separate paper (Ezawa, Graur and Landan 2015b), we performed concrete perturbation analyses on all types of local pairwise alignments (PWAs) and some typical types of local multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). The analyses indicated that even the fewest-indel terms alone can quite accurately approximate the probabilities of local alignments, as long as the segments and the branches in the tree are of modest lengths. Results To examine whether or not the fewest-indel terms alone can well approximate the alignment probabilities of more general types of local MSAs as well, and as a first step toward the automatic application of our ab initio perturbative formulation, we developed an algorithm that calculates the first approximation of the probability of a given MSA under a given parameter setting including a phylogenetic tree. The algorithm first chops the MSA into gapped and gapless segments, second enumerates all parsimonious indel histories potentially responsible for each gapped segment, and finally calculates their contributions to the MSA probability. We performed validation analyses using more than ten million local MSAs. The results indicated that even the first approximation can quite accurately estimate the probability of each local MSA, as long as the gaps and tree branches are at most moderately long. Conclusions The newly developed algorithm, called LOLIPOG, brought our ab initio perturbation formulation at least one step closer to a practically useful method to quite accurately calculate the probability of a MSA under a given biologically realistic parameter setting. [This paper and three other papers (Ezawa, Graur and Landan 2015a,b,c) describe a series of our efforts to develop, apply, and extend the ab initio perturbative formulation of a general continuous-time Markov model of indels. ]
Hidden local symmetry for anomalous processes with isospin- and SU(3)-breaking effects.

We show that isospin- and SU(3)-breaking terms can be introduced to the anomalous {ital VVP} coupling in the hidden local symmetry scheme without changing the Wess-Zumino-Witten term in the low-energy limit. We make the analysis for anomalous processes of two-body and three-body decays such as radiative vector meson decays ({ital V}{r_arrow}{ital P}{gamma}), conversion decays of a photon into a lepton pair ({ital V}{r_arrow}{ital Pl}{sup +}{ital l}{sup {minus}}), and hadronic anomalous decays ({ital V}{r_arrow}{ital PPP}). The predictions successfully reproduce all experimental data of anomalous decays. In particular, we predict the decay widths of {rho}{sup 0}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{gamma} and {phi}{r_arrow}{eta}{prime}{gamma} as 101{plus_minus}9 keV and 0.508{plus_minus}0.035 keV, respectively, which will be tested in the DA{Phi}NE {phi} factory. Moreover, predictions are also made for {phi}{r_arrow}{pi}{sup 0}{ital e}{sup +}{ital e}{sup {minus}}, {rho}{r_arrow}3{pi}, {ital K}{asterisk}{r_arrow}{ital K}{pi}{pi}, and so on, for which only the experimental upper bounds are available now. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society. }
On the Strategic Value of Risk Management

This article examines how firms facing volatile input prices and holding some degree of market power in their product market link their risk management and their production or pricing strategies. This issue is relevant in many industries ranging from manufacturing to energy retailing, where firms that are rendered “risk averse” by financial frictions decide on and commit to their hedging strategies before their product market strategies. We find that commitment to hedging modifies the pricing and production strategies of firms. This strategic effect is channeled through the risk-adjusted expected cost, i.e., the expected marginal cost under the probability measure induced by shareholders' “risk aversion”. It has opposite effects depending on the nature of product market competition: commitment to hedging toughens quantity competition while it softens price competition. Finally, not committing to the hedging position can never be an equilibrium outcome: committing is always a best response to non-committing. In the Hotelling model, committing is a dominant strategy for all firms.
The association among autonomic nervous system function, incident diabetes, and intervention arm in the Diabetes Prevention Program.

OBJECTIVE Autonomic nervous system dysfunction, a correlate of obesity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness, is associated with the development of diabetes. We tested whether estimates of autonomic nervous system function improved in the intensive lifestyle versus metformin or placebo arms of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and whether baseline or a change in autonomic nervous system function was associated with the development of diabetes over 3.2 years. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In 2,980 DPP participants, 12-lead electrocardiograms were measured at baseline and annually. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and QT duration were used to estimate fitness and autonomic nervous system function. RESULTS In the lifestyle arm, heart rate and QT indexes decreased, and HRV increased over time. The magnitude of decline in heart rate and QT duration was substantially smaller in the other arms, whereas HRV did not increase. Baseline heart rate was the only index significantly (P < 0.05) associated with incident diabetes after adjustment for demographics and weight change (hazard ratio for lifestyle and metformin arms = 1.19 and 1.17 per 10.6 beats/min, respectively). Decreases in heart rate and QT indexes and increases in HRV over time were associated with a lower risk of developing diabetes. The protective association between decreased heart rate and incident diabetes in the lifestyle arm remained significant after accounting for change in weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS Indexes that reflect autonomic function and fitness improved (i.e., heart rate decreased and HRV increased) in the lifestyle modification arm of the DPP. Improvements in these indexes are inversely associated with the development of diabetes independent of weight change.
AN EMPIRICAL EXPLORATION OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT QUALITY

This study uses data collected on students enrolled in a software development course to explore the role of Creative Self-Efficacy, Playfulness, and Self-Efficacy in the quality of the students’ software development process and projects using a theoretical model proposed by Chiravuri and Ambrose [4]. Instruction in the Carnegie Mellon Software Engineering Institute’s Personal Software Productivity (PSP) techniques was coupled with traditional software engineering topics providing an opportunity to measure both the student’s software development process and the quality of the software developed. Creative Self-Efficacy and Self-Efficacy were found to have a modest impact on the quality of the students’ software product.
Constructive Interaction and the Iterative Process of Understanding

When people try to understand complex physical devices (e.g., a sewing machine), they proceed in an iterative fashion. They seem to reach several points at which they claim to “understand” the device. Each point of understanding is incomplete and requires a new level of understanding. As a result, they cycle between understanding and non-understanding as they traverse different levels. The present study provides a framework to capture the iterative nature of understanding. These points are discussed and illustrated through observations of three pairs of people constructively interacting to understand how a sewing machine works. In addition to the iterative search for understanding, the conceptual point in space from which the speaker appeared to be viewing the machine was important. This conceptual point of view (C-POV) was reflected in their use of language. The C-POV appeared to be stable during points of understanding and to shift frequently at points of non-understanding.