Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Forming supermassive black holes by accreting dark and baryon matter

Given a large-scale mixture of self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) particles and baryon matter distributed in the early Universe, we advance here a two-phase accretion scenario for forming supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with masses around ∼10 9 M ○. at high redshifts z(≥6). The first phase is conceived to involve a rapid quasi-spherical and quasi-steady Bondi accretion of mainly SIDM particles embedded with baryon matter on to seed black holes (BHs) created at redshifts z ≤ 30 by the first generation of massive Population III stars; this earlier phase rapidly gives birth to significantly enlarged seed BH masses of M BH,t1 ≃ 1.4 x 10 6 M ○. σ 0 /(1 cm 2 g -1 )(C s /30 kms -1 ) 4 during z ∼ 20-15, where σ 0 is the cross-section per unit mass of SIDM particles and C s is the velocity dispersion in the SIDM halo referred to as an effective 'sound speed'. The second phase of BH mass growth is envisaged to proceed primarily via baryon accretion, eventually leading to SMBH masses of M BH ∼ 10 9 M ○. ; such SMBHs may form either by z ∼ 6 for a sustained accretion at the Eddington limit or later at lower z for sub-Eddington mean accretion rates. In between these two phases, there is a transitional yet sustained diffusively limited accretion of SIDM particles which in an eventual steady state would be much lower than the accretion rates of the two main phases. We intend to account for the reported detections of a few SMBHs at early epochs, e.g. Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) 1148+5251 and so forth, without necessarily resorting to either super-Eddington baryon accretion or very frequent BH merging processes. Only extremely massive dark SIDM haloes associated with rare peaks of density fluctuations in the early Universe may harbour such early SMBHs or quasars. Observational consequences are discussed. During the final stage of accumulating a SMBH mass, violent feedback in circumnuclear environs of a galactic nucleus leads to the central bulge formation and gives rise to the familiar empirical M BH - σ b correlation inferred for nearby normal galaxies with σ b being the stellar velocity dispersion in the galactic bulge; in our scenario, the central SMBH formation precedes that of the galactic bulge.
BLENDED LEARNING METHOD WITHIN INDONESIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

Abstract : This article aims to explore the potential development of a Blended learning model in Indonesian higher education institutions. The paper attempts to explain the concept of the Blended learning in terms of theory and practice, based on the literature discussed in several reputable international journals. Initially, this method proposes to improve the deficiencies of a traditional learning model which is lack of technological resources and at the same time to improve the gap of e-learning practice which is lack of a face-to-face learning experience. In the blended instruction, students will learn through a face-to-face interaction in the classroom and supported by learning media such as a Website, Video or Learning Management System (LMS). Meanwhile, the use of technologies is ordinarily used for students’ learning and peers interaction outside of class, especially for online discussion and homework submission. This method emphasizes that learning activity should not only occur in the classroom but also outside of the class through online media. Key Words : blended learning, hybrid learning, learning management systems, e-learning, conventional learning Abstrak : Tuliskan Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menggali potensi pengembangan metode pembelajaran Blended learning pada perguruan tinggi Indonesia. Tulisan mencoba memaparkan konsep pembelajaran Blended learning dari segi teori dan praktik berdasarkan literatur dari beberapa jurnal internasional bereputasi. Lahirnya metode ini bertujuan untuk menyempurnakan kekurangan dari metode pembelajaran konvensional face-to-face yang tidak menggunakan media teknologi dalam pembelajaran, serta kekurangan pada metode pembelajaran e-learning yang mengesampingkan pembelajaran tatap muka. Dalam metode ini siswa akan belajar secara tatap muka di kelas yang didukung oleh berbagai media pembelajaran seperti website , video, dan Learning Management System (LMS). Dalam praktiknya, penggunaan media teknologi sebenarnya lebih banyak digunakan untuk proses pembelajaran di luar kelas terutama untuk diskusi online dan mengumpulkan tugas. Metode ini menekankan bahwa pembelajaran bukan hanya terjadi di kelas saja secara tatap muka, tetapi juga di luar kelas melalui media online . Kata kunci : blended learning , hybrid learning , learning management systems , e-learning , pembelajaran konvensional
The Politics of Media Policy Making in a Contested Transition: The Case of Zimbabwe’s Government of National Unity, 2009–2013

In February 2009, following a decade of economic and political crisis, leaders of Zimbabwe’s three major political parties formed a coalition government to oversee political and economic reforms and create enabling conditions for free and fair elections. Among the key sectors identified for reform was the media sector, which had been characterized by state domination, draconian legislation, and partisan journalism. This article explores the politics of media policy making in the context of this contested transition in Zimbabwe. It examines the key sites of contention and compromise among the political principals and their agents in the government, such as liberalization of airwaves, appointment of media regulatory authorities, and media law reform. Analysis of policy documents as well as in-depth interviews constitute the methodology of this study. The article argues that the policy-making process was characterized by the dominance of competing elites in government seeking to create a media system that could help individual political parties consolidate power in anticipation of the post-coalition government. There was more continuity than change in the policy processes and eventual outcomes.
Convergence of a boundary integral method for 3-D water waves

We prove convergence of a modified point vortex method for time-dependent water waves in a three-dimensional, inviscid, irrotational and incompressible fluid. Our stability analysis has two important ingredients. First we derive a leading order approximation of the singular velocity integral. This leading order approximation captures all the leading order contributions of the original velocity integral to linear stability. Moreover, the leading order approximation can be expressed in terms of the Riesz transform, and can be approximated with spectral accuracy. Using this leading order approximation, we construct a near field correction to stabilize the point vortex method approximation. With the near field correction, our modified point vortex method is linearly stable and preserves all the spectral properties of the continuous velocity integral to the leading order. Nonlinear stability and convergence with 3rd order accuracy are obtained using Strang’s technique by establishing an error expansion in the consistency error.
Hybrid Peace: Ethnographies of War

This article reviews recent ethnographies of war that shed light on interconnected states of security at home, international military interventions, and hybrid or rhizomic warfare doctrines. I suggest the notion of hybrid peace to explore global implications of these ethnographic perspectives and to ask what it means to inhabit spaces that are constituted by such hybrid warfare. I argue for the usefulness of Schmitt's “nomos of the earth” and his theory of the partisan to conceptualize this condition and bring together different approaches to warfare.
Network slice selection in softwarization‐based mobile networks

Recently, network slicing (NS) has been introduced as a key enabler to accommodate diversified services in network functions virtualization–enabled software‐defined mobile networks. Although there has been some research work on network slice deployment and configuration, how user equipments select the most appropriate network slice is still an essential yet challenging issue, as slice selection may substantially affect the resource utilization and user Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we investigate the optimal selection of end‐to‐end slices with the aim of improving network resources utilization while guaranteeing the QoS of users. We formulate the optimal slice selection problem as maximizing the users satisfaction degree and prove it is NP‐hard. We thus resort to genetic algorithm (GA) to find a suboptimal solution and develop a GA‐based heuristic algorithm. The effectiveness of our proposed NS selection algorithm is validated via simulation experiments.
Infection Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Delivery of Gamma Interferon in the Emtricitabine with Adenovirus-Mediated Effect of a Combination of Clevudine and

10.1128/AAC.48. 7.2683-2692.2004. 2004, 48(7):2683. DOI: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Rimsky, C. Trepo and F. Zoulim Guerret, M. Chevallier, B. Werle, S. Peyrol, C. Jamard, L. T. A. C. Jacquard, M. Nassal, C. Pichoud, S. Ren, U. Schultz, S. Infection Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Delivery of Gamma Interferon in the Emtricitabine with Adenovirus-Mediated Effect of a Combination of Clevudine and
Origins of Cortical GABAergic Neurons in the Cynomolgus Monkey

In human most cortical γ-aminobutyric acidergic (GABAergic) neurons are produced in the proliferative zones of the dorsal telencephalon in contrast to rodents. We report that in cynomolgus monkey fetuses cortical GABAergic neurons are generated in the proliferative zones of the dorsal telencephalon, in addition to the proliferative region of the ventral telencephalon, the ganglionic eminence (GE), however, with a temporal delay. GABAergic neuron progenitors labeled for Mash1 and GAD65 were present mainly in the GE at embryonic days (E) 47–55, and in the entire dorsal telencephalon at E64–75. These progenitors within the dorsal telencephalon are generated locally rather than in the GE. The ventral and dorsal lineages of cortical GABAergic neurons display different laminar distribution. Early generated GABAergic neurons from the GE mostly populate the marginal zone and subplate, whereas cortical plate GABAergic neurons originate from both ventral and dorsal telencephalon. A differential regulation of the two GABA synthesizing enzymes (GAD65 and GAD67) parallels GABAergic neuron differentiation. GAD65 is preferentially expressed in GABAergic progenitors and migrating neurons, GAD67 in morphologically differentiated neurons. Therefore, the dorsal telencephalic origin of cortical GABAergic neurons is not human-specific but appears as a former event in the ascent of evolution that could provide GABAergic neurons to an expending neocortex.
Pronociceptive and Antinociceptive Effects of Estradiol through Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission in Women

Prominent interindividual and sex-dependent differences have been described in responses to sustained pain and other stressful stimuli. Variations in μ-opioid receptor-mediated endogenous opioid neurotransmission may underlie some of these processes. We examined both baseline μ-opioid receptor levels and the activation of this neurotransmitter system during sustained pain using positron emission tomography in a sample of young healthy men and women. Women were studied twice, during low and high estrogen states. The high-estrogen state was associated with regional increases in baseline μ-opioid receptor availability in vivo and a greater activation of endogenous opioid neurotransmission during the pain stressor. The latter did not differ from that obtained in males. During the low estrogen condition, however, significant reductions in endogenous opioid tone were observed at the level of thalamus, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala, which were associated with hyperalgesic responses. Estrogen-associated variations in the activity of μ-opioid neurotransmission correlated with individual ratings of the sensory and affective perceptions of the pain and the subsequent recall of that experience. These data demonstrate a significant role of estrogen in modulating endogenous opioid neurotransmission and associated psychophysical responses to a pain stressor in humans.
A Novel DSS Framework for E-government

There are various frameworks for decision support system (DSS) that have been formulated. Such frameworks describe the characteristics of DSS. In this paper a proposed effectiveness DSS framework for e-government is presented. This is done by integrating DSS components to support managers and decision makers in e-government. The structure of the proposed DSS framework is discussed. It is expected that the performance of proposed framework will be more effective than existing egovernment systems.
On the effect of coronal outflow on spectra formation in galactic black hole systems

ABSTRA C T We present the results of both analytical and numerical calculations of the amplitude of the reflection component in X-ray spectra of galactic black hole systems. We take into account the anisotropy of Compton scattering and the systematic relativistic bulk motion of the hot plasma. In the case of the single scattering approximation, the reflection from the disc surface is significantly enhanced owing to the anisotropy of Compton scattering. On the other hand, the calculations of multiple scattering obtained using the Monte Carlo method show that the anisotropy effect is much weaker in that case. Therefore, the enhanced backscattered flux may affect the observed spectra only if the disc surface is highly ionized, which reduces the absorption in the energy band corresponding to the first Compton scattering.
Direct Translocation as Major Cellular Uptake for CADY Self-Assembling Peptide-Based Nanoparticles

Cell penetrating peptides constitute a potent approach to overcome the limitations of in vivo siRNA delivery. We recently proposed a peptide-based nanoparticle system, CADY, for efficient delivery of siRNA into numerous cell lines. CADY is a secondary amphipathic peptide that forms stable complexes with siRNA thereby improving both their cellular uptake and biological response. With the aim of understanding the cellular uptake mechanism of CADY:siRNA complexes, we have combined biochemical, confocal and electron microscopy approaches. In the present work, we provide evidence that the major route for CADY:siRNA cellular uptake involves direct translocation through the membrane but not the endosomal pathway. We have demonstrated that CADY:siRNA complexes do not colocalize with most endosomal markers and remain fully active in the presence of inhibitors of the endosomal pathway. Moreover, neither electrostatic interactions with cell surface heparan sulphates nor membrane potential are essential for CADY:siRNA cell entry. In contrast, we have shown that CADY:siRNA complexes clearly induce a transient cell membrane permeabilization, which is rapidly restored by cell membrane fluidity. Therefore, we propose that direct translocation is the major gate for cell entry of CADY:siRNA complexes. Membrane perturbation and uptake are driven mainly by the ability of CADY to interact with phospholipids within the cell membrane, followed by rapid localization of the complex in the cytoplasm, without affecting cell integrity or viability.
Marriage, Cohabitation, and Crime: Differentiating Associations by Partnership Stage

A wealth of scholarship generally finds that marriage protects against crime, but there is less consistent evidence for cohabitation. In this article, we contribute to scholarship on marriage and put forward new evidence about cohabitation by examining marital and cohabiting partnerships as transitions with distinct stages of entry, stability, and dissolution. We use within-person change models with contemporary data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to analyze these stages for the full sample and separately for men and women. The findings show differential protective associations of marriage and cohabitation depending on the stage of the partnership. Both recently formed cohabiting partnerships and stable cohabiting partnerships are associated with reductions in the level of offending, although to a lesser degree than marital relationships. Cohabiting partnerships that are stable, in that they have lasted at least a year, are associated with larger decreases in offending, particularly among women.
A General Framework for Consenses Networks

A novel approach for the study of the long-term behavior of solutions of continuous time consensus networks is developed. We establish sufficient conditions for convergence to a common equilibrium, under the mildest possible connectivity conditions, with emphasis on explicit estimates on the rate of convergence. The discussion ranges from linear to non-linear, decentralized to leader-follower as well as ordinary and time-delayed versions. Our work extends and unifies past works in the literature. Examples and simulations are presented to support the theoretical results.
MVL circuit design and characterization at the transistor level using SUS-LOC

This paper deals with design and performance estimation of typical ternary functions using SUS-LOC concepts. Experimental models of the transistors needed for SUS-LOC structures are presented. A created characterization process allows to extract the delay and the energy consumption information from each cell which is simulated at the transistor level. Finally, VHDL is used to obtain performances modelling and architectural-level simulation. Some characterization results are presented for basic logic ternary functions and a comparison between binary and ternary circuits is given for two adder structures.
Uropygial gland size correlates with feather holes, body condition and wingbar size in the house sparrow Passer domesticus.

The uropygial gland is an organ exclusive of birds that secretes an oily substance, the uropygial secretion, the functions of which are still debated. One of the proposed hypothesis is its possible action against chewing lice (order Phthiraptera), a group of avian ectoparasites that feed on feathers, causing different types of harm. However, this hypothesis lacks support. The present study analyses the relationship between uropygial gland size and the number of feather holes (which is correlated with the load of chewing lice) in the house sparrow Passer domesticus. Moreover, the relationship between the uropygial gland size and different aspects of sparrow health (body condition, immunocompetence and haematocrit), as well as sexually selected traits in males (badge and wingbar size), is tested. The results show a negative correlation between uropygial gland size and number of feather holes, a result found both years of the study. This result supports the hypothesis that uropygial secretion is used against chewing lice. Uropygial gland size also correlated positively with body condition (residuals of body mass relative to tarsus length) and immunocompetence, being therefore related to bird health. After a year in captivity, with resources provided ad libitum, no correlation was found between individual uropygial gland size and body condition or haematocrit, perhaps because the negative effect that chewing lice exert on bird health was offset by captivity conditions. Uropygial gland size was not correlated with badge size, but it was correlated with wingbar size, which furthermore supports the contention that this sexually selected signal acts as an indicator of lice resistance in the house sparrow. In summary, this study supports the idea of a positive relationship between uropygial gland and bird health in the house sparrow, the gland secretion affording resistance against chewing lice.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the carotids

Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the carotids has recently emerged as a complementary examination to conventional carotid Doppler ultrasonography. It is an examination providing improved visualization of the vascular lumen, more accurate and detailed delineation of the vascular wall, and identification of atherosclerotic plaques. Moreover, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography has specific advantages over conventional ultrasonography and plays an important role in the diagnosis of the vulnerable carotid plaque, as it can identify intraplaque neovascularization and carotid plaque ulceration. Given the specific advantages and improved imaging of the carotids provided by this method, radiologists should be familiar with it. This pictorial essay illustrates the advantages of this technique and discusses its value in the imaging of carotid arteries.
Is Noncycloplegic Photorefraction Applicable for Screening Refractive Amblyopia Risk Factors?

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of noncycloplegic photorefraction (NCP) with that of cycloplegic refraction (CR) for detecting refractive amblyopia risk factors (RARFs) and to determine cutoff points. Methods: In this diagnostic test study, right eyes of 185 children (aged 1 to 14 years) first underwent NCP using the PlusoptiX SO4 photoscreener followed by CR. Based on CR results, hyperopia (≥ +3.5 D), myopia (≥ −3 D), astigmatism (≥ 1.5 D), and anisometropia (≥ 1.5 D) were set as diagnostic criteria based on AAPOS guidelines. The difference in the detection of RARFs by the two methods was the main outcome measure. Results: RARFs were present in 57 (30.8%) and 52 (28.1%) of cases by CR and NCP, respectively, with an 89.7% agreement. In contrast to myopia and astigmatism, mean spherical power in hyperopic eyes was significantly different based on the two methods (P < 0.001), being higher with CR (+5.96 ± 2.13 D) as compared to NCP (+2.37 ± 1.36 D). Considering CR as the gold standard, specificities for NCP exceeded 93% and sensitivities were also acceptable (≥ 83%) for myopia and astigmatism. Nevertheless, sensitivity of NCP for detecting hyperopia was only 45.4%. Using a cutoff point of +1.87 D, instead of +3.5 D, for hyperopia, sensitivity of NCP was increased to 81.8% with specificity of 84%. Conclusion: NCP is a relatively accurate method for detecting RARFs in myopia and astigmatism. Using an alternative cutoff point in this study, NCP may be considered an acceptable device for detecting hyperopia as well.
Genetic Variability of Antigen B2 of Human, Sheep, Goats, Camel and Cattle Isolates of Echinococcus granulosus in Iran

Background Antigen B (AgB) is frequently used for immuno-diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis (CE). Echinococcus granulosus AgBs show a high degree of genetic variability in different hosts or in different CE endemic areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the genetic polymorphisms of encoding antigen B2 gene (AgB2) among different Iranian isolates of E. granulosus. Methods A total of 50 CE isolates were collected from human, sheep, cattle, goat and camels, 10 isolates from each intermediate host of E. granulosus. Total genomic DNA from either protoscolices or germinal layer was extracted from each cyst and PCR-RFLP followed by DNA sequencing was used to evaluate sequence variation and polymorphism of AgB2 in the isolates. Results After the PCR amplification, using AgB2 primers, an almost 400 bp band was amplified in all of the isolates. The PCR products were digested with Alu1 restriction endonuclease. After restriction enzyme digestion with Alu1‚ sheep and human isolates gave a similar pattern of RFLP with the gene size of approximately 140 and 240bp and camel and goat isolates gave a similar pattern, but different from sheep and human, with the gene size of approximately 150 and 250bp. Sequence analysis showed the most genetic similarity of AgB2 between human and sheep isolates. Conclusion Findings of this study revealed the differences in the sequences of AgB2 within and between the Iranian isolates of E. granulosus. These differences may affect the performance of any diagnostic test which uses AgB.