Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Marriage in the People's Republic of China: Analysis of a New Law.

This report discusses those articles of a 1980 Chinese marriage and family life law which pertain specifically to marriage contracts. An earlier 1950 law abolished Chinas feudal marriage system and sought to establish a marriage system more in line with the principles of modern Chinese society. The need to introduce another marriage law in 1980 indicates that the 1950 law did not fully accomplish its objectives. In traditional Chinese society marriage represented a contract between families. Marriages were entered into for the mutual benefit of both families and were generally arranged by 3rd parties. The grooms family paid a bride price to the brides family and upon marriage the bride became a member of the household of her husbands parents. Concubinage and polygamy were common. Although marriage customs changed considerably between 1950-80 some aspects of the traditional system remained intact. The new law seeks to eliminate the remaining vestiges of traditional marriage customs. Specific articles deal with arranged marriages marriage by purchase or mercenary marriages concubinage polygamy marriage restrictions marriage rituals and residential customs. The 1980 law declares that husbands and wives have equal rights and that marriage must be freely entered into by both parties. 3rd parties may not arrange coerce or obstruct a marriage. Most sons and daughters still give deference to their parents wishes when selecting a mate. Since dating is not common most couples meet through formal introductions arranged by friends or relatives. According to the 1980 law marriage by purchase i.e. bride price is illegal. Bride price remains a commonly practiced custom in rural areas. It is less common in urban areas; however in urban areas the family of the husband often bestows expensive gifts on the brides family. The 1980 law seeks to discourage these monetary practices. The 1980 law prohibits concubinage and polygamy. There is some evidence that concubines are still kept in some areas of the country. Polygamy remains common in Tibet and the 1980 law allows all polygamous marriages contracted in Tibet before 1980 to remain intact. The 1980 law increased the minimum marriage age to 22 years for men and to 20 years for women. The 1950 law prohibited marriages between lineal blood relatives. The 1980 law extends the prohibition to 3rd degree collateral blood relatives. The 1980 law also prohibits marriage for individuals with leprosy or with any other disease which is viewed by medical science as making a person unfit for marriage. A couple is considered officially married when ther register at the marriage office. No ceremony is required. Expensive and elaborate marriages are discouraged by the government; however traditional marriage rituals are commonly practiced especially in the rural areas of the country. 1 article of the 1980 marriage law states that after marriage the husband and wife should jointly decide whether they wish to reside patrilocally or matrilocally. This article promotes the ideal that sons and daughters are of equal value to parents.
Activation of Type I and III Interferon Signalling Pathways Occurs in Lung Epithelial Cells Infected with Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses

The host response to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2, H5N3 and H9N2 viruses were examined in A549, MDCK, and CEF cells using a systems-based approach. The H5N2 and H5N3 viruses replicated efficiently in A549 and MDCK cells, while the H9N2 virus replicated least efficiently in these cell types. However, all LPAI viruses exhibited similar and higher replication efficiencies in CEF cells. A comparison of the host responses of these viruses and the H1N1/WSN virus and low passage pH1N1 clinical isolates was performed in A549 cells. The H9N2 and H5N2 virus subtypes exhibited a robust induction of Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) expression, sustained STAT1 activation from between 3 and 6 hpi, which correlated with large increases in IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression by 10 hpi. In contrast, cells infected with the pH1N1 or H1N1/WSN virus showed only small increases in Type III IFN signalling, low levels of ISG expression, and down-regulated expression of the IFN type I receptor. JNK activation and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic XAF1 protein was observed in A549 cells infected with all viruses except the H1N1/WSN virus, while MAPK p38 activation was only observed in cells infected with the pH1N1 and the H5 virus subtypes. No IFN expression and low ISG expression levels were generally observed in CEF cells infected with either AIV, while increased IFN and ISG expression was observed in response to the H1N1/WSN infection. These data suggest differences in the replication characteristics and antivirus signalling responses both among the different LPAI viruses, and between these viruses and the H1N1 viruses examined. These virus-specific differences in host cell signalling highlight the importance of examining the host response to avian influenza viruses that have not been extensively adapted to mammalian tissue culture.
Establishment and characterization of nurse cell-like stromal cell lines from synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the features of synovial stromal cells established from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to define these cells as nurse cells. METHODS Synovial nurse-like stromal cell lines (RA-SNCs) were established from patients with RA. These cell lines were examined for morphology, pseudoemperipolesis activity, cell surface markers, and cytokine production. The interaction between these RA-SNCs and a synovial tissue B cell clone was also examined. RESULTS RA-SNCs had nurse cell activity. They spontaneously produced interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, they produced IL-1beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha and expressed higher levels of the other cytokines after coculture with the B cell clone. Proliferation and Ig production by the B cell clone were dependent on direct contact with RA-SNCs. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the RA-SNCs were nurse cells. The findings suggest that RA-SNCs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA by producing large amounts of cytokines and maintaining infiltrating lymphocytes.
GAS tightly coupled LBL/USBL position and velocity filter for underwater vehicles

This paper presents a novel navigation filter for estimation of linear motion quantities based on a combined Long Baseline / Ultra Short Baseline (LBL/USBL) acoustic positioning system with application to underwater vehicles. The filtering algorithm does not resort to any algebraic inversion techniques and no linearizations are carried out whatsoever. In this way, the nonlinear sensor-based system dynamics are considered to their full extent and globally asymptotically stable (GAS) error dynamics are achieved. Finally, it is shown, under simulation environment, that the filter achieves very good performance in the presence of sensor noise.
Mutation Analysis of the ASPM Gene in 18 Pakistani Families With Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare neurological disorder, in which the patients exhibit reduced occipital frontal head circumference (>3 standard deviations) and mild-to-severe mental retardation. Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly is genetically heterogeneous and 7 loci have been reported to date. Mutations in ASPM (abnormal spindle-like, microcephaly associated) gene are the most common cause of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly in the majority of the reported families. In the current investigation, we have located and studied 21 families with autosomal recessive primary microcephaly. Genotyping using polymorphic microsatellite markers linked to 7 autosomal recessive primary microcephaly loci revealed linkage of 18 families to the MCPH5 locus. Sequence analysis of the ASPM gene in 18 linked families detected 2 novel nonsense mutations (c.2101C>T/p.Q701X; c.9492T>G/p.Y3164X) in 2 families and 2 novel deletion mutations (c.6686delGAAA/p.R2229TfsX9; c.77delG/p.G26AfsX41) in 2 other families. Three previously described mutations (c.3978G>A/p.W1326X; c.1260delTCAAGTC/p.S420SfsX32; c.9159delA/p.K3053NfsX4) were also detected in 11 families. These identified mutations extended the body of evidence implicating the ASPM gene in the pathogenesis of human hereditary primary microcephaly.
Architecture paradigms and their influences and impacts on component-based software systems

Object-oriented architecture (OOA), component-based architecture (CBA), and service-based architecture (SBA) represent three technical architecture paradigms in current software systems. object, component, and service are three key concepts in distributed software systems. From implementation point of view, a service is implemented by one or more components, which in turn are often implemented in object-oriented programming languages like C+ + and Java. Distributed component-based software systems can be structured in any of the architecture paradigms, some have more advantages than others depending on business requirements. Understanding the characteristics, features, benefits, and concerns of the architecture paradigms is crucial to the successful design, implementation and operation of a distributed system. In this paper, we describe the characteristics of the three architecture paradigms and the business drivers for their applications. The parallel evolution of architecture paradigms and software development methodologies is discussed in the context of practical business needs. Component-based software developers for distributed systems should decide on the architecture paradigms based on business requirements. The evolution of architecture paradigms and the selection of architecture paradigms have profound influences and impacts on component-based distributed systems, in the way components are designed and in the way component interactions are implemented. We discuss these influences and impacts with the goal of deriving some practical principles and strategies to best deal with them in software engineering practices.
Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy within a defined population in Sweden.

BACKGROUND Colonoscopy, introduced in the late 1960s, has become the principal method for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of colorectal diseases. Being invasive, colonoscopy is associated with a risk of complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the rate of complications of diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy in a population-based setting. METHODS All colonoscopy records for 1979 to 1995 in 1 Swedish county (population 258,000) were retrieved. Information was obtained about patients' demographics, date of examination, endoscopist, indications, findings, colonoscopy type, completion level, and complications. Records were linked to the Cause of Death Register and the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register to ascertain mortality and morbidity. RESULTS In 6066 colonoscopies, the overall morbidity was 0.4% (diagnostic 0.2%, therapeutic 1.2%). The most frequent complications were bleeding (0.2%) and perforation (0.1%), with no colonoscopy-related mortality. Bleeding was confined to therapeutic colonoscopy and occurred immediately, mainly after removal of large polyps with thick stalks. Perforations at diagnostic colonoscopy occurred in the left colon; they were diagnosed sooner than perforations associated with therapeutic colonoscopy where the cecum was the most frequent site. The bleeding rate was correlated to the experience of the endoscopists. CONCLUSIONS Colonoscopy is a safe procedure, and the rate of adverse events in this population-based setting was low.
An integrative literature review on preparing nursing students through simulation to recognize and respond to the deteriorating patient.

AIMS To synthesize studies that explored simulation as preparation of nursing students for recognition and response to the deteriorating patient. BACKGROUND New graduate nurses are expected to have the skills to recognize and respond to rapidly deteriorating patient conditions. To this end, education programmes have turned increasingly to simulation to assist students to gain the necessary skills. DESIGN Integrative review. DATA SOURCES CINAHL, Informit, ProQuest, Ovid MEDLINE, SAGE Journals and Web of Knowledge electronic databases, keywords and inclusion/exclusion criteria were searched. Eighteen studies published between 2004-2012 were found. REVIEW METHODS Studies were appraised using recognized evaluation tools. Thematic analysis was undertaken and emergent themes were extracted with similar and divergent perspectives sought. RESULTS Six themes were identified namely, 'transferability of simulation skills to clinical practice', 'exposure to broader range of experiences', 'confidence levels in relation to simulation training', 'competence/performance', 'clinical judgment' and 'student perceptions of preparedness for practice following simulation'. CONCLUSION Simulation exposes students to a broader range of experiences whilst in a safe environment with transference of skills to clinical practice occurring. Confidence, clinical judgement, knowledge and competence, all vital in the care of a deteriorating patient, were enhanced. However, evidence of simulation used specifically to prepare nursing students to recognize and respond to the deteriorating patient appeared limited. This educational field appears rich for interprofessional collaboration and further research.
Recall of Medication Instructions by Young and Elderly Adult Women

We tested the effectiveness of overaccommodative speech as a way to improve comprehension and recall of diagnostic and medication regimen instructions. Forty younger (M age = 21 years) and 82 older (M age = 71 years) adult women watched a videotape of an actor presenting medication instructions in either an overaccommodative or a neutral speaking style. Only older women with higher working memory performance levels benefited from overaccommodative speech. All groups had similar subjective reactions to the two types of stimuli: They preferred the speech attributes in the overaccommodative speech but preferred the person attributes of the neutral speaker. Finally, for older but not younger women, subjective reactions to the speaker predicted recall performance over and above age and working memory ability.
Vascular expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase is associated with activation of Ca(++)-dependent K+ channels.

We tested the hypothesis that expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NO-synthase) in response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) produces activation of potassium channels. Contraction of the rat thoracic aorta in response to phenylephrine was measured in vitro after treatment in vivo for 15 hr with vehicle (control) or lipopolysaccharide (10 mg/kg i.p.). Impaired contraction in response to phenylephrine was used as an index of inducible NO-synthase expression, and activation of potassium channels was examined with specific inhibitors. Contraction in response to 10(-5) M phenylephrine (expressed as a percentage of contraction in response to 85 mM KCI) was markedly impaired in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats, compared with control (15 +/- 5% vs. 131 +/- 10%, P < .05, mean +/- S.E.). Expression of inducible NO-synthase mRNA in the vessel wall in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats was confirmed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Contraction of the aorta in lipopolysaccharide-treated rats was restored to normal by 0.3 mM aminoguanidine (an inhibitor of inducible NO-synthase). Contraction of the aorta in response to phenylephrine, which was inhibited by lipopolysaccharide, was not affected by glibenclamide (an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels) but was increased 2-fold (P < .05) by iberiotoxin (50 nM), an inhibitor of Ca(+2)-dependent potassium channels. Relaxation of the aorta in response to sodium nitroprusside, an exogenous donor of nitric oxide, and 8-bromo-cyclic GMP was also inhibited by iberiotoxin. These findings suggest that nitric oxide produced by vascular expression of inducible NO-synthase activates calcium-dependent potassium channels and that this mechanism may contribute to impaired vasoconstrictor responses during sepsis.
Paid, Professionalised and Proceduralised: Can Legal and Policy Frameworks for Child Advocacy Give Voice to Children and Young People?

Significant developments have taken place over recent years in the legal and policy framework for children's participation in decision‐making and the role of advocacy within this context. Whilst there is much here to be welcomed, there are also emerging concerns about the nature and direction of advocacy for children and young people in public care. This paper draws on evidence from an empirical study of children's participation in statutory reviews—one of the key arenas for decision‐making relating to looked after children—in order to consider critical themes identifiable within the developing field of child advocacy.
Cerebral Blood Flow in Migraine Accompaniments and Vertebrobasilar Ischemia

Background and Purpose Transient neurological symptoms of brain stem or occipital lobe origin may be caused by transient ischemic attack in the vertebrobasilar territory (VB-TIA) or late-onset (or late-life) migraine accompaniment (LOMA). It is often clinically difficult to distinguish between VB-TIA and LOMA. Methods Cerebral blood flow of 23 patients with VB-TIA, 24 with LOMA, and 28 age-matched control subjects was measured using the 133Xe inhalation regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) technique. Results After adjusting for differences in baseline variables such as blood pressure, hematocrit, and Pco2, patients with VB-TIA had (1) lower mean rCBF than control subjects (P<.003) as measured by the initial slope index method; (2) more frequent anterior rCBF asymmetries than control subjects and patients with LOMA (P<.03 for both comparisons); and (3) higher mean interhemispheric rCBF differences compared with patients with LOMA (P=.08) and control subjects (P<.02). Conclusions Regional CBF patterns in patients with VB-TIA and LOMA differ, with lower rCBF and more asymmetry of the anterior blood flows in patients with VB-TIA, probably reflecting the effects of stroke risk factors on the cerebral circulation. Patients with LOMA have rCBF patterns more closely resembling those of age-matched healthy subjects. rCBF measurements may assist in the clinical diagnosis of VB-TIA and late-onset migrainous events.
The SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey: demographics of the 450-μm population

We investigate the multiwavelength properties of a sample of 450-μm-selected sources from the SCUBA-2 Cosmology Legacy Survey. A total of 69 sources were identified above 4σ in deep SCUBA-2 450-μm observations overlapping the UDS and COSMOS fields and covering 210 arcmin2 to a typical depth of σ450 = 1.5 mJy. Reliable cross-identifications are found for 58 sources (84 per cent) in Spitzer and Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/IR data. The photometric redshift distribution (dN/dz) of 450-μm-selected sources is presented, showing a broad peak in the redshift range 1 < z < 3 and a median of z = 1.4. Combining the SCUBA-2 photometry with Herschel SPIRE data from HerMES, the submm spectral energy distribution (SED) is examined via the use of modified blackbody fits, yielding aggregate values for the IR luminosity, dust temperature and emissivity of 〈LIR〉 = 1012 ± 0.8 L⊙, 〈TD〉 = 42 ± 11 K and 〈βD〉 = 1.6 ± 0.5, respectively. The relationship between these SED parameters and the physical properties of galaxies is investigated, revealing correlations between TD and LIR and between βD and both stellar mass and effective radius. The connection between the star formation rate (SFR) and stellar mass is explored, with 24 per cent of 450-μm sources found to be ‘starbursts’, i.e. displaying anomalously high specific SFRs. However, both the number density and observed properties of these ‘starburst’ galaxies are found to be consistent with the population of normal star-forming galaxies.
Language Ideologies of the High Academy of the Quechua Language in Cuzco, Peru

Founded in 1990, The High Academy of the Quechua Language is a Peruvian organization committed to the preservation of the Quechua language. In Peru, the Academy is well known for the zeal of its members, who firmly believe that Quechua can and should be saved from extinction and that, on account of their own authority and expertise, they should take the lead in its revitalization. The purpose of this article is to examine these assumptions, their underlying ideologies, and the ways in which they have influenced the decisions and practices of the Academy. The analysis focuses on the organization's nationalistic bent, its linguistic ideologies, the construction of its expertise, and the tensions that exist both among its members and between them and other actors. It is argued that the Quechua Academy's stances and practices conspire against its own ability to make a lasting contribution to the revitalization of Quechua, obstruct the efforts of other agencies and experts who are also working to promote the language, and are infused with class values that alienate the Quechua-speaking people they claim to serve.
Angiotensin II Inhibits the ROMK-like Small Conductance K Channel in Renal Cortical Collecting Duct during Dietary Potassium Restriction*

Base-line urinary potassium secretion in the distal nephron is mediated by small conductance rat outer medullary K (ROMK)-like channels. We used the patch clamp technique applied to split-open cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) isolated from rats fed a normal potassium (NK) or low potassium (LK) diet to test the hypothesis that AngII directly inhibits ROMK channel activity. We found that AngII inhibited ROMK channel activity in LK but not NK rats in a dose-dependent manner. The AngII-induced reduction in channel activity was mediated by AT1 receptor (AT1R) binding, because pretreatment of CCDs with losartan but not PD123319 AT1 and AT2 receptor antagonists, respectively, blocked the response. Pretreatment of CCDs with U73122 and calphostin C, inhibitors of phospholipase C (PLC) and protein kinase C (PKC), respectively, abolished the AngII-induced decrease in ROMK channel activity, confirming a role of the PLC-PKC pathway in this response. Studies by others suggest that AngII stimulates an Src family protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) via PKC-NADPH oxidase. PTK has been shown to regulate the ROMK channel. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase with diphenyliodonium abolished the inhibitory effect of AngII or the PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate on ROMK channels. Suppression of PTK by herbimycin A significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of AngII on ROMK channel activity. We conclude that AngII inhibits ROMK channel activity through PKC-, NADPH oxidase-, and PTK-dependent pathways under conditions of dietary potassium restriction.
The actin-myosin interface

In order to understand the mechanism of muscle contraction at the atomic level, it is necessary to understand how myosin binds to actin in a reversible way. We have used a novel molecular dynamics technique constrained by an EM map of the actin-myosin complex at 13-Å resolution to obtain an atomic model of the strong-binding (rigor) actin-myosin interface. The constraining force resulting from the EM map during the molecular dynamics simulation was sufficient to convert the myosin head from the initial weak-binding state to the strong-binding (rigor) state. Our actin-myosin model suggests extensive contacts between actin and the myosin head (S1). S1 binds to two actin monomers. The contact surface between actin and S1 has increased dramatically compared with previous models. A number of loops in S1 and actin are involved in establishing the interface. Our model also suggests how the loop carrying the critical Arg 405 Glu mutation in S1 found in a familial cardiomyopathy might be functionally involved.