Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Trends in new particle formation in eastern Lapland, Finland: effect of decreasing sulfur emissions from Kola Peninsula

Abstract. The smelter industry in Kola Peninsula is the largest source of anthropogenic SO2 in the Arctic part of Europe and one of the largest within the Arctic domain. Due to socio-economic changes in Russia, the emissions have been decreasing especially since the late 1990s resulting in decreased SO2 concentrations close to Kola in eastern Lapland, Finland. At the same time, the frequency of new particle formation days has been decreasing distinctively at SMEAR I station in eastern Lapland, especially during spring and autumn. We show that sulfur species, namely sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid, have an important role in both new particle formation and subsequent growth and that the decrease in new particle formation days is a result of the reduction of sulfur emissions originating from Kola Peninsula. In addition to sulfur species, there are many other quantities, such as formation rate of aerosol particles, condensation sink and nucleation mode particle number concentration, which are related to the number of observed new particle formation (NPF) days and need to be addressed when linking sulfur emissions and NPF. We show that while most of these quantities exhibit statistically significant trends, the reduction in Kola sulfur emissions is the most obvious reason for the rapid decline in NPF days. Sulfuric acid explains approximately 20–50% of the aerosol condensational growth observed at SMEAR I, and there is a large seasonal variation with highest values obtained during spring and autumn. We found that (i) particles form earlier after sunrise during late winter and early spring due to high concentrations of SO2 and H2SO4; (ii) several events occurred during the absence of light, and they were connected to higher than average concentrations of SO2; and (iii) high SO2 concentrations could advance the onset of nucleation by several hours. Moreover, air masses coming over Kola Peninsula seemed to favour new particle formation.
Akademik Çalişma Ortaminda Yapisal ve Psikolojik Güçlendirmenin Duygusal Bağlilik ve İş Doyumu Üzerindeki Etkileri Impact of Structural and Psychological Empowerment on Affective Commitment and Job Satisfaction in Academic Work Settings

This study is designed to test a model which relates the concepts of structural and psychological empowerment to affective commitment and job satisfaction. The model is tested by structural equation modeling in the light of the data which was obtained from 243 research assistants who work in 25 faculties of the two big state universities in Izmir. Final model that is accepted due to obtained analysis results suggests that (a) structural empowerment has a direct and positive effect on psychological empowerment, (b) psychological empowerment has direct and positive effects on both affective commitment and job satisfaction, and (c) structural empowerment has an indirect and positive effect on job satisfaction and both indirect (through psychological empowerment) and direct, and posifive effects on affective
Roadless Wilderness Area Determines Forest Elephant Movements in the Congo Basin

A dramatic expansion of road building is underway in the Congo Basin fuelled by private enterprise, international aid, and government aspirations. Among the great wilderness areas on earth, the Congo Basin is outstanding for its high biodiversity, particularly mobile megafauna including forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis). The abundance of many mammal species in the Basin increases with distance from roads due to hunting pressure, but the impacts of road proliferation on the movements of individuals are unknown. We investigated the ranging behaviour of forest elephants in relation to roads and roadless wilderness by fitting GPS telemetry collars onto a sample of 28 forest elephants living in six priority conservation areas. We show that the size of roadless wilderness is a strong determinant of home range size in this species. Though our study sites included the largest wilderness areas in central African forests, none of 4 home range metrics we calculated, including core area, tended toward an asymptote with increasing wilderness size, suggesting that uninhibited ranging in forest elephants no longer exists. Furthermore we show that roads outside protected areas which are not protected from hunting are a formidable barrier to movement while roads inside protected areas are not. Only 1 elephant from our sample crossed an unprotected road. During crossings her mean speed increased 14-fold compared to normal movements. Forest elephants are increasingly confined and constrained by roads across the Congo Basin which is reducing effective habitat availability and isolating populations, significantly threatening long term conservation efforts. If the current road development trajectory continues, forest wildernesses and the forest elephants they contain will collapse.
Please Scroll down for Article International Journal for the Psychology of Religion Mean Gods Make Good People: Different Views of God Predict Cheating Behavior

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Generalized varying coefficient models for longitudinal data

We propose a generalization of the varying coefficient model for longitudinal data to cases where not only current but also recent past values of the predictor process affect current response. More precisely, the targeted regression coefficient functions of the proposed model have sliding window supports around current time t. A variant of a recently proposed two-step estimation method for varying coefficient models is proposed for estimation in the context of these generalized varying coefficient models, and is found to lead to improvements, especially for the case of additive measurement errors in both response and predictors. The proposed methodology for estimation and inference is also applicable for the case of additive measurement error in the common versions of varying coefficient models that relate only current observations of predictor and response processes to each other. Asymptotic distributions of the proposed estimators are derived, and the model is applied to the problem of predicting protein concentrations in a longitudinal study. Simulation studies demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed estimation procedure. Copyright 2008, Oxford University Press.
Genome-Wide Analysis to Identify Pathways Affecting Telomere-Initiated Senescence in Budding Yeast

In telomerase-deficient yeast cells, like equivalent mammalian cells, telomeres shorten over many generations until a period of senescence/crisis is reached. After this, a small fraction of cells can escape senescence, principally using recombination-dependent mechanisms. To investigate the pathways that affect entry into and recovery from telomere-driven senescence, we combined a gene deletion disrupting telomerase (est1Δ) with the systematic yeast deletion collection and measured senescence characteristics in high-throughput assays. As expected, the vast majority of gene deletions showed no strong effects on entry into/exit from senescence. However, around 200 gene deletions behaving similarly to a rad52Δ est1Δ archetype (rad52Δ affects homologous recombination) accelerated entry into senescence, and such cells often could not recover growth. A smaller number of strains similar to a rif1Δ est1Δ archetype (rif1Δ affects proteins that bind telomeres) accelerated entry into senescence but also accelerated recovery from senescence. Our genome-wide analysis identifies genes that affect entry into and/or exit from telomere-initiated senescence and will be of interest to those studying telomere biology, replicative senescence, cancer, and ageing. Our dataset is complementary to other high-throughput studies relevant to telomere biology, genetic stability, and DNA damage responses.
Reconstruction from fourier measurements using compactly supported shearlets

We study the reconstruction problem of a compactly supported function from its Fourier coefficients using a compactly supported shearlet system. We assume that only finitely many Fourier samples are accessible and the reconstruction can only be constructed using finitely many shearlets. Our main result shows that stable recovery of the signal is possible provided the number of measurements is up to a constant equal to the number of shearlet elements that are used for the approximation. Numerical experiments with MR data are presented which emphasize the advantages of shearlets compared to other systems such as wavelets.
Chapter 3 Experiments in Culture and Corruption: A Review

Lab studies on culture and corruption have led to some puzzling, contradictory results. This chapter begins with a discussion of nonexperimental work in this area and evaluates the experimental findings in the context of earlier research. We sketch out the channels through which culture interacts with corruption (i.e., through institutions and social norms) and argue that discrepancies in experimental results may be due to differences in design (including repetition or unobserved variation in beliefs) or due to differences in the response to punishment across societies. In addition to exploring design-based reasons for previous contradictory findings, avenues for future research include: behavioral responses to different types of externalities; replicating results in different countries; and utilizing the lab to formulate effective anticorruption measures.
Metabolic differentiation of early Lyme disease from southern tick–associated rash illness (STARI)

Metabolic profiling provides a biochemical signature to objectively differentiate two illnesses with nearly identical clinical presentations, early Lyme disease and STARI. Avoiding rash decisions The iconic bulls eye rash is associated with Lyme disease, but similar symptoms are observed in other illnesses not caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection, such as southern tick–associated rash illness, which has not yet been tied to a specific pathogen. Molins et al. set out to define a metabolic signature that would be able to distinguish early Lyme disease from southern tick–associated rash illness. Their findings confirm that these diseases are quite distinct. Moreover, use of the signature could help guide diagnosis and patient treatment. Lyme disease, the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States, results from infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Early clinical diagnosis of this disease is largely based on the presence of an erythematous skin lesion for individuals in high-risk regions. This, however, can be confused with other illnesses including southern tick−associated rash illness (STARI), an illness that lacks a defined etiological agent or laboratory diagnostic test, and is coprevalent with Lyme disease in portions of the eastern United States. By applying an unbiased metabolomics approach with sera retrospectively obtained from well-characterized patients, we defined biochemical and diagnostic differences between early Lyme disease and STARI. Specifically, a metabolic biosignature consisting of 261 molecular features (MFs) revealed that altered N-acyl ethanolamine and primary fatty acid amide metabolism discriminated early Lyme disease from STARI. Development of classification models with the 261-MF biosignature and testing against validation samples differentiated early Lyme disease from STARI with an accuracy of 85 to 98%. These findings revealed metabolic dissimilarity between early Lyme disease and STARI, and provide a powerful and new approach to inform patient management by objectively distinguishing early Lyme disease from an illness with nearly identical symptoms.
Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution

SUMMARY In May 2001, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution which urged member states to attain, by 2010, a minimum target of regularly administering anthelminthic drugs to at least 75% and up to 100% of all school-aged children at risk of morbidity. The refined global strategy for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis was issued in the following year and large-scale administration of anthelminthic drugs endorsed as the central feature. This strategy has subsequently been termed ‘preventive chemotherapy’. Clearly, the 2001 WHA resolution led the way for concurrently controlling multiple neglected tropical diseases. In this paper, we recall the schistosomiasis situation in Africa in mid-2003. Adhering to strategic guidelines issued by the World Health Organization, we estimate the projected annual treatment needs with praziquantel among the school-aged population and critically discuss these estimates. The important role of geospatial tools for disease risk mapping, surveillance and predictions for resource allocation is emphasised. We clarify that schistosomiasis is only one of many neglected tropical diseases and that considerable uncertainties remain regarding global burden estimates. We examine new control initiatives targeting schistosomiasis and other tropical diseases that are often neglected. The prospect and challenges of integrated control are discussed and the need for combining biomedical, educational and engineering strategies and geospatial tools for sustainable disease control are highlighted. We conclude that, for achieving integrated and sustainable control of neglected tropical diseases, a set of interventions must be tailored to a given endemic setting and fine-tuned over time in response to the changing nature and impact of control. Consequently, besides the environment, the prevailing demographic, health and social systems contexts need to be considered.
The Absence of Diffuse Gas around the Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy Leo I

We have obtained spectra of three QSO/AGNs with the GHRS aboard the Hubble Space Telescope to search for absorption from low column density gas in the halo of the dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy Leo I. The probe sight lines pass 2.1, 3.7, and 8.1 kpc from the center of the galaxy, but no C IV, Si II, or Si IV absorption is found at the velocity of Leo I. The absence of low-ionization species suggests that the column density of neutral hydrogen that exists within 2-4 kpc of the galaxy is N(H I) ≲ 1017 cm-2; assuming that the high-ionization lines of Si IV and C IV dominate the ionization fraction of silicon and carbon, the limit to the total hydrogen column is N(H) ≲ 1018 cm-2. Our results demonstrate that there are no dense flows of gas in or out of Leo I and that there is no evidence for tidally disrupted gas that might have accompanied the galaxy's formation or evolution. However, our detection limits are insufficient to rule out the existence of a sphere or shell of ionized gas around the dSph, with a mass up to that constituting the entire galaxy. Our models show that dSph galaxies similar to Leo I are not massive enough to have halos that can contribute significantly to the metal line absorption cross section of QSO absorbers seen at high redshift.
Sono-anatomical analysis of right internal jugular vein and carotid artery at different levels of positive end-expiratory pressure in anaesthetised paralysed patients

Background and Aims: Increasing the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the internal jugular vein (IJV) improves the success rate of cannulation and decreases complications. Application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) may increase the CSA of IJV beyond that achieved in Trendelenburg position. However, the optimum PEEP to achieve maximal increase in CSA of IJV and the effect of PEEP on IJV and CA relationship is not known. Methods: In this prospective, blinded, randomised controlled study, 120 anesthetised paralysed patients of the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical Status I–II were placed in 20° Trendelenburg position. Patients were randomised into four groups as follows: PEEP of 0, 5, 10 and 15 cmH2O. CSA, anteroposterior (AP) diameter and transverse diameter (Td) of IJV and overlapping of IJV with CA were assessed using two-dimensional ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS version 21.0 software using Chi-square/Fisher's exact test (categorical data) and analysis of variance (continuous data) tests and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There was significant increase in AP diameter, CSA and Td with the application of PEEP 10–15 cmH2O. Increase in CSA up to 25% with PEEP 10 and 44% with PEEP 15 was noted. There was a significant decrease in the overlapping of the internal CA with an increase in PEEP. It ranged from 21% at P0 to 17% P15. Conclusion: Application of PEEP 10–15 cmH2O in Trendelenburg position significantly increased CSA and AP diameter of IJV and decreased CA overlap of IJV in anesthetised paralysed patients.
Event-related brain potentials in a patient with akinetic mutism Potentiels cérébraux cognitifs au cours du mutisme akinétique. À propos d'un cas

The clinical pattern of complete akinetic mutism (AM) was observed in a patient with a bilateral infarction of the anterior cerebral arteries extending to the rostral cingulate cortex and the supplementary motor areas. Since the patient was unable to produce any overt response, event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to obtain information about cortical processing of stimuli. Oddball tasks with simple acoustical stimuli and semantic categories were used. Verbal processing was further assessed by comparing event-related potentials to words compatible versus incompatible to the semantic context. Although the pattern of cortical responses was abnormal, differential responses were clearly obtained to semantically different word classes. Thus, the hypothesis about cortical non-responsivity of AM patients, drawn from several previous reports, was not supported. An ERP examination in AM patients can deliver information about their mental state, provided that the stimuli and tasks possess a wide range of informational complexity and motivational value.
A Sall4 mutant mouse model useful for studying the role of Sall4 in early embryonic development and organogenesis

SALL4 is a homologue of the Drosophila homeotic gene spalt, a zinc finger transcription factor, required for inner cell mass proliferation in early embryonic development. It also interacts with other transcription factors to control the development of the anorectal region, kidney, heart, limbs, and brain. Truncating mutations in SALL4 cause Okihiro syndrome, manifest as Duane anomaly, radial ray defects and sensorineural and conductive deafness. We report the characterization of a novel murine Sall4 null allele created by bacterial recombineering in ES cells. Homozygous mutant mice exhibit early embryonic lethality. Heterozygous mutant mice recapitulate phenotypic features of Okihiro syndrome including deafness, lower anogenital tract abnormalities, renal hypoplasia, anencephaly, Hirschprung's disease, and skeletal defects. This phenotype shows important differences in cardiac and ear manifestations to previously characterized Sall4 mutant alleles and should prove useful for the investigation of the influence of modifier alleles and protein interactions on the transcriptional regulatory function of Sall4. genesis 45:51–58, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIROCS − a galaxy cluster survey at high redshifts

Clusters of galaxies are the largest bound gravitational systems in the universe. They outline the large-scale structure and thus are able to test predictions of cosmological models. Detailed studies of galaxy populations in clusters at high z oﬀer insights into galaxy evolution as a function of look-back time. Unfortunately, large homogeneous samples of galaxy clusters only exist at redshifts < 0.5. There are around 1000 candidate clusters with photometric or otherwise estimated redshifts above 0.5, but spectroscopically conﬁrmed clusters are still scarce in this redshift regime. Some clusters with z > 1 have recently been identiﬁed from X-ray surveys.
Automated Transformation of Sequential Divide-And-Conquer Algorithms into Parallel Programs

Divide-and-conquer algorithms obtain the solution to a given problem by dividing it into subproblems, solving these recursively and combining their solutions. In this paper we present a system that automatically transforms sequential divide-and-conquer algorithms written in the C programming language into parallel code which is then executed on message-passing multicomputers. The user of the system is expected to add only a few annotations to an existing sequential program. The strategies required for transforming sequential source code to executable binaries are discussed. The performance speedups attainable will be illustrated by several examples.
Ketamine modulation of the haemodynamic response to spreading depolarization in the gyrencephalic swine brain

Spreading depolarization (SD) generates significant alterations in cerebral haemodynamics, which can have detrimental consequences on brain function and integrity. Ketamine has shown an important capacity to modulate SD; however, its impact on SD haemodynamic response is incompletely understood. We investigated the effect of two therapeutic ketamine dosages, a low-dose of 2 mg/kg/h and a high-dose of 4 mg/kg/h, on the haemodynamic response to SD in the gyrencephalic swine brain. Cerebral blood volume, pial arterial diameter and cerebral blood flow were assessed through intrinsic optical signal imaging and laser-Doppler flowmetry. Our findings indicate that frequent SDs caused a persistent increase in the baseline pial arterial diameter, which can lead to a diminished capacity to further dilate. Ketamine infused at a low-dose reduced the hyperemic/vasodilative response to SD; however, it did not alter the subsequent oligemic/vasoconstrictive response. This low-dose did not prevent the baseline diameter increase and the diminished dilative capacity. Only infusion of ketamine at a high-dose suppressed SD and the coupled haemodynamic response. Therefore, the haemodynamic response to SD can be modulated by continuous infusion of ketamine. However, its use in pathological models needs to be explored to corroborate its possible clinical benefit.