Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF NEONATAL HYPOGLYCAEMIA

ABSTRACT. Fluge, G. (Department of Paediatrics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway). Clinical aspects of neonatal hypoglycaemia. Acta Paediatr Scand,63: 826, 194. —Fifty cases of neonatal hypoglycaemia were detected by routine blood glucose determination in 323 low birth weight infants during a three‐year period (15.4%) and, in addition, hypoglycaemia was diagnosed in 17 full‐term infants. The patients were divided in three groups according to clinical findings, with special reference to age at diagnosis, pretreatment blood glucose values and duration of hypoglycaemia. In asymptomatic hypoglycaemia the diagnosis was made during the first few hours after birth, and the mean pretreatment blood glucose value was 14 mg/100 ml. Except for one patient, the hypoglycaemia was of short duration. Symptomatic, transient hypoglycaemia was characterized by a delay in onset of symptoms until the second and third day after birth, low pretreatment blood glucose level and hypoglycaemia of long duration. Hypoglycaemia associated with other neonatal disorders classified as secondary hypoglycaemia usually was noted during the first few hours of life, and tended to he of short duration. Frequency of hypoglycaemia in small for gestational age infants was markedly higher when toxaemia of pregnancy was noted, compared with infants born to non‐toxaemic mothers.
Scene reconstruction from high spatio-angular resolution light fields

This paper describes a method for scene reconstruction of complex, detailed environments from 3D light fields. Densely sampled light fields in the order of 109 light rays allow us to capture the real world in unparalleled detail, but efficiently processing this amount of data to generate an equally detailed reconstruction represents a significant challenge to existing algorithms. We propose an algorithm that leverages coherence in massive light fields by breaking with a number of established practices in image-based reconstruction. Our algorithm first computes reliable depth estimates specifically around object boundaries instead of interior regions, by operating on individual light rays instead of image patches. More homogeneous interior regions are then processed in a fine-to-coarse procedure rather than the standard coarse-to-fine approaches. At no point in our method is any form of global optimization performed. This allows our algorithm to retain precise object contours while still ensuring smooth reconstructions in less detailed areas. While the core reconstruction method handles general unstructured input, we also introduce a sparse representation and a propagation scheme for reliable depth estimates which make our algorithm particularly effective for 3D input, enabling fast and memory efficient processing of "Gigaray light fields" on a standard GPU. We show dense 3D reconstructions of highly detailed scenes, enabling applications such as automatic segmentation and image-based rendering, and provide an extensive evaluation and comparison to existing image-based reconstruction techniques.
Prevalence and predictors of sub-optimal medication adherence among patients with severe mental illnesses in a tertiary psychiatric facility in Maiduguri, North-eastern Nigeria

Introduction Sub-optimal adherence constitutes a significant impediment to the management of severe mental illnesses (SMIs) as it negatively impacts on the course of the illness and the treatment outcome. In this study, the levels of adherence, prevalence and the predictors of sub-optimal adherence were assessed in a sub-Saharan African setting. Methods Three hundred and seventy (370) respondents with diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or severe depression were randomly enrolled and interviewed at the out-patient department of the Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria. An anonymous sociodemographic questionnaire and a clinical proforma designed by the authors, Oslo social support scale and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were used for data collection. Results The prevalence of sub-optimal adherence was 55.7%. The independent predictors of sub-optimal adherence were; seeking for traditional/ spiritual treatment (Odds Ratio (O.R.) = 6.523, 95% C.I. = 3.773 - 11.279, P = < 0.001), male gender (O.R. = 3.307, 95% C.I. = 1.907 - 5.737, P = < 0.001), low levels of insight (O.R. = 1.753, 95 C.I. = 1.220 - 2.519, P = 0.002), and low social support levels (O.R. = 1.528, 95% C.I. = 1.097 - 2.129, P = 0.012). Conclusion Based on the outcome of the study, we recommend the development of psycho-educational programmes on adherence and the active involvement of the relations and significant others in the management of patients with SMIs in sub-Saharan Africa.
Systematic review of pancreatic cancer epidemiology in Asia-Pacific Region: major patterns in GLOBACON 2012

Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers with short-term survival rates. Trends for pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality varied considerably in the world. To date, the causes of pancreatic cancer are not known sufficiently, although certain risk factors have been identified such as, smoking, obesity, life style, diabetes mellitus, alcohol, dietary factors and chronic pancreatitis. Since there are no current screening recommendations for pancreatic cancer, primary prevention is very important. Therefore, up-to-date statistics on pancreatic cancer occurrence and outcome are essential for the primary prevention of this disease. Due to the lack of information on epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in most Asian countries, and limited of statistics and registration system in this area, we conducted a systematic review study to evaluate the most recent data concerning epidemiology of pancreatic cancer in Asia-Pacific region. In this review we focused on collected recent data on incidence, mortality, survival and risk factors of pancreatic cancer in this region. In addition, we reviewed and used the data of GLOBOCAN 2012 in this paper to complete the information as a source of compiling pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality rate.
ACS WFC CCD Radiation Test: The Radiation Environment

The space environment is a complex, orbit dependent phenomenon. Regardless of orbit, the external surfaces of a spacecraft will be exposed to photons, charged particles and solid particles such as micrometeoroids. Vehicles in low earth orbit (LEO) must be designed to withstand additional environmental hazards such as hyper-velocity impacts by man-made orbital debris and erosion of external surfaces by naturally occurring atomic oxygen. CCD detectors are particularly vulnerable to damage by ionizing radiation. This document summarizes the modeling and analysis that was performed to determine the appropriate exposure level for ground testing of the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) Wide Field Channel (WFC) Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) detector.
Validity of self-reported smoking using urinary cotinine among vocational high school students.

OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. METHODS A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. RESULTS The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen's kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. CONCLUSIONS The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.
Saliency-Guided Deep Framework for Image Quality Assessment

Image quality assessment (IQA) has thrived for decades, and researchers continue to explore how the human brain perceives visual stimuli. Psychological evidence shows that humans prefer qualitative descriptions when evaluating image quality, yet most researches still concentrate on numerical descriptions. Furthermore, handcrafting features are widely used in this community, which constrains the models' flexibility. A novel model is proposed with two major advantages: the saliency-guided feature learning can learn features unsupervisedly, and the deep framework recasts IQA as a classification problem, analogous to human qualitative evaluation. Experiments validate the proposed model's effectiveness.
ISOPOD TRACKWAYS FROM THE CRAYSSAC LAGERSTÄTTE, UPPER JURASSIC, FRANCE

Abstract: Well‐preserved arthropod trackways are described from the laminated limestones of the Crayssac Lagerstätte (south‐west France, Lower Tithonian). They occur in sediments deposited in the temporary coastal mudflats of intertidal to supratidal zones. The trackways are referred to Pterichnus isopodicus isp. nov., and are interpreted as the locomotion traces of isopods. Different trackway morphotypes are recognized and clearly resulted from variations in the original consistency of the sediment. Sinuous trackways may correspond to vagrant activity on wet mud whereas numerous straight ones indicate a more rapid crawling on a soft‐to‐firm substratum (e.g. tidal flat during emersion). The preferred orientation of trackways indicates that isopods were crawling in a direction perpendicular to shoreline as a result of possible taxis induced by sediment wetness and/or by a migratory behaviour controlled by tidal rhythm. Unusually long emergence of the sediments may have favoured the preservation of dense networks of trackways. An isopod identity is supported by the general morphology of the tracks and the association of trackways with isopod body fossils. Archaeoniscus, which occurs abundantly in Late Jurassic deposits of England and France, was probably the trace‐maker.
Reproducible Long-term Disc Degeneration in a Large Animal Model

Study Design. Twelve goats were chemically degenerated and the development of the degenerative signs was followed for 26 weeks to evaluate the progression of the induced degeneration. The results were also compared with a previous study to determine the reproducibility. Objectives. The purpose of this study was determine whether this Chondroitinase ABC (CABC) induced goat model is reproducible and to study the development of the degeneration in time up to 26 weeks. Summary of Background Data. Injecting CABC into goat intervertebral discs results in mild disc degeneration after 12 weeks. Spontaneous recovery or leveling off of the degeneration has been reported before and is relevant when the goat model is used in regeneration studies. Reproducibility of the induced degeneration is relevant as well. Methods. Twelve goats were used in this study. The development of degeneration was studied after the injection of 0.25 U/mL CABC intradiscally. The development of degenerative signs was studied after 18 (n = 6) and 26 (n = 6) weeks by means of radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging, macroscopic analysis, and histology and biochemical evaluation. The induced degeneration was compared with the results from a previous study, in which degeneration was induced similarly and analysis was performed after 12 weeks. Results. The severity of the degenerative signs was mild and was consequently present in all parameters analyzed. When compared with the results after 12 weeks, the degeneration was similar in the present study. Spontaneous recovery was not observed up to 26 weeks. Conclusion. The injection with CABC in the intervertebral disc reproducibly results in mild disc degeneration in the goat. These findings corroborate the goat model as a suitable large animal model to evaluate mild disc degeneration and potential new therapies.
Effects on caregiver burden of education related to home care in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Caring for a patient undergoing hemodialysis is highly stressful and can negatively affect a caregiver's physical and psychological well‐being. This study was conducted to examine the effect of educational support concerning caregiver burden and given to the caregivers of hemodialysis patients. This experimental study was performed with 122 caregivers. Patients' data were collected by means of Personal Information Form and Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale (ZCBS). Characteristics of caregivers of hemodialysis patients were analyzed descriptively in terms of frequencies and percentages for categorical data, means, and standard deviations. Mann‐Whitney U test, Kruskall‐Wallis test, and percentages were used in the data analysis. The mean ZCBS score was 52.1 ± 8.6 (range, 0–88). Among the caregivers, the mean score of the ZCBS was significantly higher in women, single, young, family relatives as “daughter/sister/brother/daughter‐in‐law and town/district, high educational level (P < 0.05). Moreover, the mean score of the ZCBS was significantly higher in caregivers who have health problems/diseases. In addition, this study explored the educational needs of home‐based such as nutrition (35.2%), dialysis (27.8%), fistula care (20.4%), catheter care (18.8%), the information about chronic kidney disease (18.0%), blood pressure (17.2%), weight control (17.2%), hygiene (3.1%), and travel/exercise (6.5%). The post‐educational mean scores (55.0 ± 7.6) of caregiver burden were observed to be lower than the pre‐educational scores (43.9 ± 5.2), and the difference was found to be statistically significant. The home‐based educational program demonstrated a decrease in the burden of hemodialysis caregivers.
Meat Species Identification using Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay Targeting Species-specific Mitochondrial DNA

Meat source fraud and adulteration scandals have led to consumer demands for accurate meat identification methods. Nucleotide amplification assays have been proposed as an alternative method to protein-based assays for meat identification. In this study, we designed Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays targeting species-specific mitochondrial DNA to identify and discriminate eight meat species; cattle, pig, horse, goat, sheep, chicken, duck, and turkey. The LAMP primer sets were designed and the target genes were discriminated according to their unique annealing temperature generated by annealing curve analysis. Their unique annealing temperatures were found to be 85.56±0.07℃ for cattle, 84.96±0.08℃ for pig, and 85.99±0.05℃ for horse in the BSE-LAMP set (Bos taurus, Sus scrofa domesticus and Equus caballus); 84.91±0.11℃ for goat and 83.90±0.11℃ for sheep in the CO-LAMP set (Capra hircus and Ovis aries); and 86.31±0.23℃ for chicken, 88.66±0.12℃ for duck, and 84.49±0.08℃ for turkey in the GAM-LAMP set (Gallus gallus, Anas platyrhynchos and Meleagris gallopavo). No cross-reactivity was observed in each set. The limits of detection (LODs) of the LAMP assays in raw and cooked meat were determined from 10 pg/μL to 100 fg/μL levels, and LODs in raw and cooked meat admixtures were determined from 0.01% to 0.0001% levels. The assays were performed within 30 min and showed greater sensitivity than that of the PCR assays. These novel LAMP assays provide a simple, rapid, accurate, and sensitive technology for discrimination of eight meat species.
Sparse Solutions to Nonnegative Linear Systems and Applications

We give an efficient algorithm for finding sparse approximate solutions to linear systems of equations with nonnegative coefficients. Unlike most known results for sparse recovery, we do not require {\em any} assumption on the matrix other than non-negativity. Our algorithm is combinatorial in nature, inspired by techniques for the set cover problem, as well as the multiplicative weight update method. We then present a natural application to learning mixture models in the PAC framework. For learning a mixture of $k$ axis-aligned Gaussians in $d$ dimensions, we give an algorithm that outputs a mixture of $O(k/\epsilon^3)$ Gaussians that is $\epsilon$-close in statistical distance to the true distribution, without any separation assumptions. The time and sample complexity is roughly $O(kd/\epsilon^3)^{d}$. This is polynomial when $d$ is constant -- precisely the regime in which known methods fail to identify the components efficiently. Given that non-negativity is a natural assumption, we believe that our result may find use in other settings in which we wish to approximately explain data using a small number of a (large) candidate set of components.
The physics of MRI safety

The main risks associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been extensively reported and studied; for example, everyday objects may turn into projectiles, energy deposition can cause burns, varying fields can induce nerve stimulation, and loud noises can lead to auditory loss. The present review article is geared toward providing intuition about the physical mechanisms that give rise to these risks. On the one hand, excellent literature already exists on the practical aspect of risk management, with clinical workflow and recommendations. On the other hand, excellent technical articles also exist that explain these risks from basic principles of electromagnetism. We felt that an underserved niche might be found between the two, ie, somewhere between basic science and practical advice, to help develop intuition about electromagnetism that might prove of practical value when working around MR scanners. Following a wide‐ranging introduction, risks originating from the main magnetic field, the excitation RF electromagnetic field, and switching of the imaging gradients will be presented in turn.
Measuring Dependency Freshness in Software Systems

Modern software systems often make use of third-party components to speed-up development and reduce maintenance costs. In return, developers need to update to new releases of these dependencies to avoid, for example, security and compatibility risks. In practice, prioritizing these updates is difficult because the use of outdated dependencies is often opaque. In this paper we aim to make this concept more transparent by introducing metrics to quantify the use of recent versions of dependencies, i.e. The system's "dependency freshness". We propose and investigate a system-level metric based on an industry benchmark. We validate the usefulness of the metric using interviews, analyze the variance of the metric through time, and investigate the relationship between outdated dependencies and security vulnerabilities. The results show that the measurements are considered useful, and that systems using outdated dependencies four times as likely to have security issues as opposed to systems that are up-to-date.
Plasmodium species mixed infections in two areas of Manhiça District, Mozambique

We compared the distribution patterns of individual Plasmodium species and mixed-species infections in two geographically close endemic areas, but showing environmental differences. Comparisons concerned circulating Plasmodium infections in both human and mosquito vector populations in the dry and wet seasons, at a micro-epidemiological level (households). Both areas revealed a very high overall prevalence of infection, all year-round and in all age groups. Plasmodium falciparum was the predominant species, being found in the vast majority of infected individuals regardless of the presence of other species. Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale occurred almost exclusively in mixed infections. Seasonal variation in P. malariae prevalence was observed in one area but not in the other. A decrease in P. malariae prevalence concurred with a marked increase of P. falciparum prevalence. However this was strongly dependent on age and when analysing infections at the individual level, a different pattern between co-infecting species was unveiled. Regarding transmission patterns, in both areas, P. falciparum gametocytes predominated in single infections regardless of age and P. malariae gametocyte carriage increased when its overall prevalence decreased.
Interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans Rim101 and Protein Kinase A Regulates Capsule

Cryptococcus neoformans is a prevalent human fungal pathogen that must survive within various tissues in order to establish a human infection. We have identified the C. neoformans Rim101 transcription factor, a highly conserved pH-response regulator in many fungal species. The rim101Δ mutant strain displays growth defects similar to other fungal species in the presence of alkaline pH, increased salt concentrations, and iron limitation. However, the rim101Δ strain is also characterized by a striking defect in capsule, an important virulence-associated phenotype. This capsular defect is likely due to alterations in polysaccharide attachment to the cell surface, not in polysaccharide biosynthesis. In contrast to many other C. neoformans capsule-defective strains, the rim101Δ mutant is hypervirulent in animal models of cryptococcosis. Whereas Rim101 activation in other fungal species occurs through the conserved Rim pathway, we demonstrate that C. neoformans Rim101 is also activated by the cAMP/PKA pathway. We report here that C. neoformans uses PKA and the Rim pathway to regulate the localization, activation, and processing of the Rim101 transcription factor. We also demonstrate specific host-relevant activating conditions for Rim101 cleavage, showing that C. neoformans has co-opted conserved signaling pathways to respond to the specific niche within the infected host. These results establish a novel mechanism for Rim101 activation and the integration of two conserved signaling cascades in response to host environmental conditions.
Speed and Lateral Inhibition of Stimulus Processing Contribute to Individual Differences in Stroop-Task Performance

The Stroop task is a popular neuropsychological test that measures executive control. Strong Stroop interference is commonly interpreted in neuropsychology as a diagnostic marker of impairment in executive control, possibly reflecting executive dysfunction. However, popular models of the Stroop task indicate that several other aspects of color and word processing may also account for individual differences in the Stroop task, independent of executive control. Here we use new approaches to investigate the degree to which individual differences in Stroop interference correlate with the relative processing speed of word and color stimuli, and the lateral inhibition between visual stimuli. We conducted an electrophysiological and behavioral experiment to measure (1) how quickly an individual’s brain processes words and colors presented in isolation (P3 latency), and (2) the strength of an individual’s lateral inhibition between visual representations with a visual illusion. Both measures explained at least 40% of the variance in Stroop interference across individuals. As these measures were obtained in contexts not requiring any executive control, we conclude that the Stroop effect also measures an individual’s pre-set way of processing visual features such as words and colors. This study highlights the important contributions of stimulus processing speed and lateral inhibition to individual differences in Stroop interference, and challenges the general view that the Stroop task primarily assesses executive control.