Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What's in a hashtag?: content based prediction of the spread of ideas in microblogging communities

Current social media research mainly focuses on temporal trends of the information flow and on the topology of the social graph that facilitates the propagation of information. In this paper we study the effect of the content of the idea on the information propagation. We present an efficient hybrid approach based on a linear regression for predicting the spread of an idea in a given time frame. We show that a combination of content features with temporal and topological features minimizes prediction error. Our algorithm is evaluated on Twitter hashtags extracted from a dataset of more than 400 million tweets. We analyze the contribution and the limitations of the various feature types to the spread of information, demonstrating that content aspects can be used as strong predictors thus should not be disregarded. We also study the dependencies between global features such as graph topology and content features.
Complementary and alternative medicine use in children

Objective Adults frequently use complementary and alternative medicines (CAM). Few studies have reported how often CAM therapies are used to treat children. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of alternative therapies by children visiting an emergency department (ED) and to identify sociodemographic factors that may influence the decision to use such therapies. Design Survey of families using a self-administered questionnaire. Setting An urban, tertiary care pediatric emergency department. Participants Convenience sample of families presenting to the ED for acute care. Main outcome measure Use of CAM therapies to treat children. Secondary measures include the type of therapies used, types of medical problems the therapies were used for, reasons for using such therapies, use of such therapies by the child’s caretakers, and sociodemographic characteristics of the children and families. Results A review of 525 completed surveys identified 63 caretakers (12%) who acknowledged that they had used at least one form of CAM therapy to treat any of their children. Homeopathic and naturopathic remedies were the most common therapies used. Parents most often used CAM therapies to treat respiratory problems in their children and were most influenced by word-of-mouth. Children who were treated with CAM therapies were more likely to have a caretaker who used such therapies. Twelve (40%) of 30 families who reported using either an herbal or homeopathic remedy, also used a prescription or over-the-counter medication at the same time to treat their child. Thirty-nine of 55 families (70.9%) reported informing their child’s physician of their use of CAM therapies. Conclusion CAM therapies are frequently used to treat children. Most parents who use CAM therapies to treat their children use such therapies themselves. Large proportions of children who are taking herbal supplements are also taking prescription or over-the-counter medications concurrently.
Depression Change Profiles in Adolescents Treated for Comorbid Depression/Substance Abuse and Profile Membership Predictors

Using data from a randomized trial in which adolescents with depressive and substance use disorders (SUD) received treatments for both disorders in either a sequenced or coordinated manner, we (a) determine the number and nature of depression response profiles through 1-year posttreatment and (b) examine whether 8 previously identified factors predict profile membership. There were 170 adolescents (M age = 16.4 years; 22% female; 28% Hispanic, 61% Non-Hispanic White) with comorbid depressive disorder/SUD randomized to one of three sequences of receiving the Adolescent Coping With Depression Course and Functional Family Therapy for SUD (depression treatment followed by SUD treatment; SUD treatment followed by depression treatment; coordinated treatment). Depression was assessed at 7 points from baseline to 1-year follow-up. A 4-class solution fit the data best, with groups labeled Mildly Depressed Responders (57.1%), Depressed Responders (18.8%), Depressed Non-Responders (12.9%), and Depressed with Recurrence (11.2%). The 4 change profiles differed on indices of all but 1 predictor (age); most differences were driven by lower scores among Mildly Depressed Responders. Profile membership was most strongly predicted by depression severity, cognitive distortions, hopelessness, and global functioning. The strongest predictor of Nonresponse was low family cohesion, whereas Recurrence was associated with hopelessness, suicide attempts, and starting treatment near the end of the school year. Most depressed adolescents experienced a positive response that was maintained. Understanding the most common profiles of depression change during and following treatment and the variables that predict change can help improve treatment outcomes and advance tailoring efforts.
Down-regulation of insular cortex responses to dyspnea and pain in asthma.

RATIONALE Dyspnea is the impairing cardinal symptom of asthma but its accurate perception is also crucial for timely initiation of treatment. However, the underlying brain mechanisms of perceived dyspnea in patients with asthma are unknown. OBJECTIVES To study brain mechanisms of dyspnea in asthma. METHODS By using functional magnetic resonance imaging we compared the neuronal responses to experimentally induced dyspnea in patients with asthma and healthy controls. These brain activations were compared with neuronal responses evoked by pain to study neuronal generalization processes to another, similarly unpleasant, physiological sensation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS While lying in the scanner, fourteen patients with mild-to-moderate asthma and fourteen matched healthy controls repeatedly underwent conditions of mild dyspnea, severe dyspnea, mild pain and severe pain. Dyspnea was induced by resistive loaded breathing. Heat pain of similar intensity was induced by a contact thermode. Whereas the sensory intensity of both sensations was rated similar by patients and controls, ratings of the affective unpleasantness of dyspnea and pain were reduced in patients. This perceptual difference was mirrored by reduced insular cortex activity, but increased activity in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in patients during both increased dyspnea and pain. Connectivity analyses showed that asthma-specific down-regulation of the insular cortex during dyspnea and pain was moderated by increased PAG activity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest a down-regulation of affect-related insular cortex activity by the PAG during perceived dyspnea and pain in patients with asthma. This might represent a neuronal habituation mechanism reducing the affective unpleasantness of dyspnea in asthma, which generalizes to other unpleasant physiological sensations such as pain.
Explicit Graphs in a Functional Model for Spatial Databases

Observing that networks are ubiquitous in applications for spatial databases, we define a new data model and query language that especially supports graph structures. This model integrates concepts of functional data modeling with order-sorted algebra. Besides object and data type hierarchies, graphs are available as an explicit modeling tool, and graph operations are part of the query language. Graphs have three classes of components, namely, nodes, edges, and explicit paths. These are at the same time object types within the object type hierarchy and can be used like any other type. Explicit paths are useful because real-world objects often correspond to paths in a network. Furthermore, a dynamic generalization concept is introduced to handle heterogeneous collections of objects in a query. In connection with spatial data types, this leads to powerful modeling and querying capabilities for spatial databases, in particular for spatially embedded networks such as highways, rivers, public transport, and so forth. We use multilevel order-sorted algebra as a formal framework for the specification of our model. Roughly spoken, the first-level algebra defines types and operations of the query language, whereas the second-level algebra defines kinds (collections of types) and type constructors as functions between kinds, and so provides the types that can be used at the first level. >
Robust Automatic Transcription of Lectures

Die automatische Transkription von Vortragen, Vorlesungen und Prasentationen wird immer wichtiger und ermoglicht erst die Anwendungen der automatischen Ubersetzung von Sprache, der automatischen Zusammenfassung von Sprache, der gezielten Informationssuche in Audiodaten und somit die leichtere Zuganglichkeit in digitalen Bibliotheken. Im Idealfall arbeitet ein solches System mit einem Mikrofon das den Vortragenden vom Tragen eines Mikrofons befreit was der Fokus dieser Arbeit ist.
Comprehension Strategy Instruction for Two Students With Attention-Related Disabilities

Many students struggle to maintain the attention needed to comprehend while reading. One 4th-grade student and 5th-grade student, both with poor comprehension and attention-related disabilities, were taught to use a proven systematic reading comprehension strategy, TWA (Think Before Reading, Think While Reading, Think After Reading), when reading science passages. TWA consists of 9 strategies: State Author's Purpose, What I Know, What I Want to Learn, Adjust Reading Speed, Reread, Link Knowledge, Identify Main Idea, Summarize, and State What I Learned. Students received scaffolded support throughout the intervention and learned to self-monitor and self-reinforce their reading performance. Both students’ reading comprehension improved during and after lessons when compared with performance before instruction. TWA appeared to help these students regulate their strategy use and sustain attention during reading.
Breast cancer screening in women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol.

PURPOSE To determine if women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol (DES) are more likely than unexposed women to receive recommended or additional breast cancer screening examinations. METHODS 1994 Diethylstilbestrol-Adenosis (DESAD) cohort data are used to assess the degree of recommended compliance of breast cancer screenings found in 3140 DES-exposed and 826 unexposed women. Participants were enrolled at four sites: Houston, Boston, Rochester, and Los Angeles. Logistic regression modeling was used to analyze mailed questionnaire data that included reported frequency over the preceding 5 years (1990-1994) of breast-self examinations (BSEs), clinical breast examinations (CBEs), and mammograms. RESULTS DES-exposed women exceeded annual recommendations for CBEs (aOR 2.20, 95% CI, 1.04-4.67) among women without a history of benign breast disease (BBD) compared with unexposed women. There were no other statistically significant differences between exposed and unexposed women who reported performing BSEs, CBEs (<40 years of age), and mammographies, regardless of BBD history. CONCLUSIONS The majority of DES-exposed women receive breast cancer screenings at least at recommended intervals, but over two thirds do not perform monthly BSEs. Future efforts should be focused on further educating this and other at-risk populations through mailed reminders and during patient consultations on the benefits of screening examinations.
Adaptation biologique et bien-être psycho-culturel

Resume. — Le concept d'adaptation a ete utilise selon de multiples nuances. Il est au minimum necessaire de distinguer entre adaptation biologique et adaptation culturelle. Le temps s'acheve ou adeptes de l'ecologie culturelle ou de la sociobiologie s'efforcaient de trouver une finalite biologique a tous les aspects de la culture. Celle-ci peut susciter des comportements qui ne contribuent pas a l'adaptation biologique de l'Homme et visent des satisfactions qui relevent du domaine symbolique, autorisent un bien-etre psycho-culturel mais ne sont pas sans influence sur son etre materiel. L'alimentation est un domaine de choix pour examiner ce genre d'interaction a propos de la « faim de viande » ou des sessions d'engraissement de populations africaines. La possibilite de mesurer, a l'occasion des stress, l'excretion de certaines hormones ouvre d'interessantes perspectives aux investigations pluridisciplinaires. Ceci d'autant plus que la societe moderne industrialisee, generatrice de stress et responsable de la degradation de l'environnement, tend a exporter son modele de civilisation dans les societes traditionnelles. Il y a place aujourd'hui pour une anthropologie du mal- vivre et pour une tentative de decrire, avant leur disparition, les quelques societes traditionnelles subsistant en equilibre relatif avec leur environnement.
Dietary haem stimulates epithelial cell turnover by downregulating feedback inhibitors of proliferation in murine colon

Objective Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths in Western countries and is associated with diets high in red meat. Haem, the iron-porphyrin pigment of red meat, induces cytotoxicity of gut contents and damages the colon surface epithelium. Compensatory hyperproliferation leads to epithelial hyperplasia which increases the risk of colon cancer. The aim of this study was to identify molecules signalling from the surface epithelium to the crypt to initiate hyperproliferation upon stress induced by haem. Methods C57Bl6/J mice (n=9/group) received a ‘westernised’ control diet (40 en% fat) with or without 0.5 μmol/g haem for 14 days. Colon mucosa was used to quantify cell proliferation and for microarray transcriptome analysis. Gene expression profiles of surface and crypt cells were compared using laser capture microdissection. Protein levels of potential signalling molecules were quantified. Results Haem-fed mice showed epithelial hyperproliferation and decreased apoptosis, resulting in hyperplasia. Microarray analysis of the colon mucosa showed 3710 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate (q) <0.01), with many involved in the cell cycle. Expression levels of haem- and stress-related genes showed that haem affected surface cells but did not directly affect crypt cells. Injured surface cells should therefore signal to crypt cells to induce compensatory hyperproliferation. Haem downregulated the inhibitors of proliferation, Wnt inhibitory factor 1, Indian Hedgehog and bone morphogenetic protein 2. Interleukin-15 was also downregulated. Haem upregulated amphiregulin, epiregulin and cyclo-oxygenase-2 mRNA in surface cells. Their protein/metabolite levels were, however, not increased as haem induced surface-specific inhibition of translation by increasing 4E-BP1. Conclusions Haem induces colonic hyperproliferation and hyperplasia by inhibiting the surface to crypt signalling of feedback inhibitors of proliferation.
THE CULTURAL POLITICS OF BODY SIZE

AbstractScholarly interest in body size has increased in concert with recent efforts to shape and assess bodies in particular ways within industrialized social contexts. Attending to both overt and covert references to Eurocentric body projects, this chapter reviews literature in anthropology, sociology, and cultural studies that addresses the cultural politics of body size in various parts of the world. It begins with a discussion of biocultural paradigms, which accept certain biomedical categories even when challenging or reconfiguring their hegemonic power. Next is a survey of works analyzing body size within “non-Western” groups as well as European and North American subgroups. These studies often employ culturally powerful “Western” constructs as foils, an approach that risks cultural othering. The analysis then turns to the extensive literature that unpacks dominant Euro-American body practices and discourses. Here, diverse perspectives on several key concerns in sociocultural anthropology are consi.
Social Capital Worldwide: Potential for Democratization or Stabilizer of Authoritarian Rule?

The notion of social capital has gained enthusiastic support from nongovernmental organizations, intergovernmental confederations, and supranational bodies such as the European Union, the World Bank, and the United Nations. They all believe that social capital might be a potent aid for democratization, for repairing defective democracies, and for undermining authoritarian regimes. This article examines whether social capital has such positive effects in countries where democracy is not yet established. Does social capital help in a country’s move toward democratization, or is the link between democracy and social capital more dubious? Does social capital even contribute to the stabilization of nondemocratic regimes? This article analyzes 70 countries that participated in the third wave of the World Values Survey. The results are clear: Social capital functions as a stabilizer of authoritarian rule. Its effects are mainly negative. Social trust, in particular, might be a “key resource for the market economy and democratic politics” (Stolle, 2003, p. 19). In nondemocratic contexts, however, it appears to throw a spanner in the works of democratization. Social participation and trust, specifically, increase the stability of nondemocratic leadership by generating popular support, by suppressing regime-threatening forms of protest activity, and by nourishing undemocratic ideals of governance.
Comparative Genomics of Multidrug Resistance-Encoding IncA/C Plasmids from Commensal and Pathogenic Escherichia coli from Multiple Animal Sources

Incompatibility group A/C (IncA/C) plasmids have received recent attention for their broad host range and ability to confer resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents. Due to the potential spread of multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes from foodborne pathogens to human pathogens, the dissemination of these plasmids represents a public health risk. In this study, four animal-source IncA/C plasmids isolated from Escherichia coli were sequenced and analyzed, including isolates from commercial dairy cows, pigs and turkeys in the U.S. and Chile. These plasmids were initially selected because they either contained the floR and tetA genes encoding for florfenicol and tetracycline resistance, respectively, and/or the blaCMY-2 gene encoding for extended spectrum β-lactamase resistance. Overall, sequence analysis revealed that each of the four plasmids retained a remarkably stable and conserved backbone sequence, with differences observed primarily within their accessory regions, which presumably have evolved via horizontal gene transfer events involving multiple modules. Comparison of these plasmids with other available IncA/C plasmid sequences further defined the core and accessory elements of these plasmids in E. coli and Salmonella. Our results suggest that the bla CMY-2 plasmid lineage appears to have derived from an ancestral IncA/C plasmid type harboring floR-tetAR-strAB and Tn21-like accessory modules. Evidence is mounting that IncA/C plasmids are widespread among enteric bacteria of production animals and these emergent plasmids have flexibility in their acquisition of MDR-encoding modules, necessitating further study to understand the evolutionary mechanisms involved in their dissemination and stability in bacterial populations.
Supports and Barriers to Writing an Interagency Agreement on the Preschool Transition

The purpose of this study was to examine how interagency agreements are developed that focus on the transition of children with special needs from early intervention programs to early childhood special education. Particularly, this study used elements of the conceptual models of collaboration proposed by Harbin and McNulty (1990) and Gray (1985) to study the conditions that might facilitate or impede the writing of these agreements and the possible changes of these conditions over time. Participants from four teams attempting to write an interagency agreement on the preschool transition were interviewed at three points in time, spanning 5 months. Results of the interviews suggested that writing an interagency transition agreement was a complex, multidimensional, and sequential process.
Children's testimony and the emotional victim effect

Purpose Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of (1) child victims’ emotional expression during testimony and (2) the camera perspective used to record the testimony, on judgements of credibility. Methods Law students (N = 155 in Experiment 1; N = 86 in Experiment 2) watched a child harassment complainant provide a statement in an emotional or neutral manner, presented using different camera perspectives: balanced focus (i.e., a shot portraying an equal focus on the child complainant and the interviewer) versus picture-in-picture (PiP; i.e., a shot portraying only the child with an inset window depicting both the child and the interviewer in the corner of the screen) in Experiment 1 and PiP versus child focus (i.e., a shot depicting only the child) in Experiment 2. Results Although no effect was found for camera perspective, the results provide support for an emotional victim effect (EVE); the child was perceived as more credible and truthful when communicating the statement in an emotional (vs. neutral) manner. Moreover, the results provide corroborating evidence for the assumption that the EVE rests on both cognitive (expectancy confirmation) and affective (compassion) mechanisms. Conclusions These findings extend previous research by showing that the EVE and its underlying mechanisms apply to judgements of child complainants in the context of non-sexual crimes and appear to be robust against variations of camera perspectives. Legal implications are discussed.
Manganese Peroxidase-Dependent Oxidation of Glyoxylic and Oxalic Acids Synthesized by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Produces Extracellular Hydrogen Peroxide

ABSTRACT The ligninolytic system of the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is composed of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase. In this work, the source of extracellular hydrogen peroxide required for MnP activity was investigated. Our attention was focused on the possibility that hydrogen peroxide might be generated by MnP itself through the oxidation of organic acids secreted by the fungus. Both oxalate and glyoxylate were found in the extracellular fluid ofC. subvermispora cultures grown in chemically defined media, where MnP is also secreted. The in vivo oxidation of oxalate was measured; 14CO2 evolution was monitored after addition of exogenous [14C]oxalate to cultures at constant specific activity. In standard cultures, evolution of CO2 from oxalate was maximal at day 6, although the MnP titers were highest at day 12, the oxalate concentration was maximal (2.5 mM) at day 10, and the glyoxylate concentration was maximal (0.24 mM) at day 5. However, in cultures containing low nitrogen levels, in which the pH is more stable, a better correlation between MnP titers and mineralization of oxalate was observed. Both MnP activity and oxidation of [14C]oxalate were negligible in cultures lacking Mn(II). In vitro assays confirmed that Mn(II)-dependent oxidation of [14C]oxalate by MnP occurs and that this reaction is stimulated by glyoxylate at the concentrations found in cultures. In addition, both organic acids supported phenol red oxidation by MnP without added hydrogen peroxide, and glyoxylate was more reactive than oxalate in this reaction. Based on these results, a model is proposed for the extracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by C. subvermispora.