Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The “Sniffin' Kids” Test - A 14-Item Odor Identification Test for Children

Tools for measuring olfactory function in adults have been well established. Although studies have shown that olfactory impairment in children may occur as a consequence of a number of diseases or head trauma, until today no consensus on how to evaluate the sense of smell in children exists in Europe. Aim of the study was to develop a modified “Sniffin' Sticks” odor identification test, the “Sniffin' Kids” test for the use in children. In this study 537 children between 6-17 years of age were included. Fourteen odors, which were identified at a high rate by children, were selected from the “Sniffin' Sticks” 16-item odor identification test. Normative date for the 14-item “Sniffin' Kids” odor identification test was obtained. The test was validated by including a group of congenital anosmic children. Results show that the “Sniffin' Kids” test is able to discriminate between normosmia and anosmia with a cutoff value of >7 points on the odor identification test. In addition the test-retest reliability was investigated in a group of 31 healthy children and shown to be ρ = 0.44. With the 14-item odor identification “Sniffin' Kids” test we present a valid and reliable test for measuring olfactory function in children between ages 6–17 years.
Genetics of Comorbid Mood Disorder and Alcohol Dependence

ABSTRACT Objectives: To assess genetic vulnerability factors related to comorbid mood disorder and alcohol dependence. Methods: We analyzed family studies of bipolar affective disorder for familiality of comorbid alcohol dependence. We then analyzed family studies of alcohol dependence for familiality (and genetic linkage characteristics) of comorbid depression and mania. Results: Alcohol dependence was increased in subjects with mood disorder diagnoses within a series of families ascertained for bipolar illness. Comorbid alcohol dependence was found to be familial (Relative Risk = 1.5, p < .002). Similarly, comorbid depression and mania are familial within a series of families ascertained for alcohol dependence. Alcohol dependence and depression appear to be linked to markers on chromosome 1p; they are also associated with the gene coding for the M2 muscarinic receptor on chromosome 7q (CHRM2). Conclusions: There are specific genetic vulnerability factors related to comorbid alcohol dependence and depression. Family studies suggest that such specific factors may also be identified for alcohol dependence and mania.
Negative relationships in the workplace: a qualitative study

Purpose - The purpose this paper is to expand upon existing knowledge of this important topic by providing an expanded inventory of the causes and consequences of having enemies at work. Design/methodology/approach - Qualitative data were collected from 412 respondents using an internet-based questionnaire with respondents spanning a wide range of occupations, industries and nationalities. Using a structured methodology for handling a large data sample of qualitative responses, emergent thematic categories are identified and explained by means of verbatim text. Findings - It was found that several aspects of the work environment directly exacerbated or created negative relationships which, in turn, negatively impacted respondents' experiences of work. Findings illustrate some strongly held employee expectations of behaviour and felt-obligations defining both formal and informal organisational roles. Research limitations/implications - The findings discussed here emanate only from data emphasising negative relationships at work. A study into other relational factors may provide interesting and important points of comparison as well as serving to overcome the inevitable bias towards the negative within this inquiry. Practical implications - The conclusions present a number of important challenges to employers and managers for anticipating and dealing with negative co-worker relationships. Employees seek an equitable and reciprocal relationship with their organisations. An important lesson for management is that workers expect and depend upon their managers to provide support and assistance in overcoming negative workplace relationships. Originality/value - The data, discussions and conclusions are derived from specific questions which have not previously been expressed in the literatures.
The Role of Values and Ethical Principles in Judgments of Environmental Dilemmas

In this article, we explore generally the extent to which individuals apply values and ethical principles in a consistent way across different environmental ethical issues. In the first study, it was shown that the context in which one's values are assessed is important. Specifically, values assessed in the typical abstract way, as guiding principles in one's life, showed a different pattern of association with factors of environmental dilemmas than did values assessed with regard to their use as guiding principles for the environment. In the second study, respondents, who were experienced in making water allocation decisions, were asked to rank the importance of 16 ethical considerations as they applied to five different, current water allocation problems in Australia. The results showed that the importance ratings of the ethical considerations were similar for all the water allocation case studies. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of context on values/ethical criteria and environmental dilemmas.
Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances and Future Directions in Endocrine Therapy for Breast Cancer: Conference Summary Statement

The Fifth International Conference on Recent Advances and Future Directions in Endocrine Manipulation of Breast Cancer, co-chaired by Steven Come, M.D., and Aman Buzdar, M.D., was held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 13-14, 2005. The conference was organized with the objective of analyzing recent
The Influence of Marital Status on Self-Report of Symptoms of Psychological Burnout among Nurses

This study investigated the influence of marital status on self-report of symptoms of psychological burnout among nurses. Ninety-one female nurses comprising 51 married nurses and 40 widowed nurses drawn from seven hospital units of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu participated in the study. They were individually administered the Nigerian adaptation of Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Ugwu, 1998) originally developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the data to test the first research question of the study. In addition, a separate one-way analysis of variance and the Duncan Multiple Range Test were performed to test the second research question. Results showed that the widowed nurses reported significantly higher burn-out symptoms than the married nurses (p < .001). The analysis of variance also indicated significant differences among the hospital units on the mean burnout symptoms reported by the nursing staff (p < .001). Results of the Duncan Multiple Range Test revealed that nurses on the theatre unit had a mean burnout symptoms score that was significantly higher than nurses on the postnatal, casualty, labor, surgical and out-patient units. Nurses on the intensive care unit (ICU) had a mean burnout symptom score that was significantly higher than nurses on the postnatal unit. The results were explained within the framework of the protection/support hypothesis (Adler, 1953). It was suggested that the nursing staff should adopt adequate self-care measures such as having enough rest, vacation, and exercise to reduce the potential for burnout.
Neo-colonialism in the academy? Anglo-American domination in management journals

Leading business and management journals claim to be ‘world-leading’ but are dominated by Anglo-American scholars. The extent of this domination is demonstrated graphically in this article through cartograms based on 2010/2011 authorship and editorship data in top management journals. The dramatically skewed production of management scholarship is both ethically problematic in terms of Anglo-American domination of leading journals and the exclusion of many developing regions, and anachronistic given the shift of global production away from the North Atlantic in recent years. This continuing neo-colonial domination of intellectual production underpins the inequitable organization of the global economy and specifically the disproportionate realisation of wealth in the global North at the expense of the global South. The article proposes a series of measures to begin redressing the imbalance.
Cellular localization of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 in adult rat neuroendocrine and endocrine tissues: Comparisons with NCAM

The tissue distribution and cellular localization of the neural cell adhesion molecule L1 was determined by immunocytochemistry at the optical and ultrastructural levels in adult rat neuroendocrine tissues and pancreatic endocrine cells. L1 was found to be abundant in the neurohypophysis but undetectable in the rest of the pituitary gland. It was barely detectable in the normal rat endocrine pancreas, but a rat pancreatic insulinoma cell line was found by immunofluorescence to express low levels of L1. In the adrenal medulla, it was present on a sub‐population of chromaffin cells and its density appeared to be lower on surfaces exposed to the extracellular matrix. Double immunolabelling showed this sub‐population to consist of noradrenergic chromaffin cells. Adrenergic chromaffin cells were found not to express L1. In addition, the tissue distribution and cellular localization of NCAM mRNAs was determined by in situ hybridization, extending our previous studies on the cellular expression of NCAM proteins in endocrine and neuroendocrine tissues. This confirmed that the NCAM message has a wider cellular distribution than L1 within the hypophysis and the adrenal gland. In addition to secretory cells, L1 immunoreactivity was detected in glial cells, in particular in the pituicytes of the neurohypophysis, which further distinguishes them from astrocytes, their counterparts in the central nervous system. These data are discussed in terms of the different embryological origins of the various endocrine tissues examined and also in terms of the specific design constraints imposed on these tissues during their development. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constructing a professional identity: how young female managers use role models

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how young career‐minded women use role models. It draws on previous research into how professionals experimented with their identity projections to become partners in US professional service firms.Design/methodology/approach – A theoretical paper with in‐depth interviews with ten young professional women.Findings – The women revealed that they actively draw on role models from different domains. In some cases, the role models were personally known to the individual women, whilst in other cases, they were personally unknown to them. The women revealed that they preferred to use the learning from external role models rather than focus on individual women from the top of their own professions.Originality/value – This research adds richness to our understanding of young female managers' use of role models, and contributes up‐to‐date empirical evidence in a field which has been somewhat neglected in recent years.
Test candidates’ attitudes and their relationship to demographic and experiential variables: The case of overseas trained teachers in NSW, Australia

One measure of the impact of a high-stakes test is the attitudes that test takers hold towards it. It has been suggested that positive attitudes produce beneficial effects while real or anticipated negative experiences can result in the development of attitudes that erode confidence and potentially impact negatively on performance. This study investigated test taker attitudes by exploring the opinions, beliefs, and feelings of a group of overseas trained teachers preparing for a professional gate-keeping test, and examining correlations between attitudes and demographic and experiential factors. The participants were 105 candidates who were enrolled in a preparation course for the Professional English Assessment for Teachers. They were asked to complete a written survey questionnaire with three parts: to determine the nature of their attitude towards the test, to explore the relationship of attitudes and demographic data, and to investigate their perceptions of the sources of their attitudes. Results indicated that there was a slight predominance of negative attitudes, particularly among candidates who had unsuccessfully attempted the test. The main reported sources which correlated with a negative attitude were personal experiences and feelings as well as the impact of other people: notably teachers and other candidates.
Community embeddedness and work outcomes: The mediating role of organizational embeddedness

The article examines the relationship between community embeddedness and work outcomes (e.g. job motivation, networking behavior, and organizational identification) and the mediating role that organizational embeddedness plays in those relationships. We draw upon conservation of resources theory to explain this mediating effect. Data were collected from 338 employees from multiple organizations at three points in time over a ten-month period; this design allowed us to use latent growth modeling to examine the relationships among changes in the independent, mediating, and outcome variables over time. Results from latent growth modeling analyses generally supported the proposed model. Although community embeddedness has been somewhat marginalized in recent empirical research on organizational embeddedness, this article highlights that it is indeed relevant in predicting job attitudes and job behaviors.
Histomorphology of rabbit thigh muscles: establishment of standard control values

The thigh muscles of New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits are frequently used in experimental surgery, particularly for evaluation after reinnervation or ischaemia. Although histomorphometric analyses are regularly performed, morphological data for untreated thigh muscles in previously unoperated animals are not available. Specimens from the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM) and adductor magnus (AM) muscles from both thighs were harvested in 7 untreated rabbits and were processed for histomorphometric evaluation. The right RF and VM were harvested in a further 5 rabbit hindlimbs after experimental denervation and reinnervation of the contralateral RF and subsequently processed for histomorphometric analysis. Muscle fibre type distribution, diameter and connective tissue content were evaluated on serial transverse cryosections reacted for ATPase and NADH tetrazolium reductase activity and statistical analysis was performed. In all untreated animals RF revealed the highest proportion of type I muscle fibres (right: 8.4±4%, left: 11.4±4.9%), whereas VM showed the highest percentage of IIa fibres (right: 31.9±5.5%, left: 28.3±7.8%) and AM the highest proportion of IIb/d fibres (right: 80.5±8.6%, left: 84.4±6.3%). Fibre type distribution and diameter in rabbits after contralateral experimental operations revealed a statistically significant difference from the data obtained in bilaterally untreated animals. Knowledge of the morphology of untreated muscles is fundamental to the understanding of changes induced by intervention to the ipsi and/or contralateral thigh muscles.
Open Adoption of Infants: Adoptive Parents' Perceptions of Advantages and Disadvantages

As the frequency of open adoptions of infants increases, furious debate continues between those who argue that open adoption is a grave mistake and those who assert that it is a long-overdue innovation. This article defines open adoption, summarizes the open adoption controversy, and presents a qualitative descriptive study of adoptive parents' reactions to the recent open adoptions of their infants. Findings indicate overwhelmingly positive feelings about open adoption and some issues and concerns unique to the open adoption experience. The article concludes that social workers involved in adoptions should move from their traditional stance in directing and defining the birthparent-adoptive parent relationship to one that facilitates greater individualization and self-determination among the members of the adoption triad.
Analysis of Deadline Scheduled Real-Time Systems

A uniform, flexible approach is proposed for analysing the feasibility of deadline scheduled real-time systems. In its most general formulation, the analysis assumes sporadically periodic tasks with arbitrary deadlines, release jitter, and shared resources. System overheads of a tick driven scheduler implementation, and scheduling of soft aperiodic tasks are also accounted for. A procedure for the computation of task worst-case response times is also described for the same model. While this problem has been largely studied in the context of fixed priority systems, we are not aware of other works that have proposed a solution to it when deadline scheduling is assumed. The worst-case response time evaluation is a fundamental tool for analysing {\em end-to-end} timing constraints in distributed systems~\cite{Ti94b}.
Self-reporting vs. observation: Some cautionary examples from parent/child food shopping behaviour

Most studies on decision-making in relation to consumption are based on self-reported behaviour. This approach assumes that consumers can account for their decision-making processes. However, several studies show that consumers are not always aware of what happens when they purchase goods because of the role of habit and routines, or a lack of willingness to account accurately for their purchases. A clear example of this is family decision-making about food shopping. It is well documented that parents know that their children influence what they buy in supermarkets but it is also found that parents and children do not agree on just how much influence children have. Thus, a gap exists in the knowledge about what is actually happening in this grey zone of grocery shopping which seemingly cannot be solved through retrospective data collection. Family shopping is neither a completely rational nor conscious process, which makes the use of self-reported behaviour problematic. This study discusses the limits of survey and interview approaches to parents' and children's shopping decisions in comparison with observations. An observational study of parent/child supermarket shopping in Denmark is used to exemplify the strengths of observation. Findings show that both parents and children are juggling a number of roles and apply a range of negotiation strategies which can explain why it is hard to account for who decided what afterwards. The article concludes that mapping certain types of consumer actions calls for other methods than self-reported behaviour.
The genome of Pneumocystis carinii.

The best understood special form of P. carinii, P. carinii formae specialis (f.sp.) carinii, appears to be haploid and contains about 8 million base pairs of DNA (8.5 fg) per nucleus. The genome of P. carinii f.sp. carinii is divided into 13-15 linear chromosomes that range from 300 to 700 kb in size. Eight different P. carinii f.sp. carinii karyotypes have been observed. The karyotypes of P. carinii f.sp. carinii differ due to slight variations in the lengths of chromosomes, but the 8 karyotype-forms of P. carinii f.sp. carinii exhibit very little variation in DNA sequence. By contrast, the genome of P. carinii f.sp. carinii differs markedly in sequence from the genomes of P. carinii from other hosts, such as mouse, ferret and human. In addition, chromosomes and DNA sequences from P. carinii from mouse, ferret, and human also differ greatly from each other. The genome of a ferret P. carinii appears to be up to 1.7 times larger than those of P. carinii from other hosts. Nearly two dozen P. carinii genes have been cloned and sequenced. The typical P. carinii gene sequence is 60-65% A+T. P. carinii genes usually contain introns, which are typically less than 50 bp in length, but can be as numerous as 9 per gene. A system for naming P. carinii genes is proposed in which each gene would be designated by an italic three-letter lower case symbol. The first allele (i.e. sequence) that is found would have a superscript 1, such as xyz1(1). Any subsequent alleles would be designated as xyz1(2), etc. A protein would have the same symbol as the gene that produced it, but written in roman print with the first letter an uppercase, such as Msg1. Some of the P. carinii genome is comprised of DNA sequences that are present dozens of times. Three families of such repeated DNA sequences have been described. Two of these families (MSG and PRT) encode proteins. The third family is the telomere repeat, which is found at the ends of each chromosome, and sometimes at internal chromosomal sites, in which case it has been called the alpha repeat. Determination of the complete sequence of the P. carinii genome is both practicable and of primary importance to the understanding of this organism. The small size of the P. carinii genome and its packaging into chromosomes that are resolvable by PFGE will facilitate sequence analysis.
Moral Developmental Consistency? Investigating Differences and Relationships Among Academic Majors

Previous study has asserted that education majors score lower on assessments of moral development than do other majors. However, important factors associated with moral development have been overlooked. This study investigated the degree to which moral developmental differences exist by accounting for some of the oversights observed in previous study. Samples of 51, 38, and 62 college students in education, psychology, and other majors were addressed in terms of their moral judgment development, moral sensitivity, nonprejudice, and attitudes about human rights and civil liberties. Although some minor trends are seen in favor of psychology majors, results support that moral developmental differences are not as dire as previous study portends. The authors recommend efforts to account for the individual, academic, and extracurricular experiences associated with majors and universities so that continued understanding of the moral development and functioning of their students can occur.
The onset of superconductivity in long rectangles

The linearized Ginzburg–Landau equations in both semi-infinite strips and rectangles are transformed into equivalent one-dimensional integral equations. Then, the properties of the integral equations are utilized to prove that the onset field for a semi-infinite strip is isolated. We solve the integral equations numerically to obtain the onset field for both rectangles and semi-infinite strips. A formal asymptotic expansion of the onset field in the long rectangle limit is also obtained. Using this formal expansion, we show that the onset field converges in this limit faster than any finite exponential rate, and as a byproduct, that the onset mode in a semi-infinite strip must be asymptotically symmetric.