Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
COMPOSITION AND ADULTERATION ANALYSIS OF MILK SAMPLES

This study was conducted in the Dairy Technology Laboratory, National Agriculture Research Centre (NARC) Islamabad, Pakistan during 2005 to evaluate different buffalo milk samples of different dairy farms located in Ch ack Shehzad (S 1), Dhoke Chaudhery (S 2), Abphara (S 3), Margallah Town (S 4) and Satellite Town (S 5) of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. These samples were analyzed for composition and adulterat ion. Results showed that maximum fat, protein, ash and water contents were observed in samples S 1 (7.35%), S 3 (3.8%), S 1 (0.71%) and S 5 (84.8%), respectively. Minimum values of fat, prot ein, ash and water were observed in samples S 4 (6.98%), S 2 (3.50%), S 5 (0.60%) and S 1 (82.8%), respectively. Maximum total solids were recorded in sample S 1 (17.2%), while minimum in sample S 5 (15.2%). Our analysis showed that no adulterants were found in these samples. The statistical analys is showed that the fat, protein, water and ash cont ents of these milk samples collected from different areas were signifi cantly different (p<0.05).
Sample Size

Throughout this chapter, I’ve stressed the importance of recruiting a statistician as co-principal investigator right at the start of formulating the question for your RCT. Why, then, intrude on their turf with a section on sample size? As with the previous section on analysis, my reasons are three. First, as you can see from the checklist, two of its three entries are not strictly statistical. Second, especially early in thinking about your trial, you may want to do some sample size “doodling” to understand the effects of, for example, recruiting highvs. low-risk patients. Accordingly, this section’s first function is to provide non-statisticians with a sufficient introduction to sample size determinations to be able to roughly estimate them without bugging your statistical co-PI with every new idea. Third, as with data analysis, when some non-statistician trialists get their feet wet in statistics, they discover (to their surprise and mine) that they enjoy learning more about it. So, this section’s final function is to whet some appetites.
Transgenerational Consequences of Plant Responses to Herbivory: An Adaptive Maternal Effect?

Herbivory has many effects on plants, ranging from shifts in primary processes such as photosynthesis, growth, and phenology to effects on defense against subsequent herbivores and other species interactions. In this study, I investigated the effects of herbivory on seed and seedling characteristics of several families of wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) to test the hypothesis that herbivory may affect the quality of offspring and the resistance of offspring to plant parasites. Transgenerational effects of herbivory may represent adaptive maternal effects or factors that constrain or amplify natural selection on progeny. Caterpillar (Pieris rapae) herbivory to greenhouse‐grown plants caused plants in some families to produce smaller seeds and those in other families to produce larger seeds compared with undamaged controls. Seed mass was positively associated with probability of emergence in the field. The number of setose trichomes, a putative plant defense, was higher in the progeny of damaged plants in some families and lower in the progeny of damaged plants in other families. In a field experiment, plant families varied in their resistance to several herbivores and pathogens as well as in growth rate and time to flowering. Seeds from damaged parent plants were more likely to become infested with a plant virus. Although herbivory on maternal plants did not directly affect interactions of offspring with other plant parasites, seed mass influenced plant resistance to several attackers. Thus, herbivory affected seed characters, which mediated interactions between plants and their parasites. Finally, irrespective of seed mass, herbivory on maternal plants influenced components of progeny fitness, which was dependent on plant family. Natural selection may act on plant responses to herbivory that affect seedling‐parasite interactions and, ultimately, fitness.
Operation of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Converters for Large-Scale Photovoltaic Power Plants Under Bridge Failures

A cascaded H-bridge (CHB) converter is one of the viable options for next-generation large-scale photovoltaic (PV) power conversion. Owing to the increased number of components involved, converter reliability and fault-tolerant control are important issues. A CHB converter must also manage unequal power generation among bridges, which is inherent in PV applications because of unequal solar irradiance and/or module temperatures. This paper proposes a fault-tolerant strategy, which maintains balanced three-phase grid currents during faults with unequal power generation in healthy H-bridges. The effectiveness of the presented fault-tolerant control is verified using the results obtained from a 430-V 10-kW laboratory prototype.
Do stroke models model stroke?

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and the biggest reason for long-term disability. Basic research has formed the modern understanding of stroke pathophysiology, and has revealed important molecular, cellular and systemic mechanisms. However, despite decades of research, most translational stroke trials that aim to introduce basic research findings into clinical treatment strategies – most notably in the field of neuroprotection – have failed. Among other obstacles, poor methodological and statistical standards, negative publication bias, and incomplete preclinical testing have been proposed as ‘translational roadblocks’. In this article, we introduce the models commonly used in preclinical stroke research, discuss some of the causes of failed translational success and review potential remedies. We further introduce the concept of modeling ‘care’ of stroke patients, because current preclinical research models the disorder but does not model care or state-of-the-art clinical testing. Stringent statistical methods and controlled preclinical trials have been suggested to counteract weaknesses in preclinical research. We conclude that preclinical stroke research requires (1) appropriate modeling of the disorder, (2) appropriate modeling of the care of stroke patients and (3) an approach to preclinical testing that is similar to clinical testing, including Phase 3 randomized controlled preclinical trials as necessary additional steps before new therapies enter clinical testing.
Analysis of Rainfall-Induced Landslide on Unsaturated Soil Slopes

This paper investigates rainfall-induced landslides on partially saturated soil slopes using the 2011 Umyeonsan landslides at the center of Seoul, Korea. An integrated analysis of rainfall-induced landslide was carried out through laboratory tests, field tests, and numerical analysis. The results of comprehensive investigations in the Umyeonsan region demonstrate that landslide activity is closely related primarily to rainfall and soil properties and slope geometry, and vegetation. Numerical analysis was also performed to confirm the effect of these factors on landslide occurrence. Special attention was given to rainfall penetration analysis to determine the wetting band depth for shallow and deep-seated slope failure in watershed-scale landslide. The simulated results agree closely with the investigation results, which indicates that the applied method is appropriate for use in the simulation of landslides in unsaturated soils.
Singular Higher Order Divergence-Conforming Bases of Additive Kind and Moments Method Applications to 3D Sharp-Wedge Structures

We present new subsectional, singular divergence-conforming vector bases that incorporate the edge conditions for conducting wedges. The bases are of additive kind because obtained by incrementing the regular polynomial vector bases with other subsectional basis sets that model the singular behavior of the unknown vector field in the wedge neighborhood. Singular bases of this kind, complete to arbitrarily high order, are described in a unified and consistent manner for curved quadrilateral and triangular elements. The higher order basis functions are obtained as the product of lowest order functions and Silvester-Lagrange interpolatory polynomials with specially arranged arrays of interpolation points. The completeness properties are discussed and these bases are proved to be fully compatible with the standard, high-order regular vector bases used in adjacent elements. Our singular bases guarantee normal continuity along the edges of the elements allowing for the discontinuity of tangential components, adequate modelling of the divergence, and removal of spurious solutions. These singular high-order bases provide more accurate and efficient numerical solutions of surface integral problems. Several test-case problems are considered in the paper, thereby obtaining highly accurate numerical results for the current and charge density induced on 3D sharp-wedge structures. The results are compared with other solutions when available and confirm the faster convergence of these bases on wedge problems.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus M Protein Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Impeding the Formation of TRAF3·TANK·TBK1/IKKϵ Complex*

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus is highly pathogenic in humans and evades innate immunity at multiple levels. It has evolved various strategies to counteract the production and action of type I interferons, which mobilize the front-line defense against viral infection. In this study we demonstrate that SARS coronavirus M protein inhibits gene transcription of type I interferons. M protein potently antagonizes the activation of interferon-stimulated response element-dependent transcription by double-stranded RNA, RIG-I, MDA5, TBK1, IKKϵ, and virus-induced signaling adaptor (VISA) but has no influence on the transcriptional activity of this element when IRF3 or IRF7 is overexpressed. M protein physically associates with RIG-I, TBK1, IKKϵ, and TRAF3 and likely sequesters some of them in membrane-associated cytoplasmic compartments. Consequently, the expression of M protein prevents the formation of TRAF3·TANK·TBK1/IKKϵ complex and thereby inhibits TBK1/IKKϵ-dependent activation of IRF3/IRF7 transcription factors. Taken together, our findings reveal a new mechanism by which SARS coronavirus circumvents the production of type I interferons.
Infertility drugs and the risk of breast cancer: findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences Study.

OBJECTIVE To determine the association between infertility drug use and invasive breast cancer in a population-based case-control study. DESIGN Multicenter case-control study. SETTING Women aged 35 to 64 years in metropolitan Atlanta, Detroit, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, and Seattle. PATIENT(S) The 4,575 case patients had histologically confirmed primary invasive breast cancer. The 4,682 control subjects were women without breast cancer identified in the same geographic locations using randomized-digit dialing. INTERVENTION(S) A standardized questionnaire focusing on reproductive health and family history as well as use of oral contraceptives and other hormones and infertility drugs was administered to all subjects. Data on the type of breast cancer were also obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Odds ratios examining the association between use of various infertility drugs and invasive breast cancer. RESULT(S) Overall, a history of infertility drug use was not associated with the risk of developing breast cancer. Compared with women who never used any fertility medication, however, women using human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) for > or = 6 months or for at least six cycles had a relative risk of breast cancer ranging between 2.7 to 3.8. CONCLUSION(S) Long-term use of certain infertility drugs could adversely affect risk of breast cancer. Additional confirmatory studies are needed.
RAGE and Modulation of Ischemic Injury in the Diabetic Myocardium

OBJECTIVE—Subjects with diabetes experience an increased risk of myocardial infarction and cardiac failure compared with nondiabetic age-matched individuals. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is upregulated in diabetic tissues. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RAGE affected ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the diabetic myocardium. In diabetic rat hearts, expression of RAGE and its ligands was enhanced and localized particularly to both endothelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—To specifically dissect the impact of RAGE, homozygous RAGE-null mice and transgenic (Tg) mice expressing cytoplasmic domain-deleted RAGE (DN RAGE), in which RAGE-dependent signal transduction was deficient in endothelial cells or mononuclear phagocytes, were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to I/R. RESULTS—Diabetic RAGE-null mice were significantly protected from the adverse impact of I/R injury in the heart, as indicated by decreased release of LDH and lower glycoxidation products carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and pentosidine, improved functional recovery, and increased ATP. In diabetic Tg mice expressing DN RAGE in endothelial cells or mononuclear phagocytes, markers of ischemic injury and CML were significantly reduced, and levels of ATP were increased in heart tissue compared with littermate diabetic controls. Furthermore, key markers of apoptosis, caspase-3 activity and cytochrome c release, were reduced in the hearts of diabetic RAGE-modified mice compared with wild-type diabetic littermates in I/R. CONCLUSIONS—These findings demonstrate novel and key roles for RAGE in I/R injury in the diabetic heart.
Minor complications of general anaesthesia.

The variety of complications of general anaesthesia that can reasonably be termed "minor", in that they constitute no threat to the long-term health and well-being of the patient, is so great that no serious attempt at complete coverage of these is possible within a reasonable space. It is proposed therefore, to consider the more common complications that are relevant to the current practice of general anaesthesia and to omit very rare ones. Patients can suffer a good deal of annoyance, discomfort and anxiety from these causes without their complaints being known by the anaesthetist. The problem is complicated by the fact that there is a striking difference between the frequency of spontaneously volunteered complaints, say, of sore throat, and that revealed by direct questioning. In the early years of the history of anaesthesia, sequelae such as malaise, nausea and vomiting, which were frequent and often serious complications of general anaesthesia, and which lasted more than a few minutes, were probably regarded as inevitable prices to be paid for surgical treatment. The mortality of surgery is now much lower and it is to be expected that minor sequelae in general would assume relatively more importance to the patient and anaesthetist than formerly. Edmonds-Seal and Eve (1962) presented a revealing set of results following an extensive enquiry into the minor complaints elicited during interview of more than 500 patients who had undergone general surgical procedures. About half the patients mentioned one complaint, and 16% more than one. In all, some 20 different types of complaints were made. These were grouped by the authors according to their relationship to the management of the airway, to the anaesthetic agents used and the manner of administration, and to the positioning of the patient during surgery. While well-recognized minor complications, such as sore throat, nausea and vomiting, and minor trauma to the teeth and lips, were matters for complaint, it was shown that a number of other annoyances may occur. Aches and pains resulting from
DOLICHOL PHOSPHATE MANNOSE SYNTHASE1 Mediates the Biogenesis of Isoprenyl-Linked Glycans and Influences Development, Stress Response, and Ammonium Hypersensitivity in Arabidopsis[W]

This work shows that the synthesis of dolichol P-mannose, from which carbohydrates used for posttranslational modifications are derived, is mediated by three proteins that assemble into a functional complex, with DPMS1 serving as the catalytic module. DPMS1 is found to exert a broad influence on various aspects of Arabidopsis development, surprisingly including sensitivity to ammonium. The most abundant posttranslational modification in nature is the attachment of preassembled high-mannose-type glycans, which determines the fate and localization of the modified protein and modulates the biological functions of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored and N-glycosylated proteins. In eukaryotes, all mannose residues attached to glycoproteins from the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derive from the polyprenyl monosaccharide carrier, dolichol P-mannose (Dol-P-Man), which is flipped across the ER membrane to the lumen. We show that in plants, Dol-P-Man is synthesized when Dol-P-Man synthase1 (DPMS1), the catalytic core, interacts with two binding proteins, DPMS2 and DPMS3, that may serve as membrane anchors for DPMS1 or provide catalytic assistance. This configuration is reminiscent of that observed in mammals but is distinct from the single DPMS protein catalyzing Dol-P-Man biosynthesis in bakers’ yeast and protozoan parasites. Overexpression of DPMS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in disorganized stem morphology and vascular bundle arrangements, wrinkled seed coat, and constitutive ER stress response. Loss-of-function mutations and RNA interference–mediated reduction of DPMS1 expression in Arabidopsis also caused a wrinkled seed coat phenotype and most remarkably enhanced hypersensitivity to ammonium that was manifested by extensive chlorosis and a strong reduction of root growth. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unsuspected role of the prenyl-linked carrier pathway for plant development and physiology that may help integrate several aspects of candidate susceptibility genes to ammonium stress.
Complement Interaction with Trypanosomatid Promastigotes in Normal Human Serum

In normal human serum (NHS), axenic promastigotes of Crithidia, Phytomonas, and Leishmania trigger complement activation, and from 1.2 to 1.8 × 105 C3 molecules are deposited per promastigote within 2.5 min. In Leishmania, promastigote C3 binding capacity remains constant during in vitro metacyclogenesis. C3 deposition on promastigotes activated through the classical complement pathway reaches a 50% maximum after ∼50 s, and represents >85% of total C3 bound. In C1q- and C2-deficient human sera, promastigotes cannot activate the classical pathway (CP) unless purified C1q or C2 factors, respectively, are supplemented, demonstrating a requirement for CP factor in promastigote C3 opsonization. NHS depleted of natural anti-Leishmania antibodies cannot trigger promastigote CP activation, but IgM addition restores C3 binding. Furthermore, Leishmania binds natural antibodies in ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA)-treated NHS; after EDTA removal, promastigote-bound IgM triggers C3 deposition in natural antibody-depleted NHS. Serum collectins and pentraxins thus do not participate significantly in NHS promastigote C3 opsonization. Real-time kinetic analysis of promastigote CP-mediated lysis indicates that between 85–95% of parasites are killed within 2.5 min of serum contact. These data indicate that successful Leishmania infection in man must immediately follow promastigote transmission, and that Leishmania evasion strategies are shaped by the selective pressure exerted by complement.
Lossless compression of synchronized phasor measurements

By reporting time-synchronized phasor magnitudes and phase angles at rates at or above the system frequency, phasor measurement units promise to dramatically increase our ability to understand both historical and real-time power system conditions. This new information does not come without a cost, however, and one potential barrier to the effective utilization of this new data source is the increased amount of information transmission and storage capability these devices require. One way to mitigate the increased storage requirements of synchrophasor data is to compress the data, although this compression should not come at the cost of reduced accuracy. This paper proposes a new method for the lossless compression of voltage magnitude and phase data in which known characteristics of the power system are used to improve upon common, off-the-shelf compression techniques. The method is evaluated with real and simulated PMU data to show its effectiveness.
Chemical and optical characterization of white efflorescences on dry fermented sausages under modified atmosphere packaging.

BACKGROUND Dry fermented sausages that are packed under modified atmosphere are often affected by the formation of white crystals on the surface. These so called efflorescences are rejected by consumers and lead to high financial losses for the meat processing industry. In this study, the distribution of efflorescence-causing components was investigated over the sausage profile during 8 weeks of storage under modified atmosphere at 4 °C. In addition, two visual methods (image and sensory analyses) were compared regarding the ability to quantify the efflorescence content. RESULTS The initial formation of efflorescences was observed after 2 weeks (7%). After 4 weeks of storage, 23.4% of the sausage surface was covered with efflorescences, and the amount of efflorescences did not change significantly by the end of storage. Furthermore, chemical analyses revealed that magnesium (increased by 98.1%), lactate (increased by 54.2%) and creatine (increased by 51.8%) are enriched on the sausage surface during storage. CONCLUSION Sensory and image analyses lead to comparable results (r = 0.992) and therefore both are suitable to quantify the amount of efflorescences. The moisture gradient in the interior of the sausages which is built upon drying is supposed to be the driving force for the movement of efflorescence-causing compounds. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
Factors influencing mortality among alcohol and drug treatment clients in Victoria, Australia: The role of demographic and substance use characteristics

Objective: Clinical studies consistently identify alcohol- and drug-related treatment populations as more likely to die prematurely compared with an age-matched general population. However, demographic characteristics and primary drug of concern as predictors of mortality risk following treatment have not been adequately explored. This paper examines relationships between substance use, demographic factors and mortality among alcohol and drug treatment clients. Method: A retrospective cohort incorporating 7 years of data was utilised to examine mortality outcomes in the 2 years following treatment among Victorian clients recorded on the Alcohol and Drug Information Service (ADIS) database by linking partial client identifiers with the National Death Index (NDI). A cohort of 18,686 clients engaged in at least one course of treatment over a 12-month period was included. Analysis was of crude and standardised mortality rates across client groups in terms of the presenting drug of concern for treatment and demographic characteristics. Results: A higher risk of premature death was associated with older age, being male, not being employed, living alone, medical and psychiatric comorbidity, recent injecting, and a history of intensive drug treatment access. Alcohol treatment clients had the worst prognosis. After adjustment for client characteristics, alcohol treatment clients experienced a significantly higher rate of death compared with other clients. Conclusions: Findings from these previously unexplored data highlight the need to increase awareness of the range and magnitude of risks associated with harmful alcohol use, and to identify approaches to enhance treatment effectiveness to reduce negative outcomes following treatment for populations at elevated risk of harm.