Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The constitution of inequality. Constitutionalism in the Americas, 1776–1860

Constitutional democracies in North and South America appeared after a long period of revolutionary struggles in pursuit of independence. This essay assumes that these movements were profoundly egalitarian and expressed their egalitarianism in two basic dimensions—the personal and the collective. On the personal level, the revolutionaries’ main claim was that all people were created equal and endowed with similar basic capacities. On the collective level, they claimed that their communities should become self-governing. In other words, neither a foreign country nor a particular family or group should rule their societies in the name of the populace at large. However, the main constitutional projects growing out of the revolutions of the Americas severely distorted the principles that had given those revolutions legitimacy and ceased to profess egalitarian goals. Some of these constitutions were clearly hostile to the ideal of personal autonomy, and some rallied the coercive powers of the state in favor of a particular religion. Moreover, the large majority of these constitutions actually obstructed the achievement of self-governing communities. For example, they discouraged civic participation; they reduced popular safeguards to a minimum; they reserved the last institutional word, as it were, to the least democratic branch of government; and they organized a countermajoritarian political system to replace, rather than discover or refine, the will of the people. What follows is an exercise in comparative constitutionalism, focused on the three main constitutional models that appeared after the revolutions for independence that took place in the United States, in the late eighteenth century, and seven Latin American countries (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Mexico, and Peru), in the early nineteenth century. The three models are the radical, the conservative, and the liberal, distinguishing three different approaches to the revolutions’ two egalitarian goals, described above. While the radical model sought to strengthen communal self-government at the expense of individual autonomy, the liberal model tended to do the opposite, accepting the sacrifice of communal self-government in the name of
Empathy avoidance: Forestalling feeling for another in order to escape the motivational consequences.

Often people fail to respond to these in need. Why? In addition to cognitive and perceptual processes such as oversight and diffusion of responsibility, a motivational process may lead people, at times, to actively avoid feeling empathy for those in need, lest they be motivated to help them. It is predicted that empathy avoidance will occur when, before exposure to a person in need, people are aware that:(a) they will be asked to help this person and (b) helping will be costly. To test this prediction, Ss were given the choice of hearing 1 of 2 versions of an appeal by a homeless man for help: an empathyinducing version or a non-empathy-inducing version. As predicted, those aware that they soon would be given a high-cost opportunity to help the man chose to hear the empathy-inducing version less often than did those either unaware of the upcoming opportunity or aware but led to believe that helping involved low cost
The effect of substitution patterns on phonological treatment outcomes

It has been suggested that phonological learning in children with articulation disorders is influenced by the variability or consistency of substitutes used for sounds that are excluded from the inventory. This proposal was based on a post-hoc analysis of children's pre-treatment inventories and substitution patterns, as well as their generalization patterns at the termination of phonological intervention. In the present investigation, an experimental treatment study was conducted as a direct test of a hypothesized relationship between substitution variation and treatment outcomes. Ten children with multiple articulation errors were divided into two groups on the basis of the variability or consistency of their substitutes for sounds that were omitted from their phonetic inventories. The first group (consistent substitute; CS) of children used the same substitute for the omitted sound in all word-positions, whereas children in the second group (variable substitute; VS) varied the substitute within and acr.
Bordered penality: Precarious membership and abnormal justice

The article brings to attention, and explores, the transformations of criminal justice related to the control of unwanted mobility, looking in particular at recent Norwegian developments. It maps a gradual emergence of a differentiated, two-tier approach to criminal justice and a more exclusionary penal culture directed at non-citizens. The article suggests that the absence of formal membership is the essential factor contributing towards shifting the nature of penal intervention from reintegration into the society towards deportation and territorial exclusion, and towards the development of a particular form of penality, termed hereby bordered penality. The lack of formal citizenship status also crucially affects the procedural and substantive standards of justice afforded to non-members. While these developments are not confined to Norway alone, they cast doubt on the non-punitive image that is widely attributed to Scandinavian countries, and present a set of conceptual, epistemological and normative challenges for criminal justice in a rapidly globalizing world.
Tolerating Mistakes

How do perceptions of procedural fairness shape the preferences that citizens have for transitional justice (TJ) in postauthoritarian countries? This article uses original opinion poll data collected in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic to investigate this question. It shows that differences in the demand for TJ are explained by how citizens perceive whether the TJ process commits errors—that is, whether the innocent are condemned (falsely convicted) or the guilty are exonerated (falsely acquitted). This is so even after accounting for threat perceptions of former autocrats and voting behavior. After comparing the ways in which citizens’ perceptions of errors in the TJ process shape their demand for lustration in the three postcommunist countries, the author discusses the implications of these findings for scholars of democratic consolidation, social psychologists, and policy makers designing TJ systems.
The Nature of the Association Between Moral Neutralization and Aggression: A Systematic Test of Causality in Early Adolescence

This article examines possible causal linkages between moral neutralization–a generic term for the related concepts of neutralization techniques, moral disengagement, and self-serving cognitive distortions–and aggressive behavior by using a set of repeated measures in a culturally diverse urban sample at ages 11.4 and 13.7 (N = 1,032). First, correlational analyses show a strong cross-sectional association between moral neutralization and aggression. Second, fixed-effects regressions indicate substantial within-individual association implying that the cross-sectional association cannot be explained away by population heterogeneity. The within-individual association also remains stable when controlling for a number of potential confounds, which supports the notion of a direct causal relationship. Third, results of path analyses revealed near-zero lagged effects of moral neutralization on aggression when controlling for antecedent aggression and vice versa, thus suggesting no longer-term independent causal effects in either direction. Moreover, synchronous effects of moral neutralization on aggression when controlling for antecedent aggression and vice versa are same-sized and significant. Overall, results suggest a close short-term interdependence of both constructs.
Clinical features and treatment outcome of children with biphenotypic CD2+ CD19+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study.

Leukemic cells from a subset of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) express lymphoid antigens of both T lineage and B lineage, but the clinical significance of this immunophenotype is unknown. We now report the first comprehensive comparison of treatment outcomes among a large cohort of children with CD2+ CD19+ biphenotypic ALL (N = 77), B-lineage ALL (BL) (N = 1,631), or T-lineage ALL (TL) (N = 347) ALL who were treated on risk-adjusted Children's Cancer Group (CCG) protocols. CD2+ CD19+ patients were more similar to BL than TL patients with respect to presenting features and antigen expression. The percentages of patients achieving successful induction therapy outcome were 98.7%, 97.8%, and 97.3% for CD2+ CD19+, BL, and TL patients, respectively. Univariate comparisons of 4-year event-free survival (83.7%, 72.8%, 75.2% for CD2+ CD19+, BL, and TL patients, respectively) achieved borderline significance (CD2+ CD19+ B, P = .08; CD2+ CD19+ v T, P = .07). Relative hazard rate (RHR) estimates for BL and TL compared with CD2+ CD19+ were 1.79 and 1.90, respectively, implying a better outcome for biphenotypic patients. However, multivariate adjusted RHRs for BL and TL compared with CD2+ CD19+ were 1.43 (P = .29) and 1.16 (P = .76), respectively, suggesting a significant reduction in risk for BL or TL patients once adjustment was made for the more favorable characteristics of the CD2+ CD19+ group. Thus, pediatric ALL patients treated on contemporary CCG protocols who present with CD2+ CD19+ biphenotypic leukemia generally have good treatment outcomes, due in part to their favorable presenting features.
Rational Choice and Class Voting

This article uses data from the 1987 British Election Study (BES) to examine the rationality of class voting. Class differences in support for parties of the left and right have usually been seen as a direct consequence of interests in income redistribution. The authors examine intervening variables that might explain the relation between class and vote, including attitudes toward redistribution and other economic issues and beliefs about the parties' concern with social classes and other groups. Controlling for these variables does not eliminate the direct effects of class. Some evidence is found that social influences may affect vote directly without operating through attitudes, as suggested by the Columbia voting studies and also that voters do not use the same standards in evaluating the parties, contrary to the assumptions of the prevailing spatial model. Substantial revisions are necessary if rational choice theory, as conventionally understood, is to account for class voting.
Chicana College Aspirations and the Role of Parents: Developing Educational Resiliency

Using a theory of resiliency, this study provides a Chicana student’s perspective of the role of parents in the development of college aspirations. Qualitative interviews with Chicana high school seniors shed light on the different ways these students perceive and come to understand the manner by which their parents influence and shape their educational goals and aspirations. The findings of this study point to the pertinent role of parents in the development of educational aspirations.
Revascularization of unprotected left main coronary artery disease: Strategy selection and systematic risk assessment

Refinement of interventional techniques, adjunctive pharmacological therapy, and the introduction of drug eluting stents have fostered new interest for the percutaneous treatment of unprotected left main coronary artery (ULMCA) stenosis. Several observational registries, some randomized controlled trials and several meta‐analyses have consistently shown no difference in mortality and myocardial infarction between percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in patients with ULMCA stenosis, but a higher rate of target vessel revascularization in patients treated with PCI. As a consequence, PCI of ULMCA stenosis has been upgraded to class IIa or IIb indication in the current European or American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association practice guidelines. Although these results are promising, they do not still represent enough evidence for extending PCI of ULMCA stenosis to current clinical practice. The EXCEL trial will address the value of PCI in relation to CABG for the treatment of ULMCA stenosis in more than 2000 patients. A major breakthrough of the SYNTAX trial has been the demonstration of an interaction between the coronary complexity and the revascularization strategy, suggesting that optimal risk stratification is a key element when deciding the best strategy of revascularization in this high‐risk group of patients. Multidisciplinary team approach remains essential to provide a balanced information to the patient and to offer the beast treatment option. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lost Shopping! Monocular Localization in Large Indoor Spaces

In this paper we propose a novel approach to localization in very large indoor spaces (i.e., 200+ store shopping malls) that takes a single image and a floor plan of the environment as input. We formulate the localization problem as inference in a Markov random field, which jointly reasons about text detection (localizing shop's names in the image with precise bounding boxes), shop facade segmentation, as well as camera's rotation and translation within the entire shopping mall. The power of our approach is that it does not use any prior information about appearance and instead exploits text detections corresponding to the shop names. This makes our method applicable to a variety of domains and robust to store appearance variation across countries, seasons, and illumination conditions. We demonstrate the performance of our approach in a new dataset we collected of two very large shopping malls, and show the power of holistic reasoning.
LEGISLATION AND THE PREDICTION OF REPORTED SEAT BELT USE

The major focus of this study was on differences between jurisdictions with seat belt use laws and jurisdictions without such laws in the relative importance of factors that influence reported seat belt use. A nationally representative sample of 2047 Canadians was interviewed personally about their attitudes toward and use of seat belts. Multiple regression analyses performed separately for legislated and unlegislated respondents revealed that, for both groups, the major predictors of reported seat belt use (past and intended) were attitudes toward seat belt use, normative pressure from friends and family to wear belts, and favorability toward seat belt use laws. Up to 53% of the variance in reported seat belt use was accounted for by these factors and the presence of a seat belt law. The implications of these results for public education programs to promote seat belt use are discussed. (Author/TRRL)
Family Processes Affect Students' Motivation, and Science and Math Achievement in Cypriot High Schools

This study examines the influence of home environment on male and female high school students' motivation and achievement. A stratified random sample of 737 students and their parents was selected as a representative sample for Cyprus. The data were analyzed by the partial least square path analysis (Sellin, 1990). Results indicate that the best predictor for high school students' achievement is their prior ability. Math and science self-concepts were found to be positive predictors for students' science and math achievement. Parental pressure was found to be a negative predictor of motivation and math and science achievement-especially for girls. Parental psychological support was found to affect students' motivation directly and their achievement indirectly. Socioeconomic status was found to have important indirect and direct effects on many of the variables. The results of the study suggest the establishment of closer lines of communication between home and school.
Pengaruh karakteristik individual dalam pembuatan keputusan berbasis etis berdasarkan perkembangan moral cognitive melalui intervening deontologi moral evaluation auditor

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of time pressure, audit risk, cognitive moral development and deontology moral evaluation into audit procedure’s premature sign off from individual characteristic’side in making ethical decision. This research used premature stopping attitude of audit procedure as the dependence. Recently, this unethical attitude seems to be risky thing because it indicates that auditors are not consistent about their responsible and ethics. Population of this research is all independent auditors working in KAP in Pekanbaru, Padang and Batam. While sample are those who work in KAP kotaPekanbaru, Padang and Batam. Sampling was done by purposive sampling method. The number of sample used are 69 respondents. Data is analyzed by PLS analysis technique (Partial Least Squeare) using SmartPLS software. Result shows that time pressure has significant effect to audit procedure’s premature sign off, cognitive moral development and deontology moral evaluation have non significant negative effect to audit procedure’s premature sign off. Beside that, there is also a significant connection between somebody’s cognitive moral development and deontology moral evaluation. Fifth TStatistic tes simultaneously has no effect to audit procedure’s premature sign off. Only 23,8% variability construct premature stopping attitude of audit procedure, and the rest 76.2% explaineby other variable outside this research. Key word: premature sign off, time pressure, audit risk, cognitive moral development, deontology moral evaluation.
Psychometric Properties of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory-High School Version

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the latent composition of the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory for High School (LASSI-HS) by applying both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. A sample of 367 ninth-grade students completed the LASSI-HS. These data were used for estimating reliability and for identifying a structural measurement model. The sample data were divided into two homogeneous groups to test for the covariance properties of the proposed measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis via the CALIS procedure. Based on previous research done on a similar instrument, a three-factor model was suggested in the initial set of exploratory analyses, and evidence supported the proposed model over other alternate models. The three latent variables were identified and labeled affective/effort-related activities, cognitive aspects/activities, and goal-oriented activities. Interrelationships among the constructs are examined, and the potential uses of the LASSI-HS are disc.
Effectiveness of Chinese Teams: The Role of Conflict Types and Conflict Management Approaches

Findings based on 186 teams involving 689 employees, working in twelve Chinese state-owned factories in three cities, indicated that a cooperative in contrast to a competitive approach was related to perceived team effectiveness, as measured by both team managers and team members. The role of conflict types for team effectiveness, on the other hand, is ambiguous. Furthermore, conflict management approaches affect team perceptions of relational and task conflict. Results suggest that a cooperative conflict management approach may be equally useful for Chinese work teams, as it is for teams in the Western context.
PUBLIC VALUE AND POLITICAL ASTUTENESS IN THE WORK OF PUBLIC MANAGERS: THE ART OF THE POSSIBLE

The public value framework, with its call for more entrepreneurial activities by public managers, has attracted concern and criticism about its implicit breaching of the politics/administration dichotomy. This article explores the role of political astuteness not only in discerning and creating public value, but also in enabling public managers to be sensitive to the dichotomy. We employ a conceptual framework to identify the skills of political astuteness, and then articulate these in relation to identifying and generating public value. Drawing on a survey of 1,012 public managers in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK, and in-depth interviews with 42 of them, we examine the perceptions and capabilities of public managers in producing value for the public while traversing the line (or zone) between politics and administration. We conclude that political astuteness is essential to both creating value and maintaining allegiance to democratic principles.
A Feasibility Study of Mesh Networks for an All-Wireless Office

There is a fair amount of evidence that mesh (static multihop wireless) networks are gaining popularity, both in the academic literature and in the commercial space. Nonetheless, none of the prior work has evaluated the feasibility of applications on mesh through the use of deployed networks and real user traffic. The state of the art is the use of deployed testbeds with synthetic traces consisting of random traffic patterns. In this paper, we evaluate the feasibility of a mesh network for an allwireless office using traces of office users and an actual 21-node multi-radio mesh testbed in an office area. Unlike previous mesh studies that have examined routing design in detail, we examine how different office mesh design choices impact the performance of user traffic. From our traces of 11 users spanning over a month, we identify 3 one hour trace periods with different characteristics and evaluate network performance for them. In addition, we consider different user-server placement, different wireless hardware, different wireless settings and different routing metrics. We find that our captured traffic is significantly different from the synthetic workloads typically used in the prior work. Our trace capture and replay methodology allows us to directly quantify the feasibility of office meshes by measuring the additional delay experienced by individual transactions made by user applications. Performance on our mesh network depends on the routing metric chosen, the user-server placement and the traffic load period. The choice of wireless hardware and wireless settings has a significant impact on performance under heavy load and challenging placement. Ultimately we conclude that for our traces and deployed system, under most conditions, all-wireless office meshes are feasible. In most cases, individual transactions incur under 20ms of additional delay over the mesh network. We believe this is an acceptable delay for most applications where a wired network to every machine is not readily available. We argue that our results are scalable to a network of over 100 users.
Diagnostik und psychometrische Verlaufsrückmeldungen im Rahmen eines Modellprojektes zur Qualitätssicherung in der ambulanten Psychotherapie

Zusammenfassung. Als erstes dieser Art in Deutschland zielt das Modellprojekt „Qualitatsmonitoring in der ambulanten Psychotherapie” darauf ab, ein modifiziertes Qualitatssicherungs- und Ruckmeldeverfahren in der Regelversorgung der gesetzlichen Krankenkassen hinsichtlich seiner Einsetzbarkeit zu untersuchen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Aspekte der Eingangsdiagnostik, des Ruckmeldesystems, der Patientenzufriedenheit, der Therapiedauer und der Evaluation des Projektes durch die Patienten vorgestellt. In der Interventionsgruppe (IG) wurden Checklisten zur Diagnosestellung genutzt und im Gegensatz zur Kontrollgruppe (KG) ebenfalls kontinuierliche Ruckmeldungen zum Therapiefortschritt im Verlauf gegeben. Daten zu Therapiebeginn lagen von 1708 Patienten (IG:1031; KG:677) und 245 Therapeuten vor. Die ambulante Psychotherapie stellte sich als effektives Verfahren bei klar psychisch belasteten Personen heraus. In der IG (Einsatz Diagnosechecklisten) wurden im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (KG) insgesamt meh.