Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Evidence That the Erythrocyte Invasion Ligand PfRh2 is a Target of Protective Immunity against Plasmodium falciparum Malaria

Abs targeting blood-stage Ags of Plasmodium falciparum are important in acquired immunity to malaria, but major targets remain unclear. The P. falciparum reticulocyte-binding homologs (PfRh) are key ligands used by merozoites during invasion of erythrocytes. PfRh2a and PfRh2b are functionally important members of this family and may be targets of protective immunity, but their potential role in human immunity has not been examined. We expressed eight recombinant proteins covering the entire PfRh2 common region, as well as PfRh2a- and PfRh2b-specific regions. Abs were measured among a cohort of 206 Papua New Guinean children who were followed prospectively for 6 mo for reinfection and malaria. At baseline, Abs were associated with increasing age and active infection. High levels of IgG to all PfRh2 protein constructs were strongly associated with protection from symptomatic malaria and high-density parasitemia. The predominant IgG subclasses were IgG1 and IgG3, with little IgG2 and IgG4 detected. To further understand the significance of PfRh2 as an immune target, we analyzed PfRh2 sequences and found that polymorphisms are concentrated in an N-terminal region of the protein and seem to be under diversifying selection, suggesting immune pressure. Cluster analysis arranged the sequences into two main groups, suggesting that many of the haplotypes identified may be antigenically similar. These findings provide evidence suggesting that PfRh2 is an important target of protective immunity in humans and that Abs act by controlling blood-stage parasitemia and support its potential for vaccine development.
Tail-induced spin-orbit effect in the gravitational radiation of compact binaries

Gravitational waves contain tail effects which are due to the backscattering of linear waves in the curved space-time geometry around the source. In this paper we improve the knowledge and accuracy of the two-body inspiraling post-Newtonian (PN) dynamics and gravitational-wave signal by computing the spin-orbit terms induced by tail effects. Notably, we derive those terms at 3PN order in the gravitationalwave energy flux, and 2.5PN and 3PN orders in the wave polarizations. This is then used to derive the spin-orbit tail effects in the phasing through 3PN order. Our results can be employed to carry out more accurate comparisons with numerical-relativity simulations and to improve the accuracy of analytical templates aimed at describing the whole process of inspiral, merger, and ringdown.
A Biological Inspired Visual Landmark Recognition Architecture

An architecture that is inspired by a human’s capability to autonomously navigate an environment based on visual landmark recognition is presented. It consists of pre-attentive and attentive stages that allow visual landmarks to be recognized reliably under both clean and cluttered backgrounds. The pre-attentive stage provides an efficient means for real-time image processing by selectively focusing on regions of interest within input images. The attentive stage has a memory feedback modulation mechanism that allows visual knowledge of landmarks in the memory to interact and guide different stages in the architecture for efficient feature extraction and landmark recognition. The results show that the architecture is able to reliably recognise both occluded and non-occluded visual landmarks in complex backgrounds.
Tail probabilities for infinite series of regularly varying random vectors

A random vector X with representation X = Sigma(j >= 0)A(j)Z(j) is considered. Here, (Z(j)) is a sequence of independent and identically distributed random vectors and (A(j)) is a sequence of random matrices, 'predictable' with respect to the sequence (Z(j)). The distribution of Z(1) is assumed to be multivariate regular varying. Moment conditions on the matrices (A(j)) are determined under which the distribution of X is regularly varying and, in fact, 'inherits' its regular variation from that of the (Z(j))'s. We compute the associated limiting measure. Examples include linear processes, random coefficient linear processes such as stochastic recurrence equations, random sums and stochastic integrals.
THE RELATION BETWEEN LUMINOUS AGNs AND STAR FORMATION IN THEIR HOST GALAXIES

We study the relation of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to star formation in their host galaxies. Our sample includes 205 Type-1 and 85 Type-2 AGNs, 162 detected with Herschel, from fields surrounding 30 galaxy clusters in the Local Cluster Substructure Survey. The sample is identified by optical line widths and ratios after selection to be brighter than 1 mJy at 24 μm. We show that Type-2 AGN [O iii]λ5007 line fluxes at high z can be contaminated by their host galaxies with typical spectrograph entrance apertures (but our sample is not compromised in this way). We use spectral energy distribution (SED) templates to decompose the galaxy SEDs and estimate star formation rates (SFRs), AGN luminosities, and host galaxy stellar masses (described in an accompanying paper). The AGNs arise from massive black holes ( ∼ 3 × 10 8 M ⊙ ? > ) accreting at ∼10% of the Eddington rate and residing in galaxies with stellar mass > 3 × 10 10 M ⊙ ? > ; those detected with Herschel have IR luminosity from star formation in the range of L SF , IR ∼ 10 10 − 10 12 L ⊙ ? > . We find that (1) the specific SFRs in the host galaxies are generally consistent with those of normal star-forming (main sequence) galaxies; (2) there is a strong correlation between the luminosities from star formation and the AGN; and (3) the correlation may not result from a causal connection, but could arise because the black hole mass (and hence AGN Eddington luminosity) and star formation are both correlated with the galaxy mass.
The Intestinal Eukaryotic Virome in Healthy and Diarrhoeic Neonatal Piglets

Neonatal porcine diarrhoea of uncertain aetiology has been reported from a number of European countries. The aim of the present study was to use viral metagenomics to examine a potential viral involvement in this diarrhoea and to describe the intestinal virome with focus on eukaryotic viruses. Samples from the distal jejunum of 50 diarrhoeic and 19 healthy piglets from 10 affected herds were analysed. The viral fraction of the samples was isolated and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA fractions) were subjected to sequence independent amplification. Samples from diarrhoeic piglets from the same herds were pooled whereas samples from healthy piglets were analysed individually. In total, 29 clinical samples, plus two negative controls and one positive control consisting of a mock metagenome were sequenced using the Ion Torrent platform. The resulting sequence data was subjected to taxonomic classification using Kraken, Diamond and HMMER. In the healthy specimens, eight different mammalian virus families were detected (Adenoviridae, Anelloviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Circoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae) compared to four in the pooled diarrhoeic samples (Anelloviridae, Circoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae). It was not possible to associate a particular virus family with the investigated diarrhoea. In conclusion, this study does not support the hypothesis that the investigated diarrhoea was caused by known mammalian viruses. The results do, however, indicate that known mammalian viruses were present in the intestine as early as 24–48 hours after birth, indicating immediate infection post-partum or possibly transplacental infection.
Influences of Deqi on Immediate Analgesia Effect of Needling SP6 (Sanyinjiao) in Patients with Primary Dysmenorrhea in Cold and Dampness Stagnation Pattern: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Deqi, according to traditional Chinese medicine, is a specific needle sensation during the retention of needles at certain acupoints and is considered to be necessary to produce therapeutic effects from acupuncture. Although some modern researches have showed that Deqi is essential for producing acupuncture analgesia and anesthesia, the data are not enough. It is a paper of a multicenter, randomized controlled study protocol, to evaluate the influences of Deqi on acupuncture SP6 in Cold and Dampness Stagnation pattern primary dysmenorrhea patients, in terms of reducing pain and anxiety, and to find out the relationship between Deqi and the temperature changes at SP6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV4 (Guanyuan). The results of this trial will be helpful to explain the role of Deqi in acupuncture analgesia and may provide a new objective index for measuring Deqi in the future study. This trial is registered with ChiCTR-TRC-13003086.
Interspecific variation in persistence of buried weed seeds follows trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses

Abstract Soil seedbanks drive infestations of annual weeds, yet weed management focuses largely on seedling mortality. As weed seedbanks increasingly become reservoirs of herbicide resistance, species‐specific seedbank management approaches will be essential to weed control. However, the development of seedbank management strategies can only develop from an understanding of how seed traits affect persistence. We quantified interspecific trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical traits of weed seeds and their persistence in the soil seedbank in a common garden study. Seeds of 11 annual weed species were buried in Savoy, IL, from 2007 through 2012. Seedling recruitment was measured weekly and seed viability measured annually. Seed physiological (dormancy), chemical (phenolic compound diversity and concentration; invertebrate toxicity), and physical traits (seed coat mass, thickness, and rupture resistance) were measured. Seed half‐life in the soil (t 0.5) showed strong interspecific variation (F 10,30 = 15, p < .0001), ranging from 0.25 years (Bassia scoparia) to 2.22 years (Abutilon theophrasti). Modeling covariances among seed traits and seedbank persistence quantified support for two putative defense syndromes (physiological–chemical and physical–chemical) and highlighted the central role of seed dormancy in controlling seed persistence. A quantitative comparison between our results and other published work indicated that weed seed dormancy and seedbank persistence are linked across diverse environments and agroecosystems. Moreover, among seedbank‐forming early successional plant species, relative investment in chemical and physical seed defense varies with seedbank persistence. Synthesis and applications. Strong covariance among weed seed traits and persistence in the soil seedbank indicates potential for seedbank management practices tailored to specific weed species. In particular, species with high t 0.5 values tend to invest less in chemical defenses. This makes them highly vulnerable to physical harvest weed seed control strategies, with small amounts of damage resulting in their full decay.
At the End of the Day: Are the West's General Stream Adjudications Relevant to Modern Water Rights Administration

For all the monumental efforts involved, water rights adjudication is merely one piece of a larger water rights legal system that also includes permitting of new water uses, review of water use changes, and on-the-ground administration of water rights through distribution and enforcement. The integration of these processes is vitally important, because without comprehensive adjudication of historic water rights, it is difficult to determine whether water is available for new uses, whether changes may harm existing users, or whether water deliveries are correctly fulfilling legal rights to use water.As historic adjudications such as the Big Horn River and Snake River Basins reach finality, thoughts turn toward a post-adjudication world. One where emphasis shifts from determining the basic characteristics of water rights to creating nimble, predictable water rights systems that allow uses to adapt to the emerging needs of the West; one that fosters the accurate, efficient water delivery throughout complex, interconnected watersheds. And in places where adjudications are lagging (or languishing), the focus is on whether emerging lessons from these freshly-minted water decrees should trigger innovations in how future water courts approach their work. At bottom, these important and long overdue conversations center on how judicially driven water rights proceedings integrate with modern water rights permitting, record keeping, and distribution processes located predominantly within state agencies.This article provides a modest starting place for exploring how adjudications in various western states function together with modern permitting and administration of water rights. By locating adjudication within a state’s broader water rights system, the hope is to elevate in our water law discourse the question of whether, at the end of the day, adjudication proceedings are meaningful in the day-to-day world of water use. Part I summarizes in broad strokes the way various western states approach the interrelated functions of adjudication, permitting, and administration. Part II then highlights some common, emerging issues among state water systems as well as some emerging ideas for integrating judicial and agency water rights functions. This article concludes that the time has come to design the next generation of water rights systems so that adjudication and regulation speak a common language and function more seamlessly to best meet the water use needs of the West.
Factors determining long-term outcomes of hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria: liver transplantation versus locoregional therapy

AbstractPatients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) satisfying the Milan criteria are candidates for liver transplantation (LT), but locoregional therapies could be another options for them.A total of 1859 treatment-naïve HCC patients fulfilling the Milan criteria were analyzed. Survival tree analysis was performed to generate survival nodes with similar survival risks in 1729 non-LT group, and compared with the survival of 130 patients who received LT.Among patients who did not receive LT, survival tree analysis classified patients into 6 nodes according to Child-Pugh (CP) score, serum alphafetoprotein (AFP) levels, tumor size, and age, with different mortality risks (5-year survival rate of 87.3%, 77.5%, 65.8%, 64.7%, 44.0%, and 28.7% for nodes 1–6, respectively; P < 0.001). The overall survival of patients in nodes 1 (CP score 5 with AFP levels <5 ng/mL) and 2 (CP score 5 with maximal tumor size <2.5 cm) were comparable with that of patients who received LT (both P > 0.05), but the survival rates of patients in nodes 3 to 6 were worse than that of LT (P < 0.05 for all). In each survival node, survival differed slightly according to initial treatment modality for patients who did not receive LT. For patients who received LT, tumor stage at the time of LT was associated with long-term outcome.Certain groups of non-LT patients showed survival rates that were similar to the survival rates of LT patients. CP score, AFP levels, tumor size, and age were baseline factors that can help estimate the long-term outcomes of non-LT treatment. In addition, tumor stage at the time of LT and specific initial treatment modality in non-LT patients affected the long-term outcomes. These factors can help estimate the long-term outcomes of HCC patients diagnosed within the Milan criteria.
CORONA: A Coordinate and Routing system for Nanonetworks

The present paper introduces a joint coordinate and routing system (CORONA) which can be deployed dynamically on a 2D ad-hoc nanonetwork. User-selected nodes are used as anchor-points at the setup phase. All nodes then measure their distances, in number of hops, from these anchors, obtaining a sense of geolocation. At operation phase, the routing employs the appropriate subset of anchors, selected by the sender of a packet. CORONA requires minimal setup overhead and simple integer-based calculations only, imposing limited requirements for trustworthy operation. Once deployed, it operates efficiently, yielding a very low packet retransmission and packet loss rate, promoting energy-efficiency and medium multiplexity.
A statistical image retrieval method using color invariant

Content based image retrieval is an essential task in many image processing applications, among which, color based methods have been receiving constant attentions in past years, because color information is a discriminative descriptor for image retrieval, especially in case of large database. A limitation of previous color based methods is their unsuitability for retrieving similar scenes under varying lighting conditions as color is sensitive to illuminations. Besides image descriptors of some existing methods are with large dimensionality and thus computational expensive. As betterment, an adaptive method is proposed in this paper, which integrates the color invariant with some spatial information of images. Different from previous work, the number of states during the quantization of the color space is not manually determined. Instead, it depends on the context of the image itself, using an adaptive clustering technique: Firstly, feature map consisting of color invariants is established for images. Secondly, the Markov chain model is employed to capture the image both color and spatial information. Thirdly, an image descriptor is computed for each image, not under the frame of the entire fixed color space. To practice our method, similar images are retrieved with a similarity measure based on a two-stage weighted distance. Experiments show that, this method has improved simplicity and compactness without the lost of efficiency and robustness.
FoxO1 Regulates Multiple Metabolic Pathways in the Liver

FoxO transcription factors are important targets of insulin action. To better understand the role of FoxO proteins in the liver, we created transgenic mice expressing constitutively active FoxO1 in the liver using the α1-antitrypsin promoter. Fasting glucose levels are increased, and glucose tolerance is impaired in transgenic (TGN) versus wild type (WT) mice. Interestingly, fasting triglyceride and cholesterol levels are reduced despite hyperinsulinemia, and post-prandial changes in triglyceride levels are markedly suppressed in TGN versus WT mice. Activation of pro-lipogenic signaling pathways (atypical protein kinase C and protein kinase B) and the ability to suppress β-hydroxybutyrate levels are not impaired in TGN. In contrast, de novo lipogenesis measured with 3H2O is suppressed by ∼70% in the liver of TGN versus WT mice after refeeding. Gene-array studies reveal that the expression of genes involved in gluconeogenesis, glycerol transport, and amino acid catabolism is increased, whereas genes involved in glucose utilization by glycolysis, the pentose phosphate shunt, lipogenesis, and sterol synthesis pathways are suppressed in TGN versus WT. Studies with adenoviral vectors in isolated hepatocytes confirm that FoxO1 stimulates expression of gluconeogenic genes and suppresses expression of genes involved in glycolysis, the shunt pathway, and lipogenesis, including glucokinase and SREBP-1c. Together, these results indicate that FoxO proteins promote hepatic glucose production through multiple mechanisms and contribute to the regulation of other metabolic pathways important in the adaptation to fasting and feeding in the liver, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate shunt, and lipogenic and sterol synthetic pathways.
Motivation in grammar and the lexicon

1. Preface 2. Introduction: Reflections on motivation revisited (by Panther, Klaus-Uwe) 3. Part I. Motivation in grammar 4. Semantic motivation of the English auxiliary (by Langacker, Ronald W.) 5. The mind as ground: A study of the English existential construction (by Chen, Rong) 6. Motivating the flexibility of oriented -ly adverbs (by Broccias, Cristiano) 7. The cognitive motivation for the use of dangling participles in English (by Hayase, Naoko) 8. What motivates an inference? : The emergence of CONTRAST/CONCESSIVE from TEMPORAL/SPATIAL OVERLAP (by Izutsu, Mitsuko Narita) 9. The conceptual motivation of aspect (by Matlock, Teenie) 10. Metaphoric motivation in grammatical structure: The caused-motion construction from the perspective of the Lexical-Constructional Model (by Baicchi, Annalisa) 11. Motivation in English must and Hungarian kell (by Pelyvas, Peter) 12. The socio-cultural motivation of referent honorifics in Korean and Japanese (by Uehara, Satoshi) 13. Part II. Motivation in the Lexicon 14. Conceptual motivation in adjectival semantics: Cognitive reference points revisited (by Tribushinina, Elena) 15. Metonymy, metaphor and the "weekend frame of mind": Towards motivating the micro-variation in the use of one type of metonymy (by Brdar, Mario) 16. Intrinsic or extrinsic motivation? : The implications of metaphor- and metonymy-based polysemy for transparency in the lexicon (by Marzo, Daniela) 17. Motivational networks: An empirically supported cognitive phenomenon (by Umbreit, Birgit) 18. The "meaning-full" vocabulary of English and German: An empirical study on lexical motivatability (by Sanchez-Stockhammer, Christina) 19. Name index 20. Subject index
Wives, husbands, and daughters of dementia patients: predictors of caregivers' mental and physical health.

The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in and predictors of mental and physical health among wife, husband, and daughter caregivers of dementia patients using a stress and coping framework. The sample of 151 caregivers consisted of 55 wives, 43 husbands, and 53 daughters and was recruited from multiple community-based sources. Variables addressed were caregiver age, social position, years spent in caregiving, dementia severity, burden, worry, physical health, and mental health. Analysis of variance demonstrated gender-specific, kinship group differences in burden (F = 8.09, p = .000), worry (F = 6.287, p = .002), and age (F = 55.27, p = .000). Post hoc comparisons indicated that wives reported worrying most, while husbands were oldest and reported the least burden. Health predictors differed by group, with wives' mental health being predicted by severity of dementia, age, and worry (R2 = .16), husbands' mental health was predicted by burden and worry (R2 = .18); and worry was the only significant predictor of daughters' mental health (R2 = .33). Wives' physical health was predicted by years of caregiving and age (R2 = .10); husbands' physical health was predicted by age and worry (R2 = .24); and daughters' physical health was predicted by years spent in caregiving and burden (R2 = .27). Findings suggest that a stress and coping framework is a better predictive model for daughters' mental and physical health than for health of wives and husbands. Findings further indicate that different health-related nursing interventions may be required for different caregiver groups.
DIETARY FOOD FORTIFIED WITH OROTIC ACID AND LIVER FUNCTION

The effects of dietary food fortified with orotic acid (1.0%) on liver function were studied in rats. The rats fed with orotic acid promoted liver triglyceride content markedly, that was 5-fold higher than that of the control. The liver malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased by 10%, but the gluthation peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased by 50%. The serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities increased by 25% and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the decreased GSH-Px activity was associated with the promotions of AST, ALT, and the liver MDA levels. In conclusion: dietary orotic acid promotes lipid peroxidation but reduces the rate of the antioxidant enzyme. Therefore, dietary food fortified with orotic acid attenuates the liver function.