Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
igh-light acclimation in Quercus robur L . seedlings upon overtopping a shaded nvironment nna

High developmental plasticity at the seedling-level during acclimation to the light environment may be an important determinant of seedling establishment and growth in temperate broadleaf forests, especially in dense understories where spatial light availability can vary greatly. Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) seedlings were raised beneath a range of artificial light environments (high light, partial high light and low light) to examine morphological and photosynthetic acclimation to vertically stratified light availability. Acclimation observed at the seedling level included changes in proportional distribution of biomass and leaf area ratio to enhance either light gathering under low light availability or reduction of moisture stress under high light availability. Seedling-level acclimation was partially driven by plasticity at the flush level, but plasticity of traits determining flush morphology, such as leaf number, area, and mass, was largely controlled during bud formation rather than during shoot development. Therefore, flush-level acclimation was restricted when shoots elongated from a shaded environment into a high hotosynthesis light environment. In contrast, traits influencing leaf-level acclimation, such as leaf thickness, specific leaf area, and pigment concentrations appeared to be driven primarily by the prevailing light environment during leaf development. The plastic response in leaf traits to light environments during shoot development enabled immediate acclimation of photosynthetic capacity to the prevailing light environment. In conclusion, oak seedlings displayed a large phenotypical plasticity on multiple levels that maximized whole seedling performance.
Infrared Absorptions near Three Microns Recorded over the Polar Cap of Mars

During the Mariner 7 flyby of Mars, the infrared spectrometer recorded distinct, sharp absorption. near 3020 and 3300 reciprocal centimeters between 61�S and 80�S. at the edge of the southern polar cap, with maximum optical density near 68�S and 341�E. These hands, which match in frequency the v3 bands of methane and ammonia, can be associated with previously unreported spectral features of solid carbon dioxide exceeding 1 millimeter in thickness. Possible reasons for the geographic localization are discussed.
Prospective Case–Control Study of Serum Müllerian Inhibiting Substance and Breast Cancer Risk

Background Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) is a member of the transforming growth factor β family of growth and differentiation factors that inhibits elongation and branching of mammary ducts and has been shown to inhibit mammary tumor growth in vitro and in animal models. The objective of this study was to determine whether serum MIS levels are associated with breast cancer risk. Methods We conducted a prospective case–control study of 309 participants who were registered in the Columbia, Missouri Serum Bank. Each of 105 in situ or invasive breast cancer case patients with prediagnostic serum collected before menopause was matched to two control subjects by age, date, menstrual cycle day, and time of day of blood collection. MIS was measured in serum by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and estradiol and testosterone concentrations were quantified by using specific radioimmunoassays. Data were analyzed using conditional logistic regression. All tests of statistical significance were two-sided. Results The relative odds ratio of breast cancer for women in increasing MIS quartiles were 1, 2.8 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0 to 7.4), 5.9 (95% CI = 2.4 to 14.6), and 9.8 (95% CI = 3.3 to 28.9, Ptrend < .001). The association of MIS with breast cancer was weaker in women who were not taking oral contraceptives at the time of blood collection, but adjustment for estradiol and testosterone levels did not materially alter results for these women. The association of MIS with breast cancer did not vary by age at blood collection but was stronger among women who were diagnosed with breast cancer at an older age than among those who were diagnosed at a younger age. Conclusion MIS may be a novel biomarker of increased breast cancer risk. Additional research including confirmatory epidemiological studies and mechanistic studies is needed.
Management of gallstones and its related complications

The majority of gallstone patients remain asymptomatic; however, interest toward the gallstone disease is continuing because of the high worldwide prevalence and management costs and the development of gallstone symptoms and complications. For cholesterol gallstone disease, moreover, a strong link exists between this disease and highly prevalent metabolic disorders such as obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglyceridemia and the metabolic syndrome. Information on the natural history as well as the diagnostic, surgical (mainly laparoscopic cholecystectomy) and medical tools available to facilitate adequate management of cholelithiasis and its complications are, therefore, crucial to prevent the negative outcomes of gallstone disease. Moreover, some risk factors for gallstone disease are modifiable and some preventive strategies have become necessary to reduce the onset and the severity of complications.
HER2‐positive patients receiving trastuzumab treatment have a comparable prognosis with HER2‐negative advanced gastric cancer patients: A prospective cohort observation

The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab has brought survival benefit to patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC) that have human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) over expression or amplification. This study was designed to compare the clinical outcomes of HER2‐negative and HER2‐positive AGC patients with or without trastuzumab treatment. There were three groups of patients enrolled for analysis. Group A was 51 HER2‐positive AGC patients treated with trastuzumab and chemotherapy; group B was a matched control group of 47 HER2‐positive patients who received chemotherapy only; group C was a matched group of 251 HER2‐negative patients who received chemotherapy. All the patients were enrolled at Sun Yat‐sen University Cancer Center or Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University between January 2010 and December 2012. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The Kaplan‐Meier method and log‐rank test were used for survival analysis. The median duration of follow‐up was 13.5 months (range 5–18.6 months). The median OS of these three groups of patients was 14.8 months, 11.3 months and 14.4 months respectively (p < 0.001). The survival difference between group A and B was significant, p < 0.001. Similarly, there was significant difference between group B and C, p < 0.001. Moreover the survival between group A and C was comparable, p = 0.281. The median progression‐free survival for these three groups was 7.4, 6.0 and 7.2 months. Multivariate analysis confirmed that trastuzumab treatment was an independent prognostic factor in group A and B patients (p = 0.017). HER2 positive was an independent adverse prognostic factor in group B and C patients (p = 0.013).
The nursery tale as a genre

Natural use of language is orderly - a fact that gets camouflaged by what has often been described a 'the messiness of language in use' but which, in fact, often arises from the permeability of social contexts: life's business is not compartmentalised. The chapters of this volume explore the two axes known as texture and structure along which the orderliness of language in use makes itself felt. These properties bear a close relation to the context of situation in which a discourse comes to life. The complex relationship of the structure potential of a variety to its underlying context is discussed and exemplified in the description of particular types of economic transactions, of stories for children, and of advertisements. The relationship of texture to the structure of the text is discussed: texture is a condition for the creation and realisation of textual structures. In this way, texts can be seen as the record of their own cultural context represented semiotically.
Spectrum Identification using a Dynamic Bayesian Network Model of Tandem Mass Spectra

Shotgun proteomics is a high-throughput technology used to identify unknown proteins in a complex mixture. At the heart of this process is a prediction task, the spectrum identification problem, in which each fragmentation spectrum produced by a shotgun proteomics experiment must be mapped to the peptide (protein subsequence) which generated the spectrum. We propose a new algorithm for spectrum identification, based on dynamic Bayesian networks, which significantly out-performs the de-facto standard tools for this task: SEQUEST and Mascot.
Implementation of Cascade Gamma and Positron Range Corrections for I-124 Small Animal PET

Small animal Positron Emission Tomography (PET) should provide accurate quantification of regional radiotracer concentrations and high spatial resolution. This is challenging for non-pure positron emitters with high positron endpoint energies, such as I-124: On the one hand the cascade gammas emitted from this isotope can produce coincidence events with the 511 keV annihilation photons leading to quantification errors. On the other hand the long range of the high energy positron degrades spatial resolution. This paper presents the implementation of a comprehensive correction technique for both of these effects. The established corrections include a modified sinogram-based tail-fitting approach to correct for scatter, random and cascade gamma coincidences and a compensation for resolution degradation effects during the image reconstruction. Resolution losses were compensated for by an iterative algorithm which incorporates a convolution kernel derived from line source measurements for the microPET Focus 120 system. The entire processing chain for these corrections was implemented, whereas previous work has only addressed parts of this process. Monte Carlo simulations with GATE and measurements of mice with the microPET Focus 120 show that the proposed method reduces absolute quantification errors on average to 2.6% compared to 15.6% for the ordinary Maximum Likelihood Expectation Maximization algorithm. Furthermore resolution was improved in the order of 11-29% depending on the number of convolution iterations. In summary, a comprehensive, fast and robust algorithm for the correction of small animal PET studies with I-124 was developed which improves quantitative accuracy and spatial resolution.
Theoretical Study of the Energetic Stability and Geometry of Terminated and B-Doped Diamond (111) Surfaces

The effect of B doping on the surface (111) reactivity has, in the present study, been investigated for various surface terminations, H, OH, Oon-top, and F. This type of surface modification has experimentally been proven to be extremely important for, for example, applications based on surface electrochemistry. Density functional theory (DFT) has here been used to study both the local and more global effects of substitutionally positioned B atoms in the upper part of the diamond (111) surface. For this purpose, adsorption energies for the various terminating species have been calculated, and the observed results have been carefully analyzed in order to gain a deeper knowledge about the atomic-level cause of the observed effects. As a result, the B dopant shows a clear, but local, effect for all terminating species investigated. In addition, it is only the radical O-terminating species that show a special and high reactivity on the diamond surface. The other terminating species show a much lower reactivity, which in addition are very similar.
The critical spot eraser—a method to interactively control the correction of local hot and cold spots in IMRT planning

Common problems in inverse radiotherapy planning are localized dose insufficiencies like hot spots in organs at risk or cold spots inside targets. These are hard to correct since the optimization is based on global evaluations like maximum/minimum doses, equivalent uniform doses or dose–volume constraints for whole structures. In this work, we present a new approach to locally correct the dose of any given treatment plan. Once a treatment plan has been found that is acceptable in general but requires local corrections, these areas are marked by the planner. Then the system generates new plans that fulfil the local dose goals. Consequently, it is possible to interactively explore all plans between the locally corrected plans and the original treatment plan, allowing one to exactly adjust the degree of local correction and how the plan changes overall. Both the amount (in Gy) and the size of the local dose change can be navigated. The method is introduced formally as a new mathematical optimization setting, and is evaluated using a clinical example of a meningioma at the base of the skull. It was possible to eliminate a hot spot outside the target volume while controlling the dose changes to all other parts of the treatment plan. The proposed method has the potential to become the final standard step of inverse treatment planning.
The Trilemma in History: Tradeoffs Among Exchange Rates, Monetary Policies, and Capital Mobility

The exchange-rate regime is often seen as constrained by the monetary policy trilemma, which imposes a stark tradeoff among exchange stability, monetary independence, and capital market openness. Yet the trilemma has not gone without challenge. Some argue that under the modern float there could be limited monetary autonomy; others, that even under the classical gold standard domestic monetary autonomy was considerable. This paper studies the coherence of international interest rates over more than 130 years. The constraints implied by the trilemma are largely borne out by history.
Mitochondria as We Don't Know Them

In textbooks, mitochondria are usually viewed as oxygen-consuming, ATP-producing organelles. Indeed, typical mitochondria, such as those found in mammalian cells, require oxygen to function. They use pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) for oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, which is then completely oxidized to CO 2 through the Krebs cycle. Most of the energy is produced by oxidative phosphorylation: the electrons from NADH are transported to oxygen by the proton-pumping electron transport chain, and the backflow of the pumped protons results in ATP formation by the mitochondrial ATP synthase (Fig. 1). Oxygen deprivation in classical mitochondria rapidly results in halted mitochondrial ATP synthesis and often in cell death. Yet numerous groups of eukaryotes exist that are less sensitive to the absence of oxygen. Some, such as yeast and goldfish, can survive by using simple fermentations in which the electrons from glycolysis are transferred to pyruvate, with lactate or ethanol excreted as end products. But we will not consider cytosolic fermentations here. Rather, we focus on the diversity and biochemistry of mitochondrial ATP synthesis in eukaryotes that thrive in oxygen-poor (hypoxic) or oxygen-free (anoxic) conditions. In nature, these organisms inhabit, during all or part of their life cycle, environments that do not contain enough O 2 to support aerobic ATP synthesis. Such habitats include, for example, marine and freshwater sediments, or the digestive tract of animals. In addition, some of these eukaryotes, such as parasitic worms, lack a circulatory system and respiratory organs, and they are simply too large to maintain an aerobic energy metabolism using oxygen diffusion. The mitochondria of anaerobic eukaryotes produce ATP with the help of proton-pumping electron transport, but they do not need O 2 to do so. Instead, they use terminal electron acceptors other than O 2 , so that their excreted end product of electron transport is not H 2 O, but nitrite (NO 2 −), nitric oxide (NO), succinate and the like. In addition to anaerobic mitochondria, another type of anaerobic ATP-producing organelle exists – the hydrogenosome [1–7]. Hydrogenosomes are H 2-producing, membrane-enclosed organelles, evolutionarily related to mitochondria. They occur in a wide spectrum of anaerobic protists, including ciliates, amoeboflagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and parabasalids, the group in which they were discovered. Hydrogenosomes are highly relevant to the general topic of anaerobic energy metabolism in eukaryotes, but because they do not possess a membrane-associated electron-transport chain, they will not be considered further here. Mitochondria – both aerobic …
The role of patch review in software evolution: an analysis of the mozilla firefox

Patch review is the basic mechanism for validating the design and implementation of patches and maintaining consistency in some commercial and Free/Libre/Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects. We examine the inner-workings of the development process of the successful and mature Mozilla foundation and highlight how different parties involved affect and steer the process. Although reviewers are the primary actors in the patch review process, success in the process can only be achieved if the community supports reviewers adequately. Peer developers play the supporting role by offering insight and ideas that help create more quality patches. Moreover, they reduce the huge patch backlog reviewers have to clear by identifying and eliminating immature patches.
Neutrophil Activation and Resistance to Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Therapy in Hemodialysis Patients

AIM The aim of this work was to evaluate the neutrophil activation state in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients under hemodialysis, and its linkage with resistance to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy. METHODS We studied 63 CKD patients under hemodialysis and rhEPO treatment (32 responders and 31 non-responders to rhEPO therapy). In 20 of the CKD patients (10 responders and 10 non-responders to rhEPO therapy), blood samples were also collected immediately after dialysis. Twenty-six healthy volunteers were included in a control group. Hemoglobin levels, total and differential leukocyte counts, and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), elastase and lactoferrin were measured in all patients and controls. RESULTS Compared with controls, CKD patients presented with significantly higher CRP, neutrophil and elastase levels. When we compared the 2 groups of patients, we found that non-responders presented statistically significantly higher elastase plasma levels. A positive significant correlation was found between elastase levels and weekly rhEPO dose and CRP serum levels. After the hemodialysis procedure, a statistically significant rise in elastase, lactoferrin and, elastase/neutrophil and lactoferrin/neutrophil ratios were found. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that CKD patients under hemodialysis present higher elastase levels (particularly in non-responding patients), which could be related to the rise in neutrophils, and to be part of the enhanced inflammatory process found in these patients.
Immediacy and Learning: A Motivational Explanation.

Within the framework of motivational theory, a study investigated how teachers' use of immediacy behaviors impacted students' learning. Two competing explanations for the immediacy-learning relationship (the motivation model and the attention model) were tested using path analyses with panel data collected over the period of one semester. A total of 178 undergraduate students reported on 105 male instructors, 67 female instructors, and 6 instructors of unidentified gender. Participants reported on classes in 45 different departments at a mid-sized eastern university. Support was found for the motivation model explanation of the immediacy-learning relationship. Findings suggest that, using J. M. Keller's model of motivation (in which mctivation requires four conditions: interest, relevance, expectancy, and satisfaction), teacher immediacy may have a positive impact on students' motivation to study because it addresses at least three of the four conditions of motivation. (Two tables and six figures of data are included. Contains 39 references.) (RS) ***************************************'******************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** IMMEDIACY AND LEARNING: A MOTIVATIONAL EXPLANATION Ann Bainbridge Frymier Ann Bainbridge Fryrnier (Ed.D. West Virginia University, 1992) is an Assistant Professor in Speech Communication at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio. Direct correspondence to Ann B. Frymier at Speech Communication,160 Bachelor Hall, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, Telephone (513) 529-7171 or AFRYMIER@MIAMIU. A paper presented to the Instructional and Developmental Division of the International Communication Association convention, May 29, 1993, Washington, D. C. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IERICI NZ adocument has been reproduced as wed from the person or orgaruzahon Ongortating O Minor changes tAve been made to improve reproduchon Quality Points of view or oprnions stated . n this docu ment do nol necessanly represent OffrCrat OERI Posit,' or policy -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC1''
The effects of fascination and extent on judgments of tranquility

Many contemporary work, school, and home environments produce attentional fatigue. One way to recover from such attentional fatigue is to place oneself in environments or settings that promote feelings of tranquility. One way to begin systematic study of environment-tranquility relations is to frame research within Attention Restoration Theory (ART). This theory is based on environmental supports that allow one to shift from directed or focused attention to involuntary forms of attention, thus allowing fatigued attentional capacities to rest. ART proposes that four judgments of environmental configurations are important to creating restorative experiences. These are environments that afford disengaging from one‘s normal physical environment, cognitive tasks, or cares and concerns (called ―being away‖), fascination, extent, and goal compatibility. These same variables, although more refined and subtly manipulated, may also promote experiences of tranquility. Two variables, within Attention Restoration Theory, that may be particularly associated with promoting experiences of tranquility are fascination and extent. Fascination can exist at different levels in a setting, and some levels may grab and hold attention in an undramatic way, leaving ―cognitive space‖ for gentle contemplation and reflection. On the face, they seem like settings that should promote tranquil experiences. Extent, the organized patterns in an environment that make it seem to ―hang together,‖ may interact with fascination to produce tranquil states. This is because momentarily and unrelated fascinating stimuli will not hold the mind in a gently focused manner long enough for low activation, yet pleasantly valenced states associated with tranquility to accrue. Thus, fascination and extent should interact in such a way that environments judged as containing fascination and extent should promote the greatest states of tranquility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the interactive effects of fascination and extent on judgments of tranquility associated with scenes of natural landscapes. Participants rated 12 photos of environments containing different levels of fascination and extent. The design was a repeated measures and hierarchal linear modeling using HLM, 6.0 was used to test the study‘s hypothesis. Results show that both fascination and extent were positively associated with tranquility.