Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Youth Problem: What's the Problem?

The questions addressed in this study are: first, what factors determine the economic situation among the young, and, second, what aspects in youth have a long-term impact on their economic situation as adults? The empirical analysis builds on a three-wave panel covering a period of 16 years. Growth curve modelling is used to estimate changes over time. The main results are: Young people's incomes say little about their current standard of living or future earnings ability. Economic deprivation during youth is unrelated to the development of deprivation over time. Hence, the finding that young people in general face economic difficulties does not mean a problem with lasting implications. Labour market situation and household characteristics during youth are relativelyl unrelated to development later in life. However, long-term unemployment hampers young people's economy in the long run. Most importantly, the results of this analysis emphasize the importance of the reproduction of class and gender relations. It is these two fundamental aspects, more than anything else, that affect young people on their way into adulthood and in their future life as adults.
THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES

Previous communications from this laboratory delineated the events associated with the in vitro cultivation of unstimulated mouse mononuclear phagocytes (1, 2). These processes included a progressive increase in lysosome-like cytoplasmic granules. In addition, it was shown that two inhibitors of protein synthesis blocked the formation of both granules and hydrolytic enzymes. These data as well as the autoradiographic evidence of newly formed protein in the granule region suggested that this was an active process associated with the formation of new hydrolytic enzymes. This report is an extension of these findings in which the origin, rate of formation, and controlling factors connected with granule and hydrolase production have been examined in more detail.
On the sharing opportunities for ultra-dense networks in the radar bands

Finding additional spectrum for indoor networks with very high capacity (ultra-dense networks, UDN) is a prime concern on the road to 5G wireless systems. Spectrum below or around 10 GHz has attractive propagation properties and previous work has indicated that vertical spectrum sharing between indoor users and outdoor wide-area services is feasible. In this paper, we focus on spectrum sharing between UDNs and radar systems. We propose and evaluate regulatory policies that improve sharing conditions/opportunities in areas with large demand (i.e. hot-spots and urban areas). We consider three regulatory policies: area power regulation, deployment location regulation and the combination of these. We address the scenario where secondary users can reliably exploit time and space domain sharing opportunities in the S- and Ku-Bands by means of geo-location databases and spectrum sensing. We evaluate these opportunities in terms of the required time-averaged separation distance between the radar system and the UDN that both protects the radar system as well as guarantees a minimum secondary transmission probability. Our results show that there are ample adjacent channel sharing opportunities for indoor usage in both the S- and Ku-Bands. In the Ku-Band, even outdoor hot-spot use is feasible with very relaxed restrictions. Co-channel usage in the S-band requires large separation distances that makes it practically unfeasible in cities with nearby radar sites. Overall, deployment location regulation seems to be the most effective means to limit interference to the radar system and improve sharing opportunities.
The effects of low- and high-glycemic index meals on time trial performance.

PURPOSE The aim of this work was to determine whether the consumption of pre-exercise high- or low-glycemic index (GI) meals has a beneficial effect on time trial performance. METHODS Eight male cyclists were provided with either a high-GI or low-GI meal, providing 1 g x kg(-1) body mass of carbohydrate, 45 min before performing a 40-km time trial on a Velotron cyclePro. RESULTS Time trial performance was significantly improved in the low-GI trial (92.5 +/- 5.2 min) compared with the high-GI trial (95.6 +/- 6.0 min) (P = .009). Blood glucose concentrations at the point of exhaustion were significantly higher in the low-GI trial (5.2 +/- 0.6 mmol x L(-1)) compared with the high-GI trial (4.7 +/- 0.7 mmol x L(-1)) (P = .001). There was no significant difference in estimated carbohydrate oxidation data between the low-GI (2.51 +/- 1.74 g x min(-1)) and high-GI (2.18 +/- 1.53 g x min(-1)) meals (P = .195). No significant difference in estimated fat oxidation was observed between the low-GI (0.15 +/- 0.15 g x min(-1)) and high-GI (0.29 +/- 0.18 g x min(-1)) diets (P = .83). CONCLUSIONS The improvement in time trial performance for the low-GI trial may be associated with an increased availability of glucose to the working muscles, contributing additional carbohydrate for oxidation and possibly sparing limited muscle and liver glycogen stores.
Letters of Recommendation: Controversy and Consensus from Expert Perspectives

Letters of recommendation (LORs) are a widely used selection tool with many issues associated with their use. To address some of these issues, 575 professionals in personnel-related professions reported their experiences with LORs. We separated items into consensus, polarized, or neither categories. Experts reached consensus that letter inflation is a problem that may never be alleviated and that more weight is placed on letters written by someone the reader knows or from a prestigious institution or organization. Most items were polarized, suggesting substantial controversy in the field regarding LORs. Some items originally polarized reached consensus within profession (academic vs applied). Academic professionals reported using LORs more and placing more weight on their contents than applied professionals. Implications discussed include recommendations for future research and practice, such as the appropriate use of LORs, LOR formats, and training.
Job Analysis and the Specification of Content for Licensure and Certification Examinations

Although practice analysis (i.e., job analysis) serves as the primary source of evidence supporting the validity of scores from licensure and certification exams, there is surprisingly little consensus in the measurement community regarding suitable methods for conducting job analyses and translating the results into test plans. In the first half of this article, I review general approaches to job analysis and consider methodological issues related to sampling and the development of rating scales used to measure and describe a profession or occupation. In the second half of the article, I evaluate the utility of different types of test plans and describe both judgmental and empirical methods for using practice analysis data to help determine the content, structure, and category weights for test plans. I conclude the article with recommendations for research and practice.
Which Is the Fairest One of All? A Positive Analysis of Justice Theories

This paper evaluates numerous positive and normative theories of justice in positive terms, i.e., in terms of how accurately they describe the impartial fairness preferences of real people. In addition, the paper proposes and defends an integrated justice theory based on preferences over four distinct and sometimes conflicting forces. These forces frame the analysis of the individual theories and inspire four corresponding theoretical classes: equality and need, utilitarianism and welfare economics, equity and desert, and context. This synthesis enables one to treat justice rigorously and to reconcile results that often appear contradictory or at odds with alternative theories.
Atomic collisions with relativistic heavy ions. III. Electron capture.

Cross sections for the electron capture by 82- , 140- , and 200-MeV/amu Xe/sup 54 +/, Xe/sup 53 +/, and Xe/sup 52 +/ ions incident on thin solid targets from Be to Au were measured. The measurements are compared with calculations of radiative and nonradiative capture. The nonradiative capture calculations are based on the relativistic eikonal approximation which includes transitions from K, L, and M shells of the target to nearly all projectile shells. In high-Z targets, nonradiative capture into excited states of the projectile is dominant, as predicted by the eikonal calculations and confirmed by comparing measured cross sections for bare Xe/sup 54 +/ and Xe/sup 52 +/ (1s/sup 2/) projectiles. A simple formula for estimating nonradiative-electron-capture cross sections for relativistic-ion accelerator design and other applications is derived. Double and triple electron capture are also observed in the low-velocity, high-Z collisions.
V.I. Lenin and A.V. Chayanov: looking back, looking forward

This essay revisits aspects of the ‘Lenin–Chayanov debate’ which was so prominent in the formative period of The Journal of Peasant Studies: to distinguish some of its various strands, to identify some of its tensions and ambiguities, and to reflect on the legacies of Lenin and Chayanov. The resonances and ramifications of Lenin's and Chayanov's work encompass so many aspects of the world-historical, and highly charged, theme of the fate(s) of the peasantry in the making of modernity – the development of capitalism and (once) socialism – that the observations and suggestions presented here can only be selective. They are offered in the hope of clarifying and stimulating consideration of patterns of agrarian change today: how they differ from, and might be illuminated by, past experiences and the ideas they generated.
Adult attachment and psychological well-being in cancer caregivers: the mediational role of spouses' motives for caregiving.

OBJECTIVE Caring for a spouse with cancer can be challenging on many levels. How caregivers adjust to this challenge may be influenced both by their personal orientation to the relationship and by their motives for providing care. In this study we examined the prediction of caregiver well-being from the relationship qualities specified by attachment theory and from motives specified by self-determination theory. DESIGN Cross-sectional data reported here are from the American Cancer Society's Quality of Life Survey for Caregivers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Three measures were included as indicators of the caregiver's psychological adjustment: benefit finding in cancer caregiving experience, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. RESULTS In structural equation models, among both husband (n = 154) and wife (n = 160) caregivers, attachment security (assessed with respect to the spouse) related positively to autonomous motives for and finding benefit in caregiving; attachment anxiety related to introjected motives for caregiving and more depression. Among husbands (but not wives), autonomous motives also related to less depression, and introjected motives related to less life satisfaction and more depression. Among wives (but not husbands), autonomous motives related to greater benefit finding. CONCLUSION Variations in attachment orientations and in reasons for providing care are important elements in understanding the psychological well-being of cancer caregivers.
Identification of Novel and Known Oocyte-Specific Genes Using Complementary DNA Subtraction and Microarray Analysis in Three Different Species1

Abstract The main objective of the present study was to identify novel oocyte-specific genes in three different species: bovine, mouse, and Xenopus laevis. To achieve this goal, two powerful technologies were combined: a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based cDNA subtraction, and cDNA microarrays. Three subtractive libraries consisting of 3456 clones were established and enriched for oocyte-specific transcripts. Sequencing analysis of the positive insert-containing clones resulted in the following classification: 53% of the clones corresponded to known cDNAs, 26% were classified as uncharacterized cDNAs, and a final 9% were classified as novel sequences. All these clones were used for cDNA microarray preparation. Results from these microarray analyses revealed that in addition to already known oocyte-specific genes, such as GDF9, BMP15, and ZP, known genes with unknown function in the oocyte were identified, such as a MLF1-interacting protein (MLF1IP), B-cell translocation gene 4 (BTG4), and phosphotyrosine-binding protein (xPTB). Furthermore, 15 novel oocyte-specific genes were validated by reverse transcription-PCR to confirm their preferential expression in the oocyte compared to somatic tissues. The results obtained in the present study confirmed that microarray analysis is a robust technique to identify true positives from the suppressive subtractive hybridization experiment. Furthermore, obtaining oocyte-specific genes from three species simultaneously allowed us to look at important genes that are conserved across species. Further characterization of these novel oocyte-specific genes will lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to the unique functions found in the oocyte.
Employee Well‐Being and the HRM - Organizational Performance Relationship: A Review of Quantitative Studies

There is a lack of consensus on the role of employee well-being in the human resource management–organizational performance relationship. This review examines which of the competing perspectives –‘mutual gains’ or ‘conflicting outcomes’– is more appropriate for describing this role of employee well-being. In addition, this review examines whether study attributes such as the measurement of key variables, the level of analysis and the study design affect a study's outcomes. The review covers 36 quantitative studies published from 1995 to May 2010. Employee well-being is described here using three dimensions: happiness, health and relationship. The main findings are that employee well-being in terms of happiness and relationship is congruent with organizational performance (mutual gains perspective), but that health-related well-being appears to function as a conflicting outcome. Directions for future research and theoretical development are suggested.
The evaluation of transient hypothyroidism in patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism.

BACKGROUND/AIM Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is divided into two groups as 'permanent' and 'transient' We aimed to determine the rate of transient and permanent congenital hypothyroidism of the newborns referred to our clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS Of the newborns who were referred to our clinic from the neonatal screening program, those who were diagnosed with CH and started treatment were included in the study. The treatments of the patients whose required daily treatment dose was reduced to under 1 µg/kg were terminated and those who were followed monthly and whose fT4 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels were normal at least 3 times without treatment were considered to have transient hypothyroidism. RESULTS Of the 256 newborns referred to our clinic from the neonatal screening program, 114 (44.5%) were diagnosed with CH. Of the CH patients, 70% (n = 58) were evaluated to have permanent and 30% (n = 25) transient hypothyroidism. Neonatal and serum TSH levels and treatment doses were found to be significantly lower in the transient hypothyroidism patients. CONCLUSION Initial measurements of the serum TSH level and the required doses of L-thyroxine therapy for maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels, growth, and development may have a predictive role for differentiating permanent forms of CH from transient forms.
Características psicométricas de la versión española del Working Alliance Inventory-Short (WAI-S)

This paper presents a study of the psychometric properties of the Spanish short version of the Working Alliance Inventory. Method: 229 subjects received psychotherapy treatment in a private centre. The mean ages were 29.2 years old (SD=8.84). All patients answered the spanish version of the Working Alliance Inventory when they finished the third session of the therapy. The factor analysis indicated that the first factor is based by the items from the Tasks and Bonds subscale, whereas the sec-ond factor is based by the items from the Tasks and Goals subscale. It is possible to differentiate between the therapeutic alliance subscales in the theory level, but data show that items from Goals, Tasks and Bond are close related. Reliability coefficient based on the internal consistency of the spanish version of the Working Alliance Inventory (short version) is good. Results suggest that therapeutic alliance may be a more unified construct than is usually thought of.
A canine model for studying laryngospasm and its prevention

Laryngospasm, if prolonged, can result in serious sequelae due to the lack of a uniformly effective treatment. Prevention, therefore, through pharmacologic intervention, is an attractive concept. In order to study the effects of various drugs in preventing laryngospasm, a reliable animal model capable of producing sequential, repetitive episodes of laryngospasm is necessary. In this study, the canine model of laryngospasm previously described by Aviv, et al. was modified to overcome technical factors which limited its use in this regard. Details of the technique and the results from eight animals will be presented. Results in two animals with the use of prophylactic topical lidocaine will also be discussed. The reliability and reproducibility of this model make it ideal for the study of laryngospasm and open the way for investigation into its prevention.
Children’s responses towards alcohol in virtual reality: associations between parental alcohol use, drinking selections and intentions to drink

Abstract To prevent harmful drinking, it is essential to understand factors that promote alcohol use at an early age. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of parental alcohol use in children’s selection of alcoholic beverages in a virtual reality (VR) environment and their intentions to drink in the future. Participants were 7–13-year-old children (N = 127) who filled out questionnaires and participated in a VR computer game paradigm in which they were asked to select food and beverages for their parents and themselves. Children’s selection of alcoholic beverages and their intentions to drink alcohol in the future were measured. Children who reported heavier parental drinking selected more alcoholic beverages for their parents and displayed greater intentions to drink alcohol. Children’s responses in virtual reality explained incremental variance in children’s intentions to drink. Implications and limitations are discussed.
The Cf-4 receptor-like protein associates with the BAK1 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity

The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the RLK SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. To address this, we investigated functioning of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. We employed live-cell imaging and co-immunoprecipitation in tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for Cf activity and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf-4. Upon elicitation with the matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. Furthermore, Cf-4 that interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane, is recruited to late endosomes after elicitation. Significantly, BAK1 is required for Avr4-triggered endocytosis, effector-triggered defenses in Cf-4 plants and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Our observations indicate that RLP-mediated immune signaling and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1, reminiscent of BAK1 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for signaling initiation and endocytosis.
Variable-Angle Phase-Shifted PWM for Multilevel Three-Cell Cascaded H-Bridge Converters

Multilevel cascaded H-bridge converters have become a mature technology for applications where high-power medium ac voltages are required. Normal operation of multilevel cascaded H-bridge converters assumes that all power cells have the same dc voltage, and each power cell generates the same voltage averaged over a sampling period using a conventional phase-shifted pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. However, this modulation method does not achieve good results under unbalanced operation per H-bridge in the power converter, which may happen in grid-connected applications such as photovoltaic or battery energy storage systems. In the paper, a simplified mathematical analysis of the phase-shifted PWM technique is presented. In addition, a modification of this conventional modulation method using variable shift angles between the power cells is introduced. This modification leads to the elimination of harmonic distortion of low-order harmonics due to the switching (triangular carrier frequency and its multiples) even under unbalanced operational conditions. The analysis is particularized for a three-cell cascaded H-bridge converter, and experimental results are presented to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed modulation method.
Between Trust and Suspicion

Abstract This article presents an empirical study of the relationship between politicians and journalists in three European countries. Based on a survey among political journalists and Members of Parliament in Belgium, Norway and Sweden we ask how “intimate” the relationship between these two groups really is, and if the informality of the relationship also influences the image they have of one another. Our study shows that the degree of informality differs significantly between the three countries, where the Swedes have less informal contact. We believe this country difference can be mainly attributed to the higher degree of political professionalisation. Unlike Nimmo (1964) our analysis does not suggest that the more informal the relationship is, the less suspicious journalists or politicians are towards the other group. Rather our results seem to show that trust and suspicion go hand in hand.
The Innovator's Dilemma

When I began my search for an answer to the puzzle of why the best firms can fail, a friend offered some sage advice. "Those who study genetics avoid studying humans," he noted. "Because new generations come along only every thirty years or so, it takes a long time to understand the cause and effect of any changes. Instead, they study fruit flies, because they are conceived, born, mature, and die all within a single day. If you want to understand why something happens in business, study the disk drive industry. Those companies are the closest things to fruit flies that the business world will ever see. "