Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Healthy-Left, Unhealthy-Right: Can Displaying Healthy Items to the Left (versus Right) of Unhealthy Items Nudge Healthier Choices?

Would laterally displaying a healthy item to the left versus right of an unhealthy item influence choice and consumption? The results of seven studies demonstrate that displaying healthy items to the left (vs. right) of unhealthy items enhances preference for the healthy options. In addition, consumption volume of a healthy item (vis-a-vis an unhealthy item) is higher when it is placed to the left (vs. right) of the unhealthy item. We propose that a “healthy-left, unhealthy-right” (vs. healthy-right, unhealthy-left) lateral display pattern is congruent with consumers’ mental organization of food items varying in healthfulness, which enhances ease of processing and in turn enhances self-control, thereby leading to a relatively higher likelihood of choosing healthy options. While prior studies have examined the role of several factors in influencing choices between healthy and unhealthy options, the present research is the first to demonstrate the effects of lateral display positions of healthy/unhealthy options on choice and healthful consumption. The findings of our research have important implications for designing retail food displays and restaurant menus as well as for conducting research studies involving healthy and unhealthy food displays.
Human action recognition from a single clip per action

Learning-based approaches for human action recognition often rely on large training sets. Most of these approaches do not perform well when only a few training samples are available. In this paper, we consider the problem of human action recognition from a single clip per action. Each clip contains at most 25 frames. Using a patch based motion descriptor and matching scheme, we can achieve promising results on three different action datasets with a single clip as the template. Our results are comparable to previously published results using much larger training sets. We also present a method for learning a transferable distance function for these patches. The transferable distance function learning extracts generic knowledge of patch weighting from previous training sets, and can be applied to videos of new actions without further learning. Our experimental results show that the transferable distance function learning not only improves the recognition accuracy of the single clip action recognition, but also significantly enhances the efficiency of the matching scheme.
Joint chance-constrained dynamic programming

This paper presents a novel joint chance-constrained dynamic programming algorithm, which explicitly bounds the probability of failure to satisfy given state constraints. Existing constrained dynamic programming approaches cannot handle a joint chance constraint since their application is limited to constraints in the same form as the cost function, that is, an expectation over a sum of one-stage costs. We overcome this challenge by reformulating the joint chance constraint into a constraint on an expectation over a sum of indicator functions, which can be incorporated into the cost function by dualizing the optimization problem. As a result, the primal variables can be optimized by a standard dynamic programming, while the dual variable is optimized by a root-finding algorithm that converges exponentially. Error bounds on the primal and dual objective values are rigorously derived. We demonstrate the algorithm on a path planning problem, as well as an optimal control problem for Mars entry, descent and landing. The simulations are conducted using a real terrain data of Mars, with four million discrete states at each time step.
The biopsychosocial approach to addiction

For many people the concept of addiction involves taking of drugs. Therefore it is perhaps unsurprising that most official definitions concentrate on drug ingestion. Despite such definitions, there is now a growing movement that views a number of behaviours as potentially addictive including many behaviours which do not involve the ingestion of a drug such as gambling, sex, exercise, videogame playing and Internet use. This paper argues that all addictions consist of a number of distinct common components (salience, mood modification, tolerance, withdrawal, conflict and relapse) and that there are many other types of commonality on a psychological, biological, sociological, and cultural level. The paper argues that addictions are a part of a biopsychosocial process and evidence is growing that excessive behaviours of all types do seem to have many commonalities. This may reflect a common etiology of addictive behaviour and suggests that addiction may be a syndrome. It is argued that an eclectic approach to the studying of addictive behaviour appears to be the most pragmatic way forward in the field.
Defining overweight and obesity among Greek children living in Thessaloniki: International versus local reference standards.

BACKGROUND Body Mass Index (BMI) offers a simple and reasonable measure of obesity that, with the use of the appropriate reference, can help in the early detection of children with weight problems. Our aim was to compare the two most commonly used international BMI references and the national Greek BMI reference in identifying Greek children being overweight and obese. METHODS A group of 1557 children (820 girls and 737 boys, mean age: 11.42 ± 3.51 years) were studied. Weight and height was measured using standard methods, and BMI was calculated. Overweight and obesity were determined using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) standards, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) BMI-forage curves and the most recent Greek BMI-for-age curves. RESULTS RESULTS showed that the IOTF's cut-off limits identifies a significantly higher prevalence of overweight (22.4%) compared with both the CDC's (11.8%, p=0.03) and the Greek's (7.4%, p=0.002) cut-off limits. However, the prevalence of obesity was generally increased when it was determined using the CDC's cut-off limits (13.9%) compared to the prevalence calculated with both the IOTF's (6.5%, p=0.05) and the Greek's (6.9%, n.s.) cut off limits. CONCLUSIONS The use of the national Greek reference standards for BMI underestimates the true prevalence of overweight and obesity. On the contrary, both the IOTF and the CDC standards, although independently, detect an increased number of overweight and obese children and thus they should be adopted in the clinical practice for an earlier identification and a timelier intervention.
Ieee Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 1 Discriminative Unsupervised Feature Learning with Exemplar Convolutional Neural Networks

—Deep convolutional networks have proven to be very successful in learning task specific features that allow for unprecedented performance on various computer vision tasks. Training of such networks follows mostly the supervised learning paradigm, where sufficiently many input-output pairs are required for training. Acquisition of large training sets is one of the key challenges, when approaching a new task. In this paper, we aim for generic feature learning and present an approach for training a convolutional network using only unlabeled data. To this end, we train the network to discriminate between a set of surrogate classes. Each surrogate class is formed by applying a variety of transformations to a randomly sampled 'seed' image patch. In contrast to supervised network training, the resulting feature representation is not class specific. It rather provides robustness to the transformations that have been applied during training. This generic feature representation allows for classification results that outperform the state of the art for unsupervised learning on several popular datasets (STL-10, CIFAR-10, Caltech-101, Caltech-256). While features learned with our approach cannot compete with class specific features from supervised training on a classification task, we show that they are advantageous on geometric matching problems, where they also outperform the SIFT descriptor.
Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Review Rewards, Aversions and Affect in Adolescence: Emerging Convergences across Laboratory Animal and Human Data

The adolescent transition is associated with increases in reward-and sensation-seeking, peer-directed social interactions, and risk-taking, with exploratory use of alcohol and other drugs often beginning at this time. These age-related behaviors may have biological roots embedded in the evolutionary past, with similar adolescent-typical characteristics evident across a variety of mammalian species. Drawing across human behavioral and fMRI data and studies conducting in laboratory animals, this review examines processing of rewards, aversions, and affect in adolescence. Evidence for both hyper-and hypo-reactivity during adolescence in the processing of rewards is reviewed, along with possible contributors to these differences. Indications of sometimes heightened reward reactivity during adolescence are contrasted with frequent attenuations in adolescent sensitivity to aversive stimuli. At the same time, adolescents appear particularly prone to becoming emotionally aroused, especially in social contexts. Emerging evidence hints that exaggerated adolescent reactivity in reward and affective systems may be promoted in part by unusual strong cross-reactivity between these systems during adolescence. Such age-related propensities may promote adolescent risk taking, especially in social and exciting contexts, and contribute to adolescent-typical propensities to attach greater benefit and less cost to risky behaviors such as alcohol and drug use than individuals at other ages.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Resolves Effects of Oxidative Stress on Muscle Proteins

We have used site-directed spin labeling and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to explore the effects of oxidation on muscle function, with particular focus on the actin-myosin interaction. EPR measurements show that aging or oxidative modification causes a decrease in the fraction of myosins in the strong-binding state, which can be traced to the actin-binding cleft of the myosin catalytic domain.
Traditional Mechanisms of Resolving Conflicts over Land Resource: A Case of Gorowa Community in Northern Tanzania

Traditional mechanisms for conflicts resolutions in Tanzania have been playing a major role to bring harmony and peace among members of the society. These mechanisms are created within a social-political structure of every community. They have been shaped by the realities that are happening in every community, making them unique to each community. Among Gorowa of Babati in Northern Tanzania conflict and conflict resolution mechanisms have never been static. They have been changing gradually over time as influenced by the nature and dynamics of the socio-political and economic activities. However, despite the fact that, traditional mechanisms contributes much to peace and security in promoting development, no through study have been done to underscore the nature of conflicts and their mechanisms for resolution among Gorowa community. Therefore, this paper tried to fill this gap by analyzing the nature of land conflict and the mechanisms for their resolutions. The study applied qualitative approach in exploring the causes, nature of land conflict and the mechanisms of resolving them. Qualitative approach was mostly used to gather views and opinions of respondents about the nature of land conflict and their mechanism of resolving. Also, quantitative approach was used to supplement the information whereby numerical and statistical data were gathered. The instruments used to collect data were interview, focus group discussions and observation. The study population included experts for conflicts resolution and other members of the community with sample size of 140 respondents. The analysis of the data was done through Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSSx) computer programmes. The main findings of the study showed that, over 75% of the respondent agreed that, land shortage for pasture and cultivation, water scarcity, livestock and family relationships were the main causes of conflicts in Gorowa community. About 60% of respondents had the views that, traditional mechanisms hold significant role in resolving dispute while 55% percent of the respondent preferred modern mechanisms for conflicts resolution. The study concluded that, land conflicts among Gorowa community can be minimized by providing education and adoption of modern technologies in livestock keeping and crop cultivation. The study recommended that, because the nature and causes of conflicts are not fixed, the traditional
Composition and structure of the central Aleutian island arc from arc‐parallel wide‐angle seismic data

New results from wide‐angle seismic data collected parallel to the central Aleutian island arc require an intermediate to mafic composition for the middle crust and a mafic to ultramafic composition for the lower crust and yield lateral velocity variations that correspond to arc segmentation and trends in major element geochemistry. The 3‐D ray tracing/2.5‐D inversion of this sparse wide‐angle data set, which incorporates independent phase interpretations and new constraints on shallow velocity structure, produces a faster and smoother result than a previously published velocity model. Middle‐crustal velocities of 6.5–7.3 km/s over depths of ∼10–20 km indicate an andesitic to basaltic composition. High lower‐crustal velocities of 7.3–7.7 km/s over depths of ∼20–35 km are interpreted as ultramafic‐mafic cumulates and/or garnet granulites. The total crustal thickness is 35–37 km. This result indicates that the Aleutian island arc has higher velocities, and thus more mafic compositions, than average continental crust, implying that significant modifications would be required for this arc to be a suitable building block for continental crust. Lateral variations in average crustal velocity (below 10 km) roughly correspond to trends in major element geochemistry of primitive (Mg # > 0.6) lavas. The highest lower‐crustal velocities (and presumably most mafic material) are detected in the center of an arc segment, between Unmak and Unalaska Islands, implying that arc segmentation exerts control over crustal composition.
Arterioportal shunt: prevalence in small hemangiomas versus that in hepatocellular carcinomas 3 cm or smaller at two-phase helical CT.

PURPOSE To compare the prevalence of arterioportal (AP) shunting associated with (a) small (< or =3 cm) hemangiomas and (b) hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) (< or =3 cm) at two-phase helical computed tomography (CT). MATERIALS AND METHODS Two-phase helical liver CT was performed in 107 patients (61 men, 46 women; age range, 25-73 years; mean, 48.6 years) with 169 small hemangiomas and in 384 patients (292 men, 92 women; age range, 18-82 years; mean, 58.3 years) with 598 HCCs 3 cm or smaller. Diagnosis of HCC was verified with histologic findings (n = 30) or typical imaging and clinical findings (n = 568); that of all hemangiomas was verified with typical imaging and clinical findings. Three radiologists retrospectively reviewed all CT images in consensus. Contrast material-enhanced CT scans were obtained during the hepatic arterial and portal venous phases. AP shunt was considered to be present when wedge-shaped or irregularly shaped homogeneous enhancement peripheral to tumor appeared at hepatic arterial phase CT and isoattenuation or slight hyperattenuation in that area appeared at portal phase CT. The prevalence of AP shunting associated with hemangiomas and that associated with HCCs were compared with multivariate model testing. Speed of lesion enhancement (rapid enhancement, when extent of intratumoral enhancement at hepatic arterial phase CT was >50%; slow enhancement, when extent of intratumoral enhancement was < or =50%) and presence of AP shunt were correlated with chi2 or Fisher exact testing. RESULTS AP shunts were more frequently found in hemangiomas (36 lesions [21.3%]) than in HCCs (25 lesions [4.2%]) (P <.001). Twenty-four (38%) of the 64 hemangiomas with rapid enhancement had AP shunts, whereas only 12 (11.4%) of the 105 hemangiomas with slow enhancement had AP shunts (P <.001). There was no significant difference between prevalence of AP shunt in the 573 HCCs with rapid enhancement (24 lesions, 4.2%) and that in the 25 HCCs with slow enhancement (one lesion, 4.0%). CONCLUSION AP shunts were more frequently seen at two-phase helical CT in small hepatic hemangiomas than in HCCs and thus represent a suggestive but not specific finding of hemangioma. Small hemangiomas with AP shunts tend to show rapid rather than slow enhancement.
Validation of Recruiter Personality Traits for Stress Resiliency

Recent research conducted with Army recruiters has classified recruiting as a high-risk occupation that includes consistently high levels of stress (Mullins & Fatkin, 2000). Research found that recruiters with high neuroticism scores perceived higher levels of job-related stress. The objective of the present study was to validate these previous findings and identify recruiter characteristics that contribute to recruiter stress and performance. Participants for the study included 55 recruiters. The Zuckerman Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire III-Revised (ZKPQ) was used to measure personality. The Multiple Affect Adjective CheckList - Revised (MAACL-R), Subjective Stress Scale, and Specific Rating of Events Scale were used to measure state levels of stress. A cluster analysis was performed with the five subscale measures of the ZKPQ resulting in a four-cluster solution: High Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-High Neuroticism, Low Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism, and High Impulsivity-Low Neuroticism. Separate ANOVAs were computed between personality clusters and recruiter performance and stress measures. Research findings partially supported previous results. Consistent with previous findings (Mullins & Fatkin, 2000), differences in personality did not result in mission performance differences. MAACL-R results indicate that individuals in the high Neuroticism groups perceive higher levels of stress. However, findings for the Subjective Stress Scale and Specific Rating of Events Scale were not significantly related to trait personality clusters.
Final height of short subjects of low birth weight with and without growth hormone treatment

AIM To compare final height in two groups of low birth weight children examined for short stature: the first group untreated because of normal growth hormone (GH) secretion, the second treated with human growth hormone (hGH) because of abnormal secretion. METHODS A total of 49 subjects born at term of birth weight below the 10th centile were consecutively examined for idiopathic short stature. The first group of subjects (n = 20) with normal GH peaks after pharmacological tests (>8 μg/l) spontaneously reached final height. The second group (n = 29) with abnormal secretion were treated with hGH (20 U/m2/week) for 36–84 months. At diagnosis the two groups were of similar height for chronological age and bone age, and had similar target height. RESULTS In both groups final height was significantly lower than target height (−0.65 (SEM 0.20) in untreated cases, −0.61 (0.18) in treated cases). Fewer than one third of subjects had a final height above target height. Final height data of untreated and treated cases were not different. In the treated group the best results were obtained by those subjects who improved their height for bone age after three years of therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our subjects with birth weight below the 10th centile remained as short adults with final height below target height. Treatment with hGH 20 U/m2/week in those diagnosed as deficient was not effective, with final results overlapping those of untreated subjects.
Sleep behaviors in traditional‐age college students: A state of the science review with implications for practice

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to examine influences affecting sleep behavior in traditional-age college students and to advocate for improved sleep behavior assessments. DATA SOURCES A literature search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed databases was performed using the search terms "college students" and "sleep" in the title that were published in English from 1978 to 2016. CONCLUSIONS The circadian clock is reset in traditional-age college students leading to delayed sleep times. Newly realized autonomy and increased use of technology also prevent traditional-age college students from obtaining sufficient sleep. Insufficient sleep experienced by these students has been linked to insulin resistance, hypertension, diabetes, weight gain, and stress. Sleep insufficiency increases the risk for pedestrian, motor vehicle, and domestic and occupational injuries. Insufficient sleep may result in poor academic performance influencing subsequent health outcomes. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Evidence supports the need for nurse practitioners and other healthcare providers to incorporate systematic sleep behavior assessments to improve health outcomes among traditional-age college students.
Paraphilic Coercive Disorder : Behavioral Markers and Validity of Diagnostic Criteria

i Résumé . ii Table of contents . iv List of tables . viii List of acronyms and abbreviations . x Epigraph . xi Acknowledgements . xii Foreword . xiv CHAPTER I – Introduction . 1 Literature Review . 2 Paraphilias, Paraphilic Disorders, and DSM-5 . 2 Historical Background of PCD . 4 Feminists’ opposition . 4 Early theories of sexual offending . 5 Justice system and civil liberties consequences . 5 Clinical and empirical evidence for PCD . 8 The Role of Deviant Sexual Interests in Sexual Offending . 9 Potential Problems Associated with DSM-5’s PCD Criteria . 13 Assessment of Deviant Sexual Interests . 15 Penile plethysmography . 15 Behavioral markers of PCD . 17 Thesis Presentation . 20 Objectives of the Thesis . 20 Structure of the Thesis . 21 References . 23 CHAPTER II – First article . 32 Paraphilic Coercive Disorder: An Unresolved Issue . 33 Abstract . 34
Analysis of the genetic polymorphism of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis.

In recent years, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato has been subdivided into three species, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii, and Borrelia afzelii, and a new species restricted to Japan, Borrelia japonica, has been isolated from Ixodes ovatus. In addition, members of several new genomic groups have been found in America and in Europe, suggesting that there are additional genospecies. In order to study the diversity of B. burgdorferi sensu lato, we analyzed 54 isolates, cultured from humans and from different tick species and obtained from diverse geographic areas, including Europe, the United States, Japan, and the People's Republic of China. In order to investigate the genetic relationship between microorganisms that are transmitted by soft ticks and microorganisms that cause Lyme disease, we also included three strains of relapsing fever spirochetes. The method which we used was multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; 12 genetic loci were characterized on the basis of the electrophoretic mobilities of their products, and 50 distinct allele profiles (electrophoretic types) were distinguished. The mean genetic diversity per locus was 0.747. a cluster analysis of a matrix of genetic distances for pairs of electrophoretic types revealed 11 divisions that were separated at genetic distances greater than 0.65. Five of these divisions corresponded to B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. japonica, and the newly proposed species "Borrelia andersonii. " Our results also confirmed that there are two additional genomic groups in Europe and at least one additional group in the United States. The relapsing fever spirochetes were were not clearly separated from the spirochetes associated with Lyme disease. In conclusion, we believe that the previously proposed subdivision of B. burgdorferi sensu lato into only four species should be reconsidered.