Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Rise of Positional Licensing

Case is defined by the positive values [+H(ighest) R(ole)], [+L(owest) R(ole)], which are assigned to the Th-roles according to their relative position on the Th-role hierarchy (itself a projection of semantic form). (25) a. [+HR] is assigned to the highest role. b. [+LR] is assigned to the lowest role. Our notion of abstract Case resembles GB’s in that it is a syntactically assigned feature complex, but we construe it in a somewhat different way since abstract Case is not by itself a licensing property, but a set of featurally expressed constraints on morphosyntactic case. The licensing property is rather the successful unification (compatibility) of the case features at the different levels, in particular the unification of abstract case and morphosyntactic case. By (25), the three ordered Th-roles of the verb show projected in (22a) (shower, showee, thing shown) are assigned the abstract Case features in (26). (26) [ λz [+LR] ] [ λy [ ] ] [ λx [+HR] ] [x CAUSE [CAN [y SEE z ] ] ] The sole role of an intransitive verb gets both [+HR] and [+LR], and the middle role of a three-place predicate gets neither [+HR] nor [+LR]. The result is an inventory of four abstract structural cases, in Dixonian terms “A”, “S”, “O”, and “D”. (27) a. S: [+HR,+LR] b. O: [+LR] c. A: [+HR] d. D: [ ] Not explicitly indicated in (26) is the fact that all three Th-roles bear a feature of abstract structural case (say [+SC]), which is subclassified by the features [LR, HR]. For typographical simplicity, this will be tacitly assumed to be present in every bracketed feature matrix that follows, with the absence of structural case thus symbolized by the absence of a bracket. Because the case features are intrinsically relational, there can be at most one [+HR] role and at most one [+LR] role per argument structure. On the
Inverse association between social support and household food insecurity in a metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Abstract Objective To verify the association between perceived social support and household food insecurity (HFI). Design A cross-sectional survey. Setting A population-based study with a representative sample of households from a metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, conducted in 2010. HFI was estimated with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Scale (EBIA). Social support was assessed using the adapted and validated Brazilian version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between social support and HFI, adjusting for potential confounders. Subjects Adults (n 1022) aged 19–60 years old (27 % men, 73 % women) who were responsible for feeding the household. Results Individuals with high scores of social support were less likely to experience moderate HFI (OR=0·96; 95 % CI 0·94, 0·99) and severe HFI (OR=0·96; 95 % CI 0·94, 0·98). Conclusions These findings indicate that social support may contribute to reducing HFI in populations vulnerable to poverty. Strategies to increase social relationships should be encouraged in this group to enhance their perceived social support.
Infrastructure's role in lowering Asia's trade costs : building for trade

Contents:ForewordMasahiro Kawai1. Infrastructure's Role in Lowering Asia's Trade Costs Douglas H. Brooks2. Trends in Asian Trade: Implications for Transport Infrastructure and Trade Costs David Hummels3. Trade Infrastructure and Trade Costs: A Study of Select Asian Ports Jon Haveman, Adina Ardelean and Christopher Thornberg4. Empirical Estimates of Transport Costs: Options for Enhancing Asia's Trade Prabir De5. Port Competitiveness: A Case Study of Semarang and Surabaya, Indonesia Arianto A. Patunru, Nanda Nurridzki and Rivayani6. Infrastructure and trade costs in Malaysia: the importance of FDI and exports Siew Yean Tham, Evelyn Devadason and Loke Wai Heng7. Infrastructure Development in a Fast Growing Economy - The People's Republic of China Liqiang Ma and Jinkang Zhang8. Trade Transportation Costs in South Asia: An Empirical Investigation Prabir De
Human Beta-Defensin-1 Suppresses Tumor Migration and Invasion and Is an Independent Predictor for Survival of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients

Background Human beta-defensin-1 (hBD-1) has recently been considered as a candidate tumor suppressor in renal and prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hBD-1 in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC. Methods HBD-1 expression in tissues at different stages of oral carcinogenesis, as well as OSCC cell lines was examined. HBD-1 was overexpressed in HSC-3, UM1, SCC-9 and SCC-25 cells and subjected to cell growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion assays. Tissue microarray constructed with tissues from 175 patients was used to examine clinicopathological significance of hBD-1 expression in OSCC. Results HBD-1 expression decreased from oral precancerous lesions to OSCC and was lower in OSCC with lymph node metastasis than those without metastasis. In vitro, the expression of hBD-1 was related to the invasive potential of OSCC cell lines. Induction of exogenous expression of hBD-1 inhibited migration and invasion of OSCC cells, probably by regulation of RhoA, RhoC and MMP-2; but had no significant effect on proliferation or apoptosis. In a cohort of patients with primary OSCC, cases with no expression of hBD-1 had more chance to be involved in lymph node metastasis. Eventually, the positive expression of hBD-1 was associated with longer survival of patients with OSCC, and multivariate analysis and ROC curve analysis confirmed hBD-1 positivity to be an independent prognostic factor of OSCC, especially OSCC at early stage. Conclusions Overall, these data indicated that hBD-1 suppressed tumor migration and invasion of OSCC and was likely to be a prognostic biomarker and a potential target for treatment of OSCC.
Bee Preference for Native versus Exotic Plants in Restored Agricultural Hedgerows

Habitat restoration to promote wild pollinator populations is becoming increasingly common in agricultural lands. Yet, little is known about how wild bees, globally the most important wild pollinators, use resources in restored habitats. We compared bee use of native and exotic plants in two types of restored native plant hedgerows: mature hedgerows (>10 years from establishment) designed for natural enemy enhancement and new hedgerows (≤2 years from establishment) designed to enhance bee populations. Bees were collected from flowers using timed aerial netting and flowering plant cover was estimated by species using cover classes. At mature hedgerow sites, wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity were greater on native plants than exotic plants. At new sites, where native plants were small and had limited floral display, abundance of bees was greater on native plants than exotic plants; but, controlling for floral cover, there was no difference in bee diversity and richness between the two plant types. At both mature and new hedgerows, wild bees preferred to forage from native plants than exotic plants. Honey bees, which were from managed colonies, also preferred native plants at mature hedgerow sites but exhibited no preference at new sites. Our study shows that wild bees, and managed bees in some cases, prefer to forage on native plants in hedgerows over co‐occurring weedy, exotic plants. Semi‐quantitative ranking identified which native plants were most preferred. Hedgerow restoration with native plants may help enhance wild bee abundance and diversity, and maintain honey bee health, in agricultural areas.
Bailing Out Expectations and Health Expenditure in Italy

In this paper we propose a simple model of bailing out that closely describes the intergovernmental relationships between the Central government and the regional governments in the Italian public health care sector. The theoretical model suggests that bail out expectations by regions can be thought as the missing variable emphasised by Culyer (1988) in empirical models explaining health expenditure. We test this prediction by using data on regional health expenditure during the years 1990-1999. We show that financing by regions is influenced by political variables that capture changes in bail out expectations. This “expected” funding has a positive relationship with expenditure, even when Central government decreased financing to regions. Moreover, the “alignment effect” shows that “friendly” regional governments receive more money and support Central government by reducing expenditure.
De Novo Assembly and Characterization of the Transcriptome of Seagrass Zostera marina Using Illumina Paired-End Sequencing

Background The seagrass Zostera marina is a monocotyledonous angiosperm belonging to a polyphyletic group of plants that can live submerged in marine habitats. Zostera marina L. is one of the most common seagrasses and is considered a cornerstone of marine plant molecular ecology research and comparative studies. However, the mechanisms underlying its adaptation to the marine environment still remain poorly understood due to limited transcriptomic and genomic data. Principal Findings Here we explored the transcriptome of Z. marina leaves under different environmental conditions using Illumina paired-end sequencing. Approximately 55 million sequencing reads were obtained, representing 58,457 transcripts that correspond to 24,216 unigenes. A total of 14,389 (59.41%) unigenes were annotated by blast searches against the NCBI non-redundant protein database. 45.18% and 46.91% of the unigenes had significant similarity with proteins in the Swiss-Prot database and Pfam database, respectively. Among these, 13,897 unigenes were assigned to 57 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 4,745 unigenes were identified and mapped to 233 pathways via functional annotation against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway database (KEGG). We compared the orthologous gene family of the Z. marina transcriptome to Oryza sativa and Pyropia yezoensis and 11,667 orthologous gene families are specific to Z. marina. Furthermore, we identified the photoreceptors sensing red/far-red light and blue light. Also, we identified a large number of genes that are involved in ion transporters and channels including Na+ efflux, K+ uptake, Cl− channels, and H+ pumping. Conclusions Our study contains an extensive sequencing and gene-annotation analysis of Z. marina. This information represents a genetic resource for the discovery of genes related to light sensing and salt tolerance in this species. Our transcriptome can be further utilized in future studies on molecular adaptation to abiotic stress in Z. marina.
Patterns for Parallel Application Programs

We are involved in an ongoing effort to design a pattern language for parallel application programs. The pattern language consists of a set of patterns that guide the programmer through the entire process of developing a parallel program, including patterns that help find the concurrency in the problem, patterns that help find the appropriate algorithm structure to exploit the concurrency in parallel execution, and patterns describing lower-level implementation issues. The current version of the pattern language can be seen at http://www.cise. ufl.edu/research/~ParallelPatterns. In the current note, we present three selected patterns from our pattern language, selected from the set of patterns that are used after the problem has been analyzed to identify the exploitable concurrency. The EmbarrassinglyParallel pattern is used when the problem can be decomposed into a set of independent tasks. The SeparableDependencies pattern can be used when dependencies between tasks can be pulled outside the concurrent execution by replicating data prior to the concurrent execution and then combining the replicated data afterwards. The GeometricDecomposition pattern is used when the problem space can be decomposed into discrete subspaces and the problem solved by first exchanging information among subspaces and then concurrently computing solutions for the subspaces.
Spatial distribution of interstellar gas in the innermost 3 kpc of our galaxy

We review the present observational knowledge on the spatial distribution and the physical state of the different (molecular, atomic and ionized) components of the interstellar gas in the innermost 3 kpc of our Galaxy - a region which we refer to as the interstellar Galactic bulge, to distinguish it from its stellar counterpart. We try to interpret the observations in the framework of recent dynamical models of interstellar gas flows in the gravitational potential of a barred galaxy. Finally, relying on both the relevant observations and their theoretical interpretation, we propose a model for the space-averaged density of each component of the interstellar gas in the interstellar Galactic bulge.
Experimental Neuropathy in Mice Is Associated with Delayed Behavioral Changes Related to Anxiety and Depression

BACKGROUND:Patients with chronic pain frequently suffer affective disorders, particularly anxiety and depression. Although clinical research on the relationship between pain and depressive symptoms has been done, it is not clear whether pain causes depression or depression exaggerates pain. To investigate the relation between pain and affect, we measured anxiety and depression-related behaviors in mice after spinal nerve ligation using classical behavioral tests. METHODS:After unilateral ligation of the left fifth lumbar nerve, we measured pain behaviors using von Frey and radiant heat tests. Activity level, anxiety-related behaviors, and depression-related behaviors were tested with open field, light-dark exploration, elevated plus-maze, and forced swim tests. RESULTS:Sensory hypersensitivity was observed within a few days after ligation. Anxiety and depression-related behaviors were not seen 2 and 7 days after ligation. However, 15 and 30 days after ligation we found clear evidence of anxiety and depression-related behaviors, without loss of mobility. CONCLUSIONS:Nerve injury can trigger affective disturbances in mice that appear much later than sensory hypersensitivity.
What Horizon for Price Stability

This paper analyses in a unified framework the twin issues of the appropriate horizon for achieving price stability in the face of unexpected disturbances and the choice of a price level versus an inflation objective. Using a small estimated forward-looking model of the euro area economy, the three main findings are: 1) The policy horizon becomes shorter the greater the weight on price stability in society's objective function, the higher the degree of 'forward-lookingness' in the economy and the greater the slope of the Phillips curve; 2) The optimal policy horizon for a price level objective is generally greater than that for an inflation objective; 3) Even if society cares about inflation stabilisation (rather than the stabilisation of the price level), it often pays to give the central bank a price level objective (rather than an inflation objective), provided the horizon is optimally chosen to be somewhat longer and there is a small weight on interest rate stabilisation in the loss function. This result depends, however, on the structure of the economy. JEL Classification: E4, E5
Theory of Mind in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

Results: ToM instruments used in schizophrenia spectrum disorders have some major psychometric limitations; however, previous research was still able to provide some important findings regarding mentalizing impairments in schizophrenia. While ToM deficits are more pronounced in the acute phase of illness, it seems to persist during periods of remission. There is also evidence of ToM deficits in the healthy relatives of schizophrenics, patients with delusional disorder and bipolar disorder (BD), and individuals with high schizotypy scores. ToM dysfunction might be secondary to other cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia that have a good prognosis, asymptomatic schizophrenia, delusional disorder, and BD. Other cognitive deficits do not seem to explain ToM dysfunction in patients with psychosis and severe negative symptoms. These findings support the contribution of impairment in both domain-general and domain-specific mechanisms to ToM deficits in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. ToM deficits may be important for understanding poor social functioning and poor insight in psychotic disorders.
An enhanced semi-blind DWT–SVD-based watermarking technique for digital images

Abstract This paper presents a semi-blind hybrid watermarking technique based on singular value decomposition (SVD) and discrete wavelet transformation (DWT). The proposed technique decomposes the host image using DWT and combines the singular values (SVs) of the watermark and the selected sub-bands. A binary watermark is used to be embedded in the grey-scale original image. This watermark image passes through multiple operations before embedding. The watermark is converted into a vector, which is permuted into scrambled data by using a key as the initial random seed of this process. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is able to resist a variety of attacks.
A Model Conditioned Data Compression Based Similarity Measure

Many methodologies and similarity measures based on data compression have been recently introduced to compute similarities between general kinds of data. Two important similarity indices are the normalized information distance (NID), with its approximation normalized compression distance (NCD), and the pattern recognition based on data compression (PRDC). At first sight NCD and PRDC are quite different: the former is a direct metric while the latter is a methodology which computes a compression distance with an intermediate step of encoding files into texts. In spite of this, it is possible to demonstrate that they are both based on estimates of Kolmogorov complexities (when this is known for the former but not for the latter). Finally, this results in the definition of a new measure: the model conditioned data compression based similarity measure (McDCSM), which is a modified version of PRDC, and is the topic of this paper.
Online Video Game Therapy for Mental Health Concerns: A Review

Background: There has been research on the use of offline video games for therapeutic purposes but online video game therapy is still fairly under-researched. Online therapeutic interventions have only recently included a gaming component. Hence, this review represents a timely first step toward taking advantage of these recent technological and cultural innovations, particularly for the treatment of special-needs groups such as the young, the elderly and people with various conditions such as ADHD, anxiety and autism spectrum disorders. Material: A review integrating research findings on two technological advances was conducted: the home computer boom of the 1980s, which triggered a flood of research on therapeutic video games for the treatment of various mental health conditions; and the rise of the internet in the 1990s, which caused computers to be seen as conduits for therapeutic interaction rather than replacements for the therapist. Discussion: We discuss how video games and the internet can now be combined in therapeutic interventions, as attested by a consideration of pioneering studies. Conclusion: Future research into online video game therapy for mental health concerns might focus on two broad types of game: simple society games, which are accessible and enjoyable to players of all ages, and online worlds, which offer a unique opportunity for narrative content and immersive remote interaction with therapists and fellow patients. Both genres might be used for assessment and training purposes, and provide an unlimited platform for social interaction. The mental health community can benefit from more collaborative efforts between therapists and engineers, making such innovations a reality.
Mayors in the middle : politics, race, and mayoral control of urban schools

Acknowledgments vii List of Contributors ix PART 1 INTRODUCTION Chapter One Mayor-centrism in Context 3 Jeffrey R. Henig and Wilbur C. Rich PART 2 CASE STUDIES Chapter Two Baltimore: The Limits of Mayoral Control 27 Marion Orr Chapter Three Chicago: The National "Model" Reexamined 59 Dorothy Shipps Chapter Four Boston: Agenda Setting and School Reform in a Mayor-centric System 96 John Portz Chapter Five Detroit: "There Is Still a Long Road to Travel, and Success Is Far from Assured. " 120 Jeffrey Mirel Chapter Six Cleveland: Takeovers and Makeovers Are Not the Same 159 Wilbur C. Rich and Stefanie Chambers Chapter Seven Washington, D.C.: Race, Issue Definition, and School Board Restructuring 191 Jeffrey R. Henig PART 3 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Chapter Eight Structure, Politics, and Policy: The Logic of Mayoral Control 221 Kenneth J. Meier Chapter Nine Mayors and the Challenge of Modernization 232 Clarence N. Stone Chapter Ten Concluding Observations: Governance Structure as a Tool, Not a Solution 249 Jeffrey R. Henig and Wilbur C. Rich Index 267
Jak3 Enables Chemokine-Dependent Actin Cytoskeleton Reorganization by Regulating Cofilin and Rac/Rhoa GTPases Activation

We have previously shown that Jak3 is involved in the signaling pathways of CCR7, CCR9 and CXCR4 in murine T lymphocytes and that Jak3−/− lymphocytes display an intrinsic defect in homing to peripheral lymph nodes. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the defective migration observed in Jak3−/− lymphocytes remains elusive. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time, that Jak3 is required for the actin cytoskeleton reorganization in T lymphocytes responding to chemokines. It was found that Jak3 regulates actin polymerization by controlling cofilin inactivation in response to CCL21 and CXCL12. Interestingly, cofilin inactivation was not precluded in PTX- treated cells despite their impaired actin polymerization. Additionally, Jak3 was required for small GTPases Rac1 and RhoA activation, which are indispensable for acquisition of the migratory cell phenotype and the generation of a functional leading edge and uropod, respectively. This defect correlates with data obtained by time-lapse video-microscopy showing an incompetent uropod formation and impaired motility in Jak3-pharmacologically inhibited T lymphocytes. Our data support a new model in which Jak3 and heterotrimeric G proteins can use independent, but complementary, signaling pathways to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics during cell migration in response to chemokines.