Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Framework to Analyze the Impact of Maps on VANET Simulation ∗

Mobility models play an important role on VANET simulation, which has been discussed in many studies. However, few studies have analyzed the impact of maps. We find that maps can greatly influence simulation results. We present a framework to help researchers analyze the impact of maps. We regard intersections in the map as virtual nodes and propose Virtual node coverage (VNC) and Virtual connected components (VCC) as two metrics to estimate the impact of maps. Through theoretical analysis and extensive simulations, we show that our approach can be applied to various scenarios and researchers can use our approach to analyze the impact of maps on VANET simulation.
The contribution of zooplankton faecal pellets to deep-carbon transport in the Scotia Sea (Southern Ocean)

Abstract. The northern Scotia Sea contains the largest seasonal uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide yet measured in the Southern Ocean. This study examines one of the main routes by which this carbon fluxes to the deep ocean: through the production of faecal pellets (FPs) by the zooplankton community. Deep sediment traps were deployed at two sites with contrasting ocean productivity regimes (P3, naturally iron-fertilized, and P2, iron-limited) within the same water mass. The magnitude and seasonal pattern of particulate organic carbon (POC) and FPs in the traps was markedly different between the two sites. Maximum fluxes at P3 (22.91 mg C m−2 d−1; 2534 FP m−2 d1) were 1 order of magnitude higher than at P2 (4.01 mg C m−2 d−1; 915 FP m−2 d1, with flux at P3 exhibiting a double seasonal peak, compared to a single flatter peak at P2. The maximum contribution of FP carbon to the total amount of POC was twice as high at P3 (91%) compared to P2 (40%). The dominant FP category at P3 varied between round, ovoidal, cylindrical and tabular over the course of the year, while, at P2, ovoidal FPs were consistently dominant, always making up more than 60% of the FP assemblage. There was also a difference in the FP state between the two sites, with FPs being relatively intact at P3, while FPs were often fragmented with broken peritrophic membranes at P2. The exception was ovoidal FPs, which were relatively intact at both sites. Our observations suggest that there was a community shift from a herbivorous to an omnivorous diet from spring through to autumn at P3, while detritivores had a higher relative importance over the year at P2. Furthermore, the flux was mainly a product of the vertically migrating zooplankton community at P3, while the FP flux was more likely to be generated by deeper-dwelling zooplankton feeding on recycled material at P2. The results demonstrate that the feeding behaviour and vertical distribution of the zooplankton community plays a critical role in controlling the magnitude of carbon export to the deep ocean in this region.
Effect of socio-demographic status on dental caries in pupils by using a multilevel hurdle model*

Introduction: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic disease among schoolchildren. We aimed to investigate the association between dental caries index and socio-demographic status in schoolchildren by using a multilevel hurdle model. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional epidemiological study was carried out on 906 primary school pupils in Kerman, Iran in 2012. The subjects were selected through a stratified cluster random sampling. At first, the whole target area was stratified according to two geographic areas, the north and south area. Then each area was stratified according to gender. In the next step, several schools were considered as clusters, which were selected randomly in each geographic area and gender strata. All the schoolchildren in these schools were included in this study as samples. Twelve-year-old pupils were examined for dental caries. The dependent variable in this study was the dmft/DMFT index. Eight variables, including socio-demographic information, were collected. Multilevel negative binomial hurdle model was employed for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of caries-free pupils was 30.1% and the mean dmft/DMFT was 3.6 ± 2.2. Negative binomial part of the adjusted model showed that the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for females was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.10-1.79) times higher than males. Also, the dmft/DMFT adjusted rate for overweight pupils was 0.86 (95% CI: 0.74-0.98) times lower than those with normal weight. Logistic part of the adjusted model showed that the posibility of caries-free state in overweight pupils was 1.95 (95% CI: 1.22-3.11) times higher than those with normal weight. In addition, pupils whose fathers and mothers were workers and housewives, respectively, and those with a high maternal age were at a greater risk for caries experience than others (p
Aldose Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Compounds from  Zea mays L.

Aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors have a considerable therapeutic potential against diabetes complications and do not increase the risk of hypoglycemia. Through bioassay-guided fractionation of an EtOH extract of the kernel from purple corn (Zea mays L.), 7 nonanthocyanin phenolic compounds (compound 1–7) and 5 anthocyanins (compound 8–12) were isolated. These compounds were investigated by rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitory assays. Kinetic analyses of recombinant human aldose reductase (rhAR) were performed, and intracellular galactitol levels were measured. Hirsutrin, one of 12 isolated compounds, showed the most potent RLAR inhibitory activity (IC50, 4.78 μM). In the kinetic analyses using Lineweaver-Burk plots of 1/velocity and 1/substrate concentration, hirsutrin showed competitive inhibition against rhAR. Furthermore, hirsutrin inhibited galactitol formation in rat lens and erythrocytes sample incubated with a high concentration of galactose; this finding indicates that hirsutrin may effectively prevent osmotic stress in hyperglycemia. Therefore, hirsutrin derived from Zea mays L. may be a potential therapeutic agent against diabetes complications.
The Effects of Internet Use on Political Participation

We seek to clarify the relationship between Internet use and political participation. Although early theorists touted the potential mobilizing effects of the Internet, existing empirical studies have failed to find support for such a relationship. We challenge these findings through the analysis of an experimental use of an online discussion forum in anagency strategic planning exercise. The Web-based discussion run in parallel to the traditional docket attracted new individuals to participate in the decision-making process and influenced the range of topics discussed. These results suggest that extending opportunities for participation can attract new voices, thereby changing decision makers’information environment.
Buffer solutions may compromise cardiac resuscitation by reducing coronary perfusion presssure.

OBJECTIVE --To investigate the effects of hypertonic buffer solutions on coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and resuscitability during experimental closed-chest cardiac resuscitation. DESIGN --Randomized, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING --Mammalian research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS --Forty-four domestic pigs. INTERVENTIONS --Cardiac arrest was induced by ventricular fibrillation in mechanically ventilated pigs anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Precordial compression was started at the third minute of untreated ventricular fibrillation and maintained for an interval of 8 minutes. A hypertonic solution of sodium bicarbonate, Carbicarb (an equimolar mixture of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate [International Medication Systems, Ltd]), or sodium chloride or an isotonic solution of sodium chloride was infused into the right atrium over a 1-minute interval starting at the sixth minute of ventricular fibrillation. Restoration of spontaneous circulation was attempted by DC transthoracic countershock after 11 minutes of ventricular fibrillation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES --Plasma osmolality, CPP, and cardiac resuscitability. RESULTS --Infusion of hypertonic buffer and sodium chloride solutions increased plasma osmolality from an average of 280 to 330 mOsm/kg. This was accompanied by a significant decrease in the aortic pressures and CPPs generated during precordial compression. No such changes occurred after infusion of isotonic sodium chloride. Restoration of spontaneous circulation, as in earlier studies, was contingent on the levels of CPP prior to attempted defibrillation. Accordingly, none of 13 animals in which the CPP declined to less than 10 mm Hg after infusion of the hypertonic solutions were successfully resuscitated. This contrasted with nine animals that received isotonic sodium chloride and served as controls. Coronary perfusion pressure consistently exceeded 10 mm Hg in these control animals, and spontaneous circulation was restored in each instance. CONCLUSIONS --Hypertonic solutions and specifically buffer solutions administered in the absence of vasopressor agents may adversely affect cardiac resuscitation efforts by reducing CPP below critical thresholds.
Camera Traps Can Be Heard and Seen by Animals

Camera traps are electrical instruments that emit sounds and light. In recent decades they have become a tool of choice in wildlife research and monitoring. The variability between camera trap models and the methods used are considerable, and little is known about how animals respond to camera trap emissions. It has been reported that some animals show a response to camera traps, and in research this is often undesirable so it is important to understand why the animals are disturbed. We conducted laboratory based investigations to test the audio and infrared optical outputs of 12 camera trap models. Camera traps were measured for audio outputs in an anechoic chamber; we also measured ultrasonic (n = 5) and infrared illumination outputs (n = 7) of a subset of the camera trap models. We then compared the perceptive hearing range (n = 21) and assessed the vision ranges (n = 3) of mammals species (where data existed) to determine if animals can see and hear camera traps. We report that camera traps produce sounds that are well within the perceptive range of most mammals’ hearing and produce illumination that can be seen by many species.
Effect of supplementation of the laying hen diet with olive leaves (Olea europea L.) on lipid oxidation and fatty acid profile of α-linolenic acid enriched eggs during storage

1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementation of the layer diet with olive leaves (Olea europea L.) on lipid oxidation and fatty acid profile of α-linolenic acid enriched eggs during refrigerated storage, and to compare this effect with α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation. 2. A total of 72 brown Lohmann laying hens, equally allocated to 3 groups, were fed on diets supplemented with 40 g/kg linseed oil, or linseed oil and olive leaves at 10 g/kg or linseed oil and α-tocopheryl acetate at 200 mg/kg. Collected eggs were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation either fresh or following 60 d storage at 4°C. 3. Results showed that olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation reduced lipid hydroperoxide concentration in fresh eggs but had no effect on their fatty acid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) content compared to controls. 4. Refrigerated storage for 60 d decreased the proportions of PUFAs but increased those of MUFAs in eggs from the control diet, whilst it had no effect on the fatty acid composition of eggs from the diets supplemented with olive leaves or α-tocopheryl acetate, which in turn showed decreased concentrations of lipid hydroperoxides and MDA.
Exploring the Roles of Horizontal, Vertical, and Oblique Transmissions in Language Evolution

This article proposes an acquisition framework that involves horizontal, vertical, and oblique transmissions. Based on a lexiconâsyntax coevolution model, it discusses the relative roles of these forms of cultural transmission on language origin and change. The simulation results not only reveal an integrated role of oblique transmission that combines the roles of horizontal and vertical transmissions in preserving linguistic understandability within and across generations of individuals, but also show that both horizontal and oblique transmissions are more necessary than vertical transmission for language evolution in a multiagent cultural environment.
Nitric oxide‐induced Cl− secretion in isolated rat colon is mediated by the release of thromboxane A2

We have shown previously that thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which may be released by the anti‐tumour drug irinotecan and by platelet‐activating factor (PAF), causes Cl− secretion in the isolated rat colon. In the present study, the involvement of TXA2 in nitric oxide‐induced Cl− secretion in isolated rat colon was investigated. In colonic mucosa set between Ussing chambers, the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 100 μM) caused Cl− secretion, an effect that was almost completely inhibited by the NO scavenger carboxy‐PTIO at 200 μM. The SNP‐induced Cl− secretion was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner by the TXA2 receptor antagonist ONO‐3708 (IC50= 2 μM) and the TX synthase inhibitor Y‐20811 (IC50= 0.4 μM). SNP significantly increased the release of TXA2 (measured as TXB2 release) from the mucosa. The SNP‐induced increases in Cl− secretion and TXA2 release were blocked by a NO‐sensitive guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ). Dibutyryl cGMP (500 μM) also induced Cl− secretion, which was sensitive to ONO‐3708 (10 μM) and Y‐20811 (1 μM), and increased the release of TXA2 from the mucosa. PAF‐induced (10 μM) Cl− secretion was inhibited by carboxy‐PTIO (200 μM) and ODQ (10 μM), whereas irinotecan‐induced (500 μM) Cl− secretion was not significantly inhibited by these drugs. A stable TXA2 analogue (STA2) but not SNP (100 μM) changed the membrane potential of epithelial cells in isolated colonic crypts under the whole‐cell current‐clamp condition. These results indicate that PAF elicits the NO‐cGMP pathway and then stimulates the release of TXA2, which is a stimulant of colonic Cl− secretion. In contrast, the NO‐cGMP pathway is not involved in the TXA2‐mediated Cl− secretion induced by irinotecan.
PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM OF INTENSELY STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT REDSHIFT∼2

We analyze the physical conditions in the interstellar gas of 11 actively star-forming galaxies at z∼2, based on integral-field spectroscopy from the ESO-VLT and Hubble Space Telescope/Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer imaging. We concentrate on the high Hα surface brightnesses, large line widths, line ratios, and the clumpy nature of these galaxies. We show that photoionization calculations and emission line diagnostics imply gas pressures and densities that are similar to the most intense nearby star-forming regions at z = 0 but over much larger scales (10–20 kpc). A relationship between surface brightness and velocity dispersion can be explained through simple energy injection arguments and a scaling set by nearby galaxies with no free parameters. The high velocity dispersions are a natural consequence of intense star formation thus regions of high velocity dispersion are not evidence for mass concentrations such as bulges or rings. External mechanisms such as cosmological gas accretion generally do not have enough energy to sustain the high velocity dispersions. In some cases, the high pressures and low gas metallicites may make it difficult to robustly distinguish between active galactic nucleus ionization cones and star formation, as we show for BzK−15504 at z = 2.38. We construct a picture where the early stages of galaxy evolution are driven by self-gravity which powers strong turbulence until the velocity dispersion is high. Then massive, dense, gas-rich clumps collapse, triggering star formation with high efficiencies and intensities as observed. At this stage, the intense star formation is likely self-regulated by the mechanical energy output of massive stars.
Interventions for Necrotizing Pancreatitis: Summary of a Multidisciplinary Consensus Conference

Abstract Pancreatic and peripancreatic necrosis may result in significant morbidity and mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Many recommendations have been made for management of necrotizing pancreatitis, but no published guidelines have incorporated the many recent developments in minimally invasive techniques for necrosectomy. Hence, a multidisciplinary conference was convened to develop a consensus on interventions for necrotizing pancreatitis. Participants included most international experts from multiple disciplines. The evidence for efficacy of interventions was reviewed, presentations were given by experts, and a consensus was reached on each topic. In summary, intervention is primarily indicated for infected necrosis, less often for symptomatic sterile necrosis, and should ideally be delayed as long as possible, preferably 4 weeks or longer after the onset of disease, for better demarcation and liquefaction of the necrosis. Both the step-up approach using percutaneous drainage followed by minimally invasive video-assisted retroperitoneal debridement and per-oral endoscopic necrosectomy have been shown to have superior outcomes to traditional open necrosectomy with respect to short-term and long-term morbidity and are emerging as treatments of choice. Applicability of these techniques depends on the availability of specialized expertise and a multidisciplinary team dedicated to the management of severe acute pancreatitis and its complications.
The coordination of speaking and listening in dialogue

The present research examined the coordination of speech production and speech comprehension. Whilst conversing with others we must coordinate the planning of our own speech output with the comprehension of our speech partner(s)’s utterances. However, very little is known about the coordination. Through examining participants’ speech and eye-movements, this research questioned how people manage to coordinate their speaking and listening in dialogue. In 6 studies I demonstrate that tracking prediction processes offers an effective measure of online comprehension. When employing an appropriate dual-task, where two linguistic tasks competed for attention, cognitive resources had to be shared between the two tasks. Where necessary, participants actively engaged in strategies that helped to reduce processing demands including separation of production and comprehension, comparable processing of simple and complex syntactic structures, and using online prediction to preserve capacity. These capacity saving processes and strategy use enabled speech production to be effectively coordinated with speech comprehension in an experimental setting.
Progresses and challenges of utilizing traditional birth attendants in maternal and child health in Nigeria

Background and Objectives: Despite advances in modern healthcare, Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA) have continued to be heavily utilized in rural communities in Nigeria. Major disparities in maternal health care in Nigeria remain present despite the goal of the United Nations Millennium Development Goal to reduce maternal mortality by 2015. The objective of this study is to review the contribution of TBAs in the birthing process in Nigeria, and to examine barriers and opportunities for utilizing TBAs in improving maternal and child health outcomes in Nigeria. Methods: A literature review of two major electronic databases was conducted using the PRISMA framework to identify English language studies conducted between 2006 and 2016. Inclusion criteria included articles that examined the role of traditional birth attendants as a factor influencing maternal health in Nigeria. Results: The value of TBAs has not been fully examined as few studies have aimed to examine its potential role in reducing maternal mortality with proper training. Eight manuscripts that were examined highlighted the role of TBAs in maternal health including outcomes of utilizing trained versus non-trained TBAs. Conclusion and Global Health Implications: Specific areas of training for TBAs that were identified and recommended in review including: recognizing delivery complications, community support for TBA practices through policy, evaluation of TBA training programs and increasing collaboration between healthcare facilities and TBAs. Policies focused on improving access to health services and importantly, formal health education training to TBAs, are required to improve maternal health outcomes and underserved communities.
Muon ring cooler for the MUCOOL experiment

A possibility to use a ring cooler for the MUCOOL experiment is considered. The cooler is a ring accelerator of about 37 m in circumference consisting of 8 dipole magnets, 4 short solenoids with a field flip of /spl plusmn/2.5 T, and 4 long solenoids with adiabatic field 2-5 T. The 201.25 MHz linacs provide accelerating gradient 15 MV/min in the long straight sections. Four 1.3 m long liquid hydrogen absorbers are put between the linacs for transverse cooling, and LiH wedge absorbers in the short SS are used for the emittance exchange. To simplify the injection problem, /spl pi/-/spl mu/-production on an internal target is considered as an option for the MUCOOL experiment.
Adolescents Experiences with Cyberbullying: A Mixed Methods Analysis

This study investigated gender differences in cyberbullying and the relationship between perpetrators and victims and asked the following research questions: Are there differences in who engages in cyberbullying more often, based on one’s gender? Are there differences in perceptions of reporting, when a cyberbully is a friend or stranger? Why or why not, would adolescents report one source over the other? Data was collected from 70 students, ages 16 to 18years-old (42 females, 28 males), in a public secondary school in Southwestern Ontario. A mixed methodology was utilized. Quantitative data from the Cyberbullying Student Survey was analyzed, and qualitative data from the semi-structured focus groups was collected to obtain a better understanding of the phenomenon. Results indicate that males perceived that females use cyberbullying more often. Females however, held the belief that males and females cyberbully equally, or that cyberbullies are mostly female. Frequency counts suggest that adolescents are equally likely to report and not report cyberbullying by a friend. However, 61% of the sample indicated reporting cyberbullying if the perpetrator is a stranger. Participants also indicated that they were more likely to report cyberbullying behaviours of strangers, than of their friends, due to the fear of retaliation from their friends. Furthermore, among females revenge was perceived as the most common motive to engage in cyberbullying. Implications for students, parents, and school officials regarding prevention are discussed.
The Qi wireless power standard

To enable a wide use of wireless power applications, the wireless power consortium has developed an industry standard to achieve interoperability between products that will carry the Qi logo. This paper introduces the Qi wireless power standard, explains the basic decisions that has been made in the process and provides a preview and short explanation of the system.