Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Manipulating the environment of cancer cells in bone: a novel therapeutic approach.

The fact that human cancers have preferential sites of distant spread indicates that metastasis is a highly specific and regulated process rather than a random event. Breast cancer is one of several cancers, including prostate, thyroid, and kidney, that display a very high frequency of metastasis to bone (1). The predilection for breast cancer to spread to bone was recognized more than a hundred years ago by Paget (2), who proposed that bone provides a favorable and specific “soil,” or microenvironment, for the growth of specific “seed,” or breast cancer cells. As a densely mineralized tissue, bone represents a particularly harsh environment for successful tumor cell establishment and growth. Older ideas of pathogenesis favor the view that tumor cells themselves directly cause bone breakdown as a result of their general invasive properties. Such invasive capability is essential, of course, but there is little doubt that the most important specific property required of cancer cells to metastasize in bone is the ability to promote bone resorption, thereby providing a niche in which tumor cells can grow and expand in this otherwise hostile environment. The resorption by host osteoclasts is essential to provide space for tumor establishment and expansion within the mineralized bone matrix (3). Human breast cancer deposits in bone are surrounded by active osteoclasts (3, 4), and evidence obtained from animal models demonstrates active softening, resorption, and destruction of bony tissue (osteolysis) (4, 5) metastasis to bone (6). Furthermore, inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is effective in reducing bone metastatic burden in clinical (7) and experimental studies (8). In this issue of the JCI, Gallwitz and colleagues (9) investigate the inhibition of osteolytic bone destruction associated with metastatic human breast cancer cells.
Electoral Change, Inertia and Campaigns in New Zealand

Electoral change creates important and competing incentives for political parties, parliamentary elites and candidates to transform their campaign techniques in order to maximize votes under the new realities - a process constrained by continued reliance on familiar techniques. In this article I examine two significant moments of electoral change in New Zealand from partisan stability to dealignment in the late 1980s, and from an SMP/plurality system to Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) representation in 1996 - as a way of exploring inertia and change in the transformation of campaigns at the constituency level. Drawing on findings from in-depth interviews conducted with individuals responsible for the parties' campaigns in the 1987 and 1996 New Zealand general elections, I explore the extent to which political campaign elites, parliamentarians and candidates responded to incentives to adopt a fundamentally new election campaign logic - in these two cases, dictated by the new tactical centrality of marginal seats and geographically defined constituencies in the modern first-past-the-post (FPP) campaign, and then by the ascendancy in their place of the party list vote, issue constituencies and nationwide campaigns under MMP.
Discoloration of Roots Caused by Residual Endodontic Intracanal Medicaments

Aims. This study examined the extent to which intervisit corticosteroid-based antibiotic pastes (CAP) medicaments contribute to staining of tooth structure after attempted removal by irrigation techniques. Methods. A total of 140 roots were prepared and the canals were filled with Ledermix paste (demeclocycline), Odontopaste (clindamycin), and Doxypaste (doxycycline). The pastes were removed after 2 or 4 weeks of storage in the dark using EDTA and NaOCl with either a 27-gauge-slotted needle or an EndoActivator (Dentsply). The roots were then exposed to an intense light source for 30 minutes each week and photographed after a further 1, 3, or 6 months. Digital images were standardized and data for changes in luminosity were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and a post hoc test. Results. Removal of the medicament did not prevent later discolouration. There was no significant difference between the paste removal methods. Ledermix paste caused the greatest darkening compared to the untreated controls, for both application periods and both methods of removal. Doxypaste and Odontopaste caused less darkening than Ledermix. Conclusion. Medicaments that stain teeth may continue to discolour teeth despite best attempts to remove them. This study stresses the importance of material selection and minimising contact of Ledermix within the coronal aspects of teeth.
Social Information Processing and the Verbal and Physical Abuse of Women

This study examined the relationship between personality and the abuse of women. Relatively unexplored variables such as authoritarianism, private self-consciousness, and adversarial sexual beliefs were examined along with sex-role attitudes. It was predicted that personality variables with a social information processing orientation (i.e., private self-consciousness and adversarial sexual beliefs) would be more closely associated with abuse than generalized, attitudinal variables (i.e., sex-role attitudes and authoritarianism). One hundred forty-nine men completed a questionnaire containing the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS), Right-Wing Authoritarianism Scale, Self-Consciousness Scale, Adversarial Sexual Beliefs Scale (ASB), and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. The results show that scores on the ASB are most closely associated with the CTS scores. Also, there was a borderline significant effect of private self-consciousness on verbal abuse scores. The results suggest that aspects of social information processing are more closely associated with abuse than are general, attitudinal variables.
Stagnation Without Equity: Patterns of Growth and Inequality in China's Rural Economy

When China's leaders launched rural reforms in the late 1970s, they acknowledged the nation's need to modify its commitment to egalitarianism.1 Slogans such as Tt is glorious to be rich! ' and 'Some areas will lead; others will follow! ' signalled this fundamental shift in ideology. Leaders backed up these exhortations with a series of concrete policy actions ? establishing the Special Economic Zones and implementing the East Coast-first policy, introducing financial reforms, and initiating the rural industrialization movement. In China's version of the 'trickle down' theory, certain core areas were to take the lead in the modernization process and provide models for other areas to later emulate. Adopting strategies that had been employed
Everyday Temporalities: Leisure, Ethics and Young Women’s Emotional Wellbeing

Abstract This article explores the relationship between temporality and young women’s emotional wellbeing in order to consider the implications for leisure and health policy. Time is central to much contemporary social policy. For example, the Active Australia policy urges us to undertake 30 minutes of physical activity per day to maintain physical health. Debates over paid maternity leave implicate work, leisure and family time. Mental health policies also urge us to take time-out to seek help from medical practitioners and engage in preventative care for ourselves. Policies concerning health and leisure increasingly urge women to use time more efficiently and to be more responsible for their own and others’ wellbeing. Hence, it is important to explore critically the effects of how women ‘live’ time as they are urged to organise their work, leisure, family and community lives in particular ways. In this exploration, we connect findings regarding young women from a longitudinal study on Australian women’s health with a qualitative research project investigating the socio-cultural context of youth suicide in urban and rural communities. The issues of time pressure and emotional wellbeing emerge as central to young women’s health and identity. There is also an embodied, emotional dimension of time that requires further investigation in relation to the development of health and leisure policies and programs aimed at prevention of illness and promotion of wellbeing. We explore this sense of ‘lived temporality’ through a concern with the ethical dimensions of everyday social relations, rather than viewing leisure time as merely a resource for health.
Space Meets Time: Integrating Temporal and Contextual Influences on Mental Health in Early Adulthood

The integration of temporal life course perspectives and current social context perspectives is considered as a framework for the understanding of mental health differences in early adulthood, a formative stage in the development of long-term mental health differences. Using data from the National Survey of Children and a cross-nested random effects model to simultaneously assess the effects of current and past neighborhood, the authors find a lagged effect of childhood neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage on early adult mental health, while accounting for initial mental health status. This lagged effect also explains the apparent (bivariate) effect of current neighborhood. Four hypotheses are assessed to explain the lagged effect of neighborhood: contextual continuity, mental health continuity, life course stress accumulation, and ambient chronic stress in the neighborhood. Support is found for a cumulative mediating effect of both life course stress and ambient neighborhood stress as children grow up; together, these variables entirely explain the lagged effect of early neighborhood. Findings suggest the need for a more temporal life course approach to the specification of social context effects in general, focusing on the history of social contexts that individuals live in and move through. Temporal-contextual perspectives also encourage a focus on theoretical models that can differentially locate formative contextual influences at different stages in the life course.
School transition from elementary to secondary school: changes in psychological adjustment

School transition is a critical life event for many children. However, the effects of school transition on children's stress experiences reported in the literature have been inconsistent. The present study with 564 third- to sixth-graders compared the changes in experienced stress level and in somatic and psychological symptoms during the transition from elementary to secondary schools (from grade 4 to grade 5) to the changes of two control groups (experiencing changes from grades 3 to 4 and from grades 5 to 6, but without school transition). The results show decreases in experienced stress levels and somatic and psychological symptoms after school transition. However, these decreases reflect mainly recovery effects after the school summer break, as comparisons with the control groups indicate.
Parents' Causal Attributions Concerning Children's School Achievement: A Longitudinal Study

The present study investigated the causes to which parents attribute their children's academic successes and failures during children's transition from preschool to primary school. It followed 182 mothers and 167 fathers of 207 children. The parents completed a questionnaire concerning their causal attributions, level of education, and parenting styles in the middle of the preschool year and during Grades 1 and 2. The children's performance in reading and mathematics was tested at the beginning of the preschool year. The results showed that, while the children were in preschool, parents attributed their children's success to ability and teaching. When the children moved to primary school, parents increasingly attributed their children's success to ability, whereas they typically attributed failure to lack of effort. Furthermore, the higher the level of performance the children showed, the more the parents attributed their children's success to ability and the less they attributed it to teaching.
Host adaptor proteins Gab1 and CrkII promote InlB‐dependent entry of Listeria monocytogenes

The bacterial surface protein InlB mediates internalization of Listeria monocytogenes into mammalian cells through interaction with the host receptor tyrosine kinase, Met. InlB/Met interaction results in activation of the host phosphoinositide (PI) 3‐kinase p85‐p110, an event required for bacterial entry. p85‐p110 activation coincides with tyrosine phosphorylation of the host adaptor Gab1, and formation of complexes between Gab1 and the p85 regulatory subunit of PI 3‐kinase. When phosphorylated in response to agonists, Gab1 is known to recruit several Src‐homology 2 (SH2) domain‐containing proteins including p85, the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 and the adaptor CrkII. Here, we demonstrate that Gab1.p85 and Gab1.CrkII complexes promote entry of Listeria. Overexpression of wild‐type Gab1 stimulated entry, whereas Gab1 alleles unable to recruit all SH2 proteins known to bind wild‐type Gab1 inhibited internalization. Further analysis with Gab1 alleles defective in binding individual effectors suggested that recruitment of p85 and CrkII are critical for entry. Consistent with this data, overexpression of wild‐type CrkII stimulated bacterial uptake. Experiments with mutant CrkII alleles indicated that both the first and second SH3 domains of this adaptor participate in entry, with the second domain playing the most critical role. Taken together, these findings demonstrate novel roles for Gab1 and CrkII in Listeria internalization.
Free Traits, Personal Projects and Idio-Tapes: Three Tiers for Personality Psychology

McAdams has invoked and extended the Allportian ideal of a truly integrative personology by proposing a three-tier framework to guide personality theory and research. It is an intriguing and valuable proposal. Each of the three levels that he regards as essential to a complete personology (traits, concerns, and narratives) appears in exemplary reflexive fashion in his target article: He displays admirable scholarly traits, completes an estimable project, and spins us a fine tale. I both praise McAdams and propose a modification of his three-level structure. Hence my subtitle, "Three Tiers for Personality Psychology," may be intoned with a slurred voice and taken both as a celebratory invocation and an alternative structural formulation of three levels for personality research. I propose some realignments of the McAdamite framework that I believe will strengthen the structure. I propose that Level 1 (Traits) be expanded by incorporating the concept of free traits. I suggest compressing the overly stretched Level 2 (Concerns) by focusing on personal projects and other personal action constructs (PAC) units that provide a needed coherence at this level. Finally, I propose an angular reorientation of Level 3 (life stories) in which narratives are related not only by the telling of modernist stories but by other, postmodern communications devices, such as idio-tape recorders. The perspective that informs my suggested revision to the framework is a social-ecological one (e.g., Little, 1987) in which individuals are seen as living at the convergence of several concentric rings of influence, including physical environment and social, cultural, and biological spheres of influence. Through the mounting of personal projects (Level 2) individuals are able to integrate the disparate, and at times conflicting, demands of their personal contexts (Little, 1995).
A CMOS temperature sensor with a voltage-calibrated inaccuracy of ±0.15°C (3σ) from −55 to 125°C

This paper describes an energy-efficient CMOS temperature sensor intended for use in RFID tags. The sensor achieves an inaccuracy of ±0.15°C (3σ) over the military temperature range (-55 to 125°C) and dissipates only 27nJ/conversion: over 20× less than a previous sensor with comparable accuracy and resolution [2]. This energy efficiency is achieved by the use of an improved charge-balancing scheme and a zoom ADC that combines a 5b coarse SAR conversion with a 10b fine 2<sup>nd</sup>-order ΔΣ conversion.
Justice and Social Conflict

This article analyzes possible effects of ideas of justice, perceptions of injustice, and the use of justice arguments on the emergence, course, and resolution of social conflicts. Four functions of justice are identified: (1) ideas of justice and perceptions of injustice can elicit or evoke social conflicts; (2) justice arguments and rhetorics can be used to support one's own position in a dispute; (3) the basic value and the principles and rules of justice can restrict social conflicts and help to generate ways of conflict resolution; (4) the labelling of conflict resolutions as just can increase the acceptance of the resolution. The analysis is illustrated by making reference to a recent case of international conflict and diplomatic controversy. Cet article analyse les effets possibles des idees de justice, les prceptions d'injustice et l'utilisation d'arguments juridiques sur l'emergence, le developpement et la resolution de conflits sociaux. Quatre fonctions de la justice sont identifiees: (1) les id.
Identifying generic skills through curriculum mapping: a critical evaluation

This article describes processes involved in a curriculum mapping exercise that constituted the first phase of a project aimed at furthering the integration of generic skills in a Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood) program. The purpose of the mapping exercise was to identify the generic skills currently fostered in the program, and those that appear to be overlooked. The article draws attention to the complexity of issues associated with curriculum mapping and highlights the need to refine the somewhat simplistic curriculum mapping techniques advocated in much of the existing literature. The centrality of collegial dialogue to curriculum mapping if it is to lead to curriculum change is also emphasized.
The influence of thermally aged surface of polyethylene blend films on space charge and charge transport dynamics

In high voltage cables, polyethylene is widely used as the insulation. With temperature, the physicochemical properties of polyethylene are gradually changed through thermal ageing mechanisms. In this paper, experiments were carried out to explore the effect of a thermally aged surface of polyethylene blend (HDPE/LDPE) films on the space charge and charge transport dynamics in the bulk associated with positive and negative charge injection. Thermal treatment was used to treat one surface of the specimens, which was exposed to air at a high temperature for various short times. The rate of oxidation on the surface was determined by the ATR-FTIR technique. The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) technique and DC conductivity were used to investigate space charge and charge transport dynamics respectively. It was found that the oxidized surface resulted in a significant changes in the amount of accumulated space charge and the DC conductivity initially decreased below that of the reference sample. However, a severely oxidized surface resulted in the increases in both space charge accumulation and conductivity compared with the unaged reference. The general trends did not differ greatly when the anode and cathode contacted the oxidized surface, despite the different types of charge injection (i.e. negative and positive injection).
CLINICAL TRIAL OF LAMIVUDINE IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS

A BSTRACT Background Lamivudine therapy is effective for chronic hepatitis B infection in adults. We evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of lamivudine as a treatment for chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) in children. Methods Children with chronic hepatitis B were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive either oral lamivudine (3 mg per kilogram of body weight; maximum, 100 mg) or placebo once daily for 52 weeks. The primary end point was virologic response (defined by the absence of serum hepatitis B e antigen and serum HBV DNA) at week 52 of treatment. Results Of the 403 children screened, 191 were randomly assigned to receive lamivudine and 97 to receive placebo. The rate of virologic response at week 52 was higher among children who received lamivudine than among those who received placebo (23 percent vs. 13 percent, P=0.04). Lamivudine therapy was well tolerated and was also associated with higher rates of seroconversion from hepatitis B e antigen to hepatitis B e antibody, normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels, and suppression of HBV DNA. Conclusions In children with chronic hepatitis B, 52 weeks of treatment with lamivudine was associated with a significantly higher rate of virologic response than was placebo. (N Engl J Med 2002;346: 1706-13.)
Novel argumentation and attitude change: The case of polarization following group discussion

This study is concerned with attitude polarization as a function of two properties of a persuasive message: (a) its validity or acceptability and (b) its novelty. The latter is defined as the extent to which the message contains new arguments unlikely to have been already considered by the individual. Acceptability is assumed to be a necessary condition for inducing attitude change; the impact of novelty, therefore, was expected to be most pronounced for arguments of high validity. This hypothesis was tested in two related studies using arguments produced in response to choice dilemma items, widely used in research on polarization. First, it was shown that arguments rated as both valid and novel were perceived as more persuasive than arguments rated either as highly valid but obvious (non-novel) or as low in validity (non-valid) but novel. Second, when subjects read samples of valid arguments, their attitudes polarized in the direction advocated by the novel arguments rather than by the non-novel ones. These findings are considered relevant to the polarization of attitudes in groups. Other research demonstrates that this phenomenon is the result of persuasive arguments raised during group discussion, The present study suggests why such arguments may be persuasive.
Screening for salt tolerance in maize (zea mays l.) hybrids at an early seedling stage

An efficient and simple mass screening technique for selection of maize hybrids for salt tolerance has been developed. Genetic variation for salt tolerance was assessed in hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) using solution-culture technique. The study was conducted in solution culture exposed to four salinity levels (control, 40, 80 and 120 mM NaCl). Seven days old maize seedlings were transplanted in themopol sheet in iron tubs containing 1⁄2 strength Hoagland nutrient solutions and salinized with common salt (NaCl). The experiment was conducted in the rain protected wire house of Stress Physiology Laboratory of NIAB, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Ten maize hybrids were used for screening against four salinity levels. Seedling of each hybrid was compared for their growth under saline conditions as a percentage of the control values. Considerable variations were observed in the root, shoot length and biomass of different hybrids at different salinity levels. The leaf sample analysed for inorganic osmolytes (sodium, potassium and calcium) showed that hybrid Pioneer32B33 and Pioneer30Y87 have high biomass, root shoot fresh weight and high K/Na ratio and showed best salt tolerance performance at all salinity levels on overall basis.
Assessing Structural Knowledge.

This study evaluated the validity of some new methods to assess student's cognitive representations of classroom learning. In the context of a sophomore-junior level class in statistics and design, 40 students judged the relatedness of 30 of the important concepts in the domain. Network representations of the rating data were derived using the Pathfinder scaling algorithm. The similarity between each student's and the instructor's networks was then assessed using a set-theoretic measure C