Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Focus on the Controversial Aspects of 64Cu-ATSM in Tumoral Hypoxia Mapping by PET Imaging

Mapping tumor hypoxia is a great challenge in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging as the precise functional information of the biological processes is needed for many effective therapeutic strategies. Tumor hypoxia has been widely reported as a poor prognostic indicator and is often associated with tumor aggressiveness, chemo- and radio-resistance. An accurate diagnosis of hypoxia is a challenge and is crucial for providing accurate treatment for patients’ survival benefits. This challenge has led to the emergence of new and novel PET tracers for the functional and metabolic characterization of tumor hypoxia non-invasively. Among these tracers, copper semicarbazone compound [64Cu]-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (=64Cu-ATSM) has been developed as a tracer for hypoxia imaging. This review focuses on 64Cu-ATSM PET imaging and the concept is presented in two sections. The first section describes its in vitro development and pre-clinical testing and particularly its affinity in different cell lines. The second section describes the controversial reports on its specificity for hypoxia imaging. The review concludes that 64Cu-ATSM – more than a hypoxic tracer, exhibits tracer accumulation in tumor, which is linked to the redox potential and reactive oxygen species. The authors concluded that 64Cu-ATSNM is a marker of over-reduced cell state and thus an indirect marker for hypoxia imaging. The affinity of 64Cu-ATSM for over-reduced cells was observed to be a complex phenomenon. And to provide a definitive and convincing mechanism, more in vivo studies are needed to prove the diagnostic utility of 64Cu-ATSM.
The Problem of Agency; How Humans Act, How Machines Act

A long-standing debate in the IS literature concerns the relationship between technology and organization. Is it technology that acts on organizations, or humans that determine how technology is used? Proposals for a middle way between the extremes of technological and social determinism have been put forward based on Giddens’ structuration theory, and, more recently, from actor network theory. The two theories, however, may be seen to adopt rather different, and potentially incompatible, views of agency (action). Thus, structuration theory sees agency as a uniquely human property, whereas the principle of general symmetry in actor network theory implies that machines may also be actors (agents). This rather fundamental disagreement may be characterized as the problem of agency. At the empirical level the problem of agency was played out in a Canadian telecoms company adopting an ERP system. Was it the mangers and unions (the human agents) that were determining the trajectory of the organization, or did the ERP system also play a role? This paper argues that neither structuration theory or actor network theory offers a particularly convincing account of the interplay of human and machine agency in this case. Since they cannot easily be combined, IS researchers need to develop more convincing theories which are focused on organization and IT. Some guidelines for this development are offered.
Binding of Carbonic Anhydrase IX to 45S rDNA Genes Is Prevented by Exportin-1 in Hypoxic Cells

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a surrogate marker of hypoxia, involved in survival and pH regulation in hypoxic cells. We have recently characterized its interactome, describing a set of proteins interacting with CA IX, mainly in hypoxic cells, including several members of the nucleocytoplasmic shuttling apparatuses. Accordingly, we described complex subcellular localization for this enzyme in human cells, as well as the redistribution of a carbonic anhydrase IX pool to nucleoli during hypoxia. Starting from this evidence, we analyzed the possible contribution of carbonic anhydrase IX to transcription of the 45S rDNA genes, a process occurring in nucleoli. We highlighted the binding of carbonic anhydrase IX to nucleolar chromatin, which is regulated by oxygen levels. In fact, CA IX was found on 45S rDNA gene promoters in normoxic cells and less represented on these sites, in hypoxic cells and in cells subjected to acetazolamide-induced acidosis. Both conditions were associated with increased representation of carbonic anhydrase IX/exportin-1 complexes in nucleoli. 45S rRNA transcript levels were accordingly downrepresented. Inhibition of nuclear export by leptomycin B suggests a model in which exportin-1 acts as a decoy, in hypoxic cells, preventing carbonic anhydrase IX association with 45S rDNA gene promoters.
Prognostic value of Annexin A3 in human colorectal cancer and its correlation with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α

Annexins are a family of intracellular proteins that bind membrane phospholipids in a Ca2+ concentration-dependent manner and are involved in cellular processes, including apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) has been hypothesized to be critical in the angiogenesis of tumors. We hypothesized that Annexin A3, a member of the Annexin family, and HIF-1α may be associated with each other in colorectal cancer. The expression of Annexin A3 and HIF-1α in 60 colorectal cancer tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry to statistically analyze the association between the clinicopathological features and survival of these cases. In the present study, 65 and 47% of colorectal cancer specimens were found to show Annexin A3 and HIF-1α immunoreactivity, respectively. Annexin A3 expression was found to significantly correlate with tumor size and Dukes’ stage (all P<0.05). Furthermore, Annexin A3 and HIF-1α protein expression exhibited a similar pattern in these samples, and their expression was found to correlate with poor survival in colorectal cancer patients. The results of the current study indicated for the first time that the increased expression of Annexin A3 in colorectal cancer correlates significantly with tumor growth and poor prognosis. Furthermore, Annexin A3 has been found to correlate with HIF-1α expression. These observations highlight an improved understanding of the carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer.
Cellular Players in Skeletal Muscle Regeneration

Skeletal muscle, a tissue endowed with remarkable endogenous regeneration potential, is still under focused experimental investigation mainly due to treatment potential for muscle trauma and muscular dystrophies. Resident satellite cells with stem cell features were enthusiastically described quite a long time ago, but activation of these cells is not yet controlled by any medical interventions. However, after thorough reports of their existence, survival, activation, and differentiation there are still many questions to be answered regarding the intimate mechanism of tissue regeneration. This review delivers an up-to-date inventory of the main known key players in skeletal muscle repair, revealed by various models of tissue injuries in mechanical trauma, toxic lesions, and muscular dystrophy. A better understanding of the spatial and temporal relationships between various cell populations, with different physical or paracrine interactions and phenotype changes induced by local or systemic signalling, might lead to a more efficient approach for future therapies.
Homocysteine Triggers Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages through Inhibiting CSE-H2S Signaling via DNA Hypermethylation of CSE Promoter

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is an independent risk factor of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, Hcy-lowering strategies were found to have limited effects in reducing cardiovascular events. The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Increasing evidence reveals a role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HHcy. Homocysteine (Hcy) is a precursor of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is formed via the transsulfuration pathway catalyzed by cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) and serves as a novel modulator of inflammation. In the present study, we showed that methionine supplementation induced mild HHcy in mice, associated with the elevations of TNF-α and IL-1β in the plasma and reductions of plasma H2S level and CSE expression in the peritoneal macrophages. H2S-releasing compound GYY4137 attenuated the increases of TNF-α and IL-1β in the plasma of HHcy mice and Hcy-treated raw264.7 cells while CSE inhibitor PAG exacerbated it. Moreover, the in vitro study showed that Hcy inhibited CSE expression and H2S production in macrophages, accompanied by the increases of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression and DNA hypermethylation in cse promoter region. DNMT inhibition or knockdown reversed the decrease of CSE transcription induced by Hcy in macrophages. In sum, our findings demonstrate that Hcy may trigger inflammation through inhibiting CSE-H2S signaling, associated with increased promoter DNA methylation and transcriptional repression of cse in macrophages.
Mass function of haloes: scale invariant models

ABSTRACT Press-Schechter theory gives a simple, approximate functional form of the mass function ofdark matter haloes. Sheth and Tormen (ST) reﬁned this mass fu nction to give an improvedanalytical ﬁt to results of N-body simulations. These forms of the halo mass function areuniversal (independent of cosmology and power spectrum) when scaled in suitable variables.Using large suites of LCDM N-body simulations, studies in the last few years have shownthat this universality is only approximate. We explore whether some of the deviations fromuniversality can be attributed to the power spectrum by computing the mass function in N-body simulations of various scale-free models in an Einstein-de Sitter cosmology. This choiceof cosmologydoes not introduceany scale into the problem.These models have the advantageof being self-similar, hence stringent checks can be imposed while running these simulations.This set of numerical experimentsis designed to isolate any power spectrum dependentdepar-tures from universality of mass functions. We show explicitly that the best ﬁt ST parametershave a clear dependence on power spectrum. Our results also indicate that an improved an-alytical theory with more parameters is required in order to provide better ﬁts to the massfunction.Key words: gravitation, methods: N-Body simulations, cosmology: large scale structure ofthe universe
Two distinct olfactory bulb sublaminar networks involved in gamma and beta oscillation generation: a CSD study in the anesthetized rat

A prominent feature of olfactory bulb (OB) dynamics is the expression of characteristic local field potential (LFP) rhythms, including a slow respiration-related rhythm and two fast alternating oscillatory rhythms, beta (15–30 Hz) and gamma (40–90 Hz). All of these rhythms are implicated in olfactory coding. Fast oscillatory rhythms are known to involve the mitral-granule cell loop. Although the underlying mechanisms of gamma oscillation have been studied, the origin of beta oscillation remains poorly understood. Whether these two different rhythms share the same underlying mechanism is unknown. This study uses a quantitative and detailed current-source density (CSD) analysis combined with multi-unit activity (MUA) recordings to shed light on this question in freely breathing anesthetized rats. In particular, we show that gamma oscillation generation involves mainly the upper half of the external plexiform layer (EPL) and superficial areas of granule cell layer (GRL). In contrast, the generation of beta oscillation involves the lower part of the EPL and deep granule cells. This differential involvement of sublaminar networks is neither dependent on odor quality nor on the precise frequency of the fast oscillation under study. Overall, this study demonstrates a functional sublaminar organization of the rat OB, which is supported by previous anatomical findings.
Determination of the Mass of the W Boson Using the D0 " Detector at the Fermilab Tevatron ͑d0 " Collaboration͒

A measurement of the mass of the W boson is presented which is based on a sample of 5982 W→e␯ decays observed in pp ¯ collisions at ͱsϭ1. 8 TeV with the D0 " detector during the 1992–1993 run. From a fit to the transverse mass spectrum, combined with measurements of the Z boson mass, the W boson mass is measured to be M W ϭ80. 350Ϯ0. 140(stat)Ϯ0. 165(syst)Ϯ0. 160(scale) GeV/c 2. Detailed discussions of the determination of the absolute energy scale, the measured efficiencies, and all systematic uncertainties are presented.
From Loyalty to Switching: Exploring the Determinants in the Transition

This study investigates determinants that cause mobile phone customers to transit from being loyal to switching. By examining what keeps customers loyal, and then examining what provokes or entices the same customers to switch, the findings suggest that the transition from loyalty to switching may be due to changes in the underlying determinants as well as new determinants. The study concludes that mobile telecommunications is a commodity and offers several applied implications for mobile service providers and suggestions for future research.
A selective survey of the finite-difference time-domain literature

The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is arguably the most popular numerical method for the solution of problems in electromagnetics. Although the FDTD method has existed for nearly 30 years, its popularity continues to grow as computing costs continue to decline. Furthermore, extensions and enhancements to the method are continually being published, which further broaden its appeal. Because of the tremendous amount of FDTD-related research activity, tracking the FDTD literature can be a daunting task. We present a selective survey of FDTD publications. This survey presents some of the significant works that made the FDTD method so popular, and tracks its development up to the present-day state-of-the-art in several areas. An "on-line" BibT/sub E/X database, which contains bibliographic information about many FDTD publications, is also presented. >
A monitoring system for NoCs

In this paper, we propose and discuss a monitoring architecture for Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) that provides system information useful for helping designers in efficiently exploiting resources available in new complex Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) platforms, and in understanding their behavior. We focus on the analysis of the architectural details and design challenges of such systems, by describing powerful tools for detecting information that can be used both at run-time for detecting dynamic changes in system behavior and at post-execution time for debugging and profiling of applications. We detail the design of the probes monitoring the events and discuss an architecture for collection, storage, and analysis of information generated by them. We evaluate cost of the implementation of the system in terms of area and traffic overhead, and we present results obtained when monitoring a use-case multimedia application.1
Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010.

IMPORTANCE Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for medical cannabis, laws that establish access to medical cannabis may change overdose mortality related to opioid analgesics in states that have enacted them. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the presence of state medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A time-series analysis was conducted of medical cannabis laws and state-level death certificate data in the United States from 1999 to 2010; all 50 states were included. EXPOSURES Presence of a law establishing a medical cannabis program in the state. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age-adjusted opioid analgesic overdose death rate per 100 000 population in each state. Regression models were developed including state and year fixed effects, the presence of 3 different policies regarding opioid analgesics, and the state-specific unemployment rate. RESULTS Three states (California, Oregon, and Washington) had medical cannabis laws effective prior to 1999. Ten states (Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont) enacted medical cannabis laws between 1999 and 2010. States with medical cannabis laws had a 24.8% lower mean annual opioid overdose mortality rate (95% CI, -37.5% to -9.5%; P = .003) compared with states without medical cannabis laws. Examination of the association between medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in each year after implementation of the law showed that such laws were associated with a lower rate of overdose mortality that generally strengthened over time: year 1 (-19.9%; 95% CI, -30.6% to -7.7%; P = .002), year 2 (-25.2%; 95% CI, -40.6% to -5.9%; P = .01), year 3 (-23.6%; 95% CI, -41.1% to -1.0%; P = .04), year 4 (-20.2%; 95% CI, -33.6% to -4.0%; P = .02), year 5 (-33.7%; 95% CI, -50.9% to -10.4%; P = .008), and year 6 (-33.3%; 95% CI, -44.7% to -19.6%; P < .001). In secondary analyses, the findings remained similar. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Medical cannabis laws are associated with significantly lower state-level opioid overdose mortality rates. Further investigation is required to determine how medical cannabis laws may interact with policies aimed at preventing opioid analgesic overdose.
Creation and pilot testing of StrokEngine: a stroke rehabilitation intervention website for clinicians and families.

OBJECTIVE There is a gap in the translation of knowledge about stroke between researchers and clinicians. This paper describes the creation and pilot testing of an evidence-based stroke rehabilitation intervention website, StrokEngine (http://www.strokengine.org), which was designed to close this gap. DESIGN A within-subject design was used to compare the usability and navigability of StrokEngine vs other search strategies/sites. Each participant searched a well-known stroke website, searched StrokEngine, and performed a free search, with the order of search randomized. A standard questionnaire was used to elicit information on usability and navigability across the 3 searches. SUBJECTS A purposive sample of 19 rehabilitation clinicians from Montreal, Quebec, with varied stroke-related treatment experience. RESULTS All 19 clinicians gave the highest usability score to StrokEngine (p<0.05): StrokEngine usability score (mean 43, SD 4) vs the Cochrane Library (mean 26, SD 8), the Royal College of Physicians website (mean 20, SD 5) and a general Internet search (mean 26, SD 7). CONCLUSION This preliminary study on StrokEngine's usability and navigability suggests that it has the potential to be an asset for clinicians who wish to keep abreast of information on intervention effectiveness.
Scale-up in Poroelastic System and Applications to Reservoirs

A fundamental problem of heterogeneous systems is that the macroscale behavior is not necessarily well-described by equations familiar to us at the meso- or microscale. In relatively simple cases like electrical conduction and elasticity, it is hue that the equations describing macroscale behavior take the same form as those at the microscale. But in more complex systems, these simple results do not hold. Consider fluid flow in porous media where the microscale behavior is well-described by Navier-Stokes' equations for liquid in the pores while the macroscale behavior instead obeys Darcy's equation. Rigorous methods for establishing the form of such equations for macroscale behavior include multiscale homogenization methods and also the volume averaging method. In addition, it has been shown that Biot's equations of poroelasticity follow in a scale-up of the microscale equations of elasticity coupled to Navier-Stokes. Laboratory measurements have shown that Biot's equations indeed hold for simple systems but heterogeneous systems can have quite different behavior. So the question arises whether there is yet another level of scale-up needed to arrive at equations valid for the reservoir scale? And if so, do these equations take the form of Biot's equations or some other form? We will discuss these issuesmore » and show that the double-porosity equations play a special role in the scale-up to equations describing reservoir behavior, for fluid pumping, geomechanics, as well as seismic wave propagation. « less
Implications of WMAP observations on the Population III star formation processes

In an earlier paper (Cen 2003) we pointed out the strong likelihood for the universal reionization to occur twice, giving rise to a larger Thomson optical depth. Here we perform a more focused analysis of the Thomson optical depth in light of the WMAP observations. While the current uncertainties on the observed Thomson optical depth are still relatively large, with tau_e=0.17+-0.04 (68%) (Kogut et al 2003), important implications on Pop III star formation processes at high redshift can already be inferred. We are able to draw four conclusions: (1) in the absence of a top-heavy initial stellar mass function (IMF) for Pop III metal-free stars and without a dramatic upturn in the star formation efficiency and ionizing photon escape fraction at high redshift (z>6), we find tau_e = = 0.17 requires either of the following two conditions: the cosmological model power index n is positively tilted to n >= 1.03, Pop III star formation in minihalos with molecular hydrogen cooling has an efficiency c_*(H_2,III)>0.01 (with ionizing photon escape fraction greater than 30%). If the current observed value of Thomson optical depth withstands future data, we will have strong observational evidence that Pop III stars are massive and their formation efficiency may be much higher than current theoretical works suggest. Alternatively, there may be unknown, non-stellar ionizing sources at very high redshift.
A Probabilistic Model of Meetings That Combines Words and Discourse Features

In order to determine the points at which meeting discourse changes from one topic to another, probabilistic models were used to approximate the process through which meeting transcripts were produced. Gibbs sampling was used to estimate the values of random variables in the models, including the locations of topic boundaries. This paper shows how discourse features were integrated into the Bayesian model and reports empirical evaluations of the benefit obtained through the inclusion of each feature and of the suitability of alternative models of the placement of topic boundaries. It demonstrates how multiple cues to segmentation can be combined in a principled way, and empirical tests show a clear improvement over previous work.
Locative-Related Roles and the Argument-Adjunct Distinction in Balinese

This paper uses the realisation of locative-related roles in Balinese to show that there is no clear-cut distinction between arguments and adjuncts, supporting the gradient nature of grammatical functions (cf. Croft 2001; Langacker 1987; Aarts 2007). It argues that argumenthood is not wholly a property of a lexical head predicate and that a purely lexically based projectionist approach to syntactic argument structures cannot be maintained. It also explores the effect that the interplay between relevant properties of locatives has on their recruitability as arguments, and a novel argument-index analysis is proposed as a means to distinguish adjuncts from arguments. The analysis makes use of both general and languagespecific morphosyntactic and morphosemantic tests. Investigation of locative-related roles reveals that certain properties determine their status in the argument-adjunct continuum: thematic, individuated and animate locatives are more argument-like than non-thematic, inanimate and general deictic locatives (in line with Kittilä 2007, 2008; Peterson 2007). Interplay between these properties is shown to affect argument recruitment in Balinese, based on the value of the argument index for a given locative-related role. More generally, there also is evidence that languages vary in whether they allow true adjuncts to be recruited as arguments at all.