Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Impact of Reducing Intrinsic Cognitive Load on Learning in a Mathematical Domain.

This paper examines the effectiveness of instructional strategies that lower cognitive load by reducing task complexity (intrinsic cognitive load). Three groups of 13-year-old students were required to learn a mathematical task under different conditions. One group (Isolated) followed a strategy that used part-tasks where the constituent elements were isolated from each other (element isolation). A second group (Integrated) received whole tasks where all elements were fully integrated, and a third group (Mixed) followed a mixed strategy progressing from part-tasks to whole-tasks. Results indicated that the part-task strategy was effective in lowering cognitive load for all students, but only benefitted learning for students with low prior knowledge. In contrast, students with a higher prior knowledge learned significantly more having studied whole tasks during instruction compared with part-tasks. The mixed-mode method proved to be ineffective for both levels of prior knowledge. These results are discussed in terms of cognitive load theory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative Differences in Academic Self-Concept and Peer Acceptance Among Students in Inclusive Classrooms

This study provides data on the social and affective functioning of 2,011 students in second to eighth grade who were receiving instruction in inclusive general education classrooms. Students were identified as being at risk for school failure, having a disability, using English as a second language, or non-categorized. The academic self-concept and social integration of the students were assessed using two instruments: The Perception of Ability Scale for Students (PASS) and the Perception of Social Closeness Scale (PSCS). On the PASS, the noncategorized group scored significantly higher than each of the three identified groups, but the means of the three categorized groups did not differ significantly. Peer acceptance was again significantly higher for the noncategorized children than it was for each of the three identified groups. However, the group of students with disabilities differed significantly from the group who were at risk, with those children scoring lowest on this measure. Relative differences between academic self-concept and social integration were explored in a series of convergent analyses. Children with disabilities and children who were at risk displayed particularly large (but opposite) discrepancies: Those who were at risk were relatively accepted by their peers but had low perceptions of their own academic abilities. The children with disabilities, however, rated relatively higher in academic self-concept than in social closeness. These relative discrepancies have implications for practice.
When authorities influence followers' affect: The interactive effect of procedural justice and transformational leadership

The present research examined the effect of procedural justice and transformational leadership style on followers' affective responses: Self-esteem and emotions. It was predicted that procedural justice would positively influence both followers' self-esteem and emotions, but particularly so if the leader displayed a transformational style. Results from a scenario experiment, a laboratory experiment, and an organizational survey indeed showed that procedural justice and transformational leadership style interacted to influence followers' self-esteem and emotions, such that the positive relationships between procedural justice and the affective measures were more pronounced when the leadership style was high in transformational behaviour. Implications in terms of integrating the leadership and procedural justice literatures are discussed.
Semantic Knowledge Influences Prewired Hedonic Responses to Odors

Background Odor hedonic perception relies on decoding the physicochemical properties of odorant molecules and can be influenced in humans by semantic knowledge. The effect of semantic knowledge on such prewired hedonic processing over the life span has remained unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings The present study measured hedonic response to odors in different age groups (children, teenagers, young adults, and seniors) and found that children and seniors, two age groups characterized by either low level of (children) or weak access to (seniors) odor semantic knowledge, processed odor hedonics more on the basis of their physicochemical properties. In contrast, in teenagers and young adults, who show better levels of semantic odor representation, the role of physicochemical properties was less marked. Conclusions/Significance These findings demonstrate for the first time that the biological determinants that make an odor pleasant or unpleasant are more powerful at either end of the life span.
Comparison of ThinPrep UroCyte and cytospin slide preparations for gastrointestinal specimens: Evaluation and retrospective performance review

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract cytology has high specificity but poor sensitivity for detecting GI tract cancer. Newer methods of slide preparation may improve cytology performance and additionally permit molecular slide‐based assays that could improve diagnostic accuracy. A split‐sample validation study compared slides prepared using ThinPrep UroCyte filters or a cytocentrifuge method with respect to cellularity, stain quality, and interpretation. In this 15‐slide split‐sample study, UroCyte slide preparations were judged to be superior to cytocentrifuge preparations, and the method was implemented for GI cytology in December 2006. To assess diagnostic performance for GI cytology, we retrospectively reviewed outcomes for one year before and after implementation of UroCyte filter slide preparation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for both slide preparations were largely equivalent to one another and compared favorably with values in the literature, but varied greatly depending on how atypical and suspicious‐atypical cases were defined for calculations. For biopsied biliary samples, the highest sensitivities were observed when all atypical and suspicious‐atypical cases were considered positive for malignancy, but were lower when suspicious‐atypical cases were considered positive and atypical cases were considered negative for malignancy. This highlights the difficulty with comparing studies that define atypical classes differently, and points to the need for a well‐defined approach to performance evaluation that relates directly to how diagnostic information is used clinically. We conclude that the UroCyte filter slide preparation is valid for evaluation of GI cytology specimens and may simplify adjunct molecular testing such as FISH. This is the first reported use of UroCyte filters for preparation of GI specimens. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010;38:902–912. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of oxidative damage in erythrocyte lysis induced by amphotericin B

Lysis of human erythrocytes induced by amphotericin B was retarded when the oxygen tension of the incubation mixture was reduced or when the antioxidant catalase was added; lysis was accelerated when cells were preincubated with the prooxidant ascorbate. In the atmosphere of reduced oxygen tension, the erythrocytes containing carboxyhemoglobin lysed at a slower rate than did the cells containing oxyhemoglobin. Consistent with a role for oxidative damage in lysis, the mixture of erythrocytes and amphotericin B showed an increase in malonyldialdehyde, the product of peroxidation, which paralleled the progression of hemolysis. In contrast, the permeabilizing effect of amphotericin B, measured as a decrease in intracellular K+, was not affected by changes in oxygen tension, catalase, or ascorbate treatment. These results imply that oxidant damage is involved in the lytic, but not in the permeabilizing, action of amphotericin B.
Evidence that Gender Differences in Social Dominance Orientation Result from Gendered Self-Stereotyping and Group-Interested Responses to Patriarchy

Numerous studies have found that, compared to women, men express higher levels of social dominance orientation (SDO), an individual difference variable reflecting support for unequal, hierarchical relationships between groups. Recent research suggests that the often-observed gender difference in SDO results from processes related to gender group identity. We hypothesized that two aspects of gender group identity could account for men's higher SDO relative to women's: responses to patriarchy that reflect the interests of the gender ingroup (as measured by hostile and benevolent sexism) and self-stereotyping in gendered terms. We found the gender difference in SDO was fully mediated by gender differences in feminine self-stereotyping, hostile sexism, and benevolent sexism. The discussion addresses implications for social dominance theory's treatment of gender and the complexity of social-contextual forces that produce gender differences in SDO.
Molding Japanese Minds: The State in Everyday Life

List of IllustrationsAbbreviationsPrefaceSocial Management: An Introduction3Pt. 1State and Society Before 194523Ch. 1The Evolution of "Japanese-Style" Welfare25Ch. 2Defining Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy60Ch. 3The World's Oldest Debate? Regulating Prostitution and Illicit Sexuality88Ch. 4Integrating Women into Public Life: Women's Groups and the State115Pt. 2Social Management in Postwar Japan147Ch. 5Re-creating the Channels of Moral Suasion149Ch. 6Sexual Politics and the Feminization of Social Management178Ch. 7Managing Spiritual Life and Material Well-being206Epilogue231Notes239Bibliography273Interviews298Index299
Validation of a short instrument to measure stigmatised attitudes towards mental illness

AIMS AND METHOD One of the steps to change stigmatised attitudes involves identifying the concerns of people whose attitude is to be changed. This paper presents the Attitudes to Mental Illness Questionnaire (AMIQ), a short instrument aimed at systematically obtaining this information, and examines the feasibility, test–retest reliability as well as face and construct validity of the AMIQ on the UK general public. A postal survey of a random sample of 1079 adults was conducted. A self-reported questionnaire with 5-point Likert scale responses was validated in response to short fictional vignettes. A second subsample of 256 was used for a reliability test. RESULTS The AMIQ is a short instrument with good psychometric properties. It shows good stability, test–retest reliability, alternative test reliability, face, construct and criterion validity. The self-selecting sample of 1079 UK adults showed highly stigmatised attitudes to people with addictive disorders but more positive attitudes to those with depression or self-harm. Results from a smaller follow-up sample showed that attitudes towards people with alcohol dependence and schizophrenia were intermediate. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The AMIQ can be used in various medical and mental health stigma research and intervention settings.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Stimulation Prevents Fibrotic Tissue Remodeling and Improves Survival in Salt-Sensitive Dahl Rats

Background A direct pharmacological stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is an emerging therapeutic approach to the management of various cardiovascular disorders associated with endothelial dysfunction. Novel sGC stimulators, including riociguat (BAY 63-2521), have a dual mode of action: They sensitize sGC to endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) and also directly stimulate sGC independently of NO. Little is known about their effects on tissue remodeling and degeneration and survival in experimental malignant hypertension. Methods and Results Mortality, hemodynamics and biomarkers of tissue remodeling and degeneration were assessed in Dahl salt-sensitive rats maintained on a high salt diet and treated with riociguat (3 or 10 mg/kg/d) for 14 weeks. Riociguat markedly attenuated systemic hypertension, improved systolic heart function and increased survival from 33% to 85%. Histological examination of the heart and kidneys revealed that riociguat significantly ameliorated fibrotic tissue remodeling and degeneration. Correspondingly, mRNA expression of the pro-fibrotic biomarkers osteopontin (OPN), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in the myocardium and the renal cortex was attenuated by riociguat. In addition, riociguat reduced plasma and urinary levels of OPN, TIMP-1, and PAI-1. Conclusions Stimulation of sGC by riociguat markedly improves survival and attenuates systemic hypertension and systolic dysfunction, as well as fibrotic tissue remodeling in the myocardium and the renal cortex in a rodent model of pressure and volume overload. These findings suggest a therapeutic potential of sGC stimulators in diseases associated with impaired cardiovascular and renal functions.
Estimating the information rate of noisy two-dimensional constrained channels

The problem of computing the information rate of noisy two-dimensional constrained source / channel models has been an unsolved problem. In this paper, we propose two Monte Carlo methods for this problem. The first method, which is exact in expectation, combines tree-based Gibbs sampling with importance sampling. The second method uses generalized belief propagation and is shown to yield a good approximation of the information rate.
The Triple Helix and New Production of Knowledge

This comment considers the approaches expressed in the books by Gibbons et al., The New Production of Knowledge (1994) and Nowotny et al., Re-Thinking Science (2001), and in the body of work pioneered over the last few years by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff which expounds the `Triple Helix' analysis of industry/university/government relations. Citation analyses and Internet search data are used to explore the geographical locations, audiences and `impact' of this work. The strengths and weaknesses of these approaches are discussed, and the challenge of ensuring that they become more than fleeting fads, nourishing an unproductive frenzy, but develop so as to contribute something enduring to scholarship and practice
Collecting and Learning to Identify Edible Fungi in Southeastern Poland: Age and Gender Differences

The gathering of 17 folk taxa of edible fungi (most commonly Boletus edulis, Leccinum spp., Xerocomus spp., Suillus spp., Cantharellus cibarius, Armillaria spp., Russula spp., Lactarius salmonicolor, Macrolepiota procera, Boletus erythropus) was recorded in three villages in southeast Poland, but only 13 of them are gathered by children. Gender and age differences were small (apart from the fact that more adults than children collect non-Boletaceae species), and relatives of both sexes took part in teaching children about mushrooms, although fathers were most frequently mentioned as first teachers. Collecting mushrooms, mainly for own use, sometimes for sale, is still a culturally significant activity.
Efficacy of a Nitinol Filter Device in the Prevention of Embolic Events during Carotid Interventions

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the TRAP Vascular Filtration System (VFS) during carotid interventions as a deterrent to embolic complications. Methods: Thirty-one consecutive patients (18 men; mean age 72 ± 8 years) gave informed consent to undergo elective percutaneous angioplasty and stenting of the extracranial carotid artery protected by the TRAP VFS, a nitinol basket filter system. Results: The TRAP VFS was delivered and retrieved safely in all patients; procedural success for carotid stenting was 100%. In 3 (9.7%) cases, the filters were positioned after lesion predilation. Nearly half (13, 41.9%) of the retrieved filters contained visible plaque debris that histology identified as cholesterol crystals, fibrin material, atheromatous plaque, and macrophage foam cells. There were no symptomatic major or minor neurological complications encountered in this cohort during hospitalization. Conclusions: Our data indicate that percutaneous dilation and stenting of the carotid artery protected by TRAP VFS appears to be feasible, safe, and effective in preventing cerebral embolization.
Mind the (new) gap: a selective survey of current law and society research in the Netherlands

Abstract This article presents a selective survey of current law and society research in the Netherlands. After a brief historical sketch, it focuses on contemporary Dutch studies on legal effectiveness and several studies on courts and dispute resolution. Based on a review of both fields, I identify two important trends in Dutch law and society research. The first trend is that, since the 1970s, most researchers have been interested in ‘old gap studies’, which primarily focus on the efficacy of law. In recent years, however, public opinion in the Netherlands has become increasingly critical of the Dutch justice system. I argue that this has generated a second trend in Dutch law and society research, which I refer to as ‘new gap studies’. Unlike traditional gap studies, their primary focus is not the efficacy but the legitimacy of law. In the final section, I draw several general conclusions and I look forward to the future of law and society research in de Netherlands.
Constraints on the evolution of social institutions and their implications for information flow

Abstract: Human communities and ego-centric social networks have a distinct size that reflects a generic relationship between relative neocortex volume and social group size that is characteristic of primates in general (the ‘social brain hypothesis’). Human networks are structured into layers that reflect both differences in the frequency of contact and levels of emotional closeness. The rate of decay in the frequency of contact across network layers is very steep, and we might expect this to have a very significant effect on the likelihood of Ego finding out some novel fact when information flow is limited to face-to-face interaction. I use an analytical model parameterized by these contact frequencies to show that there may be little advantage in having a network larger than ~150 for the purposes of information exchange. I then present a Monte Carlo simulation model to show that structure significantly impedes the rate of information flow in structured communities.
Su(fu) switches Rdx functions to fine‐tune hedgehog signaling in the Drosophila wing disk

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a central role in pattern formation by regulating transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci). Previously, Roadkill (Rdx, also called HIB) was shown to inhibit Ci activity by two distinct mechanisms, depending on the Hh signal strength (Seong et al. 2010, PLoS One 5, e15365). In the anterior region abutting the anterior/posterior (A/P) boundary of the wing disk, where cells receive a strong Hh signal, Rdx blocks the nuclear entry of Ci‐155. In contrast, in the region farther from the A/P boundary, where cells receive moderate levels of Hh, Rdx induces Ci‐155 degradation in the nucleus. Here, we report that Suppressor of fused, Su(fu), causes the Rdx switch between mechanisms. A strong Hh signal induces rdx expression and suppresses su(fu) expression, whereas moderate levels of Hh induce moderate levels of rdx expression and high levels of su(fu) expression. Rdx blocks entry of Ci‐155 into the nucleus in the absence of Su(fu) and Rdx induces the degradation of Ci‐155 in the nucleus in the presence of a threshold level of Su(fu). Thus, the Su(fu)‐induced switch between the dual actions of Rdx in response to the Hh signal strength plays a role in fine‐tuning Hh signaling.
HLA‐G inhibits the transendothelial migration of human NK cells

The expression of the non‐classical MHC class I molecule HLA‐G is normally restricted to the placenta during pregnancy, where it is found on fetal endothelial cells and on invasive cytotrophoblast cells, specifically those at the maternal / fetal interface. Its precise physiological role has yet to be defined. HLA‐G may have nonimmune functions relating to angiogenesis and placentation, but most evidence suggests that it protects fetal cells from lysis by maternal uterine NK cells, which are found in large numbers around invading trophoblast cells. This effect is due to specific interaction with inhibitory receptors expressed on NK cells. We have examined the hypothesis that another function of HLA‐G is to inhibit NK cell migration. Using an in vitro transmigration assay system, we present data to support this hypothesis. NK cell migration across porcine endothelial cells transfected with HLA‐G1 was specifically inhibited compared to migration across HLA‐A2‐transfected monolayers. HLA‐ G1 had no influence on the migration of a control T lymphocyte line. These results support the idea that in vivo, HLA‐G may inhibit NK cell traffic across the placenta.
A new graph-theoretic, multi-objective layout decomposition framework for Double Patterning Lithography

As Double Patterning Lithography(DPL) becomes the leading candidate for sub-30nm lithography process, we need a fast and lithography friendly decomposition framework. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective min-cut based decomposition framework for stitch minimization, balanced density, and overlay compensation, simultaneously. The key challenge of DPL is to accomplish high quality decomposition for large-scale layouts under reasonable runtime with the following objectives: a) the number of stitches is minimized, b) the balance between two decomposed layers is maximized for further enhanced patterning, c) the impact of overlay on coupling capacitance is reduced for less timing variation. We use a graph theoretic algorithm for minimum stitch insertion and balanced density. An additional decomposition constraints for self-overlay compensation are obtained by integer linear programming(ILP). With the constraints, global decomposition is executed by our modified FM graph partitioning algorithm. Experimental results show that the proposed framework is highly scalable and fast: we can decompose all 15 benchmark circuits in five minutes in a density balanced fashion, while an ILP-based approach can finish only the smallest five circuits. In addition, we can remove more than 95% of the timing variation induced by overlay for tested structures.
Passivity-based bilateral human-swarm-interactions for cooperative robotic networks and human passivity analysis

This paper investigates bilateral human-swarm-interactions wherein the objective is to guarantee human operator enabled synchronization of positions/velocities of an ensemble of kinematic robots to desired reference inputs. We first present a feedback loop configuration, where every robot implements a cooperative controller and the human visually feedbacks the average positions/velocities of the accessible robots depending on the selected (position or velocity) control modes. Asymptotic synchronization is demonstrated by assuming passivity of an appropriately defined human operator decision process. The aforementioned passivity assumption and learning ability of the operator are studied through experiments on a human-in-the-loop simulator. It is observed that learning has a positive effect on passivity, but passivity of the decision process may nevertheless be violated in the high frequency domain depending on the network connection. Hence, passivation scheme is presented for the operator's decision process and it is demonstrated for three different interconnection structures among the kinematic robots and operator.