Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Introduction Morphological Analysis of the CT Images Early Phase [First Week] Late Stage [Second Week and Beyond] Long-Term Follow-up Pathogenesis Alters Morphology Quantitative Analysis of CT Scan Images CT Frequency Distribution Lung Compartments CT Scan Protocols and Analysis Influence Results One to Three Slices versus Whole Lung CT Scan Recruitment Hyperinflation and Overstretching Structure–Function Correlation in the Whole Lung Gas Exchange Lung Mechanics CT—Regional Analysis Edema Distribution and Lung Volume Superimposed Pressure and PEEP The CT Scan and Mechanical Ventilation Settings Opening the Lung Interaction between End Expiration and End Inspiration Distribution of Gas in Mechanical Ventilation Intratidal Collapse and Decollapse The Impact of CT Scanning in Clinical Practice New Developments and Future Areas of Research
Borrowing from Sleep to Pay Work and Family: Expanding Time‐Based Conflict to the Broader Nonwork Domain

We extend cross-domain research by examining sleep, a domain within the larger nonwork domain that competes for time with work and family domains. We draw from scarcity theory and research on slack resources to contend that, because people cannot increase the amount of time they have, they borrow time from sleep in order to spend more time working and with family. Utilizing a Bureau of Labor Statistics survey of 10,741 participants, we find nonlinear and interactive effects of time spent working and time spent with family on sleep time, suggesting that the negative effects of work and family on sleep time are especially strong when demands for work and family are high. In an experience sampling field study of 122 working adults, we similarly find a nonlinear effect of work time on sleep time as well as an interaction between work time and family time in predicting time spent sleeping. Both studies indicate that as slack time resources become increasingly scarce, time spent working and time spent with family have increasingly powerful negative effects on time spent sleeping. Contrary to our expectations, we found no support for gender as a moderator of these effects.
Mutant p53 oncogene expression in keratoacanthoma and squamous cell carcinoma

The tumour suppressor gene p53, located on the short arm of chromosome 17, encodes for a nuclear protein which regulates cell proliferation by inhibiting cells entering S‐phase. p53 mutations are alleged to be the commonest genetic abnormality in human cancer. We studied mutant p53 oncoprotein expression, using PAb1801 monoclonal antibody immunohistochemistry, in 25 ‘ideal’ keratoacanthomas and 26 well‐, 19 moderately and 18 poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. While there was a highly significant trend in the proportion of p53 oncoprotein‐positive lesions from keratoacanthomas to poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas (χ2= 17·13, df=l, exact P=0·00003), p53 expression was inadequate for distinguishing keratoacanthoma from well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (χ2= 2·55, df = 1, exact P = 0·18; corresponding to a sensitivity of 0·84 and a specificity of only 0·36).
Size and Carbon Content of Sub-seafloor Microbial Cells at Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea

The discovery of a microbial ecosystem in ocean sediments has evoked interest in life under extreme energy limitation and its role in global element cycling. However, fundamental parameters such as the size and the amount of biomass of sub-seafloor microbial cells are poorly constrained. Here we determined the volume and the carbon content of microbial cells from a marine sediment drill core retrieved by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), Expedition 347, at Landsort Deep, Baltic Sea. To determine their shape and volume, cells were separated from the sediment matrix by multi-layer density centrifugation and visualized via epifluorescence microscopy (FM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Total cell-carbon was calculated from amino acid-carbon, which was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after cells had been purified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The majority of microbial cells in the sediment have coccoid or slightly elongated morphology. From the sediment surface to the deepest investigated sample (~60 m below the seafloor), the cell volume of both coccoid and elongated cells decreased by an order of magnitude from ~0.05 to 0.005 μm(3). The cell-specific carbon content was 19-31 fg C cell(-1), which is at the lower end of previous estimates that were used for global estimates of microbial biomass. The cell-specific carbon density increased with sediment depth from about 200 to 1000 fg C μm(-3), suggesting that cells decrease their water content and grow small cell sizes as adaptation to the long-term subsistence at very low energy availability in the deep biosphere. We present for the first time depth-related data on the cell volume and carbon content of sedimentary microbial cells buried down to 60 m below the seafloor. Our data enable estimates of volume- and biomass-specific cellular rates of energy metabolism in the deep biosphere and will improve global estimates of microbial biomass.
Regulation of IκB Kinase ε Expression by the Androgen Receptor and the Nuclear Factor-κB Transcription Factor in Prostate Cancer

Although several genes have been associated with prostate cancer progression, it is clear that we are far from understanding all the molecular events implicated in the initiation and progression of the disease to a hormone-refractory state. The androgen receptor is a central player in the initiation and proliferation of prostate cancer and its response to hormone therapy. Nuclear factor-κB has important proliferative and antiapoptotic activities that could contribute to the development and progression of cancer cells as well as resistance to therapy. In this study, we report that IκB kinase ε (IKKε), which is controlled by nuclear factor-κB in human chondrocytes, is expressed in human prostate cancer cells. We show that IKKε gene expression is stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α treatment in LNCaP cells and is inhibited by transfection of a dominant-negative form of IκBα, which prevents the nuclear translocation of p65. Furthermore, we found that tumor necrosis factor-α–induced IKKε expression is inhibited by an androgen analogue (R1881) in androgen-sensitive prostate cancer cells and that this inhibition correlates with the modulation of IκBα expression by R1881. We also noted constitutive IKKε expression in androgen-independent PC-3 and DU145 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an IκB kinase family member whose expression is modulated by androgen and deregulated in androgen receptor–negative cells. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(1):87–94)
Early neural disruption and auditory processing outcomes in rodent models: implications for developmental language disability

Most researchers in the field of neural plasticity are familiar with the “Kennard Principle,” which purports a positive relationship between age at brain injury and severity of subsequent deficits (plateauing in adulthood). As an example, a child with left hemispherectomy can recover seemingly normal language, while an adult with focal injury to sub-regions of left temporal and/or frontal cortex can suffer dramatic and permanent language loss. Here we present data regarding the impact of early brain injury in rat models as a function of type and timing, measuring long-term behavioral outcomes via auditory discrimination tasks varying in temporal demand. These tasks were created to model (in rodents) aspects of human sensory processing that may correlate—both developmentally and functionally—with typical and atypical language. We found that bilateral focal lesions to the cortical plate in rats during active neuronal migration led to worse auditory outcomes than comparable lesions induced after cortical migration was complete. Conversely, unilateral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injuries (similar to those seen in premature infants and term infants with birth complications) led to permanent auditory processing deficits when induced at a neurodevelopmental point comparable to human “term,” but only transient deficits (undetectable in adulthood) when induced in a “preterm” window. Convergent evidence suggests that regardless of when or how disruption of early neural development occurs, the consequences may be particularly deleterious to rapid auditory processing (RAP) outcomes when they trigger developmental alterations that extend into subcortical structures (i.e., lower sensory processing stations). Collective findings hold implications for the study of behavioral outcomes following early brain injury as well as genetic/environmental disruption, and are relevant to our understanding of the neurologic risk factors underlying developmental language disability in human populations.
Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Immunostimulatory Dendritic Cells under Feeder-Free Culture Conditions

Purpose: The objective of this study was to develop a scalable and broadly applicable active immunotherapy approach against cancer, circumventing the limitations typically encountered with autologous vaccination strategies. We hypothesized that human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can serve as a virtually unlimited source for generating dendritic cells (DC) with potent antigen-presenting function. Here, we investigated the developmental processes and requirements for generating large numbers of mature, antigen-presenting DC from pluripotent hESC. Experimental Design: A feeder cell-free culture system was developed to differentiate hESC into mature DC sequentially through hematopoietic and myeloid precursor stages. Results: Using this method, we were able to yield large numbers of mature immunostimulatory DC from hESC to enable clinical investigation. Upon activation, the hESC-derived DC secreted interleukin-12p70, migrated in response to MIP-3β, and exhibited allostimulatory capacity. Most importantly, antigen-loaded, hESC-derived DC were capable of stimulating potent antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in an HLA class I–matched semiallogeneic assay system. Moreover, HLA class II–mismatched hESC-derived DC induced a potent Th1-type cytokine response without expanding FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in vitro. Conclusions: These data suggest the development of a novel active immunotherapy platform to stimulate potent T-cell immunity in patients with intractable diseases, such as cancer or viral infection.
Stroke-Induced Neurogenesis in Aged Brain

Background and Purpose— Stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) triggers increased neurogenesis in the damaged striatum and nondamaged hippocampus of young adult rodents. We explored whether stroke influences neurogenesis similarly in the aged brain. Methods— Young adult (3 months) and old (15 months) rats were subjected to 1 hour of MCAO, and new cells were labeled by intraperitoneal injection of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine 5′-monophosphate (BrdU), a marker for dividing cells, for 2 weeks thereafter. Animals were euthanized at 7 weeks after the insult, and neurogenesis was assessed immunocytochemically with antibodies against BrdU and neuronal markers with epifluorescence or confocal microscopy. Results— Young and old rats exhibited the same increased numbers of new striatal neurons after stroke, despite basal cell proliferation in the subventricular zone being reduced in the aged brain. In contrast, both the number of stroke-generated granule cells and basal neurogenesis in the dentate subgranular zone were lower in old compared with young animals. Also, the ability of newly formed cells to differentiate into neurons was impaired in the aged dentate gyrus. Conclusions— Basal neurogenesis is impaired in the subgranular and subventricular zones of aged animals, but both regions react to stroke with increased formation of new neurons. The magnitude of striatal neurogenesis after stroke is similar in young and old animals, indicating that this potential mechanism for self-repair also operates in the aged brain.
Interest in Employment Among People with Schizophrenia

There are divergent findings about the level of employment interest among community residents with schizophrenia. In addition, little is known about interest in other socially valued roles, such as formal education and training, self-development, living independently, and other forms of rehabilitation. Interest in employment is important as an indicator of demand for effective supported employment services. Data for this analysis were provided by a large and well-defined community sample of 255 persons with a DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Role functioning was investigated with the Socially-Valued Role Classification Scale. Interest in employment was high, with 85% of the participants being either employed or interested in employment as a future goal. In addition, 95% of participants were either performing, or interested in performing, two other socially valued roles (education and training or rehabilitation). This is more encouraging than some previous studies suggest and indicates that 95% of all community residents with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder are candidates for effective rehabilitation programs. Further research is needed to understand the importance of interest in socially valued roles and how appropriate assistance can develop both interest and lack of interest into motivation and action within each role domain.
Relationship between speed and EEG activity during imagined and executed hand movements

The relationship between primary motor cortex and movement kinematics has been shown in nonhuman primate studies of hand reaching or drawing tasks. Studies have demonstrated that the neural activities accompanying or immediately preceding the movement encode the direction, speed and other information. Here we investigated the relationship between the kinematics of imagined and actual hand movement, i.e. the clenching speed, and the EEG activity in ten human subjects. Study participants were asked to perform and imagine clenching of the left hand and right hand at various speeds. The EEG activity in the alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (18–28 Hz) frequency bands were found to be linearly correlated with the speed of imagery clenching. Similar parametric modulation was also found during the execution of hand movements. A single equation relating the EEG activity to the speed and the hand (left versus right) was developed. This equation, which contained a linear independent combination of the two parameters, described the time-varying neural activity during the tasks. Based on the model, a regression approach was developed to decode the two parameters from the multiple-channel EEG signals. We demonstrated the continuous decoding of dynamic hand and speed information of the imagined clenching. In particular, the time-varying clenching speed was reconstructed in a bell-shaped profile. Our findings suggest an application to providing continuous and complex control of noninvasive brain–computer interface for movement-impaired paralytics.
Development of a ToF Pixel With VOD Shutter Mechanism, High IR QE, Four Storages, and CDS

In this paper we discuss the development of an indirect time-of-flight (ToF) pixel in the 0.11-μm CMOS image sensor technology. The pixel design is based on a pinned-photodiode structure with a novel vertical overflow drain (VOD) shutter mechanism used for fast modulation. We present the second generation of the pixel, with a greatly improved VOD structure that enables a fast shutter efficiency better than 1:100 and a deeper photodiode collection depth for better quantum efficiency in the near-infrared wavelengths. We present a new 6.7-μm pixel design with four pinned storage diodes (SDs) that feature in-pixel complete charge transfer and enable correlated-double-sampling readout as well as an almost simultaneous global shutter exposure of up to four interleaved frames to be used for the scene depth computation. The novel design features a low readout noise of 7.5e-and a full-well-capacity of 9500eper SD (a total of 38000eper pixel).
The Importance of C4d in Biopsies of Kidney Transplant Recipients

Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is highly detrimental to the prolonged survival of transplanted kidneys. C4d has been regarded as a footprint of AMR tissue damage, and the introduction of C4d staining in daily clinical practice aroused an ever-increasing interest in the role of antibody-mediated mechanisms in allograft rejection. Despite the general acceptance of the usefulness of C4d in the identification of acute AMR, the data for C4d staining in chronic AMR is variable. The presence of C4d in the majority of the biopsies with features of chronic antibody-mediated rejection is reported, but this rejection without C4d staining is observed as well, suggesting that C4d is specific but not sensitive. Further studies on AMR with positive C4d staining in biopsy specimens are really important, as well as the study of novel routine markers that may participate in the pathogenesis of this process.
Plasma adenosine levels increase in women with normal pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate plasma adenosine levels during normal pregnancy and to evaluate the possible roles of platelet activation and 5'-nucleotidase as causes of changes in adenosine levels. STUDY DESIGN We measured plasma adenosine levels, the platelet activation markers beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4, and 5'-nucleotidase activity, which catalyzes dephosphorylation from adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, in 34 nonpregnant women and 34 women with normal pregnancies in the third trimester. RESULTS The mean plasma adenosine level in pregnant women was 0.59 +/- 0.08 micromol/L (mean +/- SEM), which was significantly higher than that found in nonpregnant women (0.18 +/- 0.04 micromol/L; P <.01). In pregnant women plasma beta-thromboglobulin levels, platelet factor 4 levels, and 5'-nucleotidase activity were significantly higher than in nonpregnant women (P <.05). CONCLUSION The increase of plasma adenosine may be attributed at least in part to platelet activation and an increase of 5'-nucleotidase activity during normal pregnancy. This increase may be an endogenous compensatory mechanism that diminishes platelet activation and maintains vessel integrity during normal pregnancy.
Tips and Techniques-Surgical Fixation of Extra-articular Distal Humerus Fractures with a Posterolateral Locking Compression Plate ( LCP )

The appropriate treatment of extraarticular distal humerus fractures is controversial. While functional bracing has been shown to result in good outcomes, some surgeons continue to favor operative fixation. Specifically, they cite concerns of radial nerve injury, difficulty in controlling fracture alignment, and long-term elbow stiffness with bracing. Jawa et al compared functional bracing with plate fixation and found that operative treatment achieves more predictable alignment and potentially earlier return of function while risking iatrogenic nerve injury, infection and reoperation. However, in this study, the operative technique was not uniform, with various exposures and fixation strategies. When operative fixation is indicated for humeral shaft fractures, plate osteosynthesis is the gold standard to which other methods must be compared. Most authors recommend using a 4.5-mm low-contoured dynamic compression plate (LC-DCP) with 4.5-mm diameter screws and obtaining eight cortices of purchase both proximal and distal to the fracture. However, adhering to these principles becomes difficult in distal humeral shaft fractures, especially those around the metaphyseal transition zone between the shaft and the supracondylar ridges. Schatzker and Tile advised plating the humerus posteriorly in order to utilize the flat posterior surface to achieve adequate distal fixation. However, fractures at the metaphyseal junction are problematic because plates of adequate length can impinge on the olecranon fossa. Moran attempted to solve this dilemma by using an oblique posterior plate orientation with a 5-8 ̊ angle off-center from the long axis of the humerus and angling the most distal screw proximally. While improving distal fixation, the obliquity of the plate limited proximal fixation, which was problematic in comminuted or segmental fractures. In 2005, Levy reported excellent results in 15 patients using an alternative method of osteosynthesis with a modified lateral tibial head buttress plate. This modified Synthes plate had an angular offset of 22 ̊, which allowed the plate to contour to the posterolateral column and also to extend proximally up the humeral shaft. We describe the use of a small fragment pre-contoured extra-articular distal humeral locking compression plate (LCP) for treatment of extra-articular distal humeral fractures.
Synaptic functions in rat sympathetic neurons in microcultures. I. Secretion of norepinephrine and acetylcholine

This is the first of a series of four papers that describes the use of a sensitive “microculture” procedure for examining the neurotransmitter profile of a neuron by assaying the transmitter(s) it releases. Sympathetic principal neurons isolated from the superior cervical ganglia of neonatal or adult rats were grown for 10 d to several months on small islands of cardiac myocytes (island diameter, ca. 0.5 mm). To assay transmitter status a neuron and a myocyte in the same microculture were impaled with microelectrodes, the neuron was stimulated and the pharmacology of the effect(s) on the group of electrically coupled myocytes, and on the neuron itself, was investigated. Because the growing axonal processes were confined to the island, the innervation of the myocytes became dense; transmission from neuron to myocytes occurred reliably and was often intense. Most experiments were done on islands containing only a single neuron so that the observed effect(s) on the myocytes could be confidently assigned to that neuron. After the physiological assay, the fine structure or cytochemistry of the neuron was often examined. With single-neuron microcultures the physiology and anatomy of the neuron, including the fine structure of its synaptic endings and varicosities, could be correlated unambiguously. During the course of this work, we have observed five pharmacologically distinct effects exerted on the myocytes by either neonate- or adult-derived neurons. Three of these effects, one exerted at least in large part by adenosine and the others by agents still under study (one appears to be 5-HT), are described by Furshpan et al. (1986), Matsumoto et al. (in press), and D. Sah and S. G. Matsumoto (unpublished observations). This paper is concerned with evidence for secretion by these neurons of norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh). The physiological effects of the secretion of these two substances onto the myocytes (excitation and inhibition, respectively) were generally similar to those reported in vivo. The minimal latencies of the responses were short, probably due to the high density of innervation. ACh secreted by a neuron onto itself, at autapses, evoked fast nicotinic EPSPs. We have not detected autaptic effects attributable to the secretion of NE. A minority of the neurons were detectably only adrenergic or only cholinergic. The incidence of these transmitter states was strongly dependent on culture age and culture conditions; in a heterogeneous group of about 300 reasonably well-characterized neurons about 17% (12% of neonate-derived) were apparently purely adrenergic and about 10% (13% of neonate-derived) were apparently purely cholinergic. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)