Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
What Strategies Can Support the Evolutionary Emergence of Cooperation?

Axelrod found TIT-FOR-TAT to be a highly successful strategy in the Prisoners' Dilemma payoff environment. He concluded that a natural selection process in favor of TIT-FOR-TAT explains the evolutionary emergence of cooperation. This article shows that, contrary to Axelrod, TIT-FOR-TAT does not approach 100% fixation in the population. More generally, TIT-FOR-TAT is not a robustly successful strategy if Axelrod's exact assumptions do not apply—for example, if there is a cost of complexity or a probability of error, or when players compete in an elimination contest rather than a round-robin tournament. In fact, it is unreasonable to expect any single strategy to win out in evolutionary competition. Constructively, we show that the presence of a PUNISHER strategy typically generates, consistent with observation, an interior equilibrium in which more and less cooperative strategies simultaneously coexist.
Inhibition of Return is a Foraging Facilitator in Visual Search

Using overt orienting, participants searched a complex visual scene for a camouflaged target (Waldo from the “Where's Waldo? ™” books). After several saccades, we presented an uncamouflaged probe (black disk) while removing or maintaining the scene, and participants were required to locate this probe by foveating it. Inhibition of return was observed as a relative increase in the time required to locate these probes when they were in the general region of a previous fixation, but only when the search array remained present. Perhaps also reflecting inhibition of return, preprobe saccades showed a strong directional bias away from a previously fixated region. Together with recent studies that replicate the finding of inhibition at distractor locations following serial but not parallel visual search—so long as the search array remains visible—these data strongly support the proposal that inhibition of return functions to facilitate visual search by inhibiting orienting to previously examined locations.
ASTRO-F - The next generation of mid-infrared surveys

We present basic observational strategies for ASTRO-F (also known as the Imaging Infra Red Surveyor (IRIS)) to be launched in 2004 by the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). We examine 2 survey scenarios, a deep ~1sq.deg. survey reaching sensitivities an order of magnitude below than the deepest surveys performed by ISO in the mid-IR, and a shallow \~18sq.deg mid-infrared (7-25um in 6 bands) covering an area greater than the entire area covered by all ISO mid-IR surveys. Using 2 cosmological models the number of galaxies predicted for each survey is calculated. The first model uses an enhancement of the pure luminosity evolution model of Pearson&Rowan-Robinson while the new models incorporate a strongly evolving ULIG component. For the deep survey, between 20,000-30,000 galaxies should be detected in the shortest wavebands and ~5000 in the longest (25um) band. The shallow survey would be expected to detect of the order of 100,000 - 150,000 sources.
Relating Independent Measures of DNA Curvature: Electrophoretic Anomaly and Cyclization Efficiency

Abstract Electrophoretic methods are often used to measure DNA curvature and protein-induced DNA bending. Though convenient and widely-applied, quantitative analyses are generally limited to assays for which empirical calibration standards have been developed. Alternatively, solution-based cyclization of short DNA duplexes allows analysis of DNA curvature and bending from first principles, but a detailed understanding of this assay is still lacking. In this work, we demonstrate that calibration with an independent electrophoretic assay of DNA curvature permits interpretation of cyclization assay results in a quantitatively meaningful way. We systematically measure intrinsic DNA curvature in short duplexes using a well-established empirical ligation ladder assay. We then compare the results to those obtained from the analysis of the distribution of circular products obtained in simple enzymatic cyclization assays of the same duplexes when polymerized. A strong correlation between DNA curvature estimates from these two assays is obtained for DNA fragments between 150–300 bp in length. We discuss how this result might be used to improve quantitative analysis of protein-mediated bending events evaluated by cyclization methods. Our results suggest that measurements of DNA curvature obtained under similar conditions, in solution and in an acrylamide gel matrix, can be compared directly. The ability to correlate results of these simple assays may prove convenient in monitoring DNA curvature and flexibility.
Corneal ectasia after LASIK despite low preoperative risk: tomographic and biomechanical findings in the unoperated, stable, fellow eye.

PURPOSE To report a case of progressive corneal ectasia after LASIK with no detectable preoperative risk factors and to present three-dimensional corneal tomographic and biomechanical findings on the contralateral unoperated eye that would be considered low risk for ectasia and thereby a good LASIK candidate based on the Randleman Ectasia Risk Score System (ERSS). METHODS A case report, literature review, and description of novel screening criteria based on Pentacam (Oculus Optikgeräte GmbH) corneal tomography are presented as well as Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA, Reichert Instruments) corneal biomechanical analysis. RESULTS Progressive corneal ectasia after LASIK of the operated left eye was confirmed by corneal topography. Scheimpflug imaging identified a meniscus-shaped LASIK flap with a central thickness of 165 μm and residual stromal bed thickness of 280 μm. Randleman ERSS score was 2 for the ectatic eye before LASIK and 1 for the current status of the unoperated eye, which remained stable with normal topography and no change in refraction for >5 years. Low corneal hysteresis (8.6 mmHg) and corneal resistance factor (7.5 mmHg) were found in the unoperated, nonectatic eye, along with a suspicious waveform sign of a second rebounded peak after second applanation. Pentacam average pachymetric progression was 1.09 (normal is <1.15); the Belin-Ambrósio overall deviation index was 1.99 (normal is <1.9). CONCLUSIONS Three-dimensional corneal tomographic and ORA biomechanical measurements provide additional information that may help identify individuals at high risk for naturally occurring or iatrogenic corneal ectasia.
Strenuous endurance exercise: is more better for everyone? Our genes won't tell us

If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health. —Hippocrates circa 400 BC As eloquently described by our colleagues Ruiz et al ,1 numerous large observational and cohort studies have provided compelling evidence for the benefit of mild and moderate exercise on cardiovascular health and mortality. That the benefit of exercise intensity and duration continues to increase into the realms of intense competitive sport is more controversial. This is of importance given that endurance sporting events continue to increase in popularity. For example, over one million Americans competed in an endurance triathlon last year, and participation rates are currently increasing by 10–20% per annum.2 The last half-century has seen an increase in morbidity associated with a lack of habitual exercise and a simultaneous increase in the number of people performing exercise well in excess of recommendations. Very appropriately, the public health focus has been on addressing inactivity, but it may be presumptive to assume that there is no upper limit to what constitutes healthy exercise for the heart. There is accumulating evidence that strenuous endurance exercise may be associated with an increase in some cardiac arrhythmias and speculation that some of the structural changes associated with the ‘athlete's heart’ may not always be benign. Thus, there is a clear need to expand our understanding of the effects of greater doses of exercise. The non-standardised gradations of exercise intensity complicate interpretation of exercise studies. There is compelling evidence that ‘strenuous exercise’ is associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes, but it must be noted that the definition of ‘strenuous’ is derived from middle-aged non-athletic populations. For example, Blair et al 3 ascribed a delay in all-cause mortality to ‘high levels of fitness’, …
DailyDialog: A Manually Labelled Multi-turn Dialogue Dataset

We develop a high-quality multi-turn dialog dataset, DailyDialog, which is intriguing in several aspects. The language is human-written and less noisy. The dialogues in the dataset reflect our daily communication way and cover various topics about our daily life. We also manually label the developed dataset with communication intention and emotion information. Then, we evaluate existing approaches on DailyDialog dataset and hope it benefit the research field of dialog systems. The dataset is available on http://yanran.li/dailydialog
A Trial of Two Cognitive-Behavioural Methods of Treating Drug-Resistant Residual Psychotic Symptoms in Schizophrenic Patients: I. Outcome

Despite neuroleptic medication, many schizophrenic patients continue to experience residual positive psychotic symptoms. These residual symptoms cause distress and disability. We report a controlled trial of two cognitive-behavioural treatments to alleviate residual hallucinations and delusions. Forty-nine patients were recruited into the trial, of whom 27 entered the trial and completed post-treatment assessment, and 23 were reassessed at six-month follow-up. Patients were randomly allocated to either coping strategy enhancement (CSE) or problem solving (PS). Half the patients were allocated to a high-expectancy positive demand condition and half to a counterdemand condition to evaluate expectation of improvement. Patients receiving either cognitive-behavioural treatment showed significant reductions in pyschotic symptoms compared with those in the waiting period, who showed no improvement. There was some evidence, although equivocal, that patients receiving CSE improved more than those receiving PS. There was no evidence that improvements generalised to negative symptoms or social functioning, nor was there evidence that expectancy of treatment benefit contributed to the treatment effect.
Re-placing gender? Reflections on 15 years of Gender, Place and Culture

This article reflects on Gender, Place and Culture (GPC) from 1994 to mid-2008, to highlight some of the key subjects and debates which have been delimited and progressed within its pages. Launched simultaneously with the cultural turn in human geography, GPC proceeded to raise important questions about identity and difference, effectively reflecting but also driving a number of transformative intellectual and political agendas. This reflection will focus on three interrelated sites of such activity: empirical, theoretical and political. Empirically, numerous articles have examined the ways gender is lived, in and across spaces and these have been enlivened by approaches highlighting masculinities, sexualities and embodiment. Theoretically these subjects have been informed by post-colonial and post-structural frameworks, directing discussion towards multiple identities, reflexivity, research practice, performativity, material cultures, positionality and the nature of academic knowledge. In addition, GPC has registered progressive political concerns for justice and equality, though the nature and extent of its political import has been legitimately questioned from without and within the pages of the journal. The resolution of the many dilemmas associated with the ways gender is lived, thought about and practiced has not always been successful in the pages of GPC, and the ongoing reality of Anglo-American dominance, the persistence of women's inequality and the tension between discursive and political activism, remains. However, in re-placing gender over the last 15 years, GPC has been a journal of serious and path-breaking scholarship which has further legitimized the value of feminist geography.
Using direct observation to record the behaviour of long‐stay patients with dementia

This article describes the development of a direct observation system for the assessment of the behaviour of elderly demented long‐stay patients. The technique of recording behaviour in real time has high face validity, and in conjunction with portable computers was found to be very reliable. The technique was used to assess the behaviour of patients during their waking day on seven wards. The findings suggest that almost two‐thirds of the day is spent doing nothing, with aimless or disruptive behaviours also accounting for a significant period of the day. Only a small proportion of the day was spent in self‐care or social behaviours.
Influence of Adhesion at Steel/Mortar Interface on Corrosion Characteristics of Reinforcing Steel

The mechanism of corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete is discussed based on electrochemical and electron microscopy observations. The importance of calcium hydroxide precipitation on the steel surf ace in the steel/mortar interface is evaluated by placing filter paper around reinforcing steel bar specimens prior to casting in mortar, thus preventing direct contact between steel and mortar. The voids created presumably prevent calcium hydroxide crystals from forming on the steel surface. Specimens with filter paper are compared to specimens with good steel/mortar adhesion using rapid macrocell and corrosion potential tests and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The study included 21 macrocell and 16 corrosion potential tests run for periods of 25 to 89 days. Seven specimens were subjected to SEM/EDS analysis. Electrochemical results are mixed due to the influence of crevice corrosion. but it is generally shown that better protection is provided for steel with good steel/mortar adhesion than with filter paper. The filter paper, indeed, prevents calcium hydroxide crystals from forming on the steel surface. Corrosion products on active specimens with good mortar cover are shown to grow preferentially in voids created by air bubbles trapped in the mortar. The protective mechanism of calcium hydroxide crystals is proposed to be due to pH buffering by the hydroxyl ions released when the crystals are dissolved, a fact that cannot be proven easily, since many other factors may contribute to the protection of steel in concrete.
Self-Efficacy, Personal Goals, and Wrestlers’ Self-Regulation

Goal theory (Locke & Latham, 1990) and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 1986) converged on a single model describing the relationships among prior performance, self-efficacy, personal goals, and individual performance. The model, portraying self-regulatory processes, guided an investigation of the performance of 216 wrestlers competing at a wrestling camp. Two hypotheses were tested. First, general support was expected for the self-regulatory model. Second, self-efficacy was predicted to be especially relevant for performance under extremely competitive conditions (i.e., overtime match performance). Both hypotheses were supported. Analyses using LISREL VI supported the relationships posited by the self-regulatory model. Also, self-efficacy was found to be the only significant predictor of wrestlers’ performance in overtime matches.
A Dialogue About Communities of Difference: A Rejoinder to Robert Boostrom

I want to thank both Joseph Farrell, Associate Editor of Curriculum Inquiry, and Robert Boostrom, the respondent to my article, for sparking an interesting dialogue with their thoughtful comments about my article, “Learning from difference . ”. I appreciate the opportunity afforded me to clarify several points and to formally respond to their comments. Before addressing Boostrom’s major critiques of my article, let me reiterate my intent in writing it. I am concerned by what I perceive to be adversarial positions taken by many educational reformers and troubled by much of the rhetoric and jargon of educational reform movements. There is no doubt that their language is often used with little clarity; frequently to prompt an emotional response, and sometimes in the service of a political agenda. Yet I acknowledge I fell into the same trap by failing to clearly explain what I meant by community of difference. It has become increasingly common to use the term community to describe some desirable qualities of educational life. On the one hand, the term has also been used to support positions that are ultimately exclusionary, divisive, and marginalizing. On the other hand, people use community to argue for the status quo, claiming that community is, of necessity, restrictive and that it must create boundaries for self-protection (Weissberg 1998). Sometimes, there have been calls to reject the use of the term community altogether because of the confusion and ambiguity surrounding it (Young 1990). My intent in writing about communities of difference is to prompt reflection on a concept of community that would be more useful and more appropriate for institutions with diverse membership—one that would perhaps be particularly applicable to educational organizations. By community of difference I mean a group of people from diverse backgrounds, with differing beliefs, values, goals, and assumptions, coming together to achieve cohesion through new understandings, positive relationships, and the negotiation of shared purposes and norms of behaviour. A community of difference, like any community, depends on some degree of shared norms and
Private Stochastic Multi-arm Bandits: From Theory to Practice

In this paper we study the problem of private stochastic multi-arm bandits. Our notion of privacy is the same as some of the earlier works in the general area of private online learning (Dwork et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2012; Smith and Thakurta, 2013). We design algorithms that are i) differentially private, and ii) have regret guarantees that (almost) match the regret guarantees for the best non-private algorithms (e.g., upper confidence bound sampling). Moreover, through our experiments on simulated and real-world data sets, we empirically show the effectiveness of our algorithms. Note: A version of this paper with the technical details appears in the appendix.
Structural Basis for the Oligomerization-State Switch from a Dimer to a Trimer of an Engineered Cortexillin-1 Coiled-Coil Variant

Coiled coils are well suited to drive subunit oligomerization and are widely used in applications ranging from basic research to medicine. The optimization of these applications requires a detailed understanding of the molecular determinants that control of coiled-coil formation. Although many of these determinants have been identified and characterized in great detail, a puzzling observation is that their presence does not necessarily correlate with the oligomerization state of a given coiled-coil structure. Thus, other determinants must play a key role. To address this issue, we recently investigated the unrelated coiled-coil domains from GCN4, ATF1 and cortexillin-1 as model systems. We found that well-known trimer-specific oligomerization-state determinants, such as the distribution of isoleucine residues at heptad-repeat core positions or the trimerization motif Arg-h-x-x-h-Glu (where h = hydrophobic amino acid; x = any amino acid), switch the peptide’s topology from a dimer to a trimer only when inserted into the trigger sequence, a site indispensable for coiled-coil formation. Because high-resolution structural information could not be obtained for the full-length, three-stranded cortexillin-1 coiled coil, we here report the detailed biophysical and structural characterization of a shorter variant spanning the trigger sequence using circular dichroism, anatytical ultracentrifugation and x-ray crystallography. We show that the peptide forms a stable α-helical trimer in solution. We further determined the crystal structure of an optimised variant at a resolution of 1.65 Å, revealing that the peptide folds into a parallel, three-stranded coiled coil. The two complemented R-IxxIE trimerization motifs and the additional hydrophobic core isoleucine residue adopt the conformations seen in other extensively characterized parallel, three-stranded coiled coils. These findings not only confirm the structural basis for the switch in oligomerization state from a dimer to a trimer observed for the full-length cortexillin-1 coiled-coil domain, but also provide further evidence for a general link between oligomerization-state specificity and trigger-sequence function.
Environmental Research and Public Health Air Quality Strategies on Public Health and Health Equity in Europe—a Systematic Review

Air pollution is an important public health problem in Europe and there is evidence that it exacerbates health inequities. This calls for effective strategies and targeted interventions. In this study, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies relating to air pollution control on public health and health equity in Europe. Three databases, Web of Science, PubMed, and Trials Register of Promoting Health Interventions (TRoPHI), were searched for scientific publications investigating the effectiveness of strategies on outdoor air pollution control, public health and health equity in Europe from 1995 to 2015. A total of 15 scientific papers were included in the review after screening 1626 articles. Four groups of strategy types, namely, general regulations on air quality control, road traffic related emission control interventions, energy generation related emission control interventions and greenhouse gas emission control interventions for climate change mitigation were identified. All of the strategies reviewed reported some improvement in air quality and subsequently in public health. The reduction of the air pollutant concentrations and the reported subsequent health benefits were more significant within the geographic areas affected by traffic related interventions. Among the various traffic related interventions, low emission zones appeared to be more effective in reducing ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and particulate matter levels. Only few studies considered implications for health equity, three out of 15, and no consistent results were found indicating that these strategies could reduce health inequity associated with air pollution. Particulate matter (particularly fine particulate matter) and NO 2 were the dominant outdoor air pollutants examined in the studies in Europe in recent years. Health benefits were gained either as a direct, intended objective or as a co-benefit from all of the strategies examined, but no consistent impact on health equity from the strategies was found. The strategy types aiming to control air pollution in Europe and the health impact assessment methodology were also discussed in this review.