Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Role of Social Approach and Avoidance Motives for Subjective Well‐Being and the Successful Transition to Adulthood

Social affiliation appears to be a central human need. Taking a developmental perspective, we discuss whether and how the desire to belong (approach motivation) and the fear of being rejected (avoidance motivation) might be of central importance for understanding success or failure in transitional phases, especially in the transition from adolescence into adulthood. Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences of social motives (approach, avoidance, and their co-occurrence) are reviewed. We argue that both tendencies need to be taken into account for understanding affiliation motivation and behavior and its significance for life satisfaction and well-being. A predominant social approach motivation has positive consequences for cognition, behavior, emotion, and well-being, whereas the opposite pattern holds for a predominant avoidance motivation. Co-occurrence of both is characterised by ambivalent cognitions and emotions, and unstable behavior. Taking a developmental perspective, however, and considering social development in the transition to adulthood, co-occurrence might be more beneficial than a predominant avoidance motivation. Il est clair que l’affiliation est un besoin humain fondamental. On se demande, dans une perspective developpementale, si et comment le desir d’etre accueilli (motivation a l’approche) et la crainte d’etre rejete (motivation a l’evitement) pourraient etre d’une importance majeure dans l’explication du succes ou de l’echec des periodes de transition, en particulier lors du passage de l’adolescence a l’âge adulte. On passe en revue les prolongements cognitifs, emotionnels et comportementaux des motivations sociales (approche, evitement et leurs corollaires). On soutient que les deux tendances doivent etre prises en compte pour comprendre la motivation a l’affiliation et les comportements qui s’ensuivent, ainsi que leur portee pour le bien-etre et le bonheur de vivre. Etre prioritairement motive par les contacts sociaux a des retombees positives sur la cognition, le comportement, les emotions et le bien-etre, tandis que le schema inverse renvoie a une motivation dominante pour l’evitement. La co-occurrence de ces deux motivations provoque des cognitions et des emotions ambivalentes et un comportement instable. Toutefois, d’un point de vue developpemental, et pour ce qui est de la maturation sociale lors du passage vers l’âge adulte, la co-occurrence pourrait se reveler plus benefique que la seule motivation a l’evitement.
Immunostimulatory effect of Silybum Marianum (milk thistle) extract.

BACKGROUND Herbal products are increasingly used for their effects on the immune system. Milk Thistle, a commonly used herbal product is known to inhibit growth of certain tumors, although the mechanism of this effect remains unknown. Previously we have shown that Milk Thistle extracts stimulate neurons in culture. Since other drugs that affect the neuronal; system also affect the immune system, we investigated the effects of Milk Thistle on the immune system. MATERIAL/METHODS Standardized Milk Thistle extract was studied in murine lymphocyte proliferation tests using Concanavalin A (ConA) as mitogen for non-specific stimulation and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as allospecific stimulation. Th1 and Th2 cytokine levels in MLC were assayed by two antibody capture ELISA technique. All tests were performed in triplicate and repeated twice. RESULTS We found that Milk Thistle is immunostimulatory in vitro. It increased lymphocyte proliferation in both mitogen and MLC assays. These effects of Milk Thistle were associated with an increase in interferon gamma, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokines in the MLC (table). This immunostimulatory effect increased in response to increasing doses of Milk Thistle. CONCLUSIONS Our study has uncovered a novel effect of milk thistle on the immune system. This immunostimulatory effect may be of benefit in increasing the immunity to infectious diseases.
Evidence Supporting a Role for Mammalian Chitinases in Efficacy of Caspofungin against Experimental Aspergillosis in Immunocompromised Rats

Objectives Caspofungin, currently used as salvage therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), strangely only causes morphological changes in fungal growth in vitro but does not inhibit the growth. In vivo it has good efficacy. Therefore the question arises how this in vivo activity is reached. Caspofungin is known to increase the amount of chitin in the fungal cell wall. Mammals produce two chitinases, chitotriosidase and AMCase, which can hydrolyse chitin. We hypothesized that the mammalian chitinases play a role in the in vivo efficacy of caspofungin. Methods In order to determine the role of chitotriosidase and AMCase in IPA, both chitinases were measured in rats which did or did not receive caspofungin treatment. In order to understand the role of each chitinase in the breakdown of the caspofungin-exposed cells, we also exposed caspofungin treated fungi to recombinant enzymes in vitro. Results IPA in immunocompromised rats caused a dramatic increase in chitinase activity. This increase in chitinase activity was still noted when rats were treated with caspofungin. In vitro, it was demonstrated that the action of both chitinases were needed to lyse the fungal cell wall upon caspofungin exposure. Conclusion Caspofungin seemed to alter the cell wall in such a way that the two chitinases, when combined, could lyse the fungal cell wall and assisted in clearing the fungal pathogen. We also found that both chitinases combined had a direct effect on the fungus in vitro.
Role of nitric oxide in the gastric accommodation reflex and in meal induced satiety in humans

Aims: In humans, impaired gastric accommodation is associated with early satiety and weight loss. In animals, accommodation involves activation of gastric nitrergic neurones. Our aim was to study involvement of nitric oxide in gastric accommodation and in meal induced satiety in humans. Methods: The effect of NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) 4 mg/kg/h and 8 mg/kg/h on gastric compliance, on sensitivity to distension, and on gastric accommodation was studied with a barostat in double blind, randomised, placebo controlled studies. The effect of l-NMMA 8 mg/kg/h on meal induced satiety was studied using a drinking test. Results:l-NMMA had no significant effect on fasting compliance and sensitivity. Ingestion of a meal induced a relaxation of 274 (15) ml which was significantly smaller after l-NMMA 4 mg/kg/h (132 (45) ml; p=0.03) or l-NMMA 8 mg/kg/h (82 (72) ml; p=0.03). l-NMMA 8 mg/kg/h significantly decreased the amount of food ingested at maximum satiety from 1058 (67) to 892 (73) kcal (p<0.01). Conclusion: In humans, fasting gastric tone and sensitivity to distension are not influenced by nitric oxide synthase inhibition, but the gastric accommodation reflex involves activation of nitrergic neurones. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase impairs accommodation and enhances meal induced satiety.
A Topology for Multiple Generation System With Doubly Fed Induction Machines and Indirect Matrix Converter

In this paper, a topology for a grid-connected generation system, based on two doubly fed induction machines, is presented. The proposed scheme is implemented using an indirect matrix converter (IMC) consisting of an input stage, a three-to-two matrix converter, and two output stages consisting of a pair of voltage source inverters. The input stage is connected to the grid and provides the required dc voltage for the output stages. Space vector modulation (SVM) is used for the input stage producing the maximum dc voltage, with unity power factor operation at the IMC grid-side input. Each of the output converters is connected to the rotor of a DFIM. The rotor currents of each machine are vector controlled for fast dynamic response and tight torque control. Moreover, the SVM algorithm used for the inverters is designed to provide soft switching operation in the input converter. Simulation and experimental results obtained from a 2.5-kW experimental prototype are presented. Steady-state and transient operation is discussed with the system running at below and above synchronous speed. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed scheme for variable speed energy systems.
Motion of a sphere normal to a wall in a second-order fluid

The motion of a sphere normal to a wall is investigated. The normal stress at the surface of the sphere is calculated and the viscoelastic effects on the normal stress for different separation distances are analysed. For small separation distances, when the particle is moving away from the wall, a tensile normal stress exists at the trailing edge if the fluid is Newtonian, while for a second-order fluid a larger tensile stress is observed. When the particle is moving towards the wall, the stress is compressive at the leading edge for a Newtonian fluid whereas a large tensile stress is observed for a second-orderfluid. The contribution of the second-order fluid to the overall force applied to the particle is towards the wall in both situations. Results are obtained using Stokes equationswhen α1+α2=0. In addition, a perturbation method has been utilized for a sphere very close to a wall and the effect of non-zero α1+α2 is discussed. Finally, viscoelastic potential flow is used and the results are compared with the other methods.
Permanent cortical damage detected by flumazenil positron emission tomography in acute stroke.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Therapy of acute ischemic stroke can only be effective as long as neurons are viable and tissue is not infarcted. Since gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors are abundant in the cortex and sensitive to ischemic damage, specific radioligands to their subunits, the central benzodiazepine receptors (BZR), may be useful as indicators of neuronal integrity and as markers of irreversible damage. To test this hypothesis we studied the binding of the BZR ligand [11C]flumazenil (FMZ) early after ischemic stroke in comparison to the extent of final infarcts and hypometabolic cortical areas. METHODS In 10 patients cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), and FMZ binding were studied by positron emission tomography 3.5 to 16 hours after onset of their first hemispheric stroke. Early changes in flow, oxygen metabolism, and FMZ binding were compared with permanent disturbances in glucose metabolism, and the size of the final infarcts was determined on MRI or CT 12 to 22 days after the stroke. RESULTS In all patients except one cerebral blood flow was disturbed, with marked decreases in eight and a hyperperfusion in one patient corresponding to the location of neurological deficits. In these areas CMRO2 was also reduced but to a variable degree, inducing highly variable OEF. Areas with markedly decreased CMRO2 (<60 micromol/100 g per minute) corresponded to regions with decreased FMZ binding (<4.0 times the mean value in the white matter). In all patients the final cortical infarcts were visible on the early FMZ images. Infarcts could be discriminated from noninfarcted cortex by decreased FMZ binding despite a wide range of OEF. In finally hypometabolic cortex FMZ binding was initially decreased or normal, with OEF covering a wide range; this suggested neuronal loss and/or deactivation as the cause of metabolic disturbance. Additionally, a highly significant correlation was found between FMZ distribution within the first 2 minutes after injection and regional cerebral blood flow. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that permanently and irreversibly damaged cortex can be detected by reduced FMZ binding early after stroke. Since FMZ distribution additionally images regional cerebral perfusion, BZR radioligands have a potential as clinically useful tracers in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The evidence of tissue damage furnished by these tracers might be of relevance for the selection of individual therapeutic strategies.
Lower Airway Inflammation in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis as Determined by Exhaled Nitric Oxide

Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is classified into eosinophilic CRS (ECRS) and non-ECRS. The objectives of this study were to evaluate lower airway inflammation by measuring the fractional concentration of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and to examine the effects of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on FeNO in patients with ECRS compared to non-ECRS. Methods: CRS patients with nasal polyps (23 with ECRS and 22 with non-ECRS) were enrolled into this study. ECRS was diagnosed based on the definition proposed by the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis (JESREC) study group. Several clinical markers including blood eosinophil counts, percent of eosinophils in white blood cells (WBC), number of eosinophils in nasal polyps, JESREC scores, total IgE, FeNO, and Lund-Mackay paranasal sinus CT scores were compared between ECRS and non-ECRS. These markers were also tested before and 2 months after ESS. Results: FeNO was significantly higher in patients with ECRS than in non-ECRS patients. When all CRS patients were tested, a significant correlation was found between FeNO and eosinophilic markers including blood eosinophil counts, percent of eosinophils in WBC, number of eosinophils in nasal polyps, and JESREC scores. FeNO showed a significant correlation with Lund-Mackay scores only in ECRS patients. Blood eosinophil counts, percent of eosinophils in WBC, and FeNO decreased after ESS only in ECRS patients. Conclusions: ECRS patients had lower airway inflammation as revealed by an elevated FeNO, which was parallel to the Lund-Mackay CT scores. ESS decreased the blood eosinophils and FeNO, leading to an improvement of the occult pulmonary dysfunction in ECRS patients.
Absent at Birth: An Unusual Case of Deep Vein Thrombosis

Information about a real patient is presented in stages (boldface type) to expert clinicians (Drs Beckman and Sobieszczyk), who respond to the information and share their reasoning with the reader (regular type). A discussion by the authors follows. Patient presentation: An otherwise healthy 29-year-old white woman presented to our emergency department with leg pain and edema. She was well until 2 weeks before, when she developed lower back pain following a 3-hour flight. Her pain progressed despite treatment with ice packs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and stretching, and it became so severe that she was unable to sit comfortably at work. Five days before presentation, she began noticing tightness in both thighs and subtle swelling of both legs, as well. Over the subsequent 48 hours, she experienced rapidly worsening bilateral lower extremity swelling, primarily in her thighs, accompanied by pain in her legs. She denied dyspnea, palpitations, chest pain, abdominal distension, or lightheadedness. Her symptoms worsened to the point where ambulation was difficult, thus prompting her visit to the emergency department. Additional medical history was notable for no previous illnesses or surgeries. Medications included ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (a combination oral contraceptive). She had no known drug allergies. She denied tobacco or illicit drug use and consumed alcohol in moderation. There was no family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE), stroke, or sudden death. Dr Beckman: Lower extremity edema is commonly seen in both right- and left-sided heart failure, and in individuals with advanced liver and kidney disease, as well. However, this case is notable for the rapid progression of her symptoms, and the lack of dyspnea or other symptoms suggestive of cardiopulmonary disease. Her description of severe pain, tension, and swelling in her extremities indicates significant impairment to venous drainage, which is most likely caused by deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Although …
Investigating Initial Trust Toward E-tailers from the Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective

This study investigates initial trust formation in Internet shopping from the perspective of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) by conducting a 2 2 factorial laboratory experiment. Based on data collected from 160 respondents, the results indicate that display of third-party seals and product information quality positively affects consumers’ trust toward an e-tailer through assurance perception and result demonstrability, respectively. Besides, one’s product involvement and trait anxiety play moderating roles. As predicted in ELM, consumers with high involvement and low anxiety build their trust via central route exclusively, whereas consumers with low involvement or high anxiety build their trust via peripheral route exclusively. The results suggest that customizing the persuasive arguments for different consumers is a critical strategy for initial on-line trust building. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental Enteric Dysfunction Is Associated With Poor Linear Growth and Can Be Identified by Host Fecal mRNAs

Objective: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) can be assessed by the lactulose:mannitol (L:M) test. Our objective was to determine if selected host fecal transcripts were correlated with EED, and whether transcripts and clinical characteristics could be used to predict EED in rural African children. Methods: Demographic and sanitation characteristics, along with L:M testing and host fecal transcript analyses from 798 asymptomatic Malawian children aged 12 to 61 months were compared with linear growth over the subsequent 3 months. Fecal host mRNA analysis included quantification of expression of 18 transcripts associated with L:M. Permeability was categorized as normal (L:M ⩽ 0.15), moderate (0.15<L:M<0.45) and severe (L:M ≥ 0.45), and random forest predictive models were created. Results: L:M was inversely correlated with linear growth over the subsequent 3 months (r = −0.32, P < 0.001) and severe EED was associated with stunting (P < 0.0001). Age younger than 24 months, weight-for-height z score <0, domesticated animals in the child's sleep environment, lack of a pit latrine combined with a potentially contaminated water source, and a recent history of diarrhea were associated with severe EED. A random forest model using CD53, HLA-DRA, MUC12, and TNF was 84% sensitive for severe EED and 83% sensitive for no EED. Conclusions: Selected host fecal transcripts can be used in a random forest model as a noninvasive biomarker for categories of EED in rural African children.
Detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma with anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid PET/CT and 111In-capromab pendetide SPECT/CT.

PURPOSE To compare the diagnostic performance of the synthetic amino acid analog radiotracer anti-1-amino-3-fluorine 18-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (anti-3-(18)F-FACBC) with that of indium 111 ((111)In)-capromab pendetide in the detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board and complied with HIPAA guidelines. Written informed consent was obtained. Fifty patients (mean age, 68.3 years ± 8.1 [standard deviation]; age range, 50-90 years) were included in the study on the basis of the following criteria: (a) Recurrence of prostate carcinoma was suspected after definitive therapy for localized disease, (b) bone scans were negative, and (c) anti-3-(18)F-FACBC positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and (111)In-capromab pendetide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT were performed within 6 weeks of each other. Studies were evaluated by two experienced interpreters for abnormal uptake suspicious for recurrent disease in the prostate bed and extraprostatic locations. The reference standard was a combination of tissue correlation, imaging, laboratory, and clinical data. Diagnostic performance measures were calculated and tests of the statistical significance of differences determined by using the McNemar χ(2) test as well as approximate tests based on the difference between two proportions. RESULTS For disease detection in the prostate bed, anti-3-(18)F-FACBC had a sensitivity of 89% (32 of 36 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 74%, 97%), specificity of 67% (eight of 12 patients; 95% CI: 35%, 90%), and accuracy of 83% (40 of 48 patients; 95% CI: 70%, 93%). (111)In-capromab pendetide had a sensitivity of 69% (25 of 36 patients; 95% CI: 52%, 84%), specificity of 58% (seven of 12 patients; 95% CI: 28%, 85%), and accuracy of 67% (32 of 48 patients; 95% CI: 52%, 80%). In the detection of extraprostatic recurrence, anti-3-(18)F-FACBC had a sensitivity of 100% (10 of 10 patients; 95% CI: 69%, 100%), specificity of 100% (seven of seven patients; 95% CI: 59%, 100%), and accuracy of 100% (17 of 17 patients; 95% CI: 80%, 100%). (111)In-capromab pendetide had a sensitivity of 10% (one of 10 patients; 95% CI: 0%, 45%), specificity of 100% (seven of seven patients; 95% CI: 59%, 100%), and accuracy of 47% (eight of 17 patients; 95% CI: 23%, 72%). CONCLUSION anti-3-(18)F-FACBC PET/CT was more sensitive than (111)In-capromab pendetide SPECT/CT in the detection of recurrent prostate carcinoma and is highly accurate in the differentiation of prostatic from extraprostatic disease. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL http://radiology.rsna. org/lookup/suppl/doi:10.1148/radiol.11102023/-/DC1.
Quantification of incidental needle and suture contamination during strabismus surgery.

PURPOSE To quantify the level of bacterial contamination of needles and sutures immediately after use in strabismus surgery. METHODS Strabismus surgery was performed on 56 eyes from 31 pediatric strabismus surgical cases. Preoperative site preparation included instillation of 5% povidone-iodine in the conjunctival fornices in all cases. A total of 124 needles and 127 sutures were cultured immediately after final scleral passage. RESULTS Seventeen of the 31 cases (54.8%) produced at least one positive specimen. Nineteen per cent of the needles and 25.2% of the sutures were culture positive. The bulk of positive specimens (96.7% of needles, 91.3% of sutures) produced 3 or less colony forming units, corresponding to 7 or less total viable organisms per needle or sutures in accordance with the dilution scheme. Coagulase-negative staphylococci overwhelmingly predominated. CONCLUSIONS Needles and sutures used in strabismus surgery can become contaminated during surgery despite preoperative povidone-iodine preparation. The number of viable bacterial contaminants is usually below the level known to consistently produce experimental endophthalmitis. However, a few needles and sutures carried a high contaminant load, suggesting the possibility that contaminated needles and sutures could potentially cause postoperative intraocular infection.