Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Errors in the Identification of Question Types in Investigative Interviews of Children

This study examined the incidence and nature of the errors made by trainee coders during their coding of question types in interviews in which children disclosed abuse. Three groups of trainees (online, postgraduate and police) studied the coding manual before practising their question coding. After this practice, participants were given two-page field transcripts to code in which children disclosed abuse. Their coding was assessed for accuracy; any errors were analysed thematically. The overall error rate was low, and police participants made the fewest errors. Analysis of the errors revealed four common misunderstandings: (1) the use of a ‘wh’ question always denotes a specific cued-recall question; (2) ‘ Tell me’ always constitutes an open-ended question; (3) open-ended questions cannot include specific detail; and (4) specific questions cannot elicit elaborate responses. An analysis of coding accuracy in the one group who were able to practise question coding over time revealed that practice was essential for trainees to maintain their accuracy. Those who did not practise decreased in coding accuracy. This research shows that trainees need more than a coding manual; they must demonstrate their understanding of question codes through practice training tasks. Misunderstandings about questions need to be elicited and corrected so that accurate codes are used in future tasks.
Transition to postgraduate study: postgraduate ecological systems and identity

This paper explores and examines the distal and proximal systems which construct social science postgraduate study in the UK and analyses the emergent identities of postgraduate students as they negotiate the multiple and interacting practices in their transition to study. The data represent part of a one-year research project, funded by the Higher Education Academy, in which staff and students from five UK universities participated. The paper takes a socio-cultural perspective and situates staff and students in the wider macro context of policy and practice surrounding postgraduate study as well as exploring the micro processes which construct the proximal experience of the transition. We argue that the silence surrounding postgraduate transition in the literature must be addressed in light of existing literature and the present research, both of which suggest that the systems which construct postgraduate study are complex and challenging to students, who do not always receive the support they require. We discuss the practices which implicitly assume expertise in postgraduate students in contrast to student self-identification as confused and struggling. Commonalities with other educational transitions are identified but we argue that there are distinct aspects to postgraduate transition which require greater breadth of research with both successful and unsuccessful postgraduate students.
Personality Traits and Correct Voting

Recent studies in political psychology report a significant association between personality traits and ordinary citizens’ attitudes and behaviors in the political arena. A growing body of literature examines the influence of personality on individuals’ attachment to a political party and vote choice in electoral settings. In line with these studies, we analyze the relationship between personality traits and “correct voting”, i.e., the extent to which citizens vote in accordance with their own preferences and values. Using a large-scale national survey fielded in the context of the 2008 presidential election, we find that, after controlling for well-known predictors of correct voting, some of personality traits not only exert a direct influence on correct voting, but also moderate the effect of strength of party identification, a well-established determinant of correct voting. These findings provide new evidence for the idea that individual differences such as dispositional personality traits are deeply intertwined with both vote choice and democratic representation.
Using music to decrease disruptive vocalizations in a man with dementia

Music played through headphones was noted to reduce the disruptive chanting and speech-like vocalizations of a 68-year-old man who lived in a secure dementia unit. We conducted a variety of assessment procedures, including a functional analysis ‘alone’ condition, to identify why this simple intervention may have been effective for this individual. The data suggest that music provided an alternative source of auditory stimulation to that produced by automatically reinforced vocal behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential Innate Immune Cell Activation and Proinflammatory Response in Anaplasma phagocytophilum Infection

ABSTRACT Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum. The critical role of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) for induction of severe inflammatory histopathology, even in the absence of a significant bacterial load, was previously demonstrated in a murine model of HGA. We hypothesized that NK, NKT, and possibly CD8+ cytotoxic T cells participate in the development of histopathologic lesions with A. phagocytophilum infection. Mice were mock infected or infected with low- or high-passage A. phagocytophilum and assayed for hepatic histopathology and splenocyte immunophenotype during the first 21 days after infection. Compared to high-passage A. phagocytophilum-infected mice, low-passage A. phagocytophilum-infected mice had more severe hepatic lesions and increased apoptosis. The hepatic histopathology severity in low-passage A. phagocytophilum-infected mice peaked on day 2 at the time of peak plasma IFN-γ levels and gradually decreased through day 21. Low-passage A. phagocytophilum-infected mice also showed significantly increased levels of lymphocyte NK1.1/FasL expression on days 4 to 7 corresponding to early, severe hepatic inflammation, whereas the levels of NKT cells were substantially lower on day 4, suggesting that there was NKT cell involvement. This result supports the concept that NK1.1+ cells, including NK and NKT cells, are major components in the early pathogenesis of A. phagocytophilum infection.
Comparison of CT assessed right ventricular size and cardiac biomarkers for predicting short‐term clinical outcome in normotensive patients suspected of having acute pulmonary embolism

F . A . KLOK ,* 1 N. V AN D ER B I J L , 1 H. C . J . E IK ENBO O M, C. J . V AN R OO D EN, § A . D E ROO S, L . J . M . KROFT and M. V . H UI SMA N* *Section of Vascular Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine-Endocrinology, LUMC, Leiden; Department of Radiology, LUMC, Leiden; Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden; and §Department of Radiology, Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands
Scene text detection via stroke width

In this paper, we propose a novel text detection approach based on stroke width. Firstly, a unique contrast-enhanced Maximally Stable Extremal Region(MSER) algorithm is designed to extract character candidates. Secondly, simple geometric constrains are applied to remove non-text regions. Then by integrating stroke width generated from skeletons of those candidates, we reject remained false positives. Finally, MSERs are clustered into text regions. Experimental results on the ICDAR competition datasets demonstrate that our algorithm performs favorably against several state-of-the-art methods.
Bioenergetic profiling of platelet mitochondria during storage: 4°C storage extends platelet mitochondrial function and viability

Platelets (PLTs) are stored at room temperature (RT) to preserve in vivo circulation time, but PLT quality is degraded. The PLT storage lesion is mitigated by refrigeration, but questions remain regarding effects of cold storage (4°C) on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may adversely affect PLT function and viability during storage, and refrigeration may mitigate these effects.
The distinguished boundary of the unit operator ball

Proof. Consider operators of the form A ©1#jl where A7 is a finite dimensional subspace of H, A is an operator on N with ||. 4]| Sil, and lif± is the identity on NL. Such operators are clearly dense in (B in the strong operator topology, and Z7©ljvx is unitary if U is unitary on N. Therefore it is enough to prove (1) for finite dimensional spaces. In that case (1) follows from work of Bochner [l], or alternatively it may be proved as follows. If A is an «X« matrix with ¡mi â 1 we may write A in polar form as A = VP where V is unitary and P is diagonal with entries Xi( 0^X¿^1. Consider the set of all matrices VQ where Q is diagonal with entries f,-, | fi| á¡l. For fixed i, and for fixed values of Xi (j^i), f(VQ) is a holomorphic function of £",-. Apply the maximum modulus theorem n times to get |/C4)| = |/( VQ) |, where Q is diagonal with entries f,on the unit circle, and thus conclude that U= VQ is unitary. As a particular case, let p be a polynomial in one variable with complex coefficients, p(z)=cQ+Ciz+ ■ ■ • +ckzk, such that
Genetic variation in the 15q25 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor gene cluster (CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4) interacts with maternal self-reported smoking status during pregnancy to influence birth weight

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with low birth weight. Common variation at rs1051730 is robustly associated with smoking quantity and was recently shown to influence smoking cessation during pregnancy, but its influence on birth weight is not clear. We aimed to investigate the association between this variant and birth weight of term, singleton offspring in a well-powered meta-analysis. We stratified 26 241 European origin study participants by smoking status (women who smoked during pregnancy versus women who did not smoke during pregnancy) and, in each stratum, analysed the association between maternal rs1051730 genotype and offspring birth weight. There was evidence of interaction between genotype and smoking (P = 0.007). In women who smoked during pregnancy, each additional smoking-related T-allele was associated with a 20 g [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 4–36 g] lower birth weight (P = 0.014). However, in women who did not smoke during pregnancy, the effect size estimate was 5 g per T-allele (95% CI: −4 to 14 g; P = 0.268). To conclude, smoking status during pregnancy modifies the association between maternal rs1051730 genotype and offspring birth weight. This strengthens the evidence that smoking during pregnancy is causally related to lower offspring birth weight and suggests that population interventions that effectively reduce smoking in pregnant women would result in a reduced prevalence of low birth weight.
Benchmarking cross-project defect prediction approaches with costs metrics

Defect prediction can be a powerful tool to guide the use of quality assurance resources. In recent years, many researchers focused on the problem of Cross-Project Defect Prediction (CPDP), i.e., the creation of prediction models based on training data from other projects. However, only few of the published papers evaluate the cost efficiency of predictions, i.e., if they save costs if they are used to guide quality assurance efforts. Within this paper, we provide a benchmark of 26 CPDP approaches based on cost metrics. Our benchmark shows that trivially assuming everything as defective is on average better than CPDP under cost considerations. Moreover, we show that our ranking of approaches using cost metrics is uncorrelated to a ranking based on metrics that do not directly consider costs. These findings show that we must put more effort into evaluating the actual benefits of CPDP, as the current state of the art of CPDP can actually be beaten by a trivial approach in cost-oriented evaluations.
How an Occupational Therapist Should Conceptualise Self-Awareness following Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood — A Literature Review

Introduction: The development of self-awareness across childhood is a complex and protracted phenomenon. Little is known about the consequences of an interruption to development as a result of a traumatic brain injury in childhood. The aim of this paper was to review the available literature on self-awareness in children following a traumatic brain injury and relate the findings to occupational therapy practice with this group of children and young people. Method: A comprehensive search of the current literature relating to self-awareness following a traumatic brain injury. Findings: A small amount of theoretical and qualitative literature was sourced and critically appraised using appropriate tools. Although only nine relevant papers were identified, those that were evaluated were found to be of a high quality. The findings were supplemented with additional material from developmental psychology and adult brain injury literature. Conclusion: Occupational therapists are encouraged to conceptualise self-awareness in childhood traumatic brain injury within a developmental context. A fuller understanding of self-awareness in childhood and the consequences of an interruption to its development will help to establish age-appropriate interventions.
Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans.

OBJECTIVES We examined lifetime and 12-month rates of any depressive, anxiety, and substance abuse disorders in a national sample of Asian Americans. We focused on factors related to nativity and immigration as possible correlates of mental disorders. METHODS Data were derived from the National Latino and Asian American Study, the first national epidemiological survey of Asian Americans in the United States. RESULTS The relationships between immigration-related factors and mental disorders were different for men and women. Among women, nativity was strongly associated with lifetime disorders, with immigrant women having lower rates of most disorders compared with US-born women. Conversely, English proficiency was associated with mental disorders for Asian men. Asian men who spoke English proficiently generally had lower rates of lifetime and 12-month disorders compared with nonproficient speakers. CONCLUSIONS For Asian Americans, immigration-related factors were associated with mental disorders, but in different ways for men and women. Future studies will need to examine gender as an important factor in specifying the association between immigration and mental health.
Reading Proverbs in Context:The Role of Explicit Markers

We examined how explicit markers or "introductory formulae," which are used for signaling that statements should be interpreted literally or nonliterally, influence the online processing of proverbs. Familiar or unfamiliar proverbial statements were presented in contexts that were biased toward either their literal and nonliteral meanings, and were always preceded immediately by either proverbially speaking, in a manner of speaking, literally speaking, or no marker. The main hypothesis was that the markers, in combination with the contexts, should act as strong constraints on whether people interpret the statements literally or nonliterally. The results demonstrated that each form of marker had a unique effect on the reading of different regions of the proverbial statements, and that they have a stronger in.uence in reducing ambiguity associated with the meanings of unfamiliar proverbs than with familiar proverbs. This research is the . rst to systematically examine the role of explicit markers in the moment-by-moment processing of nonliteral language. Results are discussed in relation to existent models of nonliteral language comprehension.
Repair of double‐strand breaks by incorporation of a molecule of homologous DNA

An in vitro system based upon extracts of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage T7 was used to monitor repair of double‐strand breaks in the T7 genome. The efficiency of double‐strand break repair was markedly increased by DNA molecules (‘donor’ DNA) consisting of a 2.1 kb DNA fragment, generated by PCR, that had ends extending ≈ 1 kb on either side of the break site. Repair proceeded with greater than 10% efficiency even when T7 DNA replication was inhibited. When the donor DNA molecules were labelled with 32P, repaired genomes incorporated label only near the site of the double‐strand break. When repair was carried out with unlabelled donor DNA and [32P]‐dCTP provided as precursor for DNA synthesis the small amount of incorporated label was distributed randomly throughout the entire T7 genome. Repair was performed using donor DNA that had adjacent BamHI and PstI sites. When the BamHI site was methylated and the PstI site was left unmethylated, the repaired genomes were sensitive to PstI but not to BamHI endonuclease, showing that the methyl groups at the BamHI recognition site had not been replaced by new DNA synthesis during repair of the double‐strand break. These observations are most consistent with a model for double‐strand break repair in which the break is widened to a small gap, which is subsequently repaired by physical incorporation of a patch of donor DNA into the gap.
Decorin gene transfer inhibited the expression of TGFbeta1 and ECM in rat mesangial cells.

OBJECTIVE To explore the regulative role of decorin on the ECM gene-expression in diabetic nephropathy, recombinant adenovirus expressing rat decorin (Ad-decorin) was constructed to further investigate the effects of decorin overproduction on the expression of TGFbeta1 and ECM in rat mesangial cells (RMCs) in high glucose condition. METHODS The recombinant decorin adenovirus and lacz adenovirus(Ad-lacz), as a control, were constructed. RT-PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, western blot and gene sequence were used for validating correctness of Ad-decorin. MTT was used to examine the biological function of decorin (decorin expressed by Ad-decorin transduced CHO cells was used to interact with TGFbeta1 which can inhibit the proliferation of Mv1Lu cells). Then Ad-decorin was transferred into rat mesangial cells cultured in high-glucose (450 mg/dL) media and Ad-lacz was as the control transducer. TGFbeta1, decorin, collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin and tenascin mRNA in RMCs at 24, 48 and 72 hours after Ad-decorin infection were determined with RT-PCR. The distribution and expression of TGFbeta1 protein was detected in RMCs at 96 hours after Ad-decorin infection by immunoperoxidase cell staining. RESULTS RT-PCR, restriction enzyme digestion, western blot and gene sequence all confirmed that Ad-decorin could express correct decorin mRNA and protein. MTT showed that decorin protein expressed by Ad-decorin-transfected CHO cells abrogated the inhibitive effect of TGFbeta1 on the proliferation of Mv1Lu cells. Decorin mRNA significantly increased in Ad-decorin transduced RMCs at all the observed time points, reached the peak at 24 hours(2.2-fold, P<0.05) and the overexpression lasted to the end of the observation at 72 hours(1.7-fold, P<0.05) compared to that in Ad-lacz transduced RMCs. Meanwhile, TGFbeta1 mRNA level began to fall at 48 hours (-20%, P<0.05) in Ad-decorin transduced RMCs and went to the valley at 72 hours (-46, P<0.05). ECM components, such as tenascin, laminin, fibronectin and collagen IV, were reduced notably in the Ad-decorin transduced RMCs from the 48 hours to the end of study versus those in the Ad-lacz transduced RMCs. Cellular immunohistochemistry further confirmed that the Ad-decorin transduced RMCs produced much less TGFbeta1 compared with the Ad-lacz transduced RMCs. CONCLUSION The constructed recombinant decorin adenovirus can highly efficiently express biologically active decorin. Overexpression of decorin down-regulates the expression of TGFbeta1 and ECM components from RMCs. These results suggest that overexpression of decorin may be one of the therapeutic approaches to diabetic nephropathy.
Effects of different types of exercise on muscle mass, strength, function and well-being in elderly

Abstract Poor muscle strength and physical function have been associated with higher risk of hospitalisation and lower well-being among the elderly. Physical training increases muscle strength, endurance and physical function as well as psychological outcomes. Exercise among older adults is often used to improve these variables, but few have compared the effects of different types of training in parallel independent groups. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of three different types of training on body composition, muscle strength, physical function and well-being in the elderly. A total of 118 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 74.3, s=4.6 years, 68% women) completed a 13-week randomised controlled exercise-trial involving four groups: traditional strength training (STG), functional strength training (FTG), endurance training (ETG) and control (CON). Stair climb with load improved more in FTG than CON (P<0.05), and the two strength groups performed better in the functional upper body test (P<0.05). STG increased strength more than CON in all exercises (P<0.001), while FTG increased strength more than CON in the chest press, shoulder press and knee extension (P<0.05). Lean body mass (LBM) increased in all training groups, which differed significantly from CON (P<0.05). ETG decreased their fat mass compared to CON (P<0.001). The only significant effect on well-being indices was improved life satisfaction in FTG at week 5 (P<0.05). We also observed significant correlations between change in some of the functional tests and change in positive affect. All three types of training can enhance physical capacity. Functional strength training can be a cost effective form of training in terms of less demand for instructors and equipment and could be an effective way to improve physical function, strength and indices of well-being in the elderly.
Mothers’ construal of self and emotion socialisation goals

The present study examined the relationships between construal of self and emotion socialisation goals. The Parental Goals for Children’s Emotional Competence Scale was constructed to measure the relative importance of individualistic emotional competence (IEC) and relational emotional competence (REC) of children to parents. Data were collected from 189 Chinese mothers living in Hong Kong. It was found that the Chinese mothers in Hong Kong have a dominant interdependent construal of self and valued REC more. Structural equation modelling results show that the independent construal of self predicted the endorsement of IEC only, whereas the interdependent construal of self predicted the endorsement of both IEC and REC. The Parental Goals for Children’s Emotional Competence Scale was shown to have strong construct validity.
A Review of Techniques for Extracting Linear Features from Imagery

The automated extraction of linear features from remotely sensed imagery has been the subject of extensive research over several decades. Recent studies show promise for extraction of feature information for applications such as updating geographic information systems (GIS). Research has been stimulated by the increase in available imagery in recent years following the launch of several airborne and satellite sensors. However, while the expansion in the range and availability of image data provides new possibilities for deriving image related products, it also places new demands on image processing. Efficiently dealing with the vast amount of available data necessitates an increase in automation, while still taking advantage of the skills of a human operator. This paper provides an overview of the types of imagery being used for linear feature extraction. The paper also describes methods used for feature extraction and considers quantitative and qualitative accuracy assessment of these procedures.