Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Resident Burnout and Attitudes Toward Patients

Burnout is highly prevalent among pediatric residents across multiple programs, and is associated with negative self-reported patient care attitudes and behaviors. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Burnout occurs in up to 75% of resident physicians. Our study objectives were to: (1) determine the prevalence of burnout, and (2) examine the association between burnout and self-reported patient care attitudes and behaviors among pediatric residents. METHODS: A total of 258 residents (53% response rate) from 11 pediatric residency programs completed a cross-sectional Web-based survey. Burnout was measured with 2 items from the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Patient care attitudes and behaviors were measured with 7 questions from a standardized qualitative survey. χ2 and logistic regression tested the association between burnout and self-reported patient care attitudes and behavior. RESULTS: A total of 39% of respondents (mean age, 29.4 years ± 2.3 SD; 79% female; 83% white; 35% postgraduate year [PGY] -1, 34% PGY-2, and 31% PGY-3), endorsed burnout. Residents with burnout had significantly greater odds (P < .01) of reporting suboptimal patient care attitudes and behaviors, including: discharging patients to make the service more manageable (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–11.1), not fully discussing treatment options or answering questions (aOR 3.5; 95% CI, 1.7–7.1), making treatment or medication errors (aOR 7.1; 95% CI, 2.0–25.8), ignoring the social or personal impact of an illness (aOR 9.6; 95% CI, 3.2–28.9), and feeling guilty about how a patient was treated (aOR 6.0; 95% CI, 1.6–22.1). CONCLUSIONS: Burnout is highly prevalent among pediatric residents and is associated with self-reported negative patient care attitudes and behaviors. Residency programs should develop interventions addressing burnout and its potential negative impact on patient care.
Homophily and differential returns: Sex differences in network structure and access in an advertising firm.

Herminia Ibarra Harvard University This paper argues that two network mechanisms operate to create and reinforce gender inequalities in the organizational distribution of power: sex differences in homophily (i.e., tendency to form same-sex network relationships) and in the ability to convert individual attributes and positional resources into network advantages. These arguments were tested in a network analytic study of men's and women's interaction patterns in an advertising firm. Men were more likely to form homophilous ties across multiple networks and to have stronger homophilous ties, while women evidenced a differentiated network pattern in which they obtained social support and friendship from women and instrumental access through network ties to men. Although centrality in organization-wide networks did not vary by sex once controls were instituted, relative to women, men appeared to reap greater network returns from similar individual and positional resources, as well as from homophilous relationships. '
Age Differences and Dimensions of Religious Behavior

This research explores the magnitude, sources, and consequences of differences among age strata in various dimensions of religious orientation and practice. A national sample of 4444 Lutheran church members, ages 15–65, completed a 740-item survey. From these data six age groups were empirically formed; these exhibited significant differences on 43 of 52 major scales. Patterns of age strata differences supported a “selective gap” theory rather than a “great gap” interpretation of contrasts among age strata. The youth stratum, 19–23, was found to be most heterogeneous in their beliefs, attitudes, or life styles. Although some within-stratum solidarity was evident, it generally was weak and overshadowed by lineage solidarity. Implications of combined aging and cohort effects conclude the discussion.
Recidivism Among Individuals Detained under a Warrant of the Lieutenant-Governor Living in the Community

This paper reports the findings of a follow-up study of individuals on a warrant of the Lieutenant-Governor in community placement. Of the 32 individuals who had 8.5 years on average of community access, 6.3% had subsequent convictions. A comparison is made between the risk to the community posed by those on warrants and individuals in the general population. The results suggest that those on warrants have functioned relatively well in the community.
Feelin' groovy♪: appropriating time in home‐based telework

In this paper we present some findings from an empirical study into teleworking that challenge the received wisdom that principles of efficiency and speed determine the organisation of public and private lives. Instead, we make a case that emerging forms of work organisation such as telework entail opportunities for some individuals to rethink the relationship between life and work and to engage in questions of ‘how to live one's life’. Drawing on our research study, which combined participant observation with interview conversations with 25 teleworkers and their families, we argue that teleworking, the epitome of flexibility and instantaneousness, can, rather than always contributing to the acceleration of life, provide potential for regeneration, re‐evaluation and slowing down.
Gut reaction by heartless shrimps: experimental evidence for the role of the gut in generating circulation before cardiac ontogeny

Before the appearance of a functional heart in many invertebrate species, the assumption was that general body movements provide circulatory function. Consequently, I investigated the frequency of gut movements in the brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, immediately post-hatch to the point when a functional heart appeared. Prior to cardiac ontogeny, movements of internal musculature and gut provided pre-cardiac circulatory currents with the rate of gut movements increasing when swimming limbs were impeded. There was also some evidence that gut movements were responsive to low oxygen, indicating a possible regulatory function for the gut in early circulation. Overall, this suggests that general body movements are not always adequate to provide internal circulation in small, heartless individuals.
Achievement-Related Perceptions of Children with Learning Disabilities and Normal Achievement

Self-perceptions of teacher feedback, social comparison of reading competence, reading satisfaction, and general self-worth were assessed among third and sixth graders with learning disabilities and normal achievement (n = 247). Relations among these variables and mean differences were examined within and across grades. As predicted, in both grades teacher feedback was the most common criterion children used to judge their academic performance. In both achievement groups, perceived teacher feedback and reading satisfaction were less favorable among sixth than third graders. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that perceived teacher feedback was the best predictor of reading satisfaction; however, in sixth grade, social comparison also contributed significantly to the prediction. The importance of perceived feedback also was demonstrated in the relation to self-worth, which was generally positive among both achievement groups and within each grade. Through its relation to reading satisfaction, perceived teacher feedback contributed significantly to prediction of self-worth. Developmental differences and classroom factors that may explain these findings are discussed.
European Constructions of an American Model

In this article we study the patterns of proliferation, circulation and transformation of MBA programmes in Europe. The article seeks to address two important questions: First, why is it that the label MBA has travelled from the USA to Europe? , and second, to what extent does this label signify the proliferation of similar programmes across the Atlantic? We show that even though the label MBA has diffused around the globe, closer studies of a selection of MBA programmes show that the way in which these local programmes have been formed, clearly reflects their local contexts. Hence, this study is an example of local translations of globalized models. Moreover, the study suggests that we should not take labels as clearly signifying local practices. Instead, while labels of various kinds seem to travel easily and rapidly across the globe, local variations and distinctions remain. Based on case studies of four MBA programmes in Denmark, Italy, Spain and Sweden, we analyse how similarities and differences coexist among MBA programmes. While these case studies clearly show that programmes—in some aspects—are becoming increasingly similar, variations and distinctions among them remain. A few elements of MBA programmes remain stable (the ‘model’) as other elements change as they spread. Therefore, the circulation of a vague model—like an MBA in the management education field—allows for both variance in the local application and stabilization of specific elements. With the proliferation of programmes, the field as a whole displays homogenization as well as heterogenization. Two homogenizing forces, and two heterogenizing forces are identified.
Analysis of the Entire Ryanodine Receptor type 1 and Alpha 1 Subunit of the Dihydropyridine Receptor (CACNA1S) Coding Regions for Variants Associated with Malignant Hyperthermia in Australian Families

Defects in the genes coding for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RYR1) and alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor (CACNA1S) have been identified as causative for malignant hyperthermia (MH). Sixty-two MH susceptible individuals presenting to the same diagnostic centre had copy deoxyribonucleic acid, derived from muscle ribonucleic acid, sequenced to identify variants with the potential to be responsible for the MH phenotype in both RYR1 and CACNA1S. These genetic findings were combined with clinical episode details and in vitro contracture test results to improve our understanding of the Australian MH cohort. Twelve novel variants were identified in RYR1 and six in CACNA1S. Known RYR1 causative mutations were identified in six persons and novel variants in RYR1 and CACNA1S in a further 17 persons. Trends indicated higher mutation identification in those with more definitive clinical episodes and stronger in vitro contracture test responses.
Decentralization or Recentralization? A Question of Household versus Population Enumeration, Canadian Metropolitan Areas 1971–1996

The author considers patterns of population growth and density occurring in Canadian metropolitan areas (CMAs) over the 25-year period 1971–96. Two different sets of data, population and household, are examined with the aid of distance-decay density gradients and enumeration of intrazonal change in census tracts defined as core area (census tracts immediately adjacent to the central business district), inner city, and suburban. Important differences are found when household data are used in lieu of population data. In the core and inner city, household change points towards an overall pattern of recentralization and, in the suburbs, to intensification of development—albeit muted. This contrasts with an accentuated trend to decentralization witnessed in the population-based analyses. The author concludes that centralization is an active force in most CMAs, although it is not as strong a force as decentralization. It is also suggested that there is great diversity between the twenty-two CMAs that make up the dataset. Most important is the demonstration that evidence based on population trends alone is not sufficient to gauge changing patterns of intrametropolitan population distribution.
Performance study of conditional and unconditional direction-of-arrival estimation

A numerical and analytical study of conditional and unconditional direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is presented. Explicit expressions for the unconditional Cramer-Rao bounds on the DOA estimation accuracy and the covariance matrix of the conditional maximum likelihood method are given. It is shown that many DOA estimation methods have the same asymptotic statistical properties under conditional and unconditional models. The situation of two narrowband plane signals impinging on a uniformly spaced linear array is discussed. >
Antiviral treatment of BK virus viremia after kidney transplantation

Purpose. The various antiviral treatment options in the management of BK virus (BKV) viremia and BKV‐associated nephropathy (BKVAN) are reviewed. Summary. Review of the PubMed database from 1990 to 2016 for all English language case series, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials detailing antiviral treatment of BKV viremia or BKVAN in kidney transplant recipients returned only 16 published reports. The majority of these reports were based on small case series or protocol‐based cohort studies, with no prospective head‐to‐head data and only modest benefit reported for cidofovir, leflunomide, i.v. immunoglobulin (IVIG), and fluoroquinolone therapy. Given the lack of comparative data, appropriate antiviral treatment of BKV viremia should be determined based on institutional immunosuppressive protocols and posttransplantation outcomes. In appropriate patients who are not immunologically sensitized, substituting leflunomide for mycophenolate as part of immunosuppression reduction is reasonable and may result in viral clearance in up to 43% of patients at 4 weeks. In patients with persistent viremia despite immunosuppression reduction, either IVIG 2 g/kg administered over 2–5 days or cidofovir 0.5 mg/kg per week until viral clearance is achieved is generally well tolerated. Otherwise, there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of fluoroquinolone therapy in either the treatment or prophylaxis of BKV viremia at this time. Conclusion. A review of the published literature revealed that certain populations of patients with BKV viremia or BKVAN can benefit from cidofovir, leflunomide, and IVIG therapy, but these data were derived from case series or protocol‐driven cohort studies. Providers should treat patients on an individual basis to maximize clinical effectiveness while limiting adverse reactions.
Are Young Children Adaptive Decision Makers? A Study of Age Differences in Information Search Behavior

How adaptive are young children as decision makers? Although similar questions have been raised frequently with regard to adult consumers, very little attention has been paid to the nature of consumer decision-making abilities in young children. The purpose of this article is to explore the emergence of adaptivity in young children's decision-making skills in the context of predecisional search behavior. This article specifically examines the extent to which young children are capable of adapting their search behavior to differing levels of search costs and benefits in the decision environment. We report results from two experiments, conducted with children aged four to seven years, in which we examined children's search activity in the context of a game called “house of prizes. ” The game involved making a choice between two “houses” that contained prizes hidden behind each “window. ” Children were allowed to search behind the windows to uncover the prizes prior to making their choices, with differing costs and benefits of doing so. Data regarding the extent of search conducted by children of different ages suggest that the ability to adapt emerges during the preschool years in a limited fashion and develops rapidly thereafter.
A finite-element model of the mechanical effects of implantable microelectrodes in the cerebral cortex

The viability of chronic neural microelectrodes for electrophysiological recording and stimulation depends on several factors, including the encapsulation of the implant by a reactive tissue response. We postulate that mechanical strains induced around the implant site may be one of the leading factors responsible for the sustained tissue response in chronic implants. The objectives of this study were to develop a finite-element model of the probe–brain tissue interface and analyze the effects of tethering forces, probe–tissue adhesion and stiffness of the probe substrate on the interfacial strains induced around the implant site. A 3D finite-element model of the probe–brain tissue microenvironment was developed and used to simulate interfacial strains created by ‘micromotion’ of chronically implanted microelectrodes. Three candidate substrates were considered: (a) silicon, (b) polyimide and (c) a hypothetical ‘soft’ material. Simulated tethering forces resulted in elevated strains both at the tip and at the sharp edges of the probe track in the tissue. The strain fields induced by a simulated silicon probe were similar to those induced by a simulated polyimide probe, albeit at higher absolute values for radial tethering forces. Simulations of poor probe–tissue adhesion resulted in elevated strains at the tip and delamination of the tissue from the probe. A tangential tethering force results in 94% reduction in the strain value at the tip of the polyimide probe track in the tissue, whereas the simulated ‘soft’ probe induced two orders of magnitude smaller values of strain compared to a simulated silicon probe. The model results indicate that softer substrates reduce the strain at the probe–tissue interface and thus may also reduce tissue response in chronic implants.
Cognitive distortions, aggressive behavior, and drug use in adolescent boys with and without a family history of a substance use disorder

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the relations between (a) cognitive distortions and aggressive behavior, (b) cognitive distortions and drug use, and (c) aggressive behavior and drug use are moderated by a family history of a substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescent boys. Participants were 165 boys aged 15-17 years with (FH+; n = 75) and without (FH-; n = 90) a family history of SUD. Results indicated that a family history of SUD moderated the relation between cognitive distortions and aggressive behavior and the relation between aggressive behavior and drug use. Family history of SUD did not moderate the relation between cognitive distortions and drug use; however, cognitive distortions were positively related to drug use within both groups.
Impairment in Cardiac Autonomic Regulation Preceding Arterial Hypertension in Humans: Insights From Spectral Analysis of Beat-by-Beat Cardiovascular Variability

Background—Subjects in the upper-normal range of arterial pressure have an excess cardiovascular risk, which suggests that other factors, such as impaired autonomic regulation, might be implicated. This study was designed to assess whether noninvasive markers of cardiac and vascular autonomic regulation might already be altered in subjects with high-normal arterial pressure levels. Methods and Results—We performed an observational study on a population comprising 300 subjects of both sexes with arterial pressure ranging from 90/60 to 210/120 mm Hg, who were divided into 3 groups (each n=100) with average systolic pressures of 103, 133, and 163 mm Hg. Autonomic regulation was inferred from spectral analysis of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure variability, considering rest and stand-induced changes, to account for sympathetic excitatory components. Significant alterations in markers of sinoatrial regulation (increased low-frequency normalized units, reduced high-frequency normalized units, and &agr;-index) were already apparent in subjects in the second tertile, ie, those with arterial pressure within normal limits. Markers of vascular regulation instead showed significant alterations in the third (hypertensive) tertile. In response to standing, changes in markers of sinoatrial modulations were gradually reduced, whereas those of vascular regulation were increased. A tight link between progression of arterial pressure and the continuum of changes in autonomic markers as shown by simple correlation analysis appeared strongly affected by age and was spread across many spectral analysis–derived variables. Hypertensive autonomic dysregulation was particularly apparent in the youngest group. Conclusions—RR-variability parameters might prove useful to assess, with longitudinal studies, the mechanistic role of autonomic impairment in the increased risk of prehypertensive conditions.
The relationship between perceptions of a Chinese high school's ethical climate and students' school performance

This study examined the relationship of school ethical climate and students' school performance within the context of a Chinese high school. Gender and grade‐level differences in ethical climate perceptions were also explored. Survey data on perceptions of school ethical climate based upon the dimensions of student‐to‐teacher, student‐to‐student and teacher‐to‐student interactions and relationships were obtained from 754 students. Results of the study showed that students' perceptions of their high school's ethical climate were related to academic achievement, gender and grade level. Students' involvement in extracurricular activities and student leadership generally did not seem to relate to their perceptions of ethical climate. Based upon these findings, the school's moral education intervention programs should increase their focus on the area of teacher‐to‐student relationships and interactions and the subgroups of male students, students in higher grades and students with lower academic achievement. Implications for future research on school climate are also discussed.
Gene-set analysis and reduction

Gene-set analysis aims to identify differentially expressed gene sets (pathways) by a phenotype in DNA microarray studies. We review here important methodological aspects of gene-set analysis and illustrate them with varying performance of several methods proposed in the literature. We emphasize the importance of distinguishing between 'self-contained' versus 'competitive' methods, following Goeman and Bühlmann. We also discuss reducing a gene set to its subset, consisting of 'core members' that chiefly contribute to the statistical significance of the differential expression of the initial gene set by phenotype. Significance analysis of microarray for gene-set reduction (SAM-GSR) can be used for an analytical reduction of gene sets to their core subsets. We apply SAM-GSR on a microarray dataset for identifying biological gene sets (pathways) whose gene expressions are associated with p53 mutation in cancer cell lines. Codes to implement SAM-GSR in the statistical package R can be downloaded from http://www.ualberta. ca/~yyasui/homepage.html.
Institutional homogeneity and choice in superannuation

In this analysis of institutional investor performance, two questions are addressed. First, what degree of similarity is observed within the market place for retail superannuation funds? Second, what are the implications of homogenous behaviour for member choice policy? The answers from this study are as follows: as an industry, institutional investors destroyed value for superannuation investors for the period 1991 through 2003, under-performing passive portfolio returns by around 60 basis points per annum. Moreover, we find there is a great deal of clustering around this average underperformance. It also appears as though funds have similar risk characteristics which are, on average, defensive. The findings suggest that the products offered by those competing in this market are very similar in nature, hence limiting the potency of choice policy in Australia.