Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Thinking about Suicide: Contemplating and Comprehending the Urge to Die

In 2006, David Webb completed the world's first Ph.D. on suicide by someone who has attempted it. Prior to this, David worked in the computer industry as a software developer and university lecturer. In his recent book, Thinking about suicide: Contemplating and comprehending the urge to die, he highlights how the suicidology literature has studiously ignored the voice of those who experience suicidal feelings. In fact, the whole field of research seems to never talk to those it claims as its subjects. Webb rejects the dominant medical model that claims suicide is caused by some notional mental illness. Instead, he proposes an understanding and a conversation (community enquiry) that can allow rather than stifle the terrible feelings, and creates a space for these feelings to be experienced in a different way. How much do we know about the experience of despair that can lead to suicide? How can we understand and make any successful interventions if we cannot understand the first thing about this experience of despair? Not by medicalising it, but really trying to understand both how it feels and what it means. Webb has explored his own experience of being suicidal through phenomenology, and has found his own solution in a form of spirituality - the need no longer to struggle to live, but to accept and embrace life.
Ensemble-Based Tracking: Aggregating Crowdsourced Structured Time Series Data

We study the problem of aggregating the contributions of multiple contributors in a crowdsourcing setting. The data involved is in a form not typically considered in most crowdsourcing tasks, in that the data is structured and has a temporal dimension. In particular, we study the visual tracking problem in which the unknown data to be estimated is in the form of a sequence of bounding boxes representing the trajectory of the target object being tracked. We propose a factorial hidden Markov model (FHMM) for ensemble-based tracking by learning jointly the unknown trajectory of the target and the reliability of each tracker in the ensemble. For efficient online inference of the FHMM, we devise a conditional particle filter algorithm by exploiting the structure of the joint posterior distribution of the hidden variables. Using the largest open benchmark for visual tracking, we empirically compare two ensemble methods constructed from five state-of-the-art trackers with the individual trackers. The promising experimental results provide empirical evidence for our ensemble approach to "get the best of all worlds".
Angelicae Dahuricae Radix Inhibits Dust Mite Extract-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in NC/Nga Mice

We examined whether Angelicae Dahuricae Radix (AR) suppresses the development of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by Dermatophagoides farinae in NC/Nga mice. To investigate the effect of AR, we measured the AD severity score, measured plasma levels of IgE and histamine, and performed histological analysis in NC/Nga mice. We also confirmed the anti-inflammatory effects of AR by measuring TARC/CCL17 production from LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and mRNA levels of TARC and MDC/CCL22 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells. 10 mg/day of AR extract was applied for 4 weeks to NC/Nga mice. Both the AR extract and 0.1% tacrolimus suppressed the development of AD-like skin lesions and reduced dermatitis scores of the back and ear skin. AR extracts caused an inhibition of histological changes induced by repeated application of D. farinae and a reduction of IgE and histamine levels in plasma (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NO production in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells was diminished in a dose-dependent manner, and hTARC production and TARC and MDC mRNA levels in TNF-α/IFN-γ-treated HaCaT cells were diminished by AR. The inhibitory effect of AR on NO, TARC and MDC production may be associated with the suppression of AD-like skin lesions in D. farinae-induced NC/Nga mice.
iNEMI Pb-FREE ALLOY CHARACTERIZATION PROJECT REPORT : PART IV-EFFECT OF ISOTHERMAL PRECONDITIONING ON THERMAL FATIGUE LIFE

The Pb-Free Alloy Characterization Program sponsored by International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative (iNEMI) is conducting an extensive investigation using accelerated temperature cycling (ATC) to evaluate ball grid array (BGA) thermal fatigue performance of a significant number of commercial and experimental Sn based Pb-free solder alloys. The temperature cycling test matrix includes a subset of test cells designed to evaluate the influence of aging or isothermal preconditioning on temperature cycling performance. The aging tests consist of a comparison of two commercial Sn based Pb-free alloys, SAC305 and SAC105, with and without aging for 10 days at 125 °C. Results are presented for multiple temperature cycles in order to compare the relationship between cyclic temperature ranges (T) and temperature extremes on the thermal fatigue life and microstructural evolution. The test data and failure analyses are discussed in terms of the relationship to Ag content and to the initial as well as evolving microstructures during temperature cycling.
Bem-Estar Subjetivo: estudo de correlação com as Forças de Caráter

RESUMO Bem-estar subjetivo tem sido estudado em sua relacao com as forcas e virtudes. As principais referencias da Psicologia Positiva propoem seis virtudes e 24 forcas, ao passo que o bem-estar subjetivo e avaliado quanto a satisfacao de vida, afetos positivo e negativo. Este estudo teve como objetivo a verificacao do nivel de associacao entre forcas de carater e bem-estar subjetivo. Aplicou-se a Escala de Bem-Estar Subjetivo (EBES) e a Escala de Forcas em 237 universitarios. As forcas se correlacionaram com pelo menos um dos fatores de bem-estar subjetivo; afeto negativo foi correlacionado com as forcas criatividade e vitalidade; satisfacao com a vida obteve 16 correlacoes significativas e o fator geral do bem-estar correlacionou-se com 16 forcas. Os resultados confirmaram parcialmente a relacao esperada entre os construtos. Discute-se a influencia de aspectos culturais nos resultados e o avanco na testagem empirica das propostas teoricas da Psicologia Positiva. Palavras-chave: psicologia positiva; bem-estar subjetivo; avaliacao.
Emotion Blends and Mixed Emotions in the Hierarchical Structure of Affect

We explore the implications of a hierarchical structure, consisting of (a) the higher order dimensions of nonspecific Positive Activation and Negative Activation and (b) multiple specific negative affects (e.g., fear, sadness, and anger) and positive affects (e.g., joviality, self-assurance, and attentiveness) at the lower level. Emotional blends of the same valence (e.g., simultaneously experiencing both fear and sadness) are an essential part of this structure and form the basis of the higher order Negative and Positive Activation dimensions. Mixed cross-valence emotions (e.g., feeling both nervous and alert) are not central to this hierarchical scheme but are compatible with it. We examine the frequency of pure emotional states, same-valence emotional blends, and cross-valence mixed emotions in a large momentary mood sample.
Optimism Bias? The Elasticity Puzzle in International Economics Revisited

This thesis consists of four self-contained essays.Essay 1 studies the implications of relaxing the assumption that the elasticity of international substitution is constant over time horizons, through the modeling of habit formation. Compared to the standard model without habits, the proposed dynamic demand model exhibits substantially more volatile exchange rates and it can generate higher real exchange rate persistence in the presence of interest-rate smoothing. Moreover, welfare-maximizing monetary policy results in even stronger exchange rate responses to shocks than does the classical Taylor rule.Essay 2 evaluates the effects of changes in the replacement rate of unemployment benefits on wages and unemployment in an estimated DSGE model. Allowing for permanent shocks to the replacement rate, we find a semielasticity of unemployment of 1.22. Our rich model of the wage bargain further allows us to determine the relative importance of match separation and strike/lockout in wage bargaining. Results from our main specification indicate that breakdowns are more important threat points than conflicts in negotiations when wages are determined.Essay 3 examines the econometric methodology of the empirical literature on the elasticity of international substitution following Feenstra (1994), looking in more detail at the effect on the results of the non-linear mapping between reduced-form and structural parameters. Our main contribution is the use of bootstrap methods, which can explain why researchers applying the Feenstra method may tend to find high estimates. The bootstrap further allows us to better characterize the accuracy of the obtained estimates, a point vastly overlooked by the literature.In Essay 4 we estimate the elasticity of substitution of a country's imports, and that of its exports on the world market, for EU countries using sector level trade data. We present a new empirical strategy based on the identification scheme by Feenstra (1994), which enables the estimation of elasticities from data on exports. We obtain aggregate elasticities for the EU27 countries, with a mean of 3.5 for imports and 4.0 for exports, bringing us closer to traditional estimates and bridging the gap between the newer micro data estimates and the more traditional estimates found in the macroeconomic literature.
Evaluation of Patterns of Liver Toxicity in Patients on Antiretroviral and Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs: A Prospective Four Arm Observational Study in Ethiopian Patients

Objectives To evaluate the incidence, type, severity and predictors of antiretroviral and/or anti-tuberculosis drugs induced liver injury (DILI). Methods A total of 1,060 treatment naive patients were prospectively enrolled into four treatment groups: HIV patients receiving efavirenz based HAART alone (Arm-1); TB-HIV co-infected patients with CD4≤200 cells/μL, receiving concomitant rifampicin based anti-TB and efavirenz based HAART (Arm-2); TB-HIV co-infected patients with CD4>200 cells/μL, receiving anti-TB alone (Arm-3); TB patients taking rifampicin based anti-TB alone (Arm-4). Liver enzyme levels were monitored at baseline, 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th and 24th weeks during treatment. CD4 and HIV viral load was measured at baseline, 24th and 48th weeks. Data were analyzed using multivariate Cox Proportional Hazards Model. Results A total of 159 patients (15%) developed DILI with severity grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 of 53.5%, 32.7%, 11.3% and 2.5% respectively. The incidence of cholestatic, hepatocellular or mixed pattern was 61%, 15% and 24%, respectively. Incidence of DILI was highest in Arm-2 (24.2%)>Arm-3 (10.8%)>Arm-1 (8.8%)>Arm-4 (2.9%). Concomitant anti-TB-HIV therapy increased the risk of DILI by 10-fold than anti-TB alone (p<0.0001). HIV co-infection increased the risk of anti-TB DILI by 4-fold (p = 0.004). HAART associated DILI was 3-fold higher than anti-TB alone, (p = 0.02). HAART was associated with cholestatic and grade 1 DILI whereas anti-TB therapy was associated with hepatocellular and grade ≥ 2. Treatment type, lower CD4, platelet, hemoglobin, higher serum AST and direct bilirubin levels at baseline were significant DILI predictors. There was no effect of DILI on immunologic recovery or virologic suppression rate of HAART. Conclusion HAART associated DILI is mainly cholestatic and mild whereas hepatocellular or mixed pattern with high severity grade is more common in anti-tuberculosis DILI. TB-HIV co-infection, disease severity and concomitant treatment exacerbates the risk of DILI.
Phylobetadiversity among Forest Types in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest Complex

Phylobetadiversity is defined as the phylogenetic resemblance between communities or biomes. Analyzing phylobetadiversity patterns among different vegetation physiognomies within a single biome is crucial to understand the historical affinities between them. Based on the widely accepted idea that different forest physiognomies within the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest constitute different facies of a single biome, we hypothesize that more recent phylogenetic nodes should drive phylobetadiversity gradients between the different forest types within the Atlantic Forest, as the phylogenetic divergence among those forest types is biogeographically recent. We compiled information from 206 checklists describing the occurrence of shrub/tree species across three different forest physiognomies within the Southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Dense, Mixed and Seasonal forests). We analyzed intra-site phylogenetic structure (phylogenetic diversity, net relatedness index and nearest taxon index) and phylobetadiversity between plots located at different forest types, using five different methods differing in sensitivity to either basal or terminal nodes (phylogenetic fuzzy weighting, COMDIST, COMDISTNT, UniFrac and Rao’s H). Mixed forests showed higher phylogenetic diversity and overdispersion than the other forest types. Furthermore, all forest types differed from each other in relation phylobetadiversity patterns, particularly when phylobetadiversity methods more sensitive to terminal nodes were employed. Mixed forests tended to show higher phylogenetic differentiation to Dense and Seasonal forests than these latter from each other. The higher phylogenetic diversity and phylobetadiversity levels found in Mixed forests when compared to the others likely result from the biogeographical origin of several taxa occurring in these forests. On one hand, Mixed forests shelter several temperate taxa, like the conifers Araucaria and Podocarpus. On the other hand, tropical groups, like Myrtaceae, are also very representative of this forest type. We point out to the need of more attention to Mixed forests as a conservation target within the Brazilian Atlantic Forest given their high phylogenetic uniqueness.
The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative

ABSTRACT China’s “One Belt, One Road” project is comprised of two components: the Maritime Silk Road Initiative (MSRI) and the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB)—that were announced separately in 2013. Each component has the potential to transform the global geopolitical landscape through the construction of interrelated infrastructure projects including ports, highways, railways and pipelines. Such hard infrastructure requires the complementary construction of soft infrastructure, such as free trade and investment agreements, and other accords. We introduce a special section focusing specifically on the geopolitics of the MSRI that stems from a workshop hosted in November 2015 in Shanghai. The origins, scope and content of the MSRI are described, along with a summary of the current literature discussing the project, and dominant geopolitical representations. The MSRI is a geopolitical project that involves a number of actors (governments, private companies and Chinese state-owned enterprises) at a number of geographic scales (cities, provinces, states and continents). Arrghi’s twin logics of territorial and economic power help frame and connect the papers of the special section to illustrate the complexity and dynamism of the geopolitics of the MSRI. The articles provide insights into the geopolitics of a large connectivity project.
Role of the faecolith in modern-day appendicitis

Introduction The prevailing view on appendicitis is that the main aetiology is obstruction owing to faecoliths in adults and lymphoid hyperplasia in children. Faecoliths on imaging studies are believed to correlate well with appendicitis. Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted of 1,014 emergency appendicectomy patients between 2001 and 2011. Faecolith prevalence in adult and paediatric appendicectomy specimens with and without perforation was studied. The sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of computed tomography (CT) for identifying faecoliths in the pathology specimen were examined. Results Overall, faecoliths were found in 18.1% (178/986) of appendicitis specimens and 28.6% (8/28) of negative appendicectomies. Faecolith prevalence for positive cases was 29.9% (79/264) in paediatric patients and 13.7% (99/722) in adults (p<0.05). Faecolith prevalence was 39.4% in perforated appendicitis but only 14.6% in non-perforated appendicitis (p<0.05). In adults, faecolith prevalence was 27.5% in perforated appendicitis and 12.0% in non-perforated appendicitis (p<0.05) while in paediatric patients, it was 56.1% in perforated appendicitis and 22.7% in non-perforated appendicitis (p=0.00). Sensitivity and PPV of preoperative CT in identifying faecoliths on pathology were 53.1% (86/162) and 44.8% (86/192) respectively. Conclusions Faecolith prevalence is too low to consider the faecolith the most common cause of non-perforated appendicitis. Faecoliths are more prevalent in paediatric appendicitis than in adult appendicitis. Preoperative CT is an unreliable predictor of faecoliths in pathology specimens.
Student responses to collaborating and learning in a web-based environment

This paper describes a study which explored students' responses and reactions to a web-based environment supporting problem-based learning. The study was undertaken among undergraduate students in an Australian university. The findings revealed that while the majority of the students saw value to be gained from learning in a student-centred and collaborative setting, many expressed a preference for learning in the more conventional teacher-directed forms. The study also sought to explore the potential of the environment to develop problem-solving skills and to determine factors which impeded students' success and achievement. The results did not demonstrate any discernible development of problem-solving skills despite students' extensive experience and participation in problem-solving activities. The findings have suggested a number of important factors missing in the implemented setting including an organising strategy to aid students in the problem-solving process and adequate feedback to ensure reflection among the learners on the quality of the solutions they were developing.
Monetary Policy in the 1990 s : Lessons and Challenges

In recent years there has been considerable discussion of various national and international financial developments ,which, it is argued, have had or will have important implications for the way monetary policy is conducted. The most prominent of these developments can be captured under the rubrics of liberWtion,and globalization. They include such matters as the abolition of exchange and capital controls, a range of financial innovations brought about by regulatory or market changes that have made monetary aggregates less stable, and the move of some countries toward a fixed exchange rate regime. In this, paper I take both a backward and forward look at the formulation of monetary policy. The next section provides a broad overview of the principal lessons for the conduct of monetary policy that can be drawn from the experiences of the past two decades. The following section traces out some of the likely challenges to monetary policy in the coming decade, in particular the implications of liberalization and globalization. There is, of course, some considerable overlap between past changes and future developments. One set of broad conclusions is worth highlighting in this introduc-
Influence of the scar geometry on landslide dynamics and deposits: Application to Martian landslides

Received 24 January 2011; revised 23 June 2011; accepted 30 June 2011; published 4 October 2011. [1] Landslides dynamics prediction remains difficult in spite of a considerable number of studies. The runout distance is widely used in analysis of landslide dynamics and in the calibration of the rheological parameters involved in numerical modeling. However, the unknown impact of the significant uncertainty in the shape of the initial released mass on the runoutdistanceandontheoverallshapeofthedepositraisesquestionsabouttherelevanceof these approaches. The impact of the initial scar geometry on flow and distribution of the deposits is studied here using satellite data and numerical modeling of theoretical landslides, and Martian landslides informed by geomorphological analysis, by varying the initial scar geometry from spoon‐shaped to steep wall geometry. Our results show that the runout distance is a very robust parameter that is only slightly affected by the change in the geometry of the initial scar. On the contrary, the lateral extent of the deposit is shown to be controlled by the scar geometry, providing unique insights into the initial landsliding conditionsonMarsandmakesitpossibletoaccuratelyrecoverthevolumeinitiallyinvolved, an essential ingredient for volume balance calculation. A feedback analysis of Valles Marineris landslides can be drawn, showing good agreement between numerical results and geomorphological analysis; the geometry of the initial scar inferred from numerical modeling is strongly correlated with the regional tectonic history in Valles Marineris area.
Cognitive biases among early adolescents with elevated symptoms of anxiety, depression, and co‐occurring symptoms of anxiety‐depression

Anxiety and depression are often highly correlated in adolescence, and cognitive biases are commonly associated with both types of symptoms. The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive biases in early adolescents showing: (a) elevated symptoms of anxiety; (b) elevated symptoms of depression; (c) elevated co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and depression; and (d) neither elevated symptoms of anxiety nor depression (comparison group). In particular, we were interested in the extent to which certain cognitive biases showed symptom specificity. Participants were N = 686 10- to 14-year-olds, who provided self-reports of anxiety, depression, and measures of cognitive biases. Four groups were created based on quartile cutoffs: anxious, depressed, anxious-depressed, and comparison. Among the results from multivariate analysis of variance, the anxious group thought negative events were more costly as compared to the depressed group. In contrast, the depressed group was higher in terms of negative causal attributions, overgeneralizing, selective abstraction, and negative views of the self, world, and future. The anxious-depressed group showed an overall more negative pattern of cognitive biases than all other groups. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are distinguishable in terms of certain cognitive biases, and the co-occurrence of symptoms is indicative of a particularly negative pattern of thinking. These findings have implications for intervention programs that could target specific cognitive biases. Highlights Are distinct patterns of cognitive biases evident among early adolescents with symptoms of anxiety, symptoms of depression, and co-occurring symptoms of anxiety and depression? We collected self reports of cognitive biases. We also collected self reports of anxiety, depression, and cognitive biases, and created the following groups: 1) anxious; 2) depressed; 3) anxious-depressed; 4) comparison. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are distinguishable in terms of certain cognitive biases, and symptom co-occurrence may indicate a particularly maladaptive pattern of thinking.