Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A Review of Alternative Activities and Alternatives Programs in Youth-Oriented Prevention

CSAP Technical Report Series is designed to simplify research, programmatic, or evaluation findings of national interest on substance abuse-related topics. The reports aim to facilitate the transfer of prevention and intervention technology between and among researchers, administrators, policymakers, educators, and providers in the public and private sectors. This Technical Report was prepared by the Division of Knowledge Development and Evaluation. The presentations herein are those of the authors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions, official policy, or All material appearing in this report, except quoted passages from copyrighted sources, is in the public domain and may be used or reproduced without permission from CSAP or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Prevention (NCAP). NCAP is a contract of SAMHSA/CSAP designed to inform and improve prevention practice, through the application of science-based knowledge. Bickel, who provided a draft manuscript of their guide to developing alternatives programs. Kathy Yeates, Corina Sole, and Samantha Helfert also provided invaluable assistance in the gathering of information for this report. Foreword he Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP) in the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the Nation's lead agency for improving the quality and availability of substance abuse prevention services. In addition to the many programs sponsored by the agency, SAMHSA/ CSAP serves as a facilitator of information dissemination, training, and technical assistance. In doing so, SAMHSA/CSAP seeks to enhance the work of policy-makers and practitioners in their substance abuse prevention efforts. Alternatives programming is one of the most widely employed prevention strategies in the Nation. Yet, even for the most experienced prevention specialist, it is often quite difficult to articulate what constitutes alternatives programming. This challenge is rooted as much in the field's lack of attention to evaluating this prevention approach as it is in the huge and varied assortment of existing alternatives programs. Beyond noting their alcohol-and drug-free nature, can one easily recognize other commonalties among a Red Ribbon Week rock concert, a summertime wilderness expedition, and an after school cultural enrichment program? In light of limited prevention dollars and increasing substance abuse among youth, it is incumbent upon the prevention field to optimize resources. This involves, in part, developing a firm understanding of "what works" and "why it works" and applying the lessons learned in practice. This document was conceived to serve as a basis from which the alternatives prevention strategy might be better understood and …
Adding a stick to the carrot? The interaction of bonuses and fines

In this paper we report on a principal-agent experiment where the principal can choose whether to rely on an unenforcable bonus contract or to combine the bonus contract with a fine if the agent's effort falls below a minimum standard. We show that most principals do not use the fine and that the pure bonus contract is more efficient than the combined contract. Our experiment suggests that principals who are less fair are more likely to choose a combined contract and less likely to actually pay the announced bonus. This offers a new explanation for why explicit and implicit incentives are substitutes rather than complements.
A retrospective look at Rn-induced lung cancer mortality from the viewpoint of a relative risk model.

The potential contribution to U.S. lung cancer deaths from 1930 to 1987 from indoor 222Rn exposures is investigated from the standpoint of a constant relative risk model. Based on this model, which assumes a Rn risk proportional to the baseline lung cancer risk from other causes, the rate of Rn-induced lung cancer mortality has been increasing sharply since 1930. However, the estimated proportion of lung cancer deaths attributable to Rn has remained fairly constant. Applying the range of coefficients the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency employs in assessing the risk from indoor Rn, it is estimated that 8-25% of all current lung cancer deaths are "attributable to" past Rn exposures. The major sources of uncertainty in the estimates are discussed.
Management of information protection based on the integrated implementation of decision support systems

We developed the method and the model for managing protection of objects of informatization, based on the integrated implementation of decision support systems for the tasks on cybersecurity. The proposed solutions differ from the existing ones by the possibility to automate the procedure of generating variants for controlling actions using the decision support system, designed as a web application. The described model for the coordination of experts' opinions is based on the Delphi method. The approach proposed makes it possible to coordinate expert opinions, including to take into account different interval estimates of the degree of protection and information security metrics of the objects of informatization. Results are presented of testing under actual conditions at the enterprises of Ukraine the software complex "Decision support system for managing cyber security of an enterprise ‒ DMSSCSE". The DSS is adapted for the on-line work of experts. It was established that the DSS "DMSSCSE" makes it possible to improve effectiveness of the applied organizational and technical measures to protect objects of informatization. The proposed solutions enabled bringing down the cost of organizing comprehensive information protection systems by 12−15 % compared to the existing methods
The Functional Equivalence Between Movement Imagery, Observation, and Execution Influences Imagery Ability

Abstract Based on literature identifying movement imagery, observation, and execution to elicit similar areas of neural activity, research has demonstrated that movement imagery and observation successfully prime movement execution. To investigate whether movement and observation could prime ease of imaging from an external visual-imagery perspective, an internal visual-imagery perspective, and kinesthetic modality, 36 participants (M age = 20.58; SD = 3.11; 18 women and 18 men) completed an adapted version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire-Revised under four modes of delivery (movement prime, external observation prime, internal observation prime, and image-only). The results revealed that ease of imaging was significantly greater during the movement and observation prime conditions compared to the image-only condition (p < .05). Specifically when priming external visual imagery and internal visual imagery, observation facilitated ease of imaging only when the perspective was congruent with the imagery perspective. The results support the use of movement and observation to facilitate ease of imaging, but highlight the importance of considering the visual perspective when using observation.
Infrared Spectroscopy of the Ultra-Low-Mass Binary Oph 162225–240515

Binary properties are an important diagnostic of the star and brown dwarf formation processes. While wide binaries appear to be rare in the substellar regime, recent observations have revealed Ophiuchus 162225-240515 (2MASS J16222521-2405139) as a likely young ultra-low-mass binary with an apparent separation of ≈240 AU. Here we present low-resolution near-infrared spectra of the pair from NTT/SOFI (R ~ 600) and VLT/ISAAC (R ~ 1400), covering the 1.0-2.5 μm spectral region. By comparing them to model atmospheres from Chabrier & Baraffe and Burrows et al., we confirm the surface temperatures to be TA = 2350 ± 150 K and TB = 2100 ± 100 K for the two components of the binary, consistent with earlier estimates from optical spectra. Using gravity-sensitive K I features, we find the surface gravity to be significantly lower than field dwarfs of the same spectral type, providing the best evidence so far that these objects are indeed young. However, we find that models are not sufficiently reliable to infer accurate ages/masses from surface gravity. Instead, we derive masses of MA = 13MJ and MB = 10MJ for the two objects using the well-constrained temperatures and assuming an age of 1-10 Myr, consistent with the full range of ages reported for the Oph region.
Blood Flow Restriction Therapy after Closed Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures

Abstract Background Blood flow restriction (BFR) therapy is an innovative rehabilitative program that enables patients to increase strength at a fraction of the weight typically necessary in endurance exercises. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study evaluating patient outcomes with a BFR therapy program for closed management after a distal radius fracture compared to a traditional rehabilitation protocol. Literature review A randomized-controlled study was conducted comparing a standardized hand therapy rehabilitation protocol alone to a combined protocol with the use of BFR therapy in patients who were initially treated with closed reduction and short arm cast immobilization for a displaced distal radius fracture between May 1, 2015 and August 1, 2016. BFR therapy was performed with a restrictive tourniquet applied to the upper brachium, performing the same strengthening exercises as the control group but with the restrictive tourniquet in place. Clinical assessment was conducted at 6, 10, and 14 weeks from the date of initial cast immobilization. Outcome measures collected included wrist range of motion; grip strength; pinch strength; visual analogue scale for pain with activity and at rest; patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) scores; and disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand scores. Results Thirteen patients were enrolled and randomized between the BFR (n = 6) and control (n = 7) groups. The BFR group noted significantly greater reduction in pain with activity compared to the control group after 8 weeks of therapy (Δ −4.0 vs. −2.3, p = 0.03). Similarly, patients in the BFR group displayed greater reduction in PRWE scores compared to the control group after 8 weeks of BFR therapy (Δ −57.9 vs. 30.8, p = 0.01). The two groups did not demonstrate any significant difference in radiographic outcomes at any time point or throughout the course of the study. All patients tolerated the BFR therapy program and there were no complications. Clinical relevance The addition of BFR therapy to the rehabilitative program after closed management of a distal radius fracture is safe, well tolerated by patients, without any deleterious effects on radiographic outcomes. This pilot study noted that BFR therapy in patients with nonoperative distal radius fractures may result in a larger reduction in pain with activity and greater improvement in overall self-perceived function.
A model-based insight into the coupling of nitrogen and sulfur cycles in a coastal upwelling system

The biogeochemical cycling in oxygen‐minimum zones (OMZs) is dominated by the interactions of microbial nitrogen transformations and, as recently observed in the Chilean upwelling system, also through the energetically less favorable remineralization of sulfate reduction. The latter process is masked, however, by rapid sulfide oxidation, most likely through nitrate reduction. Thus, the cryptic sulfur cycle links with the nitrogen cycle in OMZ settings. Here, we model the physical‐chemical water column structure and the observed process rates as driven by formation and sinking of organic detritus, to quantify the nitrogen and sulfur cycles in the Chilean OMZ. A new biogeochemical submodule was developed and coupled to the Regional Ocean Model System (ROMS). The model results generally agree with the observed distribution of reactive species and the measured process rates. Modeled heterotrophic nitrate reduction and sulfate reduction are responsible for 47% and 36%, respectively, of organic remineralization in a 150 m deep zone below mixed layer. Anammox contributes to 61% of the fixed nitrogen lost to N2 gas, while the rest of the loss is through canonical denitrification as a combination of organic matter oxidation by nitrite reduction and sulfide‐driven denitrification. Mineralization coupled to heterotrophic nitrate reduction supplies ~48% of the ammonium required by anammox. Due to active sulfate reduction, model results suggest that sulfide‐driven denitrification contributes to 36% of the nitrogen loss as N2 gas. Our model results highlight the importance of considering the coupled nitrogen and sulfur cycle in examining open‐ocean anoxic processes under present, past, and future conditions.
Dissection of the brain supplying arteries over the life span

Cervical artery dissection (CAD) is being increasingly diagnosed due to improved neuroimaging methods. The mean age of patients with CAD is about 40 years, with a peak between 40 and 45 years of age. Proven data on the incidence of CAD in older patients are missing. Therefore, whether CAD should also be considered as a probable cause of cerebral ischemic events in the elderly was investigated. All consecutive patients referred to our clinic with a diagnosis of cerebral ischemia from January 1999 until June 2000 were thoroughly assessed for the presence of CAD. In addition, the records of all stroke patients treated in our department from January 1995 to December 1998 were analysed retrospectively for a diagnosis of CAD. A total of 34 patients (11 women) had suffered from internal carotid (n = 29) or vertebral artery (n = 5) dissection. Their mean (SD) age was 50.3 (14.6) years, with 32.4% being older than 60 years. Clinical presentation of CAD did not differ depending on the patients’ age. The results show that CAD is a possible cause of cerebral ischemia in the elderly and thus has also to be considered in the diagnostic investigation in this patient group.
Distributed Resource Allocation for Relay-Aided Device-to-Device Communication: A Message Passing Approach

Device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular wireless networks is a promising concept to improve user experience and resource utilization by allowing direct transmission between two cellular devices. In this paper, performance of network-assisted D2D communication is investigated where D2D traffic is carried through relay nodes. Considering a multi-user and multi-relay network, we propose a distributed solution for resource allocation with a view to maximizing network sum-rate. An optimization problem is formulated for radio resource allocation at the relays. The objective is to maximize end-to-end rate as well as satisfy the data rate requirements for cellular and D2D user equipments under total power constraint. Due to intractability of the resource allocation problem, we propose a solution approach using message passing technique where each user equipment sends and receives information messages to/from the relay node in an iterative manner with the goal of achieving an optimal allocation. Therefore, the computational effort is distributed among all the user equipments and the corresponding relay node. The convergence and optimality of the proposed scheme are proved and a possible distributed implementation of the scheme in practical LTE-Advanced networks is outlined. The numerical results show that there is a distance threshold beyond which relay-aided D2D communication significantly improves network performance with a small increase in end-to-end delay when compared to direct communication between D2D peers.
Five-year results of a prospective randomised controlled clinical trial of posterior computer-aided design-computer-aided manufacturing ZrSiO4 -ceramic crowns.

The aim of this prospective randomised controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical outcome of shrinkage-free ZrSiO4 -ceramic full-coverage crowns on premolars and molars in comparison with conventional gold crowns over a 5-year period. Two hundred and twenty-three patients were included and randomly divided into two treatment groups. One hundred and twenty-three patients were restored with 123 ZrSiO4 -ceramic crowns, and 100 patients received 100 gold crowns, which served as the control. All crowns were conventionally cemented with glass-ionomer cement. After an observation period of 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months, the survival probability (Kaplan-Meier) for the shrinkage-free ZrSiO4 -ceramic crowns was 98·3%, 92·0%, 84·7%, 79% and 73·2% and for the gold crowns, 99%, 97·9%, 95·7%, 94·6% and 92·3%, respectively. The difference between the test and control group was statistically significant (P = 0·0027). The gold crowns showed a better marginal integrity with less marginal discoloration than the ceramic crowns. The most common failure in the ceramic crown group was fracture of the crown. The 60-month results of this prospective randomised controlled clinical trial suggest that the use of these shrinkage-free ZrSiO4 -ceramic crowns in posterior tooth restorations cannot be recommended.
18F-FDG PET/CT for the Diagnosis of Residual or Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma After Radiotherapy: A Metaanalysis

The aim of this work was to assess the overall value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma using a metaanalysis. Methods: The literature published between January 1990 and September 2014 was searched in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, VIP, CNKI, and Wanfang databases to identify eligible studies on PET/CT of residual or recurrent lesions. The methodologic quality of the included studies was evaluated using the “quality assessment for studies of diagnostic accuracy” tool. Summary sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, diagnostic odds ratio, and receiver-operating characteristic curve were obtained using Meta-DiSc freeware. Subgroups were also analyzed. Results: A total of 23 studies, involving 1,253 subjects, were included in the metaanalysis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, and diagnostic odds ratio, with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses, for 18F-FDG PET or PET/CT were 0.93 (0.91–0.95), 0.87 (0.84–0.89), 5.52 (3.96–7.71), 0.12 (0.09–0.15), and 55.31 (34.94–87.57), respectively. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve and Q* index estimate of PET/CT were 0.9473 and 0.8869, respectively. There was no significant difference between the area under the curve of PET and PET/CT (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Our study has confirmed that 18F-FDG PET/CT has high sensitivity and specificity but significant heterogeneity in the diagnosis of residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Predicting completion of a cognitive-behavioral pain management program by initial measures of a chronic pain patient' s readiness for change.

OBJECTIVE There is a need to identify pretreatment patient indicators, which are predictive of the successful enrollment and completion of chronic pain treatment programs. Recent evidence suggests the Pain Stages of Change Questionnaire can predict enrollment and completion of a 10-session cognitive-behavioral pain management program. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the pretreatment Stages of Change Questionnaire can predict patients who would complete a cognitive-behavioral pain treatment program. DESIGN Prospective cohort study using logistic regression analyses. SETTINGS Patients referred for a 10-session cognitive-behavioral treatment program at a tertiary care multidisciplinary pain clinic or a community-based specialty clinic. SUBJECTS Three hundred chronic pain patients (151 in the tertiary setting and 149 in the community-based setting) participated, with 147 of the patients (49%) completing and 153 (51%) patients not completing the 10-session program. INTERVENTION Ten-visit cognitive-behavioral program for chronic pain patients. OUTCOME MEASURE Completion of program. RESULTS The Stages of Change Questionnaire scores could predict completion status chi2 (N = 300, 2 df) = 39.7, p <0.001, (goodness-of-fit test chi2 = 5.69, p = 0.68). Those patients completing the program were slightly older and reported higher levels of pain, depression, and disability than did those patients who did not complete. Low "Precontemplation" score remained the best single predictor, as it identified correctly 61% of the cases patients who completed the program and predicted who would drop out in 65% of the cases. CONCLUSION The Stages of Change Questionnaire is a potentially useful tool; however, the current scoring method is insufficient to recommend its use as an inclusion or exclusion criterion for enrollment in a cognitive-behavioral program.
Propane Flaming as a New Approach to Control Mediterranean Invasive Weeds

In recent decades, anthropogenic activity and climate changes have reshaped global weed dispersal and establishment in new territories. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of propane flaming approach in the control of perennial invasive and native Mediterranean broadleaf and grass weeds. The invasive weeds, Cyperus rotundus, Sorghum halepense, and Ecballium elaterium, were treated multiple times with a single propane dose (2.5 kg propane km−1), using the broadcast technique. The local annual weeds, Sinapis arvensis, Lavatera trimestris, and Avena sativa, were treated once at five propane doses (0–2.5 kg propane km−1), using the cross-row technique. Dose-response analysis was performed. Three applications provided effective control (up to >90%) for all tested perennials, and affected seed and flower production in Sorghum halepense and Ecballium elaterium, respectively. However, the timing of the sequential application had a significant impact on the degree of control, in terms of dry weight reduction and seed production. Weed density had an impact on control efficacy but was only a significant determinant for Ecballium elaterium. Cross-row application was effective during early growth stages of broadleaf weeds (ED50 < 1.2 kg propane km−1), but was less effective during later growth stages (ED50 > 2.6 kg propane km−1). For grass weeds, both early and late application were ineffective (ED50 > 4.1 kg propane km−1). More research is needed to optimize this weed control tactic for various cropping systems and weed species. Implementation of this novel approach into integrated weed management programs will increase the control efficacy of invasive weed under the projected climate changes and reduce the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.