Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Second-Century Reception of John: A Survey of Methodologies*

The last sixty years have witnessed quite different results on the topic of the reception of the Fourth Gospel in the second century. It is however at hand to notice that these significantly differing results are indebted to the dissimilar methodological approaches assumed by each scholar. The main aim of this paper is to reassess methodologically the bibliography on the reception of John in the second century. Given that we are far from having a consensus on the question of how to seek for John in the earliest Christian texts, some concluding considerations are offered on future possible development of the topic.
Social acceptance and the relationship between aggressive problem‐solving strategies and aggressive behaviour in 14‐year‐old adolescents

This study examines the relationship between aggressive problem‐solving strategies and aggressive behaviour, and the intervening role of social acceptance in that relationship. The subjects were 780 14‐year‐old adolescents (382 girls and 398 boys). They completed a questionnaire measuring social problem‐solving strategies, while assessments of aggressive behaviour and social acceptance were obtained by peer ratings. The results showed that aggressive problem‐solving strategies were only moderately related to aggressive behaviour, social acceptance playing an important role. Those who received incongruent social feedback, i.e. scored high on social acceptance even though they behaved aggressively, or low although they behaved non‐aggressively, expressed aggressive problem‐solving strategies which conflicted with their actual behaviour. Those who received congruent social feedback, on the other hand, i.e. scored high on social acceptance if they behaved non‐aggressively, or low if they behaved aggressively, had strategies which were in line with their actual aggressive behaviour. Analyses of gender differences showed that aggressive problem‐solving strategies were related to aggressive behaviour and social acceptance more among boys. The findings are discussed in terms of social information‐processing models and social knowledge about the self.
Defining categories to select representative attack test-cases

To ameliorate the quality of protection provided by intrusion detection systems (IDS) we strongly need more effective evaluation and testing procedures. Evaluating an IDS against all known and unknown attacks is probably impossible. Nevertheless, a sensible selection of representative attacks is necessary to obtain an unbiased evaluation of such systems. To overcome the problem of an unmanageably large set of possible inputs, software testers usually divide the data input domain into categories (or equivalence classes), and select representative instances from each category as test cases. We believe that the same principle could be applied to IDS testing if we have a reasonable classification. In this paper we make a thorough analysis of existing attack classifications in order to determine whether they could be helpful in selecting attack test cases. Then, we construct a new scheme to classify attacks relying on those attributes that appear to be the best classification criteria.
Regulatory encounters : multinational corporations and American adversarial legalism

"Regulatory Encounters" reports on a path-breaking study of how government regulation of business in the United States differs in practice from regulation in other economically advanced democracies. In each of ten in-depth case studies, the contributors to this volume compare a particular multinational corporation's experience with parallel regulatory regimes in the United States and in Japan, Canada, Great Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, and the European Union, noting precisely which regulatory precautions were actually implemented in each country.The regulatory systems analyzed include aspects of environmental protection, product safety, debt collection, employees' rights, and patent protection. The studies in "Regulatory Encounters" indicate that the adversarial and legalistic character of American regulation imposes higher costs and delays on economic activity than comparable regulatory regimes in other economically advanced democracies, and often does not generate higher levels of protection for the public.
Adjustment costs and the identification of Cobb Douglas production functions

Cobb Douglas production function parameters are not identified from cross-section variation when inputs are perfectly flexible and chosen optimally, and input prices are common to all firms. We consider the role of adjustment costs for inputs in identifying these parameters in this context. The presence of adjustment costs for all inputs allows production function parameters to be identified, even in the absence of variation in input prices. This source of identification appears to be quite fragile when adjustment costs are deterministic, but more useful in the case of stochastic adjustment costs. We illustrate these issues using simulated production data.
G0-G1 Transition and the Restriction Point in Pancreatic β-Cells In Vivo

Most of our knowledge on cell kinetics stems from in vitro studies of continuously dividing cells. In this study, we determine in vivo cell-cycle parameters of pancreatic β-cells, a largely quiescent population, using drugs that mimic or prevent glucose-induced replication of β-cells in mice. Quiescent β-cells exposed to a mitogenic glucose stimulation require 8 h to enter the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and this time is prolonged in older age. The duration of G1, S, and G2/M is ∼5, 8, and 6 h, respectively. We further provide the first in vivo demonstration of the restriction point at the G0-G1 transition, discovered by Arthur Pardee 40 years ago. The findings may have pharmacodynamic implications in the design of regenerative therapies aimed at increasing β-cell replication and mass in patients with diabetes.
Les représentations phonologiques des mots chez le jeune enfant

Cet article porte sur la problematique du degre de specificite des representations phonologiques chez les enfants au cours de leur deuxieme annee de vie. Les mots sont-ils initialement codes dans un format global, avec une specification progressive qui s’effectuerait en fonction de la maturite, de la taille du vocabulaire ou de la familiarite des mots, ou sont-ils d’emblee representes dans un format detaille ? Apres une breve revue des travaux portant sur differentes langues, nous presenterons deux etudes realisees dans notre laboratoire avec des bebes francophones âges de 14 mois au moyen du paradigme de regard preferentiel intermodal. Les resultats montrent que les bebes regardent plus longtemps les images correspondant a des mots bisyllabiques bien prononces (« voiture ») que les images correspondant a des mots dont la consonne mediane a ete modifiee (« voinure »). En revanche, une modification de la premiere ou de la seconde voyelle ne semble pas etre percue par les bebes. Ces resultats confortent l’hypothese d’un role plus important des consonnes par rapport aux voyelles au niveau lexical.
Pars plana vitrectomy alone with diffuse illumination and vitreous dissection to manage primary retinal detachment with unseen breaks.

OBJECTIVE To report on pars plana vitrectomy with diffuse illumination, wide-angle viewing, and meticulous vitreous dissection for identifying and managing retinal breaks when no breaks were detected before surgery for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS Prospective clinical study of 61 of 800 consecutive eyes (7.6%) (61 of 782 patients) seen at a university hospital during the 48-month study for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in whom no break could be identified preoperatively despite thorough examinations. All of the patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy alone with meticulous peripheral vitreous dissection assisted by diffuse illumination, a wide-angle viewing system, perfluorocarbon liquid, triamcinolone acetonide suspension, and balanced salt solution to identify and manage primary retinal breaks. RESULTS Retinal breaks were found intraoperatively in 60 eyes (98%). In 51 of 61 eyes (84%), balanced salt solution was left in the vitreous cavity. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 25 of 61 study eyes (41%). Primary retinal reattachment was attained in 60 study eyes (98%). Final reattachment was achieved in all 61 eyes (100%). CONCLUSIONS Pars plana vitrectomy alone with diffuse illumination and extensive vitreous dissection led to identification and management of retinal breaks undetectable before surgery, achieving a high primary reattachment rate.
Concepts of mild memory impairment in the elderly and their relationship to dementia—a review

The concept enshrined by Kral (1962) in the term ‘benign senescent forgetfulness’ is reviewed together with a number of other diagnostic terms synonymous with mild memory impairment. Data from epidemiological studies which employ them are presented and the relationship between ‘normal’ ageing, subjective memory complaints and dementia is discussed. Mild memory impairment in late life is associated with an increased risk of developing dementia but it is difficult from present studies to quantify this.
Information Problem Solving: A Wider View of Library Skills

Abstract In an age of abundant information on almost every topic, it is increasingly important that students learn how to locate, select, evaluate, and integrate information form various sources. The study reported here examined the cognitive and metacognitive demands of the initital stages of gathering information for elementary school research assignments. It paid attention to interactions between areas of knowledge and the metacognitive skills underlying the task. The efforts of 23 Grade 6 students were recorded on videotape while they participated in individual think aloud/concurrent interviews. Retrospective interviews were used to illuminate those aspects of the task which were not amenable to thinking aloud. Results support the view that information retrieval and use in libraries is essentially a problem-solving task that requires various forms of knowledge to be applied very flexibly and in concert. Students of all abilities were found to have wide-ranging metacognitive knowledge, but overall, they had insufficient general and tactical knowledge to facilitiate the use of alternative action paths when a favored approach failed. Implications for future library skills tuition are discussed.
AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS: A Clinicoanatomic Study of Fifty-Three Cases

MODERN interest in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis stems from the pioneer publications of Duchenne 1 and Aran, 2 in which progressive spinal muscular atrophy was described and its muscular origin postulated. Opinion regarding the pathogenesis was divided thereafter between those who considered muscle and those who considered spinal cord the site of origin of the disorder. It remained for Charcot and Joffroy 3 to describe amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for the first time, and their classic papers gave overwhelming support to the neurogenic concept. In 1875 Erb 4 wrote about "a little-known spinal symptom complex," which since has been called primary lateral sclerosis. These conditions form the group known as "motor neuron disease," which also includes some special types characterized by aberrant age of onset (the progressive muscular atrophy of Werdnig and Hoffmann) or involvement of specific nuclei, such as Duchenne's progressive bulbar palsy. Motor neuron disease, therefore, may be manifested by
Randomized trial of atorvastatin in improving endothelial function in diabetics without prior coronary disease and having average cholesterol level.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether HMGCoA reductase inhibitor with atorvastatin can modulate endothelial function in type II diabetics having average cholesterol and no prior cardiovascular disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD Type II diabetics, with no prior cardiovascular events and total cholesterol at admission of < or = 200 mg/dl or LDL < or = 140 mg/dl, were randomized to placebo (n = 20) or atorvastatin 20 mg daily (n = 22) for 30 weeks. Brachial artery endothelium-dependent dilatation or flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and endothelium-independent dilatation or nitroglycerine-mediated dilatation (NTGMD) were measured at baseline and after thirty weeks of treatment. RESULTS Baseline clinical characteristics were similar at admission in both groups. After thirty weeks of treatment, the FMD did not significantly change in either the atorvastatin or placebo group (4.11 +/- 1.05% to 3.01 +/- 1.27% vs 5.75 +/- 1.93% to 6.45 +/- 1.41%, respectively; p = 0.46 by analysis of covariance). Similarly, the NTGM did not change in either group. CONCLUSION The addition of HMGCoA reductase inhibitor with atorvastatin did not improve endothelial function in type 2 diabetes having average cholesterol with no prior cardiovascular disease, despite an improvement of the lipid profile.
Accessible Information for People with Intellectual Disabilities: Do Symbols Really Help?

Background Recently, symbols have been used to increase understanding of written information for people with intellectual disabilities, yet the effectiveness of this remains largely untested. This study was undertaken around the time of an election and it aimed to test whether a symbol-based manifesto increased the understanding of this material for people with intellectual disabilities. Method Two versions of a simplified manifesto were produced: one text-based and the other symbol-based (with text). Participants were randomly assigned to two groups: one received the text-based information, and the other the symbol-based information (with text). Participants were asked a series of questions about the material, both immediately (time 1) and a short time afterwards (time 2), to assess understanding (the material was in front of them throughout). Results Both versions produced relatively low levels of understanding. The group with symbols (and text) showed no better understanding than the group with text only. However, those with better language comprehension scores and those with better reading skills tended to show a higher understanding of the manifesto, in both groups. In the symbols group, those who said they had seen symbols before also showed significantly better understanding of the material at time 2. Conclusions This study suggests that the addition of symbols to simple texts does not necessarily improve people's understanding of it. It is proposed that a closer examination of people's understanding of symbols should be made and ways of improving this understanding investigated.
Cancers Screening in an Asymptomatic Population by Using Multiple Tumour Markers

Background Analytic measurement of serum tumour markers is one of commonly used methods for cancer risk management in certain areas of the world (e.g. Taiwan). Recently, cancer screening based on multiple serum tumour markers has been frequently discussed. However, the risk–benefit outcomes appear to be unfavourable for patients because of the low sensitivity and specificity. In this study, cancer screening models based on multiple serum tumour markers were designed using machine learning methods, namely support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbour (KNN), and logistic regression, to improve the screening performance for multiple cancers in a large asymptomatic population. Methods AFP, CEA, CA19-9, CYFRA21-1, and SCC were determined for 20 696 eligible individuals. PSA was measured in men and CA15-3 and CA125 in women. A variable selection process was applied to select robust variables from these serum tumour markers to design cancer detection models. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value, area under the curve, and Youden index of the models based on single tumour markers, combined test, and machine learning methods were compared. Moreover, relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction (ARR), and absolute risk increase (ARI) were evaluated. Results To design cancer detection models using machine learning methods, CYFRA21-1 and SCC were selected for women, and all tumour markers were selected for men. SVM and KNN models significantly outperformed the single tumour markers and the combined test for men. All 3 studied machine learning methods outperformed single tumour markers and the combined test for women. For either men or women, the ARRs were between 0.003–0.008; the ARIs were between 0.119–0.306. Conclusion Machine learning methods outperformed the combined test in analysing multiple tumour markers for cancer detection. However, cancer screening based solely on the application of multiple tumour markers remains unfavourable because of the inadequate PPV, ARR, and ARI, even when machine learning methods were incorporated into the analysis.
R/Kademlia: Recursive and topology-aware overlay routing

Structured peer-to-peer overlays offer a basis for a broad range of applications, such as distributed storage, application layer multicast, and mobility support. This paper introduces R/Kademlia, a low bandwidth and low latency variant of the popular overlay protocol Kademlia. R/Kademlia utilizes recursive overlay routing instead of iterative lookups of keys, thus a higher routing performance can be achieved in network scenarios with churn rates that are characteristic for public KAD networks. Both Proximity Routing and Proximity Neighbor Selection are effectively applicable, which leads to a further decrease of routing latencies. Similar to the original protocol, nodes in a R/Kademlia network meet other nodes during user-triggered routing procedures, hence no expensive periodic tasks are needed. For the simulative evaluation of R/Kademlia, the Performance vs. Cost framework (PVC) and the overlay framework OverSim were employed, where both routing modes-iterative and recursive-were simulated and compared in different network scenarios with varying churn rates.
An Ecological Framework for Conceptualizing Educational Risk

Contemporary approaches to educational risk have been criticized because of their (a) lack of attention to student-environment interaction and (b) focus on populations at risk as opposed to individuals at risk. Ecological theory is presented as a conceptual orientation to educational risk that confronts both of these criticisms. Specifically, Bronfenbrenner's ecological network consisting offour nested interactive systems is adapted to educational risk. Educational risk is thus understood as discordant child-environment interaction that may occur in the classroom (microrisk), in the home (mesorisk), in the community (exorisk) and/or in the larger society (macrorisk). Conceptualizing educational risk as potentially occurring in each of these four ecosystems allows for organization of existing thought and praxis and also broadens the scope of viable intervention strategies.
Repeated administration of frusemide does not offer an advantage over single dosing in attenuating exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension in thoroughbred horses.

The objective of the present study was to ascertain whether administration of a second dose of frusemide would attenuate exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension more than a single dose. Right atrial, right ventricular and pulmonary vascular pressures were determined in 7 healthy, sound, exercise-trained Thoroughbred horses at rest and during exercise (14.2 m/s + a 3.5% uphill grade) performed at maximal heart rate (217 +/- 3 beats/min [mean +/- s.e.]). Horses were studied during the following 3 treatments in random order 7 days apart: control (no medication), frusemide single dose (250 mg i.v. 4 h pre-exercise), and frusemide double dose (250 mg i.v., 4 h pre-exercise + 250 mg i.v. 2 h pre-exercise). In the control study, exercise resulted in significant (P < 0.05) right atrial as well as pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension. In the frusemide single dose experiments, a significant (P < 0.05) attenuation of the exercise-induced rise in right atrial and pulmonary vascular pressures was observed. However, compared with frusemide single dose experiments, significant changes in the exercise-induced right atrial and pulmonary arterial, capillary and venous hypertension were not observed in the frusemide double dose experiments. Therefore, it is concluded that administration of an additional dose of frusemide is unlikely to affect the severity of EIPH in racing Thoroughbred horses more than a single dose.
Emotional Contagion

Theorists have proposed that men and women and those in various occupational groups should differ in their susceptibility to primitive emotional contagion. Study 1 was designed to explore the extent to which gender and occupation affected respondents’ self-reports of emotional contagion, as measured by the Emotional Contagion (EC) scale. As predicted, women in a variety of occupations secured higher total EC scores than did men. Study 2 was designed to determine the extent to which gender affected self-reports of emotional contagion (again as measured by the EC scale) and actual responsiveness to others’ emotions. As predicted, women received higher EC scores, reported sharing the targets’ emotions to a greater extent, and were rated by judges as displaying more emotional contagion than did men.
A New Receptive Vocabulary Size Test for French

Researchers have developed several tests of receptive vocabulary knowledge suitable for use with learners of English, but options are few for learners of French. This situation motivated the authors to create a new vocabulary size measure for French, the Test de la taille du vocabulaire (TTV). The measure is closely modelled on Nation’s (1983) Vocabulary Levels Test (VLT) and follows the guidelines written by Schmitt, Schmitt, and Clapham (2001). Initially, a pilot version was trialled with 63 participants; then an improved version was administered to 175 participants at four proficiency levels. Results attest to the TTV’s validity: mean scores across the four frequency sections decreased as the tested words became less frequent, and more proficient learner groups outperformed less proficient groups. The TTV in its current form is intended to be of practical use to teachers and learners, but it is also expected to evolve; ideas for future improvements are discussed.Des chercheurs ont développé plusieurs tests de vocabulaire réceptif pour les apprenants d’anglais, mais les options pour les apprenants de fran-çais ne sont pas nombreuses. Ce scénario a motivé les auteurs à créer un nouvel outil qui mesure la taille du vocabulaire en français, le Test de la taille du vocabulaire (TTV). Cet outil repose sur le modèle du Vocabulary Levels Test, conçu par Nation (1983), et suit les directives proposées par Schmitt, Schmitt et Clapham (2001). Premièrement, une version pilote a été testée auprèsde 63 participants, ensuite une version améliorée a été complétée par 175 participants de quatre niveaux de compétence distincts. Les résultats confirment la validité du test: les moyennes obtenues par les participants à chacune des quatre sections décroissent au fur et à mesure que les mots deviennent moins fréquents et les groupes plus avancés ont obtenu des moyennes plus élevées par rapport aux groupes moins avancés. Le TTV, dans sa forme présente, se veut un outil pratique, conçu pour être utilisé par des enseignants et des apprenants. Néanmoins, on espère que le test évolue; quelques pistes de réflexion sur des améliorations seront discutées.