Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
SOME ISSUES WITH ADULT SELF-EVALUATIONS IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING

This paper promotes a social-cognitive framework to categorise those factors that enhance self-evaluation. These factors include social messages, personal factors and situational factors in the self-evaluation context. In addition, some technical issues with the accuracy of self-evaluations are outlined. These related to (a) the adequacy of the criterion, (b) the method of statistical comparison, (c) the quantitative or qualitative basis for selfevaluations and (d) the procedures used in obtaining self-evaluations. It is argued that self-evaluations are inherently economical, reliable and valuable especially when they are geared to idiographic, criterion-referenced and formative assessments of performance rather than ability. An adult learner who monitors his/her performance or estimates what might be their future achievement engages in a form of self-evaluation. Adult self-evaluation can occur in an evening college class, technical education, higher education, in a workplace situation or whenever someone is engaged in informal learning tasks. People may selfassess in order to determine their past or future response to situations such as their likelihood of success or the value of their investment of time and effort or the extent of their learning. Self-evaluation is helpful where iOpeople need to know their own capacities and limitationsi (Wood, 1989, p. 231). The purpose of this paper is to outline a framework for the study of self nevaluations in adult education and training. At the outset it may be helpful to clarify some aspects of terminology since a number of terms seemingly refer to the same phenomenon viz., eself-evaluationi, eself-assessmenti, eself-ratingi or eself-estimatei. A self-estimate is typically a personis qualitative or
Realtime Interviewing Using the World Wide Web

This paper outlines the adaptation of in-depth interviewing using World Wide Web-based interviewing software between the interviewer and their subject. Through a structured, realtime interviewing process the researcher is able to use the Internet to facilitate communication, recording interviews directly to a file without incurring the costs associated with traditional face-to-face or telephone interviews. The benefits of this approach are the ability of the researcher to conduct inexpensive interviewing over distances and elimination of transcription costs from the research process, allowing the researcher to undertake a wider range of interviews than may be possible on a limited budget. The interview method has problems associated with the depth of material available from this approach, the loss of paralinguistic cues and the limited size of the available sample, limitations that must be accounted for by any researcher considering using the approach.
Study of PET scanner designs using clinical metrics to optimize the scanner axial FOV and crystal thickness

The aim of this study is to understand the trade-off between crystal thickness and scanner axial field-of-view FOV (AFOV) for clinical PET imaging. Clinical scanner design has evolved towards 20–25 mm thick crystals and 16–22 cm long scanner AFOV, as well as time-of-flight (TOF) imaging. While Monte Carlo studies demonstrate that longer AFOV and thicker crystals will lead to higher scanner sensitivity, cost has prohibited the building of commercial scanners with >22 cm AFOV. In this study, we performed a series of system simulations to optimize the use of a given amount of crystal material by evaluating the impact on system sensitivity and noise equivalent counts (NEC), as well as image quality in terms of lesion detectability. We evaluated two crystal types (LSO and LaBr3) and fixed the total crystal volume used for each type (8.2 L of LSO and 17.1 L of LaBr3) while varying the crystal thickness and scanner AFOV. In addition, all imaging times were normalized so that the total scan time needed to scan a 100 cm long object with multiple bed positions was kept constant. Our results show that the highest NEC cm–1 in a 35 cm diameter ×70 cm long line source cylinder is achieved for an LSO scanner with 10 mm long crystals and AFOV of 36 cm, while for LaBr3 scanners, the highest NEC cm–1 is obtained with 20 mm long crystals and an AFOV of 38 cm. Lesion phantom simulations show that the best lesion detection performance is achieved in scanners with long AFOV (≥36 cm) and using thin crystals (≤10 mm of LSO and ≤20 mm of LaBr3). This is due to a combination of improved NEC, as well as improved lesion contrast estimation due to better spatial resolution in thinner crystals. Alternatively, for lesion detection performance similar to that achieved in standard clinical scanner designs, the long AFOV scanners can be used to reduce the total scan time without increasing the amount of crystal used in the scanner. In addition, for LaBr3 based scanners, the reduced lesion contrast relative to LSO based scanners requires improved timing resolution and longer scan times in order to achieve lesion detectability similar to that achieved in an LSO scanner with similar NEC cm–1.
Actualisation: A Functional Concept in Client-Centered Therapy

This paper reviews CarI R. Rogers' concept of the actualising tendency as an operational premise in client-centred therapy. Rogers' view of actualisation is clarified including the relationship of the concept to Rogers' speculations about the "fully functioning person. " The function of the actualising concept in therapy is demonstrated by reviewing segments of a therapy session. The client-centred therapist implements the actualising tendency by creating a specific interpersonal climate during the therapy session. This climate is created by means of the therapist experiencing and communicating certain attitudes toward the client. These attitudes are identified as congruency, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding. Rather than intervening and thereby assuming therapeutic expertise about the client, the client- centred therapist trusts the client to move forward in a constructive direction. The constructive forward movement of the client is propelled by the sole and inherent motivation in human beings; that is, the actualising tendency.
Ethnonationalism: The Quest for Understanding

Walker Connor, perhaps the leading student of the origins and dynamics of ethnonationalism, has consistently stressed the importance of its political implications. In these essays, which have appeared over the course of the last three decades, he argues that Western scholars and policymakers have almost invariably underrated the influence of ethnonationalism and misinterpreted its passionate and nonrational qualities. Several of the essays have become classics: together they represent a rigorous and stimulating attempt to establish a secure methodological foundation for the study of a complicated phenomenon increasingly, if belatedly, recognized as the major cause of global political instability. The book opens by reviewing a wide range of scholarship on ethnonationalism. Connor examines nineteenth- and early twentieth-century debate among British scholars on the viability and desirability of the multinational state, the American "nation-building" school of thought that dominated the literture on political development in the post-World War II era, and the recent explosion of literature on ethnonationalism. In the second part of the book, he shows how progress in the study of ethnonationalism has been hampered by terminological confusion, an inclination to perceive homogeneity even where heterogeneity thrives, an unwarranted tendency to seek explanation for ethnic conflict in economic differentials, and lack of historical perspective. The book closes with a consideration of the inherent limitations of rational inquiry into the realm of group-identity.
Differential regulation of glutathione by oxidants and dexamethasone in alveolar epithelial cells

Rahman, Irfan, Agnes Bel, Brigitte Mulier, Kenneth Donaldson, and William MacNee. Differential regulation of glutathione by oxidants and dexamethasone in alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 275 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 19): L80–L86, 1998. —We studied the regulation of GSH and the enzymes involved in GSH regulation, g-glutamylcysteine synthetase (g-GCS) and g-glutamyl transpeptidase (g-GT), in response to the oxidants menadione, xanthine/xanthine oxidase, hyperoxia, and cigarette smoke condensate in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). Menadione (100 μM), xanthine/ xanthine oxidase (50 μM/10 mU), and cigarette smoke condensate (10%) exposure produced increased GSH levels (240 6 6, 202 6 12, and 191 6 2 nmol/mg protein, respectively; P , 0.001) compared with the control level (132 6 8 nmol/mg protein), which were associated with a significant increase in g-GCS activity (0.18 6 0.006, 0.16 6 0.01, and 0.17 6 0.008 U/mg protein, respectively; P , 0.01) compared with the control level (0.08 6 0.001 U/mg protein) at 24 h. Exposure to hyperoxia (95% O2) resulted in a time-dependent increase in GSH levels. g-GCS activity increased significantly at 4 h (P , 0.001), returning to control values after 12 h of exposure. Dexamethasone (3 μM) exposure produced a significant timedependent decrease in the levels of GSH and g-GCS activity at 24–96 h. The activity of g-GT did not change after oxidant treatment; however, it was decreased significantly by dexamethasone at 24–96 h. Thus oxidants and dexamethasone modulate GSH levels and activities of g-GT and g-GCS by different mechanisms. We suggest that the increase in g-GCS activity but not in g-GT activity may be required for the increase in intracellular GSH under oxidative stress in alveolar epithelial cells.
On-line Trend Analysis with Topic Models: #twitter Trends Detection Topic Model Online

We present a novel topic modelling-based methodology to track emerging events in microblogs such as Twitter. Our topic model has an in-built update mechanism based on time slices and implements a dynamic vocabulary. We first show that the method is robust in detecting events using a range of datasets with injected novel events, and then demonstrate its application in identifying trending topics in Twitter.
Polyubiquitination of p53 by a Ubiquitin Ligase Activity of p300

Rapid turnover of the tumor suppressor protein p53 requires the MDM2 ubiquitin ligase, and both interact with p300–CREB-binding protein transcriptional coactivator proteins. p53 is stabilized by the binding of p300 to the oncoprotein E1A, suggesting that p300 regulates p53 degradation. Purified p300 exhibited intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activity that was inhibited by E1A. In vitro, p300 with MDM2 catalyzed p53 polyubiquitination, whereas MDM2 catalyzed p53 monoubiquitination. E1A expression caused a decrease in polyubiquitinated but not monoubiquitinated p53 in cells. Thus, generation of the polyubiquitinated forms of p53 that are targeted for proteasome degradation requires the intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activities of MDM2 and p300.
Opening of Astrocytic Mitochondrial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels Upregulates Electrical Coupling between Hippocampal Astrocytes in Rat Brain Slices

Astrocytes form extensive intercellular networks through gap junctions to support both biochemical and electrical coupling between adjacent cells. ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels couple cell metabolic state to membrane excitability and are enriched in glial cells. Activation of astrocytic mitochondrial KATP (mitoKATP) channel regulates certain astrocytic functions. However, less is known about its impact on electrical coupling between directly coupled astrocytes ex vivo. By using dual patch clamp recording, we found that activation of mitoKATP channel increased the electrical coupling ratio in brain slices. The electrical coupling ratio started to increase 3 min after exposure to Diazoxide, a mitoKATP channel activator, peaked at 5 min, and maintained its level with little adaptation until the end of the 10-min treatment. Blocking the mitoKATP channel with 5-hydroxydecanoate, inhibited electrical coupling immediately, and by 10-min, the ratio dropped by 71% of the initial level. Activation of mitoKATP channel also decreased the latency time of the transjunctional currents by 50%. The increase in the coupling ratio resulting from the activation of the mitoKATP channel in a single astrocyte was further potentiated by the concurrent inhibiting of the channel on the recipient astrocyte. Furthermore, Meclofenamic acid, a gap-junction inhibitor which completely blocked the tracer coupling, hardly reversed the impact of mitoKATP channel's activation on electrical coupling (by 7%). The level of mitochondrial Connexin43, a gap junctional subunit, significantly increased by 70% in astrocytes after 10-min Diazoxide treatment. Phospho-ERK signals were detected in Connexin43 immunoprecipitates in the Diazoxide-treated astrocytes, but not untreated control samples. Finally, inhibiting ERK could attenuate the effects of Diazoxide on electrical coupling by 61%. These findings demonstrate that activation of astrocytic mitoKATP channel upregulates electrical coupling between hippocampal astrocytes ex vivo. In addition, this effect is mainly via up-regulation of the Connexin43-constituted gap junction coupling by an ERK-dependent mechanism in the mitochondria.
Dressing a black hole with non-minimally coupled scalar field hair

We investigate the possibility of dressing a four-dimensional black hole with classical scalar field hair which is non-minimally coupled to the spacetime curvature. Our model includes a cosmological constant but no self-interaction potential for the scalar field. We are able to rule out black-hole hair except when the cosmological constant is negative and the constant governing the coupling to the Ricci scalar curvature is positive. In this case, non-trivial hairy black-hole solutions exist, at least some of which are linearly stable. However, when the coupling constant becomes too large, the black-hole hair becomes unstable.
Teacher Beliefs about Adolescent Development: Cultural and organizational impacts on Japanese and US middle school teachers' beliefs

Teacher beliefs can greatly influence the school experiences of young adolescents. In this study, the authors analyze a bi-national survey about teacher beliefs surrounding puberty, adolescence and academic items. The authors find significant differences between Japanese and US teachers of young adolescents with regard to the onset and duration of puberty, adolescence and rebellious attitudes. Items concerning teachers' impact on students reflect a pattern that shows both cultural differences and cross-national trends. The authors discuss the survey results in light of previous qualitative studies of Japanese education, and suggest directions for future research.
Entlastung pflegender Angehöriger

Zusammenfassung: Pflegende Angehorige von Personen mit Demenz sind ungeheuren taglichen Belastungen ausgesetzt, die Jahre und Jahrzehnte andauern konnen. Pflegende Angehorige haben ein erhohtes Risiko zur Entwicklung depressiver und korperlicher Symptomatik, sowie ein erhohtes Mortalitatsrisiko im Vergleich zu Personen, die keine Pflege durchfuhren. Diese Menschen brauchen dringend Entlastung. Dringend benotigt wird auch das entsprechende Wissen und die emotionale Unterstutzung, die es moglich macht, dass pflegende Angehorige diese Lebensperiode gesund erleben konnen. Die osterreichische M. A. S Alzheimerhilfe fuhrt seit dem Jahr 2000 ein zweiwochiges Therapie- und Forderungsprogramm fur Personen mit Demenz und ihre pflegenden Angehorigen durch. Betroffene werden von einem multiprofessionellen Team betreut, stadiengerecht gefordert und aktiviert. Die Angehorigen erhalten die Moglichkeit, an einem umfassenden Schulungs- und Beratungsangebot teilzunehmen. Ein wichtiger Bestandteil des Programms ist ein anre.
Do State Medicaid Policies Affect the Risk of Nursing Home Entry among the Elderly?

This study investigates the effects of five state Medicaid policies on the risk of nursing home entry among a recent cohort of older persons. Longitudinal data from the first (1993) and second (1995) waves of the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Survey and continuous-time hazard models are used for the analyses. Separate models are developed for women and men, each controlling for a variety of demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics of sample persons. Findings suggest that the state Medicaid policies included in the analyses do not significantly affect the risk of nursing home use among women or men and that the strongest predictors of the risk are health-related characteristics. Circumstantial evidence is presented to argue that the lack of policy effects might be due to changes in recent decades in health care policies driven by cost containment efforts.
Military veterans’ use of music-based emotion regulation for managing mental health issues

Veterans commonly report listening to music as a means of self-managing their mental health, yet no research has systematically explored how veterans use music for the purpose of regulating their emotions. In the current study, surveys were completed by 205 Australian veterans (mean age 59.57, SD 0.83), assessing their affective mental health (depression and stress) and related physical and behavioral problems (self-reported general health, alcohol abuse and negative social interactions). Veterans listened to music more in their everyday life than any other leisure activity reported. Music-listening for emotion-regulation purposes significantly contributed to the prediction of depression, perceived stress and negative social interactions, when gender and positive social interactions were controlled. Veterans with mental health problems listened to music for both emotional and cognitive reasons, and the most predictive emotion-regulation strategies used with music were diversion, discharge, and mental work. Music-listening did not however assist prediction of self-reported general health or alcohol abuse. The current findings demonstrate that veterans with higher levels of affective dysfunction listened to music to manage emotional and cognitive problems. Personal music-listening therefore offers substantial promise as a self-management tool to complement professional treatment of affective disorders in this vulnerable population.
Queer(y)ing Capitalism in and out of the Classroom [1]

Much of our teaching and research in economic geography ends up affirming (or failing to question) the existence of a global, national or local capitalist economy. Using queer theory to open up a space of difference, this paper suggests ways of introducing students to a differentiated economic landscape, offering possibilities outside and beyond the capitalist 'norm'.
Navigating the tip of the genomic iceberg: Next-generation sequencing for plant systematics.

PREMISE OF THE STUDY Just as Sanger sequencing did more than 20 years ago, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is poised to revolutionize plant systematics. By combining multiplexing approaches with NGS throughput, systematists may no longer need to choose between more taxa or more characters. Here we describe a genome skimming (shallow sequencing) approach for plant systematics. METHODS Through simulations, we evaluated optimal sequencing depth and performance of single-end and paired-end short read sequences for assembly of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and plastomes and addressed the effect of divergence on reference-guided plastome assembly. We also used simulations to identify potential phylogenetic markers from low-copy nuclear loci at different sequencing depths. We demonstrated the utility of genome skimming through phylogenetic analysis of the Sonoran Desert clade (SDC) of Asclepias (Apocynaceae). KEY RESULTS Paired-end reads performed better than single-end reads. Minimum sequencing depths for high quality rDNA and plastome assemblies were 40× and 30×, respectively. Divergence from the reference significantly affected plastome assembly, but relatively similar references are available for most seed plants. Deeper rDNA sequencing is necessary to characterize intragenomic polymorphism. The low-copy fraction of the nuclear genome was readily surveyed, even at low sequencing depths. Nearly 160000 bp of sequence from three organelles provided evidence of phylogenetic incongruence in the SDC. CONCLUSIONS Adoption of NGS will facilitate progress in plant systematics, as whole plastome and rDNA cistrons, partial mitochondrial genomes, and low-copy nuclear markers can now be efficiently obtained for molecular phylogenetics studies.
The RNA Silencing Enzyme RNA Polymerase V Is Required for Plant Immunity

RNA–directed DNA methylation (RdDM) is an epigenetic control mechanism driven by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that influence gene function. In plants, little is known of the involvement of the RdDM pathway in regulating traits related to immune responses. In a genetic screen designed to reveal factors regulating immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified NRPD2 as the OVEREXPRESSOR OF CATIONIC PEROXIDASE 1 (OCP1). NRPD2 encodes the second largest subunit of the plant-specific RNA Polymerases IV and V (Pol IV and Pol V), which are crucial for the RdDM pathway. The ocp1 and nrpd2 mutants showed increases in disease susceptibility when confronted with the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Studies were extended to other mutants affected in different steps of the RdDM pathway, such as nrpd1, nrpe1, ago4, drd1, rdr2, and drm1drm2 mutants. Our results indicate that all the mutants studied, with the exception of nrpd1, phenocopy the nrpd2 mutants; and they suggest that, while Pol V complex is required for plant immunity, Pol IV appears dispensable. Moreover, Pol V defective mutants, but not Pol IV mutants, show enhanced disease resistance towards the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000. Interestingly, salicylic acid (SA)–mediated defenses effective against PsDC3000 are enhanced in Pol V defective mutants, whereas jasmonic acid (JA)–mediated defenses that protect against fungi are reduced. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that, through differential histone modifications, SA–related defense genes are poised for enhanced activation in Pol V defective mutants and provide clues for understanding the regulation of gene priming during defense. Our results highlight the importance of epigenetic control as an additional layer of complexity in the regulation of plant immunity and point towards multiple components of the RdDM pathway being involved in plant immunity based on genetic evidence, but whether this is a direct or indirect effect on disease-related genes is unclear.
Notions of fantasy and reality in the adjustment to retirement

ABSTRACT During the early 1960s, Norbert Elias led a research project on the adjustment of young workers to work situations and adult roles. The data from this project, which consisted of 851 interviews with young people, were recently rediscovered and the participants, now approaching retirement, were re-interviewed as part of a restudy. In this paper we argue, that, in the context of the dramatic changes to the transition to retirement that have taken place in the United Kingdom, it is possible to use Elias's unpublished work on the transition to work as a theoretical framework for understanding of the transition from work and to retirement. In particular, we focus on the themes of fantasy and reality in the perception of retirement; changing interdependencies in the transition to retirement and the extent and impact of retirement preparation on the perception of the change in status from full-time worker to retiree. We conclude by suggesting that the implied advantages of being the ‘baby-boomer’ generation are far from the reality, with the experiences of this group being similar to those who have gone before and face an adjustment to retirement marked by uncertainty and anxiety.