Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Limits on Cosmological Anisotropies and Inhomogeneities from COBE Data

Assuming that the cosmological principle holds, Maartens, Ellis, & Stoeger (MES) recently constructed a detailed scheme linking anisotropies in the cosmic background radiation (CMB) with anisotropies and inhomogeneities in the large-scale structure of the universe and showed how to place limits on those anisotropies and inhomogeneities simply by using CMB quadrupole and octupole limits. First, we indicate and discuss the connection between the covariant multiple moments of the temperature anisotropy used in the MES scheme and the quadrupole and octupole results from COBE. Then we introduce those results into the MES limit equations to obtain definite quantitative limits on the complete set of cosmological measures of anisotropy and inhomogeneity. We find that all the anisotropy measures are less than 10-4 in the case of those not affected by the expansion rate H and less than 10-6 Mpc-1 in the case of those which are. These results demonstrate quantitatively that the observable universe is indeed close to Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) on the largest scales and can be modeled adequately by an almost-FLRW model—that is, the anisotropies and inhomogeneities characterizing the observable universe on the largest scales are not too large to be considered perturbations to FLRW.
Benefits and Financial Implication of Entrepreneurship Education in South African Public Schools

: This paper examines the benefits and financial implication of entrepreneurship education in South Africa public schools. The core problem this study address revolves around the lack of financial support given to public schools to initiate entrepreneurship education.The study adopted qualitative research approach. In addition, semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to 54principals; to ascertain the support and programmes in place to promote entrepreneurship education. Furthermore, interviews were conducted to find the effective strategies to introduce entrepreneurship programmes in South Africa public schools. A purposive sampling method was used to select the participants for the case study. In this study, thematic analysis techniques were also used to analyse the survey data.The findings of this study reveal that there is a gap in entrepreneurship training in South Africa public schools. Secondly, the literature view revealed that educator’s lack relevant knowledge about entrepreneurship education. The results from literature review further revealed that benefit of entrepreneurship education can be used as a strategic approach to mitigating the young unemployment in South Africa. The study proposes a framework to enhance entrepreneurship education in South Africa public schools. In addition, make funding for small business enterprise to be accessible to the young in the rural areas and township
Selective requirements for NRP1 ligands during neurovascular patterning

Blood vessels and neurons share several types of guidance cues and cell surface receptors to control their behaviour during embryogenesis. The transmembrane protein NRP1 is present on blood vessels and nerves. NRP1 binds two structurally diverse ligands, the semaphorin SEMA3A and the VEGF164 isoform of vascular endothelial growth factor. SEMA3A was originally identified as a repulsive cue for developing axons that acts by signalling through receptor complexes containing NRP1 and plexins. In vitro, SEMA3A also inhibits integrin function and competes with VEGF164 for binding to NRP1 to modulate the migration of endothelial cells. These observations resulted in a widely accepted model of vascular patterning in which the balance of VEGF164 and SEMA3A determines endothelial cell behaviour. However, we now demonstrate that SEMA3A is not required for angiogenesis in the mouse, which instead is controlled by VEGF164. We find that SEMA3A, but not VEGF164, is required for axon patterning of limb nerves, even though the competition between VEGF164 and SEMA3A for NRP1 affects the migration of neuronal progenitor cells in vitro and has been hypothesised to control axon guidance. Moreover, we show that there is no genetic interaction between SEMA3A and VEGF164 during vasculogenesis, angiogenesis or limb axon patterning, suggesting that ligand competition for NRP1 binding cannot explain neurovascular congruence, as previously suggested. We conclude that NRP1 contributes to both neuronal and vascular patterning by preferentially relaying SEMA3A signals in peripheral axons and VEGF164 signals in blood vessels.
The Thai

Inclusion bodies hepatitis (IBH) in Thailand is caused by Fowl Adenovirus (FAdv) serotype 2. Vertical transmission is the important route for disease outbreak. Biosecurity and vaccination are the major keys for disease control and prevention. Vaccination of broiler breeders results in maternal antibody production that can be transferred to their progenies. Therefore, the aim of present study was to develop an inactivated FAdv serotype 2 vaccine. The FAdv was isolated from liver of infected chickens by inoculation onto chicken embryo liver cells (CEL). Virus purification was performed and then inactivated by Binary Ethylene Imine (BEI). The 10 7 TCID 50 of virus concentration was inactivated for chicken immunization. The 0.01M BEI at 37°C for 72 h was the optimal condition for FAdv inactivation. Infectivity test, virus isolation and PCR technique were used for complete virus inactivation. In addition, sterility test was performed before and after the inactivated FAdv was mixed with Montanide ™ ISA 70 VG, an adjuvant. Specific pathogen free chickens were vaccinated once during rearing period by 0.5 ml/bird intramuscular injection. Results showed a significant antibody response ( p <0.05). Moreover, the embryonic eggs and chicks from the vaccinated breeders showed disease protection at 90% and 100%, respectively, when challenged with 10 7 TCID 50 of FAdv serotype 2. These results suggested that the inactivated FAdv serotype 2 vaccine could be prepared locally for broiler breeder farms in Thailand.
Metabolome-Wide Association Study of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Purpose To determine if plasma metabolic profiles can detect differences between patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (NVAMD) and similarly-aged controls. Methods Metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography with Fourier-transform mass spectrometry (LC-FTMS) was performed on plasma samples from 26 NVAMD patients and 19 controls. Data were collected from mass/charge ratio (m/z) 85 to 850 on a Thermo LTQ-FT mass spectrometer, and metabolic features were extracted using an adaptive processing software package. Both non-transformed and log2 transformed data were corrected using Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate (FDR) to account for multiple testing. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis was performed to determine metabolic features that distinguished NVAMD patients from controls. Individual m/z features were matched to the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database and the Metlin metabolomics database, and metabolic pathways associated with NVAMD were identified using MetScape. Results Of the 1680 total m/z features detected by LC-FTMS, 94 unique m/z features were significantly different between NVAMD patients and controls using FDR (q = 0.05). A comparison of these features to those found with log2 transformed data (n = 132, q = 0.2) revealed 40 features in common, reaffirming the involvement of certain metabolites. Such metabolites included di- and tripeptides, covalently modified amino acids, bile acids, and vitamin D-related metabolites. Correlation analysis revealed associations among certain significant features, and pathway analysis demonstrated broader changes in tyrosine metabolism, sulfur amino acid metabolism, and amino acids related to urea metabolism. Conclusions These data suggest that metabolomic analysis can identify a panel of individual metabolites that differ between NVAMD cases and controls. Pathway analysis can assess the involvement of certain metabolic pathways, such as tyrosine and urea metabolism, and can provide further insight into the pathophysiology of AMD.
Cortical Local Field Potential Power Is Associated with Behavioral Detection of Near-threshold Stimuli in the Rat Whisker System: Dissociation between Orbitofrontal and Somatosensory Cortices

There is growing evidence that ongoing brain oscillations may represent a key regulator of attentional processes and as such may contribute to behavioral performance in psychophysical tasks. OFC appears to be involved in the top–down modulation of sensory processing; however, the specific contribution of ongoing OFC oscillations to perception has not been characterized. Here we used the rat whiskers as a model system to further characterize the relationship between cortical state and tactile detection. Head-fixed rats were trained to report the presence of a vibrotactile stimulus (frequency = 60 Hz, duration = 2 sec, deflection amplitude = 0.01–0.5 mm) applied to a single vibrissa. We calculated power spectra of local field potentials preceding the onset of near-threshold stimuli from microelectrodes chronically implanted in OFC and somatosensory cortex. We found a dissociation between slow oscillation power in the two regions in relation to detection probability: Higher OFC but not somatosensory delta power was associated with increased detection probability. Furthermore, coherence between OFC and barrel cortex was reduced preceding successful detection. Consistent with the role of OFC in attention, our results identify a cortical network whose activity is differentially modulated before successful tactile detection.
Angiotensinergic Signaling in the Brain Mediates Metabolic Effects of Deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-Salt in C57 Mice

Low-renin hypertension accounts for ≈25% of essential hypertensive patients. It is modeled in animals by chronic delivery of deoxycorticosterone acetate and excess dietary sodium (the DOCA-salt model). Previous studies have demonstrated that DOCA-salt hypertension is mediated through activation of the brain renin-angiotensin system. Here, we demonstrate robust metabolic phenotypes of DOCA-salt treatment. Male C57BL/6J mice (6 to 8 weeks old) received a subcutaneous pellet of DOCA (50 mg for 21 days) and were offered a 0.15 mol/L NaCl drink solution in addition to regular chow and tap water. Treatment resulted in mild hypertension, a blunting of weight gain, gross polydipsia, polyuria, and sodium intake, alterations in urinary sodium and potassium turnover, and serum sodium retention. Most strikingly, DOCA-salt mice exhibited no difference in food intake but did exhibited a large elevation in basal metabolic rate. Normalization of blood pressure by hydralazine (500 mg/L in drink solutions) attenuated the hydromineral phenotypes and renal renin suppression effects of DOCA-salt but had no effect on the elevated metabolic rate. In contrast, intracerebroventricular infusion of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan (5 &mgr;g/h) attenuated the elevation in metabolic rate with DOCA-salt treatment. Together, these data illustrate the necessity of angiotensinergic signaling within the brain, independent of blood pressure alterations, in the metabolic consequences of DOCA-salt treatment.
A mathematical model of negative covariability of inter‐columnar excitatory synaptic actions caused by presynaptic inhibition

We previously showed that a positive covariability between intracortical excitatory synaptic actions onto the two layer three pyramidal cells (PCs) located in mutually adjacent columns is changed into a negative covariability by column‐wise presynaptic inhibition of intracortical inputs, implicated as a basis for the desynchronization of inter‐columnar synaptic actions. Here we investigated how the inter‐columnar desynchronization is modulated by the strength of presynaptic inhibition or other factors, by using a mathematical model. Based on our previous findings on the paired‐pulse depression (PPD) of intracortical excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked in PCs located in the stimulated home column (HC) but no PPD in PCs located in the adjacent column (AC), a mathematical model of synaptic connections between PCs and inhibitory interneurons was constructed. When the paired‐pulse ratio (PPR) was decreased beyond 0.80, the correlation coefficient between the two second EPSC amplitudes in the paired PCs located in the HC and AC and that in the paired PCs located in the same HC exhibited opposite changes, and reached a global negative maximum and local positive maximum, respectively, at almost the same PPR (0.40). At this PPR, the desynchronization between the two cell assemblies in mutually adjacent columns would be maximized. These positive and negative covariabilities were not produced without background oscillatory synchronization across columns and were enhanced by increasing the synchronization magnitude, indicating that the synchronization leads to the desynchronization. We propose that a slow oscillatory synchronization across columns may emerge following the liberation from the column‐wise presynaptic inhibition of inter‐columnar synaptic inputs.
Mycoremediation of Organophosphorous Insecticide Chlorpyrifos by Fungal Soil Isolates

Chlorpyrifos is organophosphorus pesticide widely used in cultivated fields of Egypt. Chlorpyrifos resides are persisted in environment for unpredictable time and threaten public health. Adequate measures to remove chlorpyrifos contamination are essential to minimize environmental pollution and reduce public health hazards. The vital role of soil fungi in degradation of organic matter prompted us to attempt biodegradation of chlorpyrifos using these fungi. This study aims to isolate biodegradable soil fungi capable of metabolizing chlorpyrifos. 5 of 13 fungal strains isolated form chlorpyrifos contaminated soils were able to degrade chlorpyrifos and the results were confirmed by broth assay. Based on their chlorpyrifos tolerance, five fungal strains identified as Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Aspergillus niger, A. oryzae and Penicillium citrinum were detected and confirmed as chlorpyrifos biodegradable fungal strains. T. viride was the most effective biodegradable fungi recording a highest dissipation of chlorpyrifos 70.61% while A. niger, T. harzianum followed by A. oryzae were moderate in their biodegradable activities reducing chlorpyrifos to 63.96, 60.31 and 50.79% respectively. On contrast, P citrinum was showed the lowest degradation rate 25.93%, after 15 days of incubation. Results indicated that these tolerant fungi are promising for potentially effective and environmentally safe of chlorpyrifos biodegradation
The Turning Point in Stroke Investigation for Neurologists

: Investigation into stroke was not at all expedient; in fact, stroke was never a ﬁeld of critical interest for either the Salptrière or Pitìe Schools, which were attended by Vulpian and Charcot. The results from the few studies on the subject were carried out by sole researchers, including Rostan, Rochoux, Dechambre and Durand-Fardel. Subsequently, interest was ﬁrst expressed by the leading pathologists, including Rokitansky and Virchow. This came upon the heels of the development of clinical–topographic correlation studies carried out by Déjerine, Marie and Foix, the latter of whom was the father of modern clinical stroke research.
The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Impaired Pavlovian Conditioned Inhibition in Offenders with Personality Disorders

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Application of Random Forest and Multiple Linear Regression Techniques to QSPR Prediction of an Aqueous Solubility for Military Compounds

The relationship between the aqueous solubility of more than two thousand eight hundred organic compounds and their structures was investigated using a QSPR approach based on Simplex Representation of Molecular Structure (SiRMS). The dataset consists of 2537 diverse organic compounds. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Random Forest (RF) methods were used for statistical modeling at the 2D level of representation of molecular structure. Statistical characteristics of the best models are quite good (MLR method: R2=0.85, Q2=0.83; RF method: R2=0.99, R2oob=0.88). The external validation set of 301 compounds (including 47 nitro‐, nitroso‐ and nitrogen‐rich compounds of military interest) which were not included in the training set and modeling process, was used for evaluation of the models predictivity. Thus, well‐fitted and robust (R2test(MLR)=0.76 and R2test(RF)=0.82) models were obtained for both statistical techniques using descriptors based on the topological structural information only. The predicted solubility values for military compounds are in good agreement with experimental ones. Developed QSPR models represent powerful and easy‐to‐use virtual screening tool that can be recommended for prediction of aqueous solubility.
Deletion of Spata2 by CRISPR/Cas9n causes increased inhibin alpha expression and attenuated fertility in male mice†

Abstract As somatic cells in the testis seminiferous tubule, Sertoli cells provide the medium for spermatogenesis. One of the important functions of Sertoli cells is synthesizing and secreting cell factors to affect the production of sperm; however, much of those molecular regulation mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we confirm the localization of protein SPATA2 (spermatogenesis-associated protein 2), which had previously been shown to be highly expressed in Sertoli cells of the adult mouse testis. To further conduct a functional study, we generated SPATA2 global knockout mice via use of the CRISPR/Cas9n gene editing technology. The 120-day-old knockout mice testes showed almost a 40% decrease in size and weight and variations in the histomorphology of the seminiferous epithelium, with a 40% decrease in sperm count. Further examination revealed that the proliferation of germ cells in the seminiferous tubules was attenuated by 28%. In addition, we found that SPATA2 deletion led to an approximately 70% increase in the inhibin alpha-subunitmRNA and protein level in the testes compared to that of wild-type mice. Our data revealed the impact of SPATA2 on male fertility and suggested that SPATA2 ensures the normal secretory function of Sertoli cells. Summary Sentence The deficiency of spermatogenesis-associated protein 2, a protein which is highly expressed in Sertoli cells, causes attenuated reproduction ability inmales and increased inhibin alpha expression in testis.
Antagonistic Activity of Phenolics Produced by Pisolithus sp. PT1

Pisolithus sp. PT1 was isolated from mushroom found in ectomycorrhizal association with Acacia mangium growing in mining affected region. The fungal isolate was characterised by morphological and molecular methods. The isolate produced brown phenolics compound in GMSM culture broth. The isolate produced more phenolics in the late growth phase and under submerged growth conditions. Antagonism activity of phenolics was prominent against Fusarium sp. Spore pigment and culture filtrate with pH 3.0, but not at pH 5.0, significantly arrested the growth. Macrophomina phaesiolus and Sclerotia rolsii were not affected with any of the pigments. This study has given conclusive results that phenolics produced by this Pisolithus sp. PT1 isolate are potential antibiotic compounds and maximum production was between 20-60 days and under submerged growth conditions.
The Pollen Morphology and its Sharing in the Taxonomy of Some Plant Species in Saudi Arabia

The aim of the present study deals with the pollen morphology of Zygophyllum simplex, Zygophyllum migahidii, Tribulus terrestris, Tribulus macropterus, Fagonia glutinosa, Fagonia indica in the species of Saudi Arabia . In this study, we have performed the scanning electron microscopy method for the analysis of pollen grains by herbarium species. Pollen grains were squashed and mounted under the microscope. The results of this study specifies the observation of pollen grains in all the species collected from Saudi Arabia region. The largest polar diameter was observed in Tribulus terrestris, which is 41.6 μ m and the shortest diameter was observed in Zygophyllum simplex, which was 9.5 μ m. In all the species except the members of genus Tribulus , the pollen type were tricolporate but in T.terrestris and T.macropterus , pantoporate pollens were also observed. Palynological study had been done to the six species by using light and scanning electron microscopes. The shape, ornamentation at the surface and sizes of pollen grains had been done, and they were found great similarities among the species which are belong to same genus and some variations among different genera. Our results demonstrate the observation of pollen grains collected in the Saudi Arabian herbarium species.
GIBBS SAMPLER-BASED PATH PLANNING FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES: CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS

Abstract Simulation has indicated that distributed self-organization of autonomous swarms might be achieved through Gibbs sampler-based simulated annealing. However, the dynamic nature of the underlying graph presents significant challenges in convergence analysis. As a first step toward such analysis, convergence of the algorithm is established in this paper for two special cases: single vehicle with limited sensing/moving range, and multiple vehicles with full sensing/moving range. The impact of Gibbs potential functions on the convergence speed is also investigated, which provides insight into the design of these functions.
On Ot´avio Bueno on identity and quantification

Ot´avio Bueno has pointed out an interesting and relevant topic about quantification. He stresses that the meaning of quantifiers can have a sense if and only if the entities being quantified have well defined identity conditions. In this paper we discuss his view and show that this is not the case in all situations, being quite reasonable to quantify also over entities to which identity conditions fail to hold.
Venous Relaxation Caused by Acetylcholine Acting on the Sympathetic Nerves

Experiments were performed to determine whether acetylcholine affects the sympathetic activation of the cutaneous veins of the dog. Changes in isometric tension of saphenous vein strips were recorded at 37°C in an organ bath. Addition of acetylcholine at 10−11 to 10−8 g/ml did not affect basal tension, but larger doses (5 × 10−8 to 5 × 10−7 g/ml) caused a contraction of the strips which varied from slight to marked. Acetylcholine at 10−8 to 10−7 g/ml caused a further increase in tension when it was added to strips already contracted by norepinephrine, tyramine, KCl, or BaCl2; in contrast, similar doses of acetylcholine caused relaxation of strips contracted by liberation of norepinephrine from the nerve terminals by electrical stimulation (1–10 cps). This relaxation was not influenced by propranolol or hexamethonium but was abolished by atropine (10−8 g/ml). In intact dogs, the lateral saphenous vein was perfused with autologous blood at constant flow. A sustained venoconstriction was induced either by electrical stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain or by a continuous infusion of norepinephrine. An infusion of acetylcholine (10−7 to 10−6 g/ml min−1) relaxed veins constricted by sympathetic stimulation but not those constricted by norepinephrine. Thus, acetylcholine, in doses smaller than those known to have a direct constrictor effect, causes relaxation of cutaneous veins, probably by inhibiting the release of norepinephrine from nerve terminals.