Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Empathy, Perception of Pain and Attitudes toward Pets among Norwegian Dog Owners

ABSTRACT Anthropomorphism, attachment level, and belief in animal mind, as well as owners' level of empathy and attitudes toward their pets, are some of the factors that affect human–animal interactions. Owners' ability to identify painful conditions in their pets may have important consequences for the welfare of these animals. In addition to characterizing the typical Norwegian dog owner, the aim of this work was to study the relationship between empathy, attitudes, and perceived animal pain. A sample of 3,413 dog owners in Norway received an internet-based questionnaire (QuestBack™), to which1896 responded. The questionnaire included four parts: demographics, the Pet Attitude Scale (PAS), the Animal Empathy Scale (AES), and the Pain Assessment Instrument (PAI). For the PAI, participants were presented with 17 photos, showing dogs experiencing painful situations of varying degrees, and were asked to rate the level of pain they believed each animal was enduring, using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results showed that Norwegian dog owners had very high levels of animal-directed empathy and equally high levels of positive attitudes toward pets. There were differences based on gender, childhood pet keeping, income and education. Differences were also found rooted in owners' use of their dog, whether kept for companionship or hunting, as well as household size, an indication of human social relations. A strong, positive correlation (r = 0.58) was found between animal-directed empathy and positive attitudes toward pets. Empathy was found to be the best predictor of how people rated pain in dogs. The correlations were, however, moderate, indicating that other processes are also involved when observing animals in pain.
The relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Organizational Citizenship Behavior (Testing the Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction)

Purpose The study tested the extent to which the emotional intelligence (EI), job satisfaction (JS) and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and their dimensions are related. Also it was tested that whether job satisfaction mediates personality effects (Emotional Intelligence) on organizational citizenship behavior. method A questionnaire survey was carried out to explore these relations at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran, South Branch. Participants were 187employees who completed the Wong Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, Blazer Job Satisfaction Scale and Podsakoff Organizational citizenship behavior Scale. Some basic socio-demographic questions were included too. Finding Results indicated that emotional intelligence affects both job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior; and job satisfaction affects organizational citizenship behavior significantly. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), it was cleared that job satisfaction mediates the effects of emotional intelligence on organizational citizenship behavior partially. Among the four EI dimensions, "self-emotional aPPraisal", "other’s emotional aPPraisal" and "use of emotion" were significant independent predictors of job satisfaction and all the four EI dimensions were significant independent predictors of OCB. Originality/value The relations among emotional intelligence, job satisfaction and organizational citizenship behavior have been analyzed simultaneously. Job satisfaction was found to be a mediator between emotional intelligence and organizational citizenship behavior. Emotional intelligence dimensions have significant relation with some aspects of job satisfaction and some dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior.
Effectiveness of emergency care practitioners working within existing emergency service models of care

Background: An emergency care practitioner (ECP) is a generic practitioner drawn mainly from paramedic and nursing backgrounds. ECPs receive formal training and extended clinical skills to equip them to work as an integral part of the healthcare team working within and across traditional boundaries of emergency and unplanned care. Currently, ECPs are working in different healthcare settings in the UK. Objectives: (1) To evaluate appropriateness, satisfaction and cost of ECPs compared with the usual service available in the same healthcare setting, (2) to increase understanding of what effect, if any, ECPs are having on delivery of health services locally and (3) to evaluate whether ECP working yields cost savings. Methods: Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected quantitatively and qualitatively from three different types of health provider setting where ECPs are operational, in three areas of England. Data were collected by sending two questionnaires to each patient eligible to be seen by an ECP, at 3 and 28 days after presentation; telephone interviews were conducted with a sample of staff that included ECPs, other health professionals and stakeholders (eg, managers) in each of the three settings; and routine data were analysed to provide a perspective on costs. Results: After adjusting for age, sex, presenting complaint and service model, some differences in the processes of care between the ECPs and the usual providers in the three settings were observed. Overall, ECPs carried out fewer investigations, provided more treatments and were more likely to discharge patients home than the usual providers. Patients were satisfied with the care received from ECPs, and this was consistent across the three different settings. It was found that ECPs are working in different settings across traditional professional boundaries and are having an impact on reconfiguring how those services are delivered locally. Costs information (based on one site only) indicated that ECP care may be cost effective in that model of ECP working. Conclusion: Care provided by ECPs appears to reduce the need for subsequent referral to other emergency and unscheduled care services in a large proportion of cases. We found no evidence that the care provided by an ECP was less appropriate than the care by the usual providers for the same type of health problem.
‘I know, I can, I will try’: youths and adults with intellectual disabilities in Sweden using information and communication technology in their everyday life

This study introduces how technology and humans are part of relationships that influence agency among people with disabilities. It aims to focus attention on the use of, and access to, information and communication technology (ICT), and agency among youths and adults with intellectual disabilities. The study draws on empirical research conducted with youths and adults with intellectual disabilities, as well as staff at a day centre. It shows that by drawing upon interests, previous experiences, and cooperating in ICT activities the participants’ agency changed. Also, it shows how disability is relational and how it can be influenced by ICT. An interdisciplinary approach is adopted to interpret the findings and to explore: How do people of different ages with intellectual disabilities experience the use of ICT in their everyday lives? Are people with intellectual disabilities able to influence their level of activity by using ICT? And if so, in what ways?
The Chinese Nationalists and the Unequal Treaties 1924–1931

The movement to abolish the unequal treaties was the cause célèbre of Chinese nationalism after the First World War. It was an extension of the late Qing movement to retrieve the rights and interests (shouhui liquan yundong) that had been lost to the powers over the decades. Whereas the quintessence of the late Qing campaign was economic nationalism and the means it employed peaceful, the post-war drive was highly political and at times accompanied by a degree of violence. The Chinese determination, strengthened by Germany's and Austria's relinquishment of their treaty status, was a bond that united the whole nation from Beijing to Guangzhou (Canton) despite their domestic political differences.
Public Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policies across Seven Nations

IMR Volume 41 Number 4 (Winter 2007):956–962 © 2007 by the Center for Migration Studies of New York. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007. 00107.x Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford, UK IMRE nternational Migration Review 0197-9183 © 2007 by the Center for Migration Studies of New York. All rights reserved XXX riginal Article Public Attitudes tow d Immigrants and Immigration Policies rnational Migration Review Public Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policies across Seven Nations
Comparisons of analgesic effects of different doses of morphine and morphine plus methylprednisolone after knee surgery

Background: In this double‐blind randomized study, the analgesic effects of morphine alone and with methylprednisolone were examined in 72 patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. Methods: At the end of arthroscopy, patients were allocated randomly to one of four groups to receive intra‐articular administrations of saline, morphine 1 mg, morphine 5 mg or morphine 1 mg with methylprednisolone 40 mg. Preoperative and postoperative pain levels at rest and during movement (active flexion of the knee) were measured by a visual analogue scale (VAS). Postoperative analgesic requirements to alleviate pain were evaluated. Results: Pain scores were significantly lower for the patients who received 5 mg morphine and 1 mg morphine with 40 mg methylprednisolone than for those who received saline or 1 mg morphine. This was accompanied by a decrease in the postoperative consumption of analgesics and prolongation of the duration of pain relief. Conclusions: This study confirms that the analgesic effect of morphine given intra‐articularly is dose dependent and that combination of methylprednisolone with morphine has an additive effect on analgesia.
Rare peripheral T cells migrate to and persist in normal mouse thymus

The traffic of T cells between the thymus and peripheral lymphoid organs is generally thought to be unidirectional. Using a technique of lymphocyte transfer between Thy-1 congenic mice, we demonstrate here the entry of rare peripheral lymph node T cells into the normal mouse thymus. At time points from 3 h to 24 wk after transfer, donor peripheral T cells were present in the host thymus, mainly as scattered single cells confined to the medulla. At 2 wk after transfer, donor T cells constituted 0.2% of the medullary thymocytes (compared with 11% of the peripheral lymph node T cells). As a population, these cells exhibited a stable mature immunophenotype (Ly-1hi, PNAlo, and mixed L3T4- and Lyt-2+). A minority of the donor T cells expressed high levels of the MEL-14 "homing receptor". The thymic medulla thus exhibits features of a peripheral lymphoid organ but differs in its low rate of turnover of recirculating T cells.
The history of early bee diversification based on five genes plus morphology

Bees, the largest (>16,000 species) and most important radiation of pollinating insects, originated in early to mid-Cretaceous, roughly in synchrony with the angiosperms (flowering plants). Understanding the diversification of the bees and the coevolutionary history of bees and angiosperms requires a well supported phylogeny of bees (as well as angiosperms). We reconstructed a robust phylogeny of bees at the family and subfamily levels using a data set of five genes (4,299 nucleotide sites) plus morphology (109 characters). The molecular data set included protein coding (elongation factor-1α, RNA polymerase II, and LW rhodopsin), as well as ribosomal (28S and 18S) nuclear gene data. Analyses of both the DNA data set and the DNA+morphology data set by parsimony and Bayesian methods yielded a single well supported family-level tree topology that places Melittidae as a paraphyletic group at the base of the phylogeny of bees. This topology (“Melittidae-LT basal”) is significantly better than a previously proposed alternative topology (“Colletidae basal”) based both on likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our results have important implications for understanding the early diversification, historical biogeography, host–plant evolution, and fossil record of bees. The earliest branches of bee phylogeny include lineages that are predominantly host–plant specialists, suggesting that host–plant specificity is an ancestral trait in bees. Our results suggest an African origin for bees, because the earliest branches of the tree include predominantly African lineages. These results also help explain the predominance of Melittidae, Apidae, and Megachilidae among the earliest fossil bees.
Friendship Conflict, Conflict Responses, and Instability

Rejection sensitivity (RS) instigates conflict and prompts maladaptive conflict responses within romantic relationships. We tested whether RS had similar effects within friendships (N = 262, Xage = 11.7) by investigating whether (a) RS was associated with more frequent conflict, (b) two RS forms prompted different conflict responses, and (c) conflict and responses mediated associations of RS with friendship instability. Adolescents higher in angry RS reported more frequent conflict, more anger and aggression, and less compromise. Anxious RS was not uniquely associated with conflict, but heightened anxious RS was associated with more obliging and compromise, less aggression, and greater friendship instability. Thus, adolescents with heightened angry and anxious RS reported different patterns of maladaptive conflict responses, but only angry RS was uniquely associated with more frequent conflict and only anxious RS was uniquely associated with greater friendship instability. The mediational model of friendship instability was not supported.
Competitive Sport as Leisure in Later Life: Negotiations, Discourse, and Aging

Understandings of aging and physical leisure in the West are continually changing at both the individual and social levels. With the aging of populations and the increasing value placed on the maintenance of physical activity in later life, the participation of older people in a leisure activity such as competitive sport is a socio-cultural phenomenon on the rise. This study explores the motives and experiences of 28 Australian Masters Games athletes ages 60–89. From a post-structural perspective, the older athletes were seen to simultaneously mobilize and resist contradictory discourses of aging and physical activity through their words and actions. Through this negotiation process the participants attempted to manage the physical and psychological realities of aging. The findings raised issues about leisure and an aging identity in a society that values youthfulness, physical activity, and independence.
The Gendered Nature of Managerial Discourse: the Case of a Local Authority

This paper is a response to organizational analysis which highlights the significance of discursive processes in the formation of occupational gender identity. A recurrent weakness in many of these accounts is their focus on the simple dualisms which structure gendered discourse. This tendency is often associated with the abstraction of debate from specific organizational settings. I aim therefore to address the question of the gendered nature of managerial discourse with reference to a case study of a local authority under restructuring. I argue here that the gendered nature of managerial discourse has to be seen as particularly complex, given the way in which it incorporates both ‘feminine’ and ‘masculine’ identities within an overarching managerial ethos, which is itself related to wider hegemonic projects.
Designing a gaze gesture guiding system

We propose the concept of a guiding system specifically designed for semaphoric gaze gestures, i.e. gestures defining a vocabulary to trigger commands via the gaze modality. Our design exploration considers fundamental gaze gesture phases: Exploration, Guidance, and Return. A first experiment reveals that Guidance with dynamic elements moving along 2D paths is efficient and resistant to visual complexity. A second experiment reveals that a Rapid Serial Visual Presentation of command names during Exploration allows for more than 30% faster command retrievals than a standard visual search. To resume the task where the guide was triggered, labels moving from the outward extremity of 2D paths toward the guide center leads to efficient and accurate origin retrieval during the Return phase. We evaluate our resulting Gaze Gesture Guiding system, G3, for interacting with distant objects in an office environment using a head-mounted display. Users report positively on their experience with both semaphoric gaze gestures and G3.
LTD expression is independent of glutamate receptor subtype

Long-term depression (LTD) is a form of synaptic plasticity that plays a major role in the activity-dependent reshaping of synaptic transmission. LTD is expressed as a decrease in synaptic AMPA receptor number, though the exact mechanism remains controversial. Several lines of evidence have suggested necessary roles for both the GluA1 and GluA2 subunits, and specifically certain interactions with their cytoplasmic tails. However, it is unclear if either GluA1 or GluA2 are absolutely required for LTD. We tested this hypothesis using constitutive knock-outs and single-cell molecular replacement of AMPA receptor subunits in mouse hippocampus. We found that neither GluA1 or GluA2 are required for normal expression of LTD, and indeed a normal decrease in synaptic transmission was observed in cells in which all endogenous AMPA receptors have been replaced by kainate receptors. Thus, LTD does not require removal of specific AMPA receptor subunits, but likely involves a more general modification of the synapse and its ability to anchor a broad range of receptor proteins.
Sarcocystis arctosi sp. nov. (Apicomplexa, Sarcocystidae) from the brown bear (Ursus arctos), and its genetic similarity to schizonts of Sarcocystis canis-like parasite associated with fatal hepatitis in polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

The tissues of herbivores are commonly infected with cysts of parasites belonging to the apicomplexan genus Sarcocystis, but such sarcocysts are rare in bears. Here, we describe a new species, Sarcocystis arctosi, based on the mature sarcocysts identified in two brown bears (Ursus arctos) from Alaska, USA. Microscopic sarcocysts (37–75 × 20–42 μm) had thin walls (<1 μm). The outer layer of the sarcocyst, the parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (pvm), was wavy in outline and had minute undulations that did not invaginate towards the sarcocyst interior; these undulations occurred at irregular intervals and measured up to 100 nm in length and up to 60 nm width. The ground substance layer beneath the pvm was smooth and lacked microtubules. Longitudinally cut bradyzoites measured 5.6–6.8 × 0.7–1.8 μm. A major portion of nuclear small subunit rDNA sequence obtained from these sarcocysts was similar to that previously obtained from the hepatic schizonts of a S. canis-like parasite from polar bears (Ursus maritimus).
Multilayer collaborative traceback technique based on net-flow fingerprint

Aimed at loop fallacy, indeterminate serialisation of suspicious nodes and local overload problems of suspicious information source traceback in net-flow exchange, this paper proposes a multilayer collaborative traceback technique based on net-flow fingerprint. The traceback is divided into controllable inter-AS layer, intra-AS routing layer and controllable subnet layer. Based on the characteristics of each layer, it achieves efficient suspicious path extraction in controllable inter-AS layer by BGP protocol properties. In intra-AS routing layer, it solves loop fallacy by directed graph transformation and indeterminate serialisation of suspicious nodes by local time relationship approach. In controllable subnet layer, it achieves precise location by using forwarding tables. What is more, by proposing multilayer collaborative approach, it improves the efficiency of suspicious path extraction and reduces local overload of traceback servers without compromising the accuracy of traceback. Finally, the correctness and computational complexity of NFCMT are proved, and the feasibility and correctness of this scheme are discussed by experiments.
Response of binaural neurons of dog superior olivary complex to dichotic tonal stimuli: some physiological mechanisms of sound localization.

THE LOCALIZATION of high-frequency sinusoids depends on differences in the intensity of the sounds arriving at the two ears, that of low-frequency sinusoids on differences in phase (30). The present paper considers how the introduction of these two cues affects the discharge of individual binaural neurons of the superior olivary complex. Also described is the response of these cells to variations in the average intensity of binaural stimuli. Most of the neurons were located in the medial superior olive (MSO) or the medial preolivary nucleus (MPO).
The prevalence of early onset alcohol abuse in mentally disordered offenders

Abstract The alcohol consumption histories of 563 male patients resident at Broadmoor Hospital over the period 1997–2002 were ascertained from inspection of patients' case files. Information regarding alcohol consumption was obtained from patients' forensic and psychiatric reports and, for a sub-set of the sample (n = 101), from reports of drug and alcohol assessments. Patients were grouped according to whether or not they had abused alcohol (consumed greater than 50 units per week) and, if so, by age of onset of their alcohol abuse: prior to age 19, 19–21, or over 21 years. Forensic and psychiatric reports indicated that 47.4% of the sample had abused alcohol and 22.0% started to abuse before the age of 19. The 70.3% of patients who underwent drug and alcohol assessment were found to have abused alcohol and 48.5% had abused alcohol under the age of 19. These findings underline the high prevalence of early onset alcohol abuse among high-security mentally disordered offenders, and indicate the need for studies that address the intervening variables that mediate the link between teenage alcohol abuse and adult antisocial behaviour.
Age Matters

Prior research on police searches of motorists has consistently found that Black drivers are more likely to be searched than White drivers. The authors argue that race differences in police searches depend on the driver’s age. In logistic regression and propensity-score matching analyses of St. Louis police traffic stops, the authors find that young Black males are subjected to discretionary searches at higher rates than are young White males. By contrast, among drivers age 30 and older, Black males are no more likely, and in some analyses are less likely, than White males to be subjected to a discretionary search. The study findings are consistent with studies of young Black males’ negative experience with and attitudes toward the police. If replicated in future research, however, the findings suggest that it may be difficult to prove that police searches of young Black males result primarily from racial bias or unlawful discrimination.