Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Image analysis for measuring the size stratification in sand-gravel laboratory experiments

Measurements of spatial and temporal changes in the grain-size distribution of the bed surface and substrate are crucial to improving the modelling of sediment transport and associated grain-size selective processes. We present three complementary techniques to determine such variations in the grain-size distribution of the bed surface in sand–gravel laboratory experiments, as well as the resulting size stratification: (1) particle colouring, (2) removal of sediment layers, and (3) image analysis. The resulting stratification measurement method was evaluated in two sets of experiments. In both sets three grain-size fractions within the range of coarse sand to fine gravel were painted in different colours. Sediment layers are removed using a wet vacuum cleaner. Subsequently areal images are taken of the surface of each layer. The areal fraction content, that is, the relative presence of each size fraction over the bed surface, is determined using a colour segmentation algorithm which provides the areal fraction content of a specific colour (i.e. grain size) covering the bed surface. Particle colouring is not only beneficial to this type of image analysis but also to the observation and understanding of grain-size selective processes. The size stratification based on areal fractions is measured with sufficient accuracy. Other advantages of the proposed size stratification measurement method are (a) rapid collection and processing of a large amount of data, (b) a very high spatial density of information on the grain-size distribution, (c) the lack of disturbances to the bed surface, (d) only minor disturbances to the substrate due to the removal of sediment layers, and (e) the possibility to return a sediment layer to its original elevation and continue the flume experiment. The areal fractions are converted into volumetric fractions using an existing conversion model.
Relationship between indeterminate or positive lateral margin and local recurrence after endoscopic resection of colorectal polyps

Background and study aims: Although endoscopic resection is widely used for the treatment of superficial colorectal neoplasms, the rate of local recurrence of lesions with a positive or indeterminate lateral margin on histologic evaluation is unclear. We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between lateral margin status and local recurrence after the endoscopic resection of intramucosal colorectal neoplasms. Patients and methods: We retrospectively collected the clinical and pathologic data for 844 endoscopically resected colorectal intramucosal neoplasms with a size of 10 mm or larger. We investigated the relationship between the local recurrence rate and the lateral margin status (categorized as LM0 [negative], LM1 [positive], or LMX [indeterminate]). Results: In total, 389 lesions were evaluated as LM0 and showed no local recurrence. Of the 455 lesions evaluated as LMX or LM1, 30 showed local recurrence within a median period of 6.3 months (range, 1.7 – 48.1) from the initial endoscopic resection. The local recurrence rate of the en bloc-LMX group (2.2 %) was significantly lower than that of the piecemeal-LMX group (15.2 %). Of the 30 cases of recurrence, 28 were successfully treated with a second endoscopic resection. Of the two lesions that showed further recurrence, one was treated with a third endoscopic resection, whereas the other – which was a piecemeal-LMX lesion – was eventually diagnosed as invasive cancer and treated with surgery. Conclusions: The local recurrence rate was lower in the en bloc-LMX group than in the piecemeal-LMX group. Thus, we believe that en bloc-LMX lesions that are completely and confidently resected endoscopically can be treated as en bloc-LM0 lesions.
Flexible transcription alignment

Presents a set of techniques that we employed in our Janus Recognition Toolkit (JRTk) Switchboard and CallHome recognizer in order to deal with imperfections in the transcriptions: inconsistent transcription of pronunciations and contractions, as well as errors in utterance segmentations. These techniques consist of a dynamic, speaking-mode-dependent pronunciation model and a flexible utterance alignment procedure which is based on speaker-adapted models (label boosting). The idea is (a) to automatically retranscribe the training corpus based on these models and procedures, (b) to train a recognizer based on these flexible transcription graphs, and (c) to decode with a dynamic speaking-mode-dependent dictionary. The framework is successfully applied to increase the performance of our state-of-the-art JRTk Switchboard recognizer significantly.
Organization of local interneurons in optic glomeruli of the dipterous visual system and comparisons with the antennal lobes

The lateral protocerebrum of the fly's brain is composed of a system of optic glomeruli, the organization of which compares to that of antennal lobe glomeruli. Each optic glomerulus receives converging axon terminals from a unique ensemble of optic lobe output neurons. Glomeruli are interconnected by systems of spiking and nonspiking local interneurons that are morphologically similar to diffuse and polarized local interneurons in the antennal lobes. GABA‐like immunoreactive processes richly supply optic glomeruli, which are also invaded by processes originating from the midbrain and subesophageal ganglia. These arrangements support the suggestion that circuits amongst optic glomeruli refine and elaborate visual information carried by optic lobe outputs, relaying data to long‐axoned neurons that extend to other parts of the central nervous system including thoracic ganglia. The representation in optic glomeruli of other modalities suggests that gating of visual information by other sensory inputs, a phenomenon documented from the recordings of descending neurons, could occur before the descending neuron dendrites. The present results demonstrate that future studies must consider the roles of other senses in visual processing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2007.
Interactive Pattern Recognition

We may not be able to make you love reading, but interactive pattern recognition will lead you to love reading starting from now. Book is the window to open the new world. The world that you want is in the better stage and level. World will always guide you to even the prestige stage of the life. You know, this is some of how reading will give you the kindness. In this case, more books you read more knowledge you know, but it can mean also the bore is full.
Geometrically based channel model for indoor radio propagation with directional antennas

A geometrically based channel model is proposed to describe radio propagation in an indoor environment with directional antennas. In conventional geometric channel models (GCMs), distribution of scatterers does not take into account the antenna properties. A difierent approach is taken here for directional channel modeling. The locations of scattering objects are deflned using non- Cartesian coordinates comprising an auxiliary geometric parameter ‰ and angle-of-arrival (AOA) `. Subsequently, we present a systematic method to study the in∞uence of antenna pattern on scatterer distribution by applying two heuristic rules, which underpin the connection between the physical wave-propagation process and its canonical GCM. Provided with model preliminaries, important channel parameters including power azimuthal spectrum (PAS), power delay spectrum (PDS), mean efiective gain (MEG), and antenna-decoupled PAS are derived and compared against the published data in the existing literature to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed model.
Interpreting Neuronal Population Activity by Reconstruction : Unified Framework With Application to Hippocampal Place Cells

[PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , February 1, 2007; 19 (2): 404-441. Neural Comput. Q. J. M. Huys, R. S. Zemel, R. Natarajan and P. Dayan Fast population coding. [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , May 1, 2007; 97 (5): 3763-3780. J Neurophysiol Shenoy B. M. Yu, C. Kemere, G. Santhanam, A. Afshar, S. I. Ryu, T. H. Meng, M. Sahani and K. V. Mixture of Trajectory Models for Neural Decoding of Goal-Directed Movements [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , May 1, 2007; 1104 (1): 324-339. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. A. D. REDISH and A. JOHNSON A Computational Model of Craving and Obsession [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , October 1, 2007; 98 (4): 1997-2007. J Neurophysiol R. Q. Quiroga, L. Reddy, C. Koch and I. Fried Decoding Visual Inputs From Multiple Neurons in the Human Temporal Lobe [PDF] [Full Text] [Abstract] , October 1, 2007; 98 (4): 2285-2296. J Neurophysiol A. Thiel, M. Greschner, C. W. Eurich, J. Ammermuller and J. Kretzberg Encoding Contribution of Individual Retinal Ganglion Cell Responses to Velocity and Acceleration
Climate Shocks and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Last Half Century

This paper uses annual variation in climate to examine the impact of temperature and precipitation on national economies. We find three primary results. First, higher temperatures substantially reduce economic growth in poor countries. Second, higher temperatures appear to reduce growth rates, not just the level of output. Third, higher temperatures have wide-ranging effects, reducing agricultural and industrial output, investment, innovation, and political stability. Decade or longer increases in temperature also show substantial negative effects on poor countries’ growth. These findings inform debates over climate’s role in economic development and suggest substantial negative impacts of future climate change on poor countries. We thank Daron Acemoglu, Esther Duflo, Douglas Gollin, Michael Greenstone, Jonathan Gruber, Seema Jayachandran, Charles Jones, Peter Klenow, Ross McKitrick, William Nordhaus, Elias Papaioannou, Richard Tol, Carl Wunsch and numerous seminar participants for helpful comments and suggestions. Contact emails: mdell@mit.edu; bjones@kellogg.northwestern. edu; bolken@mit.edu.
A Compact Planar Printed MIMO Antenna Design

In this paper, we describe the design of a novel planar multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna. The basic idea of the design is the development of a canonical two-port antenna that can be replicated and concatenated together to form MIMO antennas with arbitrary even numbers of ports. The design of the canonical element uses compact folded slots for the radiating elements but includes the use of field cancelation to enhance isolation by incorporating a coupling parasitic element. In addition by properly designing the coupling parasitic and the two-port antenna, coupling between canonical elements is also reduced allowing them to be concatenated together. The canonical element size is 27.5 × 30 mm2 operating at 2.6 GHz and it can be packed together with high densities of up to 22 elements per square wavelength. To validate the design, results from 20-port planar printed MIMO antennas are presented operating at 2.6 GHz with a bandwidth of 100 MHz. The 20-port antenna has size of 1. 3λ0 × 0. 69λ0 mm2 providing an antenna density of 22 antenna in free space square wavelength (λ02). Even though the individual antennas are densely packed, all combinations of mutual couplings between ports exhibit better than 10 dB isolation. The antennas are printed on an FR-4 printed circuit board (PCB), which is a low-cost substrate and allows straightforward prototyping.
Factors affecting survival and cause-specific mortality of saiga calves in Mongolia

Abstract Factors affecting juvenile survival are poorly known in the world's most northern antelope, the endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica), yet these factors are fundamental for understanding what drives population change. We monitored Mongolia saiga (S. tatarica mongolica) calves in Sharga Nature Reserve, western Mongolia, during 2008–2010. Our results showed that male and single calves were heavier than females and twins, respectively. However, we identified no significant differences in seasonal or annual survival rates between sexes or between singletons and twins. Litter size and birth mass varied among years, and there was a negative relationship between these variables. Survival of calves during the 1st year was best explained by the covariates of year and litter size (confounded with body mass), suggesting that interannual variation in environmental conditions influenced twinning rates and body mass, and might play a key role in 1st-year survival. We identified 3 sources of mortality—predation by raptors, foxes (red fox [Vulpes vulpes] and corsac fox [V. corsac]), and lynx (Lynx lynx). Most predation was attributed to raptors, such as golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) and cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus). Our results point to both environmental and biotic factors affecting survival of juvenile saiga.
American Journal of Epidemiology Original Contribution Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers

which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Results from epidemiologic studies examining pancreatic cancer risk and vitamin D intake or 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations (the best indicator of vitamin D derived from diet and sun) have been inconsistent. Therefore, the authors conducted a pooled nested case-control study of participants from 8 cohorts within the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers (VDPP) (1974–2006) to evaluate whether pre-diagnostic circulating 25(OH)D concentrations were associated with the development of pancreatic cancer. In total, 952 incident pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases occurred among participants (median follow-up, 6.5 years). Controls (n ¼ 1,333) were matched to each case by cohort, age, sex, race/ethnicity, date of blood draw, and follow-up time. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate smoking-, body mass index-, and diabetes-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for pancreatic cancer. Clinically relevant 25(OH)D cutpoints were compared with a referent category of 50–<75 nmol/L. No significant associations were observed for participants with lower 25(OH)D status. However, a high 25(OH)D concentration (100 nmol/L) was associated with a statistically significant 2-fold increase in pancreatic cancer risk overall (odds ratio ¼ 2.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.23, 3.64). Given this result, recommendations to increase vitamin D concentrations in healthy persons for the prevention of cancer should be carefully considered. Sun exposure has been associated with lower death rates for pancreatic cancer in several ecologic studies (1–7). Solar ultraviolet B radiation (280–320 nm) induces cuta-neous production of precursors of vitamin D and is the primary contributor to vitamin D status in most populations (1, 2, 4, 6). Dietary sources of vitamin D include cholecal-ciferol (vitamin D 3), which occurs naturally in some animal foods (e.g., fatty saltwater fish, liver, and eggs). Supplements and fortified foods such as milk, orange juice, and margarine contain vitamin D 3 produced by the irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol extracted from lanolin or vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol) obtained from plants (8–10). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the main circulating form of vitamin D in humans and is considered the best
On-Load Voltage Distortion in Fractional Slot Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Machines Considering Local Magnetic Saturation

The on-load voltage distortion in fractional slot surface-mounted permanent magnet machines refers to the phase terminal voltage distorted by armature reaction. With the aid of frozen permeability method, the mechanism of this phenomenon has been investigated based on a 12-slot/8-pole model as an example, showing that the local magnetic saturation in tooth-tips is the main cause, especially when small or closed slot openings are adopted. Then, its impacts on machine performance under vector control have been investigated. If the dc-link voltage is sufficient to satisfy all distorted voltage, i.e., operating in constant torque region, the phenomenon mainly contributes to torque ripple. However, it becomes more problematic in the flux weakening region if the dc-link voltage is limited. Both base-speed and torque-speed curve will significantly differ from the expected results calculated by fundamental voltages. Meanwhile, if the machine operates beyond the base speed, or considering the limited bandwidth in real systems, the phase currents may be distorted, which consequently increase the current harmonics and reduce the average torque. Finally, a prototype machine is manufactured and tested to validate the analyses.
Gait and Foot Clearance Parameters Obtained Using Shoe-Worn Inertial Sensors in a Large-Population Sample of Older Adults

In order to distinguish dysfunctional gait, clinicians require a measure of reference gait parameters for each population. This study provided normative values for widely used parameters in more than 1,400 able-bodied adults over the age of 65. We also measured the foot clearance parameters (i.e., height of the foot above ground during swing phase) that are crucial to understand the complex relationship between gait and falls as well as obstacle negotiation strategies. We used a shoe-worn inertial sensor on each foot and previously validated algorithms to extract the gait parameters during 20 m walking trials in a corridor at a self-selected pace. We investigated the difference of the gait parameters between male and female participants by considering the effect of age and height factors. Besides; we examined the inter-relation of the clearance parameters with the gait speed. The sample size and breadth of gait parameters provided in this study offer a unique reference resource for the researchers.
Allelism of IMP1 and GAL2 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Cloning and characterization of the previously described Saccharomyces cerevisiae IMP1 gene, which was assumed to be a nuclear determinant involved in the nucleomitochondrial control of the utilization of galactose, demonstrate allelism to the GAL2 gene. Galactose metabolism does not necessarily involve the induction of the specific transport system coded by GAL2/IMP1, because a null mutant takes up galactose and grows on it. Data on galactose uptake are presented, and the dependence on ATP for constitutive and inducible galactose transport is discussed. These results can account for the inability of imp1/gal2 mutants to grow on galactose in a respiration-deficient background. Under these conditions, uptake was affected at the functional level but not at the biosynthetic level.
An Experimental Study on Real Option Strategies

We conduct a laboratory experiment to study whether people intuitively use real-option strategies in a dynamic investment setting. The participants were asked to play as an oil manager and make production decisions in response to a simulated mean-reverting oil price. Using cluster analysis, participants can be classified into four groups, which we label ‘mean-reverting’, ‘Brownian motion real-option’, ‘Brownian motion myopic real-option’, and ‘ambiguous’. We find two behavioral biases in the strategies of our participants: ignoring the mean-reverting process, and myopic behavior. Both lead to too frequent switches when compared with the theoretical benchmark. We also find that the last group behaved as if they have learned to incorporate the true underlying process into their decisions, and improved their decisions during the later stage.
Large-Scale In Silico Mapping of Complex Quantitative Traits in Inbred Mice

Understanding the genetic basis of common disease and disease-related quantitative traits will aid in the development of diagnostics and therapeutics. The processs of gene discovery can be sped up by rapid and effective integration of well-defined mouse genome and phenome data resources. We describe here an in silico gene-discovery strategy through genome-wide association (GWA) scans in inbred mice with a wide range of genetic variation. We identified 937 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from a survey of 173 mouse phenotypes, which include models of human disease (atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer and obesity) as well as behavioral, hematological, immunological, metabolic, and neurological traits. 67% of QTLs were refined into genomic regions <0.5 Mb with ∼40-fold increase in mapping precision as compared with classical linkage analysis. This makes for more efficient identification of the genes that underlie disease. We have identified two QTL genes, Adam12 and Cdh2, as causal genetic variants for atherogenic diet-induced obesity. Our findings demonstrate that GWA analysis in mice has the potential to resolve multiple tightly linked QTLs and achieve single-gene resolution. These high-resolution QTL data can serve as a primary resource for positional cloning and gene identification in the research community.
Automatic Detection of Opinion Bearing Words and Sentences

We describe a sentence-level opinion detection system. We first define what an opinion means in our research and introduce an effective method for obtaining opinion-bearing and nonopinion-bearing words. Then we describe recognizing opinion-bearing sentences using these words We test the system on 3 different test sets: MPQA data, an internal corpus, and the TREC2003 Novelty track data. We show that our automatic method for obtaining opinion-bearing words can be used effectively to identify opinion-bearing sentences.
A set of nearest neighbor parameters for predicting the enthalpy change of RNA secondary structure formation

A complete set of nearest neighbor parameters to predict the enthalpy change of RNA secondary structure formation was derived. These parameters can be used with available free energy nearest neighbor parameters to extend the secondary structure prediction of RNA sequences to temperatures other than 37°C. The parameters were tested by predicting the secondary structures of sequences with known secondary structure that are from organisms with known optimal growth temperatures. Compared with the previous set of enthalpy nearest neighbor parameters, the sensitivity of base pair prediction improved from 65.2 to 68.9% at optimal growth temperatures ranging from 10 to 60°C. Base pair probabilities were predicted with a partition function and the positive predictive value of structure prediction is 90.4% when considering the base pairs in the lowest free energy structure with pairing probability of 0.99 or above. Moreover, a strong correlation is found between the predicted melting temperatures of RNA sequences and the optimal growth temperatures of the host organism. This indicates that organisms that live at higher temperatures have evolved RNA sequences with higher melting temperatures.
Nonlinear Negative Stiffness Wingtip Spring Device for Gust Loads Alleviation

A recent consideration in aircraft design is the use of folding wingtips with the aim of enabling higher-aspect-ratio configurations with less induced drag while also meeting airport gate limitations. This study builds on previous work investigating the effect of exploiting the folding wingtips in flight as a device to reduce dynamic gust loads, but now with the introduction of a passive nonlinear negative stiffness hinge spring. A single-degree-of-freedom model and a representative civil jet aircraft aeroelastic model are used to investigate the dynamic gust responses for different hinge device designs. It is found that significant reductions in the dynamic loads are possible.