Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Model-Based Fault Detection of Continuous Glucose Sensor Measurements

Objective: Faults in subcutaneous glucose concentration readings with a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) may affect the computation of insulin infusion rates that can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in artificial pancreas control systems for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Methods: Multivariable statistical monitoring methods are proposed for detection of faults in glucose concentration values reported by a subcutaneous glucose sensor. A nonlinear first principle glucose/insulin/meal dynamic model is developed. An unscented Kalman filter is used for state and parameter estimation of the nonlinear model. Principal component analysis models are developed and used for detection of dynamic changes. K-nearest neighbor classification algorithm is used for diagnosis of faults. Data from 51 subjects are used to assess the performance of the algorithm. Results: The results indicate that the proposed algorithm works successfully with 84.2% sensitivity. Overall, 155 (out of 184) of the CGM failures are detected with a 2.8-min average detection time. Conclusion: A novel algorithm that integrates data-driven and model-based methods is developed. The proposed method is able to detect CGM failures with a high rate of success. Significance: The proposed fault detection algorithm can decrease the effects of faults on insulin infusion rates and reduce the potential for hypo- or hyperglycemia for patients with T1D.
Cytochrome P450 isoforms are differently up-regulated in aflatoxin B1-exposed human lymphocytes and monocytes

Abstract Context: Aflatoxins (AFs) are highly hazardous mycotoxins with potent carcinogenic, mutagenic and immune disregulatory properties. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms are central for enhanced AFB1 toxicity in situ. It remains to be seen whether and how these AFB1 activators work in human leukocytes. Objective: To investigate the involvement of CYP isoforms in AFB1 toxicity of circulating mononuclear cells, we examined the impact of environmentally relevant levels of AFB1 on lymphocytes and monocytes. Materials and methods: Very low and moderate doses of AFB1 with/without CYP inducers on transcription of key CYP isoforms and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were examined in human lymphocytes, monocytes and HepG2 cells; cell cycle distribution and viability were also analyzed in AFB1-exposed lymphocytes and monocytes. Results: Only CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5 and CYP3A7 expressed in lymphocytes and monocytes. TLR4 much more expressed in monocytes than in lymphocytes, but HepG2 showed little TLR4 transcription. While CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP3A4 were highly induced by AFB1 in monocytes, in lymphocytes only CYP1A1 was induced. Among CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP3A4 only CYP1A1 responded to low and moderate levels of AFB1. Enhanced transcripts of CYPs by AFB1 yielded little synergies on TLR4 transcription in lymphocytes and monocytes. Cell cycle arrest and necrosis were also detected in AFB1-exposed lymphocytes and monocytes. Conclusions: Our novel findings indicate that AFB1 more intensively stimulates CYP genes expression in monocytes than in lymphocytes. Mechanistically, this could explain a more pronounced immunotoxicity of AFB1 in myeloid than in lymphoid lineage cells in vitro/situ/vivo.
Earlier intervention for acute kidney injury: evaluation of an outreach service and a long-term follow-up.

BACKGROUND There have been few studies of earlier systematic intervention to reduce the impact of acute kidney injury (AKI). In 2009, we piloted an AKI outreach service with a before and after study, and we report on the study and its longer-term follow-up. METHODS AKI patients were identified using a laboratory delta check for creatinine of 75%. In the 4-week before phase patients received standard care. In a consecutive 7-week after phase an outreach team of nephrology doctors and nurses reviewed all alerts twice daily, 5 days a week. The primary clinical team caring for the patient was called to be given advice on AKI care. RESULTS There were 157 and 251 patients in the before and after groups, respectively, who were comparable in their characteristics. The mean age was 70 years in both groups and ∼ 80% of each group were admitted to the hospital. In the after group, the Outreach telephone call was successful in 88%, at a median of 14 h. Substantial numbers of recommendations were made, largely related to fluid balance, investigations and medication use. Survival showed an immediate non-significant improvement in the after group, but converged at about 4 years. CONCLUSION Outreach shows potential to improve outcomes in AKI. In order to achieve this it seems likely that at least a five-day per week service will be needed to assist good renal and general medical care for this vulnerable group.
Unmixing-Based Landsat TM and MERIS FR Data Fusion

An unmixing-based data fusion technique is used to generate images that have the spatial resolution of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and the spectral resolution provided by the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) sensor. The method requires the optimization of the following two parameters: the number of classes used to classify the TM image and the size of the MERIS ldquowindowrdquo (neighborhood) used to solve the unmixing equations. The ERGAS index is used to assess the quality of the fused images at the TM and MERIS spatial resolutions and to assist with the identification of the best combination of the two parameters that need to be optimized. Results indicate that it is possible to successfully downscale MERIS full resolution data to a Landsat-like spatial resolution while preserving the MERIS spectral resolution.
Treatment for unicameral bone cysts in long bones: an evidence based review

The purpose of this paper is to perform an evidence based review for treatment of unicameral bone cysts. A search of MEDLINE (1966 to 2009) was conducted and the studies were classified according to levels of evidence. This review includes only comparative Level I-III studies. The systematic review identified 16 studies. There is one level I study, one level II study and the remaining 14 studies are level III. Seven of the sixteen studies had statistically different results: three studies indicated that steroid injection was superior to bone marrow injection or curettage and bone grafting; one study indicated that cannulated screws were superior to steroid injections; one study indicated resection and myoplasty was superior to steroid injection; one study indicated a combination of steroid, demineralized bone matrix and bone marrow aspirate, and curettage and bone grafting were superior to steroid injection; and one study indicated that curettage and bone grafting was superior to non-operative immobilization. Based on one Level I study, including a limited number of individuals, steroid injection seems to be superior to bone marrow injection. As steroid injections have already demonstrated superiority over bone marrow injections in a randomized clinical trial, the next step would be a prospective trial comparing steroid injections with other treatments.
Fixed-structure discrete-time H 2 / H ∞ controller synthesis using the delta operator

This paper considers the fixed-structure, discrete-time mixed H 2 / H X controller synthesis problem in the delta operator (difference operator) framework. The differential operator and shift operator versions of the problem are reviewed for comparison, and necessary conditions are derived for all three formulations. A quasi-Newton/continuation algorithm is then used to obtain approximate solutions to these equations. Controllers are synthesized for two numerical examples, and the performance of the algorithm on the differential, difference and shift operator versions of the problems is compared.
Management of Hypertension in the Elderly Patient at Abidjan Cardiology Institute (Ivory Coast)

Background. Since the treatment of hypertension is beneficial for the elderly, we have undertaken this study that aims to evaluate the management of hypertension in elderly patient in Côte d'Ivoire. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted among 854 hypertensive elderly patients of Abidjan Cardiology Institute who were followed for a minimum of one year, between January 2000 and December 2009. Results. The patients mean age was 73.1 ± 5.3 years, and 59% were women. At the first presentation, it was mostly systolic-diastolic hypertension (51.8%) and isolated systolic hypertension (38.5%). Mean blood pressure was 169.4 ± 28.4 mmHg for systolic, 95.3 ± 15.7 mmHg for diastolic, and 74.1 ± 22.8 mmHg for pulse pressure. Pulse pressure was ≥60 mmHg in 80.4%. According to the European Guidelines stratification of the cardiovascular risk-excess attributable to high blood pressure, 82.1% of the sample had a very high added risk. The pharmacological therapy was prescribed in 93.5%. More than 66% of patients were receiving ≥2 antihypertensive drugs including fixed-dose combination drugs. The most common agents used were diuretics (63.5%) followed by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in 61.3%. The most common agents used for monotherapy were calcium antagonists. When ≥2 drugs were used, diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers were the most common. Blood pressure control was achieved in 42.6%. Conclusion. The control of elderly hypertension can be effective in Sub-Saharan Africa. He required at least two antihypertensive drugs to meet the recommended blood pressure target.
Wide and deep near-UV (360 nm) galaxy counts and the extragalactic background light with the Large Binocular Camera

Context. Deep multicolour surveys are the main tool for exploring the formation and evolution of the very faint galaxies that are beyond the spectroscopic limit of present technology. The photometric properties of these faint galaxies are usually compared with current renditions of semianalytical models to provide constraints on the detailed treatment of the fundamental physical processes involved in galaxy formation and evolution, namely the mass assembly and the star formation. Aims. Galaxy counts over large sky areas in the 360 nm near-UV band are particularly difficult to obtain given the low efficiency of near-UV instrumentation, even at 8 m class telescopes. Observing in the near-UV bands can provide a first assessment of the distribution of star formation activity in distant (up to z ∼ 3) galaxies. A relatively large instrumental field of view helps to minimize the biases caused by cosmic variance. Methods. We obtained deep images in the 360 nm U band provided by the blue channel of the Large Binocular Camera at the prime focus of the Large Binocular Telescope. Over an area of � 0.4 sq. deg. , we derived the galaxy number counts down to U = 27 in the Vega system (corresponding to U = 27.86 in the AB system) at a completeness level of 30% reaching the faintest current limit for this wavelength and sky area. Results. The shape of the galaxy number counts in the U band can be described by a double power-law, the bright side being consistent with the shape of shallower surveys of comparable or greater areas. The slope bends over significantly at U > 23.5 ensuring the convergence of the contribution by star-forming galaxies to the extragalactic background light in the near-UV band to a value that is more than 70% of the most recent upper limits derived for this band. We jointly compared our near-UV and K band counts collected from the literature with a few selected hierarchical CDM models, concentrating on specific critical issues in the physical description of the galaxy formation and evolution.
Social Support, Perceived Control, and Well-Being: A Study of an Environmentally Stressed Population

Interviews were conducted with elderly residents of an area targeted for massive redevelopment. Social support was considered simultaneously with health and personal control beliefs in relation to well-being, and the unresolved issue of the sufficiency of one support figure was explored. Health, control, and support each emerged as independent predictors of affect and life satisfaction, and affect was significantly lower for those with no close support figure than for those with one close relationship. The results suggest that one close support figure may be sufficient to promote well-being, but alternative interpretations are possible.
Marine ecological footprint of the live reef fish food trade

The demand for live seafood in Asia has spawned a lucrative trade in live coral reef fish that in 1995 had a global annual retail value of over USD 1 billion (Johannes and Riepen 1995; Cesar et al. 1997). There are concerns that the live reef fish food trade is inflicting an unacceptably heavy impact on coral reefs and reef resources in Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific.5 These areas contain over 90 per cent of the world’s coral species and include the highest global marine biodiversity (Norse 1993). Because these reefs provide over one billion people in Asia with food (Barber and Pratt 1997; Bryant et al. 1998), their destruction and overexploitation threaten current and future regional food security and socioeconomic development (Barber and Pratt 1997; Williams 1997). 6 This article examines the marine ecosystem area appropriated by major Asian economies, particularly that of Hong Kong, to satisfy their demand for live reef fish food products. Hong Kong was chosen as the focus of the article for two reasons. First, it is the largest trader and major consumer of live reef food fish in the world. Second, in contrast to other demand-side economies (e.g. Singapore, mainland China), data are available to examine Hong Kong’s role in the trade, facilitating an in-depth analysis of its marine ecological footprint. However, even the available data for Hong Kong are known to be incomplete, making it difficult to determine the true scale of live fish imports into Hong Kong (Lau and ParryJones 1999).
Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats

Abstract Corn and soyabean micronutrient-fortified-blended foods (FBF) are commonly used for food aid. Sorghum and cowpeas have been suggested as alternative commodities because they are drought tolerant, can be grown in many localities, and are not genetically modified. Change in formulation of blends may improve protein quality, vitamin A and Fe availability of FBF. The primary objective of this study was to compare protein efficiency, Fe and vitamin A availability of newly formulated extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, soya- and corn-based FBF, along with a current, non-extruded United States Agency for International Development (USAID) corn and soya blend FBF (CSB+). A second objective was to compare protein efficiency of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soya protein isolate (SPI) containing FBF to determine whether WPC inclusion improved outcomes. Eight groups of growing rats (n 10) consumed two white and one red sorghum–cowpea (WSC1 + WPC, WSC2 + WPC, RSC + WPC), white sorghum–soya (WSS + WPC) and corn–soya (CSB14 + WPC) extruded WPC-containing FBF, an extruded white sorghum–cowpea with SPI (WSC1 + SPI), non-extruded CSB+, and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G, a weanling rat diet, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in protein efficiency, Fe or vitamin A outcomes between WPC FBF groups. The CSB+ group consumed significantly less food, gained significantly less weight, and had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and length, compared with all other groups. Compared with WSC1 + WPC, the WSC1 + SPI FBF group had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and weight gain. These results suggest that a variety of commodities can be used in the formulation of FBF, and that newly formulated extruded FBF are of better nutritional quality than non-extruded CSB+.
The Large-Scale Extinction Map of the Galactic Bulge from the MACHO Project Photometry

We present a (V-R)-based reddening map of about 43 deg2 of the Galactic bulge/bar. The map is constructed using template image photometry from the MACHO microlensing survey, contains 9717 resolution elements, and is based on V-R color averages of the entire color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) in 4′ × 4′ tiles. The conversion from the observed color to the reddening follows from an assumption that CMDs of all bulge fields would look similar in the absence of extinction. Consequently, the difference in observed color between various fields originates from varying contribution of the disk extinction summed along different lines of sight. We check that our V-R colors correlate very well with infrared and optical reddening maps. We show that a dusty disk obeying a csc |b| extinction law, E(V-R) = 0.0274 csc |b|, provides a good approximation to the extinction toward the MACHO bulge/bar fields.
Circumnavigation Using Distance Measurements Under Slow Drift

Consider an agent A at an unknown location, under going sufficiently slow drift, and a mobile agent B that must move to the vicinity of and then circumnavigate A at a prescribed distance from A. In doing so, B can only measure its distance from A, and knows its own position in some reference frame. This paper considers this problem, which has applications to surveillance and orbit maintenance. In many of these applications it is difficult for B to directly sense the location of A, e.g. when all that B can sense is the intensity of a signal emitted by A. This intensity does, however provide a measure of the distance. We propose a nonlinear periodic continuous time control law that achieves the objective using this distance measurement. Fundamentally, a) B must exploit its motion to estimate the location of A, and b) use its best instantaneous estimate of where A resides, to move itself to achieve the circum navigation objective. For a) we use an open loop algorithm formulated by us in an earlier paper. The key challenge tackled in this paper is to design a control law that closes the loop by marrrying the two goals. As long as the initial estimate of the source location is not coincident with the intial position of B, the algorithm is guaranteed to be exponentially convergent when A is stationary. Under the same condition, we establish that when A drifts with a sufficiently small, unknown velocity, B globally achieves its circumnavigation objective, to within a margin proportional to the drift velocity.
Learned local descriptors for recognition and matching

In the past local features have become popular for a wide variety of applications such as object recognition, object tracking, structure from motion or stereo vision. Many different interest point detectors as well as local descriptors capturing the information of the local surrounding patches have been proposed. This work investigates the idea of considering keypoint description as a discriminative classification task. We propose to learn descriptors as it enables, in contrast to hand-crafted descriptors, to adjust the amount of invariance and distinctiveness to the task at hand. For this purpose, in a training stage reliable keypoints are extracted from a synthetically generated data set, which contains the amount of invariance needed. We investigate two trainable models for obtaining descriptors. Both are based on convolutional neural networks. We compare the proposed method against the widely used SIFT approach.
Alterations in relative phosphocreatine concentrations in preclinical mouse muscular dystrophy revealed by in vivo nmr

Using in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy, the early postnatal development of lower hindleg muscles of normal and dystrophic mice was investigated. Ratios of phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate, and of phosphocreatine and ATP increased exponentially during normal postnatal growth and differentiation. In dystrophic skeletal muscles, however, the ratios were already considerably lower during the early postnatal period, before histopathological features were observed. The ratios remained lower, relative to normal muscles, at least into the young adult stage. A deficiency in the sequestering of creatine or a defect in the phosphocreatine shuttle is proposed to explain the pathological features observed in this disorder.
The Labeling Paradox

Although research supports the stigma and labeling perspective, empirical evidence also indicates that a social safety net remains intact for those with mental illness, recalling the classic “sick role” concept. Here, insights from social networks theory are offered as explanation for these discrepant findings. Using data from individuals experiencing their first contact with the mental health treatment system, the effects of diagnosis and symptoms on social networks and stigma experiences are examined. The findings suggest that relative to those with less severe affective disorders, individuals with severe diagnoses and more visible symptoms of mental illness have larger, more broadly functional networks, as well as more supporters who are aware of and sympathetic toward the illness situation. However, those with more severe diagnoses are also vulnerable to rejection and discrimination by acquaintances and strangers. These findings suggest that being formally labeled with a mental illness may present a paradox, simultaneously initiating beneficial social processes within core networks and detrimental ones among peripheral ties.
Theories of truth as assessment criteria in judgment and decision making

Hammond (1996) argued that much of the research in the field of judgment and decision making (JDM) can be categorized as focused on either coherence or correspondence (C&C) and that, in order to understand the findings of the field, one needs to understand the differences between these two criteria. Hammond’s claim is that conclusions about the competence of judgments and decisions will depend upon the selection of coherence or correspondence as the criterion (Hammond, 2008). First, I provide an overview of the terms coherence and correspondence (C&C) as philosophical theories of truth and relate them to the field of JDM. Second, I provide an example of Hammond’s claim by examining literature on base rate neglect. Third, I examine Hammond’s claim as it applies to the broader field of JDM. Fourth, I critique Hammond’s claim and suggest that refinements to the C&C distinction are needed. Specifically, the C&C distinction 1) is more accurately applied to criteria than to researchers, 2) should be refined to include two important types of coherence (inter and intrapersonal coherence) and 3) neglects the third philosophical theory of truth, pragmatism. Pragmatism, as a class of criteria in JDM, is defined as goal attainment. In order to provide the most complete assessment of human judgment possible, and understand different findings in the field of JDM, all three criteria should be considered.