Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
A theory of cutoff formation under imperfect information

Numerous models in the Management Science literature contain constructions that are a variant of the following: A decision-maker must choose from a set of alternatives based on imperfect information as to their relative quality, while further evaluation, through costly, provides more accurate information. We examine decision heuristics in which the optimal search policy entails a screening strategy limiting the number of alternatives in the subsequent, costly evaluation. There are two general methods for accomplishing this screening: Quota cutoffs operate by selecting the optimal number of alternatives to evaluate; Level cutoffs operate by specifying a minimally-acceptable level of the imperfect screening indicator. The present paper has three main objectives. First, to define the Level and Quota cutoff methods, broadly characterize optimal behavior for each and determine what aspects of the decision environment of order statistics as a methodology for exploring decision problems when information is imperfectly known; and third, to discuss the pivotal role of default, or fallback, options in a broad class of search problems. Quota and Level strategies restrict the number of alternatives passing the cutoff-based screen. Because restrictive cutoffs reduce evaluation costs while lowering the expected quality of the item finally selected, changes in the decision environment making the evaluation process less beneficial or increasing its cost drive the optimal cutoff to be more restrictive. In particular, increases in unit evaluation cost, improvement in the quality of a fallback option, decreases in the total number of alternatives available or improvement in the precision of the final evaluation process all lead to more restrictive cutoffs at optimum. These results hold over a remarkably broad range of assumptions and conditions. We also find that a better screening indicator leads to more restrictive screening when evaluation costs are low but, surprisingly, to less restrictive screening when costs are high. Comparing the two strategies, we find the unexpected result that the Quota cutoff strategy is generally superior to the Level, except under on of two fairly uncommon set of circumstances: when evaluation cost is prohibitively high, or when there is a fallback option of very high quality.
Does social connection turn good deeds into good feelings?: On the value of putting the ‘social’ in prosocial spending

When are the emotional benefits of generous behaviour most likely to emerge? In three studies, we demonstrate that the hedonic benefits of generous spending are most likely when spending promotes positive social connection. Study 1 shows that people feel happier after giving more to charity, but only when they give to someone connected with the cause. Studies 2 and 3 show that the emotional rewards associated with giving to friends or acquaintances are greatest in situations that facilitate social connection. Thus, social connection may be important for turning good deeds into good feelings, and maximising connectedness between givers and recipients may enhance the emotional payoff of charitable initiatives.
Awareness and Knowledge of Emergent Ophthalmic Disease Among Patients in an Internal Medicine Clinic.

IMPORTANCE Emergent ophthalmic disease can lead to permanent visual impairment or blindness if medical attention is delayed. Awareness and knowledge of emergent ophthalmic disease may be important for early medical presentation and maximization of visual prognosis in some cases. OBJECTIVE To assess public awareness and knowledge of 4 emergent ophthalmic diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 1 to July 30, 2015, in the waiting rooms of the outpatient internal medicine resident clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital. A written survey was administered to evaluate awareness and knowledge of retinal detachment, acute angle-closure glaucoma, giant cell arteritis, and central retinal artery occlusion. Awareness of each disease was assessed by whether participants knew what the diseases were (yes or no). Knowledge was evaluated by responses to 3 questions for each disease, including 1 question about basic pathophysiologic features, 1 question about basic symptoms, and 1 question about basic treatment options. All English-speaking patients who were physically and cognitively able to fill out the survey without assistance were considered eligible and offered the opportunity to participate during times of survey distribution; 237 completed the survey. Demographic information, including age, sex, race, income, and educational level, was collected. Data were assessed from August 1 to 7, 2015. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Awareness of each ophthalmic disease was determined by the proportion of respondents who answered yes, and knowledge was determined by the proportion of aware respondents who answered the knowledge questions correctly. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-seven patients (of 227 who gave complete demographic information, 76 men [33.5%], 151 women [66.5%], and mean [SD] age, 51.3 [16.8] years) completed the survey. Awareness of each of the diseases studied was low; 61 of 220 respondents (27.7%; 95% CI, 21.8%-33.6%) were aware of retinal detachment; 32 of 219 respondents (14.6%; 95% CI, 9.9%-19.3%), acute angle-closure glaucoma; 11 of 216 respondents (5.1%; 95% CI, 2.2%-8.0%), giant cell arteritis; and 10 of 218 respondents (4.6%; 95% CI, 1.8%-7.4%), central retinal artery occlusion. Respondents who were aware and knowledgeable ranged from 29 of 199 (14.6%) for the pathophysiologic features of retinal detachment, 1 of 208 (0.5%) for the symptoms and 2 of 203 (1.0%) for treatment of giant cell arteritis, and 1 of 193 (0.5%) for the pathophysiologic features of central retinal artery occlusion. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Levels of awareness and knowledge of emergent ophthalmic diseases are low. These results indicate a need to educate the public about these acutely vision-threatening entities to ensure early medical presentation, to achieve the best possible visual prognosis, and to preserve quality of life.
Normal values for photopic and mesopic letter contrast sensitivity.

PURPOSE The exponential increase of patients having refractive surgery has increased the number of patients with night vision disturbances, such as decreased contrast sensitivity. However, there are no standard contrast sensitivity scales in normal persons in the mesopic range. We describe Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity under photopic and mesopic luminance conditions in a large Spanish population over a wide range of age groups to provide normal values. A further aim was to evaluate the effect of photopic visual acuity on photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed on 292 participants stratified by age into six groups. Binocular contrast sensitivity was determined with best spectacle correction using the Pelli-Robson letter chart at 1 m under photopic (85 cd/m2) and mesopic (0.15 cd/m2) luminance conditions. RESULTS Phototopic letter contrast sensitivity began to decrease gradually from the 61 to 70-year-old age group onward, and for mesopic conditions, from the 51 to 60-year-old age group onward. The reduction in mean contrast sensitivity between the oldest and the youngest age groups was 0.20 log units (photopic) and 0.33 log units (mesopic). Loss in contrast sensitivity due to luminance (two successive triplets) increased slightly with age. Both photopic and mesopic letter contrast sensitivity significantly improved as photopic visual acuity increased. CONCLUSIONS Under mesopic conditions, Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity began to decline 1 decade earlier than under photopic conditions and was affected by visual acuity. Normal values for mesopic contrast sensitivity could be of help in deciding whether mesopic function is normal or a decrease in contrast sensitivity is pathologic in nature.
Panicum Mosaic Virus Complex and Biofuels Switchgrass

New switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars are being developed for use as a biofuel pyrolysis feedstock. Viral pathogens have been reported in switchgrass, but their importance in biofuel cultivars is not well known. In 2012 surveys of five switchgrass breeding nurseries in Nebraska, plants with mottling and stunting— symptoms associated with virus infection—had an incidence of symptomatic plants within fields as high as 59%. Leaves from 120 symptomatic plants were analyzed by ELISA for Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) and four other viruses known to infect switchgrass. Most samples (87%) were positive for PMV, and fewer than 8% for the remaining viruses. Among PMV-positive samples, 36% tested positive for the presence of PMV's satellite virus (SPMV) by immunoblotting. In 2013 fields were assessed for PMV-and PMV+SPMV-infection incidence and associated symptoms. PMV and SPMV were detected by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively, in leaf samples from randomly selected plants. Symptom severity was assessed on these plants using a 1 to 5 scale (1 = no symptoms; 5 = plants stunted and >50% foliage with mottling). PMV incidence varied among fields and switchgrass populations within fields. Common among sampled populations was dual infection by PMV and SPMV. Few plants were infected with PMV alone and these exhibited symptoms at the 1-3 rating. There also were many PMV+SPMV-infected plants and these exhibited symptoms at the 1 to 5 rating. To assess potential resistant switchgrass, four strains of switchgrass were grown in a growth chamber and rub-inoculated with PMV and PMV+SPMV. These were observed for 30 dpi and then collected. During the 30 dpi there was little symptom expression. Samples were weighed and tested for the presence of PMV or SPMV via RT-PCR. This study is ongoing ; however presently there is no evidence of resistance to either PMV or PMV+SPMV infection. However, the four switchgrass strains had less biomass accumulation if infected with either PMV or PMV+SPMV. There was no significant difference in biomass accumulation between PMV and PMV+SPMV infection. iii Acknowledgements: I would like to thank my family, including the friends who have become family. There are many people who have helped me get to this point, too many to list, but I will mention a few. Caryl Chlan, thank you more than you can know or I could ever articulate. Karen-Beth G. Scholthof this project could not have gotten where it did without your input; also getting to work with you and your …
Selective Inhibition of Inflammatory Gene Expression in Activated T Lymphocytes: A Mechanism of Immune Suppression by Thiopurines

Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are antimetabolite thiopurine drugs that play important roles in the treatment of leukemia and in the management of conditions requiring immunosuppression, such as inflammatory bowel disease. The biochemical pharmacology of these drugs suggests that inhibition of purine nucleotide formation through the 6-thioguanine nucleotide metabolites is their key molecular mechanism. However, it is unclear how these metabolites suppress immunity. We hypothesized that azathioprine produces a selective inhibitory effect on activated but not quiescent T lymphocytes. We first established a model system of T lymphocyte culture with azathioprine that produced pharmacologically relevant concentrations of 6-thioguanine nucleotides. Using genome-wide expression profiling, we identified a group of azathioprine-regulated genes in quiescent and activated T lymphocytes. Several genes involved in immunity and inflammation were selectively down-regulated by azathioprine in stimulated but not quiescent cells. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for three of these genes, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 7, and α4-integrin, confirmed down-regulated expression of transcript levels. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand protein expression was further studied and found to be inhibited by azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, and 6-thioguanine, implying that the inhibitory effects of azathioprine on expression are mediated by 6-thioguanine nucleotides. These results therefore provide a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism for the immunosuppressive properties of thiopurine antimetabolite drugs.
Youth Gangs and Public Policy

Recent studies have begun to document the changing organizational forms of youth gangs in the United States. The emergence/re-emergence of these gangs, often accompanied by increased violence and involvement in drug use and/or trafficking, poses major public policy issues. However, little empirical research has been conducted on this subject, and very few studies have been based on interviews with gang members as well as official data and the perspectives of public officials. This article summarizes the results and recommendations of a two-year study of youth gangs in Ohio, focusing primarily on in-depth case studies of Cleveland and Columbus gangs.
Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-8 gene by respiratory syncytial virus infection in alveolar epithelial cells: nuclear translocation of the RelA transcription factor as a mechanism producing airway mucosal inflammation

The most common cause of epidemic pediatric respiratory disease, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), stimulates interleukin-8 (IL-8) synthesis upon infecting airway epithelium, an event necessary for the development of mucosal inflammation. We investigated the mechanism for enhanced IL-8 production in human A549 type II pulmonary epithelial cells. Infection with sucrose-purified RSV (pRSV) produced a time-dependent increase in the transcriptional initiation rate of the IL-8 gene. Transient transfection of the human IL-8 promoter mutated in the binding site for nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) demonstrated that this sequence was essential for pRSV-activated transcription. Gel mobility shift assays demonstrated pRSV induction of sequence-specific binding complexes; these complexes were supershifted only by antibodies directed to the potent NF-kappaB transactivating subunit RelA. Both Western immunoblot and indirect immunofluorescence assays showed that cytoplasmic RelA in uninfected cells became localized to the nucleus after pRSV infection. RelA activation requires replicating RSV, because neither conditioned medium nor UV-inactivated pRSV was able to stimulate its translocation. We conclude that RelA undergoes changes in subcellular distribution in airway epithelial cells upon pRSV infection. The ability of replicating RSV to activate RelA translocation may play an important role in activating IL-8 and other inflammatory gene products necessary for airway mucosal inflammation seen in RSV disease.
Enacting children’s citizenship: Developing understandings of how children enact themselves as citizens through actions and Acts of citizenship

Children have an unsettled relationship with the status of citizenship, being given some rights, responsibilities and opportunities for participation, and being denied others. Yet if citizenship is conceived of as a practice, children can be firmly seen as citizens in the sense that they are social actors, negotiating and contributing to relationships of social interdependence. This article develops understandings of children’s agency in citizenship and some of the different ways in which children’s actions enact them as interdependent citizens. It presents one aspect of the understanding of citizenship generated from research with six groups of marginalized children, aged 5–13, in Wales and France. Synthesizing the research groups’ descriptions of activities they associated with the component parts of citizenship with citizenship theory, these children can be seen to engage in actions of citizenship that include making rules of social existence, furthering social good and exercising freedoms to achieve their own rights. Their activities also transgress the boundaries of existing balances of rights, responsibilities and statuses, through their (mis)behaviour, in ways that can be interpreted as Acts of citizenship. In children’s everyday activities, however, the distinction between actions and Acts of citizenship can at times be blurred. This is because recognizing aspects of children’s practices as citizenship is a challenge to dominant definitions of citizenship, and claims a new status for children. Exploring children’s citizenship in these ways has the potential to widen understandings of participation and appreciation of broader aspects of children’s agency in citizenship.
The dance of disclosure: Online self-disclosure of sexual assault

The painful route that many survivors take to disclosing sexual assault is well documented, as is the low rate of formal reporting of such incidents. Previous research has examined self-disclosure in traditional settings but not online, where this research found a small but significant amount of help-seeking behaviour occurring. An in-depth analysis of 31 questions and answers on Yahoo! Answers in Australia containing disclosures of sexual assault was conducted. Drawing on interpretive descriptive methodology, clear patterns of help-seeking behaviours and responses were identified and categorized. These patterns constitute what we termed the ‘dance of disclosure’, a theme that could form the basis for further research in this area. Survivors disclosing on this site frequently expressed feeling ‘nowhere else to turn’. In particular a highly vulnerable group was identified as utilizing this medium – survivors who had been abused by people close to them in the past when they were under the age of puberty. Although most responses were supportive, a small number of negative comments were of concern, given survivors’ particular sensitivity to feedback and the influence initial responses have on their inclination to disclose further. As these sites attract survivors reluctant to make contact with social workers and online disclosure can leave victims open to internet predators, we encourage sexual assault counselling centres to consider new outreach methods such as informal monitoring of these sites to offer support and notify survivors of available professional services. It concludes by mentioning some innovative online outreach methods currently being practiced.
‘It's All a Bit Pantomime’: An Exploratory Study of Gay and Lesbian Adopters and Foster-Carers in England and Wales

This paper reports the findings of a study identifying the experiences of gay and lesbian adopters and foster-carers in England and Wales. Qualitative interviews were conducted with twenty-four lesbians and gay men who had undertaken any part of the adoption or fostering application process since the implementation of the Adoption and Children Act of 2002. The study suggests that, whilst increasing numbers of lesbians and gay men are accessing fostering and adoption services, gender and sexuality are still problematic areas of contestation within this context. As a result, participants were required to present themselves to assessing professionals in distinct ways, in order to be recognised as ‘legitimate’ in their applications. Using the concept of ‘displaying family’, this paper illustrates the ways in which sexuality can complicate such displays, as they fall outside prevailing cultural and familial scripts. However, taking an intersectional perspective, this paper will also demonstrate that this was dependent upon the complex subjectivities of each participant. Finally, it will analyse what this means for the assessment of gay and lesbian adopters and foster-carers, and how social workers can respond to both individual identities and diverse family forms.
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Among Young Adolescents With ADHD

Objective: This study investigated the role of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) in relation to externalizing and internalizing mental health problems, academic functioning, and social functioning among young adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: In all, 57 youth ages 10 to 14 participated in the study. Parents rated SCT, internalizing, and externalizing symptoms, as well as social and academic impairment. Teachers rated academic and peer impairment, and intelligence and academic achievement also were assessed. Results: Above and beyond ADHD and conduct problem symptoms, SCT was associated with internalizing mental health symptoms and social problems. The association between SCT and externalizing problems or academic functioning was not significant when accounting for ADHD symptomatology and intelligence. Conclusion: SCT is consistently associated with internalizing symptoms and is also associated with young adolescents’ general social difficulties. When controlling for important related constructs, SCT is not associated with externalizing symptoms or academic impairment among young adolescents with ADHD.
Persistent Iniquities: A Twenty-Year Perspective on "Race, Sex, Socioeconomic Status, and Mathematics"

Calls for mathematics for all and the discourse of equity have become normative in the field of mathematics education. The 1988 publication of Reyes and Stanic’s Race, Sex, Socioeconomic Status, and Mathematics could serve as a marker for this new emphasis. This essay reconsiders their model to orient research; it is the response of the silenced interviewer in conversation with the model’s authors. It is argued that the enforced passivity of mathematics educators has contributed to the twenty years of persistent iniquities in mathematics classrooms. While the model can still be of use within mathematics education, its users must consider its underexplored assumptions by answering why teach mathematics, questioning the demarcation of difference, and allowing for agency. Bringing equitable notions of these assumptions makes possible an approach to public education in which a mathematics education would emerge. While it seems as though we in mathematics education ride tumultuous waves of reform and rescindication 1
A decade of qualitative research in sport psychology journals: 1990-1999.

Part of the on-going dialogue on qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology, this review portrays the qualitative articles published in three sport psychology journals and examines how qualitative research can deepen our knowledge in applied sport psychology. Eighty-four of the 485 research articles published in these journals used a qualitative data collection technique. The interview was used in 67 studies. Peer review and reliability tests were often used for establishing trustworthiness. Member checking was mostly limited to participant verification of interview transcripts. Results were usually presented using both words and numbers. Selected studies are discussed in relation to applied sport psychology knowledge. Published qualitative articles suggest a conservative effort by sport psychology researchers to include the qualitative approach as a legitimate way to do research.
Potential Sex Differences

by participants for their opponents served as the measure of aggression. The results confirmed our hypothesis that playing the violent game would result in more aggression than would playing the nonviolent game. In addition, a Game X Sex interaction showed that this effect was larger for men than for women. Findings are discussed in light of potential differences in aggressive style between men