Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Linguistic and social factors in Turkish-Dutch contact across generations

There are certain differences between Turkish as spoken in the Netherlands (NL-Turkish) and Turkish as spoken in Turkey (TR-Turkish). These differences concern issues of linguistic variation and change in immigrant communities and seem to be closely related to social, emotional and linguistic aspects of contact situations. Considering the fact that in a contact situation the social and linguistic relationships are crucial for the outcome of language change, this paper first examines the social values that three different generations give to the language and culture of their host and home communities; then, it discusses the linguistic consequences on the lexical and structural levels of NL-Turkish. The principal conclusion is that possible language shift in the third generation leads to intensive contact with Dutch language and culture, provokes the linguistic factors and, therefore, causes the lexical and structural changes in NL-Turkish.
An Exploration of the Subject Matter Knowledge of Alternate Route Teachers

To explore the mathematics knowledge of teachers in two alternate route programs, the authors analyzed questionnaire and interview data collected at the beginning of the teachers' programs and at the end of their first year of teaching. Most of the teachers could use algorithms correctly, but many had difficulty representing or explaining them. Moreover, although some teachers learned some mathematics from teaching the subject, fundamental mathematical ideas appar ently continued to elude them. The authors call for further inquiry into the assumptions policy- makers make about the subject matter knowledge that arts and sciences majors bring with them to alternate route programs and what these majors can learn about a subject from teaching it.
Critical Roles of Chemoresistant Effector and Regulatory T Cells in Antitumor Immunity after Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy

Antitumor immunity is augmented by cytotoxic lymphodepletion therapies. Adoptively transferred naive and effector T cells proliferate extensively and show enhanced antitumor effects in lymphopenic recipients. Although the impact of lymphodepletion on transferred donor T cells has been well evaluated, its influence on recipient T cells is largely unknown. The current study demonstrates that both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and effector CD8+ T cells from lymphopenic recipients play critical roles in the development of antitumor immunity after lymphodepletion. Cyclophosphamide (CPA) treatment depleted lymphocytes more efficiently than other cytotoxic agents; however, the percentage of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs was significantly increased in CPA-treated lymphopenic mice. Depletion of these chemoresistant Tregs following CPA treatment and transfer of naive CD4+ T cells augmented the antitumor immunity and significantly suppressed tumor progression. Further analyses revealed that recipient CD8+ T cells were responsible for this augmentation. Using Rag2−/− mice or depletion of recipient CD8+ T cells after CPA treatment abrogated the augmentation of antitumor effects in CPA-treated reconstituted mice. The transfer of donor CD4+ T cells enhanced the proliferation of CD8+ T cells and the priming of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells originating from the lymphopenic recipients. These results highlight the importance of the recipient cells surviving cytotoxic regimens in cancer immunotherapies.
The Role of Thymosin Beta 4 on Odontogenic Differentiation in Human Dental Pulp Cells

We recently reported that overexpression of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4) in transgenic mice promotes abnormal hair growth and tooth development, but the role of Tβ4 in dental pulp regeneration was not completely understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Tβ4 on odontoblastic differentiation and the underlying mechanism regulating pulp regeneration in human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Our results demonstrate that mRNA and protein expression of Tβ4 is upregulated during odontogenic differentiation in HDPCs. Transfection with Tβ4 siRNA decreases OM-induced odontoblastic differentiation by decreasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mRNA expression of differentiation markers, and calcium nodule formation. In contrast, Tβ4 activation with a Tβ4 peptide promotes these processes by enhancing the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, BMP4, phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 and Smad2/3, and expression of transcriptional factors such as Runx2 and Osterix, which were blocked by the BMP inhibitor noggin. The expression of integrin receptors α1, α2, α3, and β1 and downstream signaling molecules including phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (p-FAK), p-paxillin, and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) were increased by Tβ4 peptide in HDPCs. ILK siRNA blocked Tβ4-induced odontoblastic differentiation and activation of the BMP and MAPK transcription factor pathways in HDPCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that Tβ4 plays a key role in odontoblastic differentiation of HDPCs and activation of Tβ4 could provide a novel mechanism for regenerative endodontics.
Inter- and intralingual lexical influences in advanced learners' French L3 oral production

Abstract The present study investigates lexical inter- and intralingual influences in the oral production of 14 very advanced learners of French L3. Lexical deviances are divided into two main categories: formal influence and meaning-based influence. The results show that, as predicted with respect to advanced learners, meaning-based influence is the most important category, especially semantic extensions. Furthermore, only the languages in which the learners are highly proficient (Swedish L1, English L2 and French L3) are used in cases of meaning-based influence. By contrast, no use is made of closely related languages (Spanish and Italian). These results indicate that the proficiency factor is decisive for lexical inter- and intralingual influences to occur in advanced learners.
Space hijacking and the anarcho-politics of leisure

Political scientists, social movement theorists and cultural geographers have made us aware of forms of micro-political resistance that have challenged the privatisation, corporatisation and securitisation of the city. An increasing tactical feature of such resistance has been the deployment of leisure practices and performances to challenge the dominant norms and ideologies governing the use of urban space. This paper focuses upon a case study of a creative intervention organised by a London-based group of anarchists. We consider the tactics employed by the Space Hijackers – a group of self-styled ‘anarchitects’ who have been prominent in questioning the spatialities of everyday urban life through leisure activity and creative protest opportunities. We assess the deliberately liminal tactics employed by the Space Hijackers, situated betwixt and between the normative social regulation of public space and a ‘pre-figurative’ or utopian vision of its future. Through the case study and a review of some prominent attempts to define the leisure–politics relationship, this essay highlights a need to further interrogate the nature and uses of leisure within micro-political struggle and citizen movements that seek to affect social change, and so continues the dialogue about how we are to understand ‘leisure politics’.
Implementing Peer Assessment in a Post-Secondary (16–18) Physics Classroom

This study explores the implementation of peer assessment with a group of students studying physics at Advanced level in a post-secondary school in Malta. The study that draws on action research methodology looks at how the views of students regarding peer assessment evolve as they engage with peer assessment. The research involved the actual implementation of an apprenticeship model of peer assessment and looked at the issues faced by the students. The results of the study show that students were very much immersed in a traditional assessment culture and needed to be trained to develop peer assessment skills. Student concerns related to fairness, regarding their abilities as assessors and dependence on the teacher as ‘expert’ remained unchanged as the students engaged with peer assessment. Successful implementation of peer assessment therefore requires a re-examination of the role of student and teachers as assessors within a safe learning environment.
/u/ fronting and /t/ aspiration in Māori and New Zealand English

Abstract This article examines the relationship between the frontness of /u/ and the aspiration of /t/ in both Māori and New Zealand English (NZE). In both languages, these processes can be observed since the earliest recordings dating from the latter part of the nineteenth century. We report analyses of these developments for three groups of male speakers of Māori spanning the twentieth century. We compare the Māori analyses with analyses of related features of the speakers' English and of the English of monolingual contemporaries. The occurrence of these processes in Māori cannot be seen simply as interference from NZE as the Māori-speaking population became increasingly bilingual. We conclude that it was the arrival of English with its contrast between aspirated and unaspirated plosives, rather than direct borrowing, that was the trigger for the fronting of the hitherto stable back Māori /u/ vowel together with increased aspiration of /t/ before both /i/ and /u/.
Personality Theory and Empirical Theology

The intention of this paper is to make the case that personality theory is not only a legitimate, but also an essential component of empirical theology. The case is made in two parts, by drawing on theological tradition and by drawing on social scientific perspectives. The case is then illustrated by examples from one recent study in empirical theology, known as the 'pastoral care survey'. First, however, it is necessary to rehearse the nature of empirical theology, by drawing attention to the two roots of this activity in practical theology and in the pioneering work of Johannes van der Ven in the University of Nijmegen.
DISRUPTING EFFECTS OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS ON GONADAL DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS IN CHICKENS

ABSTRACT Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are worldwide persistent pollutants that have produced detrimental effects on endocrine function and reproduction in a variety of species. The present study revealed effects of PCBs on gonadal development and functions in chickens of different ages. Aroclor 1254 (0–100 µg/egg) was injected into Hyline chicken eggs before incubation. The adult chickens received Aroclor 1254 by gavage (50 mg/kg BW). It was observed that in day 5 embryos, PCBs resulted in a dose-dependent decrease of primordial germ cell (PGC) numbers, and caused PGCs pyknosis and vacuolation. Clomiphen failed to block the effects of PCBs. In the newly hatched chicken, PCBs induced a marked decrease in area of the transverse sections, diameter and relative area of the testicular tubules. The differentiation of germ cells was retarded after PCB treatment. In contrast, the area of the left ovarian transverse sections, the thickness of ovarian cortex and the number of oocytes increased dramatically in the female chickens after PCB exposure. In the adult chickens, PCBs caused no significant changes in body weight, respiration, heart rate, body temperature, red and white blood cell number, but induced a marked decrease in the testicular weight, and severe damage of the seminiferous tubules. The number of the spermatogenic cells and serum testosterone level were decreased significantly by PCBs. On the contrary, in the laying hens there was no significant effect of PCB on egg quality except a slight decrease in egg weight. These results indicated that PCBs exerted its disrupting effects on chicken reproduction with a sex and stage-related pattern, and in vivo disruption of gonadal development represents a possible model for risk assessment of environmental endocrine disrupters by in ovo treatment.
The association between excess weight and self-rated health and psychological distress in women in Spain

Abstract Objective To investigate the associations between obesity and self-rated health and psychological well-being in Spanish women. Design Cross-sectional study. Three dependent variables were defined: self-rated health; self-declared diagnosis of psychiatric disorders or use of psychiatric drugs; and General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) score. A set of variables (sociodemographic, morbidity and lifestyle) were used to adjust for possible confounding effects. Setting The National Health Survey was conducted in Spain in 2006. Subjects A total of 15 099 women aged ≥18 years. Participants were classified into groups according to their BMI. Results In all, 55·4 % of the women had normal weight, 29·4 % were overweight and 15·2 % were obese. Self-perception of poor health in obese women was 57·8 %, a significantly higher value than in women of normal weight (28·8 %). Prevalence of psychiatric disease was 35·5 % in obese women and 18·9 % in women of normal weight. In multivariate analysis, obese women had 34 % higher odds of declaring poor self-perception of health (OR = 1·34; 95 % CI 1·12, 1·61), 18 % higher odds of self-reporting psychiatric disease (OR = 1·18; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·38) and 26 % higher odds (OR = 1·26; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·55) of having an abnormal outcome (≥3) on the GHQ-12 than women of normal weight. Conclusions The present study highlights that obese Spanish women have worse self-rated health and psychological health than those with normal weight. These aspects are relevant because of the growing importance placed on the functionality of patients and their mental health within the obesity epidemic.
Compensatory Advantage as a Mechanism of Educational Inequality

Compensatory advantage is a mechanism of social stratification that complements cumulative advantage and path dependence. In this article, I first discuss the theoretical foundations of the compensatory advantage and path dependence mechanisms and the methodological challenges that complicate identification of their effects. Next, I present a practical demonstration of the use of the compensatory advantage theoretical framework, with a regression discontinuity design estimating the probability of being continuously promoted throughout primary education in France. Results indicate that students born just before the cutoff date for primary school entry, who are consequently the youngest in the class when starting school, face a larger risk of grade repetition. In line with theoretical predictions of the compensatory advantage model, the risk is much smaller for students born to highly educated parents compared to students whose parents have lower educational attainment.
Text Structure of Korean Speakers' Argumentative Essays in English.

ABSTRACT: This paper examines text structure of argumentative texts in Korean speakers’ argumentative writing in English, compared with native speakers’ writing in Korean as well as native speakers’ writing in English. The text structure of 11 essays on the three argumentative topics given to American and Korean students is analyzed using the interactive text analysis model elaborated by Aston and Tirkkonen-Condit. The results of text structure analysis using the interactional approach which is based on speech act theory show that the dominant structure of the English essays of native speakers is claim + justification + conclusion, while no one pattern represents the writing of native speakers of Korean in either their first language or in English. Furthermore, essays by the Koreans in their native language are structurally non-linear as compared to English essays of native speakers. One out of the five English essays of Korean speakers exhibit the non-linear structure. There are, however, similarities in the English and Korean essays, e.g. in the three basic components of text structure—claim, justification and conclusion. These common features suggest that there may be a set of universal features characterizing argumentative texts.
Edge-controlled growth and kinetics of single-crystal graphene domains by chemical vapor deposition

Significance Controlled synthesis of wafer-sized single crystalline high-quality graphene is a great challenge of graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition because of the complicated kinetics at edges that govern the growth process. Here we report the synthesis of single-crystal graphene domains with tunable edges from zigzag to armchair via a growth–etching–regrowth process. Both growth and etching of graphene are strongly dependent on the edge structure. This growth/etching behavior is well explained at the atomic level, given the concentrations of kinks on various edges, and allows control of graphene edges and morphology according to the classical kinetic Wulff construction theory. This work provides a deep understanding of the fundamental problems that limit graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition. The controlled growth of large-area, high-quality, single-crystal graphene is highly desired for applications in electronics and optoelectronics; however, the production of this material remains challenging because the atomistic mechanism that governs graphene growth is not well understood. The edges of graphene, which are the sites at which carbon accumulates in the two-dimensional honeycomb lattice, influence many properties, including the electronic properties and chemical reactivity of graphene, and they are expected to significantly influence its growth. We demonstrate the growth of single-crystal graphene domains with controlled edges that range from zigzag to armchair orientations via growth–etching–regrowth in a chemical vapor deposition process. We have observed that both the growth and the etching rates of a single-crystal graphene domain increase linearly with the slanted angle of its edges from 0° to ∼19° and that the rates for an armchair edge are faster than those for a zigzag edge. Such edge-structure–dependent growth/etching kinetics of graphene can be well explained at the atomic level based on the concentrations of the kinks on various edges and allow the evolution and control of the edge and morphology in single-crystal graphene following the classical kinetic Wulff construction theory. Using these findings, we propose several strategies for the fabrication of wafer-sized, high-quality, single-crystal graphene.
Is Microsurgical Head and Neck Reconstruction Profitable?: Analysis at an Academic Medical Center

The complexity of modern head and neck reconstruction is paralleled by consumption of large amounts of resources provided by both treating physicians as well as the institution, that is, hospital. In times of increasing economic constraints, analysis of the financial value of providing these services seems prudent. A retrospective analysis of medical and billing records of patients who underwent immediate microsurgical reconstruction of postablative head and neck defects from 2007 to 2010 at Stanford University Medical Center was performed. Financial data related to the treatment of 60 patients were analyzed. Total reimbursement for plastic surgery services was $319,609, representing a collection rate of 18.4%. Total hospital charges were $31,038,846.10. Actual reimbursement was $9,109,776.55, which represents a collection rate of 29.3%. Analysis of hospital revenue revealed a net profit of $1,512,136.46, which represents a mean net revenue of $25,202.27 per case. Microsurgical reconstruction secures substantial revenue for the institution. Innovative reimbursement models need to be implemented to attract skilled microsurgeons, who represent the backbone of these services.
Instructional texts rewritten by five expert teams: Revisions and retention improvements.

700 undergraduates were tested in 3 experiments on original or rewritten versions of 52 instructional texts about Army job tasks, general science, philosophy, and history. 5 experts had rewritten various sets of the texts and stated hypotheses about the efficacious features of their revisions. We tested their hypotheses and several others. Recall and recognition tests were given immediately and after a 24-hr delay. Some of our hypotheses about the revision features were supported, but different features were effective for different sets of texts. It was concluded that some experts have effective knowledge about improving instructional text, but it exists primarily in procedural form
H89 enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to glyceryl trinitrate through a purinergic receptor-dependent pathway

High doses of the organic nitrate glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, are known to trigger apoptosis in human cancer cells. Here, we show that such a cytotoxic effect can be obtained with subtoxic concentrations of GTN when combined with H89, N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide.2HCl. This synergistic effect requires the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from H89 and NO from GTN treatment that causes cGMP production and PKG activation. Furthermore, the GTN/H89 synergy was attenuated by inhibition of P2-purinergic receptors with suramin and competition with ATP/UDP. By down-regulating genes with antisense oligonucleotides, P2-purinergic receptors P2X3, P2Y1, and P2Y6 were found to have a role in creating this cytotoxic effect. Thus, H89 likely acts as an ATP mimetic synergizing with GTN to trigger apoptosis in aggressive cancer cells.
Experiences of an accounting educator in Kiribati

Discussed and reflected upon are experiences of participant-observation in accounting education in Kiribati intended to inform situations accounting educators face elsewhere. This is set in the context of the third world, the roles of accounting there and particular macro developments in Kiribati. Included are descriptions and explanations of the participant-observer's activities from 1997 to 1999 in this remote country of atolls scattered around the Pacific Ocean, followed by an elaboration of illuminating episodes that occurred while courses were staged for accounting specialists and accounting users. Main outcomes comprise reflections on the interrelated issues of how accounting and accountants are seen in Kiribati, the contrasting merits and demerits of domesticated and imported courses, and the transitory nature of programmes.