Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
The Subtlety of Emotions

Why do we cry at the movies? What is the best way to manage destructive feelings such as jealousy? Although emotions prevade our lives, their nature, causes and effects have only recently been studied by social scientists and philosophers. Despite growing scientific interest in the subject, empirical findings have not yet caught up with our intuitive knowledge. In this book Aaron Ben-Ze'ev carries out what he calls "a careful search for general patterns in the primeval jungle of emotions". In an engaging, informal style he draws on a variety of theoretical approaches and popular sources to produce a coherent account of emotions in all their subtlety. All of the ideas are illustrated with examples drawn from everyday life. The book is organized into two parts. The first presents an overall conteptual framework for understanding emotions. It looks at all the typical characteristics and components of emotions, distinguishes emotions from other affective phenomena, classifies the emotions and covers such related issues as emotional intelligence, regulating emotions, and emotions and morality. The second part discusses individual emotions, including envy, jealousy, pleasure-in-others'-misfortune, pity, compassion, anger, hate, disgust, love, sexual desire, happiness, sadness, pride, regret and shame. The text is laced with insightful and often amusing quotations from sources ranging from Mae West to Montesquieu.
Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas Are Not Associated With Prothrombotic Factors

Background and Purpose— The cause of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVF) is unknown. In intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas, an association with factor V Leiden mutation has been found. Therefore, we studied the association between prothrombotic factors and SDAVF. Methods— Factor V Leiden mutation, factor II mutation, protein S, protein C, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, antithrombin III, and lupus anticoagulant were determined by means of standard laboratory tests in 40 patients and 119 control subjects matched for sex and age. Results— Factor V Leiden mutation was not found in the patient group and was found twice in the control group. Factor II mutation was found in 1 patient and in none of the control subjects. There was no decreased activity of protein S, protein C, factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, or antithrombin III in patients in comparison with controls. Lupus anticoagulant was not found in the patient group and once in the control subjects. Conclusions— We conclude that it is unlikely that prothrombotic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas, but subtle associations are not ruled out.
A.V. Chayanov on the theory of peasant economy

The work of A. V. Chayanov is today drawing more attention among Western scholars than ever before. Largely ignored in his native Russia because they differed from Marxist-Leninist theory, and neglected in the West for more than forty years, Chayanov s sophisticated theories were at last published in English in 1966. That trenchant is reprinted in this Wisconsin paperback edition, which includes a new introduction by the sociologist Teodor Shanin, of the University of Manchester, one of the world s leading Chayanov scholars. The Wisconsin edition will be essential reading for political scientists, anthropologists, and all whose interests include peasant studies, Third World development, and women s studies. "The past two decades have seen the emergence of a whole new field called 'peasant studies' and, along with those of Karl Marx, Chayanov's ideas have been central to its development. The publishers are to be commended for re-issuing the book with both old and new introductions and making it available as an affordable paperback for students. The work is a classic. " "Times Higher Education Supplement ""
Judgment and Decision Making: Psychological Perspectives

Preface and Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction and Overview: Judgments, Decisions, and Rationality. 2. The Nature and Analysis of Judgment. 3. Judging Probability and Frequency. 4. Judgmental Distortions: The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic and Hindsight Bias. 5. Assessing Evidence and Evaluating Arguments. 6. Covariation, Causation, and Counterfactual Thinking. 7. Decision Making under Risk and Uncertainty. 8. Preference and Choice. 9. Confidence and Optimism. 10. Judgment and Choice over Time. 11. Dynamic Decisions and High Stakes: Where Real Life Meets the Laboratory. 12. Risk. 13. Decision Making in Groups and Teams. 14. Cooperation and Coordination. 15. Intuition, Reflective Thinking, and the Brain. References. Author Index. Subject Index
Molecular Typing of Borrelia burgdorferi

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato is a group of spirochetes belonging to the genus Borrelia in the family of Spirochaetaceae. The spirochete is transmitted between reservoirs and hosts by ticks of the family Ixodidae. Infection with B. burgdorferi in humans causes Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis. Currently, 20 Lyme disease‐associated Borrelia species and more than 20 relapsing fever‐associated Borrelia species have been described. Identification and differentiation of different Borrelia species and strains is largely dependent on analyses of their genetic characteristics. A variety of molecular techniques have been described for Borrelia isolate speciation, molecular epidemiology, and pathogenicity studies. In this unit, we focus on three basic protocols, PCR‐RFLP‐based typing of the rrs‐rrlA and rrfA‐rrlB ribosomal spacer, ospC typing, and MLST. These protocols can be employed alone or in combination for characterization of B. burgdorferi isolates or directly on uncultivated organisms in ticks, mammalian host reservoirs, and human clinical specimens. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 34:12C.1‐12C.31. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effect of overnight sleep deprivation after competitive rugby league matches on postmatch physiological and perceptual recovery.

PURPOSE This study examined the effects of overnight sleep deprivation on recovery after competitive rugby league matches. METHODS Eleven male amateur rugby league players played 2 competitive matches, followed by either a normal night's sleep (~8 h; CONT) or a sleep-deprived night (~0 h; SDEP) in a randomized fashion. Testing was conducted the morning of the match, immediately postmatch, 2 h postmatch, and the next morning (16 h postmatch). Measures included countermovement-jump (CMJ) distance, knee-extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and voluntary activation (VA), venous-blood creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP), perceived muscle soreness, and a word-color recognition cognitive-function test. Percent change between postmatch and 16-h postmatch was reported to determine the effect of the intervention the next morning. RESULTS Large effects indicated a greater postmatch to 16-h-postmatch percentage decline in CMJ distance after SDEP than in CONT (P = .10-.16, d = 0.95-1.05). Similarly, the percentage decline in incongruent word-color reaction times was increased in SDEP trials (P = .007, d = 1.75). Measures of MVC did not differ between conditions (P = .40-.75, d = 0.13-0.33), although trends for larger percentage decline in VA were detected in SDEP (P = .19, d = 0.84). Furthermore, large effects indicated higher CK and CRP responses 16 h postmatch in SDEP than in CONT (P = .11-.87, d = 0.80-0.88). CONCLUSIONS Sleep deprivation negatively affected recovery after a rugby league match, specifically impairing CMJ distance and cognitive function. Practitioners should promote adequate postmatch sleep patterns or adjust training demands the next day to accommodate the altered physical and cognitive state after sleep deprivation.
Honey bee drones maintain humoral immune competence throughout all life stages in the absence of vitellogenin production

SUMMARY Drones are haploid male individuals whose major social function in honey bee colonies is to produce sperm and mate with a queen. In spite of their limited tasks, the vitality of drones is of utmost importance for the next generation. The immune competence of drones – as compared to worker bees – is largely unexplored. Hence, we studied humoral and cellular immune reactions of in vitro reared drone larvae and adult drones of different age upon artificial bacterial infection. Haemolymph samples were collected after aseptic and septic injury and subsequently employed for (1) the identification of immune-responsive peptides and/or proteins by qualitative proteomic analyses in combination with mass spectrometry and (2) the detection of antimicrobial activity by inhibition-zone assays. Drone larvae and adult drones responded with a strong humoral immune reaction upon bacterial challenge, as validated by the expression of small antimicrobial peptides. Young adult drones exhibited a broader spectrum of defence reactions than drone larvae. Distinct polypeptides including peptidoglycan recognition protein-S2 and lysozyme 2 were upregulated in immunized adult drones. Moreover, a pronounced nodulation reaction was observed in young drones upon bacterial challenge. Prophenoloxidase zymogen is present at an almost constant level in non-infected adult drones throughout the entire lifespan. All observed immune reactions in drones were expressed in the absence of significant amounts of vitellogenin. We conclude that drones – like worker bees – have the potential to activate multiple elements of the innate immune response.
Neighbor discovery in 60 GHz wireless personal area networks

60 GHz radio is a promising technology which can handle the data rate of the order of gigabits-per-second. Hence, it is an attractive candidate for wireless personal area networks (WPANs). Due to the high path loss, directional antennas are recommended for use in 60 GHz systems. To set-up directional communications, it is essential to obtain the knowledge of direction of the surrounding devices. However, a neighbor discovery process using directional antennas is nontrivial. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive investigation of using directional antenna for neighbor discovery process. We demonstrate the performance of neighbor discovery using different antenna modes combining different neighbor discovery mechanisms. Our results may aid in designing directional antennas for 60 GHz WPANs.
Seismic inverse scattering in the `wave-equation' approach

Seismic data are commonly modeled by a high-frequency single scattering approximation. This amounts to a linearization in the medium coefficient about a smooth background. The discontinuities are contained in the medium perturbation. The wave solutions in the background medium admit a geometrical optics representation. Here we describe the wave propagation in the background medium by a one-way wave equation. Based on this we derive the double-square-root equation, which is a first order pseudodifferential equation, that describes the continuation of seismic data in depth. We consider the modeling operator, its adjoint and reconstruction based on this equation. If the rays in the background that are associated with the reflections due to the perturbation are nowhere horizontal, the singular part of the data is described by the solution to an inhomogeneous double-square-root equation. We derive a microlocal reconstruction equation. The main result is a characterization of the angle transform that generates the common image point gathers, and a proof that this transform contains no artifacts. Finally, pseudodifferential annihilators based on the double-square-root equation are constructed. The double-square-root equation approach is used in seismic data processing.
Calcium handling precedes cardiac differentiation to initiate the first heartbeat

The mammalian heartbeat is thought to begin just prior to the linear heart tube stage of development. How the initial contractions are established and the downstream consequences of the earliest contractile function on cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis have not been described. Using high-resolution live imaging of mouse embryos, we observed randomly distributed spontaneous asynchronous Ca2+-oscillations (SACOs) in the forming cardiac crescent (stage E7.75) prior to overt beating. Nascent contraction initiated at around E8.0 and was associated with sarcomeric assembly and rapid Ca2+ transients, underpinned by sequential expression of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) and L-type Ca2+ channel (LTCC). Pharmacological inhibition of NCX1 and LTCC revealed rapid development of Ca2+ handling in the early heart and an essential early role for NCX1 in establishing SACOs through to the initiation of beating. NCX1 blockade impacted on CaMKII signalling to down-regulate cardiac gene expression, leading to impaired differentiation and failed crescent maturation. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.7554/eLife.17113. 001
A crowdsourced approach to student engagement recognition in e-learning environments

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have initiated a revolution in higher education by providing opportunities for interested students to learn from the comfort of their individual locations at their desired pace. However, an important and highly successful aspect of traditional classroom education/pedagogy, which is modulating content delivery based on understanding real-time student feedback, is conspicuously missing in such e-learning environments. We aim to bridge this gap by proposing a system for automatic recognition of students engagement levels during e-learning sessions, using a crowdsourced discriminative learning approach. The key contributions of this work include a custom dataset for engagement recognition that will be made publicly available with corresponding crowdsourced non-aggregated labels, as well as a novel instance-weighted Multiple Kernel Learning SVM method that can directly consider vote distributions from crowdsourcing platforms in the learning methodology. Our results showed a 14% improvement on the dataset against traditional methods, and a 46% improvement when the most ambiguous class from the dataset is ignored, corroborating the promise of the method.
Heritage Language learning for Chinese Australians: the role of habitus

The relationship between Heritage Language (HL) and ethnic identity has gained significant research ground in social psychological and poststructural scholarship, with empirical evidence largely emerging from the North American settings. There is little pertinent sociological work conducted outside North America. To fill this gap, this sociological study sets its scene in an Australian context. Drawing on Bourdieu's notion of habitus, the study examines the contribution of Chinese Australians' Chineseness to their Chinese Heritage Language (CHL) proficiency. A total of 230 young Chinese Australians completed the online survey. Results from multiple regression indicate that habitus of Chineseness is one of the significant predictors for the CHL proficiency of these young people. The study makes a theoretical contribution to investigate ethnic identity–HL link through the notion of habitus and makes a methodological contribution to quantify this habitus.
A teacher’s journey: a first-person account of how a gay, Cambodian refugee navigated myriad barriers to become educated in the United States

Educational institutions, like most social service organizations, need to recognize intersectionality and complexity and move away from monolithic conceptions of homelessness – if they recognize homelessness at all. This first person account of a gay, Cambodian refugee illustrates the enormous complexity schools face in forming institutional responses for the needs of homeless, highly mobile, and economically displaced children and youth. This article demonstrates an effort to avoid reductionist definitions of homelessness and to include experiential representations of humans living at the margins (under the 5th Avenues of the world, in central parks, in downtown shelters, outside of the ethical and systemic “home” of current ideologies and social orders, under the politics of HIV in Africa, as refugees and as those “othered” by dominant social narratives). The research takes place in the context of the At Home At School program at Washington State University.
The Comparative Performance of For-Profit and Nonprofit Home Health Care Services in the US

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine, by way of an exhaustive, systematic, and comprehensive review and summary of all scientific published studies, whether or not there are any performance differences between private for-profit and private nonprofit home health care providers. The second objective is to discover the proportion of all research on this topic that is devoted to home health care services compared to all other health services providers. Data Sources: Computerized bibliographic searches of relevant databases and published indexes and abstracts were undertaken. They included Medline (Ovid and Pubmed versions), Web of Science (Social Sciences Citation Index and Science Citation Index), ABI/Inform, and Sociological Abstracts. Follow-up searches of reference lists in each article obtained from the computerized search were then completed. Study Design: This systematic review retained for analysis all published studies that compared the performance of for-profit and nonprofit health care providers on access, quality, cost/efficiency, and/or amount of charity care, based on data collected after 1980. As a quality control measure only studies published in peer reviewed journals were included. Studies were coded according to the article's stated conclusions: for-profit superiority, nonprofit superiority, or no difference/mixed results. Principal Findings: The comparative performance of for-profit and nonprofit home health service organizations is one of the most understudied areas of health care provider services in the US today. Only 6 of the over 1030 comparisons of the two concerned home health care. No data on this topic have been collected since 1991, and no articles about it have been published in a peer-reviewed journal since 1995. Conclusion: Research on the relative performance of for-profit and nonprofit home health care services is a research priority urgently in need of attention.
Men in childcare services: From enrolment in training programs to job retention

This article presents a study conducted in Federation Wallonia-Brussels (FWB) to identify factors that motivate men to enrol in training programmes and work in a field where women are the majority, in a context in which few proactive measures are taken to overcome gender stereotypes. Comprehensive interviews conducted with male childcare ‘informants’ who had been working with children under the age of three for at least a year in subsidised childcare centres helped us to identify factors which seemed to influence their decision to enrol in and continue an initial training programme with a curriculum that is not gender-neutral, and then work in a profession that is almost exclusively female.
Somatostatin and dopamine receptor expression in neuroendocrine neoplasms: correlation of immunohistochemical findings with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy visual scores

The expression of somatostatin (sstr1‐5) and dopamine (DR) receptors in neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) facilitates diagnosis by tumour visualization with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) and directs towards specific treatment with peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) with radiolabelled somatostatin analogues.
The Cost of Forming More Accurate Impressions

Does the motivation to form accurate impressions actually improve accuracy? The present work extended Kenny’s (1991, 1994) weighted-average model (WAM)—a theoretical model of the factors that influence agreement among personality judgments—to examine two components of interpersonal perception: distinctive and normative accuracy. WAM predicts that an accuracy motivation should enhance distinctive accuracy but decrease normative accuracy. In other words, the impressions of a perceiver with an accuracy motivation will correspond more with the target person’s unique characteristics and less with the characteristics of the average person. Perceivers randomly assigned to receive the social goal of forming accurate impressions, which was communicated through a single-sentence instruction, achieved higher levels of distinctive self-other agreement but lower levels of normative agreement compared with perceivers not given an explicit impression-formation goal. The results suggest that people motivated to form accurate impressions do indeed become more accurate, but at the cost of seeing others less normatively and, in particular, less positively.
Noise characteristics of fiber optical parametric amplifiers

We derive an analytical theory for the noise figure of an undepleted and lossless fiber optical parametric amplifier (FOPA). Both the signal and the wavelength converted idler are investigated. Our theory is applicable for both an ideal pump power source, as well as a noisy one. We find that a noisy pump source can severely degrade the performance at high gain due to the stochastic gain-variations the signal and idler will experience. The theory is compared with Monte Carlo simulations of the FOPA and an excellent agreement is obtained. Simulations in the gain-depleted region show the possibility to reach below quantum-limited, phase-insensitive amplification for single channel transmission.
“Developing a Scale to Measure the Diversity of Feminist Attitudes”:

All of us who have attempted to develop novel self-report measures know how challenging a task it is. Repeated iterations and refinements are often needed, in the course of which our conception of the phenomena under investigation may become clarified or even changed. Particularly when our measure has initially been stimulated by some theoretical model, our thinking may evolve still further as we and others begin to accumulate evidence concerning the relationships between our questionnaire and other variables. These and other considerations suggest that our empirical and theoretical efforts can often be described as works in progress. It is within this context that I make a few comments on the report by Henley and her colleagues (1998) of the development of the Feminist Perspectives Scale (FPS), an exceedingly ambitious undertaking involving the construction of not one but a number of theoretically derived scales. The questions I ask and the suggestions for future research I offer arise as much from an effort to clarify my own understanding as to contribute to theirs. The authors’ major purpose in developing the FPS was to construct scales to measure six philosophical theories found in the scholarly literature about various kinds of feminism (or five if one excludes the conservative, antifeminism position). It is clear that the authors do not regard these feminist perspectives merely as philosophical abstractions; the central premise of their investigation is that people can be identified who actually hold each of these sets of feminist beliefs. They further postulate that, just as one can rationally describe independent brands of feminism, their empirical measures of these feminist perspectives should essentially be independent. (The authors note, however, that the radical and socialist perspectives have much in common, and that feminists of these persuasions might in practice