Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Moral behaviour in sport: a critical review of the literature

The moral domain comprises behaviours that have consequences for the rights and welfare of others (Turiel, 1983). In this review, research examining such behaviours in the sport context is discussed. Researchers have approached the study of moral behaviour in sport from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Two approaches that have spawned a considerable number of studies in recent years are Rest's (1984) four-component model of moral action and Bandura's (1991) social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Research emanating from these approaches is discussed followed by work on good and bad sport behaviours, fair play, and aggression. Within each perspective, the measurement approach to behaviour is described, findings of relevant studies are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of these studies are identified. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends in the literature and offering directions for future research.
Role of the competitive microbial flora in the radiation-induced enhancement of ochratoxin production by Aspergillus alutaceus var. alutaceus NRRL 3174

The radiation sensitivity and the toxigenic potential of conidiospores of the fungus Aspergillus alutaceus var. alutaceus were determined after irradiation with 60Co gamma rays and high-energy electrons. Over the pH range of 3.6 to 8.8, the doses required for a 1 log10 reduction in viability based on the exponential portion of the survival curve ranged from 0.21 to 0.22 kGy, with extrapolation numbers (extrapolation of the exponential portion of the survival curve to zero dose) of 1.01 to 1.33, for electron irradiation, and from 0.24 to 0.27 kGy, with extrapolation numbers of 2.26 to 5.13, for gamma irradiation. Nonsterile barley that was inoculated with conidia of the fungus and then irradiated with either electrons or gamma rays and incubated for prolonged periods at 28 degrees C and at a moisture content of 25% produced less ochratoxin A with increasing doses of radiation. Inoculation of barley following irradiation resulted in enhanced ochratoxin levels compared with unirradiated controls. In these experiments, inoculation with 10(2) spores per g produced greater radiation-induced enhancement than inoculation with 10(5) spores per g. There was no radiation-induced enhancement when the barley was surface sterilized by chemical means prior to irradiation. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a reduction in the competing microbial flora by irradiation is responsible for the enhanced mycotoxin production observed when nonsterile barley is inoculated with the toxigenic fungus A. alutaceus var. alutaceus after irradiation.
Balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery with hypotensive challenge.

PURPOSE To evaluate the usefulness of provocative testing with hypotensive challenge during balloon test occlusion of the internal carotid artery before carotid sacrifice and to correlate tolerance of balloon test occlusion with clinical outcome after carotid artery sacrifice. METHODS Forty-seven consecutive cases of balloon test occlusions performed at our institution during the past 4 years were retrospectively reviewed. Occlusion was performed under normotensive conditions with distal perfusion of heparinized saline for 20 minutes, or until a deficit was perceived. If 20 minutes of normotension was tolerated, hypotension was induced to two thirds of mean arterial pressure for 20 minutes, or until a deficit was perceived. RESULTS Of 47 patients, 4 (9%) had deficits at normotension. Of the remaining 43 patients, 9 (21%) had deficits at hypotension. One patient with a positive hypotensive test occlusion underwent carotid artery sacrifice after extracranial-intracranial bypass without sequelae. In one of the 19 patients who clinically tolerated test occlusion with hypotension and had carotid sacrifice (surgical ligation of the intracranial carotid artery), a mild embolic stroke developed, probably from the giant carotid wall aneurysm. This patient fully recovered; MR imaging showed mild changes consistent with emboli distal to the aneurysm. Symptomatic complications were noted in 2 (4%) patients, and asymptomatic arterial dissections were noted in 3 (6%) patients. CONCLUSION Balloon test occlusion with hypotensive challenge is safe, economical, and greatly increases the sensitivity of balloon test occlusion. The predictive value of a negative test is high. However, to determine the test's specificity compared with quantitative imaging, controlled trials will be necessary.
The social construction of childhood asthma: Changing explanations of the relationship between socioeconomic status and asthma

Abstract Hospitalization rates among children with asthma have been rising and are increasingly attributed to the effects of low socioeconomic status in epidemiologic research. A positivist viewpoint would assume that the relationship between socioeconomic status and asthma outcomes has always existed, but a postmodernist would argue that epidemiologic studies characterize populations by selecting discrete ‘risk factors’ for analysis and that these characterizations create images of a person with the disease. By describing ‘what kind of person’ is at risk for asthma, the medical literature serves to construct an image of the ‘asthmatic’. Taking a Foucauldian perspective to critically examine the historical evolution of the medical discourse on socioeconomic status and asthma over the past four decades, and to show how scientific understandings of asthma have been produced in a context of shifting social values about the disease, this paper has identified some remarkable shifts in the understanding of asth.
Deliverable 2.2 Final -1 - Ist Project Ist-2000-29243 Ontoweb Ontoweb: Ontology -based Information Exchange for Knowledge Management and Electronic Commerce D2.2 Successful Scenarios for Ontology-based Applications V1.0 Ontoweb Ontology-based Information Exchange for Knowledge Management and Electro

Ontology-based information retrieval for a virtual enterprise : The baseline technology consists of Aidministrator's Spectacle software suite, a collection of server and client components for generating ontology-based navigation structures and information presentations such as portals and graphical information visualizations. Visualizations have been established by connecting Spectacle components on top of Sesame, resulting in various views on the same information in an RDF(S) repository. The EnerSearch Portal is an implementation of this generic framework, where RDF metadata from Sesame is used to produce an ontology-based navigation structure and content visualization of the document collection of the original Enersearch website.
Folk devils and moral panics

This article is intended as an attack on Jock Young’s use of the term ‘left idealism’—that distillation of every 1960s hysteria and radicalchic inanity—to describe and to castigate the moral, political and intellectual assumptions of the emergent ‘paradigm’ of radical criminology in Britain of the late 1960s and early 1970s. Young’s synopsis, I shall argue, is not only premised on an inadequate approach to the history of ideas; it is also highly selective in its interpretation of the early history of radical criminology in Britain.
Carbonic anhydrase inhibition and the management of neuropathic pain

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neuropathic pain affects up to 8% of the population with few therapeutic options for its management. No specific drugs are approved for its treatment. Areas covered: Recent advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms of this syndrome and the biochemical/pharmacological characterization of novel drug targets, evidenced carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibition as a new approach for designing antineuropathic pain agents. Expert commentary: Peripheral nerve injury negatively influences spinal γ-aminobutyric (GABA)-ergic networks via a reduction in the neuron-specific potassium-chloride (K+-Cl−) cotransporter (KCC2), which leads to neuropathic allodynia. CA inhibitors (CAIs) reduce the bicarbonate-dependent depolarization of GABAA receptors, showing analgesic effects. Novel classes of selective sulfonamide CA II/VII inhibitors showed highly improved efficacy in animal models of neuropathic pain, compared to acetazolamide, offering the basis for the development of specific therapies of this syndrome based on selective CA isoforms inhibition.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Computation of Subjective Value: Consolidated Concepts and New Perspectives

Remarkable progress has been made in recent years toward understanding the functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The finding that neurons in this area encode the subjective value monkeys assign to different goods while making choices has been confirmed and extended by numerous studies using both primate neurophysiology and human imaging. Moreover, new lesion studies demonstrated that subjective values computed in the OFC are causally and specifically related to choice behavior. Importantly, values in the OFC are attached to goods, not to actions or to spatial locations. Furthermore, subjective values appear to be computed in this area even if the situation does not require a choice. In the light of this growing body of work, we propose that the primary function of the OFC is the computation of good identities and subjective values in an abstract representation. In this view, OFC neurons compute the subjective value of a good whenever that good is behaviorally relevant. In the paper published in the proceedings of the first conference on orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) held at the New York Academy of Sciences, one of the authors reviewed evidence suggesting that one function of the OFC is to compute subjective values. 1 The main arguments presented then can be roughly summarized as follows. First, an economic choice study by Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, in which monkeys chose between different juices offered in variable amounts, had shown that neurons in the central OFC (in and around area 13 m) encode the subjective values animals assigned to the different goods. 2 In that study, subjective value was defined at the behavioral level from the trade-off between the two dimensions (or determinants) on which offers varied, namely juice type and juice amount. At the neuronal level, three types of neurons were found: offer value cells encoded the value of only one of the two juices; chosen value cells encoded the value of the chosen juice; taste cells encoded the identity of chosen juice in a binary way. These three variables were found to explain the activity of the neuronal population in OFC significantly better than numerous other variables tested in that study, including other value, value difference , total value, etc. Second, confirming previous observations, 3,4 that study had also shown that the neuronal representation of subjective value in OFC did not depend on the visuomotor contingencies of choice. For example, the activity of neurons encoding the offer value …
What is Bioinformatics? A Proposed Definition and Overview of the Field

Summary Background: The recent flood of data from genome sequences and functional genomics has given rise to new field, bioinformatics, which combines elements of biology and computer science. Objectives: Here we propose a definition for this new field and review some of the research that is being pursued, particularly in relation to transcriptional regulatory systems. Methods: Our definition is as follows: Bioinformatics is conceptualizing biology in terms of macromolecules (in the sense of physical-chemistry) and then applying “informatics” techniques (derived from disciplines such as applied maths, computer science, and statistics) to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large-scale. Results and Conclusions: Analyses in bioinformatics predominantly focus on three types of large datasets available in molecular biology: macromolecular structures, genome sequences, and the results of functional genomics experiments (eg expression data). Additional information includes the text of scientific papers and “relationship data” from metabolic pathways, taxonomy trees, and protein-protein interaction networks. Bioinformatics employs a wide range of computational techniques including sequence and structural alignment, database design and data mining, macromolecular geometry, phylogenetic tree construction, prediction of protein structure and function, gene finding, and expression data clustering. The emphasis is on approaches integrating a variety of computational methods and heterogeneous data sources. Finally, bioinformatics is a practical discipline. We survey some representative applications, such as finding homologues, designing drugs, and performing large-scale censuses. Additional information pertinent to the review is available over the web at http://bioinfo.mbb. yale.edu/what-is-it.
KLF1 directly coordinates almost all aspects of terminal erythroid differentiation

The molecular events and transcriptional mechanisms that underlie erythropoiesis are of great interest to biologists and hematologists since disorders of erythrocytes are common and remain relatively poorly understood. Kruppel‐like factor 1 (KLF1) is a critical transcription factor for erythropoiesis in mice and man. Recently the use of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) coupled to next‐generation DNA sequencing (ChIP‐seq) has led to an updated understanding of how KLF1 functions in vivo. The full extent of KLF1 target genes have provided new insights into erythropoiesis, and have established that KLF1 controls almost all aspects of erythroid cell development and maturation. © 2010 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 62(12): 886–890
The Negotiated Order of Teachers In Team Teaching Situations

The idea of a model of negotiation is presented and used to analyze teacher-teacher interactions in team teaching situations. The purpose of this analysis is to generate testable hypotheses concerning the processes of negotiation involved in these situations. The expressions of disagreement and ambiguity in negotiating, the stages and strategies of negotiations, and the outcome of these processes are all derived from field research.
Limiting Cardiac Ischemic Injury by Pharmacological Augmentation of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor–AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Transduction

Background— Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) exerts a protective effect on ischemic myocardium by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Small molecules that increase the affinity of MIF for its receptor have been recently designed, and we hypothesized that such agonists may enhance AMPK activation and limit ischemic tissue injury. Methods and Results— Treatment of cardiomyocytes with the candidate MIF agonist, MIF20, augmented AMPK phosphorylation, increased by 50% the surface localization of glucose transporter, and enhanced by 25% cellular glucose uptake in comparison with MIF alone. In mouse hearts perfused with MIF20 before no-flow ischemia and reperfusion, postischemic left ventricular function improved commensurately with an increase in cardiac MIF-AMPK activation and an augmentation in myocardial glucose uptake. By contrast, small-molecule MIF agonism was not effective in cells or tissues genetically deficient in MIF or the MIF receptor, verifying the specificity of MIF20 for MIF-dependent AMPK signaling. The protective effect of MIF20 also was evident in an in vivo regional ischemia model. Mice treated with MIF20 followed by left coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion showed a significant reduction in infarcted myocardium. Conclusions— These data support the pharmacological utility of small-molecule MIF agonists in enhancing AMPK activation and reducing cardiac ischemic injury.
Counterfactual thinking following negative outcomes: evidence for group and self‐protective biases

Despite the robustness of self-serving and group-serving biases in attribution, there has been only limited evidence for these effects in counterfactual thinking. The present studies demonstrate that, following a negative outcome, individuals counterfactualize external factors relatively more than internal factors when they are identified with the target (i.e. ingroup members or the self) than when they are not. However, these effects are found only for external factors that are in some way disadvantageous to the target and could have led to the negative outcome. Implications of these findings for understanding the relationship between counterfactual thinking and judgments of causality, blame and affect are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcome Predictors in Anorectic Patients after 6 Months of Multimodal Treatment

Background: Anorexia nervosa is asevere disorder that often responds poorly to treatment. At this time, little is known about pretreatment predictors of response. Methods: A sample of 42 restrictor type anorectics was tested at the assessment phase and after 180 days retested using the Temperament and Character Inventory and Eating Disorder Inventory 2 along with other clinical evaluation instruments. After 180 days of treatment with multimodal ‘network’ therapy, the patients were divided into two groups. The first group included patients who showed relevant clinical improvement; the second group included patients considered ‘not yet responding’. Data collected from the not-yet-responding group were compared by the t test with the other group’s data to evaluate prognostic indexes. Results: Diagnosis of personality disorder, which afflicted about 50% of patients, seemed not to be a relevant prognostic factor. However, a lower novelty seeking was characteristic of the nonresponder group. Higher levels of asceticism and maturity fears also characterized the nonresponder group. Conclusion: Present data suggest some elements that could be useful to focus pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and family counseling on the current psychopathology of each patient.
PEDAGOGICAL CONTENT KNOWLEDGE AS A WAY FORWARD: APPLIED RESEARCH IN CHEMISTRY EDUCATION

As a result of research into students’ understandings, we have lists of student misconceptions, often accompanied by bland statements about preventative or curative actions. We have an enhanced knowledge of the conditions for effective learning, but little guidance as to how this knowledge might be applied to the teaching of particular topics. Research has not had the impact on science teaching that we might have hoped. Furthermore, science education research seems to be looking for direction. Much of chemical education research has used subject matter simply as a vehicle to develop domain-independent pedagogical theory. Commenting on the criteria used for evaluation of teaching, Shulman (1986) asked “Where did the subject matter go? ” Perhaps a productive path for us to travel is what Shulman has labelled pedagogical content knowledge (PCK): knowledge about teaching and learning that takes into account the particular learning demands of the subject matter. Science teaching is afflicted with ‘professional amnesia’ in the sense that the understandings that drive the strategies of competent teachers are seldom recorded, so new teachers grow largely through experience. The chemical education enterprise is crying out for ‘applied research’ that probes and documents the topic-specific PCK of respected teachers. Some examples of research findings that support the claims are presented. [Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. : 2004, 5, 215-228]
Curriculum-making in pre-vocational education in the lower secondary school: A regional comparative analysis within Europe

This paper presents a pilot comparative research project on pre-vocational education in lower secondary schools (ISCED level 2) within regions in three European countries. The primary aim of the study was to better understand how the pre-vocational education curriculum is constructed and taught within schools. A case study methodology was selected given the de-centralized nature of curriculum-making within each of the units of analysis. The data collection period covers the years 2009–2011 and the regions taking part were from Germany, Poland, and Scotland. The research method is based upon both the collection of secondary data, through the analysis of curriculum documents within regions in each country, and the use of primary data sources, through interviewing school teachers. The research builds upon previous studies in curriculum-making, in particular a theoretical framework that explores the differences between the ‘prescribed and enacted curriculum’. Finally, this study will argue that, although it is possible to identify quite a distinct pre-vocational curriculum within each region that, in practice, the subject is rarely taught (enacted) according to this prescribed curriculum.
Critiquing the goal of autonomy: Towards strengthening the 'relational self' and the quality of belonging in casework practice

An argument re-affirming a progressive role for casework is introduced. This argument seeks to articulate an acknowledgement of the atomising effects of ongoing structural change with the profession's long-standing interest in promoting the quality of interpersonal relations and proceeds in three steps. Firstly, recent theoretical work is brought forward to advance the premise that the self can be understood as 'relational' as well as 'autonomous'. Secondly, a summary is offered of the research concerning the relationship between well-being and the quality of a person's social network which, more recently, has been framed in terms such as 'social connectedness' and 'attachment'. Building on these two propositions it is then suggested that it is possible for caseworkers, particularly those whose roles tend to be concerned with less urgently material and advocacy tasks, to promote the quality of interdependence and connectedness of those service users we work with irrespective of their presenting problem and the practitioner's preferred method and assigned practice role. Preliminary suggestions as to how this may be commenced are then briefly introduced.
Using computational theory to constrain statistical models of neural data

Computational neuroscience is, to first order, dominated by two approaches: the “bottom-up” approach, which searches for statistical patterns in large-scale neural recordings, and the “top-down” approach, which begins with a theory of computation and considers plausible neural implementations. While this division is not clear-cut, we argue that these approaches should be much more intimately linked. From a Bayesian perspective, computational theories provide constrained prior distributions on neural data—albeit highly sophisticated ones. By connecting theory to observation via a probabilistic model, we provide the link necessary to test, evaluate, and revise our theories in a data-driven and statistically rigorous fashion. This review highlights examples of this theory-driven pipeline for neural data analysis in recent literature and illustrates it with a worked example based on the temporal difference learning model of dopamine.
Grief Counseling Groups in a Medium-Security Prison

The authors discuss their facilitation of four grief counseling groups with male inmates in a state prison over a two-year period. Worden's Tasks of Mourning were used as a guide for the group process. Disenfranchised grief and gender and cultural issues in grieving are explored. Catalytic exercises are described, and written feedback from inmates is included. The authors also describe the impact these experiences had on themselves as counselors and facilitators of the groups.