Miracle-dz/UniFAR-FTUs huggingface dataset:
Changes in the intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B virus after introduction of a hepatitis B vaccination programme in Korea

SUMMARY Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are endemic in Korea. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in Korea and to evaluate the changes in intrafamilial transmission after introduction of HBV vaccination in 1983. This study was based on the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2512 study subjects, aged 10–29 years, were selected from across Korea using a stratified multi-stage probability sampling design. To identify the changes in intrafamilial transmission after the introduction of the HBV vaccination programme, 1850 subjects with parental serological markers were selected. These subjects were then grouped into two birth cohorts (cohort 1: born before 1983; cohort 2: born after 1983). Appropriate sampling weights were used for all analyses. The weighted age-specific prevalence of HBsAg was 4·9% in participants in their 20s and 1·9% in adolescents; the combined weighted prevalence was 3·2%. Of subjects with HBsAg positivity in either parent, 17·5% were HBsAg-seropositive. Of subjects with two HBsAg-negative parents, 1·5% were HBsAg-seropositive. The HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers was higher than those with HBsAg-positive fathers (27·3% vs. 4·8%, P<0·001). The weighted HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-negative mothers was 2·3% for cohort 1 and 0·4% for cohort 2 (P<0·01), and for those offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers it was also significantly decreased compared to cohorts 1 and 2 (40·2% vs. 16·4%, P<0·01). However, the weighted HBsAg positivity rate of offspring with HBsAg-positive mothers was still high. Our results showed that introduction of HBV vaccination has resulted in a decline in the overall HBsAg positivity rate and a reduction in intrafamilial transmission in Korea, but further preventive measures for maternal intrafamilial transmission are needed.
Relating typability and expressiveness in finite-rank intersection type systems (extended abstract)

We investigate finite-rank intersection type systems, analyzing the complexity of their type inference problems and their relation to the problem of recognizing semantically equivalent terms. Intersection types allow something of type &tau;<inf>1</inf> &Lambda; &tau;<inf>2</inf> to be used in some places at type &tau;<inf>1</inf> and in other places at type &tau;<inf>2</inf>. A <i>finite-rank</i> intersection type system bounds how deeply the &Lambda; can appear in type expressions. Such type systems enjoy strong normalization, subject reduction, and computable type inference, and they support a pragmatics for implementing parametric polymorphism. As a consequence, they provide a conceptually simple and tractable alternative to the impredicative polymorphism of System F and its extensions, while typing many more programs than the Hindley-Milner type system found in ML and Haskell.While type inference is computable at every rank, we show that its complexity grows exponentially as rank increases. Let <b>K</b>(0, <i>n</i>) = <i>n</i> and <b>K</b>(<i>t</i> + 1, <i>n</i>) = 2<sup><b>K</b>(<i>t,n</i>)</sup>; we prove that recognizing the pure &lambda;-terms of size <i>n</i> that are typable at rank <i>k</i> is complete for <sc>DTIME</sc>[<b>K</b>(<i>k</i>&minus;1, <i>n</i>)]. We then consider the problem of deciding whether two &lambda;-terms typable at rank <i>k</i> have the same normal form, generalizing a well-known result of Statman from simple types to finite-rank intersection types. We show that the equivalence problem is <sc>DTIME</sc>[<b>K</b>(<b>K</b>(<i>k</i> &minus; 1, <i>n</i>), 2)]-complete. This relationship between the complexity of typability and expressiveness is identical in wellknown decidable type systems such as simple types and Hindley-Milner types, but seems to fail for System F and its generalizations. The correspondence gives rise to a conjecture that if &Tau; is a predicative type system where typability has complexity <i>t</i>(<i>n</i>) and expressiveness has complexity <i>e</i>(<i>n</i>), then <i>t</i>(<i>n</i>) = &Omega;(log* <i>e</i>(<i>n</i>)).
Improving the Thermal Characteristics of Semiconductor Lasers Using a New Asymmetric Waveguide Structure

Self-heating leads to a temperature rise of the laser diode and limits the output power and efficiency due to increased loss and decreased differential gain. To control device self-heating, it is required to design the laser structure with a low optical loss, while the heat flux must spread out of the device efficiently. In this study, a new asymmetric waveguide design is proposed and the thermal performance of the laser with this new design is theoretically analyzed and compared with conventional symmetric waveguide laser. For this purpose, the simulation PICS3D software is used, which self-consistently combines 3D simulation of carrier transport, self-heating, and optical wave-guiding. According to the numerical simulation results, when the asymmetric waveguide is used the semiconductor laser shows a higher output light power and slope efficiency. The results show that Joule heating decreases and recombination heat increases, but heat dissipation occurs more effectively due to increased cooling densities. Overall, the maximum laser operation temperature decreases, confirming that our new asymmetric waveguide structure improves laser thermal characteristics.
Screening for ADHD in an Adult Social Phobia Sample

Objective: Recent studies have suggested a link between a primary anxiety disorder and ADHD. Method: A total of 39 participants with a primary diagnosis of social phobia were compared with 178 patients with ADHD and 88 patients with other psychiatric disorders on measures for childhood and adult ADHD (the Wender Utah Rating Scale and the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale). Results: Childhood symptoms of ADHD were reported by 7.8% of the social phobia participants, and 5.1% scored within the range of adult ADHD. The social phobia group reported significantly fewer ADHD symptoms than both of the comparison groups, who frequently reported social anxiety. Conclusion: Participants with social phobia recruited from the general population are less likely to suffer from ADHD. In contrast, patients with ADHD and patients with other psychiatric disorders appear to be likely to suffer from social anxiety.
The HPA – Immune Axis and the Immunomodulatory Actions of Glucocorticoids in the Brain

In response to physiological and psychogenic stressors, the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis orchestrates the systemic release of glucocorticoids (GCs). By virtue of nearly ubiquitous expression of the GC receptor and the multifaceted metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, and immunologic functions of GCs, this system plays an essential role in the response to stress and restoration of an homeostatic state. GCs act on almost all types of immune cells and were long recognized to perform salient immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory functions through various genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. These renowned effects of the steroid hormone have been exploited in the clinic for the past 70 years and synthetic GC derivatives are commonly used for the therapy of various allergic, autoimmune, inflammatory, and hematological disorders. The role of the HPA axis and GCs in restraining immune responses across the organism is however still debated in light of accumulating evidence suggesting that GCs can also have both permissive and stimulatory effects on the immune system under specific conditions. Such paradoxical actions of GCs are particularly evident in the brain, where substantial data support either a beneficial or detrimental role of the steroid hormone. In this review, we examine the roles of GCs on the innate immune system with a particular focus on the CNS compartment. We also dissect the numerous molecular mechanisms through which GCs exert their effects and discuss the various parameters influencing the paradoxical immunomodulatory functions of GCs in the brain.
Extreme Us Stock Market Fluctuations in the Wake of 9/11

We apply extreme value analysis to US sectoral stock indices in order to assess whether tail risk measures like value-at-risk and extremal linkages were significantly altered by 9|11. We test whether semi-parametric quantile estimates of 'downside risk' and 'upward potential' have increased after 9|11. The same methodology allows one to estimate probabilities of joint booms and busts for pairs of sectoral indices or for a sectoral index and a market portfolio. The latter probabilities measure the sectoral response to macro shocks during periods of financial stress (so-called 'tail-βs'). Taking 9|11 as the sample midpoint we find that tail-βs often increase in a statistically and economically significant way. This might be due to perceived risk of new terrorist attacks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructure and ballistic performance of hot pressed & reaction bonded boron carbides against an armour piercing projectile

A comparative study on ballistic performance of hot pressed boron carbide (HPBC) and reaction bonded boron carbide (RBBC) tiles were performed using depth of penetration (DOP) configuration against 7.62 mm AP ammunition. Both HPBC and RBBC tiles were characterised for their phase contents and properties. Ballistic efficiency was calculated using the newly developed normalised ballistic efficiencies, normalised differential efficiency factor & normalised ballistic efficiency, in order to eliminate the influence of backing material on ballistic efficiency. It was found that for similar tile thickness, the residual shot weight and residual DOP of HPBC tiles were lesser than that of RBBC tiles. Normalised ballistic efficiencies, for both HPBC and RBBC ceramics, showed a higher ballistic performance for HPBC than RBBC tiles.
FINAL SCHWA AND R-SANDHI IN RP ENGLISH

An analysis of final schwa as a vocalised allophone of /r/ in RP English is presented. Phonetic similarity of [ ́] and [®], their distribution, and the phenomenon of R-sandhi are used as evidence to support the analysis. The continuous presence since fully rhotic times of stem-final /r/ in the context of a following vowel-initial suffix or word, and the merger of commA words with lettER words beginning around the time of loss of rhoticity in the eighteenth century, are key factors in the analysis.
Prevalence of Hyperoxaluria in Urinary Stone Formers: Chronological and Geographical Trends and a Literature Review.

PURPOSE To report chronological trends and geographical distributions related to the prevalence of hyperoxaluria in stone-forming patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS We systematically reviewed the existing literature between 1982 and 2013 seeking studies that assessed for hyperoxaluria (>45 mg/day [499.5 μmol/24 hour]) in recurrent stone formers. Studies that performed 24-hour urine analysis for urine oxalate in patients with recurrent urinary stones were included. Studies were divided chronologically and by geographical region, and prevalence rates of hyperoxaluria were compared between groups. RESULTS Our literature search provided 22 peer-reviewed articles involving 3636 patients in total. Ten studies were performed between 1982 and 2000, and 12 studies were performed between 2001 and 2013. The prevalence of hyperoxaluria in stone-forming patient cohorts was 24.8% and 45.1% (p = 0.019) in studies performed between 1982 and 2000 and 2001 and 2013, respectively. Hyperoxaluria rates were significantly higher in non-American cohorts compared with American cohorts (40.7% vs 23.0%; p = 0.018). Reported hyperoxaluria rates were higher in Asian countries compared with Western countries (56.8% and 23.8%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of hyperoxaluria in stone-forming patients has increased over the past two decades and may be a contributing factor to the rising global prevalence of urolithiasis. A geographical disparity in hyperoxaluria may exist between Asian and Western countries. Future studies are needed to explain these trends and their consequences.
Dynamics of phonatory posturing at phonation onset

In speech and singing, the intrinsic laryngeal muscles set the prephonatory posture prior to the onset of phonation. The timing and shape of the prephonatory glottal posture can directly affect the resulting phonation type. We investigated the dynamics of human laryngeal phonatory posturing.
Restoration of renal hemodynamics and functions during black cumin (Nigella sativa) administration in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Background Black cumin (Nigella sativa) is an ancient herbal medicine recommended by the World Health Organization. The antioxidant and antihyperglycemic effects of black cumin are well established. Amelioration of renal dysfunction in nephrotoxic rats with black cumin treatment has also been noted. However, the effect of black cumin treatment on renal dysfunction in diabetes mellitus has not been clarified. In this study, the effect of black cumin oil (BC) on changes in renal dysfunction and renal hemodynamics in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Methods The experiments were performed in male Sprague Dawley rats, divided into four groups (seven in each group): (1) normal rats given tap water (CON); (2) normal rats administered with BC (CON-BC); (3) diabetic rats given tap water only (STZ); and (4) diabetic rats administered with BC (STZ-BC). Diabetes mellitus was induced in the rats by an injection of streptozotocin. BC was given orally at the dose of 1000 mg/kg body weight to the rat in either CON-BC or STZ-BC every day for 8 weeks. Renal hemodynamics and functions in each rat were studied. Results Renal hemodynamic changes in STZ-BC rats appeared to increase in terms of glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and effective renal blood flow, while renal vascular resistance and filtration fraction were decreased in comparison with diabetic rats given tap water only (STZ). An improvement of renal tubular dysfunction in STZ-BC rats was indicated by the decreases in fractional excretion of water and Mg++. Conclusion An administration of BC can restore changes in renal hemodynamics and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Bimodal Spatial Reasoning with Continuous Motion

Symbolic AI systems typically have difficulty reasoning about motion in continuous environments, such as determining whether a cornering car will clear a close obstacle. Bimodal systems, integrating a qualitative symbolic system with a quantitative diagram-like spatial representation, are capable of solving this sort of problem, but questions remain of how and where knowledge about fine-grained motion processes is represented, and how it is applied to the problem. In this paper, we argue that forward simulation of motion is an appropriate method, and introduce continuous motion models to enable this simulation. These motion-specific models control behavior of objects at the spatial level, while general mechanisms in the higher qualitative level control and monitor them. This interaction of low- and high-level activity allows for problem solving that is both precise in individual problems and general across multiple problems. In addition, this approach allows perception and action mechanisms to be reused in reasoning about hypothetical motion problems and
Electrochemical Analysis of Opiates — An Overvie

The analysis of opiates is of vital interest in drug abuse monitoring and research. This review presents a general overview of the electrochemical methods used for detection and quantification of opiates in a variety of matrices. Emphasis has been placed on the voltammetric methods used for study and determination of morphine, codeine, and heroin. Specific issues that need to be solved and better explained as well as future trends in the use of electrochemical methods in the examination of opiates are
Maintenance of multiple lineages of R1 and R2 retrotransposable elements in the ribosomal RNA gene loci of Nasonia

Sequencing reads from the Nasonia genome project were used to study the ribosomal RNA gene loci and the retrotransposons R1 and R2 that insert specifically into the 28S genes. Five highly divergent R1 and five highly divergent R2 families were identified in the three sequenced species, as well as a non‐autonomous element that appears to use the retrotransposition machinery of R1. A duplication of the R1 target site within the spacer region of the rDNA units was also found to be extensively utilized by R1 elements. We document numerous instances where the R1 and R2 families appropriated parts of the retrotransposition machinery of other lineages and speculate that this enables rapid adaptation and the maintenance of multiple R1 and R2 families.
The Spatiotemporal Pattern of Src Activation at Lipid Rafts Revealed by Diffusion-Corrected FRET Imaging

Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been widely applied to visualize the molecular activity in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the rapid diffusion of biosensor proteins hinders a precise reconstruction of the actual molecular activation map. Based on fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments, we have developed a finite element (FE) method to analyze, simulate, and subtract the diffusion effect of mobile biosensors. This method has been applied to analyze the mobility of Src FRET biosensors engineered to reside at different subcompartments in live cells. The results indicate that the Src biosensor located in the cytoplasm moves 4–8 folds faster (0.93±0.06 µm2/sec) than those anchored on different compartments in plasma membrane (at lipid raft: 0.11±0.01 µm2/sec and outside: 0.18±0.02 µm2/sec). The mobility of biosensor at lipid rafts is slower than that outside of lipid rafts and is dominated by two-dimensional diffusion. When this diffusion effect was subtracted from the FRET ratio images, high Src activity at lipid rafts was observed at clustered regions proximal to the cell periphery, which remained relatively stationary upon epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation. This result suggests that EGF induced a Src activation at lipid rafts with well-coordinated spatiotemporal patterns. Our FE-based method also provides an integrated platform of image analysis for studying molecular mobility and reconstructing the spatiotemporal activation maps of signaling molecules in live cells.
Evaluating Cancer Epidemiologic Risk Factors Using Multiple Primary Malignancies

Background: Several authors have proposed the use of patients with double primary malignancies affecting the same or contralateral organ as a genetically enriched resource of cases for epidemiologic case–control studies in cancer. Such an approach is based on the assumption that the factors that increase the risk of a second primary are the same ones which influence the risk of a first primary. The advantages for statistical power are premised on the assumption that relative risks in survivors of a first primary cancer are similar to relative risks in the unaffected population. We explore these assumptions theoretically and empirically using published data from breast cancer studies involving bilateral breast cancer. Methods: We conducted a literature review to identify case–control studies of variants in 4 genes known to affect breast cancer risk: CHEK2*1100delC; multiple variants in BRCA1 and BRCA2; and FGFR2 rs2981582. Summary odds ratios were obtained for each of 3 study designs: a conventional case–control design, the design comparing bilateral cases with unilateral controls, and the design comparing bilateral cases with population controls. Results: The data show strong patterns of steadily increasing prevalence of risk factors from healthy controls to primary cases to bilateral cases, as expected. Relative risks in survivors of unilateral breast cancer are either the same as in the general population, or modestly attenuated. Conclusions: Patients with double primary malignancies are a very important underused resource for cancer epidemiologic investigation. Such patients are especially useful for broad genome-wide discovery studies, and for studies of rare, strong risk factors such as high penetrance genes.
Characterization of Handoff in Mobile IP

Mobile IP is a simple and scalable global mobility solution. This paper numerically analyzes the characterization of handoff for Mobile IP: the probability distribution about packet loss and packet disorder. By using the result, the radius of overlap region is optimized. The illustrations show that the model precisely reflects the handoff behavior. The probability is very helpful to evaluate the handoff performance.
A New FACS Approach Isolates hESC Derived Endoderm Using Transcription Factors

We show that high quality microarray gene expression profiles can be obtained following FACS sorting of cells using combinations of transcription factors. We use this transcription factor FACS (tfFACS) methodology to perform a genomic analysis of hESC-derived endodermal lineages marked by combinations of SOX17, GATA4, and CXCR4, and find that triple positive cells have a much stronger definitive endoderm signature than other combinations of these markers. Additionally, SOX17+ GATA4+ cells can be obtained at a much earlier stage of differentiation, prior to expression of CXCR4+ cells, providing an important new tool to isolate this earlier definitive endoderm subtype. Overall, tfFACS represents an advancement in FACS technology which broadly crosses multiple disciplines, most notably in regenerative medicine to redefine cellular populations.
Intolerance of Uncertainty in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis

Intolerance of uncertainty is an empirically supported transdiagnostic construct that may have relevance in understanding eating disorders. We conducted a meta-analysis and systematic review of intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We calculated random-effects standardised mean differences (SMD) for studies utilising the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and summarised additional studies descriptively. Women with eating disorders have significantly higher IUS scores compared with healthy controls (SMD = 1.90; 95% C.I. 1.24 to 2.56; p < 0.001). Post hoc meta-analysis revealed significant differences when comparing women with anorexia nervosa with controls (SMD = 2.16; 95% C.I. 1.14 to 3.18; p < 0.001) and women with bulimia nervosa with controls (SMD = 2.03; 95% C.I. 1.30 to 2.75; p < 0.001). Our synthesis of findings suggests that intolerance of uncertainty may represent a vulnerability and maintenance factor for eating disorders and potential target of cognitive, behavioural, interoceptive and affective symptoms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.